,transcrib]'s ,note ,?is ,pla9 ,text v]sion uses ! ,lat9-#a "* set4 ,! figure captions h be5 reta9$ 9 ! same ord] ( appe>ance z ! plates 9 ! orig9al1 b mov$ to foll[ ! section :i* ea* illu/rates4 ,m9or inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ h be5 reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al4 ,:]e typographical errors h be5 correct$ & miss+ ref]5ces add$1 ^! are li/$ at ! end ( ?is book4 ,bold & small capital typeface 9 ! orig9al is repres5t$ 9 ! ,pla9 ,text v]sion by ,,upp] ,,case4 ,italic typeface 9 ! orig9al is indicat$ 9 ! ,pla9 ,text v]sion by und]scores4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece4 ,g5]al view ( wat] y>ds & duckl+s on a l>ge ,long ,isl& duck f>m4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,,ducks ,,& ,,geese ,,by ,,h>ry ,m4 ,,lamon ,,s5ior ,,p\ltryman1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,& ,,rob ,r4 ,,slocum ,,p\ltryman1 ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,au?ors ( ,! ,mat+ & ,bre$+ ( ,p\ltry & ,turkey ,rais+ ,,illu/rat$ ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,t,r,ue,b,n,e,r ,,co41 ,,limit$ #aibb ,,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,orange ,,judd ,,publi%+ ,,company ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,preface ,( all l9es ( p\ltry keep+1 duck rais+ is unique 9 t x l5ds itself to ! greate/ degree ( specialization & int5sification along l9es :i* are purely comm]cial4 ,on a comp>atively small area ?\s&s ( duckl+s c be re>$ & m>ket$ ye>ly4 ,! call = in=mation conc]n+ ! me?ods us$ by ^! comm]cial duck rais]s has be5 consid]able1 & s9ce su* in=mation is n available 9 complete concise =m ! pres5t book has be5 prep>$ p>tly to furni% j ?is in=mation4 ,! me?ods us$ by successful ,long ,isl& duck rais]s diff] widely 9 "s p>ticul>s & s9ce 9 ! space at comm&1 x has be5 impossible to describe all ! me?ods us$1 ! plan has be5 adopt$ ( detail+ 9 ! ma9 ! me?ods ( "o successful gr[]4 ,?is x is believ$ w prove to be m helpful & less confus+ ?an to attempt to give ! me?od ( sev]al diff]5t m54 ,mu* space has be5 giv5 to ! op]ations ( ! comm]cial duck rais]s b ! fact is recogniz$ t ! great bulk ( ! ducks ent]+ into ! trade ( ! c\ntry is ! product ( small flocks kept on g5]al f>ms4 ,= ?is reason a *apt] has be5 add$ deal+ ) duck rais+ on ! f>m1 & att5tion is "h call$ to ! fact t mo/ ( ! in=mation giv5 "u comm]cial duck rais+ c be readily adapt$ to use 9 connection ) ! f>m flock4 ,detail$1 complete in=mation on goose rais+ is ev5 m fragm5t>y ?an is ! case ) ducks4 ,yet !re is a f9e opportunity to re> a few geese at a pr(it on _m f>ms1 & ! ne$ & call = in=mation is q g5]al4 ,x is = ?is reason t a section ( ?is book has be5 devot$ to goose rais+ & 9 t section all ! good reliable in=mation available on ! subject is giv54 ,! special att5tion ( ! wom5 ( ! f>m is direct$ to ! opportunity :i* goose rais+ (f]s to make a good pr(it on a small side l9e ) ! m9imum ( initial inve/m5t & ( labor4 ,! greate/ c>e has be5 tak5 to make ! in=mation on bo? duck & goose rais+ z complete & cle> z possible4 ,h[ev]1 ! au?ors appreciate ! unlimit$ value ( good illu/rations 9 mak+ cle> me?ods & op]ations :i* are m difficult to grasp f a ^w description1 & h !re=e assembl$ a set ( illu/rations = ?is book1 ! complet5ess & excell5ce ( :i* h nev] be=e be5 approa*$ 9 any book on ! subject4 ,! illu/rations alone are an education4 ,9 prep>+ & pres5t+ ?is book to ! public1 ! au?ors take pleasure 9 ackn[l$g+ _! deep indebt$ness to ! foll[+ p]sons = help & in=mation furni%$3 ,roy ,e4 ,p>dee ,john ,c4 ,kr9] ,*>les ,mc,clave ,/anley ,mason ,dr4 ,balliet ,william ,m9ni* ,george ,w4 ,hackett ,dawson ,bro!rs ,p>ticul> ackn[l$gm5t is due ,rob]t ,a4 ,tuttle = ! mann] 9 :i* he ?rew op5 8 duck plant to ! au?ors & = ! mo/ g5]\s am\nt ( "t :i* he gave 9 furni%+ in=mation4 ,special ackn[l$gm5t is likewise due ,alfr$ ,r4 ,lee1 ,p\ltryman1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 = in=mation secur$ f 8 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s on duck rais+ & goose rais+4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,preface ,li/ ( ,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,i--,,ducks ,*apt]4 ,page4 ,i4 ,ext5t ( ! ,indu/ry--,opportunities #c ,pres5t ,ext5t ( ! ,indu/ry--,diff]5t ,types ( ,duck ,rais+--,opportunities = ,duck ,rais+--,prices = ,bre$+ ,/ock--,ducks = ,ornam5tal ,purposes4 ,,ii4 ,bre$s & ,v>ieties--,h[ to ,mate to ,produce ,exhibition ,specim5s--,prep>+ ,ducks = ! ,%[--,cat*+ & ,h&l+ #i ,bre$s ( ,ducks--,classification ( ,bre$s--,m>k+ ! ,ducks--,nom5clature--,di/+ui%+ ! ,sex--,size--,popul>ity ( ,bre$s--,egg ,production--,size ( ,duck ,eggs--,color ( ,eggs--,brood9ess--,g5]al ,consid]ations 9 ,mak+ ! ,mat+--,mak+ ! ,mat+--,! ,pek9--,! ,aylesbury--,! ,r\5--,! ,cayuga--,! ,call--,! ,gray ,call--,! ,:ite ,call--,! ,black ,ea/ ,india--,! ,muscovy--,! ,color$ ,muscovy--,! ,:ite ,muscovy--,! ,blue ,sw$i%--,! ,cre/$ ,:ite--,! ,buff--,! ,runn]--,! ,fawn & ,:ite ,runn]--,! ,:ite ,runn]--,! ,p5cil$ ,runn]--,prep>+ ,ducks = ! ,%[--,cat*+ & ,h&l+ ,ducks--,pack+ & ,%ipp+ ,hat*+ ,eggs4 ,,iii4 ,comm]cial ,duck ,f>m+--,location--,e/imate ( ,equipm5t & ,capital ,necess>y 9 ,/>t+ ! ,bus9ess #db ,di/ribution--,/ock ,us$--,location ( ,plant--,mak+ a ,/>t 9 ,duck ,f>m+--,equipm5t1 ,capital1 etc4 ,requir$--,lay-out or ,arrangem5t ( ! ,plant--,l& ,requir$--,numb] ( ,bre$]s requir$--,h\s+ ,requir$ = ,bre$]s--,incubator ,capacity--,brood] ,capacity--,fatt5+ ,h\ses or ,%$s--,fe$ ,/orage--,kill+ & ,pick+ ,h\se--,resid5t--,horse ,p[]--,fe$+ ,track--,electric ,lights--,wat] ,supply--,f5ces--,labor--,inve/$ ,capital--,work+ ,capital--,pr(its4 ,,iv4 ,comm]cial ,duck ,f>m+--,managem5t ( ! ,bre$+ ,/ock #ee ,age ( ,bre$]s--,di/+ui%+ ,"y f ,old ,ducks--,selection ( ,bre$+ ,ducks--,numb] ( ,females to a ,drake--,secur+ ,bre$+ ,drakes--,h\ses & ,y>ds = ,bre$]s--,b$d+ & ,clean+ ! ,bre$+ ,h\ses--,clean+ ! ,bre$+ ,y>ds--,wat] ,y>ds = ,bre$]s--,fe$+ ! ,bre$]s--,egg ,production--,"t ( ,m>ket+ ,bre$]s--,disease--,insect ,pe/s--,dogs4 ,v4 ,comm]cial ,duck ,f>m+--,incubation #gj ,k9ds ( incubators us$--,incubator ,cell>--,incubator ,capacity ,requir$--,age ( ,hat*+ ,eggs--,c>e ( ,hat*+ ,eggs--,select+ ! ,eggs = ,hat*+--,temp]ature--,position ( ,!rmomet]--,te/+--,turn+ ! ,eggs--,cool+ ! ,eggs--,moi/ure--,f]tility--,hat*+--,sel l+ ,baby ,ducks4 ,,vi4 ,comm]cial ,duck ,f>m+--,brood+ & ,re>+ ! ,"y ,/ock #hj ,remov+ ! ,newly ,hat*$ ,duckl+s to ! ,brood] ,h\se--,brood] ,h\ses ,requir$--,brood] ,h\se ,no4 #a--;,con/ruction ( ,h\se--,heat+ ,app>atus--,p5s--,equipm5t ( ! ,p5s--,grad+ & ,sort+ ! ,duckl+s--,clean+ & ,b$d+ ! ,p5s--,v5tilation--,o!r ,types ( ,brood] ,h\ses--,l5g? ( ,"t 9 ,brood] ,h\se ,no4 #a--;,brood] ,h\se ,no4 #b--;,brood] ,h\se ,no4 #c--,y>d ,accommodations = ,duckl+s--,%ade--,fe$+--,lights = ,duckl+s--,p\nds ( ,fe$ to ,produce a ,p\nd ( ,m>ket ,duck--,wat] = ,"y ,ducks--,age & ,weight :5 ,ready = ,m>ket--,cripples--,clean+ ! ,y>ds--,critical ,p]iod ) ,"y ,ducks--,disease ,prev5tion--,gapes or ,pneumonia--,fits--,di>rhoea--,lam5ess-- ,sore ,eyes--,fea!r ,eat+ or ,quill+--,rats--,coop]ative ,fe$ ,association4 ,,vii4 ,comm]cial ,duck ,f>m+--,m>ket+ #ajb ,prop] ,age to ,m>ket--,weights at ,"t ( ,m>ket+--,! ,la/ ,fe$ = ,m>ket ,ducks--,sort+ ,m>ket ,duckl+s--,kill+--,scald+--,pick+--,dry ,pick+--,cool+--,pack+--,%ipp+--,coop]at ive ,m>ket+ ,association--,prices = ,ducks--,%ipp+ ,ducks ,alive--,sav+ ! ,fea!rs--,prices & ,uses ( ,duck ,fea!rs--,m>ket+ ,eggs4 ,,viii4 ,duck ,rais+1 on ! ,f>m #abj ,conditions ,suitable = ,duck ,rais+--,size ( ,flock--,mak+ a ,/>t--,select+ ! ,bre$--,age ( ,bre$+ ,/ock--,size ( ,mat+s--,bre$+ & ,lay+ ,season--,managem5t ( ,bre$]s--,h\s+--,fe$+--,wat]--,y>ds--,c> e ( ,eggs = ,hat*+--,hat*+ ! ,eggs--,brood+ & ,re>+--,fe$+ ! ,duckl+s--,wat] = ,duckl+s--,di/+ui%+ ! ,sexes--,m>ket+ ! ,ducks--,diseases & ,insect ,pe/s4 ,,"p ,,ii--,,geese ,,ix4 ,ext5t ( ! ,indu/ry--,opportunities #ada ,nature ( ! ,indu/ry--,opportunities = ,goose ,rais+--,goose ,rais+ z a ,bus9ess = ,f>m ,wom5--,geese z ,we$ ,de/roy]s--,objections to ,geese4 ,x4 ,bre$s & ,v>ieties--,h[ to ,mate to ,produce ,exhibition ,specim5s--,prep>+ ,geese = ! ,%[--,cat*+ & ,h&l+ #adg ,bre$s ( ,geese--,nom5clature--,size--,popul>ity ( ! ,bre$s--,egg ,production--,size ( ,goose ,eggs--,color ( ,goose ,eggs--,brood9ess--,size ( ,mat+--,age ( ,bre$]s--,m>k+ ,"y ,geese--,g5]al ,consid]ations 9 ,mak+ ! ,mat+--,mak+ ! ,mat+--,! ,t\l\se--,! ,embd5--,! ,african--,! ,*9ese--,! ,br[n ,*9ese--,! ,:ite ,*9ese--,! ,wild or ,canadian--,! ,egyptian--,prep>+ ,geese = ! ,%[--,cat*+ & ,h&l+ ,geese--,pack+ & ,%ipp+ ,hat*+ ,eggs--,prices = ,bre$+ ,/ock4 ,,xi4 ,managem5t ( ,bre$+ ,geese #afd ,range = ,bre$]s--,numb] ( ,geese to ! ,acre--,wat] = ,bre$+ ,geese--,di/+ui%+ ! ,sex--,pur*ase ( ,bre$+ ,/ock--,"t ( ,lay+--,h\s+--,y>ds--,fe$+ ! ,bre$+ ,geese4 ,,xii4 ,incubation #agb ,c>e ( ,eggs = ,hat*+--,me?ods ( ,incubation--,p]iod ( ,incubation--,hat*+ ) ,*ick5 ,h5s--,hat*+ ) ,geese--,break+ ,up ,broody ,geese--,hat*+ ) an ,incubator--,moi/ure = ,hat*+ ,eggs--,hat*+4 ,,xiii4 ,brood+ & ,re>+ ,gosl+s #agh ,me?ods ( ,brood+--,brood+ ) ,h5s or ,geese--,l5g? ( ,"t ,brood+ is ,necess>y--,artificial ,brood+--,g5]al ,c>e ( ,gr[+ ,gosl+s--,fe$+ ! ,gosl+s--,p]c5tage ( ,gosl+s ,rais$--,rapidity ( ,gr[?--,diseases4 ,,xiv4 ,fatt5+ & ,m>ket+ ,geese #ahg ,classes ( ,geese ,m>ket$--,m>kets & ,prices--,prejudice ,aga9/ ,roa/ ,goose--,me?ods ( ,fatt5+ ,geese = ,m>ket--,p5 ,fatt5+--,noodl+ ,geese--,me?ods ,us$ on ,fatt5+ ,f>ms--,sell+ ,geese ,alive--,kill+--,pick+--,pack+ = ,%ipm5t--,sav+ ! ,fea!rs--,pluck+ ,live ,geese = _! ,fea!rs4 ,index #bae ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,frontispiece4 ,wat] ,y>ds & ,duckl+s4 #a4 ,mule ,ducks & ,blue ,sw$i% ,ducks #aj #b4 ,mall>d ,ducks #aa #c4 ,goose1 ,duck & ,h5 ,eggs #ah #d4 ,"y ,pek9s = ,bre$]s & ,aylesbury ,drake #ai #e4 ,r\5 ,drake & ,black ,ea/ ,india ,ducks #bd #f4 ,r\5 ,drake 9 ,summ] ,plumage & ,r\5 ,duck #be #g4 ,cayuga ,ducks #bf #h4 ,gray ,call ,ducks #bg #i4 ,:ite ,call ,ducks #bh #aj4 ,color$ ,muscovy ,drake & ,:ite ,muscovy ,drake #bi #aa4 ,cre/$ ,:ite ,drake & ,"y ,:ite ,muscovy ,%[+ ,black on ,head #cb #ab4 ,w+ ( ,blue ,sw$i% ,duck #cc #ac4 ,pair ( ,buff ,ducks #cf #ad4 ,p5cil$ ,runn] ,drake & ,:ite ,runn] ,drake #cg #ae4 ,me?ods ( ,c>ry+ ,ducks #dj #af4 ,p[] ,fe$ ,mix] #da #ag4 ,duck ,h\ses #eh #ah4 ,h\se = ,bre$+ ,ducks #ei #ai4 ,ano!r ,type ( ,bre$+ ,h\se #fb #bj4 ,fe$+ ! ,bre$]s #fc #ba4 ,int]ior ( ,bre$+ ,h\se #gd #bb4 ,incubator ,cell> #ge #bc4 ,int]ior ( ,no4 #a ,brood] ,h\se #hb #bd4 ,wat]+ ,arrangem5t 9 ,brood] ,p5s #hc #be4 ,ano!r ,type ( ,no4 #a ,brood] ,h\se #hf #bf4 ,brood] ,h\se ,no4 #b #hg #bg4 ,brood] ,h\se ,no4 #c #hh #bh4 ,long ,brood] ,h\se & ,y>ds #hi #bi4 ,pek9 ,duckl+s #c ,days & #b ,weeks ,old #ij #cj4 ,pek9 ,duckl+s #c ,weeks & #f ,weeks ,old #ia #ca4 ,int]ior ( ,cold ,brood] ,h\se #ib #cb4 ,y>d ,ducks #ic #cc4 ,duck ,%$s #id #cd4 ,fe$+ & ,wat]+ ,arrangem5ts #ie #ce4 ,gre5 ,fe$ = ,ducks #if #cf4 ,fe$+ f ,track #ig #cg4 ,y>d ,ducks at ,re/ #ih #ch4 ,artificial ,wat] ,y>ds #ii #ci4 ,cat*+ ,p5s = ,fatt5+ ,duckl+s #ajd #dj4 ,c>ry+ ,duckl+s to ,slaught] #aje #da4 ,hang+ ,duckl+s & ,cutt+ ,?roat ,ve9s #ajf #db4 ,ble$+ ,duckl+s #ajg #dc4 ,wa%+ ,heads #ajh #dd4 ,duckl+s ,ready = ! ,pick]s #aji #de4 ,scald+ #aaj #df4 ,pick+ ,ducks #aaa #dg4 ,dress$ ,duckl+ #aab #dh4 ,weigh+ ,out ,duckl+s = ,pack+ #aac #di4 ,cur+ ,duck ,fea!rs #adh #ej4 ,egyptian ,g&] & ,seba/apol ,goose #adi #ea4 ,t\l\se & ,embd5 ,g&]s #aed #eb4 ,canadian & ,african ,g&]s #aee #ec4 ,br[n & ,:ite ,*9ese ,g&]s #aeh #ed4 ,me?ods ( ,h&l+ ,geese #aei #ee4 ,geese ,fatt5+ 9 an ,or*>d #aih 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ducks ,,"p ,i ,*apt] ,i ,pres5t ,ext5t ( ! ,indu/ry ,duck rais+ :ile repres5t+ an indu/ry ( consid]able value to ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 consid]$ f a national /&po9t1 is "o ( ! m9or bran*es ( ! p\ltry indu/ry4 ,accord+ to ! #aibj c5sus !re 7 #b1hag1fbd ducks 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) a valuation ( #c1cgc1iff4 ,z comp>$ ) ?is ! c5sus = #aiaj %[s a slightly great] numb] ( ducks1 #b1ijf1ebe1 b _! value 0 consid]ably less be+ only #a1efg1afd4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s betwe5 ! c5sus ( #aijj & t ( #aiaj !re 0 a decrease 9 ! numb] ( ducks ( ne>ly #dj4 ,accord+ to ! #aibj c5sus ! m important duck rais+ /ates arrang$ 9 _! ord] ( importance 7 ,i[a1 ,ill9ois1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,miss\ri1 ,m9nesota1 ,t5nessee1 ,ohio1 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,indiana1 ,nebraska & ,k5tucky4 ,! numb] report$ = ,i[a 0 #bce1bdi & = ,k5tucky #ii1egg4 ,new ,engl&1 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 ! ,ea/ ,nor? ,c5tral1 ! ,we/ ,nor? ,c5tral1 ! ,m\nta9 & ! ,pacific /ates %[$ an increase1 :ile ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 ,ea/ ,s\? ,c5tral & ,we/ ,s\? ,c5tral /ates %[$ a decrease4 ,9 spite ( ! exi/5ce ( q a numb] ( l>ge comm]cial duck f>ms1 ! great bulk ( ducks produc$ are ^? :i* come f ! g5]al f>ms :]e only small flocks are kept4 ,yet only a small proportion ( f>ms h ducks on !m4 ,! comp>atively small numb] ( ducks is di/ribut$ ov] practically ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ m common 9 "s sections ?an o!rs1 p>ticul>ly along ! ,atlantic ,coa/ & along ! ,pacific ,coa/1 ) fairly num]\s flocks on ! f>ms ( ! ,middle ,we/4 ,diff]5t ,types ( ,duck ,rais+4 ,! conditions "u :i* ducks are kept & ! purpose = :i* !y are kept fall "u f\r heads3 ,fir/1 comm]cial duck rais+ = ! production ( duck meat2 second1 duck rais+ z a by-product ( ! g5]al f>m2 ?ird1 duck rais+ = egg production2 f\r?1 duck bre$+ = pleasure1 exhibition or ! sale ( bre$+ /ock4 ,opportunities = ,duck ,rais+4 ,und\bt$ly ! greate/ opportunity = pr(itable duck gr[+ lies "u ! fir/ ( ^! heads1 namely1 comm]cial duck rais+4 ,:]e ! conditions ( climate1 soil & l& are favorable & :]e ! location is good ) respect to m>ket !re exi/s an excell5t opportunity = "o skill$ 9 duck gr[+ to engage 9 t bus9ess 9 an int5sive mann] = ! purpose ( putt+ on ! m>ket spr+ or gre5 duckl+s4 ,:]e ^! are 9 dem& !y br+ a good price & s9ce ! output p] f>m is l>ge !y pay a good return ev5 ) a small m>g9 ( pr(it p] p\nd4 ,! second greate/ opportunity und\bt$ly consi/s ( duck rais+ z a by-product ( ! g5]al f>m4 ,:]e conditions are suitable1 t is to say1 :]e !re is a consid]able am\nt ( pa/ure l& easily accessible1 & p>ticul>ly :]e !re is a /ream or pond to :i* ! ducks c h access1 a small flock ( ducks1 say #aj or #ab females1 c be kept to excell5t advantage on ! f>m4 ,! co/ ( ma9ta9+ !m w n be great & !y w n only provide a mo/ acceptable v>iety 9 ! =m ( duck meat & duck eggs = ! f>m]s' table b !y w also produce a surplus :i* c be sold at a pr(it4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t :]e only a small flock is kept x is g5]ally impracticable = ! f>m] to give 8 ducks ! att5tion necess>y to cat] to ! m>ket = gre5 duckl+s4 ,z a result he usually keeps !m until fall & sells !m on ! m>ket at a consid]ably l[] price ?an is obta9$ by ! comm]cial duck gr[]4 ,!re also exi/s an opportunity :i* has n be5 develop$ to any great ext5t to keep "s "o ( ! egg produc+ bre$s ( ducks su* z ! ,indian ,runn] = ! prim>y purpose ( egg production4 ,a few v5tures ( ?is sort seem to h be5 successful b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! m>ket = duck eggs is n ne>ly s broad z t = h5s' eggs & t 9 "s qu>t]s !re exi/s consid]able prejudice aga9/ duck eggs = table consumption4 ,be=e engag+ 9 duck rais+ prim>ily = ! production ( m>ket eggs x w\ld !re=e be necess>y to inve/igate & consid] c>efully ! m>ket conditions 9 ! neighborhood s z to "k :e!r ! eggs c\ld be m>ket$ to advantage4 ,:ile ! ,runn] ducks are prolific lay]s !re is no advantage 9 keep+ !m 9 pref]5ce to f[ls z egg produc]s4 ,! eggs are l>g] 9 size b x takes m fe$ to produce !m1 :ile !y _c z a rule be dispos$ ( at mu* if any high] price ?an c be secur$ = h5s' eggs4 ,= bak+ purposes duck eggs c be readily sold on acc\nt ( _! l>g] size4 ,!re is always an opportunity to produce f9e /ock ( any k9d1 :e!r x be ducks1 *ick5s1 turkeys or geese4 ,ducks are n exhibit$ to ! same ext5t z are *ick5s & ! competition 9 ! %[s is n z a rule s ke54 ,nev]!less _m p]sons are int]e/$ 9 produc+ & exhibit+ good /ock & !re exi/s a v def9ite m>ket = birds ( quality4 ,!re is also a probability t a good bus9ess c\ld be work$ up by "o :o w\ld pay special att5tion to produc+ a /ra9 ( ducks ( e>ly maturity1 l>ge size & good vigor 9 ord] to supply bre$+ drakes to _m ( ! comm]cial duck f>ms4 ,^! f>ms usually secure drakes = bre$+ f s\rces outside _! own flocks ea* ye> b ! usual practice is to ex*ange drakes ) "s o!r comm]cial gr[]4 ,:ile v good birds are to be f\nd on ^! duck f>ms !re is no great] opportunity to engage 9 any sy/ematic bre$+1 ! selection ( ! bre$+ /ock be+ ( r a hurri$ nature dur+ c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> :5 ! ducks are be+ m>ket$4 ,moreov]1 ! long cont9u$ cu/om ( ex*ang+ drakes ) ! neighbor+ f>m]s has 9 mo/ cases l$ to ! blood be+ s l>gely conf9$ )9 "o circle t no great p]c5tage ( new blood is obta9$ by ^! ex*anges4 ,( c\rse1 ! opportunity along bre$+ l9es = ?is purpose is limit$ to ! ,pek9 duck z ?is is ! bre$ :i* is kept ^u all ! l>ge comm]cial duck f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,prices = ,bre$+ ,/ock4 ,duck bre$]s :o make a specialty ( sell+ bre$+ /ock or eggs = hat*+ f9d a /eady & q a wide dem& = _! /ock4 ,! eggs are usually sold 9 sitt+s ( #aa & br+ a price ( f #c to #e p] sitt+ dep5d+ on ! quality ( ! /ock4 ,! prices receiv$ = ! birds !mselves dep5d ( c\rse ^u _! quality & may run any:]e f ab\t #e to #be p] bird4 ,ducks = ,ornam5tal ,purposes4 ,on e/ates or 9 p>ks :]e natural or artificial ponds are includ$ 9 ! gr\nds1 wat]f[l are (t5 kept = ornam5tal purposes4 ,any bre$s may be us$1 & (t5 ! gay color$ ,wood ,duck & ,m&>91 or "s "o ( ! small bre$s su* z ! ,calls1 ,black ,ea/ ,indian or ! ,mall>ds are kept = ?is purpose4 ,x is said t ^! small ducks w absolutely de/roy ! mosquito l>vae 9 any su* ponds or lakes4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,bre$s & ,v>ieties--,h[ to ,mate to ,produce ,exhibition ,specim5s--,prep>+ ,ducks = ! ,%[--,cat*+ & ,h&l+ ,bre$s ( ,ducks4 ,!re are #aa /&>d bre$s ( ducks4 ,all ( ^! bre$s ) ! exception ( ! ,call1 ,muscovy & ,runn] consi/ ( a s+le v>iety4 ,! ,call is divid$ into two v>ieties1 ! ,gray & ! ,:ite2 ! ,muscovy consi/s ( two v>ieties1 ! ,color$ & ! ,:ite2 & ! ,runn] consi/s ( ?ree v>ieties1 ! ,fawn & ,:ite1 ! ,:ite & ! ,p5cil$4 ,duck bre$]s1 ( c\rse1 :e!r rais+ ! birds = fancy or = pr(it1 keep "o ( ! /&>d breads or v>ieties4 ,frequ5tly1 also1 ! f>m flocks consi/ ( /&>dbr$ ducks b on _m f>ms1 probably a great majority1 ! flock consi/s ( ! common or s-call$ puddle duck4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,s\? !re is a duck kn[n z ! mule duck :i* is a cross betwe5 ! ,muscovy & ! common duck4 ,?is is a duck ( good m>ket quality b w n bre$ f :i* *>act]i/ic x gets its "n4 ,mo/ ( ! common or puddle ducks :i* are f\nd on f>ms are ( r small size1 are indiff]5t z lay]s1 & d n make a desirable type ( m>ket duck4 ,!y h aris5 simply f ! cross+ ( /&>d bre$s ) resultant c>elessness & indiff]5ce 9 bre$+4 ,because ( ! c>e ) :i* !y h be5 select$ & br$ = def9ite purposes1 ! /&>d bre$s are decid$ly sup]ior to ! common puddle ducks & %\ld by all means be kept 9 pref]5ce s9ce !y w yield bett] results & great] pr(its4 ,9 addition to ! /&>d bre$s & v>ieties flocks ( ,mall>ds are also kept to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! ,mall>d is a common small wild duck :i* has l5t itself readily to dome/ication & :i* ?rives ) prop] c>e "u conf9$ conditions4 ,9 weight1 ! drakes w run f #b-a_/b p\nds to #c p\nds or ev5 a little l>g]4 ,! ducks av]age ab\t #ba_/d p\nds ) a v>iation ( f #a p\nd #ab ounces to #b p\nds #h ounces4 ,by select+ ! l>ge eggs = hat*+ & by lib]al fe$+1 x is easy to increase ! size ( ,mall>ds to su* an ext5t t !y resemble small ,r\5s r ?an wild ,mall>ds4 ,! plumage ( ! ,mall>d is v simil> to t ( ! ,r\5 b ( a light] %ade4 ,ano!r small wild duck kn[n z ! ,wood or ,c>ol9a duck1 :i* is a native ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 has be5 dome/icat$ & on acc\nt ( ! great beauty ( its plumage is usually to be f\nd :]ev] ornam5tal wat]f[l are kept4 ,! ,m&>9 duck is a small duck ( ab\t ! same size z ! ,wood duck1 is ( beautiful plumage & l ! ,wood duck is g5]ally kept = ornam5tal purposes4 ,?is duck is said to be a native ( ,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,upp]--,pair ( ,mule ,ducks4 ,l[]--,pair ( ,blue ,sw$i% ,ducks4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,upp]--,mall>d ,duck4 ,l[]--,mall>d ,drake4 ,! ,mall>d is a wild duck :i* is q easily dome/icat$ & :i* has a plumage color v simil> to ! ,r\54 ,x is small 9 size4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,classification ( ,bre$s ,s f> z ! /&>d bre$s & v>ieties are conc]n$ !y may be divid$ into ?ree classes accord+ to ! purpose = :i* !y are kept & = :i* !y are be/ suit$4 ,fir/ is ! meat class :i* consi/s ( ! ,pek91 ,aylesbury1 ,muscovy1 ,r\51 ,buff1 ,cayuga & ,blue ,sw$i%4 ,^! bre$s c\ld well be t]m$ g5]al purpose ducks = !y are q good lay]s 9 addition to produc+ excell5t table c>casses & are !re=e well suit$ = g5]al f>m use4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 kept m p>ticul>ly = meat production4 ,! second class is kn[n z ! egg class & consi/s ( ! ?ree v>ieties ( ! ,runn] ,duck1 =m]ly kn[n z ! ,indian ,runn]4 ,! ,runn] ,duck is mu* small] 9 size ?an ! birds ( ! meat class1 is long] 9 leg & m active1 & is n s well suit$ = ! production ( table ducks b is a v prolific lay]4 ,) prop] fe$+ & managem5t ! ,runn] ducks w comp>e favorably ) h5s z egg produc]s4 ,! ?ird class is kn[n z ! ornam5tal class & is compos$ ( ! ducks :i* are kept & br$ pr9cipally = ornam5tal purposes4 ,?is class consi/s ( ! ,call duck ) its two v>ieties1 ! ,black ,ea/ ,india duck & ! ,cre/$ ,:ite duck4 ,bo? ! ,call & ,ea/ ,india ducks are small 9 size be+ really ! bantams ( ! duck family4 ,:ile !y make good table birds1 _! small size h&icaps !m z comm]cial meat f[l4 ,! ,cre/$ ,:ite duck is ( l>g] size1 possesses a cre/ & is br$ ma9ly z an ornam5tal f[l4 ,m>k+ ! ,ducks4 ,! duck rais] :o is bre$+ 8 ducks = exhibition quality has ne$ = k ( ! bre$+ ( ! birds he may contemplate us+ 9 8 mat+s4 ,9 ord] t ?is in=mation may be available1 ! "y ducks z !y are hat*$ c be m>k$ by toe pun*+ !m on ! webs ( _! feet 9 ! same mann] t baby *icks are toe pun*$4 ,a diff]5t set or comb9ation ( m>ks is us$ = ea* mat+ s t ! bre$+ ( ! diff]5t ducks c be di/+ui%$4 ,mature ducks c1 if desir$1 be leg b&$ 9 ord] to furni% a di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,nom5clature ,be=e tak+ up a description ( ! mat+s ( ! diff]5t /&>d bre$s & v>ieties x is well to indicate ! common nom5clature :i* is us$ 9 connection ) ^! f[ls & :i* diff]s f t us$ = *ick5s4 ,! male duck is call$ drake1 ! female duck is t]m$ duck1 & ! "y duck ( ei!r sex is t]m$ duckl+4 ,9 giv+ ! /&>d weights = ! diff]5t bre$s ( ducks1 weights are giv5 = adult ducks & adult drakes1 & = "y ducks & "y drakes4 ,by adult duck or drake is meant a bird :i* is ov] "o ye> old4 ,by "y duck or drake is meant a bird :i* is less ?an "o ye> old4 ,! horny m\? p>ts ( ! duck in/ead ( be+ t]m$ beak z 9 *ick5s are call$ bill1 & ! sep>ate division ( ! upp] bill at its extremity is t]m$ ! bean4 ,ducks d n %[ any comb or wattles z 9 *ick5s4 ,9 ,engl& use is made ( ! t]ms ducklet & drak]el4 ,ducklet is us$ to signify a female dur+ h] fir/ lay+ season j z ! ^w pullet is us$ 9 contra/ to h54 ,drak]el is us$ to signify a "y drake z contra/$ ) an old] drake j z ! ^w cock]el is us$ 9 comp>ison to cock 9 *ick5s4 ,di/+ui%+ ! ,sex4 ,! sex ( mature ducks c be readily told by _! voices & also by a diff]5ce 9 ! fea!r+4 ,! duck gives voice to a co>se1 h>% s\nd :i* is ! *>act]i/ic quack usually ?\ght ( 9 connection ) ?is class ( f[l4 ,! drake on ! o!r h& utt]s a cry :i* is n ne>ly s l\d or h>% b :i* is m ( a hiss+ s\nd4 ,di/9ction ( sex by ?is means c be made aft] ! duckl+s are f #d to #f weeks old4 ,be=e ?is age1 bo? sexes make ! same peep+ noise4 ,mature drakes are also di/+ui%$ f ! ducks by ! pres5ce ( two sex fea!rs at ! base ( ! tail4 ,^! are %ort fea!rs :i* curl or curve upw>d & =w>d t[>d ! body ( ! bird4 ,9 ducks ^! fea!rs are abs5t4 ,size ,an idea ( ! size ( ! diff]5t /&>d bre$s c be/ be obta9$ by giv+ ! /&>d weights4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,adult ,drake4 ,adult ,duck4 ,"y ,drake4 ,"y ,duck4 ,pek9 #i #h #h #g ,aylesbury #i #h #h #g ,r\5 #i #h #h #g ,cayuga #h #g #g #f ,muscovy #aj #g #h #f ,blue ,sw$i% #h #g #f-a_/b #e-a_/b ,cre/$ ,:ite #g #f #f #e ,buff #h #g #g #f ,runn] #d-a_/b #d #d #c-a_/b ,!re are no /&>d weights = ! ,call duck & = ! ,black ,ea/ ,india duck b ^! are all small 9 size1 be+ really bantam ducks4 ,! drakes w weigh f #b-a_/b to #c p\nds & ! ducks f #b to #b-a_/b p\nds4 ,popul>ity ( ,bre$s ,9 ! meat class by f> ! mo/ popul> duck 9 ?is c\ntry is ! ,pek94 ,x is ! bre$ :i* is us$ exclusively on ! l>ge comm]cial duck f>ms4 ,next to ! ,pek9 9 ?is class probably comes ! ,muscovy :i* is q commonly kept 9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! ,aylesbury duck has nev] prov$ to be v popul> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates p]haps due to its :ite bill & sk91 al?\gh x is ! popul> m>ket duck ( ,engl&4 ,! o!r bre$s includ$ 9 ! meat class are kept m or less commonly b d n approa* 9 popul>ity ei!r ! ,pek9 or ! ,muscovy4 ,any ( ! bre$s 9 ?is class w prove to be satisfactory = a f>m flock1 al?\gh ! ,color$ bre$s & v>ieties are at a disadvantage :5 dress$ due to _! d>k p9 fea!rs4 ,9 ! egg class !re is includ$ only ! ,indian ,runn] & ?is ( c\rse is ! bre$ :i* is kept :]ev] ! production ( duck eggs is ! prim>y object4 ,! ,fawn & ,:ite is ! mo/ popul> v>iety ( ?is bre$4 ,9 ! ornam5tal class !re is no p>ticul> out/&+ bre$1 s9ce ! ducks belong+ 9 ?is class are kept v l>gely to satisfy ! pleasure ( ! own] & ! selection ( a bre$ is entirely a matt] ( p]sonal pref]5ce4 ,egg ,production ,:ile ! conditions "u :i* ducks are kept & ! c>e !y are giv5 w affect _! egg production greatly1 !re are c]ta9 r def9ite comp>isons t c be made betwe5 ! diff]5t bre$s4 ,! ,pek9 is a good lay] & w produce f #hj to #abj eggs4 ,! ,aylesbury & ! ,r\5 are ab\t alike 9 lay+ ability1 nei!r be+ q z good z ! ,pek94 ,! ,cayuga is a good lay] rank+ ) ! ,aylesbury & ,r\5 or betwe5 ^! & ! ,pek94 ,! ,muscovy is an excell5t lay] be+ fully z prolific z ! ,pek91 especially if brok5 up :5 broody & n all[$ to sit4 ,! ,blue ,sw$i% is ab\t equal to ! ,cayuga 9 lay+ ability4 ,! ,buff duck is an excell5t lay] comp>+ favorably ) ! ,pek9 or ev5 ) ! ,runn]4 ,! ,runn] ducks are ! be/ lay]s ( ! duck family & if giv5 prop] c>e & good fe$ w comp>e favorably ) h5s 9 egg produc+ ability4 ,! ,cre/$ ,:ite duck is n a p>ticul>ly good lay]4 ,! ,calls & ! ,black ,ea/ ,india ducks w lay f #bj to #fj eggs p] ye>1 approa*+ ! latt] numb] if ! eggs are collect$ z laid & ! ducks are n all[$ to sit :i* w induce "s ( !m to cont9ue to lay = q a portion ( ! ye>4 ,extremely l>ge ducks ( any bre$ d n lay z well z ! m m$ium siz$ birds4 ,size ( ,duck ,eggs4 ,! eggs ( ! diff]5t meat bre$s w run ab\t ! same 9 size ) ! exception ( ! ,muscovy ^: eggs run a little l>g]4 ,actual weights ( eggs f repres5tative flocks %[ ,pek91 ,r\51 ,aylesbury & ,cayuga eggs to av]age ab\t #b-a_/b p\nds p] doz5 al?\gh !re is a t5d5cy = ! ,r\5 eggs to run some:at l>g] & = ,cayugas to run a little small]4 ,muscovy eggs weigh ab\t #c p\nds p] doz5 ) select$ l>ge eggs weigh+ z high z #c-a_/d p\nds4 ,eggs ( ! ,runn] duck are small] b are consid]ably l>g] ?an av]age h5s' eggs or ab\t ! size ( l>ge ,m9orca eggs4 ,!y weigh ab\t #b p\nds p] doz54 ,eggs ( ! bantam bre$s ( ducks1 ! ,calls & ! ,black ,ea/ ,india1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! ,m&>9 & ,wood ducks w weigh f "o p\nd to #a-a_/b p\nds p] doz5 dep5d+ ^u ! size ( ! ducks !mselves4 ,eggs ( ! ,mall>d duck w run f #bf to #cb ounces to ! doz54 ,! size ( eggs laid by ducks1 especially ! bantam bre$s & ! ,mall>d c be increas$ some:at by lib]al fe$+4 ,av]age h5s' eggs %\ld weigh ab\t #a-a_/b p\nds p] doz54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,upp]--,comp>ison ( size ( goose egg on ! left a black egg ( a ,cayuga duck 9 ! c5t] & a h5 egg on ! "r4 ,l[]--,duck eggs--,at ! left is a ,pek9 duck egg1 next a black egg laid by a ,cayuga duck1 ?ird a ,muscovy egg1 f\r? a duck egg ( gre5 color & on ! extreme "r ! egg ( a ,runn] duck4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,color ( ,eggs4 ,! color ( duck eggs ranges f :ite to a poli%$ black4 ,pek9 eggs run mo/ly :ite al?\gh "s %[ a decid$ blue or gre5 t9t4 ,aylesbury eggs run q uni=mly :ite4 ,! color ( ,r\5 eggs v>ies f :ite to a d>k gre54 ,! ,cayuga produces v few :ite eggs1 mo/ ( !m be+ gre5 or black1 "s be+ z black z ?\gh poli%$4 ,muscovy eggs run f a :ite to a gre5i% cream 9 color4 ,! eggs ( ! ,blue ,sw$i% & ! ,buff ducks usually run :ite4 ,! ,runn] duck lays :ite eggs z a rule :ile ! ,cre/$ ,:ite duck lays eggs :i* range 9 color f :ite to gre54 ,! eggs ( ! ,call ducks run f :ite to gre5 :ile ! eggs ( ! ,black ,ea/ ,india1 l ! ,cayuga1 = ! mo/ "p run f gre5 to black4 ,a peculi>ity 9 reg>d to ! egg color is t ! same female may lay eggs :i* are widely diff]5t 9 color4 ,x is likewise true t ! color ( ! %ell is influ5c$ to "s ext5t by ! fe$4 ,ducks on range w lay d>k] color$ eggs ?an ^? :i* are y>d$4 ,!re is also a t5d5cy = ! eggs to run d>k] 9 color :5 lay+ fir/ beg9s & = ! eggs to light5 z lay+ proce$s4 ,a peculi>ity 9 reg>d to duck eggs ) a d>k color$ %ell is t a ?or\gh wa%+ w light5 up ! %ell color decid$ly4 ,brood9ess4 ,! ,muscovy1 ! ,call & ! ,black ,ea/ ,india ducks are broody bre$s4 ,! ducks ( ^! bre$s w make _! ne/s1 hat* _! eggs & are good mo!rs4 ,all ! o!r bre$s are class$ z non-broody bre$s4 ,( c\rse1 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( !m w g broody & %[ a desire to sit b !y d n make reliable sitt]s & mo!rs & are n z a rule us$ = ?is purpose4 ,consid]ations 9 ,mak+ ! ,mat+#a ,s9ce ducks are kept = diff]5t purposes !re w ( c\rse be c]ta9 fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 ! diff]5t classes 9 ! selection ( ! individuals to make up ! mat+4 ,:atev] ! purpose1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ consid]ation 9 select+ ! bre$]s mu/ be to secure ^? :i* possess excell5t vigor & g5]al heal? & :i* meet ins(> z possible ! /&>d requirem5ts = size4 ,:]e ! ,call duck & ! ,black ,ea/ ,india are conc]n$ ! selection = size mu/ be = smallness s9ce t is a *>act]i/ic greatly desir$4 ,9 ! o!r bre$s ! selection = size mu/ be to see t !y come up to ! /&>d weights = ! p>ticul> bre$ 9 "q4 ,z 9 o!r classes ( f[ls ! condition & cleanl9ess ( ! plumage & ! g5]al appe>ance & actions ( ! birds are good indications ( _! heal? & ?rift9ess4 ,a bright eye is likewise a valuable indication ( good heal? :ile a wat]y eye is usually a sign ( weakness4 ,x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ birds :i* %[ any t5d5cy t[>d crook$ or roa* back1 hump back1 crook$ tails1 or twi/$ w+s4 ,s9ce all bre$s ( ducks %\ld h clean or unfea!r$ legs x is likewise necess>y to gu>d aga9/ any bre$]s :i* %[ d[n on ! %anks or betwe5 ! toes z ?is sometimes occurs4 ,footnote #a3 ,= a m detail$ discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( bre$+ z appli$ to *ick5s & :i* is equally applicable to ducks1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,! ,mat+ & ,bre$+ ( ,p\ltry by ,h>ry ,m4 ,lamon & ,rob ,r4 ,slocum1 publi%$ by ! ,orange ,judd ,publi%+ ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 select+ ! mat+ = any "o ( ! meat bre$s use birds :i* h good l5g?1 wid? & dep? ( body s t !y w h pl5ty ( meat c>ry+ capacity4 ,= bre$]s ( m>ket ducks1 birds :i* are active1 well matur$ & :i* are n extreme 9 size = ! bre$ are pref]able z ! f]tility is likely to run bett] ?an ) ! extremely l>ge birds4 ,:]e birds are br$ = exhibition purposes1 x frequ5tly happ5s t x is desirable to use l>ge bre$]s & to hold !m = bre$+ purposes z long z !y are 9 good bre$+ condition4 ,:]e ?is is ! case x becomes necess>y to mate a small] numb] ( females to a drake ?an w\ld be ! case ) small] & y\ng] bre$]s4 ,:]e old birds are us$ z bre$]s bett] results w be secur$ by mat+ old ducks to a "y drake or vice v]sa ?an by mat+ toge!r old birds ( bo? sexes4 ,:ile ducks ( any ( ! meat bre$s are kept prim>ily = meat production1 x is ess5tial t ! egg production be good ?r\gh\t ! bre$+ season 9 ord] to raise z _m duckl+s & secure z great a pr(it z possible4 ,selection ( ! females z bre$]s %\ld be made !re=e on ! basis ( good egg production z well z good meat type if ! conditions "u :i* ! ducks are kept are su* z to make x possible to *eck ?is 9 any mann]4 ,9 select+ ! mat+ 9 ! ,runn] bre$ x is necess>y to keep 9 m9d t ! g5]al type ( body is q diff]5t f t ( ! meat bre$s1 be+ mu* slimm] & mu* m upright 9 body c>riage4 ,= ?is mat+ select ?rifty1 heal?y birds & ^? :i* are active4 ,"s bre$]s trapne/ _! ,runn] ducks or h "s o!r means ( *eck+ up ! bett] lay]s4 ,z 9 *ick5s1 x is ( c\rse desirable to use ^! bett] lay]s z bre$]s s9ce ! purpose 9 keep+ ?is k9d ( duck is prim>ily egg production4 ,9 select+ ! mat+ 9 ! ,call & ,ea/ ,india bre$s x is necess>y to use ! small] ducks s9ce ! object "h is to keep ! size small4 ,9 addition1 ) ^! bre$s or ) any o!r bre$s kept & br$ prim>ily = fancy or exhibition purposes1 x is necess>y to con=m j z closely z possible to ! /&>d requirem5ts#b bo? ins(> z size & type are conc]n$1 & also ) respect to color4 ,footnote #b3 ,= a complete & (ficial description & li/ ( disqualifications ( ! /&>d bre$s & v>ieties ( ducks1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,am]ican ,/&>d ( ,p]fection publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,p\ltry ,association1 & obta9$ by ,orange ,judd ,publi%+ ,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bre$s ( ,ducks ,! ,pek94 ,:ile ?is v>iety wants to be ( good size & to h l5g?1 bread? & dep? ( body x is some:at m up/&+ ?an "s ( ! o!r meat bre$s1 %[+ a def9ite slope ( body d[nw>d f %\ld]s to tail4 ,! back l9e ( ! ,pek9 %\ld %[ a slight concavity f ! %\ld]s to ! tail & ! upp] l9e ( ! bill is likewise slightly concave betwe5 ! po9t :]e x jo9s ! head & its extremity4 ,! %\ld]s %\ld be broad & any t5d5cy t[>d n>r[ness at ?is po9t mu/ be avoid$4 ,:ile a good dep? ( keel is desir$1 ! /&>d does n call = s deep a keel z 9 ! ,aylesbury4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! w9n+ specim5s z se5 9 ! %[s are n z a rule z erect 9 c>riage z call$ = by ! /&>d illu/ration1 !re be+ a t5d5cy to get !m almo/ if n q z deep 9 keel z ! ,aylesbury4 ,9 fact1 "s bre$]s seem to /rive = a l[ d[n keel approa*+ a condition :]e !y are ne>ly z l[ 9 front z beh9d b ?is is n desirable ,pek9 type4 ,sometimes a drake w %[ a r\gh neck1 t is1 ! fea!rs on ! back ( ! neck w be cross$ or fold$ ov] %[+ a t5d5cy to curl4 ,^! birds %\ld be avoid$ z bre$]s s9ce !re is a t5d5cy = !m to produce ducks hav+ a cre/4 ,sometimes a gre5 or a gre5i% spott$ bill w be enc\nt]$4 ,s9ce ! bill %\ld be a cle> yell[1 bre$]s %[+ ?is defect %\ld be avoid$ p>ticul>ly z !y are likely to produce birds hav+ gre5i% or olive color$ legs4 ,! %anks & toes %\ld be a cle> deep orange4 ,black sometimes occurs 9 ! bean4 ,?is may occur 9 birds ( ei!r sex b is m common 9 ! ducks ?an 9 ! drakes4 ,9 ! drake black 9 ! bean disqualifies b :ile x is undesirable & a s]i\s defect 9 ! duck x does n disqualify4 ,! color ( ! plumage is :ite or creamy :ite ?r\gh\t4 ,cream9ess 9 ?is v>iety is n a s]i\s defect z x is 9 :ite *ick5s4 ,! use1 h[ev]1 ( yell[ corn & ( foods v ri* 9 oil t5ds to increase ! cream9ess ( ! plumage & %\ld n be us$ to excess = birds :i* are to be exhibit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,upp]--,"y ,pek9s :i* on acc\nt ( _! size1 ?rift9ess & rapid gr[? 7 select$ out ( a lot ab\t to be kill$ = m>ket & sav$ = bre$]s4 ,l[]--,aylesbury ,drake--,notice ! dep? & developm5t ( ! brea/4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,! ,aylesbury4 ,?is bre$ is p>ticul>ly not$ = its deep keel4 ,x diff]s f ! ,pek9 9 type 9 t x is m ne>ly level 9 body4 ,!re is a decid$ t5d5cy = ! ,aylesbury to run too %ort 9 body :i* has probably come ab\t by extreme selection = deep keel4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 9 mak+ ! mat+ to select bre$]s ) good l5g? ( body4 ,s9ce ! deep full brea/ & keel is *>act]i/ic ( ?is bre$ x is necess>y to avoid bre$]s :i* %[ any t5d5cy t[>d a flat brea/4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,pek9s avoid any birds :i* h gre5 or olive color$ bills4 ,! back l9e ( ! ,aylesbury %\ld be /raight1 %[+ no t5d5cy t[>d a slight concavity z 9 ! ,pek94 ,birds %[+ ?is %ape back %\ld be avoid$4 ,z 9 ! ,pek9 black on ! bill or bean ( ! drake w disqualify & 9 ! duck is a s]i\s defect4 ,! color ( plumage %\ld be :ite ?r\gh\t & %\ld %[ no t5d5cy t[>d cream9ess4 ,! bill 9 ?is bre$ is fle% color$ in/ead ( yell[ z 9 ! ,pek94 ,! ,aylesbury is n q z n]v\s a bre$ z ! ,pek94 ,! ,r\54 ,! ,r\5 duck is a p>ti-color$ bre$ & is !re=e mu* m difficult to secure 9 p]fection ( color & m>k+ ?an is ! case ) ! :ite bre$s4 ,moreov]1 ! d>k p9 fea!rs make ! ducks m difficult to dress ?an 9 :ite bre$s4 ,9 type ^! birds are v level 9 body & are massive1 c>ry+ a great deal ( meat4 ,avoid birds %[+ a lack ( l5g? ( body or dep? ( keel or :i* are too flat 9 brea/4 ,! back ( ! ,r\5 %\ld h a slightly convex or ar*$ %ape f neck to tail & x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ birds :i* h a flat or a concave back4 ,! body ( ! ,r\5 %\ld be c>ri$ practically horizontal4 ,! upp] l9e ( ! bill %\ld be slightly di%$ or concave4 ,! :ite r+ ab\t ! neck ( ! drake is an important "p ( ! m>k+4 ,?is %\ld n be too wide b %\ld run ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 wid?4 ,x %\ld be z di/9ct & clean cut z possible b %\ld n q come toge!r 9 ! re>4 ,any approa* to a r+ 9 ! female is a disqualification4 ,:ite 9 ! prim>y or second>y w+ fea!rs is a s]i\s defect s9ce x con/itutes a disqualification4 ,x mu/ !re=e be c>efully avoid$4 ,:ite fea!rs 9 ! fluff ( ! drake is ano!r color defect :i* mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,brea/ ( ,drake4 ,! f>!r ! cl>et color on ! brea/ ( ! drake ext5ds d[n ! bett] w be ! females secur$ f ! mat+4 ,drakes :i* are defici5t 9 ! am\nt ( cl>et on ! brea/ %\ld !re=e be ?r[n out z bre$]s4 ,a purple rump 9 drakes mu/ be avoid$ z mu/ black fea!rs ov] ! rump z !y t5d to keep up too d>k a body color 9 ! female4 ,on ! o!r h& too bright or light a color 9 ! male or exhibition female w produce females :i* are too light 9 color4 ,drakes ) light olive color$ bills mu/ be avoid$ z ^! w h a t5d5cy to produce (fspr+ :i* %[ too mu* yell[ 9 ! females' bills1 & cle> yell[ bills con/itute a disqualification4 ,9 ! females solid yell[ bills1 fawn color$ brea/s & abs5ce ( p5cil+ mu/ be avoid$4 ,females :i* are d>k or ne>ly black ov] ! rump are good bre$]s z !y t5d to keep up ! gr\nd color ( ! body & tail4 ,! ,r\5 %[s "s t5d5cy to fade 9 color4 ,?is is evid5c$ fir/ on ! tips ( ! w+s4 ,! fad+ w also %[ 9 ! fluff ( drakes4 ,! drakes ( ?is bre$ & likewise ( ! ,gray ,call & ! ,mall>d %[ a peculi> behavior ) respect to ! color ( _! plumage4 ,ab\t ,june #a ! drakes m\lt1 los+ _! *>act]i/ic male adult plumage & ! new plumage is practically t ( ! female4 ,?is female plumage is reta9$ until ab\t ,octob] :5 !y gradually rega9 _! normal w9t] male plumage4 ,"y ,r\5s ( bo? sexes h female plumage until ! la/ m\lt :i* occurs at ab\t f\r or five mon?s ( age1 :5 ! drakes assume ! adult male plumage4 ,! sex ( ! "y ,r\5s c1 h[ev]1 be told by ! diff]5ce 9 ! color ( ! bills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,upp]--,r\5 ,drake4 ,notice ! l[ set1 ne>ly horizontal body1 ! massive appe>ance & ! ar*$ back4 ,l[]--,pair ( ,black ,ea/ ,india ,ducks4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,upp]--,r\5 ,drake %[+ summ] plumage4 ,at ?is season ! ,r\5 drake assumes a plumage resembl+ q closely t ( ! female4 ,9 ! fall ! drake aga9 assumes ! normal male plumage4 ,l[]--,r\5 ,duck4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,! ,cayuga4 ,! ,cayuga is mu* l ! o!r bre$s ( ! meat class 9 g5]al type or %ape ( body %[+ good l5g?1 bread? & dep?4 ,x is a v solid duck & weighs heavi] ?an x looks4 ,! body c>riage is slightly m upright ?an ! ,r\5 b n s mu* s z ! ,pek94 ,! back l9e %\ld be /raight & any t5d5cy t[>d an ar*$ back mu/ be avoid$4 ,x is slightly small] ?an ! ,pek91 ,aylesbury & ,r\51 av]ag+ ab\t a p\nd less4 ,9 mak+ ! mat+1 size is important & bre$]s %\ld be select$ :i* are up to /&>d weights if possible4 ,:ile ?is bre$ is n kept v widely at ! pres5t "t1 nev]!less x is an excell5t m>ket duck1 dress+ out into a v plump yell[ c>cass 9 spite ( its black plumage :i* is a disadvantage 9 dress+4 ,! color %\ld be a lu/r\s gre5i% black ?r\gh\t1 be+ some:at bright] 9 ! drake ?an 9 ! duck4 ,! duck is m likely to %[ a br[ni% ca/ ( plumage1 p>ticul>ly z %e gr[s old]4 ,x is h>d to hold good black color ) age4 ,moreov]1 :ite or gray is apt to occur 9 ! brea/ ( females4 ,) age also a little :ite sometimes develops on ! back ( ! neck1 ar\nd ! eyes & und]nea? ! neck at ! base ( ! bill4 ,! :ite :i* occurs 9 brea/ is m likely to come 9 ducks & is n commonly f\nd 9 ! drakes4 ,9 ! drakes on ! o!r h&1 !re is a t5d5cy = ! :ite to come on ! ?roat "u ! bill4 ,drakes z a rule run tru] 9 color & hold _! color bett] ?an d ! ducks4 ,:]e ! :ite mottl+ occurs 9 plumage ) age "o ne$ n hesitate to bre$ f ^! birds if !y 7 ( good black color z "y birds4 ,! drakes ( ! be/ color d n z a rule fade or become mottl$ to any great ext5t ) age4 ,x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ birds z bre$]s :i* h a ru/y br[n lac+ on ! brea/ & "u ! w+s1 also ^? :i* h a w+-b[ lac$ ) br[n4 ,!re is a t5d5cy = ! bill ( drakes1 :i* %\ld be black1 to be too light or olive 9 color & ?is t5d5cy increases ) age4 ,drakes ) bills ( ?is color %\ld be avoid$ z bre$]s4 ,:5 ,cayugas are fir/ hat*$ ! baby ducks all %[ a :ite brea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,upp]--,cayuga ,duck4 ,l[]--,cayuga ,drake4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,! ,call4 ,! ,call ducks are ! bantams ( ! duck race4 ,!re is always a t5d5cy = !m to gr[ too l>ge & ?is is especially true :5 !y h an opportunity to eat all !y want z = example :5 !y are f$ ) ! l>g] ducks4 ,!y %\ld n be f$ too lib]ally & %\ld be giv5 :eat or "s o!r solid gra9 r ?an any ma%4 ,if !re is a good pond ( wat] to :i* ! ,call ducks c h access !y d n ne$ to be f$ mu* ( any?+4 ,9 bre$+1 ! smalle/ individuals :i* are suitable 9 o!r respects = bre$]s1 %\ld be select$ 9 ord] to keep d[n ! size & (fset ! t5d5cy to bre$ l>g] 9 successive g5]ations4 ,9 type ! ,calls are practically m9iature ,pek9s except t !y %\ld h a v %ort1 r broad head & bill4 ,! broad flat & %ort bill & ! r\nd %ort head give ! head an appe>ance :i* is (t5 describ$ by ! t]m button head$4 ,9 ?is bre$ avoid birds :i* %[ ar*$ backs4 ,! body %\ld h :at is kn[n z a flatiron %ape1 t is1 %\ld be broad at ! %\ld]s & tap] t[>d ! tail4 ,too deep keels & n>r[ %\ld]s %\ld be avoid$ z %\ld also too long bills4 ,call ducks1 toge!r ) ,ea/ ,indias & ,mall>ds %\ld h _! w+s clipp$ or be p9ion$1 t is1 h ! fir/ jo9t ( "o w+ cut (f1 to prev5t !m f fly+ away4 ,! ,gray ,call4 ,! plumage ( ! ,gray ,call is practically t ( ! ,r\5 al?\gh !y are n q z good 9 color z a bre$4 ,!re is m ( a t5d5cy = "s ( ! birds to run to d>k & o!rs1 especially ! males1 to run too light 9 color4 ,:ile !y are likely to be well p5cil$ ! %ade ( color is apt to be wrong4 ,:ite 9 ! flights & "u ! w+s mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ z mu/ also abs5ce ( ribbon or w+ b> 9 females4 ,! color ( ! plumage is likely to fade ) age b aft] ! birds m\lt & secure _! new plumage1 ! color is usually high] aga94 ,9 g5]al ! same color *>act]i/ics hold true z ) ! ,r\5 & ! same defects mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,upp]--,gray ,call ,drake4 ,l[]--,gray ,call ,duck4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,! ,:ite ,call4 ,?is v>iety is1 bo? 9 type & color1 practically a m9iature ,pek9 except = ! %ort1 r broad head & bill4 ,!y bre$ v true 9 color & %\ld be free f cream9ess4 ,! same g5]al defects mu/ be wat*$ = & avoid$ z 9 ! ,pek94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,upp]--,:ite ,call ,duck4 ,l[]--,:ite ,call ,drake4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,! ,black ,ea/ ,india4 ,?is is a black bre$ :i* is small 9 size be+ a bantam duck l ! ,call4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is a m9iature ,cayuga4 ,! color %\ld be black ?r\gh\t & ! same color *>act]i/ics hold true z 9 ! case ( ! ,cayuga4 ,! same color defects mu/ !re=e be gu>d$ aga9/1 ! wor/ "o be+ :ite 9 ! brea/ ( females especially4 ,avoid bre$+ f a drake ) a black bill z 9 ?is respect ! bre$ diff]s f ! ,cayuga s9ce ! bill ( ! duck %\ld be black b t ( ! drake %\ld be v d>k gre54 ,purple b>r+ mu/ be c>efully select$ aga9/4 ,! ,muscovy4 ,?is bre$ diff]s 9 c]ta9 respects v m>k$ly f ! o!r /&>d bre$s ( ducks4 ,!y are long & broad 9 body :i* is c>ri$ 9 a horizontal position b are n s deep 9 keel z ! ,pek91 ,aylesbury or ,r\54 ,! longe/ bodi$ "y ducks w make ! l>ge/ individuals4 ,! head %\ld h fea!rs on ! top :i* c be elevat$ at w to =m a cre/4 ,gu>d aga9/ bre$]s hav+ smoo? heads1 or 9 o!r words1 lack+ a cre/4 ,! face is cov]$ ) corrugations or c>uncles & %\ld be r$ 9 color4 ,at ! base ( ! upp] bill !re is a sort ( knob-l =mation 9 ! drake :i* s]ves z "o ( ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics betwe5 ! duck & drake ( ?is bre$4 ,! m prom95t ! knob & ! m wr9kl$ or corrugat$ ! face ! bett] is ! specim5 9 ?is respect4 ,! w+s are long & /rong & ^! birds fly v well4 ,!y w also climb f5ces4 ,! drakes are q pugnaci\s & fight "o ano!r badly at times4 ,!y are especially pugnaci\s :5 !y h "y4 ,?is bre$ ( ducks w (t5 roo/ on roo/s l *ick5s or 9 ! trees or on ! b>n4 ,!y d n quack l o!r ducks & unlike o!r dome/icat$ bre$s :i* m\lt two or ?ree times a ye>1 !y m\lt only once1 tak+ long] to d s1 usually ab\t #ij days1 al?\gh ! female may complete h] m\lt a little soon]4 ,! p]iod ( incubation = ,muscovy eggs is long]1 be+ f #cc to #ce days z comp>$ to #bh days = o!r bre$s4 ,9 size ! male & female diff] consid]ably z w be se5 f ! /&>d weights giv5 7,see ,page #ad71 ! male be+ consid]ably l>g]4 ,^! ducks lay well1 ! f]tility runs good1 ! eggs hat* well1 & ! little ducks are h>dy & easily rais$4 ,!y are a broody bre$4 ,! ducks w make _! ne/s & hat* out _! eggs if all[$ to d s & are excell5t mo!rs4 ,sometimes !y w fly up & make _! ne/s 9 a holl[ tree4 ,a ,muscovy duck c cov] prop]ly ab\t #bj eggs4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t !y fly well !y are easily dome/icat$4 ,x takes ab\t two ye>s = ! males ( ?is bre$ to fully mature al?\gh ! ducks get _! full size :5 "o ye> ( age4 ,! ,muscovy is p]haps ! be/ g5]al purpose bre$ = a f>m flock4 ,! ext5t & int5sity ( ! r$ ( ! face increases up to maturity & ! r$d] ! face ! bett]4 ,! plumage ( ! ,muscovy is n z d[ny or oily z o!r bre$s1 ! fea!rs be+ h>d]4 ,= ?is reason ! birds are m apt to become wat] soak$ & to dr[n z a result :5 !y h n be5 accu/om$ to wat] 9 :i* to swim4 ,?is is especially true ( ! drakes on acc\nt ( _! l>ge size & long w+ fea!rs4 ,muscovy ducks dress well1 hav+ a ri* yell[ sk91 & !re=e make a good m>ket duck1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 size ( ! duck & drake & ! d>k p9 fea!rs ( ! ,color$ v>iety are disadvantages f a m>ket /&po9t4 ,select aga9/ bre$]s :i* run small 9 size z !re is m or less ( a t5d5cy = ?is bre$ to decrease 9 size4 ,! ,muscovy is long liv$1 specim5s hav+ be5 kn[n to bre$ until !y 7 eight or t5 ye>s ( age4 ,! ,color$ ,muscovy4 ,al?\gh ! /&>d calls = m or less :ite 9 diff]5t sections ( ?is v>iety1 z a matt] ( fact bre$]s desire to get ! birds z d>k z possible except = a v small pat* ( :ite on ! brea/ & a small pat* ( :ite on ! c5t] ( ! w+4 ,inde$1 birds )\t ! :ite on ! brea/ & ) v little on ! w+ are valuable bre$]s s9ce !re is a t5d5cy = too mu* :ite to occur 9 ! plumage4 ,occasionally all black birds occur & ^! c be us$ to advantage 9 bre$+ :5 !re is a t5d5cy t[>d too mu* :ite 9 plumage4 ,plumage m ?an half :ite is a disqualification4 ,! d>k plumage birds su* z are want$ are v likely to %[ consid]able black or gypsy color 9 ! face :i* %\ld be a good r$4 ,?is mu/ be select$ aga9/ ins(> z possible4 ,! ne>ly black or ! d>ke/ birds are q likely to %[ "s :ite or grizzl+ on ! head4 ,grizzl$ or br[ni% p5cil$ fea!rs sometimes occur 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! plumage & mu/ ( c\rse be gu>d$ aga9/ z ! m>k+s %\ld be di/9ctly black & :ite4 ,! baby ducks ( ?is v>iety are q apt to %[ consid]able :ite al?\gh ! be/ ( !m come yell[i% black4 ,?is v>iety t5ds to run a little l>g] 9 size ?an ! :ite v>iety al?\gh ! /&>d weights are ! same = bo?4 ,dun or *ocolate color$ ducks sometimes come f ,color$ ,muscovies :ile ,blue ,muscovies c be produc$ by cross+ ! ,color$ & ! :ite v>ieties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,upp]--,color$ ,muscovy ,drake4 ,notice ! p>tly erect cre/ fea!r on top ( ! head4 ,l[]--,:ite ,muscovy ,drake4 ,notice ! long1 horizontal body & ! r\gh or c>unculat$ face4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,! ,:ite ,muscovy4 ,?is v>iety %\ld h pure :ite plumage ?r\gh\t4 ,"y ,muscovies ( bo? sexes (t5 h a pat* ( black on top ( ! head up to ! "t !y m\lt at maturity4 ,s9ce black disqualifies x is impossible to %[ "y ducks 9 ?is condition b ^! black fea!rs usually come 9 :ite aft] ! m\lt & su* birds ne$ n !re=e be disc>d$ z bre$]s4 ,:5 x is desir$ to %[ "y ,:ite ,muscovies :i* h black on ! head x is cu/om>y to pluck ^! black fea!rs a suffici5t "t be=e ! %[ s t ! :ite fea!rs :i* come 9 _! place w h "t to gr[ out4 ,!re is little or no tr\ble ) black or gypsy face 9 ?is v>iety4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,upp]--,cre/$ ,:ite ,drake4 ,l[]--,"y ,:ite ,muscovy duck %[+ black on top ( ! head4 ,?is is n an unusual occurr5ce & ! black is lo/ :5 ! bird gets its mature plumage 9 ! fall4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,! ,blue ,sw$i%4 ,9 type & size ?is bre$ is ab\t ! same z ! ,cayuga al?\gh p]haps slightly m up/&+4 ,9 select+ ! mat+ x is important to use birds :i* are close to /&>d weight z !re is some:at ( a t5d5cy = ! size to be too small4 ,z its "n indicates ! color is l>gely blue except = a :ite he>t-%ap$ pat* or bib :i* %\ld be pres5t on ! brea/4 ,sometimes ?is :ite ext5ds along ! und]side ( ! body f ! "u-bill almo/ to ! v5t4 ,su* birds are undesirable z bre$]s s9ce !y %[ too mu* :ite4 ,on ! o!r h& birds lack+ a prom95t :ite bib mu/ also be avoid$4 ,two ( ! flight fea!rs %\ld be :ite & birds lack+ ^! mu/ be avoid$4 ,gu>d aga9/ any r$1 gray or black 9 any "p ( ! plumage4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 birds hav+ m or less black ?r\gh\t ! plumage are us$ z bre$]s = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ ! blue color4 ,avoid any t5d5cy t[>d a ribbon on ! w+-b[ & also birds t are too light1 a%y or wa%$ out 9 ! blue color4 ,sometimes birds %[ l9es ( :ite fea!rs ar\nd ! eyes & ov] ! head & ^! %\ld be select$ aga9/ z bre$]s z !y are likely to cause :ite spla%+ 9 ! plumage4 ,yell[ or gre5i% bills mu/ likewise be avoid$ s9ce ! fir/ ( ^! is a disqualification4 ,9 g5]al ?is v>iety 9 bre$+ behaves ins(> z color is conc]n$1 v mu* l ! ,blue ,&alusian *ick54#c ,! "y ducks :5 hat*$ are yell[ or creamy blue & f blue mat+s !re are also produc$ black & :ite duckl+s4 ,z 9 o!r color$ bre$s & v>ieties1 ! d>k p9 fea!rs are some:at ( a disadvantage f a m>ket /&po9t4 ,footnote #c3 ,= a detail$ discussion ( ! behavi\r ( ! ,blue ,&alusian 9 bre$+1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,! ,mat+ & ,bre$+ ( ,p\ltry by ,h>ry ,m4 ,lamon & ,rob ,r4 ,slocum1 publi%$ by ! ,orange ,judd ,publi%+ ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,blue ,sw$i% duck %[+ :ite flight fea!rs4 ,! ,/&>d calls = only two :ite flights1 b !re is a decid$ t5d5cy z %[n "h = m flights to be :ite4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,! ,cre/$ ,:ite4 ,al?\gh n s l>ge1 ?is bre$ is mu* l ! ,pek9 b ) body c>ri$ m ne>ly horizontal & ) a cre/ on ! head4 ,! type v>ies consid]ably h[ev]1 ! pr9cipal selection practic$ hav+ be5 = cre/4 ,! plumage is :ite 9 color ?r\gh\t4 ,:at is desir$ 9 ! cre/ is to h z l>ge a "o z possible1 r\nd & p]fect 9 =m1 & set squ>ely on ! head4 ,n infrequ5tly crook$ cre/s occur & also d\ble or split cre/s1 t is to say1 :]e ! cre/ is p>t$ or divid$4 ,9 "s cases ! cre/s may ev5 come treble1 t is1 split into ?ree p>ts4 ,entire abs5ce ( cre/ is by no means uncommon4 ,9 fact1 x is consid]$ a pretty good proportion if "o half ( ! ducks hat*$ h cre/s al?\gh ! mat+s v>y consid]ably 9 ?is1 occasionally "o produc+ practically #ajj ( ! (fspr+ ) cre/s4 ,avoid z bre$]s birds ) small cre/s1 lopp$ cre/s1 split cre/s or %[+ an abs5ce ( cre/4 ,avoid also bre$]s %[+ mottl$ or gre5 bills 9 females & black bean 9 ! bill ( drakes4 ,! ,buff4 ,9 type ?is bre$ is simil> to ! ,sw$i%4 ,z w be se5 f ! /&>d weights x is "o ( ! m$ium siz$ bre$s & makes a v nice m>ket bird z x dresses out into a nice r\nd fat c>cass & is a good lay]4 ,9 color ! birds ( bo? sexes %\ld be z uni=m a buff z possible except t ! head & upp] "p ( ! neck 9 ! drake %\ld be seal br[n :5 9 full plumage4 ,color defects :i* are likely to be enc\nt]$ & :i* %\ld be avoid$ are ! t5d5cy = ! head ( ! drake to run to a *e/nut color & = 8 neck to be too light or fad$ out 9 color4 ,sometimes ! head ( ! drake runs too d>k 9 color approa*+ a gre5i% black l ! head ( ! ,r\54 ,?is is ( c\rse undesirable4 ,! w+s ( bo? sexes are apt to run to light or ev5 9 "s cases1 pure :ite flights4 ,blue w+ b>s are sometimes %[n & ^! mu/ be c>efully avoid$4 ,p5cil+ su* z is f\nd 9 ! ,fawn & ,:ite ,runn] sometimes occurs & s9ce x is a s]i\s defect mu/ be rigidly gu>d$ aga9/4 ,any t5d5cy t[>d a :ite bib or a :ite r+ ar\nd ! neck ( bo? sexes mu/ likewise be avoid$4 ,gre5i% or mottl$ bills mu/ be avoid$ 9 ducks :i* are to be us$ z bre$]s4 ,n mu* tr\ble is exp]i5c$ 9 ! bill ( drakes :i* z a rule comes good4 ,any blue ca/ 9 ! fea!rs on ! rump & back ( bo? sexes mu/ be select$ aga9/4 ,z a rule ! females ( ?is bre$ t5d to be bett] color$ ?an ! males4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! m\lt ! head color+ ( ! drakes becomes a good buff color & lat] :5 ! m\lt is complete1 x *anges to a copp] color4 ,:5 hat*$ ! duckl+s are a creamy yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,pair ( ,buff ,ducks--,drake on ! "r 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,! ,runn]4 ,! type ( ?is bre$ is q diff]5t f t ( ! o!r bre$ ( ducks & type is v important4 ,! ,runn] wants to be decid$ly up/&+ & to be v rea*y4 ,x %\ld h v slim sl5d] l9es4 ,! neck %\ld be /raight & ! head %\ld be c>ri$ at "r angles to ! neck4 ,! bill %\ld be p]fectly /raight on top & on a l9e ) ! skull %[+ absolutely no t5d5cy to be di%$4 ,! legs ( ?is bre$ are long] ?an ^? ( o!r ducks & ?is acc\nts = ! fact t !y run r ?an waddle :5 !y move ab\t4 ,x is f ?is fact t !y get _! "n4 ,!y are v active & are tr\blesome ab\t crawl+ ?r\gh f5ces4 ,!y are good lay]s & non-sitt]s & !y h (t5 be5 call$ ! ,leghorns ( ! duck family4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t :ile !y h ! inh]5t ability to lay z well z h5s !y w d ?is only :5 !y receive prop] fe$ & c>e4 ,x is q useless to expect a high egg yield f !m :5 !y are c>elessly f$ & improp]ly h\s$ & c>$ =4 ,avoid z bre$]s ducks ( bo? sexes t are too heavy beh9d1 or 9 o!r words1 are too heavy-bottom$4 ,avoid birds :i* are too %ort 9 legs4 ,avoid crook$ or %>p backs4 ,r\nd heads mu/ likewise be avoid$4 ,! ,fawn & ,:ite ,runn]4 ,9 ?is v>iety ! m>k+s mu/ be v di/9ct & def9ite4 ,!re is a t5d5cy :i* mu/ be avoid$ = ! head to run to black in/ead ( *e/nut1 especially 9 males4 ,x is likewise necess>y to avoid females :i* t5d to %[ p5cil+ on ! sides ( ! brea/ or on ! w+-b[s4 ,^! defects are apt to be associat$ ) color$ flight fea!rs :i* is also a defect to be avoid$4 ,gu>d aga9/ too mu* fawn ext5d+ up ! neck f ! body to ! head z ! neck %\ld be :ite 9 color4 ,too d>k tail cov]ts approa*+ a gre5i% black sometimes occur & are undesirable4 ,9 type ?is v>iety w n av]age q z good z ! ,:ite4 ,! ,:ite ,runn]4 ,?is v>iety is be/ 9 type & x likewise runs good 9 color :i* %\ld be :ite ?r\gh\t4 ,sometimes =eign color w be %[n 9 ! back ( females & ?is ( c\rse mu/ be avoid$4 ,also avoid birds z bre$]s ) gre5 or mottl$ bills4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,p5cil$ ,runn] ,drake on left & ,:ite ,runn] ,drake on "r4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,! ,p5cil$ ,runn]4 ,9 type ?is v>iety runs ab\t ! same z ! ,fawn & ,:ite4 ,! color comb9ation is r difficult to bre$ z x is h>d to get ! good p5cil+ desir$ 9 ! female toge!r ) ! :ite m>k+s4 ,9 g5]al1 9 bre$+ ?is v>iety !re is a t5d5cy to pay m att5tion to type ?an to color4 ,! p5cil+ is l t ( ! ,r\5 b light] 9 color consi/+ ( a br[n p5cil+ on a fawn color$ gr\nd4 ,avoid any grayi% /ippl+ on ! brea/ ( ! drake & also on ! w+-b[s4 ,^! defects are likely to be associat$ ) color$ flights :i* are undesirable4 ,! color$ portion ( ! head ( ! drake is d>k] ?an t ( ! duck 9 ?is v>iety4 ,avoid lack ( :ite on ! neck 9 bo? sexes & avoid females :i* are lack+ 9 p5cil+4 ,prep>+ ,ducks = ! ,%[4 ,aside f select+ ! individuals :i* mo/ ne>ly approa* ! /&>d requirem5ts !re is v little :i* c be done 9 ! way ( prep>+ ! birds = ! %[ z ^! f[ls are practically self-prep>$4 ,= a p]iod ( at lea/ a week or t5 days be=e !y are %ipp$ to ! %[ ^? int5d$ = exhibition %\ld be giv5 access to a grass range & also if possible to runn+ wat]4 ,! grass range w keep !m 9 good condition & ! runn+ wat] w all[ !m to clean !mselves4 ,any brok5 fea!rs %\ld be pluck$ at lea/ six weeks be=e ! birds are to be %[n 9 ord] to all[ ! fea!rs "t en\gh to gr[ out aga94 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t mo/ ducks aft] gett+ 9 a good condition ( fle% d n t5d to hold ?is = a v long p]iod b soon gr[ ?9n] aga9 & w n take on fat ! second "t = "s little p]iod4 ,(t5 !re w be a diff]5ce 9 weight z high z #c p\nds :5 a duck is 9 good condition & aft] x has ?9n$4 ,9 ord] to h ! ducks 9 top =m1 !re=e1 x is necess>y to br+ !m up to fle% at ! prop] "t4 ,9 ord] to br+ ducks :i* are to be exhibit$ up to /&>d weight1 !y %\ld be f$ twice daily1 = at lea/ #aj days be=e %ipp+1 a gra9 mixture consi/+ ( "o "p corn & two p>ts oats4 ,give !m all !y w eat ( ?is mixture4 ,) ,runn]s & ! small bre$s ( ducks !re is a dang] ( _! putt+ on too mu* weight if corn is us$ 9 ! ration & x is !re=e be/ to give !m oats alone4 ,:5 ! birds are %ipp$ to ! %[ !y are q likely to get _! plumage soil$ dur+ ! j\rney4 ,:5 ?is occurs fill a b>rel ab\t half full ( wat]4 ,!n z ! ducks are tak5 out ( ! %ipp+ coops take ?ree ( !m at a "t1 put !m 9 ! b>rel & cov] x ov]1 leav+ !m = a few m9utes4 ,:5 !y are tak5 out !y w usually be clean4 ,cat*+ & ,h&l+ ,ducks ,ducks %\ld nev] be caught by ! legs :i* are %ort & weak & are v likely to be injur$4 ,= ! same reason !y %\ld nev] be c>ri$ by ! legs4 ,ducks %\ld be caught by ! neck1 grasp+ !m j bel[ ! head4 ,!y c be c>ri$ %ort di/ances )\t injury 9 ?is way b x is n advisable to c>ry fat ducks by ! neck = any consid]able di/ance4 ,! be/ way to h&le !m is to cat* !m by ! neck1 !n c>ry !m on ! arm ) ! legs 9 ! h& j z "o w\ld c>ry a *ick54 ,see ,fig4 #ae4 ,a scoop net ab\t #ah in*es 9 diamet] & ) a six foot h&le c also be us$ to excell5t advantage 9 cat*+ ducks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,two me?ods ( c>ry+ ducks4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,pack+ & ,%ipp+ ,hat*+ ,eggs ,eggs = hat*+ mu/ be %ipp$ :5 !y are fre% z duck eggs t5d to det]iorate 9 quality q rapidly4 ,!y may be %ipp$ fairly long di/ances4 ,%ipm5t may be made ei!r by express or by ,p>cel ,po/4 ,9 ord] to prev5t breakage & to less5 ! effects ( ! j> to :i* ! eggs are subject$ dur+ %ipm5t1 !y mu/ be c>efully pack$4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods is to use an ord9>y m>ket basket4 ,l9e ! basket well on ! bottom & sides ) excelsior4 ,wrap ea* egg 9 pap] & !n wrap 9 excelsior s t !re w be a good ?ick cu%ion ( excelsior betwe5 ! eggs & !y w n be all[$ to come 9 contact ) "o ano!r4 ,pack ! eggs 9 ! basket securely /&+ !m on end s t !y _c move or %ift ar\nd4 ,cov] ! top ( ! eggs ) a ?ick lay] ( excelsior us+ en\gh s t x runs up well above ! sides ( ! basket4 ,ov] ! top sew a piece ( /rong cotton clo?4 ,in/ead ( sew+ ! clo? x c be pu%$ up "u ! outside rim ( ! basket ) a case knife1 ?is be+ quick] & equally z effective z sew+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,comm]cial ,duck ,f>m+--,location--,e/imate ( ,equipm5t & ,capital ,necess>y 9 ,/>t+ ! ,bus9ess ,di/ribution4 ,comm]cial ,duck f>m+ is conf9$ v l>gely to ! sections )9 easy %ipp+ di/ance ( ! l>g] cities4 ,a great majority ( ^! f>ms are locat$ ab\t ,new ,york ,city1 p>ticul>ly on ,long ,isl&4 ,"s duck f>ms are locat$ on ! ,pacific ,coa/ & a few comm]cial plants are scatt]$ ab\t "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! size ( ^! f>ms ranges all ! way f plants ) an output ( #e1jjj or #aj1jjj duckl+s up to ^? ) an output ar\nd #ajj1jjj ye>ly4 ,/ock ,us$4 ,! /ock us$ on ! comm]cial duck plants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates consi/s exclusively ( ! ,pek94 ,! reasons = ! use ( ?is p>ticul> bre$ are ! fact t x has :ite plumage & !re=e dresses out well1 t x is ( good size1 t its egg production is good1 & t x makes quick gr[?4 ,location ( ,plant4 ,on ,long ,isl& ! comm]cial duck plants are locat$ along ! /reams1 especially ^? on ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,isl&1 :i* empty into ! v>i\s bays4 ,locations along ^! /reams are n easy to secure at ! pres5t "t ow+ to ! fact t duck f>ms are n all[$ 9 _m sections :]e summ] homes h be5 built4 ,a wat] site ( ?is sort is v valuable1 al?\gh n absolutely ess5tial1 s9ce x provides wat] y>ds = ! bre$+ ducks & = ! fatt5+ duckl+s if desir$1 & r$uces ! labor & co/ ( equipm5t mat]ially s9ce ! ducks always h access to wat] & no additional provision ne$ be made to provide !m ) dr9k+ wat]4 ,x also enables ! ducks to keep _! plumage clean4 ,usually ^! locations are on fre% wat] /reams b "s ( !m are fur!r out t[>d ! bay :]e ! wat] is salty or at lea/ bracki%4 ,! mature ducks ?rive well on ! salt wat] & d n h to be furni%$ ) fre% dr9k+ wat] 9 addition4 ,= ! "y ducks1 h[ev]1 ) a salt wat] location x is necess>y to provide fre% dr9k+ wat]4 ,a few f>ms 9 o!r sections ( ! c\ntry are :at are kn[n z dry l& f>ms1 t is to say1 !y are n situat$ on ! bank ( a /ream4 ,9 su* locations runn+ wat] is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! y>ds s t ! ducks h an ample supply ( dr9k+ wat] & 9 "s cases artificial ponds are con/ruct$ to provide wat] 9 :i* ! bre$+ ducks c swim4 ,=m]ly ! idea 0 univ]sally held t swimm+ wat] 0 ess5tial = ! bre$]s 9 ord] to secure good f]tility1 & _m duck f>m]s /ill believe t bett] results c be secur$ 9 ?is way4 ,on "s ( ! dry l& duck f>ms1 h[ev]1 bre$+ ducks are successfully kept )\t su* swimm+ places4 ,! "y m>ket duckl+s d n require wat] to swim 9 al?\gh "s rais]s pref] to h x & x is commonly all[$ :]e readily available4 ,on ! dry l& f>ms provision is made simply = a cont9u\s supply ( fre% dr9k+ wat] = ! fatt5+ duckl+s4 ,duckl+s kept out ( ! wat]1 d n take z mu* ex]cise &1 9 consequ5ce1 fatt5 a little m readily4 ,mak+ a ,/>t 9 ,duck ,f>m+ ,duck f>ms or plants are sometimes op]at$ on a consid]able scale at ! beg9n+1 ! plans be+ c>efully laid by "s exp]i5c$ duck man4 ,9 ^! cases1 op]ations at ! />t may be ( suffici5t magnitude s t ! output w am\nt to #ae1jjj or #bj1jjj duckl+s 9 a ye>4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ^! places h be5 ! result ( a m gradual gr[? f a small beg9n+1 a condition made necess>y ei!r by ! inexp]i5ce ( ! gr[] or by lack ( capital4 ,n infrequ5tly m5 engag$ 9 o!r =ms ( f>m+ b possess+ a suitable location w keep #bjj or #cjj bre$+ ducks & f ?is gradually build up a good siz$ duck plant4 ,equipm5t1 ,capital1 etc4 ,requir$4 ,! e/imates giv5 z to ! am\nt ( equipm5t & capital requir$ are bas$ on ! assumption t a plant is to be op]at$ ( suffici5t size to h a ye>ly output ( ab\t #cj1jjj duckl+s4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood 9 ?is connection t location & v>i\s o!r conditions or circum/ances w influ5ce ! co/ ( diff]5t items ( equipm5t & = ?is reason ^! e/imates mu/ n be consid]$ z absolute b %\ld r s]ve z a guide or basis on :i* to figure4 ,! figures "h giv5 contemplate ! build+ up ( an e/abli%m5t :i* is effici5t b :i* is 9 no p>ticul> elaborate1 ! build+s & o!r equipm5t be+ z simple & inexp5sive z possible4 ,lay-out or ,arrangem5t ( ! ,plant4 ,! plant mu/ be c>efully plann$ s z to make ! be/ possible use ( ! l& & p>ticul>ly ( ! wat] frontage4 ,x is p>ticul>ly important to arrange ! build+s 9 su* a mann] z to cut d[n labor z mu* z possible4 ,if !re is any expectation ( enl>g+ ! capacity at "s future "t1 ?is mu/ also be borne 9 m9d 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s build+s & y>ds4 ,! incubator cell> %\ld be conv5i5t to ! ,no4 #a brood] h\se & ! v>i\s brood] h\ses to "o ano!r4 ,! brood] h\se mu/ likewise be conv5i5t to ! gr[+ & fatt5+ h\ses & y>ds & ^! 9 turn to ! kill+ h\se4 ,! fe$ room %\ld be c5trally locat$ s z to save labor z mu* z possible 9 fe$+ ! ducks4 ,l& ,requir$4 ,= a duck plant ( ! size indicat$ #aj acres ( l& %\ld be ample4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 means t no ef=t w\ld be made to gr[ any ( ! fe$ = ! ducks or duckl+s ) ! exception ( gre5 fe$4 ,9 "s cases :]e ! lay ( ! l& is unusually favorable s t ! plant c be laid out to ! v be/ advantage1 a small] am\nt ( gr\nd ?an ?is might be suffici5t b x is n well to figure on less ?an #aj acres4 ,numb] ( ,bre$]s ,requir$4 ,) ! usual me?ods ( managem5t & ) good success1 "o may e/imate t #dj "y ducks c be m>ket$ ea* ye> f ea* bre$+ female4 ,?is is a good av]age al?\gh 9 "s good ye>s duck rais]s w d a little bett] ?an ?is4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 poor ye>s !y w n d s well4 ,= a plant hav+ an output ( #cj1jjj m>ket ducks !re w\ld !re=e be ne$$ 9 ! neighborhood ( #hjj bre$+ ducks 9 addition to #ajj drakes4 ,h\s+ ,requir$ = ,bre$]s4 ,9 figur+ on ! am\nt ( h\s+ requir$ = ?is numb] ( bre$+ ducks1 x is necess>y to figure on #b-a_/b to #c squ>e feet ( floor space p] bird1 #c squ>e feet be+ bett] ?an #b-a_/b4 ,?is w\ld require a h\s+ space #bj feet deep by #abj feet long4 ,h[ev] ducks are n usually h\s$ 9 "o build+ ( ?is size1 & 9 fact x is bett] n to d s s9ce ! small] ! flock ( bre$]s kept toge!r ! bett] !y w d4 ,9 no case %\ld a duck rais] run m ?an #djj ducks 9 a flock & x is v mu* bett] to run !m 9 p5s ( #ajj ea*4 ,9 fact1 "s bre$]s d n place m ?an #be to #ej bre$+ ducks 9 a p54 ,incubator ,capacity4 ,incubators are us$ exclusively = hat*+ ! eggs4 ,at ! pres5t "t 9 practically all cases "s =m ( hot wat] mammo? incubator is utiliz$ = ?is purpose4 ,an inve/m5t is requir$ bo? 9 incubators & 9 a cell> 9 :i* to op]ate !m4 ,9 figur+ on ! incubator capacity necess>y to take c>e ( a proposition ( ?is size1 x is necess>y to base ! e/imate on ! numb] ( eggs produc$ dur+ ! season ( flu% production4 ,! duck rais] figures on incubat+ all eggs suitable = ! purpose r ?an to sell any ( !m = o!r purposes z !re is a great] pr(it 9 re>+ & m>ket+ ! duckl+s4 ,= t reason he mu/ h incubator capacity en\gh to take c>e ( all ! eggs laid at any "t ( ! ye>4 ,dur+ ! season ( flu% production ! yield w ord9>ily run 9 ! neighborhood ( #hj4 ,! p]iod ( incubation is #bh days b #b days m %\ld be add$ to ?is to all[ = clean+ out ! ma*9es1 etc41 be=e />t+ ano!r hat*4 ,?is means t !re w\ld be #cj days betwe5 hat*es4 ,figur+ on #hjj ducks ) an #hj production = #cj days an incubator capacity ( ar\nd #ai1bjj eggs w\ld be requir$4 ,brood] ,capacity4 ,a brood] h\se capacity1 :]e artificial heat c be suppli$1 suffici5t to take c>e ( ab\t half ( ! total output ( ! plant at "o "t is necess>y4 ,?is means !re w\ld h to be on ?is plant a heat$ brood] h\se capacity = #ae1jjj duckl+s4 ,ab\t half ( ?is numb] or #gejj w\ld ne$ accommodations 9 ! numb] #a or w>me/ brood] h\se :]e ! heat c be kept up to #fe or #gj degrees 9 ! h\se itself1 & w>m] ( c\rse "u ! hov]4 ,! o!r #gejj duckl+s capacity w\ld be 9 ! numb] #b h\se1 t is1 a h\se :]e heat c\ld be suppli$ 9 ! e>ly spr+ & :]e ! temp]ature c\ld be run up to #fj degrees4 ,hov]s 9 su* a h\se are n really ne$$ b x is common to cov] ! hot wat]pipes ) a plat=m 9 ord] to provide a runway on :i* "o c run a :eel b>r[ & ?us simplify fe$+4 ,ord9>ily aft] ,may #a no heat is ne$$ 9 ! numb] #b brood] h\se4 ,! "y ducks are usually #b to #c weeks old :5 !y g into ! numb] #b h\se & !y /ay !re = ab\t #b weeks dep5d+ on ! wea!r4 ,heat = ! brood] h\ses is suppli$ by means ( hot wat] pipes & a coal burn+ /ove su* z are us$ 9 brood] h\ses = *ick5s4 ,a numb] #c or cold brood] h\se is also ne$$ :]e duckl+s c be h\s$ & c be driv5 9 at night & 9 cold wea!r aft] !y h graduat$ f ! numb] #b h\se4 ,f ! numb] #c h\se a "p ( ! duckl+s are tak5 directly to ! y>ds :]e !y are h\s$ 9 op5 front %$s4 ,fatt5+ ,h\ses or ,%$s4 ,9 addition to ! brood] h\ses1 !re are requir$ fatt5+ h\ses or %$s = ! ducks :5 !y are mov$ f ! ,no4 #c brood] h\se to ! y>ds4 ,suitable h\ses = ?is purpose are #af feet deep by #bd feet long4 ,9 front !y are #e feet high & 9 ! re> #c-a_/b feet4 ,!y are set on po/s ) a base bo>d ar\nd to make !m tight4 ,! fronts are entirely op5 & provid$ ) curta9s :i* are us$ only 9 ! w9t] to keep out ! sn[4 ,! duckl+s are %ut 9 ^! h\ses :5 desir$ by means ( wire panels :i* close ! l[] "p ( ! front4 ,h\ses su* z describ$ are divid$ into two p>ts & ea* side w accommodate #bjj duckl+s4 ,fe$ ,/orage4 ,consid]able fe$ /orage room is necess>y z x is v desirable to be able to buy fe$ 9 quantity & also to c>ry a consid]able /ock on h& 9 ord] to (fset ! possibility ( n be+ able to secure fe$ at any "t4 ,!re %\ld be /orage capacity = #d c>s ( #cj tons ea*1 9 o!r words1 = #abj tons ( fe$4 ,/ill great] capacity ?an ?is is desirable4 ,9 connection ) ! fe$ /orage !re %\ld be a place :]e ! fe$ c be mix$ & :]e fe$ c be cook$4 ,two p[] op]at$ fe$ mix]s are requir$ z "o is n suffici5t dur+ ! busy season to all[ ! mix+ & fe$+ ( ! ma% = bo? ! bre$]s & ! "y /ock at ! same "t4 ,a fe$ cutt] is necess>y 9 prep>+ ! gre5 fe$ :i* is mix$ 9 ! ma%4 ,! usual type ( kettle fe$ cook] is commonly us$ = boil+ fi% & prep>+ o!r cook$ fe$s b 9 its place a small f\r-horse /eam boil] c be utiliz$ to good advantage z ?is makes x possible to cook ! fe$ "r 9 ! mix] by us+ a /eam hose4 ,kill+ & ,pick+ ,h\se4 ,a kill+ & pick+ h\se :]e ! ducks c be prep>$ = m>ket is ano!r necess>y build+ b ?is ne$ n be an exp5sive build+4 ,x mu/ be locat$ ) ref]5ce to its conv5i5ce to ! re/ ( ! plant4 ,x is also desirable to locate x ov] a spr+ if "o is available = ! spr+ wat] c be us$ to excell5t advantage 9 cool+ ! dress$ duckl+s4 ,:5 a spr+ is n available wat] mu/ be pip$ to ?is build+4 ,! kill+ h\se is usually built ) at lea/ "o side op5 or p>tly op54 ,a place is provid$ outside ! pick+ room :]e ! ducks c be hung & bl$4 ,inside room is requir$ = six or eight pick]s4 ,a kettle = heat+ wat] to be us$ 9 scald+ ! ducks is necess>y z are also tanks 9 :i* to place ! ducks aft] !y are pick$4 ,additional room is ne$$ :]e ! ducks c be weigh$ & pack$ ready = %ipm5t4 ,resid5ce4 ,9 addition to ! o!r build+s enum]at$1 a resid5ce w\ld ( c\rse be necess>y4 ,! size & elaborat5ess ( ?is & consequ5tly its co/ dep5ds entirely ^u ! own]'s ne$s & wi%es4 ,horse ,p[]4 ,"o horse & wagon = ! purpose ( draw+ ! fe$ ab\t ! plant & = c]ta9 o!r necess>y "w w\ld be requir$4 ,if ! own] desires to d 8 own haul+ ( ! fe$ f ! railroad & ! o!r necess>y truck+ he w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h to keep m horses1 a team at lea/1 or an automobile truck4 ,:]e only "o horse is kept1 ?is truck+ mu/ be hir$ done4 ,fe$+ ,track4 ,on _m ( ! l>g] duck f>ms1 a fe$ track is employ$ 9 fe$+ ! /ock4 ,su* a track consi/s ( a framework ( suffici5t /r5g? to support a c> fill$ ) ma% :i* is pu%$ along ! track by h&4 ,! track leads f ! fe$ mix] across ! v>i\s y>ds :]e ! ducks to be f$ are locat$1 includ+ bo? ! bre$+ ducks1 y>d ducks & brood] ducks 9 y>ds4 ,?is involves a consid]able am\nt ( trackage :i* mu/ be fairly level & :i* runs ov] ! y>d f5ces or along ! ends ( ! y>ds s t ! fe$ c be %ovel$ directly f ! c> into ! fe$+ trays 9 ! y>ds4 ,! use ( a fe$ track simplifies ! fe$+ consid]ably b its con/ruction is q exp5sive4 ,:]e a track is n us$1 ! fe$ z mix$ is dump$ into a l[ wagon :i* is driv5 along ! y>ds1 or ?r\gh !m by remov+ movable panels 9 ! f5ces & ! fe$ %ovel$ f ! wagon to ! fe$ trays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,p[] fe$ mix]4 ,! fe$ is dump$ into a l[ wagon f :i* x is %ovel$ to ! ducks4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,electric ,lights4 ,mo/ duck f>ms at ! pres5t "t are locat$ :]e electric light+ is available4 ,x is desirable & 9 fact almo/ necess>y to h ! v>i\s h\ses wir$ s t lights c be turn$ on :5 desir$4 ,9 addition1 lights are usually provid$ 9 ! y>ds = fatt5+ ducks & are us$ at night & especially dur+ /orms to keep ! ducks f /amp$+4 ,wat] ,supply4 ,an adequate wat] supply is ess5tial4 ,?is w consi/ ( a well or spr+ furni%+ an ample am\nt ( wat]1 a p[] pump & a wat] supply tank4 ,f ! tank1 ! wat] mu/ be pip$ to ! incubator cell>1 ! brood] h\ses1 ! kill+ h\se1 ! fe$ h\se & to any ( ! y>ds :]e ! ducks d n h access to a natural supply ( good wat]4 ,9 addition1 ( c\rse1 ! wat] f ! same tank is usually us$ to supply ! resid5ce4 ,f5ces4 ,n a great deal ( inve/m5t is necess>y 9 f5ces s9ce ! y>ds are r small & ! f5ces are l[4 ,two-foot f5ces ( two-in* me% wire are us$ = ! y>d ducks :ile = ! little ducks #ah-;in* wire ( "o-in* me% is us$4 ,! bigge/ items ( exp5se connect$ ) ! f5ces are ! co/ ( ! /akes or po/s us$ 9 _! con/ruction & ! labor us$ 9 ?is "w4 ,! portion ( ! y>ds ext5d+ into ! wat] are ! mo/ tr\blesome & mo/ exp5sive to build4 ,9 "s cases1 r elaborate wood5 picket f5ces are us$ 9 ! wat] y>ds4 ,^! are m p]man5t b are m exp5sive to build4 ,labor4 ,= a plant ( ! size indicat$ !re w\ld be requir$ 9 addition to an active work+ proprietor ?ree o!r m54 ,"o man w\ld be ne$$ to op]ate ! incubators1 "o man w\ld devote 8 "t to ! brood] h\ses1 "o man w\ld fe$ ! y>d ducks & ! fatt5+ p5s1 & "o man w\ld d ! kill+ & pack+1 take c>e ( ! fea!rs1 clean ! y>ds1 etc4 ,( c\rse1 !re w\ld be p]iods :5 ^! m5 w\ld n h _! entire "t tak5 up ) _! p>ticul> duties & ?is w\ld p]mit !m to turn 9 & help ) ! miscellane\s "w on ! plant4 ,9 addition to ! regul> m5 employ$1 additional labor w\ld be necess>y to d ! pick+4 ,= ?is purpose pick]s are usually br\ght 9 & "w by ! piece4 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #aibj ^! pick]s receiv$ six c5ts p] duck & !y w av]age ab\t #ge ducks a day1 beg9n+ "w at #f 9 ! morn+ & f9i%+ by noon or a little lat]4 ,"s pick]s w av]age z high z #ajj ducks a day4 ,9 ! busy season f #hjj to #abjj ducks w be m>ket$ p] week & ! usual practice is to kill & pick n ov] ?ree days a week1 usually dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! week4 ,inve/$ ,capital4 ,inve/m5t 9 ! bus9ess exclusive ( work+ capital1 t is to say1 ! money 9 ! l& & build+s & o!r equipm5t w\ld require "u pres5t conditions ab\t #a1jjj = ea* ?\s& ducks m>ket$4 ,9 o!r words1 9 a plant ( ?is size1 close to #cj1jjj w\ld be inve/$4 ,! am\nt ( inve/$ capital dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u location & ^u ! elaborat5ess ( ! build+s & o!r equipm5t b ) a well laid out economical plant an inve/m5t ( ! size indicat$ %\ld be suffici5t4 ,work+ ,capital4 ,9 addition to ! capital inve/$ 9 ! plant !re w\ld be requir$ a consid]able am\nt ( work+ capital4 ,f ! fir/ ( ,novemb] to ! beg9n+ ( ! m>ket+ ( ! ducks !re w\ld be requir$ f #f1jjj to #h1jjj ) :i* to pur*ase fe$1 meet ! pay roll1 & = o!r runn+ exp5ses4 ,ev5 aft] ! m>ket+ beg9s !re w\ld be a p]iod ( f a mon? to six weeks :5 ! exp5ses w cont9ue to be great] ?an ! receipts s t "s additional capital might be necess>y4 ,h[ev]1 returns w\ld beg9 to come 9 :i* c\ld be us$ to take c>e ( ! m press+ curr5t obligations s t additional work+ capital :i* might be ne$$ ov] t indicat$ w\ld n be l>ge4 ,pr(its4 ,! pr(its 9 comm]cial duck rais+ v>y widely1 z mu/ be expect$1 dep5d+ ^u ! managem5t1 ^u ! season & ^u prices receiv$4 ,aft] d$uct+ all ov]head *>ges & int]e/ on ! inve/m5t1 ! net return p] duck %\ld be at lea/ #aj c5ts p] duckl+ m>ket$4 ,9 fact ! return %\ld be #ae c5ts to provide mu* inducem5t to engage 9 ! bus9ess4 ,"s seasons ! returns w run great] ?an ?is b on ! o!r h&1 !re is always ! *ance ( occasional big losses4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,comm]cial ,duck ,f>m+--,managem5t ( ! ,bre$+ ,/ock ,age ( ,bre$]s4 ,on mo/ l>ge comm]cial duck plants ! entire bre$+ /ock is r5ew$ ea* ye>4 ,9 o!r words1 ! bre$]s are kept only ?r\gh _! fir/ lay+ season4 ,?is makes x necess>y to select f ! "y /ock re>$ & save = bre$]s z _m head z x is desir$ to c>ry = ! com+ ye>4 ,?is practice is us$ = ! reason t ducks lay be/ dur+ _! fir/ ye>4 ,!re=e1 s9ce x is desir$ to keep up ! maximum egg production 9 ord] to raise z _m m>ket ducks z possible1 "y bre$]s are consid]$ bett]4 ,"s rais]s1 h[ev]1 keep a "p ( _! bre$+ ducks = two ye>s & occasionally = #c or ev5 #d ye>s b ?is is n ! usual practice4 ,rec5t comp>ison made betwe5 "y & two ye> old ducks z bre$]s w\ld seem to indicate t duckl+s hat*$ f ! eggs ( ! latt] live a little bett]4 ,di/+ui%+ ,"y f ,old ,ducks4 ,9 ?is connection x is ( int]e/ to "k h[ "y ducks c be readily di/+ui%$ f ! old] birds4 ,! "y ducks h bright yell[ legs & bills :ile ! old ducks aft] a p]iod ( lay+1 lose a consid]able am\nt ( ! yell[ f ^! sections4 ,9 addition1 soon aft] ! ducks beg9 to lay1 _! bills z a rule w beg9 to be /reak$ ) black4 ,"y ducks c also be told f ! old ducks by feel+ ( ! end ( ! brea/ bone :i* runs to a po9t at ! abdom54 ,9 ! old] ducks ?is is h>d :ile 9 ! "y ducks x is gri/ly & b5ds easily4 ,! w9dpipe ( an old duck is h>d & r difficult to compress or d5t :ile 9 ! "y duck x is s(t] & easily d5t$4 ,selection ( ,bre$+ ,ducks4 ,! bre$]s are usually select$ f ! duckl+s :i* rea* m>ket age f ! la/ week 9 ,june ?r\gh ,july4 ,z ^! lots become ready = m>ket & are driv5 into ! p5s to be slaught]$ ea* duck is h&l$ & any especially good birds :i* ! proprietor ?9ks w make good bre$]s are ?r[n out at ?is "t4 ,9 mak+ selection ( bre$]s ^? are *os5 :i* are heal?y & ?rifty & :i* h good wide1 long & deep bodies4 ,ducks ) crook$ w+s1 crook$ tails1 hump backs or paddle legs are reject$ = ?is purpose4 ,aft] ! "y ducks = bre$]s are select$ !y are put 9 a y>d or fatt5+ p5 until ! numb] :i* ! own] expects to keep is complete4 ,^! "y bre$]s g5]ally beg9 to m\lt soon aft] !y are select$ & f ?is "t on !y are f$ :ole corn & pl5ty ( gre5 fe$ until x is "t to beg9 fe$+ ! lay+ ration4 ,"s ( ! bre$+ ducks w usually beg9 to lay ab\t ,decemb] #a al?\gh !y w n lay heavily at t "t4 ,! lay+ ration describ$ lat] %\ld be begun ab\t t "t or a c\ple ( weeks e>li]4 ,numb] ( ,females to a ,drake4 ,z a rule on comm]cial duck f>ms ! birds are mat$ 9 ! proportion ( ab\t "o drake to sev5 ducks4 ,?is proportion w v>y to "s ext5t "u diff]5t me?ods ( managem5t & wea!r conditions & may run all ! way f #a to #e to #a to #h4 ,! small] numb] ( drakes %\ld be us$ late 9 ! season :ile ! l>g] numb] w give bett] f]tility e>ly 9 ! bre$+ season4 ,s9ce ! drakes d n fight s]i\sly1 flock mat+s c be made4 ,bett] results w be obta9$ f small] flocks ?an f l>ge flocks & !re w also be less crack$ eggs & less v dirty eggs f ! small] flocks4 ,be=e ! ducks are let out 9 ! morn+ !re is a t5d5cy = !m to run back & =? ?r\gh ! p5s1 & 9 ?is way !y tramp ov] _m ( ! eggs :i* are laid any:]e ab\t ! floor4 ,! l>g] ! flock ! m crack$ & dirty eggs w result4 ,:ile ! drakes d n fight ea* o!r !y d at times injure & kill ! ducks to "s ext5t :5 ?ree or f\r drakes may *ase "o duck4 ,9 ?is way !y may injure ! ducks' backs & (t5 pick _! eyes & necks4 ,:5ev] a duck is f\nd :i* is injur$ %e %\ld be remov$ f ! flock4 ,difficulty ( ?is sort is mo/ preval5t ab\t ! #a/ ( ,m>*4 ,if ! tr\ble gets v bad x c be /opp$ to "s ext5t by cutt+ back ! upp] bills ( ! drakes ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* ) a t9snip or by r$uc+ ! proportion ( drakes4 ,secur+ ,bre$+ ,drakes4 ,x is common practice on duck plants to avoid inbre$+ by secur+ drakes f "s o!r flock ea* ye>4 ,?is is usually accompli%$ by buy+ ! drakes outright f "s neighbor+ duck f>m]4 ,x may also be accompli%$ by pur*as+ a few eggs = hat*+ 9 ord] to secure new blood4 ,9 any p>ticul> community !re is a t5d5cy = ! duck f>m]s to trade bre$+ drakes among !mselves = a p]iod ( ye>s ) ! result t !y all h mu* ! same blood & n a great deal ( b5efit is obta9$ f secur+ ! drakes f "s neighbor's flock4 ,x is und\bt$ly good practice to g f>!r afield occasionally = a supply ( bre$+ drakes4 ,9 pur*as+ /ock = new blood be sure t x is z good z ! home /ock & bett] if x c be f\nd4 ,x w d no good to pur*ase & use inf]ior /ock & may d mu* h>m4 ,h\ses & ,y>ds = ,bre$]s ,! bre$+ flocks are usually conf9$ to bre$+ y>ds4 ,! size ( ^! y>ds dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! bre$+ flock b l>ge y>ds are n requir$4 ,a y>d = #bjj bre$]s is n z a rule l>g] ?an #ajj by #bjj feet includ+ ! wat] "p ( ! y>d4 ,h\ses & y>ds %\ld be locat$ on s& if possible z ?is is easi] to keep clean & !re=e keeps ! birds 9 bett] condition4 ,occasional flocks ( bre$+ ducks are all[$ _! lib]ty b ?is is n common practice nor is x good practice unless ! surr\nd+s are clean & ! ducks d n h access to /agnant mud or refuse 9 :i* !y c "w4 ,if ducks "w too mu* 9 ?is k9d ( mat]ial !y w eat m or less ( x :i* injures ! eggs = hat*+ purposes4 ,_m diff]5t /yles ( h\ses are us$ = bre$]s1 "s ( :i* are decid$ly m elaborate ?an is necess>y4 ,a v satisfactory economical h\se is "o #bj feet deep1 #g feet high 9 front & #d feet at back1 ) a %$ ro(4 ,?is c be con/ruct$ ( tongue & groove mat]ial or may be made ( unmat*$ /uff & cov]$ ) pap]4 ,a h\se ( ?is proportion makes a good light h\se & x c be c>ri$ 9 l5g? accord+ to ! size ( ! flock4 ,= a bre$+ unit ( #bjj ducks1 :i* is a good unit to use1 a h\se #bj feet deep & #cj to #dj feet long is suitable4 ,no floor is us$ 9 ! h\se b x %\ld be well fill$ up ) dirt s t ! wat] w n come 94 ,"o or m good siz$ op5+s are left 9 ! front ( ! bre$+ h\se = v5tilation1 or w9d[s may be plac$ 9 ! front :i* c be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,good v5tilation is necess>y4 ,additional v5tilation is secur$ f ! doors4 ,if ! wea!r is mild ! doors are left p>tly op51 if cold !y are ne>ly clos$1 :ile :5 ! wea!r is hot !y are left entirely op54 ,a good s*eme is to use a sort ( ,dut* door s t ! bottom or top half c be op5$ indep5d5tly4 ,9 ?is way ! top "p ( ! doors c be left op5 s z to let 9 ! sunlight & /ill keep ! ducks 9 ! h\se or ! top may be left clos$ & ! bottom op5$ s z to all[ ! ducks to g 9 or out & /ill cut d[n ! am\nt ( v5tilation4 ,:5 ! wea!r is w>m ! doors may be left entirely op5 except = a bo>d #ah in*es to #b feet wide ins]t$ 9 ! bottom ( ! door :5 x is desir$ to keep ! ducks 94 ,%ade is ess5tial = ! bre$]s & if n provid$ naturally by trees mu/ be suppli$ by means ( artificial %elt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,upp]--,re> & end view ( h\se or %$ us$ = fatt5+ ducks4 ,l[]--,g5]al view on a duck plant1 %[+ op5 front fatt5+ h\ses 9 ! =egr\nd & h\ses = bre$]s 9 ! backgr\nd4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,a good h\se = bre$+ ducks4 ,x is #bj feet deep1 #dj feet long1 #g feet high 9 front & #d feet 9 ! re> & w accommodate #bjj bre$]s4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,b$d+ & ,clean+ ! ,bre$+ ,h\ses4 ,usually /raw1 mead[ hay1 or swale hay is us$ = b$d+4 ,%av+s make good mat]ial = ?is purpose if !y d n conta9 too mu* sawdu/4 ,! pr9cipal objection to %av+s is t x takes long] to b$ ) !m4 ,(t5 a few joi/s are laid at ! back ( ! h\se on :i* to pile bales ( /raw or o!r b$d+ s t x w be kept dry & w s]ve z an em]g5cy supply available = b$d+ ! h\se 9 /ormy days4 ,! h\ses %\ld be b$d$ fairly (t5 9 ord] to keep ! floors clean & dry & s z n to all[ ! ducks' feet to get cold4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* b$d+ is necess>y w dep5d ^u ! wea!r4 ,9 w9t] x may at times be necess>y to b$ e day4 ,9 ,may x may be necess>y only twice a week & /ill lat] 9 ! season only once a week4 ,9 wet wea!r ! ducks track 9 lots ( mud & wat] & frequ5t b$d+ helps to keep ! eggs clean4 ,! h\ses are clean$ out only once a ye> & ?is is usually done aft] ! ducks h /opp$ lay+4 ,to clean out ! h\ses :ile ! ducks are lay+ w\ld di/urb !m & t5d to /op _! egg production4 ,clean+ ! ,bre$+ ,y>ds4 ,! y>ds %\ld be clean$ :5ev] !y ne$ x1 t is1 :5ev] !y beg9 to get sloppy or /icky4 ,x is a matt] ( judgm5t to decide :5 ?is is necess>y4 ,! "* ( ! soil influ5ces ?is1 z s&y y>ds absorb ! dropp+s bett] & d n ne$ clean+ z frequ5tly z heavi] soils4 ,9 ! y>ds = ! bre$+ ducks1 or ! wat] y>ds1 ?is w z a rule n be ov] #b or #c times a season4 ,9 dry wea!r clean+ is accompli%$ by sweep+ ! y>ds ) a broom4 ,9 wet wea!r ! dropp+s spread ov] ! y>d & are pack$ d[n by ! ducks' feet until !y =m a lay] ( putty-l mat]ial :i* _c be swept (f b is scrap$ (f by means ( a hoe4 ,wat] ,y>ds = ,bre$]s4 ,=m]ly x 0 ! cons5sus ( op9ion t bre$]s ne$$ wat] 9 :i* !y c\ld swim 9 ord] to keep 9 good bre$+ condition & to give ! be/ results 9 f]tility ( ! eggs4 ,at pres5t x is n consid]$ necess>y to h suffici5t wat] to p]mit swimm+ al?\gh _m bre$]s pref] to d ?is & feel t !y get bett] results f x4 ,h[ev]1 bre$+ ducks h be5 & are be+ kept successfully 9 dry y>ds :]e wat] is suppli$ to !m simply 9 an am\nt suffici5t to all[ !m to dr9k & to clean !mselves4 ,:]e wat] y>ds are provid$ ?is %\ld n be on /agnant wat] b !re %\ld be "s circulation ( ! wat] s z to keep x clean & fre%4 ,:]e ! lay ( ! l& is su* t x is n possible to run all ! y>ds d[n to a /ream = ?is purpose x is sometimes possible to dig a canal or dit* f ! /ream to ! y>ds s z to all[ ! ducks access to ! wat]4 ,:]e ! y>ds c ext5d into ! wat] x saves a great deal ( labor or consid]able exp5se 9 equipm5t z x is n !n necess>y to provide ! ducks ) dr9k+ wat] by means ( "s artificial arrangem5t su* z a concrete gutt] or dit* ext5d+ ?r\gh ! y>ds or by means ( artificial ponds4 ,if ! wat] y>ds us$ freeze ov] 9 w9t] x is necess>y to cut holes 9 ! ice s t ! ducks c get wat] = dr9k+ purposes4 ,sometimes ! ducks w g into ^! wat] holes & aft] gett+ _! plumage wet w come out & sit d[n 9 ! y>d & freeze fa/ to ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ su* wea!r conditions x is necess>y to make ! r\nds ( ! y>ds frequ5tly & to loos5 any ducks t h froz5 fa/4 ,if !y are left 9 t condition !y are apt to injure !mselves 9 try+ to pull free & if left too long w die4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,ano!r successful type ( h\se = bre$+ ducks4 ,x is #bj ft4 by #dj ft4 & is divid$ into two p5s ea* ( :i* w accommodate #ajj bre$]s4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,meal "t = ! bre$]s4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,fe$+ ! ,bre$]s4 ,bre$+ ducks are f$ twice a day1 9 ! morn+ & at night4 ,x is usual practice to fe$ ! bre$]s la/ 9 ! morn+ & fir/ at night4 ,! reason = fe$+ !m la/ 9 ! morn+ is t !y are usually f$ 9 ! y>ds r ?an ! h\se & !y %\ld be kept 9 until !y are ?r\gh lay+ :i* w be aft] daylight4 ,a good bre$+ ration consi/s ( ! foll[+1 ! proportions be+ giv5 by measure 9 bu%els4 #a bu%el bran4 #a bu%el l[-grade fl\r4 #a bu%el corn meal4 #a bu%el gre5 fe$4 #a_/b bu%el ei!r raw or cook$ vegetables4 #a bu%el 9 #aj ( beef scrap4 #a_/b bu%el 9 #aj ( cook$ fi%4 ,?is ration w keep ! bre$+ ducks 9 good fle% b !re w be no difficulty 9 _! gett+ too fat4 ,x is also a good lay+ ration & w promote good egg production4 ,! vegetables us$ 9 ?is ration usually consi/ ( sug> beets1 c[ beets1 potatoes1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 if potatoes are us$ ! am\nt ( fl\r 9 ! ration %\ld be r$uc$ a little s z n to make ! ration too heavy4 ,beets1 :5 us$1 are f$ raw cut up & mix$ 9 ! fe$4 ,small potatoes1 boil$ & mix$ 9 ! fe$ are m valuable z !y h a great] food value ?an beets4 ,"s duck gr[]s fe$ fi% entirely1 us+ no beef scrap4 ,?is is done :]e a pl5tiful supply ( fi% c be secur$ by go+ out into ! bay aft] !m4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n v good practice = a suffici5t supply ( fi% may n always be available & ! ducks are s fond ( ! fi% t !y w n eat well ! beef scrap us$ z a sub/itute = ! fi%1 until !y h become us$ to x4 ,fi% is prep>$ = fe$+ by boil+ x ?or\ghly 9 a fe$ cook]4 ,! available l& on ! plant is us$ to gr[ a supply ( gre5 fe$4 ,rye is us$ = ?is purpose e>ly 9 ! spr+ z soon z x is high en\gh to m[4 ,x is m[$ ! fir/ "t :5 x is l a lawn4 ,at ?is /age x does n h to be cut up4 ,oats are us$ 9 ! same way4 ,dur+ ! summ] fodd] corn is us$4 ,?is is ! poore/ crop = ! purpose b is z a rule ! only "o available at t "t4 ,rape is s[$ 9 ,augu/ & its use begun ab\t ! "t ( ! fir/ fro/ & kept up until ! h>d freezes come or until x is buri$ "u ! sn[4 ,creek grass :i* is secur$ f ! fre% wat] /reams on ,long ,isl& by go+ out 9 a flat bottom boat & rak+ x (f ! creek bottom ) a wood5 rake1 is v mu* reli%$ by ! ducks & is us$ :5ev] x is available4 ,h[ev]1 ! supply ( ?is mat]ial is n z pl5tiful z x 0 =m]ly & x is r h>d to get4 ,:5 x is available x c be us$ ei!r 9 w9t] or summ]4 ,good field clov] cut up & boil$ ) ! potatoes or ) ! fi% makes a good gre5 fe$4 ,all ( ^! gre5 mat]ials = use 9 ! ration1 unless !y are already 9 %ort l5g?s1 are cut up by means ( a p[] fe$ cutt] be=e !y are mix$ 9 ! ma%4 ,:5 no o!r =m ( gre5 fe$ is available gr\nd alfalfa is us$ b only half z mu* ( ?is mat]ial is mix$ ) ! ration z is us$ ( any ( ! o!r k9ds ( gre5 fe$4 ,:]ev] possible ! v>i\s duck y>ds %\ld be us$ to gr[ a crop ( gre5 /uff su* z oats or rye z ?is n only helps out on ! supply ( gre5 fe$ b also helps to sweet5 ! soil4 ,! gr[+ ( a crop on ! heavi] types ( soil us$ = ducks is especially important z su* soils are m likely to become contam9at$ f ! dropp+s4 ,! ration = ! ducks is mix$ up 9 a p[] fe$ mix] :i* works mu* on ! pr9ciple ( a p[] d\gh mix]4 ,9 fact1 d\gh mix]s are us$ on "s plants4 ,9 mix+ ! fe$ en\gh wat] %\ld be add$ to br+ ! mat]ial to a consi/5cy :]e x w hold toge!r :5 squeez$ 9 ! h&4 ,9 fact1 ! consi/5cy %\ld be betwe5 crumbly & /icky1 b %\ld nev] be sloppy4 ,! fe$ is dump$ f ! mix] into a l[ horse drawn wagon & driv5 ar\nd to ! v>i\s y>ds :]e x is %ovel$ (f on to ! fe$ tr\ghs or trays4 ,on "s l>ge duck plants a track is provid$ :i* runs ov] ! y>ds & ov] ?is a c> load$ ) fe$ is pu%$ & ! fe$ %ovel$ into ! fe$ trays4 ,! bre$]s %\ld be f$ 9 ! same place4 ,if fe$+ is begun 9 ! h\se ?is practice %\ld be cont9u$4 ,if fe$+ is begun 9 ! y>ds x %\ld be cont9u$ !re4 ,to *ange di/urbs ! ducks & int]f]es ) _! egg production4 ,co>se gr\nd oy/] %ell ab\t z l>ge z corn %\ld be kept be=e ! bre$]s all ! "t 9 boxes :]e !y c help !mselves4 ,a flock ( #gjj or #hjj bre$]s w eat upw>ds ( #bjj p\nds a week ( ?is mat]ial4 ,unless s& is available 9 ! y>ds :]e !y c get x1 ducks %\ld also h access to a supply ( good %>p creek s& b :5 kept 9 s& y>ds no o!r =m ( grit ne$ be furni%$4 ,! usual me?od ( fe$+ is to utilize flat tr\ghs on :i* ! fe$ is %ovel$4 ,only z mu* fe$ %\ld be giv5 at ! regul> fe$+ "t z ! ducks w eat up clean4 ,?is makes x necess>y to wat* ! fe$+ c>efully & to regulate ! am\nt accord+ly4 ,x is good practice to ga!r up any fe$ t is left by ! ducks s t x w n lie !re to s\r & spoil z su* fe$ is bad = ! birds4 ,egg ,production ,! av]age egg production ( ,pek9 ducks kept "u comm]cial f>m conditions w run f #hj to #abe eggs p] head = ! season4 ,?is w v>y some:at f ye> to ye> & also ) ! managem5t & fe$ giv5 ! ducks4 ,! lay+ beg9s to a small ext5t ab\t ,decemb] #a & gradually increases until ! ducks are lay+ freely 9 ,febru>y4 ,z ! hot wea!r ( summ] beg9s to come on ! lay+ drops (f until ab\t ,july #a & aft] ?is n en\gh eggs are produc$ z a rule to pay to hold ! bre$+ ducks long]4 ,(t5 _m ducks w /op lay+ consid]ably be=e ?is1 especially ^? :i* h />t$ lay+ e>ly & x may n pay to keep su* p5s lat] ?an ,may4 ,lay+ takes place e>ly 9 ! morn+ & practically all ! eggs are laid soon aft] daylight4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! ducks are usually %ut up at night s t all ! eggs laid w be secur$ z "s ( !m w\ld o!rwise be lo/ by _! be+ laid ar\nd 9 ! y>d or 9 ! wat]4 ,9 ! spr+ ! ducks c be let out ab\t #f a4 m41 z ! lay+ w be pretty well ov] by t "t1 b 9 w9t] !y mu/ be kept %ut up lat] 9 ord] to secure all ! eggs4 ,aft] ! ducks />t lay+ 9 ! spr+ !y are v regul> & cont9u\s lay]s & w miss few] days ?an mo/ h5s4 ,aft] ! bre$+ ducks are fir/ put 9 ! bre$+ p5s & %ut 9 ! h\ses at night x is common practice to use electric lights = ! fir/ #b or #c weeks 9 ord] to keep !m f /amp$+ z ducks 9 /range surr\nd+s are q n]v\s & are q likely to /amp$e & to run ov] "o ano!r ?us caus+ cripples4 ,electric lights h also be5 us$ to "s ext5t dur+ ! late fall & w9t] = ! purpose ( induc+ egg production e>li] ?an ! natural season4 ,z a rule ! ducks c be />t$ to lay+ ab\t #d weeks aft] turn+ on ! lights b ! av]age production "u ?is sy/em is n likely to run m ?an #fj eggs = ! season z s h&l$ !y m\lt q e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,a s+le #be watt light is suffici5t = a h\se or p5 #af x #bd feet & ! lights are left turn$ on all night4 ,! object 9 fe$+ & c>+ = ! bre$+ ducks is to keep !m f m\lt+ & to keep !m lay+ z long z possible4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t any radical *ange 9 fe$ or mann] ( fe$+1 %utt+ !m up too closely1 *ange ( temp]ature1 or o!r di/urb+ conditions are likely to cause m\lt+ & to *eck egg production4 ,any *ange 9 fe$ mu/ be made c>efully & gradually1 n sudd5ly4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ducks are excitable birds & mu/ be h&l$ & driv5 c>efully s z to di/urb !m z little z possible4 ,"t ( ,m>ket+ ,bre$]s ,! bre$]s %\ld be turn$ (f to m>ket :5ev] _! egg production drops (f s decid$ly t x no long] pays to hold !m4 ,9 mo/ cases ?is w be ab\t ! #a/ ( ,july b x may range consid]ably e>li] ?an ?is1 especially ) p5s ( ducks t h />t$ lay+ e>ly4 ,:5 ! ducks f9i% lay+ _! eggs !y beg9 to m\lt & x is at ?is "t t !y %\ld be m>ket$4 ,if m>ket+ is delay$1 ! ducks w lose condition z ! m\lt+ progresses & w !re=e be held at a loss4 ,diseases & ,pe/s ,disease4 ,old ducks1 t is1 mature ducks1 are practically free f disease4 ,( c\rse1 !re w be a c]ta9 am\nt ( loss 9 ! bre$+ /ock f v>i\s causes b ?is %\ld n run = ! entire season m ?an #aj ( ! flock4 ,ducks d n become egg b\nd1 b sometimes1 especially dur+ heavy lay+1 !y become ruptur$4 ,insect ,pe/s4 ,ducks are rem>kably free f lice & o!r insect pe/s & ^? :i* !y d h d n tr\ble !m mu*4 ,x is unnecess>y !re=e to take any precautions 9 ! way ( treat+ ! ducks to keep !m free ( insects4 ,dogs4 ,occasionally tr\ble may be exp]i5c$ f dogs4 ,if ^! animals get into ! y>ds ) ! bre$]s or ! fatt5+ ducks1 !y may kill a good _m & 9 addition w s]i\sly injure ! re/ by *as+ !m & by ! fright :i* ! ducks are giv54 ,,*apt] ,v ,comm]cial ,duck ,f>m+--,incubation ,! ,pek9 duck is ess5tially a non-broody bre$4 ,x1 !re=e1 becomes necess>y to resort to incubators = ! purpose ( hat*+ ! eggs4 ,occasional ducks w sit if all[$ to d s b x is n ! practice on comm]cial duck f>ms to all[ !m to sit & hat* _! "y4 ,no special means are tak5 to break !m ( brood9ess o!r ?an n to all[ !m eggs to sit on4 ,k9ds ( ,incubators ,us$4 ,bo? ! small] k]os5e lamp heat$ incubators & ! l>ge or mammo? hot wat] heat$ incubators are us$ = hat*+ duck eggs4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! mammo? hot wat] ma*9es are ^? :i* are 9 pr9cipal use due l>gely to ! less5$ labor requir$ to op]ate !m4 ,incubator ,cell>4 ,x is necess>y to provide "s room 9 :i* ! incubators c be in/all$ & op]at$4 ,?is may take ! =m ( a cell>1 or ! incubators may be op]at$ 9 rooms above ! gr\nd4 ,_m ( ! incubator cell>s on duck f>ms are only p>tially "u gr\nd & n a few ( !m are built entirely out ( gr\nd4 ,! p>ticul> size & %ape ( ! cell> or incubator room w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! numb] ( incubators to be in/all$ & ^u _! make & %ape4 ,usually ^! build+s are con/ruct$ ) r ?ick walls s t ! temp]ature ( ! room w fluctuate less ) *anges 9 outside temp]ature4 ,provision is also necess>y by means ( w9d[s or o!r v5tilat+ devices to provide = good v5tilation 9 ! room4 ,! cell>s are usually con/ruct$ ) cem5t floors z moi/ure is us$ freely & wood5 floors w\ld rot out quickly4 ,incubator ,capacity ,requir$4 ,! aim on comm]cial duck f>ms is to hat* all ( ! eggs produc$ :i* are suitable = ! purpose4 ,practically no eggs are sold except ! crack$ eggs or ^? :i* w\ld n give good results 9 ! incubator su* z too l>ge or too small eggs4 ,occasionally1 ( c\rse1 !re w be sales ( duck eggs 9 comp>atively l>ge lots = incubation purposes :]e someone is />t+ a duck f>m4 ,occasionally also duck f>m]s buy f ea* o!r a few eggs = incubation 9 ord] to secure new blood4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 practically all ( ! eggs laid are incubat$ & x is necess>y to h an incubator capacity suffici5t to take c>e ( ! eggs z !y are produc$ dur+ ! flu% season4 ,s9ce ! egg production at ?is "t w run ar\nd ab\t #hj & s9ce ! p]iod ( incubation is #bh days & a c\ple m days mu/ be all[$ to take ! duckl+s out ( ! ma*9es & to clean up ! ma*9es1 x is necess>y to figure on #cj days betwe5 hat*es4 ,to take c>e ( ! flu% production at ?is "t !re w\ld be requir$ an incubator capacity ( f #bj to #be eggs p] head ( bre$+ ducks4 ,! latt] figure is a saf] e/imate ?an ! =m]4 ,( c\rse1 eggs suffici5t to fill ! entire incubator capacity are n put 9 ! ma*9es at any "o "t b diff]5t lots are put 9 z soon z a suffici5t numb] is obta9$ to make x wor? :ile4 ,!re w be1 !re=e1 eggs 9 v>i\s /ages ( incubation 9 diff]5t sections ( ! ma*9es at ! same "t4 ,:ile ,pek9 duck eggs w run ab\t #a_/b heavi] 9 weight ?an h5s' eggs !y d n take up a proportionately great] am\nt ( space 9 ! incubator4 ,an incubator tray w accommodate ab\t #e_/f z _m ,pek9 duck eggs z x w h5s' eggs4 ,age ( ,hat*+ ,eggs4 ,duck eggs %\ld be set z (t5 z en\gh are secur$ to fill "o or m trays 9 ! incubator or en\gh to produce a suffici5t numb] ( duckl+s to utilize brood+ space to advantage4 ,s9ce duck eggs det]iorate m rapidly ?an h5s' eggs !y _c be kept s long be=e !y are set4 ,x is be/ n to save !m = long] ?an "o week4 ,dur+ ! season ( flu% production x is n1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to save !m t long s9ce en\gh eggs w be secur$ to set ea* day if desir$4 ,! usual practice at ?is "t is to set twice a week4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! season :5 ! production ( eggs is l[ & ! temp]ature cool ! eggs are (t5 sav$ = z long a p]iod z two weeks )\t noticeably bad results4 ,c>e ( ,hat*+ ,eggs4 ,eggs = hat*+ %\ld be kept 9 a cool place4 ,any place suitable = keep+ h5s' eggs = hat*+ is a suitable place = duck eggs4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be f #ej deg4 to #gj deg4 ,fahr5heit4 ,:]e ! eggs are n kept long] ?an "o week1 x is n necess>y to turn !m1 especially if !y are kept on end4 ,if kept long] ?an ?is x is saf] to turn !m once a day or once 9 two days1 h&l+ !m c>efully s z n to crack any or to injure _! hat*+ qualities4 ,select+ ! ,eggs = ,hat*+4 ,m$ium siz$ eggs are pref]r$ = ?is purpose4 ,!re=e1 ! extremely l>ge eggs & ! v small ones are ?r[n out4 ,r\gh %ell$ eggs or eggs ) crook$ or de=m$ %ells are likewise ?r[n out s9ce !y are n likely to hat* well4 ,eggs t are badly soil$ s t !y _c be te/$ easily are wa%$ b ! clean eggs are n4 ,all ! eggs int5d$ = incubation purposes are s\nd$ by /rik+ !m g5tly aga9/ "o ano!r 9 ord] to detect & remove ! crack$ eggs4 ,no selection is made on ! basis ( color4 ,! eggs may be :ite1 creamy :ite or a blue1 or blui% gre5 9 color4 ,at ! pres5t "t a consid]ably less proportion ( ! eggs %[ a blue t9t ?an =m]ly4 ,z ! egg lay+ season advances ! eggs laid by ! ducks t5d to get a little l>g]4 ,temp]ature4 ,up to ! "t ( te/+1 t is1 ab\t ! fif? day1 ! incubator is run at a temp]ature ( f #aja to #ajb degrees4 ,aft] ! fif? day ! temp]ature is kept z ne> #ajc z possible4 ,! mo/ s5sitive p]iod = a duck egg is dur+ ! fir/ #c or #d days ( incubation4 ,if !y are all[$ to get too w>m dur+ ?is "t ! g]m may be kill$ :ile if ! temp]ature is too l[1 developm5t w be ret>d$4 ,position ( ! ,!rmomet]4 ,9 figur+ on ! prop] temp]ature at :i* to run ! incubator1 ! !rmomet] %\ld be s plac$ t ! bulb is on a level ) ! top ( ! eggs1 pref]ably t\*+ a f]tile egg4 ,if ! !rmomet] bulb re/s on an inf]tile egg ! temp]ature record$ w be l[] ?an ! actual temp]ature ( f]tile eggs 9 ! lat] /ages ( incubation1 due to ! animal heat ( ! develop+ embryos1 ) ! result t ! ma*9e w\ld be op]at$ at too high a temp]ature4 ,te/+4 ,x is common practice to make only "o complete te/4 ,?is is done on ! ev5+ ( ! fif? day4 ,te/+ may be done by means ( an ord9>y c&l+ device su* z is us$ ) h5s' eggs1 ea* egg be+ exam9$ sep>ately4 ,to save "t a piece ( app>atus may be us$ :i* is simple 9 con/ruction & :i* simplifies ! process ( c&l+ consid]ably4 ,?is may be t]m$ a te/+ table4 ,x consi/s ( a table ! same wid? z an incubator tray & long] ?an ! tray4 ,9 ! table !re is an op5+ ! size ( a r[ ( eggs & b5ea? ?is are plac$ sev]al electric light bulbs ) reflectors back ( !m s z to ?r[ ! light up ?r\gh ! eggs4 ,by slid+ ! tray along ! table ea* r[ ( eggs is br\ght ov] ! lights & _! condition c be quickly not$4 ,at ?is te/ all ! inf]tile eggs are tak5 out z well z any eggs 9 :i* ! g]ms h di$4 ,! inf]tile eggs aft] a c>eful rete/ are !n pack$ 9 cases & s5t to m>ket :]e !y are usually sold to bak]s z te/$ eggs4 ,:ile no second te/ is made ( ! eggs left 9 ! ma*9es ! exp]i5c$ incubator op]ator is con/antly on ! wat* = & is con/antly remov+ any eggs :i* die at a lat] "t4 ,to ! exp]i5c$ eye ! color ( ! egg indicates t x has di$ z x takes on a sort ( p9ki% or d>ki% t9t4 ,duck eggs aft] !y die w spoil v quickly & mu/ be remov$ promptly z ! odor :i* !y ?r[ (f is v /rong & w prove h>mful to ! o!r eggs4 ,! inexp]i5c$ op]ator c readily locate dead eggs by smell+ ov] ! tray4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,int]ior ( h\se = bre$+ ducks4 ,notice ! heavy b$d+ & ! fe$+ track4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,incubator cell> on l>ge duck plant4 ,trays ( eggs set out to turn & cool4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,turn+ ! ,eggs4 ,! eggs are nei!r turn$1 cool$ nor o!rwise di/urb$ aft] !y are put 9 ! incubator until aft] !y are te/$ on ! fif? day4 ,f ?is "t on !y are turn$ twice a day1 morn+ & night1 until !y beg9 to pip4 ,cool+ ! ,eggs4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! practice ( incubator op]ators ) reg>d to cool+4 ,no cool+ %\ld be done until aft] ! fir/ te/4 ,aft] ?is "s incubator m5 cool ! eggs by dropp+ ! doors ( ! ma*9e4 ,o!rs take ! trays ( eggs out & put !m on top ( ! ma*9e4 ,cool+ is usually done once a day4 ,! am\nt ( cool+ :i* ! eggs require seems to v>y greatly & "h aga9 ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator comes into play4 ,ab\t ! be/ g5]al rule :i* c be giv5 is t ! eggs %\ld be cool$ until !y d n feel w>m to ! face b !y %\ld nev] be cool$ to ! ext5t t !y feel cold to ! face or h&s4 ,! l5g? ( "t to br+ ?is ab\t v>ies ) ! age ( ! eggs & ! temp]ature ( ! room4 ,moi/ure4 ,a good deal ( moi/ure is us$ 9 incubat+ duck eggs4 ,x is usual to beg9 to spray ! eggs ) wat] ! next day aft] te/+4 ,h[ev]1 ?is may v>y any:]e f ! six? to ! t5? day4 ,!y are spray$ q ?or\ghly1 "s m5 us+ wat] en\gh s t x runs out ( ! bottom ( ! ma*9e4 ,no p>ticul> c>e is tak5 to see t ! wat] us$ is w>m4 ,ord9>y wat] j z x comes f ! pipes is commonly us$ & is appli$ by means ( a spray nozzle atta*$ to a hose4 ,h[ev]1 extremely cold wat] %\ld n be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,?is spray+ is done once or twice a day z ! op]ator may ?9k necess>y until ! eggs beg9 to hat*4 ,9 _m cases ev5 !n if ! duckl+s seem to be dry+ too fa/ aft] !y come out ( ! %ell1 or to be hav+ difficulty to get out x is well to op5 ! ma*9es & wet ! eggs d[n ?or\ghly4 ,f]tility4 ,! f]tility v>ies ) ! season t is1 ) ! wea!r4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! lay+ season :5 ! wea!r is cold ! f]tility usually runs r l[4 ,?is is likewise true at ! end ( ! lay+ season :5 ! heat ( summ] sets 94 ,dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ^! two times ( l[ f]tility !re w usually be "o or m p]iods dur+ :i* ! f]tility w g d[n & !n come back aga94 ,?is seems to occur ev5 ?\gh ! wea!r rema9s ab\t ! same & ?\gh !re is no *ange 9 ! me?od ( fe$+4 ,f]tility may be consid]$ to be good :5 x runs ab\t #he4 ,:5 ! f]tility is runn+ poor ! hat*+ ( ! eggs left 9 ! ma*9es aft] te/+ w usually be poor also4 ,hat*+4 ,x takes long] z a rule f ! "t t ! duckl+s pip ! eggs until !y hat* ?an x does ) *icks4 ,to reta9 ! moi/ure :i* is s necess>y dur+ hat*+1 ! ma*9es are usually %ut tightly & are n op5$ until ! hat*+ is pretty well complet$ unless x becomes necess>y to add m moi/ure z indicat$ above4 ,! little duckl+s %\ld be left 9 ! incubator until ! hat*+ is ov] & !y are ?or\ghly dri$ (f4 ,z soon z ! hat*+ is complet$1 ! v5tilators 9 ! ma*9es are op5$ to ha/5 ! dry+ process4 ,if ! duckl+s op5 _! bills & pant x is an indication t !y are n gett+ en\gh v5tilation & ?is %\ld be suppli$ by fa/5+ ! ma*9e door op5 a little way4 ,if ! ducks are n ready to be tak5 out ( ! ma*9es by noon or soon aft]1 x is be/ to leave !m until ! next morn+ be=e remov+ !m to ! brood] h\se4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ! old eggs & %ells & o!r refuse %\ld be tak5 out4 ,usually ! hat* is complet$ 9 "t s t ! duckl+s c be remov$ to ! brood] h\se on ! aft]noon ( ! #bh? day4 ,z a rule ! e>li] ! hat* is complet$ ! bett] are ! duckl+s4 ,figures secur$ on results 9 hat*+ = ! entire season on ,long ,isl& duck f>ms indicate t z a :ole ! duck rais]s w n av]age mu* ov] #dj hat* ( all eggs set4 ,"s hat*es may run z high z #fj or ev5 m & 9 "s seasons ! av]age p]c5tage w run high] ?an #dj4 ,"s especially skill$ op]ators may also secure consid]ably bett] av]age results ?an ?is4 ,x is q a common practice on ! "p ( duck f>m]s to pay _! incubator man a bonus on all duckl+s ov] #dj hat*$ dur+ ! season4 ,?is bonus may range any:]e f #a to #e p] ?\s& duckl+s4 ,su* an arrangem5t s]ves to give ! incubator man a great] inc5tive to give ! ma*9es good att5tion & to secure j ! be/ results ( :i* he is capable4 ,sell+ ,baby ,ducks4 ,)9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s !re has sprung into exi/5ce a small b increas+ trade 9 baby ducks4 ,!y are h&l$ & %ipp$ ab\t ! same z baby *icks4 ,baby ducks are ready = %ipm5t z soon z !y are ?or\ghly dry1 usually ab\t #ab h\rs aft] ! hat* />ts to come (f4 ,!y are nei!r f$ nor wat]$ be=e %ipm5t & are pack$ 9 c>dbo>d boxes us$ 9 %ipp+ baby *icks4 ,z a rule ! %ipp+ boxes w accommodate ab\t half ! numb] ( duckl+s t !y w *icks4 ,( c\rse ! outside temp]ature v l>gely gov]ns ! matt] ( ! numb] to a comp>tm5t4 ,9 w>m summ] wea!r1 a two comp>tm5t box int5d$ = #ej *icks w accommodate #bf duckl+s if well v5tilat$ at ! sides & top4 ,!y are %ipp$ by p>cel po/ & c be s5t any:]e )9 a radius ( "o ?\s& miles if ! trip does n require m ?an #cf h\rs4 ,= be/ results ! duckl+s %\ld n be all[$ to g mu* beyond ?is l5g? ( "t be=e !y are f$4 ,on receipt !y %\ld be plac$ imm$iately 9 a brood] already prep>$ = !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,comm]cial ,duck ,f>m+--,brood+ & ,re>+ ! ,"y ,/ock ,"y ducks are easi] to brood ?an *icks4 ,!y seem to le>n m quickly :]e ! s\rce ( heat is & !y are less likely to cause tr\ble f cr[d+4 ,!y are also less subject to disease4 ,remov+ ! ,newly ,hat*$ ,duckl+s to ! ,brood] ,h\se4 ,! duckl+s %\ld be left 9 ! incubator until !y are ?or\ghly dri$ (f4 ,usually !y w be dri$ s t !y c be mov$ on ! aft]noon ( ! #bh? day ( incubation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are n ready e>ly 9 ! aft]noon x is be/ to leave !m 9 ! ma*9e until ! next morn+4 ,9 mov+ ! duckl+s1 place !m 9 boxes1 baskets or o!r suitable c>ri]s & cov] !m ) burlap or clo? to avoid any dang] ( ! duckl+s becom+ *ill$4 ,brood] ,h\ses ,repair$4 ,!re are _m diff]5t types & /yles ( brood] h\ses :i* are us$ ) success4 ,= ?is reason only "o type ( ea* class ( brood] h\se ne$$ is describ$ 9 detail4 ,^! p>ticul> h\ses h be5 9 successful use = a consid]able p]iod ( "t & are giv5 because !y embody all ! necess>y requisites = su* h\ses & at ! same "t utilize ! space to good advantage & are economical 9 con/ruction4 ,9 g5]al !re are requir$ ?ree diff]5t brood] h\ses4 ,! fir/ ( ^! requires suffici5t heat+ capacity s t ! temp]ature ( ! h\se itself c be ma9ta9$ at #fe to #gj degrees ev5 9 ! cold wea!r ( w9t] or e>ly spr+4 ,9 addition1 hov]s are requir$ 9 ?is h\se "u :i* a temp]ature c be ma9ta9$ f #hj to #ij degrees4 ,= conv5i5ce ?is h\se w be spok5 ( z brood] h\se ,no4 #a4 ,a second brood] h\se :i* c be call$ brood] h\se ,no4 #b w be requir$ :i* is equipp$ ) heat+ app>atus s t ! temp]ature c be run up to #fj degrees :5 requir$4 ,! ?ird brood] h\se kn[n z brood] h\se ,no4 #c is a cold brood] h\se or "o )\t artificial heat4 ,x furni%es %elt] = ! "y ducks :]e !y c be driv5 9 at night & dur+ ! day 9 cold wea!r4 ,z ! duckl+s pass out ( ! brood] h\se ,no4 #c !y are h\s$ 9 %$s or %elt]s ) y>ds :i* usually ext5d into ! wat] b :i* may n d s 9 all cases4 ,brood] ,h\se ,no4 #a ,! l5g? ( ?is h\se det]m9es its capacity1 ! requir$ am\nt ( :i* w dep5d ^u ! output ( any p>ticul> plant4 ,!re %\ld be brood] capacity 9 ?is h\se suffici5t to c>e = approximately #a_/d ( ! total output = ! ye> at "o "t4 ,con/ruction ( ,h\se4 ,a suitable h\se :i* has be5 9 practical use = "s "t consi/s ( "o #bj feet wide & runn+ ea/ & we/ ) w9d[s 9 ! s\? or front side4 ,if ! location 7 "r su* a h\se c\ld be run nor? & s\? to good advantage & %\ld !n h w9d[s on ea* side s z to let 9 ! sunlight f bo? directions4 ,! front wall ( ?is h\se is #g feet high1 ! back wall #d feet4 ,! ridge ( ! h\se is ab\t #b feet 9 front ( ! c5t]1 ! front slope ( ! ro( hav+ an eight in* pit* :ile ! back slope has a #f in* pit*4 ,! ro( raft]s are #b x #d's plac$ e two feet4 ,! /uds & plates are likewise #b x #d4 ,! walls are made ( mat*$ mat]ial4 ,! ro( is con/ruct$ ( #a x #b in* /rips plac$ e #d in*es & ^! cov]$ ) %+les4 ,tie beams e #h feet ext5d f front to re> plates4 ,?is p>ticul> brood] h\se is n ceil$ b a good tight ceil+ #h feet above ! walk or runway w\ld make x easi] to keep ! h\se clean & w\ld also r5d] x some:at easi] 9 cold wea!r to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature desir$4 ,! h\se is built on a concrete wall or f\ndation & a dirt floor is us$ b ! dirt mu/ be fill$ 9 well above ! level ( ! gr\nd outside s t !re is no dang] ( wat] com+ into ! h\se or ! floors becom+ damp or sloppy4 ,w9d[s are plac$ 9 ! front wall1 "o to ea* p54 ,9 e o!r p5 !re is a small door 9 ! back ( ! h\se to facilitate clean+ out ! p5s4 ,a w9d[ c be sub/itut$ = ?is door to good advantage z x makes ! h\se light]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,int]ior ( ,no4 #a brood] h\se %[+ walk & hov] comb9$ 9 ! middle ( ! h\se & p5s on ea* side4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,heat+ ,app>atus4 ,heat is furni%$ by means ( a coal burn+ /ove :i* heats wat] & causes x to circulate ?r\gh pipes run ! l5g? ( ! h\se4 ,! heat] mu/ always be plac$ 9 ! w9dw>d end ( ! build+ z o!rwise x is h>d to get ! heat d[n to ! o!r end z ! w9d t5ds to drive x back4 ,! hot wat] pipes are c>ri$ d[n ! c5t] ( ! h\se & ! return pipes are locat$ 9 ! same place4 ,a l[ p>tition is run l5g?wise ( ! h\se divid+ ! pipes & ?us =m+ d\ble p5s1 half ext5d+ f ! c5t] to ! front & half f ! c5t] to ! re> ( ! h\se4 ,! pipes & ! p>tition betwe5 !m is cov]$ ov] ) bo>ds mak+ a #d foot walk or runway directly ov] ! pipes1 :i* comes into mo/ conv5i5t use z a place to convey1 by means ( a :eelb>r[1 fe$ or o!r mat]ial ne$$ 9 ! h\se1 & z a conv5i5t place f :i* to c>e = ! duckl+s 9 ! p5s on ea* side4 ,?is bo>d cov]+ ov] ! pipes also s]ves to hold ! heat & ?us =ms hov]s4 ,x is advisable to p>tition (f ! fir/ ?ird ( ! h\se1 t is1 ! portion 9 :i* ! heat] is locat$1 ) a solid p>tition4 ,!n by hav+ suitable valves 9 ! pipes1 ! heat c be cut (f f ! re/ ( ! h\se & only ! small] p>tition$ (f end us$ z a sep>ate & indep5d5t section ( ! brood]4 ,?is is especially useful :5 only a small numb] ( duckl+s are be+ hat*$ e>ly 9 ! spr+ :5 ! wea!r is cold & x may be difficult to heat ! :ole build+ prop]ly4 ,x is also economical 9 fuel "u su* conditions4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] ( duckl+s hat*$ dur+ ! cold wea!r is s l>ge t all or ne>ly all ( ! h\se capacity is ne$$ to c>e = !m1 x w usually pay to in/all an additional heat]1 ! pipes f :i* c be run along ! re> wall ( ! build+1 9 ord] to keep up a prop] h\se temp]ature :5 ! wea!r is sev]e4 ,p5s4 ,hav+ ! hov]s 9 ! c5t] ( ! h\se1 makes x possible to h d\ble sets ( p5s1 "o runn+ f ! c5t] to ! front wall & ! o!r f ! c5t] to ! re> wall4 ,! p5s are divid$ (f by means ( p>titions made ( "o foot bo>ds4 ,^! are high en\gh to conf9e ! duckl+s to _! own p5 & at ! same "t are easy to /ep ov]4 ,9 a h\se ( ?is wid?1 #bj feet1 ) #d feet 9 ! c5t] tak5 up by ! d\ble hov]s or walk1 ea* p5 is #h feet long 9 ! cle> or #aj feet to ! p>tition "u ! hov]4 ,! p5s 9 ! fir/ ?ird ( ! h\se are made #e feet wide1 9 ! next ?ird #f feet & 9 ! la/ ?ird #g feet wide4 ,:5 ! duckl+s are fir/ br\ght f ! incubator cell> !y are plac$ 9 ! p5s ne>e/ ! heat] z ! temp]ature w run some:at high] !re ?an 9 ! portions ( ! h\se m remote f ! heat]4 ,^! #e x #aj foot p5s w accommodate #abe baby duckl+s al?\gh bett] results w be obta9$ by plac+ only #ajj 9 a p5 if suffici5t room is available4 ,"s duck gr[]s use bo>ds :i* c be slipp$ into slots made ( cleats nail$ to ! p5 p>titions at diff]5t di/ances f ! hov] & :i* s]ve to conf9e ! baby duckl+s close to ! hov] = ! fir/ few days or until !y le>n to g "u ! hov] to get w>m4 ,z additional duckl+s are hat*$ lat] & br\ght to ! brood] h\se1 ! duckl+s already !re are mov$ along ! necess>y numb] ( p5s 9 ord] to accommodate ! new-com]s 9 ! p5s ne>e/ ! heat]4 ,= ?is purpose1 a small door is made 9 ea* p>tition next ! outside wall ( ! h\se ?r\gh :i* ! duckl+s c be driv54 ,a broom is a h&y implem5t to use 9 driv+ ! duckl+s z !y c be pu%$ along 9 front ( x4 ,x is be/ to drive ! duckl+s j aft] !y h be5 f$ z !y are n s n]v\s & afraid at t "t4 ,! increas$ wid? ( ! p5s 9 ! second & ?ird portions ( ! h\se is = ! purpose ( tak+ c>e ( ! gr[? ( ! duckl+s z !y are mov$ along ! h\se4 ,p5s ( ! same wid? z ^? 9 :i* !y 7 />t$ become too cr[d$ z ! duckl+s increase 9 size4 ,equipm5t ( ! ,p54 ,! equipm5t ( ! p5s is q simple4 ,wat] is pip$ ?r\gh ! h\se along bo? walls s t x is available to ea* p54 ,a spigot is provid$ 9 ea* p5 & "u ?is is plac$ ! dr9k+ di%1 :i* consi/s ( a r\nd metal pan ab\t a foot 9 diamet] & #c or #d in*es deep4 ,a squ>e pan %\ld nev] be us$ z ! duckl+s are apt to get _! bills caught 9 ! corn]s4 ,"o qu>t] in* me% wire nett+ is b5t 9 a circle & plac$ 9 ! dr9k+ di% z a gu>d to keep ! duckl+s f gett+ into ! pan4 ,?is gu>d %\ld be made ( su* size t !re is a space betwe5 ! wire & ! edge ( ! di% ( ab\t #a-a_/b in*es all ar\nd4 ,?is gu>d %\ld be ab\t #h in*es high4 ,! wat] pan itself is set ^u a wire cov]$ frame ab\t #ah in*es squ>e "u :i* is dug a pit #d or #e in*es deep to dra9 away any wat] :i* ! duckl+s slop out ( ! pan4 ,su* an arrangem5t keeps ! p5s f becom+ sloppy & damp4 ,ea* p5 mu/ also h a flat metal di% on :i* to place ! fe$ = ! little ducks4 ,metal pans are bett] ?an wood5 fe$+ trays z !y are easi] to keep clean4 ,9 ea* p5 is provid$ a small hopp] fill$ ) f9e %>p creek s& to :i* ! duckl+s h access at all times4 ,"s duck gr[]s pref] to mix ! s& 9 ! fe$ r ?an to provide x 9 hopp]s4 ,aft] ! duckl+s are all[$ to run 9 ! y>ds1 s& ne$ n be furni%$ if ! y>ds are s& z ! duckl+s w help !mselves4 ,if ! l& 9 ! y>ds is n s&1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to cont9ue to furni% ?is mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,wat]+ arrangem5t 9 ! brood] p5s = "y duckl+s4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,ano!r type ( ,no4 #a brood] h\se4 ,"h ! hov]s are along ! back ( ! h\se & ! "w is done f an alleyway along ! front4 ,! box ) h&les on top ( ! hov] is us$ 9 c>ry+ ! newly hat*$ duckl+s f ! incubator cell> to ! brood] h\se4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,grad+ & ,sort+ ! ,duckl+s4 ,z ! duckl+s are mov$ f p5 to p5 ?r\gh ?is h\se z well z ! o!r h\ses1 !y are con/antly grad$ = size & ?rift9ess1 ! small]1 less ?rifty individuals be+ left ) y\ng] lots4 ,"s duckl+s d n gr[ z quickly z o!rs1 & ^! if left ) duckl+s l>g] ?an !mselves w n get _! %>e ( ! fe$ & w n d z well4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be not$ t :5 "y ducks are n fairly clean x is a good indication t !y are n do+ z well z !y %\ld4 ,clean+ & ,b$d+ ! ,p5s4 ,c>eful att5tion mu/ be giv5 to keep+ ! p5s & ! duckl+s !mselves clean if !y are to d well4 ,!re=e ! p5s mu/ be clean$ out z (t5 z may be necess>y to accompli% ?is purpose4 ,! judgm5t ( ! brood] man mu/ decide h[ (t5 ?is is necess>y b x w be at lea/ once a week4 ,:5 clean+ ! p5s ! old b$d+ is ?r[n out f ! front p5s ?r\gh ! w9d[s & f ! back p5s ?r\gh ! door provid$ 9 ! re> wall = ?is purpose4 ,b$d+ ! p5s mu/ be done m frequ5tly1 usually ab\t e o!r day4 ,fre% b$d+ w help to absorb ! dropp+s & w keep ! p5s f becom+ sloppy or /icky4 ,= b$d+1 /raw1 mead[ hay1 swale hay or any o!r suitable mat]ial available %\ld be utiliz$4 ,v5tilation4 ,pl5ty ( v5tilation is requir$ 9 ! brood] h\se 9 ord] to take out ! ammonia odor :i* arises f ! dropp+s4 ,prop]ly manag$1 ! doors & w9d[s provide suffici5t means ( v5tilation b "s duck gr[]s pref] to h ro( v5tilators 9 addition4 ,o!r ,types ( ,brood] ,h\ses4 ,_m o!r types ( brood] h\ses are us$1 "s ( !m be+ %$ ro( con/ruction & _m ( !m be+ built n>r[] ?an ?is h\se1 t is to say1 #ad1 #af or #ah feet wide ) an alleyway along ! front or re> side ( ! h\se f :i* ! "w is done4 ,! hov]s are plac$ at ! back ( ! p5s :5 ! alley-way is 9 ! front1 o!rwise1 !y are plac$ next to ! alley-way4 ,! disadvantages ( ^! h\ses are t only s+le p5s are provid$ & t valuable brood+ space is us$ up by ! alley-way4 ,! advantages ( ! h\se describ$ above lie 9 ! fact t ! hov]s are 9 ! c5t] ( ! h\se ) ! p5s on ea* side ( ?is1 ?us d\bl+ ! capacity1 & t by mak+ use ( a walk ov] ! hov] pipe no room is wa/$ 9 an alley-way4 ,hav+ p5s on ea* side also less5s ! labor ( tak+ c>e ( ! duckl+s to "s ext5t z ! arrangem5t is m compact4 ,l5g? ( ,"t 9 ,brood] ,9 ,h\se ,no4 #a4 ,z a rule ! duckl+s are kept 9 ! ,no4 #a h\se until !y are f #b to #c weeks old1 ?is ( c\rse dep5d+ some:at ^u ! "t ( ye> & ! wea!r & also ^u ! numb] ( duckl+s = :i* accommodations mu/ be provid$ at any p>ticul> "t4 ,z ! ducks are mov$ d[n ?r\gh ! h\se & ev5tually rea* ! la/ p5s !y are tak5 f ?is h\se & plac$ 9 brood] h\se ,no4 #b4 ,brood] ,h\se ,no4 #b4 ,?is is a heat$ h\se l brood] h\se ,no4 #a b 9 :i* x is n necess>y to ma9ta9 s high a temp]ature4 ,suffici5t heat+ app>atus %\ld be in/all$ to make x possible to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature at #fj degrees if ?is becomes necess>y 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,! p>ticul> brood] h\se describ$ is #ad feet wide & has a %$ ro(4 ,x is provid$ ) a w9d[ 9 ! front ( ea* p54 ,no op5+s are requir$ along ! back s9ce ?is is n a d\ble p5 h\se4 ,! space 9 su* a h\se c\ld und\bt$ly be us$ to bett] advantage if x 7 con/ruct$ z wide z ! ,no4 #a h\se & ! hot wat] pipes & walk put ?r\gh ! middle ( ! h\se s z to provide d\ble p5s4 ,9 ?is h\se ! hot wat] pipes are run along ! re> ( ! p5s1 & :ile hov]s are n really necess>y1 a walk is con/ruct$ ov] ! pipes 9 ord] to save space & provide a conv5i5t place f :i* to d ! "w1 & ?is =ms hov]s4 ,ord9>ily aft] ,may #a no heat is ne$$ 9 ! ,no4 #b h\se4 ,! p5s 9 ?is h\se are #ab feet wide & !y are equipp$ ) fe$+ & wat]+ arrangem5ts z 9 brood] h\se ,no4 #a4 ,z ! duckl+s are mov$ to ?is h\se f ! ,no4 #a h\se f #aej to #bjj are plac$ 9 ea* p54 ,!y are mov$ ?r\gh ! h\se f p5 to p5 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! ,no4 #a h\se to make way = new arrivals4 ,z a rule !y /ay 9 ?is h\se ab\t two weeks dep5d+ some:at on ! wea!r & ^u ! numb] ( duckl+s be+ brood$4 ,y>ds are us$ 9 connection ) ?is h\se :i* are ! same wid? z ! p5s & #ej feet 9 l5g?4 ,z 9 ! ,no4 #a h\se ! p5s 9 ?is h\se %\ld be clean$ at lea/ once a week & !y %\ld be b$d$ ) /raw or o!r b$d+ mat]ial e o!r day4 ,z soon z ! ducks h be5 mov$ ?r\gh ?is ,no4 #b h\se !y are put 9 brood] h\se ,no4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,brood] h\se ,no4 #b & y>ds4 ,! trees furni% f9e %ade = ! gr[+ duckl+s4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,brood] ,h\se ,no4 #c ,?is is a %$ ro( h\se #af feet wide equipp$ ) s+le p5s4 ,no heat is requir$ 9 ?is h\se4 ,y>ds ( ! same wid? z ! p5s & #ej feet deep are us$4 ,usually ! ducks are f$ outside ! h\se f a wagon driv5 along a roadway j 9 front ( ! y>ds4 ,! p5s are #af feet wide & ! same numb] ( ducks is us$ 9 !m z 9 ! ,no4 #b h\se4 ,z a rule ! ducks /ay 9 ?is h\se ab\t #b weeks & are !n mov$ to ! duck p5s or %elt]s ) ! l>g] y>ds :i* may or may n h wat]4 ,f ?is po9t on ! ducks are t]m$ y>d ducks4 ,9 all ?ree ( ! brood] h\ses ! "y ducks are suppli$ ) _! dr9k+ wat] f pipes ?r\gh ! h\ses4 ,!y are n giv5 access to wat] until !y are mov$ to ! y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,brood] h\se ,no4 #c4 ,at ! "t ?is picture 0 tak5 !re 7 no duckl+s 9 ! h\se & advantage 0 tak5 ( ?is fact to give x a good clean+ by ?r[+ out ! b$d+ & dropp+s1 :i* w be haul$ away & spread on cropp$ l&4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,long brood] h\se & y>ds ) fe$+ track4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,upp]--,pek9 duckl+s #c days old4 ,l[]--,pek9 duckl+s #b weeks old4 ,duck egg us$ = size comp>ison4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,upp]--,pek9 duckl+s #c weeks old4 ,l[]--,pek9 duckl+s #f weeks old4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,int]ior ( a cold brood] h\se4 ,! l[ p>titions c easily be /epp$ ov]4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,y>d ,accommodations = ,duckl+s ,z ! duckl+s get to be #h weeks old !y c /& ord9>y wea!r conditions & x is n absolutely necess>y to h h\ses = !m4 ,h[ev]1 x is common & good practice to provide %elt] :]e !y c be h\s$ at night & c take refuge f /orms4 ,a suitable h\se = ?is purpose consi/s ( a build+ #af x #bd feet divid$ into two p>ts ) #bjj duckl+s to a side4 ,?is h\se is #e feet high 9 front & #c-a_/b feet 9 back4 ,x is set on po/s ) a basebo>d ar\nd x to make x tight4 ,x c be con/ruct$ ( mat*$ /uff or unmat*$ /uff cov]$ ) pap]4 ,! front is left op5 b curta9s are plac$ on ! front :i* c be us$ to close ! op5+s s z to keep out ! sn[4 ,^! are us$ only 9 ! w9t]4 ,:5 ! duckl+s are fir/ />t$ 9 ^! %$s !y are %ut 9 :5 desir$ by means ( wire panels fitt$ into ! l[] "p ( ! op5 front4 ,! duckl+s are left 9 ^! y>ds & f$ !re until !y are ready = m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,eat1 dr9k & gr[ fat = tomorr[ !y die4 ,fatt5+ or y>d ducks ) fatt5+ h\se or %elt] us$4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,%ade4 ,%ade is important = ! duckl+s z soon z ! sun gets hot4 ,exposure to ! sun )\t %ade w cause q a heavy loss 9 duckl+s4 ,if natural %ade is n furni%$ by trees1 "s artificial means mu/ be adopt$ to supply ! %ade4 ,?is may take ! =m ( %elt]s or l[ frames cov]$ ) bo>ds1 bru% or burlap4 ,fe$+4 ,! fir/ fe$ & wat] is giv5 z soon z ! ducks are plac$ 9 ! ,no4 #a brood] h\se or :5 #bd to #cf h\rs old4 ,!y are f$ #c times a day1 9 ! morn+ ab\t #f a4 m41 at noon1 & at night ab\t #d3cj or #e o'clock4 ,! "t ( fe$+ %\ld be regul>1 & fairly e>ly 9 ! morn+ b n any e>li] 9 ! aft]noon ?an "o c help s t ! "t betwe5 ! ev5+ & ! morn+ fe$ w n be too long4 ,"s gr[]s pref] to fe$ #d or #e times daily = ! fir/ week or two4 ,! birds are f$ z mu* z !y w clean up at ea* fe$+ & if any fe$ is left x %\ld be ga!r$ up s t x w n s\r & cause dige/ive tr\bles4 ,! fir/ fe$ consi/s ( ! foll[+3--,"o measure corn meal1 "o measure bran1 "o measure gr\nd crack]s1 /ale bread or %r$d$ :eat wa/e1 "o measure 9 #aj ( beef scrap or fi%1 "o measure 9 #f ( creek grass or o!r v f9e gre5 /uff4 ,gre5 rye or oats %\ld nev] be us$ = ?is purpose aft] x becomes jo9t$4 ,if ! fe$ is mix$ up ) cold wat] ab\t -#a_/b measure ( l[-grade :eat fl\r %\ld be us$ to cause x to /ick toge!r4 ,if hot wat] is us$ 9 ! mix+ ?is is n ne$$4 ,s& mu/ be f$ ei!r by mix+ x 9 to ! ext5t ( ab\t #c ( ! ration or ! s& c be f$ sep>ately 9 hopp]s z previ\sly describ$4 ,?is same mixture may be f$ 9 ! ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 & ,no4 #c brood] h\ses1 or 9 o!r words1 until duckl+s g to ! y>ds1 or ration ,no4 #b giv5 bel[ may be sub/itut$ ei!r at ! />t or aft] a week or t5 days4 ,aft] ! duckl+s g to ! y>ds ! foll[+ fatt5+ ration is us$3 #bjj p\nds corn meal1 #ajj p\nds l[-grade fl\r1 #ajj p\nds bran1 #a "p 9 #aj ( beef scrap & #b tubs or bu%els ( gre5 /uff4 ,"s duck gr[]s pref] to fe$ #cjj p\nds ( corn meal in/ead ( #bjj p\nds4 ,?is ration l ! o!r is f$ #c times a day4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m diff]5t rations 9 use ) good results1 e gr[] hav+ m or less p]sonal pref]5ces 9 ?is matt]4 ,a prop] proportion ( animal fe$1 consi/+ ( beef scrap or fi% is v important z ! duckl+s w n gr[ & make normal ga9s if ?is is omitt$ or r$uc$ 9 am\nt4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ! fe$+ ( cel]y se$ to fatt5+ duckl+s = ! purpose ( improv+ ! flavor ( ! fle% & =m]ly duckl+s 7 adv]tis$ & sold z cel]y-f$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! am\nt ( cel]y se$ f$ 0 small & x is que/ionable h[ mu* influ5ce x _h on ! flavor ( ! birds4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 cel]y se$ is n us$ 9 fatt5+ ! duckl+s on mo/ ( ! l>ge duck f>ms ( ,long ,isl&4 ,a comp>ison ( ga9s made by duckl+s on two diff]5t rations is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,ration ,no4 #a consi/s ( ! fatt5+ ration giv5 above4 ,ration ,no4 #b consi/s ( #ajj p\nds bran1 #ajj p\nds corn meal1 #ej p\nds roll$ oats1 #ej p\nds glut5 fe$1 #aj beef scrap4 ,! ducks us$ 7 ?ree days old at ! fir/ weigh+ & !re 7 #bg 9 ea* lot4 ,aft] ! second weigh+ ! numb] 9 ea* lot 0 r$uc$ to #bd ducks4 ,fe$ ,no4 #a ,fe$ ,no4 #b ,total ,weight ,av]age ,weight ,total ,weight ,av]age ,wt ,augu/ #ad #d-c_/d lbs4 #j4agf #d-c_/d lbs4 #j4agf ,augu/ #ba #aj #j4cg #i-a_/b #j4ceb ,augu/ #bh #af-a_/b #j4fhg #ag-a_/b #j4gbi ,septemb] #e #be #a4jda #bg #a4abe ,septemb] #ac #dd-a_/b #a4hed #dh-a_/b #b4jb ,septemb] #ai #ej #b4jhc #ef-a_/b #b4ced ,septemb] #bg #fd #b4fff #fg #b4fb ,octob] #d #gh-a_/b #c4bg #hb-a_/b #c4dcg ,octob] #aa #ii-a_/b #d4ade #ajc-a_/b #d4cab ,octob] #ah #aae-a_/b #d4hab #aai #d4ieh ,octob] #be #abf #e4be #ace #e4fb ,lights = ,duckl+s4 ,(t5 :5 ! ducks are ab\t "o-?ird gr[n or ab\t #d weeks old !y w /amp$e at night at any unusual noise or any o!r di/urbance4 ,9 do+ ?is1 especially :5 !y are 9 fairly l>ge lots1 !y surge back & =? 9 ! p5s1 runn+ ov] "o ano!r ) ! result t _! backs are torn & scrat*$ :ile n infrequ5tly m s]i\s injuries result & may cause cripples4 ,to keep !m quiet x is common to use lights at night4 ,=m]ly lant]ns 7 us$ b n[ on mo/ duck plants electric lights are available = ?is purpose4 ,= a h\se #adj feet long1 six #ae-watt lights scatt]$ at equal int]vals w be suffici5t1 & ^! c be us$ 9 l proportion = h\ses ( o!r l5g?s4 ,! lights are left on all night4 ,ev5 :5 ! ducks are half gr[n & may be out on ! y>ds x is /ill necess>y to use lights on /ormy nights s t !y w /ay 9 & keep quiet & n get dr[n$ 9 ! ra94 ,) a #af x #bd foot h\se su* z describ$ previ\sly1 a s+le #be watt light is suffici5t4 ,duckl+s are especially likely to be /amp$$ dur+ ?und]/orms & if a /orm is com+ up x is well to turn on ! lights & to %ut ! duckl+s 9 _! %elt]s :5 !y are fir/ plac$ 9 ! y>ds4 ,"o %\ld n c>ry a lant]n :5 mov+ among ! duckl+s at night z ?is w cause mov+ %ad[s :i* are v likely to fright5 & /amp$e ! birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,ano!r type ( duck %$ us$ on ,long ,isl&4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,conv5i5t fe$+ arrangem5ts4 ,at ! "r ( ! fe$+ track runs a wat] pipe ) spigots & pans at frequ5t int]vals4 ,at ! left are ! fe$+ trays4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,p\nds ( ,fe$ to ,produce a ,p\nd ( ,m>ket ,duck4 ,x is /at$ by long e/abli%$ duck gr[]s t f #e to #g p\nds ( fe$ is requir$1 ?is includ+ ! fe$ giv5 to ! bre$+ ducks = ! season1 to produce a p\nd ( m>ket duck4 ,wat] = ,"y ,ducks4 ,dr9k+ wat] is provid$ to ! duckl+s :ile 9 ! brood] h\ses by means ( a pip$ supply4 ,! dr9k+ pans are fill$ at ea* fe$+ "t b at no o!r "t4 ,wat] is n left be=e !m cont9u\sly :ile !y are 9 ! brood] h\ses z !y w\ld be work+ 9 x all ! "t & ?is w\ld keep !m dirty & make ! h\se sloppy4 ,aft] !y are put out on ! y>ds !y may or may n be provid$ ) wat] 9 :i* !y c swim4 ,mo/ duck gr[]s on ,long ,isl& all[ !m to h access to wat]4 ,:ile x is und\bt$ly true t swimm+ 9 ! wat] induces !m to take m ex]cise & ?us t5ds to r$uce some:at ! rapidity ( fatt5+1 at ! same "t x less5s ! labor v mat]ially z !y d n ne$ to be provid$ ) a supply ( dr9k+ wat] o!r ?an ! wat] 9 :i* !y swim4 ,duckl+s c be gr[n v successfully ) only a limit$ am\nt ( wat]1 t is1 only en\gh to dr9k & 9 :i* to wa% !mselves4 ,age & ,weight ,:5 ,ready = ,m>ket4 ,duckl+s are usually m>ket$ :5 !y are #aj to #ab weeks old4 ,a p>tial m\lt on ! neck & brea/ occurs ab\t ?is "t giv+ !m a some:at r\gh look4 ,?is indicates t !y are 9 prop] condition to kill4 ,if kill+ is n done )9 a week aft] ?is m\lt />ts !y w beg9 to lose fle% & x w be "s "t be=e !y w fatt5 aga94 ,ducks :5 ready to %ip w av]age f #e to #f p\nds4 ,a majority w weigh ne>] #e ?an #f p\nds4 ,a p5 ( fatt5$ ducks is driv5 up to ! kill+ h\se & into a p5 :]e ea* "o is caught up & exam9$ to see if x is 9 good condition4 ,if ! duck has a good smoo? brea/ s t ! brea/bone is n felt :5 h&l$ & is well fle%$ on ! back x is ready to kill4 ,if x is n 9 ?is condition x is ?r[n out & ^! ?9 ducks are return$ to ! y>ds = fur!r fatt5+ or are utiliz$ = %ipp+ alive4 ,?9 ducks are g5]ally us$ = live %ipm5ts z !y w n %r9k z mu* z well fatt5$ ducks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,an important "p ( rations = ducks4 ,gre5 fe$ ready to be cut up into %ort l5g?s suitable = mix+ 9 ! fe$4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,fe$+ fatt5+ or y>d ducks f ! fe$+ track4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,cripples4 ,!re w always be f\nd 9 ! flocks m or less crippl$ ducks & ^? ) crook$ backs1 twi/$ w+s1 etc4 ,z a rule ducks ) twi/$ w+s fatt5 well & are 9 good condition & c be kill$ ab\t z soon z any ( ! o!rs4 ,! crippl$ ducks are sort$ out into a lot by !mselves :]e !y are held until !y c be put into condition to m>ket4 ,x is d\btful :e!r x pays ! duck gr[]s to bo!r ) ^! ducks s9ce !y are r difficult to condition & x w\ld probably pay bett] to kill !m4 ,h[ev]1 x is q common practice to c>ry !m until !y c be m>ket$4 ,clean+ ! ,y>ds4 ,! y>ds mu/ be clean$ :5ev] !y ne$ x4 ,x is a matt] ( judgm5t to decide :5 ?is is necess>y b !y mu/ be clean$ :5ev] !y get /icky or sloppy4 ,! wea!r w h a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! frequ5cy ( clean+ :i* may be necess>y once 9 two weeks1 or 9 ! y>ds ( brood] h\ses ,nos4 #b & #c may run z (t5 z once a week4 ,9 dry wea!r ! y>ds are clean$ by sweep+ up ! dropp+s & c>t+ !m away4 ,9 wet wea!r ! ducks 9 runn+ ab\t ov] ! y>d pack d[n ! dropp+s until !y =m a sort ( putty-l lay] :i* has to be scrap$ (f ) a hoe4 ,critical ,p]iod ) ,"y ,ducks4 ,! critical p]iod ) "y ducks is ! fir/ week ( _! exi/5ce4 ,) good managem5t aft] !y h pass$ ?is po9t n _m are lo/4 ,! loss 9 "y ducks f ! "t !y are hat*$ until !y are ready = m>ket w range all ! way f #e to #cj4 ,:5 ! loss does n av]age m ?an #aj = ! season ?is is consid]$ good4 ,und\bt$ly _m duck rais]s lose a great] p]c5t ?an #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,y>d ducks at re/4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,on ?is plant1 ! lay ( ! l& 0 su* t n all ( ! y>ds c\ld be run d[n to ! /ream4 ,s a %all[ canal 0 dug f ! /ream ?r\gh ! y>ds :i* 7 )\t natural wat] frontage4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,disease ,prev5tion ,tr\ble f disease 9 "y ducks is n sev]e al?\gh !re is a great] loss f ?is s\rce ?an 9 ! case ( mature ducks4 ,! aim ( ! gr[] %\ld be to use su* me?ods ( managem5t & fe$+ z w keep ! duckl+s 9 good heal? & r$uce ! losses to a m9imum4 ,to accompli% ?is c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! brood+ temp]atures are correct1 t ! fe$ us$ conta9s :at ! duckl+s ne$1 t !y are n ov]f$ & t ! h\se & y>ds are clean & dry & ! fe$ & wat] di%es are clean4 ,rememb] t gre5 fe$ & animal fe$ are ess5tial +r$i5ts 9 ! ration4 ,gapes or ,pneumonia4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal tr\bles is a disease :i* is call$ pneumonia by "s duck rais]s & by o!rs gapes4 ,x is n ! same disease :i* is call$ gapes 9 *ick5s4 ,9 fact1 x is a =m ( cold :i* approa*es pneumonia4 ,! little ducks /ret* _! necks up & brea! h>d & usually die )9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,?is disease may affect ei!r ! baby ducks or ducks :i* are old en\gh to kill4 ,all t c be done is to make sure t ! h\s+ & brood+ conditions are su* z to correct ! tr\ble :i* causes ! colds4 ,fits4 ,9 addition1 ! little ducks = ! fir/ #c or #d days may be m or less subject to a disease :i* is call$ fits by "s duck gr[]s4 ,) ?is disease !y simply keel ov] & soon die4 ,x is probably a dige/ive difficulty ( "s sort4 ,! fe$+ ( pl5ty ( gre5 /uff or ! turn+ ( ! ducks out on grass w usually /op ?is tr\ble4 ,di>rhoea4 ,?is is a fairly common tr\ble4 ,x may be due to improp] fe$+1 or to too high or l[ temp]ature 9 ! brood]4 ,! obvi\s treatm5t is to rem$y ! cause or causes ( ! tr\ble4 ,lam5ess4 ,n infrequ5tly gr[]s1 p>ticul>ly beg9n]s1 exp]i5ce difficulty f a fairly l>ge proportion ( _! duckl+s becom+ lame4 ,?is may gr[ worse until a consid]able numb] ( ! birds w die4 ,?is tr\ble may be due to a lack ( animal matt] & m9]al matt] 9 ! ration or may be due to dige/ive tr\bles caus$ by poor rations1 by ov] fe$+1 by fail+ to ga!r up fe$ n eat5 by ! duckl+s & leav+ x to s\r1 or by lack ( cleanl9ess ( ! fe$ & wat] di%es4 ,:]e ! p5s are all[$ to become damp & sloppy ?is may also cause "s lam5ess4 ,sore ,eyes4 ,occasionally duck gr[]s compla9 t _! duckl+s suff] f sore eyes4 ,?is may be due to a cold caus+ a dis*>ge f ! eyes or may be due to ! use ( too sloppy fe$ :i* adh]es to ! eyes & causes an irritation4 ,affect$ birds %\ld be plac$ 9 a sep>ate p5 f ! o!rs & ! eyes %\ld be ba!d ) an antiseptic solution4 ,fea!r ,eat+ or ,quill+4 ,?is is a bad habit :i* is apt to cause m or less tr\ble :5 ! duckl+s are ab\t two-?irds gr[n4 ,x is mu* m likely to occur :5 ! birds are kept 9 cramp$ qu>t]s4 ,x is usually />t$ by "o or a few individuals b :5 ! fea!rs are injur$ s t !y beg9 to ble$1 :i* !y w v quickly d1 ! vice w spread among ! :ole flock & s]i\s damage w occur4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to be on ! look\t = ?is tr\ble1 & z soon z detect$1 ! birds responsible %\ld be remov$4 ,if ! culprits are plac$ ) old] birds :i* are already fea!r$1 !y w n tr\ble by try+ to eat ! fea!rs4 ,x is ! blood 9 ! gr[+ fea!rs :i* attracts !m4 ,if ! habit has become g5]al1 x is m difficult to *eck4 ,ab\t ! be/ ?+ t c be done1 is to turn !m out 9 a roomy y>d1 "o ) a gr[+ gre5 crop1 if available1 :]e !y w be s busy z to /op ! fea!r eat+ ( _! own accord4 ,rats4--,rats are v de/ructive if !y get into ! brood] h\se4 ,a s+le rat has be5 kn[n to kill & drag (f z _m z #bjj duckl+s 9 "o night4 ,if a rat gets into ! brood] h\se x is !re=e ( ! utmo/ importance t x be hunt$ d[n & kill$ )\t delay4 ,o!rwise s]i\s losses w result4 ,coop]ative ,fe$ ,association ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! fe$ us$ on a duck plant is t :i* is f$ to ! m>ket ducks4 ,by pur*as+ fe$ 9 consid]able quantities ! duck gr[] is able to cut d[n ! co/ to "s ext5t4 ,a numb] ( ! duck rais]s on ,long ,isl& h develop$ ?is idea fur!r by =m+ a coop]ative fe$ organization4 ,/ock 9 ?is conc]n is held bo? by ! duck gr[]s & by outsid]s b is controll$ by ! duck gr[]s4 ,! fe$ association ma9ta9s a fe$ w>eh\se1 pur*ases fe$s 9 quantity & does bus9ess bo? ) ! duck gr[]s & ) o!r p]sons 9 ! m>ket = fe$4 ,! exi/5ce ( a coop]ative fe$ pur*as+ association ( ?is sort n only cuts d[n to "s ext5t ! co/ ( fe$ b likewise makes x possible = ! duck gr[]s to h great] assurance ( secur+ ! supply :i* is s necess>y to !m dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,comm]cial ,duck ,f>m+--,m>ket+ ,on comm]cial duck f>ms1 ! bus9ess consi/s ma9ly ( produc+ l>ge quickly gr[n duckl+s :i* are m>ket$ be=e !y are mature4 ,because ( ?is immaturity1 ! ducks are q commonly t]m$ gre5 ducks4 ,! bus9ess has also become s highly specializ$ on ,long ,isl& & ?is is su* a c5t] ( ! indu/ry1 t ! birds are commonly quot$ on ! ,new ,york m>ket z ,long ,isl& duckl+s4 ,prop] ,age to ,m>ket4 ,x is important t ! duckl+s be m>ket$ z soon z !y h rea*$ ! prop] age & /age ( developm5t4 ,:5 ! duckl+s are ab\t #aj to #ab weeks old !y beg9 to %$ _! fir/ gr[? ( fea!rs4 ,?is is app>5t fir/ on ! neck & brea/1 giv+ !m some:at ( a r\gh appe>ance4 ,! duckl+s mu/ be m>ket$ )9 "o week aft] !y beg9 ?is m\lt4 ,if !y are all[$ to g long] ?an ?is !y w beg9 to get ?9 & z x w take !m #f weeks or m to gr[ a new crop ( fea!rs x w be a consid]able p]iod be=e !y get back 9 m>ket condition aga9 & any additional weight :i* !y may atta9 w n be suffici5t to pay = ! fe$ eat5 dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,weights at ! ,"t ( ,m>ket+4 ,well gr[n duckl+s %\ld av]age 9 weight f #e to #f p\nds at #aj to #ab weeks ( age :5 !y are ready to be m>ket$4 ,a majority ( ! ducks w weigh clos] to #e p\nds ?an !y w to #f4 ,! va/ majority ( duckl+s are m>ket$ at ?is age z x does n pay to keep !m pa/ ! "t !y rea* prime m>ket condition4 ,on comm]cial duck f>ms practically ! only ducks :i* are m>ket$ at an old] age ?an ?is are ! bre$]s :i* are turn$ (f at ! end ( ! lay+ season & ! duckl+s :i* by reason ( _! be+ crippl$ or less ?rifty are n 9 suitable m>ket condition at ?is "t & are held long] until !y are 9 good condition4 ,! duckl+s are m>ket$ f e>ly spr+ until late fall4 ,! "t at :i* duckl+s are fir/ available = m>ket 9 any quantity dep5ds ^u ! e>l9ess ) :i* ! bre$]s beg9 to lay & ! end ( ! season dep5ds ^u h[ late ! bre$]s cont9ue to lay at a pr(itable rate4 ,! ,la/ ,fe$ = ,m>ket ,ducks4 ,x is important 9 ord] to h ! dress$ duckl+s appe> to ! be/ advantage & also 9 ord] to insure _! keep+ qualities z mu* z possible t !y %\ld h no fe$ 9 _! crops :5 !y are kill$4 ,?is means t if !y are to be kill$ 9 ! morn+1 :i* is ! usual practice1 !y %\ld be f$ = ! la/ "t ! previ\s night4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are n to be kill$ until aft]noon !y c be f$ lightly 9 ! morn+4 ,sort+ ,m>ket ,duckl+s4 ,:5 a p5 ( duckl+s :i* are be+ fatt5$ are deem$ ready to be kill$ !y are driv5 up to ! kill+ h\se & a few ( !m at a "t driv5 into a small p5 :]e x is easy to cat* & exam9e !m4 ,ea* duck z x is caught is exam9$ to make sure t x is 9 prop] m>ket condition4 ,! exam9ation consi/s ( feel+ ( ! duck's body to see t x has a good smoo? brea/ s t ! brea/ bone _c be readily felt4 ,if x is 9 t condition x is ready to kill4 ,ducks :i* d n %[ ?is condition are ?r[n out & return$ to ! y>ds :]e !y are f$ = a long] p]iod unless x is desir$ to %ip !m alive4 ,at ! prop] season ( ! ye> :5 bre$]s = ! next season are to be select$1 suitable birds = t purpose are pick$ out f ! m>ket lots z !y are exam9$4 ,9 any lot ( ducks !re w be f\nd "s cripples4 ,x is common practice to sort ^! out & gr\p !m toge!r 9 a p5 by !mselves :]e !y are held until !y are 9 suitable condition = m>ket+4 ,x is d\btful :e!r x pays to hold ^! cripples z !y are h>d to get 9 good condition & 9 _m cases are probably kept & f$ at a loss4 ,"s duckl+s w %[ twi/$ w+s b z a rule !y are ?rifty & w fatt5 readily & be 9 good m>ket condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,await+ slaught]4 ,! fatt5$ duckl+s are driv5 into ^! cat*+ p5s4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,c>ry+ ! duckl+s f ! cat*+ p5 to ! kill+ place4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,kill+4 ,z ! duckl+s suitable = kill+ are select$1 #aj or #ab ( !m1 dep5d+ ^u ! capacity ( ! kill+ room1 are hung up by _! feet1 ! head be+ fa/5$ d[n by means ( a hook or else weight$ d[n by means ( a blood c hung f a hook ins]t$ ?r\gh ! bill4 ,by means ( a long1 n>r[ blad$ %>p knife ! ve9s 9 ! ?roat j beyond ! skull are sev]$ s z to cause free ble$+4 ,! blood fl[s ei!r into ! blood c or into a tr\gh above :i* ! birds are hung4 ,! birds are n /uck or bra9$ unless x is desir$ to dry pick !m nor are !y z a rule /unn$ by hitt+ !m on ! head be=e ble$+4 ,9 "s /ates1 h[ev]1 ! law requires t all birds bl$ %all fir/ be /unn$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! ble$+ ( ! ducks causes _! dea? & !y are all[$ to hang until !y are ?or\ghly bl$ out4 ,!y are !n tak5 d[n1 ! blood wa%$ (f ( _! heads & plac$ on a table or on ! floor conv5i5t to ! pick]s1 o!r ducks be+ hung 9 _! places4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,! ducks are hung by ! feet & ! ve9s 9 ! neck cut f inside ! m\? to cause free ble$+4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,aft] ! ?roat ve9s are cut1 ! ducks are all[$ to hang until !y are well bl$ out4 ,! blood is caught 9 ! tr\gh bel[4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,ducks :i* h be5 bl$1 ready to h ! blood wa%$ f _! heads & m\?s be=e !y are pick$4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,aft] !y are bl$ & wa%$1 ! ducks are laid 9 ! pick+ room ready = ! pick]s4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,scald+4 ,! pick] selects a duck f ! table :]e !y are plac$ aft] be+ tak5 d[n & c>ries x to a l>ge kettle ( wat] :i* is ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature j bel[ boil+4 ,!y are ?or\ghly s\s$ 9 ?is wat] hold+ !m by ! head & feet s z to all[ ! wat] to p5etrate into ! fea!rs until !y c be readily pluck$4 ,! pick] te/s ! read9ess ) :i* ! fea!rs come out by pluck+ a few f ! brea/ or body & ?us det]m9es :e!r ! scald+ is suffici5t or :e!r m is requir$4 ,c>e is tak5 n to dip ! feet or head 9 ! wat] z ?is might discolor ^! p>ts4 ,practically all m>ket ducks f ,long ,isl& are scald pick$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,dry pick+ :i* is dem&$ 9 "s m>kets su* z ,bo/on makes a some:at bett] look+ c>cass & also increases ! value ( ! fea!rs1 b is g5]ally consid]$ too sl[ & too highly skill$ a process = use on ! av]age duck f>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,hold+ ! head 9 "o h& & ! feet 9 ! o!r1 ! pick] dips ! duck 9 wat] heat$ ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t & s\ses well to "w ! wat] into ! fea!rs until !y pluck easily4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,pick+44 ,aft] scald+ ! pick] />ts remov+ ! fea!rs4 ,9 do+ ?is ! duck is held ei!r on ! lap or on a bo>d nail$ to ! side ( ! fea!r box4 ,! fea!rs on ! brea/ are pick$ fir/1 !n work+ d[n t[>d ! tail1 pull+ ! fea!rs ) ! gra94 ,! s(t body fea!rs z pluck$ are ?r[n into ! fea!r box1 ! co>s] fea!rs be+ ?r[n on ! floor4 ,! ma9 w+ & tail fea!rs are left on z are likewise "s ( ! fea!rs ( ! neck next ! head4 ,! mo/ tr\blesome "p ( pick+ ducks is remov+ ! d[n4 ,?is may be remov$ to "s ext5t by rubb+ ) ! h& al?\gh c>e mu/ be tak5 n to bruise ! sk9 sev]ely4 ,9 "s cases ! d[n is %av$ (f ) a %>p knife4 ,9 "s ( ! comm]cial pack+ h\ses ! duck's body is spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ ros9 & !n dipp$ into ! hot wat]4 ,?is melts ! ros9 s t ! d[n & ros9 c be rubb$ (f easily ) ! h& leav+ ! body clean4 ,p9 fea!rs are usually remov$ by grasp+ !m betwe5 ! ?umb & a dull knife4 ,9 "s pack+ h\ses1 ducks are /eam$ be=e pick+4 ,:]e ?is is done !y are pick$ clean & ! w+ & tail fea!rs are pull$ be=e /eam+ takes place4 ,six or eight ducks :i* h be5 bl$ are hung at ! same "t 9 ! top ( a /eam box or b>rel :i* c be made air-tight & ! /eam turn$ on until ! s(t fea!rs ( ! brea/ come (f easily4 ,! l5g? ( "t to /eam dep5ds on ! temp]ature ( ! /eam itself & v>ies f "o-half to #b m9utes4 ,9 "s cases ! ducks are hung 9 a /eam box ) ! heads outside s z to prev5t ! /eam f com+ into contact ) ! heads1 possibly discolor+ !m4 ,on ,long ,isl& wom5 are us$ v l>gely = pick+ & !y secure = ?is s]vice #f c5ts p] duck4 ,a good pick] %\ld d #ge ducks or ev5 m a day4 ,! value ( ! fea!rs w slightly m ?an pay = ! co/ ( pick+4 ,pick+ usually beg9s e>ly 9 ! morn+ ab\t #f o'clock & is g5]ally f9i%$ by noon or soon aft]4 ,mo/ duck rais]s figure on do+ _! kill+ & pick+ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! week & d n l to kill if !y c help x dur+ ! latt] days ( ! week4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,pick+ ! ducks4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,dry ,pick+4 ,:]e ! m>ket requires x1 ! ducks mu/ be dry pick$4 ,9 do+ ?is ! proc$ure is ! same z 9 dry pick+ *ick5s4 ,aft] ! cut is made to ble$ ! ducks1 ! po9t ( ! knife is plung$ ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! m\? until x rea*es ! bra9 :5 x is turn$ to cause a p>alysis ( ! muscles :i* enables ! fea!rs to be pluck$ m easily4 ,! duck is !n /ruck on ! back ( ! head ) a club to /un x & make x easi] to h&le :5 pick+4 ,! pick] seats himself by ! fea!r box1 ) ! duck on 8 lap1 hold+ ! head press$ aga9/ ! outside ( ! box & held !re by ! pick]'s leg4 ,he !n proce$s imm$iately & z quickly z possible to pluck ! fea!rs4 ,x is necess>y to accompli% ?is )\t delay1 = ! fea!rs soon set & are !n mu* h>d] to pluck & are m likely to result 9 te>s 9 ! sk94 ,:5 remov+ ! d[n1 ! h& is moi/5$ :5 mu* ( ! d[n c be rubb$ (f4 ,p9 fea!rs are remov$ by grasp+ !m betwe5 ! ?umb & ! edge ( a dull knife & any :i* _c be gott5 9 ?is way are %av$ (f ) a %>p knife4 ,aft] pick+1 ! c>casses are cool$ 9 cold wat] ! same z ! scald$ birds4 ,cool+4 ,aft] ! birds are pluck$ !y are ?r[n into cold wat] & are left !re = sev]al h\rs or until ! body heat is entirely remov$4 ,x is mo/ important t ?is be ?or\ghly accompli%$ = if any body heat is left 9 ! c>casses !y are almo/ sure to become gre5-/ruck :5 pack$4 ,! l5g? ( "t t !y mu/ be left 9 ! wat] dep5ds ^u ! wea!r conditions4 ,if ! wea!r is w>m s t ! wat] is n v cool x is necess>y to add ice 9 ord] to ha/5 ! cool+ & to accompli% x ?or\ghly4 ,cool+ 9 wat] also s]ves to plump ! c>casses some:at4 ,pack+4 ,aft] ! ducks are ?or\ghly cool$ !y are remov$ f ! wat] & pack$4 ,long ,isl& duckl+s are usually pack$ 9 b>rels4 ,=ty-five ducks w pack 9 a sug> b>rel & #cc 9 a fl\r b>rel4 ,! prop] numb] = ! b>rel us$ is plac$ on hang+ spr+ scales & weigh$ be=e be+ pack$4 ,! be/ me?od ( pack+ is to lay ! ducks on _! sides4 ,if !y are pack$ on _! backs or bellies1 ! ice us$ betwe5 ! lay]s is apt to cause a cutt+ or bruis+ ( ! s(t abdom5s & injure ! appe>ance ( ! c>casses4 ,betwe5 ea* lay] ( ducks a scoopful ( crack$ ice is us$ al?\gh 9 cool wea!r x may only be necess>y to use half a scoop ( ice4 ,aft] ! b>rel is pack$ x %\ld be all[$ to /& = a :ile to settle4 ,!n ! top ( ! b>rel is pil$ up ) crack$ ice & cov]$ ) burlap4 ,on ! side ( ! b>rel is m>k$ ! numb] ( ducks & _! weight4 ,lat] a c>d is tack$ alongside ( ?is %[+ ! consignee's & ! %ipp]'s names z well z ! numb] ( ducks & _! weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,dress$ duckl+4 ,! ma9 fea!rs ( ! tail & w+s & ! fea!rs ( ! neck "p ( ! way f ! head to ! body are left on4 ,! re/ ( ! body is pick$ clean4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,aft] ?or\gh cool+ a suffici5t numb] ( ducks to fill a b>rel is weigh$ out & pack$ ) or )\t ice dep5d+ ^u ! wea!r4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,%ipp+4 ,! b>rels %\ld be pack$ & %ipp$ ! same ev5+4 ,%ipp+ may be done ei!r by express or by automobile truck4 ,a good _m ( ! ,long ,isl& duckl+s are n[ %ipp$ into ,new ,york ,city by truck4 ,coop]ative ,m>ket+ ,association4 ,! duck gr[]s on ,long ,isl& h =m$ a coop]ative m>ket+ association4 ,?is association ma9ta9s its own h\se 9 ,new ,york ,city & sells practically ! entire output ( ,long ,isl& duckl+s1 controll+ probably #ij4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aiai !re 7 9 ! neighborhood ( #hjj1jjj head ( ducks m>ket$ ?r\gh ?is h\se4 ,practically all ( ! capital /ock ( ?is conc]n is held by ! duck gr[]s & !y are n all[$ to sell any ( _! /ock )\t fir/ (f]+ x to ! association4 ,prices = ,ducks4 ,e>ly 9 ! season ! duckl+s br+ ! be/ prices1 t is to say f ,m>* #a to ,may #a4 ,!n z ! output ( ducks increases prices gradually drop4 ,! heavie/ %ipm5ts occur 9 ,june1 ,july & ,augu/4 ,9 ,septemb] z ! output ( ducks beg9s to drop (f ! price beg9s to climb a little4 ,! foll[+ prices z quot$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,produce ,review %[ ! range f ,m>*1 #aibj1 to ,june1 #aiba4 ,long ,isl& ,duckl+s--,fre% ,dress$ #aibj ,m>* #ca #de;c p] lb4 ,april #ba #de;c #bh #ch;c ,may #e #ce;c #ab #ce;c #bf #ce;c ,june #b #ce;c #i #ce;c #af #ce;c #bc #ce;c #cj #ce;c ,july #g #ce;c #ad #ce;c #ba #ce;c #bh #ce;c ,augu/ #d #cf;c #aa #cf;c #ah #cf;c #be #cf;c ,septemb] #a #cf;c #h #cg;c #ae #cg;c #bb #ch;c #bi #ch;c ,octob] #f #ch;c #ac #ch;c #bj #ci;c #bg #ci;c ,novemb] #c #dj;c #aiba ,m>* #cj #dh;c p] lb4 ,april #f #df;c #ac #ch;c #bj #ch;c #bg #ch;c ,may #d #ce;c #aa #cb;c #ah #bh;c #be #bh;c ,june #a #bh;c ,! foll[+ quotations f ! same s\rce give ! prices = froz5 ,long ,isl& duckl+s4 #aibj ,janu>y #g #da;c p] lb4 #ad #da;c #ba #da;c #bh #da;c ,febru>y #d #da;c #aa #da;c #ah #da;c #be #da;c ,m>* #c #da;c #aj #da;c #ag #da;c ,novemb] #aj #dj;c #ag #dj;c #bd #dj;c ,decemb] #a #dj;c #h #dj;c #h #dj;c #ae #dj;c #bb #dj;c #bi #dj;c #aiba ,janu>y #e #dj;c p] lb4 #ab #dj;c #ai #dj;c #bf #dj;c ,febru>y #b #da;c #i #da;c #af #da;c #bc #da;c ,m>* #b #da;c #i #da;c #af #da;c #bc #da;c ,quotations f ! same s\rce are giv5 bel[ to give "s idea ( ! range 9 price ( ! live ,long ,isl& spr+ duckl+s & likewise ( live old ,long ,isl& ducks or bre$]s4 ,long ,isl& ,spr+ ,duckl+s--,live4 #aibj ,m>* #c #ej;c p] lb4 #bd #ej;c #ca #ee;c ,may #e #dj;c #ab #dj;c #ai #cf #dj;c p] lb4 #bf #dj #da;c ,june #b #dj;c p] lb4 #i #cf #ch;c p] lb4 #af #cf;c p] lb4 #bc #cg;c #cj #ch;c ,july #g #ch;c #ad #ch;c #ba #dj;c #bh #dj;c ,augu/ #d #ch;c #aa #cd #cf;c p] lb4 #ah #ch;c p] lb4 #be #ch;c ,septemb] #a #dj;c #h #db #de;c p] lb4 #ae #de;c p] lb4 #bb #de;c #bi #dj;c ,octob] #f #db;c #ac #db;c #bg #db;c ,novemb] #c #db;c #aj #db;c #ag #dd;c #bd #dd;c ,decemb] #a #dd;c #ae #db #df;c p] lb4 #aiba ,m>* #b #ee;c #i #ee;c #af #eb;c #bc #ej;c #cj #ee;c ,april #f #ej;c #ac #dj;c #bj #de;c #bg #ch #db;c p] lb4 ,may #d #ch;c p] lb4 #aa #ch;c #ah #cc;c #be #cc;c ,june #a #cb;c ,long ,isl& ,old ,ducks or ,bre$]s--,live #aibj ,m>* #ag #de;c p] lb4 #ca #de;c ,may #ai #cj;c #bf #ce;c ,june #i #cj #cb;c p] lb4 #af #cb;c p] lb4 #bc #cb;c #cj #ce;c ,july #g #ce;c #ad #ce;c #bh #cj;c ,augu/ #d #ce;c ,april #f #db;c #ac #cf;c #bj #ci;c #bg #cc #cg;c p] lb4 ,may #aa #cc;c p] lb4 #be #cj;c ,%ipp+ ,ducks ,alive4 ,:ile ! great majority ( ducks are %ipp$ dress$ !re is "s %ipm5t ( live ducks4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true dur+ ! ,jewi% holidays 9 ,m>* & 9 ,septemb] & ,octob] :5 ! dem& = live ducks & ! price paid = !m is excell5t4 ,z a rule x pays bett] to %ip alive ! ducks :i* are incl9$ to be a little ?9 r ?an to %ip ^? :i* are 9 top m>ket condition4 ,?is is due to ! fact t fat ducks w %r9k v consid]ably :5 coop$ & %ipp$ alive1 ?is %r9kage runn+ f "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd p] head :]e !y are coop$ n to exce$ #ab to #ae h\rs4 ,! ducks :i* are 9 ! fatte/ condition w %r9k ! mo/4 ,at ! season ( ! ye> :5 live ducks are 9 be/ dem& x (t5 pays to %ip alive ! duckl+s :i* are sort$ out z n be+ 9 ! be/ condition r ?an to hold !m = fur!r fatt5+4 ,sav+ ! ,fea!rs4 ,! fea!rs f ! ducks =m q an important s\rce ( rev5ue to ! duck f>m]s4 ,z /at$ be=e ! value ( ! fea!rs w a little m ?an pay = ! co/ ( pick+ & s9ce ?is is a consid]able item ( exp5se ! gr[] _c af=d to neglect ! fea!rs4 ,! s(t body fea!rs are kept sep>ate f ! co>s] fea!rs1 ! latt] be+ ?r[n on ! floor z !y are pluck$4 ,^! co>s] fea!rs are lat] swept up & are commonly spok5 ( z sweep+s4 ,fea!rs f dry-pick$ ducks are sup]ior 9 quality & br+ a bett] price b mo/ ( ! duck fea!rs n[ m>ket$ f comm]cial duck f>ms are scald$ fea!rs4 ,! fea!rs aft] ea* day's kill+ are ga!r$ up & spread out 9 a l(t :]e !y c be plac$ 9 a lay] n ov] #c or #d in*es deep4 ,?is %\ld be an airy place s z to give ! fea!rs a good place to dry out4 ,on ! second day !y are scrap$ up 9 a pile & !n spread out aga91 ?us turn+ !m ov] & *ang+ _! position4 ,!y are !n left until !y are dry en\gh to sack :i* %\ld be 9 a little ov] a week4 ,unless ! fea!rs are ?or\ghly dri$ out !y w heat :5 sack$ & ?is w s]i\sly hurt _! m>ket quality4 ,:5 dry !y are pack$ ei!r 9 ! l>ge special fea!r sacks made = ?is purpose or 9 small] sacks1 ab\t z big z two bran sacks1 :i* w hold f #fj to #hj p\nds ( fea!rs4 ,! fea!rs are %ipp$ to regul> fea!r deal]s or manufactur]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,a valuable by-product ( duck plants4 ,! fea!rs f a duck w pay = ! co/ ( pick+4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,prices & ,uses ( ,duck ,fea!rs4 ,! s(t body fea!rs & ! co>s] fea!rs (t5 call$ sweep+s %\ld be kept & sold sep>ate4 ,:ile scald$ fea!rs are n wor? z mu* z dry pick$ fea!rs1 ! =m] if prop]ly dri$ out or cur$ w f9d a ready sale4 ,fea!rs pack$ be=e !y are ?or\ghly dri$ out1 are likely to arrive at _! de/9ation 9 a matt$ & mu/y or heat$ condition4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 injures _! quality & ! price paid = !m is disc\nt$ accord+ to _! condition4 ,! s(t body fea!rs ( ducks are us$ almo/ entirely = b$d+ purposes1 t is1 are put 9 pill[s & fea!r b$s4 ,:ite fea!rs are pref]r$ & usually br+ a some:at high] price4 ,! prices paid = ! fea!rs v>y q widely at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 & 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry1 & also ( c\rse ) ! condition ( ! fea!rs !mselves4 ,! quotations giv5 bel[ repres5t ! prices paid 9 ,june1 #aiba4 ,duck ,fea!rs ,c5ts ,p] ,p\nd ,pure :ite1 dry pick$ #ej ,/a9$ & scald$ :ite #dj ,d>k or mix$1 dry pick$ #cc ,d>k or mix$1 scald$ #bj to #be ,m>ket+ ,eggs4 ,on comm]cial duck f>ms v few eggs are m>ket$4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! duck gr[]s f9d x m pr(itable to incubate all eggs suitable = t purpose & to re> & m>ket ! duckl+s r ?an to sell ! eggs4 ,!re are always1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 numb] ( crack$ eggs & o!rs :i* may be too l>ge or too small to use = hat*+ & :i* are !re=e m>ket$4 ,9 addition ! inf]tile eggs te/$ out on ! #e? day are sold4 ,! eggs may be pack$ 9 ord9>y #cj doz5 egg cases su* z are us$ = h5s' eggs1 utiliz+ a special fill] #e cells squ>e4 ,) ^! fill]s a case holds #bj #e-f doz5 duck eggs4 ,a special duck case1 hold+ #cj doz5 duck eggs may be us$1 ! fill]s 9 ?is case be+ #f cells squ>e l ! fill]s us$ = h5s' eggs4 ,! cells 9 ^! fill]s are #b in*es squ>e & #b-a_/d or #b-a_/b in*es deep4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,duck ,rais+ on ! ,f>m ,duck rais+ z ord9>ily conduct$ on ! g5]al f>m consi/s ( ! keep+ ( a comp>atively small flock purely z a side l9e4 ,ducks on ! g5]al f>m may be kept = ! production ( meat & eggs1 = egg production1 or ma9ly z a bre$+ proposition :]e ! idea is to produce birds ( exhibition quality4 ,on occasional f>ms ducks ( ! r>] bre$s are kept ma9ly = ornam5tal purposes4 ,conditions ,suitable = ,duck ,rais+4 ,a small flock ( ducks on ! f>m c be kept to be/ advantage :]e !y c be sep>at$ f ! o!r p\ltry & :]e !y c h access to a pa/ure or an or*>d :i* w provide !m ) a pl5tiful supply ( gre5 fe$4 ,ducks /& conf9em5t q well b if !y are closely conf9$ x is necess>y to provide = !m ! gre5 fe$ :i* !y _c secure = !mselves4 ,on _m f>ms ! flock ( ducks is all[$ to range at lib]ty & "u ^! conditions ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ !m is mu* l[] s9ce !y pick up a consid]able "p ( _! fe$4 ,an enclos$ run or y>d1 h[ev]1 %\ld be available :]e !y c be conf9$ :5 desir$4 ,x is also necess>y to provide a h\se or %$ 9 :i* !y c be %ut at night & dur+ ! e>ly morn+4 ,o!rwise1 _m ( ! eggs may be dropp$ any:]e ab\t ! place or 9 ! wat] ) ! result t "s ( !m w be lo/4 ,a pond or /ream to :i* ! ducks c h access & 9 :i* !y c swim is a great advantage s9ce x helps to keep !m 9 good bre$+ condition4 ,x is a common b mi/ak5 idea t l[1 wet l& is be/ suit$ = ducks4 ,size ( ,flock4--,! av]age f>m flock ( ducks is small1 r>ely runn+ ov] #ae to #bj head4 ,9 _m cases n ov] #aj or #ab ducks ) "o or two drakes w be kept4 ,a flock ( ?is size w furni% q a l>ge numb] ( ducks = ! f>m]'s table or = sale 9 addition to m or less eggs :i* c ei!r be us$ at home or sold4 ,mak+ a ,/>t4 ,9 mak+ a />t ) a f>m flock ( ducks x is probably be/ to figure on keep+ only a few head4 ,if ! f>m] beg9s ) #d or #e ducks & "o drake he c make 8 />t at small exp5se & f ?is numb] he w be able to increase ! size ( 8 flock if he f9ds t results w>rant x4 ,probably ! be/ way to make a />t is to pur*ase ! desir$ bre$+ /ock 9 ! fall4 ,?is w give ! ducks a *ance to get settl$ & to be 9 good condition & accu/om$ to _! qu>t]s by spr+ s t !y w beg9 to bre$ & lay4 ,eggs = hat*+ c be pur*as$ if desir$ & ! "y duckl+s hat*$ & re>$ ) *ick5 h5s4 ,baby ducks are r>ely pur*as$ 9 mak+ a />t z are baby *icks4 ,select+ ! ,bre$4 ,any "o ( ! bre$s =m+ ! s-call$ meat class w prove satisfactory = a f>m flock4 ,?is class includes ! ,pek91 ,aylesbury1 ,muscovy1 ,r\51 ,cayuga1 ,buff & ,blue ,sw$i%4 ,! birds ( any ( ^! bre$s are ( good size & !re=e produce a suitable table f[l4 ,at ! same "t !y are lay]s & w produce eggs = ! table or = m>ket z well4 ,:]e ! purpose 9 keep+ ! ducks is ma9ly t ( produc+ eggs = m>ket ! ,runn] is und\bt$ly ! bre$ to select4 ,:ile ^! ducks are small] 9 size ! duckl+s w make good c>casses ( broil] size = ! table be+ kill$ = ?is purpose :5 ab\t #b-a_/b to #c p\nds 9 weight4 ,9 addition1 ! ,runn] is ! be/ lay+ bre$ & by _m p]sons is consid]$ to be equal 9 its egg produc+ qualities to any ( ! bre$s ( *ick5s4 ,selection ( any bre$ or v>iety ( ! meat or egg classes & especially ! selection ( a bre$ or v>iety = ornam5tal purposes or = ! pleasure ( bre$+ w dep5d ^u ! individual pref]5ce ( ! own] = body %ape1 color ( plumage & o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,a pure bre$ ( "s k9d %\ld by all means be kept 9 pref]5ce to ! common or s-call$ puddle duck4 ,n only w ! pure bre$s give great] uni=mity 9 ! c>casses produc$ b ! results 9 egg production w likewise be bett]4 ,age ( ,bre$+ ,/ock4 ,! be/ results 9 bre$+ are secur$ f ducks dur+ _! fir/ lay+ season4 ,n only is egg production bett] b !y are less likely to become s fat & l>ge z to int]f]e ) ! f]tility & hat*ability ( ! eggs4 ,9 fact1 on comm]cial duck f>ms ! bre$+ /ock is entirely r5ew$ ea* ye>4 ,h[ev]1 ducks c be pr(itably kept until !y are #b or #c ye>s old1 & x is common practice 9 a f>m flock to hold ov] "s ( ! bre$]s aft] !y h f9i%$ _! fir/ ye>4 ,( c\rse1 :]e ! duck bre$] has "s especially f9e /ock :i* w produce j ! quality he desires 9 ! (fspr+1 he holds & utilizes ^! birds j z long z !y are 9 good bre$+ condition4 ,z a rule x is be/ n to hold bre$+ ducks aft] !y h f9i%$ _! second lay+ season4 ,size ( ,mat+s4 ,! prop] numb] ( ducks :i* %\ld be mat$ to a drake v>ies ) ! diff]5t bre$s4 ,pek9s & ,aylesbury c be mat$ 9 ! proportion ( "o drake to #f to #h ducks4 ,9 ! ,r\5 mate #d or #e ducks to a drake & 9 ! ,cayuga #e or #f ducks to a drake4 ,9 ! ,muscovy z high z #aj females may be mat$ ) "o male4 ,9 ! ,blue ,sw$i% & ,buff mate 9 ! proportion ( #f or #g ducks to "o drake4 ,9 ! ,call & ,ea/ ,india bre$s f #e to #h ducks c be mat$ to "o drake4 ,9 ! ,cre/$ ,:ite use #e or #f ducks & 9 ! ,runn] #f to #h ducks to a drake4 ,:]e "y drakes are us$ m ducks c be mat$ to !m ?an is ! case ) old drakes4 ,x is also true t :]e especially l>ge exhibition birds h be5 res]v$ = bre$+ purposes x is necess>y to r$uce ! numb] ( ducks mat$ to a drake z o!rwise ! f]tility is v likely to run l[] ) ^! old] heavi] ducks4 ,bre$+ & ,lay+ ,season4 ,"u ord9>y f>m conditions :]e ! ducks receive only fairly good c>e & fe$ ! lay+ does n beg9 to any ext5t until ,febru>y or ,m>*4 ,) exceptional c>e ! ducks w beg9 to lay 9 ,janu>y & a few may ev5 lay 9 ,decemb]4 ,! ducks lay v p]si/5tly & cont9ue _! lay+ until hot wea!r sets 9 or usually ab\t ! fir/ ( ,july4 ,!y gradually let up 9 _! lay+ until x ceases almo/ entirely soon aft] t date4 ,! bre$+ season is at its height 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may4 ,at ?is "t ! f]tility w run be/ & ! results 9 hat*+ w be mo/ satisfactory4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible to cont9ue to hat* ! duck eggs :i* are produc$ ) fair results z long z ! ducks cont9ue to lay4 ,managem5t ( ,bre$]s4 ,h\s+4 ,"s sort ( h\se or %elt] mu/ be provid$ = ! bre$+ flock4 ,any available %$ or a "p ( ! p\ltry h\se may be utiliz$ = ?is purpose4 ,no special requirem5ts are necess>y except t ! h\se %\ld provide suffici5t v5tilation4 ,?is is be/ furni%$ by means ( a w9d[ & 9 addition1 an op5+ 9 ! front ( ! h\se %\ld be provid$ :i* c be clos$ by means ( a curta9 dur+ sev]e w9t] wea!r4 ,a bo>d floor is n necess>y if ! dirt floor is fill$ up #f or #h in*es above ! gr\nd level outside ! h\se4 ,! floors %\ld be provid$ ) an abundance ( litt] :i* is usually *ang$ only once or twice dur+ ! ye>4 ,z ! litt] t5ds to become dirty m litt] mu/ be add$4 ,no equipm5t is necess>y 9 ! h\ses z ! birds re/ on ! floor & lay _! eggs any:]e ab\t ! h\se or :]ev] !y may make _! ne/s4 ,! h\se %\ld be s arrang$ t ! ducks c be %ut 9 at night & c be kept !re until !y h f9i%$ lay+ 9 ! morn+4 ,z mo/ ( ! duck eggs are laid e>ly 9 ! morn+ !y c be let out by #h or #i o'clock 9 ! summ]4 ,if let out e>li] ?an ?is !y are likely to lay "s ( _! eggs 9 ! pond or /ream to :i* !y h access & ^! w\ld be lo/4 ,fe$+4 ,on _m f>ms ! bre$+ flock ( ducks is f$ on ! same ration :i* is giv5 ! f>m f[ls4 ,h[ev]1 bett] results w be obta9$ if !y are giv5 special fe$s4 ,aft] ! lay+ season is ov] ! bre$+ ducks c be f$ sp>+ly on a ma% consi/+ ( "o "p by weight corn meal1 #b p>ts bran1 #a "p l[ grade :eat fl\r1 #a "p gre5 fe$1 #h beef scrap & #c oy/] %ell4 ,?is ma% is mix$ up ) wat] until x has a consi/5cy j betwe5 /icky & crumbly4 ,x %\ld nev] be f$ 9 a sloppy condition4 ,a fe$ ( ?is ma% %\ld be giv5 9 ! morn+ & at night & dur+ ! long days ( summ] x is well also to give a light fe$ ( crack$ corn or mix$ gra9s 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,h[ev]1 judgm5t mu/ be us$ 9 fe$+ ducks especially if !y h range ov] :i* !y c roam :]e !y c pick up m or less animal fe$ & o!r mat]ial4 ,9 ?is case x is n necess>y to fe$ ne>ly s mu*4 ,ano!r ma% :i* may be us$ in/ead ( ! "o giv5 consi/s ( #c p>ts by measure ( corn meal1 #d p>ts bran1 #b p>ts l[ grade :eat fl\r1 ?ree-f\r?s "p beef scrap & #b p>ts gre5 fe$ ) a supply ( oy/] %ell4 ,along ab\t ,decemb] #a ! fe$ %\ld be *ang$ ) ! idea ( induc+ egg production4 ,a fe$ consi/+ ( "o "p by weight corn meal1 #a "p l[ grade fl\r or middl+s1 #a "p bran1 #ae beef scrap1 #ae vegetables or gre5 fe$ toge!r ) oy/] %ell %\ld be f$ morn+ & ev5+ & 9 addition a fe$ consi/+ ( corn & :eat may be giv5 at noon 9 a quantity ( ab\t "o qu>t = ea* #cj ducks4 ,z mu* ma% %\ld be giv5 !m at ! morn+ & ev5+ fe$ z !y w clean up4 ,ano!r good ma% fe$ :i* may be us$ consi/s ( #b p>ts by weight ( bran1 #b p>ts middl+s1 #b p>ts corn meal1 #a "p beef scrap1 #a "p gr\nd oats & "o-t5? ( ! total weight s&4 ,9 addition1 ( c\rse1 gre5 fe$ mu/ be add$ to ! ration if x is n available at all times 9 ! y>d4 ,?is ma% is f$ 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! ev5+4 ,! noon fe$ consi/s ( #a "p by weight ( corn & #b p>ts oats4 ,:]e gre5 fe$ is n available & mu/ be suppli$1 cut clov]1 alfalfa1 rye1 oats & corn may be utiliz$ cut up into %ort pieces & mix$ 9 ! ma%4 ,! ma% %\ld be f$ ei!r to bre$+ /ock or to duckl+s on flat trays or bo>ds r ?an 9 tr\ghs z ! ducks c get at x bett] 9 ?is =m4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t :ile ducks are good egg produc]s dur+ ! lay+ & bre$+ season !y w n lay any great numb] ( eggs unless !y are f$ = ?is purpose4 ,= rations us$ on comm]cial duck f>ms see ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,wat]4 ,x is important t a pl5tiful supply ( dr9k+ wat] be available to ! ducks4 ,a fre% supply mu/ be provid$ at ea* fe$+ "t be=e ! fe$ is ?r[n to ! ducks z !y l to eat & dr9k alt]nately :5 fe$+4 ,:]e ! bre$+ ducks h access to a /ream or pond ( fre% wat] x is n necess>y to provide any o!r supply ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,:]e wat] is available 9 :i* ! ducks c swim x is ess5tial to see t provision is made s t ! ducks c get 9 & out ( ! wat] easily4 ,if ?is is n done !y may become exhau/$ & unable to climb out or !y may become p>tially cramp$ :5 ! wat] is v cold ) ! result t !y w dr[n4 ,if giv5 access to wat] 9 :i* !y c swim dur+ cold wea!r x is necess>y to be on ! look-out to see t ! ducks d n freeze fa/ to ! gr\nd :5 !y come out ( ! wat]4 ,y>ds4 ,:]e y>ds are provid$ = ducks p\ltry nett+ ab\t #b feet high is ord9>ily us$4 ,?is w conf9e mo/ ( ! bre$s b high] f5ces ev5 #e or #f feet high mu/ be provid$ = ! bre$s :i* fly readily su* z ! ,muscovy1 ,call1 ,ea/ ,india1 ,mall>d1 ,wood & ,m&>94 ,9 "s cases x is ev5 necess>y to cov] ov] ! tops ( ! y>ds 9 ord] to keep ! birds f fly+ out or to p9ion ! birds1 t is1 to cut (f ! out]mo/ jo9t ( "o w+4 ,! nett+ us$ = y>ds %\ld be /rung on po/s set 9 ! gr\nd & ! l[] edge %\ld be pegg$ d[n s t ! birds _c get "u x4 ,c>e ( ,eggs = ,hat*+4 ,duck eggs = hat*+ mu/ be ga!r$ ea* day & %\ld be put 9 "s cool place to be held until !y are set4 ,!y %\ld be turn$ daily1 ! same z h5s' eggs & ! g5]al c>e is exactly simil>4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 pay to keep duck eggs z long be=e sett+ !m z !y spoil m quickly ?an h5s' eggs4 ,9 fact1 x is be/ to set duck eggs :5 !y are n ov] a week old if ?is c be arrang$4 ,hat*+ ! ,eggs4 ,! p]iod ( incubation = duck eggs ranges f #bf to #bh days = all ( ! bre$s except ! ,muscovy4 ,9 ?is bre$ x takes f #cc to #cf days = ! eggs to hat*4 ,inasmu* z mo/ ( ! commonly kept bre$s are n v broody & !re=e d n make reliable hat*]s & mo!rs x is necess>y to resort ei!r to ! use ( *ick5 h5s = ?is purpose or else to utilize incubators4 ,ei!r "o ( ^! me?ods c be us$ ) good success4 ,) ! small f>m flock x is v common to utilize h5s4 ,! ord9>y h5 w be able to cov] #i to #aa duck eggs to advantage dep5d+ on h] size & ^u ! season ( ! ye>4 ,9 cold wea!r ! small] numb] %\ld be us$ r ?an ! l>g] numb]4 ,be=e sett+ ! h5 %e %\ld be ?or\ghly du/$ ) insect p[d] to free h] f lice4 ,sev]al h5s c be set 9 ! same room b !y %\ld be conf9$ on _! ne/s all[+ !m to come (f only once a day = fe$ & wat]4 ,crack$ corn makes an excell5t fe$ = sitt+ h5s4 ,if desir$ ,muscovy1 ,call1 ,ea/ ,india1 ,mall>d1 ,wood or ,m&>9 ducks c be all[$ to make _! ne/s & to hat* _! eggs z !y are reliable sitt]s & good mo!rs4 ,aft] ! duck eggs fir/ pip !re usually elapses a long] p]iod ( "t be=e ! duckl+s get out ( ! %ell ?an is ! case ) *icks4 ,= ?is reason x is well to take ! h5s (f = fe$ & wat] :5 ! fir/ eggs are pipp$ return+ !m to ! ne/ z quickly z possible & conf9+ !m !re until ! hat* is ov]4 ,dur+ ! la/ week ( incubation x is desirable to spr9kle ! eggs daily ) wat] us+ q a lib]al am\nt z duck eggs seem to require m moi/ure ?an h5s' eggs 9 ord] to hat* well4 ,all duck eggs :i* are at all badly soil$ %\ld be wa%$ be=e !y are set4 ,wa%+ does n seem to injure _! hat*+ qualities4 ,9 fact1 "s bre$]s pref] to wa% all duck eggs :e!r dirty or n1 feel+ t ?is op5s up ! pores & causes a bett] hat*4 ,?is belief is bas$ ^u ! idea t :5 ducks hat* _! own eggs "u natural conditions !y h access to wat] 9 :i* !y swim & 9 com+ back on ! ne/ _! wet fea!rs s]ve to wa% ! eggs4 ,:]e an incubator is us$ = hat*+ ! eggs are plac$ 9 ! ma*9e j z h5s' eggs4 ,= ! fir/ week ! temp]ature is kept ab\t #ajb degrees & = ! re/ ( ! p]iod is ma9ta9$ z close to #ajc degrees z possible1 ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] be+ on a level ) ! tops ( ! eggs4 ,(t5 ! temp]ature w run up a little high] ?an ?is at hat*+ "t b ?is does n d any h>m4 ,an incubator w accommodate f f\r-fif?s to five-six?s z _m duck eggs z x w h5s' eggs4 ,ab\t ! fif? or six? day ! duck eggs are te/$ & all inf]tile & dead g]ms remov$4 ,f ?is "t on eggs are turn$ twice a day & usually cool$ once a day until !y pip4 ,a second te/ may be made ab\t ! fifte5? or sixte5? day :5 any eggs :i* h di$ are remov$4 ,if dead g]m eggs are left 9 ! ma*9es !y spoil v quickly & cause a /rong odor :i* makes x necess>y to remove !m4 ,dur+ ! la/ week or t5 days & 9 "s cases = a long] p]iod ?an ?is incubator op]ators supply moi/ure daily to ! ma*9e4 ,?is is usually provid$ by spr9kl+ ! eggs lib]ally ) wat] :i* has be5 w>m$ to ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! ma*9e4 ,h[ev]1 if w>m wat] is n available1 wat] ( ord9>y temp]ature may be us$ al?\gh x is n well to use extremely cold wat]4 ,z a rule ! eggs beg9 to pip ab\t ! tw5ty-six? day4 ,at ?is "t ! ma*9e %\ld be tightly clos$ up & left s until ! hat*+ is ov]4 ,9 case moi/ure seems to be lack+ & ! duckl+s are hav+ a h>d "t to get out ( ! %ell ! ma*9e c be op5$ & ! eggs spr9kl$ aga94 ,if !re seems to be suffici5t moi/ure1 h[ev]1 ! ma*9es %\ld n be op5$ or di/urb$4 ,z a rule x takes duckl+s f #bd to #dh h\rs to hat* aft] ! pipp+ fir/ beg9s4 ,x is advisable to leave ! duckl+s 9 ! incubator until !y are well dri$ (f be=e remov+ !m to ! brood]4 ,z a rule ! hat*+ w be entirely ov] by ! tw5ty-eigh? day4 ,brood+ & ,re>+4 ,duckl+s c be brood$ if desir$ by means ( *ick5 h5s4 ,9 ?is case ! duckl+s :i* ! h5 hat*es %\ld be giv5 to h] & %e %\ld be conf9$ to "s k9d ( a coop :i* w all[ ! duckl+s to run at lib]ty4 ,if ! h5 is giv5 h] lib]ty %e goes too f> & takes too mu* ex]cise = ! little ducks4 ,:]e artificial brood]s are us$ any type ( brood+ app>atus c be utiliz$ :i* is us$ ) success = *ick5s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t duckl+s d n require z high a degree ( heat z d baby *icks & %\ld be />t$ (f at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ij degrees "u ! hov]4 ,?is c be r$uc$ r rapidly until x is d[n to #hj at ab\t #b weeks ( age4 ,! l5g? ( "t t ! duckl+s require heat aft] ?is dep5ds ^u ! season & ! wea!r4 ,ev5 9 fairly cool wea!r !y d n ne$ any heat aft] !y are #e or #f weeks old4 ,x is necess>y to keep ! brood]s clean & 9 ord] to d ?is !y mu/ be clean$ out frequ5tly & new litt] suppli$4 ,:ile ! duckl+s are small ! brood]s %\ld be clean$ at lea/ e o!r day & z !y get l>g]1 clean+ once a week ) ! addition ( fre% litt] betwe5 times w be suffici5t4 ,fe$+ ! ,duckl+s4 ,duckl+s d n ne$ to be f$ until !y are f #bd to #cf h\rs old4 ,at ?is "t !y may be giv5 a mixture compos$ ( equal p>ts by measure ( roll$ oats & bread crumbs ) #c ( %>p s& mix$ 9 ! fe$4 ,?is may be giv5 !m five times daily al?\gh "s duck rais]s fe$ only #c times daily f ! />t4 ,ab\t ! ?ird day ?is fe$ is *ang$ to equal p>ts ( bread1 roll$ oats1 bran & corn meal4 ,aft] ! sev5? day ! ration may consi/ ( #c p>ts bran1 #a "p ea* ( l[-grade :eat fl\r & corn meal1 #aj gre5 fe$1 #e beef scrap ) ab\t #c ( s& mix$ 94 ,! duckl+s %\ld be f$ f\r times daily aft] ! sev5? day until !y are two or ?ree weeks old4 ,aft] t "t !y ne$ be f$ only ?ree times daily1 morn+1 noon & night4 ,! s& may be giv5 to ! duckl+s ei!r by mix+ x 9 ! ma% or by fe$+ x 9 a hopp] :]e !y c help !mselves4 ,! ma% fe$ :i* is prep>$ = ! duckl+s is mix$ ) wat] until x has a consi/5cy a little wett] ?an crumbly b n exactly /icky4 ,sloppy fe$ %\ld nev] be us$4 ,z ! duckl+s gr[ old] ! am\nt ( beef scrap c be increas$ until x consi/s ( #ae ( ! ration by ! end ( ! ?ird week4 ,! proportion ( corn meal c likewise be increas$ & simultane\sly ! am\nt ( bran decreas$ until ! duckl+s are on a fatt5+ ration4 ,unless !y h a pl5tiful supply ( gre5 fe$ 9 ! y>ds to :i* !y h access x is necess>y to provide ?is to ! ext5t ( ab\t #aj ( ! fe$ & x %\ld consi/ ( t5d] gre5 /uff r f9ely *opp$ & mix$ 9 ) ! ma%4 ,ab\t #b weeks be=e ! duckl+s are to be m>ket$ !y %\ld be put on a ration consi/+ ( ?ree p>ts by weight ( corn meal1 two p>ts l[-grade fl\r or middl+s1 "o "p bran1 "o-half "p beef scrap1 #aj gre5 fe$ & ab\t #c oy/] %ell or s&4 ,?is ma% is f$ ?ree times daily4 ,ano!r ration :i* c be us$ = fatt5+ purposes consi/s ( #c p>ts corn meal1 #a "p l[-grade :eat fl\r1 #a "p bran1 #e beef scrap & #c oy/] %ell ) gre5 fe$ & grit 9 addition4 ,:]e fi% is available x c be sub/itut$ = ! beef scrap b on mo/ f>ms ?is is impractical4 ,! fi% :]e f$ is boil$ & mix$ 9 ! ma%4 ,h[ev]1 no fi% %\ld be f$ up to )9 #b weeks be=e ! ducks are kill$ z !re is dang] ( giv+ a fi%y ta/e to ! c>cass4 ,= additional in=mation z to fe$+ me?ods us$ on comm]cial duck f>ms :i* c\ld be utiliz$ to advantage = ! f>m flocks1 see ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,birds :i* are to be res]v$ = bre$]s %\ld be select$ out & tak5 away f ! duckl+s :i* are to be fatt5$4 ,^! bre$+ birds %\ld be c>ri$ along on ! ration :i* !y h be5 receiv+ until ab\t ,decemb] #a :5 !y %\ld be put on a lay+ ration4 ,x is v necess>y to see t ! duckl+s h a pl5tiful supply ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,x is especially important to r5ew ?is supply j be=e ! duckl+s are f$ s t !y w h ample wat] :ile !y are consum+ _! fe$4 ,! wat] %\ld be giv5 9 di%es deep en\gh s t ! ducks c imm]se _! entire bill z ?is enables !m to wa% ! s& out ( _! no/rils4 ,wat] = ,duckl+s4 ,9 addition to ! dr9k+ wat] provid$ duck rais]s sometimes all[ ! gr[+ duckl+s access to wat] 9 :i* !y c swim4 ,if x is desir$ to fatt5 ! duckl+s quickly & turn !m (f on ! m>ket z gre5 ducks _m rais]s d n consid] ?is advisable z x induces ! duckl+s to take m ex]cise & makes x m difficult to fatt5 !m4 ,h[ev]1 access to wat] 9 :i* !y c swim makes x unnecess>y to provide any o!r supply ( dr9k+ wat] & = ?is reason less5s ! "w consid]ably4 ,unless x is easy = ! duckl+s to get 9 & out ( ! wat] !re is dang] ( "s ( !m dr[n+ z !y are likely to get tir$ & unable to climb out4 ,little duckl+s all[$ access to v cold wat] are subject to cramp & may be dr[n$ z a result4 ,di/+ui%+ ! ,sexes4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% ! sexes ( gr[+ ducks until !y beg9 to rea* maturity4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce 9 _! appe>ance4 ,! drakes are co>s] or ?ick] & m mascul9e 9 appe>ance %[+ ?is especially ab\t ! head & neck4 ,also z !y secure _! mature plumage ! drake %[s curl$ fea!rs on top ( ! tail :i* are (t5 ref]r$ to z sex fea!rs4 ,9 addition1 ! voice ( ! duck is h>%] & co>s] ?an t ( ! drake4 ,m>ket+ ! ,ducks4 ,mo/ ( ! ducks produc$ on f>ms are m>ket$ alive4 ,?is is because ! f>m] has no special m>ket & he does n f9d t x pays him to dress & %ip ! ducks ) ! *ance t !y might spoil4 ,9 fact1 mo/ ( ! f>m rais$ ducks are n turn$ (f z gre5 ducks at #aj to #ab weeks z is done on ! comm]cial duck plants b are held until fall & !n sold z spr+ ducks4 ,!y w weigh some:at m at t "t b z a rule ! price receiv$ p] p\nd w be l[] ?an t obta9$ = gre5 ducks dur+ ! spr+ & summ]4 ,:]e !re is a special dem& = duckl+s :i* ! f>m] c supply x w pay him to dress & deliv] ! ducks4 ,if x is desir$ to dress ! ducks1 ! directions giv5 "u ,*apt] ,,vii c be modifi$ to suit ! f>m]'s ne$s4 ,! s(t body fea!rs %\ld be sav$ 9 accordance ) ! directions giv5 on page #ajf1 z !y c be us$ at home 9 mak+ pill[s or c be sold4 ,su* eggs z are produc$ 9 surplus may ei!r be utiliz$ on ! home table or s5t to m>ket4 ,z a rule duck eggs are n 9 great dem& except at c]ta9 seasons su* z at ,ea/] & dur+ ! ,jewi% holidays 9 ! spr+ & fall :5 !y br+ some:at high] prices ?an h5s' eggs4 ,! l>g] size ( duck eggs1 h[ev]1 makes !m favor$ by bak]s & !y c usually be sold at any "t 9 a city ( any size at prices z good z ^? receiv$ = h5s' eggs4 ,eggs = m>ket c be pack$ 9 ! ord9>y #cj-;doz5 h5 egg cases by us+ special fill]s :i* hold #be eggs in/ead ( #cf z 9 ! case ( h5s' eggs4 ,see page #aai4 ,a f>m] ) a small flock ( ducks w usually n h eggs en\gh to fill a case frequ5tly & = ?is reason he usually f9ds x m conv5i5t to m>ket ! few eggs he has by tak+ !m into t[n 9 a basket4 ,disease & ,insect ,pe/s4 ,ducks are v little tr\bl$ by insect pe/s1 nor are !y greatly tr\bl$ by diseases4 ,! usual difficulties enc\nt]$ along ?is l9e are ^? discuss$ "u ?is head 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,losses are (t5 exp]i5c$ z ! result ( pr$atory animals4 ,rats w cause a great am\nt ( havoc among ! "y ducks if !y are able to get at !m4 ,a s+le night's "w on ! "p ( "o rat may practically clean out a small flock ( duckl+s4 ,x is necess>y to make sure t ! duckl+s are %ut 9 at night s t rats _c get at !m4 ,,geese ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,ext5t ( ! ,indu/ry--,opportunities ,geese c be rais$ successfully 9 practically all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & are 9 fact scatt]$ 9 small flocks ov] a consid]able portion ( ! c\ntry be+ mo/ abundant 9 ! ,s\? & 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,! c5sus figures = ! ye> #aibj %[ ,ill9ois ) #aie1gfi geese to be ! lead+ /ate 9 numb]s1 closely foll[$ by ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas & ,i[a4 ,next 9 ord] ( importance z goose rais+ /ates come ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,m9nesota1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,texas4 ,! c5sus figures ( #aibj comp>$ ) ^? = #aiaj %[ a decrease 9 ! numb] ( geese f #d1dca1ihj to #b1ici1bjc4 ,! only gr\ps ( /ates :i* %[$ an increase 9 ! numb] ( geese dur+ ?is p]iod 7 ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ! ,m\nta9 /ates4 ,( ! total f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates only a small proportion1 probably "o-t5?1 h any geese & ! numb] ( geese p] f>m w\ld n av]age ov] #d to #aj dep5d+ on ! section4 ,nature ( ! ,indu/ry4 ,geese are kept almo/ :olly 9 small flocks z a side l9e on g5]al f>ms4 ,! purpose ( goose rais+ is prim>ily "o ( ! production ( meat al?\gh 9 ! pa/ flocks ( geese h be5 kept to "s ext5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\? = ! purpose ( pluck+ !m to secure ! fea!rs4 ,?is practice ( pluck+ live geese is decreas+ & is mu* less common ?an =m]ly4 ,! eggs ( ! geese d n ent] to any ext5t into ! egg trade ( ! c\ntry4 ,z a rule all ! eggs produc$ are hat*$ = ! purpose ( re>+ "y geese & x is only occasionally t goose eggs are us$ = cul9>y purposes4 ,opportunities = ,goose ,rais+4 ,und\bt$ly ! greate/ opportunity along ! l9e ( goose rais+ lies 9 ! small flock kept on ! g5]al f>m4 ,:]e conditions are suitable1 t is to say1 :]e !re is an abundance ( suitable pa/ure l& toge!r ) "s wat] to :i* ! geese c h access1 a small flock c be mo/ pr(itably kept4 ,!y c be re>$ v *eaply z bo? ! "y & old geese w secure practically _! entire liv+ dur+ ! summ] f pa/ure if an abundant supply ( suitable gre5 mat]ial is available4 ,! co/ ( re>+ !m !re=e is l[4 ,9 addition bo? ! "y & old geese are v h>dy & require comp>atively little c>e4 ,!y are little subject to disease & !re=e losses are small4 ,geese live & bre$ = a long "t & ?is makes x possible to turn (f to m>ket a l>g] proportion ( ! "y /ock re>$ ?an is ! case ) mo/ o!r classes ( p\ltry4 ,= all ( ^! reasons1 !re=e1 a small flock ( geese w return a good pr(it to ! f>m] )\t hav+ to supply any great am\nt ( equipm5t or )\t hav+ to fe$ v mu* 9 ! way ( exp5sive fe$s4 ,9 addition to ! geese :i* c be m>ket$1 ! ma9t5ance ( a small flock also helps to provide a v>iety 9 ! f>m]'s diet by furni%+ suitable birds = ! holiday seasons su* z ,?anksgiv+ & ,*ri/mas4 ,9 addition to ! opportunity = goose rais+ 9 small flocks on g5]al f>ms !re likewise exi/s a def9ite opportunity to specialize along ?is l9e some:at m ext5sively4 ,9 c]ta9 places1 notably ! /ate ( ,wiscons91 goose rais+ becomes a m important activity on "s f>ms ?an m]ely t ( a by-product4 ,l>g] numb]s are re>$ & special /eps are tak5 9 fatt5+ & f9i%+ !m = m>ket ei!r by means ( p5 fatt5+ or by means ( h& fatt5+ or noodl+ ! geese4 ,geese s f9i%$ = m>ket br+ a special price & all[ a good pr(it to ! rais] = ! "t :i* he has put into !m4 ,an outgr[? ( ! goose rais+ indu/ry :i* has be5 work$ to a limit$ ext5t consi/s ( ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! geese rais$ 9 any p>ticul> portion ( ! c\ntry on "o f>m & ! fe$+ ( !m !re 9 l>ge flocks 9 ! fields s z to fatt5 !m = m>ket4 ,!re are n _m ( ^! special fatt5+ f>ms b sev]al p]sons 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry :o h made a practice ( ga!r+ toge!r & m>ket+ ! geese 9 ?is way h f\nd x v pr(itable4 ,probably a simil> opportunity exi/s 9 c]ta9 o!r sections :]e goose rais+ on ! f>ms 9 small numb]s is common & :]e no "o has yet made ! ef=t to collect & fatt5 ! geese be=e m>ket+ !m4 ,:ile geese are n exhibit$ to ! same ext5t z *ick5s1 /ill !re w always be f\nd a m>ket = birds ( good quality1 bo? = ! purpose ( exhibition & also z bre$]s to be us$ 9 improv+ ! /ock ( o!r goose rais]s4 ,goose ,rais+ z a ,bus9ess = ,f>m ,wom54 ,l turkey rais+ goose rais+ z a side l9e on ! f>m (f]s an excell5t money mak+ opportunity = ! f>m wom54 ,)\t any great outlay ( capital to get a />t & )\t its be+ necess>y to provide mu* 9 ! way ( build+s or o!r equipm5t1 a flock ( geese c be />t$ :i* w all[ a nice pr(it to ! f>m woman = ! c>e & att5tion :i* %e gives !m4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be rememb]$ t :ile ! opportunities = pr(it may n be s l>ge z 9 turkey rais+1 yet ! c>e requir$ is mu* less & ! *ances ( s]i\s difficulties due to disease & to inability to raise ! "y /ock are relatively small4 ,goose rais+ !re=e (f]s a mo/ pr(itable side l9e employm5t = ! f>m woman4 ,geese z ,we$ ,de/roy]s4 ,z /at$ be=e geese are close graz]s4 ,9 fact1 dur+ ! gr[+ season ( ! ye> gre5 vegetation =ms mo/ & 9 "s cases practically all ( _! diet4 ,! vegetation :i* !y w eat readily is q v>i$ & 9 _m cases geese w be f\nd to be v valuable 9 ridd+ pa/ures or fields ( tr\blesome we$s4 ,9 ! s\!rn /ates geese are (t5 kept on f>ms :]e cotton is rais$ = ! purpose ( keep+ ! cotton fields free f we$s4 ,objection to ,geese ,an objection to geese (t5 express$ b )\t good f\ndation is t !y w spoil ! pa/ure = o!r /ock4 ,?is is n true if ! pa/ure is n ov]/ock$ ) geese4 ,( c\rse geese are v close graz]s & if too _m ( !m are kept on a field !y w eat ! grass d[n s close t !re w be none = o!r animals to get4 ,simil>ly ! idea t o!r animals w n eat grass gr[n :]e goose dropp+s h fall5 is n true except :]e ! birds are too ?ick s t ! grass is soil$ badly by ! dropp+s4 ,! fact t geese are noisy creatures makes !m undesirable to "s p]sons4 ,x is true t !y make a good deal ( noise & t _! cry is ( a v ho>se1 rasp+ "* & to a p]son ) bad n]ves !y may be annoy+ b ?is is no valid or weighty objection to ! normal1 heal?y f>m]4 ,! ,*9ese geese are ! noisie/ & consequ5tly ! greate/ (f5d]s 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,a m valid objection to geese lies 9 ! fact ( _! r ugly disposition4 ,g&]s1 especially z !y gr[ old] & dur+ ! bre$+ season1 are decid$ly pugnaci\s & w n hesitate to attack human be+s4 ,!y /rike heavy =midable bl[s ) _! w+s & ) _! /rong bills !y inflict mo/ pa9ful bites4 ,:]e !re are *ildr5 ab\t ! h\se x may be necess>y to dispose ( ugly g&]s to safegu>d ! *ildr5 f s]i\s injury4 ,,*apt] ,x ,bre$s & ,v>ieties--,h[ to ,mate to ,produce ,exhibition ,specim5s--,prep>+ ,geese = ! ,%[--,cat*+ & ,h&l+ ,bre$s ( ,geese4 ,!re are six /&>d bre$s ( geese consi/+ ( ! foll[+3 ,t\l\se1 ,embd51 ,african1 ,*9ese1 ,wild or ,canadian & ,egyptian4 ,all ( ^! bre$s consi/ ( a s+le v>iety ) ! exception ( ! ,*9ese :i* is compos$ ( two4 ,! ,t\l\se is kn[n z ! ,gray ,t\l\se1 ! ,embd5 z ! ,:ite ,embd51 ! ,african z ! ,gray ,african1 ! two v>ieties ( ! ,*9ese z ! ,br[n ,*9ese & ! ,:ite ,*9ese1 ! ,wild or ,canadian z ! ,gray & ! ,egyptian z ! ,color$4 ,! fir/ f\r ( ^! bre$s are ! ones :i* are commonly kept 9 dome/ication4 ,9 a g5]al way x may be said t ^! bre$s are meat bre$s = ! reason t !y are kept ma9ly = ! production ( meat4 ,! ,wild or ,canadian & ! ,egyptian are m 9 ! nature ( ornam5tal bre$s s9ce !y are n s commonly kept & are pr9cipally to be f\nd :]e ornam5tal wat]-f[ls are ma9ta9$4 ,! ,*9ese are sometimes class$ z ornam5tal geese on acc\nt ( _! small] size b !y are mu* m commonly kept ?an ei!r ! ,canadian or ! ,egyptian & make a good m>ket f[l :]e ! dem& is n = su* a l>ge c>cass4 ,9 addition to ! /&>d bre$s !re are sev]al o!r r>e bre$s among :i* is ! ,seba/apol :i* is kept purely z an ornam5tal bre$ by reason ( its peculi> fea!r+4 ,! ,seba/apol is a :ite goose 9 :i* ! fea!rs ( ! upp] "p ( ! body %[ a twi/$ or frizzl$ condition :i* gives x mu* ! g5]al effect ( ! fea!rs be+ curl$4 ,9 addition to ! /&>d bre$s ( geese !re are kept on a great majority ( f>ms ord9>y common geese ( no def9ite bre$ or v>iety4 ,^! geese 9 g5]al are ( small] size ?an ! l>g] /&>d bre$s & h probably aris5 z ! result ( ! cross+ ( ! /&>d bre$s & ! subsequ5t det]ioration 9 size & color m>k+ is due to c>eless bre$+ & selection4 ,9 "s sections & = c]ta9 special purposes def9ite crosses ( /&>d bre$s are made = ! production ( table geese hav+ c]ta9 desir$ qualities4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,african g&]s are v popul> us$ ^u ! ,t\l\se geese4 ,to "s ext5t !re is produc$ & m>ket$ a goose kn[n z ! mongrel goose4 ,?is has excell5t table quality & is 9 good dem& on acc\nt ( its sup]ior eat+ qualities & its rapid gr[?4 ,x is produc$ by us+ ! ,wild or ,canadian g&] ^u ,t\l\se1 ,african or ,embd5 geese4 ,! result ( ?is cross is a hybrid goose :i* has mu* ! appe>ance ( ! ,wild goose b :i* w n bre$ al?\gh ! females w lay eggs4 ,z a rule ,t\l\se or ,african females are us$ = ! cross r ?an ,embd5 z f ! latt] !re is a great] t5d5cy to get a light] cross :i* w\ld n resemble its ,wild fa!r s closely & might n !re=e be s readily recogniz$ z g5u9e mongrel geese4 ,nom5clature4 ,! t]m geese is us$ to indicate ! birds ( bo? sexes tak5 z a :ole & also z a plural =m = ! ^w goose4 ,! t]m goose is us$ to di/+ui% ! female ( ! species4 ,! male is giv5 ! specific "n ( g&] to di/+ui% x f goose4 ,! "y ( bo? sexes are t]m$ gosl+s4 ,9 giv+ ! /&>d weights = ! diff]5t bre$s ( geese ! birds are classifi$ z adult g&]s & "y g&]s & z adult geese & "y geese4 ,by adult goose or g&] is meant a bird :i* is ov] "o ye> old1 by "y goose or g&] is meant a bird :i* is less ?an "o ye>4 ,n infrequ5tly 9 connection ) m>ket reports use w be made ( ! t]m gre5 geese4 ,?is indicates birds :i* are m>ket$ :5 !y are ( l>ge size b /ill "y & immature1 ! gre5 ref]r+ to ?is immature condition4 ,size4 ,an idea ( ! size ( ! diff]5t /&>d bre$s ( geese c be/ be secur$ by giv+ ! /&>d weights4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,bre$ ,adult ,adult ,"y ,"y ,g&] ,goose ,g&] ,goose ,t\l\se #bf lbs4 #bj lbs4 #bj lbs4 #af lbs4 ,embd5 #bj #ah #ah #af ,african #bj #ah #af #ad ,*9ese #ab #aj #aj #h ,wild or ,canadian #ab #aj #aj #h ,egyptian #aj #h #h #f ,popul>ity ( ! ,bre$s4 ,( ! diff]5t /&>d bre$s kept ! ,t\l\se is und\bt$ly ! mo/ popul> 9 ?is c\ntry probably due to its l>ge size z well z to its quick gr[?4 ,! ,embd5 foll[s ! ,t\l\se closely 9 popul>ity4 ,! ,*9ese geese are probably ?ird mo/ num]\s 9 numb]s :ile ! ,african ranks f\r?4 ,9 c]ta9 sections ! ,african seems to be v popul> & "o w\ld expect to f9d m ( ?is bre$ ?an seem to be pres5t on f>ms4 ,nei!r ! ,canadian nor ! ,egyptians are to be f\nd 9 any great numb]s1 ! latt] 9 p>ticul> be+ v r>e4 ,egg ,production ,x mu/ always be rememb]$ 9 speak+ ( ! egg production ( any bre$ ( p\ltry t !re w be a consid]able v>iation 9 individuals )9 a bre$ & t egg production w also be affect$ v l>gely by ! conditions "u :i* ! birds are kept4 ,= ?is reason any attempt to give an av]age egg production = a bre$ is at be/ only an approximation4 ,^! approximations (t5 s]ve1 h[ev]1 to %[ "s well e/abli%$ contra/ betwe5 ! diff]5t bre$s ) respect to _! egg lay+ ability4 ,! ,t\l\se is a fairly prolific bre$ ( geese & individuals %\ld av]age f #ab to #cf eggs1 ! majority lay+ ab\t #bj eggs4 ,! ,embd5 is v simil> to ! ,t\l\se 9 lay+ ability al?\gh probably on ! :ole n q s good a lay]4 ,! ,african is g5]ally consid]$ a good lay] & is said to av]age f #bj to #dj eggs4 ,"s bre$]s /ate t ! pure ,african are n z good lay]s z ?is1 be+ ab\t equal to ! ,embd5 & t ! bett] lay+ ,africans really h "s ,br[n ,*9ese blood 9 !m :i* has be5 introduc$ to increase prolificacy4 ,! ,*9ese is ! mo/ prolific bre$4 ,! birds ( ei!r ! ,:ite or ,br[n v>iety %\ld av]age f #fj to #ajj eggs4 ,! eggs laid by ! ,*9ese are small] ?an ^? ( ! ,t\l\se1 ,embd5 or ,african4 ,! ,wild or ,canadian & ! ,egyptian geese are small lay]s4 ,!y r>ely lay m ?an "o sitt+ dur+ a season & ! eggs w z a rule range f #d to #h 9 numb]4 ,size ( ,goose ,eggs4 ,goose eggs are decid$ly l>g] ?an duck eggs4 ,!re is a consid]able v>iation 9 size1 dep5d+ ^u ! bre$4 ,! eggs ( ! ,t\l\se1 ,african & ,embd5 are ( ab\t ! same size & w v>y f #f-a_/b to #h ounces ea*4 ,! eggs ( ! ,*9ese are small] & w weigh f #e-a_/b to #f ounces ea*1 :ile eggs ( ! ,canadian & ,egyptian are ! smalle/ ( ! /&>d bre$s1 runn+ f #e to #e-a_/b ounces ea*4 ,color ( ,goose ,eggs4 ,9 g5]al goose eggs are :iti% 9 color b may %ade to a gray or buff t+e4 ,! ,wild or ,canadian sometimes lay eggs :i* are (f ! :ite1 %[+ a consid]able gre5 t+e4 ,ab\t ,geese & ,mat+s ,brood9ess4 ,all ( ! bre$s ( geese ) ! exception ( ! ,t\l\se may be class$ z broody bre$s1 t is to say1 !y w make _! ne/s & hat* _! "y if giv5 a *ance to d s4 ,n infrequ5tly individuals ( ! ,t\l\se bre$ w d ?is also b z a rule !y are n dep5dable = ?is purpose4 ,size ( ,mat+4 ,9 mak+ ! mat+ x is usual 9 ord] to secure be/ results to use "o g&] ) f two to f\r geese 9 ! ,t\l\se1 ,embd5 & ,african bre$s4 ,9 fact1 bett] results w be secur$ 9 ^! bre$s :]e n ov] #c geese are us$ & 9 _m cases ! geese are mat$ 9 trios or ev5 9 pairs4 ,9 ! ,*9ese geese a some:at l>g] mat+ c be employ$1 "o g&] be+ us$ ) #d to #f geese4 ,! ,wild or ,canadian & ! ,egyptian geese 9 mo/ cases pair only4 ,age ( ,bre$]s4 ,geese c be reta9$ & w give good results z bre$]s = a long] p]iod ?an mo/ o!r classes ( p\ltry4 ,:ile ! "y geese w (t5 lay dur+ _! fir/ ye> ! results f ! eggs produc$ by !m are n z a rule v satisfactory4 ,x is sometimes claim$ t ! eggs ( "y geese w n hat* b ?is is untrue & gosl+s h be5 rais$ f su* eggs4 ,canadian & ,egyptian geese d n lay until !y are #c ye>s old4 ,females may be kept = bre$+ purposes until !y are #h to #aj ye>s old & %\ld give good results dur+ ?is "t4 ,if !y cont9ue to lay long] ?an ?is & are valuable bre$+ individuals !y %\ld ( c\rse be reta9$ j s long z !y lay at a pr(itable rate4 ,in/ances are report$ :]e geese #ae to #bj ye>s old 7 /ill giv+ good results z bre$]s4 ,z a rule g&]s _c be successfully kept = bre$+ purposes z long z c ! geese4 ,ye>l+ g&]s are (t5 us$ b !y are at _! be/ = bre$+ purposes :5 f #c to #e ye>s old & x is n g5]ally wise to reta9 !m aft] !y are #f or #g ye>s old4 ,egyptian & ,canadian g&]s w n bre$ be=e !y are #b ye>s old4 ,9 g5]al x is good practice to mate "y g&]s to old] geese & to mate y\ng] geese ) old] g&]s z ?is seems to get bett] results bo? 9 f]tility & 9 hat*+4 ,m>k+ ,"y ,geese4 ,x is (t5 desirable to m>k "y geese 9 "s way s t _! bre$+ c be told or s t a record c be kept ( _! age4 ,?is c be readily accompli%$ by pun*+ v>i\s comb9ations ( holes 9 ! webs betwe5 ! toes at ! "t ! gosl+s are hat*$4 ,consid]ations 9 ,mak+ ! ,mat+4#d ,9 mak+ ! mat+ 9 bre$+ geese x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t x is ( prim>y importance to select ! bre$]s fir/ ( all = size1 prolificacy & vitality4 ,)\t ^! qualities no matt] :at else ! bre$+ geese may be !re is scant *ance ( satisfactory results4 ,hav+ select$ birds :i* are ( suitable size & vitality ^? %\ld !n be utiliz$ = bre$+ :i* approa* mo/ ne>ly bo? 9 type & color to ! requirem5ts z giv5 9 ! ,am]ican ,/&>d ( ,p]fection4 ,z a rule1 a new mat+ c be made by tak+ ! birds select$ & %utt+ !m up toge!r 9 a p5 away f ! o!r birds & out ( s\nd ( ! voices ( _! =m] mates4 ,z a rule ab\t a mon? ( ?is treatm5t w suffice to br+ ab\t ! new mat+s desir$ & ! birds c !n be all[$ to range at lib]ty4 ,footnote #d3 ,= a m detail$ description ( ! pr9ciples ( bre$+ z appli$ to p\ltry & :i* is equally applicable to geese1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,! ,mat+ & ,bre$+ ( ,p\ltry by ,h>ry ,m4 ,lamon & ,rob ,r4 ,slocum1 publi%$ by ! ,orange ,judd ,publi%+ ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,"s g&]s are v tr\blesome ab\t mat+4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true z !y get old]4 ,9 "s cases x is impossible to get g&]s to mate at all :ile frequ5tly !y w refuse to mate ) m ?an "o goose4 ,z a rule1 mat+s once made are p]man5t f ye> to ye> unless *ang$ by ! bre$] on acc\nt ( poor results4 ,:]e new mat+s are to be made or :]e *anges are to be made ?is %\ld be done 9 ! fall s t ! birds w h be5 mat$ = sev]al mon?s be=e ! bre$+ season beg9s 9 ord] to insure good results4 ,aft] ! mat+s are made ! geese c be all[$ to run toge!r 9 l>g] flocks b ! practice is frequ5tly employ$ ( keep+ ! diff]5t mat+s 9 p5s to !mselves s z to avoid ! fight+ :i* w o!rwise occur betwe5 ! g&]s4 ,dur+ ! bre$+ season ! g&]s are q savage & w fight fi]cely4 ,bre$s ( ,geese#e ,! ,t\l\se4 ,?is bre$ is *>act]iz$ by its v l[ d[n deep broad massive body4 ,! body %\ld come well d[n 9 front & %\ld be s deep & full beh9d t x t5ds to drag on ! gr\nd :5 ! bird walks4 ,! sk9 ( ! re> portion ( ! body %\ld h folds4 ,! appe>ance or type ( ! ,t\l\se dep5ds a great deal ^u ! condition ( fle% :i* a bird may be 9 at ! "t z a fat well fle%$ condition w improve type v mat]ially4 ,a dewlap1 t is to say1 a p5dul\s flap ( sk9 on ! ?roat1 is desir$ b comp>atively few birds %[ a well develop$ dewlap4 ,x is m likely to appe> ) age ?an x is 9 ! y\ng] birds4 ,9 color ! ,t\l\se bre$s q true4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty :i* is enc\nt]$ is ! occasional appe>ance ( "o1 two or ?ree :ite flight fea!rs 9 ! w+4 ,^! :ite flights con/itute a disqualification & mu/ ( c\rse be avoid$ 9 ! bre$+4 ,x is necess>y also to avoid any birds :i* lack 9 size1 l5g?1 bread? or dep? ( body1 p>ticul>ly dep? 9 front4 ,birds ( ?is bre$ are ( l>ge size & make quick gr[? & = ?is reason are a f9e m>ket goose al?\gh ! d>k color$ p9 fea!rs are some:at ( a drawback f a m>ket po9t ( view4 ,footnote #e3 ,= a complete & (ficial description & li/ ( disqualifications ( ! /&>d bre$s & v>ieties ( geese1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,am]ican ,/&>d ( ,p]fection publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,p\ltry ,association1 obta9able f ,orange ,judd ,publi%+ ,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ,embd54 ,?is bre$ is ( good size b some:at small] ?an ! ,t\l\se4 ,x has n q s long a keel or und]l9e z ! ,t\l\se & :ile deep 9 body x is n s baggy4 ,!re %\ld be no dewlap 9 ?is bre$4 ,! plumage %\ld be pure :ite ?r\gh\t1 ! only difficulty ( any importance occurr+ "h be+ ! occasional appe>ance ( slate on ! backs ( "y geese4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n s]i\s z x almo/ inv>iably disappe>s ) ! fir/ m\lt4 ,embd5 geese are rapid gr[]s & mature e>ly :i* toge!r ) ! fact t _! plumage is :ite makes !m an excell5t m>ket bird4 ,! ,african4 ,9 type ! ,african is mu* ! same z ! ,t\l\se al?\gh n q z l>ge be+ ab\t ! size ( ! ,embd54 ,:at is desir$ is a l[ d[n body :i* is flat 9 keel & )\t any folds ( sk94 ,! neck %\ld be %ort4 ,?is bird unlike ! ,t\l\se is *>act]iz$ by a knob or protub]ance ext5d+ out f ! head at ! base ( ! upp] bill4 ,?is knob %\ld be black 9 color & %\ld %[ no t+e ( yell[ on ! top or ab\t ! base4 ,if ! knob gets sc>r$ or injur$ x is apt to turn yell[ & freez+ likewise is apt to cause x to turn yell[4 ,birds ( ?is bre$ bo? "y & old %\ld %[ dewlaps1 ! abs5ce ( ^! 9 adult specim5s con/itut+ a disqualification4 ,z 9 ! ,t\l\se avoid any :ite flight fea!rs4 ,! ,african makes an excell5t m>ket goose be+ l ! ,embd5 & ,t\l\se1 quick gr[+ & e>ly matur+4 ,! g&]s are especially 9 favor = use 9 cross+ ) o!r v>ieties = ! production ( m>ket geese4 ,x seems probable t "s ,br[n ,*9ese blood has be5 cross$ into ! ,africans on v>i\s occasions probably = ! purpose ( increas+ ! prolificacy ( ! ,african z ! ,br[n ,*9ese is an excell5t lay]4 ,x is also true t crosses betwe5 ! ,br[n ,*9ese & ! ,t\l\se are sometimes %[n = ,africans b z a rule ?is cross results 9 too d>k a bird & su* crosses %\ld nev] be us$ = bre$+ purposes s9ce !y w\ld n cont9ue to give ! uni=mity & o!r qualities obta9$ 9 ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,! ,*9ese4 ,! ,*9ese is q diff]5t 9 type f ! ?ree prec$+ bre$s4 ,x is mu* small] & high] set on legs & has a body mu* m upright 9 c>riage4 ,! neck is long & sl5d] & ! head has a l>ge knob4 ,an important "p ab\t ! type is to secure a v sl5d] neck1 ano!r important po9t be+ to secure a v l>ge knob2 ! l>g] ?is is ! bett]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a decid$ t5d5cy = ! knob to run small :5 ! neck is sl5d] & x is difficult to secure 9 p]fection ! comb9ation ( a v sl5d] neck & a l>ge knob4 ,! ,*9ese geese %\ld be 9 good condition b %\ld n be too fat :5 %[n z too good a condition ( fle% injures ! type mat]ially4 ,if fat !re is a decid$ t5d5cy = ! birds to bag d[n beh9d :i* is undesirable4 ,! ,*9ese geese are ! be/ lay]s b ! egg :i* !y lay is small]4 ,on acc\nt ( _! small] size !y d n make z good m>ket geese :]e l>ge siz$ c>casses are desir$ b :]e small] c>casses suitable = family use are 9 dem& ! ,*9ese make a satisfactory m>ket bre$4 ,! ,br[n ,*9ese4 ,9 ?is v>iety ! knob %\ld be d>k br[n or black4 ,z 9 ! ,african1 injury or freez+ may turn ! knob yell[ :i* is undesirable4 ,! plumage %\ld be a ri* br[n %ade ( color1 a fad$ gray color be+ v undesirable4 ,! /ripe d[n ! back ( ! neck %\ld be well def9$ & %\ld be di/9ctly 9 contra/ ) ! re/ ( ! neck color4 ,:ite fea!rs 9 ! prim>ies or second>ies mu/ be avoid$4 ,! ,:ite ,*9ese4 ,! knob 9 ?is v>iety %\ld be orange & any t5d5cy t[>d yell[ %\ld be avoid$4 ,! plumage %\ld be pure :ite ?r\gh\t4 ,occasional "y females may %[ slate 9 ! back b ?is is n s]i\s z x almo/ inv>iably disappe>s ) ! fir/ m\lt4 ,! ,wild or ,canadian4 ,contr>y to expectation ?is bre$ :5 dome/icat$ is v peaceable & v tame4 ,!re is (t51 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy = !m to gr[ uneasy :5 ! migratory season comes4 ,to keep ! birds f fly+ away x is necess>y to clip ! flight fea!rs ( "o w+ or :at is saf] /ill to p9ion ! bird4 ,p9ion+ consi/s ( cutt+ (f ! fir/ jo9t ( "o w+4 ,?is may be done :5 ! birds are small or may be done at any "t & does n seem to bo!r !m mu*4 ,"o ( ! be/ ways to accompli% ?is is to break ! jo9t & !n cut x (f by us+ a *isel & hamm]4 ,n mu* ble$+ w result b x is well to put a little iod9e on ! cut4 ,^! birds bre$ v true 9 type & color & progress 9 ! mat+ simply consi/s ( cont9u+ to select ^? birds = bre$]s :i* %[ m>k+s 9 ! greate/ excell5ce4 ,9 type a ,canadian goose is q diff]5t f t ( ! o!r bre$s m5tion$4 ,x is small]1 set mu* high] on legs & its body is neat] & trimm]1 & is oblong & c>ri$ 9 a horizontal position4 ,! neck is long & sl5d]4 ,^! birds mate only 9 pairs z a rule & ! females d n mature & lay until !y are ?ree ye>s old4 ,! g&]s (t5 bre$ :5 !y are two ye>s old4 ,usually only a s+le sitt+ ( eggs is laid consi/+ ( f #d to #h4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 all ( ^! eggs w hat* & ! "y prove to be /rong & easily re>$4 ,! ,egyptian4 ,?is is ! smalle/ ( ! /&>d bre$s ( geese4 ,9 type x m ne>ly approa*es ! ,canadian ?an any o!r bre$ b x is some:at long] 9 legs1 %[+ m ( ! ?igh b5ea? ! body4 ,! body is n c>ri$ 9 q su* a horizontal position z ! ,canadian b slopes d[nw>d slightly f ! brea/ to ! tail4 ,! neck is nei!r s long nor q s sl5d] z t ( ! ,canadian4 ,?is bre$ is ! brighte/ color$ ( any ( ! geese & bre$s fairly true 9 color & m>k+s4 ,l ! ,canadian ! ,egyptian goose is likely to become uneasy at times & "o w+ %\ld !re=e be p9ion$ or ! flight fea!rs clipp$ to keep ! birds f fly+ away4 ,l ! ,canadian ! ,egyptians mate 9 pairs only & lay b "o sitt+ dur+ ! ye>4 ,! females d n lay until !y are ?ree ye>s old4 ,nei!r ! ,egyptian nor ! ,canadian geese %\ld be closely conf9$ or no eggs w be laid4 ,! goose %\ld be all[$ to make h] own ne/ & hat* h] eggs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,left--,egyptian ,g&]4 ,"r--,seba/apol ,goose4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,left4--,t\l\se ,g&]4 ,"r--,embd5 ,g&]4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,left--,wild or ,canadian ,g&]4 ,"r--,african ,g&]4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,left--,br[n ,*9ese ,g&]4 ,"r--,:ite ,*9ese ,g&]4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,prep>+ ,geese = ! ,%[ ,! prep>ation ( geese = ! %[ is comp>atively a simple matt]4 ,x requires fir/ ( all t individuals %all be select$ :i* approa* ne>e/ to ! /&>d requirem5ts bo? 9 type & 9 color4 ,z to ! actual prep>ation = exhibition ! geese are practically self-prep>$4 ,= a p]iod ( at lea/ a week or t5 days be=e !y are %ipp$ to ! %[ !y %\ld be giv5 access to a grass range & to runn+ wat]4 ,! grass range t5ds to put !m 9 good condition :ile ! runn+ wat] w give !m an opportunity to clean !mselves4 ,any brok5 fea!rs %\ld be pluck$ at lea/ six weeks be=e ! birds are to be %[n s z to give !m an opportunity to gr[ 9 new ones4 ,s9ce all ( ! common bre$s ( geese1 ) ! exception ( ! ,*9ese1 %\ld be %[n 9 a fat condition 9 ord] to give !m _! be/ type !y %\ld be giv5 a gra9 mixture twice daily = a p]iod ( at lea/ t5 days be=e ! %[ 9 ord] to get !m 9 good fle% & to br+ !m up to /&>d weight4 ,?is ration %\ld consi/ ( "o "p corn & two p>ts oats4 ,9 ,*9ese geese :]e x is desir$ to h !m 9 good condition ( fle% b )\t %[+ any t5d5cy t[>d bagg9ess1 oats alone %\ld be f$ z !y are apt to put on too mu* fat :5 corn is f$ z well4 ,:5 ! birds are %ipp$ to ! %[ !y are q likely to get _! plumage soil$ dur+ ! j\rney4 ,if ?is occurs fill a b>rel ab\t half full ( wat]4 ,z ! geese are tak5 f ! %ipp+ coops place two ( !m at a "t 9 ! b>rel1 cov] x ov] & leave !m = a few m9utes4 ,!n take !m out & !y w usually be clean4 ,cat*+ & ,h&l+ ,geese ,nev] cat* geese by ! legs :i* are weak & are easily brok5 or injur$4 ,= ! same reason !y %\ld nev] be c>ri$ by ! legs4 ,9 cat*+ geese grasp !m by ! neck j bel[ ! head4 ,(t5 a crook$ /ick is ( value 9 gett+ hold ( ! birds by ! neck4 ,geese c be c>ri$ %ort di/ances by ! neck )\t injury b x is n advisable to c>ry !m = any consid]able di/ance 9 ?is mann]1 p>ticul>ly if !y are fat4 ,! be/ way to h&le ! geese is to cat* !m by ! neck1 !n place "o arm ov] ! %\ld]s & ar\nd ! bird's body ?us hold+ ! w+s 9 place :ile bo? legs are grasp$ ) ! h&4 ,! neck %\ld be held ) ! o!r h& to keep ! bird f bit+4 ,9 releas+ ! bird 9 a p5 or %ipp+ coop d n let g ( ! neck until ! bird is plac$ :]e x is want$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed--,prop] mann] ( pick+ up & c>ry+ geese ) ! head & neck "u ! arm4 7,photographs f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,pack+ & ,%ipp+ ,hat*+ ,eggs ,goose eggs = hat*+ mu/ be %ipp$ :5 !y are fre% if !y are to be receiv$ 9 good condition & are to give good results 9 hat*+4 ,!y c be %ipp$ long di/ances ei!r by express or by p>cel po/4 ,9 ord] to prev5t breakage & to less5 ! effects ( ! j> to :i* ! eggs are subject$ dur+ %ipm5t !y %\ld be c>efully pack$ 9 a m>ket basket or o!r suitable receptacle4 ,! same me?od ( pack+ ! eggs %\ld be employ$ z ) duck eggs describ$ on page #acg4 ,prices = ,bre$+ ,/ock ,:ile ! dem& = bre$+ /ock is n s broad ) geese z x is ) "s o!r classes ( p\ltry1 !re does exi/ a /eady & pr(itable dem& = ?is class ( f[ls4 ,goose eggs = hat*+ are usually sold 9 sitt+s ( #e & ! price v>ies some:at dep5d+ ^u ! v>iety4 ,z a rule1 ,embd5 & ,t\l\se eggs w br+ f #fj c5ts to #a4bj ea*4 ,*9ese goose eggs w br+ f #dj c5ts to #a ea* :ile ! eggs ( ! ,african goose w br+ f #a to #b ea*4 ,( c\rse ! price ( eggs = hat*+ l t ( bre$+ birds dep5ds on ! quality ( ! /ock4 ,! prices = ! birds !mselves = bre$+ purposes w run any:]e f ab\t #h to #aj apiece = good birds suitable = bre$+ on f>m flocks1 to #be or ev5 #ej ea* ( birds ( especially f9e quality4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,managem5t ( ,bre$+ ,geese ,range = ,bre$]s4 ,s9ce grass or o!r vegetation1 :5 pl5tiful1 w furni% practically ! entire liv+ bo? = bre$+ & gr[+ geese1 x is by all means desirable to h suitable range = ! bre$+ /ock4 ,aside f economy ( production range is desirable f ! fact t ! bre$]s keep 9 bett] condition & bett] results 9 bre$+ & f]tility are obta9$4 ,! range = bre$+ geese %\ld !re=e consi/ ( grass l& or pa/ure4 ,(t5 r l[ wet l& c be us$ = ?is purpose1 p>ticul>ly if "s high] l& is also available to provide a m favorable k9d ( grass4 ,(t5 geese c be rang$ on ! same pa/ure ) horses or cattle4 ,lat] 9 ! season aft] ! h>ve/1 bo? bre$+ & gr[+ geese c be giv5 ! range ( ! /ubble fields to good advantage z !y w glean mo/ ( ! %ell$ gra94 ,! entire flock ( bre$]s is g5]ally all[$ to run toge!r b ! flock may be divid$ if desir$1 or ea* mat+ may be kept 9 a colony by itself if ! fight+ ( ! g&]s proves tr\blesome4 ,numb] ( ,geese to ! ,acre4 ,! numb] ( geese :i* c be kept or run to ! acre dep5ds ( c\rse ^u ! nature ( ! l& available = ! purpose4 ,! bett] ! pa/ure & !re=e ! m gre5 fe$ available ?r\gh\t ! summ] & fall1 ! m geese c be run4 ,9 g5]al1 ! practice is to run f #d to #be geese to an acre2 t5 is a fair av]age "u normal conditions4 ,wat] = ,bre$+ ,geese4 ,:ile wat] to :i* ! geese c h access = swimm+ is n absolutely ess5tial = _! well be+1 !y l x & x is well to provide wat] if possible especially dur+ ! bre$+ season4 ,x n only takes c>e ( ! problem ( supply+ dr9k+ wat]1 b 9 ! op9ion ( _m goose rais]s1 increases ! f]tility ( ! eggs laid4 ,a natural wat] supply su* z a /ream or pond 9 ! pa/ure is !re=e desirable1 b if none is available an artificial pond or tank c be furni%$ to good advantage4 ,di/+ui%+ ! ,sex4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% ! sex ( geese4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to "k ! sex s z to provide ! prop] numb] ( g&]s & s z to "k :at birds to p5 toge!r 9 mak+ a mat+4 ,once ! sex ( a bird is det]m9$ x is well = ! novice to m>k x by means ( a suitable leg b& s t its sex c be easily di/+ui%$ 9 ! future4 ,x is m difficult to di/+ui% ! sex ( "y ?an ( old geese4 ,! g&] is g5]ally slightly l>g] & co>s] ?an ! goose1 ) a long]1 ?ick] neck & l>g] head4 ,! g&] also has a %rill] cry ?an ! goose ^: cry consi/s ( a h>%] s\nd4 ,"s goose rais]s claim t !y c di/+ui% ! sex ( mature geese by ! body %ape1 ! und]l9e ( ! body ( ! g&] f ! tail to ! po9t :]e ! legs jo9 ! body be+ ne>ly /raight1 :ile 9 ! goose ?is l9e t5ds to r\nd out ) ! full] developm5t ( ! abdom54 ,?is diff]5ce is m m>k$ dur+ ! lay+ season ?an at o!r times4 ,consid]able exp]i5ce is necess>y 9 ord] to di/+ui% sex by any ( ! means describ$ & ! really sure way is by an exam9ation ( ! sexual organs or by obs]v+ ! actions ( ! geese :5 mat+4 ,^u exam9ation ! sph9ct] muscle :i* closes ! anus ( ! female :5 /ret*$ w be f\nd to h a fold$ appe>ance4 ,if ! g&] is plac$ ^u 8 back & pressure appli$ ar\nd ! anus1 ! p5is w protrude4 ,?is te/ is m easily made on a mature ?an on an immature g&] & is also easi] to make dur+ w>m ?an dur+ cold wea!r4 ,pur*ase ( ,bre$+ ,/ock4 ,geese :5 mat$ usually /ay mat$ p]man5tly4 ,mat+s are n1 !re=e1 *ang$ f ye> to ye> z a rule s long z !y cont9ue to give satisfactory results4 ,if x becomes necess>y to make new mat+s or to break up old mat+s1 ?is %\ld be done 9 ! fall1 s t ! birds w be ?or\ghly us$ to ! new ord] ( ?+s by ! "t ! bre$+ season arrives1 & ! results 9 eggs laid & "y /ock gr[n w n1 !re=e1 be adv]sely affect$4 ,= ?is reason1 any bre$+ /ock pur*as$ %\ld be secur$ 9 ! fall r ?an to wait until j be=e ! bre$+ season op5s4 ,z a rule1 also1 a bett] selection ( bre$+ /ock to *oose f is available to ! pur*as] 9 ! fall4 ,"t ( ,lay+4 ,geese />t lay+ 9 ! e>ly spr+ & cont9ue to lay ?r\gh\t ! spr+4 ,) special att5tion giv5 to ! fe$+1 !y %\ld beg9 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\t ,febru>y #a & %\ld cont9ue to lay until ab\t ,june #a :5 geese ( ! heavi] bre$s su* z ! ,t\l\se1 ,african & ,embd5 w g5]ally be pretty well ?r\gh4 ,"s individuals w lay lat] ?an ?is & ! ,*9ese geese also h a r long] lay+ season ext5d+ fur!r into ! summ]4 ,! l5g? ( ! lay+ season is also affect$ by :e!r ! geese are brok5 up :5 !y become broody or :e!r !y are all[$ to sit4 ,! latt] practice1 ( c\rse1 /ops ! lay+s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,canadian & ,egyptian z a rule lay only a s+le small sett+ ( eggs dur+ ! season4 ,z a rule geese lay dur+ ! night or ! =5oon4 ,! frequ5cy ( lay+ v>ies1 "s geese lay+ e o!r day :ile o!rs lay m or less (t54 ,h\s+4 ,geese )/& ! wea!r v well & d n ne$ mu* 9 ! way ( h\ses or %elt] except dur+ w9t] & dur+ sev]e /orms4 ,9 ! ,nor? x is ! usual practice & good practice to provide %elt] = ! geese1 :i* may take ! =m ( a p\ltry h\se1 or ( any %$ or b>n available = ! purpose4 ,a %$ ) op5+s on ! s\? side makes an ideal goose %elt] or h\se4 ,mo/ bre$]s 9 ! ,s\? :o give _! flocks good att5tion also provide %elt] = !m dur+ ! w9t] al?\gh geese are also successfully kept 9 t section )\t %elt]4 ,! h\ses provid$ = ! bre$]s mu/ be kept clean & z dry z possible4 ,! be/ way to d ?is is to b$ !m lib]ally ) /raw1 %av+s or "s simil> mat]ial1 especially dur+ ! w9t]4 ,z ! b$d+ becomes soil$1 m %\ld be add$ & ! h\se %\ld be clean$ out f "t to "t & fre% litt] put 94 ,no equipm5t = ! h\ses is necess>y4 ,! geese w lay _! eggs 9 ne/s :i* !y make on ! floor & if pl5ty ( clean b$d+ is provid$1 ! eggs w n get badly soil$4 ,l>ge boxes1 b>rels1 or simil> %elt] provid$ ) an abundance ( ne/+ mat]ial may be scatt]$ ab\t ! range to provide places 9 :i* ! geese may make _! ne/s4 ,y>ds4 ,usually no y>ds are provid$ = geese z !y are all[$ ! range ( a pa/ure or are all[$ to roam at lib]ty ab\t ! f>m4 ,any ord9>y wov5 wire /ock f5ce su* z might be us$ to f5ce a pa/ure w s]ve to keep ! geese conf9$ z well z ! o!r /ock4 ,if = any reason x is desir$ to conf9e geese to a y>d1 ! ef=t %\ld be made to provide y>d en\gh s t ! geese w h a con/ant supply ( gre5 fe$4 ,9 a small y>d ?is is impossible4 ,a #b-a_/b or #c foot f5ce is high en\gh to conf9e any ( ! common bre$s ( geese & w also s]ve = ,canadian & ,egyptian geese if !y h be5 p9ion$ :i* %\ld always be done4 ,fe$+ ! ,bre$+ ,geese4 ,:ile ! flock ( geese may be all[$ to pick mo/ ( _! liv+ f a good grass range dur+ ! summ] & fall1 x is necess>y to fe$ !m dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 fact dur+ ! summ] x may be necess>y to fe$ !m lightly on gra9 or wet ma% if ! pa/ure gets %ort4 ,! quantity ( fe$ necess>y = ?is purpose dep5ds ^u ! condition ( ! pa/ure & mu/ be judg$ by ! condition ( ! birds4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 !y mu/ be f$ regul>ly4 ,! fe$ giv5 !m %\ld consi/ ( bo? gra9 & "s =m ( r\ghage4 ,x is necess>y to be c>eful n to ov]fe$ s t ! geese w become too fat1 = :ile !y %\ld be 9 good condition ( fle% at ! beg9n+ ( ! bre$+ season1 if !y are too fat1 poor f]tility & poor hat*es w result4 ,fe$4 ,oats makes ! be/ fe$ = bre$+ geese z x is n too fatt5+4 ,corn1 :eat or b>ley f$ alone is likely to prove too fatt5+ b a limit$ quantity %\ld be f$ = v>iety4 ,! gra9 %\ld be f$ twice a day ?r\gh\t ! w9t] & %\ld be giv5 r sp>+ly1 dep5d+ on r\ghage to make up ! bulk ( ! fe$4 ,vegetables1 clov] or alfalfa hay1 *opp$ corn /ov] or silage make good r\ghage = ?is purpose4 ,corn silage is a f9e fe$ if x is n moldy & does n conta9 s mu* corn z to be too fatt5+4 ,ab\t ?ree weeks or a mon? be=e x is desir$ to h ! geese comm5ce lay+1 :i* %\ld be at su* a "t t ! fir/ gosl+s hat*$ w h good grass pa/ure1 a ma% %\ld be add$ to ! fe$ to /imulate egg production4 ,?is ma% is g5]ally f$ 9 ! morn+ ) ! vegetables or r\ghage & may consi/ ( ?ree p>ts bran or %orts1 "o "p corn meal & "o-f\r? "p meat scrap4 ,if available butt]milk or skim milk c be us$ to mix ! ma% & replace ! meat scrap4 ,ano!r ma% = ?is purpose consi/s ( corn meal "o-f\r? "p1 bran two p>ts1 & gr\nd oats "o "p1 mix$ up ) skim milk or butt]milk4 ,grit & oy/] %ell %\ld be kept :]e ! geese c help !mselves p>ticul>ly dur+ ! lay+ season4 ,dr9k+ wat] mu/ be available at all times & if a natural supply is n available1 mu/ be giv5 9 dr9k+ f\nta9s or di%es :i* %\ld be s arrang$ t ! geese _c get _! feet into ! wat]4 ,:5 !y c get into ! dr9k+ wat]1 !y w quickly get x into a fil?y condition4 ,:5 ! geese are runn+ 9 a field ) horses or cattle a small enclosure %\ld be f5c$ 9 to :i* ! geese c ga9 access by means ( suitable op5+s b :i* w keep ! o!r /ock out4 ,9 ?is %\ld be plac$ ! dr9k+ f\nta9 = ! geese & 9 ?is enclosure ! geese %\ld be f$4 ,o!rwise ! cattle or horses w get mo/ ( ! fe$ int5d$ = ! geese & 9 addition1 "s ( ! geese may be /epp$ on or kick$ & injur$ :5 ! /ock cr[ds ar\nd at fe$+ "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,incubation ,c>e ( ,eggs = ,hat*+4 ,s9ce egg production usually beg9s e>ly 9 ! spr+ :ile ! wea!r is /ill cold1 x is necess>y to ga!r ! eggs at frequ5t int]vals to prev5t _! freez+ or becom+ *ill$4 ,lat] 9 ! season daily collection w be satisfactory4 ,! eggs z collect$ %\ld be kept 9 a cool place & :]e ! evaporation ( ! egg cont5ts w n be too great4 ,if set at fairly frequ5t int]vals1 !re w be no difficulty on ?is score4 ,if !y are to be kept = "s "t1 !y may be /or$ 9 bran to prev5t evaporation4 ,x is well to m>k ! eggs z ga!r$ ) ! date !y are laid s z to ov]come ! possibility ( sav+ too long any eggs = hat*+4 ,"s goose rais]s ?9k t x is be/ to wa% goose eggs be=e sett+ !m4 ,?is belief is bas$ on ! fact t :5 a goose makes h] own ne/ & has access to wat] 9 :i* to swim %e comes on ! ne/ ) h] fea!rs wet4 ,x is to simulate ?is condition t ! eggs are wa%$4 ,c]ta9ly any dirty eggs %\ld be wa%$4 ,me?ods ( ,incubation4 ,! mo/ usual me?ods ( hat*+ goose eggs are by means ( ! *ick5 h5 & ! goose4 ,incubators may also be us$ b d n z a rule seem to give z good results z !y d ) h5 or duck eggs4 ,turkey h5s may also be utiliz$ = ?is purpose b are n commonly available al?\gh !y make good mo!rs4 ,probably ! mo/ common me?od ( hat*+ is ! use ( *ick5 h5s4 ,next common is to all[ ! goose to hat* h] own eggs4 ,goose eggs hat* well "u h5s or geese4 ,dur+ ! height ( ! season ne>ly e f]tile egg %\ld hat* if ! bre$+ geese are manag$ & f$ s t !y are 9 good condition4 ,e>ly 9 ! season ! eggs may n run z f]tile or hat* z well z lat]4 ,p]iod ( ,incubation4 ,! p]iod ( incubation ( goose eggs is approximately #cj days1 b may v>y f #bh to #cc or occasionally ev5 #ce days4 ,hat*+ ) ,*ick5 ,h5s4 ,*ick5 h5s are us$ v commonly to hat* goose eggs bo? because !y give good results & are readily available & also because x is desirable to take ! fir/ eggs laid by ! geese away & n to let !m get broody & sit s t !y w lay m eggs4 ,= ! latt] reason practically all ! eggs laid e>ly 9 ! season are hat*$ by *ick5 h5s4 ,! ne/ c be prep>$ = ! h5 ei!r 9 a suitable place 9 a p\ltry h\se or 9 a %$ or o!r build+ or 9 a box or b>rel on ! gr\nd4 ,z soon z ! h5 %[s t %e is ready to sit by /ay+ on ! ne/1 9 :i* has be5 plac$ a ne/ egg or two1 = a c\ple ( nights 9 succession1 %e may be giv5 a sitt+ ( eggs4 ,f\r to #f goose eggs w con/itute a sitt+ = a common h54 ,! h5 %\ld be conf9$ to ! ne/ be+ let (f only once a day = ex]cise1 fe$ & wat]4 ,! sitt+ h5 mu/ be giv5 good c>e1 be+ ev5 m p>ticul> 9 ?is respect ?an :5 %e is sitt+ on h5s' eggs z ! p]iod ( incubation is long]4 ,9 addition to be+ c>eful to see t ! h5 comes (f h] ne/ = food & wat] %e %\ld be du/$ #b or #c times dur+ ! hat* ) "s good insect p[d] to keep h] free f lice & !re=e cont5t$ to /ay on ! ne/4 ,two or #c days be=e ! gosl+s hat* %e %\ld be du/$ ) especial c>e s t ! gosl+s w be free f v]m94 ,on acc\nt ( ! l>ge size ( ! eggs ! h5 %\ld n be dep5d$ ^u to turn !m & ?is %\ld be done by h& once or twice daily4 ,hat*+ ) ,geese4 ,all bre$s ( geese w hat* _! eggs al?\gh "s are m p]si/5tly broody ?an o!rs :ile !re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 individuals 9 ?is respect4 ,t\l\se & ,*9ese are p]haps ! lea/ broody ( ! bre$s & are sometimes t]m$ non-broody4 ,! eggs laid by geese are g5]ally ga!r$ z laid4 ,if ?is 7 n done !y w become broody & /op lay+ quick] ?an !y d "u ?is treatm5t4 ,! goose %\ld be all[$ to make h] own ne/4 ,(t5 %e w d ?is 9 a b>rel1 box or o!r %elt] if ^! are conv5i5tly available4 ,:5 %e %[s t %e is broody & has /opp$ lay+ %e %\ld be giv5 a sitt+ ( eggs :i* w consi/ ( #aj or #aa4 ,geese are (t5 difficult to manage :5 !y h "y4 ,wild & ,egyptian geese %\ld always be all[$ to make _! own ne/s :i* !y l to d on dry gr\nd ne> ! wat]1 us+ /raw leaves or simil> mat]ial to make ! ne/4 ,!y %\ld n be di/urb$ z !y are ugly dur+ ?is "t4 ,!y w hat* practically e egg4 ,break+ ,up ,broody ,geese4 ,a goose :i* %[s a desire to sit1 c be brok5 up q easily by conf9+ h] to a slat-bottom$ coop )\t any fe$1 b ) pl5ty ( wat] to dr9k1 = f #b to #d days4 ,aft] be+ brok5 up %e w g5]ally comm5ce lay+ aga9 aft] an int]val ( a few days4 ,hat*+ ) an ,incubator4 ,:ile x is m difficult to hat* goose eggs 9 incubators ?an x is h5 or duck eggs1 ?is c be done by an exp]i5c$ op]ator ) a fair degree ( success4 ,! incubator %\ld be op]at$ at a temp]ature ( #aja4e to #ajb4e degrees ,f41 ) ! !rmomet] s plac$ t ! bulb is on a level ) ! top ( ! eggs4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ?ird day1 ! eggs %\ld be turn$ twice a day z ) h5s' eggs4 ,beg9n+ ab\t ! t5? day1 ! eggs %\ld be cool$ once a day1 & !y ne$ m cool+ ?an h5s' eggs require4 ,!y %\ld be cool$ d[n to a temp]ature ( ab\t #hj to #he degrees4 ,all goose eggs :e!r 9 incubators or "u h5s or geese %\ld be te/$ once dur+ ! hat*4 ,! be/ "t to d ?is is sometime betwe5 ! t5? & f\rte5? days1 :5 any inf]tile eggs or dead g]ms %\ld be ?r[n out4 ,moi/ure = ,hat*+ ,eggs4 ,:]e eggs are be+ hat*$ 9 an incubator1 !re is ne$ = ! use ( consid]able moi/ure4 ,x %\ld be add$ fir/ at ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ week ( incubation & %\ld be repeat$ a c\ple ( times dur+ ! second week4 ,?is c be/ be done by spr9kl+ ! eggs lib]ally ) wat] heat$ to ab\t #ajj degrees4 ,beg9n+ ) ! #ae? day & until #b or #c days be=e ! eggs are ready to hat* soak !m 9 w>m wat] = f "o-half a m9ute to a m9ute once e #b or #c days4 ,= ! la/ #b or #c days d ?is daily4 ,:5 ! eggs are be+ hat*$ by *ick5 h5s or geese 9 ne/s indoors or 9 boxes or b>rels & 9 dry wea!r1 moi/ure %\ld be add$ 9 ! same mann] & ) ! same frequ5cy & am\nt z 9 ! incubator4 ,:5 ! ne/ is on damp gr\nd1 x is n necess>y to use any moi/ure on ! eggs4 ,hat*+4 ,gosl+s z a rule hat* r sl[ly & some:at unev5ly1 especially :5 "u h5s4 ,= ?is reason x is well to remove ea* gosl+ z x hat*es f "u ! h5 or goose & place x 9 a cov]$1 clo?-l9$ box or basket & keep ne> ! /ove until ! hat* is complet$4 ,z soon z ! hat* is ov]1 ! gosl+s t h be5 remov$ f ! ne/ c be put back "u ! h5 or goose :i* is to be all[$ to assume ! duties ( mo!rhood4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,brood+ & ,re>+ ,gosl+s ,:5 ! hat* is complet$ all ! gosl+s :i* h be5 remov$ f ! ne/ %\ld be return$2 & ! h5 or goose remov$ to ! coop :i* %e is to occupy :ile brood+ !m4 ,at ?is "t1 if hat*$ ) a h5 ! gosl+s %\ld be exam9$ c>efully on ! head & neck to see :e!r !re are any head lice pres5t4 ,if any are f\nd ! heads & necks ( ! gosl+s mu/ be greas$ ) a little l>d or vasel9e4 ,n too mu* grease %\ld be us$ z x may prove h>mful to ! gosl+s4 ,me?ods ( ,brood+4 ,! mo/ common me?ods ( brood+ gosl+s are ! use ( geese1 ( *ick5 h5s or ( artificial means4 ,geese make ! be/ mo!rs b are n always available especially dur+ ! e>ly hat*es4 ,geese may also prove r unruly :5 !y h "y & = ?is reason are n 9 favor ) "s goose rais]s4 ,:5 hat*+ is done simultane\sly ) geese & h5s x is ! practice ( "s rais]s to give all ! gosl+s hat*$ to ! geese to re>4 ,h5s c be us$ v successfully = re>+ gosl+s especially if !y are conf9$ to a coop = ! fir/ week or two s t !y _c range too f> & too fa/ & tire ! gosl+s out4 ,n ov] #f or #h gosl+s %\ld be giv5 to a h5 to brood4 ,artificial me?ods are v successful ) gosl+s mu* m s 9 fact ?an are artificial me?ods ( hat*+ ! eggs4 ,"s goose rais]s pref] to use artificial means ( brood+1 especially if !y h only a few gosl+s & are brood+ at ! same "t "s *icks or duckl+s4 ,brood+ ) ,h5s or ,geese4 ,a suitable roomy coop %\ld be provid$ to :i* ! gosl+s ) _! "m1 ei!r h5 or goose1 c be mov$ :5 ! hat* is complet$4 ,! coop %\ld be s con/ruct$ by means ( a slatt$ front or o!rwise1 t ! h5 c be conf9$ & ! gosl+s all[$ to range4 ,x is v desirable to get ! gosl+s out on grass z soon z possible4 ,a goose ) gosl+s is (t5 all[$ to h h] lib]ty b _m rais]s pref] to conf9e h] to a coop ! same z :5 a h5 is us$4 ,! coop %\ld h a bo>d floor well b$d$ ) /raw1 %av+s or simil> mat]ial4 ,?is w n only help to keep ! gosl+s dry b w also s]ve to protect !m f _! enemies dur+ ! night4 ,= ?is same reason ! coop %\ld be s con/ruct$ t x c be clos$ at night by means ( a wire cov]$ door s z to %ut out m>aud]s1 & at ! same "t all[ pl5ty ( v5tilation4 ,! coop mu/ be clean$ (t5 s z to keep ! gosl+s clean & dry4 ,l5g? ( ,"t ,brood+ ,is ,necess>y4 ,! "t t gosl+s ne$ brood+ w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! wea!r4 ,dur+ mild wea!r #aj days is usually suffici5t1 aft] :i* !y c d )\t any brood+4 ,e>ly 9 ! season1 brood+ mu/ be ext5d$ ov] a long] p]iod4 ,?is may mean any:]e f #b to #d weeks or ev5 long]4 ,artificial ,brood+4 ,= ?is purpose any brood] utiliz$ = *icks or ducks c be us$ = gosl+s4 ,to />t ) !y %\ld h a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj degrees b ?is c be r$uc$ 9 a few days until 9 a week or t5 days x is only #gj to #hj degrees or if ! wea!r is mild artificial heat may be disp5s$ ) entirely4 ,:]e !re are only a few gosl+s !y may be put ) a brood ( ducks z long z !y ne$ heat4 ,x does n "w s well to put !m ) *icks bo? because !y d n require a high temp]ature s long z ! *icks & also because !y are s l>ge z to be likely to tread on & injure "s ( ! *icks4 ,brood]s %\ld be well b$d$ ) /raw1 %av+s or "s simil> mat]ial & %\ld be clean$ out e #b or #c days s z to be kept clean & dry4 ,d n cr[d ! gosl+s2 give !m pl5ty ( room4 ,"s goose rais]s d n dep5d ^u heat$ brood]s at all1 especially :5 only a few gosl+s are to be brood$4 ,= ! fir/ day or two ! gosl+s are kept 9 a cov]$ basket or box 9 ! h\se ne> a fire & aft] ?is are put out dur+ ! w>m? ( ! day b br\ght into ! h\se & put 9 ! basket or box at night until !y are two or ?ree weeks old4 ,! same practice %\ld be foll[$ ) gosl+s re>$ 9 brood]s1 ^! be+ us$ only dur+ ! night aft] ! fir/ #b or #c days1 ! gosl+s be+ put out-doors dur+ ! day 9 good wea!r4 ,:5 gosl+s :i* are be+ artificially brood$ are put out dur+ ! day on ! grass1 !y %\ld be conf9$ at fir/4 ,?is c be easily accompli%$ by build+ a triangul> enclosure1 =m$ ( #c bo>ds1 #a foot wide or wid]1 plac$ up on edge4 ,?is enclosure c be easily %ift$ to a new position ea* day ?us giv+ ! gosl+s fre% gr\nd & fre% grass4 ,g5]al ,c>e ( ,gr[+ ,gosl+s ,gosl+s %\ld be kept dry & = ?is reason %\ld be kept %ut up until ! dew is (f ! grass 9 ! morn+4 ,= ! same reason !y %\ld n be all[$ access to wat] 9 :i* to swim until !y are at lea/ #c or #d weeks old4 ,:5 all[$ to swim1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t !y c get out ( ! wat] easily4 ,gosl+s caught 9 a cold ra9 w (t5 be ov]come & app>5tly dead4 ,frequ5tly !y c be reviv$ & sav$ by wrapp+ !m 9 a heat$ clo? & plac+ !m ne> a w>m fire4 ,:ile !y are /ill "y1 gosl+s %\ld be driv5 "u %elt] :5ev] a ra9 /orm comes up4 ,:5 all[$ to run at lib]ty1 gosl+s mu/ be kept track ( to "s ext5t4 ,!y may become lo/ & h to be driv5 back to _! %elt] at night4 ,or !y may fall into holes or get caught 9 f5ces & corn]s & mu/ be releas$4 ,:5 all[$ to run ) l>g] /ock !y are m or less liable to injury f be+ /epp$ ^u or kick$4 ,a gr[+ coop or %elt] ( "s sort %\ld be provid$ = ! gr[+ gosl+s al?\gh ?is is n always done aft] !y are pretty well fea!r$ out4 ,su* a coop %\ld be l>ge en\gh s t ! gosl+s are n cr[d$1 & %\ld be well v5tilat$4 ,x %\ld h a bo>d floor & be capable ( be+ clos$ s z to protect ! gosl+s f _! enemies1 b )\t cutt+ (f v5tilation4 ,if natural %ade is n available :]e ! gosl+s range1 artificial %ade ( "s sort mu/ be provid$ dur+ ! hot wea!r4 ,gr[+ gosl+s are q susceptible to extreme heat & w n make z good gr[? if n provid$ ) %ade4 ,artificial %ade ( bo>ds or bru% c be easily provid$4 ,if = any reason x is necess>y to conf9e gr[+ gosl+s1 !y %\ld be provid$ ) good grass y>ds or runs & _! coops or %elt]s %\ld be mov$ to a fre% location frequ5tly4 ,x is bett]1 if possible1 to keep ! gr[+ /ock sep>ate f ! old bre$+ /ock z !y w d bett] & make m rapid gr[? "u ^! conditions4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 :]e only a few geese are re>$ ea* ye>1 old & "y /ock are all[$ to range toge!r4 ,fe$+ ! ,gosl+s4 ,l *icks or ducks1 gosl+s d n ne$ to be f$ z soon z hat*$1 ! yolk ( ! eggs provid+ all ! n\ri%m5t !y ne$ = at lea/ #cf h\rs4 ,!y %\ld1 h[ev]1 be furni%$ wat] to dr9k z soon z ! hat* is complet$4 ,! fir/ fe$ %\ld consi/ ( /ale bread1 soak$ 9 milk or wat]4 ,) ?is mat]ial %\ld be mix$ boil$ eggs *opp$ up f9e4 ,! gosl+s %\ld be f$ #c or pref]ably #d times daily until !y are #b or #c weeks old4 ,*opp$ grass or "s o!r gre5 fe$ %\ld be add$ to ! fe$1 ! quantity f$ be+ increas$ /eadily4 ,x is important to get ! gosl+s out on grass z soon z possible1 :i* %\ld be aft] ! fir/ #b or #c days if ! wea!r is good1 s t !y w be able to graze = !mselves4 ,five p] c5t ( f9e grit or %>p s& %\ld likewise be add$ to ! fe$4 ,"s gr[]s pref] to fe$ ! grit or s& 9 a hopp] to :i* ! gosl+s h con/ant access & f :i* !y c help !mselves4 ,a con/ant supply ( fre% dr9k+ wat] is ess5tial & ?is %\ld be provid$ 9 dr9k+ f\nta9s or di%es su* t ! gosl+s _c get _! feet or bodies 9 !m4 ,:5 a good grass range is available1 ! gosl+s1 aft] !y are #b or #c weeks old1 w ne$ only "o light fe$ ( ma% daily 9 addition to ! grass !y eat4 ,su* a ma% w consi/ ( #b p>ts %orts & #a "p corn meal1 gr\nd oats or gr\nd b>ley4 ,:]e ! pa/ure is good _m gosl+s are rais$ f ! age ( #b or #c weeks until !y are ready to be fatt5$ )\t any o!r fe$ ?an ! grass & o!r mat]ial :i* !y get = !mselves4 ,h[ev]1 ! fe$+ ( "o light fe$ ( ma% a day is advantage\s z x insures adequate fe$ = _! ne$ & promotes quick] gr[?4 ,aft] ! gosl+s are #f weeks old1 if !y are /ill f$1 ! ma% %\ld be *ang$ to equal p>ts %orts1 corn meal & gr\nd oats ) #e meat scrap4 ,?is same ma% c be cont9u$ until fatt5+ "t4 ,:ole gra9s are n g5]ally f$ to gosl+s until !y are well fea!r$ & (t5 n until x is desir$ to fatt5 !m4 ,p]c5tage ( ,gosl+s ,rais$4 ,gosl+s are = ! mo/ "p q h>dy & are comp>atively easy to brood4 ,?is c\pl$ ) ! fact t !y are relatively free f disease & are n mu* tr\bl$ ) insect pe/s makes x possible to raise a l>ge p] c5t ( ! ?rifty gosl+s hat*$4 ,) good c>e & ) good /rong heal?y /ock1 x %\ld be possible to raise 9 ! neighborhood ( #ij ( ! gosl+s hat*$4 ,rapidity ( ,gr[?4 ,gosl+s make a v rapid gr[?4 ,:5 m>ket$ z gre5 geese !y are usually turn$ (f at f #ab to #af weeks ( age4 ,at ?is age !y %\ld weigh f #i to #ab p\nds1 dep5d+ ^u ! bre$ & ^u ! rapidity ( gr[?4 ,_m1 probably mo/1 "y geese are n m>ket$ at z e>ly an age z ?is b are held until ! ,*ri/mas season or lat] & m>ket$ at heavi] weight4 ,! be/ gr[n ,t\l\se gosl+s %\ld atta9 a weight ( #af to #ah p\nds by ,*ri/mas or :5 #f to #h mon?s old4 ,o!r bre$s w weigh proportionately less4 ,special att5tion or special fe$+ w1 ( c\rse1 increase ! weight ov] t atta9$ )\t su* fe$+4 ,z a rule ! heavi] bre$s su* z ! ,t\l\se d n get _! full gr[? until !y are ab\t #ah mon?s old4 ,aft] ?is z geese ( bo? sexes gr[ old]1 !y w1 ( c\rse1 fill out m & atta9 great] weight4 ,disease4 ,gosl+s are rem>kably free f disease & a v l>ge p]c5tage ( all /rong gosl+s hat*$ %\ld be re>$4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal difficulties is di>rhoea4 ,?is is usually caus$ by faulty fe$+4 ,x may be due to fe$+ too great a quantity ( s(t fe$ or to giv+ s(t fe$ 9 too sloppy a condition4 ,access to /agnant wat]1 unclean enclosures or unclean dr9k+ di%es may also cause di>rhoea4 ,:5 p>tly gr[n gosl+s :i* are be+ giv5 s(t fe$ are tr\bl$ ) di>rhoea1 ?is may sometimes be *eck$ by sub/itut+ a light fe$ ( corn daily = a "p ( ! s(t fe$4 ,gosl+s are sometimes tr\bl$ ) lam5ess4 ,?is is usually caus$ by faulty fe$+ also1 p>ticul>ly by fe$+ a ration :i* is lack+ 9 some?+ ne$$1 su* z "s =m ( animal fe$ l beef scrap :i* may cause a lack ( m9]al matt] 9 ! ration4 ,if ! gosl+s _c secure x = !mselves a supply ( grit or gravel %\ld be plac$ at _! disposal4 ,!re is an infecti\s disease ( geese :i* sometimes causes tr\ble kn[n z goose septicemia or hemorrhagic septicemia4 ,?is is a disease simil> to f[l *ol]a & may attack ei!r "y or mature geese4 ,x is n (t5 f\nd on f>ms :]e ! geese are rais$ 9 small lots1 b sometimes proves tr\blesome on f>ms :]e a l>ge numb] ( geese are ga!r$ toge!r = fatt5+4 ,! geese are (t5 f\nd dead :5 "o goes to fe$ !m )\t hav+ %[n mu* prelim9>y sickness4 ,! disease is usually fatal4 ,%ortly be=e !y die ! affect$ geese may acquire an unc]ta9 gait & may twi/ ! head ab\t & burr[ x 9 ! dirt4 ,treatm5t is ( no avail4 ,if ! disease occurs 9 a flock1 ! affect$ birds %\ld be remov$ & kill$1 :ile ! re/ ( ! flock %\ld be mov$ to new gr\nd if possible4 ,! gr\nd :i* !y previ\sly occupi$ %\ld be pl[$ & any h\ses1 %elt]1 fe$ tr\ghs1 & dr9k+ vessels %\ld be ?or\ghly dis9fect$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,fatt5+ & ,m>ket+ ,geese ,classes ( ,geese ,m>ket$4 ,! m>ket geese consi/ pr9cipally ( ! surplus "y g&]s n requir$ = bre$+ purposes & su* ( ! old geese ( ei!r sex z x may be consid]$ desirable to get rid (4 ,"s "y females1 :5 ! numb] rais$ is 9 excess ( ! numb] requir$ = bre$]s also f9d _! way to m>ket4 ,:ile ^! geese are m>ket$ 9 ! l>ge/ numb]s dur+ ! ,?anksgiv+ & ,*ri/mas holiday season1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 "s geese ( c\rse f9d _! way to m>ket practically ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,!re is also a r limit$ trade 9 gre5 geese :i* corresponds to ! trade 9 spr+ or gre5 duckl+s4 ,gre5 geese are gosl+s ab\t #ab to #af weeks old1 g5]ally ( ! l>g] bre$s1 :i* are =c$ = rapid gr[? & are made to weigh 9 ! neighborhood ( #aj p\nds at t age4 ,^! br+ a good price & yield a good pr(it :]e !re is dem& = ?is class ( geese4 ,m>kets & ,prices4 ,z ) mo/ classes ( p\ltry1 ! l>ge cities (f] ! be/ m>ket = geese4 ,especially ! cities :i* h a l>ge =eign population make good m>kets z _m =eign]s are m 9 ! habit ( us+ geese = a holiday di% ?an are native ,am]icans4 ,! mo/ favorable m>ket usually occurs at ,*ri/mas :5 roa/ goose & apple sauce is 9 consid]able favor4 ,consid]able numb]s ( geese are also us$ at ,?anksgiv+ "t & 9 rec5t ye>s z ! price ( turkeys has /eadily increas$ !re has be5 an increas+ t5d5cy to sub/itute goose = turkey on t day4 ,foll[+ are prices paid = v>i\s classes ( geese on ! ,new ,york :olesale m>ket f ,may #aibj to ,june #aiba z report$ by ! ,new ,york ,produce ,review4 ,q a wide v>iation 9 price w be not$ 9 _m cases :i* reflects ! diff]5ce 9 condition ( ! geese z receiv$4 ,9 ! case ( express receipts ( live geese :]e a wide v>iation 9 prices occurs ! high quotations repres5t ! receipt ( especially fatt5$ geese f ne>by f>ms4 ,,we/]n ,,geese1 ,,froz5 #aibj ,may #e #be #ca;c p] lb4 #ab #be #ca;c #ai #be #ca;c #bf #be #ca;c ,june #b #be #ca;c #i #be #ca;c #af #be #ca;c #bc #be #ca;c #cj #bc #bi;c ,july #g #bc #bi;c #ad #ba #bg;c #ba #ba #bg;c #bh #ba #bg;c ,aug4 #d #bj #be;c #aiba ,jan4 #bf #bf #cd;c ,feb4 #b #bf #cd;c #i #bf #cf;c #af #bf #cf;c #bc #bf #cf;c ,m>4 #b #bf #cf;c #i #be #ce;c #af #be #ce;c #bc #be #ce;c #cj #be #ce;c ,apr4 #f #be #ce;c #ac #be #ce;c #bj #be #ce;c #bg #be #ce;c ,may #d #be #ce;c #aa #be #ce;c ,,fre% ,,dress$ ,,geese #aibj ,nov4 #ag #cd #dc;c p] lb4 #bd #cj #ch;c ,dec4 #a #be #cf;c #h #cj #cf;c #ae #cj #ci;c #bb #cj #dj;c #bi #cj #dj;c #aiba ,jan4 #e #cj #cg;c #ab #be #ce;c #ai #be #cd;c #bf #be #cd;c ,,fre% ,,dress$ ,,geese #aiba ,feb4 #b #be #cd;c p] lb4 #i #bf #cf;c #af #bf #cf;c #bc #bf #cf;c ,m>4 #b #bf #cf;c #i #be #ce;c #af #be #ce;c #bc #be #ce;c ,,live ,,geese--,,via ,,freight #aibj ,may #e #ah #bj;c p] lb4 #ab #bb;c #ai #bj #bb;c #bf #bj #bb;c ,june #b #bj #bb;c #i #bj #bb;c #af #bj #bb;c #bc #ah #bj;c #cj #ah #bj;c ,july #g #ah #bj;c #ad #ah #bj;c #bh #be;c ,aug #d #be;c #ah #be;c #be #be;c ,sept4 #a #be;c #bb #bf;c #bi #bf;c ,oct4 #bj #be #bh;c #bg #bg #cj;c ,nov4 #c #cb;c #aj #cb;c #ag #cb;c #bd #bh #cb;c ,dec4 #a #bh #cj;c #h #cj #cd;c #ae #bh #ce;c #bb #be #cj;c #bi #bg #cb;c #aiba ,jan4 #e #bf #cb;c #ab #bf #cj;c #ai #be #bi;c #bf #be #bi;c ,feb4 #b #bg #cc;c #i #bh #cc;c #af #bf #cb;c #bc #be #bf;c ,,live ,,geese--,,via ,,freight #aiba ,m>4 #b #be;c p] lb4 #i #ah #bj;c #af #ah #bj;c #bc #bj;c #cj #bj;c ,apr4 #f #ae #ah;c #ac #ae #ah;c #bj #ae #ah;c #bg #ae #ah;c ,may #d #ad #af;c #aa #ad #af;c #ah #ad #af;c #be #ad #af;c ,june #a #ad #af;c ,,live ,,geese--,,via ,,express #aibj ,nov4 #bd #cj #cc;c p] lb4 ,dec4 #a #cj #cb;c #h #cb #ce;c #ae #cj;c #bb #cj;c #bi #bh #ce;c #aiba ,jan4 #e #bi #ch;c #ab #bh #ch;c #ai #bh #cf;c #bf #bg #cg;c ,feb4 #i #bh #dj;c #af #bh #db;c #bc #bf #bh;c ,m>4 #b #be #bh;c #i #bj #bc;c #af #ah #bb;c #bc #ah #bb;c #cj #bj #bc;c ,apr4 #f #ag #bj;c #ac #ag #bj;c #bj #ag #ba;c #bg #af #bj;c ,may #d #ae #ah;c #aa #ae #ah;c #ah #ae #ah;c #be #ae #ah;c ,prejudice ,aga9/ ,roa/ ,goose4 ,!re exi/s on ! "p ( "s p]sons a prejudice aga9/ goose on ! gr\nds t x is too greasy a di%4 ,:5 improp]ly cook$1 goose w prove to be too greasy to suit _m fa/idi\s palates b ?is condition is n s mu* ! fault ( ! f[l z x is ( ! me?od ( prep>ation & cook+4 ,:5 dress$ if ! goose %[s a l>ge am\nt ( abdom9al fat1 z x usually does & %\ld1 a l>ge "p ( ?is %\ld be remov$4 ,?is fat :5 tri$ out is highly e/eem$ by _m cooks & by o!r p]sons is treasur$ z an efficaci\s treatm5t = cr\p 9 *ildr54 ,also :ile ! goose is roa/+1 a "p ( ! fat z x cooks out ( ! c>cass %\ld be remov$4 ,treat$ 9 ?is way "o ne$ h no fe> t ! roa/ goose w prove too greasy b in/ead "o w be pleasantly surpris$ at ! ri* ta/e :i* ! roa/ goose possesses4 ,me?ods ( ,fatt5+ ,geese = ,m>ket4 ,_m geese are s5t to m>ket )\t any special treatm5t or ef=t to fatt5 !m1 be+ tak5 "r (f pa/ure 9 su* condition z !y happ5 to be or at be/ ) only a half-he>t$ attempt to fatt5 !m by fe$+ a little corn or "s o!r gra9 = a %ort p]iod4 ,:5 a real ef=t is made to fatt5 geese = ! m>ket x is g5]ally done 9 "o ( ?ree ways4 ,fir/ is p5 fatt5+ :i* is ! me?od be/ adapt$ to small lots ( geese on ! av]age f>m4 ,second is by noodl+ :i* is only attempt$ 9 sections :]e ! goose rais]s are some:at ( speciali/s & :]e ! ef=t is made to turn out geese ( sup]ior quality4 ,?ird is fatt5+ 9 l>ge flocks :i* is practic$ only by a v limit$ numb] ( f>m]s 9 scatt]$ sections :o take ! unfatt5$ geese rais$ on ! g5]al f>ms & f9i% !m = m>ket4 ,p5 ,fatt5+4 ,= ?is purpose ! geese are put 9 p5s l>ge en\gh to hold !m com=tably b )\t any y>ds4 ,n ov] #bj to #be geese %\ld be p5n$ toge!r = ?is purpose4 ,to get ! be/ results ! geese %\ld be kept z quiet z possible & to accompli% ?is ! p5s are p>tly d>k5$ & ! geese di/urb$ only at fe$+ "t4 ,! geese are f$ ?ree times daily2 9 ! morn+1 at noon & at night1 be+ giv5 all !y w clean up4 ,"o fe$ %\ld consi/ ( a moi/ ma% compos$ ( "o "p %orts & two p>ts corn meal4 ,?is ma% %\ld n be sloppy4 ,! o!r two fe$s consi/ ma9ly ( corn ) "s oats or b>ley4 ,"s r\ghage su* z vegetables or hay %\ld also be suppli$4 ,! p5s %\ld be deeply b$d$ ) good oat /raw4 ,! geese w eat a consid]able am\nt ( ?is :i* ?us helps to supply ! r\ghage :i* !y ne$4 ,! /raw also1 ( c\rse1 s]ves to keep ! p5 & ! birds clean4 ,a pl5tiful supply ( good dr9k+ wat] is also necess>y4 ,! usual p]iod ( fatt5+ is ?ree to five weeks & a ga9 ( f #d to #f p\nds p] bird c be secur$4 ,?is me?od ( fatt5+ is commonly us$ by goose rais]s 9 ,wiscons9 & ! geese f ?is /ate are not$ = _! f9e quality4 ,a less int5sive =m ( p5 fatt5+ is (t5 us$ by f>m]s :]e a small y>d is provid$ 9 addition to ! p5 itself & :]e no ef=t is made to d>k5 ! p54 ,if no o!r means = fatt5+ are available1 a small y>d c be built1 a few bo>ds arrang$ = a %elt] at "o end & ! birds f$ 9 ?is enclosure z describ$ above4 ,noodl+ ,geese4 ,noodl+ geese is a me?od ( h& fe$+ :i* has = its purpose ! production ( ! be/ fatt5$ geese4 ,x is n employ$ to any ext5t except 9 ! section ab\t ,wat]t[n1 ,wiscons91 :]e ! f>m]s specialize to "s ext5t on goose fatt5+4 ,x is a me?od requir+ long h\rs & t$i\s labor & _c be pr(itably c>ri$ on unless a special price c be obta9$ = ! product4 ,9 noodl+ geese1 #h or #aj geese are plac$ 9 a p5 ab\t #h by #ab feet :i* is heavily b$d$ ) /raw4 ,a p>tition ext5ds halfway across ! p5 & is utiliz$ to keep ! geese sep>ate z !y are f$4 ,"y g&]s & any old g&]s or geese :i* are to be m>ket$ are us$ = noodl+4 ,! p5 is kept d>k & ! geese %\ld be di/urb$ only at fe$+ "t4 ,! fir/ fe$ is giv5 at #e o'clock 9 ! morn+ & five fe$s are giv5 daily at ab\t #d h\r int]vals1 ! la/ fe$ com+ at #aa p4 m4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! geese are fir/ put on fe$ !y are noodl$ only #c times a day ?is be+ gradually increas$ to #e times4 ,! fe$] sits on a box or /ool 9 a corn] ( ! p51 grasps ea* goose 9 turn hold+ x betwe5 8 legs to keep x f /ruggl+ z he /uffs x ) noodles4 ,! goose is h&l$ by its neck1 nev] by its legs :i* are easily injur$1 & is held ) its back t[>d ! fe$]4 ,! fe$] usually we>s gloves to protect 8 h&s f ! sev]e bites :i* ! birds w inflict4 ,! fe$] mu/ also h&le ! birds z c>efully z possible1 especially z kill+ "t approa*es = ! fle% bruises easily & ! discolor$ pat*es spoil ! appe>ance ( ! dress$ goose4 ,! fe$] at ! />t usually gives ea* goose f #c to #e noodles1 gradually increas+ ?is to #f or #g noodles if ! birds w /& x1 ! numb] ( noodles f$ dep5d+ ^u ! size & condition ( ea* bird1 ! fe$] be+ oblig$ to use 8 judgm5t 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 g5]al if any fe$ c be felt 9 ! craw1 no noodles are giv5 until ! next fe$+ "t4 ,failure to obs]ve ?is is likely to cause ! bird to g (f fe$4 ,if any geese are notic$ :i* are (f fe$ !y %\ld be tak5 out & m>ket$4 ,! noodles are made ( scald$ corn meal1 gr\nd oats1 gr\nd b>ley & gr\nd :eat or :eat fl\r1 us+ equal p>ts ( ea*4 ,?is mat]ial is ?or\ghly mix$ & salt$ z "o w\ld bread & is !n put ?r\gh a sausage /uff]4 ,! product z x comes f ! /uff] is cut into noodles ab\t #b-a_/b or #c in*es long & ^! are boil$ = #aj or #ae m9utes or until !y float4 ,a wa% boil] ) a wire rack =m+ a false bottom ab\t #a-a_/b in*es above ! boil] bottom is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,:5 cook$ ! noodles are dipp$ 9 cold wat] & !n roll$ 9 fl\r to keep !m f /ick+ toge!r4 ,a supply ( noodles is made :i* w la/ = #b or #c days' fe$+4 ,j be=e fe$+1 hot wat] is p\r$ ov] ! noodles to make !m w>m & slipp]y4 ,! m\? ( ! goose is =c$ op5 & ! noodles are put 91 "o at a "t1 & work$ d[n by us+ ! f+]s on ! outside ( ! neck4 ,z ea* goose is f$ x is plac$ on ! o!r side ( ! p>tition until all 9 ! p5 h be5 f$4 ,x is important t pl5ty ( dr9k+ wat] be kept be=e ! geese4 ,! fe$+ p]iod :]e geese are noodl$ usually ext5ds f #c to #d weeks4 ,ga9s ( #f to #aj p\nds p] bird c be secur$ & (t5 an increas$ price ( #aj to #ae c5ts a p\nd c be secur$ = su* specially fatt5$ geese4 ,noodl$ geese w av]age ab\t #be p\nds & "s individuals h be5 made to weigh ne>ly #dj p\nds4 ,"o man c noodle f #ej to #ajj geese b has to put 9 long h\rs4 ,noodl$ geese %\ld be dress$ :]e fatt5$ z !y are s(t fle%$ & w\ld %r9k badly if %ipp$ alive4 ,fatt5+ me?ods simil> to ! noodl+ describ$ are us$ 9 p>ts ( ,europe = ! production ( ! enl>g$ goose liv]s :i* are employ$ 9 mak+ patte de fois gras4 ,me?ods ,us$ on ,fatt5+ ,f>ms ,z previ\sly m5tion$1 a few f>m]s make a specialty ( buy+ ! geese 9 _! section ( ! c\ntry 9 ! fall :5 x is too late = s]i\s tr\ble to develop f hemorrhagic septicemia1 a disease simil> to f[l *ol]a1 & to fatt5 or f9i% !m 9 l>ge flocks = ! ,?anksgiv+ & ,*ri/mas m>kets4 ,me?ods are employ$ 9 diff]5t sections :i* diff] q widely4 ,on a f>m 9 ! ,middle ,we/ ! geese are collect$ f ! g5]al f>ms :]e !y are produc$ 9 small flocks & br\ght to ! f>m :]e !y are kept 9 flocks z l>ge z #a1jjj or ev5 m1 & are all[$ to run 9 a cornfield or or*>d4 ,!y are fatt5$ = ab\t a mon?4 ,corn on ! cob & pl5ty ( wat] is kept be=e ! geese all ! "t & if !y are runn+ 9 a cornfield !y eat ! leaves (f ! corn /alks = r\ghage4 ,r\ghage is suppli$ if n available o!rwise & /raw1 hay or vegetables are utiliz$ = ?is purpose4 ,no %elt] is provid$ dur+ mild wea!r1 ! geese gett+ su* protection z !y c f ! trees or corn /alks4 ,if ! wea!r turns unusually sev]e1 ! geese are g5]ally driv5 into %$s or b>ns4 ,:5 fatt5$ ! geese are usually %ipp$ to "s l>ge m>ket alive4 ,sev]al f>ms 9 ! neighborhood ( ,bo/on make a specialty ( f9i%+ geese ea* fall1 & ! me?ods us$ are q diff]5t f ^? describ$ above4 ,no geese are rais$ on ^! f>ms1 ! op]ation be+ conf9$ to ! fatt5+ or f9i%+ ( ! geese & to kill+ & dress+ !m = ! m>ket4 ,"s ( ^! goose fatt5]s also h /alls or /&s 9 ! ,bo/on m>kets :]e !y are enabl$ to dispose ( _! fatt5$ geese to ! be/ advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,l>ge flock ( geese fatt5+ 9 an or*>d4 7,photograph f ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,fatt5]s4 ,9 previ\s ye>s ^! fatt5]s dep5d$ l>gely ^u ! geese produc$ on ! ,rhode ,isl& f>ms = _! supply4 ,9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! supply f ?is s\rce has dw9dl$ greatly & ! bulk ( ! geese = fatt5+ are n[ %ipp$ f ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 ,canada1 9 c>load lots4 ,su* summ] geese z are n[ fatt5$ /ill come f ,rhode ,isl& & are br\ght 9 by truck4 ,! fatt5+ season beg9s 9 ,septemb] & la/s until ,*ri/mas4 ,"s e>ly gosl+s are b\ght 9 ,june b !re is n z good a pr(it f ! summ] geese1 ! dem& & prices be+ adv]sely affect$ by ! supply ( spr+ duckl+s available at t "t4 ,exp]i5ce & good judgm5t w b5efit ! goose fatt5] greatly :5 pur*as+ 8 supply ( geese = fatt5+4 ,:at he wants are gosl+s1 n old] geese1 :i* h made a good gr[? & :i* h a l>ge frame b :i* are 9 poor fle% r ?an fat4 ,su* geese w make m rapid & m pr(itable ga9s4 ,:5 geese are b\ght = %ipm5t by ! c>load f ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 !y %\ld be p5n$ & f$ at ! po9t ( %ipm5t = #c or #d days be=e !y are load$ 9 ! c>s1 s z to put !m 9 %ape to /& ! j\rney well4 ,on ! f>ms f :i* !y come1 ! gosl+s are n f$ mu* & 9 consequ5ce are n 9 %ape to /& %ipm5t4 ,! ,gosl+s :i* are secur$ f ! f>ms = fatt5+ are ma9ly common geese ( no p>ticul> bre$4 ,"s pure br$ geese are also obta9$ z are "s fir/ crosses betwe5 ! pure bre$s4 ,a class ( geese :i* is obta9$ 9 "s numb]s f ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& & :i* is mu* desir$ is ! s-call$ ,mongrel goose4 ,^! are obta9$ by bre$+ a ,wild or ,canadian g&] to geese ( d>k plumage simil> to ! ,t\l\se or ,african4 ,! mongrel geese mu* resemble ! wild g&] 9 type & color & are 9 dem& on ! m>ket because ( _! wild or gamy flavor4 ,!y br+ ab\t #aj c5ts p] p\nd m ?an common geese4 ,! m>ket1 h[ev]1 is some:at limit$4 ,^! geese w n bre$ al?\gh ! females w lay eggs4 ,:]e ! wild g&] is mat$ ) light color$ or :ite geese ! (fspr+ w h m or less light color$ fea!rs & w n z closely resemble ! wild p>5t & = ?is reason are n z desirable4 ,%ipp+4 ,! geese are load$ into /ock c>s into :i* ?ree sep>ate decks are built to accommodate !m4 ,f #abjj to #adjj geese c be load$ into a c> ?us arrang$4 ,! j\rney usually takes ab\t #e or #f days & "s fatt5]s s5d a man along ) ! c> to fe$ & wat] ! geese #b or #c times dur+ ! trip4 ,if a man does n accompany ! c>1 buckets ( corn %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c> = fe$ & "s potatoes %\ld also be suppli$ z ^! w s]ve 9 place ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,if ! c> is n subject$ to unusual delay1 ! geese %\ld come ?r\gh 9 good %ape1 b if mu* delay$ !re may be #be to #ajj geese dead :5 ! c> arrives at its de/9ation4 ,:5 ! c> arrives at ! end ( its j\rney1 ! geese are unload$ & driv5 to ! f>m :]e !y are turn$ into ! fields toge!r 9 a l>ge flock4 ,! fields 9 :i* !y are ?us kept %\ld h a supply ( gr[+ gre5 fe$ or grass & a good supply ( fre% dr9k+ wat]4 ,!y are kept "h until !y are want$ = ! fatt5+ p5s :i* may be f a week to #bj days aft] _! arrival at ! f>m4 ,:ile 9 ?is l>ge supply flock !y are f$ on corn & grass :i* !y c get = !mselves4 ,summ] ,geese to be fatt5$ are plac$ only ab\t #ej 9 a p5 or enclosure2 & are provid$ ) a few bo>ds set on po/s to protect !m f ! hot sun4 ,! lat] geese are fatt5$ 9 lots ( #c or #d hundr$ or ev5 m1 dep5d+ ^u h[ _m pick]s are available to be kept busy4 ,x is = ?is reason also t ! geese are n all put on ! fatt5+ ration at ! same "t1 b are />t$ at int]vals s z to h a cont9u\s supply com+ along to keep ! pick]s busy4 ,! geese n put 9 ! fatt5+ lots at ! />t are left 9 ! fields to gr[ & develop until !y are ne$$4 ,! enclosures 9 :i* ! geese are p5n$ = fatt5+ are small lots or fields enclos$ by /one walls or bo>d f5ces #b-a_/b to #c feet high4 ,^! lots %\ld be dry & well-dra9$1 a location on a side hill be+ good = ?is purpose4 ,! fatt5+ lots mu/ be kept clean & /agnant wat] mu/ n be all[$ to /& 9 ! lots z ?is is likely to cause sickness1 especially di>rhoea4 ,^! y>ds %\ld be pl[$ up ea* spr+ & plant$ to oats1 corn or "s o!r gr[+ crop to sweet5 !m4 ,no h\ses or %elt]s are provid$ = ^! geese b "s y>ds are some:at wood$ :i* af=ds a measure ( protection f ! w9d4 ,fe$+4 ,:5 ! geese are plac$ 9 ! fatt5+ lots1 "s fatt5]s pref] to fa/ ! geese = f #c to #e days1 giv+ !m no fe$ b pl5ty ( wat] to dr9k4 ,?is gives !m a good appetite & puts !m 9 good %ape = fatt5+4 ,! geese are f$ ?ree times a day1 9 ! morn+1 at noon & at night4 ,! morn+ & night fe$ usually consi/s ( a moi/ mix$ fe$ f$ 9 tr\ghs2 :ile ! noon fe$ is :ole corn ?r[n on ! gr\nd4 ,! use ( "o fe$ ( corn a day is suppos$ to *eck any t5d5cy t[>d di>rhoea4 ,9 v cold wea!r "s fatt5]s fe$ ! mix$ fe$ at noon & ! corn at night4 ,at fir/ ! geese are n giv5 all !y w eat b are work$ up gradually1 increas+ ! am\nt ea* day until !y are gett+ all !y want4 ,z a rule ! geese w drop back a little 9 fe$ consumption aft] !y rea* ! po9t :]e !y get all !y want & f ?is "t on1 ! fe$+ mu/ be v c>efully wat*$ to see t !y are n giv5 s mu* t !y w leave "s to s\r :i* w\ld cause di>rhoea4 ,! morn+ & noon fe$s are light]1 ! heavie/ fe$ be+ giv5 at night4 ,! bird's appetites w v>y f day to day s t x is be/ to make ! r\nds twice 9 fe$+ to make sure t !y h en\gh & t none is left4 ,if any is left x mu/ be ga!r$ up & c>ri$ away4 ,no provision is made = furni%+ ! fatt5+ geese ) gre5 fe$ or r\ghage4 ,! practice ) respect to dr9k+ wat] v>ies4 ,"s fatt5]s keep a supply be=e ! birds 9 tr\ghs :i* mu/ be wa%$ out ea* day to keep !m clean4 ,o!rs furni% no wat] except t us$ 9 mix+ up ! fe$4 ,corn ,meal is ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( ! fatt5+ mixture4 ,to a sack ( corn meal is add$ #aj beef scrap & five good %ovels ( grit or m$ium siz$ gravel4 ,9 addition "s fatt5]s add #aj ( fl\r to b9d ! mixture toge!r4 ,?is mat]ial %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ up 9 a dry /ate z a bett] mix c be obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,x is !n mix$ up ) wat]1 ! practice "h v>y+4 ,"s fatt5]s mix 9 a tr\gh ) boil+ wat] a %ort "t be=e fe$+1 :ile o!rs mix x ) cold wat] lett+ x soak ov] night & add+ m wat] 9 ! morn+ if x is too dry at t "t4 ,x %\ld be mix$ until x c be %ovel$ readily b %\ld be q solid1 nev] 9 a sloppy condition z ?is is likely to cause di>rhoea4 ,a little salt may be add$1 if desir$1 z an appetiz]4 ,:ile corn meal is g5]ally us$1 hom9y may take its place4 ,aft] ! geese are />t$ on ! fatt5+ ration1 ?is mu/ be giv5 ?r\gh\t ! fatt5+ p]iod4 ,*ang+ to "s o!r fe$ w ?r[ ! geese (f fe$ & cause a loss4 ,fe$+4 ,:5 ! mix$ fe$ is ready x is %ovel$ into boxes or b>rels on a l[ wagon & driv5 to ! fatt5+ lots :]e x is %ovel$ into ! tr\ghs = ! geese4 ,ord9>y ,v-%ap$ tr\ghs are favor$ in/ead ( flat tr\ghs z ! latt] af=d hid+ places = rats :i* may cause damage 9 addition to ! fe$ :i* !y eat by fright5+ ! geese4 ,geese are easily fright5$ & mu/ !re=e be h&l$ r c>efully & g5tly z a sev]e fright w int]f]e ) ! ga9s !y w make4 ,"s fatt5]s provide electric lights :]e ! geese re/ at night s t !y c see & w n be s likely to become fright5$4 ,:5 ! geese are ready to be kill$ !y are driv5 up to ! kill+ h\se & into a p5 :]e !y may be easily caught4 ,ea* goose z caught is exam9$ to see :e!r x is 9 condition = kill+4 ,if x is n x is put back ) a lat] lot = additional fatt5+4 ,good condition 9 a goose is judg$ by its weight :5 h&l$ & also by ! condition ( its brea/ & ! fat on its back4 ,a good place to te/ geese = fat is on ! side ( ! body j bel[ ! po9t :]e ! w+ jo9s ! body4 ,if fat c be seiz$ betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] at t po9t1 ! goose is 9 good condition4 ,dry ,pick+4 ,all fatt5$ geese = ! ,bo/on m>ket are dry pick$4 ,! goose is held betwe5 ! knees ( ! pick] ) ! w+s held fa/ aga9/ ! sides ( ! body4 ,! head is grasp$ by ! left h&1 ! m\? =c$ op5 & ! ve9s 9 ! back ( ! ?roat j beyond ! skull sev]$ ) a %>p knife = ! purpose ( ble$+ ! bird4 ,if ! bird is to be /uck1 :i* is n always done1 ! po9t ( ! knife is !n plung$ ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! m\? to ! bra94 ,! legs are !n seiz$ 9 ! left h&1 toge!r ) ! ends ( ! w+s to prev5t ! goose f /ruggl+ & ! goose is /ruck once or twice %>ply on ! back ( ! head ) a club held 9 ! "r h&4 ,?is is = ! purpose ( /unn+ ! bird4 ,! geese may also be bl$ by /ick+ ! knife ?r\gh ! neck f ! outside j bel[ ! head4 ,! pick] !n takes 8 seat beside ! fea!r box1 hold+ ! goose on 8 lap ) ! head held betwe5 8 knee & ! outside ( ! box4 ,he proce$s to pluck ! fea!rs z rapidly z possible1 remov+ all ! fea!rs except ! ma9 w+ fea!rs or ^? ( ! fir/ jo9t ( ! w+ & ! fea!rs ( ! neck half way f ! head to ! body4 ,all ! s(t body fea!rs are ?r[n 9 ! box & sav$4 ,! co>s] fea!rs are ?r[n on ! floor4 ,! d[n is remov$ by rubb+ ! moi/5$ h& ov] ! sk94 ,to save ! h&s1 ord9>y rubb] heels dipp$ 9 wat] are (t5 us$4 ,%>p knives are also us$ to %ave (f ! p9 fea!rs :i* _c be pluck$ & any d[n n remov$ by rubb+4 ,! dry pick$ goose pres5ts a mu* bett] appe>ance ?an a scald$ goose & ! fea!rs are m valuable4 ,! sk9 ( a dry pick$ bird is n s likely to be rubb$ (f 9 remov+ ! d[n4 ,! ,value ( ! ,fea!rs is suffici5t to pay = ! co/ ( ! pick+ or p]haps a little m4 ,! co/ ( pick+ 9 ! fall ( #aibj rang$ f #ae to #bj c5ts p] goose :]e ! pick] 0 bo>d$ & #bd c5ts )\t bo>d4 ,a good man c pick ab\t #dj geese 9 a day4 ,wom5 are n employ$ = ?is "w z ! geese are too big & too /rong = !m to h&le4 ,aft] ! geese are pick$1 ! blood is wa%$ f ! head & ! feet wa%$ if t is necess>y4 ,!y are !n ?r[n into b>rels ( cold wat] to cool & mu/ be left !re until ! body heat is entirely remov$4 ,! w+s are ti$ 9 place by means ( a /r+ or tape ti$ ar\nd ! body & w+s & ! legs may also be cross$ ov] ! back & ti$4 ,! geese :5 ready = m>ket are ei!r %ipp$ 9 by express or are tak5 9 by automobile truck4 ,ga9 9 ,weight4 ,9 fatt5+ accord+ to ! me?ods describ$ above a ga9 9 weight is secur$ ( f #f to #h p\nds p] goose4 ,?is does n repres5t ! total ga9 9 value1 h[ev]1 = ! fatt5$ geese w br+ m p] p\nd z a result ( _! f9i%$ condition4 ,! fatt5$ geese :5 ready = m>ket w weigh f #ab to #bj p\nds4 ,weights tak5 on two c>loads ( fatt5$ geese %[$ an av]age weight ( #ad p\nds4 ,on ,decemb] #b1 #aibj1 fatt5$ geese f ^! f>ms 7 br++ #db c5ts p] p\nd on ! ,bo/on m>ket :ile ! mongrel geese 7 wor? #ej c5ts or a little bett]4 ,! "q may arise z to ! size ( f>m necess>y to c>ry on a bus9ess ( ?is sort4 ,us+ ! me?ods employ$ ab\t ,bo/on a f>m ( #cj acres w\ld be suffici5t to h&le #bj1jjj geese 9 a season4 ,9 select+ a f>m = su* a purpose1 a location %\ld be *os5 :]e !re are no close neighbors z ! odor f ! geese & y>ds is (f5sive to mo/ p]sons4 ,sell+ ,geese ,alive4 ,mo/ f>m]s :o raise only a few geese %ip !m alive1 ei!r s5d+ !m to "s commission h\se or sell+ !m to someone :o makes a specialty ( fatt5+4 ,su* geese are (t5 9 poor condition & br+ ! l[e/ quotation4 ,l>ge coops simil> to ^? us$ = turkeys %\ld be us$ 9 %ipp+ geese4 ,kill+4 ,:]e geese are kill$ on ! f>m = %ipm5t to m>ket !y are usually hung up by means ( a cord ab\t ! legs4 ,:5 geese are to be dry pick$ ! ve9s 9 ! ?roat j beyond ! skull are fir/ sev]$ ) a long blad$ knife su* z us$ = kill+ turkeys to cause good ble$+ & ! po9t ( ! knife is !n plung$ ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! m\? to ! bra9 p]=m+ ! /ick :i* s]ves to make ! fea!rs come out m easily z ) o!r classes ( p\ltry4 ,s9ce x is r difficult to dry pick geese1 !y are usually scald$ or /eam$ & :]e ?is is done1 ! /ick is n made b aft] ! ve9s 9 ! ?roat are cut1 ! goose is /unn$ by a bl[ on ! back ( ! head ) a %ort club4 ,a blood c or weight is !n hook$ ?r\gh ! l[] bill :i* keeps ! neck /raight5$ out & prev5ts ! blood f be+ ?r[n ab\t ! room or on ! birds4 ,! birds are all[$ to hang until !y are dead & ?or\ghly bl$ out4 ,pick+4 ,:5 geese are dry pick$1 ! fea!rs are remov$ j z soon z ! birds are /uck = ! long] ! delay ! h>d] ! fea!rs pull4 ,! w+s are pick$ to ! fir/ jo9t & ! fea!rs ( ! neck half-way to ! head4 ,! s(t p9 fea!rs & f9e d[n may be remov$ by %av+ ! sk9 or rubb+ ! body ) moi/5$ h&s w p>tially remove !m4 ,usually geese are scald$ or /eam$ = pick+4 ,= /eam+ a wa% boil] ?ree-qu>t]s full ( boil+ wat] & ) a burlap sack tightly /ret*$ ov] its top c be us$4 ,! goose is simply laid on ! sack & ! /eam com+ ?r\gh ! burlap /eams ! fea!rs & makes !m easy to remove4 ,! brea/ %\ld be /eam$ fir/1 !n ! back & !n ea* side4 ,two or ?ree m9utes w be "t en\gh to complete ! /eam+4 ,! fea!rs are /eam$ until !y pull out easily4 ,! goose mu/ be kept mov+ to prev5t ! fle% f becom+ scald$ & s9ce ! brea/ is especially t5d] x is usual to lay ! head "u ! brea/ to prev5t ! latt] f scald+4 ,aft] /eam+ ! body fea!rs are remov$ & ! bird is !n s+$ ov] a flame furni%$ by alcohol burn$ 9 %all[ t9 plates1 9 ord] to remove ! d[n4 ,! d[n may also be remov$ by spr9kl+ p[d]$ ros9 ov] ! goose's body :i* is !n dipp$ into hot wat]4 ,! hot wat] melts ! ros9 :i* /icks to ! d[n & ! d[n & ros9 c !n be rubb$ (f toge!r4 ,geese may also be /eam$ by scald+ slightly 9 hot wat] & !n wrapp+ tightly 9 burlap or "s o!r clo?4 ,!y are kept wrapp$ = ab\t five m9utes :i* all[s ! /eam to "w ?or\ghly ?r\gh ! fea!rs :i* c !n be pluck$ easily4 ,exactly ! same me?ods c & (t5 are employ$ 9 dress+ geese z are us$ ) ducks4 ,! read] is !re=e also ref]r$ to ! mat]ial 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,!re seems to be no great insi/5ce on ! "p ( mo/ m>kets = dry pick$ geese4 ,"s w pay slightly m = ! dry pick$ birds b o!rs make no diff]5ce4 ,pack+ = ,%ipm5t4 ,aft] pick+1 ! geese are wa%$ & !n plac$ 9 cold wat] to cool4 ,ice wat] is be/ = ?is purpose & is ess5tial 9 w>m wea!r4 ,! c>casses mu/ be all[$ to rema9 9 ! wat] until !y are ?or\ghly cool$1 :i* w take at lea/ "o to two h\rs4 ,if any animal heat is left 9 ! bodies1 !y w spoil v quickly4 ,(t5 ! c>casses are dipp$ 9 hot wat]1 be=e be+ ?r[n 9 ! cold wat]1 to plump !m4 ,aft] !y are ?or\ghly cool$1 ! geese are pack$ 9 b>rels = %ipp+4 ,if ! wea!r is cool !y may be pack$ 9 well v5tilat$ b>rels )\t ice1 b if ! wea!r is w>m1 crack$ ice mu/ be us$ 9 pack+1 proce$+ 9 ! same way z :5 pack+ ducks z describ$ on page #aji4 ,x is always risky to pack )\t ice4 ,sav+ ! ,fea!rs4 ,goose fea!rs are valuable & %\ld !re=e be sav$ :5 ! geese are pluck$4 ,! s(t body fea!rs & ! co>s] fea!rs %\ld be kept sep>ate4 ,! fea!rs %\ld be cur$ by spread+ !m out 9 a ?9 lay] on ! floor ( a l(t or room1 /irr+ !m up occasionally until !y are ?or\ghly dri$ out1 :5 !y c be sack$ & sold4 ,failure to dry ! fea!rs ?or\ghly w result 9 _! heat+ & mold+ ) ! result t !y w arrive at _! de/9ation 9 bad %ape & w be wor? less money4 ,! s(t body fea!rs ( geese are practically all us$ 9 mak+ b$s & pill[s :ile ! quills are sometimes utiliz$ 9 mak+ too?picks & cig>ette hold]s4 ,prices = goose fea!rs 9 ,june #aiba 7 z foll[s3 ,pure ,:ite dry pick$ #ge;c p] lb4 ,good av]age :ite #fe;c ,l>gely gray #ee;c ,l>gely gray scald$ #dj;c ,long goose quills #e;c ,^! prices 7 = good dry fea!rs4 ,pluck+ ,live ,geese = _! ,fea!rs ,9 ! days ( fea!r b$s & home-made pill[s ! practice ( pluck+ live geese = _! fea!rs 0 v common4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ) ! dem& = goose fea!rs less & ) ! op9ion ( "s bre$]s t pluck+ geese is bo? cruel & injuri\s1 ! practice seems to be decreas+4 ,_m goose rais]s 9 ! ,s\? & a less numb] 9 ! ,middle ,we/ & ,nor? h[ev] /ill pluck ! fea!rs f ! live geese prior to ! "t ( m\lt+4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* ! pick+ is done v>ies greatly1 "s pick+ z (t5 z e six weeks dur+ ! spr+1 summ] & e>ly fall :ile o!rs pick twice1 once 9 ! spr+ & once 9 ! fall1 or once 9 ! spr+ only4 ,geese %\ld nev] be pick$ dur+ ! late fall or w9t] :5 ! wea!r is cold or dur+ ! bre$+ season4 ,bo? "y & old geese are pluck$ & ! av]age ye>ly production ( fea!rs p] goose is ab\t "o p\nd4 ,:5 ! quills ( ! fea!rs are dry & d n conta9 any blood1 ! fea!rs are ripe = pick+4 ,9 pluck+1 a /ock+ is plac$ ov] ! head ( ! goose & ! goose held on ! lap & betwe5 ! legs dur+ ! process4 ,an assi/ant to hold ! goose dur+ ! pluck+ simplifies ! "w greatly4 ,9 pluck+1 "p ( ! s(t fea!rs ( ! brea/1 sides1 abdom5 & back are tak5 b ^! sections %\ld n be pluck$ clean4 ,x is especially important t en\gh %ort fea!rs be left to support ! w+s4 ,aft] pluck+1 ! fea!rs mu/ be cur$ be=e !y are %ipp$4 ,?is may be done by spread+ !m out on a floor z describ$ = ! fea!rs tak5 f slaught]$ geese or !y may be plac$ loosely 9 burlap sacks & hung up 9 a g>ret or l(t4 ,hang+ 9 ?is way & 9 ! loosely wov5 sacks1 !y are subject$ to a good circulation ( air & w dry out )\t heat+4 ,sacks ( fea!rs %\ld n be pil$ or pack$ closely toge!r1 on top ( "o ano!r or ev5 be all[$ to lie on ! floor until !y are ?or\ghly dry z o!rwise !y are almo/ sure to heat & mold4 ,,index ,a ,abs5ce ( cre/ 9 ,cre/$ ,:ite ,duck1 #cd ,african ,goose1 #aef1 #aeg ,age ( bre$+ ducks1 #ee1 #abc bre$+ geese1 #aeb duck eggs = hat*+1 #gb duckl+s = m>ket1 #if1 #ajb1 #acf gre5 geese1 #ahg ,muscovy duck1 #ca ,am\nt ( fe$ p] p\nd ( m>ket duck1 #ie = noodl$ geese1 #aig ,am\nt ( l& = duck plant1 #df = goose fatt5+ f>m1 #bjh ,arrangem5t ( c>s = %ipp+ live geese1 #bjb ,arrangem5t ( duck plant1 #de ,artificial wat] y>ds = ducks1 #fb ,aylesbury duck1 #bc ,b ,baby ducks1 sell+1 #gh ,bantam ducks1 #bg1 #bi ,bean1 def9ition (1 #ac black 91 #bb1 #bc1 #ce ,b$d+ brood coop = gosl+s1 #ahj duck bre$+ h\ses1 #fj duck brood] h\ses1 #hg goose bre$+ h\ses1 #afh p5s = fatt5+ geese1 #aie ,beef scrap1 fe$+1 to ducks1 #fd ,bib 9 ,blue ,sw$i% ducks1 #cc ,buff ducks1 #cf ,bill1 def9ition (1 #ac black 91 ( ,black ,ea/ ,india1 #bi ,black ,ea/ ,india duck1 #bi ,black 9 bean ( ,aylesbury1 #bc ,cre/$ ,:ite ,duck1 #ce ,pek91 #bb ,black bill 9 ,black ,ea/ ,india drakes1 #bi ,black head1 gre5i%1 9 ,buff drakes1 #ce head1 9 ,fawn & ,:ite ,runn]s1 #cg 9 face ( ,muscovy1 #cb plumage ( ,blue ,sw$i%1 #cc on head ( "y ,:ite ,muscovy1 #cb tail cov]ts1 gre5i%1 9 ,fawn & ,:ite ,runn]s1 #cg ,ble$+ ducks1 #aje geese1 #bjf1 #bji ,blue ca/ 9 ,buff ducks1 #cf ,muscovy1 #cb ,sw$i% ducks1 #cc w+ b> 9 ,buff ducks1 #ce ,body %ape 9 bre$+ ducks1 select+ =1 #ai ,bra9+ geese1 #bjf1 #bji ,break+ up goose mat+s1 #aed broody geese1 #age ,brea/-bone z index ( age 9 ducks1 #ef ,bre$+ drakes1 secur+1 #eh ducks1 opportunity to produce1 #f ducks1 prices =1 #g season = ducks1 #abd ,bre$s ( ducks1 #i ,aylesbury1 #bc ,blue ,sw$i%1 #cc brood9ess (1 #ah ,buff1 #ce ,call1 #bg ,cayuga1 #be common or puddle1 #i ,cre/$ ,:ite1 #cd ,ea/ ,india1 #bi egg1 #aa egg production (1 #ae ,mall>d1 #aj ,m&>91 #aj meat1 #aa mule1 #i ,muscovy1 #bi ornam5tal1 #aa ,pek91 #ba popul>ity (1 #ad ,r\51 #bc ,runn]1 #cf size (1 #ad ,wood1 #aj ,bre$s ( geese1 #adg ,african1 #aef ,canadian1 #aei ,*9ese1 #aeh common1 #adh ,egyptian1 #afj ,embd51 #aef mongrel1 #adh ,seba/apol1 #adh ,t\l\se1 #aee ,wild1 #aei ,brood coop = gosl+s1 #agi ,brood] capacity on duck plants1 #dg h\ses = duckl+s1 #hj-ij ,brood]s = gosl+s1 #ahj ,brood9ess ( ducks1 #ah geese1 #aeb geese1 break+ up1 #age ,brood+ duckl+s1 #hj-ij1 #aca gosl+s1 #agh by artificial means1 #ahj ) geese1 #agi ) h5s1 #agi )\t artificial heat1 #ahj ,br[n ,*9ese goose1 #aeh ,br[ni% color 9 ,cayuga ducks1 #bf ,buff ,ducks1 #ce ,button head 9 ,call ducks1 #bh ,buy+ geese = fatt5+1 #bjj ,c ,call ducks1 #bg ,canadian goose--see ,wild ,capacity ( c> = geese1 #bjb f>m = fatt5+ geese1 #bjh incubator = duck eggs1 #acj ,capital1 inve/$1 = duck plant1 #ec work+1 = duck plant1 #ed ,c>e ( duck eggs = hat*+1 #gc1 #abh goose eggs = hat*+1 #agb gr[+ gosl+s1 #aha h5 sitt+ on goose eggs1 #agd ,c>ry+ ducks1 #ci geese1 #afb ,c>uncles on face ( ,muscovy1 #bi ,cases1 %ipp+1 = duck eggs1 #aai1 #acg ,cat*+ ducks1 #ci geese1 #afb ,cayuga duck1 #be ,cel]y se$1 fe$+1 to fatt5+ ducks1 #ic ,*ang+ fe$ = fatt5+ geese1 #bje ,*e/nut color$ head 9 ,buff drakes1 #ce ,*ill+ ( gosl+s by ra91 #aha ,*9ese goose1 #aeh ,*ocolate color$ ducks f ,color$ ,muscovy1 #cb ,cl>et 9 brea/ ( ,r\5 drakes1 defici5cy (1 #bd ,classification ( bre$s ( ducks1 #aa ,clean+ brood coops = gosl+s1 #agi duck bre$+ h\ses1 #fj brood] h\ses1 #hg y>ds1 #fa1 #ig goose bre$+ h\ses1 #afh ,cleanl9ess ( plumage z indication ( heal?1 #ai ,color ( duck eggs1 #ag goose eggs1 #aeb ,color$ flights 9 ,fawn & ,:ite ,runn]s1 #cg ,p5cil$ ,runn]s1 #ch ,color$ ,muscovy1 #ca ,comm]cial duck f>m+1 opportunity =1 #d di/ribution (1 #db ,condition ( bre$+ geese1 #afi ducks ready to kill1 #if geese = fatt5+1 #bjj geese ready to kill1 #bjf ,condition+ exhibition ducks1 #ch ,conditions = duck rais+ on ! f>m1 #abj ,conf9+ gosl+s to y>ds1 #aha ,consid]ations1 g5]al1 9 mak+ duck mat+s1 #ah-ba goose mat+s1 #aed ,consi/5cy ( fe$ = ducks1 #fe1 #abf1 #acc fatt5+ geese1 #bje ,con/ruction ( brood] h\ses = ducks1 #hb ,cook+ geese to ov]come greas9ess1 #aid ,cool+ duck c>casses1 #ajh eggs dur+ incubation1 #ge1 #aca ,cool+ goose c>casses1 #bjg1 #baa eggs dur+ incubation1 #age ,coop1 gr[+1 = gosl+s1 #ahb ,coop]ative fe$ buy+1 #aja m>ket+1 #aaj ,copp] color$ head ( ,buff drakes1 #cf ,co/ ( pick+ ducks1 #ajg geese1 #bjg ,cream9ess 9 plumage ( ,aylesbury1 #bc ,pek91 #bc ,cre/1 t5d5cy t[>d1 9 ! ,pek91 #bb ( ,muscovy1 #bi ( ,cre/$ ,:ite1 #cd ,cre/$ ,:ite duck1 #cd ,crippl$ ducks1 #ig1 #ajd ,critical p]iod ) "y ducks1 #ih ,crook$ back 9 ducks1 #ai 9 ,runn] ducks1 #cg ,crook$ cre/ 9 ,cre/$ ,:ite1 #cd ,crook$ tail 9 ducks1 #ai ,cross$ fea!rs on neck ( ,pek9 drake1 #bb ,cross+ ,african & ,br[n ,*9ese geese1 #aeg ,cur+ duck fea!rs1 #aag goose fea!rs1 #baa1 #bac ,d ,d>k5+ p5s = fatt5+ geese1 #aie = noodl+ geese1 #aif ,dewlap 9 ,t\l\se geese1 #aee ,african geese1 #aeg ,di>rhoea ( duckl+s1 #ii ( gosl+s1 #ahe ,diseases ( duckl+s1 #ih-ajj ( gosl+s1 #ahe ( mature ducks1 #fi prev5tion (1 #ih ,di%$ bill 9 ,r\51 #bd ,di/+ui%+ sex 9 ducks1 #ac1 #ace 9 geese1 #afe "y f old ducks1 #ee ,di/ribution ( duck rais+1 #c ,dogs a s\rce ( loss 9 ducks1 #fi ,d\ble cre/ 9 ,cre/$ ,:ite ducks1 #cd ,d[n1 remov+1 f m>ket ducks1 #ajh f m>ket geese1 #bjg1 #baj ,drake1 def9ition (1 #ab adult1 mean+ (1 #ac "y1 mean+ (1 #ac ,drak]el1 def9ition (1 #ac ,dr9k+ di%es = duckl+s1 #hf = gosl+s1 #ahc ,driv+ geese f railway to f>m1 #bjb ,dr[n+ ducks1 #ca1 #abh1 #ace ,dry1 keep+ gosl+s1 #aha ,dry l& duck f>ms1 #dd ,dry pick+ ducks1 #ajg geese1 #bjf ,duck1 def9ition (1 #ab adult1 mean+ (1 #ac "y1 mean+ (1 #ac ,duck rais+ z a side l9e1 #abj di/ribution (1 #c = egg production1 #e = ornam5tal purposes1 #g k9ds (1 #d on ! g5]al f>m1 #e opportunities =1 #d1 #abj ,ducklet1 def9ition (1 #ac ,duckl+1 mean+ (1 #ab ,ducks1 numb] (1 9 lead+ /ates1 #c 9 ,u4 ,s41 #c value (1 9 ,u4 ,s41 #c ,dun color$ ducks f ,color$ ,muscovy1 #cb ,e ,egg class ( ducks1 #aa ,egg production1 duck rais+ =1 #e ( bre$s ( ducks1 #ae ( bre$s ( geese1 #aej ( ,pek9s on comm]cial plants1 #ff selection ( bre$]s =1 #ba ,eggs1 duck1 color (1 #ag = hat*+1 age (1 #gb c>e (1 #gc1 #abh frequ5cy ( sett+1 #gb pack+ & %ipp+1 #dj prices (1 #g selection (1 #gc wa%+1 #acj m>ket+1 #aah size (1 #af ,eggs1 goose1 c>e (1 = hat*+1 #agb color (1 #aeb size (1 #aea wa%+ = hat*+1 #agb ,egyptian goose1 #afj ,electric lights = bre$+ ducks1 #fg = duck plants1 #ea = duckl+s1 #id = fatt5+ geese1 #bje ,embd5 goose1 #aef ,equipm5t ( p5s 9 duck brood]s1 #hf ,exam9+ geese to det]m9e sex1 #afe fatt5$ geese = m>ket condition1 #bjf ,ext5t ( duck indu/ry1 #c goose indu/ry1 #ada ,eye z indication ( heal? 9 ducks1 #ai ,f ,fad$ gray 9 ,br[n ,*9ese geese1 #aeh ,fad+ ( color 9 ,buff ducks1 #ce ,cayuga ducks1 #bg ,gray ,call ducks1 #bh ,r\5 ducks1 #be ,fa/+ geese be=e fatt5+1 #bjc ,fatt5+ f>ms = geese1 #aii ,fatt5+ geese1 by noodl+1 #aif me?ods (1 #aid on f>ms 9 ! ea/1 #bjj on f>ms 9 ! middle we/1 #aii on l>ge fatt5+ f>ms1 #aii-bjh p51 #aie ,fatt5+ h\ses or %$s = duckl+s1 #dh ,fatt5+ summ] geese1 #bjb ,fawn & ,:ite ,runn]1 #cg ,fawn color$ brea/s 9 ,r\5 females1 #be ,fawn on neck1 too mu*1 9 ,fawn & ,:ite ,runn]1 #cg ,fea!r eat+ 9 duckl+s1 #ajj ,fea!r$ legs 9 ducks1 #ai ,fea!rs1 sav+ duck1 #aag sav+ geese1 #bjg1 #baa pluck+ f live geese1 #bab ,fe$1 coop]ative buy+ (1 #aja ,fe$ cook] = ducks1 #di cutt] = ducks1 #di la/1 = m>ket duckl+s1 #ajc mix] = ducks1 #di /orage = duck plant1 #di tr\ghs or trays = ducks1 #ff tr\ghs = fatt5+ geese1 #bje wagon = ducks1 #fe = geese1 #bje ,fe$+ bre$+ ducks1 #fc bre$+ geese1 #afi ,call ducks1 #bg duckl+s1 #ib1 #acb fatt5+ geese1 #aie1 #aif1 #bjc geese dur+ %ipm5t1 #bjb gosl+s1 #ahc gr[+ & fatt5+ duckl+s1 #ib-id1 #acb noodles to geese1 #aih %[ ducks1 #ci %[ geese1 #afa supply geese on fatt5+ f>ms1 #bjb track on duck plants1 #ea1 #fe ,f5ces = ducks1 #eb1 #abh = fatt5+ geese1 #bjc = geese1 #afh ,f]tility ( duck eggs1 #bj1 #gg ,fireless brood+ gosl+s1 #ahj ,fir/ fe$ = duckl+s1 #ib = gosl+s1 #ahc ,fi%1 fe$+1 to ducks1 #fc1 #ib1 #acd ,fits 9 duckl+s1 #ii ,flat brea/ 9 ,aylesburys1 #bc ,flatiron %ape 9 ,call ducks1 #bh ,fold$ fea!rs on neck ( ,pek9 drake1 #bb ,=eign color 9 back ( ,:ite ,runn] ducks1 #cg ,free range = ducks1 #abj = geese1 #afh = gosl+s1 #ahb ,freez+ ( ducks to ! gr\nd1 #fb1 #abh ,frequ5cy ( pluck+ live geese = fea!rs1 #bab ( sett+ duck eggs1 #gb ,fright5+ bre$+ ducks1 #fg duckl+s1 #id fatt5+ geese1 #bje ,g ,ga9s 9 weight made by duckl+s1 #id secur$ 9 noodl+ geese1 #aih secur$ 9 p5 fatt5+ geese1 #aie secur$ on goose fatt5+ f>ms1 #bjh ,g&]1 def9ition (1 #adi ,gapes 9 duckl+s1 #ii ,geese z we$ de/roy]s1 #ade ,goose eggs = hat*+1 c>e (1 #agb wa%+1 #agb ,goose fatt5+ f>ms1 #aii ,goose rais+1 z a bus9ess = f>m wom51 #add z a side l9e1 #ada di/ribution (1 #ada on g5]al f>ms1 #adb opportunities =1 #adb ,goose septicemia1 #ahf ,gosl+1 def9ition (1 #adi ,grad+ gr[+ duckl+s1 #hg ,grass y>ds = gosl+s1 #ahb ,gray ,call duck1 #bh ,gray1 fad$1 9 ,br[n ,*9ese geese1 #aeh 9 plumage ( ,blue ,sw$i% ducks1 #cc /ippl+ on ,p5cil$ ,runn] drakes1 #ch ,greas+ heads ( gosl+s = lice1 #agh ,gre5 bill 9 ,aylesbury1 #bc 9 ,buff ducks1 #cf 9 ,cre/$ ,:ite ducks1 #ce 9 ,pek91 #bb 9 ,:ite ,runn]1 #cg ,gre5 ducks1 #ajb ,gre5 fe$ = bre$+ ducks1 #fd = bre$+ geese1 #afi = duckl+s1 #ib1 #acc = fatt5+ geese1 #bjd = gosl+s1 #ahc ,gre5 geese1 #adi1 #ahg ,grit = bre$+ geese1 #agj = fatt5+ geese1 #bjd = gosl+s1 #ahc ,gr[+ gre5 fe$ = ducks1 #fd ,gr[? ( gosl+s1 rapidity (1 #ahd ,gypsy face 9 ,muscovy ducks1 #cb ,h ,h&l+ ducks1 #ci geese1 #afb geese dur+ noodl+1 #aig ,hat*es ( duck eggs1 #gh ,hat*+ duck eggs ) an incubator1 #gj1 #acj ) h5s1 #abi ,hat*+ eggs1 duck1 pack+ & %ipp+1 #dj ,hat*+ goose eggs ) *ick5 h5s1 #agc ) geese1 #agd ) incubators1 #age ,heal?1 selection ( bre$+ ducks =1 #ai indications (1 9 ducks1 #ai ,heat+ app>atus = duck brood] h\se1 #hc ,heavy bottoms 9 ,runn] ducks1 #cg ,hemorrhagic septicemia ( geese1 #ahf ,horse p[] requir$ on a duck plant1 #ej ,h\se capacity = bre$+ ducks1 #df = fatt5+ ducks1 #dh ,h\ses = bre$+ ducks1 #ei = bre$+ geese1 #afg ,hump back 9 ducks1 #ai ,i ,id5tification ( ducks by toe pun*+1 #ab ,incubation1 p]iod (1 = ducks1 #dg1 #abi = geese1 #agc ,incubator capacity on duck plants1 #dg1 #ga ,incubator cell>1 #gj ,incubators1 k9ds (1 = duck eggs1 #gj ,injury to ducks1 #eg1 #fb to gosl+s1 #ahb ,insect pe/s ( ducks1 #fi ,k ,keel1 deep1 9 ,aylesbury1 #bc 9 ,call1 #bh 9 ,pek91 #bb 9 ,r\51 #bd ,kill+ ducks1 #aje geese1 #bjf1 #bji h\se = duck plants1 #ej ,knob on head ( ,african geese1 #aeg ( ,*9ese geese1 #aeh ( ,muscovy drake1 #bi ,l ,labor requir$ on duck plants1 #eb 9 noodl+ geese1 #aih ,lam5ess ( duckl+s1 #ii ( gosl+s1 #ahe ,l& requir$ = duck plants1 #df ,lay+ ration = ducks1 #abf = geese1 #afi ,lay+ season = ducks1 #ff1 #abd = geese1 #afg ,lay-out ( duck plant1 #de ,l5g? ( "t 9 brood] h\se = duckl+s1 #hh brood+ necess>y = gosl+s1 #ahj ,lights = bre$+ ducks1 #fg = duckl+s1 #id = fatt5+ geese1 #bje ,live ducks1 %ipp+ to m>ket1 #aaf ,live geese1 %ipp+ to m>ket1 #bjh pluck+ = fea!rs1 #bab ,location ( duck plant1 #db ( goose fatt5+ f>m1 #bjh ,lopp$ cre/ 9 ,:ite ,cre/$ ducks1 #ce ,loss 9 duckl+s1 #ih 9 geese dur+ %ipm5t1 #bjb ,lo/1 gosl+s becom+1 #ahb ,lots1 fatt5+1 = geese1 #bjc ,m ,mak+ a />t 9 duck rais+1 #aba ,mak+ new goose mat+s1 #aed ,mall>d duck1 #aj summ] plumage ( males1 #be ,m&>9 duck1 #aj ,m>ket+ duck eggs1 #aah1 #acf ducks1 #ajb1 #ace ,m>kets = geese1 #ahg ,m>k+ duckl+s1 #ab gosl+s1 #aec ,mat+ ducks1 g5]al consid]ations 91 #ah geese1 g5]al consid]ations 91 #aed ,meat class ( ducks1 #aa ,mix+ fe$ = ducks1 #fe = fatt5+ geese1 #bjd ,moi/ure = duck eggs dur+ incubation1 #gf1 #aca = goose eggs dur+ incubation1 #agf ,molt ( duckl+s z indication ( m>ket condition1 #ajb ,mongrel goose1 #adh1 #bja ,mortality ( bre$+ ducks1 #fi ( geese dur+ %ipm5t1 #bjb ,mosquito l>vae1 de/ruction (1 by ducks1 #h ,mule ducks1 #i ,muscovy duck1 #bi ,n ,n>r[ %\ld]s 9 ,call ducks1 #bh 9 ,pek9 ducks1 #bb ,ne/1 prep>+ !1 = hat*+ goose eggs1 #agc ,nom5clature ( ducks1 #ab ( geese1 #adi ,noodles1 mak+1 = fatt5+ geese1 #aig ,noodl+ geese1 #aif ,numb] ( bre$+ ducks requir$1 #df ( duckl+s m>ket$ p] bre$+ duck1 #df ( duckl+s to a p51 #he1 #ij ( ducks 9 lead+ /ates1 #c ( ducks 9 ,u4 ,s41 #c ( ducks to a drake1 #eg ( geese c>ri$ on fatt5+ f>ms1 #bjh ( geese 9 lead+ /ates1 #ada ( geese 9 ,u4 ,s41 #ada ( geese noodl$ by "o man1 #aih ( geese to ! acre1 #afd ( times duckl+s are f$1 #ib geese are f$ on fatt5+ f>ms1 #bjc noodl$ geese are f$1 #aig p5 fatt5$ geese are f$1 #aie ,o ,objections to duck f>ms1 #dc to geese1 #ade to goose fatt5+ f>ms1 #bjh ,odor f goose fatt5+ f>ms1 #bjh ,opportunities = duck rais+1 #d = goose rais+1 #adb ,ornam5tal purposes1 ducks =1 #g class ( ducks1 #aa ,output ( duck plants1 #db1 #de ,oy/] %ell1 fe$+1 to bre$+ ducks1 #ff to bre$+ geese1 #agj ,p ,pack+ dress$ ducks = %ipm5t1 #aji geese = %ipm5t1 #baa ,pack+ duck hat*+ eggs1 #dj goose hat*+ eggs1 #afb ,pa/ur+ geese1 #afd gosl+s1 #ahc ,patte de fois gras1 #aii ,pay = pick+ ducks1 #ajg geese1 #bjg ,pek9 duck1 #ba ,pek9 duck on comm]cial plants1 #db ,p5cil$ ,runn] duck1 #cg ,p5cil+ 9 ,buff ducks1 #ce ,fawn & ,:ite ,runn] females1 #cg ,r\5 females1 #be ,p5cil+1 lack (1 9 ,p5cil$ ,runn] females1 #ch ,p5 fatt5+ geese1 #aie ,p5s = fatt5+ geese1 #bjc = noodl+ geese1 #aif 9 brood] h\se = duckl+s #hd1 #hi ,p]c5t hat* ( duck eggs set1 #gh loss 9 duckl+s1 #ih 9 gosl+s1 #ahd ,p]iod ( incubation = duck eggs1 #abi = goose eggs1 #agc = ,muscovy duck1 #cj ,p]iod ( fe$+ noodl$ geese1 #aih p5 fatt5+ geese1 #aie ,pick+ h\se = duck plants1 #ej ,pick+ m>ket ducks1 #ajf m>ket geese1 #bjf ,p9 fea!rs1 remov+1 f ducks1 #ajg ,p9ion+ ducks1 #bh wild geese1 #aei ,pneumonia 9 duckl+s1 #ii ,popul>ity ( bre$s ( ducks1 #ad ( geese1 #aej ,p\nds fe$ to produce p\nd ( m>ket duck1 #ie ,prejudice aga9/ roa/ goose1 #aid ,prep>+ ducks = ! %[1 #ch geese = ! %[1 #afa ,prev5tion ( disease 9 duckl+s1 #ih ,prices ( duck bre$+ /ock & eggs1 #g ( duck fea!rs1 #aah ( goose bre$+ /ock & eggs1 #afc ( goose fea!rs1 #bab ( m>ket ducks1 #aaj ( m>ket geese1 #ahh ( mongrel geese1 #bjh ( specially fatt5$ geese1 #bjh ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& geese1 #bja ,production1 ye>ly1 ( fea!rs f live geese1 #bac ,pr(its f duck f>m+1 #ed ,protect+ fe$ ( geese f o!r /ock1 #aga ,puddle ducks1 #i ,pull+ brok5 fea!rs 9 ducks1 #ch 9 geese1 #afa ,purple b>r+ 9 ,black ,ea/ ,india ducks1 #bi ,purple rump 9 ,r\5 drake1 #bd ,q ,quill+ 9 duckl+s1 #ajj ,r ,range = fatt5+ geese1 #aii = geese1 #afd ,rapidity ( gr[? ( gosl+s1 #ahd ,rations = bre$+ ducks1 #fc1 #abe = bre$+ geese1 #afi = duckl+s1 #ib1 #acb = fatt5+ geese1 #aie1 #aig1 #bjc = gosl+s1 #ahc ,rats z s\rce ( loss 9 duckl+s1 #aja ,r$ 9 plumage ( ,blue ,sw$i%1 #cc ,remov+ baby ducks to ! brood]1 #hj newly hat*$ gosl+s f ! ne/1 #agf ,reviv+ gosl+s *ill$ by ra91 #aha ,rhode ,isl& geese1 #bjj ,ribbon or w+ b>1 abs5ce (1 9 ,gray ,call1 #bh ,r+1 :ite1 9 ,buff ducks1 #cf 9 ,r\51 #bd wid? (1 9 ,r\51 #bd ,roa* back 9 ducks1 #ai ,r\5 duck1 #bc ,r\ghage = fatt5+ geese1 #aie1 #aii1 #bjd 9 rations = geese1 #agj ,r\nd head 9 ,runn] ducks1 #cg ,runn] duck1 #cf ,s ,s&1 fe$+1 to bre$+ ducks1 #ff to duckl+s1 #hf1 #ic to gosl+s1 #ahc ,scald+ m>ket ducks1 #aje geese1 #bji ,seba/apol goose1 #adh ,selection ( bre$+ ducks1 #ai on comm]cial plants1 #ef on g5]al f>ms1 #acd ,selection ( bre$+ geese1 #aed ,selection ( duck eggs = hat*+1 #gc ,select+ ! bre$ ( ducks1 #abb ,sep>at+ gr[+ gosl+s f old /ock1 #ahb ,septicemia1 goose or hemorrhagic1 #ahf ,sex 9 ducks1 di/+ui%+1 #ac1 #ace 9 geese1 di/+ui%+1 #afe ,%ade = bre$+ ducks1 #fj = fatt5+ summ] geese1 #bjb = gosl+s1 #ahb = gr[+ duckl+s1 #ib ,%>p backs 9 ,runn] ducks1 #cg ,%av+ m>ket geese to remove d[n1 #bji ,%elt] = fatt5+ geese1 #aii1 #bjc = gr[+ gosl+s1 #aha ,%ipp+ dress$ ducks1 #aji dress$ geese1 #bjh hat*+ eggs1 duck1 #dj geese1 #afb ,%ipp+ live geese = fatt5+1 #bja ,%ort legs 9 ,runn] ducks1 #cg ,%r9k+ 9 %ipp+ ducks alive1 #aaf ,size ( bre$+ ducks1 #ai ( bre$s ( ducks1 #ad ( bre$s ( geese1 #aej ( duck eggs1 #af ( duck f>ms1 #db1 #dd1 #df ( flocks ( bre$+ ducks1 #df ( flocks ( ducks on g5]al f>ms1 #aba ( flocks ( fatt5+ geese1 #aie1 #aif1 #aii1 #bjb ( goose eggs1 #aea ( male & female ,muscovy1 #cj ( mat+ 9 ducks1 #bj1 #abc ( mat+ 9 geese1 #aeb ( sitt+ ( duck eggs1 #g1 #abi ( sitt+ ( goose eggs1 #afc1 #agd ,slate on backs ( "y ,embd5 geese1 #aef ( "y ,:ite ,*9ese geese1 #aei ,smoo? head 9 ,muscovy duck1 #bi ,sore eyes 9 duckl+s1 #ajj ,sort+ gr[+ duckl+s1 #hg m>ket duckl+s1 #ajd ,split cre/ 9 ,cre/$ ,:ite ducks1 #cd ,/eam+ ducks = pick+1 #ajg geese = pick+1 #baj ,/ick+ or bra9+ geese1 #bjf1 #bji ,/ippl+1 gray1 on ,p5cil$ ,runn] ducks1 #ch ,/unn+ geese1 #bjf1 #bji ,summ] geese1 fatt5+1 #bjb ,summ] plumage ( ,r\5 drakes1 #be ,swimm+1 prev5t+ gosl+s f1 #aha ,temp]atures1 incubation1 = duck eggs1 #gd = goose eggs1 #age ,temp]atures1 brood]1 = duckl+s1 #ha = gosl+s1 #ahj ,te/+ duck eggs1 #gd1 #acj table = c&l+ duck eggs1 #ge ,"t ( fe$+ bre$+ ducks1 #fc1 #abf geese on fatt5+ f>ms1 #bjc noodl$ geese1 #aif p5 fatt5$ geese1 #aie ,"t ( fir/ fe$ = duckl+s1 #ib = gosl+s1 #ahc ,"t ( lay+ ) ducks1 #fg ) geese1 #afg ,"t ( m>ket+ bre$+ ducks1 #fh ( pluck+ live geese = fea!rs1 #bab to pur*ase bre$+ ducks1 #aba bre$+ geese1 #aff ,t\l\se goose1 defects 91 #aee ,tray1 fe$1 = ducks1 #ff ,triple cre/ 9 ,cre/$ ,:ite ducks1 #cd ,tr\gh1 fe$1 = ducks1 #ff ,turn+ duck eggs dur+ incubation1 #ge goose eggs dur+ incubation1 #agd1 #age ,twi/$ w+s 9 ducks1 #ai ,u ,uses = duck fea!rs1 #aah = goose fea!rs1 #bab ,v ,value ( duck fea!rs1 #aag ( ducks 9 ! ,u4 ,s41 #h ( goose fea!rs1 #bjg ,vegetables1 fe$+1 to ducks1 #fc ,v5tilation = gosl+s1 #agi ( brood] h\ses1 #hh ( incubator cell>s1 #ga ( incubators :5 hat*+1 #gg ,vigor1 selection ( bre$+ ducks =1 #ai ,w ,wa%+ duck eggs = hat*+1 #acj goose eggs = hat*+1 #agb %[ ducks1 #ci %[ geese1 #afb ,wat] = bre$+ ducks1 #fa1 #abg = bre$+ geese1 #afe = duckl+s1 #if1 #ace = fatt5+ geese1 #aie1 #aih1 #bjd = geese dur+ %ipm5t1 #bjb = gosl+s1 #ahc ,wat] site = duck plants1 #db ,wat] supply = duck plants1 #eb ,wat] y>ds = bre$+ ducks1 #fa = gr[+ & fatt5+ duckl+s1 #if1 #ace ,we$ de/ruction by geese1 #if1 #ajc ,weight ( duckl+s :5 ready = m>ket1 #if1 #ajc ( geese f fatt5+ f>ms1 #bjh ( gosl+s :5 ready = m>ket1 #ahe ( gre5 geese1 #ahd1 #ahg ( noodl$ geese1 #aih ,weights ( ,black ,ea/ ,india ducks1 #ad ( ,call ducks1 #ad ( duck eggs1 #ad ( goose eggs1 #aea ( ,mall>d ducks1 #aj ( /&>d bre$s ( ducks1 #ad ( /&>d bre$s ( geese1 #aej ,:ite ar\nd eyes ( ,blue ,sw$i%1 #cd ( ,cayuga1 #bf ,:ite bib 9 ,blue ,sw$i%1 #cc 9 ,buff ducks1 #cf ,:ite ,call duck1 description (1 #bh ,:ite ,*9ese goose1 #aei ,:ite 9 brea/ ( ,black ,ea/ ,india1 #bi ( ,cayuga1 #bf ,:ite 9 fluff ( ,r\5 drake1 #bd ,:ite 9 w+s ( ,african geese1 #aeg ( ,blue ,sw$i% ducks1 #cc ( ,br[n ,*9ese geese1 #aei ( ,buff ducks1 #ce ( ,gray ,call ducks1 #bh ( ,r\5 ducks1 #bd ( ,t\l\se geese1 #aef ,:ite ,muscovy duck1 description (1 #cb black on head ( "y1 #cb ,:ite on head ( ,color$ ,muscovy1 #cb ,:ite on neck ( ,cayuga1 #bf ,:ite ,runn] duck1 #cg ,wild or ,canadian goose1 #aei ,w9dpipe z indication ( age 9 ducks1 #ef ,w+ b>1 abs5ce (1 9 ,gray ,call females1 #bh ,wood duck1 #aj ,y ,y>ds = bre$+ ducks1 #eh1 #abh = bre$+ geese1 #afh = fatt5+ duckl+s1 #ia = fatt5+ geese1 #bjc = gosl+s1 #aha ,yell[ bills 9 ,blue ,sw$i%1 #cd 9 ,r\5 females1 #be ,yell[1 loss (1 legs & bills ( ,pek9 ) lay+1 #ef ,yell[ on knob ( ,african geese1 #aeg ( ,br[n ,*9ese geese1 #aeh ( ,:ite ,*9ese geese1 #aei ,yield ( fea!rs f live geese1 #bac 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,ap>t f m9or *anges to =matt+1 table alignm5t & punctuation1 ! only *anges made to ! text f ! orig9al are z foll[s3 ,preface 7#bnd page73 m9umum *ang$ to m9imum 7444 ) ! m9imum ( initial inve/m5t & ( labor47 ,seba/apool *ang$ to ,seba/apol 9 ,li/ ( ,illu/rations 7,egyptian ,g&] & ,seba/apol ,goose7 ,figure #ej caption1 & twice 9 ! index4 ,?is is consi/5t ) ! use ( ,seba/apol 9 ! text4 ,page #bj3 neccess>y *ang$ to necess>y 7444 x becomes neccess>y to mate a small] numb] ( females 44474 ,page #cj3 miss+ page ref]5ce add$ 7,see ,page #ad74 ,page #gb3 comma delet$ aft] ,( 7,( c\rse1 eggs suffici5t to fill ! entire incubator capacity 44474 ,fig #bh caption3 yords *ang$ to y>ds 7,long brood] h\se & y>ds ) fe$+ track47 ,page #ajg3 duplicate ^w ! delet$ 7444 hung 9 a /eam box ) ! heads outside 4447 ,page #aca3 *ick5s *ang$ to *ick5 7,duckl+s c be brood$ if desir$ by means ( *ick5 h5s47 ,page #acf3 miss+ page ref]5ce add$ 7444 9 accordance ) ! directions giv5 on page #ajf74 ,page #acg3 miss+ page ref]5ce add$ 7,see page #aai74 ,page #ada3 #aibj *ang$ to #aiaj 7,! c5sus figures ( #aibj comp>$ ) ^? = #aiaj 4447 ,page #ade3 9 *ang$ to is 7,an objection to geese (t5 express$ b )\t good f\ndation is t !y w spoil ! pa/ure = o!r /ock47 ,page #aed3 ,am]iacn *ang$ to ,am]ican 7444 ! ,am]ican ,/&>d ( ,p]fection47 ,page #aee ,footnote3 /&>d *ang$ to initial upp] case ,/&>d 7,am]ican ,/&>d ( ,p]fection74 ,page #afc3 miss+ page ref]5ce add$ 7,! same me?od ( pack+ ! eggs %\ld be employ$ z ) duck eggs describ$ on page #acg47 ,page #afe3 ?\gh\t *ang$ to ?r\gh\t 7444 gre5 fe$ available ?r\gh\t ! summ] & fall 4447 ,page #aff3 p5us *ang$ to p5is 7444 ! p5is w protrude47 ,page #ahb3 close *ang$ to clos$ 7,x %\ld h a bo>d floor & be capable ( be+ clos$ 4447 ,page #aid3 pleasanty *ang$ to pleasantly 7 444"o w be pleasantly surpris$ at ! ri* ta/e :i* ! roa/ goose possesses47 ,page #baa3 miss+ page ref]5ce add$ 7 444 9 ! same way z :5 pack+ ducks z describ$ on page #aji47 ,page #bbb 7,index73 /ipl+ *ang$ to /ippl+ 7,gray /ippl+ on ,p5cil$ ,runn] drakes74