,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,trial ,,by ,,jury4 ,,by ,,lys&] ,,spoon]4 ,,bo/on3 ,,john ,p4 ,,jewett ,,& ,,company4 ,,clevel&1 ,,ohio3 ,,jewett1 ,,proctor ,,wor?+ton4 #aheb4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #aheb1 by ,,lys&] ,,spoon]1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,notice ,,to ,,engli% ,,publi%]s4 ,! au?or claims ! copyright ( ?is book 9 ,engl&1 on ,common ,law pr9ciples1 )\t reg>d to acts ( p>liam5t2 & if ! ma9 pr9ciple ( ! book itself be true1 viz41 t no legislation1 9 conflict ) ! ,common ,law1 is ( any validity1 8 claim is a legal "o4 ,he =bids any "o to repr9t ! book )\t 8 cons5t4 ,/]eotyp$ by ,,hob>t ,,robb9s2 ,new ,engl& ,type & ,/]eotype ,f\nd]y1 ,,bo/on4 ,,note4 ,?is volume1 x is presum$ by ! au?or1 gives :at w g5]ally be consid]$ satisfactory evid5ce1--?\gh n all ! evid5ce1--( :at ! ,common ,law trial by jury really is4 ,9 a future volume1 if x %\ld be call$ =1 x is design$ to corroborate ! gr\nds tak5 9 ?is2 give a concise view ( ! ,engli% con/itution2 %[ ! uncon/itutional "* ( ! exi/+ gov]nm5t 9 ,engl&1 & ! uncon/itutional means by :i* ! trial by jury has be5 brok5 d[n 9 practice2 prove t1 nei!r 9 ,engl& nor ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h legislatures ev] be5 inve/$ by ! p ) any au?ority to impair ! p[]s1 *ange ! oa?s1 or 7) few exceptions7 abridge ! jurisdiction1 ( juries1 or select jurors on any o!r ?an ,common ,law pr9ciples2 &1 consequ5tly1 t1 9 bo? c\ntries1 legislation is /ill con/itutionally subord9ate to ! discretion & consci5ces ( ,common ,law juries1 9 all cases1 bo? civil & crim9al1 9 :i* juries sit4 ,! same volume w probably also discuss sev]al political & legal que/ions1 :i* w naturally assume importance if ! trial by jury %\ld be re/abli%$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,juries ,,to ,,judge ,,( ,,! ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,laws1 #e ,,section #a1 #e ,,section #b1 #aa ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,trial ,,by ,,jury1 ,,z ,,def9$ ,,by ,,magna ,,c>ta1 #bj ,,section #a4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,magna ,c>ta1 #bj ,,section #b4 ,! ,language ( ,magna ,c>ta1 #be ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,additional ,,pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,rights ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,jurors1 #ea ,,section #a4 ,weakness ( ! ,regal ,au?ority1 #ea ,,section #b4 ,! ,anci5t ,common ,law ,juries 7 m]e ,c\rts ( ,consci5ce1 #fc ,,section #c4 ,! ,oa?s ( ,jurors1 #he ,,section #d4 ,! ,"r ( ,jurors to fix ! ,s5t5ce1 #ia ,,section #e4 ,! ,oa?s ( ,judges1 #ih ,,section #f4 ,! ,coronation ,oa?1 #ajb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,rights ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,juries ,,9 ,,civil ,,suits1 #aaj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,objections ,,answ]$1 #abh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,juries ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,illegal1 #adb ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,illegal ,,judges1 #aeg ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,free ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,ju/ice1 #agb ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,crim9al ,,int5t1 #agh ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,moral ,,consid]ations ,,= ,,jurors1 #ahi ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,au?ority ,,( ,,magna ,,c>ta1 #aib ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,limitations ,,impos$ ,,^u ,,! ,,majority ,,by ,,! ,,trial ,,by ,,jury1 #bjf ,,app5dix--,,taxation1 #bbb ,,trial ,,by ,,jury4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,juries ,,to ,,judge ,,( ,,! ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,laws4 ,,section ,i4 ,= m ?an six hundr$ ye>s--t is1 s9ce ,magna ,c>ta1 9 #abae--!re has be5 no cle>] pr9ciple ( ,engli% or ,am]ican con/itutional law1 ?an t1 9 crim9al cases1 x is n only ! "r & duty ( juries to judge :at are ! facts1 :at is ! law1 & :at 0 ! moral int5t ( ! accus$2 b t x is also _! "r1 & _! prim>y & p>am\nt duty1 to judge ( ! ju/ice ( ! law1 & to hold all laws invalid1 t are1 9 _! op9ion1 unju/ or oppressive1 & all p]sons guiltless 9 violat+1 or resi/+ ! execution (1 su* laws4 ,unless su* be ! "r & duty ( jurors1 x is pla9 t1 in/ead ( juries be+ a palladium ( lib]ty--a b>ri] aga9/ ! tyranny & oppression ( ! gov]nm5t--!y are really m]e tools 9 its h&s1 = c>ry+ into execution any inju/ice & oppression x may desire to h execut$4 ,b = _! "r to judge ( ! law1 & ! ju/ice ( ! law1 juries w\ld be no protection to an accus$ p]son1 ev5 z to matt]s ( fact2 =1 if ! gov]nm5t c dictate to a jury any law :atev]1 9 a crim9al case1 x c c]ta9ly dictate to !m ! laws ( evid5ce4 ,t is1 x c dictate :at evid5ce is admissible1 & :at inadmissible1 & also :at =ce or weight is to be giv5 to ! evid5ce admitt$4 ,& if ! gov]nm5t c ?us dictate to a jury ! laws ( evid5ce1 x c n only make x necess>y = !m to convict on a p>tial exhibition ( ! evid5ce rightfully p]ta9+ to ! case1 b x c ev5 require !m to convict on any evid5ce :atev] t x pleases to (f] !m4 ,t ! rights & duties ( jurors mu/ necess>ily be su* z are "h claim$ = !m1 w be evid5t :5 x is consid]$ :at ! trial by jury is1 & :at is its object4 ,! trial by jury1 !n1 is a trial by ! c\ntry--t is1 by ! p--z di/+ui%$ f a trial by ! gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 anci5tly call$ trial p] pais--t is1 trial by ! c\ntry4 ,& n[1 9 e crim9al trial1 ! jury are told t ! accus$ has1 = trial1 put himself ^u ! c\ntry2 :i* c\ntry y 7! jury7 are4 ,! object ( ?is trial by ! c\ntry or by ! p1 9 pref]5ce to a trial by ! gov]nm5t1 is to gu>d aga9/ e species ( oppression by ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is end1 x is indisp5sable t ! p1 or ! c\ntry1 judge ( & det]m9e _! own lib]ties aga9/ ! gov]nm5t2 in/ead ( ! gov]nm5t's judg+ ( & det]m9+ its own p[]s ov] ! p4 ,h[ is x possible t juries c d any?+ to protect ! lib]ties ( ! p aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 if !y are n all[$ to det]m9e :at ^? lib]ties are8 ,any gov]nm5t1 t is its own judge (1 & det]m9es au?oritatively = ! p1 :at are its own p[]s ov] ! p1 is an absolute gov]nm5t ( c\rse4 ,x has all ! p[]s t x *ooses to ex]cise4 ,!re is no o!r--or at lea/ no m accurate--def9ition ( a despotism ?an ?is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any p1 t judge (1 & det]m9e au?oritatively = ! gov]nm5t1 :at are _! own lib]ties aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 ( c\rse reta9 all ! lib]ties !y wi% to enjoy4 ,& ?is is fre$om4 ,at lea/1 x is fre$om to !m2 because1 al?\gh x may be !oretically imp]fect1 x1 nev]!less1 corresponds to _! highe/ notions ( fre$om4 ,to secure ?is "r ( ! p to judge ( _! own lib]ties aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 ! jurors are tak51 7or mu/ be1 to make !m lawful jurors17 f ! body ( ! p1 by lot1 or by "s process t precludes any previ\s k1 *oice1 or selection ( !m1 on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is is done to prev5t ! gov]nm5t's con/itut+ a jury ( its own p>tisans or fri5ds2 9 o!r words1 to prev5t ! gov]nm5t's pack+ a jury1 ) a view to ma9ta9 its own laws1 & accompli% its own purposes4 ,x is suppos$ t1 if twelve m5 be tak51 by lot1 f ! mass ( ! p1 )\t ! possibility ( any previ\s k1 *oice1 or selection ( !m1 on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! jury w be a fair epitome ( ! c\ntry at l>ge1 & n m]ely ( ! p>ty or faction t su/a9 ! measures ( ! gov]nm5t2 t sub/antially all classes ( op9ions1 prevail+ among ! p1 w be repres5t$ 9 ! jury2 & especially t ! oppon5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 7if ! gov]nm5t h any oppon5ts17 w be repres5t$ !re1 z well z its fri5ds2 t ! classes1 :o are oppress$ by ! laws ( ! gov]nm5t1 7if any are ?us oppress$17 w h _! repres5tatives 9 ! jury1 z well z ^? classes1 :o take sides ) ! oppressor--t is1 ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is fairly presumable t su* a tribunal w agree to no conviction except su* z sub/antially ! :ole c\ntry w\ld agree to1 if !y 7 pres5t1 tak+ "p 9 ! trial4 ,a trial by su* a tribunal is1 !re=e1 9 effect1 a trial by ! c\ntry4 ,9 its results x probably comes z ne> to a trial by ! :ole c\ntry1 z any trial t x is practicable to h1 )\t too great inconv5i5ce & exp5se4 ,& z unanimity is requir$ = a conviction1 x foll[s t no "o c be convict$1 except = ! violation ( su* laws z sub/antially ! :ole c\ntry wi% to h ma9ta9$4 ,! gov]nm5t c en=ce none ( its laws1 7by puni%+ (f5d]s1 ?r\gh ! v]dicts ( juries17 except su* z sub/antially ! :ole p wi% to h en=c$4 ,! gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 consi/5tly ) ! trial by jury1 c ex]cise no p[]s ov] ! p1 7or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ov] ! accus$ p]son1 :o repres5ts ! rights ( ! p17 except su* z sub/antially ! :ole p ( ! c\ntry cons5t t x may ex]cise4 ,9 su* a trial1 !re=e1 ! c\ntry1 or ! p1 judge ( & det]m9e _! own lib]ties aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 in/ead ( ! gov]nm5t's judg+ ( & det]m9+ its own p[]s ov] ! p4 ,b all ?is trial by ! c\ntry w\ld be no trial at all by ! c\ntry1 b only a trial by ! gov]nm5t1 if ! gov]nm5t c\ld ei!r decl>e :o may1 & :o may n1 be jurors1 or c\ld dictate to ! jury any?+ :atev]1 ei!r ( law or evid5ce1 t is ( ! ess5ce ( ! trial4 ,if ! gov]nm5t may decide :o may1 & :o may n1 be jurors1 x w ( c\rse select only its p>tisans1 & ^? fri5dly to its measures4 ,x may n only prescribe :o may1 & :o may n1 be eligible to be drawn z jurors2 b x may also "q ea* p]son drawn z a juror1 z to 8 s5tim5ts 9 reg>d to ! p>ticul> law involv$ 9 ea* trial1 be=e suff]+ him to be sworn on ! panel2 & exclude him if he be f\nd unfavorable to ! ma9t5ance ( su* a law4#a ,s1 also1 if ! gov]nm5t may dictate to ! jury :at laws !y are to en=ce1 x is no long] a trial by ! c\ntry1 b a trial by ! gov]nm5t2 because ! jury !n try ! accus$1 n by any /&>d ( _! own--n by _! own judgm5ts ( _! rightful lib]ties--b by a /&>d dictat$ to !m by ! gov]nm5t4 ,& ! /&>d1 ?us dictat$ by ! gov]nm5t1 becomes ! measure ( ! p's lib]ties4 ,if ! gov]nm5t dictate ! /&>d ( trial1 x ( c\rse dictates ! results ( ! trial4 ,& su* a trial is no trial by ! c\ntry1 b only a trial by ! gov]nm5t2 & 9 x ! gov]nm5t det]m9es :at are its own p[]s ov] ! p1 in/ead ( ! p's det]m9+ :at are _! own lib]ties aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 %ort1 if ! jury h no "r to judge ( ! ju/ice ( a law ( ! gov]nm5t1 !y pla9ly c d no?+ to protect ! p aga9/ ! oppressions ( ! gov]nm5t2 = !re are no oppressions :i* ! gov]nm5t may n au?orize by law4 ,! jury are also to judge :e!r ! laws are rightly exp\nd$ to !m by ! c\rt4 ,unless !y judge on ?is po9t1 !y d no?+ to protect _! lib]ties aga9/ ! oppressions t are capable ( be+ practis$ "u cov] ( a corrupt exposition ( ! laws4 ,if ! judici>y c au?oritatively dictate to a jury any exposition ( ! law1 !y c dictate to !m ! law itself1 & su* laws z !y please2 because laws are1 9 practice1 "o ?+ or ano!r1 accord+ z !y are exp\nd$4 ,! jury mu/ also judge :e!r !re really be any su* law1 7be x good or bad17 z ! accus$ is *>g$ ) hav+ transgress$4 ,unless !y judge on ?is po9t1 ! p are liable to h _! lib]ties tak5 f !m by brute =ce1 )\t any law at all4 ,! jury mu/ also judge ( ! laws ( evid5ce4 ,if ! gov]nm5t c dictate to a jury ! laws ( evid5ce1 x c n only %ut out any evid5ce x pleases1 t5d+ to v9dicate ! accus$1 b x c require t any evid5ce :atev]1 t x pleases to (f]1 be held z conclusive pro( ( any (f5ce :atev] :i* ! gov]nm5t *ooses to allege4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t ! jury mu/ judge ( & try ! :ole case1 & e "p & p>cel ( ! case1 free ( any dictation or au?ority on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,!y mu/ judge ( ! exi/5ce ( ! law2 ( ! true exposition ( ! law2 ( ! ju/ice ( ! law2 & ( ! admissibility & weight ( all ! evid5ce (f]$2 o!rwise ! gov]nm5t w h ev]y?+ its own way2 ! jury w be m]e puppets 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t2 & ! trial w be1 9 reality1 a trial by ! gov]nm5t1 & n a trial by ! c\ntry4 ,by su* trials ! gov]nm5t w det]m9e its own p[]s ov] ! p1 in/ead ( ! p's det]m9+ _! own lib]ties aga9/ ! gov]nm5t2 & x w be an entire delusion to talk1 z = c5turies we h done1 ( ! trial by jury1 z a palladium ( lib]ty1 or z any protection to ! p aga9/ ! oppression & tyranny ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! "q1 !n1 betwe5 trial by jury1 z ?us describ$1 & trial by ! gov]nm5t1 is simply a "q betwe5 lib]ty & despotism4 ,! au?ority to judge :at are ! p[]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 & :at ! lib]ties ( ! p1 mu/ necess>ily be ve/$ 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! p>ties !mselves--! gov]nm5t1 or ! p2 because !re is no ?ird p>ty to :om x c be entru/$4 ,if ! au?ority be ve/$ 9 ! gov]nm5t1 ! gov]nm5t is absolute1 & ! p h no lib]ties except su* z ! gov]nm5t sees fit to indulge !m )4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 t au?ority be ve/$ 9 ! p1 !n ! p h all lib]ties1 7z aga9/ ! gov]nm5t17 except su* z sub/antially ! :ole p 7?r\gh a jury7 *oose to disclaim2 & ! gov]nm5t c ex]cise no p[] except su* z sub/antially ! :ole p 7?r\gh a jury7 cons5t t x may ex]cise4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,! =ce & ju/ice ( ! prec$+ argum5t _c be evad$ by say+ t ! gov]nm5t is *os5 by ! p2 t1 9 !ory1 x repres5ts ! p2 t x is design$ to d ! w ( ! p2 t its memb]s are all sworn to obs]ve ! fundam5tal or con/itutional law in/itut$ by ! p2 t its acts are !re=e entitl$ to be consid]$ ! acts ( ! p2 & t to all[ a jury1 repres5t+ ! p1 to invalidate ! acts ( ! gov]nm5t1 w\ld !re=e be array+ ! p aga9/ !mselves4 ,!re are two answ]s to su* an argum5t4 ,"o answ] is1 t1 9 a repres5tative gov]nm5t1 !re is no absurdity or contradiction1 nor any array+ ( ! p aga9/ !mselves1 9 requir+ t ! /atutes or enactm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t %all pass ! ordeal ( any numb] ( sep>ate tribunals1 be=e x %all be det]m9$ t !y are to h ! =ce ( laws4 ,our ,am]ican con/itutions h provid$ five ( ^! sep>ate tribunals1 to wit1 repres5tatives1 s5ate1 executive1#b jury1 & judges2 & h made x necess>y t ea* enactm5t %all pass ! ordeal ( all ^! sep>ate tribunals1 be=e its au?ority c be e/abli%$ by ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o *oose to transgress x4 ,& !re is no m absurdity or inconsi/5cy 9 mak+ a jury "o ( ^! sev]al tribunals1 ?an !re is 9 mak+ ! repres5tatives1 or ! s5ate1 or ! executive1 or ! judges1 "o ( !m4 ,!re is no m absurdity 9 giv+ a jury a veto ^u ! laws1 ?an !re is 9 giv+ a veto to ea* ( ^! o!r tribunals4 ,! p are no m array$ aga9/ !mselves1 :5 a jury puts its veto ^u a /atute1 :i* ! o!r tribunals h sanction$1 ?an !y are :5 ! same veto is ex]cis$ by ! repres5tatives1 ! s5ate1 ! executive1 or ! judges4 ,b ano!r answ] to ! argum5t t ! p are array$ aga9/ !mselves1 :5 a jury hold an enactm5t ( ! gov]nm5t invalid1 is1 t ! gov]nm5t1 & all ! dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 are m]ely ! s]vants & ag5ts ( ! p2 n inve/$ ) arbitr>y or absolute au?ority to b9d ! p1 b requir$ to submit all _! enactm5ts to ! judgm5t ( a tribunal m fairly repres5t+ ! :ole p1 be=e !y c>ry !m into execution1 by puni%+ any individual = transgress+ !m4 ,if ! gov]nm5t 7 n ?us requir$ to submit _! enactm5ts to ! judgm5t ( ! c\ntry1 be=e execut+ !m ^u individuals--if1 9 o!r words1 ! p _h res]v$ to !mselves no veto ^u ! acts ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! gov]nm5t1 in/ead ( be+ a m]e s]vant & ag5t ( ! p1 w\ld be an absolute despot ov] ! p4 ,x w\ld h all p[] 9 its own h&s2 because ! p[] to puni% c>ries all o!r p[]s ) x4 ,a p[] t c1 ( itself1 & by its own au?ority1 puni% disob$i5ce1 c compel ob$i5ce & submission1 & is above all responsibility = ! "* ( its laws4 ,9 %ort1 x is a despotism4 ,& x is ( no consequ5ce to inquire h[ a gov]nm5t came by ?is p[] to puni%1 :e!r by prescription1 by inh]itance1 by usurpation1 or by delegation f ! p8 ,if x h n[ b got x1 ! gov]nm5t is absolute4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t if ! p h inve/$ ! gov]nm5t ) p[] to make laws t absolutely b9d ! p1 & to puni% ! p = transgress+ ^? laws1 ! p h surr5d]$ _! lib]ties unres]v$ly into ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is ( no avail to say1 9 answ] to ?is view ( ! case1 t 9 surr5d]+ _! lib]ties into ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! p took an oa? f ! gov]nm5t1 t x w\ld ex]cise its p[] )9 c]ta9 con/itutional limits2 = :5 did oa?s ev] re/ra9 a gov]nm5t t 0 o!rwise unre/ra9$8 ,or :5 did a gov]nm5t fail to det]m9e t all its acts 7 )9 ! con/itutional & au?oriz$ limits ( its p[]1 if x 7 p]mitt$ to det]m9e t "q = itself8 ,nei!r is x ( any avail to say1 t1 if ! gov]nm5t abuse its p[]1 & enact unju/ & oppressive laws1 ! gov]nm5t may be *ang$ by ! influ5ce ( discussion1 & ! ex]cise ( ! "r ( suffrage4 ,discussion c d no?+ to prev5t ! enactm5t1 or procure ! repeal1 ( unju/ laws1 unless x be und]/ood t ! discussion is to be foll[$ by resi/ance4 ,tyrants c>e no?+ = discussions t are to end only 9 discussion4 ,discussions1 :i* d n int]f]e ) ! en=cem5t ( _! laws1 are b idle w9d to !m4 ,suffrage is equally p[]less & unreliable4 ,x c be ex]cis$ only p]iodically2 & ! tyranny mu/ at lea/ be borne until ! "t = suffrage comes4 ,besides1 :5 ! suffrage is ex]cis$1 x gives no gu>anty = ! repeal ( exi/+ laws t are oppressive1 & no security aga9/ ! enactm5t ( new ones t are equally s4 ,! second body ( legislators are liable & likely to be j z tyrannical z ! fir/4 ,if x be said t ! second body may be *os5 = _! integrity1 ! answ] is1 t ! fir/ 7 *os5 = t v reason1 & yet prov$ tyrants4 ,! second w be expos$ to ! same temptations z ! fir/1 & w be j z likely to prove tyrannical4 ,:o ev] he>d t succe$+ legislatures 71 on ! :ole1 m hone/ ?an ^? t prec$$ !m8 ,:at is !re 9 ! nature ( m5 or ?+s to make !m s8 ,if x be said t ! fir/ body 7 *os5 f motives ( inju/ice1 t fact proves t !re is a portion ( society :o desire to e/abli% inju/ice2 & if !y 7 p[]ful or artful en\gh to procure ! election ( _! in/rum5ts to compose ! fir/ legislature1 !y w be likely to be p[]ful or artful en\gh to procure ! election ( ! same or simil> in/rum5ts to compose ! second4 ,! "r ( suffrage1 !re=e1 & ev5 a *ange ( legislators1 gu>antees no *ange ( legislation--c]ta9ly no *ange = ! bett]4 ,ev5 if a *ange = ! bett] actually comes1 x comes too late1 because x comes only aft] m or less inju/ice has be5 irrep>ably done4 ,b1 at be/1 ! "r ( suffrage c be ex]cis$ only p]iodically2 & betwe5 ! p]iods ! legislators are :olly irresponsible4 ,no despot 0 ev] m entirely irresponsible ?an are republican legislators dur+ ! p]iod = :i* !y are *os54 ,!y c nei!r be remov$ f _! (fice1 nor call$ to acc\nt :ile 9 _! (fice1 nor puni%$ aft] !y leave _! (fice1 be _! tyranny :at x may4 ,moreov]1 ! judicial & executive dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t are equally irresponsible to ! p1 & are only responsible1 7by impea*m5t1 & dep5d5ce = _! sal>ies71 to ^! irresponsible legislators4 ,?is dep5d5ce ( ! judici>y & executive ^u ! legislature is a gu>anty t !y w always sanction & execute its laws1 :e!r j or unju/4 ,?us ! legislators hold ! :ole p[] ( ! gov]nm5t 9 _! h&s1 & are at ! same "t utt]ly irresponsible = ! mann] 9 :i* !y use x4 ,if1 n[1 ?is gov]nm5t1 7! ?ree bran*es ?us really unit$ 9 "o71 c det]m9e ! validity (1 & en=ce1 its own laws1 x is1 = ! "t be+1 entirely absolute1 & :olly irresponsible to ! p4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,^! legislators1 & ?is gov]nm5t1 s irresponsible :ile 9 p[]1 c p]petuate _! p[] at pleasure1 if !y c det]m9e :at legislation is au?oritative ^u ! p1 & c en=ce ob$i5ce to x2 = !y c n only decl>e _! p[] p]petual1 b !y c en=ce submission to all legislation t is necess>y to secure its p]petuity4 ,!y c1 = example1 prohibit all discussion ( ! rightfulness ( _! au?ority2 =bid ! use ( ! suffrage2 prev5t ! election ( any successors2 dis>m1 plund]1 imprison1 & ev5 kill all :o refuse submission4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! gov]nm5t 7all dep>tm5ts unit$7 be absolute = a day--t is1 if x c1 = a day1 en=ce ob$i5ce to its own laws--x c1 9 t day1 secure its p[] = all "t--l ! que51 :o wi%$ to reign b = a day1 b 9 t day caus$ ! k+1 h] husb&1 to be sla91 & usurp$ 8 ?rone4 ,nor w x avail to say t su* acts w\ld be uncon/itutional1 & t uncon/itutional acts may be lawfully resi/$2 = ev]y?+ a gov]nm5t pleases to d w1 ( c\rse1 be det]m9$ to be con/itutional1 if ! gov]nm5t itself be p]mitt$ to det]m9e ! "q ( ! con/itutionality ( its own acts4 ,^? :o are capable ( tyranny1 are capable ( p]jury to su/a9 x4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is1 t any gov]nm5t1 t c1 = a day1 en=ce its own laws1 )\t appeal+ to ! p1 7or to a tribunal fairly repres5t+ ! p17 = _! cons5t1 is1 9 !ory1 an absolute gov]nm5t1 irresponsible to ! p1 & c p]petuate its p[] at pleasure4 ,! trial by jury is bas$ ^u a recognition ( ?is pr9ciple1 & !re=e =bids ! gov]nm5t to execute any ( its laws1 by puni%+ violators1 9 any case :atev]1 )\t fir/ gett+ ! cons5t ( ! c\ntry1 or ! p1 ?r\gh a jury4 ,9 ?is way1 ! p1 at all times1 hold _! lib]ties 9 _! own h&s1 & nev] surr5d] !m1 ev5 = a mom5t1 into ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! trial by jury1 !n1 gives to any & e individual ! lib]ty1 at any "t1 to disreg>d or resi/ any law :atev] ( ! gov]nm5t1 if he be will+ to submit to ! decision ( a jury1 ! que/ions1 :e!r ! law be intr9sically j & obligatory8 & :e!r 8 conduct1 9 disreg>d+ or resi/+ x1 7 "r 9 itself8 ,& any law1 :i* does n1 9 su* trial1 obta9 ! unanim\s sanction ( twelve m51 tak5 at r&om f ! p1 & judg+ accord+ to ! /&>d ( ju/ice 9 _! own m9ds1 free f all dictation & au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t1 may be transgress$ & resi/$ ) impunity1 by :omsoev] pleases to transgress or resi/ x4#c ,! trial by jury au?orizes all ?is1 or x is a %am & a hoax1 utt]ly wor?less = protect+ ! p aga9/ oppression4 ,if x d n au?orize an individual to resi/ ! fir/ & lea/ act ( inju/ice or tyranny1 on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 x does n au?orize him to resi/ ! la/ & ! greate/4 ,if x d n au?orize individuals to nip tyranny 9 ! bud1 x does n au?orize !m to cut x d[n :5 its bran*es are fill$ ) ! ripe fruits ( plund] & oppression4 ,^? :o d5y ! "r ( a jury to protect an individual 9 resi/+ an unju/ law ( ! gov]nm5t1 d5y him all legal def5ce :atsoev] aga9/ oppression4 ,! "r ( revolution1 :i* tyrants1 9 mock]y1 accord to mank9d1 is no legal "r "u a gov]nm5t2 x is only a natural "r to ov]turn a gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nm5t itself nev] ackn[l$ges ?is "r4 ,& ! "r is practically e/abli%$ only :5 & because ! gov]nm5t no long] exi/s to call x 9 "q4 ,! "r1 !re=e1 c be ex]cis$ ) impunity1 only :5 x is ex]cis$ victori\sly4 ,all unsuccessful attempts at revolution1 h[ev] ju/ifiable 9 !mselves1 are puni%$ z treason1 if ! gov]nm5t be p]mitt$ to judge ( ! treason4 ,! gov]nm5t itself nev] admits ! inju/ice ( its laws1 z a legal def5ce = ^? :o h attempt$ a revolution1 & fail$4 ,! "r ( revolution1 !re=e1 is a "r ( no practical value1 except = ^? :o are /rong] ?an ! gov]nm5t4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z ! oppressions ( a gov]nm5t are kept )9 su* limits z simply n to exasp]ate aga9/ x a p[] great] ?an its own1 ! "r ( revolution _c be appeal$ to1 & is !re=e inapplicable to ! case4 ,?is af=ds a wide field = tyranny2 & if a jury _c "h int]v5e1 ! oppress$ are utt]ly def5celess4 ,x is manife/ t ! only security aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! gov]nm5t lies 9 =cible resi/ance to ! execution ( ! inju/ice2 because ! inju/ice w c]ta9ly be execut$1 unless x be =cibly resi/$4 ,& if x be b suff]$ to be execut$1 x mu/ !n be borne2 = ! gov]nm5t nev] makes comp5sation = its own wrongs4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ?is =cible resi/ance to ! inju/ice ( ! gov]nm5t is ! only possible means ( pres]v+ lib]ty1 x is indisp5sable to all legal lib]ty t ?is resi/ance %\ld be legaliz$4 ,x is p]fectly self-evid5t t :]e !re is no legal "r to resi/ ! oppression ( ! gov]nm5t1 !re c be no legal lib]ty4 ,& "h x is all-important to notice1 t1 practically speak+1 !re c be no legal "r to resi/ ! oppressions ( ! gov]nm5t1 unless !re be "s legal tribunal1 o!r ?an ! gov]nm5t1 & :olly indep5d5t (1 & above1 ! gov]nm5t1 to judge betwe5 ! gov]nm5t & ^? :o resi/ its oppressions2 9 o!r words1 to judge :at laws ( ! gov]nm5t are to be obey$1 & :at may be resi/$ & held = n\ght4 ,! only tribunal kn[n to our laws1 = ?is purpose1 is a jury4 ,if a jury h n ! "r to judge betwe5 ! gov]nm5t & ^? :o disobey its laws1 & resi/ its oppressions1 ! gov]nm5t is absolute1 & ! p1 legally speak+1 are slaves4 ,l _m o!r slaves !y may h suffici5t c\rage & /r5g? to keep _! ma/]s some:at 9 *eck2 b !y are nev]!less kn[n to ! law only z slaves4 ,t ?is "r ( resi/ance 0 recogniz$ z a common law "r1 :5 ! anci5t & g5u9e trial by jury 0 9 =ce1 is n only prov$ by ! nature ( ! trial itself1 b is ackn[l$g$ by hi/ory4#d ,?is "r ( resi/ance is recogniz$ by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z a /rictly legal & con/itutional "r4 ,x is s recogniz$1 fir/ by ! provision t ! trial ( all crimes1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t1 %all be by jury--t is1 by ! c\ntry--& n by ! gov]nm5t2 secondly1 by ! provision t ! "r ( ! p to keep & be> arms %all n be infr+$4 ,?is con/itutional security = ! "r to keep & be> arms1 implies ! "r to use !m--z mu* z a con/itutional security = ! "r to buy & keep food w\ld h impli$ ! "r to eat x4 ,! con/itution1 !re=e1 takes x = grant$ t ! p w judge ( ! conduct ( ! gov]nm5t1 & t1 z !y h ! "r1 !y w also h ! s5se1 to use arms1 :5ev] ! necessity ( ! case ju/ifies x4 ,& x is a suffici5t & legal def5ce = a p]son accus$ ( us+ arms aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 if he c %[1 to ! satisfaction ( a jury1 or ev5 any "o ( a jury1 t ! law he resi/$ 0 an unju/ "o4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,/ate con/itutions also1 ?is "r ( resi/ance to ! oppressions ( ! gov]nm5t is recogniz$1 9 v>i\s ways1 z a natural1 legal1 & con/itutional "r4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is s recogniz$ by provisions e/abli%+ ! trial by jury2 ?us requir+ t accus$ p]sons %all be tri$ by ! c\ntry1 in/ead ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! second place1 x is recogniz$ by _m ( !m1 z1 = example1 ^? ( ,massa*usetts1 ,ma9e1 ,v]mont1 ,connecticut1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,arkansas1 ,mississippi1 ,alabama1 & ,florida1 by provisions expressly decl>+ t ! p %all h ! "r to be> arms4 ,9 _m ( !m also1 z1 = example1 ^? ( ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,florida1 ,i[a1 & ,arkansas1 by provisions1 9 _! bills ( rights1 decl>+ t m5 h a natural1 inh]5t1 & inali5able "r ( def5d+ _! lives & lib]ties4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 means t !y h a "r to def5d !m aga9/ any inju/ice on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 & n m]ely on ! "p ( private individuals2 because ! object ( all bills ( rights is to ass]t ! rights ( individuals & ! p1 z aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 & n z aga9/ private p]sons4 ,x w\ld be a matt] ( ridicul\s sup]]ogation to ass]t1 9 a con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 ! natural "r ( m5 to def5d _! lives & lib]ties aga9/ private trespass]s4 ,_m ( ^! bills ( rights also ass]t ! natural "r ( all m5 to protect _! prop]ty--t is1 to protect x aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,x w\ld be unnecess>y & silly inde$ to ass]t1 9 a con/itution ( gov]nm5t1 ! natural "r ( individuals to protect _! prop]ty aga9/ ?ieves & robb]s4 ,! con/itutions ( ,new ,hamp%ire & ,t5nessee also decl>e t ,! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance aga9/ arbitr>y p[] & oppression is absurd1 slavi%1 & de/ructive ( ! good & happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,! legal effect ( ^! con/itutional recognitions ( ! "r ( individuals to def5d _! prop]ty1 lib]ties1 & lives1 aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 is to legalize resi/ance to all inju/ice & oppression1 ( e "n & nature :atsoev]1 on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,b = ?is "r ( resi/ance1 on ! "p ( ! p1 all gov]nm5ts w\ld become tyrannical to a degree ( :i* few p are aw>e4 ,con/itutions are utt]ly wor?less to re/ra9 ! tyranny ( gov]nm5ts1 unless x be und]/ood t ! p w1 by =ce1 compel ! gov]nm5t to keep )9 ! con/itutional limits4 ,practically speak+1 no gov]nm5t kn[s any limits to its p[]1 except ! endurance ( ! p4 ,b t ! p are /rong] ?an ! gov]nm5t1 & w resi/ 9 extreme cases1 our gov]nm5ts w\ld be little or no?+ else ?an organiz$ sy/ems ( plund] & oppression4 ,all1 or ne>ly all1 ! advantage !re is 9 fix+ any con/itutional limits to ! p[] ( a gov]nm5t1 is simply to give notice to ! gov]nm5t ( ! po9t at :i* x w meet ) resi/ance4 ,if ! p are !n z good z _! ^w1 !y may keep ! gov]nm5t )9 ! b\nds !y h set = x2 o!rwise x w disreg>d !m--z is prov$ by ! example ( all our ,am]ican gov]nm5ts1 9 :i* ! con/itutions h all become obsolete1 at ! mom5t ( _! adoption1 = ne>ly or q all purposes except ! appo9tm5t ( (fic]s1 :o at once become practically absolute1 except s f> z !y are re/ra9$ by ! fe> ( popul> resi/ance4 ,! b\nds set to ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t1 by ! trial by jury1 z w h]eaft] be %[n1 are ^!--t ! gov]nm5t %all nev] t\* ! prop]ty1 p]son1 or natural or civil rights ( an individual1 aga9/ 8 cons5t1 7except = ! purpose ( br++ !m be=e a jury = trial17 unless 9 pursuance & execution ( a judgm5t1 or decree1 r5d]$ by a jury 9 ea* individual case1 ^u su* evid5ce1 & su* law1 z are satisfactory to _! own und]/&+s & consci5ces1 irrespective ( all legislation ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,to %[ t ?is supposition is n an extravagant "o1 x may be m5tion$ t c\rts h repeat$ly que/ion$ jurors to asc]ta9 :e!r !y 7 prejudic$ aga9/ ! gov]nm5t--t is1 :e!r !y 7 9 favor (1 or oppos$ to1 su* laws ( ! gov]nm5t z 7 to be put 9 issue 9 ! !n p5d+ trial4 ,?is 0 done 79 #ahea7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts1 by ,peleg ,sprague1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict judge1 9 empanell+ ?ree sev]al juries = ! trials ( ,scott1 ,hayd51 & ,morris1 *>g$ ) hav+ aid$ 9 ! rescue ( a fugitive slave f ! cu/ody ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates deputy m>%al4 ,?is judge caus$ ! foll[+ "q to be prop\nd$ to all ! jurors sep>ately2 & ^? :o answ]$ unfavorably = ! purposes ( ! gov]nm5t1 7 exclud$ f ! panel4 ,d y hold any op9ions ^u ! subject ( ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 s call$1 :i* w induce y to refuse to convict a p]son indict$ "u x1 if ! facts set =? 9 ! indictm5t1 & con/itut+ ! (f5ce1 are prov$ aga9/ him1 & ! c\rt direct y t ! law is con/itutional8 ,! reason ( ?is "q 01 t ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 s call$1 0 s obnoxi\s to a l>ge portion ( ! p1 z to r5d] a conviction "u x hopeless1 if ! jurors 7 tak5 indiscrim9ately f among ! p4 ,a simil> "q 0 soon aft]w>ds prop\nd$ to ! p]sons drawn z jurors 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,circuit ,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts1 by ,b5jam9 ,r4 ,curtis "o ( ! ,ju/ices ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 empanell+ a jury = ! trial ( ! a=esaid ,morris on ! *>ge be=e m5tion$2 & ^? :o did n answ] ! "q favorably = ! gov]nm5t 7 aga9 exclud$ f ! panel4 ,x has also be5 an habitual practice ) ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,massa*usetts1 9 empanell+ juries = ! trial ( capital (f5ces1 to inquire ( ! p]sons drawn z jurors :e!r !y _h any consci5ti\s scruples aga9/ f9d+ v]dicts ( guilty 9 su* cases2 t is1 :e!r !y _h any consci5ti\s scruples aga9/ su/a9+ ! law prescrib+ dea? z ! puni%m5t ( ! crime to be tri$2 & to exclude f ! panel all :o answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,! only pr9ciple ^u :i* ^! que/ions are ask$1 is ?is--t no man %all be all[$ to s]ve z juror1 unless he be ready to en=ce any enactm5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 h[ev] cruel or tyrannical x may be4 ,:at is su* a jury good =1 z a protection aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! gov]nm5t8 ,a jury l t is palpably no?+ b a m]e tool ( oppression 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,a trial by su* a jury is really a trial by ! gov]nm5t itself--& n a trial by ! c\ntry--because x is a trial only by m5 specially select$ by ! gov]nm5t = _! read9ess to en=ce its own tyrannical measures4 ,if t be ! true pr9ciple ( ! trial by jury1 ! trial is utt]ly wor?less z a security to lib]ty4 ,! ,cz> might1 ) p]fect safety to 8 au?ority1 introduce ! trial by jury into ,russia1 if he c\ld b be p]mitt$ to select 8 jurors f ^? :o 7 ready to ma9ta9 8 laws1 )\t reg>d to _! inju/ice4 ,?is example is suffici5t to %[ t ! v pi? ( ! trial by jury1 z a safegu>d to lib]ty1 consi/s 9 ! jurors be+ tak5 indiscrim9ately f ! :ole p1 & 9 _! "r to hold invalid all laws :i* !y ?9k unju/4 ,footnote #b3 ,! executive has a qualifi$ veto ^u ! passage ( laws1 9 mo/ ( our gov]nm5ts1 & an absolute veto1 9 all ( !m1 ^u ! execution ( any laws :i* he deems uncon/itutional2 because 8 oa? to support ! con/itution 7z he und]/&s x7 =bids him to execute any law t he deems uncon/itutional4 ,footnote #c3 ,& if !re be s mu* z a reasonable d\bt ( ! ju/ice ( ! laws1 ! b5efit ( t d\bt mu/ be giv5 to ! def5dant1 & n to ! gov]nm5t4 ,s t ! gov]nm5t mu/ keep its laws cle>ly )9 ! limits ( ju/ice1 if x w\ld ask a jury to en=ce !m4 ,footnote #d3 ,hallam says1 ,! relation e/abli%$ betwe5 a "l & 8 vassal by ! feudal t5ure1 f> f conta9+ pr9ciples ( any s]vile & implicit ob$i5ce1 p]mitt$ ! compact to be dissolv$ 9 case ( its violation by ei!r p>ty4 ,?is ext5d$ z mu* to ! sov]eign z to inf]ior lords4 99 99 ,if a vassal 0 aggriev$1 & if ju/ice 0 d5i$ him1 he s5t a defiance1 t is1 a r5unciation ( fealty to ! k+1 & 0 entitl$ to en=ce r$ress at ! po9t ( 8 sword4 ,x !n became a conte/ ( /r5g? z betwe5 two indep5d5t pot5tates1 & 0 t]m9at$ by treaty1 advantage\s or o!rwise1 accord+ to ! =tune ( w>4 99 99 ,!re rema9$ ! orig9al pr9ciple1 t allegiance dep5d$ conditionally ^u good treatm5t1 & t an appeal might be lawfully made to arms aga9/ an oppressive gov]nm5t4 ,nor 0 ?is1 we may be sure1 left = extreme necessity1 or ?\ght to require a long-endur+ =be>ance4 ,9 mod]n times1 a k+1 compell$ by 8 subjects' swords to ab&on any pret5sion1 w\ld be suppos$ to h ceas$ to reign2 & ! express recognition ( su* a "r z t ( insurrection has be5 ju/ly deem$ inconsi/5t ) ! maje/y ( law4 ,b rud] ages _h rud] s5tim5ts4 ,=ce 0 necess>y to repel =ce2 & m5 accu/om$ to see ! k+'s au?ority defi$ by a private riot1 7 n mu* %ock$ :5 x 0 resi/$ 9 def5ce ( public fre$om4--#c ,middle ,ages1 #bdj-b4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,trial ,,by ,,jury1 ,,z ,,def9$ ,,by ,,magna ,,c>ta4 ,t ! trial by jury is all t has be5 claim$ = x 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 is prov$ bo? by ! hi/ory & ! language ( ! ,great ,*>t] ( ,engli% ,lib]ties1 to :i* we are to look = a true def9ition ( ! trial by jury1 & ( :i* ! gu>anty = t trial is ! vital1 & mo/ memorable1 "p4 ,,section ,i4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,magna ,c>ta4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ! object & mean+ ( t *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta :i* secures ! trial by jury1 x is to be borne 9 m9d t1 at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 ! k+ 7) exceptions immat]ial to ?is discussion1 b :i* w appe> h]eaft]7 01 con/itutionally1 ! entire gov]nm5t2 ! sole legislative1 judicial1 & executive p[] ( ! nation4 ,! executive & judicial (fic]s 7 m]ely 8 s]vants1 appo9t$ by him1 & removable at 8 pleasure4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! k+ himself (t5 sat 9 8 c\rt1 :i* always att5d$ 8 p]son4 ,he !re he>d causes1 & pron\nc$ judgm5t2 & ?\gh he 0 assi/$ by ! advice ( o!r memb]s1 x is n to be imag9$ t a decision c\ld be obta9$ contr>y to 8 incl9ation or op9ion4#e ,judges 7 9 ^? days1 & aft]w>ds1 su* abject s]vants ( ! k+1 t we f9d t ,k+ ,edw>d ,i4 7#abgb to #acjg7 f9$ & imprison$ 8 judges1 9 ! same mann] z ,alfr$ ! ,great1 among ! ,saxons1 _h done be=e him1 by ! sole ex]cise ( 8 au?ority4#f ,p>liam5t1 s f> z !re 0 a p>liam5t1 0 a m]e c\ncil ( ! k+4#g ,x assembl$ only at ! pleasure ( ! k+2 sat only dur+ 8 pleasure2 & :5 sitt+ _h no p[]1 s f> z g5]al legislation 0 conc]n$1 beyond t ( simply advis+ ! k+4 ,! only legislation to :i* _! ass5t 0 con/itutionally necess>y1 0 dem&s = money & milit>y s]vices = extraord9>y occasions4 ,ev5 ,magna ,c>ta itself makes no provisions :atev] = any p>liam5ts1 except :5 ! k+ %\ld want means to c>ry on w>1 or to meet "s o!r extraord9>y necessity4#h ,he _h no ne$ ( p>liam5ts to raise taxes = ! ord9>y purposes ( gov]nm5t2 = 8 rev5ues f ! r5ts ( ! cr[n l&s & o!r s\rces1 7 ample = all except extraord9>y occasions4 ,p>liam5ts1 too1 :5 assembl$1 consi/$ only ( bi%ops1 b>ons1 & o!r great m5 ( ! k+dom1 unless ! k+ *ose to invite o!rs4#i ,!re 0 no ,h\se ( ,commons at t "t1 & ! p _h no "r to be he>d1 unless z petition]s4#aj ,ev5 :5 laws 7 made at ! "t ( a p>liam5t1 !y 7 made 9 ! "n ( ! k+ alone4 ,sometimes x 0 ins]t$ 9 ! laws1 t !y 7 made ) ! cons5t or advice ( ! bi%ops1 b>ons1 & o!rs assembl$2 b (t5 ?is 0 omitt$4 ,_! cons5t or advice 0 evid5tly a matt] ( no legal importance to ! enactm5t or validity ( ! laws1 b only ins]t$1 :5 ins]t$ at all1 ) a view ( obta9+ a m will+ submission to !m on ! "p ( ! p4 ,! /yle ( enactm5t g5]ally 01 ei!r ,! ,k+ wills & comm&s1 or "s o!r =m significant ( ! sole legislative au?ority ( ! k+4 ,! k+ c\ld pass laws at any "t :5 x pleas$ him4 ,! pres5ce ( a p>liam5t 0 :olly unnecess>y4 ,hume says1 ,x is ass]t$ by ,sir ,h>ry ,spelman1 z an und\bt$ fact1 t1 dur+ ! reigns ( ! ,norman pr9ces1 e ord] ( ! k+1 issu$ ) ! cons5t ( 8 privy c\ncil1 _h ! full =ce ( law4#aa ,& o!r au?orities abundantly corroborate ?is ass]tion4#ab ,! k+ 01 !re=e1 con/itutionally ! gov]nm5t2 & ! only legal limitation ^u 8 p[] seems to h be5 simply ! ,common ,law1 usually call$ ! law ( ! l&1 :i* he 0 b\nd by oa? to ma9ta92 7:i* oa? _h ab\t ! same practical value z simil> oa?s h always _h47 ,?is law ( ! l& seems n to h be5 reg>d$ at all by _m ( ! k+s1 except s f> z !y f\nd x conv5i5t to d s1 or 7 con/ra9$ to obs]ve x by ! fe> ( ar\s+ resi/ance4 ,b z all p are sl[ 9 mak+ resi/ance1 oppression & usurpation (t5 rea*$ a great height2 &1 9 ! case ( ,john1 !y _h become s intol]able z to enli/ ! nation almo/ univ]sally aga9/ him2 & he 0 r$uc$ to ! necessity ( comply+ ) any t]ms ! b>ons saw fit to dictate to him4 ,x 0 "u ^! circum/ances1 t ! ,great ,*>t] ( ,engli% ,lib]ties 0 grant$4 ,! b>ons ( ,engl&1 su/a9$ by ! common p1 hav+ _! k+ 9 _! p[]1 compell$ him1 z ! price ( 8 ?rone1 to pl$ge himself t he w\ld puni% no freeman = a violation ( any ( 8 laws1 unless ) ! cons5t ( ! pe]s--t is1 ! equals--( ! accus$4 ,! "q "h arises1 ,:e!r ! b>ons & p int5d$ t ^? pe]s 7! jury7 %\ld be m]e puppets 9 ! h&s ( ! k+1 ex]cis+ no op9ion ( _! own z to ! intr9sic m]its ( ! accusations !y %\ld try1 or ! ju/ice ( ! laws !y %\ld be call$ on to en=ce8 ,:e!r ^? haughty & victori\s b>ons1 :5 !y _h _! tyrant k+ at _! feet1 gave back to him 8 ?rone1 ) full p[] to enact any tyrannical laws he might please1 res]v+ only to a jury 7! c\ntry7 ! contemptible & s]vile privilege ( asc]ta9+1 7"u ! dictation ( ! k+1 or 8 judges1 z to ! laws ( evid5ce71 ! simple fact :e!r ^? laws _h be5 transgress$8 ,0 ?is ! only re/ra9t1 :i*1 :5 !y _h all p[] 9 _! h&s1 !y plac$ ^u ! tyranny ( a k+1 ^: oppressions !y _h ris5 9 arms to resi/8 ,0 x to obta9 su* a *>t] z t1 t ! :ole nation _h unit$1 z x 71 l "o man1 aga9/ _! k+8 ,0 x on su* a *>t] t !y int5d$ to rely1 = all future "t1 = ! security ( _! lib]ties8 ,no4 ,!y 7 engag$ 9 no su* s5seless "w z t4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 !y requir$ him to r5\nce =ev] ! p[] to puni% any freeman1 unless by ! cons5t ( 8 pe]s1 !y int5d$ ^? pe]s %\ld judge (1 & try1 ! :ole case on its m]its1 indep5d5tly ( all arbitr>y legislation1 or judicial au?ority1 on ! "p ( ! k+4 ,9 ?is way !y took ! lib]ties ( ea* individual--& ?us ! lib]ties ( ! :ole p--entirely out ( ! h&s ( ! k+1 & out ( ! p[] ( 8 laws1 & plac$ !m 9 ! keep+ ( ! p !mselves4 ,& ?is x 0 t made ! trial by jury ! palladium ( _! lib]ties4 ,! trial by jury1 be x obs]v$1 0 ! only real b>ri] int]pos$ by !m aga9/ absolute despotism4 ,c\ld ?is trial1 !n1 h be5 su* an entire f>ce z x necess>ily mu/ h be51 if ! jury _h _h no p[] to judge ( ! ju/ice ( ! laws ! p 7 requir$ to obey8 ,did x n r imply t ! jury 7 to judge indep5d5tly & fe>lessly z to ev]y?+ involv$ 9 ! *>ge1 & especially z to its intr9sic ju/ice1 & !reon give _! decision1 7unbias$ by any legislation ( ! k+17 :e!r ! accus$ might be puni%$8 ,! reason ( ! ?+1 no less ?an ! hi/orical celebrity ( ! ev5ts1 z secur+ ! lib]ties ( ! p1 & ! v5]ation ) :i* ! trial by jury has cont9u$ to be reg>d$1 not)/&+ its ess5ce & vitality h be5 almo/ entirely extract$ f x 9 practice1 w\ld settle ! "q1 if o!r evid5ces _h left ! matt] 9 d\bt4 ,besides1 if 8 laws 7 to be au?oritative ) ! jury1 :y %\ld ,john indignantly refuse1 z at fir/ he did1 to grant ! *>t]1 7& f9ally grant x only :5 br\ght to ! la/ extremity17 on ! gr\nd t x depriv$ him ( all p[]1 & left him only ! "n ( a k+8 ,he evid5tly und]/ood t ! juries 7 to veto 8 laws1 & p>alyze 8 p[]1 at discretion1 by =m+ _! own op9ions z to ! true "* ( ! (f5ces !y 7 to try1 & ! laws !y 7 to be call$ on to en=ce2 & t ! k+ wills & comm&s 0 to h no weight ) !m contr>y to _! own judgm5ts ( :at 0 intr9sically "r4#ac ,! b>ons & p hav+ obta9$ by ! *>t] all ! lib]ties !y _h dem&$ ( ! k+1 x 0 fur!r provid$ by ! *>t] itself t tw5ty-five b>ons %\ld be appo9t$ by ! b>ons1 out ( _! numb]1 to keep special vigilance 9 ! k+dom to see t ! *>t] 0 obs]v$1 ) au?ority to make w> ^u ! k+ 9 case ( its violation4 ,! k+ also1 by ! *>t]1 s f> absolv$ all ! p ( ! k+dom f _! allegiance to him1 z to au?orize & require !m to swe> to obey ! tw5ty-five b>ons1 9 case !y %\ld make w> ^u ! k+ = infr+em5t ( ! *>t]4 ,x 0 !n ?\ght by ! b>ons & p1 t some?+ sub/antial _h be5 done = ! security ( _! lib]ties4 ,?is *>t]1 9 its mo/ ess5tial features1 & )\t any abatem5t z to ! trial by jury1 has s9ce be5 confirm$ m ?an ?irty times2 & ! p ( ,engl& h always _h a tradition>y idea t x 0 ( "s value z a gu>anty aga9/ oppression4 ,yet t idea has be5 an entire delusion1 unless ! jury h _h ! "r to judge ( ! ju/ice ( ! laws !y 7 call$ on to en=ce4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,! ,language ( ,magna ,c>ta4 ,! language ( ! ,great ,*>t] e/abli%es ! same po9t t is e/abli%$ by its hi/ory1 viz41 t x is ! "r & duty ( ! jury to judge ( ! ju/ice ( ! laws4 ,! *apt] gu>antee+ ! trial by jury is 9 ^! words3 ,nullus lib] homo capiatur1 vel imprisonetur1 aut disseisetur1 aut utlagetur1 aut exuletur1 aut aliquo modo de/ruatur2 nec sup] eum ibimus1 nec sup] eum mittemus1 nisi p] legale judicium p>ium suorum1 vel p] legem t]r4#ad ,! correspond+ *apt] 9 ! ,great ,*>t]1 grant$ by ,h5ry ,,iii41 7#abbe17 & confirm$ by ,edw>d ,i41 7#abig17 7:i* *>t] is n[ consid]$ ! basis ( ! ,engli% laws & con/itution17 is 9 ne>ly ! same words1 z foll[s3 ,nullus lib] homo capiatur1 vel imprisonetur1 aut disseisetur de lib]o t5em5to1 vel lib]tatibus1 vel lib]is consuetud9ibus suis1 aut utlagetur1 aut exuletur1 aut aliquo modo de/ruatur1 nec sup] eum ibimus1 nec sup] eum mittemus1 nisi p] legale judicium p>ium suorum1 vel p] legem t]r4 ,! mo/ common translation ( ^! words1 at ! pres5t day1 is z foll[s3 ,no freeman %all be arre/$1 or imprison$1 or depriv$ ( 8 freehold1 or 8 lib]ties1 or free cu/oms1 or outlaw$1 or exil$1 or 9 any mann] de/roy$1 nor w we 7! k+7 pass ^u him1 nor condemn him1 unless by ! judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1 or ! law ( ! l&4 ,nec sup] eum ibimus1 nec sup] eum mittemus4 ,!re has be5 mu* confusion & d\bt z to ! true mean+ ( ! words1 nec sup] eum ibimus1 nec sup] eum mittemus4 ,! m common r5d]+ has be51 nor w we pass ^u him1 nor condemn him4 ,b "s h translat$ !m to mean1 nor w we pass ^u him1 nor commit him to prison4 ,coke gives /ill a diff]5t r5d]+1 to ! effect t ,no man %all be condemn$ at ! k+'s suit1 ei!r be=e ! k+ 9 8 b5*1 nor be=e any o!r commission] or judge :atsoev]4#ae ,b all ^! translations are cle>ly errone\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 nor w we pass ^u him1--mean+ !reby to decide ^u 8 guilt or innoc5ce judicially--is n a correct r5d]+ ( ! words1 nec sup] eum ibimus4 ,!re is no?+ :atev]1 9 ^! latt] words1 t indicates judicial action or op9ion at all4 ,! words1 9 _! common signification1 describe physical action alone4 ,& ! true translation ( !m1 z w h]eaft] be se51 is1 nor w we proce$ aga9/ him1 executively4 ,9 ! second place1 ! r5d]+1 nor w we condemn him1 be>s little or no analogy to any common1 or ev5 uncommon1 signification ( ! words nec sup] eum mittemus4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ^! latt] words t indicates judicial action or decision4 ,_! common signification1 l t ( ! words nec sup] eum ibimus1 describes physical action alone4 ,nor w we s5d ^u 7or aga9/7 him1 w\ld be ! mo/ obvi\s translation1 &1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 su* is ! true translation4 ,b al?\gh ^! words describe physical action1 on ! "p ( ! k+1 z di/+ui%$ f judicial1 !y nev]!less d n mean1 z "o ( ! translations has x1 nor w we commit him to prison2 = t w\ld be a m]e repetition ( :at _h be5 already decl>$ by ! words nec imprisonetur4 ,besides1 !re is no?+ ab\t prisons 9 ! words nec sup] eum mittemus2 no?+ ab\t s5d+ him any:]e2 b only ab\t s5d+ 7some?+ or somebody7 ^u him1 or aga9/ him--t is1 executively4 ,coke's r5d]+ is1 if possible1 ! mo/ absurd & gratuit\s ( all4 ,:at is !re 9 ! words1 nec sup] eum mittemus t c be made to mean nor %all he be condemn$ be=e any o!r commission] or judge :atsoev]8 ,cle>ly !re is no?+4 ,! :ole r5d]+ is a %e] fabrication4 ,& ! :ole object ( x is to give color = ! ex]cise ( a judicial p[]1 by ! k+1 or 8 judges1 :i* is n[h]e giv5 !m4 ,nei!r ! words1 nec sup] eum ibimus1 nec sup] eum mittemus1 nor any o!r words 9 ! :ole *apt]1 au?orize1 provide =1 describe1 or sugge/1 any judicial action :atev]1 on ! "p ei!r ( ! k+1 or ( 8 judges1 or ( anybody1 except ! pe]s1 or jury4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t ! k+'s judges at all4 ,& !re is no?+ :atev]1 9 ! :ole *apt]1 s f> z relates to ! action ( ! k+1 t describes or sugge/s any?+ b executive action4#af ,b t all ^! translations are c]ta9ly errone\s1 is prov$ by a tempor>y *>t]1 grant$ by ,john a %ort "t previ\s to ! ,great ,*>t]1 = ! purpose ( giv+ an opportunity = conf]5ce1 arbitration1 & reconciliation betwe5 him & 8 b>ons4 ,x 0 to h =ce until ! matt]s 9 controv]sy betwe5 !m c\ld be submitt$ to ! ,pope1 & to o!r p]sons to be *os51 "s by ! k+1 & "s by ! b>ons4 ,! words ( ! *>t] are z foll[s3 ,sciatis nos concessisse b>onibus no/ris qui contra nos sunt quod nec eos nec hom9es suos capiemus1 nec disseisiemus nec sup] eos p] vim vel p] arma ibimus nisi p] legem regni no/ri vel p] judicium p>ium suorum 9 curia no/ra donec consid]atio facta fu]it1 c41 c4 ,t is1 ,"k t we h grant$ to our b>ons :o are oppos$ to u1 t we w nei!r arre/ !m nor _! m51 nor disseize !m1 nor w we proce$ aga9/ !m by =ce or by arms1 unless by ! law ( our k+dom1 or by ! judgm5t ( _! pe]s 9 our c\rt1 until consid]ation %all be _h1 c41 c4 ,a copy ( ?is *>t] is giv5 9 a note 9 ,black/one's ,introduction to ! ,*>t]s4#ag ,mr4 ,*ri/ian speaks ( ?is *>t] z settl+ ! true mean+ ( ! correspond+ clause ( ,magna ,c>ta1 on ! pr9ciple t laws & *>t]s on ! same subject are to be con/ru$ ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r4 ,see #c ,*ri/ian's ,black/one1 #da1 note4 ,! true mean+ ( ! words1 nec sup] eum ibimus1 nec sup] eum mittemus1 is also prov$ by ! ,articles ( ! ,great ,*>t] ( ,lib]ties1 dem&$ ( ! k+ by ! b>ons1 & agre$ to by ! k+1 "u seal1 a few days be=e ! date ( ! ,*>t]1 & f :i* ! ,*>t] 0 fram$4#ah ,"h ! words us$ are ^!3 ,ne corpus lib]i hom9is capiatur nec imprisonetur nec disseisetur nec utlagetur nec exuletur nec aliquo modo de/ruatur nec rex eat vel mittat sup] eum vi nisi p] judicium p>ium suorum vel p] legem t]r4 ,t is1 ,! body ( a freeman %all n be arre/$1 nor imprison$1 nor disseiz$1 nor outlaw$1 nor exil$1 nor 9 any mann] de/roy$1 nor %all ! k+ proce$ or s5d 7any "o7 aga9/ him ,,) ,,=ce1 unless by ! judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1 or ! law ( ! l&4 ,! true translation ( ! words nec sup] eum ibimus1 nec sup] eum mittemus1 9 ,magna ,c>ta1 is ?us made c]ta91 z foll[s1 nor w we 7! k+7 proce$ aga9/ him1 nor s5d 7any "o7 aga9/ him ,,) ,,=ce ,,or ,,arms4#ai ,x is evid5t t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & false translations ( ! words1 nec sup] eum ibimus1 nec sup] eum mittemus1 is ( ! highe/ legal importance1 inasmu* z ! true translation1 nor w we 7! k+7 proce$ aga9/ him1 nor s5d 7any "o7 aga9/ him by =ce or arms1 repres5ts ! k+ only 9 an executive "*1 c>ry+ ! judgm5t ( ! pe]s & ! law ( ! l& into execution2 :]eas ! false translation1 nor w we pass ^u him1 nor condemn him1 gives color = ! ex]cise ( a judicial p[]1 on ! "p ( ! k+1 to :i* ! k+ _h no "r1 b :i*1 accord+ to ! true translation1 belongs :olly to ! jury4 ,p] legale judicium p>ium suorum4 ,! =ego+ int]pretation is corroborat$1 7if x 7 n already too pla9 to be susceptible ( corroboration17 by ! true int]pretation ( ! phrase p] legale judicium p>ium suorum4 ,9 giv+ ?is int]pretation1 ,i leave out1 = ! pres5t1 ! ^w legale1 :i* w be def9$ aft]w>ds4 ,! true mean+ ( ! phrase1 p] judicium p>ium suorum1 is1 accord+ to ! s5t5ce ( 8 pe]s4 ,! ^w judicium1 judgm5t1 has a te*nical mean+ 9 ! law1 signify+ ! decree r5d]$ 9 ! decision ( a cause4 ,9 civil suits ?is decision is call$ a judgm5t2 9 *anc]y proce$+s x is call$ a decree2 9 crim9al actions x is call$ a s5t5ce1 or judgm5t1 indiff]5tly4 ,?us1 9 a crim9al suit1 a motion 9 arre/ ( judgm5t means a motion 9 arre/ ( s5t5ce4#bj ,9 cases ( s5t5ce1 !re=e1 9 crim9al suits1 ! words s5t5ce & judgm5t are synonym\s t]ms4 ,!y are1 to ?is day1 commonly us$ 9 law books z synonym\s t]ms4 ,& ! phrase p] judicium p>ium suorum1 !re=e1 implies t ! jury are to fix ! s5t5ce4 ,! ^w p] means accord+ to4 ,o!rwise !re is no s5se 9 ! phrase p] judicium p>ium suorum4 ,!re w\ld be no s5se 9 say+ t a k+ might imprison1 disseize1 outlaw1 exile1 or o!rwise puni% a man1 or proce$ aga9/ him1 or s5d any "o aga9/ him1 by =ce or arms1 by a judgm5t ( 8 pe]s2 b !re is s5se 9 say+ t ! k+ may imprison1 disseize1 & puni% a man1 or proce$ aga9/ him1 or s5d any "o aga9/ him1 by =ce or arms1 accord+ to a judgm5t1 or s5t5ce1 ( 8 pe]s2 because 9 t case ! k+ w\ld be m]ely c>ry+ ! s5t5ce or judgm5t ( ! pe]s into execution4 ,! ^w p]1 9 ! phrase p] judicium p>ium suorum1 ( c\rse means precisely :at x does 9 ! next phrase1 p] legem t]r2 :]e x obvi\sly means accord+ to1 & n by1 z x is usually translat$4 ,!re w\ld be no s5se 9 say+ t ! k+ might proce$ aga9/ a man by =ce or arms1 by ! law ( ! l&2 b !re is s5se 9 say+ t he may proce$ aga9/ him1 by =ce or arms1 accord+ to ! law ( ! l&2 because ! k+ w\ld !n be act+ only z an executive (fic]1 c>ry+ ! law ( ! l& into execution4 ,inde$1 ! true mean+ ( ! ^w by1 z us$ 9 simil> cases n[1 always is accord+ to2 z1 = example1 :5 we say a ?+ 0 done by ! gov]nm5t1 or by ! executive1 by law1 we mean only t x 0 done by !m accord+ to law2 t is1 t !y m]ely execut$ ! law4 ,or1 if we say t ! ^w by signifies by au?ority (1 ! result w /ill be ! same2 = no?+ c be done by au?ority ( law1 except :at ! law itself au?orizes or directs to be done2 t is1 no?+ c be done by au?ority ( law1 except simply to c>ry ! law itself into execution4 ,s no?+ c\ld be done by au?ority ( ! s5t5ce ( ! pe]s1 or by au?ority ( ! law ( ! l&1 except :at ! s5t5ce ( ! pe]s1 or ! law ( ! l&1 !mselves au?oriz$ or direct$ to be done2 no?+1 9 %ort1 b to c>ry ! s5t5ce ( ! pe]s1 or ! law ( ! l&1 !mselves into execution4 ,do+ a ?+ by law1 or accord+ to law1 is only c>ry+ ! law into execution4 ,& puni%+ a man by1 or accord+ to1 ! s5t5ce or judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1 is only c>ry+ t s5t5ce or judgm5t into execution4 ,if ^! reasons c\ld leave any d\bt t ! ^w p] is to be translat$ accord+ to1 t d\bt w\ld be remov$ by ! t]ms ( an antec$5t gu>anty = ! trial by jury1 grant$ by ! ,emp]or ,conrad1 ( ,g]many1#ba two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,magna ,c>ta4 ,black/one cites x z foll[s3--7#c ,black/one1 #cej47 ,nemo b5eficium suum p]dat1 nisi secundum consuetud9em antecessorum no/rorum1 et judicium p>ium suorum4 ,t is1 ,no "o %all lose 8 e/ate1#bb unless accord+ to 7secundum7 ! cu/om 7or law7 ( our ance/ors1 & 7accord+ to7 ! s5t5ce 7or judgm5t7 ( 8 pe]s4 ,! evid5ce is !re=e conclusive t ! phrase p] judicium p>ium suorum means accord+ to ! s5t5ce ( 8 pe]s2 ?us imply+ t ! jury1 & n ! gov]nm5t1 are to fix ! s5t5ce4 ,if any additional pro( 7 want$ t juries 7 to fix ! s5t5ce1 x w\ld be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ provisions ( ,magna ,c>ta1 viz43 ,a freeman %all n be am]c$ = a small crime1 7delicto17 b accord+ to ! degree ( ! crime2 & = a great crime 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( x1 sav+ to him 8 cont5em5t2#bc & aft] ! same mann] a m]*ant1 sav+ to him 8 m]*&ise4 ,& a ville9 %all be am]c$ aft] ! same mann]1 sav+ to him 8 waynage1#bd if he fall "u our m]cy2 & none ( ! a=esaid am]cem5ts %all be impos$1 7or assess$1 ponatur17 b by ! oa? ( hone/ m5 ( ! neighborhood4 ,e>ls & ,b>ons %all n be am]c$ b by _! pe]s1 & accord+ to ! degree ( _! crime4#be ,pecuni>y puni%m5ts 7 ! mo/ common puni%m5ts at t day1 & ! =ego+ provisions ( ,magna ,c>ta %[ t ! am\nt ( ^? puni%m5ts 0 to be fix$ by ! jury4 ,f9es w5t to ! k+1 & 7 a s\rce ( rev5ue2 & if ! am\nts ( ! f9es _h be5 left to be fix$ by ! k+1 he w\ld h _h a pecuni>y temptation to impose unreasonable & oppressive ones4 ,s1 also1 9 reg>d to o!r puni%m5ts ?an f9es4 ,if x 7 left to ! k+ to fix ! puni%m5t1 he might (t5 h motives to inflict cruel & oppressive ones4 ,z x 0 ! object ( ! trial by jury to protect ! p aga9/ all possible oppression f ! k+1 x 0 necess>y t ! jury1 & n ! k+1 %\ld fix ! puni%m5ts4#bf ,legale4 ,! ^w legale1 9 ! phrase p] legale judicium p>ium suorum1 d\btless means two ?+s4 #a4 ,t ! s5t5ce mu/ be giv5 9 a legal mann]2 t is1 by ! legal numb] ( jurors1 legally empanell$ & sworn to try ! cause2 & t !y give _! judgm5t or s5t5ce aft] a legal trial1 bo? 9 =m & sub/ance1 has be5 _h4 #b4 ,t ! s5t5ce %all be = a legal cause or (f5ce4 ,if1 !re=e1 a jury %\ld convict & s5t5ce a man1 ei!r )\t giv+ him a legal trial1 or = an act t 0 n really & legally crim9al1 ! s5t5ce itself w\ld n be legal2 & consequ5tly ?is clause =bids ! k+ to c>ry su* a s5t5ce into execution2 = ! clause gu>antees t he w execute no judgm5t or s5t5ce1 except x be legale judicium1 a legal s5t5ce4 ,:e!r a s5t5ce be a legal "o1 w\ld h to be asc]ta9$ by ! k+ or 8 judges1 on appeal1 or might be judg$ ( in=mally by ! k+ himself4 ,! ^w legale cle>ly did n mean t ! judicium p>ium suorum 7judgm5t ( 8 pe]s7 %\ld be a s5t5ce :i* any law 7( ! k+7 %\ld require ! pe]s to pron\nce2 = 9 t case ! s5t5ce w\ld n be ! s5t5ce ( ! pe]s1 b only ! s5t5ce ( ! law1 7t is1 ( ! k+72 & ! pe]s w\ld be only a m\?piece ( ! law1 7t is1 ( ! k+17 9 utt]+ x4 ,p] legem t]r4 ,"o o!r phrase rema9s to be expla9$1 viz41 p] legem t]r1 by ! law ( ! l&4 ,all writ]s agree t ?is means ! common law4 ,?us1 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale says3 ,! common law is sometimes call$1 by way ( em95ce1 lex t]r1 z 9 ! /atute ( ,magna ,c>ta1 *ap4 #bi1 :]e c]ta9ly ! common law is pr9cipally int5d$ by ^? words1 aut p] legem t]r2 z appe>s by ! exposition !re( 9 sev]al subsequ5t /atutes2 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! /atute ( #bh ,edw>d ,,iii41 *ap4 #c1 :i* is b an exposition & explanation ( t /atute4 ,sometimes x is call$ lex ,angli1 z 9 ! /atute ( ,m]ton1 cap4 #i1 ,nolumus leges ,angli mut>i1 c41 7,we w t ! laws ( ,engl& be n *ang$74 ,sometimes x is call$ lex et consuetudo regni 7! law & cu/om ( ! k+dom72 z 9 all commissions ( oy] & t]m9]2 & 9 ! /atutes ( #ah ,edw>d ,i41 cap4--1 & de quo w>ranto1 & div]s o!rs4 ,b mo/ commonly x is call$ ! ,common ,law1 or ! ,common ,law ( ,engl&2 z 9 ! /atute ,articuli sup] ,*>tas1 cap4 #ae1 9 ! /atute #be ,edw>d ,,iii41 cap4 #e1 7#d17 & inf9ite m records & /atutes4--#a ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,law1 #abh4 ,?is common law1 or law ( ! l&1 ! k+ 0 sworn to ma9ta94 ,?is fact is recogniz$ by a /atute made at ,we/m9/]1 9 #acdf1 by ,edw>d ,,iii41 :i* comm5ces 9 ?is mann]3 ,edw>d1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1 c41 c41 to ! ,%]iff ( ,/af=d1 ,greet+3 ,because t by div]s compla9ts made to u1 we h p]ceiv$ t ! law ( ! l&1 :i* we by oa? are b\nd to ma9ta91 c4--,/4 #bj ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,! =ego+ au?orities are cit$ to %[ to ! unpr(essional read]1 :at is well kn[n to ! pr(ession1 t legem t]r1 ! law ( ! l&1 m5tion$ 9 ,magna ,c>ta1 0 ! common1 anci5t1 fundam5tal law ( ! l&1 :i* ! k+s 7 b\nd by oa? to obs]ve2 & t x did n include any /atutes or laws enact$ by ! k+ himself1 ! legislative p[] ( ! nation4 ,if ! t]m legem t]r _h includ$ laws enact$ by ! k+ himself1 ! :ole *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta1 n[ "u discussion1 w\ld h am\nt$ to no?+ z a protection to lib]ty2 because x w\ld h impos$ no re/ra9t :atev] ^u ! p[] ( ! k+4 ,! k+ c\ld make laws at any "t1 & su* ones z he pleas$4 ,he c\ld1 !re=e1 h done any?+ he pleas$1 by ! law ( ! l&1 z well z 9 any o!r way1 if 8 own laws _h be5 ! law ( ! l&4 ,if 8 own laws _h be5 ! law ( ! l&1 )9 ! mean+ ( t t]m z us$ 9 ,magna ,c>ta1 ?is *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta w\ld h be5 %e] nons5se1 inasmu* z ! :ole purport ( x w\ld h be5 simply t no man %all be arre/$1 imprison$1 or depriv$ ( 8 freehold1 or 8 lib]ties1 or free cu/oms1 or outlaw$1 or exil$1 or 9 any mann] de/roy$ 7by ! k+72 nor %all ! k+ proce$ aga9/ him1 nor s5d any "o aga9/ him ) =ce & arms1 unless by ! judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1 or unless ! k+ %all please to d s4 ,?is *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta w\ld1 !re=e1 h impos$ n ! slighte/ re/ra9t ^u ! p[] ( ! k+1 or af=d$ ! slighte/ protection to ! lib]ties ( ! p1 if ! laws ( ! k+ _h be5 embrac$ 9 ! t]m legem t]r4 ,b if legem t]r 0 ! common law1 :i* ! k+ 0 sworn to ma9ta91 !n a real re/riction 0 laid ^u 8 p[]1 & a real gu>anty giv5 to ! p = _! lib]ties4 ,su*1 !n1 be+ ! mean+ ( legem t]r1 ! fact is e/abli%$ t ,magna ,c>ta took an accus$ p]son entirely out ( ! h&s ( ! legislative p[]1 t is1 ( ! k+2 & plac$ him 9 ! p[] & "u ! protection ( 8 pe]s1 & ! common law alone2 t1 9 %ort1 ,magna ,c>ta suff]$ no man to be puni%$ = violat+ any enactm5t ( ! legislative p[]1 unless ! pe]s or equals ( ! accus$ freely cons5t$ to x1 or ! common law au?oriz$ x2 t ! legislative p[]1 ( itself1 0 :olly incompet5t to require ! conviction or puni%m5t ( a man = any (f5ce :atev]4 ,:e!r ,magna ,c>ta all[$ ( any o!r trial ?an by jury4 ,! "q "h arises1 :e!r legem t]r did n all[ ( "s o!r mode ( trial ?an t by jury4 ,! answ] is1 t1 at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 x is n probable1 7= ! reasons giv5 9 ! note17 t legem t]r au?oriz$1 9 crim9al cases1 any o!r trial ?an ! trial by jury2 b1 if x did1 x c]ta9ly au?oriz$ none b ! trial by battle1 ! trial by ordeal1 & ! trial by compurgators4 ,^! 7 ! only modes ( trial1 except by jury1 t _h be5 kn[n 9 ,engl&1 9 crim9al cases1 = "s c5turies previ\s to ,magna ,c>ta4 ,all ( !m _h become ne>ly ext9ct at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 & x is n probable t !y 7 includ$ 9 legem t]r z t t]m is us$ 9 t in/rum5t4 ,b if !y 7 includ$ 9 x1 !y h n[ be5 long obsolete1 & 7 su* z nei!r ?is nor any future age w ev] return to4#bg ,= all practical purposes ( ! pres5t day1 !re=e1 x may be ass]t$ t ,magna ,c>ta all[s no trial :atev] b trial by jury4 ,:e!r ,magna ,c>ta all[$ s5t5ce to be fix$ o!rwise ?an by ! jury4 ,/ill ano!r "q arises on ! words legem t]r1 viz41 :e!r1 9 cases :]e ! "q ( guilt 0 det]m9$ by ! jury1 ! am\nt ( puni%m5t may n h be5 fix$ by legem t]r1 ! ,common ,law1 in/ead ( its be+ fix$ by ! jury4 ,i ?9k we h no evid5ce :atev] t1 at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 or inde$ at any o!r "t1 lex t]r1 ! common law1 fix$ ! puni%m5t 9 cases :]e ! "q ( guilt 0 tri$ by a jury2 or1 inde$1 t x did 9 any o!r case4 ,d\btless c]ta9 puni%m5ts 7 common & usual = c]ta9 (f5ces2 b ,i d n ?9k x c be %[n t ! common law1 ! lex t]r1 :i* ! k+ 0 sworn to ma9ta91 requir$ any "o specific puni%m5t1 or any precise am\nt ( puni%m5t1 = any "o specific (f5ce4 ,if su* a ?+ be claim$1 x mu/ be %[n1 = x _c be presum$4 ,9 fact1 ! contr>y mu/ be presum$1 because1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ! am\nt ( puni%m5t prop] to be inflict$ 9 any p>ticul> case1 is a matt] requir+ ! ex]cise ( discretion at ! "t1 9 ord] to adapt x to ! moral quality ( ! (f5ce1 :i* is diff]5t 9 ea* case1 v>y+ ) ! m5tal & moral con/itutions ( ! (f5d]s1 & ! circum/ances ( temptation or provocation4 ,& ,magna ,c>ta recognizes ?is pr9ciple di/9ctly1 z has be=e be5 %[n1 9 provid+ t freem51 m]*ants1 & ville9s1 %all n be am]c$ = a small crime1 b accord+ to ! degree ( ! crime2 & = a great crime 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( x2 & t none ( ! a=esaid am]cem5ts %all be impos$ 7or assess$7 b by ! oa?s ( hone/ m5 ( ! neighborhood2 & t e>ls & b>ons %all n be am]c$ b by _! pe]s1 & accord+ to ! quality ( ! (f5ce4 ,all ?is implies t ! moral quality ( ! (f5ce 0 to be judg$ ( at ! trial1 & t ! puni%m5t 0 to be fix$ by ! discretion ( ! pe]s1 or jury1 & n by any su* unv>y+ rule z a common law rule w\ld be4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 x mu/ be conc$$ t1 9 all cases1 tri$ by a jury1 ,magna ,c>ta int5d$ t ! puni%m5t %\ld be fix$ by ! jury1 & n by ! common law1 = ^! sev]al reasons4 #a4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! common law fix$ ! puni%m5t ( any (f5ce :atev]4 #b4 ,! words p] judicium p>ium suorum1 accord+ to ! s5t5ce ( 8 pe]s1 imply t ! jury fix$ ! s5t5ce 9 "s cases tri$ by !m2 & if !y fix$ ! s5t5ce 9 "s cases1 x mu/ be presum$ !y did 9 all1 unless ! contr>y be cle>ly %[n4 #c4 ,! express provisions ( ,magna ,c>ta1 be=e adv]t$ to1 t no am]cem5ts1 or f9es1 %\ld be impos$ ^u freem51 m]*ants1 or ville9s1 b by ! oa? ( hone/ m5 ( ! neighborhood1 & accord+ to ! degree ( ! crime1 & t e>ls & b>ons %\ld n be am]c$ b by _! pe]s1 & accord+ to ! quality ( ! (f5ce1 proves t1 at lea/1 !re 0 no common law fix+ ! am\nt ( f9es1 or1 if !re 71 t x 0 to be no long] 9 =ce4 ,& if !re 0 no common law fix+ ! am\nt ( f9es1 or if x 0 to be no long] 9 =ce1 x is reasonable to inf]1 79 ! abs5ce ( all evid5ce to ! contr>y17 ei!r t ! common law did n fix ! am\nt ( any o!r puni%m5t1 or t x 0 to be no long] 9 =ce = t purpose4#bh ,"u ! ,saxon laws1 f9es1 payable to ! injur$ p>ty1 seem to h be5 ! common puni%m5ts = all (f5ces4 ,ev5 murd] 0 puni%able by a f9e payable to ! relatives ( ! deceas$4 ,! murd] ( ! k+ ev5 0 puni%able by f9e4 ,:5 a crim9al 0 unable to pay 8 f9e1 8 relatives (t5 paid x = him4 ,b if x 7 n paid1 he 0 put out ( ! protection ( ! law1 & ! injur$ p>ties1 7or1 9 ! case ( murd]1 ! k9dr$ ( ! deceas$17 7 all[$ to inflict su* puni%m5t z !y pleas$4 ,& if ! relatives ( ! crim9al protect$ him1 x 0 lawful to take v5geance on !m also4 ,aft]w>ds ! cu/om grew up ( exact+ f9es also to ! k+ z a puni%m5t = (f5ces4#bi ,& ?is latt] 01 d\btless1 ! usual puni%m5t at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 z is evid5c$ by ! fact t = _m ye>s imm$iately foll[+ ,magna ,c>ta1 ne>ly or q all /atutes t prescrib$ any puni%m5t at all1 prescrib$ t ! (f5d] %\ld be griev\sly am]c$1 or pay a great f9e to ! k+1 or a griev\s ransom1--) ! alt]native 9 "s cases 7p]haps und]/ood 9 all7 ( imprisonm5t1 bani%m5t1 or outlawry1 9 case ( non-paym5t4#cj ,judg+1 !re=e1 f ! special provisions 9 ,magna ,c>ta1 requir+ f9es1 or am]cem5ts1 to be impos$ only by juries1 7)\t m5tion+ any o!r puni%m5ts27 judg+1 also1 f ! /atutes :i* imm$iately foll[$ ,magna ,c>ta1 x is probable t ! ,saxon cu/om ( puni%+ all1 or ne>ly all1 (f5ces by f9es1 7) ! alt]native to ! crim9al ( be+ imprison$1 bani%$1 or outlaw$1 & expos$ to private v5geance1 9 case ( non-paym5t17 cont9u$ until ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta2 & t 9 provid+ expressly t f9es %\ld be fix$ by ! juries1 ,magna ,c>ta provid$ = ne>ly or q all ! puni%m5ts t 7 expect$ to be inflict$2 t if !re 7 to be any o!rs1 !y 7 to be fix$ by ! juries2 & consequ5tly t no?+ 0 left to be fix$ by legem t]r4 ,b :e!r ! common law fix$ ! puni%m5t ( any (f5ces1 or n1 is a matt] ( little or no practical importance at ?is day2 because we h no idea ( go+ back to any common law puni%m5ts ( six hundr$ ye>s ago1 if1 inde$1 !re 7 any su* at t "t4 ,x is en\gh = u to "k--& ?is is :at x is mat]ial = u to "k--t ! jury fix$ ! puni%m5ts1 9 all cases1 unless !y 7 fix$ by ! common law2 t ,magna ,c>ta all[$ no puni%m5ts to be prescrib$ by /atute--t is1 by ! legislative p[]--nor 9 any o!r mann] by ! k+1 or 8 judges1 9 any case :atev]2 &1 consequ5tly1 t all /atutes prescrib+ p>ticul> puni%m5ts = p>ticul> (f5ces1 or giv+ ! k+'s judges any au?ority to fix puni%m5ts1 7 void4 ,if ! p[] to fix puni%m5ts _h be5 left 9 ! h&s ( ! k+1 x w\ld h giv5 him a p[] ( oppression1 :i* 0 liable to be greatly abus$2 :i* !re 0 no occasion to leave ) him2 & :i* w\ld h be5 incongru\s ) ! :ole object ( ?is *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta2 :i* object 0 to take all discretion>y or arbitr>y p[] ov] individuals entirely out ( ! h&s ( ! k+1 & 8 laws1 & entru/ x only to ! common law1 & ! pe]s1 or jury--t is1 ! p4 ,:at lex t]r did au?orize4 ,b "h ! "q arises1 ,:at !n did legem t]r au?orize ! k+1 7t is1 ! gov]nm5t17 to d 9 ! case ( an accus$ p]son1 if x nei!r au?oriz$ any o!r trial ?an t by jury1 nor any o!r puni%m5ts ?an ^? fix$ by juries8 ,! answ] is1 t1 ow+ to ! d>kness ( hi/ory on ! po9t1 x is probably :olly impossible1 at ?is day1 to /ate1 ) any c]ta9ty or precision1 any?+ :atev] t ! legem t]r ( ,magna ,c>ta did au?orize ! k+1 7t is1 ! gov]nm5t17 to d1 7if1 inde$1 x au?oriz$ him to d any?+17 9 ! case ( crim9als1 o!r ?an to h !m tri$ & s5t5c$ by _! pe]s1 = common law crimes2 & to c>ry t s5t5ce into execution4 ,! trial by jury 0 a "p ( legem t]r1 & we h ! means ( kn[+ :at ! trial by jury 04 ,! fact t ! jury 7 to fix ! s5t5ce1 implies t !y 7 to try ! accus$2 o!rwise !y c\ld n "k :at s5t5ce1 or :e!r any s5t5ce1 ought to be inflict$ ^u him4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! jury 7 to judge ( ev]y?+ involv$ 9 ! trial2 t is1 !y 7 to judge ( ! nature ( ! (f5ce1 ( ! admissibility & weight ( te/imony1 & ( ev]y?+ else :atsoev] t 0 ( ! ess5ce ( ! trial4 ,if any?+ :atev] c\ld be dictat$ to !m1 ei!r ( law or evid5ce1 ! s5t5ce w\ld n be !irs1 b w\ld be dictat$ to !m by ! p[] t dictat$ to !m ! law or evid5ce4 ,! trial & s5t5ce1 !n1 7 :olly 9 ! h&s ( ! jury4 ,we also h suffici5t evid5ce ( ! nature ( ! oa? adm9i/]$ to jurors 9 crim9al cases4 ,x 0 simply1 t !y w\ld nei!r convict ! innoc5t1 nor acquit ! guilty4 ,?is 0 ! oa? 9 ! ,saxon times1 & probably cont9u$ to be until ,magna ,c>ta4 ,we also "k t1 9 case ( conviction1 ! s5t5ce ( ! jury 0 n necess>ily f9al2 t ! accus$ _h ! "r ( appeal to ! k+ & 8 judges1 & to dem& ei!r a new trial1 or an acquittal1 if ! trial or conviction _h be5 aga9/ law4 ,s mu*1 !re=e1 ( ! legem t]r ( ,magna ,c>ta1 we "k ) reasonable c]ta9ty4 ,we also "k t ,magna ,c>ta provides t ,no bailiff 7balivus7 %all h]eaft] put any man to 8 law1 7put him on trial17 on 8 s+le te/imony1 )\t cr$ible witnesses br\ght to support x4 ,coke ?9ks t "u ?is ^w balivus1 9 ?is act1 is compreh5d$ e ju/ice1 m9i/] ( ! k+1 /ew>d ( ! k+1 /ew>d & bailiff4 7#b ,in/4 #dd47 ,& 9 support ( ?is idea he quotes f a v anci5t law book1 call$ ! ,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 writt5 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,i41 )9 a c5tury aft] ,magna ,c>ta4 ,b :e!r ?is 7 really a common law pr9ciple1 or :e!r ! provision grew out ( t jeal\sy ( ! gov]nm5t :i*1 at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 _h rea*$ its height1 _c p]haps n[ be det]m9$4 ,we also "k t1 by ,magna ,c>ta1 am]cem5ts1 or f9es1 c\ld n be impos$ to ! ru9 ( ! crim9al2 t1 9 ! case ( a freeman1 8 cont5em5t1 or means ( subsi/+ 9 ! condition ( a freeman1 mu/ be sav$ to him2 t1 9 ! case ( a m]*ant1 8 m]*&ise mu/ be sp>$2 & 9 ! case ( a ville91 8 waynage1 or pl\gh-tackle & c>ts4 ,?is also is likely to h be5 a pr9ciple ( ! common law1 inasmu* z1 9 t rude age1 :5 ! means ( gett+ employm5t z labor]s 7 n :at !y are n[1 ! man & 8 family w\ld probably h be5 liable to />vation1 if ^! means ( subsi/5ce _h be5 tak5 f him4 ,we also "k1 g5]ally1 t1 at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 all acts intr9sically crim9al1 all trespasses aga9/ p]sons & prop]ty1 7 crimes1 accord+ to lex t]r1 or ! common law4 ,beyond ! po9ts n[ giv51 we h>dly "k any?+1 probably no?+ ) c]ta9ty1 z to :at ! legem t]r ( ,magna ,c>ta did au?orize1 9 reg>d to crimes4 ,!re is h>dly any?+ extant t c give u any real light on ! subject4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t !re 71 ev5 at t day1 "s common law pr9ciples gov]n+ arre/s2 & "s common law =ms & rules z to hold+ a man = trial1 7by bail or imprisonm5t27 putt+ him on trial1 su* z by indictm5t or compla9t2 summon+ & empanell+ jurors1 c41 c4 ,:atev] ^! common law pr9ciples 71 ,magna ,c>ta requires !m to be obs]v$2 = ,magna ,c>ta provides = ! :ole proce$+s1 comm5c+ ) ! arre/1 7no freeman %all be arre/$1 c417 & end+ ) ! execution ( ! s5t5ce4 ,& x provides t no?+ %all be done1 by ! gov]nm5t1 f beg9n+ to end1 unless accord+ to ! s5t5ce ( ! pe]s1 or legem t]r1 ! common law4 ,! trial by pe]s 0 a "p ( legem t]r1 & we h se5 t ! pe]s mu/ necess>ily h gov]n$ ! :ole proce$+s at ! trial4 ,b all ! proce$+s = arre/+ ! man1 & br++ him to trial1 mu/ h be5 _h be=e ! case c\ld come "u ! cognizance ( ! pe]s1 & !y mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 gov]n$ by o!r rules ?an ! discretion ( ! pe]s4 ,we may conjecture1 al?\gh we _c p]haps "k ) mu* c]ta9ty1 t ! lex t]r1 or common law1 gov]n+ ^! o!r proce$+s1 0 some:at simil> to ! common law pr9ciples1 on ! same po9ts1 at ! pres5t day4 ,su* seem to be ! op9ions ( ,coke1 :o says t ! phrase nisi p] legem t]r means unless by due process ( law4 ,?us1 he says3 ,nisi p] legem t]r4 ,b by ! law ( ! l&4 ,= ! true s5se & exposition ( ^! words1 see ! /atute ( #cg ,edw4 ,,iii41 cap4 #h1 :]e ! words1 by ! law ( ! l&1 are r5d]$ )\t due process ( law2 = !re x is said1 ?\gh x be conta9$ 9 ! ,great ,*>t]1 t no man be tak51 imprison$1 or put out ( 8 freehold1 )\t process ( ! law2 t is1 by indictm5t or pres5tm5t ( good & lawful m51 :]e su* de$s be done 9 due mann]1 or by writ orig9al ( ! common law4 ,)\t be+ br\ght 9 to answ] b by due process ( ! common law4 ,no man be put to answ] )\t pres5tm5t be=e ju/ices1 or ?+ ( record1 or by due process1 or by writ orig9al1 accord+ to ! old law ( ! l&4--#b ,in/4 #ej4 ,! =ego+ int]pretations ( ! words nisi p] legem t]r are corroborat$ by ! foll[+ /atutes1 enact$ 9 ! next c5tury aft] ,magna ,c>ta4 ,t no man1 f h5ce=?1 %all be atta*$ by any accusation1 nor =ejudg$ ( life or limb1 nor 8 l&1 t5em5ts1 goods1 nor *attels1 seiz$ into ! k+'s h&s1 aga9/ ! =m ( ! ,great ,*>t]1 & ! law ( ! l&4--,/4 #e ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,*4 #i4 7#acca47 ,:]eas x is conta9$ 9 ! ,great ,*>t] ( ! fran*ises ( ,engl&1 t none %all be imprison$1 nor put out ( 8 freehold1 nor ( 8 fran*ises1 nor free cu/oms1 unless x be by ! law ( ! l&2 x is accord$1 ass5t$1 & e/abli%$1 t f h5ce=? none %all be tak5 by petition1 or sugge/ion made to our "l ! k+1 or to 8 c\ncil1 unless x be by indictm5t or pres5tm5t ( good & lawful p ( ! same neighborhood :]e su* de$s be done 9 due mann]1 or by process made by writ orig9al at ! common law2 nor t none be put out ( 8 fran*ises1 nor ( 8 freehold1 unless he be duly br\ght into answ]1 & =ejudg$ ( ! same by ! c\rse ( ! law2 & if any?+ be done aga9/ ! same1 x %all be r$ress$ & hold5 = none4--,/4 #be ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,*4 #d4 7#acej47 ,t no man1 ( :at e/ate or condition t he be1 %all be put out ( l& or t5em5t1 nor tak51 nor imprison$1 nor dis9h]it$1 nor put to dea?1 )\t be+ br\ght 9 answ] by due process ( law4--,/4 #bh ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,*4 #c4 7#aced47 ,t no man be put to answ] )\t pres5tm5t be=e ju/ices1 or matt] ( record1 or by due process & writ orig9al1 accord+ to ! old law ( ! l&4 ,& if any?+ f h5ce=? be done to ! contr>y1 x %all be void 9 law1 & hold5 = error4--,/4 #db ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,*4 #c4 7#acfh47 ,! =ego+ int]pretation ( ! words nisi p] legem t]r--t is1 by due process ( law--includ+ indictm5t1 c41 has be5 adopt$ z ! true "o by mod]n writ]s & c\rts2 z1 = example1 by ,k5t1 7#b ,comm4 #ac17 ,/ory1 7#c ,comm4 #ffa17 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,new ,york1 7#ai ,w5dell1 #fgf2 #d ,hill1 #adf47 ,! fif? am5dm5t to ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates seems to h be5 fram$ on ! same idea1 inasmu* z x provides t no p]son %all be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law4#ca ,:e!r ! ^w ,,vel %\ld be r5d]$ by ,,or1 or by ,,&4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 ! mean+s1 or r ! applications1 :i* ! words vel p] legem t]r w reasonably1 & p]haps mu/ necess>ily1 be>1 x is prop] to sugge/1 t x has be5 suppos$ by "s t ! ^w vel1 in/ead ( be+ r5d]$ by or1 z x usually is1 ought to be r5d]$ by &1 inasmu* z ! ^w vel is (t5 us$ = et1 & ! :ole phrase nisi p] judicium p>ium suorum1 vel p] legem t]r1 7:i* w\ld !n read1 unless by ! s5t5ce ( 8 pe]s1 & ! law ( ! l&17 w\ld convey a m intelligible & h>moni\s mean+ ?an x o!rwise does4 ,black/one sugge/s t ?is may be ! true read+4 7,*>t]s1 p4 #da47 ,also ,mr4 ,hallam1 :o says3 ,nisi p] legale judicium p>ium suorum1 vel p] legem t]r4 ,sev]al explanations h be5 (f]$ ( ! alt]native clause2 :i* "s h ref]r$ to judgm5t by default1 or demurr]2 o!rs to ! process ( atta*m5t = contempt4 ,c]ta9ly !re are _m legal proc$ures besides trial by jury1 ?r\gh :i* a p>ty's goods or p]son may be tak54 ,b "o may d\bt :e!r ^! 7 9 contemplation ( ! fram]s ( ,magna ,c>ta4 ,9 an entry ( ! ,*>t] ( #abag by a contempor>y h&1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,t[n-cl]k's (fice 9 ,london1 call$ ,lib] ,cu/um>um et ,regum antiqu>um1 a v>i\s read+1 et p] legem t]r1 occurs4 ,black/one's ,*>t]s1 p4 #db 7#da47 ,& ! ^w vel is s frequ5tly us$ = et1 t ,i am n :olly free f a suspicion t x 0 s int5d$ 9 ?is place4 ,! mean+ w be1 t no p]son %all be disseiz$1 c41 except ^u a lawful cause ( action1 f\nd by ! v]dict ( a jury4 ,?is really seems z good z any ( ! disjunctive int]pretations2 b ,i d n (f] x ) mu* confid5ce4--#b ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 ,*4 #h1 ,"p #b1 p4 #ddi1 note4#cb ,! idea t ! ^w vel %\ld be r5d]$ by &1 is corroborat$1 if n absolutely confirm$1 by ! foll[+ passage 9 ,black/one1 :i* has be=e be5 cit$4 ,speak+ ( ! trial by jury1 z e/abli%$ by ,magna ,c>ta1 he calls x1 ,a privilege :i* is c\*$ 9 almo/ ! same words ) t ( ! ,emp]or ,conrad two hundr$ ye>s be=e3 'nemo b5eficium suum p]dat1 nisi secundum consuetud9em antecessorum no/rorum1 et judicium p>ium suorum4' 7,no "o %all lose 8 e/ate unless accord+ to ! cu/om ( our ance/ors1 & ! judgm5t ( 8 pe]s47--#c ,black/one1 #cej4 ,if ! ^w vel be r5d]$ by &1 7z ,i ?9k x mu/ be1 at lea/ 9 "s cases17 ?is *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta w !n read t no freeman %all be arre/$ or puni%$1 unless accord+ to ! s5t5ce ( 8 pe]s1 & ! law ( ! l&4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is read+ & ! o!r is important4 ,9 ! "o case1 !re w\ld be1 at fir/ view1 "s color ( gr\nd = say+ t a man might be puni%$ 9 ei!r ( two ways1 viz41 accord+ to ! s5t5ce ( 8 pe]s1 or accord+ to ! law ( ! l&4 ,9 ! o!r case1 x requires bo? ! s5t5ce ( 8 pe]s & ! law ( ! l& 7common law7 to au?orize 8 puni%m5t4 ,if ?is latt] read+ be adopt$1 ! provision w\ld seem to exclude all trials except trial by jury1 & all causes ( action except ^? ( ! common law4 ,b ,i appreh5d ! ^w vel mu/ be r5d]$ bo? by &1 & by or2 t 9 cases ( a judgm5t1 x %\ld be r5d]$ by &1 s z to require ! concurr5ce bo? ( ! judgm5t ( ! pe]s & ! law ( ! l&1 to au?orize ! k+ to make execution ^u a p>ty's goods or p]son2 b t 9 cases ( arre/ & imprisonm5t1 simply = ! purpose ( br++ a man to trial1 vel %\ld be r5d]$ by or1 because !re c h be5 no judgm5t ( a jury 9 su* a case1 & ! law ( ! l& mu/ !re=e necess>ily be ! only guide to1 & re/ra9t ^u1 ! k+4 ,if ?is guide & re/ra9t 7 tak5 away1 ! k+ w\ld be inve/$ ) an arbitr>y & mo/ dang]\s p[] 9 mak+ arre/s1 & conf9+ 9 prison1 "u pret5ce ( an int5tion to br+ to trial4 ,hav+ ?us exam9$ ! language ( ?is *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta1 s f> z x relates to crim9al cases1 its legal import may be /at$ z foll[s1 viz43 ,no freeman %all be arre/$1 or imprison$1 or depriv$ ( 8 freehold1 or 8 lib]ties1 or free cu/oms1 or be outlaw$1 or exil$1 or 9 any mann] de/roy$1 7h>m$17 nor w we 7! k+7 proce$ aga9/ him1 nor s5d any "o aga9/ him1 by =ce or arms1 unless accord+ to 7t is1 9 execution (7 ! s5t5ce ( 8 pe]s1 & 7or or1 z ! case may require7 ! ,common ,law ( ,engl&1 7z x 0 at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 9 #abae47 ,footnote #e3 #a ,hume1 ,app5dix #b4 ,footnote #f3 ,crabbe's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 #bcf4 ,footnote #g3 ,coke says1 ,! k+ ( ,engl& is arm$ ) div]s c\ncils1 "o :]e( is call$ commune concilium1 7! common c\ncil17 & t is ! c\rt ( p>liam5t1 & s x is legally call$ 9 writs & judicial proce$+s commune concilium regni ,angli1 7! common c\ncil ( ! k+dom ( ,engl&47 ,& ano!r is call$ magnum concilium1 7great c\ncil27 ?is is sometimes appli$ to ! upp] h\se ( p>liam5t1 & sometimes1 out ( p>liam5t "t1 to ! pe]s ( ! realm1 lords ( p>liam5t1 :o are call$ magnum concilium regis1 7! great c\ncil ( ! k+27 99 99 ,?irdly1 7z e man kn[e?17 ! k+ ha? a privy c\ncil = matt]s ( /ate4 99 99 ,! f\r? c\ncil ( ! k+ are 8 judges = law matt]s4 #a ,coke's ,in/itutes1 #aaj a4 ,footnote #h3 ,! ,great ,*>t] ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 7#abaf & #abbe17 confirm$ by ,edw>d ,i41 7#abig17 makes no provision :atev] =1 or m5tion (1 a p>liam5t1 unless ! provision1 7,*4 #cg17 t ,escuage1 7a milit>y contribution17 f h5ce=? %all be tak5 l z x 0 wont to be 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,h5ry our gr&fa!r1 mean t a p>liam5t %all be summon$ = t purpose4 ,footnote #i3 ,! ,magna ,c>ta ( ,john1 7,*4 #ag & #ah17 def9es ^? :o 7 entitl$ to be summon$ to p>liam5t1 to wit1 ,! ,ar*bi%ops1 ,bi%ops1 ,abbots1 ,e>ls1 & ,great ,b>ons ( ! ,realm1 99 99 & all o!rs :o hold ( u 9 *ief4 ,^? :o held l& ( ! k+ 9 *ief includ$ none bel[ ! rank ( knights4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! p>liam5ts ( t "t 71 d\btless1 su* z ,c>lyle describes !m1 :5 he says1 ,! p>liam5t 0 at fir/ a mo/ simple assemblage1 q cognate to ! situation2 t ,r$ ,william1 or :oev] _h tak5 on him ! t]rible task ( be+ ,k+ ( ,engl&1 0 wont to invite1 (t5e/ ab\t ,*ri/mas "t1 8 subord9ate ,k+lets1 ,b>ons z he call$ !m1 to give him ! pleasure ( _! company = a week or two2 !re1 9 e>ne/ conf]5ce all morn+1 9 fre] talk ov] ,*ri/mas *e] all ev5+1 9 "s big royal hall ( ,we/m9/]1 ,w9*e/]1 or :]ev] x might be1 ) log fires1 huge r\nds ( roa/ & boil$1 n lack+ malmsey & o!r g5]\s liquor1 !y took c\nsel conc]n+ ! ardu\s matt]s ( ! k+dom4 ,footnote #aa3 ,hume1 ,app5dix #b4 ,footnote #ab3 ,?is po9t w be m fully e/abli%$ h]eaft]4 ,footnote #ac3 ,x is pla9 t ! k+ & all 8 p>tisans look$ ^u ! *>t] z utt]ly pro/rat+ ! k+'s legislative supremacy be=e ! discretion ( juries4 ,:5 ! s*$ule ( lib]ties dem&$ by ! b>ons 0 %[n to him1 7( :i* ! trial by jury 0 ! mo/ important1 because x 0 ! only "o t protect$ all ! re/17 ! k+1 fall+ into a viol5t passion1 ask$1 ,:y ! b>ons did n ) ^! exactions dem& 8 k+dom8 99 99 & ) a solemn oa? prote/$1 t he w\ld nev] grant su* lib]ties z w\ld make himself a slave4 99 99 ,b aft]w>ds1 see+ himself des]t$1 & fe>+ !y w\ld seize 8 ca/les1 he s5t ! ,e>l ( ,pembroke & o!r fai?ful mess5g]s to !m1 to let !m "k he w\ld grant !m ! laws & lib]ties !y desir$4 99 99 ,b aft] ! *>t] _h be5 grant$1 ! k+'s m]c5>y soldi]s1 desir+ w> m ?an peace1 7 by _! lead]s cont9ually :isp]+ 9 8 e>s1 t he 0 n[ no long] k+1 b ! scorn ( o!r pr9ces2 & t x 0 m eligible to be no k+1 ?an su* a "o z he4 99 99 ,he appli$ to ! ,pope1 t he might by 8 apo/olic au?ority make void :at ! b>ons _h done4 99 99 ,at ,rome he met ) :at success he c\ld desire1 :]e all ! transactions ) ! b>ons 7 fully repres5t$ to ! ,pope1 & ! ,*>t] ( ,lib]ties %[n to him1 9 writ+2 :i*1 :5 he _h c>efully p]us$1 he1 ) a furi\s look1 cri$ out1 ,:at6 ,d ! b>ons ( ,engl& endeavor to de?rone a k+1 :o has tak5 ^u him ! ,holy ,cross1 & is "u ! protection ( ! ,apo/olic ,see2 & w\ld !y =ce him to transf] ! dom9ions ( ! ,roman ,*ur* to o!rs8 ,by ,/4 ,pet]1 ?is injury mu/ n pass unpuni%$4 ,!n debat+ ! matt] ) ! c>d9als1 he1 by a def9itive s5t5ce1 damn$ & cassat$ =ev] ! ,*>t] ( ,lib]ties1 & s5t ! k+ a bull conta9+ t s5t5ce at l>ge4--,e*>d's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 p4 #ajf-g4 ,^! ?+s %[ t ! nature & effect ( ! *>t] 7 well und]/ood by ! k+ & 8 fri5ds2 t !y all agre$ t he 0 effectually /ripp$ ( p[]4 ,yet ! legislative p[] _h n be5 tak5 f him2 b only ! p[] to en=ce 8 laws1 unless juries %\ld freely cons5t to _! en=cem5t4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! laws 71 at t "t1 all writt5 9 ,lat94 ,footnote #ae3 ,no man %all be condemn$ at ! k+'s suit1 ei!r be=e ! k+ 9 8 b5*1 :]e pleas are coram rege1 7be=e ! k+17 7& s are ! words nec sup] eum ibimus1 to be und]/ood17 nor be=e any o!r commission] or judge :atsoev]1 & s are ! words nec sup] eum mittemus1 to be und]/ood1 b by ! judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1 t is1 equals1 or accord+ to ! law ( ! l&4--#b ,coke's ,in/41 #df4 ,footnote #af3 ,p]haps ! ass]tion 9 ! text %\ld be made ) ?is qualification--t ! words p] legem t]r1 7accord+ to ! law ( ! l&17 & ! words p] legale judicium p>ium suorum1 7accord+ to ! legal judgm5t ( 8 pe]s17 imply t ! k+1 be=e proce$+ to any executive action1 w take notice ( ! law ( ! l&1 & ( ! legality ( ! judgm5t ( ! pe]s1 & w execute ^u ! prison] no?+ except :at ! law ( ! l& au?orizes1 & no judgm5ts ( ! pe]s1 except legal ones4 ,) ?is qualification1 ! ass]tion 9 ! text is /rictly correct--t !re is no?+ 9 ! :ole *apt] t grants to ! k+1 or 8 judges1 any judicial p[] at all4 ,! *apt] only describes & limits 8 executive p[]4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see ,black/one's ,law ,tracts1 page #bid1 ,ox=d ,edition4 ,footnote #ah3 ,^! ,articles ( ! ,*>t] are giv5 9 ,black/one's collection ( ,*>t]s1 & are also pr9t$ ) ! ,/atutes ( ! ,realm4 ,also 9 ,wilk9s' ,laws ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 p4 #cef4 ,footnote #ai3 ,l+>d says1 ,! words1 ',we w n de/roy him1 nor w we g ^u him1 nor w we s5d ^u him1' h be5 v diff]5tly exp\nd$ by diff]5t legal au?orities4 ,_! real mean+ may be le>n$ f ,john himself1 :o ! next ye> promis$ by 8 lett]s pat5t 444 nec sup] eos p] vim vel p] arma ibimus1 nisi p] legem regni no/ri1 vel p] judicium p>ium suorum 9 curia no/ra1 7nor w we g ^u !m by =ce or by arms1 unless by ! law ( our k+dom1 or ! judgm5t ( _! pe]s 9 our c\rt47 ,pat4 #af ,johan1 apud ,drad4 #aa1 app4 no4 #abd4 ,he _h hi!rto be5 9 ! habit ( go+ ) an arm$ =ce1 or s5d+ an arm$ =ce on ! l&s1 & aga9/ ! ca/les1 ( all :om he knew or suspect$ to be 8 secret enemies1 )\t obs]v+ any =m ( law4--#c ,l+>d1 #dg note4 ,footnote #bj3 ,judgm5t1 judicium4 99 99 ,! s5t5ce ( ! law1 pron\nc$ by ! c\rt1 ^u ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! record4--#c ,black/one1 #cie4 ,jacob's ,law ,diction>y4 ,toml9's d4 ,judgm5t is ! decision or s5t5ce ( ! law1 giv5 by a c\rt ( ju/ice or o!r compet5t tribunal1 z ! result ( ! proce$+s in/itut$ !re91 = ! r$ress ( an injury4--,b\vi]'s ,law ,dict4 ,judgm5t1 judicium4 99 99 ,s5t5ce ( a judge aga9/ a crim9al4 99 99 ,det]m9ation1 decision 9 g5]al4--,bailey's ,dict4 ,judgm5t4 99 99 ,9 a legal s5se1 a s5t5ce or decision pron\nc$ by au?ority ( a k+1 or o!r p[]1 ei!r by _! own m\?1 or by t ( _! judges & (fic]s1 :om !y appo9t to adm9i/] ju/ice 9 _! /ead4--,*amb]s' ,dict4 ,judgm5t4 99 99 ,9 law1 ! s5t5ce or doom pron\nc$ 9 any case1 civil or crim9al1 by ! judge or c\rt by :i* x is tri$4--,web/]'s ,dict4 ,sometimes ! puni%m5t itself is call$ judicium1 judgm5t2 or1 r1 x 0 at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta4 ,= example1 9 a /atute pass$ fifty-"o ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 x 0 said t a bak]1 = default 9 ! weight ( 8 bread1 debeat am]ci>i vel subire judicium pillorie2 t is1 ought to be am]c$1 or suff] ! puni%m5t1 or judgm5t1 ( ! pillory4 ,also t a brew]1 = sell+ ale contr>y to ! assize1 debeat am]ci>i1 vel pati judicium tumbrelli2 t is1 ought to be am]c$1 or suff] ! puni%m5t1 or judgm5t1 ( ! tumbrel4--#ea ,h5ry #c1 ,/4 #f4 7#abff47 ,also ! ,/atutes ( unc]ta9 date1 7b suppos$ to be prior to ,edw>d ,,iii41 or #acbf17 provide1 9 *apt]s #f1 #g1 & #aj1 = judgm5t ( ! pillory4--,see #a ,ruffhead's ,/atutes1 #ahg1 #ahh4 #a ,/atutes ( ! ,realm1 #bjc4 ,black/one1 9 8 *apt] ,( ,judgm5t1 & its ,consequ5ces1 says1 ,judgm5t 7unless any matt] be (f]$ 9 arre/ !re(7 foll[s ^u conviction2 be+ ! pron\nc+ ( t puni%m5t :i* is expressly orda9$ by law4--,black/one's ,analysis ( ! ,laws ( ,engl&1 ,book #d1 ,*4 #bi1 ,sec4 #a4 ,black/one's ,law ,tracts1 #abf4 ,coke says1 ,judicium 444 ! judgm5t is ! guide & direction ( ! execution4 #c ,in/4 #baj4 ,footnote #ba3 ,?is prec$5t f ,g]many is good au?ority1 because ! trial by jury 0 9 use1 9 ! nor!rn nations ( ,europe g5]ally1 long be=e ,magna ,c>ta1 & probably f "t immemorial2 & ! ,saxons & ,normans 7 famili> ) x be=e !y settl$ 9 ,engl&4 ,footnote #bb3 ,b5eficium 0 ! legal "n ( an e/ate held by a feudal t5ure4 ,see ,spelman's ,gloss>y4 ,footnote #bc3 ,cont5em5t ( a freeman 0 ! means ( liv+ 9 ! condition ( a freeman4 ,footnote #bd3 ,waynage 0 a ville9's pl\gh-tackle & c>ts4 ,footnote #be3 ,toml9 says1 ,! anci5t practice 01 :5 any su* f9e 0 impos$1 to inquire by a jury quantum inde regi d>e valeat p] annum1 salva su/5tatione sua et uxoris et lib]orum suorum1 7h[ mu* is he able to give to ! k+ p] annum1 sav+ 8 own ma9t5ance1 & t ( 8 wife & *ildr574 ,& s9ce ! disuse ( su* inque/1 x is nev] usual to assess a l>g] f9e ?an a man is able to pay1 )\t t\*+ ! implem5ts ( 8 livelihood2 b to inflict corporal puni%m5t1 or a limit$ imprisonm5t1 in/ead ( su* a f9e z might am\nt to imprisonm5t = life4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y f9es 9 ! k+'s c\rts are frequ5tly d5om9at$ ransoms1 because ! p5alty mu/ o!rwise fall ^u a man's p]son1 unless x be r$eem$ or ransom$ by a pecuni>y f9e4--,toml9's ,law ,dict41 ^w ,f9e4 ,footnote #bf3 ,because juries 7 to fix ! s5t5ce1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! k+ 0 oblig$ to c>ry ! s5t5ce into execution2 b only t he c\ld n g beyond ! s5t5ce4 ,he might p>don1 or he might acquit on gr\nds ( law1 not)/&+ ! s5t5ce2 b he c\ld n puni% beyond ! ext5t ( ! s5t5ce4 ,magna ,c>ta does n prescribe t ! k+ %all puni% accord+ to ! s5t5ce ( ! pe]s2 b only t he %all n puni% unless accord+ to t s5t5ce4 ,he may acquit or p>don1 not)/&+ _! s5t5ce or judgm5t2 b he _c puni%1 except accord+ to _! judgm5t4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! trial by battle 0 "o 9 :i* ! accus$ *all5g$ 8 accus] to s+le combat1 & /ak$ ! "q ( 8 guilt or innoc5ce on ! result ( ! duel4 ,?is trial 0 introduc$ into ,engl& by ! ,normans1 )9 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e ,magna ,c>ta4 ,x 0 n v (t5 resort$ to ev5 by ! ,normans !mselves2 probably nev] by ! ,anglo-,saxons1 unless 9 _! controv]sies ) ! ,normans4 ,x 0 /rongly disc\rag$ by "s ( ! ,norman pr9ces1 p>ticul>ly by ,h5ry ,,ii41 by :om ! trial by jury 0 especially favor$4 ,x is probable t ! trial by battle1 s f> z x prevail$ at all 9 ,engl&1 0 r tol]at$ z a matt] ( *ivalry1 ?an au?oriz$ z a matt] ( law4 ,at any rate1 x is n likely t x 0 includ$ 9 ! legem t]r ( ,magna ,c>ta1 al?\gh su* duels h occasionally occurr$ s9ce t "t1 & h1 by "s1 be5 suppos$ to be lawful4 ,i appreh5d t no?+ c be prop]ly said to be a "p ( lex t]r1 unless x c be %[n ei!r to h be5 ( ,saxon orig91 or to h be5 recogniz$ by ,magna ,c>ta4 ,! trial by ordeal 0 ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 "o ordeal ! accus$ 0 requir$ to take hot iron 9 8 h&2 9 ano!r to walk bl9dfold among r$-hot pl\gh%>es2 9 ano!r to ?ru/ 8 arm into boil+ wat]2 9 ano!r to be ?r[n1 ) 8 h&s & feet b\nd1 into cold wat]2 9 ano!r to swall[ ! morsel ( execration2 9 ! confid5ce t 8 guilt or innoc5ce w\ld be miracul\sly made kn[n4 ,?is mode ( trial 0 ne>ly ext9ct at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 & x is n likely t x 0 includ$ 9 legem t]r1 z t t]m is us$ 9 t in/rum5t4 ,?is idea is corroborat$ by ! fact t ! trial by ordeal 0 specially prohibit$ only f\r ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 by act ( ,p>liam5t 9 #c ,h5ry ,,iii41 accord+ to ,sir ,edw>d ,coke1 or r by an ord] ( ! k+ 9 c\ncil4--#c ,black/one #cde1 note4 ,i appreh5d t ?is trial 0 nev] =c$ ^u accus$ p]sons1 b 0 only all[$ to !m1 z an appeal to ,god1 f ! judgm5t ( a jury4#cc ,! trial by compurgators 0 "o 9 :i*1 if ! accus$ c\ld br+ twelve ( 8 neighbors1 :o w\ld make oa? t !y believ$ him innoc5t1 he 0 held to be s4 ,x is probable t ?is trial 0 really ! trial by jury1 or 0 all[$ z an appeal f a jury4 ,x is :olly improbable t two diff]5t modes ( trial1 s ne>ly resembl+ ea* o!r z ?is & ! trial by jury d1 %\ld prevail at ! same "t1 & among a rude p1 ^: judicial proce$+s w\ld naturally be ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,b if ?is trial really 7 any o!r ?an ! trial by jury1 x mu/ h be5 ne>ly or q ext9ct at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta2 & !re is no probability t x 0 includ$ 9 legem t]r4 ,footnote #bh3 ,coke attempts to %[ t !re is a di/9ction betwe5 am]cem5ts & f9es--admitt+ t am]cem5ts mu/ be fix$ by "o's pe]s1 b claim+ t f9es may be fix$ by ! gov]nm5t4 7#b ,in/4 #bg1 #h ,coke's ,reports #ch47 ,b !re seems to h be5 no gr\nd :atev] = suppos+ t any su* di/9ction exi/$ at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta4 ,if !re 7 any su* di/9ction 9 ! "t ( ,coke1 x _h d\btless gr[n up )9 ! f\r c5turies t _h elaps$ s9ce ,magna ,c>ta1 & is to be set d[n z "o ( ! numb]less inv5tions ( gov]nm5t = gett+ rid ( ! re/ra9ts ( ,magna ,c>ta1 & = tak+ m5 out ( ! protection ( _! pe]s1 & subject+ !m to su* puni%m5ts z ! gov]nm5t *ooses to inflict4 ,! fir/ /atute ( ,we/m9/]1 pass$ sixty ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 treats ! f9e & am]cem5t z synonym\s1 z foll[s3 ,=asmu* z ! common f9e & am]cem5t ( ! :ole c\nty 9 ,eyre ( ! ju/ices = false judgm5ts1 or = o!r trespass1 is unju/ly assess$ by %]iffs & b>etors 9 ! %ires1 99 99 x is provid$1 & ! k+ wills1 t f h5ce=? su* sums %all be assess$ be=e ! ju/ices 9 ,eyre1 a=e _! dep>ture1 by ! oa? ( knights & o!r hone/ m51 c4--#c ,edw>d ,i41 ,*4 #ah4 7#abge47 ,& 9 _m o!r /atutes pass$ aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 ! t]ms f9e & am]cem5t seem to be us$ indiff]5tly1 9 prescrib+ ! puni%m5t = (f5ces4 ,z late z #adfa1 7#bdf ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta17 ! /atute #a ,edw>d ,,iv41 ,*4 #b1 speaks ( f9es1 ransoms1 & am]ciam5ts z be+ levi$ ^u crim9als1 z if !y 7 ! common puni%m5ts ( (f5ces4 ,/4 #b & #c ,philip & ,m>y1 ,*4 #h1 uses ! t]ms1 f9es1 =feitures1 & am]ciam5ts five times4 7#aeee47 ,/4 #e ,elizabe?1 ,*4 #ac1 ,sec4 #aj1 uses ! t]ms f9es1 =feitures1 & am]ciam5ts4 ,t am]cem5ts 7 f9es1 or pecuni>y puni%m5ts1 inflict$ = (f5ces1 is prov$ by ! foll[+ /atutes1 7all suppos$ to h be5 pass$ )9 "o hundr$ & fifte5 ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta17 :i* speak ( am]cem5ts z a species ( judgm5t1 or puni%m5t1 & z be+ inflict$ = ! same (f5ces z o!r judgm5ts4 ,?us "o /atute decl>es t a bak]1 = default 9 ! weight ( 8 bread1 ought to be am]c$1 or suff] ! judgm5t ( ! pillory2 & t a brew]1 = sell+ ale contr>y to ! assize1 ought to be am]c$1 or suff] ! judgm5t ( ! tumbrel4--#ea ,h5ry ,,iii41 ,/4 #f4 7#abff47 ,among ! ,/atutes ( ,unc]ta9 ,date1 b suppos$ to be prior to ,edw>d ,,iii41 7#acbf17 are ! foll[+3 ,*ap4 #f provides t if a brew] break ! assize1 7fix+ ! price ( ale17 ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird "t1 he %all be am]c$2 b ! f\r? "t he %all suff] judgm5t ( ! pillory )\t r$emption4 ,*ap4 #g provides t a but*] t selle? sw9e's fle% measl$1 or fle% dead ( ! murra91 or t buye? fle% ( ,jews1 & selle? ! same unto ,*ri/ians1 aft] he %all be convict !re(1 = ! fir/ "t he %all be griev\sly am]c$2 ! second "t he %all suff] judgm5t ( ! pillory2 & ! ?ird "t he %all be imprison$ & make f9e2 & ! f\r? "t he %all =swe> ! t[n4 ,*ap4 #aj1 a /atute aga9/ =e/all+1 provides t1 ,he t is convict !re(1 ! fir/ "t %all be am]c$1 & %all lose ! ?+ s b\ght1 & t accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! t[n2 he t is convict$ ! second "t %all h judgm5t ( ! pillory2 at ! ?ird "t he %all be imprison$ & make f9e2 ! f\r? "t he %all abjure ! t[n4 ,& ?is judgm5t %all be giv5 ^u all mann] ( =e/all]s1 & likewise ^u !m t h giv5 !m c\nsel1 help1 or favor4--#a ,ruffhead's ,/atutes1 #ahg1 #ahh4 #a ,/atutes ( ! ,realm1 #bjc4 ,footnote #bi3 #a ,hume1 ,app5dix1 #a4 ,footnote #cj3 ,black/one says1 ,our anci5t ,saxon laws nom9ally puni%$ !ft ) dea?1 if above ! value ( twelve p5ce2 b ! crim9al 0 p]mitt$ to r$eem 8 life by a pecuni>y ransom1 z among _! ance/ors1 ! ,g]mans1 by a /at$ numb] ( cattle4 ,b 9 ! n9? ye> ( ,h5ry ! ,fir/1 7#aaji17 ?is p[] ( r$emption 0 tak5 away1 & all p]sons guilty ( l>c5y above ! value ( twelve p5ce 7 direct$ to be hang$1 :i* law cont9ues 9 =ce to ?is day4--#d ,black/one1 #bch4 ,i give ?is /atem5t ( ,black/one1 because ! latt] clause may seem to militate ) ! idea1 :i* ! =m] clause corroborates1 viz41 t at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 f9es 7 ! usual puni%m5ts ( (f5ces4 ,b ,i ?9k !re is no probability t a law s unreasonable 9 itself1 7unreasonable ev5 aft] mak+ all all[ance = ! diff]5ce 9 ! value ( money17 & s contr>y to immemorial cu/om1 c\ld or did obta9 any g5]al or spe$y acquiesc5ce among a p :o c>$ little = ! au?ority ( k+s4 ,maddox1 writ+ ( ! p]iod f ,william ! ,conqu]or to ,john1 says3 ,! am]cem5ts 9 crim9al & common pleas1 :i* 7 wont to be impos$ dur+ ?is fir/ p]iod & aft]w>ds1 7 ( s _m sev]al sorts1 t x is n easy to place !m "u di/9ct heads4 ,let !m1 = me?od's sake1 be r$uc$ to ! heads foll[+3 ,am]cem5ts = or by reason ( murd]s & manslaught]s1 = misdemeanors1 = disseis9s1 = recreancy1 = brea* ( assize1 = defaults1 = non-appe>ance1 = false judgm5t1 & = n mak+ suit1 or hue & cry4 ,to !m may be add$ miscellane\s am]cem5ts1 = trespasses ( div]s k9ds4--#a ,maddox' ,hi/ory ( ! ,ex*equ]1 #edb4 ,footnote #ca3 ,coke1 9 8 exposition ( ! words legem t]r1 gives q 9 detail ! pr9ciples ( ! common law gov]n+ arre/s2 & takes x = grant$ t ! words nisi p] legem t]r are applicable to arre/s1 z well z to ! indictm5t1 c4--#b ,in/41 #ea1eb4 ,footnote #cb3 ,i cite ! above extract f ,mr4 ,hallam solely = ! sake ( 8 au?ority = r5d]+ ! ^w vel by &2 & n by any means = ! purpose ( indors+ ! op9ion he sugge/s1 t legem t]r au?oriz$ judgm5ts by default or demurr]1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a jury4 ,he seems to imag9e t lex t]r1 ! common law1 at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 includ$ ev]y?+1 ev5 to ! practice ( c\rts1 t is1 at ?is day1 call$ by ! "n ( ,common ,law2 :]eas mu* ( :at is n[ call$ ,common ,law has gr[n up1 by usurpation1 s9ce ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 9 palpable violation ( ! au?ority ( t *>t]4 ,he says1 ,c]ta9ly !re are _m legal proc$ures1 besides trial by jury1 ?r\gh :i* a p>ty's goods or p]son may be tak54 ,( c\rse !re are n[ _m su* ways1 9 :i* a p>ty's goods or p]son are tak51 besides by ! judgm5t ( a jury2 b ! "q is1 :e!r su* tak+s are n 9 violation ( ,magna ,c>ta4 ,he seems to ?9k t1 9 cases ( judgm5t by default or demurr]1 !re is no ne$ ( a jury1 & !nce to inf] t legem t]r may n h requir$ a jury 9 ^? cases4 ,b ?is op9ion is f\nd$ on ! errone\s idea t juries are requir$ only = det]m9+ conte/$ facts1 & n = judg+ ( ! law4 ,9 case ( default1 ! pla9tiff mu/ pres5t a prima facie case be=e he is entitl$ to a judgm5t2 & ,magna ,c>ta1 7suppos+ x to require a jury trial 9 civil cases1 z ,mr4 ,hallam assumes t x does17 z mu* requires t ?is prima facie case1 bo? law & fact1 be made out to ! satisfaction ( a jury1 z x does t a conte/$ case %all be4 ,z = a demurr]1 ! jury mu/ try a demurr] 7hav+ ! advice & assi/ance ( ! c\rt1 ( c\rse7 z mu* z any o!r matt] ( law aris+ 9 a case4 ,mr4 ,hallam evid5tly ?9ks !re is no use = a jury1 except :]e !re is a trial--mean+ !reby a conte/ on matt]s ( fact4 ,8 language is1 t !re are _m legal proc$ures1 besides trial by jury1 ?r\gh :i* a p>ty's goods or p]son may be tak54 ,n[ ,magna ,c>ta says no?+ ( trial by jury2 b only ( ! judgm5t1 or s5t5ce1 ( a jury4 ,x is only by inf]5ce t we come to ! conclusion t !re mu/ be a trial by jury4 ,s9ce ! jury alone c give ! judgm5t1 or s5t5ce1 we inf] t !y mu/ try ! case2 because o!rwise !y w\ld be incompet5t1 & w\ld h no moral "r1 to give judgm5t4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 exam9e ! gr\nds1 7bo? ( law & fact17 or r try ! gr\nds1 ( e action :atsoev]1 :e!r x be decid$ on default1 demurr]1 or o!rwise1 & r5d] _! judgm5t1 or s5t5ce1 !reon1 be=e any judgm5t c be a legal "o1 on :i* to take a p>ty's goods or p]son4 ,9 %ort1 ! pr9ciple ( ,magna ,c>ta is1 t no judgm5t c be valid aga9/ a p>ty's goods or p]son1 7n ev5 a judgm5t = co/s17 except a judgm5t r5d]$ by a jury4 ,( c\rse a jury mu/ try e "q1 bo? ( law & fact1 t is involv$ 9 ! r5d]+ ( t judgm5t4 ,!y are to h ! assi/ance & advice ( ! judges1 s f> z !y desire !m2 b ! judgm5t itself mu/ be !irs1 & n ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt4 ,z to process ( atta*m5t = contempt1 x is ( c\rse lawful = a judge1 9 8 "* ( a peace (fic]1 to issue a w>rant = ! arre/ ( a man guilty ( a contempt1 z he w\ld = ! arre/ ( any o!r (f5d]1 & hold him to bail1 7or1 9 default ( bail1 commit him to prison17 to answ] = 8 (f5ce be=e a jury4 ,or he may ord] him into cu/ody )\t a w>rant :5 ! (f5ce is committ$ 9 ! judge's pres5ce4 ,b !re is no reason :y a judge %\ld h ! p[] ( puni%+ = contempt1 any m ?an = any o!r (f5ce4 ,& x is "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s p[]s a judge c h1 because x gives him absolute au?ority 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 & enables him to tyrannize z he pleases ov] p>ties1 c\nsel1 witnesses1 & jurors4 ,if a judge h p[] to puni% = contempt1 & to det]m9e = himself :at is a contempt1 ! :ole adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 7or inju/ice1 if he *oose to make x s7 is 9 8 h&s4 ,& all ! rights ( jurors1 witnesses1 c\nsel1 & p>ties1 are held subject to 8 pleasure1 & c be ex]cis$ only agreeably to 8 w4 ,he c ( c\rse control ! entire proce$+s 91 & consequ5tly ! decision (1 e cause1 by re/ra9+ & puni%+ e "o1 :e!r p>ty1 c\nsel1 witness1 or juror1 :o presumes to (f] any?+ contr>y to 8 pleasure4 ,?is arbitr>y p[]1 :i* has be5 usurp$ & ex]cis$ by judges to puni% = contempt1 has und\bt$ly _h mu* to d 9 subdu+ c\nsel into ^? s]vile1 obsequi\s1 & c[>dly habits1 :i* s univ]sally prevail among !m1 & :i* h n only co/ s _m cli5ts _! rights1 b h also co/ ! p s _m ( _! lib]ties4 ,if any summ>y puni%m5t = contempt be ev] necess>y1 7z x probably is n17 beyond exclusion = ! "t be+ f ! c\rt-room1 7:i* %\ld be done1 n z a puni%m5t1 b = self-protection1 & ! pres]vation ( ord]17 ! judgm5t = x %\ld be giv5 by ! jury1 7:]e ! trial is be=e a jury17 & n by ! c\rt1 = ! jury1 & n ! c\rt1 are really ! judges4 ,= ! same reason1 exclusion f ! c\rt-room %\ld be ord]$ only by ! jury1 9 cases :5 ! trial is be=e a jury1 because !y1 be+ ! real judges & tri]s ( ! cause1 are entitl$1 if anybody1 to ! control ( ! c\rt-room4 ,9 appeal c\rts1 :]e no juries sit1 x may be necess>y--n z a puni%m5t1 b = self-protection1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ord]--t ! c\rt %\ld ex]cise ! p[] ( exclud+ a p]son1 = ! "t be+1 f ! c\rt-room2 b !re is no reason :y !y %\ld proce$ to s5t5ce him z a crim9al1 )\t 8 be+ tri$ by a jury4 ,if ! p wi% to h _! rights respect$ & protect$ 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 x is manife/ly ( ! la/ importance t !y jeal\sly gu>d ! lib]ty ( p>ties1 c\nsel1 witnesses1 & jurors1 aga9/ all arbitr>y p[] on ! "p ( ! c\rt4 ,c]ta9ly ,mr4 ,hallam may v well say t "o may d\bt :e!r ^! 7! sev]al cases he has m5tion$7 7 9 contemplation ( ! fram]s ( ,magna ,c>ta--t is1 z exceptions to ! rule requir+ t all judgm5ts1 t are to be en=c$ aga9/ a p>ty's goods or p]son1 be r5d]$ by a jury4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,hallam says1 if ! ^w vel be r5d]$ by &1 ! mean+ w be1 t no p]son %all be disseiz$1 c41 except ^u a lawful cause ( action4 ,?is is true2 b x does n foll[ t any cause ( action1 f\nd$ on /atute only1 is !re=e a lawful cause ( action1 )9 ! mean+ ( legem t]r1 or ! ,common ,law4 ,)9 ! mean+ ( ! legem t]r ( ,magna ,c>ta1 no?+ b a common law cause ( action is a lawful "o4 ,footnote #cc3 ,hallam says1 ,x appe>s z if ! ordeal 7 p]mitt$ to p]sons already convict$ by ?is v]dict ( a jury4--#b ,middle ,ages1 #ddf1 note4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,additional ,,pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,rights ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,jurors4 ,if any evid5ce1 extrane\s to ! hi/ory & language ( ,magna ,c>ta1 7 ne$$ to prove t1 by t *apt] :i* gu>anties ! trial by jury1 all 0 meant t has n[ be5 ascrib$ to x1 & t ! legislation ( ! k+ 0 to be ( no au?ority ) ! jury beyond :at !y *ose to all[ to x1 & t ! juries 7 to limit ! puni%m5ts to be inflict$1 we %\ld f9d t evid5ce 9 v>i\s s\rces1 su* z ! laws1 cu/oms1 & *>act]s ( _! ance/ors on ! cont95t1 & ( ! nor!rn ,europeans g5]ally2 9 ! legislation & cu/oms t imm$iately succe$$ ,magna ,c>ta2 9 ! oa?s t h at diff]5t times be5 adm9i/]$ to jurors1 c41 c4 ,?is evid5ce c be exhibit$ "h b p>tially4 ,to give x all w\ld require too mu* space & labor4 ,,section ,i4 ,weakness ( ! ,regal ,au?ority4 ,hughes1 9 8 preface to 8 translation ( ,horne's ,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 7a book writt5 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,i41 #abgb to #acjg17 giv+ a concise view ( ! laws ( ,engl& g5]ally1 says3 ,al?\gh 9 ! ,saxon's "t ,i f9d ! usual words ( ! acts !n to h be5 edictum1 7edict17 con/itutio1 7/atute17 little m5tion be+ made ( ! commons1 yet ,i fur!r f9d t1 tum demum leges vim et vig]em habu]unt1 cum fu]unt non modo in/itut s$ firmat approbatione communitatis4 7,! laws _h =ce & vigor only :5 !y 7 n only enact$1 b confirm$ by ! approval ( ! community47 ,! ,mirror ( ,ju/ices itself also says1 7*4 #a1 sec4 #c17 9 speak+ ,( ! fir/ ,con/itutions ( ! ,anci5t ,k+s3 ,_m ord9ances 7 made by _m k+s1 until ! "t ( ! k+ t n[ is 7,edw>d ,i472 ! :i* ord9ances 7 abus$1 or n us$ by _m1 nor v curr5t1 because !y 7 n put 9 writ+1 & c]ta9ly publi%$4--,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 p4 #f4 ,hallam says3 ,! ,franks1 ,lomb>ds1 & ,saxons seem alike to h be5 jeal\s ( judicial au?ority2 & av]se to surr5d]+ :at conc]n$ e man's private "r1 out ( ! h&s ( 8 neighbors & equals4--#a ,middle ,ages1 #bga4 ,! judicial au?ority1 "h spok5 (1 0 ! au?ority ( ! k+s1 7:o at t "t unit$ ! (fice ( bo? legislators & judges17 & n ( a sep>ate dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t1 call$ ! judici>y1 l :at has exi/$ 9 m mod]n times4#cd ,hume says3 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,g]mans1 & t ( all ! nor!rn nations1 :o e/abli%$ !mselves on ! ru9s ( ,rome1 0 always extremely free2 & ^? fi]ce p1 accu/om$ to indep5d5ce & inur$ to arms1 7 m guid$ by p]suasion ?an au?ority1 9 ! submission :i* !y paid to _! pr9ces4 ,! milit>y despotism1 :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! ,roman empire1 & :i*1 previ\sly to ! irruption ( ^? conqu]ors1 _h sunk ! g5ius ( m51 & de/roy$ e noble pr9ciple ( sci5ce & virtue1 0 unable to resi/ ! vigor\s ef=ts ( a free p1 & ,europe1 z f a new epo*1 rek9dl$ h] anci5t _s1 & %ook (f ! base s]vitude to arbitr>y w & au?ority "u :i* %e _h s long labor$4 ,! free con/itutions !n e/abli%$1 h[ev] impair$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( succe$+ pr9ces1 /ill pres]ve an air ( indep5d5ce & legal adm9i/ration1 :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,european nations2 & if t "p ( ! globe ma9ta9 s5tim5ts ( lib]ty1 honor1 equity1 & valor1 sup]ior to ! re/ ( mank9d1 x owes ^! advantages *iefly to ! se$s implant$ by ^? g5]\s b>b>ians4 ,! ,saxons1 :o subdu$ ,brita91 z !y enjoy$ great lib]ty 9 _! own c\ntry1 ob/9ately reta9$ t invaluable possession 9 _! new settlem5t2 & !y import$ into ?is isl& ! same pr9ciples ( indep5d5ce1 :i* !y _h inh]it$ f _! ance/ors4 ,! *iefta9s1 7= su* !y 71 m ?an k+s or pr9ces17 :o comm&$ !m 9 ^? milit>y exp$itions1 /ill possess$ a v limit$ au?ority2 & z ! ,saxons ext]m9at$1 r ?an subdu$ ! anci5t inhabitants1 !y 71 inde$1 transplant$ into a new t]ritory1 b pres]v$ unalt]$ all _! civil & milit>y in/itutions4 ,! language 0 pure ,saxon2 ev5 ! names ( places1 :i* (t5 rema9 :ile ! tongue entirely *anges1 7 almo/ all affix$ by ! conqu]ors2 ! mann]s & cu/oms 7 :olly ,g]man2 & ! same picture ( a fi]ce & bold lib]ty1 :i* is drawn by ! ma/]ly p5 ( ,tacitus1 w suit ^? f\nd]s ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t4 ,! k+1 s f> f be+ inve/$ ) arbitr>y p[]1 0 only consid]$ z ! fir/ among ! citiz5s2 8 au?ority dep5d$ m on 8 p]sonal qualities ?an on 8 /ation2 he 0 ev5 s f> on a level ) ! p1 t a /at$ price 0 fix$ = 8 head1 & a legal f9e 0 levi$ ^u 8 murd]]1 :i* ?\gh proportionate to 8 /ation1 & sup]ior to t paid = ! life ( a subject1 0 a s5sible m>k ( 8 subord9ation to ! community4--#a ,hume1 ,app5dix1 #a4 ,/u>t says3 ,! ,saxons br\ght along ) !m into ,brita9 _! own cu/oms1 language1 & civil in/itutions4 ,free 9 ,g]many1 !y r5\nc$ n _! indep5d5ce1 :5 !y _h conqu]$4 ,pr\d f victory1 & ) _! swords 9 _! h&s1 w\ld !y surr5d] _! lib]ties to a private man8 ,w\ld tempor>y lead]s1 limit$ 9 _! p[]s1 & unprovid$ 9 res\rces1 ev] ?9k to usurp an au?ority ov] w>riors1 :o consid]$ !mselves z _! equals1 7 impati5t ( control1 & atta*$ ) devot$ zeal to _! privileges8 ,or1 w\ld !y f9d leisure to =m resolutions1 or opportunities to put !m 9 practice1 amid/ ! tumult & confusion ( ^? fi]ce & bloody w>s1 :i* _! nations fir/ wag$ ) ! ,britons1 & !n engag$ 9 among !mselves8 ,suffici5tly flatt]$ 9 lead+ ! armies ( _! c\ntrym51 ! ambition ( comm&]s c\ld z little sugge/ su* designs1 z ! lib]ty ( ! p c\ld submit to !m4 ,! conqu]ors ( ,brita9 reta9$ _! indep5d5ce2 & ?is isl& saw itself aga9 9 t free /ate 9 :i* ! ,roman arms _h discov]$ x4 ,! same firmness ( "*1 & g5]osity ( mann]s1 :i*1 9 g5]al1 di/+ui%$ ! ,g]mans1 7 possess$ 9 an em95t degree by ! ,saxons2 & :ile we endeavor to unfold _! political in/itutions1 we mu/ p]petually turn our obs]vation to t ma/]ly picture 9 :i* ! ,roman hi/orian has describ$ ^! nations4 ,9 ! woods ( ,g]many %all we f9d ! pr9ciples :i* direct$ ! /ate ( l&1 9 ! diff]5t k+doms ( ,europe2 & !re %all we f9d ! f\ndation ( ^? ranks ( m51 & ( ^? civil arrangem5ts1 :i* ! b>b>ians ev]y:]e e/abli%$2 & :i* ! ,engli% alone h _h ! good =tune1 or ! _s1 to pres]ve4--,/u>t on ! ,con/itution ( ,engl&1 p4 #ei-fa4 ,k+s !y 7! ,g]mans7 respect$ z ! fir/ magi/rates ( ! /ate2 b ! au?ority possess$ by !m 0 n>r[ & limit$4--,ditto1 p4 #acd4 ,did he1 7! k+17 at any "t1 relax 8 activity & m>tial ardor1 did he employ 8 abilities to ! prejudice ( 8 nation1 or fancy he 0 sup]ior to ! laws2 ! same p[] :i* rais$ him to honor1 humbl$ & degrad$ him4 ,! cu/oms & c\ncils ( 8 c\ntry po9t$ out to him 8 duty2 & if he infr+$ on ! =m]1 or disobey$ ! latt]1 a fi]ce p set aside 8 au?ority4 99 99 ,8 long hair 0 ! only ornam5t he affect$1 & to be =emo/ to attack an enemy 0 8 *ief di/9ction4 ,engag$ 9 e haz>d\s exp$ition1 he 0 a /rang] to repose2 &1 rivall$ by half ! h]oes ( 8 tribe1 he c\ld obta9 little p[]4 ,anxi\s & wat*ful = ! public int]e/1 he felt e mom5t 8 dep5d5ce1 & gave pro(s ( 8 submission4 ,he att5d$ ! g5]al assembly ( 8 nation1 & 0 all[$ ! privilege to h>angue x fir/2 b ! arts ( p]suasion1 ?\gh kn[n & respect$ by a rude p1 7 unequally oppos$ to ! prejudices & passions ( m54--,ditto1 p4 #ace-f4 ,! au?ority ( a ,saxon mon>* 0 n m consid]able4 ,! ,saxons submitt$ n to ! arbitr>y rule ( pr9ces4 ,!y adm9i/]$ an oa? to _! sov]eigns1 :i* b\nd !m to ackn[l$ge ! laws1 & to def5d ! rights ( ! *ur* & p2 & if !y =got ?is obligation1 !y =feit$ _! (fice4 ,9 bo? c\ntries1 a price 0 affix$ on k+s1 a f9e expiat$ _! murd]1 z well z t ( ! meane/ citiz52 & ! smalle/ violation ( anci5t usage1 or ! lea/ /ep t[>ds tyranny1 0 always dang]\s1 & (t5 fatal to !m4--,ditto1 p4 #aci-dj4 ,!y 7 n all[$ to impose taxes on ! k+dom4--,ditto1 p4 #adf4 ,l ! ,g]man mon>*s1 !y delib]at$ 9 ! g5]al assembly ( ! nation2 b _! legislative au?ority 0 n mu* respect$2 & _! ass5t 0 consid]$ 9 no bett] light ?an z a =m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 _! *ief pr]ogative2 & !y employ$ x to acquire an asc5dant 9 ! /ate4 ,to art & ins9uation !y turn$1 z _! only res\rce1 & flatt]$ a p :om !y c\ld n awe2 b address1 & ! abilities to p]suade1 7 a weak comp5sation = ! abs5ce ( real p[]4 ,!y decl>$ w>1 x is said1 & made peace4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 !y act$ z ! in/rum5ts ( ! /ate1 & put 9 execution ! resolutions :i* its c\ncils _h decre$4 ,if1 inde$1 an enemy _h invad$ ! k+dom1 & its glory & its safety 7 conc]n$1 ! great lords took ! field at ! call ( _! sov]eign4 ,b _h a sov]eign decl>$ w> aga9/ a neighbor+ /ate1 )\t requir+ _! advice1 or if he meant to rev5ge by arms an insult (f]$ to him by a subject1 a haughty & indep5d5t nobility refus$ _! assi/ance4 ,^! !y consid]$ z ! qu>rels ( ! k+1 & n ( ! nation2 & 9 all su* em]g5cies he c\ld only be assi/$ by 8 reta9]s & dep5d5ts4--,ditto1 p4 #adg-h4 ,nor mu/ we imag9e t ! ,saxon1 any m ?an ! ,g]man mon>*s1 succe$$ ea* o!r 9 a l9eal desc5t1#ce or t !y dispos$ ( ! cr[n at _! pleasure4 ,9 bo? c\ntries1 ! free election ( ! p fill$ ! ?rone2 & _! *oice 0 ! only rule by :i* pr9ces reign$4 ,! succession1 accord+ly1 ( _! k+s 0 (t5 brok5 & int]rupt$1 & _! depositions 7 frequ5t & gr\ndless4 ,! w ( a pr9ce :om !y _h long respect$1 & ! favor !y naturally transf]r$ to 8 desc5dant1 made !m (t5 advance him to ! royal dignity2 b ! cr[n ( 8 ance/or he consid]$ z ! gift ( ! p1 & nei!r expect$ nor claim$ x z a "r4--,ditto1 p4 #aea-c4 ,9 ,g]many ,x 0 ! bus9ess ( ! great to comm& 9 w>1 & 9 peace !y di/ribut$ ju/ice4 99 99 ,! pr9ces 9 ,g]many 7 e>ls 9 ,engl&4 ,! great cont5d$ 9 bo? c\ntries 9 ! numb] ( _! reta9]s1 & 9 t spl5dor & magnific5ce :i* are s allur+ to a rude p2 & ?\gh !y jo9$ to set b\nds to regal p[]1 !y 7 (t5 animat$ aga9/ ea* o!r ) ! fi]ce/ hatr$4 ,to a pr\d & impati5t nobility x seem$ little & unsuit+ to give or accept compositions = ! injuries !y committ$ or receiv$2 & _! vassals adopt+ _! res5tm5t & passions1 w> & blood%$ alone c\ld t]m9ate _! qu>rels4 ,:at necess>ily result$ f _! situation 9 society1 0 cont9u$ z a privilege2 & ! great1 9 bo? c\ntries1 made w>1 ( _! private au?ority1 on _! enemies4 ,! ,saxon e>ls ev5 c>ri$ _! arms aga9/ _! sov]eigns2 &1 surr\nd$ ) reta9]s1 or secure 9 =tresses & ca/les1 !y despis$ _! res5tm5t1 & defi$ _! p[]4 ,! judges ( ! p1 !y presid$ 9 bo? c\ntries 9 c\rts ( law4#cf ,! p>ticul> di/ricts ov] :i* !y ex]t$ _! au?ority 7 m>k$ out 9 ,g]many by ! c\ncil ( ! /ate2 & 9 ,engl& _! jurisdiction ext5d$ ov] ! fiefs & o!r t]ritories !y possess$4 ,all causes1 bo? civil & crim9al1 7 tri$ be=e !m2 & !y judg$1 except 9 cases ( ! utmo/ importance1 )\t appeal4 ,!y 7 ev5 all[$ to grant p>don to crim9als1 & to correct by _! clem5cy ! rigors ( ju/ice4 ,nor did ! sov]eign ex]cise any au?ority 9 _! l&s4 ,9 ^! 8 (fic]s =m$ no c\rts1 & 8 writ 0 disreg>d$4 99 99 ,!y _h (fic]s1 z well z ! k+1 :o collect$ _! rev5ues1 & add$ to _! greatness2 & ! inhabitants ( _! l&s !y di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( subjects4 ,b to att5d ! g5]al assembly ( _! nation 0 ! *ief pr]ogative ( ! ,g]man & ,saxon pr9ces2 & z !y consult$ ! int]e/ ( _! c\ntry1 & delib]at$ conc]n+ matt]s ( /ate1 s 9 ! k+'s c\rt1 ( :i* also !y 7 memb]s1 !y assi/$ to pron\nce judgm5t 9 ! compla9ts & appeals :i* 7 lodg$ 9 x4--,ditto1 p4 #aeh to #afe4 ,h5ry says3 ,no?+ c be m evid5t ?an ?is important tru?2 t our ,anglo-,saxon k+s 7 n absolute mon>*s2 b t _! p[]s & pr]ogatives 7 limit$ by ! laws & cu/oms ( ! c\ntry4 ,our ,saxon ance/ors _h be5 gov]n$ by limit$ mon>*s 9 _! native seats on ! cont95t2 & !re is n ! lea/ appe>ance or probability t !y rel9qui%$ _! lib]ties1 & submitt$ to absolute gov]nm5t 9 _! new settlem5ts 9 ?is isl&4 ,x is n to be imag9$ t m51 ^: reign+ passion 0 ! love ( lib]ty1 w\ld will+ly resign x2 & _! new sov]eigns1 :o _h be5 _! fell[-soldi]s1 _h c]ta9ly no p[] to compel !m to su* a resignation4--#c ,h5ry's ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita91 #ceh4 ,mack9to% says3 ,! ,saxon *iefs1 :o 7 call$ k+s1 orig9ally acquir$ p[] by ! same natural causes :i* h gradually1 & ev]y:]e1 rais$ a few m5 above _! fell[s4 ,!y 71 d\btless1 m exp]i5c$1 m skilful1 m brave1 or m beautiful1 ?an ^? :o foll[$ !m4 99 99 ,a k+ 0 p[]ful 9 w> by ! lu/re ( 8 arms1 & ! obvi\s necessity ( ob$i5ce4 ,8 influ5ce 9 peace fluctuat$ ) 8 p]sonal "*4 ,9 ! progress ( usage 8 p[] became m fix$ & m limit$4 99 99 ,x w\ld be v unreasonable to suppose t ! nor!rn ,g]mans :o _h conqu]$ ,engl&1 _h s f> *ang$ _! *>act]i/ic habits f ! age ( ,tacitus1 t ! victors became slaves1 & t _! g5]als 7 conv]t$ into tyrants4--,mack9to%'s ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 ,*4 #b4 #de ,l>dn]'s ,cab4 ,cyc41 #gc-d4 ,rap91 9 8 disc\rse on ! ,orig9 & ,nature ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 says3 ,!re are b two ?+s ! ,saxons did n ?9k prop] to tru/ _! k+s )2 = be+ ( l passions ) o!r m51 !y might v possibly abuse !m2 namely1 ! p[] ( *ang+ ! laws enact$ by cons5t ( k+ & p2 & ! p[] ( rais+ taxes at pleasure4 ,f ^! two articles sprung numb]less bran*es conc]n+ ! lib]ty & prop]ty ( ! subject1 :i* ! k+ _c t\*1 )\t break+ ! con/itution1 & !y are ! di/+ui%+ "* ( ! ,engli% mon>*y4 ,! pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n1 & ! rights & privileges ( ! p1 fl[+ f ! two =e-m5tion$ articles1 are ! gr\nd ( all ! laws t f "t to "t h be5 made by unanim\s cons5t ( k+ & p4 ,! ,engli% gov]nm5t consi/s 9 ! /rict union ( ! k+'s pr]ogatives ) ! p's lib]ties4 99 99 ,b :5 k+s arose1 z "s !re 71 t aim$ at absolute p[]1 by *ang+ ! old1 & mak+ new laws1 at pleasure2 by impos+ illegal taxes on ! p2 ?is excell5t gov]nm5t be+1 9 a mann]1 dissolv$ by ^! de/ructive measures1 confusion & civil w>s ensu$1 :i* "s v wrongfully ascribe to ! fickle & re/less temp] ( ! ,engli%4--,rap9's ,preface to 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,hallam says t among ! ,saxons1 ! royal au?ority 0 weak4--#b ,middle ,ages1 #djc4 ,b al?\gh ! k+ himself _h s little au?ority1 t x _c be suppos$ = a mom5t t 8 laws 7 reg>d$ z imp]ative by ! p1 x has nev]!less be5 claim$1 9 mod]n times1 by "s :o seem det]m9$ to f9d or make a prec$5t = ! pres5t legislative au?ority ( p>liam5t1 t 8 laws 7 au?oritative1 :5 ass5t$ to by ! ,wit5a-gemote1 or assembly ( wise m5--t is1 ! bi%ops & b>ons4 ,b ?is assembly evid5tly _h no legislative p[] :atev]4 ,! k+ w\ld occasionally invite ! bi%ops & b>ons to meet him = consultation on public affairs1 simply z a c\ncil1 & n z a legislative body4 ,su* z saw fit to att5d1 did s4 ,if !y 7 agre$ ^u :at ought to be done1 ! k+ w\ld pass a law accord+ly1 & ! b>ons & bi%ops w\ld !n return & in=m ! p orally :at laws _h be5 pass$1 & use _! influ5ce ) !m to induce !m to con=m to ! law ( ! k+1 & ! recomm5dation ( ! c\ncil4 ,& ! p no d\bt 7 mu* m likely to accept a law ( ! k+1 if x _h be5 approv$ by ?is c\ncil1 ?an if x _h n4 ,b x 0 /ill only a law ( ! k+1 :i* !y obey$ or disreg>d$ accord+ to _! own notions ( exp$i5cy4 ,! numb]s :o usually att5d$ ?is c\ncil 7 too small to admit ( ! supposition t !y _h any legislative au?ority :atev]1 to impose laws ^u ! p aga9/ _! w4 ,l+>d says3 ,x 0 necess>y t ! k+ %\ld obta9 ! ass5t ( ^! 7! memb]s ( ! ,wit5a-gemotes7 to all legislative enactm5ts2 because1 )\t _! acquiesc5ce & support1 x 0 impossible to c>ry !m into execution4 ,to _m *>t]s 7laws7 we h ! signatures ( ! ,witan4 ,!y seldom exce$ ?irty 9 numb]2 !y nev] am\nt to sixty4--#a ,l+>d1 #dhf4 ,x is ridicul\s to suppose t ! ass5t ( su* an assembly gave any au?ority to ! laws ( ! k+1 or _h any influ5ce 9 secur+ ob$i5ce to !m1 o!rwise ?an by way ( p]suasion4 ,if ?is body _h _h any real legislative au?ority1 su* z is accord$ to legislative bodies ( ! pres5t day1 !y w\ld h made !mselves at once ! mo/ conspicu\s portion ( ! gov]nm5t1 & w\ld h left beh9d !m abundant evid5ce ( _! p[]1 in/ead ( ! evid5ce simply ( _! ass5t to a few laws pass$ by ! k+4 ,m ?an ?is4 ,if ?is body _h _h any real legislative au?ority1 !y w\ld h con/itut$ an ari/ocracy1 hav+1 9 conjunction ) ! k+1 absolute p[] ov] ! p4 ,assembl+ volunt>ily1 m]ely on ! invitation ( ! k+2 deput$ by nobody b !mselves2 repres5t+ nobody b !mselves2 responsible to nobody b !mselves2 _! legislative au?ority1 if !y _h _h any1 w\ld ( necessity h made ! gov]nm5t ! gov]nm5t ( an ari/ocracy m]ely1 & ! p slaves1 ( c\rse4 ,& ?is w\ld necess>ily h be5 ! picture t hi/ory w\ld h giv5 u ( ! ,anglo-,saxon gov]nm5t1 & ( ,anglo-,saxon lib]ty4 ,! fact t ! p _h no repres5tation 9 ?is assembly1 & ! fur!r fact t1 ?r\gh _! juries alone1 !y nev]!less ma9ta9$ t noble fre$om1 ! v tradition ( :i* 7aft] ! sub/ance ( ! ?+ itself has ceas$ to exi/7 has con/itut$ ! greate/ pride & glory ( ! nation to ?is day1 prove t ?is assembly ex]cis$ no au?ority :i* juries ( ! p ackn[l$g$1 except at _! own discretion4#cg ,!re is n a m palpable tru?1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,anglo-,saxon gov]nm5t1 ?an t /at$ 9 ! ,introduction to ,gilb]t's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,pleas1#ch viz41 t ! ,c\nty & ,hundr$ ,c\rts1 7to :i* %\ld h be5 add$ ! o!r c\rts 9 :i* juries sat1 ! c\rts-b>on & c\rt-leet17 9 ^? times 7 ! real & only ,p>liam5ts ( ! k+dom4 ,& :y 7 !y ! real & only p>liam5ts ( ! k+dom8 ,solely because1 z w be h]eaft] %[n1 ! juries 9 ^? c\rts tri$ causes on _! intr9sic m]its1 accord+ to _! own ideas ( ju/ice1 irrespective ( ! laws agre$ ^u by k+s1 prie/s1 & b>ons2 & :atev] pr9ciples !y uni=mly1 or p]haps g5]ally1 en=c$1 & none o!rs1 became practically ! law ( ! l& z matt] ( c\rse4#ci ,f9ally1 on ?is po9t4 ,conclusive pro( t ! legislation ( ! k+ 0 ( little or no au?ority1 is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! k+s enact$ s few laws4 ,if _! laws _h be5 receiv$ z au?oritative1 9 ! mann] t legislative enactm5ts are at ?is day1 !y w\ld h be5 mak+ laws cont9ually4 ,yet ! codes ( ! mo/ celebrat$ k+s are v small1 & 7 little m ?an compilations ( immemorial cu/oms4 ,! code ( ,alfr$ w\ld n fill twelve pages ( ! /atute book ( ,massa*usetts1 & 0 little or no?+ else ?an a compilation ( ! laws ( ,moses1 & ! ,saxon cu/oms1 evid5tly collect$ f consid]ations ( conv5i5ce1 r ?an enact$ on ! pr9ciple ( au?ority4 ,! code ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor w\ld n fill tw5ty pages ( ! /atute book ( ,massa*usetts1 &1 says ,black/one1 seems to h be5 no m ?an a new edition1 or fre% promulgation ( ,alfr$'s code1 or dome-book1 ) su* additions & improvem5ts z ! exp]i5ce ( a c5tury & a half sugge/$4--#a ,black/one1 #ff4dj ,! ,code ( ,william ! ,conqu]or#da w\ld fill less ?an sev5 pages ( ! /atute book ( ,massa*usetts2 & mo/ ( ! laws conta9$ 9 x are tak5 f ! laws ( ! prec$+ k+s1 & especially ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor 7^: laws ,william swore to obs]ve72 b few ( 8 own be+ add$4 ,! codes ( ! o!r ,saxon & ,norman k+s 71 z a g5]al rule1 less volum9\s ev5 ?an ^! t h be5 nam$2 & probably did n exce$ !m 9 orig9ality4#db ,! ,norman pr9ces1 f ,william ! ,conqu]or to ,john1 ,i ?9k )\t exception1 b\nd !mselves1 &1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 _! ?rones1 7 oblig$ to b9d !mselves1 to obs]ve ! anci5t laws & cu/oms1 9 o!r words1 ! lex t]r1 or common law ( ! k+dom4 ,ev5 ,magna ,c>ta conta9s h>dly any?+ o!r ?an ?is same common law1 ) "s new securities = its obs]vance4 ,h[ is ?is ab/95ce f legislation1 on ! "p ( ! anci5t k+s1 to be acc\nt$ =1 except on ! supposition t ! p w\ld accept1 & juries en=ce1 few or no new laws enact$ by _! k+s8 ,pla9ly x c be acc\nt$ = 9 no o!r way4 ,9 fact1 all hi/ory in=ms u t anci5tly ! attempts ( ! k+s to introduce or e/abli% new laws1 met ) det]m9$ resi/ance f ! p1 & g5]ally result$ 9 failure4 ,nolumus ,leges ,angli mut>i1 7we w t ! laws ( ,engl& be n *ang$17 0 a det]m9$ pr9ciple ) ! ,anglo-,saxons1 f :i* !y seldom dep>t$1 up to ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 & inde$ until long aft]4#dc ,,section ,,ii4 ,! ,anci5t ,common ,law ,juries 7 m]e ,c\rts ( ,consci5ce4 ,b x is 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 or ( law1 t ! fre$om or subjection ( a p is te/$4 ,if ?is adm9i/ration be 9 accordance ) ! arbitr>y w ( ! legislator--t is1 if 8 w1 z x appe>s 9 8 /atutes1 be ! highe/ rule ( decision kn[n to ! judicial tribunals1--! gov]nm5t is a despotism1 & ! p are slaves4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rule ( decision be ^? pr9ciples ( natural equity & ju/ice1 :i* con/itute1 or at lea/ are embodi$ 91 ! g5]al consci5ce ( mank9d1 ! p are free 9 j s f> z t consci5ce is enlight5$4 ,t ! au?ority ( ! k+ 0 ( little weight ) ! judicial tribunals1 mu/ necess>ily be inf]r$ f ! fact already /at$1 t 8 au?ority ov] ! p 0 b weak4 ,if ! au?ority ( 8 laws _h be5 p>am\nt 9 ! judicial tribunals1 x w\ld h be5 p>am\nt ) ! p1 ( c\rse2 because !y w\ld h _h no alt]native b submission4 ,! fact1 !n1 t 8 laws 7 n au?oritative ) ! p1 is pro( t !y 7 n au?oritative ) ! tribunals--9 o!r words1 t !y 7 n1 z matt] ( c\rse1 en=c$ by ! tribunals4 ,b we h additional evid5ce t1 up to ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 ! laws ( ! k+ 7 n b9d+ ^u ! judicial tribunals2 & if !y 7 n b9d+ be=e t "t1 !y c]ta9ly 7 n aft]w>ds1 z has already be5 %[n f ,magna ,c>ta itself4 ,x is manife/ f all ! acc\nts we h ( ! c\rts 9 :i* juries sat1 prior to ,magna ,c>ta1 su* z ! c\rt-b>on1 ! hundr$ c\rt1 ! c\rt-leet1 & ! c\nty c\rt1 t !y 7 m]e c\rts ( consci5ce1 & t ! juries 7 ! judges1 decid+ causes accord+ to _! own notions ( equity1 & n accord+ to any laws ( ! k+1 unless !y ?\ght !m j4 ,^! c\rts1 x mu/ be consid]$1 7 v num]\s1 & held v frequ5t sessions4 ,!re 7 probably sev51 eight1 or n9e hundr$ c\rts a mon?1 9 ! k+dom2 ! object be+1 z ,black/one says1 to br+ ju/ice home to e man's door4 7#c ,black/one1 #cj47 ,! numb] ( ! c\nty c\rts1 ( c\rse1 correspond$ to ! numb] ( c\nties1 7#cf47 ,! c\rt-leet 0 ! crim9al c\rt = a di/rict less ?an a c\nty4 ,! hundr$ c\rt 0 ! c\rt = "o ( ^? di/ricts anci5tly call$ a hundr$1 because1 at ! "t ( _! fir/ organization = judicial purposes1 !y compris$ 7z is suppos$7 b a hundr$ families4#dd ,! c\rt-b>on 0 ! c\rt = a s+le manor1 & !re 0 a c\rt = e manor 9 ! k+dom4 ,all ^! c\rts 7 hold5 z (t5 z once 9 ?ree or five weeks2 ! c\nty c\rt once a mon?4 ,! k+'s judges 7 pres5t at none ( ^! c\rts2 ! only (fic]s 9 att5dance be+ %]iffs1 bailiffs1 & /ew>ds1 m]ely m9i/]ial1 & n judicial1 (fic]s2 d\btless incompet5t1 &1 if n incompet5t1 untru/wor?y1 = giv+ ! juries any reliable in=mation 9 matt]s ( law1 beyond :at 0 already kn[n to ! jurors !mselves4 ,& yet ^! 7 ! c\rts1 9 :i* 0 done all ! judicial bus9ess1 bo? civil & crim9al1 ( ! nation1 except appeals1 & "s ( ! m important & difficult cases4#de ,x is pla9 t ! juries1 9 ^! c\rts1 mu/1 ( necessity1 h be5 ! sole judges ( all matt]s ( law :atsoev]2 because !re 0 no "o pres5t1 b %]iffs1 bailiffs1 & /ew>ds1 to give !m any in/ructions2 & surely x w n be pret5d$ t ! jurors 7 b\nd to take _! law f su* s\rces z ^!4 ,9 ! second place1 x is manife/ t ! pr9ciples ( law1 by :i* ! juries det]m9$ causes1 71 z a g5]al rule1 no?+ else ?an _! own ideas ( natural equity1 & n any laws ( ! k+2 because b few laws 7 enact$1 & _m ( ^? 7 n writt51 b only agre$ ^u 9 c\ncil4#df ,( ^? t 7 writt51 few copies only 7 made1 7pr9t+ be+ !n unkn[n17 & n en\gh to supply all1 or any consid]able numb]1 ( ^! num]\s c\rts4 ,beside & beyond all ?is1 few or none ( ! jurors c\ld h read ! laws1 if !y _h be5 writt52 because few or none ( ! common p c\ld1 at t "t1 read4 ,n only 7 ! common p unable to read _! own language1 b1 at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 ! laws 7 writt5 9 ,lat91 a language t c\ld be read by few p]sons except ! prie/s1 :o 7 also ! lawy]s ( ! nation4 ,mack9to% says1 ! fir/ act ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons compos$ & record$ 9 ! ,engli% tongue1 0 9 #adae1 two c5turies aft] ,magna ,c>ta4#dg ,up to ?is "t1 & = "s sev5ty ye>s lat]1 ! laws 7 g5]ally writt5 ei!r 9 ,lat9 or ,fr5*2 bo? languages incapable ( be+ read by ! common p1 z well ,normans z ,saxons2 & "o ( !m1 ! ,lat91 n only incapable ( be+ read by !m1 b ( be+ ev5 und]/ood :5 x 0 he>d by !m4 ,to suppose t ! p 7 b\nd to obey1 & juries to en=ce1 laws1 _m ( :i* 7 unwritt51 none ( :i* !y c\ld read1 & ! l>g] "p ( :i* 7^? writt5 9 ,lat97 !y c\ld n translate1 or und]/& :5 !y he>d !m read1 is equival5t to suppos+ ! nation sunk 9 ! mo/ degrad+ slav]y1 in/ead ( enjoy+ a lib]ty ( _! own *oos+4 ,_! k ( ! laws pass$ by ! k+ 01 ( c\rse1 d]iv$ only f oral in=mation2 & ! good laws1 z "s ( !m 7 call$1 9 contradi/9ction to o!rs--^? :i* ! p at l>ge e/eem$ to be good laws--7 d\btless en=c$ by ! juries1 & ! o!rs1 z a g5]al ?+1 disreg>d$4#dh ,t su* 0 ! nature ( judicial proce$+s1 & ( ! p[] ( juries1 up to ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 is fur!r %[n by ! foll[+ au?orities4 ,! %]iffs & bailiffs caus$ ! free t5ants ( _! bailiwics to meet at _! c\nties & hundr$s2 at :i* ju/ice 0 s done1 t e "o s judg$ 8 neighbor by su* judgm5t z a man c\ld n else:]e receive 9 ! l cases1 until su* times z ! cu/oms ( ! realm 7 put 9 writ+1 & c]ta9ly publi%$4 ,& al?\gh a freeman commonly 0 n to s]ve 7z a juror or judge7 )\t 8 ass5t1 nev]!less x 0 ass5t$ unto t free t5ants %\ld meet toge!r 9 ! c\nties & hundr$s1 & lords c\rts1 if !y 7 n specially exempt$ to d su* suits1 & !re judg$ _! neighbors4--,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 p4 #g1 #h4 ,gilb]t1 9 8 treatise on ! ,con/itution ( ,engl&1 says3 ,9 ! c\nty c\rts1 if ! debt 0 above =ty %ill+s1 !re issu$ a ju/icies 7a commission7 to ! %]iff1 to enable him to hold su* a plea1 :]e ! suitors 7jurors7 are judges ( ! law & fact4--,gilb]t's ,cases 9 ,law & ,equity1 c41 c41 #def4 ,all ! anci5t writs1 giv5 9 ,glanville1 = summon+ jurors1 indicate t ! jurors judg$ ( ev]y?+1 on _! consci5ces only4 ,! writs are 9 ?is =m3 ,summon twelve free & legal m5 7or sometimes twelve knights7 to be 9 c\rt1 prep>$ ^u _! oa?s to decl>e :e!r ,a or ,b h ! great] "r to ! l& 7or o!r ?+7 9 "q4 ,see ,writs 9 ,beames' ,glanville1 p4 #ed to #gj1 & #bcc-cjf to #ccb4 ,crabbe1 speak+ ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,i41 7#aajj to #aace17 recognizes ! fact t ! jurors 7 ! judges4 ,he says3 ,by "o law1 e "o 0 to be tri$ by 8 pe]s1 :o 7 ( ! same neighborhood z himself4 99 99 ,by ano!r law1 ! judges1 = s ! jury 7 call$1 7 to be *os5 by ! p>ty implead$1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,dani% nembas2 by :i*1 probably1 is to be und]/ood t ! def5dant _h ! lib]ty ( tak+ exceptions to1 or *all5g+ ! jury1 z x 0 aft]w>ds call$4--,crabbe's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 p4 #ee4 ,reeve says3 ,! great c\rt = civil bus9ess 0 ! c\nty c\rt2 held once e f\r weeks4 ,"h ! %]iff presid$2 b ! suitors ( ! c\rt1 z !y 7 call$1 t is1 ! freem5 or l&hold]s ( ! c\nty1 7 ! judges2 & ! %]iff 0 to execute ! judgm5t4 99 99 ,! hundr$ c\rt 0 held be=e "s bailiff2 ! leet be=e ! "l ( ! manor's /ew>d4#di 99 99 ,out ( ! c\nty c\rt 0 d]iv$ an inf]ior c\rt ( civil jurisdiction1 call$ ! c\rt-b>on4 ,?is 0 held f ?ree weeks to ?ree weeks1 & 0 9 e respect l ! c\nty c\rt2 7t is1 ! jurors 7 judges 9 x27 only ! "l to :om ?is fran*ise 0 grant$1 or 8 /ew>d1 presid$ in/ead ( ! %]iff4--#a ,reeve's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 p4 #g4 ,*ief ,b>on ,gilb]t says3 ,besides ! t5ants ( ! k+1 :i* held p] b>oniam1 7by ! "r ( a b>on17 & did suit & s]vice 7s]v$ z judges7 at 8 own c\rt2 & ! burgh]s & t5ants 9 anci5t demesne1 t did suit & s]vice 7s]v$ z jurors or judges7 9 _! own c\rt 9 p]son1 & 9 ! k+'s by proxy1 !re 0 also a set ( freehold]s1 t did suit & s]vice 7s]v$ z jurors7 at ! c\nty c\rt4 ,^! 7 su* z anci5tly held ( ! "l ( ! c\nty1 & by ! es*eats ( e>ldoms _h fall5 to ! k+2 or su* z 7 grant$ out by s]vice to hold ( ! k+1 b ) p>ticul> res]vation to d suit & s]vice 7s]ve z jurors7 be=e ! k+'s bailiff2 because x 0 necess>y ! %]iff1 or bailiff ( ! k+1 %\ld h suitors 7jurors7 at ! c\nty c\rt1 t ! bus9ess might be despat*$4 ,^! suitors are ! p>es 7pe]s7 ( ! c\nty c\rt1 & inde$ ! judges ( x2 z ! p>es 7pe]s7 7 ! judges 9 e c\rt-b>on2 & !re=e ! k+'s bailiff hav+ a c\rt be=e him1 !re mu/ be p>es or judges1 = ! %]iff himself is n a judge2 & ?\gh ! /yle ( ! c\rt is ,curia prima ,comitatus ,e4,c4 ,milit4' vicecom' ,comitat' prd' ,t5t' apud ,b41 c4 7,fir/ ,c\rt ( ! c\nty1 ,e4,c4 knight1 %]iff ( ! a=esaid c\nty1 held at ,b41 c472 by :i* x appe>s t ! c\rt 0 ! %]iff's2 yet1 by ! old feudal con/itutions1 ! "l 0 n judge1 b ! p>es 7pe]s7 only2 s t1 ev5 9 a ju/icies1 :i* 0 a commission to ! %]iff to hold plea ( m ?an 0 all[$ by ! natural jurisdiction ( a c\nty c\rt1 ! p>es 7pe]s1 jurors7 only 7 judges1 & n ! %]iff2 because x 0 to hold plea 9 ! same mann] z !y us$ to d 9 t 7! "l's7 c\rt4--,gilb]t on ! ,c\rt ( ,ex*equ]1 *4 #e1 p4 #fa-b4 ,x is a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! feudal sy/em1 to make civil jurisdiction necess>ily1 & crim9al jurisdiction ord9>ily1 coxt5sive ) t5ure2 & accord+ly !re is insep>ably incid5t to e manor a c\rt-b>on 7curia b>onum71 be+ a c\rt 9 :i* ! freehold]s ( ! manor are ! sole judges1 b 9 :i* ! "l1 by himself1 or m commonly by 8 /ew>d1 presides4--,political ,diction>y1 ^w ,manor4 ,! same "w1 speak+ ( ! c\nty c\rt1 says3 ,! judges 7 ! freehold]s :o did suit to ! c\rt4 ,see ^w ,c\rts4 ,9 ! case ( freehold]s att5d+ z suitors1 ! c\nty c\rt or c\rt-b>on1 7z 9 ! case ( ! anci5t t5ants p] b>oniam att5d+ ,p>liam5t17 ! suitors are ! judges ( ! c\rt1 bo? = law & = fact1 & ! %]iff or ! "u %]iff 9 ! c\nty c\rt1 & ! "l or 8 /ew>d 9 ! c\rt-b>on1 are only presid+ (fic]s1 ) no judicial au?ority4--,political ,diction>y1 ^w ,suit4 ,,c\rt1 7curtis1 curia aula72 ! space enclos$ by ! walls ( a feudal resid5ce1 9 :i* ! foll[]s ( a "l us$ to assemble 9 ! middle ages1 to adm9i/] ju/ice1 & decide respect+ affairs ( common int]e/1 c4 ,x 0 next us$ = ^? :o /ood 9 imm$iate connexion ) ! "l & ma/]1 ! p>es curi1 7pe]s ( ! c\rt17 ! limit$ portion ( ! g5]al assembly1 to :i* 0 entru/$ ! pron\nc+ ( judgm5t1 c4--,encyclop$ia ,am]icana1 ^w ,c\rt4 ,9 c\rt-b>ons or c\nty c\rts ! /ew>d 0 n judge1 b ! p>es 7pe]s1 jurors72 nor 0 ! speak] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords judge1 b ! b>ons only4--,gilb]t on ! ,c\rt ( ,ex*equ]1 *4 #c1 p4 #db4 ,crabbe1 speak+ ( ! ,saxon times1 says3 ,! %]iff presid$ at ! hundr$ c\rt1 99 99 & sometimes sat 9 ! place ( ! ald]man 7e>l7 9 ! c\nty c\rt4--,crabbe1 #bc4 ,! %]iff aft]w>ds became ! sole presid+ (fic] ( ! c\nty c\rt4 ,sir ,?omas ,smi?1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 writ+ m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 9 describ+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,civil ,law & ! ,engli% ,law1 says3 ,judex is ( u call$ ,judge1 b our fa%ion is s div]s1 t !y :i* give ! deadly /roke1 & ei!r condemn or acquit ! man = guilty or n guilty1 are n call$ judges1 b ! twelve m54 ,& ! same ord] z well 9 civil matt]s & pecuni>y1 z 9 matt]s crim9al4--,smi?'s ,commonweal? ( ,engl&1 *4 #i1 p4 #ec1 ,edition ( #afba4 ,c\rt-,leet4 ,t ! leet is ! mo/ anci5t c\rt 9 ! l& = crim9al matt]s1 7! c\rt-b>on be+ ( no less antiquity 9 civil17 has be5 pron\nc$ by ! highe/ legal au?ority4 99 99 ,"l ,mansfield /ates t ?is c\rt 0 coeval ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,saxons "h1 & its activity m>k$ v visibly bo? among ! ,saxons & ,danes4 99 99 ,! leet is a c\rt ( record = ! cognizance ( crim9al matt]s1 or pleas ( ! cr[n2 & necess>ily belongs to ! k+2 ?\gh a subject1 usually ! "l ( ! manor1 may be1 & is1 entitl$ to ! pr(its1 consi/+ ( ! essoign p5ce1 f9es1 & am]ciam5ts4 ,x is held be=e ! /ew>d1 or 01 9 anci5t times1 be=e ! bailiff1 ( ! "l4--,toml9's ,law ,dict41 ^w ,c\rt-,leet4 ,( c\rse ! jury 7 ! judges 9 ?is c\rt1 :]e only a /ew>d or bailiff ( a manor presid$4 ,no cause ( consequ5ce 0 det]m9$ )\t ! k+'s writ2 = ev5 9 ! c\nty c\rts1 ( ! debts1 :i* 7 above =ty %ill+s1 !re issu$ a ,ju/icies 7commission7 to ! %]iff1 to enable him to hold su* plea1 :]e ! suitors are judges ( ! law & fact4--,gilb]t's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,pleas1 ,introduction1 p4 #ai4 ,?is position 7t ! matt] ( law 0 decid$ by ! ,k+'s ,ju/ices1 b ! matt] ( fact by ! p>es7 is :olly incompatible ) ! common law1 = ! ,jurata 7jury7 7 ! sole judges bo? ( ! law & ! fact4--,gilb]t's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,pleas1 p4 #gj1 note4 ,we come n[ to ! *all5ge2 & ( old ! suitors 9 c\rt1 :o 7 judges1 c\ld n be *all5g$2 nor by ! feudal law c\ld ! p>es be ev5 *all5g$1 ,p>es qui ord9>iam jurisdictionem hab5t recus>i non possunt2 7! pe]s :o h ord9>y jurisdiction _c be reject$27 b ^? suitors :o are judges ( ! c\rt1 c\ld n be *all5g$2 & ! reason is1 t !re are sev]al qualifications requir$ by ! writ1 viz41 t !y be lib]os et legales hom9es de v9c9eto 7free & legal m5 ( ! neighborhood7 ( ! place laid 9 ! decl>ation1 c41 c4--,ditto1 p4 #ic4 ,ad que/ionem juris non respond5t ,juratores4 7,to ! "q ( law ! jurors d n answ]47 ,! ,annoti/ says1 t ?is is inde$ a maxim 9 ! ,civil-,law ,jurisprud5ce1 b x does n b9d an ,engli% jury1 = by ! common law ( ! l& ! jury are judges z well ( ! matt] ( law1 z ( ! fact1 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ! 7a ,saxon ^w7 or judge on ! b5* is to give !m no assi/ance 9 det]m9+ ! matt] ( fact1 b if !y h any d\bt among !mselves relat+ to matt] ( law1 !y may !n reque/ him to expla9 x to !m1 :i* :5 he ha? done1 & !y are ?us become well in=m$1 !y1 & !y only1 become compet5t judges ( ! matt] ( law4 ,& ?is is ! prov9ce ( ! judge on ! b5*1 namely1 to %[1 or tea* ! law1 b n to take ^u him ! trial ( ! del9qu5t1 ei!r 9 matt] ( fact or 9 matt] ( law4 7,"h v>i\s ,saxon laws are quot$47 ,9 nei!r ( ^! fundam5tal laws is !re ! lea/ ^w1 h9t1 or idea1 t ! e>l or ald]man 7t is to say1 ! ,prepositus 7presid+ (fic]7 ( ! c\rt1 :i* is tantam\nt to ! judge on ! b5*7 is to take ^u him to judge ! del9qu5t 9 any s5se :atev]1 ! sole purport ( 8 (fice is to tea* ! secul> or worldly law4--,ditto1 p4 #eg1 note4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 0 c>efully provid$ =2 x 0 n ! caprice ( _! "l1 b ! s5t5ce ( _! pe]s1 t !y obey$4 ,ea* 0 ! judge ( 8 equals1 & ea* by 8 equals 0 judg$4--,introd4 to ,gilb]t on ,t5ures1 p4 #ab4 ,hallam says3 ,a respectable class ( free socag]s1 hav+1 9 g5]al1 full rights ( ali5at+ _! l&s1 & hold+ !m probably at a small c]ta9 r5t f ! "l ( ! manor1 frequ5tly occur 9 ,domes-day ,book4 99 99 ,!y und\bt$ly 7 suitors to ! c\rt-b>on ( ! "l1 to ^: soc1 or "r ( ju/ice1 !y belong$4 ,!y 7 consequ5tly judges 9 civil causes1 det]m9$ be=e ! manorial tribunal4--#b ,middle ,ages1 #dha4 ,/eph5s adopts z correct ! foll[+ quotations f ,black/one3 ,! ,c\rt-,b>on is a c\rt incid5t to e manor 9 ! k+dom1 to be hold5 by ! /ew>d )9 ! said manor4 99 99 ,x is a c\rt ( common law1 & x is ! c\rt be=e ! freehold]s :o owe suit & s]vice to ! manor1 7are b\nd to s]ve z jurors 9 ! c\rts ( ! manor17 ! /ew>d be+ r ! regi/r> ?an ! judge4 99 99 ,! freehold]s' c\rt 0 compos$ ( ! "l's t5ants1 :o 7 ! p>es 7equals7 ( ea* o!r1 & 7 b\nd by _! feudal t5ure to assi/ _! "l 9 ! disp5sation ( dome/ic ju/ice4 ,?is 0 =m]ly held e ?ree weeks2 & its mo/ important bus9ess 0 to det]m9e1 by writ ( "r1 all controv]sies relat+ to ! "r ( l&s )9 ! manor4--#c ,/eph5s' ,comm5t>ies1 #cib-c4 #c ,black/one1 #cb-c4 ,a ,hundr$ ,c\rt is only a l>g] c\rt-b>on1 be+ held = all ! inhabitants ( a p>ticul> hundr$1 in/ead ( a manor4 ,! free suitors 7jurors7 are "h also ! judges1 & ! /ew>d ! regi/]4--#c ,/eph5s1 #cid4 #c ,black/one1 #cc4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\rt is a c\rt incid5t to ! jurisdiction ( ! %]iff4 99 99 ,! freehold]s ( ! c\nty are ! real judges 9 ?is c\rt1 & ! %]iff is ! m9i/]ial (fic]4--#c ,/eph5s1 #cie-f4 #c ,black/one1 #ce-f4 ,black/one describes ^! c\rts1 z c\rts :]e9 injuries 7 r$ress$ 9 an easy & exp$iti\s mann]1 by ! suffrage ( neighbors & fri5ds4--#c ,black/one1 #cj4 ,:5 we read ( a c]ta9 numb] ( freem5 *os5 by ! p>ties to decide 9 a dispute--all b\nd by oa? to vote 9 =o consci5tia--& t _! decision1 n ! w ( ! judge presid+1 end$ ! suit1 we at once p]ceive t a great improvem5t has be5 made 9 ! old =m ( compurgation--an improvem5t :i* imp>tial obs]vation c h no hesitation to pron\nce z id5tical 9 its ma9 features ) ! trial by jury4--,dunham's ,middle ,ages1 ,sec4 #b1 ,b4 #b1 ,*4 #a4 #eg ,l>dn]'s ,cab4 ,cyc41 #fj4 ,! bi%op & ! e>l1 or1 9 8 abs5ce1 ! g]efa1 7%]iff17 & sometimes bo? ! e>l & ! g]efa1 presid$ at ! s*yre-mote 7c\nty c\rt72 ! g]efa 7%]iff7 usually alone presid$ at ! mote 7meet+ or c\rt7 ( ! hundr$4 ,9 ! cities & t[ns :i* 7 n )9 any peculi> jurisdiction1 !re 0 held1 at regul> /at$ int]vals1 a burgh mote1 7bor\gh c\rt17 = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 at :i* a g]efa1 or a magi/rate appo9t$ by ! k+1 presid$4--,sp5ce's ,orig9 ( ! ,laws & ,political ,in/itutions ( ,mod]n ,europe1 p4 #ddd4 ,! "r ( ! pla9tiff & def5dant1 & ( ! prosecutor & crim9al1 to *all5ge ! judices1 7judges17 or assessors1#ej appo9t$ to try ! cause 9 civil matt]s1 & to decide ^u ! guilt or innoc5ce ( ! accus$ 9 crim9al matt]s1 is recogniz$ 9 ! treatise call$ ! ,laws ( ,h5ry ! ,fir/2 b ,i _c discov]1 f ! ,anglo-,saxon laws or hi/ories1 t be=e ! ,conque/ ! p>ties _h any g5]al "r ( *all5ge2 inde$1 _h su* "r exi/$1 ! injunctions to all p]sons /&+ 9 ! situation ( judges 7jurors7 to d "r accord+ to _! consci5ce1 w\ld sc>cely h be5 s frequ5tly & anxi\sly repeat$4--,sp5ce1 #def4 ,hale says3 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! common ju/ice ( ! k+dom seems to be :olly disp5s$ 9 ! c\nty c\rts1 hundr$ c\rts1 & c\rts-b>on2 except "s ( ! great] crimes re=m$ by ! laws ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,i41 & t "p !re( :i* 0 sometimes tak5 up by ! ,ju/iti>ius ,angli4 ,?is d\btless br$ great inconv5i5ce1 unc]ta9ty1 & v>iety 9 ! laws1 viz43 ,fir/1 by ! ignorance ( ! judges1 :i* 7 ! freehold]s ( ! c\nty4 99 99 ,?irdly1 a ?ird inconv5i5ce 01 t all ! bus9ess ( any mom5t 0 c>ri$ by p>ties & factions4 ,= ! freehold]s be+ g5]ally ! judges1 & conv]s+ "o among ano!r1 & be+ z x 7 ! *ief judges1 n only ( ! fact1 b ( ! law2 e man t _h a suit !re1 sp$ accord+ z he c\ld make p>ties4--#a ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,law1 p4 #bdf4 ,9 all ^! tribunals1 7c\nty c\rt1 hundr$ c\rt1 c417 ! judges 7 ! free t5ants1 ow+ suit to ! c\rt1 & aft]w>ds call$ its pe]s4--#a ,l+>d's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 #dhh4 ,h5ry calls ! twelve jurors assessors1 & says3 ,^! assessors1 :o 7 9 reality judges1 took a solemn oa?1 t !y w\ld fai?fully dis*>ge ! duties ( _! (fice1 & n suff] an innoc5t man to be condemn$1 nor any guilty p]son to be acquitt$4--#c ,h5ry's ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita91 #cdf4 ,tyrrell says3 ,alfr$ canton$ 8 k+dom1 fir/ into ,trih+s & ,la!s1 z !y are /ill call$ 9 ,k5t & o!r places1 consi/+ ( ?ree or f\r ,hundr$s2 9 :i*1 ! freehold]s be+ judges1 su* causes 7 br\ght z c\ld n be det]m9$ 9 ! ,hundr$ c\rt4--,tyrrell's ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 p4 #hj4 ,( ! ,hundr$ ,c\rt he says3 ,9 ?is c\rt anci5tly1 "o ( ! pr9cipal inhabitants1 call$ ! ald]man1 toge!r ) ! b>ons ( ! ,hundr$#ea--;id e/ ! freehold]s--0 judge4--,ditto1 p4 #hj4 ,also he says3 ,by a law ( ,edw>d ! ,eld]1 ',e %]iff %all conv5e ! p once a mon?1 & d equal "r to all1 putt+ an end to controv]sies at times appo9t$4'--,ditto1 p4 #hf4 ,a /atute1 emphatically t]m$ ! ',gr& ,assize1' enabl$ ! def5dant1 if he ?\ght prop]1 to abide by ! te/imony ( ! twelve good & lawful knights1 *os5 by f\r o!rs ( ! vic9age1 & ^: oa?s gave a f9al decision to ! conte/$ claim4--#a ,palgrave's ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,engli% ,commonweal?1 #bfa4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ! cr[n became accu/om$ to ! ',inque/1' a re/ra9t 0 impos$ ^u e bran* ( ! pr]ogative4 ,! k+ c\ld nev] be in=m$ ( 8 rights1 b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p4 ,e 'ext5t' by :i* he claim$ ! pr(its & advantages result+ f ! casualties ( t5ure1 e process by :i* he repress$ ! usurpations ( ! b>onage1 dep5d$ ^u ! 'good m5 & true' :o 7 impanell$ to 'pass' betwe5 ! subject & ! sov]eign2 & ! ?und] ( ! ,ex*equ] at ,we/m9/] might be sil5c$ by ! hone/y1 ! firmness1 or ! ob/9acy1 ( "o /urdy knight or yeoman 9 ! di/ant %ire4 ,taxation 0 controll$ 9 ! same mann] by ! voice ( ^? :o 7 mo/ liable to oppression4 99 99 ,a jury 0 impanell$ to adjudge ! proportion due to ! sov]eign2 & ?is c\rse 0 n ess5tially v>i$1 ev5 aft] ! "r ( grant+ aids to ! cr[n 0 fully ackn[l$g$ to be ve/$ 9 ! p>liam5t ( ! realm4 ,! p tax$ !mselves2 & ! collection ( ! grants 0 *eck$ & controll$1 &1 p]haps1 9 _m in/ances evad$1 by ^! virtual repres5tatives ( ! community4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! jury 01 !re=e1 n conf9$ to its m]e application z a mode ( try+ conte/$ facts1 :e!r 9 civil or crim9al cases2 &1 bo? 9 its =m & 9 its consequ5ces1 x _h a v mat]ial influ5ce ^u ! g5]al con/itution ( ! realm4 99 99 ,! ma9-spr+ ( ! ma*9]y ( rem$ial ju/ice exi/$ 9 ! fran*ise ( ! l[] & l[e/ ord]s ( ! political hi]>*y4 ,)\t ! suffrage ( ! yeoman1 ! burgess1 & ! *url1 ! sov]eign c\ld n ex]cise ! mo/ important & mo/ ess5tial function ( royalty2 f !m he receiv$ ! p[] ( life & dea?2 he c\ld n wield ! sword ( ju/ice until ! humble/ ( 8 subjects plac$ ! weapon 9 8 h&4--#a ,palgrave's ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,engli% ,con/itution1 #bgd-g4 ,coke says1 ,! c\rt ( ! c\nty is no c\rt ( record1#eb & ! suitors are ! judges !re(4--#d ,in/41 #bff4 ,also1 ,! c\rt ( ! ,hundr$ is no c\rt ( record1 & ! suitors be !re( judges4--#d ,in/41 #bfg4 ,also1 ,! c\rt-b>on is a c\rt incid5t to e manor1 & is n ( record1 & ! suitors be !re( judges4--#d ,in/41 #bfh4 ,also1 ,! c\rt ( anci5t demesne is 9 ! nature ( a c\rt-b>on1 :]e9 ! suitors are judges1 & is no c\rt ( record4--#d ,in/41 #bfi4 ,mill> says1 ,"s au?ors h ?\ght t jurym5 7 orig9ally compurgators1 call$ by a def5dant to swe> t !y believ$ him innoc5t ( ! facts ) :i* he 0 *>g$4444 ,b 444 compurgators 7 m]ely witnesses2 jurym5 71 9 reality1 judges4 ,! =m] 7 call$ to confirm ! oa? ( ! p>ty by swe>+1 accord+ to _! belief1 t he _h told ! tru?1 79 8 oa? ( purgation27 ! latt] 7 appo9t$ to try1 by witnesses1 & by all o!r means ( pro(1 :e!r he 0 innoc5t or guilty4444 ,juries 7 accu/om$ to asc]ta9 ! tru? ( facts1 by ! def5dant's oa? ( purgation1 toge!r ) t ( 8 compurgators4444 ,bo? ( !m 7jurym5 & compurgators7 7 oblig$ to swe> t !y w\ld tell ! tru?4444 ,accord+ to ! simple idea ( our =efa!rs1 guilt or innoc5ce 0 reg>d$ z a m]e matt] ( fact2 & x 0 ?\ght t no man1 :o knew ! real circum/ances ( a case1 c\ld be at a loss to det]m9e :e!r ! culprit ought to be condemn$ or acquitt$4--#a ,mill>'s ,hi/4 ,view ( ,eng4 ,gov41 *4 #ab1 p4 #ccb-d4 ,also1 ,! same =m ( proc$ure1 :i* took place 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice among ! vassals ( a b>ony1 0 gradually ext5d$ to ! c\rts held 9 ! trad+ t[ns4--,same1 p4 #cce4 ,also1 ,! same regulations1 conc]n+ ! di/ribution ( ju/ice by ! int]v5tion ( juries1 444 7 introduc$ into ! b>on c\rts ( ! k+1 z into ^? ( ! nobility1 or su* ( 8 subjects z reta9$ _! allodial prop]ty4--,same1 p4 #ccg4 ,also4 ,?is tribunal 7! aula regis1 or k+'s c\rt1 aft]w>ds divid$ into ! c\rts ( ,k+'s ,b5*1 ,common ,pleas1 & ,ex*equ]7 0 prop]ly ! ord9>y b>on-c\rt ( ! k+2 &1 be+ 9 ! same circum/ances ) ! b>on-c\rts ( ! nobility1 x 0 "u ! same necessity ( try+ causes by ! int]v5tion ( a jury4--,same1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bib4 ,speak+ ( ! times ( ,edw>d ! ,fir/1 7#abgb to #acjg17 ,mill> says3 ,:at is call$ ! petty jury 0 !re=e introduc$ into ^! tribunals1 7! ,k+'s ,b5*1 ! ,common ,pleas1 & ! ,ex*equ]17 z well z into _! auxili>y c\rts employ$ to di/ribute ju/ice 9 ! circuits2 & 0 ?us r5d]$ ess5tially necess>y 9 det]m9+ causes ( e sort1 :e!r civil1 crim9al1 or fiscal4--,same1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bic-d4 ,also1 ,t ?is =m ( trial 7by jury7 obta9$ univ]sally 9 all ! feudal gov]nm5ts1 z well z 9 t ( ,engl&1 !re c be no reason to d\bt4 ,9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 o!r ,european c\ntries1 :]e we h any acc\nts ( ! con/itution & proc$ure ( ! feudal c\rts1 x appe>s t lawsuits ( e sort conc]n+ ! freem5 or vassals ( a b>ony1 7 det]m9$ by ! p>es curi 7pe]s ( ! c\rt27 & t ! judge took little m ^u him ?an to regulate ! me?od ( proce$+1 or to decl>e ! v]dict ( ! jury4--,same1 vol4 #a1 *4 #ab1 p4 #cbi4 ,also1 ,among ! ,go?ic nations ( mod]n ,europe1 ! cu/om ( decid+ lawsuits by a jury seems to h prevail$ univ]sally2 fir/ 9 ! allodial c\rts ( ! c\nty1 or ( ! hundr$1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! b>on-c\rts ( e feudal sup]ior4--,same1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bif4 ,palgrave says t 9 ,g]many ,! ,graff 7g]efa1 %]iff7 plac$ himself 9 ! seat ( judgm5t1 & gave ! *>ge to ! assembl$ free ,e*ev9s1 w>n+ !m to pron\nce judgm5t accord+ to "r & ju/ice4--#b ,palgrave1 #adg4 ,also1 t1 9 ,g]many1 ,! ,e*ev9s 7 compos$ ( ! villanage1 some:at obscur$ 9 _! functions by ! le>n+ ( ! grave civilian :o 0 associat$ to !m1 & some:at limit$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( mod]n feudality2 b !y 7 /ill sub/antially ! judges ( ! c\rt4--,same1 #adh4 ,palgrave also says1 ,scotl&1 9 l mann]1 _h ! laws ( ,burlaw1 or ,birlaw1 :i* 7 made & det]m9$ by ! neighbors1 elect$ by common cons5t1 9 ! ,burlaw or ,birlaw c\rts1 :]e9 k 0 tak5 ( compla9ts betwe5 neighbor & neighbor1 :i* m51 s *os51 7 judges & arbitrators1 & call$ ,birlaw m54--#a ,palgrave's ,rise1 c41 p4 #hj4 ,b1 9 ord] to und]/& ! common law trial by jury1 z x exi/$ prior to ,magna ,c>ta1 & z x 0 gu>ante$ by t in/rum5t1 x is p]haps indisp5sable to und]/& m fully ! nature ( ! c\rts 9 :i* juries sat1 & ! ext5t ( ! p[]s ex]cis$ by juries 9 ^? c\rts4 ,i !re=e give 9 a note ext5d$ extracts1 on ^! po9ts1 f ,/u>t on ! ,con/itution ( ,engl&1 & f ,black/one's ,comm5t>ies4#ec ,t all ^! c\rts 7 m]e c\rts ( consci5ce1 9 :i* ! juries 7 sole judges1 adm9i/]+ ju/ice accord+ to _! own ideas ( x1 is n only %[n by ! extracts already giv51 b is explicitly ackn[l$g$ 9 ! foll[+ "o1 9 :i* ! mod]n c\rts ( consci5ce are comp>$ ) ! anci5t hundr$ & c\nty c\rts1 & ! pref]5ce giv5 to ! latt]1 on ! gr\nd t ! duties ( ! jurors 9 ! "o case1 & ( ! commission]s 9 ! o!r1 are ! same1 & t ! consci5ces ( a jury are a saf] & pur] tribunal ?an ! consci5ces ( individuals specially appo9t$1 & hold+ p]man5t (fices4 ,b !re is "o species ( c\rts con/itut$ by act ( ,p>liam5t1 9 ! city ( ,london1 & o!r trad+ & popul\s di/ricts1 :i*1 9 _! proce$+s1 s v>y f ! c\rse ( ! common law1 t !y des]ve a m p>ticul> consid]ation4 ,i mean ! c\rt ( reque/s1 or c\rts ( consci5ce1 = ! recov]y ( small debts4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,london s e>ly z ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 by an act ( _! common c\ncil2 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 c]ta9ly insuffici5t = t purpose1 & illegal1 till confirm$ by /atute #c ,jac4 ,i41 *4 #ae1 :i* has s9ce be5 expla9$ & am5d$ by /atute #ad ,geo4 ,,ii41 *4 #aj4 ,! con/itution is ?is3 two ald]m5 & f\r common]s sit twice a week to he> all causes ( debt n exce$+ ! value ( =ty %ill+s2 :i* !y exam9e 9 a summ>y way1 by ! oa? ( ! p>ties or o!r witnesses1 & make su* ord] !re9 z is consonant to equity & good consci5ce499 99 ,div]s trad+ t[ns & o!r di/ricts h obta9$ acts ( ,p>liam5t1 = e/abli%+ 9 !m c\rts ( consci5ce ^u ne>ly ! same plan z t 9 ! city ( ,london4 ,! anxi\s desire t has be5 %[n to obta9 ^! sev]al acts1 proves cle>ly t ! nation1 9 g5]al1 is truly s5sible ( ! great inconv5i5ce aris+ f ! disuse ( ! anci5t c\nty & hundr$ c\rts1 :]e9 causes ( ?is small value 7 always =m]ly decid$ ) v little tr\ble & exp5se to ! p>ties4 ,b x is to be fe>$ t ! g5]al rem$y1 :i* ( late ha? be5 pr9cipally appli$ to ?is inconv5i5ce1 7! erect+ ^! new jurisdictions17 may itself be att5d$ 9 "t ) v ill consequ5ces2 z ! me?od ( proce$+ !re9 is entirely 9 d]ogation ( ! common law2 & _! l>ge discretion>y p[]s create a petty tyranny 9 a set ( /&+ commission]s2 & z ! disuse ( ! trial by jury may t5d to e/range ! m9ds ( ! p f t valuable pr]ogative ( ,engli%m51 :i* has already be5 m ?an suffici5tly exclud$ 9 _m in/ances4 ,h[ mu* r is x to be wi%$ t ! proce$+s 9 ! c\nty & hundr$ c\rts c\ld be aga9 reviv$1 )\t burd5+ ! freehold]s ) too frequ5t & t$i\s att5dances2 & at ! same "t remov+ ! delays t h ins5sibly crept into _! proce$+s1 & ! p[] t ei!r p>ty has ( transf]r+ at pleasure _! suits to ! c\rts at ,we/m9/]6 ,& we may1 ) satisfaction1 obs]ve1 t ?is exp]im5t has be5 actually tri$1 & has succe$$ 9 ! popul\s c\nty ( ,middlesex1 :i* might s]ve z an example = o!rs4 ,= by /atute #bc ,geo4 ,,ii41 *4 #cc1 x is enact$3 #a4 ,t a special c\nty c\rt %all be held at lea/ once 9 a mon?1 9 e hundr$ ( ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 by ! c\nty cl]k4 #b4 ,t twelve freehold]s ( t hundr$1 qualifi$ to s]ve on juries1 & /ruck by ! %]iff1 %all be summon$ to appe> at su* c\rt by rotation2 s z none %all be summon$ (t5] ?an once a ye>4 #c4 ,t 9 all causes n exce$+ ! value ( =ty %ill+s1 ! c\nty cl]k & twelve suitors 7jurors7 %all proce$ 9 a summ>y way1 exam9+ ! p>ties & witnesses on oa?1 )\t ! =mal process anci5tly us$2 & %all make su* ord] !re9 z !y %all judge agreeable to consci5ce4--#c ,black/one1 #ha-hc4 ,:at are ^! b c\rts ( consci5ce8 ,& yet ,black/one tells u !y are a revival ( ! anci5t hundr$ & c\nty c\rts4 ,& :at does ?is fact prove1 b t ! anci5t common law c\rts1 9 :i* juries sat1 7 m]e c\rts ( consci5ce8 ,x is p]fectly evid5t t 9 all ^! c\rts ! jurors 7 ! judges1 & det]m9$ all que/ions ( law = !mselves2 because ! only alt]native to t supposition is1 t ! jurors took _! law f %]iffs1 bailiffs1 & /ew>ds1 ( :i* !re is n ! lea/ evid5ce 9 hi/ory1 nor ! lea/ probability 9 reason4 ,x is evid5t1 also1 t !y judg$ indep5d5tly ( ! laws ( ! k+1 = ! reasons be=e giv51 viz41 t ! au?ority ( ! k+ 0 held 9 v little e/eem2 &1 secondly1 t ! laws ( ! k+ 7n be+ pr9t$1 & ! p be+ unable to read !m if !y _h be5 pr9t$7 mu/ h be5 9 a great measure unkn[n to !m1 & c\ld h be5 receiv$ by !m only on ! au?ority ( ! %]iff1 bailiff1 or /ew>d4 ,if laws 7 to be receiv$ by !m on ! au?ority ( ^! (fic]s1 ! latt] w\ld h impos$ su* laws ^u ! p z !y pleas$4 ,^! c\rts1 t h n[ be5 describ$1 7 cont9u$ 9 full p[] long aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 no alt]ation be+ made 9 !m by t in/rum5t1 nor 9 ! mode ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice 9 !m4 ,!re is no evid5ce :atev]1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 t ! juries _h any less p[] 9 ! c\rts held by ! k+'s ju/ices1 ?an 9 ^? held by %]iffs1 bailiffs1 & /ew>ds2 & !re is no probability :atev] t !y _h4 ,all ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =m] c\rts & ! latt] und\bt$ly 01 t1 9 ! =m]1 ! juries _h ! b5efit ( ! advice & assi/ance ( ! ju/ices1 :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be consid]$ valuable 9 difficult cases1 on acc\nt ( ! ju/ices be+ reg>d$ z m le>n$1 n only 9 ! laws ( ! k+1 b also 9 ! common law1 or law ( ! l&4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 inevitably mu/ be1 t nei!r ! laws ( ! k+1 nor ! in/ructions ( 8 ju/ices1 _h any au?ority ov] jurors beyond :at ! latt] saw fit to accord to !m4 ,& ?is view is confirm$ by ?is rem>k ( ,hallam1 ! tru? ( :i* all w ackn[l$ge3 ,! rules ( legal decision1 among a rude p1 are always v simple2 n s]v+ mu* to guide1 f> less to control ! feel+s ( natural equity4--#b ,middle ,ages1 *4 #h1 "p #b1 p4 #dfe4 ,x is evid5t t x 0 9 ?is way1 by ! free & concurr5t judgm5ts ( juries1 approv+ & en=c+ c]ta9 laws & rules ( conduct1 correspond+ to _! notions ( "r & ju/ice1 t ! laws & cu/oms1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 made up ! common law1 & 7 call$1 at t day1 ! good laws1 & good cu/oms1 & ! law ( ! l&1 7 e/abli%$4 ,h[ o!rwise c\ld !y ev] h become e/abli%$1 z ,black/one says !y 71 by long & immemorial usage1 & by _! univ]sal reception ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1#ed :51 z ! ,mirror says1 ju/ice 0 s done1 t e "o s judg$ 8 neighbor1 by su* judgm5t z a man c\ld n else:]e receive 9 ! l cases1 until su* times z ! cu/oms ( ! realm 7 put 9 writ+ & c]ta9ly publi%$8 ,! fact t1 9 t d>k age1 s _m ( ! pr9ciples ( natural equity1 z ^? !n embrac$ 9 ! ,common ,law1 %\ld h be5 s uni=mly recogniz$ & en=c$ by juries1 z to h become e/abli%$ by g5]al cons5t z ! law ( ! l&2 & ! fur!r fact t ?is law ( ! l& 0 held s sacr$ t ev5 ! k+ c\ld n lawfully infr+e or alt] x1 b 0 requir$ to swe> to ma9ta9 x1 are beautiful & impressive illu/rations ( ! tru? t m5's m9ds1 ev5 9 ! comp>ative infancy ( o!r k1 h cle> & co9cid5t ideas ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples1 & ! p>am\nt obligation1 ( ju/ice4 ,! same facts also prove t ! common m9d1 & ! g5]al1 or1 p]haps1 r1 ! univ]sal consci5ce1 z develop$ 9 ! untrammell$ judgm5ts ( juries1 may be safely reli$ ^u = ! pres]vation ( individual rights 9 civil society2 & t !re is no necessity or excuse = t deluge ( arbitr>y legislation1 ) :i* ! pres5t age is ov]:elm$1 "u ! pretext t unless laws be made1 ! law w n be kn[n2 a pretext1 by ! way1 almo/ univ]sally us$ = ov]turn+1 in/ead ( e/abli%+1 ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,! ,oa?s ( ,jurors4 ,! oa?s t h be5 adm9i/]$ to jurors1 9 ,engl&1 & :i* are _! legal guide to _! duty1 all 7s f> z ,i h asc]ta9$ !m7 corroborate ! idea t ! jurors are to try all cases on _! intr9sic m]its1 indep5d5tly ( any laws t !y deem unju/ or oppressive4 ,x is probable t an oa? 0 nev] adm9i/]$ to a jury 9 ,engl&1 ei!r 9 a civil or crim9al case1 to try x accord+ to law4 ,! e>lie/ oa? t ,i h f\nd prescrib$ by law to be adm9i/]$ to jurors is 9 ! laws ( ,e!lr$1 7ab\t ! ye> #ajae17 :i* require t ! jurors %all swe>1 ) _! h&s ^u a holy ?+1 t !y w condemn no man t is innoc5t1 nor acquit any t is guilty4--#d ,black/one1 #cjb4 #b ,turn]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 #aee4 ,wilk9s' ,laws ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 #aag4 ,spelman's ,gloss>y1 ^w ,jurata4 ,black/one assumes t ?is 0 ! oa? ( ! gr& jury 7#d ,black/one1 #cjb72 b !re 0 b "o jury at ! "t ?is oa? 0 orda9$4 ,! in/itution ( two juries1 gr& & petit1 took place aft] ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,hume1 speak+ ( ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 ! "t ( ,alfr$1 says t1 9 e hundr$1 ,twelve freehold]s 7 *os51 :o1 hav+ sworn1 toge!r ) ! hundr$]1 or presid+ magi/rate ( t division1 to adm9i/] imp>tial ju/ice1 proce$$ to ! exam9ation ( t cause :i* 0 submitt$ to _! jurisdiction4--,hume1 *4 #b4 ,by a law ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 9 #aafd1 x 0 direct$ t ! %]iff faciet jur>e duodecim legales hom9es de vic9eto seu de villa1 quod inde v]itatem secundum consci5tiam suam manife/abunt1 7%all make twelve legal m5 f ! neighborhood to swe> t !y w make kn[n ! tru? accord+ to _! consci5ce47--,crabbe's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 #aai4 #a ,reeves1 #hg4 ,wilk9s1 #cba-cbc4 ,glanville1 :o wrote )9 ! half c5tury previ\s to ,magna ,c>ta1 says3 ,ea* ( ! knights summon$ = ?is purpose 7z jurors7 ought to swe> t he w nei!r utt] t :i* is false1 nor kn[+ly conceal ! tru?4--,beames' ,glanville1 #fe4 ,reeve calls ! trial by jury ! trial by twelve m5 sworn to speak ! tru?4--#a ,reeve's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 #hg4 ,h5ry says t ! jurors took a solemn oa?1 t !y w\ld fai?fully dis*>ge ! duties ( _! (fice1 & n suff] an innoc5t man to be condemn$1 nor any guilty p]son to be acquitt$4--#c ,h5ry's ,hi/4 ( ,great ,brita91 #cdf4 ,! ,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 7writt5 )9 a c5tury aft] ,magna ,c>ta17 9 ! *apt] on ! abuses ( ! ,common ,law1 says3 ,x is abuse to use ! words1 to _! k1 9 _! oa?s1 to make ! jurors speak ^u ?\ghts1 s9ce ! *ief words ( _! oa?s be t !y speak ! tru?4--p4 #bdi4 ,smi?1 writ+ 9 ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 says t1 9 civil suits1 ! jury be sworn to decl>e ! tru? ( t issue accord+ to ! evid5ce1 & _! consci5ce4--,smi?'s ,commonweal? ( ,engl&1 edition ( #afba1 p4 #gc4 ,9 crim9al trials1 he says3 ,! cl]k give? ! juror an oa? to g uprightly betwixt ! pr9ce & ! prison]4--,ditto1 p4 #ij4ee ,hale says3 ,!n twelve1 & no less1 ( su* z are indiff]5t & are return$ ^u ! pr9cipal panel1 or ! tales1 are sworn to try ! same accord+ to ! evid5ce4--#b ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,law1 #ada4 ,x appe>s f ,black/one t1 ev5 at ?is day1 nei!r 9 civil nor crim9al cases1 are jurors 9 ,engl& sworn to try causes accord+ to law4 ,he says t 9 civil suits ! jury are ,sworn well & truly to try ! issue betwe5 ! p>ties1 & a true v]dict to give accord+ to ! evid5ce4--#c ,black/one1 #cfe4 ,! issue to be tri$ is :e!r ,a owes ,b any?+2 & if s1 h[ mu*8 or :e!r ,a has 9 8 possession any?+ t belongs to ,b2 or :e!r ,a has wrong$ ,b1 & ought to make comp5sation2 & if s1 h[ mu*8 ,no /atute pass$ by a legislature1 simply z a legislature1 c alt] ei!r ( ^! issues 9 h>dly any conceivable case1 p]haps 9 none4 ,no unju/ law c\ld ev] alt] !m 9 any4 ,!y are all m]e que/ions ( natural ju/ice1 :i* legislatures h no p[] to alt]1 & ) :i* !y h no "r to int]f]e1 fur!r ?an to provide = hav+ !m settl$ by ! mo/ compet5t & imp>tial tribunal t x is practicable to h1 & !n = hav+ all j decisions en=c$4 ,& any tribunal1 :e!r judge or jury1 t attempts to try ^! issues1 has no m moral "r to be sw]v$ f ! l9e ( ju/ice1 by ! w ( a legislature1 ?an by ! w ( any o!r body ( m5 :atev]4 ,& ?is oa? does n require or p]mit a jury to be s sw]v$4 ,9 crim9al cases1 ,black/one says ! oa? ( ! jury 9 ,engl& is3 ,well & truly to try1 & true deliv]ance make1 betwe5 our sov]eign "l1 ! k+1 & ! prison] :om !y h 9 *>ge1 & a true v]dict to give accord+ to ! evid5ce4--#d ,black/one1 #cee4 ,! issue to be tri$1 9 a crim9al case1 is guilty1 or n guilty4 ,! laws pass$ by a legislature c r>ely1 if ev]1 h any?+ to d ) ?is issue4 ,guilt is an intr9sic quality ( actions1 & c nei!r be creat$1 de/roy$1 nor *ang$ by legislation4 ,& no tribunal t attempts to try ?is issue c h any moral "r to decl>e a man guilty1 = an act t is intr9sically innoc5t1 at ! bidd+ ( a legislature1 any m ?an at ! bidd+ ( anybody else4 ,& ?is oa? does n require or p]mit a jury to d s4 ,! words1 accord+ to ! evid5ce1 h d\btless be5 introduc$ into ! above oa?s 9 mod]n times4 ,!y are unque/ionably 9 violation ( ! ,common ,law1 & ( ,magna ,c>ta1 if by !m be meant su* evid5ce only z ! gov]nm5t sees fit to all[ to g to ! jury4 ,if ! gov]nm5t c dictate ! evid5ce1 & require ! jury to decide accord+ to t evid5ce1 x necess>ily dictates ! conclusion to :i* !y mu/ arrive4 ,9 t case ! trial is really a trial by ! gov]nm5t1 & n by ! jury4 ,! jury _c try an issue1 unless !y det]m9e :at evid5ce %all be admitt$4 ,! anci5t oa?s1 x w be obs]v$1 say no?+ ab\t accord+ to ! evid5ce4 ,!y obvi\sly take x = grant$ t ! jury try ! :ole case2 & ( c\rse t !y decide :at evid5ce %all be admitt$4 ,x w\ld be intr9sically an immoral & crim9al act = a jury to decl>e a man guilty1 or to decl>e t "o man ow$ money to ano!r1 unless all ! evid5ce 7 admitt$1 :i* !y ?\ght ought to be admitt$1 = asc]ta9+ ! tru?4#ef ,gr& ,jury4--,if jurors are b\nd to en=ce all laws pass$ by ! legislature1 x is a v rem>kable fact t ! oa? ( gr& juries does n require !m to be gov]n$ by ! laws 9 f9d+ indictm5ts4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s =ms ( oa? adm9i/]$ to gr& jurors2 b by none ( !m t ,i recollect ev] to h se51 except ^? ( ! ,/ates ( ,connecticut & ,v]mont1 are !y sworn to pres5t m5 accord+ to law4 ,! ,engli% =m1 z giv5 9 ! essay on ,gr& ,juries1 writt5 ne> two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,"l ,som]s1 is z foll[s3 ,y %all dilig5tly inquire1 & true pres5tm5t make1 ( all su* articles1 matt]s1 & ?+s1 z %all be giv5 y 9 *>ge1 & ( all o!r matt]s & ?+s z %all come to y\r k t\*+ ?is pres5t s]vice4 ,! k+'s c\ncil1 y\r fell[s1 & y\r own1 y %all keep secret4 ,y %all pres5t no p]son = hatr$ or malice2 nei!r %all y leave any "o unpres5t$ = favor1 or affection1 = love or ga91 or any hopes !re(2 b 9 all ?+s y %all pres5t ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?1 to ! be/ ( y\r k4 ,s help y ,god4 ,?is =m ( oa? is d\btless q anci5t1 = ! essay says our ance/ors appo9t$ x4--,see ,essay1 p4 #cc-cd4 ,on ! obligations ( ?is oa?1 ! essay says3 ,if x be ask$ h[1 or 9 :at mann]1 ! 7gr&7 juries %all inquire1 ! answ] is ready1 accord+ to ! be/ ( _! und]/&+s4 ,!y only1 n ! judges1 are sworn to se>* dilig5tly to f9d out all treasons1 c41 )9 _! *>ge1 & !y mu/ & ought to use _! own discretion 9 ! way & mann] ( _! inquiry4 ,no directions c legally be impos$ ^u !m by any c\rt or judges2 an hone/ jury w ?ankfully accept good advice f judges1 z _! assi/ants2 b !y are b\nd by _! oa?s to pres5t ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?1 to ! be/ ( _! own1 n ! judge's1 k4 ,nei!r c !y1 )\t brea* ( t oa?1 resign _! consci5ces1 or bl9dly submit to ! dictates ( o!rs2 & !re=e ought to receive or reject su* advices1 z !y judge !m good or bad4 99 99 ,no?+ c be m pla9 & express ?an ! words ( ! oa? are to ?is purpose4 ,! jurors ne$ n se>* ! law books1 nor tumble ov] heaps ( old records1 = ! explanation ( !m4 ,our greate/ lawy]s may f h5ce le>n m c]ta9ly our anci5t law 9 ?is case1 ?an f all ! books 9 _! /udies4 ,! language :]e9 ! oa? is p5n$ is kn[n & und]/ood by e man1 & ! words 9 x h ! same signification z !y h :]esoev] else !y are us$4 ,! judges1 )\t assum+ to !mselves a legislative p[]1 _c put a new s5se ^u !m1 o!r ?an accord+ to _! g5u9e1 common mean+4 ,!y _c magi/]ially impose _! op9ions ^u ! jury1 & make !m =sake ! direct words ( _! oa?1 to pursue _! glosses4 ,! gr& inque/ are b\nd to obs]ve alike /rictly e "p ( _! oa?1 & to use all j & prop] ways :i* may enable !m to p]=m x2 o!rwise x 7 to say1 t aft] m5 _h sworn to inquire dilig5tly aft] ! tru?1 accord+ to ! be/ ( _! k1 !y 7 b\nd to =sake all ! natural & prop] means :i* _! und]/&+s sugge/ = ! discov]y ( x1 if x be comm&$ by ! judges4--,"l ,som]s' ,essay on ,gr& ,juries1 p4 #ch4 ,:at is "h said s pla9ly & =cibly ( ! oa? & obligations ( gr& juries1 is equally applicable to ! oa? & obligations ( petit juries4 ,9 bo? cases ! simple oa?s ( ! jurors1 & n ! in/ructions ( ! judges1 nor ! /atutes ( k+s nor legislatures1 are _! legal guides to _! duties4#eg ,,section ,,iv4 ,! ,"r ( ,juries to fix ! ,s5t5ce4 ,! nature ( ! common law c\rts exi/+ prior to ,magna ,c>ta1 su* z ! c\nty c\rts1 ! hundr$ c\rts1 ! c\rt-leet1 & ! c\rt-b>on1 all prove1 :at has already be5 prov$ f ,magna ,c>ta1 t1 9 jury trials1 ! juries fix$ ! s5t5ce2 because1 9 ^? c\rts1 !re 0 no "o b ! jury :o c\ld fix x1 unless x 7 ! %]iff1 bailiff1 or /ew>d2 & no "o w pret5d t x 0 fix$ by !m4 ,! juries unque/ionably gave ! judgm5t 9 bo? civil & crim9al cases4 ,t ! juries 7 to fix ! s5t5ce "u ,magna ,c>ta1 is also %[n by /atutes subsequ5t to ,magna ,c>ta4 ,a /atute pass$ fifty-"o ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 says t a bak]1 = default 9 ! weight ( 8 bread1 debeat am]ci>i vel subire judicium pillor1--t is1 ought to be am]c$1 or suff] ! s5t5ce ( ! pillory4 ,& t a brew]1 = sell+ ale1 contr>y to ! assize1 debeat am]ci>i1 vel pati judicium tumbrelli2 t is1 ought to be am]c$1 or suff] judgm5t ( ! tumbrel4--#ea ,h5ry ,,iii41 /4 #f4 7#abff47 ,if ! k+ 7! legislative p[]7 _h _h au?ority to fix ! puni%m5ts ( ^! (f5ces imp]atively1 he w\ld naturally h said ^! (f5d]s %all be am]c$1 & %all suff] judgm5t ( ! pillory & tumbrel1 in/ead ( ?us simply express+ ! op9ion t !y ought to be puni%$ 9 t mann]4 ,! /atute ( ,we/m9/]1 pass$ sixty ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 provides t1 ,no city1 bor\gh1 nor t[n1 nor any man1 be am]c$1 )\t reasonable cause1 & accord+ to ! quantity ( ! trespass2 t is to say1 e freeman sav+ 8 freehold1 a m]*ant sav+ 8 m]*&ise1 a ville9 8 waynage1 & t by 8 or _! pe]s4--#c ,edw>d ,i41 *4 #f4 7#abge47 ,! same /atute 7*4 #ah7 provides fur!r1 t1 ,=asmu* z ! common f9e & am]cem5t ( ! :ole c\nty 9 ,eyre ( ! ju/ices = false judgm5ts1 or = o!r trespass1 is unju/ly assess$ by %]iffs & b>etors 9 ! %ires1 s t ! sum is _m times increas$1 & ! p>cels o!rwise assess$ ?an !y ought to be1 to ! damage ( ! p1 :i* be _m times paid to ! %]iffs & b>etors1 :i* d n acquit ! pay]s2 x is provid$1 & ! k+ wills1 t f h5ce=? su* sums %all be assess$ be=e ! ju/ices 9 ,eyre1 a=e _! dep>ture1 by ! oa? ( knights & o!r hone/ m51 ^u all su* z ought to pay2 & ! ju/ices %all cause ! p>cels to be put into _! e/reats1 :i* %all be deliv]$ up unto ! ex*equ]1 & n ! :ole sum4--,/4 #c ,edw>d ,i41 *4 #ah1 7#abge47eh ,! foll[+ /atute1 pass$ 9 #acda1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 provid+ = ! trial ( pe]s ( ! realm1 & ! k+'s m9i/]s1 conta9s a recognition ( ! pr9ciple ( ,magna ,c>ta1 t ! jury are to fix ! s5t5ce4 ,:]eas be=e ?is "t ! pe]s ( ! l& h be5 arre/$ & imprison$1 & _! temporalities1 l&s1 & t5em5ts1 goods & cattels1 asseiz$ 9 ! k+'s h&s1 & "s put to dea? )\t judgm5t ( _! pe]s3 ,x is accord$ & ass5t$1 t no pe] ( ! l&1 (fic]1 nor o!r1 because ( 8 (fice1 nor ( ?+s t\*+ 8 (fice1 nor by o!r cause1 %all be br\ght 9 judgm5t to lose 8 temporalities1 l&s1 t5em5ts1 goods & cattels1 nor to be arre/$1 nor imprison$1 outlaw$1 exil$1 nor =ejudg$1 nor put to answ]1 nor be judg$1 b by aw>d 7s5t5ce7 ( ! said pe]s 9 ,p>liam5t4--#ae ,edw>d ,,iii41 /4 #a1 sec4 #b4 ,section #d1 ( ! same /atute provides1 ,t 9 e ,p>liam5t1 at ! ?ird day ( e ,p>liam5t1 ! k+ %all take 9 8 h&s ! (fices ( all ! m9i/]s a=esaid1 7t is1 ! *ancellor1 treasur]1 b>ons1 & *ancellor ( ! ex*equ]1 ! ju/ices ( ! "o b5* & ( ! o!r1 ju/ices assign$ 9 ! c\ntry1 /ew>d & *amb]la9 ( ! k+'s h\se1 keep] ( ! privy seal1 treasur] ( ! w>drobe1 controll]s1 & !y t be *ief deput$ to abide nigh ! k+'s son1 ,duke ( ,cornwall17 & s !y %all abide f\r or five days2 except ! (fices ( ju/ices ( ! "o place or ! o!r1 ju/ices assign$1 b>ons ( ex*equ]2 s always t !y & all o!r m9i/]s be put to answ] to e compla9t2 & if default be f\nd 9 any ( ! said m9i/]s1 by compla9t or o!r mann]1 & ( t atta9t$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 he %all be puni%$ by judgm5t ( ! pe]s1 & put out ( 8 (fice1 & ano!r conv5i5t put 9 8 place4 ,& ^u ! same our said sov]eign "l ! k+ %all d 7cause7 to be pron\nc$ & made execution )\t delay1 accord+ to ! judgm5t 7s5t5ce7 ( ! said pe]s 9 ! ,p>liam5t4 ,"h is an admission t ! pe]s 7 to fix ! s5t5ce1 or judgm5t1 & ! k+ promises to make execution accord+ to t s5t5ce4 ,& ?is appe>s to be ! law1 "u :i* pe]s ( ! realm & ! great (fic]s ( ! cr[n 7 tri$ & s5t5c$1 = f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] its passage1 &1 = aught ,i "k1 until ?is day4 ,! fir/ case giv5 9 ,h>grave's collection ( ,engli% ,/ate ,trials1 is t ( ,alex&] ,nevil1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,york1 ,rob]t ,v]e1 ,duke ( ,irel&1 ,mi*ael de la ,pole1 ,e>l ( ,suffolk1 & ,rob]t ,tresilian1 ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,engl&1 ) sev]al o!rs1 convict$ ( treason1 be=e ! ,lords ( ,p>liam5t1 9 #achh4 ,! s5t5ces 9 ^! cases 7 adjudg$ by ! ,lords ( ,p>liam5t1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms1 z !y are report$4 ,:]e=e ! said ,lords ( ,p>liam5t1 !re pres5t1 z judges 9 ,p>liam5t1 9 ?is case1 by ass5t ( ! k+1 pron\nc$ _! s5t5ce1 & did adjudge ! said ar*bi%op1 duke1 & e>l1 ) ,rob]t ,tresilian1 s appeal$1 z a=esaid1 to be guilty1 & convict$ ( treason1 & to be drawn & hang$1 z traitors & enemies to ! k+ & k+dom2 & t _! heirs %\ld be dis9h]it$ =ev]1 & _! l&s & t5em5ts1 goods & *attels1 =feit$ to ! k+1 & t ! temporalities ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york %\ld be tak5 into ! k+'s h&s4 ,also1 9 ! same case1 ,sir ,john ,holt1 ,sir ,william ,burgh1 ,sir ,john ,c>y1 ,sir ,rog] ,ful?orpe1 & ,john ,locton1 7 by ! lords temporal1 by ! ass5t ( ! k+1 adjudg$ to be drawn & hang$1 z traitors1 _! heirs dis9h]it$1 & _! l&s & t5em5ts1 goods & *attels1 to be =feit$ to ! k+4 ,also1 9 ! same case1 ,john ,blake1 ( c\ncil = ! k+1 & ,?omas ,uske1 "u %]iff ( ,middlesex1 hav+ be5 convict$ ( treason1 ,! lords aw>d$1 by ass5t ( ! k+1 t !y %\ld bo? be hang$ & drawn z traitors1 z op5 enemies to ! k+ & k+dom1 & _! heirs dis9h]it$ =ev]1 & _! l&s & t5em5ts1 goods & *attels1 =feit$ to ! k+4 ,also1 ,simon ,burleigh1 ! k+'s *amb]la91 be+ convict$ ( treason1 by jo9t cons5t ( ! k+ & ! lords1 s5t5ce 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ ! said ,simon ,burleigh1 t he %\ld be drawn f ! t[n to ,tyburn1 & !re be hang$ till he be dead1 & !n h 8 head /ruck f 8 body4 ,also1 ,john ,beau*amp1 /ew>d ( ! h\sehold to ! k+1 ,james ,b]ov]se1 & ,john ,salisbury1 knights1 g5tlem5 ( ! privy *amb]1 7 9 l mann] condemn$4--#a ,h>grave's ,/ate ,trials1 fir/ case4 ,"h ! s5t5ces 7 all fix$ by ! pe]s1 ) ! ass5t ( ! k+4 ,b t ! k+ %\ld be consult$1 & 8 ass5t obta9$ to ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ by ! pe]s1 does n imply any defici5cy ( p[] on _! "p to fix ! s5t5ce indep5d5tly ( ! k+4 ,!re are obvi\s reasons :y !y might *oose to consult ! k+1 & obta9 8 approbation ( ! s5t5ce !y 7 ab\t to impose1 )\t suppos+ any legal necessity = _! s do+4 ,s f> z we c ga!r f ! reports ( /ate trials1 pe]s ( ! realm 7 usually s5t5c$ by ^? :o tri$ !m1 ) ! ass5t ( ! k+4 ,b 9 "s in/ances no m5tion is made ( ! ass5t ( ! k+1 z 9 ! case ( ,lionel1 ,e>l ( ,middlesex1 ,"l ,high ,treasur] ( ,engl&1 9 #afbd1 7f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta17 :]e ! s5t5ce 0 z foll[s3 ,?is ,high ,c\rt ( ,p>liam5t do? adjudge1 t ,lionel1 ,e>l ( ,middlesex1 n[ ,"l ,treasur] ( ,engl&1 %all lose all 8 (fices :i* he holds 9 ?is k+dom1 & %all1 h]eaft]1 be made incapable ( any (fice1 place1 or employm5t 9 ! /ate & commonweal?4 ,t he %all be imprison$ 9 ! t[] ( ,london1 dur+ ! k+'s pleasure4 ,t he %all pay unto our sov]eign "l ! k+ a f9e ( #ej1jjj p\nds4 ,t he %all nev] sit 9 ,p>liam5t any m1 & t he %all nev] come )9 ! v]ge ( ! c\rt4--#b ,h[ell's ,/ate ,trials1 #abej4 ,"h 0 a pe] ( ! realm1 & a m9i/] ( ! k+1 ( ! highe/ grade2 & if x 7 ev] necess>y to obta9 ! ass5t ( ! k+ to s5t5ces pron\nc$ by ! pe]s1 x w\ld unque/ionably h be5 obta9$ 9 ?is in/ance1 & 8 ass5t w\ld h appe>$ 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,"l ,bacon 0 s5t5c$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 7#afbj17 no m5tion be+ made ( ! ass5t ( ! k+4 ,! s5t5ce is 9 ^! words3 ,&1 !re=e1 ?is ,high ,c\rt do? adjudge1 ,t ! ,"l ,visc\nt ,/4 ,albans1 ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&1 %all und]go f9e & ransom ( #dj1jjj p\nds4 ,t he %all be imprison$ 9 ! t[] dur+ ! k+'s pleasure4 ,t he %all =ev] be incapable ( any (fice1 place1 or employm5t 9 ! /ate or commonweal?4 ,t he %all nev] sit 9 ,p>liam5t1 nor come )9 ! v]ge ( ! c\rt4 ,& :5 x 0 dem&$ ( him1 be=e s5t5ce1 :e!r x 7 8 h& t 0 subscrib$ to 8 confession1 & :e!r he w\ld /& to x2 he made ! foll[+ answ]1 :i* implies t ! lords 7 ! ones to det]m9e 8 s5t5ce4 ,my lords1 x is my act1 my h&1 my he>t4 ,i besee* y\r lord%ips to be m]ciful to a brok5 re$4--#a ,h>grave's ,/ate ,trials1 #chf-g4 ,! s5t5ce aga9/ ,*>les ! ,fir/1 7#afdh17 aft] recit+ ! gr\nds ( 8 condemnation1 concludes 9 ?is =m3 ,= all :i* treasons & crimes1 ?is c\rt do? adjudge1 t he1 ! said ,*>les ,/u>t1 z a tyrant1 traitor1 murd]]1 & public enemy to ! good p ( ?is nation1 %all be put to dea? by ! sev]+ 8 head f 8 body4 ,! report !n adds3 ,?is s5t5ce be+ read1 ! presid5t 7( ! c\rt7 spake z foll[e?3 ',?is s5t5ce n[ read & publi%$1 is ! act1 s5t5ce1 judgm5t & resolution ( ! :ole c\rt4'--#a ,h>grave's ,/ate ,trials1 #ajcg4 ,unless x _h be5 ! receiv$ law ( ! l& t ^? :o tri$ a man %\ld fix 8 s5t5ce1 x w\ld h requir$ an act ( ,p>liam5t to fix ! s5t5ce ( ,*>les1 & 8 s5t5ce w\ld h be5 decl>$ to be ! s5t5ce ( ! law1 in/ead ( ! act1 s5t5ce1 judgm5t1 & resolution ( ! c\rt4 ,b ! report ( ! proce$+s 9 ! trial ( ,?omas1 ,e>l ( ,macclesfield1 ,"l ,high ,*ancellor ( ,great ,brita91 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 = high crimes & misdemeanors 9 ! execution ( 8 (fice1 9 #agbe1 is s full on ?is po9t1 & %[s s cle>ly t x re/$ :olly ) ! lords to fix ! s5t5ce1 & t ! ass5t ( ! k+ 0 :olly unnecess>y1 t ,i give ! report some:at at l5g?4 ,aft] be+ f\nd guilty1 ! e>l address$ ! lords1 = a mitigation ( s5t5ce1 z foll[s3 ',i am n[ to expect y\r lord%ips' judgm5t2 & ,i hope t y w be pleas$ to consid] t ,i h suff]$ no small matt] already 9 ! trial1 9 ! exp5se ,i h be5 at1 ! fatigue1 & :at ,i h suff]$ o!rways4 99 99 ,i h paid back #aj1hjj p\nds ( ! money already2 ,i h lo/ my (fice2 ,i h und]gone ! c5sure ( bo? h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 :i* is 9 itself a sev]e puni%m5t1' c41 c4 ,on be+ int]rupt$1 he proce$$3 ',my lords1 ,i submit :e!r ?is be n prop] 9 mitigation ( y\r lord%ips' s5t5ce2 b :e!r x be or n1 ,i leave myself to y\r lord%ips' ju/ice & m]cy2 ,i am sure nei!r ( !m w be want+1 & ,i entirely submit4' 99 99 ,!n ! said e>l1 z also ! manag]s1 7 direct$ to )draw2 & ! ,h\se 7( ,lords7 ord]$ ,?omas1 ,e>l ( ,macclesfield1 to be committ$ to ! cu/ody ( ! g5tleman u%] ( ! black rod2 & !n proce$$ to ! consid]ation ( :at judgm5t1 7t is1 s5t5ce1 = he _h already be5 f\nd guilty17 to give ^u ! impea*m5t aga9/ ! said e>l4 99 99 ,! next day1 ! ,commons1 ) _! speak]1 be+ pres5t at ! b> ( ! ,h\se 7( ,lords71 99 99 ! speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons said z foll[s3 ',my ,lords1 ! knights1 citiz5s1 & burgesses 9 ,p>liam5t assembl$1 9 ! "n ( !mselves1 & ( all ! commons ( ,great ,brita91 did at ?is b> impea* ,?omas1 ,e>l ( ,macclesfield1 ( high crimes & misdemeanors1 & did exhibit articles ( impea*m5t aga9/ him1 & h made good _! *>ge4 ,i d1 !re=e1 9 ! "n ( ! knights1 citiz5s1 & burgesses1 9 ,p>liam5t assembl$1 & ( all ! commons ( ,great ,brita91 dem& judgm5t 7s5t5ce7 ( y\r lord%ips aga9/ ,?omas1 ,e>l ( ,macclesfield1 = ! said high crimes & misdemeanors4' ,!n ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,k+1 ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 said3 ',mr4 ,speak]1 ! ,lords are n[ ready to proce$ to judgm5t 9 ! case by y m5tion$4 ',?omas1 ,e>l ( ,macclesfield1 ! ,lords h unanim\sly f\nd y guilty ( high crimes & misdemeanors1 *>g$ on y by ! impea*m5t ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & d n[1 accord+ to law1 proce$ to judgm5t aga9/ y1 :i* ,i am ord]$ to pron\nce4 ,_! lord%ips' judgm5t is1 & ?is high c\rt do? adjudge1 t y1 ,?omas1 ,e>l ( ,macclesfield1 be f9$ 9 ! sum ( ?irty ?\s& p\nds unto our sov]eign "l ! k+2 & t y %all be imprison$ 9 ! t[] ( ,london1 & !re kept 9 safe cu/ody1 until y %all pay ! said f9e4'--#f ,h>grave's ,/ate ,trials1 #gfb-c-d4 ,?is case %[s t ! pr9ciple ( ,magna ,c>ta1 t a man %\ld be s5t5c$ only by 8 pe]s1 0 9 =ce1 & act$ ^u z law1 9 ,engl&1 s lately z #agbe1 7five hundr$ ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta17 s f> z x appli$ to a pe] ( ! realm4 ,b ! same pr9ciple1 on ?is po9t1 t applies to a pe] ( ! realm1 applies to e freeman4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is1 t ! pe]s ( ! realm h _h influ5ce en\gh to pres]ve _! con/itutional rights2 :ile ! con/itutional rights ( ! p h be5 trampl$ ^u & r5d]$ obsolete by ! usurpation & corruption ( ! gov]nm5t & ! c\rts4 ,,section ,v4 ,! ,oa?s ( ,judges4 ,z fur!r pro( t ! legislation ( ! k+1 :e!r enact$ ) or )\t ! ass5t & advice ( 8 p>liam5ts1 0 ( no au?ority unless x 7 consi/5t ) ! common law1 & unless juries & judges saw fit to en=ce x1 x may be m5tion$ t x is probable t no judge 9 ,engl& 0 ev] sworn to obs]ve ! laws enact$ ei!r by ! k+ alone1 or by ! k+ ) ! advice & ass5t ( p>liam5t4 ,! judges 7 sworn to d equal law1 & execution ( "r1 to all ! k+'s subjects1 ri* & poor1 )\t hav+ reg>d to any p]son2 & t !y w d5y no man common "r2#ei b !y 7 n sworn to obey or execute any /atutes ( ! k+1 or ( ! k+ & p>liam5t4 ,inde$1 !y are virtually sworn n to obey any /atutes t are aga9/ common "r1 or contr>y to ! common law1 or law ( ! l&2 b to c]tify ! k+ !re(--t is1 notify him t 8 /atutes are aga9/ ! common law2--& !n proce$ to execute ! common law1 not)/&+ su* legislation to ! contr>y4 ,! words ( ! oa? on ?is po9t are ^!3 ,t ye d5y no man common "r by 7virtue (7 ! k+'s lett]s1 nor none o!r man's1 nor = none o!r cause2 & 9 case any lett]s come to y contr>y to ! law1 7t is1 ! common law1 z w be se5 on ref]5ce to ! entire oa? giv5 9 ! note17 t ye d no?+ by su* lett]s1 b c]tify ! k+ !re( & proce$ to execute ! law1 7t is1 ! common law17 not)/&+ ! same lett]s4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t ! k+ 0 ! sole legislative p[]1 & t he ex]cis$ ?is p[]1 to a great ext5t1 by ord]s 9 c\ncil1 & by writs & lett]s address$ (t5-times to "s %]iff1 or o!r p]son1 & t 8 comm&s1 :5 communicat$ to 8 ju/ices1 or any o!r p]son1 by lett]s1 or writs1 "u seal1 _h z mu* legal au?ority z laws promulgat$ 9 any o!r =m :atev]1 x w be se5 t ?is oa? ( ! ju/ices absolutely requir$ t !y disreg>d any legislation t 0 contr>y to common "r1 or ! common law1 & notify ! k+ t x 0 contr>y to common "r1 or ! common law1 & !n proce$ to execute ! common law1 not)/&+ su* legislation4#fj ,if !re c\ld be any d\bt t su* 0 ! mean+ ( ?is oa?1 t d\bt w\ld be remov$ by a /atute pass$ by ! k+ two ye>s aft]w>ds1 :i* fully expla9s ?is oa?1 z foll[s3 ,edw>d1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1 c41 to ! ,%]iff ( ,/af=d1 greet+3 ,because t by div]s compla9ts made to u1 we h p]ceiv$ t ! ,law ( ! ,l&1 :i* we by our oa? are b\nd to ma9ta91 is ! less well kept1 & ! execution ( ! same di/urb$ _m times by ma9t5ance & procurem5t1 z well 9 ! c\rt z 9 ! c\ntry2 we greatly mov$ ( consci5ce 9 ?is matt]1 & = ?is cause desir+ z mu* = ! pleasure ( ,god1 & ease & quietness ( our subjects1 z to save our consci5ce1 & = to save & keep our said oa?1 by ! ass5t ( ! great m5 & o!r wise m5 ( our c\ncil1 we h orda9$ ^! ?+s foll[+3 ,fir/1 we h comm&$ all our ju/ices1 t !y %all f h5ce=? d equal law & execution ( "r to all our subjects1 ri* & poor1 )\t hav+ reg>d to any p]son1 & )\t omitt+ to d "r = any lett]s or comm&m5t :i* may come to !m f u1 or f any o!r1 or by any o!r cause4 ,& if t any lett]s1 writs1 or comm&m5ts come to ! ju/ices1 or to o!r deput$ to d law & "r accord+ to ! usage ( ! realm1 9 di/urbance ( ! law1 or ( ! execution ( ! same1 or ( "r to ! p>ties1 ! ju/ices & o!r a=esaid %all proce$ & hold _! c\rts & processes1 :]e ! pleas & matt]s be dep5d+ be=e !m1 z if no su* lett]s1 writs1 or comm&m5ts 7 come to !m2 & !y %all c]tify u & our c\ncil ( su* comm&m5ts :i* be contr>y to ! law1 7t is1 ! law ( ! l&1 or common law17 z a=e is said4#fa ,& to ! int5t t our ju/ices %all d ev5 "r to all p 9 ! mann] a=esaid1 )\t m favor %[+ to "o ?an to ano!r1 we h orda9$ & caus$ our said ju/ices to be sworn1 t !y %all n f h5ce=?1 z long z !y %all be 9 ! (fice ( ju/ice1 take fee nor robe ( any man1 b ( ourself1 & t !y %all take no gift nor rew>d by !mselves1 nor by o!r1 privily nor ap]tly1 ( any man t ha? to d be=e !m by any way1 except meat & dr9k1 & t ( small value2 & t !y %all give no c\nsel to great m5 or small1 9 case :]e we be p>ty1 or :i* d or may t\* u 9 any po9t1 ^u pa9 to be at our w1 body1 l&s1 & goods1 to d !re( z %all please u1 9 case !y d contr>y4 ,& = ?is cause we h increas$ ! fees ( ! same1 our ju/ices1 9 su* mann] z x ought reasonably to suffice !m4--#bj ,edw>d ,,iii41 *4 #a4 7#acdf47 ,o!r /atutes ( simil> t5or h be5 enact$1 z foll[s3 ,x is accord$ & e/abli%$1 t x %all n be comm&$ by ! great seal1 nor ! little seal1 to di/urb or delay common "r2 & ?\gh su* comm&m5ts d come1 ! ju/ices %all n !re=e leave 7omit7 to d "r 9 any po9t4--,/4 #b ,edw>d ,,iii41 *4 #h4 7#acbh47 ,t by comm&m5t ( ! great seal1 or privy seal1 no po9t ( ?is /atute %all be put 9 delay2 nor t ! ju/ices ( :atsoev] place x be %all let 7omit7 to d ! common law1 by comm&m5t1 :i* %all come to !m "u ! great seal1 or ! privy seal4--#ad ,edw>d ,,iii41 /4 #a1 *4 #ad4 7#acdj47 ,x is orda9$ & e/abli%$1 t nei!r lett]s ( ! signet1 nor ( ! k+'s privy seal1 %all be f h5ce=? s5t 9 damage or prejudice ( ! realm1 nor 9 di/urbance ( ! law 7! common law74--#aa ,ri*>d ,,ii41 *4 #aj4 7#achg47 ,x is p]fectly app>5t f ^! /atutes1 & f ! oa? adm9i/]$ to ! ju/ices1 t x 0 a matt] freely confess$ by ! k+ himself1 t 8 /atutes 7 ( no validity1 if contr>y to ! common law1 or common "r4 ,! oa? ( ! ju/ices1 be=e giv51 is1 ,i presume1 ! same t has be5 adm9i/]$ to judges 9 ,engl& f ! day :5 x 0 fir/ prescrib$ to !m1 7#acdd17 until n[4 ,i d n f9d f ! ,engli% /atutes t ! oa? has ev] be5 *ang$4 ,! ,essay on ,gr& ,juries1 be=e ref]r$ to1 & suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,"l ,som]s1 m5tions ?is oa? 7page #gc7 z be+ /ill adm9i/]$ to judges1 t is1 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii41 m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! oa? 0 fir/ orda9$4 ,if ! oa? has nev] be5 *ang$1 x foll[s t judges h n only nev] be5 sworn to support any /atutes :atev] ( ! k+1 or ( p>liam5t1 b t1 = five hundr$ ye>s pa/1 !y actually h be5 sworn to treat z invalid all /atutes t 7 contr>y to ! common law4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,! ,coronation ,oa?4 ,t ! legislation ( ! k+ 0 ( no au?ority ov] a jury1 is fur!r prov$ by ! oa? tak5 by ! k+s at _! coronation4 ,?is oa? seems to h be5 sub/antially ! same1 f ! "t ( ! ,saxon k+s1 d[n to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z w be se5 f ! au?orities h]eaft] giv54 ,! purport ( ! oa? is1 t ! k+ swe>s to ma9ta9 ! law ( ! l&--t is1 ! common law4 ,9 o!r words1 he swe>s to conc$e & pres]ve to ! ,engli% p ! laws & cu/oms conc$$ to !m by ! anci5t1 j1 & pi\s ,engli% k+s1 99 99 & especially ! laws1 cu/oms1 & lib]ties conc$$ to ! cl]gy & p by ! illu/ri\s k+ ,edw>d2 99 99 & ! j laws & cu/oms :i* ! common p h *os51 7quas vulgus elegit74 ,^! are ! same laws & cu/oms :i* 7 call$ by ! g5]al "n ( ! law ( ! l&1 or ! common law1 &1 ) "s slight additions1 7 embodi$ 9 ,magna ,c>ta4 ,?is oa? n only =bids ! k+ to enact any /atutes contr>y to ! common law1 b x proves t 8 /atutes c\ld be ( no au?ority ov] ! consci5ces ( a jury2 s9ce1 z has already be5 suffici5tly %[n1 x 0 "o "p ( ?is v common law itself1--t is1 ( ! anci5t laws1 cu/oms1 & lib]ties1 m5tion$ 9 ! oa?1--t juries %\ld judge ( all que/ions t came be=e !m1 accord+ to _! own consci5ces1 indep5d5tly ( ! legislation ( ! k+4 ,x 0 impossible t ?is "r ( ! jury c\ld subsi/ consi/5tly ) any "r1 on ! "p ( ! k+1 to impose any au?oritative legislation ^u !m4 ,8 oa?1 !re=e1 to ma9ta9 ! law ( ! l&1 or ! anci5t laws1 cu/oms1 & lib]ties1 0 equival5t to an oa? t he w\ld nev] assume to impose laws ^u juries1 z imp]ative rules ( decision1 or take f !m ! "r to try all cases accord+ to _! own consci5ces4 ,x is also an admission t he _h no con/itutional p[] to d s1 if he %\ld ev] desire x4 ,?is oa?1 !n1 is conclusive pro( t 8 legislation 0 ( no au?ority ) a jury1 & t !y 7 "u no obligation :atev] to en=ce x1 unless x co9cid$ ) _! own ideas ( ju/ice4 ,! anci5t coronation oa? is pr9t$ ) ! ,/atutes ( ! ,realm1 vol4 i41 p4 #afh1 & is z foll[s3#fb ,,translation4 ,=m ( ! ,oa? ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 on 8 ,coronation4 7,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 to :om1 ( "r & cu/om ( ! ,*ur* ( ,cant]bury1 anci5t & approv$1 x p]ta9s to ano9t & cr[n ! k+s ( ,engl&1 on ! day ( ! coronation ( ! k+1 & be=e ! k+ is cr[n$1 %all prop\nd ! und]writt5 que/ions to ! k+47 ,! laws & cu/oms1 conc$$ to ! ,engli% p by ! anci5t1 j1 & pi\s ,engli% k+s1 w y conc$e & pres]ve to ! same p1 ) ! confirmation ( an oa?8 & especially ! laws1 cu/oms1 & lib]ties conc$$ to ! cl]gy & p by ! illu/ri\s k+ ,edw>d8 7,& ! k+ %all answ]17 ,i d conc$e1 & w pres]ve !m1 & confirm !m by my oa?4 ,w y pres]ve to ! *ur* ( ,god1 ! cl]gy1 & ! p1 entire peace & h>mony 9 ,god1 accord+ to y\r p[]s8 7,& ! k+ %all answ]17 ,i w4 ,9 all y\r judgm5ts1 w y cause equal & "r ju/ice & discretion to be done1 9 m]cy & tru?1 accord+ to y\r p[]s8 7,& ! k+ %all answ]17 ,i w4 ,d y conc$e t ! j laws & cu/oms1 :i* ! common p h *os51 %all be pres]v$2 & d y promise t !y %all be protect$ by y1 & /r5g!n$ to ! honor ( ,god1 accord+ to y\r p[]s8 7,& ! k+ %all answ]17 ,i conc$e & promise4 ,! language us$ 9 ! la/ ( ^! que/ions1 ,d y conc$e t ! j laws & cu/oms1 :i* ! common p h *os51 7quas vulgus elegit17 %all be pres]v$8 c41 is wor?y ( especial notice1 z %[+ t ! laws1 :i* 7 to be pres]v$1 7 n necess>ily all ! laws :i* ! k+s enact$1 b only su* ( !m z ! common p _h select$ or approv$4 ,& h[ _h ! common p made kn[n _! approbation or selection ( ^! laws8 ,pla9ly1 9 no o!r way ?an ?is--t ! juries compos$ ( ! common p _h volunt>ily en=c$ !m4 ,! common p _h no o!r legal =m ( mak+ kn[n _! approbation ( p>ticul> laws4 ,! ^w conc$e1 too1 is an important ^w4 ,9 ! ,engli% /atutes x is usually translat$ grant--z if ) an int5tion to indicate t ! laws1 cu/oms1 & lib]ties ( ! ,engli% p 7 m]e privileges1 grant$ to !m by ! k+2 :]eas x %\ld be translat$ conc$e1 to indicate simply an ackn[l$gm5t1 on ! "p ( ! k+1 t su* 7 ! laws1 cu/oms1 & lib]ties1 :i* _h be5 *os5 & e/abli%$ by ! p !mselves1 & ( "r belong$ to !m1 & :i* he 0 b\nd to respect4 ,i w n[ give "s au?orities to %[ t ! =ego+ oa? has1 9 sub/ance1 be5 ! coronation oa? f ! times ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 7#ajff17 d[n to ! "t ( ,james ! ,fir/1 & probably until #afhh4 ,x w be notic$1 9 ! quotation f ,kelham1 t he says ?is oa? 7or ! oa? ( ,william ! ,conqu]or7 is 9 s5se & sub/ance ! v same ) t :i* ! ,saxon k+s us$ to take at _! coronations4 ,hale says3 ,yet ! ,engli% 7 v zeal\s = !m1 7t is1 = ! laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor17 no less or o!rwise ?an !y are at ?is "t = ! ,great ,*>t]2 insomu* t !y 7 nev] satisfi$ till ! said laws 7 ren=c$1 & m+l$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) ! coronation oa? ( k+ ,william ,i41 & "s ( 8 successors4--#a ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ,common ,law1 #aeg4 ,also1 ,william1 on 8 coronation1 _h sworn to gov]n by ! laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 "s ( :i* _h be5 r$uc$ into writ+1 b ! great] "p consi/$ ( ! immemorial cu/oms ( ! realm4--,ditto1 p4 #bjb1 note ,l4 ,kelham says3 ,?us /ood ! laws ( ,engl& at ! entry ( ,william ,i41 & x seems pla9 t ! laws1 commonly call$ ! laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 7 at t "t ! /&+ laws ( ! k+dom1 & consid]$ ! great rule ( _! rights & lib]ties2 & t ! ,engli% 7 s zeal\s = !m1 't !y 7 nev] satisfi$ till ! said laws 7 ren=c$1 & m+l$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) ! coronation oa?4' ,accord+ly1 we f9d t ?is great conqu]or1 at 8 coronation on ! ,*ri/mas day succe$+ 8 victory1 took an oa? at ! alt> ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ,we/m9/]1 9 s5se & sub/ance ! v same ) t :i* ! ,saxon k+s us$ to take at _! coronations4 99 99 ,& at ,b>kham/ead1 9 ! f\r? ye> ( 8 reign1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,lanfranc1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 = ! quiet+ ( ! p1 he swore t he w\ld inviolably obs]ve ! good & approv$ anci5t laws :i* _h be5 made by ! dev\t & pi\s k+s ( ,engl&1 8 ance/ors1 & *iefly by ,k+ ,edw>d2 & we are told t ! p !n dep>t$ 9 good humor4--,kelham's ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse to ! ,laws ( ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,see1 also1 #a ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,law1 #ahf4 ,crabbe says t ,william ! ,conqu]or solemnly swore t he w\ld obs]ve ! good & approv$ laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor4--,crabbe's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 p4 #dc4 ,! successors ( ,william1 up to ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 probably all took ! same oa?1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! k+dom2 al?\gh !re may be no hi/orical acc\nts extant ( ! oa? ( ea* sep>ate k+4 ,b hi/ory tells u specially t ,h5ry ,i41 ,/eph51 & ,h5ry ,,ii41 confirm$ ^! anci5t laws & cu/oms4 ,x appe>s1 also1 t ! b>ons desir$ ( ,john 7:at he aft]w>ds grant$ by ,magna ,c>ta7 t ! laws & lib]ties ( ,k+ ,edw>d1 ) o!r privileges grant$ to ! k+dom & *ur* ( ,engl&1 might be confirm$1 z !y 7 conta9$ 9 ! *>t]s ( ,h5ry ! ,fir/2 fur!r alleg+1 t at ! "t ( 8 absolution1 he promis$ by 8 oa? to obs]ve ^! v laws & lib]ties4--,e*>d's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 p4 #aje-f4 ,x w\ld appe>1 f ! foll[+ au?orities1 t s9ce ,magna ,c>ta ! =m ( ! coronation oa? has be5 to ma9ta9 ! law ( ! l&1--mean+ t law z embodi$ 9 ,magna ,c>ta4 ,or p]haps x is m probable t ! anci5t =m has be5 /ill obs]v$1 b t1 z its sub/ance & purport 7 to ma9ta9 ! law ( ! l&1 ?is latt] =m ( expression has be5 us$1 9 ! in/ances "h cit$1 f motives ( brevity & conv5i5ce4 ,?is supposition is ! m probable1 f ! fact t ,i f9d no /atute prescrib+ a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! oa? until #afhh4 ,t ,magna ,c>ta 0 consid]$ z embody+ ! law ( ! l&1 or common law1 is %[n by a /atute pass$ by ,edw>d ,i41 :]e9 he grants1 or conc$es1 ,t ! ,*>t] ( ,lib]ties & ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/ 99 99 %all be kept 9 e po9t1 )\t brea*1 99 99 & t our ju/ices1 %]iffs1 mayors1 & o!r m9i/]s1 :i*1 "u u1 h ! laws ( our l&#fc to guide1 %all all[ ! said *>t]s plead$ be=e !m 9 judgm5t1 9 all _! po9ts1 t is1 to wit1 ! ,great ,*>t] z ! ,common ,law1 & ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/ = ! weal? ( ! realm4 ,& we w1 t if any judgm5t be giv5 f h5ce=?1 contr>y to ! po9ts ( ! *>t]s a=esaid1 by ! ju/ices1 or by any o!r our m9i/]s t hold plea be=e !m aga9/ ! po9ts ( ! *>t]s1 x %all be undone1 & hold5 = naught4--#be ,edw>d ,i41 *4 #a & #b4 7#abig47 ,black/one also says3 ,x is agre$ by all our hi/orians t ! ,great ,*>t] ( ,k+ ,john 01 = ! mo/ "p1 compil$ f ! anci5t cu/oms ( ! realm1 or ! laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor2 by :i* !y usually mean ! old common law :i* 0 e/abli%$ "u our ,saxon pr9ces4--,black/one's ,introduction to ! ,*>t]s4 ,see ,black/one's ,law ,tracts1 #bhi4 ,crabbe says3 ,x is admitt$1 on all h&s1 t x 7,magna ,c>ta7 conta9s no?+ b :at 0 confirmatory ( ! common law1 & ! anci5t usages ( ! realm1 & is1 prop]ly speak+1 only an enl>gem5t ( ! *>t] ( ,h5ry ,i41 & 8 successors4--,crabbe's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 p4 #abg4 ,t ! coronation oa? ( ! k+s subsequ5t to ,magna ,c>ta 01 9 sub/ance1 if n 9 =m1 to ma9ta9 ?is law ( ! l&1 or common law1 is %[n by a /atute ( ,edw>d ,?ird1 comm5c+ z foll[s3 ,edw>d1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1 c41 c41 to ! ,%]iff ( ,/af=d1 ,greet+3 ,because t by div]s compla9ts made to u1 we h p]ceiv$ t ! law ( ! l&1 :i* we by oa? are b\nd to ma9ta91 c4--,/4 #bj ,edw>d ,,iii4 7#acdf47 ,! foll[+ extract f ,"l ,som]s' tract on ,gr& ,juries %[s t ! coronation oa? cont9u$ ! same z late z #afaf1 7f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta47 ,he says3 ,k+ ,james1 9 8 spee* to ! judges1 9 ! ,/> ,*amb]1 ,anno #afaf1 told !m1 ',t he _h1 aft] _m ye>s1 resolv$ to r5ew 8 oa?1 made at 8 coronation1 conc]n+ ju/ice1 & ! promise !re9 conta9$ = ma9ta9+ ! law ( ! l&4' ,&1 9 ! next page save "o1 says1 ',i 0 sworn to ma9ta9 ! law ( ! l&1 & !re=e _h be5 p]jur$ if ,i _h brok5 x4 ,god is my judge1 ,i nev] int5d$ x4'--,som]s on ,gr& ,juries1 p4 #hb4 ,9 #afhh1 ! coronation oa? 0 *ang$ by act ( ,p>liam5t1 & ! k+ 0 made to swe>3 ,to gov]n ! p ( ?is k+dom ( ,engl&1 & ! dom9ions !reto belong+1 accord+ to ! /atutes 9 ,p>liam5t agre$ on1 & ! laws & cu/oms ( ! same4--,/4 #a ,william & ,m>y1 *4 #f4 7#afhh47 ,! effect & legality ( ?is oa? w h]eaft] be consid]$4 ,= ! pres5t x is suffici5t to %[1 z has be5 already suffici5tly done1 t f ! ,saxon times until at lea/ z lately z #afaf1 ! coronation oa? has be51 9 sub/ance1 to ma9ta9 ! law ( ! l&1 or ! common law1 mean+ !reby ! anci5t ,saxon cu/oms1 z embodi$ 9 ! laws ( ,alfr$1 ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 & f9ally 9 ,magna ,c>ta4 ,x may "h be repeat$ t ?is oa? pla9ly proves t ! /atutes ( ! k+ 7 ( no au?ority ov] juries1 if inconsi/5t ) _! ideas ( "r2 because x 0 "o "p ( ! common law t juries %\ld try all causes accord+ to _! own consci5ces1 any legislation ( ! k+ to ! contr>y not)/&+4#fd ,footnote #cd3 ,hale says3 ,! trial by jury ( twelve m5 0 ! usual trial among ! ,normans1 9 mo/ suits2 especially 9 assizes1 et juris utrum4--#a ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,law1 #bai4 ,?is 0 9 ,norm&y1 be=e ! conque/ ( ,engl& by ! ,normans4 ,see ,ditto1 p4 #bah4 ,crabbe says3 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! practice ( submitt+ causes to ! decision ( twelve m5 0 univ]sal among all ! nor!rn tribes 7( ,europe7 f ! v remote/ antiquity4--,crabbe's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,law1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! p1 :o 9 e g5]al c\ncil or assembly c\ld oppose & de?rone _! sov]eigns1 7 9 little dread ( _! encroa*m5ts on _! lib]ties2 & k+s1 :o f\nd suffici5t employm5t 9 keep+ possession ( _! cr[ns1 w\ld n likely attack ! m important privileges ( _! subjects4 ,footnote #cf3 ,?is (fice 0 aft]w>ds committ$ to %]iffs4 ,b ev5 :ile ! c\rt 0 held by ! "l1 ! ,"l 0 n judge1 b ! ,p>es 7pe]s7 only4--,gilb]t on ! ,c\rt ( ,ex*equ]1 #fa-b4 ,footnote #cg3 ,! op9ion express$ 9 ! text1 t ! ,witan _h no legislative au?ority1 is corroborat$ by ! foll[+ au?orities3 ,f ! fact t ! new laws pass$ by ! k+ & ! ,witan 7 laid be=e ! %ire-mote1 7c\nty c\rt17 we %\ld be almo/ ju/ifi$ 9 ! inf]5ce t a second sanction 0 necess>y be=e !y c\ld h ! effect ( law 9 t p>ticul> c\nty4--,dunham's ,middle ,ages1 ,sec4 #b1 ,b4 #b1 ,*4 #a4 #eg ,l>dn]'s ,cab4 ,cyc41 #ec4 ,! second sanction requir$ to give ! legislation ( ! k+ & ,witan ! effect ( law1 0 und\bt$ly1 ,i ?9k1 z a g5]al ?+1 ! sanction ( a jury4 ,i "k ( no evid5ce :atev] t laws 7 ev] submitt$ to popul> vote 9 ! c\nty c\rts1 z ?is au?or seems to suppose possible4 ,ano!r mode1 sometimes resort$ to = obta9+ ! sanction ( ! p to ! laws ( ! ,witan1 01 x seems1 to p]suade ! p !mselves to swe> to obs]ve !m4 ,mack9to% says3 ,! preambles ( ! laws 7( ! ,witan7 speak ( ! inf9ite numb] ( liegem5 :o att5d$1 z only applaud+ ! measures ( ! assembly4 ,b ?is applause 0 nei!r s unimportant to ! success ( ! measures1 nor s precisely di/+ui%$ f a %>e 9 legislation1 z ^? :o read hi/ory ) a mod]n eye might imag9e4 ,x appe>s t "u ,a!l/an exp$i5ts 7 resort$ to1 to obta9 a cons5t to ! law f great bodies ( ! p 9 _! di/ricts1 :i* _! numb]s r5d]$ impossible 9 a national assembly4 ,t mon>* appe>s to h s5t commission]s to hold %ire-gemotes or c\nty meet+s1 :]e !y proclaim$ ! laws made by ! k+ & 8 c\nsellors1 :i*1 be+ ackn[l$g$ & sworn to at ^! folk-motes 7meet+s ( ! p7 became1 by _! ass5t1 completely b9d+ on ! :ole nation4--,mack9to%'s ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 ,*4 #b4 #de ,l>dn]'s ,cab4 ,cyc41 #ge4 ,footnote #ch3 ,page #ca4 ,footnote #ci3 ,hallam says1 ,x 01 h[ev]1 to ! c\nty c\rt t an ,engli% freeman *iefly look$ = ! ma9t5ance ( 8 civil rights4--#b ,middle ,ages1 #cib4 ,also1 ,?is 7! c\nty c\rt7 0 ! great con/itutional judicature 9 all que/ions ( civil "r4--,ditto1 #cie4 ,also1 ,! lib]ties ( ^! ,anglo-,saxon ?anes 7 *iefly secur$1 next to _! swords & _! free spirits1 by ! ine/imable "r ( decid+ civil & crim9al suits 9 _! own c\nty c\rts4--,ditto1 #cii4 ,footnote #dj3 ,alfr$ may1 9 "o s5se1 be call$ ! f\nd] ( ^! laws1 7! ,saxon17 = until 8 "t !y 7 an unwritt5 code1 b he expressly says1 't ,i1 ,alfr$1 collect$ ! good laws ( our =efa!rs into "o code1 & also ,i wrote !m d[n'--:i* is a decisive fact 9 ! hi/ory ( our laws well wor? not+4--,introduction to ,gilb]t's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,pleas1 p4 #b1 note4 ,kelham says1 ,let u consult our own lawy]s & hi/orians1 & !y w tell u 99 99 t ,alfr$1 ,edg>1 & ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 7 ! great compil]s & re/or]s ( ! ,engli% ,laws4--,kelham's ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse to ! ,laws ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 p4 #ab4 ,app5dix to ,kelham's ,diction>y ( ! ,norman ,language4 ,he 7,alfr$7 also1 l ano!r ,!odosius1 collect$ ! v>i\s cu/oms t he f\nd disp]s$ 9 ! k+dom1 & r$uc$ & dige/$ !m into "o uni=m sy/em1 or code ( laws1 9 8 som-bec1 or lib] judicialis 7judicial book74 ,?is he compil$ = ! use ( ! c\rt b>on1 hundr$ & c\nty c\rt1 ! c\rt-leet & %]iff's t\rn1 tribunals :i* he e/abli%$ = ! trial ( all causes1 civil & crim9al1 9 ! v di/ricts :]e9 ! compla9ts arose4--#d ,black/one1 #daa4 ,alfr$ himself says1 ,h5ce ,i1 ,k+ ,alfr$1 ga!r$ ^! toge!r1 & comm&$ _m ( ^? to be writt5 d[n :i* our =efa!rs obs]v$--^? :i* ,i lik$--& ^? :i* ,i did n l1 by ! advice ( my ,witan1 ,i ?rew aside4 ,= ,i dur/ n v5ture to set d[n 9 writ+ ov] _m ( my own1 s9ce ,i knew n :at among !m w\ld please ^? t %\ld come aft] u4 ,b ^? :i* ,i met ) ei!r ( ! days ( me1 my k9sman1 or ( ,(fa1 ,k+ ( ,m]cia1 or ( !lb]t1 :o 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,engli% :o receiv$ baptism--^? :i* appe>$ to me ! ju/e/--,i h "h collect$1 & ab&on$ ! o!rs4 ,!n ,i1 ,alfr$1 ,k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons1 %[$ ^! to all my ,witan1 & !y !n said t !y 7 all will+ to obs]ve !m4--,laws ( ,alfr$1 translat$ by ,r4 ,price1 prefix$ to ,mack9to%'s ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 vol4 #a4 #de ,l>dn]'s ,cab4 ,cyc4 ,k+ ,edw>d 99 99 project$ & begun :at 8 gr&son1 ,k+ ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 aft]w>ds complet$1 viz41 "o uni=m dige/ or body ( laws to be obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole k+dom1 be+ probably no m ?an a revival ( ,k+ ,alfr$'s code1 ) "s improvem5ts sugge/$ by necessity & exp]i5ce1 p>ticul>ly ! incorporat+ "s ( ! ,briti%1 or1 r1 ,m]cian cu/oms1 & also su* ( ! ,dani% 7cu/oms7 z 7 reasonable & approv$1 into ! ,we/ ,saxon ,lage1 :i* 0 /ill ! gr\nd-"w ( ! :ole4 ,& ?is appe>s to be ! be/ support$ & mo/ plausible conjecture1 7= c]ta9ty is n to be expect$17 ( ! rise & orig9al ( t admirable sy/em ( maxims & unwritt5 cu/oms :i* is n[ kn[n by ! "n ( ! common law1 z ext5d+ its au?ority univ]sally ov] all ! realm1 & :i* is d\btless ( ,saxon p>5tage4--#d ,black/one1 #dab4 ,by ! ,lex ,t]r & ,lex ,regni is und]/ood ! laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 confirm$ & enl>g$ z !y 7 by ,william ! ,conqu]or2 & ?is ,con/itution or ,code ( ,laws is :at ev5 to ?is day are call$ ',! ,common ,law ( ! ,l&4'--,introduction to ,gilb]t's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,pleas1 p4 #bb1 note4 ,footnote #da3 ,n ! conqu]or ( ! ,engli% p1 7z ! fri5ds ( lib]ty ma9ta917 b only ( ,h>old ! usurp]4--,see ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,law1 *4 #e4 ,footnote #db3 ,= all ^! codes see ,wilk9s' ,laws ( ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,be+ regulations adapt$ to exi/+ in/itutions1 ! ,anglo-,saxon /atutes are concise & te*nical1 allud+ to ! law :i* 0 !n liv+ & 9 vigor1 r ?an def9+ x4 ,! same clauses & *apt]s are (t5 repeat$ ^w = ^w1 9 ! /atutes ( subsequ5t k+s1 %[+ t enactm5ts :i* be> ! appe>ance ( novelty are m]ely decl>atory4 ,consequ5tly ! appe>ance ( a law1 seem+ly = ! fir/ "t1 is by no means to be consid]$ z a pro( t ! matt] :i* x conta9s is new2 nor c we trace ! progress ( ! ,anglo-,saxon in/itutions ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 by foll[+ ! dates ( ! /atutes 9 :i* we f9d !m fir/ notic$4 ,all argum5ts f\nd$ on ! app>5t *ronology ( ! subjects includ$ 9 ! laws1 are liable to great fallacies4 ,fur!rmore1 a consid]able portion ( ! ,anglo-,saxon law 0 nev] record$ 9 writ+4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t ! rules ( inh]itance 7 well e/abli%$ & def9$2 yet we h n a s+le law1 & h>dly a s+le docum5t f :i* ! c\rse ( ! desc5t ( l& c be inf]r$4 99 99 ,positive pro( _c be obta9$ ( ! comm5cem5t ( any in/itution1 because ! fir/ writt5 law relat+ to x may possibly be m]ely confirmatory or decl>atory2 nei!r c ! non-exi/5ce ( any in/itution be inf]r$ f ! abs5ce ( direct evid5ce4 ,writt5 laws 7 modifi$ & controll$ by cu/oms ( :i* no trace c be discov]$1 until aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 al?\gh ^? usages mu/ h be5 9 con/ant vigor dur+ ! long int]val ( sil5ce4--#a ,palgrave's ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,engli% ,commonweal?1 #eh-i4 ,footnote #dc3 ,rap9 says1 ,! cu/oms n[ practis$ 9 ,engl& are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! same z ! ,anglo-,saxons br\ght ) !m f ,g]many4--,rap9's ,diss]tation on ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 vol4 #b1 ,oct4 ,ed41 p4 #aih4 ,see ,kelham's ,disc\rse be=e nam$4 ,footnote #dd3 ,hallam says1 ,! c\nty ( ,sussex conta9s sixty-five 7'hundr$s'72 t ( ,dorset =ty-?ree2 :ile ,york%ire has only tw5ty-six2 & ,lanca%ire b six4--#b ,middle ,ages1 #cia4 ,footnote #de3 ,except+ also matt]s p]ta9+ to ! collection ( ! rev5ue1 :i* 7 det]m9$ 9 ! k+'s c\rt ( ex*equ]4 ,b ev5 9 ?is c\rt x 0 ! law t none be am]c$ b by 8 pe]s4--,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 #di4 ,footnote #df3 ,= ! ,engli% laws1 al?\gh n writt51 may1 z x %\ld seem1 & t )\t any absurdity1 be t]m$ laws1 7s9ce ?is itself is law--t :i* pleases ! pr9ce has ! =ce ( law17 ,i mean ^? laws :i* x is evid5t 7 promulgat$ by ! advice ( ! nobles & ! au?ority ( ! pr9ce1 conc]n+ d\bts to be settl$ 9 _! assembly4 ,= if f ! m]e want ( writ+ only1 !y %\ld n be consid]$ laws1 !n1 unque/ionably1 writ+ w\ld seem to conf] m au?ority ^u laws !mselves1 ?an ei!r ! equity ( ! p]sons con/itut+1 or ! reason ( ^? fram+ !m4--,glanville's ,preface1 p4 #ch4 7,glanville 0 *ief ju/ice ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 #aahj47 #b ,turn]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 #bhj4 ,footnote #dg3 ,mack9to%'s ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *4 #c4 ,l>dn]'s ,cab9et ,cyclopdia1 #bff4 ,footnote #dh3 ,if ! laws ( ! k+ 7 receiv$ z au?oritative by ! juries1 :at occasion 0 !re = 8 appo9t+ special commission]s = ! trial ( (f5ces1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a jury1 z he frequ5tly did1 9 manife/ & ackn[l$g$ violation ( ,magna ,c>ta1 & ! law ( ! l&8 ,^! appo9tm5ts 7 und\bt$ly made = no o!r reason ?an t ! juries 7 n suffici5tly subs]vi5t1 b judg$ accord+ to _! own notions ( "r1 in/ead ( ! w ( ! k+--:e!r ! latt] 7 express$ 9 8 /atutes1 or by 8 judges4 ,footnote #di3 ,( c\rse1 ,mr4 ,reeve means to be und]/ood t1 9 ! hundr$ c\rt1 & c\rt-leet1 ! jurors 7 ! judges1 z he decl>es !m to h be5 9 ! c\nty c\rt2 o!rwise ! bailiff or /ew>d mu/ h be5 judge4 ,footnote #ej3 ,! jurors 7 sometimes call$ assessors1 because !y assess$1 or det]m9$ ! am\nt ( f9es & am]cem5ts to be impos$4 ,footnote #ea3 ,! b>ons ( ! ,hundr$ 7 ! freehold]s4 ,hallam says3 ,! ^w b>o1 orig9ally mean+ only a man1 0 ( v l>ge significance1 & is n unfrequ5tly appli$ to common freehold]s1 z 9 ! phrase c\rt-b>on4--#c ,middle ,ages1 #ad-ae4 ,black/one says3 ,! c\rt-b>on 99 99 is a c\rt ( common law1 & x is ! c\rt ( ! b>ons1 by :i* "n ! freehold]s 7 sometimes anci5tly call$2 = t x is held be=e ! freehold]s :o owe suit & s]vice to ! manor4--#c ,black/one1 #cc4 ,footnote #eb3 ,! anci5t jury c\rts kept no records1 because ^? :o compos$ ! c\rts c\ld nei!r make nor read records4 ,_! decisions 7 pres]v$ by ! memories ( ! jurors & o!r p]sons pres5t4 ,footnote #ec3 ,/u>t says3 ,! c\rts1 or civil arrangem5ts1 :i* 7 modell$ 9 ,g]many1 pres]v$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! p2 & hav+ foll[$ ! ,saxons into ,engl&1 & cont9u+ _! importance1 !y support$ ! envi$ lib]ty we boa/ (4 99 99 ,z a *iefta9 l$ out 8 reta9]s to ! field1 & gov]n$ !m dur+ w>2 s 9 peace he summon$ !m toge!r1 & ex]t$ a civil jurisdiction4 ,he 0 at once _! capta9 & _! judge4 ,!y con/itut$ 8 c\rt2 & hav+ inquir$ ) him into ! guilt ( ^? ( _! ord] :om ju/ice _h accus$1 !y assi/$ him to en=ce 8 decrees4 ,?is c\rt 7! c\rt-b>on7 0 import$ into ,engl&2 b ! innovation :i* conque/ introduc$ into ! fa%ion ( ! times alt]$ some:at its appe>ance4 99 99 ,! head or "l ( ! manor call$ =? 8 att5dants to 8 hall4 99 99 ,he inquir$ into ! brea*es ( cu/om1 & ( ju/ice1 :i* 7 committ$ )9 ! prec9cts ( 8 t]ritory2 & ) 8 foll[]s1 :o sat ) him z judges1 he det]m9$ 9 all matt]s ( debt1 & ( trespass to a c]ta9 am\nt4 ,he possess$ a simil> jurisdiction ) ! *iefta9 9 ,g]many1 & 8 t5ants enjoy$ an equal au?ority ) ! ,g]man reta9]s4 ,b a mode ( adm9i/ration :i* intru/$ s mu* p[] to ! great c\ld n long be ex]cis$ )\t blame or inju/ice4 ,! ,g]man1 guid$ by ! c&or ( 8 m9d1 & ent]+ into all 8 engagem5ts ) ! greate/ ardor1 p]ceiv$ n1 at fir/1 t ! *iefta9 to :om he submitt$ 8 disputes might be sway$1 9 ! judgm5ts he pron\nc$1 by p>tiality1 prejudice1 or int]e/2 & t ! influ5ce he ma9ta9$ ) 8 foll[]s 0 too /rong to be re/ra9$ by ju/ice4 ,exp]i5ce in/ruct$ him ( 8 error2 he ackn[l$g$ ! necessity ( appeal+ f 8 "l2 & ! c\rt ( ! ,hundr$ 0 erect$4 ,?is e/abli%m5t 0 =m$ bo? 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 by ! inhabitants ( a c]ta9 division1 :o ext5d$ _! jurisdiction ov] ! t]ritory !y occupi$4#fe ,!y b\nd !mselves "u a p5alty to assemble at /at$ times2 & hav+ elect$ ! wise/ to preside ov] !m1 !y judg$1 n only all civil & crim9al matt]s1 b ( ^? also :i* reg>d$ religion & ! prie/hood4 ,! judicial p[] ?us inve/$ 9 ! p 0 ext5sive2 !y 7 able to pres]ve _! rights1 & att5d$ ?is c\rt 9 arms4 ,z ! communication1 h[ev]1 & int]c\rse1 ( ! individuals ( a ,g]man community began to be wid]1 & m g5]al1 z _! deal+s enl>g$1 & z disputes arose among ! memb]s ( diff]5t hundr$s1 ! insuffici5cy ( ^! c\rts = ! pres]vation ( ord] 0 gradually p]ceiv$4 ,! %yre mote1 !re=e1 or c\nty c\rt1 0 in/itut$2 & x =m$ ! *ief s\rce ( ju/ice bo? 9 ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,! p[]s1 accord+ly1 :i* _h be5 enjoy$ by ! c\rt ( ! hundr$1 7 consid]ably impair$4 ,x decid$ no long] conc]n+ capital (f5ces2 x decid$ n conc]n+ matt]s ( lib]ty1 & ! prop]ty ( e/ates1 or ( slaves2 its judgm5ts1 9 e case1 became subject to review2 & x lo/ entirely ! decision ( causes1 :5 x delay$ too long to consid] !m4 ,e subject ( claim or cont5tion 0 br\ght1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 or by appeal1 to ! c\nty c\rt2 & ! e>l1 or eorldorman1 :o presid$ !re1 0 active to put ! laws 9 execution4 ,he repress$ ! disord]s :i* fell out )9 ! circuit ( 8 au?ority2 & ! lea/ remission 9 8 duty1 or ! lea/ fraud he committ$1 0 compla9$ ( & puni%$4 ,he 0 elect$ f among ! great1 & 0 above ! temptation ( a bribe2 b1 to enc\rage 8 activity1 he 0 pres5t$ ) a %>e ( ! t]ritory he gov]n$1 or 0 entitl$ to a proportion ( ! f9es & pr(its ( ju/ice4 ,e man1 9 8 di/rict1 0 b\nd to in=m him conc]n+ crim9als1 & to assi/ him to br+ !m to trial2 &1 z 9 rude & viol5t times ! poor & helpless 7 ready to be oppress$ by ! /rong1 he 0 in/ruct$ p>ticul>ly to def5d !m4 ,8 c\rt 0 ambulatory1 & assembl$ only twice a ye>1 unless ! di/ribution ( ju/ice requir$ t its meet+s %\ld be (t5]4 ,e freehold] 9 ! c\nty 0 oblig$ to att5d x2 & %\ld he refuse ?is s]vice1 8 possessions 7 seiz$1 & he 0 =c$ to f9d surety = 8 appe>ance4 ,! neighbor+ e>ls held n _! c\rts on ! same day2 &1 :at seems v s+ul>1 no judge 0 all[$1 aft] meals1 to ex]cise 8 (fice4 ,! druids also1 or prie/s1 9 ,g]many1 z we _h =m]ly occasion to rem>k1 & ! cl]gy 9 ,engl&1 ex]cis$ a jurisdiction 9 ! hundr$ & c\nty c\rts4 ,!y in/ruct$ ! p 9 religi\s duties1 & 9 matt]s reg>d+ ! prie/hood2 & ! pr9ces1 e>ls1 or eorldorm51 relat$ to !m ! laws & cu/oms ( ! community4 ,^! judges 7 mutually a *eck to ea* o!r2 b x 0 expect$ t !y %\ld agree 9 _! judgm5ts1 & %\ld will+ly unite _! ef=ts = ! public int]e/4#ff ,b ! pr9ce or e>l p]=m$ n1 at all times1 9 p]son1 ! obligations ( 8 (fice4 ,! enjoym5t ( ease & ( pleasure1 to :i* 9 ,g]many he _h deliv]$ himself ov]1 :5 dis5gag$ f w>1 & ! mean idea he conceiv$ ( ! drudg]y ( civil affairs1 made him (t5 delegate to an inf]ior p]son ! di/ribution ( ju/ice 9 8 di/rict4 ,! same s5tim5ts 7 exp]i5c$ by ! ,saxon nobility2 & ! s]vice :i* !y ow$ by _! t5ures1 & ! high employm5ts !y su/a9$1 call$ !m (t5 f ! managem5t ( _! c\nties4 ,! progress1 too1 ( comm]ce1 giv+ an intricacy to cases1 & swell+ ! civil code1 add$ to ! difficulty ( _! (fice1 & made !m av]se to its duties4 ,%]iffs1 !re=e1 or deputies1 7 frequ5tly appo9t$ to transact _! bus9ess2 & ?\gh ^! 7 at fir/ "u "s subord9ation to ! e>ls1 !y grew at l5g? to be entirely indep5d5t ( !m4 ,! connection ( jurisdiction & t]ritory ceas+ to prevail1 & ! civil be+ sep>at$ f ! ecclesia/ical p[]1 !y became ! sole & prop] (fic]s = ! direction ( ju/ice 9 ! c\nties4 ,! hundr$1 h[ev]1 & c\nty c\rts1 7 n equal ( !mselves = ! purposes ( jurisdiction & ord]4 ,x 0 necess>y t a c\rt %\ld be erect$1 ( supreme au?ority1 :]e ! disputes ( ! great %\ld be decid$1 :]e ! disagree+ s5tim5ts ( judges %\ld be reconcil$1 & :]e protection %\ld be giv5 to ! p aga9/ _! fraud & inju/ice4 ,! pr9ces accord+ly1 or *ief nobility1 9 ! ,g]man communities1 assembl$ toge!r to judge ( su* matt]s4 ,! ,saxon nobles cont9u$ ?is pr]ogative2 & ! k+1 or1 9 8 abs5ce1 ! *ief ju/ici>y1 wat*$ ov] _! delib]ations4 ,b x 0 n on e trivial occasion t ?is c\rt int]e/$ itself4 ,9 small] conc]ns1 ju/ice 0 refus$ dur+ ?ree sessions ( ! hundr$1 & claim$ )\t effect1 at f\r c\rts ( ! c\nty1 be=e !re c\ld lie an appeal to x4 ,s gradually 7 ^! arrangem5ts e/abli%$1 & s naturally did ! v>y+ circum/ances 9 ! situation ( ! ,g]mans & ,anglo-,saxons direct ^? successive improvem5ts :i* ! pres]vation ( ord]1 & ! advantage ( society1 call$ !m to adopt4 ,! admission ( ! p into ! c\rts ( ju/ice pres]v$1 among ! =m]1 t equality ( ranks = :i* !y 7 rem>kable2 & x help$ to ov]turn1 among ! latt]1 ^? envi\s di/9ctions :i* ! feudal sy/em t5d$ to introduce1 & prev5t$ t v5ality 9 judges1 & ^? arbitr>y proce$+s1 :i* ! gr[+ atta*m5t to int]e/1 & ! influ5ce ( ! cr[n1 might o!rwise h occasion$4--,/u>t on ! ,con/itution ( ,engl&1 p4 #bbb to #bde4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod1 accord+ly1 twelve only 7 elect$2 & ^!1 toge!r ) ! judge1 or presid+ (fic] ( ! di/rict1 be+ sworn to reg>d ju/ice1 & ! voice ( reason1 or consci5ce1 all causes 7 submitt$ to !m4--,ditto1 p4 #bfj4 ,be=e ! ord]s ( m5 7 v nicely di/+ui%$1 ! jurors 7 elect$ f ! same rank4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a regul> subord9ation ( ord]s 0 e/abli%$1 & :5 a k ( prop]ty _h inspir$ ! necessit\s ) envy1 & ! ri* ) contempt1 e man 0 tri$ by 8 equals4 ,! same _s ( lib]ty :i* gave rise to ?is regulation att5d$ its progress4 ,nor c\ld mon>*s assume a m arbitr>y me?od ( proce$+4 ',i w n' 7said ! ,e>l ( ,cornwall to 8 sov]eign7 'r5d] up my ca/les1 nor dep>t ! k+dom1 b by judgm5t ( my pe]s4' ,( ?is in/itution1 s wisely calculat$ = ! pres]vation ( lib]ty1 all our hi/orians h pron\nc$ ! eulogium4--,ditto1 p4 #bfb-c4 ,black/one says3 ,! policy ( our anci5t con/itution1 z regulat$ & e/abli%$ by ! great ,alfr$1 0 to br+ ju/ice home to e man's door1 by con/itut+ z _m c\rts ( judicature z !re are manors & t[ns 9 ! k+dom2 :]e9 injuries 7 r$ress$ 9 an easy & exp$iti\s mann]1 by ! suffrage ( neighbors & fri5ds4 ,^! little c\rts1 h[ev]1 communicat$ ) o!rs ( a l>g] jurisdiction1 & ^? ) o!rs ( a /ill great] p[]2 asc5d+ gradually f ! l[e/ to ! supreme c\rts1 :i* 7 respectively con/itut$ to correct ! errors ( ! inf]ior ones1 & to det]m9e su* causes z1 by reason ( _! weight & difficulty1 dem&$ a m solemn discussion4 ,! c\rse ( ju/ice fl[+ 9 l>ge /reams f ! k+1 z ! f\nta91 to 8 sup]ior c\rts ( record2 & be+ !n subdivid$ into small] *annels1 till ! :ole & e "p ( ! k+dom 7 pl5tifully wat]$ & refre%$4 ,an in/itution t seems highly agreeable to ! dictates ( natural reason1 z well z ( m enlight5$ policy4 99 99 ,^! inf]ior c\rts1 at lea/ ! "n & =m ( !m1 /ill cont9ue 9 our legal con/itution2 b z ! sup]ior c\rts ( record h1 9 practice1 obta9$ a concurr5t orig9al jurisdiction1 & z !re is1 besides1 a p[] ( remov+ pla9ts or actions ?i!r f all ! inf]ior jurisdictions2 ^u ^! acc\nts 7among o!rs7 x has happ5$ t ^! petty tribunals h fall5 into decay1 & almo/ into oblivion2 :e!r = ! bett] or ! worse may be matt] ( "s speculation1 :5 we consid]1 on ! "o h&1 ! increase ( exp5se & delay1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! m able & imp>tial decisions t foll[ f ?is *ange ( jurisdiction4 ,! ord] ,i %all obs]ve 9 disc\rs+ on ^! sev]al c\rts1 con/itut$ = ! r$ress ( civil injuries1 7= ) ^? ( a jurisdiction m]ely crim9al ,i %all n at pres5t conc]n myself1#fg7 w be by beg9n+ ) ! l[e/1 & ^? ^: jurisdiction1 ?\gh public & g5]ally disp]s$ ?r\gh ! k+dom1 is yet 7) reg>d to ea* p>ticul> c\rt7 conf9$ to v n>r[ limits2 & s asc5d+ gradually to ^? ( ! mo/ ext5sive & transc5d5t p[]4--#c ,black/one1 #cj to #cb4 ,! c\rt-b>on is a c\rt incid5t to e manor 9 ! k+dom1 to be hold5 by ! /ew>d )9 ! said manor4 ,?is c\rt-b>on is ( two natures2 ! "o is a cu/om>y c\rt1 ( :i* we =m]ly spoke1 app]ta9+ entirely to ! copy-hold]s1 9 :i* _! e/ates are transf]r$ by surr5d] & admittance1 & o!r matt]s transact$ relative to _! t5ures only4 ,! o!r1 ( :i* we n[ speak1 is a c\rt ( common law1 & x is a c\rt ( ! b>ons1 by :i* "n ! freehold]s 7 sometimes anci5tly call$2 = t x is held by ! freehold]s :o owe suit & s]vice to ! manor1 ! /ew>d be+ r ! regi/r> ?an ! judge4 ,^! c\rts1 ?\gh 9 _! nature di/9ct1 are frequ5tly conf\nd$ toge!r4 ,! c\rt we are n[ consid]+1 viz41 ! freehold]s c\rt1 0 compos$ ( ! "l's t5ants1 :o 7 ! p>es 7equals7 ( ea* o!r1 & 7 b\nd by _! feudal t5ure to assi/ _! "l 9 ! disp5sation ( dome/ic ju/ice4 ,?is 0 =m]ly held e ?ree weeks2 & its mo/ important bus9ess is to det]m9e1 by writ ( "r1 all controv]sies relat+ to ! "r ( l&s )9 ! manor4 ,x may also hold plea ( any p]sonal actions1 ( debt1 trespass 9 ! case1 or ! l1 :]e ! debt or damages d n am\nt to =ty %ill+s2 :i* is ! same sum1 or ?ree m>ks1 t b\nd$ ! jurisdiction ( ! anci5t ,go?ic c\rts 9 _! l[e/ in/ance1 or fi]d+ c\rts1 s call$ because f\r 7 in/itut$ )9 e sup]ior di/rict or hundr$4--#c ,black/one1 #cc1 #cd4 ,a hundr$ c\rt is only a l>g] c\rt-b>on1 be+ held = all ! inhabitants ( a p>ticul> hundr$1 in/ead ( a manor4 ,! free suitors are "h also ! judges1 & ! /ew>d ! regi/r>1 z 9 ! case ( a c\rt-b>on4 ,x is likewise no c\rt ( record1 resembl+ ! =m] at all po9ts1 except t 9 po9t ( t]ritory x is ( great] jurisdiction4 ,?is is said by ,sir ,edw>d ,coke to h be5 d]iv$ out ( ! c\nty c\rt = ! ease ( ! p1 t !y might h ju/ice done to !m at _! own doors1 )\t any *>ge or loss ( "t2 b its in/itution 0 probably coeval ) t ( hundr$s !mselves1 :i* 7 =m]ly obs]v$ to h be5 introduc$1 ?\gh n inv5t$1 by ,alfr$1 be+ d]iv$ f ! polity ( ! anci5t ,g]mans4 ,! c5t5i1 we may rememb]1 7 ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( a di/rict compos$ ( diff]5t villages1 orig9ally 9 numb] a hundr$1 b aft]w>d only call$ by t "n1 & :o probably gave ! same d5om9ation to ! di/rict out ( :i* !y 7 *os54 ,cs> speaks positively ( ! judicial p[] ex]cis$ 9 _! hundr$ c\rts & c\rts-b>on4 ',pr9ceps regiorum atque pagorum' 7:i* we may fairly con/rue ! lords ( hundr$s & manors7 'int] suos jus dicunt1 controv]sias que m9uunt4' 7,! *iefs ( ! c\ntry & ! villages decl>e ! law among !m1 & abate controv]sies47 ,& ,tacitus1 :o _h exam9$ _! con/itution /ill m att5tively1 in=ms u n only ( ! au?ority ( ! lords1 b t ( ! c5t5i1 ! hundr$]s1 or jury1 :o 7 tak5 out ( ! common freehold]s1 & _h !mselves a %>e 9 ! det]m9ation4 ',eliguntur 9 conciliis et pr9cipes1 qui jura p] pagos vicosque r$dunt1 c5t5i s+ulis1 ex plebe comites concilium simul et auctoritas adsunt4' 7,! pr9ces are *os5 9 ! assemblies1 :o adm9i/] ! laws ?r\gh\t ! t[ns & villages1 & ) ea* "o are associat$ an hundr$ companions1 tak5 f ! p1 = purposes bo? ( c\nsel & au?ority47 ,?is hundr$ c\rt 0 d5om9at$ hr$a 9 ! ,go?ic con/itution4 ,b ?is c\rt1 z causes are equally liable to removal f h5ce z f ! common c\rt-b>on1 & by ! same writs1 & may also be review$ by writ ( false judgm5t1 is !re=e fall5 into equal disuse ) reg>d to ! trial ( actions4--#c ,black/one1 #cd1 #ce4 ,! c\nty c\rt is a c\rt incid5t to ! jurisdiction ( ! %]iff4 ,x is n a c\rt ( record1 b may hold pleas ( debt1 or damages1 "u ! value ( =ty %ill+s2 ov] "s ( :i* causes ^! inf]ior c\rts h1 by ! express words ( ! /atute ( ,gl\ce/]1 7#f ,edw>d ,i41 *4 #h17 a jurisdiction totally exclusive ( ! k+'s sup]ior c\rts4 99 99 ,! c\nty c\rt may also hold plea ( _m real actions1 & ( all p]sonal actions to any am\nt1 by virtue ( a special writ1 call$ a ju/icies1 :i* is a writ emp[]+ ! %]iff1 = ! sake ( despat*1 to d ! same ju/ice 9 8 c\nty c\rt z might o!rwise be _h at ,we/m9/]4 ,! freehold]s ( ! c\nty c\rt are ! real judges 9 ?is c\rt1 & ! %]iff is ! m9i/]ial (fic]4 99 99 ,9 mod]n times1 z proce$+s are removable f h5ce into ! k+'s sup]ior c\rts1 by writ ( pone or record>i1 9 ! same mann] z f hundr$ c\rts & c\rts-b>on1 & z ! same writ ( false judgm5t may be _h 9 nature ( a writ ( error1 ?is has occasion$ ! same disuse ( br++ actions !re94--#c ,black/one1 #cf1 #cg4 ,^u ! :ole1 we _c b admire ! wise economy & admirable provision ( our ance/ors 9 settl+ ! di/ribution ( ju/ice 9 a me?od s well calculat$ = *eapness1 exp$ition1 & ease4 ,by ! con/itution :i* !y e/abli%$1 all trivial debts1 & injuries ( small consequ5ce1 7 to be recov]$ or r$ress$ 9 e man's own c\nty1 hundr$1 or p]haps p>i%4--#c ,black/one1 #ei4 ,footnote #ed3 #a ,black/one1 #fc-fg4 ,footnote #ee3 ,?is qua9t & curi\s book 7,smi?'s ,commonweal? ( ,engl&7 describes ! m9uti ( trials1 giv+ 9 detail ! mode ( impanell+ ! jury1 & !n ! conduct ( ! lawy]s1 witnesses1 & c\rt4 ,i give ! foll[+ extracts1 t5d+ to %[ t ! judges impose no law ^u ! juries1 9 ei!r civil or crim9al cases1 b only require !m to det]m9e ! causes accord+ to _! consci5ces4 ,9 civil causes he says3 ,:5 x is ?\ght t x is en\gh plead$ be=e !m1 & ! witnesses h said :at !y c1 "o ( ! judges1 ) a brief & pi?y recapitulation1 recite? to ! twelve 9 sum ! argum5ts ( ! s]geants ( ei!r side1 t :i* ! witnesses h decl>$1 & ! *ief po9ts ( ! evid5ce %[$ 9 writ+1 & once aga9 putte? !m 9 m9d ( ! issue1 & sometime give? x !m 9 writ+1 deliv]+ to !m ! evid5ce :i* is %[$ on ei!r "p1 if any be1 7evid5ce "h is call$ writ+s ( contracts1 au!ntical aft] ! mann] ( ,engl&1 t is to say1 writt51 seal$1 & deliv]$17 & bidde? !m g toge!r4--p4 #gd4 ,?is is ! :ole acc\nt giv5 ( ! *>ge to ! jury4 ,9 crim9al cases1 aft] ! witnesses h be5 he>d1 & ! prison] has said :at he pleases 9 8 def5ce1 ! book proce$s3 ,:5 ! judge ha? he>d !m say en\gh1 he aske? if !y c say any m3 ,if !y say no1 !n he turne? 8 spee* to ! inque/4 ',good m51 7sai? he17 ye ( ! inque/1 ye h he>d :at ^! m5 say aga9/ ! prison]4 ,y h also he>d :at ! prison] c say = himself4 ,h an eye to y\r oa?1 & to y\r duty1 & d t :i* ,god %all put 9 y\r m9ds to ! dis*>ge ( y\r consci5ces1 & m>k well :at is said4'--p4 #ib4 ,?is is ! :ole acc\nt giv5 ( ! *>ge 9 a crim9al case4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t goes to confirm ! same idea1 t jurors 9 ,engl& h =m]ly und]/ood x to be _! "r & duty to judge only accord+ to _! consci5ces1 & n to submit to any dictation f ! c\rt1 ei!r z to law or fact4 ,if hav+ pregnant evid5ce1 nev]!less1 ! twelve d acquit ! malefactor1 :i* !y w d sometime1 especially if !y p]ceive ei!r "o ( ! ju/ices or ( ! judges1 or "s o!r man1 to pursue too mu* & too malici\sly ! dea? ( ! prison]1 99 99 ! prison] escape?2 b ! twelve 7are7 n only rebuk$ by ! judges1 b also ?reat5$ ( puni%m5t2 & _m times comm&$ to appe> 9 ! ,/>-,*amb]1 or be=e ! ,privy ,c\ncil = ! matt]4 ,b ?is ?reat5+ *ance? (t5] ?an ! execution !re(2 & ! twelve answ] ) mo/ g5tle words1 !y did x accord+ to _! consci5ces1 & pray ! judges to be good unto !m1 !y did z !y ?\ght "r1 & z !y accord$ all1 & s x passe? away = ! mo/ "p4--p4 #ajj4 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( ! trial ( a pe] ( ! realm corroborates ! same po9t3 ,if any duke1 m>quis1 or any o!r ( ! degrees ( a b>on1 or above1 "l ( ! ,p>liam5t1 be appea*$ ( treason1 or any o!r capital crime1 he is judg$ by 8 pe]s & equals2 t is1 ! yeomanry do? n g ^u him1 b an inque/ ( ! ,lords ( ,p>liam5t1 & !y give _! voice n "o = all1 b ea* sev]ally z !y d 9 ,p>liam5t1 be+ 7beg9n+7 at ! y\nge/ "l4 ,& = judge "o "l sitte?1 :o is con/able ( ,engl& = t day4 ,! judgm5t once giv51 he breake? 8 /aff1 & abdicate? 8 (fice4 ,9 ! re/ !re is no diff]5ce f t above writt51 7t is1 9 ! case ( a freeman47--p4 #ih4 ,footnote #ef3 ,! pres5t =m ( ! jurors' oa? is t !y %all 'give a true v]dict accord+ to ! evid5ce4' ,at :at "t ?is =m 0 introduc$ is unc]ta92 b = sev]al c5turies aft] ! ,conque/1 ! jurors1 bo? 9 civil & crim9al cases1 7 sworn m]ely to speak ! tru?4 7,glanville1 lib4 #b1 cap4 #ag2 ,bracton1 lib4 #c1 cap4 #bb2 lib4 #d1 p4 #bhg1 #bia2 ,britton1 p4 #ace47 ,h5ce _! decision 0 accurately t]m$ v]$ictum1 or v]dict1 t is1 'a ?+ truly said'2 :]eas ! phrase 'true v]dict' 9 ! mod]n oa? is n an accurate expression4--,political ,diction>y1 ^w ,jury4 ,footnote #eg3 ,( c\rse1 !re c be no legal trial by jury1 9 ei!r civil or crim9al cases1 :]e ! jury are sworn to try ! cases accord+ to law4 ,footnote #eh3 ,coke1 z late z #aehh1 admits t am]cem5ts mu/ be fix$ by ! pe]s 7#h ,coke's ,rep4 #ch1 #b ,in/4 #bg72 b he attempts1 :olly )\t success1 z x seems to me1 to %[ a diff]5ce betwe5 f9es & am]cem5ts4 ,! /atutes are v num]\s1 runn+ ?r\gh ! ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s imm$iately succe$+ ,magna ,c>ta1 9 :i* f9es1 ransoms1 & am]cem5ts are spok5 ( z if !y 7 ! common puni%m5ts ( (f5ces1 & z if !y all meant ! same ?+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any te*nical diff]5ce c\ld be made out betwe5 !m1 !re is cle>ly none 9 pr9ciple2 & ! ^w am]cem5t1 z us$ 9 ,magna ,c>ta1 mu/ be tak5 9 its mo/ compreh5sive s5se4 ,footnote #ei3 ,common "r 0 ! common law4 #a ,coke's ,in/4 #adb a4 #b d4 #ee1 #f4 ,footnote #fj3 ,! oa? ( ! ju/ices is 9 ^! words3 ,ye %all swe>1 t well & lawfully ye %all s]ve our "l ! k+ & 8 p1 9 ! (fice ( ju/ice1 & t lawfully ye %all c\nsel ! k+ 9 8 bus9ess1 & t ye %all n c\nsel nor ass5t to any?+ :i* may turn him 9 damage or di%]ison 9 any mann]1 way1 or color4 ,& t ye %all n "k ! damage or di%]ison ( him1 :]e( ye %all n cause him to be w>n$ by y\rself1 or by o!r2 & t ye %all d equal law & execution ( "r to all 8 subjects1 ri* & poor1 )\t hav+ reg>d to any p]son4 ,& t ye take n by y\rself1 or by o!r1 privily nor ap]tly1 gift nor rew>d ( gold nor silv]1 nor ( any o!r ?+ t may turn to y\r pr(it1 unless x be meat or dr9k1 & t ( small value1 ( any man t %all h any plea or process hang+ be=e y1 z long z ! same process %all be s hang+1 nor aft] = ! same cause4 ,& t ye take no fee1 z long z ye %all be ju/ice1 nor robe ( any man great or small1 b ( ! k+ himself4 ,& t ye give none advice or c\nsel to no man great or small1 9 no case :]e ! k+ is p>ty4 ,& 9 case t any1 ( :at e/ate or condition !y be1 come be=e y 9 y\r sessions ) =ce & arms1 or o!rwise aga9/ ! peace1 or aga9/ ! =m ( ! /atute !re( made1 to di/urb execution ( ! common law1 7m>k ! t]m1 common law17 or to m5ace ! p t !y may n pursue ! law1 t ye %all cause _! bodies to be arre/$ & put 9 prison2 & 9 case !y be su* t ye _c arre/ !m1 t ye c]tify ! k+ ( _! names1 & ( _! misprision1 ha/ily1 s t he may !re( orda9 a conv5able rem$y4 ,& t ye by y\rself1 nor by o!r1 privily nor ap]tly1 ma9ta9 any plea or qu>rel hang+ 9 ! k+'s c\rt1 or else:]e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,& t ye d5y no man common "r by ! k+'s lett]s1 nor none o!r man's1 nor = none o!r cause2 & 9 case any lett]s come to y contr>y to ! law1 7t is1 ! common law be=e m5tion$17 t ye d no?+ by su* lett]s1 b c]tify ! k+ !re(1 & proce$ to execute ! law1 7! common law be=e m5tion$17 not)/&+ ! same lett]s4 ,& t ye %all d & procure ! pr(it ( ! k+ & ( 8 cr[n1 ) all ?+s :]e ye may reasonably d ! same4 ,& 9 case ye be f h5ce=? f\nd 9 default 9 any ( ! po9ts a=esaid1 ye %all be at ! k+'s w ( body1 l&s1 & goods1 !re( to be done z %all please him1 z ,god y help & all sa9ts4--#ah ,edw>d ,,iii41 /4 #d4 7#acdd47 ,footnote #fa3 ,t ! t]ms ,law & ,"r1 z us$ 9 ?is /atute1 mean ! common law1 is %[n by ! preamble1 :i* decl>es ! motive ( ! /atute to be t ! ,law ( ! ,l&1 7! common law17 :i* we 7! k+7 by our oa? are b\nd to ma9ta91 may be ! bett] kept1 c4 ,footnote #fb3 ,! foll[+ is a copy ( ! orig9al3 ,=ma ,juram5ti ,regis ,angli 9 ,coronacione sua3 7,ar*iepiscopus ,cantu>i1 ad quo de jure et consuetud9e ,ecclesi ,cantu>i1 antiqua et approbata1 p]t9et ,reges ,angli inung]e et coron>e1 die coronacionis ,regis1 anteque ,rex coronetur1 faciet ,regi ,int]rogationes subscriptas47 ,si leges et consuetud9es ab antiquis ju/is et ,deo devotis ,regibus plebi ,anglicano concessas1 cum sacram5ti confirmacione eidem plebi conc$]e et s]v>e 7volu]is37 ,et prs]tim leges et consuetud9es et lib]tates a glorioso ,rege ,edw>do cl]o populoque concessas8 7,et respondeat ,rex17 ,conc$o et s]v>e volo1 et sacram5to confirm>e4 ,s]vabis ,ecclesi ,dei1 ,cl]oque1 et ,populo1 pacem ex integro et concordiam 9 ,deo secundum vires tuas8 7,et respondeat ,rex17 ,s]vabo4 ,facies fi]i 9 omnibus ,judiciis tuis equam et rectam ju/iciam1 et discrecionem1 9 mis]icordia et v]itate1 secundum vires tuas8 7,et respondeat ,rex17 ,faciam4 ,conc$is ju/as1 leges et consuetud9es esse t55das1 et promittis p] te eas esse proteg5das1 et ad honorem ,dei corrobor&as1 quas vulgus elegit1 secundum vires tuas8 7,et respondeat ,rex17 ,conc$o et promitto4 ,footnote #fc3 ,x w\ld appe>1 f ! text1 t ! ,*>t] ( ,lib]ties & ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/ 7 sometimes call$ laws ( ! l&4 ,footnote #fd3 ,z ! anci5t coronation oa?1 giv5 9 ! text1 has come d[n f ! ,saxon times1 ! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,palgrave w be p]t95t1 9 connection ) ! oa?1 z illu/rat+ ! fact t1 9 ^? times1 no special au?ority atta*$ to ! laws ( ! k+3 ,! ,imp]ial ,wit5agemot 0 n a legislative assembly1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 = ! :ole ,anglo-,saxon empire4 ,promulgat+ 8 edicts amid/ 8 pe]s & prelates1 ! k+ uses ! language ( comm&2 b ! !oretical pr]ogative 0 modifi$ by usage1 & ! practice ( ! con/itution requir$ t ! law %\ld be accept$ by ! legislatures 7c\rts7 ( ! sev]al k+doms4 99 99 ,! ',basileus' speaks 9 ! tone ( pr]ogative3 ,edg> does n m]ely recomm5d1 he comm&s t ! law %all be adopt$ by all ! p1 :e!r ,engli%1 ,danes1 or ,britons1 9 e "p ( 8 empire4 ,let ?is /atute be obs]v$1 he cont9ues1 by ,e>l ,oslac1 & all ! ho/ :o dwell "u 8 gov]nm5t1 & let x be transmitt$ by writ to ! ealdorm5 ( ! o!r subord9ate /ates4 ,& yet1 9 defiance ( ?is positive injunction1 ! laws ( ,edg> 7 n accept$ 9 ,m]cia until ! reign ( ,canute ! ,dane4 ,x might be said t ! c\rse s adopt$ may h be5 an exception to ! g5]al rule2 b 9 ! scanty & imp]fect annals ( ,anglo-,saxon legislation1 we %all be able to f9d s _m examples ( simil> proce$+s1 t ?is mode ( enactm5t mu/ be consid]$ z dictat$ by ! con/itution ( ! empire4 ,edw>d 0 ! supreme "l ( ! ,nor?umbrians1 b m ?an a c5tury elaps$ be=e !y obey$ 8 decrees4 ,! laws ( ! glori\s ,a!l/ane _h no effect 9 ,k5t1 7c\nty17 ! dep5d5t appanage ( 8 cr[n1 until sanction$ by ! ,witan ( ! %ire 7c\nty c\rt74 ,& ! p[] ( ,canute himself1 ! ',k+ ( all ,engl&1' does n seem to h compell$ ! ,nor?umbrians to receive 8 code1 until ! reign ( ! ,confessor1 :5 su* acceptance became a "p ( ! compact ^u ! accession ( a new e>l4 ,legislation con/itut$ b a small portion ( ! ord9>y bus9ess transact$ by ! ,imp]ial ,wit5agemot4 ,! wisdom ( ! assembly 0 %[n 9 avoid+ unnecess>y *ange4 ,consi/+ pr9cipally ( tradition>y usages & ance/orial cu/oms1 ! law 0 upheld by op9ion4 ,! p consid]$ _! jurisprud5ce z a "p ( _! inh]itance4 ,_! privileges & _! duties 7 closely conjo9$2 mo/ frequ5tly1 ! /atutes !mselves 7 only affirmances ( anci5t cu/oms1 or decl>atory enactm5ts4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon commonweal?1 !re=e1 ! legislative functions ( ! ,wit5agemot 7 ( f> less importance ?an ! o!r bran*es ( its au?ority4 99 99 ,! memb]s ( ! ,wit5agemot 7 ! ',p>es ,curi' 7,pe]s ( ,c\rt7 ( ! k+dom4 ,h[ f>1 on ^! occasions1 _! op9ion or _! equity controll$ ! p[] ( ! cr[n1 _c be asc]ta9$4 ,b ! =m ( ins]t+ _! names 9 ! ',te/+ ,clause' 0 reta9$ "u ! ,anglo-,norman reigns2 & ! sov]eign1 :o submitt$ 8 ,*>t] to ! judgm5t ( ! ,proc]es1 pr(ess$ to be guid$ by ! op9ion :i* !y gave4 ,z ! ',p>es' ( ! empire1 ! ,wit5agemot decid$ ! disputes betwe5 ! great vassals ( ! cr[n4 99 99 ,! jurisdiction ex]cis$ 9 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,edw>d ,i41 :5 ! b>ony ( a ,"l-,m>*] became ! subject ( litigation1 is entirely analog\s to ! proce$+s ?us adopt$ by ! great c\ncil ( ,edw>d1 ! son ( ,alfr$1 ! ,anglo-,saxon k+4 ,9 ?is assembly1 ! k+1 ! prelates1 ! dukes1 ! ealdorm51 & ! optimates pass$ judgm5t ^u all great (f5d]s4 99 99 ,! sov]eign c\ld n compel ! ob$i5ce ( ! diff]5t nations compos+ ! ,anglo-,saxon empire4 ,h5ce1 x became m necess>y = him to conciliate _! op9ions1 if he solicit$ any s]vice f a vassal pr9ce or a vassal /ate beyond ! ord9>y t]ms ( ! compact2 /ill m s1 :5 he ne$$ ! support ( a free burgh or city4 ,& we may view ! assembly 7! ,wit5agemot7 z p>tak+ ( ! "* ( a political congress1 9 :i* ! liegem5 ( ! cr[n1 or ! communities protect$ by ! ',basileus1' 7sov]eign17 7 ask$ or p]suad$ to relieve ! exig5ces ( ! /ate1 or to consid] ^? measures :i* might be requir$ = ! common weal4 ,! sov]eign 0 compell$ to p>ley ) 8 dep5d5ts4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r any "o memb] ( ! empire _h p[] to legislate = any o!r memb]4 ,! ,regulus ( ,cumbria 0 unaffect$ by ! vote ( ! ,e>l ( ,ea/ ,angli1 if he *ose to /& out aga9/ x4 ,^! dignit>ies con/itut$ a congress1 9 :i* ! sov]eign c\ld treat m conv5i5tly & effectually ) 8 vassals ?an by sep>ate negotiations4 99 99 ,b ! det]m9ations ( ! ,witan b\nd ^? only :o 7 pres5t1 or :o concurr$ 9 ! proposition2 & a vassal d5y+ 8 ass5t to ! grant1 might ass]t t ! engagem5t :i* he _h contract$ ) 8 sup]ior did n involve any pecuni>y subsidy1 b only r5d]$ him liable to p]=m s]vice 9 ! field4--#a ,palgrave's ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,engli% ,commonweal?1 #fcg to #fdb4 ,footnote #fe3 ,x 0 ! freem5 9 ,g]many1 & ! possessors ( l& 9 ,engl&1 :o 7 suitors 7jurors7 9 ! hundr$ c\rt4 ,^! ranks ( m5 7 ! same4 ,! alt]ation :i* _h happ5$ 9 relation to prop]ty _h inve/$ ! ,g]man freem5 ) l& or t]ritory4 ,footnote #ff3 ,x w\ld be :olly errone\s1 ,i ?9k1 to inf] f ?is /atem5t ( ,/u>t1 t ei!r ! prie/s1 pr9ces1 e>ls1 or eorldorm5 ex]cis$ any au?ority ov] ! jury 9 ! trial ( causes1 9 ! way ( dictat+ ! law to !m4 ,h5ry's acc\nt ( ?is matt] d\btless gives a mu* m accurate repres5tation ( ! tru?4 ,he says t anci5tly ,! meet+ 7! c\nty c\rt7 0 op5$ ) a disc\rse by ! bi%op1 expla9+1 out ( ! ,scriptures & ecclesia/ical canons1 _! sev]al duties z good ,*ri/ians & memb]s ( ! *ur*4 ,aft] ?is1 ! ald]man1 or "o ( 8 assessors1 made a disc\rse on ! laws ( ! l&1 & ! duties ( good subjects & good citiz5s4 ,:5 ^! prelim9>ies 7 ov]1 !y proce$$ to try & det]m9e1 fir/ ! causes ( ! *ur*1 next ! pleas ( ! cr[n1 & la/ ( all ! controv]sies ( private p>ties4--#c ,h5ry's ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita91 #cdh4 ,?is view is corroborat$ by ,tyrrell's ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 p4 #hc-hd1 & by ,sp5ce's ,orig9 ( ! ,laws & ,political ,in/itutions ( ,mod]n ,europe1 p4 #ddg1 & ! note on ! same page4 ,also by a law ( ,canute to ?is effect1 ,9 e c\nty let !re be twice a ye> an assembly1 :]eat ! bi%op & ! e>l %all be pres5t1 ! "o to in/ruct ! p 9 div9e1 ! o!r 9 human1 laws4--,wilk9s1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #fg3 ,!re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 ! civil & crim9al c\nts1 z to ! rights or p[]s ( juries4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,rights ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,juries ,,9 ,,civil ,,suits4 ,! evid5ce already giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s proves t ! rights & duties ( jurors1 9 civil suits1 7 anci5tly ! same z 9 crim9al ones2 t ! laws ( ! k+ 7 ( no obligation ^u ! consci5ces ( ! jurors1 any fur!r ?an ! laws 7 se5 by !m to be j2 t v few laws 7 enact$ applicable to civil suits2 t :5 a new law 0 enact$1 ! nature ( x c\ld h be5 kn[n to ! jurors only by report1 & 0 v likely n to be kn[n to !m at all2 t ne>ly all ! law involv$ 9 civil suits 0 unwritt52 t !re 0 usually no "o 9 att5dance ^u juries :o c\ld possibly enlight5 !m1 unless x 7 %]iffs1 /ew>ds1 & bailiffs1 :o 7 unque/ionably too ignorant & untru/wor?y to in/ruct !m au?oritatively2 t ! jurors mu/ !re=e necess>ily h judg$ = !mselves ( ! :ole case2 & t1 z a g5]al rule1 !y c\ld judge ( x by no law b ! law ( nature1 or ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice z !y exi/$ 9 _! own m9ds4 ,! anci5t oa? ( jurors 9 civil suits1 viz41 t !y w\ld make kn[n ! tru? accord+ to _! consci5ces1 implies t ! jurors 7 above ! au?ority ( all legislation4 ,! mod]n oa?1 9 ,engl&1 viz41 t !y w well & truly try ! issue betwe5 ! p>ties1 & a true v]dict give1 accord+ to ! evid5ce1 implies ! same ?+4 ,if ! laws ( ! k+ _h be5 b9d+ ^u a jury1 !y w\ld h be5 sworn to try ! cases accord+ to law1 or accord+ to ! laws4 ,! anci5t writs1 9 civil suits1 z giv5 9 ,glanville1 7)9 ! half c5tury be=e ,magna ,c>ta17 to wit1 ,summon twelve free & legal m51 7or sometimes twelve knights17 to be 9 c\rt1 prep>$ ^u _! oa?s to decl>e :e!r ,a or ,b h ! great] "r to ! l& 9 "q1 indicate t ! jurors judg$ ( ! :ole matt] on _! consci5ces only4 ,! language ( ,magna ,c>ta1 already discuss$1 e/abli%es ! same po9t2 =1 al?\gh "s ( ! words1 su* z outlaw$1 & exil$1 w\ld apply only to crim9al cases1 ne>ly ! :ole *apt] applies z well to civil z to crim9al suits4 ,= example1 h[ c\ld ! paym5t ( a debt ev] be en=c$ aga9/ an unwill+ debtor1 if he c\ld nei!r be arre/$1 imprison$1 nor depriv$ ( 8 freehold1 & if ! k+ c\ld nei!r proce$ aga9/ him1 nor s5d any "o aga9/ him1 by =ce or arms8 ,yet ,magna ,c>ta z mu* =bids t any ( ^! ?+s %all be done aga9/ a debtor1 z aga9/ a crim9al1 except accord+ to1 or 9 execution (1 a judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1 or ! law ( ! l&1--a provision :i*1 x has be5 %[n1 gave ! jury ! free & absolute "r to give or )hold judgm5t accord+ to _! consci5ces1 irrespective ( all legislation4 ,! foll[+ provisions1 9 ! ,magna ,c>ta ( ,john1 illu/rate ! cu/om ( ref]r+ ! mo/ important matt]s ( a civil nature1 ev5 :]e ! k+ 0 a p>ty1 to ! det]m9ation ( ! pe]s1 or ( twelve m51 act+ by no rules b _! own consci5ces4 ,^! examples at lea/ %[ t !re is no?+ improbable or unnatural 9 ! idea t juries %\ld try all civil suits accord+ to _! own judgm5ts1 indep5d5tly ( all laws ( ! k+4 ,*ap4 #fe4 ,if we h disseiz$ or dispossess$ ! ,wel% ( any l&s1 lib]ties1 or o!r ?+s1 )\t ! legal judgm5t ( _! pe]s1 !y %all be imm$iately re/or$ to !m4 ,& if any dispute arises ^u ?is head1 ! matt] %all be det]m9$ 9 ! ,m>*es1#fh by ! judgm5t ( _! pe]s1 c4 ,*ap4 #fh4 ,we %all treat ) ,alex&]1 k+ ( ,scots1 conc]n+ ! re/or+ ( 8 si/]s1 & ho/ages1 & rights & lib]ties1 9 ! same =m & mann] z we %all d to ! re/ ( our b>ons ( ,engl&2 unless by ! engagem5ts1 :i* 8 fa!r ,william1 late k+ ( ,scots1 ha? ent]$ into ) u1 x ought to be o!rwise2 & ?is %all be left to ! det]m9ation ( 8 pe]s 9 our c\rt4 ,*ap4 #ef4 ,all evil cu/oms conc]n+ =e/s1 w>r5s1 & =e/]s1 w>r5]s1 %]iffs1 & _! (fic]s1 riv]s & _! keep]s1 %all =?) be inquir$ into 9 ea* c\nty1 by twelve knights ( ! same %ire1 *os5 by ! mo/ cr$itable p]sons 9 ! same c\nty1 & ^u oa?2 & )9 =ty days aft] ! said inque/1 be utt]ly aboli%$1 s z nev] to be re/or$4 ,!re is sub/antially ! same reason :y a jury ought to judge ( ! ju/ice ( laws1 & hold all unju/ laws invalid1 9 civil suits1 z 9 crim9al ones4 ,t reason is ! necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,ne>ly ! same oppressions c be practis$ 9 civil suits z 9 crim9al ones4 ,= example1 individuals may be depriv$ ( _! lib]ty1 & robb$ ( _! prop]ty1 by judgm5ts r5d]$ 9 civil suits1 z well z 9 crim9al ones4 ,if ! laws ( ! k+ 7 imp]ative ^u a jury 9 civil suits1 ! k+ might enact laws giv+ "o man's prop]ty to ano!r1 or confiscat+ x to ! k+ himself1 & au?oriz+ civil suits to obta9 possession ( x4 ,?us a man might be robb$ ( 8 prop]ty at ! arbitr>y pleasure ( ! k+4 ,9 fact1 all ! prop]ty ( ! k+dom w\ld be plac$ at ! arbitr>y disposal ( ! k+1 ?r\gh ! judgm5ts ( juries 9 civil suits1 if ! laws ( ! k+ 7 imp]ative ^u a jury 9 su* suits4#fi ,fur!rmore1 x w\ld be absurd & inconsi/5t to make a jury p>am\nt to legislation 9 crim9al suits1 & subord9ate to x 9 civil suits2 because an individual1 by resi/+ ! execution ( a civil judgm5t1 f\nd$ ^u an unju/ law1 c\ld give rise to a crim9al suit1 9 :i* ! jury w\ld be b\nd to hold ! same law invalid4 ,s t1 if an unju/ law 7 b9d+ ^u a jury 9 civil suits1 a def5dant1 by resi/+ ! execution ( ! judgm5t1 c\ld1 9 effect1 conv]t ! civil action into a crim9al "o1 9 :i* ! jury w\ld be p>am\nt to ! same legislation1 to :i*1 9 ! civil suit1 !y 7 subord9ate4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! crim9al suit1 ! jury w\ld be oblig$ to ju/ify ! def5dant 9 resi/+ a law1 :i*1 9 ! civil suit1 !y _h said he 0 b\nd to submit to4 ,to make ?is po9t pla9 to ! mo/ common m9d--suppose a law be enact$ t ! prop]ty ( ,a %all be giv5 to ,b4 ,b br+s a civil action to obta9 possession ( x4 ,if ! jury1 9 ?is civil suit1 are b\nd to hold ! law obligatory1 !y r5d] a judgm5t 9 favor ( ,b1 t he be put 9 possession ( ! prop]ty2 !reby decl>+ t ,a is b\nd to submit to a law depriv+ him ( 8 prop]ty4 ,b :5 ! execution ( t judgm5t comes to be attempt$--t is1 :5 ! %]iff comes to take ! prop]ty = ! purpose ( deliv]+ x to ,b--,a act+1 z he has a natural "r to d1 9 def5ce ( 8 prop]ty1 resi/s & kills ! %]iff4 ,he is !reupon indict$ = murd]4 ,on ?is trial 8 plea is1 t 9 kill+ ! %]iff1 he 0 simply ex]cis+ 8 natural "r ( def5d+ 8 prop]ty aga9/ an unju/ law4 ,! jury1 n be+ b\nd1 9 a crim9al case1 by ! au?ority ( an unju/ law1 judge ! act on its m]its1 & acquit ! def5dant--?us decl>+ t he 0 n b\nd to submit to ! same law :i* ! jury1 9 ! civil suit1 _h1 by _! judgm5t1 decl>$ t he 0 b\nd to submit to4 ,"h is a contradiction betwe5 ! two judgm5ts4 ,9 ! civil suit1 ! law is decl>$ to be obligatory ^u ,a2 9 ! crim9al suit1 ! same law is decl>$ to be ( no obligation4 ,x w\ld be a solecism & absurdity 9 gov]nm5t to all[ su* consequ5ces z ^!4 ,besides1 x w\ld be practically impossible to ma9ta9 gov]nm5t on su* pr9ciples2 = no gov]nm5t c\ld en=ce its civil judgm5ts1 unless x c\ld support !m by crim9al ones1 9 case ( resi/ance4 ,a jury mu/ !re=e be p>am\nt to legislation 9 bo? civil & crim9al cases1 or 9 nei!r4 ,if !y are p>am\nt 9 nei!r1 !y are no protection to lib]ty4 ,if !y are p>am\nt 9 bo?1 !n all legislation goes only = :at x may *ance to be wor? 9 ! e/imation ( a jury4 ,ano!r reason :y ,magna ,c>ta makes ! discretion & consci5ces ( juries p>am\nt to all legislation 9 civil suits1 is1 t if legislation 7 b9d+ ^u a jury1 ! jurors--7by reason ( _! be+ unable to read1 z jurors 9 ^? days 71 & also by reason ( _m ( ! /atutes be+ unwritt51 or at lea/ n s _m copies writt5 z t juries c\ld be suppli$ ) !m7--w\ld h be5 necessitat$--at lea/ 9 ^? c\rts 9 :i* ! k+'s ju/ices sat--to take ! ^w ( ^? ju/ices z to :at ! laws ( ! k+ really 74 ,9 o!r words1 !y w\ld h be5 necessitat$ to take ! law f ! c\rt1 z jurors d n[4 ,n[ !re 7 two reasons :y1 z we may rationally suppose1 ! p did n wi% juries to take _! law f ! k+'s judges4 ,"o 01 t1 at t day1 ! p probably _h s5se en\gh to see1 7:at we1 at ?is day1 h n s5se en\gh to see1 al?\gh we h ! evid5ce ( x e day be=e our eyes17 t ^? judges1 be+ dep5d5t ^u ! legislative p[]1 7! k+17 be+ appo9t$ by x1 paid by x1 & removable by x at pleasure1 w\ld be m]e tools ( t p[]1 & w\ld hold all its legislation obligatory1 :e!r x 7 j or unju/4 ,?is 0 "o reason1 d\btless1 :y ,magna ,c>ta made juries1 9 civil suits1 p>am\nt to all in/ructions ( ! k+'s judges4 ,! reason 0 precisely ! same z t = mak+ !m p>am\nt to all in/ructions ( judges 9 crim9al suits1 viz41 t ! p did n *oose to subject _! rights ( prop]ty1 & all o!r rights involv$ 9 civil suits1 to ! op]ation ( su* laws z ! k+ might please to enact4 ,x 0 se5 t to all[ ! k+'s judges to dictate ! law to ! jury w\ld be equival5t to mak+ ! legislation ( ! k+ imp]ative ^u ! jury4 ,ano!r reason :y ! p did n wi% juries1 9 civil suits1 to take _! law f ! k+'s judges1 d\btless 01 t1 kn[+ ! dep5d5ce ( ! judges ^u ! k+1 & kn[+ t ! k+ w\ld1 ( c\rse1 tol]ate no judges :o 7 n subs]vi5t to 8 w1 !y necess>ily inf]r$ t ! k+'s judges w\ld be z corrupt1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 z 0 ! k+ himself1 or z he wi%$ !m to be4 ,& h[ corrupt t 01 may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ hi/orical facts4 ,hume says3 ,x appe>s t ! anci5t k+s ( ,engl& put !mselves entirely ^u ! foot+ ( ! b>b>\s ,ea/]n pr9ces1 :om no man mu/ approa* )\t a pres5t1 :o sell all _! good (fices1 & :o intrude !mselves into e bus9ess t !y may h a pret5ce = extort+ money4 ,ev5 ju/ice 0 av[$ly b\ght & sold2 ! k+'s c\rt itself1 ?\gh ! supreme judicature ( ! k+dom1 0 op5 to none t br\ght n pres5ts to ! k+2 ! bribes giv5 = exp$ition1 delay1 susp5sion1 & d\btless = ! p]v]sion ( ju/ice1 7 ent]$ 9 ! public regi/]s ( ! royal rev5ue1 & rema9 z monum5ts ( ! p]petual iniquity & tyranny ( ! times4 ,! b>ons ( ! ex*equ]1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ nobility ( ! k+dom1 7 n a%am$ to ins]t1 z an article 9 _! records1 t ! c\nty ( ,norfolk paid a sum t !y might be fairly dealt )2 ! bor\gh ( ,y>m\?1 t ! k+'s *>t]s1 :i* !y h = _! lib]ties1 might n be violat$2 ,ri*>d1 son ( ,gilb]t1 = ! k+'s help+ him to recov] 8 debt f ! ,jews2 99 99 ,s]lo1 son ( ,t]lava/on1 t he might be p]mitt$ to make 8 def5ce1 9 case he 7 accus$ ( a c]ta9 homicide2 ,walt] de ,burton1 = free law1 if accus$ ( w\nd+ ano!r2 ,rob]t de ,ess>t1 = hav+ an inque/ to f9d :e!r ,rog]1 ! but*]1 & ,wace & ,humphrey1 accus$ him ( robb]y & !ft out ( envy & ill-w1 or n2 ,william ,buhur/1 = hav+ an inque/ to f9d :e!r he 7 accus$ ( ! dea? ( "o ,godw91 out ( ill-w1 or = j cause4 ,i h select$ ^! few in/ances f a great numb] ( ! l k9d1 :i* ,madox _h select$ f a /ill great] numb]1 pres]v$ 9 ! anci5t rolls ( ! ex*equ]4 ,sometimes a p>ty litigant (f]$ ! k+ a c]ta9 portion1 a half1 a ?ird1 a f\r?1 payable out ( ! debts :i* he1 z ! executor ( ju/ice1 %\ld assi/ 9 recov]+4 ,!ophania de ,we/l& agre$ to pay ! half ( two hundr$ & twelve m>ks1 t %e might recov] t sum aga9/ ,james de ,fughle/on2 ,solomon1 ! ,jew1 engag$ to pay "o m>k out ( e sev5 t he %\ld recov] aga9/ ,hugh de la ,hose2 ,ni*olas ,morrel promis$ to pay sixty p\nds1 t ! ,e>l ( ,fl&]s might be di/ra9$ to pay him ?ree hundr$ & =ty-?ree p\nds1 :i* ! e>l _h tak5 f him2 & ^! sixty p\nds 7 to be paid out ( ! fir/ money t ,ni*olas %\ld recov] f ! e>l4--,hume1 ,app5dix #b4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 ! be/ & mo/ j ( ^! 7! ,norman7 pr9ces1 99 99 ,pet]1 ( ,blois1 a judici\s & ev5 elegant writ]1 ( t age1 gives a pa!tic description ( ! v5ality ( ju/ice1 & ! oppressions ( ! poor1 99 99 & he scruples n to compla9 to ! k+ himself ( ^! abuses4 ,we may judge :at ! case w\ld be "u ! gov]nm5t ( worse pr9ces4--,hume1 ,app5dix #b4 ,c>te says3 ,! cr[n ex]cis$ 9 ^? days an exorbitant & inconv5i5t p[]1 ord]+ ! ju/ices ( ! k+'s c\rt1 9 suits ab\t l&s1 to turn out1 put1 & keep 9 possession1 :i* ( ! litigants !y pleas$2 to s5d contradictory ord]s2 & take l>ge sums ( money f ea*2 to respite proce$+s2 to direct s5t5ces2 & ! judges1 act+ by _! commission1 conceiv$ !mselves b\nd to obs]ve su* ord]s1 to ! great delay1 int]ruption1 & prev5t+ ( ju/ice2 at lea/1 ?is 0 ,john's practice4--,c>te's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 vol4 #a1 p4 #hcb4 ,hallam says3 ,b ( all ! abuses t de=m$ ! ,anglo-,saxon gov]nm5t1 none 0 s flagiti\s z ! sale ( judicial r$ress4 ,! k+1 we are (t5 told1 is ! f\nta9 ( ju/ice2 b 9 ^? ages x 0 "o :i* gold alone c\ld unseal4 ,m5 f9$ 7paid f9es7 to h "r done !m2 to sue 9 a c]ta9 c\rt2 to implead a c]ta9 p]son2 to h re/itution ( l& :i* !y _h recov]$ at law4 ,f ! sale ( t ju/ice :i* e citiz5 has a "r to dem&1 x 0 an easy transition to )hold or d5y x4 ,f9es 7 receiv$ = ! k+'s help aga9/ ! adv]se suitor2 t is1 = p]v]sion ( ju/ice1 or = delay4 ,sometimes !y 7 paid by opposite p>ties1 &1 ( c\rse1 = opposite ends4--#b ,middle ,ages1 #dch4 ,9 allusion to ! provision ( ,magna ,c>ta on ?is subject1 ,hallam says3 ,a law :i* enacts t ju/ice %all nei!r be sold1 d5i$1 nor delay$1 /amps ) infamy t gov]nm5t "u :i* x _h become necess>y4--#b ,middle ,ages1 #dea4 ,l+>d1 speak+ ( ! times ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 7say #aahd17 says3 ,x 0 univ]sally und]/ood t money possess$ great] influ5ce ?an ju/ice 9 ! royal c\rts1 & in/ances are on record1 9 :i* "o p>ty has made ! k+ a pres5t to accel]ate1 & ! o!r by a m valuable (f] has succe$$ 9 ret>d+ a decision4 99 99 ,b besides ! f9es paid to ! sov]eigns1 ! judges (t5 exact$ pres5ts = !mselves1 & l\d compla9ts exi/$ aga9/ _! v5ality & inju/ice4--#b ,l+>d1 #bca4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ,! co/s & *>ges :i* ,i1 ,ri*>d de ,ane/y1 be/[$ 9 recov]+ ! l& ( ,william1 my uncle1 7"s fifty ye>s be=e ,magna ,c>ta17 are ! foll[+ items3 ,to ,ralph1 ! k+'s physician1 ,i gave ?irty-six m>ks & "o half2 to ! k+ an hundr$ m>ks2 & to ! que5 "o m>k ( gold4 ,! result is ?us /at$4 ,at la/1 ?anks to our "l ! k+1 & by judgm5t ( 8 c\rt1 my uncle's l& 0 adjudg$ to me4--#b ,palgrave's ,rise & ,progress ( ! ,engli% ,commonweal?1 p4 #i & #bd4 ,palgrave also says3 ,! preci\s ore 0 ca/ into ! scales ( ju/ice1 ev5 :5 held by ! mo/ consci5ti\s ( our ,anglo-,saxon k+s4 ,a s+le case w exemplify ! practices :i* prevail$4 ,alfric1 ! heir ( ',aylw91 ! black1' seeks to set aside ! dea?-b$ beque/1 by :i* 8 k9sman be/[$ f\r ri* & f]tile manors ^u ,/4 ,b5$ict4 ,alfric1 ! claimant1 0 support$ by ext5sive & p[]ful connexions2 & ,abbot ,alfw9e1 ! def5dant1 0 well aw>e t !re w\ld be dang] 9 ! discussion ( ! dispute 9 public1 or be=e ! ,folkmoot1 7p's meet+1 or c\nty c\rt72 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! ,?anes ( ! %ire w\ld d _! be/ to give a judgm5t 9 favor ( _! compe]4 ,! plea be+ remov$ into ! ,royal ,c\rt1 ! abbot act$ ) t prud5ce :i* s (t5 calls =? ! praises ( ! mona/ic scribe4 ,he gladly empti$ tw5ty m>ks ( gold into ! sleeve ( ! ,confessor1 7,edw>d17 & five m>ks ( gold pres5t$ to ,edi?1 ! ,fair1 enc\rag$ h] to aid ! bi%op1 & to ex]cise h] g5tle influ5ce 9 8 favor4 ,alfric1 ) equal wisdom1 )drew f prosecut+ ! hopeless cause1 9 :i* 8 oppon5t might possess an advocate 9 ! royal judge1 & a fri5d 9 ! k+'s consort4 ,bo? p>ties1 !re=e1 f\nd x desirable to come to an agreem5t4--#a ,palgrave's ,rise & ,progress1 c41 p4 #fej4 ,b ,magna ,c>ta has ano!r provision = ! trial ( civil suits1 t obvi\sly _h its orig9 9 ! corruption ( ! k+'s judges4 ,! provision is1 t f\r knights1 to be *os5 9 e c\nty1 by ! p ( ! c\nty1 %all sit ) ! k+'s judges1 9 ! ,common ,pleas1 9 jury trials1 7assizes17 on ! trial ( ?ree c]ta9 k9ds ( suits1 t 7 among ! mo/ important t 7 tri$ at all4 ,! reason = ?is provision und\bt$ly 01 t ! corruption & subs]vi5cy ( ! k+'s judges 7 s well kn[n1 t ! p w\ld n ev5 tru/ !m to sit alone 9 a jury trial ( any consid]able importance4 ,! provision is ?is3 ,*ap4 #bb1 7( ,john's ,*>t]47 ,common ,pleas %all n foll[ our c\rt1 b %all be hold5 9 "s c]ta9 place4 ,trials ^u ! writ ( novel disseis91 & ( ,mort d',ance/]1 & ( ,d>re9 ,pres5tm5t1 %all be tak5 b 9 _! prop] c\nties1 & aft] ?is mann]3 ,we1 or1 if we %\ld be out ( our realm1 our *ief ju/ici>y1 %all s5d two ju/ici>ies ?r\gh e c\nty f\r times a ye>2#gj :o1 ) f\r knights *os5 out ( e %ire1 by ! p1 %all hold ! assizes 7juries7 9 ! c\nty1 on ! day & at ! place appo9t$4 ,x w\ld be v unreasonable to suppose t ! k+'s judges 7 all[$ to dictate ! law to ! juries1 :5 ! p w\ld n ev5 suff] !m to sit alone 9 jury trials1 b !mselves *ose f\r m5 to sit ) !m1 to keep !m hone/4#ga ,?is practice ( s5d+ ! k+'s judges into ! c\nties to preside at jury trials1 0 introduc$ by ! ,norman k+s4 ,"u ! ,saxons x 0 n s4 ,no (fic] ( ! k+ 0 all[$ to preside at a jury trial2 b only magi/rates *os5 by ! p4#gb ,b ! foll[+ *apt] ( ,john's *>t]1 :i* imm$iately succe$s ! "o j quot$1 & ref]s to ! same suits1 af=ds v /rong1 n to say conclusive1 pro(1 t juries judg$ ( ! law 9 civil suits--t is1 made ! law1 s f> z _! decid+ accord+ to _! own notions ( ju/ice c\ld make ! law4 ,*ap4 #bc4 ,& if1 on ! c\nty day1 ! a=esaid assizes _c be tak51 s _m knights & freehold]s %all rema91 ( ^? :o %all h be5 pres5t on said day1 z t ! judgm5ts may be r5d]$ by !m1 :e!r ! bus9ess be m or less4 ,! mean+ ( ?is *apt] is1 t s _m ( ! civil suits1 z c\ld n be tri$ on ! day :5 ! k+'s ju/ices 7 pres5t1 %\ld be tri$ aft]w>ds1 by ! f\r knights be=e m5tion$1 & ! freehold]s1 t is1 ! jury4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 ( c\rse1 t ! juries1 9 ^! cases1 judg$ ! matt]s ( law1 z well z fact1 unless x be presum$ t ! knights dictat$ ! law to ! jury--a ?+ ( :i* !re is no evid5ce at all4 ,z a f9al pro( on ?is po9t1 !re is a /atute enact$ sev5ty ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 :i*1 al?\gh x is contr>y to ! common law1 & !re=e void1 is nev]!less good evid5ce1 inasmu* z x conta9s an ackn[l$gm5t1 on ! "p ( ! k+ himself1 t juries _h a "r to judge ( ! :ole matt]1 law & fact1 9 civil suits4 ,! provision is ?is3 ,x is orda9$1 t ! ju/ices assign$ to take ! assizes1 %all n compel ! jurors to say precisely :e!r x be disseis91 or n1 s t !y d %[ ! tru? ( ! de$1 & seek aid ( ! ju/ices4 ,b if !y w1 ( _! own accord1 say t x is disseis91 or n1 _! v]dict %all be admitt$ at _! own p]il4--#ac ,edw>d ,i41 /4 #a1 *4 #c1 sec4 #b4 7#abhe47 ,! "q ( disseis91 or n1 0 a "q ( law1 z well z fact4 ,?is /atute1 !re=e1 admits t ! law1 z well z ! fact1 0 9 ! h&s ( ! jury4 ,! /atute is nev]!less void1 because ! k+ _h no au?ority to give jurors a disp5sation f ! obligation impos$ ^u !m by _! oa?s & ! law ( ! l&1 t !y %\ld make kn[n ! tru? accord+ _! 7own7 consci5ces4 ,?is !y 7 b\nd to d1 & !re 0 no p[] 9 ! k+ to absolve !m f ! duty4 ,& ! attempt ( ! k+ ?us to absolve !m1 & au?orize !m to ?r[ ! case into ! h&s ( ! judges = decision1 0 simply an illegal & uncon/itutional attempt to ov]turn ! law ( ! l&1 :i* he 0 sworn to ma9ta91 & ga!r p[] into 8 own h&s1 ?r\gh 8 judges4 ,he _h j z mu* con/itutional p[] to enact t ! jurors %\ld n be compell$ to decl>e ! facts1 b t !y might leave !m to be det]m9$ by ! k+'s judges1 z he _h to enact t !y %\ld n be compell$ to decl>e ! law1 b might leave x to be decid$ by ! k+'s judges4 ,x 0 z mu* ! legal duty ( ! jury to decide ! law z to decide ! fact2 & no law ( ! k+ c\ld affect _! obligation to d ei!r4 ,& ?is /atute is only "o example ( ! numb]less contrivances & usurpations :i* h be5 resort$ to1 = ! purpose ( de/roy+ ! orig9al & g5u9e trial by jury4 ,footnote #fh3 ,m>*es1 ! limits1 or b\nd>ies1 betwe5 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,footnote #fi3 ,t ! k+s w\ld h _h no scruples to enact laws = ! special purpose ( plund]+ ! p1 by means ( ! judgm5ts ( juries1 if !y c\ld h got juries to ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( _! laws1 is evid5t f ! audacity ) :i* !y plund]$ !m1 )\t any judgm5ts ( juries to au?orize !m4 ,x is n necess>y to occupy space "h to give details z to ^! robb]ies2 b only "s evid5ce ( ! g5]al fact4 ,hallam says1 t ,= ! fir/ ?ree reigns 7( ! ,norman k+s7 99 99 ! intol]able exactions ( tribute1 ! rap9e ( purveyance1 ! iniquity ( royal c\rts1 are cont9ually 9 ! m\?s ( ! hi/orians4 ',god sees ! wret*$ p1' says ! ,saxon ,*ronicl]1 'mo/ unju/ly oppress$2 fir/ !y are despoil$ ( _! possessions1 & !n but*]$4' ,?is 0 a griev\s ye> 7#aabd74 ,:oev] _h any prop]ty1 lo/ x by heavy taxes & unju/ decrees4--#b ,middle ,ages1 #dce-f4 ,9 ! succe$+ reign ( ,john1 all ! rapaci\s exactions usual to ^! ,norman k+s 7 n only r$\bl$1 b m+l$ ) outrages ( tyranny /ill m intol]able4 99 99 ,9 #abjg ,john took a sev5? ( ! movables ( lay & spiritual p]sons1 all murmur+1 b none d>+ to speak aga9/ x4--,ditto1 #ddf4 ,9 ,hume's acc\nt ( ! extortions ( ^? times1 ! foll[+ p>agraph occurs3 ,b ! mo/ b>efac$ acts ( tyranny & oppression 7 practis$ aga9/ ! ,jews1 :o 7 entirely out ( ! protection ( ! law1 & 7 ab&on$ to ! immeasurable rapacity ( ! k+ & 8 m9i/]s4 ,besides _m o!r indignities1 to :i* !y 7 cont9ually expos$1 x appe>s t !y 7 once all ?r[n into prison1 & ! sum ( #ff1jjj m>ks exact$ = _! lib]ty4 ,at ano!r "t1 ,isaac1 ! ,jew1 paid alone #eajj m>ks2 ,brun1 #cjjj m>ks2 ,jurnet1 #bjjj2 ,b5net1 #ejj4 ,at ano!r1 ,licorica1 wid[ ( ,david1 ! ,jew ( ,ox=d1 0 requir$ to pay #fjjj m>ks4--,hume's ,hi/4 ,eng41 ,app5dix #b4 ,fur!r acc\nts ( ! extortions & oppressions ( ! k+s may be f\nd 9 ,hume's ,hi/ory1 ,app5dix #b1 & 9 ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 vol4 #b1 p4 #dce to #ddf4 ,by ,magna ,c>ta ,john b\nd himself to make re/itution = "s ( ! spoliations he _h committ$ ^u individuals )\t ! legal judgm5t ( _! pe]s4--,see ,magna ,c>ta ( ,john1 *4 #fj1 #fa1 #fe & #ff4 ,"o ( ! great *>ges1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! nation rose aga9/ ,john1 01 t he plund]$ individuals ( _! prop]ty1 )\t legal judgm5t ( _! pe]s4 ,n[ x 0 evid5tly v weak & %ort-sight$ 9 ,john to expose himself to su* *>ges1 if 8 laws 7 really obligatory ^u ! pe]s2 because1 9 t case1 he c\ld h enact$ any laws t 7 necess>y = 8 purpose1 & !n1 by civil suits1 h br\ght ! cases be=e juries = _! judgm5t1 & ?us h accompli%$ all 8 robb]ies 9 a p]fectly legal mann]4 ,!re w\ld evid5tly h be5 no s5se 9 ^! compla9ts1 t he depriv$ m5 ( _! prop]ty )\t legal judgm5t ( _! pe]s1 if 8 laws _h be5 b9d+ ^u ! pe]s2 because he c\ld !n h made ! same spoliations z well ) ! judgm5t ( ! pe]s z )\t x4 ,tak+ ! judgm5t ( ! pe]s 9 ! matt]1 w\ld h be5 only a ridicul\s & useless =mality1 if !y 7 to ex]cise no discretion or consci5ce ( _! own1 indep5d5tly ( ! laws ( ! k+4 ,x may "h be m5tion$1 9 pass+1 t ! same w\ld be true 9 crim9al matt]s1 if ! k+'s laws 7 obligatory ^u juries4 ,z an illu/ration ( :at tyranny ! k+s w\ld sometimes practise1 ,hume says3 ,x appe>s f ! ,great ,*>t] itself1 t n only ,john1 a tyrannical pr9ce1 & ,ri*>d1 a viol5t "o1 b _! fa!r ,h5ry1 "u ^: reign ! preval5ce ( gross abuses is ! lea/ to be suspect$1 7 accu/om$1 f _! sole au?ority1 )\t process ( law1 to imprison1 bani%1 & atta9t ! freem5 ( _! k+dom4--,hume1 ,app5dix #b4 ,! provision1 also1 9 ! #fd? *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta1 t all unju/ & illegal f9es1 & all am]cem5ts1 impos$ unju/ly1 & contr>y to ! ,law ( ! ,l&1 %all be entirely =giv51 c42 & ! provision1 9 *apt] #fa1 t ! k+ w cause full ju/ice to be adm9i/]$ 9 reg>d to all ^? ?+s1 ( :i* any p]son has1 )\t legal judgm5t ( 8 pe]s1 be5 dispossess$ or depriv$1 ei!r by ,k+ ,h5ry1 our fa!r1 or our bro!r1 ,k+ ,ri*>d1 indicate ! tyrannical practices t prevail$4 ,we are told also t ,john himself _h dispossess$ sev]al great m5 )\t any judgm5t ( _! pe]s1 condemn$ o!rs to cruel dea?s1 99 99 insomu* t 8 tyrannical w /ood in/ead ( a law4--,e*>d's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 #ajf4 ,n[ all ^! ?+s 7 v unnecess>y & fooli%1 if 8 laws 7 b9d+ ^u juries2 because1 9 t case1 he c\ld h procur$ ! conviction ( ^! m5 9 a legal mann]1 & ?us h sav$ ! necessity ( su* usurpation4 ,9 %ort1 if ! laws ( ! k+ _h be5 b9d+ ^u juries1 !re is no robb]y1 v5geance1 or oppression1 :i* he c\ld n h accompli%$ ?r\gh ! judgm5ts ( juries4 ,?is consid]ation is suffici5t1 ( itself1 to prove t ! laws ( ! k+ 7 ( no au?ority ov] a jury1 9 ei!r civil or crim9al cases1 unless ! juries reg>d$ ! laws z j 9 !mselves4 ,footnote #gj3 ,by ! ,magna ,c>ta ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ?is is *ang$ to once a ye>4 ,footnote #ga3 ,f ! provision ( ,magna ,c>ta1 cit$ 9 ! text1 x mu/ be inf]r$ t !re c be no legal trial by jury1 9 civil cases1 if only ! k+'s ju/ices preside2 t1 to make ! trial legal1 !re mu/ be o!r p]sons1 *os5 by ! p1 to sit ) !m2 ! object be+ to prev5t ! jury's be+ deceiv$ by ! ju/ices4 ,i ?9k we mu/ also inf] t ! k+'s ju/ices c\ld sit only 9 ! ?ree actions specially m5tion$4 ,we _c g beyond ! lett] ( ,magna ,c>ta1 9 mak+ innovations ^u ! common law1 :i* requir$ all presid+ (fic]s 9 jury trials to be elect$ by ! p4 ,footnote #gb3 ,! e>ls1 %]iffs1 & head-bor\ghs 7 annually elect$ 9 ! full folcmote1 7p's meet+74--,introduction to ,gilb]t's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,pleas1 p4 #b1 note4 ,x 0 ! especial prov9ce ( ! e>ldom5 or e>l to att5d ! %yre-meet+1 7! c\nty c\rt17 twice a ye>1 & !re (ficiate z ! c\nty judge 9 exp\nd+ ! secul> laws1 z appe>s by ! fif? ( ,edg>'s laws4--,same1 p4 #b1 note4 ,e w>d _h its prop] ald]man1 :o 0 *os51 & n impos$ by ! pr9ce4--,same1 p4 #d1 text4 ,z ! ald]m51 or e>ls1 7 always *os5 7by ! p7 f among ! greate/ ?anes1 :o 9 ^? times 7 g5]ally m addict$ to arms ?an to lett]s1 !y 7 b ill-qualifi$ = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & p]=m+ ! civil duties ( _! (fice4--#c ,h5ry's ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita91 #cdc4 ,b none ( ^! ?anes 7 annually elect$ 9 ! full folcmote1 7p's meet+17 z ! e>ls1 %]iffs1 & head-bor\ghs 72 nor did ,k+ ,alfr$ 7z ?is au?or sugge/s7 deprive ! p ( ! election ( ^? la/ m5tion$ magi/rates & nobles1 mu* less did he appo9t !m himself4--,introd4 to ,gilb]t's ,hi/4 ,com4 ,pleas1 p4 #b1 note4 ,! %]iff 0 usually n appo9t$ by ! "l1 b elect$ by ! freehold]s ( ! di/rict4--,political ,diction>y1 ^w ,%]iff4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! ,saxon laws we may reckon 99 99 ! election ( _! magi/rates by ! p1 orig9ally ev5 t ( _! k+s1 till de>-b\ght exp]i5ce ev9c$ ! conv5i5ce & necessity ( e/abli%+ an h]$it>y succession to ! cr[n4 ,b t 7! election7 ( all subord9ate magi/rates1 _! milit>y (fic]s or h]eto*s1 _! %]iffs1 _! cons]vators ( ! peace1 _! coron]s1 _! portreeves1 7s9ce *ang$ into mayors & bailiffs17 & ev5 _! ti?+-m5 & bor%old]s at ! la/1 cont9u$1 "s1 till ! ,norman conque/1 o!rs = two c5turies aft]1 & "s rema9 to ?is day4--#d ,black/one1 #dac4 ,! election ( %]iffs 0 left to ! p1 accord+ to anci5t usage4--,/4 ,we/4 #a1 c4 #bg4--;,crabbe's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law1 #aha4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,objections ,,answ]$ ,! foll[+ objections w be made to ! doctr9es & ! evid5ce pres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 #a4 ,t x is a maxim ( ! law1 t ! judges respond to ! "q ( law1 & juries only to ! "q ( fact4 ,! answ] to ?is objection is1 t1 s9ce ,magna ,c>ta1 judges h _h m ?an six c5turies 9 :i* to inv5t & promulgate pret5d$ maxims to suit !mselves2 & ?is is "o ( !m4 ,in/ead ( express+ ! law1 x expresses no?+ b ! ambiti\s & lawless w ( ! judges !mselves1 & ( ^? ^: in/rum5ts !y are4#gc #b4 ,x w be ask$1 ,( :at use are ! ju/ices1 if ! jurors judge bo? ( law & fact8 ,! answ] is1 t !y are ( use1 #a4 ,to assi/ & enlight5 ! jurors1 if !y c1 by _! advice & in=mation2 su* advice & in=mation to be receiv$ only = :at !y may *ance to be wor? 9 ! e/imation ( ! jurors4 #b4 ,to d any?+ t may be necess>y 9 reg>d to grant+ appeals & new trials4 #c4 ,x is said t x w\ld be absurd t twelve ignorant m5 %\ld h p[] to judge ( ! law1 :ile ju/ices le>n$ 9 ! law %\ld be compell$ to sit by & see ! law decid$ errone\sly4 ,"o answ] to ?is objection is1 t ! p[]s ( juries are n grant$ to !m on ! supposition t !y "k ! law bett] ?an ! ju/ices2 b on ! gr\nd t ! ju/ices are untru/wor?y1 t !y are expos$ to bribes1 are !mselves fond ( p[] & au?ority1 & are also ! dep5d5t & subs]vi5t creatures ( ! legislature2 & t to all[ !m to dictate ! law1 w\ld n only expose ! rights ( p>ties to be sold = money1 b w\ld be equival5t to surr5d]+ all ! prop]ty1 lib]ty1 & rights ( ! p1 unres]v$ly into ! h&s ( arbitr>y p[]1 7! legislature17 to be dispos$ ( at its pleasure4 ,! p[]s ( juries1 !re=e1 n only place a curb ^u ! p[]s ( legislators & judges1 b imply also an imputation ^u _! integrity & tru/wor?9ess2 & ^! are ! reasons :y legislators & judges h =m]ly ent]ta9$ ! int5se/ hatr$ ( juries1 &1 s fa/ z !y c\ld d x )\t al>m+ ! p = _! lib]ties1 h1 by indirection1 d5i$1 und]m9$1 & practically de/roy$ _! p[]4 ,& x is only s9ce all ! real p[] ( juries has be5 de/roy$1 & !y h become m]e tools 9 ! h&s ( legislators & judges1 t !y h become favorites ) !m4 ,legislators & judges are necess>ily expos$ to all ! temptations ( money1 fame1 & p[]1 to induce !m to disreg>d ju/ice betwe5 p>ties1 & sell ! rights1 & violate ! lib]ties ( ! p4 ,jurors1 on ! o!r h&1 are expos$ to none ( ^! temptations4 ,!y are n liable to brib]y1 = !y are unkn[n to ! p>ties until !y come into ! jury-box4 ,!y c r>ely ga9 ei!r fame1 p[]1 or money1 by giv+ errone\s decisions4 ,_! (fices are tempor>y1 & !y "k t :5 !y %all h execut$ !m1 !y mu/ return to ! p1 to hold all _! own rights 9 life subject to ! liability ( su* judgm5ts1 by _! successors1 z !y !mselves h giv5 an example =4 ,! laws ( human nature d n p]mit ! supposition t twelve m51 tak5 by lot f ! mass ( ! p1 & act+ "u su* circum/ances1 w all prove di%one/4 ,x is a supposable case t !y may n be suffici5tly enlight5$ to "k & d _! :ole duty1 9 all cases :atsoev]2 b t !y %\ld all prove di%one/1 is n )9 ! range ( probability4 ,a jury1 !re=e1 insures to u--:at no o!r c\rt does--t fir/ & indisp5sable requisite 9 a judicial tribunal1 integrity4 #d4 ,x is alleg$ t if juries are all[$ to judge ( ! law1 !y decide ! law absolutely2 t _! decision mu/ necess>ily /&1 be x "r or wrong2 & t ?is p[] ( absolute decision w\ld be dang]\s 9 _! h&s1 by reason ( _! ignorance ( ! law4 ,"o answ] is1 t ?is p[]1 :i* juries h ( judg+ ( ! law1 is n a p[] ( absolute decision 9 all cases4 ,= example1 x is a p[] to decl>e imp]atively t a man's prop]ty1 lib]ty1 or life1 %all n be tak5 f him2 b x is n a p[] to decl>e imp]atively t !y %all be tak5 f him4 ,magna ,c>ta does n provide t ! judgm5ts ( ! pe]s %all be execut$2 b only t no o!r ?an _! judgm5ts %all ev] be execut$1 s f> z to take a p>ty's goods1 rights1 or p]son1 !reon4 ,a judgm5t ( ! pe]s may be review$1 & invalidat$1 & a new trial grant$4 ,s t practically a jury has no absolute p[] to take a p>ty's goods1 rights1 or p]son4 ,!y h only an absolute veto ^u _! be+ tak5 by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nm5t is n b\nd to d ev]y?+ t a jury may adjudge4 ,x is only prohibit$ f do+ any?+--7t is1 f tak+ a p>ty's goods1 rights1 or p]son7--unless a jury h fir/ adjudg$ x to be done4 ,b x w1 p]haps1 be said1 t if an errone\s judgm5t ( "o jury %\ld be reaffirm$ by ano!r1 on a new trial1 x mu/ !n be execut$4 ,b ,magna ,c>ta does n comm& ev5 ?is--al?\gh x might1 p]haps1 h be5 reasonably safe = x to h done s--= if two juries unanim\sly affirm ! same ?+1 aft] all ! light & aid t judges & lawy]s c af=d !m1 t fact probably furni%es z /rong a presumption 9 favor ( ! correctness ( _! op9ion1 z c ord9>ily be obta9$ 9 favor ( a judgm5t1 by any measures ( a practical "* = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,/ill1 !re is no?+ 9 ,magna ,c>ta t compels ! execution ( ev5 a second judgm5t ( a jury4 ,! only injunction ( ,magna ,c>ta ^u ! gov]nm5t1 z to :at x %all d1 on ?is po9t1 is t x %all d ju/ice & "r1 )\t sale1 d5ial1 or delay4 ,b ?is leaves ! gov]nm5t all p[] ( det]m9+ :at is ju/ice & "r1 except t x %all n consid] any?+ z ju/ice & "r--s f> z to c>ry x into execution aga9/ ! goods1 rights1 or p]son ( a p>ty--unless x be some?+ :i* a jury h sanction$4 ,if ! gov]nm5t _h no alt]native b to execute all judgm5ts ( a jury indiscrim9ately1 ! p[] ( juries w\ld unque/ionably be dang]\s2 = !re is no d\bt t !y may sometimes give ha/y & errone\s judgm5ts4 ,b :5 x is consid]$ t _! judgm5ts c be review$1 & new trials grant$1 ?is dang] is1 = all practical purposes1 obviat$4 ,if x be said t juries may successively give errone\s judgm5ts1 & t new trials _c be grant$ indef9itely1 ! answ] is1 t s f> z ,magna ,c>ta is conc]n$1 !re is no?+ to prev5t ! grant+ ( new trials indef9itely1 if ! judgm5ts ( juries are contr>y to ju/ice & "r4 ,s t ,magna ,c>ta does n require any judgm5t :atev] to be execut$--s f> z to take a p>ty's goods1 rights1 or p]son1 !reon--unless x be concurr$ 9 by bo? c\rt & jury4 ,nev]!less1 we may1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 suppose ! exi/5ce ( a practical1 if n legal1 necessity1 = execut+ "s judgm5t or o!r1 9 cases :]e juries p]si/ 9 disagree+ ) ! c\rts4 ,9 su* cases1 ! pr9ciple ( ,magna ,c>ta unque/ionably is1 t ! uni=m judgm5ts ( successive juries %all prevail ov] ! op9ion ( ! c\rt4 ,& ! reason ( ?is pr9ciple is obvi\s1 viz41 t x is ! w ( ! c\ntry1 & n ! w ( ! c\rt1 or ! gov]nm5t1 t mu/ det]m9e :at laws %all be e/abli%$ & en=c$2 t ! concurr5t judgm5ts ( successive juries1 giv5 9 opposition to all ! reason+ :i* judges & lawy]s c (f] to ! contr>y1 mu/ necess>ily be presum$ to be a tru] exposition ( ! w ( ! c\ntry1 ?an are ! op9ions ( ! judges4 ,b x may be said t1 unless jurors submit to ! control ( ! c\rt1 9 matt]s ( law1 !y may disagree among !mselves1 & nev] come to any judgm5t2 & ?us ju/ice fail to be done4 ,su* a case is p]haps possible2 b1 if possible1 x c occur b r>ely2 because1 al?\gh "o jury may disagree1 a succession ( juries are n likely to disagree--t is1 on matt]s ( natural law1 or ab/ract ju/ice4#gd ,if su* a ?+ %\ld occur1 x w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be ow+ to ! attempt ( ! c\rt to mislead !m4 ,x is h>dly possible t any o!r cause %\ld be adequate to produce su* an effect2 because ju/ice comes v ne> to be+ a self-evid5t pr9ciple4 ,! m9d p]ceives x almo/ intuitively4 ,if1 9 addition to ?is1 ! c\rt be uni=mly on ! side ( ju/ice1 x is n a reasonable supposition t a succession ( juries %\ld disagree ab\t x4 ,if1 !re=e1 a succession ( juries d disagree on ! law ( any case1 ! presumption is1 n t ju/ice fails ( be+ done1 b t inju/ice is prev5t$--t inju/ice1 :i* w\ld be done1 if ! op9ion ( ! c\rt 7 suff]$ to control ! jury4 ,= ! sake ( ! argum5t1 h[ev]1 x may be admitt$ to be possible t ju/ice %\ld sometimes fail ( be+ done ?r\gh ! disagreem5ts ( jurors1 not)/&+ all ! light :i* judges & lawy]s c ?r[ ^u ! "q 9 issue4 ,if x be ask$ :at provision ! trial by jury makes = su* cases1 ! answ] is1 x makes none2 & ju/ice mu/ fail ( be+ done1 f ! want ( its be+ made suffici5tly intelligible4 ,"u ! trial by jury1 ju/ice c nev] be done--t is1 by a judgm5t t %all take a p>ty's goods1 rights1 or p]son--until t ju/ice c be made intelligible or p]ceptible to ! m9ds ( all ! jurors2 or1 at lea/1 until x obta9 ! volunt>y ass5t ( all--an ass5t1 :i* ought n to be giv5 until ! ju/ice itself %all h become p]ceptible to all4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! trial by jury1 !n1 are ^!3 #a4 ,t1 9 crim9al cases1 ! accus$ is presum$ innoc5t4 #b4 ,t1 9 civil cases1 possession is presumptive pro( ( prop]ty2 or1 9 o!r words1 e man is presum$ to be ! rightful proprietor ( :atev] he has 9 8 possession4 #c4 ,t ^! presumptions %all be ov]come1 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 only by evid5ce1 ! suffici5cy ( :i*1 & by law1 ! ju/ice ( :i*1 are satisfactory to ! und]/&+ & consci5ces ( all ! jurors4 ,^! are ! bases on :i* ! trial by jury places ! prop]ty1 lib]ty1 & rights ( e individual4 ,b "s "o w say1 if ^! are ! pr9ciples ( ! trial by jury1 !n x is pla9 t ju/ice mu/ (t5 fail to be done4 ,admitt+1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t1 t ?is may be true1 ! comp5sation = x is1 t positive inju/ice w also (t5 fail to be done2 :]eas o!rwise x w\ld be done frequ5tly4 ,! v precautions us$ to prev5t inju/ice be+ done1 may (t5 h ! effect to prev5t ju/ice be+ done4 ,b are we1 !re=e1 to take no precautions aga9/ inju/ice8 ,by no means1 all w agree4 ,! "q !n arises--,does ! trial by jury1 z "h expla9$1 involve su* extreme & unnecess>y precautions aga9/ inju/ice1 z to int]pose unnecess>y ob/acles to ! do+ ( ju/ice8 ,m5 ( diff]5t m9ds may v likely answ] ?is "q diff]5tly1 accord+ z !y h m or less confid5ce 9 ! wisdom & ju/ice ( legislators1 ! integrity & indep5d5ce ( judges1 & ! intellig5ce ( jurors4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 may be said 9 favor ( ^! precautions1 viz41 t ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 z well z our con/ant pres5t exp]i5ce1 prove h[ mu* inju/ice may1 & c]ta9ly w1 be done1 sy/ematically & cont9ually1 = ! want ( ^! precautions--t is1 :ile ! law is au?oritatively made & exp\nd$ by legislators & judges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h no su* evid5ce ( h[ mu* ju/ice may fail to be done1 by reason ( ^! precautions--t is1 by reason ( ! law be+ left to ! judgm5ts & consci5ces ( jurors4 ,we c det]m9e ! =m] po9t--t is1 h[ mu* positive inju/ice is done "u ! fir/ ( ^! two sy/ems--because ! sy/em is 9 full op]ation2 b we _c det]m9e h[ mu* ju/ice w\ld fail to be done "u ! latt] sy/em1 because we h1 9 mod]n times1 _h no exp]i5ce ( ! use ( ! precautions !mselves4 ,9 anci5t times1 :5 ^! precautions 7 nom9ally 9 =ce1 su* 0 ! tyranny ( k+s1 & su* ! pov]ty1 ignorance1 & ! inability ( conc]t & resi/ance1 on ! "p ( ! p1 t ! sy/em _h no full or fair op]ation4 ,x1 nev]!less1 "u all ^! disadvantages1 impress$ itself ^u ! und]/&+s1 & imb$d$ itself 9 ! he>ts1 ( ! p1 s z no o!r sy/em ( civil lib]ty has ev] done4 ,b ?is view ( ! two sy/ems comp>es only ! inju/ice done1 & ! ju/ice omitt$ to be done1 9 ! individual cases adjudg$1 )\t look+ beyond !m4 ,& "s p]sons might1 on fir/ ?\ght1 argue t1 if ju/ice fail$ ( be+ done "u ! "o sy/em1 (t5] ?an positive inju/ice 7 done "u ! o!r1 ! balance 0 9 favor ( ! latt] sy/em4 ,b su* a weigh+ ( ! two sy/ems aga9/ ea* o!r gives no true idea ( _! comp>ative m]its or dem]its2 =1 possibly1 9 ?is view alone1 ! balance w\ld n be v great 9 favor ( ei!r4 ,to comp>e1 or r to contra/1 ! two1 we mu/ consid] t1 "u ! jury sy/em1 ! failures to d ju/ice w\ld be only r>e & exceptional cases2 & w\ld be ow+ ei!r to ! intr9sic difficulty ( ! que/ions1 or to ! fact t ! p>ties _h transact$ _! bus9ess 9 a mann] un9telligible to ! jury1 & ! effects w\ld be conf9$ to ! individual or individuals int]e/$ 9 ! p>ticul> suits4 ,no p]man5t law w\ld be e/abli%$ !reby de/ructive ( ! rights ( ! p 9 o!r l cases4 ,& ! p at l>ge w\ld cont9ue to enjoy all _! natural rights z be=e4 ,b "u ! o!r sy/em1 :5ev] an unju/ law is enact$ by ! legislature1 & ! judge imposes x ^u ! jury z au?oritative1 & !y give a judgm5t 9 accordance !re)1 ! au?ority ( ! law is !reby e/abli%$1 & ! :ole p are ?us br\ght "u ! yoke ( t law2 because !y !n und]/& t ! law w be en=c$ aga9/ !m 9 future1 if !y presume to ex]cise _! rights1 or refuse to comply ) ! exactions ( ! law4 ,9 ?is mann] all unju/ laws are e/abli%$1 & made op]ative aga9/ ! rights ( ! p4 ,! diff]5ce1 !n1 betwe5 ! two sy/ems is ?is3 ,"u ! "o sy/em1 a jury1 at di/ant int]vals1 w\ld 7n en=ce any positive inju/ice1 b only7 fail ( en=c+ ju/ice1 9 a d>k & difficult case1 or 9 consequ5ce ( ! p>ties n hav+ transact$ _! bus9ess 9 a mann] intelligible to a jury2 & ! pla9tiff w\ld ?us fail ( obta9+ :at 0 rightfully due him4 ,& !re ! matt] w\ld end1 = evil1 ?\gh n = good2 = !nce=? p>ties1 w>n$ ( ! dang] ( los+ _! rights1 w\ld be c>eful to transact _! bus9ess 9 a m cle> & intelligible mann]4 ,"u ! o!r sy/em--! sy/em ( legislative & judicial au?ority--positive inju/ice is n only done 9 e suit aris+ "u unju/ laws1--t is1 m5's prop]ty1 lib]ty1 or lives are n only unju/ly tak5 on ^? p>ticul> judgm5ts1--b ! rights ( ! :ole p are /ruck d[n by ! au?ority ( ! laws ?us en=c$1 & a wide-sweep+ tyranny at once put 9 op]ation4 ,b !re is ano!r ample & conclusive answ] to ! argum5t t ju/ice w\ld (t5 fail to be done1 if jurors 7 all[$ to be gov]n$ by _! own consci5ces1 in/ead ( ! direction ( ! ju/ices1 9 matt]s ( law4 ,t answ] is ?is3 ,legitimate gov]nm5t c be =m$ only by ! volunt>y association ( all :o contribute to its support4 ,z a volunt>y association1 x c h = its objects only ^? ?+s 9 :i* ! memb]s ( ! association are all agre$4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re be any ju/ice1 9 reg>d to :i* all ! p>ties to ! gov]nm5t are n agre$1 ! objects ( ! association d n ext5d to x4#ge ,if any ( ! memb]s wi% m ?an ?is1--if !y claim to h acquir$ a m ext5d$ k ( ju/ice ?an is common to all1 & wi% to h _! pret5d$ discov]ies c>ri$ into effect1 9 ref]5ce to !mselves1--!y mu/ ei!r =m a sep>ate association = t purpose1 or be cont5t to wait until !y c make _! views intelligible to ! p at l>ge4 ,!y _c claim or expect t ! :ole p %all practise ! folly ( tak+ on tru/ _! pret5d$ sup]ior k1 & ( committ+ bl9dly into _! h&s all _! own int]e/s1 lib]ties1 & rights1 to be dispos$ ( on pr9ciples1 ! ju/ness ( :i* ! p !mselves _c compreh5d4 ,a gov]nm5t ( ! :ole1 !re=e1 mu/ necess>ily conf9e itself to ! adm9i/ration ( su* pr9ciples ( law z all ! p1 :o contribute to ! support ( ! gov]nm5t1 c compreh5d & see ! ju/ice (4 ,& x c be conf9$ )9 ^? limits only by all[+ ! jurors1 :o repres5t all ! p>ties to ! compact1 to judge ( ! law1 & ! ju/ice ( ! law1 9 all cases :atsoev]4 ,& if any ju/ice be left undone1 "u ^! circum/ances1 x is a ju/ice = :i* ! nature ( ! association does n provide1 :i* ! association does n und]take to d1 & :i*1 z an association1 x is "u no obligation to d4 ,! p at l>ge1 ! unle>n$ & common p1 h c]ta9ly an indisputable "r to associate = ! e/abli%m5t & ma9t5ance ( su* a gov]nm5t z !y !mselves see ! ju/ice (1 & feel ! ne$ (1 = ! promotion ( _! own int]e/s1 & ! safety ( _! own rights1 )\t at ! same "t surr5d]+ all _! prop]ty1 lib]ty1 & rights into ! h&s ( m51 :o1 "u ! pret5ce ( a sup]ior & incompreh5sible k ( ju/ice1 may dispose ( su* prop]ty1 lib]ties1 & rights1 9 a mann] to suit _! own selfi% & di%one/ purposes4 ,if a gov]nm5t 7 to be e/abli%$ & support$ solely by t portion ( ! p :o lay claim to sup]ior k1 !re w\ld be "s consi/5cy 9 _! say+ t ! common p %\ld n be receiv$ z jurors1 ) p[] to judge ( ! ju/ice ( ! laws4 ,b s long z ! :ole p 7or all ! male adults7 are presum$ to be volunt>y p>ties to ! gov]nm5t1 & volunt>y contributors to its support1 !re is no consi/5cy 9 refus+ to any "o ( !m m ?an to ano!r ! "r to sit z juror1 ) full p[] to decide = himself :e!r any law t is propos$ to be en=c$ 9 any p>ticul> case1 be )9 ! objects ( ! association4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is1 t1 9 a gov]nm5t =m$ by volunt>y association1 or on ! !ory ( volunt>y association1 & volunt>y support1 7z all ! ,nor? ,am]ican gov]nm5ts are17 no law c rightfully be en=c$ by ! association 9 its corporate capacity1 aga9/ ! goods1 rights1 or p]son ( any individual1 except x be su* z all ! memb]s ( ! association agree t x may en=ce4 ,to en=ce any o!r law1 to ! ext5t ( tak+ a man's goods1 rights1 or p]son1 w\ld be mak+ "s ( ! p>ties to ! association accomplices 9 :at !y reg>d z acts ( inju/ice4 ,x w\ld also be mak+ !m cons5t to :at !y reg>d z ! de/ruction ( _! own rights4 ,^! are ?+s :i* no legitimate sy/em or !ory ( gov]nm5t c require ( any ( ! p>ties to x4 ,! mode adopt$1 by ! trial by jury1 = asc]ta9+ :e!r all ! p>ties to ! gov]nm5t d approve ( a p>ticul> law1 is to take twelve m5 at r&om f ! :ole p1 & accept _! unanim\s decision z repres5t+ ! op9ions ( ! :ole4 ,ev5 ?is mode is n !oretically accurate2 = !oretical accuracy w\ld require t e man1 :o 0 a p>ty to ! gov]nm5t1 %\ld individually give 8 cons5t to ! en=cem5t ( e law 9 e sep>ate case4 ,b su* a ?+ w\ld be impossible 9 practice4 ,! cons5t ( twelve m5 is !re=e tak5 in/ead2 ) ! privilege ( appeal1 & 79 case ( error f\nd by ! appeal c\rt7 a new trial1 to gu>d aga9/ possible mi/akes4 ,?is sy/em1 x is assum$1 w asc]ta9 ! s5se ( ! :ole p--! c\ntry--) suffici5t accuracy = all practical purposes1 & ) z mu* accuracy z is practicable )\t too great inconv5i5ce & exp5se4 #e4 ,ano!r objection t w p]haps be made to all[+ jurors to judge ( ! law1 & ! ju/ice ( ! law1 is1 t ! law w\ld be unc]ta94 ,if1 by ?is objection1 x be meant t ! law w\ld be unc]ta9 to ! m9ds ( ! p at l>ge1 s t !y w\ld n "k :at ! juries w\ld sanction & :at condemn1 & w\ld n !re=e "k practically :at _! own rights & lib]ties 7 "u ! law1 ! objection is ?or\ghly baseless & false4 ,no sy/em ( law t 0 ev] devis$ c\ld be s entirely intelligible & c]ta9 to ! m9ds ( ! p at l>ge z ?is4 ,comp>$ ) x1 ! complicat$ sy/ems ( law t are comp\nd$ ( ! law ( nature1 ( con/itutional grants1 ( innum]able & incessantly *ang+ legislative enactm5ts1 & ( c\ntless & contradictory judicial decisions1 ) no uni=m pr9ciple ( reason or ju/ice runn+ ?r\gh !m1 are among ! bl9de/ ( all ! mazes 9 :i* unsophi/icat$ m9ds 7 ev] bewild]$ & lo/4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( ! law "u ^! sy/ems has become a prov]b4 ,s great is ?is unc]ta9ty1 t ne>ly all m51 le>n$ z well z unle>n$1 %un ! law z _! enemy1 in/ead ( resort+ to x = protection4 ,!y usually g into c\rts ( ju/ice1 s call$1 only z m5 g into battle--:5 !re is no alt]native left = !m4 ,& ev5 !n !y g into !m z m5 g into d>k labyr9?s & cav]ns--) no k ( _! own1 b tru/+ :olly to _! guides4 ,yet1 less =tunate ?an o!r adv5tur]s1 !y c h little confid5ce ev5 9 _! guides1 = ! reason t ! guides !mselves "k little ( ! mazes !y are ?read+4 ,!y "k ! mode & place ( entrance2 b :at !y w meet ) on _! way1 & :at w be ! "t1 mode1 place1 or condition ( _! exit2 :e!r !y w em]ge into a prison1 or n2 :e!r :olly nak$ & de/itute1 or n2 :e!r ) _! reputations left to !m1 or n2 & :e!r 9 "t or et]nity2 exp]i5c$ & hone/ guides r>ely v5ture to pr$ict4 ,0 !re ev] su* fatuity z t ( a nation ( m5 madly b5t on build+ up su* labyr9?s z ^!1 = no o!r purpose ?an t ( expos+ all _! rights ( reputation1 prop]ty1 lib]ty1 & life1 to ! haz>ds ( be+ lo/ 9 !m1 in/ead ( be+ cont5t to live 9 ! light ( ! op5 day ( _! own und]/&+s8 ,:at hone/1 unsophi/icat$ man ev] f\nd himself involv$ 9 a lawsuit1 t he did n desire1 ( all ?+s1 t 8 cause might be judg$ ( on pr9ciples ( natural ju/ice1 z ^? pr9ciples 7 und]/ood by pla9 m5 l himself8 ,he w\ld !n feel t he c\ld =esee ! result4 ,^! pla9 m5 are ! m5 :o pay ! taxes1 & support ! gov]nm5t4 ,:y %\ld !y n h su* an adm9i/ration ( ju/ice z !y desire1 & c und]/&8 ,if ! jurors 7 to judge ( ! law1 & ! ju/ice ( ! law1 !re w\ld be some?+ l c]ta9ty 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & 9 ! popul> k ( ! law1 & m5 w\ld gov]n !mselves accord+ly4 ,!re w\ld be some?+ l c]ta9ty1 because e man has himself some?+ l def9ite & cle> op9ions1 & also kn[s some?+ ( ! op9ions ( 8 neighbors1 on matt]s ( ju/ice4 ,& he w\ld "k t no /atute1 unless x 7 s cle>ly j z to comm& ! unanim\s ass5t ( twelve m51 :o %\ld be tak5 at r&om f ! :ole community1 c\ld be en=c$ s z to take f him 8 reputation1 prop]ty1 lib]ty1 or life4 ,:at great] c]ta9ty c m5 require or ne$1 z to ! laws "u :i* !y are to live8 ,if a /atute 7 enact$ by a legislature1 a man1 9 ord] to "k :at 0 its true int]pretation1 :e!r x 7 con/itutional1 & :e!r x w\ld be en=c$1 w\ld n be "u ! necessity ( wait+ = ye>s until "s suit _h aris5 & be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh all ! /ages ( judicial proce$+1 to a f9al decision4 ,he w\ld ne$ only to use 8 own reason z to its mean+ & its ju/ice1 & !n talk ) 8 neighbors on ! same po9ts4 ,unless he f\nd !m ne>ly unanim\s 9 _! int]pretation & approbation ( x1 he w\ld conclude t juries w\ld n unite 9 en=c+ x1 & t x w\ld consequ5tly be a dead lett]4 ,& he w\ld be safe 9 com+ to ?is conclusion4 ,!re w\ld be some?+ l c]ta9ty 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & 9 ! popul> k ( ! law1 = ! fur!r reason t !re w\ld be little legislation1 & m5's rights w\ld be left to /& almo/ solely ^u ! law ( nature1 or :at 0 once call$ 9 ,engl& ! common law1 7be=e s mu* legislation & usurpation _h become incorporat$ into ! common law17--9 o!r words1 ^u ! pr9ciples ( natural ju/ice4 ,( ! c]ta9ty ( ?is law ( nature1 or ! anci5t ,engli% common law1 ,i may be excus$ = repeat+ "h :at ,i h said on ano!r occasion4 ,natural law1 s f> f be+ unc]ta91 :5 comp>$ ) /atutory & con/itutional law1 is ! only ?+ t gives any c]ta9ty at all to a v l>ge portion ( our /atutory & con/itutional law4 ,! reason is ?is4 ,! words 9 :i* /atutes & con/itutions are writt5 are susceptible ( s _m diff]5t mean+s1--mean+s widely diff]5t f1 (t5 directly opposite to1 ea* o!r1 9 _! be>+ ^u m5's rights1--t1 unless !re 7 "s rule ( int]pretation = det]m9+ :i* ( ^! v>i\s & opposite mean+s are ! true ones1 !re c\ld be no c]ta9ty at all z to ! mean+ ( ! /atutes & con/itutions !mselves4 ,judges c\ld make almo/ any?+ !y %\ld please out ( !m4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( a rule ( int]pretation4 ,& ?is rule is1 t ! language ( /atutes & con/itutions %all be con/ru$1 z ne>ly z possible1 consi/5tly ) natural law4 ,! rule assumes1 :at is true1 t natural law is a ?+ c]ta9 9 itself2 also t x is capable ( be+ le>n$4 ,x assumes1 fur!rmore1 t x actually is und]/ood by ! legislators & judges :o make & int]pret ! writt5 law4 ,( necessity1 !re=e1 x assumes fur!r1 t !y 7! legislators & judges7 are incompet5t to make & int]pret ! writt5 law1 unless !y previ\sly und]/& ! natural law applicable to ! same subject4 ,x also assumes t ! p mu/ und]/& ! natural law1 be=e !y c und]/& ! writt5 law4 ,x is a pr9ciple p]fectly famili> to lawy]s1 & "o t mu/ be p]fectly obvi\s to e o!r man t w reflect a mom5t1 t1 z a g5]al rule1 no "o c "k :at ! writt5 law is1 until he kn[s :at x ought to be2 t m5 are liable to be con/antly misl$ by ! v>i\s & conflict+ s5ses ( ! same words1 unless !y p]ceive ! true legal s5se 9 :i* ! words ought to be tak54 ,& ?is true legal s5se is ! s5se t is mo/ ne>ly consi/5t ) natural law ( any t ! words c be made to be>1 consi/5tly ) ! laws ( language1 & appropriately to ! subjects to :i* !y are appli$4 ,?\gh ! words conta9 ! law1 ! words !mselves are n ! law4 ,7 ! words !mselves ! law1 ea* s+le writt5 law w\ld be liable to embrace _m diff]5t laws1 to wit1 z _m diff]5t laws z !re 7 diff]5t s5ses1 & diff]5t comb9ations ( s5ses1 9 :i* ea* & all ! words 7 capable ( be+ tak54 ,take1 = example1 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by adopt+ "o or ano!r s5se ( ! s+le ^w free1 ! :ole in/rum5t is *ang$4 ,yet ! ^w free is capable ( "s t5 or tw5ty diff]5t s5ses4 ,s t1 by *ang+ ! s5se ( t s+le ^w1 "s t5 or tw5ty diff]5t con/itutions c\ld be made out ( ! same writt5 in/rum5t4 ,b !re are1 we w suppose1 a ?\s& o!r words 9 ! con/itution1 ea* ( :i* is capable ( f two to t5 diff]5t s5ses4 ,s t1 by *ang+ ! s5se ( only a s+le ^w at a "t1 sev]al ?\s&s ( diff]5t con/itutions w\ld be made4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,v>iations c\ld also be made by *ang+ ! s5ses ( two or m words at a "t1 & ^! v>iations c\ld be run ?r\gh all ! *anges & comb9ations ( s5ses t ^! ?\s& words are capable (4 ,we see1 !n1 t x is no m ?an a lit]al tru?1 t out ( t s+le in/rum5t1 z x n[ /&s1 )\t alt]+ ! location ( a s+le ^w1 might be =m$1 by con/ruction & int]pretation1 m diff]5t con/itutions ?an figures c well e/imate4 ,b ea* writt5 law1 9 ord] to be a law1 mu/ be tak5 only 9 "s "o def9ite & di/9ct s5se2 & t def9ite & di/9ct s5se mu/ be select$ f ! almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( s5ses :i* its words are capable (4 ,h[ is ?is selection to be made8 ,x c be only by ! aid ( t p]ception ( natural law1 or natural ju/ice1 :i* m5 naturally possess4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! comp>ative c]ta9ty ( ! natural & ! writt5 law4 ,ne>ly all ! c]ta9ty !re is 9 ! latt]1 s f> z x relates to pr9ciples1 is bas$ ^u1 & d]iv$ f1 ! /ill great] c]ta9ty ( ! =m]4 ,9 fact1 ne>ly all ! unc]ta9ty ( ! laws "u :i* we live1--:i* are a mixture ( natural & writt5 laws1--arises f ! difficulty ( con/ru+1 or1 r1 f ! facility ( miscon/ru+1 ! writt5 law2 :ile natural law has ne>ly or q ! same c]ta9ty z ma!matics4 ,on ?is po9t1 ,sir ,william ,jones1 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ judges t h ev] liv$1 le>n$ 9 ,asiatic z well z ,european law1 says1--& ! fact %\ld be kept =ev] 9 m9d1 z "o ( ! mo/ important ( all tru?s3--,x is pleas+ to rem>k ! simil>ity1 or1 r1 ! id5tity ( ^? conclusions :i* pure1 unbiass$ reason1 9 all ages & nations1 seldom fails to draw1 9 su* juridical inquiries z are n fett]$ & manacl$ by positive in/itutions4#gf ,9 %ort1 ! simple fact t ! writt5 law mu/ be int]pret$ by ! natural1 is1 ( itself1 a suffici5t confession ( ! sup]ior c]ta9ty ( ! latt]4 ,! writt5 law1 !n1 ev5 :]e x c be con/ru$ consi/5tly ) ! natural1 introduces labor & obscurity1 in/ead ( %utt+ !m out4 ,& ?is mu/ always be ! case1 because words d n create ideas1 b only recall !m2 & ! same ^w may recall _m diff]5t ideas4 ,= ?is reason1 ne>ly all ab/ract pr9ciples c be se5 by ! s+le m9d m cle>ly ?an !y c be express$ by words to ano!r4 ,?is is ow+ to ! imp]fection ( language1 & ! diff]5t s5ses1 mean+s1 & %ades ( mean+1 :i* diff]5t individuals atta* to ! same words1 9 ! same circum/ances4#gg ,:]e ! writt5 law _c be con/ru$ consi/5tly ) ! natural1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld ev] be enact$ at all4 ,x may1 inde$1 be suffici5tly pla9 & c]ta9 to be easily und]/ood2 b its c]ta9ty & pla9ness are b a poor comp5sation = its inju/ice4 ,d\btless a law =bidd+ m5 to dr9k wat]1 on pa9 ( dea?1 might be made s intelligible z to cut (f all discussion z to its mean+2 b w\ld ! intelligibl5ess ( su* a law be any equival5t = ! "r to dr9k wat]8 ,! pr9ciple is ! same 9 reg>d to all unju/ laws4 ,few p]sons c\ld reasonably feel comp5sat$ = ! arbitr>y de/ruction ( _! rights1 by hav+ ! ord] = _! de/ruction made kn[n be=eh&1 9 t]ms s di/9ct & unequivocal z to admit ( nei!r mi/ake nor evasion4 ,yet ?is is all ! comp5sation t su* laws (f]4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 writt5 laws correspond )1 or diff] f1 ! natural1 !y are to be condemn$4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !y are useless repetitions1 introduc+ labor & obscurity4 ,9 ! latt] case1 !y are positive violations ( m5's rights4 ,!re w\ld be sub/antially ! same reason 9 enact+ ma!matics by /atute1 t !re is 9 enact+ natural law4 ,:5ev] ! natural law is suffici5tly c]ta9 to all m5's m9ds to ju/ify its be+ enact$1 x is suffici5tly c]ta9 to ne$ no enactm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 until x be ?us c]ta91 !re is dang] ( do+ inju/ice by enact+ x2 x %\ld1 !re=e1 be left op5 to be discuss$ by anybody :o may be dispos$ to "q x1 & to be judg$ ( by ! prop] tribunal1 ! judici>y4#gh ,x is n necess>y t legislators %\ld enact natural law 9 ord] t x may be kn[n to ! p1 because t w\ld be presum+ t ! legislators already und]/& x bett] ?an ! p1--a fact ( :i* ,i am n aw>e t !y h ev] h]et(ore giv5 any v satisfactory evid5ce4 ,! same s\rces ( k on ! subject are op5 to ! p t are op5 to ! legislators1 & ! p mu/ be presum$ to "k x z well z !y4 ,! objections made to natural law1 on ! gr\nd ( obscurity1 are :olly unf\nd$4 ,x is true1 x mu/ be le>n$1 l any o!r sci5ce2 b x is equally true t x is v easily le>n$4 ,al?\gh z illimitable 9 its applications z ! inf9ite relations ( m5 to ea* o!r1 x is1 nev]!less1 made up ( simple elem5t>y pr9ciples1 ( ! tru? & ju/ice ( :i* e ord9>y m9d has an almo/ intuitive p]ception4 ,x is ! sci5ce ( ju/ice1--& almo/ all m5 h ! same p]ceptions ( :at con/itutes ju/ice1 or ( :at ju/ice requires1 :5 !y und]/& alike ! facts f :i* _! inf]5ces are to be drawn4 ,m5 liv+ 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 & hav+ int]c\rse toge!r1 _c avoid le>n+ natural law1 to a v great ext5t1 ev5 if !y w\ld4 ,! deal+s ( m5 ) m51 _! sep>ate possessions1 & _! individual wants1 are cont9ually =c+ ^u _! m9ds ! que/ions1--,is ?is act j8 or is x unju/8 ,is ?is ?+ m9e8 or is x 88 ,& ^! are que/ions ( natural law2 que/ions1 :i*1 9 reg>d to ! great mass ( cases1 are answ]$ alike by ! human m9d ev]y:]e4 ,*ildr5 le>n _m pr9ciples ( natural law at a v e>ly age4 ,= example3 !y le>n t :5 "o *ild has pick$ up an apple or a fl[]1 x is 81 & t 8 associates mu/ n take x f him aga9/ 8 w4 ,!y also le>n t if he volunt>ily ex*ange 8 apple or fl[] ) a playmate1 = "s o!r article ( desire1 he has !reby surr5d]$ 8 "r to x1 & mu/ n reclaim x4 ,^! are fundam5tal pr9ciples ( natural law1 :i* gov]n mo/ ( ! greate/ int]e/s ( individuals & society2 yet *ildr5 le>n !m e>li] ?an !y le>n t ?ree & ?ree are six1 or five & five1 t54 ,talk ( enact+ natural law by /atute1 t x may be kn[n6 ,x w\ld h>dly be extravagant to say1 t1 9 n9e cases 9 t51 m5 le>n x be=e !y h le>n$ ! language by :i* we describe x4 ,nev]!less1 num]\s treatises are writt5 on x1 z on o!r sci5ces4 ,! decisions ( c\rts1 conta9+ _! op9ions ^u ! almo/ endless v>iety ( cases t h come be=e !m1 are report$2 & ^! reports are cond5s$1 codifi$1 & dige/$1 s z to give1 9 a small compass1 ! facts1 & ! op9ions ( ! c\rts z to ! law result+ f !m4 ,& ^! treatises1 codes1 & dige/s are op5 to be read ( all m54 ,& a man has ! same excuse = be+ ignorant ( ari?metic1 or any o!r sci5ce1 t he has = be+ ignorant ( natural law4 ,he c le>n x z well1 if he w1 )\t its be+ enact$1 z he c\ld if x 74 ,if our gov]nm5ts w\ld b !mselves adh]e to natural law1 !re w\ld be little occasion to compla9 ( ! ignorance ( ! p 9 reg>d to x4 ,! popul> ignorance ( law is attributable ma9ly to ! innovations t h be5 made ^u natural law by legislation2 :]eby our sy/em has become an incongru\s mixture ( natural & /atute law1 ) no uni=m pr9ciple p]vad+ x4 ,to le>n su* a sy/em1--if sy/em x c be call$1 & if le>n$ x c be1--is a matt] ( v simil> difficulty to :at x w\ld be to le>n a sy/em ( ma!matics1 :i* %\ld consi/ ( ! ma!matics ( nature1 int]sp]s$ ) su* o!r ma!matics z might be creat$ by legislation1 9 violation ( all ! natural pr9ciples ( numb]s & quantities4 ,b :e!r ! difficulties ( le>n+ natural law be great] or less ?an "h repres5t$1 !y exi/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & _c be remov$4 ,legislation1 in/ead ( remov+1 only increases !m4 ,?is x does by innovat+ ^u natural tru?s & pr9ciples1 & introduc+ j>gon & contradiction1 9 ! place ( ord]1 analogy1 consi/5cy1 & uni=mity4 ,fur!r ?an ?is2 legislation does n ev5 pr(ess to remove ! obscurity ( natural law4 ,t is no "p ( its object4 ,x only pr(esses to sub/itute some?+ arbitr>y 9 ! place ( natural law4 ,legislators g5]ally h ! s5se to see t legislation w n make natural law any cle>] ?an x is4 ,nei!r is x ! object ( legislation to e/abli% ! au?ority ( natural law4 ,legislators h ! s5se to see t !y c add no?+ to ! au?ority ( natural law1 & t x w /& on its own au?ority1 unless !y ov]turn x4 ,! :ole object ( legislation1 except+ t legislation :i* m]ely makes regulations1 & provides in/rum5talities = c>ry+ o!r laws into effect1 is to ov]turn natural law1 & sub/itute = x ! arbitr>y w ( p[]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! :ole object ( x is to de/roy m5's rights4 ,at lea/1 su* is its only effect2 & its designs mu/ be inf]r$ f its effect4 ,tak+ all ! /atutes 9 ! c\ntry1 !re probably is n "o 9 a hundr$1--except ! auxili>y ones j m5tion$1--t does n violate natural law2 t does n invade "s "r or o!r4 ,yet ! advocates ( arbitr>y legislation are cont9ually practis+ ! fraud ( pret5d+ t unless ! legislature make ! laws1 ! laws w n be kn[n4 ,! :ole object ( ! fraud is to secure to ! gov]nm5t ! au?ority ( mak+ laws t nev] ought to be kn[n4 ,9 addition to ! au?ority already cit$1 ( ,sir ,william ,jones1 z to ! c]ta9ty ( natural law1 & ! uni=mity ( m5's op9ions 9 reg>d to x1 ,i may add ! foll[+3 ,!re is t great simplicity & pla9ness 9 ! ,common ,law1 t ,"l ,coke has gone s f> z to ass]t1 7& ,"l ,bacon ne>ly seconds him 9 obs]v+17 t 'he nev] knew two que/ions arise m]ely ^u common law2 b t !y 7 mo/ly ow+ to /atutes ill-p5n$ & ov]lad5 ) provisos4'--#c ,eunomus1 #aeg-h4 ,if x /ill be said t juries w\ld disagree1 z to :at 0 natural ju/ice1 & t "o jury w\ld decide "o way1 & ano!r jury ano!r2 ! answ] is1 t su* a ?+ is h>dly cr$ible1 z t twelve m51 tak5 at r&om f ! p at l>ge1 %\ld unanim\sly decide a "q ( natural ju/ice "o way1 & t twelve o!r m51 select$ 9 ! same mann]1 %\ld unanim\sly decide ! same "q ! o!r way1 unless !y 7 misl$ by ! ju/ices4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* ?+s %\ld sometimes happ51 f any cause :atev]1 ! rem$y is by appeal1 & new trial4 ,footnote #gc3 ,judges d n ev5 live up to t "p ( _! own maxim1 :i* requires jurors to try ! matt] ( fact4 ,by dictat+ to !m ! laws ( evid5ce1--t is1 by dictat+ :at evid5ce !y may he>1 & :at !y may n he>1 & also by dictat+ to !m rules = weigh+ su* evid5ce z !y p]mit !m to he>1--!y ( necessity dictate ! conclusion to :i* !y %all arrive4 ,& ?us ! c\rt really tries ! "q ( fact1 z well z ! "q ( law1 9 e cause4 ,x is cle>ly impossible1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 = a jury to try a "q ( fact1 )\t try+ e "q ( law on :i* ! fact dep5ds4 ,footnote #gd3 ,mo/ disagreem5ts ( juries are on matt]s ( fact1 :i* are admitt$ to be )9 _! prov9ce4 ,we h little or no evid5ce ( _! disagreem5ts on matt]s ( natural ju/ice4 ,! disagreem5ts ( c\rts on matt]s ( law1 af=d little or no evid5ce t juries w\ld also disagree on matt]s ( law--t is1 ( ju/ice2 because ! disagreem5ts ( c\rts are g5]ally on matt]s ( legislation1 & n on ^? pr9ciples ( ab/ract ju/ice1 by :i* juries w\ld be gov]n$1 & 9 reg>d to :i* ! m9ds ( m5 are ne>ly unanim\s4 ,footnote #ge3 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( all volunt>y associations :atsoev]4 ,no volunt>y association 0 ev] =m$1 & 9 ! nature ( ?+s !re nev] c be "o =m$1 = ! accompli%m5t ( any objects except ^? 9 :i* all ! p>ties to ! association are agre$4 ,gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 mu/ be kept )9 ^! limits1 or x is no long] a volunt>y association ( all :o contribute to its support1 b a m]e tyranny e/abli%$ by a "p ov] ! re/4 ,all1 or ne>ly all1 volunt>y associations give to a majority1 or to "s o!r portion ( ! memb]s less ?an ! :ole1 ! "r to use "s limit$ discretion z to ! means to be us$ to accompli% ! ends 9 view2 b ! ends !mselves to be accompli%$ are always precisely def9$1 & are su* z e memb] necess>ily agrees to1 else he w\ld n volunt>ily jo9 ! association4 ,ju/ice is ! object ( gov]nm5t1 & ^? :o support ! gov]nm5t1 mu/ be agre$ z to ! ju/ice to be execut$ by x1 or !y _c rightfully unite 9 ma9ta9+ ! gov]nm5t itself4 ,footnote #gf3 ,jones on ,bailm5ts1 #acc4 ,footnote #gg3 ,k5t1 describ+ ! difficulty ( con/ru+ ! writt5 law1 says3 ,su* is ! imp]fection ( language1 & ! want ( te*nical skill 9 ! mak]s ( ! law1 t /atutes (t5 give occasion to ! mo/ p]plex+ & di/ress+ d\bts & discussions1 aris+ f ! ambiguity t att5ds !m4 ,x requires great exp]i5ce1 z well z ! comm& ( a p]spicu\s diction1 to frame a law 9 su* cle> & precise t]ms1 z to secure x f ambigu\s expressions1 & f all d\bts & criticisms ^u its mean+4--,k5t1 #dfj4 ,! foll[+ extract f a spee* ( ,"l ,br\gham1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 confesses ! same difficulty3 ,!re 0 ano!r subject1 well wor?y ( ! consid]ation ( gov]nm5t dur+ ! recess1--! exp$i5cy1 or r ! absolute necessity1 ( "s arrangem5t = ! prep>ation ( bills1 n m]ely private1 b public bills1 9 ord] t legislation might be consi/5t & sy/ematic1 & t ! c\rts might n h s l>ge a portion ( _! "t occupi$ 9 endeavor+ to con/rue acts ( ,p>liam5t1 9 _m cases uncon/ruable1 & 9 mo/ cases difficult to be con/ru$4--,law ,report]1 #ahdh1 p4 #ebe4 ,footnote #gh3 ,?is condemnation ( writt5 laws mu/1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood z apply+ only to cases :]e pr9ciples & rights are involv$1 & n z condemn+ any gov]nm5tal arrangem5ts1 or in/rum5talities1 t are consi/5t ) natural "r1 & :i* mu/ be agre$ ^u = ! purpose ( c>ry+ natural law into effect4 ,^! ?+s may be v>i$1 z exp$i5cy may dictate1 s only t !y be all[$ to infr+e no pr9ciple ( ju/ice4 ,& !y mu/1 ( c\rse1 be writt51 because !y d n exi/ z fix$ pr9ciples1 or laws 9 nature4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,juries ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,day ,,illegal4 ,x may probably be safely ass]t$ t !re are1 at ?is day1 no legal juries1 ei!r 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica4 ,& if !re are no legal juries1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no legal trial1 nor judgm5t1 by jury4 ,9 say+ t !re are probably no legal juries1 ,i mean t !re are probably no juries appo9t$ 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples ( ! common law4 ,! t]m jury is a te*nical "o1 d]iv$ f ! common law2 & :5 ! ,am]ican con/itutions provide = ! trial by jury1 !y provide = ! common law trial by jury2 & n m]ely = any trial by jury t ! gov]nm5t itself may *ance to inv5t1 & call by t "n4 ,x is ! ?+1 & n m]ely ! "n1 t is gu>anti$4 ,any legislation1 !re=e1 t infr+es any ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! common law1 9 ! selection ( jurors1 is uncon/itutional2 & ! juries select$ 9 accordance ) su* legislation are1 ( c\rse1 illegal1 & _! judgm5ts void4 ,x w also be %[n1 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1#gi t s9ce ,magna ,c>ta1 ! legislative p[] 9 ,engl& 7:e!r k+ or p>liam5t7 has nev] _h any con/itutional au?ority to infr+e1 by legislation1 any ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! common law 9 ! selection ( jurors4 ,all su* legislation is z mu* uncon/itutional & void1 z ?\gh x aboli%$ ! trial by jury altoge!r4 ,9 reality x does aboli% x4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! common law1 controll+ ! selection ( jurors8 ,!y are two4 #a4 ,t all ! freem51 or adult male memb]s ( ! /ate1 %all be eligible z jurors4#hj ,any legislation :i* requires ! selection ( jurors to be made f a less numb] ( freem5 ?an ! :ole1 makes ! jury select$ an illegal "o4 ,if a "p only ( ! freem51 or memb]s ( ! /ate1 are eligible z jurors1 ! jury no long] repres5t ! c\ntry1 b only a "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,if ! selection ( jurors c be re/rict$ to any less numb] ( freem5 ?an ! :ole1 x c be re/rict$ to a v small proportion ( ! :ole2 & ?us ! gov]nm5t be tak5 out ( ! h&s ( ! c\ntry1 or ! :ole p1 & be ?r[n into ! h&s ( a few4 ,t1 at common law1 ! :ole body ( freem5 7 eligible z jurors is suffici5tly prov$1 n only by ! reason ( ! ?+1 b by ! foll[+ evid5ce3 #a4 ,ev]ybody mu/ be presum$ eligible1 until ! contr>y be %[n4 ,we h no evid5ce1 t ,i am aw>e (1 ( a prior date to ,magna ,c>ta1 to disprove t all freem5 7 eligible z jurors1 unless x be ! law ( ,e!lr$1 :i* requires t !y be eld]ly#ha m54 ,s9ce no specific age is giv51 x is probable1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is /atute meant no?+ m ?an t !y be m ?an tw5ty-"o ye>s old4 ,if x meant any?+ m1 x 0 probably contr>y to ! common law1 & !re=e void4 #b4 ,s9ce ,magna ,c>ta1 we h evid5ce %[+ q conclusively t all freem51 above ! age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1 7 eligible z jurors4 ,! ,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 7writt5 )9 a c5tury aft] ,magna ,c>ta17 9 ! section ,( ,judges--t is1 jurors--says3 ,all ^? :o are n =bidd5 by law may be judges 7jurors74 ,to wom5 x is =bidd5 by law t !y be judges2 & !nce x is1 t feme cov]ts are exempt$ to d suit 9 inf]ior c\rts4 ,on ! o!r "p1 a ville9 _c be a judge1 by reason ( ! two e/ates1 :i* are repugnants2 p]sons atta9t$ ( false judgm5ts _c be judges1 nor infants1 nor any "u ! age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1 nor infect$ p]sons1 nor idiots1 nor madm51 nor deaf1 nor dumb1 nor p>ties 9 ! pleas1 nor m5 excommunicat$ by ! bi%op1 nor crim9al p]sons4 99 99 ,& ^? :o are n ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? _c be judges1 nor ^? :o are out ( ! k+'s allegiance4--,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 #ei-fj4 ,9 ! section ,( ,inf]ior ,c\rts1 x is said3 ,f ! fir/ assemblies came consi/ories1 :i* we n[ call c\rts1 & t 9 div]s places1 & 9 div]s mann]s2 :]e( ! %]iffs held "o mon?ly1 or e five weeks1 accord+ to ! greatness or l>g5ess ( ! %ires4 ,& ^! c\rts are call$ c\nty c\rts1 :]e ! judgm5t is by ! suitors1 if !re be no writ1 & is by w>rant ( jurisdiction ord9>y4 ,! o!r inf]ior c\rts are ! c\rts ( e "l ( ! fee1 to ! lik5ess ( ! hundr$ c\rts4 99 99 ,!re are o!r inf]ior c\rts :i* ! bailiffs hold 9 e hundr$1 f ?ree weeks to ?ree weeks1 by ! suitors ( ! freehold]s ( ! hundr$4 ,all ! t5ants )9 ! fees are b\nd5 to d _! suit !re1 & t n = ! s]vice ( _! p]sons1 b = ! s]vice ( _! fees4 ,b wom51 infants )9 ! age ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1 deaf1 dumb1 idiots1 ^? :o are indict$ or appeal$ ( mortal felony1 be=e !y be acquitt$1 diseas$ p]sons1 & excommunicat$ p]sons are exempt$ f do+ suit4--,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 #ej-ea4 ,9 ! section ,( ! ,%]iff's ,turns1 x is said3 ,! %]iffs by anci5t ord9ances hold sev]al meet+s twice 9 ! ye> 9 e hundr$2 :]e all ! freehold]s )9 ! hundr$ are b\nd to appe> = ! s]vice ( _! fees4--,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 #ej4 ,! foll[+ /atute 0 pass$ by ,edw>d ,i41 sev5ty ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta3 ,=asmu* also z %]iffs1 hundr$]s1 & bailiffs ( lib]ties1 h us$ to grieve ^? :i* be plac$ "u !m1 putt+ 9 assizes & juries m5 diseas$ & decrepit1 & hav+ cont9ual or sudd5 disease2 & m5 also t dwell$ n 9 ! c\ntry at ! "t ( ! summons2 & summon also an unreasonable numb] ( jurors1 = to extort money f "s ( !m1 = lett+ !m g 9 peace1 & s ! assizes & juries pass _m times by poor m51 & ! ri* abide at home by reason ( _! bribes2 x is orda9$ t f h5ce=? 9 "o assize no m %all be summon$ ?an f\r & tw5ty2 & old m5 above ?ree score & t5 ye>s1 be+ cont9ually sick1 or be+ diseas$ at ! "t ( ! summons1 or n dwell+ 9 t c\ntry1 %all n be put 9 juries ( petit assizes4--,/4 #ac ,edw>d ,i41 *4 #ch4 7#abhe47 ,al?\gh ?is comm& to ! %]iffs & o!r (fic]s1 n to summon1 z jurors1 ^? :o1 f age & disease1 7 physically incapable ( p]=m+ ! duties1 may n1 ( itself1 af=d any absolute or legal implication1 by :i* we c det]m9e precisely :o 71 & :o 7 n1 eligible z jurors at common law1 yet ! exceptions "h made nev]!less c>ry a seem+ confession ) !m t1 at common law1 all male adults 7 eligible z jurors4 ,b ! ma9 pr9ciple ( ! feudal sy/em itself %[s t all ! full & free adult male memb]s ( ! /ate--t is1 all :o 7 free born1 & _h n lo/ _! civil rights by crime1 or o!rwise--mu/1 at common law1 h be5 eligible z jurors4 ,:at 0 t pr9ciple8 ,x 01 t ! /ate re/$ = support ^u ! l&1 & n ^u taxation levi$ ^u ! p p]sonally4 ,! l&s ( ! c\ntry 7 consid]$ ! prop]ty ( ! /ate1 & 7 made to support ! /ate 9 ?is way4 ,a portion ( !m 0 set ap>t to ! k+1 ! r5ts ( :i* w5t to pay 8 p]sonal & (ficial exp5ditures1 n includ+ ! ma9t5ance ( armies1 or ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,w> & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 7 provid$ = 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! freem51 or ! freeborn adult male memb]s ( ! /ate--:o _h n =feit$ _! political rights--7 entitl$ to l& ( "r1 7until all ! l& 0 tak5 up17 on condition ( _! r5d]+ c]ta9 milit>y & civil s]vices to ! /ate4 ,! milit>y s]vices consi/$ 9 s]v+ p]sonally z soldi]s1 or contribut+ an equival5t 9 horses1 provisions1 or o!r milit>y supplies4 ,! civil s]vices consi/$1 among o!r ?+s1 9 s]v+ z jurors 7&1 x w\ld appe>1 z witnesses7 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,= ^! s]vices !y receiv$ no comp5sation o!r ?an ! use ( _! l&s4 ,9 ?is way ! /ate 0 su/a9$2 & ! k+ _h no p[] to levy additional burd5s or taxes ^u ! p4 ,! p]sons hold+ l&s on ^! t]ms 7 call$ freehold]s--9 lat] times freem5--mean+ free & full memb]s ( ! /ate4 ,n[1 z ! pr9ciple ( ! sy/em 0 t ! freehold]s held _! l&s ( ! /ate1 on ! condition ( r5d]+ ^! milit>y & civil s]vices z r5ts = _! l&s1 ! pr9ciple implies t all ! freehold]s 7 liable to ^! r5ts1 & 7 !re=e eligible z jurors4 ,inde$1 ,i d n "k t x has ev] be5 d\bt$ t1 at common law1 all ! freehold]s 7 eligible z jurors4 ,if all _h n be5 eligible1 we unque/ionably %\ld h _h abundant evid5ce ( ! exceptions4 ,& if anybody1 at ?is day1 allege any exceptions1 ! burd5 w be on him to prove !m4 ,! presumption cle>ly is t all 7 eligible4 ,! fir/ invasion1 :i* ,i f9d made1 by ! ,engli% /atutes1 ^u ?is common law pr9ciple1 0 made 9 #abhe1 sev5ty ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta4 ,x 0 !n enact$ z foll[s3 ,nor %all any be put 9 assizes or juries1 ?\gh !y ought to be tak5 9 _! own %ire1 t hold a t5em5t ( less ?an ! value ( tw5ty %ill+s ye>ly4 ,& if su* assizes & juries be tak5 out ( ! %ire1 no "o %all be plac$ 9 !m :o holds a t5em5t ( less value ?an =ty %ill+s ye>ly at ! lea/1 except su* z be witnesses 9 de$s or o!r writ+s1 ^: pres5ce is necess>y1 s t !y be able to travel4--,/4 #ac ,edw>d ,i41 *4 #ch4 7#abhe47 ,! next invasion ( ! common law1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 0 made 9 #adad1 ab\t two hundr$ ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 :5 x 0 enact$3 ,t no p]son %all be admitt$ to pass 9 any inque/ ^u trial ( ! dea? ( a man1 nor 9 any inque/ betwixt p>ty & p>ty 9 plea real1 nor 9 plea p]sonal1 :]e( ! debt or ! damage decl>$ am\nt to =ty m>ks1 if ! same p]son h n l&s or t5em5ts ( ! ye>ly value ( =ty %ill+s above all *>ges ( ! same4--#b ,h5ry ,v41 /4 #b1 *4 #c4 7#adad47 ,o!r /atutes on ?is subject ( ! prop]ty qualifications ( jurors1 are giv5 9 ! note4#hb ,f ^! /atutes x w be se5 t1 s9ce #abhe1 sev5ty ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 ! common law "r ( all free ,briti% subjects to eligibility z jurors has be5 aboli%$1 & ! qualifications ( jurors h be5 made a subject ( arbitr>y legislation4 ,9 o!r words1 ! gov]nm5t has usurp$ ! au?ority ( select+ ! jurors t 7 to sit 9 judgm5t ^u its own acts4 ,?is is de/roy+ ! vital pr9ciple ( ! trial by jury itself1 :i* is t ! legislation ( ! gov]nm5t %all be subject$ to ! judgm5t ( a tribunal1 tak5 indiscrim9ately f ! :ole p1 )\t any *oice by ! gov]nm5t1 & ov] :i* ! gov]nm5t c ex]cise no control4 ,if ! gov]nm5t c select ! jurors1 x w1 ( c\rse1 select ^? :om x supposes w be favorable to its enactm5ts4 ,& an exclusion ( any ( ! freem5 f eligibility is a selection ( ^? n exclud$4 ,x w be se51 f ! /atutes cit$1 t ! mo/ absolute au?ority ov] ! jury box--t is1 ov] ! "r ( ! p to sit 9 juries--has be5 usurp$ by ! gov]nm5t2 t ! qualifications ( jurors h be5 repeat$ly *ang$1 & made to v>y f a freehold ( t5 %ill+s ye>ly1 to "o ( tw5ty p\nds by ! ye> at lea/ above reprises4 ,!y h also be5 made diff]5t1 9 ! c\nties ( ,s\?ampton1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex1 f :at !y 7 9 ! o!r c\nties2 diff]5t 9 ,wales f :at !y 7 9 ,engl&2 & diff]5t 9 ! city ( ,london1 & 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 f :at !y 7 9 any o!r "p ( ! k+dom4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! gov]nm5t has n only assum$ arbitr>ily to classify ! p1 on ! basis ( prop]ty1 b x has ev5 assum$ to give to "s ( its judges entire & absolute p]sonal discretion 9 ! selection ( ! jurors to be impanell$ 9 crim9al cases1 z ! foll[+ /atutes %[4 ,be x also orda9$ & enact$ by ! same au?ority1 t all panels h]eaft] to be return$1 :i* be n at ! suit ( any p>ty1 t %all be made & put 9 a=e any ju/ice ( gaol deliv]y or ju/ices ( peace 9 _! op5 sessions to inquire = ! k+1 %all h]eaft] be re=m$ by additions & tak+ out ( names ( p]sons by discretion ( ! same ju/ices be=e :om su* panel %all be return$2 & ! same ju/ices %all h]eaft] comm& ! %]iff1 or 8 m9i/]s 9 8 abs5ce1 to put o!r p]sons 9 ! same panel by _! discretions2 & t panel s h]eaft] to be made1 to be good & lawful4 ,?is act to endure only to ! next ,p>liam5t4--#aa ,h5ry ,,vii41 *4 #bd1 sec4 #f4 7#adie47 ,?is act 0 cont9u$ 9 =ce by #a ,h5ry ,,viii41 *4 #aa1 7#aeji17 to ! end ( ! !n next ,p>liam5t4 ,x 0 renact$1 & made p]petual1 by #c ,h5ry ,,viii41 *4 #ab4 7#aeaa47 ,^! acts gave unlimit$ au?ority to ! k+'s ju/ices to pack juries at _! discretion2 & aboli%$ ! la/ ve/ige ( ! common law "r ( ! p to sit z jurors1 & judge ( _! own lib]ties1 9 ! c\rts to :i* ! acts appli$4 ,yet1 z matt]s ( law1 ^! /atutes 7 no m cle> violations ( ! common law1 ! fundam5tal & p>am\nt law ( ! l&1 ?an 7 ^? /atutes :i* affix$ ! prop]ty qualifications be=e nam$2 because1 if ! k+1 or ! gov]nm5t1 c select ! jurors on ! gr\nd ( prop]ty1 x c select !m on any o!r gr\nd :atev]4 ,any infr+em5t or re/riction ( ! common law "r ( ! :ole body ( ! freem5 ( ! k+dom to eligibility z jurors1 0 legally an abolition ( ! trial by jury itself4 ,! juries no long] repres5t$ ! c\ntry1 b only a "p ( ! c\ntry2 t "p1 too1 on ^: favor ! gov]nm5t *ose to rely = ! ma9t5ance ( its p[]1 & :i* x !re=e saw fit to select z be+ ! mo/ reliable in/rum5ts = its purposes ( oppression t[>ds ! re/4 ,& ! selection 0 made on ! same pr9ciple1 on :i* tyrannical gov]nm5ts g5]ally select _! support]s1 viz41 t ( conciliat+ ^? :o w\ld be mo/ dang]\s z enemies1 & mo/ p[]ful z fri5ds--t is1 ! weal?y4#hc ,^! re/rictions1 or inde$ any "o ( !m1 ( ! "r ( eligibility z jurors1 01 9 pr9ciple1 a complete abolition ( ! ,engli% con/itution2 or1 at lea/1 ( its mo/ vital & valuable "p4 ,x 01 9 pr9ciple1 an ass]tion ( a "r1 on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 to select ! individuals :o 7 to det]m9e ! au?ority ( its own laws1 & ! ext5t ( its own p[]s4 ,x 01 !re=e1 9 effect1 ! ass]tion ( a "r1 on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t itself1 to det]m9e its own p[]s1 & ! au?ority ( its own legislation1 ov] ! p2 & a d5ial ( all "r1 on ! "p ( ! p1 to judge ( or det]m9e _! own lib]ties aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,x 01 !re=e1 9 reality1 a decl>ation ( entire absolutism on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 an act z purely despotic1 9 pr9ciple1 z w\ld h be5 ! express abolition ( all juries :atsoev]4 ,by ! law ( ! l&1 :i* ! k+s 7 sworn to ma9ta91 e free adult male ,briti% subject 0 eligible to ! jury box1 ) full p[] to ex]cise 8 own judgm5t z to ! au?ority & obligation ( e /atute ( ! k+1 :i* might come be=e him4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( ^! /atutes 7fix+ ! qualifications ( jurors7 is1 t nobody is to sit 9 judgm5t ^u ! acts or legislation ( ! k+1 or ! gov]nm5t1 except ^? :om ! gov]nm5t itself %all select = t purpose4 ,a m complete subv]sion ( ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! ,engli% con/itution c\ld n be devis$4 ,! juries ( ,engl& are illegal = ano!r reason1 viz41 t ! /atutes cit$ require ! jurors 7except 9 ,london & a few o!r places7 to be freehold]s4 ,all ! o!r free ,briti% subjects are exclud$2 :]eas1 at common law1 all su* subjects are eligible to sit 9 juries1 :e!r !y be freehold]s or n4 ,x is true1 ! anci5t common law requir$ ! jurors to be freehold]s2 b ! t]m freehold] no long] expresses ! same idea t x did 9 ! anci5t common law2 because no l& is n[ hold5 9 ,engl& on ! same pr9ciple1 or by ! same t5ure1 z t on :i* all ! l& 0 held 9 ! e>ly times ( ! common law4 ,z has h]et(ore be5 m5tion$1 9 ! e>ly times ( ! common law ! l& 0 consid]$ ! prop]ty ( ! /ate2 & 0 all hold5 by ! t5ants1 s call$1 7t is1 hold]s17 on ! condition ( _! r5d]+ c]ta9 milit>y & civil s]vices to ! /ate1 7or to ! k+ z ! repres5tative ( ! /ate17 "u ! "n ( r5ts4 ,^? :o held l&s on ^! t]ms 7 call$ free t5ants1 t is1 free hold]s--mean+ free p]sons1 or memb]s ( ! /ate1 hold+ l&s--to di/+ui% !m f ville9s1 or s]fs1 :o 7 n memb]s ( ! /ate1 b held _! l&s by a m s]vile t5ure1 & also to di/+ui% !m f p]sons ( =eign bir?1 outlaws1 & all o!r p]sons1 :o 7 n memb]s ( ! /ate4 ,e freeborn adult male ,engli%man 7:o _h n lo/ 8 civil rights by crime or o!rwise7 0 entitl$ to l& ( "r2 t is1 by virtue ( 8 civil fre$om1 or memb]%ip ( ! body politic4 ,e memb] ( ! /ate 0 !re=e a freehold]2 & e freehold] 0 a memb] ( ! /ate4 ,& ! memb]s ( ! /ate 7 !re=e call$ freehold]s4 ,b :at is mat]ial to be obs]v$1 is1 t a man's "r to l& 0 an incid5t to 8 civil fre$om2 n 8 civil fre$om an incid5t to 8 "r to l&4 ,he 0 a freehold] because he 0 a freeborn memb] ( ! /ate2 & n a freeborn memb] ( ! /ate because he 0 a freehold]2 = ?is la/ w\ld be an absurdity4 ,z ! t5ures ( l&s *ang$1 ! t]m freehold] lo/ its orig9al significance1 & no long] describ$ a man :o held l& ( ! /ate by virtue ( 8 civil fre$om1 b only "o :o held x 9 fee-simple--t is1 free ( any liability to milit>y or civil s]vices4 ,b ! gov]nm5t1 9 fix+ ! qualifications ( jurors1 has adh]$ to ! t]m freehold] aft] t t]m has ceas$ to express ! ?+ orig9ally designat$ by x4 ,! pr9ciple1 !n1 ( ! common law1 01 t e freeman1 or freeborn male ,engli%man1 ( adult age1 c41 0 eligible to sit 9 juries1 by virtue ( 8 civil fre$om1 or 8 be+ a memb] ( ! /ate1 or body politic4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( ! pres5t ,engli% /atutes is1 t a man %all h a "r to sit 9 juries because he owns l&s 9 fee-simple4 ,at ! common law a man 0 born to ! "r to sit 9 juries4 ,by ! pres5t /atutes he buys t "r :5 he buys 8 l&4 ,& ?us ?is1 ! greate/ ( all ! political rights ( an ,engli%man1 has become a m]e article ( m]*&ise2 a ?+ t is b\ght & sold 9 ! m>ket = :at x w br+4 ,( c\rse1 !re c be no legality 9 su* juries z ^!2 b only 9 juries to :i* e free or natural born adult male ,engli%man is eligible4 ,! second ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! common law1 controll+ ! selection ( jurors1 is1 t :5 ! selection ( ! actual jurors comes to be made1 7f ! :ole body ( male adults17 t selection %all be made 9 "s mode t excludes ! possibility ( *oice on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,( c\rse1 ?is pr9ciple =bids ! selection to be made by any (fic] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,!re seem to h be5 at lea/ ?ree modes ( select+ ! jurors1 at ! common law4 #a4 ,by lot4#hd #b4 ,two knights1 or o!r freehold]s1 7 appo9t$1 7probably by ! %]iff17 to select ! jurors4 #c4 ,by ! %]iff1 bailiff1 or o!r p]son1 :o held ! c\rt1 or r act$ z its m9i/]ial (fic]4 ,probably ! latt] mode may h be5 ! mo/ common1 al?\gh !re may be "s d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,at ! common law ! %]iffs1 bailiffs1 & o!r (fic]s 7 *os5 by ! p1 in/ead ( be+ appo9t$ by ! k+4 7#d ,black/one1 #dac4 ,introduction to ,gilb]t's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,pleas1 p4 #b1 note1 & p4 #d47 ,?is has be5 %[n 9 a =m] *apt]4#he ,at common law1 !re=e1 jurors select$ by ^! (fic]s 7 legally select$1 s f> z ! pr9ciple n[ "u discussion is conc]n$2 t is1 !y 7 n select$ by any (fic] :o 0 dep5d5t on ! gov]nm5t4 ,b 9 ! ye> #acae1 "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 ! *oice ( %]iffs 0 tak5 f ! p1 & x 0 enact$3 ,t ! %]iffs %all h5ce=? be assign$ by ! *ancellor1 treasur]1 b>ons ( ! ex*equ]1 & by ! ju/ices4 ,& 9 ! abs5ce ( ! *ancellor1 by ! treasur]1 b>ons & ju/ices4--#i ,edw>d ,,ii41 /4 #b4 7#acae47 ,^! (fic]s1 :o appo9t$ ! %]iffs1 7 !mselves appo9t$ by ! k+1 & held _! (fices dur+ 8 pleasure4 ,_! appo9tm5t ( %]iffs 01 !re=e1 equival5t to an appo9tm5t by ! k+ himself4 ,& ! %]iffs1 ?us appo9t$1 held _! (fices only dur+ ! pleasure ( ! k+1 & 7 ( c\rse m]e tools ( ! k+2 & _! selection ( jurors 0 really a selection by ! k+ himself4 ,9 ?is mann] ! k+ usurp$ ! selection ( ! jurors :o 7 to sit 9 judgm5t ^u 8 own laws4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ano!r usurpation1 by :i* ! common law trial by jury 0 de/roy$1 s f> z relat$ to ! c\nty c\rts1 9 :i* ! %]iffs presid$1 & :i* 7 ! mo/ important c\rts ( ! k+dom4 ,f ?is cause alone1 if !re 7 no o!r1 !re has n be5 a legal jury 9 a c\nty c\rt 9 ,engl&1 = m ?an five hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ne>ly or q all ! ,/ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! juries are illegal1 = "o or ! o!r ( ! same reasons t make ! juries 9 ,engl& illegal4 ,9 ord] t ! juries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be legal--t is1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! common law--x is necess>y t e adult male memb] ( ! /ate %\ld h 8 "n 9 ! jury box1 or be eligible z a juror4 ,yet ?is is ! case 9 h>dly a s+le /ate4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,m>yl&1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 & ,mississippi1 ! jurors are requir$ to be freehold]s4 ,b ?is requirem5t is illegal1 = ! reason t ! t]m freehold]1 9 ?is c\ntry1 has no mean+ analog\s to ! mean+ x _h 9 ! anci5t common law4 ,9 ,arkansas1 ,miss\ri1 ,indiana1 & ,alabama1 jurors are requir$ to be freehold]s or h\sehold]s4 ,ea* ( ^! requirem5ts is illegal4 ,9 ,florida1 !y are requir$ to be h\sehold]s4 ,9 ,connecticut1 ,ma9e1 ,ohio1 & ,georgia1 jurors are requir$ to h ! qualifications ( electors4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 !y are requir$ to h a prop]ty qualification ( "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,9 ,ma9e1 ,massa*usetts1 ,v]mont1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 & ,wiscons91 c]ta9 civil au?orities ( ! t[ns1 cities1 & c\nties are au?oriz$ to select1 once 9 "o1 two1 or ?ree ye>s1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! p--a small numb] comp>$ ) ! :ole--f :om jurors are to be tak5 :5 want$2 ?us disfran*is+ all except ! few ?us select$4 ,9 ,ma9e & ,v]mont1 ! inhabitants1 by vote 9 t[n meet+1 h a veto ^u ! jurors select$ by ! au?orities ( ! t[n4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 ! inhabitants1 by vote 9 t[n meet+1 c /rike out any names ins]t$ by ! au?orities1 & ins]t o!rs2 ?us mak+ jurors elective by ! p1 &1 ( c\rse1 repres5tatives only ( a majority ( ! p4 ,9 ,ill9ois1 ! jurors are select$1 = ea* t]m ( c\rt1 by ! c\nty commission]s4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! c\rts ( pleas & qu>t] sessions 99 99 %all select ! names ( su* p]sons only z are freehold]s1 & z are well qualifi$ to act z jurors1 c42 ?us giv+ ! c\rts p[] to pack ! juries4--7,revis$ ,/atutes1 #adg47 ,9 ,arkansas1 too1 ,x %all be ! duty ( ! c\nty c\rt ( ea* c\nty 99 99 to make out & cause to be deliv]$ to ! %]iff a li/ ( n less ?an sixte51 nor m ?an tw5ty-?ree p]sons1 qualifi$ to s]ve z gr& jurors2 & ! %]iff is to summon su* p]sons to s]ve z gr& jurors4 ,9 ,t5nessee1 also1 ! jurors are to be select$ by ! c\nty c\rts4 ,9 ,georgia1 ! jurors are to be select$ by ! ju/ices ( ! inf]ior c\rts ( ea* c\nty1 toge!r ) ! %]iff & cl]k1 or a majority ( !m4 ,9 ,alabama1 ! %]iff1 judge ( ! c\nty c\rt1 & cl]ks ( ! circuit & c\nty c\rts1 or a majority ( !m1 select ! jurors4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 ! jurors are select$ by ! %]iffs2 b ! %]iffs are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor ( ! /ate1 & t is en\gh to make ! juries illegal4 ,probably ! same objection lies aga9/ ! legality ( ! juries 9 "s o!r /ates4 ,h[ jurors are appo9t$1 & :at are _! qualifications1 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,k5tucky1 ,i[a1 ,texas1 & ,cali=nia1 ,i "k n4 ,!re is little d\bt t !re is "s valid objection to !m1 ( ! k9ds already sugge/$1 9 all ^! /ates4 ,9 reg>d to jurors 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is enact$1 by act ( ,congress3 ,t jurors to s]ve 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ea* /ate respectively1 %all h ! l qualifications1 & be entitl$ to ! l exemptions1 z jurors ( ! highe/ c\rt ( law ( su* /ate n[ h & are entitl$ to1 & %all h]eaft]1 f "t to "t1 h & be entitl$ to1 & %all be designat$ by ballot1 lot1 or o!rwise1 accord+ to ! mode ( =m+ su* juries n[ practis$ & h]eaft] to be practis$ !re91 9 s f> z su* mode may be practicable by ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! (fic]s !re(2 & = ?is purpose1 ! said c\rts %all h p[] to make all necess>y rules & regulations = con=m+ ! designation & empanell+ ( jurors1 9 sub/ance1 to ! laws & usages n[ 9 =ce 9 su* /ate2 &1 fur!r1 %all h p[]1 by rule or ord]1 f "t to "t1 to con=m ! same to any *ange 9 ^! respects :i* may be h]eaft] adopt$ by ! legislatures ( ! respective /ates = ! /ate c\rts4--,/4 #ahdj1 *4 #dg1 ,/atutes at ,l>ge1 vol4 #e1 p4 #cid4 ,9 ?is corrupt & lawless mann]1 ,congress1 in/ead ( tak+ c>e to pres]ve ! trial by jury1 s f> z !y might1 by provid+ = ! appo9tm5t ( legal juries--incomp>ably ! mo/ important ( all our judicial tribunals1 & ! only ones on :i* ! lea/ reliance c be plac$ = ! pres]vation ( lib]ty--h giv5 ! selection ( !m ov] entirely to ! control ( an indef9ite numb] ( /ate legislatures1 & ?us au?oriz$ ea* /ate legislature to adapt ! juries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ma9t5ance ( any & e sy/em ( tyranny t may prevail 9 su* /ate4 ,congress h z mu* con/itutional "r to give ov] all ! functions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t into ! h&s ( ! /ate legislatures1 to be ex]cis$ )9 ea* /ate 9 su* mann] z ! legislature ( su* /ate %all please to ex]cise !m1 z !y h to ?us give up to ^! legislatures ! selection ( juries = ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re has1 probably1 nev] be5 a legal jury1 nor a legal trial by jury1 9 a s+le c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s9ce ! adoption ( ! con/itution4 ,^! facts %[ h[ mu* reliance c be plac$ 9 writt5 con/itutions1 to control ! action ( ! gov]nm5t1 & pres]ve ! lib]ties ( ! p4 ,if ! real trial by jury _h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--t is1 if we _h _h legal juries1 & ! jurors _h kn[n _! rights--x is h>dly probable t "o t5? ( ! pa/ legislation ( ,congress w\ld ev] h be5 enact$1 or1 at lea/1 t1 if enact$1 x c\ld h be5 en=c$4 ,probably ! be/ mode ( appo9t+ jurors w\ld be ?is3 ,let ! names ( all ! adult male memb]s ( ! /ate1 9 ea* t[n%ip1 be kept 9 a jury box1 by ! (fic]s ( ! t[n%ip2 & :5 a c\rt is to be held = a c\nty or o!r di/rict1 let ! (fic]s ( a suffici5t numb] ( t[n%ips be requir$ 7)\t see+ ! names7 to draw out a "n f _! boxes respectively1 to be return$ to ! c\rt z a juror4 ,?is mode ( appo9tm5t w\ld gu>d aga9/ collusion & selection2 & juries s appo9t$ w\ld be likely to be a fair epitome ( ! c\ntry4 ,footnote #gi3 ,on ! ,engli% ,con/itution4 ,footnote #hj3 ,al?\gh all ! freem5 are legally eligible z jurors1 any "o may nev]!less be *all5g$ & set aside1 at ! trial1 = any special p]sonal disqualification2 su* z m5tal or physical inability to p]=m ! duties2 hav+ be5 convict$1 or be+ "u *>ge1 ( crime2 int]e/1 bias1 c4 ,b x is cle> t ! common law all[s none ( ^! po9ts to be det]m9$ by ! c\rt1 b only by tri]s4 ,footnote #ha3 ,:at 0 ! precise mean+ ( ! ,saxon ^w1 :i* ,i h "h call$ eld]ly1 ,i d n "k4 ,9 ! ,lat9 translations x is r5d]$ by s5iores1 :i* may p]haps mean simply ^? :o h atta9$ _! majority4 ,footnote #hb3 ,9 #adhc x 0 enact$1 by a /atute entitl$ ,( :at cr$it & e/ate ^? jurors mu/ be :i* %all be impanell$ 9 ! ,%]iff's ,turn4 ,t no bailiff nor o!r (fic] f h5ce=? return or impanel any su* p]son 9 any %ire ( ,engl&1 to be tak5 or put 9 or ^u any inquiry 9 any ( ! said ,turns1 b su* z be ( good "n & fame1 & hav+ l&s & t5em5ts ( freehold )9 ! same %ires1 to ! ye>ly value ( tw5ty %ill+s at ! lea/1 or else l&s & t5em5ts hold5 by cu/om ( manor1 commonly call$ copy-hold1 )9 ! said %ires1 to ! ye>ly value ( tw5ty-six %ill+s eight p5ce ov] all *>ges at ! lea/4--#a ,ri*>d ,,iii41 *4 #d4 7#adhc47 ,9 #adhf x 0 enact$1 ,t ! ju/ices ( ! peace ( e %ire ( ?is realm = ! "t be+ may take1 by _! discretion1 an inque/1 :]e( e man %all h l&s & t5em5ts to ! ye>ly value ( =ty %ill+s at ! lea/1 to inquire ( ! concealm5ts ( o!rs1 c41 c4--#c ,h5ry ,,vii41 *4 #a 7#adhf47 ,a /atute pass$ 9 #adid1 9 reg>d to jurors 9 ! city ( ,london1 enacts3 ,t no p]son nor p]sons h]eaft] be impanell$1 summon$1 or sworn 9 any jury or inque/ 9 c\rts )9 ! same city1 7( ,london17 except he be ( l&s1 t5em5ts1 or goods & *attels1 to ! value ( =ty m>ks2#hf & t no p]son or p]sons h]eaft] be impanell$1 summon$1 nor sworn 9 any jury or inque/ 9 any c\rt )9 ! said city1 = l&s or t5em5ts1 or action p]sonal1 :]e9 ! debt or damage am\nte? to ! sum ( =ty m>ks1 or above1 except he be 9 l&s1 t5em5ts1 goods1 or *attels1 to ! value ( "o hundr$ m>ks4--#aa ,h5ry ,,vii41 *4 #ba4 7#adid47 ,! /atute #d ,h5ry ,,viii41 *4 #c1 sec4 #d1 7#aeab7 requires jurors 9 ,london to h goods to ! value ( "o hundr$ m>ks4 ,9 #adid x 0 enact$ t ,x %all be lawful to e %]iff ( ! c\nties ( ,s\?ampton1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex1 to impanel & summons tw5ty-f\r lawful m5 ( su*1 inhabit+ )9 ! prec9ct ( 8 or _! turns1 z owe suit to ! same turn1 :]e( e "o ha? l&s or freehold to ! ye>ly value ( t5 %ill+s1 or copy-hold l&s to ! ye>ly value ( ?irte5 %ill+s f\r p5ce1 above all *>ges )9 any ( ! said c\nties1 or m5 ( less livelihood1 if !re be n s _m !re1 not)/&+ ! /atute ( #a ,ri*>d ,,iii41 *4 #d4 ,to endure to ! next p>liam5t4--#aa ,h5ry ,,vii41 *4 #bf4 7#adid47 ,?is /atute 0 cont9u$ 9 =ce by #ai ,h5ry ,,vii41 *4 #af4 7#aejc47 ,9 #aeca x 0 enact$1 ,t e p]son or p]sons1 be+ ! k+'s natural subject born1 :i* ei!r by ! "n ( citiz51 or ( a freeman1 or any o!r "n1 do? enjoy & use ! lib]ties & privileges ( any city1 bor\gh1 or t[n corporate1 :]e he dwelle? & make? 8 abode1 be+ wor? 9 movable goods & sub/ance to ! cle> value ( =ty p\nds1 be h5ce=? admitt$ 9 trials ( murd]s & felonies 9 e sessions & gaol deliv]y1 to be kept & hold5 9 & = ! lib]ty ( su* cities1 bor\ghs1 & t[ns corporate1 albeit !y h no freehold2 any act1 /atute1 use1 cu/om1 or ord9ance to ! contr>y h]e( not)/&+4--#bc ,h5ry ,,viii41 *4 #ac4 7#aeca47 ,9 #aehe x 0 enact$1 ,t 9 all cases :]e any jurors to be return$ = trial ( any issue or issues jo9$ 9 any ( ! ,que5's maje/y's c\rts ( ,k+'s ,b5*1 ,common ,pleas1 & ! ,ex*equ]1 or be=e ju/ices ( assize1 by ! laws ( ?is realm n[ 9 =ce1 ought to h e/ate ( freehold 9 l&s1 t5em5ts1 or h]$itam5ts1 ( ! cle> ye>ly value ( =ty %ill+s1 t 9 e su* case ! jurors t %all be return$ f & aft] ! end ( ?is pres5t session ( p>liam5t1 %all e ( !m h e/ate ( freehold 9 l&s1 t5em5ts1 or h]$itam5ts1 to ! cle> ye>ly value ( f\r p\nds at ! lea/4--#bg ,elizabe?1 *4 #f4 7#aehe47 ,9 #affd-e x 0 enact$1 ,t all jurors 7o!r ?an /rang]s ^u trials p] m$ietatem l+u7 :o are to be return$ = ! trials ( issues jo9$ 9 any ( 787 maje/y's c\rts ( k+'s b5*1 common pleas1 or ! ex*equ]1 or be=e ju/ices ( assize1 or nisi prius1 oy] & t]m9]1 gaol deliv]y1 or g5]al or qu>t] sessions ( ! peace1 f & aft] ! tw5tie? day ( ,april1 :i* %all be 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& six hundr$ & sixty-five1 9 any c\nty ( ?is realm ( ,engl&1 %all e ( !m ?on h1 9 _! own "n1 or 9 tru/ = !m1 )9 ! same c\nty1 tw5ty p\nds by ! ye>1 at lea/1 above reprises1 9 _! own or _! wives' "r1 ( freehold l&s1 or ( anci5t demesne1 or ( r5ts 9 fee1 fee-tail1 or = life4 ,& t 9 e c\nty )9 ! dom9ion ( ,wales e su* juror %all !n h1 )9 ! same1 eight p\nds by ! ye>1 at ! lea/1 above reprises1 9 mann] a=esaid4 ,all :i* p]sons hav+ su* e/ate z a=esaid are h]eby enabl$ & made liable to be return$ & s]ve z jurors = ! trial ( issues be=e ! ju/ices a=esaid1 any law or /atute to ! contr>y 9 any wise not)/&+4--#af & #ag ,*>les ,,ii41 *4 #c4 7#affd-e47 ,by a /atute pass$ 9 #afib1 jurors 9 ,engl& are to h l&$ e/ates ( ! value ( t5 p\nds a ye>2 & jurors 9 ,wales to h simil> e/ates ( ! realm ( six p\nds a ye>4--#d & #e ,william & ,m>y1 *4 #bd1 sec4 #ad4 7#afib47 ,by ! same /atute1 7sec4 #ah17 p]sons may be return$ to s]ve ^u ! tales 9 any c\nty ( ,engl&1 :o %all h1 )9 ! same c\nty1 five p\nds by ! ye>1 above reprises1 9 ! mann] a=esaid4 ,by ,/4 #c ,george ,,ii41 *4 #be1 sec4 #ai1 #bj1 no "o is to be a juror 9 ,london1 :o %all n be an h\sehold] )9 ! said city1 & h l&s1 t5em5ts1 or p]sonal e/ate1 to ! value ( "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,by ano!r /atute1 applicable only to ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 x is enact$1 ,t all leasehold]s1 ^u leases :]e ! improv$ r5ts or value %all am\nt to fifty p\nds or upw>ds p] annum1 ov] & above all gr\nd r5ts or o!r res]vations payable by virtue ( ! said leases1 %all be liable & oblig$ to s]ve ^u juries :5 !y %all be legally summon$ = t purpose4--#d ,george ,,ii41 *4 #g1 sec4 #c4 7#agca47 ,footnote #hc3 ,suppose ^! /atutes1 in/ead ( disfran*is+ all ^: freeholds 7 ( less ?an ! /&>d value fix$ by ! /atutes1 _h disfran*is$ all ^: freeholds 7 ( great] value ?an ! same /&>d--w\ld anybody ev] h d\bt$ t su* legislation 0 inconsi/5t ) ! ,engli% con/itution2 or t x am\nt$ to an entire abolition ( ! trial by jury8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,yet x 0 z cle>ly inconsi/5t ) ! common law1 or ! ,engli% con/itution1 to disfran*ise ^? ^: freeholds fell bel[ any arbitr>y /&>d fix$ by ! gov]nm5t1 z x w\ld h be5 to disfran*ise all ^: freeholds rose above t /&>d4 ,footnote #hd3 ,l+>d says3 ,^! compurgators or jurors 99 99 7 sometimes 99 99 drawn by lot4--#a ,l+>d's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 p4 #cjj4 ,footnote #he3 ,*apt] #d1 p4 #abj1 note4 ,footnote #hf3 ,a m>k 0 ?irte5 %ill+s & f\r p5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,illegal ,,judges4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( ,magna ,c>ta1 & !re=e ( ! trial by jury1 7= all p>ts ( ,magna ,c>ta mu/ be con/ru$ toge!r17 t no judge or o!r (fic] appo9t$ by ! k+1 %all preside 9 jury trials1 9 crim9al cases1 or pleas ( ! cr[n4 ,?is provision is conta9$ 9 ! great *>t]s ( bo? ,john & ,h5ry1 & is second 9 importance only to ! provision gu>antee+ ! trial by jury1 ( :i* x is really a "p4 ,consequ5tly1 )\t ! obs]vance ( ?is prohibition1 !re c be no g5u9e or legal--t is1 common law--trial by jury4 ,at ! common law1 all (fic]s :o held jury trials1 :e!r 9 civil or crim9al cases1 7 *os5 by ! p4#hg ,b previ\s to ,magna ,c>ta1 ! k+s _h adopt$ ! practice ( s5d+ (fic]s ( _! own appo9tm5t1 call$ ju/ices1 into ! c\nties1 to hold jury trials 9 "s cases2 & ,magna ,c>ta au?orizes ?is practice to be cont9u$ s f> z x relates to ?ree k9ds ( civil actions1 to wit3 novel disseis91 mort de ance/or1 & d>re9 pres5tm5t2#hh b specially =bids its be+ ext5d$ to crim9al cases1 or pleas ( ! cr[n4 ,?is prohibition is 9 ^! words3 ,nullus vicecomes1 con/abul>ius1 coronator1 vel alii balivi no/ri1 t5eant placita coron no/r4 7,no %]iff1 con/able1 coron]1 or o!r our bailiffs1 %all hold pleas ( our cr[n47--,john's ,*>t]1 *4 #ec4 ,h5ry's ditto1 *4 #ag4 ,"s p]sons seem to h suppos$ t ?is 0 a prohibition m]ely ^u (fic]s be>+ ! specific names ( %]iffs1 con/ables1 coron]s & bailiffs1 to hold crim9al trials4 ,b su* is n ! mean+4 ,if x 71 ! "n c\ld be *ang$1 & ! ?+ reta9$2 & ?us ! prohibition be evad$4 ,! prohibition applies 7z w pres5tly be se57 to all (fic]s ( ! k+ :atsoev]2 & x sets up a di/9ction betwe5 (fic]s ( ! k+1 7our bailiffs17 & (fic]s *os5 by ! p4 ,! prohibition ^u ! k+'s ju/ices sitt+ 9 crim9al trials1 is includ$ 9 ! words vel alii balivi no/ri1 7or o!r our bailiffs47 ,! ^w bailiff 0 anci5tly a sort ( g5]al "n = judicial (fic]s & p]sons employ$ 9 & ab\t ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,9 mod]n times its use1 z appli$ to ! high] grades ( judicial (fic]s1 has be5 sup]s$$ by o!r words2 & x !re=e n[1 m g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 signifies an executive or police (fic]1 a s]vant ( c\rts1 r ?an "o ^: functions are purely judicial4 ,! ^w is a ,fr5* ^w1 br\ght into ,engl& by ! ,normans4 ,coke says1 ,baylife is a ,fr5* ^w1 & signifies an (fic] conc]n$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice ( a c]ta9 prov9ce2 & because a %]iff ha? an (fice conc]n+ ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice )9 8 c\nty1 or bailiwick1 !re=e he call$ 8 c\nty baliva sua1 78 bailiwick47 ,i h he>d great "q made :at ! true exposition ( ?is ^w balivus is4 ,9 ! /atute ( ,magna ,c>ta1 cap4 #bh1 ! lett] ( t /atute is1 nullus balivus de ct]o ponat aliquem ad legem manife/am nec ad juram5tum simplici loquela sua s9e te/ibus fidelibus ad hoc inductis4 7,no bailiff f h5ce=? %all put any "o to 8 op5 law1 nor to an oa? 7( self-exculpation7 ^u 8 own simple accusation1 or compla9t1 )\t fai?ful witnesses br\ght 9 = ! same47 ,& "s h said t balivus 9 ?is /atute signifie? any judge2 = ! law mu/ be wag$ & made be=e ! judge4 ,& ?is /atute 7say !y7 ext5ds to ! c\rts ( common pleas1 k+'s b5*1 c41 = !y mu/ br+ ) !m fideles te/es1 7fai?ful witnesses17 c41 & s ha? be5 ! usage to ?is day4--#a ,coke's ,in/41 #afh b4 ,coke makes v>i\s ref]5ces1 9 8 m>g9 to ,bracton1 ,fleta1 & o!r au?orities1 :i* ,i h n exam9$1 b :i*1 ,i presume1 support ! op9ion express$ 9 ?is quotation4 ,coke also1 9 ano!r place1 "u ! head ( ! *apt] j cit$ f ,magna ,c>ta1 t no bailiff %all put any man to 8 op5 law1 c41 gives ! foll[+ comm5t>y ^u x1 f ! ,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 f :i* x appe>s t 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,i41 7#abgb to #acjg17 ?is ^w balivus 0 und]/ood to include all judicial1 z well z all o!r1 (fic]s ( ! k+4 ,! ,mirror says3 ,! po9t :i* =bidde? t no bailiff put a freeman to 8 oa? )\t suit1 is to be und]/ood 9 ?is mann]1--t no ju/ice1 no m9i/] ( ! k+1 nor o!r /ew>d1 nor bailiff1 h p[] to make a freeman make oa?1 7( self-exculpation17 )\t ! k+'s comm&1#hi nor receive any pla9t1 )\t witnesses pres5t :o te/ify ! pla9t to be true4--,mirror ( ,ju/ices1 *4 #e1 sec4 #b1 p4 #beg4 ,coke quotes ?is comm5t>y1 79 ! orig9al ,fr5*17 & !n endorses x 9 ^! words3 ,by ?is x appe>e?1 t "u ?is ^w balivus1 9 ?is act1 is compreh5d$ e ju/ice1 m9i/] ( ! k+1 /ew>d1 & bailiff4--#b ,in/41 #dd4 ,coke also1 9 8 comm5t>y ^u ?is v *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta1 t provides t no %]iff1 con/able1 coron]1 or o!r our bailiffs1 %all hold pleas ( our cr[n1 expresses ! op9ion t x is a g5]al law1 7t is1 applicable to all (fic]s ( ! k+17 by reason ( ! words vel alii balivi no/ri1 7or o!r our bailiffs17 "u :i* words are compreh5d$ all judges or ju/ices ( any c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,& he cites a decision 9 ! k+'s b5*1 9 ! #ag? ye> ( ,edw>d ,i41 7#abhi17 z au?ority2 :i* decision he calls a notable & lead+ judgm5t4--#b ,in/41 #cj--a4 ,& yet ,coke1 9 flat contradiction ( ?is decision1 :i* he quotes ) su* emphasis & approbation1 & 9 flat contradiction also ( ! def9ition he repeat$ly gives ( ! ^w balivus1 %[+ t x embrac$ all m9i/]s ( ! k+ :atsoev]1 :e!r high or l[1 judicial or executive1 fabricates an entirely gratuit\s int]pretation ( ?is *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta1 & pret5ds t aft] all x only requir$ t felonies %\ld be tri$ be=e ! k+'s ju/ices1 on acc\nt ( _! sup]ior le>n+2 & t x p]mitt$ all less] (f5ces to be tri$ be=e inf]ior (fic]s1 7mean+ ( c\rse ! k+'s inf]ior (fic]s47--#b ,in/41 #cj4 ,& ?us ?is *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 own def9ition ( ! ^w balivus1 applies to all (fic]s ( ! k+2 & :i*1 accord+ to ! common & true def9ition ( ! t]m pleas ( ! cr[n1 applies to all crim9al cases )\t di/9ction1 & :i*1 !re=e1 =bids any (fic] or m9i/] ( ! k+ to preside 9 a jury trial 9 any crim9al case :atsoev]1 he coolly & gratuit\sly int]prets into a m]e s5seless provision = simply re/rict+ ! discretion ( ! k+ 9 giv+ names to 8 own (fic]s :o %\ld preside at ! trials ( p>ticul> (f5ces2 z if ! k+1 :o made & unmade all 8 (fic]s by a ^w1 c\ld n defeat ! :ole object ( ! prohibition1 by appo9t+ su* individuals z he pleas$1 to try su* causes z he pleas$1 & call+ !m by su* names z he pleas$1 if he 7 b p]mitt$ to appo9t & "n su* (fic]s at all2 & z if x 7 ( ! lea/ importance :at "n an (fic] bore1 :om ! k+ might appo9t to a p>ticul> duty4#ij ,coke evid5tly gives ?is int]pretation solely because1 z he 0 giv+ a g5]al comm5t>y on ,magna ,c>ta1 he 0 b\nd to give "s int]pretation or o!r to e *apt] ( x2 & = ?is *apt] he c\ld inv5t1 or fabricate1 7= x is a %e] fabrication17 no int]pretation bett] suit$ to 8 purpose ?an ?is4 ,x seems nev] to h ent]$ 8 m9d1 7or if x did1 he int5d$ t x %\ld nev] ent] ! m9d ( anybody else17 t ! object ( ! *apt] c\ld be to deprive ! k+ ( ! p[] ( putt+ 8 creatures into crim9al c\rts1 to pack1 *eat1 & br[beat juries1 & ?us ma9ta9 8 au?ority by procur+ ! conviction ( ^? :o %\ld transgress 8 laws1 or incur 8 displeasure4 ,?is example ( ,coke t5ds to %[ h[ utt]ly bl9d1 or h[ utt]ly corrupt1 ,engli% judges1 7dep5d5t ^u ! cr[n & ! legislature71 h be5 9 reg>d to ev]y?+ 9 ,magna ,c>ta1 t w5t to secure ! lib]ties ( ! p1 or limit ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,coke's int]pretation ( ?is *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta is ( a piece ) 8 absurd & gratuit\s int]pretation ( ! words nec sup] eum ibimus1 nec sup] eum mittemus1 :i* 0 po9t$ out 9 a =m] article1 & by :i* he attempt$ to give a judicial p[] to ! k+ & 8 judges1 :]e ,magna ,c>ta _h giv5 x only to a jury4 ,x is also ( a piece ) 8 pret5ce t !re 0 a diff]5ce betwe5 f9e & am]cem5t1 & t f9es might be impos$ by ! k+1 & t juries 7 requir$ only = fix+ am]cem5ts4 ,^! are "s ( ! innum]able frauds by :i* ! ,engli% p h be5 *eat$ out ( ! trial by jury4 ,ex uno disce omnes4 ,f "o judge le>n ! *>act]s ( all4#ia ,i give 9 ! note additional & abundant au?orities = ! mean+ ascrib$ to ! ^w bailiff4 ,! importance ( ! pr9ciple involv$ w be a suffici5t excuse = su* an accumulation ( au?orities z w\ld o!rwise be t$i\s & p]haps unnecess>y4#ib ,! =ego+ int]pretation ( ! *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta n[ "u discussion1 is corroborat$ by ano!r *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta1 :i* specially provides t ! k+'s ju/ices %all g ?r\gh e c\nty to take ! assizes 7hold jury trials7 9 ?ree k9ds ( civil actions1 to wit1 novel disseis91 mort de ance/or1 & d>re9 pres5tm5t2 b makes no m5tion :atev] ( _! hold+ jury trials 9 crim9al cases1--an omission :olly unlikely to be made1 if x 7 design$ !y %\ld att5d ! trial ( su* causes4 ,besides1 ! *apt] "h spok5 ( 79 ,john's *>t]7 does n all[ ^! ju/ices to sit alone 9 jury trials1 ev5 9 civil actions2 b provides t f\r knights1 *os5 by ! c\nty1 %all sit ) !m to keep !m hone/4 ,:5 ! k+'s ju/ices 7 kn[n to be s corrupt & s]vile t ! p w\ld n ev5 tru/ !m to sit alone1 9 jury trials1 9 civil actions1 h[ prepo/]\s is x to suppose t !y w\ld n only suff] !m to sit1 b to sit alone1 9 crim9al ones4 ,x is entirely incr$ible t ,magna ,c>ta1 :i* makes su* c>eful provision 9 reg>d to ! k+'s ju/ices sitt+ 9 civil actions1 %\ld make no provision :atev] z to _! sitt+ 9 crim9al trials1 if !y 7 to be all[$ to sit 9 !m at all4 ,yet ,magna ,c>ta has no provision :atev] on ! subject4#ic ,b :at w\ld appe> to make ?is matt] absolutely c]ta9 is1 t unless ! prohibition t no bailiff1 c41 ( ours %all hold pleas ( our cr[n1 apply to all (fic]s ( ! k+1 ju/ices z well z o!rs1 x w\ld be :olly nugatory = any practical or useful purpose1 because ! prohibition c\ld be evad$ by ! k+1 at any "t1 by simply *ang+ ! titles ( 8 (fic]s4 ,in/ead ( call+ !m %]iffs1 coron]s1 con/ables & bailiffs1 he c\ld call !m ju/ices1 or any?+ else he pleas$2 & ?is prohibition1 s important to ! lib]ty ( ! p1 w\ld !n be entirely defeat$4 ,! k+ also c\ld make & unmake ju/ices at 8 pleasure2 & if he c\ld appo9t any (fic]s :atev] to preside ov] juries 9 crim9al trials1 he c\ld appo9t any tool t he might at any "t f9d adapt$ to 8 purpose4 ,x 0 z easy to make ju/ices ( ,jeffreys & ,scroggs1 z ( any o!r mat]ial2 & to h prohibit$ all ! k+'s (fic]s1 except 8 ju/ices1 f presid+ 9 crim9al trials1 w\ld !re=e h be5 m]e fool's play4 ,we c all p]haps =m "s idea1 ?\gh few ( u w be likely to =m any adequate idea1 ( :at a diff]5t ?+ ! trial by jury w\ld h be5 9 practice1 & ( :at w\ld h be5 ! diff]5ce to ! lib]ties ( ,engl&1 = five hundr$ ye>s la/ pa/1 _h ?is prohibition ( ,magna ,c>ta1 ^u ! k+'s (fic]s sitt+ 9 ! trial ( crim9al cases1 be5 obs]v$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta1 z applicable to ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 =bids t any (fic] appo9t$ ei!r by ! executive or legislative p[]1 or dep5d5t ^u !m = _! sal>ies1 or responsible to !m by impea*m5t1 %\ld preside ov] a jury 9 crim9al trials4 ,to h ! trial a legal 7t is1 a common law7 & true trial by jury1 ! presid+ (fic]s mu/ be *os5 by ! p1 & be entirely free f all dep5d5ce ^u1 & all acc\ntability to1 ! executive & legislative bran*es ( ! gov]nm5t4#id ,footnote #hg3 ,! pro(s ( ?is pr9ciple ( ! common law h already be5 giv5 on page #abj1 note4 ,!re is mu* confusion & contradiction among au?ors z to ! mann] 9 :i* %]iffs & o!r (fic]s 7 appo9t$2 "s ma9ta9+ t !y 7 appo9t$ by ! k+1 o!rs t !y 7 elect$ by ! p4 ,i imag9e t bo? ^! op9ions are correct1 & t sev]al ( ! k+'s (fic]s bore ! same (ficial names z ^? *os5 by ! p2 & t ?is is ! cause ( ! confusion t has aris5 on ! subject4 ,x seems to be a p]fectly well e/abli%$ fact t1 at common law1 sev]al magi/rates1 be>+ ! names ( ald]m51 %]iffs1 /ew>ds1 coron]s & bailiffs1 7 *os5 by ! p2 & yet x appe>s1 f ,magna ,c>ta itself1 t "s ( ! k+'s (fic]s 7( :om he mu/ h _h _m7 7 also call$ %]iffs1 con/ables1 coron]s1 & bailiffs4 ,b ,magna ,c>ta1 9 v>i\s in/ances1 speaks ( %]iffs & bailiffs z our %]iffs & bailiffs2 ?us app>5tly int5d+ to recognize ! di/9ction betwe5 (fic]s ( ! k+1 be>+ ^? names1 & o!r (fic]s1 be>+ ! same (ficial names1 b *os5 by ! p4 ,?us x says t no %]iff or bailiff ( ours1 or any o!r 7(fic]71 %all take horses or c>ts ( any freeman = c>riage1 unless ) ! cons5t ( ! freeman himself4--,john's ,*>t]1 *4 #cf4 ,9 a k+dom subdivid$ into s _m c\nties1 hundr$s1 ti?+s1 manors1 cities & bor\ghs1 ea* hav+ a judicial or police organization ( its own1 x is evid5t t _m ( ! (fic]s mu/ h be5 *os5 by ! p1 else ! gov]nm5t c\ld n h ma9ta9$ its popul> "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is evid5t t ! k+1 ! executive p[] ( ! nation1 mu/ h _h l>ge numb]s ( (fic]s ( 8 own 9 e "p ( ! k+dom4 ,& x is p]fectly natural t ^! diff]5t sets ( (fic]s %\ld1 9 _m in/ances1 be> ! same (ficial names2 &1 consequ5tly t ! k+1 :5 speak+ ( 8 own (fic]s1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? *os5 by ! p1 %\ld call !m our %]iffs1 bailiffs1 c41 z he does 9 ,magna ,c>ta4 ,i appreh5d t inatt5tion to ^! consid]ations has be5 ! cause ( all ! confusion ( ideas t has aris5 on ?is subject1--a confusion v evid5t 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph f ,dunham1 :i* may be giv5 z an illu/ration ( t :i* is exhibit$ by o!rs on ! same po9ts4 ,subord9ate to ! ealdorm5 7 ! g]efas1 ! %]iffs1 or reeves1 ( :om !re 7 sev]al 9 e %ire1 or c\nty4 ,!re 0 "o 9 e bor\gh1 z a judge4 ,!re 0 "o at e gate1 :o witness$ pur*ases outside ! walls2 & !re 0 "o1 high] ?an ei!r1--! high %]iff1--:o 0 probably ! reeve ( ! %ire4 ,?is la/ appe>s to h be5 appo9t$ by ! k+4 ,_! functions 7 to execute ! decrees ( ! k+1 or ealdorm51 to arre/ prison]s1 to require bail = _! appe>ance at ! sessions1 to collect f9es or p5alties levi$ by ! c\rt ( ! %ire1 to pres]ve ! public peace1 & to preside 9 a subord9ate tribunal ( _! own4--,dunham's ,middle ,ages1 sec4 #b1 ,b4 #b1 *4 #a4 #eg ,l>dn]'s ,cab4 ,cyc41 p4 #da4 ,! confusion ( duties attribut$ to ^! (fic]s indicates cle>ly en\gh t diff]5t (fic]s1 be>+1 ! same (ficial names1 mu/ h _h diff]5t duties1 & h d]iv$ _! au?ority f diff]5t s\rces1--to wit1 ! k+1 & ! p4 ,footnote #hh3 ,d>re9 pres5tm5t 0 an inque/ to discov] :o pres5t$ ! la/ p]son to a *ur*2 mort de ance/or1 :e!r ! la/ possessor 0 seiz$ ( l& 9 demesne ( 8 own fee2 & novel disseis91 :e!r ! claimant _h be5 unju/ly disseiz$ ( 8 freehold4 ,footnote #hi3 ,he has no p[] to d x1 ei!r )1 or )\t1 ! k+'s comm&4 ,! prohibition is absolute1 conta9+ no su* qualification z is "h int]polat$1 viz41 )\t ! k+'s comm&4 ,if x c\ld be done ) ! k+'s comm&1 ! k+ w\ld be inve/$ ) arbitr>y p[] 9 ! matt]4 ,footnote #ij3 ,! absurdity ( ?is doctr9e ( ,coke is made m app>5t by ! fact t1 at t "t1 ! ju/ices & o!r p]sons appo9t$ by ! k+ to hold c\rts 7 n only dep5d5t ^u ! k+ = _! (fices1 & removable at 8 pleasure1 b t ! usual cu/om 01 n to appo9t !m ) any view to p]man5cy1 b only to give !m special commissions = try+ a s+le cause1 or = hold+ a s+le t]m ( a c\rt1 or = mak+ a s+le circuit2 :i*1 be+ done1 _! commissions expir$4 ,! k+1 !re=e1 c\ld1 & und\bt$ly did1 appo9t any individual he pleas$1 to try any cause he pleas$1 ) a special view to ! v]dicts he desir$ to obta9 9 ! p>ticul> cases4 ,?is cu/om ( commission+ p>ticul> p]sons to hold jury trials1 9 crim9al cases1 7& probably also 9 civil ones17 0 ( c\rse a usurpation ^u ! common law1 b _h be5 practis$ m or less f ! "t ( ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,palgrave says3 ,! frequ5t abs5ce ( ,william f 8 insul> dom9ions occasion$ ano!r mode ( adm9i/ration1 :i* ultimately produc$ /ill great] *anges 9 ! law4 ,x 0 ! practice ( appo9t+ ju/ici>s to repres5t ! k+'s p]son1 to hold 8 c\rt1 to decide 8 pleas1 to disp5se ju/ice on 8 behalf1 to comm& ! milit>y levies1 & to act z cons]vators ( ! peace 9 ! k+'s "n4#ie 444 ,! ju/ices :o 7 assign$ 9 ! "n ( ! sov]eign1 & ^: p[]s 7 revocable at 8 pleasure1 d]iv$ _! au?ority m]ely f _! grant4444 ,"s ( ^? judges 7 usually deput$ = ! purpose ( reliev+ ! k+ f ! burd5 ( 8 judicial functions4444 ,! numb] z well z ! v>iety ( names ( ! ju/ices appe>+ 9 ! e>ly *irographs ( ',concords1' leave reason = d\bt+ :e!r1 ant]ior to ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 7#abaf to #abgb17 a c\rt1 ^: memb]s 7 *ang+ at almo/ e session1 c be said to h be5 p]man5tly con/itut$4 ,x seems m probable t ! individuals :o compos$ ! tribunal 7 select$ z suit$ ! pleasure ( ! sov]eign1 & ! conv5i5ce ( ! cl]ks & b>ons2 & ! hi/ory ( our legal adm9i/ration w be mu* simplifi$1 if we consid] all ^? c\rts :i* 7 aft]w>ds d5om9at$ ! ,ex*equ]1 ! ,k+'s ,b5*1 ! ,common ,pleas1 & ! ,*anc]y1 z be+ orig9ally committees1 select$ by ! k+ :5 occasion requir$1 out ( a l>ge body1 = ! despat* ( peculi> bran*es ( bus9ess1 & :i* committees1 by degrees1 assum$ an indep5d5t & p]man5t exi/5ce4444 ,ju/ices it9]ant1 :o1 despat*$ ?r\gh\t ! l&1 decid$ ! ',pleas ( ! ,cr[n1' may be obscurely trac$ 9 ! reign ( ! ,conqu]or2 n1 p]haps1 appo9t$ ) mu* regul>ity1 b despat*$ ^u peculi> occasions & em]g5cies4--#a ,palgrave's ,rise & ,progress1 c41 p4 #bhi to #bic4 ,! foll[+ /atute1 pass$ 9 #aced1 7#aci ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta17 %[s t ev5 aft] ?is usurpation ( appo9t+ ju/ices ( 8 own1 to try crim9al cases1 _h probably become some:at e/abli%$ 9 practice1 9 defiance ( ,magna ,c>ta1 ! k+ 0 9 ! habit ( grant+ special commissions to /ill o!r p]sons1 7especially to %]iffs1--8 %]iffs1 no d\bt17 to try p>ticul> cases3 ,because t ! p ( ! realm h suff]$ _m evils & mis*iefs1 = t %]iffs ( div]s c\nties1 by virtue ( commissions & g5]al writs grant$ to !m at _! own suit1 = _! s+ul> pr(it to ga9 ( ! p1 h made & tak5 div]s inque/s to cause to indict ! p at _! w1 & h tak5 f9e & ransom ( !m to _! own use1 & h deliv]$ !m2 :]eas su* p]sons indict$ 7 n br\ght be=e ! k+'s ju/ices to h _! deliv]ance1 x is accord$ & e/abli%$1 = to es*ew all su* evils & mis*iefs1 t su* commissions & writs be=e ?is "t made %all be utt]ly repeal$1 & t f h5ce=? no su* commissions %all be grant$4--,/4 #bh ,edw>d ,,iii41 *4 #i1 7#aced47 ,h[ silly to suppose t ! illegality ( ^! commissions to try crim9al cases1 c\ld h be5 avoid$ by simply grant+ !m to p]sons "u ! title ( ju/ices1 in/ead ( grant+ !m to %]iffs4 ,! /atute 0 evid5tly a *eat1 or at lea/ design$ z su*1 inasmu* z x virtually ass]ts ! "r ( ! k+ to appo9t 8 tools1 "u ! "n ( ju/ices1 to try crim9al cases1 :ile x disav[s 8 "r to appo9t !m "u ! "n ( %]iffs4 ,mill> says3 ,:5 ! k+'s b5* came to h its usual resid5ce at ,we/m9/]1 ! sov]eign 0 induc$ to grant special commissions1 = try+ p>ticul> crimes1 9 su* p>ts ( ! c\ntry z 7 f\nd mo/ conv5i5t2 & ?is practice 0 gradually modell$ into a regul> appo9tm5t ( c]ta9 commission]s1 emp[]$1 at /at$ seasons1 to p]=m circuits ov] ! k+dom1 & to hold c\rts 9 p>ticul> t[ns1 = ! trial ( all sorts ( crimes4 ,^! judges ( ! circuit1 h[ev]1 nev] obta9$ an ord9>y jurisdiction1 b cont9u$1 on e occasion1 to d]ive _! au?ority f two special commissions3 t ( oy] & t]m9]1 by :i* !y 7 appo9t$ to he> & det]m9e all treasons1 felonies & misdemeanors1 )9 c]ta9 di/ricts2 & t ( gaol deliv]y1 by :i* !y 7 direct$ to try e prison] conf9$ 9 ! gaols ( ! sev]al t[ns fall+ "u _! inspection4--,mill>'s ,hi/4 ,view ( ,eng4 ,gov41 vol4 #b1 *4 #g1 p4 #bhb4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,gilb]t %[s to :at l5g?s ( usurpation ! k+s w\ld sometimes g1 9 _! attempts to get ! judicial p[] out ( ! h&s ( ! p1 & entru/ x to in/rum5ts ( _! own *oos+3 ,f ! "t ( ! ,saxons1 7t is1 f ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,william ! ,conqu]or17 till ! reign ( ,edw>d ! fir/1 7#abgb to #acjg17 ! sev]al c\nty c\rts & %]iffs c\rts did decl9e 9 _! int]e/ & au?ority4 ,! me?ods by :i* !y 7 brok5 7 two-fold4 ,fir/1 by grant+ commissions to ! %]iffs by writ ( ,,ju/icies1 :]eby ! %]iff _h a p>ticul> jurisdiction grant$ him to be judge ( a p>ticul> cause1 indep5d5t ( ! suitors ( ! c\nty c\rt1 7t is1 )\t a jury27 & ^! commissions 7 aft] ! ,norman =m1 by :i* 7accord+ to :i*7 all p[] ( judicature 0 imm$iately d]iv$ f ! k+4--,gilb]t on ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 p4 #a4 ,! sev]al au?orities n[ giv5 %[ t x 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,norman k+s1 n only to appo9t p]sons to sit z judges 9 jury trials1 9 crim9al cases1 b t !y also commission$ individuals to sit 9 s+ul> & p>ticul> cases1 z occasion requir$2 & t !y !re=e readily c\ld1 & naturally w\ld1 & !re=e und\bt$ly did1 commission individuals ) a special view to _! adaptation or capacity to procure su* judgm5ts z ! k+s desir$4 ,! extract f ,gilb]t sugge/s also ! usurpation ( ! ,norman k+s1 9 _! assumption t !y1 7& n ! p1 z by ! common law17 7 ! f\nta9s ( ju/ice4 ,x 0 only by virtue ( ?is illegal assumption t !y c\ld claim to appo9t _! tools to hold c\rts4 ,all ^! ?+s %[ h[ p]fectly lawless & arbitr>y ! k+s 7 bo? be=e & aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 & h[ necess>y to lib]ty 0 ! pr9ciple ( ,magna ,c>ta & ! common law1 t no p]son appo9t$ by ! k+ %\ld hold jury trials 9 crim9al cases4 ,footnote #ia3 ,! op9ions & decisions ( judges & c\rts are undes]v+ ( ! lea/ reliance1 7beyond ! intr9sic m]it ( ! argum5ts (f]$ to su/a9 !m17 & are unwor?y ev5 to be quot$ z evid5ce ( ! law1 :5 ^? op9ions or decisions are favorable to ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t1 or unfavorable to ! lib]ties ( ! p4 ,! only reasons t _! op9ions1 :5 9 favor ( lib]ty1 are entitl$ to any confid5ce1 are1 fir/1 t all presumptions ( law are 9 favor ( lib]ty2 &1 second1 t ! admissions ( all m51 ! innoc5t & ! crim9al alike1 :5 made aga9/ _! own int]e/s1 are entitl$ to be receiv$ z true1 because x is contr>y to human nature = a man to confess any?+ b tru? aga9/ himself4 ,m solemn f>ces1 or m gross impo/ures1 7 nev] practis$ ^u mank9d1 ?an are all1 or v ne>ly all1 ^? oracul> responses by :i* c\rts assume to det]m9e t c]ta9 /atutes1 9 re/ra9t ( individual lib]ty1 are )9 ! con/itutional p[] ( ! gov]nm5t1 & are !re=e valid & b9d+ ^u ! p4 ,! reason :y ^! c\rts are s int5sely s]vile & corrupt1 is1 t !y are n only p>ts (1 b ! v]ie/ creatures (1 ! v gov]nm5ts ^: oppressions !y are ?us seek+ to uphold4 ,!y receive _! (fices & sal>ies f1 & are impea*able & removable by1 ! v gov]nm5ts ^u ^: acts !y affect to sit 9 judgm5t4 ,( c\rse1 no "o ) 8 eyes op5 ev] places himself 9 a position s incompatible ) ! lib]ty ( decl>+ 8 hone/ op9ion1 unless he d x ) ! int5tion ( becom+ a m]e in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t = ! execution ( all its oppressions4 ,z pro( ( ?is1 look at ! judicial hi/ory ( ,engl& = ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s1 & ( ,am]ica f its settlem5t4 ,9 all t "t 7s f> z ,i "k1 or presume7 no b5* ( judges1 7probably n ev5 any s+le judge17 dep5d5t ^u ! legislature t pass$ ! /atute1 has ev] decl>$ a s+le p5al /atute invalid1 on acc\nt ( its be+ 9 conflict ei!r ) ! common law1 :i* ! judges 9 ,engl& h be5 sworn to pres]ve1 or ) ! writt5 con/itutions1 7recogniz+ m5's natural rights17 :i* ! ,am]ican judges 7 "u oa? to ma9ta94 ,e oppression1 e atrocity ev51 t has ev] be5 enact$ 9 ei!r c\ntry1 by ! legislative p[]1 9 ! %ape ( a crim9al law1 7or1 inde$1 9 almo/ any o!r %ape17 has be5 z sure ( a sanction f ! judici>y t 0 dep5d5t ^u1 & impea*able by1 ! legislature t enact$ ! law1 z if !re 7 a physical necessity t ! legislative enactm5t & ! judicial sanction %\ld g toge!r4 ,practically speak+1 ! sum ( _! decisions1 all & s+ul>1 has be51 t !re are no limits to ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t1 & t ! p h no rights except :at ! gov]nm5t pleases to all[ to !m4 ,x is extreme folly = a p to all[ su* dep5d5t1 s]vile1 & p]jur$ creatures to sit ei!r 9 civil or crim9al trials2 b to all[ !m to sit 9 crim9al trials1 & judge ( ! p's lib]ties1 is n m]ely fatuity1--x is suicide4 ,footnote #ib3 ,coke1 speak+ ( ! ^w bailiffs1 z us$ 9 ! /atute ( #a ,we/m9/]1 *4 #ce1 7#abge17 says3 ,"h bailiffs are tak5 = ! judges ( ! c\rt1 z manife/ly appe>e? h]eby4--#b ,in/41 #bbi4 ,coke also says1 ,x is a maxim 9 law1 aliquis non debet esse judex 9 propria causa1 7no "o ought to be judge 9 8 own cause27 & !re=e a f9e levi$ be=e ! baylifes ( ,salop 0 rev]s$1 because "o ( ! baylifes 0 p>ty to ! f9e1 quia non pote/ esse judex et p>s1 7because "o _c be judge & p>ty47--#a ,in/41 #ada a4 ,9 ! /atute ( ,gl\ce/]1 *4 #aa & #ab1 7#abgh17 ! mayor & bailiffs ( ,london 7und\bt$ly *os5 by ! p1 or at any rate n appo9t$ by ! k+7 are manife/ly spok5 ( z judges1 or magi/rates1 hold+ jury trials1 z foll[s3 ,*4 ,,ii4 ,x is provid$1 also1 t if any man lease 8 t5em5t 9 ! city ( ,london1 = a t]m ( ye>s1 & he to :om ! freehold belonge? cause? himself to be implead$ by collusion1 & make? default aft] default1 or come? into c\rt & give? x up1 = to make ! t]mor 7lessee7 lose 8 t]m1 7lease17 & ! dem&ant ha? 8 suit1 s t ! t]mor may recov] by writ ( cov5ant2 ! mayor & bailiffs may inquire by a good inque/1 7jury17 9 ! pres5ce ( ! t]mor & ! dem&ant1 :e!r ! dem&ant mov$ 8 plea ^u good "r t he _h1 or by collusion1 or fraud1 to make ! t]mor lose 8 t]m2 & if x be f\nd by ! inque/ 7jury7 t ! dem&ant mov$ 8 plea ^u good "r t he _h1 ! judgm5t %all be giv5 =?)2 & if x be f\nd by ! inque/ 7jury7 t he implead$ him 7self7 by fraud1 to put ! t]mor f 8 t]m1 !n %all ! t]mor enjoy 8 t]m1 & ! execution ( judgm5t = ! dem&ant %all be susp5d$ until ! t]m be expir$4--#f ,edw>d ,i41 *4 #aa1 7#abgh47 ,coke1 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is *apt]1 calls ?is c\rt ( ! mayor & bailiffs ( ,london1 ! c\rt ( ! hu/+s1 ! greate/ & highe/ c\rt 9 ,london2 & adds1 o!r cities h ! l c\rt1 & s call$1 z ,york1 ,l9coln1 ,w9*e/]1 c4 ,"h ! city ( ,london is nam$2 b x appe>e? by t :i* ha? be5 said out ( ,fleta1 t ?is act ext5ds to su* cities & bor\ghs privileg$1--t is1 su* z h su* privilege to hold plea z ,london ha?4--#b ,in/41 #cbb4 ,! #ab? *apt] ( ! same /atute is 9 ! foll[+ words1 :i* pla9ly recognize ! fact t ! mayor & bailiffs ( ,london are judicial (fic]s hold+ c\rts 9 ,london4 ,x is provid$1 also1 t if a man1 implead$ = a t5em5t 9 ! same city1 7,london17 do? v\* a =eign] to w>ranty1 t he %all come into ! *anc]y1 & h a writ to summon 8 w>rantor at a c]ta9 day be=e ! ju/ices ( ! b5*1 & ano!r writ to ! mayor & bailiffs ( ,london1 t !y %all surcease 7susp5d proce$+s7 9 ! matt] t is be=e !m by writ1 until ! plea ( ! w>rantee be det]m9$ be=e ! ju/ices ( ! b5*2 & :5 ! plea at ! b5* %all be det]m9$1 !n %all he t is v\*$ be comm&$ to g into ! city1 7t is1 be=e ! mayor & bailiffs' c\rt17 to answ] unto ! *ief plea2 & a writ %all be aw>d$ at ! suit ( ! dem&ant by ! ju/ices unto ! mayor & bailiffs1 t !y %all proce$ 9 ! plea1 c4--#f ,edw>d ,i41 *4 #ab1 7#abgh47 ,coke1 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is *apt]1 also speaks repeat$ly ( ! mayor & bailiffs z judges hold+ c\rts2 & also speaks ( ?is *apt] z applicable n only to ! citie ( ,london1 specially nam$ = ! cause a=esaid1 b ext5d$ by equity to all o!r privileg$ places1 7t is1 privileg$ to h a c\rt ( mayor & bailiffs17 :]e =eign v\*] is made1 z to ,*e/]1 ,durham1 ,salop1 c4--#b ,in/41 #cbe-g4 ,,bailie4--,9 ,scot* law1 a municipal magi/rate1 correspond+ ) ! ,engli% ald]man4#if--;,burrill's ,law ,diction>y4 ,,bailiffe4--,baillif4 ,fr4 ,a bailiff3 a m9i/]ial (fic] ) duties simil> to ^? ( a %]iff4444 ,! judge ( a c\rt4 ,a municipal magi/rate1 c4--,burrill's ,law ,dict4 ,,bailiff4444 ,! ^w bailiff is ( ,norman orig91 & 0 appli$ 9 ,engl&1 at an e>ly p]iod1 7aft] ! example1 x is said1 ( ! ,fr5*17 to ! *ief magi/rates ( c\nties1 or %ires1 su* z ! ald]man1 ! reeve1 or %]iff1 & also ( inf]ior jurisdictions1 su* z hundr$s & wap5takes4--,spelman1 voc4 ,balivus2 #a ,bl4 ,com41 #cdd4 ,see ,bailli1 ,ballivus4 ,! ,lat9 ballivus occurs1 inde$1 9 ! laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 b ,spelman ?9ks x 0 introduc$ by a lat] h&4 ,balliva 7bailiwick7 0 ! ^w =m$ f ballivus1 to d5ote ! ext5t ( t]ritory compris$ )9 a bailiff's jurisdiction2 & bailiwick is /ill reta9$ 9 writs & o!r proce$+s1 z ! "n ( a %]iff's c\nty4--#a ,bl4 ,com41 #cdd4 ,see ,balliva4 ,! (fice ( bailiff 0 at fir/ /rictly1 ?\gh n exclusively1 a judicial "o4 ,9 ,france1 ! ^w _h ! s5se ( :at ,spelman calls ju/itia tutel>is4 ,ballivus occurs frequ5tly 9 ! ,regiam ,maje/atem1 9 ! s5se ( a judge4--,spelman4 ,9 its s5se ( a deputy1 x 0 =m]ly appli$1 9 ,engl&1 to ^? (fic]s :o1 by virtue ( a deputation1 ei!r f ! %]iff or ! lords ( private jurisdictions1 ex]cis$ )9 ! hundr$1 or :atev] might be ! limits ( _! bailiwick1 c]ta9 judicial & m9i/]ial functions4 ,) ! disuse ( private & local jurisdictions1 ! mean+ ( ! t]m became commonly re/rict$ to su* p]sons z 7 deput$ by ! %]iff to assi/ him 9 ! m]ely m9i/]ial portion ( 8 duty2 su* z ! summon+ ( juries1 & ! execution ( writs4--,br&e4 444 ,! ^w bailiff is also appli$ 9 ,engl& to ! *ief magi/rates ( c]ta9 t[ns & jurisdictions1 to ! keep]s ( ca/les1 =e/s & o!r places1 & to ! /ew>ds or ag5ts ( lords ( manors4--,burrill's ,law ,dict4 ,,bailiff1 7f ! ,lat4 ballivus2 ,fr4 baillif1 i4e41 ,prfectus prov9ci17 signifies an (fic] appo9t$ = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice )9 a c]ta9 di/rict4 ,! (fice1 z well z ! "n1 appe>s to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,fr5*1 c41--,brew/]'s ,encyclop$ia4 ,mill> says1 ,! ,fr5* mon>*s1 ab\t ?is p]iod1 7 n cont5t ) ! p[] ( receiv+ appeals f ! sev]al c\rts ( _! b>ons4 ,an exp$i5t 0 devis$ ( s5d+ royal bailiffs into diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom1 ) a commission to take cognizance ( all ^? causes 9 :i* ! sov]eign 0 int]e/$1 & 9 reality = ! purpose ( abridg+ & limit+ ! subord9ate jurisdiction ( ! neighbor+ feudal sup]iors4 ,by an edict ( ,phillip ,augu/us1 9 ! ye> #aaij1 ^? bailiffs 7 appo9t$ 9 all ! pr9cipal t[ns ( ! k+dom4--,mill>'s ,hi/4 ,view ( ! ,eng4 ,gov41 vol4 ii41 *4 #c1 p4 #abf4 ,,bailiff-(fice4--,magi/rates :o =m]ly adm9i/]$ ju/ice 9 ! p>liam5ts or c\rts ( ,france1 answ]+ to ! ,engli% %]iffs1 z m5tion$ by ,bracton4--,b\vi]'s ,law ,dict4 ,!re be sev]al (fic]s call$ bailiffs1 ^: (fices & employm5ts seem q diff]5t f ea* o!r4444 ,! *ief magi/rate1 9 div]s anci5t corporations1 are call$ bailiffs1 z 9 ,ipswi*1 ,y>m\?1 ,col*e/]1 c4 ,!re are1 likewise1 (fic]s ( ! =e/1 :o are t]m$ bailiffs4--#a ,bacon's ,abridgm5t1 #dih-i4 ,,bailiff signifies a keep] or sup]9t5d5t1 & is directly d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* ^w bailli1 :i* appe>s to come f ! ^w balivus1 & t f bagalus1 a ,lat9 ^w signify+ g5]ally a gov]nor1 tutor1 or sup]9t5d5t4444 ,! ,fr5* ^w bailli is ?us expla9$ by ,ri*elet1 7,dictionaire1 c437 ,bailli4--,he :o 9 a prov9ce has ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ju/ice1 :o is ! ord9>y judge ( ! nobles1 :o is _! head = ! ban & arri]e ban1#ig & :o ma9ta9s ! "r & prop]ty ( o!rs aga9/ ^? :o attack !m4444 ,all ! v>i\s (fic]s :o are call$ by ?is "n1 ?\gh diff]+ z to ! nature ( _! employm5ts1 seem to h "s k9d ( sup]9t5d5ce intru/$ to !m by _! sup]ior4--,political ,diction>y4 ,,bailiff1 balivus4 ,f ! ,fr5* ^w bayliff1 t is1 prfectus prov9ci1 & z ! "n1 s ! (fice itself 0 answ]able to t ( ,france1 :]e !re 7 eight p>liam5ts1 :i* 7 high c\rts f :5ce !re lay no appeal1 & )9 ! prec9cts ( ! sev]al p>ts ( t k+dom :i* belong$ to ea* p>liam5t1 !re 7 sev]al prov9ces to :i* ju/ice 0 adm9i/]$ by c]ta9 (fic]s call$ bailiffs2 & 9 ,engl& we h sev]al c\nties 9 :i* ju/ice ha? be51 & /ill is1 9 small suits1 adm9i/]$ to ! inhabitants by ! (fic] :om we n[ call %]iff1 or visc\nt2 7"o ( :i* names desc5ds f ! ,saxons1 ! o!r f ! ,normans47 ,&1 ?\gh ! %]iff is n call$ bailiff1 yet x 0 probable t 0 "o ( 8 names also1 because ! c\nty is (t5 call$ balliva2 z 9 ! return ( a writ1 :]e ! p]son is n arre/$1 ! %]iff sai?1 infra-nom9atus1 ,a4,b4 non e/ inv5tus 9 balliva mea1 c42 7! )9 nam$ ,a4,b4 is n f\nd 9 my bailiwick1 c47 ,& 9 ! /atute ( ,magna ,c>ta1 *4 #bh1 & #ad ,ed4 #c1 *4 #i1 ! ^w bailiff seems to comprise z well %]iffs1 z bailiffs ( hundr$s4 ,bailies1 9 ,scotl&1 are magi/rates ( burghs1 possess$ ( c]ta9 jurisdictions1 hav+ ! same p[] )9 _! t]ritory z %]iffs 9 ! c\nty4444 ,z ,engl& is divid$ into c\nties1 s e c\nty is divid$ into hundr$s2 )9 :i*1 9 anci5t times1 ! p _h ju/ice adm9i/]$ to !m by ! sev]al (fic]s ( e hundr$1 :i* 7 ! bailiffs4 ,& x appe>s by ,bracton1 7lib4 #c1 tract4 #b1 *4 #cd17 t bailiffs ( hundr$s might anci5tly hold plea ( appeal & approv]s2 b s9ce t "t ! hundr$ c\rts1 except c]ta9 fran*ises1 are swall[$ 9 ! c\nty c\rts2 & n[ ! bailiff's "n & (fice is gr[n into contempt1 !y be+ g5]ally (fic]s to s]ve writs1 c41 )9 _! lib]ties2 ?\gh1 9 o!r respects1 ! "n is /ill 9 good e/eem1 = ! *ief magi/rates 9 div]s t[ns are call$ bailiffs2 & sometimes ! p]sons to :om ! k+'s ca/les are committ$ are t]m$ bailiffs1 z ! bailiff ( ,dov] ,ca/le1 c4 ,( ! ord9>y bailiffs !re are sev]al sorts1 viz41 bailiffs ( lib]ties2 %]iffs' bailiffs2 bailiffs ( lords ( manors2 bailiffs ( husb&ry1 c4444 ,bailiffs ( lib]ties or fran*ises are to be sworn to take di/resses1 truly impanel jurors1 make returns by ind5ture betwe5 !m & %]iffs1 c4444 ,bailiffs ( c\rts b>on summon ^? c\rts1 & execute ! process !re(4444 ,besides ^!1 !re are also bailiffs ( ! =e/ 444--,jacob's ,law ,dict4 ,toml9's d4 ,,bailiwick1 balliva1--is n only tak5 = ! c\nty1 b signifies g5]ally t lib]ty :i* is exempt$ f ! %]iff ( ! c\nty1 ov] :i* ! "l ( ! lib]ty appo9te? a bailiff1 ) su* p[]s )9 8 prec9ct z an "u-%]iff ex]cise? "u ! %]iff ( ! c\nty2 su* z ! bailiff ( ,we/m9/]4--,jacob's ,law ,dict4 ,toml9's d4 ,a bailiff ( a ,leet1 ,c\rt-b>on1 ,manor1 ,balivus ,let1 ,b>onis1 ,man]ii4--,he is "o t is appo9t$ by ! "l1 or 8 /ew>d1 )9 e manor1 to d su* (fices z app]ta9 !reunto1 z to summon ! c\rt1 w>n ! t5ants & resiants2 also1 to summon ! ,leet & ,homage1 levy f9es1 & make di/resses1 c41 ( :i* y may read at l>ge 9 ,kit*5's ,c\rt-leet & ,c\rt-b>on4--,a ,law ,diction>y1 anonym\s1 79 ,suffolk ,law ,libr>y47 ,,bailiff4--,9 ,engl& an (fic] appo9t$ by ! %]iff4 ,bailiffs are ei!r special1 & appo9t$1 = _! adroitness1 to arre/ p]sons2 or bailiffs ( hundr$s1 :o collect f9es1 summon juries1 att5d ! assizes1 & execute writs & processes4 ,! %]iff 9 ,engl& is ! k+'s bailiff4444 ,! (fice ( bailiff =m]ly 0 high & honorable 9 ,engl&1 & (fic]s "u t title on ! cont95t are /ill inve/$ ) important functions4--,web/]4 ,,bailli1 7,scotl&47--,an ald]man2 a magi/rate :o is second 9 rank 9 a royal burgh4--,worce/]4 ,baili1 or ,bailiff4--7,sorte d'(fici] de ju/ice47 ,a bailiff2 a sort ( magi/rate4--,boy]'s ,fr5* ,dict4 ,by "s op9ions1 a bailiff1 9 ,magna ,c>ta1 *4 #bh1 signifies any judge4--,cunn+ham's ,law ,dict4 ,,bailiff4--,9 ! c\rt ( ! ,greek emp]ors !re 0 a gr& bajulos1 fir/ tutor ( ! emp]or's *ildr54 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( =eign m]*ants seems also to h be5 call$ bajulos2 &1 z he 0 appo9t$ by ! ,v5etians1 ?is title 7balio7 0 transf]r$ to ! ,v5etian ambassador4 ,f ,greece1 ! (ficial bajulos 7ballivus1 bailli1 9 ,france2 bailiff1 9 ,engl&17 0 introduc$ into ! s\? ( ,europe1 & d5ot$ a sup]9t5d5t2 h5ce ! eight ballivi ( ! knights ( ,/4 ,john1 :i* con/itute its supreme c\ncil4 ,9 ,france1 ! royal bailiffs 7 comm&]s ( ! militia1 adm9i/rators or /ew>ds ( ! doma9s1 & judges ( _! di/ricts4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 only ! fir/ duty rema9$ to ! bailiff2 h5ce he 0 bailli d'pe1 & laws 7 adm9i/]$ 9 8 "n by a lawy]1 z 8 deputy1 lieut5ant de robe4 ,! seigniories1 ) :i* high c\rts 7 connect$1 employ$ bailiffs1 :o ?us con/itut$1 almo/ ev]y:]e1 ! l[e/ ord] ( judges4 ,f ! c\rts ( ! nobility1 ! appellation pass$ to ! royal c\rts2 f !nce to ! p>liam5ts4 ,9 ! great] bailiwicks ( cities ( importance1 ,h5ry ,,ii4 e/abli%$ a collegial con/itution "u ! "n ( presidial c\rts4444 ,! "n ( bailiff 0 introduc$ into ,engl& ) ,william ,i4 ,! c\nties 7 also call$ bailiwicks1 7balliv17 :ile ! subdivisions 7 call$ hundr$s2 b1 z ! c\rts ( ! hundr$s h long s9ce ceas$1 ! ,engli% bailiffs are only a k9d ( subord9ate (fic]s ( ju/ice1 l ! ,fr5* huissi]s4 ,^! correspond v ne>ly to ! (fic]s call$ con/ables 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,e %]iff has "s ( !m "u him1 = :om he is answ]able4 ,9 "s cities ! highe/ municipal (fic] yet be>s ?is "n1 z ! high bailiff ( ,we/m9/]4 ,9 ,london1 ! ,"l ,mayor is at ! same "t bailiff1 7:i* title he bore be=e ! pres5t became usual17 & adm9i/]s1 9 ?is quality1 ! crim9al jurisdiction ( ! city1 9 ! c\rt ( old ,bailey1 :]e !re are1 annually1 eight sitt+s ( ! c\rt1 = ! city ( ,london & ! c\nty ( ,middlesex4 ,usually1 ! record] ( ,london supplies 8 place z judge4 ,9 "s in/ances ! t]m bailiff1 9 ,engl&1 is appli$ to ! *ief magi/rates ( t[ns1 or to ! comm&]s ( p>ticul> ca/les1 z t ( ,dov]4 ,! t]m baillie1 9 ,scotl&1 is appli$ to a judicial police-(fic]1 hav+ p[]s v simil> to ^? ( ju/ices ( peace 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,encyclopdia ,am]icana4 ,footnote #ic3 ,p]haps x may be said 7& su*1 x has already be5 se51 is ! op9ion ( ,coke & o!rs7 t ! *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta1 t no bailiff f h5ce=? %all put any man to 8 op5 law1 7put him on trial17 nor to an oa? 7t is1 an oa? ( self-exculpation7 ^u 8 7! bailiff's7 own accusation or te/imony1 )\t cr$ible witnesses br\ght 9 to prove ! *>ge1 is itself a provision 9 reg>d to ! k+'s ju/ices sitt+ 9 crim9al trials1 & !re=e implies t !y are to sit 9 su* trials4 ,b1 al?\gh ! ^w bailiff includes all judicial1 z well z o!r1 (fic]s1 & w\ld !re=e 9 ?is case apply to ! k+'s ju/ices1 if !y 7 to sit 9 crim9al trials2 yet ?is p>ticul> *apt] ( ,magna ,c>ta evid5tly does n contemplate bailiffs :ile act+ 9 _! judicial capacity1 7= !y 7 n all[$ to sit 9 crim9al trials at all17 b only 9 ! "* ( witnesses2 & t ! mean+ ( ! *apt] is1 t ! simple te/imony 7simplici loquela7 ( no bailiff1 7( :atev] k9d17 unsupport$ by o!r & cr$ible witnesses1 %all be suffici5t to put any man on trial1 or to 8 oa? ( self-exculpation4#ih ,x w be notic$ t ! words ( ?is *apt] are n1 no bailiff ( ours1--t is1 ( ! k+1--z 9 "s o!r *apt]s ( ,magna ,c>ta2 b simply no bailiff1 c4 ,! prohibition1 !re=e1 applies to all bailiffs1--to ^? *os5 by ! p1 z well z ^? appo9t$ by ! k+4 ,& ! prohibition is obvi\sly f\nd$ ^u ! idea 7a v s\nd "o 9 t age c]ta9ly1 & probably also 9 ?is7 t public (fic]s 7:e!r appo9t$ by k+ or p7 h g5]ally1 or at lea/ frequ5tly1 too _m int]e/s & animosities aga9/ accus$ p]sons1 to make x safe to convict any man on _! te/imony alone4 ,! idea ( ,coke & o!rs1 t ! object ( ?is *apt] 0 simply to =bid magi/rates to put a man on trial1 :5 !re 7 no witnesses aga9/ him1 b only ! simple accusation or te/imony ( ! magi/rates !mselves1 be=e :om he 0 to be tri$1 is prepo/]\s2 = t w\ld be equival5t to suppos+ t magi/rates act$ 9 ! triple "* ( judge1 jury & witnesses1 9 ! same trial2 & t1 !re=e1 9 su* cases1 !y ne$$ to be prohibit$ f condemn+ a man on _! own accusation or te/imony alone4 ,b su* a provision w\ld h be5 unnecess>y & s5seless1 = two reasons2 fir/1 because ! bailiffs or magi/rates _h no p[] to hold pleas ( ! cr[n1 /ill less to try or condemn a man2 t p[] re/+ :olly ) ! juries2 second1 because if bailiffs or magi/rates c\ld try & condemn a man1 )\t a jury1 ! prohibition ^u _! do+ s ^u _! own accusation or te/imony alone1 w\ld give no additional protection to ! accus$1 s long z ^! same bailiffs or magi/rates 7 all[$ to decide :at weight %\ld be giv51 bo? to _! own te/imony & t ( o!r witnesses2 =1 if !y wi%$ to convict1 !y w\ld ( c\rse decide t any te/imony1 h[ev] frivol\s or irrelevant1 9 addition to _! own1 0 suffici5t4 ,c]ta9ly a magi/rate c\ld always procure witnesses en\gh to te/ify to some?+ or o!r1 :i* he himself c\ld decide to be corroborative ( 8 own te/imony4 ,& ?us ! prohibition w\ld be defeat$ 9 fact1 ?\gh obs]v$ 9 =m4 ,footnote #id3 ,9 ?is *apt] ,i h call$ ! ju/ices presid+ (fic]s1 solely = ! want ( a bett] t]m4 ,!y are n presid+ (fic]s1 9 ! s5se ( hav+ any au?ority ov] ! jury2 b are only assi/ants to1 & tea*]s & s]vants (1 ! jury4 ,! =eman ( ! jury is prop]ly ! presid+ (fic]1 s f> z !re is su* an (fic] at all4 ,! %]iff has no au?ority except ov] o!r p]sons ?an ! jury4 ,footnote #ie3 ,9 ?is extract1 ,palgrave seems to assume t ! k+ himself _h a "r to sit z judge1 9 jury trials1 9 ! c\nty c\rts1 9 bo? civil & crim9al cases4 ,i appreh5d he _h no su* p[] at ! common law1 b only to sit 9 ! trial ( appeals1 & 9 ! trial ( pe]s1 & ( civil suits 9 :i* pe]s 7 p>ties1 & possibly 9 ! c\rts ( anci5t demesne4 ,footnote #if3 ,ald]man 0 a title anci5tly giv5 to v>i\s judicial (fic]s1 z ! ,ald]man ( all ,engl&1 ,ald]man ( ! ,k+1 ,ald]man ( ! ,c\nty1 ,ald]man ( ! ,city or ,bor\gh1 ,ald]man ( ! ,hundr$ or ,wap5take4 ,^! 7 all judicial (fic]s4 ,see ,law ,diction>ies4 ,footnote #ig3 ,ban & arri]e ban1 a proclamation1 :]eby all t hold l&s ( ! cr[n1 7except "s privileg$ (fic]s & citiz5s17 are summon$ to meet at a c]ta9 place 9 ord] to s]ve ! k+ 9 8 w>s1 ei!r p]sonally1 or by proxy4--,boy]4 ,footnote #ih3 ,at ! common law1 p>ties1 9 bo? civil & crim9al cases1 7 all[$ to swe> 9 _! own behalf2 & x w be s aga91 if ! true trial by jury %\ld be re/abli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,free ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,ju/ice4 ,! free adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 0 a pr9ciple ( ! common law2 & x mu/ necess>ily be a "p ( e sy/em ( gov]nm5t :i* is n design$ to be an eng9e 9 ! h&s ( ! ri* = ! oppression ( ! poor4 ,9 say+ t ! free adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 0 a pr9ciple ( ! common law1 ,i mean only t p>ties 7 subject$ to no co/s = jurors1 witnesses1 writs1 or o!r necess>ies = ! trial1 prelim9>y to ! trial itself4 ,consequ5tly1 no "o c\ld lose ! b5efit ( a trial1 = ! want ( means to defray exp5ses4 ,b aft] ! trial1 ! pla9tiff or def5dant 0 liable to be am]c$1 7by ! jury1 ( c\rse17 = hav+ tr\bl$ ! c\rt ) ! prosecution or def5ce ( an unju/ suit4#ii ,b x is n likely t ! los+ p>ty 0 subject$ to an am]cem5t z a matt] ( c\rse1 b only 9 ^? cases :]e ! inju/ice ( 8 cause 0 s evid5t z to make him inexcusable 9 br++ x be=e ! c\rts4 ,all ! freehold]s 7 requir$ to att5d ! c\rts1 t !y might s]ve z jurors & witnesses1 & d any o!r s]vice t c\ld legally be requir$ ( !m2 & _! att5dance 0 paid = by ! /ate4 ,9 o!r words1 _! att5dance & s]vice at ! c\rts 7 "p ( ! r5ts :i* !y paid ! /ate = _! l&s4 ,! freehold]s1 :o 7 ?us requir$ always to att5d ! c\rts1 7 d\btless ! only witnesses :o 7 usually requir$ 9 civil causes4 ,?is 0 ow+ to ! fact t1 9 ^? days1 :5 ! p at l>ge c\ld nei!r write nor read1 few contracts 7 put 9 writ+4 ,! exp$i5t adopt$ = prov+ contracts1 0 t ( mak+ !m 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses1 :o c\ld aft]w>ds te/ify to ! transactions4 ,mo/ contracts 9 reg>d to l&s 7 made at ! c\rts1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! freehold]s !re assembl$4#ajj ,9 ! k+'s c\rts x 0 specially provid$ by ,magna ,c>ta t ju/ice & "r %\ld n be sold2 t is1 t ! k+ %\ld take no?+ f ! p>ties = adm9i/]+ ju/ice4 ,! oa? ( a p>ty to ! ju/ice ( 8 cause 0 all t 0 necess>y to entitle him to ! b5efit ( ! c\rts free ( all exp5se2 7except ! risk ( be+ am]c$ aft] ! trial1 9 case ! jury %\ld ?9k he des]v$ x4#aja7 ,?is pr9ciple ( ! free adm9i/ration ( ju/ice connects itself necess>ily ) ! trial by jury1 because a jury c\ld n rightfully give judgm5t aga9/ any man1 9 ei!r a civil or crim9al case1 if !y _h any reason to suppose he _h be5 unable to procure 8 witnesses4 ,! true trial by jury w\ld also compel ! free adm9i/ration ( ju/ice f ano!r necessity1 viz41 t ( prev5t+ private qu>rels2 because1 unless ! gov]nm5t en=c$ a man's rights & r$ress$ 8 wrongs1 free ( exp5se to him1 a jury w\ld be b\nd to protect him 9 tak+ ! law into 8 own h&s4 ,a man has a natural "r to en=ce 8 own rights & r$ress 8 own wrongs4 ,if "o man owe ano!r a debt1 & refuse to pay x1 ! cr$itor has a natural "r to seize suffici5t prop]ty ( ! debtor1 :]ev] he c f9d x1 to satisfy ! debt4 ,if "o man commit a trespass ^u ! p]son1 prop]ty or "* ( ano!r1 ! injur$ p>ty has a natural "r1 ei!r to *a/ise ! aggressor1 or to take comp5sation = ! injury out ( 8 prop]ty4 ,b z ! gov]nm5t is an imp>tial p>ty z betwe5 ^! individuals1 x is m likely to d exact ju/ice betwe5 !m ?an ! injur$ individual himself w\ld d4 ,! gov]nm5t1 also1 hav+ m p[] at its comm&1 is likely to "r a man's wrongs m peacefully ?an ! injur$ p>ty himself c\ld d x4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! gov]nm5t w d ! "w ( en=c+ a man's rights1 & r$ress+ 8 wrongs1 promptly1 & free ( exp5se to him1 he is "u a moral obligation to leave ! "w 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t2 b n o!rwise4 ,:5 ! gov]nm5t =bids him to en=ce 8 own rights or r$ress 8 own wrongs1 & deprives him ( all means ( obta9+ ju/ice1 except on ! condition ( 8 employ+ ! gov]nm5t to obta9 x = him1 & ( pay+ ! gov]nm5t = do+ x1 ! gov]nm5t becomes itself ! protector & accomplice ( ! wrong-do]4 ,if ! gov]nm5t w =bid a man to protect 8 own rights1 x is b\nd to d x = him1 free ( exp5se to him4 ,& s long z gov]nm5t refuses to d ?is1 juries1 if !y knew _! duties1 w\ld protect a man 9 def5d+ 8 own rights4 ,"u ! prevail+ sy/em1 probably "o half ( ! community are virtually depriv$ ( all protection = _! rights1 except :at ! crim9al law af=ds !m4 ,c\rts ( ju/ice1 = all civil suits1 are z effectually %ut aga9/ !m1 z ?\gh x 7 done by bolts & b>s4 ,be+ =bidd5 to ma9ta9 _! own rights by =ce1--z1 = in/ance1 to compel ! paym5t ( debts1--& be+ unable to pay ! exp5ses ( civil suits1 !y h no alt]native b submission to _m acts ( inju/ice1 aga9/ :i* ! gov]nm5t is b\nd ei!r to protect !m1 free ( exp5se1 or all[ !m to protect !mselves4 ,!re w\ld be ! same reason 9 compell+ a p>ty to pay ! judge & jury = _! s]vices1 t !re is 9 compell+ him to pay ! witnesses1 or any o!r necess>y *>ges4#ajb ,?is compell+ p>ties to pay ! exp5ses ( civil suits is "o ( ! _m cases 9 :i* gov]nm5t is false to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* free gov]nm5t is bas$4 ,:at is ! object ( gov]nm5t1 b to protect m5's rights8 ,on :at pr9ciple does a man pay 8 taxes to ! gov]nm5t1 except on t ( contribut+ 8 proportion t[>ds ! necess>y co/ ( protect+ ! rights ( all8 ,yet1 :5 8 own rights are actually invad$1 ! gov]nm5t1 :i* he contributes to support1 in/ead ( fulfill+ its impli$ contract1 becomes 8 enemy1 & n only refuses to protect 8 rights1 7except at 8 own co/17 b ev5 =bids him to d x himself4 ,all free gov]nm5t is f\nd$ on ! !ory ( volunt>y association2 & on ! !ory t all ! p>ties to x volunt>ily pay _! taxes = its support1 on ! condition ( receiv+ protection 9 return4 ,b ! idea t any poor man w\ld volunt>ily pay taxes to build up a gov]nm5t1 :i* w nei!r protect 8 rights1 7except at a co/ :i* he _c meet17 nor suff] himself to protect !m by su* means z may be 9 8 p[]1 is absurd4 ,"u ! prevail+ sy/em1 a l>ge portion ( ! lawsuits det]m9$ 9 c\rts1 are m]e conte/s ( purses r ?an ( rights4 ,& a jury1 sworn to decide causes accord+ to ! evid5ce produc$1 are q likely1 = aught !y !mselves c "k1 to be decid+ m]ely ! comp>ative l5g? ( ! p>ties' purses1 r ?an ! intr9sic /r5g? ( _! respective rights4 ,jurors ought to refuse to decide a cause at all1 except ^u ! assurance t all ! evid5ce1 necess>y to a full k ( ! cause1 is produc$4 ,?is assurance !y c seldom h1 unless ! gov]nm5t itself produces all ! witnesses ! p>ties desire4 ,9 crim9al cases1 ! atrocity ( accus+ a man ( crime1 & !n condemn+ him unless he prove 8 innoc5ce at 8 own *>ges1 is s evid5t t a jury c\ld r>ely1 if ev]1 be ju/ifi$ 9 convict+ a man "u su* circum/ances4 ,b ! free adm9i/ration ( ju/ice is n only indisp5sable to ! ma9t5ance ( "r betwe5 man & man2 x w\ld also promote simplicity & /ability 9 ! laws4 ,! mania = legislation w\ld be1 9 an important degree1 re/ra9$1 if ! gov]nm5t 7 compell$ to pay ! exp5ses ( all ! suits t grew out ( x4 ,! free adm9i/ration ( ju/ice w\ld dim9i% & ne>ly ext+ui% ano!r great evil1--t ( malici\s civil suits4 ,x is an old say+1 t multi litigant 9 =o1 non ut aliquid lucr5tur1 s$ ut vexant alios4 7,_m litigate 9 c\rt1 n t !y may ga9 any?+1 b t !y may h>ass o!rs47 ,_m m51 f motives ( rev5ge & oppression1 are will+ to sp5d _! own money 9 prosecut+ a gr\ndless suit1 if !y c !reby compel _! victims1 :o are less able ?an !mselves to be> ! loss1 to sp5d money 9 ! def5ce4 ,"u ! prevail+ sy/em1 9 :i* ! p>ties pay ! exp5ses ( _! suits1 no?+ b money is necess>y to enable any malici\s man to comm5ce & prosecute a gr\ndless suit1 to ! t]ror1 injury1 & p]haps ru91 ( ano!r man4 ,9 ?is way1 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 into :i* none b a consci5ti\s pla9tiff c]ta9ly %\ld ev] be all[$ to ent]1 becomes an ar5a into :i* any ri* & rev5geful oppressor may drag any man poor] ?an himself1 & h>ass1 t]rify1 & impov]i% him1 to almo/ any ext5t4 ,x is a sc&al & an outrage1 t gov]nm5t %\ld suff] itself to be made an in/rum5t1 9 ?is way1 = ! gratification ( private malice4 ,we might ne>ly z well h no c\rts ( ju/ice1 z to ?r[ !m op51 z we d1 = su* flagiti\s uses4 ,yet ! evil probably admits ( no rem$y except a free adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,"u a free sy/em1 pla9tiffs c\ld r>ely be influ5c$ by motives ( ?is k9d2 because !y c\ld put _! victim to little or no exp5se1 nei!r p5d+ ! suit1 7:i* x is ! object ( ! oppressor to d17 nor at its t]m9ation4 ,besides1 if ! anci5t common law practice %\ld be adopt$1 ( am]c+ a p>ty = tr\bl+ ! c\rts ) gr\ndless suits1 ! prosecutor himself w\ld1 9 ! end1 be likely to be am]c$ by ! jury1 9 su* a mann] z to make c\rts ( ju/ice a v unpr(itable place = a man to g to seek rev5ge4 ,9 e/imat+ ! evils ( ?is k9d1 result+ f ! pres5t sy/em1 we are to consid] t !y are n1 by any means1 conf9$ to ! actual suits 9 :i* ?is k9d ( oppression is practis$2 b we are to include all ^? cases 9 :i* ! fe> ( su* oppression is us$ z a weapon to compel m5 into a surr5d] ( _! rights4 ,footnote #ii3 #b ,sullivan ,lectures1 #bcd-e4 #c ,black/one1 #bgd-e1 #cgf4 ,sullivan says t bo? pla9tiffs & def5dants 7 liable to am]cem5t4 ,black/one speaks ( pla9tiffs be+ liable1 )\t say+ :e!r def5dants 7 s or n4 ,:at ! rule really 0 ,i d n "k4 ,!re w\ld seem to be "s reason 9 all[+ def5dants to def5d !mselves1 at _! own *>ges1 )\t expos+ !mselves to am]cem5t 9 case ( failure4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,:5 any o!r witnesses ?an freehold]s 7 requir$ 9 a civil suit1 ,i am n aw>e ( ! mann] 9 :i* _! att5dance 0 procur$2 b x 0 d\btless done at ! exp5se ei!r ( ! /ate or ( ! witnesses !mselves4 ,& x 0 d\btless ! same 9 crim9al cases4 ,footnote #aja3 ,all claims 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! fir/ /age by ! oa? ( ! pla9tiff1 except :5 o!rwise specially direct$ by ! law4 ,! oa?1 by :i* any claim 0 support$1 0 call$ ! =e-oa?1 or ',prjuram5tum1' & x 0 ! f\ndation ( 8 suit4 ,"o ( ! cases :i* did n require ?is initiatory confirmation1 0 :5 cattle c\ld be track$ into ano!r man's l&1 & !n ! foot-m>k /ood = ! =e-oa?4--#b ,palgrave's ,rise & ,progress1 c41 #aad4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,among ! necess>y exp5ses ( suits1 %\ld be reckon$ reasonable comp5sation to c\nsel1 = !y are ne>ly or q z important to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 z are judges1 jurors1 or witnesses2 & ! univ]sal practice ( employ+ !m1 bo? on ! "p ( gov]nm5ts & ( private p]sons1 %[s t _! importance is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,z a m]e matt] ( economy1 too1 x w\ld be wise = ! gov]nm5t to pay !m1 r ?an !y %\ld n be employ$2 because !y collect & arrange ! te/imony & ! law be=eh&1 s z to be able to pres5t ! :ole case to ! c\rt & jury intelligibly1 & 9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,:]eas1 if !y 7 n employ$1 ! c\rt & jury w\ld be "u ! necessity ei!r ( sp5d+ mu* m "t ?an n[ 9 ! inve/igation ( causes1 or ( despat*+ !m 9 ha/e1 & ) little reg>d to ju/ice4 ,!y w\ld be v likely to d ! latt]1 ?us defeat+ ! :ole object ( ! p 9 e/abli%+ c\rts4 ,to prev5t ! abuse ( ?is "r1 x %\ld p]haps be left discretion>y ) ! jury 9 ea* case to det]m9e :e!r ! c\nsel %\ld receive any pay--&1 if any1 h[ mu*--f ! gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,crim9al ,,int5t4 ,x is a maxim ( ! common law t !re c be no crime )\t a crim9al int5t4 ,& x is a p]fectly cle> pr9ciple1 al?\gh "o :i* judges h 9 a great measure ov]?r[n 9 practice1 t jurors are to judge ( ! moral int5t ( an accus$ p]son1 & hold him guiltless1 :atev] 8 act1 unless !y f9d him to h act$ ) a crim9al int5t2 t is1 ) a design to d :at he knew to be crim9al4 ,?is pr9ciple is cle>1 because ! "q = a jury to det]m9e is1 :e!r ! accus$ be guilty1 or n guilty4 ,guilt is a p]sonal quality ( ! actor1--n necess>ily involv$ 9 ! act1 b dep5d+ also ^u ! int5t or motive ) :i* ! act 0 done4 ,consequ5tly1 ! jury mu/ f9d t he act$ f a crim9al motive1 be=e !y c decl>e him guilty4 ,!re is no moral ju/ice 91 nor any political necessity =1 puni%+ a man = any act :atev] t he may h committ$1 if he h done x )\t any crim9al int5t4 ,!re c be no moral ju/ice 9 puni%+ = su* an act1 because1 !re hav+ be5 no crim9al motive1 !re c h be5 no o!r motive :i* ju/ice c take cognizance (1 z dem&+ or ju/ify+ puni%m5t4 ,!re c be no political necessity = puni%+1 to w>n aga9/ simil> acts 9 future1 because1 if "o man h injur$ ano!r1 h[ev] un9t5tionally1 he is liable1 & ju/ly liable1 to a civil suit = damages2 & 9 ?is suit he w be compell$ to make comp5sation = ! injury1 not)/&+ 8 innoc5ce ( any int5tion to injure4 ,he mu/ be> ! consequ5ces ( 8 own act1 in/ead ( ?r[+ !m ^u ano!r1 h[ev] innoc5t he may h be5 ( any int5tion to d wrong4 ,& ! damages he w h to pay w be a suffici5t w>n+ to him n to d ! l act aga94 ,if x be alleg$ t !re are crimes aga9/ ! public1 7z treason1 = example1 or any o!r resi/ance to gov]nm5t17 = :i* private p]sons c recov] no damages1 & t !re is a political necessity = puni%+ = su* (f5ces1 ev5 ?\gh ! p>ty act$ consci5ti\sly1 ! answ] is1--! gov]nm5t mu/ be> ) all resi/ance t is n s cle>ly wrong z to give evid5ce ( crim9al int5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! gov]nm5t1 9 all its acts1 mu/ keep itself s cle>ly )9 ! limits ( ju/ice1 z t twelve m51 tak5 at r&om1 w all agree t x is 9 ! "r1 or x mu/ incur ! risk ( resi/ance1 )\t any p[] to puni% x4 ,?is is ! mode 9 :i* ! trial by jury op]ates to prev5t ! gov]nm5t f fall+ into ! h&s ( a p>ty1 or a faction1 & to keep x )9 su* limits z all1 or sub/antially all1 ! p are agre$ t x may occupy4 ,?is necessity = a crim9al int5t1 to ju/ify conviction1 is prov$ by ! issue :i* ! jury are to try1 & ! v]dict !y are to pron\nce4 ,! issue !y are to try is1 guilty or n guilty4 ,& ^? are ! t]ms !y are requir$ to use 9 r5d]+ _! v]dicts4 ,b x is a pla9 falsehood to say t a man is guilty1 unless he h done an act :i* he knew to be crim9al4 ,?is necessity = a crim9al int5t--9 o!r words1 = guilt--z a prelim9>y to conviction1 makes x impossible t a man c be rightfully convict$ = an act t is intr9sically innoc5t1 ?\gh =bidd5 by ! gov]nm5t2 because guilt is an intr9sic quality ( actions & motives1 & n "o t c be imp>t$ to !m by arbitr>y legislation4 ,all ! ef=ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 to make (f5ces by /atute1 out ( acts t are n crim9al by nature1 mu/ necess>ily be ineffectual1 unless a jury w decl>e a man guilty = an act t is really innoc5t4 ,! corruption ( judges1 9 _! attempts to uphold ! arbitr>y au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t1 by procur+ ! conviction ( individuals = acts innoc5t 9 !mselves1 & =bidd5 only by "s tyrannical /atute1 & ! commission ( :i* !re=e indicates no crim9al int5t1 is v app>5t4 ,to accompli% ?is object1 !y h 9 mod]n times held x to be unnecess>y t indictm5ts %\ld *>ge1 z by ! common law !y 7 requir$ to d1 t an act 0 done wick$ly1 feloni\sly1 ) malice a=e?\ght1 or 9 any o!r mann] t impli$ a crim9al int5t1 )\t :i* !re c be no crim9ality2 b t x is suffici5t to *>ge simply t x 0 done contr>y to ! =m ( ! /atute 9 su* case made & provid$4 ,?is =m ( indictm5t proce$s pla9ly ^u ! assumption t ! gov]nm5t is absolute1 & t x has au?ority to prohibit any act x pleases1 h[ev] innoc5t 9 its nature ! act may be4 ,judges h be5 driv5 to ! alt]native ( ei!r sanction+ ?is new =m ( indictm5t1 7:i* !y nev] _h any con/itutional "r to sanction17 or ( see+ ! au?ority ( _m ( ! /atutes ( ! gov]nm5t fall to ! gr\nd2 because ! acts =bidd5 by ! /atutes 7 s pla9ly innoc5t 9 _! nature1 t ev5 ! gov]nm5t itself _h n ! face to allege t ! commission ( !m impli$ or indicat$ any crim9al int5t4 ,to get rid ( ! necessity ( %[+ a crim9al int5t1 & !reby fur!r to enslave ! p1 by r$uc+ !m to ! necessity ( a bl9d1 unreason+ submission to ! arbitr>y w ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ( a surr5d] ( all "r1 on _! own "p1 to judge :at are _! con/itutional & natural rights & lib]ties1 c\rts h inv5t$ ano!r idea1 :i* !y h incorporat$ among ! pret5d$ maxims1 ^u :i* !y act 9 crim9al trials1 viz41 t ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o4 ,z if x 7 9 ! nature ( ?+s possible t !re c\ld be an excuse m absolute & complete4 ,:at else ?an ignorance ( ! law is x t excuses p]sons "u ! ye>s ( discretion1 & m5 ( imbecile m9ds8 ,:at else ?an ignorance ( ! law is x t excuses judges !mselves = all _! errone\s decisions8 ,no?+4 ,!y are e day committ+ errors1 :i* w\ld be crimes1 b = _! ignorance ( ! law4 ,& yet ^! same judges1 :o claim to be le>n$ 9 ! law1 & :o yet c\ld n hold _! (fices = a day1 b = ! all[ance :i* ! law makes = _! ignorance1 are cont9ually ass]t+ x to be a maxim t ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o2 7by :i*1 ( c\rse1 !y really mean t x excuses no "o b !mselves2 & especially t x excuses no unle>n$ man1 :o comes be=e !m *>g$ ) crime47 ,?is prepo/]\s doctr9e1 t ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o1 is ass]t$ by c\rts because x is an indisp5sable "o to ! ma9t5ance ( absolute p[] 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is indisp5sable = ?is purpose1 because1 if x be once admitt$ t ! p h any rights & lib]ties :i* ! gov]nm5t _c lawfully take f !m1 !n ! "q arises 9 reg>d to e /atute ( ! gov]nm5t1 :e!r x be law1 or n2 t is1 :e!r x infr+e1 or n1 ! rights & lib]ties ( ! p4 ,( ?is "q e man mu/ ( c\rse judge accord+ to ! light 9 8 own m9d4 ,& no man c be convict$ unless ! jury f9d1 n only t ! /atute is law1--t x does n infr+e ! rights & lib]ties ( ! p1--b also t x 0 s cle>ly law1 s cle>ly consi/5t ) ! rights & lib]ties ( ! p1 z t ! individual himself1 :o transgress$ x1 knew x to be s1 & !re=e _h no moral excuse = transgress+ x4 ,gov]nm5ts see t if ignorance ( ! law 7 all[$ to excuse a man = any act :atev]1 x mu/ excuse him = transgress+ all /atutes :atsoev]1 :i* he himself ?9ks inconsi/5t ) 8 rights & lib]ties4 ,b su* a doctr9e w\ld ( c\rse be inconsi/5t ) ! ma9t5ance ( arbitr>y p[] by ! gov]nm5t2 & h5ce gov]nm5ts w n all[ ! plea1 al?\gh !y w n confess _! true reasons = disall[+ x4 ,! only reasons1 7if !y des]ve ! "n ( reasons71 t ,i ev] knew giv5 = ! doctr9e t ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o1 are ^!3 #a4 ,! reason = ! maxim is t ( necessity4 ,x prevails1 'n t all m5 "k ! law1 b because x is an excuse :i* e man w make1 & no man c tell h[ to confute him4'--,seld51 7z quot$ 9 ! #b;d edition ( ,/>kie on ,sl&]1 ,prelim4 ,disc41 p4 #adj1 note47--,law ,magaz9e1 7,london17 vol4 #bg1 p4 #ig4 ,?is reason impli$ly admits t ignorance ( ! law is1 intr9sically1 an ample & suffici5t excuse = a crime2 & t ! excuse ought to be all[$1 if ! fact ( ignorance c\ld b be asc]ta9$4 ,b x ass]ts t ?is fact is incapable ( be+ asc]ta9$1 & t !re=e !re is a necessity = puni%+ ! ignorant & ! kn[+--t is1 ! innoc5t & ! guilty--)\t discrim9ation4 ,?is reason is wor?y ( ! doctr9e x is us$ to uphold2 z if a plea ( ignorance1 any m ?an any o!r plea1 mu/ necess>ily be believ$ simply because x is urg$2 & z if x 7 n a common & e-day practice ( c\rts & juries1 9 bo? civil & crim9al cases1 to det]m9e ! m5tal capacity ( individuals2 z1 = example1 to det]m9e :e!r !y are ( suffici5t m5tal capacity to make reasonable contracts2 :e!r !y are lunatic2 :e!r !y are compotes m5tis1 ( s\nd m9d & memory1 c4 c4 ,& !re is obvi\sly no m difficulty 9 a jury's det]m9+ :e!r an accus$ p]son knew ! law 9 a crim9al case1 ?an !re is 9 det]m9+ any ( ^! o!r que/ions t are cont9ually det]m9$ 9 reg>d to a man's m5tal capacity4 ,= ! "q to be settl$ by ! jury is n :e!r ! accus$ p]son knew ! p>ticul> p5alty atta*$ to 8 act1 7= at common law no "o knew :at p5alty a jury w\ld atta* to an (f5ce17 b :e!r he knew t 8 act 0 intr9sically crim9al4 ,if x 7 intr9sically crim9al1 x 0 crim9al at common law4 ,if x 0 n intr9sically crim9al1 x 0 n crim9al at common law4 7,at lea/1 su* 0 ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! common law4 ,!re may h be5 exceptions 9 practice1 ow+ to ! fact t ! op9ions ( m51 z to :at 0 intr9sically crim9al1 may n h be5 9 all cases correct47 ,a jury1 !n1 9 judg+ :e!r an accus$ p]son knew 8 act to be illegal1 7 b\nd fir/ to use _! own judgm5ts1 z to :e!r ! act 7 intr9sically crim9al4 ,if _! own judgm5ts told !m ! act 0 intr9sically & cle>ly crim9al1 !y w\ld naturally & reasonably inf] t ! accus$ also und]/ood t x 0 intr9sically crim9al1 7& consequ5tly illegal17 unless x %\ld appe> t he 0 ei!r bel[ !mselves 9 ! scale ( intellect1 or _h _h less opportunities ( kn[+ :at acts 7 crim9al4 ,9 %ort1 !y w\ld judge1 f any & e means !y might h ( judg+2 & if !y _h any reasonable d\bt t he knew 8 act to be crim9al 9 itself1 !y w\ld be b\nd to acquit him4 ,! second reason t has be5 (f]$ = ! doctr9e t ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o1 is ?is3 ,ignorance ( ! municipal law ( ! k+dom1 or ( ! p5alty !reby inflict$ on (f5d]s1 do? n excuse any t is ( ! age ( discretion & compos m5tis1 f ! p5alty ( ! brea* ( x2 because e p]son1 ( ! age ( discretion & compos m5tis1 is b\nd to "k ! law1 & presum$ to d s4 ,ignorantia eorum1 qu quis scire t5etur non excusat4 7,ignorance ( ^? ?+s :i* e "o is b\nd to "k1 does n excuse47--#a ,hale's ,pleas ( ! ,cr[n1 #db4 ,doctor & ,/ud5t1 ,dialog4 #b1 *4 #df4 ,law ,magaz9e1 7,london17 vol4 #bg1 p4 #ig4 ,! sum ( ?is reason is1 t ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o1 7:o is ( ! age ( discretion & is compos m5tis17 because e su* p]son is b\nd to "k ! law4 ,b ?is is giv+ no reason at all = ! doctr9e1 s9ce say+ t a man is b\nd to "k ! law1 is only say+1 9 ano!r =m1 t ignorance ( ! law does n excuse him4 ,!re is no diff]5ce at all 9 ! two ideas4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o1 because e "o is b\nd to "k ! law1 is only equival5t to say+ t ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o1 because ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o4 ,x is m]ely ress]t+ ! doctr9e1 )\t giv+ any reason at all4 ,& yet ^! reasons1 :i* are really no reasons at all1 are ! only ones1 s f> z ,i "k1 t h ev] be5 (f]$ = ?is absurd & brutal doctr9e4 ,! idea sugge/$1 t ! age ( discretion det]m9es ! guilt ( a p]son1--t !re is a p>ticul> age1 prior to :i* all p]sons alike %\ld be held incapable ( kn[+ any crime1 & subsequ5t to :i* all p]sons alike %\ld be held capable ( kn[+ all crimes1--is ano!r ( ?is mo/ ridicul\s ne/ ( ideas4 ,all mank9d acquire _! k ( crimes1 z !y d ( o!r ?+s1 gradually4 ,"s !y le>n at an e>ly age2 o!rs n till a lat] "o4 ,"o individual acquires a k ( crimes1 z he does ( ari?metic1 at an e>li] age ?an o!rs d4 ,& to apply ! same presumption to all1 on ! gr\nd ( age alone1 is n only gross inju/ice1 b gross folly4 ,a univ]sal presumption might1 ) ne>ly or q z mu* reason1 be f\nd$ ^u weight1 or height1 z ^u age4#ajc ,?is doctr9e1 t ignorance ( ! law excuses no "o1 is con/antly repeat$ 9 ! =m t e "o is b\nd to "k ! law4 ,! doctr9e is true 9 civil matt]s1 especially 9 contracts1 s f> z ?is3 t no man1 :o has ! ord9>y capacity to make reasonable contracts1 c escape ! consequ5ces ( 8 own agreem5t1 on ! gr\nd t he did n "k ! law applicable to x4 ,:5 a man makes a contract1 he gives ! o!r p>ty rights2 & he mu/ ( necessity judge = himself1 & take 8 own risk1 z to :at ^? rights are1--o!rwise ! contract w\ld n be b9d+1 & m5 c\ld n make contracts t w\ld convey rights to ea* o!r4 ,besides1 ! capacity to make reasonable contracts1 implies & includes a capacity to =m a reasonable judgm5t z to ! law applicable to !m4 ,b 9 crim9al matt]s1 :]e ! "q is "o ( puni%m5t1 or n2 :]e no second p>ty has acquir$ any "r to h ! crime puni%$1 unless x 7 committ$ ) crim9al int5t1 7b only to h x comp5sat$ = by damages 9 a civil suit27 & :5 ! crim9al int5t is ! only moral ju/ification = ! puni%m5t1 ! pr9ciple does n apply1 & a man is b\nd to "k ! law only z well z he reasonably may4 ,! crim9al law requires nei!r impossibilities nor extraord9>ies ( any "o4 ,x requires only ?\ghtfulness & a good consci5ce4 ,x requires only t a man fairly & prop]ly use ! judgm5t he possesses1 & ! means he has ( le>n+ 8 duty4 ,x requires ( him only ! same c>e to "k 8 duty 9 reg>d to ! law1 t he is morally b\nd to use 9 o!r matt]s ( equal importance4 ,& ?is c>e x does require ( him4 ,any ignorance ( ! law1 !re=e1 t is unnecess>y1 or t arises f indiff]5ce or disreg>d ( "o's duty1 is no excuse4 ,an accus$ p]son1 !re=e1 may be rightfully held responsible = su* a k ( ! law z is common to m5 9 g5]al1 hav+ no great] natural capacities ?an himself1 & no great] opportunities = le>n+ ! law4 ,& he c rightfully be held to no great] k ( ! law ?an ?is4 ,to hold him responsible = a great] k ( ! law ?an is common to mank9d1 :5 o!r ?+s are equal1 w\ld be gross inju/ice & cruelty4 ,! mass ( mank9d c give b little ( _! att5tion to acquir+ a k ( ! law4 ,_! o!r duties 9 life =bid x4 ,( c\rse1 !y _c inve/igate ab/ruse or difficult que/ions4 ,all t c rightfully be requir$ ( ea* ( !m1 !n1 is t he ex]cise su* a c&id & consci5ti\s judgm5t z x is common = mank9d g5]ally to ex]cise 9 su* matt]s4 ,if he h done ?is1 x w\ld be mon/r\s to puni% him crim9ally = 8 errors2 errors n ( consci5ce1 b only ( judgm5t4 ,x w\ld also be contr>y to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( a free gov]nm5t 7t is1 a gov]nm5t =m$ by volunt>y association7 to puni% m5 9 su* cases1 because x w\ld be absurd to suppose t any man w\ld volunt>ily assi/ to e/abli% or support a gov]nm5t t w\ld puni% himself = acts :i* he himself did n "k to be crimes4 ,b a man may reasonably unite ) 8 fell[-m5 to ma9ta9 a gov]nm5t to puni% ^? acts :i* he himself consid]s crim9al1 & may reasonably acquiesce 9 8 own liability to be puni%$ = su* acts4 ,z ^? are ! only gr\nds on :i* any "o c be suppos$ to r5d] any volunt>y support to a gov]nm5t1 x foll[s t a gov]nm5t =m$ by volunt>y association1 & ( c\rse hav+ no p[]s except su* z all ! associates h cons5t$ t x may h1 c h no p[] to puni% a man = acts :i* he did n himself "k to be crim9al4 ,! safety ( society1 :i* is ! only object ( ! crim9al law1 requires only t ^? acts :i* are und]/ood by mank9d at l>ge to be intr9sically crim9al1 %\ld be puni%$ z crimes4 ,! rema9+ few 7if !re are any7 may safely be left to g unpuni%$4 ,nor does ! safety ( society require t any individuals1 o!r ?an ^? :o h suffici5t m5tal capacity to und]/& t _! acts are crim9al1 %\ld be crim9ally puni%$4 ,all o!rs may safely be left to _! liability1 "u ! civil law1 to comp5sate = _! un9t5tional wrongs4 ,! only real object ( ?is absurd & atroci\s doctr9e1 t ignorance ( ! law 7t is1 ( crime7 excuses no "o1 & t e "o is b\nd to "k ! crim9al law1 7t is1 b\nd to "k :at is a crime17 is to ma9ta9 an entirely arbitr>y au?ority on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 & to d5y to ! p all "r to judge = !mselves :at _! own rights & lib]ties are4 ,9 o!r words1 ! :ole object ( ! doctr9e is to d5y to ! p !mselves all "r to judge :at /atutes & o!r acts ( ! gov]nm5t are consi/5t or inconsi/5t ) _! own rights & lib]ties2 & ?us to r$uce ! p to ! condition ( m]e slaves to a despotic p[]1 su* z ! p !mselves w\ld nev] h volunt>ily e/abli%$1 & ! ju/ice ( ^: laws ! p !mselves _c und]/&4 ,"u ! true trial by jury all tyranny ( ?is k9d w\ld be aboli%$4 ,a jury w\ld n only judge :at acts 7 really crim9al1 b !y w\ld judge ( ! m5tal capacity ( an accus$ p]son1 & ( 8 opportunities = und]/&+ ! true "* ( 8 conduct4 ,9 %ort1 !y w\ld judge ( 8 moral int5t f all ! circum/ances ( ! case1 & acquit him1 if !y _h any reasonable d\bt t he knew t he 0 committ+ a crime4#ajd ,footnote #ajc3 ,?is presumption1 f\nd$ ^u age alone1 is z absurd 9 civil matt]s z 9 crim9al4 ,:at c be m entirely ludicr\s ?an ! idea t all m5 7n manife/ly imbecile7 become m5tally compet5t to make all contracts :atsoev] on ! day !y become tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age8--& t1 previ\s to t day1 no man becomes compet5t to make any contract :atev]1 except = ! pres5t supply ( ! mo/ obvi\s wants ( nature8 ,9 reason1 a man's legal compet5cy to make b9d+ contracts1 9 any & e case :atev]1 dep5ds :olly ^u 8 m5tal capacity to make reasonable contracts 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,x ( c\rse requires m capacity to make a reasonable contract 9 "s cases ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x requires1 = example1 m capacity to make a reasonable contract 9 ! pur*ase ( a l>ge e/ate1 ?an 9 ! pur*ase ( a pair ( %oes4 ,b ! m5tal capacity to make a reasonable contract1 9 any p>ticul> case1 is1 9 reason1 ! only legal crit]ion ( ! legal compet5cy to make a b9d+ contract 9 t case4 ,! age1 :e!r m or less ?an tw5ty-"o ye>s1 is ( no legal consequ5ce :atev]1 except t x is entitl$ to "s consid]ation z evid5ce ( capacity4 ,x may be m5tion$1 9 ?is connection1 t ! rules t prevail1 t e man is entitl$ to fre$om f p>5tal au?ority at tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & no "o be=e t age1 are ( ! same class ( absurdities ) ^? t h be5 m5tion$4 ,! only gr\nd on :i* a p>5t is ev] entitl$ to ex]cise au?ority ov] 8 *ild1 is t ! *ild is incapable ( tak+ reasonable c>e ( himself4 ,! *ild w\ld be entitl$ to 8 fre$om f 8 bir?1 if he 7 at t "t capable ( tak+ reasonable c>e ( himself4 ,"s become capable ( tak+ c>e ( !mselves at an e>li] age ?an o!rs4 ,& :5ev] any "o becomes capable ( tak+ reasonable c>e ( himself1 & n until !n1 he is entitl$ to 8 fre$om1 be 8 age m or less4 ,^! pr9ciples w\ld prevail "u ! true trial by jury1 ! jury be+ ! judges ( ! capacity ( e individual ^: capacity %\ld be call$ 9 "q4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,9 contra/ to ! doctr9es ( ! text1 x may be prop] to pres5t m di/9ctly ! doctr9es t are ma9ta9$ by judges1 & t prevail 9 c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,( c\rse1 no judge1 ei!r ( ! pres5t day1 or p]haps )9 ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s1 has admitt$ ! "r ( a jury to judge ( ! ju/ice ( a law1 or to hold any law invalid = its inju/ice4 ,e judge ass]ts ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t to puni% = acts t are intr9sically innoc5t1 & :i* !re=e involve or ev9ce no crim9al int5t4 ,to accommodate ! adm9i/ration ( law to ?is pr9ciple1 all judges1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 hold x to be unnecess>y t an indictm5t %\ld *>ge1 or t a jury %\ld f9d1 t an act 0 done ) a crim9al int5t1 except 9 ^? cases :]e ! act is malum 9 se1--crim9al 9 itself4 ,9 all o!r cases1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 !y hold x suffici5t t ! indictm5t *>ge1 & consequ5tly t ! jury f9d1 simply t ! act 0 done contr>y to ! =m ( ! /atute 9 su* case made & provid$2 9 o!r words1 contr>y to ! ord]s ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,all ^! doctr9es prevail univ]sally among judges1 & are1 ,i ?9k1 uni=mly practis$ ^u 9 c\rts ( ju/ice2 & !y pla9ly involve ! mo/ absolute despotism on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r doctr9e t ext5sively1 & p]haps mo/ g5]ally1 prevails 9 practice1 al?\gh judges are n agre$ 9 reg>d to its s\ndness4 ,x is ?is3 t x is n ev5 necess>y t ! jury %\ld see or "k1 = !mselves1 :at ! law is t is *>g$ to h be5 violat$2 nor to see or "k1 = !mselves1 t ! act *>g$ 0 9 violation ( any law :atev]2--b t x is suffici5t t !y be simply told by ! judge t any act :atev]1 *>g$ 9 an indictm5t1 is 9 violation ( law1 & t !y are !n b\nd bl9dly to receive ! decl>ation z true1 & convict a man accord+ly1 if !y f9d t he has done ! act *>g$4 ,?is doctr9e is adopt$ by _m among ! mo/ em95t judges1 & ! reasons = x are ?us giv5 by ,"l ,mansfield3 ,!y 7! jury7 d n "k1 & are n presum$ to "k1 ! law4 ,!y are n sworn to decide ! law2#aje !y are n requir$ to d x4444 ,! jury ought n to assume ! jurisdiction ( law4 ,!y d n "k1 & are n presum$ to "k1 any?+ ( ! matt]4 ,!y d n und]/& ! language 9 :i* x is conceiv$1 or ! mean+ ( ! t]ms4 ,!y h no rule to g by b _! passions & wi%es4--#c ,t]m ,rep41 #dbh1 note4 ,:at is ?is b say+ t ! p1 :o are suppos$ to be repres5t$ 9 juries1 & :o in/itute & support ! gov]nm5t1 7( c\rse = ! protection ( _! own rights & lib]ties1 z !y und]/& !m1 = pla9ly no o!r motive c be attribut$ to !m17 are really ! slaves ( a despotic p[]1 ^: arbitr>y comm&s ev5 !y are n suppos$ compet5t to und]/&1 b = ! transgression ( :i* !y are nev]!less to be puni%$ z crim9als8 ,?is is pla9ly ! sum ( ! doctr9e1 because ! jury are ! pe]s 7equals7 ( ! accus$1 & are !re=e suppos$ to "k ! law z well z he does1 & z well z x is kn[n by ! p at l>ge4 ,if !y 7! jury7 are n presum$ to "k ! law1 nei!r ! accus$ nor ! p at l>ge c be presum$ to "k x4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t "o pr9ciple ( ! true trial by jury is1 t no accus$ p]son %all be held responsible = any o!r or great] k ( ! law ?an is common to 8 political equals1 :o w g5]ally be m5 ( ne>ly simil> condition 9 life4 ,b ! doctr9e ( ,mansfield is1 t ! body ( ! p1 f :om jurors are tak51 are responsible to a law1 :i* x is agre$ !y _c und]/&4 ,:at is ?is b despotism8--& n m]ely despotism1 b insult & oppression ( ! int5se/ k9d8 ,?is doctr9e ( ,mansfield is ! doctr9e ( all :o d5y ! "r ( juries to judge ( ! law1 al?\gh all may n *oose to express x 9 s blunt & unambigu\s t]ms4 ,b ! doctr9e evid5tly admits ( no o!r int]pretation or def5ce4 ,footnote #aje3 ,?is decl>ation ( ,mansfield1 t juries 9 ,engl& are n sworn to decide ! law 9 crim9al cases1 is a pla9 falsehood4 ,!y are sworn to try ! :ole case at issue betwe5 ! k+ & ! prison]1 & t includes ! law z well z ! fact4 ,see juror's oa?1 page #hf4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,moral ,,consid]ations ,,= ,,jurors4 ,! trial by jury mu/1 if possible1 be con/ru$ to be su* t a man c rightfully sit 9 a jury1 & unite ) 8 fell[s 9 giv+ judgm5t4 ,b no man c rightfully d ?is1 unless he hold 9 8 own h& alone a veto ^u any judgm5t or s5t5ce :atev] to be r5d]$ by ! jury aga9/ a def5dant1 :i* veto he mu/ be p]mitt$ to use accord+ to 8 own discretion & consci5ce1 & n b\nd to use accord+ to ! dictation ( ei!r legislatures or judges4 ,! preval5t idea1 t a juror may1 at ! m]e dictation ( a legislature or a judge1 & )\t ! concurr5ce ( 8 own consci5ce or und]/&+1 decl>e a man guilty1 & ?us 9 effect lic5se ! gov]nm5t to puni% him2 & t ! legislature or ! judge1 & n himself1 has 9 t case all ! moral responsibility = ! correctness ( ! pr9ciples on :i* ! judgm5t 0 r5d]$1 is "o ( ! _m gross impo/ures by :i* x c\ld h>dly h be5 suppos$ t any sane man c\ld ev] h be5 delud$1 b :i* gov]nm5ts h nev]!less succe$$ 9 induc+ ! p at l>ge to receive & act ^u4 ,z a moral proposition1 x is p]fectly self-evid5t t1 unless juries h all ! legal rights t h be5 claim$ = !m 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1--t is1 ! rights ( judg+ :at ! law is1 :e!r ! law be a j "o1 :at evid5ce is admissible1 :at weight ! evid5ce is entitl$ to1 :e!r an act 7 done ) a crim9al int5t1 & ! "r also to limit ! s5t5ce1 free ( all dictation f any qu>t]1--!y h no moral "r to sit 9 ! trial at all1 & _c d s )\t mak+ !mselves accomplices 9 any inju/ice t !y may h reason to believe may result f _! v]dict4 ,x is absurd to say t !y h no moral responsibility = ! use t may be made ( _! v]dict by ! gov]nm5t1 :5 !y h reason to suppose x w be us$ = purposes ( inju/ice4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 manife/ly absurd to say t jurors h no moral responsibility = ! en=cem5t ( an unju/ law1 :5 !y cons5t to r5d] a v]dict ( guilty = ! transgression ( x2 :i* v]dict !y "k1 or h good reason to believe1 w be us$ by ! gov]nm5t z a ju/ification = inflict+ a p5alty4 ,x is absurd1 also1 to say t jurors h no moral responsibility = a puni%m5t inflict$ ^u a man aga9/ law1 :51 at ! dictation ( a judge z to :at ! law is1 !y h cons5t$ to r5d] a v]dict aga9/ _! own op9ions ( ! law4 ,x is absurd1 too1 to say t jurors h no moral responsibility = ! conviction & puni%m5t ( an innoc5t man1 :5 !y cons5t to r5d] a v]dict aga9/ him on ! /r5g? ( evid5ce1 or laws ( evid5ce1 dictat$ to !m by ! c\rt1 if any evid5ce or laws ( evid5ce h be5 exclud$1 :i* !y 7! jurors7 ?9k ought to h be5 admitt$ 9 8 def5ce4 ,x is absurd to say t jurors h no moral responsibility = r5d]+ a v]dict ( guilty aga9/ a man1 = an act :i* he did n "k to be a crime1 & 9 ! commission ( :i*1 !re=e1 he c\ld h _h no crim9al int5t1 9 ob$i5ce to ! in/ructions ( c\rts t ignorance ( ! law 7t is1 ( crime7 excuses no "o4 ,x is absurd1 also1 to say t jurors h no moral responsibility = any cruel or unreasonable s5t5ce t may be inflict$ ev5 ^u a guilty man1 :5 !y cons5t to r5d] a v]dict :i* !y h reason to believe w be us$ by ! gov]nm5t z a ju/ification = ! infliction ( su* s5t5ce4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t jurors mu/ h ! :ole case 9 _! h&s1 & judge ( law1 evid5ce1 & s5t5ce1 or !y incur ! moral responsibility ( accomplices 9 any inju/ice :i* !y h reason to believe w be done by ! gov]nm5t on ! au?ority ( _! v]dict4 ,! same pr9ciples apply to civil cases z to crim9al4 ,if a jury cons5t1 at ! dictation ( ! c\rt1 z to ei!r law or evid5ce1 to r5d] a v]dict1 on ! /r5g? ( :i* !y h reason to believe t a man's prop]ty w be tak5 f him & giv5 to ano!r1 aga9/ _! own notions ( ju/ice1 !y make !mselves morally responsible = ! wrong4 ,e man1 !re=e1 ought to refuse to sit 9 a jury1 & to take ! oa? ( a juror1 unless ! =m ( ! oa? be su* z to all[ him to use 8 own judgm5t1 on e "p ( ! case1 free ( all dictation :atsoev]1 & to hold 9 8 own h& a veto ^u any v]dict t c be r5d]$ aga9/ a def5dant1 & any s5t5ce t c be inflict$ ^u him1 ev5 if he be guilty4 ,( c\rse1 no man c rightfully take an oa? z juror1 to try a case accord+ to law1 7if by law be meant any?+ o!r ?an 8 own ideas ( ju/ice17 nor accord+ to ! law & ! evid5ce1 z !y %all be giv5 him4 ,nor c he rightfully take an oa? ev5 to try a case accord+ to ! evid5ce1 because 9 all cases he may h good reason to believe t a p>ty has be5 unable to produce all ! evid5ce legitimately entitl$ to be receiv$4 ,! only oa? :i* x w\ld seem t a man c rightfully take z juror1 9 ei!r a civil or crim9al case1 is1 t he w try ! case accord+ to 8 consci5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ! =m may admit ( v>iation1 b ?is %\ld be ! sub/ance4 ,su*1 we h se51 7 ! anci5t common law oa?s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,au?ority ,,( ,,magna ,,c>ta4 ,probably no political compact betwe5 k+ & p 0 ev] ent]$ into 9 a mann] to settle m au?oritatively ! fundam5tal law ( a nation1 ?an 0 ,magna ,c>ta4 ,probably no p 7 ev] m unit$ & resolute 9 dem&+ f _! k+ a def9ite & unambigu\s ackn[l$gm5t ( _! rights & lib]ties1 ?an 7 ! ,engli% at t "t4 ,probably no k+ 0 ev] m completely /ripp$ ( all p[] to ma9ta9 8 ?rone1 & at ! same "t resi/ ! dem&s ( 8 p1 ?an 0 ,john on ! #ae? day ( ,june1 #abae4 ,probably no k+ ev] cons5t$1 m delib]ately or explicitly1 to hold 8 ?rone subject to specific & enum]at$ limitations ^u 8 p[]1 ?an did ,john :5 he put 8 seal to ! ,great ,*>t] ( ! ,lib]ties ( ,engl&4 ,& if any political compact betwe5 k+ & p 0 ev] valid to settle ! lib]ties ( ! p1 or to limit ! p[] ( ! cr[n1 t compact is n[ to be f\nd 9 ,magna ,c>ta4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! con/itutional au?ority ( ,magna ,c>ta _h re/$ solely ^u ! compact ( ,john ) 8 p1 t au?ority w\ld h be5 entitl$ to /& =ev] z ! supreme law ( ! l&1 unless revok$ by ! w ( ! p !mselves4 ,b ! au?ority ( ,magna ,c>ta does n re/ alone ^u ! compact ) ,john4 ,:51 9 ! next ye>1 7#abaf17 8 son1 ,h5ry ,,iii41 came to ! ?rone1 ! *>t] 0 ratifi$ by him1 & aga9 9 #abag1 & aga9 9 #abbe1 9 sub/antially ! same =m1 & especially )\t all[+ any new p[]s1 legislative1 judicial1 or executive1 to ! k+ or 8 judges1 & )\t detract+ 9 ! lea/ f ! p[]s ( ! jury4 ,& f ! latt] date to ?is1 ! *>t] has rema9$ un*ang$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( two hundr$ ye>s ! *>t] 0 confirm$ by ,h5ry & 8 successors m ?an ?irty times4 ,& al?\gh !y 7 guilty ( num]\s & almo/ cont9ual brea*es ( x1 & 7 con/antly seek+ to evade x1 yet su* 7 ! _s1 vigilance & c\rage ( ! nation1 t ! k+s held _! ?rones only on ! condition ( _! r5ew$ & solemn promises ( obs]vance4 ,& x 0 n until #adbi1 7z w be m fully %[n h]eaft]17 :5 a truce betwe5 !mselves1 & a =mal comb9ation aga9/ ! mass ( ! p1 _h be5 ent]$ into1 by ! k+1 ! nobility1 & ! =ty %ill+ freehold]s1 7a class :om ,mack9to% designates z a few freehold]s !n acc\nt$ weal?y1#ajf7 by ! exclusion ( all o!rs ?an su* freehold]s f all voice 9 ! election ( knights to repres5t ! c\nties 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 t a repetition ( ^! confirmations ( ,magna ,c>ta ceas$ to be dem&$ & obta9$4#ajg ,! t]ms & ! =malities ( "s ( ^! confirmations make !m wor?y ( ins]tion at l5g?4 ,hume ?us describes "o :i* took place 9 ! #ch? ye> ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 7#abec73 ,b z !y 7! b>ons7 _h exp]i5c$ 8 7! k+'s7 frequ5t brea* ( promise1 !y requir$ t he %\ld ratify ! ,great ,*>t] 9 a mann] /ill m au!ntic & solemn ?an any :i* he _h hi!rto employ$4 ,all ! prelates & abbots 7 assembl$4 ,!y held burn+ tap]s 9 _! h&s4 ,! ,great ,*>t] 0 read be=e !m4 ,!y d5\nc$ ! s5t5ce ( excommunication aga9/ e "o :o %\ld !nce=? violate t fundam5tal law4 ,!y ?rew _! tap]s on ! gr\nd1 & exclaim$1 ,may ! s\l ( e "o :o incurs ?is s5t5ce s /9k & corrupt 9 hell6 ,! k+ bore a "p 9 ?is c]emony1 & subjo9$1 ',s help me ,god6 ,i w keep all ^! articles inviolate1 z ,i am a man1 z ,i am a ,*ri/ian1 z ,i am a knight1 & z ,i am a k+ cr[n$ & ano9t$4'--,hume1 *4 #ab4 ,see also ,black/one's ,introd4 to ! ,*>t]s4 ,black4 ,law ,tracts1 ,ox=d ed41 p4 #ccb4 ,mack9to%'s ,hi/4 ( ,eng41 *4 #c4 ,l>dn]'s ,cab4 ,cyc41 vol4 #de1 p4 #bcc-d4 ,! foll[+ is ! =m ( ! s5t5ce ( excommunication ref]r$ to by ,hume3 ,! ,s5t5ce ( ,curse1 ,giv5 by ! ,bi%ops1 aga9/ ! ,break]s ( ! ,*>t]s4 ,! ye> ( our ,"l a ?\s& two hundr$ & fifty-?ree1 ! ?ird day ( ,may1 9 ! great ,hall ( ! ,k+ at ,we/m9/]1 9 ! pres5ce1 & by ! ass5t1 ( ! ,"l ,h5ry1 by ! ,grace ( ,god ,k+ ( ,engl&1 & ! ,lords ,ri*>d1 ,e>l ( ,cornwall1 8 bro!r1 ,rog] 7,bigot7 ,e>l ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 m>%al ( ,engl&1 ,humphrey1 ,e>l ( ,h]e=d1 ,h5ry1 ,e>l ( ,ox=d1 ,john1 ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 & o!r e/ates ( ! ,realm ( ,engl&3 ,we1 ,boniface1 by ! m]cy ( ,god ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,primate ( all ,engl&1 ,f4 ( ,london1 ,h4 ( ,ely1 ,s4 ( ,worce/]1 ,e4 ( ,l9coln1 ,w4 ( ,norwi*1 ,p4 ( ,h]e=d1 ,w4 ( ,salisbury1 ,w4 ( ,durham1 ,r4 ( ,exet]1 ,m4 ( ,c>lisle1 ,w4 ( ,ba?1 ,e4 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,t4 ( ,sa9t ,david's1 ,bi%ops1 app>ell$ 9 ,pontificals1 ) tap]s burn+1 aga9/ ! break]s ( ! ,*ur*'s ,lib]ties1 & ( ! ,lib]ties or free cu/oms ( ! ,realm ( ,engl&1 & especially ( ^? :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ,*>t] ( ! ,common ,lib]ties ( ! ,realm1 & ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/1 h solemnly d5\nc$ ! s5t5ce ( ,excommunication 9 ?is =m4 ,by ! au?ority ( ,almighty ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ( ! glori\s ,"m ( ,god1 & p]petual ,virg9 ,m>y1 ( ! bless$ ,apo/les ,pet] & ,paul1 & ( all apo/les1 ( ! bless$ ,?omas1 ,ar*bi%op & ,m>tyr1 & ( all m>tyrs1 ( bless$ ,edw>d ( ,engl&1 & ( all ,confessors & virg9s1 & ( all ! sa9ts ( heav53 ,we excommunicate1 accurse1 & f ! ?re%olds 7lim9ibus7 ( our ,holy ,"m ! ,*ur*1 ,we seque/]1 all ^? t h]eaft] will+ly & malici\sly deprive or spoil ! ,*ur* ( h] "r3 ,& all ^? t by any craft or wil9ess d violate1 break1 dim9i%1 or *ange ! ,*ur*'s ,lib]ties1 or ! anci5t approv$ cu/oms ( ! ,realm1 & especially ! ,lib]ties & free ,cu/oms conta9$ 9 ! ,*>t]s ( ! ,common ,lib]ties1 & ( ! ,=e/1 conc$$ by our ,"l ! ,k+1 to ,ar*bi%ops1 ,bi%ops1 & o!r ,prelates ( ,engl&2 & likewise to ! ,e>ls1 ,b>ons1 ,knights1 & o!r ,freehold]s ( ! ,realm3 ,& all t secretly1 or op5ly1 by de$1 ^w1 or c\nsel1 d make /atutes1 or obs]ve !m be+ made1 & t br+ 9 ,cu/oms1 or keep !m :5 !y be br\ght 91 aga9/ ! said ,lib]ties1 or any ( !m1 ! ,writ]s & ,c\nsellors ( said /atutes1 & ! ,executors ( !m1 & all ^? t %all presume to judge accord+ to !m4 ,all & e :i* p]sons be=e m5tion$1 t witt+ly %all commit any?+ ( ! premises1 let !m well "k t !y incur ! a=esaid s5t5ce1 ipso facto1 7i4e41 ^u ! de$ be+ done47 ,& ^? t ignorantly d s1 & be admoni%$1 except !y re=m !mselves )9 fifte5 days aft] ! "t ( ! admonition1 & make full satisfaction = t !y h done1 at ! w ( ! ord9>y1 %all be f t "t =? includ$ 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,& ) ! same s5t5ce we burd5 all ^? t presume to p]turb ! peace ( our sov]eign ,"l ! ,k+1 & ( ! ,realm4 ,to ! p]petual memory ( :i* ?+1 ,we1 ! a=esaid ,prelates1 h put our seals to ^! pres5ts4--,/atutes ( ! ,realm1 vol4 #a1 p4 #f4 ,ruffhead's ,/atutes1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bj4 ,"o ( ! ,confirmations ( ! ,*>t]s1 by ,edw>d ,i41 0 by /atute1 9 ! #be? ye> ( 8 reign1 7#abig17 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,! /atute is usually entitl$ ,confirmatio ,c>t>um1 7,confirmation ( ! ,*>t]s47 ,*4 #a4 ,edw>d1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 ,"l ( ,irel&1 & ,duke ( ,guyan1 ,to all ^? t ^! pres5ts %all he> or see1 ,greet+4 ,"k ye1 t ,we1 to ! honor ( ,god1 & ( ,holy ,*ur*1 & to ! pr(it ( our ,realm1 h grant$1 = u & our heirs1 t ! ,*>t] ( ,lib]ties1 & ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/1 :i* 7 made by common ass5t ( all ! ,realm1 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,h5ry our ,fa!r1 %all be kept 9 e po9t )\t brea*4 ,& we w t ! same ,*>t]s %all be s5t "u our seal1 z well to our ju/ices ( ! ,=e/1 z to o!rs1 & to all ,%]iffs ( %ires1 & to all our o!r (fic]s1 & to all our cities ?r\gh\t ! ,realm1 toge!r ) our writs1 9 ! :i* x %all be conta9$1 t !y cause ! a=esaid ,*>t]s to be publi%$1 & to decl>e to ! p t ,we h confirm$ !m at all po9ts2 & to our ,ju/ices1 ,%]iffs1 ,mayors1 & o!r m9i/]s1 :i* "u u h ! ,laws ( our ,l& to guide1 t !y all[ ! same ,*>t]s1 9 all _! po9ts1 9 pleas be=e !m1 & 9 judgm5t2 t is1 to wit1 ! ,great ,*>t] z ! ,common ,law1 & ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/ = ! weal? ( our ,realm4 ,*4 #b4 ,& we w t if any judgm5t be giv5 f h5ce=? contr>y to ! po9ts ( ! *>t]s a=esaid by ! ju/ices1 or by any o!rs our m9i/]s t hold plea be=e !m1 aga9/ ! po9ts ( ! ,*>t]s1 x %all be undone & hold5 = naught4 ,*4 #c4 ,& we w1 t ! same ,*>t]s %all be s5t1 "u our seal1 to ,ca!dral ,*ur*es ?r\gh\t our ,realm1 !re to rema91 & %all be read be=e ! p two times 9 ! ye>4 ,*4 #d4 ,& t all ,ar*bi%ops & ,bi%ops %all pron\nce ! s5t5ce ( excommunication aga9/ all ^? t by ^w1 de$1 or c\nsel1 d contr>y to ! =esaid *>t]s1 or t 9 any po9t break or undo !m4 ,& t ! said ,curses be twice a ye> d5\nc$ & publi%$ by ! prelates a=esaid4 ,& if ! same prelates1 or any ( !m1 be remiss 9 ! d5unciation ( ! said s5t5ces1 ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,cant]bury & ,york1 = ! "t be+1 %all compel & di/ra9 !m to make ! d5unciation 9 ! =m a=esaid4--,/4 #be ,edw>d ,i41 7#abig47 ,/atutes ( ! ,realm1 vol4 #a1 p4 #abc4 ,x is unnecess>y to repeat ! t]ms ( ! v>i\s confirmations1 mo/ ( :i* 7 less =mal ?an ^? t h be5 giv51 ?\gh ( c\rse equally au?oritative4 ,mo/ ( !m are brief1 & 9 ! =m ( a simple /atute1 or promise1 to ! effect t ,! ,great ,*>t]1 & ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/1 %all be firmly kept & ma9ta9$ 9 all po9ts4 ,!y are to be f\nd pr9t$ ) ! o!r /atutes ( ! realm4 ,"o ( !m1 aft] hav+ aga9 grant$1 r5ew$ & confirm$ ! *>t]s1 requires z foll[s3 ,t ! ,*>t]s be deliv]$ to e %]iff ( ,engl& "u ! k+'s seal1 to be read f\r times 9 ! ye> be=e ! p 9 ! full c\nty1 7t is1 at ! c\nty c\rt17 t is1 to wit1 ! next c\nty 7c\rt7 aft] ! fea/ ( ,sa9t ,mi*ael1 & ! next c\nty 7c\rt7 aft] ,*ri/mas1 & at ! next c\nty 7c\rt7 aft] ,ea/]1 & at ! next c\nty 7c\rt7 aft] ! fea/ ( ,sa9t ,john4--#bh ,edw>d ,i41 *4 #a1 7#acjj47 ,l+>d says1 ,! ,*>t] 0 ratifi$ f\r times by ,h5ry ,,iii41 twice by ,edw>d ,i41 fifte5 times by ,edw>d ,,iii41 sev5 times by ,ri*>d ,,ii41 six times by ,h5ry ,,iv41 & once by ,h5ry ,v42 mak+ ?irty-five times 9 all4--#c ,l+>d1 #ej1 note1 ,philad4 ed4 ,coke says ,magna ,c>ta 0 confirm$ ?irty-two times4--,preface to #b ,in/41 p4 #f4 ,l+>d calls ^! ?irty-five successive ratifications ( ! *>t]1 a suffici5t pro( h[ mu* its provisions 7 abhorr$ by ! sov]eign1 & h[ highly !y 7 priz$ by ! nation4--#c ,l+>d1 #ej4 ,mack9to% says1 ,= almo/ five c5turies 7t is1 until #afhh7 x 7,magna ,c>ta7 0 appeal$ to z ! decisive au?ority on behalf ( ! p1 ?\gh commonly s f> only z ! necessities ( ea* case dem&$4--,mack9to%'s ,hi/4 ( ,eng4 *4 #c4 #de ,l>dn]'s ,cab4 ,cyc41 #bba4 ,coke1 :o has labor$ s h>d to ov]?r[ ! mo/ vital pr9ciples ( ,magna ,c>ta1 & :o1 !re=e1 ought to be consid]$ good au?ority :5 he speaks 9 its favor1#ajh says3 ,x is call$ ,magna ,c>ta1 n t x is great 9 quantity1 = !re be _m volum9\s *>t]s commonly pass$1 specially 9 ^! lat] times1 long] ?an ?is is2 nor comp>atively 9 respect t x is great] ?an ,*>ta de ,=e/a1 b 9 respect ( ! great importance & weight9ess ( ! matt]1 z h]eaft] %all appe>2 & likewise = ! same cause ,*>ta de ,=e/a2 & bo? ( !m are call$ ,magn ,*>t ,lib]tatum ,angli1 7,! ,great ,*>t]s ( ! ,lib]ties ( ,engl&47 444 ,& x is also call$ ,*>ta ,lib]tatum regni1 7,*>t] ( ! ,lib]ties ( ! k+dom27 & ^u great reason x is s call$ ( ! effect1 quia lib]os facit1 7because x makes m5 free47 ,sometime = ! same cause 7x is call$7 communis lib]tas1 7common lib]ty17 & le *>tre des fran*ises1 7! *>t] ( fran*ises47 444 ,x 0 = ! mo/ "p decl>atory ( ! pr9cipal gr\nds ( ! fundam5tal laws ( ,engl&1 & = ! residue x is additional to supply "s defects ( ! common law4444 ,also1 by ! said act ( #be ,edw>d ,i41 7call$ ,confirmatio ,*>t>um17 x is adjudg$ 9 p>liam5t t ! ,great ,*>t] & ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/ %all be tak5 z ! common law4444 ,!y 7,magna ,c>ta & ,c>ta de ,=e/a7 71 = ! mo/ "p1 b decl>ations ( ! anci5t common laws ( ,engl&1 to ! obs]vation & keep+ :]e(1 ! k+ 0 b\nd & sworn4 ,aft] ! mak+ ( ,magna ,*>ta1 & ,*>ta de ,=e/a1 div]s le>n$ m5 9 ! laws1 t ,i may use ! words ( ! record1 kept s*ools ( ! law 9 ! city ( ,london1 & taught su* z resort$ to !m ! laws ( ! realm1 tak+ _! f\ndation ( ,magna ,*>ta & ,*>ta de ,=e/a4 ,& ! said two *>t]s h be5 confirm$1 e/abli%$1 & comm&$ to be put 9 execution by ?irty-two sev]al acts ( p>liam5t 9 all4 ,?is appe>e? p>tly by t :i* ha? be5 said1 = t x ha? s (t5 be5 confirm$ by ! wise provid5ce ( s _m acts ( p>liam5t4 ,& albeit judgm5ts 9 ! k+'s c\rts are ( high reg>d 9 law1 & judicia 7judgm5ts7 are acc\nt$ z jurisdicta1 7! spee* ( ! law itself17 yet x is provid$ by act ( p>liam5t1 t if any judgm5t be giv5 contr>y to any ( ! po9ts ( ! ,great ,*>t] & ,*>ta de ,=e/a1 by ! ju/ices1 or by any o!r ( ! k+'s m9i/]s1 c41 x %all be undone1 & hold5 = naught4 ,& t bo? ! said *>t]s %all be s5t "u ! great seal to all ca!dral *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! realm1 !re to rema91 & %all be read to ! p twice e ye>4 ,! highe/ & mo/ b9d+ laws are ! /atutes :i* are e/abli%$ by p>liam5t2 & by au?ority ( t highe/ c\rt x is enact$ 7only to %[ _! t5d] c>e ( ,magna ,c>ta & ,c>ta de ,=e/a7 t if any /atute be made contr>y to ! ,great ,*>t]1 or ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/1 t %all be hold5 = none2 by :i* words all =m] /atutes made aga9/ ei!r ( ^? *>t]s are n[ repeal$2 & ! nobles & great (fic]s 7 to be sworn to ! obs]vation ( ,magna ,*>ta & ,*>ta de ,=e/a4 ,magna fuit quondam magn rev]5tia *>t4 7,great 0 =m]ly ! rev]5ce = ,magna ,c>ta47--,coke's ,proem to #b ,in/41 p4 #a to #g4 ,coke also says1 ,all pret5ce ( pr]ogative aga9/ ,magna ,*>ta is tak5 away4--#b ,in/41 #cf4 ,he also says1 ,t aft] ?is p>liam5t 7#eb ,h5ry ,,iii41 9 #abfg7 nei!r ,magna ,c>ta nor ,c>ta de ,=e/a 0 ev] attempt$ to be impugn$ or que/ion$4--#b ,in/41 #ajb4aji ,to give all ! evid5ce ( ! au?ority ( ,magna ,c>ta1 x w\ld be necess>y to give ! con/itutional hi/ory ( ,engl& s9ce ! ye> #abae4 ,?is hi/ory w\ld %[ t ,magna ,c>ta1 al?\gh cont9ually violat$ & evad$1 0 /ill ackn[l$g$ z law by ! gov]nm5t1 & 0 held up by ! p z ! great /&>d & pro( ( _! rights & lib]ties4 ,x w\ld %[ also t ! judicial tribunals1 :5ev] x suit$ _! purposes to d s1 7 9 ! habit ( ref]r+ to ,magna ,c>ta z au?ority1 9 ! same mann]1 & ) ! same real or pret5d$ v5]ation1 ) :i* ,am]ican c\rts n[ ref] to ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ! con/itutions ( ! /ates4 ,&1 :at is equally to ! po9t1 x w\ld %[ t ^! same tribunals1 ! m]e tools ( k+s & p>liam5ts1 w\ld resort to ! same artifices ( assumption1 prec$5t1 con/ruction1 & false int]pretation1 to evade ! requirem5ts ( ,magna ,c>ta1 & to emasculate x ( all its p[] = ! pres]vation ( lib]ty1 t are resort$ to by ,am]ican c\rts to accompli% ! same "w on our ,am]ican con/itutions4 ,i take x = grant$1 !re=e1 t if ! au?ority ( ,magna ,c>ta _h re/$ simply ^u its "* z a compact betwe5 ! k+ & ! p1 x w\ld h be5 =ev] b9d+ ^u ! k+1 7t is1 ^u ! gov]nm5t1 = ! k+ 0 ! gov]nm5t17 9 8 legislative1 judicial1 & executive "*2 & t !re 0 no con/itutional possibility ( 8 escap+ f its re/ra9ts1 unless ! p !mselves %\ld freely dis*>ge him f !m4 ,b ! au?ority ( ,magna ,c>ta does n re/1 ei!r :olly or ma9ly1 ^u its "* z a compact4 ,= c5turies be=e ! *>t] 0 grant$1 its ma9 pr9ciples con/itut$ ! ,law ( ! ,l&1--! fundam5tal & con/itutional law ( ! realm1 :i* ! k+s 7 sworn to ma9ta94 ,& ! pr9cipal b5efit ( ! *>t] 01 t x conta9$ a writt5 description & ackn[l$gm5t1 by ! k+ himself1 ( :at ! con/itutional law ( ! k+dom 01 :i* 8 coronation oa? b\nd him to obs]ve4 ,previ\s to ,magna ,c>ta1 ?is con/itutional law re/$ ma9ly 9 prec$5ts1 cu/oms1 & ! memories ( ! p4 ,& if ! k+ c\ld b make "o innovation ^u ?is law1 )\t ar\s+ resi/ance1 & be+ compell$ to retreat f 8 usurpation1 he w\ld cite t innovation z a prec$5t = ano!r act ( ! same k9d2 next1 ass]t a cu/om2 &1 f9ally1 raise a controv]sy z to :at ! ,law ( ! ,l& really 04 ,! great object ( ! b>ons & p1 9 dem&+ f ! k+ a writt5 description & ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,law ( ! ,l&1 0 to put an end to all disputes ( ?is k9d1 & to put x out ( ! p[] ( ! k+ to plead any misund]/&+ ( ! con/itutional law ( ! k+dom4 ,& ! *>t]1 no d\bt1 accompli%$ v mu* 9 ?is way4 ,aft] ,magna ,c>ta1 x requir$ mu* m audacity1 cunn+1 or /r5g?1 on ! "p ( ! k+1 ?an x _h be=e1 to invade ! p's lib]ties ) impunity4 ,/ill1 ,magna ,c>ta1 l all o!r writt5 con/itutions1 prov$ inadequate to ! full accompli%m5t ( its purpose2 = :5 did a p>*m5t ev] h p[] adequately to re/ra9 a gov]nm5t1 t _h ei!r cunn+ to evade its requirem5ts1 or /r5g? to ov]come ^? :o attempt$ its def5ce8 ,! "w ( usurpation1 !re=e1 ?\gh s]i\sly *eck$1 /ill w5t on1 to a great ext5t1 aft] ,magna ,c>ta4 ,innovations ^u ! ,law ( ! ,l& are /ill made by ! gov]nm5t4 ,"o innovation 0 cit$ z a prec$5t2 prec$5ts made cu/oms2 & cu/oms became laws1 s f> z practice 0 conc]n$2 until ! gov]nm5t1 compos$ ( ! k+1 ! high function>ies ( ! *ur*1 ! nobility1 a ,h\se ( ,commons repres5t+ ! =ty %ill+ freehold]s1 & a dep5d5t & s]vile judici>y1 all act+ 9 conspiracy aga9/ ! mass ( ! p1 became practically absolute1 z x is at ?is day4 ,z pro( t ,magna ,c>ta embrac$ little else ?an :at 0 previ\sly recogniz$ z ! common law1 or ,law ( ! ,l&1 ,i repeat "s au?orities t h be5 already cit$4 ,crabbe says1 ,x is admitt$ on all h&s t x 7,magna ,c>ta7 conta9s no?+ b :at 0 confirmatory ( ! common law & ! anci5t usages ( ! realm2 & is1 prop]ly speak+1 only an enl>gem5t ( ! *>t] ( ,h5ry ,i4 & 8 successors4--,crabbe's ,hi/4 ( ! ,eng4 ,law1 p4 #abg4 ,black/one says1 ,x is agre$ by all our hi/orians t ! ,great ,*>t] ( ,k+ ,john 01 = ! mo/ "p1 compil$ f ! anci5t cu/oms ( ! realm1 or ! laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor2 by :i* !y mean ! old common law :i* 0 e/abli%$ "u our ,saxon pr9ces4--,black/one's ,introd4 to ! ,*>t]s4 ,see ,black/one's ,law ,tracts1 ,ox=d ed41 p4 #bhi4 ,coke says1 ,! common law is ! mo/ g5]al & anci5t law ( ! realm4444 ,! common law appe>e? 9 ! /atute ( ,magna ,c>ta1 & o!r anci5t /atutes1 7:i* = ! mo/ "p are affirmations ( ! common law17 9 ! orig9al writs1 9 judicial records1 & 9 our books ( t]ms & ye>s4--#a ,in/41 #aae b4 ,coke also says1 ,x 7,magna ,c>ta7 0 = ! mo/ "p decl>atory ( ! pr9cipal gr\nds ( ! fundam5tal laws ( ,engl&1 & = ! residue x 0 additional to supply "s defects ( ! common law4444 ,!y 7,magna ,c>ta & ,c>ta de ,=e/a7 71 = ! mo/ "p1 b decl>ations ( ! anci5t common laws ( ,engl&1 to ! obs]vation & keep+ :]e( ! k+ 0 b\nd & sworn4--,preface to #b ,in/41 p4 #c & #e4 ,hume says1 ,we may n[1 f ! t5or ( ?is *>t]1 7,magna ,c>ta17 conjecture :at ^? laws 7 ( ,k+ ,edw>d1 7! ,confessor17 :i* ! ,engli% nation dur+ s _m g5]ations /ill desir$1 ) su* an ob/9ate p]sev]ance1 to h recall$ & e/abli%$4 ,!y 7 *iefly ^! latt] articles ( ,magna ,c>ta2 & ! b>ons :o1 at ! beg9n+ ( ^! commotions1 dem&$ ! revival ( ! ,saxon laws1 und\bt$ly ?\ght t !y _h suffici5tly satisfi$ ! p1 by procur+ !m ?is concession1 :i* compreh5d$ ! pr9cipal objects to :i* !y _h s long aspir$4--,hume1 *4 #aa4 ,edw>d ! ,fir/ confess$ t ! ,great ,*>t] 0 sub/antially id5tical ) ! common law1 z f> z x w5t1 :5 he comm&$ 8 ju/ices to all[ ! ,great ,*>t] z ! ,common ,law1 9 pleas be=e !m1 & 9 judgm5t1 z has be5 already cit$ 9 ?is *apt]4--#be ,edw>d ,i41 *4 #a1 7#abig47 ,9 conclusion ( ?is *apt]1 x may be safely ass]t$ t ! v5]ation1 atta*m5t1 & pride1 :i* ! ,engli% nation1 = m ?an six c5turies1 h felt t[>ds ,magna ,c>ta1 are 9 _! nature among ! mo/ irrefragable ( all pro(s t x 0 ! fundam5tal law ( ! l&1 & con/itutionally b9d+ ^u ! gov]nm5t2 =1 o!rwise1 x w\ld h be51 9 _! eyes1 an unimportant & wor?less ?+4 ,:at ^? s5tim5ts 7 ,i w use ! words ( o!rs to describe1--! words1 too1 ( m51 :o1 l all mod]n au?ors :o h writt5 on ! same topic1 _h utt]ly inadequate ideas ( ! true "* ( ! in/rum5t on :i* !y lavi%$ _! eulogiums4 ,hume1 speak+ ( ! ,great ,*>t] & ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/1 z !y 7 confirm$ by ,h5ry ,,iii41 9 #abag1 says3 ,?us ^! fam\s *>t]s 7 br\ght ne>ly to ! %ape 9 :i* !y h ev] s9ce /ood2 & !y 71 dur+ _m g5]ations1 ! peculi> favorites ( ! ,engli% nation1 & e/eem$ ! mo/ sacr$ ramp>t to national lib]ty & indep5d5ce4 ,z !y secur$ ! rights ( all ord]s ( m51 !y 7 anxi\sly def5d$ by all1 & became ! basis1 9 a mann]1 ( ! ,engli% mon>*y1 & a k9d ( orig9al contract1 :i* bo? limit$ ! au?ority ( ! k+ & ensur$ ! conditional allegiance ( 8 subjects4 ,?\gh (t5 violat$1 !y 7 /ill claim$ by ! nobility & p2 &1 z no prec$5ts 7 suppos$ valid t infr+$ !m1 !y r acquir$ ?an lo/ au?ority1 f ! frequ5t attempts made aga9/ !m 9 sev]al ages1 by regal & arbitr>y p[]4--,hume1 *4 #ab4 ,mack9to% says1 ,x 0 und]/ood by ! simple/ ( ! unlett]$ age = :om x 0 int5d$4 ,x 0 rememb]$ by !m4444 ,= almo/ five c5turies x 0 appeal$ to z ! decisive au?ority on behalf ( ! p4444 ,to h produc$ x1 to h pres]v$ x1 to h matur$ x1 con/itute ! immortal claim ( ,engl& on ! e/eem ( mank9d4 ,h] ,bacons & ,%akspe>es1 h] ,miltons & ,newtons1 ) all ! tru? :i* !y h reveal$1 & all ! g5]\s virtues :i* !y h inspir$1 are ( inf]ior value :5 comp>$ ) ! subjection ( m5 & _! rul]s to ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice2 if1 inde$1 x be n m true t ^! mighty spirits c\ld n h be5 =m$ except "u equal laws1 nor r\s$ to full activity )\t ! influ5ce ( t _s :i* ! ,great ,*>t] brea!d ov] _! =efa!rs4--,mack9to%'s ,hi/4 ( ,eng41 *4 #c4aaj ,( ! ,great ,*>t]1 ! trial by jury is ! vital "p1 & ! only "p t places ! lib]ties ( ! p 9 _! own keep+4 ,( ?is ,black/one says3 ,! trial by jury1 or ! c\ntry1 p] patriam1 is also t trial by ! pe]s ( e ,engli%man1 :i*1 z ! gr& bulw>k ( 8 lib]ties1 is secur$ to him by ! ,great ,*>t]2 nullus lib] homo capiatur1 vel imprisonetur1 aut exuletur1 aut aliquo modo de/ruatur1 nisi p] legale judicium p>ium suorum1 vel p] legem t]rae4444 ,! lib]ties ( ,engl& _c b subsi/ s long z ?is palladium rema9s sacr$ & inviolate1 n only f all op5 attacks1 :i* none w be s h>dy z to make1 b also f all secret ma*9ations :i* may sap & und]m9e x4#aaa ,! trial by jury ev] has be51 & ,i tru/ ev] w be1 look$ ^u z ! glory ( ! ,engli% law4444 ,x is ! mo/ transc5d5t privilege :i* any subject c enjoy or wi% =1 t he _c be affect$ 9 8 prop]ty1 8 lib]ty1 or 8 p]son1 b by ! unanim\s cons5t ( twelve ( 8 neighbors & equals4#aab ,hume calls ! trial by jury ,an in/itution admirable 9 itself1 & ! be/ calculat$ = ! pres]vation ( lib]ty & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 t ev] 0 devis$ by ! wit ( man4#aac ,an old book1 call$ ,engli% ,lib]ties1 says3 ,engli% ,p>liam5ts h all along be5 mo/ zeal\s = pres]v+ ?is great ,jewel ( ,lib]ty1 trials by juries hav+ no less ?an fifty-eight sev]al times1 s9ce ! ,norman ,conque/1 be5 e/abli%$ & confirm$ by ! legislative p[]1 no "o privilege besides hav+ be5 ev] s (t5 rememb]$ 9 p>liam5t4#aad ,footnote #ajf3 ,mack9to%'s ,hi/4 ( ,eng41 *4 #c4 #de ,l>dn]'s ,cab4 ,cyc41 #ced4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,=ty %ill+ freehold]s 7 ^? p dwell+ & resid5t 9 ! same c\nties1 :]e( e "o ( !m %all h free l& or t5em5t to ! value ( =ty %ill+s by ! ye> at ! lea/ above all *>ges4 ,by /atute #h ,h5ry #f1 *4 #g1 7#adbi17 ^! freehold]s only 7 all[$ to vote = memb]s ( ,p>liam5t f ! c\nties4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,he probably speaks 9 its favor only to bl9d ! eyes ( ! p to ! frauds he has attempt$ ^u its true mean+4 ,footnote #aji3 ,x w be notic$ t ,coke calls ^! confirmations ( ! *>t] acts ( p>liam5t1 in/ead ( acts ( ! k+ alone4 ,?is ne$s explanation4 ,x 0 "o ( ,coke's ridicul\s pret5ces1 t laws anci5tly enact$ by ! k+1 at ! reque/1 or ) ! cons5t1 or by ! advice1 ( 8 p>liam5t1 0 an act ( p>liam5t1 in/ead ( ! act ( ! k+4 ,& 9 ! extracts cit$1 he c>ries ?is idea s f> z to pret5d t ! v>i\s confirmations ( ! ,great ,*>t] 7 acts ( p>liam5t1 in/ead ( ! acts ( ! k+s4 ,he might z well h pret5d$ t ! orig9al grant ( ! ,*>t] 0 an act ( p>liam5t2 because x 0 n only grant$ at ! reque/1 & ) ! cons5t1 & by ! advice1 b on ! compulsion ev51 ( ^? :o commonly con/itut$ 8 p>liam5ts4 ,yet ?is did n make ! grant ( ! *>t] an act ( p>liam5t4 ,x 0 simply an act ( ! k+4 ,! object ( ,coke1 9 ?is pret5ce1 0 to furni% "s color = ! palpable falsehood t ! legislative au?ority1 :i* p>liam5t 0 try+ to assume 9 8 own day1 & :i* x f9ally succe$$ 9 obta9+1 _h a prec$5t 9 ! anci5t con/itution ( ! k+dom4 ,!re w\ld be z mu* reason 9 say+ t1 because ! anci5t k+s 7 9 ! habit ( pass+ laws 9 special answ] to ! petitions ( _! subjects1 !re=e ^? petition]s 7 a "p ( ! legislative p[] ( ! k+dom4 ,"o great objection to ?is argum5t ( ,coke1 = ! legislative au?ority ( ! anci5t p>liam5ts1 is t a v l>ge--probably mu* ! l>g]--numb] ( legislative acts 7 done )\t ! advice1 cons5t1 reque/1 or ev5 pres5ce1 ( a p>liam5t4 ,n only 7 _m =mal /atutes pass$ )\t any m5tion ( ! cons5t or advice ( p>liam5t1 b a simple ord] ( ! k+ 9 c\ncil1 or a simple proclamation1 writ1 or lett] "u seal1 issu$ by 8 comm&1 _h ! same =ce z :at ,coke calls an act ( p>liam5t4 ,& ?is practice cont9u$1 to a consid]able ext5t at lea/1 d[n to ,coke's own "t4 ,! k+s 7 always 9 ! habit ( consult+ _! p>liam5ts1 m or less1 9 reg>d to matt]s ( legislation1--n because _! cons5t 0 con/itutionally necess>y1 b 9 ord] to make influ5ce 9 favor ( _! laws1 & ?us induce ! p to obs]ve !m1 & ! juries to en=ce !m4 ,! g5]al duties ( ! anci5t p>liam5ts 7 n legislative1 b judicial1 z w be %[n m fully h]eaft]4 ,! p 7 n repres5t$ 9 ! p>liam5ts at ! "t ( ,magna ,c>ta1 b only ! ar*bi%ops1 bi%ops1 e>ls1 b>ons1 & knights2 s t little or no?+ w\ld h be5 ga9$ = lib]ty by ,coke's idea t p>liam5t _h a legislative p[]4 ,he w\ld only h sub/itut$ an ari/ocracy = a k+4 ,ev5 aft] ! ,commons 7 repres5t$ 9 p>liam5t1 !y = "s c5turies appe>$ only z petition]s1 except 9 ! matt] ( taxation1 :5 _! cons5t 0 ask$4 ,& almo/ ! only s\rce ( _! influ5ce on legislation 0 ?is3 t !y w\ld sometimes refuse _! cons5t to ! taxation1 unless ! k+ w\ld pass su* laws z !y petition$ =2 or1 z w\ld seem to h be5 mu* m frequ5tly ! case1 unless he w\ld aboli% su* laws & practices z !y remon/rat$ aga9/4 ,! influ5ce or p[] ( p>liam5t1 & especially ( ! ,commons1 9 ! g5]al legislation ( ! c\ntry1 0 a ?+ ( sl[ gr[?1 hav+ its orig9 9 a device ( ! k+ to get money contr>y to law1 7z w be se5 9 ! next volume17 & n at all a "p ( ! con/itution ( ! k+dom1 nor hav+ its f\ndation 9 ! cons5t ( ! p4 ,! p[]1 z at pres5t ex]cis$1 0 n fully e/abli%$ until #afhh1 7ne> five hundr$ ye>s aft] ,magna ,c>ta17 :5 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 7falsely s call$7 _h acquir$ su* influ5ce z ! repres5tative1 n ( ! p1 b ( ! weal?1 ( ! nation1 t !y compell$ ! k+ to disc>d ! oa? fix$ by ! con/itution ( ! k+dom2 7:i* oa? has be5 already giv5 9 a =m] *apt]17page #aja7 & 01 9 sub/ance1 to pres]ve & execute ! ,common ,law1 ! ,law ( ! ,l&1--or1 9 ! words ( ! oa?1 ! j laws & cu/oms :i* ! common p _h *os527 & to swe> t he w\ld gov]n ! p ( ?is k+dom ( ,engl&1 & ! dom9ions !reto belong+1 accord+ to ! /atutes 9 p>liam5t agre$ on1 & ! laws & cu/oms ( ! same4#aae ,! passage & en=cem5t ( ?is /atute1 & ! assumption ( ?is oa? by ! k+1 7 pla9 violations ( ! ,engli% con/itution1 inasmu* z !y aboli%$1 s f> z su* an oa? c\ld aboli%1 ! legislative p[] ( ! k+1 & also ^? j laws & cu/oms :i* ! common p 7?r\gh _! juries7 _h *os51 & sub/itut$ ! w ( p>liam5t 9 _! /ead4 ,coke 0 a great advocate = ! legislative p[] ( p>liam5t1 z a means ( re/ra9+ ! p[] ( ! k+4 ,z he d5i$ all p[] to juries to decide ^u ! obligation ( laws1 & z he held t ! legislative p[] 0 s transc5d5t & absolute z 7t7 x _c be conf9$1 ei!r = causes or p]sons1 )9 any b\nds1#aaf he 0 p]haps hone/ 9 hold+ t x 0 saf] to tru/ ?is t]rific p[] 9 ! h&s ( p>liam5t1 ?an 9 ! h&s ( ! k+4 ,8 error consi/$ 9 hold+ t ei!r ! k+ or p>liam5t _h any su* p[]1 or t !y _h any p[] at all to pass laws t %\ld be b9d+ ^u a jury4 ,^! decl>ations ( ,coke1 t ! *>t] 0 confirm$ by ?irty-two acts ( p>liam5t1 h a mis*iev\s be>+ 9 ano!r respect4 ,!y t5d to weak5 ! au?ority ( ! *>t]1 by convey+ ! impression t ! *>t] itself might be aboli%$ by act ( p>liam5t4 ,coke himself admits t x c\ld n be revok$ or resc9d$ by ! k+2 = he says1 ,all pret5ce ( pr]ogative aga9/ ,magna ,c>ta is tak5 away4 7#b ,in/41 #cf47 ,he knew p]fectly well1 & ! :ole ,engli% nation knew1 t ! k+ c\ld n lawfully infr+e ,magna ,c>ta4 ,magna ,c>ta1 !re=e1 made x impossible t absolute p[] c\ld ev] be practically e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! h&s ( ! k+4 ,h5ce1 z ,coke 0 an advocate = absolute p[]1--t is1 = a legislative p[] s transc5d5t & absolute z 7t7 x _c be conf9$1 ei!r = causes or p]sons1 )9 any b\nds1--!re 0 no alt]native = him b to ve/ ?is absolute p[] 9 p>liam5t4 ,_h he n ve/$ x 9 p>liam5t1 he w\ld h be5 oblig$ to abjure x altoge!r1 & to confess t ! p1 ?r\gh _! juries1 _h ! "r to judge ( ! obligation ( all legislation :atsoev]2 9 o!r words1 t !y _h ! "r to conf9e ! gov]nm5t )9 ! limits ( ^? j laws & cu/oms :i* ! common p 7act+ z jurors7 _h *os54 ,true to 8 in/9cts1 z a judge1 & z a tyrant1 he assum$ t ?is absolute p[] 0 ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( p>liam5t4 ,b ! tru? 0 t1 z by ! ,engli% con/itution p>liam5t _h no au?ority at all = g5]al legislation1 x c\ld no m confirm1 ?an x c\ld aboli%1 ,magna ,c>ta4 ,^! ?irty-two confirmations ( ,magna ,c>ta1 :i* ,coke speaks ( z acts ( p>liam5t1 7 m]ely acts ( ! k+4 ,! p>liam5ts1 inde$1 by refus+ to grant him money1 except on t condition1 & o!rwise1 _h contribut$ to oblige him to make ! confirmations2 j z !y _h help$ to oblige him by arms to grant ! *>t] 9 ! fir/ place4 ,b ! confirmations !mselves 7 nev]!less con/itutionally1 z well z =mally1 ! acts ( ! k+ alone4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,"u ! head ( ,john4 ,footnote #aaa3 #d ,black/one1 #cdi-ej4 ,footnote #aab3 #c ,black/one1 #cgi4 ,footnote #aac3 ,hume1 *4 #b4 ,footnote #aad3 ,page #bjc1 #e? edition1 #agba4 ,footnote #aae3 ,/4 #a ,william & ,m>y1 *4 #f1 7#afhh47 ,footnote #aaf3 #d ,in/41 #cf4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,limitations ,,impos$ ,,^u ,,! ,,majority ,,by ,,! ,,trial ,,by ,,jury4 ,! pr9cipal objection1 t w be made to ! doctr9e ( ?is essay1 is1 t "u x1 a jury w\ld p>alyze ! p[] ( ! majority1 & veto all legislation t 0 n 9 accordance ) ! w ( ! :ole1 or ne>ly ! :ole1 p4 ,! answ] to ?is objection is1 t ! limitation1 :i* w\ld be ?us impos$ ^u ! legislative p[]1 7:e!r t p[] be ve/$ 9 ! majority1 or m9ority1 ( ! p17 is ! cr[n+ m]it ( ! trial by jury4 ,x has o!r m]its2 b1 ?\gh important 9 !mselves1 !y are utt]ly insignificant & wor?less 9 comp>ison ) ?is4 ,x is ?is p[] ( veto+ all p>tial & oppressive legislation1 & ( re/rict+ ! gov]nm5t to ! ma9t5ance ( su* laws z ! :ole1 or sub/antially ! :ole1 p are agre$ 91 t makes ! trial by jury ! palladium ( lib]ty4 ,)\t ?is p[] x w\ld nev] h des]v$ t "n4 ,! w1 or ! pret5d$ w1 ( ! majority1 is ! la/ lurk+ place ( tyranny at ! pres5t day4 ,! dogma1 t c]ta9 individuals & families h a div9e appo9tm5t to gov]n ! re/ ( mank9d1 is fa/ giv+ place to ! "o t ! l>g] numb] h a "r to gov]n ! small]2 a dogma1 :i* may1 or may n1 be less oppressive 9 its practical op]ation1 b :i* c]ta9ly is no less false or tyrannical 9 pr9ciple1 ?an ! "o x is s rapidly supplant+4 ,obvi\sly !re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( majorities1 t insures ju/ice at _! h&s4 ,!y h ! same passions z m9orities1 & !y h no qualities :atev] t %\ld be expect$ to prev5t !m f practis+ ! same tyranny z m9orities1 if !y ?9k x w be = _! int]e/ to d s4 ,!re is no p>ticle ( tru? 9 ! notion t ! majority h a "r to rule1 or to ex]cise arbitr>y p[] ov]1 ! m9ority1 simply because ! =m] are m num]\s ?an ! latt]4 ,two m5 h no m natural "r to rule "o1 ?an "o has to rule two4 ,any s+le man1 or any body ( m51 _m or few1 h a natural "r to ma9ta9 ju/ice = !mselves1 & = any o!rs :o may ne$ _! assi/ance1 aga9/ ! inju/ice ( any & all o!r m51 )\t reg>d to _! numb]s2 & majorities h no "r to d any m ?an ?is4 ,! relative numb]s ( ! oppos+ p>ties h no?+ to d ) ! "q ( "r4 ,& no m tyrannical pr9ciple 0 ev] av[$1 ?an t ! w ( ! majority ought to h ! =ce ( law1 )\t reg>d to its ju/ice2 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 t ! w ( ! majority ought always to be presum$ to be 9 accordance ) ju/ice4 ,su* a doctr9e is only ano!r =m ( ! doctr9e t might makes "r4 ,:5 two m5 meet "o ^u ! highway1 or 9 ! wild]ness1 h !y a "r to dispose ( 8 life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty at _! pleasure1 simply because !y are ! m num]\s p>ty8 ,or is he b\nd to submit to lose 8 life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 if !y dem& x1 m]ely because he is ! less num]\s p>ty8 ,or1 because !y are m num]\s ?an he1 is he b\nd to presume t !y are gov]n$ only by sup]ior wisdom1 & ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 & by no selfi% passion t c lead !m to d him a wrong8 ,yet ?is is ! pr9ciple1 :i* x is claim$ %\ld gov]n m5 9 all _! civil relations to ea* o!r4 ,mank9d fall 9 company ) ea* o!r on ! highway or 9 ! wild]ness ( life1 & x is claim$ t ! m num]\s p>ty1 simply by virtue ( _! sup]ior numb]s1 h ! "r arbitr>ily to dispose ( ! life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty ( ! m9ority2 & t ! m9ority are b\nd1 by reason ( _! inf]ior numb]s1 to practise abject submission1 & cons5t to hold _! natural rights1--any1 all1 or none1 z ! case may be1--at ! m]e w & pleasure ( ! majority2 z if all a man's natural rights expir$1 or 7 susp5d$ by ! op]ation ( a p>am\nt law1 ! mom5t he came into ! pres5ce ( sup]ior numb]s4 ,if su* be ! true nature ( ! relations m5 hold to ea* o!r 9 ?is _w1 x puts an end to all su* ?+s z crimes1 unless !y be p]petrat$ ^u ^? :o are equal or sup]ior1 9 numb]1 to ! actors4 ,all acts committ$ aga9/ p]sons inf]ior 9 numb] to ! aggressors1 become b ! ex]cise ( rightful au?ority4 ,& consi/5cy ) _! own pr9ciples requires t all gov]nm5ts1 f\nd$ on ! w ( ! majority1 %\ld recognize ?is plea z a suffici5t ju/ification = all crimes :atsoev]4 ,if x be said t ! majority %\ld be all[$ to rule1 n because !y are /rong] ?an ! m9ority1 b because _! sup]ior numb]s furni% a probability t !y are 9 ! "r2 "o answ] is1 t ! lives1 lib]ties1 & prop]ties ( m5 are too valuable to !m1 & ! natural presumptions are too /rong 9 _! favor1 to ju/ify ! de/ruction ( !m by _! fell[-m5 on a m]e balanc+ ( probabilities1 or on any gr\nd :atev] %ort ( c]ta9ty beyond a reasonable d\bt4 ,?is la/ is ! moral rule univ]sally recogniz$ to be b9d+ ^u s+le individuals4 ,& 9 ! =um ( consci5ce ! same rule is equally b9d+ ^u gov]nm5ts1 = gov]nm5ts are m]e associations ( individuals4 ,?is is ! rule on :i* ! trial by jury is bas$4 ,& x is pla9ly ! only rule t ought to induce a man to submit 8 rights to ! adjudication ( 8 fell[-m51 or dissuade him f a =cible def5ce ( !m4 ,ano!r answ] is1 t if two oppos+ p>ties c\ld be suppos$ to h no p]sonal int]e/s or passions involv$1 to w>p _! judgm5ts1 or corrupt _! motives1 ! fact t "o ( ! p>ties 0 m num]\s ?an ! o!r1 7a fact t leaves ! comp>ative intellectual compet5cy ( ! two p>ties entirely out ( consid]ation17 might1 p]haps1 furni% a slight1 b at be/ only a v slight1 probability t su* p>ty 0 on ! side ( ju/ice4 ,b :5 x is consid]$ t ! p>ties are liable to diff] 9 _! intellectual capacities1 & t "o1 or ! o!r1 or bo?1 are und\bt$ly "u ! influ5ce ( su* passions z rivalry1 hatr$1 av>ice1 & ambition1--passions t are ne>ly c]ta9 to p]v]t _! judgm5ts1 & v likely to corrupt _! motives1--all probabilities f\nd$ ^u a m]e num]ical majority1 9 "o p>ty1 or ! o!r1 vani% at once2 & ! decision ( ! majority becomes1 to all practical purposes1 a m]e decision ( *ance4 ,& to dispose ( m5's prop]ties1 lib]ties1 & lives1 by ! m]e process ( enum]at+ su* p>ties1 is n only z palpable gambl+ z 0 ev] practis$1 b x is also ! mo/ atroci\s t 0 ev] practis$1 except 9 matt]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,& :]e gov]nm5t is in/itut$ on ?is pr9ciple1 7z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = example17 ! nation is at once conv]t$ into "o great gambl+ e/abli%m5t2 :]e all ! rights ( m5 are ! /akes2 a few bold bad m5 ?r[ ! dice--7dice load$ ) all ! hopes1 fe>s1 int]e/s1 & passions :i* rage 9 ! brea/s ( ambiti\s & desp]ate m517--& all ! p1 f ! int]e/s !y h dep5d+1 become enli/$1 excit$1 agitat$1 & g5]ally corrupt$1 by ! haz>ds ( ! game4 ,! trial by jury disav[s ! majority pr9ciple altoge!r2 & proce$s ^u ! gr\nd t e man %\ld be presum$ to be entitl$ to life1 lib]ty1 & su* prop]ty z he has 9 8 possession2 & t ! gov]nm5t %\ld lay its h& ^u none ( !m1 7except = ! purpose ( br++ !m be=e a tribunal = adjudication17 unless x be fir/ asc]ta9$1 beyond a reasonable d\bt1 9 e individual case1 t ju/ice requires x4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r !re be su* reasonable d\bt1 x takes twelve m5 by lot f ! :ole body ( mature m54 ,if any ( ^! twelve are prov$ to be "u ! influ5ce ( any special int]e/ or passion1 t may ei!r p]v]t _! judgm5ts1 or corrupt _! motives1 !y are set aside z unsuitable = ! p]=mance ( a duty requir+ su* absolute imp>tiality & integrity2 & o!rs sub/itut$ 9 _! /ead4 ,:5 ! utmo/ practicable imp>tiality is atta9$ on ! "p ( ! :ole twelve1 !y are sworn to ! obs]vance ( ju/ice2 & _! unanim\s concurr5ce is !n held to be necess>y to remove t reasonable d\bt1 :i*1 unremov$1 w\ld =bid ! gov]nm5t to lay its h& on its victim4 ,su* is ! caution :i* ! trial by jury bo? practises & inculcates1 aga9/ ! violation ( ju/ice1 on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 t[>ds ! humble/ individual1 9 ! smalle/ matt] affect+ 8 civil rights1 8 prop]ty1 lib]ty1 or life4 ,& su* is ! contra/1 :i* ! trial by jury pres5ts1 to t gambl]'s & robb]'s rule1 t ! majority h a "r1 by virtue ( _! sup]ior numb]s1 & )\t reg>d to ju/ice1 to dispose at pleasure ( ! prop]ty & p]sons ( all bodies ( m5 less num]\s ?an !mselves4 ,! diff]5ce1 9 %ort1 betwe5 ! two sy/ems1 is ?is4 ,! trial by jury protects p]son & prop]ty1 inviolate to _! possessors1 f ! h& ( ! law1 unless ju/ice1 beyond a reasonable d\bt1 require !m to be tak54 ,! majority pr9ciple takes p]son & prop]ty f _! possessors1 at ! m]e arbitr>y w ( a majority1 :o are liable & likely to be influ5c$1 9 tak+ !m1 by motives ( oppression1 av>ice1 & ambition4 ,if ! relative numb]s ( oppos+ p>ties af=d$ suffici5t evid5ce ( ! comp>ative ju/ice ( _! claims1 ! gov]nm5t %\ld c>ry ! pr9ciple into its c\rts ( ju/ice2 & in/ead ( ref]r+ controv]sies to imp>tial & dis9t]e/$ m51--to judges & jurors1 sworn to d ju/ice1 & b\nd pati5tly to he> & weigh all ! evid5ce & argum5ts t c be (f]$ on ei!r side1--x %\ld simply c\nt ! pla9tiffs & def5dants 9 ea* case1 7:]e !re 7 m ?an "o ( ei!r17 & !n give ! case to ! majority2 aft] ample opportunity _h be5 giv5 to ! pla9tiffs & def5dants to reason )1 flatt]1 *eat1 ?reat51 & bribe ea* o!r1 by way ( induc+ !m to *ange sides4 ,su* a process w\ld be j z rational 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 z 9 halls ( legislation2 = x is ( no importance to a man1 :o has 8 rights tak5 f him1 :e!r x be done by a legislative enactm5t1 or a judicial decision4 ,9 legislation1 ! p are all arrang$ z pla9tiffs & def5dants 9 _! own causes2 7^? :o are 9 favor ( a p>ticul> law1 /&+ z pla9tiffs1 & ^? :o are oppos$ to ! same law1 /&+ z def5dants72 & to all[ ^! causes to be decid$ by majorities1 is pla9ly z absurd z x w\ld be to all[ judicial decisions to be det]m9$ by ! relative numb] ( pla9tiffs & def5dants4 ,if ?is mode ( decision 7 introduc$ into c\rts ( ju/ice1 we %\ld see a p>allel1 & only a p>allel1 to t sy/em ( legislation :i* we witness daily4 ,we %\ld see l>ge bodies ( m5 conspir+ to br+ p]fectly gr\ndless suits1 aga9/ o!r bodies ( m51 = l>ge sums ( money1 & to c>ry !m by %e] =ce ( numb]s2 j z we n[ cont9ually see l>ge bodies ( m5 conspir+ to c>ry1 by m]e =ce ( numb]s1 "s s*eme ( legislation t w1 directly or indirectly1 take money out ( o!r m5's pockets1 & put x into _! own4 ,& we %\ld also see di/9ct bodies ( m51 p>ties 9 sep>ate suits1 comb9+ & agree+ all to appe> & be c\nt$ z pla9tiffs or def5dants 9 ea* o!r's suits1 = ! purpose ( eke+ out ! necess>y majority2 j z we n[ see di/9ct bodies ( m51 int]e/$ 9 sep>ate s*emes ( ambition or plund]1 conspir+ to c>ry ?r\gh a bat* ( legislative enactm5ts1 t %all accompli% _! sev]al purposes4 ,?is sy/em ( comb9ation & conspiracy w\ld g on1 until at l5g? :ole /ates & a :ole nation w\ld become divid$ into two great litigat+ p>ties1 ea* p>ty compos$ ( sev]al small] bodies1 hav+ _! sep>ate suits1 b all conf$]at+ = ! purpose ( mak+ up ! necess>y majority 9 ea* case4 ,! individuals compos+ ea* ( ^! two great p>ties1 w\ld at l5g? become s accu/om$ to act+ toge!r1 & s well acqua9t$ ) ea* o!rs' s*emes1 & s mutually dep5d5t ^u ea* o!rs' fidelity = success1 t !y w\ld become organiz$ z p]man5t associations2 b\nd toge!r by t k9d ( honor t prevails among ?ieves2 & pl$g$ by all _! int]e/s1 sympa?ies1 & animosities1 to mutual fidelity1 & to unceas+ ho/ility to _! oppon5ts2 & ex]t+ all _! arts & all _! res\rces ( ?reats1 injuries1 promises1 & bribes1 to drive or s$uce f ! o!r p>ty en\gh to enable _! own to reta9 or acquire su* a majority z w\ld be necess>y to ga9 _! own suits1 & defeat ! suits ( _! oppon5ts4 ,all ! weal? & tal5t ( ! c\ntry w\ld become enli/$ 9 ! s]vice ( ^! rival associations2 & bo? w\ld at l5g? become s compact1 s well organiz$1 s p[]ful1 & yet always s mu* 9 ne$ ( recruits1 t a private p]son w\ld be ne>ly or q unable to obta9 ju/ice 9 ! mo/ paltry suit ) 8 neighbor1 except on ! condition ( jo9+ "o ( ^! great litigat+ associations1 :o w\ld agree to c>ry ?r\gh 8 cause1 on condition ( 8 assi/+ !m to c>ry ?r\gh all ! o!rs1 good & bad1 :i* !y _h already und]tak54 ,if he refus$ ?is1 !y w\ld ?reat5 to make a simil> (f] to 8 antagoni/1 & suff] _! :ole numb]s to be c\nt$ aga9/ him4 ,n[ ?is picture is no c>icature1 b a true & hone/ lik5ess4 ,& su* a sy/em ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice1 w\ld be no m false1 absurd1 or atroci\s1 ?an t sy/em ( work+ by majorities1 :i* seeks to accompli%1 by legislation1 ! same ends :i*1 9 ! case suppos$1 w\ld be accompli%$ by judicial decisions4 ,aga91 ! doctr9e t ! m9ority ought to submit to ! w ( ! majority1 proce$s1 n ^u ! pr9ciple t gov]nm5t is =m$ by volunt>y association1 & = an agre$ purpose1 on ! "p ( all :o contribute to its support1 b ^u ! presumption t all gov]nm5t mu/ be practically a /ate ( w> & plund] betwe5 oppos+ p>ties2 & t1 9 ord] to save blood1 & prev5t mutual ext]m9ation1 ! p>ties come to an agreem5t t !y w c\nt _! respective numb]s p]iodically1 & ! "o p>ty %all !n be p]mitt$ quietly to rule & plund]1 7re/ra9$ only by _! own discretion17 & ! o!r submit quietly to be rul$ & plund]$1 until ! "t ( ! next enum]ation4 ,su* an agreem5t may possibly be wis] ?an unceas+ & deadly conflict2 x nev]!less p>takes too mu* ( ! ludicr\s to des]ve to be s]i\sly consid]$ z an exp$i5t = ! ma9t5ance ( civil society4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly seem t mank9d might agree ^u a cessation ( ho/ilities1 ^u m rational & equitable t]ms ?an t ( unconditional submission on ! "p ( ! less num]\s body4 ,unconditional submission is usually ! la/ act ( "o :o confesses himself subdu$ & enslav$4 ,h[ any "o ev] came to imag9e t condition to be "o ( fre$om1 has nev] be5 expla9$4 ,& z = ! sy/em be+ adapt$ to ! ma9t5ance ( ju/ice among m51 x is a my/]y t any human m9d c\ld ev] h be5 visit$ ) an insanity wild en\gh to orig9ate ! idea4 ,if x be said t o!r corporations1 ?an gov]nm5ts1 surr5d] _! affairs into ! h&s ( ! majority1 ! answ] is1 t !y all[ majorities to det]m9e only trifl+ matt]s1 t are 9 _! nature m]e que/ions ( discretion1 & :]e !re is no natural presumption ( ju/ice or "r on "o side r ?an ! o!r4 ,!y nev] surr5d] to ! majority ! p[] to dispose (1 or1 :at is practically ! same ?+1 to det]m9e1 ! rights ( any individual memb]4 ,! rights ( e memb] are det]m9$ by ! writt5 compact1 to :i* all ! memb]s h volunt>ily agre$4 ,= example4 ,a bank+ corporation all[s a majority to det]m9e su* que/ions ( discretion z :e!r ! note ( ,a or ( ,b %all be disc\nt$2 :e!r notes %all be disc\nt$ on "o1 two1 or six days 9 ! week2 h[ _m h\rs 9 a day _! bank+-h\se %all be kept op52 h[ _m cl]ks %all be employ$2 :at sal>ies !y %all receive1 & su* l matt]s1 :i* are 9 _! nature m]e subjects ( discretion1 & :]e !re are no natural presumptions ( ju/ice or "r 9 favor ( "o c\rse ov] ! o!r4 ,b no bank+ corporation all[s a majority1 or any o!r numb] ( its memb]s less ?an ! :ole1 to div]t ! funds ( ! corporation to any o!r purpose ?an ! "o to :i* e memb] ( ! corporation has legally agre$ t !y may be devot$2 nor to take ! /ock ( "o memb] & give x to ano!r2 nor to di/ribute ! divid5ds among ! /ockhold]s o!rwise ?an to ea* "o ! proportion :i* he has agre$ to accept1 & all ! o!rs h agre$ t he %all receive4 ,nor does any bank+ corporation all[ a majority to impose taxes ^u ! memb]s = ! paym5t ( ! corporate exp5ses1 except 9 su* proportions z e memb] has cons5t$ t !y may be impos$4 ,all ^! que/ions1 involv+ ! rights ( ! memb]s z aga9/ ea* o!r1 are fix$ by ! articles ( ! association1--t is1 by ! agreem5t to :i* e memb] has p]sonally ass5t$4 ,:at is also specially to be notic$1 & :at con/itutes a vital diff]5ce betwe5 ! bank+ corporation & ! political corporation1 or gov]nm5t1 is1 t 9 case ( controv]sy among ! memb]s ( ! bank+ corporation1 z to ! rights ( any memb]1 ! "q is det]m9$1 n by any numb]1 ei!r majority1 or m9ority1 ( ! corporation itself1 b by p]sons out ( ! corporation2 by twelve m5 act+ z jurors1 or by o!r tribunals ( ju/ice1 ( :i* no memb] ( ! corporation is all[$ to be a "p4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! political corporation1 controv]sies among ! p>ties to x1 z to ! rights ( individual memb]s1 mu/ ( necessity be settl$ by memb]s ( ! corporation itself1 because !re are no p]sons out ( ! corporation to :om ! "q c be ref]r$4 ,s9ce1 !n1 all que/ions z to ! rights ( ! memb]s ( ! political corporation1 mu/ be det]m9$ by memb]s ( ! corporation itself1 ! trial by jury says t no man's rights1--nei!r 8 "r to 8 life1 8 lib]ty1 nor 8 prop]ty1--%all be det]m9$ by any su* /&>d z ! m]e w & pleasure ( majorities2 b only by ! unanim\s v]dict ( a tribunal fairly repres5t+ ! :ole p1--t is1 a tribunal ( twelve m51 tak51 at r&om f ! :ole body1 & asc]ta9$ to be z imp>tial z ! nature ( ! case w admit1 & sworn to ! obs]vance ( ju/ice4 ,su* is ! diff]5ce 9 ! two k9ds ( corporations2 & ! cu/om ( manag+ by majorities ! m]e discretion>y matt]s ( bus9ess corporations1 7! majority hav+ no p[] to det]m9e ! rights ( any memb]17 furni%es no analogy to ! practice1 adopt$ by political corporations1 ( dispos+ ( all ! rights ( _! memb]s by ! arbitr>y w ( majorities4 ,b fur!r4 ,! doctr9e t ! majority h a "r to rule1 proce$s ^u ! pr9ciple t m9orities h no rights 9 ! gov]nm5t2 = c]ta9ly ! m9ority _c be said to h any rights 9 a gov]nm5t1 s long z ! majority alone det]m9e :at _! rights %all be4 ,!y hold ev]y?+1 or no?+1 z ! case may be1 at ! m]e w ( ! majority4 ,x is indisp5sable to a free gov]nm5t1 79 ! political s5se ( t t]m17 t ! m9ority1 ! weak] p>ty1 h a veto ^u ! acts ( ! majority4 ,political lib]ty is lib]ty = ! weak] p>ty 9 a nation4 ,x is only ! weak] p>ty t lose _! lib]ties1 :5 a gov]nm5t becomes oppressive4 ,! /rong] p>ty1 9 all gov]nm5ts1 are free by virtue ( _! sup]ior /r5g?4 ,!y nev] oppress !mselves4 ,legislation is ! "w ( ?is /rong] p>ty2 & if1 9 addition to ! sole p[] ( legislat+1 !y h ! sole p[] ( det]m9+ :at legislation %all be en=c$1 !y h all p[] 9 _! h&s1 & ! weak] p>ty are ! subjects ( an absolute gov]nm5t4 ,unless ! weak] p>ty h a veto1 ei!r ^u ! mak+1 or ! en=cem5t ( laws1 !y h no p[] :atev] 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & c ( c\rse h no lib]ties except su* z ! /rong] p>ty1 9 _! arbitr>y discretion1 see fit to p]mit !m to enjoy4 ,9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! trial by jury is ! only in/itution t gives ! weak] p>ty any veto ^u ! p[] ( ! /rong]4 ,consequ5tly x is ! only in/itution1 t gives !m any effective voice 9 ! gov]nm5t1 or any gu>anty aga9/ oppression4 ,suffrage1 h[ev] free1 is ( no avail = ?is purpose2 because ! suffrage ( ! m9ority is ov]borne by ! suffrage ( ! majority1 & is ?us r5d]$ p[]less = purposes ( legislation4 ,! responsibility ( (fic]s c be made ( no avail1 because !y are responsible only to ! majority4 ,! m9ority1 !re=e1 are :olly )\t rights 9 ! gov]nm5t1 :olly at ! m]cy ( ! majority1 unless1 ?r\gh ! trial by jury1 !y h a veto ^u su* legislation z !y ?9k unju/4 ,gov]nm5t is e/abli%$ = ! protection ( ! weak aga9/ ! /rong4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal1 if n ! sole1 motive = ! e/abli%m5t ( all legitimate gov]nm5t4 ,laws1 t are suffici5t = ! protection ( ! weak] p>ty1 are ( c\rse suffici5t = ! protection ( ! /rong] p>ty2 because ! /rong c c]ta9ly ne$ no m protection ?an ! weak4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "r t ! weak] p>ty %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! tribunal :i* is f9ally to det]m9e :at legislation may be en=c$2 & t no legislation %all be en=c$ aga9/ _! cons5t4 ,!y be+ presum$ to be compet5t judges ( :at k9d ( legislation makes = _! safety1 & :at = _! injury1 x mu/ be presum$ t any legislation1 :i* !y object to en=c+1 t5ds to _! oppression1 & n to _! security4 ,!re is /ill ano!r reason :y ! weak] p>ty1 or ! m9ority1 %\ld h a veto ^u all legislation :i* !y disapprove4 ,t reason is1 t t is ! only means by :i* ! gov]nm5t c be kept )9 ! limits ( ! contract1 compact1 or con/itution1 by :i* ! :ole p agree to e/abli% gov]nm5t4 ,if ! majority 7 all[$ to int]pret ! compact = !mselves1 & en=ce x accord+ to _! own int]pretation1 !y w\ld1 ( c\rse1 make x au?orize !m to d :atev] !y wi% to d4 ,! !ory ( free gov]nm5t is t x is =m$ by ! volunt>y contract ( ! p individually ) ea* o!r4 ,?is is ! !ory1 7al?\gh x is n1 z x ought to be1 ! fact17 9 all ! gov]nm5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z also 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,engl&4 ,! !ory assumes t ea* man1 :o is a p>ty to ! gov]nm5t1 & contributes to its support1 has individually & freely cons5t$ to x4 ,o!rwise ! gov]nm5t w\ld h no "r to tax him = its support1--= taxation )\t cons5t is robb]y4 ,?is !ory1 !n1 necess>ily supposes t ?is gov]nm5t1 :i* is =m$ by ! free cons5t ( all1 has no p[]s except su* z all ! p>ties to x h individually agre$ t x %all h2 & especially t x has no p[] to pass any laws1 except su* z all ! p>ties h agre$ t x may pass4 ,?is !ory supposes t !re may be c]ta9 laws t w be b5eficial to all1--s b5eficial t all cons5t to be tax$ = _! ma9t5ance4 ,= ! ma9t5ance ( ^! specific laws1 9 :i* all are int]e/$1 all associate4 ,& !y associate = ! ma9t5ance ( ^? laws only1 9 :i* all are int]e/$4 ,x w\ld be absurd to suppose t all w\ld associate1 & cons5t to be tax$1 = purposes :i* 7 b5eficial only to a "p2 & especially = purposes t 7 injuri\s to any4 ,a gov]nm5t ( ! :ole1 !re=e1 c h no p[]s except su* z all ! p>ties cons5t t x may h4 ,x c d no?+ except :at all h cons5t$ t x may d4 ,& if any portion ( ! p1--no matt] h[ l>ge _! numb]1 if x be less ?an ! :ole1--desire a gov]nm5t = any purposes o!r ?an ^? t are common to all1 & desir$ by all1 !y mu/ =m a sep>ate association = ^? purposes4 ,!y h no "r1--by p]v]t+ ?is gov]nm5t ( ! :ole1 to ! accompli%m5t ( purposes desir$ only by a "p1--to compel any "o to contribute to purposes t are ei!r useless or injuri\s to himself4 ,su* be+ ! pr9ciples on :i* ! gov]nm5t is =m$1 ! "q arises1 h[ %all ?is gov]nm5t1 :5 =m$1 be kept )9 ! limits ( ! contract by :i* x 0 e/abli%$8 ,h[ %all ?is gov]nm5t1 in/itut$ by ! :ole p1 agre$ to by ! :ole p1 support$ by ! contributions ( ! :ole p1 be conf9$ to ! accompli%m5t ( ^? purposes alone1 :i* ! :ole p desire8 ,h[ %all x be pres]v$ f deg5]at+ into a m]e gov]nm5t = ! b5efit ( a "p only ( ^? :o e/abli%$1 & :o support x8 ,h[ %all x be prev5t$ f ev5 injur+ a "p ( its own memb]s1 = ! aggr&izem5t ( ! re/8 ,its laws mu/ be1 7or at lea/ n[ are17 pass$1 & mo/ ( its o!r acts p]=m$1 by m]e ag5ts1--ag5ts *os5 by a "p ( ! p1 & n by ! :ole4 ,h[ c ^! ag5ts be re/ra9$ f seek+ _! own int]e/s1 & ! int]e/s ( ^? :o elect$ !m1 at ! exp5se ( ! rights ( ! rema9d] ( ! p1 by ! passage & en=cem5t ( laws t %all be p>tial1 unequal1 & unju/ 9 _! op]ation8 ,t is ! great "q4 ,& ! trial by jury answ]s x4 ,& h[ does ! trial by jury answ] x8 ,x answ]s x1 z has already be5 %[n ?r\gh\t ?is volume1 by say+ t ^! m]e ag5ts & attorneys1 :o are *os5 by a "p only ( ! p1 & are liable to be influ5c$ by p>tial & unequal purposes1 %all n h unlimit$ au?ority 9 ! enactm5t & en=cem5t ( laws2 t !y %all n ex]cise all ! functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,x says t !y %all nev] ex]cise t ultimate p[] ( compell+ ob$i5ce to ! laws by puni%+ = disob$i5ce1 or ( execut+ ! laws aga9/ ! p]son or prop]ty ( any man1 )\t fir/ gett+ ! cons5t ( ! p1 ?r\gh a tribunal t may fairly be presum$ to repres5t ! :ole1 or sub/antially ! :ole1 p4 ,x says t if ! p[] to make laws1 & ! p[] also to en=ce !m1 7 committ$ to ^! ag5ts1 !y w\ld h all p[]1--w\ld be absolute ma/]s ( ! p1 & c\ld deprive !m ( _! rights at pleasure4 ,x says1 !re=e1 t ! p !mselves w hold a veto ^u ! en=cem5t ( any & e law1 :i* ^! ag5ts may enact1 & t :5ev] ! occasion arises = !m to give or )hold _! cons5t1--inasmu* z ! :ole p _c assemble1 or devote ! "t & att5tion necess>y to ! inve/igation ( ea* case1--twelve ( _! numb] %all be tak5 by lot1 or o!rwise at r&om1 f ! :ole body2 t !y %all n be *os5 by majorities1 7! same majorities t elect$ ! ag5ts :o enact$ ! laws to be put 9 issue17 nor by any int]e/$ or suspect$ p>ty2 t !y %all n be appo9t$ by1 or be 9 any way dep5d5t ^u1 ^? :o enact$ ! law2 t _! op9ions1 :e!r = or aga9/ ! law t is 9 issue1 %all n be inquir$ ( be=eh&2 & t if ^! twelve m5 give _! cons5t to ! en=cem5t ( ! law1 _! cons5t %all /& = ! cons5t ( ! :ole4 ,?is is ! mode1 :i* ! trial by jury provides1 = keep+ ! gov]nm5t )9 ! limits design$ by ! :ole p1 :o h associat$ = its e/abli%m5t4 ,& x is ! only mode1 provid$ ei!r by ! ,engli% or ,am]ican con/itutions1 = ! accompli%m5t ( t object4 ,b x w1 p]haps1 be said t if ! m9ority c defeat ! w ( ! majority1 !n ! m9ority rule ! majority4 ,b ?is is n true 9 any unju/ s5se4 ,! m9ority enact no laws ( _! own4 ,!y simply refuse _! ass5t to su* laws ( ! majority z !y d n approve4 ,! m9ority assume no au?ority ov] ! majority2 !y simply def5d !mselves4 ,!y d n int]f]e ) ! "r ( ! majority to seek _! own happ9ess 9 _! own way1 s long z !y 7! majority7 d n int]f]e ) ! m9ority4 ,!y claim simply n to be oppress$1 & n to be compell$ to assi/ 9 do+ any?+ :i* !y d n approve4 ,!y say to ! majority1 ,we w unite ) y1 if y desire x1 = ! accompli%m5t ( all ^? purposes1 9 :i* we h a common int]e/ ) y4 ,y c c]ta9ly expect u to d no?+ m4 ,if y d n *oose to associate ) u on ^? t]ms1 !re mu/ be two sep>ate associations4 ,y mu/ associate = ! accompli%m5t ( y\r purposes2 we = ! accompli%m5t ( ours4 ,9 ?is case1 ! m9ority assume no au?ority ov] ! majority2 !y simply refuse to surr5d] _! own lib]ties into ! h&s ( ! majority4 ,!y propose a union2 b decl9e submission4 ,! majority are /ill at lib]ty to refuse ! connection1 & to seek _! own happ9ess 9 _! own way1 except t !y _c be gratifi$ 9 _! desire to become absolute ma/]s ( ! m9ority4 ,b1 x may be ask$1 h[ c ! m9ority be tru/$ to en=ce ev5 su* legislation z is equal & j8 ,! answ] is1 t !y are z reliable = t purpose z are ! majority2 !y are z mu* presum$ to h associat$1 & are z likely to h associat$1 = t object1 z are ! majority2 & !y h z mu* int]e/ 9 su* legislation z h ! majority4 ,!y h ev5 m int]e/ 9 x2 =1 be+ ! weak] p>ty1 !y mu/ rely on x = _! security1--hav+ no o!r security on :i* !y c rely4 ,h5ce _! cons5t to ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5t1 & to ! taxation requir$ = its support1 is presum$1 7al?\gh x ought n to be presum$17 )\t any express cons5t be+ giv54 ,?is presumption ( _! cons5t to be tax$ = ! ma9t5ance ( laws1 w\ld be absurd1 if !y c\ld n !mselves be tru/$ to act 9 good fai? 9 en=c+ ^? laws4 ,& h5ce !y _c be presum$ to h cons5t$ to be tax$ = ! ma9t5ance ( any laws1 except su* z !y are !mselves ready to aid 9 en=c+4 ,x is !re=e unju/ to tax !m1 unless !y are eligible to seats 9 a jury1 ) p[] to judge ( ! ju/ice ( ! laws4 ,tax+ !m = ! support ( ! laws1 on ! assumption t !y are 9 favor ( ! laws1 & at ! same "t refus+ !m ! "r1 z jurors1 to judge ( ! ju/ice ( ! laws1 on ! assumption t !y are oppos$ to ! laws1 are flat contradictions4 ,b1 x w be ask$1 :at motive h ! majority1 :5 !y h all p[] 9 _! own h&s1 to submit _! w to ! veto ( ! m9ority8 ,"o answ] is1 t !y h ! motive ( ju/ice4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to compel ! m9ority to contribute1 by taxation1 to ! support ( any laws :i* !y did n approve4 ,ano!r answ] is1 t if ! /rong] p>ty wi% to use _! p[] only = purposes ( ju/ice1 !y h no occasion to fe> ! veto ( ! weak] p>ty2 = ! latt] h z /rong motives = ! ma9t5ance ( j gov]nm5t1 z h ! =m]4 ,ano!r answ] is1 t if ! /rong] p>ty use _! p[] unju/ly1 !y w hold x by an unc]ta9 t5ure1 especially 9 a community :]e k is diffus$2 = k w enable ! weak] p>ty to make itself 9 "t ! /rong] p>ty4 ,x also enables ! weak] p>ty1 ev5 :ile x rema9s ! weak] p>ty1 p]petually to annoy1 al>m1 & injure _! oppressors4 ,unju/ p[]1--or r p[] t is grossly unju/1 & t is kn[n to be s by ! m9ority1--c be su/a9$ only at ! exp5se ( /&+ armies1 & all ! o!r ma*9]y ( =ce2 = ! oppress$ p>ty are always ready to risk _! lives = purposes ( v5geance1 & ! acquisition ( _! rights1 :5ev] !re is any tol]able *ance ( success4 ,peace1 safety1 & quiet = all1 c be enjoy$ only "u laws t obta9 ! cons5t ( all4 ,h5ce tyrants frequ5tly yield to ! dem&s ( ju/ice f ^? weak] ?an !mselves1 z a means ( buy+ peace & safety4 ,/ill ano!r answ] is1 t ^? :o are 9 ! majority on "o law1 w be 9 ! m9ority on ano!r4 ,all1 !re=e1 ne$ ! b5efit ( ! veto1 at "s "t or o!r1 to protect !mselves f inju/ice4 ,t ! limits1 )9 :i* legislation w\ld1 by ?is process1 be conf9$1 w\ld be exce$+ly n>r[1 9 comp>ison ) ^? x at pres5t occupies1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,all monopolies1 all special privileges1 all sumptu>y laws1 all re/ra9ts ^u any traffic1 b>ga91 or contract1 t 0 naturally lawful1#aag all re/ra9ts ^u m5's natural rights1 ! :ole catalogue ( mala prohibita1 & all taxation to :i* ! tax$ p>ties _h n individually1 sev]ally1 & freely cons5t$1 w\ld be at an end2 because all su* legislation implies a violation ( ! rights ( a great] or less m9ority4 ,?is m9ority w\ld disreg>d1 trample ^u1 or resi/1 ! execution ( su* legislation1 & !n ?r[ !mselves ^u a jury ( ! :ole p = ju/ification & protection4 ,9 ?is way all legislation w\ld be nullifi$1 except ! legislation ( t g5]al nature :i* imp>tially protect$ ! rights1 & subs]v$ ! int]e/s1 ( all4 ,! only legislation t c\ld be su/a9$1 w\ld probably be su* z t5d$ directly to ! ma9t5ance ( ju/ice & lib]ty2 su*1 = example1 z %\ld contribute to ! en=cem5t ( contracts1 ! protection ( prop]ty1 & ! prev5tion & puni%m5t ( acts intr9sically crim9al4 ,9 %ort1 gov]nm5t 9 practice w\ld be br\ght to ! necessity ( a /rict adh]5ce to natural law1 & natural ju/ice1 in/ead ( be+1 z x n[ is1 a great battle1 9 :i* av>ice & ambition are con/antly fight+ = & obta9+ advantages ov] ! natural rights ( mank9d4 ,footnote #aag3 ,su* z re/ra9ts ^u bank+1 ^u ! rates ( int]e/1 ^u traffic ) =eign]s1 c41 c4 ,,app5dix4 ,,taxation4 ,x 0 a pr9ciple ( ! ,common ,law1 z x is ( ! law ( nature1 & ( common s5se1 t no man c be tax$ )\t 8 p]sonal cons5t4 ,! ,common ,law knew no?+ ( t sy/em1 :i* n[ prevails 9 ,engl&1 ( assum+ a man's own cons5t to be tax$1 because "s pret5d$ repres5tative1 :om he nev] au?oriz$ to act = him1 has tak5 x ^u himself to cons5t t he may be tax$4 ,t is "o ( ! _m frauds on ! ,common ,law1 & ! ,engli% con/itution1 :i* h be5 introduc$ s9ce ,magna ,c>ta4 ,hav+ f9ally e/abli%$ itself 9 ,engl&1 x has be5 /upidly & s]vilely copi$ & submitt$ to 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if ! trial by jury 7 re/abli%$1 ! ,common ,law pr9ciple ( taxation w\ld be re/abli%$ ) x2 = x is n to be suppos$ t juries w\ld en=ce a tax ^u an individual :i* he _h nev] agre$ to pay4 ,taxation )\t cons5t is z pla9ly robb]y1 :5 en=c$ aga9/ "o man1 z :5 en=c$ aga9/ millions2 & x is n to be imag9$ t juries c\ld be bl9d to s self-evid5t a pr9ciple4 ,tak+ a man's money )\t 8 cons5t1 is also z mu* robb]y1 :5 x is done by millions ( m51 act+ 9 conc]t1 & call+ !mselves a gov]nm5t1 z :5 x is done by a s+le individual1 act+ on 8 own responsibility1 & call+ himself a highwayman4 ,nei!r ! numb]s engag$ 9 ! act1 nor ! diff]5t *>act]s !y assume z a cov] = ! act1 alt] ! nature ( ! act itself4 ,if ! gov]nm5t c take a man's money )\t 8 cons5t1 !re is no limit to ! additional tyranny x may practise ^u him2 =1 ) 8 money1 x c hire soldi]s to /& ov] him1 keep him 9 subjection1 plund] him at discretion1 & kill him if he resi/s4 ,& gov]nm5ts always w d ?is1 z !y ev]y:]e & always h done x1 except :]e ! ,common ,law pr9ciple has be5 e/abli%$4 ,x is !re=e a fir/ pr9ciple1 a v s9e qua non ( political fre$om1 t a man c be tax$ only by 8 p]sonal cons5t4 ,& ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is pr9ciple1 ) trial by jury1 insures fre$om ( c\rse2 because3 #a4 ,no man w\ld pay 8 money unless he _h fir/ contract$ = su* a gov]nm5t z he 0 will+ to support2 &1 #b4 ,unless ! gov]nm5t !n kept itself )9 ! t]ms ( its contract1 juries w\ld n en=ce ! paym5t ( ! tax4 ,besides1 ! agreem5t to be tax$ w\ld probably be ent]$ into b = a ye> at a "t4 ,if1 9 t ye>1 ! gov]nm5t prov$ itself ei!r ineffici5t or tyrannical1 to any s]i\s degree1 ! contract w\ld n be r5ew$4 ,! dissatisfi$ p>ties1 if suffici5tly num]\s = a new organization1 w\ld =m !mselves into a sep>ate association = mutual protection4 ,if n suffici5tly num]\s = t purpose1 ^? :o 7 consci5ti\s w\ld =ego all gov]nm5tal protection1 r ?an contribute to ! support ( a gov]nm5t :i* !y deem$ unju/4 ,all legitimate gov]nm5t is a mutual insurance company1 volunt>ily agre$ ^u by ! p>ties to x1 = ! protection ( _! rights aga9/ wrong-do]s4 ,9 its volunt>y "* x is precisely simil> to an association = mutual protection aga9/ fire or %ipwreck4 ,be=e a man w jo9 an association = ^! latt] purposes1 & pay ! premium = be+ insur$1 he w1 if he be a man ( s5se1 look at ! articles ( ! association2 see :at ! company promises to d2 :at x is likely to d2 & :at are ! rates ( insurance4 ,if he be satisfi$ on all ^! po9ts1 he w become a memb]1 pay 8 premium = a ye>1 & !n hold ! company to its contract4 ,if ! conduct ( ! company prove unsatisfactory1 he w let 8 policy expire at ! end ( ! ye> = :i* he has paid2 w decl9e to pay any fur!r premiums1 & ei!r seek insurance else:]e1 or take 8 own risk )\t any insurance4 ,& z m5 act 9 ! insurance ( _! %ips & dwell+s1 !y w\ld act 9 ! insurance ( _! prop]ties1 lib]ties & lives1 9 ! political association1 or gov]nm5t4 ,! political insurance company1 or gov]nm5t1 h no m "r1 9 nature or reason1 to assume a man's cons5t to be protect$ by !m1 & to be tax$ = t protection1 :5 he has giv5 no actual cons5t1 ?an a fire or m>9e insurance company h to assume a man's cons5t to be protect$ by !m1 & to pay ! premium1 :5 8 actual cons5t has nev] be5 giv54 ,to take a man's prop]ty )\t 8 cons5t is robb]y2 & to assume 8 cons5t1 :]e no actual cons5t is giv51 makes ! tak+ none ! less robb]y4 ,if x did1 ! highwayman has ! same "r to assume a man's cons5t to "p ) 8 purse1 t any o!r man1 or body ( m51 c h4 ,& 8 assumption w\ld af=d z mu* moral ju/ification = 8 robb]y z does a l assumption1 on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 = tak+ a man's prop]ty )\t 8 cons5t4 ,! gov]nm5t's pret5ce ( protect+ him1 z an equival5t = ! taxation1 af=ds no ju/ification4 ,x is = himself to decide :e!r he desires su* protection z ! gov]nm5t (f]s him4 ,if he d n desire x1 or d n b>ga9 = x1 ! gov]nm5t has no m "r ?an any o!r insurance company to impose x ^u him1 or make him pay = x4 ,trial by ! c\ntry1 & no taxation )\t cons5t1 7 ! two pill>s ( ,engli% lib]ty1 7:5 ,engl& _h any lib]ty17 & ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! ,common ,law4 ,!y mutually su/a9 ea* o!r2 & nei!r c /& )\t ! o!r4 ,)\t bo?1 no p h any gu>anty = _! fre$om2 ) bo?1 no p c be o!rwise ?an free4#aah ,by :at =ce1 fraud1 & conspiracy1 on ! "p ( k+s1 nobles1 & a few weal?y freehold]s1 ^! pill>s h be5 pro/rat$ 9 ,engl&1 x is design$ to %[ m fully 9 ! next volume1 if x %\ld be necess>y4 ,footnote #aah3 ,trial by ! c\ntry1 & no taxation )\t cons5t1 mutually su/a9 ea* o!r1 & c be su/a9$ only by ea* o!r1 = ^! reasons3 #a4 ,juries w\ld refuse to en=ce a tax aga9/ a man :o _h nev] agre$ to pay x4 ,!y w\ld also protect m5 9 =cibly resi/+ ! collection ( taxes to :i* !y _h nev] cons5t$4 ,o!rwise ! jurors w\ld au?orize ! gov]nm5t to tax !mselves )\t _! cons5t1--a ?+ :i* no jury w\ld be likely to d4 ,9 ^! two ways1 !n1 trial by ! c\ntry w\ld su/a9 ! pr9ciple ( no taxation )\t cons5t4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9ciple ( no taxation )\t cons5t w\ld su/a9 ! trial by ! c\ntry1 because m5 9 g5]al w\ld n cons5t to be tax$ = ! support ( a gov]nm5t "u :i* trial by ! c\ntry 0 n secur$4 ,?us ^! two pr9ciples mutually su/a9 ea* o!r4 ,b1 if ei!r ( ^! pr9ciples 7 brok5 d[n1 ! o!r w\ld fall ) x1 & = ^! reasons3 #a4 ,if trial by ! c\ntry 7 brok5 d[n1 ! pr9ciple ( no taxation )\t cons5t w\ld fall ) x1 because ! gov]nm5t w\ld !n be able to tax ! p )\t _! cons5t1 inasmu* z ! legal tribunals w\ld be m]e tools ( ! gov]nm5t1 & w\ld en=ce su* taxation1 & puni% m5 = resi/+ su* taxation1 z ! gov]nm5t ord]$4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! pr9ciple ( no taxation )\t cons5t 7 brok5 d[n1 trial by ! c\ntry w\ld fall ) x1 because ! gov]nm5t1 if x c\ld tax p )\t _! cons5t1 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 take en\gh ( _! money to enable x to employ all ! =ce necess>y = su/a9+ its own tribunals1 79 ! place ( juries17 & c>ry+ _! decrees into execution4