,,camp ,,and ,,trail ,illustration3 ,from a painting by ,fernand ,lungren ,,the ,,home ,,of ,,the ,,red ,,gods ,,camp ,,and ,,trail ,,by ,,stewart ,,edward ,,white ,author of ,the ,blazed ,trail1 ,the ,pass1 etc4 ,frontispiece in color by ,fernand ,lungren and many other illustrations from photographs1 etc4 ,,garden ,,city ,,new ,,york ,,doubleday1 ,,page ,,company #aiaa ,copyright1 #aijf1 #aijg1 by ,,the ,,outing ,,publishing ,,company ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall1 ,london1 ,england4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,preface ,,after considerable weighing of the pros and cons ,i have decided to include the names of firms where certain supplies may be bought4 ,i realize that this sort of free advertisement is eminently unjust to other worthy houses handling the same lines of goods1 but the case is one of self-defense4 ,in ,the ,forest ,i rashly offered to send to inquirers the name of the firm making a certain kind of tent4 ,at this writing ,i have received and answered over eleven hundred inquiries4 ,since the publication of these papers in ,the ,outing ,magazine1 ,i have received hundreds of requests for information as to where this1 that1 or the other thing may be had4 ,i have tried to answer them all1 but to do so has been a tax on time ,i would not care to repeat4 ,therefore ,i shall try in the following pages to give the reader all the practical information ,i possess1 even though1 as stated1 ,i may seem unduly to advertise the certain few business houses with which ,i have had satisfactory dealings4 ,it is needless to remark that ,i am interested in none of these firms1 and have received no especial favors from them4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i ,,the ,,wilderness ,,traveler #c ,,ii ,,common ,,sense ,,in ,,the ,,wilderness #bc ,,iii ,,personal ,,equipment #ce ,,iv ,,personal ,,equipment 7,continued7 #fc ,v ,,camp ,,outfit #gi ,,vi ,,the ,,cook ,,outfit #ig ,,vii ,,grub #aae ,,viii ,,camp ,,cookery #ace ,,ix ,,horse ,,outfits #adi ,x ,,horse ,,packs #afi ,,xi ,,horses1 ,,mules1 ,,burros #bjc ,,xii ,,canoes #bba ,,index #bcc ,,illustrations ,the home of the ,red ,gods 7,frontispiece7 ,,opposite ,,page ,on the trail 7from a painting by ,n4 ,c4 ,wyeth7 #af ,the ,author doing a little washing on his own account #cb ,mountain on mountain towering high1 and a valley in between #dh ,one of the mishaps to be expected #fd ,bed in the bush with stars to see #hj ,we may live without friends1 we may live without books1 but civilized man cannot live without cooks #ajd ,when you quit the trail for a day's rest #abj ,in the heat of the day's struggle #add ,nearing a crest and in sight of game #afj ,a downward journey #agf ,in mid-day the shade of the pines is inviting #bjh ,getting ready for another day of it #bbd ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,wilderness ,,traveler ,sidenote3 ,the ,first ,qualification ,,many people have asked me what1 all things considered1 is the most valuable quality a wilderness traveler can possess4 ,always ,i have replied unhesitatingly2 for no matter how useful or desirable such attributes as patience1 courage1 strength1 endurance1 good nature1 and ingenuity1 may prove to be1 undoubtedly a man with them but without the sense of direction1 is practically helpless in the wilds4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,sense of ,direction ,a sense of direction1 therefore1 ,i should name as the prime requisite for him who would become a true woodsman1 depending on himself rather than on guides4 ,the faculty is largely developed1 of course1 by much practice2 but it must be inborn4 ,some men possess it2 others do not--just as some men have a mathematical bent while to others figures are always a despair4 ,it is a sort of extra1 having nothing to do with criterions of intelligence or mental development1 like the repeater movement in a watch4 ,a highly educated or cultured man may lack it2 the roughest possess it4 ,some who have never been in the woods or mountains acquire in the space of a vacation a fair facility at picking a way2 and ,i have met a few who have spent their lives on the prospect trail1 and who were still1 and always would be1 as helpless as the newest city dweller4 ,it is a gift1 a talent4 ,if you have its germ1 you can become a traveler of the wide and lonely places4 ,if you have it not1 you may as well resign yourself to guides4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,sense of ,direction ,the sense of direction in its simplest and most elementary phase1 of course1 leads a man back to camp1 or over a half-forgotten trail4 ,the tenderfoot finds his way by little landmarks1 and an attempt to remember details4 ,a woodsman adds to this the general lay of the country1 the direction its streams ought to flow1 the course the hills must take1 the dip of strata1 the growth of trees4 ,so if the tenderfoot forgets whether he turns to right or left at a certain half-remembered burnt stub1 he is lost4 ,but if at the same point the woodsman's memory fails him1 he turns unhesitatingly to the left1 because he knows by all the logic of nature's signboards that the way must be to the left4 ,a good mountaineer follows the half-obliterated trails as much by his knowledge of where a trail must go1 as by the sparse indications that men have passed that way4 ,i have traveled all day in the ,sierras over apparently virgin country4 ,yet every few hours we would come on the traces of an old trail4 ,we were running in and out of it all day2 and at night we camped by it4 ,that is1 as ,i have said1 elementary4 ,it has to do with a country over which your woodsman has already traveled1 or about which he knows something4 ,in the last analysis1 however1 it means something more4 ,the sense of direction will take a man through a country of which he knows nothing whatever4 ,he travels by the feel of it1 he will tell you4 ,this means that his experience subconsciously arranges certain factors from which the sixth sense we are discussing draws certain deductions4 ,a mountaineer1 for example1 recognizes the altitude by the vegetation4 ,knowing the altitude he knows also the country formation1 and so he can tell at once whether the caon before him will narrow to an impassable gorge1 or remain open enough to admit of passage4 ,this in turn determines whether he shall choose the ravines or ridges in crossing a certain divide1 and exactly how he can descend on the other side4 ,the example is one of the simpler4 ,a good man thus noses his way through a difficult country with considerable accuracy where a tenderfoot would become speedily lost4 ,sidenote3 ,thoroughness ,sidenote3 ,be ,sure ,you ,are ,right ,but if a sense of direction is the prime requisite1 thoroughness presses it close4 ,it is sometimes very difficult to command the necessary patience4 ,at the end of a hard day1 with the almost moral certainty that the objective point is just ahead1 it is easy1 fatally easy1 when the next dim blaze does not immediately appear1 to say to oneself--,oh1 it's near enough--and to plunge ahead4 ,and then1 nine times out of ten1 you are in trouble4 ,i guess this is all right has lost many a man2 and the haste too great to be sure--and then again sure--has had many fatal results4 ,if it is a trail1 then be certain you see indications before proceeding4 ,should they fail1 then go back to the last indication and start over again4 ,if it is new country1 then pick up every consideration in your power1 and balance them carefully before making the smallest decision4 ,and all the time keep figuring4 ,once having decided on a route1 do not let the matter there rest4 ,as you proceed keep your eyes and mind busy1 weighing each bit of evidence4 ,and if you become suspicious that you are on the wrong tack1 turn back unhesitatingly1 no matter how time presses4 ,a recent expedition with a fatal termination illustrates this point completely4 ,at first sight it may seem invidious to call attention to the mistakes of a man who has laid down his life in payment for them4 ,but it seems to me that the chief value of such sad accidents--beyond the lessons of courage1 endurance1 comradeship1 devotion1 and beautiful faith--lies in the lesson and warning to those likely to fall into the same blunders4 ,i knew ,hubbard1 both at college and later1 and admire and like him4 ,i am sure he would be the first to warn others from repeating his error4 ,sidenote3 ,fatal ,result of not ,being ,sure ,the expedition of which ,i speak started out with the purpose of exploring ,labrador4 ,as the season is short some haste was necessary4 ,the party proceeded to the head of a certain lake into which they had been told they would find a river flowing4 ,they found a river1 ascended it1 were conquered by the extreme difficulties of the stream1 one of the party perished1 and the others came near to it4 ,as for the facts so far3 ,the first thought to occur to a man entirely accustomed to wilderness travel would be1 is there perhaps another stream8 another river flowing into that lake8 ,encountering difficulties he would become more and more uneasy as to that point1 until at last he would have detached a scout to make sure4 ,but mark this further3 ,the party's informants had told ,hubbard that he would find the river easily navigable for eighteen miles4 ,as a matter of fact the expedition ran into shallows and rapids within a half mile of the lake4 ,sidenote3 ,what ,should ,have ,been ,done ,to a woodsman the answer would have stood out as plain as print4 ,he would have retraced his way1 explored farther1 found the right river1 and continued4 ,but poor ,hubbard was in a hurry1 and moreover possessed that optimistic temperament that so endeared him to all who knew him4 ,they must have made a mistake in the distance4 ,i guess this is all right1 said he1 and pushed on against difficulties that eventually killed him4 ,to a man accustomed to exploration such a mistake is inconceivable4 ,labrador is not more dangerous than other wooded northern countries2 not so dangerous as the big mountains2 much safer than the desert4 ,a wrong turn in any of these wildernesses may mean death4 ,forty men succumbed to the desert last summer4 ,do not make that wrong turn4 ,be sure4 ,take nothing for granted--either that they made a mistake in the distance1 or that it's probably all right4 ,one of the greatest of ,american wilderness travelers knew this--as all wilderness travelers must--and phrased it in an epigram that has become classic4 ,be sure you are right1 and then go ahead1 advised ,daniel ,boone4 ,sidenote3 ,alertness ,so you do not get lost--barring accidents--you are safe enough4 ,but to travel well you must add to your minor affairs the same quality1 slightly diluted1 perhaps1 that ,i have endeavored to describe above4 ,in this application it becomes thoroughness and smartness4 ,a great many people object while camping to keeping things in trim1 to getting up in the morning1 to moving with expedition and precision4 ,oh1 what's the use in being so particular6 they grumble1 this is supposed to be a pleasure trip4 ,sidenote3 ,discipline ,outside the fact that a certain amount of discipline brings efficiency1 there is no doubt that a slack camp means trouble sooner or later4 ,where things are not picked up1 something important will sooner or later be lost or left behind4 ,where the beginning of the day's journey hangs fire1 sooner or later night will catch you in a very bad place indeed4 ,where men get in the habit of slouching1 physically and mentally1 they become in emergencies unable to summon presence of mind1 and incapable of swift1 effective movements4 ,the morale is low2 and exclusive of the fact that such things are an annoyance to the spirit1 they may in some exceptional occasion give rise to serious trouble4 ,algernon is ten minutes slow in packing his horse2 and ,algernon gets well cursed4 ,he is hurt as to the soul1 and demands of himself aggrievedly how ten minutes can be valued so high4 ,it is not the ten minutes as a space of time1 but as a measure of incompetence4 ,this pack train is ten minutes short of what a pack train should be2 and if the leader's mind is properly constructed1 he is proportionately annoyed4 ,although not strictly germane to a discussion of equipments1 ,i am tempted to hold up a horrible example4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,horrible ,example ,one evening we were all sitting around a big after-dinner fire at the ,forest ,supervisor's summer camp in the mountains1 when an outfit drifted in and made camp a few hundred yards down stream4 ,after an interval the leader of the party came over and introduced himself4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,horrible ,example ,he proved to be a youngish man1 with curly hair1 regular features1 a good physique1 and eyes handsome1 but set too close together4 ,a blue flannel shirt whose top button was unfastened1 rolled back to show his neck2 a handkerchief was knotted below that2 in all his external appearance he leaned toward the foppish-picturesque4 ,this was in itself harmless enough4 ,shortly he began to tell us things4 ,he confided that his chief ambition was to rope a bear2 he related adventures in the more southern mountains2 he stated that he intended to travel up through the ,minarets and over ,agnew's ,pass1 and by way of ,tuolumne4 ,this was to consume two weeks6 ,finally he became more personal4 ,he told us how ,president ,roosevelt when on his ,pacific ,coast tour had spoken to him personally4 ,when the train started1 said he1 ,i ran after it as hard as ,i could with a lot of others1 but ,i ran a lot faster and got ahead1 so the ,president spoke directly to me--not to the crowd1 but to me6 ,he left us suitably impressed4 ,next morning his camp was astir at five o'clock--as was proper considering the strenuous programme he had outlined4 ,about seven our friend came over to get his animals1 which he had turned out in the ,supervisor's pasture over night--ten animals in another man's mountain pasture6 ,we had a shooting match1 and talked ,reserve matters for just one hour and twenty minutes4 ,then somebody waked up4 ,i wonder what's become of ,jones2 let's go see4 ,we went4 ,jones was standing dusty in the middle of the corral4 ,in his hand he held a short loop not over three feet across4 ,this he whirled forward and overhand4 ,occasionally he would cast it at a horse4 ,of course the outraged and astounded animal was stricken about the knees1 whereupon he circulated the confines of the corral at speed4 ,sidenote3 ,jones and the ,mule ,and the animals6 ,at the moment of our arrival ,jones was bestowing attention on a dignified and gaunt mule some seventeen hands high4 ,i never saw such a giraffe4 ,two about the size of jackasses hovered near4 ,one horse's lower lip wabbled abjectly below a ,roman nose4 ,we watched a few moments2 then offered mildly to help4 ,jones1 somewhat heated and cross1 accepted4 ,the first horse ,i roped ,i noticed was barefoot4 ,so were the others4 ,and the route was over a rough granite and snow country4 ,thus we formed a procession1 each leading some sort of equine freak4 ,it was by now nearly nine o'clock4 ,camp we found about half picked up4 ,the other members of the party were nice1 well-meaning people1 but absolutely inexperienced in the ways of the wilderness4 ,they had innocently intrusted themselves to ,jones on the strength of his self-made reputation2 and now undoubtedly were taking all this fuss and discomfit quite as part of roughing it4 ,sidenote3 ,helping the ,tenderfeet ,when we saw them we were stricken with pity and a kindly feeling which ,jones had failed to arouse1 so we turned in to help them saddle up4 ,jones was occupied with a small mule which he claimed was bad4 ,he hitched said mule to a tree1 then proceeded to elevate one hind leg by means of a rope thrown over a limb4 ,why he did not simply blindfold the animal no one could tell4 ,we looked forward with some joy to the throwing of the pack-hitches4 ,illustration3 ,on the ,trail ,sidenote3 ,a ,forest ,fire ,but at this moment a ,ranger dashed up with news of a forest fire over in the ,rock ,creek country4 ,the ,rangers present immediately scattered for their saddle horses1 while ,i took a pack and went in search of supplies4 ,shortly after one o'clock ,i was organized1 and departed on the trail of the ,rangers4 ,they had struck over the ridge1 and down the other side of the mountains4 ,their tracks were easy to follow1 and once atop the divide ,i could see the flames and smoke of the fire over the next mountain system4 ,desiring to arrive before dark1 ,i pushed ahead as rapidly as possible4 ,about half way down the mountain ,i made out dust ahead4 ,a messenger coming back for something1 thought ,i4 ,in ten minutes ,i was stricken dumb to overtake the ,jones party plodding trustingly along in the tracks made by the ,rangers4 ,well1 ,i greeted them1 what are you doing over here8 ,a little off your beat1 aren't you8 ,the members of the party glanced at each other1 while ,jones turned a dull red4 ,wrong trail1 eh8 said he easily2 where does this one go to8 ,sidenote3 ,jones and the ,trail ,why1 this isn't a trail6 ,i cried4 ,can't you see it's just fresh tracks made since morning8 ,this will take you to the fire1 and that's about all4 ,your trail is miles to the north of here4 ,for the moment he was crushed4 ,it was now too late to think of going back2 a short cut was impossible on account of the nature of the country4 ,finally ,i gave him a direction which would cut another trail--not where he had intended to go1 but at least leading to horse feed4 ,then ,i bade him farewell1 and rode on to the fire4 ,sidenote3 ,we ,put ,them ,right ,long after dark1 when hunting for the place the boys had camped1 ,i met that deluded outfit moving supperless1 homeless1 lost1 like ghosts in the glow of the fire line4 ,jones was cross and snapped at me when ,i asked him if he wasn't seeing a good deal of country4 ,but ,i looked at the tired faces of the other members of the party1 and my heart relented1 and ,i headed them for a meadow4 ,how far beyond is ,squaw ,dome8 asked ,jones as he started4 ,sixteen miles--about1 said ,i4 ,about eight hours the way you and ,i travel1 then1 said he4 ,about eight weeks the way you travel1 amended a ,ranger standing near4 ,two days later a shakemaker came to help us fight fire4 ,oh1 yes1 they passed my place1 said he4 ,i went out and tried to tell him he was off'n the trail1 but he waved me aside4 ',we have our maps1' says he1 very lofty4 ,twelve days subsequently ,i rode a day and a half to ,jackass ,meadow4 ,they told us the ,jones party just passed6 ,i wonder what became of them1 and how soon their barefooted horses got tender4 ,now the tenderfoot one helps out1 nor makes fun of1 for he is merely inexperienced and will learn4 ,but this man is in the mountains every summer4 ,he likewise wishes to rope bears4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,object ,lesson ,no better example could be instanced as to the value of camp alertness1 efficiency1 the use of one's head1 and the willingness to take advice4 ,i had with me at the time a younger brother whom ,i was putting through his first paces2 and ,jones was to me invaluable as an object lesson4 ,the purpose of this chapter is not to tell you how to do things1 but how to go at them4 ,if you can keep from getting lost1 and if you can keep awake1 you will at least reach home safe4 ,other items of mental and moral equipment you may need will come to you by natural development in the environment to which the wild life brings you4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,common ,,sense ,,in ,,the ,,wilderness ,sidenote3 ,overburdening ,,there is more danger that a man take too much than too little into the wilderness4 ,no matter how good his intentions may be1 how conscientiously he may follow advice1 or how carefully he may examine and re-examine his equipment1 he will surely find that he is carrying a great many pounds more than his companions1 the professionals at the business4 ,at first this may affect him but little4 ,he argues that he is constructed on a different pattern from these men1 that his training and education are such as to have developed in him needs and habits such as they have never known4 ,preconceived notions1 especially when one is fairly brought up in their influence1 are most difficult to shake off4 ,since we have worn coats all our lives1 we include a coat in our list of personal apparel just as unquestionably--even as unthinkingly--as we should include in our calculations air to breathe and water to drink4 ,the coat is an institution so absolutely one of man's invariable garments that it never even occurs to him to examine into its use or uselessness4 ,in like manner no city dweller brought up in proximity to laundries and on the firm belief that washing should be done all at once and at stated intervals can be convinced that he can keep clean and happy with but one shirt2 or that more than one handkerchief is a superfluity4 ,sidenote3 ,elimination ,yet in time1 if he is a woodsman1 and really thinks about such affairs instead of taking them for granted1 he will inevitably gravitate toward the correct view of these things4 ,some day he will wake up to the fact that he never wears a coat when working or traveling2 that about camp his sweater is more comfortable2 and that in sober fact he uses that rather bulky garment as little as any article in his outfit4 ,so he leaves it home1 and is by so much disencumbered4 ,in a similar manner he will realize that with the aid of cold-water soap the shirt he wears may be washed in one half hour and dried in the next4 ,meanwhile he dons his sweater1 ,a handkerchief is laundered complete in a quarter of an hour4 ,why carry extras1 then1 merely from a recollection of full bureau drawers8 ,sidenote3 ,essentials ,in this matter it is exceedingly difficult to be honest with oneself4 ,the best test is that of experience4 ,what ,i have found to be of no use to me1 may measure the difference between comfort and unhappiness to another man4 ,carry only essentials3 but the definition of the word is not so easy4 ,an essential is that which1 by each man's individual experience1 he has found he cannot do without4 ,sidenote3 ,how to ,determine ,essentials ,how to determine that8 ,i have elsewhere indicated#a a practical expedient1 which will however1 bear repetition here4 ,when you have reached home after your trip1 turn your duffle bag upside down on the floor4 ,separate the contents into three piles4 ,let pile ,no4 #a include those articles you have used every day--or nearly that often2 let pile ,no4 #b comprise those you have used but once2 and pile ,no4 #c those you have not used at all4 ,now1 no matter how your heart may yearn over the ,patent ,dingbat in ,no4 #c1 shut your eyes and resolutely discard the two latter piles4 ,naturally1 if you are strong-minded1 pile ,no4 #a will be a synonym for your equipment4 ,as a matter of fact you will probably not be as strong-minded as that4 ,you will argue to yourself somewhat in this fashion3 ,yes1 that is all very well2 but it was only a matter of sheer chance that the ,patent ,dingbat is not in pile ,no4 #a4 ,to be sure1 ,i did not use it on this particular trip2 but in other conditions ,i might need it every day4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,philosophy of ,duffle ,so you take it1 and keep on taking it1 and once in a great while you use it4 ,then some day you wake up to two more bits of camp philosophy which you formulate to yourself about as follows3 ,an article must pay in convenience or comfort for the trouble of its transportation2 and ,substitution1 even imperfect1 is better than the carrying of special conveniences4 ,then he hurls said ,patent ,dingbat into the nearest pool4 ,sidenote3 ,patent ,dingbats ,that hits directly at the weak point of the sporting catalogues4 ,every once in a while an enthusiast writes me of some new and handy kink he is ready to swear by4 ,it is indeed handy2 and if one could pluck it from the nearest bush when occasion for its use arose1 it would be a joy and a delight4 ,but carrying it four hundred miles to that occasion for its use is a very different matter4 ,the sporting catalogues are full of very handy kinks4 ,they are good to fool with and think about1 and plan over in the off season2 but when you pack your duffle bag you'd better put them on a shelf4 ,occasionally1 but mighty seldom1 you will find that something you need very much has gone into pile ,no4 #c4 ,make a note of it4 ,but do not be too hasty to write it down as part of your permanent equipment4 ,sidenote3 ,you ,must ,not ,mind ,getting ,wet ,sometimes ,the first summer ,i spent in the ,sierras ,i discovered that small noon showers needed neither tent nor slicker4 ,so next year ,i left them home1 and was1 off and on1 plenty wet and cold4 ,immediately ,i jumped to the conclusion that ,i had made a mistake4 ,it has not rained since4 ,so ,i decided that sporadic heavy rains do not justify the transportation of two cumbersome articles4 ,now when it rains in daytime ,i don't mind getting a little wet--for it is soon over2 and at night an adequate shelter can be built of the tarpaulin and a saddle blanket4 ,in other words the waterproofs could not pay1 in the course of say three-days' rain in a summer1 for the trouble of their transportation during four months4 ,as ,i have said1 the average man1 with the best intentions1 will not go too light1 and so ,i have laid especial emphasis on the necessity of discarding the unessential4 ,but there exists a smaller class who rush to the opposite extreme4 ,sidenote3 ,another ,sort of ,tenderfoot ,we all know the type4 ,he professes an inordinate scorn for comfort of all sorts4 ,if you are out with him you soon discover that he has a vast pride in being able to sleep on cobblestones--and does so at the edge of yellow pines with their long needles4 ,he eats badly cooked food4 ,he stands--or perhaps ,i should say poses--indifferent to a downpour when every one else has sought shelter4 ,in a cold climate he brings a single thin blanket4 ,his slogan seems to be3 ,this is good enough for me6 with the unspoken conclusion1 if it isn't good enough for you fellows1 you're pretty soft4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,tough ,youth ,the queer part of it is he usually manages to bully sensible men into his point of view4 ,they accept his bleak camps and voluntary hardships because they are ashamed to be less tough than he is4 ,and in town they are abashed before him when with a superior1 good-natured1 and tolerant laugh he tells the company in glee of how you brought with you a little pillow-case to stuff with moss4 ,bootleg is good enough for me6 he cries2 and every one marvels at his woodsmanship4 ,as a plain matter of fact this man is the worse of two types of tenderfoot4 ,the greenhorn does not know better2 but this man should4 ,he has mistaken utterly the problem of the wilderness4 ,the wild life is not to test how much the human frame can endure--although that often enough happens--but to test how well the human wits1 backed by an enduring body1 can answer the question of comfort4 ,comfort means minimum equipment2 comfort means bodily ease4 ,the task is to balance1 to reconcile these apparently opposing ideas4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,logic of ,woodcraft ,a man is skillful at woodcraft just in proportion as he approaches this balance4 ,knowing the wilderness he can be comfortable when a less experienced man would endure hardships4 ,conversely1 if a man endures hardships where a woodsman could be comfortable1 it argues not his toughness1 but his ignorance or foolishness1 which is exactly the case with our blatant friend of the drawing-room reputation4 ,probably no men endure more hardships than do those whose professions call them out of doors4 ,but they are unavoidable hardships4 ,the cowboy travels with a tin cup and a slicker2 the cruiser with a twenty-pound pack2 the prospector with a half blanket and a sack of pilot bread--when he has to4 ,but on round-up1 when the chuck wagon goes along1 the cow-puncher has his roll2 on drive with the wangan the cruiser sends his ample turkey2 and the prospector with a burro train takes plenty to keep him comfortable4 ,surely even the ,tough ,youth could hardly accuse these men of being soft4 ,sidenote3 ,outfit ,should ,correspond to ,means of ,transportation ,you must in this matter consider what your means of transportation are to be4 ,it would be as foolish to confine your outfit for pack horses to the equipment you would carry on your own back in the forests1 as it would be to limit yourself to a pack horse outfit when traveling across country in a ,pullman car4 ,when you have horses it is good to carry a few--a very few--canned goods4 ,the corners of the kyacks will accommodate them2 and once in a blue moon a single item of luxury chirks you up wonderfully and gives you quite a new outlook on life4 ,so you chuck them in1 and are no more bothered by them until the psychological moment4 ,illustration3 ,the author doing a little washing on his own account ,on a walking trip1 however1 the affair is different4 ,you can take canned goods1 if you want to4 ,but their transportation would require another ,indian2 another ,indian means more grub and more equipment2 and so at the last you find yourself at the head of an unwieldy caravan4 ,you find it much pleasanter to cut the canned goods1 and to strike out with a single companion4 ,sidenote3 ,common ,sense ,should ,rule ,after all1 it is an affair of common sense2 but even common sense when confronted by a new problem1 needs a certain directing4 ,the province of these articles is to offer that direction2 ,i do not claim that my way is the only way1 nor am ,i rash enough to claim it is the best way4 ,but it is my way1 and if any one will follow it1 he will be as comfortable and as well suited as ,i am1 which is at least better than going it blind4 ,,footnote3 #a ,the ,forest4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,personal ,,equipment ,,in discussion of the details of equipment1 ,i shall first of all take up in turn each and every item you could possibly need1 whether you intend to travel by horse1 by canoe1 or on your own two feet4 ,of course you will not carry all of these things on any one trip4 ,what is permissible for horse traveling would be absurd for a walking trip2 and some things--such as a waterproof duffle bag--which you would need on a foot tramp1 would be useless where you have kyacks and a tarpaulin to protect your belongings4 ,therefore ,i shall first enumerate all articles of all three classes of equipment2 and then in a final summary segregate them into their proper categories4 ,sidenote3 ,concerning ,hats ,sidenote3 ,stetson ,hat the ,best ,long experience by men practically concerned seems to prove that a rather heavy felt hat is the best for all around use4 ,even in hot sun it seems to be the most satisfactory1 as1 with proper ventilation1 it turns the sun's rays better even than light straw4 ,witness the ,arizona cowboy on his desert ranges4 ,you will want a good hat1 the best in material that money can buy4 ,a cheap article sags in the brim1 tears in the crown1 and wets through like blotting paper the first time it rains4 ,i have found the ,stetson1 of the five to seven dollar grade1 the most satisfactory4 ,if it is intended for woods travel where you are likely to encounter much brush1 get it of medium brim4 ,in those circumstances ,i find it handy to buy a size smaller than usual1 and then to rip out the sweat band4 ,the friction of the felt directly against the forehead and the hair will hold it on in spite of pretty sharp tugs by thorns and wind4 ,in the mountains or on the plains1 you can indulge in a wider and stiffer brim4 ,two buckskin thongs sewn on either side and to tie under the back hair will hold it on1 even against a head wind4 ,a test will show you how this can be4 ,a leather band and buckle--or miniature cinch and latigos--gives added security4 ,i generally cut ample holes for ventilation4 ,in case of too many mosquitoes ,i stuff my handkerchief in the crown4 ,sidenote3 ,kerchiefs ,about your neck you will want to wear a silk kerchief4 ,this is to keep out dust1 and to prevent your neck from becoming reddened and chapped4 ,it1 too1 should be of the best quality4 ,the poorer grades go to pieces soon1 and their colors are not fast4 ,get it big enough4 ,at night you will make a cap of it to sleep in2 and if ever you happen to be caught without extra clothes where it is very cold1 you will find that the kerchief tied around your middle1 and next the skin1 will help surprisingly4 ,sidenote3 ,coats ,a coat is useless absolutely4 ,a sweater is better as far as warmth goes2 a waistcoat beats it for pockets4 ,you will not wear it during the day2 it wads up too much to be of much use at night4 ,even your trousers rolled up make a better temporary pillow4 ,leave it home2 and you will neither regret it nor miss it4 ,sidenote3 ,sweaters ,for warmth1 as ,i have said1 you will have your sweater4 ,in this case1 too1 ,i would impress the desirability of purchasing the best you can buy4 ,and let it be a heavy one1 of gray or a neutral brown4 ,sidenote3 ,buckskin ,shirts ,but to my mind the best extra garment is a good ample buckskin shirt4 ,it is less bulky than the sweater1 of less weight1 and much warmer1 especially in a wind1 while for getting through brush noiselessly it cannot be improved upon4 ,i do not know where you can buy one2 but in any case get it ample in length and breadth1 and without the fringe4 ,the latter used to possess some significance beside ornamentation1 for in case of need the wilderness hunter could cut from it thongs and strings as he needed them4 ,nowadays a man in a fringed buckskin shirt is generally a fake built to deceive tourists4 ,on the other hand a plain woodsmanlike garment1 worn loose and belted at the waist1 looks always at once comfortable and appropriate4 ,be sure that the skins of which it is made are smoke tanned4 ,the smoke tanned article will dry soft1 while the ordinary skin is hardening to almost the consistency of rawhide4 ,good buckskins are difficult to get hold of--and it will take five to make you a good shirt--but for this use they last practically forever4 ,sidenote3 ,overshirts ,of course such a garment is distinctly an extra or outside garment4 ,you would find it too warm for ordinary wear4 ,the outer shirt of your daily habit is best made of rather a light weight of gray flannel4 ,most new campers indulge in a very thick navy blue shirt1 mainly1 ,i believe1 because it contrasts picturesquely with a bandana around the neck4 ,such a shirt almost always crocks1 is sure to fade1 shows dirt1 and is altogether too hot4 ,a lighter weight furnishes all the protection you need to your underclothes and turns sun quite as well4 ,gray is a neutral color1 and seems less often than any other to shame you to the wash soap4 ,a great many wear an ordinary cotton work shirt1 relying for warmth on the underclothes4 ,there is no great objection to this1 except that flannel is better should you get rained on4 ,sidenote3 ,underclothes ,the true point of comfort is1 however1 your underwear4 ,it should be of wool4 ,i know that a great deal has been printed against it1 and a great many hygienic principles are invoked to prove that linen1 cotton1 or silk are better4 ,but experience with all of them merely leads back to the starting point4 ,if one were certain never to sweat freely1 and never to get wet1 the theories might hold4 ,but once let linen or cotton or silk undergarments get thoroughly moistened1 the first chilly little wind is your undoing4 ,you will shiver and shake before the hottest fire1 and nothing short of a complete change and a rub-down will do you any good4 ,now1 of course in the wilderness you expect to undergo extremes of temperature1 and occasionally to pass unprotected through a rainstorm or a stream4 ,then you will discover that wool dries quickly2 that even when damp it soon warms comfortably to the body4 ,i have waded all day in early spring freshet water with no positive discomfort except for the cold ring around my legs which marked the surface of the water4 ,sidenote3 ,wear ,woolen ,underclothes ,always ,and if you are wise1 you will wear full long-sleeved woolen undershirts even on a summer trip4 ,if it is a real trip1 you are going to sweat anyway1 no matter how you strip down to the work4 ,and sooner or later the sun will dip behind a cloud or a hill2 or a cool breezelet will wander to you resting on the slope2 or the inevitable chill of evening will come out from the thickets to greet you--and you will be very glad of your woolen underwear4 ,a great many people go to the opposite extreme4 ,they seem to think that because they are to live in the open air1 they will probably freeze4 ,as a consequence of this delusion1 they purchase underclothes an inch thick4 ,this is foolishness1 not only because such a weight is unnecessary and unhealthful1 but also--even if it were merely a question of warmth--because one suit of thick garments is not nearly so warm as two suits of thin4 ,whenever the weather turns very cold on you1 just put on the extra undershirt over the one you are wearing1 and you will be surprised to discover how much warmth two gauze tissues--with the minute air space between them--can give4 ,therefore1 though you must not fail to get full length woolen underclothes1 you need not buy them of great weight4 ,the thinnest ,jaeger is about right4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,laundry ,problem ,two undershirts and three pairs of drawers are all you ever will need on the most elaborate trip4 ,you perhaps cannot believe that until you have gotten away from the idea that laundry must be done all at once4 ,in the woods it is much handier to do it a little at a time4 ,soap your outershirt at night2 rinse it in the morning2 dry it on top of your pack during the first two hours4 ,in the meantime wear your sweater2 or1 if it is warm enough1 appear in your undershirt4 ,when you change your underclothes--which should be one garment at a time--do the same thing4 ,thus always you will be possessed of a clean outfit without the necessity of carrying a lot of extras4 ,sidenote3 ,trousers ,the matter of trousers is an important one2 for unless you are possessed of abundant means of transportation1 those you have on will be all you will take4 ,i used to include an extra pair1 but got over it4 ,even when trout fishing ,i found that by the time ,i had finished standing around the fire cooking1 or yarning1 ,i might have to change the underdrawers1 but the trousers themselves had dried well enough4 ,and patches are not too difficult a maneuver4 ,sidenote3 ,moleskin and ,khaki ,the almost universal wear in the ,west is the copper-riveted blue canvas overall4 ,they are very good in that they wear well4 ,otherwise they are stiff and noisy in the brush4 ,kersey is excellent where much wading is to be done or much rainy weather encountered--in fact it is the favorite driving trousers with rivermen--but like all woven woolen materials it picks out in bad brush4 ,corduroy ,i would not have as a gift4 ,it is very noisy1 and each raindrop that hits it spreads at once to the size of a silver dollar4 ,i verily believe an able pair of corduroys can1 when feeling good1 soak up ten pounds of water4 ,good moleskin dries well1 and until it begins to give out is soft and tough4 ,but it is like the one-hoss shay3 when it starts to go1 it does the job up completely in a few days4 ,the difficulty is to guess when that moment is due to arrive4 ,anything but the best quality is worthless4 ,khaki has lately come into popularity4 ,it wears remarkably well1 dries quickly1 and is excellent in all but one particular3 it shows every spot of dirt4 ,a pair of khakis three days along on the trail look as though they had been out a year4 ,the new green khaki is a little better4 ,buckskin is all right until you get it wet1 then you have--temporarily--enough material to make three pairs and one for the boy4 ,the best trousers ,i know of is a combination of the latter two materials4 ,i bought a pair of the ordinary khaki army riding breeches1 and had a tailor cover them completely--fore1 aft1 and sideways--with some good smoke-tanned buckskin ,i happened to have4 ,it took a skin and a half4 ,these ,i have worn now for three seasons1 in all kinds of country1 in all kinds of weather1 and they are to-day as good as when ,i constructed them4 ,in still hunting they are noiseless2 horseback they do not chafe2 in cold weather they are warm1 and the hot sun they turn4 ,the khaki holds the stretch of buckskin when wet--as they have been for a week at a time4 ,up to date the smoke tan has dried them soft4 ,altogether they are the most satisfactory garment of this kind ,i have experimented with4 ,there remains the equally important subject of footwear4 ,sidenote3 ,socks ,get heavy woolen lumberman's socks1 and wear them in and out of season4 ,they are not one whit hotter on the feet than the thinnest you can buy1 for the impervious leather of the shoe is really what keeps in the animal heat--the sock has little to do with it4 ,you will find the soft thick wool an excellent cushion for a long tramp2 and with proper care to avoid wrinkles1 you will never become tender-footed nor chafed4 ,at first it seems ridiculous to draw on such thick and apparently hot socks when the sun peeping over the rim of the desert promises you a scorching day4 ,nothing but actual experience will convince you2 but ,i am sure that if you will give the matter a fair test1 you will come inevitably to my conclusion4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,ideal ,footwear ,if a man were limited to a choice between moccasins and shoes1 it would be very difficult to decide wisely which he should take4 ,each has its manifest advantages over the other1 and neither can entirely take the place of the other4 ,the ideal footwear should give security1 be easy on the feet1 wear well1 and give absolute protection4 ,these qualities ,i have named approximately in the order of their importance4 ,sidenote3 ,security of footing ,security of footing depends on the nature of the ground over which you are traveling4 ,hobnails only will hold you on a slope covered with pine needles1 for instance2 both leather and buckskin there become as slippery as glass4 ,in case of smooth rocks1 however1 your hobnails are positively dangerous1 as they slide from under you with all the vicious force and suddenness of unaccustomed skates4 ,clean leather is much better1 and buckskin is the best of all4 ,often in hunting deer along the ledges of the deep box caons ,i1 with my moccasins1 have walked confidently up slants of smooth rock on which my hobnailed companion was actually forced to his hands and knees4 ,undoubtedly also a man carrying a pack through mixed forest is surer of his footing and less liable to turned ankles in moccasins than in boots4 ,my experience has been that with the single exception mentioned1 ,i have felt securer in the buckskin4 ,illustration3 ,mountain on mountain towering high1 ,and a valley in between ,sidenote3 ,ease ,as for ease to the feet1 that is of course a matter of opinion4 ,undoubtedly at first the moccasin novice is literally a tenderfoot4 ,but after astonishingly few days of practice a man no longer notices the lack of a sole4 ,i have always worn moccasins more or less in the woods1 and now can walk over pebbles or knife-edge stones without the slightest discomfort4 ,in fact the absence of rolling and slipping in that sort of shifting footing turns the scale quite the other way4 ,sidenote3 ,wear ,the matter of wear is not so important4 ,it would seem at first glance that the one thin layer of buckskin would wear out before the several thick layers of a shoe's sole4 ,such is not always the case4 ,a good deal depends on the sort of ground you cover4 ,if you wet moccasins1 and then walk down hill with them over granite shale1 you can get holes to order4 ,boots wear rapidly in the same circumstances4 ,on the other hand ,i have on at this moment a pair of mooseskin moccasins purchased three years ago at a ,hudson's ,bay ,company's post1 which have seen two summers' off and on service in the ,sierras4 ,barring extraordinary conditions1 ,i should say that each in its proper use1 a pair of boots and a pair of moccasins would last about the same length of time4 ,the moccasin1 however1 has this advantage3 it can be readily patched1 and even a half dozen extra pairs take up little room in the pack4 ,sidenote3 ,waterproofing ,absolute protection must remain a tentative term4 ,no footwear ,i have succeeded in discovering gives absolute protection4 ,where there is much work to be done in the water1 ,i think boots are the warmest and most comfortable1 though no leather is perfectly waterproof4 ,moccasins then become slimpsy1 stretched1 and loathsome4 ,so likewise moccasins are not much good in damp snow1 though in dry snow they are unexcelled4 ,in my own practice ,i wear boots on a horseback trip1 and carry moccasins in my pack for general walking4 ,in the woods ,i pack four pair of moccasins4 ,in a canoe1 moccasins of course4 ,sidenote3 ,about ,boots ,do not make the common mistake of getting tremendously heavy boots4 ,they are clumsy to place1 burdensome to carry1 and stiff and unpliable to the chafing point4 ,the average amateur woodsman seems to think a pair of elephantine brogans is the proper thing--a sort of badge of identification in the craft4 ,if he adds big hobnails to make tracks with1 he is sure of himself4 ,a medium weight boot1 of medium height1 with medium heavy soles armed only with the small ,hungarian hobnail is about the proper thing4 ,get them eight inches high2 supplied with very large eyelets part way1 then the heaviest hooks1 finishing with two more eyelets at the top4 ,the latter will prevent the belt-lacing you will use as shoestrings from coming unhooked4 ,you will see many advertisements of waterproof leather boots4 ,no such thing is made4 ,some with good care will exclude water for a while1 if you stay in it but a few minutes at a time1 but sooner or later as the fibers become loosened the water will penetrate4 ,in the case of the show window exhibit of the shoe standing in a pan of water1 pressure of the foot and ground against the leather is lacking1 which of course makes all the difference4 ,this porosity is really desirable4 ,a shoe wholly waterproof would retain and condense the perspiration to such an extent that the feet would be as wet at the end of the day4 ,such is the case with rubber boots4 ,all you want is a leather that will permit you to splash through a marsh1 a pool1 or a little stream1 and will not seek to emulate blotting paper in its haste to become saturated4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,most ,durable ,boots ,of the boots ,i have tried1 and that means a good many1 ,i think the ,putman boot and the river driver's boot1 made by ,a4 ,a4 ,cutter of ,eau ,claire1 ,wis41 are made of the most durable material4 ,the ,putman boot is the more expensive2 and in the case of the three pairs ,i know of personally1 the sewing has been defective4 ,the material1 however1 wears remarkably well1 and remains waterproof somewhat longer than any of the others4 ,on the other hand the ,cutter shoe is built primarily for rivermen and timber cruisers of the northern forests1 and is at once cheap and durable4 ,it has a brace of sole leather about the heel which keeps the latter upright and prevents it running over4 ,it is an easier shoe on the foot than any of the others1 but does not remain waterproof quite so long as the ,putman4 ,although1 undoubtedly1 many other makes are as good1 you will not go astray in purchasing one of these two4 ,sidenote3 ,rubber ,no shoe is waterproof for even a short time in wet snow4 ,rubber is then the only solution1 usually in the shape of a shoe rubber with canvas tops4 ,truth to tell1 melting snow is generally so very cold that you will be little troubled with interior condensation4 ,likewise many years' experience in grouse hunting through the thickets and swamps of ,michigan drove me finally to light hip rubber boots4 ,the time was always the autumn2 the place was always more or less muddy and wet--in spots of course--and there was always the greater or lesser possibility of snow4 ,my native town was a great grouse shooting center1 and all hunters1 old and young1 came to the same conclusion4 ,but wet snow1 such hunting1 and of course the duck marsh1 seem to me the only excuses for rubber4 ,trout fishing is more comfortable in woolen than in waders4 ,the latter are clumsy and hot4 ,i have known of two instances of drowning because the victims were weighted down by them4 ,and ,i should much prefer getting wet from without than from within4 ,you will have your choice of three kinds of moccasin--the oil-tanned shoe pac1 the deerhide1 and the moosehide4 ,sidenote3 ,shoe ,pacs ,the shoe pac is about as waterproof as the average waterproof shoe1 and would be the best for all purposes were it not for the fact that its very imperviosity renders it too hot4 ,in addition continuous wear affects the oil in the tanning process to produce rather an evil odor4 ,the shoe pacs are very useful1 however1 and where ,i carry but two pairs of moccasins1 one is of the oil tan4 ,shoe pacs can be purchased of any sporting goods dealer4 ,sidenote3 ,moccasins ,the deerhide moccasin1 in spite of its thinner texture1 wears about as well as the moosehide1 is less bulky to carry1 but stretches more when wet and is not as easy on the feet4 ,i use either sort as ,i happen to get hold of them4 ,genuine buckskin or moose is rather scarce4 ,commercial moccasins with the porcupine quills and ,souvenir of ,mackinaw on them are made by machinery out of sheepskin4 ,they are absolutely useless1 and last about long enough to get out of sight of the shop4 ,a great majority of the moccasins sold as sportsman's supplies are likewise very bogus4 ,my own wear ,i have always purchased of ,hudson's ,bay posts4 ,undoubtedly many reliable firms carry them2 but ,i happen to know by personal experience that the ,putman ,boot ,company of ,minneapolis have the real thing4 ,sidenote3 ,waistcoats ,proceeding to more outer garments1 a waistcoat is a handy affair4 ,in warm weather you leave it open and hardly know you have it on2 in cold weather you button it up1 and it affords excellent protection4 ,likewise it possesses the advantage of numerous pockets4 ,these you will have your women folk extend and deepen for you1 until your compass1 notebook1 pipe1 matches1 and so forth fit nicely in them4 ,as it is to be used as an outside garment1 have the back lined4 ,if you have shot enough deer to get around to waistcoats1 nothing could be better by way of material than the ever-useful buckskin4 ,sidenote3 ,waterproofs ,i am no believer in waterproof garments4 ,once ,i owned a pantasote outer coat which ,i used to assume whenever it rained4 ,ordinarily when it is warm enough to rain1 it is warm enough to cause you to perspire under the exertion of walking in a pantasote coat4 ,this ,i discovered4 ,shortly ,i would get wet1 and would be quite unable to decide whether the rain had soaked through from the outside or ,i had soaked through from the inside4 ,after that ,i gave the coat away to a man who had not tried it1 and was happy4 ,if ,i must walk in the rain ,i prefer to put on a sweater--the rough wool of which will turn water for some time and the texture of which allows ventilation4 ,then the chances are that even if ,i soak through ,i do not get a reactionary chill from becoming overheated4 ,sidenote3 ,ponchos ,in camp you will know enough to go in when it rains4 ,when you have to sally forth you will thrust your head through the hole in the middle of your rubber blanket4 ,when thus equipped the rubber blanket is known as a poncho1 and is most useful because it can be used for two purposes4 ,sidenote3 ,slickers ,horseback in a rainy country is1 however1 a different matter4 ,there transportation is not on your back1 but another's2 and sitting a horse is not violent exercise4 ,some people like a poncho4 ,i have always found its lower edge cold1 clumsy1 and wet1 much inclined to blow about1 and apt to soak your knees and the seat of your saddle4 ,the cowboy slicker cannot be improved upon4 ,it is different in build from the ordinary oilskin4 ,call for a pommel slicker1 and be sure it is apparently about two sizes too large for you4 ,thus you will cover your legs4 ,should you be forced to walk1 a belt around your waist will always enable you to tuck it up like a comic opera king4 ,it is sure ludicrous to view1 but that does not matter4 ,sidenote3 ,chaparejos ,apropos of protecting your legs1 there remains still the question of chaparejos or chaps4 ,unless you are likely to be called on to ride at some speed through thorny brush1 or unless you expect to ride very wet indeed1 they are a useless affectation4 ,the cowboy needs them because he does a great deal of riding of the two kinds just mentioned4 ,probably you will not4 ,i have had perhaps a dozen occasions to put them on4 ,if you must have them1 get either oil-tanned or hair chaps4 ,either of these sheds water like a tin roof4 ,the hair chaps will not last long in a thorny country4 ,sidenote3 ,gloves ,you will need furthermore a pair of gloves of some sort1 not for constant wear1 nor merely for warmth1 but to protect you in the handling of pack ropes1 lead ropes1 and cooking utensils4 ,a good buckskin gauntlet is serviceable1 as the cuffs keep the cold breezes from playing along your forearm to your shoulder1 and exclude the dust4 ,when you can get hold of the army gauntlet1 as you sometimes can in the military stores1 buy them4 ,lacking genuine buckskin1 the lighter grades of asbestos yellow tan are the best4 ,they cost about two dollars4 ,to my notion a better rig is an ordinary pair of short gloves1 supplemented by the close-fitting leather cuffs of a cowboy's outfit4 ,the latter hold the wrist snugly1 exclude absolutely chill and dirt1 and in addition save wear and soiling of the shirt cuff4 ,they do not pick up twigs1 leaves1 and rubbish funnel wise1 as a gauntlet cuff is apt to do4 ,that1 ,i think1 completes your wearing apparel4 ,let us now take up the contents of your pockets1 and your other personal belongings4 ,,summary ,minimum for comfort ,felt hat ,silk kerchief ,waistcoat ,buckskin shirt or sweater ,gray flannel shirt #b undershirts and drawers ,trousers--buckskin over khaki #c pairs heavy socks #c pairs moccasins or #a pair boots #a pair moccasins ,gloves and leather cuffs ,maximum ,felt hat ,silk kerchief ,waistcoat ,buckskin shirt and sweater ,gray flannel shirt #b undershirts1 #c drawers 7includes one suit you wear7 ,trousers #d pairs socks #a pair boots ,moccasins ,slicker ,gloves and leather cuffs ,,chapter ,,iv ,,personal ,,equipment 7,continued7 ,sidenote3 ,matches ,,matches1 knife1 and a compass are the three indispensables4 ,by way of ignition you will take a decided step backward from present-day civilization in that you will pin your faith to the old sulphur eight-day matches of your fathers4 ,this for several reasons4 ,in the first place they come in blocks1 unseparated1 which are easily carried without danger of rubbing one against the other4 ,in the second place1 they take up about a third the room the same number of wooden matches would require4 ,in the third place1 they are easier to light in a wind1 for they do not flash up and out1 but persist4 ,and finally1 if wet1 they can be spread out and dried in the sun1 which is the most important of all4 ,so buy you a nickel's worth of sulphur matches4 ,illustration3 ,one of the mishaps to be expected ,sidenote3 ,match ,safes ,the main supply you will pack in some sort of waterproof receptacle4 ,i read a story recently in which a man was recognized as a true woodsman because he carried his matches in a bottle4 ,he must have had good luck4 ,the cardinal principle of packing is never to carry any glassware4 ,ninety and nine days it may pass safely1 but the hundredth will smash it as sure as some people's shooting4 ,and then you have jam1 or chili powder1 or syrup1 or whiskey1 all over the place--or else no matches4 ,any good screw top can--or better still1 two telescoping tubes--is infinitely better4 ,the day's supply you will put in your pocket4 ,a portion can go in a small waterproof match safe2 but as it is a tremendous nuisance to be opening such a contrivance every time you want a smoke1 ,i should advise you to stick a block in your waistcoat pocket1 where you can get at them easily4 ,if you are going a-wading1 and pockets are precarious1 you will find your hat band handy4 ,the waterproof pocket safe is numerous on the market4 ,a ten-gauge brass shell will just chamber a twelve-gauge4 ,put your matches in the twelve-gauge1 and telescope the ten over it4 ,abercrombie ,fitch1 of ,new ,york1 make a screw top safe of rubber1 which has the great advantage of floating if dropped1 but it is too bulky and the edges are too sharp4 ,the ,marble safe1 made by the ,marble ,axe ,company1 is ingenious and certainly waterproof2 but if it gets bent in the slightest degree1 it jams1 and you can no longer screw it shut4 ,therefore ,i consider it useless for this reason4 ,a very convenient and cheap emergency contrivance is the flint and steel pocket cigar lighter to be had at most cigar stores4 ,with it as a reserve you are sure of a fire no matter how wet the catastrophe4 ,sidenote3 ,knives ,your knife should be a medium size two-bladed affair1 of the best quality4 ,do not get it too large and heavy4 ,you can skin and quarter a deer with an ordinary jackknife4 ,avoid the kit knives4 ,they are mighty handy contraptions4 ,i owned one with two blades1 a thoroughly practicable can opener1 an awl or punch1 a combined reamer1 nail pull and screwdriver1 and a corkscrew4 ,it was a delight for as long as it lasted4 ,the trouble with such knives is that they are too round1 so that sooner or later they are absolutely certain to roll out of your pocket and be lost4 ,it makes no difference how your pockets are constructed1 nor how careful you are1 that result is inevitable4 ,then you will feel badly--and go back to your old flat two-bladed implement that you simply cannot lose4 ,sidenote3 ,sheath ,knives ,a butcher knife of good make is one of the best and cheapest of sheath knives4 ,the common mistake among amateur hunters is that of buying too heavy a knife with too thick a blade4 ,unless you expect to indulge in hand to hand conflicts1 or cut brush1 such a weapon is excessive4 ,i myself have carried for the last seven years a rather thin and broad blade made by the ,marble ,axe ,company on the butcher knife pattern4 ,this company advertises in its catalogue a knife as used by myself4 ,they are mistaken4 ,the knife ,i mean is a longer bladed affair1 called a kitchen or camp knife4 ,it is a most excellent piece of steel1 holds an edge well1 and is useful alike as a camp and hunting knife4 ,the fact that ,i have killed some thirty-four wild boars with it shows that it is not to be despised as a weapon4 ,sidenote3 ,compasses ,your compass should be large enough for accuracy1 with a jewel movement4 ,such an instrument can be purchased for from one to two dollars4 ,it is sheer extravagance to go in for anything more expensive unless you are a yachtsman or intend to run survey lines4 ,sidenote3 ,concerning ,guns ,i have hesitated much before deciding to say anything whatever of the sporting outfit4 ,the subject has been so thoroughly discussed by men so much more competent than myself2 there are so many theories with which ,i confess myself not at all conversant1 and my own experience has been so limited in the variety of weapons and tackle1 that ,i hardly felt qualified to speak4 ,however1 ,i reflected that this whole series of articles does not pretend to be in any way authoritative1 nor does it claim to present the only or the best equipment in any branch of wilderness travel1 but only to set forth the results of my own twenty years more or less of pretty steady outdoor life4 ,so likewise it may interest the reader to hear about the contents of my own gunrack1 even though he himself would have chosen much more wisely4 ,sidenote3 ,my ,rifle ,my rifle is a 4#cj-4dj box magazine ,winchester1 with ,lyman sights4 ,this ,i have heard is not a particularly accurate gun4 ,also it is stated that after a few hundred shots it becomes still more inaccurate because of a residue which only special process can remove from the rifling4 ,this may be4 ,i only know that my own rifle to-day1 after ten years' service1 will still shoot as closely as ,i know how to hold it1 although it has sixty-four notches on its stock and has probably been fired first and last--at big game1 small game1 and targets--upward of a thousand times4 ,i use the ,lyman aperture sight except in the dusk of evening1 when a folding bar sight takes its place4 ,at the time ,i bought this rifle the 4#cc and 4#ce had not been issued1 and ,i thought1 and still think1 the 4#cj-4cj too light for sure work on any animal larger than a deer4 ,i have never used the 4#ce1 but like the 4#cc very much4 ,the old low-power guns ,i used to shoot a great deal1 but have not for some years4 ,sidenote3 ,pistol a ,handy ,weapon ,the handiest weapon for a woods trip where small game is plentiful is a single-shot pistol4 ,mine is a ,smith ,wesson1 blued1 six-inch barrel1 shooting the 4#bb caliber long-rifle cartridge4 ,an eight-inch barrel is commonly offered by the sporting dealers1 but the six-inch is practically as accurate1 and less cumbersome to carry4 ,the ammunition is compact and light4 ,with this little pistol ,i have killed in plenty ducks1 geese1 grouse1 and squirrels1 so that at times ,i have gone two or three months without the necessity of shooting a larger weapon4 ,such a pistol takes practice1 however1 and a certain knack4 ,you must keep at it until you can get four out of five bullets in a three-inch bull's-eye at twenty yards before you can even hope to accomplish much in the field4 ,sidenote3 ,revolver ,experiences ,my six-shooter is a 4#de ,colt1 ,new ,service model4 ,it is fitted with ,lyman revolver sights4 ,originally it was a self-cocker1 but ,i took out the dog and converted it to single action4 ,the trigger pull on the double action is too heavy for me1 and when ,i came to file it down1 ,i found the double action caused a double jerk disconcerting to steady holding4 ,now it goes off smoothly and almost at a touch--the only conditions under which ,i can do much with a revolver4 ,it is a very reliable weapon indeed1 balances better than the single-action model1 and possesses great smashing power4 ,i have killed three deer in their tracks with it1 and much smaller game4 ,this summer1 however1 ,i had the opportunity of shooting a good deal with two ,i like better4 ,one is the ,officer's ,model ,colt1 chambered to shoot interchangeably either the 4#ch ,colt long or short1 or the 4#ch ,smith ,wesson special4 ,in finish it is a beautiful weapon1 its grip fits the hand1 its action is smooth1 and it is wonderfully accurate4 ,the other is the special target 4#dd ,russian4 ,the automatics ,i do not care for simply because ,i never learned to shoot with the heavier trigger pull necessary to their action4 ,sidenote3 ,shot ,guns ,i have two shotguns4 ,one ,i have shot twenty-one years4 ,it has killed thousands of game birds1 is a hard hitter1 throws an excellent pattern1 and is as strong and good as the day it was bought4 ,i use it to-day for every sort of shooting except ducks1 though often ,i have had it in the blinds lacking the heavier weapon4 ,it is doubtful if there are in use to-day many guns with longer service1 counting not so much the mere years of its performance1 as the actual amount of hunting it has done4 ,the time of its construction was before the days of the hammerless4 ,it was made by ,w4 ,c4 ,scott ,sons1 is #af gauge1 and cost #abe4 ,my other is a heavily choked ,parker twelve4 ,it ,i use for wild fowl1 and occasionally at the trap4 ,the main point with guns1 no matter what the kind1 is to keep them in good shape4 ,after shooting1 clean them1 no matter how tired you may be4 ,it is no great labor4 ,in the field a string cleaner will do the business1 but at once when you get to permanent camp use a rod and elbow grease4 ,in a damp country1 oil them afresh every day2 so they will give you good service4 ,the barrels of my #af are as bright as new4 ,the cleaning rods you can put in your leather fishing-rod case4 ,sidenote3 ,duffle ,bags ,now all these things of which we have made mention must be transported4 ,the duffle bag is the usual receptacle for them4 ,it should be of some heavy material1 waterproofed1 and should not be too large4 ,a good one is of pantasote1 with double top to tie4 ,one of these went the length of a rapids1 and was fished out without having shipped a drop4 ,on a horseback trip1 however1 such a contrivance is at once unnecessary and difficult to pack4 ,it is too long and stiff to go easily in the kyacks1 and does not agree well with the bedding on top4 ,this is really no great matter4 ,the heavy kyacks1 and the tarpaulin over everything1 furnish all needed protection against wet and abrasion4 ,a bag of some thinner and more pliable material is quite as good4 ,brown denim1 unbleached cotton1 or even a clean flour sack1 are entirely adequate4 ,you will find it handy to have them built with puckering strings4 ,the strings so employed will not get lost1 and can be used as a loop to hang the outfit from a branch when in camp4 ,sidenote3 ,toilet ,articles ,a similar but smaller bag is useful to be reserved entirely as a toilet bag4 ,tar soap in a square--not round--celluloid case is the most cleansing4 ,a heavy rubber band will hold the square case together4#b ,the tooth brush should also have its case4 ,tooth wash comes in glass1 which is taboo2 tooth powder is sure sooner or later to leak out4 ,i like best any tooth soap which is sold in handy flat tin boxes1 and cannot spill4 ,if you are sensible you will not be tenderfoot enough to go in for the discomfort of a new beard4 ,razors can be kept from rusting by wrapping them in a square of surgeon's oiled silk4 ,have your towel of brown crash--never of any white material4 ,the latter is so closely woven that dirt gets into the very fiber of it1 and cannot be washed out4 ,crash1 however1 is of looser texture1 softens quickly1 and does not show every speck of dust4 ,if you have the room for it1 a rough towel1 while not absolutely necessary1 is nevertheless a great luxury4 ,sidenote3 ,medicines ,by way of medicines1 stick to the tablet form4 ,a strong compact medicine case is not expensive4 ,it should contain antiseptics1 permanganate for snake bites1 a laxative1 cholera remedy1 quinine1 and morphine4 ,in addition antiseptic bandages and rubber or surgeon's plaster should be wrapped in oiled silk and included in the duffle outfit4 ,the fly problem is serious in some sections of the country and at some times of year4 ,a head net is sometimes useful about camp or riding in the open--never when walking in the woods4 ,the ordinary mosquito bar is too fragile4 ,one of bobbinet that fits ingeniously is very effective4 ,this and gloves will hold you immune--but you cannot smoke1 nor spit on the bait4 ,sidenote3 ,fly ,dopes ,the two best fly dopes of the many ,i have tried are a commercial mixture called lollacapop1 and ,nessmuk's formula4 ,the lollacapop comes in tin boxes1 and so is handy to carry1 but does not wear quite as well as the other4 ,nessmuk's dope is3 ,oil pine tar #c parts ,castor oil #b parts ,oil pennyroyal #a part ,sidenote3 ,fly ,dopes ,it is most effective4 ,a dab on each cheek and one behind each ear will repel the fly of average voracity1 while a full coating will save you in the worst circumstances4 ,a single dose will last until next wash time4 ,it is best carried in the tiny one drink whiskey flasks1 holding1 ,i suppose1 two or three ounces4 ,one flask full will last you all summer4 ,at first the pine tar smell will bother you1 but in a short time you will get to like it4 ,it will call up to your memory the reaches of trout streams1 and the tall still aisles of the forests4 ,,summary ,minimum for comfort ,matches and safe ,pocket knife 7#b blade7 ,sheath knife ,compass #a bandana ,sporting outfit ,duffle bag ,soap and case ,crash towel ,tooth brush ,tooth soap ,shaving set in oiled silk ,medicines and bandages ,fly dope 7sometimes7 ,maximum ,matches and safe ,pocket knife ,sheath knife ,compass #b bandanas ,sporting outfit ,duffle bag ,soap and case ,crash towel ,bath towel ,tooth brush ,tooth soap ,shaving set in oiled silk ,medicines and bandages ,fly dope and head net ,,footnote3 #b ,kephart1 in his excellent book on ,camping and ,woodcraft1 suggests carrying soap in a rubber tobacco pouch4 ,this is a good idea4 ,,chapter ,v ,,camp ,,outfit ,sidenote3 ,tents ,,in many sections of the country you will need a tent1 even when traveling afoot4 ,formerly a man had to make a choice between canvas1 which is heavy but fairly waterproof1 and drill1 which is light but flimsy4 ,a seven by seven duck tent weighs fully twenty-five pounds when dry1 and a great many more when wet4 ,it will shed rain as long as you do not hit against it4 ,a touch on the inside1 however1 will often start a trickle at the point of contact4 ,altogether it is unsatisfactory1 and one does not wonder than many men prefer to knock together bark shelters4 ,illustration3 ,bed in the bush with stars to see ,sidenote3 ,tent ,material ,nowadays1 however1 another and better material is to be had4 ,it is the stuff balloons are made of1 and is called balloon silk4 ,i believe1 for shelter purposes1 it undergoes a further waterproofing process1 but of this ,i am not certain4 ,a tent of the size mentioned1 instead of weighing twenty-five pounds1 pulls the scales down at about eight4 ,furthermore1 it does not absorb moisture1 and is no heavier when wet than when dry4 ,one can touch the inside all he wishes without rendering it pervious4 ,the material is tough and enduring4 ,illustration3 ,a ,tent ,pitched as ,shelter4 ,i have one which ,i have used hard for five years1 not only as a tent1 but as a canoe lining1 a sod cloth1 a tarpaulin1 and a pack canvas4 ,to-day it is as serviceable as ever1 and excepting for inevitable soiling1 two small patches represents its entire wear and tear4 ,illustration3 ,a ,tent ,pitched ,between ,two ,trees4 ,sidenote3 ,don't ,use a ,tent ,curtain ,abercrombie ,fitch1 who make this tent1 will try to persuade you1 if you demand protection against mosquitoes1 to let them sew on a sod-cloth of bobbinet and a loose long curtain of the same material to cover the entrance4 ,do not allow it4 ,the rig is all right as long as there are plenty of flies4 ,but suppose you want to use the tent in a flyless land8 ,there still blocks your way that confounded curtain of bobbinet1 fitting tightly enough so that you have almost to crawl when you enter1 and so arranged that it is impossible to hang it up out of the way4 ,the tent itself is all right1 but its fly rigging is all wrong4 ,sidenote3 ,best ,tent ,protection from ,flies ,i have found that a second tent built of cheesecloth1 and without any opening whatever1 is the best scheme4 ,tapes are sewn along its ridge4 ,these you tie to the ridge pole or rope of the tent--on the inside of course4 ,the cheesecloth structure thus hangs straight down4 ,when not in use it is thrust to one side or the other4 ,if flies get thick1 you simply go inside and spread it out4 ,it should be made somewhat larger in the wall than the tent so that you can weight its lower edge with fishing rods1 rifles1 boots1 sticks1 or rocks4 ,nothing can touch you4 ,illustration3 ,a ,tent ,pitched on ,treeless ,ground4 ,sidenote3 ,shape of ,tent ,the proper shape for a tent is a matter of some discussion4 ,undoubtedly the lean-to is the ideal shelter so far as warmth goes4 ,you build your fire in front1 the slanting wall reflects the heat down and you sleep warm even in winter weather4 ,in practice1 however1 the lean-to is not always an undiluted joy4 ,flies can get in for one thing1 and a heavy rainstorm can suck around the corner for another4 ,in these circumstances four walls are highly desirable4 ,illustration3 ,method of ,tightening ,rope4 ,on the other hand a cold snap makes a wall tent into a cold storage vault4 ,tent stoves are little devils4 ,they are either red hot or stone cold1 and even when doing their best1 there is always a northwest corner that declines to be thawed out4 ,a man feels the need of a camp fire1 properly constructed4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,tent the ,best ,for three seasons ,i have come gradually to thinking that an ,a or wedge tent is about the proper thing4 ,in event of that rainstorm or those flies its advantages are obvious4 ,when a cold snap comes along1 you simply pull up the stakes along one side1 tie the loops of that wall to the same stakes that hold down the other wall--and there is your lean-to all ready for the fire4 ,when you get your tent made1 have them insert grommets in each peak4 ,through these you will run a light line4 ,by tying each end of the line to a tree or sapling1 staking out the four corners of your tent1 and then tightening the line by wedging under it 7and outside the tent1 of course7 a forked pole1 your tent is up in a jiffy4 ,where you cannot find two trees handily placed1 poles crossed make good supports front and rear4 ,the line passes over them and to a stake in the ground4 ,these are quick pitches for a brief stop4 ,by such methods an ,a tent is erected as quickly as a pyramid1 a miner's1 or any of the others4 ,in permanent camp1 you will cut poles and do a shipshape job4 ,illustration3 ,tarpaulin1 ,open and ,folded4 ,sidenote3 ,tarpaulins ,sidenote3 ,uses of the ,tarpaulin ,often1 however1 you will not need to burden yourself with even as light a tent as ,i have described4 ,this is especially true on horseback trips in the mountains4 ,there you will carry a tarpaulin4 ,this is a strip of canvas or pantasote #f x #af or #ag feet4 ,during the daytime it is folded and used to protect the top packs from dust1 wet1 and abrasion4 ,at night you spread it1 make your bed on one half of it1 and fold the other half over the outside4 ,this arrangement will fend quite a shower4 ,in case of continued or heavy rain1 you stretch a pack rope between two trees or crossed poles1 and suspend the tarp over it tent wise1 tying down the corners by means of lead ropes4 ,two tarps make a commodious tent4 ,if you happen to be alone1 a saddle blanket will supplement the tarp to give some sort of protection to your feet1 and1 provided it is stretched tightly1 will shed quite a downpour4 ,the tarp1 as ,i have said1 should measure #f x #af4 ,if of canvas1 do not get it too heavy1 as then it will be stiff and hard to handle4 ,about #aj-ounce duck is the proper thing4 ,after you have bought it1 lay it out on the floor folded once1 as it will be when you have made your bed in it4 ,to the lower half and on both edges1 as it lies there1 sew a half dozen snap hooks4 ,to the upper canvas1 but about six inches in from the edge1 sew corresponding rings for the snap hooks4 ,thus on a cold night you can bundle yourself in without leaving cracks along the edges to admit the chilly air4 ,sidenote3 ,rubber ,blankets ,in the woods you will want furthermore a rubber blanket4 ,this is unnecessary when the tarpaulin is used4 ,buy a good poncho4 ,poor quality sticks badly should it chance to become overheated by the sun4 ,sidenote3 ,blankets ,a six or seven pound blanket of the best quality is heavy enough4 ,the gray army blanket1 to be purchased sometimes at the military stores1 is good1 as is also the three-point blanket issued by the ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,the cost is from #f to #h4 ,one is enough4 ,you will find that another suit of underwear is as warm as an extra blanket1 and much easier to carry4 ,sleeping bags ,i do not care for4 ,they cannot be drawn closely to the body1 and the resulting air space is difficult to warm up4 ,a blanket you can hug close to you1 thus retaining all the animal heat4 ,beside which a sleeping bag is heavier and more of a bother to keep well aired4 ,if you like the thing occasionally1 a few horse blanket pins will make one of your blanket4 ,sidenote3 ,to ,sleep ,warm ,it is the purpose of this book to deal with equipments rather than with methods4 ,there are a great many very competent treatises telling you how to build your fire1 pitch your tent1 and all the rest of it4 ,i have never seen described the woodsmen's method of using a blanket1 however4 ,lie flat on your back4 ,spread the blanket over you4 ,now raise your legs rigid from the hip1 the blanket of course draping over them4 ,in two swift motions tuck first one edge under your legs from right to left1 then the second edge under from left to right1 and over the first edge4 ,lower your legs1 wrap up your shoulders1 and go to sleep4 ,if you roll over1 one edge will unwind but the other will tighten4 ,sidenote3 ,quilts ,in the forest your rubber and woolen blankets will comprise your bed4 ,you will soften it with pine needles or balsam4 ,on a horseback trip1 however1 it is desirable to carry also an ordinary comforter1 or quilt1 or sogun4 ,you use it under you4 ,folded once1 so as to afford two thicknesses1 it goes far toward softening granite country4 ,by way of a gentle hint1 if you will spread your saddle blankets beneath your tarp1 they will help a lot1 and you will get none of the horsey aroma4 ,sidenote3 ,pillows ,a pillow can be made out of a little bag of muslin or cotton or denim4 ,in it you stuff an extra shirt1 or your sweater1 or some such matter4 ,a very small goose hair pillow may be thrust between the folds of your blanket when you have a pack horse4 ,it will not be large enough all by itself1 but with a sweater or a pair of trousers beneath it will be soft and easy to a tired head4 ,have its cover of brown denim4 ,sidenote3 ,pails ,on a pack trip a pail is a necessity which is not recognized in the forest1 where you can dip your cup or kettle direct into the stream4 ,most packers carry a galvanized affair1 which they turn upside down on top of the pack4 ,there it rattles and bangs against every overhead obstruction on the trail1 and ends by being battered to leakiness4 ,a bucket made of heavy brown duck1 with a wire hoop hemmed in by way of rim1 and a light rope for handle carries just as much water1 holds it as well1 and has the great advantage of collapsing flat4 ,illustration3 ,collapsible ,canvas ,bucket and ,wash ,basin4 ,illustration3 ,folding ,lantern4 ,sidenote3 ,wash ,basins and ,wash ,tubs ,a wash basin built on the same principle is often a veritable godsend1 and a man can even carry a similar contrivance big enough for a washtub without adding appreciably to the bulk or weight of his animal's pack4 ,crushed flat all three take up in thickness about the space of one layer of blanket1 and the weight of the lot is just a pound and a half4 ,sidenote3 ,lanterns ,the ,stonebridge folding candle lantern is the best ,i know of4 ,it folds quite flat1 has four mica windows1 and is easily put together4 ,the measurements1 folded1 are only #f x #d inches by #a-b inch thick1 and its weight but #ac ounces4 ,the manufacturers make the same lantern in aluminum1 but ,i found it too easily bent to stand the rough handling incidental to a horse trip4 ,the steel lantern costs one dollar4#c ,sidenote3 ,hatchets ,if you carry an axe at all1 do not try to compromise on a light one4 ,i never use such an implement in the woods4 ,a light hatchet is every bit as good for the purpose of firewood1 and better when it is a question of tent poles or pegs4 ,read ,nessmuk's ,woodcraft on this subject4 ,the ,marble ,safety ,axe is the best1 both because of the excellent steel used in its manufacture1 and because of the ease of its transportation4 ,i generally carry mine in my hip pocket4 ,get the metal handle and heaviest weight4 ,i have traveled a considerable part of the ,canadian forests with no other implement of the sort4 ,sidenote3 ,axes ,on a horseback trip in the mountains1 however1 this will not suffice4 ,often and often you will be called on to clear trail1 to cut timber for trail construction or to make a footing over some ultra-tempestuous streamlet4 ,you might peck away until further orders with your little hatchet without much luck4 ,then you need an axe--not a half axe1 nor a three-quarter axe--but a full five-pound weapon with an edge you could shave with4 ,and you should know how to use it4 ,chewing a log in two is a slow and unsatisfactory business4 ,to keep this edge you will carry a file and a water whetstone4 ,use your hatchet as much as possible1 take care of how and what you chop1 and do not wait until the axe gets really dull before having recourse to your file and stone4 ,it is a long distance to a grindstone4 ,wes ,thompson expressed the situation well4 ,he watched the ,kid's efforts for a moment in silence4 ,kid1 said he sorrowfully at last1 you'll have to make your choice4 ,either you do all the chopping or none of it4 ,sidenote3 ,repairs ,needle1 thread1 a waxed end1 and a piece of buckskin for strings and patches completes the ordinary camp outfit4 ,your repair kit needs additions when applied to mountain trips1 but that question will come up under another heading4 ,,summary ,minimum for comfort ,silk tent 7sometimes7 ,rubber blanket ,blanket ,pillow case of denim ,pocket axe ,file and whetstone ,needle and thread ,waxed end ,piece of buckskin ,maximum ,tarpaulin ,blanket ,comforter ,small ,pillow ,canvas bucket ,canvas wash basin ,canvas wash tub ,candle lantern and candles ,pocket axe #e pound axe ,file and whetstone ,needle and thread ,waxed end ,piece of buckskin ,,footnote3 #c ,one is now made of brass to fold automatically1 at a slightly higher price4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,cook ,,outfit ,sidenote3 ,materials ,,most people take into the woods too many utensils and of too heavy material4 ,the result is a disproportion between the amount of food transported and the means of cooking it4 ,i have experimented with about every material going1 and used all sorts of dishes4 ,once ,i traveled ten days1 and did all my cooking in a tip cup and on a willow switch--nor did ,i live badly4 ,an ample outfit1 however1 judiciously selected1 need take up little bulk or weight4 ,sidenote3 ,tin ,tin is the lightest material1 but breaks up too easily under rough usage4 ,still1 it is by no means to be despised4 ,with a little care ,i have made tin coffee pots and tin pails last out a season4 ,when through1 ,i discarded them4 ,and my cups and plates are of tin to this day4 ,sidenote3 ,sheet ,iron ,sheet iron had its trial--a brief one4 ,the theory was all right1 but in practice ,i soon found that for a long time whatever is boiled in sheet iron pails takes on a dark purplish-black tinge disagreeable to behold4 ,this modifies1 but never entirely disappears1 with use4 ,but also sheet iron soon burns out and develops pin holes in the bottom4 ,sidenote3 ,agate ,ware ,agate or enamel ware is pleasing to the eye and easily kept clean4 ,but a hard blow means a crack or chip in the enameled surface1 and hard blows are frequent4 ,an enamel ware kettle1 or even cup or plate1 soon opens seams and chasms4 ,then it may as well be thrown away1 for you can never keep it clean4 ,sidenote3 ,iron ,a very light iron pot is durable and cooks well4 ,two of these of a size to nest together1 with the coffee pot inside1 make not a bad combination for a pack trip4 ,most people are satisfied with them2 but for a perfect and balanced equipment even light-gauge iron is still too heavy4 ,sidenote3 ,aluminum ,for a long time ,i had no use for aluminum4 ,it was too soft1 went to pieces1 and got out of shape too easily4 ,then by good fortune ,i chanced to buy a pail or kettle of an aluminum alloy4 ,that one pail ,i have used constantly for five years on all sorts of trips4 ,it shows not a single dent or bend1 and inside is as bright as a dollar4 ,the ideal material was found4 ,short experience taught me1 however1 that even this aluminum alloy was not best for every item of the culinary outfit4 ,sidenote3 ,utensils ,the coffee pot1 kettles1 and plates may be of the alloy1 for it has the property of holding heat1 but by that very same token an aluminum cup is an abomination4 ,the coffee or tea cools before you can get your lips next the metal4 ,for the same reason spoons and forks are better of steel2 and of course it stands to reason that the cutting edge of a knife must be of that material4 ,the aluminum frying pans ,i have found unsatisfactory for several reasons4 ,the metal is not porous enough to take grease1 as does the steel pan1 so that unless watched very closely flapjacks1 mush1 and the like are too apt to stick and burn4 ,in the second place they get too hot1 unless favored with more than their share of attention4 ,in the third place1 in the case of the two ,i have owned1 ,i have been unable to keep the patent handle on for more than three weeks after purchase4 ,premising1 then1 the above considerations1 as regards material1 let us examine now the kind and variety necessary to the most elaborate trip you will take1 at the same time keeping in mind the fact that you can travel with merely a tin cup if you have to4 ,sidenote3 ,made-up ,outfits ,do not be led astray into buying a made-up outfit4 ,the two-man set consists of a coffee pot1 two kettles1 a fry pan1 two each of plates1 cups1 soup bowls1 knives1 forks1 teaspoons1 and dessert spoons--everything of aluminum4 ,all fit into the largest kettle1 plates and fry pan on top1 and weigh but five pounds4 ,the idea is good1 but you will be able to modify it to advantage4#d ,sidenote3 ,a ,good ,two-,man ,outfit ,get for a two-man outfit two tin cups with the handles riveted1 not soldered4 ,they will drop into the aluminum coffee pot4 ,omit the soup bowls4 ,buy good steel knives and forks with blackwood or horn handles4 ,let the forks be four-tined1 if possible4 ,omit the teaspoons4 ,do not make the mistake of tin dessert spoons4 ,purchase a half dozen of white metal4 ,all these things will go inside the aluminum coffee pot1 which will nest in the two aluminum kettles4 ,over the top you invert four aluminum plates and a small tin milk pan for bread mixing and dish washing4 ,the latter should be of a size to fit accurately over the top of the larger kettle4 ,this combination will tuck away in a canvas case about nine inches in diameter and nine high4 ,you will want a medium-size steel fry pan1 with handle of the same piece of metal--not riveted4 ,the latter comes off4 ,the outfit as modified will weigh but a pound more than the other1 and is infinitely handier4 ,there are several methods of cooking bread4 ,the simplest--and the one you will adopt on a foot trip--is to use your frying pan4 ,the bread is mixed1 set in the warmth a few moments to stiffen1 then the frying pan is propped up in front of the blaze4 ,when one side of the bread is done1 you turn it over4 ,sidenote3 ,dutch ,ovens ,the second method1 and that almost universally employed in the ,west1 is by means of the ,dutch oven4 ,the latter instrument is in shape like a huge and heavy iron kettle on short legs1 and provided with a massive iron cover4 ,a hole is dug1 a fire built in the hole1 the oven containing its bread set in on the resultant coals1 and the hole filled in with hot earth and ashes4 ,it makes very good bread1 but is a tremendous nuisance4 ,you have the weight of the machine to transport1 the hole to dig1 and an extra fire to make4 ,it also necessitates a shovel4 ,illustration3 ,folding ,aluminum ,reflector ,oven4 ,sidenote3 ,reflector ,that the ,westerner carries such an unwieldy affair about with him has been mainly1 ,i think1 because of his inability to get a good reflector4 ,the perfect baker of this sort should be constructed at such angles of top and bottom that the heat is reflected equally front and back1 above and below4 ,this requires some mathematics4 ,the average reflector is built of light tin by the village tinsmith4 ,it throws the heat almost anywhere4 ,the pestered woodsman shifts it1 shifts the bread pan1 shifts the loaf trying to get an even scald on the pesky thing4 ,the bread is scorched at two corners and raw at the other two1 brown on top1 but pasty at the bottom4 ,he burns his hands4 ,if he persists1 he finds that a dozen bakings tarnish the tin beyond polish1 so that at last the heat hardly reflects at all4 ,he probably ends by shooting it full of holes4 ,and next trip1 being unwilling to bake in the frying pan while he has a horse to carry for him1 he takes along the same old piece of ordnance--the ,dutch oven4 ,illustration3 ,we may live without friends1 we may live without books1 ,but civilized man cannot live without cooks ,sidenote3 ,aluminum ,baker ,this is no exaggeration4 ,i have been there myself4 ,until this very year ,i carried a ,dutch oven on my pack trips4 ,then ,i made one more try1 purchased an aluminum baker of ,abercrombie ,fitch1 and have had good bread at minimum trouble4 ,i realize that ,i seem to be recommending this firm rather extensively1 but it cannot be helped4 ,it is not because ,i know no others1 for naturally ,i have been purchasing sporting goods and supplies in a great many places and for a good many years4 ,nor do ,i recommend everything they make4 ,only along some lines they have carried practical ideas to their logical conclusion4 ,the ,abercrombie ,fitch balloon silk tents1 food bags1 pack harness1 aluminum alloys1 and reflector ovens completely fill the bill4 ,and as they cannot be procured elsewhere1 ,i must perhaps seem unduly to advertise this one firm4 ,their aluminum baker1 then1 ,i found to be a joy4 ,i put the bread in the pan1 stuck the reflector in front of my regular cooking fire1 and went ahead with dinner4 ,it required absolutely no more attention4 ,by the time ,i was ready to dish up grub1 the bread was done4 ,that was all there was to it4 ,the angles are correct1 and the aluminum is easily kept bright4 ,when not in use it folds to an inch thick1 and about a foot by a foot and a half4 ,it weighs only about two pounds4 ,a heavy canvas case protects it and the bread pan4 ,i pack it between blankets1 and never know it is there2 whereas the ,dutch oven was always a problem4 ,the cost was three dollars4 ,sidenote3 ,food ,bags ,food is best transported in bags4 ,cotton drill1 or even empty flour sacks are pretty good on a pack horse2 but in canoe and forest traveling you will want something waterproof4 ,even horseback a waterproof bag is better1 for it keeps out the dust4 ,again ,i must refer you to ,abercrombie ,fitch4 ,their food bags are of light1 waterproof1 and durable material1 and cost only from a dollar to a dollar and a half a dozen1 according to size4 ,illustration3 ,use of ,parallel ,logs4 ,sidenote3 ,fire ,irons ,of course on a tramp you will carry no extra conveniences in the way of fire irons1 but will use as cooking range two green logs laid nearly parallel1 or rocks placed side by side4 ,but with a pack horse1 there is no reason why you should not relieve yourself of this bother4 ,usually two pieces of strap iron about thirty inches long and an inch wide are employed for this purpose4 ,the ends are rested on two stones and the fire built beneath them4 ,in case stones lack1 a small trench is dug1 and the irons laid across that4 ,illustration3 ,use of ,ordinary ,fire ,irons4 ,illustration3 ,the ,ernest ,britten ,fire ,irons4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,britten ,fire ,irons ,sidenote3 ,inspirator ,mr4 ,ernest ,britten1 a ,forest ,ranger1 has however invented a contrivance that is much better4 ,the irons1 instead of being made of strap iron1 are of angle iron4 ,to the inside of the ,l and at each end sharpened legs are swung on a rivet4 ,a squared outer corner next the angle iron prevents their spreading1 but a rounded inner corner permits their being folded flat4 ,when used1 the legs are opened and stuck upright in the ground1 the irons being arranged parallel at an appropriate distance from each other4 ,mark these advantages3 ,the irons can be driven to any height from the ground according as fuel is plenty or scarce4 ,they can be leveled absolutely1 a thing difficult to accomplish with stones and strap irons4 ,in case the ground is too hard to admit the insertion of the legs in it1 they can be folded back1 and the irons used across stones in the manner of the old strap irons4 ,moreover1 and this is important1 they weigh no more4 ,i have had presented me by ,mr4 ,robert ,logan of ,new ,york1 so simple1 transportable and efficient a device for kindling fires that ,i have included it in my regular outfit4 ,it consists of a piece of small rubber tube two feet or so in length1 into one end of which is forced a brass cylinder three or four inches long4 ,the extremity of this brass cylinder is then beaten out so that its opening is flattened4 ,logan calls this instrument an ,inspirator4 ,sidenote3 ,how to ,use the ,inspirator ,to encourage a fire you apply the brass nozzle to the struggling blaze1 and blow steadily through the rubber tube4 ,the result is an effect midway between a pair of bellows and a ,bunsen burner4 ,until you have tried it you will have difficulty in realizing how quickly wet wood will ignite when persuaded by the ,inspirator4 ,i have used it over five months of camping1 and never have failed to blow up a brisk blaze in the foulest conditions of weather and fuel4 ,no more heavy chopping for dry heart-wood1 no more ashes in the face empurpled by stooping1 no more frantic waving of the hat that scatters ashes4 ,furthermore1 the ,inspirator's use is not confined to wet days alone4 ,if ever you particularly desire any individual kettle to boil in a hurry1 and that utensil sullenly declines to do so1 just direct the ,inspirator beneath it1 and in a jiffy it is on the bubble4 ,when out of use you wrap the rubber tube around the brass nozzle and tuck it away in your waistcoat pocket4 ,sidenote3 ,towels1 ,soap1 etc4 ,there remains only the necessity of cleaning up4 ,get three yards or so of toweling and cut off pieces as you need them4 ,keep them washed and they will last a long time4 ,borax soap and a cake of ,sapolio help2 but you can clean up dishes without soap4 ,long tough grass bent double makes an excellent swab4 ,for washing clothes ,i have found nothing to equal either ,fels-,naphtha or ,frank ,siddal's ,soap4 ,you soap your garments at night1 rinse them in the morning--and the job is done4 ,no hot water1 no boiling1 little rubbing4 ,and the garments are really clean4 ,,summary ,minimum for comfort #a tin cup with riveted handle #a aluminum coffee pot #a aluminum pail #a knife1 fork1 spoon #a aluminum plate ,fry pan ,food bags ,dish towel ,fels-,naphtha or ,frank ,siddal's soap4 ,maximum ,tin cup ,aluminum coffee pot #b aluminum pails ,knife1 fork1 #c spoons #b plates ,milk pan #b fry pans to nest ,reflector oven ,food bags ,fire irons ,dish towel ,borax soap ,sapolio ,fels-,naphtha or ,frank ,siddal's soap4 ,,footnote3 #d ,abercrombie ,fitch handle the aluminum alloy4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,grub ,sidenote3 ,variety ,,in no department of outdoor life does the mistaken notion of roughing it work more harm4 ,i have never been able to determine why a man should be content with soggy1 heavy1 coarse and indigestible food when1 with the same amount of trouble1 the same utensils1 and the same materials he can enjoy variety and palatability4 ,to eat a well-cooked dinner it is not necessary to carry an elaborate commissary4 ,in a later chapter ,i shall try to show you how to combine the simple and limited ingredients at your command into the greatest number of dishes4 ,at present we will concern ourselves strictly with the kind and quantity of food you will wish to carry with you4 ,necessarily bulk and weight are such important considerations that they will at once cut out much you would enjoy4 ,also condensed and desiccated foods are1 in a few cases1 toothsome enough to earn inclusion--and many are not4 ,perishability bars certain other sorts4 ,but when all is said and done there remains an adequate list from which to choose4 ,sidenote3 ,luxuries ,however closely you confine yourself to the bare necessities1 be sure to include one luxury4 ,this is not so much to eat as for the purpose of moral support4 ,i remember one trip in the ,black ,hills on which our commissary consisted quite simply of oatmeal1 tea1 salt1 and sugar1 and a single can of peaches4 ,of course there was game4 ,now if we had found ourselves confined to meat1 mush1 oatmeal pones1 and tea1 we should1 after a little1 have felt ourselves reduced to dull monotony1 and after a little more we should have begun to long mightily for the fleshpots of ,deadwood4 ,but that can of peaches lurked in the back of our minds4 ,by its presence we were not reduced to meat1 mush1 oatmeal pones1 and tea4 ,occasionally we would discuss gravely the advisability of opening it1 but ,i do not believe any one of us down deep in his heart meant it in sober earnest4 ,what was the mere tickling of the palate compared with the destruction of a symbol4 ,sidenote3 ,take ,your ,pet ,luxury ,somewhat similarly ,i was once on a trip with an ,englishman who1 when we outfitted1 insisted on marmalade4 ,in vain we pointed out the fact that glass always broke4 ,finally we compromised on one jar1 which we wrapped in the dish towel and packed in the coffee pot4 ,for five weeks that unopened jar of marmalade traveled with us1 and the ,englishman was content4 ,then it got broken--as they always do4 ,from that time on our friend uttered his daily growl or lament over the lack of marmalade4 ,and1 mind you1 he had already gone five weeks without tasting a spoonful6 ,so include in the list your pet luxury4 ,tell yourself that you will eat it just at the psychological moment4 ,it is a great comfort4 ,but to our list3 ,bacon is the stand-by4 ,get the very best you can buy1 and the leanest4 ,in a walking trip cut off the rind in order to reduce the weight4 ,ham is a pleasant variety if you have room for it4 ,sidenote3 ,cereals ,flour4--,personally ,i like the whole wheat best4 ,it bakes easier than the white1 has more taste1 and mixes with other things quite as well4 ,it comes in #aj-pound sacks1 which makes it handy to carry4 ,pancake ,flour1 either buckwheat or not1 makes flapjacks1 of course1 but also bakes into excellent loaves1 and is a fine base for camp cake4 ,boston ,brown ,bread ,flour is self-rising1 on the principle of the flapjack flour4 ,it makes genuine brown bread1 toothsome quick biscuits with shortening1 and a glorious boiled or steamed pudding4 ,if your outfitter does not know of it1 tell him it is made at ,san ,jos1 ,california4 ,cornmeal4--,get the yellow4 ,it makes good ,johnny cake1 puddings1 fried mush1 and unleavened corn pone1 all of which are palatable1 nourishing1 and easy to make4 ,if you have a dog with you1 it is the easiest ration for between-meat seasons4 ,a quarter cup swells up into an abundant meal for the average-sized canine4 ,hominy4--,the coarse sort makes a good variety4 ,tapioca4--,utterly unsatisfactory over an open fire4 ,don't take it4 ,sidenote3 ,rice1 the ,ideal ,stand-by ,rice4--,i think rice is about the best stand-by of all4 ,in the first place1 ten pounds of rice will go farther than ten pounds of any other food2 a half cup1 which weighs small for its bulk1 boils up into a half kettleful1 a quantity ample for four people4 ,in the second place1 it contains a great percentage of nutriment1 and is good stuff to travel on4 ,in the third place1 it is of that sort of palatability of which one does not tire4 ,in the fourth place it can be served in a variety of ways3 boiled plain2 boiled with raisins2 boiled with rolled oats2 boiled1 then fried2 made into baked puddings2 baked in gems or loaves2 mixed with flapjacks4 ,never omit it from your list4 ,illustration3 ,when you quit the trail for a day's rest ,sidenote3 ,buy ,only the ,best ,brands ,baking ,powder4--,do not buy an unknown brand at a country store2 you will find it bad for your insides after a very short use4 ,royal and ,price's are both good4 ,tea and ,coffee4--,even confirmed coffee drinkers drop away from their allegiance after being out a short time4 ,tea seems to wear better in the woods4 ,personally1 ,i never take coffee at all1 unless for the benefit of some other member of the party4 ,potatoes are generally out of the question1 although you can often stick a small sack in your kyacks4 ,they are very grateful when you can carry them4 ,a desiccated article is on the market4 ,soaked up it takes on somewhat the consistency of rather watery mashed potatoes4 ,it is not bad4 ,onions are a luxury2 but1 like the potatoes1 can sometimes be taken1 and add largely to flavor4 ,sidenote3 ,saccharine ,tablets ,sugar4--,my experience is1 that one eats a great deal more sweets out of doors than at home4 ,i suppose one uses up more fuel4 ,in any case ,i have many a time run out of sugar1 and only rarely brought any home ,saxin1 crystallose and saccharine are all excellent to relieve the weight in this respect4 ,they come as tablets1 each a little larger than the head of a pin4 ,a tablet represents the sweetening power of a lump of sugar4 ,dropped in the tea1 two of them will sweeten quite as well as two heaping spoonfuls and you could never tell the difference4 ,a man could carry in his waistcoat pocket vials containing the equivalent of twenty-five pounds of sugar4 ,their advantage in lightening a back load is obvious4 ,fats4--,lard is the poorest and least wholesome4 ,cottolene is better4 ,olive oil is best4 ,the latter can be carried in a screw-top tin4 ,less of it need be used than of the others4 ,it gives a delicious flavor to anything fried in it4 ,mush4--,rolled oats are good1 but do not agree with some people4 ,cream of ,wheat and ,germea are more digestible4 ,personally ,i prefer to take my cereal in the form of biscuits4 ,it sticks to the ribs better4 ,three-quarters of a cup of cereal will make a full supply of mush for three people1 leaving room for mighty little else4 ,on the other hand1 a full cup of the same cereal will make six biscuits--two apiece for our three people4 ,in other words1 the biscuits allow one to eat a third more cereal in half the bulk4 ,sidenote3 ,fruits ,dried ,fruit4--,this is another class of food almost to be classed as condensed4 ,it is easily carried1 is light1 and when cooked swells considerably4 ,raisins lead the list1 as they cook in well with any of the flour stuffs and rice1 and are excellent to eat raw as a lunch4 ,dried figs come next4 ,i do not mean the layer figs1 but those dried round like prunes4 ,they can be stewed1 eaten raw1 or cooked in puddings4 ,dried apples are good stewed1 or soaked and fried in a little sugar4 ,prunes are available1 raw or cooked4 ,peaches and apricots ,i do not care for1 but they complete the list4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,good ,remedy for a ,chill ,salt and ,pepper4--,a little cayenne in hot water is better than whiskey for a chill4 ,cinnamon4--,excellent to sprinkle on apples1 rice1 and puddings4 ,a flavoring to camp cake4 ,one small box will last a season4 ,milk4--,some people like the sticky sweetened ,borden milk4 ,i think it very sickish and should much prefer to go without4 ,the different brands of evaporated creams are palatable1 but too bulky and heavy for ordinary methods of transportation4 ,a can or so may sometimes be included1 however4 ,abercrombie ,fitch offer a milk powder4 ,they claim that a spoonful in water produces a sweet wholesome milk4 ,it may be wholesome2 it certainly is sweet--but as for being milk6 ,i should like to see the cow that would acknowledge it4 ,syrup4--,mighty good on flapjacks and bread1 and sometimes to be carried when animals are many4 ,the easiest to get that tastes like anything is the ,log ,cabin maple syrup4 ,it comes in a can of a handy shape4 ,sidenote3 ,altitude's ,influence on ,cooking ,beans4--,another rich stand-by2 rich in sustenance1 light in weight1 and compressed in bulk4 ,useless to carry in the mountains1 where1 as a friend expressed it1 all does not boil that bubbles4 ,unless you have all day and unlimited firewood they will not cook in a high altitude4 ,lima beans are easier cooked4 ,a few chilis are nice to add to the pot by way of variety4 ,pilot ,bread or ,hardtack4--,if you use it at all--which of course must be in small quantities for emergencies--be sure to get the coarsest4 ,it comes in several grades1 and the finer crumble4 ,the coarse1 however1 breaks no finer than the size of a dollar1 and so is edible no matter how badly smashed4 ,with raisins it makes a good lunch4 ,butter1 like milk1 is a luxury ,i do without on a long trip4 ,the lack is never felt after a day or two4 ,i believe you can get it in air-tight cans4 ,macaroni is bulky1 but a single package goes a long way1 and is both palatable and nutritious4 ,break it into pieces an inch or so long and stow it in a grub bag4 ,sidenote3 ,canned ,goods ,that finishes the list of the bulk groceries4 ,canned goods1 in general1 are better left at home4 ,you are carrying the weight not only of the vegetable1 but also of the juice and the tin4 ,one can of tomatoes merely helps out on one meal1 and occupies enough space to accommodate eight meals of rice2 or enough weight to balance two dozen meals of the same vegetable4 ,both the space of the kyacks and the carrying power of your horse are better utilized in other directions4 ,i assume you never will be fool enough to weight your own back with such things4 ,so much for common sense and theory4 ,as a matter of practice1 and if you have enough animals to avoid overloading1 you will generally tuck in a can here and there4 ,these are to be used only on great occasions1 but grace mightily holidays and very tired times4 ,now some canned goods make you feel you are really getting something worth while2 and others do not4 ,corn is probably the most satisfactory of all4 ,it is good warmed up1 made into fritters1 baked into a pudding1 or mixed with lima beans as succotash4 ,sidenote3 ,good and ,bad ,canned ,goods ,peas on the other hand are no good4 ,too much water1 and too little pea is the main trouble1 which combines discouragingly with the fact that a mouthful of peas is not nearly as hearty or satisfying as a mouthful of corn4 ,tomatoes are carried extensively1 but are very bulky and heavy for what you get out of them4 ,canned ,fruit is sheer mad luxury4 ,a handful of the dried article would equal a half dozen cans4 ,salmon4--,a pleasant and compact variation on ordinary fare4 ,it can be eaten cold1 as it comes from the can2 or can be fried or baked4 ,picnic ,stuff1 such as potted chicken1 devilled ham and the rest of it are abominations4 ,corned ,beef is fair4 ,to sum up1 ,i think that if ,i were to go in for canned goods1 ,i should concentrate on corn and salmon1 with one or two corned beef on the side4 ,sidenote3 ,desiccated ,foods ,as ,i mentioned at the beginning of this chapter modern desiccation of foods has helped the wilderness traveler to some extent4 ,i think ,i have tried about everything in this line4 ,in the following list ,i shall mention those ,i think good1 and also those particularly bad4 ,any not mentioned it may be implied that ,i do not care for myself1 but am willing to admit that you may4 ,canned ,eggs4--,the very best thing of this kind is made by the ,national ,bakers' ,egg ,co41 of ,sioux ,city4 ,it is a coarse yellow granulation and comes in one-pound screw-top tin cans4 ,each can contains the equivalent of five dozen eggs1 and costs1 ,i think1 only #a4be4 ,a tablespoon of the powder and two of water equals an egg4 ,with that egg you can make omelets and scrambled eggs1 which you could not possibly tell from the new-laid4 ,two cans1 weighing two pounds1 will last you all summer2 and think of the delight of an occasional egg for breakfast6 ,the ,german canned eggs--,hoffmeir's is sold in this country--are rather evil tasting1 do not beat up light1 and generally decline sullenly to cook4 ,sidenote3 ,erbswurst ,soups4--,some of the compressed soups are excellent4 ,the main difficulty is that they are put up in flimsy paper packages1 difficult to carry without breaking4 ,also ,i have found that when you take but two kettles1 you are generally hungry enough to begrudge one of them to anything as thin as even the best soup4 ,however1 occasionally a hot cupful is a good thing2 and ,i should always include a few packages4 ,the most filling and nourishing is the ,german army ration called ,erbswurst4 ,it comes in a sausage-shaped package1 which is an exception to the rule in that it is strongly constructed4 ,you cut off an inch and boil it4 ,the taste is like that of a thick bean soup4 ,it is said to contain all the elements of nutrition4 ,knorr's packages make good soup when you get hold of the right sort4 ,we have tried them all1 and have decided that they can be divided into two classes--those that taste like soup1 and the dishwater brand4 ,the former comprise pea1 bean1 lentil1 rice1 and onion2 the latter1 all others4 ,sidenote3 ,soup ,tablets ,maggi's tablets are smaller than ,knorr's and rather better packed4 ,the green pea and lentil make really delicious soup4 ,bouillon capsules of all sorts ,i have no use for4 ,they serve to flavor hot water1 and that is about all4 ,desiccated ,vegetables come in tablets about four inches square and a quarter of an inch thick4 ,a quarter of one of these tablets makes a dish for two people4 ,you soak it several hours1 then boil it4 ,in general the results are all alike1 and equally tasteless and loathsome4 ,the most notable exception is the string beans4 ,they come out quite like the original vegetable1 both in appearance and taste4 ,i always take some along4 ,enough for twenty meals could be carried in the inside pocket of your waistcoat4 ,julienne1 made by ,prevet4 ,a ,french mixture of carrots and other vegetables cut into strips and dried4 ,when soaked and boiled it swells to its original size4 ,a half cupful makes a meal for two4 ,it ranks with the string beans in being thoroughly palatable4 ,these two preparations are better than canned goods1 and are much more easily carried4 ,potatoes1 saxin1 saccharine1 and crystallose ,i have already mentioned4 ,sidenote3 ,quantity ,that completes the most elaborate grub list ,i should care to recommend4 ,as to a quantitative list1 that is a matter of considerably more elasticity4 ,i have kept track of the exact quantity of food consumed on a great many trips1 and have come to the conclusion that anything but the most tentative statements must spring from lack of experience4 ,a man paddling a canoe1 or carrying a pack all day1 will eat a great deal more than would the same man sitting a horse4 ,a trip in the clear1 bracing air of the mountains arouses keener appetites than a desert journey near the borders of ,mexico1 and a list of supplies ample for the one would be woefully insufficient for the other4 ,the variation is really astonishing4 ,therefore the following figures must be experimented with rather cautiously4 ,they represent an average of many of my own trips4 ,sidenote3 ,grub ,list ,,one ,,month',s ,,supplies ,,for ,,one ,,man ,,on ,a ,,forest ,,trip #ae lbs4 flour 7includes flour1 pancake flour1 cornmeal in proportion to suit7 #ae lbs4 meat 7bacon or boned ham7 #h lbs4 rice lb4 baking powder #a lb4 tea #b lbs4 sugar #aej saccharine tablets #h lbs4 cereal #a lb4 raisins ,salt and pepper #e lbs4 beans #c lbs4 or doz4 ,erbswurst #b lbs4 or doz4 dried vegetables #b lbs4 dried potatoes #a can ,bakers' eggs4 ,,one ,,month',s ,,supplies ,,for ,,one ,,man ,,on ,,pack ,,horse ,,trip #ae lbs4 flour supplies 7flour1 flapjack flour1 cornmeal7 #ae lbs4 ham and bacon #b lbs4 hominy #d lbs4 rice lb4 baking powder #a lb4 coffee lb4 tea #bj lbs4 potatoes ,a few onions #b lbs4 sugar #aej saccharine tablets #c lb4 pail cottolene1 or can olive oil #c lbs4 cream of wheat #e lbs4 mixed dried fruit ,salt1 pepper1 cinnamon #c cans evaporated cream gal4 syrup or honey #e lbs4 beans ,chilis ,pilot bread 7in flour sack7 #f cans corn #f cans salmon #b cans corned beef #a can ,bakers' eggs doz4 ,maggi's soups doz4 dried vegetables--beans and ,julienne4 ,sidenote3 ,don't ,figure ,grub ,list too ,closely ,these lists are not supposed to be eaten down to the bone4 ,a man cannot figure that closely4 ,if you buy just what is included in them you will be well fed1 but will probably have a little left at the end of the month4 ,if you did not1 you would probably begin to worry about the twenty-fifth day4 ,and this does not pay4 ,of course if you get game and fish1 you can stay out over the month4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,camp ,,cookery ,sidenote3 ,secret of ,camp ,cookery ,,the secret of successful camp cookery is experimentation and boldness4 ,if you have not an ingredient1 substitute the nearest thing to it2 or something in the same general class of foods4 ,after you get the logic of what constitutes a pudding1 or bread1 or cake1 or anything else1 cut loose from cook-books and invent with what is contained in your grub bags4 ,do not be content until1 by shifting trials1 you get your proportions just right for the best results4 ,even though a dish is quite edible1 if the possibility of improving it exists1 do not be satisfied with repeating it4 ,this chapter will not attempt to be a camp cook-book4 ,plenty of the latter can be bought4 ,it will try to explain dishes not found in camp cook-books1 but perhaps better adapted to the free and easy culinary conditions that obtain over an open fire and in the open air4 ,after bacon gets a little old1 parboil the slices before frying them4 ,sidenote3 ,how to ,make ,bread ,bread4--,the secret of frying-pan bread is a medium stiff batter in the proportion of one cup of flour1 one teaspoon of salt1 one tablespoon of sugar1 and a heaping teaspoon of baking powder4 ,this is poured into the well-greased and hot pan1 and set flat near the fire4 ,in a very few moments it will rise and stiffen4 ,prop the pan nearly perpendicular before the blaze4 ,when done on one side1 turn over4 ,a clean sliver or a fork stuck through the center of the loaf will tell you when it is done3 if the sliver comes out clean1 without dough sticking to it1 the baking is finished4 ,in an oven the batter must be somewhat thinner4 ,stiff batter makes close-grained heavy bread2 thin batter makes light and crisp bread4 ,the problem is to strike the happy medium1 for if too stiff the loaf is soggy1 and if too thin it sticks to the pan4 ,dough should be wet only at the last moment1 after the pan is ready1 and should be lightly stirred1 never kneaded or beaten4 ,biscuits are made in the same way1 with the addition of a dessert-spoonful of cottolene1 or a half spoonful of olive oil4 ,cornbread is a mixture of half cornmeal and half flour1 with salt1 baking powder1 and shortening4 ,sidenote3 ,unleavened ,bread ,unleavened bread properly made is better as a steady diet than any of the baking powder products4 ,the amateur cook is usually disgusted with it because it turns out either soggy or leathery4 ,the right method1 however1 results in crisp1 cracker-like bread1 both satisfying and nourishing4 ,it is made as follows3 ,take three-quarters of a cup of either cornmeal1 oatmeal1 ,cream of ,wheat1 or ,germea1 and mix it thoroughly with an equal quantity of flour4 ,add a teaspoonful of salt1 a tablespoonful of sugar1 and a teaspoonful of olive oil or shortening4 ,be sure not to exceed the amount of the latter ingredient4 ,mix in just enough water to wet thoroughly1 and beat briskly2 the result should be almost crumbly4 ,mold biscuits three inches across and a quarter of an inch thick1 place in a hot greased pan1 and bake before a hot fire4 ,the result is a thoroughly cooked1 close-grained1 crisp biscuit4 ,corn pone is made in the same manner with cornmeal as the basis4 ,sidenote3 ,flapjohn ,flapjack flour is mixed with water simply2 but you will find that a tablespoonful of sugar not only adds to the flavor1 but causes it to brown crisper4 ,it is equally good baked in loaves4 ,the addition of an extra spoonful of sugar1 two eggs 7from your canned desiccated eggs71 raisins and cinnamon makes a delicious camp cake4 ,this is known as flapjohn--a sort of sublimated flapjack4 ,puddings4--,the general logic of a camp-baked pudding is this3 ,sidenote3 ,how to ,make ,puddings ,you have first of all your base1 which is generally of rice1 cornmeal1 or breakfast food previously boiled2 second1 your filling1 which may be raisins1 prunes1 figs1 or any other dried fruit2 third1 your sweetening1 which is generally sugar1 but may be syrup1 honey1 or saccharine tablets2 fourth1 your seasoning1 which must be what you have--cinnamon1 nutmeg1 lemon1 etc41 and last1 your coagulating material1 which must be a small portion of your egg powder4 ,with this general notion you can elaborate4 ,the portions of materials1 inclusive of other chance possessions1 the arrangement of the ingredients determines the naming of the product4 ,thus you can mix your fruit all through the pudding1 or you can place it in layers between strata of the mixture4 ,as an example3 ,boil one-half cupful of rice with raisins1 until soft1 add one-half cupful of sugar1 a half spoonful of cinnamon1 and a tablespoonful of egg powder4 ,add water 7water mixed with condensed milk1 if you have it7 until quite thin4 ,bake in moderate heat4 ,another3 ,into two cups of boiling water pour a half cup of cornmeal4 ,sprinkle it in slowly1 and stir in order to prevent lumps4 ,as soon as it thickens1 which will be in half a minute1 remove from the fire4 ,mix in a quarter cup of syrup1 some figs which have been soaked1 a spoonful of egg powder1 milk if you have it1 and the flavoring--if you happen to have tucked in a can of ginger1 that is the best4 ,the mixture should be thin4 ,bake before moderate fire4 ,i am not going on to elaborate a number of puddings by name2 that is where the cook-books make their mistake4 ,but with this logical basis1 you will soon invent all sorts of delicious combinations4 ,some will be failures1 no doubt2 but after you get the knack you will be able to improvise on the least promising materials4 ,sidenote3 ,experiment ,freely in ,cooking ,do not forget that mixing ingredients is always worth trying4 ,a combination of rice and oatmeal boiled together does not sound very good1 but it is delicious1 and quite unlike either of its component parts4 ,i instance it merely as an example of a dozen similar4 ,sidenote3 ,how to ,make ,tea ,tea4--,the usual way of cooking tea is to pour the hot water on the leaves4 ,if used immediately this is the proper way4 ,when1 however1 as almost invariably happens about camp1 the water is left standing on the leaves for some time1 the tannin is extracted4 ,this makes a sort of tea soup1 at once bitter and unwholesome4 ,a simple and easy way is to provide yourself with a piece of cheesecloth about six inches square4 ,on the center drop your dose of dry tea leaves4 ,gather up the corners1 and tie into a sort of loose bag4 ,pour the hot water over this1 and at the end of five minutes fish out the bag4 ,untie it1 shake loose the tea leaves1 and tuck away until next time4 ,the tea in the pot can then be saved for the late fisherman without fear of lining his stomach with leather4 ,also it is no trouble4 ,sidenote3 ,on ,coffee ,coffee1 too1 is more often bad than good in the field4 ,the usual method is to put a couple of handfuls in cold water1 bring it to a boil1 and then set it aside to settle4 ,sometimes it is good that way1 and sometimes it isn't4 ,a method that will always succeed1 however1 is as follows3 ,bend an ordinary piece of hay wire into the shape of a hoop1 slightly larger than the mouth of your pot4 ,on it sew a shallow cheesecloth bag4 ,put your ground coffee in the bag1 suspend in the coffee pot1 and pour the hot water through4 ,if you like it extra strong1 pour it through twice4 ,the result is drip coffee1 delicious1 and without grounds4 ,to clean the bag turn it inside out and pour water through4 ,then flatten the hay wire hoop slightly and tuck it away inside the pot with the cups4 ,mush4--,the ideal method of cooking mush is of course a double boiler and just the amount of water the cereal will take up4 ,over an open fire1 that would result in a burned product and a caked kettle4 ,the best way is to make it very thin at first1 and to boil it down to the proper consistency4 ,beans will boil more quickly if you add a pinch of soda4 ,an exaggerated pinch1 however1 causes them to taste soapy1 so beware4 ,if the water boils too low1 add more hot water1 never cold2 the latter toughens them4 ,when soft smash them with a fork1 add water1 and cook with fat in the frying pan4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,quick ,meal ,hardtack4--,a most delicious dish to be eaten immediately is made of pilot bread soaked soft1 and then fried4 ,the same cracker fried in olive oil1 without being previously soaked1 comes out crisp and brown1 but without impaired transportability4 ,when butter is scarce this is a fine way to treat them in preparation for a cold lunch by the way4 ,macaroni should be plunged in boiling water1 otherwise it gets tough4 ,what remains should be baked in mixture with whatever else is left--whether meal1 cereal1 or vegetable4 ,corn4--,after you have eaten what you want of the warmed-up1 mix what is left with a spoonful or so of sugar1 some diluted milk1 and a spoonful of egg powder4 ,bake it4 ,illustration3 ,in the heat of the day's struggle ,salmon may be eaten cold1 but is better hashed up with bread crumbs1 well moistened1 and baked before a hot fire4 ,sidenote3 ,cook-,books ,these are but a few general hints which you will elaborate on4 ,the ,price ,baking ,powder ,co4 publish gratis a ,mine and ,ranch ,cookery which is practical4 ,also read ,nessmuk's ,woodcraft4 ,a ,,list ,,of ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,dishes ,,possible ,,without ,,too ,,much ,,trouble ,,from ,,the ,,grub ,,list ,,given ,,in ,,the ,,last ,,chapter ,sidenote3 ,grub ,list #a4 ,fried bacon #b4 ,fried ham #c4 ,broiled ham #d4 ,boiled ham #e4 ,plain bread #f4 ,biscuits #g4 ,johnny cake #h4 ,oatmeal or cereal muffins #i4 ,pancakes or flapjacks #aj4 ,buckwheat bread #aa4 ,corn pone #ab4 ,unleavened bread #ac4 ,spice cakes #ad4 ,dumplings #ae4 ,boston brown bread #af4 ,brown bread gems #ag4 ,boiled hominy #ah4 ,fried hominy #ai4 ,hominy pudding #bj4 ,indian puddings 7three or four sorts7 #ba4 ,cereal puddings 7three or four sorts7 #bb4 ,oatmeal mush #bc4 ,oatmeal and rice mush #bd4 ,fried mush4 #be4 ,boiled rice #bf4 ,rice and raisins #bg4 ,rice cakes #bh4 ,rice biscuits #bi4 ,rice pudding #cj4 ,tea #ca4 ,coffee #cb4 ,baked potatoes #cc4 ,boiled potatoes #cd4 ,mashed potatoes #ce4 ,fried potatoes #cf4 ,boiled onions #cg4 ,fried onions #ch4 ,stewed fruits #ci4 ,boiled beans #dj4 ,fried beans #da4 ,baked beans #db4 ,fried hardtack #dc4 ,boiled macaroni #dd4 ,baked macaroni #de4 ,corn #df4 ,corn fritters #dg4 ,corn pudding #dh4 ,succotash #di4 ,baked salmon #ej4 ,baked corned beef #ea4 ,fried corned beef #eb4 ,omelet #ec4 ,scrambled eggs #ed4 ,soup 7several kinds7 #ee4 ,beans #ef4 ,julienne1 boiled or fried4 ,this leaves out of account the various hybrid mixtures of what is left1 and the meal and fish dishes in a good sporting country4 ,as a matter of fact mixtures generally bake better than they boil4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,horse ,,outfits ,sidenote3 ,riding ,saddles ,,we have now finished the detailing of your wear and food4 ,there remains still the problem of how you and it are to be transported4 ,you may travel through the wilderness by land or by water4 ,in the former case you will either go afoot or on horseback2 in the latter you will use a canoe4 ,let us now consider in detail the equipments necessary for these different sorts of travel4 ,you will find the ,mexican or cowboy saddle the only really handy riding saddle4 ,i am fully aware of the merits of the ,mc,clellan and army saddles1 but they lack what seems to me one absolute essential1 and that is the pommel or horn4 ,by wrapping your rope about the latter you can lead reluctant horses1 pull firewood to camp1 extract bogged animals1 and rope shy stock4 ,without it you are practically helpless in such circumstances4 ,the only advantage claimed for the army saddle is its lightness4 ,the difference in weight between it and the cowboy saddle need not be so marked as is ordinarily the case4 ,a stock saddle1 used daily in roping heavy cows1 weighs quite properly from thirty-five to fifty pounds4 ,the same saddle1 of lighter leather throughout1 made by a conscientious man1 need weigh but twenty-five or thirty1 and will still be strong and durable enough for all ordinary use4 ,my own weighs but twenty-five pounds1 and has seen some very hard service4 ,illustration3 ,sawbuck ,saddle4 ,illustration3 ,riding ,saddle4 ,sidenote3 ,stirrups ,the stirrup leathers are best double1 and should be laced1 never buckled4 ,in fact the logic of a wilderness saddle should be that it can be mended in any part with thongs4 ,the stirrups themselves should have light hood tapaderos1 or coverings4 ,they will help in tearing through brush1 will protect your toes1 and will keep your feet dry in case of rain4 ,i prefer the round rather than the square skirts4 ,sidenote3 ,cinches ,in a cow country you will hear many and heated discussions over the relative merits of the single broad cinch crossing rather far back2 and the double cinches1 one just behind the shoulder and the other on the curve of the belly4 ,the double cinch is universally used by ,wyoming and ,arizona cowmen2 and the center fire by ,californians and ,mexicans--and both with equally heated partisanship4 ,certainly as it would be difficult to say which are the better horsemen1 so it would be unwise to attempt here a dogmatic settlement of the controversy4 ,illustration3 ,proper ,way of ,arranging ,straps on ,holster and ,saddle4 ,illustration3 ,saddle ,holster--,usual ,arrangement of ,straps4 ,sidenote3 ,how to ,attach the ,cinch ,for ordinary mountain travel1 however1 ,i think there can be no doubt that the double cinch is the better4 ,it is less likely to slip forward or back on steep hills2 it need not be so tightly cinched as the center fire1 and can be adjusted1 according to which you draw the tighter1 for up or down hill4 ,the front cinch should be made of hair4 ,i have found that the usual cord cinches are apt to wear sores just back of the shoulder4 ,webbing makes a good back cinch4 ,the handiest rig for attaching them is that used by the ,texan and ,wyoming cowmen4 ,it is a heavy oiled latigo strap1 punched with buckle holes1 passing through a cinch ring supplied with a large buckle tongue4 ,you can reach over and pull it up a hole or so without dismounting4 ,it differs from an ordinary buckle only in that1 in case the rig breaks1 the strap can still be fastened like an ordinary latigo in the diamond knot4 ,sidenote3 ,saddle ,bags and ,saddle ,blankets ,on the right-hand side of your pommel will be a strap and buckle for your riata4 ,a pair of detachable leather saddle bags are handy4 ,the saddle blanket should be thick and of first quality2 and should be surmounted by a corona to prevent wrinkling under the slight movement of the saddle4 ,sidenote3 ,quirts ,a heavy quirt is indispensable1 both for your own mount1 if he prove refractory1 but also for the persuasion of the pack horse4 ,sidenote3 ,sling ,shots ,when with a large outfit1 however1 ,i always carry a pea shooter or sling shot4 ,with it a man can spot a straying animal at considerable distance1 generally much to the truant's astonishment4 ,after a little it will rarely be necessary to shoot2 a mere snapping of the rubbers will bring every horse into line4 ,sidenote3 ,bridles ,the handiest and best rig for a riding bridle can be made out of an ordinary halter4 ,have your harness maker fasten a snap hook to either side and just above the corners of the horse's mouth4 ,when you start in the morning you snap your bit and reins to the hooks4 ,when you arrive in the evening you simply unsnap the bit1 and leave the halter on4 ,sidenote3 ,riatas and ,spurs ,rope and spurs will be necessary4 ,i prefer the ,mexican grass rope with a brass honda to the rawhide riata1 because ,i am used to it4 ,i once used a linen rope with weighted honda that was soft and threw well4 ,the spurs will be of good steel1 of the cowboy pattern1 with blunt rowels4 ,the smaller spurs are not so easy to reach a small horse with1 and are apt to overdo the matter when they do4 ,the wide spur leathers are to protect the boot from chafing on the stirrups4 ,sidenote3 ,scabbards ,there remains only your rifle to attend to4 ,the usual scabbard is invariably slung too far forward4 ,i always move the sling strap as near the mouth of the scabbard as it will go4 ,the other sling strap ,i detach from the scabbard and hang loopwise from the back latigo-ring4 ,then ,i thrust the muzzle of the scabbarded rifle between the stirrup leathers and through this loop1 hang the forward sling strap over the pommel--and there ,i am6 ,the advantage is that ,i can remove rifle and scabbard without unbuckling any straps4 ,the gun should hang on the left side of the horse so that after dismounting you need not walk around him to get it4 ,a little experiment will show you how near the horizontal you can sling it without danger of its jarring out4 ,sidenote3 ,pack ,outfits ,so much for your own riding horse4 ,the pack outfit consists of the pack saddle1 with the apparatus to keep it firm2 its padding2 the kyacks1 or alforjas--sacks to sling on either side2 and the lash rope and cinch with which to throw the hitches4 ,sidenote3 ,pack ,saddles ,the almost invariable type of pack saddle is the sawbuck4 ,if it is bought with especial reference to the animal it is to be used on1 it is undoubtedly the best4 ,but nothing will more quickly gouge a hole in a horse's back than a saddle too narrow or too wide for his especial anatomy4 ,a saddle of this sort bolted together can be taken apart for easier transportation by baggage or express4 ,another and very good type of pack rig is that made from an old riding saddle4 ,the stirrup rigging is removed1 and an upright spike bolted strongly to the cantle4 ,the loops of the kyacks are to be hung over the horn and this spike4 ,such a saddle is apt to be easy on a horse's back1 but is after all merely a make-shift for a properly constructed sawbuck4 ,illustration3 ,under ,side of ,pack ,saddles4 ,illustration3 ,shape of ,collar ,pad--for ,pack ,saddles4 ,sidenote3 ,aparejos ,i shall only mention the aparejos4 ,this rig is used for freighting boxes and odd-shaped bundles4 ,it is practically nothing but a heavy pad1 and is used without kyacks4 ,you will probably never be called upon to use it2 but in another chapter ,i will describe one sling in order that you may be forearmed against contingencies4 ,sidenote3 ,pads ,we will assume that you are possessed of a good sawbuck saddle of the right size for your pack animal4 ,it will have the double cinch rig4 ,to the under surfaces tack firmly two ordinary collar-pads by way of softening4 ,beneath them you will use two blankets1 each as heavy as the one you place under your riding saddle4 ,this abundance is necessary because a pack rides dead--that is1 does not favor the horse as does a living rider4 ,by way of warning1 however1 too much is almost as bad as too little4 ,sidenote3 ,breasting and ,breeching ,the almost universal saddle rigging in use the ,west over is a breast strap of webbing fastened at the forward points of the saddle1 and a breech strap fastened to the back points of the saddle1 with guy lines running from the top to prevent its falling too far down the horse's legs4 ,this1 with the double cinch1 works fairly well4 ,its main trouble is that the breech strap is apt to work up under the horse's tail1 and the breast strap is likely to shut off his wind at the throat4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,britten ,pack ,rig ,mr4 ,ernest ,britten1 a mountaineer in the ,sierras1 has1 however1 invented a rig which in the nicety of its compensations1 and the accuracy of its adjustments is perfection4 ,every one becomes a convert1 and hastens to alter his own outfit4 ,illustration3 ,mr4 ,ernest ,britten's ,pack ,rig4 ,the breasting is a strap 7a7 running from the point of the saddle to a padded ring in the middle of the chest4 ,thence another strap 7b7 runs to the point of the saddle on the other side1 where it buckles4 ,a third strap 7c7 in the shape of a loop goes between the fore legs and around the front cinch4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,britten ,pack ,rig ,the breeching is somewhat more complicated4 ,i think1 however1 with a few rivets1 straps1 and buckles you will be able to alter your own saddle in half an hour4 ,illustration3 ,ordinary and ,inferior ,pack ,rig ,usually ,employed4 ,the back cinch you remove4 ,a short strap 7d71 riveted to the middle of the front cinch1 passes back six inches to a ring 7e74 ,this ring will rest on the middle of the belly4 ,from the ring two other straps 7ff7 ascend diagonally to the buckles 7g7 in the ends of the breeching4 ,from the ends of the breeching other straps 7h7 attach to what would be the back cinch ring 7k74 ,that constitutes the breeching rig4 ,it is held up by a long strap 7m7 passing from one side to the other over the horse's rump through a ring on top4 ,the ring is attached to the saddle by a short strap 7n74 ,illustration3 ,nearing a crest and in sight of game ,such a rig prevents the breeching from riding up or dropping down2 it gives the horse all his wind going up hill1 but holds firmly going down2 when one part loosens1 the other tightens2 and the saddle cinch1 except to keep the saddle from turning1 is practically useless and can be left comparatively loose4 ,i cannot too strongly recommend you1 both for your horse's comfort and your own1 to adopt this rigging4 ,sidenote3 ,kyacks ,the kyacks1 as ,i have said1 are two sacks to be slung one on each side of the horse4 ,they are provided with loops by which to hang them over the sawbucks of the saddle1 and a long strap passes from the outside of one across the saddle to a buckle on the outside of the other4 ,undoubtedly the best are those made of rawhide4 ,they weigh very little1 will stand all sorts of hard usage1 hold the pack rope well1 are so stiff that they well protect the contents1 and are so hard that miscellaneous sharp-cornered utensils may be packed in them without fear of injury either to them or the animal4 ,they are made by lacing wet hides1 hair out1 neatly and squarely over one of the wooden boxes built to pack two five gallon oil cans4 ,a round hardwood stick is sewn along the top on one side--to this the sling straps are to be attached4 ,after the hide has dried hard1 the wooden box is removed4 ,only one possible objection can be urged against rawhide kyacks2 if you are traveling much by railroad1 they are exceedingly awkward to ship4 ,for that purpose they are better made of canvas4 ,sidenote3 ,canvas ,kyacks ,sidenote3 ,lash ,ropes ,many canvas kyacks are on the market1 and most of them are worthless4 ,it is astonishing how many knocks they are called on to receive and how soon the abrasion of rocks and trees will begin to wear them through4 ,avoid those made of light material4 ,avoid also those made in imitation of the rawhide with a stick along the top of one side to take the sling straps4 ,in no time the ends of that stick will punch through4 ,the best sort are constructed of ,,oo canvas4 ,the top is made of a half-inch rope sewn firmly to the hem all around4 ,the sling straps are long1 and riveted firmly4 ,the ends are reinforced with leather4 ,such kyacks will give you good service and last you a long time4 ,when you wish to express them1 you pack your saddle and saddle blankets in one1 telescope the other over it1 and tie up the bundle with the lash rope4 ,the lash rope is important1 for you will have to handle it much1 and a three months' trip with a poor one would lose you your immortal soul4 ,most articles on the subject advise thirty-three feet4 ,that is long enough for the diamond hitch and for other hitches with a very small top pack1 but it will not do for many valuable hitches on a bulky pack4 ,forty feet is nearer the ticket4 ,the best is a manila half inch or five-eighth inch4 ,if you boil it before starting out1 you will find it soft to handle4 ,the boiling does not impair its strength4 ,parenthetically3 do not become over-enthusiastic and boil your riata1 or you will make it aggravatingly kinky4 ,cotton rope is all right1 but apt to be stiff4 ,i once used a linen rope2 it proved to be soft1 strong1 and held well1 but ,i have never been able to find another4 ,sidenote3 ,cinch ,hooks ,the cinch hook sold with the outfit is sawn into shape and strengthened with a bolt4 ,if you will go out into the nearest oak grove1 however1 you can cut yourself a natural hook which will last longer and hold much better4 ,the illustration shows the method of attaching such a hook4 ,sidenote3 ,picket ,ropes ,so you have your horses ready for their burdens4 ,picket ropes should be of half-inch rope and about #ej feet long4 ,the bell for the bell horse should be a loud one1 with distinctive note not easily blended with natural sounds1 and attached to a broad strap with safety buckle4 ,illustration3 ,natural ,cinch ,hook of ,oak4 ,sidenote3 ,hobbles ,hobbles are of two patterns4 ,both consist of heavy leather straps to buckle around either front leg and connected by two links and a swivel4 ,in one the strap passes first through the ring to which the links are attached1 and then to the buckle4 ,the other buckles first1 and then the end is carried through the ring4 ,you will find the first mentioned a decided nuisance1 especially on a wet or frosty morning1 for the leather tends to atrophy in a certain position from which numbed fingers have more than a little difficulty in dislodging it4 ,the latter1 however1 are comparatively easy to undo4 ,illustration3 ,a--,wash ,leather4 ,b--,heavy ,leather4 ,c--,steel ,ring4 ,d--,buckle4 ,e--,swivel4 ,hobbles--,wrong 7,upper7 and ,right ,sort4 ,hobbles should be lined4 ,i have experimented with various materials1 including the much lauded sheepskin with the wool on4 ,the latter when wet chafes as much as raw leather1 and when frozen is about as valuable as a wood rasp4 ,the best lining is a piece of soft wash leather at least two inches wider than the hobble straps4 ,sidenote3 ,how to ,attach ,hobbles ,with most horses it is sufficient to strap a pair of these around the forelegs and above the fetlocks4 ,a gentle animal can be trusted with them fastened below4 ,but many horses by dint of practice or plain native cussedness can hop along with hobbles nearly as fast as they could foot-free1 and a lot too fast for you to catch them single handed4 ,such an animal is an unmitigated bother4 ,of course if there is good staking you can picket him out2 but quite likely he is unused to the picket rope1 or the feed is scant4 ,sidenote3 ,side ,lines ,in that case it may be that side lines--which are simply hobbles by which a hind foot and a fore foot are shackled--may work4 ,i have had pretty good success by fastening a short heavy chain to one fore leg4 ,as long as the animal fed quietly1 he was all right1 but an attempt at galloping or trotting swung the chain sufficiently to rap him sharply across the shins4 ,very good hobbles can be made from a single strand unraveled from a large rope1 doubled once to make a loop for one leg1 twisted strongly1 the two ends brought around the other leg and then thrust through the fibers4 ,this is the sort used generally by cowboys4 ,they are soft and easily carried1 but soon wear out4 ,,chapter ,x ,,horse ,,packs ,sidenote3 ,generalities ,,almost any one can put together a comparatively well made back pack1 and very slight practice will enable a beginner to load a canoe4 ,but the packing of a horse or mule is another matter4 ,the burden must be properly weighted1 properly balanced1 properly adjusted1 and properly tied on4 ,that means practice and considerable knowledge4 ,to the average wilderness traveler the possession of a pack saddle and canvas kyacks simplifies the problem considerably4 ,if you were to engage in packing as a business1 wherein probably you would be called on to handle packages of all shapes and sizes1 however1 you would be compelled to discard your kyacks in favor of a sling made of rope4 ,and again it might very well happen that some time or another you might be called on to transport your plunder without appliances on an animal caught up from the pasture4 ,for this reason you must further know how to hitch a pack securely to a naked horse4 ,in this brief rsum of possibilities you can see it is necessary that you know at least three methods of throwing a lash rope--a hitch to hold your top pack and kyacks1 a sling to support your boxes on the aparejos1 and a hitch for the naked horse4 ,but in addition it will be desirable to understand other hitches adapted to different exigencies of bulky top packs1 knobby kyacks and the like4 ,one hitch might hold these all well enough1 but the especial hitch is better4 ,sidenote3 ,pack ,models ,the detailment of processes by diagram must necessarily be rather dull reading4 ,it can be made interesting by an attempt to follow out in actual practice the hitches described4 ,for this purpose you do not need a full-size outfit4 ,a pair of towels folded compactly1 tied together1 and thrown one each side over a bit of stove wood to represent the horse makes a good pack1 while a string with a bent nail for cinch hook will do as lash rope4 ,with these you can follow out each detail4 ,sidenote3 ,saddling the ,horse ,first of all you must be very careful to get your saddle blankets on smooth and without wrinkles4 ,hoist the saddle into place1 then lift it slightly and loosen the blanket along the length of the backbone1 so that the weight of the pack will not bind the blanket tight across the horse's back4 ,in cinching up1 be sure you know your animal2 some puff themselves out so that in five minutes the cinch will hang loose4 ,fasten your latigo or cinch straps to the lower ring4 ,thus you can get at it even when the pack is in place4 ,sidenote3 ,packing the ,kyacks ,distribute the weight carefully between the kyacks4 ,heft them again and again4 ,the least preponderance on one side will cause a saddle to sag in that direction2 that in turn will bring pressure to bear on the opposite side of the withers1 and that will surely chafe to a sore4 ,then you are in trouble4 ,when you are quite sure the kyacks weigh alike1 get your companion to hang one on the pack saddle1 at the same time you hook the straps of the other4 ,if you try to do it by yourself you must leave one hanging while you pick up the other1 thus running a good risk of twisting the saddle4 ,sidenote3 ,top ,packs ,your top pack you will build as the occasion demands4 ,in general1 try to make it as low as possible and to get your blankets on top where the pack rope bites4 ,the strap connecting the kyacks is then buckled4 ,over all you will throw the canvas tarpaulin that you use to sleep on4 ,tuck it in back and front to exclude dust4 ,it is now ready for the pack rope4 ,illustration3 ,the ,jam ,hitch4 ,sidenote3 ,jam ,hitch #a4 ,the ,jam ,hitch4--,all hitches possess one thing in common--the rope passes around the horse and through the cinch hook4 ,the first pull is to tighten that cinch4 ,afterward other maneuvers are attempted4 ,now ordinarily the packer pulls tight his cinch1 and then in the further throwing of the hitch he depends on holding his slack4 ,it is a very difficult thing to do4 ,with the jam hitch1 however1 the necessity is obviated4 ,the beauty of it is that the rope renders freely one way--the way you are pulling--but will not give a hair the other--the direction of loosening4 ,so you may heave up the cinch as tightly as you please1 then drop the rope and go on about your packing perfectly sure that nothing is going to slip back on you4 ,the rope passes once around the shank of the hook1 and then through the jaw 7see diagram74 ,be sure to get it around the shank and not the curve4 ,simplicity itself2 and yet ,i have seen very few packers who know of it4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,diamond ,hitch #b4 ,the ,diamond ,hitch4--,i suppose the diamond in one form or another is more used than any other4 ,its merit is its adaptability to different shapes and sizes of package--in fact it is the only hitch good for aparejo packing--its great flattening power1 and the fact that it rivets the pack to the horse's sides4 ,if you are to learn but one hitch1 this will be the best for you1 although certain others1 as ,i shall explain under their proper captions1 are better adapted to certain circumstances4 ,the diamond hitch is also much discussed4 ,i have heard more arguments over it than over the ,japanese war or original sin4 ,that thing a diamond hitch6 shrieks a son of the foothills to a son of the alkali4 ,go to6 ,looks more like a game of cat's cradle4 ,now this is the real way to throw a diamond4 ,sidenote3 ,colorado ,versus ,arizona ,certain pacifically inclined individuals have attempted to quell the trouble by a differentiation of nomenclature4 ,thus one can throw a number of diamond hitches1 provided one is catholically minded--such as the ,colorado diamond1 the ,arizona diamond1 and others4 ,the attempt at peace has failed4 ,oh1 yes1 says the son of the alkali as he watches the attempts of the son of the foothills4 ,that's the ,colorado diamond1 as one would say that is a paste jewel4 ,the joke of it is that the results are about the same4 ,most of the variation consists in the manner of throwing4 ,it is as though the discussion were whether the trigger should be pulled with the fore1 middle1 or both fingers4 ,after all1 the bullet would go anyway4 ,illustration3 ,a downward journey ,i describe here the single diamond1 as thrown in the ,sierra ,nevadas1 and the double diamond as used by government freight packers in many parts of the ,rockies4 ,the former is a handy one-man hitch4 ,the latter can be used by one man1 but is easier with two4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,single ,diamond ,throw the pack cinch 7a7 over the top of the pack1 retaining the loose end of the rope4 ,if your horse is bad1 reach under him with a stick to draw the cinch within reach of your hand until you hold it and the loose end both on the same side of the animal4 ,hook it through the hook 7a1 ,fig4 ,,ii7 and bring up along the pack4 ,thrust the bight 7a1 ,fig4 ,,iii7 of the loose rope under the rope 7b72 the back over and again under to form a loop4 ,the points 7c-c7 at which the loose rope goes around the pack rope can be made wide apart or close together1 according to the size of the diamond required 7,fig4 ,v74 ,with a soft top-pack requiring flattening1 the diamond should be large2 with heavy side pack1 smaller4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,single ,,diamond4 ,now go around to the other side of the animal4 ,pass the loose end 7d1 ,fig4 ,,iii7 back1 under the alforjas1 forward and through the loop from below as shown by the arrows of direction in ,fig4 ,,iv4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,single ,diamond ,you are now ready to begin tightening4 ,first pull your cinch tight by means of what was the loose end 7b7 in ,fig4 ,,ii4 ,place one foot against the animal and heave1 good and plenty4 ,take up the slack by running over both ends of the loop 7c-c ,fig4 ,,iii74 ,when you have done this1 go around the other side4 ,there take up the slack on b-b ,fig4 ,,iv4 ,with all there is in you pull the loose end 7c1 ,fig4 ,,iv7 in the direction of the horse's body1 toward his head4 ,brace your foot against the kyacks4 ,it will sag the whole hitch toward the front of the pack1 but don't mind that3 the defect will be remedied in a moment4 ,next1 still holding the slack 7,fig4 ,v71 carry the loose end around the bottom of the alforjas and under the original main pack rope 7c74 ,now pull again along the direction of the horse's body1 but this time toward his tail4 ,the strain will bend the pack rope 7c71 heretofore straight across1 back to form the diamond4 ,it will likewise drag back to its original position amidships in the pack the entire hitch1 which1 you will remember1 was drawn too far forward by your previous pull toward the horse's head4 ,thus the last pull tightens the entire pack1 clamps it down1 secures it immovably1 which is the main recommendation and beautiful feature of the diamond hitch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,,the ,,double ,,diamond4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,fig4 #f ,,the ,,double ,,diamond4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,double ,diamond ,the double diamond is a much more complicated affair4 ,begin by throwing the cinch under1 not over the horse4 ,let it lie there4 ,lay the end of the rope 7a7 lengthwise of the horse across one side the top of the pack 7,fig4 #a74 ,experience will teach you just how big to leave loop 7b74 ,throw loop 7b7 over top of pack 7,fig4 #b74 ,reverse loop a 7,fig4 #b7 by turning it from left to right 7,fig4 #c74 ,pass loop 7a7 around front and back of kyack1 and end of rope d over rope c1 and under rope d4 ,pass around the horse and hook the cinch hook in loop 7e74 ,this forms another loop 7a1 ,fig4 #d71 which must be extended to the proper size and passed around the kyack on the other side 7,fig4 #e74 ,now tighten the cinch1 pull up the slack1 giving strong heaves where the hitch pulls forward or back along the left of the horse1 ending with a last tightener at the end 7b1 ,fig4 #e74 ,the end is then carried back under the kyack and fastened4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,square ,hitch #c4 ,the ,square ,hitch is easily and quickly thrown1 and is a very good fair-weather lash4 ,in conjunction with half hitches1 as later explained1 it makes a good hitch for a bucking horse4 ,for a very bulky pack it is excellent in that it binds in so many places4 ,it is thrown as follows3 ,illustration3 ,the ,square ,hitch4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,square ,hitch ,throw the cinch hook over the pack1 and cinch tight with the jam hitch before described4 ,lead the end across the horse1 around the back of kyack on the other side1 underneath it1 and up over at a4 ,the end here passes beneath at b4 ,you will find that you can1 when you cinch up at first1 throw a loose loop over the pack comprising the bight bed1 so as to leave your loose end at d4 ,then place the loop bed around the kyack4 ,a moment's study of the diagram will show you what ,i mean1 and will also convince you that much is gained by not having to pass rope 7a7 underneath at b4 ,now pull hard on loose end at d1 taking care to exert your power lengthwise of the horse4 ,pass the line under the alforjas toward the rear1 up over the pack and under the original rope at c4 ,pull on the loose end1 this time exerting the power toward the rear4 ,you cannot put too much strength into the three tightening pulls3 7#a7 in cinching through the cinch hook2 7#b7 the pull forward2 7#c7 the pull back4 ,on them depends the stability of your pack4 ,double back the loose end and fasten it4 ,this is a very quick hitch4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,bucking ,hitch #d4 ,the ,bucking ,hitch is good to tie things down on a bad horse1 but it is otherwise useless to take so much trouble4 ,pass the pack rope around the kyacks on one side1 and over itself4 ,this forms a half hitch1 below which hangs the cinch4 ,lead the pack rope over the top of the pack1 around the other kyack1 and through to form another half hitch4 ,cinch up1 and throw either the single diamond or the square hitch4 ,the combination will clamp the kyacks as firmly as anything can4 ,illustration3 ,the ,bucking ,hitch4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,miner's ,hitch #e4 ,the ,miner's ,hitch4--,this hitch is very much on the same principle1 but is valuable when you happen to be provided with only a short rope1 or a cinch with two rings1 instead of a ring and a hook4 ,illustration3 ,the ,miner's ,hitch4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,miner's ,hitch ,take your rope--with the cinch unattached--by the middle and throw it across the pack4 ,make a half hitch over either kyack4 ,these half hitches1 instead of running around the sides of the kyacks1 as in the last hitch1 should run around the top1 bottom1 and ends 7see diagram74 ,thrust bight 7b7 through cinch ring1 and end 7a7 through the bight4 ,do the same thing on the other side4 ,make fast end a at c1 and end d at e1 cinching up strongly on the bights that come through the cinch rings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,,the ,,lone ,,packer ,,hitch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #e ,the ,lone ,packer ,hitch4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,lone ,packer ,hitch #f4 ,the ,lone ,packer or ,basco ,hitch4--,this is a valuable hitch when the kyacks are heavy or knobby1 because the last pull lifts them away from the horse's sides4 ,it requires at least forty feet of rope4 ,i use it a great deal4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,lone ,packer ,hitch ,cinch up with the jam hitch as usual4 ,throw the end of the rope across the horse1 under the forward end of the kyack on the far side1 beneath it and up over the rear end of the kyack4 ,the rope in all other hitches binds against the bottom of the kyacks2 but in this it should pass between the kyack and the horse's side 7,fig4 #a74 ,now bring a bight in loose end 7a7 forward over rope 7c71 and thrust it through under rope 7c7 from front to back 7,fig4 #b74 ,be sure to get this right4 ,hold bight 7b7 with left hand where it is1 and with the other slide end 7a7 down along rope 7c7 until beneath the kyacks 7,fig4 #c74 ,seize rope at d and pull hard directly back2 then pull cinchwise on a4 ,the first pull tightens the pack2 the second lifts the kyacks4 ,carry end 7a7 across the pack and repeat on the other side4 ,fasten finally anywhere on top4 ,fig4 #d shows one side completed1 with rope thrown across ready for the other side4 ,fig4 #e is a view from above of the hitch1 completed except for the fastening of end 7a74 ,sidenote3 ,a ,modification ,in case you have eggs or glassware to pack1 spread your tarp on the horse twice as long as usual4 ,cinch up with the jam hitch1 lay your eggs1 etc41 atop the rope2 fold back the canvas to cover the whole1 and then throw the lone packer1 placing one rope each side the package 7,figs4 #f and #g74 ,sidenote3 ,the ,squaw ,hitch #g4 ,the ,squaw ,hitch4--,often it may happen that you find yourself possessed of a rope and a horse1 but nothing else4 ,it is quite possible to pack your equipment with only these simple auxiliaries4 ,lay your tarp on the ground fully spread4 ,on half of it pack your effects1 striving always to keep them as flat and smooth as possible4 ,fold the other half of the canvas to cover the pack4 ,lay this thick mattress-like affair across the horse's bare back1 and proceed to throw the squaw hitch as follows3 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,the ,squaw ,hitch4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,squaw ,hitch ,throw a double bight across the top of the pack 7,fig4 #a74 ,pass end a under the horse and through loop c2 and end b under the horse and through loop 7d74 ,take both a and b directly back under the horse again1 in the opposite direction1 of course1 and pass both through loop 7e74 ,now cinch up on the two ends and fasten4 ,sidenote3 ,sling #h4 ,sling ,no4 #a4--,when you possess no kyacks1 but have some sort of pack saddle1 it is necessary to improvise a sling4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #d ,sling ,no4 #a4 ,fasten the middle of your rope by means of two half hitches to the front of the pack saddle 7,fig4 #a74 ,throw the ends 7b1 b7 crossed as shown in ,fig4 #b4 ,place the box or sack in bight 7a71 passing the rope around the outside and the ends1 as in ,fig4 #c4 ,the end of the sack should be just even with the front of the pack saddle4 ,if you bring it too far forward the front of the sling will sag4 ,pass the end 7b7 underneath the sack or burden1 across its middle1 and over the top of the saddle4 ,when the other side is similarly laden1 the ends 7b1 b7 may be tied together at the top2 or if they are long enough1 may be fastened at c 7,fig4 #d74 ,sidenote3 ,another ,sling #i4 ,sling ,no4 #b4--;,another sling is sometimes handy for long bundles1 and is made as follows3 ,illustration3 ,sling ,no4 #b4 ,fasten the rope by the middle as explained in the last4 ,fasten ends 7b1 b7 to the rear horn or to each other 7see diagram74 ,leave the bights of the rope 7a1 a7 of sufficient length so they can be looped around the burden and over the horns4 ,this sling is useful only on a regular pack saddle1 while the other really does not need the rear pommel at all1 as the ropes can be crossed without it4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,saddle ,hitch #aj4 ,the ,saddle ,hitch4--,there remains now the possibility1 or let us hope probability1 that you may some day wish to pack a deer on your riding saddle1 or perhaps bring in a sack of grain or some such matter4 ,throw the rope across the seat of the saddle1 leaving long ends on both sides4 ,lay your deer aboard1 crosswise4 ,thrust a bight 7a7 of one end through your cinch ring1 and pass the loop thus formed around the deer's neck 7,fig4 #a74 ,repeat on the other side1 bringing the loop there about his haunch4 ,cinch up the two ends of the rope1 and tie them on top4 ,illustration3 ,the ,saddle ,hitch4 ,illustration3 ,illustrating ,how to ,pack ,eggs or ,glassware4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,result ,,of ,,not ,,getting ,,the ,,hitch ,,on ,,snug4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,saddle ,hitch ,sidenote3 ,how to ,pack ,fragile ,stuff ,the great point in throwing any hitch is to keep the rope taut4 ,to do this1 pay no attention to your free end1 but clamp down firmly the fast end with your left hand until the right has made the next turn4 ,remember this2 it is important4 ,the least slip back of the slack you have gained is going to loosen that pack by ever so little2 and then you can rely on the swing and knocks of the day's journey to do the rest4 ,the horse rubs under a limb or against a big rock2 the loosened rope scrapes off the top of the pack2 something flops or rattles or falls--immediately that cayuse arches his back1 lowers his head1 and begins to buck4 ,it is marvelous to what height the bowed back will send small articles catapult-wise into the air4 ,first go the tarpaulin and blankets2 then the duffle bags2 then one by one the contents of the alforjas2 finally1 after they have been sufficiently lightened1 the alforjas themselves in an abandoned parabola of debauched delight4 ,in the meantime that horse1 and all the others1 has been running frantically all over the rough mountains1 through the rocks1 ravines1 brush and forest trees4 ,you have ridden recklessly trying to round them up1 sweating1 swearing1 praying to the ,red ,gods that none of those indispensable animals is going to get lame in this insane hippodrome4 ,finally between you1 you have succeeded in collecting and tying to trees all the culprits4 ,then you have to trail inch by inch along the track of the cyclone1 picking up from where they have fallen1 rolled1 or been trampled1 the contents of that pack down to the smallest4 ,it will take you the rest of the day2 and then you'll miss some4 ,oh1 it pays to get your hitch on snug6 ,sidenote3 ,the ,tie ,hitch #aa4 ,the ,tie ,hitch4--,the hitches described are all ,i have ever had occasion to use1 and will probably carry you through any emergencies that may be likely to arise4 ,but perhaps many times during the day you are likely to want to stop the train for the purpose of some adjustments4 ,therefore you will attach your lead ropes in a manner easily to be thrown loose4 ,thrust the bight 7a7 of the lead rope beneath any part of the pack rope 7b1 b74 ,double back the bight 7d7 of the loose end 7c7 through the loop 7a7 thus formed4 ,tighten the knot by pulling tight on loop d4 ,a sharp pull on c will free the entire lead rope4 ,illustration3 ,the ,tie ,hitch4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,horses1 ,,mules1 ,,burros ,sidenote3 ,mules ,a ,,good riding mule1 when you can get him1 and provided you intend to use him only for trail travel in the mountains1 is about the best proposition4 ,a mule is more sure-footed than a horse1 and can subsist where a horse would starve4 ,on the other hand he is not much good off a walk2 never acquires the horse's interest in getting around stubborn stock1 and is apt to be mean4 ,none of these objections1 however much they may influence your decision as to saddle animals1 will have any weight against a pack beast4 ,for the latter purpose the mule is unexcelled4 ,but probably in the long run you will prefer to ride a horse4 ,sidenote3 ,burros ,burros are an aggravation2 and yet in some circumstances they are hard to beat4 ,they are unbelievably slow1 and unbelievably stubborn4 ,when they get tired--or think they do--they stop1 and urging merely confirms their decision to rest4 ,you cannot hurry them4 ,they hate water1 and it is sometimes next to impossible to force them into a deep or swift stream4 ,they are camp thieves1 and will eat anything left within their reach4 ,still1 they can live on sage-bush1 go incredible periods without drinking1 make their way through country impassible to any other hoofed animals excepting goats and sheep4 ,certain kinds of desert travel is impossible without them1 and some sorts of high rough mountaineering is practicable only with their aid4 ,at times you will be driven to the use of them4 ,in such an emergency gird your soul with patience1 and try to buy big ones4 ,sidenote3 ,pack ,mules ,pack mules are almost impossible to get1 and are generally very high priced4 ,a good pack mule does not mean any old mule that comes along4 ,the animal should be rather small1 chunkily built1 gentle as to the heels and teeth1 accustomed to carrying and taking care of a pack1 trained to follow the saddle horses1 and not inclined to stray from camp4 ,such perfection costs anywhere from seventy-five to one hundred and fifty dollars4 ,it is worth the price to one who does much packing2 but as perfectly adequate pack horses can be had for from twenty to forty dollars1 and are easy to find1 you will in all likelihood choose them4 ,sidenote3 ,choosing a ,horse ,now ,i know perfectly well that ,i can tell you nothing about choosing a horse4 ,if you are a ,new ,englander you will know all about the trade2 if you are a ,new ,yorker1 you could give me points on every horse in the ring2 if you are ,middle ,west1 you probably have read or worked or traded or raised more horses than ,i will ever ride4 ,but in selecting a mountain horse1 his mere points as a physical specimen are often little in his favor1 while glaring defects may concern his usefulness hardly at all4 ,sidenote3 ,western ,horses ,never mind at first how the horse offered for your inspection looks4 ,examine him for blemishes later4 ,you must first discover if he is sure-footed and courageous4 ,an eastern horse would not last five minutes on a western trail4 ,a western horse1 no matter how accustomed to mountain work1 is worse than useless if subject to ordinary horse-panics at suddenly rustling leaves1 unexpected black stubs1 and the like4 ,he must attend to his footing1 keep his eyes for the trail1 and be wise4 ,next you must inquire if this steadiness carries over into other things4 ,he must stand when left without hitching1 and must be easy to catch4 ,often you will have to dismount for the purpose of clearing trail1 helping the pack train1 tightening ropes1 or reconnoitering4 ,at such junctures iron hitching posts are not always at hand4 ,nothing is more aggravating than the necessity of searching everywhere for a place to tie1 or worse1 to be forced to chase down and coax quiet a horse that has promptly decamped when left for a moment to himself4 ,nor does it add to your joy to get up at four for the purpose of making an early start1 only to spend the extra hour filched from sleep in an attempt to catch some snorting fool horse4 ,the picture ,i have sketched looks to you somewhat like what is known as an old cow1 doesn't it8 ,but in reality good horses of the quality named are not difficult to find4 ,equine intelligence is of a higher grade ,west than ,east1 mainly because a western horse is all his life thrown on his own resources4 ,it is perfectly possible to find a horse both handsome and spirited1 which will nevertheless permit himself to be directly approached in pasture1 and will stand until further orders on the trail4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,old ,cow of a ,horse ,but the point is that it is much better1 oh1 infinitely6 to get an old cow than a horse without these qualities4 ,the old cow will carry you1 and will be there when wanted4 ,that is the main thing in the mountains4 ,while as for the other horse1 no matter how well bred he is1 how spirited1 how well gaited1 how handsome1 how appealing in every way to a horseman's eye--he will be worse than no horse if you have to keep your hands on him1 if he must be picketed at night1 if he is likely to shy on a bad trail1 if he may refuse to tackle a rough place or to swim a river4 ,illustration3 ,in mid-day the shade of the pines is inviting ,sidenote3 ,a ,handsome ,horse ,not ,necessary ,of course it is nice to ride a good-looking horse2 but in the mountains most emphatically handsome is what handsome does4 ,the horses ,i now own are fine animals and fine mountain ponies2 but some of the best ,i have ever ridden1 a horseman would not look at twice4 ,on a time1 being under the absolute necessity of getting a pack quickly1 ,i purchased a bay that ,i promptly named ,methuselah4 ,he was some sixteen years old1 badly stove forward by hard riding1 and not much of a horse anyway4 ,for three months he carried a pack4 ,then one day ,i threw a saddle on him to go a short distance on some little errand4 ,methuselah1 overjoyed1 did his best4 ,the old horse was one of the best mountain saddlers in the outfit4 ,he climbed surely and well2 he used his head in negotiating bad places2 would stay where he was put4 ,the fact that he was not sound was utterly unimportant1 for not once in a week was he required to go faster than a walk4 ,on the other hand ,i once owned a ,bill-horse1 mountain-bred and raised4 ,he was a beautiful beast1 proud1 high-stepping--one you would be glad to be seen on4 ,he would have been worth considerable money1 and would have afforded much solid satisfaction if ,i had wanted him for cow work1 or pleasure riding in the lower country4 ,but it was absolutely impossible to catch him1 even hobbled1 without a corral4 ,one day ,i saw him leap from a stand and with hobbles over a fence and feed trough4 ,so ,i traded him for another1 not near so much of a horse1 as a horse1 but worth two dozen ,bill-horses4 ,sidenote3 ,gun ,shyness ,sidenote3 ,what ,one ,sam ,fat ,did ,one other thing you must notice1 and that is whether or not the beast is gun shy4 ,a great many stampede wildly at the report of firearms4 ,i once owned a pack horse named ,sam ,fat1 on which for some time ,i congratulated myself4 ,he was a heavy animal1 and could carry a tremendous load2 and yet he was sure-footed and handled himself well on rough country4 ,he was gentle and friendly4 ,he took excellent care of his pack1 and he followed perfectly4 ,no one needed to ride behind him to keep ,sam ,fat coming4 ,i used to turn him loose when ,i started1 and pay no more attention to him until ,i stopped4 ,no matter how rich the feed through which we passed1 ,sam ,fat was always on hand when the halt was called4 ,and1 very important point1 he was a good rustler--he kept fat and sleek on poor food where other horses gaunted4 ,altogether ,sam ,fat was a find4 ,then one day one of the party shot off a harmless little twenty-two caliber popgun4 ,sam ,fat went crazy4 ,he squatted flat1 uttered a terrified squeal1 and departed through the woods1 banging his pack against trees and hanging limbs4 ,we chased him a mile1 and finally brought him back1 but all the rest of the day he was panicky4 ,i tried to get him accustomed to shooting by tying him near our target practice1 but it was no use4 ,finally1 though reluctantly1 ,i sold him4 ,so when the natives bring in their horses for your selection blind your eyes to the question of looks and points until you have divided the offering into two parts--those that are sure-footed1 courageous1 gentle1 tractable1 easy to catch1 good grub rustlers1 and if pack horses1 those that will follow and will take care of their packs1 and those that lack one or more of these qualifications4 ,discard the second group4 ,then if the first group contains nothing but blemished or homely horses1 make the best of it1 perfectly sure that the others might as well not exist4 ,sidenote3 ,qualifications ,in general1 a horse just from pasture should have a big belly4 ,a small-bellied horse will prove to be a poor feeder1 and will probably weaken down on a long hike4 ,the best horse stands from fourteen hands to fourteen two1 and is chunkily built4 ,there are exceptions1 both ways1 to this rule4 ,a pack horse is better with low withers on account of the possibility of sore backs4 ,avoid a horse whose ears hang sidewise from his head2 he is apt to be stubborn4 ,as for the rest1 horse sense is the same everywhere4 ,sidenote3 ,what a ,horse ,should ,carry ,sidenote3 ,sore ,backs ,a pack horse can carry two hundred pounds--not more4 ,of course more can be piled on him1 and he will stand up under it1 but on a long trip he will deteriorate4 ,greater weights are carried only in text books1 in camp-fire lies1 and where a regular pack route permits of grain feeding4 ,a good animal1 with care1 will take two hundred successfully enough1 but ,i personally always pack much lighter4 ,feed costs nothing1 so it is every bit as cheap to take three horses as two4 ,the only expense is the slight bother of packing an extra animal4 ,in return you can travel farther and more steadily1 the chances of sore backs are minimized1 your animals keep fat and strong1 and in case one meets with an accident1 you can still save all your effects on the other4 ,for the last three years ,i have made it a practice to pack only about a hundred to a hundred and twenty-five pounds when off for a very long trip4 ,my animals have always come out fat and hearty1 sometimes in marked contrast to those of my companions1 and ,i have not had a single case of sore back4 ,the latter are best treated by ,bickmore's ,gall ,cure4 ,its use does not interfere in the least with packing2 and ,i have never seen a case it did not cure inside ten days or two weeks if applied at the beginning of the trouble4 ,sidenote3 ,how ,far a ,horse ,should ,travel ,in the mountains and on grass-feed twenty miles a day is big travel4 ,if you push more than that you are living beyond your income4 ,it is much better1 if you are moving every day1 to confine yourself to jaunts of from twelve to fifteen miles on an average4 ,then if necessity arises1 you have something to fall back on1 and are able to make a forced march4 ,sidenote3 ,mountain ,travel ,the distance may seem very short to you if you have never traveled in the mountains2 but as a matter of fact you will probably find it quite sufficient1 both in length of time and in variety of scenery4 ,to cover it you will travel steadily for from six to eight hours2 and in the diversity of country will be interested every step of the way4 ,indeed so varied will be the details that it will probably be difficult to believe you have made so small a mileage1 until you stop to reflect that1 climbing and resting1 no horse can go faster than two or two and one-half miles an hour4 ,sidenote3 ,desert ,travel ,on the desert or the plains the length of your journey must depend entirely on the sort of feed you can get4 ,thirty miles a day for a long period is all a fed-horse can do1 while twenty is plenty enough for an animal depending on his own foraging4 ,longer rides are not to be considered in the course of regular travel4 ,i once did one hundred and eighty miles in two days--and then took a rest4 ,sidenote3 ,time to ,travel ,in the mountains you must keep in mind that a horse must both eat and rest2 and that he will not graze when frost is on the meadows4 ,many otherwise skillful mountaineers ride until nearly dark1 and are up and off soon after daylight4 ,they wonder why their horses lose flesh and strength4 ,the truth is the poor beasts must compress their twenty-four hours of sustenance into the short noon stop1 and the shorter evening before the frost falls4 ,it is often much wiser to get a very early start1 to travel until the middle of the afternoon1 and then to go into camp4 ,whatever inconvenience and discomfort you may suffer is more than made up for by the opportunities to hunt1 fish1 or cook afforded by the early stop2 and the time you imagine you lose is regained in the long run by the regularity of your days' journeys4 ,sidenote3 ,desert ,journeying ,on the desert or the plains where it is hot1 to the contrary1 you will have better luck by traveling early and late4 ,desert journeying is uncomfortable anyway1 but has its compensations4 ,we ordinarily get under way by three in the morning2 keep going until nine2 start about six again--after supper--and travel until nine of the evening4 ,thus we take advantage of whatever coolness is possible1 and see the rising and the falling of the day1 which is the most wonderful and beautiful of the desert's gifts4 ,sidenote3 ,climbing ,going up steep hills in high altitudes you must breathe your horse every fifty feet or so4 ,it need not be a long rest4 ,merely rein him in for eight or ten seconds4 ,do the same thing always before entering the negotiation of a bad place in the trail4 ,do this1 no matter how fresh and eager your animal may seem4 ,often it spells the difference between a stumble and a good clean climb4 ,an experienced pack horse will take these rests on his own initiative1 stopping and also starting again with the regularity of clockwork4 ,it does not hurt a horse to sweat1 but if ever he begins to drip heavily1 and to tremble in the legs1 it is getting time to hunt the shade for a rest4 ,i realize that such minor points as these may be perfectly well known to every one likely to read this book1 and yet ,i have seen so many cases of ignorance of them on the trail that ,i risk their inclusion here4 ,sidenote3 ,unsaddling ,every hour or so loosen the cinches of your saddle horse and raise the saddle and blankets an inch or so to permit a current of air to pass through4 ,steaming makes the back tender4 ,when you unsaddle him or the pack animals1 if they are very hot1 leave the blankets across them for a few moments4 ,a hot sun shining on a sweaty back causes small pimples1 which may develop into sores4 ,it is better to bathe with cold water the backs of green horses2 but such a trouble is not necessary after they are hardened4 ,sidenote3 ,to ,pick ,up a ,horse's ,feet ,two more things ,i will mention1 though strictly speaking1 they do not fall in the province of equipment4 ,when you pick up a horse's hind foot1 face to the rear1 put the hand nearest the horse firmly against his flank1 and use the other to raise the hoof4 ,then if he tries to kick1 you can hold him off sufficiently to get out of the way4 ,indeed the very force of his movement toward you will thrust against the hand on his flank and tend to throw you to one side4 ,sidenote3 ,to ,mount a ,bad ,horse ,if you are called upon to mount a bad horse1 seize the check piece of his bridle in your left hand and twist his head sharply toward you4 ,at the same time grasp the pommel in your right hand1 thrust your foot in the stirrup and swing aboard4 ,never get on any western horse as an easterner mounts--left hand on pommel and right hand on cantle4 ,if a horse plunges forward to buck while you are in this position1 you will inevitably land back of the saddle4 ,then he has a fine leverage to throw you about forty feet4 ,a bad pack horse you can handle by blindfolding4 ,anchor things for a storm1 take off the bandage1 and stand one side4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,canoes ,i ,,suppose ,i have paddled about every sort of craft in use1 and have found good qualities in all4 ,now that ,i am called upon to pick out one of them and label it as the best1 even for a specific purpose1 ,i must confess myself puzzled as to a choice4 ,perhaps the best way would be to describe the different sorts of canoe in common use1 detail their advantages1 tell what ,i consider the best of each kind1 and leave the choice to your own taste or the circumstances in which you may find yourself4 ,sidenote3 ,kinds of ,canoes ,practicable canoes are made of birch bark stretched over light frames2 of cedar2 of basswood2 of canvas1 and of canvas cover over stiff frames4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,birch ,bark ,sidenote3 ,advantages and ,disadvantages ,the birch bark canoe has several unassailable advantages4 ,it is light2 it carries a greater weight in proportion to its length than any other2 it is very easily mended4 ,on the other hand it is not nearly so fast as a wooden canoe of sweeter lines2 does not bear transportation so well2 is more easily punctured2 and does not handle so readily in a heavy wind4 ,these advantages and disadvantages1 as you can see1 balance against one another4 ,if it tends to veer in a heavy wind more than the wooden canoe1 it is lighter on portage4 ,if more fragile1 it is very easily mended4 ,if it is not quite so fast1 it carries more duffle4 ,altogether1 it is a very satisfactory all-around craft in which ,i have paddled many hundreds of miles1 and with which ,i have never been seriously dissatisfied4 ,if ,i were to repeat some long explorations in the absolute wilds of ,canada ,i should choose a birch canoe1 if only for the reason that no matter how badly ,i might smash it1 the materials are always at hand for repairs4 ,a strip of bark from the nearest birch tree2 a wad of gum from the next spruce2 some spruce roots2 a little lard and a knife will mend a canoe stove in utterly4 ,sidenote3 ,selection of a ,birch ,bark ,in selecting a birch bark canoe the most important thing to look after is to see that the bottom is all one piece without projecting knots or mended cracks4 ,many canoes have bottoms made of two pieces4 ,these when grounded almost invariably spring a leak at the seam1 for the simple reason that it takes very little to scrape off the slightly projecting gum4 ,on the other hand1 a bottom of one good piece of bark will stand an extraordinary amount of raking and bumping without being any the worse4 ,if in addition you can get hold of one made of the winter cut of bark1 the outside shell will be as good as possible4 ,try to purchase a new canoe4 ,should this be impossible1 look well to the watap1 or roots1 used in the sewing1 that they are not frayed or burst4 ,the frames should lie so close together as fairly to touch4 ,such a canoe1 two fathoms1 will carry two men and four hundred pounds besides4 ,it will weigh about fifty to seventy pounds1 and should cost new from six to eight dollars4 ,illustration3 ,getting ready for another day of it ,sidenote3 ,cedar and ,basswood ,a wooden canoe1 of some sort1 is perhaps better for all smooth and open-water sailing1 and all short trips nearer home4 ,it will stand a great deal of jamming about1 but is very difficult to mend if ever you do punch a hole in it4 ,you will need to buy a longer craft than when getting a birch4 ,the latter will run from twelve to fourteen feet4 ,a wood canoe of that length would float gunwhale awash at half you would wish to carry4 ,seventeen or eighteen feet is small enough for two men1 although ,i have cruised in smaller4 ,cedar is the lighter material--and the more expensive--but splits too readily4 ,basswood is heavier1 but is cheaper and tougher4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,folding ,canvas ,the folding canvas boat is an abomination4 ,it is useful only as a craft from which to fish in an inaccessible spot4 ,sooner or later it sags and gives1 and so becomes logy4 ,sidenote3 ,canvas ,covered ,a canoe is made1 however1 and much used by the ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 exactly on the frame of a birch bark1 but covered with tightly stretched and painted canvas4 ,it is a first-rate craft1 combining an approach to the lightness of the birch bark with the sweeter lines of the wooden canoe4 ,all ordinary small tears in its bottom are easily patched by the gum method4 ,its only inferiority to the birch rests in the facts that it is more easily torn2 that a major accident1 such as the smashing of an entire bow1 cannot be as readily mended2 and that it will not carry quite so great a weight4 ,all in all1 however1 it is a good and serviceable canoe4 ,sidenote3 ,portaging ,in portaging1 ,i have always had pretty good luck with the primitive ,indian fashion--the two paddles lengthwise across the thwarts and resting on the shoulders1 with perhaps a sweater or other padding to relieve the pressure4 ,it is possible1 however1 to buy cushions which just fit1 and on which you can kneel while paddling1 and also a regular harness to distribute the weight4 ,i should think they might be very good1 and would certainly be no trouble to carry4 ,only that makes one more thing to look after1 and the job can perfectly well be done without4 ,sidenote3 ,paddles ,the ,indian paddle is a very long and very narrow blade1 just as long as the height of its wielder4 ,for use in swift and somewhat shallow water1 where often the paddle must be thrust violently against the bottom or a rock1 this form is undoubtedly the best4 ,in more open1 or smoother water1 however1 the broader and shorter blade is better1 though even in the latter case it is well to select one of medium length4 ,otherwise you will find yourself1 in a heavy sea1 sometimes reaching rather frantically down toward the water4 ,whatever its length1 attach it to the thwart nearest you by a light strong line4 ,then if you should go overboard you will retain control of your craft4 ,i once swam over a mile before ,i was able to overtake a light canoe carried forward by a lively wind4 ,sidenote3 ,setting ,poles ,on any trip wherein you may have to work your way back against the current1 you must carry an iron shoe to fit on a setting pole4 ,any blacksmith can make you one4 ,have it constructed with nail holes4 ,then when you want a setting pole1 you can cut one in the woods1 and nail to it your iron shoe4 ,sidenote3 ,knapsacks ,the harness for packs is varied enough1 but the principle remains simple4 ,a light pack will hang well enough from the shoulders1 but when any weight is to be negotiated you must call into play the powerful muscles lying along the neck4 ,therefore1 in general1 an ordinary knapsack will answer very well for packs up to say thirty pounds4 ,get the straps broad and soft2 see that they are both sewed and riveted4 ,illustration3 ,tumplines4 ,sidenote3 ,tumplines ,sidenote3 ,how to ,carry ,packs ,when1 however1 your pack mounts to above thirty pounds you will need some sort of strap to pass across the top of your head4 ,this is known as a tumpline1 and consists of a band of leather to cross the head1 and two long thongs to secure the pack4 ,the blanket or similar cloth is spread1 the thongs laid lengthwise about a foot from either edge1 and the blanket folded inward and across the thongs4 ,the things to be carried are laid on the end of the blanket toward the head piece4 ,the other end of the blanket1 from the folds of which the ends of the thongs are protruding1 is then laid up over the pile4 ,the ends of the thongs are then pulled tight1 tied together1 and passed around the middle of the pack4 ,to carry this outfit with any degree of comfort1 be sure to get it low1 fairly in the small of the back or even just above the hips4 ,a compact and heavy article1 such as a sack of flour1 is a much simpler matter4 ,the thongs are tied together at a suitable distance4 ,one side of the loop thus formed goes around your head1 and the other around the sack of flour4 ,it will not slip4 ,sidenote3 ,pack ,harnesses ,by far the best and most comfortable pack outfit ,i have used is a combination of the shoulder and the head methods4 ,it consists of shoulder harness like that used on knapsacks1 with two long straps and buckles to pass around and secure any load4 ,a tumpline is attached to the top of the knapsack straps4 ,i have carried in this contrivance over a hundred pounds without discomfort4 ,suitable adjustment of the headstrap will permit you to relieve alternately your neck and shoulders4 ,heavy or rather compact articles can be included in the straps1 while the bulkier affairs will rest very well on top of the pack4 ,it is made by ,abercrombie ,fitch1 and costs two dollars and seventy-five cents4 ,,index ,agate ,ware1 #ih ,alertness1 #aj ,aluminum1 #ih ,aparejos1 #aef ,axes1 #ib ,bacon1 #aah ,how to ,cook1 #acf ,bags1 ,duffle1 #gb ,food1 #aje ,saddle1 #aec ,bakers1 #ajb ,dutch ,oven1 #ajb ,reflector1 #ajc ,baking ,powder1 #abj ,basswood ,canoes1 #bbd ,beans1 #abd ,how to ,cook1 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,should be ,wool1 #da ,utensils for ,table1 #ii ,waistcoats1 #ed ,washing1 ,how to ,do1 #db ,wash ,basins1 #ij ,tubs1 #ij ,waterproofs1 #ee ,woodcraft1 ,logic of1 #cj 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,repeated sidenotes were removed4 ,each chapter began with a page with the chapter title1 a blank page and then the first page of the chapter with the chapter title repeated4 ,the first chapter title of each of these sets was deleted to avoid repetition4 ,page #aag1 advisibility changed to advisability 7advisability of opening it7 ,page #aeh1 becames changed to becomes 7one becomes a convert7 ,page #bbc1 aleak changed to a leak 7a leak at the seam7 ,page #bcf1 ,tump ,lines changed to ,tumplines 7,tumplines1 #bbg7