,libr>ies47 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,bl[pipe ,,analysis ,illu/ration ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,bl[pipe ,,analysis ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,hutton ,,getman1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,/am=d ,,high ,,s*ool ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #ahii ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a ^w surr\nd$ by und]scores l ?is signifies ! ^w is italics 9 ! text4 ,a ^w surr\nd$ by c$illas l ?is1 signifies ! ^w is bold$ 9 ! text4 ,= numb]s & equations1 und]scores be=e bracket$ numb]s 9 equations d5ote a subscript4 ,,preface ,^! few pages are int5d$ to s]ve a tw(old purpose1--to give ! /ud5t a g5]al outl9e ( ,bl[pipe ,analysis1 & to introduce him to ! me?ods ( ,det]m9ative ,m9]alogy4 ,e ef=t has be5 made to simplify details s t ! book may be us$ 9 bo? ,high ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,tables = sy/ematic exam9ation h be5 int5tionally omitt$1 = 9 ! au?or's e/imation ^! t5d to dull ! /ud5t's p[] ( obs]vation1 & to make him place little value ^u m9ute details4 ,! alphabetic arrangem5t has be5 foll[$ = ! sake ( conv5i5ce :5 ref]r+ to ! book4 ,! la/ *apt] is n int5d$ to s]ve z a key to det]m9+ ! m9]als !re9 describ$1 b r x is add$ to give ! /ud5t ex]cise 9 ,bl[pipe ,analysis1 & at ! same "t to po9t out ! me?ods ( ,det]m9ative ,m9]alogy4 ,f9ally1 ! au?or w\ld ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to ! foll[+ works3 ,manual ( ,qualitative ,analysis1 ,fres5ius2 ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis1 ,v5able2 ,roscoe & ,s*orlemm]'s ,treatise on ,*emi/ry2 ,foye's ,h&-,book ( ,m9]alogy2 ,dana's ,m9]alogy2 ,kobell's ,tafeln zur ,be/immung d] ,m9]ali52 etc4 ,,fr$]ick ,,hutton ,,getman4 ,,/am=d1 ,,conn41 ,feb4 #bb1 #ahii4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,app>atus & ,reag5ts #a-g ,,*apt] ,,ii ,g5]al ,outl9e ( ,bl[pipe ,analysis #h ,def9itions #i ,exam9ation on ,*>coal ,alone #aj ,exam9ation on ,*>coal ) ,sodium ,c>bonate #ac ,exam9ation 9 ,tube ) ,sodium ,c>bonate & ,*>coal #ae ,exam9ation on ,plat9um ,wire #af ,exam9ation 9 ,borax ,bead #ag ,exam9ation ) ,cobalt ,nitrate #bj ,,*apt] ,,iii ,g5]al ,reactions = ! ,detection ( ! ,metallic ,elem5ts 9 ,simple ,comp\nds #bb ,alum9um #bc ,antimony #bd ,ars5ic #be ,bismu? #be ,cadmium #bf ,*romium #bf ,cobalt #bg ,copp] #bh ,iron #bh ,lead #bi ,manganese #cj ,m]cury #cj ,nickel #ca ,silv] #cb ,t9 #cb ,z9c #cc ,! ,alkali ,metals #cd ,ammonium #cd ,potassium #ce ,sodium #ce ,li?ium #cf ,! ,alkal9e ,e>?s #cf ,b>ium #cf ,calcium #cg ,/rontium #cg ,! ,acid ,elem5ts #cg ,borates #cg ,bromides #ch ,*lorides #ch ,fluorides #ch ,iodides #ci ,nitrates #ci ,phosphates #dj ,silicates #dj ,sulphides #da ,,*apt] ,,iv ,behavior ( ,"s ( ! ,pr9cipal ,ores be=e ! ,bl[pipe #dc ,ores ( ,antimony #df ,ores ( ,ars5ic #dg ,ores ( ,bismu? #dh ,ores ( ,*romium #di ,ores ( ,cobalt #ej ,ores ( ,copp] #eb ,ores ( ,iron #eg ,ores ( ,lead #fj ,ores ( ,manganese #fc ,ores ( ,m]cury #fd ,ores ( ,nickel #fe ,ores ( ,silv] #ff ,ores ( ,t9 #fi ,ores ( ,z9c #gj ,,comp>ative ,,tables ,i4 ,colors ( ,coat+s on ,*>coal #gc ,,ii4 ,flame ,colorations #gc ,,iii4 ,colors ( ,borax ,beads 9 oxidiz+ ,flame #gd ,,iv4 ,colors ( ,borax ,beads 9 r$uc+ ,flame #ge ,v4 ,colors ( ,microcosmic ,salt ,beads 9 oxidiz+ ,flame #gf ,,vi4 ,colors ( ,microcosmic ,salt ,beads 9 r$uc+ ,flame #gg ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bl[pipe ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,buns5 ,,burn] ,fig4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,,*>coal ,,bor]s ,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,agate ,,mort> ,,pe/le ,fig4 #d ,illu/ration3 ,,=ceps ,fig4 #e ,illu/ration3 ,,hamm] ,fig4 #f ,illu/ration3 #c-;,,corn]$ ,,files ,fig4 #g ,,bl[pipe ,,analysis ,,*apt] ,i ,! bl[pipe 0 fir/ appli$ to m9]al analysis 9 #agcc by ,anton ,swab1 & its applications h s9ce be5 improv$ & ext5d$ by v>i\s *emi/s1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,b]gmann1 ,cron/$t1 ,gahn1 ,b]zelius1 & ,plattn]4 ,bl[pipe4--,! common bl[pipe ( ! jewell] is n p>ticul>ly well suit$ to ! op]ations ( bl[pipe analysis1 s9ce ! flame has (t5 to be kept play+ ^u ! assay = "s "t1 & ! cond5s$ moi/ure ( ! brea? w\ld s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! passage ( ! air ?r\gh ! jet4 ,"o ( ! be/ & lea/ exp5sive =ms ( bl[pipe is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is consi/s1 z is se5 f ! illu/ration1 ( a conical-%ap$ tube ( t9 clos$ at ! wide end & =m$ into a m\?piece at ! small end2 sold]$ into ! tube at ! l>ge end1 & at "r angles to its axis1 is a small brass tube :i* t]m9ates 9 a conical tip pi]c$ ) a v f9e hole4 ,) ?is pipe x is possible to p]=m all ( ! op]ations ( m9]al analysis4 ,"s little practice is necess>y to keep ! flame /eady & to take ! brea? at ! same "t4 ,no rule c well be giv5 to ! beg9n]1 b 8 exp]i5ce becomes 8 be/ guide4 ,buns5 ,flame4--,any k9d ( flame c be us$ = ! bl[pipe1 provid$ x be n too small2 b s9ce almo/ e laboratory to-day is furni%$ ) gas & ! ,buns5 burn] 7,fig4 #b71 x w only be necess>y to describe ! use ( ! flame f ?is s\rce4 ,^u exam9+ ! ,buns5 flame ) c>e1 x w be se5 t ! flame consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts4 ,a d>k inn] cone :i* consi/s ( gas n yet rais$ to ! ignition po9t4 ,beyond ?is !re is a lum9\s cone1 :]e combu/ion is incomplete ow+ to lack ( oxyg51 & outside ( ?is we f9d ! non-lum9\s cone :]e ! gas is completely burn$4 ,?is out] envelope is ! hotte/ portion ( ! flame1 & is kn[n z ! oxidiz+ flame because !re is an excess ( oxyg5 :i* is imp>t$ to sub/ances plac$ !re94 ,! lum9\s cone is kn[n z ! r$uc+ flame1 = 9 x metallic oxides are r$uc$1 ! oxyg5 be+ tak5 up by ! small inc&esc5t p>ticles ( c>bon4 ,if ! air-holes at ! base ( ! ,buns5 burn] be op5$1 ! two inn] cones become elongat$1 & ! flame appe>s almo/ colorless4 ,! bl[pipe enables u to get an oxidiz+ & a r$uc+ flame ( bett] =m & great] p[]4 ,to d ?is we cut (f ! air supply at ! base ( ! burn] & turn (f ! gas until ! flame is ab\t #a cm4 high2 !n ^u introduc+ ! bl[pipe1 & bl[+ a /rong cont9u\s jet ( air across ! ,buns5 flame1 we produce an oxidiz+ flame ab\t #d-e cm4 9 l5g?4 ,if ! tip ( ! bl[pipe be held outside ( ! ,buns5 flame1 & ! pressure ( ! /ream ( air be dim9i%$1 we obta9 a r$uc+ flame4 ,supports4--,= supports1 *>coal1 plat9um1 & glass are *iefly us$4 ,! *>coal %\ld be made f "s light wood1 su* z ald]4 ,x %\ld be well burnt1 & %\ld n sc9tillate or smoke4 ,! plat9um supports are g5]ally 9 ! =m ( wire & foil4 ,plat9um-tipp$ =ceps are frequ5tly employ$ 9 bl[pipe analysis4 ,glass is us$ 9 ! =m ( tub+4 ,h>d glass tub+1 #c mm4 bore1 is drawn (f into ignition tubes #g-h cm4 9 l5g?4 ,sev]al doz5 ( ^! tubes %\ld be made be=e comm5c+ ! te/s ( ! next *apt]4 ,app>atus4--,a small agate mort>1 #d-e cm4 9 diamet]1 %\ld be provid$ 9 :i* to gr9d ! samples to be exam9$4 ,! pe/le1 :i* %\ld also be ( agate1 mu/ be adapt$ to ! mort> 9 %ape & size4 ,two pairs ( =ceps w also be ne$$4 ,"o pair %\ld be ( /eel1 & ! o!r pair ( brass1 ) f9e po9ts4 ,( o!r app>atus1 ! mo/ necess>y is3-- ,a small hamm] & anvil4 ,two ?ree-corn]$ files4 ,small piece ( cobalt glass1 ab\t #e #aj cm4 ,pocket magnify+ l5s4 ,sev]al small wat* glasses--= metallic beads1 etc4 ,*emicals4--,a li/ ( ! pr9cipal *emicals is "h giv53-- ,sodium c>bonate1 ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,borax1 ,na#b;,b#d,o#g #aj ,h#b,o4 ,microcosmic salt1 7,h,na,n,h#d71 ,,po#d #h ,h#b,o4 ,cobalt nitrate1 ,co7,,no#c7b #e ,h#b,o4 ,potassium cyanide1 ,,kcn4 ,hydro*loric acid1 7dilute71 ,h,cl n,h#b,o4 ,litmus pap]1 r$ & blue4 ,brazil-wood pap]4 ,any o!r special reag5ts :i* may be ne$$ w be m5tion$ z requir$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,g5]al ,,outl9e ,,( ,,bl[pipe ,,analysis ,,abbreviations3 ,o4 ,f4 = oxidiz+ flame1 ,r4 ,f4 = r$uc+ flame1 ,*4 = *>coal1 ,ct4 = coat+1 ,bp4 = bl[pipe4 ,9 ord] to exam9e a sub/ance be=e ! bl[pipe to det]m9e ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( c]ta9 elem5ts1 x becomes necess>y to arrange a sy/ematic me?od4 ,z ) all bran*es ( *emical "w1 "o's success is l>gely dep5d5t ^u neatness ( manipulation & c>efulness ( obs]vation4 ,! foll[+ ord] ( obs]vation is ess5tially t giv5 by ,b]zelius3-- #a4 ,exam9ation on *>coal by itself4 #b4 ,exam9ation on *>coal ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 #c4 ,exam9ation 9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & *>coal4 #d4 ,exam9ation on plat9um wire4 #e4 ,exam9ation 9 borax bead4 #f4 ,exam9ation ) ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,aft] hav+ exam9$ a body 9 ^! six diff]5t ways1 we %all be able to say :at are its pr9cipal con/itu5ts4 ,be=e describ+ ! me?od ( c>ry+ out ^! six diff]5t op]ations1 x w be necess>y to give a few def9itions ( t]ms :i* we %all h frequ5t occasion to employ4 ,def9itions4--,ignition is ! heat+ ( a sub/ance to a high temp]ature4 ,fusion is ! heat+ ( a sub/ance to ! melt+-po9t4 ,intumesc5ce is ! swell+ ( ! sub/ance ^u heat+4 ,decrepitation is ! crackl+ ( a sub/ance due to ! sudd5 expansion ( comb9$ wat] ^u heat+4 ,deflagration is ! burn+ ( a sub/ance ) explosive viol5ce1 g5]ally due to excess ( oxyg54 ,inc&esc5ce is ! :ite light emitt$ by a sub/ance t is infusible :5 subject$ to a high temp]ature4 ,exam9ation on ,*>coal alone4--,! size ( ! assay %\ld be ab\t t ( a mu/>d se$4 ,?is is suffici5tly l>ge to %[ all ( ! reactions cle>ly1 & ?\gh a l>g] piece w\ld exhibit ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5a1 yet mu* m ef=t is requir$4 ,a v small1 %all[ hole %\ld be cut 9 ! ,*4 to receive ! assay4 ,! ,bp4 flame %\ld be direct$ at an angle ( ab\t #cj ) ! surface ( ! ,*4 ,consid]able c>e mu/ be tak5 le/ ! hole 9 ! ,*4 is burn$ too deep & ! assay lo/ 9 ! coal4 ,! =ce ( ! air f ! jet mu/ also be borne 9 m9d = a /rong bla/1 or sudd5 puffs may bl[ ! sub/ance away4 ,! foll[+ *anges are to be look$ =3-- a4 ,:e!r ! sub/ance is volatile or non-volatile4 ,illu/rations4 ,exam9e be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 "s ars5i\s oxide1 ,z#b,o#c1 also "s alum9a1 ,al#b,o#c4 b4 ,:e!r ! sub/ance is fusible or infusible4 ,illu/rations4 ,exam9e be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 "s silv] oxide1 ,ag,o1 also "s z9c oxide1 ,zn,o4 c4 ,:e!r ! sub/ance is alkal9e or non-alkal9e :5 plac$ ^u moi/5$ r$ litmus4 ,illu/rations4 ,ignite "s calcium c>bonate1 ,ca,c,o#c1 be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*41 & place residue on moi/5$ r$ litmus4 ,9 l mann]1 exam9e "s magnesium c>bonate1 ,mg,c,o#c4 d4 ,color ( coat+ on ,*4 caus$ by comb9ation ( metal & oxyg5 due to heat ( ,bp4 flame4 ,illu/rations4 ,exam9e "s oxide ( lead1 ,pb,o1 be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*41 also "s oxide ( cadmium1 ,cd,o4 e4 ,decrepitation4 ,illu/ration4 ,exam9e "s sodium *loride1 ,na,cl1 be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 f4 ,deflagration4 ,illu/rations4 ,exam9e "s potassium nitrate1 ,,kno#c1 be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*41 also "s ammonium nitrate1 ,,nh#d,,no#c4 g4 ,intumesc5ce4 ,illu/ration4 ,exam9e "s alum1 ,k#b;,al#b7,,s#d7d1 be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 h4 ,inc&esc5ce4 ,illu/ration4 ,exam9e "s oxide ( b>ium1 ,ba,o1 be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 i4 ,=mation ( a metallic bead--color & malleability4 ,illu/ration4 ,exam9e "s silv] oxide1 ,ag,o1 be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,exam9ation on ,*>coal ) ,na#b;,,co#c4--,metallic comp\nds are (t5 difficult to r$uce ) ! bl[pipe flame alone1 & h5ce no bead is obta9$4 ,9 ord] to facilitate r$uction & ! obta9+ ( a metallic bead1 ! sub/ance 9 a f9ely p[d]$ condition is mix$ ) f\r p>ts ( sodium c>bonate1 ,na#b;,,co#c1 & ignit$ be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,! metallic comp\nd is decompos$1 ! metal be+ trans=m$ into ! c>bonate1 :i* 9 turn1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,*4 & ! heat ( ! flame1 is r$uc$ to ! free metal4 ,sometimes ! r$uction is made easi] by add+ to ! sub/ance ab\t its own bulk ( potassium cyanide1 ,,kcn1 :i* takes up oxyg5 f ! comp\nd & is conv]t$ into potassium cyanate1 ,,kcno4 ,! reactions 9 r$uc+ copp] sulphate1 ,cu,s,o#d1 ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ) ,,kcn be=e ! bl[pipe1 are "h giv53-- ,cu,s,o#d ,na#b;,,co#c ,cu,c,o#c ,na#b,,s#d 7#a7 #b;,cu,c,o#c ,c #c;,,co#b #b;,cu ,cu,s,o#d ,na#b;,,co#c ,cu,c,o#c ,na#b,,s#d ,cu,c,o#c ,cu,o ,,co#b 7#b7 ,cu,o ,,kcn ,cu ,,kcno ,aft] obta9+ beads1 x is well to obta9 _! coat+s1 = (t5times x is only 9 ?is way t we c di/+ui% betwe5 ! metals4 ,exam9ation 9 ,tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*>coal4--,if ! sub/ance 9 a f9ely pulv]iz$ condition be mix$ ) twelve p>ts1 ,na#b;,,co#c1 & six p>ts ( *>coal p[d] & ! mixture be plac$ 9 an ignition tube & subject$ to heat1 ! acid ( ! sub/ance comb9es ) ! soda & ! metal is set free4 ,if ?is metal is volatile1 a sublimate is =m$ 9 ! upp] end ( ! tube4 ,m]cury deposits 9 m9ute globules1 :i* may be se5 ) ! magnify+ glass4 ,ars5ic =ms a r+1 :i*1 :5 exam9$ ) ! magnify+ glass1 is se5 to be made up ( m9ute cry/als4 ,ammonia is recogniz$ by its *>act]i/ic odor1 & also by its turn+ a slip ( moi/5$ r$ litmus 7held ov] ! m\? ( ! tube7 blue4 ,exam9ation on ,plat9um ,wire4--,_m sub/ances possess ! prop]ty ( imp>t+ to ! colorless flame ( ! ,buns5 burn] *>act]i/ic colors4 ,! *lorides ( ^! sub/ances exhibit ^! flame reactions be/1 & h5ce be=e apply+ ! flame te/s we dip ! wire :i* s]ves z a support into hydro*loric acid & !n into ! sub/ance4 ,:5 ! sub/ance has be5 tak5 up on ! wire1 x is plac$ 9 ! edge ( ! long colorless flame ( ! ,buns5 burn] ne> ! apex1 :5 in/antly ! flame becomes t+$ ) ! *>act]i/ic color ( ! sub/ance4 ,illu/rations4 ,sodium comp\nds color ! flame yell[1 & a cry/al ( potassium di*romate appe>s colorless 9 ! sodium light4 ,?is sodium reaction is extremely delicate1 x be+ possible to detect ) ease a quantity ( a sodium salt less ?an #a_/cjjjjjj ( a milligram 9 weight4 ,potassium colors ! flame purpli%-violet4 ,b>ium colors ! flame apple-gre54 ,/rontium colors ! flame crimson4 ,calcium colors ! flame orange-r$1 di/+ui%$ f /rontium1 by appe>+ gray :5 se5 ?r\gh blue glass4 ,boracic acid colors ! flame gre5 :5 ! sub/ance has be5 moi/5$ ) glyc]9e4 ,exam9ation 9 ,borax ,bead4--,borax1 ,na#b;,b#d,o#g1 & microcosmic salt1 ,na,n,h#d;,h 4 ,,po#d1 possess ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ _m ( ! metallic oxides at ! temp]ature ( ! ,buns5 flame4 ,= example1 ) oxide ( cobalt1 ! foll[+ reactions take place ) ! two fluxes3-- ,co,o ,na#b;,b#d,o#g ,co7,,bo#b7b #b ,na,b,o#b4 ,on heat+1 ,na,n,h#d;,h4 ,,po#d1 x is decompos$ into ! metaphosphate ( sodium1 ,na,p,o#c1 ,co,o ,na,p,o#c ,co,na,p,o#d4 ,n[ 9 su* cases ( solution ! metallic oxides imp>t a *>act]i/ic color to ! flux4 ,! plat9um wire is ! be/ support1--x is heat$ to inc&esc5ce 9 ! ,buns5 flame1 & !n is quickly dipp$ into ! borax1 :5 a small globule w adh]e1--?is is remov$ to ! flame aga9 :5 ! borax melts to a cle> glassy bead4 ,:ile ! bead is /ill melt$1 t\* x to ! f9ely pulv]iz$ sub/ance & replace 9 ! flame4 ,9 a few seconds ! small p>ticles ( ! sub/ance w h dissolv$1 & ! bead w be se5 to h assum$ ! color *>act]i/ic ( ! sub/ance4 ,note ! color :5 hot & !n :5 cold2 (t5 !re is a wide diff]5ce4 ,!n1 too1 ! te/ %\ld be made 9 bo? ,o4 ,f4 & ,r4 ,f4 ,"s analy/s pref] to make a small loop 9 ! end ( ! wire be=e tak+ up ! borax to make ! bead4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! bead is colorless be=e br++ x 9 contact ) ! sub/ance4 ,z ! dep? ( color produc$ is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt ( sub/ance tak51 "s little caution %\ld be ex]cis$ to insure tak+ up ab\t ! same quantity ea* "t4 ,illu/rations4 ,make sev]al beads1 & note ! colors *>act]i/ic ( ! foll[+ oxides3 cobalt1 nickel1 iron1 manganese1 *romium1 & copp]4 ,! microcosmic salt bead dissolves almo/ e oxide except silica1 ,si,o#b1 & ?is is se5 to float ab\t 9 ! melt$ mass4 ,?is is us$ z a te/ = silica4 ,exam9ation ) ,co7,,no#c7b4--;,if aft] exam9ation on ! ,*4 p] se1 a :ite infusible residue rema9s1 x is moi/5$ ) a drop ( cobalt nitrate ,co7,,no#c7b & re-ignit$ be=e ! ,bp41 :5 a *ange ( color w be obs]v$4 ,?is *ange 9 color is ow+ to ! fact t ! heat ( ! ,bp4 flame decomposes ! cobalt nitrate1 nitric acid be+ driv5 (f1 & ! rema9+ ,co,o =m+ ) ! oxide ( ! residue a color$ mass4 ,illu/rations4 ,ignite be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ! foll[+ oxides1--all[ to cool1 add a drop ( ,co7,,no#c7b1 re-ignite1 & note color1--alum9um1 magnesium1 z9c1 & calcium4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to ?or\ghly ignite be=e add+ ! cobalt nitrate solution4 ,) ! six me?ods ( exam9ation j giv5 almo/ e simple sub/ance c be detect$1 b %\ld any d\bt rema91 a few simple te/s 9 ! liquid way w be suffici5t to sub/antiate ! bl[pipe exam9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,g5]al ,,reactions ,,= ,,! ,,detection ,,( ,,! ,,metallic ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,simple ,,comp\nds ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 r ?an = sci5tific reasons1 ! foll[+ comp\nds h be5 arrang$ 9 alphabetic ord]4 ,also ! oxides ( ! elem5ts h be5 tak51 s9ce !y exhibit ! reactions to be/ advantage4 ,! /ud5t %\ld "w ?r\gh c>efully ea* "o ( ! te/s & satisfy himself z to ! *>act]i/ic reactions ( ! v>i\s elem5ts1 = only 9 ?is way c he expect to recognize ! sub/ances :5 pres5t$ to him z unkn[ns4 ,x is advisable to provide a note-book & rule x z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,behavior ,,( ,,sub/ance ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,be=e ,bp4 ,be=e ,bp4 ,9 ignition ,9 flame ,9 flame ,aft] fir/ on ,*4 on ,*4 ) tube ) on ) borax ignition alone ,na#b;,,co#c ,na#b;,,co#c plat9um bead ) & ,*4 wire ,co7,,no#c7b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,rem>ks ,sub/ance ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #a4 ,alum9um1 ,al#b,o#c4--;,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,infusible4 ,no *ange4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,=ms an infusible comp\nd ) slight intumesc5ce4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,no *ange4 ,moi/ure driv5 (f4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire4 ,no *ange4 ,becomes inc&esc5t4 ,9 flame ) borax bead4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 dissolves sl[ly1 =m+ a colorless glass :i* rema9s s on cool+4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,mass becomes blue ^u re-ignition4 #b4 ,antimony1 ,sb#b,o#c4--;,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 volatilizes )\t *ange4 ,9 ,r4 ,f4 is r$uc$ & volatiliz$4 ,:ite coat+ ( antimoni\s oxide deposit$ on ,*4 ,blue t+e imp>t$ to flame4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,readily r$uc$4 ,:ite brittle bead4 ,v volatile1 giv+ *>act]i/ic :ite coat+4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,volatiliz$4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire4 ,volatiliz$4 ,colors flame gre5i% blue4 ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 dissolves to a colorless glass4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b4 #c4 ,ars5ic1 ,z#b,o#c4--;,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,v volatile4 ,/rong g>lic odor to fumes4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,r$uc$ ) emission ( ars5ical fumes4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,volatilizes1 =m+ a mirror-l deposit ( metallic ,z 9 ! cool] "p ( tube4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead on plat9um wire ,) ,co7,,no#c7b4 #d4 ,bismu?1 ,bi#b,o#c4--;,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,yields a coat+--orange-yell[ :5 hot1 lemon-yell[ :5 cold4 ,! yell[ coat+ usually has a :ite outl9e4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,easily r$uc$ to metallic bismu?4 ,yell[ bead brittle1 b less s ?an antimony4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 small quantity dissolves to a cle> yell[ glass1 :i* becomes colorless :5 cold4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #e4 ,cadmium1 ,cd,o4--,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,gives a coat+ on ! coal4 ,r$di%-br[n :5 cold4 ,v volatile4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,readily r$uc$4 ,! metal volatilizes easily1 giv+ ! *>act]i/ic coat+4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 dissolves to a cle> yell[i% bead1 colorless :5 cold4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #f4 ,*romium1 ,cr#b,o#c4--;,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,no *ange4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,_c be r$uc$4 ,soda s9ks 9 ,*4 & a gre5 color$ mass rema9s4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead4 ,dissolves sl[ly b colors int5sely4 ,yell[ :ile hot1 gre5 :5 cold4 ,) microcosmic salt bead4 ,colors r$ :5 hot1 gre5 :5 cold4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #g4 ,cobalt1 ,co,o4--,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 un*ang$4 ,9 ,r4 ,f4 is r$uc$ to ! metal & is magnetic4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,r$uc$ to a gray magnetic mass4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 colors v int5sely blue1 bo? hot & cold4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #h4 ,copp]1 ,cu,o4--,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,fuses to a black globule1 :i* c be r$uc$ ) "s difficulty4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,readily r$uc$ to metallic bead1 :i* is r$ 9 color1 h>d1 malleable4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire4 ,colors flame em]ald-gre54 ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 gre5 :5 hot1 blue :5 cold4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #i4 ,iron1 ,fe#b,o#c4--;,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 un*ang$4 ,9 ,r4 ,f4 becomes black & magnetic4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c ,r$uc$ to a metallic p[d]1 magnetic4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 r$ :ile hot1 yell[ :5 cold4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #aj4 ,lead1 ,pb,o4--,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,easily r$uc$ to ! metal1 bead v malleable4 ,coat+ yell[1 surr\nd$ by :ite r+4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,in/antly r$uc$4 ,coats ! ,*4 ^u fur!r bl[+4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,r$uc$ to ! metal4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire4 ,t+es flame blue4 ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 dissolves easily1 =m+ a limpid glass4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #aa4 ,manganese1 ,mn#b,o#c4--;,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,at high temp]ature turns r$4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,is n r$uc$4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 9 ,o4 ,f4 on plat9um foil ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,transp>5t gre5 mass :5 hot4 ,opaque1 blui%-gre5 :5 cold4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,n r$uc$4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 violet-r$ :ile hot1 ame?y/-r$ :5 cold4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #ab4 ,m]cury1 ,hg,o4--,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,in/antly r$uc$4 ,v volatile4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,r$uc$ & volatiliz$4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,sublimes cond5s+ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube z a metallic r+ :i* is se5 ) ! l5s to consi/ ( m9ute globules ( m]cury4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead on plat9um wire ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #ac4 ,nickel1 ,ni,o4--,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 un*ang$4 ,9 ,r4 ,f4 r$uc$ to metal1 slightly magnetic4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,easily r$uc$ to ! metal4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 violet :ile hot1 r$di%-br[n :5 cold4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #ad4 ,silv]1 ,ag,o4--,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,easily r$uc$ to ! metal4 ,:ite1 malleable1 h>d bead4 ,coats ! coal d>k r$ ne> assay4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,in/antly r$uc$ to metallic globule4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,r$uc$ to ! metal4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 p>tially dissolv$4 ,bead becomes milk-:ite4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b #ae4 ,t91 ,sn,o#b4--;,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,coats ! coal yell[ :ile hot1 dirty :ite :5 cool4 ,n r$uc$4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,r$uc$ to metallic t94 ,:ite1 h>d1 malleable bead4 ,coat+ :ite & close to assay4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 small quantity dissolves to limpid glass4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,gre5i%-blue color4 #af4 ,z9c1 ,zn,o4--,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,^u ignition becomes yell[4 ,is n r$uc$4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,r$uc$ to metal4 ,rapidly volatiliz$1 coat+ ! coal :ite4 ,9 ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,*4 ,9 flame on plat9um wire ,) borax bead on plat9um wire4 ,9 ,o4 ,f4 yell[ :ile hot1 limpid glass :5 cold4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,gre5 mass4 ,hav+ n[ giv5 ! pr9cipal reactions = ! mo/ important metals1 we w proce$ to ! exam9ation ( ! alkali metals1 ! alkal9e e>?s1 & "s ( ! acid elem5ts4 ,,! ,,alkali ,,metals #ag4 ,ammonium1 ,,nh#d4--,?is hypo!tical comp\nd is commonly class$ among ! alkali metals f its close resemblance to ! memb]s ( ?is gr\p4 ,to detect ! pres5ce ( ?is hypo!tical metal1 mix ! assay ) ab\t f\r p>ts ( ,na#b;,,co#c1 place 9 an ignition tube1 & apply heat4 ,! odor ( ! evolv$ gas w be recogniz$1 & if a piece ( r$ litmus pap] be moi/5$ & held at ! m\? ( ! tube1 x w be turn$ blue by ! escap+ ammonia gas4 ,we are n au?oriz$ to inf] ! pre-exi/5ce ( ammonium1 h[ev]1 f ! appe>ance ( ?is reaction1 = ! pres5ce ( nitrog5\s organic matt] 9 ! sub/ance1 :i* w\ld be decompos$ by ?is treatm5t1 w\ld give rise to su* a reaction4 #ah4 ,potassium4--,potassium is recogniz$ by ! color :i* its salts imp>t to ! ,buns5 flame4 ,if a portion ( a salt ( potassium be held on a plat9um wire 9 ! flame1 x imp>ts a blue-violet t9t :i* rapidly disappe>s4 #ai4 ,sodium4--,l potassium1 ?is alkali metal is detect$ by ! color :i* its salts give to ! flame4 ,if a sodium salt be held on ! plat9um wire 9 ! flame1 x imp>ts an int5se yell[ color4 ,! extreme delicacy ( ?is reaction has be5 m5tion$ else:]e4 ,! value ( ?is te/ is really less5$ by its great delicacy1 = x is possible to detect m9ute quantities ( sodium 9 almo/ all sub/ances1 al?\gh x may n be 9 *emical comb9ation4 ,z an example1 draw ! plat9um wire betwe5 ! f+]s1 & !n place 9 flame1 & note pres5ce ( sodium4 #bj4 ,li?ium1 ,li#b,o4--,9 ! ,buns5 flame on ! plat9um wire x imp>ts a c>m9e-r$ t+e4 ,hydro*loric acid on ! sample augm5ts ! coloration4 ,,! ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s #ba4 ,b>ium1 ,ba,o4--,9 ! ,buns5 flame on ! plat9um wire x imp>ts an apple-gre5 coloration4 ,?is reaction is int5sifi$ by moi/5+ ! sample ) hydro*loric acid4 #bb4 ,calcium1 ,ca,o4--,9 ! ,buns5 flame on ! plat9um wire x imp>ts an orange-r$ color1 :i* appe>s gray :5 se5 ?r\gh blue glass4 ,hydro*loric acid on ! sample makes ! color m int5se4 #bc4 ,/rontium1 ,sr,o4--,9 ! ,buns5 flame on ! plat9um wire x imp>ts an int5sely r$ color1 :i* is increas$ by conv]t+ ! sub/ance into ! *loride4 ,,! ,,acid ,,elem5ts #bd4 ,borates4--,if ! sub/ance be f9ely p[d]$1 moi/5$ ) glyc]9e1 & !n plac$ on a plat9um wire 9 ! ,buns5 flame1 x imp>ts a brilliant gre5 color4 ,if turm]ic pap] be dipp$ into a solution ( a borate1 & !n be dri$ at #ajj ,c41 x is turn$ to a peculi> r$ color4 ,^! two reactions are extremely delicate4 #be4 ,bromides4--,bromides treat$ ) microcosmic salt & oxide ( copp] on plat9um wire imp>t to ! flame a gre5i%-blue color1 ! edges be+ decid$ly gre54 #bf4 ,*lorides4--,*lorides are treat$ 9 ! same way z bromides4 ,! color imp>t$ to ! flame is azure-blue4 ,to discrim9ate betwe5 bromides & *lorides m cle>ly1 ! sub/ance is mix$ ) anhydr\s potassium bisulphate & fus$ 9 an ignition tube4 ,brom9e & sulphur dioxide are evolv$ 7if ! sub/ance be a bromide71 ! tube be+ fill$ ) a yell[ gas possess+ ! *>act]i/ic odor ( brom9e4 #bg4 ,fluorides4--,a small portion ( ! sub/ance 9 a f9ely p[d]$ condition is plac$ 9 "o ( ! ignition tubes1 a /rip ( moi/ ,brazil-wood pap] is introduc$ into ! op5 end1 & heat is appli$4 ,hydr(luoric acid is evolv$1 & ! r$ color ( ! pap] is *ang$ into a /raw-yell[4 ,mica1 conta9+ only #j4ge ( fluor9e1 %[s ! reaction cle>ly4 #bh4 ,iodides4--,iodides are treat$1 z ! bromides & *lorides1 9 a bead ( microcosmic salt ) oxide ( copp]4 ,! flame is color$ gre54 ,fus$ ) potassium bisulphate 9 an ignition tube ! violet vapors ( iod9e are evolv$1 & ?us iodides may be di/+ui%$ f *lorides & bromides4 #bi4 ,nitrates4--,if a nitrate be heat$ ^u *>coal be=e ! ,bp41 viol5t deflagration occurs4 ,if ! sub/ance conta9+ ! nitric acid be mix$ ) a v small quantity ( f9ely p[d]$ potassium cyanide1 ! deflagration is accompani$ ) ignition & detonation4 ,if ! sub/ance be mix$ 9 a dry condition ) dry potassium bisulphate1 & is !n heat$ 9 an ignition tube1 r$-br[n nitr\s fumes are evolv$4 ,?is reaction takes place if !re is b a small quantity ( nitrate pres5t4 #cj4 ,phosphates4--,phosphates imp>t to ! flame a blui% gre5 color4 ,! color is made m int5se by moi/5+ ! sub/ance ) sulphuric acid1 & !n tak+ ! pa/e s =m$ on ! plat9um wire & plac+ x 9 ! ,buns5 flame4 #ca4 ,silicates4--,silicates1 :5 treat$ ) microcosmic salt on a plat9um wire1 suff] decomposition2 ! bases unite ) ! phosphoric acid to =m a transp>5t glass 9 :i* ! silica may be se5 float+ z a cl\dy mass4 ,! bead mu/ only be exam9$ = silica :ile hot1 s9ce on cool+ x becomes opaque4 #cb4 ,sulphides4--,_m sulphides1 :5 heat$ 9 an ignition tube1 volatilize & give a sublimate ( sulphur 9 comb9ation ) ! metallic portion ( ! sub/ance4 ,a v delicate te/ = sulphur 9 :atev] comb9ation x may be f\nd 9 a sub/ance1 & :i* may be p]=m$ ) great ease1 is to mix ! f9ely p[d]$ assay ) f\r p>ts1 ,na#b;,,co#c1 & fuse 9 an ignition tube4 ,:5 ?or\ghly fus$ ! tube is brok51 & ! fus$ mass is plac$ on a bright silv] co91 & a drop ( wat] is add$4 ,if ! sub/ance conta9s sulphur1 a black spot w be obs]v$ on ! co9 :]e ! fus$ mass 0 plac$4 ,be=e go+ on to ! next *apt]1 ! /ud5t %\ld assure himself ( 8 famili>ity ) ! reactions j giv51 & he %\ld practise ) v>i\s sub/ances1 ! nature ( :i* is unkn[n to him4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,behavior ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,ores ,,be=e ,,! ,,bl[pipe ,= ! sake ( practice1 & z a fitt+ introduction to ,det]m9ative ,m9]alogy1 ?is *apt] is app5d$4 ,x is n int5d$ to give a detail$ acc\nt ( ! m9]als1 b r to set be=e ! /ud5t ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]s1 su* z h>dness1 specific gravity1 color1 lu/re1 etc4 ,to det]m9e ! h>dness ( a m9]al1 we try to scrat* x ) ! m9]als =m+ an arbitr>y scale ( h>dness1 proce$+ successively f ! s(te/ to ! h>de/4 ,:5 we say t a c]ta9 m9]al has h>dness #d1 we mean t ! m9]al is scrat*$ by #d on ! scale1 & t #d on ! scale is scrat*$ by ! m9]al4 ,! scale ( h>dness *iefly 9 use is ! ,mohs-,brei?aupt scale1 :i* is z foll[s3-- #a4 ,talc1 common lam9at$ light gre5 v>iety4 #b4 ,gypsum1 cry/alliz$4 #c4 ,calc>e\s sp>1 transp>5t v>iety4 #d4 ,fluor sp>1 cry/all9e4 #e4 ,apatite1 transp>5t4 #f4 ,or?oclase1 :ite cleavable v>iety4 #g4 ,qu>tz1 transp>5t4 #h4 ,topaz1 transp>5t4 #i4 ,sapphire1 cleavable v>iety4 #aj4 ,diamond4 ,x seldom happ5s 9 det]m9+ ! h>dness ( a m9]al t its h>dness exactly con=ms to t ( "s "o memb] ( ! scale4 ,9 su* cases we g5]ally e/imate ! h>dness4 ,= example1 suppose a m9]al 0 h>d] ?an #d1 b s(t] ?an #e1 & t x 0 ne>] #e ?an #d1 !n we w\ld call its h>dness #d-c_/d4 ,9 ord] to pres]ve ! scale "s op]ators use a ?ree-corn]$ file1 fir/ cutt+ ! m9]al & !n ! scale until a numb] is f\nd1 :i* is abrad$ to ab\t ! same dep? z ! m9]al "u exam9ation4 ,s9ce a set ( m9]als =m+ a scale ( h>dness is n always at h&1 ! foll[+ scale giv5 by ,*apman is app5d$3-- #a4 ,yields easily to ! nail4 #b4 ,yields ) difficulty to ! nail or j receives an impression f x4 ,does n scrat* a copp] co94 #c4 ,scrat*es a copp] co9 b is also scrat*$ by x1 be+ ( ab\t ! same degree ( h>dness4 #d4 ,n scrat*$ by a copp] co94 ,does n scrat* glass4 #e4 ,scrat*es glass ) difficulty1 leav+ its p[d] on x4 ,yields readily to ! knife4 #f4 ,scrat*es glass easily4 ,yields ) difficulty to ! knife4 #g4 ,does n yield to ! knife4 ,yields to ! edge ( a file1 ?\gh ) difficulty4 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,h>d] ?an fl9t4 ,specific gravity _c well be det]m9$ )\t ! aid ( a balance1 & h5ce its value "h is n great4 ,z 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 alphabetic arrangem5t w be employ$4 ,,ores ,,( ,,antimony ,/ibnite1 ,sb#b,s#c1 ,sb 4 #ga1 ,s 4 #bi4--;,a,h #b1 ,g #d4eb-d4fb4 ,( lead-gray color & metallic lu/re4 ,consi/s ( a l>ge numb] ( ne$le-%ap$ cry/als4 ,brittle4 ,fuses 9 c&le flame4 ,9 an ignition tube yields a sublimate ( sulphur4 ,on ,*4 be=e ! ,bp4 x is volatiliz$1 giv+ antimony coat+ & t+es ! flame pale blue4 ,footnote ,a3 ,h ,h>dness1 ,g ,specific ,gravity4 ,,ores ,,( ,,ars5ic ,native ,ars5ic1 ,z4--,?is conta9s traces ( ,sb1 ,ag1 ,fe1 ,co1 & ,ni4 ,h #c4e1 ,g #e4g-e4h4 ,d>k gray 9 color4 ,fracture t9-:ite1 t>ni%+ rapidly4 ,volatilizes be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 )\t melt+1 giv+ :ite coat+ ( ars5i\s acid & *>act]i/ic g>lic odor4 ,9 ignition tube x sublimes1 giv+ ars5ical r+4 ,realg>1 ,as,s1 ,z 4 #gj1 ,s 4 #cj4--;,h #a4e-b1 ,g #c4ef4 ,bright r$ to orange-r$ color & res9\s lu/re4 ,9 an ignition tube x fuses & f9ally sublimes4 ,! sublimate :5 cool is r$ & transp>5t4 ,fuses readily be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 & burns ) pale yell[i% flame1 emitt+ gray-:ite fumes hav+ g>lic odor4 ,orpim5t1 ,z#b,s#c1 ,z 4 #fa1 ,s 4 #ci4-- ,h #a4e-b4j1 ,g #c4d-c4e4 ,lemon-yell[ 9 color & res9\s or pe>ly lu/re4 ,sectile4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 behaves l realg>1 b 9 an ignition tube x gives a d>k yell[ sublimate :i* is transp>5t4 ,,ores ,,( ,,bismu? ,native ,bismu?1 ,bi4--,?is conta9s traces ( ,z1 ,te1 & ,s4 ,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #i4g-i4hc4 ,color1 silv]-:ite1 slightly t+$ ) r$4 ,metallic lu/re4 ,brittle :5 cold1 b may be lam9at$ :5 hot4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 behaves l pure ,bi4 ,bismu?ite1 ,bi#b,o#c 4 #ij1 ,,co#b 4 #g1 ,h#b,o 4 #c1-- ,h #d4j-d4e1 ,g #f4i-g4h4 ,usually ( a :ite or light gre5i% color & vitre\s lu/re1 9 acicul> cry/allizations4 ,9 an ignition tube decrepitates1 yield+ wat] & turn+ gray4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x fuses easily & is r$uc$ to metallic globule1 coat+ ! ,*4 ) ,bi#b,o#c4 ,) ,na#b;,,co#c x occasionally gives ! sulphur reaction4 ,,ores ,,( ,,*romium ,*romic ,iron ,ore1 ,fe,o 4 #cb1 ,cr#b,o#c 4 #fh4--;,al#b,o#c1 ,fe#b,o#c1 ,mn,o1 & ,mg,o are commonly pres5t4 ,h #e4e1 ,g #d4cb-d4eg4 ,occurs usually massive4 ,color1 iron-black to br[ni% black4 ,9 _m v>ieties /rongly magnetic4 ,lu/re1 %9+ & some:at metallic4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube1 rema9s un*ang$4 ,infusible be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,,kcn yields metallic iron4 ,9 borax bead x sl[ly dissolves to a cle> transp>5t glass1 :i* is a beautiful gre5 :5 cool4 ,,ores ,,( ,,cobalt ,smaltite1 ,co7,fe1 ,ni7 ,z#b1 ,co 4 #bh1 ,z 4 #gb4--;,h #e4e1 ,g #f4cg-g4cj4 ,color1 t9-:ite or /eel-gray4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,:5 heat$ to r$ness 9 an ignition tube x yields a sublimate ( metallic ars5ic4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x fuses readily1 ) emission ( ars5ical fumes1 to a grayi% black magnetic globule4 ,?is globule may be exam9$ = iron1 cobalt1 & nickel ) ! borax bead4 ,cobaltite1 ,co,s#b ,co,as#b1 ,co 4 #cf1 ,z 4 #de1 ,s 4 #ai4--;,h #e4e1 ,g #f4j-f4c4 ,color1 silv]-:ite t+$ ) r$4 ,metallic lu/re4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 fuses easily1 ) emission ( copi\s ars5ical fumes1 to a gray magnetic globule4 ,rema9s un*ang$ 9 ! ignition tube4 ,l9naeite1 7,co1 ,ni7#c,s#d1 7,co1 ,ni7#eh1 ,s 4 #db4--;,h #e4e1 ,g #d4h-e4j4 ,color1 bright /eel-gray1 sometimes r$di%4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,cry/allizes 9 ! regul> octah$ron4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 fuses to a metallic globule :i* is attract$ by ! magnet4 ,) borax bead gives reaction = cobalt4 ,ery?rite1 ,co#c,o#h;,z#b #h ,h#b,o1 ,z#b,s#e 4 #ch4d1 ,co,o 4 #cg4f1 ,h#b,o 4 #bd4j4-- ,h #a4e-b4j1 ,g #b4ie4 ,color1 crimson to pea*-r$4 ,:5 cry/alliz$1 ( pe>ly lu/re1 b frequ5tly dull & e>?y4 ,heat$ 9 ignition tube gives (f wat]1 & color *anges to blue or gre54 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 9 ,r4 ,f4 x emits ars5ical fumes & melts to a d>k gray globule :i* ) ! borax bead reacts = cobalt4 ,,ores ,,( ,,copp] ,native ,copp]1 ,cu4-- ,h #b4e-c1 ,g #h4e-h4i4 ,color1 copp]-r$4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,occurs usually massive & v arboresc5t4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x fuses1 & if ! heat is suffici5tly high x assumes a bright blui%-gre5 surface2 on cool+ x is cov]$ ) a coat ( black oxide4 ,9 ! borax bead x reacts = copp]4 ,*alcopyrite1 ,cu,fe,s#b1 ,cu 4 #ce1 ,fe 4 #cj1 ,s 4 #ce4--;,h #c4e-d1 ,g #d4a-d4c4 ,color1 brass-yell[1 (t5 gold5-yell[4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,occurs cry/alliz$1 b is g5]ally f\nd massive4 ,is easily scrat*$ ) a knife4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube decrepitates1 & occasionally yields a fa9t sublimate ( sulphur4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x black5s1 b becomes r$ aga9 on cool+4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,,kcn x is r$uc$1 & ! metals are obta9$ 9 sep>ate masses4 ,x reacts ) ! borax bead = copp] & iron4 ,copp] ,glance1 ,cu#b,s1 ,cu 4 #hj1 ,s 4 #bj4--;,h #b4e-c4j1 ,g #e4e-e4h4 ,color1 d>k blue to /eel-gray4 ,occurs 9 compact masses1 (t5 v %9+4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 fuses to a globule :i* boils & emits gl[+ drops4 ,sulphur dioxide escapes abundantly1 & ! out] flame is color$ blue4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c yield+ a metallic globule4 ,tetrah$rite1 #d ,cu,s ,sb#b,s#c4--;,frequ5tly conta9s silv]1 iron1 m]cury1 & z9c4 ,h #c4j-d4j1 ,g #d4e-e4 ,color1 /eel-gray to iron-black4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube fuses & gives a sublimate ( antimoni\s oxide4 ,:5 m]cury is pres5t ?is cond5ses 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 =m+ ! *>act]i/ic mirror4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x fuses readily to a metallic globule1 emitt+ d5se :ite fumes2 z9c & antimony coat+s are deposit$ on ! ,*4 ,aft] long ignition be=e ! ,bp41 if ! m9]al is f9ely p[d]$ & mix$ ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,,kcn1 ! ore is r$uc$ to ! metal4 ,cuprite1 ,cu#b,o1 ,cu 4 #hi1 ,o 4 #aa4-- ,h #c4e-d4j1 ,g #e4e-f4ae4 ,color1 int5se crimson-r$4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 black5s & fuses quietly1 & f9ally yields a metallic globule ( copp]4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,,kcn x is easily r$uc$4 ,mala*ite1 #b ,cu,o ,,co#b ,h#b,o1 ,cu,o 4 #gb1 ,,co#b 4 #bj1 ,h#b,o 4 #h4-- ,h #c4e-d4j1 ,g #c4ij-d4jc4 ,color1 bright gre54 ,occurs g5]ally 9 mammillat$ concretions4 ,lu/re1 %9+ & fracture1 silky4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube yields wat] & black5s4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x fuses to a metallic globule4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,,kcn x is easily r$uc$4 ,) borax bead gives *>act]i/ic coloration4 ,azurite1 #c ,cu,o #b ,,co#b ,h#b,o1 ,cu,o 4 #fi1 ,,co#b 4 #bf1 ,h#b,o 4 #e4-- ,h #c4e-d4j1 ,g #c4gg-c4hc4 ,color1 azure-blue4 ,occurs usually 9 cry/alliz$ or globul> masses4 ,lu/re1 e>?y or vitre\s4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 & ) o!r reag5ts behaves l mala*ite4 ,*rysocolla1 ,cu,o ,si,o#b #b ,h#b,o1 ,si,o#b 4 #cd4b1 ,cu,o 4 #de4c1 ,h#b,o 4 #bj4e4--;,h #b4j-c4j1 ,g #b4 ,color1 blui%-gre51 closely resembl+ mala*ite4 ,occurs usually z an incru/ation1 its surface be+ v smoo?1 l enamel4 ,9 an ignition tube x black5s & yields wat]4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 9 ,o4 ,f4 x black5s1 color+ ! flame bright gre52 9 ! ,r4 ,f4 x turns r$4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c yields metallic copp]4 ,9 borax bead x reacts = copp]4 ,atacamite1 ,cu,cl#b #c ,cu,o#b;,h#b--;,cl 4 #af4f1 ,o 4 #bj4c1 ,cu 4 #ej4a1 ,h#b,o 4 #ac4j4-- ,h #c4j-c4e1 ,g #c4ge-c4gg4 ,color1 gre5 to blacki% gre54 ,lu/re1 adamant9e to vitre\s4 ,9 an ignition tube yields wat]4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 colors flame blue4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,,kcn is r$uc$ to ! metal4 ,9 borax bead x reacts = copp]4 ,,ores ,,( ,,iron ,limonite1 #b ,fe#b,o#c #c ,h#b,o1 ,fe#b,o#c 4 #hf1 ,h#b,o 4 #ad4--;,h #e4j-e4e1 ,g #c4f-d4j4 ,color1 br[n to o*re-yell[4 ,e>?y or semi-metallic 9 appe>ance4 ,9 an ignition tube yields wat]4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 infusible4 ,9 borax bead reacts = iron4 ,hematite1 ,fe#b,o#c1 ,fe 4 #gj1 ,o 4 #cj4-- ,h #e4e-f4e1 ,g #d4i-e4c4 ,color1 d>k /eel-gray to iron-black4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,:5 pulv]iz$ yields a r$ p[d]4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 infusible4 ,aft] long roa/+ becomes magnetic4 ,9 borax bead gives usual indications ( iron4 ,magnetite1 ,fe#c,o#d1 ,fe,o 4 #ca1 ,fe#b,o#c 4 #fi4-- ,h #e4e-f4e1 ,g #e4ag-e4ah4 ,color1 iron-black4 ,lu/re1 %9+ & metallic4 ,pulv]iz$1 its p[d] is black4 ,x is /rongly magnetic4 ,fuses ) difficulty be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ,9 borax bead reacts = iron4 ,pyrites1 ,fe,s#b1 ,fe 4 #dg1 ,s 4 #ec4-- ,h #f4j-f4e1 ,g #d4ie-e4bj4 ,color1 brass-yell[4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,occurs commonly 9 cubes4 ,x (t5 conta9s small quantities ( ,au1 ,ag1 ,cu1 ,z1 ,co1 & ,mn4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube gives a sublimate ( sulphur1 ! residue becom+ magnetic4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 9 ,o4 ,f4 sulphur is burn$ (f & ! r$ oxide rema9s4 ,?is residue may !n be exam9$ = iron1 etc4 ,m>casite 7,:ite ,iron ,pyrites74--,hav+ ! same g5]al composition z pyrite1 b mu* light] 9 color4 ,cry/als1 prismatic4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 behaves l pyrite4 ,pyrrhotite1 ,fe#g,s#h1 ,fe 4 #fj4e1 ,s 4 #ci4e4-- ,h #c4e-d4e1 ,g #d4eh-d4fd4 ,color1 bronze-yell[4 ,closely resembles pyrite1 b may be di/+ui%$ f x by be+ feebly magnetic4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube yields no sublimate4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 fuses to a magnetic globule1 :i* exhibits a yell[i% cry/all9e /ructure :5 fractur$4 ,mispickel1 ,fe,as,s1 ,fe 4 #cd1 ,z 4 #df1 ,s 4 #bj4--;,h #e4e-f4j1 ,g #f4j-f4b4 ,color1 silv]-:ite4 ,lu/re1 metallic2 v brittle4 ,(t5 associat$ ) x we f9d small quantities ( ,co1 ,ag1 & ,au4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube x fir/ yields a r$ sublimate ( sulphide ( ars5ic1 & !n aft]w>d a cry/all9e sublimate ( metallic ars5ic4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 emits d5se fumes ( ars5ic & deposits a coat+ on ! coal2 x !n fuses to a globule :i* behaves l pyrrhotite4 ,sid]ite1 ,fe,c,o#c1 ,fe,o 4 #fb1 ,,co#b 4 #ch4--;,h #c4e-d4e1 ,g #c4g-c4i4 ,color1 grayi% yell[ to r$di% br[n4 ,lu/re1 pe>ly4 ,cry/allizes 9 rhomboh$rons ) curv$ faces2 ^! cry/als are di/9ctly cleavable & massive4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube x decrepitates ) evolution ( c>bon dioxide4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 infusible4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c x fuses to a magnetic mass4 ,) borax bead x reacts = iron & sometimes = manganese4 ,,ores ,,( ,,lead ,gal5a1 ,pb,s1 ,pb 4 #hg1 ,s 4 #ac4-- ,h #b4e1 ,g #g4d-g4f4 ,color1 blui% gray1 sl[ly t>ni%+4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,cry/als 9 ! =m ( cubes4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube x sometimes decrepitates & yields a sublimate ( sulphur4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 easily r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 ! ,*4 becom+ coat$ ) sulphate & oxide ( lead4 ,! metallic globule usually conta9s a little silv]4 ,to sep>ate ?is1 ! process kn[n z cupellation is employ$4 ,a hole is bor$ into ! ,*4 ab\t #a cm4 9 diamet] & ab\t #f mm4 deep4 ,into ?is hole is plac$ a /iff pa/e made by mix+ f9ely pulv]iz$ bone-a% ) a little soda & wat]4 ,?is pa/e is press$ 9 h>d1 & !n ! surface is smoo!d (f1 & ! c5tre is slightly depress$ ) ! r\nd$ end ( a glass rod4 ,! *>coal s prep>$ is set 9 a w>m place to all[ ! pa/e to dry4 ,:5 ! pa/e is q dry ! small globule ( lead is plac$ 9 ! depression 9 ! c5tre ( ! bone-a% cupel1 & is !re expos$ to ! ,o4 ,f4 f ! ,bp4 ,! lead is oxidiz$ & is absorb$ by ! bone-a%1 :ile any silv] pres5t w rema9 9 ! c5tral depression z a bright %9+ bead4 ,c]usite1 ,pb,c,o#c1 ,pb,o 4 #hd1 ,,co#b 4 #af4--;,h #c4j-c4e1 ,g #f4df-f4eg4 ,color1 :ite1 gray1 or yell[4 ,lu/re1 adamant9e4 ,cry/allizes 9 prismatic ne$les4 ,:5 heat$ 9 an ignition tube c>bon dioxide is evolv$ & ! residue turns yell[4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 readily r$uc$ to metallic lead4 ,anglesite1 ,pb,s,o#d1 ,pb,o 4 #gd1 ,,s#c 4 #bf4--;,h #b4j-c4j1 ,g #f4ab-f4ci4 ,color1 yell[1 gray1 & br[n4 ,lu/re1 adamant9e1 res9\s4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube decrepitates1 & sometimes yields a little wat]4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 fuses to a cle> bead1 :i* on cool+ becomes opaque4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c is r$uc$ to ! metal giv+ a yell[ coat+4 ,! ,na#b;,,co#c absorb$ by ! coal reacts = ,s4 ,,ores ,,( ,,manganese ,pyrolusite1 ,mn,o#b1 ,mn 4 #fc4b1 ,o 4 #cf4h4--;,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #d4hb4 ,color1 iron-black to /eel-gray4 ,lu/re1 non-metallic4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube yields g5]ally a little wat]1 & if ! temp]ature be high en\gh1 oxyg5 is evolv$4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 infusible4 ,9 borax bead gives *>act]i/ic color4 ,psilomelane1 ,mn#b,o#c ,h#b,o4-- ,h #e4e-f4j1 ,g #c4g-d4g4 ,color1 iron-black to /eel-gray4 ,g5]ally resembles pyrolusite1 b is di/+ui%$ f x by its sup]ior h>dness4 ,x frequ5tly conta9s ,ba,o & ,li#b,o4 ,x behaves be=e ! ,bp4 l pyrolusite4 ,wad 7,bog ,manganese74--,?is m9]al is ess5tially ,mn,o#b1 ,mn,o1 & ,h#b,o1 ) small quantities ( ,fe#b,o#c1 ,al#b,o#c1 ,ba,o1 ,si,o#b1 etc41 associat$ ) x4 ,h #j4e-f4j1 ,g #c4j-d4b4 ,color1 dull black4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube yields wat] 9 abundance1 o!rwise x behaves l pyrolusite4 ,,ores ,,( ,,m]cury ,native ,m]cury1 ,hg4--,g #ac4e-ac4f4 ,color1 silv]-:ite4 ,is liquid at all ord9>y temp]atures4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube is volatiliz$1 ! vapors cond5s+ 9 ! upp] end ( tube to small metallic globules ( ,hg4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x is volatiliz$4 ,frequ5tly conta9s ,ag4 ,c9nab>1 ,hg,s#b1 ,hg 4 #hf1 ,s 4 #ad4-- ,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #h4j-h4b4 ,color1 sc>let-r$ to brick-r$4 ,lu/re1 non-metallic4 ,:5 pulv]iz$ yields a p[d] ( v]milion-r$ color4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube x volatilizes1 yield+ a black sublimate1 :i* by friction becomes r$4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x is :olly volatiliz$4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube ) ,na#b;,,co#c metallic m]cury sublimes1 cond5s+ 9 ! upp] portion ( ! tube 9 m9ute globules4 ,,ores ,,( ,,nickel ,mill]ite1 ,ni,s1 ,ni 4 #fd4d1 ,s 4 #ce4f4-- ,h #c4j-c4e1 ,g #e4b-e4f4 ,color1 brass-yell[4 ,brittle4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x fuses to a magnetic1 metallic globule4 ,! roa/$ m9]al gives 9 ! borax bead ! color reaction *>act]i/ic ( nickel1 & sometimes t ( cobalt1 :i* is (t5 associat$ ) x4 ,niccolite1 ,ni,as1 ,ni 4 #dd1 ,z 4 #ef4-- ,h #e4j-e4e1 ,g #g4ce-g4fg4 ,color1 pale copp]-r$4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,v brittle4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube yields a copi\s sublimate ( ars5i\s oxide1 ! residue fall+ to a gre5i% p[d]4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 fuses to a :ite brittle globule emitt+ ars5ical fumes4 ,9 borax bead gives color *>act]i/ic ( nickel4 ,frequ5tly 9 ?is m9]al a portion ( ! ars5ic is replac$ by antimony4 ,,ores ,,( ,,silv] ,native ,silv]1 ,ag4-- ,h #b4e-c4j1 ,g #aj4a-aa4j4 ,color1 silv]-:ite4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,ductile & malleable4 ,usually occurs associat$ ) ,au1 ,z1 ,sb1 ,cu1 ,fe1 etc4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 easily fuses to a globule :i* is surr\nd$ ) a d>k r$ coat+ on ! coal4 ,arg5tite1 ,ag#b,s1 ,ag 4 #hg4a1 ,s 4 #ab4i4-- ,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #g4bj-g4cf4 ,color1 blacki% lead-gray4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,v sectile4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 9 ,o4 ,f4 intumesces ) evolution ( sulphur dioxide1 f9ally yield+ a metallic globule ( ,ag4 ,pyr>gyrite1 ,ag#c,sb,s#c1 ,ag 4 #ei4h1 ,sb 4 #bb4e1 ,s 4 #ag4g4--;,h #b4e1 ,g #e4gg-e4hf4 ,color1 black to d>k co*9eal-r$4 ,lu/re1 metallic1 adamant9e4 ,9 an ignition tube x yields on cont9u$ heat+ a sublimate ( antimony sulphide4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x gives a coat+ ( antimony trioxide4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c is r$uc$ to metallic silv]4 ,pr\/ite1 ,ag#c,s#c;,z1 ,ag 4 #fe4e1 ,z 4 #ae4a1 ,s 4 #ai4d4--;,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #e4eg-e4fd4 ,color1 light r$4 ,lu/re1 spl5d5t1 adamant9e4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x behaves l pyr>gyrite1 save t x gives (f ars5ical fumes in/ead ( antimoni\s oxide4 ,/ephanite1 ,ag#e,s#d,sb1 ,ag 4 #fh4e1 ,sb 4 #ae4c1 ,s 4 #af4b4--;,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #f4b-f4c4 ,color1 iron-black to blacki% gray4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,v brittle & fragile4 ,9 an ignition tube x decrepitates1 fuses1 & f9ally yields a slight sublimate ( antimony trisulphide4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 gives a coat+ ( antimoni\s oxide4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c a globule ( metallic silv] is obta9$4 ,! m9]al frequ5tly conta9s copp] & iron4 ,k]>gyrite1 ,ag,cl1 ,ag 4 #ge4c1 ,cl 4 #bd4g4--;,h #a4j-a4e1 ,g #e4eb4 ,color1 :ite1 gray1 yell[i%1 gre5i% to blue4 ,lu/re1 res9\s1 adamant9e4 ,s(t l wax4 ,fuses easily 9 a c&le-flame4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x is readily r$uc$ to metallic silv]4 ,,ores ,,( ,,t9 ,cassit]ite1 ,sn,o#b1 ,sn 4 #gi1 ,o 4 #ba4-- ,h #f4j-g4j1 ,g #f4h-g4j4 ,color1 br[n1 black4 ,lu/re1 adamant9e1 brilliant4 ,occurs cry/alliz$ 9 squ>e prisms4 ,rentrant angles *>act]i/ic4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,,kcn r$uc$ to a metallic globule ( t94 ,9 ! borax bead gives *>act]i/ic reaction4 ,/annite1 #b ,cu#b,s 4 ,sn,s#b #b 7,fe,s 4 ,zn,s7 ,sn 4 ,s#b4--;,h #d4j1 ,g #d4c-d4e4 ,color1 /eel-gray to iron-black4 ,lu/re1 metallic4 ,occurs usually massive & dissem9at$4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube x yields sulphur dioxide4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 x emits sulphur dioxide & becomes cov]$ ) oxide ( t94 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c & ,,kcn x gives an impure globule ( copp]4 ,a v difficult m9]al to det]m9e4 ,,ores ,,( ,,z9c ,calam9e1 ,h#b,zn#b,o#e,si1 ,si,o#b 4 #be4j1 ,zn,o 4 #fg4e1 ,h#b,o 4 #g4e4--;,h #d4e-e4j1 ,g #c4d-c4e4 ,color1 :ite1 gray1 blui%1 or br[n4 ,lu/re1 vitre\s4 ,brittle4 ,9 an ignition tube yields wat] :5 heat$ & becomes milky :ite4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 practically infusible4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b x assumes a gre5 color :i* passes into a f9e blue :5 ! heat is increas$4 ,smi?sonite1 ,zn 4 ,,co#c1 ,zn,o 4 #fd4h1 ,,co#b 4 #ce4b4-- ,h #e1 ,g #d4cj-d4de4 ,color1 gray1 yell[1 br[n1 & gre54 ,lu/re1 vitre\s1 pe>ly4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube ,,co#b is evolv$1 residue appe>+ :ite4 ,x (t5 conta9s impurities ( ,cd1 ,pb1 ,fe1 ,mn1 ,ca1 & ,mg4 ,:5 ^! are pres5t ! residue 9 ! ignition tube becomes d>k on cool+4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c & expos$ to ! ,r4 ,f4 x is decompos$4 ,x gives ! *>act]i/ic reaction = z9c ) ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,z9cite1 ,zn,o1 ,zn 4 #hj4c1 ,o 4 #ai4g-- ,h #d4j-d4e1 ,g #e4dc-e4gj4 ,color1 blood-r$4 ,lu/re1 brilliant1 subadamant9e4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 infusible4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c gives coat+ ( z9c oxide4 ,gives *>act]i/ic reaction ) ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,x frequ5tly conta9s a small quantity ( ,mn#b,o#c1 :i* may be detect$ 9 ! borax bead4 ,sphal]ite1 ,zn,s1 ,zn 4 #fg1 ,s 4 #cc4-- ,h #c4e-d4j1 ,g #c4i-d4a4 ,color1 yell[ to black4 ,lu/re1 res9\s1 brilliant1 & sometimes submetallic4 ,heat$ 9 an ignition tube sometimes decrepitates4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 infusible4 ,be=e ! ,bp4 on ,*4 ) ,na#b;,,co#c easily r$uc$4 ,) ,co7,,no#c7b gives ! *>act]i/ic reaction4 ,x frequ5tly conta9s small quantities ( ,cd1 ,hg1 ,sn1 ,pb1 ,au1 ,ag1 etc4 ,i ,,table ,,( ,,colors ,,( ,,coat+s ,,on ,,*>coal ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,elem5t ,color ,hot ,color ,cold ---------------------------------------- -------- ,antimony 7,r volatile7 ,:ite ,ars5ic 7,v volatile7 ,:ite ,bismu? ,orange-,yell[ ,lemon-,yell[ ,cadmium ,br[ni% ,yell[ ,r$di% ,br[n ,lead ,lemon-,yell[ 7volatile7 ,lemon-,yell[ ,silv] ,d>k ,r$ ,d>k ,r$ ,t9 ,fa9t ,yell[ ,:ite ,z9c ,yell[ ,:ite ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,ii ,,table ,,( ,,flame ,,colorations ------------------------------------ ,r$ ,yell[ ,gre5 ---------------------------------- ,calcium ,sodium ,b>ium ,li?ium ,boron ,/rontium ,iod9e ---------------------------------- ,blui% ,gre5 ,blue ,violet ---------------------------------- ,brom9e ,*lor9e ,potassium ,copp] ,phosphorus ------------------------------------ ,,iii ,,table ,,( ,,colors ,,( ,,borax ,,beads ,,9 ,,oxidiz+ ,,flame ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,elem5t ,color ,hot ,color ,cold ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,alum9um ,colorless to ,cl\dy ,colorless to ,cl\dy ,antimony ,yell[i% ,colorless ,b>ium ,colorless to ,opaque ,colorless to ,opaque ,bismu? ,yell[ ,colorless ,cadmium ,yell[ ,colorless to ,:ite ,calcium ,colorless ,colorless ,*romium ,r$di% ,yell[ ,yell[i% ,gre5 ,cobalt ,blue ,blue ,copp] ,gre5 ,gre5i% ,blue ,iron ,orange ,yell[ ,lead ,yell[ ,colorless ,magnesium ,colorless ,colorless ,manganese ,violet ,r$di% ,violet ,nickel ,violet ,r$di% ,br[n ,silv] ,colorless ,milk-,:ite ,/rontium ,colorless to ,opaque ,colorless to ,opaque ,t9 ,colorless ,colorless ,z9c ,yell[i% ,colorless ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,iv ,,table ,,( ,,colors ,,( ,,borax ,,beads ,,9 ,,r$uc+ ,,flame ---------------------------------------- -------- ,elem5t ,color ,hot ,color ,cold ---------------------------------------- -------- ,alum9um ,colorless ,colorless ,antimony ,colorless ,cl\dy ,b>ium ,colorless ,colorless ,bismu? ,colorless ,gray--,cl\dy ,cadmium ,colorless ,gray--,cl\dy ,calcium ,colorless ,colorless ,*romium ,gre5 ,gre5 ,cobalt ,blue ,blue ,copp] ,colorless ,r$ ,iron ,yell[i% ,gre5 ,yell[i% ,gre5 ,lead ,colorless ,gray ,magnesium ,colorless ,colorless ,manganese ,colorless ,p9k ,nickel ,colorless ,gray--,cl\dy ,silv] ,colorless ,gray ,/rontium ,colorless ,colorless ,t9 ,colorless ,colorless ,z9c ,colorless ,gray ---------------------------------------- -------- ,v ,,table ,,( ,,colors ,,( ,,microcosmic ,,salt ,,beads ,,9 ,,oxidiz+ ,,flame ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,elem5t ,color ,hot ,color ,cold ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,alum9um ,colorless ,colorless ,antimony ,yell[i% ,colorless ,b>ium ,colorless to ,opaque ,colorless to ,opaque ,bismu? ,yell[ ,colorless ,cadmium ,yell[i% ,colorless ,calcium ,colorless ,colorless to ,opaque ,*romium ,r$di% ,gre5 ,cobalt ,blue ,blue ,copp] ,gre5 ,gre5i% ,blue ,iron ,r$ ,br[ni% ,r$ ,lead ,yell[i% ,colorless ,magnesium ,colorless ,colorless ,manganese ,br[ni% ,violet ,r$di% ,violet ,nickel ,r$di% ,yell[ ,silv] ,yell[i% ,yell[i% ,/rontium ,colorless ,colorless ,t9 ,colorless ,colorless ,z9c ,yell[i% ,colorless ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,vi ,,table ,,( ,,colors ,,( ,,microcosmic ,,salt ,,beads ,,9 ,,r$uc+ ,,flame -------------------------------------- ,elem5t ,color ,hot ,color ,cold -------------------------------------- ,alum9um ,colorless ,colorless ,antimony ,colorless ,gray--,cl\dy ,b>ium ,colorless ,colorless ,bismu? ,colorless ,gray--,cl\dy ,cadmium ,colorless ,gray--,cl\dy ,calcium ,colorless ,colorless ,*romium ,r$di% ,gre5 ,cobalt ,blue ,blue ,copp] ,d>k ,gre5 ,br[ni% ,r$ ,iron ,r$ ,r$di% ,lead ,colorless ,gray--,opaque ,magnesium ,colorless ,colorless ,manganese ,colorless ,colorless ,nickel ,colorless ,gray ,silv] ,colorless ,gray ,/rontium ,colorless ,colorless ,t9 ,colorless ,colorless ,z9c ,colorless ,gray--,cl\dy --------------------------------------- ,,! ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,organic ,,*emi/ry ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation #abmo4 ,clo?4 ,price1 #a4fj1 net ,,by ,,translat$ ,,by ,,ludwig ,,gatt]mann1 ,ph4,d41 ,,william ,,%af]1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor 9 ,univ]sity ,in/ructor 9 ,organic ,*emi/ry ( ,heidelb]g4 9 ,lehigh ,univ]sity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,gu>dian4 ,! selection & judgm5t ?r\gh\t is excell5t4 ,! book is a mo/ useful1 practical adjunct to any good text-book on organic *emi/ry4 ,,ph>maceutical ,,review4 ,?is is a book t %\ld be 9 ! libr>y ( e tea*] ( organic *emi/ry1 & "o :i* w no d\bt be ( great value to /ud5ts 9 _! second ye> ( organic *emi/ry4 ,its *ief peculi>ity & m]it is 9 ! great /ress laid on practical laboratory "w4444 ,x is p]man5tly a work]'s guide4 ,,nature4 ,s9ce ! advance ( organic *emi/ry 9 ?is c\ntry mu/1 9 a measure1 dep5d on ! nature ( ! available text-books1 bo? ! au?or & ! translator des]ve our ?anks = provid+ u ) a "w su* z ! pres5t "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,outl9es ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,*emi/ry ,a ,,text-,,book ,,= ,,/ud5ts ,by ,,frank ,,hall ,,?orp1 ,ph4,d41 ,in/ructor 9 ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,clo?4 #hvo4 ,price1 #c4ej net 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,lewis ,,h[e1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,*emi/ry1 ,wa%+ton & ,lee ,univ]sity4 ,! book is br\ght ?or\ghly up to date1 & 9 "s cases ! l9es ( probable developm5t are nicely =e%ad[$4 ,! descriptions are p>ticul>ly lucid & ! illu/rations well select$4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t & make-up ( ! book is excell5t1 & 444 altoge!r ! book fills well a ne$ long felt by tea*]s ( ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry4 ,i %all adopt ! book = my class & %all take pleasure 9 recomm5d+ x4 ,,*>les ,e4 ,,coates1 ,jr41 ,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,l\isiana ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,i h exam9$ x c>efully & ?9k x a mo/ excell5t book1 meet+ a want ,i h long felt 9 my high] classes4 ,i h introduc$ x 9 ?is ye>'s classes4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,noyes1 9 ,sci5ce4 ,! descriptions ( processes1 :ile necess>ily concise1 are cle> & int]e/+4 ,! au?or has evid5tly made a c>eful /udy ( rec5t me?ods ( manufacture z well z ( old]1 /&>d processes4 ,! frequ5t ref]5ce to ,am]ican practice is an important feature :i* di/+ui%es ! book f o!r works on *emical te*nology4 ,a select bibliography foll[s ea* subject1 & w be f\nd v useful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york