,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan's ,mak+ ( ,am]ica collection47 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,all footnotes are r5umb]$ & mov$ to ! end ( ! text be=e ! index4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,revelation ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,dawson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,,pr9cipal ,,& ,,vice-,,*ancellor ,,( ,m',,gill ,,univ]sity1 ,,montreal2 ,,au?or ,,( ,,acadian ,,geology1 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,man1 ,,life',s ,,dawn ,,on ,,e>?1 ,,etc4 ,speak to ! ,e>?1 & x %all tea* !e4 --,job4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york3 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,publi%]s1 ,,frankl9 ,,squ>e4 #ahgg4 ,,to ,,8 ,,excell5cy ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,duff]91 ,k4,p41 ,k4,c4,b41 ,,etc41 ,,gov]nor-,,g5]al ,,( ,,canada1 ,?is ,"w is ,respectfully ,d$icat$1 ,,z ,a ,,slight ,,tribute ,,( ,,e/eem ,,to ,,"o ,,:o ,,graces ,,! ,,highe/ ,,position ,,9 ,,! ,,dom9ion ,,( ,,canada ,,by ,,8 ,,em95t ,,p]sonal ,,qualities1 ,,8 ,,reputation ,,z ,a ,,/atesman ,,& ,,an ,,au?or1 ,,& ,,8 ,,k9d ,,& ,,enlight5$ ,,patronage ,,( ,,education1 ,,lit]ature1 ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,,preface4 ,! scope ( ?is "w is 9 ! ma9 id5tical ) t ( ,ar*aia1 publi%$ 9 #ahfj2 b 9 attempt+ to prep>e a new edition br\ght up to ! pres5t condition ( ! subject1 x 0 f\nd t s mu* requir$ to be rewritt5 z to make x ess5tially a new book1 & x 0 !re=e decid$ to give x a new "n1 m cle>ly indicat+ its "* & purpose4 ,! int5tion ( ?is new publication is to ?r[ z mu* light z possible on ! pres5t condition ( ! mu*-agitat$ que/ions respect+ ! orig9 ( ! _w & its inhabitants4 ,to /ud5ts ( ! ,bible x w af=d ! means ( det]m9+ ! precise import ( ! biblical ref]5ces to creation1 & ( _! relation to :at is kn[n f o!r s\rces4 ,to geologi/s & biologi/s x is int5d$ to give "s intelligible explanation ( ! connection ( ! doctr9es ( reveal$ religion ) ! results ( _! respective sci5ces4 ,a /ill high] end to :i* ! au?or w\ld gladly contribute is t ( aid+ ?\ghtful m5 p]plex$ ) ! app>5t antagonisms ( sci5ce & religion1 & ( indicat+ h[ !y may be/ h>monize our great & gr[+ k ( nature ) our old & *]i%$ beliefs z to ! orig9 & de/9y ( man4 ,9 aim+ at ^! results1 x has n be5 ?\ght necess>y to assume a controv]sial attitude or to /& on ! def5sive1 ei!r ) reg>d to religion or sci5ce1 b r to attempt to arrive at broad & compreh5sive views :i* may exhibit ^? high] h>monies ( ! spiritual & ! natural :i* !y d]ive f _! common ,au?or1 & :i* rea* beyond ! petty difficulties aris+ f n>r[ or imp]fect views ( ei!r or bo?4 ,su* an aim is too high to be fully atta9$1 b 9 s f> z x c be rea*$ we may hope to rescue sci5ce f a dry & b>r5 infidelity1 & religion f m]e fruitless s5tim5t or enfeebl+ sup]/ition4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ,ar*aia1 ! subject ( :i* x treats has pass$ ?r\gh sev]al phases1 b ! au?or has se5 no reason to ab&on 9 ! lea/ degree ! pr9ciples ( int]pretation on :i* he !n insi/$1 & he takes a hopeful view z to _! ultimate preval5ce4 ,x is true t ! wide acceptance ( hypo!ses ( evolution has l$ to a m decid$ antagonism ?an h]et(ore betwe5 "s ( ! utt]ances ( sci5tific m5 & ! religi\s ideas ( mank9d1 & to a contemptu\s disreg>d ( reveal$ religion 9 ! m %all[ lit]ature ( ! "t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a b>ri] ( sci5tific fact & induction has be5 sl[ly ris+ to /em ?is curr5t ( crude & ra% hypo!sis4 ,( ?is nature are ! great discov]ies z to ! physical con/itution & probable orig9 ( ! univ]se1 ! doctr9e ( ! correlation & cons]vation ( =ces1 ! new e/imates ( ! age ( ! e>?1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ! high bodily & m5tal type ( ! e>lie/ kn[n m51 ! light :i* philology has ?r[n on ! unity ( language1 our gr[+ k ( ! uni=mity ( ! con/ructive & o!r habits ( primitive m51 & ( ! condition ( man 9 ! e>li] hi/oric "t1 ! great] complet5ess ( our conceptions z to ! ph5om5a ( life & _! relation to organizable matt]s--all ^! & _m o!r aspects ( ! lat] progress ( sci5ce mu/ t5d to br+ x back into great] h>mony ) reveal$ religion4 ,on ! o!r side1 !re has be5 a gr[+ disposition on ! "p ( !ologians to inquire z to ! actual views ( nature pres5t$ 9 ! ,bible1 & to sep>ate ^! f ^? accretions ( obsolete philosophy :i* h be5 too (t5 conf\nd$ ) !m4 ,) respect to ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis m especially1 !re has be5 a decid$ gr[? 9 ! acceptance ( ^? pr9ciples = :i* ,i cont5d$ 9 #ahfj4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is ,i may ref] to ! fact t 9 #ahfb x 0 precisely on ^! pr9ciples t ,dr4 ,mc,caul conduct$ 8 able def5ce ( ! ,mosaic record ( creation 9 ! ,aids to ,fai?1 :i* may almo/ be reg>d$ z an au?oritative expression ( ! views ( or?odox ,*ri/ians 9 opposition to ^? ( ! once notori\s ,essays & ,reviews4 ,equally significant is ! adoption ( ?is me?od ( int]pretation by ,dr4 ,tayl] ,lewis 9 8 ma/]ly ,special ,introduction to ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 9 ! ,am]ican edition ( ,lange's ,comm5t>y1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,philip ,s*aff2 & ! manife/ approval ) :i* ! lucid /atem5t ( ! relations ( ,geology & ! ,bible by ,dr4 ,arnold ,guyot1 0 receiv$ by ! great ga!r+ ( div9es at ! ,conv5tion ( ! ,evangelical ,alliance 9 ,new ,york1 9 #ahgc1 be>s te/imony to ! same fact4 ,! au?or has also _h ! honor ( be+ invit$ to illu/rate ?is mode ( reconciliation to ! /ud5ts ( two ( ! mo/ important !ological colleges 9 ,am]ica1 9 lectures aft]w>ds publi%$ & widely circulat$4 ,! "t is p]haps ne>] ?an we anticipate :5 ,natural ,sci5ce & ,!ology w unite 9 ! conviction t ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis /&s alone among ! traditions ( mank9d 9 ! wond]ful simplicity & gr&eur ( its words1 & t ! mean+ ( ^! words is always a mean+ ahead ( sci5ce--n because x anticipates ! results ( sci5ce1 b because x is indep5d5t ( !m1 & runs z x 7 r\nd ! out] m>g9 ( all possible discov]y4#a ,9 ! ,app5dix ! read] w f9d sev]al %ort essays on special po9ts collat]al to ! g5]al subject1 & important 9 ! solution ( "s ( its difficulties1 b :i* c\ld n be conv5i5tly includ$ 9 ! text4 ,m especially ,i w\ld ref] to ! summ>ies giv5 9 ! ,app5dix ( ! pres5t /ate ( our k z to ! orig9 ( life1 ( species1 & ( man--topics n discuss$ 9 mu* detail 9 ! body ( ! "w1 bo? because ( ! wide fields ( controv]sy to :i* !y lead1 & because ,i h treat$ ( !m some:at fully 9 a previ\s "w1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,man1 9 :i* ! detail$ hi/ory ( life z disclos$ by sci5ce 0 ! ma9 subject 9 h&4 ,j4 ,w4 ,d4 ,may1 #ahgg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( ,,orig9s ,,& ,,its ,,solutions4 ,reality ( ! ,unse54--,p]sonality ( ,god4--,possibility ( a ,revelation ( ,orig9s4--,turanian1 ,aryan1 & ,semitic ,solutions ( ! ,my/]y4--,! ,abrahamic ,g5esis4--,! ,mosaic ,g5esis ,page #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,objects ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,a ,,revelation ,,( ,,orig9s4 ,objects to be ,atta9$ by a ,revelation ( ,orig9s4--,its ,me?od & ,/ructure4--,vision ( ,creation4--,translation ( ! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ,g5esis #ce ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,objects ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,a ,,revelation ,,( ,,orig9s 7cont9u$74 ,"* ( ! ,revelation & its ,views ( ,nature4--,natural ,law4-- ,progress & ,developm5t4--,purpose & ,use4--,type or ,patt]n #gj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,beg9n+4 ,! ,univ]se n et]nal4--,its ,creation4--,! ,heav5s4--,! ,e>?4-- ,! ,creator1 ,elohim4--,! ,beg9n+ v ,remote 9 ,"t #hg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,desolate ,,void4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,biblical ,*aos4--,! ,primitive ,deep4--,! ,div9e ,_s4--,! ,brea? ( ,god4--,*aos 9 o!r ,cosmogonies4--,*emical & ,physical ,conditions ( ! ,primitive ,*aos #ajj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,light ,,& ,,creative ,,days4 ,:at is ,impli$ 9 ,cosmic ,light4--,its ,gradual ,cond5sation4--,day & ,night4--,days ( ,creation4--,_! ,nature & ,l5g?4--,!y are ,olams1 ,a,eons or ,"t-worlds4--,objections to ?is ,view ,answ]$4--,confirmations f ,extrane\s ,s\rces4 #aae ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,its ,pres5t ,con/itution4--,wat]s ,above & ,bel[4--,! ,expanse ( ,g5esis n a ,solid ,ar*4--,my?ology ( ! ,atmosph]e4-- ,sup]/itions connect$ ) x ,oppos$ by ! ,bible4 #aeg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,dry ,,l& ,,& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,plants4 ,! ,e>? ( ! ,bible is ! ,dry ,l&4--,its ,elevation & ,support above ! ,wat]s4--,/ructure ( ! ,cont95ts arrang$ f ! fir/4--,! ,fir/ ,vegetation4--,its ,nature4--,introduction ( ,life4-- ,organization & ,reproduction4--,objections consid]$4--,geological ,indications4 #agd ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,lum9>ies4 ,h[ ,introduc$4--,:at ,impli$ 9 ?is4--,dom9ion ( ,exi/+ ,causes4 --,a/ronomy ( ! ,hebrews4--,n ,connect$ ) ,a/rology #aii ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,animals4 ,! ,%]etzim1 or ,sw>m]s4--,_! ,orig9 f ! ,wat]s4--,! ,great ,reptiles4--,_! ,creation4--,co9cid5ces ) ,geology4 --,hypo!ses ( ,evolution #baa ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,high] ,,animals ,,& ,,man4 ,! ,plac5tal ,mammals4--,! ,pr9cipal ,gr\ps ( ^!4--,man1 h[ ,introduc$4--,8 ,e>ly ,condition4--,8 ,relations to ,nature #bcj ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,re/ ,,( ,,! ,,creator4 ,! ,sabba? ( ,creation4--,! ,mod]n ,p]iod4--,its ,e>ly ,hi/ory4 --,! ,fall & ,ant$iluvian ,man4--,po/diluvian ,ext5sion ( ,m5 #bdi ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,unity ,,& ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man4 ,biblical ,acc\nt ( 8 ,introduction & ,e>ly ,hi/ory4--,hi/orical ,te/imony ) respect to 8 ,unity & ,antiquity4--,te/imony ( ,language #bfc ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,unity ,,& ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man 7cont9u$74 ,geological ,evid5ce ( ,antiquity ( ,man4--,g5]al ,conditions ( ,po/-glacial & ,mod]n ,p]iods4--,rema9s ( ,man 9 ,cav]ns1 9 ,riv]-gravels1 etc4--,palaeocosmic & ,neocosmic ,m5 #bid ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,comp>isons ,,& ,,conclusions4 ,geological ,*ronology4--,table ( ,succession ( ,life4--,po9ts ( ,agreem5t ( ! ,two ,records4--,p>allelism ( ,g5esis & ,physical ,sci5ce ) ,ref]5ce to ! ,orig9 & ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w4 --,conclusion #cbb ,,app5dices4 ,a4--,true & ,false ,evolution4 #cfc ,b4--,evolution & ,creation by ,law4 #cgc ,c4--,modes ( ,creation4 #cgg ,d4--,!ories ( ,life4 #chc ,e4--,rec5t ,facts z to ! ,antiquity ( ,man4 #chf ,f4--,glacial ,p]iods 9 ,connection ) ,g5esis4 #cie ,g4--,*emi/ry ( ! ,primeval ,e>?4 #djj ,h4--,tann9 & ,bhemah4 #dje ,i4--,anci5t ,my?ologies4 #djh ,k4--,assyrian & ,egyptian ,texts4 #dab ,l4--,species & ,v>ieties 9 ,connection ) ,evolution & ! ,unity ( ,man4 #dad ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( ,,orig9s ,,& ,,its ,,solutions4 ,! ?+s t are se5 are temporal4--,,paul4 ,h we or c we h any c]ta9 solution ( ^? two great que/ions--,:5ce are all ?+s8 & ,:i!r d all ?+s t5d8 ,no ?9k+ man is cont5t to live m]ely 9 a transitory pres5t1 ev] em]g+ out ( d>kness & ev] return+ ?i!r aga91 )\t kn[+ any ?+ ( ! orig9 & issue ( ! _w & its inhabitants4 ,yet x w\ld seem t to-day m5 are z mu* 9 unc]ta9ty on ^! subjects z at any previ\s "t4 ,x ev5 appe>s z if all our add$ k w\ld only1 = a "t at lea/1 deprive u ( ! solutions to :i* we tru/$1 & give no o!rs 9 _! room4 ,*ri/ians h be5 accu/om$ to re/ on ! cosmogony & prophecy ( ! ,bible2 b we are n[ frankly told on all h&s t ^! are valueless1 & t ev5 m9i/]s ( religion m or less sacrifice _! s9c]ity 9 mak+ !m ! basis ( _! tea*+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are in=m$ t no?+ c be disc]n$ 9 ! univ]se beyond matt] & =ce1 & t x is by a purely mat]ial & spontane\s evolution t all ?+s exi/4 ,b :5 we ask z to ! orig9 ( matt] & =ce1 & ! laws :i* regulate !m--z to ! end to :i* _! movem5t is t5d+1 z to ! mann] 9 :i* !y h evolv$ ! myriad =ms ( life & ! human intellig5ce itself--! only answ] is t ^! are insoluble my/]ies4 ,are we1 !n1 to fall back on ! real or imag9$ revelations & traditions ( ! pa/1 & to endeavor to f9d 9 !m "s foo?old ( assurance2 or are we to wait till fur!r progress 9 sci5ce may h cle>$ up "s ( ! pres5t my/]ies8 ,:atev] may be said ( ! =m] alt]native1 all hone/ /ud5ts ( sci5ce w unite ) me 9 ! admission t ! latt] is hopeless4 ,we ne$ n seek to belittle ! magnific5t triumphs ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,!y h be5 real & /up5d\s4 ,b x is ( _! v nature to conduct u to ultimate facts & laws ( :i* sci5ce c give no explanation2 & ! fur!r we pu% our inquiries ! m insup]ably does ! wall ( my/]y rise be=e u4 ,x is true we c furni% ! mat]ials = philosophical speculations :i* may be built on sci5tific facts & pr9ciples2 b ^! are 9 _! nature unc]ta91 & mu/ con/antly *ange z k advances4 ,!y c n solve = u ! great practical problems ( our orig9 & de/9y4 ,9 ^! circum/ances no apology is ne$$ = a ?or\gh & c>eful inquiry into ^? f\ndations ( religi\s belief :i* re/ on ! idea ( a revelation ( orig9s & de/9ies made to man f )\t1 & on :i* we may build ! sup]/ructure ( a rational religion1 giv+ guidance = ! pres5t & hope = ! future4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i propose to ent] ^u s mu* ( ?is subject z relates to ! orig9 & e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! _w1 9 s f> z ^! are treat$ ( 9 ! ,bible & 9 ! traditions ( ! m anci5t nations2 & ?is ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t /&po9t ( sci5ce 9 relation to ^! que/ions4 ,to discuss su* que/ions at all1 c]ta9 prelim9>y admissions are necess>y4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,! reality ( an unse5 univ]se1 spiritual r ?an mat]ial 9 its nature4 7#b7 ,! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god1 or ( a great ,univ]sal ,w4 7#c7 ,! possibility ( communication tak+ place betwe5 ,god & man4 ,i d n propose to attempt any pro( ( ^! positions1 b x may be well to expla9 :at !y mean4 7#a7 ,t ! great ma*9e = ! dissipation ( en]gy1 9 :i* we exi/1 & :i* we call ! univ]se1 mu/ h a correlative & complem5t 9 ! unse51 is a conclusion n[ =c$ ^u physici/s by ! necessities ( ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( =ce4 ,9 %ort1 x seems t1 unless we admit ?is conclusion1 we c n believe 9 ! possible exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial univ]se itself1 & mu/ s9k into absolute nihilism4 ,?is doctr9e is express$ by ! apo/le ,paul 9 ! /atem5t1 ,! ?+s t are se5 are temporal1 b ! ?+s t are n se5 are et]nal1 & x has be5 ably discuss$ by ! au?ors ( ! rem>kable "w1 ,! ,unse5 ,univ]se4 ,t ?is unse5 _w is spiritual--t is1 n subject to ! same mat]ial laws ) ! visible univ]se--is also a fair d$uction f physical sci5ce1 z well z a doctr9e ( ,scripture4 ,i pref] ! t]m spiritual to sup]natural1 because ! fir/ is ! t]m us$ 9 ! ,bible1 & because ! latt] has _h associat$ ) x ideas ( ! miracul\s & abnormal1 n impli$ at all 9 ! idea ( ! spiritual1 :i* 9 "s important s5ses may be m natural ?an ! mat]ial4 7#b7 ,! idea ( a p]sonal ,god implies n m]ely ! exi/5ce ( an unkn[n absolute p[]1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] seems to hold1 or ( an ,et]nal1 n ourselves1 t makes = righte\sness1 z ,mat!w ,arnold puts x1 b ( a ,be+ ( :om we c affirm w1 intellig5ce1 feel+1 self-consci\sness1 n c]ta9ly precisely z !y occur 9 u1 b 9 a high] & m p]fect =m1 ( :i* our own consci\sness furni%es ! type1 or image & %ad[1 z ,moses long ago phras$ x4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is true t we c n fully compreh5d su* a p]sonal ,god1 because n limit$ by ! conditions :i* limit u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is cle> t our intellect1 z con/itut$1 c furni% u ) no ultimate explanation ( ! univ]se except 9 ! action ( su* a prim>y p]sonal w4 ,9 ! ,bible ! absolute p]sonality ( ,god is express$ by ! title ,i am4 ,8 intimate relation to u is indicat$ by ! expression1 ,9 him we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,8 all-p]vad+ ess5ce is /at$ z ! fullness ( him t fille? all 9 all4 ,8 relative p]sonality is %ad[$ =? by ! attribution to him ( love1 ang]1 & o!r human feel+s & s5tim5ts1 & by pres5t+ him 9 ! ende>+ relation ( ! univ]sal ,fa!r4 7#c7 ,) ref]5ce to ! possibility ( communication betwe5 ,god & man1 x may truly be said t su* communication is n only possible1 b inf9itely probable4 ,god is n only ne> to u1 b we are 9 him1 &1 indep5d5tly ( ! te/imony ( revelation1 x has be5 felt by all classes ( m51 f ! rude/ & mo/ primitive savages up to our great ,engli% philosoph]1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 t if !re is a ,god1 he c n be exclud$ f communion ) 8 intellig5t creatures1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( m9i/]+ spirits4#b ,f>!r1 plac$ z man is 9 ! mid/ ( complex & to him inexplicable ph5om5a1 involv$ 9 a conflict ( good & evil1 happ9ess & mis]y1 to :i* ! wise/ & ! greate/ m9ds h f\nd no issue1 subject to be degrad$ by l[ passions & tempt$ to great extremes ( evil1 & himself weak1 impulsive1 & vacillat+1 !re seems ! mo/ urg5t ne$ = div9e communication4 ,x may be said t ^! are conflicts & problems :i* ,god has left man to decide & solve = himself by 8 own reason4 ,b :5 we consid] h[ sl[ ?is process is1 & h[ imp]fect ev5 n[1 aft] ! exp]i5ce ( ages1 we seem to ne$ "s int]v5tion t %all /imulate ! human m9d1 & impel x =w>d ) great] rapidity4 ,f>!r1 x w\ld appe> only "r t an intellig5t & acc\ntable be+1 plac$ 9 a _w l ?is1 %\ld h "s explanation ( 8 orig9 & de/9y giv5 him at fir/1 & t1 if he %\ld p]*ance g a/ray1 a help+ h& %\ld be ext5d$ to him4 ,practically x is an hi/orical fact t all ! great impulses giv5 to humanity h be5 by m5 claim+ div9e guidance or inspiration1 & pr(ess+ to br+ light & tru? f ! unse5 _w4 ,x w\ld be too mu* to say t all ^! prophets & re=m]s h be5 inspir$ ( heav52 b sc>cely too mu* to say t !y h ei!r receiv$ a message ( ,god1 or h be5 p]mitt$ to transmit to our _w messages = weal or woe f p[]s )\t 9 subord9ation to him4 ,f>!r1 we %all h reason 9 ! sequel to see t 9 f> back prehi/oric times !re mu/ h be5 impulses giv5 to mank9d1 & revelations made to !m1 z pot5t z ^? :i* h act$ 9 lat] hi/oric p]iods4 ,9 ,holy ,scripture ! ,^w ( ,god is repres5t$ z enlight5+ e man2#c & ) ref]5ce to our pres5t subject we are told t by fai? we und]/& t ! ages ( ! _w 7 con/itut$ by ! ,^w ( ,god1 s t ! visible ?+s 7 n made ( ^? :i* appe>4#d ,9 o!r words1 t ! w ( ,god has be5 active & op]ative z ! sole cause ?r\gh\t all ages ( ! _w's creation & hi/ory1 & t ! visible univ]se is n a m]e product ( its own ph5om5a4 ,we may call ?is fai?1 if we please1 an intuition or in/9ct1 a ,god-giv5 gift1 or a product ( our own ?\ght act+ on evid5ce af=d$ by ! out] _w2 b 9 any case x seems to be ! sole possible solution ( ! my/]y ( orig9s4 ,^! po9ts be+ premis$1 we are 9 a position to inquire z to ! tea*+ ( our own ,holy ,scriptures1 & 9 ?is inquiry we c easily take along ) !m all o!r revelations1 pret5d$ or true1 t deal ) our subject4 ,max ,muell]1 9 8 lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 rejects ! ord9>y division into natural & reveal$1 & adopts a ?reefold gr\p+1 correspond+ to ! great division ( languages into ,turanian1 ,aryan1 & ,semitic4 ,) "s modification & explanation1 ?is classification w s]ve well our pres5t purpose4 ,z to natural & reveal$ religions1 if we reg>d our own z reveal$1 we mu/ admit an elem5t ( revelation 9 all o!rs z well4 ,accord+ to ! ,hebrew ,scriptures revelation began 9 ,ed51 & 0 cont9u$ m or less 9 all successive ages up to ! apo/olic times4 ,consequ5tly ! e>li] revelations ( ! ant$iluvian & po/diluvian times mu/ h be5 ! common prop]ty ( all races1 & mu/ h be5 associat$ ) :atev] elem5ts ( natural religion !y _h4 ,:51 !re=e1 we call our religion di/9ctively a reveal$ "o1 we mu/ admit t traces ( ! same revelation may be f\nd 9 all o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we *>act]ize our religion z ,hebrew or ,semitic1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t 9 its e>li] /ages x 0 n s limit$2 b t1 if z old z x pr(esses to be1 x mu/ include a sub/ratum common to x ) ! old religions ( ! ,turanians & ,aryans4 ,neglect ( ^! v simple consid]ations (t5 leads to great confusion 9 ! m9ds bo? ( ,*ri/ians & unbeliev]s1 z to ! relation ( ,*ri/ianity to hea!nism1 & especially to ! old] & m primitive =ms ( hea!nism4 ,! ,turanian /ock1 ( :i* ! ,mongolian peoples ( ,nor!rn ,asia may be tak5 z ! type1 includes also ! ,am]ican races1 & ! olde/ hi/orical populations ( ,we/]n ,asia & ( ,europe2 & !y are ! peoples :o1 9 _! physical features & _! art t5d5cies1 mo/ ne>ly resemble ! prehi/oric m5 ( ! caves & gravels4 ,!y l>gely consi/ ( ! populations :i* ! ,bible affiliates ) ,ham4 ,!y are rem>kable = _! p]man5t & /ation>y =ms ( civilization or b>b>ism1 & = ! languages lea/ develop$ 9 grammatical /ructure4 ,^! p _h & /ill h traditions ( ! creation & e>ly hi/ory ( man simil> to ^? 9 ! e>li] ,biblical books2 b ! connection ( _! religions ) t ( ! ,bible breaks (f f ! "t ( ,abraham2 & ! e>li] portions ( revelation :i* !y possess$ became dis9tegrat$ into a poly!ism :i* takes v l>gely ! =m ( animism1 or ( attribut+ "s special spiritual indwell+ to all natural objects1 & also t ( wor%ip ( ance/ors & h]oes4 ,! portion ( primitive !ological belief to :i* !y h clung mo/ p]si/5tly is ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 :i* 9 all _! religi\s beliefs occupies a prom95t place1 & has always be5 connect$ ) special att5tion to rites ( sepulture & monum5ts to ! dead4 ,_! v]sion ( ! revelation ( creation appe>s mo/ di/9ctly 9 ! sacr$ book ( ! ,qui*es ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & 9 ! creation my?s ( ! ,mexicans1 ,iroquois1 ,algonqu9s1 & o!r ,nor? ,am]ican tribes2 & x has be5 h&$ d[n to u ?r\gh ! ,semitic ,assyrians f ! anci5t ,*aldaeo-turanian population ( ! valley ( ! ,euphrates4 ,! ,aryan races h be5 rem>kable = _! *angeable & v]satile "*4 ,_! religi\s ideas 9 ! mo/ primitive times appe> to h be5 n dissimil> f ^? ( ! ,turanians2 & ! ,indians1 ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 ,sc&9avians1 & ,celts h all gone "s l5g? 9 develop+ & modify+ ^!1 app>5tly by purely human imag9ative & intellectual mat]ials4 ,b all ^! developm5ts 7 defective 9 a moral po9t ( view1 & _h lo/ ! /ability & rational basis :i* proce$ f mono!ism4 ,h5ce !y h giv5 way be=e o!r & high] fai?s2 & at ?is day ! m advanc$ nations ( ! ,aryan1 or 9 ,scriptural language ! ,japhetic /ock1 h adopt$ ! ,semitic fai?2 &1 z ,noah long ago pr$ict$1 dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em4 ,no indig5\s acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( ?+s rema9s among ! ,aryan races1 ) ! exception ( t 9 ! ,ave/a1 & 9 "s anci5t ,h9doo hymns1 & ^! are m]ely v>iations ( ! ,turanian or ,semitic cosmogony4 ,god has giv5 to ! ,aryans no special revelations ( 8 w1 & !y w\ld h be5 left to grope = !mselves along ! pa?s ( sci5ce & philosophy1 b = ! adv5t among !m ( ! prophets ( ,jehovah ! ,god ( ,%em4 ,x is to ! ,semitic race t ,god has be5 mo/ lib]al 9 8 gift ( inspiration4 ,ga!r+ up & treasur+ ! old common inh]itance ( religion1 & elim9at+ f x ! accretions ( sup]/ition1 ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham at "o "t /ood alone1 or almo/ alone1 z adh]5ts ( a belief 9 "o ,god ! ,creator4 ,_! !ology 0 add$ to f age to age by a succession ( prophets1 all work+ 9 "o l9e ( developm5t1 till x culm9at$ 9 ! appe>ance ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & !n proce$$ to exp& itself ov] ! o!r races4 ,among !m x has und]gone two rem>kable phases ( retrograde developm5t--! "o 9 ,mohamm$anism1 :i* c>ries x back to a resemblance to its own e>li] patri>*al /age1 ! o!r 9 ,roman & ,greek ecclesia/icism1 :i* h tak5 x back to ! ,levitical sy/em1 along ) a /rong color ( paganism4 ,/ill its orig9al docum5ts survive1 & reta9 _! hold on l>ge portions ( ! m enlight5$ ,aryan nations1 :ile ?r\gh _! means ^! docum5ts h ent]$ on a new c>e] ( conque/ among ! ,semites & ,turanians4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$1 among ! ,aryan races ( ,europe1 gr[+ 9 a some:at uncong5ial soil2 p>tly because ( ! mat]iali/ic organization ( ^! races1 & p>tly because ( ! abundant rema9s ( hea!nism :i* /ill l+] among !m2 & x is possible t !y may n realize _! full triumphs ov] humanity till ! ,semitic races return to ! position ( ,abraham1 & erect aga9 9 ! _w ! /&>d ( mono!i/ic fai?1 "u ! auspices ( a purifi$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x foll[s f ?is ha/y survey t x is ! ,semitic solution ( ! "q ( orig9s1 z conta9$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 t ma9ly conc]ns u2 & 9 ! fir/ place we mu/ consid] ! f\ndation & hi/orical developm5t ( ?is solution1 z _m misconceptions prevail on ^! po9ts4 ,we may discuss ^! subjects "u ! heads ( ! ,abrahamic ,g5esis & ! ,mosaic ,g5esis1 & may 9 a subsequ5t *apt] consid] ! results ( ^! 9 ! ,g5esis ( ! lat] ,scripture writ]s4 ,,! ,,abrahamic ,,g5esis4 ,x has be5 a favorite !ory ) "s le>n$ m5 t ! e>li] p>ts ( ! book ( ,g5esis exi/$ z anci5t docum5ts ev5 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 & 7 incorporat$ by him 9 8 "w1 & attempts h be5 made to sep>ate1 on v>i\s gr\nds1 ! old] f ! new] portions4 ,until lately1 h[ev]1 ^! attempts h be5 altoge!r conjectural & de/itute ( any positive basis ( ar*aeological fact4 ,a new & int]e/+ aspect has be5 giv5 to !m by ! rec5t read+s ( ! inscriptions on clay tablets f\nd at ,n9eveh1 & to :i* especial att5tion has be5 giv5 by ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,smi?1 ( ! ,ar*aeological ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,assurbanipal1 k+ ( ,assyria1 "o ( ! k+s kn[n to ! ,greeks by ! "n ( ,s>danapalus1 reign$ at ,n9eveh ab\t ,b4,c4 #fgc4 ,he 0 a gr&son ( ! ,biblical ,s5na*]ib1 & son ( ,es>haddon1 & x seems t he _h inh]it$ f 8 fa!rs a libr>y ( ,*aldean & ,assyrian lit]ature1 writt5 n on p]i%able pap] or p>*m5t1 b on tablets ( clay1 & conta9+ mu* anci5t lore ( ! nations inhabit+ ! valleys ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4 ,assurbanipal1 liv+ :5 ! ,assyrian empire _h atta9$ to ! acme ( its greatness1 _h leisure to become a great] patron ( le>n+ ?an any prec$+ k+4 ,8 scribes ransack$ ! record *amb]s ( ! olde/ temples 9 ! _w2 & ,babel1 ,ere*1 ,accad1 & ,ur _h to yield up _! treasures ( hi/ory & !ology to dilig5t copyi/s1 :o transcrib$ !m 9 beautiful arr[-head *>act]s on new clay tablets1 & deposit$ !m 9 ! libr>y ( ! great k+4 ,x w\ld appe> t1 at ! same "t1 ^! docum5ts 7 edit$1 ar*aic =ms ( expression translat$1 & lacunae caus$ by decay or fracture repair$4 ,!y 7 also inscrib$ ) leg5ds /at+ ! s\rces :5ce !y _h be5 d]iv$4 ,! empire ( ,assyria w5t d[n 9 blood1 & its palaces 7 de/roy$ ) fire1 b ! imp]i%able clay tablets :i* _h =m$ ! treasure ( _! libr>ies rema9$1 m or less brok5 x is true1 among ! ru9s4 ,exhum$ by ,lay>d & ,smi?1 !y are n[ among ! collections ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & _! deciph]m5t is ?r[+ a new & /range light on ! cosmogony & religions ( ! e>ly ,ea/4 ,?\gh ! date ( ! writ+ ( ^! tablets is comp>atively mod]n1 be+ ab\t ! "t ( ! lat] k+s ( ,judah1 ! orig9al records f :i* !y 7 transcrib$ pr(ess to h be5 v anci5t--"s ( !m ab\t #afjj ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,assurbanipal1 s t !y g back to a "t ant]ior to t ( ! e>ly ,hebrew patri>*s4 ,_! g5u95ess has be5 endors$1 9 "o case1 by ! discov]y by ,mr4 ,l(tus1 9 ! city ( ,s5k]eh1 ( an app>5t orig9al1 be>+ date ab\t #afjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & o!r inscriptions ( equal or great] antiquity h be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,ur1 on ! ,euphrates4 ,nor does !re seem any reason to d\bt t ! scribes ( ,assurbanipal fai?fully transcrib$ ! olde/ records extant 9 _! "t4 ,_! c>e & dilig5ce are also %[n by ! fact t :]e diff]5t v]sions ( ^! records exi/$ 9 diff]5t cities1 !y h made copies ( ^! v>iant manuscripts1 in/ead ( attempt+ to r$uce !m to "o text4 ,! subjects treat$ ( 9 ! ,n9eveh tablets are v v>i\s1 b ^? t conc]n our pres5t purpose are ! docum5ts relat+ to ! creation1 ! fall ( man1 & ! deluge1 ( :i* consid]able portions h be5 recov]$1 & h be5 translat$ by ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,^! docum5ts c>ry u back to a "t :5 ! ,turanian religions _h n yet be5 sep>at$ f ! ,semitic4 ,! e>ly ,*aldeans1 t]m$ ,cu%ites 9 ! ,bible1 & :o "u ,nimrod seem to h e/abli%$ ! fir/ empire 9 t region1 are n[ kn[n to h be5 ,turanian2 & among !m app>5tly arose at a v e>ly p]iod a lit]ature & a my?ology4 ,! ,*aldeans 7 politically subjugat$ by ! ,semitic ,assyrians1 b !y reta9$ _! religi\s pr$om9ance2 & until a comp>atively late p]iod exi/$ z a le>n$ & prie/ly ca/e4 ,to ^! primitive ,*asdim 7 und\bt$ly due ! creation leg5ds collect$ by ! scribes ( ,assurbanipal4 ,!y 7 obta9$ 9 ! old ,*aldean cities1 9 ! temples "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ,*aldean prie/s2 & _! date c>ries !m back to a "t ant]ior to ! ,assyrian conque/1 & 9 :i* ,*aldean k+s /ill reign$4 ,"h1 !n1 we h an important connect+ l9k betwe5 ! cosmogonies ( ! ,turanian & ,semitic races2 & leav+ out ( sight = ! pres5t ! leg5ds ( ! deluge & o!r matt]s alli$ to x1 we may inquire z to ! nature & cont5ts ( ! ,assyrian & ,*aldean record ( creation4 ,! ,assyrian ,g5esis is simil> 9 ord] & arrangem5t to t 9 our own ,bible1 & gives ! same g5]al ord] ( ! creative "w4 ,its days1 h[ev]1 ( creation1 z inde$ !re is good int]nal evid5ce to prove ^? ( ,moses also are1 seem to be p]iods or ages4 ,x treats ( ! creation ( gods1 z well z ( ! univ]se1 & ?us introduces a poly!i/ic sy/em2 & x seems to recognize1 l ! ,ave/a1 a primitive pr9ciple ( evil1 presid+ ov] *aos1 & subsequ5tly introduc+ evil among m54 ,^! po9ts may be illu/rat$ by an extract f ,mr4 ,smi?'s translation4 ,x relates to ! e>li] "p ( ! "w3 ,:5 above 7 n rais$ ! heav5s1 ,& bel[ on ! e>? a plant _h n gr[n up ,! deep also _h n brok5 up its b\nd>ies ,*aos 7or wat]7 ,tiamat 7! sea or abyss7 0 ! produc+ "m ( !m all ,^! wat]s at ! beg9n+ 7 orda9$ ,b a tree _h n gr[n a fl[] _h n unfold$ ,:5 ! gods _h n sprung up any "o ( !m ,a plant _h n gr[n & ord] did n exi/ ,7 made also ! great gods ,! gods ,lahma & ,lahamu !y caus$ to come 99 99 99 ,& !y grew 99 99 99 ,! gods ,s> & ,kis> 7 made ,a c\rse ( days & a long "t pass$ ,! god ,anu 99 99 99 ,! gods ,s> & 99 99 99 ,"h ! fir/ exi/5ces are ,*aos 7,mummu1 or confusion7 & ,tiamat1 :i* is ! ,?alat? ( ,b]osus1 repres5t+ ! sea or primitive abyss1 b also recogniz$ z a female deity or fir/ "m4 ,!n we h ,lahma & ,lahamu1 :i* repres5t p[] or motion 9 nature1 & are ! equival5ts ( ! ,div9e ,_s mov+ on ! face ( ! wat]s 9 our ,g5esis4 ,next we h ! production ( ,s> or ,ilo> & ,kis>1 repres5t+ ! expanse or firmam5t4 ,s> is suppos$ to be ! god ,assur ( ! ,assyrians1 a great wea!r god1 & aft] :om _! nation & its f\nd] 7 nam$4 ,! next process is ! creation ( ! heav5 & ! e>?1 repres5t$ by ,anu & ,anatu4 ,anu 0 always "o ( ! great] gods1 & 0 id5tifi$ ) ! high] or />ry heav5s4 ,9 succe$+ tablets to ?is we f9d ,bel or ,belus introduc$1 z ! ag5t 9 ! creation ( animals & ( m52 & he is ! true ,demiurgus or ,m$iator ( ! ,assyrian sy/em4 ,next we h ! introduction ( ,hea or ,saturn1 :o is ! equival5t ( ! ,biblical ,adam1 & ( ,i%t>1 "m ( m51 :o is ! ,isba or ,eve ( ,g5esis4 ,! re/ ( ?is leg5d evid5tly relates to deifi$ m51 among :om are ,m]oda*1 ,nebo1 & o!r h]oes4 ,! fir/ rem>k t we may make on ?is ,assyrian ,g5esis is t1 :ile x resembles g5]ally ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation1 x also /rongly resembles ! old cosmogonies ( ! ,egyptians & ,p]sians1 & ^? ( ! widely scatt]$ ,turanians ( ,nor!rn ,asia & ( ,am]ica4 ,z an extreme illu/ration ( ?is1 & to obviate ! necessity ( digression at ?is po9t ( our inquiry1 ,i introduce "h "s extracts f ! ,popul ,vuh1 or sacr$ book ( ! ,qui*e ,indians ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 an und\bt$ product ( prehi/oric religion 9 ! we/]n cont95t4#e ,& ! heav5 0 =m$1 & all ! signs !re( set 9 _! angle & alignm5t1 & its b\nd>ies fix$ t[>d ! f\r w9ds by ! ,creator & ,=m]1 & ,"m & ,fa!r ( life & exi/5ce--he by :om all move & brea!1 ! ,fa!r & ,*]i%] ( ! peace ( nations & ( ! civilization ( 8 p--he ^: wisdom has project$ ! excell5ce ( all t is on ! e>? or 9 ! lakes or 9 ! sea4 ,behold ! fir/ ^w & ! fir/ disc\rse4 ,!re 0 yet no man nor any animal1 99 99 99 no?+ 0 b ! firmam5t4 ,! face ( ! e>? _h n yet appe>$ ov] ! peaceful sea1 & all ! space ( heav5 99 99 99 no?+ b immobility & sil5ce 9 ! night4 ,alone also ! ,creator1 ! ,=m]1 ! ,dom9ator1 ! ,fea!r$ ,s]p5t--^? t eng5d]1 ^? t give be+--!y are ^u ! wat] l a gr[+ light4 ,!y are envelop$ 9 gre5 & blue1 & !re=e _! "n is ,gucumatz4#f ,lo n[ h[ ! heav5s exi/1 h[ exi/s also ! ,he>t ( ,heav52 su* is ! "n ( ,god4 ,x is ?us t he is call$4 ,& !y spake1 !y consult$ toge!r & m$itat$2 !y m+l$ _! words & _! op9ions4 ,& ! creation ( ! e>? 0 v]ily aft] ?is wise4 ,e>?1 !y said1 & on ! in/ant x 0 =m$2 l a cl\d or a fog 0 its beg9n+4 ,!n ! m\nta9s rose ov] ! wat] l great fi%es2 9 an in/ant ! m\nta9s & ! pla9s 7 visible1 & ! cypress & ! p9e appe>$4 ,!n 0 ! ,gucumatz fill$ ) joy1 cry+ out3 ,bless$ be ?y com+1 ,o ,he>t ( ,heav51 ,hurakan1 ,?und]bolt4 ,our "w & our labor has accompli%$ its end4 ,?is corresponds to ! "w ( ! fir/ f\r creative days2 & next details are giv5 z to ! introduction ( animals1 ) :i*1 h[ev]1 ! ,creator is repres5t$ z dissatisfi$1 because !y c\ld n "k or invoke ! ,creator4 ,!y are !re=e condemn$ to be subject to be dev\r$ "o ( ano!r4 ,aga9 !re is a c\ncil 9 heav51 & ! gods det]m9e to make man4 ,b he also is imp]fect1 = he has spee* )\t intellig5ce3 s he is condemn$ to be de/roy$ by wat]4 ,a new c\ncil is held1 & a second race ( m5 produc$2 b ?is fails 9 ! capacity = religi\s wor%ip--!y =got ! ,he>t ( ,heav54 ,^! 7 p>tly de/roy$ by fire & p>tly conv]t$ into apes4 ,la/ly ano!r c\ncil is held1 & p]fect m5 creat$4 ,!n foll[s a rem>kable s]ies ( /ories relat+ to ! e>ly hi/ory & migrations ( m54 ,x is kn[n t simil> creation my?s exi/$ among ! ,mexicans & o!r e>ly civiliz$ nations ( ,am]ica1 & 9 rud] & m grotesque =ms ev5 among ! semi-b>b>\s & hunt] tribes4 ,_! connection ) ! anci5t ,semitic & ,turanian revelations ( ,asia is unque/ionable4 ,we h ?us 9 ! ,assyrian ,g5esis a relic ( e>ly religi\s belief belong+ to a p]iod :5 su* widely sep>at$ /ocks z ! ,assyrian & ,am]ican 7 /ill "o3 to a p]iod1 !re=e1 presumably long ant]ior to t ( ,moses4 ,yet at ?is v e>ly p]iod ! c5tral portions at lea/ ( ! ,turanian race _h already devis$ "s means ( record+ _! traditions 9 writ+--probably ! arr[-head writ+1 aft]w>ds us$ by ! ,assyrians1 _h already be5 inv5t$4 ,aga91 at ?is e>ly p]iod a complex poly!ism _h already sprung up1 & ?is 0 connect$ ) cosmological ideas1 inasmu* z ! primitive abyss1 ! firmam5t1 ! />ry heav5s1 ! pr9ciple ( life1 7 all subord9ate gods2 & s 7 also "s ( ! e>lie/ ( ! patri>*s ( ! human race4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 among ! e>ly ,*aldeans an exot]ic repres5tation = ! vulg>1 & t ! prie/ly ca/e may h und]/ood x 9 a mono!i/ic s5se4 ,9 any case1 ! idea ( a ,supreme ,creator rema9s beh9d ! :ole4 ,f>!r1 9 ! e>ly ,*aldean record we h a m detail$ & exp&$ docum5t ?an t ( ! ,hebrew ,g5esis1 probably int5d$ = ! popul> e>1 & to include z mu* z possible ( ! curr5t my?ology4 ,z an example1 ,i quote ! foll[+ 9 relation to ! creation ( ! moon1 be+ app>5tly a "p ( ! n>rative ( t creative p]iod correspond+ ) ! f\r? day ( ,g5esis3 ,9 its mass t is1 ( ! l[] *aos he made a boil+1 ,! ,god ,uru ! moon he caus$ to rise out1 ! night he ov]%ad[$4 ,to fix x also = ! light ( ! night until ! %9+ ( ! day1 ,t ! mon? might n be brok5 & 9 its am\nt be regul>4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon? at ! ris+ ( ! night1 ,8 horns are break+ ?r\gh to %9e 9 ! heav5s4 ,on ! sev5? day to a circle he beg9s to swell1 ,& /ret*es t[>d ! dawn f>!r4 ,we n[ come to ! hi/orical connection ( all ?is ) ,abraham & ) ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,! e>ly life ( ! ,fa!r ( ! ,fai?ful belongs to ! "t :5 ,turanian & ,semitic elem5ts 7 m+l$ 9 ! ,euphratean valley4 ,himself ( ! /ock ( ,%em1 he dwelt 9 ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 a city 9 ^: ru9s1 n[ kn[n by ! "n ( ,mugheir1 ,*aldean inscriptions h be5 f\nd ( a date ant]ior to t ( ! patri>*4 ,9 ! "t ( ,abraham a poly!i/ic religion already exi/$ 9 ,ur1 = we are told t 8 fa!r s]v$ o!r gods4 ,fur!r1 ! leg5ds ( ! creation & ! deluge1 & ! ant$iluvian age1 ) ! hi/ory ( ,nimrod & o!r po/diluvian h]oes1 exi/$ 9 a writt5 =m2 &1 /range ?\gh ?is may seem1 !re c be little d\bt t ,abraham1 be=e he left ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 _h read ! same creation leg5ds t h s rec5tly be5 translat$ & publi%$ by ,mr4 ,smi?4 ,b ,abraham's relation to ^! 0 ( a peculi> k9d4 ,) a spiritual enlight5m5t beyond t ( 8 age1 he diss5t$ f ! ,turanian animism & poly!ism1 & ma9ta9$ t pure & spiritual mono!ism :i*1 accord+ to ! ,bible1 _h be5 ! orig9al fai? ( ! sons ( ,noah4 ,b he 0 ov]borne by ! t5d5cies ( 8 "t1 & probably by ! royal & prie/ly influ5ce !n dom9ant 9 ,*aldea1 & he w5t =? f 8 native l& 9 se>* ( a c\ntry :]e he might h fre$om to wor%ip ,god4 ,x is ?us t ,abraham appe>s z ! e>lie/ re=m]1 ! fir/ ( ^? m>tyrs ( consci5ce :o fe> n to diff] f ! majority1 ! fa!r & prototype ( ! fai?ful ( e age1 & ! e>lie/ apo/le ( ! mono!i/ic fai? :i* /ill reigns among all ! high] races ( m54 ,did ,abraham take ) him 9 8 pilgrimage ! records ( 8 p8 ,x is sc>cely possible to d\bt t he did1 & ?is probably 9 a writt5 =m1 b purifi$ f ! poly!ism & inane imag9ations accret$ ^u !m2 or p]haps he _h access to /ill old] & m primitive records ant]ior to ! rise ( ! ,turanian sup]/itions4 ,9 any case we may safely inf] t ,abraham & 8 tribe c>ri$ ) !m ! sub/ance ( all t "p ( ,g5esis :i* conta9s ! hi/ory ( ! _w up to 8 "t1 & t ?is w\ld be a preci\s heir-loom ( 8 family1 until x 0 edit$ & incorporat$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* by 8 great desc5dant ,moses4 ,x seems pla91 !re=e1 t ! orig9al prophet or se] to :om ! n>rative ( creation 0 reveal$ liv$ be=e ,abraham1 b we ne$ n d\bt t ! latt] _h ! b5efit ( div9e guidance 9 8 noble /& aga9/ ! idolatry ( 8 age1 & 9 8 selection ( ! docum5ts on :i* 8 own !ology 0 bas$4 ,^! consid]ations help u to und]/& ! p]si/5ce ( ,hebrew mono!ism 9 ! pres5ce ( ! idolatries ( ,canaan & ,egypt1 s9ce ^! 7 closely alli$ to ! ,*aldean sy/em aga9/ :i* ,abraham _h prote/$4 ,!y also expla9 ! recognition by ,abraham1 z co-religioni/s1 ( su* mono!i/ic p]sonages z ,mel*is$ec1 k+ ( ,salem4 ,!y fur!r illu/rate ! nature ( ! religi\s basis 9 8 p's beliefs on :i* ,moses _h to "w1 & on :i* he f\nd$ 8 !ocratic sy/em4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 ,i w\ld obs]ve t ! view above giv52 :ile x expla9s ! agreem5t betwe5 ! ,hebrew ,g5esis & o!r anci5t religi\s beliefs1 is 9 /rict accordance ) ! tea*+s ( ,g5esis itself4 ,! hi/ory giv5 !re implies mono!ism & k ( ,god z ! ,creator & ,r$eem]1 9 ant$iluvian & e>ly po/diluvian times1 a decad5ce f ?is into a sy/ematic poly!ism at a v e>ly date1 ! prote/ & diss5t ( ,abraham1 8 call ( ,god to be ! uphold] ( a pur] fai?1 & ! ma9t5ance ( t fai? by 8 desc5dants4 ,besides ?is1 any c>eful read] ( ,g5esis & ( ! book ( ,job1 :i*1 :atev] its orig91 mu/ be m anci5t ?an ! ,mosaic law1 w readily discov] indications t ,abraham & ! patri>*s 7 9 ! possession ( docum5ts & traditions ( ! same purport ) ^? 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 & t ^! 7 to !m _! only sacr$ lit]ature4 ,! read] ( ! ,p5tateu* mu/ c>ry ?is idea ) him1 if he w\ld h any cle> conception ( ! unity & symmetry ( ^! rem>kable books4 ,,! ,,mosaic ,,g5esis4 ,9 ! p]iod ( #djj ye>s int]v5+ betwe5 ,abraham's dep>ture f ,ur & ! exodus ( ,israel f ,egypt1 no great prophetic m9d1 l t ( ! ,fa!r ( ! ,fai?ful1 appe>$ among ! ,hebrews4 ,b !n arose ,moses1 ! greate/ figure 9 all antiquity be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 & :o 0 de/9$ to give p]man5ce & _w-wide preval5ce to ! fai? = :i* ,abraham _h sacrific$ s mu*4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,moses1 ! ,abrahamidae1 n[ r$uc$ to ! condition ( a s]f population1 emancipat$ !mselves f ,egyptian bondage1 &1 aft] =ty ye>s ( w&]+ des]t life1 settl$ !mselves p]man5tly on ! hills & 9 ! valleys ( ,pale/9e4 ,! voice ( ! rul+ race1 indi/9ctly convey$ to u f t di/ant antiquity1 ma9ta9s t ! fugitive slaves 7 an abject & contemptible h]d2 b ! lead] ( ! exodus in=ms u t1 ?\gh cruelly trodd5 d[n by a haughty despot1 !y 7 ( noble p>5tage1 ! heirs ( high hopes & promises4 ,_! migration is c]ta9ly ! mo/ rem>kable national movem5t 9 ! _w's hi/ory--rem>kable1 n m]ely 9 its ev5ts & imm$iate circum/ances1 b 9 its remote political1 lit]>y1 & moral results4 ,! rul]s ( ,egypt1 poli%$1 enlight5$1 & practical m51 7 yet ! devotees ( a complicat$ sy/em ( h]o & animal wor%ip1 l t f :i* ,abraham diss5t$1 & d]iv$ 9 great "p f ! animism :i* caus$ "s ( ! olde/ nations ( ! _w to associate a spiritual indwell+ ) ! natural objects surr\nd+ !m2 or1 if !y _h ceas$ to believe 9 ?is1 !y _h sunk into a mat]iali/ic devotion to ! good ?+s ( ! pres5t _w1 comb9$ ) a sup]/iti\s belief 9 ! efficacy ( prie/ly absolution4 ,! slaves1 leav+ all ?is beh9d !m1 rose 9 _! religi\s op9ions to ! pure & spiritual mono!ism ( ! great fa!r ( _! race2 & _! lead] pres5t$ to !m a law unequall$ up to our "t 9 its union ( ju/ice1 patriotism1 & b5evol5ce1 & e/abli%$ among !m1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 a free con/itutional republic4 ,nor is ?is all2 unexampl$ ?\gh su* results are else:]e 9 ! case ( s]fs sudd5ly emancipat$4 ,! ,hebrew lawgiv] has int]wov5 8 in/itutions 9 a great hi/orical composition1 includ+ ! gr& & simple cosmogony ( ! patri>*s1 a detail$ acc\nt ( ! affiliation & e?nological relations ( ! races ( m51 & a n>rative ( ! =tunes ( 8 own p2 intimat+ n only t !y 7 a favor$ & *os5 race1 b t ( !m 0 to arise a great ,deliv]]1 :o w\ld bless all nations ) p>don & ) peace1#g & w\ld solve once = all ^? great problems ( ! relations ( man to ,god & ! unse5 _w1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,moses z 9 our own 7 ! mo/ mom5t\s ( all1 & gave to que/ions ( orig9s all _! practical value4 ,! lawgiv] pass$ to 8 re/4 ,8 laws & lit]ature1 surviv+ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes1 h produc$ 9 ea* succe$+ age a new h>ve/ ( poetry & hi/ory1 leav5$ ) _! own _s4 ,9 ! mean "t ! le>n+ & ! sup]/ition ( ,egypt fad$ f ! eyes ( m54 ,! spl5did political & milit>y organizations ( ,assyria1 ,babylon1 ,p]sia1 & ,mac$on arose & crumbl$ into du/4 ,! wond]ful lit]ature ( ,greece blaz$ =? & expir$4 ,t ( ,rome1 a reflex & copy ( ! =m]1 _h rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t2 & no prophet _h aris5 among any ( ^! ,g5tile nations to tea* !m ! tru? ( ,god4 ,! _w1 ) all its national lib]ties cru%$ out1 its religion & its philosophy corrupt$ & enfeebl$ to ! la/ degree by an endless succession ( borr[+s & int]mixtures1 lay pro/rate "u ! iron heel ( ,rome4 ,!n appe>$ among ! n[ obscure remnant ( ,israel1 "o :o ann\nc$ himself z ! ,prophet l unto ,moses1 promis$ ( old2 b a prophet ^: mission x 0 to r$eem n ,israel only1 b ! :ole _w1 & to make all :o w believe1 *ildr5 ( fai?ful ,abraham4 ,adopt+ ! :ole ( ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,hebrews1 & prov+ 8 mission by its words1 he s5t =? a few pla9 m5 to write its clos+ books1 & to plant x on ! ru9s ( all ! "t-honor$ beliefs ( ! nations--beliefs support$ by a spl5did & highly organiz$ prie/ly sy/em & by despotic p[]1 & gild$ by all ! highe/ ef=ts ( poetry & art4 ,! /ory is a v famili> "o2 b x is m>vell\s beyond all o!rs4 ,nor is ! mod]n hi/ory ( ! ,bible less wond]ful4 ,exhum$ f ! rubbi% ( ! ,middle ,ages1 x has ent]$ on a new c>e] ( victory4 ,x has /imulat$ ! m9d ( mod]n ,europe to all its highe/ ef=ts1 & has be5 ! *>t] ( its civil & religi\s lib]ties4 ,its wondr\s revelation ( all t man mo/ desires to "k1 9 ! pa/1 9 ! pres5t1 & 9 8 future de/9ies1 has gone home to ! he>ts ( m5 9 all ranks ( society & 9 all c\ntries4 ,9 _m great nations x is ! only rule ( religi\s fai?4 ,9 e civiliz$ c\ntry x is ! basis ( all t is mo/ valuable 9 religion4 ,:]e x has be5 )held f ! p1 civilization 9 its highe/ aspects has langui%$1 & sup]/ition1 prie/craft1 & tyranny h held _! gr\nd or h p]i%$ "u ! assaults ( a he>tless & inhuman infidelity4 ,:]e x has be5 a h\sehold book1 education has necess>ily fl\ri%$1 lib]ty has tak5 root1 & ! high] nature ( man has be5 develop$ to ! full4 ,driv5 f _m o!r c\ntries by tyrannical int]f]5ce ) lib]ty ( ?\ght & discussion1 or by a %ort-sight$ ecclesia/icism1 x has tak5 up its special abode ) ! greate/ comm]cial nations ( our "t2 &1 scatt]$ by _! ag5cy broadca/ ov] ! _w1 x is read by e nation "u heav5 9 its own tongue1 & is sl[ly b surely prep>+ ! way = wid] & great] *anges ?an any t h h]et(ore result$ f its influ5ce4 ,expla9 x z we may1 ! ,bible is a great lit]>y miracle2 & no am\nt ( inspiration or au?ority t c be claim$ = x is m /range or incr$ible ?an ! actual hi/ory ( ! book4 ,yet no book has ev] ?r[n itself into s decid$ antagonism ) all ! great =ces ( evil 9 ! _w4 ,tyranny hates x1 because ! ,bible s /rongly ma9ta9s ! individual value & rights ( man z man4 ,! _s ( ca/e dislikes x = ! same reason4 ,an>*ical lic5se1 on ! o!r h&1 f9ds no?+ b disc\ragem5t 9 x4 ,prie/craft gna%es its tee? at x1 z ! v embodim5t ( private judgm5t 9 religion1 & because x s scornfully ignores human au?ority 9 matt]s ( consci5ce1 & human int]v5tion betwe5 man & 8 ,mak]4 ,skepticism sne]s at x1 because x requires fai? & humility1 & ?reat5s ru9 to ! unbeliev]4 ,x laun*es its ?und]s aga9/ e =m ( viol5ce or fraud or allurem5t t seeks to pr(it by wrong or to p&] to ! vices ( mank9d2 all ^! consequ5tly are its foes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by its uncompromis+ /& ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 sci5tific & hi/orical facts1 x has appe>$ to oppose ! progress ( ?\ght & speculation2 ?\gh1 z we %all see1 x has be5 unfairly accus$ 9 ?is la/ respect4 ,) its antagonism to ! evil t is 9 ! _w we h at pres5t no?+ to d1 except to caution ! /ud5t ( ?is v5]able lit]ature aga9/ ! prejudices :i* int]e/$ & unscrupul\s foes seek to cultivate4 ,its doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( man & ( ! _w1 & ! relation ( ?is to mod]n sci5tific & hi/orical results1 is t :i* n[ claims our att5tion2 & ?is m especially 9 ! relation :i* ! ,mosaic cosmogony1 consid]$ z an e>ly revelation f ,god1 may be f\nd to be> to ! facts :i* mod]n sci5tific rese>* has elicit$ f ! univ]se itself4 ,! aspects 9 :i* app>5t conflicts pres5t !mselves are ?reefold4 ,at "o "t x 0 n unusual to impugn ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! ,p5tateu* on ! evid5ce ( ! ,greek hi/orians2 & on _m po9ts sc>cely any corroborative evid5ce c\ld be cit$ 9 favor ( ! ,hebrew writ]s4 ,9 our own "t mu* ( ?is difficulty has be5 remov$1 & an imm5se am\nt ( le>n$ rese>* has be5 r$uc$ to wa/e pap]1 by ! circum/ance t ! monum5ts ( ,egypt & ,assyria h ris5 up to be> te/imony 9 favor ( ! ,bible2 & sc>cely any sane man n[ d\bts ! value ( ! ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,! battle-gr\nd has 9 consequ5ce be5 %ift$ f>!r back1 to po9ts conc]n+ ! affiliation ( ! races ( m51 ! absolute antiquity ( man's resid5ce on ! e>?1 & ! condition ( prehi/oric m52 que/ions on :i* we c sc>cely expect to f9d1 at lea/ = a long "t1 any decisive monum5tal or sci5tific evid5ce4 ,secondly1 ! ,bible commits itself to c]ta9 cosmological doctr9es & /atem5ts respect+ ! sy/em ( nature1 & details ( t sy/em1 m or less approa*+ to ! doma9 :i* geology occupies 9 its inve/igations ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>?2 & at e /age 9 ! progress ( mod]n sci5ce1 indep5d5tly ( ! mis*ief done by smatt]]s & skeptics1 e>ne/ bigotry on ! "o h&1 & e>ne/ sci5tific en?usiasm on ! o!r1 h come into collision4 ,"o /umbl+-block aft] ano!r has1 x is true1 be5 remov$ by mutual concession & f>!r enlight5m5t1 & by ! removal ( false traditional int]pretations ( ! sacr$ records1 z well z by f>!r discov]ies 9 relation to nature4 ,b ! field ( conflict has !reby app>5tly only *ang$2 & we /ill h "s ,*ri/ians 9 consequ5ce reg>d+ ! revelations ( natural sci5ce ) suspicion1 & "s sci5tific m5 *]i%+ a sull5 res5tm5t aga9/ :at !y reg>d z an intol]ant int]m$dl+ ( !ology ) ! doma9 ( legitimate inve/igation4 ,la/ly1 ! great gr[? ( physical sci5ce1 & ! t5d5cy to take p>tial views ( ! univ]se z if x 7 compreh5d$ 9 m]e matt] & =ce1 ) simil>ly p>tial views ( ! doctr9es ( cont9uity & ! cons]vation ( =ces1 along ) ! gr[? ( a belief 9 spontane\s evolution z a philosophical dogma1 h plac$ _m sci5tific m9ds 9 a position :i* makes !m treat ! :ole "q ( ! orig9 & de/9y ( man & ( ! _w ) absolute indiff]5ce4 ,!re c nev]!less be no "q t ! :ole subject is at ! pres5t mom5t 9 a m satisfactory /ate ?an ev] previ\sly2 t mu* has be5 done = ! solution ( difficulties2 t _m !ologians admit ! great s]vice :i* 9 _m cases sci5ce has r5d]$ to ! int]pretation ( ! ,bible1 & t mo/ naturali/s feel !mselves free f undue trammels4 ,above all1 !re is a v g5]al disposition to admit ! di/9ctness & indep5d5ce ( ! fields ( revelation & natural sci5ce1 ! possibility ( _! arriv+ at "s ( ! same tru?s1 ?\gh 9 v diff]5t ways1 & ! folly ( expect+ !m fully & manife/ly to agree 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our in=mation4 ,! lit]ature ( ?is k9d ( natural hi/ory has also become v ext5sive1 & !re are few p]sons :o d n at lea/ "k t !re are me?ods ( reconcil+ ! cosmogony ( ,moses ) t obta9$ f ! /udy ( nature4 ,= ?is v reason ! "t is favorable = an unprejudic$ discussion ( ! que/ions involv$2 & = pres5t+ on ! "o h& to naturali/s a summ>y ( :at ! ,bible does actually tea* respect+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! e>? & man1 & on ! o!r to ^? ^: /udies lie 9 ! book :i* !y reg>d z ! ,^w ( ,god1 r ?an 9 ! mat]ial univ]se :i* !y reg>d z 8 "w1 a view ( ! po9ts 9 :i* ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible comes into contact ) natural sci5ce at its pres5t /age ( progress4 ,^! are ! ends :i* ,i propose to myself 9 ! foll[+ pages1 & :i* ,i %all endeavor to pursue 9 a _s ( fair & tru?ful inve/igation2 hav+ reg>d on ! "o h& to ! claims & influ5ce ( ! v5]able ,book ( ,god1 & on ! o!r to ! rights & legitimate results ( mod]n sci5tific inquiry4 ,! plan :i* ,i h propos$ to myself 9 ?is "p ( my subject is to take ! /atem5ts ( ,g5esis 9 _! ord]1 & consid] :at !y import1 & h[ !y appe> to h>monize ) :at we "k f o!r s\rces4 ,?is w occupy "s space1 b x w save "t 9 deal+ ) ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! subject4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u x1 ,i propose to devote "o *apt] to ! answ]s to ?ree que/ions :i* conc]n ! :ole doctr9e ( reveal$ religion1 :e!r ,semitic1 ,turanian1 or ,aryan4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,:y ! orig9 ( ?+s %\ld be reveal$2 7#b7 ,h[ x c\ld be reveal$2 & 7#c7 ,:at w\ld require to be reveal$ 9 ord] to =m ! basis ( a rational !ism4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,objects ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,a ,,revelation ,,( ,,orig9s4 ,!re are two books f :i* ,i collect my div9ity2 besides t writt5 "o ( ,god1 ano!r ( 8 s]vant nature--t univ]sal & public manuscript t lies expans$ unto ! eyes ( all4--,,sir ,t4 ,,br[ne4 ,!re are "s que/ions1 simple en\gh 9 !mselves1 respect+ ! g5]al "* & object ( ! ref]5ces to nature & creation 9 ! ,scriptures1 :i* yet are s v>i\sly & vaguely answ]$ t !y des]ve "s consid]ation be=e ent]+ on ! detail$ /udy ( ! subject4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,! object ( ! introduction ( su* subjects into ! ,hebrew sacr$ books--! :y ( ! revelation ( orig9s4 7#b7 ,! orig91 "*1 & /ructure ( ! n>rative ( creation & o!r cosmological /atem5ts 9 ^? books--! h[ ( ! revelation4 7#c7 ,! "* ( ! ,biblical cosmogony1 & g5]al views ( nature to :i* x leads--! :at ( ! revelation4 7#a7 ,! ,object ( ! ,introduction ( a ,cosmogony 9 ! ,bible4--,man1 ev5 9 8 rude/ & mo/ unciviliz$ /ate1 does n limit 8 m5tal vision to 8 daily wants4 ,he desires to live n m]ely 9 ! pres5t1 b 9 ! future also & ! pa/4 ,?is is a psy*ological peculi>ity :i*1 z mu* z any o!r1 m>ks 8 sep>ation f ! l[] animals1 & :i* 9 8 utmo/ degradation he nev] :olly loses4 ,:atev] may be fanci$ z to imag9$ prehi/oric nations1 x is c]ta9 t no p n[ exi/+1 or hi/orically kn[n to u1 is s rude z to be de/itute ( "s hopes or fe>s 9 ref]5ce to ! future1 "s traditions z to ! di/ant pa/4 ,e religi\s sy/em t has _h any influ5ce ov] ! human m9d has includ$ su* ideas4 ,nor are we to reg>d ?is z an accid5t4 ,x dep5ds on fix$ pr9ciples 9 our con/itution1 :i* crave z _! prop] alim5t su* in=mation2 & if x c n be obta9$1 ! m9d1 r ?an want x1 inv5ts = itself4 ,we might inf] f ?is v circum/ance t a true religion1 emanat+ f ! ,creator1 w\ld supply ?is crav+2 & might cont5t ourselves ) affirm+ t1 on ?is gr\nd alone1 x behoov$ revelation to h a cosmogony4 ,b ! religion ( ! ,hebrews especially requir$ to be explicit z to ! orig9 ( ! e>? & all ?+s !re94 ,its peculi> dogma is t ( "o only ,god1 ! ,creator1 requir+ ! sole homage ( 8 creatures4 ,! hea!n = ! mo/ "p ackn[l$g$ 9 "s =m a supreme god1 b !y also gave div9e honors to subord9ate gods1 to deceas$ ance/ors & h]oes1 & to natural ph5om5a1 9 su* a mann] z practically to obscure _! ideas ( ! ,creator1 or altoge!r to set aside 8 wor%ip4 ,! influ5ce ( su* idolatry 0 ! *ief antagonism :i* ! ,hebrew mono!ism _h to enc\nt]2 & we le>n f ! hi/ory ( ! nation h[ (t5 ! wor%ipp]s ( ,jehovah 7 l$ a/ray by its allurem5ts4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is dang]1 x 0 absolutely necess>y t no place %\ld be left = ! introduction ( poly!ism1 by plac+ ! :ole "w ( creation & provid5ce "u ! sole jurisdiction ( ! ,"o ,god4 ,moses consequ5tly takes /rong gr\nd on ^! po9ts4 ,he fir/ insi/s on ! creation ( all ?+s by ! fiat ( ! ,supreme4 ,next he specifies ! elaboration & arrangem5t ( all ! p[]s ( inanimate nature1 & ! introduction ( e =m ( organic exi/5ce1 z ! "w ( ! same ,fir/ ,cause4 ,la/ly1 he insi/s on ! creation ( a primal human pair1 & on ! desc5t f !m ( all ! bran*es ( ! human race1 includ+ ( c\rse ^? ance/ors & magnates :o up to 8 "t _h be5 honor$ ) apo!osis2 & on ! same pr9ciple he expla9s ! gold5 age ( ,ed51 ! fall1 ! *]ubic emblems1 ! deluge1 & o!r facts 9 human hi/ory int]wov5 by ! hea!n ) _! idolatries4 ,he ?us grasps ! :ole mat]ial ( anci5t idolatry1 r$uces x )9 ! compass ( mono!ism1 & %[s its relation to ! "o true primitive religion1 :i* 0 t n only ( ! ,hebrews1 b ( "r t ( ! :ole _w1 ^: prevail+ poly!ism consi/$ 9 p]v]sions ( its tru? or unity4 ,= su* reasons ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis are s f> f be+ ( ! "* ( digressions f ! scope & int5tion ( ! book1 t !y =m a sub/ratum ( doctr9e absolutely ess5tial to ! ,hebrew fai?1 & equally s to its developm5t 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ref]5ces to nature 9 ! ,bible1 h[ev]1 & especially 9 its poetical books1 f> exce$ ! absolute requirem5ts ( ! reasons above /at$2 & ?is leads to ano!r & v int]e/+ view1 namely1 ! t5d5cy ( mono!ism to ! developm5t ( tru?ful & exalt$ ideas ( nature4 ,! ,hebrew !ology all[$ no attempt at visible repres5tations ( ! ,creator or ( 8 works = purposes ( wor%ip4 ,x ?us to a great ext5t prev5t$ t connection ( imitative art ) religion :i* fl\ri%$ 9 hea!n antiquity1 & has be5 introduc$ into c]ta9 =ms ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b x cultivat$ ! high] arts ( poetry & song1 & taught !m to draw _! inspiration f nature z ! only visible revelation ( ,deity4 ,h5ce ! gr[? ( a heal?y physico-!ology1 exclud+ all idolatry ( natural ph5om5a1 & all sup]/iti\s dread ( !m z indep5d5t p[]s1 b invit+ to _! exam9ation z manife/ations ( ,god1 & lead+ to conceptions ( ! unity ( plan 9 ! cosmos1 ( :i* poly!ism1 ev5 9 its highe/ lit]>y ef=ts1 0 q incapable4 ,9 ! same mann] ! ,bible has always prov$ itself an active /imulant ( natural sci5ce1 connect+ su* /udies1 z x does1 ) our high] religi\s s5tim5ts2 :ile poly!ism & mat]ialism h act$ z repressive influ5ces1 ! "o because x obscures ! unity ( nature1 ! o!r because1 9 robb+ x ( its presid+ ,div9ity1 x gives a cold & repulsive1 corpse-l aspect1 *ill+ to ! imag9ation1 & incapable ( attract+ ! g5]al m9d4 ,naturali/s %\ld n =get _! obligations to ! ,bible 9 ?is respect1 & %\ld on ?is v gr\nd pref] its tea*+s to ^? ( mod]n pan!ism & positivism1 & /ill m to ^? ( m]e prie/ly au?ority4 ,v few m9ds are cont5t ) simple mat]ialism1 & ^? :o mu/ h a ,god1 if !y d n recognize ! ,jehovah ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures z ! ,creator & ,supreme ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 are too likely to seek = him 9 ! dimness ( human au?ority & tradition1 or ( pan!i/ic philosophy2 bo? ( !m m ak9 to anci5t hea!nism ?an to mod]n civilization1 & 9 _! ultimate t5d5cies1 if n 9 _! imm$iate consequ5ces1 q z ho/ile to progress 9 sci5ce z to evangelical ,*ri/ianity4 ,e /ud5t ( human nature is aw>e ( ! influ5ce 9 favor ( ! appreciation ( natural beauty & sublimity :i* ! ,bible impresses on ^? :o are deeply imbu$ ) its tea*+2 ev5 :]e t same tea*+ has induc$ :at may be reg>d$ z a puritanical dislike ( imitative art1 at lea/ 9 its religi\s aspects4 ,on ! o!r h&1 naturali/s c n refuse to ackn[l$ge ! surpass+ maje/y ( ! views ( nature pres5t$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,no "o has express$ ?is bett] ?an ,humboldt3 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! poetry ( ! ,hebrews t1 z a reflex ( mono!ism1 x always embraces ! univ]se 9 its unity1 compris+ bo? t]re/rial life & ! lum9\s realms ( space2 x dwells b r>ely on ! individuality ( ph5om5a1 pref]r+ ! contemplation ( great masses4 ,! ,hebrew poet does n depict nature z a self-dep5d5t object1 glori\s 9 its individual beauty1 b always z 9 relation or subjection to a high] spiritual p[]4 ,nature is to him a "w ( creation & ord]--! liv+ expression ( ! omnipres5ce ( ! ,div9ity 9 ! visible _w4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! #ajd? ,psalm1 :i* may be view$ z a poetical v]sion ( ! n>rative ( creation 9 ,g5esis1 ! same great writ] rem>ks3 ,we are a/oni%$ to f9d 9 a lyrical poem ( su* a limit$ compass1 ! :ole univ]se--! heav5s & ! e>?--sket*$ ) a few bold t\*es4 ,! calm & toilsome life ( man1 f ! ris+ ( ! sun to ! sett+ ( ! same1 :5 8 daily "w is done1 is "h contra/$ ) ! mov+ life ( ! elem5ts ( nature4 ,?is contra/ & g5]alization 9 ! conception ( ! mutual action ( natural ph5om5a1 & ! retrospection ( an omnipres5t invisible ,p[]1 :i* c r5ew ! e>? or crumble x to du/1 con/itute a solemn & exalt$ r ?an a g5tle =m ( poetic creation4#h ,if we admit ! s\rce ( inspiration claim$ by ! ,hebrew poets1 we %all n be surpris$ t !y %\ld ?us write ( nature4 ,we %all only lam5t t s _m pi\s & le>n$ int]pret]s ( ,scripture h be5 too little acqua9t$ ) nature to appreciate ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,book ( ,god1 or adequately to illu/rate x to ^? :o dep5d on _! tea*+2 & t s _m naturali/s h cont5t$ !mselves ) wond]+ at ! l>ge g5]al views ( ! ,hebrew poets1 )\t consid]+ t !y are bas$ on a revelation ( ! nature & ord] ( ! creative "w :i* suppli$ to ! ,hebrew m9d ! place ( ^? geological wond]s :i* h a/oni%$ & enl>g$ ! m9ds ( mod]n nations4 ,a mod]n div9e1 himself well read 9 nature1 truly says3 ,if m5 ( piety 7 also m5 ( sci5ce1 & if m5 ( sci5ce 7 to read ! ,scriptures1 !re w\ld be m fai? on ! e>? & also m philosophy4#i ,9 a simil> /ra9 ! pati5t botani/ ( ! m>9e algae ?us pleads = ! jo9t claims ( ! ,bible & nature3 ,un=tunately x happ5s t 9 ! educational c\rse prescrib$ to our div9es natural hi/ory has no place1 = :i* reason _m are ignorant ( ! important be>+s :i* ! book ( nature has on ! book ( revelation4 ,!y d n consid]1 app>5tly1 t bo? are f ,god--bo? are 8 fai?ful witnesses to mank9d4 ,& if ?is be s1 is x reasonable to suppose t ei!r1 )\t ! o!r1 c be fully und]/ood8 ,x is only necess>y to glance at ! absurd comm5t>ies 9 ref]5ce to natural objects :i* are to be f\nd 9 too _m annotations ( ! ,holy ,scriptures to be conv9c$ ( ! b5efit :i* ! cl]gy w\ld !mselves d]ive f a m ext5d$ /udy ( ! works ( creation4 ,& to mission>ies especially1 a m9ute famili>ity ) natural objects mu/ be a p[]ful assi/ance 9 awak5+ ! att5tion ( ! savage1 :o1 aft] 8 mann]1 is a close obs]v]1 & likely to detect a fallacy 9 8 tea*]1 %\ld ! latt] attempt a practical illu/ration ( 8 disc\rse )\t suffici5t k4 ,^! are n days 9 :i* p]sons :o ought to be our guides 9 matt]s ( doctr9e c af=d to be beh9d ! re/ ( ! _w 9 k2 nor c !y safely sne] at ! k :i* puffe? up1 until1 l ! apo/le1 !y h s\nd$ its dep?s & prov$ its %all[ness4#aj ,x is truly mu* to be desir$ t div9es & comm5tators1 in/ead ( try+ to di/ort ! repres5tations ( nature 9 ! ,bible into ! suppos$ requirem5ts ( a b>b>\s age1 or ( sett+ aside mod]n discov]ies z if !y c\ld h no connection ) ,scripture tru?1 w\ld /udy natural objects & laws suffici5tly to br+ !mselves 9 ?is respect to ! level ( ! ,hebrew writ]s4 ,su* k w\ld be *eaply pur*as$ ev5 by ! sacrifice ( a "p ( _! v]bal & lit]>y tra9+4 ,x is well t ?is po9t is n[ attract+ ! att5tion ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & x is b j to admit t "s ( our m em95t religi\s writ]s h produc$ noble examples ( accurate illu/rations ( ,scripture d]iv$ f nature4 ,9 any case1 ! ,bible itself c n be *>g$ ) any neglect ( ! claims ( nature or ) any n>r[ t5d5cy to place mat]ial & spiritual ?+s 9 antagonism to "o ano!r4 ,ano!r reason :y a revelation f ,god mu/ deal ) ! orig9s ( ?+s1 is t su* revelation is1 l creation1 9 its own nature progressive4 ,x is giv5 little by little to successive g5]ations ( m51 & mu/ proce$ f ! fir/ rudim5ts ( religi\s tru? onw>d to its high] developm5ts ) ! gr[? ( humanity f age to age4 ,h5ce ! tea*+s 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis are ( ! simple/ & mo/ *ild-l "*1 & ! fir/ ( ^! e>ly tea*+s is necess>ily t ( ,god ! ,creator1 j z our elem5t>y cate*isms = *ildr5 h be5 wont to beg9 ) ! "q1 ,:o made y8 ,9 ?is way man is l$ 9 ! mo/ direct & simple way to ! feet ( ! ,univ]sal ,fa!r1 & a f\ndation is laid :]eon fur!r religi\s tea*+ adapt$ to ! gr[? ( ! individual m9d & to ! gr[+ complications ( human society c be built4 ,b aga91 alike 9 ! e>lie/ & simple/ z 9 ! m advanc$ /ates ( ! human m9d1 if spiritual ?+s are to be taught1 x mu/ be ?r\gh ! m$ium ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,we h no language to express 9 any direct way spiritual tru?s2 !y mu/ be giv5 to u 9 t]ms ( ! natural4 ,we h n yet le>n$ ! tongue ( ! immortals1 & probably c n le>n x 9 ?is _w4 ,! ^w _s itself1 :i* we borr[ f ! ,lat91 ! ,greek ,pneuma1 ! ,hebrew ,ruah1 prim>ily all agree 9 signify+ brea? or w9d4 ,we h to speak ( our own brea? :5 we mean our spiritual nature1 ( ,god's brea? :5 we mean 8 spiritual nature1 & s ( all o!r ?+s n obvi\s to our s5ses4 ,!re is con/ant dang] 9 ?is t ! mat]ial %all be tak5 = ! spiritual ( :i* x is ! symbol1 ! figure = ! reality1 ! creature = ! ,creator1 & ?is dang] is be/ c\nt]act$ by a decid$ te/imony 9 relation to ! orig9 ( all mat]ial ?+s 9 ! w ( ! spiritual & et]nal ,god4 ,?us ! ,bible writ]s are enabl$ to use a free & bold mann] ( spee* respect+ div9e ?+s4 ,_! expressions at "o "t appe> pan!i/ic & at ano!r an?ropomorphic2 !y see ,god 9 e ?+1 & use ) ! utmo/ fre$om natural emblems to indicate 8 p]fections & proc$ure1 & our relations to him4 ,9 ?is way !re is life & action 9 _! tea*+1 & x is remov$ z f> z possible f a dry1 ab/ract !ology1 :ile equally remote f any t+e ( idolatry or sup]/ition4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be object$ t by ! introduction ( a cosmogony ! ,bible exposes itself to a conflict ) sci5ce1 & t !reby injury results bo? to sci5ce & to religion4 ,?is is a grave *>ge1 & "o t has evid5tly _h mu* weight ) _m m9ds1 s9ce x has be5 ! subject ( entire treatises design$ to illu/rate ! hi/ory ( ! conflict or to expla9 its nature4 ,! revelation ( ,god's w to man = 8 moral guidance1 if necess>y at all1 0 necess>y be=e ! rise ( natural sci5ce4 ,m5 c\ld n d )\t ! k ( ! unity ( nature & ( ! unity ( ,god1 until ^! great tru?s c\ld be work$ out by sci5tific induction4 ,p]haps !y might nev] h be5 s work$ out4 ,!re=e a reveal$ book ( orig9s has a "r to prec$5ce 9 ?is matt]4 ,nor ne$ x 9 any way come into conflict ) ! sci5ce subsequ5tly to gr[ up4 ,sci5ce does n deal s mu* ) ! orig9 ( nature z ) its me?od & laws1 & all t is necess>y on ! "p ( a revelation1 to avoid conflict ) x1 is to conf9e itself to /atem5ts ( ph5om5a & to avoid hypo!ses4 ,?is is em95tly ! c\rse ( ! ,bible4 ,9 its cosmogony x %uns all embelli%m5ts & details1 & cont5ts itself ) ! fact ( creation & a slight sket* ( its ord]2 & 9 _! subsequ5t ref]5ces to nature ! sacr$ writ]s are /rictly ph5om5al 9 _! /atem5ts1 & ref] e ?+ directly to ! w ( ,god1 )\t any !ory z to second>y causes & relations4 ,!y are ?us decid$ & positive on ! po9ts ) ref]5ce to :i* x behooves revelation to te/ify1 & absolutely non-committal on ! po9ts :i* belong to ! exclusive doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,:at1 !n1 are we to say ( ! imag9>y conflict ( sci5ce ) religion1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 made8 ,simply t x results l>gely f misappreh5sion & f misuse ( t]ms4 ,true religion1 :i* consi/s 9 practical love to ,god & to our fell[-m51 c h no conflict ) sci5ce4 ,true sci5ce is its fa/ ally4 ,! ,bible1 consid]$ z a revelation ( spiritual tru? to man = 8 salvation & enlight5m5t1 c h no conflict ) sci5ce4 ,x promotes ! /udy ( nature1 r5d]+ x honorable by giv+ x ! dignity ( an inquiry into ! ways ( ,god1 & r5d]+ x safe by sep>at+ x f all ideas ( magic & necromancy4 ,x gives a !ological basis to ! ideas ( ! unity ( nature & ( natural law4 ,! conflict ( sci5ce1 :5 hi/orically analyz$1 is f\nd to h be5 f\rfold--) ! ,*ur*1 ) !ology1 ) sup]/ition1 & ) false or imp]fect sci5ce & philosophy4 ,religi\s m5 may h id5tifi$ !mselves f "t to "t ) ^! oppon5ts1 b t is all2 & mu* m frequ5tly ! opposition has be5 by bad m5 m or less pr(ess+ religi\s objects4 ,organizations call+ !mselves ! ,*ur*1 & ^: w>rant f ! ,bible is (t5 ( ! sl5d]e/1 h d5\nc$ & oppos$ & p]secut$ new sci5tific tru?s2 b !y h j z (t5 d5\nc$ ! ,bible itself1 & religi\s doctr9es f\nd$ on x4 ,!ology claims to be itself "o ( ! sci5ces1 & z su* x is necess>ily imp]fect & progressive1 & may at any "t be m or less 9 conflict ) o!r sci5ces2 b !ology is n religion1 & may (t5 h v little 9 common ei!r ) true religion or ! ,bible4 ,:5 discussions arise betwe5 !ology & o!r sci5ces1 x is only a pity t ei!r side %\ld indulge 9 :at has be5 call$ ! odium !ologicum1 b :i* is un=tunately n conf9$ to div9es4 ,sup]/ition1 consid]$ z ! unreasonable fe> ( natural ag5cies1 is a passive r ?an an active oppon5t ( sci5ce4 ,b revelation1 :i* affirms unity1 law1 & a ,fa!r's h& 9 nature1 is ! deadly foe ( sup]/ition1 & no p :o h be5 read]s ( ! ,bible & imbu$ ) its _s h ev] be5 f\nd ready to mole/ or p]secute sci5ce4 ,"w ( ?is sort has be5 done only by ! ignorant1 sup]/iti\s1 & prie/-ridd5 vot>ies ( sy/ems :i* )hold ! ,bible f ! p1 & dete/ x z mu* z !y dislike sci5ce4 ,p]haps ! mo/ tr\blesome opposition to sci5ce1 or r to ! progress ( sci5ce1 has sprung f ! t5acity ) :i* m5 hold to old ideas4 ,^!1 :i* may h be5 at "o "t ! be/ sci5ce atta9able1 root !mselves 9 popul> lit]ature1 & ev5 9 le>n$ bodies & 9 educational books & in/itutions4 ,!y become id5tifi$ ) m5's conceptions bo? ( nature & religion1 & modify _! int]pretations ( ! ,bible itself4 ,x ?us becomes a mo/ difficult matt] to wr5* !m f m5's m9ds1 & _! advocates are too apt to invoke 9 _! def5se political1 social1 & ecclesia/ical p[]s1 & to seek to support !m by ! au?ority ( revelation1 :5 ?is may p]haps be q z favorable to ! new] views oppos$ to !m4 ,all ^! conflicts are1 h[ev]1 necess>y incid5ts 9 human progress1 :i* comes only by conflict2 & !re is reason to believe t !y w\ld be z sev]e 9 ! abs5ce ( reveal$ religion z 9 its pres5ce1 7 x n t ! abs5ce ( revelation seems (t5 to produce a fixity & /agnation ( ?\ght unfavorable to any new views1 & consequ5tly to "s ext5t to any intellectual conflict4 ,x has be51 inde$1 to ! dis9t]m5t ( ! ,bible 9 ! ,re=mation ( ! fifte5? c5tury t ! _w owes1 m ?an to any o!r cause1 ! imm5se gr[? ( mod]n sci5ce1 & ! fre$om ( discussion :i* n[ prevails4 ,! ,prote/ant idea ( individual judgm5t 9 matt]s ( religion is ?or\ghly ,biblical1 = ! ,bible ev]y:]e appeals to m5 9 ?is way2 & ?is idea is ! /ronge/ gu>antee t ! _w possesses = intellectual lib]ty 9 o!r matt]s4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 on all ^! gr\nds1 t x 0 necess>y t a revelation f ,god %\ld take /rong & positive gr\nd on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 99 99 99 99 99 7#b7 ,! ,orig91 ,me?od1 & ,/ructure ( ! ,scriptural ,cosmogony4--,a respectable physici/1 b some:at %all[ naturali/ & !ologian1 ^: works at "o "t attract$ mu* att5tion1 has said ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis3 ,x c n be hi/ory--x may be poetry4 ,its claims to be hi/ory we %all inve/igate "u ano!r head1 b x is p]t95t to our pres5t inquiry to ask :e!r x c be poetry4 ,t its sub/ance or matt] is poetical no "o :o has read x once c believe2 b x c n be d5i$ t 9 its =m x approa*es some:at to t k9d ( ?\ght-rhy?m or p>allelism :i* gives s peculi> a "* to ,hebrew poetry4 ,we le>n f _m ,scripture passages1 especially 9 ! ,prov]bs1 t ?is poetical p>allelism ne$ n necess>ily be connect$ ) poetical ?\ght2 t 9 tru? x might be us$1 z rhyme is sometimes ) u1 to aid ! memory4 ,! olde/ ackn[l$g$ v]se 9 ,scripture is a case 9 po9t4 ,lame*1 :o liv$ be=e ! flood1 appe>s to h sla9 a man 9 self-def5se1 or at lea/ 9 an enc\nt] 9 :i* he himself 0 w\nd$2 & he attempts to def9e ! nature ( ! crime 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,adah & ,zillah1 he> my voice2 ,ye wives ( ,lame*1 he>k5 to my spee*3-- ,i h sla9 a man to my w\nd+1 ,& a "y man to my hurt2 ,if ,ca9 %all be av5g$ sev5fold1 ,truly ,lame* sev5ty & sev5 fold4 ,all ?is is prosaic en\gh 9 matt]1 b ! =m into :i* x is ?r[n gives x a c]ta9 dignity1 & impresses x on ! memory2 :i* la/ object 0 probably :at ! au?or ( ?is sole fragm5t ( ant$iluvian lit]ature _h 9 view4 ,he succe$$ too--= ! s5tim5t 0 h&$ d[n1 probably orally2 & ,moses incorporates x 9 8 n>ration1 p]haps on acc\nt ( its int]e/ z ! fir/ record ( ! di/9ction betwe5 willful murd] l t ( ,ca91 & ju/ifiable homicide4 ,x is int]e/+ also to obs]ve ! same p>allelism ( /yle1 no d\bt ) ! same objects1 9 _m old ,egyptian monum5tal inscriptions1 :i*1 h[ev] gr&iloqu5t1 are sc>cely poetical4#aa ,x also appe>s 9 t anci5t record ( creation & ! deluge rec5tly rescu$ f ! clay tablets ( ,n9eveh4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 & ! fir/ ?ree v]ses ( *apt] second1 be+ ! =mal g5]al n>rative ( creation1 on :i*1 z we %all see1 e o!r /atem5t on ! subject 9 ! ,bible is bas$1 we h ?is peculi> p>allelism ( /yle4 ,if we ask :y1 ! answ] mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be--to give dignity & symmetry to :at w\ld o!rwise be a dry ab/ract1 & /ill m to aid memory4 ,?is la/ consid]ation1 p]haps indicat+ t ?is *apt]1 l ! apology ( ,lame*1 _h be5 h&$ d[n orally = a long p]iod1 connects itself ) ! !ory ( ! pre-,abrahamic orig9 ( ^! docum5ts to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,! =m ( ! n>rative1 h[ev]1 9 no way impairs its precision or accuracy ( /atem5t4 ,on ?is ,ei*horn well says3 ,!re lies at ! f\ndation ( ! fir/ *apt] a c>efully design$ plan1 all ^: p>ts are c>ri$ out ) mu* art1 :]eby its appropriate place is assign$ to e idea2 & we may add1 :]eby e idea is express$ 9 ! simple/ & fewe/ words1 yet ) m>vell\s accuracy1 am\nt+ to an almo/ sci5tific precision ( diction1 = :i* bo? ! =m into :i* x is ?r[n & ! homog5e\s & simple "* ( ! ,hebrew language are v well adapt$4 ,mu* ( ?is inde$ rema9s 9 ! ,engli% v]sion1 ?\gh our language is less p]fectly suit$ ?an ! ,hebrew = ! concise ann\ncem5t ( g5]al tru?s ( ?is description4 ,our translators h1 h[ev]1 deviat$ greatly f ! true s5se ( _m important words1 especially :]e !y h tak5 ! ,septuag9t translation = _! guide1 z 9 ! words firmam5t1 :ales1 creep+ ?+s1 etc4 ,^! errors w be notic$ 9 subsequ5t pages4 ,9 ! mean "t ,i may m]ely add t ! labors ( ! able/ ,biblical critics give u e reason to conclude t ! receiv$ text ( ,g5esis pres]ves1 almo/ )\t an iota ( *ange1 ! beautiful simplicity ( its fir/ *apt]2 & t we n[ h x 9 a m p]fect /ate ?an t 9 :i* x 0 pres5t$ to ! translators ( mo/ ( ! e>ly v]sions4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t ! object 9 view 0 be/ s]v$ by t direct ref]5ce to ! creative fiat1 & ignor+ ( all second>y causes1 :i* are conspicu\s 9 ?is n>rative4 ,?is is inde$ ! g5]al tone ( ! ,bible 9 speak+ ( natural ph5om5a2 & ?is mode ( proce$+ is 9 p]fect h>mony ) its claims to div9e au?ority4 ,_h n ?is c\rse be5 *os51 no o!r c\ld h be5 adopt$1 9 /rict consi/5cy ) tru?1 %ort ( a full revelation ( ! :ole sy/em ( nature1 9 ! details ( all its laws & processes4 ,?is we n[ "k w\ld h be5 impossible1 &1 if possible1 useless or ev5 mis*iev\s4 ,reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view--! pl5>y inspiration ( ! book--! ,scriptural ref]5ces to creation pr(ess to furni% a v g5]al outl9e1 = !ological purposes1 ( ! pr9cipal features ( a va/ region unexplor$ :5 !y 7 writt51 & into :i* human rese>* has yet p5etrat$ along only a few l9es4 ,natural sci5ce1 9 foll[+ out ^! l9es ( obs]vation1 has rea*$ "s ( ! objects del9eat$ 9 ! ,scriptural sket*2 ( o!rs x has obta9$ di/ant glimpses2 _m are probably unkn[n1 & we c appreciate ! true value & dim5sions relatively to ! :ole ( v few4 ,s va/ inde$ are ! subjects ( ! bold sket* ( ! ,hebrew prophet1 t natural sci5ce c n pret5d z yet s to fill 9 ! outl9e z q to measure ! accuracy ( its proportions4 ,yet ! l9es1 ?\gh few1 are s boldly drawn1 & ) s mu* app>5t unity & symmetry1 t we almo/ involunt>ily admit t !y are accurate & complete4 ,?is may appe> to be und]rat+ ! actual progress ( sci5ce relatively to ?is great =e%ad[+ outl9e2 b ,i "k t ^? mo/ deeply v]s$ 9 ! k ( nature w be ! lea/ dispos$ to qu>rel ) x1 :atev] skepticism !y may ent]ta9 z to ! great] g5]al complet5ess ( ! inspir$ record4 ,ano!r po9t :i* des]ves a pass+ notice "h is ! !ory ( ,dr4 ,kurtz & o!rs1 t ! ,mosaic n>rative repres5ts a vision ( creation1 analog\s to ^? prophetic visions :i* appe> 9 ! lat] books ( ,scripture4 ,?is is beyond all "q ! mo/ simple & probable solution ( ! orig9 ( ! docum5t1 :5 view$ z inspir$1 b we %all h to recur to x on a future page4 ,b ) respect to ! precise orig9 ( ?is cosmogony1 ! "q n[ arises1 ,is x really 9 sub/ance a revelation f ,god to man8 ,we mu/ n disguise f ourselves t ?is delib]ate /atem5t ( an ord] ( creation 9 s f> *all5ges comp>ison ) ! results ( sci5ce1 & ?is 9 a v diff]5t way f t :i* applies to ! incid5tal ref]5ces to nature 9 ! ,bible4 ,fur!r1 inasmu* z x relates to ev5ts :i* transpir$ be=e ! creation ( man1 x is ( ! nature ( prophecy r ?an ( hi/ory4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 ei!r an inspir$ revelation ( ! div9e proc$ure 9 creation1 or x is a product ( human imag9ation or rese>*1 or a delib]ate fraud4 ,to no "p ( ! ,bible d ^! alt]natives m /rictly apply ?an to its fir/ *apt]4 ,?is c n be hi/ory 9 ! /rict acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,x relates to ev5ts :i* no human eye witness$1 respect+ :i* no human te/imony c\ld give any in=mation4 ,x repres5ts ! creation ( man z ! la/ ( a long s]ies ( ev5ts1 ( :i* x pr(esses to in=m u4 ,! k ( ^! ev5ts c n h be5 a matt] ( human exp]i5ce4 ,if at all entitl$ to confid5ce1 ! n>rative mu/1 !re=e1 be receiv$ z an inspir$ docum5t1 n h&$ d[n by any d\btful tradition1 b exi/+ z orig9ally transfus$ into human language f ! m9d ( ! ,au?or ( nature himself4 ,?is view is 9 no way affect$ by ! hypo!sis1 already m5tion$1 t ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis 7 compil$ by ,moses f m anci5t docum5ts4 ,?is m]ely ?r[s back ! revelation to a high] antiquity1 & requires u to suppose ! ag5cy ( two inspir$ m5 in/ead ( "o4 ,x w\ld be out ( place "h to ent] into any argum5t = ! inspiration ( ,scripture1 or to attempt to def9e ! nature ( t inspiration4 ,i m]ely wi% to impress on ! m9d ( ! read] t )\t ! admission ( its reality1 or at lea/ its possibility1 our pres5t inquiry becomes m]ely a matt] ( curi\s antiqu>ian rese>*4 ,we mu/ also on ?is gr\nd di/+ui% betwe5 ! claims ( ! ,scriptures & ^? ( tradition or secul> hi/ory1 :5 !y ref] to ! same facts4 ,! traditions & cosmogonies ( "s anci5t nations h _m features 9 common ) ! ,bible n>rative2 &1 on ! supposition t ,moses compil$ f old] docum5ts1 !y may be portions ( ?is m anci5t sacr$ tru?1 b clo!d 9 ! v>i$ g>m5ts ( ! fanciful my?ological cre$s :i* h sprung up 9 lat] & m deg5]ate times4 ,su* fragm5ts may safely be receiv$ z second>y aids to ! und]/&+ ( ! au!ntic record1 b x w\ld be folly to seek 9 !m = ! :ole tru?4 ,!y are b ! scatt]$ masses ( ore1 by trac+ :i* we may sometimes op5 up new & ri* portions ( ! ve9 ( primitive lore f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q necess>y "h =mally to inquire if !re are any hypo!ses %ort ( t ( pl5>y inspiration :i* may all[ u to atta* any value :atev] to ?is mo/ anci5t docum5t4 ,i "k b two views ( ?is k9d t are wor?y ( any att5tion4 #a4 ,! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation may be a result ( anci5t sci5tific inquiries1 analog\s to ^? ( mod]n geology4 #b4 ,x may be an allegorical or poetical my?us1 n int5d$ to be hi/orical1 b ei!r devis$ = "s extrane\s purpose1 or consi/+ ( ! conjectures ( "s gift$ intellect4 ,^! alt]natives we may %ortly consid]1 ?\gh ! mat]ials = _! full discussion c be furni%$ only by facts to be subsequ5tly /at$4 ,i am n aw>e t ! fir/ ( ^! views has be5 ma9ta9$ by any mod]n writ]4 ,"s em95t sci5tific m5 are1 h[ev]1 dispos$ to adopt su* an explanation ( ! anci5t ,h9doo hymns1 z well z ( ! cosmogony ( ,py?agoras1 :i* be>s evid5ce ( ?is orig92 & x may be an easy /ep to inf] t ! ,hebrew cosmogony 0 d]iv$ f "s simil> s\rce4 ,n _m ye>s ago su* a supposition w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z almo/ insane4 ,!n ! sci5ce ( antiquity 0 only ano!r "n = ! philosophy ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,b 9 rec5t times we h se5 ,egypt disclose ! ru9s ( a mighty civilization1 m gr& & massive ?\gh less elegant ?an t ( ,greece1 & :i* _h rea*$ its acme ere ,greece _h receiv$ its alphabet--a civilization :i*1 accord+ to ! ,scripture hi/ory1 is d]iv$ f t ( ! primeval ,cu%ite empire1 :i* ext5d$ f ! pla9s ( ,%9> ov] all ,s\!a/]n ,asia1 b 0 cru%$ at its c5tre be=e ! dawn ( secul> hi/ory4 ,we h n[ little reason to d\bt t ,moses1 :5 he /udi$ ! le>n+ ( ,egypt1 held conv]se ) m5 :o saw m cle>ly & deeply into nature's my/]ies ?an did ,?ales or ,py?agoras1 or ev5 ,ari/otle4#ab ,/ill lat] ! remnants ( old ,n9eveh h be5 exhum$ f _! long sepulture1 & antiqu>ies h be5 a/oni%$ by ! discov]y t k & arts1 suppos$ to belong exclusively to f> m rec5t times1 7 9 ! days ( ! e>ly ,hebrew k+s1 & probably v long previ\sly1 firmly e/abli%$ on ! banks ( ! ,tigris4 ,su* discov]ies1 :5 comp>$ ) h9ts furni%$ by ! ,scriptures1 t5d greatly to exalt our ideas ( ! /ate ( civilization at ! "t :5 !y 7 writt52 & we %all p]ceive1 9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry1 _m additional reasons = believ+ t ! anci5t ,israelites 7 mu* f>!r advanc$ 9 natural sci5ce ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no positive pro( ( su* a !ory1 & x is subject to _m grave objections4 ,! n>rative itself makes no pret5sion to a sci5tific orig91 x quotes no au?ority1 & x is connect$ ) no philosophical speculations or d$uctions4 ,x be>s no int]nal evid5ce ( hav+ be5 ! result ( inductive inquiry1 b appeals at once to fai? 9 ! tru? ( ! great ultimate doctr9e ( absolute creation1 & !n proce$s to detail ! /eps ( ! process1 9 ! mann] ( hi/ory z record$ by a witness1 & n 9 ! mann] ( sci5ce trac+ back effects to _! causes4 ,f>!r1 x ref]s to conditions ( our planet respect+ :i* sci5ce has ev5 n[ atta9$ to no conclusions support$ by evid5ce1 & is n 9 a position to make dogmatic ass]tions4 ,! tone ( all ! anci5t cosmogonies has 9 ^! respects a resemblance to t ( ! ,scriptures1 & be>s te/imony to a g5]al impression p]vad+ ! m9d ( antiquity t !re 0 a div9e & au?oritative te/imony to ! facts ( creation1 di/9ct f hi/ory1 philosophical speculation1 or induction4 ,"o ( ! bolde/ & simple/ me?ods ( ?is k9d is t foll[$ by ! au?ors ( ! ,types ( ,mank9d1 9 ! attempt to assign a purely human orig9 to ,g5esis #a/4 ,^! writ]s admit ! great] antiquity ( ! fir/ *apt]1 ?\gh assign+ ! :ole ( ! book to a comp>atively mod]n date4 ,!y say3 ,! 'docum5t ,jehovah'#ac does n especially conc]n our pres5t subject2 & x is incomp>able ) ! gr&] conception ( ! m anci5t & unkn[n writ] ( ,g5esis #a/4 ,) extreme felicity ( diction & concis5ess ( plan1 ! latt] has def9$ ! mo/ philosophical views ( antiquity ^u cosmogony2 9 fact s well t x has requir$ ! palaeontological discov]ies ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--at lea/ #bejj ye>s aft] 8 dea?--to ov]?r[ 8 sept5>y arrangem5t ( ',creation2' :i*1 aft] all1 w\ld /ill be correct en\gh 9 great pr9ciples1 7 x n = "o individual ov]sight & "o unlucky blund]2 n expos$1 h[ev]1 until long aft] 8 era1 by po/-,cop]nican a/ronomy4 ,! ov]sight is :]e he wrote 7,g54 i4 #f-h71 ',let !re be raquie1' i4 e41 a firmam5t2 :i* proves t 8 notions ( 'sky' 7solid l ! concavity ( a copp] bas91 ) />s set z brilliants 9 ! metal7 7 ! same z ^? ( adjac5t p ( 8 "t--inde$1 ( all m5 be=e ! publication ( ,newton's ',pr9cipia' & ( ,laplace's ',mecanique ,cele/e4' ,! blund] is :]e he conceives t aur1 'light1' & iom1 'day' 7,g54 i4 #ad-ah71 c\ld h be5 physically possible ?ree :ole days be=e ! 'two great lum9>ies1' ,sun & ,moon1 7 creat$4 ,^! v5ial errors d$uct$1 8 maje/ic song beautifully illu/rates ! simple process ( ratioc9ation ?r\gh :i*--(t5 )\t ! slighte/ hi/orical pro( ( int]c\rse--diff]5t ',types ( ,mank9d1' at di/9ct epo*as1 & 9 c\ntries widely ap>t1 _h arriv$1 naturally1 at cosmogonic conclusions simil> to ! doctr9es ( t ,hebraical s*ool ( :i* 8 h>monic & melodi\s numb]s rema9 a magnific5t mem5to4 ,t process seems to h be5 ! foll[+3 ,! anci5ts knew1 z we d1 t man is ^u ! e>?2 & !y 7 p]suad$1 z we are1 t 8 appe>ance 0 prec$$ by unfa?omable dep?s ( "t4 ,unable 7z we are /ill7 to measure p]iods antec$5t to man by any *ronological /&>d1 ! anci5ts rationally rea*$ ! tabulation ( "s ev5ts ant]ior to man ?r\gh induction--a me?od n orig9al ) ,"l ,bacon1 because kn[n to ,/4 ,paul2 '= 8 unse5 ?+s f ! creation ( ! _w1 8 p[] & ,godhead1 are cle>ly se51 be+ und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made' 7,rom4 i41 #bj74 ,man1 !y felt1 c\ld n h liv$ ^u e>? )\t animal food2 ergo1 'cattle' prec$$ him1 toge!r ) birds1 reptiles1 fi%es1 etc4 ,no?+ liv+1 !y knew1 c\ld h exi/$ )\t light & heat2 ergo1 ! sol> sy/em ant$at$ animal life1 no less ?an ! vegetation indisp5sable = animal support4 ,b t]re/rial plants c n gr[ )\t e>?2 ergo1 t dry l& _h to be sep>at$ f pre-exi/5t 'wat]s4' ,_! geological speculations incl9+ r to ! ,neptunian ?an to ! ,plutonian !ory--= ,w]n] ev] prec$$ ,hutton--! anci5ts f\nd x difficult to 'divide ! wat]s f ! wat]s' )\t int]pos+ a metallic sub/ance t 'divid$ ! wat]s :i* 7 "u ! firmam5t f ! wat]s t 7 above ! firmam5t2' s !y inf]r$1 logically1 t a firmam5t mu/ h be5 actually creat$ = ?is object4 ,e4g41 ',! w9d[s ( ! skies' 7,g54 vii41 #aa72 '! wat]s above ! skies' 7,psa4 cxlviii41 #d74 ,be=e ! 'wat]s' 7& "h is ! peculi> error ( ! g5esiacal b>d7 "s ( ! anci5ts claim$ ! pre-exi/5ce ( light 7a view adopt$ by ! writ] ( ,g5esis #a/72 :ile o!rs ass]t$ t '*aos' prevail$4 ,bo? s*ools unit$1 h[ev]1 9 ! conviction t ,,d>kness--,erebus--antec$$ all o!r creat$ ?+s4 ,:at1 said ^! anci5ts1 c h exi/$ be=e ! 'd>kness8' ,ens entium1 ! ,,creator1 0 ! humbl$ reply4 ,elohim is ! ,hebrew vocal expression ( t climax2 to def9e ^: attributes1 save ?r\gh ! ph5om5a ( creation1 is an attempt we leave to o!rs m presumptu\s ?an ourselves4 ,! problem "h set to ! unkn[n au?or ( ,g5esis is a h>d "o--giv5 ! "o fact t man is to f9d 9 detail h[ ! _w 0 =m$ 9 a s]ies ( prec$+ ages ( va/ duration4 ,is x possible t su* a problem c\ld h be5 s work$ out z to h endur$ ! te/ ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 & ! scrut9y ( mod]n sci5ce8 ,b !re is an ov]sight 9 "o detail1 & a blund] 9 ano!r4 ,by ref]5ce f>!r on1 ! read] w f9d "u ! *apt]s on ,light & ! ,atmosph]e t ! ov]sight & blund] are ^? n ( ! writ] ( ,g5esis1 b ( ! le>n$ ,am]ican e?nologi/s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 a circum/ance :i* cuts 9 two ways 9 def5se ( ! anci5t au?or s unhappily unkn[n to 8 mod]n critics4 ,! second ( ! alt]natives above ref]r$ to1 ! my?ical hypo!sis1 has be5 advanc$ & ably support$1 especially on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & by su* ,engli% writ]s z are dispos$ to apply ! me?ods ( mod]n rationali/ic criticism to ! ,bible4 ,9 "o ( its lea/ objectionable =ms x is ?us /at$ by ,pr(essor ,p[ell3 ,! n>rative1 !n1 ( six p]iods ( creation1 foll[$ by a sev5? simil> p]iod ( re/ & bless+1 0 cle>ly design$ by adaptation to _! conceptions to en=ce ^u ! ,israelites ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba?2 & 9 :atev] way its details may be int]pret$1 x c n be reg>d$ z an hi/orical /atem5t ( ! primeval in/itution ( a ,sabba?2 a supposition :i* is inde$ on o!r gr\nds suffici5tly improbable1 ?\gh (t5 adopt$4 99 99 99 ,if1 !n1 we w\ld avoid ! alt]native ( be+ compell$ to admit :at mu/ am\nt to impugn+ ! tru? ( ^? portions at lea/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we surely are b\nd to give fair consid]ation to ! only sugge/ion :i* c set u entirely free f all ! difficulties aris+ f ! geological contradiction :i* does & mu/ exi/ aga9/ any conceivable int]pretation :i* reta9s ! ass]tion ( ! hi/orical "* ( ! details ( ! n>rative1 z ref]r+ to ! di/9ct transactions ( ea* ( ! sev5 p]iods4 99 99 99 ,! "o great fact c\*$ 9 ! g5]al ass]tion t all ?+s 7 creat$ by ! sole p[] ( "o ,supreme ,be+ is ! :ole ( ! repres5tation to :i* an hi/orical "* c be assign$4 ,z to ! p>ticul> =m 9 :i* ! descriptive n>rative is convey$1 we m]ely affirm t x c n be hi/ory--x may be poetry4#ad ,! g5]al gr\nd on :i* ?is view is ent]ta9$ is ! suppos$ irreconcilable contradiction betwe5 ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! ,mosaic record & ! facts ( geology4 ,! real am\nt ( ?is difficulty we are n1 9 ! pres5t /age ( our inquiry1 prep>$ to e/imate4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 readily und]/& t ! hypo!sis dep5ds on ! supposition t ! n>rative ( creation is po/]ior 9 date to ! ,mosaic ritual1 & t ?is pla9 & circum/antial s]ies ( /atem5ts is a fable design$ to support ! ,sabbatical in/itution1 in/ead ( ! rite be+1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,bible itself1 a commemoration ( ! previ\sly record$ fact4 ,?is is1 =tunately1 a gratuit\s assumption1 contr>y to ! probable date ( ! docum5ts1 z d$uc$ f int]nal evid5ce & f comp>ison ) ! ,assyrian & o!r cosmogonies2 & x also completely ignores ! o!r manife/ uses m5tion$ "u our fir/ head4 ,if prov$1 x w\ld give to ! :ole ! "* ( a pi\s fraud1 & w\ld obvi\sly r5d] any comp>ison ) ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>? altoge!r unnecess>y4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 x mu/ be freely admitt$ t ! ,mosaic n>rative c n be hi/ory1 9 s f> at lea/ z hi/ory is a product ( human exp]i5ce1 we c n admit t x is a poetical my?us1 or1 9 o!r words1 t x is de/itute ( sub/antial tru?1 unless prov$ by good evid5ce to be s2 &1 :5 ?is is prov$1 we mu/ also admit t x is q undes]v+ ( ! cr$it :i* x claims z a revelation f ,god4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! ev5ts record$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis 7 n witness$ by man2 s9ce !re is no reason to believe t !y 7 discov]$ by sci5tific inquiry2 & s9ce1 if true1 !y c n be a poetical my?1 we mu/1 9 ! mean "t1 return to our =m] supposition t ! ,mosaic cosmogony is a direct revelation f ! ,creator4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! position ( ?is "p ( ! e>?'s ,biblical hi/ory resembles t ( prophecy4 ,writ]s may accurately relate contempor>y ev5ts1 or ^? :i* belong to ! human p]iod1 )\t inspiration2 b ! mom5t t !y pr(ess accurately to =etell ! hi/ory ( ! future1 or to in=m u ( ev5ts :i* prec$$ ! human p]iod1 we mu/ ei!r believe !m to be inspir$1 or reject !m z impo/ors or fanatics4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to f9d int]m$iate /&+-gr\nd1 b x is s prec>i\s t ! nice/ ( our mod]n critical balanc]s h be5 unable to ma9ta9 !mselves ^u x4 ,hav+ ?us det]m9$ t ! ,mosaic cosmogony1 9 its gr& g5]al features1 mu/ ei!r be inspir$ or wor?less1 we h fur!r to inquire to :at ext5t x is necess>y to suppose t ! p>ticul> details & mode ( expression ( ! n>rative1 & ! subsequ5t allusions to nature 9 ! ,bible1 mu/ be reg>d$ z entitl$ to ?is position4 ,we may conceive !m to h be5 left to ! discretion ( ! writ]s2 &1 9 t case1 !y w m]ely repres5t ! k ( nature actually exi/+ at ! "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! accuracy may h be5 secur$ by ! div9e afflatus4 ,few mod]n writ]s h be5 dispos$ to insi/ on ! latt] alt]native1 & h r assum$ t ^! ref]5ces & details are accommodat$ to ! /ate ( k at ! "t4 ,i mu/ obs]ve "h1 h[ev]1 t a c>eful consid]ation ( ! facts gives to a naturali/ a mu* high] e/imate ( ! real value ( ! obs]vations ( nature embodi$ 9 ! ,scriptures ?an t :i* div9es h ord9>ily ent]ta9$2 &1 consequ5tly1 t if we suppose !m ( human orig91 we mu/ be prep>$ to modify ! views g5]ally ent]ta9$ ( e>ly ,ori5tal simplicity & ignorance4 ,! tru? is1 t a l>ge proportion ( ! difficulties 9 ,scriptural natural hi/ory appe> to h aris5 f want ( su* accommodation to ! l[ /ate ( ! k ( nature among translators & expositors2 & ?is is precisely :at we %\ld expect 9 a v]itable revelation4 ,its moral & religi\s doctr9es 7 sl[ly develop$1 ea* new light illum9at+ previ\s obscurities4 ,its human hi/ory comes out z evid5ce ( its tru?1 :5 comp>$ ) monum5tal inscriptions2 & :y %\ld n ! ,all-wise h con/ruct$ z skilfully its tea*+s respect+ 8 own works8 ,!re c be no d\bt :atev] t ! ,scripture writ]s int5d$ to address !mselves to ! common m9d1 :i* n[ z !n requires simple & popul> tea*+1 b !y 7 "u obligation to give tru?ful /atem5ts2 & we ne$ n hesitate to say1 ) ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 9 ref]5ce to a book mak+ su* claims z ^? ( ! ,bible3 ,!re is no argum5t1 sav+ t gr\nd$ on ! usages ( popul> language1 :i* w\ld tempt u to m$dle ) ! lit]alities ( t anci5t &1 z appe>s to u1 au?oritative docum5t1 any f>!r ?an may be requir$ by ^? conv5tionalities ( spee* :i* spr+ f 'optical' impressions ( nature4#ae ,attempt z we may to disguise x1 any o!r view is totally unwor?y ( ! great ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 especially 9 a docum5t *>act]iz$ z emphatically ! tru?1 & 9 a moral revelation1 9 :i* /atem5ts respect+ natural objects ne$ n be ins]t$1 unless !y c\ld be r5d]$ at once tru?ful & illu/rative ( ! high] objects ( ! revelation4 ,! /atem5t (t5 s flippantly made t ! ,bible 0 n int5d$ to tea* natural hi/ory has no application "h4 ,spiritual tru?s are no d\bt %ad[$ =? 9 ! ,bible by mat]ial emblems1 (t5 b rudely resembl+ !m1 because ! nature ( human ?\ght & language r5d] ?is necess>y1 n only to ! unle>n$1 b 9 "s degree to all2 b ?is pr9ciple ( adaptation c n be appli$ to pla9 mat]ial facts4 ,yet a confusion ( ^! two v di/9ct cases appe>s to prevail almo/ unacc\ntably 9 ! m9ds ( _m expositors4 ,!y tell u t ! ,scriptures ascribe bodily memb]s to ! immat]ial ,god1 & typify 8 spiritual proc$ure by outw>d emblems2 & ?is !y ?9k analog\s to su* doctr9es z a solid firmam5t1 a plane e>?1 & o!rs ( a l nature1 :i* !y ascribe to ! sacr$ writ]s4 ,we %all f9d t ! writ]s ( ! ,scriptures _h !mselves mu* cle>] views1 & t1 ev5 9 poetical language1 !y take no su* lib]ties ) tru?4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is doctr9e ( accommodation c>ries u beyond ! limits ( fair int]pretation1 ,i cite ! foll[+ passage f "o ( ! able/ & mo/ judici\s writ]s on ! subject3#af ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ! anci5ts t ! e>?1 at a c]ta9 height1 0 surr\nd$ by a transp>5t holl[ sph]e ( solid matt]1 :i* !y call$ ! firmam5t4 ,:5 ra9 desc5d$1 !y suppos$ t x 0 ?r\gh w9d[s or holes made 9 ! cry/all9e curta9 susp5d$ 9 mid-heav5s4 ,to ^! notions ! language ( ! ,bible is frequ5tly con=m$4 99 99 99 ,b ! mo/ decisive example ,i h to give on ?is subject is d]iv$ f a/ronomy4 ,until ! "t ( ,cop]nicus no op9ion respect+ natural ph5om5a 0 ?\ght bett] e/abli%$ ?an t ! e>? is fix$ immovably 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t ! heav5ly bodies move diurnally r\nd x4 ,to su/a9 ?is view ! mo/ decisive language ( ,scripture might be quot$4 ,god is !re said to h 'e/abli%$ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 s t !y c\ld n be remov$ =ev]2' & ! sacr$ writ]s expressly decl>e t ! heav5ly bodies arise & set1 & n[h]e allude to any prop] motion ( ! e>?4 ,w x be believ$ t1 ) ! exception ( ! poetical expression1 w9d[s ( heav51 & ! common =ms ( spee* relat+ to sunrise & sunset1 ! above decisive in/ances ( accommodation h no f\ndation :atev] 9 ! language ( ,scripture4 ,! doctr9e ( ! rotation ( solid cele/ial sph]es ar\nd ! e>? belongs to a ,greek philosophy :i* arose aft] ! ,hebrew cosmogony 0 complete2 & ?\gh x occurs 9 ! ,septuag9t & o!r anci5t v]sions1 x is n bas$ on ! ,hebrew orig9al4 ,9 tru?1 we "k t ^? ,grecian philosoph]s--( ! ,ionic & ,py?agorean s*ools--:o liv$ ne>e/ ! times ( ! ,hebrew writ]s1 & :o d]iv$ ! elem5ts ( _! sci5ce f ,egypt & ,we/]n ,asia1 taught v diff]5t doctr9es4 ,h[ absurd1 !n1 is x ?us to fa/5 ^u ! sacr$ writ]s1 contr>y to _! own words1 ! views ( a s*ool ( a/ronomy :i* probably arose long aft] _! "t1 :5 we "k t m accurate ideas prevail$ ne>] _! epo*4 ,secondly1 ?\gh !re is "s reason = /at+ t ! anci5ts1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n ^? ( ,israel1 believ$ 9 cele/ial sph]es support+ ! heav5ly bodies1 ,i suspect t ! doctr9e ( a solid vault support+ ! cl\ds1 except z a m]e poetical or my?ological fancy1 is a product ( ! imag9ation ( ! !ologians & closet philosoph]s ( a m mod]n "t4 ,! te/imony ( m5's s5ses appe>s to be 9 favor ( ! :ole univ]se revolv+ ar\nd a plane e>?1 ?\gh ! olde/ a/ronomical s*ool ) :i* we are acqua9t$ suspect$ t ?is is an illusion2 b ! e-day obs]vation ( ! mo/ unlett]$ man :o treads ! fields & is wet ) ! mi/s & ra9s mu/ conv9ce him t !re is no sub-nubil> solid sph]e4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,bible _h taught su* a doctr9e1 x w\ld h %ock$ ! common-s5se ev5 ( ! pla9 husb&m5 to :om x 0 address$1 & c\ld h f\nd no fit audi5ce except among a portion ( ! lit]ati ( comp>atively mod]n times4 ,?irdly1 ) respect to ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 ,i may rem>k t 9 ! t5? v]se ( ,g5esis !re occurs a def9ition z precise z t ( any lexicon--& ,god call$ ! dry l& e>?2 consequ5tly x is b fair to assume t ! e>? aft]w>ds spok5 ( z support$ above ! wat]s is ! dry l& or cont95tal masses ( ! e>?1 & no geologi/ c object to ! /atem5t t ! dry l& is support$ above ! wat]s by f\ndations or pill>s4 ,we %all f9d 9 our exam9ation ( ! docum5t itself t all ! in/ances ( su* accommodation :i* h be5 cit$ by writ]s on ?is subject are z baseless z ^? above ref]r$ to4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t s _m o!rwise useful expositors h ei!r want$ t famili>ity ) ! aspects ( ext]nal nature by :i* all ! ,hebrew writ]s are *>act]iz$1 or h tak5 too little pa9s to asc]ta9 ! actual mean+ ( ! ref]5ces to creation :i* !y f9d 9 ! ,bible4 ,i may fur!r rem>k t if su* in/ances ( accommodation c\ld be f\nd 9 ! lat] poetical books1 x w\ld be extremely unfair to apply !m z aids 9 ! int]pretation ( ! pla91 precise1 & unadorn$ /atem5ts ( ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ev5 ! high] poetry ( ! ,bible1 a tru?ful repres5tation & high appreciation ( nature = :i* we seek 9 va9 9 any o!r poetry1 & we may fairly trace ?is 9 "p to ! influ5ce ( ! cosmogony :i* appe>s 9 its fir/ *apt]4 ,! ,hebrew 0 ?us taught to recognize ! unity ( nature z ! "w ( an ,almighty ,intellig5ce1 to reg>d all its op]ations z regulat$ by 8 un*ang+ law or decree1 & to v5]ate x z a revelation ( 8 supreme wisdom & goodness4 ,on ?is acc\nt he 0 likely to reg>d c>eful obs]vation & repres5tation ) z scrupul\s att5tion z ! mod]n naturali/4 ,nor mu/ we =get t ! ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature has desc5d$ to u ?r\gh two d>k ages--t ( ,greek & ,roman poly!ism & ( ,middle ,age b>b>ism--& t we mu/ n conf\nd its t5ets ) ^? ( ei!r4 ,! religi\s ideas ( bo? ^! ages 7 favorable to c]ta9 =ms ( lit]ature & art1 b em95tly unfavorable to ! successful prosecution ( ! /udy ( nature4 ,h5ce we h a "r to expect 9 ! lit]ature ( ! gold5 age ( primeval mono!ism m aff9ity ) ! ideas ( mod]n sci5ce ?an 9 any int]m$iate "t2 & ! tru?ful del9eation :i* ! claims ( ! ,bible to inspiration require might h be51 z already h9t$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t secur$ m]ely by ! reflex influ5ce ( its e>li] /atem5ts1 )\t ! necessity ( our suppos+ t illu/rations ( ?is k9d 9 ! lat] books came directly f ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,our discussion ( ?is "p ( ! subject has necess>ily be5 r desultory1 & ! argum5ts adduc$ mu/ dep5d = _! full confirmation on ! results ( our future inquiries4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at may be summ$ up z foll[s3 #a4 ,t ! ,mosaic cosmogony mu/ be consid]$1 l ! prophecies ( ! ,bible1 to claim ! rank ( inspir$ tea*+1 & mu/ dep5d = its au?ority on ! ma9t5ance ( t claim4 #b4 ,t ! incid5tal ref]5ces to nature 9 o!r p>ts ( ,scripture indicate1 at lea/1 ! influ5ce ( ^! e>li] tea*+s1 & ( a pure mono!i/ic fai?1 9 creat+ a high & j appreciation ( nature among ! ,hebrew p4 ,x is n[ necess>y to inquire 9 :at precise =m ?is rem>kable revelation ( ! orig9 ( ! _w has be5 giv54 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! hypo!sis t x repres5ts a vision ( creation pres5t$ to ! m9d ( a se]1 z if 9 a s]ies ( pictures :i* he repres5ts to u 9 words4 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ intelligible conception ( ! mann] ( communication ( a revelation f ,god2 & inasmu* z x is t ref]r$ to 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,bible z ! mode ( pres5tation ( ! future to inspir$ prophets1 !re c be no impropriety 9 suppos+ x to h be5 ! means ( communicat+ ! k ( ! unkn[n pa/4 ,we may imag9e ! se]--p]haps "s aborig9al patri>*1 long be=e ! "t ( ,moses--p]haps ! fir/ man himself--wrapt 9 ec/atic vision1 hav+ 8 s5ses clos$ to all ! impressions ( ! pres5t "t1 & look+ z at a mov+ procession ( ! ev5ts ( ! e>?'s pa/ hi/ory1 pres5t$ to him 9 a s]ies ( app>5t days & nights4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis he rehe>ses ?is div9e vision to u1 n 9 poetry1 b 9 a s]ies ( regul>ly arrang$ p>ts or /rophes1 ?r[n into a sort ( rhy?mical ord] fitt$ to impress !m on ! memory1 & to all[ !m to be h&$ d[n f m\? to m\?1 p]haps ?r\gh successive g5]ations ( m51 be=e !y c\ld be fix$ 9 a writt5 =m ( words4 ,?\gh ! /yle c sc>cely be call$ poetical1 s9ce its expressions are obvi\sly lit]al & unadorn$ by figures ( spee*1 ! production may n unfairly be call$ ! ,song or ,ballad ( ,creation1 & x pres5ts an ,ar*aic simplicity rem9d+ u ( ! compositions ( ! olde/ & rude/ times1 :ile x has also an artificial & ord]ly arrangem5t1 mu* obscur$ by its division into v]ses & *apt]s 9 our ,bibles4 ,x is und\bt$ly also *>act]iz$ by a cle>ness & gr&eur ( expression v /rik+ & maje/ic1 & :i* %[s t x 0 writt5 by & int5d$ = m5 ( no mean & contract$ m9ds1 b :o c\ld grasp ! great problems ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 & compreh5d & express !m 9 a bold & vigor\s mann]4 ,x may be well1 be=e proce$+ f>!r1 to pres5t to ! read] ?is anci5t docum5t 9 a =m m lit]al & intelligible1 & probably ne>] to its orig9al dress1 ?an t 9 :i* we are mo/ famili> ) x 9 our ,engli% ,bibles3 ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,song ,,( ,,creation4 ,beg9n+4 ,9 ! ,beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 ,& ! ,e>? 0 =mless & empty1 ,& d>kness on ! surface ( ! deep1 ,& ! ,brea? ( ,god mov$ on ! ,surface ( ! ,wat]s4 ,day ,"o4 ,& ,god said--,let ,light be1 ,& ,light 04 ,& ,god saw ! ,light t x 0 good4 ,& ,god call$ ! ,light ,day1 ,& ! d>kness he call$ ,night4 ,& ,ev5+ 0 & ,morn+ 0--,day "o4 ,day ,second4 ,& ,god said--,let !re be an ,expanse 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s1 ,& let x divide ! wat]s f ! wat]s4 ,& ,god made ! ,expanse1 ,& divid$ ! wat]s bel[ ! ,expanse f ! wat]s above ! ,expanse4 ,& x 0 s4 ,& ,god call$ ! ,expanse ,heav5s4 ,& ,ev5+ 0 & ,morn+ 01 a ,second ,day4 ,day ,?ird4 ,& ,god said--,let ! wat]s "u ! ,heav5s be ga!r$ into "o place1 ,& let ! ,dry ,l& appe>4 ,& x 0 s1 ,& ,god call$ ! ,dry ,l& ,e>?1 ,& ! ga!r+ ( wat]s call$ he ,seas4 ,& ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& ,god said--,let ! e>? %oot =? h]bage1 ,! ,h]b yield+ se$ & ! fruit-tree yield+ fruit conta9+ se$ aft] its k9d1 on ! e>?4 ,& x 0 s4 ,& ! e>? br\ght =? h]bage1 ,! ,h]b yield+ se$ & ! ,tree yield+ fruit ^: se$ is 9 x aft] its k9d1 ,& ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& ,ev5+ 0 & ,morn+ 01 a ,?ird ,day4 ,day ,f\r?4 ,& ,god said--,let !re be ,lum9>ies 9 ! ,expanse ( ,heav51 ,to divide ! day f ! night1 ,& let !m be = ,signs & = ,seasons1 ,& = ,days & = ,ye>s4 ,& let !m be ,lum9>ies 9 ! ,expanse ( ,heav5 ,to give light on ! e>?4 ,& x 0 s4 ,& ,god made two great ,lum9>ies1 ,! great] ,lum9>y to rule ! day1 ,! less] ,lum9>y to rule ! night1 ,! ,/>s also4 ,& ,god plac$ !m 9 ! ,expanse ( ,heav5 ,to give light ^u ! e>?1 ,& to rule ov] ! day & ov] ! night1 ,& to divide ! light f ! d>kness4 ,& ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& ,ev5+ 0 & ,morn+ 01 a ,f\r? ,day4 ,day ,fif?4 ,& ,god said--,let ! wat]s sw>m ) sw>m]s1 hav+ life1 ,& let w+$ animals fly ov] ! e>? on ! surface ( ! expanse ( heav54 ,& ,god creat$ great ,reptiles1 ,& e liv+ ?+ t move?1 ,) :i* ! wat]s sw>m$ aft] _! k9d1 ,& e w+$ bird aft] its k9d4 ,& ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& ,god bless$ !m1 say+-- ,be fruitful & multiply1 ,& fill ! wat]s ( ! sea2 ,& let birds multiply 9 ! l&4 ,& ,ev5+ 0 & ,morn+ 01 a ,fif? ,day4 ,day ,six?4 ,& ,god said--,let ! ,l& br+ =? liv+ ?+s aft] _! k9d1 ,h]bivores & small] mammals & ,c>nivores aft] _! k9d4 ,& x 0 s4 ,& ,god made all ,c>nivores aft] _! k9d1 ,& all ,h]bivores aft] _! k9d1 ,& all m9or mammals aft] _! k9d4 ,& ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& ,god said--,let u make man 9 our image1 aft] our lik5ess1 ,& let him h dom9ion ov] ! fi% 9 ! sea ,& ov] ! birds ( ! heav5s1 ,& ov] ! ,h]bivora1 ,& ov] ! ,e>?1 ,& ov] all ! m9or animals t creep ^u ! e>?4 ,& ,god creat$ man 9 8 own image1 ,9 ! image ( ,god creat$ he him1 ,male & female creat$ he !m4 ,& ,god bless$ !m4 ,& ,god said unto !m-- ,be fruitful & multiply1 ,& repl5i% ! e>? & subdue x1 ,& h dom9ion ov] ! fi%es ( ! sea ,& ov] ! birds ( ! air1 ,& ov] all ! animals t move ^u ! e>?4 ,& ,god said--,behold1 ,i h giv5 y all h]bs yield+ se$1 ,:i* are on ! surface ( ! :ole e>?1 ,& e tree ) fruit hav+ se$1 ,!y %all be unto y = food4 ,& to all ! animals ( ! l& ,& to all ! birds ( ! heav5s1 ,& to all ?+s mov+ on ! l& hav+ ! brea? ( life1 ,i h giv5 e gre5 h]b = food4 ,& x 0 s4 ,& ,god saw e ?+ t he _h made1 & behold x 0 v good4 ,& ,ev5+ 0 & ,morn+ 01 a ,six? ,day4 ,day ,sev5?4 ,?us ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? 7 f9i%$1 ,& all ! ho/s ( !m4 ,& on ! sev5? day ,god end$ ! "w :i* he _h made1 ,& he re/$ on ! sev5? day f all 8 "w :i* he _h made4 ,& ,god bless$ ! sev5? day & hall[$ x1 ,because t 9 x he re/$ f all 8 "w t he _h creat$ & made4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,objects ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,a ,,revelation ,,( ,,orig9s--,cont9u$4 ,:at if e>? ,be b a %ad[ ( heav51 & ?+s !re9 ,ea* to ! o!r l2 m ?an on e>? is ?\ght4 ,,milton4 7#c7 ,"* ( ! ,biblical ,cosmogony1 & g5]al ,views ( ,nature :i* x ,conta9s or to :i* x ,leads4--,mu* ( :at app]ta9s to ! "* ( ! revelation ( orig9s has be5 anticipat$ "u previ\s heads4 ,we h only to read ! ,song ( ,creation1 z giv5 9 ! la/ *apt]1 to und]/& its p[] & influ5ce z a beg9n+ ( religi\s doctr9e4 ,! revelation 0 writt5 = pla9 m5 9 ! infancy ( ! _w4 ,imag9e ,*aldean or ,hebrew %eph]d li/5+ to ^! maje/ic l9es f ! lips ( "s anci5t patri>*1 & receiv+ !m z truly ! words ( ,god4 ,:at a gr& op5+ to him ( bo? ! se5 & unse5 worlds6 ,h5ce=? he has no sup]/iti\s dread ( ! />s above1 or ( ! lightn+ & ?und]1 or ( ! d>k woods & fl[+ wat]s b5ea?4 ,!y are all ! works ( ! "o ,creator1 ! same ,creator :o is 8 own ,mak]1 9 ^: image & %ad[ he is made4 ,he c look up n[ to ! heav5s or ar\nd ^u ! e>?1 & see 9 all ! h&iwork ( ,god1 & c wor%ip ,god ?r\gh all4 ,he c see t ! p[] t c>es = ! birds & ! fl[]s ( ! field c>es = him4 ,he is no long] ! slave & sport ( unkn[n & dreadful p[]s2 !y are ,god's workman%ip & "u 8 control--nay1 ,god has giv5 him a mission to subdue & rule ov] !m4 ,s ^! noble words raise him to a new manhood1 & emancipate him f ! torture ( endless fe>s1 & op5 to him va/ new fields ( ?\ght & inquiry1 :i* may enri* him ) b\ndless treasures ( new religi\s & intellectual weal?4 ,imag9e /ill f>!r t he w&]s into ^? great cities :i* are ! seats ( ! idolatries ( 8 "t4 ,he ent]s magnific5t temples1 sees elaborately decorat$ alt>s1 huge images1 gorge\s c]emonials1 prie/s gay 9 ve/m5ts & impos+ 9 numb]s4 ,he is invit$ to b[ d[n be=e ! bull ,apis1 to wor%ip ! /atue ( ,belus or ( ,i%t>1 ( ,osiris or ( ,isis4 ,b ?is is n 9 8 book ( orig9s4 ,all ^! ?+s are contrivances ( man1 n works ( ,god1 & _! aim is to invite him to adore t :i* is m]ely 8 fell[-creature1 t :i* he has ! div9e commission to subdue & rule4 ,s our primitive ,puritan turns away4 ,he w r raise an alt> ( r\gh /ones 9 ! des]t1 & wor%ip ! unse5 yet real ,creator1 ! ,god t has no local habitation 9 temples made ) h&s1 yet is ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,su* is ! moral elevation to :i* ?is revelation ( orig9s raises humanity2 & :5 !re 0 add$ to x ! f>!r hi/ory ( primeval innoc5ce1 ( ! fall1 & ( ! promise ( a ,r$eem]1 & ( ! fate ( ! godless ant$iluvians1 !re 0 a :ole sy/em ( religion1 pure & elevat+1 & plac+ ! ,abrahamidae1 :o = ages seem alone to h held to x1 on a plane ( spiritual vantage immeasurably above t ( o!r nations4 ,f>!r1 e succe$+ prophet ^: works are includ$ 9 ! sacr$ canon1 foll[+ up ^! doctr9es 9 ! same _s1 & add$ new treasures ( div9e k f age to age4 ,b admitt+ all ?is1 x may be ask$1 ,are ^! anci5t records ( any value to u8 ,may we n n[ disp5se ) !m1 & tru/ to ! light ( sci5ce8 ,! inf9itely v>i$ & discordant notions ( our mod]n lit]ature on ^! great que/ions ( orig91 ! incapacity ( any philosophical sy/em to rea* ! common m9d = practical purposes1 & ! baseless "* ( any religi\s sy/em :i* does n build on ^! great primitive tru?s1 give a suffici5t answ]4 ,f>!r1 we may affirm t ! greate/ & wide/ g5]alizations ( our mod]n sci5ce h1 9 s f> z !y are ( practical importance1 be5 anticipat$ 9 ! revelations ( ! ,bible1 & t 9 ! cosmogony ( ,g5esis & its cont9uation 9 ! o!r sacr$ books we h g5]al views ( ! univ]se z broad z ^? ( any philosophies1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,?is is a h>d te/ = our revelation1 b x c be endur$1 & we may %ortly inquire :at we f9d 9 ! ,bible ( su* great g5]al tru?s4 ,_m may be dispos$ to admit ! accurate del9eation ( natural facts op5 to human obs]vation 9 ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 :o may n be prep>$ to f9d 9 ^! anci5t books any g5]al views ak9 to ^? ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 or to ^? obta9$ by inductive processes 9 mod]n times4 ,yet views ( ?is k9d are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 & are a natural outgr[? & developm5t ( ! great facts & pr9ciples ass]t$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,!y resolve !mselves1 almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse1 into ! two lead+ ideas ( ord] & adaptation4 ,i h already quot$ ! eloqu5t admission by ,b>on ,humboldt ( ! pres5ce ( ^! ideas ( ! cosmos 9 ,psalm civ4 ,!y are bo? conspicu\s 9 ! n>rative ( creation1 & equally s 9 a great numb] ( o!r passages4 ,ord] is heav5's fir/ law2 & ! second is l unto x--t e ?+ s]ves an end4 ,?is is ! sum ( all sci5ce4 ,^! are ! two mites1 ev5 all t %e ha?1 :i* %e ?r[s into ! treasury ( ! ,"l2 &1 z %e does s 9 fai?1 ,et]nal ,wisdom looks on & approves ! de$4#ag ,^! two mites1 lawfully acquir$ by sci5ce1 by h] indep5d5t ex]tions1 %e may1 h[ev]1 recognize z ( ! same co9age ) ! treasure already laid up 9 ! ri* /oreh\se ( ! ,hebrew lit]ature2 b 9 a peculi> & complex =m1 :i* may be illu/rat$ "u ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5ts3 #a4 ,! ,scriptures ass]t inv>iable natural law1 & con/antly recurr+ cycles 9 nature4 ,natural law is express$ z ! ord9ance or decree ( ,jehovah4 ,f ! olde/ ( ! ,hebrew books ,i select ! foll[+ examples3#ah ,:5 he made a decree = ! ra91 ,& a way = ! ?und]-fla%4 --,job xxviii41 #bf4 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! ord9ances ( ! heav5s8 ,can/ ?\ e/abli% a dom9ion ev5 ov] ! e>?8 --,job xxxviii41 #cc4 ,! lat] books give u su* views z ! foll[+3 ,he ha? e/abli%$ !m ! heav5s = ev] & ev]2 ,he ha? made a decree :i* %all n pass4 --,psa4 cxlviii41 #f4 ,?\ art =ev]1 ,o ,jehovah1 ?y ^w is e/abli%$ 9 ! heav5s2 ,?\ ha/ e/abli%$ ! e>?1 & x abide?2 ,!y cont9ue ?is day accord+ to ?9e ord9ances1 = all are ?y s]vants4 --,psa4 cxix41 #ij4 ,:5 he e/abli%$ ! cl\ds above2 ,:5 he /r5g!n$ ! f\nta9s ( ! deep2 ,:5 he gave to ! sea 8 decree1 ,t ! wat]s %\ld n pass 8 comm&m5t2 ,:5 he appo9t$ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?4 --,prov4 viii41 #bh4 ,_m simil> in/ances w be f\nd 9 succe$+ pages2 & 9 ! mean "t we may turn to ! idea ( recurr+ cycles1 :i* =ms ! />t+-po9t ( ! reason+s ( ,solomon on ! curr5t ( human affairs1 9 ! book ( ,ecclesia/es3 ,"o g5]ation passe? away1 & ano!r g5]ation come?2 b ! e>? abide? = ! ages4 ,! sun arise?1 & ! sun goe? d[n1 & ha/5e? to its place :5ce x arose4 ,! w9d goe? t[>d ! s\?1 & turne? unto ! nor?4 ,x :irle? ab\t cont9ually1 & returne? aga9 accord+ to its circuits4 ,all ! riv]s run into ! sea1 yet ! sea do? n ov]fl[2 unto ! place :5ce ! riv]s came1 ?i!r !y return aga94 ,i might fill pages ) quotations m or less illu/rative ( ! /atem5t 9 pro( ( :i* ! above texts are cit$2 b en\gh has be5 giv5 to %[ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,bible is n t ( =tuit\s occurr5ce1 or ( mat]ialism1 or ( pan!ism1 or ( arbitr>y sup]naturalism1 b ( inv>iable natural law repres5t+ ! decree ( a wise & un*ang+ ,creator4 ,x is a common b gr\ndless & %all[ *>ge aga9/ ! ,bible t x tea*es an arbitr>y sup]naturalism4 ,:at x does tea* is t all nature is regulat$ by ! laws ( ,god1 :i* l himself are un*ang+1 b :i* are s complex 9 _! relations & adju/m5ts t !y all[ ( inf9ite v>iety1 & d n exclude ev5 miracul\s int]v5tion1 or :at appe>s to our limit$ intellig5ce z su*4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 x is true1 "s physici/s h held t natural law is a fatal necessity4#ai ,if !y mean by ?is a m]ely hypo!tical necessity t c]ta9 effects mu/ foll[ if c]ta9 laws act1 ?is is 9 accordance ) ! ,biblical view1 = no?+ c resi/ ! w ( ,god4 ,b if !y mean an absolute necessity t ^! laws c n be susp5d$ or c\nt]act$ by high] laws1 or by ! w ( ! ,creator1 !y ass]t :at is n only contr>y to ,scripture1 b absurd1 = bl9d metaphysical necessity1 :i* is ! same always & ev]y:]e1 c\ld produce no v>iety ( ?+s4#bj ,x c\ld lead m]ely to a dead & in]t equilibrium4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( m]e physical necessity1 ! univ]se ei!r nev] c\ld h exi/$1 or mu/ h come to an end inf9ite ages ago1 :i* is ! same ?+4 ,only on ! hypo!sis ( law proce$+ f an intellig5t w c we logically acc\nt = nature4 #b4 ,! ,bible recognizes progress & developm5t 9 nature4 ,at ! v outset we h ?is idea embodi$ 9 ! gradual elaboration ( all ?+s 9 ! six creative p]iods1 ris+ f ! =mless void ( ! beg9n+1 ?r\gh successive /ages ( inorganic & organic be+1 up to ,ed5 & to man4 ,beyond ?is po9t ! "w ( creation /ops2 b !re is to be an occupation & improvem5t ( ! :ole e>? by man spread+ f ,ed54 ,?is process is arre/$ or imp$$ by s9 & ! fall4 ,"h comm5ces ! special prov9ce ( ! ,bible1 9 expla9+ ! means ( recov]y f ! fall1 & ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a new spiritual & moral k+dom1 & f9ally ( ! re/oration ( ,ed5 9 a new heav5 & e>?4 ,all ?is is moral1 & relates to man1 9 s f> z ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s is conc]n$2 b we h ! comm5t>y ( ,jesus3 ,my ,fa!r worke? hi!rto1 & ,i "w2 ! rem>kable /atem5t ( ,paul1 t ! :ole creation is involv$ 9 ! results ( man's moral fall & re/oration1 & ! equally rem>kable "o t ! ,r$eem] is also ! mak] ( ! worlds or ages ( ! e>?'s physical progress1 z well z ( ! future new heav5 & new e>?4 ,pet] also rebukes indignantly ^? sc(f]s :o ma9ta9$ t all ?+s _h rema9$ z !y are s9ce ! beg9n+2 & ref]s to ! creation week & to ! deluge z e>ne/s ( ! great *anges yet 9 /ore = ! e>?4#ba ,x is inde$ curi\s to obs]ve h[ 9 our v]sion ( ! ,bible ?is idea ( progress 9 ! univ]se1 or ( "t-worlds1 z x has be5 call$1 has be5 v>i\sly replac$ by ! words _w & et]nity1 ow+ to ! defective ideas preval5t at ! "t :5 ! translation 0 made4 ,9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures ! t]m ,olam1 age1 & 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! equival5t t]m ,aion h be5 ?us treat$1 & _! real significance mu* obscur$4 ,?us :5 x is said1 by fai? we und]/& t ! worlds 7 fram$1 or by him ,god made ! worlds1#bb or t c]ta9 ( ,god's plans h be5 hid f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1#bc ! ref]5ce is n to worlds 9 space1 b to worlds 9 "t1 or ages ( ,god's work+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,s also ^! ages ( ,god's work+ are giv5 to u z our only intelligible type ( et]nity1 ( :i* absolutely we c h no conception4 ,?us ,god's et]nal purpose is 8 purpose ( ! ages4 ,s :5 he is ! ,k+ et]nal1#bd & 9 t capacity gives to 8 p life ev]la/+1 he is ! ,k+ ( ! ages1 & gives life ( ! ages4 ,s 9 ! noble hymn attribut$ to ,moses 7,psalm xc471 :]e our v]sion has1 f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+ ?\ art ,god1#be ! orig9al is1 f age to age ?\ art1 ,o ,god4 ,x has p]haps be5 a defect ( our mod]n sci5ce t x has famili>iz$ u m]ely ) ! exi/5ce ( worlds 9 space1 & n ) _! exi/5ce 9 "t4 ,x is only 9 comp>atively mod]n times t ! developm5ts ( *ronological geology & ( physical a/ronomy h br\ght be=e u1 n only ! long ages 9 :i* ! e>? 0 pass+ ?r\gh its =mative /ages1 b also ! fact t /ill long] aeons are embrac$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! o!r bodies ( our sol> sy/em1 & ( ! />ry orbs & nebulae4 ,^! gr& conceptions 7 already embodi$ 9 ! ,hebrew revelation1 & 7 us$ !re z ! means ( giv+ "s fa9t approa* to a conception ( ! unlimit$ exi/5ce ( ,god himself1 ( ! ages 9 :i* 8 creative "w has be5 go+ on1 & ( ! future life he has prep>$ = 8 r$eem$ p4 ,su* views ( developm5t & progress are n unkn[n to _m anci5t cosmogonies & philosophical sy/ems1 b !y _h no /able f\ndation 9 obs]v$ fact until ! rise ( mod]n geology & physical a/ronomy2 :i* enable u to affirm t1 9 addition to ^? *angeless physical laws :i* cause ! bodies ( ! univ]se to :eel 9 unv>y+ cycles1 & all natural p[]s to reproduce !mselves1 &1 9 addition to ^? organic laws :i* produce unceas+ successions ( liv+ individuals1 !re is a high] law ( progress4 ,we c n[ trace back man1 ! animals & plants 8 contempor>ies1 & o!rs :i* prec$$ !m1 our cont95ts & m\nta9 ranges1 & ! solid rocks ( :i* !y are compos$--nay1 ! v fabric ( ! sol> sy/em itself--to _! sev]al orig9s at di/9ct po9ts ( "t2 & c ma9ta9 t s9ce ! e>? began to :eel ar\nd ! sun1 no succe$+ ye> has se5 x precisely z x 0 9 ! ye> be=e4 ,! old ,hebrew record affirms1 & ,i presume sc>cely any sane man really d\bts1 t ?is law ( progress emanates f ! m9d & p[] ( "o creative ,be+4 ,:5 m5 see 9 natural law only recurr+ cycles1 !y may be p>don$ = fall+ ev5 into ! absurdity ( believ+ 9 et]nal succession2 b :5 !y see *ange & progress1 & ?is 9 a uni=m direction1 ov]ma/]+ recurr+ cycles1 & introduc+ new objects & p[]s n acc\nt$ = by previ\s objects or p[]s1 !y are br\ght v ne> to ! pres5ce ( ! ,spiritual ,creator4 ,& h5ce1 al?\gh no sci5ce c rea* back to ! act ( creation1 ?is doctr9e is mu* m /rongly held 9 our day by geologi/s ?an by physici/s4 ,x is q true t ! idea ( creative acts has be5 sup]s$$ to a great ext5t by t ( creation by law1 or by t ( evolution4 ,/ill beh9d all !re lies a prim>y creative p[]2 & ! validity ( ^! ideas & _! be>+ on !ism & creation we %all h to discuss 9 ! sequel4 ,9 "o ?+ only does ! ,bible "h "p company ) natural sci5ce4 ,! ,bible goes on into ! future1 & pr$icts a f9al condition ( our planet1 ( :i* sci5ce c f its inve/igations le>n no?+4 #c4 ,! ,bible recognizes purpose1 use1 & special adaptation 9 nature4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 full ( natural !ology1 ak9 9 "s respects to t :i* has be5 s elaborately work$ out by s _m mod]n writ]s4 ,num]\s passages 9 support ( ?is w occur to e "o :o has read ! ,scriptures4 ,x is necess>y "h1 h[ev]1 to direct att5tion to a di/9ction v obvi\s 9 ,scripture1 b n always att5d$ to by writ]s on ?is subject4 ,! ,bible ma9ta9s ! true f9al cause ( all nature to be1 n its mat]ial & special adaptations or its value to man1 b ! pleasure or satisfaction ( ! ,creator himself4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ,creation1 be=e man 0 ^u ! e>?1 ,god contemplates 8 "w & pron\nces x good4 ,! heav5ly ho/s praise him1 say+1 ,?\ ha/ creat$ all ?+s1 & = ?y pleasure !y are & 7 creat$4 ,fur!r1 ! ,bible repres5ts intellig5ces high] ?an man z %>+ 9 ! delight :i* may be d]iv$ f ! contemplation ( ,god's works4 ,:5 ! e>? fir/ rose f ! wat]s to greet ! light1 ! morn+ />s sang toge!r1 & all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy4 ,!re are _m ?+s 9 nature t /rongly impress ! naturali/ ) ?is same view1 t ! ,creator takes pleasure 9 8 works2 &1 l human g5ius 9 its highe/ ef=ts1 rejoices 9 production1 ev5 if no s5ti5t be+ %\ld be ready to sympa?ize4 ,! elaborate /ructures ( fossils1 ( :i* we h only fragm5t>y rema9s1 ! pr(usion ( natural objects ( surpass+ beauty t gr[ & p]i% unse5 by u1 ! delicate microscopic me*anism ( ne>ly all organic /ructures1 po9t to o!r reasons = beauty & ord] ?an ^? t conc]n man1 or ! m]e utilities ( human be+s2 & ?\gh !re are n[ naturali/s :o d5y absolutely t beauty is an object 9 nature1 & assign ev5 ! colors ( fl[]s & insects to utility alone1 & ?is ( a v l[ ord]1 ?is doctr9e is s repulsive to our high] s5tim5ts t !re is little dang] ( its g5]al acceptance2 :ile ! slighte/ consid]ation %[s t ! utilities ref]r$ to c\ld h be5 secur$ )\t any ( ?is consummate beauty associat$ ) !m1 & our p]ception ( & delight 9 :i* m>k 9 a way beyond ! ability ( skepticism to cavil at our own spiritual k9%ip ) ! ,au?or ( all ?is pr(usion ( beauty4 ,yet man is repres5t$ z ! *ief creat$ be+ = :om ?is e>? has be5 prep>$ & design$4 ,he obta9s dom9ion ov] x4 ,a *os5 spot is prep>$ = him1 9 :i* n only 8 wants b 8 ta/es are consult$2 &1 be+ made 9 ! image ( 8 ,mak]1 8 ae/hetic s5tim5ts correspond ) ! beauties ( ! ,mak]'s "w1 & he f9ds !re also food = 8 reason & imag9ation4 ,?is view ( ! subject1 z well z o!rs already ref]r$ to1 is f9ely repres5t$ 9 ! address ( ! ,almighty to ,job4#bf ,! ,bible also v (t5 ref]s to ! special adaptations ( natural objects & laws to ea* o!r1 & to ! promotion ( ! happ9ess ( s5ti5t creatures l[] ?an man4 ,! #ajd? ,psalm is replete ) notices ( su* adaptations1 & s is ! address to ,job2 & inde$ ?is view seems h>dly ev] abs5t f ! m9ds ( ! ,hebrew writ]s1 b has its highe/ applications 9 ! lilies ( ! field1 t toil n nei!r d !y sp91 & ! sp>r[s t are sold = a f>?+1 yet ! heav5ly ,fa!r has clo!d ! "o ) surpass+ beauty1 & provides food = ! o!r1 nor all[s x to fail )\t 8 k4 ,i may1 by way ( f>!r illu/ration1 m]ely "n a few ( ! adaptations ref]r$ to 9 ,job xxxviii4 & ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,! w9ds & ! cl\ds are s arrang$ z to af=d ! requir$ supplies ( moi/ure to ! wild]ness :]e no man is1 to cause ! bud ( ! t5d] h]b to spr+ =?4 ,= simil> objects ! tempe/ is ord]$1 & ! cl\ds arrang$ by wisdom4 ,! adaptations ( ! wild ass1 ! wild goat1 ! o/ri*1 ! migratory birds1 ! horse1 ! hippopotamus1 ! crocodile1 to _! sev]al habitats1 modes ( life1 & uses 9 nature1 are mo/ vividly sket*$ & appli$ z illu/rations ( ! consummate wisdom ( ! ,creator1 :i* desc5ds to ! m9ute/ details ( organization & habit4 ,x is to be obs]v$ "h t 9 hold+ ?is doctr9e ( use & adaptation 9 nature1 ! ,bible is only consi/5t ) its own !ory ( rational !ism4 ,! ,mono!i/ c n ref] nature to a conflict ( antagoni/ic p[]s & =ces4 ,he mu/ recognize 9 x a unity ( plan2 & ev5 ^? ?+s :i* appe> ab]rant1 irregul>1 or noxi\s mu/ h _! place 9 ?is plan4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,bible ,god is mak] n only ( ! day b ( ! night1 n only ( ! peaceful cattle b ( ! voraci\s crocodile1 n only ( ! sun%9e & %[] b ( ! tornado & ! e>?quake4 ,fur!r1 9 all ^! ?+s ,god is manife/$1 s t we may le>n 8 et]nal p[] & div9ity#bg f ! ?+s :i* he has made1 & 9 all ^! also !re are emblems ( 8 relations to u4 ,?is argum5t f design is 9 tru? ! only pro( ! ,bible condesc5ds to urge = ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 & x is ! only "o 9 :i* 9 8 lat] days our great ,engli% philosoph] ,mill c\ld see any validity4#bh ,if ! read] happ5s to be famili> ) ! objections to ! doctr9e ( f9al causes1 or teleology1 9 nature1 urg$ 9 our day by ,sp5c]1 ,haeckel1 & o!rs1 he w h se5 f ! =ego+ /atem5ts t ^! objections are 9 !mselves baseless1 or inapplicable to ?is doctr9e z ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,!re is no consi/5cy 9 ! position ( m5 :o1 :5 !y dig a rudely *ipp$ fl9t out ( a b$ ( gravel1 imm$iately inf] an intellig5t workman1 & :o refuse to see any indication ( a high] intellig5ce 9 ! creation ( ! workman himself4 ,x is a bl9d philosophy :i* pr(esses to see 9 primal atoms ! promise & pot5cy ( m9d1 & :i* fails to p]ceive t su* pot5cy is m inconceivable ?an ! evid5ce ( prim>y & supreme m9d4 ,! m5 :o ma9ta9 t w+s 7 n plann$ = flight1 b t flight has produc$ w+s1 & ?\s&s ( l propositions1 are simply amus+ !mselves ) p>adoxes to :i* may v prop]ly be appli$ ! /range ^w devis$ by ,haeckel to express 8 !ory ( nature--,dy/eleology1 or purposelessness4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! teleology ( ! ,bible is n ( t n>r[ k9d :i* w\ld make man ! sole object ( nature1 & ! supreme judge ( its adaptations4 ,inasmu* z ,god's plan goes ov] all ! ages pa/ & future1 & relates to ! welf>e ( all s5ti5t be+s kn[n or unkn[n to u1 & also to 8 own sov]eign pleasure z ! supreme object1 we may n be 9 a position ei!r to und]/& or pr(it by all its p>ts1 & h5ce may expect to f9d _m my/]ies1 & _m ?+s t we c n at pres5t reconcile ) ,god's wisdom & goodness4 ,we "k b p>ts ( 8 ways1 ! fullness ( 8 p[] :o c und]/&4 ,8 judgm5ts are unse>*able1 8 ways are pa/ f9d+ out4 #d4 ,! law ( type or patt]n 9 nature is di/9ctly indicat$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,?is is a pr9ciple only rec5tly und]/ood by naturali/s1 b x has m or less dimly dawn$ on ! m9ds ( _m great ?9k]s 9 all ages4 ,nor is ?is wond]ful1 = ! idea ( type is sc>cely ev] abs5t f our own conceptions ( any "w t we may und]take4 ,9 any su* "w we anticipate recurr+ daily toil1 l ! return+ cycles ( nature4 ,we look = progress1 l t ( ! gr[? ( ! univ]se4 ,we /udy adaptation bo? ( ! sev]al p>ts to subord9ate uses1 & ( ! :ole to "s g5]al design4 ,b we also keep 9 view "s patt]n1 /yle1 or ord]1 accord+ to :i* ! :ole is arrang$1 & ! mutual relations ( ! p>ts are adju/$4 ,! ar*itect mu/ adh]e to "s ord] ( ar*itecture1 & to "s /yle )9 t ord]4 ,! pott]1 ! calico-pr9t]1 & ! silv]smi? mu/ equally /udy uni=mity ( patt]n 9 _! sev]al manufactures4 ,! ,almighty ,work] has exhibit$ ! same idea 9 8 works4 ,9 ! animal k+dom1 = in/ance1 we h f\r or m lead+ types ( /ructure4 ,tak+ any "o ( ^!--! v]tebrate1 = example--we h a uni=m g5]al plan1 embrac+ ! v]tebral column con/ruct$ ( ! same elem5ts2 ! memb]s1 :e!r ! arm ( man1 ! limb ( ! quadrup$1 or ! w+ ( ! bat or ! bird1 or ! swimm+-paddle ( ! :ale1 built ( ! same bones4 ,9 l mann] all ! p>ts ( ! v]tebral column itself 9 ! same animal1 :e!r 9 ! skull1 ! neck1 or ! trunk1 are compos$ ( ! same elem5t>y /ructures4 ,^! types are f>!r f\nd to be sket*$ out--fir/ 9 _! m g5]al1 & !n 9 _! special features--9 proce$+ f ! l[] species ( ! same type to ! high]1 9 proce$+ f ! e>li] to ! lat] /ages ( embryonic developm5t1 & 9 proce$+ f ! m anci5t to ! m rec5t creatures t h succe$$ ea* o!r 9 geological "t4 ,man1 ! highe/ ( ! v]tebrates1 is ?us ! ar*etype1 repres5t+ & includ+ all ! l[] & e>li] memb]s ( ! v]tebrate type4 ,! above are b trite & famili> examples ( a doctr9e :i* may furbi% & has furni%$ ! mat]ial ( volumes4 ,!re c be no "q t ! ,hebrew ,bible is ! olde/ book 9 :i* ?is pr9ciple is /at$4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis we h specific type 9 ! creation ( plants & animals aft] _! k9ds or species1 & 9 ! =mation ( man 9 ! image & lik5ess ( ! ,creator2 &1 z we %all f9d 9 ! sequel1 !re are "s curi\s ideas ( high] & m g5]al types 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! creatures ref]r$ to4 ,! same idea is indicat$ 9 ! clos+ *apt]s ( ,job1 :]e ! ?ree high] classes ( ! v]tebrates are repres5t$ by a numb] ( examples1 & ! typical lik5ess ( "o ( ^!--! hippopotamus--to man1 seems to be recogniz$4 ,dr4 ,mc,cosh has quot$1 z an illu/ration ( ! doctr9e ( types1 a v rem>kable passage f ,psalm cxxxix43 ,i w praise ,!e1 = ,i am fe>fully & wond]fully made4 ,m>vell\s are ?y works1 ,& t my s\l kn[e? "r well4 ,my sub/ance 0 n hid f ,!e1 ,:5 ,i 0 made 9 secret1 ,& curi\sly wr\ght 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! e>?3 ,?9e eyes did see my sub/ance1 yet be+ imp]fect2 ,& 9 ?y book all my memb]s 7 writt51 ,:i* 9 cont9uance 7 fa%ion$ :5 z yet !re 0 none ( !m4 ,x w\ld too mu* tax ! fai? ( _m to ask !m to believe t ! writ] ( ! above passage1 or ! ,_s t inspir$ him1 actually meant to tea*--:at we n[ "k s well f geology--t ! prototypes ( all ! p>ts ( ! ar*etypal human /ructure may be f\nd 9 ^? fossil rema9s ( ext9ct animals :i* may1 9 ne>ly e c\ntry1 be dug up f ! rocks ( ! e>?4 ,no objection ne$1 h[ev]1 be tak5 to our read+ 9 x ! doctr9e ( embryonic developm5t accord+ to a sy/ematic type4 ,sci5ce1 x is true1 or r ,i %\ld p]haps say philosophical speculation1 has sometimes pu%$ ?is idea ( plan into t ( a spontane\s g5etic evolution ( ?+s 9 "t1 )\t any creative sup]9t5d5ce or def9ite purpose4 ,?is way ( view+ ! matt] is1 h[ev]1 z we %all h occasion to see1 bo? bald & irrational1 & wants ! symmetry & complet5ess ( t /yle ( ?\ght :i* grasps at once progress & plan & adaptation1 z emanat+ f a ,supreme ,w4 ,! "q ( h[ ! plan has be5 work$ out w come up = detail$ consid]ation f>!r on4 ,9 ! mean "t we h be=e u ! fact t ! ,bible repres5ts ! cosmos z n ! product ( a bl9d conflict ( self-exi/5t =ces1 b z ! result ( ! production & guidance ( ^! =ces by inf9ite wisdom4 ,x is m ?an curi\s t ?is idea ( type1 s long exi/+ 9 an isolat$ & (t5 depis$ =m1 z a !ological ?\ght 9 ! imag]y ( ,scripture1 %\ld n[ be a lead+ idea ( natural sci5ce2 & t :ile comp>ative anatomy tea*es u t ! /ructures ( all pa/ & pres5t l[] animals po9t to man1 :o1 z ,pr(essor ,ow5 expresses x1 has _h all 8 p>ts & organs sket*$ out 9 anticipation 9 ! inf]ior animals1 ! ,bible po9ts /ill f>!r =w>d to an exaltation ( ! human type itself into :at ev5 ! comp>ative anatomi/ might p]haps reg>d z among ! possible modifications ( x beyond ^? realiz$ 9 ?is little orb ( ours1 c\ld he b le>n its real nature4 ,"u ! =ego+ heads1 ( ! object1 ! /ructure1 ! au?ority1 & ! g5]al cosmical views ( ! ,scripture1 ,i h endeavor$ to gr\p c]ta9 lead+ ?\ghts important z prelim9>y to ! /udy ( ! subject2 &1 9 n[ ent]+ on ! details ( ! ,old ,te/am5t cosmogony1 ,i tru/ ! read] w p>don me = assum+1 z a work+ hypo!sis1 t we are /udy+ an inspir$ book1 reveal+ ! orig9 ( nature1 & pres5t+ accurate pictures ( natural facts & broad g5]al views ( ! cosmos1 at lea/ until 9 ! progress ( our inquiry we f9d reason to adopt l[] views2 & t he w1 9 ! mean "t1 be cont5t to foll[ me 9 t c>eful & sy/ematic analysis :i* a "w claim+ su* a "* surely dem&s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,beg9n+4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,elohim creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4--,g5esis i41 #a4 ,x is a rem>kable & in/ructive fact t ! fir/ v]se ( ! ,hebrew sacr$ writ+s speaks ( ! mat]ial univ]se--speaks ( x z a :ole1 & z orig9at+ 9 a p[] outside ( itself4 ,! univ]se1 !n1 9 ! conception ( ?is anci5t writ]1 is n et]nal4 ,x _h a beg9n+1 b t beg9n+ 9 ! indef9ite & by u unmeasur$ pa/4 ,x did n orig9ate =tuit\sly1 or by any m]ely accid5tal conflict ( self-exi/5t mat]ial atoms1 b by an act--an act ( w on ! "p ( a ,be+ designat$ by t "n :i* among all ! ,semitic peoples repres5t$ ! ultimate1 et]nal1 inscrutable s\rce ( p[] & object ( awe & v5]ation4 ,) ! simplicity & *ild-l fai? ( an ar*aic age1 ! writ] makes no attempt to combat any objections or difficulties ) :i* ?is great fundam5tal tru? may be assail$4 ,he feels its axiomatic =ce z ! basis ( all true religion & s\nd philosophy1 & ! ultimate fact :i* mu/ ev] b> our fur!r progress 9 ! inve/igation ( ! orig9 ( ?+s--! production f non-exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial univ]se by ! et]nal self-exi/5t ,god4 ,x did n conc]n him to "k :at might be ! nature ( t uncondition$ self-exi/5ce2 = ?\gh1 l our ideas ( space & "t1 incompreh5sible1 x mu/ be assum$4 ,x did n conc]n him to "k h[ matt] & =ce subsi/1 or :at may be ! diff]5ce betwe5 a mat]ial univ]se cognizable by our s5ses & ! absolute want ( all ! ph5om5a ( su* a univ]se or ( :atev] may be _! basis & ess5ce4 ,su* que/ions c nev] be answ]$1 yet ! succession ( ^! ph5om5a mu/ h _h a comm5cem5t some:]e 9 "t4 ,h[ simple & h[ gr& is 8 /atem5t6 ,h[ pla9 & yet h[ pr(\nd its tea*+s6 ,x is evid5t t ! writ] grasps firmly ! ess5ce ( ! "q z to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 & cov]s ! :ole gr\nd :i* advanc$ sci5tific or philosophical speculation c yet trav]se4 ,t ! univ]se mu/ h _h a beg9n+ no "o n[ ne$s to be told4 ,if any philosophical speculator ev] truly held t !re has be5 an endless succession ( ph5om5a1 sci5ce has n[ completely negativ$ ! idea by %[+ u ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s t we "k 9 ! pres5t univ]se1 & by e/abli%+ ! /ronge/ probabilities t ev5 its ultimate atoms c\ld n h be5 et]nal4 ,b ! "q rema9s--,if !re 0 a beg9n+1 :at exi/$ 9 t beg9n+8 ,to ?is "q _m p>tial & imp]fect answ]s h be5 giv51 b our anci5t record includes !m all4 ,if any "o %\ld say1 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 no?+4 ,yes1 says ,g5esis1 !re 01 x is true1 no?+ ( ! pres5t matt] & arrangem5ts ( nature4 ,yet all 0 pres5t pot5tially 9 ! w ( ! ,creator4 ,9 ! beg9n+ 7 atoms1 says ano!r4 ,yes1 says ,g5esis1 b !y 7 creat$2 & s says mod]n sci5ce1 & mu/ say ( ultimate p>ticles det]m9$ by weight & measure1 & incapable ( modification 9 _! ess5tial prop]ties--,!y h ! prop]ties ( a manufactur$ article4#bi ,9 ! beg9n+ 7 =ces1 says yet ano!r4 ,true1 says ,g5esis2 b all =ces are "o 9 orig9--!y repres5t m]ely ! fiat ( ! et]nal & self-exi/5t4 ,s says sci5ce1 t =ce mu/ 9 ! ultimate resort be an expression ( ,w4#cj ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ,elohim1 adds our old ,semitic au?ority1 & 9 him are ! absolute & et]nal ?\ght & w1 ! ,creator f :om & by :om & 9 :om are all ?+s4 ,?us ! simple famili> words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?1 answ] all possible que/ions z to ! orig9 ( ?+s1 & include all "u ! conception ( !ism4 ,let u n[ look at ^! pregnant words m p>ticul>ly z to _! precise import & significance4 ,! div9e p]sonality express$ by ! ,hebrew ,elohim may be fairly said to include all t c be claim$ = ! pan!i/ic conception ( dynamis1 or univ]sal mat]ial p[]4 ,lange gives ?is z includ$ 9 ! t]m ,elohim1 9 8 discussion ( ?is t]m 9 8 book on ,g5esis4 ,x has be5 aptly said t if1 physically speak+1 ! fall ( a sp>r[ produces a gravitative effect t ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 !re c be no reason :y x %\ld be unkn[n to ,god4 ,god is ?us ev]y:]e1 & always4 ,yet he is ev]y:]e & always pres5t z a p]sonality kn[+ & will+4 ,f 8 ?\ght & w 9 ! beg9n+ proce$$ ! univ]se4 ,by him x 0 creat$4 ,:at1 !n1 is creation 9 ! s5se ( ! ,hebrew writ]4 ,! act is express$ by ! v]b b>a1 a ^w ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce 9 ! ,scriptures1 & employ$ to d5ote absolute creation1 ?\gh its prim>y s5se is to cut or c>ve1 & x is inde$ a ne> relative ( our own ,engli% ^w p>e4 ,if1 says ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 ( ,&ov]1 ?is ^w does n mean to create 9 ! highe/ s5se1 !n ! ,hebrews _h no ^w by :i* !y c\ld designate ?is idea4 ,yet1 l our ,engli% create1 ! ^w is us$ 9 second>y & figurative s5ses1 :i* 9 no degree detract f its =ce :5 /rictly & lit]ally us$4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ^! second>y s5ses may (t5 appe> to obscure ! primitive mean+1 we mu/ exam9e !m 9 detail4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 aft] ! g5]al /atem5t 9 v]se #a1 o!r v]bs signify+ to =m or make are us$ to d5ote ! elaboration ( ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! univ]se1 & ! ^w create is f\nd 9 only two places1 :5 x ref]s to ! introduction ( great :ales 7reptiles7 & ( man4 ,^! uses ( ! ^w h be5 cit$ to disprove its s5se ( absolute creation4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! fir/ ( ^! cases we h ! e>lie/ appe>ance ( animal life1 & 9 ! second ! introduction ( a rational & spiritual nature4 ,no?+ b pure mat]ialism c suppose t ! elem5ts ( vital & spiritual be+ 7 includ$ 9 ! matt] ( ! heav5s & ! e>? z produc$ 9 ! beg9n+2 & z ! ,scripture writ]s 7 n mat]iali/s1 we may inf] t !y recogniz$1 9 ! introduction ( life & reason1 acts ( absolute creation1 j z 9 ! orig9 ( matt] itself4 ,9 ,g5esis ii4 & iii4 we h a =m ( expression :i* well m>ks ! di/9ction betwe5 creation & mak+4 ,god is !re said to h re/$ f all 8 works :i* he creat$ & made--lit]ally1 creat$ = or 9 ref]5ce to mak+1 ! ^w = mak+ be+ "o ( ^? already ref]r$ to4#ca ,! =ce ( ?is expression consi/s 9 its intimat+ t ,god _h n only f9i%$ ! "w ( creation1 prop]ly s call$1 b also ! elaboration ( ! v>i\s details ( ! univ]se1 z =m$ or fa%ion$ out ( ! orig9al mat]ials4 ,( a simil> "* is ! expression 9 ,isaiah xlii41 #e1 ,jehovah1 he t creat$ ! heav5s & spread !m out2 & t 9 ,psalm cxlviii41 #e1 ,he comm&$ & !y 7 creat$1 he ha? also e/abli%$ !m = ev] & ev]4 ,9 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! ^w b>a 9 all ! rema9+ in/ances ( its occurr5ce 9 ! ,p5tateu* ref]s to ! creation ( man1 ) ! foll[+ exceptions3 ,exodus xxxiv41 #aj1 ,i w d 7create7 m>vels1 su* z h n be5 se5 9 all ! e>?2 ,numb]s xvi41 #cj1 ,if ! ,"l make a new ?+ 7create a creation71 & ! e>? op5 h] m\? & swall[ !m up4 ,^! v]ses are types ( a class ( expressions 9 :i* ! prop] t]m = creation is appli$ to ! production ( some?+ new1 /range1 & m>vell\s2 = in/ance1 ,create 9 me a clean he>t1 ,o ,"l2 ,behold1 ,i create new heav5s & a new e>?4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 evid5tly an inv]sion ( s\nd exposition to say t ^! second>y or figurative mean+s %\ld det]m9e ! prim>y & lit]al s5se 9 ,g5esis i4 ,on ! contr>y1 we %\ld r inf] t ! sacr$ writ]s 9 ^! cases select$ ! prop] ^w = creation1 to express 9 ! mo/ =cible mann] ! novel & ?or\gh "* ( ! *anges to :i* !y ref]1 & _! direct dep5d5ce on ! ,div9e w4 ,by su* expressions we are 9 effect ref]r$ back to ! orig9al use ( ! ^w1 z d5ot+ ! actual creation ( matt] by ! comm& ( ,god1 9 contradi/9ction f ^? arrangem5ts :i* h be5 effect$ by ! gradual op]ation ( second>y ag5ts1 or ( laws atta*$ to matt] at its creation4 ,x has be5 f>!r obs]v$#cb t 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures ?is ^w b>a is appli$ to ,god only z an ag5t1 n to any human artific]2 a fact :i* is v important ) ref]5ce to its true significance4 ,view+ creation 9 ?is light1 we ne$ n p]plex ourselves ) ! "q :e!r we %\ld consid] ,g5esis i41 #a1 to ref] to ! ess5ce ( matt] z di/+ui%$ f its qualities4 ,we may cont5t ourselves ) ! explanation giv5 by ,paul 9 ! elev5? ( ,hebrews3 ,by fai? we are c]ta9 t ! worlds#cc 7 creat$ by ! decree ( ,god1 s t t :i* is se5 0 made ( t :i* appe>s n4 ,or1 ) ref]5ce to ! o!r uses ( ! ^w1 if ! fir/ introduction ( animal life 0 a creation1 & if ! introduction ( ! rational nature ( man 0 a creation1 we may suppose t ! orig9al creation 0 9 l mann] ! introduction or fir/ production ( ^? entities :i* we call matt] & =ce1 & :i* to sci5ce n[ are z mu* ultimate facts z !y 7 to ,moses4 ,! nature ( ! act ( creation be+ ?us settl$1 its ext5t may be asc]ta9$ by an exam9ation ( ! t]ms heav5 & e>?4 ,! ^w heav5s 7%amayim7 has 9 ,hebrew z 9 ,engli% a v>iety ( significations4 ,( mat]ial heav5s !re are1 9 ! qua9t language ( ,poole1 tres regiones1 ubi aves1 ubi nubes1 ubi sid]a2 or 7#a7 ! atmosph]e or firmam5t2#cd 7#b7 ! region ( cl\ds 9 ! upp] "p ( ! atmosph]e2#ce 7#c7 ! dep?s ( space compreh5d+ ! />ry orbs4#cf ,besides ^! we h ! heav5 ( heav5s1 ! abode ( ,god & spiritual be+s4#cg ,! application ( ! t]m heav5 to ! atmosph]e w be consid]$ :5 we rea* ! #f? & #g? v]ses4 ,9 ! mean "t we may accept ! ^w 9 ?is place z includ+ ! mat]ial heav5s 9 ! wide/ s5se3 7#a47 ,because x is n "h1 z 9 v]se #h?1 re/rict$ to ! atmosph]e by ! t]ms ( ! n>rative2 ?is re/riction 9 v]se #h? 9 fact imply+ ! wid] s5se ( ! ^w 9 prec$+ v]ses4 7#b47 ,because ! atmosph]ic firmam5t1 else:]e call$ heav51 divides ! wat]s above f ^? bel[1 :]eas x is evid5t t all ^! wat]s1 & ( consequ5ce ! mat]ials ( ! atmosph]e itself1 are includ$ 9 ! e>? ( ! foll[+ v]se4 7#c47 ,because 9 v]se #ad? ! sid]eal heav5s are spok5 ( z arrang$ f pre-exi/+ mat]ials1 :i* ref]s _! actual creation back to ?is passage4 ,9 ! words n[ "u consid]ation we !re=e reg>d ! heav5s z includ+ ! :ole mat]ial univ]se beyond ! limits ( our e>?4 ,t ?is s5se ( ! ^w is n unkn[n to ! writ]s ( ,scripture1 & t !y _h enl>g$ & rational views ( ! />-spangl$ abysses ( space1 w appe> f ! t]ms employ$ by ,moses 9 8 solemn w>n+ aga9/ ! ,sabaean idolatry1 9 ,deut]onomy iv43 ,& le/ ?\ lift up ?9e eyes to ! heav5s1 & :5 ?\ see/ ! sun & ! moon & ! />s1 ev5 all ! ho/ ( ! heav5s1 %\lde/ be incit$ to wor%ip !m & s]ve !m :i* ,jehovah ?y ,god ha? appo9t$ to all nations "u ! :ole heav5s4 ,to ! same effect is ! expression ( ! awe & wond] ( ! poet k+ ( ,israel 9 ,psalm viii43 ,:5 ,i consid] ! heav5s1 ! "w ( ?y f+]s1 ,! moon & ! />s :i* ?\ ha/ orda9$2 ,:at is man t ?\ art m9dful ( him8 ,i may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ?r\gh\t ! ,scriptures ! ^w 9 "q is mu* m frequ5tly appli$ to ! atmosph]ic ?an to ! sid]eal heav5s4 ,! reason ( ?is appe>s 9 ! t]ms ( v]se #h?4 ,if we h correctly ref]r$ ! t]m heav5s to ! :ole ( extramundane space1 !n ! ^w e>? mu/ d5ote our globe z a di/9ct _w1 ) all ! liquid & a]i=m sub/ances on its surface4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! :ole univ]se "u ! heads heav5 & e>? has be5 d]id$ z a division into inf9ity & an atom2 b :5 we consid] ! relative importance ( ! e>? to u1 & t x con/itutes ! pr9cipal object ( ! :ole revelation to :i* ?is is introductory1 ! absurdity disappe>s1 & we recognize ! classification z 9 ! circum/ances natural & rational4 ,! ^w e>? 7aretz7 is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally us$ to d5ote ! dry l&1 or ev5 a region or di/rict ( c\ntry4 ,x is inde$ expressly re/rict$ to ! dry l& 9 v]se #aj?2 b z 9 ! case ( ! p>allel limitation ( ! ^w heav51 we may consid] ?is z a h9t t its previ\s mean+ is m ext5d$4 ,t x is really s1 appe>s f ! foll[+ consid]ations3 7#a47 ,x includes ! deep1 or ! mat]ial f :i* ! sea & atmosph]e 7 aft]w>ds =m$4 7#b47 ,! subsequ5t v]ses %[ t at ! p]iod 9 "q no dry l& exi/$4 ,if in/ances ( a simil> mean+ f o!r p>ts ( ,scripture are requir$1 ,i give ! foll[+3 ,g5esis ii41 #a to #d1 ,?us ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 f9i%$1 & all ! ho/ ( !m2 ^! are ! g5]ations ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,9 ?is g5]al summ>y ( ! creative "w1 ! e>? evid5tly includes ! seas & all t is 9 !m1 z well z ! dry l&2 & ! :ole expression d5otes ! univ]se4 ,! well-kn[n & /rik+ rem>k ( ,job1 ,:o hange? ! e>? ^u no?+1 is also a case 9 po9t1 & mu/ ref] to ! :ole _w1 s9ce 9 o!r p>ts ( ! same book ! dry l& or cont95tal masses ( ! e>? are said1 & ) great tru? & propriety1 to be support$ above ! wat]s on pill>s or f\ndations4 ,! foll[+ passages may also be cit$ z in/ances ( ! occurr5ce ( ! idea ( ! :ole _w express$ by ! ^w e>?3 ,exodus x41 #bi1 ,& ,moses said unto him1 ,z soon z ,i am gone out ( ! city1 ,i w spread abroad my h&s unto ! ,"l1 & ! ?und] %all cease1 nei!r %all !re be any m hail2 t ?\ maye/ "k ! e>? is ! ,"l's2 ,deut]onomy x41 #ad1 ,behold1 ! heav5 & ! heav5 ( heav5s is ! ,"l's1 ! e>? also1 & all t !re9 is4 ,! mat]ial univ]se 0 br\ght into exi/5ce 9 ! beg9n+--a t]m evid5tly indef9ite z f> z reg>ds any kn[n epo*1 & imply+ m]ely priority to all o!r record$ ev5ts4 ,x c n be ! fir/ day1 = !re is no express$ connection1 & ! "w ( ! fir/ day is di/9ct f t ( ! beg9n+4 ,x c n be a g5]al t]m = ! :ole six days1 s9ce ^! are sep>at$ f x by t *aotic or =mless /ate to :i* we are next introduc$4 ,! beg9n+1 !re=e1 is ! ?re%old ( creation--! l9e t sep>ates ! old t5antless condition ( space f ! _w-cr[d$ galaxies ( ! exi/+ univ]se4 ,! only o!r in=mation respect+ x t we h 9 ,scripture is 9 t f9e descriptive poem 9 ,prov]bs viii41 9 :i* ! ,wisdom ( ,god p]sonifi$--:o may be held to repres5t ! ,almighty ,^w1 or ,logos1 introduc$ 9 ! =mula ,god said1 & aft]w>d ref]r$ to 9 ,scripture z ! manife/$ or condition$ ,deity1 ! ,m$iator betwe5 man & ! o!rwise inaccessible ,div9ity1 ! ag5t 9 ! "w ( creation z well z 9 t ( r$emption--n>rates ! orig9 ( all creat$ ?+s3 ,jehovah possess$#ch me1 ! beg9n+ ( 8 way1 ,be=e 8 "w ( old4 ,i 0 set up f ev]la/+1 ,f ! beg9n+1 be=e ! e>? 02 ,:5 !re 7 no deeps ,i 0 br\ght =?1 ,:5 !re 7 no f\nta9s ab\nd+ 9 wat]4 ,! beg9n+ "h prec$es ! creation ( ! e>?1 z well z ( ! deep :i* encompass$ its surface 9 its e>lie/ condition4 ,! beg9n+1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 /ret*es back f ! orig9 ( ! _w into ! dep?s ( et]nity4 ,x is to u emphatically ! beg9n+1 because x witness$ ! bir? ( our mat]ial sy/em2 b to ! et]nal ,jehovah x 0 b ! beg9n+ ( a great s]ies ( 8 op]ations1 & we h no in=mation ( its absolute duration4 ,f ! "t :5 ,god began to create ! cele/ial orbs1 until t "t :5 x c\ld be said t he _h creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 c\ntless ages may h roll$ along1 & myriads ( worlds may h pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( exi/5ce1 & ! creation ( our planet>y sy/em may h be5 "o ( ! la/ acts ( t long beg9n+4 ,! au?or ( creation is ,elohim1 or ,god 9 8 g5]al aspect to nature & man1 & n 9 t special aspect 9 ref]5ce to ! ,hebrew commonweal? & to ! "w ( r$emption indicat$ by ! "n ,jehovah 7,iaveh74 ,we ne$ n ent] into ! d\btful etymology ( ! ^w2 b may cont5t ourselves ) t support$ by _m1 p]haps ! majority ( au?orities1 :i* gives x ! mean+ ( ,object ( dread or adoration1 or ) t pref]r$ by ,ges5ius1 :i* makes x mean ! ,/rong or mighty "o4 ,its plural =m has also greatly tri$ ! +5uity ( ! comm5tators4 ,aft] c>efully consid]+ ! v>i\s hypo!ses1 su* z t ( ! plural ( maje/y ( ! ,rabb9s1 & ! primitive poly!ism suppos$ by c]ta9 ,rationali/s1 ,i c see no bett] reason ?an an attempt to give a grammatical expression to t plurality 9 unity indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( ! ,_s or brea? ( ,god & 8 ,^w1 or manife/$ w & p[]1 z di/9ct ag5ts 9 ! succe$+ v]ses4 ,?is 0 probably always held by ! ,hebrews 9 a g5]al =m2 & 0 by our ,savi\r & 8 apo/les specializ$ 9 t tr9it>ian doctr9e :i* enables bo? ,john & ,paul explicitly to ass]t ! ag5cy ( ! second p]son ( ! ,tr9ity 9 ! creative "w4 ,?is elem5t>y tr9it>ian idea ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis may be fur!r /at$ ?us3 ,! "n ,elohim expresses ! absolute uncondition$ w & reason--! ,godhead4 ,! manife/ation ( ,god 9 creative p[]1 & 9 ! fram+ & ord]+ ( ! cosmos1 is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,god said--! equival5t ( ! ,div9e ,^w4 ,! fur!r manife/ation ( ,god 9 love ( & sympa?y ) 8 "w is repres5t$ by ! ,brea? ( ,god1 & by ! expression1 ,god saw t x 0 good--op]ations ^! ( ! ,div9e ,_s4 ,! aborig9al root ( ! ^w ,elohim probably lies f> back ( ! ,semitic lit]ature1 & comes f ! natural exclamations al1 lo1 la1 :i* arise f ! spontane\s action ( ! human vocal organs 9 ! pres5ce ( any object ( awe or wond]4 ,! plural =m may 9 l mann] be simply equival5t to our t]ms ,godhead or ,div9ity1 imply+ all t is ess5tially ,god )\t specification or di/9ction ( p]sonalities4 ,z ,dr4 ,tayl] ,lewis well rem>ks 9 8 ,introduction to ,g5esis1 we %\ld n dismiss su* plurals z m]e usus loqu5di4 ,! plural =m ( ! "n ( ,god1 ( ! heav5s 7lit]ally1 ! heights71 ( ! olamim1 or "t-worlds1 ( ! ^w = life 9 ,g5esis 7lives71 indicates an idea ( va/ness & div]sity n measurable by spee*1 :i* mu/ h be5 impress$ on ! m9ds ( e>ly m51 o!rwise ^! =ms w\ld n h aris54 ,god1 heav51 "t1 life1 7 to !m exi/5ces /ret*+ outw>d to inf9ity1 & n to be d5ot$ by ! b>e s+ul> =m suitable to ord9>y objects4 ,fairly reg>d+1 !n1 ?is anci5t =m ( words1 we may hold x z a cle>1 concise1 & accurate enunciation ( an ultimate doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 :i* ) all our increas$ k ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>? we are n 9 a position to replace ) any ?+ bett] or m probable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is sublime dogma ( creation leaves u p]fectly free to int]rogate nature = ourselves1 z to all t x c reveal ( ! duration & progress ( ! creative "w4 ,b ! positive ga9 :i* comes f ?is anci5t =mula goes f> beyond ^! negative qualities4 ,if receiv$1 ?is "o ^w ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is suffici5t to deliv] u =ev] f ! sup]/iti\s dread ( nature1 & to pres5t x to u z nei!r self-exi/5t nor omnipot5t1 b z ! m]e h&iwork ( a spiritual ,creator to :om we are k92 z n a product ( *ance or caprice1 b z ! result ( a def9ite plan ( ! ,all-wise2 z n a cong]ies ( unconnect$ facts & processes1 b z a cosmos1 a well-ord]$ ?\gh complex ma*9e1 design$ by ,him :o is ! ,almighty & ! supreme object ( rev]5ce4 ,_h ?is v]se alone con/itut$ ! :ole ,bible1 ?is "o utt]ance w\ld1 :]ev] kn[n & receiv$1 h be5 an ine/imable boon to mank9d2 proclaim+ deliv]ance to ! captives ( e =m ( nature-wor%ip & idolatry1 & fix+ t idea ( unity ( plan 9 ! univ]se :i* is ! fruitful & /able root ( all true progress 9 sci5ce4 ,we owe pr(\nd ?anks to ! old ,hebrew prophet = ^! words--words :i* h brok5 f ! necks ( once sup]/iti\s ,aryan races *a9s m gall+ ?an ^? ( ,egyptian bondage4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,desolate ,,void4 ,& ! e>? 0 desolate & empty1 & d>kness 0 ^u ! surface ( ! deep2 & ! ,_s ( ,god mov$ on ! surface ( ! wat]s4--,g5esis i41 #b4 ,we h "h a few bold outl9es ( a d>k & my/]i\s sc5e--a condition ( ! e>? ( :i* we h no c]ta9 intimation f any o!r s\rce1 except ! speculations bas$ on mod]n discov]ies 9 physical sci5ce4 ,x 0 un%ap$ & empty1 =mless & un9habit$4 ,! words ?us translat$ are suffici5tly pla9 9 _! mean+4 ,! fir/ is us$ by ,isaiah to d5ote ! desolation ( a ru9$ city1 & 9 ,job & ! ,psalms z *>act]i/ic ( ! wild]ness or des]t4 ,bo? 9 connection are employ$ by ,isaiah to express ! de/ruction ( ,idumea1 & by ,j]emiah 9 a p[]ful description ( ! ru9 ( nations by ,god's judgm5ts4 ,:5 ?us unit$1 !y =m ! /ronge/ expression :i* ! ,hebrew c\ld supply = solit>y1 un9habit$ desolation1 l t ( a city r$uc$ to heaps ( rubbi%1 & to ! sil5ce & lonel9ess ( utt] decay4 ,9 ! pres5t connection ^! words in=m u t ! e>? 0 9 a *aotic /ate1 & unfit = ! resid5ce ( organiz$ be+s4 ,! words !mselves sugge/ ! important "q3 ,are !y int5d$ to repres5t ?is z ! orig9al condition ( ! e>?8 ,0 x a sc5e ( desolation & confusion :5 x sprang f ! h& ( its ,creator8 or 0 ?is /ate ( ru9 consequ5t on convulsions :i* may h be5 prec$$ by a v diff]5t condition1 n m5tion$ by ! inspir$ hi/orian8 ,t x may h be5 s is r5d]$ possible by ! circum/ance t ! words employ$ are g5]ally us$ to d5ote ! ru9 ( places =m]ly inhabit$1 & by ! want ( any necess>y connection 9 "t betwe5 ! fir/ & second v]ses4 ,x has ev5 be5 propos$1 ?\gh ?is does viol5ce to ! con/ruction1 to read & ! e>? became desolate & empty4 ,f>!r1 x seems1 a priori1 improbable t ! fir/ act ( creative p[] %\ld h result$ 9 ! production ( a m]e *aos4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>? also %[s1 9 its alt]nations ( /rata & organic rema9s1 evid5ce ( a great s]ies ( *anges ext5d+ ov] va/ p]iods1 & :i* might1 9 a revelation int5d$ = moral purposes1 ) great propriety be omitt$4 ,= su* reasons "s em95t expositors ( ^! words are dispos$ to consid] ! fir/ v]se z a title or introduction1 & to ref] to ?is p]iod ! :ole s]ies ( geological *anges2 & ?is view has =m$ "o ( ! mo/ popul> solutions ( ! app>5t discrepancies betwe5 ! geological & ,scriptural hi/ories ( ! _w4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t if we cont9ue to view ! t]m e>? z includ+ ! :ole globe1 ?is hypo!sis becomes altoge!r unt5able4 ,! subsequ5t v]ses in=m u t at ! p]iod 9 "q ! e>? 0 cov]$ by a univ]sal ocean1 possess$ no atmosph]e & receiv$ no light1 & _h n ent]$ into its pres5t relations ) ! o!r bodies ( our sy/em4 ,no conceivable convulsions c\ld h effect$ su* *anges on an e>? previ\sly possess+ ^! arrangem5ts2 & geology assures u t ! exi/+ laws & dispositions 9 ^! respects h prevail$ f ! e>lie/ p]iods to :i* x c lead u back1 & t ! mod]n /ate ( ?+s 0 n sep>at$ f ^? :i* prec$$ x by any su* g5]al *aos4 ,to avoid ?is difficulty1 :i* has be5 mu* m /rongly felt z ^! facts h be5 m & m cle>ly develop$ by mod]n sci5ce1 x has be5 held t ! ^w e>? may d5ote only a p>ticul> region1 tempor>ily obscur$ & r$uc$ to ru91 & ab\t to be fitt$ up1 by ! op]ations ( ! six days1 = ! resid5ce ( man2 & t consequ5tly ! n>rative ( ! six days ref]s n to ! orig9al arrangem5t ( ! surface1 relations1 & inhabitants ( our planet1 b to ! retrieval f ru9 & repeopl+ ( a limit$ t]ritory1 suppos$ to h be5 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 & :i* _h be5 subm]g$ & its atmosph]e obscur$ by aque\s or volcanic vapors4 ,! *ief support ( ?is view is ! fact1 previ\sly notic$1 t ! ^w e>? is v frequ5tly us$ 9 ! signification ( region1 di/rict1 c\ntry2 to :i* may be add$ ! suppos$ necessity = h>moniz+ ! ,scriptures ) geological discov]y1 & at ! same "t view+ ! days ( creation z lit]al sol> days4 ,c we1 h[ev]1 aft] f9d+ t 9 v]se #a/ ! t]m e>? mu/ mean ! :ole _w1 sudd5ly re/rict x 9 v]se #b;d to a limit$ region4 ,is x possible t ! writ] :o 9 v]se #aj? = ! fir/ "t intimates a limitation ( ! mean+ ( ?is ^w1 by ! solemn ann\ncem5t1 ,& ,god call$ ! dry l& e>?1 %\ld 9 a previ\s place use x 9 a mu* m limit$ s5se )\t any h9t ( su* re/riction4 ,! case /&s ?us3 ,a writ] uses ! ^w e>? 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se2 9 ! next s5t5ce he is suppos$1 )\t any intimation ( 8 int5tion1 to use ! same ^w to d5ote a region or c\ntry1 & by s do+ entirely to *ange ! mean+ ( 8 :ole disc\rse f t :i* w\ld o!rwise h atta*$ to x4 ,yet ! same writ] :51 a few s5t5ces f>!r on1 x becomes necess>y = him to use ! ^w e>? to d5ote ! dry l& z di/+ui%$ f ! seas1 =mally & ) an ass]tion ( div9e au?ority1 intimates ! *ange ( mean+4 ,is n ?is supposition contr>y n only to s\nd pr9ciples ( int]pretation1 b also to common-s5se2 & w\ld x n t5d to r5d] wor?less ! te/imony ( a writ] to ^: diction su* inaccuracy mu/ be ascrib$4 ,x is 9 tru? to me surpris+ beyond measure t su* a view c\ld ev] h obta9$ curr5cy2 & ,i fe> x is to be attribut$ to a det]m9ation1 at all haz>ds & ) any am\nt ( viol5ce to ! writt5 record1 to make geology & religion co9cide4 ,mu/ we !n ?r[ aside ?is simple & conv5i5t me?od ( reconciliation1 sanction$ by ,*alm]s1 ,smi?1 ,h>ris1 ,k+1 ,hit*cock1 & _m o!r great or respectable names1 & on :i* s _m good m5 complac5tly re/4 ,tru? obliges u to d s1 & to confess t bo? geology & ,scripture refuse to be reconcil$ on ?is basis4 ,we may /ill admit t ! lapse ( "t betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! fir/ day may h be5 great2 b we mu/ emphatically d5y t ?is int]val corresponds ) ! "t indicat$ by ! s]ies ( fossilif]\s rocks4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 ,i may rem>k t ! desolate & empty condition ( ! e>? 0 n necess>ily a *aotic mass ( confusion--rudis indige/aque moles2 b 9 reality1 :5 physically consid]$1 may h be5 a m symmetrical & homog5e\s condition ?an any t x subsequ5tly assum$4 ,if ! e>? 7 fir/ a va/ globe ( vapor1 !n a liquid sph]oid1 & !n acquir$ a cru/ n yet seam$ by fissures or brok5 by corrugations1 & ev5tually cov]$ ) a univ]sal ocean1 !n 9 ea* ( ^! e>ly conditions x w\ld1 9 reg>d to its =m1 be a m p]fect globe ?an at any succe$+ "t4 ,t some?+ ( ?is k9d is ! int5tion ( our hi/orian is impli$ 9 8 subsequ5t /atem5ts z to ! abs5ce ( l& & ! preval5ce ( a univ]sal ocean 9 ! imm$iately succe$+ p]iod1 :i* imply t ! cru/ _h n yet be5 ruptur$ or di/urb$1 b pres5t$ an ev5 & uni=m surface1 no "p ( :i* c\ld project above ! comp>atively ?9 fluid envelope4 ,! second clause introduces a new object--! deep4 ,:atev] its precise nature1 ?is is evid5tly some?+ includ$ 9 ! e>? ( v]se #a/1 & creat$ ) x4 ,! ^w occurs 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures 9 v>i\s s5ses4 ,x (t5 d5otes ! sea1 especially :5 9 an agitat$ /ate 7,psa4 xlii41 #h2 ,job xxxviii41 #aj74 ,9 ,psalm cxxxv41 h[ev]1 x is di/+ui%$ f ! sea3 ,:atsoev] ! ,"l pleas$1 t did he 9 heav51 9 ! e>?1 9 ! seas1 & 9 all deeps4 ,9 o!r cases x has be5 suppos$ to ref] to int]ior recesses ( ! e>?1 z :5 at ! deluge ! f\nta9s ( ! great deep are said to h be5 brok5 up4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is ref]s to ! ocean4 ,9 "s places x w\ld appe> to mean ! atmosph]e or its wat]s2 z ,prov4 viii41 #bg-bi1 ,:5 he prep>$ ! heav5s1 ,i 0 !re2 :5 he describ$ a circle on ! face ( ! deep1 :5 he e/abli%$ ! cl\ds above1 :5 he /r5g!n$ ! f\nta9s ( ! deep4 ,! ,septuag9t 9 ?is passage reads ?rone on ! w9ds & f\nta9s "u ! heav54#ci ,?\gh we c n atta* mu* value to ^! read+s1 !re seems little reason to d\bt t ! au?or ( ?is passage und]/&s by ! deep ! atmosph]ic wat]s1 & n ! sea1 :i* he m5tions sep>ately4 ,! same mean+ mu/ be atta*$ to ! ^w 9 ano!r passage ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs3 ,! ,"l 9 wisdom ha? f\nd$ ! e>?1 by und]/&+ ha? he e/abli%$ ! heav5s2 by 8 k ! dep?s are brok5 up1 & ! cl\ds drop d[n ! small ra94 ,9 ! passage n[ "u consid]ation1 x w\ld seem t we h bo? ! deep & ! wat]s m5tion$1 & ?is n 9 a way :i* w\ld lead u to inf] _! id5tity4 ,! d>kness on ! surface ( ! deep & ! ,_s ( ,god on ! face ( ! wat]s seem to ref] to ! condition ( two di/9ct objects at ! same "t4 ,nei!r c ! ^w "h ref] to subt]ranean cavities1 = ! ascription ( a surface to ^!1 & ! /atem5t t !y 7 envelop$ 9 d>kness1 w\ld 9 ?is case h nei!r mean+ nor use4 ,= ^! reasons ,i am induc$ to believe t ! locality ( ! deep or abyss is to be s\ght1 n 9 ! univ]sal ocean or ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 b 9 ! vapor\s or a]i=m mass mantl+ ! surface ( our nasc5t planet1 & conta9+ ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! atmosph]e 0 aft]w>d elaborat$4 ,?is is a view lead+ to important consequ5ces3 "o ( :i* is t ! d>kness on ! surface ( ! deep c n h be51 z believ$ by ! advocates ( a local *aos1 a m]e atmosph]ic obscuration2 s9ce ev5 at ! surface ( :at !n repres5t$ ! atmosph]e d>kness prevail$4 ,god cov]$ ! e>? ) ! deep z ) a g>m5t1 & ! wat]s /ood above ! hills1 & )\t ?is out] g>m5t 0 ! d>kness ( space de/itute ( lum9>ies1 at lea/ ( ^? great] ones :i* are ( prim>y importance to u4 ,we le>n f ! foll[+ v]ses t !re 0 no lay] ( cle> atmosph]e 9 ?is mi/y deep1 sep>at+ ! cl\ds f ! ocean wat]s4 ,! la/ clause ( ! v]se has always be5 obscure1 & p]haps x is /ill impossible to =m a cle> idea ( ! op]ation int5d$ to be describ$4 ,we are n ev5 c]ta9 :e!r x is int5d$ to repres5t any ?+ )9 ! compass ( ord9>y natural laws1 or to d5ote a direct int]v5tion ( ! ,creator1 miracul\s 9 its nature & conf9$ to "o p]iod4 ,x is possible t ! g5]al int5tion ( ! /atem5t may be to ! effect t ! ag5cy ( ! div9e p[] 9 sep>at+ ! wat]s f ! incumb5t vapors _h already comm5c$--t ! ,_s :i* w\ld aft]w>d evoke s _m wond]s out ( ! *aotic mass 0 already act+ ^u x 9 an unse5 & my/]i\s way1 prep>+ x = its future de/9y4 ,"s comm5tators1 bo? ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian1 are1 h[ev]1 dispos$ to view ! ,rua* ,elohim1 ,_s1 or brea? ( ,god1 z mean+ a w9d ( ,god1 or mighty w9d1 accord+ to a well-kn[n ,hebrew idiom4 ,! ^w 9 its prim>y s5se means w9d or brea?1 & !re are und\bt$ in/ances ( ! expression w9d ( ,god = a great or /rong w9d4 ,= example1 ,isaiah xl41 #g3 ,! grass )]e? because ! w9d ( ! ,"l bl[e? ^u x2 see also #b ,k+s ii41 #af4 ,su* examples1 h[ev]1 are v r>e1 & by no means suffici5t ( !mselves to e/abli% ?is int]pretation4 ,^? :o hold ?is view d s ma9ly 9 consid]ation ( ! advantage :i* x af=ds 9 atta*+ a def9ite mean+ to ! expression4 ,_m ( !m are n1 h[ev]1 aw>e ( its precise import 9 a cosmical po9t ( view4 ,a viol5t w9d1 be=e ! =mation ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! laws :i* regulate ! susp5sion & motions ( aque\s vapors & cl\ds1 mu/ h be5 m]ely an agitation ( ! confus$ mi/y & vapor\s mass ( ! deep2 s9ce1 z ,a9swor?--m c>eful ?an mod]n int]pret]s--long ago obs]v$1 w9de 7:i* is ! mov+ ( ! ai]7 0 n creat$ till ! second day1 t ! firmam5t 0 spr$1 & ! ai] made4 ,su* an agitation is by no means improbable4 ,x w\ld be a v likely accompanim5t ( a boil+ ocean1 re/+ on a heat$ surface1 & ( excessive cond5sation ( moi/ure 9 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e2 & might act z an influ5tial means ( prep>+ ! e>? = ! op]ations ( ! second day4 ,x is curi\s also t ! ,pho5ician cosmogony is said to h conta9$ ! idea ( a mighty w9d 9 connection ) ?is "p ( creation1 & ! idea ( see?+ or commotion 9 ! primitive *aos also occurs 9 ! ,assyrian tablets ( creation1 :ile ! ,qui*e leg5d repres5ts ,hurakon1 ! /orm-god1 z specially conc]n$ 9 ! creative "w4#dj ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v]b us$ 9 ! text r expresses hov]+ or brood+ ?an viol5t motion1 & ?is bett] corresponds ) ! old fable ( ! mundane egg1 :i* seems to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ev5t record$ 9 ?is v]se4 ,! m evangelical view1 :i* supposes ! ,holy ,_s to be int5d$1 is also m 9 accordance ) ! g5]al scope ( ! ,scripture tea*+s on ?is subject2 & ! opposite idea is1 z ,calv9 well says1 too frigid to meet ) mu* favor f evangelical !ologians4 ,*aos1 ! equival5t ( ! ,hebrew desolation & empt9ess1 figures l>gely 9 all anci5t cosmogonies4 ,t ( ! ,egyptians is int]e/+1 n only f its resemblance to ! ,hebrew doctr9e1 b also f its probable connection ) ! cosmogony ( ! ,greeks4 ,tak+ ! v]sion ( ,diodorus ,siculus1 :i* ?\gh comp>atively mod]n1 yet corresponds ) ! h9ts d]iv$ f old] s\rces1 we f9d ! orig9al *aos to h be5 an int]m+l$ condition ( elem5ts con/itut+ heav5 & e>?4 ,?is is ! ,hebrew deep4 ,! fir/ /ep ( progress is ! sep>ation ( ^!2 ! fi]y p>ticles asc5d+ above1 & n only produc+ light1 b ! revolution ( ! heav5ly bodies--a curi\s =e%ad[+ ( ! nebul> hypo!sis ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,aft] ^!1 9 ! t]ms ( ! l9es quot$ by ,diodorus f ,euripides1 plants1 birds1 mammals1 & f9ally man are produc$1 n h[ev] by a direct creative fiat1 b by ! spontane\s fecundity ( ! teem+ e>?4 ,! ,pho5ician cosmogony attribut$ to ,sancunia?on has ! void1 ! deep1 & ! brood+ ,_s2 & "o ( ! t]ms employ$1 baau1 is ! same ) ! ,hebrew bohu1 void1 if read )\t ! po9ts4 ,! ,babylonians1 accord+ to ,b]osus1 believ$ 9 a *aos--:i*1 h[ev]1 l ! lit]al-day !ory ( "s mod]ns1 produc$ _m mon/]s be=e ,belus int]v5$ to sep>ate heav5 & e>?4 ,b ! ,assyrian leg5d f\nd 9 ! ,n9eveh tablets is v precise 9 its intimation ( ! ,*aos or ,tiamat1 ! "m ( all ?+s2 &1 f>!r1 x recognizes ?is p]sonifi$ *aos z ! pr9ciple ( evil1 ^: dragon becomes ! tempt] ( ! prog5itors ( mank9d1 exactly l ! ,biblical s]p5t4 ,?is dragon ( ! abyss is ?us id5tical 9 "n & function ) ! evil pr9ciple ev5 ( ! la/ book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & we h 9 ?is also probably ! orig9 ( ! ,ahriman ( ! ,ave/a4 ,?us 9 ^! ,ea/]n !ologies ! primeval *aos becomes ! type ( evil z oppos$ to ! ord]1 beauty1 & goodness ( ! creation ( ,god--a v natural association2 b "o kept 9 ! backgr\nd by ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 z t5d+ to a duali/ic belief subv]sive ( mono!ism4 ,! ,greek my? ( ,*aos1 & its *ildr5 ,erebus & ,night1 :o give bir? to ,ae!r & ,day1 is ! same tradition1 p]sonifi$ aft] ! fanciful mann] ( a p :o1 9 ! primitive p]iod ( _! civilization1 _h no pr(\nd appreciation ( nature1 b 7 full ( human sympa?ies4#da ,la/ly1 9 a hymn translat$ by ,dr4 ,max ,muell] f ! ,rig-,v$a1 a "w probably f> old] ?an ! ,in/itutes ( ,m5u1 we h su* utt]ances z ! foll[+3 ,nor aught nor n\ght exi/$3 yon bright sky ,0 n1 nor heav5's broad wo( out/ret*$ above4 ,:at cov]$ all8 :at %elt]$8 :at conceal$8 ,0 x ! wat]'s fa?omless abyss8 99 99 99 ,d>kness !re 01 & all at fir/ 0 veil$ ,9 gloom pr(\nd--an ocean )\t light2 ,! g]m t /ill lay cov]$ 9 ! husk ,bur/ =?1 "o nature1 f ! f]v5t heat4 ,x is evid5t t ! /ate ( our planet :i* we h j be5 consid]+ is "o ( :i* we c sc>cely =m any adequate conception1 & sci5ce c 9 no way aid u1 except by sugge/+ hypo!ses or conjectures4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t ne>ly all ! cosmological !ories :i* h be5 devis$ conta9 "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! inspir$ n>rative4 ,! words ( ,moses appe> to sugge/ a heat$ & cool+ globe1 its cru/ z yet unbrok5 by int]nal =ces1 cov]$ by a univ]sal ocean1 on :i* re/$ a mass ( confus$ vapor\s sub/ances2 & x is ( su* mat]ials1 ?us comb9$ by ! sacr$ hi/orian1 t cosmologi/s h built up _! sev]al !ories1 aque\s or igne\s1 ( ! e>ly /ate ( ! e>?4 ,geology1 z a sci5ce ( obs]vation & induction1 does n c>ry u back to ?is p]iod4 ,x mu/ /ill & always say1 ) ,hutton1 t x c f9d no trace ( a beg9n+1 no prospect ( an end--n because !re has be5 no beg9n+ or w be no end1 b because ! facts :i* x collects ext5d nei!r to ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,geology1 l e o!r dep>tm5t ( natural hi/ory1 c b inve/igate ! facts :i* are op5 to obs]vation1 & reason on ^! 9 accordance ) ! kn[n laws & arrangem5ts ( exi/+ nature4 ,x f9ds ^! laws to hold = ! olde/ p]iod to :i* ! rocky ar*ives ( ! e>? ext5d4 ,respect+ ! orig9 ( ^! g5]al laws & arrangem5ts1 or ! condition ( ! e>? be=e !y orig9at$1 x kn[s no?+4 ,9 l mann] a botani/ may det]m9e ! age ( a =e/ by c\nt+ ! gr[? r+s ( ! olde/ trees1 b he c tell no?+ ( ! =e/s t may h prec$$ x1 or ( ! condition ( ! surface be=e x support$ a =e/4 ,s ! ar*aeologi/ may on ,egyptian monum5ts read ! names & hi/ory ( successive dyna/ies ( k+s1 b he c tell no?+ ( ! /ate ( ! c\ntry & its native tribes be=e ^? dyna/ies began or _! monum5ts 7 built4 ,yet geology at lea/ e/abli%es a probability t a "t 0 :5 organiz$ be+s did n exi/1 & :5 _m ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! surface ( our e>? _h n be5 p]fect$2 & ! few facts :i* h giv5 bir? to ! !ories promulgat$ on ?is subject t5d to %[ t ?is pre-geological condition ( ! e>? may h be5 su* z t describ$ 9 ! words n[ "u consid]ation4 ,i may rem>k1 9 addition1 t if ! words ( ,moses imply ! cool+ ( ! globe f a molt5 or int5sely heat$ /ate d[n to a temp]ature at :i* wat] c\ld exi/ on its surface1 ! kn[n rate ( cool+ ( bodies ( ! dim5sions & mat]ials ( ! e>? %[s t ! "t includ$ 9 ^! two v]ses ( ,g5esis mu/ h be5 enorm\s1 am\nt+ x may be to _m millions ( ye>s4 ,!re are two o!r sci5ces besides geology :i* h 9 mod]n times attempt$ to p5etrate into ! my/]ies ( ! primitive abyss1 at lea/ by hypo!tical explanations--a/ronomy & *emi/ry4 ,! magnific5t nebul> hypo!sis ( ,la ,place1 :i* expla9s ! =mation ( ! :ole sol> sy/em by ! cond5sation ( a revolv+ mass ( gase\s matt]1 w\ld manife/ly br+ our e>? to ! condition ( a fluid body1 ) or )\t a solid cru/1 & surr\nd$ by a huge atmosph]e ( its m volatile mat]ials1 gradually cond5s+ itself ar\nd ! c5tral nucleus4 ,*emi/ry in=ms u t ?is vapor\s mass w\ld conta9 n only ! atmosph]ic air & wat]1 b all ! c>bon1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 *lor9e1 & o!r elem5ts1 volatile 9 !mselves1 or =m+ volatile comp\nds ) oxyg5 or hydrog51 t are n[ imprison$ 9 v>i\s /ates ( comb9ation 9 ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,su* an atmosph]e--va/1 d>k1 pe/il5tial1 & capable 9 its cond5sation ( produc+ ! mo/ int5se *emical action--is a necessity ( an e>? cond5s+ f a vapor\s & inc&esc5t /ate4 ,?us1 9 s f> z sci5tific speculation v5tures to p5etrate into ! g5esis ( ! e>?1 its conclusions are at "o ) ! ,mosaic cosmogony & ) ! traditions ( mo/ anci5t nations z to ! primitive exi/5ce ( a *aos--=mless & void1 9 :i* nor aught nor n\ght exi/$4 ,"s ( ! details ( ! ,mosaic vision ( ! primeval *aos may be suppli$ by ! probabilities e/abli%$ by physics & *emi/ry4 ,our fir/ idea ( ! e>? w\ld be a va/ vapor\s ball1 rec5tly spun out f ! g5]al mass ( vapors =m+ ! nebula :i* once repres5t$ ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is huge cl\d1 :irl+ its annual r\nd ab\t ! /ill vapor\s c5tre ( ! sy/em1 w\ld consi/ ( all ! mat]ials n[ con/itut+ ! solid rocks z well z ^? ( ! seas & atmosph]e1 _! atoms kept asund] by ! =ce ( heat1 prev5t+ n only _! me*anical union1 b ev5 _! *emical comb9ation4 ,b heat is be+ radiat$ on all sides into space1 & ! oppos+ =ce ( gravitation is little by little ga!r+ ! p>ticles t[>d ! c5tre4 ,at l5g? a liquid nucleus is =m$1 :ile ^u ?is are be+ precipitat$ %[]s ( cond5s+ matt] f ! /ill va/ atmosph]e to add to its volume4 ,z ?is process advances1 a new brilliancy is giv5 to ! feebly %9+ vapors by ! inc&esc5ce ( solid p>ticles 9 ! upp] lay]s ( ! atmosph]e1 & 9 ?is /age our e>? w\ld be a little sun1 a m9iature ( t :i* n[ =ms ! c5tre ( our sy/em1 & :i* /ill1 by virtue ( its great] mass1 cont9ues 9 ?is /ate4 ,b at l5g?1 by fur!r cool+1 ?is brilliancy is lo/1 & ! /ill fluid globe is surr\nd$ by a va/ cl\dy pall1 9 :i* cond5s+ vapors ga!r 9 huge d>k masses1 & amid t]rible electrical explosions1 p\r1 9 con/antly increas+1 acid1 corrosive ra9s1 ^u ! heat$ nucleus1 comb9+ ) its mat]ials1 or aga9 fla%+ into vapors4 ,?us d>kness d5se & gross w\ld settle ^u ! vapor\s deep1 & w\ld cont9ue = long ages1 until ! atmosph]e c\ld be f9ally cle>$ ( its sup]flu\s vapors4 ,9 ! mean "t a cru/ ( slag or c9d] has be5 =m+ ^u ! molt5 nucleus4 ,brok5 aga9 & aga9 by ! heav+ ( ! see?+ mass1 x at l5g? sets p]man5tly1 & f9ally all[s "s portion ( ! liquid ra9 cond5s$ ^u x to rema9 z a boil+ ocean4 ,!n began ! reign ( ! wat]s1 "u :i* ! fir/ /ratifi$ rocks 7 laid d[n by ! deposit ( e>?y & sal9e matt] susp5d$ or dissolv$ 9 ! heat$ sea4 ,su* is ! picture :i* sci5ce pres5ts to u ( ! g5esis ( ! e>?1 & s f> z we c judge f 8 words1 su* mu/ h be5 ! picture pres5t$ to ! m5tal vision ( ! anci5t se] ( creation2 b he c\ld disc]n also t my/]i\s influ5ce1 ! brea? ( ,elohim1 :i* mov$ on ! face ( ! wat]s1 & prep>$ = ! evolution ( l& & ( life f _! bosom4 ,he saw-- ,an e>?--=mless & void2 ,a vapor\s abyss--d>k at its v surface2 ,a univ]sal ocean--! brea? ( ,god hov]+ ov] x4 ,h[ c\ld su* a sc5e be repres5t$ 9 words8 s9ce x pres5t$ none ( ! famili> features ( ! actual _w4 ,_h he attempt$ to dilate ^u x1 he w\ld1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! facts furni%$ by mod]n sci5ce1 h be5 oblig$1 l ! writ]s ( "s ( ! less simple & primitive cosmogonies already quot$1#db to adopt ! feeble exp$i5t ( enum]at+ ! ?+s n pres5t4 ,he wisely cont5ts himself ) a few well-*os5 words1 :i* boldly sket* ! crude mat]ials ( a _w hopeless & *aotic b = ! animat+ brea? ( ! ,almighty1 :o has creat$ ev5 t old *aos out ( :i* is to be work$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! six creative days all ! v>iety & beauty ( a f9i%$ _w4 ,9 conclusion1 ! read] w p]ceive h[ ?is retic5ce ( ! au?or ( ,g5esis /r5g!ns ! argum5t = ! primitive age ( ! docum5t1 & = ! vision-!ory z to its orig92 & w also obs]ve t1 9 ! conception ( ?is anci5t writ]1 ! promise & pot5cy ( ord] & life reside n alone 9 ! atoms ( a vapor\s _w1 b also 9 ! w ( its ,creator4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,light ,,& ,,creative ,,days4 ,& ,god said1 ,let light be1 & light 02 & ,god saw ! light t x 0 good1 & sep>at$ ! light f ! d>kness2 & ,god call$ ! light ,day2 & ! d>kness he call$ ,night4 ,& ,ev5+ 0 & ,morn+ 0--,day "o4--,g5esis i41 #c-e4 ,light is ! fir/ elem5t ( ord] & p]fection introduc$ ^u our planet--! fir/ innovation on ! old regime ( d>kness & desolation4 ,!re is a beautiful propriety 9 ?is1 = ! ,hebrew ,aur 7light7 %\ld be view$ z includ+ heat & electricity z well z light2 & ^! ?ree =ces--if !y are really di/9ct1 & n m]ely v>i\s movem5ts ( "o & ! same e!r--are 9 !mselves1 or ! proximate causes ( _! manife/ation1 ! prime mov]s ( ! ma*9]y ( nature1 ! vivify+ =ces )\t :i* ! primeval desolation w\ld h be5 et]nal4 ,! /atem5t pres5t$ "h is1 h[ev]1 a bold "o4 ,light )\t lum9>ies1 :i* 7 aft]w>d =m$--indep5d5t light1 s to speak1 %9+ all ar\nd ! e>?--is an idea n likely to h occurr$ 9 ! days ( ,moses to ! fram] ( a fictiti\s cosmogony1 & yet x corresponds 9 a rem>kable mann] ) "s ( ! !ories :i* h gr[n out ( mod]n induction4 ,i h said t ! ,hebrew ^w translat$ light includes ! vibratory movem5ts :i* we call heat & electricity z well4 ,i make ?is /atem5t1 n int5d+ to ass]t t ! ,hebrews exp]im5t$ on ^! =ces 9 ! mann] ( mod]n sci5ce1 & w\ld !re=e be prep>$ to und]/& _! laws or correlations z fully z we c4 ,i give ! ^w ?is g5]al s5se simply because ?r\gh\t ! ,bible x is us$ to d5ote ! sol> light & heat1 & also ! electric light ( ! ?und]-cl\d3 ! light ( ,8 cl\d1 ! bright light :i* is 9 ! cl\ds4 ,! abs5ce ( aur1 !re=e1 9 ! primeval e>?1 is ! abs5ce ( sol> radiation1 ( ! lightn+'s fla%1 & ( volcanic fires4 ,we %all 9 ! succe$+ v]ses f9d additional reasons = exclud+ all ^! ph5om5a f ! d>kness ( ! primeval night4 ,! light ( ! fir/ day c n reasonably be suppos$ to h be5 9 any o!r ?an a visible & active /ate4 ,:e!r light be1 z suppos$ by ! old] physici/s1 lum9\s matt] radiat$ ) imm5se velocity1 or1 z n[ appe>s m probable1 m]ely ! undulations ( a univ]sally diffus$ e!r1 its motion _h already comm5c$4 ,! idea ( ! matt] ( light z di/9ct f its p[] ( affect+ ! s5ses does n appe> 9 ! ,scriptures any f>!r ?an t ! ,hebrew "n is probably radically id5tical ) ! ^w e!r n[ us$ to express ! undulat+ m$ium by :i* light is propagat$2 & if x did1 ! g5]al creation ( matt] be+ /at$ 9 v]se #a1 & ! notice ( ! sep>ation ( light & d>kness be+ di/9ctly giv5 9 ! pres5t v]se1 !re is no place left = su* a view "h4 ,= ?is reason1 t explanation ( ^! words :i* supposes t on ! fir/ day ! matt] ( light1 or ! e!r ^: motions produce light1 0 creat$1 & t on ! f\r? day1 :5 lum9>ies 7 appo9t$1 x became visible by beg9n+ to undulate1 mu/ be ab&on$2 & ! connection betwe5 ^! two /atem5ts mu/ be s\ght 9 "s o!r gr\p ( facts ?an t connect$ ) ! exi/5ce ( ! matt] ( light z di/9ct f its undulations4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! nature ( ! light :i* on ! fir/ day %one )\t ! pres5ce ( any local lum9>y8 ,x mu/ h proce$$ f lum9\s matt] diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole space ( ! sol> sy/em1 or surr\nd+ our globe z ) a mantle4 ,x 0 clo!d ) light z ) a g>m5t1 ,sph]$ 9 a radiant cl\d1 = yet ! sun 0 n4 ,we h already reject$ ! hypo!sis t ! primeval night proce$$ f a tempor>y obscuration ( ! atmosph]e2 & ! expression1 ,god said1 ,let light be1 af=ds an additional reason1 s9ce1 9 accordance ) ! /rict precision ( language :i* ev]y:]e prevails 9 ?is anci5t docum5t1 a m]e re/oration ( light w\ld n be /at$ 9 su* t]ms4 ,if we wi% to f9d a natural explanation ( ! mode ( illum9ation ref]r$ to1 we mu/ recur to "o or o!r ( ! suppositions m5tion$ above1 t ! lum9\s matt] =m$ a nebul\s atmosph]e1 sl[ly conc5trat+ itself t[>d ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 or t x =m$ a special envelope ( our e>?1 :i* subsequ5tly disappe>$4 ,we may suppose ?is light-giv+ matt] to be ! same ) t :i* n[ surr\nds ! sun1 & con/itutes ! /ratum ( lum9\s sub/ance :i*1 by its wondr\s & unceas+ p[] ( emitt+ light1 gives him all 8 glory4 ,to expla9 ! division ( ! light f ! d>kness1 we ne$ only suppose t ! lum9\s matt]1 9 ! progress ( its conc5tration1 0 at l5g? all ga!r$ )9 ! e>?'s orbit1 & !n1 z "o hemisph]e only w\ld be illum9at$ at a "t1 ! sep>ation ( light f d>kness1 or ( day f night1 w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,?is hypo!sis1 sugge/$ by ! words !mselves1 af=ds a simple & natural explanation ( a /atem5t o!rwise obscure4 ,x is an in/ructive circum/ance t ! probabilities respect+ ! e>ly /ate ( our planet1 ?us d$uc$ f ! ,scriptural n>rative1 correspond v closely ) ! mo/ +5i\s & truly philosophical speculation ev] haz>d$ respect+ ! orig9 ( our sol> sy/em4 ,i ref] to ! cosmical hypo!sis ( ,la ,place1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly =m$ )\t any ref]5ce to ! ,bible2 & by p]sons ^: views ( ! ,mosaic n>rative are ( t %all[ "* :i* is too preval5t1 has be5 suspect$ z ( infidel t5d5cy4 ,la ,place's !ory is bas$ on ! foll[+ prop]ties ( ! sol> sy/em1 :i* w be f\nd ref]r$ to 9 ?is connection 9 _m popul> works on a/ronomy3 #a4 ,! orbits ( ! planets are ne>ly circul>4 #b4 ,!y revolve ne>ly 9 ! plane ( ! sun's equator4#dc #c4 ,!y all revolve r\nd ! sun 9 "o direction1 :i* is also ! direction ( ! sun's rotation4 #d4 ,!y rotate on _! axes also1 z f> z is kn[n1 9 ! same direction4 #e4 ,_! satellites1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ,uranus & ,neptune1 revolve 9 ! same direction4 ,n[ all ^! co9cid5ces c sc>cely h be5 =tuit\s1 & yet !y might h be5 o!rwise )\t affect+ ! work+ ( ! sy/em2 &1 f>!r1 if n =tuit\s1 !y correspond precisely ) ! results :i* w\ld fl[ f ! cond5sation ( a revolv+ mass ( nebul\s matt]4 ,la ,place1 !re=e1 conceiv$ t 9 ! beg9n+ ! matt] ( our sy/em exi/$ 9 ! condition ( a mass ( vapor\s mat]ial1 hav+ a c5tral nucleus m or less d5se1 & ! :ole rotat+ 9 a uni=m direction4 ,su* a mass mu/1 9 cond5s+ by cold1 leave 9 ! plane ( its equator zones ( vapor compos$ ( sub/ances :i* requir$ an int5se degree ( cold to return to a liquid or solid /ate4 ,^! zones mu/ h begun by circulat+ r\nd ! sun 9 ! =m ( conc5tric r+s1 ! mo/ volatile molecules ( :i* mu/ h =m$ ! sup]ior "p1 & ! mo/ cond5s$ ! inf]ior "p4 ,if all ! nebul\s molecules ( :i* ^! r+s are compos$ _h cont9u$ to cool )\t disunit+1 !y w\ld h end$ by =m+ a liquid or solid r+4 ,b ! regul> con/itution :i* all p>ts ( ! r+ w\ld require = ?is1 & :i* !y w\ld h ne$$ to pres]ve :5 cool+1 w\ld make ?is ph5om5on extremely r>e4 ,accord+ly ! sol> sy/em pres5ts only "o in/ance ( x--t ( ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,g5]ally ! r+ mu/ h brok5 into sev]al p>ts :i* h cont9u$ to circulate r\nd ! sun1 & ) almo/ equal velocity1 :ile at ! same "t1 9 consequ5ce ( _! sep>ation1 !y w\ld acquire a rotatory motion r\nd _! respective c5tres ( gravity2 & z ! molecules ( ! sup]ior "p ( ! r+--t is to say1 ^? f>!/ f ! c5tre ( ! sun--_h necess>ily an absolute velocity great] ?an ! molecules ( ! inf]ior "p :i* is ne>e/ x1 ! rotatory motion common to all ! fragm5ts mu/ always h be5 9 ! same direction ) ! orbitual motion4 ,h[ev]1 if aft] _! division "o ( ^! fragm5ts has be5 suffici5tly sup]ior to ! o!rs to unite !m to x by its attraction1 !y w h =m$ only a mass ( vapor1 :i*1 by ! cont9ual friction ( all its p>ts1 mu/ h assum$ ! =m ( a sph]oid1 flatt5$ at ! poles & exp&$ 9 ! direction ( its equator4#dd ,"h1 !n1 are r+s ( vapor left by ! successive retreats ( ! atmosph]e ( ! sun1 *ang$ into s _m planets 9 ! condition ( vapor1 circulat+ r\nd ! c5tral orb1 & possess+ a rotatory motion 9 ! direction ( _! revolution1 :ile ! sol> mass 0 gradually contract+ itself r\nd its c5tre & assum+ its pres5t organiz$ =m4 ,su* is a g5]al view ( ! hypo!sis ( ,la ,place1 :i* may also be foll[$ out into all ! kn[n details ( ! sol> sy/em1 & w be f\nd to acc\nt = !m all4 ,into ^! details1 h[ev]1 we c n n[ ent]4 ,let u n[ comp>e ?is +5i\s speculation ) ! ,scripture n>rative4 ,9 bo? we h ! raw mat]ial ( ! heav5s & ! e>? creat$ be=e x assum$ its di/9ct =ms4 ,9 bo? we h t /ate ( ! planets *>act]iz$ z )\t =m & void1 ! cond5s+ nebul\s mass ( ,la ,place's !ory be+ 9 p]fect correspond5ce ) ! ,scriptural deep4 ,9 bo? x is impli$ t ! p]man5t mutual relations ( ! sev]al bodies ( ! sy/em mu/ h be5 p]fect$ long aft] _! orig94 ,la/ly1 suppos+ ! lum9\s atmosph]e ( our sun to h be5 ( su* a "* z to conc5trate itself :olly ar\nd ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 & t z x became conc5trat$ x acquir$ its int5se lum9osity1 we h 9 bo? ! production ( light f ! same cause2 & 9 bo? x w\ld foll[ t ! conc5tration ( ?is matt] )9 ! orbit ( ! e>? w\ld effect ! sep>ation ( day f night1 by illum9at+ alt]nately ! opposite sides ( ! e>?4 ,x is true t ! !ory ( ,la ,place does n provide = any su* special cond5sation ( lum9\s matt]1 nor = any precise /age ( ! process z t 9 :i* ! arrangem5ts ( light & d>kness %\ld be complet$2 b "u 8 hypo!sis x seems necess>y to acc\nt 9 "s su* way = ! sole lum9osity ( ! sun2 & ! po9t ( sep>ation ( day & night mu/ h be5 a m>k$ epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! process = ea* planet4 ,! !ory ( accretion ( matt] :i* has 9 mod]n times be5 associat$ ) t ( ,la ,place w\ld equally well accord ) ! indications 9 our ,mosaic record4#de ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t s long z ! mat]ial ( ! e>? con/itut$ a "p ( ! great vapor\s mass1 x w\ld be encompass$ ) its diffus$ light1 & t aft] x _h be5 left outside ! contract+ sol> envelope1 x might /ill reta9 "s indep5d5t lum9osity 9 its atmosph]e1 a trace ( :i* may /ill exi/ 9 ! auroral displays ( ! upp] /rata ( ! air4 ,! e>? might ?us at fir/ be 9 total d>kness4 ,x might !n be dimly light$ by ! surr\nd+ nebulosity1 or by a lum9\s envelope 9 its own atmosph]e4 ,!n x might1 z be=e expla9$1 relapse into ! d>kness ( its mi/y mantle1 & z ?is cle>$ away & ! light ( ! sun increas$ & became cond5s$1 ! latt] w\ld gradually be in/all$ into 8 (fice z ! sole orb ( day4 ,x is q evid5t t we ?us h a suffici5t hypo!tical explanation ( ! light ( ! fir/ ( ! creative aeons2 & ?is is all t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce we c expect4 ,:]e is ! way :]e light dwelle?8 & z = d>kness1 :]e is ! place !re(1 t ?\ %\lde/ take x to ! b\nd !re(1 & "k ! way to ! h\se !re(8 ,= ! reasons above giv51 we mu/ reg>d ! hypo!sis ( ! great ,fr5* a/ronom] z a wond]ful approximation to ! gr& & simple plan ( ! con/ruction ( our sy/em z reveal$ 9 ,scripture4 ,nor mu/ we omit to notice t ! telescope & ! spectroscope reveal to u 9 ! heav5s gase\s nebul> bodies :i* may well be new sy/ems 9 progress ( =mation1 & 9 :i* ! ,creator is ev5 n[ divid+ ! light f ! d>kness4 ,/ill ano!r ?\ght 9 connection ) ?is subject is t ! !ory ( a cond5s+ sy/em af=ds a measure ( ! aggregate "t occupi$ 9 ! "w ( creation4 ,sir ,william ,?omson's well-kn[n calculations give u "o hundr$ millions ( ye>s z ! possible age ( ! e>? z a planet>y globe2 b calculations ( ! sun's heat z produc$ by gravitation alone w\ld give a mu* less "t4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 a "r to assume an orig9al heat$ condition ( ! vapor\s mass f :i* ! sun 0 =m$4 ,/ill ! date above giv5 w\ld seem to be a maximum r ?an a m9imum age = ! sol> sy/em4 ,god saw ! light t x 0 good1 ?\gh x illum9at$ b a wa/e ( lifeless wat]s4 ,x 0 good because beautiful 9 itself1 & because ,god saw x 9 its relations to long tra9s ( processes & wond]ful organic /ructures on :i* x 0 to act z a vivify+ ag5cy4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,scriptures light is n only good1 b an emblem ( high] good4 ,9 ,psalm civ4 ,god is repres5t$ z clo?+ himself ) light z ) a g>m5t2 & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ^! exquisite lyrics we h simil> figures4 ,! ,"l is my light & salvation2 ,lift up ! light ( ?y c\nt5ance ^u me2 ,! entrance ( ?y law give? light2 ,! pa? ( ! j is z a %9+ light4 ,& ! great spiritual ,light ( ! _w1 ! only begott5 ( ! ,fa!r1 ! m$iator alike 9 creation & r$emption1 is himself ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness4 ,p]haps ! noble/ ,scripture passage relat+ to ! bless+ ( light is "o 9 ! address ( ,jehovah to ,job1 :i* is un=tunately s imp]fectly translat$ 9 ! ,engli% v]sion z to be almo/ un9telligible3 ,ha/ ?\ 9 ?y lifetime giv5 law to ! morn+1 ,or caus$ ! dawn to "k its place1 ,t x may enclose ! horizon 9 its grasp1 ,& *ase ! robb]s be=e x3 ,x rolls along z ! seal ov] ! clay1 ,caus+ all ?+s to /& =? 9 gorge\s app>el4#df ,job xxxviii41 #ab4 ,! conclud+ words1 ,day "o1 br+ u to ! consid]ation ( "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems 9 ?is hi/ory1 & "o on :i* its significance 9 a great measure dep5ds--! mean+ ( ! ^w day1 & ! l5g? ( ! days ( creation4 ,9 pursu+ ?is inve/igation1 ,i %all refra9 f notic+ 9 detail ! views ( ! _m able mod]n writ]s :o1 f ,cuvi]1 ,de ,luc1 & ,jameson1 d[n to ,hugh ,mill]1 ,donald ,mc,donald1 & ,tayl] ,lewis1 h ma9ta9$ ! p]iod !ory1 or ^? equally num]\s & able writ]s :o h support$ ! opposite view4 ,i ackn[l$ge obligations to !m all1 b pref] to direct my att5tion imm$iately to ! record itself4 ,! fir/ important fact t /rikes u is "o :i* has n receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves1 viz41 t ! ^w day is evid5tly us$ 9 ?ree s5ses 9 ! record itself4 ,we are told 7v]se #e?7 t ,god call$ ! light1 t is1 ! diurnal cont9uance ( light1 day4 ,we are also in=m$ t ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day4 ,day1 !re=e1 9 "o ( ^! clauses is ! light z sep>at$ f ! d>kness1 :i* we may call ! natural day2 9 ! o!r x is ! :ole "t occupi$ 9 ! creation ( light & its sep>ation f ! d>kness1 :e!r t 0 a civil or a/ronomical day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs or "s long] p]iod4 ,9 o!r words1 ! daylight1 to :i* ,god is repres5t$ z re/rict+ ! use ( ! t]m day1 is only a "p ( a day ( creation1 :i* includ$ bo? light & d>kness1 & :i* might be ei!r a civil day or a long] p]iod1 b c\ld n be ! natural day int]v5+ betwe5 sunrise & sunset1 :i* is ! ord9>y day ( ,scripture phraseology4 ,aga91 9 ! #d? v]se ( *apt] ii41 :i* beg9s ! second "p ( ! hi/ory1 ! :ole creative week is call$ "o day--,9 ! day t ,jehovah ,elohim made ! e>? & ! heav5s4 ,su* an expression mu/ surely 9 su* a place imply m ?an a m]e inadv]t5ce on ! "p ( ! writ] or writ]s4 ,to pave ! way = a "r und]/&+ ( ! day ( creation1 x may be well to consid]1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! %ort] day is introduc$4 ,9 ! expression1 ,god call$ ! light day1 we f9d = ! fir/ "t ! ,creator nam+ 8 works1 & we may inf] t "s important purpose 0 to be s]v$ by ?is4 ,! nature ( ?is purpose we asc]ta9 by comp>ison ) o!r in/ances ( ! same k9d occurr+ 9 ! *apt]4 ,god call$ ! d>kness night1 ! firmam5t heav51 ! dry l& e>?1 ! ga!r$ wat]s seas4 ,9 all ^! cases ! purpose seems to h be5 "o ( v]bal def9ition1 p]haps along ) an ass]tion ( sov]eignty4 ,x 0 necess>y to di/+ui% ! diurnal d>kness f t unv>i$ d>kness :i* _h be5 ( old1 & to discrim9ate betwe5 ! limit$ wat]s ( an e>? hav+ dry l& on its surface & ^? ( ! anci5t univ]sal ocean4 ,?is is effect$ by introduc+ two new t]ms1 night & seas4 ,9 l mann] x 0 necess>y to m>k ! new application ( ! t]m e>? to ! dry l&1 & t ( heav5 to ! atmosph]e1 m especially z ^! 7 ! s5ses 9 :i* ! words 7 to be popul>ly us$4 ,! int5tion1 !re=e1 9 all ^! cases 0 to affix to c]ta9 ?+s names diff]5t f ^? :i* !y _h previ\sly borne 9 ! n>rative1 & to c]ta9 t]ms new s5ses diff]+ f ^? 9 :i* !y _h be5 previ\sly us$4 ,apply+ ?is explanation "h1 x results t ! probable reason = call+ ! light day is to po9t out t ! ^w occurs 9 two s5ses1 & t :ile x 0 to be ! popul> & prop] t]m = ! natural day1 ?is s5se mu/ be di/+ui%$ f its o!r mean+ z a day ( creation4 ,9 %ort1 we may take ?is z a pla9 & au?oritative decl>ation t ! day ( creation is n ! day ( popul> spee*4 ,we see 9 ?is a /rik+ in/ance ( ! g5]al tru? t 9 ! simplicity ( ! /ructure ( ?is record we f9d n c>elessness1 b /udi$ & sev]e precision1 & are w>n$ aga9/ ! neglect ( ! smalle/ peculi>ities 9 its diction4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! day ( creation1 z di/+ui%$ by ,moses himself f ! natural day4 ,! g5]al op9ion1 & t :i* at fir/ sight appe>s mo/ probable1 is t x is m]ely ! ord9>y civil day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,^? :o adopt ?is view insi/ on ! impropriety ( div]t+ ! ^w f its usual s5se4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 = ?is argum5t1 ! ^w is n v frequ5tly us$ 9 ! ,scriptures = ! :ole tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! e>?'s revolution4 ,its etymology gives x ! s5se ( ! "t ( gl[+ or w>m?1 & 9 accordance ) ?is ! div9e au?ority "h limits its mean+ to ! daylight4 ,accord+ly ?r\gh\t ! ,hebrew ,scriptures yom is g5]ally ! natural & n ! civil day2 & :]e ! latt] is int5d$1 ! comp\nd t]ms day & night & ev5+ & morn+ are frequ5tly us$4 ,any "o :o glances ov] ! ^w day 9 a good ,engli% concordance c satisfy himself ( ?is fact4 ,b ! s5se ( natural day f sunrise to sunset is expressly exclud$ "h by ! context1 z already %[n2 & all t we c say 9 favor ( ! int]pretation t limits ! day ( creation to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 is t next to ! use ( ! ^w = ! natural day1 :i* is its true popul> mean+1 its use = ! civil day is p]haps ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,x is !re=e by no means a /atem5t ( ! :ole tru? to affirm1 z _m writ]s h done1 t ! civil day is ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,at ! same "t we may admit t ?is is "o ( its ord9>y mean+s1 & !re=e may be its mean+ "h4 ,ano!r argum5t frequ5tly urg$ is t ! day ( creation is said to h _h an ev5+ & morn+4 ,we %all consid] ?is m fully 9 ! sequel1 & 9 ! mean "t may obs]ve t x appe>s r haz>d\s to attribute an ord9>y ev5+ & morn+ to a day :i*1 on ! face ( ! record1 prec$$ ! =mation & arrangem5t ( ! lum9>ies :i* are = days & = ye>s4#dg ,b x may be affirm$ t 9 ! ,bible long & undef9$ p]iods are indicat$ by ! ^w day4 ,9 _m ( ^! cases ! ^w is 9 ! plural3 z ,g5esis iv41 #c1 ,& aft] days x came to pass1 r5d]$ 9 our v]sion 9 process ( "t2 ,g5esis xl41 #d1 days 9 w>d1 r5d]$ a season4 ,su* in/ances z ^! are n applicable to ! pres5t "q1 s9ce ! plural may h ! s5se ( indef9ite "t1 m]ely by d5ot+ an undet]m9$ numb] ( natural days4 ,passages 9 :i* ! s+ul> occurs 9 ?is s5se are ^? :i* /rictly apply to ! case 9 h&1 & su* are by no means r>e4 ,a v rem>kable example is t 9 ,g5esis ii41 #d1 already m5tion$1 :]e we f9d1 ,9 ! day :5 ,jehovah ,elohim made ! e>? & ! heav5s4 ,?is day mu/ ei!r mean ! beg9n+1 or mu/ include ! :ole six days2 mo/ probably ! latt]1 s9ce ! ^w made ref]s n to ! act ( creation1 prop]ly s call$1 b to ! elaborat+ processes ( ! creative week2 & occurr+ z ?is does imm$iately aft] ! n>rative ( creation1 x seems almo/ l an int5tional intimation ( ! wide import ( ! creative days4 ,x has be5 object$1 h[ev]1 t ! expression 9 ! day is prop]ly a comp\nd adv]b1 hav+ ! =ce ( :5 or at ! "t4 ,b ! le>n$ & +5i\s au?ors :o urge ?is objection h omitt$ to consid] ! relative probabilities z to :e!r ! adv]bial use _h aris5 :ile ! ^w yom meant simply a day1 or :e!r ! use ( ! n\n = long p]iods 0 ! reason ( ! introduction ( su* an adv]bial expression4 ,! probabilities are 9 favor ( ! latt]1 = x is n likely t m5 w\ld con/ruct an adv]b ref]r+ to indef9ite "t f a ^w d5ot+ "o ( ! mo/ precisely limit$ portions ( "t1 unless t ^w _h also a second & m unlimit$ s5se4 ,admitt+1 !re=e1 t ! phrase is an adv]b ( "t1 its use s e>ly z ! date ( ! composition ( ,g5esis1 to d5ote a p]iod long] ?an a lit]al day1 seems to imply t ?is indef9ite use ( ! ^w 0 ( high antiquity1 & probably prec$$ ! inv5tion ( any t]m by :i* long p]iods c\ld be d5ot$4 ,?is use ( ! ^w day is1 h[ev]1 n limit$ to cases ( ! occurr5ce ( ! =mula 9 ! day4 ,! foll[+ are a few out ( _m in/ances t might be quot$3 ,job xviii41 #bj1 ,!y t come aft] him %all be a/oni%$ at 8 day2 ,job xv41 #cb1 ,x %all be accompli%$ be=e 8 "t2 ,judges xviii41 #cj1 ,until ! day ( ! captivity ( ! l&2 ,deut4 i41 #ci1 ,& y\r *ildr5 :i* 9 t day _h no k ( good & evil2 ,g54 xxxix41 #aj1 ,& x came to pass ab\t t "t 7on t day74 ,we f9d also abundance ( su* expressions z day ( calamity1 day ( di/ress1 day ( wra?1 day ( ,god's p[]1 day ( prosp]ity4 ,9 su* passages ! ^w is evid5tly us$ 9 ! s5se ( era or p]iod ( "t1 & ?is 9 prose z well z poetry4 ,!re is a rem>kable passage 9 ! ,psalms1 :i* conveys ! idea ( a day ( ,god z di/9ct f human or t]re/rial days3 ,be=e ! m\nta9s 7 br\ght =?1 ,or ev] ?\ had/ =m$ ! e>? & ! _w1 ,ev5 f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+1 ?\ art ,god4 ,?\ turne/ man to de/ruction1 ,& saye/1 ,return1 ye *ildr5 ( m52 ,= a ?\s& ye>s are 9 ?y sight z ye/]day :5 x is pa/1 ,& z a wat* 9 ! night4#dh ,x is a s+ul> co9cid5ce t ! au?or%ip ( ?is ,psalm is attribut$ to ,moses1 & t its /yle & language correspond ) ! songs cr$it$ to him 9 ,deut]onomy4 ,x is f>!r to be obs]v$ t ! ref]5ce is to ! long p]iods employ$ 9 creation z contra/$ ) ! limit$ space ( ye>s allott$ to man4 ,its mean+1 too1 is some:at obscur$ by ! inaccurate translation ( ! ?ird l9e4 ,9 ! orig9al x is1 ,f olam to olam ?\ art1 ,o ,el--t is1 f age to age4 ,^! long ages ( creation1 con/itut+ a duration to u relatively et]nal1 7 s protract$ t ev5 a ?\s& ye>s are b z a wat* 9 ! night4 ,if ?is ,psalm is rightly attribut$ to ! au?or ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 x seems absolutely c]ta9 t he und]/ood 8 own creative days z be+ ,olamim or aeons4 ,! same ?\ght occurs 9 ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet]3 ,"o day is ) ! ,"l z a ?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day4 ,t ! o!r writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t und]/ood ! creative days 9 ?is s5se1 might be inf]r$ f ! entire abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to ! "w ( creation z %ort1 s9ce x occupi$ only six days4 ,su* ref]5ce we may f9d 9 mod]n writ]s1 b nev] 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,on ! contr>y1 we receive ! impression ( ! creative "w z long cont9u$4 ,?us ! div9e ,wisdom says 9 ,prov4 viii41 ,! ,"l possess$ me f ! beg9n+ ( 8 way be=e 8 works ( old1 f ev]la/+1 be=e ! antiquities ( ! e>?4 ,s 9 ,psalm cxlv41 ,god's k+dom relatively to nature & provid5ce is a k+dom ( all ages4 ,9 ,psalm civ41 :i* is a poetical v]sion ( ! creative "w1 & ! olde/ extant comm5t>y on ,g5esis i41 x is evid5t t !re 0 no idea 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] ( a %ort "t1 b r ( long consecutive processes2 & ,i may rem>k "h t ! c\rse ( ! n>rative itself 9 ,g5esis i41 implies "t = ! repl5i%+ ( ! e>? ) v>i\s =ms ( be+ 9 prep>ation = o!rs1 exactly z 9 ,psalm civ4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ conclusive argum5ts 9 favor ( ! l5g? ( ! creative days is t furni%$ by ! sev5? day & ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba?4 ,9 ,g5esis ! sev5? day is n said to h _h any ev5+ or morn+1 nor is ,god said to h resum$ 8 "w on any eigh? day4 ,consequ5tly ! sev5? day ( creation mu/ be /ill curr5t4 ,n[ 9 ! f\r? comm&m5t ! ,israelites are enjo9$ to rememb] ! ,sabba?-day1 because 9 six days ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,obs]ve "h t ! ,sabba? is to be rememb]$ z an in/itution already kn[n4 ,obs]ve f>!r t ! comm&m5t is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! ,decalogue1 a solit>y piece ( app>5tly arbitr>y ritual amid ! pla9e/ & mo/ obvi\s moral duties4 ,obs]ve also t ! reason giv5--namely1 ,god's six days' "w & sev5? day's re/--seems at fir/ sight bo? f>-fet*$ & trivial1 z an argum5t = ab/a9+ f "w 9 a sev5? "p ( our "t4 ,h[ is all ?is to be expla9$8 ,simply1 ,i ?9k1 on ! supposition t ! ,lawgiv]1 & ^? = :om he legislat$1 knew be=eh& ! hi/ory ( creation & ! fall1 z we h !m record$ 9 ,g5esis1 & knew t ,god's days are aeons4 ,! argum5t is n1 ,god work$ on six natural days1 & re/$ on ! sev5?2 d y !re=e ! same4 ,su* an argum5t c\ld h no moral or religi\s =ce1 m especially z x c\ld n be affirm$ t ,god habitually works & re/s 9 ?is way4 ,! argum5t rea*es f> deep] & high]4 ,x is ?is4 ,god creat$ ! _w 9 six ( 8 days1 & on ! sev5? re/$1 & invit$ man 9 ,ed5 to ent] on 8 re/ z a p]petual ,sabba? ( happ9ess4 ,b man fell1 & lo/ ,god's ,sabba?4 ,!re=e a weekly ,sabba? 0 prescrib$ to him z a memorial ( :at he _h lo/1 & a pl$ge ( :at ,god has promis$ 9 ! r5ewal ( life & happ9ess ?r\gh our ,savi\r4 ,?us ! ,sabba? is ! c5tral po9t ( ! moral law--! ,gospel 9 ! ,decalogue--! connection betwe5 ,god & man ?r\gh ! promise ( r$emption4 ,x is ?is & ?is alone t gives x its true religi\s significance1 b is lo/ on ! natural-day !ory4 ,x w\ld f>!r seem t ?is view ( ! law 0 t ( our ,"l himself1 & 0 kn[n to ! ,jews ( 8 "t1 =1 :5 blam$ = heal+ a man on ! ,sabba?1 he says1 ,my ,fa!r worke? hi!rto1 & ,i "w--an argum5t ^: =ce dep5d$ on ! fact t ,god cont9ues to "w 9 8 provid5ce ?r\gh\t 8 long ,sabba?1 :i* has nev] be5 brok5 except by man4 ,f>!r1 ! writ] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews takes ?is view 9 argu+ z to ! re/ or ,sabbatism t rema9s to ! p ( ,god4 ,8 argum5t 7*ap4 iv41 #d7 may be /at$ ?us3 ,god f9i%$ 8 "w & ent]$ into 8 re/4 ,man1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fall1 fail$ to d s4 ,he has made sev]al attempts s9ce1 b unsuccessfully4 ,n[ ,*ri/ has f9i%$ 8 "w1 & has ent]$ into 8 ,sabba?1 & ?r\gh him we may ent] into t re/ ( ,god :i* o!rwise we c n atta9 to4 ,?is does n1 x is true1 ref] to ! keep+ ( a ,sabba?-day2 b x implies an und]/&+ ( ! ref]5ce to ,god's olamic ,sabba?1 & also implies t ,*ri/1 hav+ ent]$ into 8 ,sabbatism 9 heav51 gives u a w>rant = ! ,*ri/ian ,sabba? or ,"l's day1 :i* has ! same relation to ,*ri/'s pres5t ,sabbatism 9 heav5 t ! old ,sabba? _h to ,god's re/ f 8 "w ( creation4#di ,we may add to ^! consid]ations ! use ( ! ,greek t]m ,aion 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 = :at may be call$ "t-worlds z di/+ui%$ f space-worlds4 ,= example1 take ! expression 9 ,heb4 i41 #b3 ,8 ,son1 by :om he made ! worlds1 or1 lit]ally1 con/itut$ ! aeons--! long "t-worlds ( ! creation4 ,= ,god's worlds mu/ exi/ 9 "t z well z 9 space1 & bo? may to our m9ds alike appe> z inf9ities4 ,if1 !n1 we f9d t ,moses himself seems to h und]/ood 8 creative days z aeons1 t ! succe$+ ,old ,te/am5t writ]s favor ! same view1 t ?is view is ess5tial to ! true significance ( ! ,sabba? & ! ,"l's day1 & t x is su/a9$ by ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 !re is surely no ne$ = our cl++ to a m$iaeval notion :i* has no !ological value1 & is 9 opposition to ! facts ( nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 %\ld n ev5 *ildr5 be taught ^! gr& tru?s1 & l$ to contemplate ! great "w ( ,him :o is f aeon to aeon1 & to ?9k ( t ,sabbatism :i* he prep>$ = u1 & :i* he /ill (f]s to u 9 ! future1 9 connection ) ! succession ( worlds 9 "t reveal$ by geology1 & :i* rivals 9 gr&eur & p]haps exce$s 9 int]e/ ! ext5sion ( worlds 9 space reveal$ by a/ronomy4 ,9 tru?1 we %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! great revelations ( a/ronomy h too mu* habituat$ u to ?9k ( space-worlds r ?an "t-worlds1 :ile ! latt] idea 0 evid5tly dom9ant ) ! ,biblical writ]s z x is also ) mod]n geologi/s4 ,view$ z aeons--div9e days1 or "t-worlds--! days ( creation are ?us a reality = all ages2 & connect !mselves ) ! highe/ moral tea*+s ( ! ,bible 9 relation to ! fall ( man & ,god's plan = 8 re/oration1 begun 9 ?is sev5? aeon ( ! _w's long hi/ory1 & to be complet$ 9 t second div9e ,sabbatism1 secur$ by ! "w ( r$emption1 ! f9al re/ ( ! new heav5s & new e>?1 :i* rema9s = ! p ( ,god4 ,b suppos+ t ! inspir$ writ] int5d$ to say t ! _w 0 =m$ 9 six long p]iods ( "t1 c\ld n he h us$ "s o!r ^w ?an yom t w\ld h be5 liable to few] d\bts4 ,!re are words :i* might h be5 us$1 z1 = in/ance1 e?1 "t1 season1 or olam1 age1 anci5t "t1 et]nity4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 has ab\t x a want ( precision z to its beg9n+ & end :i* unfits x = ?is use2 ! latt] we h already se5 is us$ z equival5t to ! creative yom4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i am unable to f9d any in/ance :i* w\ld ju/ify me 9 affirm+ t1 on ! supposition t ,moses int5d$ long p]iods1 he c\ld h bett] express$ ! idea ?an by ! use ( ! ^w yom1 m especially if he & ^? to :om he wrote 7 famili> ) ! ?\ght1 pres]v$ to u 9 ! my?ology ( ! ,h9doos & ,p]sians1 & probably widely diffus$ 9 anci5t ,asia1 t a work+ day ( ! ,creator immeasurably transc5ds a work+ day ( man4#ej ,_m objections to ! view :i* ,i h ?us endeavor$ to support f int]nal evid5ce w at once occur to e intellig5t read] famili> ) ! lit]ature ( ?is subject4 ,i %all n[ attempt to give ! pr9cipal ( ^! objections a c&id consid]ation4 7#a47 ,x is object$ t ! "t occupi$ 9 ! "w ( creation is giv5 z a reason = ! obs]vance ( ! sev5? day z a ,sabba?2 & t ?is requires u to view ! days ( creation z lit]al days4 ,= 9 six days ,jehovah made ! heav5 & ! e>?1 ! sea & all t 9 !m is1 & re/$ on ! sev5? day2 !re=e ,jehovah bless$ ! ,sabba?-day & sanctifi$ x4 ,! argum5t us$ "h is1 h[ev]1 z we h already se51 "o ( analogy4 ,because ,god re/$ on 8 sev5? day1 he bless$ & sanctifi$ x1 & requir$ m5 9 l mann] to sanctify _! sev5? day4#ea ,n[1 if x %\ld appe> t ! work+ day ( ,god is n ! same ) ! work+ day ( man1 & t ! ,sabba? ( ,god is ( proportionate l5g? to 8 work+ day1 ! analogy is n weak5$2 m especially z we f9d ! same analogy ext5d$ to ! sev5? ye>4 ,if x %\ld be said1 ,god work$ 9 ! creation ( ! _w 9 six long ages1 & re/$ on ! sev5?1 !re=e man1 9 commemoration ( ?is fact1 & ( 8 own loss ( an int]e/ 9 ,god's re/ by ! fall1 %all sanctify ! sev5? ( 8 work+ days1 ! argum5t is /rong]1 ! example m intelligible1 ?an on ! common supposition4 ,?is objection is1 9 fact1 a piece ( p$antic hyp]or?odoxy :i* has too long be5 h&$ ab\t )\t inve/igation4 ,i may add to :at has be5 already said 9 ref]5ce to x1 ! foll[+ vigor\s ?ru/ by ,hugh ,mill]3#eb ,i c n avoid ?9k+ t _m ( our !ologians atta* a too n>r[ mean+ to ! rem>kable reason atta*$ to ! f\r? comm&m5t by ! div9e ,lawgiv]4 ,god re/$ on ! sev5? day1 says ! text1 f all 8 "w :i* he _h creat$ & made2 & ,god bless$ ! sev5? day & sanctifi$ x4 ,& su* is ! reason giv5 9 ! ,decalogue :y man %\ld re/ on ! ,sabba?-day4 ,god re/$ on ! ,sabba?-day & sanctifi$ x2 & !re=e man ought also to re/ on ! ,sabba? & keep x holy4 ,b ,i "k n :]e we %all f9d gr\nds = ! belief t ! ,sabba?-day dur+ :i* ,god re/$ 0 m]ely comm5surate ) "o ( ! ,sabba?s ( %ort-liv$ man--a brief p]iod measur$ by a s+le revolution ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,we h n1 z has be5 %[n1 a %ad[ ( evid5ce t he resum$ 8 "w ( creation on ! morr[2 ! geologi/ f9ds no trace ( po/-,adamic creation2 ! !ologian c tell u ( none4 ,god's ,sabba? ( re/ may /ill exi/2 ! "w ( r$emption may be ! "w ( 8 ,sabba?-day4 ,t elevatory process ?r\gh successive acts ( creation1 :i* engag$ him dur+ myriads ( ages1 0 ( an ord9>y week-day "*2 b :5 ! t]m ( 8 moral gov]nm5t began1 ! elevatory process peculi> to x assum$ ! div9e "* ( ! ,sabba?4 ,?is special view appe>s to l5d peculi> emphasis to ! reason embodi$ 9 ! comm&m5t4 ,! collation ( ! passage ) ! geologic record seems1 z if by a species ( retranslation1 to make x enunciate z its injunction1 ,keep ?is day1 n m]ely z a day ( memorial relat$ to a pa/ fact1 b also z a day ( co-op]ation ) ,god 9 ! "w ( elevation1 9 relation bo? to a pres5t fact & a future purpose4 ,god keeps 8 ,sabba?1 x says1 9 ord] t he may save2 keep y\rs also t ye may be sav$4 ,x s]ves besides to ?r[ light on ! prom95ce ( ! ,sabbatical comm&1 9 a dige/ ( law ( :i* no jot or tittle c pass away until ! fulfillm5t ( all ?+s4 ,dur+ ! pres5t dyna/y ( probation & trial1 t special "w ( bo? ,god & man on :i* ! "* ( ! future dyna/y dep5ds is ! ,sabba?-day "w ( sav+ & be+ sav$4 ,! common objection to t special view :i* reg>ds ! days ( creation z imm5sely protract$ p]iods ( "t1 furni%es a specim51 if n ( reason+ 9 a circle1 at lea/ ( reason+ f a m]e assumption4 ,x fir/ takes = grant$ t ! ,sabba?-day dur+ :i* ,god re/$ 0 a day ( b tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !n argues f ! supposition t1 9 ord] to keep up ! proportion betwe5 ! six previ\s work+ days & ! sev5? day ( re/1 :i* ! reason annex$ to ! f\r? comm&m5t dem&s1 ^! previ\s days mu/ also h be5 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*4 ,x w\ld1 ,i h begun to suspect1 squ>e bett] ) ! asc]ta9$ facts1 & be at lea/ equally 9 accordance ) ,scripture1 to rev]se ! process1 & argue t because ,god's work+ days 7 imm5sely protract$ p]iods1 8 ,sabba? also mu/ be an imm5sely protract$ p]iod4 ,! reason atta*$ to ! law ( ! ,sabba? seems to be simply a reason ( proportion3 ! objection to :i* ,i ref] is an objection palpably f\nd$ on consid]ations ( proportion1 & c]ta9ly 7 ! reason to be dive/$ ( proportion1 x w\ld be dive/$ also ( its di/9ctive "* z a reason4 ,7 x z foll[s1 x c\ld n be at all und]/ood3 ,six days %alt ?\ labor1 etc42 b on ! sev5? day %alt ?\ d no labor1 etc42 = 9 six imm5sely protract$ p]iods ( sev]al ?\s& ye>s ea* did ! ,"l make ! heav5s & ! e>?1 etc42 & !n re/$ dur+ a brief day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 !re=e ! ,"l bless$ ! brief day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs & hall[$ x4 ,?is1 ,i repeat1 w\ld n be reason4 ,all1 h[ev]1 t seems necess>y to ! integrity ( ! reason1 9 its "* z su*1 is t ! proportion ( six p>ts to sev5 %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,god's p]iods may be p]iods express$ algebraically by lett]s symbolical ( unkn[n quantities1 & man's p]iods by lett]s symbolical ( quantities well kn[n2 b if ,god's ,sabba? be equal to "o ( 8 six work+ days1 & man's ,sabba? equal to "o ( 8 six work+ days1 ! integrity ( proportion is ma9ta9$4 ,n only does ?is view ( ! case entirely remove ! objection1 b1 z we h already se51 x ?r[s a new light on ! nature & reason ( ! ,sabba?4 ,no good reason1 except t ( sett+ an example1 c be assign$ = ,god's re/+ = a lit]al day4 ,b if ,god's ,sabba? ( re/ f natural creation is /ill 9 progress1 & if our %ort ,sabba?s are symbolical ( ! "w ( t great ,sabba? 9 its pres5t gray morn+ & 9 its com+ glori\s noon1 !n may ! ,*ri/ian ?ank ?is "q1 incid5tally rais$ by geology & its long p]iods1 = a ray ( light :i* %9es along ! :ole c\rse ( ,scripture hi/ory1 f ! fir/ ,sabba? up to t f9al re/ :i* rema9e? = ! p ( ,god4#ec 7#b47 ,x is object$ t ev5+ & morn+ are ascrib$ to ! fir/ day4 ,?is has be5 already notic$2 x may "h be consid]$ m fully4 ,! ^w ev5+ 9 ! orig9al is lit]ally ! d>k5+1 ! sunset1 ! dusk4 ,morn+ is ! op5+ or break+ =? ( light--! daybreak4 ,x mu/ n be d5i$ t ! explanation ( ^! t]ms is att5d$ ) "s difficulty1 b ?is is n at all less5$ by n>r[+ ! day to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! fir/ op]ation ( ! fir/ day 0 ! creation ( light2 next we h ! ,creator contemplat+ 8 "w & pron\nc+ x to be good2 !n we h ! sep>ation ( ! light & d>kness1 previ\sly1 x is to be presum$1 int]mix$2 & all ?is )\t ! pres5ce ( a sun or o!r lum9>y4 ,:i* ( ^! op]ations occupi$ ! ev5+1 & :i* ! morn+1 if ! day consi/$ ( b tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 beg9n+1 accord+ to ,hebrew cu/om1 9 ! ev5+8 ,0 ! old primeval d>kness ! ev5+ or night1 & ! fir/ break+ =? ( light morn+8 ,?is is almo/ ! only view compatible ) ! ,hebrew civil day beg9n+ at ev5+1 b x w\ld at once l5g!n ! day beyond tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & contradict ! t]ms ( ! record4 ,aga91 7 ! sep>at$ light & d>kness ! morn+ & ev5+8 ,if s1 :y is ! ev5+ m5tion$ fir/1 contr>y to ! suppos$ facts ( ! case8 :y1 inde$1 are ! ev5+ & morn+ m5tion$ at all1 s9ce on t supposition ?is is m]ely a repetition8 ,la/ly1 %all we adopt ! +5i\s exp$i5t ( divid+ ! ev5+ & morn+ betwe5 two days1 & ma9ta9+ t ! ev5+ belongs to ! fir/ & ! morn+ to ! second day1 :i* w\ld deprive ! fir/ day ( a morn+1 & r5d] ! creative days1 :atev] _! l5g?1 altoge!r diff]5t f ,hebrew natural or civil days8 ,x is unnecess>y to pursue su* inquiries f>!r1 s9ce x is evid5t t ! t]ms ( ! record w n agree ) ! supposition ( natural ev5+ & morn+4 ,?is is ( itself a /rong presumption aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( civil days1 s9ce ! writ] 0 "u no necessity s to ^w ^! v]ses t !y w\ld n give any rational or connect$ s5se on ! supposition ( natural ev5+ & morn+1 unless he wi%$ to be o!rwise und]/ood4 ,b :at is ! mean+ ( ev5+ & morn+1 if ^! days 7 long p]iods8 ,"h few] difficulties meet u4 ,fir/3 ,x is readily conceivable t ! beg9n+ & end ( a p]iod nam$ a day %\ld be call$ ev5+ & morn+4 ,b :at made ! use ( ^! divisions necess>y or appropriate8 ,i answ] t nature & revelation bo? give gr\nds at lea/ to suspect t ! ev5+1 or e>li] "p ( ea* p]iod1 0 a "t ( comp>ative inaction1 sometimes ev5 ( retrogression1 & t ! latt] "p ( ea* p]iod 0 t ( its greate/ activity & p]fection4 ,?us1 on ! views /at$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 9 ! fir/ day !re 0 a "t :5 lum9\s matt]1 ei!r gradually conc5trat+ itself t[>d ! sun1 or surr\nd+ ! e>? itself1 %$ a dim b sl[ly increas+ light2 !n !re 7 day & night1 ! light increas+ 9 int5sity z1 t[>d ! end ( ! p]iod1 ! lum9\s matt] became m & m conc5trat$ ar\nd ! sun4 ,s 9 our own sev5? day1 ! e>li] "p 0 a "t ( deplorable retrogression1 & ?\gh ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness has aris51 we h se5 z yet only a dim & cl\dy morn+4 ,on ! !ory ( days ( vision1 z exp\nd$ by ,hugh ,mill]1 9 ! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks1 9 "o ( 8 noble/ passages1 ! ev5+ & night fall on ea* picture pres5t$ to ! se] l ! curta9 ( a /age4 ,secondly3 ,?\gh ! explanation /at$ above is ! mo/ probable1 ! hypo!sis ( long p]iods admits ( ano!r1 namely1 t ! writ] means to in=m u t ev5+ & morn+1 once e/abli%$ by ! sep>ation ( light f d>kness1 cont9u$ )\t cessation ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! p]iod--roll+ f ?is "t un9t]rupt$ly ar\nd our planet1 l ! seal cyl9d] ov] ! clay4#ed ,?is explanation is1 h[ev]1 less applicable to ! foll[+ days ?an to ! fir/4 ,nor does ?is accord ) ! curi\s fact t ! sev5? day1 :i*1 on ! hypo!sis ( long p]iods1 is /ill 9 progress1 is n said to h _h an ev5+ or morn+4 7#c47 ,x is object$ t ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis is n a poem nor a piece ( oratorical diction1 b a simple prosaic n>rative1 & consequ5tly t its t]ms mu/ be tak5 9 a lit]al s5se4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i urge t ! mo/ truly lit]al s5se ( ! ^w1 namely1 ! natural day1 is exclud$ by ! t]ms ( ! n>rative2 & t ! ^w may be receiv$ z a lit]al day ( ! ,creator1 9 ! s5se ( "o ( 8 work+ p]iods1 )\t involv+ ! use ( poetical diction1 & 9 h>mony ) ! word+ ( pla9 prosaic passages 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,bible4 ,examples ( ?is h already be5 giv54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true t1 ?\gh ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis is n /rictly poetical1 x is ?r[n into a metrical =m :i* admits ( "s approa* to a figurative expression 9 ! case ( a t]m ( ?is k9d4 7#d47 ,x has be5 urg$ t 9 cases :]e day is us$ to d5ote p]iod1 z 9 ! expressions day ( calamity1 etc41 ! adjuncts pla9ly %[ t x c n mean an ord9>y day4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i m]ely ref] to ! int]nal evid5ce already adduc$1 & to ! delib]ate "* ( ! /atem5ts1 9 ! mann] r ( ! description ( processes ?an ( acts4 ,! difficulties att5d+ ! explanation ( ! ev5+ & ! morn+1 & ! successive creation ( h]bivor\s & c>nivor\s animals1 are also /rong indications :i* %\ld s]ve "h to m>k ! s5se1 j z ! context does 9 ! cases above ref]r$ to4 7#e47 ,9 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock's valuable & popul> ,religion ( ,geology1 ,i f9d "s additional objections1 :i* des]ve notice z specim5s ( ! le>n$ trifles :i* pass curr5t among writ]s on ?is subject1 mu* to ! detrim5t ( s\nd ,scriptural lit]ature4 ,i give !m 9 ! words ( ! au?or4 #a4 ,f ,g5esis ii41 #e comp>$ ) ,g5esis i41 #aa & #ab1 x seems t x _h n ra9$ on ! e>? till ! ?ird day2 a fact altoge!r probable if ! days 7 ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b absurd if !y 7 long p]iods4 ,x /rikes u t ! absurdity "h is all on ! side ( ! %ort days4 ,:y %\ld any prom95ce be giv5 to a fact s common z ! lapse ( two ord9>y days )\t ra91 m especially if a region ( ! e>? & n ! :ole is ref]r$ to1 & 9 a docum5t prep>$ = a p resid+ 9 climates su* z ^? ( ,egypt & ,pale/9e4 ,b :at c\ld be m in/ructive & confirmatory ( ! tru? ( ! n>rative ?an ! fact t 9 ! two long p]iods :i* prec$$ ! =mation & cle>+ up ( ! atmosph]e or firmam5t1 on :i* ra9 dep5ds1 & ! elevation ( ! dry l&1 :i* s greatly modifies its di/ribution1 !re _h be5 no ra9 su* z n[ occurs4 ,?is is a mo/ important fact1 & "o ( ! m>k$ co9cid5ces ( ! record ) sci5tific tru?4 ,! objection1 !re=e1 m]ely %[s t ! ord9>y day hypo!sis t5ds to conv]t "o ( ! f9e/ int]nal h>monies ( ?is wond]ful hi/ory into an empty &1 9 "s respects1 absurd commonplace4 #b4 ,?is hypo!sis 7t days are long p]iods7 assumes t ,moses describes ! creation ( all ! animals & plants t h ev] liv$ on our globe4 ,b geology decides t ! species n[ liv+1 s9ce !y are n f\nd 9 ! rocks any l[] ?an man is1#ee c\ld n h be5 contemporane\s ) ^? 9 ! rocks1 b mu/ h be5 creat$ :5 man 0--t is1 9 ! six? day4 ,( su* a creation no m5tion is made 9 ,g5esis2 ! inf]5ce is t ,moses does n describe ! creation ( ! exi/+ races1 b only ( ^? t liv$ ?\s&s ( ye>s e>li]1 & ^: exi/5ce 0 sc>cely suspect$ till mod]n times4 ,:o w admit su* an absurdity8 ,9 answ] to ?is objection1 ,i rem>k t x is bas$ on a false assumption4 ,! hypo!sis ( long p]iods does n require u to assume t ,moses notices all ! animals & plants t h ev] liv$1 b on ! contr>y t he in=ms u only ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ea* great natural type 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms2 j z he in=ms u ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( dry l& on ! ?ird day1 b says no?+ ( ! *anges :i* x und]w5t on subsequ5t days4 ,?us plants 7 creat$ on ! ?ird day1 & ?\gh !y may h be5 sev]al times de/roy$ & r5ew$ z to g5]a & species1 we inf] t !y cont9u$ to exi/ 9 all ! succe$+ days1 ?\gh ! inspir$ hi/orian does n in=m u ( ! fact4 ,s also _m tribes ( animals 7 creat$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fif? day1 & x is q unnecess>y = u to be in=m$ t ^! tribes cont9u$ to exi/ ?r\gh ! six? day4 ,if ! days 7 long p]iods1 ! inspir$ writ] c\ld n h adopt$ any o!r c\rse1 unless he _h be5 in/ruct$ to write a treatise on ,palaeontology1 & to describe ! fauna & flora ( ea* successive p]iod ) _! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces4 #c4 ,?\gh !re is a g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! ord] ( creation z describ$ 9 ,g5esis & by geology1 yet :5 we look at ! details ( ! creation ( ! organic _w1 z requir$ by ?is hypo!sis1 we f9d manife/ discrepancy4 ,?us ! ,bible repres5ts plants only to h be5 creat$ on ! ?ird day1 & animals n till ! fif?2 & h5ce at lea/ ! l[] half ( ! fossilif]\s rocks ought to conta9 no?+ b vegetables4 ,:]eas 9 fact ! l[] half ( ^! rocks1 all bel[ ! c>bonif]\s1 al?\gh ab\nd+ 9 animals1 conta9 sc>cely any plants1 & ^! 9 ! l[e/ /rata fucoids or sea-we$s4 ,b ! ,mosaic acc\nt evid5tly describes fl[]+ & se$-be>+ plants1 n fl[]less & se$less algae4 ,aga91 reptiles are describ$ 9 ,g5esis z creat$ on ! fif? day2 b reptilia & batra*ians exi/$ z e>ly z ! "t :5 ! l[] c>bonif]\s & ev5 old r$ s&/one 7 9 c\rse ( deposition1 z _! tracks on ^? rocks 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,p5nsylvania ev9ce4#ef ,9 %ort1 if we ma9ta9 t ,moses describes fossils z well z liv+ species1 we f9d discrepancy in/ead ( correspond5ce betwe5 8 ord] ( creation & t ( geology4 ,9 ?is objection x is assum$ t ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>? goes back to ! ?ird day ( creation1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! dawn ( organic life4 ,none ( ! great] au?orities 9 geology w\ld1 h[ev]1 n[ v5ture to make su* an ass]tion1 & ! progress ( geology is rapidly mak+ ! contr>y m & m probable4 ,! fact is t1 on ! supposition t ! days ( creation are long p]iods1 ! :ole s]ies ( ! fossilif]\s rocks belongs to ! fif? & six? days2 & t = ! e>ly plant creation ( ! ?ird day1 & ! great physical *anges ( ! f\r?1 geology has no?+ z yet to %[1 except a mass ( metamorphos$ eozoic rocks :i* h hi!rto yield$ no fossils except a few ,protozoa2 b :i* conta9 va/ quantities ( c>bon 9 ! =m ( graphite1 :i* may be ! rema9s ( plants4 ,i h mu* pleasure 9 quot+1 z a fur!r answ] to ^! objections1 ! foll[+ f ,pr(essor ,dana3#eg ,accept+ ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis z true1 ! seem+ discrepancy betwe5 x & geology re/s ma9ly "h3 ,geology holds1 & has held f ! fir/1 t ! progress ( creation 0 ma9ly ?r\gh second>y causes2 = ! exi/5ce ( ! sci5ce presupposes ?is4 ,moses1 on ! contr>y1 0 ?\ght to su/a9 ! idea ( a simple fiat = ea* /ep4 ,grant ?is fir/ po9t to sci5ce1 & :at f>!r conflict is !re8 ,! "q ( ! l5g? ( "t1 x is repli$4 ,b n s2 = if we may take ! record z all[+ m ?an six days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! ,bible !n places no limit to "t4 ,! "q ( ! days & p]iods1 x is repli$ aga94 ,b ?is is ( little mom5t 9 comp>ison ) ! fir/ pr9ciple grant$4 ,^? :o admit ! l5g? ( "t & /& ^u days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs h to place geological "t be=e ! six days1 & !n assume a *aos & reord]+ ( creation1 on ! six-day & fiat pr9ciple1 aft] a previ\s creation t _h op]at$ = a long p]iod ?r\gh second>y causes4 ,o!rs take days z p]iods1 & ?us all[ ! requir$ "t1 admitt+ t creation 0 "o 9 progress1 a gr& :ole1 in/ead ( a fir/ creation except+ man by "o me?od1 & a second ) man by ! o!r4 ,?is is n[ ! rema9+ "q betwe5 ! !ologians & geologi/s2 = all ! m9or po9ts1 z to ! exact int]pretation ( ea* day1 d n affect ! g5]al concordance or discordance ( ! ,bible & sci5ce4 ,on ?is po9t geology is n[ explicit 9 its decision1 & inde$ has long be5 s4 ,x proves t !re 0 no return to *aos1 no great revolution1 t creation 0 beyond d\bt "o 9 its progress4 ,we "k t "s geologi/s h tak5 ! o!r view4 ,b x is only 9 ! capacity ( !ologians1 & n z geologi/s4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 9 plac+ ! great ev5ts ( geology betwe5 ! fir/ & second v]ses ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt1 did n pret5d t !re 0 a geological basis = su* an hypo!sis2 & no writ] s9ce has ev] br\ght =w>d ! fir/ fact 9 geology to support ! idea ( a re>rangem5t j be=e man2 n "o solit>y fact has ev] be5 appeal$ to4 ,! conclusion 0 on ,biblical gr\nds1 & n 9 any s5se on geological4 ,! be/ t ,buckl& c\ld say1 :5 he wrote tw5ty-five ye>s s9ce1 0 t geology did n absolutely disprove su* an hypo!sis2 & t c n be said n[4 ,x is (t5 ass]t$1 9 ord] to unsettle confid5ce 9 ^! p>ticul> tea*+s ( geology1 t geology is a *ang+ sci5ce4 ,9 ?is connection ! rem>k conveys an errone\s impression4 ,geology is a progressive sci5ce2 & all its progress t5ds to e/abli% m firmly ^! two pr9ciples3 7#a7 ,! sl[ progress ( creation ?r\gh second>y causes1 z expla9$2 & 7#b7 ! progress by p]iods analog\s to ! days ( ,g5esis4 ,i h1 ,i tru/1 %[n t ! pr9cipal objections to ! l5g!n+ ( ! ,mosaic days into great cosmical p]iods are ( a "* too light & sup]ficial to des]ve any reg>d4 ,i %all n[ endeavor to add to ! int]nal evid5ce previ\sly giv5 "s consid]ations ( an ext]nal "* :i* support ?is view4 #a4 ,! fact t ! creation 0 progressive1 t x proce$$ f ! =mation ( ! raw mat]ial ( ! univ]se1 ?r\gh successive /ages1 to ! p]fection ( liv+ organisms1 if we reg>d ! analogy ( ,god's op]ations z disclos$ 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>? & 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( nature1 mu/ impress u ) a suspicion t long p]iods 7 employ$ 9 ! "w4 ,god might h prep>$ ! e>? = man 9 an in/ant4 ,he did n *oose to d s1 b on ! contr>y proce$$ /ep by /ep2 & ! record he has giv5 u does n receive its full significance nor atta9 its full h>mony ) ! c\rse ( geological hi/ory1 unless we c und]/& ea* day ( ! creative week z includ+ a long succession ( ages4 #b4 ,we h1 z already expla9$1 reason to believe t ! sev5? day at lea/ has be5 ( long duration4 ,at ! close ( ! six?1 ,god re/$ f all 8 "w ( mat]ial creation1 & we h z yet no evid5ce t he has resum$ x4 ,nei!r !ologians nor evolutioni/s w1 ,i presume1 desire to ma9ta9 t any /rictly creative acts h occurr$ 9 ! mod]n p]iod ( geology4 ,we "k t ! pres5t day1 if x is ! sev5?1 has la/$ already = at lea/ six ?\s& ye>s1 &1 if we may judge f ! te/imony ( prophecy1 has yet a long space to run1 be=e x m]ges 9 t new heav5 & new e>? = :i* all believ]s look1 & :i* w con/itute ! fir/ day ( an endless sabbatism4 #c4 ,! philosophical & religi\s sy/ems ( _m anci5t nations af=d intimations ( ! some:at ext5sive preval5ce 9 anci5t times ( ! notion ( long creative p]iods1 correspond+ to ! ,mosaic days4 ,^! notions1 9 s f> z !y are bas$ on tru?1 are probably d]iv$ f ! ,mosaic n>rative itself1 or f ! primitive patri>*al docum5ts :i* may h =m$ ! basis ( t n>rative4 ,!y are1 no d\bt1 all m or less g>bl$ v]sions1 & c n be reg>d$ z ( any au?ority1 b !y s]ve to %[ :at 0 ! int]pretation ( ! docum5t 9 a v remote antiquity4 ,i h collect$ f a v>iety ( s\rces ! foll[+ examples3 ,! anci5t my?ology ( ,p]sia appe>s to h _h six creative p]iods1 ea* app>5tly ( a ?\s& ye>s1 & correspond+ v ne>ly ) ! ,mosaic days4#eh ,! ,*aldeans _h a simil> sy/em1 to :i* 9 a previ\s *apt] we h already ref]r$4 ,! ,etruscans possess$ a hi/ory ( ! creation1 some:at resembl+ t ( ! ,bible1 & repres5t+ ! creation z occupy+ six p]iods ( a ?\s& ye>s ea*4#ei ,! ,egyptians believ$ t ! _w _h be5 subject to a s]ies ( de/ructions & r5ewals1 ! int]vals betwe5 :i* am\nt$ to #abj1jjj ye>s1 or1 accord+ to o!r au?orities1 to #cjj1jjj or #cfj1jjj ye>s4 ,?is sy/em ( de/ruction & r5ewal ! ,egyptian prie/s appe> to h wr\ght out into consid]able detail1 b ?\gh important tru?s may be conceal$ "u _! my/]i\s dogmas1 x w n repay u to dwell on ! fragm5ts t rema9 ( !m4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t at lea/ ! basis ( ! ,egyptian cosmogony mu/ h be5 ! common prop]ty ( all ! ,hamite nations1 ( :i* ,egypt 0 ! greate/ & mo/ p]man5t2 & !re=e 9 all probability d]iv$ f ! ideas ( creation :i* 7 curr5t n long aft] ! ,deluge4 ,! ,egyptians appe> also1 z already /at$1 to h _h a physical cosmogony1 beg9n+ ) a *aos 9 :i* heav5 & e>? 7 m+l$1 & f :i* 7 evolv$ fi]y matt]s :i* asc5d$ into ! heav5s1 & moi/ e>?y matt]s :i* =m$ ! e>? & ! sea2 & f ^! 7 produc$1 by ! ag5cy ( sol> heat1 ! v>i\s animals4 ,! t]ms ( ?is cosmogony1 z x is giv5 by ,diodorus ,siculus1 indicate ! belief ( long =mative p]iods4#fj ,! ,h9doos h a some:at ext5d$1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ! translations1 a n v intelligible cosmogony4 ,x pla9ly1 h[ev]1 ass]ts long p]iods ( creative "w1 & is int]e/+ z an anci5t cosmogony pres]v$ entire & )\t transmission ?r\gh second>y *annels4 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y1 9 s f> z ,i h be5 able to ga!r x1 f ! translation ( ! ,in/itutes ( ,m5u by ,sir ,w4 ,jones4#fa ,! introduction to ! ,in/itutes repres5ts ,m5u z que/ion$ by ! div9e sages respect+ ! laws t %\ld regulate all classes or ca/es4 ,he proce$s to detail ! c\rse ( creation1 /at+ t ! ,self-exi/+ ,p[]1#fb undiscov]$1 b mak+ ?is _w disc]nible1 ,he :om ! m9d alone c p]ceive1 ^: ess5ce eludes ! ext]nal s5ses1 :o has no visible p>ts1 :o exi/s f et]nity1 ev5 ! s\l ( all be+1 :om no be+ c compreh5d1 %one =? 9 p]son4 ,aft] giv+ ?is exalt$ view ( ! ,creator1 ! writ] proce$s to /ate t ! ,self-exi/5t creat$ ! wat]s1 & !n an egg1 f :i* he himself comes =? z ,brahma ! =efa!r ( spirits4 ,! wat]s are call$ ,n>a because !y are ! production ( ,n>a1 ! _s ( ,god1 & s9ce !y 7 8 fir/ ,ayana1 or place ( motion1 he !nce is nam$ ,n>ayana1 or mov+ on ! wat]s4 ,9 ! egg ,brahma rema9$ a ye>1 & caus$ ! egg to divide1 =m+ ! heav5 above & ! e>? b5ea?1 & ! subtile e!r1 ! eight regions1 & ! receptacle ( wat]s betwe54 ,he !n drew =? f ! supreme s\l m9d ) all its p[]s & prop]ties4 ,! re/ ( ! acc\nt appe>s to be v confus$1 & ,i confess to a great ext5t un9telligible to me4 ,!re foll[s1 h[ev]1 a cont9uation ( ! n>rative1 /at+ t !re is a succession ( sev5 ,m5us1 ea* ( :om produces & supports ! e>? dur+ 8 reign4 ,x is 9 ! acc\nt ( ^! successive ,m5us t ! foll[+ /atem5t respect+ ! days & ye>s ( ,brahma occurs3 ,a day ( ! ,gods is equal to a ye>4 ,f\r ?\s& ye>s ( ! ,gods are call$ a ,critya or ,satya age4 ,f\r ages are an age ( ! ,gods4 ,"o ?\s& div9e ages 7equal to m ?an f\r millions ( human ye>s7 are a day ( ,brahma ! ,creator4 ,sev5ty-two div9e ages are "o manwant>a4 99 99 99 ,! aggregate ( f\r ages !y call a div9e age1 & believe t 9 e ?\s& su* ages1 or 9 e day ( ,brahma1 f\rte5 ,m5us are successively inve/$ ) ! sov]eignty ( ! e>?4 ,ea* ,m5u !y suppose transmits 8 au?ority to 8 sons & gr&sons dur+ a p]iod ( sev5ty-two div9e ages1 & su* a p]iod !y call a manwant>a4 ,?irty su* days 7( ! ,creator71 or calpas1 con/itute a mon? ( ,brahma2 twelve su* mon?s "o ( 8 ye>s1 & #ajj su* ye>s 8 age1 ( :i* !y ass]t t fifty ye>s h elaps$4 ,we are ?us1 accord+ to ! ,h9doos1 9 ! fir/ day or calpa ( ! fifty-fir/ ye> ( ,brahma's life1 & 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? div9e age ( ! sev5? manwant>a ( t day4 ,9 ! pres5t day ( ,brahma ! fir/ ,m5u 0 nam$ ! ,son ( ! ,self-exi/5t1 & by him ! in/itutes ( religion & civil duties are said to h be5 deliv]$4 ,9 8 "t occurr$ a new creation call$ ! ,lotos creation4 ,( five ,m5us :o succe$$ him1 ,sir ,william c\ld f9d little b ! names1 b ! acc\nts ( ! sev5? are v full1 & x appe>s t 9 8 reign ! e>? 0 de/roy$ by a flood4 ,sir ,william sugge/s t ! fir/ ,m5u may repres5t ! creation1 & t ! sev5? may be ,noah4 ,! "n ,m5u or ,manu is equival5t to man1 & signifies ! intellig5t4#fc ,9 ?is ,h9doo cosmogony we h _m po9ts ( correspond5ce ) ! ,scripture n>rative3 = in/ance1 ! ,self-exi/5t ,creator2 ! ag5cy ( ! ,son ( ,god & ! ,holy ,_s2 ! absolute creation ( matt]2 ! hov]+ ( ! ,_s ov] ! primeval wat]s2 ! sev5fold division ( ! creative process2 & ! idea ( days ( ! ,creator ( imm5se duration4 ,if we suppose ! day ( ,brahma 9 ! ,h9doo cosmogony to repres5t ! ,mosaic day1 !n x am\nts to no less ?an #d1cbj1jjj ye>s2 or if1 ) ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 we suppose ! manwant>a to repres5t ! ,mosaic day1 its duration w be #cjh1ega ye>s2 & ! total antiquity ( ! e>?1 )\t c\nt+ ! undef9$ beg9n+1 w be ei!r m ?an tw5ty-five or ?an two millions ( ye>s4 ,x w\ld be folly1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ^! ,h9doo numb]s1 :i* are probably purely conjectural1 or bas$ on a/ronomical cycles1 make any ne> approximation to ! facts ( ! case4 ,! ,in/itutes ( ,m5u are probably 9 _! pres5t =m n ( great antiquity1 b !re are o!r ,h9doo docum5ts ( great] age :i* ma9ta9 simil> views1 & x is probable t ! acc\nt ( ! creation 9 ! ,in/itutes is at lea/ an imp]fect v]sion ( ! orig9al n>rative z x exi/$ among ! e>lie/ coloni/s ( ,india4#fd ,x corresponds 9 _m po9ts ) ! olde/ notions on ^! subjects t rema9 to u 9 ! wrecks ( ! my?ology ( ,egypt & o!r anci5t nations1 & x aids 9 prov+ t ! fabul\s ages ( gods & demigods 9 ! anci5t my?ologies are really pre-,adamite2 & belong n to human hi/ory1 b to ! "w ( creation4 ,x also %[s t ! idea ( long creative p]iods z equival5ts ( ! ,mosaic days mu/1 9 ! infancy ( ! po/diluvian _w1 h be5 v widely diffus$4 ,su* evid5ce is1 no d\bt1 ( small au?ority 9 ! int]pretation ( ,scripture2 b x mu/ be admitt$ t s]i\s consid]ation is due to a me?od ( int]pretation :i* ?us t5ds to br+ ! ,mosaic acc\nt into h>mony ) ! facts ( mod]n sci5ce1 & ) ! belief ( almo/ univ]sal antiquity1 & at ! same "t gives x its fulle/ significance & mo/ p]fect int]nal symmetry ( p>ts4 ,x is also v int]e/+ to note ! wide diffusion among ! mo/ anci5t nations ( cosmological views id5tical 9 _! ma9 features ) ^? ( ! ,bible1 prov+1 almo/ beyond d\bt1 t ^! views _h "s common & v anci5t s\rce1 & comm&$ univ]sal belief among ! primitive tribes ( m54 ,i h hi!rto 9 ?is "p ( ! discussion avoid$ detail$ ref]5ce to :at may be reg>d$ z ! prophetic day view ( ! n>rative ( creation4 ,?is may be %ortly /at$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! prophetical p>ts ( ,scripture ! prophet sees 9 vision1 z 9 a picture or act$ sc5e1 ! ev5ts t are to come to pass1 & 9 consequ5ce repres5ts ye>s or long] p]iods by days ( vision4 ,n[ ! revelation ( ! pre-,adamite pa/ is 9 its nature ak9 to t ( ! unkn[n future2 & ,moses may h se5 ^! wondr\s ev5ts 9 vision--9 visions ( successive days--"u ! guise ( :i* he pres5ts geological "t4 ,"s ?+s 9 ! =m ( ! n>rative favor ?is view1 & x c]ta9ly af=ds ! mo/ cle>ly intelligible !ory z to ! mode 9 :i* su* a revelation may h be5 made to man4 ,x is advocat$ by ,kurtz1 by ! au?or ( an excell5t little "w1 ! ,h>mony ( ! ,mosaic & ,geological ,records1 by ,hugh ,mill]1 & m rec5tly by ,tayl] ,lewis4 ,to ^! writ]s ,i mu/ ref] = its m full illu/ration1 & = ! gr& pictorial view :i* x gives ( ! vision ( ! creative week4 ,9 review+ ! some:at l5g?y tra9 ( reason+ into :i* ! t]m day has l$ u1 x appe>s t f int]nal evid5ce alone x c be r5d]$ probable t ! day ( creation is nei!r ! natural nor ! civil day4 ,x also appe>s t ! objections urg$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( day-p]iods are ( no weight :5 prop]ly scrut9iz$1 & t x h>monizes ) ! progressive nature ( ! "w1 ! evid5ce ( geology1 & ! cosmological notions ( anci5t nations4 ,i d n suppose t ?is position has be5 incontrov]tibly e/abli%$2 b ,i believe t e s]i\s difficulty has be5 remov$ f its acceptance2 & ) ?is1 = ! pres5t1 ,i rema9 satisfi$4 ,e /ep ( our subsequ5t progress w af=d new crit]ia ( its tru? or fallacy4 ,"o fur!r "q ( "s int]e/ is--,:at1 accord+ to ! !ory ( long creative days & ! te/imony ( geology1 w\ld be ! l5g? & precise cosmical nature ( ^! days8 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ "p ( ! "q1 we d n "k ! actual value ( our geological ages 9 "t2 b x is probable t ea* great creative aeon may h ext5d$ ?r\gh millions ( ye>s4 ,z to ! nature ( ! days1 ?is may h be5 det]m9$ by direct volitions ( ! ,creator1 or indirectly by "s ( ^? great a/ronomical cycles :i* arise f ! v>y+ ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 or ! dim9ution ( ! velocity ( its rotation1 or by its gradual cool+4 ,) ref]5ce to ^! po9ts1 sci5ce has z yet little in=mation to give4 ,sir ,william ,?omson has1 inde$1 indicat$ = ! "t s9ce ! e>?'s cru/ fir/ began to =m a p]iod ( betwe5 "o & two hundr$ millions ( ye>s2 b ,pr(essor ,gu?rie ,tait1 on ! o!r h&1 argues t t5 or fifte5 millions ( ye>s are probably suffici5t1#fe & ,locky] has sugge/$ an hypo!sis ( successive rek9dl+s ( ! sol> heat :i* might give a m protract$ "t ?an t ( ,?omson4 ,"s ( ! hypo!ses ( d]ivation curr5t1 b :i* are bas$ r on philosophical speculation ?an on sci5tific fact1 w\ld also require a long] "t ?an t all[$ by ,?omson2 & x is to be regrett$ t "s geologi/s1 by giv+ cr$5ce to su* hypo!ses ( d]ivation1 & by loose reason+ on ! "t requir$ = ! d5udation & deposition ( rocks1 h be5 induc$ to commit !mselves to v extravagant e/imates z to geological "t4 ,on ! :ole1 x is evid5t t only ! mo/ vague guesses c at pres5t be bas$ on ! facts 9 our possession1 ?\gh ! :ole "t requir$ has unque/ionably be5 v great1 ! deposition ( ! s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks probably requir+ at lea/ ! great] "p ( ! m9imum "t all[$ by ,?omson4#ff ,z to ! cosmical nature ( ! p]iods1 :ile "s geologi/s appe> to reg>d ! :ole ( geological "t z a cont9u\s evolution )\t any breaks1 x is evid5tly m 9 accordance ) facts to hold t !re h be5 cycles ( repose & activity succe$+ ea* o!r1 & t ^! h be5 ( diff]5t grades4 ,9 ! succession ( deposits x is pla9 t p]iods ( depression & upheaval common to all ! cont95tal masses h succe$$ ea* o!r at some:at regul> int]vals1 & t )9 ^! p]iods !re h be5 alt]nations ( cold] & w>m] climates4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n equal to ! creative days ( our record1 = !y are greatly m num]\s4 ,!y are b ! va/ly protract$ h\rs ( ^! almo/ endless days4 ,beyond & above ^! !re is ano!r grade ( geological p]iod1 m>k$ n by m]e gradual elevation & depression ( ! cont95tal areas1 b by va/ crumpl+s ( ! e>?'s cru/ & enorm\s *anges ( level4 ,su* a great movem5t unque/ionably clos$ ! ,eozoic p]iod ( geology4 ,ano!r ( less magnitude occurr$ 9 :at is t]m$ ! ,p]mian age at ! end ( ! ,palaeozoic4 ,a ?ird t]m9at$ ! ,mesozoic age1 & introduc$ ! ,t]ti>y or ,ka9ozoic4 ,p]haps we %\ld reckon ! glacial age1 ?\gh *>act]iz$ by f> less physical *ange ?an ! o!rs1 z a f\r?4 ,! possible physical causes :i* h be5 sugge/$ = su* great] di/urbances are ! collapses ( ! cru/ 9 equatorial regions1 :i* may be suppos$ to h result$ at long int]vals ( "t1 f ! gradual ret>dation ( ! e>?'s rotation caus$ by ! tides1 or ! simil> collapses & o!r *anges due to ! %r9kages ( ! e>?'s int]ior caus$ by its gradual cool+1 & to ! unequal deposition ( mat]ial by wat] on diff]5t p>ts ( its surface4#fg ,! m full discussion ( ^! po9ts belongs1 h[ev]1 to a future *apt]4 ,^! great] movem5ts ( ! cru/1 w\ld1 z already /at$1 co9cide to "s ext5t ) ! lat] creative days 9 ! mann] indicat$ bel[3 ,collapse ( cru/ at close ( ,close ( ,f\r? ,a,eon1 ,eozoic ,"t1 & beg9n+ ( ,fif?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,collapse 9 ,p]mian ,p]iod & ,middle ( ,fif? ,a,eon4 end ( ,palaeozoic ,"t1 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,great subsid5ce & collapse ,close ( ,fif? ,a,eon1 & beg9n+ at close ( ,mesozoic ,age1 ( ,six?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,great subsid5ce ( ! ,end ( ,six? ,a,eon4 ,plei/oc5e or ,glacial ,age1 ,! "q recurs--,:y are ,god's days s long8 ,he is n l u1 a be+ ( ye/]day4 ,he is f ,olam to ,olam1 & ev5 9 human hi/ory "o day is ) him z a ?\s& ye>s2 & we :o live 9 ^! lat] days ( ! _w "k full well h[ sl[ ! m>* ( 8 plan has be5 ev5 9 human hi/ory4 ,we %all "k 9 ! endless ages ( a future et]nity t ev5 to u ^! long creative days may at la/ become b z wat*es 9 ! night4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,& ,god said1 ,let !re be an expanse betwe5 ! wat]s2 & let x sep>ate ! wat]s f ! wat]s4 ,& ,god made ! expanse1 & sep>at$ ! wat]s :i* are "u ! expanse f ! wat]s :i* are ov] ! expanse3 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god call$ ! expanse ,heav54 ,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! second day4--,g5esis i4 #f-h4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! p]iod to :i* we are n[ introduc$ ! e>? 0 cov]$ by ! wat]s1 & ^! 7 9 su* a condition t !re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 ! seas & ! cl\ds4 ,no atmosph]e sep>at$ !m1 or1 9 o!r words1 d5se fogs & mi/s ev]y:]e re/$ on ! surface ( ! primeval ocean4 ,to und]/& z f> z possible ! precise condition ( ! e>?'s surface at ?is p]iod1 x w be necess>y to notice ! pres5t con/itution ( ! atmosph]e1 especially 9 its relations to aque\s vapor4 ,! regul> & con/ant con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e are ! elem5ts oxyg5 & nitrog51 :i*1 at ! temp]ature & pressure exi/+ on ! surface ( our globe1 are p]man5tly a]i=m or gase\s4 ,beside ^! gases1 ! air always conta9s a quantity ( ! vapor ( wat] 9 a p]fectly a]i=m & transp>5t condition4 ,?is vapor is n1 h[ev]1 p]man5tly gase\s4 ,at all temp]atures bel[ #bab degrees x t5ds to ! liquid /ate2 & its ela/ic =ce1 :i* pres]ves its p>ticles 9 ! sep>at$ /ate ( vapor1 increases or dim9i%es at a m rapid rate ?an ! increase or dim9ution ( temp]ature4 ,h5ce ! quantity ( vapor t c be susp5d$ 9 cle> air dep5ds on ! temp]ature ( ! air itself4 ,z ! temp]ature ( ! air rises1 its p[] ( su/a9+ vapor increases m rapidly ?an its temp]ature2 & z ! temp]ature ( ! air falls1 ! ela/ic =ce ( its conta9$ vapor dim9i%es 9 a great] ratio1 until x c exi/ z an invisible vapor no long]1 b becomes cond5s$ into m9ute bubbles or globules1 =m+ cl\d1 mi/1 or ra94 ,two o!r circum/ances op]ate along ) ^! prop]ties ( air & vapor4 ,! heat radiat$ f ! e>?'s surface causes ! l[] /rata ( air to be1 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 w>m] ?an ! high]2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 w>m air1 be+ light] ?an t :i* is cold]1 ! w>m lay] ( air at ! surface cont9ually t5ds to rise ?r\gh & above ! cold] curr5ts imm$iately ov] x4 ,let u consid] ! op]ation ( ! causes ?us r\ghly sket*$ 9 a column ( calm air4 ,! l[] portion becomes w>m$1 & if 9 contact ) wat] takes up a quantity ( its vapor proportion$ to ! temp]ature1 or 9 ord9>y circum/ances some:at less ?an ?is proportion4 ,x !n t5ds to asc5d1 & z x rises & becomes mix$ ) cold] air x gradually loses its p[] ( su/a9+ moi/ure1 & at a height proportion$ to ! dim9ution ( temp]ature & ! quantity ( vapor orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! air1 x beg9s to "p ) wat]1 :i* becomes cond5s$ 9 ! =m ( mi/ or cl\d2 & ! surface at :i* ?is precipitation takes place is (t5 /ill m di/9ctly m>k$ :5 two masses or lay]s ( air at diff]5t temp]atures become int]mix$2 9 :i* case1 on ! pr9ciple already /at$1 ! mean temp]ature produc$ is unable to su/a9 ! vapor prop] to ! two extremes1 & moi/ure is precipitat$4 ,x ?us happ5s t lay]s ( cl\d accumulate 9 ! atmosph]e1 :ile betwe5 !m & ! surface !re is a /ratum ( cle> air4 ,fogs & mi/s are 9 ! pres5t /ate ( nature exceptional appe>ances1 dep5d+ g5]ally on local causes1 & %[+ :at ! _w might be b = t balanc+ ( temp]ature & ! ela/ic =ce ( vapor :i* con/itutes ! atmosph]ic firmam5t4#fh ,! quantity ( wat] ?us susp5d$ ov] ! e>? is enorm\s4 ,:5 we see a cl\d resolve itself into ra91 & p\r out ?\s&s ( gallons ( wat]1 we c n compreh5d h[ x c float 9 ! atmosph]e4#fi ,! explanation is--#a/1 ! extreme levity ( ! m9ute globules1 :i* causes !m to fall v sl[ly2 #b;d1 !y are support$ by curr5ts ( air1 especially by ! asc5d+ curr5ts develop$ bo? 9 /ill air & 9 /orms2 #c;dly1 cl\ds are (t5 dissolv+ on "o side & =m+ on ano!r4 ,a cl\d gradually desc5d+ may be dissolv+ away by evaporation at ! base z fa/ z new matt] is be+ add$ above4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an asc5d+ w>m curr5t ( air may be con/antly deposit+ moi/ure at ! base ( ! cl\d1 & ?is may be evaporat+ "u ! sol> rays above4 ,9 ?is case a cl\d is m]ely ! visible =m ( an a]ial space1 9 :i* c]ta9 processes are at ! mom5t 9 equilibrium1 & all ! p>ticles 9 a /ate ( upw>d movem5t4#gj ,b s soon z cond5sation m>k$ly exce$s evaporation1 ra9 falls1 & ! atmosph]e dis*>ges its va/ load ( wat]--h[ va/ we may ga!r f ! fact t ! wat]s ( all ! riv]s are b a "p ( ! ov]fl[+s ( ! great atmosph]ic res]voir4 ,god b9ds up ! wat]s 9 8 ?ick cl\d1 & ! cl\d is n r5t "u !m4 ,x is ?us t ! t]re/rial wat]s are divid$ into ^? above & ^? bel[ t expanse ( cle> air 9 :i* we live & move1 exempt f ! d5se1 d>k mi/s ( ! e>?'s e>li] /ate1 yet enjoy+ ! b5efits ( ! cl\dy curta9 t veils ! burn+ sun1 & ( ! cl\dy res]voirs t drop d[n ra9 to n\ri% e gre5 ?+4 ,we h no reason to suppose t ! laws :i* regulate mixtures ( gases & vapors did n prevail 9 ! p]iod 9 "q4 ,x is probable t ^! laws are z old z ! creation ( matt]2 b ! condition ( our e>? up to ! second day mu/ h be5 su* z prev5t$ !m f op]at+ z at pres5t4 ,su* a condition might possibly be ! result ( an excessive evaporation occasion$ by int]nal heat4 ,! int]ior ( ! e>? /ill rema9s 9 a heat$ /ate1 & includes l>ge subt]ranean res]voirs ( melt$ rock1 z is prov$ by ! increase ( temp]ature 9 deep m9es & bor+s1 & by ! widely ext5d$ ph5om5a ( hot spr+s & volcanic action4 ,at ! p]iod 9 "q ! int]nal temp]ature ( ! e>? 0 probably va/ly great] ?an at pres5t1 & p]haps ! :ole int]ior ( ! globe may h be5 9 a /ate ( igne\s fluidity4 ,at ! same "t ! ext]nal solid cru/ may h be5 ?91 & x 0 n fractur$ & ?ick5$ 9 places by ! upheaval ( m\nta9 *a9s or ! deposition ( great & unequal %eets ( s$im5t2 =1 z ,i may aga9 rem9d ! read]1 ! primitive *aos did n consi/ ( a confus$ accumulation ( rocky masses1 b ! e>?'s cru/ mu/ !n h be5 m smoo? & unbrok5 ?an at any subsequ5t p]iod4 ,?is be+ ! int]nal condition ( ! e>?1 x is q conceivable1 )\t any violation ( ! exi/+ laws ( nature1 t ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 w>m$ by int]nal heat1 may h s5t up a suffici5t quantity ( vapor to keep ! l[] /rata ( air 9 a con/ant /ate ( saturation1 & to occasion an equally con/ant precipitation ( moi/ure f ! cold] /rata above4 ,?is w\ld m]ely be ! univ]sal op]ation ( a cause simil> to t :i* n[ produces fogs at ! nor!rn limit ( ! ,atlantic ,gulf ,/ream1 & 9 o!r localities :]e curr5ts ( w>m wat] fl[ "u or ne> to cool] air4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s is m conceivable 9 a globe cov]$ ) wat]1 & consequ5tly de/itute ( ! dry & p[]fully radiat+ surfaces :i* l& pres5ts1 & receiv+ f )\t ! rays1 n ( a sol> orb1 b ( a comp>atively feeble & diffus$ lum9\s e!r4 ,! cont9u$ action ( ^! causes w\ld gradually cool ! e>?'s cru/ & its incumb5t wat]s1 until ! heat f )\t prepond]at$ ov] t f )91 :5 ! result /at$ 9 ! text w\ld be effect$4 ,! /atem5ts ( our primitive au?ority = ?is condition ( ! e>? might also be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t ! p]man5tly gase\s "p ( ! atmosph]e did n at ! p]iod 9 "q exi/ 9 its pres5t /ate1 b t x 0 on ! second day actually elaborat$ & caus$ to take its place 9 sep>at+ ! atmosph]ic f ! oceanic wat]s4 ,! fir/ is by f> ! m probable view2 b we may /ill apply to su* speculations ! words ( ,elihu1 ! fri5d ( ,job3 ,/& /ill & consid] ! wond]ful works ( ,god4 ,do/ ?\ "k :5 ,god disposes !m1 ,& ! lightn+ ( 8 cl\d %9es =?8 ,do/ ?\ "k ! pois+ ( ! d>k cl\ds1 ,! wond]ful works ( ! ,p]fect 9 k8 ,we may n[ consid] ! words 9 :i* ?is great improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ! e>? is record$4 ,! ,hebrew t]m = ! atmosph]e is ,rakiah1 lit]ally1 some?+ exp&$ or beat5 out--an expanse4 ,x is r5d]$ 9 our v]sion firmam5t1 a ^w convey+ ! notion ( support & fixity1 & 9 ! ,septuag9t ,/]eoma1 a ^w hav+ a simil> mean+4 ,! idea convey$ by ! ,hebrew ^w is n1 h[ev]1 t ( /r5g?1 b ( ext5t2 or z ,milton--! mo/ accurate ( expositors ( ^! words--has x3 ,! firmam5t1 expanse ( liquid1 pure1 ,transp>5t1 elem5tal air1 diffus$ ,9 circuit to ! utt]mo/ convex ,( ?is great r\nd4 ,t ?is 0 really ! way 9 :i* ?is ^w 0 und]/ood by ! ,hebrews appe>s f sev]al passages ( ! ,bible4 ,job says ( ,god1 ,:o alone spreade? out ! heav5s4#ga ,david1 9 ! #ajd? ,psalm1 :i* is a poetical p>aphrase ( ! hi/ory ( creation1 speaks ( ! ,creator z /ret*+ out ! heav5s z a curta94 ,9 lat] writ]s1 z ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 simil> expressions occur4 ,! notion ( a solid or ar*$ firmam5t 0 probably altoge!r remote f ! m9ds ( ^! writ]s4 ,su* beliefs may h prevail$ at ! "t :5 ! ,septuag9t translation 0 made1 b ,i h no hesitation 9 affirm+ t no trace ( !m c be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 ,i may ref] to "s ( ! passages :i* h be5 cit$ z af=d+ ! /ronge/ in/ances ( ?is k9d ( accommodation4 ,9 ,exodus xxiv41 #aj1 we are told1 ,& !y saw ! ,god ( ,israel1 & "u 8 feet z x 7 a pav$ "w ( sapphire1 & z x 7 ! heav5 itself 9 its cle>ness4 ,?is is evid5tly a comp>ison ( ! pavem5t se5 "u ! feet ( ,jehovah to a sapphire 9 its color1 & to ! heav5s 9 its transp>5cy4 ,! int5tion ( ! writ] is n to give in=mation respect+ ! heav5s1 or to lik5 !m ei!r to a pavem5t or a sapphire2 all t we c inf] is t he believ$ ! heav5s to be cle> or transp>5t4 ,job m5tions ! pill>s ( heav51 b ! connection %[s t ?is is m]ely a poetical expression = l(ty m\nta9s4 ,! e>?quake causes ^! pill>s ( heav5 to tremble4 ,we are in=m$ 9 ! book ( ,job t ,god ties up 8 wat]s 9 8 ?ick cl\d1 & ! cl\d is n r5t "u !m4 ,we are also told ( ! treasures ( sn[ & ! treasures ( hail1 & ra9 is call$ ! bottles ( heav51 & is said to be p\r$ out ( ! lattices ( heav54 ,i recognize 9 all ^! m]e poetical figures1 n int5d$ to be lit]ally und]/ood4 ,"s le>n$ writ]s wi% u to believe t ! int5tion ( ! ,bible 9 ^! places is actually to tea* t ! cl\ds are conta9$ 9 sk9 bottles1 or some?+ simil>1 & t !y are empti$ ?r\gh hat*es 9 a solid firmam5t4 ,to f\nd su* a belief1 h[ev]1 on a few figurative /atem5ts1 seems ridicul\s1 especially :5 we consid] t ! writ]s ( ! ,scriptures %[ !mselves to be well acqua9t$ ) nature1 & w\ld n be likely on any acc\nt to deviate s f> f ! ord9>y te/imony ( ! s5ses2 m especially z by do+ s !y w\ld enable e unlett]$ man :o has se5 a cl\d ga!r on a m\nta9's br[ or dissolve away be=e increas+ heat to oppose ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses to _! /atem5ts1 & p]haps to reject !m ) scorn z a b>efac$ impo/ure4 ,b1 la/ly1 we are triumphantly direct$ to ! "q ( ,elihu 9 8 address to ,job3 ,ha/ ?\ ) him /ret*$ out ! sky1 ,:i* is firm & l a molt5 mirror8 ,b ! ^w translat$ sky "h is n rakiah1 or %amayim1 b ano!r signify+ ! cl\ds1 s t we %\ld reg>d ,elihu z speak+ ( ! app>5t firmness or /ability1 & ! beautiful reflect$ t9ts ( ! cl\ds4 ,8 words may be p>aphras$ ?us3 ,ha/ ?\ aid$ ,him 9 spread+ out ^? cl\ds1 :i* appe> s /able & self-su/a9+1 & s beautifully reflect ! sunlight8#gb ,! above passages =m ! only au?ority :i* ,i c f9d 9 ! ,scriptures = ! doctr9e ( a solid firmam5t1 :i* may !re=e be *>act]iz$ z a mod]n figm5t ( m5 m le>n$ 9 books b less acqua9t$ ) nature ?an ! ,scripture writ]s4 ,z a contra/ to all su* doctr9es ,i may quote ! sublime op5+ ( ! poetical acc\nt ( creation 9 ,psalm civ41 :i* we may also take "h z else:]e z ! olde/ & mo/ au?oritative comm5t>y on ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis3 ,bless ! ,"l1 ,o my s\l6 ,o ,"l1 my ,god1 ?\ art v great3 ,?\ art clo!d ) honor & maje/y1 ,:o cov]e/ ?yself ) light z ) a g>m5t1 ,:o /ret*e/ out ! heav5s l a curta9 7( a t5t71 ,:o laye/ ! beams ( ?y *amb]s 9 ! wat]s1 ,:o make/ ! cl\ds ?y *>iots1 ,:o walke/ ^u ! w+s ( ! w9d4 ,! wat]s "h are ^? above ! firmam5t1 ! :ole ( ?is "p ( ! ,psalm be+ occupi$ ) ! heav5s2 & !re is no place left = ! solid firmam5t1 ( :i* ! writ] evid5tly knew no?+4 ,he repres5ts ,god z lay+ 8 *amb]s on ! wat]s1 in/ead ( on ! suppos$ firmam5t1 & z c>e]+ 9 cl\dy *>iots on ! w+s ( ! w9d1 in/ead ( ov] a solid ar*4 ,= all ! above reasons1 we conclude t ! expanse ( ! v]ses "u consid]ation 0 und]/ood by ! writ]s ( ! book ( ,god to be a]ial1 n solid2 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! cl\ds above1 z x is f9ely call$ 9 ,prov]bs1 is ! effect ( ^? meteorological laws to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 & :i* 7 n[ = ! fir/ "t br\ght into op]ation by ! div9e ,legislator4 ,! ,hebrew !ology 0 n ( a k9d to require su* exp$i5ts z t ( solid heav5ly ar*es2 x recurr$ at once to ! w--! decree--( ,jehovah2 & 0 cont5t to believe t ?r\gh ?is effici5t cause ! riv]s run into ! sea1 yet ! sea is n full1 = to ! place :5ce ! riv]s came1 ?i!r !y return aga91 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ^? float+ cl\ds1 ! wat]s above ! heav5s1 :i* p\r d[n ra9 accord+ to ! vapor !re(4 ,god call$ ! expanse ,heav54 ,9 =m] *apt]s we h notic$ t heav5 9 ! popul> spee* ( ! ,hebrews1 z 9 our own1 _h diff]5t mean+s1 apply+ alike to ! cl\dy1 ! a/ral1 & ! spiritual heav5s4 ,! ,creator "h sanctions its application to ! a]ial expanse2 & accord+ly ?r\gh\t ! ,scriptures x is us$ 9 ?is way2 rakiah occurs v r>ely1 z if x _h become ne>ly obsolete1 or 0 p]haps reg>d$ z a m]ely te*nical or descriptive t]m4 ,! div9e sanction = ! use ( ! t]m heav5 = ! atmosph]e is1 z already expla9$1 to indicate t ?is popul> use is n to int]f]e ) its application to ! :ole univ]se beyond our e>? 9 v]se #a/4 ,! poetical p>ts ( ! ,bible1 & especially ! book ( ,job1 :i* is probably ! mo/ anci5t ( ! :ole1 ab\nd 9 ref]5ces to ! atmosph]e & its ph5om5a4 ,i may quote a few ( ^! passages1 to enable u to und]/& ! views ( ^! subjects giv5 9 ! ,bible1 & ! mean+ atta*$ to ! creation ( ! atmosph]e1 9 v anci5t p]iods4 ,9 ,job1 #ch? *apt]1 we h ! foll[+3 ,9 :at way is ! lightn+ di/ribut$1 ,& h[ is ! ea/ w9d spread abroad ov] ! e>?8 ,:o ha? op5$ a *annel = ! p\r+ ra91 ,or a way = ! ?und]-fla%8 ,to cause x to ra9 on ! l& :]e no man is1 ,9 ! des]t :]e no "o dwells2 ,to saturate ! desolate & wa/e gr\nd1 ,& to cause ! bud ( ! t5d] h]b to spr+ =?4 ,"h we h ! unequal & un=ese5 di/ribution ( ?und]-/orms1 beyond ! k & p[] ( man1 b "u ! absolute control ( ,god1 & design$ by him = b5efic5t purposes4 ,equally f9e are "s ( ! foll[+ l9es3 ,do/ ?\ lift up ?y voice to ! cl\ds1 ,t abundance ( wat]s may cov] !e8 ,do/ ?\ s5d =? ! lightn+s1 & !y g1 ,& say unto !e1 ,"h are we8 ,:o c numb] ! cl\ds by wisdom1 ,or cause ! bottles ( heav5 to empty !mselves8 ,:5 ! du/ gr[e? into mire1 ,& ! clods cleave fa/ toge!r8 ,9 ! #cf? & #cg? *apt]s ( ! same book we h a gr& description ( atmosph]ic *anges 9 _! relation to man & 8 works4 ,! speak] is ,elihu1 :o 9 ?is anci5t book mo/ favorably repres5ts ! k ( nature t exi/$ at a "t probably ant]ior to ! age ( ,moses--a k f> sup]ior to t :i* we f9d 9 ! works ( _m mod]n poets & expositors1 & accompani$ by an int5se appreciation ( ! gr&eur & beauty ( natural objects3 ,= he drawe? up ! drops ( wat]1 ,ra9 is cond5s$#gc f 8 vapor1 ,:i* ! cl\ds d drop1 ,& di/ill ^u man abundantly4 ,yea1 c any und]/& ! di/ribution ( ! cl\ds ,or ! ?und]+ ( 8 tab]nacle4#gd ,behold he spreade? 8 lightn+ ^u x1 ,he cov]e? x z ) ! dep?s ( ! sea4#ge ,by ^! he executes judgm5t on ! p1 ,by ^! also he give? food 9 abundance2 ,8 h&s he cov]s ) ! lightn+1 ,& comm&s x 7aga9/ ! enemy7 9 its /rik+2 ,he utt]e? to x 8 decree1#gf ,conc]n+ ! h]d z well z pr\d man4 ,at ?is also my he>t trembles1 ,& b\nds out ( its place2 ,he> att5tively ! ?und] ( 8 voice1 ,& ! l\d s\nd t goes f 8 m\?4 ,he directs x "u ! :ole heav5s1 ,& 8 lightn+ to ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,aft] x 8 voice ro>e?1 ,he ?und]e? ) ! voice ( 8 maje/y2 ,& delays n 7! tempe/7 :5 8 voice is he>d4 ,god ?und]e? m>vell\sly ) 8 voice1 ,he doe? wond]s :i* we c n compreh5d2 ,= he sai? to ! sn[1 ,be ?\ on ! e>?4 ,also to ! p\r+ ra91 ev5 ! great ra9 ( 8 might4 ,he seale? up ! h& ( e man1 ,t all m5 may "k 8 "w4 ,!n ! bea/s g to _! d5s1 ,& rema9 9 _! cav]ns4 ,out ( ! s\? come? ! :irlw9d ,& cold out ( ! nor?1 ,by ! brea? ( ,god ! fro/ is produc$ ,& ! bread? ( wat]s becomes b\nd2 ,) moi/ure he loads ! ?ick cl\d1 ,he spreads ! cl\d ( 8 lightn+1 ,& x is turn$ ab\t by 8 direction1 ,to execute 8 pleasure on ! face ( ! _w2 ,:e!r = correction1 = 8 l&1 or = m]cy1 ,he cause? x to come4 ,he>k5 unto ?is1 ,o ,job1 ,/& /ill & consid] ! wond]ful works ( ,god4 ,do/ ?\ "k :5 ,god disposes ^! ?+s1 ,& ! lightn+ ( 8 cl\d fla%es =?8 ,do/ ?\ "k ! pois+ ( ! cl\ds1 ,! wond]ful "w ( ! ,p]fect 9 k8 ,:5 ?y g>m5ts become w>m ,:5 he quiete? ! e>? by ! s\? w9d2 ,ha/ ?\ ) him spread out ! cl\ds ,firm & l a molt5 mirror8#gg ,x w\ld n be easy to f9d1 9 ! poetry ( any nation or "t1 a description ( s _m natural ph5om5a1 s f9e 9 feel+ or tru?ful 9 del9eation4 ,x %\ld g f> to dispel ! too preval5t ideas ( e>ly ,ori5tal ignorance1 & %\ld lead to a m full appreciation ( ^! noble pictures ( nature1 unsurpass$ 9 ! lit]ature ( any p or "t4 ,i tru/ t ! previ\s illu/rations are suffici5t to %[1 n only t ! /]eoma1 or solid firmam5t ( ! ,septuag9t1 is n to be f\nd 9 ,scripture1 b t ! positive doctr9e ( ! ,bible on ! subject is ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! above extract f ! book ( ,job1 ,elihu speaks ( ! pois+ or susp5sion ( ! cl\ds z inscrutable1 & tells u t ,god draws up wat] into ! cl\ds1 & p\rs d[n ra9 accord+ to ! vapor !re(2 he also speaks ( ! cl\ds z be+ scatt]$ be=e ! brightness ( ! sun2 & notices1 9 tru?ful z well z exalt$ language1 ! nature & succession ( ! lightn+'s fla%1 ! ?und]1 & ! precipitation ( ra9 t foll[s4 ,solomon also in=ms u t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! cl\ds above is due to ! law or w ( ,jehovah4 ,f9ally1 9 ?is connection1 ! div9e sanction giv5 to ! use ( ! t]m heav5 = ! atmosph]e may 9 itself be reg>d$ z an intimation t no def9ite b>ri] sep>ates our film ( atmosph]e f ! b\ndless abyss ( heav5 )\t4 ,( ?is p]iod natural sci5ce gives u no intimation4 ,9 ! e>lie/ geological epo*s organic life1 dry l&1 & an atmosph]e already exi/$4 ,at ! p]iod n[ "u consid]ation ! two =m] _h n be5 call$ into exi/5ce1 & ! latt] 0 9 process ( elaboration f ! mat]ials ( ! primeval deep4 ,if ! =mation ( ! atmosph]e 9 its exi/+ conditions 01 z already h9t$1 a result ( ! gradual cool+ ( ! e>?1 !n ?is p]iod mu/ h be5 ( great l5g?1 & ! action ( ! heat$ wat]s on ! cru/ ( ! globe may h produc$ ?ick lay]s ( detrital matt] de/9$ to =m ! fir/ soils ( ! succe$+ aeon4 ,we "k no?+1 h[ev]1 ( ^! primitive /rata1 & mo/ ( !m mu/ h be5 remov$ by d5ud+ ag5cies 9 succe$+ p]iods1 or re/or$ by subt]ranean heat to ! cry/all9e /ate4 ,! ev5ts & results ( ?is day may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! p]iod ! e>? 0 envelop$ by a mi/y or vapor\s mantle4 ,9 its progress ^? relations ( air & vapor :i* cause ! sep>ation ( ! cl\ds f ! e>? by a lay] ( cle> air1 & ! v>i$ alt]nations ( sun%9e & ra91 7 e/abli%$4 ,at ! close ( ! p]iod ! newly =m$ atmosph]e cov]$ a univ]sal ocean2 & !re 0 probably a v regul> & uni=m condition ( ! atmosph]ic curr5ts1 & ( ! processes ( evaporation & cond5sation4 ,b :ile we mu/ affirm t no idea ( a solid atmosph]ic vault c be detect$ 9 ! ,bible1 & :ile we may also affirm t su* an idea w\ld h be5 altoge!r =eign to its tone1 :i* inv>iably ref]s all ?+s n to second>y ma*9]y1 b to ! w & fiat ( ! ,supreme1 we mu/ n =get t a mo/ important moral purpose 0 to be s]v$ by ! ass]tion ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! atmosph]ic expanse4 ,among all nations ! ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e h _h important !ological & my?ological relations4 ,! ev]-*ang+ & app>5tly caprici\s aspects ( ! atmosph]e & its cl\ds1 ! t]rible effects ( /orms1 & ! balmy influ5ce ( sun%9e & calm1 deeply impress ! m9ds ( simple & sup]/iti\s m51 & ?is all ! m t 9 _! daily life & exp$itions !y are con/antly subject$ to ! effects ( atmosph]ic vicissitudes4 ,h5ce ! greate/ gods ( all ! anci5t nations are wea!r-gods--rul]s ( ! atmosph]ic heav5s--display+ _! ang] 9 ! ?und]-/orm & tornado4 ,x is likely t 9 mo/ cases1 z 9 _m b>b>\s tribes ( mod]n times1 ^! wea!r-gods 7 malevol5t be+s cont5d+ aga9/ ! g5ial influ5ces ( ! heav5ly ,sun-god2 b 9 ne>ly e case _! suppos$ practical importance has elevat$ !m1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,olympian ,zeus1 ! ,sc&9avian ,?or1 & ! ,am]ican ,hurakon1 to ! place ( supreme div9ity4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! sup]/itions :i* ! ,hebrew mono!ism _h to ov]come4 ,h5ce ! atmosph]e is affirm$ to be "u ,jehovah's law1 & all its ph5om5a are attribut$ to 8 p[]4 ,! value ( ?is z cutt+ at ! root ( ! mo/ widespread sup]/itions x is easy to und]/&1 & x has a f>!r value 9 tea*+ t ev5 ! app>5tly un/able & caprici\s air is a ?+ e/abli%$ f ! fir/ & am5able to ! ord9ance ( ,god4 ,h[ difficult x has be5 to eradicate sup]/iti\s views ( ! atmosph]e may be le>n$ f ! fact t ,/4 ,paul1 9 writ+ to ! enlight5$ citiz5s ( ,ephesus1 c\ld speak ( ! p[] :i* ! hea!n wor%ipp$ z ! ,pr9ce ( ! p[]s ( ! air1 & x is also evid5c$ by ! abundant notions ( ?is k9d :i* h surviv$ f ! ,middle ,ages among ! m ignorant "p ( ! p ev5 9 l&s call$ ,*ri/ian4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! ,bible affirms ! atmosph]e to be subject to law1 x does n c>ry ?is into ! doma9 ( physical necessity1 & affirm ) "s mod]n mat]iali/ic philosoph]s t x is useless to pray = ra94 ,x is ,god :o gives ra9 f heav5 & fruitful seasons1 & :at he gives he c )hold4 ,p]haps no "p ( our subject c bett] ?an ?is illu/rate ! rational di/9ction betwe5 a m]e physical fatalism1 or a m]e sup]/iti\s fe> ( caprici\s nature1 & t belief 9 a div9e ,lawgiv] :i* lies betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,mod]n sci5ce may smile at ! poor ,indian1 :o 9 8 fe> invokes ,hurakon or ,tlaloc or ! t]rible ,?und]-bird1 & may ev5 despise t nobl] wor%ip ( ! great ,pho5ician ,sun-god1 ! s\rce & f\nta9 ( all light & life2 aga9/ :i*1 ?\gh x 0 ! gr&e/ ( all ! old idolatries1 ,elijah wag$ w> to ! dea?4 ,b may x n equally d]ide ! fai? ( ,elijah himself1 :51 aft] ?ree ye>s ( dr\ght1 he pray$ 9 ! sight ( assembl$ ,israel = ra98 ,x may d s if physical law am\nts to an inv>iable necessity1 & if !re is no supreme ,w beh9d x4 ,b if natural laws are ! expression ( ! div9e w1 if ^! laws are multi=m & complicat$ 9 _! relations1 & regulate va/ly v>i$ causes int]act+ ) ea* o!r1 & if ! action & welf>e ( man come )9 ! scope ( ^! laws1 !n !re is no?+ irrational 9 ! supposition t ,god1 )\t any caprici\s or miracul\s int]v5tion1 may h s correlat$ ! myriad adju/m5ts ( 8 creation z t1 :ile x is 8 usual rule t ra9 falls alike on ! evil & on ! good1 he may make its desc5t at p>ticul> times & places to dep5d on ! ne$s & reque/s ( 8 own *ildr54 ,9 tru? ! belief 9 law is ess5tial to ! philosophical conception ( pray]4 ,if ! univ]se 7 a m]e *aos ( *ances1 or if x 7 a result ( absolute necessity1 !re w\ld be no place = intellig5t pray]2 b if x is "u ! control ( a ,lawgiv]1 wise & m]ciful1 n a m]e manag] ( mat]ial ma*9]y1 b a true ,fa!r ( all1 !n we c g to su* a be+ ) our reque/s1 n 9 ! belief t we c *ange 8 great plans1 or t any advantage c\ld result f ?is if x 7 possible1 b t ^! plans may be made 9 8 b\ndless wisdom & love to meet our necessities4 ,!re is also 9 ! ,bible ! f>!r promise t1 if we are truly ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 regulat+ our conduct by 8 w & enlight5$ by 8 _s1 we %all "k h[ to pray = :at is 9 accordance ) 8 div9e purpose1 & h[ to receive ) gladness :atev] he sees fit to give4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! ,biblical doctr9e z to natural law emancipates u f fe>s ( angry /orm-demons1 x draws u ne> to a heav5ly ,fa!r1 ^: p[] is above all ! tempe/s ( e>?1 & :o1 :ile rul+ by law1 has regulat$ all ?+s 9 con=mity ) ! high] law ( love4 ,:5 ,god _h made ! atmosph]e1 he saw t x 0 good1 & ! highe/ significance is giv5 to ?is by ! consid]ation t ,god is love4 ,! position ( ! ,bible is ?us ! true mean betwe5 sup]/itions at once unhappy & debas+1 & a mat]iali/ic infidelity t w\ld r$uce ! univ]se to a dead1 remorseless ma*9e1 9 :i* we mu/ /ruggle = a prec>i\s exi/5ce till we are cru%$ betwe5 its :eels4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,dry ,,l& ,,& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,plants4 ,& ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s "u ! heav5s be ga!r$ into "o place1 & let ! dry l& appe>3 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god call$ ! dry l& e>?1 & ! ga!r+ ( wat]s call$ he seas2 & ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& ,god said1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! spr++ h]b1 ! h]b be>+ se$1 & ! fruit tree yield+ fruit1 aft] its k9d1 ^: se$ is 9 x on ! e>?3 & x 0 s4 ,& ! e>? br\ght =? ! t5d] h]b1 ! h]b yield+ se$1 & ! tree be>+ fruit ^: se$ is 9 x1 aft] its k9d2 & ,god saw t x 0 good4--,g5esis i41 #aj1 #aa4 ,^! are ev5ts suffici5tly simple & intelligible 9 _! g5]al "*4 ,geology %[s u t ! em]g5ce ( ! dry l& mu/ h result$ f ! elevation ( p>ts ( ! b$ ( ! anci5t univ]sal ocean1 & t ! ag5t employ$ 9 su* *anges is ! b5d+ & crumpl+ ( ! out] cru/ ( ! e>?1 caus$ by lat]al pressure1 & op]at+ ei!r 9 a sl[ & regul> mann] or by sudd5 p>oxysms4 ,x f>!r in=ms u t ! exi/+ cont95ts consi/ ( /ratifi$ or b$d$ masses1 m or less incl9$1 fissur$ & irregul>ly elevat$1 & usually support$ by cry/all9e rocks :i* h be5 produc$ among !m1 or =c$ up b5ea? or ?r\gh !m by int]nal ag5cies1 & :i* truly con/itute ! pill>s & f\ndations ( ! e>?4 ,^! elevations1 x is true1 7 successive1 & belong to diff]5t p]iods2 b ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ dry l& is t int5d$ "h4 ,! elevation ( ! dry l& is m frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ,scripture ?an any o!r cosmological fact2 & :ile all h be5 misappreh5d$1 ! /atem5ts on ?is subject h be5 ev5 m unju/ly dealt ) ?an o!rs4 ,9 ! text1 ! ^w e>? 7aretz#gh7 is1 by div9e sanction1 n>r[$ 9 mean+ to ! dry l&2 b :ile "s expositors are q will+ to re/rict x to ?is1 or ev5 a m limit$ s5se1 9 ! fir/ & second v]ses ( ?is *apt]1 almo/ ! only v]ses 9 ! ,bible :]e ! t]ms ( ! n>rative make su* a re/riction inadmissible1 !y are equally ready to und]/& x z mean+ ! :ole globe 9 places :]e ! explanatory clause 9 ! v]se n[ "u consid]ation tea*es u t we %\ld und]/& ! l& only1 z di/+ui%$ f ! sea4 ,i may quote "s ( ^! passages1 & note ! views !y give2 always be>+ 9 m9d t1 aft] ! intimation "h giv51 we mu/ und]/& ! t]m e>? z apply+ only to ! cont95ts or dry l&1 unless :]e ! context o!rwise fixes ! mean+4 ,we may fir/ turn to ,psalm civ43 ,?\ laid/ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 ,t x %\ld nev] be remov$2 ,?\ cov]$/ x ) ! deep z ) a g>m5t2 ,! wat]s /ood above ! m\nta9s2 ,at ?y rebuke !y fl$2 ,at ! s\nd ( ?y ?und] !y ha/$ away2 ,m\nta9s asc5d$1 valleys desc5d$ ,to ! place ?\ ha/ appo9t$ = !m3 ,?\ ha/ appo9t$ !m b\nds t !y may n pass1 ,t !y return n aga9 to cov] ! e>?4 ,! position ( ^! v]ses 9 ?is ! hymn ( creation leaves no d\bt t !y ref] to ! ev5ts we are n[ consid]+4 ,i h giv5 above ! lit]al read+ ( ! l9e t ref]s to ! elevation ( m\nta9s & subsid5ce ( valleys2 admitt+1 h[ev]1 t ! grammatical con/ruction gives an air ( probability to ! r5d]+ 9 our v]sion1 !y g up by ! m\nta9s1 !y g d[n by ! valleys1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 is r5d]$ v improbable by ! s5se4 ,9 :i*ev] s5se we und]/& ?is l9e1 ! picture pres5t$ to u by ! ,psalmi/ includes ! elevation ( ! m\nta9s & cont95ts1 ! subsid5ce ( ! wat]s into _! depress$ bas9s1 & ! firm e/abli%m5t ( ! dry l& on its rocky f\ndations1 ! :ole accompani$ by a feature n notic$ 9 ,g5esis--! voice ( ,god's ?und]--or1 9 o!r words1 electrical & volcanic explosions4 ,! foll[+ quotations ref] to ! same subject3 ,be=e ! m\nta9s 7 settl$1 ,be=e ! hills 0 ,i 7! ,wisdom ( ,god7 br\ght =?2 ,:ile z yet he _h n made ! e>?1 ,nor ! pla9s1 nor ! high] p>ts ( ! habitable _w4 ,:5 he gave ! sea 8 decree ,t ! wat]s %\ld n pass 8 limits1 ,:5 he det]m9$ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?4 --,prov]bs viii41 #be4 ,?\ ha/ e/abli%$ ! e>?1 & x endure?1 ,accord+ to ?y decrees !y cont9ue ?is day1 ,= all are ?y s]vants4 --,psalm cxix41 #ij4 ,:o %ake? ! e>? out ( its place1 ,& its pill>s tremble4 --,job ix41 #f4 ,:]e wa/ ?\ :5 ,i f\nd$ ! e>?8 ,decl>e1 if ?\ ha/ k4 ,:o ha? fix$ ! proportion !re(1 if ?\ kn[e/8 ,:o /ret*$ ! l9e ^u x8 ,^u :at are its f\ndations settl$8 ,or :o laid its corn]-/one1 ,:5 ! morn+ />s sang toge!r1 ,& all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy8 ,:o %ut up ! sea ) doors ,9 its bur/+ =? z f ! womb8 ,:5 ,i made ! cl\d its g>m5t1 ,& swa!d x 9 ?ick d>kness1 ,i measur$ out = x my limit1 ,& fix$ its b>s & doors2 ,& said1 ,?us f> %alt ?\ come1 b no f>!r1 ,& "h %all ?y pr\d waves be /ay$4 --,job xxxviii41 #d4 ,9 ^! passages ! f\ndation ( ! e>? at fir/1 z well z ! %ak+ ( its pill>s by ! e>?quake1 are connect$ ) :at we usually call natural law--! decree ( ! ,almighty--! un*ang+ arrangem5ts ( an un*angeable ,creator1 ^: h&s =m$ ! dry l&4#gi ,?is is ! ultimate cause n only ( ! elevation ( ! l&1 b ( all o!r natural ?+s & processes4 ,! naturali/ does n require to be in=m$ t ! details1 9 s f> z !y are ref]r$ to 9 ! above passages1 are p]fectly 9 accordance ) :at we "k ( ! nature & support ( cont95tal masses4 ,geological obs]vation & ma!matical calculation h 9 our day comb9$ _! p[]s to give cle> views ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! fractur$ /rata ( ! e>? are w$g$ & ar*$ toge!r1 & support$ by int]nal igne\s masses upheav$ f b5ea?1 & subsequ5tly cool$ & h>d5$4 ,a g5]al view ( ^! facts :i* we h le>n$ f sci5tific inquiry1 ! ,hebrews glean$ ) ne>ly z mu* precision f ! %ort acc\nt ( ! elevation ( ! l& 9 ,g5esis1 & f ! lat] comm5ts ( _! inspir$ poets4 ,f ! same s\rce our own great poet1 ,milton1 le>n$ ^! cosmical facts1 be=e ! rise ( geology1 & express$ !m 9 unexceptionable t]ms3 ,! m\nta9s huge appe> ,em]g5t1 & _! broad b>e backs upheave ,into ! cl\ds1 _! tops asc5d ! sky4 ,s high z heav$ ! tumid hills1 s l[ ,d[n sunk a holl[ bottom1 broad & deep1 ,capaci\s b$ ( wat]s4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ! op9ions ( ! ,scripture writ]s respect+ ! nature ( ! e>?1 & ! di/urbances to :i* x is liable1 ,i quote ! foll[+ passages4 ,! fir/ is f ! magnific5t description ( ,jehovah desc5d+ to succor 8 p amid ! t]rors ( ! e>?quake1 ! volcano1 & ! ?und]-/orm1 9 ,psalm xviii43 ,!n %ook & trembl$ ! e>?1 ,! f\ndations ( ! hills mov$ & 7 %ak51 ,because he 0 angry4 ,smoke w5t up f 8 no/rils1 ,fire f 8 m\? dev\r$1 ,coals 7 k9dl$ by x4 ,!n 7 se5 ! *annels ( ! wat]s1 ,& ! f\ndations ( ! _w 7 discov]$1 ,at ?y rebuke--,o ,jehovah-- ,at ! bla/ ( ! brea? ( ?y no/rils4 ,9 ano!r place 9 ! ,psalms we f9d volcanic action ?us t]sely sket*$3 ,he looke? on ! e>? & x tremble?1 ,he t\*e? ! hills & !y smoke4 --,psalm civ41 #cb4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable disc\rse on ?is subject 9 ! :ole ,bible is t 9 ,job xxviii41 9 :i* m9+ op]ations are introduc$ z an illu/ration ( ! difficulty ( obta9+ true wisdom4 ,?is passage is int]e/+ bo? f its extreme antiquity1 & ! advancem5t 9 k & practical skill :i* x indicates4 ,x pres5ts1 h[ev]1 _m difficulties2 & its details h almo/ entirely lo/ _! true significance 9 our common ,engli% v]sion3 ,surely !re is a ve9 = silv]1 ,& a place = ! gold :i* m5 ref9e2 ,iron is tak5 f ! e>?1 ,& copp] is molt5 f ! ore4 ,to ! end ( d>kness & to all extremes man se>*e?1 ,= ! /ones ( d>kness & ! %ad[ ( dea?4 ,he op5s a passage %aft f :]e m5 dwell1 ,unsupport$ by ! foot1 !y hang d[n & sw+ to & fro4#hj ,! e>?--out ( x come? bread2 ,& b5ea?1 x is ov]turn$ z by fire4#ha ,its /ones are ! place ( sapphires1 ,& x ha? lumps#hb ( gold4 ,! pa? 7!reto7 ! bird ( prey ha? n kn[n1 ,! vulture's eye ha? n se5 x4#hc ,! wild bea/s' :elps h n trodd5 x1 ,! lion ha? n pass$ ov] x4 ,man laye? 8 h& on ! h>d rock1 ,he turne? up ! m\nta9s f _! roots1 ,he cutte? *annels adits 9 ! rocks1 ,8 eye see? e preci\s ?+4 ,he re/ra9e? ! /reams f trickl+1 ,& br+e? ! hidd5 ?+ to light4 ,b :]e %all wisdom be f\nd1 ,& :]e is ! place ( und]/&+8 ,?is passage1 incid5tally introduc$1 gives u a glimpse ( ! k ( ! int]ior ( ! e>? & its products1 z x exi/$ 9 an age probably ant]ior to t ( ,moses4 ,x br+s be=e u ! repositories ( ! valuable metals & gems--! m9+ op]ations1 app>5tly ( "s magnitude & difficulty1 und]tak5 9 extract+ !m--& ! wond]ful /ructure ( ! e>? itself1 gre5 & productive at ! surface1 ri* 9 preci\s metals b5ea?1 & deep] /ill ! abode ( int5se subt]ranean fires4 ,! only ?+ want+ to give complet5ess to ! picture is "s m5tion ( ! fossil rema9s buri$ 9 ! e>?2 &1 z ! ma9 ?\ght is ! eag] & successful se>* = useful m9]als1 ?is c h>dly be reg>d$ z a defect4 ,! application ( all ?is is f9] ?an almo/ any ?+ else 9 didactic poetry4 ,man c explore dep?s ( ! e>? inaccessible to all o!r creatures1 & extract !nce treasures ( ine/imable value2 yet1 aft] ?us exhau/+ all ! natural ri*es ( ! e>?1 he too (t5 lacks t highe/ wisdom :i* alone c fit him = ! true ends ( 8 spiritual be+4 ,h[ true is all ?is1 ev5 9 our own wond]-work+ days6 ,a poet ( to-day c\ld sc>cely say m ( subt]ranean wond]s1 or say x m tru?fully & beautifully2 nor c\ld he arrive at a conclusion m pregnant ) ! highe/ philosophy ?an ! clos+ words3 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l1 t is wisdom2 ,& to dep>t f evil is und]/&+4 ,! em]g5ce ( ! dry l& is foll[$ by a repetition ( ! approval ( ! ,creator4 ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,to our view t primeval dry l& w\ld sc>cely h seem$ good4 ,x 0 a _w ( b>e1 rocky peaks1 & v]dureless valleys--"h active volcanoes1 ) _! heaps ( scoriae & sc>cely cool$ lava curr5ts--!re va/ mudflats1 rec5tly upheav$ f ! bottom ( ! wat]s--n[h]e ev5 a blade ( grass or a cl++ li*54 ,yet x 0 good 9 ! view ( its ,mak]1 :o c\ld see x 9 relation to ! uses = :i* he _h made x1 & z a fit prep>atory /ep to ! new wond]s he 0 soon to introduce4 ,!n too1 z we are in=m$ 9 ,job xxxviii41 ,! morn+ />s sang toge!r1 & all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy4 ,we also1 :5 we ?9k ( ! beautiful v>iety ( ! t]re/rial surface1 ! "* & composition ( its soils1 ! v>iety ( climate & exposure result+ f its degrees ( elevation1 ! arrangem5ts = ! cont9uance ( spr+s & /reams1 & _m o!r b5eficial provisions connect$ ) ! m]ely me*anical arrangem5ts ( ! dry l&1 may well jo9 9 ! tribute ( praise to ! ,all-wise ,creator4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a f>!r ?\ght sugge/$ by ! approval ( ! great ,artific]4 ,9 ?is wondr\s progress ( creation1 x seems z if e ?+ at fir/ 0 9 its be/ e/ate4 ,no succe$+ /ate c\ld p>allel ! unbrok5 symmetry ( ! e>? 9 ! fluid & vapor\s condition ( ! deep4 ,be=e ! elevation ( ! l&1 ! atmosph]ic curr5ts & ! deposition ( moi/ure mu/ h be5 surpass+ly regul>4 ,! fir/ dry l& may h pres5t$ crags & peaks & rav9es & volcanic cones 9 a m m>vell\s & p]fect mann] ?an any succe$+ cont95ts--ev5 z ! dry & b>r5 moon n[1 9 ?is respect1 f> surpasses ! e>?s4 ,9 ! progress ( organic life1 geology gives simil> indications1 9 ! v>iety & magnitude ( _m animal types on _! fir/ introduction2 s t ?is may v possibly be a law ( creation4 ,dur+ ! em]g5ce ( ! fir/ dry l&1 l>ge quantities ( detrital matt] mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 ! wat]s1 & 9 "p elevat$ into l&4 ,all ( ^! b$s w\ld1 probably1 be de/itute ( organic rema9s2 b if su* b$s 7 =m$ & /ill rema91 !y are probably unkn[n to u1 = ! olde/ =mations t we "k--^? ( ! ,eozoic age--conta9 traces ( su* rema9s4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 sugge/$ t ^! mo/ anci5t organisms are1 z x 71 ov]look$ 9 ! hi/ory ( creation1 or reg>d$ z equival5t to ^? %apeless mon/]s & animals ( ! d>kness t are ref]r$ to 9 ! old] ,turanian v]sions ( ?is /ory ( creation4 ,i d\bt v mu*1 h[ev]1 if ?is is a fair int]pretation ( our anci5t record2 b we %all be 9 a bett] position to discuss x :5 we come to ! actual introduction ( animals4 ,mod]n analogy w\ld induce u to believe t ! l& 0 n elevat$ sudd5ly2 b ei!r by a s]ies ( small p>oxysms1 z 9 ! case ( ,*ili1 or by a gradual & imp]ceptible movem5t1 z 9 ! case ( ,sw$5--two ( ! mo/ rem>kable mod]n in/ances ( elevation ( l&--accompani$1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ! la/ by local subsid5ce4#hd ,9 ei!r ( ^! ways ! seas & riv]s w\ld h "t to smoo? ! m rugg$ inequalities1 to wid5 ! rav9es into valleys1 & to spread out s$im5t 9 ! l[] gr\nds2 ?us fitt+ ! surface = ! habitation ( plants & animals4 ,we mu/ n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! dry l& _h any close resemblance to t n[ exi/+ 9 its =m or di/ribution4 ,geology amply proves t s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( dry l&1 its cont\r has frequ5tly be5 *ang$1 & probably also its position4 ,h5ce ne>ly all our pres5t l& consi/s ( rocks :i* h be5 =m$ "u ! wat]s1 long aft] ! p]iod n[ "u consid]ation1 & h be5 subsequ5tly h>d5$ & elevat$2 & s9ce all ! exi/+ high m\nta9 ranges are ( a comp>atively late age1 x is probable t ?is primeval dry l& 0 l[1 z well z1 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! p]iod at lea/1 ( comp>atively small ext5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means c]ta9 t !re may n h be5 a great] expanse ( l& t[>d ! close ( ?is p]iod ?an t :i* aft]w>ds exi/$ 9 ^? old] p]iods ( animal life to :i* ! e>lie/ fossilif]\s rocks ( ! geologi/ c>ry u back2 s9ce1 z already h9t$1 x seems to be a rule 9 creation t ea* new object %all be highly develop$ ( its k9d at its fir/ appe>ance1 & s9ce !re h be5 9 geological "t _m great subsid5ces z well z elevations4 ,nei!r mu/ we =get t ! olde/ l& has be5 subject$ ?r\gh\t geological "t to we>+ & degrad+ ag5cies1 & t f its wa/e ! lat] =mations h be5 ma9ly d]iv$4 ,x w\ld be wrong1 h[ev]1 to omit to /ate t1 ?\gh we may "k at pres5t no rema9s ( ! fir/ dry l&1 we are n ignorant ( its g5]al di/ribution2 = ! pres5t cont95ts %[1 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! =mations & m\nta9 *a9s1 evid5ce t !y are p>ts ( a plan sket*$ out f ! beg9n+4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ by physical geograph]s t ! great l9es ( coa/ & m\nta9 ranges are g5]ally 9 directions approa*+ to nor!a/ & s\?we/1 or nor?we/ & s\!a/1 & t :]e !y run 9 o!r directions1 z 9 ! case ( ! s\? ( ,europe & ,asia1 !y are mu* brok5 by sali5t & re-ent]+ angles1 =m$ by l9es hav+ ^! directions4 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,ow51 ( ,t5nessee1 & ,pr(essor ,pi]ce1 ( ,h>v>d ,college1 71 ,i believe1 ! fir/ to po9t out t ^! l9es are 9 reality p>ts ( great circles tang5t to ! pol> circles1 & ! latt] to sugge/ a !ory ( _! orig91 bas$ on ! action ( sol> heat & ! seasons on a cool+ e>?4 ,?is has be5 m fully /at$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,l[?ian ,gre5 9 8 curi\s book1 ,ve/iges ( ! ,molt5 ,globe4#he ,x w\ld appe> t ! great circles 9 "q are 9 reality at "r angles to ! l9e ( direction ( ! attraction ( ! sun & moon at ! p]iod ( ei!r sol/ice1 & :5 !y happ5 to be 9 conjunction or opposition at ^! p]iods2 & t su* circles w\ld be ! l9es on :i* ! ?9 cru/ ( a cool+ globe w\ld be mo/ likely to be ruptur$ by its int]nal tidal-wave4 ,:atev] ! cause ( ! ph5om5on1 x is evid5t t 9 ! =mation ( its surface inequalities ! e>? has crack$--s to speak--along two s]ies ( great circles tang5t to ! pol> circles2 & t ^!1 ) c]ta9 subord9ate l9es ( fracture runn+ nor? & s\? & ea/ & we/1 h det]m9$ ! =ms ( ! cont95ts f _! orig94 ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 & aft] him mo/ o!r geologi/s1 h attribut$ ! elevation ( ! cont95ts & ! upheaval & plication ( m\nta9 *a9s to ! secul> refrig]ation ( ! e>?1 caus+ its out] %ell to become too capaci\s = its contract+ int]ior mass1 & ?us to break or b5d1 & to settle t[>d ! c5tre4 ,?is view w\ld well accord ) ! t]ms 9 :i* ! elevation ( ! l& is m5tion$ ?r\gh\t ! ,bible1 & especially ) ! g5]al progress ( ! "w z we h glean$ x f ! ,mosaic n>rative2 s9ce f ! p]iod ( ! desolate void & a]i=m deep to t n[ be=e u secul> refrig]ation mu/ h be5 /eadily 9 progress4 ,let u also obs]ve "h t ! e>lie/ fractures ( ! cru/ w\ld det]m9e ! fir/ coa/ l9es1 & ! fir/ slopes along :i* s$im5t>y matt] w\ld desc5d f ! l& & be deposit$ 9 ! sea4 ,!y w\ld also modify ! direction ( ! ocean curr5ts4 ,?us ! deposition ( new =mations w\ld be direct$ by ^! old l9es1 z w\ld also to "s ext5t ! c\rse ( all subsequ5t fractures & plications4 ,?us x happ5s t ! l9es ( outcrop ( ! olde/ rocks fir/ rais$ out ( ! wat]s already m>k$ out ! =ms ( ! cont95ts1 & t ! lat] =mations appe> r z fill+s-up & ext5sions ( ! skeleton e/abli%$ by ! fir/ dry l&4 ,f>!r1 ! l9es ( plication fir/ e/abli%$ along ! bord]s ( ! cont95ts =m$ resi/+ walls along :i*1 9 ! cont9u$ contraction ( ! e>?1 pressure 0 ex]t$ f ! ocean b$1 wid5+ & elevat+ ^! l9es ( upheaval1 & /ill f>!r fix+ ! g5]al =ms ( ! cont95ts1 & giv+ v>iety to _! surfaces4 ,9 ! progress ( geological "t !re h also be5 successive depressions & re-elevations ( ! cont95tal plateaus1 subject+ !m alt]nately to ! we>+ & dis9tegrat+ action ( ! atmosph]e & its wat]s1 & to ! influ5ce ( waves & ocean curr5ts1 & especially to t ( ! deep-seat$ pol> curr5ts :i* h ?r\gh\t geological ages be5 load+ ! subm]g$ areas ( ! e>?'s surface ) ! products ( ! wa/e caus$ by fro/ & ice 9 ! pol> regions4 ,^! causes aga9 h be5 progressively increas+ ! oblat5ess ( ! e>?'s figure1 &1 along ) ! slack5+ ( its rotation1 prep>+ ! way = ^? p]iodical collapses 9 ! equatorial & temp]ate regions :i* =m ! b\nd>ies ( "s ( our mo/ important geological p]iods4#hf ,?r\gh\t all ^! *anges ! great g5]al plan ( ! cont95ts1 fir/ sket*$ out :5 ! f\ndations ( ! e>? 7 laid1 be=e ,eozoic "t1 0 be+ elaborat$4 ,! same creative p]iod t witness$ ! fir/ appe>ance ( dry l& saw x also clo!d ) vegetation2 & x is q likely t ?is is int5d$ to tea* t no "t 0 lo/ 9 clo?+ ! e>? ) plants--t ! fir/ em]g+ portions receiv$ _! vegetable t5ants z !y became fitt$ = !m--& t ea* additional region1 z x rose above ! surface ( ! wat]s1 9 l mann] receiv$ ! species ( plants = :i* x 0 adapt$4 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ?is e>lie/ vegetation8 ,! sacr$ writ] specifies ?ree descriptions ( plants z includ$ 9 x2 &1 by consid]+ ! t]ms :i* he uses1 "s in=mation on ?is subject may be ga9$4 ,de%e1 translat$ grass 9 our v]sion1 is d]iv$ f a v]b signify+ to spr+ up or bud =?2 ! same v]b1 inde$1 us$ 9 ?is v]se to d5ote br++ =?1 lit]ally caus+ to spr+ up4 ,its radical mean+ is1 !re=e1 vegetation 9 ! act ( spr\t+ or spr++ =?2 or1 z connect$ ) ?is1 "y & delicate h]bage4 ,?us1 9 ,job xxxviii41 ,to satisfy ! desolate & wa/e gr\nd1 & to cause ! bud ( ! "y h]bage to spr+ =?4 ,"h ! ref]5ce is1 no d\bt1 to ! bulb\s & tub]\s root$ plants ( ! des]t pla9s1 :i*1 fad+ away 9 ! summ] dr\ght1 bur/ =? ) magical rapidity on ! sett+-9 ( ra94 ,! foll[+ passages are simil>3 ,psalm xxiii41 ,he make? me to lie d[n 9 gre5 pa/ures 7lit]ally1 "y or t5d] h]bage72 ,deut]onomy xxiii41 ,small ra9 ^u ! t5d] h]b2 ,isaiah xxxvii41 ,grass on ! h\se-tops4 ,! ^w is also us$ = h]bage su* z c be eat5 by cattle or cut d[n = fodd]1 ?\gh ev5 9 ^! cases ! idea ( "y & t5d] h]bage is evid5tly includ$2 ,fat z a heif] at grass 7,j]4 xiv47--t is1 fe$+ on "y succul5t grass1 n t :i* is dry & p>*$4 ,cut d[n z ! grass1 or )] z ! gre5 h]b1 l ! s(t1 t5d] grass1 soon cut d[n & quickly )]+4 ,) respect to ! use ( ! ^w 9 ?is place1 ,i may rem>k3 #a4 ,x is n "h correctly translat$ by ! ^w grass2 = grass be>s se$1 & is1 consequ5tly1 a memb] ( ! second class ( plants m5tion$4 ,ev5 if we set aside all idea ( inspiration1 x is obvi\sly impossible t any "o liv+ among a pa/oral or agricultural p c\ld h be5 ignorant ( ?is fact4 #b4 ,x c sc>cely be a g5]al t]m1 includ+ all plants :5 9 a "y or t5d] /ate4 ,! idea ( _! spr++ up is includ$ 9 ! v]b1 & ?is 0 b a v tempor>y condition4 ,besides1 ?is ^w does n appe> to be employ$ = ! "y /ate ( %rubs or trees4 #c4 ,we ?us appe> to be %ut up to ! conclusion t de%e "h means ^? plants1 mo/ly small & h]bace\s1 :i* be> no prop] se$s2#hg 9 o!r words1 ! ,cryptogamia--z fungi1 mosses1 li*5s1 f]ns1 etc4 ,! rema9+ words are translat$ ) suffici5t accuracy 9 our v]sion4 ,!y d5ote se$-be>+ or pho5ogam\s h]bs & trees4 ,! special m5tion ( ! fructification ( plants is probably int5d$ n only = di/9ction1 b also to indicate ! new p[] ( organic reproduction n[ fir/ introduc$ on ! surface ( our planet1 & to m>k its diff]5ce f ! creative act itself4 ,t ?is new & wondr\s ph5om5on %\ld be s /at$ is ?us 9 /rict sci5tific propriety1 & x is precisely ! po9t t w\ld be seiz$ by an intellig5t spectator ( ! visions ( creation1 :o _h previ\sly witness$ only ! accretion & dis9tegration ( m9]al sub/ances1 & to :om ?is m>vell\s p[] ( organic reproduction w\ld be 9 e respect a new creation4 ,! arrangem5t ( plants 9 ! ?ree great classes ( cryptogams1 se$-be>+ h]bs1 & fruit-be>+ trees diff]s 9 "o important po9t--viz41 ! sep>ation ( h]bace\s plants f trees--f mod]n botanical classification4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly natural = ! purposes ( a g5]al description l ?is1 & p]haps gives m precise ideas ( ! mean+ int5d$ ?an any o!r arrangem5t equally concise & popul>4 ,x is also probable t ! object ( ! writ] 0 n s mu* a natural-hi/ory classification z an acc\nt ( ! ord] ( creation1 & t he wi%es to affirm t ! introduction ( ^! ?ree classes ( plants on ! e>? correspond$ ) ! ord] "h /at$4 ,?is view r5d]s x unnecess>y to v9dicate ! accuracy ( ! arrangem5t on botanical gr\nds1 s9ce ! hi/orical ord] 0 evid5tly bett] suit$ to ! purpose 9 view1 & 9 s f> z ! e>li] appe>ance ( cryptogam\s plants is conc]n$1 x is 9 /rict accordance ) geological fact4 ,a v important tru? is conta9$ 9 ! expression aft] its k9d--t is1 aft] its species2 = ! ,hebrew m91 us$ "h1 has /rictly ?is s5se1 &1 l ! ,greek idea & ! ,lat9 species1 conveys ! notion ( =m z well z t ( k9d4 ,x is us$ to d5ote species ( animals1 9 ,leviticus i41 #ad1 & 9 ,deut]onomy xiv41 #ae4 ,we are taught by ?is /atem5t t plants 7 creat$ ea* k9d by itself2 & t creation 0 n a sort ( slump-"w to be p]fect$ by ! op]ation ( a law ( developm5t1 z fanci$ by "s mod]n speculators4 ,9 ?is ass]tion ( ! di/9ctness ( species1 & ! production ( ea* z a di/9ct "p ( ! creative plan1 revelation tallies p]fectly ) ! conclusions ( natural sci5ce1 :i* lead u to believe t ea* species1 z obs]v$ by u1 is p]man5tly reproductive1 v>iable )9 n>r[ limits1 & incapable ( p]man5t int]mixture ) o!r species2 & ?\gh hypo!ses ( modification by desc5t1 & ( ! production ( new species by su* modification1 may be =m$1 !y are n 9 accordance ) exp]i5ce1 & are /ill among ! unprov$ speculations :i* haunt ! outskirts ( true sci5ce4 ,we %all be bett] prep>$1 h[ev]1 to weigh ! relations ( su* hypo!ses to our revelation ( orig9s :5 we %all h rea*$ ! p]iod ( ! introduction ( animal life4 ,"s additional facts conta9$ 9 ! recapitulation ( ! creative "w 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 may v prop]ly be consid]$ "h1 z !y seem to ref] to ! climatal conditions ( ! e>? dur+ ! gr[? ( ! mo/ anci5t vegetation1 & be=e ! f9al adju/m5t ( ! a/ronomical relations ( ! e>? on ! f\r? day4 ,& e %rub ( ! l& be=e x 0 on ! e>?1 & e h]b ( ! l& be=e x sprung up4 ,= ! ,"l ,god _h n caus$ x to ra9 on ! e>?1 & !re 0 n a man to till ! gr\nd2 b a mi/ asc5d$ f ! e>? & wat]$ ! :ole surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is has be5 suppos$ to be a description ( ! /ate ( ! e>? dur+ ! :ole p]iod ant]ior to ! fall ( man4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ,scripture evid5ce ( ?is2 & geology in=ms u t ra9 fell z at pres5t f> back 9 ! ,palaeozoic p]iod1 c\ntless ages be=e ! creation ( man or ! exi/+ animals4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 su* a condition ( ! e>? z t /at$ 9 ^! v]ses has n be5 kn[n 9 any geological p]iod1 yet x is n inconceivable1 b 9 reality corresponds ) ! o!r conditions ( nature likely to h prevail$ on ! ?ird day1 z describ$ 9 ,g5esis4 ,! l& ( ?is p]iod1 we may suppose1 0 n v ext5sive nor v elevat$4 ,h5ce ! temp]ature w\ld be uni=m & ! air moi/4 ,! lum9\s & calorific matt] connect$ ) ! sun /ill occupi$ a l>ge space1 & !re=e diffus$ heat & light m uni=mly ?an at pres5t4 ,! int]nal heat ( ! e>? may /ill h produc$ an effect 9 w>m+ ! oceanic wat]s4 ,! comb9$ op]ation ( ^! causes1 ( :i* we1 p]haps1 h "s traces z late z ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 might well produce a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! e>? 0 wat]$1 n by %[]s ( ra91 b by ! g5tle & cont9u$ precipitation ( f9ely divid$ moi/ure1 9 ! mann] n[ obs]v$ 9 ^? climates 9 :i* vegetation is n\ri%$ = a consid]able "p ( ! ye> by nocturnal mi/s & copi\s dews4 ,! atmosph]e1 9 %ort1 z yet p>took 9 "s slight degree ( ! same moi/ & mi/y "* :i* prevail$ be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! cl\ds above--! airy firmam5t ( ! second day4 ,! introduction ( ^! explanatory p>ticul>s by ! sacr$ hi/orian furni%es an additional argum5t = ! !ory ( long p]iods4 ,t vegetation %\ld exi/ = two or ?ree natural days )\t ra9 or ! irrigation :i* is giv5 9 culture1 01 z already /at$1 a circum/ance altoge!r unwor?y ( notice2 b ! gr[? dur+ a long p]iod ( a v>i$ & highly organiz$ flora1 )\t ?is advantage1 & by ! aid ( a special natural provision aft]w>d discont9u$1 0 9 all respects s rem>kable & s highly illu/rative ( ! exp$i5ts ( ! div9e wisdom t x des]v$ a prom95t place4 ,x is evid5t t ! words ( ! inspir$ writ] include plants belong+ to all ! great subdivisions ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,?is e>lie/ vegetation 0 n rude or incomplete1 or re/rict$ to ! l[] =ms ( life4 ,x 0 n ev51 l t ( ! coal p]iod1 solely or ma9ly cryptogam\s or gymnosp]m\s4 ,x includ$ trees be>+ fruit1 z well z li*5s & mosses1 & x receiv$ ! same /amp ( approbation be/[$ on o!r portions ( ! "w--x 0 good4 ,we h a good "r to assume t its excell5ce _h ref]5ce n only to its own p]iod1 b to subsequ5t conditions ( ! e>?4 ,vegetation is ! great assimilat+ p[]1 ! conv]t] ( inorganic into organic matt] suitable = ! su/5ance ( animals4 ,9 l mann] ! l[] tribes ( plants prep>e ! way = ! high]4 ,we %\ld !re=e h expect$ a priori t vegetation w\ld h clo!d ! e>? be=e ! creation ( animals1 & a suffici5t "t be=e x to all[ soils to be accumulat$1 & surplus /ores ( organic matt] to be prep>$ 9 advance3 ?is consid]ation alone w\ld also induce u to assign a consid]able duration to ! ?ird day4 ,aft] ! elevation ( l&1 & ! dra9+ (f f x ( ! sal9e matt] ) :i* x w\ld be saturat$1 a process (t5 v t$i\s1 especially 9 l[ tracts ( gr\nd1 ! soil w\ld /ill consi/ only ( m9]al matt]1 & mu/ h be5 = a long p]iod occupi$ by plants suit$ to ?is condition ( ?+s1 9 ord] t suffici5t organic matt] might be accumulat$ = ! gr[? ( a m v>i$ vegetation2 a consid]ation :i* p]haps illu/rates ! ord] ( ! plants 9 ! n>rative4 ,x may be object$ to ! above views t1 h[ev] accordant ) *emical & physiological probabilities1 !y d n h>monize ) ! facts ( geology2 s9ce ! e>lie/ fossilif]\s =mations conta9 almo/ exclusively ! rema9s ( animals1 :i* mu/ !re=e h prec$$1 or at lea/ be5 coeval )1 ! e>lie/ =ms ( t]re/rial vegetation4 ,?is objection is f\nd$ on well-asc]ta9$ facts1 b facts :i* may h no connection ) ! ?ird day ( creation :5 reg>d$ z a long p]iod4 ,! olde/ geological =mations are ( m>9e orig91 & conta9 rema9s ( m>9e animals1 ) ^? ( plants suppos$ to be alli$ to ! exi/+ algae or sea-we$s4 ,geology c n1 h[ev]1 assure u ei!r t no l& plants exi/$ contemporane\sly ) ^! e>lie/ animals1 or t no l& flora prec$$ !m4 ,^! olde/ fossilif]\s rocks may m>k ! comm5cem5t ( animal life1 b !y te/ify no?+ z to ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( a previ\s p]iod ( vegetation alone4 ,f>!r1 ! rocks :i* conta9 ! olde/ rema9s ( life exi/ z f> z yet kn[n 9 a condition s highly metamorphic z almo/ to preclude ! possibility ( _! conta9+ any di/+ui%able vegetable fossils2 yet !y conta9 va/ deposits ( c>bon 9 ! =m ( graphite1 & if ?is1 l m mod]n coaly matt]1 0 accumulat$ by vegetable gr[?1 x mu/ indicate an exub]ance ( plants 9 ^! e>lie/ geological p]iods1 b ( plants z yet altoge!r unkn[n to u4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t 9 ^! ,eozoic rocks we may h remnants ( ! =mations ( ! ?ird ,mosaic day2 & if we %\ld ev] be s =tunate z to f9d any portion ( !m conta9+ vegetable fossils1 & ^! ( species diff]+ f any hi!rto kn[n1 ei!r 9 a fossil /ate or rec5t1 & ris+ high]1 9 elevation & complexity ( type1 ?an ! flora ( ! succe$+ ,silurian & ,c>bonif]\s eras1 we may !n suppose t we h p5etrat$ to ! monum5ts ( ?is ?ird creative aeon4 ,! only o!r alt]native by :i* ^! v]ses c be reconcil$ ) geology is t adopt$ by ! late ,hugh ,mill]1 :o supposes t ! plants ( ! ?ird day are ^? ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod2 b1 besides ! app>5t ana*ronism involv$ 9 ?is1 we n[ "k t ! coal flora consi/$ ma9ly ( cryptogams alli$ to f]ns & club-mosses1 & ( gymnosp]ms alli$ to ! p9es & cycads1 ! high] ord]s ( plants be+ almo/ entirely want+4 ,= ^! reasons we are %ut up to ! conclusion t ?is flora ( ! ?ird day mu/ h its place be=e ! ,palaeozoic p]iod ( geology4 ,to ^? :o are famili> ) ! va/ lapse ( "t requir$ by ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?1 x may be />tl+ to ascribe ! :ole ( x to ?ree or f\r ( ! creative days4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x be admitt$ t ^! days 7 p]iods ( unkn[n duration1 no reason rema9s = limit+ _! l5g? any f>!r ?an ! facts ( ! case require4 ,if 9 ! /rata ( ! e>? :i* are accessible to u we c detect ! evid5ce ( its exi/5ce = myriads ( ye>s1 :y may n its ,creator be able to c>ry our view back = myriads m4 ,x may be humbl+ to our pride ( k1 b x is n on any sci5tific gr\nd improbable1 t ! olde/ animal rema9s kn[n to geology belong to ! middle p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 & 7 prec$$ by an enorm\s lapse ( ages 9 :i* ! e>? 0 be+ prep>$ = animal exi/5ce1 b ( :i* no records rema91 except ^? conta9$ 9 ! inspir$ hi/ory4 ,x w\ld be q unphilosophical = geology to affirm ei!r t animal life mu/ always h exi/$1 or t its e>lie/ animals are necess>ily ! e>lie/ organic be+s4 ,to use1 ) a slight modification1 ! words ( an able ?9k] on ^! subjects1#hh ,= ages ! prejudice prevail$ t ! hi/orical p]iod1 or t :i* is coeval ) ! life ( man1 exhau/$ ! :ole hi/ory ( ! globe4 ,geologi/s remov$ t prejudice1 b mu/ n sub/itute ano!r 9 its place1 viz41 t geological "t is coeval ) ! globe itself1 or t organic life always exi/$ on its surface4 ,a second d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( ?is primitive flora may be bas$ on ! /atem5t t x includ$ ! highe/ =ms ( plants4 ,_h x consi/$ only ( l[ & imp]fect vegetables1 !re might h be5 mu* less difficulty 9 admitt+ its probability4 ,f>!r1 we f9d t ev5 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod sc>cely any plants ( ! high] ord]s fl\ri%$1 & !re 0 a prepond]ance ( ! l[] =ms ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 9 geological *ronology1 _m illu/rations ( ! fact t ! progress ( improvem5t has n be5 cont9u\s or un9t]rupt$1 & t ! pres]vation ( ! flora & fauna ( _m geological p]iods has be5 v imp]fect4 ,h5ce ! occurr5ce 9 "o p>ticul> /ratum or gr\p ( /rata ( few or l[ repres5tatives ( animal & vegetable life af=ds no pro( t a bett] /ate ( ?+s may n h exi/$ previ\sly4 ,we also f9d1 9 ! case ( animals1 t ea* tribe atta9$ to its highe/ developm5t at ! "t :51 9 ! progress ( creation1 x occupi$ ! summit ( ! scale ( life4 ,analogy w\ld ?us lead u to believe t :5 plants alone exi/$1 !y may h assum$ nobl] =ms ?an any n[ exi/+1 or t tribes n[ repres5t$ by few & humble species may at t "t h be5 s great 9 numb]s & developm5t z to fill all ! (fices ( our pres5t complicat$ flora1 z well z1 p]haps1 "s ( ^? n[ occupi$ by animals4 ,we h ?is pr9ciple exemplifi$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s flora1 by ! magnitude ( its arboresc5t club-mosses1 & ! va/ v>iety ( its gymnosp]ms4 ,= ?is reason we may anticipate t if any rema9s ( ?is e>ly plant-creation %\ld be dis9t]r$1 !y w prove to be among ! mo/ wond]ful & int]e/+ geological relics ev] discov]$1 & w enl>ge our views ( ! compass & capabilities ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & especially ( its l[] =ms4 ,a f>!r objection is ! uselessness ( ! exi/5ce ( plants = a long p]iod1 )\t any animals to subsi/ on or enjoy !m1 & ev5 )\t =m+ any accumulation ( fossil fuel or o!r products useful to man4 ,! only direct answ] to ?is has already be5 giv54 ,! previ\s exi/5ce ( plants may h be51 & probably 01 ess5tial to ! com=t & subsi/5ce ( ! animals aft]w>ds introduc$4 ,indep5d5tly ( ?is1 h[ev]1 we h an analog\s case 9 ! geological hi/ory ( animals1 :i* prev5ts ?is fact f /&+ alone4 ,:y 0 ! e>? t5ant$ s long by ! inf]ior races ( animals1 & :y 7 s mu* skill & contrivance exp5d$ on _! /ructures1 & ev5 on _! ext]nal ornam5t1 :5 !re 0 no intellig5t m9d on e>? to appreciate _! beauties4 ,ev5 9 ! pres5t _w we may z well ask :y ! un9habit$ isl&s ( ! ocean are f\nd to be replete ) luxuriant vegetable life1 :y ,god causes x to ra9 9 ! des]t :]e human foot nev] treads1 or :y he clo!s ) a m>vell\s exub]ance ( beautiful animal & plant =ms ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,we c b say t ^! ?+s seem$ & seem good to ! ,creator1 & may s]ve uses unkn[n to u2 & ?is is precisely :at we mu/ be cont5t to say respect+ ! plant-creation ( ! ,eozoic p]iod4 ,"s writ]s#hi on ?is subject h sugge/$ t ! cosmical use ( ?is plant-creation 0 ! ab/raction f ! atmosph]e ( an excess ( c>bonic acid unfavorable to ! animal life subsequ5tly to be introduc$4 ,?is use x may h s]v$1 & :5 its effects _h be5 gradually lo/ ?r\gh metamorphism & decay1 t second great )drawal ( c>bon :i* took place 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod may h be5 r5d]$ necess>y4 ,! reasons af=d$ by natural hi/ory = suppos+ t plants prec$$ animals are ?us /at$ by ,pr(essor ,dana3 ,! pro( f sci5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( plants be=e animals is inf]5tial1 & /ill may be deem$ satisfactory4 ,di/9ct fossils h n be5 f\nd1 all t ev] exi/$ 9 ! azoic#ij rocks hav+ be5 oblit]at$4 ,! argum5ts 9 ! affirmative are z foll[s3 #a4 ,! exi/5ce ( lime/one rocks among ! o!r b$s1 simil> lime/ones 9 lat] ages hav+ be5 ( organic orig92 also ! occurr5ce ( c>bon 9 ! %ape ( graphite1 graphite be+1 9 kn[n cases 9 rocks1 a result ( ! alt]ation ( ! c>bon ( plants4 #b4 ,! fact t ! cool+ e>? w\ld h be5 fitt$ = vegetable life = a long age be=e animals c\ld h exi/$2 ! pr9ciple be+ exemplifi$ ev]y:]e t ! e>? 0 occupi$ at ea* p]iod ) ! highe/ k9ds ( life ! conditions all[$4 #c4 ,! fact t vegetation subs]v$ an important purpose 9 ! coal-p]iod 9 ridd+ ! atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid = ! subsequ5t introduction ( l& animals1 sugge/s a valid reason = believ+ t ! same great purpose1 ! true purpose ( vegetation1 0 effect$ ?r\gh ! ocean be=e ! wat]s 7 fitt$ = animal life4 #d4 ,vegetation be+ directly or m$iately ! food ( animals1 x mu/ h _h a previ\s exi/5ce4 ,! latt] "p ( ! azoic age 9 geology we !re=e reg>d z ! age :5 ! plant k+dom 0 in/itut$1 ! latt] half ( ! ?ird day 9 ,g5esis4 ,h[ev] %ort or long ! epo*1 x 0 "o ( ! great /eps ( progress4 ,9 conclud+ ! exam9ation ( ! "w ( ! ?ird day1 ,i mu/ aga9 rem9d ! read] t1 on ! !ory ( long creative p]iods1 ! words "u consid]ation mu/ ref] to ! fir/ introduction ( vegetation1 9 =ms t h long s9ce ceas$ to exi/4 ,geology in=ms u t 9 ! p]iod ( :i* x is cognizant ! vegetation ( ! e>? has be5 sev]al times r5ew$1 & t no plants ( ! old] & middle geological p]iods n[ exi/4 ,we may !re=e re/ assur$ t ! vegetable species1 & probably also _m ( ! g5]ic & family =ms ( ! vegetation ( ! ?ird day1 h long s9ce p]i%$1 & be5 replac$ by o!rs suit$ to ! *ang$ condition ( ! e>?4 ,x is inde$ probable t dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? days !mselves !re might be _m removals & r5ewals ( ! t]re/rial flora1 s t p]haps e species creat$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! introduction ( plants may h be5 ext9ct be=e ! close ( ! p]iod4 ,nev]!less x 0 m>k$ by ! introduction ( vegetation1 :i* 9 "o or ano!r set ( =ms has ev] s9ce clo!d ! e>?4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ird day ! e>? 0 /ill cov]$ by ! wat]s4 ,z "t advanc$ isl&s & m\nta9-peaks arose f ! ocean1 vomit+ =? ! molt5 & igne\s mat]ials ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,pla9s & valleys 7 !n spread ar\nd1 riv]s trac$ out _! b$s1 & ! ocean 0 limit$ by coa/s & divid$ by f>-/ret*+ cont95ts4 ,at ! comm& ( ! ,creator plants sprung f ! soil--! e>lie/ ( organiz$ /ructures--at fir/ probably few & small1 & fitt$ to cont5d aga9/ ! disadvantages ( soils impregnat$ ) sal9e p>ticles & de/itute ( organic matt]2 b z ! day advanc$ increas+ 9 numb]1 magnitude1 & elevation1 until at l5g? ! e>? 0 clo!d ) a luxuriant & v>i$ vegetation1 wor?y ! approval ( ! ,creator1 & ! admir+ song ( ! angelic sons ( ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,lum9>ies4 ,& ,god said1 ,let !re be lum9>ies 9 ! expanse ( heav51 to divide ! day f ! night2 & let !m be = signs & = seasons1 & = days & = ye>s4 ,& let !m be = lum9>ies 9 ! expanse ( heav51 to give light on ! e>?3 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god made two great lum9>ies1 ! great] lum9>y to preside ov] ! day1 ! less] lum9>y to preside ov] ! night4 ,he made ! />s also4 ,& ,god plac$ !m 9 ! expanse ( heav5 to give light on ! e>?1 & to preside ov] ! day & ov] ! night1 & to sep>ate ! light f ! d>kness3 & ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! f\r? day4--,g5esis i41 #ad-ai4 ,aft] s long a soj\rn on ! e>?1 we are 9 ^! v]ses aga9 c>ri$ to ! heav5s4 ,e sci5tific read] is /ruck ) ! position ( ?is rem>kable /atem5t1 int]rupt+ z x does ! progress ( ! organic creation1 & con/itut+ a break 9 ! mid/ ( ! t]re/rial hi/ory :i* is ! imm$iate subject ( ! n>rative2 ?us1 9 effect1 z has (t5 be5 rem>k$1 divid+ ! creative week into two portions4 ,:y 0 ! completion ( ! heav5ly bodies s long delay$8 ,:y 7 light & vegetation introduc$ previ\sly8 ,if we c n fully answ] ^! que/ions1 we may at lea/ suppose t ! position ( ^! v]ses is n accid5tal1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n t :i* w\ld h be5 *os5 = its own sake by any fabricator ( sy/ems anci5t or mod]n4 ,let u inquire1 h[ev]1 :at are ! precise t]ms ( ! record4 #a4 ,! ^w "h us$ to d5ote ! objects produc$ cle>ly di/+ui%es !m f ! product ( ! fir/ day's creation4 ,!n ,god said1 ,let light be2 he n[ says1 ,let lum9>ies or light-be>]s be4 ,we h already se5 t ! light ( ! fir/ day may h emanat$ f an ext5d$ lum9\s mass1 at fir/ occupy+ ! :ole ext5t ( ! sol> sy/em1 & m or less atta*$ to ! sev]al planet>y bodies1 & aft]w>ds conc5trat$ )9 ! e>?'s orbit4 ,! v]ses n[ "u consid]ation in=m u t ! process ( conc5tration 0 n[ complete1 t our great c5tral lum9>y _h atta9$ to its p]fect /ate4 ,?is process ( conc5tration may h be5 proce$+ dur+ ! :ole ( ! int]v5+ "t1 or x may h be5 complet$ at once by "s m rapid process ( ! nature ( a direct int]position ( creative p[]4 #b4 ,! division ( light f d>kness is express$ by ! same t]ms1 & is ( ! same nature ) t on ! fir/ day4 ,?is sep>ation 0 n[ produc$ 9 its full ext5t by ! p]fect cond5sation ( ! lum9if]\s matt]s ar\nd ! sun4 #c4 ,! heav5ly bodies are said to be int5d$ = signs--t is1 = m>ks or indications--ei!r ( ! seasons1 days1 & ye>s aft]w>ds m5tion$1 or ( ! maje/y & p[] ( ! true ,god1 z ! ,creator ( objects s gr& & elevat$ z to become to ! ignorant hea!n objects ( idolatr\s wor%ip2 or p]haps ( ! e>?ly ev5ts !y are suppos$ to influ5ce4 ,! arrangem5ts n[ p]fect$ = ! fir/ "t enabl$ natural days1 seasons1 & ye>s to h _! limits accurately m>k$4 ,previ\sly to ?is p]iod !re _h be5 no di/9ctly m>k$ seasons1 & consequ5tly no natural sep>ation ( ye>s1 nor 7 ! limits ( days at all accurately def9$4 #d4 ,! t]ms expanse & heav51 previ\sly appli$ to ! atmosph]e1 are "h comb9$ to d5ote ! m di/ant />ry & planet>y heav5s4 ,!re is no ambiguity involv$ 9 ?is1 s9ce ! writ] mu/ h well kn[n t no "o c\ld s f> mi/ake z to suppose t ! heav5ly bodies are plac$ 9 t atmosph]ic expanse :i* supports ! cl\ds4 #e4 ,! lum9>ies 7 made or appo9t$ to _! (fice on ! f\r? day4 ,!y are n said to h be5 creat$1 be+ includ$ 9 ! creation ( ! beg9n+4 ,!y 7 n[ complet$1 & fully fitt$ = _! "w4 ,an important "p ( ?is fitt+ seems to h be5 ! sett+ or plac+ !m 9 ! heav5s1 convey+ to u ! impression t ! mutual relations & regul> motions ( ! heav5ly bodies 7 n[ = ! fir/ "t p]fect$4 #f4 ,! />s are introduc$ 9 a p>5!tical mann]1 :i* leaves x d\btful :e!r we are m]ely in=m$ 9 g5]al t]ms t !y are works ( ,god1 z well z ^? heav5ly bodies :i* are ( m importance to u1 or t !y 7 arrang$ z heav5ly lum9>ies useful to our e>? on ! f\r? day4 ,! t]m includes ! fix$ />s1 & x is by no means probable t ^! 7 9 any way affect$ by ! "w ref]r$ to ! f\r? day1 any f>!r ?an _! appe>ance f our e>? is conc]n$4 ,?is view is confirm$ by ! language ( ! #ajd? ,psalm1 :i* 9 ?is "p ( ! "w m5tions ! sun & moon alone1 )\t ! fix$ />s or planets4 ,x is evid5t t ! *anges ref]r$ to ?is p]iod relat$ to ! :ole sol> sy/em1 & result$ 9 ! completion ( t sy/em 9 ! =m :i* x n[ be>s1 or at lea/ 9 ! f9al adju/m5t ( ! motions & relations ( ! e>?2 & we h reason to believe t ! cond5sation ( ! lum9\s envelope ar\nd ! sun 0 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! *anges4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( ,la ,place1 already ref]r$ to z mo/ 9 accordance ) ! e>li] /ages ( ! "w1 !re seems to be no especial reason :y ! completion ( ! process ( elaboration ( ! sun & planets %\ld be accel]at$ at ?is p>ticul> /age4 ,we c easily und]/&1 h[ev]1 t ^? clos+ /eps :i* br\ght ! sol> sy/em into a /ate ( p]man5t & f9al equilibrium w\ld =m a m>k$ epo* 9 ! "w2 & we c also und]/& t n[1 on ! eve ( ! introduction ( animal life1 !re is a c]ta9 propriety 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,creator int]f]+ to close up ! m]ely inorganic "p ( 8 great "w1 & br+ ?is dep>tm5t at lea/ to its f9al p]fection4 ,! f\r? day1 !n1 9 geological language1 m>ks ! complete introduction ( exi/+ causes 9 inorganic nature1 & we h5ce=? f9d no m creative int]f]5ce1 except 9 ! doma9 ( organization4 ,?is accords admirably ) ! d$uctions ( mod]n geology1 & especially ) t great pr9ciple s well exp\nd$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 & :i* =ms ! true basis ( mod]n geological reason+s--t we %\ld seek 9 exi/+ causes ( *ange = ! explanation ( ! appe>ances ( ! rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,geology probably c>ries u back to ! introduction ( animal life2 & %[s u t s9ce t "t l&1 sea1 & atmosph]e1 summ] & w9t]1 day & night--all ! great inorganic conditions affect+ animal life--h exi/$ z at pres5t1 & h be5 subject to modifications ! same 9 k9d ) ^? :i* !y n[ exp]i5ce1 ?\gh p]haps diff]5t 9 degree4 ,9 ?is anci5t record we f9d 9 l mann] t ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ ! creation ( animals witness$ ! completion ( all ! great g5]al arrangem5ts on :i* ^! ph5om5a dep5d4 ,! ,bible1 !re=e1 & sci5ce agree 9 ! tru? t exi/+ causes h be5 9 full =ce s9ce ! creation ( animals2 & t s9ce t p]iod ! ex]cise ( creative p[] has be5 limit$ to ! organic _w4 ,?is has a curi\s be>+1 n (t5 ?\ght (1 on mod]n !ories ( evolution z comp>$ ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible4 ,9 "o important s5se1 absolute creation1 9 s f> z ! inorganic univ]se is conc]n$1 is 9 our ,mosaic n>rative limit$ to ! production ( matt] & =ce at fir/4 ,all else is call$ mak+1 =m+1 or appo9t+4 ,?us ! production ( all ! arrangem5ts ( ! wat]s1 ! atmosph]e1 ! e>?1 & ! heav5s1 9 ! "w ( ! fir/ f\r days1 & ev5 ! introduction ( plants1 may be correctly t]m$ an evolution or developm5t f pre=m$ mat]ials1 ) ! s+le exception t ! reproductive p[] & specific div]sities ( plants are recogniz$ z entirely new facts4 ,creation is prop]ly resum$ :5 animal life is introduc$4 ,h5ce1 9 s f> z a comp>ison ) ! t]ms ( ,g5esis is conc]n$1 hypo!ses z to ! evolution ( animal life f inorganic matt] are 9 a diff]5t position f hypo!ses z to ! previ\s evolution ( ! p>ts ( inorganic nature2 & /ill m s f /atem5ts z to ! progress ( inorganic nature subsequ5t to ! introduction ( animals2 s9ce )9 t p]iod1 :i* really includes ! :ole ( geological "t1 absolutely no creation :atev] 9 ! doma9 ( inanimate nature is affirm$ 9 ! ,biblical record to h tak5 place4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ! arrangem5ts ( inorganic nature are repres5t$ z f9ally complet$ be=e ! creation ( animals4 ,! obliquity ( ! e>?'s axis1 :i* gives u ! *anges ( ! seasons1 is app>5tly includ$ 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! f\r? creative day4 ,! cause ( ?is obliquity1 & ! "t :5 x may h atta9$ to its pres5t am\nt1 h be5 f]tile !mes ( discussion4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t if ?is obliquity 0 e/abli%$1 z appe>s to be /at$ "h1 be=e ! introduction ( animal life1 x c h no be>+ on ! *anges ( climate ( :i* we h evid5ce 9 geological "t s9ce ! dawn ( animal life1 unless1 inde$1 x is capable ( great] v>iation ?an a/ronom]s admit2 & ! same rem>k applies to suppos$ *anges 9 ! position ( ! poles !mselves4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no?+ 9 ?is record to oppose ! idea ( any secul> *anges 9 ^! arrangem5ts "u ! laws appo9t$ 9 ! f\r? creative p]iod4 ,! record relat+ to ! f\r? day is sil5t respect+ ! mundane hi/ory ( ! p]iod2 & geology gives no v c]ta9 in=mation conc]n+ x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we assume t any ( ! ,eozoic or pre-eozoic rocks are deposits ( ?is or ! prec$+ p]iod1 we may inf] f ! di/urbances & alt]ation :i* ^! h suff]$1 prior to ! deposition ( ! ,cambrian & ,silurian1 t dur+ or t[>d ! close ( ?is day ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 affect$ by great movem5ts4 ,!re is ano!r consid]ation also lead+ to important conclusions 9 relation to ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! e>lie/ fossilif]\s rocks !re seems to be good evid5ce t ! dry l& contempor>y ) ! seas 9 :i* !y 7 =m$ 0 ( v small ext5t4 ,n[1 s9ce on ! ?ird day a v pl5tiful & highly develop$ vegetation 0 produc$1 we may inf] t dur+ t p]iod ! ext5t ( dry l& 0 consid]able1 & 0 probably gradually increas+4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,cambrian & ,silurian sy/ems1 s ri* 9 m>9e organic rema9s1 belong to ! comm5cem5t ( ! fif? day1 we mu/ conclude t dur+ ! f\r? mu* ( ! l& previ\sly exi/+ _h be5 aga9 subm]g$4 ,9 o!r words1 dur+ ! ?ird day ! ext5t ( t]re/rial surface 0 increas+1 on ! f\r? day x dim9i%$1 & on ! fif? x aga9 increas$1 & probably has on ! :ole cont9u$ to increase up to ! pres5t "t4 ,"o mo/ important geological consequ5ce ( ?is is t ! m>9e animals ( ! fif? day probably comm5c$ _! exi/5ce on sea bottoms :i* 7 ! old soil surfaces ( subm]g$ cont95ts previ\sly clo!d ) vegetation1 & :i* consequ5tly conta9$ mu* organic matt] fitt$ to =m a basis ( support = ! newly creat$ animals4 ,i %all close my rem>ks on ! f\r? day by a few quotations f ^? passages ( ,scripture :i* ref] to ! objects ( ?is day's "w4 ,i h already ref]r$ to t beautiful passage 9 ,deut]onomy :]e ! ,israelites are w>n$ aga9/ ! crime ( wor%ipp+ ^? heav5ly bodies :i* ! ,"l ,god ha? divid$ to e nation "u ! :ole heav54 ,9 ! book ( ,job also we f9d t ! heav5ly bodies 7 9 8 day reg>d$ z signal manife/ations ( ! p[] ( ,god1 & t sev]al ( ! pr9cipal con/ellations _h receiv$ names3 ,he comm&e? ! sun1 & x %9e? n2 ,he seale? up ! />s2#ia ,he alone spreade? out ! heav5s1 ,& walke? on ! high waves ( ! sea2#ib ,he make? ,arcturus1 ,orion1 ,! ,pleiades1 & ! hidd5 *amb]s ( ! s\?2 ,:o doe? great ?+s pa/ f9d+ out2 ,yea1 m>vell\s ?+s beyond numb]4 --,job ix41 #i4 ,can/ ?\ tight5 ! bonds ( ! ,pleiades1#ic ,or loose ! b&s ( ,orion8 ,can/ ?\ br+ =? ! ,mazz>o? 9 _! season1 ,or lead =? ,arcturus & its sons8 ,kn[e/ ?\ ! laws ( ! heav5s1 ,or ha/ ?\ appo9t$ _! dom9ion ov] ! e>?8 --,job xxxviii41 #ca4 ,i may m]ely rem>k on ^! passages t ! *amb]s ( ! s\? are suppos$ to be ^? p>ts ( ! s\!rn heav5s invisible 9 ! latitude 9 :i* ,job resid$4 ,! bonds ( ,pleiades & ( ,orion probably ref] to ! app>5tly close union ( ! />s ( ! =m] gr\p1 & ! wide sep>ation ( ^? ( ! latt]2 a diff]5ce :i*1 to ! ?\ghtful obs]v] ( ! heav5s1 is m /rik+ ?an mo/ in/ances ( t irregul> gr\p+ ( ! />s :i* /ill =ms a "q 9 a/ronomy1 f ! unc]ta9ty :e!r x is real1 or only an optical deception aris+ f />s at diff]5t di/ances com+ ne>ly into a l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,i h se5 9 "s rec5t a/ronomical "w ?is v in/ance ( ! ,pleiades & ,orion tak5 z a m>k$ illu/ration ( ?is problematical fact 9 a/ronomy4 ,mazz>o? are suppos$ by mod]n expositors to be ! signs ( ! ,zodiac4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,hebrew books give u little in=mation z to ! a/ronomical !ories ( ! "t :5 !y 7 writt54 ,!y are entirely non-committal z to ! nature ( ! connections & revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & inde$ reg>d ^! z matt]s 9 _! "t beyond ! grasp ( ! human m9d1 ?\gh well kn[n to ! ,creator & regulat$ by 8 laws4 ,f o!r s\rces we h facts lead+ to ! belief t ev5 9 ! "t ( ,moses1 & c]ta9ly 9 t ( ! lat] ,biblical writ]s1 !re 0 n a little practical a/ronomy 9 ! ,ea/1 & "s good !ory4 ,! ,h9doo a/ronomy pr(esses to h obs]vations f #cjjj ,b4,c41 & ! argum5ts ( ,baily & o!rs1 f\nd$ on int]nal evid5ce1 give "s color ( tru? to ! claim4 ,! ,*aldeans at a v e>ly p]iod _h asc]ta9$ ! pr9cipal circles ( ! sph]e1 ! position ( ! poles1 & ! nature ( ! app>5t motions ( ! heav5s z ! results ( revolution on an incl9$ axis4 ,! ,egyptian a/ronomy we "k ma9ly f :at ! ,greeks borr[$ f x4 ,?ales1 #fdj ,b4,c41 taught t ! moon is light$ by ! sun1 & t ! e>? is sph]ical1 & ! position ( its five zones4 ,py?agoras1 #ehj ,b4,c41 knew1 9 addition to ! sph]icity ( ! e>?1 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 ! id5tity ( ! ev5+ & morn+ />1 & t ! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun4 ,?is ,greek a/ronomy appe>s imm$iately aft] ! op5+ ( ,egypt to ! ,greeks2 & bo? ^! philosoph]s /udi$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,su* k1 & m ( ! same "*1 may !re=e h exi/$ 9 ,egypt at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,! ,psalms ab\nd 9 beautiful ref]5ces to ! creation ( ! f\r? day3 ,:5 ,i consid] ! heav5s1 ! "w ( ?y f+]s1 ,! moon & ! />s1 :i* ?\ ha/ orda9$2 ,:at is man1 t ?\ art m9dful ( him8 ,or ! son ( man1 t ?\ visite/ him8 --,psalm viii4 ,:o telle? ! numb] ( ! />s1 ,:o calle? !m all by _! names4 ,great is our ,"l1 & ( great praise2 ,8 und]/&+ is inf9ite4 ,! ,"l lifte? up ! meek2 ,he ca/e? ! wick$ to ! gr\nd4 --,psalm cxlvii4 ,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 ,! firmam5t %[e? 8 h&iwork2 ,day unto day utt]e? spee*1 ,night unto night %[e? k4 ,!y h no spee* nor language1 ,_! voice is n he>d2 ,yet _! l9e is gone out to all ! e>?1 ,& _! words to ! end ( ! _w4 ,9 !m ha? he set a pavilion = ! sun1 ,:i* is z a bridegroom com+ out ( 8 *amb]1 ,& rejoice? z a /rong man to run a race4 ,its go+ =? is f ! end ( ! heav5s1 ,& its circuit unto ! end ( !m4 ,& !re is no?+ hid f ! heat !re(4 --,psalm xix4 ,^! are excell5t illu/rations ( ! tru? ( ! ,scripture mode ( treat+ natural objects1 9 connection ) _! ,mak]4 ,x is b a b>r5 & fruitless philosophy :i* sees ! "w & n its au?or--a n>r[ piety :i* loves ,god b despises 8 works4 ,! ,bible holds =? ! gold5 mean betwe5 ^! extremes1 9 a /ra9 ( l(ty poetry & acute p]ception ( ! great & beautiful1 :e!r se5 9 ! ,creator or reflect$ f 8 works4 ,! "w ( ?is day op5s up a wide field = a/ronomical illu/ration1 m especially 9 relation to ! wisdom & b5evol5ce ( ! ,creator z display$ 9 ! heav5s2 b x w\ld be =eign to our pres5t purpose to ent] into ^!4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to ?9k = a mom5t ( ! importance ( ! facts sugge/$ by ! writ] ( ,g5esis 9 m5tion+ ! use ( ! heav5ly bodies z signs ( "t4 ,to :at ext5t civilization or ev5 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( man z an intellig5t be+ w\ld h be5 possible )\t ! m>ks ( subdivision ( "t giv5 by ! great a/ronomical clock ( ! univ]se1 x is almo/ impossible = u to imag9e4 ,)\t su* m>ks ( "t1 9 any case1 ! :ole fabric ( human culture mu/ h be5 diff]5t f :at x is4 ,f>!r1 9 connection ) ?is1 x is a gr& ?\ght ( our e>ly revelation t all ^! heav5ly bodies1 h[ev] magnific5t1 & h[ev] !y might seem to ! hea!n to be objects ( wor%ip1 are b m>ks on ,god's clock1 p>ts ( a m]e ma*9e :i* keeps "t = u1 & is !re=e our s]vant1 z ! *ildr5 ( ! great ,artific]1 & n our rul]4 ,! idea has be5 t]m$ an a/rological "o2 b a/rology z a means ( div9ation has no place 9 ! record4 ,! heav5ly bodies are "u ! law ( ! ,creator1 & _! function relatively to u is to give light & to give "t4 ,a/rological div9ation is an outgr[? ( ! ,sabaean idolatry1 & held 9 abom9ation by ! mono!i/ic au?or ( ,g5esis4 ,8 object may be summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5ts3 #a4 ,! heav5ly ho/s & _! arrangem5ts are ! "w ( ,jehovah1 & are regulat$ :olly by 8 laws or ord9ances2 a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! recognition by ! ,hebrew writ] bo? ( creative int]f]5ce1 & t /able1 natural law :i* too (t5 )draws ! m9d ( ! philosoph] f ! ideas ( creation & ( provid5ce4 #b4 ,! heav5ly bodies h a relation to ! e>?--are p>ts ( ! same plan1 &1 :atev] o!r uses !y 7 made to s]ve1 7 made = ! b5efit ( man4 #c4 ,! g5]al physical arrangem5ts ( ! sol> sy/em 7 p]fect$ be=e ! introduction ( animals on our planet4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,animals4 ,& ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s sw>m ) sw>m+ liv+ creatures1 & let birds fly on ! surface ( ! expanse ( heav54 ,& ,god creat$ great reptiles1 & e liv+ mov+ ?+1 :i* ! wat]s br\ght =? abundantly1 aft] _! k9d1 & e bird aft] its k9d2 & ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& ,god bless$ !m1 say+1 ,be fruitful & multiply1 & fill ! wat]s ( ! seas1 & let ! fly+ creatures multiply 9 ! e>?4 ,& ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fif? day4--,g5esis i41 #bj-bc4 ,9 ^! words1 s full ( busy1 active1 ?rong+ life1 we n[ ent] on t "p ( ! e>?'s hi/ory :i* has be5 mo/ fully elucidat$ by geology1 & we h ?us an additional reason = c>efully weigh+ ! t]ms ( ! n>rative1 :i* "h1 z 9 o!r places1 conta9 l>ge & important tru?s c\*$ 9 language ( ! simple/ "*4 #a4 ,9 accordance ) ! views n[ ent]ta9$ by ! be/ lexicograph]s1 ! ^w translat$ 9 our v]sion creep+ ?+s has be5 r5d]$ prolific or sw>m+ creatures4 ,! ,hebrew is ,%]etz1 a n\n d]iv$ f ! v]b us$ 9 ?is v]se to d5ote br++ =? abundantly4 ,x is loosely translat$ 9 ! ,septuag9t ,erpeta1 reptiles2 & ?is view our ,engli% translators appe> to h adopt$1 )\t1 p]haps1 any v cle> notions ( ! creatures int5d$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x is us$ 9 o!r passages places its true mean+ beyond d\bt4 ,i select z illu/rations ( ! mo/ apposite "* ^? v]ses 9 ,leviticus 9 :i* clean & unclean animals are specifi$1 & 9 :i* we h a "r to expect ! mo/ precise zoological nom5clature t ! ,hebrew c af=d4 ,9 ,leviticus xi41 #bj-bc1 insects are def9$ to be fly+ %]etzim1 & 9 v]se #bi1 etc41 "u ! designation %]etzim ( ! l&1 we h animals nam$ 9 our v]sion ! weasel1 m\se1 tortoise1 f]ret1 *ameleon1 liz>d1 snail1 & mole4 ,! fir/ ( ^! animals is believ$ to h be5 a burr[+ creature1 p]haps a mole2 ! second1 f ! mean+ ( its "n1 ravag] ( fields1 is ?\ght to h be5 a m\se4 ,"s d\bt1 h[ev]1 att5ds bo? ( ^! id5tifications1 b x appe>s c]ta9 t ! rema9+ six species are small reptiles1 pr9cipally liz>ds4 ,we le>n1 !re=e1 t ! small] reptiles1 & p]haps also a few small mammals1 are %]etzim4 ,9 v]ses #da & #db we are introduc$ to o!r tribes4 ,& e %]etz t sw>me? on ! e>? %all be an abom9ation unto y2 x %all n be eat52 :atsoev] goe? ^u ! belly 7s]p5ts1 worms1 snails1 etc471 & :atsoev] ha? m feet 7?an f\r7 7insects1 ara*nidans1 myriapods74 ,9 v]ses #i & #aj ( ! same *apt] we h an enum]ation ( ! %]etzim ( ! wat]s3 ,:atsoev] ha? f9s & scales 9 ! wat]s1 9 ! seas & 9 ! riv]s1 !m %all ye eat4 ,& all t h n f9s & scales 9 ! seas & ! riv]s1 ( all t sw>m 9 ! wat]s 7all ! %]etzim ( ! wat]s71 !y %all be an abom9ation unto y4 ,"h ! g5]al t]m %]etz includes all ! fi%es & ! inv]tebrate animals ( ! wat]s4 ,f ! :ole ( ! above passages we le>n t ?is is a g5]al t]m = all ! inv]tebrate animals & ! two l[] classes ( v]tebrates1 or1 9 o!r words1 = ! :ole animal k+dom except ! mammalia & birds4 ,to all ^! creatures ! "n is p>ticul>ly appropriate1 all ( !m be+ ovip>\s or ovovivip>\s1 & consequ5tly produc+ great numb]s ( "y & multiply+ v rapidly4 ,! only o!r creatures :i* c be includ$ "u ! t]m are ! two d\btful species ( small mammals already m5tion$4 ,no?+ c be m fair & obvi\s ?an ?is explanation ( ! t]m1 bas$ bo? on etymology & on ! precise nom5clature ( ! c]emonial law4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ! prolific animals ( ! fif? day's creation belong$ to ! ?ree ,cuvi]ian sub-k+doms ( ! ,radiata1 ,articulata1 & ,mollusca1 & to ! classes ( ,fi% & ,reptiles among ! v]tebrata4 #b4 ,"o peculi> gr\p ( %]etzim is especially di/+ui%$ by "n--! tann9im1 or great :ales ( our v]sion4 ,x w\ld be amus+1 _h we "t1 to notice ! v>iety ( conjectures to :i* ?is ^w has giv5 rise1 & ! p]plexities ( comm5tators 9 ref]5ce to x4 ,9 our v]sion & ! ,septuag9t x is usually r5d]$ dragon2 b 9 ?is place ! sev5ty h ?\ght prop] to put ,ketos 7:ale71 & our translators h foll[$ !m4 ,subsequ5t translators & comm5tators h laid "u contribution all sorts ( m>9e mon/]s1 includ+ ! sea-s]p5t1 9 _! endeavors to atta* a precise mean+ to ! ^w2 :ile o!rs h be5 cont5t to admit t x may signify any k9d or all k9ds ( l>ge aquatic animals4 ,! great] "p ( ! difficulty appe>s to h aris5 f conf\nd+ two di/9ct words1 tann9 & tan1 bo? names ( animals2 & ! confusion has be5 increas$ by ! circum/ance t 9 two places ! words h be5 int]*ang$1 probably by errors ( transcrib]s4 ,tan occurs 9 twelve places1 & f ^! we c ga!r t x inhabits ru9$ cities1 des]ts1 & places to :i* o/ri*es resort1 t x suckles its "y1 is ( pr$ace\s & %y habits1 utt]s a wail+ cry1 & is n ( l>ge size1 nor =midable to man4 ,! mo/ probable conjecture z to ! animal int5d$ is t ( ,ges5ius1 :o supposes x to be ! jackal4 ,! o!r ^w 7tann971 :i* is t us$ 9 ! text1 is appli$ z an emblem ( ,egypt & its k+s1 & also ( ! conqu]+ k+s ( ,babylon4 ,x is spok5 ( z furi\s :5 enrag$1 & =midable to man1 & is said to be an inhabitant ( riv]s & ( ! sea1 b m especially ( ! ,nile4 ,9 %ort1 x is ! crocodile ( ! ,nile4 ,we c easily und]/& ! p]plexity ( ^? writ]s :o suppose ^! two words to be id5tical1 & endeavor to comb9e all ! *>act]s above m5tion$ 9 "o animal or tribe ( animals4 ,z a f>!r illu/ration ( ! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! mean+s ( ! two words1 we may comp>e ! #cd? & #cg? v]ses ( ! fifty-fir/ *apt] ( ,j]emiah4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! v]ses ! ,k+ ( ,babylon is repres5t$ z a dragon 7tann971 :i* _h swall[$ up ,israel4 ,9 ! second x is pr$ict$ t ,babylon itself %all become heaps1 a dwell+-place = dragons 7tanim74 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! animals int5d$ "h are q diff]5t4 ,! dev\r+ tann9 is a huge pr$ace\s riv] reptile1 a fit emblem ( ! ,babylonian mon>*2 ! tan is ! jackal t w soon h[l 9 8 ru9$ palaces4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t philologi/s trace a connection betwe5 tann9 & ! ,greek te9o1 ,lat9 t5do1 & simil> words1 signify+ to /ret* or ext5d1 9 ! ,sanscrit1 ,go?ic1 & o!r languages1 lead+ to ! inf]5ce t ! ,hebrew ^w prim>ily d5otes a l5g!n$ or ext5d$ creature1 :i* corresponds well ) its application to ! crocodile4 ,tak+ all ! above facts 9 connection1 we are q safe 9 conclud+ t ! creatures ref]r$ to by ! ^w "u consid]ation are lit]ally l>ge reptilian animals2 &1 f ! special m5tion made ( !m1 we may inf] t1 9 _! day1 !y 7 ! lords ( creation4#id #c4 ,9 v]se #ba ! rema9d] ( ! %]etzim1 besides ! l>g] reptiles1 are includ$ 9 ! g5]al expression1 ,liv+ creature t move?4 ,! t]m liv+ creature is1 lit]ally1 creature hav+ ! brea? ( life2 ! p[] ( respiration be+ app>5tly 9 ,hebrew ! di/9ctive "* ( ! animal4 ,! ^w move? 7rama%71 9 its m g5]al s5se1 expresses ! p[] ( volunt>y motion1 z exhibit$ 9 animals 9 g5]al4 ,9 a few places1 h[ev]1 x has a m precise mean+1 z 9 #a ,k+s iv41 #cc1 :]e ! v]tebrat$ animals are includ$ 9 ! f\r classes ( bea/s1 f[l1 creep+ ?+s 7or reptiles1 remes71 & fi%es4 ,9 ! pres5t connection x probably has its mo/ g5]al s5se2 unless1 inde$1 ! app>5t repetition 9 ?is v]se relates to ! amphibi\s or semi-t]re/rial creatures associat$ ) ! great reptiles2 &1 9 t case1 ! humbl] reptilian animals alone may be meant4 #d4 ,we may aga9 note t ! introduction ( animal life is m>k$ by ! use ( ! ^w create1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! g5]al creation ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,we may also note t ! animal1 z well z ! plant1 0 creat$ aft] its k9d1 or species by species4 ,! animals are gr\p$ "u ?ree great classes--! ,remes1 ! ,tann9im1 & ! ,birds2 b1 le/ any misconception %\ld arise z to ! relations ( species to ^! gr\ps1 we are expressly in=m$ t ! species is "h ! true unit ( ! creative "w4 ,x is wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to note t ?is mo/ anci5t au?ority on ?is mu* controv]t$ topic connects species on ! "o h& ) ! creative fiat1 & on ! o!r ) ! p[] ( cont9u\s reproduction4 #e4 ,9 addition to ! great mass ( %]etzim1 s accurately *>act]iz$ by ,milton z ----,reptile ) spawn abundant1 ! creation ( ! fif? day includ$ a high] tribe ( ovip>\s animals--! birds1 ! f[l or w+$ creature ( ! text4 ,birds alone1 we ?9k1 mu/ be meant "h1 z we h already se5 t insects are includ$ "u ! g5]al t]m %]etzim4 #f4 ,x is f>!r to be obs]v$ t ! wat]s give orig9 to ! fir/ animals--an int]e/+ po9t :5 we consid] ! contra/ "h ) ! creation ( plants & ( ! high] animals1 bo? ( :i* proce$ f ! e>?4 #g4 ,x c n fail to be obs]v$ t we h 9 ^! v]ses two diff]5t arrangem5ts ( ! animals creat$1 nei!r correspond+ exactly ) :at mod]n sci5ce tea*es u to reg>d z ! true gr\p+ ( ! animal k+dom1 accord+ to its aff9ities4 ,! ord] 9 ! fir/ enum]ation %\ld1 f ! analogy ( ! *apt]1 indicate t ( successive creation4 ,! ord] ( ! second li/ may1 p]haps1 be t ( ! relative importance ( ! animals1 z x appe>$ to ! writ]4 ,or !re may h be5 a tw(old division ( ! p]iod--! e>li] comm5c+ ) ! creation ( ! humbl] inv]tebrates1 ! lat] *>act]iz$ by ! great reptiles--:i* is ! actual /ate ( ! case z disclos$ by geology4 #h4 ,! ,creator recognizes ! introduction ( s5ti5t exi/5ce & volition by bless+ ?is new "w ( 8 h&s1 & invit+ ! sw>ms ( ! newly peopl$ _w to enjoy t happ9ess = :i* !y 7 fitt$1 & to increase & fill ! e>?1 inaugurat+ ?us a new p[] de/9$ to /ill high] developm5ts4 ,:5 we inquire :at in=mation geology af=ds respect+ ! p]iod "u consid]ation1 ! answ] may be full & explicit4 ,geological discov]y has c>ri$ u back to an epo* correspond+ ) ! beg9n+ ( ?is day1 & has disclos$ a long & v>i$ s]ies ( liv+ be+s1 ext5d+ f ?is e>ly p]iod up to ! introduction ( ! high] races ( animals4 ,to ent] on ! geological details ( ^! *anges1 & on descriptions ( ! creatures :i* succe$$ ea* o!r on ! e>?1 w\ld swell ?is volume into a treatise on palaeontology1 & w\ld be q unnecess>y1 z s _m excell5t popul> works on ?is subject already exi/4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 conf9e myself to a few g5]al /atem5ts1 & to m>k+ ! po9ts 9 :i* ,scripture & geology co9cide 9 _! respective hi/ories ( ?is long p]iod1 :i* appe>s to include ! :ole ( ! ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic epo*s ( geology1 ) _! gr& & v>i$ succession ( rock =mations & liv+ be+s4 ,9 ! ,primordial or olde/ fossilif]\s rocks next 9 succession to ^? great ,eozoic =mations 9 :i* protozoa alone h be5 discov]$1 we f9d ! rema9s ( cru/aceans1 mollusks1 & radiates--su* z %rimps1 %ell-fi%1 & />fi%es--:i* appe> to h inhabit$ ! bottom ( a %all[ ocean4 ,among ^! 7 "s g5]a belong+ to ! high] =ms ( inv]tebrate life1 b app>5tly z yet no v]tebrat$ animals4 ,fi%es 7 !n introduc$1 & h left _! rema9s 9 ! upp] ,silurian rocks1 & v abundantly 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s1 9 ! latt] ( :i* also ! fir/ reptiles occur1 b are pr9cipally memb]s ( t l[] gr\p to :i* ! frogs & newts & _! allies belong4 ,! animal k+dom appe>s to h rea*$ no high] ?an ! reptiles 9 ! ,palaeozoic or prim>y p]iod ( geology1 & its reptiles are comp>atively small & few2 ?\gh fi%es _h atta9$ to a po9t ( p]fection :i* !y h n s9ce exce$$4 ,!re 0 also1 especially 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 an abundant & luxuriant vegetation4 ,! ,mesozoic p]iod is1 h[ev]1 emphatically ! age ( reptiles4 ,?is class !n rea*$ its climax1 9 ! numb]1 p]fection1 & magnitude ( its species1 :i* fill$ all ^? /ations 9 ! economy ( nature n[ assign$ to ! mammalia4 ,birds also belong to ?is era1 ?\gh app>5tly mu* less num]\s & important ?an at pres5t4 ,only a few species ( small mammals1 ( ! l[e/ or m>supial type1 appe> z a presage ( ! mammalian creation ( ! succe$+ t]ti>y era4 ,9 ^! two geological p]iods1 !n--! ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic--we f9d1 fir/1 ! l[] %]etzim repres5t$ by ! inv]tebrata & ! fi%es1 !n ! great reptiles & ! birds2 & x c n be d5i$ t1 if we admit t ! ,mosaic day "u consid]ation corresponds ) ^! geological p]iods1 x w\ld be impossible bett] to *>act]ize _! creations 9 s few words adapt$ to popul> compreh5sion4 ,i may add t all ! species ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 ! ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic rocks are ext9ct1 & kn[n to u only z fossils2 & _! connection ) ! pres5t sy/em ( nature consi/s only 9 _! =m+ ) x a m p]fect s]ies ?an our pres5t fauna alone c\ld af=d1 unless1 inde$1 we %\ld f9d reason to believe t any mod]n animals are _! modifi$ desc5dants4 ,!y belong to ! same sy/em ( types1 b are p>ts ( x :i* h s]v$ _! purpose & h be5 laid aside4 ,! co9cid5ces above not$ betwe5 geology & ,scripture may be summ$ up z foll[s3 #a4 ,accord+ to bo? records1 ! causes :i* at pres5t regulate ! di/ribution ( light1 heat1 & moi/ure1 & ( l& & wat]1 71 dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod1 mu* ! same z at pres5t4 ,! eyes ( ! trilobite ( ! old ,silurian rocks are fitt$ = ! same conditions ) respect to light ) ^? ( exi/+ animals ( ! same class4 ,! conif]\s trees ( ! coal measures %[ annual r+s ( gr[?4 ,impressions ( ra9-m>ks h be5 f\nd 9 ! %ales ( ! coal measures & ,devonian sy/em4 ,hills & valleys1 swamps & lagoons1 riv]s1 bays1 seas1 coral reefs & %ell b$s1 h all left indubitable evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce 9 ! geological record4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,bible affirms t all ! e>?'s physical features 7 p]fect$ on ! f\r? day1 & imm$iately be=e ! creation ( animals4 ,! l& & ! wat] h und]gone dur+ ?is long lapse ( ages _m m9or *anges4 ,:ole tribes ( animals & plants h be5 swept away & replac$ by o!rs1 b ! g5]al aspect ( inorganic nature has rema9$ ! same4 #b4 ,bo? records %[ ! exi/5ce ( vegetation dur+ ?is p]iod2 ?\gh ! geologic record1 if tak5 alone1 w\ld1 f its want ( in=mation respect+ ! ?ird day1 lead u to inf] t plants are no old] ?an animals1 :ile ! ,bible does n speak ( ! nature ( ! vegetation t may h exi/$ on ! fif? day4 #c4 ,bo? records in=m u t reptiles & birds 7 ! high] & lead+ =ms ( animals1 & t all ! l[] =ms ( animals co-exi/$ ) !m4 ,9 bo? we h especial notice ( ! gigantic ,saurian reptiles ( ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod2 & if we h ! rema9s ( a few small species ( mammals 9 ! ,mesozoic rocks1 ^!1 l a few simil> creatures app>5tly includ$ "u ! ^w %]etz 9 ,leviticus1 are n suffici5tly important to negative ! g5]al fact ( ! reign ( reptiles4#ie #d4 ,x accords ) bo? records t ! "w ( creation 9 ?is p]iod 0 gradually progressive4 ,species aft] species 0 locally introduc$1 ext5d$ itself1 &1 aft] hav+ s]v$ its purpose1 gradually became ext9ct4 ,& ?us ea* successive rock =mation pres5ts new gr\ps ( species1 ea* ris+ 9 numb]s & p]fection above ! la/1 & m>k+ a gradual assimilation ( ! g5]al conditions ( our planet to _! pres5t /ate1 yet )\t any convulsions or g5]al cata/rophes affect+ ! :ole e>? at once4 #e4 ,9 bo? records ! "t betwe5 ! creation ( ! fir/ animals & ! introduction ( ! mammalia z a dom9ant class =ms a well-m>k$ p]iod4 ,i w\ld n too positively ass]t t ! close ( ! fif? day accords precisely ) t ( ! ,mesozoic or second>y p]iod4 ,! well-m>k$ l9e ( sep>ation1 h[ev]1 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 betwe5 ?is & ! e>li] t]ti>y rocks succe$+ to x1 po9ts to ?is z extremely probable4 ,x ?us appe>s t ,scripture & geology s f> concur respect+ ! ev5ts ( ?is p]iod z to e/abli%1 ev5 )\t any o!r evid5ce1 a probability t ! fif? day corresponds ) ! geological ages ) :i* ,i h endeavor$ to id5tify x4 ,geology1 h[ev]1 gives u no means ( measur+ precisely ! l5g? ( ?is day2 b x gives u ! impression t x occupi$ an enorm\s l5g? ( "t1 comp>$ ) :i* ! :ole human p]iod is q insignificant2 & rivall+ ^? my?ical days ( ! ,creator :i* we h notic$ z =m+ a "p ( ! ,h9doo my?ology4 ,:y 0 ! e>? ?us occupi$ = c\ntless ages by an animal population ^: highe/ memb]s 7 reptiles & birds8 ,! fact c n be d\bt$1 s9ce geology & ,scripture1 ! rese>* ( man & ! ,^w ( ,god1 concur 9 affirm+ x4 ,we "k t ! l[e/ ( ^! creatures 01 9 its own place1 no less wor?y ( ! ,creator ?an ^? :i* we reg>d z ! highe/ 9 ! scale ( organization1 & t ! animals ( ! anci5t1 equally ) ^? ( ! mod]n _w1 ab\nd$ 9 pro(s ( ! wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness ( _! ,mak]4 ,comp>ative anatomy has %[n t ^! ext9ct animals1 ?\gh (t5 v>y+ mu* f _! mod]n repres5tatives1 are 9 no respect rude or imp]fect2 t !y h ! same appe>ance ( c>eful plann+ & elaborate execution1 ! same comb9ation ( ornam5t & utility1 ! same nice adaptation to ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce1 :i* we obs]ve 9 mod]n creatures4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! _m new & wond]ful contrivances & comb9ations :i* !y pres5t1 & _! relations to exi/+ objects1 h greatly enl>g$ our views ( ! v>iety & h>mony ( ! :ole sy/em ( nature4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 9 ^! respects1 n )\t _! use z manife/ations ( ! ,creator1 9 ?is our lat] age4 ,!re is ano!r reason1 h9t$ at by ,buckl&1 ,mill]1 & o!r writ]s on ?is subject1 :i* weighs mu* ) my m9d4 ,all animals & plants are con/ruct$ on a few lead+ types or patt]ns1 :i* are aga9 divid$ into subord9ate types1 j z 9 ar*itecture we h c]ta9 lead+ /yles1 & ^! aga9 may admit ( sev]al ord]s1 & ^! ( f>!r modifications4 ,types are f>!r modifi$ to suit a great v>iety ( m9or adaptations4 ,n[ we "k t ! e>? is1 at any "o "t1 inadequate to display all ! modifications ( all ! types4 ,h5ce our exi/+ sy/em ( organic nature1 ?\gh probably m complete ?an any t prec$$ x1 is /ill only fragm5t>y4 ,x is l :at ar*itecture w\ld be1 if all memorials ( all build+s m ?an a c5tury old 7 swept away4 ,b1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! creative "w1 !re has be51 or w be1 room = ! :ole plan4 ,h5ce fossils are little by little complet+ our sy/em ( nature2 &1 if all 7 kn[n1 w\ld p]haps :olly d s4 ,! great plan mu/ be progressive1 & all its p>ts mu/ be p]i%able1 except its la/ culm9at+-po9t & ar*etype1 man4 ,t5nyson expresses ?is tru? 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,! wi% t ( ! liv+ :ole ,no life may fail beyond ! grave2 ,d]ives x n f :at we h ,! like/ ,god )9 ! s\l8 ,are ,god & ,nature !n at /rife1 ,t ,nature l5ds su* evil dreams8 ,s c>eful ( ! type %e seems1 ,s c>eless ( ! s+le life4 ',s c>eful ( ! type8' b no4 ,f sc>p$ cliff & qu>ri$ /one ,%e cries1 'a ?\s& types are gone2 ,i c>e = no?+1 all %all g4 ',?\ make/ ?9e appeal to me3 ,i br+ to life1 ,i br+ to dea?3 ,! _s does b mean ! brea?3 ,i "k no m4' ,& he1 %all he1 ,man1 h] la/ "w1 :o seem'd s fair1 ,su* spl5did purpose 9 8 eyes1 ,:o roll'd ! psalm to w9try skies1 ,:o built him fanes ( fruitless pray]1 ,:o tru/$ ,god 0 love inde$1 ,& love ,creation's f9al law-- ,?o' ,nature1 r$ 9 too? & claw1 ,) rav9e1 %riek'd aga9/ 8 cre$-- ,:o lov$1 :o suff]'d c\ntless ills1 ,:o battl$ = ! ,true1 ! ,j1 ,be bl[n ab\t ! des]t du/1 ,or seal'd )9 ! iron hills8 ,no m8 ,a mon/]1 !n1 a dream1 ,a discord4 ,dragons ( ! prime1 ,t t>e ea* o!r 9 _! slime1 ,7 mell[ music mat*'d ) him4 ,o life z futile1 !n1 z frail6 ,o = ?y voice to soo! & bless6 ,:at hope ( answ]1 or r$ress8 ,beh9d ! veil1 beh9d ! veil4 ,! f>!r explanation giv5 by evolutioni/s t ^? anci5t =ms ( life may be ! actual ance/ors ( ! pres5t animals1 & t ?r\gh all ! ages ! ,creator 0 gradually p]fect+ 8 "w by a s]ies ( desc5ts ) modification1 0 probably n be=e ! m9d ( our anci5t ,hebrew au?ority1 nor ne$ we atta* mu* value to x till "s pro( ( ! process has be5 obta9$ f ,nature4 ,a f>!r reason1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 intelligible to ! au?or ( ,g5esis1 & :i* is fondly dwelt on 9 succe$+ books ( ! ,bible1 dep5ds on ! idea t ! ,creator himself is n indiff]5t to ! m>vell\s /ructures1 in/9cts1 & p[]s :i* he has be/[$ ^u ! l[] races ( animals4 ,witness ! answ] ( ! ,almighty to ,job1 :5 he spake out ( ! :irlw9d to v9dicate 8 own plans 9 creation & provid5ce2 & br\ght be=e ! patri>* a long tra9 ( animals1 expla9+ & dwell+ on ! /ructure & p[]s ( ea*1 9 contra/ ) ! puny ef=ts & rude artificial contrivances ( man4 ,witness also ! pres]vation1 9 ! rocks1 ( ! fossil rema9s ( ext9ct creatures1 z if he :o made !m 0 unwill+ t ! evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce %\ld p]i%1 & purposely treasur$ !m ?r\gh all ! revolutions ( ! e>?1 t ?r\gh !m m5 might magnify 8 "n4 ,! ,psalmi/ w\ld almo/ appe> to h _h all ^! ?\ghts be=e 8 m9d :5 he p\r$ out 8 wond] 9 ! #ajd? ,psalm3 ,o ,"l1 h[ manifold are ?y works6 ,9 wisdom ha/ ?\ made !m all4 ,! e>? is full ( ?y ri*es2 ,s is ?is wide & great sea1 ,:]e9 are mov+ ?+s innum]able1 ,creatures bo? small & great4 ,!re g ! %ips or float+ animals2 ,!re is levia?an1 :i* ?\ ha/ =m$ to sport !re93 ,t ?\ give/ !m !y ga!r4 ,?\ op5e/ ?y h&1 !y are fill$ ) good2 ,?\ hide/ ?y face1 !y are tr\bl$2 ,?\ take/ away _! brea?1 !y return to _! du/4 ,?\ s5de/ =? ?y _s1 !y are creat$1 ,& ?\ r5ewe/ ! face ( ! e>?4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 good reasons to believe t1 9 ! plans ( div9e wisdom1 ! long p]iods 9 :i* ! e>? 0 occupi$ by ! inf]ior races 7 necess>y to its subsequ5t adaptation to ! resid5ce ( man4 ,to ^! p]iods our pres5t cont95ts gradually grew up 9 all _! v>iety & beauty4 ,! mat]ials ( old rocks 7 comm9ut$ & mix$ to =m f]tile soils1#if & /ores ( m9]al products 7 accumulat$ to enable man to e>n 8 subsi/5ce & ! bless+s ( civilization by ! sweat ( 8 br[4 ,if x pleas$ ! ,almighty dur+ ^! prep>atory /ages to repl5i% ! l& & sea ) liv+ ?+s full ( life & beauty & happ9ess1 :o %all v5ture to criticise 8 proc$ure1 or to say to ,him1 ,:at doe/ ?\8 ,x w\ld be decid$ly wrong1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( t :i* is popul>ly call$ sci5ce1 to omit to inquire "h :at relation to ! "w ( ! fif? creative day ^? !ories ( developm5t & evolution :i* h obta9$ s great curr5cy may be>4 ,! long "t employ$ 9 ! introduction ( ! l[] animals1 ! use ( ! t]ms make & =m1 in/ead ( create1 & ! expression let ! wat]s br+ =?1 may well be und]/ood z c\nt5anc+ "s =m ( m$iate creation1 or ( creation by law1 or !i/ic evolution1 z x has be5 t]m$2 b !y give no c\nt5ance to ! idea ei!r ( ! spontane\s evolution ( liv+ be+s "u ! influ5ce ( m]ely physical causes & )\t creative int]v5tion1 or ( ! transmutation ( "o k9d ( animal into ano!r4 ,/ill1 ) ref]5ce to ?is la/ idea1 x is pla9 t revelation gives u no def9ition ( species z di/+ui%$ f v>ieties or races1 s t !re is no?+ to prev5t ! supposition t1 )9 c]ta9 limits indicat$ by ! expression aft] its k9d1 animals or plants may h be5 s con/itut$ z to v>y greatly 9 ! progress ( geological "t4 ,if we ask :e!r any ?+ is kn[n to sci5ce :i* c give ev5 a decid$ probability to ! notion t liv+ be+s are p>ts ( an undirect$ evolution proce$+ "u m]ely dead ins5ti5t =ces1 & )\t int5tion1 ! answ] mu/ be emphatically no4 ,i h else:]e fully discuss$ ^! que/ions1 & may "h make "s g5]al /atem5ts z to c]ta9 sci5tific facts :i* at pres5t b> ! way aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( evolution z appli$ to life1 & especially aga9/ t =m ( x to :i* ,d>w9 & 8 disciples h giv5 s great prom95ce4 #a4 ,! album9\s or protoplasmic mat]ial1 :i* seems to be necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( e liv+ be+1 is kn[n to u z a product only ( ! action ( previ\sly liv+ protoplasm4 ,?\gh x is (t5 /at$ t ! production ( album5 f its elem5ts is a process n diff]+ f ! =mation ( wat] or any o!r inorganic mat]ial f its elem5ts1 ?is /atem5t is false 9 fact1 s9ce1 ?\gh _m s-call$ organic sub/ances h be5 produc$ by *emical processes1 no p>ticle ( ei!r liv+ or non-liv+ organizable matt] ( ! nature ( protoplasm has ev] be5 s produc$4 ,! orig91 !re=e1 ( ?is album9\s matt] is z mu* a my/]y to u at pres5t z t ( any ( ! *emical elem5ts4 #b4 ,?\gh "s animals & plants are v simple 9 _! visible /ructure1 !y all pres5t vital prop]ties n to be f\nd 9 dead album9\s matt]1 & no mode is kn[n :]eby ! prop]ties ( life c be communicat$ to dead matt]4 ,all ! exp]im5ts hi!rto made1 & v em95tly ^? rec5tly p]=m$ by ,pa/eur1 ,tyndall1 & ,dall+]1 lead to ! conclusion t ev5 ! simple/ liv+ be+s c be produc$ only f g]ms orig9at+ 9 previ\sly liv+ organisms ( simil> /ructure4 ,! simple/ liv+ organisms are ?us to sci5ce ultimate facts1 = :i* x c n acc\nt except conjecturally4 #c4 ,no case is c]ta9ly kn[n 9 human exp]i5ce :]e any species ( animal or plant has be5 s *ang$ z to assume all ! *>act]s ( a new species4 ,species are ?us practically to sci5ce un*angeable units1 ! orig9 ( :i* we h z yet no means ( trac+4 #d4 ,?\gh ! g5]al hi/ory ( animal life 9 "t be>s a c]ta9 resemblance to ! developm5t ( ! individual animal f ! embryo1 !re is no reason :atev] to believe t ?is is m ?an a m]e relation ( analogy1 aris+ f ! fact t 9 bo? cases ! law ( proc$ure is to pass f ! simpl] =ms to ! m complex1 & f ! m g5]aliz$ to ! m specializ$4 ,! ext]nal conditions & details ( ! two k9ds ( s]ies are altoge!r diff]5t1 & become m s ! m !y are inve/igat$4 ,?is %[s t ! causes c n h be5 simil>4 #e4 ,9 trac+ back animals & gr\ps ( animals 9 geological "t1 we f9d t !y always end )\t any l9k ( connection ) previ\s be+s1 & 9 circum/ances :i* r5d] any su* connections improbable4 ,9 ! "w ( our next creative day1 ! s]ies ( animals prec$+ ! mod]n horse has be5 cit$ z a good in/ance ( probable evolution2 b n only are ! memb]s ( ! s]ies s widely sep>at$ 9 space & "t t no connection c be trac$1 b ! e>lie/ ( !m1 ! ,orohippus1 w\ld require1 on ! !ory1 to h be5 prec$$ by a previ\s s]ies ext5d+ s f> back t x is impossible1 "u any supposition ( ! imp]fection ( our pres5t k1 to consid] su* ext5sion probable4 ,! same difficulty applies to e case ( trac+ back any specific =m ei!r ( animal or plant4 ,?is g5]al result proves1 z ,i h else:]e attempt$ to %[1#ig t ! introduction ( ! v>i\s animal types mu/ h be5 abrupt1 & "u "s influ5ce q diff]5t f t ( evolution4 ,^! are :at ,i w\ld t]m ! five fatal objections to evolution z at pres5t held1 z a means ( acc\nt+ = ! introduction & succession ( animals4 ,to :at ext5t !y may be weak5$ or /r5g!n$ by ! future progress ( sci5ce x is impossible to say1 b s long z !y exi/ x is m]e folly & presumption to affirm t mod]n sci5ce supports ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! ,bible leaves u p]fectly free to inquire z to ! plan & me?od ( ! ,creator1 & t1 :atev] discov]ies we may make1 we %all f9d t 8 plans are ord]ly1 me?odical1 & cont9u\s1 & n ( ! nature ( an arbitr>y pat*work4 ,?\gh sci5ce z yet gives u no c]ta9 laws = ! introduction ( new specific types1 x indicates c]ta9 possible modes ( ! orig9ation ( v>ieties1 races1 & sub-species ( previ\sly exi/+ types4 ,"o ( ^! is t /ruggle = exi/5ce aga9/ adv]se ext]nal conditions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has be5 h>p$ ^u too exclusively by ! ,d>w9ian s*ool1 & :i* w give *iefly depaup]at$ & degrad$ =ms4 ,ano!r is t expansion "u exceptionally favorable conditions :i* arises :]e species are admitt$ to wid] new areas ( geographical range & m abundant & v>i$ means ( su/5ance4 ,l& animals & plants mu/ h exp]i5c$ ?is 9 times ( cont95tal elevation2 m>9e animals & plants 9 times ( cont95tal depression4 ,ano!r is ! t5d5cy to :at has be5 call$ reproductive ret>dation & accel]ation :i* species und]go "u conditions exceptionally unfavorable or favorable1 & :i* 9 "s mod]n aquatic animals produces diff]5ces s great t memb]s ( ! same species h sometimes be5 plac$ 9 diff]5t g5]a4 ,la/ly1 x is conceivable t species may h be5 s con/ruct$ t aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( g5]ations !y may spontane\sly und]go ei!r abrupt or gradual *anges1 simil> to ^? :i* ! individual und]goes at c]ta9 /ages ( gr[?4 ,?is la/ furni%es ! only true analogy possible betwe5 embryology & geological succession4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 sci5ce is sil5t z to ! production ( new specific types1 & only gives u indications z to ! orig9 ( v>ieties & races1 x is curi\s t ! ,bible sugge/s ?ree me?ods 9 :i* new organisms may be1 & accord+ to x h be5 introduc$ by ! ,creator4 ,! fir/ is t ( imm$iate & direct creation1 z :5 ,god creat$ ! great ,tann9im4 ,! second is t ( m$iate creation1 ?r\gh ! mat]ials previ\sly exi/+1 z :5 he said1 ,let ! l& br+ =? plants1 or ,let ! wat]s br+ =? animals4 ,! ?ird is t ( production f a previ\s organism by p[] o!r ?an t ( ord9>y reproduction1 z 9 ! orig9ation ( ,eve f ,adam1 & ! miracul\s conception ( ,jesus4 ,^! are ! only po9ts 9 :i* its tea*+s approa* ! limits ( speculations z to evolution1 & !y c]ta9ly leave scope en\gh = ! legitimate inquiries ( sci5ce4#ih ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,high] ,,animals ,,& ,,man4 ,& ,god said1 ,let ! l& br+ =? animals aft] _! k9ds2 ! h]bivora1 ! reptiles1 & ! c>nivora1 aft] _! k9ds2 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god made c>nivor\s mammals aft] _! k9ds1 & h]bivor\s mammals aft] _! k9ds1 & e reptile ( ! l& aft] its k9d2 & ,god saw t x 0 good4 ,& ,god said1 ,let u make man 9 our own image1 aft] our lik5ess2 & let !m rule ov] ! fi% ( ! sea & ! birds ( ! air1 & ov] ! h]bivora & ov] all ! l&4 ,s ,god creat$ man 9 8 own image1 9 ! image ( ,god creat$ he him2 male & female creat$ he !m4 ,& ,god bless$ !m2 & ,god said1 ,be fruitful & multiply1 & repl5i% ! e>?1 & subdue x2 & h dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] e liv+ ?+ t move? ^u ! e>?4 ,& ,god said1 ,behold1 ,i h giv5 y e h]b be>+ se$ :i* is ^u ! face ( all ! e>?1 & e tree 9 :i* is ! fruit ( a tree yield+ se$2 to y x %all be = food1 & to e bea/ ( ! e>? & to e f[l ( ! air1 & to e ?+ t creepe? ^u ! e>? :]e9 !re is life1 ,i h giv5 e gre5 h]b = meat2 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god saw e ?+ t he _h made1 &1 behold1 x 0 v good4 ,& ev5+ & morn+ 7 ! six? day4--,g5esis i41 #bd-ca4 ,! creation ( animals1 unlike t ( plants1 occupies two days4 ,"h our att5tion is re/rict$ to ! inhabitants ( ! l&1 & *iefly to _! high] =ms4 ,sev]al new names are introduc$ to our notice1 :i* ,i h endeavor$ to translate z lit]ally z possible by introduc+ zoological t]ms :]e ^? 9 common use 7 defici5t4 #a4 ,! fir/ tribe ( animals notic$ "h is nam$ ,bhemah1 cattle 9 our v]sion2 & 9 ! ,septuag9t quadrup$s 9 "o ( ! v]ses1 & cattle 9 ! o!r4 ,bo? ( ^! s5ses are ( common occurr5ce 9 ! ,scriptures1 cattle or dome/icat$ animals be+ usually designat$ by ?is ^w2 :ile 9 o!r passages1 z 9 #a ,k+s iv41 #cc1 :]e ,solomon is said to h writt5 a treatise on bea/s1 f[ls1 creep+ ?+s1 & fi%es1 x appe>s to include all ! mammalia4 ,not)/&+ ?is wide range ( mean+1 h[ev]1 !re are passages1 & ^! ( ! greate/ au?ority 9 ref]5ce to our pres5t subject1 9 :i* x /rictly means ! h]bivor\s mammals1 & :i* %[ t :5 x 0 necess>y to di/+ui% ^! f ! pr$ace\s or c>nivor\s tribes ?is t]m 0 specially employ$4 ,9 ,leviticus xi41 #bb-bg1 we h a specification ( all ! ,bhemo? t might & might n be us$ = food4 ,x includes all ! true rum9ants1 ) ! coney1 ! h>e1 & ! hog1 animals ( ! rod5t & pa*yd]mat\s ord]s4 ,! c>nivor\s quadrup$s are designat$ by a diff]5t g5]ic t]m4 ,9 ?is *apt] ( ,leviticus1 !re=e1 :i* conta9s ! only approa* to a sy/em 9 natural hi/ory to be f\nd 9 ! ,bible1 bhemah is /rictly a synonym ( h]bivora1 includ+ especially ungulates & rod5ts4 ,t ?is is its prop] mean+ "h is confirm$ by ! consid]ations t 9 ?is place x c d5ote b a "p ( ! l& quadrup$s1 & t ! idea ( cattle or dome/icat$ animals w\ld be an ana*ronism4 ,at ! same "t !re ne$ be no objection to ! view t ! especial capacity ( rum9ants & o!r h]bivora = dome/ication is connect$ ) ! use ( ! ^w 9 ?is place4 #b4 ,! ^w remes1 creep+ ?+s 9 our v]sion1 z we h already %[n1 is a v g5]al t]m1 ref]r+ to ! p[] ( motion possess$ by animals1 especially on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x "h 9 all probability ref]s to ! additional types ( t]re/rial reptiles1 & o!r creatures l[] ?an ! mammals1 introduc$ 9 ?is p]iod4 #c4 ,! comp\nd t]m 7hay'?-eretz7 :i* ,i h v5tur$ to r5d] c>nivora1 is lit]ally animal ( ! l&2 b ?\gh ?us g5]al 9 its mean+1 x is "h evid5tly int5d$ to d5ote a p>ticul> tribe ( animals inhabit+ ! l&1 & n includ$ 9 ! scope ( ! two words already notic$4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,scripture ?is t]m is us$ 9 ! s5se ( a wild bea/4 ,9 a few places1 l ! o!r t]ms already notic$1 x is us$ ( all k9ds ( animals1 b t above /at$ is its g5]al mean+1 & p]fectly accords ) ! requirem5ts ( ! passage4 ,! creation ( ! six? day !re=e includes--#a/1 ! h]bivor\s mammalia2 #b;d1 a v>iety ( t]re/rial reptilia1 & o!r l[] =ms n includ$ 9 ! "w ( ! previ\s day2 #c;d1 ! c>nivor\s mammalia4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ord] 9 ! two v]ses is diff]5t4 ,9 v]se #bd? x is h]bivora1 creep+ ?+s1 & c>nivora4 ,9 v]se #be? x is c>nivora1 h]bivora1 & creep+ ?+s4 ,"o ( ^! may1 z 9 ! acc\nt ( ! fif? day1 indicate ! ord] ( "t 9 ! creation1 & ! o!r ! ord] ( rank 9 ! animals made1 or !re may h be5 two divisions ( ! "w1 9 ! e>li] ( :i* h]bivor\s animals took ! lead1 & 9 ! lat] ^? t are c>nivor\s4 ,9 ei!r case we may inf] t ! h]bivora pr$om9at$ 9 ! e>li] creations ( ! p]iod4 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to say ?is p]iod corresponds ) ! ,t]ti>y or ,ca9ozoic era ( geologi/s4 ,! co9cid5ces are v m>k$ & /rik+4 ,z already /at$1 ?\gh 9 ! lat] second>y p]iod !re 7 great facilities = ! pres]vation ( mammals 9 ! /rata !n be+ deposit$1 only a few small species ( ! humble/ ord] h be5 f\nd2 & ! occurr5ce ( ! high] ord]s ( ?is class is to "s ext5t preclud$ by ! fact t ! place 9 nature n[ occupi$ by ! mammals 0 !n provid$ = by ! va/ developm5t ( ! reptile tribes4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! t]ti>y p]iod all ?is 0 *ang$2 mo/ ( ! gigantic reptiles _h disappe>$1 & t]re/rial mammals ( l>ge size & high organization _h tak5 _! place4 ,p]haps no geological *ange is m /rik+ & rem>kable ?an ! sudd5 disappe>ance ( ! reptilian fauna at ! close ( ! mesozoic1 & ! equally abrupt appe>ance ( num]\s species ( l>ge mammals1 & ?is n 9 "o region only1 b ov] bo? ! great cont95ts1 & n only :]e a sudd5 break occurs 9 ! s]ies ( =mations1 b also :]e1 z 9 ,we/]n ,am]ica1 !y pass gradually into ea* o!r4 ,dur+ ! :ole t]ti>y p]iod ?is pr$om9ance ( ! mammalia cont9u$2 & z ! mesozoic 0 ! p]iod ( giant reptiles1 s ! t]ti>y 0 t ( great mammals4 ,x is a s+ul> & p]haps n accid5tal co9cid5ce t s _m ( ! e>ly t]ti>y mammals kn[n to u are l>ge h]bivora1 su* z w\ld be includ$ 9 ! ,hebrew ^w bhemah2 & t 9 ! book ( ,job ! hippopotamus is call$ behemo?1 ! plural =m be+ app>5tly us$ to d5ote t ?is animal is ! *ief ( ! creatures kn[n "u ! g5]al t]m bhemah1 :ile geology in=ms u t ! prevail+ ord] ( mammals 9 ! old] t]ti>y p]iod 0 t ( ! ungulates1 & t _m ( ! ext9ct creatures ( ?is gr\p are v closely alli$ to ! hippopotamus4 ,behemo? ?us figures 9 ! book ( ,job1 n only z at ! "t a m>k$ illu/ration ( creative p[]1 b to our f>!r k also z a s+ul> remnant ( an ext9ct gigantic race4 ,x is at lea/ curi\s t :ile 9 ! fif? day great reptiles l ^? ( ! second>y rocks =m ! burd5 ( ! "w1 9 ! six? we h a t]m :i* s directly rem9ds u ( ^? gigantic pa*yd]ms :i* figure s l>gely 9 ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,l>ge c>nivora also occur 9 ! t]ti>y =mations1 & !re are "s =ms ( reptile life1 z1 = example1 ! s]p5ts1 :i* fir/ appe> 9 ! t]ti>y4 ,i may ref] to any popul> text-book ( geology 9 evid5ce ( ! exact con=mity ( ?is to ! progress ( mammalian life1 z we n[ "k x 9 detail f ! /udy ( ! successive t]ti>y deposits4 ,! foll[+ %ort summ>y f ,dana1 ?\gh writt5 sev]al ye>s ago1 /ill expresses ! ma9 features ( ! case3 ,! quadrup$s did n all come =? toge!r4 ,l>ge & p[]ful h]bivor\s species fir/ take possession ( ! e>?1 ) only a few small c>nivora4 ,^! pass away4 ,o!r h]bivora ) a l>g] proportion ( c>nivora next appe>4 ,^! also are ext]m9at$2 & s ) o!rs4 ,!n ! c>nivora appe> 9 va/ numb]s & p[]1 & ! h]bivora also ab\nd4 ,moreov] ^! races atta9 a magnitude & numb] f> surpass+ all t n[ exi/1 z mu* s inde$1 on all ! cont95ts1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia1 z ! old ma/odon1 tw5ty feet long & n9e feet high1 exce$s ! mod]n buffalo4 ,su*1 accord+ to geology1 0 ! age ( mammals1 :5 ! brute species exi/$ 9 _! greate/ magnific5ce1 & brutal f]ocity _h free play2 :5 ! d5s ( be>s & hy5as1 pr[l+ tig]s & lions f> l>g] ?an any n[ exi/+1 cov]$ ,brita9 & ,europe4 ,mammo?s & ma/odons w&]$ ov] ! pla9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 huge slo?-l ,mega!ria pass$ _! sluggi% lives on ! pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & elephant9e m>supials /roll$ ab\t ,au/ralia4 ,z ! mammalian age draws to a close1 ! anci5t c>nivora & h]bivora ( t era all pass away1 except+1 x is believ$1 a few t are useful to man4 ,new creations ( small] size peopl$ ! groves2 ! vegetation receiv$ accessions to its foliage1 fruit-trees & fl[]s1 & ! seas bright] =ms ( wat] life4 ,?is we "k f comp>isons ) ! fossils ( ! prec$+ mammalian age4 ,!re 0 at ?is "t no *aotic upturn+1 b only ! op5+ ( creation to its fulle/ expansion2 & s 9 ,g5esis no new day is begun1 x is /ill ! six? day4 ,! creation ( man is prefac$ by expressions imply+ delib]ation & c>e4 ,x is n said1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? man1 b let u =m or fa%ion man4 ,?is m>ks ! relative importance ( ! human species1 & ! heav5ly orig9 ( its nobl] immat]ial "p4 ,man is also said to h be5 creat$1 imply+ t 9 8 con/itution !re 0 some?+ new & n includ$ 9 previ\s p>ts ( ! "w1 ev5 9 its mat]ial4 ,man 0 creat$1 z ! ,hebrew lit]ally reads1 ! %ad[ & similitude ( ,god--! greate/ ( ! visible manife/ations ( ,deity 9 ! l[] _w--! reflect$ image ( 8 ,mak]1 &1 "u ! ,supreme ,lawgiv]1 ! delegat$ rul] ( ! e>?4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t 0 ! e>? t5ant$ by a be+ capable ( compreh5d+ ! purposes & plans ( ,jehovah1 ( reg>d+ 8 works ) intellig5t admiration1 & ( %ad[+ =? ! excell5ces ( 8 moral nature4 ,= c\ntless ages ! e>? _h be5 inhabit$ by creatures wond]ful 9 _! /ructures & in/9cts1 & mutely te/ify+1 z _! buri$ rema9s /ill d1 to ! ,creator's glory2 b limit$ )9 a n>r[ range ( animal prop5sities1 & hav+ no p[] ( rais+ a ?\ght or aspiration t[>d ! ,be+ :o made !m4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 man ent]s on ! sc5e1 & ! sons ( ,god1 :o _h %\t$ = joy :5 ! fir/ l& em]g$ f ! bosom ( ! deep1 saw ! wondr\s spectacle ( a spiritual nature analog\s to _! own1 unit$ to a corporeal frame con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al type ) ! high] ( ^? irrational creatures ^: pres5ce on e>? !y _h s long witness$4 ,man 0 to rule ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 ! birds ( ! air1 & ! bhemah or h]bivor\s animals4 ,! c>nivor\s creatures are n m5tion$1 & possibly 7 n includ$ 9 man's dom9ion4 ,we %all f9d an explanation ( ?is f>!r on4 ,! nature ( man's dom9ion we are left to inf]4 ,9 8 /ate ( innoc5ce x mu/ h be5 a mild & g5tle sway1 int]f]+ 9 no respect wilts ! free ex]cise ( ! p[]s ( enjoym5t be/[$ on animals by ! ,creator1 a rule ak9 to t :i* a m]ciful man ex]cises ov] a dome/icat$ animal1 & :i* "s animals are capable ( repay+ ) a w>m & devot$ affection4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 man's rule has become a tyranny4 ,! :ole creation groans because ( x4 ,he desolates ! face ( nature :]ev] he appe>s1 unsettl+ ! nice balance ( natural ag5cies1 & introduc+ rem$iless confusion & suff]+ among ! l[] creatures1 ev5 :5 9 ! might ( 8 boa/$ civilization he pr(esses to r5ovate & improve ! face ( nature4 ,he reta9s en\gh ( ! image ( 8 ,mak] to enable him to a great ext5t to ass]t 8 dom9ion1 & to aspire aft] a re/oration ( 8 orig9al p>adise1 b he has lo/ s mu* t ! p[] :i* he reta9s is necess>ily abus$ to selfi% ends4 ,man1 l ! o!r creatures1 0 de/9$ to be fruitful & multiply & repl5i% ! e>?4 ,we are also in=m$ 9 *apt] second t he 0 plac$ 9 a g>d51 a *os5 spot 9 ! alluvial pla9s ( ,we/]n ,asia1 belong+ to ! lat] geological =mations1 & ?us prep>$ by ! :ole s]ies ( prior geological *anges1 repl5i%$ ) all ?+s useful to him1 & conta9+ no?+ hurtful1 at lea/ 9 s f> z ! animal creation 0 conc]n$4 ,^! facts1 tak5 9 connection1 lead to grave que/ions4 ,h[ is ! happy & innoc5t /ate ( man consi/5t ) ! contemporane\s exi/5ce ( c>nivor\s & pr$ace\s animals1 :i*1 z bo? ,scripture & geology /ate1 7 creat$ 9 abundance 9 ! six? day8 ,h[1 :5 conf9$ to a limit$ region1 c\ld he increase & multiply & repl5i% ! e>?8 ,^! que/ions1 :i* h caus$ no little p]plexity1 are easily solv$ :5 br\ght into ! light ( our mod]n k ( nature4 #a4 ,e l>ge region ( ! e>? is inhabit$ by a gr\p ( animals diff]+ 9 ! proportions ( id5tical species1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( di/9ct species1 f ! gr\ps inhabit+ o!r di/ricts4 ,!re is also suffici5t reason to conclude t all animals & plants h spread f c]ta9 local c5tres ( creation1 9 :i* c]ta9 gr\ps ( species h be5 produc$ & all[$ to ext5d !mselves1 until !y met & became int]m+l$ ) species ext5d+ f o!r c5tres4 ,n[ ! di/rict ( ,asia1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 to :i* ! ,scripture assigns ! orig9 ( ! human race1 is ! c5tre to :i* we c ) ! greate/ probability trace sev]al ( ! species ( animals & plants mo/ useful to man1 & x lies ne> ! conf9es ( w>m] & cold] regions ( di/ribution 9 ! ,old ,_w1 & also ne> ! b\nd>y ( ! ,asiatic & ,european regions4 ,at ! p]iod "u consid]ation x may h be5 peopl$ ) a gr\p ( animals specially suit$ to association ) ! prog5itors ( mank9d4 #b4 ,to remove all zoological difficulties f ! position ( primeval man 9 8 /ate ( innoc5ce1 we h b to suppose1 9 accordance ) all ! probabilities ( ! case1 t man 0 creat$ along ) a gr\p ( creatures adapt$ to contribute to 8 happ9ess1 & hav+ no t5d5cy to injure or annoy2 & t x is ! =mation ( ^! creatures--! gr\p ( 8 own c5tre ( creation--t is especially notic$ 9 ,g5esis ii41 #ai1 et seq41 :]e ,god is repres5t$ z =m+ !m out ( ! gr\nd & exhibit+ !m to ,adam2 a passage o!rwise sup]flu\s1 & inde$ t5d+ to confuse ! mean+ ( ! docum5t4 #c4 ,! difficulty att5d+ ! e>ly ext5sion ( ! human race is at once obviat$ by ! geological doctr9e ( ! ext9ction ( species4 ,we "k t 9 pa/ geological p]iods l>ge & important gr\ps ( species h become ext9ct1 & h be5 replac$ by new gr\ps ext5d+ f new c5tres2 & we "k t ?is process has remov$1 9 e>ly geological p]iods1 _m creatures t w\ld h be5 highly injuri\s to human int]e/s _h !y rema9$4 ,n[ ! gr\p ( species creat$ ) man be+ ! late/ introduc$1 we may inf]1 on geological gr\nds1 t x w\ld h ext5d$ itself )9 ! sph]es ( old] zoological & botanical di/ricts1 & w\ld h replac$ _! species1 :i*1 9 ! ord9>y op]ation ( natural laws1 may h be5 v]g+ t[>d ext9ction4 ,?us n only man1 b ! ,ed5 9 :i* he dwelt1 ) all its animals & plants1 w\ld h gradually encroa*$ on ! surr\nd+ wild]ness1 until man's happy & peaceful reign _h replac$ t ( ! f]oci\s bea/s t prec$$ him 9 dom9ion1 & _h ext5d$ at lea/ ov] all ! temp]ate region ( ! e>?4 #d4 ,! curs+ ( ! gr\nd = man's sake1 on 8 fall f innoc5ce1 w\ld ?us consi/ 9 ! p]mission giv5 to ! pr$ace\s animals & ! ?orns & ! bri]s ( o!r c5tres ( creation to invade 8 ,ed52 or1 9 8 own expulsion1 to cont5d ) ! animals & plants :i* 7 int5d$ to h giv5 way & become ext9ct be=e him4 ,?us ! fall ( man w\ld produce an arre/m5t 9 ! progress ( ! e>? 9 t la/ great revolution :i* w\ld h conv]t$ x into an ,ed52 & ! anomalies ( its pres5t /ate consi/1 accord+ to ,scripture1 9 a mixture ( ! conditions ( ! t]ti>y ) ^? ( ! human p]iod4 #e4 ,?\gh !re is good gr\nd = believ+ t man 0 to h be5 exempt$ f ! g5]al law ( mortality1 we c n inf] t any su* exemption w\ld h be5 enjoy$ by 8 companion animals2 we only "k t he himself w\ld h be5 free f all annoyance & injury & decay f ext]nal causes4 ,we may also conclude t1 :ile ,ed5 0 suffici5t = 8 habitation1 ! rema9d] ( ! e>? w\ld cont9ue1 j z 9 ! e>li] t]ti>y p]iods1 "u ! dom9ion ( ! pr$ace\s mammals1 reptiles1 & birds4 #f4 ,! above views enable u on ! "o h& to avoid ! difficulties t att5d ! admission ( pr$ace\s animals into ,ed51 & on ! o!r ! /ill m =midable difficulties t att5d ! attempt to exclude !m altoge!r f ! ,adamic _w4 ,!y also illu/rate ! geological fact t _m animals1 contemporane\s ) man1 ext5d f> back into ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,^! are creatures n belong+ to ! ,ed5ic c5tre ( creation1 b introduc$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ! six? day1 & n[ p]mitt$ to exi/ along ) man 9 8 fall5 /ate4 ,i h /at$ ^! suppos$ conditions ( ! ,adamic creation briefly1 & ) z little illu/ration z possible1 t !y may connect$ly /rike ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,ea* ( ^! /atem5ts is 9 h>mony ) ! ,scriptural n>rative on ! "o h&1 & ) geology on ! o!r2 &1 tak5 toge!r1 !y af=d an intelligible hi/ory ( ! introduction ( man4 ,if a geologi/ 7 to /ate1 a priori1 ! conditions prop] to ! creation ( any important species1 he c\ld only say--! prep>ation or selection ( "s region ( ! e>? = x1 & its production along ) a gr\p ( plants & animals suit$ to x4 ,^! are precisely ! conditions impli$ 9 ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( ! creation ( ,adam4#ii ,! difficulties ( ! subject h aris5 f suppos+1 contr>y to ! n>rative itself1 t ! conditions necess>y = ,ed5 mu/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance h ext5d$ ov] ! :ole e>?1 & t ! creatures ) :i* man is 9 8 pres5t disp]sion br\ght into contact mu/ necess>ily h be5 8 companions !re4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t _m p]sons d]ive _! idea ( ! fir/ man 9 ,ed5 f nurs]y picture-books2 = ! ,bible gives no c\nt5ance to ! idea t all ! animals 9 ! _w 7 9 ,ed54 ,on ! contr>y1 x ass]ts t a selection 0 made bo? 9 ! case ( animals & plants1 & t ?is ,ed5ic assemblage ( creatures con/itut$ man's associates 9 8 /ate ( primeval innoc5ce4 ,! food ( animals is specifi$ at ! close ( ! "w ( ?is day4 ,! grant to man is e h]b be>+ se$1 & e fruit-tree4 ,t to ! l[] animals is m ext5sive--e gre5 h]b4 ,?is c n mean t e animal 9 ! e>? 0 h]bivor\s4 ,x may ref] to ! gr\p ( animals associat$ ) man 9 ,ed51 & ?is is mo/ likely ! int5tion ( ! writ]2 b if x includes ! animals ( ! :ole e>?1 we may be c]ta91 f ! express m5tion ( c>nivor\s creatures 9 ! "w ( ! fif? & six? days1 t x indicates m]ely ! g5]al fact t ! support ( ! :ole animal k+dom is bas$ on vegetation4 ,a mo/ important circum/ance 9 connection ) ! "w ( ! six? day is t x witness$ ! creation bo? ( man & ! mammalia4 ,a fictiti\s writ] w\ld probably h exalt$ man by assign+ to him a sep>ate day1 & by plac+ ! :ole animal k+dom toge!r 9 respect to "t4 ,he w\ld be all ! m likely to d ?is1 if unacqua9t$1 z mo/ ignorant p]sons z well z lit]>y m5 are1 ) ! importance & teem+ multitudes ( ! l[] tribes ( animals1 & ) ! typical id5tity ( ! human frame ) t ( ! high] animals4 ,moses has n done s1 we are at lib]ty to suppose1 because ! vision ( creation _h x o!rwise2 & mod]n geology has amply v9dicat$ him 9 ?is by its disclosure ( ! intimate connection ( ! human ) ! t]ti>y p]iod2 & has %[n 9 ?is z 9 o!r in/ances t tru? & n accommodation 0 ! object ( ! sacr$ writ]4 ,:ile1 z already /at$1 _m exi/+ species ext5d f> back into ! t]ti>y p]iod1 %[+ t ! e>? has be5 visit$ by no univ]sal cata/rophe s9ce ! fir/ creation ( mammals2 on ! o!r h&1 we c n ) c]ta9ty trace any exi/+ species back beyond ! comm5cem5t ( ! t]ti>y era4 ,geology & revelation1 !re=e1 co9cide 9 ref]r+ ! creation ( man to ! close ( ! p]iod 9 :i* mammals 7 introduc$ & became pr$om9ant1 & 9 e/abli%+ a m>k$ sep>ation betwe5 t p]iod & ! prec$+ "o 9 :i* ! l[] animals held undisput$ sway4 ,?is co9cid5ce1 :ile x /r5g!ns ! probability t ! creative days 7 long p]iods1 opposes an almo/ insurm\ntable ob/acle to e o!r hypo!sis ( reconciliation ) geological sci5ce4 ,at ! close ( ?is day ! ,creator aga9 reviews 8 "w1 & pron\nces x good4 ,/ep by /ep ! _w _h be5 evolv$ f a primeval *aos1 ?r\gh _m successive physical *anges & long s]ies ( organiz$ be+s4 ,x _h n[ rea*$ its acme ( p]fection1 & _h receiv$ its mo/ illu/ri\s t5ant1 possess+ an organism excell+ all o!rs 9 maje/y & beauty1 & an immat]ial s\l ! %ad[ ( ! glori\s ,creator himself4 ,well might ! angels s+1 :5 ! long-protract$ "w 0 ?us gr&ly complet$3 ,?rice happy man1 ,& sons ( m51 :om ,god ha? ?us advanc$1 ,creat$ 9 8 image1 !re to dwell ,& wor%ip him1 & 9 rew>d to rule ,ov] 8 works 9 e>?1 or sea1 or air1 ,& multiply a race ( wor%ipp]s ,holy & j2 ?rice happy1 if !y "k ,_! happ9ess & p]sev]e upright4 ,! ,hebrew idea ( ! gold5 age ( ,ed5 is pure & exalt$4 ,x consi/s 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! favor ( ,god1 & ( all t is beautiful & excell5t 9 8 works4 ,god & nature are ! :ole4 ,nor is x m]ely a rude1 un9tellig5t1 s5su\s enjoym5t4 ,man primeval is n a lazy savage ga!r+ acorns4 ,he is made 9 ! image ( ! ,creator2 he is to keep & dress 8 g>d51 & x is furni%$ ) e plant good = food & pleasant to ! sight4 ,9 ! mid/ ( our mat]ial civilization we ne$ to disabuse ourselves ( "s prejudices be=e we c realize ! fact t man1 )\t ! arts ( life or any ne$ ( !m1 is n necess>ily a b>b>ian or a savage4 ,yet ev5 ,adam mu/ h be5 an agriculturi/ ) /rong & will+ h&s1 & mu/ h _h "s ne$ ( agricultural implem5ts su* z ^? ) :i* ! lea/ civiliz$ ( 8 desc5dants h be5 wont to till ! soil4 ,/ill1 )\t art or ) v little ( x1 he c\ld enjoy all t is beautiful & gr& 9 nature1 & c\ld rise f ! obs]vation ( nature to communion ) ,god4 ,we ne$ ! m to realize ?is1 inasmu* z !re seems s /rong a t5d5cy to conf\nd mat]ial civilization ) high] culture1 & to hold t man primeval mu/ h be5 l[ & debas$ simply because he may h _h no temples & no ma*9]y4 ,we mu/ rememb] t he _h nature1 :i* is high] ?an f9e art1 & t :5 9 h>mony ) 8 surr\nd+s he may h _h no ne$ ei!r ( exhau/+ labor or ( me*anical contrivances4 ,f>!r1 9 ! contemplation ( nature & 9 seek+ aft] ,god1 he _h high] tea*]s ?an our boa/$ civilization c claim4 ,alas = fall5 man1 ) 8 poor civilization ga!r$ little by little f ! du/ ( e>?1 & 8 paltry art t halts immeasurably beh9d nature4 ,h[ little is he able ev5 to appreciate ! high e/ate ( 8 great ance/or4 ,! _w ( fall5 m5 has wor%ipp$ art too mu*1 rev]5c$ & /udi$ ,god & nature too little4 ,! savage displays ! l[e/ ta/e :5 he admires ! rude figures :i* he pa9ts on 8 face or 8 g>m5ts m ?an ! glori\s pa9t+ t adorns nature2 yet ev5 he ackn[l$ges ! pre-em95t excell5ce ( nature by imitat+ h] =ms & colors1 & by adapt+ h] pa9t$ plumes & fl[]s to 8 own use4 ,!re is a wide int]val1 includ+ _m gradations1 betwe5 ?is l[ position & t ( ! cultivat$ amateur or arti/4 ,! art ( ! latt] makes a ne>] approa* to ! truly beautiful1 inasmu* z x m accurately repres5ts ! geometric & organic =ms & ! color+ ( nature2 & inasmu* z x devises ideal comb9ations n f\nd 9 ! actual _w2 :i* ideal comb9ations1 h[ev]1 are beautiful or mon/r\s j z !y realize or violate ! h>monies ( nature4 ,x is only ! highe/ culture t br+s man back to 8 primitive ref9em5t4 ,art takes h] true place :5 %e sits at ! feet ( nature1 & br+s h] /ud5ts to dr9k 9 its beauties1 t !y may endeavor1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 to reproduce !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /ud5t ( nature mu/ n cont5t himself ) writ+ ,lat9 names on :ite pap]1 :]e) to label nature's productions1 b mu/ rise to ! contemplation ( ! ord] & beauty ( ! ,cosmos z a revelation ( ,div9ity4 ,bo? w ?us rise to t highe/ ta/e :i* w enable !m to appreciate n only ! elegance ( individual =ms1 b _! /ructure1 _! h>monies1 _! gr\p+ & _! relations1 _! special adaptation1 & _! places z p>ts ( a great sy/em4 ,?us art w atta9 t highe/ po9t 9 :i* x displays orig9al g5ius1 )\t violat+ natural tru? & unity1 & nature w be reg>d$ z ! highe/ art4 ,mu* is said & done 9 our "t ) ref]5ce to ! cultivation ( popul> ta/e = f9e art z a means ( civilization2 & ?is1 s f> z x goes1 is well2 b ! only sure pa? to ! highe/ ta/e-education is ! cultivation ( ! /udy ( nature4 ,?is is also an easi] bran* ( education1 provid$ ! in/ructors h suffici5t k4 ,good works ( art are r>e & co/ly2 b good works ( nature are ev]y:]e ar\nd u1 wait+ to be exam9$4 ,su* education1 popul>ly diffus$1 w\ld react on ! ef=ts ( art4 ,x w\ld enable a widely ext5d$ public to appreciate real excell5ce1 & w\ld cause works ( art to be valu$ j 9 proportion to ! ext5t to :i* !y realize or deviate f natural tru? & unity4 ,i d n pr(ess to speak au?oritatively on su* subjects1 b ,i confess t ! /rong impression on my m9d is t nei!r ! rev]$ antique models1 nor ! practice & pr9ciples ( ! g5]ality ( mod]n art re=m]s1 w\ld endure su* criticism2 & t if we c\ld comb9e popul> en?usiasm = art ) sci5tific appreciation ( nature1 a new & bett] art might arise f ! union4 ,i may appe> to dwell too long ^u ?is topic2 b my excuse mu/ be t x leads to a true e/imate bo? ( natural hi/ory & ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,! /udy ( nature guides to ^? l>ge views ( ! unity & ord] ( creation :i* alone are wor?y ( a be+ ( ! rank ( man1 & :i* lead him to adequate conceptions ( ! ,creator2 b ! truly wise recognize ?ree grades ( beauty4 ,fir/1 t ( art1 :i*1 9 its high] ef=ts1 c raise ord9>y m9ds f> above !mselves4 ,secondly1 t ( nature1 :i*1 9 its mo/ common objects1 mu/ transc5d ! =m]1 s9ce its arti/ is t ,god ( ^: inf9ite m9d ! g5ius ( ! arti/ is only a fa9t reflection4 ,?irdly1 t pre-em95t beauty ( moral goodness reveal$ only 9 ! spiritual nature ( ! ,supreme4 ,! fir/ is "o ( ! natural res\rces ( fall5 man 9 8 se>* = happ9ess4 ,! second 0 man's joy 9 8 primeval innoc5ce4 ,! ?ird is ! inh]itance ( man r$eem$4 ,x is folly to place ^! on ! same level4 ,x is great] folly to wor%ip ei!r or bo? ( ! fir/ )\t reg>d to ! la/4 ,x is true wisdom to aspire to ! la/1 & to reg>d nature z ! h&maid ( piety1 art z b ! h&maid ( nature4 ,nature to ! unobs]vant is m]ely a mass ( ?+s m or less beautiful or int]e/+1 b )\t any def9ite ord] or significance4 ,an obs]v] soon arrives at ! conclusion t x is a s]ies ( circl+ *anges1 ev] return+ to ! same po9ts1 ev] r5ew+ _! c\rses1 "u ! action ( inv>iable laws4 ,b if he re/s "h1 he falls inf9itely %ort ( ! idea ( ! ,cosmos1 & /&s on ! br9k ( ! pr(\nd error ( et]nal succession4 ,a little fur!r progress conducts him to ! invit+ field ( special adaptation & mutual relation ( ?+s4 ,he f9ds t no?+ is )\t its use2 t e /ructure is mo/ nicely adju/$ to special ends2 t ! suppos$ ceaseless circl+ ( nature is m]ely ! cont9u\s action ( great p[]s1 by :i* an inf9ity ( utilities are work$ out--! great fly-:eel :i*1 9 its unceas+ & at fir/ sight app>5tly aimless r\nd1 is giv+ motion to ?\s&s ( reels & sp9dles & %uttles1 t are sp9n+ & weav+1 9 all its v>i$ patt]ns1 ! great web ( life4 ,b ! obs]v]1 z he looks on ?is web1 is surpris$ to f9d t x has 9 its :ole ext5t a wondr\s patt]n4 ,he rises to ! contemplation ( type 9 nature1 a great tru? to :i* sci5ce has only lately op5$ its eyes4 ,he beg9s dimly to p]ceive t ! ,creator has f ! beg9n+ _h a plan be=e 8 m9d1 t ?is plan embrac$ v>i\s types or patt]ns ( exi/5ce2 t on ^! patt]ns he has be5 work+ out ! :ole sy/em ( nature1 adapt+ ea* to all ! v>iety ( uses by an inf9ity ( m9or modifications4 ,t1 9 %ort1 :e!r he /udy ! eye ( a gnat or ! /ructure ( a m\nta9 *a91 he sees n only objects ( beauty & utility1 b p>ts ( f>-rea*+ plans ( inf9ite wisdom1 by :i* all objects1 h[ev] sep>at$ 9 "t or space1 are l9k$ toge!r4 ,h[ mu* ( positive pleasure does t man lose :o passes ?r\gh life absorb$ ) its wants & its artificialities1 & reg>d+ ) a brute1 unconsci\s gaze ! gr& revelation ( a high] intellig5ce 9 ! out] _w4 ,x is only 9 an approximation ?r\gh our ,div9e ,r$eem] to ! moral lik5ess ( ,god t we c be truly happy2 b ( ! subsidi>y pleasures :i* we are "h p]mitt$ to enjoy1 ! contemplation ( nature is "o ( ! be/ & pure/4 ,x 0 ! pleasure1 ! %[1 ! spectacle prep>$ = man 9 ,ed51 & h[ mu* true philosophy & ta/e %9e 9 ! simple words t 9 p>adise ,god plant$ trees pleasant to ! sight1 z well z good = food4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! ne>] we c return to ?is primitive ta/e1 ! great] w be our s5su\s enjoym5t1 ! bett] ! influ5ce ( our pleasures on our moral nature1 because !y w !n dep5d on ! cultivation ( ta/es at once natural & h>mless1 & w n lead u to communion ) & rev]5ce = m]ely human g5ius1 b w conduct u into ! pres5ce ( ! inf9ite p]fection ( ! ,creator4 ,! ,bible kn[s b "o species ( man4 ,x is n said t m5 7 creat$ aft] _! species1 z we read ( ! gr\ps ( animals4 ,man 0 made1 male & female2 & 9 ! full] details aft]w>ds giv5 9 ! second *apt]--:]e ! writ]1 hav+ f9i%$ 8 g5]al n>rative1 comm5ces 8 special hi/ory ( man--b "o primitive pair is introduc$ to our notice4 ,we sc>cely ne$ ! detail$ tables ( affiliation aft]w>d giv51 or ! decl>ation ( ! apo/le :o prea*$ to ! suppos$ auto*?ones ( ,a!ns1 t ,god has made ( "o blood all nations1 to assure u ( ! ,scriptural unity ( man4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re 7 any good reason to believe t man is n ( "o b sev]al orig9s1 we mu/ admit ,moses to h be5 v imp]fectly in=m$4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 does ! ,bible any m ?an geology all[ u to assign a v high antiquity to ! orig9 ( man relatively to t ( ! e>? on :i* he dwells4 ,! g5ealogical tables ( ! ,bible may admit ( "s limits ( diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! age ( ! human _w or aeon1 & also ( t ( ! deluge1 f :i* man took 8 second po9t ( dep>ture2 b !y d n all[ u to put ! orig9 ( man f>!r back ?an t ( ! pres5t or mod]n condition ( our cont95ts & ! pres5t races ( animals4 ,!y !re=e limit u to ! mod]n or quat]n>y p]iod ( geology4 ,! "q ( man's antiquity1 s mu* agitat$ n[1 dem&s1 h[ev]1 a sep>ate & c>eful consid]ation2 b we mu/ fir/ devote a few pages to ! simple /atem5ts ( ! ,bible respect+ ! ,sabba? ( creation & its relation to human hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,re/ ,,( ,,! ,,creator4 ,& ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 f9i%$1 & all ! ho/ ( !m4 ,& on ! sev5? day ,god end$ 8 "w :i* he _h made1 & he re/$ on ! sev5? day f all 8 "w :i* he _h made4 ,& ,god bless$ ! sev5? day & sanctifi$ x1 because t 9 x ,god re/$ f all 8 "w :i* he _h creat$ to make4--,g5esis ii41 #a-c4 ,! end ( ! six? day clos$ ! "w ( creation prop]ly s call$1 z well z t ( =m+ & arrang+ ! ?+s creat$4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? introduc$ a p]iod :i*1 accord+ to ! views already /at$1 0 to be occupi$ by ! cont9u$ increase & diffusion ( man & ! creatures "u 8 dom9ion1 & by ! gradual disappe>ance ( tribes ( creatures unconnect$ ) 8 well-be+4 ,sci5ce 9 ?is well accords ) ,scripture4 ,no pro( exi/s ( ! production ( a new species s9ce ! creation ( man2 & all geological & ar*aeological evid5ce po9ts to him & a few ( ! high] mammals z ! newe/ ( ! creatures4 ,!re is1 on ! o!r h&1 good evid5ce t sev]al species h become ext9ct s9ce 8 creation4 ,^? :o believe 9 ! cont9u\s evolution ( animals & m51 x is true1 c see no actual t]m9ation ( ! process ) ! introduction ( man2 b ev5 !y see t ! appe>ance ( a rational & moral be+ at lea/ *anges ! nature & ord] ( ! developm5t4 ,nor c !y d\bt t man is ! la/ born ( nature1 & t ! :ole animal creation is cr[n$ by him z its capital or topmo/ p9nacle4 ,! lat] speculators on ?is subject h nev] rea*$ any tru? beyond t long ago /at$ by ! lam5t$ ,edw>d ,=bes--a mo/ c>eful obs]v] & accurate reason] on ! m rec5t *anges ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,he inf]s1 f ! di/ribution ( species f _! c5tres ( creation1 t man is ! late/ product ( creative p[]2 or1 9 o!r words1 t none ( ^? species or gr\ps ( species :i* he _h be5 able to trace to _! c5tres1 or ! spots at :i* !y probably orig9at$1 appe> to be ( lat] or z late orig9 z man4 ,?is consid]ation1 he says1 induces me to believe t ! la/ prov9ce 9 "t 0 complet$ by ! com+ ( man1 & to ma9ta9 an hypo!sis t man /&s unique 9 space & "t1 himself equal to ! sum ( any pre-exi/+ c5tre ( creation or ( all--an hypo!sis consi/5t ) man's moral & social position 9 ! _w4 ,! sev5? day1 !n1 0 to h be5 t 9 :i* all ! happ9ess1 beauty1 & p]fection ( ! o!rs 7 to h be5 conc5trat$4 ,b an elem5t ( in/ability 0 pres5t 9 ! be+ :o occupi$ ! summit ( ! animal scale4 ,n regulat$ by bl9d & un]r+ in/9cts1 b a free ag5t1 ) a high intellectual & moral nature1 & liable to be act$ on by temptation f )\t2 "u su* influ5ce he lo/ 8 moral balance 9 /ret*+ out 8 h& to grasp ! peculi> p[]s ( ,deity1 & fell beyond ! hope ( self-r$emption--p]petuat+1 by "o ( ^? laws :i* regulate ! transmission ( mix$ corporeal & spiritual natures1 8 degradation to e g5]ation ( 8 species4 ,& s ,god's great "w 0 m>r$1 & all 8 plans seem$ to be foil$1 :5 !y _h j rea*$ _! completion4 ,?us f> sci5ce might c>ry u unaid$2 = !re is n a true naturali/1 h[ev] skeptical z to reveal$ religion1 :o does n feel 9 8 inmo/ he>t ! disjo9t$ /ate ( ! pres5t relations ( man to nature2 ! natural wreck t results f 8 artificial modes ( life1 ! long tra9s ( violations ( ! symmetry ( nature t foll[ 9 ! wake ( 8 mo/ boa/$ a*ievem5ts4 ,b "h natural sci5ce /ops2 & j z we h f\nd t1 9 trac+ back ! _w's hi/ory1 ! ,bible c>ries u mu* f>!r ?an geology1 s sci5ce1 hav+ l$ u to suspect ! fall5 /ate ( man1 leaves u h5ce=? to ! tea*+ ( revelation4 ,& h[ glori\s t tea*+6 ,god did n f9d himself baffl$--8 res\rces are inf9ite--he _h =ese5 & prep>$ = all ?is app>5t evil2 & out ( ! moral wreck he proce$s to "w out ! gr& process ( r$emption1 :i* is ! especial object ( ! sev5? day1 & :i* w result 9 ! production ( a new heav5 & a new e>? :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness4 ,9 ! sev5?1 z 9 ! =m] days1 ! ev5+ prec$es ! morn+4 ,= f\r ?\s& ye>s ! _w grop$ 9 its d>kness--a d>kness t5ant$ by moral mon/]s z p[]ful & de/ructive z ! old pre-,adamite reptiles4 ,! ,sun ( ,righte\sness at l5g? arose1 & ! d>kness began to pass away2 b eighte5 c5turies h elaps$1 & we /ill see b ! gray dawn ( morn+1 :i* we yet firmly believe w bright5 into a glori\s day t %all "k no succe$+ night4#ajj ,! sev5? day is ! mod]n or human era 9 geology2 &1 ?\gh x c n yet boa/ ( any physical *anges s great z ^? ( pa/ p]iods1 x is /ill ( mu* int]e/1 z af=d+ ! facts on :i* we mu/ dep5d = explanations ( pa/ *anges2 & z imm$iately connect$ 9 "t ) ^? lat] t]ti>y p]iods :i* af=d s _m curi\s problems to ! geological /ud5t4 ,! actual connection ( ! human ) prec$+ p]iods is /ill involv$ 9 "s obscurity2 &1 z we %all see1 !re has rec5tly be5 a /rong t5d5cy to ?r[ back ! orig9 ( man into prehi/oric ages ( enorm\s l5g?1 on gr\nds :i* are1 h[ev]1 mu* less c]ta9 ?an is commonly imag9$4 ,?is "q we h to exam9e2 b be=e ent]+ ^u x may %ortly sket* ! actual import ( ! /atem5ts ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures respect+ :at may be call$ ! prehi/oric duration ( ! human species4 ,?is is ! m necess>y1 z ! mo/ crude notions seem v widely to prevail on ! subject4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 9 ?is place notice "s g5]al facts d$ucible f ! ,bible1 & :i* may be useful 9 appreciat+ ! true relation ( ! human era to ^? :i* prec$$ x4 ,x w be und]/ood t ,i %all endeavor m]ely to pres5t a picture ( :at ! ,bible actually tea*es1 & :i* any "o c v]ify by read+ ! book ( ,g5esis4 #a4 ,! local c5tre ( creation ( ! human species1 & probably ( a gr\p ( creatures coeval ) x1 0 ,ed52 a c\ntry ( :i* ! ,scriptures give a some:at m9ute geographical description4 ,x 0 evid5tly a di/rict ( ,we/]n ,asia2 &1 f its possession ( sev]al important riv]s1 r a region or l>ge t]ritory ?an a limit$ spot1 su* z _m1 :o h discuss$ ! "q ( ! site ( ,ed51 seem to suppose4 ,9 ?is view x is a matt] ( no mom5t to fix its site m ne>ly ?an ! indication ( ! ,bible t x includ$ ! s\rces & probably l>ge portions ( ! valleys ( ! ,tigris1 ! ,euphrates1 & p]haps ! ,oxus & ,jax>tes4 ,into ! m9or difficulties respect+ ! site ( ,ed5 x w\ld be unpr(itable to ent]1 & x w matt] little if we accept t view1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k less probable1 t x 0 plac$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! valley ( ! ,euphrates4 ,i may m]ely m5tion "o p>ticul> ( ! ,biblical description1 because x ?r[s light on ! great antiquity ( ?is geographical del9eation1 & has be5 /rangely misconceiv$ by expositors--! relation ( ^? riv]s to ,cu% or ,e?iopia & ,havilah1 a tribal "n d]iv$ f t ( a gr&son ( ,cu%4 ,on consult+ ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 x w be f\nd t ! ,cu%ites "u ,nimrod1 v soon aft] ! deluge1 are /at$ to h pu%$ _! migrations & conque/s along ! ,tigris to ! nor?w>d1 & e/abli%$ !re ! fir/ empire4 ,x is probably ?is primitive ,cu%ite empire1 call$ ,e?iopia 9 our translation1 :i* 9 ! epo* ( ! description ( ,ed5 occupi$ ! ,euphratean valley1 & be+ b\nd$ on "o side by ! riv] call$ ,gihon1 0 ?us believ$ to ext5d ov] ! old site ( ,ed54 ,?us ! ,cu% or ,e?iopia ( ! description has no direct connection ) ! ,african ,e?iopia1 & speculations bas$ on su* a suppos$ connection are gr\ndless4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is feature furni%es an int]e/+ co9cid5ce ) o!r p>ts ( ,g5esis1 & ?r[s light on _m obscure po9ts 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( man2 & s9ce ?is ,cu%ite empire _h p]i%$ ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,moses1 x indicates a /ill m anci5t tradition respect+ ! primeval abode ( our species4 #b4 ,be=e ! deluge ?is region mu/ h be5 ! seat ( a d5se population1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,biblical acc\nt1 mu/ h made consid]able advances 9 ! arts1 & at ! same "t sunk v l[ 9 moral debasem5t4#aja ,:e!r any rema9s ( ! c5tral portions ( ?is anci5t population or its works exi/ w probably n be det]m9$ ) absolute c]ta9ty till we h accurate geological inve/igations ( ! :ole c\ntry 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,caspian ,sea & along ! great riv]s ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ?\gh !re is no?+ unreasonable 9 ! belief t "s ( ! old prehi/oric m5 ^: rema9s are discov]$ 9 caves & riv] gravels 9 ,europe may belong to ! ant$iluvian race4 ,%\ld su* rema9s be f\nd1 we might inf]1 f ! extreme longevity & o!r *>act]i/ics assign$ to ! ant$iluvians1 t _! skeletons w\ld pres5t peculi>ities entitl+ !m to be consid]$ a well-m>k$ v>iety ( ! human species1 & ?is n ( a l[ type ( physical organization4 ,we may also inf] t ! family ( man v e>ly divid$ into two races--"o reta9+ 9 great] purity ! moral end[m5ts ( ! species1 ! o!r excell+ 9 ! me*anical & f9e arts2 & t !re 7 rude & savage outly+ communities ( m5 !n z at pres5t4 ,if ! s-call$ palaeoli?ic m5 ( ,europe are ant$iluvian1 !y 7 probably ( su* outly+ tribes1 & possibly ( ! mix$ race :i* sprung up 9 ! lat] ant$iluvian age1 & :o are describ$ z mighty m5 physically1 & m5 ( viol5ce4 ,x w\ld be q natural t ?is int]mixture ( ! ,se?ite & ,ca9ite races %\ld produce a race excell+ bo? 9 en]gy & physical end[m5ts--! giants t 7 9 ^? days4#ajb ,if any rema9s ( ! two c5tral nations ( ! ant$iluvian p]iod are ev] discov]$1 we may confid5tly anticipate t ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ^! races may be detect$ 9 _! osse\s /ructures z well z 9 _! works ( art4 ,f>!r1 x is to be inf]r$ f notices 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 t be=e ! deluge !re 0 bo? a nomadic & a settl$ population1 & t ! pr9cipal seat ( ! ,ca9ite1 or m debas$ yet en]getic bran* ( ! human family1 0 to ! ea/w>d ( ! site ( ,ed54 ,no intimations are giv5 by :i* ! works ( art ( ant$iluvian times c\ld be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( lat] p]iods2 b t curi\s summ>y ( ! treasures ( ant$iluvian man conta9$ 9 ! notice t ! l& ( ,havilah produc$ gold & agate & pe>l 7,g54 ii41 #ab7 w\ld lead u to believe t ! e>ly ant$iluvian age 0 on ! :ole an age ( /one1 9 :i* fl9t = weapons1 & gold & %ell wampum = ornam5ts1 7 ! lead+ k9ds ( weal?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! notices ( ant$iluvian metallurgy1 & ! build+ & con/ruction ( ! ark1 w\ld lead u to inf] t ! lat] ant$iluvians _h atta9$ to mu* p]fection 9 "s con/ructive arts--a conclusion :i* h>monizes ) ! o!rwise inexplicable p]fection ( su* art soon aft] ! deluge1 z evid5c$ n only by ! /ory ( ,babel1 b also by ! e>ly works ( ! ,assyrians & ,egyptians4 #c4 ,:5 ! ant$iluvian population _h fully prov$ itself unfit to ent] into ! div9e s*eme ( moral r5ovation1 x 0 swept away by a fe>ful physical cata/rophe4 ,! deluge might1 9 all its relations1 furni% mat]ial = an entire treatise4 ,i may rem>k "h1 z its mo/ important geological peculi>ity1 t x 0 evid5tly a local convulsion4 ,! object1 t ( de/roy+ ! human race & ! animal population ( its peculi> c5tre ( creation1 ! pres]vation ( specim5s ( ^! creatures 9 ! ark1 & ! physical requirem5ts ( ! case1 necessitate ?is conclusion1 :i* is n[ accept$ by ! be/ ,biblical expositors1#ajc & :i* inflicts no viol5ce on ! t]ms ( ! record4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 ! ph5om5a record$ 9 ! ,bible1 9 connection ) geological probabilities1 lead u to inf] t ! physical ag5cies evok$ by ! div9e p[] to de/roy ?is ungodly race 7 a subsid5ce ( ! region !y inhabit$1 s z to admit ! oceanic wat]s1 & ext5sive atmosph]ical di/urbances connect$ ) t subsid5ce1 & p]haps ) ! elevation ( neighbor+ regions4 ,9 ?is case x is possible t ! ,caspian ,sea1 :i* is n[ m ?an eighty feet bel[ ! level ( ! ocean1#ajd & :i* 0 probably mu* m ext5sive !n ?an at pres5t1 receiv$ mu* ( ! dra9age ( ! flood1 & t ! mud & s& deposits ( ?is sea & ! adjo9+ des]t pla9s1 once manife/ly a "p ( its bottom1 conceal any rema9s t exi/ ( ! ant$iluvian population4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 x may be rem>k$ t1 9 ! book ( ,job1 ,eliphaz speaks z if ! locality ( ^? wick$ nations :i* exi/$ be=e ! deluge 0 kn[n & accessible 9 8 "t3 ,ha/ ?\ m>k$ ! anci5t way ,:i* wick$ m5 h trodd51 ,:o 7 seiz$ by ! wat]s 9 a mom5t1 ,& ^: f\ndations a flood swept away8 --,job xxii41 #ae4 ,on comp>+ ?is /atem5t ) ! answ] ( ,job 9 ! #bf? *apt]1 v]se #e?1 x w\ld seem t ! ungodly ant$iluvians 7 suppos$ to be /ill "u ! wat]s2 a belief q intelligible if ! ,caspian1 :i*1 on ! late/ & mo/ probable views ( ! locality ( ! ev5ts ( ?is book1 0 n v remote f ! resid5ce ( ,job1#aje 0 suppos$ to m>k ! position ( ! pre-,noa*ic population1 z ! ,dead ,sea aft]w>d did t ( ! cities ( ! pla94 ,"s ( ! dates assign$ to ! book ( ,job w\ld1 h[ev]1 r5d] x possible t ?is la/ cata/rophe is t to :i* he ref]s3 ,! ,rephaim tremble f b5ea? ,! wat]s & _! inhabitants4 ,%eol is nak$ be=e him1 ,& de/ruction ha? no cov]+4 ,! ^w ,rephaim "h has be5 v>i\sly r5d]$ %ades ( ! dead & giants4 ,x is prop]ly ! family or national "n ( c]ta9 tribes ( gigantic ,hamite m5 7! ,anakim1 ,emim1 etc47 inhabit+ ,we/]n ,asia at a v remote p]iod2 & x mu/ "h ref] ei!r to !m or to ! /ill e>li] ant$iluvian giants4#ajf ,x is also an important po9t to be notic$ "h t ! n>rative ( ! deluge 9 ,g5esis is giv5 z ! te/imony or record ( an eye-witness1 & is to be s und]/ood2 & t ! t]ms ( ! record imply1 n z usually held t all sorts ( animals 7 tak5 into ,noah's ark1 b only a selection1 ! "* ( :i* is cle>ly indicat$ by a comp>ison ( ! five li/s ( animals giv5 9 ! n>rative4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 & notic+ t ! writ] tells ( 8 own exp]i5ce z to ! rise ( ! wat]1 ! drift+ ( ! ark1 ! disappe>ance ( all visible %ore1 & ! s\nd+ fifte5 cubits :]e a hill _h be=e be51 all ! difficulties ( ! n>rative ( ! deluge w at once disappe>4 ,^! difficulties h 9 fact aris5 f reg>d+ ! /ory z ! composition ( a hi/orian1 n z :at x manife/ly is1 ! log or j\rnal ( a contempor>y1 introduc$ ) probably little *ange by ! compil] ( ! book4 ,aft] ! deluge1 we f9d ! human race settl$ 9 ! pla9s ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 attract$ ?i!r by ! f]tility ( _! alluvial soils4 ,!re we f9d !m engag+ 9 a great political s*eme1 no d\bt f\nd$ on recollections ( ! old ant$iluvian nationalities1 & on a dread ( ! evils :i* able & aspir+ m5 w\ld anticipate f t wide disp]sion ( ! human race t appe>s to h be5 int5d$ by ! ,creator 9 ! new circum/ances ( ! e>?4 ,!y comm5c$ accord+ly ! erection ( a city or t[] at ,babel1 9 ! pla9 ( ,%9>1 to =m a common bond ( union1 a great public "w t %\ld be a rally+-po9t = ! race1 & ar\nd :i* its patriotism might conc5trate itself4 ,! attempt 0 c\nt]act$ by an int]position ( div9e ,provid5ce2 & !nce=? ! diffusion ( ! human race proce$$ un*eck$1 c>ry+ ) x ev]y:]e ! memory ( ! celebrat$ t[]1 :i* p]petuat$ itself n only 9 ! m\nds ( ,assyria & ,babylon & ! pyramids ( ,egypt1 b 9 ! teocallis & temple m\nds ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! ,babel ent]prise is 9 fact ! fir/ record$ developm5t ( t m\nd-build+ in/9ct :i* ! e>li] races ev]y:]e ev9ce1 & :i* has be5 a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic m especially ( ! ,cu%ite or ,turanian race1 & has app>5tly made !m ! tea*]s ( con/ructive arts to all o!r peoples4 ,p]haps a dread ( ! total decay & loss ( ! surviv+ ant$iluvian arts 9 con/ruction & o!r matt]s may h be5 "o impell+ motive to ! build+ ( ,babel4 ,p]haps x 0 connect$ ) ! communi/ic ideas ( ! ,turanian race1 & _! conflict ) ! patri>*al habits ( ! ,semites4 ,out ( ! ent]prise at ,babel1 h[ev]1 arose a new type ( evil1 :i*1 9 ! =ms ( milit>y despotism1 ! _s ( conque/1 h]o-wor%ip1 & ! alliance ( ^! influ5ces ) lit]ature & ! arts1 has be5 h&$ d[n ?r\gh e succe$+ age to our own "t4 ,! "n ( ,nimrod1 ! son ( ,cu%1 has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,bible1 & also app>5tly 9 ! tablets & inscriptions ( ,assyria1 z ! f\nd] ( ! fir/ despotism4 ,?is bold & ambiti\s man1 subsequ5tly deifi$ "u diff]5t names1 e/abli%$ a ,hamite or ,turanian empire1 :i* appe>s to h ext5d$ its sway ov] ! tribes occupy+ ,s\?we/]n ,asia & ,nor!a/]n ,africa1 ev]y:]e support+ its p[] by =ce ( arms1 & introduc+ a debas+ poly!i/ic h]o-wor%ip1 & c]ta9 =ms ( art probably d]iv$ f ant$iluvian times4 ,! c5tre ( ?is ,cu%ite empire1 h[ev]1 gave way to ! ris+ p[] ( ,assyria or ! ,a%urite bran* ( ! sons ( ,%em1 at a p]iod antec$5t to ! dawn ( pr(ane hi/ory1 except 9 its my?ical =m2 & :5 ! light ( secul> hi/ory fir/ breaks ^u u1 we f9d ,egypt /&+ =? z ! only /able repres5tative ( ! arts1 ! sy/ems1 & ! sup]/itions ( ! old ,cu%ite empire1 ( :i* x _h be5 ! s\!rn bran*2 :ile o!r remnants ( ! ,hamite races1 includ$ 9 ! empire ( ,nimrod1 7 scatt]$ ov] ,we/]n ,asia1 &1 migrat+ into ,europe1 ) or aft] ! rud] b less demoraliz$ sons ( ,japhe?1 c>ri$ ) !m _! *>act]i/ic civilization & my?ology1 to take root 9 new =ms 9 ,greece & ,italy4#ajg ,mean:ile ! ,assyrian & ,p]sian 7,elamite7 races 7 gr[+ 9 ,middle ,asia1 & probably driv+ ! m ea/]n remnants ( ! ,nimrodic empire into ,india1 borr[+ at ! same "t _! sup]/itions & _! claims to univ]sal dom9ion4 ,^! views1 :i* ,i believe to correspond ) ! few notices 9 ! ,bible & 9 anci5t hi/ory1 & to be daily receiv+ new confirmations f ! inve/igations ( ! anci5t ,assyrian monum5ts1 enable u to und]/& _m my/]i\s problems 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( man4 ,!y give u reason to suspect t ! pr9ciple ( ! fir/ empire 0 an imitation ( ! ant$iluvian _w1 & t its arts & cu/oms 7 ma9ly d]iv$ f t s\rce4 ,!y %[ h[ x happ5s t ,egypt1 a c\ntry s f> remov$ f ! />t+-po9t ( man aft] ! deluge1 %\ld appe> to be ! cradle ( ! arts1 & !y acc\nt = ! ,hamite & p]haps ant$iluvian elem5ts1 mix$ ) primeval ,biblical ideas1 z ! *]ubim1 etc41 9 ! old hea!nism ( ,india1 ,assyria1 & ,s\!rn ,europe1 & :i* !y %>e ) ,egypt1 hav+ d]iv$ !m f ! same s\rce4 ,!y also %[ h[ x is t 9 ! mo/ remote antiquity we f9d two well-develop$ & opposite religi\s sy/ems2 ! pure !ism ( ,noah1 & ^? :o reta9$ 8 fai?1 & ! idolatry ( ^? tribes :i* reg>d$ ) ador+ v5]ation ! objects & /ages ( ! creative "w1 ! gr&] p[]s & objects ( nature1 ! mighty ,ca9ites ( ! _w be=e ! flood1 & ! po/diluvian lead]s :o foll[$ !m 9 _! viol5ce1 _! cultivation ( ! arts1 & _! rebellion aga9/ ,god4 ,^! h]oes 7 id5tifi$ ) imag9ative conceptions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 animals1 & o!r natural objects1 associat$ ) ! =tunes ( cities & nations1 ) p>ticul> t]ritories1 & ) w> & ! useful arts1 transmitt$ "u diff]5t names to "o c\ntry aft] ano!r1 & localiz$ 9 ea*2 & x is only 9 comp>atively mod]n times t we h be5 able to recognize ! full c]ta9ty ( ! view held long s9ce by _m +5i\s writ]s1 t among ! great] gods ( ,egypt & ,assyria1 & ( consequ5ce among ^? also ( ,greece & ,rome1 7 ,nimrod1 ,ham1 ,a%ur1 ,noah1 ,mizraim1 & o!r wor?ies & tyrants ( ! old _w2 & to suspect t ,tubalca9 & ,naamah1 & o!r ant$iluvian names1 7 simil>ly honor$1 ?\gh subsequ5tly ov]%ad[$ by m rec5t div9ities4 ,! lat] ,assyrian read+s ( ,rawl9son1 ,h9cks1 & ! lam5t$ ,george ,smi?1 & ! m rec5t works on ,egyptian antiquities1 are full ( pregnant h9ts on ^! subjects4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 lead u too f> f our imm$iate subject to ent] m fully into ^! que/ions4 ,i h ref]r$ to !m m]ely to po9t out connect+-l9ks betwe5 ! secul> & sacr$ hi/ory ( ! e>li] "p ( ! human p]iod1 z a useful sequel to our comp>ison ( ! latt] ) ! conclusions ( sci5ce1 & z furni%+ h9ts :i* may guide ! geologi/ 9 connect+ ! human ) ! t]ti>y p]iod1 & 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! ant$iluvian & po/diluvian portions ( ! =m]4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t all ?is ,biblical hi/ory1 h[ev] x may accord ) ! little t rema9s to u ( ! writt5 annals ( e>ly ,ori5tal nations1 is entirely at v>iance ) ^? mod]n ar*aeological discussions :i* po9t to an imm5se antiquity ( ! human race1 & to a primitive b>b>ism out ( :i* all human culture 0 little by little evolv$2 & :i* results ( ar*aeological inve/igation1 :ile contradictory to ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 are entirely 9 accord ) ! evolutioni/ philosophy4 ,! prom95ce n[ giv5 to su* views z ^! r5d]s x necess>y t we %\ld d5ote a special *apt] to _! discussion4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,unity ,,& ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man4 ,^! are ! families ( ! sons ( ,noah1 aft] _! g5]ations1 9 _! nations3 & by ^! 7 ! nations divid$ 9 ! e>? aft] ! flood4--,g5esis x41 #cb4 ,! !ologians & evangelical ,*ri/ians ( our "t1 & ) !m ! cr$ibility ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 are suppos$ by _m to h be5 impal$ on a zoological & ar*aeological dilemma1 9 a mann] :i* r5d]s nugatory all attempts to reconcile ! ,mosaic cosmogony ) sci5ce4 ,! ,bible1 z we h se51 kn[s b "o ,adam1 & t ,adam n a my? or an e?nic "n1 b a v]itable man2 b "s naturali/s & e?nologi/s ?9k t !y h f\nd decisive evid5ce t man is n ( "o b ( sev]al orig9s4 ,! religi\s t5d5cy ( ?is doctr9e no ,*ri/ian c fail to p]ceive4 ,9 :atev] way put1 or "u :atev] disguise1 x r5d]s ! ,bible hi/ory wor?less1 r$uces u to t isolation ( race f race cultivat$ 9 anci5t times by ! v>i\s local idolatries1 & de/roys ! bro!rhood ( man & ! univ]sality ( t ,*ri/ian atonem5t :i* proclaims t z 9 ,adam all die1 s 9 ,*ri/ %all all be made alive4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! great] weight ( biological & ar*aeological evid5ce is "h on ! side ( ! ,bible1 & philology comes 9 ) /rong corroborative pro(4 ,b j z ! or?odox !ologian is beg9n+ to congratulate himself on ! aid he has ?us receiv$1 "s ( 8 new fri5ds gravely tell him t1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 _! view1 x is necess>y to believe t man has resid$ on e>? = c\ntless ages1 & t x is q a mi/ake to suppose t 8 />t+-po9t is s rec5t z ! ,mosaic deluge4 ,nay1 "s v rampant !ori/s ( "s e?nological s*ools try to pi]ce ,moses & 8 abettors ) bo? horns ( ! dilemma at once1 ma9ta9+ t m5 may be ( diff]5t species1 & yet may h exi/$ = an enorm\s l5g? ( "t z well4 ,! rec5t preval5ce ( !ories ( evolution has1 h[ev]1 ?r[n q into ! backgr\nd ! discussions =m]ly active respect+ ! unity ( man1 b has1 along ) geological & ar*aeological discov]y1 giv5 increas$ prom95ce to ^? relat+ to ! date ( ! orig9 ( our species & ! mann] ( its introduction4 ,! ,bible gives u a def9ite epo*1 t ( ! deluge1 ab\t #bjjj to #cjjj ,b4,c41 = all exi/+ races ( m52 b ?is1 accord+ to x1 0 only ! second />t+-po9t ( humanity1 & ?\gh no family b t ( ,noah surviv$ ! t]rible cata/rophe1 x w\ld be a great error to suppose t no?+ ant$iluvian appe>s 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( man4 ,be=e ! deluge !re 7 arts & an old civilization1 ext5d+ ov] at lea/ two ?\s& ye>s1 & aft] ! deluge m5 c>ri$ ) !m ^! heirlooms ( ! old _w to comm5ce ) !m new nations4 ,?is has be5 tacitly ignor$ by _m ( ! writ]s :o und]rate ! value ( ! ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,x may be z well = ?is reason to place1 9 a s]ies ( propositions1 ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ,g5esis :i* relate to ! que/ions n[ be=e u4 #a4 ,adam & ,i%a1 ! woman1 aft]w>d call$ ,eve 7,life-giv]71 9 consequ5ce ( ! promise ( a ,r$eem]1 comm5c$ a life ( husb&ry on _! expulsion f ,ed51 :i*1 on ! ord9>y views ( ! ,bible *ronology1 may be suppos$ to h occurr$ f #djjj to #ejjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 & dur+ ! lifetime ( ! primal pair1 ! %eep1 at lea/1 0 dome/icat$4 ,! ,bible1 ( c\rse1 kn[s no?+ ( ! imag9>y cont95t ( ,lemuria1 9 :i*1 accord+ to "s hypo!ses1 m5 are suppos$ to h _h _! bir? f apes4 ,a few g5]ations aft]1 9 ! "t ( ,lame*1 cattle 7 dome/icat$2 & ! metals copp] & iron 7 appli$ to use--! latt] probably meteoric iron2 & h5ce1 x may be1 ! ,h9doo & ,hell5ic my?s ( ,twa*trei & ,hephae/os 9 connection ) ! ?und]bolt4 ,we le>n1 h[ev]1 incid5tally1 z already m5tion$1 9 ! description ( ,ed5 9 ,g5esis1 *apt] #b;d1 t !re 0 a previ\s /one age1 9 :i* fl9t1 pe>ls or %ell beads1 & /ream-gold 7 ! *ief treasures ( man1 = ?is is impli$ 9 ! gold1 b$ola*1 & onyx ( ! l& ( ,havilah4 ,x is c]ta9 also1 f ! discov]ies made 9 ,assyria1 on ! site ( ,troy1 & else:]e1 t ! use ( /one implem5ts cont9u$ 9 ,we/]n ,asia long aft] ! deluge4 ,9 ! "t ( ,noah ! di/9ction ( clean & unclean bea/s1 & ! tak+ ( sev5 pairs ( c]ta9 bea/s & birds into ! ark1 imply t c]ta9 mammals & birds 7 dome/icat$4#ajh #b4 ,be=e ! flood1 z already rem>k$1 !re 0 a division ( man into two nationalities or races2 & !re 0 a citiz51 an agricultural1 a pa/oral1 & a nomadic population4 ,f>!r1 ! rem>kable progress 9 ! arts impli$ 9 ! build+ ( su* /ructures z ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 & o!r temple & palace m\nds 9 ,assyria1 & ( ! pyramids ( ,egypt1 )9 a few g5]ations aft] ! deluge1 proves t a v advanc$ mat]ial civilization & great skill 9 con/ructive arts _h be5 rea*$ 9 ant$iluvian times4#aji #c4 ,aft] ! deluge1 ! arts ( ! ant$iluvians & _! citiz5 life 7 almo/ imm$iately reviv$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,%9>2 b ! plans ( ! ,babel lead]s1 l ^? ( _m o!rs :o h attempt$ to =ce di/9ct tribes into "o nationality1 fail$4 ,! guilt attribut$ to !m probably relates to ! attempt to break up ! patri>*al & tribal organization1 :i* 9 ^! e>ly times 0 ! outw>d =m ( true religion1 9 favor ( "s sort ( national organization1 n compatible ) ! ext5sion ( man imm$iately ov] ! _w1 & t5d+ to consolidation into d5se communities4 ,x may be a "q "h :e!r ! tribal communism :i* has prevail$ among ! ,am]ican ,indians & o!r rude races 0 ! primitive =m ( society :i* ! ,babel-build]s essay$ to *ange1 or :e!r ! ,semitic patri>*al sy/em _h at fir/ prevail$1 & ! ,babel difficulties 7 connect$ ) a conflict betwe5 ?is & communism or despotism1 bo? new ,turanian or ,aryan introductions4 ,9 any case1 ,babel1 & ,babylon its successor1 rema9 9 ! subsequ5t ,biblical lit]ature z types ( ! ,god-defy+ & anti*ri/ian sy/ems t h succe$$ ea* o!r f ! "t ( ,nimrod to ?is day4 #d4 ,! human race 0 scatt]$ ov] ! e>? 9 family gr\ps or tribes1 ea* head$ by a lead+ patri>*1 :o gave x its "n4 ,fir/1 ! ?ree sons ( ,noah =m$ ?ree ma9 /ems1 & f ^! div]g$ sev]al family bran*es4 ,! e?nological *>t 9 ! #aj? *apt] ( ,g5esis gives ! pr9cipal bran*es "u patri>*al & e?nic names2 b ^!1 ( c\rse1 cont9u$ to subdivide beyond ! space & "t ref]r$ to by ! sacr$ writ]4 ,x is simply absurd to object1 z "s writ]s h done1 to ! univ]sality ( ! /atem5ts 9 ,g5esis1 t !y d n m5tion 9 detail ! :ole e>?4 ,!y ref] to a few g5]ations only1 & beyond ?is re/rict !mselves to ! "o bran* ( ! human family to :i* ! ,bible pr9cipally relates4 ,we %\ld be ?ankful = s mu* ( ! lead+ l9es ( e?nological div]g5ce1 )\t compla9+ t x is n foll[$ out into its m9ute ramifications & into all hi/ory4 #e4 ,! trip>tite division 9 ,g5esis x4 indicates a some:at /rict geographical sep>ation ( ! ?ree ma9 trunks4 ,! regions m>k$ out = ,japhe? include ,europe & ,nor?we/]n ,asia4 ,! "n ,japhe?1 z well z ! /atem5ts 9 ! table1 indicate a v]satile1 nomadic1 & coloniz+ disposition z *>act]i/ic ( ^! tribes4#aaj ,! ,m$ian population1 ! same ) a portion ( t n[ (t5 call$ ,aryan1#aaa 0 ! only bran* rema9+ ne> ! orig9al seats ( ! species1 & 9 a settl$ condition4 ,! outly+ portions ( ! po/]ity ( ,japhe?1 on acc\nt ( _! wide disp]sion1 mu/ at a v e>ly p]iod h fall5 into comp>ative b>b>ism1 su* z we f9d 9 hi/oric p]iods all ov] ,we/]n & ,nor!rn ,europe & ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,ow+ to _! habitat1 ! ,japhetites ( ! ,bible include none ( ! black races1 unless c]ta9 ,indian & ,au/ralian nations are outly+ portions ( ?is family4 ,! ,%emite nations %[$ little t5d5cy to migrate1 be+ gr\p$ ab\t ! ,euphrates & ,tigris valleys & neighbor+ regions4 ,= ?is reason1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 ,arab tribes1 !y pres5t no in/ances ( b>b>ism1 & g5]ally reta9$ a high c]ebral organization1 & respectable ?\gh /ation>y civilization1 & !y possess ! olde/ alphabet & lit]ature4 ,! po/]ity ( ,ham diff]s rem>kably f ! o!rs4 ,x spread itself ov] ,s\!rn1 ,c5tral1 & ,ea/]n ,asia1 ,s\!rn ,europe1 & ,nor!rn ,africa1 & con/itutes ! /ock alike ( ! ,turanian & ,african races1 z well z probably ( ! ,am]ican tribes4 ,x has all along display$ a great capacity = c]ta9 =ms ( art & semi-civilization1 b has r>ely ris5 to ! level ( ! ,%emite & ,japhetite races4 ,x e/abli%$ ! e>lie/ milit>y & mon>*ical in/itutions1 & pres5ts at ! dawn ( hi/ory--9 ,assyria1 9 ,egypt1 & ,india--settl$ & arbitr>y =ms 9 politics & religion1 ( a "* s mu* resembl+ t ( an old & corrupt civilization t we c sc>cely avoid suppos+ t ,ham & 8 family _h pres]v$ m ?an any ( ! o!r ,noa*ian races ! arts & in/itutions ( ! old _w be=e ! flood4 ,x c]ta9ly pres5ts itself 9 e>ly po/diluvian times z ! fir/ repres5tative & tea*] ( art & mat]ial civilization4 ,! ,hamite race is rem>kable = ! e>ly developm5t ( pan!ism & h]o-wor%ip1 & = ! artificial "* ( its culture4 ,x pres5ts u ) ! d>ke/ colors1 & 9 ! va/ solitudes ( ,africa & ,c5tral ,asia its outly+ tribes mu/ h fall5 into comp>ative b>b>ism a few c5turies aft] ! deluge4 ,x is f>!r to be obs]v$ t1 accord+ to ! ,bible1 ! ,canaanites & o!r ,hamite nations spoke languages n ess5tially diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,%emites1 :ile ! ,japhetite nations 7 to !m b>b>ians--a nation ^: tongue ?\ %alt n und]/&4 ,!re 01 too1 at ! date ( ! disp]sion ( ,babel1 already a di/9ction ( tongues )9 ea* ( ! great races ( m54 #f4 ,all ! divisions ( ! family ( ,noah _h f ! fir/ ! dome/icat$ animals & ! pr9cipal arts ( life1 & enjoy$ ^! 9 a national capacity s soon z suffici5tly num]\s4 ,! m scatt]$ tribes1 w&]+ into fre% regions1 & adopt+ ! life ( hunt]s1 lo/ ! *>act]i/ics ( civilization1 & div]g$ widely f ! primitive languages4 ,we %\ld ?us h1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew e?nology1 a c5tral area pres5t+ ! pr9cipal /ems ( all ! ?ree races 9 a p]man5tly civiliz$ /ate4 ,all ar\nd ?is area %\ld lie ab]rant & (t5 b>b>\s tribes1 diff]+ mo/ widely f ! orig9al type 9 ! m di/ant regions1 & 9 ^? lea/ favorable to human heal? & subsi/5ce4 ,9 ^! outly+ regions1 second>y c5tres ( civilization might gr[ up1 diff]+ f t ( ! primitive c5tre1 except 9 s f> z ! common pr9ciples ( human nature & int]communication might prev5t ?is4 ,all ^! conclusions1 fairly d$ucible at once f ! ,mosaic e?nology & ! !ory ( disp]sion f a c5tre1 are p]fectly 9 accordance ) obs]v$ facts1 ?\gh 9 absolute contradiction to preval5t e?nological conclusions1 bas$ on ^! facts 9 connection ) !ories ( developm5t4 ,a multitude ( ,bible notices might easily be quot$ illu/rative ( ^! po9ts1 & also ( ! consi/5cy ( ! ,mosaic n>rative ) itself4 ,"o ( !m may suffice "h4 ,abraham1 :o is said by ! ,jews to h be5 contempor>y ) ,%em1 z ,m5es by ! ,egyptians ) ,ham1 at lea/ liv$ suffici5tly ne> to ! "t ( ! rise ( ! e>lie/ nations to be tak5 z an illu/ration ( ?is primitive condition ( society4 ,he 0 n a patri>* ( ! fir/ or second rank1 l ,ham or ,mizraim or ,canaan1 b a subord9ate family lead] sev]al removes f ! survivors ( ! deluge4 ,yet 8 tribe increases 9 comp>atively few ye>s to a consid]able numb]4 ,he is treat$ z an equal by ! mon>*s ( ,egypt & ,phili/ia4 ,he defeats1 ) a b& ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ reta9]s1 a conf$]acy ( f\r ,euphratean k+s repres5t+ ! embryo /ate ( ! ,p]sian & ,assyrian empires1 & already relatively s /rong t !y h ov]run mu* ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,all ?is bespeaks 9 a mo/ consi/5t mann] ! rapid rise ( _m small nationalities1 scatt]$ ov] ! bett] p>ts ( wide regions1 & /ill 9 a feeble condition1 ?\gh inh]it+ f _! ance/ors an old civilization1 & lay+ ! f\ndations ( p[]ful /ates4 ,if we atta* any hi/orical value :atev] to ! n>rative1 x obvi\sly implies t at a date ( ab\t two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/ ! regions aft]w>d occupi$ by ! olde/ hi/oric empires 7 /ill ?9ly peopl$1 & _! dom9ant races little m ?an feeble tribes4 ,?is f>!r corresponds ) ! au!ntic hi/ory ( all ! anci5t nations1 h[ev] ^! may h be5 ext5d$ by previ\s my?ical p]iods4 ,ab\t or %ortly be=e ! "t ( ,abraham1 ,m5es 0 dra9+ = ! fir/ "t ! swamps ( ,egypt1 ,n9us or ,nimrod 0 f\nd+ ! ,assyrian empire1 ! ,pho5icians 7 f\nd+ ,sidon1 agriculture 0 be+ introduc$ into ,*9a1 ! ,v$as 7 be+ writt5 9 ,india1 ! ,p]sian mon>*y 0 be+ f\nd$2 &1 9 %ort1 all ! hi/orical nations ( ! ,ea/ 7 orig9at+1 & ?is app>5tly by spr++ into be+ ) an already =m$ civilization4 ,su* be+ ! ,hebrew acc\nt ( ! date & e>ly hi/ory ( man1 x may be prop] "h to comp>e x ) su* d$uctions f ar*aeological & geological inve/igation z may seem to conflict ) x1 & at ! same "t to make "s comp>isons ) ! ,turanian & ,aryan traditions & speculations z to human orig9s4 ,! special l9es ( inve/igation important "h are3 #a4 ,e>ly hi/orical records o!r ?an ! ,bible2 #b4 ,! div]sity ( human languages2 #c4 ,! geological evid5ce af=d$ by rema9s ( prehi/oric m5 f\nd 9 cav]ns & o!r repositories4 ,! la/ ( ^! is at pres5t t :i* has atta9$ ! greate/ developm5t4 #a4 ,e>ly ,human ,hi/ory4--,_h ! human race ev]y:]e pres]v$ hi/orical records1 we %\ld h _h "s c]ta9 evid5ce z to ! places & times ( orig9ation ( its tribes & peoples4 ,un=tunately ?is has n be5 ! case4 ,all savage & b>b>\s races1 & _m ( ^? n[ civiliz$1 h lo/ all records ( _! e>ly hi/ory4 ,mo/ ( ! s-call$ anci5t nations are comp>atively mod]n1 & _! hi/ory aft] a v %ort c\rse loses itself 9 unc]ta9 tradition & my?ical fancies4 ,! only really anci5t nations t h giv5 u 9 detail _! own writt5 hi/ory are ! ,hebrews1 ! ,assyrians1 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,h9doos1 & ! ,*9ese4 ,! la/ p1 ?\gh pr(ess$ly v anci5t1 trace _! hi/ory f a p]iod ( b>b>ism--a view confirm$ by _! physical *>act]s & ! nature ( _! civilization2 & on ?is acc\nt1 if no o!r1 _! hi/ory c n be consid]$ z ( mu* ar*aeological value4 ,accord+ to _! own records1 _! e>lie/ au!ntic hi/ory goes back to ab\t #bhjj ,b4,c41 & 0 prec$$ by a prehi/oric p]iod ( unc]ta9 duration4 ,! a/ronomical d$uctions ( ,s*legel1 :i* w\ld ext5d _! hi/ory to #ag1jjj ye>s1 are evid5tly altoge!r unreliable4#aab ,! e>ly ,h9doo hi/ory is palpably fabul\s or di/ort$1 & has be5 v>i\sly modifi$ & *ang$ 9 comp>atively mod]n times4 ,!re is "o great & v anci5t p--! ,egyptian--evid5tly civiliz$ f ! beg9n+ ( all hi/ory1 t h succe$$ 9 transmitt+ to u1 ?\gh only 9 fragm5ts1 _! primeval hi/ory2 & ( late ye>s con/ant additions h be5 made f inscrib$ tablets & monum5ts to our k ( ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! ,assyrians & ,*aldeans4 ,! ,egyptian hi/ory has be5 ga!r$ fir/ f sket*es by ,greek travell]s1 & f fragm5ts ( ! *ronicles ( ,mane?o1 "o ( ! lat] ,egyptian prie/s2 &1 secondly1 f ! inscriptions deciph]$ on ,egyptian monum5ts & papyri4 ,x is /ill 9 a v fragm5t>y & unc]ta9 /ate1 b has be5 us$ ) consid]able effect to prove bo? ! div]sity ( races ( m5 & ! pre-,noa*ic antiquity ( ! species4 ,! ,egyptian1 9 features & physical con=mation1 t5d$ to ! ,european =m1 j z ! mod]n ,fellahs & ,b]b]s d2 b he _h a d>k complexion1 a some:at elongat$ head & flatt5$ lips1 & c]ta9 negroid peculi>ities 9 8 limbs4 ,8 language comb9$ _m ( ! peculi>ities ( ! ,semitic1 ,aryan1 & ,african tongues1 indicat+ !reby great antiquity or else great int]mixture1 b n1 z "s e?nograph]s dem&1 bo?2 mo/ probably ! =m]--! ,egyptians be+ really ! olde/ civiliz$ p t we c]ta9ly "k1 & !re=e1 if languages h "o orig91 likely to be ne> its root-/ock4 ,! actual hi/ory ( ,egypt beg9s f ,m5es1 ! fir/ human k+1 a mon>*1 or r tribal *ief1 :o took up 8 abode 9 ! flats & f5s ( ,l[] ,egypt1 c]ta9ly n v long aft] ! deluge4 ,8 "n has be5 translat$ "o :o walks ) ,khem1 or ,ham2 "o1 !re=e1 :o 0 contempor>y ) ?is great patri>* & god ( ! ,egyptians1 :i* w place 8 "t )9 a few c5turies ( ! ,biblical flood4 ,! date ( ,m5es has be5 v>i\sly plac$4 ,9 correction ( ! ord9>y ,hebrew *ronology1 we h ! foll[+ attempts3 ,josephus places 8 reign #bcej ,b4,c4 ,dr4 ,hales' calculation #bdab ,mane?o & ! ,monum5ts1 z correct$ by ,syncellus #bgab & calculat$ by v>i\s ar*aeologi/s to #bghb ,h]odotus1 a/ronomical r$uction by ,r5nell #bhij ,e/imate by ,gliddon 9 ,anci5t ,egypt #bgej ,buns51 ,egypt's ,place1 etc4 #djjj ,! tru? may be some:]e ne> ! mean ( ! %ort] *ronologies giv5 9 ! li/4#aac ,t ( ,buns5 is liable to v grave objections2 m especially z he adds to x o!r views1 altoge!r unsupport$ by hi/orical evid5ce1 :i* w\ld c>ry back ! deluge to #aj1jjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,x re/s :olly on ! *ronology ( ,mane?o1 :o liv$ #cjj ye>s ,b4,c42 & :o1 ev5 if ! ,egyptians !n possess$ au!ntic docum5ts ext5d+ #cgjj ye>s be=e 8 "t1 may h err$ 9 8 r5d]+ ( !m2 & is f>!r liable to grave suspicions ( hav+ m]ely gr\p$ ! names on ! monum5ts ( 8 c\ntry arbitr>ily 9 ,so?ic cycles4 ,f>!r1 !y re/ on an int]pretation ( ,mane?o1 :i* supposes 8 e>ly dyna/ies to h be5 successive1 :ile good reasons h be5 f\nd to prove t _m ( !m consi/ ( contemporane\s petty sov]eigns ( p>ts ( ,egypt4 ,! e>ly p>ts ( ,mane?o's li/s are purely my?ical1 & x is impossible to fix ! po9t :]e 8 au!ntic hi/ory comm5ces4 ,he copi$ f monum5ts :i* h no consecutive dates1 ! precise age ( :i* c\ld only be vaguely kn[n ev5 9 8 "t1 & :i* are diff]5t 9 _! /atem5ts 9 diff]5t localities4 ,x is only by mak+ due all[ance = ^! unc]ta9ties t any hi/orical value c be atta*$ to ^! e>li] dyna/ies ( ,mane?o4 ,yet ,buns5 has built on an unc]ta9 int]pretation ( ?is writ]1 z h&$ d[n 9 a v fragm5t>y & evid5tly g>bl$ condition1 & on ! equally or m unc]ta9 *ronology ( ,erato/h5es1 a sy/em diff]+ f all previ\s belief on ! subject1 f ! ,hebrew hi/ory1 & f all =m] int]pretations ( ! monum5ts & ,mane?o4#aad ,disc>d+1 !re=e1 9 ! mean "t1 ?is date1 & ! /ill old] "o claim$ by ,m>iette1#aae we may r\ghly e/imate ! date ( ,m5es z #bjjj to #bejj ye>s ,b4,c41#aaf & proce$ to /ate "s ( ! facts develop$ by ,egyptologi/s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! is ! pro( t ,egypt 0 a new c\ntry 9 ! days ( ,m5es & sev]al g5]ations ( 8 successors4 ,! monum5ts ( ?is p]iod %[ little ( ! complicat$ idolatry1 ritual1 & ca/e sy/em ( lat] times1 & are defici5t 9 evid5ce ( ! ref9em5t & v>iety ( art aft]w>d atta9$4 ,!y also %[ t ^! e>ly mon>*s 7 pr9cipally engag$ 9 dyk+1 & o!rwise reclaim+ ! alluvial flats2 an evid5ce precisely ( ! same "* ) t :i* e travell] sees 9 ! m rec5tly settl$ di/ricts ( ,canada1 :]e ! =e/ is giv+ way to ! ex]tions ( ! f>m]4 ,f>!r1 9 ?is primitive p]iod1 kn[n z ! old mon>*y1 few dome/ic animals appe>1 & exp]im5ts seem to h be5 9 progress to tame o!rs1 natives ( ! c\ntry1 z ! hy5a1 ! antelope1 ! /ork4 ,ev5 ! dog 9 ! old] dyna/ies is repres5t$ by "o or at mo/ two v>ieties1 & ! preval5t "o is a wolfi%-look+ animal ak9 to ! pres5t wild or half-tam$ dogs ( ! ,ea/4#aag ,! ,egyptians1 too1 ( ! e>li] dyna/ies1 are m homog5e\s 9 _! appe>ance ?an ^? ( ! lat]1 aft] conque/ & migration _h introduc$ new races2 & ! e>lie/ monum5tal notice ref]r+ to ,negro tribes does n appe> until ! #ab? dyna/y1 ab\t half-way betwe5 ! epo* ( ,m5es & ! ,*ri/ian era1 nor does any repres5tation ( ! ,negro features occur until1 at ! e>lie/1 ! #ag? dyna/y4 ,?is all[s ample "t--"o ?\s& ye>s at ! lea/--= ! developm5t1 "u abnormal circum/ances & isolation1 ( all ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ v>ieties ( man4 ,/ill ,egypt1 ev5 "u ! old mon>*y1 pres5ts evid5ce ( ! cont9uation ( ant$iluvian culture4#aah ,x is obvi\s1 9 %ort1 t ! :ole aspect ( e>ly ,egyptian hi/ory pres5ts to u a p already civiliz$ tak+ possession ( t c\ntry at a p]iod correspond+ ) t ( ! subsid5ce ( ! ,noa*ian deluge1 & n f9d+ !re any rema9s ( old] populations4 ,nor h any rema9s ( su* populations be5 f\nd by mod]n inve/igation4#aai ,9 ,assyria ! results ( ! rec5t discov]ies1 s well kn[n ?r\gh _m le>n$ & popul> works1 /rik+ly confirm ! ,hebrew *ronology4 ,!y indicate no sl[ em]g5ce f b>b>ism1 b %[ t 9 ,assyria z 9 ,egypt implem5ts ( /one & metal 7 us$ toge!r by a primitive p1 already f> advanc$ 9 civilization2 & ! olde/ hi/orical names only c>ry u back to cities & sov]eigns ( ! ,abrahamic age1 :ile ! /ory ( ! primitive empire ( ,nimrod & ! traditions ( ! deluge seem to h surviv$ 9 m or less my?ical leg5ds4 ,! e>lie/ ,assyrian monum5ts w\ld seem to belong to a ,turanian race1 ( :i* comp>atively little is kn[n1 b :i* may correspond ) ! primitive ,cu%ites ( ,biblical /ory4 ,to ^!1 x is true1 ,b]osus atta*es a fabul\s antiquity2 b ?is is n confirm$ by ! monum5ts4 ,^!1 accord+ to ! late/ facts disclos$ by ,smi?1 ,rawl9son1 & o!rs1 appe> to fix a date ( ab\t #ahjj ,b4,c4 = ! f\ndation ( ! ,assyrian mon>*y prop]1 & ! olde/ previ\s date giv5 by ,assurbampal1 :o reign$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #ffh to #fbf1 gives #afce ye>s be=e 8 "t1 or say #bbhj ,b4,c41 z ! date ( an ,elamite k+ ,kud>nankundi1 :o seems to be ! lead] ( a primitive tribe1 "o ( ! olde/ 9 ! region1 & :o has be5 conjectur$ to h be5 ! ,*$orlaom] ( ,g5esis1 b 0 probably "o ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,we ga!r f ! ,assyrian annals t ! e>ly ,turanian k+s1 :ile m\nd-build]s l _! k9dr$ else:]e1 & acqua9t$ ) metals & ) ! cunei=m writ+1 yet con/itut$ comp>atively small nations1 & 7 mu* occupi$ ) hunt+ & o!r rude sports1 & ) pr$atory exp$itions1 s z to answ] v ne>ly to ! ,biblical conception ( ! e>ly ,cu%ite k+dom ( ! valley ( ! ,euphrates1 :i* 0 probably 9 ! same /age ( culture ) ! nations t 9 a lat] p]iod inhabit$ ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 & are kn[n z ! ,alleghans4 ,9 connection ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( man1 mu* importance has be5 atta*$ to ! division ( ! e>ly hi/oric & prehi/oric ages into ! p]iods ( ,/one1 ,bronze1 & ,iron1 & ( ! =m] into a ,palaeoli?ic or anci5t /one age1 & a m mod]n or ,neoli?ic /one age4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t too great importance has be5 atta*$ to ^! di/9ctions1 & t !y express r diff]5ces ( circum/ances & ( culture ?an ( age1 s t !y h really no be>+ on ! ,biblical *ronology4 ,if palaeoli?ic or rudely *ipp$ implem5ts are ! olde/ kn[n1 z !y n improbably 7 ! fir/ tools us$ by man1 yet _! use has ext5d$ 9 ! case ( rude nations all ! way up to ! pres5t "t2 & 9 ,am]ica & ,nor!rn ,asia we "k t _! antiquity is b ( ye/]day1 & t !y 7 us$ ) highly f9i%$ implem5ts ( bone1 & ( ^? s(t] /ones t admit ( be+ poli%$4 ,no c]ta9 l9e c !re=e be drawn ev5 locally betwe5 a ,neoli?ic & a ,palaeoli?ic p]iod1 especially s9ce 9 localities :]e fl9t implem5ts 7 ext5sively qu>ri$ & made1 z on ! banks ( riv]s 9 ,nor!rn ,france & ,s\!rn ,engl&1 & 9 su* places z ,grimes' ,graves & ,cissbury 9 ! latt] c\ntry1 :]e m9es 7 sunk 9 ! *alk = ! extraction ( fl9ts1 x necess>ily happ5$ t va/ multitudes ( unf9i%$ or spoil$ implem5ts & weapons 7 left on ! gr\nd1 :ile ! bett]-=m$ specim5s 7 = ! mo/ "p tak5 away4 ,?is conclusion is amply support$ by simil> localities 9 ,am]ica1 :]e p well acqua9t$ ) _m ( ! arts ( life h left quantities ( /rictly palaeoli?ic mat]ial4 ,wilson1 ,s\?all1 & o!r writ]s h accumulat$ s _m examples ( ?is t ,i ?9k ! di/9ction ( ,palaeoli?ic & ,neoli?ic ages mu/ n[ be giv5 up by all inve/igators :o possess ord9>y judgm5t4 ,a rem>kable in/auce is ! celebrat$ ,fl9t ridge ( ,ohio1 :i* 0 a great qu>ry ( fl9t = implem5ts us$ by ! anci5t m\nd-build]s1 a highly civiliz$ race1 z well z by ! mod]n ,indians4 ,"h are f\nd c\ntless multitudes ( palaeoli?ic fl9t implem5ts ( all ! ord9>y types1 b :i* are m]ely ! unf9i%$ mat]ial ( work]s capable ( produc+ ! mo/ exquisite implem5ts4 ,!re c be sc>cely a d\bt t ! palaeoli?ic implem5ts ( ! ,european gravels1 9 s f> z !y are ! workman%ip ( man1 are 9 l mann] m]ely ! relics ( old fl9t qu>ries4#abj ,possibly a m accurate measurem5t ( "t = p>ticul> regions ( ! _w might be d$uc$ f ! introduction ( bronze & iron4 ,if ! =m] 01 z _m antiqu>ians suppose1 a local discov]y 9 ,europe1 & n introduc$ f abroad1 x c give no measurem5t ( "t :atev]4 ,9 ,am]ica1 z ! facts detail$ by ,dr4 ,wilson %[1 :ile a bronze age exi/$ 9 ,p]u1 x 0 ! copp] age 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 & ! /one age else:]e2 & ^! conditions might h co-exi/$ = any l5g? ( "t1 & c\ld give no indication ( relative dates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! iron introduc$ by ,european comm]ce spread at once ov] ! cont95t1 & came into use 9 ! mo/ remote tribes1 & its introduction into ,am]ica cle>ly m>ks an hi/orical epo*4 ,) reg>d to bronze 9 ,europe1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t t9 0 to be procur$ only 9 ,engl& & ,spa91 & 9 ! latt] 9 v small quantity2 ! m9es ( ,saxony d n seem to h be5 kn[n till ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we mu/ fur!r consid] t t9 ore is a sub/ance n metallic 9 appe>ance1 & little likely to attract ! att5tion ( savages2 & t1 z we ga!r f a h9t ( ,pl9y1 x 0 probably fir/ obs]v$1 9 ! ,we/ at lea/1 z /ream t91 9 ! ,spani% gold wa%+s4 ,la/ly1 :5 we place 9 connection ) ^! consid]ations ! fact t 9 ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h c]ta9 k1 ! t9 trade ( ,spa9 & ,engl& 0 monopoliz$ by ! ,pho5icians1 !re seems to be a /rong probability t ! ext5sion ( ! trade ( ?is nation to ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean really inaugurat$ ! bronze p]iod4 ,! only valid argum5t aga9/ ?is is ! fact t m\lds & o!r indications ( native bronze ca/+ h be5 f\nd 9 ,switz]l&1 ,d5m>k1 & else:]e2 b ^! %[ no?+ m ?an t ! natives c\ld reca/ bronze articles1 j z ! ,am]ican ,indians c =ge fi%-hooks & knives out ( nails & iron hoops4 ,o!r consid]ations might be adduc$ 9 pro( ( ?is view1 b our limits w n p]mit u to ref] to !m4 ,! important que/ions /ill rema93 ,:5 0 ?is trade comm5c$1 & h[ rapidly did x ext5d itself f ! sea-coa/ across ,europe8 ,! ,briti% t9 trade mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 ?\gh 8 notion ( ! locality 0 n m def9ite ?an t x 0 9 ! extremity ( ! e>?4 ,! ,pho5ician settlem5ts 9 ! we/]n ,m$it]ranean mu/ h exi/$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,solomon1 :5 %ips ( ,t>%i% 0 ! g5]al designation ( seago+ %ips = long voyages4 ,h[ long previ\sly ^! colonies exi/$ we d n "k2 b consid]+ ! great sc>city & value ( t9 9 ^? v anci5t times1 we may inf] t p]haps only ! ,spani%1 & n ! ,briti% deposits 7 kn[n ?us e>ly2 or t ! ,pho5icians _h only indirect access to ! latt]4 ,p]haps we may fix ! "t :5 ^! trad]s 7 able to supply ! nations ( ,europe ) abundance ( bronze 9 ex*ange = _! products1 at1 say #ajjj to #abjj ,b4,c41 z ! e>lie/ probable p]iod2 & possibly f "o to two c5turies w\ld be a suffici5t all[ance = ! complete p5etration ( ! trade ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,b ( c\rse w>s or migrations might ret>d or accel]ate ! process2 & !re may h be5 isolat$ spots 9 :i* a p>tial /one p]iod ext5d$ up to ^? comp>atively rec5t times 9 :i* fir/ ! ,greek trade1 & aft]w>d ! entire ov]?r[ ( ! ,c>?ag9ian p[] by ! ,romans1 t]m9at$ =ev] ! age ( bronze & sub/itut$ ! age ( iron4 ,?is w\ld leave1 accord+ to our ord9>y *ronologies1 at lea/ t5 or fifte5 c5turies = ! po/diluvian /one p]iod 9 ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia1 a "t q suffici5t 9 our view = all t "p ( x repres5t$ by su* monum5ts z ! ,dani% %ell-heaps or ! plat=m habitations ( ! ,swiss lakes2 leav+ ! rema9s ( ! prehi/oric cav]ns & riv] gravels = ! ant$iluvian p]iod4 ,a few facts 9 illu/ration ( ^! po9ts1 & also ( ! ,biblical hi/ory1 may be m5tion$ "h4 ,we "k p]fectly t ! e>ly ,*aldeans ( ! ,euphratean valley 7 acqua9t$ ) ! use ( metals--bronze c]ta9ly1 & at a v e>ly date iron2 yet fl9t knives & o!r implem5ts ( /one are f\nd "u circum/ances :i* %[ t !y 7 us$ 9 ! palmy days ( ! ,assyrian empire4 ,! inhabitants ( ,egypt 7 acqua9t$ ) bronze & iron long be=e ! date ( ! ,exodus1 yet ! ,egyptians us$ /one knives = "s purposes up to a comp>atively mod]n "t4 ,jo%ua us$ /one knives = ! purpose ( circumcision2 & accord+ to ,h]odotus !re 7 ,e?iopians 9 ! army ( ,x]xes :o us$ /one-tipp$ arr[s4 ,if any antiqu>ian 7 to /umble on ! hill ( ! =esk9s--a m\nd "u :i* 7 buri$ 9 all probability ! multitud9\s fl9t flakes us$ 9 ! circumcision ( ! ?\s&s ( ,israel--or ! grave 9 :i* "s ( ! ,e?iopian auxili>ies ( ,x]xes 7 buri$ ) _! fl9t arr[-heads & javel9s ( antelopes' horn1 h[ absurd w\ld be ! inf]5ce t ^! repositories 7 ( ! palaeoli?ic age4 ,nay1 s late z #ahgj a travell] 0 in=m$ t ! ,bagos1 a p ( ,abyss9ia1 /ill made & us$ /one hat*ets & fl9t knives4#aba ,9 ,europe we f9d reason to believe t ! ,ligurians ( ,nor?we/]n ,italy 7 fl9t-folk ( v rude type until !y 7 conqu]$ by ! ,gauls ab\t #djj ,b4,c4#abb ,?\gh ! ,gauls1 ,britons1 & ,g]mans ( ! age ( ,julius ,caes> _h iron weapons1 yet x is evid5t t ! metal 0 v sc>ce1 & t bronze 0 m common2 & 9 confirmation ( ?is x is f\nd t 9 ! tr5*es be=e ,alize1 ! ,alesia ( ,caes>1 :]e ! f9al /ruggle ( ! ,roman g5]al ) ,v]c+etorix took place1 weapons ( /one1 bronze1 & iron are int]mix$4 ,all ov] ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe !re is ! be/ reason to believe t ! use ( /one & bronze cont9u$ to a mu* lat] p]iod1 & locally until long aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x is cle> t su* facts z ^! mu/ greatly modify our ideas ( ! probable age ( ! ,swiss lake villages1 & %\ld induce ! greate/ caution 9 claim+ any special antiquity = p>ticul> classes ( implem5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable discov]ies ( mod]n times is t ( ! site ( anci5t ,troy by ,dr4 ,s*liemann1 & x af=ds cle> & decisive evid5ce z to ! hi/oric value ( ! ages to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,troy 0 de/roy$ by ! ,greeks p]haps ab\t #acjj ,b4,c41 & we "k f ,hom] t ?is 0 9 :at = ! ,greeks & ,trojans may prop]ly be t]m$ ! copp] age1 weapons & armor ( t metal be+ 9 common use1 & also ! mode ( burial by cremation4 ,we may well suppose t at t e>ly date ! /one age 0 /ill 9 full =ce 9 ,nor!rn ,europe & ,asia1 & 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,switz]l&2 & z ! t9 m9es ( ,engl& _h n yet be5 rea*$1 bronze 0 sc>ce & de> ev5 9 ,ea/]n ,europe & ,asia4 ,n[ ,s*liemann has dis9t]r$ ! und\bt$ ,trojan ,ilium on ! hill ( ,hiss>lik2 b he f9ds x to be only "o ( sev]al buri$ cities1 & ! succession ( /rata w be mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ! section on ! foll[+ page1 compil$ f 8 cle> & circum/antial descriptions4 ,x is ne$less to say t ?is pres5ts a succession ( ! /one age to "o ( comp>atively high civilization4 ,x also =ms an epitome ( t ( ! :ole ,ea/1 & ( primitive man 9 g5]al1 9 "s v important respects4 ,we h fir/1 at a date probably coeval ) t ( ! e>lie/ mon>*ies ( ,assyria & ,egypt1 a primitive p ^: arts & mode ( life rem9d u /rongly ( ! ,am]ican ,toltecans & ,p]uvians4#abc ,s*liemann supposes !m to h be5 ,aryan1 b !y 7 m probably ( ,turanian race4 ,!y mu/ h occupi$ ! site = a v long "t4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by a m cultivat$ p ( f9e physical organization1 yet possibly /ill ,turanians or primitive ,aryans1 :o by trade or plund] _h accumulat$ l>ge /ores ( metallic weal?1 & _h made advances 9 ! arts ( life plac+ !m on a level ) ! e>ly ,pho5icians & ,egyptians1 ) :om !y probably _h int]c\rse4 ,^! ,surface4 ,fif? /ratum to #f-a_/b feet4 ,! ,greek ,ilium1 ) build+s & objects ( art *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hell5ic civilization ( hi/oric p]iods4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,f\r? /ratum to #ac feet4 ,a second b>b>\s p1 b probably alli$ to ! fir/4 ,v co>se pott]y4 ,implem5ts & weapons ( copp] or bronze-- /one knives & saws4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,?ird /ratum to #bc feet4 ,b>b>\s p occupy+ ! site ( ,troy4 ,rude /one implem5ts & rude pott]y4 ,build+s ( small /ones & clay4 ,"s objects ( pott]y f\nd "h w\ld on ,am]ican sites be reg>d$ z probably tobacco-pipes4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,second /ratum to #cc feet4 ,hom]ic ,troy4 ,implem5ts & weapons ( copp]1 bronze1 & /one4 ,pott]y1 "s ( x ( ,p]uvian & anci5t ,cypriot types4 ,f9e gold jewelry1 & gold & silv] vessels4 ,armor simil> to t describ$ by ,hom]4 ,/one build+s & walls4 ,?is city _h be5 sack$ & burn$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,fir/ /ratum to #df or #ec feet4,primitive or prehi/oric ,troy4 ,/one implem5ts1 poli%$ & *ipp$4 ,mill/ones1 copp] nails1 pott]y--"s ) patt]ns curi\sly resembl+ ^? ( ,am]ica--bone implem5ts1 ,rock4 t]ra-cotta disks4 ,/one build+s4 7 ! ,trojans ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 & ! de/ruction ( _! city 0 probably 9 ! fir/ in/ance celebrat$ 9 _! own native songs1 :i* ,hom] at a date b little lat]#abd wove into 8 magnific5t poem1 & idealiz$ & exagg]at$4 ,! ,trojans wor%ipp$ an owl-head$ goddess--! ,a!na ( ! ,hom]ic poems2 & f symbols f\nd are believ$ also to h _h ! wor%ip ( a sacr$ tree1 & ( fire or ( ! ,sun4 ,all ( ^! are widespread sup]/itions ov] bo? ! ,old & ,new ,_w4 ,b :ile ,troy fl\ri%$ !re 7 b>b>\s nations n f> (f /ill 9 ! /one age2 & :5 ! city _h fall51 ^!1 possibly 9 successive hordes1 took possession ( ! f]tile pla9 & us$ ! old city z _! /ronghold1 p]haps till ! f\ndation ( ! ,greek city ab\t #fej ,b4,c4 ,i h sket*$ 9 "s detail ^! int]e/+ discov]ies1 z !y s cle>ly illu/rate an actual succession ( ages1 & s conclusively %[ ! unc]ta9ty ( ! classification into ages ( /one & metal1 except :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! precise circum/ances ( ea* locality4 ,i h ref]r$ above only to ! "q ( hi/oric or po/diluvian man4 ,we h /ill to consid] :at rema9s exi/ ( ant$iluvian man4 ,^! may be /udi$ 9 connection ) our ?ird head ( geological evid5ces ( man's antiquity2 = if ! ,mosaic n>rative be true1 ! diluvial cata/rophe mu/ h con/itut$ a physical sep>ation betwe5 hi/oric man & prehi/oric2 s9ce1 9 s f> z ant$iluvian ages are conc]n$1 all are prehi/oric or my?ical ev]y:]e except 9 ! sacr$ hi/ory itself4 ,ant$iluvian m5 may ?us 9 geology be ,plei/oc5e z di/+ui%$ f mod]n1 or ,palaeocosmic z di/+ui%$ f ,neocosmic4#abe #b4 ,language 9 ,relation to ! ,antiquity ( ,man4--,9 _m animals ! voice has a di/9ctive "*2 b 9 man x has an importance altoge!r peculi>4 ,! gift ( spee* is "o ( 8 sole pr]ogatives1 & id5tity 9 its mode ( ex]cise is n only ! /ronge/ pro( ( simil>ity ( psy*ical con/itution1 b m ?an any o!r "* m>ks id5tity ( orig94 ,! tongues ( m5 are _m & v>i\s2 & at fir/ sight ?is div]sity may1 z inde$ x (t5 does1 convey ! impression ( radical div]sity ( race4 ,b mod]n philological inve/igations h %[n _m & unexpect$ l9ks ( connection 9 vocabul>y or grammatical /ructure1 or bo?1 betwe5 languages app>5tly ! mo/ dissimil>4 ,i d n "h ref] to ! vague & fanciful p>allels ) :i* our ance/ors 7 (t5 amus$1 b to ! results ( sob] & sci5tific inquiry4 ,no?+1 says ,pr(essor ,max ,muell]1 necessitates ! admission ( diff]5t indep5d5t beg9n+s = ! mat]ial elem5ts ( ! ,turanian1 ,semitic1 & ,aryan bran*es ( spee*2 nay1 x is possible ev5 n[ to po9t out radicals :i*1 "u v>i\s *anges & disguises1 h be5 curr5t 9 ^! ?ree bran*es ev] s9ce _! fir/ sep>ation4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is ,i h conv9c$ myself by "s orig9al inve/igation1 & also ( ! f>!r tru? t ( ?is radical unity ( all human tongues !re is m full evid5ce ?an _m philologi/s are dispos$ to admit1 & t ! results ( future /udy mu/ be to connect m & m ) ea* o!r ! sev]al ma9 /ems ( language4 ,:e!r ?is results m]ely f ! psy*ical unity ( ! human race1 or f ! hi/orical d]ivation ( languages f "o root1 is n s mat]ial z ! fact ( unity2 b t ! latt] is impli$ x w\ld n be difficult to %[4#abf ,let u exam9e = a little ^! results z !y are pres5t$ to u by ,la?am1 ,muell]1 ,buns51 & o!r mod]n philologi/s4 ,a conv5i5t />t+-po9t is af=d$ by ! great gr\p ( languages kn[n z ! ,indo-,european1 ,japhetic1 or ,aryan4 ,f ! ,ganges to ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel&1 ?r\gh ,indian1 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 ,italian1 ,g]man1 ,celt1 runs "o great language--! ,sanscrit & ! d>k ,h9doo at "o extreme1 ! ,erse & ! xan?\s ,celt at ! o!r4 ,no "o n[ d\bts ! aff9ity ( ?is great belt ( languages4 ,no "o c pret5d t any "o ( ^! nations le>n$ its language f ano!r4 ,!y are all decid$ bran*es ( a common /ock4 ,ly+ 9 & ne> ?is area are o!r nations--z ! ,arabs1 ! ,syrians1 ! ,jews--speak+ languages diff]+ 9 words & /ructure--! ,semitic tongues4 ,d ^! m>k a diff]5t orig98 ,! philologi/s answ] 9 ! negative1 po9t+ to ! features ( resemblance :i* /ill rema91 & above all to c]ta9 int]m$iate tongues ( s high antiquity t !y are r to be reg>d$ z root-/ocks f :i* o!r languages div]g$ ?an z mixtures4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! is ! anci5t ,egyptian1 repres5t$ by ! inscriptions on ! monum5ts ( t wond]ful p1 & by ! m mod]n ,coptic1 :i*1 accord+ to ,buns5 & ,la?am1 pres5ts decid$ aff9ities to bo? ! great classes previ\sly m5tion$1 & may be reg>d$ z /rictly int]m$iate 9 its "*4 ,x has accord+ly be5 designat$ by ! t]m ,sub-,semitic4#abg ,b x %>es ?is "* ) all or ne>ly all ! o!r ,african languages1 :i* be> /rong m>ks ( aff9ity to ! ,egyptian & ,semitic tongues4 ,on ?is subject ,dr4 ,la?am says1 ,t ! uni=mity ( languages ?r\gh\t ,africa is great] ?an x is ei!r 9 ,asia or 9 ,europe1 is a /atem5t to :i* ,i h n ! lea/ hesitation 9 committ+ myself4#abh ,to ! nor? ! ,indo-,european area is b\nd$ by a great gr\p ( semi-b>b>\s populations1 mo/ly ) ,mongolian features1 & speak+ languages :i* h be5 gr\p$ z ,turanian4 ,^! ,turanian languages1 on ! "o h&1 graduate )\t any break into ^? ( ! ,esquimaux & ,am]ican ,indians2 on ! o!r1 accord+ to ,muell] & ,la?am1 !y are unit$1 ?\gh less di/9ctly1 ) ! ,semitic & ,japhetic tongues4 ,!y n improbably repres5t 9 m or less alt]$ =ms ! mo/ primitive /ock ( language f :i* bo? ! ,semitic & ,japhetic gr\ps h bran*$4 ,ano!r great area on ! coa/s & 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific is ov]spread by ! ,malay1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! populations ( ,transgangetic ,india1 connects itself ) ! great ,indo-,european l9e4 ,mr4 ,edk9s1 9 8 rem>kable book on ,*9a's ,place 9 ,philology1 has collect$ a l>ge am\nt ( fact t5d+ to %[ t ! e>ly ,*9ese 9 its monosyllabic radicals pres5ts root-=ms traceable into all ! /ocks ( human spee* 9 ! ,old ,_w2 & ! ,am]ican languages w\ld h furni%$ him ) simil> l9es ( aff9ity4 ,if we reg>d physical *>act]s1 mann]s1 & cu/oms1 & my?ologies1 z well z m]e language1 x is mu* easi] ?us to l9k toge!r ne>ly all ! populations ( ! globe4 ,9 inve/igations ( ?is k9d1 x is true1 ! l9ks ( connection are (t5 delicate & evanesc5t2 yet !y h convey$ to ! able/ inve/igators ! /rong impression t ! ph5om5a are r ^? ( division ( a radical language ?an ( union ( sev]al radically di/9ct4 ,?is impression is f>!r /r5g!n$ :5 we reg>d sev]al results incid5tal to ^! rese>*es4 ,la?am has %[n t ! languages ( m5 may be reg>d$ z arrang$ 9 l9es ( div]g5ce1 ! extreme po9ts ( :i* are ,fuego1 ,tasmania1 ,ea/] ,isl&2 & t f all ^! po9ts !y conv]ge to a common c5tre 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 :]e we f9d a clu/] ( ! mo/ anci5t & p]fect languages2 & ev5 ,haeckel is oblig$ to adopt 9 8 map ( ! affiliation ( races ( m5 a simil> s*eme1 ?\gh he1 )\t any good hi/orical or sci5tific evid5ce1 ext5ds x back into ! imag9>y lo/ cont95t ( ,lemuria4 ,f>!r1 ! languages ( ! v>i\s populations diff] 9 proce$+ f ^! c5tres 9 a mann] po9t+ to deg5]acy su* z is likely to occur 9 small & rude tribes sep>at+ f a p>5t /ock4 ,^! l9es ( radiation foll[ ! mo/ easy & probable l9es ( migration ( ! human race spread+ f "o c5tre4 ,x mu/ also be obs]v$ t 9 ! prim>y migration ( m51 !re mu/ ( necessity h be5 at its extreme limits outly+ & isolat$ tribes1 plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i* language w\ld v rapidly *ange2 especially z ^! tribes1 migrat+ or driv5 =w>d1 w\ld be cont9ually arriv+ at new regions pres5t+ new circum/ances & objects4 ,:5 at l5g? ! utmo/ limit 9 any direction 0 rea*$1 ! inroads ( new races ( population w\ld press into close contact ^! v>i\s tribes ) _! diff]5t dialects4 ,:]e ! di/ance 0 greate/ be=e rea*+ ?is limit1 we might expect1 z 9 ,am]ica1 to f9d ! greate/ mutual v>iety & am\nt ( diff]5ce f ! orig9al /ock4 ,aft] ! prim>y migration _h t]m9at$1 ! displacem5ts aris+ f second>y migrations & conque/s1 w\ld necess>ily complicate ! matt] by break+ up ! orig9al gradations ( diff]5ce1 & !reby r5d]+ l9es ( migration difficult to trace4 ,tak+ all ^! po9ts into ! acc\nt1 along ) ! kn[n t5d5cies ( languages 9 all circum/ances to v>y1 x is really wond]ful t philology is /ill able to give s decid$ indications ( unity4 ,!re is1 9 ! usual mann] ( speak+ ( ^! subjects1 a s\rce ( misappreh5sion1 :i* des]ves special m5tion 9 ?is place4 ,! ,hebrew ,scriptures d]ive all ! nations ( ! anci5t _w f ?ree patri>*s1 & ! names ( ^! h (t5 be5 atta*$ to p>ticul> races ( m5 & _! languages2 b x %\ld nev] be suppos$ t ^! classifications are likely to agree ) ! ,bible affiliation4 ,!y may to a c]ta9 ext5t d s1 b n necess>ily or ev5 probably4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case1 ^? portions ( ^! families :i* rema9$ ne> ! orig9al c5tre1 & 9 a civiliz$ /ate1 w\ld reta9 ! orig9al language & features comp>atively un*ang$4 ,^? :i* w&]$ f>1 fell into b>b>ism1 or became subject$ to extreme climatic influ5ces1 w\ld v>y m 9 all respects4 ,h5ce any g5]al classification1 :e!r on physical or philological *>act]s1 w be likely to unite1 z 9 ! ,caucasian gr\p ( ,cuvi]1 m5 ( all ! ?ree primitive families1 :ile x w sep>ate ! outly+ & ab]rant portions f _! ma9 /ems ( affiliation4 ,want ( att5tion to ?is po9t has l$ to mu* misconception2 & p]haps x w\ld be well to ab&on altoge!r t]ms f\nd$ on ! names ( ! sons ( ,noah1 except :]e hi/orical affiliation is ! po9t 9 "q4 ,x w\ld be well if x 7 und]/ood t :5 ! t]ms ,semitic1 ,japhetic1#abi & ,hametic are us$1 direct ref]5ce is made to ! ,hebrew e?nology2 & t1 :]e o!r arrangem5ts are adopt$1 o!r t]ms %\ld be us$4 ,x is obvi\sly unfair to apply ! t]ms ( ,moses 9 a diff]5t way f t 9 :i* he uses !m4 ,a v preval5t error ( ?is k9d has be5 to apply ! t]m ,japhetic to a numb] ( nations n ( su* orig9 accord+ to ! ,bible2 & ano!r ( m mod]n date is to ext5d ! t]m ,semitic to all ! races desc5d$ f ,ham1 because ( resemblance ( language4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t1 assum+ ! tru? ( ! ,scriptural affiliation1 !re %\ld be a c5tral gr\p ( races & languages :]e ! :ole ( ! ?ree families meet1 & sporadic#acj gr\ps repres5t+ ! *anges ( ! outly+ & b>b>\s tribes4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 all ! m em95t philologi/s adh]e to ! orig9al unity ( language1 !y are by no means agre$ z to ! antiquity ( man2 & "s1 z = in/ance ,la?am & ,dr4 ,max ,muell]1 are dispos$ to claim an antiquity = our species f> beyond t usually admitt$4 ,9 s f> z ?is affects ! ,bible hi/ory1 x is important1 inasmu* z ?is w\ld appe> to limit ! possible antiquity ( all languages to ! "t ( ! deluge4 ,! date ( ?is ev5t has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$1 on ,biblical gr\nds1 at f #afej ,b4,c4 7,u%]7 to #caee ,b4,c4 7,josephus & ,hales72 b ! longe/ ( ^! dates does n appe> to satisfy ! dem&s ( philology4 ,! reason ( ?is dem& is ! suppos$ l5g? ( "t requir$ to effect ! necess>y *anges4 ,! subject is "o on :i* def9ite data c sc>cely be obta9$4 ,languages *ange n[1 ev5 :5 r$uc$ to a comp>atively /able =m by writ+4 ,!y *ange m rapidly :5 m5 migrate into new climates1 & are plac$ 9 contact ) new objects4 ,! ,engli%1 ! ,dut*1 & ! ,g]man 7 p]haps all at ! dawn ( ! m$iaeval era ,maeso-,go?ic4 ,at ! same rate ( *ange1 all[+ = great] b>b>ism & great] migrations1 !y may v well h be5 some?+ n f> f ,egyptian or ,sanscrit #bjjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! tru? is t pres5t rates ( v>iation af=d no crit]ion = ! *anges t mu/ occur 9 ! languages ( small & isolat$ tribes laps+ into or ris+ f b>b>ism1 possess+ few words1 & con/antly requir+ to "n new objects & until "s ratio %all h be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 ^! conditions & ^? ( mod]n languages1 fix$ by lit]ature & by a comp>atively /ation>y /ate ( society1 x is useless to make any dem&s = long] "t on ?is gr\nd4#aca ,ev5 9 ! pres5t day1 ,m(fat in=ms u t 9 ,s\? ,africa ! sep>ation ( p>ts ( a tribe1 = ev5 a few mon?s1 may produce a notable diff]5ce ( dialect4 ,if we take ! exi/+ languages ( civiliz$ m5 ^: hi/ory is kn[n1 we %all f9d t x is impossible to trace _m ( !m back z f> z ! ,*ri/ian era1 & :5 we h pass$ ov] ev5 half t int]val1 !y become s diff]5t z to be un9telligible to ^? :o n[ speak !m4 ,:]e !re are exceptions to ?is1 !y arise entirely f ! effects ( lit]ature & artificial culture4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 !re is good gr\nd 9 philology = ! belief 9 "o primitive language1 !re seems no absolute necessity to h rec\rse ev5 to ! confusion ( tongues at ,babel to expla9 ! div]sities ( language4#acb ,f>!r1 ! ,bible c>ries back ! ,semitic gr\p ( languages at lea/ to ! "t ( ! ,deluge1 b x does n seem necess>y on ! m]e gr\nd ( ant$iluvian names1 to c>ry x any f>!r back1 & ! ,assyrian inscriptions %[ ! coexi/5ce ( ,turanian & ,semitic tongues at ! dawn ( hi/ory 9 ! region ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris4 ,"o or o!r ( ^!--or a monosyllabic language und]ly+ x--0 probably an ant$iluvian tongue1 & ! o!r a v e>ly d]ivative2 & bo? hi/ory & philology w\ld assign ! prec$5ce to ! ,turanian language1 :i* 0 probably mo/ ak9 to t :i* _h desc5d$ f ant$iluvian times1 & :i* at t e>ly p]iod ( disp]sion indicat$ 9 ! ,bible /ory ( ,babel1 _h begun to ?r[ (f its two great bran*es ( ! ,aryan & ,semitic languages4 ,^!1 proce$+ 9 two dissimil> l9es ( developm5t1 cont9ue to exi/ to ?is day along ) ! surviv+ portions ( ! uncultivat$ ,turanian spee*4 ,to ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 we may return "u ano!r head4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,unity ,,& ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man--7,cont9u$47 ,by ! ^w ( ,god ! heav5s 7 f ( old1 & ! e>?1 =m$ out ( wat]1 & by means ( wat]1 by :i* wat]s ! _w t !n 01 be+ ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 p]i%$4--#b ,pet] iii41 #e1 #f4 #c4 ,geological ,evid5ce z to ! ,antiquity ( ,man4--,no geological fact c n[ be m firmly e/abli%$ ?an ! asc5d+ progression ( animal life1 :]eby f ! e>ly inv]tebrates ( ! ,eozoic & ,primordial s]ies we pass upw>d ?r\gh ! dyna/ies ( fi%es & reptiles & brute mammals to ! reign ( man4 ,9 ?is great s]ies man is obvi\sly ! la/ t]m2 & :5 we inquire at :at po9t he 0 introduc$1 ! answ] mu/ be 9 ! lat] "p ( ! great ,ca9ozoic or ,t]ti>y p]iod1 :i* is ! late/ ( ! :ole4 ,n only h we ! negative fact ( ! abs5ce ( 8 rema9s f all ! e>li] ,t]ti>y =mations1 b ! positive fact t all ! mammalia ( ^! e>li] ages are n[ ext9ct1 & t man c\ld n h surviv$ ! *anges ( condition :i* de/roy$ !m & introduc$ ! species n[ our contempor>ies4 ,?is fact is altoge!r indep5d5t ( any "q z to ! introduction ( species by d]ivation or by creation4 ,! olde/ geological p]iod 9 :i* any animals ne>ly relat$ 9 /ructure to man occur is t nam$ ! ,mioc5e1 & no traces ( man h z yet be5 f\nd 9 any deposits ( ?is age4 ,all human rema9s kn[n belong ei!r to ! ,plei/oc5e or ,mod]n4 ,n[ ! ,plei/oc5e 0 *>act]iz$ by "o ( ^? p]iods ( glacial cold :i* h swept ov] ! e>?--by "o ( ^? great w9t]s :i* h s *ill$ ! cont95ts t few =ms ( life c\ld survive !m--& man comes 9 at ! close ( ?is cold p]iod1 9 :at is call$ ! ,po/-glacial age4 ,"s geologi/s1 x is true1 hold to an int]glacial w>m p]iod1 9 :i* man is suppos$ to h exi/$1 b ! evid5ce ( ?is is extremely sl5d] & d\btful1 & x c>ries back 9 any case human antiquity b a v little way4 ,i h1 9 my ,/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,man1 %[n reason = ! belief1 9 :i* ,i f9d ,pr(essor ,hughes1 ( ,cambridge1 co9cides ) me1#acc t ! int]glacial p]iods are m]ely an +5i\s exp$i5t to get rid ( ! difficulties att5d+ ! hypo!sis ( ! univ]sal glaciation ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,b1 ?\gh man is ?us geologically mod]n1 x is held t hi/orically 8 exi/5ce on e>? may h be5 v anci5t1 ext5d+ p]haps t5 or tw5ty1 or ev5 a hundr$ times long] ?an ! p]iod ( six or sev5 ?\s& ye>s suppos$ to be prov$ by sacr$ hi/ory4 ,let u fir/1 z pla9ly & simply z possible1 pres5t ! facts suppos$ ?us to ext5d ! antiquity ( man1 & !n inquire z to _! validity & =ce z argum5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,! argum5ts f geology 9 favor ( a great antiquity = man may be summ>iz$ ?us3 7#a7 ,human rema9s are f\nd 9 cav]ns "u v ?ick /alagmitic cru/s1 & 9 deposits ( e>? :i* mu/ h accumulat$ be=e ^! /alagmites began to =m1 & :5 ! cav]ns 7 diff]5tly situat$ ) ref]5ce to ! local dra9ages4 7#b7 ,rema9s ( man are f\nd "u peat-bogs :i* h gr[n s little 9 mod]n times t _! antiquity on ! :ole mu/ be v great4 7#c7 ,implem5ts1 presumably made by m51 are f\nd 9 riv]-gravels s high above exi/+ riv]b$s t great physical *anges mu/ h occurr$ s9ce !y 7 accumulat$4 7#d7 ,"o case is on record :]e a human bone is believ$ to h be5 f\nd "u a deposit ( glacial age4 7#e7 ,human rema9s h be5 f\nd "u circum/ances :i* indicate t v important *anges ( level h tak5 place s9ce _! accumulation4 7#f7 ,human rema9s h be5 f\nd "u circum/ances :i* indicate great *anges ( climate z int]v5+ betwe5 _! date & t ( ! mod]n p]iod4 7#g7 ,man is kn[n to h exi/$1 9 ,europe at lea/1 at ! same "t ) "s quadrup$s =m]ly suppos$ to h be5 ext9ct be=e 8 introduction4 7#h7 ,! implem5ts1 weapons1 etc41 f\nd 9 ! olde/ ( ^! repositories are diff]5t f ^? kn[n to h be5 us$ 9 hi/oric times4 ,^! sev]al heads include1 ,i ?9k1 all ! really mat]ial evid5ce ( a geological "*4 ,x is evid5ce ( a k9d n easily r$ucible into def9ite dates1 b !re c be no d\bt t its nature1 & ! rapid accumulation ( facts )9 a small numb] ( ye>s1 h creat$ a deep & widespread conviction among geologi/s & ar*aeologi/s t we mu/ relegate ! orig9 ( man to a mu* m remote antiquity ?an t sanction$ by hi/ory or by ! ,biblical *ronology4 ,i %all fir/ review ! "* ( ?is evid5ce1 & !n /ate a numb] ( geological facts :i* be> 9 ! o!r direction1 & h be5 some:at lo/ sight ( 9 rec5t discussions4 ,( ! facts above ref]r$ to1 ! mo/ important are ^? :i* relate to cav]ns1 peat-bogs1 & riv]-gravels4 ,we may1 !re=e1 fir/ consid] ! nature & am\nt ( ?is evid5ce4 ,t ! read] may m di/9ctly und]/& ! geological hi/ory ( ^! m rec5t p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory :i* are suppos$ to h witness$ ! adv5t ( man1 9 ,we/]n ,europe at lea/1 ,i quote ! foll[+ summ>y f ,sir ,*>les ,lyell ( ! m mod]n *anges 9 t portion ( ! _w4 ,^! are3 ,fir/1 a cont95tal p]iod1 t[>d ! close ( :i* ! =e/ ( ,crom] fl\ri%$2 :5 ! l& 0 at lea/ #ejj feet above its pres5t level1 p]haps mu* high]4 99 99 99 ,! rema9s ( ,hippopotamus major & ,rh9oc]os etruscus1 f\nd 9 b$s ( ?is p]iod1 seem to indicate a climate some:at mild] ?an t n[ prevail+ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,?is 0 a ,preglacial era1 & may be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! close ( ! ,plioc5e t]ti>y4 ,secondly1 a p]iod ( subm]g5ce1 by :i* ! l& nor? ( ! ,?ames & ,bri/ol ,*annel1 & t ( ,irel&1 0 g5]ally r$uc$ to 99 99 99 an ar*ipelago4 99 99 99 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( great subm]g5ce & ( float+ ice1 :5 ! ,sc&9avian flora1 :i* occupi$ ! l[] gr\nds dur+ ! fir/ cont95tal p]iod1 may h obta9$ exclusive possession ( ! only l&s n cov]$ ) p]petual sn[4 ,?is repres5ts ! ,glacial p]iod2 b accord+ to ! m extreme glaciali/s only a portion ( t p]iod4 ,?irdly1 a second cont95tal p]iod1 :5 ! b$ ( ! glacial sea1 ) its m>9e %ells & erratic blocks1 0 laid dry1 & :5 ! quantity ( l& equall$ t ( ! fir/ p]iod4 99 99 99 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re 7 glaci]s 9 ! high] m\nta9s ( ,scotl& & ,wales1 & ! ,wel% glaci]s 99 99 99 pu%$ be=e !m & cle>$ out ! m>9e drift ) :i* "s valleys _h be5 fill$ dur+ ! p]iod ( subm]g5ce4 99 99 99 ,dur+ ?is la/ p]iod ! passage ( ! ,g]manic flora into ! ,briti% area took place1 & ! ,sc&9avian plants1 toge!r ) nor!rn insects1 birds1 & quadrup$s1 retreat$ into ! high] gr\nds4 99 99 99 ,f\r?ly1 ! next & la/ *ange compris$ ! break+ up ( ! l& ( ! ,briti% area once m into num]\s isl&s1 end+ 9 ! pres5t geographical condition ( ?+s4 ,!re 7 probably _m oscillations ( level dur+ ?is la/ conv]sion ( cont9u\s l& into isl&s1 & su* movem5ts 9 opposite directions w\ld acc\nt = ! occurr5ce ( m>9e %ells at mod]ate heights above ! level ( ! sea1 not)/&+ a g5]al l[]+ ( ! l&4 99 99 99 ,dur+ ?is p]iod a gradual amelioration ( temp]ature took place1 f ! cold ( ! glacial p]iod to ! climate ( hi/orical times4#acd ,! second cont95tal p]iod above ref]r$ to is t :i* appe>s on ! be/ evid5ce to h be5 ! "t ( ! introduction ( man2 b su* facts z t ( ! ,settle ,cave1 & ! implem5ts ( ! breccia 9 ,k5t's ,cave1 if rightly int]pret$1 w\ld make man preglacial or int]glacial4 ,! deposits f\nd 9 cav]ns 9 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 & ,engl& h af=d$ a l>ge proportion ( ! rema9s f :i* we d]ive our notions ( ! mo/ anci5t prehi/oric m5 ( ,europe4 ,f ! ,belgian caves1 z explor$ by ,m4 ,dupont1 we le>n t !re 7 two successive prehi/oric races1 bo? rude or comp>atively unciviliz$4 ,! fir/ 7 m5 ( ,turanian type1 b ( great bodily /ature & high c]ebral organization1 & %[+ rem>kable skill 9 ! manufacture ( implem5ts & ornam5ts ( bone & ivory4 ,^! m5 are believ$ to h be5 contempor>y ) ! e>li] po/glacial mammals1 z ! mammo? & hairy rh9oc]os1 & to h liv$ at a "t :5 ! ,european l& 0 m ext5sive ?an at pres5t1 /ret*+ f> to ! we/ ( ,irel&1 & connect+ ,great ,brita9 ) ! ,cont95t4 ,! skeletons f\nd at ,cro-,magnon1 ,m5tone1 & else:]e 9 ,france fully confirm ! d$uctions ( ,dupont z to ?is e>lie/ race ( ,palaeocosmic1 ,palaeoli?ic1 or ant$iluvian man4 ,?is gr& race seems to h p]i%$ or be5 driv5 f ,europe by ! great depression ( ! level ( ! l& :i* inaugurat$ ! mod]n era1 & :i* 0 probably accompani$ by _m oscillations ( level z well z by consid]able *anges ( climate4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by a second race1 equally ,turanian 9 type1 b ( small /ature1 & resembl+ ! mod]n ,lapps4 ,^! 7 ! allophylian peoples displac$ by ! hi/orical ,celts1 & up to _! "t ! re9de] seems to h exi/$ abundantly 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,^! two successive prehi/oric populations h be5 t]m$ respectively m5 ( ! mammo? age & m5 ( ! re9de] age4 ,! ,bible record w\ld lead u to reg>d ! e>li] & gigantic m5 z ant$iluvian1 & ! small] or ,lappi% race z po/diluvian4 ,we may !re=e1 hav+ already at "s l5g? consid]$ ! po/diluvian age1 take up ! mode ( occurr5ce ( ! rema9s ( ! e>li] ( ! two races--t ( ! mammo? age4 ,! cav]ns !mselves may be divid$ into ^? ( resid5ce1 ( sepulture1 & ( driftage1 ?\gh "o cav]n has (t5 successively assum$ two at lea/ ( ^! *>act]s4 ,9 ! cav]ns ( resid5ce l>ge accumulations h be5 =m$ ( a%es1 *>coal1 bones1 & o!r debris ( cook]y1 among :i* are f\nd fl9t & bone implem5ts1 ! g5]al "* ( :i*1 z well z t ( ! ne$les1 /one hamm]s1 mort>s = pa9t1 & o!r dome/ic appliances1 are n m dissimil> f ^? ( ! ,r$ ,indian & ,esquimau races 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ?an ^! are f "o ano!r1 & 9 _m ?+s1 z 9 ! bone h>poons1 ! resemblance is v /rik+ inde$4 ,9 t5d5cy to imitative art1 & 9 ! skill ( _! del9eations ( animals1 ! prehi/oric m5 seem to h surpass$ all ! ,am]ican races except ! semi-civiliz$ m\nd-build]s & ! m cultivat$ ,mexican & ,p]uvian nations4 ,) reg>d to ! resid5ce ( ^! m5 ( ! mammo? age 9 cav]ns1 sev]al ?+s are indicat$ by ,am]ican analogies to :i* "s att5tion %\ld be paid4 ,x is n likely t cav]ns 7 ! usual places ( resid5ce ( ! :ole population4 ,!y may h be5 w9t] h\ses = small tribes & deta*$ families ( fugitives or outlaws1 or !y may h be5 places ( resort = hunt+ p>ties at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,! l>ge quantities ( brok5 & uncook$ bones ( p>ticul> species1 z ( ! horse & re9de]1 9 "s ( ! cav]ns1 w\ld f>!r indicate a habit ( mak+ great battues1 l ^? ( ! ,am]ican hunt+ tribes1 at c]ta9 seasons1 & ( prep>+ quantities ( pemmican or dri$ meat pres]v$ ) m>r[ & fat = future use4 ,! numb] ( bone ne$les f\nd 9 "s ( ! caves w\ld seem to h9t t1 l ! ,am]icans1 !y sew$ up _! pemmican 9 sk9 bags4 ,! multitude ( fl9t flakes & ( rude /one implem5ts applicable to break+ bones c]ta9ly indicates a :olesale cutt+ ( fle% & prep>ation ( m>r[4 ,9 ! ,/ory ( ! ,e>?1 ,i h sugge/$ 9 connection ) ?is t !re may h be5 t[ns or villages ( ^! p unkn[n to u1 & :i* w\ld af=d high] conceptions ( _! progress 9 ! arts4 ,?is anticipation appe>s rec5tly to h be5 realiz$ 9 ! discov]y ( su* a t[n or =tifi$ village ( ! mammo? age at ,sol\tre1 9 ,france1 & :i* seems to af=d evid5ce t ^! anci5t p _h already dome/icat$ ! horse1 us+ x z food z well z a bea/ ( burd51 9 ! mann] ( ! ,khirgis & c]ta9 o!r ,t>t> tribes ( ,c5tral ,asia4#ace ,?is1 ) ! und\bt$ly high c]ebral organization indicat$ by ! skulls ( ! mammo? age1 notably raises our e/imate ( ! position ( man at ?is e>ly date4 ,) reg>d to caves ( sepulture1 ! same rem>k may be made z ) reg>d to ! caves ( resid5ce4 ,!y d n seem to h be5 ! burial-places ( l>ge populations1 b only occasional places ( int]m5t1 few bodies be+ f\nd 9 !m1 & ^! (t5 int]r$ 9 ! mid/ ( cul9>y debris1 evid5c+ previ\s or contempor>y resid5ce4 ,) reg>d to ! latt]1 x seems to h be5 no uncommon practice ) "s ,nor? ,am]ican tribes to bury ! dead ei!r 9 ! floors ( _! huts or 9 _! imm$iate proximity4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! few examples kn[n ( caves ( sepulture ( ?is p]iod indicate n tribal or national places ( burial1 b occasional & accid5tal cases1 happ5+ to hunt+ or w> p>ties1 p]haps remote f _! ord9>y places ( resid5ce4 ,9 s f> z me?od ( burial is conc]n$1 ! m5 ( ! ,palaeocosmic or ,mammo? age seem to h buri$ ! dead ext5d$ at full l5g?1 & n 9 ! cr\*+ po/ure usual ) "s lat] races4 ,l ! ,am]icans1 !y pa9t$ ! dead man1 & buri$ him ) 8 robes & ornam5ts1 & probably ) 8 weapons1 ?us intimat+ _! belief 9 happy hunt+-gr\nds beyond ! grave4#acf ,i may rem>k "h t all ! kn[n int]m5ts ( ! mammo? age indicate a race ( m5 ( great c]ebral capacity1 ) long heads & co>sely m>k$ features1 ( l>ge /ature & muscul> vigor1 surpass+ inde$ mu* 9 all ^! respects ! av]age man ( mod]n ,europe4 ,^! *>act]i/ics befit m5 :o _h to cont5d ) ! mammo? & 8 contempor>ies1 & to subdue ! !n va/ wild]nesses ( ! ea/]n cont95t1 & !y correspond ) ! ,biblical *>act]i/ics ( ant$iluvian man4 ,among caves ( driftage may be class$ "s ( ^? ne> ,liege1 9 ,belgium1 &1 p>tially at lea/1 ^? ( ,k5t's ,hole & ,brixham1 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ^! only dis>ticulat$ remnants ( human skeletons1 or m frequ5tly only fl9t implem5ts1 "s ( !m ( d\btful "*1 h be5 f\nd4 ,9 my ,/ory ( ! ,e>?1 ,i h tak5 ! c>efully explor$ ,k5t's ,cav]n ( ,torquay z a typical example1 & h cond5s$ its ph5om5a z describ$ by ,mr4 ,p5gelly4 ,i n[ repeat ?is description1 ) "s important em5dations sugge/$ by t g5tleman 9 m rec5t reports & 9 private correspond5ce4 ,! some:at ext5sive & ramify+ cav]n ( ,k5t's ,hole is an irregul> excavation1 evid5tly due p>tly to fissures or jo9ts 9 lime/one rock1 & p>tly to ! erosive action ( wat] enl>g+ su* fissures into *amb]s & gall]ies4 ,at :at "t x 0 orig9ally cut we d n "k1 b x mu/ h exi/$ z a cav]n at ! close ( ! ,plioc5e or beg9n+ ( ! ,po/-plioc5e p]iod1 s9ce :i* "t x has be5 receiv+ a s]ies ( deposits :i* h q fill$ up "s ( its small] bran*es4 ,fir/ & l[e/1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 ( ! deposits z yet kn[n1 is a breccia1 or mass ( brok5 & r\nd$ /ones1 ) h>d5$ r$ clay fill+ ! int]/ices4 ,"s ( ! /ones are ( ! rock :i* =ms ! ro( & walls ( ! cave1 b ! great] numb]1 especially ! r\nd$ ones1 are f m di/ant p>ts ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,_m are fragm5ts ( grit f ! ,devonian b$s ( adjac5t hills4 ,!re are also fragm5ts ( /alagmite f an old cru/ brok5 up :5 ! breccia 0 deposit$1 & possibly belong+ to ,plioc5e times4 ,9 ?is mass1 ! dep? ( :i* is unkn[n1 are num]\s bones1 ne>ly all ( "o k9d ( animal1 ! cave be> or be>s1 = !re may be m ?an "o species--creatures :i* seem to h liv$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe f ! close ( ! ,plioc5e d[n to ! mod]n p]iod4 ,!y mu/ h be5 among ! e>lie/ & mo/ p]man5t t5ants ( ,k5t's ,hole at a "t :5 its l[] *amb]s 7 /ill fill$ ) wat]4 ,tee? ( a lion & ( ! common fox also occur 9 ?is deposit1 b r>ely4 ,next above ! breccia is a floor ( /alagmite1 or /ony c>bonate ( lime1 deposit$ f ! dripp+s ( ! ro(1 & 9 "s places m ?an twelve feet ?ick4 ,?is also conta9s bones ( ! cave be>1 deposit$ :5 !re 0 less access ( wat] to ! cav]n4 ,mr4 ,p5gelly inf]s ! exi/5ce ( man at ?is "t f ! occurr5ce ( *ipp$ fl9ts suppos$ to be artificial2 b :i*1 9 s f> z ,i c judge f ! specim5s describ$ & figur$1 mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z ( d\btful orig94 ,aft] ! old /alagmite floor above m5tion$ 0 =m$1 ! cave aga9 receiv$ deposits ( muddy wat] & /ones2 b n[ a *ange occurs 9 ! rema9s emb$d$4 ,?is /ony clay1 or cave e>?1 has yield$ an imm5se quantity ( tee? & bones1 includ+ ^? ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 horse1 hy5a1 cave be>1 re9de]1 & ,iri% elk4 ,) ^! 7 f\nd weapons ( *ipp$ fl9t1 & h>poons1 ne$les1 & bodk9s ( bone1 precisely simil> to ^? ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & o!r rude races4 ,! cave e>? is f\r feet or m 9 ?ickness4 ,x is n /ratifi$1 & conta9s _m fall5 fragm5ts ( rock1 r\nd$ /ones1 & brok5 pieces ( /alagmite4 ,x also has pat*es ( ! excrem5t ( hy5as1 :i* ! explor]s suppose to indicate ! tempor>y resid5ce ( ^! animals2 & besides fragm5ts ( *>coal scatt]$ 9 ! mass1 !re is 9 "o spot1 ne> ! top1 a limit$ lay] ( burn$ wood1 ) rema9s :i* indicate ! cook+ & eat+ ( repa/s ( animal food by man4 ,x is cle> t :5 ?is b$ 0 =m$ ! cav]n 0 liable to be inundat$ ) muddy wat]1 c>ry+ /ones & p]haps "s ( ! bones & implem5ts1 & break+ up 9 places ! old /alagmite floor4#acg ,"o ( ! mo/ puzzl+ features1 especially to ^? :o take an exclusively uni=mit>ian view1 is t ! entrance ( wat]-borne mud & /ones implies a level ( ! bottom ( ! wat] 9 ! neighbor+ valleys ( ne>ly "o hundr$ feet above its pres5t height4 ,! cave e>? is cov]$ by a second cru/ ( /alagmite1 less d5se & ?ick ?an t bel[1 & conta9+ only a few bones1 :i* are ( ! same g5]al "* ) ^? b5ea?1 b include a fragm5t ( a human jaw ) tee?4 ,evid5tly :5 ?is /alagmite 0 =m$ ! influx ( wat]-borne mat]ials _h ceas$1 or ne>ly s2 & ,mr4 ,p5gelly appe>s to affirm1 ?\gh )\t assign+ any reason1 t none ( ^! bones c\ld1 l ! masses ( /alagmite1 h be5 lift$ f l[] b$s1 or wa%$ into ! cave f )\t4 ,! next b$ m>ks a new *ange4 ,x is a lay] ( black m\ld f ?ree to t5 in*es ?ick4 ,its microscopic /ructure does n seem to h be5 exam9$2 b x is probably a =e/ soil1 introduc$ by gr[?1 by wat]1 by w9d1 & by +ress ( animals1 all ( !m mod]n1 & conta9s works ( art f ! old ,briti% times be=e ! ,roman invasion up to ! port] bottles & dropp$ half-p5ce ( mod]n visitors4 ,la/ly1 9 & ^u ! black m\ld are _m fall5 blocks f ! ro( ( ! cave4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is cave & ! neighbor+ "o ( ,brixham h done v mu* to impress ! m9ds ( ,briti% geologi/s ) ideas ( ! great antiquity ( man2 & !y h1 m ?an any o!r po/glacial monum5ts1 %[n ! exi/5ce ( "s animals n[ ext9ct up to ! human age4 ,( precise data = det]m9+ "t1 !y h1 h[ev]1 giv5 no?+4 ,! only measures :i* seem to h be5 appli$1 namely1 ! rate ( gr[? ( /alagmite & ! rate ( erosion ( neighbor+ valleys1 are1 f ! v sequ5ce ( ! deposits1 obvi\sly wor?less2 & ! only app>5tly con/ant measure1 namely1 ! fall ( blocks f ! ro(1 seems n to h be5 appli$1 & ,mr4 ,p5gelly decl>es t x c n be practically us$4 ,we are !re=e q unc]ta9 z to ! numb] ( c5turies involv$ 9 ! fill+ ( ?is cave1 & mu/ rema9 s until "s sur] sy/em ( calculation c be devis$4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 attempt to sket* ! s]ies ( ev5ts :i* x indicates4 ,! animals f\nd 9 ,k5t's ,hole are all po/glacial1 "s ( !m ( c\rse survivors f preglacial times1 & "s ( !m /ill surviv+4 ,!y !re=e inhabit$ ! c\ntry aft] x rose f ! great glacial subm]g5ce4 ,p]haps ! fir/ coloni/s ( ! coa/ ( ,devon%ire 9 ?is p]iod 7 ! cave be>s1 migrat+ on float+ ice1 & subsi/+ l ! arctic be> & ! black be> ( ,anti-co/i1 on fi%1 & on ! g>bage ca/ up by ! sea4 ,!y may h f\nd ,k5t's ,hole a sea-side cav]n1 ) p]haps "s ( its gall]ies /ill full ( wat] & fill+ ) breccia1 ) :i* ! bones ( dead be>s became mix$4 ,9 ! case ( su* a deposit z ?is breccia1 h[ev]1 ! precise "t :5 its mat]ials 7 f9ally laid d[n 9 _! pres5t =m1 or ! l5g? ( "t necess>y = its accumulation1 c n be def9itely settl$4 ,x may be a result ( cont9u$ torr5tial action or ( "s sudd5 cataclysm4 ,z ! l& rose1 ^! creatures = ! mo/ "p betook !mselves to l[] levels1 & 9 process ( "t ! cav]n /ood ^u a hill-side1 p]haps sev]al hundr$s ( feet above ! sea2 & ! m\nta9 /reams1 _! b$s n yet empti$ ( glacial detritus1 wa%$ into x /ones & mud1 & probably bones also1 :ile x appe>s t hy5as occupi$ ! cave at int]vals1 & dragg$ 9 rema9s ( mammals ( _m species :i* _h n[ sw>m$ across ! pla9s elevat$ out ( ! sea1 & multipli$ 9 ! l&4 ,?is 0 ! "t ( ! cave e>?2 & be=e its deposit 0 complet$1 ?\gh h[ long be=e an un/ratifi$ & !re=e probably (t5-di/urb$ b$ ( ?is k9d c n tell1 man himself seems to h be5 add$ to ! inhabitants ( ! ,briti% l&4 ,9 pursuit ( game he sometimes asc5d$ ! valleys beyond ! cav]n1 or ev5 p5etrat$ into its out] *amb]s2 or p]haps !re 7 ev5 9 ^? days rude & savage hill-m51 inhabit+ ! =e/s & w>r+ ) ! m cultivat$ d5iz5s ( pla9s bel[1 :i* are n[ deep "u ! wat]s4 ,_! weapons1 & o!r implem5ts dropp$ 9 ! cav]n or lo/ 9 hunt+1 or buri$ 9 ! fle% ( w\nd$ animals :i* crept to ! /reams to assuage _! ?ir/1 are ^? f\nd 9 ! cave e>?4 ,! abs5ce ( ! human bones may m]ely %[ t ! mighty hunt]s ( ^? days 7 too h>dy1 a?letic1 & intellig5t (t5 to p]i% f accid5tal causes1 & t !y did n use ?is cav]n = a place ( burial4 ,! fragm5ts ( *>coal %[ t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) fire1 & possibly t !y sometimes took %elt] 9 ! cave4 ,b ! l& aga9 subsid$4 ,! valley ( t n[ nameless riv]1 ( :i* ! ,rh9e & ! ,?ames may h alike be5 tribut>ies1 disappe>$ "u ! sea2 & p]haps "s tribe1 driv5 f ! l[] l&s1 took up its abode 9 ?is cave1 n[ aga9 ne> ! encroa*+ waves1 & left !re ! rema9s ( _! la/ repa/s ere !y 7 driv5 f>!r inl& or engulf$ 9 ! wat]s4 ,= a "t ! cav]n may h be5 :olly subm]g$1 & ! *>coal ( ! ext+ui%$ fires became cov]$ ) its ?9 coat+ ( clay4 ,b ere long x re-em]g$ to =m "p ( an isl&1 long b>r5 & desolate2 & ! valleys hav+ be5 cut deep] by ! rec$+ wat]s1 x no long] receiv$ muddy deposits1 & ! cru/ =m$ by dripp+s f its ro( conta9$ only bones & pebbles wa%$ by ra9s & occasional l& floods f its own clay deposits4 ,f9ally1 ! mod]n =e/s ov]spread ! l&1 & 7 t5ant$ by ! mod]n animals4 ,man return$ to use ! cav]n aga9 z a place ( refuge or habitation1 & to leave !re ! relics conta9$ 9 ! black e>?4 ,?is seems at pres5t ! only intelligible hi/ory ( ?is curi\s cave & o!rs resembl+ x2 ?\gh1 :5 we consid] ! imp]fection ( ! results obta9$ ev5 by a l>ge am\nt ( labor1 & ! difficult & confus$ "* ( ! deposits 9 ?is & simil> caves1 too mu* value %\ld n be atta*$ to su* hi/ories1 :i* may at any "t be contradict$ or modifi$ by new facts or diff]5t explanations ( ^? already kn[n4 ,! "t involv$ dep5ds v mu* on ! answ] to ! "q :e!r we %\ld reg>d ! po/glacial subsid5ce & re-elevation z some:at sudd51 or z occupy+ long ages at ! sl[ rate at :i* "s p>ts ( our cont95ts are n[ ris+ or s9k+4 ,mr4 ,p5gelly ?9ks x possible1 b n prov$1 t ! l[] breccia ( ,k5t's ,cav]n may be int]glacial or preglacial 9 age4 ,"o case only is kn[n :]e a human bone has be5 f\nd 9 a cav]n "u deposits suppos$ to be ( ! nature ( ! glacial drift4 ,x is t ( ! ,victoria ,cave1 at ,settle1 9 ,york%ire4 ,at ?is place a human fibula 0 f\nd "u a lay] ( b\ld] clay4 ,b !re are too _m *ances ( ?is bone hav+ come into ?is position by "s purely local accid5t to all[ u to atta* mu* importance to x until future discov]ies %all h suppli$ o!r in/ances ( ! k9d4#ach ,i may close ?is survey ( ! cave deposits ) a summ>y ( ! results ( ,m4 ,dupont1 z obta9$ f two ( ! caves explor$ by him1 t ( ,m>gite & t ( ,frontal4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! cav]ns1 re/+ on roll$ pebbles :i* cov]$ ! floor1 7 f\r di/9ct lay]s ( riv] mud deposit$ by inundations1 & am\nt+ to two y>ds & a half 9 ?ickness4 ,9 all ( ^! lay]s 7 bones4 ,! l[e/ conta9$ rude fl9t implem5ts1 & bones ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 be>1 horse1 *amois1 re9de]1 /ag1 & hy5a4 ,9 ! ov]ly+ deposits are "s fl9t implem5ts ( m arti/ic =m & a great] preval5ce ( ! bones ( ! re9de]4 ,9 ! second cave1 t ( ,frontal1 ov] a simil> deposit ( alluvial mud ( ! mammo? age1 0 f\nd a sepul*re conta9+ ! rema9s ( sixte5 individuals1 ( ! second or dim9utive ,lappi% race be=e ref]r$ to4 ,! door ( ! cave _h be5 clos$ by ^! p ) a slab ( /one1 & 9 front 0 a he>? = fun]al fea/s1 built on ! deposits ( ! mammo? age1 & conta9+ bones ( animals all rec5t or n[ liv+ 9 ,belgium1 & )\t any traces ( ! bones ( ! ext9ct quadrup$s4 ,?is burial-place belong$ to ! ,neocosmic yet prehi/oric race :i* replac$ ! ,palaeocosmic m5 ( ! mammo? age4 ,:at is ! absolute antiquity ( ! ,palaeocosmic age 9 ,europe8 ,we h no monum5tal or hi/orical *ronology to answ] ?is "q1 b only ! measures ( "t furni%$ by ! accumulation ( deposits1 by ! deposition ( /alagmite1 by ! gradual ext9ction ( animals1 & by ! erosion ( valleys & o!r physical *anges4 ,^! some:at loose measures h be5 appli$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b ! t5d5cy ( geologi/s1 f ! preval5ce ( uni=mit>ian views1 & ! prejudice creat$ by famili>ity ) ! long times ( previ\s geologic p]iods1 has be5 to assign to !m too great r ?an too little value1 bo? z measures ( "t & z indicat+ a remote antiquity4 ,) ref]5ce to ! accumulation ( deposits1 :e!r d]iv$ f dis9tegration ( ! ro( & walls ( ! cave1 introduc$ by l& floods or riv] inundations or by ! resid5ce ( man1 _! rate is ( v difficult e/imation4 ,loose /ones fall5 f ! ro(1 z 9 ! case ( ,k5t's ,cave1 w\ld give a fair measure ( "t if we c\ld be sure t ! climate _h cont9u$ uni=m1 & t !re _h be5 no viol5t e>?quakes4 ,mr4 ,p5gelly has1 h[ev]1 hopelessly giv5 up ?is k9d ( evid5ce4 ,:]e1 z 9 ! case ( _m ( ^! caves1 l& floods & riv] inundations h ent]$1 ^! may h be5 frequ5t or sep>at$ by long int]vals ( "t1 & !y may h be5 ( great or small am\nt4 ,:]e1 = in/ance1 z 9 "o ( ! ,belgian caves1 !re are six b$s ( ossif]\s mud1 b = ! fact t five lay]s ( /alagmite sep>ate !m we might n h kn[n :e!r !y repres5t six annual inundations1 or floods sep>at$ by _m c5turies f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,victoria ,cave at ,settle1 ,dawk9s1 reason+ f ! accumulation ( two feet ( detritus ov] ,briti% rema9s t may be suppos$ to be #abjj ye>s old1 gives a basis :i* w\ld at ! same rate ( deposit all[ ab\t #ejjj ye>s = ! date ( palaeoli?ic m52 b ,pre/wi* & o!rs1 on ! basis ( /alagmite deposits1 claim a va/ly high] antiquity = ! m5 :o made ! implem5ts f\nd 9 ,k5t's ,hole & ,brixham4 ,if we n[ turn to ^! /alagmite floors1 :5 we consid] t !y h be5 =m$ by ! sl[ solution ( lime/one by ra9-wat] *>g$ ) c>bonic acid1 & ! dropp+ ( ?is wat] on ! floor1 & :5 we are told t 9 ,k5t's ,cav]n a m>k$ date %[s t ! /alagmite has gr[n at ! rate ( only "o tw5tie? ( an in* s9ce #afhh1 & t !re are two b$s ( /alagmite1 "o ( :i* is 9 "s places twelve feet ?ick1 we are impress$ ) ! conviction ( a va/ antiquity4 ,b :5 we are told by ,dawk9s t ! rate ( deposit 9 ,+lebor\gh ,cave may be e/imat$ at a qu>t] ( an in* p] annum1 & :5 we consid] t ! pres5t rate ( deposit 9 ,k5t's ,hole is probably v diff]5t f :at x 0 9 ! =m] condition ( ! c\ntry1 /alagmite becomes a v unsafe measure ( "t4 ,) respect aga9 to ! accumulation ( kit*5-midd5 /uff 9 ! c\rse ( ! occupancy ( cav]ns1 ?is proce$s ) great rapidity1 :5 caves are /eadily occupi$ & x is n ! practice to cleanse out ! debris ( fires1 food1 & b$d+4 ,ev5 :5 ! occupation is tempor>y1 a tribe ( savages engag$ ) ! prep>ation ( dri$ meat & pemmican 9 a v %ort "t produce a consid]able heap ( bones & o!r rejectam5ta4 ,look+ next to ! ext9ction ( animals1 we f9d t ! species f\nd 9 ! olde/ deposits conta9+ human rema9s are 9 "p /ill extant4 ,o!rs :i* are locally ext9ct we "k exi/$ 9 ,europe until hi/orical times1 t is1 )9 ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,h[ long previ\sly to ?is ! o!rs became ext9ct we h no c]ta9 means ( kn[+1 ?\gh x seems probable t !y disappe>$ gradually & successively4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 f>!r to be> 9 m9d ! possibility ( cataclysms or climatal *anges :i* may h prov$ spe$ily fatal to _m species ov] l>ge areas4 ,9 any case we h ?is c]ta9 fact t1 ?\gh ! "t elaps$ has be5 suffici5t = ! ext9ction ( _m species1 x does n seem to h suffic$ to effect any notewor?y *ange on ^? t surviv$4 ,f>!r1 we may consid] t "t is only "o factor 9 ?is matt]1 & n ! "o :i* is ! effici5t cause ( *ange1 s9ce we "k no reason :y "o species ( animal %\ld n cont9ue to be reproduc$ z long z ano!r1 b = ! occurr5ce ( physical *anges ( a prejudicial "*4 ,we h /ill rema9+ ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! erosion ( valleys s9ce ! cav]ns 7 occupi$4 ,dupont in=ms u t ! op5+s ( "s ( ! cav]ns once flood$ by riv]s are n[ 9 lime/one cliffs two hundr$ feet above ! wat]1 :ile no appreciable l[]+ ( ! bottoms ( ! rav9es is tak+ place n[4 ,?is w\ld 9 "s cont+5cies put back ! p]iod ( fill+ ( ! caves to an indef9ite antiquity4 ,b !n ! que/ions occur--,0 !re once m wat] 9 ! riv]s or m ob/ruction at _! outlets1 or 0 ! erosive p[] great] at "o "t ?an n[1 or 7 ! riv] valleys excavat$ 9 /ill m anci5t "t1 & p>tly fill$ ) mud :5 ! wat] ent]$ ! caves1 & may ?is mud h be5 s9ce swept away8 ,s1 9 l mann]1 ! wat]s fl[+ 9 ! *annels ne> ,brixham ,cave & ,k5t's ,hole 7 app>5tly ab\t sev5ty feet high] 9 times ( flood ?an at pres5t1 b ! "t involv$ is subject to ! same d\bts z 9 ! case ( ! ,belgian caves4 ,hughes has well rem>k$ t elevations ( ! l&1 by caus+ riv]s to =m wat]falls & cascades1 :i* !y cut back1 may greatly accel]ate ! rate ( erosion4 ,f>!r1 !re is ! be/ reason to believe t 9 ! glacial p]iod _m old valleys 7 fill$ ) clay1 & t ! mod]n cutt+ consi/$ m]ely 9 ! removal ( ?is clay4 ,belt has %[n 9 a rec5t pap]#aci good reason to believe t ?is is ! case ) ! ,falls ( ,niag>a1 & t ! cutt+ actually effect$ ?r\gh rock )9 ! lat] ,plei/oc5e & mod]n p]iod has be5 t only ( ! new gorge f ! :irlpool to ,que5/[n1 ! ma9 "p ( ! rav9e be+ ( old] date & m]ely re-excavat$4 ,?is w\ld greatly r$uce ! ord9>y e/imate ( "t bas$ on ! cutt+ ( ! ,niag>a gorge4 ,?is leads u next to consid] ! occurr5ce ( human rema9s & objects ( art 9 ! riv]-gravels !mselves1 & ! am\nt ( excavation & deposit involv$ 9 ! deposition ( ^! gravels4 ,9 ! riv]-gravels ( ! ,somme1 & ( _m o!r riv]s 9 ,france & ,s\!rn ,engl&1 *ipp$ fl9ts & rude fl9t implem5ts are f\nd 9 s great quantity z to imply t ! b$s & banks ( ^! /reams 7 resort$ to = fl9t mat]ial1 & t ! unf9i%$ & reject$ implem5ts left 9 ! holes & tr5*es1 or on ! heaps :]e ! "w 0 c>ri$ on1 7 aft]w>d sort$ by runn+ wat]1 p]haps 9 abnormal floods & debacles1 su* z occur 9 all riv] valleys occasionally1 p]haps 9 t great diluvial cata/rophe :i* seems to h t]m9at$ ! resid5ce ( ,palaeocosmic man 9 ,europe4 ,wilson has well %[n h[ ! heaps left by ,am]ican tribes 9 & ne> _! fl9t qu>ries w\ld furni% ! mat]ial = su* accumulations4 ,! "t requir$ = ! erosion ( ! valleys & ! deposit ( ! gravels has be5 v v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,somme1 :i* riv] is n appreciably deep5+ its b$1 if we suppose x to h cut its wide valley to ! dep? ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet out ( solid *alk s9ce ! s-call$ high level gravels ( ,france & ! ,s\? ( ,engl& 7 deposit$1 ! "t requir$ %ades (f into inf9ity4 ,s ,evans1 9 8 "w on ,! ,anci5t ,/one ,implem5ts ( ,great ,brita91 look+ ^u ! am\nt ( excavation ( wide & deep valleys s9ce ! /one implem5ts ( ,b\rnem\? are suppos$ to h be5 deposit$ 9 gravel1 says1 ,:o c fully compreh5d h[ imm5sely remote 0 ! epo* :5 t va/ bay 0 high & dry l&8 & he becomes poetical 9 del9eat+ ! view t mu/ h met ! eyes ( palaeoli?ic man4 ,& und\bt$ly1 if "o is to be limit$ to ! precise nature & am\nt ( causes n[ at "w 9 ! di/rict1 ! "t mu/ n only be imm5sely remote1 b illimitably s4 ,! difficulty lies ) ! exagg]at$ uni=mit>ianism ( ! supposition t su* causes c\ld h produc$ ! results4 ,b1 = reasons to be imm$iately /at$1 ! "t requir$ is liable to num]\s d$uctions2 & rec5tly ,tylor1 ,pattison1 ,coll>d1 & o!rs h insi/$ ably on ^! d$uctions1 z has also ,pr(essor ,hughes1 ( ,cambridge4 ,i h myself urg$ !m /rongly 9 ! "w already ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :5 we see a deep riv] valley 9 :i* ! pres5t /ream is do+ an almo/ inf9itesimal am\nt ( deep5+1 we are n to inf] t ?is repres5ts all its "w pa/ & pres5t4 ,9 times ( unusual flood x may d 9 "o week m ?an 9 _m previ\s ye>s4 ,f>!r1 if !re h be5 elevations or depressions ( ! l&1 :5 ! l& has be5 rais$ ! cutt+ p[] has at once be5 enorm\sly increas$1 & :5 depress$ x has be5 dim9i%$1 or fill+ has tak5 ! place ( cutt+4 ,aga91 if ! climate 9 "t pa/ has be5 m extreme1 or ! am\nt ( ra9fall great]1 ! cutt+ action has !n be5 proportionally rapid4 ,p]haps no influ5ce is great] 9 ?is respect ?an t :i* is kn[n to ! coloni/s 9 ,nor!a/]n ,am]ica z ice-fre%ets1 :5 9 spr+1 be=e ! ice has _h "t to disappe> f ! riv]s1 sudd5 ?aws & ra9s produce great floods1 :i* ru%+ d[n ov] ! icy cru/1 or break+ & hurl+ its masses be=e !m1 "w t]rible havoc on ! banks & alluvial flats1 deposit+ great b$s ( gravel1 & sweep+ away imm5se masses t _h la9 undi/urb$ = c5turies4 ,n[ we "k t 9 ,europe ! human p]iod 0 prec$$ by :at has be5 t]m$ ! glacial age1 & z x 0 pass+ away !re mu/ h be5 unexampl$ floods & ice-fre%ets1 & a tempor>y pluvial p]iod1 z x has be5 call$1 9 :i* ! volume ( ! riv]s 0 imm5sely increas$4 ,f>!r1 x is an e/abli%$ fact t ! p]iod ( ! appe>ance ( man 0 a "t :5 ! cont95ts 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e 7 m elevat$ ?an at pres5t1 & :5 consequ5tly ! cutt+ action ( riv]s 0 at a maximum4 ,?is 0 aga9 foll[$ by a p]iod ( depression1 accompani$ probably by _m local cataclysms1 if n by a g5]al deluge2 & !re are /rong geological reasons to believe t ?is convulsion 0 connect$ ) ! disappe>ance f ,europe ( ,palaeocosmic man1 & _m ( ! animals 8 contempor>ies4 ,?is view ,i advocat$ "s "t ago 9 my ,/ory ( ! ,e>?2 & m rec5tly ,mr4 ,pattison1 9 an able pap] read be=e ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 has develop$ x 9 great] detail1 & support$ x by a great mass ( geological au?ority4 ,if ! ,palaeocosmic p]iod 0 "o ( cont95tal elevation1 :5 ! great] seats ( population 7 9 ! valleys ( great riv]s n[ cov]$ by ! ,g]man ,ocean & ! ,engli% ,*annel1 & :5 ! valleys ( ! ,?ames & ! ,somme 7 ^? ( upl& /reams frequ5t$ by /raggl+ p>ties & small tribes1 & ! seats ( ext5sive fl9t factories = ! supply ( ! pla9s bel[1 & if ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 t]m9at$ by a diluvial debacle1 we c acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a ( ! drift implem5ts )\t any extravagant e/imate ( "t4 ,i quote ) mu* pleasure on ?is subject ! foll[+ f ! report ( a lecture on ,geological ,measures ( ,"t1 by ,pr(essor ,hughes1 be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,london4 ,hughes 01 l myself1 a companion ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell 9 "s ( 8 j\rneys1 ?\gh belong+ to a y\ng] g5]ation ( geologi/s1 & is an accurate obs]v] & reason]4 ,ano!r me?od ( e/imat+ ! lapse ( "t is f\nd$ ^u ! suppos$ rate at :i* riv]s scoop out _! *annels4 ,al?\gh no v exact e/imates h be5 attempt$1 /ill ! imm5se quantity ( "w t has be5 done1 z comp>$ ) ! sl[ rate at :i* a riv] is n[ excavat+ t same "p ( ! valley1 is (t5 appeal$ to z a pro( ( a great lapse ( "t4 ,! fact ( su* an enorm\s lapse ( "t is n que/ion$1 b ?is "p ( ! evid5ce is *all5g$4 ,! previ\s consid]ations ( ! rate ( accumulation ( silt on ! l[ l&s prep>es u to inquire :e!r !re is any wa/e at all along ! alluvial pla9s4 ,sev]al examples 7 giv5 to %[ t ! l[]+ ( valleys 0 br\ght ab\t by rec$+ rapids & wat]falls2 = in/ance1 foll[+ up ! ,rh9e1 its t]races c\ld (t5 be trac$ back to :]e ! wat]fall 0 se5 to produce at once almo/ all ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! riv] rea*es above & bel[ x4 ,at ,s*affhaus5 ! riv] t]race bel[ ! hotel c\ld be trac$ back & f\nd to be cont9u\s ) ! riv] m>g9 above ! fall4 ,! wide pla9s occurr+ "h & !re1 su* z ! ,may5ce bas91 7 due to ! riv] be+ arre/$ by ! h>d rocks ( ! gorges bel[ ,b+5 s long t x _h "t to w9d f side to side ?r\gh ! s(t rocks above ! gorges4 ,:5 wat]falls cut back to su* bas9s or to lakes !y w\ld rec$e rapidly1 tapp+ ! wat]s ( ! lake1 eat+ back ! s(t b$s ( ! alluvial pla9s1 & probably 9 bo? cases leav+ t]races z evid5ce1 n ( upheavals or ( convulsions1 b ( ! arrival ( a wat]fall :i* _h be5 gradually travell+ up ! valley4 ,s :5 ! ,rhone cuts back f ! falls at ,belg>de we %all h t]races :]e n[ is ! %ore ( ,g5eva2 s also :5 ! ,falls ( ,s*affhaus51 & ages aft]w>d :5 ! ,falls ( ,lauf5burg h tapp$ ! ,lake ( ,con/ance1 !re w be t]races m>k+ its previ\s levels4 ,& s we may expla9 ! =m] great] ext5t ( ! ,lake ( ,zuri*1 :i* /ood high] & spread wid] by ,utzna* & ,wetzikon be=e x 0 tapp$ by ! arrival ( wat]falls1 :i* cut back into x & let its wat]s run (f until !y fell to _! pres5t level4 ,a small upheaval ne> ! m\? ( a riv] w\ld h a simil> effect4 ,! ,?ames bel[ ,london & ! ,somme bel[ ,/4 ,a*eul c n[ only j h& on ! mud br\ght d[n f high] gr\nd2 b suppose an elevation ( a hundr$ feet ov] ^? p>ts ( ,engl& & ,france 7q imp]ceptible if ext5d$ ov] #aj1jjj1 #ajjj1 or ev5 #ajj ye>s71 & ! riv]s w\ld tumble ov] s(t mud & clay & *alk1 & soon eat _! way back f ,%eppey to ,london1 & f ,/4 ,val]y to ,ami5s4 ,s :5 we want to e/imate ! age ( ! gravels on ! top ( ! cliff at ! ,reculv]s1 or on ! edge ( ! plateau ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 we h to ask1 n h[ long w\ld x take ! riv]s to cut d[n to _! pres5t level f ! height ( ^? gravels at ! rate at :i* t "p ( _! *annel is be+ l[]$ n[1 b h[ long w\ld x take ! ,somme or ,?ames1 :i* once ran at ! level ( ^? gravels1 to cut back f :]e its m\? or next wat]fall 0 !n to :]e x runs ov] rapids n[4 ,we ought to "k :at movem5ts ( upheaval & depression !re h be52 :at long alluvial flats or lakes :i* may h *eck$ floods1 b also arre/$ ! rock-protect+ gravel2 h[ mu* ! wa% ( ! e/u>9e waves has help$4 ,9 fact1 x is cle> t obs]vations made on ! action ( ! riv]s at ^? po9ts n[ h no?+ to d ) ! calculation ( ! age ( ! t]races above1 & t ! circum/ances ^u :i* ! rate ( recession ( ! wat]falls & rapids dep5ds are s num]\s & *angeable t x is at pres5t unsafe to attempt any e/imate ( ! "t requir$ to produce ! results obs]v$4 ,i may close ?is discussion by quot+ f ! pap] ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,pattison1 already ref]r$ to1 ! foll[+ summ+ up ( 8 conclusions1 9 :i* ,i fully concur3 ,we may assume x z e/abli%$ t !re 0 a "t :5 ,engl& 0 connect$ ) ! ,cont95t1 :5 big animals roam$ 9 summ] up ! wat]c\rses & across ! upl&s1 & man1 arm$ only ) rude /ones1 foll[$ !m into ! m>%es & woods1 hunt$ !m = su/5ance1 & consum$ !m 9 %elt] ( caves1 !n accessible f ! riv] levels4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 cont9u$ until di/urb$ by oscillations ( surface1 accompani$ by excessive ra9falls & ru%es ( wat] f ! wat]-%$s ( ! riv]s1 until ! great animals 7 driv5 out or de/roy$1 & man ceas$ to visit ^! p>ts4 ,! di/urbances cont9u$1 ! ,/rait ( ,dov] 0 =m$1 ! configuration ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! isl&s & cont95ts 0 fix$1 action subsid$1 & ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s obta9$4 ,man resum$ 8 resid5ce1 b ) loss ( ! mammo? & its companions4 ,! re9de] n[ con/itut$ ! type ( a /ate ( ?+s :i* la/$ d[n to ! hi/oric p]iod1 )\t any o!r f t "t to ?is4 99 99 99 ,*ronologi/s are agre$ t ab\t #bjjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,abraham migrat$ f ,mesopotamia to ,canaan1 & t at ?is "t ,egypt at lea/ 0 old 9 civilization4 ,beyond ?is we h no positive scale ( "t 9 ,scripture2 = x is evid5t1 f ! n>rative itself1 t ! latt] does n cov] ! :ole "t4 99 99 99 ,us%] e/imates f ,scripture ! creation ( man z ab\t #bjjj ye>s be=e ?is4 ,dur+ ! latt] portion ( ?is "t civilization 0 proce$+ "u settl$ gov]nm5ts 9 ! ,ea/1 int]rupt$1 says ! record & tradition1 by a flood4 99 99 99 ,s ,lucretius3 ',?us1 too1 ! insurg5t wat]s once o'erp[]$1 ,z fables tell1 & delug$ _m a /ate2 ,till1 9 its turn1 ! congregat$ waves ,by cause m pot5t conqu]$1 heav5 re/ra9'd ,its ceaseless torr5ts1 & ! flood decreas$4' ,b>b>ism cov]$ ! :ole ,we/]n _w2 nei!r 9 ! #bjjj ye>s be=e ,abraham1 nor 9 ! #bjjj ye>s aft]w>d1 h we any light reflect$ f ^! regions to ! ,ea/4 ,9 ?is #djjj ye>s1 or 9 ! some:at long] p]iod :i* probably w be ultimately settl$ z w>rant$ by ! record1 we place hypo!tically all ! ph5om5a ( ! lat] mammalian age1 includ+ ! introduction ( man z a hunt]1 ! fir/ occupation ( ! caves by him also1 ! diluvial ph5om5a ( ! wide valleys1 ! oscillations & di/urbances ( ! e>?'s cru/1 alt]ations 9 ! coa/-l9e1 & physical settlem5t ( ! c\ntry2 aft] ?is comes ! second occupation ( ! caves4 ,9 %ort1 if we say t1 hypo!tically1 ! :ole fir/ kn[n human age occurr$ )9 #djjj ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 no "o c say t x is geologically impossible4 ,:o c say t #afdc ye>s is insuffici5t to comprise all ! ph5om5a t occurr$ dur+ a p]iod confess$ly *>act]iz$ by m rapid & ext5sive action ?an at pres5t--a p]iod dur+ :i* ruptures 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 oscillations1 & p]man5t upris+ took place1 & ! int]mitt5t action ( viol5t floods caus$ ! deposit & di/urbance & resettlem5t ( ! gravels & brick-e>?8 ,!re is no?+ to int]f]e ) ! preval5t op9ion t man 0 introduc$ "h :ile ! glacial p]iod 0 dy+ out1 & :ile x 0 /ill furni%+ flood-wat]s suffici5t to sc\r & re-sort ! gravels ( ! valleys d[n :i* !y fl[$4 ,?is supposition may be ext5d$ to bo? ! great cont95ts4 ,to conclude3 ,our mode ( reconcil+ ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( ant$iluvian man ) ! disclosures ( ! gravels & caves w\ld be to id5tify ,palaeocosmic man1 or man ( ! mammo? age1 ) ant$iluvian man2 to suppose t ! *anges :i* clos$ 8 exi/5ce 9 ,europe z well z ,we/]n ,asia 7 ^? record$ 9 ! ,noa*ian deluge2 & t ! second colonization ( ! dim9i%$ & %runk5 ,europe ( ! mod]n p]iod 0 effect$ by ! desc5dants ( ,noah4 ,x may be ask$--,mu/ we suppose t ! ,adam ( ! ,bible 0 ( ! type ( ! co>sely featur$ & gigantic m5 ( ! ,european cav]ns8 ,i w\ld answ]--,n precisely s2 b x is q possible t ,adam may h be5 ,turanian 9 feature4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly suppose him to h be5 a man well develop$ 9 bra9 & muscle4 ,su* m5 z ^? f\nd 9 ! caves w\ld r repres5t ! rud] ,nephelim1 ! giants t 7 9 ^? days1 ?an ,adam 9 ,ed54 ,f>!r1 ! new coloni/s ( ,europe aft] ! deluge w\ld no d\bt be a v rude & some:at deg5]ate bran* ( ,noa*idae1 probably driv5 be=e m p[]ful tribes 9 ! c\rse ( ! disp]sion4 ,! high] races ( bo? p]iods are probably to be look$ = 9 ,we/]n ,asia2 b ev5 !re we mu/ expect to f9d cave m5 l ^? ^: rema9s 7 f\nd by ,tri/ram 9 ! caves ne> ,tyre1 & l ! ,horim ( ,moses2 & we mu/ also expect to f9d ! ant$iluvian age 9 ! ma9 an age ( /one ev]y:]e1 & its arts1 except 9 c]ta9 great c5tres ( population1 p]haps n m advanc$ ?an ^? ( ! ,polynesians1 or ^? ( ! agricultural ,am]ican tribes be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus4 ,z a geologi/1 & z "o :o has be5 9 ! ma9 ( ! s*ool ( ,lyell1 & aft] hav+ obs]v$ ) mu* c>e ! deposits ( ! m mod]n p]iods on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 ,i h f ! fir/ diss5t$ f ^? ( my sci5tific bre?r5 :o h unhesitat+ly giv5 _! adhesion to ! long p]iods claim$ = human hi/ory1 & h ma9ta9$ t _! ha/y conclusions on ?is subject mu/ br+ geological reason+ into disrepute1 & react injuri\sly on our noble sci5ce4 ,we require to make great dem&s on "t = ! prehuman p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 b n m ?an sacr$ hi/ory is will+ to all[ = ! mod]n or human age4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,comp>isons ,,& ,,conclusions4 ,lo1 ^! are b ! outl9es ( 8 ways1 & h[ fa9t ! :isp] :i* we he> ( him--! ?und] ( 8 p[] :o c\ld und]/&8--,job xxvi41 #ad4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages ,i h1 z f> z possible1 avoid$ t mode ( treat+ my subject :i* 0 wont to be express$ z ! reconciliation ( ,scripture & ,natural ,sci5ce1 & h foll[$ ! direct guidance ( ! ,mosaic record1 only turn+ aside :]e "s apt illu/ration or co9cid5ce c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ,i propose to inquire :at ! sci5ce ( ! e>? tea*es on ^! same subjects1 & to po9t out c]ta9 manife/ & rem>kable correspond5ces betwe5 ^! tea*+s & ^? ( revelation4 ,"h ,i "k t ,i ent] on dang]\s gr\nd1 & t if ,i h be5 s =tunate z to c>ry ! intellig5t read] ) me ?us f>1 ,i may *ance to lose him n[4 ,! ,hebrew ,scriptures are common prop]ty2 no "o c fairly d5y me ! "r to /udy !m1 ev5 ?\gh ,i d s 9 no cl]ical or !ological capacity2 & ev5 if ,i %\ld appe> extreme 9 "s ( my views1 or v5ture to be almo/ z en?usia/ic z ! comm5tators ( ,hom]1 ,%akespe>e1 or ,dante1 ,i c n be v sev]ely blam$4 ,b ! direct comp>ison ( ^! anci5t records ) results ( mod]n sci5ce is obnoxi\s to _m m9ds on diff]5t gr\nds2 & all ! m s t s few m5 are at once /ud5ts bo? ( nature & revelation4 ,!re are1 z yet1 b few ev5 ( educat$ m5 ^: range ( /udy has includ$ any ?+ t is practical or useful ei!r 9 ,hebrew lit]ature or geological sci5ce4 ,t slip%od ,*ri/ianity :i* cont5ts itself ) suppos+ t conclusions :i* are false 9 nature may be true 9 !ology is m]e sup]/ition or pr(essional prie/craft1 & has no?+ 9 common ) ! ,bible2 b !re are /ill multitudes ( good m51 tra9$ 9 ! v]bal & ab/ract le>n+ :i* at "o "t con/itut$ ne>ly ! :ole ( education1 :o reg>d geology z a mass ( crude hypo!ses de/itute ( coh]5ce1 a p]petual battle-gr\nd ( conflict+ op9ions1 all de/9$ 9 "t to be swept away4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 too1 t f ! nature ( geological evid5ce1 & f ! liability to error 9 details1 ! solidity ( its conclusions is n likely soon to be appreciat$ z fully z is desirable by ! common m9d2 :ile x is un=tunately true t ! outskirts ( sci5ce are infe/$ ) ho/s ( half-in=m$ & sup]ficial writ]s1 :o /ate ^! conclusions incorrectly1 or apply !m 9 an unreasonable mann] to matt]s on :i* !y h no be>+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! geologi/1 fully aw>e ( ! sub/antial nature ( ! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce ( ! e>?1 reg>ds x z little less ?an absurd to f9d p>allels to its pr9ciples 9 an anci5t !ological "w4 ,/ill !re are possible meet+-po9ts ( ?+s s dissimil> z ,bible lore & geological exploration4 ,if man is a be+ connect$ on ! "o h& ) mat]ial nature1 & on ! o!r ) ! spiritual ess5ce ( ! ,creator2 if t ,creator has giv5 to man p[]s ( explor+ & compreh5d+ 8 plans 9 ! univ]se1 & at ! same "t has condesc5d$ to reveal to him directly 8 w on c]ta9 po9ts1 !re is no?+ unphilosophical or improbable 9 ! supposition t ! same tru?s may be /ruck out on ! "o h& by ! action ( ! human m9d on nature1 & on ! o!r by ! action ( ! ,div9e m9d on t ( man4 ,! highe/ & mo/ nobly con/itut$ m9ds h ev] be5 /riv+ to scale heav5 above & dive into ! e>? bel[1 t !y may extort f !m ! secret ( _! orig91 & may f9d :at are ! privileges & de/9ies ( man himself4 ,!y h le>n$ mu*2 & if ?r\gh o!r gift$ m9ds1 & ?r\gh 8 heav5-desc5d$ ,^w & ,_s1 ,god has condesc5d$ to reveal himself1 !re mu/ surely be mu* 9 common 9 t :i* ,god's works tea* to e>ne/ inquir]s & t :i* he directly makes kn[n4 ,b few ( our greate/ ?9k]s1 :e!r on nature or !ology1 h rea*$ ! firm gr\nd ( ?is high] probability2 or if !y h rea*$ x1 h dread$ ! scorn ( ! half-le>n$ too mu* to utt] _! convictions4 ,/ill ?is is a position :i* ! enlight5$ ,*ri/ian & /ud5t ( nature mu/ be prep>$ to occupy1 humbly & ) admission ( mu* ignorance & incapacity1 b ) bold ass]tion ( ! tru? t !re are meet+-po9ts ( nature & revelation :i* af=d legitimate subjects ( /udy4 ,9 ent]+ on ^! subjects1 we may receive c]ta9 great tru?s 9 ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ! e>? z e/abli%$ by geological evid5ce4 ,9 ! pres5t rapidly progressive /ate ( ! sci5ce1 h[ev]1 x is by no means easy to sep>ate its assur$ & settl$ results f ^? t h be5 f\nd$ on too ha/y g5]alization1 or are yet immature2 & at ! same "t to avoid ov]look+ new & important tru?s1 suffici5tly e/abli%$1 yet n kn[n 9 all _! dim5sions4 ,9 ! foll[+ summ>y ,i %all endeavor to pres5t to ! read] only well-asc]ta9$ g5]al tru?s1 )\t indulg+ 9 ^? deviations f accuracy = effect too (t5 met ) 9 popul> books4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h already f\nd t ! ,scriptures enunciate di/9ct doctr9es on _m po9ts relat+ to ! e>?'s e>ly hi/ory1 to :i* x w "h be necess>y m]ely to ref] 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,let u 9 ! fir/ place %ortly consid] ! conclusions ( geology z to ! orig9 & progress ( creation4 #a4 ,! wide/ & mo/ important g5]alization ( mod]n geology is t all ! mat]ials ( ! e>?'s cru/1 to ! greate/ dep? t man c rea*1 ei!r by actual excavation or inf]5ce f sup]ficial arrangem5ts1 are ( su* a nature z to prove t !y are n1 9 _! pres5t /ate1 orig9al portions ( ! e>?'s /ructure2 b t !y are ! results ( ! op]ation1 dur+ long p]iods1 ( ! causes ( *ange--:e!r me*anical1 *emical1 or vital--n[ 9 op]ation1 on ! l&1 9 ! seas1 & 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,= example1 ! mo/ common rocks ( our cont95ts are conglom]ates1 s&/ones1 %ales1 & slates2 all ( :i* are made up ( ! debris ( old] rocks brok5 d[n into gravel1 s&1 or mud1 & !n re-cem5t$4 ,to ^! we may add lime/ones1 :i* h be5 made up by ! accumulation ( corals & %ells1 or by deposits f calc>e\s spr+s2 coal1 compos$ ( vegetable matt]2 & granite1 sy5ite1 gre5/one1 & trap1 :i* are molt5 rocks =m$ 9 ! mann] ( mod]n lavas4 ,s g5]al has be5 ?is sort+1 alt]+1 & di/urbance ( ! sub/ance ( ! e>?'s cru/1 t1 ?\gh we "k its /ructure ov] l>ge portions ( our cont95ts to ! dep? ( sev]al miles1 ! geologi/ c po9t to no in/ance ( a truly primitive rock :i* c be affirm$ to h rema9$ un*ang$ & 9 situ s9ce ! beg9n+4 ,all are aw>e t ! solid p>ts ( ! e>? consi/ ( di/9ct sub/ances1 su* z clay1 *alk1 s&1 lime/one1 coal1 slate1 granite1 & ! l2 b1 previ\sly to obs]vation1 x is commonly imag9$ t all _h rema9$ f ! fir/ 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we n[ see !m--t !y 7 creat$ 9 _! pres5t =ms & 9 _! pres5t position4 ,! geologi/ n[ comes to a diff]5t conclusion2 discov]+ pro(s t ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! e>? 7 n all produc$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we n[ behold !m1 nor 9 an in/ant ( "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he c %[ t !y h acquir$ _! actual condition & configuration gradually & at successive p]iods1 dur+ ea* ( :i* di/9ct races ( liv+ be+s h fl\ri%$ on ! l& & 9 ! wat]s2 ! rema9s ( ^! creatures ly+ buri$ 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4#adj #b4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t ! rocks ( ! e>? h ?us be5 produc$ by second>y causes1 we next affirm1 on ! evid5ce ( geology1 t a di/9ct ord] ( succession ( ^! deposits c be asc]ta9$2 & ?\gh !re are innum]able local v>iations 9 ! nature ( ! rocks =m$ at ! same p]iod1 yet !re is1 on ! great scale1 a regul> sequ5ce ( =mations ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,?is succession is ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! case ( aque\s rocks1 or ^? =m$ 9 wat]2 & x is evid5t t 9 ! case ( b$s ( s&1 clay1 etc41 deposit$ 9 ?is way1 ! upp] mu/ be ! m rec5t ( any two lay]s4 ,?is simple pr9ciple1 complicat$ 9 v>i\s ways by ! fractures & di/urbances to :i* ! b$s h be5 subject$1 =ms ! basis ( ! succession ( =mations 9 geology z d$uc$ f /ratigraphical evid5ce4 #c4 ,?is regul> s]ies ( =mations w\ld be ( little value z a hi/ory ( ! e>? 7 x n t ne>ly all ! aque\s rocks conta9 rema9s ( ! contempor>y animals & plants4 ,ev] s9ce ! e>? began to be t5ant$ by organiz$ be+s1 ! v>i\s accumulations =m$ 9 ! bottoms ( seas & at ! m\?s ( riv]s h entomb$ rema9s ( m>9e animals1 m especially _! h>d] p>ts1 z %ells1 corals1 & bones1 & also fragm5ts or entire specim5s ( l& animals & plants4 ,h5ce1 9 any rock ( aque\s =mation1 we may f9d fossil rema9s ( ! liv+ creatures t exi/$ 9 ! wat]s 9 :i* t rock 0 accumulat$ or on ! neighbor+ l&4 ,if 9 ! process ( build+ up ! cont95ts1 ! same locality con/itut$ 9 succession a "p ( ! bottom ( ! ocean1 ( an inl& sea1 ( an e/u>y1 & a lake1 we %\ld f9d 9 ! fossil rema9s entomb$ 9 ! deposits ( t place evid5ces ( ^! v>i\s conditions2 & ?us a some:at curi\s hi/ory ( local *anges might be obta9$4 ,geology af=ds m ext5sive disclosures ( ?is nature4 ,x %[s t z we desc5d into ! old] =mations we gradually lose sight ( ! exi/+ animals & plants1 & f9d ! rema9s ( o!rs n n[ exi/+2 & ^!1 9 turn1 !mselves disappe>1 & 7 prec$$ by o!rs2 s t ! :ole liv+ population ( ! e>? appe>s to h be5 sev]al times r5ew$ prior to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,?is seems f>!r to h occurr$ 9 a sl[ & gradual mann]1 n by successive great cataclysms or cle>ances ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 foll[$ by :olesale r5ewal4 ,?is doctr9e ( geological uni=mity is1 h[ev]1 to be und]/ood z limit$ by ! equally c]ta9 fact t !re has be5 progress & advance1 bo? 9 ! inorganic arrangem5ts ( ! e>?'s surface & 9 its organiz$ inhabitants1 & t !re h1 9 geological z 9 hi/orical times1 be5 local cataclysms & convulsions1 z ^? ( e>?quakes & volcanoes1 (t5 on a v ext5sive scale4 ,f>!r1 !re are good reasons to believe t !re h be5 alt]nations ( cold or glacial p]iods & ( w>m p]iods1 ( p]iods ( subsid5ce & re-elevation1 & ( p]iods ( great] & less activity ( c]ta9 ( ! lead+ ag5ts ( geological *ange4 ,b z to ! ext5t ( ^! diff]5ces & _! be>+ on ! geological hi/ory1 !re is /ill mu* unc]ta9ty & diff]5ce ( op9ion4#ada ,9 ! s$im5t n[ accumulat+ 9 ! bottom ( ! wat]s are be+ buri$ rema9s ( ! exi/+ animals & plants4 ,a geological =mation is be+ produc$1 & x conta9s ! skeletons & o!r solid p>ts ( a va/ v>iety ( creatures belong+ to all climates1 & :i* h liv$ on l& z well z 9 fre% & salt wat]4 ,let u n[ suppose t by a s]ies ( *anges1 sudd5 or gradual1 all ! pres5t organiz$ be+s 7 swept away1 & t1 :5 ! e>? 0 r5ew$ by ! p[] ( ! ,creator1 a new race ( intellig5t be+s c\ld explore ^? p>ts ( ! =m] sea bas9s t _h be5 elevat$ into l&4 ,!y w\ld f9d ! rema9s ( multitudes ( creatures n exi/+ 9 _! "t2 & by ! pres5ce ( ^! !y c\ld di/+ui% ! deposits ( ! =m] p]iod f ^? t belong$ to _! own4 ,!y c\ld also comp>e ^! rema9s ) ! correspond+ p>ts ( creatures :i* 7 _! own contempor>ies1 & c\ld ?us inf] ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y _h liv$1 ! modes ( subsi/5ce = :i* !y _h be5 adapt$1 & ! *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] & o!r physical conditions :i* _h occurr$4 ,?is1 !n1 is precisely ! place :i* fossil organic rema9s occupy 9 mod]n geology1 except t our pres5t sy/em ( nature re/s on ! ru9s1 n ( "o previ\s sy/em1 b ( sev]al4 #d4 ,by ! aid ( ! sup]position ( deposits & _! organic rema9s1 geology c divide ! hi/ory ( ! e>? into di/9ct p]iods4 ,^! p]iods are n sep>at$ by m]ely arbitr>y b\nd>ies1 b to "s ext5t m>k important eras 9 ! progress ( our e>?2 ?\gh !y usually pass into ea* o!r at _! conf9es1 & ! nature ( ! evid5ce prev5ts u f asc]ta9+ ! precise l5g? ( ! p]iods !mselves1 or ! int]vals 9 "t :i* may sep>ate ! sev]al monum5ts by :i* !y are di/+ui%$4 ,! foll[+ table w s]ve to give an idea ( ! arrangem5t at pres5t g5]ally receiv$1 ) "s ( ! m important facts 9 ! succession ( animal & vegetable life1 z connect$ ) our pres5t subject4 ,x comm5ces ) ! olde/ p]iods kn[n to geology1 & gives 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms ! fir/ appe>ance ( ea* class1 ) a few notes ( ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! pr9cipal =ms4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t f>!r discov]ies may ext5d "s classes f>!r back ?an we at pres5t "k !m1 & t a m detail$ table1 desc5d+ to ord]s & families1 w\ld give a m precise view ( ! succession ( life4 ,f>!r1 ! sev]al geological =mations w\ld admit ( mu* subdivision1 & are repres5t$ locally by v>i\s k9ds & diff]5t ?icknesses ( s$im5t4#adb ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,succession ,,( ,,geological ,,=mations ,,& ,,organic ,,rema9s4 ,,p]iods4 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,classes ,,( ,,animals4 ,,plants4 ,,=mations4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,i4 ,anci5t ,metamorphic ,eozoon & probably o!r,graphite & ,,eozoic rocks ( ,protozoa4 ,iron ,ores ,,p]iod4 ,sc&9avia1 repres5t+ ,canada1 etc4 ,vegetable ,matt]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,ii4 ,cambrian4 ,radiata--,hydrozoa1 ,algae4 ,,prim>y ,e*9od]mata ,,or 7,cy/ideans74 ,,palaeozoic ,mollusca--,bra*iopoda1 ,,p]iod4 ,lamellibran*iata1 ,ga/]opoda1 ,cephalopoda 7,bivalve & ,univalve ,%ell-fi%es74 ,articulata--,annelida1 ,cru/acea 7,worms & ,s(t ,%ell-fi%es ( ! l[] grades74 ,l[] ,silurian4 ,radiata--,an?ozoa ,algae4 7coral animals71 ,e*9od]mata 7sea />s1 etc474 ,mollusca--,polyzoa1 ,tunicata4 ,o!r ,mollusks & ,articulates z be=e4 ,upp] ,silurian4 ,radiates1 ,mollusks1 & ,acrog5\s ,articulates z be=e4 ,l& plants4 ,v]tebrata--,fir/ ,ganoid & ,placoid ,fi%es4 ,erian or ,devonian4 ,articulata--,insects ,acrog5s & high] ,cru/aceans4 & ,v]tebrata--,fi%es1 ,gymnosp]ms4 ,ganoid & ,placoid4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,mollusca--,pulmonata ,acrog5s1 7,l& ,snails74 ,gymnosp]ms1 ,articulata--,myriapods1 ,endog5s8 ,ara*nidans 7,gallyworms1 ,spid]s & ,scorpions74 ,v]tebrata--,batra*ians or ,amphibians preval5t4 ,p]mian4 ,v]tebrata--,lac]tian or ,liz>d-l ,reptiles4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,iii4 ,triassic4 ,v]tebrata--,high] ,,second>y ,reptiles preval5t2 ,,or ,m>supial ,mammals4 ,,mesozoic ,,p]iod4 ,jurassic4 ,v]tebrata--,great ,endog5\s preval5ce ( high] trees4 ,reptiles2 ,fi%es1 homoc]que2 ,e>lie/ ,birds4 ,cretace\s4 ,v]tebrata--,decad5ce ,angiosp]m\s ( reign ( ,reptiles2 ,exog5s4 ,ord9>y ,bony ,fi%es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,iv4 ,eoc5e4 ,v]tebrata--,mammals ,exog5s ,,t]ti>y preval5t1 especially preval5t4 ,,or ,pa*yd]ms2 ,cycloid ,,ca9ozoic & ,ct5oid ,fi%es ,,p]iod4 preval5t4 ,fir/ liv+ ,"s ,mod]n ,inv]tebrates4 ,species appe>4 ,mioc5e4 ,liv+ ,inv]tebrates m num]\s4 ,plioc5e4 ,liv+ ,inv]tebrates /ill m num]\s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,v4 ,po/-,plioc5e4 ,fir/ liv+ ,mammals4 ,exi/+ ,,po/- ,liv+ ,inv]tebrates vegetation4 ,,t]ti>y preval5t4 ,,or ,,mod]n ,po/-,glacial ,man & liv+ ,mammals4 ,,p]iod4 & ,rec5t4 ,! olde/ fossil rema9s kn[n are ! ,protozoa ( ! ,laur5tian rocks4 ,9 ! succe$+ ,cambrian or ,primordial rocks we f9d _m ext9ct species ( zoophytes1 %ell-fi%1 & cru/aceans1 & ! algae or sea-we$s4 ,9 ! ,palaeozoic p]iod z a :ole1 ?\gh num]\s ,batra*ian or ,amphibian reptiles exi/$ t[>d its close1 ! high] ord]s ( fi%es seem to h be5 ! dom9ant tribe ( animals2 & vegetation 0 ne>ly limit$ to cryptogams & gymnosp]ms4 ,9 ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 ?\gh small mammalia _h be5 creat$1 l>ge t]re/rial & m>9e reptiles 7 ! rul+ race1 & fi%es occupi$ a subord9ate position2 :ile1 at ! close1 ! high] ord]s ( plants took a prom95t place4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y & ,mod]n eras1 ! mammalia1 ) man1 h assum$ ! highe/ or dom9ant position 9 nature4 ,on ?is s]ies ( gr\ps1 & ! succession ( liv+ be+s1 ,sir4 ,c4 ,lyell rem>ks ,x is n pret5d$ t ! pr9cipal sections call$ ,prim>y1 ,second>y1 & ,t]ti>y are ( equival5t importance1 or t ! subord9ate gr\ps comprise monum5ts relat+ to equal portions ( "t or ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,b we c ass]t t !y ea* relate to successive p]iods1 dur+ :i* c]ta9 animals & plants1 = ! mo/ "p peculi> to _! respective eras1 fl\ri%$1 & dur+ :i* diff]5t k9ds ( s$im5t 7 deposit$4 ,we h already1 9 previ\s *apt]s1 notic$ ! p>allelism ( ! succession ( life 9 ! e>? z reveal$ 9 ,g5esis ) t disclos$ by geology2 b ?is subject mu/ be f>!r ref]r$ to 9 ! sequel1 & 9 ! mean "t ! read] may comp>e = himself ! succession ( life 9 ! table ) t 9 ! lat] creative days4 #e4 ,! lapse ( "t embrac$ 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>? is enorm\s4 ,fully to appreciate ?is x is necess>y to /udy ! sci5ce 9 detail1 & to explore its ph5om5a z disclos$ 9 actual nature4 ,a few facts1 h[ev]1 out ( hundr$s :i* might h be5 select$1 w suffice to indicate ! /ate ( ! case4 ,! delta & alluvial pla9 ( ! ,mississippi h an area ( m ?an #ab1jjj squ>e miles1 & mu/ h an av]age dep? ( ab\t #hjj feet4 ,at ! pres5t rate ( conveyance ( s$im5t by ! riv]1 x has be5 calculat$ t a p]iod ( ab\t #cc1jjj ye>s is impli$ 9 ! deposition ( ?is comp>atively mod]n =mation4#adc ,to be q safe1 let u take #cj1jjj ye>s1 & add #ej1jjj m = ! rema9d] ( ! ,po/-plioc5e or ,quat]n>y4 ,we may !n safely multiply ?is numb] by =ty1 = ! l5g? ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,we may add ?ree times z mu* = ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 & ?is w be f> "u ! tru?4 ,x w !n be q safe to assume t ! ,palaeozoic p]iod 0 ?ree times z long z ! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y toge!r4 ,?is w\ld give altoge!r1 say1 #ea1bhj1jjj ye>s = ! :ole ( geological "t f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,palaeozoic1 leav+ ! duration ( ! ,eozoic & previ\s p]iods undet]m9$1 b requir+ p]haps ne>ly z mu* "t4 ,great ?\gh ^! dem&s may seem1 !y w\ld be probably f> bel[ ! rigid requirem5ts ( ! case 7 x n = ! probability t ! pres5t rate ( transf]5ce ( mat]ial by ! great riv] is less ?an x 0 9 ,po/-plioc5e & e>ly mod]n times4 ,?is might enable u to r$uce our e/imate consid]ably )9 ! scope ( a hundr$ millions ( ye>s4#add ,take ano!r illu/ration f an old] =mation4 ,an excell5t coa/ section at ! ,jogg9s1 9 ,nova ,scotia1 exhibits 9 ! coal =mation prop] a s]ies ( b$s ) erect trunks & roots ( trees 9 situ1 am\nt+ to ne>ly #ajj4 ,ab\t #ajj =e/s h successively gr[n1 p>tially decay$1 & be5 entomb$ 9 muddy & s&y s$im5t4 ,9 ! same section1 includ+ 9 all ab\t #ad1jjj feet ( b$s1 !re are #gf seams ( coal1 ea* ( :i* c be prov$ to h tak5 m "t = its accumulation ?an t requir$ = ! gr[? ( a =e/4 ,suppos+ all ^! sep>ate fossil soils & coals to h be5 =m$ ) ! greate/ possible rapidity1 =ty ?\s& ye>s w\ld be a v mod]ate calculation = ?is portion ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em2 & = aught t we "k ?\s&s ( ye>s may be repres5t$ by a s+le fossil soil4 ,b ?is is ! age ( only "o memb] ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 itself only a memb] ( ! great ,palaeozoic gr\p1 & we h made no all[ance = ! abrasion f previ\s rocks & deposition ( ! imm5se mass ( s&y & muddy s$im5t 9 :i* ! coals & =e/s are imb$d$1 & :i* is va/ly great] ?an ! deltas ( ! l>ge/ mod]n riv]s4 ,consid]ations ( a physical r ?an ( a geological nature also give u long p]iods = ! probable exi/5ce ( ! e>?1 ?\gh !y s]ve to correct some:at ! extravagant e/imates ( "s !ori/s4 ,croll has bas$ an int]e/+ calculation on ! am\nt ( erosion ( ! l& by riv]s4 ,t ( ! ,mississippi am\nts to "o foot 9 #fjjj ye>s4 ,t ( ! ,ganges gives "o foot 9 #bceh ye>s1 ! av]age be+1 say1 "o foot 9 #dagi ye>s4 ,"s small] riv]s give a mu* %ort] "t2 b ! av]age ( two great riv]s1 "o dra9+ a v l>ge area ( ! we/]n & ano!r ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e1 & 9 v diff]5t climates & geographical conditions1 w probably be ! mo/ reliable datum4 ,croll1 h[ev]1 pref]s ! ,mississippi rate4#ade ,if we e/imate ! proportion ( l& to wat] z #egf to #acij1 ?is w give = ! entire area ( ! ocean a rate ( deposition ( "o foot 9 #ad1djj ye>s4 ,n[ ! entire ?ickness ( all ! /ratifi$ rocks is e/imat$ at #gb1jjj feet2 & at ?is rate ! enorm\s "t ( #a1jcf1hjj1jjj ye>s w\ld be necess>y4 ,b we h no "r to assume t deposition has be5 go+ on uni=mly ov] ! entire sea-bottom4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! great] "p ( x takes place )9 a belt ( ab\t "o hundr$ miles f ! coa/s1 & ! deposit ( calc>e\s & o!r matt]s ov] ! rema9d] w sc>cely make up = ! portions ( ?is belt on :i* no deposit is tak+ place4 ,?is w give an area ( deposit ( ab\t #aa1fej1jjj squ>e miles1 consequ5tly only "o twelf? ( ! above "t1 or ab\t #hf1djj1jjj ye>s1 w\ld be requir$4 ,?is c be b a v r\gh calculation2 b x has ! m]it ( squ>+ v ne>ly ) ! calculations d]iv$ f physical consid]ations1 m especially by ,sir ,william ,?omson1 :i* limit ! possible exi/5ce ( ! e>?'s solid cru/ to "o hundr$ millions ( ye>s4 ,simil> conclusions h also be5 d$uc$ f :at is kn[n ( ! physical con/itution ( ! sun4 ,croll's own +5i\s !ory ( glacial p]iods produc$ by ! v>y+ ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 along ) ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 w\ld give1 accord+ to him1 ab\t #hj1jjj ye>s ago = ! date ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 & = ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod ab\t #c1jjj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t physical & geological sci5ce conspire 9 assign+ a great antiquity to ! e>?1 b n an unlimit$ antiquity4 ,!y agree 9 re/rict+ ! ages t h elaps$ s9ce ! introduction ( life )9 "o hundr$ millions ( ye>s4 ,i confess1 h[ev]1 t a consid]ation ( ! fact t all our geological measures ( erosion & deposition seem to be bas$ on cases :i* ref] to :at may be t]m$ m9imum action leads me to believe t ! actual "t w fall v f> )9 ?is limit4 ,= example1 if we 7 to suppose an elevation ( ! l& dra9$ by ! ,mississippi ev5 to a small am\nt1 its cutt+ p[] w\ld be va/ly increas$ = a long "t4 ,! same effect w\ld result f a subsid5ce & re-elevation1 or f any cause increas+ ! am\nt ( ra9fall or deposition ( sn[s 9 w9t]4 ,n[ we "k t su* ?+s h occurr$ 9 ! pa/1 :ile we h no reason to believe t ! am\nt ( action 0 ev] mu* less ?an at pres5t4 ,simil> consid]ations apply to ne>ly all our geological measures ( "t2 & !re has be5 a t5d5cy to exagg]ate ^!1 z if geologi/s 7 entitl$ to dem& unlimit$ "t1 & to /ret* ! doctr9e ( uni=mity to ! utmo/4 #f4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ref]r$ to by geology1 ! great laws bo? ( inorganic & organic nature h be5 ! same z at pres5t4 ,! evid5ce ( light & d>kness1 ( sun%9e & %[]1 ( summ] & w9t]1 & ( all ! kn[n igne\s & aque\s causes ( *ange1 ext5ds back almo/1 & 9 "s ( ^! cases altoge!r1 to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod4 ,9 l mann] ! animals & plants ( ! olde/ rocks are con/ruct$ on ! same physiological & anatomical pr9ciples ) exi/+ tribes1 & !y c be arrang$ 9 ! same g5]a1 ord]s1 or classes1 ?\gh specifically di/9ct4 ,! revolutions ( ! globe h involv$ no *ange ( ! g5]al laws ( matt]2 & ?\gh x is possible t geology has c>ri$ u back to ! "t :5 ! laws t regulate life began to op]ate1 x does n %[ t !y 7 less p]fect ?an n[1 & x indicates no trace ( ! beg9n+ ( ! inorganic laws4 ,geological *anges h result$ n f ! in/itution ( new laws1 b f new dispositions1 "u exi/+ laws & g5]al arrangem5ts4 ,!re is e reason to believe t 9 ! inorganic _w ^! dispositions h requir$ no new creative int]positions dur+ ! "t to :i* geology ref]s1 b m]ely ! cont9u$ action ( ! prop]ties be/[$ on matt] :5 fir/ produc$4 ,9 ! organic _w ! case is diff]5t4 #g4 ,9 ! succession ( animal & vegetable life we f9d a con/ant improvem5t & advance by ! introduction ( new types ( be+4 ,we h already giv5 a g5]al outl9e ( ?is advancem5t ( organiz$ nature4 ,x has consi/$ 9 ! introduction1 f "t to "t1 ( new & m highly organiz$ be+s1 s z at once to increase ! v>iety ( nature1 & to provide = ! elevation ( ! summit ( ! graduat$ scale ( life to high] & high] po9ts4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ea* successive p]iod1 x has be5 ! law ( creation t ! =ms ( life !n dom9ant %\ld atta9 _! highe/ developm5t1 & %\ld !n be succe$$ by m advanc$ types4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! e>li] ,palaeozoic p]iod we h mollusc\s animals & fi%es1 !n app>5tly ! highe/ =ms ( life1 appe>+ ) a v advanc$ organization1 n surpass$1 if ev5 equall$1 9 mod]n times4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! same p]iod1 "s l[] =ms ( vegetable life1 n[ re/rict$ to a comp>atively humble place1 7 employ$ to con/itute magnific5t =e/s4 ,9 ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 aga91 reptiles atta9$ to _! highe/ po9t 9 organization & v>iety ( =m & employm5t1 :ile mammalia _h z yet sc>cely appe>$4#adf #h4 ,if n[ we ask 9 :at mann] ! succession ( life on ! e>? has be5 produc$1 two app>5tly opposite hypo!ses rise be=e u4 ,! "o is t ( introduction ( new species by creative acts1 ! o!r t ( developm5t ( new species by *anges ( ^? previ\sly exi/+4 ,9 "o respect ! diff]5ce ( ^! views is little m ?an "o ( expression1 = ! mean+ ( ! /atem5ts dep5ds on :at we und]/& by a species & :at by a m]e v>ietal =m1 & also on :at we und]/& by creation & :at we mean by developm5t4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ne>ly all geologi/s 7 believ]s 9 creation1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ )\t precisely und]/&+ :at !y meant by ! t]m4 ,n[1 ! great impression produc$ by ,d>w9's speculations & ! preval5ce ( ! evolutioni/ philosophy h produc$ a lean+ 9 ! o!r direction4 ,m rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ! absurdities into :i* ! extreme evolutioni/s f9d !mselves driv5 h produc$ a reaction2 & we hope t views consi/5t ) revelation1 or at lea/ ) ,!ism1 w aga9 be 9 ! asc5dant1 & t pres5t controv]sies w s]ve to give m precise & def9ite views ?an h]et(ore ( ! relation ( nature to ,god4 ,z illu/rations ( ! op9ions preval5t be=e ! rise ( ! developm5t !ory1 ,i may quote f ,pictet & ,bronn1 two ( ! mo/ em95t palaeontologi/s4 ,pictet says1 9 ! introduction to 8 ,traite de ,paleontologie3 ,x seems to me impossible t we %\ld admit1 z an explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( successive faunas1 ! passage ( species into "o ano!r2 ! limits ( su* transitions ( species1 ev5 suppos+ t ! lapse ( a va/ p]iod ( "t may h giv5 !m a "* ( reality mu* great] ?an t :i* ! /udy ( exi/+ nature leads u to suppose1 are /ill inf9itely )9 ^? diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% two successive faunas4 ,la/ly1 we c lea/ ( all acc\nt by ?is !ory = ! appe>ance ( new types1 to expla9 ! introduction ( :i* we mu/ necess>ily1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 recur to ! idea ( di/9ct creations po/]ior to ! fir/4 ,! foll[+ are ! g5]al conclusions ( ,bronn1 9 8 elaborate & mo/ valuable essay1 pres5t$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 #ahef1 z summ>iz$ 9 a notice ( ! "w 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society3 #a4 ,! fir/ productions ( ?is p[] 9 ! olde/ ,neptunian /rata ( ! e>? consi/$ ( ,plants1 ,zoophytes1 ,mollusks1 ,cru/aceans1 & p]haps ev5 ,fi%2 ! simultane\s appe>ance ( :i*1 !re=e1 contradicts ! assumption t ! m p]fect organic =ms arose out ( ! gradual trans=mation 9 "t ( ! m imp]fect =ms4 #b4 ,! same p[] :i* produc$ ! fir/ organic =ms has cont9u$ to op]ate 9 int5sively z well z ext5sively increas+ activity dur+ ! :ole subsequ5t geological p]iod1 up to ! f9al appe>ance ( man2 b "h also c no traces be f\nd ( a gradual trans=mation ( old species & g5]a into new2 b ! new h ev]y:]e appe>$ z new )\t ! co-op]ation ( ! =m]4 #c4 ,9 ! succession ( ! diff]5t =ms ( plants & animals1 a c]ta9 regul> c\rse & plan is p]ceptible1 :i* is q indep5d5t ( *ance4 ,:ile all species possess only a limit$ duration1 & mu/ soon] or lat] disappe>1 !y make way = subsequ5t new ones1 :i* n only almo/ always (f] an equival5t1 9 numb]1 organization1 & duties to be p]=m$1 = ^? :i* h disappe>$1 b :i* are also g5]ally m v>i$1 & !re=e m p]fect1 & always ma9ta9 an equilibrium ) ea* o!r 9 _! /age ( organization1 _! mode ( life1 & functions4 ,!re always exi/s1 !re=e1 a c]ta9 fix$ relation betwe5 ! newly aris+ & ! disappe>+ =ms ( organic life4 #d4 ,a simil> relation necess>ily exi/s betwe5 ! newly aris+ organic =ms & ! outw>d conditions ( life :i* prevail$ at _! fir/ appe>ance on ! e>?'s surface1 or at ! place ( _! appe>ance4 #e4 ,a fix$ plan appe>s to be ! basis ( ! :ole s]ies ( developm5t ( organic =ms1 9 s f> z man makes 8 fir/ appe>ance at its close1 :5 he f9ds e ?+ prep>$ t is necess>y to 8 own exi/5ce & to 8 progressive developm5t & improvem5t--:i* w\ld n h be5 possible _h he appe>$ at a =m] p]iod4 #f4 ,su* a regul> progress 9 c>ry+ out ! same plan f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( a p]iod ( millions ( ye>s c only be acc\nt$ = 9 "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r ?is c\rse ( successive developm5t dur+ millions ( ye>s has be5 ! regul> imm$iate result ( ! sy/ematic action ( a consci\s ,creator1 :o on e occasion settl$ & c>ri$ out n only ! ord] ( appe>ance1 =mation1 organization1 & t]re/rial object ( ea* ( ! c\ntless numb]s ( species ( plants & animals1 b also ! numb] ( ! fir/ individuals1 ! place ( _! settlem5t 9 e in/ance1 al?\gh x 0 9 8 p[] to create e ?+ at once--or !re exi/$ "s natural p[] hi!rto entirely unkn[n to u1 :i* by means ( its own laws =m$ ! species ( plants & animals1 & arrang$ & regulat$ all ^? c\ntless individual conditions2 :i* p[]1 h[ev]1 mu/ 9 ?is case h /ood 9 ! mo/ imm$iate connection )1 & 9 p]fect subord9ation to1 ^? p[]s :i* caus$ ! gradually progress+ p]fection ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 & ! gradual developm5t ( ! outw>d conditions ( life = ! con/antly increas+ numb]s & high] classes ( organic =ms 9 consequ5ce ( ?is p]fection4 ,only 9 ?is way c we expla9 h[ ! developm5t ( ! organic _w c\ld h regul>ly kept pace ) t ( ! inorganic4 ,su* a p[]1 al?\gh we "k x n1 w\ld n only be 9 p]fect accordance ) all ! o!r functions ( nature1 b ! ,creator1 :o regulat$ ! developm5t ( organic nature by means ( su* a =ce s implant$ 9 x1 z he guides t ( ! inorganic _w by ! m]e co-op]ation ( attraction & aff9ity1 mu/ appe> to u m exalt$ & impos+ ?an if we assum$ t he mu/ always be giv+ ! same c>e to ! introduction & *ange ( ! vegetable & animal _w on ! surface ( ! e>? z a g>d5] daily be/[s on ea* individual plant 9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 g>d54 #g4 ,we !re=e believe t all species ( plants & animals 7 orig9ally produc$ by "s natural p[] unkn[n to u1 & n by trans=mation f a few orig9al =ms1 & t t p[] 0 9 ! close/ & mo/ necess>y connection ) ^? p[]s & circum/ances :i* effect$ ! p]fection ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,b>r&e also1 probably ! greate/ liv+ palaeontologi/ ( ,europe1 adh]es sub/antially to ^! views2 z ,agassiz did1 & ,i believe ,hall & ,dana /ill d1 9 ,am]ica4 ,i h1 = my own "p1 se5 no reason to diss5t f ^! views1 ?\gh 9 ! sequel ,i %all endeavor to pres5t "s consid]ations :i* may t5d to reconcile ) !m "s ( ! hypo!ses ( a contr>y nature n[ held4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! majority ( geologi/s & biologi/s h ab&on$ ^! views ( ,pictet & ,bronn1 & h gone ov] to ! evolutioni/ philosophy1 ) h[ little reason ,i h endeavor$ to %[ else:]e1#adg & %all f>!r illu/rate 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,let x be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 evolution does n affect ! gr& idea ( ! unity ( nature1 or ! fact t ! plan ( ! ,creator 9 ! organic _w 0 s va/ t x requir$ ! :ole duration ( our planet1 9 all its /ages ( physical exi/5ce1 to embrace ! :ole4 ,!re is b "o sy/em ( organic nature2 b1 to exhibit ! :ole ( x1 n only all ! climates & conditions n[ exi/+ are requir$1 b ^? also ( all pa/ geological p]iods4 ,fur!r1 ! progress ( nature be+ ma9ly 9 ! direction ( diff]5tiation ( functions once comb9$1 x has a limit backw>d 9 ! mo/ g5]al =ms & conditions1 & =w>d 9 ! mo/ specializ$4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( ! individual & probably also ( ! type1 ( ! _w itself & ( ! univ]se2 & = ?is reason mat]ial nature necess>ily lacks ! et]nity ( its au?or4 ,x appe>s1 f ! above facts & reason+s1 t geology in=ms u--#a4 ,t ! mat]ials ( our exi/+ cont95ts are ( second>y orig91 z di/+ui%$ f primitive or coeval ) ! beg9n+4 #b4 ,t a *ronological ord] ( =mation ( ^! rocks c be made out4 #c4 ,t ! fossil rema9s conta9$ 9 ! rocks con/itute a *ronology ( animal & vegetable exi/5ce4 #d4 ,t ! hi/ory ( ! e>? may be divid$ 9 ?is way into di/9ct p]iods1 all pre-,adamite4 #e4 ,t ! pre-,adamite p]iods 7 ( enorm\s duration4 #f4 ,t dur+ ^! p]iods ! exi/+ g5]al laws ( nature 7 9 =ce1 ?\gh ! dispositions ( inorganic nature 7 diff]5t 9 diff]5t p]iods1 & ! animals & plants ( successive p]iods 7 also diff]5t f ea* o!r4 #g4 ,! introduction ( new species ( animals & ( plants1 :ile indicat+ advance 9 ! p]fection ( nature1 does n prove spontane\s developm5t1 b r a def9ite plan & law ( creation4 ,! p>allelism ( ^! conclusions ( c>eful inductive inquiry into ! /ructure ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ) ! results :i* we h already obta9$ f revelation1 may be summ$ up "u ! foll[+ heads3 #a4 ,scripture & ,sci5ce bo? te/ify to ! great fact t !re 0 a beg9n+--a "t :5 none ( all ! p>ts ( ! fabric ( ! univ]se exi/$2 :5 ! ,self-,exi/5t 0 ! sole occupant ( space4 ,! ,scriptures ann\nce 9 pla9 t]ms ?is great tru?1 & !reby rise at once high above a!ism1 pan!ism1 & mat]ialism1 & lay a broad & sure f\ndation = a pure & spiritual !ology4 ,_h ! p5 ( inspiration writt5 b ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & add$ no m1 ^! words alone w\ld h borne ! impress ( _! heav5ly bir?1 & w\ld1 if receiv$ 9 fai?1 h done mu* = ! progress ( ! human m9d4 ,^! words conta9 a negation ( h]o-wor%ip1 />-wor%ip1 animal-wor%ip1 & e o!r =m ( idolatry4 ,!y /ill m emphatically d5y a!ism & mat]ialism1 & po9t upw>d f nature to its spiritual ,creator--! ,"o1 ! ,triune1 ! ,et]nal1 ! ,self-,exi/5t1 ! ,all-,p]vad+1 ! ,almighty4 ,!y call ^u u1 z ) a voice ( ?und]1 to b[ d[n be=e t ,awful ,be+ ( :om x c be said t he creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,!y ?us embody ! :ole ess5ce ( natural !ology1 & mo/ appropriately /& at ! entrance ( ,holy ,scripture1 ref]r+ u to ! works :i* m5 behold1 z ! visible manife/ation ( ! attributes ( ! ,be+ ^: spiritual nature is unveil$ 9 revelation4 ,scripture ?us beg9s ) ! ann\ncem5t ( a great ultimate fact1 to :i* sci5ce conducts u ) b sl[ & timid /eps4 ,yet sci5ce1 & especially geological sci5ce1 c be> witness to ?is great tru?4 ,! mat]iali/1 reason+ on ! fanci$ /ability ( natural ?+s1 & _! inscription )9 inv>iable laws1 concludes t matt] mu/ be et]nal4 ,no1 replies ! geologi/1 c]ta9ly n 9 its pres5t =m4 ,?is is b ( rec5t orig91 & 0 prec$$ by o!r arrangem5ts4 ,e exi/+ species c be trac$ back to a "t :5 x 0 n2 s c ! exi/+ cont95ts1 m\nta9s1 & seas4 ,"u our processes ( inve/igation ! pres5t melts away l a dream1 & we are l&$ on ! %ores ( pa/ & unkn[n worlds4 ,b ,i read1 says ! objector1 t y c see no evid5ce ( a beg9n+1 no prospect ( an end4 ,x is true1 answ]s geology2 b1 9 s say+1 x is n int5d$ t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s _h n an asc]ta9$ beg9n+1 b t !re has be5 a great &1 s f> z we "k1 unlimit$ s]ies ( *anges c>ri$ on "u ! guidance ( intellig5ce4 ,^! *anges we h trac$ back v f>1 )\t be+ able to say t we h rea*$ ! fir/4 ,we c trace back man & 8 contempor>ies to _! orig91 & we c rea* ! po9ts at :i* /ill old] dyna/ies ( life began to exi/4 ,kn[+1 !n1 t all ^! _h a beg9n+1 we inf] t if o!rs prec$$ !m !y also _h a beg9n+4 ,b1 says ano!r objector1 is n ! pres5t ! *ild ( ! pa/8 ,are n all ! creatures t inhabit ! e>? ! l9eal desc5dants ( creatures ( pa/ p]iods1 or may n ! :ole be p>ts ( "o cont9ual succession1 "u ! op]ation ( an et]nal law ( developm5t8 ,no1 answ]s geology1 species are immutable1 except )9 n>r[ limits1 & d n pass into ea* o!r1 9 trac+ !m t[>d _! orig94 ,on ! contr>y1 !y appe> at once 9 _! mo/ p]fect /ate1 & cont9ue un*ang$ till !y are =c$ (f ! /age ( exi/5ce to give place to o!r creatures4 ,! orig9 ( species is a my/]y1 & belongs to no natural law t has yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,?us1 !n1 /&s ! case at pres5t4 ,scripture ass]ts a beg9n+ & a creation4 ,sci5ce admits ^!1 z f> z ! objects ) :i* x is conv]sant ext5d1 & ! notions ( et]nal succession & spontane\s developm5t1 disc\nt5anc$ bo? by !ology & sci5ce1 are oblig$ to take refuge 9 ^? mi/y regions :]e mod]n philosophical skepticism consorts ) ! %ades ( dep>t$ hea!nism4#adh #b4 ,bo? records exhibit ! progressive "* ( creation1 & 9 mu* ! same aspect4 ,! ,almighty might h call$ into exi/5ce1 by "o s+le mom5t>y act1 a _w complete 9 all its p>ts4 ,f bo? ,scripture & geology we "k t he has n done s--:y we ne$ n inquire1 ?\gh we c see t ! process employ$ 0 t be/ adapt$ to %[ =? ! v>iety ( 8 res\rces & ! inf9itely v>i$ elem5ts t ent] into ! p]fect :ole4 ,! ,scripture hi/ory may be view$ z divid+ ! progress ( ! creation into two great p]iods1 ! lat] ( :i* only is embrac$ 9 ! geological record4 ,! fir/ comm5ces ) ! orig9al *aos1 & rea*es to ! completion ( inorganic nature on ! f\r? day4 ,_h we any geological records ( ! fir/ ( ^! p]iods1 we %\ld p]ceive ! evid5ces ( sl[ mutations1 t5d+ to ! sort+ & arrangem5t ( ! mat]ials ( ! e>?1 & to produce di/9ct light & d>kness1 sea & l&1 atmosph]e & cl\d1 out ( :at 0 orig9ally a mixture ( ! :ole4 ,we %\ld also1 accord+ to ! ,scriptural record1 f9d ?is p]iod int]lock+ ) ! next1 by ! int]v5tion ( a great vegetable creation1 be=e ! f9al adju/m5t ( ! e>?'s relations to ! o!r bodies ( our sy/em4 ,! second p]iod is t ( ! creative developm5t ( animal life4 ,f bo? records we le>n t v>i\s ranks or gradations exi/$ f ! fir/ introduction ( animals2 b t on ! e>li] /ages only c]ta9 ( ! l[] =ms ( animals 7 pres5t2 t ^! soon atta9$ _! highe/ po9t1 & !n gradually1 on ea* succe$+ plat=m1 ! v>iety ( nature 9 its high]--! v]tebrate--=m increas$1 & ! upp] m>g9 ( animal life atta9$ a m & m elevat$ po9t1 culm9at+ at l5g? 9 man2 :ile c]ta9 ( ! old] =ms 7 dropp$1 z no long] requir$4 ,9 ! olde/ fossilif]\s rocks next to ! ,eozoic1 :i* s f> h af=d$ only ,protozoa--e4 g41 ! ,cambrian & ,l[] ,silurian--we f9d ! mollusca repres5t$ ma9ly by _! highe/ & l[e/ classes1 by allies ( ! cuttle-fi% & nautilus1 & by ! l[e/ bivalve %ell-fi%es4 ,! ,articulata are repres5t$ by ! highe/ m>9e class--! cru/aceans--& by ! l[e/--! worms1 :i* h left _! m>ks on "s ( ! l[e/ fossilif]\s b$s4 ,! ,radiata1 9 l mann]1 are repres5t$ by species ( _! highe/ class--! />fi%es1 etc4--& by "s ( _! simpl] polyp =ms4 ,at ! v beg9n+1 !n1 ( ! fossilif]\s s]ies1 ! ?ree l[] sub-k+doms exhibit species ( _! mo/ elevat$ aquatic classes1 ?\gh n ( ! v highe/ ord]s 9 ^? classes4 ,! v]tebrat$ sub-k+dom has1 z f> z yet kn[n1 no repres5tative 9 ^! l[e/ b$s4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,silurian s]ies1 h[ev]1 we f9d rema9s ( fi%es2 & 9 ! succe$+ ,devonian & c>bonif]\s rocks ! fi%es rise to ! highe/ /ructures ( _! class2 & we f9d sev]al species ( reptiles1 repres5t+ ! next ( ! v]tebrat$ classes 9 asc5d+ ord]4 ,"h a v rem>kable fact meets u4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod ! ?ree l[] sub-k+doms & ! fi%es _h already atta9$ ! highe/ p]fection ( :i* _! types are capable4 ,multitudes ( new species & g5]a 7 add$ subsequ5tly1 b none ( !m ris+ high] 9 ! scale ( organization ?an ^? :i* occur 9 ! ,palaeozoic rocks4 ,!nce=? ! progressive improvem5t ( ! animal k+dom consi/$ 9 ! addition1 fir/ ( ! reptile1 :i* atta9$ its highe/ p]fection & importance 9 ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 & !n ( ! bird & mammal1 :i* did n atta9 _! highe/ =ms till ! ,mod]n p]iod4 ,?is geological ord] ( animal life1 x is sc>cely necess>y to add1 agrees p]fectly ) t sket*$ by ,moses1 9 :i* ! l[] types are complet$ at once1 & ! progress is :olly 9 ! high]4 ,9 ! inspir$ n>rative we h already notic$ "s peculi>ities1 z1 = in/ance1 ! e>ly appe>ance ( a highly develop$ flora1 & ! special m5tion ( great reptiles 9 ! "w ( ! fif? day1 :i* correspond ) ! significant fact t high types ( /ructure appe>$ at ! v introduction ( ea* new gr\p ( organiz$ be+s--a fact :i*1 m ?an any o!r 9 geology1 %[s t1 9 ! organic dep>tm5t1 elevation has always be5 a /rictly creative "w1 & t !re is 9 ! con/itution ( animal species no innate t5d5cy to elevation1 b t on ! contr>y we %\ld r suspect a t5d5cy to deg5]acy & ultimate disappe>ance1 requir+ t ! fiat ( ! ,creator %\ld aft] a "t g out aga9 to r5ew ! face ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! natural z 9 ! moral _w1 ! only law ( progress is ! w & ! p[] ( ,god4 ,9 "o s5se1 h[ev]1 progress 9 ! organic _w has be5 dep5d5t on1 ?\gh n caus$ by1 progress 9 ! inorganic4 ,we see 9 geology _m gr\nds = believ+ t ea* new tribe ( animals or plants 0 introduc$ j z ! e>? became fitt$ = x2 & ev5 9 ! pres5t _w we see t regions compos$ ( ! m anci5t rocks1 & n modifi$ by subsequ5t di/urbances1 pres5t few ( ! means ( support = man & ! high] animals2 :ile ^? di/ricts 9 :i* v>i\s revolutions ( ! e>? h accumulat$ f]tile soils or deposit$ useful m9]als are ! *ief seats ( civilization & population4 ,9 l mann] we "k t ^? regions :i* ! ,bible in=ms u 7 ! cradle ( ! human race & ! seats ( ! olde/ nations are geologically among ! mo/ rec5t p>ts ( ! exi/+ cont95ts1 & 7 no d\bt select$ by ! ,creator p>tly on t acc\nt = ! bir?place ( man4 ,we ?us f9d t ! ,bible & ! geologi/s are agre$ n only z to ! fact & ord] ( progress1 b also z to its mann] & use4 #c4 ,bo? records agree 9 affirm+ t s9ce ! beg9n+ !re has be5 b "o great sy/em ( nature4 ,we c imag9e x to h be5 o!rwise4 ,our exi/+ nature might h be5 prec$$ by a /ate ( ?+s hav+ no connection ) x4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! e>?'s surface might h be5 altoge!r diff]5t2 races ( creatures might h exi/$ hav+ no aff9ity ) or resemblance to ^? ( ! pres5t _w1 & we might h be5 able to trace no pres5t b5eficial consequ5ces z fl[+ f ^! pa/ /ates ( our planet4 ,_h geology made su* revelations z ^!1 ! consequ5ces 9 relation to natural !ology & ! cr$ibility ( ,scripture w\ld h be5 mom5t\s4 ,! ,mosaic n>rative c\ld sc>cely1 9 t case1 h be5 int]pret$ 9 su* a mann] z to accord ) geological conclusions4 ,! que/ions w\ld h aris5--,are !re m creative ,p[]s ?an "o8 ,if "o1 is ,he an imp]fect or caprici\s be+ :o *anges 8 plans ( op]ation8 ,! div9e au?ority ( ! ,scriptures1 z well z ! unity & p]fections ( ,god1 might ?us h be5 involv$ 9 s]i\s d\bts4 ,happily = u1 !re is no?+ ( ?is k9d 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?2 z !re is manife/ly no?+ ( x 9 t :i* is reveal$ 9 ,scripture4 ,9 ! ,scripture n>rative ea* act ( creation prep>es = ! o!rs1 & 9 its consequ5ces ext5ds to !m all4 ,! inspir$ writ] ann\nces ! introduction ( ea* new "p ( creation1 & !n leaves x )\t any ref]5ce to ! v>i\s phases :i* x assum$ z ! "w advanc$4 ,9 ! gr& g5]al view :i* he takes1 ! l& & seas fir/ made repres5t ^? ( all ! foll[+ p]iods4 ,s d ! fir/ plants1 ! fir/ inv]tebrate animals1 ! fir/ fi%es1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals4 ,he ?us assures u t1 h[ev] long ! p]iods repres5t$ by days ( creation1 ! sy/em ( nature 0 "o f ! beg9n+4 ,9 l mann] 9 ! geological record ea* ( ! successive conditions ( ! e>? is relat$ to ^? :i* prec$e & ^? :i* foll[1 z "p ( a s]ies4 ,s also a uni=m plan ( con/ruction p]vades organic nature1 & uni=m laws ! inorganic _w 9 all p]iods4 ,we c ?us include 9 "o sy/em ( natural hi/ory all animals & plants1 fossil z well z rec5t1 & c resolve all inorganic *anges into ! op]ation ( exi/+ laws4 ,! =m] ( ^! facts is 9 its nature s rem>kable z almo/ to w>rant ! belief ( special design4 ,naturali/s _h arrang$ ! exi/+ animals & plants1 )\t any ref]5ce to fossil species1 9 k+doms1 sub-k+doms1 classes1 ord]s1 families1 & g5]a4 ,geological rese>* has add$ a va/ numb] ( species n n[ exi/+ 9 a liv+ /ate2 yet all ^! fossils c be ins]t$ )9 ! limits ( recogniz$ gr\ps4 ,we d n require to add a new k+dom1 sub-k+dom1 or class2 b1 on ! contr>y1 all ! fossil g5]a & species g into ! exi/+ divisions1 9 su* a mann] z to fill !m up precisely :]e !y are mo/ defici5t1 ?us occupy+ :at w\ld o!rwise be gaps 9 ! exi/+ sy/em ( nature4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty :i* !y occasion to ! zoologi/ & botani/ is t1 by fill+ ! int]vals betwe5 g5]a previ\sly widely sep>at$1 !y give to ! :ole a degree ( cont9uity :i* r5d]s x m difficult to decide :]e ! b\nd>ies sep>at+ ! gr\ps %\ld be plac$4 ,we also f9d t ! animals & plants ( ! e>li] p]iods (t5 comb9$ 9 "o =m p[]s & prop]ties aft]w>d sep>at$ 9 di/9ct gr\ps2 ?us 9 ! e>li] =mations ! sauroid fi%es unite peculi>ities aft]w>d divid$ betwe5 ! fi% & reptiles1 con/itut+ :at ,agassiz has call$ a syn!tic type4 ,aga91 ! s]ies ( creatures 9 "t accords ) ! ranks :i* a /udy ( _! types ( /ructure induces ! naturali/ to assign !m 9 8 sy/em2 & also )9 ea* ( ! great sub-k+doms pres5ts _m po9ts ( accordance ) ! progress ( ! embryonic developm5t ( ! individual animal4 ,nor is ?is contradictory to ! /atem5t t ! e>li] repres5tatives ( types are (t5 ( high & p]fect organization1 = ! progress bo? 9 geological "t & 9 ! life ( ! individual is s mu* "o ( specialization t an immature animal (t5 pres5ts po9ts ( aff9ity to high] =ms t disappe> 9 ! adult4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 e>li] organic =ms (t5 appe> to =e%ad[ & pr$ict o!rs t are to succe$ !m 9 "t1 z ! w+$ & m>9e reptiles ( ! ,mesozoic =e%ad[ ! birds & cetaceans4 ,agassiz has admirably illu/rat$ ^! l9ks ( connection betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t 9 ! essay on classification prefix$ to 8 ,contributions to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ref]5ce to prophetic types1 he says3 ,!y appe> n[ l a prophecy 9 ^? e>li] times ( an ord] ( ?+s n possible ) ! e>li] comb9ations !n prevail+ 9 ! animal k+dom1 b exhibit+ 9 a lat] p]iod 9 a /rik+ mann] ! antec$5t consid]ation ( e /ep 9 ! gradation ( animals4 #d4 ,! p]iods into :i* geology divides ! hi/ory ( ! e>? are diff]5t f ^? ( ,scripture1 yet :5 prop]ly und]/ood !re is a m>k$ correspond5ce4 ,geology ref]s only to ! fif? & six? days ( creation1 or1 at mo/1 to ^! ) p>ts ( ! f\r? & sev5?1 & x divides ?is portion ( ! "w into sev]al eras1 f\nd$ on alt]nations ( rock =mations & *anges 9 organic rema9s4 ,! nature ( geological evid5ce r5d]s x probable t _m app>5tly well-m>k$ breaks 9 ! *a9 may result m]ely f defici5cy 9 ! pres]v$ rema9s2 & consequ5tly t :at appe> to ! geologi/ to be v di/9ct p]iods may 9 reality run toge!r4 ,! only natural divisions t ,scripture tea*es u to look = are ^? betwe5 ! fif? & six? days1 & ^? :i* )9 ^! days m>k ! introduction ( new animal =ms1 z1 = in/ance1 ! great reptiles ( ! fif? day4 ,we h already se5 t ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? day c be ref]r$ almo/ ) c]ta9ty to ! ,palaeozoic p]iod4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! six? day may ) ne>ly equal c]ta9ty be ref]r$ to t ( ! ,t]ti>y era4 ,! introduction ( great reptiles & birds 9 ! fif? day syn*ronizes & corresponds ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod2 & t ( man at ! close ( ! six? day ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,mod]n era 9 geology4 ,^! f\r great co9cid5ces are s mu* m ?an we c\ld h expect$1 9 records s v diff]5t 9 _! nature & orig91 t we ne$ n pause to se>* = o!rs ( a m obscure "*4 ,x may be well to introduce "h a tabul> view ( ?is correspond5ce betwe5 ! geological & ,biblical p]iods1 ext5d+ x z f> z ei!r record c c>ry u1 & ?us giv+ a complete g5]al view ( ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! _w z d$uc$ f revelation & sci5ce4 ,9 comp>+ ?is table ) t on page #ccj1 x w be obs]v$ t ! latt] ref]s to ! la/ half ( ! creative week only1 ! e>li] half be+ occupi$ ) physical *anges :i*1 h[ev] probable inf]5tially1 are n )9 ! scope ( geological obs]vation4 ,,p>allelism ,,( ,,! ,,scriptural ,,cosmogony ,,) ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,& ,,geological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,biblical ,,aeons4 ,,p]iods ,,d$uc$ ,,f ,,sci5tific ,,consid]ations4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! ,beg9n+4 ,creation ( ,matt]4 ,fir/ ,day4--,e>? mantl$ by ,cond5sation ( ,planet>y ,bodies ! ,vapor\s ,deep--,production f a nebul\s mass--,hypo!sis ( ,light4 ( orig9al inc&esc5ce4 ,second ,day4--,e>? cov]$ by ,primitive ,univ]sal ,ocean1 & ! ,wat]s--,=mation ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ,atmosph]ic ,atmosph]e4 equilibrium4 ,?ird ,day4--,em]g5ce ( ,dry ,elevation ( ! l& :i* ,l&--,introduction ( furni%$ ! mat]ials ( ! ,vegetation4 olde/ rocks--,eozoic ,p]iod ( ,geology8 ,f\r? ,day4--,completion ( ! ,metamorphism ( ,eozoic rocks & arrangem5ts ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 di/urbances prec$+ ! ,cambrian epo*--,pres5t arrangem5t ( ,seasons--,dom9ion ( ,exi/+ ,causes beg9s4 ,fif? ,day4--,inv]tebrates & ,palaeozoic ,p]iod--,reign ( ,fi%es1 & aft]w>d great ,inv]tebrates & ,fi%es4 ,reptiles & ,birds creat$4 ,mesozoic ,p]iod--,reign ( ,reptiles4 ,six? ,day4--,introduction ( ,t]ti>y ,p]iod--,reign ( ,mammals4 ,mammals--,creation ( ,man & ,po/-,t]ti>y--,exi/+ ,mammals ,ed5ic ,gr\p ( ,animals4 & ,man4 ,sev5? ,day4--,cessation ( ,"w ,p]iod ( ,human ,hi/ory4 ( ,creation--,fall & ,r$emption ( ,man4 ,eigh? ,day4--,new ,heav5s & ,e>? to succe$ ! ,human ,epo* --,! ,re/ 7,sabba?7 t rema9s to ! ,p ( ,god4 #adi ,note4--,! above table is id5tical ) t publi%$ 9 ,ar*aia 9 #ahfj1 & :i* ! au?or sees no reason n[ to *ange4 #e4 ,9 bo? records ! ocean gives bir? to ! fir/ dry l&1 & x is ! sea t is fir/ inhabit$1 yet bo? lead at lea/ to ! suspicion t a /ate ( igne\s fluidity prec$$ ! primitive univ]sal ocean4 ,9 ,scripture ! orig9al preval5ce ( ! ocean is di/9ctly /at$1 & all geologi/s are agre$ t 9 ! e>ly fossilif]\s p]iods ! sea mu/ h prevail$ mu* m ext5sively ?an at pres5t4 ,scripture also expressly /ates t ! wat]s 7 ! bir?place ( ! e>lie/ animals1 & geology has z yet discov]$ 9 ! :ole ,silurian s]ies no t]re/rial animal1 ?\gh m>9e creatures are extremely abundant2 & ?\gh air-brea?+ creatures are f\nd 9 ! lat] ,palaeozoic1 !y are1 ) ! exception ( insects1 ( t semi-amphibi\s "* :i* is prop] to alluvial flats & ! deltas ( riv]s4 ,x is true t ! negative evid5ce collect$ by geology does n r5d] x altoge!r impossible t t]re/rial animals1 ev5 mammals1 may h exi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods2 yet !re are1 z already po9t$ out1 "s positive indications oppos$ to ?is4 ,! ,scripture1 h[ev]1 commits itself to ! /atem5t t ! high] l& animals did n exi/ s e>ly1 ?\gh x mu/ be obs]v$ t !re is no?+ 9 ! ,mosaic n>rative adv]se to ! exi/5ce ( birds1 insects1 & reptiles 9 ! e>li] ,palaeozoic p]iods4 ,i h said t ! ,bible1 :i* in=ms u ( a univ]sal ocean prec$+ ! exi/5ce ( l&1 also gives indications ( a /ill e>li] p]iod ( igne\s fluidity or gase\s expansion4 ,geology also & a/ronomy h _! reason+s & speculations z to ! preval5ce ( su* conditions4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 bo? records become dim & obscure1 ?\gh x is evid5t t bo? po9t 9 ! same direction1 & comb9e ^? aque\s & igne\s orig9s :i* 9 ! la/ c5tury af=d$ s f]tile gr\nd ( "o-sid$ dispute4 #f4 ,bo? records concur 9 ma9ta9+ :at is usually t]m$ ! doctr9e ( exi/+ causes 9 geology4 ,scripture & geology alike %[ t s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? day1 or ,palaeozoic p]iod1 ! inorganic _w has cont9u$ "u ! dom9ion ( ! same causes t n[ regulate its *anges & processes4 ,! sacr$ n>rative gives no h9t ( any creative int]position 9 ?is dep>tm5t aft] ! f\r? day2 & geology assures u t all ! rocks ) :i* x is acqua9t$ h be5 produc$ by ! same causes t are n[ ?r[+ d[n detritus 9 ! bottom ( ! wat]s1 or br++ up volcanic products f ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,?is gr& g5]alization1 !re=e1 fir/ work$ out 9 mod]n times by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 f a labori\s collection ( ! *anges occurr+ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 01 z a doctr9e ( div9e revelation1 ann\nc$ m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago by ! ,hebrew lawgiv]2 n = sci5tific purposes1 b z a "p ( ! !ology ( ! ,hebrew mono!ism4 #g4 ,bo? records agree 9 assur+ u t dea? prevail$ 9 ! _w ev] s9ce animals 7 introduc$4 ,! puni%m5t ?reat5$ to ,adam1 & consid]ations connect$ ) man's /ate ( innoc5ce1 h l$ to ! belief t ! ,bible tea*es t ! l[] animals1 z well z man1 7 exempt f dea? be=e ! fall4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we f9d ! great tann9im1 or crocodilian reptiles1 creat$ 9 ! fif? day1 & bea/s ( prey on ! six?1 we ne$ ent]ta9 no d\bt on ! subject1 9 s f> z ,scripture is conc]n$4 ,! geological record is equally explicit4 ,c>nivor\s creatures1 ) ! mo/ =midable p[]s ( de/ruction1 h left _! rema9s 9 all p>ts ( ! geological s]ies2 & inde$1 up to ! introduction ( man1 ! c>nivor\s fi%es1 reptiles1 & quadrup$s 7 ! lords & tyrants ( ! e>?4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! introduction ( man 0 ! beg9n+ ( a *ange 9 ?is respect4 ,a creature de/itute ( (f5sive weapons1 & subsi/+ on fruits1 0 to rule by ! p[] ( intellect4 ,z already h9t$1 x is probable t 9 ,ed5 he 0 surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( in(f5sive animals1 & t ^? creatures :i* he _h cause to dread w\ld h disappe>$ z he ext5d$ 8 dom9ion4 ,9 ?is way ! law ( viol5t dea? & de/ruction :i* prevail$ "u ! dyna/ies ( ! fi%1 ! reptile1 & ! c>nivor\s mammif] w\ld ultimately h be5 abrogat$2 & "u ! mild] sway ( man life & peace w\ld h reign$ 9 a mann] to :i* our k ( pre-,adamite & pres5t nature may af=d no adequate key4 ,be ?is z x may1 on ! important po9t ( ! orig9al preval5ce ( dea? among ! l[] animals bo? records are at "o4 #h4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( f9al causes1 z !y h be5 t]m$1 ,scripture & geology unite 9 af=d+ l>ge & int]e/+ views4 ,!y illu/rate ! proc$ure ( ! ,all-wise ,creator dur+ a long succession ( ages1 & ?us enable u to see ! effects ( any ( 8 laws1 n only at "o "t1 b 9 f> di/ant p]iods4 ,to reject ! consid]ation ( ?is peculi>ity ( geological sci5ce w\ld be ! extreme/ folly1 & w\ld involve at once a mis9t]pretation ( ! geologic record & a d5ial ( ! ag5cy ( an intellig5t ,design] z reveal$ 9 ,scripture1 & indicat$ by ! succession ( be+s4 ,_m ( ! pa/ *anges ( ! e>? acquire _! full significance only :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! pres5t wants ( ! e>?'s inhabitants2 & along ! :ole c\rse ( ! geological hi/ory ! creatures t we meet ) are equally ri* 9 ! evid5ces ( nice adaptation to circum/ances & wond]ful contrivances = special ends1 ) _! mod]n repres5tatives4 ,z an example ( ! =m]1 h[ wond]ful is ! connection ( ! great vegetable accumulations ( ! anci5t coal swamps1 & ! b&s & nodules ( iron-/one :i* 7 sep>at$ f ! f]rug9\s s&s or clays 9 _! vic9ity by ! action ( ?is v vegetable matt]1 ) ! :ole fabric ( mod]n civilization1 & especially ) ! prosp]ity ( t race :i*1 9 our "t1 /&s 9 ! front ( ! _w's progress4 ,9 a v anci5t p]iod1 wide swamps & deltas1 teem+ ) vegetable life1 & :i*1 if !y n[ exi/$1 w\ld be b pe/il5t bre$]s ( miasmata1 spread ov] l>ge tracts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 on :i* m>9e animals _h previ\sly accumulat$ ?ick %eets ( lime/one4 ,va/ b$s ( vegetable matt] 7 collect$ by gr[? 9 ^! swamps1 & ! wa/e p>ticles t pass$ (f 9 ! =m ( organic acids 7 employ$ 9 conc5trat+ ! oxide ( iron 9 und]ly+ clays & s&s4 ,9 ! lapse ( ages ! :ole ( ^! accumulations 7 buri$ deep 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?2 & long p]iods succe$$1 :5 ! e>? 0 t5ant$ by reptilian & o!r creatures1 unconsci\s ( ! treasures b5ea? !m4 ,! mod]n p]iod arriv$4 ,! equable climate ( ! coal era _h pass$ away4 ,cont95ts 7 prep>$ = ! resid5ce ( man1 & ! edges ( ! old c>bonif]\s b$s 7 expos$ by subt]ranean movem5ts1 & laid b>e by d5udation4 ,man 0 introduc$1 fell f 8 /ate ( innoc5ce1 & 0 condemn$ to e>n 8 subsi/5ce by ! sweat ( 8 br[2 & n[ = ! fir/ "t appe>s ! use ( ^! buri$ coal swamps4 ,!y n[ af=d at once ! mat]ials ( improvem5t 9 ! arts & ( com=table subsi/5ce 9 extreme climates1 & subjects ( surpass+ int]e/ to ! naturali/4 ,simil> in/ances may be glean$ by ! natural !ologian f ne>ly e "p ( ! geological hi/ory4 ,la/ly4 ,bo? records repres5t man z ! la/ ( ,god's works1 & ! culm9at+-po9t ( ! :ole creation4 ,we h already _h occasion to ref] to ?is z a result ( zoology1 geology1 & ,scriptural exegesis1 & may "h conf9e ourselves to ! moral consequ5ces ( ?is great tru?4 ,man is ! capital ( ! column2 &1 if m>r$ & defac$ by moral evil1 ! symmetry ( ! :ole is to be re/or$1 n by reject+ him altoge!r1 l ! ext9ct species ( ! anci5t _w1 & replac+ him by ano!r1 b by re-ca/+ him 9 ! image ( 8 ,div9e ,r$eem]4 ,man1 ?\gh rec5tly introduc$1 is to exi/ et]nally4 ,he is1 9 "o or ano!r /ate ( be+1 to be witness ( all future *anges ( ! e>?4 ,he has be=e him ! option ( be+ "o ) 8 ,mak]1 & %>+ 9 a future glori\s & f9ally r5ovat$ condition ( our planet1 or ( s9k+ into endless degradation4 ,su* is ! great spiritual drama ( man's fate to be act$ out on ! !atre ( ! _w4 ,e human be+ mu/ play 8 "p 9 x1 & ! pres5t mu/ decide :at t "p %all be4 ,! ,bible bases ^! great =e%ad[+s ( ! future on its own peculi> evid5ce2 yet ,i may v5ture humbly to ma9ta9 t its h>mony ) natural sci5ce1 z f> z ! latt] c asc5d1 gives to ! ,^w ( ,god a pre-em95t claim on ! att5tion ( ! naturali/4 ,! ,bible1 unlike e o!r sy/em ( religi\s doctr9e1 fe>s no inve/igation or discussion4 ,x c\rts ^!4 ,:ile sci5ce1 says a mod]n div9e1#aej is fatal to sup]/ition1 x is =tification to a ,scriptural fai?4 ,! ,bible is ! brave/ ( books4 ,com+ f ,god1 & consci\s ( no?+ b ,god's tru?1 x awaits ! progress ( k ) calm security4 ,x wat*es ! antiqu>y ransack+ among classic ru9s1 & rejoices 9 e m$al he discov]s & e inscription he deciph]s2 = f t ru/y co9 or corrod$ m>ble x expects no?+ b confirmations ( its own v]acity4 ,9 ! unlock+ ( an ,egyptian hi]oglyphic or ! une>?+ ( "s implem5t x hails ! resurrection ( s _m witnesses2 & ) sp>kl+ elation x foll[s ! botani/ z he scales ,m\nt ,lebanon1 or ! zoologi/ z he makes acqua9tance ) ! bea/s ( ! ,syrian des]t2 or ! travell] z he /umbles on a long-lo/ ,petra or ,n9eveh or ,babylon4 ,& f ! m>* ( "t x fe>s no evil1 b calmly abides ! fulfilm5t ( ^? prophecies & ! =?com+ ( ^? ev5ts ) ^: pr$ict$ /ory inspiration has already inscrib$ its page4 ,x is n light b d>kness :i* ! ,bible deprecates2 & if m5 ( piety 7 also m5 ( sci5ce1 & if m5 ( sci5ce 7 to se>* ! ,scriptures1 !re w\ld be m fai? 9 ! e>?1 & also m philosophy4 ,! read] has1 ,i tru/1 f\nd 9 ! prec$+ pages suffici5t evid5ce t ! ,bible has no?+ to dread f ! revelations ( geology1 b mu* to hope 9 ! way ( elucidation ( its mean+ & confirmation ( its tru?4 ,if conv9c$ ( ?is1 ,i tru/ t he w all[ me n[ to ask = ! w>n+s1 promises1 & pr$ictions ( ! ,book ( ,god 8 entire confid5ce2 &1 9 conclusion1 to direct 8 att5tion to ! glori\s prospects :i* x holds =? to ! human race1 & to e individual ( x :o1 9 humility & self-r5unciation1 ca/s himself 9 fai? on t ,div9e ,r$eem] :o is at once ! creator ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & ! bro!r & ! fri5d ( ! p5it5t & ! contrite4 ,t same old book1 :i* c>ries back our view to ^? anci5t conditions ( our planet :i* prec$$ n only ! creation ( man1 b ! e>lie/ p]iods ( :i* sci5ce has cognizance1 likewise c>ries our m9ds =w>d into ! f>!/ dep?s ( futurity1 & %[s t all pres5t ?+s mu/ pass away4 ,x reveals to u a new heav5 & a new e>?1 :i* are to replace ^? n[ exi/+2 :5 ! ,et]nal ,son ( ,god1 ! manife/ation ( ! ,fa!r equally 9 creation & r$emption1 %all come =? conqu]+ & to conqu]1 & %all sweep away into utt] ext9ction all ! blood-/a9$ tyrannies ( ! pres5t e>?1 ev5 z he has swept away ! brute dyna/ies ( ! pre-,adamite _w1 & %all e/abli% a reign ( peace1 ( love1 & ( hol9ess t %all nev] pass away3 :5 ! purifi$ sons ( ,adam1 rejoic+ 9 immortal y\? & happ9ess1 %all be able to look back ) enl>g$ und]/&+s & grateful he>ts on ! :ole hi/ory ( creation & r$emption1 & %all jo9 _! angelic bre?r5 9 ! f9al & m ec/atic repetition ( t hymn ( praise ) :i* ! heav5ly ho/s greet$ ! bir? ( our planet4 ,may ,god 9 8 m]cy grant t he :o writes & !y :o read may /& 9 _! lot at ! end ( ! days & enjoy ! full fruition ( ^! glori\s prospects4 ,,app5dix4 ,a4--,,true ,,& ,,false ,,evolution4 ,! t]m evolution ne$ n 9 itself be a bugbe> on !ological gr\nds4 ,! ,bible writ]s w\ld1 ,i presume1 h no objection to x if und]/ood to mean ! developm5t ( ! plans ( ! ,creator 9 nature4 ,t k9d ( evolution to :i* !y w\ld object1 & to :i* enlight5$ reason also objects1 is ! spontane\s evolution ( no?+ into atoms & =ce1 & ( ^! into all ! wond]ful & complicat$ plan ( nature1 )\t any guid+ m9d4 ,f>!r1 biological & palaeontological sci5ce1 z well z ! ,bible1 object to ! d]ivation ( liv+ ?+s f dead matt] by m]ely natural means1 because ?is c n be prov$ to be possible1 & to ! production ( ! s]ies ( organic =ms f\nd z fossils 9 ! rocks ( ! e>? by ! process ( /ruggle = exi/5ce & survival ( ! fitte/1 because ?is does n suffice to acc\nt = ! complex ph5om5a pres5t$ by ?is succession4 ,) ref]5ce to ! te/imony ( palaeontology1 ,i h 9 o!r publications develop$ ?is v fully2 & w\ld "h m]ely quote ! summ+ up ( ! argum5t1 z giv5 9 my ,address ( #ahge be=e ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce3 ,i h ?us f> said no?+ ( ! be>+ ( ! preval5t ideas ( desc5t ) modification on ?is wond]ful procession ( life4 ,none ( ^! ( c\rse c be expect$ to take u back to ! orig9 ( liv+ be+s2 b !y also fail to expla9 :y s va/ numb]s ( highly organiz$ species /ruggle into exi/5ce simultane\sly 9 "o age & disappe> 9 ano!r2 :y no cont9u\s *a9 ( succession 9 "t c be f\nd gradually bl5d+ species into ea* o!r2 & :y 9 ! natural succession ( ?+s degradation "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions & f9al ext9ction seem to be laws ( organic exi/5ce4 ,x is useless "h to appeal to ! imp]fection ( ! record or to ! movem5ts or migrations ( species4 ,! record is n[ 9 _m important p>ts too complete1 & ! simultane\sness ( ! entrance ( ! faunas & floras too c]ta9ly e/abli%$1 & mov+ species f place to place only evades ! difficulty4 ,! tru? is t su* hypo!ses are at pres5t premature1 & t we require to h l>g] collections ( facts4 ,indep5d5tly ( ?is1 h[ev]1 x appe>s to me t f a philosophical po9t ( view x is extremely probable t all !ories ( evolution z at pres5t appli$ to life are fundam5tally defective 9 be+ too p>tial 9 _! "*2 & p]haps ,i c n bett] gr\p ! rema9d] ( ! facts to :i* ,i wi% to ref] ?an by us+ !m to illu/rate ?is feature ( mo/ ( ! lat] attempts at g5]alization on ?is subject4 ,fir/1 !n1 ^! hypo!ses are too p>tial 9 _! t5d5cy to ref] num]\s & complex ph5om5a to "o cause1 or to a few causes only1 :5 all tru/wor?y analogy w\ld indicate t !y mu/ result f _m concurr5t =ces & det]m9ations ( =ce4 ,we h all no d\bt read ^? +5i\s1 n to say amus+1 speculations 9 :i* "s entomologi/s & botani/s h indulg$ ) ref]5ce to ! mutual relations ( fl[]s & hau/ellate insects4 ,geologically ! facts oblige u to beg9 ) cryptogam\s plants & m&ibulate insects1 & out ( ! desire ( insects = non-exi/5t honey1 & ! adaptations ( plants to ! requirem5ts ( non-exi/5t suctorial app>atus1 we h to evolve ! m>vell\s complexity ( floral =m & color+1 & ! exquisitely delicate app>atus ( ! m\?s ( hau/ellate insects4 ,n[ :5 x is borne 9 m9d t ?is !ory implies a m5tal confusion on our "p precisely simil> to t :i* 9 ! dep>tm5t ( me*anics actuates ! seek]s = p]petual motion1 t we h n ! smalle/ tittle ( evid5ce t ! *anges requir$ h actually occurr$ 9 any "o case1 & t ! ?\s&s ( o!r /ructures & relations ( ! plant & ! insect h to be work$ out by a s]ies ( concurr5t evolutions s complex & absolutely incalculable 9 ! aggregate t ! cycles & epicycles ( ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy 7 *ild's play 9 comp>ison1 we ne$ n wond] t ! common-s5se ( mank9d revolts aga9/ su* fancies1 & t we are accus$ ( attempt+ to con/ruct ! univ]se by me?ods t w\ld baffle ,omnipot5ce itself1 because !y are simply absurd4 ,9 ?is aspect ( !m inde$ su* speculations are necess>ily futile1 because no m9d c grasp all ! complexities ( ev5 any "o case1 & x is useless to foll[ out an imag9>y l9e ( developm5t :i* unexpla9$ facts mu/ contradict at e /ep4 ,?is is also no d\bt ! reason :y all rec5t attempts at con/ruct+ ',phylog5ies' are s *angeable1 & :y no two exp]ts c agree ab\t ! details ( any ( !m4 ,a second aspect 9 :i* su* speculations are too p>tial is 9 ! unw>rant$ use :i* !y make ( analogy4 ,x is n unusual to f9d su* analogies z t betwe5 ! embryonic developm5t ( ! individual animal & ! succession ( animals 9 geological "t plac$ on a level ) t reason+ f analogy by :i* geologi/s apply mod]n causes to expla9 geological =mations4 ,no claim c\ld be m unf\nd$4 ,:5 ! geologi/ /udies anci5t lime/ones built up ( ! rema9s ( corals1 & !n applies ! ph5om5a ( mod]n coral reefs to expla9 _! orig91 he br+s ! latt] to be> on ! =m] by an analogy :i* includes n m]ely ! app>5t results1 b ! causes at "w1 & ! conditions ( _! action1 & x is on ?is t ! validity ( 8 comp>ison dep5ds1 9 s f> z x relates to simil>ity ( mode ( =mation4 ,b :5 we comp>e ! developm5t ( an animal f an embryo cell ) ! progress ( animals 9 "t1 ?\gh we h a curi\s analogy z to ! /eps ( ! process1 ! conditions & causes at "w are kn[n to be altoge!r dissimil>1 & !re=e we h no evid5ce :atev] z to id5tity ( cause1 & our reason+ becomes at once ! mo/ transp>5t ( fallacies4 ,f>!r1 we h no "r "h to ov]look ! fact t ! conditions ( ! embryo are det]m9$ by ^? ( a previ\s adult1 & t no soon] does ?is h]$it>y pot5tiality produce a new adult animal ?an ! t]rible ext]nal ag5cies ( ! physical _w1 9 pres5ce ( :i* all life exi/s1 beg9 to tell on ! organism1 & aft] a /ruggle ( long] or %ort] duration x succumbs to dea?1 & its sub/ance returns into inorganic nature--a law f :i* ev5 ! long] life ( ! species does n seem to exempt x4 ,all ?is is s pla9 & manife/ t x is extraord9>y t evolutioni/s w cont9ue to use su* p>tial & imp]fect argum5ts4 ,ano!r example may be tak5 f t application ( ! doctr9e ( natural selection to expla9 ! introduction ( species 9 geological "t1 :i* is s elaborately discuss$ by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell 9 ! la/ edition ( 8 ',pr9ciples ( ,geology4' ,! great geologi/ evid5tly leans /rongly to ! !ory1 & claims = x ! 'highe/ degree ( probability2' yet he p]ceives t !re is a s]i\s gap 9 x1 s9ce no mod]n fact has ev] prov$ ! orig9 ( a new species by modification4 ,su* a gap1 if x exi/$ 9 ^? gr& analogies by :i* we expla9 geological =mations ?r\gh mod]n causes1 w\ld be admitt$ to be fatal4 ,a ?ird illu/ration ( ! p>tial "* ( ^! hypo!ses may be tak5 f ! use made ( ! !ory d$uc$ f mod]n physical discov]ies1 t life mu/ be m]ely a product ( ! cont9u\s op]ation ( physical laws4 ,! assumption1 = x is no?+ m1 t ! ph5om5a ( life are produc$ m]ely by "s arrangem5t ( physical =ces1 ev5 if x be admitt$ to be true1 gives only a p>tial explanation ( ! possible orig9 ( life4 ,x does n acc\nt = ! fact t life z a =ce or comb9ation ( =ces is set 9 antagonism to all o!r =ces4 ,x does n acc\nt = ! m>vell\s connection ( life ) organization4 ,x does n acc\nt = ! det]m9ation & arrangem5t ( =ces impli$ 9 life4 ,a v simple illu/ration may make ?is pla94 ,if ! problem to be solv$ 7 ! orig9 ( ! m>9]'s compass1 "o might ass]t t x is :olly a physical arrangem5t bo? z to matt] & =ce4 ,ano!r might ass]t t x involves m9d & intellig5ce 9 addition4 ,9 "s s5se bo? w\ld be "r4 ,! prop]ties ( magnetic =ce & ( iron or /eel are purely physical1 & x might ev5 be )9 ! b\nds ( possibility t some:]e 9 ! univ]se a mass ( natural load/one may h be5 s balanc$ z to sw+ 9 h>mony ) ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,yet we w\ld surely be reg>d$ z v cr$ul\s if we c\ld be induc$ to believe t ! m>9]'s compass has orig9at$ 9 t way4 ,?is argum5t applies ) a ?\s&fold great] =ce to ! orig9 ( life1 :i* involves ev5 9 its simple/ =ms s _m m adju/m5ts ( =ce & s mu* m complex ma*9]y4 ,f\r?ly1 ^! hypo!ses are p>tial1 inasmu* z !y fail to acc\nt = ! va/ly v>i$ & correlat$ int]dep5d5cies ( natural ?+s & =ces1 & = ! unity ( plan :i* p]vades ! :ole4 ,^! c be expla9$ only by tak+ into ! acc\nt ano!r elem5t f )\t4 ,ev5 :5 x pr(esses to admit ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 ! evolutioni/ reason+ ( our day cont5ts itself altoge!r ) ! physical or visible univ]se1 & leaves entirely out ( sight ! p[] ( ! unse5 & spiritual1 z if ?is 7 some?+ ) :i* sci5ce has no?+ to d1 b :i* belongs only to imag9ation or s5tim5t4 ,s mu* has ?is be5 ! case1 t :5 rec5tly a few physici/s & naturali/s h turn$ to ?is aspect ( ! case1 !y h seem$ to be tea*+ new & />tl+ tru?s1 ?\gh only reviv+ "s ( ! olde/ & mo/ p]man5t ideas ( our race4 ,f ! dawn ( human ?\ght x has be5 ! conclusion alike ( philosoph]s1 !ologians1 & ! common-s5se ( mank9d t ! se5 c be expla9$ only by ref]5ce to ! unse51 & t any m]ely physical !ory ( ! _w is necess>ily p>tial4 ,?is1 too1 is ! position ( our sacr$ ,scriptures1 & is broadly /at$ 9 _! op5+ v]se2 & inde$ x lies alike at ! basis ( all true religion & all s\nd philosophy1 = x mu/ necess>ily be t '! ?+s t are se5 are temporal1 ! ?+s t are unse5 et]nal4' ,) ref]5ce to ! primal aggregation ( en]gy 9 ! visible univ]se1 ) ref]5ce to ! introduction ( life1 ) ref]5ce to ! s\l ( man1 ) ref]5ce to ! heav5ly gifts ( g5ius & prophecy1 ) ref]5ce to ! introduction ( ! ,savi\r himself into ! _w1 & ) ref]5ce to ! spiritual gifts & graces ( ,god's p--all ^! spr+ n f sporadic acts ( int]v5tion1 b f ! cont9u\s action ( ,god & ! unse5 _w1 & ?is we mu/ nev] =get is ! true ideal ( creation 9 ,scripture & 9 s\nd !ology4 ,only 9 su* exceptional & little influ5tial philosophies z t ( ,democritus1 & 9 ! speculations ( a few m5 c>ri$ (f _! balance by ! brilliant physical discov]ies ( our age1 has ?is necess>ily p>tial & imp]fect view be5 adopt$4 ,nev]1 inde$1 0 its imp]fection m cle> ?an 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,geology1 by trac+ back all pres5t ?+s to _! orig91 0 ! fir/ sci5ce to e/abli% on a basis ( obs]v$ facts ! necessity ( a beg9n+ & end ( ! _w4 ,b ev5 physical sci5ce n[ tea*es u t ! visible _w is a va/ ma*9e = ! dissipation ( en]gy2 t ! processes go+ on 9 x mu/ h _h a beg9n+ 9 "t1 & t all ?+s t5d to a f9al & helpless equilibrium4 ,?is necessity implies an unse5 p[]1 an invisible univ]se1 9 :i* ! visible univ]se mu/ h orig9at$1 & to :i* its en]gy is ev] return+4 ,! hiatus betwe5 ! se5 & ! unse5 may be bridg$ ov] by ! conceptions ( atomic vortices ( =ce1 & by ! univ]sal & cont9u\s e!r2 b :e!r or n1 x has become cle> t ! conception ( ! unse5 z exi/+ has become necess>y to our belief 9 ! possible exi/5ce ( ! physical univ]se itself1 ev5 )\t tak+ life into ! acc\nt4 ,x is 9 ! doma9 ( life1 h[ev]1 t ?is necessity becomes mo/ app>5t2 & x is 9 ! plant t we fir/ cle>ly p]ceive a visible te/imony to t unse5 :i* is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! se54 ,life 9 ! plant opposes ! outw>d ru% ( =ce 9 our sy/em1 arre/s a "p ( x on its way1 fixes x z pot5tial en]gy1 & ?us1 =m+ a m]e eddy1 s to speak1 9 ! process ( dissipation ( en]gy1 x accumulates t on :i* animal life & man himself may subsi/1 & ass]ts = a "t supremacy ov] ! se5 & temporal on behalf ( ! unse5 & et]nal4 ,i say = a "t1 because life is1 9 ! visible univ]se1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 b a tempor>y exception1 introduc$ f t unse5 _w :]e x is no long] ! exception1 b ! et]nal rule4 ,9 a /ill high] s5se1 !n1 ?an t 9 :i* matt] & =ce te/ify to a ,creator1 organization & life1 :e!r 9 ! plant1 ! animal1 or man1 be> ! same te/imony1 & exi/ z outpo/s put =? 9 ! succession ( ages f t high] heav5 t surr\nds ! visible univ]se4 ,9 !m1 too1 ,almighty p[] is no d\bt condition$ or limit$ by law1 yet !y be> m di/9ctly ^u !m ! impress ( _! ,mak]2 &1 :ile all explanations ( ! physical univ]se :i* refuse to recognize its spiritual & unse5 orig9 mu/ necess>ily be p>tial & 9 ! end incompreh5sible1 ?is de/9y falls m quickly & surely on ! attempt to acc\nt = life & its succession on m]ely mat]iali/ic pr9ciples4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ rem9d y t creation1 z ma9ta9$ aga9/ su* mat]iali/ic evolution1 :e!r by !ology1 philosophy1 or ,holy ,scripture1 is necess>ily a cont9u\s1 nay1 an et]nal influ5ce1 n an int]v5tion ( disconnect$ acts4 ,x is ! true cont9uity1 :i* includes & b9ds toge!r all o!r cont9uity4 ,x is "h t natural sci5ce meets ) !ology1 n z an antagoni/1 b z a fri5d & ally 9 its "t ( greate/ ne$2 & ,i mu/ "h record my belief t nei!r m5 ( sci5ce nor !ologians h a "r to sep>ate :at ,god 9 ,holy ,scripture has jo9$ toge!r1 or to build up a wall betwe5 nature & religion1 & write ^u x 'no ?or\ghf>e4' ,! sci5ce t does ?is mu/ be impot5t to expla9 nature1 & )\t hold on ! high] s5tim5ts ( man4 ,! !ology t does ?is mu/ s9k into m]e sup]/ition4 ,9 conclusion1 c we =mulate a few ( ! g5]al laws1 or p]haps ,i _h bett] call !m g5]al conclusions1 respect+ life1 9 :i* all palaeontologi/s may agree8 ,p]haps x is n possible to d ?is at pres5t satisfactorily1 b ! attempt may d no h>m4 ,we may1 !n1 ,i ?9k1 make ! foll[+ affirmations3 #a4 ,! exi/5ce ( life & organization on ! e>? is n et]nal1 nor ev5 coeval ) ! beg9n+ ( ! physical univ]se1 b may possibly date f ,laur5tian or imm$iately pre-,laur5tian times4 #b4 ,! introduction ( new species ( animals & plants has be5 a cont9u\s process1 n necess>ily 9 ! s5se ( d]ivation ( "o species f ano!r1 b 9 ! high] s5se ( ! cont9u$ op]ation ( ! cause or causes :i* introduc$ life at fir/4 ,?is1 z already /at$1 ,i take to be ! true !ological or ,scriptural z well z sci5tific idea ( :at we ord9>ily & some:at loosely t]m creation4 #c4 ,?\gh ?us cont9u\s1 ! process has n be5 uni=m2 b p]iods ( rapid production ( species h alt]nat$ ) o!rs 9 :i* _m disappe>$ & few 7 introduc$4 ,?is may h be5 an effect ( physical cycles react+ on ! progress ( life4 #d4 ,species1 l individuals1 h great] en]gy & vitality 9 _! y\ng] /ages1 & rapidly assume all _! v>ietal =ms1 & ext5d !mselves z widely z ext]nal circum/ances w p]mit4 ,l individuals also1 !y h _! p]iods ( old age & decay1 ?\gh ! life ( "s species has be5 ( enorm\s duration 9 comp>ison ) t ( o!rs2 ! diff]5ce appe>+ to be connect$ ) degrees ( adaptation to diff]5t conditions ( life4 #e4 ,_m alli$ species1 con/itut+ gr\ps ( animals & plants1 h made _! appe>ance at once 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?1 & ^! gr\ps h obey$ ! same laws ) ! individual & ! species 9 culm9at+ rapidly1 & !n sl[ly dim9i%+1 ?\gh a l>ge gr\p once introduc$ has r>ely disappe>$ altoge!r4 #f4 ,gr\ps ( species1 z g5]a & ord]s1 d n usually beg9 ) _! highe/ or l[e/ =ms1 b ) int]m$iate & g5]aliz$ types1 & !y %[ a capacity = bo? elevation & degradation 9 _! subsequ5t hi/ory4 #g4 ,! hi/ory ( life pres5ts a progress f ! l[] to ! high]1 & f ! simpl] to ! m complex1 & f ! m g5]aliz$ to ! m specializ$4 ,9 ?is progress new types are introduc$ & take ! place ( ! old] ones1 :i* s9k to a relatively subord9ate place & become ?us degrad$4 ,b ! physical & organic *anges h be5 s correlat$ & adju/$ t life has n only always ma9ta9$ its exi/5ce1 b has be5 enabl$ to assume m complex =ms1 & t old] =ms h be5 made to prep>e ! way = new]1 s t !re has be5 on ! :ole a /eady elevation culm9at+ 9 man himself4 ,elevation & specialization h1 h[ev]1 be5 secur$ at ! exp5se ( vital en]gy & range ( adaptation1 until ! new elem5t ( a rational & inv5tive nature 0 introduc$ 9 ! case ( man4 #h4 ,9 reg>d to ! l>g] & m di/9ct types1 we c n f9d evid5ce t !y h1 9 _! introduction1 be5 prec$$ by simil> =ms connect+ !m ) previ\s gr\ps2 b !re is reason to believe t _m suppos$ repres5tative species 9 successive =mations are really only races or v>ieties4 #i4 ,9 s f> z we c trace _! hi/ory1 specific types are p]man5t 9 _! *>act]s f _! introduction to _! ext9ction1 & _! e>li] v>ietal =ms are simil> to _! lat] ones4 #aj4 ,palaeontology furni%es no direct evid5ce1 p]haps nev] c furni% any1 z to ! actual trans=mation ( "o species into ano!r1 or z to ! actual circum/ances ( creation ( a species1 b ! drift ( its te/imony is to %[ t species come 9 p] saltum1 r ?an by any sl[ & gradual process4 #aa4 ,! orig9 & hi/ory ( life c n1 any m ?an ! orig9 & det]m9ation ( matt] & =ce1 be expla9$ on purely mat]ial gr\nds1 b involve ! consid]ation ( p[] ref]able to ! unse5 & spiritual _w4 ,diff]5t m9ds may /ate ^! pr9ciples 9 diff]5t ways1 b ,i believe t1 9 s f> z palaeontology is conc]n$1 9 sub/ance !y mu/ hold good1 at lea/ z /eps to high] tru?s4 ,b4--,,evolution ,,& ,,creation ,,by ,,law4 ,evolutioni/ writ]s h a great horror ( :at !y t]m int]v5tion4 ,b !y %\ld be in=m$ t ! idea ( a plann+ ,creator does n involve int]v5tion 9 an extraord9>y or miracul\s s5se1 any m ?an :at we call ! ord9>y op]ations ( nature4 ,x is a common b *ildi% prejudice t e discov]y ( a second>y cause dim9i%es s mu* ( :at is to be ref]r$ to ! ag5cy ( ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* discov]ies m]ely aid u 9 compreh5d+ ! mann] ( 8 action4 ,b :5 evolutioni/s1 9 _! zeal to get rid ( creative int]v5tion1 trace all ?+s to ! int]action ( ins5sate causes1 !y fall into ! absurdity ( believ+ 9 absolute unmitigat$ *ance z ! cause ( p]fect ord]4 ,evid5ces ( ?is may be f\nd by ! score 9 ,d>w9's works on ! orig9 ( species4 ,i quote1 h[ev]1 f ano!r & usually cle> ?9k]1 ,wallace1 9 a review ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll's ,reign ( ,law1 :i* appe>$ "s ye>s ago1 b repres5ts v well ?is phase ( ?\ght3 ',x is curi\s1' says ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 'to obs]ve ! language :i* ?is mo/ advanc$ disciple ( pure naturalism ,mr4 ,d>w9 in/9ctively uses1 :5 he has to describe ! complicat$ /ructure ( ?is curi\s ord] ( plants ! ,or*ids4 ,caution 9 ascrib+ int5tions to nature does n seem to occur to him z possible4 ,int5tion is ! "o ?+ :i* he does see1 & :i*1 :5 he does n see1 he seeks = dilig5tly until he f9ds x4 ,he exhau/s e =m ( words & ( illu/ration by :i* int5tion or m5tal purpose c be describ$4 ',contrivance'--'curi\s contrivance'--'beautiful contrivance'--^! are expressions :i* occur ov] & ov] aga94 ,"h is "o s5t5ce describ+ ! p>ts ( a p>ticul> species3 '! labellum is develop$ into a long nect>y1 9 ord] to attract lepidopt]a1 & we %all pres5tly give reason = suspect+ t ! nect> is purposely s lodg$ t x c be suck$ only sl[ly1 9 ord] to give "t = ! curi\s *emical quality ( ?is viscid matt] sett+ h>d & dry4' ,_m o!r examples ( simil> expressions are quot$ by ! duke1 :o ma9ta9s t no explanation ( ^! contrivances has be5 or c be giv51 except on ! supposition ( a p]sonal contriv]1 specially arrang+ ! details ( ea* case1 al?\gh caus+ !m to be produc$ by ! ord9>y processes ( gr[? & reproduction4 ,n[ !re is a difficulty 9 ?is view ( ! orig9 ( ! /ructure ( or*ids :i* ! duke does n allude to4 ,! majority ( fl[]+ plants are f]tiliz$1 ei!r )\t ! ag5cy ( insects1 or1 :5 insects are requir$1 )\t any v important modification ( ! /ructure ( ! fl[]4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t fl[]s might h be5 =m$ z v>i$1 fanta/ic1 & beautiful z ! or*ids1 & yet h be5 f]tiliz$ by insects 9 ! same mann] z violets or clov] or primroses1 or a ?\s& o!r fl[]s4 ,! /range spr+s & traps & pitfalls f\nd 9 ! fl[]s ( or*ids c n be necess>y p] se1 s9ce exactly ! same end is ga9$ 9 t5 ?\s& o!r fl[]s :i* d n possess !m4 ,is x n1 !n1 an extraord9>y idea to imag9e ! ,creator ( ! univ]se contriv+ ! v>i\s complicat$ p>ts ( ^! fl[]s z a me*anic might contrive an +5i\s toy or a difficult puzzle8 ,is x n a m wor?y conception t !y are "s ( ! results ( ^? g5]al laws :i* 7 s co-ord9at$ at ! fir/ introduction ( life ^u ! e>? z to result necess>ily 9 ! utmo/ possible developm5t ( v>i$ =ms8 ,a mom5t's ?\ght is suffici5t to %[ t !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,creator contriv+ e detail ( ! /ructure ( an or*id & 8 produc+ x ?r\gh "s int]m$iate cause1 or 8 comm&+ x into exi/5ce by 8 almighty ^w4 ,! same m5tal process1 s to speak1 ( ! contriv] is impli$ 9 ei!r case4 ,b !re is an immeasurable diff]5ce betwe5 any ( ^? ideas & t ( ! or*id produc+ its p>ts spontane\sly "u ! op]ation ( ins5sate physical law1 :atev] t may be1 alone4 ,aga91 9 ! same review1 ,wallace writes3 ,! unc]ta9ty ( op9ion among naturali/s z to :i* are species & :i* v>ieties is "o ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's v /rong argum5ts t ^! two names c n belong to ?+s q di/9ct 9 nature & orig94 ,! review] says t ?is argum5t is ( no weight1 because ! works ( man pres5t exactly ! same ph5om5a1 & he in/ances pat5t inv5tions1 & ! excessive difficulty ( det]m9+ :e!r !y are new or old4 ,i accept ! analogy1 & ma9ta9 t x is all 9 favor ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's views2 = are n all inv5tions ( ! same k9d directly affiliat$ to a common ance/or4 ,are n improv$ /eam-eng9es or clocks ! l9eal desc5dants ( "s exi/+ /eam-eng9e or clock8 ,is !re ev] a new creation 9 art or sci5ce any m ?an 9 nature8 ,did ev] pat5tee absolutely orig9ate any complete & entire inv5tion no portion ( :i* 0 d]iv$ f any ?+ t _h be5 made or describ$ be=e8 ,x is1 !re=e1 cle> t ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ! v>i\s classes ( inv5tions :i* claim to be new is ( ! same nature z ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ v>ieties & species1 because nei!r are absolute new creations1 b bo? are alike desc5dants ( pre-exi/+ =ms1 f :i* & f ea* o!r !y diff] by v>y+ & (t5 imp]ceptible degrees4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t h[ev] plausible ?is writ]'s objections may seem1 :5ev] he desc5ds f g5]alities to any specific /atem5t 8 suppos$ difficulties turn out to be 9 reality /rongly confirmatory ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's view4 ,n[ t improv$ /eam-eng9es are l9eal desc5dants ( o!r /eam-eng9es is absolute nons5se1 9 any o!r aspect ?an t ! /ructure ( "o sugge/$ ! /ructure ( ano!r to a contriv+ m9d4 ,we ne$ n affirm ?is ( ,god2 b we may affirm t ! plans ( ! creative m9d con/itute ! true l9k ( connection betwe5 ! diff]5t /ates & developm5ts ( inorganic & organic objects4 ,?is is ! real mean+ ( creation by law1 z di/+ui%$ f m]e *ance on ! "o h&1 & arbitr>y & caprici\s int]v5tion on ! o!r4 ,bo? ( ^! extremes are equally illogical2 & x c n be too frequ5tly repeat$ t div9e revelation avoids bo? by ma9ta9+ ) equal firmness ! ag5cy ( ! ,creator1 & t ag5cy n caprici\s1 b accord+ to plan & purpose2 embrac+ n m]ely ! action ( ! div9e m9d itself1 b "u x ( all ! =ces & mat]ial ?+s creat$4 ,c4--,,modes ,,( ,,creation4 ,a "q (t5 ask$1 b n easily answ]$1 ) ref]5ce to ! creation ( animals & plants1 is--,:at 0 its precise me?od1 & to :at ext5t is su* int]v5tion conceivable4 ,?is is1 x is true1 n a prop]ly sci5tific "q1 s9ce sci5ce c n in=m u ( ! act ( creation4 ,nor is x prop]ly a !ological "o1 s9ce revelation appeals to our fai? 9 ! facts1 )\t giv+ u mu* in=mation z to ! mode4 ,x c1 !re=e1 be answ]$ only conjecturally1 except 9 s f> z ! law or plan ( creation c be inf]r$ f :at is kn[n1 ei!r f sci5ce or revelation1 z to ! hi/ory ( life4 ,we may1 9 ! fir/ place1 assume t law or plan mu/ *>act]ize creation4 ,! ,scriptural idea ( x is n reconcilable ) ! supposition ( a s]ies ( arbitr>y acts any m ?an ! sci5tific idea4 ,! nature ( ^! laws1 z disclos$ by ,palaeontology1 has be5 already consid]$ 9 a prec$+ "p ( ?is ,app5dix4 ,:at we may conjecture z to ! nature ( ! creative act itself1 f a comp>ison ( nature & revelation1 may be summ$ up z foll[s3 #a4 ,if we r$uce organiz$ be+s to _! ultimate organisms--cells or pla/ids--& ) ,sp5c] & ,haeckel suppose ^! to be f>!r divisible into /ill small] p>ticles or pla/idules1 ea* compos$ ( sev]al complex p>ticles ( album5 or protoplasm1 we may suppose ! prim>y act ( creation to consi/ 9 ! aggregation ( molecules ( album9\s matt] into su* pla/idules be>+ ! same relations1 z manufactur$ articles1 to ! future cell t inorganic molecules be> to cry/als1 & possess+ )9 !mselves ! pot5cies ( organic =ms4 ,?is is ! ne>e/ approa* t we c make to ! prim>y creative act1 & its sci5tific basis is m]ely hypo!tical1 :ile revelation gives u no intimation z to any su* con/itution ( organiz$ matt]4 #b4 ,! =mulae 9 ,g5esis1 ,let ! l& produce1 & ,let ! wat]s produce1 imply "s sort ( m$iate creation ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! l& & ! wat]s1 b ( :at sort we h no means ( kn[+4 ,!y include1 h[ev]1 ! idea ( ! orig9 ( ! l[] & humbl] =ms ( life f mat]ial pre-exi/+ 9 inorganic nature1 & also ! idea ( ! previ\s prep>ation ( ! l& & ! wat]s = ! su/5ance ( ! creatures produc$4 #c4 ,! expression 9 ! case ( man--out ( ! du/--w\ld seem to intimate t ! human body 0 con/itut$ ( m]ely elem5t>y matt]1 )\t any previ\s prep>ation 9 organic =ms4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be int5d$ m]ely to in=m u t1 :ile ! _s is 9 ! image ( ,god1 ! bodily frame is ( ! e>? e>?y1 & 9 no respect diff]5t 9 g5]al nature f t ( ! inf]ior animals4 #d4 ,! ,bible indicates "s ways 9 :i* creatures may be modifi$ or *ang$ into new species1 or may give rise to new =ms ( life4 ,! human body is1 we are told1 capable ( trans=mation into a new or spiritual body1 diff]5t 9 _m important respects1 & ! future g5]al preval5ce ( ?is *ange is an article ( religi\s fai?4 ,! ,bible repres5ts ! woman z produc$ f ! man by a species ( fission1 n kn[n to u z a natural possibility1 except 9 "s ( ! l[] =ms ( life4 ,! bir? ( ! ,savi\r is repres5t$ z hav+ be5 by p>!nog5esis1 & if x _h pleas$ ,god t ,jesus 0 to rema9 on e>? z ! prog5itor ( a new & high] type ( man to replace t n[ exi/+1 ?is might be reg>d$ z ! introduction ( a new species4 ,to :at ext5t ! ,creator may h s act$ on ! con/itution ( organiz$ be+s z to produce *anges ( ?is k9d we h no means ( kn[+2 b if he h done s1 we may be sure t x has be5 9 accordance ) "s def9ite plan or law4 #e4 ,we h a "r to inf] f ,scripture t !re mu/ be "s creative law :i* provides = ! introduction ( species1 de novo1 f unorganiz$ matt]1 & :i* has be5 or is call$ into action by conditions z yet altoge!r unkn[n to u1 & z yet inimitable1 & !re=e 9 "s s5se miracul\s4 ,:e!r we %all ev] by sci5tific inve/igation discov] ! law ( ?is k9d ( div9e int]v5tion x is impossible to say4 ,t all ! !ories ( spontane\s g5]ation & d]ivation hi!rto promulgat$ are b wild guesses at x is b too evid5t4 #f4 ,s9ce 9 inorganic nature we meet ) su* ultimate facts z atoms ( diff]5t k9ds & ) diff]5t prop]ties2 & e!r ( non-atomic con/itution1 all ( :i* seem to be necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! _w z x is1 we may expect 9 l mann] to f9d at ! basis ( organic /ructures & ph5om5a v>i$ k9ds ( ultimate organisms & =ces1 probably mu* m complicat$ ?an ^? ( inorganic nature4 ,! broad simplicity ( exi/+ !ories ( d]ivation & evolution is ?us 9 itself a presumption aga9/ _! tru?1 except z v p>tial explanations4 #g4 ,we h no "r to consid] ! species aft] _! k9ds ( revelation z co9cid5t ) ! species recogniz$ by sci5ce4 ,_m ( ^! may be m]ely races1 ! production ( :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t & 9 special circum/ances may fall )9 ! p[]s ( creat$ species1 & :i* may m]ely be ! phases ( su* species 9 "t & place4 ,only ! accumulation ( va/ additional /ores ( facts c enable u to h any c]ta9 op9ion on ?is po9t1 & till x is settl$ ! doctr9e ( d]ivation mu/ rema9 purely hypo!tical4 #h4 ,! inf]5ce ( evolutioni/s t because c]ta9 =ms ( life succe$ ea* o!r 9 geological "t1 !y mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f ea* o!r1 has an aspect ( tru? & simplicity2 b ! idea ( law or plan 9 creation sugge/s t ! l9k ( connection may be ( a less direct nature ?an m]e desc5t ) modification4 ,?is has be5 ref]r$ to "u a previ\s head4 #i4 ,9 ! s*eme ( revelation all ! successions & *anges ( organiz$ be+s1 j z mu* z _! introduction at fir/1 belong to ! w & plan ( ,god4 ,revelation opposes no ob/acle to any sci5tific inve/igation ( ! nature & me?od ( ?is plan1 nor does x contemplate ! idea t any discov]ies ( ?is k9d 9 any way isolate ! ,creator f 8 works4 ,f>!r1 inasmu* z ,god is always pres5t 9 all 8 works1 "o "p ( 8 proc$ure c sc>cely be consid]$ an int]v5tion any m ?an ano!r4 #aj4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! hypo!tical condition ( ?is subject1 & ( ! views :i* may be tak5 z to its details1 ,i quote f a memoir ( my own c]ta9 conclusions ) ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( ! species ( l& plants :i* are f\nd 9 ! old] geological =mations4 ,! conclusions /at$ are at ! end ( a detail$ consid]ation ( ^! plants & ! circum/ances ( _! occurr5ce3 7#a47 ,"s ( ! =ms reckon$ z specific 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s =mations may be really d]ivative races4 ,!re are indications t su* races may h orig9at$ 9 "o or m ( ! foll[+ ways3 7a7 ,by a natural t5d5cy 9 syn!tic types to become specializ$ 9 ! direction ( "o or o!r ( _! con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,9 ?is way su* plants z ,ar?ro/igma & ,psilophyton may h assum$ new v>ietal =ms4 7b7 ,by embryonic ret>dation or accel]ation1#aea :]eby c]ta9 species may h _h _! maturity advanc$ or po/pon$1 ?us giv+ !m v>i\s grades ( p]fection 9 reproduction & complexity ( /ructure4 ,! fact t s _m ,erian & ,c>bonif]\s plants seem to be on ! conf9es ( ! gr\ps ( ,acrog5s & ,gymnosp]ms may be suppos$ favorable to su* ex*anges4 7c7 ,! contraction & break+ up ( floras :i* occurr$ 9 ! ,middle ,erian & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s may h be5 em95tly favorable to ! production ( su* v>ietal =ms z w\ld result f :at has be5 call$ ! '/ruggle = exi/5ce4' 7d7 ,! elevation ( a great expanse ( new l& at ! close ( ! ,middle ,erian & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,coal p]iod w\ld1 by p]mitt+ ! ext5sion ( s]ies ov] wide areas & f]tile soils1 & by remov+ ! pressure previ\sly exi/+1 be em95tly favorable to ! production ( new1 & especially ( improv$1 v>ieties4 7#b47 ,:atev] importance we may atta* to ! above suppos$ causes ( *ange1 we /ill require to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( our specific types4 ,?is may =ev] elude our obs]vation1 b we may at lea/ hope to asc]ta9 ! ext]nal conditions favorable to _! production4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ev5 to ?is x w be necess>y to inquire critically1 ) ref]5ce to e ackn[l$g$ species1 :at its claims to di/9ctness are1 s t we may be enabl$ to di/+ui% specific types f m]e v>ieties4 ,hav+ atta9$ to "s c]ta9ty 9 ?is1 we may be prep>$ to inquire :e!r ! conditions favorable to ! appe>ance ( new v>ieties 7 also ^? favorable to ! creation ( new types1 or ! rev]se--:e!r ^! conditions 7 ^? ( compression or expansion1 or to :at ext5t ! appe>ance ( new types may be indep5d5t ( any ext]nal conditions1 o!r ?an ^? absolutely necess>y = _! exi/5ce4 ,i am n )\t hope t ! fur!r /udy ( fossil plants may enable u ?us to approa* to a compreh5sion ( ! laws ( ! creation1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( species4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we h no good gr\nd ei!r to limit ! numb] ( specific types beyond :at a fair /udy ( our mat]ial may w>rant1 or to inf] t su* primitive types mu/ necess>ily h be5 ( l[ grade1 or t progress 9 v>ietal =ms has always be5 upw>d4 ,! occurr5ce ( su* an advanc$ & specializ$ type z t ( ,syr+oxylon 9 ! ,middle ,devonian %\ld gu>d u aga9/ ^! errors4 ,! creative process may h be5 applicable to ! highe/ z well z to ! l[e/ =ms1 & subsequ5t deviations mu/ h includ$ degradation z well z elevation4 ,i c conceive no?+ m unreasonable ?an ! /atem5t sometimes made t x is illogical or ev5 absurd to suppose t highly organiz$ be+s c\ld h be5 produc$ except by d]ivation f previ\sly exi/+ organisms4 ,?is is begg+ ! :ole "q at issue1 depriv+ sci5ce ( a noble dep>tm5t ( inquiry on :i* x has z yet b>ely ent]$1 & anticipat+ by unw>rant$ ass]tions conclusions :i* may p]haps sudd5ly dawn ^u u ?r\gh ! inspiration ( "s great intellect1 or may = g5]ations to come baffle ! unit$ ex]tions ( all ! e>ne/ promot]s ( natural sci5ce4 ,our pres5t attitude %\ld n be t ( dogmati/s1 b t ( pati5t work]s cont5t to labor = a h>ve/ ( gr& g5]alizations :i* may n come till we h pass$ away1 b :i*1 if we are e>ne/ & true to nature & its ,creator1 may rew>d ev5 "s ( u4#aeb ,d4--,,pres5t ,,condition ,,( ,,!ories ,,( ,,life4 ,"o ( ! mo/ le>n$ & +5i\s essays on ?is subject rec5tly publi%$#aec /ates on its fir/ page t all ! v>ieties ( op9ion may be summ$ up "u two heads3 #a4 ,^? :i* require ! addition to ord9>y matt] ( an immat]ial or spiritual ess5ce1 sub/ance1 or p[]1 g5]al or local1 ^: pres5ce is ! effici5t cause ( life2 &1 #b4 ,^? :i* attribute ! ph5om5a ( life solely to ! mode ( comb9ation ( ! ord9>y mat]ial elem5ts ( :i* ! organism is compos$1 )\t ! addition ( any su* immat]ial ess5ce1 p[]1 or =ce4 ,x is q true t physiologi/s h up to ?is "t argu$ out ^! two alt]natives1 & t at pres5t ! second is probably ! m preval5t4 ,x is h[ev] also true t nei!r includes or c possibly include ! :ole tru?1 & t enlight5$ !ism may enable u to hold bo?1 or all t is true 9 ei!r4 ,und\bt$ly we mu/ hold t a high] spiritual p[] or ,creator is necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( life2 b !n ?is is necess>y also to ! exi/5ce ( dead matt] & =ce4 ,s t if physiologi/s ?9k prop] to trace ! :ole ph5om5a ( life to mat]ial causes1 !y d n on t acc\nt 9 any way invalidate ! evid5ce = a spiritual ,creator1 nor = a spiritual elem5t 9 ! high] nature ( man4 ,yet s inconceivably %all[ is mu* ( ! biological reason+ ( ! day1 t x is q common to f9d physiologi/s ref]r+ all life to spontane\s & uncaus$ mat]ial ag5cies1 because !y h conclud$ t ! arrangem5ts ( matt] & =ce are suffici5t to expla9 x2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to f9d !i/ic writ]s accus+ physiology ( mat]ialism1 if x f9ds ! causes ( vital ph5om5a 9 mat]ial =ces1 z if ,god c\ld be pres5t only 9 ^? processes :i* we c n und]/&4 ,:at we really "k z to ! mat]ial basis ( life may be summ$ up 9 a few words4 ,*emically1 life is bas$ on comp\nds ( ! album9\s gr\p4 ,^! are highly complex 9 a molecul> po9t ( view1 & seem to be =m$ 9 nature only :]e c]ta9 /ructures1 ^? ( ! vegetable cell1 exi/ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,^! album9\s sub/ances d n necess>ily possess vital prop]ties4 ,!y may exi/ 9 a dead /ate j z o!r sub/ances4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 h[ev]1 ^? ( =m+ "p ( a s-call$ liv+ organism1 !y pres5t ph5om5a ( me*anical movem5t & molecul> *ange1 & ( trans=mation or transmission ( =ce1 :i* enable !m to trans=m !mselves into v>i\s k9ds ( tissues1 to n\ri% ^! :5 =m$1 & to e/abli% a cons5sus ( action betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! organism2 & ^! prop]ties are va/ly v>i$ 9 detail accord+ to ! k9d ( organism 9 :i* !y take place1 & ! conditions "u :i* ! organism exi/s4 ,! actually liv+ matt] pres5ts no di/9ct /ructure recognizable by ! microscope1 & c n be di/+ui%$ *emically f ord9>y album5 or protoplasm2 b :5 liv+ x mu/ ei!r exi/ 9 "s peculi> & complex molecul> arrangem5t unkn[n z yet to *emi/ry & physics1 or mu/ be actuat$ by "s =ce or =m ( =ce call$ vital1 & n z yet isolat$ or r$uc$ to kn[n laws or correlation4 ,x does n conc]n !ism or !ology :i* ( ^! may ev5tually prove to be ! true view1 or if x %\ld be f\nd1 :i* is q possible1 t !re is no real diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,9 any case x is c]ta9 t 9 ! l[] animals1 & 9 ! m]ely physiological prop]ties ( man himself1 liv+ matt] may act indep5d5tly ( any high] spiritual nature 9 ! individual1 ?\gh ( c\rse n indep5d5tly ( ! high] p[] ( ,god1 :i* gave matt] its prop]ties & su/a9s !m 9 _! action4 ,x is f>!r c]ta9 t 9 man ! spiritual nature dom9ates & controls ! vital1 except :5 "u abnormal conditions ! latt] unduly ga9s ! ma/]y1 & qu5*es altoge!r ! _s4 ,9 ! language ( ! ,bible1 ! m]ely vital end[m5ts ( ! man belong to ! fle% 7,greek3 s>x71 & to ! rational m9d or s\l 7,greek3 psy*e74 ,! high] nature :i* man d]ives directly f ,god is ! _s 7,greek3 pneuma74 ,ei!r ( ^! p>ts ( ! complex humanity is capable ( life 7,greek3 zoe7 & ( immortality4 ,ei!r ( !m is capable ( be+ 9 a /ate ( dea?1 ?\gh ! import ( ?is diff]s 9 its application to ea*4 ,9 ,g5esis1 ! body is compos$ ( ! ord9>y e>?-mat]ials--! du/ ( ! gr\nd4 ,! high] nature is se5 9 ! %ad[ & lik5ess ( ,god1 & 9 ! inbrea?+ ( ! ,div9e ,_s :]eby man became a liv+ s\l 9 a high] s5se ?an t 9 :i* ! animals possess ! ord9>y brea? ( life4 ,) ^! views agree ! lat] doctr9es ( ! ,bible z to ! tri*otomy ( body1 s\l1 & _s 9 man1 & ( ! add$ influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,god z act+ on humanity4 ,e4--,,rec5t ,,facts ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man4 ,sev]al rec5t /atem5ts z to new facts suppos$ to prove a preglacial antiquity = our species h be5 promulgat$ 9 sci5tific j\rnals2 b s great d\bt re/s ^u !m t !y d n invalidate ! /atem5t t ! e>lie/ human rema9s belong to ! po/glacial age4 ,i may ref] to ! foll[+3 ,a v rem>kable discov]y 0 made 9 #ahge by ,pr(essor ,rutimey]1 ( ,basle4 ,9 a br[n coal deposit ( ,t]ti>y1 or at lea/ ( int]glacial age--:atev] t may mean 9 ,switz]l&--he f\nd "s fragm5ts ( wood s int]lac$ z to resemble wattle or basket-"w4 ,/e5/rup has1 h[ev]1 re-exam9$ ! evid5ce1 & adduces /rong reasons = ! conclusion t ! alleg$ human workman%ip is really t ( beav]s4 ,! ,sw$i% geologi/s h %[n t !re is no prop]ly ,palaeoli?ic age 9 ,sc&9avia1 & t ev5 ! re9de] _h probably disappe>$ f ,d5m>k & ,sw$5 be=e _! occupation by man4 ,"s facts1 h[ev]1 seem$ to indicate a resid5ce ( man 9 ,sw$5 be=e ! great po/-plioc5e subsid5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! is ! celebrat$ hut ( ,sod]telge1 ref]r$ to 9 ?is connection by ,lyell4 ,rec5t obs]vations h1 h[ev]1 %[n t ?is hut 0 really cov]$ by a l&slip1 & t its age may n be great] ?an eight c5turies4 ,torel has rec5tly expla9$ ?is 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,ar*aeological ,congress ( ,/ockholm4 ,! human bone f\nd 9 ! ,victoria ,cave at ,settle1 app>5tly "u a pat* ( b\ld]-clay1 has be5 reg>d$ z a good evid5ce ( ! preglacial orig9 ( man4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 always appe>$ to read]s ( ! description z a v d\btful case2 & ,pr(essor ,hughes1 ( ,cambridge1 has rec5tly express$ ! op9ion t ! drift cov]+ ! bone may be m]ely a pocket ( t mat]ial dis5gag$ f a cavity 9 ! lime/one by ! we>+ ( ! cliff4 ,! same geologi/ has also %[n reason to believe t ! suppos$ case ( ! occurr5ce ( palaeoli?ic implem5ts "u b\ld]-clay ne> ,br&on1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,sk]t*ley1 & p>ad$ by ,geikie z a demon/ration ( ! int]glacial antiquity ( man1 9 accordance ) 8 sy/em ( successive glacial p]iods1 is really an error1 & has no f\ndation 9 ! facts ( ! case4 ,mr4 ,p5gelly has endeavor$ to ma9ta9 ! value ( ! deposit ( /alagmite z a means ( e/abli%+ dates1 9 8 ,notes ( ,rec5t ,notices ( ! ,geology ( ,devon%ire1 ,"p ,i41 #ahgd2 b1 ,i confess1 ) little success4 ,he urges1 9 opposition to ! ,+lebor\gh ,cave1 t at ,*$d>1 :]e1 accord+ to him1 no appreciable deposit :atev] is tak+ place on ! exi/+ /alagmite4 ,b ?is1 ( c\rse1 is evid5ce n applicable to ! case 9 h&1 z 9 ! ,*$d> case no /alagmite cru/ :atev] w\ld be produc$4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 crevices & caves 9 :i* old /alagmite is ev5 be+ remov$ or dim9i%$ 9 ?ickness4 ,he f>!r ass]ts t 9 ,k5t's ,cave tee? ( ! cave be> & o!r ext9ct animals are f\nd cov]$ by n m ?an an in* & a half ( /alagmite1 & consequ5tly t if ?is 7 deposit$ at ! rate ( a qu>t] ( an in* p] annum--! suppos$ rate on ! ,jockey ,cap at ,+lebor\gh--^! animals mu/ h liv$ 9 ,devon%ire only six ye>s ago1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 absurd4 ,b he fails to p]ceive t ?is mode ( occurr5ce is q intelligible on ! supposition ( a rapid decrease 9 ! am\nt ( deposition 9 ! lat] "p ( ! /alagmite p]iod4 ,he f>!r ref]s to ! fact t ! ?ick] masses ( /alagmite1 :i* correspond to ! places ( m active drip ( wat]1 are 9 ! same position 9 bo? cru/s ( /alagmite4 ,?is %[s t ! s\rces ( wat] conta9+ bic>bonate ( lime h be5 ! same f ! fir/2 b x proves no?+ z to ! rate ( deposit4 ,mr4 ,p5gelly's own e/imate ( ! rate ( deposit gives1 h[ev]1 a l5g? ( "t :i* is suffici5t to %[ t !re mu/ be error some:]e 9 8 calculations4 ,he /ates ! aggregate ?ickness ( ! two cru/s at twelve feet1 & !n1 assum+ a rate ( deposit ( #j4je in* 9 #bej ye>s1 or "o in* 9 #ejjj ye>s1 he arrives at ! conclusion t ! :ole deposit requir$ #gbj1jjj ye>s = its =mation4 ,he is will+ to suppose ! me*anical deposits to h accumulat$ m rapidly2 b all[+ "o f\r? ( ! "t = !m1 we h ne>ly a million ( ye>s claim$ = ! resid5ce ( man 9 ,devon%ire1 :i*1 indep5d5tly ( o!r consid]ations1 w\ld pu% back ! ,palaeozoic trilobites & corals ( t c\nty into ! primitive reign ( fire1 & :i* 9 po9t ( fact am\nts to a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! :ole argum5t4 ,pr(essor ,hughes#aed ref]s1 z a case ( rapid deposition ( matt] ak9 to /alagmite1 to ! deposit ( trav]t9e 9 ! old ,roman aqu$uct ( ! ,pont du ,g>d1 ne> ,avignon1 :]e a ?ickness ( f\rte5 in*es seems to h accumulat$ 9 ab\t #hjj ye>s4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c>ey has giv5 9 ,nature1 ,decemb] #ah1 #ahgc1 ano!r in/ance :]e a deposit #j4ge in* ?ick 0 =m$ 9 fifte5 ye>s 9 a lead m9e 9 ,durham4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,cl>ke 9 ! same j\rnal gives a case :]e 9 a cave at ,brixton1 kn[n z ,poole's ,hole1 a deposit "o eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness 0 =m$ 9 six mon?s4 ,su* examples %[ h[ unsafe x is to reason z to ! rate ( deposit 9 by-gone times1 & :5 climatal & local conditions may h be5 v diff]5t f ^? at pres5t subsi/+4 ,9 an able address be=e ! biological section ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahgf1 ,wallace adduces ! foll[+ consid]ations z be>+ on ^! que/ions2 & ^! are well wor?y ( att5tion z %[+ t x is ! necessities ( evolution r ?an ( geological facts t dem& ! assumption ( a great antiquity = man1 & induce s _m writ]s to accept any evid5ce = ?is1 h[ev] d\btful3 7#a7 ,! great c]ebral developm5t ( ! s-call$ ,palaeoli?ic m51 :i* %[s no indications ( graduat+ into inf]ior races4 7#b7 ,! great v>iety ( ! implem5ts ( ^! anci5t m51 & ! excell5ce ( _! c>v+s on bone & ivory1 po9t to a simil> conclusion4 7#c7 ,man is n relat$ to any exi/+ species ( ape1 b 9 v>i\s ways to sev]al diff]5t species4 7#d7 ,!re is an accumulation ( evid5ce to %[ t ! e>lie/ hi/orical races excell$ 9 _m processes 9 ! arts & 9 _m k9ds ( culture4 ,he in/ances ! wond]ful me*anical & eng9e]+ skill evid5c$ 9 ! pyramids ( ,egypt 9 pro( ( ?is4 ,8 conclusion is ei!r t ! orig9 ( man by developm5t f apes mu/ be pu%$ mu* f>!r back ?an any geologi/s at pres5t hold1 & ,i may add f> beyond any probable date1 or t he mu/ h orig9at$ by "s di/9ct & high] ag5cy--:i* la/ is no d\bt ! true conclusion4 ,haeckel1 9 8 rec5t "w1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 sket*es ! developm5t ( man f a monad1 9 tw5ty-two /ages2 b he has to admit t /age tw5ty-fir/1 or t ( ! ,ape-l man1 n[h]e exi/s1 ei!r rec5t or fossil4 ,he has to assume t ?is miss+ l9k has p]i%$ 9 ! subm]g5ce ( an imag9>y cont95t ( ,lemuria1 9 ! ,indian ,ocean2 & x is in/ructive to obs]ve t1 aft] d$uct+ ?is1 8 affiliation ( ! races ( m51 z indicat$ 9 a map ( ! di/ribution ( ! species1 is 9 ! ma9 v simil> to t ) :i* we are famili> 9 ord9>y collections ( maps illu/rative ( ! ,bible4 ,! ,po/-glacial1 ,palaeocosmic1 or ,palaeoli?ic m5 ( ,europe are n improbably ant$iluvian2 & z to _! precise date we "k little4 ,z to po/diluvian man1 ,canon ,rawl9son has rec5tly po9t$ out#aee ! rem>kable conv]g5ce ( all hi/oric dates t[>d a "t betwe5 #bjjj to #cjjj ye>s ,b4,c41 or ab\t ! date ( ! ,biblical deluge1 :i* may reasonably be inf]r$ to h occurr$ ab\t #cbjj ,b4,c4 ,he gives ! foll[+ summ>y ( hi/orical orig9s z asc]ta9$ f ! be/ data1 & :i* accord ) ! repres5tation ( ! ,bible t 9 ! "t ( ,abraham ! great mon>*ies ( ,egypt & ! ,ea/ 7 sc>cely m p[]ful ?an ! nomad tribe l$ by t patri>*3 ,olde/ date ( ,babylon #bcjj ,b4,c4 ,assyria #aejj ,iran #aejj ,india #abjj ,*9a #aaed ,pho5icia #agjj ,troad #bjjj ,egypt #bgfj ,sept4 date ( ,deluge #cbjj ,he rejects1 ( c\rse1 ! fabul\s *ronologies ( ,egypt1 ,*9a1 & ,india z my?ical1 or ref]r+ to prehuman & ant$iluvian p]iods4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t :ile ^! dates place ! orig9s ( ! olde/ civiliz$ nations at p]iods consid]ably subsequ5t to ! deluge1 !y d n prev5t u f suppos+ t ^! nations comm5c$ _! exi/5ce wills an advanc$ civilization borr[$ f ant$iluvian times1 :i* is inde$ a fair conclusion f ! ,biblical hi/ory1 indep5d5tly ( ! monum5tal evid5ce ref]r$ to by ,wallace 9 a previ\s p>agraph4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll1 9 8 excell5t little "w ,primeval ,man1 9 :i* he discusses ! argum5ts 9 favor ( primitive savag]y advanc$ by ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock 9 opposition to ! views ( ,ar*bi%op ,:ately 9 8 lecture on ! ,orig9 ( ,civilization1 %[s t !re is no necessity to suppose a sl[ progress ( mank9d 9 ! arts ext5d+ ov] indef9ite ages2 & 8 argum5t 9 ?is respect connects itself ) ! facts z to ! high c]ebral organization ( ,palaeocosmic m5 ref]r$ to above by ,wallace4 ,9 summ+ up "o division ( 8 argum5t1 he truly rem>ks3 ,if we assume ) ! support]s ( ! savage-!ory t man has himself inv5t$ all t he n[ kn[s1 !n ! v e>lie/ inv5tions ( our race mu/ h be5 ! mo/ wond]ful ( all1 & ! ri*e/ 9 ! fruits !y bore4 ,! man :o fir/ discov]$ ! use ( fire1 & ! use ( ^? grasses :i* we n[ "k "u ! "n ( corn1 7 discov]]s comp>$ ) :om1 z reg>ds ! value ( _! ideas to ! _w1 ,f>aday & ,:eat/one are b ! inv5tors ( +5i\s toys4 ,x may possibly be true1 z ,:ately argues1 t man nev] c\ld h discov]$ ^! ?+s )\t div9e in/ruction4 ,if s1 x is fatal to ! savage !ory4 ,b x is equally fatal to t !ory if we assume ! opposite position1 & suppose t ! noble/ discov]ies ev] made by man 7 made by him 9 primeval times4 ,i may add t ?is is true1 h[ev] f> into antiquity we may /ret* back ^! primeval times4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,s4 ,morse1 9 8 address to ! ,am]ican ,association1 9 #ahgf1 z vice-presid5t1 takes z a !me ! contributions ( ,am]ican zoologi/s to !ories ( evolution1 & closes ) ^? :i* ref] to :at he mode/ly t]ms man's l[ly orig94 ,^! contributions he sums up "u ?ree heads1 z be>+ on ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,t 9 8 e>li] /ages he reveals c]ta9 p]si/5t *>act]s ( ! ape2 #b4 ,t ! m anci5t m5 reveal m ape-l features ?an ! pres5t exi/+ m52 &1 #c4 ,t c]ta9 *>act]i/ics p]ta9+ to e>ly m5 /ill p]si/ 9 ! inf]ior races ( m54 ,"u ! fir/ head he gives contributions to ! well-kn[n fact t embryonic /ages ( ! human be+1 l ^? ( o!r high types1 approximate to =ms p]man5t 9 l[] types4 ,?is is a fact insep>able f ! law ( reproduction2 & z has be5 already %[n 9 ! text1 absolutely )\t logical significance z ev5 an analogical argum5t 9 favor ( evolution4 ,"u ! second & ?ird heads1 he ref]s to cases ( exceptional skulls & bones belong+ to idiots & degrad$ races ( m51 z %[+ t5d5cies to l[] =ms1 :i* z a matt] ( c\rse !y d1 ?\gh ) ess5tial diff]5ces /ill m>k+ !m z human2 & he assumes )\t any pro( t ^! 7 relatively m common 9 primitive times1 & t !y are cases ( rev]sion to a previ\s simian /age1 in/ead ( be+ results ( abnormal conditions 9 ! individual or v>iety4 ,he sums up ^! argum5ts 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,if we take into acc\nt ! rapidly accumulat+ data ( ,european naturali/s conc]n+ primitive man1 ) ! mass ( evid5ce pres5t$ 9 ^! notes1 we f9d an array ( facts :i* irresi/ibly po9t to a common orig9 ) animals directly bel[ u1 & ^! evid5ces are f\nd 9 ! massive skulls ) co>se ridges = muscul> atta*m5ts1 ! r\nd+ ( ! base ( ! no/rils1 ! e>ly ossification ( ! nasal bones1 ! small cranial capacity 9 c]ta9 =ms1 ! prom95ce ( ! frontal cre/1 ! po/]ior position ( ! =am5 magnum1 ! approximation ( ! temporal ridges1 ! lat]al flatt5+ ( ! tibia1 ! p]=ation ( ! hum]us1 ! t5d5cy ( ! pelvis to dep>t f its usual proportions2 &1 associat$ ) all ^!1 a rud5ess ( culture & ! evid5ce ( ! manife/ation ( ! co>se/ in/9cts4 ,he mu/ be bl9d1 inde$1 :o c n recognize ! be>+ ( su* grave & sugge/ive modifications4 ,yet ,pr(essor ,morse kn[s t !re is no true specific or ev5 g5]ic k9%ip betwe5 man & any species ( ape2 t ! ph5om5a ( idiocy & deg5]acy h no real resemblance to ^? ( di/9ct specific types2 t ! resemblances ( man to apes1 su* z !y are1 po9t n 9 a direct mann] to any /ock ( apes1 b 9 a desultory way to sev]al2 & consequ5tly t1 if d]iv$ f any su* animals1 x mu/ be f "s /ock altoge!r unkn[n to u z yet1 ei!r among rec5t or fossil animals4 ,f>!r1 z ,cope1 himself an evolutioni/1 admits1 :ile we c trace ! skeletons ( ,eoc5e mammals ?r\gh sev]al directions ( specialization 9 succe$+ ,t]ti>y times1 man pres5ts ! ph5om5on ( an unspecializ$ skeleton :i* c n fairly be connect$ ) any ( ^! l9es4 ,la/ly1 8 quotation f ,fiske1 ) ref]5ce to ! suppos$ effect ( a protract$ infancy to develop ! moral *>act]i/ics ( man1 ?\gh accompani$ ) ! usual unfair & unreasonable sne] 7:i* a naturali/ l ,morse %\ld h be5 a%am$ to quote7 aga9/ m5 /ill capable ( believ+ t ! human race 0 creat$ by miracle 9 a s+le day1 is ! feeble/ possible attempt to bridge ov] ! gap betwe5 ! spiritual nature ( man & ! m]ely psy*ical nature ( brutes4 ,x is pla9 t if ,am]ican naturali/s h done no?+ m 9 favor ( ! l[ly orig9 ( man ?an t :i* ,pr(essor ,morse has be5 able1 evid5tly ) mu* indu/ry & pa9s1 to ga!r1 we ne$ n = ! pres5t ab&on our claims to a high] orig94 ,x is f>!r significant 9 connection ) ?is t ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 8 lectures 9 ,new ,york1 :ile re/+ 8 case z to ! l[] animals ma9ly on ! suppos$ g5ealogy ( ! horse1 :i* has (t5 be5 %[n to am\nt to no c]ta9 evid5ce1#aef avoid$ altoge!r ! discussion ( ! orig9 ( man f apes1 n[ obvi\sly complicat$ ) s _m difficulties t bo? ,wallace & ,miv>t are /agg]$ by !m4 ,pr(essor ,?omas1 9 8 rec5t lectures1#aeg admits t !re is no l[] man kn[n ?an ! ,au/ralian1 & t !re is no kn[n l9k ( connection ) ! monkeys2 & ,haeckel#aeh has to admit t ! p5ultimate l9k 9 8 phylog5y1 ! ape-l man1 is absolutely unkn[n4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,i h n t\*$ on ! "q ( ! absolute orig9 ( language--?is n be+ necess>y to my argum5t4 ,on ?is int]e/+ subject1 h[ev]1 we h1 9 ! nam+ ( ! animals by ! fir/ man1 record$ 9 ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis1 n only ! prim>y tru? ( 8 sup]iority to !m1 b a f>!r indication t ! roots ( human spee*1 o!r ?an int]jectional1 lie 9 onomatopoeia1 & especially 9 ! voices ( animals1 & t ! gift ( spee* 0 n ! sl[ gr[? ( ages1 b an end[m5t ( man f ! fir/1 j z mu* z any ( 8 o!r p[]s or prop]ties4 ,an int]e/+ discussion ( ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ! conclud+ *apt]s ( ,wilson's ,prehi/oric ,man1 second edition4 ,f>!r1 ! s-call$ tallies f\nd ) ! bones ( ,palaeocosmic m5 9 ,european caves1 & illu/rat$ 9 ! admirable "w ( ,*ri/y & ,l>tet1 %[ t ! rudim5ts ev5 ( writ+ 7 already 9 possession ( ! olde/ race ( m5 kn[n to ar*aeology or geology4 7,see ,wilson1 op4 cit41 vol4 ii41 p4 #ed47 ,i h n notic$1 except incid5tally1 ! alleg$ discov]ies ( v anci5t human rema9s 9 ,am]ica1 z !y all appe> v problematical4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s evid5ce ( ! coexi/5ce ( man ) ! ma/odon & o!r po/glacial animals 9 ,ill9ois & else:]e4 ,f4--,,be>+ ,,( ,,glacial ,,p]iods ,,^u ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,g5esis4 ,:atev] views may be tak5 z to t p]iod ( cold :i* occurs at ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y & beg9n+ ( ! ,mod]n p]iod1 x c n be held to h con/itut$ any su* break z to be consid]$1 z x 0 at "o "t1 an equival5t = ! ,biblical *aos4 ,?is is prov$ by ! survival ?r\gh ?is p]iod ( a v l>ge proportion ( ! animals & plants /ill exi/+ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! *ronological sy/em ( animals & plants has be5 cont9u\s1 z ! ,bible repres5ts x1 s9ce _! fir/ appe>ance on e>?4 ,x is fur!r rem>kable t :ile !re is geological evid5ce ( climates cold] ?an ! pres5t 9 ! temp]ate regions1 !re is equally good pro( ( w>m] climates ev5 )9 ! arctic circle ?an ^? ( ! cold temp]ate regions at pres5t4 ,x is difficult to acc\nt = ^! vicissitudes ( climate1 & mu* controv]sy exi/s on ! subject2 b x seems c]ta9 t 9 ! e>li] ,t]ti>y & ,cretace\s p]iods1 = example1 ! supplies ( heat & light 7 s diffus$ ov] ! e>? z to p]mit ! gr[? ( a temp]ate vegetation 9 ,gre5l&1 & ev5 9 ,spitzb]g54 ,geologi/s1 h[ev] unwill+ly1 h be5 oblig$ to admit ?is z "o ( ^? great possibilities1 altoge!r unexpect$ be=eh&1 :i* h be5 develop$ 9 ! hi/ory ( our planet4 ,v>i\s modes ( expla9+ ?is succession ( cold & w>m p]iods h be5 adopt$1 all m or less hypo!tical4 ,lyell has argu$ t x may be expla9$ by a diff]5t di/ribution ( l& & wat] & ( ! ocean curr5ts4 ,croll acc\nts = x by ! v>y+ ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 9 connection ) ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,evans by a %ift+ ( ! axis ( rotation ( ! e>?4 ,drayson1 ,bell1 ,w>r+1 & o!rs1 by a *ange 9 ! incl9ation ( ! e>?'s axis4 ,o!rs by ! secul> dim9ution ( ! int]nal heat ( ! e>?1 & ( t ( ! sun4 ,o!rs by ! suppos$ recurr5ce ( p]iods 9 :i* ! sun gives m or less heat1 or 9 :i* ! e>? is pass+ ?r\gh cold] or w>m] regions ( space4 ,z ! subject is ( int]e/ ) ref]5ce to possible correspond5ces ( ^! great summ]s & w9t]s ( ! e>? ) ! /ages ( ! creative "w1 x may be well to notice %ortly ! relative m]its ( ^! !ories4 7#a47 ,! hypo!sis ( ,croll is "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s & elaborate ( ! :ole2 b x has two great defects4 ,"o is t ! causes alleg$ are s unc]ta9 & s complicat$ t x is difficult to e/imate _! real value4 ,ano!r is t x proves too mu*1 namely1 a regul> succession ( cold & w>m p]iods ?r\gh\t geological "t1 ( :i* we h no good evid5ce1 & :i* is on _m gr\nds improbable4 7#b47 ,t ! e>?'s axis ( rotation has cont9u$ un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! geological ages seems prov$ by ! fact t ! pr9cipal l9es ( crumpl+ & upheaval f ! ,laur5tian p]iod d[nw>d are arrang$ 9 great circles ( ! e>? tang5t to ! pol> circle2 & t ! l9es ( deposit ( s$im5t 9 ! ,palaeozoic age are co9cid5t ) ! pres5t direction ( ! arctic curr5ts4 7#c47 ,a/ronom]s consid] x improbable t ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic has mat]ially *ang$1 & s]i\s diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/ z to ! effects :i* a great] or less obliquity w\ld produce on climate4 ,x seems c]ta91 h[ev]1 t a less obliquity w\ld occasion a m uni=m di/ribution ( heat & light ?r\gh\t ! ye>2 & ?is1 co-op]at+ ) o!r causes lead+ to a w>m climate1 might enable a temp]ate vegetation to approa* ! pole m closely ?an at pres5t4 7#d47 ,t ! en]gy ( ! sun's radiation & ! int]nal heat ( ! e>? h be5 sl[ly decreas+ seems c]ta92 b x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t ^! *anges are s gradual t little effect c h be5 produc$ by !m1 except 9 ! old] geological p]iods1 & t !y c h no connection ) ! great glacial p]iod ( ! ,po/-plioc5e4 7#e47 ,x is o!rwise ) ! hypo!sis t ! sun's heat may1 l t ( "s v>iable />s1 h increas$ & dim9i%$4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no direct evid5ce ( ?is1 except ! small diff]5ces obs]v$ 9 cycles ( elev5 & fifty-five ye>s f ! great] or less developm5t ( sunspots1 & ! analogy ( obs]v$ v>iable />s4 ,/ill x is a possible cause ( v>iations ( climate4 ,x might also aid 9 acc\nt+ = ! extraord9>y evid5ces ( des]t conditions & desiccation pres5t$ by ! salt deposits ( diff]5t geological p]iods 9 temp]ate latitudes4 7#f47 ,! !ory ( ! passage ( ! e>? ?r\gh zones ( space ( v>iable temp]ature is n[ g5]ally ab&on$1 z !re seems no reason to believe t su* diff]5ces exi/4 7#g47 ,! !ory ( ,lyell t *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] may1 ) ! possible co-op]ation ( o!r causes1 h produc$ ! obs]v$ div]sities ( climate1 is t :i* seems be/ to meet ! conditions pres5t$4 ,x is bas$ on ! kn[n prop]ties ( l& & wat] z to ! absorption1 radiation1 & convection ( heat1 & on ! rem>kable div]sities ( climate 9 simil> latitudes aris+ f ?is cause at pres5t4 ,f>!r1 x accords ) ! kn[n fact t v great *anges ( level h occurr$ 9 connection ) ! glacial p]iod4 ,?is !ory und\bt$ly embraces a true cause1 admitt$ by all geologi/s1 & x disp5ses ) ! necessity ( believ+ 9 ! recurr5ce ( glacial p]iods at regul> int]vals4 ,x f>!r accords be/ ) ! evid5ce af=d$ by fossils1 & especially by fossil plants4 ,x has also ! m]it ( direct+ due att5tion to ! div]sities ( geographical conditions at diff]5t p]iods1 & ( deal+ ) causes ( *ange op]at+ )9 ! e>? itself4 ,! only d\bt ) respect to x is its suffici5cy to expla9 ! *anges :i* h occurr$1 & ! view ent]ta9$ ( ?is w dep5d v mu* on ! int]pretation ( ! facts z to ! int5sity ( ! la/ glacial p]iod4 ,if mod]ate views c be tak5 ( ?is1 & if means c be f\nd1 by a less obliquity ( ! ecliptic or o!rwise1 to furni% a cont9u\s supply ( light 9 ! arctic regions1 ! difficulties :i* h be5 alleg$ aga9/ x w\ld disappe>4 7#h47 ,9 connection ) =m] p]iods ( cold & w>m?1 & ) ! exi/5ce ( temp]ate & tropical vegetation 9 pol> latitudes1 we %\ld n =get t view :i* takes into acc\nt ! probable effects ( diff]5t conditions ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! great] quantity ( c>bonic acid pres5t 9 x1 9 e>ly geological p]iods4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be/ apply to ! palaeozoic floras1 9 s f> z our pres5t k ext5ds2 b !re may h be5 simil> conditions 9 lat] p]iods4 ,dr4 ,/]ry ,hunt ?us /ates ?is hypo!sis3 ,! ag5cy ( plants 9 purify+ ! primitive atmosph]e 0 long s9ce po9t$ out by ,brongni>t1 & our great /ores ( fossil fuel h be5 d]iv$ f ! decomposition1 by ! anci5t vegetation1 ( ! excess ( c>bonic acid ( ! e>ly atmosph]e1 :i* ?r\gh ?is ag5cy 0 ex*ang$ = oxyg5 gas4 ,9 ?is connection ! vegetation ( =m] p]iods pres5ts ! curi\s ph5om5on ( plants alli$ to ^? n[ gr[+ b5ea? ! tropics fl\ri%+ )9 ! pol> circles4 ,_m +5i\s hypo!ses h be5 propos$ to acc\nt = ! w>m] climate ( e>li] times1 b are at be/ unsatisfactory1 & x appe>s to me t ! true solution ( ! problem may be f\nd 9 ! con/itution ( ! e>ly atmosph]e1 :5 consid]$ 9 ! light ( ,dr4 ,tyndall's beautiful rese>*es on radiant heat4 ,he has f\nd t ! pres5ce ( a few hundr$?s ( c>bonic-acid gas 9 ! atmosph]e1 :ile (f]+ almo/ no ob/acle to ! passage ( ! sol> rays1 w\ld suffice to prev5t almo/ entirely ! loss by radiation ( obscure heat1 s t ! surface ( ! l& b5ea? su* an atmosph]e w\ld become l a va/ or*>d-h\se1 9 :i* ! conditions ( climate necess>y to a luxuriant vegetation w\ld be ext5d$ ev5 to ! pol> regions4 ,x is obvi\s t1 9 ! production ( complex effects ( ?is k9d1 v>i\s causes1 :e!r a/ronomical or connect$ ) ! mutations ( ! e>?'s cru/1 may h co-op]at$1 & probably 9 all extreme cases did co-op]ate4 ,9 any case x is evid5t t ! vicissitudes ( climate & ! great pulsations ( ! cru/1 :i* h rais$ & depress$ portions ( ! surface & *ang$ ! position ( its cov]+ ( wat]s1 h be5 pot5t ag5ts 9 ! h&s ( ! ,creator 9 effect+ ! *anges & succession ( liv+ be+s1 :i* are ?us1 z ,g5esis intimates1 *ildr5 ( ! wat]s & ( ! l&1 & ( ! influ5ces ( ! heav5s4 ,x is also int]e/+ 9 ?is connection to obs]ve t ! occurr5ce ( su* p]iods ( g5]al w>m climate z t 9 ! ,mioc5e %[s t x w\ld h be5 possible = man1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 to h ext5d$ himself f> m widely 9 8 ,ed5ic /ate ?an we c conceive ( 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! e>?4 ,! mod]n _w is p]haps ev5 9 ?is way curs$ = man's sake4 ,g4--,,dr4 ,,/]ry ,,hunt ,,on ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,primeval ,,e>?4 ,on look+ back to ! ref]5ce to ?is subject 9 ,*apt] ,v41 ,i ?9k x may be desirable to pres5t to ! read] 9 "s m def9ite mann] ! conditions ( a =m+ _w2 & ,i c n d ?is 9 any o!r way s well z by quot+ ! words ( ,dr4 ,/]ry ,hunt1 z giv5 9 ! ab/ract ( 8 lecture on ?is subject deliv]$ be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,london 9 #ahfg3 ,?is hypo!sis ( ! nature ( ! sun & ( ! lum9\s process go+ on at its surface is ! "o lately put =w>d by ,faye1 &1 al?\gh x has met ) opposition1 appe>s to be t :i* accords be/ ) our pres5t k ( ! *emical & physical conditions ( matt]1 su* z we mu/ suppose x to exi/ 9 ! cond5s+ gase\s mass :i*1 accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 %\ld =m ! c5tre ( our sol> sy/em4 ,tak+ ?is1 z we h already done1 = grant$1 x matt]s little :e!r we imag9e ! diff]5t planets to h be5 successively deta*$ z r+s dur+ ! rotation ( ! primal mass1 z is g5]ally conceiv$1 or :e!r we admit ) ,*acornac a process ( aggregation or concretion1 op]at+ )9 ! primal nebul> mass1 result+ 9 ! production ( sun & planets4 ,9 ei!r case we come to ! conclusion t our e>? mu/ at "o "t h be5 9 an int5sely heat$ gase\s condition1 su* z ! sun n[ pres5ts1 self-lum9\s1 & ) a process ( cond5sation go+ on at fir/ at ! surface only1 until by cool+ x mu/ h rea*$ ! po9t :]e ! gase\s c5tre 0 ex*ang$ = "o ( comb9$ & liquefi$ matt]4 ,"h comm5ces ! *emi/ry ( ! e>?1 to ! discussion ( :i* ! =ego+ consid]ations h be5 only prelim9>y4 ,s long z ! gase\s condition ( ! e>? la/$1 we may suppose ! :ole mass to h be5 homog5e\s2 b :5 ! temp]ature became s r$uc$ t ! exi/5ce ( *emical comp\nds at ! c5tre became possible1 ^? :i* 7 mo/ /able at ! elevat$ temp]ature !n prevail+ w\ld be fir/ =m$4 ,?us1 = example1 :ile comp\nds ( oxyg5 ) m]cury or ev5 ) hydrog5 c\ld n exi/1 oxides ( silicon1 alum9ium1 calcium1 magnesium1 & iron might be =m$ & cond5se 9 a liquid =m at ! c5tre ( ! globe4 ,by progressive cool+1 /ill o!r elem5ts w\ld be remov$ f ! gase\s mass1 :i* w\ld =m ! atmosph]e ( ! non-gase\s nucleus4 ,we may suppose an arrangem5t ( ! cond5s$ matt]s at ! c5tre accord+ to _! respective specific gravities1 & ?us ! fact t ! d5sity ( ! e>? z a :ole is ab\t twice ! mean d5sity ( ! matt]s :i* =m its solid surface may be expla9$4 ,metallic or metalloidal comp\nds ( elem5ts1 gr\p$ diff]5tly f any comp\nds kn[n to u1 & f> m d5se1 may exi/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,! process ( comb9ation & cool+ hav+ gone on until ^? elem5ts :i* are n volatile 9 ! heat ( our ord9>y furnaces 7 cond5s$ into a liquid =m1 we may "h inquire :at w\ld be ! result1 ^u ! mass1 ( a fur!r r$uction ( temp]ature4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t 9 ! cool+ ( a liquid globe ( m9]al matt]1 congelation w\ld comm5ce at ! surface1 z 9 ! case ( wat]2 b wat] (f]s an exception to mo/ o!r liquids1 inasmu* z x is d5s] 9 ! liquid ?an 9 ! solid =m4 ,h5ce ice floats on wat]1 & freez+ wat] becomes cov]$ ) a lay] ( ice1 :i* protects ! liquid bel[4 ,) mo/ o!r matt]s1 h[ev]1 & notably ) ! v>i\s m9]al & e>?y comp\nds analog\s to ^? :i* may be suppos$ to h =m$ ! fi]y-fluid e>?1 num]\s & c>eful exp]im5ts %[ t ! products ( solidification are mu* d5s] ?an ! liquid mass2 s t solidification w\ld h comm5c$ at ! c5tre1 ^: temp]ature w\ld ?us be ! congeal+ po9t ( ^! liquid comp\nds4 ,! important rese>*es ( ,hopk9s & ,fairbairn on ! influ5ce ( pressure 9 augm5t+ ! melt+-po9t ( su* comp\nds z contract 9 solidify+ are to be consid]$ 9 ?is connection4 ,x is ) ! sup]ficial portions ( ! fus$ m9]al mass ( ! globe t we h n[ to d2 s9ce !re is no good reason = suppos+ t ! deeply seat$ portions h int]v5$ 9 any direct mann] 9 ! production ( ! rocks :i* =m ! sup]ficial cru/4 ,?is1 at ! "t ( its fir/ solidification1 pres5t$ probably an irregul>1 div]sifi$ surface f ! result ( contraction ( ! congeal+ mass1 :i* at la/ =m$ a liquid ba? ( no great dep? surr\nd+ ! solid nucleus4 ,x is to ! composition ( ?is cru/ t we mu/ direct our att5tion1 s9ce !re9 w\ld be f\nd all ! elem5ts 7) ! exception ( su* z 7 /ill 9 ! gase\s =m7 n[ met ) 9 ! kn[n rocks ( ! e>?4 ,?is cru/ is n[ ev]y:]e buri$ b5ea? its own ru9s1 & we c only f *emical consid]ations attempt to recon/ruct x4 ,if we consid] ! conditions ?r\gh :i* x has pass$1 & ! *emical aff9ities :i* mu/ h come into play1 we %all see t ^! are j :at w\ld n[ result if ! solid l&1 sea1 & air 7 made to react ^u ea* o!r "u ! influ5ce ( int5se heat4 ,to ! *emi/ x is at once evid5t t f ?is w\ld result ! conv]sion ( all c>bonates1 *lorides1 & sulphates into silicates1 & ! sep>ation ( ! c>bon1 *lor9e1 & sulphur 9 ! =m ( acid gases1 :i*1 ) nitrog51 wat]y vapor1 & a probable excess ( oxyg51 w\ld =m ! d5se primeval atmosph]e4 ,! result+ fus$ mass w\ld conta9 all ! bases z silicates1 & mu/ h mu* resembl$ 9 composition c]ta9 furnace-slags or volcanic glasses4 ,! atmosph]e1 *>g$ ) acid gases1 :i* surr\nd$ ?is primitive rock mu/ h be5 ( imm5se d5sity4 ,"u ! pressure ( su* a high b>ometric column1 cond5sation w\ld take place at a temp]ature mu* above ! pres5t boil+-po9t ( wat]1 & ! depress$ portions ( ! half-cool$ cru/ w\ld be flood$ ) a highly heat$ solution ( hydro*loric acid1 ^: action 9 decompos+ ! silicates is easily intelligible to ! *emi/4 ,! =mation ( *lorides ( ! v>i\s bases1 & ! sep>ation ( silica1 w\ld g on until ! aff9ities ( ! acid 7 satisfi$1 & !re w\ld be a sep>ation ( silica1 tak+ ! =m ( qu>tz1 & ! production ( a sea-wat] hold+ 9 solution1 besides ! *lorides ( sodium1 calcium1 & magnesium1 salts ( alum9ium & o!r metallic bases4 ,! atmosph]e1 be+ ?us depriv$ ( its volatile *lor9e & sulphur comp\nds1 w\ld approximate to t ( our own "t1 b diff] 9 its great] am\nt ( c>bonic acid4 ,we next ent] into ! second phase 9 ! action ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! e>?'s cru/4 ,?is1 unlike ! fir/1 :i* 0 subaque\s1 or op]ative only on ! portion cov]$ ) ! precipitat$ wat]1 is sub-a]ial1 & consi/s 9 ! decomposition ( ! expos$ p>ts ( ! primitive cru/ "u ! influ5ce ( ! c>bonic acid & moi/ure ( ! air1 :i* conv]t ! complex silicates ( ! cru/ into a silicate ( alum9a1 or clay1 :ile ! sep>at$ lime1 magnesia1 & alkalies1 be+ conv]t$ into c>bonates1 are c>ri$ d[n into ! sea 9 a /ate ( solution4 ,! fir/ effect ( ^! dissolv$ c>bonates w\ld be to precipitate ! dissolv$ alum9a & ! heavy metals1 aft] :i* w\ld result a decomposition ( ! *loride ( calcium ( ! sea-wat]1 result+ 9 ! production ( c>bonate ( lime or lime/one1 & *loride ( sodium or common salt4 ,?is process is "o /ill go+ on at ! e>?'s surface1 sl[ly break+ d[n & de/roy+ ! h>de/ rocks1 &1 aid$ by me*anical processes1 trans=m+ !m into clays2 al?\gh ! action1 f ! comp>ative r>ity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e1 is less en]getic ?an 9 e>li] times1 :5 ! abundance ( ?is gas1 & a high] temp]ature1 favor$ ! *emical decomposition ( ! rocks4 ,b n[1 z !n1 e clod ( clay =m$ f ! decay ( a cry/all9e rock correspond$ to an equival5t ( c>bonic acid ab/ract$ f ! atmosph]e1 & equival5ts ( c>bonate ( lime & common salt =m$ f ! *loride ( calcium ( ! sea-wat]4#aei ,h4--,,tann9 ,,& ,,bhemah4 ,! foll[+ synopsis ( ! in/ances ( ! occurr5ce ( ! words tann9 & tan w s]ve to %[ ! propriety ( ! mean+1 great reptiles1 assign$ 9 ! text to ! =m]1 z well z to illu/rate ! utility 9 su* cases ( comp>+ ,scripture ) ,scripture3 #a4 ,,tann94 ,exod4 vii41 #i4--,take ?y rod & ,probably a s]p5t1 ?\gh p]haps ca/ x be=e ,ph>aoh1 & x a crocodile4 %all become a s]p5t4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 ,deut4 xxxii41 #cc4--,_! v9e is ,probably a species ( s]p5t4 ! poison ( dragons4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 ,job vii41 #ab4--;,am ,i a sea1 or a ,mi*aelis & o!rs ?9k1 :ale1 t ?\ sette/ a probably correctly1 t ! ,nile wat* ov] me4 & ! crocodile1 bo? objects ( vigilance to ! ,egyptians1 are int5d$4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 ,psa4 lxxiv41 #ad4--,?\ did/ ,evid5tly ref]s to ! de/ruction divide ! sea by ?y /r5g?4 ( ! ,egyptians 9 ! ,r$ ,?\ breake/ ! heads ( ! ,sea1 "u emblem ( ! crocodile4 dragons 9 ! wat]s4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 ,psa4 xci41 #ac4--,! "y lion ,! association %[s t a & ! dragon ?\ %alt p[]ful c>nivor\s animal is trample "u foot4 meant4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 ,psa4 cxlviii41 #g4--,praise ! ,evid5tly an aquatic creature4 ,"l1 ye dragons & all deeps4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 ,isa4 xxvii41 #a4--;,he %all slay ,a l>ge pr$ace\s aquatic animal ! dragon 9 ! mid/ ( ! 7! crocodile71 us$ "h z sea riv]4 an emblem ( ,egypt4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 ,isa4 li41 #i4--;,ha? cut ,rahab & ,same z above4 w\nd$ ! dragon4 ,j]4 li41 #cd4--,nebu*adnezz> ,a l>ge pr$ace\s animal4 ha? swall[$ me up z a 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 dragon4 ,ezek4 xxix41 #c4--,ph>aoh1 k+ ,9 ! ,hebrew tanim appe>s by ( ,egypt1 ! great dragon mi/ake = tann94 ,?is is t lie? 9 ! riv]s4 cle>ly ! crocodile ( ! ,nile4 ,v]ses #d & #e %[ t x is a l>ge aquatic animal ) scales4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 #b4 ,,tan4 ,psa4 xliv41 #ai4--,?\ ha/ sore ,"s und]/& ?is ( %ipwreck2 brok5 u 9 ! place ( b1 m probably1 ! dragons4 place ( dragons is ! des]t4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 kakosis47 ,isa4 xxxiv41 #ac4--;,bozrah 9 ,an animal inhabit+ ru9s1 & ,idumea %all be a habitation ( associat$ ) ! o/ri*4 dragons & a c\rt ( owls or 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 seir547 o/ri*es4 ,isa4 xliii41 #bj4--,! wild ,evid5tly an animal ( ! dry bea/s %all honor me1 des]ts4 ! dragons & ! o/ri*es1 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 seir547 because ,i give wat] 9 ! wild]ness4 ,isa4 xiii41 #bb4--;,dragons 9 ,repres5t$ z inhabit+ ! _! pleasant palaces4 ru9s ( ,babylon1 & associat$ ) wild bea/s ( ! des]t4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 x*9os47 ,isa4 xxxv41 #g4--;,& ! p>*$ ,an animal mak+ its lair or ne/ gr\nd %all become a pool1 & 9 dry1 p>*$ places4 ! ?ir/y l& spr+s ( 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 hornis47 wat]2 9 ! habitation ( dragons1 :]e ea* lay1 %all be grass ) re$s & ru%es4 ,job xxx41 #bi4--;,i am a bro!r ( ,! association indicates an animal dragons & a companion ( ( ! des]t1 & ! context o/ri*es4 t its cry is m\rnful4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 seir547 ,j]4 ix41 #aa2 x41 #bb4--;,i w ,same z above4 ,see also ,j]emiah make ,j]usalem heaps1 a d5 ( xlix41 #cc2 li41 #cg2 & ,mal4 i41 #c1 dragons4 :]e ! ^w is 9 ! female =m 7tano?74 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon & ,greek3 /r\?os47 ,lam4 iv41 #c4--;,ev5 ! ,9 ! ,hebrew text ! ^w is sea-mon/]s draw out ! tann91 evid5tly an error = brea/1 !y give suck to _! tanim4 ,! suckl+ ( "y1 & "y ones4 ,! daught] ( my association ( o/ri*es1 agree ) p is become cruel1 l ?is4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 ! o/ri*es 9 ! wild]ness4 ,micah i41 #h4--;,i w make a ,! wail+ cry accords ) ! wail+ l ! dragons1 & view ( ,ges5ius t ! jackal is m\rn+ l ! owls meant4 o/ri*es4 7,septuag9t1 ,greek3 drakon47 ,we le>n f ! above comp>ative view t ! tann9 is an aquatic animal ( l>ge size1 & pr$ace\s1 clo!d ) scales1 & a fit emblem ( ! mon>*ies ( ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,9 two places x is possible t "s species ( s]p5t is d5ot$ by x4 ,we mu/ suppose1 !re=e1 t 9 ,g5esis i4 x d5otes l>ge crocodilian & p]haps s]p5ti=m reptiles4 ,! tan is evid5tly a small mammal ( ! des]t4 ,i omitt$ to notice 9 ! text a criticism ( my explanation ( ! ^w bhemah 9 ,ar*aia1 made 9 ,ar*deacon ,pratt's ,scripture & ,sci5ce n at ,v>iance 7edition ( #ahgb74 ,he opposes to ! mean+ ( h]bivor\s animals :i* ,i h s\ght to e/abli%1 two exceptional passages4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 ,deut4 xxviii41 #bf1 ! ^w is us$ 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se = all bea/s1 :i* ! context %[s c n be its mean+ 9 ,g54 i4 ,9 ! o!r1 ,prov4 xxx41 #cj1 he says x is appli$ to ! lion4 ,! actual expression us$1 h[ev]1 m]ely implies t ! lion is mighty among bhemah1 ! comp>ison be+ probably betwe5 ! /r5g? ( ! lion & t ( ox51 antelopes1 & o!r /rong & active creatures4 ,x does n affirm t ! lion is "o ( ! bhemah4 ,:ile ,i h e respect = ! erudition ( ,ar*deacon ,pratt1 & highly value 8 book1 ,i mu/ reg>d ?is objection z an example ( a /yle ( biblical exposition mu* to be deprecat$1 ?\gh too (t5 employ$4 ,i4--,,anci5t ,,my?ologies4 ,! curr5t views respect+ ! relations ( anci5t my?ologies ) ea* o!r & ) ! ,bible h be5 cont9ually %ift+ & oscillat+ betwe5 extremes4 ,! late/ & at pres5t mo/ popul> ( ^! extreme views is t s well exp\nd$ by ,dr4 ,max ,muell] 9 8 v>i\s essays on ^! subjects1 & :i* traces at lea/ ! ,indo-,european !ogony to a m]e p]sonification ( natural objects4 ,! views giv5 9 ! text are ^? :i* to ! au?or appe> alone compatible ) ! ,bible1 & ) ! relations ( ,semitic & ,aryan !ology2 b1 z ! subject is g5]ally reg>d$ f a q diff]5t po9t ( view1 a little fur!r explanation may be necess>y4 #a4 ,accord+ to ! ,bible1 spiritual mono!ism is ! primitive fai? ( man1 & ) ?is x ranks ! doctr9e ( a malignant _s or be+ oppos$ to ,god1 & ( a primitive /ate ( p]fection & happ9ess4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ^! doctr9es may be f\nd z sub-/rata 9 all ! anci5t !ologies4 #b4 ,9 ! ,hebrew !ology ! fall introduces ! new doctr9e ( a m$iator or deliv]]1 human & div9e1 & an ext]nal symbolism1 t ( ! *]ubic =ms1 composite figures made up ( p>ts ( ! man1 ! lion1 ! ox1 & ! eagle4 ,^! =ms are ref]r$ back to ,ed51 :]e !y are manife/ly ! emblems ( ! p]fections ( ! ,deity1 lo/ to man by ! fall1 & n[ oppos$ to 8 entrance into ,ed5 & access to ! tree ( life1 ! symbol ( 8 immortal happ9ess4 ,subsequ5tly ! *]ubim are ! visible indications ( ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 ! tab]nacle & temple2 & 9 ! ,apocalypse !y reappe> z emblems ( ! ,div9e p]fections1 z reflect$ 9 ! "* ( man r$eem$4 ,! *]ubim1 z gu>dians ( ! sacr$ tree1 & ( sacr$ places 9 g5]al1 appe> 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,assyrians & ,egyptians1 z ! w+$ lions & bulls ( ! =m]1 & ! sph9x ( ! latt]4 ,!y c also be recogniz$ 9 ! sepul*ral monum5ts ( ,greek ,asia & ( ,etruria4 ,f>!r1 x 0 evid5tly an easy /ep to proce$ f ^! *]ubic figures to ! adoration ( sacr$ animals4 ,b ! *]ubic emblems 7 connect$ ) ! idea ( a com+ ,r$eem]1 & ?is 0 ) equal ease p]v]t$ into h]o-wor%ip4 ,e great conqu]or1 inv5tor1 or re=m] 0 ?us recogniz$ z 9 "s s5se ! com+ man1 j z ,eve suppos$ %e saw him 9 h] fir/-born4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! sacr$ness ( ! fir/ "m z ! "m ( ! promis$ se$ ( ! woman1 l$ to ! introduction ( female deities4 #c4 ,! e>lie/ ecclesia/ical sy/em 0 ! patri>*al1 & ?is also admitt$ ( corruption into idolatry4 ,! great patri>*1 v5]able by age & wisdom1 :5 he left ?is e>? = ! _s _w1 0 suppos$ !re1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 to be ! special gu>dian ( 8 *ildr5 on e>?4 ,"s ( ! gods ( ,egypt & ( ,greece 7 obvi\sly ( ?is "*1 & 9 ,*9a & ,polynesia we see at ?is day ?is k9d ( idolatry 9 a condition ( active vitality4 #d4 ,z /at$ 9 ! text1 ! my?ology ( ,egypt & ,greece be>s evid5t m>ks ( hav+ p]sonifi$ c]ta9 cosmological facts ak9 to ^? ( ! ,hebrew n>rative ( creation4 ,9 ?is way anci5t idolators dispos$ ( ! prehi/oric & pre-,adamite _w1 *ang+ x into a p]iod ( gods & demigods4 ,?is is v app>5t 9 ! rem>kable ,assyrian ,g5esis recov]$ by ! late ,george ,smi? f ! clay tablets f\nd 9 ! ru9$ palace ( ,assurbanipal4 #e4 ,9 all rude & imag9ative nations1 :i* h lo/ ! di/9ct idea ( ! "o ,god1 ! ,creator1 nature becomes m or less a s\rce ( sup]/itions4 ,its gr& & m r>e ph5om5a ( volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 ?und]-/orms1 eclipses1 become sup]natural port5ts2 & z ! idea ( p[] associates itself ) !m1 !y are p]sonifi$ z actual ag5ts & become gods4 ,9 l mann]1 ! m con/ant & useful objects & processes ( nature become p]sonifi$ z b5efic5t deities4 ,?is may be1 to a great ext5t1 ! "* ( ! ,aryan !ology2 b1 except :]e all ideas ( primitive religion & traditions ( e>ly hi/ory h be5 lo/1 x c n be ! :ole ( ! religion ( any p4 ,! ,bible negatively recognizes ?is s\rce ( idolatry1 9 s con/antly ref]r+ all natural ph5om5a to ! div9e decree4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 x is wor?y ( rem>k t rude man t5ds to v5]ate ! new animal =ms ( /range l&s4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d has probably l$ "s ( ! ,am]ican ,indians to give a sort ( div9e honor to ! be>4 ,x 0 9 ,egypt t man fir/ became famili> ) ! /range & gigantic fauna ( ,africa1 ^: effect on 8 m9d 9 primitive times we may ga!r f ! book ( ,job4 ,9 ,egypt1 consequ5tly1 !re mu/ h be5 a /rong natural t5d5cy to ! adoration ( animals4 ,! above orig9s ( idolatry & my?ology1 z /at$ or impli$ 9 ! ,bible1 ( c\rse assume t ! ,semitic mono!i/ic religion is ! primitive "o4 ,! fir/ deviations f x probably orig9at$ 9 ! family ( ,ham4 ,a city ( ! ,rephaim ( ,ba%an 0 9 ! days ( ,abraham nam$ aft] ,a%tore? ,k>naim--! two-horn$ ,a/>te1 a female div9ity & prototype ( ,diana1 & p]haps an hi/oric p]sonage1 9 :om bo? ! moon & ! dome/ic ox 7 r5d]$ objects ( wor%ip4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ ,bible notice ( idolatry4#afj ,9 ,egypt a my?ology ( complex div]sity exi/$ at lea/ z f> back4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ,egypt is ,cu% z well z ,mizraim1 & its idolatry is probably to be trac$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! ,nimrodic empire1 f :i*1 z f a common c5tre1 c]ta9 new & irreligi\s ideas seem to h be5 propagat$ among all ! bran*es ( ! human family4 ,x is q probable t ! correspond5ces betwe5 ,egyptian1 ,greek1 & ,h9doo my?s g back z f> z to ! "t :5 ! fir/ despotism 0 erect$ on ! pla9 ( ,%9>1 & :5 able b ungodly m5 set !mselves to erect new political & social in/itutions on ! ru9s ( all t _! fa!rs _h held sacr$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! my?ology & language ( ! ,aryans alike be> ! impress ( ! innovat+ & re/less _s ( ! sons ( ,japhet4 ,i h /at$ ! above propositions to %[ t ! ,bible af=ds a rational & connect$ !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! false religions ( antiquity2 & to sugge/ z inquiries 9 relation to e =m ( my?ology--h[ mu* ( x is primitive mono!ism1 h[ mu* *]ub-wor%ip1 h[ mu* h]o-wor%ip1 h[ mu* ance/or-wor%ip1 h[ mu* di/ort$ cosmogony1 h[ mu* pure idealism & sup]/ition1 s9ce all ^! are usually pres5t4 ,i may be all[$ fur!r to rem9d ! read] h[ mu* evid5ce we h1 ev5 9 mod]n times1 ( ! /rong t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to fall into "o or ano!r ( ^! =ms ( idolatry2 & to ask him to reflect t really ! only effectual cons]vative elem5t is t ( revelation4 ,h[ /rong an argum5t is ?is = ! necessity to man ( an inspir$ rule ( religi\s fai?4 ,! above note 0 9 sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! ,app5dix to ,ar*aia 9 #ahfj1 & its correctness has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 confirm$ by subsequ5t discov]ies4 ,k4--,,assyrian ,,& ,,egyptian ,,texts4 ,progress is cont9ually be+ made 9 ! deciph]m5t & publication ( ^!1 & new facts are com+ to light 9 consequ5ce z to ! religions ( ! e>ly po/diluvian p]iod4 ,accord+ to ! late ,george ,smi? & to ,mr4 ,sayce1 9 _! contributions to ,bag/]'s ,records ( ! ,pa/1 ! e>lie/ monum5tal hi/ory ( ,babylonia reveals two races1 ! ,akkadian or ,urdu1 a ,turanian race1 ) an agglut9ate language ( ! ,f9ni% or ,t>t> type1 & ! ,sumir or ,ke5-gi1 believ$ to be ,%emitic4 ,! race ( ,akkad seems to h inv5t$ ! cunei=m writ+ at a v e>ly p]iod1 & x no d\bt repres5ts ! primitive ,cu%ites ( ! ,bible1 to :om is attribut$ ! empire ( ,nimrod1 ^: fir/ cities 7 ,babel & ,ere* & ,akkad & ,calneh4 ,v anci5t inscriptions ( ?is e>ly ,*aldean or ,cu%ite race exi/1 probably e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,abraham4 ,t ( k+ ,urukh1 :o is call$ a v anci5t k+1 on an inscription ( ,nabonadius1 #eee ,b4,c41 repres5ts himself z build+ temples to sev]al gods & goddesses1 s t 9 8 "t !re 0 already a develop$ poly!ism1 unless1 inde$1 he 0 himself ! inv5tor or introduc] ( mu* ( x4 ,yet "o c ga!r f ! probably contempor>y ,creation & ,deluge tablets translat$ by ,mr4 ,smi?1 t a ,supreme ,god 0 /ill recogniz$1 & t ! subord9ate deities1 ?\gh _! wor%ip 0 probably ga9+ 9 importance1 7 /ill only local & creat$ be+s4 ,yet x 0 und\bt$ly f ?is embryo idolatry t ,abraham diss5t$1 & 0 ?us l$ to leave 8 native l&4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! e>ly ,egyptian ,hymn to ,am5 ,ra1 translat$ by ,mr4 ,goodw91 ?\gh we h ! gods m5tion$1 !y are inf]ior be+s1 & n high] 9 position ?an ! angels ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :ile ,ra himself is ,"l ( ,et]nity1 ,mak] ,ev]la/+1 & is prais$ z ,*ief creator ( ! :ole e>?1 ,support] ( affairs above e god1 ,9 ^: goodness ! gods rejoice4 ,?us1 al?\gh !re c be little d\bt t ,ra 0 a sun-god1 !re c be z little t he is ! ,il or ,el ( ! ,%emitic peoples1 & t 8 wor%ip repres5ts t ( ! "o ,god1 ! ,creator4 ,x seems probable also t !re 0 an esot]ic doctr9e ( ?is k9d among ! prie/s & ! educat$1 h[ev] gross ! poly!ism ( ! vulg>4 ,9 %ort1 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,assyria & ,egypt 0 n dissimil> f t prevail+ at ?is day 9 ,india1 :]e le>n$ m5 may fall back ^u ! anci5t ,v$as1 & ma9ta9 t _! religion is mono!i/ic1 :ile ! common p wor%ip innum]able gods4 ,all ?is po9ts to a primitive mono!ism1 j z ! peculi> =ms ( adoration giv5 to sa9ts & ! ,virg9 ,m>y 9 ! ,greek & ,roman *ur*es hi/orically imply a primitive ,*ri/ianity on :i* ^! new] beliefs & rites h be5 engraft$4 ,l4--,,species ,,& ,,v>ietal ,,=ms ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,man4 ,9 ! conclud+ *apt]s ( ,ar*aia ! nature ( species1 z di/+ui%$ f v>ieties1 0 discuss$1 & specially appli$ to ! v>ieties & races ( man4 ,?is discussion has be5 omitt$ f ! text ( ! pres5t "w2 b1 9 an abridg$ =m1 is introduc$ "h1 ) especial ref]5ce to ^? m rec5t views ( ?is subject n[ preval5t 9 consequ5ce ( ! gr[? ( ! philosophy ( evolution2 b :i* ,i feel conv9c$ mu/1 ) ! progress ( sci5ce1 return ne>] to ! op9ions held by me 9 #ahfj1 & summ>iz$ bel[4 ,we c det]m9e species only by ! comp>ison ( individuals4 ,if all ^! agree 9 all _! *>act]s except ^? app]ta9+ to sex1 age1 & o!r conditions ( ! individual m]ely1 we say t !y belong to ! same species4 ,if all species 7 inv>iable to ?is ext5t1 !re c\ld be no practical difficulty1 except t ( obta9+ specim5s = comp>ison4 ,b 9 ! case ( v _m species !re are m9or diff]5ces1 n suffici5t to e/abli% specific div]sity1 b to sugge/ its possibility2 & 9 su* cases !re is (t5 great liability to error4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d we h pr9cipally two crit]ia3 fir/1 ! nature & am\nt ( ! diff]5ces2 secondly1 _! %ad+ gradually into ea* o!r1 or ! contr>y4 ,"u ! fir/ ( ^! we inquire--,are !y no great] 9 am\nt ?an ^? :i* may be obs]v$ 9 individuals ( ! same p>5tage8 ,are !y no great] ?an ^? :i* occur 9 o!r species ( simil> /ructure or habits8 ,d !y occur 9 po9ts kn[n 9 o!r species to be readily v>iable1 or 9 po9ts t usually rema9 un*ang$8 ,are none ( !m con/ant 9 ! "o suppos$ species1 & con/antly abs5t 9 ! o!r8 ,"u ! second we ask--,are ! individuals pres5t+ ^! diff]5ces connect$ toge!r by o!rs %[+ a s]ies ( gradations unit+ ! extremes by m9ute degrees ( diff]5ce8 ,if we c answ] ^! que/ions--or su* ( !m z we h ! means ( answ]+--9 ! affirmative1 we h no hesitation 9 ref]r+ all to ! same species4 ,if oblig$ to answ] all or _m 9 ! negative1 we mu/ at lea/ hesitate 9 ! id5tification2 & if ! mat]ial is abundant1 & ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s cle> & well def9$1 we conclude t !re is a specific diff]5ce4 ,species det]m9$ 9 ?is way mu/ possess c]ta9 g5]al prop]ties 9 common3 #a4 ,_! individuals mu/ fall )9 a c]ta9 range ( uni=m *>act]s1 wid] or n>r[] 9 ! case ( diff]5t species4 #b4 ,! int]vals betwe5 species mu/ be di/9ctly m>k$1 & n slurr$ ov] by int]m$iate gradations4 #c4 ,! specific *>act]s mu/ be inv>iably transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 s t !y rema9 equally di/9ct 9 _! limits if trac$ backw>d or =w>d 9 "t1 9 s f> z our obs]vation may ext5d4 #d4 ,)9 ! limits ( ! species !re is m or less liability to v>iation2 & ?is1 ?\gh p]haps develop$ by ext]nal circum/ances1 is really inh]5t 9 ! species1 & mu/ necess>ily =m a "p ( its prop] description4 #e4 ,!re is also a physiological di/9ction betwe5 species1 namely1 t ! individuals are /]ile ) "o ano!r1 :]eas ?is does n apply to v>ieties2 & ?\gh ,d>w9 has labor$ to break d[n ?is di/9ction by insi/+ on r>e exceptional cases1 & sugge/+ _m suppos$ ways by :i* v>ieties ( ! same species might possibly atta9 to ?is k9d ( di/9ctness1 ! diff]5ce /ill rema9s z a fact 9 nature2 ?\gh "o n readily available 9 practically di/+ui%+ species4 ,^! g5]al prop]ties ( species w1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ by all naturali/s z bas$ on nature1 & absolutely necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( natural hi/ory z a sci5ce1 indep5d5tly ( any hypo!ses z to ! possible *anges ( specific =ms 9 ! lapse ( "t4 ,i n[ proce$ to give a simil> summ>y ( ! laws ( ! v>ieties :i* may exi/--always be x obs]v$1 )9 ! limits ( ! species4 #a4 ,! limits ( v>iation are v diff]5t 9 diff]5t species4 ,!re are _m 9 :i* no well-m>k$ v>iations h be5 obs]v$4 ,!re are o!rs 9 :i* ! v>iations are s m>k$ t !y h be5 divid$1 ev5 by skilful naturali/s1 into di/9ct species or ev5 g5]a4 ,i d n "h ref] to diff]5ces ( age & sex4 ,^! 9 _m animals are s great t no?+ b actual k ( ! relation t subsi/s w\ld prev5t ! individuals f be+ entirely sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,i ref] m]ely to ! v>ieties t exi/ 9 adults ( ! same sex1 includ+1 h[ev]1 ^? t dep5d on arre/ ( developm5t1 & ?us make ! adult ( "o v>iety resemble 9 "s respects ! "y ( ano!r2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! hornless ox51 & be>dless individuals among m54 ,if we inquire z to ! causes on :i* ! great] or less disposition to v>y dep5ds1 we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 confess our ignorance1 by say+ t x appe>s to be 9 a great measure con/itutional1 or dep5d5t on m9ute & z yet n di/9ctly appreciable /ructural1 physiological1 & psy*ical *>act]s4 ,d>w9 /ates t ,pallas long ago sugge/$1 f ! kn[n facts t ! se$s ( hybrid plants & graft$ trees are v v>iable1 ! !ory t mixture ( bre$s t5ds to produce v>iability2 b ,d>w9 does n seem to atta* mu* importance to ?is1 & admits our inability to expla9 ! orig9 ( ^! diff]5ces4#afa ,we "k1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 prop]ties ( species t are always or usually connect$ ) great liability to v>iation4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! liability to v>y is1 9 _m cases1 n m]ely a specific peculi>ity2 x is (t5 g5]al 9 ! memb]s ( a g5us or family4 ,?us ! cats1 z a family1 are little prone to v>y2 ! wolves & foxes v mu* s4 #b4 ,species t are v widely di/ribut$ ov] ! e>?'s surface are usually v v>iable4 ,9 ?is case ! capacity to v>y probably adapts ! creature to a great v>iety ( circum/ances1 & s enables x to be widely di/ribut$4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ "h t h>d9ess & v>iability ( con/itution are m important to ext5sive di/ribution ?an m]e locomotive p[]s1 = matt]s h evid5tly be5 s arrang$ 9 nature t1 :]e ! habitat is suitable1 coloni/s w f9d _! way to x1 ev5 9 ! face ( difficulties almo/ insurm\ntable4 #c4 ,con/itutional liability to v>y is sometimes connect$ ) or dep5d5t on extreme simplicity ( /ructure1 9 o!r cases on a high degree ( intellig5ce & consequ5t adaptation to v>i\s modes ( subsi/5ce4 ,^? m9ute1 simply organiz$1 & v v>iable creatures1 ! ,=am9if]a1 exemplify ! fir/ ( ^! app>5t causes2 ! crafty wolves furni% examples ( ! second4 #d4 ,susceptibility to v>iation is f>!r modifi$ by ! great] or less adaptability ( ! dige/ive & locomotive organs to v>i$ k9ds ( food & habitat4 ,! monkeys1 intellig5t1 imitative1 & active1 are nev]!less v limit$ 9 range & v>iability1 because !y c com=tably subsi/ only 9 =e/s1 & 9 ! w>m] regions ( ! e>?4 ,! hog1 m sluggi% & less intellig5t1 has an omnivor\s appetite1 & no v special requirem5ts ( habitat1 & s c v>y greatly & ext5d ov] a l>ge portion ( ! e>?4 ,f>!r1 9 connection ) ?is subject x may be obs]v$ t ! conditions favorable to v>iation are also 9 ! case ( ! high] animals favorable to dome/ication1 :ile x may also be affirm$ t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 animals 9 a dome/icat$ /ate are mu* m liable to v>y ?an ^? 9 a wild /ate1 & ?is indep5d5t ( int5tional selection4 ,d>w9 admits ?is1 & gives _m examples ( x4 #b4 ,v>ieties may orig9ate 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,9 ! case ( wild animals x is g5]ally suppos$ t !y are gradually induc$ by ! sl[ op]ation ( ext]nal influ5ces2 b x is c]ta9 t 9 dome/icat$ animals !y (t5 appe> sudd5ly & unexpect$ly1 & are n on t acc\nt at all less p]man5t4 ,a l>ge proportion ( our bre$s ( dome/ic animals appe> to orig9ate 9 ?is way4 ,a v rem>kable in/ance is t ( ! ,niata cattle ( ! ,b&a ,ori5tale1 describ$ by ,d>w9 9 8 ,voyage ( a ,naturali/4 ,^! cattle are believ$ to h orig9at$ ab\t a c5tury ago among ! ,indians to ! s\? ( ! ,la ,plata1 & ! bre$ propagates itself ) great con/ancy4 ,!y appe>1 says ,d>w91 ext]nally to hold ne>ly ! same relation to o!r cattle :i* bull-dogs hold to o!r dogs4 ,_! =ehead is v %ort & broad1 ) ! nasal end turn$ up1 & ! upp] lip mu* drawn back2 _! l[] jaws project outw>d2 :5 walk+ !y c>ry _! heads l[ on a %ort neck1 & _! h9d] legs are r long] comp>$ ) ! front legs ?an is usual4 ,x is f>!r rem>kable 9 respect to ?is bre$ t x is1 f its con=mation ( head1 less adapt$ to ! sev]e dr\ghts ( ^? regions ?an ! ord9>y cattle1 & c n1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z an adaptation to circum/ances4 ,9 8 lat] "w on animals "u dome/ication1 ,d>w9 gives _m o!r in/ances ( ! orig9ation ( bre$s ( cattle & o!r animals 9 ?is abrupt & my/]i\s mann]1 & )\t any selection1 ?\gh he /rongly leans to ! conclusion t sl[ & gradual *anges are ! mo/ frequ5t causes ( v>iation4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t v sl[ *anges are 9 m dang] ( be+ accid5tally div]t$ or oblit]at$ by cross+1 & t ! fir/ /ages ( an incipi5t *ange may be too unimportant to be p]man5t4 ,_m writ]s on ! subject ( ! ,unity ( ,man assume t any m>k$ v>iety mu/ require a long "t = its production4 ,our exp]i5ce 9 ! case ( ! dome/ic animals tea*es ! rev]se ( ?is view2 a v important po9t too (t5 ov]look$4 #c4 ,! duration or p]man5ce ( v>ieties is v diff]5t4 ,"s return at once to ! normal type :5 ! causes ( *ange are remov$4 ,o!rs p]petuate !mselves ne>ly z inv>iably z species1 & are nam$ races4 ,x is ^! races only t we are likely to mi/ake = true species1 s9ce "h we h t p]man5t reproduction :i* is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! species4 ,! race1 h[ev]1 wants ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( species z above /at$2 & x diff]s ess5tially 9 hav+ bran*$ f a primitive species1 & 9 n hav+ an indep5d5t orig94 ,x is q evid5t t 9 ! abs5ce ( hi/orical evid5ce we mu/ be v likely to err by suppos+ races to h really orig9at$ 9 di/9ct primordial =ms4 ,su* error is especially likely to arise if we ov]look ! fact ( ! sudd5 orig9ation ( su* races1 & _! great p]man5cy if kept di/9ct4 ,!re are two facts :i* des]ve especial notice1 z remov+ "s ( ! difficulty 9 su* cases4 ,"o is t well-m>k$ races usually orig9ate only 9 dome/icat$ animals1 or 9 wild animals :i*1 ow+ to accid5tal circum/ances1 are plac$ 9 abnormal circum/ances4 ,ano!r is1 t !re always rema9s a t5d5cy to return1 9 favorable circum/ances1 to ! orig9al type4 ,?is t5d5cy to rev]sion is mu* und]rat$ by ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s2 yet !y con/antly recur to x z a means ( prov+ possible d]ivation1 & _! writ+s ab\nd 9 examples ( x4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! rev]sions are ^? :i* occur :5 v>ieties de/itute ( all ! m>k+s ( ! orig9al /ock are cross$ & reproduce ^? m>k+s1 :i* ,d>w9 %[s to occur 9 pigeons & dome/ic f[ls4 ,! dome/icat$ races usually require a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e to pres]ve !m 9 a /ate ( purity1 bo? on ?is acc\nt & on acc\nt ( ! read9ess ) :i* !y int]mix ) o!r v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,_m v int]e/+ facts 9 illu/ration ( ^! po9ts might be adduc$4 ,! dome/icat$ hog diff]s 9 _m important *>act]s f ! wild bo>4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies x has return$1 9 ?ree c5turies or less1 to its orig9al =m4#afb ,! horse is probably n kn[n 9 a /ate orig9ally wild1 b x has run wild 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,sib]ia4 ,9 ! prairies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 accord+ to ,catl9#afc !y /ill %[ great v>ieties ( color4 ,! same is ! case 9 ,sable ,isl&1 (f ! coa/ ( ,nova ,scotia#afd :]e h]ds ( wild horses h exi/$ s9ce an e>ly p]iod 9 ! settlem5t ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,sib]ia !y h assum$ a uni=m *e/nut or bay color4 ,9 ! pla9s ( ,we/]n ,am]ica !y reta9 ! dim5sions & vigor ( ! bett] bre$s ( dome/icat$ horses4 ,9 ,sable ,isl& !y h already deg5]at$ to ! level ( ,highl& ponies2 b 9 all c\ntries :]e !y h run wild1 ! elongat$ & ar*$ head1 high %\ld]s1 /raight back1 & o!r /ructural *>act]s probably ( ! orig9al wild horse1 h appe>$4 ,we also le>n f su* in/ances t1 :ile races among dome/icat$ animals may appe> sudd5ly1 !y rev]t to ! orig9al type1 :5 unmix$1 comp>atively sl[ly2 & ?is especially :5 ! v>iation is 9 ! nature ( deg5]acy4 #d4 ,"s *>act]s are m subject to v>iation ?an o!rs4 ,9 ! high] animals v>iation takes place v readily 9 ! color & texture ( ! sk9 & its app5dages4 ,?is1 f its direct relation to ! ext]nal _w1 & ready sympa?y ) ! condition ( ! dige/ive organs1 might be expect$ to take ! lead4 ,9 ^? dome/icat$ animals :i* are little liable to v>y 9 o!r respects1 z ! cat & duck1 ! color v readily *anges4 ,next may be plac$ ! /ature & ext]nal proportions1 & ! =m ( su* app5dages z ! ext]nal e> & tail4 ,all ^! *>act]s are v v>iable 9 dome/ic animals4 ,next we may place ! =m ( ! skull1 :i*1 ?\gh little v>iable 9 ! wild /ate1 is ne>ly always *ang$ by dome/ication4 ,psy*ological functions1 z ! s-call$ in/9cts ( animals1 are also v liable to *ange1 & to h ^! *anges p]petuat$ 9 races4 ,v rem>kable in/ances ( ?is h be5 collect$ by ,sir ,c4 ,lyell#afe & ,dr4 ,pri*>d4 ,la/ly1 important physiological *>act]s1 z ! p]iod ( ge/ation1 etc41 & ! /ructure ( ! int]nal organs connect$ ) ! functions ( nutrition1 respiration1 etc41 are little liable to *ange1 & rema9 unaffect$ by ! mo/ extreme v>iations 9 o!r po9ts2 & x is1 no d\bt1 9 ^! m ess5tial & int]nal p>ts t ! t5d5cy survives to return "u favorable circum/ances to ! orig9al type4 #e4 ,v>ieties or races ( ! same species are fully reproductive ) ea* o!r1 :i* is n ! case ) true species4 ,mutual /]ility ( v>ieties ( ! same species is an exceptional peculi>ity1 if x ev] truly exi/2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! cross-f]tilization ( v>ieties ( ! same species1 :e!r 9 animals or plants1 t5ds to vigor\s life1 & also to return to ! primitive or av]age type4 ,on ! o!r h&1 int]mixture ( di/9ct species r>ely1 if ev]1 occurs freely 9 nature4 ,x is g5]ally a result ( artificial contrivance4 ,aga91 hybrids produc$ f species kn[n to be di/9ct are ei!r :olly b>r51 or b>r5 int] se1 reproduc+ only ) "o ( ! orig9al /ocks1 & rapidly return+ to x2 or if ev] f]tile int] se1 :i* is some:at d\btful1 rapidly run out4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by ,pallas & o!rs1 & ,d>w9 leans to ?is idea1 t !re is /ill ano!r possibility1 namely1 t ( ! p]fect & cont9u$ f]tility ( su* mix$ races1 especially aft] long dome/ication2 b _! pro(s are d]iv$ pr9cipally f ! int]mixture ( ! races ( dogs & ( p\ltry1 :i* are cases actually 9 dispute at pres5t1 z to ! orig9al unity or div]sity ( ! s-call$ species4 ,if we apply ^! consid]ations to man1 our conclusion mu/ be t1 ev5 9 8 bodily frame1 he is n m]ely specifically b ord9ally di/9ct f o!r animals1 & t ! diff]5ces betwe5 races ( m5 are v>ietal r ?an specific4 ,?is view is confirm$ by ! foll[+ facts3 #a4 ,! case ( man is n t ( a wild animal2 & x pres5ts _m po9ts ( diff]5ce ev5 f ! case ( ! dome/icat$ l[] animals4 ,accord+ to ! ,bible hi/ory1 man 0 orig9ally fitt$ to subsi/ on fruits1 to inhabit a temp]ate climate1 & to be exempt f ! necessity ( de/roy+ or cont5d+ ) o!r animals4 ,?is view unque/ionably accords v well ) 8 organization4 ,he /ill subsi/s pr9cipally on vegetable food1 is mo/ num]\s 9 ! w>m] regions ( ! e>?2 &1 :5 s subsi/+ 9 ^! regions1 is naturally peaceful & timid4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 8 habits ( life are artificial--m s ?an ^? ( any dome/icat$ animal4 ,he is1 !re=e1 9 ! conditions mo/ favorable to v>iation4 ,aga91 man possesses m ?an m]ely animal in/9cts4 ,8 m5tal p[]s p]mit him to devise means ( locomotion1 ( protection1 ( subsi/5ce1 f> sup]ior to ^? ( any m]e animal2 & 8 dom9ant w1 insatiable 9 its desires1 b5ds ! bodily frame to uses & exposes x to ext]nal influ5ces m v>i\s ?an any inf]ior animal c dream (4 ,man is also m educable & pla/ic 9 8 con/itution ?an o!r animals1 ow+ bo? to 8 be+ less hemm$ 9 by un*ang+ in/9cts1 & to 8 physical frame be+ less re/rict$ 9 its adaptations4 ,if a s+le species1 he is also m widely di/ribut$ ?an any o!r2 & !re are ev5 s+le races :i* exce$ 9 _! ext5t ( di/ribution ne>ly all ! inf]ior animals4 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 8 /ructure specially to limit him to pla9s1 or hills1 or =e/s1 or coa/s1 or inl& regions4 ,all ! causes :i* we c suppose likely to produce v>iation ?us meet 9 man1 :o is himself ! produc] ( mo/ ( ! di/9ct races t we obs]ve 9 ! l[] animals4 ,if1 !re=e1 we condesc5d to comp>e man ) ^! creatures1 x mu/ be "u prote/ t :at we le>n f !m mu/ be und]/ood ) ref]5ce to 8 great] capabilities4 #b4 ,! races ( m5 are defici5t 9 "s ( ! ess5tial *>act]s ( species4 ,x is true t !y are reproduc$ ) consid]able p]man5cy2 ?\gh a great _m cases ( spontane\s *ange1 ( atavism1 or return to ! "* ( prog5itors1 & ( sl[ v>iation "u *ang$ conditions1 h be5 record$4 ,b ! mo/ manife/ defici5cy 9 true specific *>act]s is 9 ! inv>iable %ad+-(f ( "o race into ano!r1 & 9 ! entire failure ( ^? :o ma9ta9 ! di/9ction ( species 9 ! attempt accurately to def9e _! numb] & limits4 ,! *>act]s run into ea* o!r 9 su* a mann] t no natural arrangem5t bas$ on ! :ole c app>5tly be arriv$ at2 & :5 "o p>ticul> gr\nd is tak51 z color1 or %ape ( skull1 ! s-call$ species h /ill no di/9ct limits2 & all ! arrangem5ts =m$ diff] f ea* o!r1 & f ! d$uctions ( philology & hi/ory4 ,?us1 f ! division ( ,virey into two species1 on ! entirely arbitr>y gr\nd ( facial angle1 to t ( ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t into fifte51 we h a great numb] & v>iety ( di/9ctions1 all incapable ( zoological def9ition2 or1 if capable ( def9ition1 em95tly unnatural4 ,!re are1 9 %ort1 no miss+ l9ks betwe5 ! v>ieties ( m5 correspond+ to t :i* obta9s betwe5 man & l[] animals4 #c4 ,! races ( m5 diff] 9 ^? po9ts 9 :i* ! high] animals usually v>y ) ! greate/ facility4 ,! physical *>act]s *iefly reli$ on h be5 color1 "* ( hair1 & =m ( skull1 toge!r ) div]sities 9 /ature & g5]al proportion4 ,^! are precisely ! po9ts 9 :i* our dome/ic races are mo/ prone to v>y4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! *>act]s diff] 9 ! races ( m5 may be aptly illu/rat$ by a few examples ( ! arrangem5ts to :i* !y lead4 ,dr4 ,pick]+1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition#aff--:o does n1 h[ev]1 commit himself to any specific di/9ctions--has arrang$ ! v>i\s races ( m5 on ! v simple & obvi\s gr\nd ( color4 ,he obta9s 9 ?is way f\r races--! ,:ite1 ! ,br[n1 ! ,blacki%-br[n1 ! ,black4 ,! di/9ction is easy2 b x divides races hi/orically1 philologically1 & /ructurally alike2 & unites ^? :i*1 on o!r gr\nds1 w\ld be sep>at$4 ,! :ite race includes ! ,hamite ,abyss9ian1 ! ,semitic ,arabian1 ! ,japhetic ,greek4 ,! ,e?iopian or ,b]b] is sep>at$ f ! cognate ,abyss9ian1 & ! d>k ,h9doo f ! pal] races speak+ l him tongues alli$ to ! ,sanscrit4 ,! ,papuan1 on ! o!r h&1 takes 8 place ) ! ,h9doo2 :ile ! alli$ ,au/ralian mu/ be cont5t to rank ) ! ,negro2 & ! ,hott5tot is promot$ to a place beside ! ,malay4 ,x is unnecess>y to pursue any f>!r ! arrangem5t ( ?is pa9/ak+ & consci5ti\s inquir]4 ,x conclusively demon/rates t ! color ( ! v>ieties ( ! human race mu/ be arbitr>y & accid5tal1 & altoge!r indep5d5t ( unity or div]sity ( orig94 ,"s use has be5 made1 by ! advocates ( div]sity ( species1 ( ! quality ( ! hair 9 ! diff]5t races4 ,t ( ! ,negro is said to be flat 9 its cross section--9 ?is respect approa*+ to wool2 t ( ! ,european is oval2 & t ( ! ,mongolian & ,am]ican r\nd4#afg ,! subject has z yet be5 v imp]fectly inve/igat$2 b its indications po9t to no great] v>iety ?an t :i* occurs 9 _m dome/icat$ animals--z1 = in/ance1 ! hog & %eep4 ,nay1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] /ates#afh--;& ! writ] has satisfi$ himself ( ! fact by 8 own obs]vation--t x does n exce$ ! diff]5ces 9 ! hair f diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ( ! same individual4 ,! human hair1 l t ( mammals 9 g5]al1 consi/s ( ?ree tissues3 an out] cortical lay]1 m>k$ by transv]se /riae1 hav+ 9 man ! aspect ( delicate l9es1 b 9 _m o!r animals assum+ ! "* ( di/9ct jo9ts or prom95t s]rations2 a lay] ( elongat$1 fibr\s cells1 to :i* ! hair owes mo/ ( its t5acity2 & an inn] cyl9d] ( r\nd$ cells4 ,9 ! proportionate developm5t ( ^! sev]al p>ts1 9 ! quantity ( color+ matt] pres5t1 & 9 ! transv]se section1 ! human hair diff]s v consid]ably 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,x also diff]s v m>k$ly 9 individuals ( diff]5t complexions4 ,simil> b n great] diff]5ces obta9 9 ! hair ( ! scalp 9 diff]5t races2 b ! flatness ( ! ,negro's hair connects itself insep>ably ) ! oval ( ! hair ( ! ord9>y ,european1 & ?is ) ! r\nd obs]v$ 9 "s o!r races4 ,x g5]ally holds t curl$ & frizzl$ hair is flatt] ?an t :i* is lank & /raight2 b ?is is n con/ant1 = ,i h f\nd t ! wav$ or frizzl$ hair ( ! ,new ,hebrideans1 int]m$iate app>5tly betwe5 ! ,polynesians & ,papuans1 is ne>ly circul> 9 outl9e1 & diff]s f ,european hair ma9ly 9 ! great] developm5t ( ! fibr\s /ructure & ! int5sity ( ! color4 ,l>ge s]ies ( comp>isons are requir$2 b ^? already made po9t to v>iation r ?an specific diff]5ce4 ,"s facts also appe> to indicate v m>k$ diff]5ces z occurr+ 9 ! same race f con/ant exposure or habitual cov]+2 & also ! occasional appe>ance ( ! mo/ abnormal =ms1 )\t app>5t cause1 9 individuals4 ,! diff]5ces dep5d+ on great] or less abundance or vigor ( gr[? ( ! hair are obvi\sly altoge!r trivial1 :5 comp>$ ) su* examples z ! hairless dogs ( ,*ili & hairless cattle ( ,brazil1 or ev5 ) ! diff]5ces 9 ?is respect obs]v$ 9 individuals ( ! same race ( m54 ,confess$ly ! mo/ important diff]5ces ( ! races ( m5 are ^? ( ! skeleton1 9 all p>ts ( :i* v>iations ( proportion occur1 & are ( c\rse m or less communicat$ to ! muscul> inve/m5ts4 ,( ^!1 z !y exi/ 9 ! pelvis1 limbs1 etc41 ,i ne$ say no?+2 =1 manife/ ?\gh !y are1 !y all fall f> )9 ! limits ( v>iation 9 famili> dome/ic animals1 & also ( h]$it>y mal=mation or defect ( developm5t occurr+ 9 ! ,european nations1 & only requir+ isolation = its p]petuation z a race4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! skull m]it m att5tion1 = x is 9 ?is & 9 its enclos$ bra9 t man mo/ m>k$ly diff]s f ! l[] animals1 z well z race f race4 ,x is 9 ! =m r ?an 9 ! m]e dim5sions ( ! skull t we %\ld look = specific diff]5ces2 & "h1 adopt+ ! v]tical me?od ( ,blum5ba* z ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & valuable1 we f9d a great] or less ant]o-po/]ior diamet]--a great] or less developm5t ( ! jaws & bones ( ! face4 ,! skull ( ! normal ,european1 or ,caucasian ( ,cuvi]1 is r\nd oval2 & ! jaws & *eek-bones project little beyond its ant]ior m>g91 :5 view$ f above4 ,! skull ( ! ,mongolian ( ,cuvi] is ne>ly r\nd1 & ! *eek-bones & jaws project mu* m /rongly 9 front & at ! sides4 ,! ,negro skull is l5g!n$ f back to front2 ! jaws project /rongly1 or are progna?\s2 b ! *eek-bones are little prom95t4 ,= ! extremes ( ^! v>ieties1 ,retzius propos$ ! names ( bra*y-kephalic or %ort-head$1 & doli*o-kephalic or long-head$1 :i* h come into g5]al use4 ,! diff]5ces indicat$ by ^! t]ms are ( great int]e/1 z di/9ctive m>ks ( _m ( ! unmix$ races ( m52 b1 :5 pu%$ to extremes1 lead to v incorrect g5]alizations--z ,pr(essor ,d4 ,wilson has well %[n 9 8 pap] on ! suppos$ uni=mity ( type 9 ! ,am]ican races--a doctr9e :i* he fully refutes by %[+ t )9 a v n>r[ geographical range ?is primitive & unmix$ race pres5ts v great diff]5ces ( cranial =m4#afi ,exclusive ( idiots1 artificially compress$ heads1 & de=mities1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! bra*y-kephalic & doli*o-kephalic heads range f equality 9 ! p>ietal & longitud9al diamet] to ! proportion ( ab\t #ad to #bd4 ,z /at$ by "s e?nologi/s1 ^! diff]5ces appe> q *>act]i/ic & di/9ct2 b1 s soon z we attempt any m9ute discrim9ation1 all confid5ce 9 !m z specific *>act]s disappe>s4 ,9 our ord9>y ,european races simil> diff]5ces1 & ne>ly z ext5sive1 occur4 ,! doli*o-kephalic head is really only an immature =m p]petuat$2 & appe>s n only 9 ! ,negro1 b 9 ! ,esquimau1 & 9 c]ta9 anci5t & mod]n ,celtic races4 ,! bra*y-kephalic head1 9 l mann]1 is *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 tribes & portions ( tribes ( ,am]icans1 b n ( all2 ( _m nor!rn ,asiatic nations2 ( c]ta9 ,celtic & ,sc&9avian tribes2 & (t5 appe>s 9 ! mod]n ,european races z an occasional "*4 ,f>!r1 z ,retzius has well %[n1 ! long heads & prom95t jaws are n always associat$ ) ea* o!r2 & 8 classification is really ! te/imony ( an able obs]v] aga9/ ! value ( ^! *>act]s4 ,he %[s t ! ,celtic & ,g]manic races 79 "p7 h long heads & /raight jaws2 :ile ! ,negroes1 ,au/ralians1 ,oceanians1 ,c>ibs1 ,gre5l&]s1 etc41 h long heads & prom95t jaws4 ,! ,lapl&]s1 ,f9ns1 ,turks1 ,sclaves1 ,p]sians1 etc41 h %ort heads & /raight jaws2 :ile ! ,t>t>s1 ,mongolians1 ,incas1 ,malays1 ,papuans1 etc41 h %ort heads & prom95t jaws4 ,ano!r defect 9 ! argum5t (t5 bas$ on ! div]se =ms ( heads is its want ( ackn[l$gm5t ( ! asc]ta9$ & popul>ly kn[n fact t ^! =ms 9 diff]5t tribes or individuals ( ! same race are m>k$ly influ5c$ by culture & habits ( life4 ,9 all races ignorance & debasem5t t5d to induce a progna?\s =m1 :ile culture t5ds to ! elevation ( ! nasal bones1 to an or?ogna?\s condition ( ! jaws1 & to an elevation & expansion ( ! cranium4#agj ,aga91 no adequate all[ance has be5 made 9 ! case ( ^! =ms ( skull = ! influ5ce ( modes ( nurture 9 infancy4 ,dr4 ,morton1 obs]v+ t ! bra*y-kephalic ,am]ican skull 0 (t5 unequal sid$1 & ! occiput mu* flatt5$1 sugge/s t ?is is an exagg]ation ( ! natural =m produc$ by ! pressure ( ! cradle-bo>d 9 common use among ! ,am]ican natives4 ,dr4 ,wilson has notic$ ! same unsymmetrical "* 9 bra*y-kephalic skulls 9 ,briti% b>r[s1 & has suspect$ "s artificial ag5cy 9 infancy2 & says1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,am]ican in/ances1 ,i ?9k x extremely probable t fur!r inve/igation w t5d to ! conclusion t ! v]tical or flatt5$ occiput1 in/ead ( be+ a typical *>act]i/ic1 p]ta9s entirely to ! class ( artificial modifications ( ! natural cranium famili> to ! ,am]ican e?nologi/4 ,:ile ! po9ts 9 :i* ! races ( m5 v>y are ^? 9 :i* l[] animals are mo/ liable to und]go *ange1 ! sev]al races display a rem>kable con/ancy 9 ^? :i* are usually less v>iable4 ,pri*>d & ,c>p5t] h well %[n ?is 9 relation to physiological po9ts1 z1 = in/ance1 ! age ( arriv+ at maturity1 ! av]age & extreme duration ( life1 & ! sev]al p]iods connect$ ) reproduction4 ,! co9cid5ce 9 ^! po9ts alone is by _m em95t physiologi/s ju/ly reg>d$ z suffici5t evid5ce ( ! unity ( ! species4 #d4 ,x may also be affirm$1 9 relation to ! v>ieties ( man1 t !y d n exce$ 9 am\nt or ext5t ^? obs]v$ 9 ! l[] animals4 ,if ) ,fr$]ick ,cuvi]1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 & _m o!r naturali/s1 we reg>d ! dog z a s+le species1 desc5d$ 9 all probability f ! wolf1 we c h no hesitation 9 conclud+ t ?is animal f> exce$s man 9 v>iability4#aga ,b ?is is d5i$ by _m1 n )\t "s %[ ( reason2 & we may1 !re=e1 select "s animal respect+ :i* little d\bt c be ent]ta9$4 ,p]haps ! be/ example is ! common hog 7,sus scr(a71 an und\bt$ desc5dant ( ! wild bo>1 & a creature especially suitable = comp>ison ) man1 inasmu* z its possible range ( food is v mu* ! same ) 81 :i* is n ! case ) any o!r ( our dome/icat$ animals2 & z its headqu>t]s z a species are 9 ! same regions :i* h support$ ! greate/ & olde/ kn[n communities ( m54 ,we may exclude f our comp>ison ! ,*9ese hog1 by "s reg>d$ z a di/9ct species 7,sus ,indicus71 ?\gh no wild orig9al is kn[n1 & x bre$s freely ) ! common hog4 ,! color ( ! dome/ic hog v>ies1 l t ( man1 f :ite to black2 & 9 ! black hog ! sk9 z well z ! hair p>takes ( ! d>k color4 ,! abundance & quality ( ! hair v>y extremely2 ! /ature & =m are equally v>iable1 mu* m s ?an 9 man4 ,blum5ba* long ago rem>k$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! skull ( ! ord9>y dome/ic hog & t ( ! wild bo> is q equal to t obs]v$ betwe5 ! ,negro & ,european skulls4 ,d>w9 %[s t x is mu* great]1 & illu/rates ?is by an amus+ pair ( portraits4 ,! bre$s ( sw9e ev5 diff] 9 directions altoge!r unp>allel$ 9 man4 ,= in/ance1 bo? 9 ,am]ica & ,europe solid-ho($ sw9e h orig9at$ & become a p]man5t v>iety2 & !re is said to be ano!r v>iety ) five toes4#agb ,^! are ! m rem>kable1 because1 9 ! ,am]ican in/ances1 !re c be no d\bt t x is ! common hog :i* has assum$ ^! abnormal =ms4 #e4 ,all v>ieties or races ( m5 int]mix freely1 9 a mann] :i* /rongly indicates specific unity4 ,we hold "h1 z already /at$1 t no good case ( a p]man5t race aris+ f int]mixture ( di/9ct species ( ! l[] animals has be5 adduc$2 b !re is ano!r fact 9 relation to ?is subject :i* ! advocates ( specific div]sity w\ld d well to /udy4 ,ev5 9 v>ieties ( ^? dome/ic animals :i* are c]ta9ly specifically id5tical1 z ! hog1 ! %eep1 ! ox--al?\gh crosses betwe5 ! v>ieties may easily be produc$--!y are n readily ma9ta9$1 & sometimes t5d to die out4 ,:at are call$ good crosses lead to improv$ en]gy1 & cont9ual bre$+ 9 & 9 ( ! same v>iety leads to deg5]acy & decay2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 crosses ( c]ta9 v>ieties are prov$ by exp]i5ce to be ( weakly & unproductive quality2 & e practical book on cattle conta9s rem>ks on ! difficulty ( keep+ up crosses )\t int]mixture ) "o ( ! pure bre$s4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t v unlike v>ieties ( ! same species display 9 ?is respect1 9 an imp]fect mann]1 ! peculi>ities ( di/9ct species4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t ,i w\ld 9 "p acc\nt = "s ( ! exceptional facts :i* occur 9 mix$ races ( m54 ,:at1 !n1 are ! facts 9 ! case ( man8 ,9 produc+ crosses ( di/9ct species1 z 9 ! case ( ! horse & ass1 bre$]s are oblig$ to resort to exp$i5ts to ov]come ! natural repugnance to su* int]mixture4 ,9 ! case ( ev5 ! mo/ extreme v>ieties ( man1 if su* repugnance exi/s1 x is volunt>ily ov]come1 z ! slave population ( ,am]ica te/ifies abundantly4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! int]mixtures ( races ( m5 t5d to increase ( vital en]gy & vigor1 z 9 ! case ( judici\s crosses ( "s dome/ic animals4 ,:]e a diff]5t result occurs1 we usually f9d suffici5t second>y causes to acc\nt = x4 ,i %all ref] to b "o su* case--t ( ! half-bre$ ,am]ican ,indian4 ,9 s f> z ,i h _h opportunities ( obs]vation or inquiry1 ^! p are prolific1 mu* m s ?an ! unmix$ ,indian4 ,!y are also en]getic1 & (t5 highly intellectual2 b !y are ( delicate con/itution1 especially liable to scr(ul\s diseases1 & !re=e n long-liv$4 ,n[ ?is is precisely ! result :i* (t5 occurs 9 dome/ic animals1 :]e a highly cultivat$ race is br$ ) "o t is ( rud] "* & tra9+2 & x v probably results f ! circum/ance t ! prog5y may inh]it too mu* ( ! delicacy ( ! "o p>5t to endure ! h>d%ips cong5ial to ! o!r2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 too mu* ( ! wild nature ( ! rud] p>5t to subsi/ "u ! m delicate nurture ( ! m cultivat$4 ,?is difficulty does n apply to ! int]mixture ( ! ,negro & ! ,european1 ?\gh betwe5 ! pure races ?is is a cross too abrupt to be likely to be 9 ! fir/ in/ance successful4 #f4 ,! races ( man may h orig9at$ 9 ! same mann] ) ! bre$s ( our dome/icat$ animals4 ,!re are _m facts :i* r5d] x probable t !y did orig9ate 9 ?is way4 ,take color1 = in/ance4 ,! fair v>ieties ( man occur only 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate zone1 & *iefly 9 ! equable climates ( t zone4 ,9 extreme climates1 ev5 :5 cold1 dusky & yell[ colors appe>4 ,! black & blacki%-br[n colors are conf9$ to ! int]-tropical regions1 & appe> 9 su* portions ( all ! great races ( mank9d z h be5 long domicil$ !re4 ,diet & degree ( exposure h also evid5tly v mu* to d ) =m1 /ature1 & color4 ,! de]-eat+ ,*ippewayan ( c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,nor? ,am]ica is a bett] develop$ man ?an 8 compatriots :o subsi/ pr9cipally on rabbits & su* mean] f>e2 & excess ( c>bonace\s food1 & defici5cy ( p]spiration or ( combu/ion 9 ! lungs1 appe> ev]y:]e to d>k5 ! sk94#agc ,! ,negro type 9 its extreme =m is peculi> to l[ & humid riv] valleys ( tropical ,africa4 ,9 ,au/ralasia simil> *>act]s appe> 9 m5 ( a v diff]5t race 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,! ,mongolian type reappe>s 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! ,esquimau is l ! ,fuegian4 ,! ,am]ican ,indian1 bo? ( ,s\? & ,nor? ,am]ica1 resembles ! ,mongol2 b 9 sev]al ( ! middle regions ( ! ,am]ican cont95t m5 appe> :o approximate to ! ,malay4 ,ev]y:]e & 9 all races co>se features & deviations f ! oval =m ( skull are obs]v$ 9 rude populations4 ,:]e m5 h sunk into a *ild-l simplicity1 ! elongat$ =ms prevail4 ,:]e !y h become c>nivor\s1 aggressive1 & actively b>b>\s1 ! bra*y-kephalic =ms ab\nd4 ,^! & _m o!r consid]ations t5d to ! conclusion t ^! v>ieties are insep>ably connect$ ) ext]nal conditions4 ,x may /ill be ask$--,7 n ! races creat$ z !y are1 ) especial ref]5ce to ^! conditions8 ,i answ] no--because ! diff]5ces are ( a "* 9 e respect l ^? t appe> 9 o!r true species z ! results ( influ5ces f )\t4 ,f>!r1 n only h we v>ieties ( man result+ f ! sl[ op]ation ( climatal & o!r conditions1 b we h ! sudd5 developm5t ( races4 ,"o rem>kable in/ance may illu/rate my mean+4 ,x is ! hairy family ( ,siam1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,craw=d & ,mr4 ,yule4#agd ,! peculi>ities "h consi/$ ( a f9e silky coat ( hair cov]+ ! face & less ?ickly ! :ole body1 ) at ! same "t ! entire abs5ce ( ! can9e & mol> tee?4 ,! p]son 9 :om ^! *>act]s orig9at$ 0 s5t to ,ava z a curiosity :5 five ye>s old4 ,he m>ri$ at tw5ty-two1 8 wife be+ an ord9>y ,burmese woman4 ,"o ( two *ildr5 :o surviv$ infancy _h all ! *>act]s ( ! fa!r4 ,?is 0 a girl2 & on h] m>riage ! same *>act]s reappe>$ 9 "o ( two boys con/itut+ h] family :5 se5 by ,mr4 ,yule4 ,"h 0 a v>iety ( a mo/ extreme "*1 orig9at+ )\t app>5t cause1 & capable ( propagation = ?ree g5]ations1 ev5 :5 cross$ ) ! ord9>y type4 ,_h x orig9at$ 9 circum/ances favorable to ! pres]vation ( its purity1 x might h produc$ a tribe or nation ( hairy m51 ) no tee? except incisors4 ,su* a tribe w\ld1 ) "s e?nologi/s1 h con/itut$ a new & v di/9ct species2 & any "o :o _h sugge/$ ! possibility ( its hav+ orig9at$ )9 a few g5]ations z a v>iety w\ld h be5 laugh$ at = 8 cr$ulity4 ,x is unnecess>y to cite any fur!r in/ances4 ,i m]ely wi% to insi/ on ! necessity ( a rigid comp>ison ( ! v>iations :i* appe> 9 man1 ei!r sudd5ly or 9 a sl[ or secul> mann]1 ) ! *>act]s ( ! s-call$ races or species4 #g4 ,if we turn f ! m]ely physical con/itution ( man1 & inquire z to 8 psy*ical & spiritual end[m5ts1 x w\ld be easy to %[1 z ,dr4 ,c>p5t] & o!rs h done1 9 opposition to ,d>w91 t on ! "o h& an impassable b>ri] sep>ates man f ! l[] animals1 & t on ! o!r !re is an ess5tial unity among ! races ( m54 ,b ?is subject ,i h discuss$ fully 9 ! conclud+ *apt]s ( my ,/ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,if man is ?us s v v>iable1 & if _m ( 8 lead+ v>ieties h exi/$ = a v long "t1 does n ! fact t we h b "o species af=d v /rong evid5ce t species *ange only )9 fix$ limits1 & d n pass ov] into new specific types4 ,view$ 9 ?is way1 v>iability )9 ! specific limits becomes 9 itself "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts aga9/ ! doctr9e ( desc5t ) modification z a mode ( orig9ation ( new species4 ,let u n[ add to all ?is ! f>!r consid]ation1 s well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,reliquiae ,aquitanicae ( ,*ri/y & ,l>tet1 t ! olde/-kn[n m5 ( ! caves & gravels may be plac$ 9 "o ( ! v>ieties1 & ?is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$1 ( mod]n man1 & we h a fur!r argum5t :i* tells mo/ /rongly aga9/ ! assumption ei!r ( ! extreme antiquity or ( ! unlimit$ v>iability ( ! human species4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #a3 ,argyll's ,primeval ,man4 ,footnote #b3 ,essays on ,!ism1 #ahge4 ,footnote #c3 ,john i41 #i4 ,footnote #d3 ,hebrews xi41 #c4 ,footnote #e3 ,i avail myself ( ! cond5s$ translation 9 ,bancr(t's ,native ,races1 vol4 iii4 ,! orig9al ,fr5* translation ( ,brasseur du ,b\rb\rg is m full4 ,footnote #f3 ,! ,fea!r$ ,s]p5t is p]haps ! repres5tative ( ! ,dragon & ,s]p5t 9 ! ,semitic v]sion2 b has n ! same evil import1 & 8 color gave sacr$ness to blue & gre5 /ones1 z ! turquois & em]ald1 bo? 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & p]haps also 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,footnote #g3 ,i d n ?9k x necess>y to atta* any value to ! d\bts ( c]ta9 s*ools ( criticism z to ! ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,:atev] quibbles may be rais$ on isolat$ texts1 no rational /ud5t c d\bt t we h 9 ^! books a collection ( au!ntic docum5ts ( ! ,exodus4 ,!y are absolutely inexplicable on any o!r supposition4 ,footnote #h3 ,cosmos1 ,otte's translation4 ,footnote #i3 ,hamilton1 ,royal ,prea*]4 ,footnote #aj3 ,h>vey1 ,n]eis ,boreali ,am]icana4 ,footnote #aa3 ,osburn1 ,monum5tal ,hi/ory ( ,egypt4 ,footnote #ab3 ,on ?is subject ,i may ref] naturali/s to ! intimate acqua9tance ) animals & _! habits1 indicat$ by mann] ( _! use z sacr$ emblems1 & z symbols 9 hi]oglyphic writ+4 ,ano!r illu/ration is af=d$ by ! ,mosaic n>rative ( ! miracles & plagues connect$ ) ! exodus4 ,! ,egyptian k+1 on ?is occasion1 consult$ ! philosoph]s & augurs4 ,^! le>n$ m5 evid5tly reg>d$ ! s]p5t-rod miracle z b a m skilful =m ( "o ( ! tricks ( s]p5t-*>m]s4 ,!y %[$ ,ph>aoh ! possibility ( r$d5+ ! ,nile wat] by artificial means1 or p]haps by ! developm5t ( r$ algae 9 x4 ,!y expla9$ ! inroad ( frogs on natural pr9ciples1 probably ref]r+ to ! imm5se abundance ord9>ily ( ! ova & tadpoles ( ^! creatures comp>$ ) t ( ! adults4 ,b :5 ! du/ ( ! l& became gnats 7lice 9 our v]sion71 ?is 0 a ph5om5on beyond _! exp]i5ce4 ,ei!r ! species 0 unkn[n to !m1 or its production out ( ! dry gr\nd 0 an anomaly1 or !y knew t no l>vae adequate to expla9 x _h previ\sly exi/$4 ,9 ! case ( ?is plague1 !re=e1 comp>atively insignificant & easily simulat$1 !y hone/ly confess$--,?is is ! f+] ( ,god4 ,no bett] evid5ce c\ld be desir$ t ! savans "h oppos$ to ,moses 7 m5 ( high "* & ext5sive obs]vation4 ,_m o!r facts ( simil> t5d5cy might be cit$ bo? f ,moses & ! ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,footnote #ac3 ,t 9 ,g5esis1 *ap4 ii4 ,footnote #ad3 ,kitto's ,cyclopa$ia1 art4 ,creation4 ,footnote #ae3 ,mu* t is v silly has be5 writt5 z to ! ext5t ( ! suppos$ optical view tak5 by ! ,hebrew writ]s2 _m wor?y lit]>y m5 appe>+ to suppose t sci5tific views ( nature mu/ necess>ily be diff]5t f ^? :i* we obta9 by ! evid5ce ( our s5ses4 ,! v contr>y is ! fact2 & s long z any writ]s /ate correctly :at !y obs]ve1 )\t insi/+ on any fanciful hypo!ses1 sci5ce has no fault to f9d ) !m4 ,:at sci5ce mo/ dete/s is ! ignorant speculations ( ^? :o h n obs]v$ at all1 or h obs]v$ imp]fectly4 ,x is a lead+ excell5ce ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures t !y /ate facts )\t giv+ any !ories to acc\nt = !m4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! circum/ance t unsci5tific writ]s w n be cont5t to be optical1 b mu/ !orize1 t spoils mu* ( our mod]n lit]ature1 especially 9 its descriptions ( nature4 ,footnote #af3 ,pr(4 ,hit*cock4 ,footnote #ag3 ,mc,cosh1 ,typical ,=ms & ,special ,ends4 ,footnote #ah3 ,i adopt t view ( ! date ( ,job :i* makes x prec$e ! ,exodus1 because ! religi\s ideas ( ! book are patri>*al1 & x conta9s no allusions to ! ,hebrew hi/ory or in/itutions4 ,7 ,i to sugge/ an hypo!sis z to its orig91 x w\ld be t x 0 writt5 or f\nd by ,moses :5 9 exile1 & publi%$ among 8 c\ntrym5 9 ,egypt1 to revive _! mono!i/ic religion1 & *e] !m "u ! app>5t des]tion ( _! ,god & ! evils ( _! bondage4 ,footnote #ai3 ,tyndall seems to hold ?is4 ,footnote #bj3 ,newton4 ,footnote #ba3 ,john v41 #ag2 ,rom4 viii41 #bb2 ,heb4 i41 #b2 #b ,pet] iii4 ,footnote #bb3 ,heb4 i41 #b4 ,footnote #bc3 ,eph4 iii41 #i4 ,footnote #bd3 #a ,tim4 i41 #ag4 ,footnote #be3 ,eph4 iv41 #aa4 ,footnote #bf3 ,job xxxviii4 & xxxix4 ,footnote #bg3 ,romans i41 #bj4 ,footnote #bh3 ,essays on ,!ism4 ,footnote #bi3 ,h]s*el1 ,diss]tation on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy2 ,maxwell1 ,lecture be=e ! ,briti% ,association4 ,footnote #cj3 ,c>p5t]1 ,human ,physiology4 ,footnote #ca3 ,asah4 ,footnote #cb3 ,mc,donald1 ,creation & ! ,fall4 ,footnote #cc3 ,lit]ally1 ages or "t-worlds1 z !y h be5 call$4 ,footnote #cd3 ,g5esis i41 #h1 #bf-bh4 ,footnote #ce3 ,job xxxviii41 #cg4 ,footnote #cf3 ,g54 i41 #ad2 ,deut4 xvii41 #c4 ,footnote #cg3 ,g54 xxviii41 #ag2 ,job xv41 #ae2 ,psa4 ii41 #d4 ,footnote #ch3 ,n creat$1 z "s read4 ,! v]b is kana1 n b>a4 ,footnote #ci3 ,! usual ,septuag9t r5d]+ is ,abyssus4 ,footnote #dj3 ,smi?1 ,assyrian ,g5esis4 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg's translation ( ! ,popol ,vuh ( ! anci5t ,c5tral ,am]ican ,indians4 ,footnote #da3 ,x is impossible to avoid recogniz+ 9 ! ,greek ,!ogony1 z x appe>s 9 ,hesiod & ! ,orphic poems1 an inextricable int]m+l+ ( a cosmogony ak9 to t ( ,moses ) leg5d>y /ories ( deceas$ ance/ors2 & ?is has1 ,i mu/ confess1 always appe>$ to me to be a m rational way ( acc\nt+ = x ?an its ref]5ce to m]e nature-my?s4 ,*aos1 or space1 = ! *aos ( ,hesiod diff]s f t ( ,ovid1 came fir/1 !n ,gaea1 ! e>?1 & ,t>t>us1 or ! l[] _w4 ,*aos gave bir? to ,erebos 7id5tical ) ! ,hebrew ,ereb or ,erev1 ev5+7 & ,nyx1 or night4 ,^! aga9 give bir? to ,ae!r1 ! equival5t ( ! ,hebrew expanse or firmam5t1 & to ,hem]a1 ! day1 & !n ! heav5ly bodies 7 p]fect$4 ,s f> ! leg5d is app>5tly bas$ on "s primitive hi/ory ( creation1 n ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ! ,bible4 ,b ! ,greek ,!ogony "h skips sudd5ly to ! human p]iod2 & "u ! fables ( ! m>riage ( ,gaea & ,uranos1 & ! ,titans1 appe>s to pres5t to u ! ant$iluvian _w1 ) its int]m>riages ( ! sons ( ,god & m51 & its ,nephelim or ,giants1 ) _! me*anic arts & _! crimes4 ,beyond ?is1 9 ,kronos & 8 ?ree sons1 & 9 ! /range hi/ory ( ,zeus1 ! *ief ( ^!1 we h a co>se & fanciful v]sion ( ! /ory ( ! family ( ,noah1 ! insult (f]$ by ,ham to 8 fa!r1 & ! subsequ5t qu>rels & disp]sion ( mank9d4 ,! ,zeus ( ,hom] appe>s to be ! eld] ( ! ?ree1 or ,japhe?1 ! real fa!r ( ! ,greeks1 accord+ to ! ,bible2 b 9 ! "t ( ,hesiod ,zeus 0 ! y\nge/1 p]haps indicat+ t ! wor%ip ( ! ,egyptian ,zeus1 ,ammon or ,ham1 _h already supplant$ among ! ,greeks t ( _! own ance/or4 ,b x is curi\s t ev5 9 ! ,bible1 ?\gh ,japhet is said to be ! great]1 he is plac$ la/ 9 ! li/s4 ,aft] ! introduction ( ,greek savans & lit]ati to ,egypt1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ffj1 !y began to reg>d _! own my?ology f ?is po9t ( view1 ?\gh oblig$ to be res]v$ on ! subject4 ,! cosmology ( ,?ales1 ! a/ronomy ( ,anaxagoras1 & ! hi/ory ( ,h]odotus af=d e>ly evid5ce ( ?is1 & x ab\nds 9 lat] writ]s4 ,i may ref] ! read] to ,grote 7,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 i47 = an able & agreeable summ>y ( ?is subject2 & may add t ev5 ! few co9cid5ces above po9t$ out betwe5 ,greek my?ology & ! ,bible1 indep5d5tly ( ! multitudes ( m d\btful "* to be f\nd 9 ! old] writ]s on ?is subject1 appe> v wond]ful1 :5 we consid] t among ! ,greeks ^! ve/iges ( primitive religion1 :e!r br\ght ) !m f ! ,ea/ or receiv$ f abroad1 mu/ h be5 h&$ d[n = a long "t by oral tradition among ! p2 b obscure ?\gh !y may be1 ! circum/ance t "s old writ]s h ridd5 ! resemblances to dea? af=ds no excuse = ! prevail+ neglect ( !m 9 m mod]n times4 ,footnote #db3 ,pages #ba1 #bb1 & #aji1 supra4 ,footnote #dc3 ,! m9or planets discov]$ 9 m rec5t times betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] =m an exception to ?is2 b !y are ( little importance1 & exceptional 9 o!r respects z well4 ,to give _! arrangem5t & ! motions ( ! satellites ( ,uranus1 w\ld require ! fur!r assumption ( "s unkn[n di/urb+ cause4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ni*ol's ,planet>y ,sy/em4 ,footnote #de3 ,proctor's ,lectures1 etc4 ,footnote #df3 ,?is translation is z lit]al z is consi/5t ) ! bold abruptness ( ! orig9al4 ,! la/ idea is t ( a cyl9drical seal roll+ ov] clay1 & leav+ beh9d a beautiful impression :]e all be=e 0 a blank4 ,footnote #dg3 ,pr(essor ,dana ?us sums up ! v>i\s mean+s ( ! ^w day 9 ,g5esis3 ,fir/1 9 v]se #e1 ! light 9 g5]al is call$ day1 ! d>kness night4 ,second1 9 ! same v]se1 ev5+ & morn+ make ! fir/ day1 be=e ! sun appe>s4 ,?ird1 9 v]se #ad1 day /&s = twelve h\rs1 or ! p]iod ( daylight1 z dep5d5t on ! sun4 ,f\r?1 same v]se1 9 ! phrase days & seasons1 day /&s = a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,fif?1 at ! close ( ! acc\nt1 9 v]se #d ( ! second *apt]1 day means ! :ole p]iod ( creation4 ,^! uses are ! same t we h 9 our own language4 ,w>r+1 9 8 book ,! ,miracle ( ,to-day1 has sugge/$ t ! ,mosaic days are epo*al days1 ea* consid]$ z ! close & culm9ation ( a p]iod4 ,?is is an +5i\s sugge/ion1 & v well co9cides ) ! day-p]iod !ory z def5d$ 9 ! text4 ,footnote #dh3 ,psalm xc4 ,footnote #di3 ,x may be desirable to give "h1 9 a slightly p>aphras$ v]sion1 b /rictly 9 accordance ) ! views ( ! be/ expositors1 ! ess5tial "p ( ! passage 9 ,hebrews1 *ap4 iv43 ,= ,god ha? spok5 9 a c]ta9 place 7,g54 ii41 #b7 ( ! sev5? day 9 ?is wise--',& ,god did re/ on ! sev5? day f all 8 works2' & 9 ?is place aga9--',!y %all n ent] into my re/' 7,psa4 xcv41 #aa74 ,see+1 !re=e1 x /ill rema9e? t "s ent] !re91 & !y to :om x 7,god's ,sabbatism7 0 fir/ proclaim$ ent]$ n 91 because ( disob$i5ce 79 ! fall1 & aft]w>d 9 ! s9 ( ! ,israelites 9 ! des]t71 aga9 he fixes a c]ta9 day1 say+ 9 ,david's writ+s1 long aft] ! "t ( ,jo%ua--',to-day1 if ye he> 8 voice1 h>d5 n y\r he>ts4' ,= if ,jo%ua _h giv5 !m re/ 9 ,canaan1 he w\ld n aft]w>d h spok5 ( ano!r day4 ,!re is !re=e yet res]v$ a keep+ ( a ,sabba? = ! p ( ,god4 ,= he t is ent]$ into 8 re/ 7t is1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o has f9i%$ 8 "w & ent]$ into 8 re/ 9 heav571 he himself also re/$ f 8 own works1 z ,god did f 8 own4 ,let u !re=e e>ne/ly /rive to ent] into t re/4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is passage ,god's ,sabbatism1 ! re/ int5d$ = man 9 ,ed5 & = ,israel 9 ,canaan1 ,*ri/'s re/ 9 heav5 aft] f9i%+ 8 "w1 & ! f9al heav5ly re/ ( ,*ri/'s p1 are all indef9ite p]iods mutually relat$1 & c n possibly be natural days4 ,footnote #ej3 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o may value anci5t au?orities 9 su* matt]s1 & to %[ t su* views may rationally be ent]ta9$ indep5d5tly ( geology1 ,i quote ! foll[+ passage f ,orig53 ,cu9am quaeso s5sum hab5ti conv5i5t] videbitur dictum1 quod dies prima et secunda et t]tia1 9 quibus et vesp]a nom9atur1 et mane1 fu]9t s9e sole1 et s9e luna et s9e /ellis3 prima aut]n dies s9e coelo4 ,s ,/4 ,augu/9e expressly /ates 8 belief t ! creative days c\ld n be ( ! ord9>y k9d3 ,qui dies1 cujusmodi s9t1 aut p]difficile nobis1 aut etiam impossibile e/ cogit>e1 quanto magis disc]e4 ,b$e also rem>ks1 ,=tassis hic diei nom51 totius temporis nom5 e/1 et omnia volum9a seculorum hoc vocabulo includit4 ,_m simil> op9ions ( old comm5tators might be quot$4 ,x is also n unwor?y ( note t ! c>d9al numb] is us$ "h1 "o day = fir/ day2 & ?\gh ! ,hebrew gramm>ians h s\ght to f\nd on ?is1 & a few simil> passages1 a rule t ! c>d9al may be sub/itut$ = ! ord9al1 _m le>n$ ,hebrai/s insi/ t ?is use ( ! c>d9al numb] implies s+ul>ity & peculi>ity z well z m]e priority4 ,footnote #ea3 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t on ! s-call$ lit]al day hypo!sis ! fir/ ,sabba? 0 n man's sev5? day1 b r 8 fir/1 s9ce he mu/ h be5 creat$ t[>d ! close ( ! six? day4 ,footnote #eb3 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator4 ,footnote #ec3 ,?is idea occurs 9 ,"l ,bacon's ,confession ( ,fai?1 & ,de ,luc also ma9ta9s t ! ,creator's ,sabba? mu/ h be5 ( long cont9uance4 ,footnote #ed3 ,see ! quotation f ,job1 supra4 ,footnote #ee3 ,?is is n /rictly correct1 z _m animals1 especially ( ! l[] tribes1 ext5d back to ! e>ly t]ti>y p]iods1 long be=e ! creation ( man2 a fact :i* ( itself is irreconcilable ) ! ,mosaic n>rative on ! !ory ( lit]al or ord9>y days4 ,footnote #ef3 ,s9ce ?is 0 writt51 ! bones ( _m ,batra*ian reptiles h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,no reptilian rema9s h yet be5 f\nd 9 ! ,devonian rocks4 ,footnote #eg3 ,biblical ,repository1 #ahef4 ,see also an excell5t pap] by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hit*cock1 ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 #ahfg4 ,footnote #eh3 ,rhode1 quot$ by ,mc,donald1 ,creation & ! ,fall1 p4 #fb2 ,eusebius1 ,*ron4 ,arm4 ,footnote #ei3 ,suidas1 ,lexicon--,tyrr5ia4 ,footnote #fj3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 bk4 i4 ,pri*>d1 ,egyptian ,my?ology4 ,footnote #fa3 ,asiatic ,rese>*es4 ,footnote #fb3 ,?is "n is exactly id5tical 9 mean+ ) ! ,hebrew ,jehovah ,elohim4 ,footnote #fc3 ,muell]1 ,sanscrit ,lit]ature4 ,footnote #fd3 ,! !ology ( ! ,in/itutes is cle>ly primitive ,semitic 9 its "*2 & !re=e1 if ! ,bible is true1 mu/ be old] ?an ! ,aryan !ogony ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 z exp\nd$ by ,muell]1 :atev] ! relative age ( ! docum5ts4 ,footnote #fe3 ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,footnote #ff3 ,croll's ,climate & ,"t conta9s "s int]e/+ facts z to ?is4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see ! discussion ( ?is 9 ! au?or's ,/ory ( ! ,e>?1 & 9 ,sir ,william ,?omson's ,briti% ,association ,address1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #fh3 ,daniell's ,meteorological ,essays2 ,pr\t's ,bridgewat] ,treatise2 art4 ,meteorology1 ,encyc4 ,brit42 ,maury's ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea4 ,footnote #fi3 ,kaemtz1 ,c\rse ( ,meteorology4 ,footnote #gj3 ,encyc4 ,brit41 art4 ,meteorology4 ,footnote #ga3 ,x is n meant t ! ^w rakiah occurs 9 ^! passages1 b to %[ h[ by o!r words ! idea ( /ret*+ out or ext5sion r ?an solidity is impli$4 ,! v]b 9 ! fir/ two passages is nata1 to spread out4 ,footnote #gb3 ,see also ,humboldt1 ,cosmos1 vol4 ii41 pt4 #a4 ,footnote #gc3 ,heb41 !y ref9e4 ,footnote #gd3 ,8 pavilion r\nd ab\t him 0 d>k wat]s & ?ick cl\ds ( ! skies1 ,psa4 xviii4 ,?is expression expla9s t 9 ! text4 ,footnote #ge3 ,or ,he d>k5s ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,footnote #gf3 ,translation ( ^! l9es mu* disput$ & v difficult4 ,ges5ius & ,conant r5d] x1 ,8 ?und] tells ( him2 to ! h]ds ev5 ( him :o is on high4 ,footnote #gg3 ,i take advantage ( ?is long quotation to /ate t 9 ! case ( ?is & o!r passages quot$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t ,i h c>efully consult$ ! orig9al2 b h avail$ myself freely ( ! r5d]+s ( su* ( ! num]\s v]sions & comm5t>ies z ,i h be5 able to obta91 :5ev] !y appe>$ accurate & expressive1 & h n scrupl$ occasionally to give a free translation :]e ?is seem$ necess>y to p]spicuity4 ,9 ! book ( ,job1 ,i h consult$ pr9cipally ! translation app5d$ to ,b>nes's ,comm5t>y1 ,conant's translation1 #aheg1 & ^? ( ,tayl] ,lewis & ,evans 9 ,s*aff's edition ( ,lange1 #ahgd4 ,footnote #gh3 ,! ^w is "o ( ^? t p]vade bo? ,semitic & ,indo-,european tongues3 ,sanscrit1 ah>a2 ,pehlevi1 arta2 ,lat91 t]ra2 ,g]man1 ,erde2 ,go?ic1 air?a2 ,scotti%1 yird2 ,engli%1 e>?4--,ges5ius4 ,footnote #gi3 ,psalm xcv4 ,footnote #hj3 ,ges5ius4 ,footnote #ha3 ,p]haps *ang$1 metamorphos$1 z by fire4 ,conant has de/roy$4 ,footnote #hb3 ,du/ 9 our v]sion1 lit]ally lumps or nuggets4 ,footnote #hc3 ,! vulg> & incorrect idea t ! vulture sc5ts ! c>rion f af>1 s (t5 reproduc$ by lat] poets1 has no place 9 ! ,bible poetry4 ,x is ! bird's ke5 eye t enables him to f9d 8 prey4 ,footnote #hd3 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,footnote #he3 ,/an=d1 ,london1 #ahge4 ,footnote #hf3 ,9 fur!r explanation ( ^! g5]al geological *anges1 see ,! ,/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,man1 by ! au?or4 ,footnote #hg3 ,t5]a h]ba1 s9e sem9e saltem conspicuo4--,ros5muell]1 ,s*olia4 ,footnote #hh3 ,haughton1 ,address to ! ,geological ,society1 ,dubl94 ,footnote #hi3 ,see ,mc,donald1 ,creation & ! ,fall4 ,pr(essor ,guyot1 ,i believe1 des]ves ! cr$it ( hav+ fir/ m5tion$1 on ! ,am]ican side ( ! ,atlantic1 ! doctr9e respect+ ! introduction ( plants advocat$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,footnote #ij3 ,eozoic ( ?is "w4 ,pr(essor ,dana 9 ! late/ edition ( 8 ,manual uses ! "n ,ar*aean4 ,footnote #ia3 ,?is may ref] to an eclipse1 b f ! "* ( ! prec$+ v]ses m probably to ! obscurity ( a tempe/4 ,x is rem>kable t eclipses1 :i* s mu* /rike ! m9ds ( m5 & affect !m ) sup]/iti\s awe1 are n di/9ctly m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?\gh ref]r$ to 9 ! prophetical p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,footnote #ib3 ,p]haps r ! high places ( ! wat]s1 ref]r+ to ! atmosph]ic wat]s4 ,footnote #ic3 ,! r5d]+ sweet influ5ces 9 our v]sion may be correct1 b ! weight ( argum5t appe>s to favor ! view ( ,ges5ius t ! close bond ( union betwe5 ! />s ( ?is gr\p is ref]r$ to4 ,i ?9k x is ,h]d] :o well unites bo? views1 ! ,pleiades be+ b\nd toge!r 9 a si/]ly union1 & also u%]+ 9 ! spr+ by _! appe>ance above ! horizon4 ,conant applies ! :ole to ! seasons1 ! b&s ( ,orion be+ 9 ?is view ^? ( w9t]4 ,footnote #id3 ,x w\ld be unfair to suppress ! f>!r probability t ! writ] int5ds specially to indicate t ! sacr$ crocodile ( ! ,nile 0 itself a creature ( ,jehovah1 & among ! humbl] ( ^? creatures4 ,footnote #ie3 ,! int]e/+ discov]y1 by ,mr4 ,beale & o!rs1 ( sev]al species ( mammalia 9 ! ,purbeck1 & t ( ,pr(essor ,emmons ( a mammal 9 rocks ( simil> age 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 d n invalidate ?is /atem5t2 = all ^!1 l ! ,microle/es ( ! ,g]man trias & ! ,amphi!rium ( ! ,/onesfeld slate1 are small m>supials belong+ to ! lea/ p]fect type ( mammals4 ,! discov]y ( s _m species ( ^! humbl] creatures1 goes f> to increase ! improbability ( ! exi/5ce ( ! high] mammals4 ,footnote #if3 ,x is v int]e/+1 9 connection ) ?is1 to note t ne>ly all ! e>lie/ & greate/ seats ( population & civilization h be5 plac$ on ! m mod]n geological deposits1 or on ^? 9 :i* /ores ( fuel h be5 accumulat$ by ! gr[? ( ext9ct plants4 ,footnote #ig3 ,see ,app5dix4 ,footnote #ih3 ,see ,app5dix = f>!r discussion ( ?is subject4 ,footnote #ii3 ,see ,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ,introduction ( ,species4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,= ! exposition ( ! details ( ! fall1 ,i beg to ref] ! read] to ,mc,donald's ,creation & ! ,fall1 to ,kitto's ,ant$iluvians & ,patri>*s1 & to ,kurtz's ,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,cov5ant4 ,footnote #aja3 ,! ,bible specifies1 p]haps only z ! pr9cipal ( ^! arts1 music & musical in/rum5ts by ,jubal1 metallurgy by ,tubalca91 ! dome/ication ( cattle & ! nomade life by ,jabal4 ,x is highly probable t ^! inv5tors are introduc$ into ! ,mosaic record = a !ological reason1 to po9t out ! folly ( ! wor%ip r5d]$ to ,ph?a1 ,hephae/os1 ,vulcan1 ,horus1 ,phoebus1 & o!r inv5tors1 ei!r tradition>y repres5tatives ( ! family ( ,lame*1 or o!r h]oes wrongly id5tifi$ ) !m4 ,v possibly _! si/] ,naamah1 ! beautiful1 is introduc$ = ! same reason1 z ! true orig9al ( "s ( ! female deities ( ! hea!n4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,i c n = a mom5t ent]ta9 ! mon/r\s supposition ( _m expositors t ! sons ( ,god ( ^! passages are angels1 & ! ,nephelim hybrids betwe5 angels & m54 ,footnote #ajc3 ,see ,lange's ,comm5t>y on ,g5esis4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,! ,russian surveys ( #ahcf made x "o hundr$ & eight ,engli% feet2 b lat] au?orities r$uce x to eighty-?ree feet six in*es bel[ ! ,black ,sea4 ,footnote #aje3 ,kitto's ,bible ,illu/rations--,book ( ,job4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,see article ,rephaim 9 ,kitto's ,j\rnal ( ,sacr$ ,lit]ature4 ,b ,ges5ius & o!rs reg>d x1 n z an e?nic "n1 b z a t]m = ! %ades or spirits ( ! dead4 ,see ,conant on ,job4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,on ! ,biblical view ( ?is subject1 ! s-call$ ,aryan my?ology1 common to ,india & ,greece1 is ei!r a d]ivative f ! ,cu%ite civilization1 or a spontane\s gr[? ( ! ,japetic /ock scatt]$ by ! ,cu%ite empire4 ,! ,semitic & ,hamitic my?ologies are d]iv$ f ! primeval *]ubic wor%ip ( ,ed51 corrupt$ & mix$ ) deification ( natural objects & /ages ( ! creative "w1 & ) adoration ( deifi$ ance/ors & h]oes4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,g5esis #d?1 #e?1 #f?1 & #g? *apt]s4 ,see also our previ\s rem>ks on ! deluge4 ,footnote #aji3 ,g5esis iv4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,japhe? is enl>gem5t1 8 sons are ,scy?ians & inhabitants ( ! isles1 v>y+ 9 language & nationality2 & ,noah pr$icts1 ,god %all enl>ge ,japhe?1 he %all dwell 9 ! t5ts ( ,%em1 ,ham %all be 8 s]vant4 ,^! are surely *>act]i/ic e?nological traits = a p]iod s e>ly4 ,on ! rationali/ view1 x may be suppos$ t ?is pr$iction 0 n writt5 until ! *>act]s 9 "q _h develop$ !mselves2 b s9ce ! greate/ enl>gem5t ( ,japhe? has occurr$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 !re w\ld be q z good gr\nd = ma9ta9+ t ,noah's prophecy 0 int]polat$ aft] ! "t ( ,columbus4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,! language ( ?is p1 ! /em ( ! ,indo-,european languages1 is1 ?\gh 9 a lat] =m1 probably t ( ! ,aryan or ,p]sepolitan "p ( ! tril+ual inscriptions at ,behi/un & else:]e 9 ,p]sia4 ,footnote #aab3 ,edk9s1 ,*9a's ,place 9 ,philology4 ,footnote #aac3 ,reg9ald ,s4 ,poole has adduc$ v +5i\s argum5ts1 monum5tal1 a/ronomical1 & my?ological1 = ! date ,b4,c4 #bgag4 ,footnote #aad3 ,x is curi\s t almo/ simultane\sly ) ! appe>ance ( ,buns5's s*eme a simili> view 0 attempt$ to be ma9ta9$ on geological gr\nds4 ,9 a s]ies ( bor+s 9 ! delta ( ! ,nile1 und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,horn]1 !re 0 f\nd a piece ( pott]y at a dep? :i* appe>$ to indicate an antiquity ( #ac1cga ye>s4 ,b ! basis ( ! calculation is ! rate ( deposit 7#c-a_/b in*es p] c5tury7 calculat$ = ! gr\nd ar\nd ! /atue ( ,rameses ,,ii4 at ,memphis1 dat$ at #acfa ,b4,c42 & ,mr4 ,%>pe has object$ t no mud c\ld h be5 deposit$ ar\nd t /atue f its erection until ! de/ruction ( ,memphis1 p]haps #hjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,f>!r1 we h to take into acc\nt ! natural or artificial *anges ( ! riv]'s b$1 :i* 9 ?is v place is said to h be5 div]t$ f its c\rse by ,m5es1 & :i* ne> ,cairo is n[ ne>ly a mile f its =m] site4 ,! liability to error & fraud 9 bor+ op]ations is also v well kn[n4 ,x has f>!r be5 sugge/$ t ! deep cracks :i* =m 9 ! soil ( ,egypt1 & ! s9k+ ( wells 9 anci5t times1 are o!r probable causes ( error2 & x is /at$ t pieces ( burnt brick1 :i* 0 n 9 use 9 ,egypt until ! ,roman times1 h be5 f\nd at ev5 great] dep?s ?an ! pott]y ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,horn]4 ,?is discov]y1 at fir/ sight s />tl+1 & v\*$ = by a geologi/ ( unque/ion$ honor & ability1 is ?us op5 to ! same d\bts ) ! ,guadal\pe skeletons1 ! human bones 9 ossif]\s cav]ns1 & t f\nd 9 ! mud ( ! ,mississippi2 all ( :i* h1 on exam9ation1 prov$ ( no value z pro(s ( ! geological antiquity ( man4 ,footnote #aae3 #ejjd ,b4,c4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ c]ta9 date 9 ,egyptian hi/ory is t ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 asc]ta9$ by ,bir* on a/ronomical evid5ce z ab\t #adde ,b4,c4 7ab\t #afjj1 ,mane?o72 & x seems ne>ly c]ta9 t be=e ! eighte5? dyna/y1 ( :i* ?is k+ 0 ! fif? sov]eign1 !re 0 no settl$ g5]al gov]nm5t ov] all ,egypt4 ,footnote #aag3 ,! ,egyptians seem1 l our mod]n cattle-bre$]s1 to h tak5 pride 9 ! initiation & pres]vation ( v>ieties4 ,_! sacr$ bull1 ,apis1 0 requir$ to repres5t "o ( ! v>ieties ( ! ox2 & "o c sc>cely avoid believ+ t "s ( _! deifi$ ance/ors mu/ h e>n$ _! celebrity z tam]s or bre$]s ( animals4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,jacob ) ,laban's flock furni% a curi\s in/ance ( attempts to induce v>iation4 ,footnote #aah3 ,see = evid5ce ( ^! views e>ly notices 9 ,g5esis1 & ,l5ormant & ,osburne on ,egyptian ,monum5ts & ,hi/ory4 ,footnote #aai3 ,!re is no good reason to believe ! fl9t implem5ts m5tion$ by ,delan\ee & o!rs1 z f\nd on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 to be old] ?an ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,footnote #abj3 ,wilson1 ,prehi/oric ,man1 #b;d edition1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #aba3 ,s\?all has accumulat$ a great numb] ( ^! facts 9 8 book on ! antiquity ( man4 ,footnote #abb3 ,pr(essor ,issel1 quot$ 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4 ,footnote #abc3 ,wilson has rem>k$ ! /rik+ simil>ity ( ! pott]y ( ^! p to ,am]ican fictile w>es4 ,?is simil>ity applies also to ! e>ly ,cyprian art4 ,footnote #abd3 ,i agree ) ,glad/one's conclusions z to ! date & c\ntry ( ,hom]4 ,footnote #abe3 ,i sugge/$ ^! t]ms 9 my lectures publi%$ "u ! title ,nature & ! ,bible1 #ahge4 ,footnote #abf3 ,s9ce ^! words 7 writt5 ,i h read ! rem>kable book ( ,edk9s on ! ,*9ese language1 :i* supplies mu* additional in=mation4 ,footnote #abg3 ,donaldson has po9t$ out 7,briti% ,association ,proce$+s1 #ahea7 l9ks ( connection betwe5 ! ,slavonian or ,s>matian tongues & ! ,semitic languages1 :i* 9 l mann] indicate ! primitive union ( ! two great bran*es ( languages4 ,footnote #abh3 ,man & 8 ,migrations4 ,see also ,descriptive ,e?nology1 :]e ! ,semitic aff9ities are v /rongly br\ght out4 ,footnote #abi3 ,i c sc>cely except su* t]ms z ,japetic & ,japetidae1 = ,iapetus c h>dly be any ?+ else ?an a traditional "n borr[$ f ,semitic e?nology1 or h&$ d[n f ! ,japhetic prog5itors ( ! ,greeks4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see art4 ,philology1 ,encyc4 ,brit4 ,footnote #aca3 ,grammatical /ructure is no d\bt m p]man5t ?an vocabul>y1 yet we f9d great *anges 9 ! latt]1 bo? 9 trac+ cognate languages f "o region to ano!r1 & f p]iod to p]iod4 ,! ,indo-,g]manic languages 9 ,europe furni% en\gh ( famili> in/ances4 ,footnote #acb3 ,x is fair1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve t ! ,bible ref]s ! fir/ great div]g5ce ( language to a div9e int]v5tion at ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,! precise nature ( ?is we d n "k2 b x w\ld t5d to dim9i% ! "t requir$4 ,footnote #acc3 ,lecture 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,m>* #bd1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #acd3 ,antiquity ( ,man1 #d? ed4 ,footnote #ace3 ,s\?all1 ,op4 cit4 ,footnote #acf3 ,! ,m5tone skeleton describ$ by ,dr4 ,rivi]e gives evid5ce ( ^! facts4 ,footnote #acg3 ,mr4 ,p5gelly decl9es to admit ?is2 b assigns no cause = ! break+ up ( portions ( ! old floor1 :i* he m]ely ref]s 9 g5]al t]ms to natural causes4 ,footnote #ach3 ,?is :ole subject ( suppos$ preglacial or int]glacial m5 is /ill 9 great confusion & unc]ta9ty1 & is complicat$ ) que/ions1 /ill debat$1 z to ! ages ( ! suppos$ glacial & po/glacial deposits4 ,footnote #aci3 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,april1 #ahge4 ,footnote #adj3 ,lyell's ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,geology4 ,footnote #ada3 ,= a full discussion ( ?is subject1 see ! ,/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,man4 ,footnote #adb3 ,su* a table1 ) an admirable exposition ( ! entire succession1 z at pres5t kn[n1 is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix to ,lyell's ,/ud5ts' ,manual ( ,geology4 ,footnote #adc3 ,lyell1 bas+ 8 calculations on ! surveys ( ,messrs4 ,humphreys & ,abbott1 b o!rs give v diff]5t e/imates4 ,footnote #add3 ,a p]fectly p>allel example is t ( ! gr[? ( ! p59sula ( ,florida 9 ! mod]n p]iod1 by ! same processes n[ add+ to its %ores2 & ?is has af=d$ to ,pr(essor ,agassiz a /ill m ext5d$ measure ( ! ,po/-t]ti>y p]iod4 ,footnote #ade3 ,reade1 ( ,liv]pool1 has rec5tly giv5 a mu* sl[] rate--"o foot 9 #ac1jjj ye>s--z a result ( rec5t ,engli% surveys2 b ,i h n se5 8 precise data1 & ! result c]ta9ly diff]s f ^? ( all o!r obs]vations4 ,footnote #adf3 ,i am q aw>e t x may be object$ to all ?is t x is bas$ on m]ely negative evid5ce2 b ?is is n /rictly ! case4 ,!re are positive indications ( ^! tru?s4 ,= example1 9 ! ,mesozoic epo* ! lac]tian reptiles pres5t$ huge elephant9e c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s species--! ,megalosaurus1 ,iguanodon1 etc42 fly+ species1 ) holl[ bones & ample w+s--! ,pt]odactyles2 & aquatic :ale-l species--,pliosaurus1 ,i*?yosaurus1 etc4 ,^! creatures actually fill$ ! (fices n[ occupi$ by ! mammals2 &1 ?\gh lac]tian 9 _! aff9ities1 !y mu/ h _h circulatory1 respiratory1 & n]v\s sy/ems f> 9 advance ( any mod]n reptiles ev5 ( ! ord] ( ,loricates4 ,footnote #adg3 ,/ory ( ! ,e>?--conclud+ *apt]s4 ,footnote #adh3 ,?is 0 writt5 9 #ahfj = ! fir/ edition ( ,ar*aia4 ,i see no reason to *ange x n[1 & its v9dication w be1 f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,footnote #adi3 ,heb4 iv41 #i2 #b ,pet] iii41 #ac4 ,footnote #aej3 ,hamilton4 ,footnote #aea3 ,9 ! mann] illu/rat$ by ,hyatt & ,cope4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,report on ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,upp] ,silurian & ,devonian1 #ahga4 ,footnote #aec3 ,drysdale's ,protoplasmic ,!ories ( ,life4 ,footnote #aed3 ,lecture be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,london4 ,footnote #aee3 ,leisure ,h\r1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #aef3 ,see critique 9 ,int]national ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,report$ 9 ,nature1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,footnote #aei3 ,see also ,hunt1 ,*emical & ,geological ,essays1 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #afj3 ,except1 p]haps1 ,job xxxi41 #bg4 ,footnote #afa3 ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 p4 #djf4 ,footnote #afb3 ,pri*>d4 ,?is is admitt$ by ,d>w91 :o gives o!r examples1 ?\gh he insi/s mu* on ! climatal v>iations :i* /ill rema9 9 f]al pigs4 ,footnote #afc3 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,footnote #afd3 ,haliburton's ,nova ,scotia2 ,gilp9's ,lecture on ,sable ,isl&4 ,footnote #afe3 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology2 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man4 ,see also a v able article on ! ,v>ieties ( ,man1 by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 9 ,todd's ,cyclopa$ia4 ,footnote #aff3 ,! ,races ( ,m51 etc4 ,bo/on1 #ahdh4 ,footnote #afg3 ,br[ne1 ( ,philadelphia1 quot$ by ,kneel& & o!rs4 ,footnote #afh3 ,todd's ,cyclopa$ia1 art4 ,v>ieties ( ,man4 ,footnote #afi3 ,prehi/oric ,man4 ,footnote #agj3 ,c>p5t] 9 ,todd's ,cyclopa$ia4 ,footnote #aga3 ,= an int]e/+ inquiry into ! orig9 ( ! dog1 see ! article 9 ,todd's ,cyclopa$ia already ref]r$ to2 & ! subject is fully discuss$ by ,d>w91 :o leans to ! !ory ( ! div]sity ( orig9 9 dogs4 ,footnote #agb3 ,pri*>d1 ,ba*man1 ,cabell4 ,footnote #agc3 ,a curi\s note1 by ,dr4 ,john ,rae1 on ! *ange ( complexion 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&]s1 consequ5t on ! introduction ( clo?+1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,montreal ,m$ical ,*ronicle1 #ahef1 & ! ,canadian ,j\rnal = ! same ye>4 ,footnote #agd3 ,la?am's ,descriptive ,e?nology4 ,,index4 ,abraham1 #be1 #bgj4 ,abrahamic ,g5esis1 #ah4 ,abyss1 #ajd4 ,accommodation1 !ory (1 #fa4 ,adaptation 9 nature1 #gh4 ,a,eons ( creation1 #acb4 ,agassiz on prophetic types1 #cej4 on species1 #cdb4 ,animals1 high]1 creation ( !1 #bcj4 l[]1 creation ( !1 #baa4 ,ant$iluvians1 #bec4 ,antiquity ( man1 #bfc1 #chf4 ( man1 geological evid5ce ( !1 #bid4 ( man1 hi/ory 9 relation to !1 #bga4 ( man1 language 9 relation to !1 #bhe4 ( ! e>?1 #aed1 #cca4 ,aretz 7e>?71 #id1 #age4 ,argyll1 ,duke (1 on creation by law1 #cgc4 ,duke (1 on ! orig9 ( civilization1 #cia4 ,aryan race1 #af1 #bfg4 ,assyrian ,g5esis1 #ai1 #ajh4 ,texts1 #dab4 ,a/ronomy ( ! ,bible1 #bjg4 ,atmosph]e1 con/itution ( !1 #aeg4 creation ( !1 #afj4 ,augu/9e on creative days1 #acd4 ,aur 7light71 #aae4 ,babel1 #beh1 #bff4 ,b>a 7create71 #ij4 ,beaumont1 ,de1 on cont95ts1 #ahd4 ,b$e on creative days1 #acc4 ,beg9n+1 !1 #hg1 #ie4 ,behemo?1 #bcc4 ,bhemah 7h]bivores71 #bca1 #djf4 ,birds1 creation (1 #baf1 #bai4 ,bronn on ! orig9 ( species1 #cci4 ,bronze1 age (1 #bgi4 ,buns5's *ronology1 #bgc4 ,ca9ozoic p]iod1 #cca4 ,c>nivora1 creation (1 #bcb4 ,cav]ns1 human rema9s 91 #bih4 ,c5tres ( creation1 #bch4 ,*aos1 #ajj1 #ajg4 *emi/ry (1 #aab4 ,*9ese language1 #bhh4 ,comp>isons & conclusions1 #cbb4 ,conflict ( ! ,bible ) sci5ce1 #dd4 ,cont95ts1 _! orig91 #ahb4 ,cosmogony1 ,assyrian1 #ajh4 ,egyptian1 #ajf1 #aih4 ,greek1 #aji4 ,hebrew1 its "*1 #gj4 ,hebrew1 its objects1 #ce4 ,hebrew1 its orig91 #df4 ,indian1 #aaj1 #adh4 ,p]sian1 #adg4 ,pho5ician1 #ajg4 ,cranial *>act]s ( primitive m51 #bih4 ,creation1 #ij4 by law1 #cgc4 c5tres (1 #bch4 days (1 #aae4 modes (1 #cge1 #cgg4 ( birds1 #baf1 #bai4 ( c>nivora1 #bcb4 ( great reptiles1 #bac4 ( h]bivora1 #bca4 ( high] animals1 #bcj4 ( l[] animals1 #baa4 ( man1 #bce4 ( plants1 #ahf4 ,croll1 calculations ( erosion1 #ccd4 glacial !ory (1 #cif4 ,dana on creation ( plants1 #aif4 on creative days1 #add4 on t]ti>y fauna1 #bcd4 ,d>w9 on species1 #cch4 ,day ( creation1 fir/1 #aae4 ( creation1 second1 #aeg4 ( creation1 ?ird1 #agd4 ( creation1 f\r?1 #aii4 ( creation1 fif?1 #baa4 ( creation1 six?1 #bcj4 ( creation1 sev5?1 #bdi4 ,days ( creation1 #aae4 ( creation comp>$ ) geological p]iods1 #aee4 prophetic1 #fe4 ,dea? be=e ! fall1 #cee4 ,deep1 !1 #ajd4 ,deluge1 !1 #bef4 ,de%e 7h]bage71 #ahf4 ,design 9 nature1 #gh4 ,desolate void1 #ajj4 ,drysdale on !ories ( life1 #chc4 ,dupont on ,belgian caves1 #cjh4 ,e>?1 !1 #id1 #ajb1 #age4 its f\ndations1 #agg4 ,ecclesia/es1 *ap4 i41 #gd4 ,ed51 conditions (1 #bcg1 #beb4 site (1 #bcg-beb4 ,edk9s on ! ,*9ese language1 #bhf1 #bhh4 ,egypt1 e>ly hi/ory (1 #bgb4 ,egyptian ,cosmogony1 #ajf1 #aih4 ,texts1 #dab4 ,elohim1 #hi1 #ig4 ,evans on ! erosion ( valleys1 #cac4 ,ev5+ ( creative days1 #ach4 ,evolution z appli$ to animals1 #bbf1 #cfc4 ,excavation ( valleys1 #cae4 ,exodus xxiv41 #aj1 #afc4 ,fall ( man1 #bej4 ,f9al causes1 #cee4 ,firmam5t1 !1 #afb4 ,fluidity1 orig9al1 ( ! e>?1 #aaj4 ,=bes on creation ( man1 #bej4 ,f\ndations ( ! e>?1 #agg4 ,frontal1 cave (1 #cjh4 ,g5esis1 *ap4 i41 translat$1 #ff4 *ap4 i41 #a1 #hg4 *ap4 i41 #b1 #ajj4 *ap4 i41 #c to #e1 #aae4 *ap4 i41 #f to #h1 #aeg4 *ap4 i41 #aj to #aa1 #agd4 *ap4 i41 #ad to #ai1 #aii4 *ap4 i41 #bj to #bc1 #baa4 *ap4 i41 #bd to #ca1 #bcj4 *ap4 ii41 #a to #c1 #bii4 *ap4 iv41 #bc1 #df4 *ap4 x41 #bb1 #bfc4 ! ,abrahamic1 #ah4 ! ,assyrian1 #bj4 ! ,mosaic1 #bg4 ! ,qui*e1 #bb4 ,geology1 pr9ciples (1 #cbe4 ,glacial p]iods1 !ories (1 #cie4 ,god1 p]sonality (1 #aa4 ,grass 9 ,g5esis i41 #ahf4 ,greek my?s1 #aji4 ,gre5 on ! =ms ( cont95ts1 #ahd4 ,haeckel on ! affiliation ( races1 #bhi4 on man & apes1 #chi4 ,hamite races1 #bfh4 ,h>mony ( revelation & sci5ce1 #cdb4 ,havilah1 productions (1 #bee4 ,hay'?-eretz 7wild bea/71 #bcb4 ,heav5s1 !1 #ib1 #afe4 ,h]bivora1 creation (1 #bca4 ,h9doos1 cosmogony ( !1 #adi4 ,hit*cock on creative days1 #ada4 ,horn] on ! alluvium ( ! ,nile1 #bgd4 ,hughes on ! excavation ( valleys1 #cae4 on int]glacial p]iods1 #bie4 on /alagmite1 #chh4 on ! ,victoria ,cave1 #chg4 ,humboldt on ,hebrew poetry1 #ci4 ,hunt on ! *emi/ry ( ! primeval e>?1 #djj4 ,hurakon1 #ajg4 ,hut ( ,sod]telge1 #chf4 ,ice-fre%ets 9 ,am]ica1 #cad ,inc&esc5ce ( ! e>?1 #aaj1 #aai4 ,india1 cosmogony (1 #adi4 ,japhetic races1 #bfg1 #bfh4 ,jehovah1 #if4 ,job ix41 #e1 #agf4 ix41 #i1 #bjf4 xxii41 #ae1 #beg4 xxviii41 #agi4 xxviii41 #bf1 #gc4 xxxvi41 #aff4 xxxvii41 #ad1 #afa4 xxxviii41 #aff1 #agg1 #bjf4 ,jones1 ,sir ,w41 on ,indian cosmogony1 #adi4 ,k5t's ,cav]n1 #cjb4 ,kurtz on days ( vision1 #di4 ,lame*1 8 poem1 #df4 ,l&1 its creation1 #agd4 geological hi/ory (1 #ahb4 ,languages1 unity (1 #bhe1 #bia4 ,la ,place1 nebul> hypo!sis (1 #aai4 ,la?am on ,african languages1 #bhh4 on ! radiation ( languages1 #bhi4 ,laws ( nature1 9 ! ,bible1 #gc4 ,lemuria1 #bhi4 ,leviticus xi41 #bab4 ,life1 succession (1 #cca1 #ccg4 !ories (1 #chc4 ,light1 #aae1 #aba4 ,logos1 #if4 ,lum9>ies1 #aii4 ,lyell on ! cause ( ! glacial p]iod1 #cig4 on ! delta ( ! ,mississippi1 #ccc4 on ! plei/oc5e p]iod1 #big4 ,mammals1 creation (1 #bca4 ,mammo? 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