,the ,style ,book of the ,detroit ,news ,for helpful suggestions the editor is beholden to the style books of the ,united ,states ,government ,printing ,office1 the ,universities of ,missouri1 ,iowa and ,montana1 the ,indianapolis ,news1 the ,chicago ,herald1 and the ,new ,york ,evening ,post2 to ,newspaper ,writing and ,editing1 by ,willard ,g4 ,bleyer2 ,newspaper ,editing1 by ,grant ,m4 ,hyde2 ,the ,writing of ,news1 by ,charles ,g4 ,ross2 and to the ,new ,york ,tribune for permission to make applicable to ,michigan its digest of the libel laws of ,new ,york4 ,the inscriptions on the building of ,the ,news1 reprinted in this book in boxes1 were written by ,prof4 ,fred ,n4 ,scott1 of the ,university of ,michigan4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,home ,,of ,,the ,,detroit ,,news ,fort ,street1 ,second ,avenue and ,lafayette ,boulevard ,founded by ,james ,edmund ,scripps ,august #bc1 #ahgc ,absorbed the subscription lists of the ,detroit ,daily ,union ,july #bg1 #ahgf ,established a ,sunday edition ,nov4 #cj1 #ahhd ,sunday ,news and ,sunday ,tribune combined as ,sunday ,news-,tribune ,october #ae1 #ahic ,daily ,tribune merged with ,the ,news and discontinued ,february #a1 #aiae ,ground broken for present building ,november1 #aiae ,sunday ,news-,tribune became ,the ,sunday ,news ,october #ad1 #aiag ,the ,news entered new building ,october #ae1 #aiag ,the ,,style ,,book ,,of ,the ,detroit ,news ,edited by ,a4 ,l4 ,,weeks ,published and ,copyrighted #aiah by ,the ,evening ,news ,association ,detroit ,this edition consists of #a1jjj copies1 of which this is ,no4 #fbe ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,the ,aim of ,the ,detroit ,news #a ,instructions to ,reporters #d ,instructions to ,copy ,readers #f ,preparing ,copy #g ,leads #g ,heads #h ,diction #ad ,a4 ,p4 ,style #ae ,capitalization #ag ,punctuation #bb ,quotations #bc ,nouns #bd ,pronouns #bg ,conjunctions #bh ,verbs #bi ,adverbs #cc ,adjectives #cd ,prepositions #cg ,articles #ch ,numbers #ch ,roman ,numerals #ci ,weights and ,measures #dj ,abbreviation #db ,names and ,titles #de ,jew and ,hebrew #df ,church ,titles #dh ,compounds #dh ,superfluous ,words #di ,vital ,statistics #ej ,spelling #ea ,popular ,names of ,railroads #eb ,do and ,don't #ed ,the ,cannery #eg ,michigan ,institutions #ei ,army and ,navy ,organization #fj ,dates ,often ,called ,for #fb ,the ,law of ,libel #fd ,first ,three ,years of the ,war #gb ,index #gg ,,the ,,aim ,,of ,,the ,,detroit ,,news ,formation of a newspaper's ideals comes through a process of years4 ,the best traditions of the past1 blending with hopes of the future1 should be the writer's guide for the day4 ,nov4 #a1 #aiaf1 the editor-in-chief of ,the ,detroit ,news1 in a letter to the managing editor1 wrote his interpretation of the principles under which the staff should work1 in striving toward those journalistic ideals to which this paper feels itself dedicated4 ,his summary of the best practices of the profession follows3 ,the ,detroit ,news should be3 ,vigorous1 but not vicious4 ,interesting1 but not sensational4 ,fearless1 but fair4 ,accurate as far as human effort can obtain accuracy4 ,striving ever to gain and impart information4 ,as bright as possible1 but never sacrificing solid information for brilliancy4 ,looking for the uplifting rather than the depraved things of life4 ,we should work to have the word ,,reliable stamped on every page of the paper4 ,the place to commence this is with the staff members3 ,first1 getting men and women of character to do the writing and editing2 and then training them in our way of thinking and handling news and other reading matter4 ,if you make an error you have two duties to perform--one to the person misrepresented and one to your reading public4 ,never leave the reader of ,the ,news misinformed on any subject4 ,if you wrongfully write that a man has done something that he did not do1 or has said something that he did not say1 you do him an injustice--that's one4 ,but you also do thousands of readers an injustice1 leaving them misinformed as to the character of the man dealt with4 ,corrections should never be made grudgingly4 ,always make them cheerfully1 fully1 and in larger type than the error1 if there is any difference4 ,the ,american people want to know1 to learn1 to get information4 ,to quote a writer3 ,your opinion is worth no more than your information4 ,give them your information and let them draw their own conclusions4 ,comment should enlighten by well marshaled facts1 and by telling the readers what relation an act of today has to an act of yesterday4 ,let them come to their own conclusions as far as possible4 ,no issue is worth advocating that is not strong enough to withstand all the facts that the opposition to it can throw against it4 ,our readers should be well informed on both sides of every issue4 ,kindly1 helpful suggestions will often direct officials in the right1 when nagging will make them stay stubbornly on the wrong side4 ,that does not mean that there should be any lack of diligence in watching for1 and opposing1 intentional criminals4 ,a staff can be good and strong only by having every part of it strong4 ,the moment it becomes evident that a man1 either by force of circumstance or because of his own character1 does not fit into our organization1 you do him a kindness and do justice to the paper by letting him know1 so he can go to a calling in which he can succeed1 and will not be in the way of filling the place with a competent man4 ,no one on the staff should be asked to do anything that will make him think less of himself or the paper4 ,,make ,,the ,,paper ,,good ,,all ,,the ,,way ,,through1 so there will not be disappointment on the part of a reporter if his story is not found on the first page1 but so he will feel that it must have merit to get into the paper at all4 ,avoid making it a front-page paper4 ,stories should be brief1 but not meager4 ,tell the story1 all of it1 in as few words as possible4 ,nature makes facts more interesting than any reporter can imagine them4 ,there is an interesting feature in every story1 if you will dig it out4 ,if you don't get it1 it is because you don't dig deep enough4 ,the most valuable asset of any paper is its reputation for telling the truth2 the only way to have that reputation is to tell the truth4 ,untruth due to carelessness or excessive imagination injures the paper as much as though intentional4 ,everyone with a grievance should be given a respectful and kindly hearing2 especial consideration should be given the poor and lowly1 who may be less capable of presenting their claims than those more favored in life4 ,a man of prominence and education knows how to get into the office and present his complaint4 ,a washerwoman may come to the door1 timidly1 haltingly1 scarcely knowing what to do1 and all the while her complaint may be as just as that of the other complainant1 perhaps more so4 ,she should be received kindly and helped to present what she has to say4 ,simple1 plain language is strongest and best4 ,a man of little education can understand it1 while the man of higher education1 usually reading a paper in the evening after a day's work1 will read it with relish4 ,there is never any need of using big words to show off one's learning4 ,the object of a story or an editorial is to inform or convince2 but it is hard to do either if the reader has to study over a big word or an involved sentence4 ,use plain ,english all the time4 ,a few readers may understand and appreciate a ,latin or ,french quotation1 or one from some other foreign language1 but the big mass of our readers are the plain people1 and such a quotation would be lost on the majority4 ,be fair4 ,don't let the libel laws be your measure in printing of a story1 but let fairness be your measure4 ,if you are fair1 you need not worry about libel laws4 ,always give the other fellow a hearing4 ,he may be in the wrong1 but even that may be a matter of degree4 ,it wouldn't be fair to picture him as all black when there may be mitigating circumstances4 ,it is not necessary to tell the people that we are honest1 or bright1 or alert1 or that a story appeared exclusively in our paper4 ,if true1 the public will find it out4 ,an honest man does not need to advertise his honesty4 ,time heals all things but a woman's damaged reputation4 ,be careful and cautious and fair and decent in dealing with any man's reputation1 but be doubly so--and then some--when a woman's name is at stake4 ,do not by direct statement1 jest or careless reference raise a question mark after any woman's name if it can be avoided--and it usually can be4 ,even if a woman slips1 be generous2 it may be a crisis in her life4 ,printing the story may drive her to despair2 kindly treatment may leave her with hope4 ,no story is worth ruining a woman's life--or a man's1 either4 ,keep the paper clean in language and thought4 ,profane or suggestive words are not necessary4 ,when in doubt1 think of a #ac-year-old girl reading what you are writing4 ,do not look on newspaper work as a game1 of pitilessly printing that on which you are only half informed1 for the mere sake of beating some other paper2 but take it rather as a serious1 constructive work in which you are to use all your energy and diligence to get all the worth-while information for your readers at the earliest possible moment4 ,,instructions ,,to ,,reporters ,when you go after a story1 make sure that you get all of it4 ,drill yourself into searching for facts2 almost anybody can write a story--it takes real brains and resourcefulness to get one4 ,you are urged to call the city editor for instructions whenever in doubt1 and it is a good idea to call as often as possible to keep the office informed and also to get any information on your story that may have come in from other sources4 ,before you write or telephone your story1 make sure that you have all your facts marshaled in your own mind4 ,a good reporter usually plans his story1 lead and details in his head on his way to the office4 ,,never ,,guess4 ,,know ,,what ,,you ,,are ,,writing ,,about4 ,when you turn in a story ,,know that everything in that story is true--and if you feel there is a statement you can not prove1 call your city editor's attention to it4 ,to color or fake a story is not newspaper work--it is prostitution of the profession of journalism4 ,be sure of your sources of information4 ,never take anything for granted--find out for yourself4 ,you will discover that many persons talk convincingly about things although they have no actual knowledge of the subject under discussion4 ,remember always that a newspaper has to prove what it says--and any decent newspaper is eager to4 ,if you don't know1 tell the city editor you don't know4 ,to guess is criminal because nobody can guess with any consistent degree of accuracy4 ,and accuracy should be your guide4 ,reporters should study their stories after they are printed1 with the realization that any changes made in them were made to better them4 ,ask why your stories have been changed so your next story will be better through avoidance of the same mistake4 ,never be afraid to ask anybody anything4 ,the mainspring of a good newspaper man is a wholesome curiosity4 ,the essentials of newspaper writing are accuracy and simplicity4 ,the newspaper is no place for fine writing4 ,simplicity means directness and conciseness in telling the story as well as an avoidance of hifalutin phrases1 obsolete words and involved sentences4 ,walt ,whitman wrote3 ,the art of arts1 the glory of expression1 and the sunshine of the light of letters1 is simplicity4 ,nothing is better than simplicity--nothing can make up for excess or the lack of definiteness4 ,every worker on a newspaper knows the value of accuracy4 ,accuracy is the god before whom all newspaper men bow4 ,if one could analyze the effort put forth in one day in this office1 one might discover that perhaps a third of that effort was in an attempt to obtain accuracy4 ,the city directory is the newspaper man's ,bible because accuracy is his deity4 ,the hardest lesson the journalist must learn is the development of the impersonal viewpoint4 ,he must learn to write what he sees and hears1 clearly and accurately1 with never a tinge of bias4 ,his own views1 his personal feelings and his friendships should have nothing to do with what he writes in a story4 ,the ideal reporter would be a man who could give the public facts about his bitterest enemy even though such facts would make the man he personally hated a hero before the public4 ,in journalism more than in any other profession does the advice hold good3 ,beware of your friends2 your enemies will take care of themselves4 ,by this is meant3 ,learn well the code of ethics which governs your profession1 and when any man in the guise of friendship asks you to violate that code1 you may say to him1 ,if you were truly my friend1 you would not ask me to do this any more than you would ask a physician as a matter of friendship to perform an illegal operation1 or a lawyer to stoop to shyster practices4 ,supplying his editors with the truth1 the whole truth and nothing but the truth1 is the only mission of the reporter1 and any man who asks the reporter to deviate from that principle asks that which is dishonest4 ,,be ,,true ,thomas ,carlyle3 ,to every writer we might say3 ,be true1 if you would be believed4 ,let a man but speak forth with genuine earnestness the thought1 the emotion1 the actual condition of his own heart2 and other men1 so strangely are we all knit together by the tie of sympathy1 must and will give heed to him4 ,in culture1 in extent of view1 we may stand above the speaker1 or below him2 but in either case1 his words1 if they are earnest and sincere1 will find some response within us2 for in spite of all casual varieties in outward rank or inward1 as face answers to face1 so does the heart of man to man4 ---------------------------------------- --- 444 ,,voice ,,of ,,the ,,lowly ,,and ,,oppressed 444 ,,advocate ,,of ,,the ,,friendless 444 ,,righter ,,of ,,public ,,and ,,private ,,wrongs4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,instructions ,,to ,,copy ,,readers ,the copy reader's position carries with it larger responsibilities than the position of any other member of the staff4 ,he can mar or ruin a good story2 he can redeem the poor story2 he can save the reporter from errors of commission or omission in the matter of his story or in the manner of its writing4 ,no matter how accomplished a writer a reporter may be1 the copy reader who handles his story can destroy his product4 ,then1 too1 it is the function of the copy reader1 if he believes that a better story can be written with the same facts as a basis1 to suggest to the city editor that the story be rewritten by the reporter1 by another reporter or by the copy reader himself4 ,because a man is reading copy1 he should not imagine that he is not to write a story or rewrite one when occasion demands4 ,charles ,g4 ,ross writes3 ,his the copy reader's work is critical rather than creative4 ,it is destructive so far as errors of grammar1 violations of news style and libel are concerned4 ,but if his sense of news is keen1 as that of every copy reader should be1 he will find abundant opportunity for something more than mechanical deletion and interlineation4 ,he may insert a terse bit of explanation to clear away obscurity1 or may add a piquant touch that will redeem a story from dullness4 ,to the degree that he edits news with sympathy and understanding1 with a clear perception of news values1 his work may be regarded as creative4 ,if1 on the other hand1 he conceives it his duty to reduce all writing to a dead level of mediocrity 99 99 99 99 he richly deserves the epithet that is certain to be hurled at the copy reader by the reporter whose fine phrases have been cut out--he is in truth a 'butcher' of copy4 ,dr4 ,willard ,g4 ,bleyer writes3 ,the reading and editing of copy consists of 7#a7 correcting all errors whether in expression or in fact2 7#b7 making the story conform to the style of the newspaper2 7#c7 improving the story in any respect2 7#d7 eliminating libelous matter2 7#e7 marking copy for the printer2 7#f7 writing headlines and subheads4 ,,learning ,,the ,,metier ,said ,robert ,louis ,stevenson to a painter friend3 ,you painter chaps make lots of studies1 don't you8 ,and you don't frame them all and send them to the ,salon1 do you8 ,you just stick them up on the studio wall for a bit1 and presently you tear them up and make more4 ,and you copy ,velasquez and ,rembrandt and ,vandyke and ,corot2 and from each you learn some little trick of the brush1 some obscure little point of technic4 ,and you know damn well that it is the knowledge thus acquired that will enable you later on to deliver your own message with a fine and confident bravado4 ,you are simply learning your metier2 and believe me1 mon cher1 an artist in any line without the metier is just a blind man with a stick4 ,now1 in the literary line ,i am simply doing what you painter men are doing in the pictorial line--learning the metier4 ,,preparing ,,copy ,use the typewriter4 ,see that the keys are clean4 ,use triple space4 ,write on one side of the paper4 ,do not paste sheets together4 ,leave wide margins on both sides and at the top4 ,write your name and a brief description of the story in two or three words at top of first sheet4 ,number sheets4 ,never write perpendicularly in the margin4 ,never divide a word from one page to another1 and if possible do not divide a word from one line to the next4 ,try to make each page end with a completed paragraph to aid the composing room in setting the story in takes4 ,when necessary to write in long hand1 underscore u and overscore n1 and print proper names and unusual words4 ,ring periods or write x to stand for them4 ,when there is a chance that a word intentionally misspelled will be changed by the printer1 write ,follow ,copy in the margin4 ,indent deeply for paragraphs4 ,use an end-mark to indicate your story is completed4 ,avoid interlining by crossing out the sentence you desire to correct and writing it again4 ,save time for your office by care in writing and editing4 ,a little thought before setting down a sentence will save you the trouble of rewriting and the copy reader the annoyance of reading untidy copy4 ,,leads ,there is generally a better way to begin a story than with ,a1 ,an1 ,the1 ,it is1 ,there is1 ,there are4 ,avoid beginning a story with figures1 but when this must be done1 then spell out1 as3 ,ten thousand men marched away today4 ,the comprehensive ,a4 ,p4 lead is generally preferable1 but in writing some stories1 particularly feature stories1 a reporter may find a more effective lead than the sentence or sentences that summarize the story4 ,remember that your reader's time may be limited and that if your story begins with a striking sentence1 arresting either because of what it says or the manner in which it says it1 your story will be read4 ,,the ,,cuttlefish ,he that uses many words for the explaining of any subject doth1 like the cuttlefish1 hide himself in his own ink4--,anon4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,bearer ,,of ,,intelligence 444 ,,dispeller ,,of ,,ignorance ,,and ,,prejudice 444 ,a ,,light ,,shining ,,into ,,all ,,dark ,,places4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,heads ,the head1 says ,ross1 is an advertisement1 and like all good advertisements it should be honest1 holding out no promise that the story does not fulfill4 ,it should be based on the facts as set forth in the story and nothing else4 ,the head should be a bulletin or summary of the important facts1 not a mere label4 ,it is usually best to base the head on the lead of the story4 ,the first deck should tell the most important feature4 ,every succeeding deck should contribute new information1 not merely explain previous statements or repeat them in different language4 ,the function of the head is to tell the facts1 not to give the writer's comment on the facts4 ,the head for the feature story1 the special department1 the editorial or the illustration may properly be a title that suggests the material it advertises instead of summarizing it4 ,indeed1 the success of a feature story often depends on its having a head that directs the reader to the story and arouses his curiosity in it without disclosing the most interesting content4 ,head writers should beware of revealing in the head the surprise of a story1 if it has one4 ,never turn in a head that you guess will fit4 ,make sure4 ,heads that are too long cause delay and confusion4 ,as a general rule write heads in the present tense4 ,principal words should not be repeated4 ,do not1 however1 use impossible synonyms1 as canine for dog or inn for hotel4 ,make every deck complete in itself4 ,use articles sparingly4 ,occasionally they are needed4 ,observe the difference in meaning between ,king ,george ,takes ,little ,liquor and ,king ,george ,takes a ,little ,liquor4 ,avoid such overworked and awkward words as probe1 rap1 quiz1 ,russ4 ,never abbreviate ,president to ,pres4 ,avoid ending a line with a preposition1 an article or a conjunction1 as1 ,,to ,,make ,,plans ,,for ,,american ,,defense ,do not divide phrases1 as1 ,,cut ,,in ,,schedule ,k ,,is ,,probable ,,camp ,,picks ,,all- ,,american ,,team ,try to make each line of the first deck a unit1 as1 ,,postoffice ,,robbed ,,by ,,band ,,of ,,tramps ,,tariff ,,board ,,reports ,,on ,,all ,,wool ,,schedules ,,story ,,of ,,dying ,,man ,,reopens ,,graft ,,case ,observe that in reading these heads there is a natural pause that comes at the end of the line4 ,the same principle may govern the writing of three-line heads1 as1 ,,one ,,girl',s ,,act ,,prevents #fj1jjj ,,from ,,working ,,wayne ,,men ,,want ,,canal ,,to ,,connect ,,city ,,with ,,detroit ,in the head just written observe that the first line has fewer letters because it contains two ,w's and an ,m4 ,either an ,m or a ,w is equal to a letter and a half1 and an ,i and a space are each equal to half a letter4 ,the first line contains #ad units2 the second line contains #ae units2 the third line contains #ae units4 ,and yet the first line contains #ad letters and spaces1 the second #af1 and the third #ag4 ,every deck should contain a verb1 expressed or implied4 ,in this head1 ,,thieves ,,busy ,,in ,,north ,,end the verb are is understood4 ,if the subject of the verb in the first deck is not written1 it should be the first word of the second deck1 as1 ,,investigate ,,wet ,,victory ,texas ,senators ,all ,agreed to ,inquire ,into ,late ,election4 ,omit all forms of the verb to be whenever possible4 ,this head1 ,,asked ,,how ,,he ,,got ,,stolen ,,automobile is more effective than this1 ,,is ,,asked ,,how ,,he ,,got ,,the ,,stolen ,,automobile ,avoid expressions that are awkward because of omission of some form of the verb to be such as this3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,weather ,,man ,,says ,,summer ,,here ,negatives should be avoided4 ,the head should as a rule tell what happened1 not what did not happen4 ,avoid the word may4 ,the head should as a rule tell what happened1 not what is going to take place1 perhaps4 ,beware of heads that contain words of double meaning1 as1 ,,nurses ,,hope ,,to ,,win ,,game ,the word nurses may be taken as a noun or a verb4 ,in this head the first word might be read as a noun or as a verb3 ,,scouts ,,claim ,,kaiser ,,is ,,to ,,blame ,,for ,,war ,use as little punctuation as possible in the first deck4 ,avoid alliteration4 ,use few abbreviations4 ,use figures sparingly4 ,insert subheads in long stories at intervals of #aej to #bjj words4 ,use at least two subheads or none4 ,when there is a paragraph ending1 ,the ,president spoke as follows31 place the subhead before this paragraph and not between it and the quoted matter4 ,avoid such makeshift constructions as ,m ,a ,y ,o ,r ,,will ,,resign1 ,,said ,,wilson ,,won',t ,,reply1 ,,rumor ,avoid beginning a head with quotation marks because the white space destroys the balance of the head4 ,when it is unavoidable1 use single quotation marks4 ,avoid heads in which a dash takes the place of says1 as1 ,,shipping ,,board ,,must ,,go--,,wilson ,when this style is necessary1 use quotation marks4 ,it is permissible to make the first deck of a head a quotation without quotation marks1 writing the name of the person quoted in full-face caps immediately below the deck4 ,one need seldom resort to this expedient4 ,be careful of the present tense in writing of historical events4 ,the head on a story about the legality of ,christ's trial should not read1 ,,jesus ,,christ ,,is ,,illegally ,,slain nor should it read ,,jesus ,,christ ,,was ,,illegally ,,slain but it should read ,,says ,,christ ,,was ,,illegally ,,slain ,remember always in writing heads that although a newspaper man seldom reads more than the first deck1 deciding by that whether to read the story1 many readers of the paper read no more than the head1 and for them it should summarize the story1 embodying all its salient features4 ,,grammar ,the most common errors in grammar to be found in copy are in3 ,the agreement of a verb with its subject4 ,the relation of pronouns to their antecedents4 ,the position of participles in relation to the words they modify4 ,the use of co-ordinate conjunctions to connect elements of the same kind4 ,the position of correlative conjunctions with relation to the elements they connect4 ,to gain grace in writing one must either be born with a natural aptitude in the use of words--and such men3 ,stevenson1 ,poe1 ,walter ,pater and others1 are geniuses--or one must study the writings of these masters of prose and attempt to discover the secret of their success4 ,it is not necessary that a good writer should know rules of grammar1 but he must know enough to observe them4 ,a writer may be unable to tell why a dangling participle is faulty ,english by testing it with a rule1 but he may nevertheless avoid such a construction because his ear tells him it is not the best style4 ,copies of the best grammars may be found in the office library and should be consulted when reporters and copy readers are in doubt4 ,,simplicity ,in character1 in manners1 in style and in all things the supreme excellence is simplicity4--,longfellow4 ,,notes ,,diction ,the newspaper writer must beware of two pitfalls in writing3 ,fine writing and dialect4 ,stilted ,english1 pompous and high-sounding1 is in just as bad taste as garish clothing or pungent perfume4 ,reporters often give to their stories a wordy and turgid flavor by their refusal to repeat a word1 preferring a synonym4 ,one often sees such sentences as this3 ,the policeman took his pistol away as he was about to shoot at the bluecoat's partner1 another officer of the law4 ,this is a quite unnecessary avoidance of the repetition of the word policeman4 ,fine writing is quite out of place at all times in a newspaper and is particularly obnoxious when a reporter quotes a person of inferior mentality in polished--or what the reporter thinks are polished--phrases4 ,things like this shouldn't get into the paper3 ,it is with poignant grief that ,i gaze on the torn frame of my dear spouse1 said ,mrs4 ,sowikicki1 as she stood beside a slab in the morgue4 ,on the other hand reporters should not try to be funny at the expense of someone inexpert in the use of the language4 ,if a person interviewed uses bad grammar1 correct him when you write the story4 ,to make a person say ,hadn't ought to of or ,hain't got no is not only insulting to that person and to your readers1 but is poor comedy4 ,dialect must be absolutely accurate if it is used4 ,finley ,peter ,dunne can write ,irish dialect and not many other persons in ,america can write as good4 ,probably no reporter on ,the ,news can write it4 ,dialect that might hurt the feelings of others who speak the same way should not be used4 ,in fact as a general rule3 ,,don',t ,,write ,,dialect4 ,the greatest masters of humor1 such as ,moliere1 ,cervantes1 ,shakespeare1 ,mark ,twain1 have obtained their best effects by writing their language straightforwardly4 ,,the ,,grit ,,of ,,compact1 ,,clear ,,truth ,i began to compose by imitating other authors4 ,i admired1 and ,i worked hard to get1 a smooth1 rich1 classic style4 ,the passion ,i afterwards formed for ,heine's prose forced me from this slavery1 and taught me to aim at naturalness4 ,i seek now to get back to the utmost simplicity of expression1 to disuse the verbosity ,i tried so hard to acquire1 to get the grit of compact1 clear truth1 if possible1 informal and direct4 ,it is very difficult4 ,i should advise any beginner to study the raciest1 strongest1 best spoken speech and let the printed speech alone2 that is to say1 to write straight from the thought without bothering about the manner1 except to conform to the spirit or genius of the language4 ,i once thought ,latinized diction was to be invited2 ,i now think ,latinized expression is to be guarded against4--,w4 ,d4 ,howells4 ,a4 ,p4 ,,style ,what ,m4 ,e4 ,stone says to his correspondents on story writing may be read with profit by any newspaper man4 ,the following is clipped from the monthly bulletin issued by the ,associated ,press to its correspondents3 ,a plain statement of fact is the best introduction to a news story4 ,a simple1 direct style--which does not mean a wooden style--is always desirable4 ,in the opening sentence it is of particular value4 ,the news which a story contains is the one thing which entitles it to place in the ,associated ,press report4 ,it is the news1 not the manner of telling the news1 on which the story must stand4 ,it is therefore essential to present the vital point at the outset1 in such form as will enable the reader to grasp it quickly1 clearly and easily4 ,for this purpose there is no acceptable substitute for plain ,english4 ,in an effort to make the most vivid and emphatic impression at the opening1 objectionable forms of construction often are employed4 ,a highly-colored or strained introduction almost always fails of its purpose of enlisting interest at once1 since it tends to divert the attention of the reader from the subject-matter of the story to the writer's manner of telling it4 ,this renders the introduction cloudy and lessens interest instead of stimulating it4 ,once the main point is established1 the well known rules of news writing should be observed4 ,to say that ',william ,brown may obtain a fair trial in ,greene ,county1' ,judge ,smith so ruled today1 is to misstate the facts4 ,it places the ,associated ,press on record as making a statement made by the court4 ,use of this and similar introductory sentences which require subsequent qualification is objectionable4 ,opening sentences frequently lose directness and clearness because of the effort to crowd too much into them4 ,all that is essential is to cover the vital point1 leaving details for subsequent narration4 ,introductions must be impartial4 ,it is possible to take almost any given set of statements and present them in such a way as to convey any one of several shades of meaning4 ,this may depend merely on the order of presentation4 ,associated ,press stories must be accurate and accuracy involves not only the truthfulness of individual statements but the co-relation of these statements in such a way as to convey to the reader a fair and unbiased impression of the story as a whole4 ,an account of a court proceeding1 a political debate1 or any other event which involves conflicting claims or interests1 should not be introduced by singling out a particular phase of the story which is limited to one side of the controversy1 simply because that is the most striking feature4 ,such a form of introduction tends to place the emphasis on one side of the case1 giving bias to the entire story4 ,stereotyped introductions should be avoided4 ,one of the most common is the ,when introduction1 as3 ,two men were killed when a train struck 444 etc4 ,if and ,after often are used similarly4 ,inverted sentences are also frequent2 as ,that the prisoner was guilty was the opinion expressed by 444 etc4 ,constant employment of these fixed styles becomes monotonous4 ,moreover1 it is possible to state the facts more simply1 directly and effectively without them4 ,,broaden ,,the ,,vocabulary ,edward ,harlan ,webster gives this excellent advice on how to broaden the vocabulary3 ,practice is the first aid4 ,actually get hold of new words and then use them4 ,you will perceive that you will not startle others so much as yourself4 ,gradually the words will begin to assume a standing in your vocabulary1 and before long1 they will seem like old friends4 ,to obtain these words1 various practical methods are possible4 ,here are a few3 #a4 ,find synonyms for words which you have a tendency to overuse4 #b4 ,record words with which you are familiar but you never use--and then work them4 #c4 ,make a list of important1 unfamiliar words which you hear1 or discover in your reading4 #d4 ,listen carefully to the conversations or addresses of educated people4 #e4 ,if possible1 try to translate from a foreign language4 ,in this way a fine perception of shades of meaning1 almost unattainable by any other method1 is acquired4 #f4 ,get interested in the dictionary1 where you can trace the life history of words4 ,,the ,,pictorial ,,power ,,of ,,words ,words have a considerable share in exciting ideas of beauty--they affect the mind by raising in it ideas of those things for which custom has appointed them to stand4 ,words1 by their original and pictorial power have great influence over the passions2 if we combine them properly1 we may give new life and beauty to the simplest object4 ,in painting1 we may represent any fine figure we please1 but we never can give it those enlivening touches which it may receive from words4 ,for example1 we can represent an angel in a picture by drawing a young man winged3 but what painting can furnish out anything so grand as the addition of one word--'the angel of the ,lord'8 ,is there any painting more grand and beautiful8--,edmund ,burke4 ,,capitalization ,capitalize titles preceding names1 as1 ,chief of ,detectives ,fox1 ,gen4 ,bell4 ,lower-case titles following names1 as ,john ,downey1 superintendent of police1 except these which are capitalized always3 ,president ,vice-,president ,cabinet of the ,united ,states4 ,government ,administration ,supreme ,court ,governor 7of ,michigan74 ,lieutenant-,governor 7of ,michigan74 ,mayor 7of ,detroit74 ,supreme ,court 7of ,michigan74 ,judges and ,justices of all courts of record4 ,the names of all courts of record4 ,king1 ,emperor1 ,czar1 ,kaiser1 ,sultan1 ,viceroy1 etc4 ,the ,crown ,prince4 ,the ,duke of ,blank4 ,the ,prince of ,dash4 ,do not capitalize former preceding a title1 as former ,senator ,wilson4 ,former is preferred to ex-4 ,capitalize the full names of associations1 clubs1 societies1 companies1 etc41 as ,michigan ,equal ,suffrage ,association1 ,detroit ,club1 ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals1 ,star ,publishing ,company4 ,the preceding such a name is not to be capitalized4 ,do not capitalize association1 club1 etc41 when not attached to a specific name4 ,capitalize university1 college1 academy1 etc41 when part of a title1 as ,university of ,detroit1 ,olivet ,college4 ,but do not capitalize when the plural is used1 as the state universities of ,michigan1 ,kansas and ,ohio4 ,capitalize the first word after a colon in giving a list1 as1 ,the following were elected3 ,president1 ,william ,jones2 vice-president1 ,sam ,smith1 etc4 ,try this menu3 ,rice1 milk and fruit4 ,when the colon is used merely to indicate a longer pause than a semicolon1 it is not followed by a capital1 as1 ,a tire blew out3 the car skidded3 we were in the ditch4 ,capitalize building1 hall1 house1 hotel1 theater1 hospital1 etc41 when used with a distinguishing name1 as ,book ,building1 ,hull ,house1 ,cadillac ,hotel1 ,garrick ,theater1 ,harper ,hospital4 ,capitalize the names of federal and state departments and bureaus1 as ,department of ,agriculture1 ,state ,insurance ,department1 ,bureau of ,vital ,statistics4 ,but lower-case municipal departments1 as fire department1 water and light department1 street department4 ,capitalize the names of national legislative bodies1 as ,congress1 ,house of ,representatives or ,house1 ,senate1 ,parliament1 ,reichstag1 ,duma1 ,chamber 7,france74 ,capitalize state legislature and synonymous terms 7legislature1 assembly1 general assembly7 only when the ,michigan ,legislature is meant4 ,capitalize the names of all political parties1 in this and other countries1 as ,democratic1 ,republican1 ,progressive1 ,socialist1 ,liberal1 ,tory1 ,union4 ,but do not capitalize these or similar words1 or their derivatives1 when used in a general sense1 as republican form of government1 democratic tendencies1 socialistic views4 ,capitalize pole1 island1 isthmus1 cape1 ocean1 bay1 river1 and in general all such geographical terms when used in specific names1 as ,north ,pole1 ,south ,sea ,islands1 ,cape ,hatteras1 ,hudson ,bay1 ,pacific ,ocean1 ,mississippi ,river1 ,isthmus of ,panama4 ,capitalize county when used in a specific name1 as ,wayne ,county4 ,capitalize the ,east1 the ,west1 the ,middle ,west1 the ,orient and other terms used for definite regions2 but do not capitalize east1 west1 etc41 when used merely to designate direction or point of compass1 as west of here4 ,do not capitalize westerner1 southerner1 western states and other such derivatives4 ,capitalize sections of a state1 as ,upper ,peninsula1 ,western ,michigan1 etc41 but not the northern part of ,michigan1 etc4 ,capitalize1 when used with a distinguishing name1 ward1 precinct1 square1 garden1 park1 etc41 as ,first ,ward1 ,eighth ,precinct1 ,cadillac ,square1 ,madison ,square ,garden1 ,palmer ,park4 ,capitalize ,jr4 and ,sr4 after a name4 ,capitalize room1 etc41 when followed by a number or letter1 as ,room #ah1 ,dime ,bank ,building2 ,parlor ,c1 ,normandie ,hotel4 ,capitalize distinctive names of localities in cities1 as ,north ,end1 ,nob ,hill1 ,back ,bay1 ,happy ,hollow4 ,capitalize the names of holidays and days observed as holidays by churches1 as ,fourth of ,july1 ,dominion ,day1 ,good ,friday1 ,yom ,kippur1 ,columbus ,day1 ,washington's ,birthday4 ,capitalize the names of notable events and things1 as the ,declaration of ,independence1 the ,war of #ahab1 the ,revolution1 the ,reformation1 the ,civil ,war1 the ,battle of the ,marne4 ,capitalize church when used as a specific name1 as ,north ,woodward ,methodist ,church1 ,first ,christian ,church4 ,but write3 a ,methodist church1 a ,christian church4 ,capitalize the names of all religious denominations1 as ,baptist1 ,quaker1 ,mormon1 ,methodist4 ,capitalize names for the ,bible1 as the ,holy ,scriptures1 the ,book of ,books4 ,but do not capitalize adjectives derived from such names1 as biblical1 scriptural4 ,capitalize all names and pronouns used for the ,deity4 ,capitalize the ,last ,supper1 ,lord's ,prayer1 ,ten ,commandments1 ,book of ,ruth1 etc4 ,capitalize the names of races and nationalities1 as ,italian1 ,american1 ,indian1 ,gypsy1 ,caucasian and ,negro4 ,capitalize titles of specific treaties1 laws1 bills1 etc41 as ,treaty of ,ghent1 ,eleventh ,amendment1 ,workmen's ,compensation ,act1 ,good ,roads ,bill4 ,but when the reference is general use lower-case1 as the good roads legislation of the last congress4 ,capitalize such terms as ,stars and ,stripes1 ,old ,glory1 ,union ,jack1 ,stars and ,bars1 etc4 ,capitalize ,u4 ,s4 ,army and ,navy4 ,capitalize names of military organizations1 as ,first ,regiment1 ,b ,company 7do not quote letter71 ,national ,guard1 ,grand ,army of the ,republic1 ,michigan ,state ,militia1 ,university ,cadet ,corps 7but ,university cadets74 ,capitalize such names as ,triple ,alliance1 ,triple ,entente1 ,quadruple ,entente1 ,allies 7in the ,european war74 ,capitalize the fanciful titles of cities and states1 as the ,city of the ,straits1 the ,buckeye ,state4 ,capitalize the nicknames of base ball1 foot ball and other athletic teams1 as ,chicago ,cubs1 ,boston ,braves1 ,tigers4 ,capitalize epithets affixed to or standing for proper names1 as ,alexander the ,great1 the ,pretender4 ,capitalize the names of stocks in money markets1 as ,federal ,steel1 ,city ,railway4 ,capitalize college degrees1 whether written in full or abbreviated1 as ,bachelor of ,arts1 ,doctor of ,laws1 ,bachelor of ,science in ,education3 ,a4,b41 ,,ll4,d41 ,b4,s4 in ,ed4 ,capitalize high school when used thus3 ,central ,high ,school 7but the high school at ,port ,huron74 ,capitalize1 but do not quote1 the titles of newspapers and other periodicals1 the ,new ,york ,world1 the ,outlook1 the ,saturday ,evening ,post4 ,do not capitalize the1 except ,the ,detroit ,news4 ,capitalize and quote the titles of books1 plays1 poems1 songs1 speeches1 etc41 as ,the ,scarlet ,letter1 ,within the ,law1 ,the ,man ,with the ,hoe4 ,the beginning a title must be capitalized and included in the quotation4 ,all the principal words--that is1 nouns1 pronouns1 verbs1 adjectives1 adverbs and interjections--are to be capitalized1 no matter how short2 thus3 ,the ,man ,who ,would ,be ,king4 ,other parts of speech--that is1 prepositions1 conjunctions and articles--are to be capitalized only when they contain four or more letters2 thus3 at1 in1 a1 for1 ,between1 ,through1 ,into4 ,the same rules apply to capitalization in headlines4 ,capitalize adjectives derived from proper nouns1 as ,english1 ,elizabethan1 ,germanic1 ,teutonic4 ,but do not capitalize proper names and derivatives whose original significance has been obscured by long and common usage4 ,under this head fall such words as india rubber1 oriental colors1 street arab1 pasteurize1 macadam1 axminster1 gatling1 paris green1 plaster of paris1 philippic1 socratic1 herculean1 guillotine1 utopia1 bohemian1 philistine1 platonic4 ,when1 however1 a name is comparatively recent1 use capitals1 as in ,alice blue1 ,taft roses1 ,burbank cactus4 ,capitalize the particles in ,french names1 as le1 la1 de1 du1 when used without a ,christian name or title preceding1 as ,du ,maurier4 ,but lower-case when preceded by a name or title1 as ,george du ,maurier4 ,the same rule applies to the ,german von3 ,field ,marshal von ,mackensen1 but1 without ,christian name or title1 ,von ,mackensen4 ,always capitalize ,van in ,dutch names unless personal preference dictates an exception1 as ,henry van ,dyke4 ,capitalize the names of ,french streets and places1 as ,rue de la ,paix1 ,place de la ,concorde4 ,do not capitalize street1 avenue1 boulevard1 place1 lane1 terrace1 way1 road1 highway1 etc41 as ,ninth street1 ,boston boulevard1 ,maryland place1 ,rosemary lane1 ,seven ,mile road4 ,do not capitalize addition1 depot1 elevator1 mine1 station1 stockyards1 etc41 as ,wabash freight depot1 ,yellow ,dog mine1 ,union station1 ,chicago stockyards4 ,do not capitalize postoffice1 courthouse1 poorhouse1 council chamber1 armory1 cadets1 police court1 women's parlors4 ,white ,house1 referring to ,president's residence1 should be capitalized4 ,capitalize only the distinguishing words if two or more names are connected1 as the ,wabash and ,missouri ,pacific railroad companies4 7,in singular form1 ,wabash ,railroad ,co47 ,do not capitalize the seasons of the year unless they are personified4 ,do not capitalize a4 m4 and p4 m4 except in headlines4 ,capitalize ,o4 ,k41 write it with periods1 and form present tense1 ,o4 ,k4's and past tense1 ,o4 ,k4'd4 ,capitalize ,boy ,scouts 7referring to organization74 ,make ,campfire 7referring to the girls' organization7 one word1 capitalized4 ,capitalize ,constitution referring to that of the ,united ,states4 ,but state constitution 7lower-case74 ,,notes ,,punctuation ,a series of three or more words takes commas except before conjunctions1 as3 ,there were boxes of guns1 bayonets1 cartridges and bandages4 ,separate members of the series with semicolons if there are commas within the phrase1 as3 ,there were boxes of guns1 bayonets and cartridges2 casks of powder1 high explosives and chemicals2 and many other prohibited articles4 ,use asterisks to indicate that part of quoted matter has been omitted1 as1 ,he said3 ,i favor all measures that 99 99 99 will help the people4 ,use leaders to indicate a pause in the thought4 ,he said he would never return 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,when the news reached his mother1 she fainted4 ,commas set off an explanatory phrase but not a restrictive phrase of inclusive qualification4 ,one writes3 ,poe1 a poet of ,america1 wrote ,the ,raven4 ,but one writes3 ,poe the poet is a finer craftsman than ,poe the fiction writer4 ,use commas before conjunctions in a sentence made up of separate clauses1 each with its own subject nominative1 as1 ,the horse is old1 but it is still willing4 ,if the same subject1 write it3 ,the horse is old but willing4 ,use no period after letters used in place of numbers1 as1 ,b ,company4 7,companies of soldiers are designated as ,b ,company1 not ,company ,b47 ,use hyphen and no apostrophe when dates are joined1 as1 #ahfa-fe4 ,write the caliber of a revolver or rifle with a period1 as 4#bb4 ,use no commas in years and street numbers1 as1 #aijd1 not #a1ijd2 and #bdeb ,high street4 ,but write3 #b1aef persons and #a1efj4 ,follow this style in date lines3 ,,chicago1 ,may #aj4-- ,,brownsville1 ,mich41 ,may #aj4-- ,avoid this form as hackneyed3 ,his wealth 787 has disappeared4 ,place a comma or a colon after said1 remarked and similar words when quoted matter follows4 ,,three ,,rules ,writes the ,duke of ,argyll3 ,i have always held that clear thinking will find its own expression in clear writing4 ,as to mere technical rules1 there are very few that occur to me1 except such as these--first1 to aim at short sentences1 without involution or parenthetical matter2 second1 to follow a logical order in construction of sentences1 and in the sequence of them2 third1 to avoid absolutely such phrases as the former and the latter1 always preferring repetition to the use of such tiresome references4 ,the last rule1 and in some measure the other1 ,i learned from ,macaulay1 and have found it of immense use4 ,there is some mannerism in his style1 but it is always clear as crystal1 and this rule of repetition contributed much to this4 ,,quotations ,quotation marks are not needed when matter is indented1 thus3 ,the speaker said in part3 ,i do not believe that1 etc4 ,sometimes marks of punctuation belong inside quotation marks and sometimes outside1 as3 ,did you hear him say1 ',i am here'8 ,but in this case3 ,i heard him say1 ',are you here8' ,continental usage permits this form3 ,are you shot68 but it is not in good use on this side4 ,use no quotation marks with slang of your own writing4 ,use no quotes in writing testimony with question and answer4 ,this is the style3 ,q4--,what is your name8 ,a4--,john ,jones4 ,observe the style on quotes within quotes3 ,the witness said3 ,i asked him1 ',where is my copy of ,paradise ,lost8' ,,observation ,writes ,arnold ,bennett3 ,one is curious about one's fellow-creatures3 therefore one watches them4 ,and generally the more intelligent one is1 the more curious one is1 and the more one observes4 ,the mere satisfaction of this curiosity is in itself a worthy end1 and would alone justify the business of systemized observation4 ,but the aim of observation may1 and should1 be expressed in terms more grandiose4 ,human curiosity counts among the highest social virtues 7as indifference counts among the basest defects71 because it leads to a disclosure of the causes of character and temperament and thereby to a better understanding of the springs of human conduct4 ,observation is not practiced directly with this high end in view 7save by prigs and other futile souls72 nevertheless it is a moral act and must inevitably promote kindliness--whether we like it or not4 ,it also sharpens the sense of beauty4 ,an ugly deed--such as a deed of cruelty--takes on artistic beauty when its origin and hence its fitness in the general scheme begin to be comprehended4 ,in the perspective of history we can derive esthetic pleasure from the tranquil scrutiny of all kinds of conduct--as well1 for example1 of a ,renaissance ,pope as of a ,savonarola4 ,observation endows our day and our street with the romantic charm of history1 and stimulates charity--not the charity which signs cheques1 but the more precious charity which puts itself to the trouble of understanding4 ,the condition is that the observer must never lose sight of the fact that what he is to see is life1 is the woman next door1 is the man in the train--and not a concourse of abstractions4 ,to appreciate all this is the first inspiring preliminary to sound observation4 ,,nouns ,watch for nouns ending in -ics4 ,many of them are singular1 such as politics1 mathematics1 ethics4 ,make sums of money singular3 ,five dollars was spent1 unless individual pieces of money are meant1 as3 ,five silver dollars were placed on the table4 ,write moneys1 not monies4 ,remember that data1 memoranda1 phenomena1 paraphernalia1 bacteria and strata are plural4 ,distinguish between majority and plurality4 ,majority means the lead of a candidate over all other candidates4 ,plurality means the lead of a candidate over one other candidate4 ,event1 incident1 affair1 occurrence1 happening1 circumstance do not mean the same things4 ,look them up4 ,use preventive1 not preventative4 ,distinguish between ambassador1 minister1 consul1 envoy4 ,avoid feminine forms of such words as author1 artist1 dancer1 violinist1 pianist1 poet4 ,it may be necessary occasionally to change more than the spelling4 ,for example1 the world's greatest pianiste may not mean the world's greatest pianist4 ,prefer motorist to automobilist and autoist4 ,sewer is a drain4 ,sewage is what goes through it4 ,sewerage is a system of drains4 ,don't use divine as a noun4 ,don't write couple unless you mean two things joined and not merely two4 ,don't write party for person1 nor people for persons4 ,don't use citizens when you mean simply persons4 ,don't write a large per cent of when speaking of persons when you mean a large proportion4 ,when nouns are attended by participles1 two constructions are possible4 ,one may say either ,i know of ,john's being there1 or ,i know of ,john being there2 ,the fact of the battle's having been lost1 or ,the fact of the battle having been lost4 ,the possessive is to be preferred with proper names and in most simple constructions2 it is altogether to be preferred with pronouns when the principal idea is in the participle4 ,one says3 ,i saw him going1 ,i heard them singing2 but ,i heard of his going2 ,i urged his going2 ,i advised their attending2 ,i objected to his staying2 ,i opposed their going2 the fact of his being there made a difference2 ,on his saying this the people shouted2 ,with their consenting the thing was settled2 ,he spoke of my setting out as already agreed to2 ,he found fault with our accepting the place1 etc4 ,collective nouns are usually singular1 as1 ,the club has increased its membership4 ,however1 a collective noun1 when it is used to refer more particularly to individuals than to the mass1 is plural1 as ,the crowd was orderly1 but1 ,the crowd threw up their hats4 ,in using collective nouns beware of mixing the number4 ,do not write1 ,the audience was in their seats1 but ,the audience was seated1 or ,the audience were in their seats4 ,,prefer ,station to depot ,house or home to residence ,woman to lady ,man to gentleman ,telephone to phone ,automobile to auto ,motor car to motor ,bridegroom to groom ,rest to balance ,,the ,,journalist',s ,,creed ,by ,,walter ,,williams ,i believe in the profession of journalism4 ,i believe that the public journal is a public trust2 that all connected with it are1 to the full measure of their responsibility1 trustees for the public2 that acceptance of lesser service than the public service is betrayal of this trust4 ,i believe that clear thinking and clear statement1 accuracy and fairness are fundamental to good journalism4 ,i believe that a journalist should write only what he holds in his heart to be true4 ,i believe that suppression of the news for any consideration other than the welfare of society is indefensible4 ,i believe that no one should write as a journalist what he would not say as a gentleman2 that bribery by one's own pocketbook is as much to be avoided as bribery by the pocketbook of another2 that individual responsibility may not be escaped by pleading another's instruction or another's dividends4 ,i believe that advertising1 news and editorial columns should alike serve the best interests of the readers2 that a single standard of helpful truth and clearness should prevail for all2 that the supreme test of good journalism is the measure of its public service4 ,i believe that the journalism which succeeds best--and best deserves success--fears ,god and honors man2 is stoutly independent1 unmoved by pride of opinion or greed of power2 constructive1 tolerant1 but never careless2 self controlled1 patient2 always respectful of its readers1 but always unafraid2 is quickly indignant at injustice2 is unswayed by the appeal of privilege or the clamor of the mob2 seeks to give every man a chance and1 as far as law and honest wages and recognition of human brotherhood can make it so1 an equal chance2 is profoundly patriotic1 while sincerely promoting international good will and cementing world comradeship2 is a journalism of humanity1 of and for today's world4 ,,notes ,,pronouns ,never use ,i in referring to yourself except in a signed article4 ,avoid the use of he or she and his or her4 ,the use of either phrase is seldom required for clearness' sake4 ,when a noun is used which may refer indifferently to both sexes1 the accepted practice is to use the masculine pronoun4 ,for example1 say3 ,let the teacher do his duty and he need not fear criticism1 not ,let the teacher do his or her duty and he or she need not fear criticism4 ,similarly after indefinite singulars like each1 every1 somebody1 anybody1 use the masculine singular pronoun4 ,thus1 ,everyone should do his duty and he should do it every day4 ,here one is not only to avoid the use of he or she and his or her1 but also particularly and constantly to be on guard against they and their4 ,sentences like ,nobody knows what they can do till they try2 ,everyone is urged to come and bring their pocketbooks with them1 are frequently heard and often get into print4 ,do not use the same for a third personal or a demonstrative pronoun4 ,the farmer brought a load of wheat to town and sold it 7not the same7 at the mill4 ,do not make such a pronoun1 except in the phrase such as4 ,he has fruits of all sorts and his prices for such are unreasonable1 is the sort of use to be avoided4 ,distinguish between its1 possessive pronoun1 and it's1 contraction of it is4 ,use either or neither only of two1 any one or none of more than two1 as3 ,in one group are ,russia1 ,germany and ,austria1 in another ,france and ,england4 ,any one of the first group acting with either of the second could determine the question4 7,as conjunctions1 either and neither may introduce the first of a series of particulars consisting of three or more4 ,it is correct to say ,neither this nor that nor the other thing2 but when used as pronouns1 either and neither should be rigidly confined to use with reference to two only47 ,prefer always no one and nobody to not any one or not anybody1 as ,it is no one's 7or nobody's7 business1 not1 ,it is not any one's 7or not anybody's7 business4 ,do not use apiece for each of persons4 ,say3 ,the men each took an apple or took an apple each1 not ,the men took an apple apiece4 ,but they might have bought the apples at so much apiece4 ,be careful not to say these sort of things1 these kind of men1 for this sort of things or this kind of men4 ,in questions direct or indirect be careful to use whom when the objective case is required4 ,do not say1 ,who did you see there8 or1 ,i do not know who he meant4 ,the relative who should be used only of persons 7or of beasts or things personified74 ,do not say3 ,the dog whom you saw or ,he drove the horse who made the best record4 ,the relative which should be used only of beasts and inanimate objects4 ,do not say3 ,the women and children which were numerous then came trooping in4 ,the relative that may be used regardless of gender and the antecedent4 ,that should be used after a compound antecedent mentioning both persons and animals or things1 as1 ,the soldiers1 the ambulances and the pack mules that were recaptured1 were sent to the rear4 ,be careful of the case of who if a parenthetical sentence intervenes between it and its verb4 ,he said that ,gen4 ,harrison1 whom1 everybody well knew1 had long been interested in the case1 would make the closing argument4 ,such faulty objective is often heard in daily speech and not infrequently gets into the papers4 ,of course who should be used4 ,but whom should be used when the infinitive follows3 ,he said that ,gen4 ,harrison1 whom everybody admitted to be profoundly versed in the law1 would discuss the point4 ,it is proper to omit the relative pronoun on occasion when it is the object of the following verb1 as ,he was among the men 7whom7 ,i saw4 ,,conjunctions ,never use like as a conjunction4 ,john may look like ,james or act like ,james or speak like ,james1 but he never looks1 acts or speaks like ,james looks1 acts or speaks2 he never looks like he wanted to do something1 nor conducts himself like he thought he owned the earth1 or like he was crazy4 ,like 7as in the first example7 may be followed by an objective case of a substantive1 with which the construction is completed3 ,you are like me in this2 ,you1 like me1 believe this2 ,he conducted himself like a crazy man4 ,when a clause is demanded1 as if should be used3 ,he looks as if he wanted something2 he acts as if he were crazy4 ,do not use if for whether in introducing indirect questions3 ,i doubt whether 7not if7 this is true2 ,i asked whether 7not if7 he would go4 ,do not use as for that4 ,not ,i do not know as this is so1 but ,i do not know that this is so4 ,do not use without for unless4 ,we cannot go unless 7not without7 he comes4 ,do not use but what for but that or that4 ,i do not doubt that 7or but that7 he will come1 not but what he will come2 ,they did not know but that 7not but what7 they might accept it4 ,do not use while for although1 as1 while it is probable4 ,while refers to time4 ,,verbs ,the verb should agree with its subject in person and number4 ,it ought not to be necessary to give this obvious rule1 but hardly a day passes without violation of it in almost every paper4 ,its violation is especially common in the inverted sentence1 introduced with there4 ,there is likely to be some changes2 ,there is1 at the present writing1 some hopes of peace2 ,there seems to be1 in view of all the conditions1 many objections to this plan1 are examples of the faulty usage4 ,the to should not be separated from the infinitive by word or phrase4 ,the modifier should precede the to or follow the verb4 ,do not say to promptly act1 but to act promptly or promptly to act4 ,such use as in the example just given is bad enough1 but it is not so offensive as the intrusion of time adverbs and negatives as1 for example1 ,he decided to now go1 or ,he expected to not only go but to stay1 or ,he preferred to not stay4 ,do not end a sentence with the to of an omitted infinitive2 as3 ,he could not speak but tried to2 but ,he refused to go but he ought to go1 or ,he ought to go but he refuses4 ,subordinate infinitives and participles take their time from the verb in the principal clause4 ,they should therefore be the simple so-called present forms4 ,do not say3 ,i intended to have gone1 or ,i intended having gone1 but ,i intended to go1 ,i intended going2 not ,he had expected to have been present1 but ,he had expected to be present2 not ,he would have liked to have seen you2 but ,he would have liked to see you2 not ,i was desirous to have gone1 but ,i was desirous to go4 ,with the verbs appear 7in the sense of seem to be7 and feel1 look1 smell and sound 7used intransitively7 use an adjective and not an adverb1 i4 e41 ,the rose smells sweet2 ,miss ,coghlan as ,lady ,teazle looked charming2 ,she appeared happy4 ,but appear in the same sense of behave is followed by an adverb1 as ,he appears well2 and the other verbs used transitively of course take an adverb1 as ,he looked sharply at the man4 ,when one wishes to imply doubt or denial in a condition of present or indefinite time1 the imperfect subjunctive should be used1 as ,if the book were here1 ,i should show you--but the book is not here2 ,if it were true1 you would long ago have heard it--but it is not true4 ,but if one is referring to past time1 the imperfect indicative must be used1 as1 ,if he was here yesterday1 ,i did not know it4 ,be careful to distinguish between lay and lie1 raise and rise1 set and sit4 ,the first of each pair is transitive1 and always requires an object2 the second is intransitive and never takes an object4 7,the only exception is sit used of a rider1 as1 ,he sits his horse well47 ,one lays or sets a thing down and raises it up4 ,one lies or sits down and rises from one's place4 ,land lies this way or that4 7,but we speak of the lay of the land47 ,especially pains must be taken to keep straight the past tenses and past participles of lay and lie4 ,of lay past tense and participle are alike laid4 ,he laid or he has laid the case before the authorities4 ,the past tense of lie is lay 7the same as the present tense of the transitive verb71 the past participle is lain4 ,these forms are seldom if ever used for parts of lay2 but for them laid is very often used1 as1 ,he laid or he has laid down to take a nap1 where the correct usage is ,he lay or he has lain down1 etc4 ,prices rise1 wages rise1 bread rises1 bread is set to rise2 men raise prices or wages2 ,he rose and raised his hand4 ,clothing of every sort sits well or ill1 it does not set4 ,the corresponding noun1 however1 is set2 ,he admired the set of the garment4 ,you set a hen1 but the hen sits and is a sitting hen4 ,the heavenly bodies set1 but that is another word1 which means to sink or to settle4 ,inanimate objects are not injured but damaged4 ,use wish to mean simple desire1 as1 ,i wish to see him4 ,use want to mean acute need1 as1 ,i want food4 ,only moving objects collide4 ,two automobiles may collide1 but an automobile does not collide with a fence4 ,,prefer3 lend to loan lives to resides leaves to departs obtain or procure to secure turn over to turn turtle bought to purchased live at hotel to stop at hotel robbed of to relieved of ,things of a general class are compared with each other to bring out points of similarity or dissimilarity4 ,one thing is compared to another of a different class4 ,he compared ,detroit with ,cleveland4 ,he compared ,detroit to a busy hive of bees4 ,things occur or happen by chance and take place by design4 ,an accident happens or occurs2 a pre-arranged act takes place4 ,except in legal papers use proved instead of proven4 ,transpire does not mean to take place but to leak out1 as1 ,they tried to keep their deliberations secret1 but it transpired that 99 99 99 ,enthuse is not a good word4 ,say become enthusiastic4 ,medicine1 laws and oaths are administered2 blows and punishment are dealt4 ,allege is used only in referring to formal charges and not as a synonym for say or assert4 ,the past tense and past participle of dive are dived4 ,don't use dove4 ,the past tense and past participle of forecast are forecast4 ,don't use forecasted4 ,the past tense and past participle of hang are hung1 except in reference to an execution2 then write1 ,he was hanged4 ,the past tense and past participle of plead are pleaded and not plead or pled4 ,don't write1 ,he plead guilty1 but ,he pleaded guilty4 ,the past tense of swim is swam1 and the past participle is swum4 ,,barred ,,by ,,the ,,sun ,newspaper men can read with profit this list of words and phrases to be avoided1 compiled by ,charles ,a4 ,dana for his associates on the ,new ,york ,sun3 above or over for more than aggregate for total balance for remainder call attention for direct attention claim for assert commence for begin comprise for compose conscious for aware couple for two cultured for cultivated date back to for date from donate for give fall for autumn from whence for whence indorse for approve inaugurate for establish1 institute individual for person infinite for great1 vast last for latest less for fewer materially for largely named after for named for notice for observe onto for on or upon partially for partly past two years for last two years practically for virtually party for person ,,doubling ,,up ,,have',s ,mark ,twain in ,a ,tramp ,abroad wrote3 ,harris said that if the best writer in the world once got the slovenly habit of 'doubling up his have's1' he could never get rid of it2 that is to say1 if a man gets the habit of saying ',i should have liked to have known more about it' instead of saying ',i should have liked to know more about it1' his disease is incurable4 ---------------------------------------- - 444 ,,reflector ,,of ,,every ,,human ,,interest 444 ,,friend ,,of ,,every ,,righteous ,,cause 444 ,,encourager ,,of ,,every ,,generous ,,act4 ---------------------------------------- - ,,notes ,,adverbs ,great liberty may be exercised in placing the adverb according to the emphasis desired4 ,in general it should be placed near the word or phrase it modifies to express the thought most clearly4 ,one should not say1 ,not only he spoke forcefully but eloquently2 nor ,he was rather forceful than eloquent1 but ,he was forceful rather than eloquent4 ,note particularly that when the adverb is placed within the verb1 it should regularly follow the first auxiliary4 ,for example3 ,this can truthfully be said1 not ,this can be truthfully said2 ,he will probably have set out by noon1 not ,he will have probably1 etc42 ,it has long been expected1 not ,it has been long expected4 ,if the adverb is intended to modify the whole sentence1 it very properly stands first1 as1 ,decidedly1 this is not true2 ,assuredly1 he does not mean that4 ,in such sentences the adverb really modifies some verb understood1 as1 ,i say decidedly this is not true4 ,do not use this1 that and some as adverbs4 ,never say this high1 this long1 that broad1 that good1 this much1 that much1 some better1 some earlier4 ,say thus or so whenever tempted to use this or that in such connections1 and use somewhat instead of some4 ,do not say a man is dangerously ill2 say alarmingly or critically4 ,never use illy2 you might as well say welly4 ,after a negative use so in a comparison4 ,this is as good as that1 but ,this is not so good as that4 ,say as far as1 as long as1 etc42 not so far as1 so long as4 ,thus1 ,as far as ,i know1 this is true2 ,as long as ,i stay here1 you may use my book4 ,use previously to1 agreeably to1 consistently with1 etc41 instead of the adjective forms1 in such expressions as ,previously to my arrival1 he had been informed2 ,we acted agreeably to the instructions4 ,beware of only4 ,better not use it unless you are sure it is correctly placed4 ,observe the difference in the meaning here3 ,i have only spoken to him4 ,i have spoken only to him4 ,don't use liable when you mean likely4 ,a man is likely to park his automobile so he will be liable to arrest4 ,don't use painfully cut and similar expressions4 ,one is not pleasantly cut4 ,occasionally means on occasion4 ,so don't write very occasionally1 but very seldom or infrequently4 ,farther is used to denote distance2 further in other senses1 as1 ,i told him further that ,i walked farther than he4 ,,adjectives ,be sparing in the use of epithets and of adjectives and adverbs generally4 ,especially avoid the use of superlatives4 ,superlatives are seldom true4 ,rarely is a man the most remarkable man in the country in any particular2 rarely is an accident the worst in the history of the city4 ,better understate than overstate2 better err on the side of moderation than excess4 ,william ,cobbett says3 ,some writers deal in expletives to a degree that tires the ear and offends the understanding4 ,with them everything is excessively1 or immensely1 or extremely1 or vastly1 or surprisingly1 or wonderfully1 or abundantly1 or the like4 ,the notion of such writers is that these words give strength to what they are saying4 ,this is a great error4 ,strength must be found in the thought or it will never be found in the words4 ,big sounding words1 without thoughts corresponding1 are effort without effect4 ,be sure to remember that nee means born4 ,it is of course impossible then to speak of ,mrs4 ,doe1 nee ,mary ,roe1 as one is never born with a ,christian name1 but ,mrs4 ,doe1 nee ,roe4 ,and1 of all things when a widow has remarried1 do not write ,mrs4 ,richard ,roe1 nee ,mrs4 ,john ,doe4 ,adjectives1 if wisely used1 give desirable color to a story4 ,a thesaurus will brighten up a reporter's adjectival vocabulary4 ,these are suggestions for possible substitutions of fresh words for more or less hackneyed words3 fast--fleet1 swift good--meritorious1 laudable repentant--penitent1 contrite temperate--abstemious intemperate--inabstinent modest--decorous distressing--piteous1 pitiable1 rueful witty--jocose1 nimble-witted fearful--timid1 apprehensive1 tremulous crafty--cunning1 artful frank--ingenuous1 guileless ,prefer agreeable to nice1 which means accurate2 and long to lengthy4 ,words like perfect and unique cannot be compared4 ,never write1 more perfect1 most perfect1 most unique4 ,eschew the word very4 ,it seldom strengthens a sentence4 ,it is better to use such words as feline1 bovine1 canine1 human as adjectives only4 ,prefer several or many to a number of4 ,healthy means possessing health1 as1 a healthy man4 ,healthful means conducive to health1 as1 healthful climate1 surroundings1 employment4 ,do not use healthful in speaking of food1 but wholesome4 ,parlous is archaic4 ,don't use the phrase in these parlous times4 ,the word in good usage is perilous4 ,nobody has explained the difference between actual photographs and photographs4 ,awful means inspiring awe1 fearful inspiring fear1 and terrible inspiring terror4 ,anxious implies anxiety4 ,say eager if you mean it4 ,the first meaning of hectic is habitual4 ,the second meaning is fevered4 ,it connotes heat more particularly than red4 ,great care is needed in using these three words3 livid1 lurid and weird4 ,livid means primarily black and blue4 ,it also means a grayish blue or lead color1 as flesh by contusion4 ,it doesn't mean anything else4 ,lurid means a pale yellow1 ghastly pale1 wan2 figuratively it means gloomy or dismal1 grimly terrible or sensational4 ,when used in its first sense it is properly applicable to the yellow flames seen through smoke4 ,it does not mean fiery red4 ,in its figurative sense it can be used to describe a series of incidents calculated to shock or to stun by the enormity of them4 ,weird means primarily pertaining to witchcraft and is used in reference to the witches in ,macbeth4 ,it also means unearthly1 uncanny1 eerie4 ,a green light might be called weird4 ,it must not be used to mean peculiar1 as1 ,she wore a weird hat4 ,,your ,,audience ,says ,irvin ,s4 ,cobb3 ,i'd rather have my work read by thousands of people throughout the country than be the author of the greatest classic that ever mouldered on a shelf4 ,in my opinion1 the masses are worth our art4 ,if we believe in a democratic form of government we should believe in a democratic attitude toward the art of the short story1 and ,i1 for one1 frankly admit that ,i write for the shop girl and business man rather than for the high-brow critic4 ,that does not mean you must necessarily choose between them1 but if ,i had to choose ,i would let the critic go4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,defender ,,of ,,civil ,,liberty 444 ,,strengthener ,,of ,,loyalty 444 ,,pillar ,,and ,,stay ,,of ,,democratic ,,government4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,notes ,,prepositions ,be careful to use the proper prepositions in all connections4 ,say different from1 not different to4 ,we say a man lives on1 not in1 a street1 an avenue1 etc4 ,children play in the street1 but on the pavement4 ,one writes under1 not over1 a signature4 ,the preposition has no reference to the place of the signature4 ,do not overwork on the part of4 ,this phrase is often used where by or among is to be preferred1 as1 ,much patriotism is displayed on the part of the ,greeks4 ,say off1 not off from or off of4 ,he fell off his horse1 or ,he fell from his horse4 ,discriminate carefully between beside and besides4 ,the first is always a preposition and means either by the side of1 as1 ,he stood beside me1 or aside from1 or out of1 as1 ,this is beside our present purpose2 ,he was beside himself for joy4 ,besides is either preposition or adverb3 as the former it means in addition to1 as ,several others were present besides those you saw2 as adverb it means moreover or more than that1 as ,there were1 besides1 many pompous volumes4 ,be careful with between and among2 between is used with reference to two persons1 parties or things2 among with reference to many3 ,in this city ,democrats and ,republicans divide the offices between them2 in some cities they are distributed among all the parties4 ,distinguish between in and into4 ,into implies action4 ,a man goes into his house and then he is in the house4 ,a person dies of typhoid fever rather than from typhoid fever4 ,distinguish between consist in and consist of4 ,virtue consists in right living4 ,the family consists of seven persons4 ,a book is illustrated with sketches and it is illustrated by the artist who made the sketches4 ,omit from from the phrases from hence1 from thence1 from whence4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,mirror ,,of ,,the ,,public ,,mind 444 ,,interpreter ,,of ,,the ,,public ,,intent 444 ,,troubler ,,of ,,the ,,public ,,conscience4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,articles ,use an article with every noun of a series unless the nouns are so closely related that one concept is implied4 ,say1 ,the bread and jam was good1 but ,the bread and the jam were good4 ,say1 ,a horse and buggy1 but ,a man and a woman4 ,do not repeat an article before each adjective of a series when all modify the same noun4 ,say1 ,a red1 white and blue flag4 ,if you mean three flags1 say1 ,a red1 a white1 and a blue flag4 ,do not write a or an after sort of and kind of4 ,make it3 ,he is the right sort of man for mayor4 ,the definite article is used too often when it might better be omitted1 as in this sentence3 ,the study of the dictionary is helpful4 ,write it3 ,study of the dictionary4 ,,numbers ,the general rule on ,the ,news is that all numbers above nine shall be written in figures1 and that all numbers below #aj shall be spelled out4 ,there are1 of course1 many exceptions to this rule4 ,figures are always used for degrees of latitude and longitude1 degrees of temperature1 per cent1 prices1 racing time1 scores1 definite sums of money1 time1 votes1 dates 7as ,sept4 #bg71 ages1 street numbers and tabulated statistics4 ,spell out indefinite figures1 as about a dollar's worth4 ,use ,roman numerals in writing of kings1 as ,george ,v1 and then without a period4 ,do not use ,roman numerals in designating centuries4 ,write it fourteenth century1 not ,x,i,vth century4 ,write ,monday at #h a4 m41 not at #h o'clock on ,monday morning4 ,spell out such expressions as the early seventies4 ,use figures in dimensions when written thus3 a lot #df feet4 ,all ages shall be written thus3 ,john ,smith1 #h years old4 ,do not write it3 ,john ,smith1 aged #h1 or aged eight4 ,it will be easy to remember the rule if you observe that in writing it thus3 ,john ,smith1 aged #ah1 #dh ,jones street1 you are opening an opportunity for an error easily made4 ,it may appear3 ,john ,smith1 aged #ahd1 #h ,jones street4 ,all ordinals are spelled out4 ,write it thirtieth1 not #cjth4 ,write a date3 ,feb4 #f1 not ,february #fth1 or ,february sixth4 ,do not use both numerals and figures spelled out in one phrase4 ,write it3 ,eight feet eleven inches4 ,if in a phrase a number over #aj precedes a number under #aj1 express both in figures1 thus #ah hours #d minutes4 ,if vice versa1 express it thus3 two hours eighteen minutes4 ,,roman ,,numerals ,i #a ,,ii #b ,,iii #c ,,iv #d ,v #e ,,vi #f ,,vii #g ,,viii #h ,,ix #i ,x #aj ,,xix #ai ,,xx #bj ,,xxx #cj ,,xl #dj ,l #ej ,,lx #fj ,,lxx #gj ,,lxxx #hj ,,xc #ij ,c #ajj ,,cl #aej ,,cc #bjj ,,ccc #cjj ,,cccc #djj ,d #ejj ,,dc #fjj ,,dcc #gjj ,,dccc #hjj ,,dcccc #ijj ,m #a1jjj ,,weights ,,and ,,measures #g4ib inches make #a link4 #be links make #a rod4 #af4ej feet make #a rod4 #d rods make #a chain4 #aj chains make #a furlong4 #h furlongs make #a mile4 #cbj rods make #a mile4 #e1bhj feet make #a mile4 #aj square chains make #a acre4 #afj square rods make #a acre4 #fdj acres make #a square mile4 #dc1efj square feet make #a acre4 #fi geographical miles make #a degree of latitude4 #a1gbh cubic inches make #a cubic foot4 #bg cubic feet make #a cubic yard4 ,gunter's chain1 #bb yards of #ajj links4 ,a section is #fdj acres4 ,a township is #cf sections1 each #a square mile4 ,a span is #i inches4 ,a hand--horse measurement--is #d inches4 ,a knot--nautical--is #f1jhf feet4 ,a fathom--nautical--is #f feet4 ,a stone is #ad pounds4 ,a square acre is #bjh #g-aj feet on each side4 ,the metric system is the system of measurement of which the meter is the fundamental unit4 ,it was first adopted in ,france and is now in general use in most civilized countries except the ,english-speaking countries4 ,the system is now used throughout the world for scientific measurements4 ,its use was legalized in the ,united ,states in #ahff4 ,the meter1 the unit of length1 was intended to be one ten-millionth part of the earth's meridian quadrant and is nearly so4 ,its length is #ci4cgj inches4 ,the unit of surface is the are1 which is #ajj square meters4 ,the theoretical unit of volume is the stere1 which is a cubic meter4 ,the unit of volume for the purposes of the market is the liter1 which is the volume of one kilogram of distilled water at its maximum density and is intended to be one cubic decimeter4 ,for #aj times1 #ajj times1 #a1jjj times and #aj1jjj times one of these units1 the prefixes1 deca-1 hecto-1 kilo- and myria- are used4 ,for #a-aj1 #a-ajj and #a-a1jjj of the units1 the prefixes deci-1 centi- and milli- are used4 ,in this table the equivalents are measures common in the ,united ,states and are not to be confused with ,british measures1 which in some cases vary slightly4 #a myriameter #e4d nautical miles or #f4ba statute miles4 #a kilometer #j4fba statute mile or nearly #e_/h mile4 #a hectometer #aji4d yards4 #a decameter #a4ihh rods4 #a meter #ci4cg inches or about #a yard #c inches4 #a decimeter #c4icg inches4 #a centimeter #j4cicg inch4 #a millimeter #j4jcicg inch4 #a hectare #b4dga acres4 #a are #aai4f square yards4 #a centiare 7square meter7 #aj4gfd square feet4 #a decastere #ac cubic yards or about #b cords4 #a stere 7cubic meter7 #a4cjh cubic yards or #ce4c cubic feet4 #a decistere #c cubic feet4 #a hectoliter #bf4d gallons4 #a decaliter ,little more than #b gallons #e pints4 #a liter #a quart gill4 #a deciliter #j4hde gill4 #a millier #b1bjd4f pounds avoirdupois4 #a kilogram ,little more than #b pounds #c ounces4 #a hectogram ,little more than #c ounces #h drams4 #a decagram #aed4cb grains troy4 #a gram #ae4dcbcd grains4 #a decigram #a4edcbcd grains4 #a centigram #j4aedcbc grains4 #a milligram #j4jaedcb grains4 ---------------------------------------- - 444 ,,chronicler ,,of ,,facts 444 ,,sifter ,,of ,,rumors ,,and ,,opinions 444 ,,minister ,,of ,,the ,,truth ,,that ,,makes ,,men ,,free4 ---------------------------------------- - ,,abbreviation ,this is the style of ,the ,news on abbreviating the names of states and territories3 ,ala4 ,alaska ,ariz4 ,ark4 ,calif4 ,colo4 ,conn4 ,d4 ,c4 ,ga4 ,fla4 ,ida4 ,ill4 ,ind4 ,ia4 ,kan4 ,ky4 ,la4 ,me4 ,mass4 ,md4 ,mich4 ,minn4 ,miss4 ,mo4 ,mont4 ,n4 ,c4 ,n4 ,d4 ,neb4 ,nev4 ,n4 ,h4 ,n4 ,j4 ,n4 ,m4 ,n4 ,y4 ,o4 ,okla4 ,ore4 ,pa4 ,p4 ,i4 7,philippine ,islands7 ,p4 ,r4 7,porto ,rico7 ,r4 ,i4 ,s4 ,c4 ,s4 ,d4 ,tenn4 ,tex4 ,t4 ,h4 7,territory of ,hawaii7 ,utah ,va4 ,vt4 ,wash4 ,wis4 ,w4 ,va4 ,wyo4 ,do not abbreviate ,port to ,pt4 ,abbreviate ,fort to ,ft41 whether a city or a post4 ,abbreviate ,mount to ,mt4 in names like ,mt4 ,vernon4 ,do not abbreviate names of cities1 as ,kazoo1 ,frisco1 ,st4 ,joe4 ,do not use state with names of well-known cities1 such as ,chicago1 ,cleveland1 ,denver1 etc4 ,follow a firm name as the firm writes it1 except in the capitalization of the1 as the ,ford ,motor ,co4 ,later in the story the name may appear as the ,ford company4 ,it is the ,j4 ,l4 ,hudson ,company4 ,however1 one may say1 after writing the firm name1 that the ,hudson company will1 etc4 ,use ,mich4 after the names of all places in the state except3 ,adrian ,ann ,arbor ,alpena ,battle ,creek ,bay ,city ,calumet ,flint ,grand ,rapids ,jackson ,kalamazoo ,lansing ,muskegon ,mt4 ,clemens ,marquette ,port ,huron ,saginaw ,ypsilanti and places so near ,detroit that they are generally known4 ,beware of the names of cities in other states identical with those in ,michigan4 ,also watch for the names of cities identical with those in other states1 as ,portland1 ,me41 and ,portland1 ,ore4 ,a few cities that should carry a state designation because there are places of the same name in ,michigan are3 ,akron1 ,o4 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,augusta1 ,me41 or ,ga4 ,bangor1 ,me4 ,birmingham1 ,ala4 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,canton1 ,o4 ,caro1 ,ill4 ,chatham1 ,ont4 ,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 ,erie1 ,pa41 or ,n4 ,y4 ,fargo1 ,n4 ,d4 ,frankfort1 ,ky4 ,grand ,rapids1 ,wis41 or ,minn4 ,hanover1 ,n4 ,h4 ,helena1 ,mont4 ,jackson1 ,miss4 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,lowell1 ,mass4 ,manchester1 ,n4 ,h4 ,memphis1 ,tenn4 ,nashville1 ,tenn4 ,phoenix1 ,ariz4 ,plymouth1 ,mass4 ,pontiac1 ,ill4 ,portland1 ,me41 or ,ore4 ,quincy1 ,ill41 or ,mass4 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 or ,minn4 ,richmond1 ,va4 ,sandusky1 ,o4 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,sault ,ste4 ,marie1 ,ont4 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,vicksburg1 ,miss4 ,do not abbreviate ,attorney to ,atty4 before a name4 ,do not abbreviate first names except in reproducing signatures1 as1 ,wm4 ,h4 ,taft1 if ,mr4 ,taft wrote it that way4 ,abbreviate senior and junior with commas on each side1 as ,john ,jones1 ,jr41 spoke4 ,do not make ,tom1 ,dan1 ,ben1 ,joe1 etc41 abbreviations unless you are sure they are4 ,alex ,dow is written without the period4 ,write ,s ,o ,s and similar telegraphic abbreviations1 and ,i ,o ,u without periods4 ,use ,bros4 only when firm name is so written4 ,use ampersand 77 in firm name only when the firm uses it4 ,abbreviate number when followed by numerals1 as ,no4 #aj4 ,spell out ,united ,states except in addresses or in army and navy phrases4 ,military and naval titles should be written thus3 ,adjt4 ,adjt4-,gen4 ,brig4-,gen4 ,capt4 ,col4 ,corp4 ,first ,lieut4 ,gen4 ,lieut4 ,lieut4-,col4 ,lieut4-,gen4 ,maj4 ,maj4-,gen4 ,private ,q4 ,m4-,gen4 ,q4 ,m4-,sergt4 ,second ,lieut4 ,second ,sergt4 ,sergt4 ,sergt4-,maj4 ,surg4-,gen4 ,surg4-,maj4 ,class of '#jh may be used for ,class of #aijh4 ,abbreviate degrees after a name4 ,book sizes1 #dto1 #hvo1 #abmo1 should be written without periods4 ,use only abbreviations that will surely be understood1 such as ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u41 etc41 in referring to organizations4 ,never write ,xmas4 ,these abbreviations should be used3 ,ald4 ,atty4-,gen4 ,gov4 ,lieut4-,gov4 ,sen4 ,rep4 ,cong4 ,supt4 ,abbreviate saint and saints in proper names1 as ,st4 ,louis1 ,sault ,ste4 ,marie1 ,ste4 ,anne's1 ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul's church4 ,write scriptural texts ,gen4 xiv1 #bd2 ,,ii ,kings viii1 #aa-ae4 ,abbreviate names of political parties only thus1 ,smith 7,rep47 defeated ,jones 7,dem47 for alderman4 ,do not abbreviate street1 avenue1 boulevard1 place or other designation of a thoroughfare4 ,abbreviate clock time when immediately connected with figures to a4 m4 and p4 m4 ,prefer for example to e4 g4 ,prefer namely to viz4 ,prefer that is to i4 e4 ,write ,english money #e #ds #f;d1 without commas4 ,abbreviate the months thus3 ,jan4 ,feb4 ,march ,april ,may ,june ,july ,aug4 ,sept4 ,oct4 ,nov4 ,dec4 ,use don't only when you may substitute do not4 ,perhaps you have seen the advertisement which reads3 ,hand ,made ,tobacco ,don't ,bite the ,tongue4 ,,names ,,and ,,titles ,the one infallible way to insult a man is to misspell his name2 that is an old newspaper maxim4 ,more care should be taken with the spelling of the names in a story than with any other mechanical detail4 ,often a name is misspelled because a typewriter is not clean and an e or an a is mistaken for an o or a u4 ,it is wise for the reporter to make sure these letters particularly print clearly or he may be held to account for an error4 ,an even better way is to write a proper name in ,,caps if it is at all uncommon4 ,when the reporter writes a name such as ,willson or ,jonnes or ,georg1 a name which deviates slightly from a familiar name1 it is wise to write it thus 444 and ,georg 7,correct7 ,brandes who 444 then the copy reader knows that the reporter has not left off a letter and the printer and proof reader also know that the word must stand as written4 ,all proper names should be looked up in the directory1 dictionary or encyclopedia unless the reporter or copy reader is sure of the spelling4 ,to misspell a man's name shakes that man's faith in the newspaper2 leads him to believe that if the newspaper can't write his name correctly1 it is likely to make other mistakes4 ,never use ,mr4 before a man's ,christian name4 ,give his full name and then speak of him thereafter as ,mr4 ,blank4 ,do not write3 ,mr4 ,john ,j4 ,blank4 ,do not quote familiar nicknames1 such as ,billy ,sunday1 ,ty ,cobb1 ,sam ,crawford1 ,jim ,corbett4 ,do not write3 ,superintendent of ,police ,marquardt1 but ,supt4 ,marquardt1 or ,ernst ,marquardt1 superintendent of police4 ,never refer to a woman1 no matter how lowly her social position1 as the ,smith woman4 ,call her ,mrs4 ,smith or ,miss ,smith4 ,do not use the title professor unless the person spoken of is or was a member of a college or university faculty4 ,because a man is a principal of a high school1 a mesmerist or the trainer of sea lions1 he is not for that reason entitled to call himself ,prof4 ,blank4 ,do not use name handles1 such as ,butcher ,smith1 ,grocer ,jones4 ,do not use master in referring to a boy4 ,write ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,james ,smith1 not ,james ,smith and wife4 ,do not write ,mrs4 ,judge ,smith1 or ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,jones4 ,use the indefinite article1 as ,frank ,smith1 a plumber2 ,william ,jones1 a barber4 ,use the definite article in naming persons of distinction1 as ,william ,dean ,howells1 the writer2 ,sarah ,bernhardt1 the actress4 ,the surname is written first among the ,chinese4 ,sun ,yat ,sen is ,dr4 ,sun4 ,li ,hung ,chang is ,mr4 ,li4 ,chinese is a monosyllabic language and all names should be written with each syllable capitalized1 but hyphens are used with geographical names1 as1 ,yang-,tse-,kiang1 ,ho-,hang-,ho1 except ,pekin1 ,nankin1 ,shanghai1 ,hankow and ,canton4 ,drop unnecessary letters in ,chinese names whenever possible1 as ,pekin7g71 ,yuan ,shi7h7 ,kai1 ,ho7w7-,hang-,ho4 ,write a man's name as he writes it4 ,it is not ,a4 ,h4 ,frazer2 it is not ,allan ,frazer2 but ,allan ,h4 ,frazer4 ,it is not ,f4 ,h4 ,croul or ,frank ,croul1 but ,frank ,h4 ,croul4 ,it is the ,king of the ,belgians1 not the ,king of ,belgium4 ,writing of a knight1 be sure that you use his first name with the title ,sir4 ,he is ,sir ,arthur ,conan ,doyle1 not ,sir ,conan ,doyle4 ,never write ,sir ,doyle4 ,the wife of a knight1 however1 is addressed as ,lady ,blank1 not necessarily ,lady ,mary ,blank4 ,,jew ,,and ,,hebrew ,the proper use of the words ,hebrew and ,jew has been explained by the ,american ,jewish ,committee1 as follows3 ,although no hard and fast rules can be laid down1 the word ',hebrew' has come to have a purely racial connotation4 ,it refers to a race and to the language of that race4 ,thus we hear of a ',hebrew ,christian1' meaning a person of ,hebrew descent who has been raised in or adopted the ,christian religion4 ,the word ',jew1' although often used for denoting a member of the ,hebrew race without reference to religion or nationality1 has come1 in the best usage1 to have two restricted meanings--a national and a religious meaning4 ,it used to mean a person who was a subject of the ,kingdom of ,judah1 in the southern part of ,palestine1 and later it was also applied to those who were subjects of the northern ,kingdom of ,israel4 ,under ,roman domination ,palestine was called ',judea' and its inhabitants ',jews4' ,the word ,jew has the same sense now among those who believe that the dispersion of the ,jewish people and the fact that they possess no territory of their own has not deprived them of their character as a nation or nationality4 ,the other meaning of ',jew' is any one who professes the religious principles laid down in the ,old ,testament as interpreted in the ,talmud4 ,thus1 a ,gentile who adopts the ,jewish faith may be called a ,jew1 but may not be called a ,hebrew1 because he does not descend from that sub-class of the ,semitic race from which the ,hebrews are reputed to come4 ,up to the last quarter of the nineteenth century the ,jews rarely applied the term ',jew' to themselves1 as it was used as a term of opprobrium and as a contemptuous epithet4 ,the ,jews preferred to call themselves ',hebrews' or ',israelites4' ,since about #ahhj1 however1 the ,jewish people have come to adopt this name more and more generally1 and it has begun to lose its derogatory meaning4 ,the word ',jew' is always a noun1 and its use as an adjective in such cases as ',jew boy' and ',jew peddler1' etc41 is as ungrammatical as it is vulgar4 ,don't use ,jew as a verb1 as1 ,i jewed him down to a dollar4 ,,notes ,,church ,,titles ,writing of clergymen1 follow this style3 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,j4 ,blank1 ,dr4 ,blank1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,blank4 ,never ,rev4 ,blank or the ,rev4 ,blank4 ,bishops of the ,catholic1 ,anglican or ,episcopal communions use the prefix ,right ,reverend1 abbreviated ,rt4 ,rev4 ,bishops of the ,methodist church ,,never use the prefix ,rt4 ,rev4 ,they make no claim to apostolic succession4 ,the usage of ,methodism is to write1 for example1 ,bishop ,theodore ,somers ,henderson1 of the ,methodist ,episcopal area of ,detroit4 ,in the ,methodist church an episcopal division is denominated1 ,area2 in the ,catholic and ,anglican communions1 ,diocese4 ,deans of the ,catholic and ,anglican churches use the prefix ,very ,rev4 ,under no circumstances call priests of the ,roman ,catholic church ministers4 ,call them either priests or pastors4 ,the denominational usage in the ,methodist church is to call clergymen preachers4 ,in the ,congregational and ,presbyterian churches it is in accord with denominational usage to call clergymen ministers4 ,archbishops of the ,catholic church carry the prefix ,most ,rev42 cardinals1 ,his ,eminence2 as1 ,his ,eminence1 ,james1 ,cardinal ,gibbons4 ,invariably the word ,rabbi should be placed before the name of a ,jewish pastor4 ,it should be written1 ,rabbi ,leo ,m4 ,franklin1 of the ,temple ,beth ,el2 never ,dr4 ,leo ,m4 ,franklin1 rabbi of the ,temple ,beth ,el4 ,never use indiscriminately the prefix ,dr4 in the case of a clergyman4 ,clergymen of any denomination are not entitled to the prefix ,dr4 unless the degree of ,doctor of ,divinity has been conferred on them by some recognized college or university4 ,write a priest's name1 the ,rev4 ,fr4 ,blank1 or ,fr4 ,blank4 ,,compounds ,webster's ,new ,international ,dictionary is the standard of the office on compounding words1 on hyphenation and on spelling1 except as the style of ,the ,news noted in this book is different4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,reporter ,,of ,,the ,,new 444 ,,remembrancer ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,and ,,tried 444 ,,herald ,,of ,,what ,,is ,,to ,,come4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,superfluous ,,words ,avoid awkward phrases as a man of the name of4 ,a man named is not only better style but shorter4 ,do not write at the corner of ,state and ,griswold streets1 but simply at ,state and ,griswold streets4 ,in place of so that use either so or that4 ,in the phrases that follow1 observe that the italicized words are not needed4 throughout the whole of the state throughout the entire state in order to a hill resembling in its form a hat the problem is a difficult one he addressed the different schools ,as yet no clue has been found he works equally as hard most are of a large size the color of the hat was green ,don't say invited guest4 ,it is supposed that a guest is invited4 ,don't say ,they both went4 ,omit they4 ,write equally well1 or as well1 not equally as well4 ,don't write new beginner or new recruit4 ,don't write general consensus of opinion4 ,omit the general4 ,consensus means a general agreement4 ,don't say entirely completed4 ,completed means finished in entirety4 ,don't say partly completed2 that phrase involves a contradiction4 ,don't write that he has a brilliant future before him4 ,futures do not lie in the past4 ,don't say present incumbent4 ,incumbent means at present in office4 ,don't say old adage4 ,if it's an adage1 it's old4 ,don't write widow woman1 true facts1 old veterans1 the la grippe1 the hoi polloi4 ,don't say possibly may or possibly might4 ,the verb conveys the idea of possibility4 ,two words may be discarded generally in the phrase whether or not4 ,write it3 ,he doesn't know whether he will go4 ,omit the italicized phrase in ,he was thrown a distance of #ej feet4 ,don't write regular monthly meeting4 ,if it's monthly1 it's regular4 ,if a man is well known1 it is not necessary to say so4 ,omit the adverb in the phrase totally destroyed4 ,don't write still persists4 ,still is superfluous4 ,make it noon1 not high noon4 ,,vital ,,statistics ,in writing obituaries the reporter must use the greatest care1 for it is very easy to offend the family of the subject of the obituary4 ,avoid the conventional euphemisms4 ,prefer3 body to remains send body to ship body coffin to casket flowers to floral offerings funeral to obsequies widow to wife burial to interment the dead man to deceased or defunct ,avoid3 the late late residence solemn black sable hearse last sad rites ,marriage is a state4 ,the ceremony is a wedding4 ,don't marry the man to the woman4 ,the woman is always married to the man4 ,don't say a marriage was consummated4 ,funeral means interment4 ,write3 ,funeral services were held at the church and burial was in ,evergreen ,cemetery4 ,do not use heart failure for heart disease4 ,all persons die because the heart fails to beat4 ,write simply1 he died1 and not passed away1 shuffled off this mortal coil1 gave up the ghost1 or any similarly amateurish phrase4 ,there is no occasion for clothing the incident of death in a panoply of words1 nor should birth be written of except simply4 ,do not say1 a little stranger was ushered into a cold world1 but a child was born4 ,in writing of vital statistics--death1 birth1 marriage--be content to state the facts without unnecessary embellishment4 ,forget about the stork1 the grim reaper1 ,hymen and ,cupid4 ,a ,,dictionary ,wrote ,sir ,clifford ,allbutt3 ,a dictionary 'sanctions' nothing of its contents1 but it enables us by consultation of its stores to compare and choose for ourselves4 ,in using this liberty we shall neither be subservient to the prescriptions of age1 nor scornful of modern freedom2 in every use we shall be guided by historical growth1 the example of the best authors1 and our present necessities4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,scourge ,,of ,,evil ,,doers 444 ,,exposer ,,of ,,secret ,,iniquities 444 ,,unrelenting ,,foe ,,of ,,privilege ,,and ,,corruption4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,spelling ,,look ,,it ,,up ,,if ,,you ,,are ,,not ,,sure4 ,,better ,,look ,,it ,,up ,,anyway4 ,if two spellings are given in the dictionary1 the first cited is preferable4 ,follow these spellings3 airplane ayes and noes ax base ball basket ball bazar birdseye blond 7both noun and adjective7 ,budapest can not ,chile 7,south ,america7 ,chili 7,africa7 clue decollete dispatch draft drouth ,duma employe ,eskimo facsimile ,filipino foot ball gaily gaiety goodby guarantee 7verb7 guaranty 7noun7 ,hayti ,hindu ,khartum kidnaped ,korea ,leipzig ,macaulay's ,history ,mohammed nearby plow ,porto ,rico repertory ,shakespeare ,shakespearean skilful technic ,tibet today ,tolstoy tomorrow ,turgenieff tying vilify vying whisky ,wilkes-,barre woolly world series ,write3 ,parcel post1 not parcels post4 ,be sure that proper names are spelled uniformly throughout a story4 ,use the form in instead of en in such words as indorse1 inclose4 ,write it3 ,trade unions1 not trades unions4 ,use no diphthongs when they can be avoided4 ,write3 anesthetic1 esthetic1 medieval1 maneuver1 subpena1 homeopathic4 ,follow the ,american spelling on checks1 tires1 curb1 pajamas1 disregarding the ,british cheques1 tyres1 kerb1 pyjamas4 ,make the plural of ,knight ,templar1 ,knights ,templar4 ,don't add s to3 afterward1 backward1 forward1 toward4 ,as a general rule change -re to -er when it is the last syllable1 as in theater1 caliber1 timber4 ,beware of effect and affect1 and use them carefully4 ,a long way1 not a long ways4 ,distinguish between3 depository and depositary2 between insanitary and unsanitary2 between immoral and unmoral2 between councilor1 consular and counselor2 between council and counsel and consul2 between capitol and capital2 between clamant and claimant2 between sear and seer and sere2 between emigrant and immigrant2 between faker and fakir2 between breech and breach2 between auger and augur2 between hoard and horde2 between lessen and lesson2 between principle and principal2 between prophecy and prophesy2 between advice and advise2 between maize and maze2 between site and sight4 ,the people of ,panama are ,panamans1 not ,panamanians1 just as we are ,americans1 not ,americanians4 ,two cities in the ,united ,states take final gh4 ,they are ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 and ,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,also write it ,edinburgh4 ,drop the unsounded final letters in such words as program1 catalog1 suffraget1 dialog1 cigaret1 decalog4 ,similarly1 write armor1 favor1 color1 and ,savior4 ,some words have lost prefix or suffix1 and if they are in good use in their curtailed form1 they should be written without apostrophes1 as1 cello and varsity4 ,,popular ,,names ,,of ,,railroads ,big ,four ,cincinnati1 ,chicago ,st4 ,louis4 ,burlington ,chicago1 ,burlington ,quincy4 ,clover ,leaf ,toledo1 ,st4 ,louis ,western4 ,cotton ,belt ,st4 ,louis ,southwestern4 ,katy ,missouri1 ,kansas ,texas4 ,lackawanna ,delaware1 ,lackawanna ,western4 ,lake ,shore ,lake ,shore ,michigan ,southern4 ,lookout ,mountain ,nashville1 ,chattanooga ,st4 ,louis4 ,monon ,chicago1 ,indiana ,louisville4 ,nickel ,plate ,new ,york1 ,chicago ,st4 ,louis4 ,pan ,handle ,pittsburg1 ,cleveland1 ,chicago ,st4 ,louis4 ,queen ,crescent ,cincinnati1 ,new ,orleans ,texas4 ,rock ,island ,chicago1 ,rock ,island ,pacific4 ,soo ,milwaukee ,sault ,ste4 ,marie4 ,st4 ,paul1 or ,milwaukee ,chicago1 ,milwaukee ,st4 ,paul4 ,,notes ,,do ,,and ,,don',t ,don't use the words suicide and murder in heads on stories recounting the details of specific crimes or their prosecution4 ,however1 should a story of the sociological type appear1 dealing with1 for example1 the increase in the number of suicides or the attempts of the police to reduce the number of murders1 the use of either word in the headline is allowed4 ,in the body of the story the most natural expression and good taste must guide the writer1 and the use of these words is permissible if they most clearly and effectively express the information in hand4 ,names of girls or women who are the victims of actual or attempted indecent attack are not to be published under ordinary circumstances4 ,authority for exceptions will be granted by the editor when there is sufficient reason4 ,use the names of ,,poisons only when essential to the story4 ,never call a policeman a cop4 ,keep the reporter or a representative of ,the ,news out of the story4 ,it is understood that a reporter and a reporter for ,the ,news writes a story that appears in ,the ,news4 ,write the ,english language4 ,for sine qua non1 write essentials2 for de riguer1 coup d'etat1 coup de grace1 ,sturm und ,drang1 au fait and similar phrases use ,english equivalents4 ,some exceptions are decollete1 fiancee and fiance1 and other words which have been taken over into the language4 ,don't mix languages4 ,write a day1 not per day4 ,as a general rule use per only in the phrase per cent4 ,comatose means in a state of profound insensibility1 not merely dazed as some writers believe4 ,et al4 stands for the ,latin et alii1 et aliae1 or et alia1 meaning and others4 ,of course it should never be written et als4 to form a fancied plural4 ,prone means lying flat and face downward4 ,one can not lie prone on the back4 ,supine means lying on the back4 ,use pseudonym1 a good ,english word1 or pen name1 and not nom de plume1 which isn't even good ,french4 ,says ,l',intermediaire1 a ,french journal3 ,we do not know in our language the expression nom de plume4 ,we have the phrase nom de guerre4 ,don't use most for almost1 as1 ,i am most as tall as you4 ,never write kiddies or tots4 ,write kids when referring to young goats or to children in stories written in a spirit of levity1 as1 ,this is the big day for the kids on ,belle ,isle4 ,don't try to arouse sympathy for children in unfortunate circumstances by calling them poor little tots1 or poor kiddies4 ,avoid words borrowed from the yellow-backs1 such as1 ,the bullet crashed through his brain1 ,she tripped down the steps4 ,try such sentences as this on your hisser3 ,i will not go1 he hissed4 ,in news stories don't use thieves' slang1 as1 dick1 frisk1 dip1 gat4 ,don't use the editorial we4 ,it is old-fashioned4 ,say ,the ,detroit ,news4 ,don't refer to the ,darwinian theory or to ,dr4 ,osler's theory without knowing what they mean4 ,don't call a revolver a gun or a pistol a revolver4 ,it is automatic pistol4 ,reporters frequently quote ,kipling to the effect that west is west1 east is east1 and never the twain shall meet4 ,but if they knew the poem1 they would be aware of the fact that the next line qualifies the quoted lines and vitiates the observation4 ,the exception proves the rule is a phrase that arises from ignorance1 though common to good writers4 ,the original word was preuves1 which did not mean proves but tests4 ,say in bad condition1 not in bad shape4 ,a toga was a garment worn by a ,roman citizen4 ,the word is persistently misused to refer to senatorial honors4 ,avoid newspaper slang4 ,to all but a few of our readers the word story means not an item of news in the paper but a piece of fiction4 ,to speak of a story meaning a piece for the paper is to confuse them4 ,say article or item4 ,don't write alright4 ,there is no such word in the language4 ,avoid poetic forms4 ,do not use amongst for among4 ,thither and whither have a bookish sound4 ,prefer the simple while to the fancy whilst4 ,there are no degrees of certainty4 ,don't write a thing seems more certain4 ,amateur means non-professional1 not necessarily unskilled4 ,novice implies lack of skill4 ,spectators see2 an audience is a collection of auditors4 ,spectators go to ball games and motion picture theaters4 ,use render in speaking of lard and not of songs4 ,don't use complected for complexioned4 ,don't write better half for wife4 ,do not write that a thing grows smaller4 ,we write wages are4 ,the biblical phrase is1 ,the wages of sin is death4 ,don't write the three first4 ,you mean the first three4 ,a justice presides in police court1 in justice court and in the supreme court4 ,a judge presides in other courts except the recorder's court1 which is presided over by the recorder and his associate4 ,justices of the supreme court of the states and the nation are referred to as ,mr4 ,justice ,jones or ,chief ,justice ,white4 ,avoid the hackneyed phrase1 a miraculous escape4 ,it is almost an unbreakable rule that reporters and copy readers shall verify all quotations4 ,many of the most familiar phrases are popularly misquoted4 ,don't write the above statement or the statement given above4 ,it may not be above when it gets into the paper4 ,write the foregoing statement4 ,don't use about meaning approximately except with round numbers4 ,do not write about #bg cents or about #ab minutes after #h o'clock1 but write about #aj or about #aj1jjj persons4 ,don't confuse ,o and ,oh4 ,the former is the formal spelling of the interjection and is used usually in poetry1 as1 ,sail on1 ,o ,ship of ,state6 ,it is used in supplication1 as1 ,o ,god1 hear our prayer6 ,the ,oh spelling is that commonly used1 as1 ,oh1 dear2 ,oh1 what shall ,i do8 ,it is usually written with a comma4 ,,dana',s ,,eight ,,rules ,charles ,a4 ,dana's eight rules for the guidance of a newspaper man are3 #a4 ,get the news1 all the news1 and nothing but the news4 #b4 ,copy nothing from another publication without giving perfect credit4 #c4 ,never print an interview without the knowledge and consent of the party interviewed4 #d4 ,never print a paid advertisement as news matter4 ,let every advertisement appear as an advertisement2 no sailing under false colors4 #e4 ,never attack the weak and defenseless1 either by argument1 by invective1 or by ridicule1 unless there is some absolute public necessity for so doing4 #f4 ,fight for your opinions1 but do not believe that they contain the whole truth or the only truth4 #g4 ,support your party1 if you have one2 but do not think that all the good men are in it or all the bad ones outside4 #h4 ,above all1 believe that humanity is advancing1 that there is progress in human affairs1 and that as sure as ,god lives the future will be better than the past or present4 ---------------------------------------- - 444 ,,promoter ,,of ,,civic ,,welfare ,,and ,,civic ,,pride 444 ,,bond ,,of ,,civic ,,unity 444 ,,protector ,,of ,,civic ,,rights4 ---------------------------------------- - ,,the ,,cannery ,dean ,alford says3 ,be simple1 be unaffected1 be honest in your speaking and writing4 ,call a spade a spade1 not a well known oblong instrument of manual husbandry4 ,elegance of language may not be in the power of all of us1 but simplicity and straightforwardness are4 ,many pages would be required to list all the so-called bromides that have been worn threadbare by constant use and abuse in newspapers4 ,often these phrases are used to avoid what the writer believes to be annoying repetition4 ,it is better to use the word fire many times in a paragraph than to use the word conflagration once4 ,so many phrases have become hackneyed in newspapers that the comic magazines make jokes about them4 ,this is from ,puck3 ,a ,,newspaper ,,dictionary ,appropriate ,exercises4--,what the celebration opened with4 ,good-,natured ,crowd4--,people out on election night4 ,firm1 ,clear ,tones4--,what the bride uttered the responses in4 ,heart of the ,business ,section4--,district threatened by fire4 7,see under control47 ,land ,office ,business4--,what the charity bazaar did4 7,see pretty girls47 ,luscious ,bivalve4--,what the pearl was found in4 7,see poor shoemaker47 ,musical ,circles4--,what the hostess is prominent in4 7,see artistic interpretation47 ,pool of ,blood4--,what the body was lying in4 ,sensational ,failure4--,a ,wall street bankruptcy4 ,trojans4--,what the men were working like4 ,undercurrent of ,excitement4--,something that ran through the audience4 7,see tense moment47 ,well-,known ,southern ,family4--,what the bridegroom is a member of4 ,avoid such phrases as3 burly ,negro smoking revolver cheered to the echo in durance vile herculean efforts it goes without saying limps into port daring robber bolt from a clear sky facile pen breathless silence crisp bill grim reaper dusky damsel tonsorial parlor vale of tears denizens of the deep finny tribe knights of the grip like rats in a trap speculation is rife for #aj long years severed his connection 7say he quit7 solon probe city father leave no stone unturned whipped out a gun old ,sol fair ,luna ,dan ,cupid ,dame ,fashion milady ,jupiter ,pluvius affixed his signature vast concourse edifice was consumed infuriated animal summoned a physician busy marts of trade breakneck speed high dudgeon fragrant ,havana divine passion city bastile immaculate linen minions of the law rash act never in the history of sad rites tidy sum light collation pale as death totally destroyed news leaked out rooted to the spot war to the knife fair sex white as a sheet to the bitter end well-known clubman pillar of the church large and enthusiastic audience natty suit giant pachyderm swathed in bandages tiny tots checkered career angry mob dull1 sickening thud foeman worthy of his steel great beyond downy couch toothsome viands ,study of a thesaurus--there is one in the library--will enlarge the vocabulary and help the writer to rid himself of these trite phrases4 ,how fresh words may give life to a piece of writing is shown in the chapter in this book on the use of adjectives4 ,,clarity1 ,,force1 ,,grace ,of the three generally recognized qualities of good style--clarity1 force and grace--it is the last and the last alone in which critics of newspaper ,english find their material1 reads an editorial in the ,new ,york ,evening ,post4 ,beauty1 grace1 suggestion of that final touch which confers on its object the immortality of perfect art1 are nearly always conspicuously absent4 ,,michigan ,,institutions ,there are no convicts in ,michigan except men who have escaped or who have been discharged from institutions in other states4 ,the ,michigan ,state ,prison at ,jackson houses inmates4 ,the same is true of the ,michigan ,reformatory at ,ionia and the ,state ,house of ,correction at ,marquette4 ,industrial schools1 homes1 hospitals and a state public school have succeeded reform schools in ,michigan4 ,the humanizing movement has led the state to declare that persons detained in such institutions shall be designated pupils1 patients or inmates4 ,there are no prisoners in ,michigan juvenile institutions4 ,the practice of printing the prison record of a man arrested in connection with the commission of a crime but not convicted of that crime is discouraged on ,the ,news4 ,often1 former inmates of prisons1 striving to lead decent lives1 are brought in by the police on suspicion4 ,to print their names may be to injure them needlessly without imparting valuable information to our readers4 ,the correct names of state institutions as given in the ,michigan ,official ,directory and ,legislative ,manual 7the red book7 are3 ,university of ,michigan1 ,ann ,arbor4 ,michigan ,agricultural ,college1 ,east ,lansing4 ,state ,normal ,college1 ,ypsilanti4 ,central ,michigan ,normal ,school1 ,mt4 ,pleasant4 ,northern ,state ,normal ,school1 ,marquette4 ,western ,state ,normal ,school1 ,kalamazoo4 ,michigan ,college of ,mines1 ,houghton4 ,michigan ,school for the ,deaf1 ,flint4 ,michigan ,school for the ,blind1 ,lansing4 ,michigan ,employment ,institution for the ,blind1 ,saginaw4 ,state ,public ,school1 ,coldwater4 ,industrial ,school for ,boys1 ,lansing4 ,industrial ,home for ,girls1 ,adrian4 ,michigan ,soldiers' ,home1 ,grand ,rapids4 ,state ,psychopathic ,hospital1 ,ann ,arbor4 ,kalamazoo ,state ,hospital4 ,pontiac ,state ,hospital4 ,traverse ,city ,state ,hospital4 ,newberry ,state ,hospital4 ,michigan ,home and ,training ,school1 ,lapeer4 ,michigan ,farm ,colony for ,epileptics1 ,wahjamega4 ,ionia ,state ,hospital4 ,michigan ,state ,prison1 ,jackson4 ,state ,house of ,correction1 ,marquette4 ,michigan ,reformatory1 ,ionia4 ,detroit ,house of ,correction4 ,state ,sanitorium1 ,howell4 ,,army ,,and ,,navy ,,organization ,the ,united ,states ,army consists of officers1 non-commissioned officers and privates4 ,officers hold commissions4 ,non-commissioned officers hold warrants4 ,officers in the regular army engage to serve the ,united ,states for life and may leave the service only on the acceptance of their resignations1 on retirement or on dismissal imposed by sentence of a general court martial4 ,enlisted men in time of peace engage to serve for a definite term of years and at the expiration of this term1 return to civil life or re-enlist as they may elect4 ,non-commissioned officers are enlisted men and the duration of their service is governed by the same rules that apply to privates4 ,the grades of commissioned officers1 given in accordance with their relative rank are3 ,general1 lieutenant-general1 major-general1 brigadier-general1 colonel1 lieutenant-colonel1 major1 captain1 first lieutenant1 second lieutenant4 ,the grades of enlisted men are sergeant1 corporal and private4 ,there are numerous special grades in each of these general classes4 ,master sergeants1 master electricians1 etc41 are the highest paid enlisted men and rank all others4 ,every commissioned officer ranks every enlisted man regardless of the length of their respective services4 ,all officers are of equal social rank4 ,officers and enlisted men are forbidden to associate socially4 ,cadets at the ,united ,states ,military ,academy are neither enlisted nor commissioned but have a status of their own4 ,socially they rank with officers4 ,they are required to salute all officers but are not entitled to the salutes of enlisted men4 ,flying cadets in the ,signal ,corps1 who are candidates for commissions as aviators or aeronauts1 also have a status of their own4 ,they are required to salute officers but do not receive the salutes of enlisted men4 ,officers salute one another1 the juniors saluting the seniors1 who acknowledge the courtesy4 ,the infantry organization is based on the company4 ,under war conditions1 the company consists of #bej men4 ,four companies form a battalion1 and three battalions a regiment4 ,a headquarters company1 a supply company and a machine gun company also are attached to each regiment4 ,these three are smaller than the other companies4 ,the band is part of the headquarters company4 ,the cavalry organization includes the troop1 squadron of four troops1 and regiment of three squadrons1 with headquarters1 machine gun and supply organizations4 ,the field artillery regiment is made up of six batteries1 divided into two battalions4 ,it also has headquarters and supply companies4 ,the infantry company is divided into platoons and the platoons into squads of eight men each4 ,the field artillery battery is divided into platoons and sections4 ,the coast artillery until the war had no regimental organization but consisted of several separate companies4 ,all the companies stationed in a coast defense district were under the command of the ranking officer in that district4 ,for service abroad with heavy mobile artillery1 several coast artillery regiments were organized on the infantry model4 ,the ,united ,states ,navy consists of commissioned officers1 warrant officers1 petty officers and enlisted men without ratings4 ,the officers' grades are3 ,admiral of the ,navy1 vice-admiral1 rear-admiral1 captain1 commander1 lieutenant-commander1 lieutenant1 lieutenant junior grade1 ensign4 ,the warrant officers rank below commissioned officers and above enlisted men4 ,gunners1 boatswains1 machinists1 etc41 are warrant officers4 ,they wear a uniform similar to that of commissioned officers but with different insignia4 ,chief petty officers and petty officers are enlisted men4 ,chief petty officers wear a double-breasted blouse and a cap similar to that won by officers but with a different ornament4 ,petty officers and unrated enlisted men wear the sailor shirt and either the flat hat or the watch cap4 ,petty officers are rated first1 second and third class1 the first the highest4 ,men aboard ship are organized in divisions4 ,the commander of a ship is called captain by courtesy regardless of his real grade4 ,the marine corps is under the control of the ,navy ,department but has an organization separate from the ,navy proper4 ,it has the same grades of officers and non-commissioned officers 7with some exceptions among the latter7 as the army4 ,the corps is commanded by a major-general1 which is the highest grade to which marine corps officers are eligible4 ,,the ,,way ,,to ,,become ,,original ,here is a classic bit of advice given by ,flaubert to de ,maupassant3 ,whatever one wishes to say1 there is only one noun to express it1 only one verb to give it life1 only one adjective to qualify it4 ,search1 then1 till that noun1 that verb1 that adjective are discovered2 never be content with 'very nearly1' never have recourse to tricks1 however happy2 or to buffooneries of language2 to avoid a difficulty4 ,this is the way to become original4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,upbuilder ,,of ,,the ,,home 444 ,,nourisher ,,of ,,the ,,community ,,spirit 444 ,,art ,,letters ,,and ,,science ,,of ,,the ,,common ,,people4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,dates ,,often ,,called ,,for ,battleship ,maine blown up in ,havana harbor1 ,feb4 #ae1 #ahih4 ,baltimore fire1 ,feb4 #g1 #aijd4 ,black ,friday1 ,sept4 #bd1 #ahfi4 ,columbus discovered ,america1 ,oct4 #ab1 #adib4 ,chicago destroyed by fire1 ,oct4 #h-aa1 #ahga4 ,dayton flood1 ,march #bd1 #aiac4 ,emancipation ,proclamation by ,lincoln1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahfc4 ,equitable ,building fire1 ,new ,york1 ,jan4 #i1 #aiab4 ,ft4 ,sumter fired on1 ,april #ab1 #ahfa4 ,francis ,ferdinand1 ,austrian archduke1 assassinated at ,sarajevo1 ,bosnia1 ,june #bh1 #aiad1 by ,gavrio ,prinzip1 a ,bosnian4 ,galveston flood1 ,sept4 #h1 #aijj2 hurricane blew #ah hours and attained velocity of #ace miles an hour2 #e1jjj lives lost2 #ag1jjj1jjj damage4 ,garfield assassinated1 ,july #b1 #ahha4 ,halifax explosion and fire1 ,december #f1 #aiag1 #aej killed1 #b1jjj injured1 property loss1 #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,iroquois ,theater fire1 ,chicago1 ,dec4 #cj1 #aijc4 ,johnstown flood1 ,may #ca1 #ahhi2 #b1bce lives lost2 #aj1jjj1jjj damage4 ,lincoln born near ,hodgenville1 ,larue ,county1 ,ky41 ,feb4 #ab1 #ahji4 ,lincoln assassinated1 ,april #ad1 #ahfe4 ,mayflower ,pilgrims landed at ,plymouth1 ,dec4 #aa1 #afbj1 ,o4 ,s41 or ,dec4 #ba1 ,n4 ,s41 but landing is celebrated ,dec4 #bb4 ,mount ,pelee eruption and destruction of ,martinique1 ,may #h1 #aijb4 ,mc,kinley assassinated1 ,sept4 #f1 #aija4 ,north ,pole discovered by ,peary1 ,april #f1 #aiji4 ,new ,york great fire1 ,dec4 #af1 #ahce4 ,republic sunk in collision with ,florida off ,nantucket1 ,jan4 #bc1 #aiji2 six lives lost4 ,south ,pole discovered by ,amundsen1 ,dec4 #ad1 #aiaa4 ,san ,francisco earthquake1 ,april #ah-ai1 #aijf4 ,steamship ,eastland capsized in ,chicago ,river1 ,july #bd1 #aiae2 more than #hjj lives lost4 ,steamship ,lusitania sunk by ,german submarine1 ,may #g1 #aiae2 #a1adi lives lost4 ,steamship ,titanic wrecked1 ,april #ad1 #aiab1 #a1ejc lives lost4 ,steamboat ,gen4 ,slocum burned in ,east ,river ,new ,york1 ,june #ae1 #aijd2 more than #a1jjj lives lost4 ,steamer ,larchmont sunk in ,long ,island ,sound1 ,feb4 #ab1 #aijg2 #aca lives lost4 ,volturno burned at sea1 ,oct4 #i1 #aiac4 ,washington died1 ,dec4 #ad1 #agii4 ,woodrow ,wilson born1 ,dec4 #bh1 #ahef4 ,,notes ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,libel ,the following general statement of some of the fundamental principles governing the law of libel is intended to enable the newspaper writer to guard against the publication of indefensible libelous matter4 ,the intention is to state the rules and principles1 as far as possible1 without legal technicalities1 and to include only such portions of the law on the subject as may be necessary or essential for the accomplishment of the double object desired4 ,for the purposes of the newspaper writer1 libel may be defined as malicious defamation1 either written or printed1 charging on or imputing to another that which renders him liable to imprisonment1 or tends to injure his reputation in the common estimation of mankind1 or to hold him up as an object of hatred1 scorn1 ridicule or contempt4 ,slander is malicious defamation by speech or oral language2 hence the newspaper writer has no especial concern for the law relating to it1 further than to remember one general principle--that the law of libel is much stricter than the law of slander4 ,thus1 one may apply to another orally words of personal vituperation and abuse that would not render him liable in a suit for slander1 but which if published of another in a newspaper would be libelous and actionable4 ,the definition of libel here given is broad enough to cover all the experiences of the newspaper office4 ,but the character of defamatory publication that is brought within its scope is best shown by the language of the courts in individual instances4 ,,actionable ,,language ,language in writing has been held to be actionable per se which denies to a man the possession of some such worthy quality as every man is a priori to be taken to possess2 which tends to bring a party into public hatred or disgrace2 which tends to degrade him in society2 which tends to expose him to hatred1 contempt or ridicule2 which reflects on his character2 which imputes something disgraceful to him2 which throws contumely and odium on him2 which tends to vilify him2 which tends to injure his character or diminish his reputation2 which is injurious to his social character2 which shows him to be immoral or ridiculous2 which induces an ill opinion of him2 which detracts from his character as a man of good morals2 which imputes to him a bad reputation or degradation of character or ingratitude1 and all defamatory words injurious in their nature4 ,each of the following terms charged on one personally in writing or in print has been adjudged in one or more reported cases to be libelous and actionable1 namely3 ,that he was a villain2 liar2 rogue2 rascal2 swindler2 drunkard2 informer2 that he was the author or the publisher of a libel or slander2 that he was a libelous journalist2 a hypocrite1 and using the cloak of religion for unworthy purposes2 an imp of the devil2 a miserable fellow it is impossible for a newspaper article to injure to the extent of six cents2 and that the community can hardly despise him worse than they do now2 that he had paid money to procure an appointment to an office2 that he had received money for offices2 that he had been deprived of the ordinances of the church2 that he was thought no more of than a horsethief and a counterfeiter2 that he had infringed a patent2 that he had been guilty of falsehood2 of dishonesty2 or moral obliquity2 of smuggling2 of blasphemy2 of false swearing2 that he was insane2 that he was fit for a lunatic asylum and unsafe to go at large2 that he had been guilty of gross misconduct in insulting females1 etc4 ,where quotation marks are used1 they indicate the exact language used in the respective publications complained of on which the suit was brought4 ,,objectionable ,,published ,,charges ,the following published charges have been held to be objectionable1 namely3 ,want of chastity 7as applied to women1 at all events7 or adultery 7charged on either man or woman72 the publication of the obituary of a person known to the writer to be living2 a charge that a member of ,congress was a misrepresentative and a groveling office-seeker2 that a juror agreed with another juror to rest the determination of the damages in a case upon a game of checkers2 characterizing a verdict of a jury as infamous and charging the jurors with having done injustice to their oaths2 stating in the criticism of a book that the motives of the author are dishonorable or disreputable4 ,the illustrations of this character might be multiplied indefinitely1 but these cover the general range of libelous expressions when personally applied to an individual4 ,imputations on character in allegory or irony may amount to a libel4 ,imputing to a person the qualities of a frozen snake in the fable2 heading an article in regard to a lawyer's sharp practices1 ,an ,honest ,lawyer4 ,the general rule is that it is libelous per se to impute to a person in his official capacity1 profession1 trade or business any kind of fraud1 dishonesty1 misconduct1 incapacity or unfitness--any imputation1 in fact1 which would tend to prevent him deriving that pecuniary reward from a legitimate business which otherwise he would have obtained4 ,it has been held actionable to publish of a butcher that he used false weights2 of a jeweler that he was a cozening knave who sold a sapphire for a diamond2 of a brewer that he makes and sells unwholesome beer or uses filthy water in the malting of grain for brewing2 of a tradesman that he adulterates the article he sells2 of a schoolmaster that he is an ignoramus on the subject he pretends to teach2 of a clergyman that he is immoral1 or preaches lies or is a drunkard or perjurer2 of an attorney that he offered himself as a witness in order to divulge the secrets of his client1 or that he betrayed his client1 or would take a fee from both sides1 or that he deserves to be struck off the roll2 of a physician that he is an empiric1 or mountebank1 or quack1 or vends quack medicines2 of a mechanic that he is ignorant of his trade2 of a judge that he lacks capacity and has abandoned the common principles of truth2 and of anyone in public office of a charge of malfeasance or want of capacity to fulfill its duties4 ,so also personal criticism of an author might go so far as to injure him in his business as an author and come within the rule4 ,and so of any other occupation from which the injured person derives pecuniary benefit4 ,,charging ,,with ,a ,,crime ,it is hardly necessary1 except for completeness1 to add that to charge a person with any crime brings the publication within the definition of libel4 ,if matter libelous per se is published falsely concerning a person he is presumed to have suffered loss without proving the specific amount or the manner of loss1 the amount of damages being found by the jury in accordance with the circumstances of the case and various legal rules4 ,if the language complained of does not come within the foregoing definitions and limitations1 and is not therefore libelous per se1 still1 if untrue1 it may furnish the basis for a libel suit where it has resulted in pecuniary loss or the loss of other material advantage4 ,any false words are actionable1 say the courts1 by which the party has sustained special damage4 ,but special damages have to be proved4 ,that is to say1 in such case1 excluding general damages arising from a per se libel1 the character and manner of the loss and the amount in dollars and cents must be proved1 and the verdict should not exceed such amount4 ,a single illustration will be sufficient for this class4 ,a newspaper falsely publishes that a man has died of the smallpox at a certain hotel4 ,the proprietor brings a libel suit1 claiming loss of custom by way of special damage4 ,his recovery would be limited to such special damages as he could fairly show4 ,libel has been defined above as malicious defamation1 etc4 ,but it is not generally necessary that the injured complainant should prove actual malice4 ,if the defamatory matter complained of is false1 the law presumes that the publication was malicious1 unless it can be shown either that it was privileged by statute or otherwise1 or the presumption of malice is overcome by actual proof4 ,that is to say1 if the publisher claims that1 although false and not privileged1 the defamatory publication was not malicious1 he must prove it4 ,of course1 if it was not false1 it would not be legally malicious4 ,,the ,,three ,,defenses ,the defense to libel suits1 therefore1 are three1 namely3 7#a7 ,to prove the published charge is true4 ,this is called a justification4 7#b7 ,to show that the publication was privileged4 7#c7 ,to prove circumstances connected with the publication tending to show that it was not malicious1 or was provoked and excused by the conduct of the complainant4 ,this is called a defense in mitigation of damages4 ,to prove that the defamatory publication complained of is true is an absolute and complete defense4 ,the old maxim of the ,english criminal law1 ,the greater the truth the greater the libel1 frequently quoted erroneously in this connection1 has no application to actions in the civil courts1 and at the present time would scarcely be invoked even in any of the criminal courts of this country1 except under the most extraordinary circumstances4 ,but it is not enough that the writer of defamatory articles himself knows that they are true1 unless he is able to produce1 when required1 competent legal proof of their truth4 ,what he himself has witnessed is1 of course1 competent evidence as far as it goes2 when such proof can be strengthened by official records or other documentary proof1 and by the evidence of other persons who can testify of their personal knowledge to the truth of the publications1 a defense of the strongest character is presented4 ,but one distinction should be observed carefully1 a misconception in regard to which has given rise to many libel suits that have been difficult to defend4 ,when it is said that the truth is a complete defense1 the literal truth of the published statement is not meant2 but the truth of the defamatory charge4 ,to illustrate3 ,a prominent official1 say a judge1 during the progress of a political campaign1 either in the course of an interview or of a public speech1 makes the charge against a candidate for an important office that he 7the candidate7 obtained his naturalization papers either through perjury or subornation of perjury4 ,a newspaper publishes the interview or the speech1 giving the speaker's name and the exact language he used4 ,if the candidate referred to should sue the newspaper for libel because of this publication1 it would be no defense for the publishers to show that it was true that the speaker had said just exactly what the newspaper represented him to have said4 ,to justify they would have to show that the defamatory charge was true1 that the candidate had been guilty of perjury or subornation of perjury in obtaining his naturalization papers4 ,in other words1 no publishers or writers can escape responsibility for defaming a man's character by showing that it was on the authority of some other individual4 ,the same principle applies to defamatory accusations republished from another newspaper1 whether the name of the newspaper from which they are copied is given or not4 ,,privileged ,,publications ,there is a certain class of publications concerning official proceedings which1 although they be defamatory in character1 public policy demands that publishers should be protected in making1 entirely regardless of the question whether the defamatory matter be true or false4 ,these are termed privileged publications and are defined by law4 ,the mere fact that a paper is entitled as being in a certain suit or that its contents are sworn to does not necessarily make it a part of any judicial1 legislative or other public and official proceedings4 ,such proceedings must actually and legally have been instituted before it becomes entitled to the privilege4 ,an instance would be the publication of libelous statements taken from a complaint or affidavit that had been sworn to in a suit but before the paper had been actually introduced in the trial of the case4 ,here there would be no privilege4 ,the same would be true of an affidavit charging crime on a person which had not before the publication of it been presented to and judicially recognized by the committing or police magistrate4 ,criticism is also privileged in a limited degree4 ,nowhere else in the world1 not even in ,england1 is so great freedom of legitimate criticism allowed and protected by law as in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,constitution of the ,united ,states provides3 ,congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech or of the press4 ,the ,constitution of ,michigan provides3 ,every citizen may freely speak1 write and publish his sentiments on all subjects1 being responsible for the abuse of that right2 and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech or of the press4 ,in all prosecutions for libel the truth may be given in evidence to the jury2 and if it shall appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous is true and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends1 accused shall be acquitted4 ,but the right to criticise is general1 and belongs quite as much to any other individual as to the newspaper writer1 editor or publisher4 ,the actions of individuals are always legitimate subjects of discussion and criticism4 ,in this country1 says ,judge ,smith1 of the ,new ,hampshire ,supreme ,court1 every citizen has the right to call the attention of his fellow-citizens to the maladministration of public affairs or the misconduct of public servants1 if his real motive in so doing is to bring about a reform of abuses or to defeat the re-election or reappointment of an incompetent officer4 ,no one can doubt the importance1 is the language of ,judge ,story1 in a free government of the right to canvass the acts of public men and the tendency of public measures--to censure boldly the conduct of rulers and to scrutinize the policy and plans of government4 ,the language of the ,english courts is nearly as broad4 ,god forbid that you should not be allowed to comment on the conduct of all mankind1 providing you do it justly and honorably1 says ,baron ,alderson4 ,chief ,justice ,cockburn said3 ,it is of vast importance that criticism1 so long as it is fair1 reasonable and just1 should be allowed the utmost latitude1 and that the most unsparing censure of works which are fairly subject to it should not be held libelous4 ,,criticism ,,does ,,not ,,extend ,,to ,,person ,but the privilege of criticism extends only to the actions or works of an individual2 it does not extend to the person4 ,in the case of an author1 his works may be criticised as severely as the occasion demands4 ,every man who publishes a book commits himself to the judgment of the public1 says an eminent ,english judge2 but this can not be made the excuse for personal abuse of the author himself4 ,the author1 the artist1 the architect1 who produces a book1 a painting or a building1 is in this respect in the same position as the maker or producer of a watch1 a piano or a carving-knife4 ,the thing produced in either case may be criticised4 ,but if the person who produces it is defamed1 this must be defended1 if at all1 upon some other ground than that it is criticism4 ,moreover1 to justify such comment on men's actions or on the products of their hands or brains as criticism1 it is essential that the acts or things so criticised should have actual existence4 ,for instance1 a newspaper comments with great severity on certain occurrences which it publishes as the official acts of a mayor of its city4 ,before these strictures can be defended as criticism1 it must appear that such official acts really occurred4 ,again1 newspaper proprietors might well be held liable for publishing a ridiculing criticism of language pretended to be quoted from the book which the critic is reviewing1 but which language the author of the book had not actually used4 ,if the publishers who are defendants in a libel suit are unable to show that the defamatory publication is true or that it is privileged1 then the injured plaintiff is entitled to a verdict in some amount4 ,how small this sum shall be will depend upon how good a case the defendants can make out in mitigation of damages4 ,the range of defenses that may be interposed for this purpose is very broad4 ,the following may be enumerated as the most important3 7#a7 ,that the general conduct of the plaintiff gave the defendant probable cause for believing the charges to be true4 7#b7 ,that the complainant's general character is bad4 7#c7 ,that the publication was made in heat and passion1 provoked by the acts of the plaintiff4 7#d7 ,that the charge published had been made orally in the presence of the plaintiff before publication1 and he had not denied it4 7#e7 ,that the publication was made of a political antagonist in the heat of a political campaign4 7#f7 ,that as soon as the defendant discovered that he was in error he published a retraction1 correction or apology4 7#g7 ,that the defamatory publication had reference not to the plaintiff1 but to another person of a similar name1 concerning whom the charges were true1 and that readers understood this other individual to be meant4 ,,absence ,,of ,,actual ,,malice ,the principle underlying all the above defenses is that they tend to show an absence of actual malice4 ,many other circumstances1 too numerous and varied to be classified1 and which properly could be used in the same manner and for the same reason to reduce damages1 will readily suggest themselves to every one4 ,the successful defense of libel suits depends largely on having clear and trustworthy proof of the facts sought to be sustained promptly at hand as soon as the suit is brought4 ,any metropolitan newspaper that deserves the name finds itself compelled every day to publish matter that is defamatory in character4 ,otherwise there would be no journalistic records of crimes or of a large portion of the other occurrences in which the public is interested4 ,the publisher's concern in that particular is a double one--that whatever of that nature is published in his newspaper should be true or privileged and that there should be clear proof of the truth or privilege4 ,every newspaper writer frequently finds himself called upon to deal with such matter4 ,if it is the report of a trial in court1 he need have regard1 so far as his report is concerned1 to four points3 7#a7 that the judicial or official proceedings have been already begun in open court2 7#b7 that his report of the testimony1 etc41 or synopsis of the sworn papers is fair and impartial2 7#c7 that he knows where he can put his hands on the official records to sustain the privilege at any time2 and 7#d7 that both sides are similarly published4 ,if the matter is defamatory and not privileged in any way1 then the utmost care before publication with regard to the proof of its truth will be the only safeguard against libel suits4 ,the publication of such matter on the authority of any person's mere word1 however truthful1 trustworthy and careful that person may be believed to be1 will always be attended with danger4 ,the statements may be entirely true1 and yet the giver of the information when called upon may not be able to furnish the proof4 ,if he is1 probably he could furnish it as well before as after publication4 ,the only absolutely certain way for any newspaper writer to avoid all risk of this sort is for him to furnish for publication such defamatory matter only as he can sustain by his own testimony as an eye-witness1 or such as he has seen the proofs of before writing the article4 ,the almost certain result will be to prevent the bringing of a libel suit--the first consideration in this connection4 ,if1 on the other hand1 a libel suit should be brought1 the writer would be able to furnish the publishers with the best means of defense1 namely1 proof of the truth of the publication--which is of next importance4 ,,precision1 ,,simplicity1 ,,euphony ,adams ,sherman ,hill1 professor of rhetoric at ,harvard ,university for nearly #cj years1 gives these three rules for good writing3 ,precision3 ,of two forms of expression which may be used in the same sense1 that one should be chosen which is susceptible of only one interpretation4 ,observance of this rule tends to give each word a meaning of its own4 ,simplicity3 ,of two forms of expression which may be used in the same sense1 the simpler should be chosen4 ,the simpler a word or phrase1 the more likely it is to be understood1 and simplicity in language1 like simplicity in dress or manners1 belongs to the best society4 ,euphony3 ,of two forms of expression which may be used in the same sense1 that one should be chosen which is the more agreeable to the ear4 ,it is of course wrong to give undue weight to considerations of euphony1 but when no sacrifice is involved it is desirable to avoid an expression that is unusually difficult to pronounce or to substitute for an extremely disagreeable word one that is agreeable to the ear4 ,,first ,,three ,,years ,,of ,,the ,,war ,june #bh1 #aiad--;,archduke ,francis ,ferdinand1 heir to throne of ,austria-,hungary1 and wife shot by ,gavrio ,prinzip1 a ,bosnian1 at ,sarajevo1 ,bosnia4 ,july #bh--;,austria declares war on ,serbia4 ,aug4 #a--;,germany declares war on ,serbia4 ,aug4 #d--;,great ,britain declares war on ,germany4 ,germany proclaims state of war between ,germany and ,belgium4 ,wilson proclaims ,u4 ,s4 neutrality4 ,aug4 #f--;,austria-,hungary declares war on ,russia4 ,aug4 #g--,montenegro declares war on ,austria4 ,aug4 #h--;,british troops land in ,france4 ,aug4 #ab--;,great ,britain declares state of war with ,austria-,hungary4 ,aug4 #ai--;,germans occupy ,louvain4 ,aug4 #bj--;,germans occupy ,brussels4 ,aug4 #bc--;,japan declares war on ,germany4 ,aug4 #ca--,st4 ,petersburg becomes ,petrograd4 ,sept4 #a--;,after seven days' battle ,russians take ,lemberg4 ,sept4 #c--;,french capital transferred to ,bordeaux4 ,sept4 #d--;,germans occupy ,rheims4 ,sept4 #aj--;,joffre reports five-day battle at the ,marne a victory4 ,sept4 #bh--;,japanese invest ,tsing-,tau4 ,oct4 #i--;,antwerp surrenders4 ,oct4 #ac--,seat of ,belgian capital moved from ,ostend to ,havre4 ,oct4 #ba-ca--;,first battle of ,ypres4 ,nov4 #e--;,great ,britain and ,france declare war on ,turkey4 ,nov4 #aj-ab--,second battle of ,ypres4 ,dec4 #b--;,austrians capture ,belgrade4 ,dec4 #h--;,british sink ,german fleet off ,falkland islands4 ,dec4 #ad--,serbians force evacuation of ,belgrade4 ,dec4 #bj--;,germans evacuate ,dixmude4 ,jan4 #bd1 #aiae--,naval battle in ,north ,sea4 ,feb4 #d--;,germany declares war zone about ,england and ,ireland after ,feb4 #ah4 ,feb4 #be--;,allied fleet reduces four forts at ,dardanelles entrance4 ,march #bb--;,austrian fortress of ,przemysl surrenders to ,russians4 ,april #bb--;,gas first used in war by ,germans at ,ypres4 ,may #a--;,american steamer ,gulflight sunk4 ,may #g--,lusitania sunk by ,german submarine off ,ireland2 #a1adi lost1 #gjg rescued4 ,may #bc--;,italy declares war on ,austria-,hungary4 ,june #c--,teutons recapture ,przemysl4 ,june #h--;,bryan resigns4 ,june #bb--,russians driven out of ,lemberg4 ,aug4 #f--;,germans occupy ,warsaw4 ,sept4 #i--,u4 ,s4 asks recall by ,austria-,hungary of ,ambassador ,dumba4 ,sept4 #ah--;,germans capture ,wilna4 ,oct4 #e--,king ,constantine of ,greece won't support ,allies and ,premier ,venizelos resigns4 ,allies land at ,saloniki4 ,oct4 #aa--;,bulgaria enters war by sending army into ,serbia4 ,dec4 #d--;,ford peace party sails4 ,dec4 #ai--;,allies evacuate ,gallipoli4 ,jan4 #ag1 #aiaf--,montenegro surrenders to ,austria-,hungary1 first belligerent to withdraw4 ,jan4 #bf--;,compulsory service measure passes final reading in ,british ,house of ,lords4 ,feb4 #bc--;,germans open ,verdun offensive4 ,march #h--;,germany declares war on ,portugal4 ,march #ae--,von ,tirpitz resigns as ,german minister of marine2 succeeded by ,admiral von ,capelle4 ,april #bd--,sinn ,feiners' revolution breaks out in ,dublin4 ,april #bh--;,british besieged in ,kut-el-,amara1 ,mesopotamia1 surrender4 ,may #be--,king ,george signs compulsory bill1 applicable to all men from #ah to #da4 ,may #cj--;,battle of ,jutland4 ,june #e--,lord ,kitchener drowned4 ,july #i--;,german submarine ,deutschland arrives at ,baltimore4 ,aug4 #bg--,rumania enters the war on side of ,allies4 ,nov4 #aj--;,first great air battle2 #fg airplanes brought down4 ,nov4 #ba--;,francis ,joseph1 ,emperor of ,austria and ,king of ,hungary1 dies2 #hf4 ,dec4 #f--;,germans occupy ,bucharest4 ,feb4 #c1 #aiag--,u4,s4 severs diplomatic relations with ,germany4 ,feb4 #bf--;,cunard liner ,laconia sunk4 ,feb4 #bg--,wilson asks authority to arm merchantmen2 declares sinking of ,laconia is overt act4 ,march #aa--;,british take ,bagdad4 ,march #ae--;,czar ,nicholas ,,ii abdicates in favor of his brother1 ,grand ,duke ,michael ,alexandrovitch4 ,april #b--;,american steamer ,aztec sunk4 ,april #f--,u4 ,s4 declares state of war with ,germany4 ,april #g--;,cuba declares war on ,germany4 ,april #aa--;,brazil severs diplomatic relations with ,germany4 ,may #ah--,wilson signs selective conscription bill for army of #ejj1jjj4 ,june #e--;,americans register for draft4 ,june #h--;,gen4 ,pershing in ,england4 ,june #ab--,king ,constantine abdicates4 ,june #ae--;,american mission reaches ,russia4 ,june #bf--;,first ,u4 ,s4 troops arrive in ,france4 ,june #bi--;,greece severs relations with ,germany and her allies4 ,july #b--;,chinese empire re-established for three days4 ,july #ad--;,chancellor von ,bethmann-,hollweg resigns1 ,dr4 ,george ,michaelis succeeding4 ,july #bb--,kerensky made dictator in ,russia4 ,aug4 #bh--,u4 ,s4 rejects pope's peace proposal4 ,sept4 #c--;,germans capture ,riga4 ,sept4 #af--,kerensky proclaims ,russia a republic4 ,oct4 #f--,peru severs diplomatic relations with ,germany4 ,oct4 #g--,uruguay severs diplomatic relations with ,germany4 ,oct4 #ai--,u4 ,s4 transport ,antilles torpedoed4 ,oct4 #bc--;,first of ,u4 ,s4 troops enter ,french trenches4 ,oct4 #bf--;,brazil declares war on ,germany4 ,nov4 #b--,three-cent postage in effect4 ,nov4 #h--;,bolsheviki in control of ,russian government4 ,nov4 #aj--,lenine made ,russian premier4 ,nov4 #ah--;,british capture ,jaffa4 ,dec4 #d--,wilson asks congress to declare war on ,austria-,hungary4 ,dec4 #f--,part of ,halifax wrecked by explosion and fire4 ,dec4 #g--;,congress declares war on ,austria-,hungary4 ,dec4 #aj--;,british capture ,jerusalem4 ,dec4 #bf--,u4 ,s4 takes over the railroads4 ,,notes ,,index ,a ,abbreviations in heads1 #aj rules governing1 #db about1 use of1 meaning approximately1 #ee above statement barred1 #ef academy1 capitalization of1 #ag ,accuracy1 #d-e acts1 capitalization of1 #ai actual photographs barred1 #ce a day preferred to per day1 #ed ,adjectives1 capitalization of1 #bj rules governing1 #cd administered1 use of1 #cj administration1 capitalization of1 #ag ,adverbs1 rules governing1 #cc advice confused with advise1 #eb advise confused with advice1 #eb affair1 misuse of1 #bd affect confused with effect1 #eb afterward1 spelling of1 #eb ,ages1 writing of1 #ch agreeable preferred to nice1 #cd agreeably to preferred to agreeable to1 #cc ,agreement of verbs1 #bi airplane1 spelling of1 #ea alarmingly preferred to dangerously1 #cc ,alford1 ,dean1 quoted1 #eg ,allbutt1 ,sir ,clifford1 quoted1 #ej allege not a synonym for say1 #cj alliance1 capitalization of1 #ai allies1 capitalization of1 #ai ,alliteration in heads1 #aj almost preferred to most1 #ed alright barred1 #ee although preferred to while1 #bh a4 m41 capitalization of1 #bj use of1 #ch-dd amateur1 meaning of1 #ee ambassador1 misuse of1 #bd amendment1 capitalization of1 #ai among1 misused for between1 #cg preferred to amongst1 #ee amongst1 prefer among to1 #ee ,ampersand1 use of1 #dc anesthetic1 spelling of1 #ea a number of1 prefer several to1 #cd anxious misused for eager1 #ce anybody1 use masculine pronoun with1 #bg ,a4 ,p41 leads1 #g style1 #ae apiece misused for each1 #bg ,apostrophe1 use of1 #bb appear1 use of1 intransitively1 #bi approximately preferred to about1 #ef ,arab1 capitalization of1 #bj armor1 spelling of1 #eb armory1 capitalization of1 #bj army1 abbreviation of titles of1 #dd capitalization of1 #ai organization of1 #fj ,articles1 in heads1 #h rules governing1 #ch use of1 with names1 #de artist1 avoid feminine form of1 #bd as far as1 use of1 #cc misused for that1 #bh long as1 use of1 #cc assembly1 capitalization of1 #ah ,associated ,press1 see ,a4 ,p4 associations1 capitalization of1 #ag ,asterisks1 use of1 #bb as yet superfluous1 #di at the corner of superfluous1 #di attorney1 abbreviation of1 #dc audience1 meaning of1 #ee au fait to be avoided1 #ed auger confused with augur1 #eb augur confused with auger1 #eb author1 avoid feminine form of1 #bd auto1 prefer automobile to1 #be autoist1 prefer motorist to1 #bd automatic pistol preferred to automatic revolver1 #ee automobile preferred to auto1 #be automobilist1 prefer motorist to1 #bd avenue1 capitalization of1 #bj awful1 meaning of1 #ce ax1 spelling of1 #ea axminster1 capitalization of1 #bj ayes and noes1 spelling of1 #ea ,b backward1 spelling of1 #eb bacteria1 plural of1 #bd balance misused for rest1 #be ,barred by the ,sun1 #ca base ball1 spelling of1 #ea basket ball1 spelling of1 #ea battle1 capitalization of1 #ah bay1 capitalization of1 #ah bazar1 spelling of1 #ea be1 forms of1 in heads1 #i omission of1 in heads1 #aj ,belgians1 king of1 #df ,belgium1 king of1 misused1 #df ,bennett1 ,arnold1 quoted1 #bc beside not to be misused for besides1 #cg besides not to be misused for beside1 #cg better half1 prefer wife to1 #ee between not to be misused for among1 #cg ,bible1 capitalization of1 #ai bills1 capitalization of1 #ai birdseye1 spelling of1 #ea birth1 avoid euphemisms regarding1 #ej birthday1 capitalization of1 #ah bishop1 use of1 #dh ,bleyer1 ,dr4 ,willard ,g41 quoted1 #f blond1 spelling of1 #ea body preferred to remains1 #ej ,bohemian1 capitalization of1 #bj ,book sizes1 #dd bought preferred to purchased1 #cj boulevard1 capitalization of1 #bj bovine used as adjective1 #cd boy scouts1 capitalization of1 #bj breach misused for breech1 #eb ,brevity1 #b1 #bb bridegroom preferred to groom1 #be ,bromides1 #eg bros41 use of1 #dc ,budapest1 spelling of1 #ea building1 capitalization of1 #ag bureau1 capitalization of1 #ag burial preferred to interment1 #ej ,burke1 ,edmund1 quoted1 #af but that preferred to but what1 #bh but what misused for but that1 #bh by1 book illustrated1 artist1 #cg ,c cabinet1 capitalization of1 #ag cadets1 capitalization of1 #bj caliber of guns1 punctuation of1 #bb caliber1 spelling of1 #eb campfire girls1 capitalization of1 #bj canine1 use as adjective1 #cd ,cannery1 #eg can not1 spelling of1 #ea cape1 capitalization of1 #ah capital misused for capitol1 #eb ,capitalization1 rules governing1 #ag capitol misused for capital1 #eb cardinals1 how referred to1 #dh ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 quoted1 #e casket1 prefer coffin to1 #ej catalog1 spelling of1 #eb cello1 spelling of1 #eb century1 use ordinal with1 #ch certainly1 no degrees of1 #ee chamber1 of deputies1 etc41 capitalization1 #ah checks1 spelling of1 #ea ,chile1 spelling of1 #ea ,chili1 spelling of1 #ea ,chinese names1 #de ,christmas preferred to ,xmas1 #ah church1 capitalization of1 #ah titles1 #dh cigaret1 spelling of1 #eb circumstance1 meaning of1 #bd cities1 abbreviation of1 #db citizens misused for persons1 #bd ,city directory1 importance of1 #e ,city editor1 telephone to1 #d civil war1 capitalization of1 #ah claimant misused for clamant1 #eb ,clarity1 #bb-eh ,clauses1 punctuation of1 #bb ,cleanliness of thought1 #c ,clemens1 ,samuel ,l41 see ,mark ,twain1 #ca ,clock time1 how to write1 #dd clubs1 capitalization of1 #ag clue1 spelling of1 #ea ,cobb1 ,irvin ,s41 quoted1 #ce ,cobbett1 ,william1 quoted1 #cd coffin preferred to casket1 #ej ,collective nouns1 #be college1 capitalization of1 #ag college degrees1 abbreviation of1 #dd capitalization of1 #ai collide1 only moving objects1 #cj ,colon1 use of1 #bb capitalization after1 #ag color1 spelling of1 #eb of1 #di comatose1 meaning of1 #ed ,commas1 use of1 #bb compared to1 meaning of1 #cj compared with1 meaning of1 #cj ,complected preferred to complexioned1 #ee ,compounds1 how formed1 #dh consistently with preferred to consistent with1 #cc condition1 bad1 preferred to bad shape1 #ee congress1 capitalization of1 #ah ,conjunctions1 punctuation before1 #bb in heads1 #h rules governing1 #bh consensus of opinion1 use of1 #di consist in misused for consist of1 #cg consist of misused for consist in1 #cg constitution1 capitalization of1 #bj consul1 confused with ambassador1 etc41 #bd confused with counsel1 #eb consummated1 when to avoid1 #ej convict1 prefer inmate to1 #ei cop barred1 #ed ,copy1 reading1 #f preparation of1 #g ,corrections1 making1 #a council confused with counsel1 #eb council chamber1 capitalization of1 #bj councilor confused with counselor1 #eb counsel confused with council1 #eb counselor confused with councilor1 #eb county1 capitalization of1 #ah coup de grace1 use of1 #ed coup d'etat1 use of1 #ed couple1 misuse of1 #bd courthouse1 capitalization of1 #bj courts1 capitalization of1 #ag ,creed1 journalist's1 #be critically preferred to dangerously1 #cc crown prince1 capitalization of1 #ag ,cupid1 avoid use of1 #ej curb1 spelling of1 #ea ,curiosity1 #d ,cuttlefish1 #g czar1 capitalization of1 #ag ,d damaged1 inanimate things are1 #cj ,dana1 ,charles ,a41 quoted1 #ca1 #ee dancer1 avoid feminine form of1 #bd dangerously1 prefer alarmingly to1 #cc ,dangling participle1 #aa ,darwinian theory1 #ee ,dash in heads1 #aj data1 number of1 #bd ,date lines1 punctuation and capitalization of1 #bb ,dates1 how to write1 #ch often called for1 #fb day1 capitalization of1 #ah dealt1 use of1 #cj death1 write simply of1 #ej decalog1 spelling of1 #eb deceased1 prefer dead man to1 #ej declaration of independence1 capitalization of1 #ah decollete1 spelling of1 #ea decoration day1 capitalization of1 #ah ,definite article misused1 #ch defunct1 avoid use of1 #ej degree of temperature1 use figures for1 #ch abbreviation of1 #dd capitalization of1 #ai deity1 capitalization of names and pronouns used for1 #ai democrat1 -ic1 capitalization of1 #ah denial1 use of subjunctive to imply1 #bi ,department head1 #h capitalization of1 #ag departs1 prefer leaves to1 #cj depositary confused with depository1 #eb depot1 prefer station to1 #be capitalization of1 #bj de riguer to be avoided1 #ed ,derivatives1 capitalization of1 #bj ,dialect1 #ad dialog1 spelling of1 #eb dick to be avoided1 #ee ,diction1 #ad ,dictionary1 get interested in1 #af sanctions nothing1 #ej different1 when superfluous1 #di different from1 preferred to different to1 #cg ,dimensions1 how to write1 #ch dip to be avoided1 #ee dispatch1 spelling of1 #ea distance of superfluous1 #di dive1 past tense of1 #cj dived preferred to dove1 #cj divine to be avoided as noun1 #bd ,do and don't1 #ed dominion day1 capitalization of1 #ah don't1 use of1 #dd ,double meaning in heads1 #aj ,doubling up have's1 #ca dove1 prefer dived to1 #cj ,dr41 use of1 #dh draft1 spelling of1 #ea drouth1 spelling of1 #ea duke1 capitalization of1 #ag ,duke of ,argyll1 quoted1 #bb duma1 capitalization of1 #ah spelling of1 #ea ,e each1 preferred to apiece1 #bg use masculine pronoun with1 #bg eager preferred to anxious1 #ce ,east1 -ern1 -erner1 capitalization of1 #ah ,editing copy1 #f ,editorial head1 #h effect confused with affect1 #eb ,e4 ,g41 use of1 #dd either1 use of1 #bg emigrant confused with immigrant1 #eb ,emperor1 capitalization of1 #ag employe1 spelling of1 #ea ,ending a sentence with to1 #bi ,end-mark1 use of1 #g ,english money1 abbreviation of1 #dd entente1 capitalization of1 #ai enthuse to be avoided1 #cj entirely completed1 use of1 #di envoy1 use of1 #bd ,epithets1 capitalization of1 #ai equally well1 use of1 #di ,errors in grammar1 #aa ,eskimo1 spelling of1 #ea esthetic1 spelling of1 #ea et al41 use of1 #ed ,ethics of the profession1 #e ,euphony1 #ga event1 use of1 #bd ,events1 names of notable1 capitalization of1 #ah every1 use masculine pronoun with1 #bg ex-1 use of1 #ag ,exception proves the rule1 #ee ,f facsimile1 use of1 #ea ,facts1 #b1 #d1 #h faker misused for fakir1 #eb fakir misused for faker1 #eb farther distinguished from further1 #cc favor1 spelling of1 #eb fearful1 meaning of1 #ce ,feature heads1 #h feel1 use of1 intransitively1 #bi feline misused as a noun1 #cd ,feminine forms of words1 #bd fiance and fiancee1 use of1 #ed ,fictitious names1 capitalization of1 #ai ,figures1 beginning a story1 #g rules governing1 #ch punctuation of1 #bb ,filipino1 spelling of1 #ea ,fine writing1 #d1 #ad ,firm names1 use of1 #db first of series1 writing of1 #ee ,first three years of the war1 #gb-gd flag1 capitalization of1 #ai ,flaubert1 ,camille1 quoted1 #fa floral offerings1 use of1 #ej flowers1 use of1 #ej follow copy1 use of phrase1 #g foot ball1 spelling of1 #ea ,force1 #eh forecast1 past tense of1 #ca forecasted1 prefer forecast to1 #ca foregoing statement1 use of1 #ef ,foreign phrases1 #b1 #ad1 #ed former1 capitalization of1 #ag fort1 abbreviation of1 #db forward1 spelling of1 #eb ,fourth of ,july1 capitalization of1 #ah ,fr41 use of1 #dh frisk1 misuse of1 #ee from misused with diseases1 #cg when to omit1 #cg ,front page paper1 #b funeral1 terms referring to1 #ej further distinguished from farther1 #cc future before him1 phrase to avoid1 #di ,g gaiety1 spelling of1 #ea gaily1 spelling of1 #ea ,game1 newspaper work as a1 #c garden1 capitalization of1 #ah gat1 misuse of1 #ee gatling1 capitalization of1 #bj gentleman1 use of1 #be ,geographical terms1 capitalization of1 #ah ,girls1 protection of good name of1 #ed goodby1 spelling of1 #ea government1 capitalization of1 #ag governor1 capitalization of1 #ag ,grace1 #eh ,grammar1 #aa bad1 not funny1 #ad ,grievance1 treatment of reader with a1 #b grim reaper to be avoided1 #ej groom misused for bridegroom1 #be guarantee misused for guaranty1 #ea guillotine1 capitalization of1 #bj grows smaller1 misuse of1 #ee gun1 misuse of1 #ee ,h ,hackneyed phrases1 #eg hall1 capitalization of1 #ag ,handles1 name1 #de hang1 past tense of1 #ca hanged1 use of1 #ca happen1 use of1 #cj happening1 use of1 #bd ,heads1 #h heart disease1 use of1 #ej failure1 use of1 #ej ,hebrew1 rules governing use of1 #df he or she1 avoid1 #bg healthful1 use of1 #ce healthy1 use of1 #ce ,herculean1 capitalization of1 #bj high noon1 avoid1 #di high school1 capitalization of1 #ai highway1 capitalization of1 #bj ,hill1 ,adams ,sherman1 quoted1 #ga ,hindu1 spelling of1 #ea his or her1 avoid1 #bg hoard confused with horde1 #eb hoi polloi1 use of1 without article1 #di holidays1 capitalization of1 #ah holy names1 places1 events1 etc41 capitalization of1 #ai home preferred to residence1 #be homeopathic1 spelling of1 #ea horde confused with hoard1 #eb hospital1 capitalization of1 #ag hotel1 capitalization of1 #ag house1 of representatives1 etc41 capitalization of1 #ah ,hull1 ,palmer1 etc41 capitalization of1 #ag preferred to residence1 #be ,howells1 ,william ,dean1 quoted1 #ad human used as adjective1 #cd hung1 use of1 #ca ,hymen1 avoid use of1 #ej ,hyphens1 use of1 #bb ,i ,i1 when barred1 #bg -ics1 nouns ending in1 #bd i4 e41 use of1 #dd if misused for whether1 #bh ,illustration head1 #h illy1 never use1 #cc immigrant confused with emigrant1 #eb immoral confused with unmoral1 #eb ,impersonal viewpoint1 #e in a street1 prefer on a street to1 #cg incident1 meaning of1 #bd ,indefinite figures1 #ch ,indentions1 #g india rubber1 capitalization of1 #bj in distinguished from into1 #cg ,infinitives1 split1 #bi time of1 #bi injured1 inanimate things not1 #cj inmate preferred to convict1 #ei in order to1 avoid use of1 #di insanitary misused for unsanitary1 #eb ,institutions1 ,michigan1 #ei ,instructions1 to reporters1 #d to copy readers1 #f ,interlining1 #g interment1 use of1 #ej ,interrogation point1 use of1 #bb into distinguished from in1 #cg invited guest1 misuse of1 #di ,i ,o ,u written without periods1 #dc island1 capitalization of1 #ah isthmus1 capitalization of1 #ah item used for story1 #ee its distinguished from it's1 #bg ,j ,jew1 use of1 #df ,journalist's creed1 #be judge1 capitalization of1 #ag distinguished from justice1 #ee junior1 abbreviation of1 #dc capitalization of1 #ah justice1 capitalization of1 #ag distinguished from judge1 #ee of supreme court1 #ef ,k kaiser1 capitalization of1 #ag ,khartum1 spelling of1 #ea kiddies1 avoid use of1 #ed kidnaped1 spelling of1 #ea kids1 use of1 #ed kind of not followed by article1 #ch king1 capitalization of1 #ag with ,roman numerals1 #ch knight1 use of title of1 #df ,knight ,templar1 plural of1 #eb ,korea1 spelling of1 #ea ,l ,labor ,day1 capitalization of1 #ah lady1 use of1 #be la grippe1 omit article with1 #di lane1 capitalization of1 #bj late1 the1 use of1 #ej latitude1 use figures to express1 #ch ,law of libel1 #c1 #fd-ga laws1 capitalization of1 #ai lay1 use of1 #bi-cj ,leaders1 use of1 #bb ,leads1 #g ,a4 ,p41 #ae leaves preferred to departs1 #cj legislative bodies1 capitalization of1 #ah legislature1 capitalization1 #ah ,leipzig1 spelling of1 #ea lend preferred to loan1 #cj lengthy1 prefer long to1 #cd lessen confused with lesson1 #eb ,libel laws1 #c1 #fd-ga liable misused for likely1 #cc ,liberal1 capitalization of1 #ah lie1 use of1 #bi-cj lieutenant-governor1 capitalization of1 #ag like misused as conjunction1 #bh likely preferred to liable1 #cc live at hotel preferred to stop at hotel1 #cj lives preferred to reside1 #cj livid1 use of1 #ce loan1 prefer lend to1 #cj localities1 capitalization of names of1 #ah long preferred to lengthy1 #cd ,longfellow1 ,henry ,w41 quoted1 #aa longitude1 use figures with1 #ch long way1 spelling of1 #eb look1 use of1 intransitively1 #bi lurid1 use of1 #ce ,m ,m in heads1 #i macadam1 capitalization of1 #bj ,macaulay1 ,thomas ,babington1 quoted1 #ea maize confused with maze1 #eb majority1 meaning of1 #bd man preferred to gentleman1 #be maneuver1 spelling of1 #ea many preferred to a number of1 #cd ,margins1 #g marriage confused with wedding1 #ej master to be avoided1 #de may in heads1 #aj mayor1 capitalization of1 #ag maze confused with maize1 #eb medieval1 spelling of1 #ea memoranda1 number of1 #bd ,metric system1 #dj-da ,metier1 learning the1 #f ,mich41 use of1 #dc ,michigan ,institutions1 #ei middle west1 capitalization of1 #ah ,military titles1 punctuation of1 #ai capitalization of1 #ai abbreviation of1 #dd minister1 diplomatic1 #bd of gospel1 #dh miraculous escape1 avoid use of1 #ef ,misspelled names1 #de ,mohammed1 spelling of1 #ea ,money1 sums of1 #bd how written1 #ch ,english1 abbreviation of1 #dd months1 abbreviation of1 #dd more certain to be avoided1 #ee most misused for almost1 #ed ,most ,rev41 use of1 #dh motor car preferred to auto1 #be motorist preferred to autoist1 #bd mount1 abbreviation of1 #db murder not always barred1 #ed ,mrs4 ,judge1 use of1 barred1 #de ,n ,names1 abbreviation of1 #dc connected1 capitalization of1 #bj holy1 capitalization of1 #ai of railroads1 #eb rules governing use of1 #de rules governing capitalization of1 #ag nationalities1 capitalization of1 #ai navy1 abbreviation of titles of1 #dd capitalization of1 #ai organization of1 #fj nearby1 spelling of1 #ea nee1 use of1 #cd ,negatives in heads1 #aj neither1 use of1 #bg ,newburgh1 spelling of1 #eb new recruit to be avoided1 #di ,news1 aim of1 ,the1 #a capitalization of ,the1 #ai ,newspapers1 capitalization1 of names of1 #ai ,new ,year's1 capitalization of1 #ah ,new ,york ,sun1 words barred by the1 #ca nice1 prefer agreeable to1 #cd ,nicknames1 use of1 #de capitalization of1 #ai ,no41 use of1 #dc nobody preferred to not anybody1 #bg no one preferred to not any one1 #bg nom de guerre in good usage1 #ed nom de plume to be avoided1 #ed north1 -ern1 -erner1 capitalization of1 #ah ,nouns1 rules governing1 #bd novice1 meaning of1 #ee ,numbers1 rules governing1 #ch punctuation of1 #bb street1 #bb1 #ch ,o ,o1 use of1 #ee obsequies to be avoided1 #ej ,observation1 #bc obtain preferred to secure1 #cj occasionally1 use of1 #cc occur1 use of1 #cj occurrence1 meaning of1 #bd ocean1 capitalization of1 #ah off from1 prefer off to1 #cg off of1 prefer off to1 #cg off1 use of1 #cg of when used with diseases1 #cg oh1 use of1 #ee ,o4 ,k41 use of1 #bj old adage to be avoided1 #di ,old ,glory1 capitalization of1 #ai old veterans to be avoided1 #di on a street preferred to in a street1 #cg on the part of to be avoided1 #cg only1 beware of1 #cc ,ordinals1 #ch orient1 capitalization of1 #ag oriental1 capitalization of1 #bj ,originality1 #fa ,oslerian theory1 #ee over a signature to be avoided1 #cg ,overscore n1 #g ,p pajamas1 spelling of1 #ea ,panamans1 spelling of1 #eb pants1 prefer trousers to1 #ee painfully1 when to avoid1 #cc paraphernalia1 number of1 #bd parcel post1 spelling of1 #ea paris green1 capitalization of1 #bj park1 capitalization of1 #ah parliament1 capitalization of1 #ah parlor1 capitalization of1 #ah parlous1 prefer perilous to1 #ce ,participial construction1 #bd ,participle1 dangling1 #aa ,particles1 capitalization of1 in foreign names1 #bj parties1 political1 capitalization of1 #ah political1 abbreviation of1 #dd partly completed to be avoided1 #di party misused for person1 #bd ,paste sheets1 do not1 #g pasteurize1 capitalization of1 #bj pen name preferred to nom de plume1 #ed people misused for persons1 #bd per1 use of1 #ed per cent1 use of1 #ch1 #ed per day1 prefer a day to1 #ed perilous preferred to parlous1 #ce ,period1 use of1 #bb ring1 #g periodicals1 capitalization1 of names of1 #ai person preferred to party1 #bd phenomena1 number of1 #bd philistine1 capitalization of1 #bj philippic1 capitalization of1 #bj phone1 prefer telephone to1 #be ,phrases1 holy1 capitalization of1 #ai pianist1 avoid feminine form of1 #bd ,pictorial power of words1 #af pistol confused with revolver1 #ee ,pittsburgh1 spelling of1 #eb place1 capitalization of1 #bj platonic1 capitalization of1 #bj plead1 past tense of1 #ca pleaded preferred to pled1 #ca pled1 prefer pleaded to1 #ca plow1 spelling of1 #ea plurality1 meaning of1 #bd p4 m41 use of1 #ch1 #dd capitalization of1 #bj poet1 avoid feminine form of1 #bd ,poisons1 use of names of1 #ed pole1 capitalization of1 #ah police court1 capitalization of1 #bj policeman preferred to cop1 #ed poorhouse1 capitalization of1 #bj port1 abbreviation of1 #db ,porto ,rico1 spelling of1 #ea possibly1 redundant with may1 #di ,post1 ,new ,york ,evening1 quoted1 #eh postoffice1 capitalization of1 #bj preachers1 use of1 #dh precinct1 capitalization of1 #ah ,precision1 #ga ,preparing copy1 #g ,prepositions in heads1 #h rules governing1 #cg present incumbent to be avoided1 #di present tense1 heads in1 #h1 #aj president1 abbreviation of1 #h capitalization of1 #ag preventative1 prefer preventive to1 #bd previously to preferred to previous to1 #cc ,prices written in figures1 #ch priest1 use of1 #dh princes1 capitalization of1 #ag principal confused with principle1 #eb ,prison record1 do not print1 #ei procure preferred to secure1 #cj ,profanity1 use of1 #c professor1 use of1 #de program1 spelling of1 #eb progressive1 capitalization of1 #ah prone1 meaning of1 #ed ,pronouns1 rules governing1 #bg ,proper nouns and derivatives1 capitalization of1 #bj prophecy confused with prophesy1 #eb proportion preferred to per cent1 #bd proven1 prefer proved to1 #cj pseudonym preferred to nom de plume1 #ed ,punctuation1 in heads1 #aj inside quotation marks1 #bc rules governing1 #bb purchased1 prefer bought to1 #cj ,q ,question mark1 use of1 #b ,quotation marks1 in heads1 #aj use of1 #bc ,quotations misapplied1 #ee verify1 #ef ,r rabbi1 use of1 #dh racing time written in figures1 #ch races1 capitalization of1 #ai raise1 use of1 #bi1 #cj ,reading copy1 #f recorder1 definition of1 #ee reformation1 capitalization of1 #ah regular monthly meeting to be avoided1 #di reichstag1 capitalization of1 #ah relieved of1 prefer robbed of to1 #cj religious denominations1 capitalization of1 #ah remains1 prefer body to1 #ah render to be avoided1 #ee repertory1 spelling of1 #ea ,reporters1 instructions to1 #d kept out of story1 #ed republican1 capitalization of1 #ah ,reputation1 woman's1 #c residence1 prefer home to1 #be rest preferred to balance1 #be resides1 prefer lives to1 #cj ,rev41 use of1 #dh revolution1 capitalization of1 #ah revolver misused for pistol1 #ee rise1 use of1 #bi1 #cj river1 capitalization of1 #ah road1 capitalization of1 #bj robbed of preferred to relieved of1 #bj ,roman numerals1 use of1 #ch table of1 #ci room1 capitalization of1 #ah ,ross1 ,charles ,g41 quoted1 #f1 #h ,s sable hearse to be avoided1 #ej sad rites to be avoided1 #ej saint1 abbreviation of1 #dd same1 the1 use of1 #bg ,savior1 spelling of1 #eb ,scores written in figures1 #ch ,scriptural texts1 how to write1 #dd sear confused with sere1 #eb seasons1 capitalization of1 #bj sections of states1 etc41 capitalization of1 #ah secure1 prefer obtain to1 #cj seer confused with sear1 #eb ,semicolons1 use of1 #bb senate1 capitalization of1 #ah senior1 abbreviation of1 #dc capitalization of1 #ah sere confused with seer1 #eb set1 use of1 #bi1 #cj several preferred to a number of1 #cd sewage1 meaning of1 #bd sewer1 meaning of1 #bd sewerage1 meaning of1 #bd ,shakespeare1 spelling of1 #ea ,shakespearean1 spelling of1 #ea shape1 prefer condition to1 #ee ship body to be avoided1 #ej sight confused with site1 #eb signature1 write under a1 #cg sine qua non to be avoided1 #ed sit1 use of1 #bi1 #cj site confused with sight1 #eb skilful1 spelling of1 #ea ,simplicity1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #aa1 #ga ,sincerity1 #e ,slang1 use of1 #ee punctuation of1 #bc smell1 use of1 intransitively1 #bi socialist1 -ic1 capitalization of1 #ah societies1 capitalization of1 #ag socratic1 capitalization of1 #bj so far as to be avoided1 #cc so followed by negative1 #cc solemn black to be avoided1 #ej so long as1 use of1 #cc some1 barred as adverb1 #cc prefer somewhat to1 #cc somebody1 use masculine pronoun with1 #bg somewhat preferred to some1 #cc sort of1 omit article after1 #ch ,s ,o ,s1 punctuation of1 #dc so that to be avoided1 #di sound1 use of1 intransitively1 #bi ,sources of information1 #d south1 -ern1 -erner1 capitalization of1 #ah ,space1 triple1 #g spectators1 meaning of1 #ee ,spelling1 #ea ,split infinitives1 #bi square1 capitalization of1 #ah ,stars and ,bars1 capitalization of1 #ai ,stars and ,stripes1 capitalization of1 #ai ,states1 abbreviations of1 #db station1 preferred to depot1 #be capitalization of1 #bj ,statistics1 use figures in1 #ch vital1 #ej ,stevenson1 ,robert ,louis1 quoted1 #f stocks1 capitalization of names of1 #ai stop at hotel to be avoided1 #cj stork1 avoid reference to1 #ej story1 prefer item to1 #ee street1 capitalization of1 #bj strata1 number of1 #bd street numbers1 writing of1 #ch punctuation of1 #bb sturm und drang to be avoided1 #ed subpena1 spelling of1 #ea ,subjunctive1 use of1 #bi such1 use of1 as pronoun1 #bg suffraget1 spelling of1 #eb suicide1 when to use1 #ed sultan1 capitalization of1 #ag ,sun1 the ,new ,york1 words barred by1 #ca ,superfluous words1 #di ,superlatives to be avoided1 #cd supine1 meaning of1 #ed supreme court1 capitalization of1 #ag ,synonyms1 search for1 #af in heads1 #h misuse of1 #ad ,t take place1 use of1 #cj technic1 spelling of1 #ea telephone preferred to phone1 #be temperature1 how to write1 #ch terrace1 capitalization of1 #bj terrible1 meaning of1 #ce testimony1 punctuation of1 #bc ,thanksgiving ,day1 capitalization of1 #ah that1 barred as adverb1 #cc preferred to as1 #bh use of1 #bh the1 capitalization of1 #ag theater1 capitalization of1 #ag spelling of1 #eb ,thesaurus1 use of1 #eh these sort misused1 #bg things1 names of notable1 capitalization of1 #ah this barred as adverb1 #cc thither to be avoided1 #ee ,three rules1 #bb ,tibet1 spelling of1 #ea timber1 spelling of1 #eb ,time1 how to write1 #ch tires1 spelling of1 #ea ,titles1 capitalization of1 #ag church1 #di punctuation of1 #ai rules governing1 #de to1 different1 barred1 #cg in infinitives1 #bi things compared1 #cj today1 spelling of1 #ea toga1 misuse of1 #ee ,tolstoy1 spelling of1 #ea tomorrow1 spelling of1 #ea tory1 capitalization of1 #ah totally destroyed to be avoided1 #di tots to be avoided1 #ed toward1 spelling of1 #eb trade unions1 plural of1 #ea transpire1 meaning of1 #cj treaties1 capitalization of1 #ai triple entente1 etc41 capitalization of1 #ai ,trite phrases1 #eh trousers preferred to pants1 #ee true facts to be avoided1 #di ,truth1 #b1 #e1 #ad ,turgenieff1 spelling of1 #ea turn over preferred to turn turtle1 #cj ,twain1 ,mark1 quoted1 #ca tying1 spelling of1 #ea ,u under a signature preferred1 #cg ,underscore u1 #g union1 -ist1 capitalization of1 #ah ,union ,jack1 capitalization of1 #ai ,unit lines in heads1 #i university1 capitalization of1 #ai unless preferred to without1 #bh unmoral confused with immoral #eb unsanitary confused with insanitary1 #eb ,untruth1 #b upper peninsula1 etc41 capitalization of1 #ah utopia1 capitalization of1 #bj ,v varsity1 punctuation of1 #eb ,verbs1 in heads1 #i rules governing1 #bi very1 eschew the word1 #cd ,very ,rev41 use of1 #dh vice-president1 capitalization of1 #ag viceroy1 capitalization of1 #ag violinist1 avoid feminine form of1 #bd ,vital statistics1 #ej viz41 use of1 #dd ,vocabulary1 broaden the1 #af votes1 use figures for1 #ch vilify1 spelling of1 #ea vying1 spelling of1 #ea ,w want preferred to wish1 #cj ,war1 first three years of1 #gb-gd ward1 capitalization of1 #ah war1 capitalization of1 #ah ,w in heads1 #i wages1 number of1 #ee way1 capitalization of1 #bj ,way to become original1 #fa we1 editorial1 use of1 #ee ,webster1 ,edward ,harlan1 quoted1 #af ,webster's dictionary1 #dh wedding confused with marriage1 #ej ,weights and measures1 #dj weird1 use of1 #ce well known1 use of1 #di west1 -ern1 -erner1 capitalization of1 #ah whether1 or not1 #di preferred to if1 #bh while misused for although1 #bh preferred to whilst1 #ee whilst to be avoided1 #ee whisky1 spelling of1 #ea ,white ,house1 capitalization of1 #bj whither to be avoided1 #ee ,whitman1 ,walt1 quoted1 #d wholesome preferred to healthful1 #ce who1 use of1 #bh whom1 use of1 #bg widow1 use of1 #ej widow woman to be avoided1 #di wife1 use of1 #ej1 #ee ,wilkes-,barre1 spelling of1 #ea ,williams1 ,walter1 quoted1 #be wish preferred to want1 #cj with1 book illustrated1 sketches1 #cg things compared1 #cj without misused for unless1 #bh woman preferred to lady1 #be ,women1 protection of good name of1 #ed ,words1 pictorial power of1 #af superfluous1 #di woolly1 spelling of1 #ea world series1 spelling of1 #ea ,x ,xmas1 prefer ,christmas to1 #dd ,y years1 punctuation of1 #bb ,your audience1 #ce ,transcriber's ,note3 ,spelling1 grammar and punctuation have been preserved as they appear in the original publication except as follows3 ,page #bb cartridges and bandages1 changed to cartridges and bandages4 ,page #cd thay are saying changed to they are saying ,page #ce care is needed is using changed to care is needed in using anything else4 ,lurid means a changed to anything else4 ,lurid means a ,page #di general concensus of opinion changed to general consensus of opinion ,page #eb ,pittsburg1 ,cleveland1 ,chicago changed to ,pittsburgh1 ,cleveland1 ,chicago ,page #ed de rigueur changed to de riguer ,page #ee call a revolver a gun changed to call a revolver a gun ,page #fa one adjective to quality it changed to one adjective to qualify it ,page #gh avoid euphuisms regarding changed to avoid euphemisms regarding ,page #hj lines1 punctuatuon and capitalization changed to lines1 punctuation and capitalization democrat1 -ic41 capitalization changed to democrat1 -ic1 capitalization ,page #aja repertory1 spelling of1 #ea ,in the original this entry appeared between room and ,ross4 ,for this ebook it has been placed in alphabetical order between render and reporters