,libraries47 ,,the ,,elements ,,of ,,blowpipe ,,analysis ,illustration ,,the ,,elements ,,of ,,blowpipe ,,analysis ,,by ,,frederick ,,hutton ,,getman1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,instructor ,,in ,,chemistry ,,in ,,the ,,stamford ,,high ,,school ,new ,york ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #ahii ,all rights reserved ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cushing ,co4--,berwick ,smith ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,transcriber's note3 ,a word surrounded by underscores like this signifies the word is italics in the text4 ,a word surrounded by cedillas like this1 signifies the word is bolded in the text4 ,for numbers and equations1 underscores before bracketed numbers in equations denote a subscript4 ,,preface ,these few pages are intended to serve a twofold purpose1--to give the student a general outline of ,blowpipe ,analysis1 and to introduce him to the methods of ,determinative ,mineralogy4 ,every effort has been made to simplify details so that the book may be used in both ,high ,schools and ,colleges4 ,tables for systematic examination have been intentionally omitted1 for in the author's estimation these tend to dull the student's power of observation1 and to make him place little value upon minute details4 ,the alphabetic arrangement has been followed for the sake of convenience when referring to the book4 ,the last chapter is not intended to serve as a key to determining the minerals therein described1 but rather it is added to give the student exercise in ,blowpipe ,analysis1 and at the same time to point out the methods of ,determinative ,mineralogy4 ,finally1 the author would acknowledge his indebtedness to the following works3 ,manual of ,qualitative ,analysis1 ,fresenius2 ,qualitative ,chemical ,analysis1 ,venable2 ,roscoe and ,schorlemmer's ,treatise on ,chemistry2 ,foye's ,hand-,book of ,mineralogy2 ,dana's ,mineralogy2 ,kobell's ,tafeln zur ,bestimmung der ,mineralien2 etc4 ,,frederick ,,hutton ,,getman4 ,,stamford1 ,,conn41 ,feb4 #bb1 #ahii4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,chapter ,i ,,page ,apparatus and ,reagents #a-g ,,chapter ,,ii ,general ,outline of ,blowpipe ,analysis #h ,definitions #i ,examination on ,charcoal ,alone #aj ,examination on ,charcoal with ,sodium ,carbonate #ac ,examination in ,tube with ,sodium ,carbonate and ,charcoal #ae ,examination on ,platinum ,wire #af ,examination in ,borax ,bead #ag ,examination with ,cobalt ,nitrate #bj ,,chapter ,,iii ,general ,reactions for the ,detection of the ,metallic ,elements in ,simple ,compounds #bb ,aluminum #bc ,antimony #bd ,arsenic #be ,bismuth #be ,cadmium #bf ,chromium #bf ,cobalt #bg ,copper #bh ,iron #bh ,lead #bi ,manganese #cj ,mercury #cj ,nickel #ca ,silver #cb ,tin #cb ,zinc #cc ,the ,alkali ,metals #cd ,ammonium #cd ,potassium #ce ,sodium #ce ,lithium #cf ,the ,alkaline ,earths #cf ,barium #cf ,calcium #cg ,strontium #cg ,the ,acid ,elements #cg ,borates #cg ,bromides #ch ,chlorides #ch ,fluorides #ch ,iodides #ci ,nitrates #ci ,phosphates #dj ,silicates #dj ,sulphides #da ,,chapter ,,iv ,behavior of ,some of the ,principal ,ores before the ,blowpipe #dc ,ores of ,antimony #df ,ores of ,arsenic #dg ,ores of ,bismuth #dh ,ores of ,chromium #di ,ores of ,cobalt #ej ,ores of ,copper #eb ,ores of ,iron #eg ,ores of ,lead #fj ,ores of ,manganese #fc ,ores of ,mercury #fd ,ores of ,nickel #fe ,ores of ,silver #ff ,ores of ,tin #fi ,ores of ,zinc #gj ,,comparative ,,tables ,i4 ,colors of ,coatings on ,charcoal #gc ,,ii4 ,flame ,colorations #gc ,,iii4 ,colors of ,borax ,beads in oxidizing ,flame #gd ,,iv4 ,colors of ,borax ,beads in reducing ,flame #ge ,v4 ,colors of ,microcosmic ,salt ,beads in oxidizing ,flame #gf ,,vi4 ,colors of ,microcosmic ,salt ,beads in reducing ,flame #gg ,illustration3 ,,the ,,blowpipe ,fig4 #a ,illustration3 ,,bunsen ,,burner ,fig4 #b ,illustration3 ,,charcoal ,,borers ,fig4 #c ,illustration3 ,,agate ,,mortar ,,pestle ,fig4 #d ,illustration3 ,,forceps ,fig4 #e ,illustration3 ,,hammer ,fig4 #f ,illustration3 #c-;,,cornered ,,files ,fig4 #g ,,blowpipe ,,analysis ,,chapter ,i ,the blowpipe was first applied to mineral analysis in #agcc by ,anton ,swab1 and its applications have since been improved and extended by various chemists1 among whom may be mentioned ,bergmann1 ,cronstedt1 ,gahn1 ,berzelius1 and ,plattner4 ,blowpipe4--,the common blowpipe of the jeweller is not particularly well suited to the operations of blowpipe analysis1 since the flame has often to be kept playing upon the assay for some time1 and the condensed moisture of the breath would seriously interfere with the passage of the air through the jet4 ,one of the best and least expensive forms of blowpipe is shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,this consists1 as is seen from the illustration1 of a conical-shaped tube of tin closed at the wide end and formed into a mouthpiece at the small end2 soldered into the tube at the large end1 and at right angles to its axis1 is a small brass tube which terminates in a conical tip pierced with a very fine hole4 ,with this pipe it is possible to perform all of the operations of mineral analysis4 ,some little practice is necessary to keep the flame steady and to take the breath at the same time4 ,no rule can well be given to the beginner1 but his experience becomes his best guide4 ,bunsen ,flame4--,any kind of flame can be used for the blowpipe1 provided it be not too small2 but since almost every laboratory to-day is furnished with gas and the ,bunsen burner 7,fig4 #b71 it will only be necessary to describe the use of the flame from this source4 ,upon examining the ,bunsen flame with care1 it will be seen that the flame consists of three distinct parts4 ,a dark inner cone which consists of gas not yet raised to the ignition point4 ,beyond this there is a luminous cone1 where combustion is incomplete owing to lack of oxygen1 and outside of this we find the non-luminous cone where the gas is completely burned4 ,this outer envelope is the hottest portion of the flame1 and is known as the oxidizing flame because there is an excess of oxygen which is imparted to substances placed therein4 ,the luminous cone is known as the reducing flame1 for in it metallic oxides are reduced1 the oxygen being taken up by the small incandescent particles of carbon4 ,if the air-holes at the base of the ,bunsen burner be opened1 the two inner cones become elongated1 and the flame appears almost colorless4 ,the blowpipe enables us to get an oxidizing and a reducing flame of better form and greater power4 ,to do this we cut off the air supply at the base of the burner and turn off the gas until the flame is about #a cm4 high2 then upon introducing the blowpipe1 and blowing a strong continuous jet of air across the ,bunsen flame1 we produce an oxidizing flame about #d-e cm4 in length4 ,if the tip of the blowpipe be held outside of the ,bunsen flame1 and the pressure of the stream of air be diminished1 we obtain a reducing flame4 ,supports4--,for supports1 charcoal1 platinum1 and glass are chiefly used4 ,the charcoal should be made from some light wood1 such as alder4 ,it should be well burnt1 and should not scintillate or smoke4 ,the platinum supports are generally in the form of wire and foil4 ,platinum-tipped forceps are frequently employed in blowpipe analysis4 ,glass is used in the form of tubing4 ,hard glass tubing1 #c mm4 bore1 is drawn off into ignition tubes #g-h cm4 in length4 ,several dozen of these tubes should be made before commencing the tests of the next chapter4 ,apparatus4--,a small agate mortar1 #d-e cm4 in diameter1 should be provided in which to grind the samples to be examined4 ,the pestle1 which should also be of agate1 must be adapted to the mortar in shape and size4 ,two pairs of forceps will also be needed4 ,one pair should be of steel1 and the other pair of brass1 with fine points4 ,of other apparatus1 the most necessary is3-- ,a small hammer and anvil4 ,two three-cornered files4 ,small piece of cobalt glass1 about #e #aj cm4 ,pocket magnifying lens4 ,several small watch glasses--for metallic beads1 etc4 ,chemicals4--,a list of the principal chemicals is here given3-- ,sodium carbonate1 ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,borax1 ,na#b;,b#d,o#g #aj ,h#b,o4 ,microcosmic salt1 7,h,na,n,h#d71 ,,po#d #h ,h#b,o4 ,cobalt nitrate1 ,co7,,no#c7b #e ,h#b,o4 ,potassium cyanide1 ,,kcn4 ,hydrochloric acid1 7dilute71 ,h,cl n,h#b,o4 ,litmus paper1 red and blue4 ,brazil-wood paper4 ,any other special reagents which may be needed will be mentioned as required4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,general ,,outline ,,of ,,blowpipe ,,analysis ,,abbreviations3 ,o4 ,f4 for oxidizing flame1 ,r4 ,f4 for reducing flame1 ,ch4 for charcoal1 ,ct4 for coating1 ,bp4 for blowpipe4 ,in order to examine a substance before the blowpipe to determine the presence or absence of certain elements1 it becomes necessary to arrange a systematic method4 ,as with all branches of chemical work1 one's success is largely dependent upon neatness of manipulation and carefulness of observation4 ,the following order of observation is essentially that given by ,berzelius3-- #a4 ,examination on charcoal by itself4 #b4 ,examination on charcoal with ,na#b;,,co#c4 #c4 ,examination in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and charcoal4 #d4 ,examination on platinum wire4 #e4 ,examination in borax bead4 #f4 ,examination with ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,after having examined a body in these six different ways1 we shall be able to say what are its principal constituents4 ,before describing the method of carrying out these six different operations1 it will be necessary to give a few definitions of terms which we shall have frequent occasion to employ4 ,definitions4--,ignition is the heating of a substance to a high temperature4 ,fusion is the heating of a substance to the melting-point4 ,intumescence is the swelling of the substance upon heating4 ,decrepitation is the crackling of a substance due to the sudden expansion of combined water upon heating4 ,deflagration is the burning of a substance with explosive violence1 generally due to excess of oxygen4 ,incandescence is the white light emitted by a substance that is infusible when subjected to a high temperature4 ,examination on ,charcoal alone4--,the size of the assay should be about that of a mustard seed4 ,this is sufficiently large to show all of the reactions clearly1 and though a larger piece would exhibit the characteristic phenomena1 yet much more effort is required4 ,a very small1 shallow hole should be cut in the ,ch4 to receive the assay4 ,the ,bp4 flame should be directed at an angle of about #cj with the surface of the ,ch4 ,considerable care must be taken lest the hole in the ,ch4 is burned too deep and the assay lost in the coal4 ,the force of the air from the jet must also be borne in mind for a strong blast1 or sudden puffs may blow the substance away4 ,the following changes are to be looked for3-- a4 ,whether the substance is volatile or non-volatile4 ,illustrations4 ,examine before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 some arsenious oxide1 ,as#b,o#c1 also some alumina1 ,al#b,o#c4 b4 ,whether the substance is fusible or infusible4 ,illustrations4 ,examine before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 some silver oxide1 ,ag,o1 also some zinc oxide1 ,zn,o4 c4 ,whether the substance is alkaline or non-alkaline when placed upon moistened red litmus4 ,illustrations4 ,ignite some calcium carbonate1 ,ca,c,o#c1 before the ,bp4 on ,ch41 and place residue on moistened red litmus4 ,in like manner1 examine some magnesium carbonate1 ,mg,c,o#c4 d4 ,color of coating on ,ch4 caused by combination of metal and oxygen due to heat of ,bp4 flame4 ,illustrations4 ,examine some oxide of lead1 ,pb,o1 before the ,bp4 on ,ch41 also some oxide of cadmium1 ,cd,o4 e4 ,decrepitation4 ,illustration4 ,examine some sodium chloride1 ,na,cl1 before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 f4 ,deflagration4 ,illustrations4 ,examine some potassium nitrate1 ,,kno#c1 before the ,bp4 on ,ch41 also some ammonium nitrate1 ,,nh#d,,no#c4 g4 ,intumescence4 ,illustration4 ,examine some alum1 ,k#b;,al#b7,,so#d7d1 before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 h4 ,incandescence4 ,illustration4 ,examine some oxide of barium1 ,ba,o1 before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 i4 ,formation of a metallic bead--color and malleability4 ,illustration4 ,examine some silver oxide1 ,ag,o1 before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,examination on ,charcoal with ,na#b;,,co#c4--,metallic compounds are often difficult to reduce with the blowpipe flame alone1 and hence no bead is obtained4 ,in order to facilitate reduction and the obtaining of a metallic bead1 the substance in a finely powdered condition is mixed with four parts of sodium carbonate1 ,na#b;,,co#c1 and ignited before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,the metallic compound is decomposed1 the metal being transformed into the carbonate1 which in turn1 through the agency of the ,ch4 and the heat of the flame1 is reduced to the free metal4 ,sometimes the reduction is made easier by adding to the substance about its own bulk of potassium cyanide1 ,,kcn1 which takes up oxygen from the compound and is converted into potassium cyanate1 ,,kcno4 ,the reactions in reducing copper sulphate1 ,cu,s,o#d1 with ,na#b;,,co#c and with ,,kcn before the blowpipe1 are here given3-- ,cu,s,o#d ,na#b;,,co#c ,cu,c,o#c ,na#b,,so#d 7#a7 #b;,cu,c,o#c ,c #c;,,co#b #b;,cu ,cu,s,o#d ,na#b;,,co#c ,cu,c,o#c ,na#b,,so#d ,cu,c,o#c ,cu,o ,,co#b 7#b7 ,cu,o ,,kcn ,cu ,,kcno ,after obtaining beads1 it is well to obtain their coatings1 for oftentimes it is only in this way that we can distinguish between the metals4 ,examination in ,tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,charcoal4--,if the substance in a finely pulverized condition be mixed with twelve parts1 ,na#b;,,co#c1 and six parts of charcoal powder and the mixture be placed in an ignition tube and subjected to heat1 the acid of the substance combines with the soda and the metal is set free4 ,if this metal is volatile1 a sublimate is formed in the upper end of the tube4 ,mercury deposits in minute globules1 which may be seen with the magnifying glass4 ,arsenic forms a ring1 which1 when examined with the magnifying glass1 is seen to be made up of minute crystals4 ,ammonia is recognized by its characteristic odor1 and also by its turning a slip of moistened red litmus 7held over the mouth of the tube7 blue4 ,examination on ,platinum ,wire4--,many substances possess the property of imparting to the colorless flame of the ,bunsen burner characteristic colors4 ,the chlorides of these substances exhibit these flame reactions best1 and hence before applying the flame tests we dip the wire which serves as a support into hydrochloric acid and then into the substance4 ,when the substance has been taken up on the wire1 it is placed in the edge of the long colorless flame of the ,bunsen burner near the apex1 when instantly the flame becomes tinged with the characteristic color of the substance4 ,illustrations4 ,sodium compounds color the flame yellow1 and a crystal of potassium dichromate appears colorless in the sodium light4 ,this sodium reaction is extremely delicate1 it being possible to detect with ease a quantity of a sodium salt less than #a_/cjjjjjj of a milligram in weight4 ,potassium colors the flame purplish-violet4 ,barium colors the flame apple-green4 ,strontium colors the flame crimson4 ,calcium colors the flame orange-red1 distinguished from strontium1 by appearing gray when seen through blue glass4 ,boracic acid colors the flame green when the substance has been moistened with glycerine4 ,examination in ,borax ,bead4--,borax1 ,na#b;,b#d,o#g1 and microcosmic salt1 ,na,n,h#d;,h 4 ,,po#d1 possess the property of dissolving many of the metallic oxides at the temperature of the ,bunsen flame4 ,for example1 with oxide of cobalt1 the following reactions take place with the two fluxes3-- ,co,o ,na#b;,b#d,o#g ,co7,,bo#b7b #b ,na,b,o#b4 ,on heating1 ,na,n,h#d;,h4 ,,po#d1 it is decomposed into the metaphosphate of sodium1 ,na,p,o#c1 ,co,o ,na,p,o#c ,co,na,p,o#d4 ,now in such cases of solution the metallic oxides impart a characteristic color to the flux4 ,the platinum wire is the best support1--it is heated to incandescence in the ,bunsen flame1 and then is quickly dipped into the borax1 when a small globule will adhere1--this is removed to the flame again when the borax melts to a clear glassy bead4 ,while the bead is still melted1 touch it to the finely pulverized substance and replace in the flame4 ,in a few seconds the small particles of the substance will have dissolved1 and the bead will be seen to have assumed the color characteristic of the substance4 ,note the color when hot and then when cold2 often there is a wide difference4 ,then1 too1 the test should be made in both ,o4 ,f4 and ,r4 ,f4 ,some analysts prefer to make a small loop in the end of the wire before taking up the borax to make the bead4 ,care should be taken to see that the bead is colorless before bringing it in contact with the substance4 ,as the depth of color produced is largely dependent upon the amount of substance taken1 some little caution should be exercised to insure taking up about the same quantity each time4 ,illustrations4 ,make several beads1 and note the colors characteristic of the following oxides3 cobalt1 nickel1 iron1 manganese1 chromium1 and copper4 ,the microcosmic salt bead dissolves almost every oxide except silica1 ,si,o#b1 and this is seen to float about in the melted mass4 ,this is used as a test for silica4 ,examination with ,co7,,no#c7b4--;,if after examination on the ,ch4 per se1 a white infusible residue remains1 it is moistened with a drop of cobalt nitrate ,co7,,no#c7b and re-ignited before the ,bp41 when a change of color will be observed4 ,this change in color is owing to the fact that the heat of the ,bp4 flame decomposes the cobalt nitrate1 nitric acid being driven off1 and the remaining ,co,o forming with the oxide of the residue a colored mass4 ,illustrations4 ,ignite before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 the following oxides1--allow to cool1 add a drop of ,co7,,no#c7b1 re-ignite1 and note color1--aluminum1 magnesium1 zinc1 and calcium4 ,care should be taken to thoroughly ignite before adding the cobalt nitrate solution4 ,with the six methods of examination just given almost every simple substance can be detected1 but should any doubt remain1 a few simple tests in the liquid way will be sufficient to substantiate the blowpipe examination4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,general ,,reactions ,,for ,,the ,,detection ,,of ,,the ,,metallic ,,elements ,,in ,,simple ,,compounds ,for the sake of convenience1 rather than for scientific reasons1 the following compounds have been arranged in alphabetic order4 ,also the oxides of the elements have been taken1 since they exhibit the reactions to best advantage4 ,the student should work through carefully each one of the tests and satisfy himself as to the characteristic reactions of the various elements1 for only in this way can he expect to recognize the substances when presented to him as unknowns4 ,it is advisable to provide a note-book and rule it as follows3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,behavior ,,of ,,substance ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,before ,bp4 ,before ,bp4 ,in ignition ,in flame ,in flame ,after first on ,ch4 on ,ch4 with tube with on with borax ignition alone ,na#b;,,co#c ,na#b;,,co#c platinum bead with and ,ch4 wire ,co7,,no#c7b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,remarks ,substance ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #a4 ,aluminum1 ,al#b,o#c4--;,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,infusible4 ,no change4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,forms an infusible compound with slight intumescence4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,no change4 ,moisture driven off4 ,in flame on platinum wire4 ,no change4 ,becomes incandescent4 ,in flame with borax bead4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 dissolves slowly1 forming a colorless glass which remains so on cooling4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,mass becomes blue upon re-ignition4 #b4 ,antimony1 ,sb#b,o#c4--;,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 volatilizes without change4 ,in ,r4 ,f4 is reduced and volatilized4 ,white coating of antimonious oxide deposited on ,ch4 ,blue tinge imparted to flame4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,readily reduced4 ,white brittle bead4 ,very volatile1 giving characteristic white coating4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,volatilized4 ,in flame on platinum wire4 ,volatilized4 ,colors flame greenish blue4 ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 dissolves to a colorless glass4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b4 #c4 ,arsenic1 ,as#b,o#c4--;,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,very volatile4 ,strong garlic odor to fumes4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,reduced with emission of arsenical fumes4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,volatilizes1 forming a mirror-like deposit of metallic ,as in the cooler part of tube4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead on platinum wire ,with ,co7,,no#c7b4 #d4 ,bismuth1 ,bi#b,o#c4--;,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,yields a coating--orange-yellow when hot1 lemon-yellow when cold4 ,the yellow coating usually has a white outline4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,easily reduced to metallic bismuth4 ,yellow bead brittle1 but less so than antimony4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 small quantity dissolves to a clear yellow glass1 which becomes colorless when cold4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #e4 ,cadmium1 ,cd,o4--,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,gives a coating on the coal4 ,reddish-brown when cold4 ,very volatile4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,readily reduced4 ,the metal volatilizes easily1 giving the characteristic coating4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 dissolves to a clear yellowish bead1 colorless when cold4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #f4 ,chromium1 ,cr#b,o#c4--;,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,no change4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,cannot be reduced4 ,soda sinks in ,ch4 and a green colored mass remains4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead4 ,dissolves slowly but colors intensely4 ,yellow while hot1 green when cold4 ,with microcosmic salt bead4 ,colors red when hot1 green when cold4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #g4 ,cobalt1 ,co,o4--,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 unchanged4 ,in ,r4 ,f4 is reduced to the metal and is magnetic4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,reduced to a gray magnetic mass4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 colors very intensely blue1 both hot and cold4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #h4 ,copper1 ,cu,o4--,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,fuses to a black globule1 which can be reduced with some difficulty4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,readily reduced to metallic bead1 which is red in color1 hard1 malleable4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,in flame on platinum wire4 ,colors flame emerald-green4 ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 green when hot1 blue when cold4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #i4 ,iron1 ,fe#b,o#c4--;,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 unchanged4 ,in ,r4 ,f4 becomes black and magnetic4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c ,reduced to a metallic powder1 magnetic4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 red while hot1 yellow when cold4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #aj4 ,lead1 ,pb,o4--,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,easily reduced to the metal1 bead very malleable4 ,coating yellow1 surrounded by white ring4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,instantly reduced4 ,coats the ,ch4 upon further blowing4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,reduced to the metal4 ,in flame on platinum wire4 ,tinges flame blue4 ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 dissolves easily1 forming a limpid glass4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #aa4 ,manganese1 ,mn#b,o#c4--;,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,at high temperature turns red4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,is not reduced4 ,before the ,bp4 in ,o4 ,f4 on platinum foil with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,transparent green mass when hot4 ,opaque1 bluish-green when cold4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,not reduced4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 violet-red while hot1 amethyst-red when cold4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #ab4 ,mercury1 ,hg,o4--,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,instantly reduced4 ,very volatile4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,reduced and volatilized4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,sublimes condensing in the upper part of the tube as a metallic ring which is seen with the lens to consist of minute globules of mercury4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead on platinum wire ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #ac4 ,nickel1 ,ni,o4--,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 unchanged4 ,in ,r4 ,f4 reduced to metal1 slightly magnetic4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,easily reduced to the metal4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 violet while hot1 reddish-brown when cold4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #ad4 ,silver1 ,ag,o4--,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,easily reduced to the metal4 ,white1 malleable1 hard bead4 ,coats the coal dark red near assay4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,instantly reduced to metallic globule4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,reduced to the metal4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 partially dissolved4 ,bead becomes milk-white4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b #ae4 ,tin1 ,sn,o#b4--;,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,coats the coal yellow while hot1 dirty white when cool4 ,not reduced4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,reduced to metallic tin4 ,white1 hard1 malleable bead4 ,coating white and close to assay4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 small quantity dissolves to limpid glass4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,greenish-blue color4 #af4 ,zinc1 ,zn,o4--,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,upon ignition becomes yellow4 ,is not reduced4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c4 ,reduced to metal4 ,rapidly volatilized1 coating the coal white4 ,in ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,ch4 ,in flame on platinum wire ,with borax bead on platinum wire4 ,in ,o4 ,f4 yellow while hot1 limpid glass when cold4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,green mass4 ,having now given the principal reactions for the most important metals1 we will proceed to the examination of the alkali metals1 the alkaline earths1 and some of the acid elements4 ,,the ,,alkali ,,metals #ag4 ,ammonium1 ,,nh#d4--,this hypothetical compound is commonly classed among the alkali metals from its close resemblance to the members of this group4 ,to detect the presence of this hypothetical metal1 mix the assay with about four parts of ,na#b;,,co#c1 place in an ignition tube1 and apply heat4 ,the odor of the evolved gas will be recognized1 and if a piece of red litmus paper be moistened and held at the mouth of the tube1 it will be turned blue by the escaping ammonia gas4 ,we are not authorized to infer the pre-existence of ammonium1 however1 from the appearance of this reaction1 for the presence of nitrogenous organic matter in the substance1 which would be decomposed by this treatment1 would give rise to such a reaction4 #ah4 ,potassium4--,potassium is recognized by the color which its salts impart to the ,bunsen flame4 ,if a portion of a salt of potassium be held on a platinum wire in the flame1 it imparts a blue-violet tint which rapidly disappears4 #ai4 ,sodium4--,like potassium1 this alkali metal is detected by the color which its salts give to the flame4 ,if a sodium salt be held on the platinum wire in the flame1 it imparts an intense yellow color4 ,the extreme delicacy of this reaction has been mentioned elsewhere4 ,the value of this test is really lessened by its great delicacy1 for it is possible to detect minute quantities of sodium in almost all substances1 although it may not be in chemical combination4 ,as an example1 draw the platinum wire between the fingers1 and then place in flame1 and note presence of sodium4 #bj4 ,lithium1 ,li#b,o4--,in the ,bunsen flame on the platinum wire it imparts a carmine-red tinge4 ,hydrochloric acid on the sample augments the coloration4 ,,the ,,alkaline ,,earths #ba4 ,barium1 ,ba,o4--,in the ,bunsen flame on the platinum wire it imparts an apple-green coloration4 ,this reaction is intensified by moistening the sample with hydrochloric acid4 #bb4 ,calcium1 ,ca,o4--,in the ,bunsen flame on the platinum wire it imparts an orange-red color1 which appears gray when seen through blue glass4 ,hydrochloric acid on the sample makes the color more intense4 #bc4 ,strontium1 ,sr,o4--,in the ,bunsen flame on the platinum wire it imparts an intensely red color1 which is increased by converting the substance into the chloride4 ,,the ,,acid ,,elements #bd4 ,borates4--,if the substance be finely powdered1 moistened with glycerine1 and then placed on a platinum wire in the ,bunsen flame1 it imparts a brilliant green color4 ,if turmeric paper be dipped into a solution of a borate1 and then be dried at #ajj ,c41 it is turned to a peculiar red color4 ,these two reactions are extremely delicate4 #be4 ,bromides4--,bromides treated with microcosmic salt and oxide of copper on platinum wire impart to the flame a greenish-blue color1 the edges being decidedly green4 #bf4 ,chlorides4--,chlorides are treated in the same way as bromides4 ,the color imparted to the flame is azure-blue4 ,to discriminate between bromides and chlorides more clearly1 the substance is mixed with anhydrous potassium bisulphate and fused in an ignition tube4 ,bromine and sulphur dioxide are evolved 7if the substance be a bromide71 the tube being filled with a yellow gas possessing the characteristic odor of bromine4 #bg4 ,fluorides4--,a small portion of the substance in a finely powdered condition is placed in one of the ignition tubes1 a strip of moist ,brazil-wood paper is introduced into the open end1 and heat is applied4 ,hydrofluoric acid is evolved1 and the red color of the paper is changed into a straw-yellow4 ,mica1 containing only #j4ge of fluorine1 shows the reaction clearly4 #bh4 ,iodides4--,iodides are treated1 as the bromides and chlorides1 in a bead of microcosmic salt with oxide of copper4 ,the flame is colored green4 ,fused with potassium bisulphate in an ignition tube the violet vapors of iodine are evolved1 and thus iodides may be distinguished from chlorides and bromides4 #bi4 ,nitrates4--,if a nitrate be heated upon charcoal before the ,bp41 violent deflagration occurs4 ,if the substance containing the nitric acid be mixed with a very small quantity of finely powdered potassium cyanide1 the deflagration is accompanied with ignition and detonation4 ,if the substance be mixed in a dry condition with dry potassium bisulphate1 and is then heated in an ignition tube1 red-brown nitrous fumes are evolved4 ,this reaction takes place if there is but a small quantity of nitrate present4 #cj4 ,phosphates4--,phosphates impart to the flame a bluish green color4 ,the color is made more intense by moistening the substance with sulphuric acid1 and then taking the paste so formed on the platinum wire and placing it in the ,bunsen flame4 #ca4 ,silicates4--,silicates1 when treated with microcosmic salt on a platinum wire1 suffer decomposition2 the bases unite with the phosphoric acid to form a transparent glass in which the silica may be seen floating as a cloudy mass4 ,the bead must only be examined for silica while hot1 since on cooling it becomes opaque4 #cb4 ,sulphides4--,many sulphides1 when heated in an ignition tube1 volatilize and give a sublimate of sulphur in combination with the metallic portion of the substance4 ,a very delicate test for sulphur in whatever combination it may be found in a substance1 and which may be performed with great ease1 is to mix the finely powdered assay with four parts1 ,na#b;,,co#c1 and fuse in an ignition tube4 ,when thoroughly fused the tube is broken1 and the fused mass is placed on a bright silver coin1 and a drop of water is added4 ,if the substance contains sulphur1 a black spot will be observed on the coin where the fused mass was placed4 ,before going on to the next chapter1 the student should assure himself of his familiarity with the reactions just given1 and he should practise with various substances1 the nature of which is unknown to him4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,behavior ,,of ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,ores ,,before ,,the ,,blowpipe ,for the sake of practice1 and as a fitting introduction to ,determinative ,mineralogy1 this chapter is appended4 ,it is not intended to give a detailed account of the minerals1 but rather to set before the student the most marked characters1 such as hardness1 specific gravity1 color1 lustre1 etc4 ,to determine the hardness of a mineral1 we try to scratch it with the minerals forming an arbitrary scale of hardness1 proceeding successively from the softest to the hardest4 ,when we say that a certain mineral has hardness #d1 we mean that the mineral is scratched by #d on the scale1 and that #d on the scale is scratched by the mineral4 ,the scale of hardness chiefly in use is the ,mohs-,breithaupt scale1 which is as follows3-- #a4 ,talc1 common laminated light green variety4 #b4 ,gypsum1 crystallized4 #c4 ,calcareous spar1 transparent variety4 #d4 ,fluor spar1 crystalline4 #e4 ,apatite1 transparent4 #f4 ,orthoclase1 white cleavable variety4 #g4 ,quartz1 transparent4 #h4 ,topaz1 transparent4 #i4 ,sapphire1 cleavable variety4 #aj4 ,diamond4 ,it seldom happens in determining the hardness of a mineral that its hardness exactly conforms to that of some one member of the scale4 ,in such cases we generally estimate the hardness4 ,for example1 suppose a mineral was harder than #d1 but softer than #e1 and that it was nearer #e than #d1 then we would call its hardness #d-c_/d4 ,in order to preserve the scale some operators use a three-cornered file1 first cutting the mineral and then the scale until a number is found1 which is abraded to about the same depth as the mineral under examination4 ,since a set of minerals forming a scale of hardness is not always at hand1 the following scale given by ,chapman is appended3-- #a4 ,yields easily to the nail4 #b4 ,yields with difficulty to the nail or just receives an impression from it4 ,does not scratch a copper coin4 #c4 ,scratches a copper coin but is also scratched by it1 being of about the same degree of hardness4 #d4 ,not scratched by a copper coin4 ,does not scratch glass4 #e4 ,scratches glass with difficulty1 leaving its powder on it4 ,yields readily to the knife4 #f4 ,scratches glass easily4 ,yields with difficulty to the knife4 #g4 ,does not yield to the knife4 ,yields to the edge of a file1 though with difficulty4 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,harder than flint4 ,specific gravity cannot well be determined without the aid of a balance1 and hence its value here is not great4 ,as in the preceding chapter1 alphabetic arrangement will be employed4 ,,ores ,,of ,,antimony ,stibnite1 ,sb#b,s#c1 ,sb 4 #ga1 ,s 4 #bi4--;,a,h #b1 ,g #d4eb-d4fb4 ,of lead-gray color and metallic lustre4 ,consists of a large number of needle-shaped crystals4 ,brittle4 ,fuses in candle flame4 ,in an ignition tube yields a sublimate of sulphur4 ,on ,ch4 before the ,bp4 it is volatilized1 giving antimony coating and tinges the flame pale blue4 ,footnote ,a3 ,h ,hardness1 ,g ,specific ,gravity4 ,,ores ,,of ,,arsenic ,native ,arsenic1 ,as4--,this contains traces of ,sb1 ,ag1 ,fe1 ,co1 and ,ni4 ,h #c4e1 ,g #e4g-e4h4 ,dark gray in color4 ,fracture tin-white1 tarnishing rapidly4 ,volatilizes before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 without melting1 giving white coating of arsenious acid and characteristic garlic odor4 ,in ignition tube it sublimes1 giving arsenical ring4 ,realgar1 ,as,s1 ,as 4 #gj1 ,s 4 #cj4--;,h #a4e-b1 ,g #c4ef4 ,bright red to orange-red color and resinous lustre4 ,in an ignition tube it fuses and finally sublimes4 ,the sublimate when cool is red and transparent4 ,fuses readily before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 and burns with pale yellowish flame1 emitting gray-white fumes having garlic odor4 ,orpiment1 ,as#b,s#c1 ,as 4 #fa1 ,s 4 #ci4-- ,h #a4e-b4j1 ,g #c4d-c4e4 ,lemon-yellow in color and resinous or pearly lustre4 ,sectile4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 behaves like realgar1 but in an ignition tube it gives a dark yellow sublimate which is transparent4 ,,ores ,,of ,,bismuth ,native ,bismuth1 ,bi4--,this contains traces of ,as1 ,te1 and ,s4 ,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #i4g-i4hc4 ,color1 silver-white1 slightly tinged with red4 ,metallic lustre4 ,brittle when cold1 but may be laminated when hot4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 behaves like pure ,bi4 ,bismuthite1 ,bi#b,o#c 4 #ij1 ,,co#b 4 #g1 ,h#b,o 4 #c1-- ,h #d4j-d4e1 ,g #f4i-g4h4 ,usually of a white or light greenish color and vitreous lustre1 in acicular crystallizations4 ,in an ignition tube decrepitates1 yielding water and turning gray4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it fuses easily and is reduced to metallic globule1 coating the ,ch4 with ,bi#b,o#c4 ,with ,na#b;,,co#c it occasionally gives the sulphur reaction4 ,,ores ,,of ,,chromium ,chromic ,iron ,ore1 ,fe,o 4 #cb1 ,cr#b,o#c 4 #fh4--;,al#b,o#c1 ,fe#b,o#c1 ,mn,o1 and ,mg,o are commonly present4 ,h #e4e1 ,g #d4cb-d4eg4 ,occurs usually massive4 ,color1 iron-black to brownish black4 ,in many varieties strongly magnetic4 ,lustre1 shining and somewhat metallic4 ,heated in an ignition tube1 remains unchanged4 ,infusible before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,,kcn yields metallic iron4 ,in borax bead it slowly dissolves to a clear transparent glass1 which is a beautiful green when cool4 ,,ores ,,of ,,cobalt ,smaltite1 ,co7,fe1 ,ni7 ,as#b1 ,co 4 #bh1 ,as 4 #gb4--;,h #e4e1 ,g #f4cg-g4cj4 ,color1 tin-white or steel-gray4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,when heated to redness in an ignition tube it yields a sublimate of metallic arsenic4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it fuses readily1 with emission of arsenical fumes1 to a grayish black magnetic globule4 ,this globule may be examined for iron1 cobalt1 and nickel with the borax bead4 ,cobaltite1 ,co,s#b ,co,as#b1 ,co 4 #cf1 ,as 4 #de1 ,s 4 #ai4--;,h #e4e1 ,g #f4j-f4c4 ,color1 silver-white tinged with red4 ,metallic lustre4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 fuses easily1 with emission of copious arsenical fumes1 to a gray magnetic globule4 ,remains unchanged in the ignition tube4 ,linnaeite1 7,co1 ,ni7#c,s#d1 7,co1 ,ni7#eh1 ,s 4 #db4--;,h #e4e1 ,g #d4h-e4j4 ,color1 bright steel-gray1 sometimes reddish4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,crystallizes in the regular octahedron4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 fuses to a metallic globule which is attracted by the magnet4 ,with borax bead gives reaction for cobalt4 ,erythrite1 ,co#c,o#h;,as#b #h ,h#b,o1 ,as#b,s#e 4 #ch4d1 ,co,o 4 #cg4f1 ,h#b,o 4 #bd4j4-- ,h #a4e-b4j1 ,g #b4ie4 ,color1 crimson to peach-red4 ,when crystallized1 of pearly lustre1 but frequently dull and earthy4 ,heated in ignition tube gives off water1 and color changes to blue or green4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 in ,r4 ,f4 it emits arsenical fumes and melts to a dark gray globule which with the borax bead reacts for cobalt4 ,,ores ,,of ,,copper ,native ,copper1 ,cu4-- ,h #b4e-c1 ,g #h4e-h4i4 ,color1 copper-red4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,occurs usually massive and very arborescent4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it fuses1 and if the heat is sufficiently high it assumes a bright bluish-green surface2 on cooling it is covered with a coat of black oxide4 ,in the borax bead it reacts for copper4 ,chalcopyrite1 ,cu,fe,s#b1 ,cu 4 #ce1 ,fe 4 #cj1 ,s 4 #ce4--;,h #c4e-d1 ,g #d4a-d4c4 ,color1 brass-yellow1 often golden-yellow4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,occurs crystallized1 but is generally found massive4 ,is easily scratched with a knife4 ,heated in an ignition tube decrepitates1 and occasionally yields a faint sublimate of sulphur4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it blackens1 but becomes red again on cooling4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,,kcn it is reduced1 and the metals are obtained in separate masses4 ,it reacts with the borax bead for copper and iron4 ,copper ,glance1 ,cu#b,s1 ,cu 4 #hj1 ,s 4 #bj4--;,h #b4e-c4j1 ,g #e4e-e4h4 ,color1 dark blue to steel-gray4 ,occurs in compact masses1 often very shining4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 fuses to a globule which boils and emits glowing drops4 ,sulphur dioxide escapes abundantly1 and the outer flame is colored blue4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c yielding a metallic globule4 ,tetrahedrite1 #d ,cu,s ,sb#b,s#c4--;,frequently contains silver1 iron1 mercury1 and zinc4 ,h #c4j-d4j1 ,g #d4e-e4 ,color1 steel-gray to iron-black4 ,heated in an ignition tube fuses and gives a sublimate of antimonious oxide4 ,when mercury is present this condenses in the upper part of the tube1 forming the characteristic mirror4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it fuses readily to a metallic globule1 emitting dense white fumes2 zinc and antimony coatings are deposited on the ,ch4 ,after long ignition before the ,bp41 if the mineral is finely powdered and mixed with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,,kcn1 the ore is reduced to the metal4 ,cuprite1 ,cu#b,o1 ,cu 4 #hi1 ,o 4 #aa4-- ,h #c4e-d4j1 ,g #e4e-f4ae4 ,color1 intense crimson-red4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 blackens and fuses quietly1 and finally yields a metallic globule of copper4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,,kcn it is easily reduced4 ,malachite1 #b ,cu,o ,,co#b ,h#b,o1 ,cu,o 4 #gb1 ,,co#b 4 #bj1 ,h#b,o 4 #h4-- ,h #c4e-d4j1 ,g #c4ij-d4jc4 ,color1 bright green4 ,occurs generally in mammillated concretions4 ,lustre1 shining and fracture1 silky4 ,heated in an ignition tube yields water and blackens4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it fuses to a metallic globule4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,,kcn it is easily reduced4 ,with borax bead gives characteristic coloration4 ,azurite1 #c ,cu,o #b ,,co#b ,h#b,o1 ,cu,o 4 #fi1 ,,co#b 4 #bf1 ,h#b,o 4 #e4-- ,h #c4e-d4j1 ,g #c4gg-c4hc4 ,color1 azure-blue4 ,occurs usually in crystallized or globular masses4 ,lustre1 earthy or vitreous4 ,before the ,bp4 and with other reagents behaves like malachite4 ,chrysocolla1 ,cu,o ,si,o#b #b ,h#b,o1 ,si,o#b 4 #cd4b1 ,cu,o 4 #de4c1 ,h#b,o 4 #bj4e4--;,h #b4j-c4j1 ,g #b4 ,color1 bluish-green1 closely resembling malachite4 ,occurs usually as an incrustation1 its surface being very smooth1 like enamel4 ,in an ignition tube it blackens and yields water4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 in ,o4 ,f4 it blackens1 coloring the flame bright green2 in the ,r4 ,f4 it turns red4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c yields metallic copper4 ,in borax bead it reacts for copper4 ,atacamite1 ,cu,cl#b #c ,cu,o#b;,h#b--;,cl 4 #af4f1 ,o 4 #bj4c1 ,cu 4 #ej4a1 ,h#b,o 4 #ac4j4-- ,h #c4j-c4e1 ,g #c4ge-c4gg4 ,color1 green to blackish green4 ,lustre1 adamantine to vitreous4 ,in an ignition tube yields water4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 colors flame blue4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,,kcn is reduced to the metal4 ,in borax bead it reacts for copper4 ,,ores ,,of ,,iron ,limonite1 #b ,fe#b,o#c #c ,h#b,o1 ,fe#b,o#c 4 #hf1 ,h#b,o 4 #ad4--;,h #e4j-e4e1 ,g #c4f-d4j4 ,color1 brown to ochre-yellow4 ,earthy or semi-metallic in appearance4 ,in an ignition tube yields water4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 infusible4 ,in borax bead reacts for iron4 ,hematite1 ,fe#b,o#c1 ,fe 4 #gj1 ,o 4 #cj4-- ,h #e4e-f4e1 ,g #d4i-e4c4 ,color1 dark steel-gray to iron-black4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,when pulverized yields a red powder4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 infusible4 ,after long roasting becomes magnetic4 ,in borax bead gives usual indications of iron4 ,magnetite1 ,fe#c,o#d1 ,fe,o 4 #ca1 ,fe#b,o#c 4 #fi4-- ,h #e4e-f4e1 ,g #e4ag-e4ah4 ,color1 iron-black4 ,lustre1 shining and metallic4 ,pulverized1 its powder is black4 ,it is strongly magnetic4 ,fuses with difficulty before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 ,in borax bead reacts for iron4 ,pyrites1 ,fe,s#b1 ,fe 4 #dg1 ,s 4 #ec4-- ,h #f4j-f4e1 ,g #d4ie-e4bj4 ,color1 brass-yellow4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,occurs commonly in cubes4 ,it often contains small quantities of ,au1 ,ag1 ,cu1 ,as1 ,co1 and ,mn4 ,heated in an ignition tube gives a sublimate of sulphur1 the residue becoming magnetic4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 in ,o4 ,f4 sulphur is burned off and the red oxide remains4 ,this residue may then be examined for iron1 etc4 ,marcasite 7,white ,iron ,pyrites74--,having the same general composition as pyrite1 but much lighter in color4 ,crystals1 prismatic4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 behaves like pyrite4 ,pyrrhotite1 ,fe#g,s#h1 ,fe 4 #fj4e1 ,s 4 #ci4e4-- ,h #c4e-d4e1 ,g #d4eh-d4fd4 ,color1 bronze-yellow4 ,closely resembles pyrite1 but may be distinguished from it by being feebly magnetic4 ,heated in an ignition tube yields no sublimate4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 fuses to a magnetic globule1 which exhibits a yellowish crystalline structure when fractured4 ,mispickel1 ,fe,as,s1 ,fe 4 #cd1 ,as 4 #df1 ,s 4 #bj4--;,h #e4e-f4j1 ,g #f4j-f4b4 ,color1 silver-white4 ,lustre1 metallic2 very brittle4 ,often associated with it we find small quantities of ,co1 ,ag1 and ,au4 ,heated in an ignition tube it first yields a red sublimate of sulphide of arsenic1 and then afterward a crystalline sublimate of metallic arsenic4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 emits dense fumes of arsenic and deposits a coating on the coal2 it then fuses to a globule which behaves like pyrrhotite4 ,siderite1 ,fe,c,o#c1 ,fe,o 4 #fb1 ,,co#b 4 #ch4--;,h #c4e-d4e1 ,g #c4g-c4i4 ,color1 grayish yellow to reddish brown4 ,lustre1 pearly4 ,crystallizes in rhombohedrons with curved faces2 these crystals are distinctly cleavable and massive4 ,heated in an ignition tube it decrepitates with evolution of carbon dioxide4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 infusible4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c it fuses to a magnetic mass4 ,with borax bead it reacts for iron and sometimes for manganese4 ,,ores ,,of ,,lead ,galena1 ,pb,s1 ,pb 4 #hg1 ,s 4 #ac4-- ,h #b4e1 ,g #g4d-g4f4 ,color1 bluish gray1 slowly tarnishing4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,crystals in the form of cubes4 ,heated in an ignition tube it sometimes decrepitates and yields a sublimate of sulphur4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 easily reduced to the metallic state1 the ,ch4 becoming coated with sulphate and oxide of lead4 ,the metallic globule usually contains a little silver4 ,to separate this1 the process known as cupellation is employed4 ,a hole is bored into the ,ch4 about #a cm4 in diameter and about #f mm4 deep4 ,into this hole is placed a stiff paste made by mixing finely pulverized bone-ash with a little soda and water4 ,this paste is pressed in hard1 and then the surface is smoothed off1 and the centre is slightly depressed with the rounded end of a glass rod4 ,the charcoal so prepared is set in a warm place to allow the paste to dry4 ,when the paste is quite dry the small globule of lead is placed in the depression in the centre of the bone-ash cupel1 and is there exposed to the ,o4 ,f4 from the ,bp4 ,the lead is oxidized and is absorbed by the bone-ash1 while any silver present will remain in the central depression as a bright shining bead4 ,cerusite1 ,pb,c,o#c1 ,pb,o 4 #hd1 ,,co#b 4 #af4--;,h #c4j-c4e1 ,g #f4df-f4eg4 ,color1 white1 gray1 or yellow4 ,lustre1 adamantine4 ,crystallizes in prismatic needles4 ,when heated in an ignition tube carbon dioxide is evolved and the residue turns yellow4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 readily reduced to metallic lead4 ,anglesite1 ,pb,s,o#d1 ,pb,o 4 #gd1 ,,so#c 4 #bf4--;,h #b4j-c4j1 ,g #f4ab-f4ci4 ,color1 yellow1 gray1 and brown4 ,lustre1 adamantine1 resinous4 ,heated in an ignition tube decrepitates1 and sometimes yields a little water4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 fuses to a clear bead1 which on cooling becomes opaque4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c is reduced to the metal giving a yellow coating4 ,the ,na#b;,,co#c absorbed by the coal reacts for ,s4 ,,ores ,,of ,,manganese ,pyrolusite1 ,mn,o#b1 ,mn 4 #fc4b1 ,o 4 #cf4h4--;,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #d4hb4 ,color1 iron-black to steel-gray4 ,lustre1 non-metallic4 ,heated in an ignition tube yields generally a little water1 and if the temperature be high enough1 oxygen is evolved4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 infusible4 ,in borax bead gives characteristic color4 ,psilomelane1 ,mn#b,o#c ,h#b,o4-- ,h #e4e-f4j1 ,g #c4g-d4g4 ,color1 iron-black to steel-gray4 ,generally resembles pyrolusite1 but is distinguished from it by its superior hardness4 ,it frequently contains ,ba,o and ,li#b,o4 ,it behaves before the ,bp4 like pyrolusite4 ,wad 7,bog ,manganese74--,this mineral is essentially ,mn,o#b1 ,mn,o1 and ,h#b,o1 with small quantities of ,fe#b,o#c1 ,al#b,o#c1 ,ba,o1 ,si,o#b1 etc41 associated with it4 ,h #j4e-f4j1 ,g #c4j-d4b4 ,color1 dull black4 ,heated in an ignition tube yields water in abundance1 otherwise it behaves like pyrolusite4 ,,ores ,,of ,,mercury ,native ,mercury1 ,hg4--,g #ac4e-ac4f4 ,color1 silver-white4 ,is liquid at all ordinary temperatures4 ,heated in an ignition tube is volatilized1 the vapors condensing in the upper end of tube to small metallic globules of ,hg4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it is volatilized4 ,frequently contains ,ag4 ,cinnabar1 ,hg,s#b1 ,hg 4 #hf1 ,s 4 #ad4-- ,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #h4j-h4b4 ,color1 scarlet-red to brick-red4 ,lustre1 non-metallic4 ,when pulverized yields a powder of vermilion-red color4 ,heated in an ignition tube it volatilizes1 yielding a black sublimate1 which by friction becomes red4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it is wholly volatilized4 ,heated in an ignition tube with ,na#b;,,co#c metallic mercury sublimes1 condensing in the upper portion of the tube in minute globules4 ,,ores ,,of ,,nickel ,millerite1 ,ni,s1 ,ni 4 #fd4d1 ,s 4 #ce4f4-- ,h #c4j-c4e1 ,g #e4b-e4f4 ,color1 brass-yellow4 ,brittle4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it fuses to a magnetic1 metallic globule4 ,the roasted mineral gives in the borax bead the color reaction characteristic of nickel1 and sometimes that of cobalt1 which is often associated with it4 ,niccolite1 ,ni,as1 ,ni 4 #dd1 ,as 4 #ef4-- ,h #e4j-e4e1 ,g #g4ce-g4fg4 ,color1 pale copper-red4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,very brittle4 ,heated in an ignition tube yields a copious sublimate of arsenious oxide1 the residue falling to a greenish powder4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 fuses to a white brittle globule emitting arsenical fumes4 ,in borax bead gives color characteristic of nickel4 ,frequently in this mineral a portion of the arsenic is replaced by antimony4 ,,ores ,,of ,,silver ,native ,silver1 ,ag4-- ,h #b4e-c4j1 ,g #aj4a-aa4j4 ,color1 silver-white4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,ductile and malleable4 ,usually occurs associated with ,au1 ,as1 ,sb1 ,cu1 ,fe1 etc4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 easily fuses to a globule which is surrounded with a dark red coating on the coal4 ,argentite1 ,ag#b,s1 ,ag 4 #hg4a1 ,s 4 #ab4i4-- ,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #g4bj-g4cf4 ,color1 blackish lead-gray4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,very sectile4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 in ,o4 ,f4 intumesces with evolution of sulphur dioxide1 finally yielding a metallic globule of ,ag4 ,pyrargyrite1 ,ag#c,sb,s#c1 ,ag 4 #ei4h1 ,sb 4 #bb4e1 ,s 4 #ag4g4--;,h #b4e1 ,g #e4gg-e4hf4 ,color1 black to dark cochineal-red4 ,lustre1 metallic1 adamantine4 ,in an ignition tube it yields on continued heating a sublimate of antimony sulphide4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it gives a coating of antimony trioxide4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c is reduced to metallic silver4 ,proustite1 ,ag#c,s#c;,as1 ,ag 4 #fe4e1 ,as 4 #ae4a1 ,s 4 #ai4d4--;,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #e4eg-e4fd4 ,color1 light red4 ,lustre1 splendent1 adamantine4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it behaves like pyrargyrite1 save that it gives off arsenical fumes instead of antimonious oxide4 ,stephanite1 ,ag#e,s#d,sb1 ,ag 4 #fh4e1 ,sb 4 #ae4c1 ,s 4 #af4b4--;,h #b4j-b4e1 ,g #f4b-f4c4 ,color1 iron-black to blackish gray4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,very brittle and fragile4 ,in an ignition tube it decrepitates1 fuses1 and finally yields a slight sublimate of antimony trisulphide4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 gives a coating of antimonious oxide4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c a globule of metallic silver is obtained4 ,the mineral frequently contains copper and iron4 ,kerargyrite1 ,ag,cl1 ,ag 4 #ge4c1 ,cl 4 #bd4g4--;,h #a4j-a4e1 ,g #e4eb4 ,color1 white1 gray1 yellowish1 greenish to blue4 ,lustre1 resinous1 adamantine4 ,soft like wax4 ,fuses easily in a candle-flame4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it is readily reduced to metallic silver4 ,,ores ,,of ,,tin ,cassiterite1 ,sn,o#b1 ,sn 4 #gi1 ,o 4 #ba4-- ,h #f4j-g4j1 ,g #f4h-g4j4 ,color1 brown1 black4 ,lustre1 adamantine1 brilliant4 ,occurs crystallized in square prisms4 ,rentrant angles characteristic4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,,kcn reduced to a metallic globule of tin4 ,in the borax bead gives characteristic reaction4 ,stannite1 #b ,cu#b,s 4 ,sn,s#b #b 7,fe,s 4 ,zn,s7 ,sn 4 ,s#b4--;,h #d4j1 ,g #d4c-d4e4 ,color1 steel-gray to iron-black4 ,lustre1 metallic4 ,occurs usually massive and disseminated4 ,heated in an ignition tube it yields sulphur dioxide4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 it emits sulphur dioxide and becomes covered with oxide of tin4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c and ,,kcn it gives an impure globule of copper4 ,a very difficult mineral to determine4 ,,ores ,,of ,,zinc ,calamine1 ,h#b,zn#b,o#e,si1 ,si,o#b 4 #be4j1 ,zn,o 4 #fg4e1 ,h#b,o 4 #g4e4--;,h #d4e-e4j1 ,g #c4d-c4e4 ,color1 white1 gray1 bluish1 or brown4 ,lustre1 vitreous4 ,brittle4 ,in an ignition tube yields water when heated and becomes milky white4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 practically infusible4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b it assumes a green color which passes into a fine blue when the heat is increased4 ,smithsonite1 ,zn 4 ,,co#c1 ,zn,o 4 #fd4h1 ,,co#b 4 #ce4b4-- ,h #e1 ,g #d4cj-d4de4 ,color1 gray1 yellow1 brown1 and green4 ,lustre1 vitreous1 pearly4 ,heated in an ignition tube ,,co#b is evolved1 residue appearing white4 ,it often contains impurities of ,cd1 ,pb1 ,fe1 ,mn1 ,ca1 and ,mg4 ,when these are present the residue in the ignition tube becomes dark on cooling4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c and exposed to the ,r4 ,f4 it is decomposed4 ,it gives the characteristic reaction for zinc with ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,zincite1 ,zn,o1 ,zn 4 #hj4c1 ,o 4 #ai4g-- ,h #d4j-d4e1 ,g #e4dc-e4gj4 ,color1 blood-red4 ,lustre1 brilliant1 subadamantine4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 infusible4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c gives coating of zinc oxide4 ,gives characteristic reaction with ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,it frequently contains a small quantity of ,mn#b,o#c1 which may be detected in the borax bead4 ,sphalerite1 ,zn,s1 ,zn 4 #fg1 ,s 4 #cc4-- ,h #c4e-d4j1 ,g #c4i-d4a4 ,color1 yellow to black4 ,lustre1 resinous1 brilliant1 and sometimes submetallic4 ,heated in an ignition tube sometimes decrepitates4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 infusible4 ,before the ,bp4 on ,ch4 with ,na#b;,,co#c easily reduced4 ,with ,co7,,no#c7b gives the characteristic reaction4 ,it frequently contains small quantities of ,cd1 ,hg1 ,sn1 ,pb1 ,au1 ,ag1 etc4 ,i ,,table ,,of ,,colors ,,of ,,coatings ,,on ,,charcoal ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,element ,color ,hot ,color ,cold ---------------------------------------- -------- ,antimony 7,rather volatile7 ,white ,arsenic 7,very volatile7 ,white ,bismuth ,orange-,yellow ,lemon-,yellow ,cadmium ,brownish ,yellow ,reddish ,brown ,lead ,lemon-,yellow 7volatile7 ,lemon-,yellow ,silver ,dark ,red ,dark ,red ,tin ,faint ,yellow ,white ,zinc ,yellow ,white ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,ii ,,table ,,of ,,flame ,,colorations ------------------------------------ ,red ,yellow ,green ---------------------------------- ,calcium ,sodium ,barium ,lithium ,boron ,strontium ,iodine ---------------------------------- ,bluish ,green ,blue ,violet ---------------------------------- ,bromine ,chlorine ,potassium ,copper ,phosphorus ------------------------------------ ,,iii ,,table ,,of ,,colors ,,of ,,borax ,,beads ,,in ,,oxidizing ,,flame ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,element ,color ,hot ,color ,cold ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,aluminum ,colorless to ,cloudy ,colorless to ,cloudy ,antimony ,yellowish ,colorless ,barium ,colorless to ,opaque ,colorless to ,opaque ,bismuth ,yellow ,colorless ,cadmium ,yellow ,colorless to ,white ,calcium ,colorless ,colorless ,chromium ,reddish ,yellow ,yellowish ,green ,cobalt ,blue ,blue ,copper ,green ,greenish ,blue ,iron ,orange ,yellow ,lead ,yellow ,colorless ,magnesium ,colorless ,colorless ,manganese ,violet ,reddish ,violet ,nickel ,violet ,reddish ,brown ,silver ,colorless ,milk-,white ,strontium ,colorless to ,opaque ,colorless to ,opaque ,tin ,colorless ,colorless ,zinc ,yellowish ,colorless ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,iv ,,table ,,of ,,colors ,,of ,,borax ,,beads ,,in ,,reducing ,,flame ---------------------------------------- -------- ,element ,color ,hot ,color ,cold ---------------------------------------- -------- ,aluminum ,colorless ,colorless ,antimony ,colorless ,cloudy ,barium ,colorless ,colorless ,bismuth ,colorless ,gray--,cloudy ,cadmium ,colorless ,gray--,cloudy ,calcium ,colorless ,colorless ,chromium ,green ,green ,cobalt ,blue ,blue ,copper ,colorless ,red ,iron ,yellowish ,green ,yellowish ,green ,lead ,colorless ,gray ,magnesium ,colorless ,colorless ,manganese ,colorless ,pink ,nickel ,colorless ,gray--,cloudy ,silver ,colorless ,gray ,strontium ,colorless ,colorless ,tin ,colorless ,colorless ,zinc ,colorless ,gray ---------------------------------------- -------- ,v ,,table ,,of ,,colors ,,of ,,microcosmic ,,salt ,,beads ,,in ,,oxidizing ,,flame ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,element ,color ,hot ,color ,cold ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,aluminum ,colorless ,colorless ,antimony ,yellowish ,colorless ,barium ,colorless to ,opaque ,colorless to ,opaque ,bismuth ,yellow ,colorless ,cadmium ,yellowish ,colorless ,calcium ,colorless ,colorless to ,opaque ,chromium ,reddish ,green ,cobalt ,blue ,blue ,copper ,green ,greenish ,blue ,iron ,red ,brownish ,red ,lead ,yellowish ,colorless ,magnesium ,colorless ,colorless ,manganese ,brownish ,violet ,reddish ,violet ,nickel ,reddish ,yellow ,silver ,yellowish ,yellowish ,strontium ,colorless ,colorless ,tin ,colorless ,colorless ,zinc ,yellowish ,colorless ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,vi ,,table ,,of ,,colors ,,of ,,microcosmic ,,salt ,,beads ,,in ,,reducing ,,flame -------------------------------------- ,element ,color ,hot ,color ,cold -------------------------------------- ,aluminum ,colorless ,colorless ,antimony ,colorless ,gray--,cloudy ,barium ,colorless ,colorless ,bismuth ,colorless ,gray--,cloudy ,cadmium ,colorless ,gray--,cloudy ,calcium ,colorless ,colorless ,chromium ,reddish ,green ,cobalt ,blue ,blue ,copper ,dark ,green ,brownish ,red ,iron ,red ,reddish ,lead ,colorless ,gray--,opaque ,magnesium ,colorless ,colorless ,manganese ,colorless ,colorless ,nickel ,colorless ,gray ,silver ,colorless ,gray ,strontium ,colorless ,colorless ,tin ,colorless ,colorless ,zinc ,colorless ,gray--,cloudy --------------------------------------- ,,the ,,practical ,,methods ,,of ,,organic ,,chemistry ,,authorized ,,translation #abmo4 ,cloth4 ,price1 #a4fj1 net ,,by ,,translated ,,by ,,ludwig ,,gattermann1 ,ph4,d41 ,,william ,,shafer1 ,ph4,d41 ,professor in ,university ,instructor in ,organic ,chemistry of ,heidelberg4 in ,lehigh ,university4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,guardian4 ,the selection and judgment throughout is excellent4 ,the book is a most useful1 practical adjunct to any good text-book on organic chemistry4 ,,pharmaceutical ,,review4 ,this is a book that should be in the library of every teacher of organic chemistry1 and one which will no doubt be of great value to students in their second year of organic chemistry4 ,its chief peculiarity and merit is in the great stress laid on practical laboratory work4444 ,it is permanently a worker's guide4 ,,nature4 ,since the advance of organic chemistry in this country must1 in a measure1 depend on the nature of the available text-books1 both the author and the translator deserve our thanks for providing us with a work such as the present one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fifth ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york ,,outlines ,,of ,,industrial ,,chemistry ,a ,,text-,,book ,,for ,,students ,by ,,frank ,,hall ,,thorp1 ,ph4,d41 ,instructor in ,industrial ,chemistry in the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology4 ,cloth4 #hvo4 ,price1 #c4ej net 99 99 99 99 99 ,,james ,,lewis ,,howe1 ,department of ,chemistry1 ,washington and ,lee ,university4 ,the book is brought thoroughly up to date1 and in some cases the lines of probable development are nicely foreshadowed4 ,the descriptions are particularly lucid and the illustrations well selected4 ,the general arrangement and make-up of the book is excellent1 and 444 altogether the book fills well a need long felt by teachers of ,industrial ,chemistry4 ,i shall adopt the book for my class and shall take pleasure in recommending it4 ,,charles ,e4 ,,coates1 ,jr41 ,ph4,d41 ,professor of ,chemistry1 ,louisiana ,state ,university4 ,i have examined it carefully and think it a most excellent book1 meeting a want ,i have long felt in my higher classes4 ,i have introduced it in this year's classes4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,noyes1 in ,science4 ,the descriptions of processes1 while necessarily concise1 are clear and interesting4 ,the author has evidently made a careful study of recent methods of manufacture as well as of older1 standard processes4 ,the frequent reference to ,american practice is an important feature which distinguishes the book from other works on chemical technology4 ,a select bibliography follows each subject1 and will be found very useful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fifth ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york