,chuck ,greif and the ,online           
,distributed ,proofreading ,team  at    
http3_/_/www4pgdp4net 7,this book was   
produced from scanned  images of public 
domain material from the ,google ,print 
project47                    ,,above    
,,the ,,battle      ,the fire           
smouldering in the forest of ,europe was
 beginning to burst  into flames4 ,in   
vain did they try to put it out in one  
place2 it only  broke out in another4   
,with gusts of smoke and a shower of    
sparks it  swept from one point to      
another1 burning the dry brushwood4     
,already in  the ,east there were       
skirmishes as the prelude to the great  
war of the  nations4 ,all ,europe1      
,europe that only yesterday was         
sceptical and  apathetic1 like a dead   
wood1 was swept by the flames4 ,all men 
were  possessed by the desire for       
battle4 ,war was ever on the point of   
breaking out4 ,it was stamped out1 but  
it sprang to life again4 ,the world     
felt that it was at the mercy of an     

accident that might let loose the  dogs 
of war4 ,the world lay in wait4 ,the    
feeling of inevitability weighed        
heavily even upon the most pacifically  
minded4 ,and ideologues1 sheltered      
beneath the massive shadows of the      
cyclops1 ,proudhon1 hymned in war  man's
 fairest title of nobility4444    ,this1
 then1 was to be the end of the physical
 and moral resurrection  of the races of
 the ,west6 ,to such butchery they were 
to be borne along  by the currents of   
action and passionate faith6 ,only a    
,napoleonic genius  could have marked   
out a chosen1 deliberate aim for this   
blind1 onward  rush4 ,but nowhere in    
,europe was there any genius for action4
 ,it was as  though the world had chosen
 the most mediocre to be its governors4 
,the  force of the human mind was in    
other things--so there was nothing to be
  done but to trust to the declivity    
down which they were moving4 ,this  both
 the governing and the governed classes 
were doing4 ,europe looked  like a vast 

armed camp4    ,jean-,christophe1 vol4 x
 7#aiab74    ,english translation by    
,gilbert ,cannan1 vol4 iv1 p4 #ejd4     
,,above ,,the ,,battle    ,,by  ,,romain
 ,,rolland    ,,translated ,,by  ,c4 ,k4
 ,,ogden1 ,m4 ,a4  7,editor of ,the     
,cambridge ,magazine7    ,,chicago      
,,the ,,open ,,court ,,publishing       
,,company  #aiaf    ,copyright #aiaf    
,the ,open ,court ,pub4 ,co41 ,chicago4 
,first published in #aiaf4    7,all     
rights reserved47                       
,,introduction      ,,contents          
,,preface      ,,notes      ,,footnotes 
,,introduction          ,over the       
carnage rose prophetic a voice1      ,be
 not dishearten'd1 affection shall solve
 the problem of        freedom yet4     
99       99       99       99       99  
7,were you looking to be held together  
by lawyers8      ,or by an agreement on 
a paper8 or by arms8      ,nay1 nor the 
world1 nor any living thing1 will so    
cohere47    ,these lines of ,walt       
,whitman will be recalled by many who   

read the  following pages3 for not only 
does ,rolland himself refer to ,whitman 
in  his brief ,introduction1 but1 were  
it not for a certain bizarrerie  apart  
from their context1 the words ,over the 
,carnage might perhaps  have stood on   
the cover of this volume as a striking  
variant on  ,au-dessus de la ,mle4      
,yet though the voice comes to us over  
the carnage1 its message is not  marred 
by the passions of the moment4 ,after   
eighteen months of war we  are learning 
to look about us more calmly1 and to    
distinguish amid the  ruins those of    
,europe's intellectual leaders who have 
not been swept off  their feet by the   
fury of the tempest4 ,almost alone      
,romain ,rolland has  stood the test4   
,the two main characteristics which     
strike us in all that  he writes are    
lucidity and common sense--the qualities
 most needed by  every one in thought   
upon the war4 ,but there is another     
feature of  ,rolland's work which       
contributes to its universal appeal4 ,he

 describes  our feelings and sensations 
in the presence of a given situation1   
not  what actually passes before our    
eyes3 he describes the effects and      
causes of things1 but not the things    
themselves4 ,through his work for  the  
,agence internationale des prisonniers  
de guerre1 to which one of  the articles
 now collected is largely devoted1 he   
is1 moreover1 in a  position to observe 
every phase of the great battle between 
ideals and  between nations which fills 
him with such anguish and indignation4  
,and  with his matchless insight and    
sympathy he gives permanent form to our 
vague feelings in these noble and       
inspiring essays4    ,it will not1      
however1 surprise the vast public who   
have read  ,jean-,christophe to find    
that while so many have capitulated to  
the  madness of the terrible year       
through which we have passed1 ,rolland  
has  remained firm1 and has surpassed   
himself4 ,he was prepared4 ,as the      
extract placed at the beginning of this 

volume shows1 he was one of the  few who
 realized only too well the horror he   
was powerless to prevent4  ,yet he made 
every effort to open the eyes of ,europe
 and especially of  the young1 so many  
of whom had learned to look up to him as
 a leader4 ,to  these young men1 one of 
the finest essays in the present        
collection is  primarily addressed--,o  
jeunesse hroique du monde4444           
,eighteen months have passed and they   
still endure the terrible ordeal1  the  
young men of ,germany and ,france1 whom 
he had striven so hard to  bring        
together2 on whose aspirations and      
failings ,jean-,christophe is a         
critical commentary4 ,the movements and 
tendencies of society were there  given 
a dramatic embodiment1 permeated for    
,rolland by the ,life  ,force--that     
struggle between ,good and ,bad1 ,love  
and ,hatred1 which makes  life worth    
living4 ,all is set down with the clear 
analysis of feeling  natural to a       
musical critic4 ,but in spite of his    

burning words on the  destruction of    
,rheims1 ,rolland1 as is clear from his 
other critical and  biographical        
writings1 is more interested in men than
 in their  achievements4 ,and the men of
 today interest him most passionately4  
,young men1 he has said1 do not bother  
about the old people4 ,make a           
stepping-stone of our bodies and go     
forward4    ,and above all it is the    
permanent things in life with which he  
is  concerned4 ,as ,mr4 ,lowes          
,dickinson puts it1 ,m4 ,rolland is one 
of the  many who believe1 though their  
voice for the moment may be silenced1   
that the spiritual forces that are      
important and ought to prevail are  the 
international ones2 that co-operation1  
not war1 is the right destiny  of       
nations2 and that all that is valuable  
in each people may be  maintained in and
 by friendly intercourse with the       
others4 ,the war  between these two     
ideals is the greater war that lies     
behind the present  conflict4 ,hundreds 

and thousands of generous youths have   
gone to battle  in the belief that they 
are going to a 'war that will end war1' 
that  they are fighting against         
militarism in the cause of peace4       
,whether1  indeed1 it is for that they  
will have risked or lost their lives1   
only  the event can show4    ,the forces
 against such ideals are powerful1 but  
,rolland is not  dismayed4 ,come1       
friends6 let us make a stand6 ,can we   
not resist this  contagion1 whatever its
 nature and virulence be--whether moral 
epidemic  or cosmic force4 ,and he      
appeals not only in the name of humanity
 but in  the name of that ,france which 
he loves so dearly--la vraie ,france of 
which ,jaurs wrote 7in the              
untranslatable words which ,rolland has 
quoted71 qui n'est pas rsume dans une   
poque et dans un jour1 ni dans  le jour 
d'il y a des sicles1 ni dans le jour    
d'hier1 mais la ,france  tout entire1   
dans la succession de ses jours1 de ses 
nuits1 de ses  aurores1 de ses          

crpuscules1 de ses montes1 de ses       
chutes1 et qui1   travers toutes ces    
ombres mles1 toutes ces lumires         
incompltes et  toutes ces vicissitudes1 
s'en va vers une pleine clart qu'elle   
n'a pas  encore atteinte1 mais dont le  
pressentiment est dans sa pense6    ,but
 though his love for ,france inspires   
every word that ,rolland has  written1  
the significance of the present volume  
is not less apparent to  ,english       
readers4 ,some of the articles and      
letters now collected have  already     
appeared in ,english1 for the most part 
in the pages of ,the  ,cambridge        
,magazine1 from which they have been    
widely quoted in the  press4 ,for help  
in rendering the translations as        
adequately as possible  ,i may also take
 this opportunity of acknowledging my   
special  indebtedness to ,mr4 ,roger    
,fry1#a who has just issued through the 
,omega  ,workshops a striking           
translation of some of the most recent  
,french  poetry inspired by the war2 to 

,mr4 ,james ,wood1 who has himself done 
part  of the translation1 particularly  
pro ,aris2 and to ,mr4 ,e4 ,k4 ,bennett1
  of ,caius ,college1 whose version of  
,above the ,battle has already been     
quoted by the ,archbishop of ,canterbury
 and others4 ,for the most part1  the   
articles here collected have not        
appeared in ,english before2 and  they  
have been almost inaccessible even in   
,french1 as their author  explains in   
his ,preface4    ,c4 ,k4 ,,ogden4       
,,magdalene ,,college1 ,,cambridge1     
,january1 #aiaf4          ,,contents4   
,,introduction ,,by ,,the ,,translator  
#g    ,,preface                         
#ae    ,i4 ,,an ,,open ,,letter ,,to    
,,gerhart ,,hauptmann                   
#ai    ,,ii4 ,,pro ,,aris               
#bc    ,,iii4 ,,above ,,the ,,battle    
#cg    ,,iv4 ,,the ,,lesser ,,of ,,two  
,,evils3 ,,pangermanism1  ,,panslavism  
#ef    ,v4 ,,inter ,,arma ,,caritas     
#gf    ,,vi4 ,,to ,,the ,,people ,,that 
,,is ,,suffering ,,for ,,justice        

#ic    ,,vii4 ,,letter ,,to ,,my        
,,critics                               
#ig    ,,viii4 ,,the ,,idols            
#ajg    ,,ix4 ,,for ,,europe3           
,,manifesto ,,of ,,the ,,writers ,,and  
,,thinkers ,,of ,,catalonia             
#abb    ,x4 ,,for ,,europe3 ,,an        
,,appeal ,,from ,,holland ,,to ,,the    
,,intellectuals ,,of ,,all ,,nations    
#abg    ,,xi4 ,,letter ,,to ,,frederik  
,,van ,,eeden                       #acf
    ,,xii4 ,,our ,,neighbor ,,the       
,,enemy                            #adb 
,,xiii4 ,a ,,letter ,,to ,,svenska      
,,dagbladet ,,of ,,stockholm       #aea 
,,xiv4 ,,war ,,literature               
#aec    ,,xv4 ,,the ,,murder ,,of ,,the 
,,elite                            #afh 
,,xvi4 ,,jaur,s                         
#aha    ,,notes                         
#aic    ,,index                         
#aie    ,,footnotes    ,,notes ,,of     
,,etext ,,transcriber      ,it is my    
pleasant duty to thank the brave friends
 who have defended me  during the past  

year1 in the ,parisian press3--at the   
end of ,october  #aiad1 ,amde ,dunois in
 l',humanit1 and ,henri ,guilbeaux1 in  
the  ,bataille syndicaliste2 in the same
 paper1 ,fernand ,deprs2 ,georges       
,pioch in the ,hommes du ,jour2 ,j4 ,m4 
,renaitour1 in the ,bonnet ,rouge2      
,rouanet1 in l',humanit2 ,jacques       
,mesnil1 in the ,mercure de ,france1    
and ,gaston ,thiesson1 in the ,guerre   
,sociale4 ,to these faithful comrades   
in the struggle ,i express my           
affectionate gratitude4    ,r4 ,r4      
,october1 #aiae4          ,,preface     
,a great nation assailed by war has not 
only its frontiers to protect3 it  must 
also protect its good sense4 ,it must   
protect itself from the  hallucinations1
 injustices1 and follies which the      
plague lets loose4 ,to  each his part3  
to the armies the protection of the soil
 of their native  land2 to the thinkers 
the defense of its thought4 ,if they    
subordinate  that thought to the        
passions of their people they may well  

be useful  instruments of passion2 but  
they are in danger of betraying the     
spirit1  which is not the least part of 
a people's patrimony4 ,one day ,history 
will pass judgment on each of the       
nations at war2 she will weigh their    
measure of errors1 lies1 and heinous    
follies4 ,let us try and make ours      
light before her6    ,children are      
taught the ,gospel of ,jesus and the    
,christian ideal4  ,everything in the   
education they receive at school is     
designed to  stimulate in them          
intellectual understanding of the great 
human family4  ,classical education     
makes them see1 beyond the differences  
of race1 the  roots and the common trunk
 of our civilization4 ,art makes them   
love the  profound sources of the genius
 of a people4 ,science makes them       
believe  in the unity of reason4 ,the   
great social movement which renews the  
world1 reveals the organized effort of  
the working classes all round  them to  
unite their forces in the hopes and     

struggles which break the  barriers of  
nations4 ,the brightest geniuses of the 
earth1 like ,walt  ,whitman and         
,tolstoi1 chant universal brotherhood in
 joy and suffering1  or else like our   
,latin spirits1 pierce with their       
criticism the  prejudices of hatred and 
ignorance which separate individuals and
  peoples4    ,like all the men of my   
time1 ,i have been brought up on these  
thoughts2 ,i  have tried in my turn to  
share the bread of life with my younger 
or less  fortunate brothers4 ,when the  
war came ,i did not think it my duty to 
deny  these thoughts because the hour   
had come to put them to the test4    ,i 
have been insulted4 ,i knew that ,i     
should be and ,i went forward4 ,but ,i  
did not know that ,i should be insulted 
without even a hearing4    ,for several 
months no one in ,france could know my  
writings except  through scraps of      
phrases arbitrarily extracted and       
mutilated by my  enemies4 ,it is a      
shameful record4 ,for nearly a year this

 has gone on4  ,certain socialist or    
syndicalist papers may have succeeded   
here and  there in getting some         
fragments through1#b but it was only in 
the month  of ,june #aiae that for the  
first time my chief article1 the one    
which was  the object of the most       
violent criticism1 ,above the ,battle1  
dating  from ,september #aiad1 could be 
published in full 7almost in full71     
thanks  to the malevolent zeal of a     
maladroit pamphleteer1 to whom ,i am    
indebted  for bringing my words before  
the ,french public for the first time4  
,a ,frenchman does not judge his        
adversary unheard4 ,whoever does so     
judges  and condemns himself3 for he    
shows that he fears the light4 ,i place 
before the world the texts they have    
slandered4#c ,i shall not defend  them4 
,let them defend themselves6    ,one    
single word will ,i add4 ,for a year ,i 
have been rich in enemies4 ,let  me say 
this to them3 they can hate me1 but they
 will not teach me to  hate4 ,i have no 

concern with them4 ,my business is to   
say what ,i believe  to be fair and     
humane4 ,whether this pleases or        
irritates is not my  business4 ,i know  
that words once uttered make their way  
of themselves4  ,hopefully ,i sow them  
in the bloody soil4 ,the harvest will   
come4    ,,romain ,,rolland4            
,september1 #aiae4          ,i4 ,,an    
,,open ,,letter ,,to ,,gerhart          
,,hauptmann      ,saturday1 ,august #bi1
 #aiad4d    ,i am not1 ,gerhart         
,hauptmann1 one of those ,frenchmen who 
regard ,germany  as a nation of         
barbarians4 ,i know the intellectual and
 moral greatness  of your mighty race4  
,i know all that ,i owe to the thinkers 
of old  ,germany2 and even now1 at this 
hour1 ,i recall the example and the     
words  of our ,goethe--for he belongs to
 the whole of humanity--repudiating  all
 national hatreds and preserving the    
calmness of his soul on those  heights  
where we feel the happiness and the     
misfortunes of other  peoples as our    

own4 ,i myself have labored all my life 
to bring  together the minds of our two 
nations2 and the atrocities of this     
impious war in which1 to the ruin of    
,european civilization1 they are        
involved1 will never lead me to soil my 
spirit with hatred4    ,whatever pain1  
then1 your ,germany may give me1        
whatever reasons ,i may  have to        
stigmatize as criminal ,german policy   
and the means it employs1 ,i  do not    
attach responsibility for it to the     
people which is burdened with  it and is
 used as its blind instrument4 ,it is   
not that ,i regard1 as you  do1 war as a
 fatality4 ,a ,frenchman does not       
believe in fatality4  ,fatality is the  
excuse of souls without a will4 ,war    
springs from the  weakness and stupidity
 of nations4 ,one cannot feel resentment
 against  them for it2 one can only pity
 them4 ,i do not reproach you with our  
miseries2 for yours will be no less4 ,if
 ,france is ruined1 ,germany will  be   
ruined too4 ,i did not even raise my    

voice when ,i saw your armies  violating
 the neutrality of noble ,belgium4 ,this
 flagrant breach of  honor1 which incurs
 the contempt of every upright          
conscience1 is quite  in the political  
tradition of your ,prussian kings2 it   
did not surprise  me4    ,but when ,i   
see the fury with which you are treating
 that magnanimous  nation whose only    
crime has been to defend its            
independence and the  cause of justice  
to the last1 as you ,germans yourselves 
did in #ahac 444  that is too much6 ,the
 world is revolted by it4 ,keep these   
savageries for  us ,frenchmen1 your true
 enemies6 ,but to wreak them against    
your  victims1 against this small1      
unhappy1 innocent ,belgian people 444   
how  shameful is this6    ,and not      
content to fling yourselves on living   
,belgium1 you wage war on  the dead1 on 
the glories of past ages4 ,you bombard  
,malines1 you burn  ,rubens1 and        
,louvain is now no more than a heap of  
ashes--,louvain with  its treasures of  

art and of science1 the sacred town6    
,what are you1  then1 ,hauptmann1 and by
 what name do you want us to call you   
now1 since  you repudiate the title of  
barbarians8 ,are you the grandsons of   
,goethe  or of ,attila8 ,are you making 
war on enemies or on the human spirit8  
,kill  men if you like1 but respect     
masterpieces4 ,they are the patrimony of
 the  human race4 ,you1 like all the    
rest of us1 are its depositories2 in    
pillaging it1 as you do1 you show       
yourselves unworthy of our great        
heritage1 unworthy to take your place in
 that little ,european army which  is   
civilization's guard of honor4    ,it is
 not to the opinion of the rest of the  
world that ,i address myself  in        
challenging you1 ,hauptmann4 ,in the    
name of our ,europe1 of which you  have 
hitherto been one of the most           
illustrious champions1 in the name of   
that civilization for which the greatest
 of men have striven all down  the ages1
 in the name of the very honor of your  

,germanic race1 ,gerhart  ,hauptmann1 ,i
 abjure you1 ,i challenge you1 you and  
the intellectuals of  ,germany1 amongst 
whom ,i reckon so many friends1 to      
protest with all your  energy against   
this crime which is recoiling upon you4 
,if you fail to do this1 you will prove 
one of two things3 either that  you     
approve what has been done--and in that 
case may the opinion of  mankind crush  
you--or else that you are powerless to  
raise a protest  against the ,huns who  
command you4 ,if this be so1 by what    
title can you  still claim1 as you have 
claimed1 that you fight for the cause of
  liberty and human progress8 ,you are  
giving the world a proof that1          
incapable of defending the liberty of   
the world1 you are even incapable  of   
defending your own1 and that the best of
 ,germany is helpless beneath  a vile   
despotism which mutilates masterpieces  
and murders the spirit of  man4    ,i am
 expecting an answer from you1          
,hauptmann1 an answer that may be an    

act4 ,the opinion of ,europe awaits it  
as ,i do4 ,think about it3 at such a    
time silence itself is an act4          
,journal de ,genve1 ,wednesday1 ,sept4  
#b1 #aiad4          ,,ii4 ,,pro ,,aris#e
      ,among the many crimes of this    
infamous war which are all odious to us1
  why have we chosen for protest the    
crimes against things and not against   
men1 the destruction of works and not of
 lives8    ,many are surprised by this1 
and have even reproached us for it--as  
if we  have not as much pity as they for
 the bodies and hearts of the thousands 
of victims who are crucified6 ,yet over 
the armies which fall1 there  flies the 
vision of their love1 and of la ,patrie1
 to which they  sacrifice               
themselves--over these lives which are  
passing away passes the  holy ,ark of   
the art and thought of centuries1 borne 
on their shoulders4  ,the bearers can   
change4 ,may the ,ark be saved6 ,to the 
lite of the world  falls the task of    
guarding it4 ,and since the common      

treasure is  threatened1 may they rise  
to protect it6    ,i am glad to think   
that in the ,latin countries this sacred
 duty has  always been regarded as      
paramount4 ,our ,france which bleeds    
with so many  other wounds1 has suffered
 nothing more cruel than the attack     
against  her ,parthenon1 the ,cathedral 
of ,rheims1 ,our ,lady of ,france4      
,letters  which ,i have received from   
sorely tried families1 and from soldiers
 who  for two months have borne every   
hardship1 show me 7and ,i am proud of it
  for them and for my people7 that there
 was no burden heavier for them to      
bear4 ,it is because we put spirit above
 flesh4 ,very different is the  case of 
the ,german intellectuals1 who1 to my   
reproaches for the  sacrilegious acts of
 their devastating armies1 have all     
replied with one  voice1 ,perish every  
chef-d'oeuvre rather than one ,german   
soldier6    ,a piece of architecture    
like ,rheims is much more than one life2
 it is a  people--whose centuries       

vibrate like a symphony in this organ of
 stone4  ,it is their memories of joy1  
of glory1 and of grief2 their           
meditations1  ironies1 dreams4 ,it is   
the tree of the race1 whose roots plunge
 to the  profoundest depths of its soil1
 and whose branches stretch with a      
sublime lan towards the sky4 ,it is     
still more3 its beauty which soars      
above the struggles of nations is the   
harmonious response made by the  human  
race to the riddle of the world--this   
light of the spirit more  necessary to  
souls than that of the sun4    ,whoever 
destroys this work1 murders more than a 
man2 he murders the  purest soul of a   
race4 ,his crime is inexpiable1 and     
,dante would have it  punished with an  
eternal agony1 eternally renewed4 ,we   
who repudiate the  vindictive spirit of 
so cruel a genius1 do not hold a people 
responsible  for the crimes of a few4   
,the drama which unfolds itself before  
our eyes1  and whose almost certain     
dnouement will be the crushing of the   

,german  hegemony1 is enough for us4    
,what brings it home to us most nearly  
is that not one of those who  constitute
 the moral and intellectual lite of     
,germany--that hundred  noble spirits1  
and those thousands of brave hearts of  
which no great  nation was ever         
destitute--not one really suspects the  
crimes of his  ,government2 the         
atrocities committed in ,flanders1 in   
the north and in  the east of ,france   
during the two or three first weeks of  
the war2 or  7one can safely wager7 the 
voluntary devastations of the towns of  
,belgium and the ruin of ,rheims4 ,if   
they came to look at the reality1 ,i    
know that many of them would weep with  
grief and shame2 and of all the         
shortcomings of ,prussian ,imperialism1 
the worst and the vilest is to  have    
concealed its crimes from its people4   
,for by depriving them of the  means of 
protesting against those crimes1 it has 
involved them for ever  in the          
responsibility2 it has abused their     

magnificent devotion4 ,the              
intellectuals1 however1 are also guilty4
 ,for if one admits that the  brave men1
 who in every country tamely feed upon  
the news which their  papers and their  
leaders give them for nourishment1 allow
 themselves to  be duped1 one cannot    
pardon those whose duty it is to seek   
truth in the  midst of error1 and to    
know the value of interested witnesses  
and  passionate hallucinations4 ,before 
bursting into the midst of this  furious
 debate upon which was staked the       
destruction of nations and of  the      
treasures of the spirit1 their first    
duty 7a duty of loyalty as much  as of  
common sense7 should have been to       
consider the problems from both  sides4 
,by blind loyalty and culpable          
trustfulness they have rushed head      
foremost into the net which their       
,imperialism had spread4 ,they believed 
that their first duty was1 with their   
eyes closed1 to defend the honor  of    
their ,state against all accusation4    

,they did not see that the noblest      
means of defending it was to disavow its
 faults and to cleanse their  country of
 them4444    ,i have awaited this virile
 disavowal from the proudest spirits of 
,germany1 a disavowal which would have  
been ennobling instead of  humiliating4 
,the letter which ,i wrote to one of    
them1 the day after the  brutal voice of
 ,wolff's ,agency pompously proclaimed  
that there remained  of ,louvain no more
 than a heap of ashes1 was received by  
the entire  lite of ,germany in a spirit
 of enmity4 ,they did not understand    
that ,i  offered them the chance of     
releasing ,germany from the fetters of  
those  crimes which its ,empire was     
forging in its name4 ,what did ,i ask of
 them8  ,what did ,i ask of you all1    
finer spirits of ,germany8--to express  
at  least a courageous regret for the   
excesses committed1 and to dare to      
remind unbridled power that even the    
,fatherland cannot save itself  through 
crime1 and that above its rights are    

those of the human spirit4  ,i only     
asked for one voice--a single free      
voice4444 ,none spoke4 ,i  heard only   
the clamor of herds1 the pack of        
intellectuals giving tongue  on the     
track whereon the hunter loosed them1   
and that insolent  ,manifesto1 in which1
 without the slightest effort to justify
 its crimes1  you have unanimously      
declared that they do not exist4 ,and   
your  theologians1 your pastors1 your   
court-preachers1 have stated further    
that you are very just and that you     
thank ,god for having made you  thus4444
 ,race of ,pharisees1 what chastisement 
from on high shall scourge  your        
sacrilegious pride6444 ,do you not      
suspect the evil which you have  done to
 your own people8 ,the megalomania1 a   
menace to the world1 of an  ,ostwald or 
an ,h4 ,s4 ,chamberlain1#f the criminal 
determination of  ninety-three          
intellectuals not to wish to see the    
truth1 will have cost  ,germany more    
than ten defeats4    ,how clumsy you    

are6 ,i believe that of all your faults 
maladresse is  the worst4 ,you have not 
said one word since the beginning of    
this war  which has not been more fatal 
for you than all the speeches of your   
adversaries4 ,it is you who have        
light-heartedly furnished the proof or  
the argument of the worst accusations   
that have been brought against  you2    
just as your official agencies1 under   
the stupid illusion of  terrorizing us1 
have been the first to launch emphatic  
recitals of your  most sinister         
devastations4 ,it is you1 who when the  
most impartial of  your adversaries were
 obliged1 in fairness1 to limit the     
responsibility  of these acts to a few  
of your leaders and armies1 have angrily
 claimed  your share4 ,it is you who the
 day after the destruction of ,rheims1  
which1 in your inmost hearts1 should    
have dismayed the best amongst you1     
have boasted of it in imbecile pride1   
instead of trying to clear              
yourselves4#g ,it is you1 wretched      

creatures1 you1 representatives of  the 
spirit1 who have not ceased to extol    
force and to despise the weak1  as if   
you did not know that the wheel of      
fortune turns1 that this force  one day 
will weigh afresh upon you1 as in past  
ages1 when your great  men1 at least1   
retained the consolation of not having  
yielded to it the  sovereignty of the   
spirit and the sacred rights of         
,right6444 ,what  reproaches1 what      
remorse are you heaping up for the      
future1 ,o blind  guides--you who are   
leading into the ditch your nation1     
which follows  you like the stumbling   
blind men of ,brueghel6    ,what poor   
arguments you have opposed to us for two
 months6    #a4 ,war is war1 say you1   
that is to say without common measure   
with the  rest of things1 above morals  
and reason and all the limits of        
ordinary  life1 a kind of supernatural  
state before which one can only bow     
without  discussion2    #b4 ,germany is 
,germany1 that is to say without common 

measure with the  rest of nations4 ,the 
laws which apply to others do not apply 
to her1 and  the rights which she       
arrogates to herself to violate ,right  
appertain to  her alone4 ,thus she can1 
without crime1 tear up written promises1
 betray  sworn oaths1 violate the       
neutrality of peoples which she has     
pledged  herself to defend4 ,but she    
claims in return the right to find1 in  
the  nations which she outrages1        
chivalrous adversaries1 and that they   
should not be so1 that they should dare 
to defend themselves by all the  means  
and the arms that remain to them1 she   
proclaims a crime6444    ,one recognizes
 there indeed the interested teaching of
 your ,prussian  masters6 ,great minds  
of ,germany1 ,i do not doubt your       
sincerity1 but you  are no longer       
capable of seeing the truth4 ,prussian  
,imperialism has  crushed down over your
 eyes and conscience1 its spiked helmet4
    ,necessity knows no law4 444 ,here  
is the eleventh commandment1 the        

message that you bring to the universe  
today1 sons of ,kant6444 ,we have  heard
 it more than once in history3 it is the
 famous doctrine of ,public  ,safety1   
mother of heroisms and crimes4 ,every   
nation has recourse to it  in the hour  
of danger1 but the greatest are those   
who defend against it  their immortal   
soul4 ,fifteen years have passed since  
the famous trial  which saw a single    
innocent man opposed to the force of the
 ,state4  ,fifteen years have passed    
since we ,french affronted and shattered
 the  idol of public safety1 when it    
threatened1 as our ,pguy says1 the      
eternal safety of ,france4    ,listen to
 him1 whom you have killed2 listen to a 
hero of the ,french  conscience1 writers
 who have the keeping of the conscience 
of ,germany4    ,our enemies of that    
time1 wrote ,charles ,pguy1 spoke the   
language  of the raison d',etat1 of the 
temporal safety of the people and the   
race4 ,but we1 by a profound ,christian 
movement1 by a revolutionary  effort1 at

 unity with traditional ,christianity1  
aimed at no less than  attaining the    
heights of sacrifice1 in our anxiety for
 the eternal  salvation of this people4 
,we did not wish to place ,france in the
  position of having committed the      
unpardonable sin4    ,you do not trouble
 yourselves about that1 thinkers of     
,germany4 ,you  bravely give your blood 
to save the mortal life1 but do not     
bother about  the life eternal4 ,it is a
 terrible moment1 ,i grant4 ,your       
fatherland as  ours struggles for its   
life1 and ,i understand and admire the  
ecstasy of  sacrifice which impels your 
youth1 as ours1 to make of its body a   
rampart against death4 ,to be or not to 
be1 do you say8 ,no1 that is not        
enough4 ,to be the great ,germany1 to be
 the great ,france1 worthy of their     
past1 and respecting one another even   
while fighting1 that is what ,i  wish4  
,i should blush for victory if my       
,france bought it at the price for      
which you will pay for your temporary   

success4 ,even while the battles  are   
being fought upon the plains of ,belgium
 and amongst the chalky  slopes of      
,champagne1 another war is taking place 
upon the field of the  spirit1 and often
 victory below means defeat above4 ,the 
conquest of  ,belgium1 ,malines1        
,louvain and ,rheims1 the carillons of  
,flanders1 will  sound a sadder knell in
 your history than the bells of ,jena2  
and the  conquered ,belgians have robbed
 you of your glory4 ,you know it4 ,you  
are  enraged because you know it4 ,what 
is the good of vainly trying to  deceive
 yourselves8 ,truth will be clear to you
 in the end4 ,you have done  your best  
to silence her--one day she will speak2 
she will speak by the  mouth of one of  
your own in whom will be awakened the   
conscience of your  race4444 ,oh1 that  
he may soon appear and that we may hear 
his voice--the  pure and noble voice of 
the redeemer who shall set you free6 ,he
 who has  lived in the intimacy of your 
old ,germany1 who has clasped her hand  

in  the twisted streets of her heroic   
and sordid past1 who has caught the     
breath of her centuries of trials and   
shames1 remembers and waits3 for  he    
knows that even if she has never proved 
strong enough to bear victory  without  
wavering1 it is in her hours of trouble 
that she reforms  herself1 and her      
greatest geniuses are sons of sorrow4   
,september #aiad4           99       99 
99       99       99    ,since these    
lines were written ,i have watched the  
birth of the anxiety  which little by   
little is making its way into the       
consciences of the  good people of      
,germany4 ,first a secret doubt1 kept   
under by a stubborn  effort to believe  
the bad arguments collected by their    
,government to  oppose it--documents    
fabricated to prove that ,belgium had   
renounced her  neutrality herself1 false
 allegations 7in vain repudiated four   
times by  the ,french ,government1 by   
the ,commander-in-,chief1 by the        
,cardinal and  the ,archbishop1 and by  

the ,mayor of ,rheims7--accusing the    
,french of  using the ,cathedral of     
,rheims for military purposes4 ,lacking 
arguments1  their system of defense is  
at times disconcerting in its navet4    
,is it possible1 they say1 that we      
should be accused of wishing to  destroy
 artistic monuments1 we1 the people     
above all others who venerate  art1 in  
whom is instilled this respect from     
infancy1 who have the  greatest number  
of text books and historical collections
 of art and the  longest list of        
lectures on sthetics8 ,is it possible to
 accuse of the  most barbarous actions  
the most humane1 the most affectionate1 
and the  most homely of peoples8    ,the
 idea never strikes them that ,germany  
is not constituted by a single  race of 
men1 and that besides the obedient      
masses who are born to obey1  to respect
 the law--all the laws--there is the    
race which commands1  which believes    
itself above all laws1 and which makes  
and unmakes them  in the name of force  

and necessity 7,not44447 ,it is this    
evil marriage  of idealism and ,german  
force which leads to these disasters4   
,the  idealism proves to be a woman2 a  
woman captive1 who like so many worthy  
,german wives1 worships her lord and    
master1 and refuses even to think  that 
he could ever be wrong4    ,it is1      
however1 necessary for the salvation of 
,germany that she should  one day       
countenance the thought of divorce1 or  
that the wife should have  the courage  
to make her voice heard in the          
household4 ,i already know  several who 
are beginning to champion the rights of 
the spirit against  force4 ,many a      
,german voice has reached us lately in  
letters protesting  against war and     
deploring with us the injustices which  
we deplore4 ,i  will not give their     
names in order not to compromise them4  
,not very  long ago ,i told the ,fair#h 
which obstructed ,paris that it was not 
,france4 ,i say today to the ,german    
,fair1 ,you are not the true ,germany4  

,there exists another ,germany juster   
and more humane1 whose ambition is  not 
to dominate the world by force and      
guile1 but to absorb in peace           
everything great in the thought of other
 races1 and in return to reflect  the   
harmony4 ,with that ,germany there is no
 dispute2 we are not her  enemies1 we   
are the enemies of those who have almost
 succeeded in making  the world forget  
that she still lives4    ,october #aiad4
    ,edition des ,cahiers ,vaudois #aj  
cahier1 #aiad 7,lausanne1 ,c4 ,tarin74  
,,iii4 ,,above ,,the ,,battle      ,o   
young men that shed your blood with so  
generous a joy for the starving  earth6 
,o heroism of the world6 ,what a harvest
 for destruction to reap  under this    
splendid summer sun6 ,young men of all  
nations1 brought into  conflict by a    
common ideal1 making enemies of those   
who should be  brothers2 all of you1    
marching to your death1 are dear to     
me4#i ,slavs1  hastening to the aid of  
your race2 ,englishmen fighting for     

honor and  right2 intrepid ,belgians who
 dared to oppose the ,teutonic colossus1
 and  defend against him the ,thermopyl 
of the ,west2 ,germans fighting to      
defend the philosophy and the birthplace
 of ,kant against the ,cossack          
avalanche2 and you1 above all1 my young 
compatriots1 in whom the  generation of 
heroes of the ,revolution lives again2  
you1 who for years  have confided your  
dreams to me1 and now1 on the verge of  
battle1 bid  me a sublime farewell4     
,those years of scepticism and gay      
frivolity in which we in ,france grew   
up are avenged in you2 your faith1 which
 is ours1 you protect from their        
poisonous influence2 and with you that  
faith triumphs on the  battlefield4 ,a  
war of revenge is the cry4 ,yea6 revenge
 indeed2 but in  no spirit of           
,chauvinism4 ,the revenge of faith      
against all the egotisms  of the senses 
and of the spirit--the surrender of self
 to eternal ideas4    ,one of the most  
powerful of the young ,french           

novelists--,corporal  ,x4--writes to    
me3--         ,what are our lives1 our  
books1 compared with the magnitude of   
the       aim8 ,the war of the          
,revolution against feudalism is        
beginning anew4       ,the armies of the
 ,republic will secure the triumph of   
democracy in       ,europe and complete 
the work of the ,convention4 ,we are    
fighting for       more than our hearths
 and homes1 for the awakening of        
liberty4       ,another of these young  
people1 of noble spirit and pure heart1 
who       will be1 if he lives1 the     
first art critic of our                 
time--,lieutenant       ,x43--          
,my friend1 could you see our ,army as  
,i do1 you would be thrilled       with 
admiration for our people1 for this     
noble race4 ,an enthusiasm1       like  
an outburst of the ,marseillaise1       
thrills them2 heroic1       earnest1 and
 even religious4 ,i have seen the three 
divisions of my       army corps set    
out2 the men of active service first1   

young men of       twenty marching with 
firm and rapid steps1 without a cry1    
without a       gesture1 like the ephebi
 of old calmly going to sacrifice4      
,after       them come the reserve1 men 
of twenty-five to thirty years1 more    
stalwart and more determined1 who will  
reinforce the younger men       and make
 them irresistible4 ,we1 the old men of 
forty1 the fathers       of families1   
are the base of the choir2 and we too1  
,i assure you1       set out            
confidently1 resolute and unwavering4 ,i
 have no wish to       die1 but ,i can  
die now without regret2 for ,i have     
lived through a       fortnight1 which  
would be cheap at the price of death1 a 
fortnight       which ,i had not dared  
to ask of fate4 ,history will tell of   
us1 for       we are opening a new era  
in the world4 ,we are dispelling the    
nightmare of the materialism of a mailed
 ,germany and of armed       peace4 ,it 
will fade like a phantom before us2 the 
world seems to       breathe again4     

,reassure your ,viennese friend1#aj     
,france is not       about to die2 it is
 her resurrection which we see4 ,for    
throughout       history--,bouvines1 the
 ,crusades1 ,cathedrals1 the            
,revolution--we       remain the same1  
the knights-errant of the world1 the    
paladins of       ,god4 ,i have lived   
long enough to see it fulfilled2 and we 
who       prophesied it twenty years ago
 to unbelieving ears may rejoice        
today4    ,o my friends1 may nothing mar
 your joy6 ,whatever fate has in store1 
you  have risen to the pinnacle of      
earthly life1 and borne your country    
with  you4 ,and you will be victorious4 
,your self-sacrifice1 your courage1 your
  whole-hearted faith in your sacred    
cause1 and the unshaken certainty  that1
 in defending your invaded country1 you 
are defending the liberty  of the       
world--all this assures me of your      
victory1 young armies of the  ,marne and
 ,meuse1 whose names are graven         
henceforth in history by the  side of   

your elders of the ,great ,republic4    
,yet even had misfortune  decreed that  
you should be vanquished1 and with you  
,france itself1 no  people could have   
aspired to a more noble death4 ,it would
 have crowned  the life of that great   
people of the ,crusades--it would have  
been their  supreme victory4 ,conquerors
 or conquered1 living or dead1 rejoice6 
,as  one of you said to me1 embracing me
 on the terrible threshold3 ,a  splendid
 thing it is to fight with clean hands  
and a pure heart1 and to  dispense      
divine justice with one's life4    ,you 
are doing your duty1 but have others    
done theirs8 ,let us be bold and        
proclaim the truth to the elders of     
these young men1 to their moral  guides1
 to their religious and secular leaders1
 to the ,churches1 the  great thinkers1 
the leaders of socialism2 these living  
riches1 these  treasures of heroism you 
held in your hands2 for what are you    
squandering them8 ,what ideal have you  
held up to the devotion of these  youths

 so eager to sacrifice themselves8      
,their mutual slaughter6 ,a  ,european  
war6 ,a sacrilegious conflict which     
shows a maddened ,europe  ascending its 
funeral pyre1 and1 like ,hercules1      
destroying itself with  its own hands6  
,and thus the three greatest nations of 
the ,west1 the guardians of             
civilization1 rush headlong to their    
ruin1 calling in to their aid           
,cossacks1 ,turks1 ,japanese1           
,cingalese1 ,soudanese1 ,senegalese1    
,moroccans1  ,egyptians1 ,sikhs and     
,sepoys--barbarians from the poles and  
those from  the equator1 souls and      
bodies of all colors4#aa ,it is as if   
the four  quarters of the ,roman ,empire
 at the time of the ,tetrarchy had      
called  upon the barbarians of the whole
 universe to devour each other4    ,is  
our civilization so solid that you do   
not fear to shake the pillars  on which 
it rests8 ,can you not see that all     
falls in upon you if one  column be     
shattered8 ,could you not have learned  

if not to love one  another1 at least to
 tolerate the great virtues and the     
great vices of  each other8 ,was it not 
your duty to attempt--you have never    
attempted it  in sincerity--to settle   
amicably the questions which divided    
you1 the  problem of peoples annexed    
against their will1 the equitable       
division of  productive labor and the   
riches of the world8 ,must the stronger 
forever  darken the others with the     
shadow of his pride1 and the others     
forever  unite to dissipate it8 ,is     
there no end to this bloody and puerile 
sport1  in which the partners change    
about from century to century--no end1  
until the whole of humanity is exhausted
 thereby8    ,the rulers who are the    
criminal authors of these wars dare not 
accept  the responsibility for them4    
,each one by underhand means seeks to   
lay  the blame at the door of his       
adversary4 ,the peoples who obey them   
submissively resign themselves with the 
thought that a power higher than        

mankind has ordered it thus4 ,again the 
venerable refrain is heard3 ,the        
fatality of war is stronger than our    
wills4 ,the old refrain of the herd     
that makes a god of its feebleness and  
bows down before him4 ,man has  invented
 fate1 that he may make it responsible  
for the disorders of the  universe1     
those disorders which it was his duty to
 regulate4 ,there is no  fatality6 ,the 
only fatality is what we desire2 and    
more often1 too1 what  we do not desire 
enough4 ,let each now repeat his mea    
culpa4 ,the  leaders of thought1 the    
,church1 the ,labor ,parties did not    
desire war 444  ,that may be4444 ,what  
then did they do to prevent it8 ,what   
are they doing  to put an end to it8    
,they are stirring up the bonfire1 each 
one bringing  his faggot4    ,the most  
striking feature in this monstrous epic1
 the fact without  precedent1 is the    
unanimity for war in each of the nations
 engaged4 ,an  epidemic of homicidal    
fury1 which started in ,tokio ten years 

ago1 has  spread like a wave and        
overflowed the whole world4 ,none has   
resisted it2  no high thought has       
succeeded in keeping out of the reach of
 this  scourge4 ,a sort of demoniacal   
irony broods over this conflict of the  
nations1 from which1 whatever its       
result1 only a mutilated ,europe can    
emerge4 ,for it is not racial passion   
alone which is hurling millions of  men 
blindly one against another1 so that not
 even neutral countries  remain free of 
the dangerous thrill1 but all the forces
 of the spirit1  of reason1 of faith1 of
 poetry1 and of science1 all have placed
  themselves at the disposal of the     
armies in every state4 ,there is not    
one amongst the leaders of thought in   
each country who does not proclaim  with
 conviction that the cause of his people
 is the cause of ,god1 the  cause of    
liberty and of human progress4 ,and ,i1 
too1 proclaim it4    ,strange combats   
are being waged between metaphysicians1 
poets1  historians--,eucken against     

,bergson2 ,hauptmann against            
,maeterlinck2  ,rolland against         
,hauptmann2 ,wells against ,bernard     
,shaw4 ,kipling and  ,d',annunzio1      
,dehmel and de ,rgnier sing war hymns1  
,barrs and ,maeterlinck  chant paeans of
 hatred4 ,between a fugue of ,bach and  
the organ which  thunders ,deutschland  
ber ,alles1 ,wundt1 the aged philosopher
 of  eighty-two1 calls with his         
quavering voice1 the students of        
,leipzig to  the holy war4 ,and each    
nation hurls at the other the name      
,barbarians4    ,the academy of moral   
science1 in the person of its president1
 ,bergson1  declares the struggle       
undertaken against ,germany to be the   
struggle of  civilization itself against
 barbarism4 ,german history replies with
 the  voice of ,karl ,lamprecht that    
this is a war between ,germanism and    
barbarism and the present conflict is   
the logical successor of those  against 
the ,huns and ,turks in which ,germany  
has been engaged throughout  the ages4  

,science1 following history into the    
lists1 proclaims through  ,e4 ,perrier1 
director of the ,museum1 member of the  
,academy of ,sciences1  that the        
,prussians do not belong to the ,aryan  
race1 but are descended in  direct line 
from the men of the ,stone ,age called  
,allophyles1 and adds1  the modern      
skull1 resembling by its base1 the best 
index of the  strength of the appetites1
 the skull of the fossilized man in the 
,chapelle-aux-,saints most nearly1 is   
none other than that of ,prince         
,bismarck6    ,but the two moral forces 
whose weakness this contagious war shows
 up  most clearly are ,christianity and 
,socialism4 ,these rival apostles of    
religious and secular internationalism  
have suddenly developed into the  most  
ardent of nationalists4 ,herv is eager  
to die for the standard of  ,austerlitz4
 ,the ,german socialists1 pure trustees 
of the pure doctrine1  support this bill
 of credit for the war in the           
,reichstag4 ,they place  themselves at  

the disposal of the ,prussian minister1 
who uses their  journals to spread      
abroad his lies1 even into the barracks1
 and sends  them as secret agents to    
attempt to pervert ,italy4 ,it was      
believed for  the honor of their cause  
for a moment that two or three of them  
had been  shot rather than take arms    
against their brothers4 ,indignant1 they
  protest2 they are all marching under  
arms6 ,liebknecht1 forsooth1 did not    
die for the cause of socialism2#ab but  
,frank1 the principal champion of  the  
,franco-,german union1 fell under       
,french fire1 fighting in the cause  of 
militarism4 ,these men have courage to  
die for the faith of others2  they have 
no courage to die for their own4    ,as 
for the representatives of the ,prince  
of ,peace--priests1 pastors1            
bishops--they go into battle in their   
thousands1 to carry out1 musket in      
hand1 the ,divine commands3 ,thou shalt 
not kill1 and ,love one  another4 ,each 
bulletin of victory1 whether it be      

,german1 ,austrian1 or  ,russian1 gives 
thanks to the great captain ,god--unser 
alter ,gott1 notre  ,dieu--as ,william  
,,ii or ,m4 ,arthur ,meyer says4 ,for   
each has his own ,god1  and each ,god1  
whether old or young1 has his ,levites  
to defend him and  destroy the ,god of  
the others4    ,twenty thousand ,french 
priests are marching with the colors2   
,jesuits  offer their services to the   
,german armies2 cardinals issue warlike 
mandates2 and the ,serb bishops of      
,hungary incite their faithful flocks   
to fight against their brothers in      
,greater ,serbia4 ,the newspapers       
report1 with no expressions of          
astonishment1 the paradoxical scene at  
the railway station at ,pisa1 where the 
,italian socialists cheered the  young  
ordinands who were rejoining their      
regiments1 all singing the              
,marseillaise together4 ,so strong the  
cyclone that sweeps them all before  it2
 so feeble the men it encounters on its 
career--and ,i am amongst  them4444     

,come1 friends6 ,let us make a stand6   
,can we not resist this contagion1      
whatever its nature and virulence       
be--whether moral epidemic or cosmic    
force8 ,do we not fight against the     
plague1 and strive even to repair the   
disaster caused by an earthquake8 ,or   
must we bow ourselves before it1        
agreeing with ,luzzatti in his famous   
article#ac that ,in the universal       
disaster1 the nations triumph8 ,shall we
 say with him that it is good  and      
reasonable that the demon of            
international war1 which mows down      
thousands of beings1 should be let      
loose1 so that the great and simple     
truth1 love of our country1 be          
understood8 ,it would seem1 then1 that  
love of our country can flourish only   
through the hatred of other  countries  
and the massacre of those who sacrifice 
themselves in the  defense of them4     
,there is in this theory a ferocious    
absurdity1 a  ,neronian dilettantism    
which repels me to the very depths of my

 being4  ,no6 ,love of my country does  
not demand that ,i shall hate and slay  
those  noble and faithful souls who also
 love theirs1 but rather that ,i should 
honor them and seek to unite with them  
for our common good4    ,you ,christians
 will say--and in this you seek         
consolation for having  betrayed your   
,master's orders--that war exalts the   
virtue of sacrifice4  ,and it is true   
that war has the privilege of bringing  
out the genius of  the race in the most 
commonplace of hearts4 ,it purges away1 
in its bath  of blood1 all dross and    
impurity2 it tempers the metal of the   
soul of a  niggardly peasant1 of a      
timorous citizen2 it can make a hero of 
,valmy4  ,but is there no better        
employment for the devotion of one      
people than  the devastation of another8
 ,can we not sacrifice ourselves without
  sacrificing our neighbors also8 ,i    
know well1 poor souls1 that many of  you
 are more willing to offer your blood   
than to spill that of  others4444 ,but  

what a fundamental weakness6 ,confess1  
then1 that you who  are undismayed by   
bullets and shrapnel yet tremble before 
the dictates  of racial frenzy--that    
,moloch that stands higher than the     
,church of  ,christ--the jealous pride  
of race4 ,you ,christians of today would
 not  have refused to sacrifice to the  
gods of ,imperial ,rome2 you are not    
capable of such courage6 ,your ,pope    
,pius ,x died of grief to see the       
outbreak of this war--so it is said4    
,and not without reason4 ,the ,jupiter  
of the ,vatican who hurled thunderbolts 
upon those inoffensive priests  who     
believed in the noble chimera of        
modernism--what did he do against  those
 princes and those criminal rulers whose
 measureless ambition has  given the    
world over to misery and death8 ,may    
,god inspire the new  ,pontiff who has  
just ascended the throne of ,st4 ,peter1
 with words and  deeds which will       
cleanse the ,church from the stain of   
this silence4    ,as for you socialists 

who on both sides claim to be defending 
liberty  against tyranny--,french       
liberty against the ,kaiser1 ,german    
liberty  against the ,czar1 is it a     
question of defending one despotism     
against  another8 ,unite and attack     
both4    ,there was no reason for war   
between the ,western nations2 ,french1  
,english1 and ,german1 we are all       
brothers and do not hate one another4   
,the war-preaching press is envenomed by
 a minority1 a minority vitally         
interested in maintaining these hatreds2
 but our peoples1 ,i know1 ask  for     
peace and liberty and that alone4 ,the  
real tragedy1 to one situated  in the   
midst of the conflict and able to look  
down from the high  plateaus of         
,switzerland into all the hostile camps1
 is the patent fact  that actually each 
of the nations is being menaced in its  
dearest  possessions--in its honor1 its 
independence1 its life4 ,who has brought
  these plagues upon them8 ,brought them
 to the desperate alternative of        

overwhelming their adversary or dying8  
,none other than their  governments1 and
 above all1 in my opinion1 the three    
great culprits1 the  three rapacious    
eagles1 the three empires1 the tortuous 
policy of the  house of ,austria1 the   
ravenous greed of ,czarism1 the         
brutality of  ,prussia4 ,the worst enemy
 of each nation is not without1 but     
within its  frontiers1 and none has the 
courage to fight against it4 ,it is the 
monster of a hundred heads1 the monster 
named ,imperialism1 the will to  pride  
and domination1 which seeks to absorb   
all1 or subdue all1 or break  all1 and  
will suffer no greatness except itself4 
,for the ,western nations  ,prussian    
imperialism is the most dangerous4 ,its 
hand uplifted in menace  against ,europe
 has forced us to join in arms against  
this outcome of a  military and feudal  
caste1 which is the curse not only of   
the rest of  the world but also of      
,germany itself1 whose thought it has   
subtly  poisoned4 ,we must destroy this 

first3 but not this alone2 the ,russian 
autocracy too will have its turn4 ,every
 nation to a greater or less  extent has
 an imperialism of its own1 and whether 
it be military1  financial1 feudal1     
republican1 social1 or intellectual1 it 
is always the  octopus sucking the best 
blood of ,europe4 ,let the free men of  
all the  countries of ,europe when this 
war is over take up again the motto of  
,voltaire3 ,ecrasons l'infme6    ,when  
the war is over6 ,the evil is done now1 
the torrent let loose and we  cannot    
force it back into its channel unaided4 
,moreover crimes have been  committed   
against right1 attacks on the liberties 
of peoples and on the  sacred treasuries
 of thought1 which must and will be     
expiated4 ,europe  cannot pass over     
unheeded the violence done to the noble 
,belgian people1  the devastation of    
,malines and ,louvain1 sacked by modern 
,tillys4444 ,but  in the name of heaven 
let not these crimes be expiated by     
similar  crimes6 ,let not the hideous   

words vengeance and retaliation be      
heard2 for a great nation does not      
revenge itself1 it re-establishes       
justice4 ,but let those in whose hands  
lies the execution of justice show      
themselves worthy of her to the end4    
,it is our duty to keep this before     
them2 nor will we be passive and wait   
for the fury of this conflict to spend  
itself4 ,such conduct would be  unworthy
 of us who have such a task before us4  
,our first duty1 then1 all over the     
world1 is to insist on the formation  of
 a moral ,high ,court1 a tribunal of    
consciences1 to watch and pass          
impartial judgment on any violations of 
the laws of nations4 ,and since         
committees of inquiry formed by         
belligerents themselves would be always 
suspect1 the neutral countries of the   
old and new world must take the         
initiative1 and form a tribunal such as 
was suggested by ,mr4  ,prenant1#ad     
professor of medicine at ,paris1 and    
taken up  enthusiastically by ,m4 ,paul 

,seippel in the ,journal de ,genve4#ae  
,they should produce men of some worldly
 authority1 and of proved civic         
morality to act as a commission of      
inquiry1 and to follow the armies at  a 
little distance4 ,such an organization  
would complete and solidify the  ,hague 
,court1 and prepare indisputable        
documents for the necessary work  of    
justice4444    ,the neutral countries   
are too much effaced4 ,confronted by    
unbridled  force they are inclined to   
believe that opinion is defeated in     
advance1  and the majority of thinkers  
in all countries share their pessimism4 
,there is a lack of courage here as well
 as of clear thinking4 ,for just  at    
this time the power of opinion is       
immense4 ,the most despotic of          
governments1 even though marching to    
victory1 trembles before public  opinion
 and seeks to court it4 ,nothing shows  
this more clearly than the  efforts of  
both parties engaged in war1 of their   
ministers1 chancellors1  sovereigns1 of 

the ,kaiser himself turned journalist1  
to justify their  own crimes1 and       
denounce the crimes of their adversary  
at the invisible  tribunal of humanity4 
,let this invisible tribunal be seen at 
last1 let  us venture to constitute it4 
,ye know not your moral power1 ,o ye of 
little faith6 ,if there be a risk1 will 
you not take it for the honor of        
humanity8 ,what is the value of life    
when you have saved it at the price  of 
all that is worth living for8444    ,et 
propter vitam1 vivendi perdere          
causas4444    ,but for us1 the artists  
and poets1 priests and thinkers of all  
countries1 remains another task4 ,even  
in time of war it remains a crime  for  
finer spirits to compromise the         
integrity of their thought2 it is       
shameful to see it serving the passion  
of a puerile1 monstrous policy of  race1
 a policy scientifically absurd--since  
no country possesses a race  wholly     
pure4 ,such a policy1 as ,renan points  
out in his beautiful letter  to         

,strauss1#af can only lead to zoological
 wars1 wars of  extermination1 similar  
to those in which various species of    
rodents and  carnivorous beasts fight   
for their existence4 ,this would be the 
end of  that fertile admixture called   
humanity1 composed as it is of such     
various necessary elements4 ,humanity is
 a symphony of great collective  souls2 
and he who understands and loves it only
 by destroying a part of  those         
elements1 proves himself a barbarian and
 shows his idea of harmony  to be no    
better than the idea of order another   
held in ,warsaw4    ,for the finer      
spirits of ,europe there are two        
dwelling-places3 our  earthly           
fatherland1 and that other ,city of     
,god4 ,of the one we are the  guests1 of
 the other the builders4 ,to the one let
 us give our lives and  our faithful    
hearts2 but neither family1 friend1 nor 
fatherland1 nor  aught that we love has 
power over the spirit4 ,the spirit is   
the light4  ,it is our duty to lift it  

above tempests1 and thrust aside the    
clouds  which threaten to obscure it2 to
 build higher and stronger1 dominating  
the injustice and hatred of nations1 the
 walls of that city wherein the  souls  
of the whole world may assemble4    ,i  
feel here how the generous heart of     
,switzerland is thrilled1 divided       
between sympathies for the various      
nations1 and lamenting that it cannot   
choose freely between them1 nor even    
express them4 ,i understand its         
torment2 but ,i know that this is       
salutary4 ,i hope it will rise thence to
  that superior joy of a harmony of     
races1 which may be a noble example  for
 the rest of ,europe4 ,it is the duty of
 ,switzerland now to stand in  the midst
 of the tempest1 like an island of      
justice and of peace1 where1  as in the 
great monasteries of the early ,middle  
,ages1 the spirit may  find a refuge    
from unbridled force2 where the fainting
 swimmers of all  nations1 those who are
 weary of hatred1 may persist1 in spite 

of all the  wrongs they have seen and   
suffered1 in loving all men as their    
brothers4    ,i know that such thoughts 
have little chance of being heard today4
 ,young  ,europe1 burning with the fever
 of battle1 will smile with disdain and 
show its fangs like a young wolf4 ,but  
when the access of fever has spent      
itself1 wounded and less proud of its   
voracious heroism1 it will come to      
itself again4    ,moreover ,i do not    
speak to convince it4 ,i speak but to   
solace my  conscience 444 and ,i know   
that at the same time ,i shall solace   
the  hearts of thousands of others who1 
in all countries1 cannot or dare not    
speak themselves4    ,journal de ,genve1
 ,september #ae1 #aiad4          ,,iv4  
,,the ,,lesser ,,of ,,two ,,evils3      
,,pangermanism1 ,,panslavism      ,i do 
not hold the doctrine expounded by a    
certain saintly king1 that it  is       
useless to enter into discussion with   
heretics--and we regard all  those who  
do not agree with our opinions as       

heretics nowadays--but that  it is      
sufficient to brain them4 ,i feel the   
need of understanding my  enemy's       
reasons4 ,i am unwilling to believe in  
unfairness4 ,doubtless my  enemy is as  
passionately sincere as ,i am4 ,why1    
then1 should we not  attempt to         
understand each other8 ,for such an     
understanding1 though it  will not      
suppress the conflict1 may perhaps      
suppress our hatred2 and it  is hatred  
more than anything else that ,i regard  
as my enemy4    ,however much ,i may    
feel that the motives actuating the     
various  combatants are not equally     
worthy1 ,i have yet come to the         
conviction1  after reading the papers   
and letters which1 during the last two  
months1  have arrived in ,geneva from   
every country1 that the ardor of        
patriotic  faith is everywhere the same1
 and that each of the nations engaged in
  this mighty struggle believes itself  
to be the champion of liberty  against  
barbarism4 ,but liberty and barbarism do

 not mean the same thing  to both sides4
    ,barbarous despotism1 the worst     
enemy to liberty1 is exemplified for us 
,frenchmen1 ,englishmen1 men of the     
,west1 in ,prussian ,imperialism2 and ,i
  venture to think that the register of 
its methods is plainly set forth  in the
 devastated route from ,lige to ,senlis1
 passing by way of ,louvain1  ,malines1 
and ,rheims4 ,for ,germany1 the monster 
7,ungeheuer1 as the  aged ,wundt calls  
it71 which threatens civilization is    
,russia1 and the  bitterest reproach    
which the ,germans hurl against ,france 
is our alliance  with the ,empire of the
 ,czar4 ,i have received many letters   
reproaching us  with this4 ,in the      
,munich review1 ,das ,forum1 ,i read    
only yesterday an  article by ,wilhelm  
,herzog challenging me to explain my    
position with  regard to ,russia4 ,let  
us consider the question1 then4 ,i ask  
nothing  better4 ,by this means we shall
 be able to weigh the ,german danger and
  the ,russian danger in the balance1   

and thus show which of the two seems    
the more threatening to us4 ,of the     
actual events of the present war        
between ,germany and ,russia ,i will say
 nothing4 ,all the information we  have 
comes from ,russian or ,german sources1 
equally unreliable4 ,to judge  by them  
it would appear that the same ferocity  
exists in both camps4 ,the  ,germans in 
,kalish were worthy companions of the   
,cossacks in ,grodtken and              
,zorothowo4--,it is of the ,german      
spirit and of the ,russian spirit that  
,i  wish to speak here1 for this is the 
important thing and of this we have     
more definite knowledge4    ,you1 my    
,german friends--for those of you who   
were my friends in the past  remain my  
friends in spite of fanatical demands   
from both sides that we  should break   
off all relations--know how much ,i love
 the ,germany of the  past1 and all that
 ,i owe to it4 ,not less than you1      
yourselves1 ,i am the  son of           
,beethoven1 of ,leibnitz1 and of        

,goethe4 ,but what do ,i owe to the     
,germany of today1 or what does ,europe 
owe to it8 ,what art have you  produced 
since the monumental work of ,wagner1   
which marks the end of an  epoch and    
belongs to the past8 ,what new and      
original thought can you  boast of since
 the death of ,nietzsche1 whose         
magnificent madness has  left its traces
 upon you though we are unscathed by it8
 ,where have we  sought our spiritual   
food for the last forty years1 when our 
own fertile  soil no longer yielded     
sufficient for our needs8 ,who but the  
,russian  writers have been our guides8 
,what ,german writer can you set up     
against  ,tolstoi and ,dostoievsky1     
those giants of poetic genius and moral 
grandeur8 ,these are the men who have   
moulded my soul1 and in defending  the  
nation from which they sprang1 ,i am but
 paying a debt which ,i owe to  that    
nation as well as to themselves4 ,even  
if the contempt for ,prussian           
,imperialism were not innate in me as a 

,latin1 ,i should have learned it  from 
them4 ,twenty years ago ,tolstoi        
expressed his contempt for your         
,kaiser4 ,in music1 ,germany1 so proud  
of its ancient glory1 has only the      
successors of ,wagner1 neurotic jugglers
 with orchestral effects1 like  ,richard
 ,strauss1 but not a single sober and   
virile work of the quality  of ,boris   
,godunov4 ,no ,german musician has      
opened up new roads4 ,a single  page of 
,moussorgsky or ,strawinsky shows more  
originality1 more potential  greatness  
than the complete scores of ,mahler and 
,reger4 ,in our  ,universities1 in our  
hospitals and ,pasteur ,institutes1     
,russian students  and scholars work    
side by side with our own1 and ,russian 
revolutionaries who have taken refuge in
 ,paris mingle their aspirations  with  
those of our socialists4    ,the crimes 
of ,czarism are continually on your     
lips4 ,we1 too1 denounce  these crimes2 
for ,czarism is our enemy1 and what ,i  
wrote but recently1 ,i  repeat now4 ,but

 it is likewise the enemy of the        
intellectual lite of  ,russia itself4   
,this cannot be said of your            
intellectuals1 who are so  slavishly    
obedient to the commands of your rulers4
 ,a few days ago ,i  received that      
amazing ,address to the ,civilized      
,nations with which the  ,imperial      
army-corps of ,german intellectuals     
bombarded ,europe2 meanwhile  the       
army-corps of ,german ,commerce 7,bureau
 des ,deutschen ,handelstages7  shelled 
the markets of the world with circulars 
ornamented by the figure  of ,mercury1  
the god of lies4 ,this mobilization of  
the forces of the pen  and of the       
caduceus1 with which in good truth no   
other country could  compete1 has given 
us additional reason to fear the        
,empire's powers of  organization1 no   
reason to respect it more4 ,civilized   
,nations read1  not without amazement1  
that ,address1 the truth of which was   
vouched for  by the names of the most   
distinguished scientists1 thinkers1 and 

artists  in ,germany--by ,behring1      
,ostwald1 ,roentgen1 ,eucken1 ,haeckel1 
,wundt1  ,dehmel1 ,hauptmann1           
,sudermann1 ,hildebrand1 ,klinger1      
,liebermann1  ,humperdinck1             
,weingartner1 etc4--by painters and     
philosophers1 musicians1  theologians1  
chemists1 economists1 poets1 and the    
professors of twenty  universities4     
,they learned1 not without surprise1    
that it is not true  that ,germany      
provoked the war1--it is not true that  
,germany criminally  violated the       
neutrality of ,belgium1--it is not true 
that ,germany used  violence against the
 life or the belongings of a single     
,belgian citizen  without being forced  
to do so1--it is not true that ,germany 
destroyed  ,louvain 7destroyed it8 no   
indeed1 she saved it671--it is not true 
that  ,germany---- ,it is not true that 
day is day and night is night6 ,i       
confess that ,i could not read to the   
end without that feeling of             
embarrassment which ,i felt as a child1 

when ,i heard an elderly man whom  ,i   
respected make false statements4 ,i     
turned aside my eyes and blushed  for   
him4 ,thank ,god6 the crimes of ,czarism
 never found a defender amongst  the    
great artists1 scholars1 and thinkers of
 ,russia4 ,are not ,kropotkin1          
,tolstoi1 ,dostoievsky1 and ,gorki1 the 
greatest names in its literature1  the  
very ones who denounced its crimes6     
,russian domination has often been      
cruelly heavy for the smaller           
nationalities which it has swallowed up4
 ,but how comes it then1 ,germans1  that
 the ,poles prefer it to yours8 ,do you 
imagine that ,europe is  ignorant of the
 monstrous way in which you are         
exterminating the ,polish  race8 ,do you
 think that we do not receive the       
confidences of those  ,baltic nations   
who1 having to choose between two       
conquerors1 prefer the  ,russian because
 he is the more humane8 ,read the       
following letter which ,i  received but 
lately from a ,lett1 who1 though he has 

suffered severely at  the hands of the  
,russians1 yet sides ardently with them 
against you4 ,my  ,german friends1 you  
are either strangely ignorant of the    
state of mind  of the nations which     
surround you1 or you think us extremely 
simple and  ill-informed4 ,your         
imperialism1 beneath its veneer of      
civilization1  seems to me no less      
ferocious than ,czarism towards         
everything that  ventures to oppose its 
avaricious desire for universal         
dominion4 ,but  whereas immense and     
mysterious ,russia1 overflowing with    
young and  revolutionary forces1 gives  
us hope of a coming renewal1 your       
,germany  bases its systematic harshness
 on a culture too antiquated and        
scholastic to allow of any hope of      
amendment4 ,if ,i had any such          
hope--and ,i once had it1 my            
friends--you have taken great pains to  
rob  me of it1 you1 artists and         
scholars1 who drew up that address in   
which  you pride yourself on your       

complete unity with ,prussian           
,imperialism4  ,know once for all that  
there is nothing more overwhelming for  
us ,latins1  nothing more difficult to  
endure1 than your militarization of the 
intellect4 ,if1 by some awful fate1 this
 spirit were triumphant1 ,i should      
leave ,europe for ever4 ,to live here   
would be intolerable to me4    ,here1   
then1 are some extracts from the        
interesting letter which ,i have        
received from a representative of those 
little nationalities which are  being   
disputed between ,russia and ,germany4  
,they desire to maintain their          
independence1 but find themselves       
obliged to choose between these two     
nations1 and choose ,russia4 ,it is good
 to hear them speak4 ,we are too  much  
inclined to listen only to the ,great   
,powers who are now at war4 ,let  us    
think of those little barques which the 
great vessels draw in their  wake4 ,let 
us share for a moment the agony with    
which these little  nationalities1      

forgotten by the egotism of ,europe1    
await the final issue  of a struggle    
which will decide their fate4 ,let      
,england and ,france heed  those        
beseeching eyes which are turned towards
 them2 let young ,russia1  herself so   
eager for liberty1 help generously to   
shed its benefits  abroad4    ,october  
#aj1 #aiad4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,,letter ,,to   
,,romain ,,rolland    #cjth ,september1 
#aiad4    ,,sir3--,i desire to thank you
 for your article1 ,above the           
,battle4444  ,although by my education  
,i am more akin to the civilizations of 
,germany  and ,russia than to the       
civilization of ,france1 yet ,i respect 
the ,french  spirit more1 for ,i am     
convinced1 more than ever today1 that it
 will  furnish the greatly needed       
solution of the problems of national    
rights  and liberty4    ,in your article
 you quote the words of one of your     
friends1 a soldier  and a writer1 who   
says that the ,french are fighting not  

only to defend  their own country but to
 save the liberty of the world4 ,you can
 hardly  imagine how such words re-echo 
in the hearts of oppressed nations1 what
  streams of sympathy are today         
converging from all corners of ,europe  
upon  ,france1 what hopes depend upon   
your victory4    ,and yet many doubts   
have been expressed with regard to these
 ,french and  ,english assertions       
because both nations have allied        
themselves with  ,russia1 whose policy  
is contrary to the ideas of right and   
liberty2 and  ,germany herself maintains
 that it is precisely those ideas for   
which she  is fighting against ,russia4 
,it would be interesting to discover    
what ,german writers and professors     
really mean when they speak of a ,holy  
,war against ,russia4 ,do they wish  to 
assist ,russian revolutionaries to      
dethrone the ,czar8--,every             
revolutionary party would refuse        
indignantly to accept assistance from   
,prussian militarism4 ,do they wish to  

set free the neighboring countries1     
such as ,poland1 which are oppressed by 
,russia1 by incorporating them  with the
 ,german ,empire8--,it is well known    
that the ,poles who are ,german         
subjects have suffered much more ignoble
 treatment than the ,russian  ,poles1   
though even they have every reason to   
complain4    ,the ,baltic provinces of  
,russia alone remain1 and here the      
,germans have  for centuries had their  
pioneers among the large landowners and 
the  merchants in the bigger towns4     
,these1 no doubt1 ,russian subjects but 
of  ,german nationality1 would welcome  
the ,german armies with enthusiasm4 ,but
  they form only a caste of nobles and  
of the wealthy middle-classes1          
numbering at most a few thousands1      
whereas the bulk of the population1  the
 ,lettish and ,esthonian nations1 would 
regard the absorption of these          
provinces into ,germany as the worst of 
calamities4 ,we know well what  ,german 
domination means4 ,i am a ,lett and can 

speak with authority1 for ,i  know the  
deepest feelings and hopes of my own    
countrymen4    ,the ,letts are akin to  
the ,lithuanians4 ,they inhabit         
,courland1 ,livonia1  and a part of the 
province of ,vitebsk4 ,their            
intellectual center is  ,riga4 ,there   
are colonies of them in all the         
principal towns of ,russia4  ,last year 
the ,annales des ,nationalits of ,paris 
devoted two numbers to  these two sister
 nations4 ,owing to the geographical    
situation of their  country1 which is   
only too desirable1 they had the        
misfortune to be  under the yoke of the 
,germans1 before they were under the    
yoke of the  ,russians4 ,to understand  
how much they suffered under the former 
it will  be sufficient to say that1 in  
comparison with the ,germans1 we think  
of  the ,russians as our liberators4 ,by
 sheer force the ,germans kept us for   
centuries in a state equivalent to      
slavery4 ,only fifty years ago the      
,russian ,government set us free from   

this bondage2 but1 at the same  time1 it
 committed the grave injustice of       
leaving all our land in the  hands of   
,german proprietors4 ,nevertheless1     
within the last twenty or  thirty years1
 we have succeeded in reclaiming from   
the ,germans a part at  least of our    
land1 and in reaching a considerable    
level of culture1  thanks to which1 we  
are considered1 together with the       
,esthonians and the  ,finns1 as the most
 advanced people in the ,russian        
,empire4    ,german papers often accuse 
us of ingratitude1 and reproach us with 
our  lack of appreciation of the        
advantages of the culture which they    
boast  of having brought us4 ,we listen 
to such accusations with a bitter smile1
  and in writing the word ,kulturtrger  
7bearer of civilization7 add an         
exclamation mark afterwards1 for the    
behavior of the ,germans has brought    
the expression into contempt4 ,we have  
acquired our culture in spite of  their 
opposition1 and against their will4     

,even today it is the ,german           
representatives in the ,russian ,duma   
who veto the occasional suggestions  on 
the part of the ,government to make     
reforms in the ,baltic provinces4       
,these provinces are administered in a  
manner that differs1 and differs  for   
the worse1 from that adopted in the     
other provinces of ,russia4 ,we  still  
submit to laws and regulations which no 
longer exist in other  parts of         
,europe--laws which were made in the    
feudal ages and have been  rigorously   
maintained amongst us1 thanks to the    
exertions of the big  ,german           
landowners1 who are always sure of a    
hearing at the ,imperial  ,court of ,st4
 ,petersburg4    ,formerly1 when we were
 striving in vain to reconcile our      
sympathy and  admiration for ,german    
thought and art with the narrow1        
haughty1 and  cruel spirit of its       
representatives amongst us1 we explained
 it all by  saying that the ,germans in 
our provinces were of a peculiar type1  

and  had little in common with other    
,germans4 ,but the crimes of which they 
have been guilty in ,belgium and in     
,france show us our mistake4 ,germans   
are the same everywhere in the work of  
conquest and domination--wholly  without
 humanitarian scruples4 ,in ,germany1 as
 in ,russia1 there are two  distinct    
tendencies--the one1 provoked by the    
ideas of ,pangermanism and  ,panslavism1
 is to seek national glory on the field 
of battle and in the  oppression of the 
personalities of other nations2 the     
other is to  achieve the same end in the
 peaceful realms of thought and artistic
  creation4 ,just as the culture of     
which ,goethe was typical has nothing   
in common with ,prussian militarism1 so 
,tolstoi may be considered as the       
representative of that other ,russia    
which is so different from the one      
represented by the ,russian ,government 
of today4 ,certainly the gulf  between  
these two tendencies is less deep in    
,germany than in ,russia1 and  this is  

due to the immense size of ,russia1     
which contains vast numbers  of poor and
 ignorant human beings whom the ,russian
 ,government oppresses  with the utmost 
brutality4 ,but it is entirely unjust   
always to allude  to the ,russians as   
barbarians2 and the ,germans who        
invariably make use  of this word when  
they speak of ,russia have less right   
than any one to  do so4 ,no one who     
knows the intellectual world of ,germany
 and ,russia  will venture to say that  
the former is much superior to the      
latter--they  are simply different4 ,and
 ,i would add that the one fact which   
makes us  feel more drawn to the        
intellectual world of ,russia than to   
that of the  ,germany of today1 is that 
it would never be capable of justifying 
and  approving the brutal conduct of its
 ,government1 as the ,german            
intellectuals are doing now4 ,it has    
often been constrained to keep  silence1
 but it has never raised its voice in   
defense of a guilty  ,government4       

,let not my testimony in favor of the   
,russians lead any one to believe  that 
,i am idealizing them1 or that my       
people1 the ,letts1 have enjoyed  any   
special privileges under their          
government4 ,on the contrary6 ,i have   
suffered more at their hands than at the
 hands of the ,germans1 and my  nation  
knows only too well how heavy is the    
hand of the ,russian  ,government1 and  
how suffocating the atmosphere of       
,panslavism4 ,in #aijf it  was the ,lett
 peasant and intellectual classes who   
enjoyed most  frequently the privilege  
of being flogged2 it was amongst these  
classes  that the greatest number of    
unfortunates were shot1 hanged1 or      
imprisoned for life4 ,and since that    
dreadful year there are to be found  in 
all the principal towns of ,western     
,europe colonies of ,letts1 formed  of  
refugees who succeeded in escaping from 
the atrocities of the  punitive         
expedition sent by the ,russian         
,government against my country4  ,but   

this fact is significant3 at the head of
 the majority of the  military bands    
commissioned to punish the country were 
,german officers  who had asked for this
 employment1 and showed so great a zeal 
in  shooting down men and setting fire  
to houses1 that they went even beyond   
the intentions of the ,russian          
,government4 ,in those days the places  
might count themselves fortunate which  
were visited by dragoons  commanded by  
officers of ,russian nationality2 for   
where ,russian officers  would have     
ordered the knout1 ,german officers     
habitually inflicted a  sentence of     
death4    ,if my nation had ever to     
choose between a ,german and a ,russian 
government it would choose the latter as
 the lesser of two evils4 ,i see  in the
 ,lett newspapers that the reservists of
 my country left for the  war with      
enthusiasm4 ,i do not imagine that this 
enthusiasm is due to the  thought that  
they are fighting for the glory of a    
nation which1 by every  means in its    

power1 seeks to hinder our national     
development1 by  forbidding instruction 
in our native tongue in primary schools1
 by  attempting to colonize our land    
with ,russian peasants1 by compelling   
our  own people to emigrate to ,siberia 
and ,america1 by excluding all ,letts   
from any share in ,government           
employment1 etc4 ,this enthusiasm       
nevertheless exists1 and it is because  
the war is being waged against          
,germany1 and because the ,letts know   
that the ,germans have long been  aiming
 at the possession of the ,baltic       
provinces4 ,to prevent this we are      
prepared to make any sacrifice4 ,we1 who
 love our national civilization  and    
know well what ,panslavism and          
,pangermanism mean1 are of opinion      
that1 of the two1 ,panslavism is less   
fatal to the civilizations of small     
nations4 ,this is really due to the     
character of the two races4    ,german  
oppression is always systematic1 hence  
always efficacious4 ,in  addition to    

this1 their arrogant contempt for       
everything that is not  themselves1 the 
calm and calculated method in which they
 carry out their  system of persecution 
wherever they dominate1 all this makes  
them  intolerable4    ,russians are less
 logical by nature2 their minds are not 
so regulated  and they are more inclined
 to obey the dictates of their hearts2  
for  this reason they are less to be    
feared as oppressors4 ,the blows which  
they strike are often extremely cruel   
and painful1 but they can repent  from  
time to time4 ,their manners are rougher
 and more brutal 7,i speak  here more   
especially of civil and military        
officials71 but on the whole  they are  
more humane than the ,germans1 who often
 conceal feelings of  fierce savagery   
under the mask of perfect courtesy4 ,in 
the year #aijf1  when there were        
executions in ,russia on a large scale1 
there were many  cases of suicide       
amongst ,russian officers who could not 
reconcile their  profession of soldiers 

with that of a hangman4 ,the officers of
 ,german  nationality1 on the other     
hand1 carried out their orders with     
enjoyment4    ,nevertheless ,russian    
domination1 though preferable to        
,german1 is still  very oppressive4 ,i  
hear the news of ,russian victories with
 mingled  feelings1 rejoicing in so far 
as they are victories for the ,allies1  
yet  dreading the triumph of ,russia4   
,after the defeats of the               
,russo-,japanese  ,war1 when the        
,russian ,government was weakened1 it   
conceded certain  liberal measures and  
then revoked them almost entirely as its
 strength  returned4 ,what have we to   
expect from a victory for ,czarism1     
especially  we who are not ,russians1   
but a savage revival of the crushing    
ideals of  ,panslavism8    ,this is the 
agonized question which the nations     
subject to ,russia are  asking now4 ,i  
read in your article that the turn of   
,czarism will come  after that of       
,prussianism4 ,in what sense is this to 

be understood8 ,is it  your opinion that
 another war will presently break out   
against ,czarism1  or will it be struck 
down by the blows of an internal        
revolution8 ,is it  even possible that  
,france and ,england obtained the       
promise of a reform  in the internal    
politics of ,russia before allying      
themselves with her8  ,and is the       
proclamation to the ,poles evidence of  
this8 ,will it have any  real effect    
after the war8 ,and those other nations 
oppressed by  ,russia--the ,finns1 the  
,letts1 the ,lithuanians1 the           
,esthonians1 the  ,armenians1 the       
,jews444--will they too have justice    
done them8    ,these questions are      
probably devoid of any political        
significance4 ,yet  without perceiving  
in what manner ,france and ,england can 
set us free1 we  do direct our hopes    
towards them4 ,we believe that in some  
way or other  they will take care in    
future that their ,russian ally shall   
show herself  worthy of them and of the 

ideas for which they are fighting1 lest 
the  blood of those who have died in the
 cause of freedom go to feed the        
strength of the oppressors4    ,thus1   
sir1 ,i have ventured uninvited to set  
forth rather fully to you  the hopes and
 fears of a nation which has developed  
itself on a narrow  strip of land       
between the two abysses of ,pangermanism
 and ,panslavism4  ,whilst ardently     
desiring the destruction of the former1 
we have  everything to fear from the    
latter4 ,yet we do not aspire to        
political  independence4 ,we seek only  
the possibility of developing freely our
  intellectual1 artistic1 and economic  
powers1 without the perpetual  menace of
 being absorbed by ,russia or ,germany4 
,we believe that1 in  virtue of the     
civilization we have acquired in the    
face of obstacles1 we  are worthy of the
 liberties and rights of man2 we are    
convinced that as  a nation we have     
qualities which will fit us to play a   
valuable part in  the great symphony of 

civilized peoples4    ,journal de       
,genve1 ,october #aj1 #aiad4            
,v4 ,,inter ,,arma ,,caritas      ,once 
more ,i address myself to our friends   
the enemy4 ,but this time ,i  shall     
attempt no discussion1 for discussion is
 impossible with those who  avow that   
they do not seek for but possess the    
truth4 ,for the moment  there is no     
spiritual force that can pierce the     
thick wall of certitude  by which       
,germany is barricaded against the light
 of day--the terrible  certitude1 the   
pharisaical satisfaction which pervades 
the monstrous  letter of a ,court       
preacher who glorifies ,god for having  
made him  impeccable1 irreproachable1   
and pure1 himself1 his emperor1 his     
ministers1 his army1 and his race2 and  
who rejoices beforehand in his  holy    
wrath at the destruction of all who do  
not think as he  thinks4#ag    ,true1 ,i
 am very far from thinking that this    
monument of anti-,christian  pride      
represents the spirit of the better part

 of ,germany4 ,i know how  many noble   
hearts1 moderate1 affectionate1         
incapable of doing evil and  almost of  
conceiving it1 go to make up her moral  
strength2 amongst them  are friends that
 ,i shall never cease to esteem4 ,i know
 how many intrepid  minds work          
ceaselessly in ,german science for the  
conquest of the truth4  ,but ,i see on  
the one hand these good people so       
over-confident1 so  tractable1 with     
their eyes shut1 ignorant of the facts  
and unwilling to  recognize anything but
 what it is the pleasure of their       
,government that  they shall know2 and  
on the other1 the clearest minds of     
,germany1  historians and savants1      
trained for the criticism of texts1     
basing their  conviction on documents   
which all emanate from one alone of the 
parties  concerned1 and by way of       
peremptory proof referring us to the    
ex-parte  affirmations of their         
,emperor1 and of their ,chancellor1 like
  well-behaved scholars1 whose only     

argument is ,magister dixit4 ,what  hope
 remains of convincing such people that 
there exists a truth beyond  that       
master1 and that in addition to his     
,white ,book we have in our hands  books
 of every kind and of every color1 whose
 testimony demands the  attention of an 
impartial judge8 ,but do they so much as
 know of their  existence1 and does the 
master allow his class to handle the    
manuals of  his enemies8 ,our           
disagreement is not only as regards the 
facts of the  case2 it is due to        
difference in mind itself4 ,between the 
spirit of  ,germany today and that of   
the rest of ,europe there is no longer a
 point  of contact4 ,we speak to them of
 ,humanity2 they reply with             
,uebermensch1 ,uebervolk1 and it goes   
without saying that they  themselves are
 the ,uebervolk4 ,germany seems to be   
overcome by a morbid  exaltation1 a     
collective madness1 for which there is  
no remedy but time4  ,according to the  
view of medical experts in analogous    

cases such forms  of madness develop    
rapidly1 and are suddenly followed by   
profound  depression4 ,we can then but  
wait1 and in the meantime defend        
ourselves  to the best of our ability   
from the madness of ,ajax4    ,certainly
 ,ajax has given us plenty of work to   
do4 ,look at the ruins  around us6 ,we  
may bring aid to the victims--yet how   
little can we  achieve8 ,in the eternal 
struggle between good and evil the      
scales are  not evenly balanced4 ,we    
need a century to re-create what one day
 can  destroy4 ,the fury of madness1 on 
the other hand1 endures only for a day2 
patient labor is our lot throughout the 
years4 ,it knows no pause1 even  in     
those hours when the world seems at an  
end4 ,the vine-growers of  ,champagne   
gather in their vintage though the bombs
 of the rival armies  explode around    
them--and we1 too1 can do our share6    
,there is work for  all who find        
themselves outside the battle4          
,especially for those who  still can    

write1 it seems to me that there should 
be something better to  do than to      
brandish a pen dipped in blood and      
seated at their tables to  cry ,kill6   
,kill6 ,i hate the war1 but even more do
 ,i hate those who  glorify it without  
taking part4 ,what would we say of      
officers who  marched behind their men8 
,the noblest rle of those who follow in 
the  rear is to pick up their friends   
who fall1 and to bear in mind even      
during the battle those fair words so   
often forgotten--,inter arma  caritas4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,amidst all the misery which every man  
of feeling can do his share to  relieve1
 let us recall the fate of the prisoner 
of war4 ,but knowing that  ,germany     
today blushes at her former             
sentimentality1 ,i carefully refrain    
from appealing to her pity by whinings1 
as they call them1 about the            
destruction of ,louvain and ,rheims4    
,war is war4 ,granted6--then it is      
natural that it drags in its train      

thousands of prisoners1 officers and    
men4    ,for the moment ,i shall say    
only a word about these1 in order to    
comfort  as far as possible the families
 who are searching for them1 and are so 
anxious about their fate4 ,on both sides
 hateful rumors circulate only  too     
easily1 rumors given currency by an     
unscrupulous press1 rumors which  would 
have us believe that the most elementary
 laws of humanity are  trampled under   
foot by the enemy4 ,only the other day  
an ,austrian friend  wrote to me1       
maddened by the lies of some paper or   
other1 to beg me to  help the ,german   
wounded in ,france1 who are left without
 any aid4 ,and  have ,i not heard or    
read the same unworthy fears expressed  
by ,frenchmen  as regards their wounded1
 who are said to be maltreated in       
,germany8 ,but  it is all a lie--on both
 sides2 and those of us whose task it is
 to  receive the true information from  
either camp must affirm the contrary4   
,speaking generally 7for in so many     

thousands of cases one cannot1 of       
course1 be sure that there will not here
 and there be individual  exceptions7   
this war1 whose actual conduct has      
provoked a degree of  harshness which   
our knowledge of previous wars in the   
,west would not  have allowed us to     
expect1 is by contrast less cruel to all
  those--prisoners and wounded--who are 
put out of the battle line4    ,the     
letters that we receive and documents   
already published--especially  an       
interesting account which appeared in   
the ,neue ,zrcher ,zeitung of  ,october 
#ahth1 written by ,dr4 ,schneeli1 who   
had just been visiting the  hospitals   
and prisoners' camps in ,germany--show  
that in that country  efforts are being 
made to reconcile the ideals of humanity
 with the  exigencies of war4 ,they make
 it clear that there is no difference   
between the care bestowed by the        
,germans on their own wounded and those 
of the enemy1 and that friendly         
relations exist between the prisoners   

and their guards1 who all share the same
 food4    ,i could wish that a similar  
inquiry might be made and published on  
the  camps where ,german prisoners are  
concentrated in ,france4 ,in the        
meantime  accounts which reach me from  
individuals disclose a similar          
situation1#ah and there is plenty of    
reliable evidence that in ,germany  and 
,france alike the wounded of both       
countries are living in terms of        
friendship4 ,there are even soldiers who
 refuse to have their wounds  dressed or
 receive their rations before their     
comrades the enemy have  received       
similar attention4 ,and who knows if it 
is not perhaps in the  ranks of the     
contending armies that the feelings of  
national hatred are  least violent8 ,for
 there one learns to appreciate the     
courage of one's  adversaries1 since the
 same sufferings are common to all1 and 
since  where all energy is directed     
towards action there is none left for   
personal animosity4 ,it is amongst those

 who are not actively engaged  that     
there is developed the harsh and        
implacable brand of hatred1 of  which   
certain intellectuals provide terrible  
examples4    ,the moral situation of the
 military prisoner is therefore not so  
overwhelming as might be imagined1 and  
his lot1 sad as it is1 is less to  be   
pitied than that of another class of    
prisoners of whom ,i shall speak  later4
 ,the feeling of duty accomplished1 the 
memory of the struggle1  glorifies his  
misfortune in his own eyes1 and even in 
those of the  enemy4 ,he is not totally 
abandoned to the foe2 international     
conventions  protect him2 the ,red      
,cross watches over him1 and it is      
possible to  discover where he is and to
 come to his assistance4    ,in this    
work the admirable ,agence              
internationale des prisonniers de       
guerre1 most providentially established 
some two months after the  commencement 
of the war1 has caused the name of      
,geneva to be known and  blessed in the 

most remote corners of ,france and      
,germany4 ,it only needs1  like         
,providence itself1 to gain the         
co-operation of those over whose        
interests it watches1 that is to say1 of
 the ,states concerned which have  been 
somewhat slow in supplying the lists we 
need4 ,under the gis of the             
,international ,committee of the ,red   
,cross1 with ,m4 ,gustave ,ador as      
president and ,m4 ,max ,dollfus as      
director1 some #cjj voluntary workers1  
drawn from all classes of society1 are  
assisting in its charitable work4  ,more
 than #ae1jjj letters a day pass through
 its hands4 ,it daily  transmits about  
#g1jjj letters between prisoners and    
their families1 and  is responsible for 
the safe dispatch of some #d1jjj francs 
on an average4  ,the precise information
 which it is able to communicate was    
very meager  at the start1 but soon     
increased1 until a thousand cases could 
be dealt  with in the course of a single
 day2 and this number rapidly increased 

with the arrival of more complete lists 
from the ,governments concerned4        
,this renewal of intercourse between a  
prisoner and his family is not the  only
 beneficial result of our organization4 
,its peaceful work1 its  impartial      
knowledge of the actual facts in the    
belligerent countries1  contribute to   
modify the hatred which wild stories    
have exasperated1 and  to reveal what   
remains of humanity in the most         
envenomed enemy4 ,it can  also draw the 
attention of the different ,governments1
 or at least of the  general public1 to 
cases where a speedy understanding would
 be in the  interest of both            
parties--as1 for instance1 in the       
exchange of men who  are so seriously   
wounded that they will be quite unable  
to take further  part in the war1 and   
whom it is useless and inhuman to keep  
languishing  far from their friends4    
,finally1 it can effectively direct     
public  generosity1 which often         
hesitates for want of guidance4 ,it can1

 for  instance1 point out to neutral    
countries1 who are so ungrudging in     
their  anxiety to aid the sufferings of 
the combatants1 where help is most      
urgently needed--for the wounded        
prisoners1 convalescents leaving the    
hospital without linen or boots1 and    
with no claims on the enemy for  further
 support4#ai    ,instead of showering   
gifts 7which1 no doubt1 are never       
superfluous7 on  the armies who can and 
should be supported by the peoples for  
whom they  are fighting1 neutrals might 
well reserve the greater part of their  
generosity for those who are most       
destitute1 those whose need is the      
greatest1 for they are feeble1 broken1  
and alone4           99       99        
99       99       99    ,but there is   
another class of prisoners on whom ,i   
would like interest to  be specially    
concentrated1 for their situation is far
 more precarious1  unprotected as they  
are by any international convention4    
,these are the  civil prisoners4 ,they  

are one of the innovations of this      
unbridled war1  which seems to have set 
itself to violate all the rights of     
humanity4 ,in  former wars it was only a
 question of a few hostages arrested    
here and  there as a guarantee of good  
faith for the pledge of some conquered  
town4 ,never until now had one heard of 
populations taken bodily into  captivity
 on the model of ancient conquests--a   
custom actively revived  since the      
beginning of this war4 ,such a          
contingency not having been  foreseen1  
no conventions existed to regulate the  
situation in the laws  of war1 if the   
words have any meaning4 ,and as it would
 have been awkward  to formulate fresh  
laws in the midst of the struggle1 it   
seemed more  simple to overlook them4   
,it has been as though these            
unfortunates did  not exist4    ,but    
they do exist1 and in thousands4 ,their 
number seems about equal on  both sides4
 ,which of the belligerents took the    
initiative in these  captures8 ,at      

present certainty is impossible4 ,it    
seems clear that in the  second half of 
,july ,germany ordered the arrest of a  
number of ,alsatian  civilians4 ,to this
 ,france replied the day after her      
mobilization by  declaring prisoners    
,germans and ,austrians then to be found
 on her  territory4 ,the casting of this
 vast net was followed by similar action
  in ,germany and ,austria1 though1     
perhaps1 with less result4 ,the conquest
  of ,belgium and the invasion of the   
,north of ,france brought about a       
redoubling of these measures aggravated 
by violence4 ,the ,germans1 on  retiring
 after their defeat on the ,marne1      
methodically made a clean  sweep in the 
towns and villages of ,picardy and      
,flanders of all persons  capable of    
bearing arms--#ejj men at ,douai1 at    
,amiens #a1hjj summoned  before the     
citadel on some apparently harmless     
pretext1 and carried off  without even  
the possibility of returning for a      
change of clothes4    ,in many cases the

 captures had not even the excuse of    
military utility4  ,in the village of   
,sompuis 7,marne7 on ,september #ajth1  
the ,saxons seized a  helpless village  
priest of seventy-three1 scarcely able  
to walk1 and  five old men of ages from 
sixty to seventy1 one of whom was lame1 
and  took them away on foot4 ,elsewhere 
women and children are taken1 happy if  
they can remain together4 ,here a       
husband1 mad with grief1 searches for   
his wife and son aged three1 who have   
disappeared since the ,germans  passed  
through ,quivrechain 7,nord74 ,there it 
is a mother and her  children taken by  
the ,french near ,guebwiller2 the       
children were sent  back1 but not the   
mother4 ,a ,french captain1 wounded by  
the bursting of a  shell1 saw his wife  
also wounded by ,german bullets at      
,nomny  7,meurthe-et-,moselle72 since   
when she has disappeared1 taken he does 
not  know where4 ,an old peasant woman  
of sixty-three is taken away from her   
husband near ,villers-aux-,vents        

7,meuse7 by a company of ,germans4 ,a   
child  of sixteen is seized at its      
mother's house at ,mulhouse4    ,such   
action shows an utter lack of human     
feeling1 and is almost more  absurd than
 cruel4 ,it really appears as though    
people had been  deliberately separated 
from all who were dearest to them2 and  
of those  who have so disappeared no    
trace remains by which they can at      
present be  found4 ,i am not speaking of
 ,belgium2 there the silence is as of   
the  grave4 ,of what is taking place    
there nothing has been heard in the     
outer world for three months4 ,are the  
villages and towns still in  existence8 
,i have before me letters from parents  
7in some cases  belonging to neutral    
nations7 begging for news of their      
children of  twelve or eight years of   
age1 detained in ,belgium since         
hostilities  broke out4 ,i have even    
found in the lists of these vanished    
children--doubtless prisoners of        
war--youthful citizens of four or two   

years of age4 ,are we to understand that
 they too could have been  mobilized8   
,we see the anguish of the survivors4   
,imagine the distress of those who  have
 disappeared1 deprived of money or the  
means of obtaining any from  their      
families4 ,what misery is revealed in   
the first letters received  from such   
families interned in ,france or         
,germany6 ,a mother whose little  boy is
 ill1 although rich1 cannot procure any 
money4 ,another1 with two  children1    
requests us to warn her family that if  
after the war1 nothing  more is heard of
 her1 it will mean that she has died of 
hunger4 ,these  cries of misery seemed  
in the noise of battle to fall on deaf  
ears for  the first two months4 ,the    
,red ,cross itself1 absorbed in its     
immense  task1 reserved all its help for
 the military prisoners1 and the        
,governments seemed to show a superb    
disdain for their unfortunate  citizens4
 ,of what use are such as cannot serve6 
,yet these are the most  innocent       

victims of this war4 ,they have not     
taken part in it1 and  nothing had      
prepared them for such calamities4      
,fortunately a man of generous          
sympathies 7he will not forgive me for  
publishing his name71 ,dr4 ,ferrire1 was
 touched by the misfortunes of  these   
outcasts of the war4 ,with a tenacity as
 patient as it was  passionate1 he set  
himself to construct in the swarming    
hive of ,red  ,cross workers a special  
department to deal with their distress4 
,refusing  to be discouraged by the     
innumerable difficulties and the remote 
chances  of success1 he persevered1     
limiting himself at first to drawing up 
lists  of the missing1 and trying to    
inspire confidence in their anxious     
friends4 ,he then attempted by every    
means in his power to discover the      
place of internment1 and to re-establish
 communications between  relations and  
friends4 ,what joy when one can announce
 to a family that  the son or the father
 has been found6 ,every one of us at our

 table--for  ,i1 too1 had the honor of  
sharing in the work--rejoices as though 
he were  a member of that family4 ,and  
as luck would have it the first letter  
of  this kind which ,i had to write was 
to comfort some good people in my own   
little town in the ,nivernais4    ,great
 progress has already been made4 ,the   
most pressing needs have  obtained a    
hearing4 ,the ,governments have agreed  
to liberate women1  children under      
seventeen1 and men over sixty4          
,repatriation began on  ,october #bcrd  
through the ,bureau of ,berne1 created  
by the ,federal  ,council4 ,it remains1 
if not to deliver the others 7we cannot 
count on  this before the end of the    
war71 at any rate to put them in        
communication with their families4 ,in  
such cases1 as in many others1  more can
 be expected from the charitable efforts
 of private individuals  than from      
,governments4 ,the friends with whom we 
communicated in ,germany  or ,austria as
 in ,france have replied with           

enthusiasm1 all showing a  generous     
desire to take part in our work4 ,it is 
such questions  transcending national   
pride which reveal the underlying       
fellowship of  the nations which are    
tearing each other to pieces1 and the   
sacrilegious  folly of war4 ,how friends
 and enemies are drawn together in the  
face of  common suffering which the     
efforts of all humanity would hardly    
suffice  to alleviate6    ,when after   
three months of fratricidal struggle one
 has felt the calming  influence of this
 wide human sympathy1 and turns once    
more to the field  of strife1 the       
rasping cries of hate in the press      
inspire only horror  and pity4 ,what    
object have they in view8 ,they wish to 
punish crimes and  are a crime in       
themselves2 for murderous words are the 
seeds of future  murder4 ,in the        
diseased organism of a fevered ,europe  
everything vibrates  and reverberates   
without end4 ,every word1 every action1 
arouses  reprisals4 ,him who fans       

hatred1 hatred flares up to consume4    
,heroes of  officialdom6 bullies of the 
press6 the blows which you deal very    
often  reach your own people1 little    
though you think it--your soldiers1 your
  prisoners1 delivered into the hands of
 the enemy4 ,they answer for the  harm  
which you have done1 and you escape the 
danger4    ,we cannot stop the war1 but 
we can make it less bitter4 ,there are  
medicines for the body4 ,we need        
medicines for the soul1 to dress the    
wounds of hatred and vengeance by which 
the world is being poisoned4 ,we  who   
write--let that be our task4 ,and as the
 ,red ,cross pursues its work  of mercy 
in the midst of the combat1 like the    
bees of ,holy ,writ that  made their    
honey in the jaws of the lion1 let us   
try to support its  efforts4 ,let our   
thoughts follow the ambulances that     
gather up the  wounded on the field of  
battle4 ,may ,notre-,dame la ,misre lay 
on the  brow of raging ,europe her stern
 but succoring hand4 ,may she open the  

eyes of these peoples1 blinded by pride1
 and show them that they are  but poor  
human flocks1 equal in the face of      
suffering2 suffering at all  times so   
great that there is no reason to add to 
the burden4    ,journal de ,genve1      
,october #cj1 #aiad4          ,,vi4 ,,to
 ,,the ,,people ,,that ,,is ,,suffering 
,,for ,,justice    7,for ,king ,albert's
 ,book4#bj7      ,belgium has just      
written an ,epic1 whose echoes will     
resound throughout  the ages4 ,like the 
three hundred ,spartans1 the little     
,belgian army  confronts for three      
months the ,german ,colossus2           
,leman-,leonides2 the  ,thermopyl of    
,lige2 ,louvain1 like ,troy1 burnt2 the 
deeds of ,king ,albert  surrounded by   
his valiant men3 with what legendary    
grandeur are these  figures already     
invested1 and history has not yet       
completed their story6  ,the heroism of 
this people1 who1 without a murmur1     
sacrificed everything  for honor1 has   
burst like a thunderclap upon us at a   

time when the  spirit of victorious     
,germany was enthroning in the world a  
conception of  political realism1       
resting stolidly on force and           
self-interest4 ,it was  a liberation of 
the oppressed idealism of the ,west4    
,and that the signal  should have been  
given by this little nation seemed a    
miracle4    ,men call the sudden        
appearance of a hidden reality a        
miracle4 ,it is the  shock of danger    
which makes us best understand the      
character of  individuals and of        
nations4 ,what discoveries this war has 
caused us to  make in those around us1  
even among those nearest and dearest to 
us6  ,what heroic hearts and savage     
beasts6 ,the inner soul1 not a new soul1
  reveals itself4    ,in this fearful   
hour ,belgium has seen the hidden genius
 of her race  emerge4 ,the sterling     
qualities that she has displayed during 
the last  three months evoke admiration2
 it should not surprise any one who1 in 
the pages of history1 has felt1 coursing

 through the ages1 the vigorous  sap of 
her people4 ,small in numbers and in    
territory1 but one of the  greatest in  
,europe in virtue of her overflowing    
vitality4 ,the ,belgians  of today are  
the sons of the ,flemings of ,courtrai4 
,the men of this land  never feared to  
oppose their powerful neighbors1 the    
kings of ,france or  ,spain--now heroes1
 now victims1 ,artevelde and ,egmont4   
,their soil1  watered by the blood of   
millions of warriors1 is the most       
fertile in  ,europe in the harvests of  
the spirit4 ,from it arose the art of   
modern  painting1 spread throughout the 
world by the school of the van ,eycks at
  the time of the ,renaissance4 ,from it
 arose the art of modern music1 of  that
 polyphony which thrilled through       
,france1 ,germany1 and ,italy for       
nearly two centuries4 ,from it1 too1    
came the superb poetic efflorescence  of
 our times2 and the two writers who most
 brilliantly represent ,french          
literature in the world1 ,maeterlinck   

and ,verhaeren1 are ,belgian4 ,they  are
 the people who have suffered most and  
have borne their sufferings  most       
bravely and cheerfully2 the             
martyr-people of ,philip ,,ii and of    
,kaiser ,wilhelm2 and they are the      
people of ,rubens1 the people of        
,kermesses and of ,till ,ulenspiegel4   
,he who knows the amazing epic re-told  
by ,charles de ,coster3 ,the heroic1    
joyous1 and glorious adventures of      
,ulenspiegel and ,lamme ,goedjak1 those 
two ,flemish worthies who might take    
their places side by side with the      
immortal ,don ,quixote and his ,sancho  
,panza--he who has seen that  dauntless 
spirit at work1 rough and facetious1    
rebellious by nature1  always offending 
the established powers1 running the     
gauntlet of all  trials and hardships1  
and emerging from them always gay and   
smiling--realizes also the destinies of 
the nation that gave birth to           
,ulenspiegel1 and even in the darkest   
hour fearlessly looks towards the       

approaching dawn of rich and happy days4
 ,belgium may be invaded4 ,the  ,belgian
 people will never be conquered nor     
crushed4 ,the ,belgian people  cannot   
die4    ,at the end of the story of     
,till ,ulenspiegel1 when they think he  
is  dead1 and are going to bury him1 he 
wakes up3         ,are they1 he asks1   
going to bury ,ulenspiegel the soul1    
,nele the       heart of mother         
,flanders8 ,sleep1 perhaps1 but die1 no6
 ,come1       ,nele4         ,and he    
departed1 singing his sixth song4 ,but  
no one knows where he       sang his    
last4          ,,vii4 ,,letter ,,to ,,my
 ,,critics#ba      ,november #ag1 #aiad4
    ,there has reached me1 after much   
delay1 at ,geneva1 where ,i am engaged  
on  the ,international work of          
,prisoners of ,war1 the echo of attacks 
against  me in certain newspapers1      
roused by the articles that ,i have     
published  in the ,journal de ,genve1 or
 rather by two or three passages        
arbitrarily chosen from those articles  

7for they themselves are scarcely  known
 to anybody in ,france74 ,my best reply 
will be to collect what ,i  have written
 and publish it in ,paris4 ,i would not 
add a word of  explanation1 for there is
 not a line that ,i did not think it my 
right  and my duty to set down4         
,moreover1 ,i think that there is better
 work to  do at this moment than to     
defend oneself2 there are others to     
defend1  the thousands of victims who   
are fighting in ,france4 ,time devoted  
to  polemics is like a theft from these 
unfortunates1 from these prisoners  and 
families1 whose hands seeking each other
 across space we are trying  to unite at
 ,geneva4    ,but not content with      
attacking me personally1 they have      
attacked ideas  and a cause which ,i    
believe to be that of the true ,france2 
and since my  friends expect me to      
defend these thoughts which are also    
theirs1 ,i  profit by the hospitality   
which is offered me to reply distinctly 
and  frankly in good ,french4    ,i have

 published four articles3 a letter to   
,gerhart ,hauptmann1 written  the day   
after the devastation of ,louvain1      
,above the ,battle1 ,the  ,lesser of    
,two ,evils1 and ,inter ,arma ,caritas4 
,in these four articles ,i  have stated 
that of all the imperialisms which are  
the scourge of the  world1 ,prussian    
,military ,imperialism is the worst4 ,i 
have declared that  it is the enemy of  
,european liberty1 the enemy of ,western
 civilization1  the enemy of ,germany   
herself1 and that it must be destroyed4 
,on this  point ,i imagine we are       
agreed4    ,to what do my critics take  
exception8 ,without entering into the   
discussion of certain points of detail1 
such as the appeal made by the  ,allies 
to the forces of ,asia and ,africa of   
which ,i disapprove1 and  still         
disapprove because ,i see in it a near  
and grave danger for ,europe  and for   
the ,allies themselves1 and because this
 danger is already  materializing in    
threats of disturbance in the world of  

,islam--exception  is taken essentially 
on two grounds3    #a4 ,my refusal to   
include the ,german people and its      
military and  intellectual rulers in the
 same denunciation4    #b4 ,the esteem  
and friendship which ,i have for the    
individuals in the  country with which  
we are at war4    ,i will reply first of
 all without ambiguity to this second   
reproach4  ,yes1 ,i have ,german friends
 as ,i have ,french1 ,italian1 and      
,english  friends1 and friends of every 
race4 ,they are my wealth3 ,i am proud  
of it  and keep it4 ,when one has had   
the good fortune to meet in this world  
loyal souls with whom one shares one's  
most intimate thoughts1 and with  whom  
one has formed bonds of brotherly union1
 such bonds are sacred1 and  not to be  
broken asunder in the hour of trial4 ,he
 would be a coward who  timidly ceased  
to own them1 in order to obey the       
insolent summons of a  public opinion   
which has no right over the heart4 ,does
 the love of  country demand this       

unkindness of thought which is          
associated with the  name ,cornlienne8  
,cornille himself has given the answer3 
--,albe vous a nomm1 je ne vous connais 
plus4      --,je vous connais encore1 et
 c'est ce qui me tue4    ,certain       
letters1 which ,i shall reproduce later1
 will show the grief1  sometimes almost 
tragic1 that such friendships mean in   
these moments4  ,thanks to them1 we have
 at least been able to defend ourselves 
against a  hatred which is more         
murderous than war1 since it is an      
infection  produced by its wounds2 and  
it does as much harm to those whom it   
possesses as to those against whom it is
 directed4    ,this poison ,i see with  
apprehension spreading at the present   
moment4  ,amongst the victim            
populations1 the cruelties and ravages  
committed by  the ,german armies have   
brought to birth a desire for reprisals4
 ,this1  when once in existence1 is not 
for the press to exasperate1 for such a 
desire runs the risk of leading to      

dangerous injustice--dangerous not  only
 for the conquered but above all for the
 conquerors4 ,france has1 in  this war1 
the chance of playing the nobler part1  
the rarest chance that  the world has   
even seen4 ,a ,german wrote to me a few 
weeks ago3 ,france  has won in this war 
a prodigious moral triumph4 ,the        
sympathies of the  whole world are drawn
 towards her2 and1 most extraordinary of
 all1  ,germany herself has a secret    
leaning towards her enemy4 ,all should  
wish  that this moral triumph may be    
hers to the end1 and that she may remain
  to the end just1 straightforward1 and 
humane4 ,i could never distinguish  the 
cause of ,france from that of humanity4 
,it is just because ,i am  ,french that 
,i leave to our ,prussian enemies the   
motto3 ,oderint1 dum  metuant4 ,i wish  
,france to be loved1 ,i wish her to be  
victorious not  only by force1 not only 
by right 7that would be difficult       
enough71 but  by that large and generous
 heart which is pre-eminently hers4 ,i  

wish her  to be strong enough to fight  
without hatred and to regard even those 
against whom she is forced to fight as  
misguided brothers who must be  pitied  
when they have been rendered harmless4  
,our soldiers know it well1 and ,i say  
nothing here of letters from the  front 
which tell us of compassion and kindness
 between the combatants4  ,but the      
civilians who are outside the combat1   
who do not fight1 but  talk1 who write  
and embroil themselves in a factitious  
and lunatic  agitation and are never    
exhausted2 these are delivered over to  
the winds  of feverish violence4 ,and   
there is the danger4 ,for they form     
opinion1  the only opinion that can be  
expressed 7all others are forbidden74   
,it  is for these that ,i write1 not for
 those who are fighting 7they have no   
need of us674    ,and when ,i hear the  
publicists trying to rouse the energies 
of the  nation by all the stimulants at 
their disposal for this one object1 the 
total crushing of the enemy nation1 ,i  

think it my duty to rise in  opposition 
to what ,i believe to be at once a moral
 and a political  error4 ,you make war  
against a ,state1 not against a people4 
,it would be  monstrous to hold         
sixty-five million men responsible for  
the acts of  some thousands--perhaps    
some hundreds4 ,here in ,french         
,switzerland1 so  passionately in       
sympathy with ,france1 so eager both in 
its sympathies  and in the duty of      
restraining them1 ,i have been able for 
three months1  by reading ,german       
letters and pamphlets1 to examine       
closely the  conscience of the ,german  
nation4 ,and ,i have been able thus to  
take  account of a good many facts which
 escape the greater part of the ,french 
people4 ,the first1 the most striking1  
the most ignored1 is that there is  not 
in ,germany as a whole any real hatred  
of ,france 7all the hatred is  turned   
against ,england74 ,the especial pathos 
of the situation lies in  the fact that 
the ,french spirit only really began to 

exercise an  attraction upon ,germany   
some two or three years ago4 ,germany   
was  beginning to discover the true     
,france1 the ,france of work and of     
faith4  ,the new generations1 the young 
classes that they have just led to the  
abattoir of ,ypres and ,dixmude1        
numbered the purest souls1 the greatest 
idealists1 those most possessed by the  
dream of universal brotherhood4  ,if ,i 
say that for many among them the war has
 been a laceration1 a  horror1 a        
failure1 a renunciation of every ideal1 
an abdication of the  spirit1 as one of 
them wrote on the eve of his death--if  
,i say that the  death of ,pguy has been
 mourned by many young ,germans1 no one 
would  believe me4 ,but belief will be a
 necessity the day ,i publish the       
documents which ,i have collected4      
,it is somewhat better understood in    
,france how this ,german nation1        
enveloped in the network of lies woven  
by its ,government1 and abandoning      
herself thereto with a blind and        

obstinate loyalty1 is profoundly        
convinced that she was attacked1 hemmed 
in by the jealousy of the world2  and   
that she must defend herself at all     
costs or die4 ,it is among the          
chivalrous traditions of ,france to     
render homage to the courage of an      
adversary4 ,one owes it to that         
adversary to recognize that in default  
of  other virtues the spirit of         
sacrifice is1 in the present instance1  
almost boundless4 ,it would be a great  
mistake to force it to extremes4        
,instead of driving this blind people to
 a magnificent and desperate  defense1  
let us try to open their eyes4 ,it is   
not impossible4 ,an  ,alsatian patriot1 
to whom one could not impute indulgence 
for ,germany1  ,dr4 ,bucher of          
,strasbourg1 told me not long since1    
that even though the  ,german is full of
 haughty prejudices carefully fostered  
by his teachers1  he is at any rate     
always amenable to discussion and his   
docile spirit is  accessible to         

arguments4 ,as an example1 ,i would     
instance the secret  evolution that ,i  
see in progress in the thought of       
certain ,germans4  ,numbers of ,german  
letters that ,i have read this month    
begin to utter  agonized questionings as
 to the legitimacy of the proceedings of
 ,germany  in ,belgium4 ,i have seen    
this anxiety growing1 little by little1 
in  consciences which at first reposed  
in the conviction of their right4       
,truth is slowly dawning4 ,what will    
happen if its light conquers and        
spreads8 ,carry truth in your hands6    
,let it be our strongest weapon6 ,let   
us1 like the soldiers of the            
,revolution1 whose hearts live again in 
our  troops1 fight not against our      
enemies1 but for them4 ,in saving the   
world1 let us save them too4 ,france    
does not break old chains in order  to  
rivet new4    ,your thoughts are fixed  
on victory4 ,i think of the peace which 
will  follow4 ,for however insistently  
the most militarist among you may talk1 

venturing as did an article to hold out 
the delightful promise of a  perpetual  
war--a war which will last after this   
war1 indefinitely4444#bb  7it will come 
to an end1 nevertheless--for lack of    
combatants67 444  there must come a day 
when you will stretch out the hand of   
friendship1  you and your neighbors     
across the ,rhine1 if it were only to   
come to an  agreement1 for the sake of  
your own business4 ,you will have to    
re-establish supportable and humane     
relations3 so set to work in such a     
manner as not to make them impossible6  
,do not break down all the  bridges1    
since it will ever be necessary to cross
 the river4 ,do not  destroy the future4
 ,a good open1 clean wound will heal2   
but do not  poison it4 ,let us be on our
 guard against hatred4 ,if we prepare   
for war  in peace according to the      
wisdom of nations1 we should also       
prepare for  peace in war4 ,it is a task
 which seems to me not unworthy of those
 among  us who find themselves outside  

the struggle1 and who through the life  
of  the spirit have wider relations with
 the universe--a little lay church      
which1 today more than the other1       
preserves its faith in the unity of     
human thought and believes that all men 
are sons of the same ,father4 ,in  any  
case1 if such a faith merits insult1 the
 insults constitute an honor  that we   
will claim as ours before the tribunal  
of posterity4          ,,viii4 ,,the    
,,idols      ,for more than forty       
centuries it has been the effort of     
great minds who  have attained liberty  
to extend this blessing to others2 to   
liberate  humanity and to teach men to  
see reality without fear or error1 to   
look  themselves in the face without    
false pride or false humility and to    
recognize their weakness and their      
strength1 that they may know their  true
 position in the universe4 ,they have   
illumined the path with the  brightness 
of their lives and their example1 like  
the star of the magi1  that mankind may 

have light4    ,their efforts have      
failed4 ,for more than forty centuries  
humanity has  remained in bondage--,i do
 not say to masters 7for such are of the
 order  of the flesh1 of which ,i am not
 speaking here2 and their chains break  
sooner or later71 but to the phantoms of
 their own minds4 ,such servitude  comes
 from within4 ,we grow faint in the     
endeavor to cut the bonds which  bind   
mankind1 who straightway tie them again 
to be more firmly  enthralled4 ,of every
 liberator men make a master4 ,every    
ideal which  ought to liberate is       
transformed into a clumsy idol4 ,the    
history of  humanity is the history of  
,idols and of their successive reigns2  
and as  humanity grows older the power  
of the ,idol seems to wax greater and   
more  destructive4    ,at first the     
divinities were of wood1 of stone1 or of
 metal4 ,those at  any rate were not    
proof against the axe or against fire4  
,others followed  that no material force
 could reach1 for they were graven in   

the  invisible mind4 ,yet all aspired to
 material dominion1 and to secure for   
them that dominion the peoples of the   
world have poured out their best  blood3
 ,idols of religions and of nationality3
 the ,idol of liberty whose  reign was  
established in ,europe by the armies of 
the sans-culotte at  the point of the   
bayonet4 ,the masters have changed1 the 
slaves are still  the same4 ,our century
 has made the acquaintance of two new   
species4 ,the  ,idol of ,race1 at first 
the outcome of noble ideas1 became in   
the  laboratories of spectacled savants 
the ,moloch which ,germany herself      
hurled against ,france in #ahgj and     
which her enemies now wish to use       
against the ,germany of today4 ,the     
latest on the scene is that authentic   
product of ,german science1 fraternally 
allied to the labors of industry1  of   
commerce1 and of the firm of ,krupp--the
 ,idol of ,kultur surrounded by  its    
,levites1 the thinkers of ,germany4     
99       99       99       99       99  

,the common feature of the cult of all  
,idols is the adaptation of an  ideal to
 the evil instincts of mankind4 ,man    
cultivates the vices which  are         
profitable to him1 but feels the        
necessity of legitimizing them2  being  
unwilling to sacrifice them1 he must    
idealize them4 ,that is why  the problem
 at which he has never ceased to labor  
throughout the  centuries has been to   
harmonize his ideals with his own       
mediocrity4 ,he  has always succeeded4  
,the crowd has no difficulty here4 ,it  
sets side by  side its virtues and its  
vices1 its heroism and its meanness4    
,the force  of its passions and the     
rapid course of the days which carry it 
along  cause it to forget its lack of   
logic4    ,but the intelligent few      
cannot satisfy themselves with so little
 effort4  ,not that they are1 as is     
often said1 less readily swayed by      
passion4  ,this is a grave error2 the   
richer a life becomes the more does it  
offer  for passion to devour1 and       

history sufficiently shows the          
terrifying  paroxysms to which the lives
 of religious leaders and               
revolutionaries  have attained4 ,but    
these toilers in the spirit love careful
 work1 and  are repelled by popular     
modes of thought which perpetually break
 through  the meshes of reasoning4 ,they
 have to make a more closely woven net  
in  which instinct and idea1 cost what  
it may1 combine to form a stouter       
tissue4 ,they thus achieve monstrous    
chefs-d'oeuvre4 ,give an  intellectual  
any ideal and any evil passion and he   
will always succeed  in harmonizing the 
twain4 ,the love of ,god and the love of
 mankind have  been invoked in order to 
burn1 kill1 and pillage4 ,the fraternity
 of #agic  was sister to the ,holy      
,guillotine4 ,we have in our time seen  
,churchmen  seeking and finding in the  
,gospels the justification of ,banking  
and of  ,war4 ,since the outbreak of the
 war a clergyman of ,wrtemberg          
established  the fact that neither      

,christ nor ,john the ,baptist nor the  
apostles  desired to suppress           
militarism4#bc ,a clever intellectual is
 a conjuror  in ideas4 ,nothing in my   
hands--nothing up my sleeves4 ,the great
  trick is to extract from any given    
idea its precise contrary--war from  the
 ,sermon on the ,mount1 or1 like        
,professor ,ostwald1 the military       
dictatorship of the ,kaiser from the    
dream of an intellectual                
internationalism4 ,for such conjurors   
these things are but child's play4      
,let us expose them1 by examining the   
words of this ,dr4 ,ostwald1 who has    
appeared during the last few months as  
the ,baptist of the ,gospel of the      
spiked helmet4    ,here is the ,idol to 
begin with--,kultur 7made in ,germany71 
with a  capital ,k rectiligne et de     
quatre pointes1 comme un chevel de      
frise1  as ,miguel de ,unamuno wrote to 
me4 ,all around are little gods1 the    
children of its loins3 ,kulturstaat1    
,kulturbund1 ,kulturimperium4444    ,i  

am now 7it is the voice of ,ostwald#bd7 
going to explain to you  the great      
secret of ,germany4 ,we1 or rather the  
,germanic race1 have  discovered the    
factor of ,organization4 ,other peoples 
still live under  the rgime of          
individualism while we are under that of
 ,organization4 ,the  stage of          
,organization is a more advanced stage  
of civilization4    ,it is surely clear 
that1 like those missionaries who1 in   
order to carry  the ,christian faith to 
heathen peoples1 secure the co-operation
 of a  squadron and a landing party     
which straightway establish in the      
idolatrous country commercial stores    
protected by a ring of cannon1  ,german 
intelligence cannot without selfishness 
keep her treasures to  herself4 ,she is 
obliged to share them4    ,germany      
wishes to organize ,europe1 for ,europe 
has hitherto not been  organized4 ,with 
us everything tends to elicit from each 
individual the  maximal output in the   
direction most favorable for society4   

,that for us  is liberty in its highest 
form4    ,we may well pause to marvel at
 this way of talking about human culture
  as though it were a question of       
asparagus and artichokes4 ,of this      
happiness1 and these advantages1 this   
maximal output1 this market-garden      
culture1 this liberty of artichokes     
subjected to a judicious forcing        
process1 ,professor ,ostwald does not   
wish to deprive the other peoples of    
,europe4 ,as they are so unenlightened  
as not to acquiesce with  enthusiasm3   
,war will make them participate in the  
form of this organization in our  higher
 civilization4    ,thereupon the        
chemist-philosopher1 who is also in his 
leisure hours a  politician and a       
strategist1 sketches in bold outline the
 picture of the  victories of ,germany  
and a remodeled ,europe--a ,united      
,states of ,europe  under the paternal  
sceptre of his mailed ,kaiser3 ,england 
crushed1 ,france  disarmed1 and ,russia 
dismembered4 ,his colleague ,haeckel    

completes this  joyous expos by dividing
 ,belgium1 the ,british ,empire1 and the
 ,north  of ,france--like ,perrette of  
the fable before her pitcher broke4     
,unfortunately neither ,haeckel nor     
,ostwald tells us if their plan for the 
establishment of this higher            
civilization included the destruction of
  the ,halle of ,ypres1 of the ,library 
at ,louvain1 of the ,cathedral at       
,rheims4 ,after all these conquests1    
divisions1 and devastations1 let us  not
 overlook this wonderful sentence of    
which ,ostwald certainly did not        
realize the sinister buffoonery1 worthy 
of a ,molire3 ,you know that ,i  am a   
pacifist4    ,however far the high      
priests of a cult may allow their       
emotion to carry  them1 their profession
 of faith still retains a certain       
diplomatic  reserve which does not      
hamper their followers4 ,thus the       
,kulturmenschen4 ,but the zeal of their 
,levites must frequently disturb  the   
serenity of ,moses and ,aaron--,haeckel 

and ,ostwald--by its intemperate        
frankness4 ,i do not know what they     
think of the article of ,thomas ,mann   
which appeared in the ,november number  
of the ,neue ,rundschau3 ,gedanken  im  
,kriege4 ,but ,i do know what certain   
,french intellectuals will think  of it4
 ,germany could not offer them a more   
terrible weapon against  herself4    ,in
 an access of delirious pride and       
exasperated fanaticism ,mann employs    
his envenomed pen to justify the worst  
accusations that have been made  against
 ,germany4 ,while an ,ostwald endeavors 
to identify the cause of  ,kultur with  
that of civilization1 ,mann proclaims3  
,they have nothing  in common4 ,the     
present war is that of ,kultur 7i4 e41  
of ,germany7  against civilization4 ,and
 pushing this outrageous boast of pride 
to the  point of madness1 he defines    
civilization as ,reason 7,vernunft1     
,aufklrung71 ,gentleness 7,sittigung1   
,snftigung71 ,spirit 7,geist1           
,auflsung71 and ,kultur as a spiritual  

organization of the world  which does   
not exclude bloody savagery4 ,kultur is 
the sublimation of  the demoniacal 7die 
,sublimierung des ,dmonischen74 ,it is  
above  morality1 above reason1 and above
 science4 ,while ,ostwald and ,haeckel  
see in militarism merely an arm or      
instrument of which ,kultur makes use   
to secure victory1 ,thomas ,mann affirms
 that ,kultur and ,militarism are       
brothers--their ideal is the same1 their
 aim the same1 their principle  the     
same4 ,their enemy is peace1 is spirit  
7,ja1 der ,geist ist zivil1  ist        
brgerlich74 ,he finally dares to        
inscribe on his own and his  country's  
banner the words1 ,law is the friend of 
the weak2 it would  reduce the world to 
a level4 ,war brings out strength4      
,das ,gesetz ist der ,freund des        
,schwachen1      ,mchte gern die ,welt  
verflachen      ,aber der ,krieg lsst   
die ,kraft erscheinen4444    ,in this   
criminal glorification of violence1     
,thomas ,mann himself has been          

surpassed4 ,ostwald preached the victory
 of ,kultur1 if necessary by  ,force2   
,mann proved that ,kultur is ,force4    
,some one was needed to cast  aside the 
last veil of reserve and say ,force     
alone4 ,all else be  silent4 ,we have   
read extracts from the cynical article  
in which  ,maximilian ,harden1 treating 
the desperate efforts of his ,government
 to  excuse the violation of ,belgian   
neutrality as feeble lies1 dared to     
write3    ,why on earth all this fuss8  
,might creates our ,right4 ,did a       
powerful  man ever submit himself to the
 crazy pretensions or to the judgment of
 a  band of weaklings8    ,what a       
testimony to the madness into which     
,german intelligence has been           
precipitated by pride and struggle1 and 
to the moral anarchy of this  ,empire1  
whose organization is imposing only to  
the eyes of those who  do not see       
farther than the faade6 ,who cannot see 
the weakness of a  ,government which    
gags its socialist press and yet        

tolerates such an  insulting            
contradiction as this8 ,who does not see
 that such words  defame ,germany before
 the whole world for centuries to come8 
,these  miserable intellectuals imagine 
that with their display of infuriated   
,nietzcheism and ,bismarckism they are  
acting heroically and impressing  the   
world4 ,they merely disgust it4 ,they   
wish to be believed4 ,people are  only  
too ready to believe them4 ,the whole of
 ,germany will be made  responsible for 
the delirium of a few writers4 ,germany 
will one day  realize she has had no    
more deadly enemy than her own          
intellectuals4           99       99    
99       99       99    ,i write here   
without prejudice1 for ,i am certainly  
not proud of our  ,french intellectuals4
 ,the ,idol of ,race1 or of             
,civilization1 or of  ,latinity1 which  
they so greatly abuse1 does not satisfy 
me4 ,i do not  like any idol--not even  
that of ,humanity4 ,but at any rate     
those to which  my country bows down are

 less dangerous4 ,they are not          
aggressive1 and1  moreover1 there       
remains even in the most fanatical of   
our intellectuals  a basis of native    
common sense1 of which the ,germans of  
whom ,i have just  spoken seem to have  
lost all trace4 ,but it must be admitted
 that on  neither side have they brought
 honor to the cause of reason1 which    
they  have not been able to protect     
against the winds of violence and folly4
  ,there is a saying of ,emerson's which
 is applicable to their failure3        
,nothing is more rare in any man than an
 act of his own4    ,their acts and     
their writings have come to them from   
others1 from  outside1 from public      
opinion1 blind and menacing4 ,i do not  
wish to  condemn those who have been    
obliged to remain silent either because 
they  are in the armies1 or because the 
censorship which rules in countries     
involved in war has imposed silence upon
 them4 ,but the unheard-of  weakness    
with which the leaders of thought have  

everywhere abdicated to  the collective 
madness has certainly proved their lack 
of character4    ,certain somewhat      
paradoxical passages in my own writings 
have caused me  at times to be styled an
 anti-intellectual2 an absurd charge to 
bring  against one who has given his    
life to the worship of thought4 ,but it 
is  true that ,intellectualism has often
 appeared to me as a mere caricature  of
 ,thought--,thought mutilated1 deformed1
 and petrified1 powerless1 not  only to 
dominate the drama of life1 but even to 
understand it4 ,and the  events of      
to-day have proved me more in the right 
than ,i wished to be4  ,the intellectual
 lives too much in the realm of shadows1
 of ideas4  ,ideas have no existence in 
themselves1 but only through the hopes  
or  experiences which can fill them4    
,they are either summaries1 or          
hypotheses2 frames for what has been or 
will be2 convenient or necessary        
formul4 ,one cannot live and act without
 them1 but the evil is that  people make

 them into oppressive realities4 ,no one
 contributes more to  this than the     
intellectual1 whose trade it is to      
handle them1 who1  biased by his        
profession1 is always tempted to        
subordinate reality to  them4 ,let there
 supervene a collective passion which   
completes his  blindness1 and it will be
 cast in the form of the idea which can 
best  serve its purpose3 it transfers   
its life-blood to that idea1 and the    
idea magnifies and glorifies it in turn4
 ,nothing is more long-lived in a  man  
than a phantom which his own mind has   
created1 a phantom in which  are        
combined the madness of his heart and   
the madness of his head4 ,hence  the    
intellectuals in the present crisis have
 not been overcome by the  warlike      
contagion less than others1 but they    
have themselves contributed  to         
spreading it4 ,i would add 7for it is   
their punishment7 that they are  victims
 of the contagion for a longer period3  
for whilst simple folk  constantly      

submit to the test of every-day action  
and of experience1 and  modify their    
ideas without conscious regret1 the     
intellectual finds  himself bound in the
 net of his own creation and every word 
that he  writes draws the bonds tighter4
 ,hence while we see that in the        
soldiers  of all armies the fire of hate
 is rapidly dying down and that they    
already fraternize from trench to       
trench1 the writers redouble their      
furious arguments4 ,we can easily       
prophesy that when the remembrance of   
this senseless war has passed away among
 the people its bitterness will  still  
be smouldering in the hearts of the     
intellectuals4444    ,who shall break   
the idols8 ,who shall open the eyes of  
their fanatical  followers8 ,who shall  
make them understand that no god of     
their minds1  religious or secular1 has 
the right to force himself on other     
human  beings--even he who seems the    
most worthy--or to despise them8        
,admitting  that your ,kultur on ,german

 soil produces the sturdiest and most   
abundant human crop1 who has entrusted  
to you the mission of cultivating  other
 lands8 ,cultivate your own garden4 ,we 
will cultivate ours4 ,there is  a sacred
 flower for which ,i would give all the 
products of your  artificial culture4   
,it is the wild violet of ,liberty4 ,you
 do not care  about it4 ,you tread it   
under foot4 ,but it will not die4 ,it   
will live  longer than your masterpieces
 of barrack and hot-house4 ,it is not   
afraid of the wind4 ,it has braved other
 tempests than that of today4 ,it  grows
 under brambles and under dead leaves4  
,intellectuals of ,germany1             
intellectuals of ,france1 labor and sow 
on the fields of your own minds3        
respect those of others4 ,before        
organizing the world you have enough  to
 do to organize your own private world4 
,try for a moment to forget  your ideas 
and behold yourselves4 ,and above all1  
look at us4 ,champions  of ,kultur and  
of ,civilization1 of the ,germanic races

 and of ,latinity1  enemies1 friends1   
let us look one another in the eyes4 ,my
 brother1 do  you not see there a heart 
similar to your own1 with the same      
hopes1 the  same egoism1 and the same   
heroism and power of dream which forever
  refashions its gossamer web8 ,vois-tu 
pas que tu es moi8 said the old  ,hugo  
to one of his enemies4444    ,the true  
man of culture is not he who makes of   
himself and his ideal the  center of the
 universe1 but who looking around him   
sees1 as in the sky  the stream of the  
,milky ,way1 thousands of little flames 
which flow with  his own2 and who seeks 
neither to absorb them nor to impose    
upon them  his own course1 but to give  
himself the religious persuasion of     
their  value and of the common source of
 the fire by which all alike are fed4   
,intelligence of the mind is nothing    
without that of the heart4 ,it is       
nothing also without good sense and     
humor--good sense which shows to  every 
people and to every being their place in

 the universe--and humor  which is the  
critic of misguided reason1 the soldier 
who1 following the  chariot to the      
,capitol1 reminds ,csar in his hour of  
triumph that he is  bald4    ,journal de
 ,genve1 ,december #d1 #aiad4           
,,ix4 ,,for ,,europe3 ,,manifesto ,,of  
,,the ,,writers ,,and ,,thinkers ,,of   
,,catalonia      ,national passions are 
triumphant4 ,for five months they have  
rent our  ,europe4 ,they think they will
 soon have compassed its destruction and
  effaced its image in the hearts of the
 last of these who remain faithful  to  
it4 ,but they are mistaken4 ,they have  
renewed the faith that we had in  it4   
,they have made us recognize its value  
and our love4 ,and from one  country to 
another we have discovered our unknown  
brothers1 sons of the  same mother1 who 
in the hour when she is denied1         
consecrate themselves  to her defence4  
,today1 it is from ,spain that the voice
 reaches us1 from the thinkers of       
,catalonia4 ,let us pass on their appeal

 which comes to us from the shores  of  
the ,mediterranean1 like the sound of a 
,christmas bell4 ,another day  the bells
 of ,northern ,europe will be heard in  
their turn4 ,and soon all  will ring    
together in unison4 ,the test is good4  
,let us be thankful4  ,those who desired
 to separate us have joined our hands4  
,r4 ,r4    ,december #ca1 #aiad4        
,,manifesto ,,of ,,the ,,friends ,,of   
,,the ,,moral ,,unity ,,of ,,europe     
,a number of literary and scientific men
 at ,barcelona1 as far removed  from    
amorphous internationalism on the one   
hand as from mere  parochialism on the  
other1 have banded themselves together  
to affirm  their unchangeable belief in 
the moral unity of ,europe1 and to      
further  this belief as far as the      
suffocating conditions resulting from   
the  present tragic circumstances       
permit4    ,we set out from the         
principle that the terrible war which   
today is  rending the heart of this     
,europe of ours is1 by implication1 a   

,civil  ,war4    ,a civil war does not  
exactly mean an unjust war2 still1 it   
can only be  justified by a conflict    
between great ideals1 and if we desire  
the  triumph of one or the other of     
these ideals1 it must be for the sake of
  the entire ,european ,commonwealth and
 its general well-being4 ,none of the   
belligerents1 therefore1 can be allowed 
to aim at the complete  destruction of  
its opponents2 and it is even less      
legitimate to start  out from the       
criminal hypothesis that one or another 
of the parties is  de facto already     
excluded from this superior             
commonwealth4    ,yet we have seen with 
pain assertions such as these approved  
and  deliriously spread abroad2 and not 
always amongst common people1 or by  the
 voices of those who speak not with     
authority4 ,for three months it  seemed 
as if our ideal ,europe were            
ship-wrecked1 but a reaction is  making 
its appearance already4 ,a thousand     
indications assure us that1 in  the     

world of intellect at any rate1 the     
winds are quieting down1 and  that in   
the best minds the eternal values will  
soon spring up once more4    ,it is our 
purpose to assist in this reaction1 to  
contribute to making it  known1 and1 as 
far as we are able1 to ensure its       
triumph4 ,we are not  alone4 ,we have   
with us in every quarter of the world   
the ardent  aspirations of far-sighted  
minds1 and the unvoiced wishes of       
thousands  of men of good will1 who1    
beyond their sympathies and personal    
preferences1 are determined to remain   
faithful to the cause of this  moral    
unity4    ,and above all we have1 in the
 far distant future1 the appreciation of
  the men who tomorrow will applaud this
 modest work to which we are  devoting  
ourselves today4    ,we will begin by   
giving the greatest possible publicity  
to those  actions1 declarations1 and    
manifestations--whether they emanate    
from  belligerent or neutral nations--in
 which the effort of reviving the       

feeling of a higher unity and a generous
 altruism may become apparent4  ,later  
we shall be able to extend our          
activities and place them at the        
service of new enterprises4 ,we demand  
nothing more of our friends1 of  our    
press1 and of our fellow citizens than a
 little attention for these  quickenings
 of reality1 a little respect for the   
interests of a higher  humanity1 and a  
little love for the great traditions and
 the rich  possibilities of a unified   
,europe4    ,,barcelona1 ,november #bg1 
#aiad4      ,,eugenio ,d',,ors1 ,member 
of the ,institute2 ,,manuel ,,de        
,,montoliu1 ,author2  ,,aurelio ,,ras1  
,director of the ,review ,estudio2      
,,augustin ,,murua1  ,university        
,professor2 ,,telesforo ,,de ,,aranzadi1
 ,university ,professor2  ,,miguel ,s4  
,,oliver2 ,,juan ,,palau1 publicist2    
,,pablo ,,vila1 ,director of ,mont      
d',or ,college2 ,,enrique ,,jardi1      
,barrister2 ,e4 ,,messeguer1 publicist2 
,,carmen  ,,karr1 ,director of the      

,residencia de ,estudiantes ,el ,hogar2 
,,esteban  ,,terrades1 ,member of the   
,institute2 ,,jose ,,zulueta1 ,member of
 ,parliament2  ,r4 ,,jori1 ,author2     
,,eudaldo ,,duran ,,reynals1 ,librarian 
of the ,biblioteca de  ,cataluna2       
,,rafael ,,campalans1 ,engineer2 ,j4 ,m4
 ,,lopez-,,pico1 ,author2 ,r4           
,,rucabado1 ,author2 ,e4 ,,cuello       
,,calou1 ,university ,professor2        
,,manuel  ,,revenlos1 ,professor of the 
,escuela de ,funcionarios2 ,j4 ,,farran 
,,mayoral1  ,author2 ,,jaime ,,masso    
,,torrents1 ,member of the ,institute2  
,,jorge ,,rubio  ,,balaguer1 ,director  
of the ,biblioteca de ,cataluna4        
,translated from the ,spanish by ,r4 ,r4
    ,journal de ,genve1 ,january #i1    
#aiae4          ,x4 ,,for ,,europe3 ,,an
 ,,appeal ,,from ,,holland ,,to ,,the   
,,intellectuals ,,of ,,all  ,,nations   
,in the preceding chapter1 in which ,i  
put before my readers the fine          
manifesto of the ,catalonian            
intellectuals ,for the ,moral ,unity of 

,europe1 ,i stated that after this      
appeal from the ,mediterranean ,south ,i
  would make known those of the ,north4 
,amongst the latter here is the  voice  
of ,holland3--    ,the ,nederlandsche   
,anti-,oorlog ,road 7,dutch ,anti-,war  
,council7 is perhaps  the most important
 attempt that these last months has seen
 to unify  pacifist thought4 ,whilst    
recognizing the value of what has been  
done for  some years past in favor of   
peace1 the ,n4 ,a4 ,o4 ,r4 is convinced 
that  all this work could have been much
 more effective1 and could even have    
prevented the present catastrophe1 if it
 had been better taken in hand4  ,there 
has been lack of co-operation1 wastage  
of energy1 lack of  penetration to the  
mass of the people4 ,the problem is to  
discover if  this internal defect cannot
 be remedied4 ,will the world-wide      
tragedy of  rivalry continue even inside
 the pacifist movement1 or will this war
  teach those who are fighting against  
it the necessity of an energetic        

organization and preparation8    ,to    
this task the ,n4,a4,o4,r4 is devoting  
itself4 ,founded on ,october #h1  #aiad1
 it had succeeded by ,january #aeth in  
securing the adhesion of #cej  ,dutch   
societies 7official1 political1 of all  
parties1 religious1  intellectual1      
labor71 and its manifestoes brought     
together the  signatures of more than a 
hundred of the most illustrious names of
 the  ,netherlands--statesmen1 prelates1
 officers1 writers1 professors1         
artists1 business men1 etc4 ,it         
therefore represents a considerable     
moral  force4    ,let it be said at once
 that the ,n4,a4,o4,r4 does not look for
 an immediate  end of the war by a peace
 at any price4 ,on the one hand it      
declares  itself it has formed no       
presumptuous idea of its strength2 it   
has no  nave confidence in vague peace  
formul1 nor even in well-defined mutual 
obligations4 ,the universal war of today
 has1 alas6 taught it much in  this     
respect also4 ,and1 moreover1 it is     

quite aware that a peace at  any price1 
under present conditions1 would only be 
a consecration of  injustice4 ,the great
 public meetings which it has organized 
on ,december  #aeth in the chief towns  
of the ,netherlands have unanimously    
declared  that such a peace seemed      
neither possible nor even desirable4 ,i 
will add  that certain of the articles  
of the ,n4,a4,o4,r4 suggest1 with all   
the  reserve necessitated by its        
attitude of neutrality and its profound 
desire for impartiality1 the direction  
of its suppressed sympathies4           
,especially the following3--    ,to     
repair the harm done by this war to the 
prestige of law in  international       
relations4 ,to bow before the law1      
whether customary or  codified in       
treaties is a duty1 even where sanction 
is wanting4 ,reform  will be in vain3 if
 there is not respect for law1 and      
nations refuse to  keep their word1 a   
durable peace is out of the question4   
,the object of the ,n4,a4,o4,r4 is      

especially to study the conditions in   
which we can realize a just1 humane1 and
 durable peace1 which will  secure for  
,europe a long future of fruitful       
tranquility and of common  work1 and to 
interest the public opinion of all      
nations in securing such  a peace4 ,i   
cannot analyze here1 owing to lack of   
space1 the various  public manifestoes1 
the ,appeal to the ,people of ,holland  
7,october1  #aiad71 or the ,appeal for  
,co-operation and the ,preparation of   
,peace1 a  kind of attempt to mobilize  
the pacifist armies 7,november74 ,the   
latter  of these contains ideas which   
agree in many cases with those of the   
,union of ,democratic ,control 7the     
abolition of secret diplomacy1 and a    
larger control of foreign affairs by    
,parliaments2 the prohibition of        
special armament industries2 the        
establishment of the elementary         
principle of international law1 that no 
country shall be annexed without  the   
consent1 freely expressed1 of the       

population74 ,i will content myself     
here with publishing the manifesto      
addressed to the thinkers1 writers1     
artists1 and scientists of all nations4 
,in this manifesto we shall find        
support for the tasks which we ourselves
 have undertaken in working to  keep the
 thought of ,europe sheltered from the  
ravages of the war1 and in  continually 
recalling it to the recognition of its  
highest duty1 which  is1 even in the    
worst storms of passion1 to safeguard   
the spiritual  unity bf civilized       
humanity4    ,r4 ,r4    ,february #g1   
#aiae4      ,,nederlandsche             
,,anti-,,oorlog ,,raad    ,immediately  
after the ,european war had broken out1 
several groups of  intellectuals        
belonging to the warring nations have   
advocated the  justice of their         
country's cause in manifestoes and      
pamphlets1 which  they have scattered in
 great numbers throughout the neutral   
states4#be  ,and this still goes on2    
side by side with the war of the sword a

 no less  vehement war is carried on    
with the pen4    ,those writings have   
also reached us1 the undersigned1 all   
subjects of a  neutral state4 ,we have  
read them with the greatest interest1 as
 they  enable us to form a clear opinion
 not only of the frame of mind brought  
about by the outbreak of the war among  
the intellectuals of the warring        
nations1 but also of the opinions they  
hold about the causes and the  nature of
 the present war4    ,it has not        
surprised us neutrals to see that the   
spokesmen of the  opposing nations are  
equally convinced of the justice of     
their cause4  ,neither has it surprised 
us that those spokesmen evince such a   
strong  inclination to advocate their   
rights before the neutral states4       
,indeed1  in such a terrible struggle it
 is a psychologic necessity for all the 
nations concerned that they should      
believe implicitly in the justice of    
their cause2 they must ardently desire  
to testify to their faith before        

others4 ,only an unshakable confidence  
in the absolute justice of their  cause 
can keep them from wavering or          
despairing during the gigantic          
struggle4    ,but we have perceived with
 great sorrow that the greater part of  
those  writings are absolutely lacking  
in the slightest effort to be just      
towards opponents2 that the meanest and 
most malicious motives are  ascribed to 
them4    ,we respect the conviction of  
every one of the warring nations that   
they  are fighting for a just cause4    
,even if we should have formed an       
opinion  about the origin of the war1 we
 should yet not think the present a fit 
moment to oppose different opinions or  
arguments to each other4 ,this  should  
be the work of the future1 when         
scientific research will be able  to    
consider all the facts quietly1 when    
national passions will have  subsided   
and the nations will listen with more   
composure to the verdict  of history4   
,yet we think it our duty and we        

consider it a privilege given to us as  
neutrals to utter a serious warning     
against the systematic rousing of a     
lasting bitterness between the now      
warring parties4    ,though fully aware 
that the late events have irritated the 
feeling of  nationality to the utmost1  
yet we believe that patriotism should   
not  prevent any one from doing justice 
to the character of one's enemy2  that  
faith in the virtues of one's own nation
 need not be coupled with  the idea that
 all vices are inherent in the opposing 
nation2 that  confidence in the justice 
of one's own cause should not make one  
forget  that the other side cherishes   
that conviction with the same energy4   
,besides1 no one should forget that the 
question3 ,what nations will be         
enemies8 depends on political relations1
 which vary according to  unexpected    
circumstances4 ,today's enemy may be    
tomorrow's friend4    ,the tone1 in     
which of late not only the papers to    
which we have referred  above1 but also 

the newspaper press of the warring      
nations has written  about the enemy1   
threatens to arouse and to perpetuate   
the bitterest  hatred4    ,to the evils 
directly resulting from the war1 will be
 added the  regrettable consequence that
 co-operation between the belligerent   
nations in art1 science1 and all other  
labors of peace will be delayed  for    
some time1 nay1 even made quite         
impossible4 ,yet the time will come     
after this war1 when the nations will   
have to resume some form of             
intercourse1 social as well as          
spiritual4    ,the fewer fierce         
accusations have been breathed on either
 side1 the less  one nation has attacked
 the character of the other3 in short1  
the less  lasting bitterness has been   
roused1 so much the easier will it be   
afterwards to take up again the broken  
threads of international  intercourse4  
,this rousing of hatred and bitterness  
is also an impediment in the way  that  
leads our thoughts towards peace4       

,every one who in word or writing rails 
at the enemy or excites national        
passions is responsible for the longer  
duration of this horrible war4          
,therefore1 we the undersigned1 appeal  
to all those of the same mind1          
especially among those belonging to the 
warring nations1 to co-operate  for this
 purpose3 that in word and writing      
everything be avoided that  may rouse   
lasting animosity4    ,we especially    
address this appeal to those who        
influence public opinion  in their own  
country1 to men of science and to       
artists1 to those who  long ago have    
realized that in all civilized countries
 there are men and  women with the same 
notions of justice and morality as they 
have  themselves4    ,may the           
representatives of all                  
countries--according to the saying of a 
,dutch statesmen--remember what unites  
them and not only what separates  them6 
,signed3--,h4-,c4 ,,dresselhuys1        
,secretary-,general of the ,ministry of 

,justice1 ,president of the ,n4,a4,o4,r4
 ,j4-,h4 ,,schaper1 member of the       
,second ,chamber1 ,vice-,president4     
,madame ,m4 ,,asser-,,thorbeke1         
secretary of  the ,dutch ,league for    
,women's ,suffrage4 ,professor ,dr4 ,d4 
,,van ,,embden1  ,professor of law at   
,amsterdam4 ,dr4 ,,koolen1 member of the
 ,second ,chamber4  ,v4-,h4 ,,rutgers1  
member of the ,second ,chamber4 ,baron  
de ,,jong ,,van ,,beek ,,en  ,,donk1    
,secretary of the ,n4,a4,o4,r4 7and also
 subscribed to by #acj  politicians1    
intellectuals1 and artists1 including   
,,frederik ,,van ,,eeden1  ,,willem     
,,mengelberg1 etc474 ,office3           
,theresiastraat1 #ea1 ,the ,hague4      
,journal de ,genve1 ,february #ae1      
#aiae4          ,,xi4 ,,letter ,,to     
,,frederik ,,van ,,eeden      ,january  
#ab1 #aiae4    ,,my ,,dear ,,friend3    
,you offer me the hospitality of your   
paper ,de ,amsterdammer4 ,i thank  you  
and accept4 ,it is good to take one's   
stand with those free souls who  resist 

the unrestrained fury of national       
passions4 ,in this hideous  struggle1   
with which the conflicting peoples are  
rending ,europe1 let us  at least       
preserve our flag1 and rally round that4
 ,we must re-create  ,european opinion4 
,that is our first duty4 ,among these   
millions who are  only conscious of     
being ,germans1 ,austrians1 ,frenchmen1 
,russians1  ,english1 etc41 let us      
strive to be men1 who1 rising above the 
selfish  aims of short-lived nations1 do
 not lose sight of the interests of     
civilization as a whole--that           
civilization which each race mistakenly 
identifies with its own1 to destroy that
 of the others4 ,i wish your  noble     
country1#bf which has always preserved  
its political and moral  independence   
among the great surrounding states1     
could become the hearth  of this ideal  
,europe we believe in--the hearth round 
which shall gather  all those who seek  
to rebuild her4    ,everywhere there are
 men who think thus though they are     

unknown one to  another4 ,let us get to 
know them4 ,let us bring together each  
and all4  ,here ,i would introduce to   
you two important groups1 one from the  
,north  and one from the ,south--the    
,catalonian thinkers who have formed the
  society of ,amis de l',unit ,morale de
 l',europe at ,barcelona--,i send you   
their fine appeal3 and the ,union of    
,democratic ,control founded in  ,london
 and inspired by indignation against    
this ,european war1 and by the  firm    
determination to render it impossible   
for the diplomatists and  militarists to
 inaugurate another4 ,i am having the   
programmes and the  first publications  
sent to you4 ,this ,union1 whose general
 ,council  contains members of          
,parliament1 and authors like ,norman   
,angell1 ,israel  ,zangwill1 and ,vernon
 ,lee1 has already formed twenty        
branches in towns in  ,great ,britain4  
,let us try and unite permanently all   
such organizations1 though each has  its
 racial characteristics and             

peculiarities1 for all aim at           
re-establishing the peace of ,europe as 
best they may4 ,with them let us  take  
stock of our united resources4 ,then we 
can act4           99       99       99 
99       99    ,what shall we do8 ,try  
to put an end to the struggle8 ,it is no
 use  thinking of that now4 ,the brute  
is loose2 and the ,governments have     
succeeded so well in spreading hatred   
and violence abroad that even if  they  
wished they could not bring it back     
again into control4 ,the damage  is     
irreparable4 ,it is possible that the   
neutral countries of ,europe and  the   
,united ,states of ,america may decide  
one day to interfere1 and  endeavor to  
put an end to a war which1 if it        
continued indefinitely1  would threaten 
to ruin them as well as the             
belligerents4 ,but ,i do not  know what 
one must expect from this too tardy     
intervention4    ,in any case ,i see    
another outlet for our activity4 ,let   
the war be what  it may--we can no      

longer intervene2 but at least we must  
try to make the  scourge productive of  
as little evil and as much good as      
possible4 ,and  in order to do this we  
must get public opinion all the world   
over to see  to it that the peace of the
 future shall be just1 that the greed of
 the  conqueror 7whoever that may be7   
and the intrigues of diplomacy1 do not  
make it the seed of a new war of        
revenge2 and that the moral crimes      
committed in the past are not repeated  
or allowed to stain yet darker  the     
record of humanity4 ,that is why ,i hold
 the first article of the  ,union of    
,democratic ,control as a sacred        
principle3 ,no ,province shall be       
transferred from one ,government to     
another without the consent by          
plebiscite of the population of such    
province4 ,we must oppose those  odious 
maxims which have weighed too long on   
the populations they  enslave and which 
quite recently ,professor ,lasson dared 
to repeat as a  threat for the future1  

in his cynical ,catechism of ,force     
7,das  ,kulturideal und der ,krieg74#bg 
,and this principle must be proposed and
 adopted at once without any  delay4 ,if
 we waited to announce it until--the war
 being over--the  congress of the       
,powers were assembled1 we should be    
suspected of wishing  to make justice   
serve the interest of the conquered4 ,it
 is now1 when the  forces of the two    
sides are equal1 that we must establish 
this  primordial right which soars over 
all the armies4    ,from this principle 
we can deduce an immediate application4 
,since the  whole of ,europe is         
disorganized let us profit by it to set 
in order  this untidy house6 ,for a long
 time injustices have been accumulating4
  ,the moment of settling the general   
account will be an opportunity of       
rectifying them4 ,the duty of all of us 
who feel for the brotherhood of  mankind
 is to stand for the rights of the small
 nations4 ,there are some  in both      
camps3 ,schleswig1 ,alsace1 ,lorraine1  

,poland1 the ,baltic nations1  ,armenia1
 the ,jewish people4 ,at the beginning  
of the war ,russia made some  generous  
promises4 ,we have registered them in   
our minds2 let her not  forget them6 ,we
 are as determined about ,poland1 torn  
by the claws of  three imperial eagles1 
as we are about ,belgium crucified4 ,we 
remember  all4 ,it is because our       
fathers1 obsessed by their narrow       
realism and by  selfish fears1 let the  
rights of the people of ,eastern ,europe
 be  violated1 that today the ,west is  
shattered1 and the sword hangs over the 
small nations1 over you1 my friends1 as 
over the country which is  befriending  
me1 ,switzerland4 ,whoever harms one of 
us harms all the  others4 ,let us unite6
 ,above all race questions1 which are   
for the most  part a mask behind which  
pride crouches and the interests of the 
financial or aristocratic classes       
dissemble1 there is a law of humanity1  
eternal and universal1 of which we are  
all the servants and guardians2  it is  

that of the right of a people to rule   
themselves4 ,and he who  violates shall 
be the enemy of all4    ,r4 ,r4    ,de  
,amsterdammer ,weekblad voor ,nederland1
 ,january  #bd1 #aiae4          ,,xii4  
,,our ,,neighbor ,,the ,,enemy          
,march #ae1 #aiae4    ,while the war    
tempest rages1 uprooting the strongest  
souls and dragging  them along in its   
furious cyclone1 ,i continue my humble  
pilgrimage1  trying to discover beneath 
the ruins the rare hearts who have      
remained  faithful to the old ideal of  
human fraternity4 ,what a sad joy ,i    
have in  collecting and helping them6   
,i know that each of their efforts--like
 mine--that each of their words  of     
love1 rouses and turns against them the 
hostility of the two hostile  camps4    
,the combatants1 pitted against each    
other1 agree in hating those  who refuse
 to hate4 ,europe is like a besieged    
town4 ,fever is raging4  ,whoever will  
not rave like the rest is suspected4    
,and in these hurried  times when       

justice cannot wait to study evidence1  
every suspect is a  traitor4 ,whoever   
insists1 in the midst of war1 on        
defending peace among  men knows that he
 risks his own peace1 his reputation1   
his friends1 for  his belief4 ,but of   
what value is a belief for which no     
risks are run8    ,certainly it is put  
to the test in these days1 when every   
day brings the  echo of violence1       
injustice1 and new cruelties4 ,but was  
it not still  more tried when it was    
entrusted to the fishermen of ,judea by 
him whom  humanity pretends to honor    
still--with its lips more than with its 
heart8 ,the rivers of blood1 the burnt  
towns1 all the atrocities of  thought   
and action1 will never efface in our    
tortured souls the luminous  track of   
the ,galilean barque1 nor the deep      
vibrations of the great  voices which   
from across the centuries proclaim      
reason as man's true  home4 ,you choose 
to forget them1 and to say 7like many   
writers of today7  that this war will   

begin a new era in the history of       
mankind1 a reversal  of former values1  
and that from it alone will future      
progress be dated4  ,that is always the 
language of passion4 ,passion passes    
away4 ,reason  remains--reason and love4
 ,let us continue to search for their   
young  shoots amidst the bloody ruins4  
,i feel the same joy when ,i find the   
fragile and valiant flowers of human    
pity piercing the icy crust of hatred   
that covers ,europe1 as we feel in      
these chilly ,march days when we see the
 first flowers appear above the  soil4  
,they show that the warmth of life      
persists below the surface of  the      
earth1 that fraternal love persists     
below the surface of the  nations1 and  
that soon nothing will prevent it rising
 again4    ,i have on several occasions 
shown how the neutral countries have    
become  the refuge of this ,european    
spirit1 which seems driven from the     
belligerent countries by the armies of  
the pen1 more savage than the  others   

because they risk nothing4 ,the efforts 
made in ,holland or in  ,spain to save  
the moral unity of ,europe1 the burning 
charity and  untiring help that         
,switzerland lavishes on prisoners1 on  
wounded1 on  victims of both sides1 are 
a great comfort to oppressed souls1 who 
in  every country are suffocating in the
 atmosphere of hatred forced on  them1  
and who look for purer air4 ,but ,i find
 still more beautiful and  touching the 
signs of fraternal aid between friends  
and enemies in  belligerent countries1  
however rare and feeble they may be4    
,if there are two countries between     
which the present war seems specially   
to have created an abyss of hatred and  
misunderstanding1 they are  ,england and
 ,germany4 ,the writers and publicists  
of ,germany1 whose orders  are to       
profess for ,france rather sympathy and 
compassion than  animosity1 and who are 
even constrained to distinguish between 
the  people and the ,government of      
,russia1 have vowed eternal hatred      

against  ,england4 ,hasse ,england has  
become their ,delenda ,carthago4 ,the   
most  moderate declare that the struggle
 cannot be ended except by the          
destruction of the ,seeherrschaft 7naval
 supremacy7 of ,britain4 ,and  ,great   
,britain is not less determined to      
continue the conflict until  ,german    
militarism has been totally eradicated4 
,yet it is precisely  between these two 
nations that the noblest bonds of mutual
 assistance  for the misfortunes of the 
enemy have been formed and maintained4  
,two days after the declaration of war  
there was founded in ,london by the     
,archbishop of ,canterbury and by well  
known persons1 such as ,j4              
,allen-,baker1 ,m4,p41 the ,right-,hon4 
,w4 ,h4 ,dickinson1 ,m4,p41 ,lord and   
,lady  ,courtney of ,penwith1 the       
,emergency ,committee for the           
,assistance of  ,germans1 ,austrians1   
and ,hungarians in ,distress4 ,this     
work1 which  affects a large part of    
,england1 consists in paying the        

repatriation  expenses of destitute     
civilians1 of accompanying ,german women
 and girls  on their return journey1 of 
securing hospitality in families for    
poor  ,germans and finding work for     
them4 ,by the end of ,december almost   
#aj1jjj  had been spent in this way4    
,several sub-committees visit           
,prisoners'  ,camps1 facilitate         
correspondence between the belligerent  
nations1 or  undertake1 for ,christmas1 
to convey to interned alien enemies more
 than  #bj1jjj parcels and #bjj         
,christmas trees4 ,another ,english     
society1 already  in existence before   
the war1 the ,society of ,friends of    
,foreigners in  ,distress1 regularly    
looks after #a1hjj ,german and ,austrian
 families4  ,finally1 the ,central      
,bureau 7,london7 of the ,international 
,union of ,women  ,suffrage ,societies  
has rendered great service to           
foreigners1 paying for  the return      
journey of between seven and eight      
thousand women4    ,in ,germany there   

has been founded at ,berlin a similar   
,bureau for giving  information and     
assistance to ,germans abroad1 and to   
foreigners in  ,germany 7,auskunfts-und 
,hilfsstelle fr ,deutsche im ,ausland   
und  ,auslnder in ,deutschland74        
,amongst its members may be noted       
aristocratic names1 and persons well    
known in the religious and academic     
world3 ,frau ,marie von ,blow-,moerlins1
 ,helene ,grfin ,harrach1 ,nora  ,freiin
 von ,schleinitz1 ,professors ,w4       
,foerster1 ,d4 ,baumgarten1 ,paul       
,natorp1 ,martin ,rade1                 
,siegmund-,schultze1 etc4 ,at its head  
is a lady of  deep religious feeling1   
,dr4 ,elisabeth ,rotten4 ,as will be    
readily  imagined1 an undertaking of    
this kind has not failed to evoke       
suspicion  and opposition in nationalist
 quarters4 ,but it has emerged          
successful1  and persists2 and here are 
the terms in which it justifies its high
  mission against the ravings of ,german
 ,chauvinism3    ,since the beginning of

 the war we have recognized the         
obligation to  interest ourselves in the
 welfare of foreigners stranded in      
,germany4  ,efforts such as ours are as 
unpopular in our country as in other    
countries4 ,at a time when the whole    
,german people is engaged in  resisting 
the enemy1 it seems superfluous to      
render to those who belong  to foreign  
countries more than minimum services to 
which they are  legally entitled4 ,but  
it is not only the thought of our       
kinsmen abroad  which urges us to this  
work1 it is our own desire to render    
friendly  service 7,freundendienste7 to 
those who1 through no fault of their    
own1  are in difficulties because of the
 war4 ,even in war time1 our neighbor   
is he who is in need of our help2 and   
love for one's enemy  7,feindesliebe7   
remains a sign whereby those who retain 
their faith in  the ,lord may recognize 
one another4444    ,we have been able to
 reassure ,german families as to the lot
 of their  members in enemy countries1  

and in return to vouch to foreigners for
 the  fact that their friends in our    
country will be able to rely on us for  
assistance if they need it4 ,we have    
been able to help as neighbors          
7,naechstendienste7 innocent enemies1 in
 whom we see human brothers and         
sisters4 ,above and beyond this         
practical aid1 we find consolation and  
comfort in being able freely to hearken1
 even in such times as these1 to  the   
voice of humanity1 and to the command   
'love thy neighbor4' ,the  tragedy which
 bursts over the earth on every side1   
which fills all our  being with a       
religious respect for human suffering1  
but also stirs our  love and            
self-sacrifice1 enlarges our hearts and 
leaves no room except  for feelings of  
affirmation and benevolent action4      
,our desire to help and to alleviate    
suffering knows no frontiers4 ,this     
need is all the more urgent when we find
 in the sufferings of others the  traits
 of what we ourselves also suffer4 ,what

 unites men goes deeper  into our being 
than what separates them4 ,that we can  
tend the wounds  that we are constrained
 to deal1 and that the same is the case 
in the  enemy's country1 gives promise  
of the brighter days which will come4   
,in  the midst of the tempest which     
destroys all around us so many things   
which we consider worthy of eternal     
existence1 the possibility of such      
action strengthens our courage and gives
 us hope that new bridges will  be      
rebuilt1 on which the men who now find  
themselves separated1 will  once more be
 closely united in a common effort4     
,i dedicate these noble words to my     
friends amongst the people of ,france1  
who have so often1 by letter or by      
message1 declared to me their  sympathy 
for such thoughts and their unchanging  
faith in humanity4 ,i  dedicate them to 
all in ,france who1 even in these days1 
by their justice  and goodness          
contribute to make their country loved1 
as much as she  makes herself admired by

 her arms--to those who assure her of   
the name  which ,i read with emotion on 
a postcard written yesterday1 on his way
 to  ,geneva1 by a badly wounded ,german
 who had been repatriated3 the name of  
gutes ,frankreich1 good ,france1 or1 as 
our tender-hearted old writers  used to 
say1 ,douce ,france4    ,r4 ,r4    ,i   
take this opportunity of recommending to
 my ,french readers the  publication of 
,mme4 ,arthur ,spitzer 7,geneva73 ,le   
,paquet du prisonnier de  guerre4 ,it   
has contributors in ,paris1 and was     
founded in ,november to  bring comfort  
in their misery to such ,french1        
,belgians1 and ,english  prisoners as   
cannot be assisted by their families4   
,it begs all who wish  to send a parcel 
to a relation or friend who has been    
taken prisoner1 to  send with it1 when  
possible1 a similar consignment for some
 other  prisoner--one of their fellow   
countrymen without relations1 friends1  
or  resources4 ,may this noble thought  
of solidarity be extended later1 in     

more humane times1 so that whoever helps
 a prisoner belonging to his own        
country may be willing at the same time 
to help an enemy prisoner6    ,r4 ,r4   
,journal de ,genve1 ,march #ae1 #aiae4  
,,xiii4 ,a ,,letter ,,to ,,svenska      
,,dagbladet ,,of ,,stockholm#bh         
,the ,european thought of tomorrow is   
with the armies4 ,the furious           
intellectuals in one camp and the other 
who insult one another do not  represent
 it at all4 ,the voice of the peoples   
who will return from the  war1 after    
having experienced the terrible reality1
 will send back into  the silence of    
obscurity these men who have revealed   
themselves as  unworthy to be spiritual 
guides of the human race4 ,amongst those
 who  thus retire more than one ,st4    
,peter will then hear the cock crow1 and
  will weep saying1 ,lord1 ,i have      
denied thee6    ,the destinies of       
humanity will rise superior to those of 
all the  nations4 ,nothing will be able 
to prevent the reforming of the bonds   

between the thought of the hostile      
nations4 ,whatever nation should stand  
aside would commit suicide4 ,for by     
means of these bonds the tide of life   
is kept in motion4    ,but they have    
never been completely broken1 even at   
the height of the  war4 ,the war has    
even had the sad advantage of grouping  
together  throughout the universe the   
minds who reject national hatred4 ,it   
has  tempered their strength1 it has    
welded their wills into a solid block4  
,those are mistaken who think that the  
ideals of a free human fraternity  are  
at present stifled6 ,they are but silent
 under the gag of military  7and civil7 
dictation which reigns throughout       
,europe4 ,but the gag will  fall1 and   
they will burst forth with explosive    
force4 ,i am agonized by  the sufferings
 of millions of innocent victims1       
sacrificed today on the  field of       
battle1 but ,i have no anxiety for the  
future unity of ,european  society4 ,it 
will be realized anew4 ,the war of today

 is its baptism of  blood4    ,r4 ,r4   
,april #aj1 #aiae4          ,,xiv4 ,,war
 ,,literature      ,the intellectuals on
 both sides have been much in evidence  
since the  beginning of the war2 they   
have1 indeed1 brought so much violence  
and  passion to bear upon it1 that it   
might almost be called their war6    ,it
 seems to me1 however1 that attention   
has not been sufficiently drawn  to the 
fact that1 with a few exceptions1 it is 
only the voice of the  older generation 
that has been heard--the voice of       
,academicians1 and  ,professoren1 of    
distinguished members of the press and  
the universities1  of poets of          
established reputations1 and the doyens 
of literature1 art1  and science4    ,as
 far as ,france is concerned1 the       
explanation of this is simple3 nearly   
all those up to the age of forty-eight  
who are able to bear arms are now       
acting instead of talking4 ,in ,germany 
the situation is rather different1      
since for various reasons1 which ,i     

shall not attempt to elucidate1 much  of
 the literary youth of the nation has   
remained at home1 and continues  to     
publish books4 ,even those who are at   
the front contrive to send  articles and
 poems to the ,reviews 7for the passion 
for writing dies hard  in ,germany74    
,it seems to me to be of importance to  
ascertain what spiritual currents  are  
influencing the young intellectuals of  
,germany4#bi           99       99      
99       99       99    ,it has been    
pointed out that in all countries the   
extremest views have  been expressed by 
writers who have already passed el mezzo
 del  cammino4 ,we shall attempt to find
 the reason for this at some later      
date4 ,at present we are content again  
to verify this fact in the case of      
,german writers4 ,almost all the        
celebrated and acknowledged poets1 all  
those who were rich in years and in     
honor1 were swept off their feet at  the
 beginning of the war4 ,and this fact is
 all the more curious because  some of  

them had been up to that time the       
apostles of peace1 of pity1  and of     
humanitarianism4 ,dehmel1 the enemy of  
war1 the friend of all men1  who said   
that he did not know to which of the ten
 nationalities he owed  his intellect1  
is now writing ,battle ,songs           
7,schlachtenlieder71 and  ,songs of the 
,flag 7,fahnenlieder71 apostrophizing   
the enemy1 praising  and dealing death4 
7,at the age of fifty-one he is learning
 to bear arms1  and has enlisted against
 the ,russians47 ,gerhart ,hauptmann1   
whom ,fritz  von ,unruh calls the poet  
of brotherly love1 has shaken off his   
neurasthenia1 and bids men mow down the 
grass which drips with blood4  ,franz   
,wedekind is pouring out invectives     
against ,czarism1 ,lissauer  against    
,england4 ,arno ,holz is raving         
deliriously4 ,petzold desires to be  in 
every bullet that enters an enemy's     
heart2 whilst ,richard ,nordhausen  has 
written an ,ode to a ,howitzer4#cj      
,at first the younger writers as well   

were possessed with the same  madness   
for war2 but1 in contact with the       
sufferings they endured and  inflicted1 
it quickly disappeared4 ,fritz von      
,unruh enlisted as a ,uhlan1  and left  
for the front1 crying ,paris1 ,paris is 
our goal6 ,since the  ,battle of the    
,aisne1 in ,september1 he has written   
,der ,lamm3 ,lamb of  ,god1 ,i have seen
 thy look of suffering4 ,give us peace  
and rest2 lead us  back to the heaven of
 love1 and give us back our dead4       
,rudolf  ,leonhard sang of war at the   
beginning1 and is still fighting2 on    
re-reading his poems shortly afterwards1
 he wrote on the front page3  ,these    
were written during the madness of the  
first weeks4 ,that madness  has spent   
itself1 and only our strength is left4  
,we shall again win  control over       
ourselves and love one another4 ,poets1 
hitherto unknown1  are revealed by the  
cry of compassion wrung from their      
anguished hearts4  ,to ,andrea ,fram1   
who has remained at home1 it is a grief 

that he does not  suffer1 whilst        
thousands of others suffer and die4 ,all
 thy love1 and  all thy agony1 in spite 
of thy ardent desire1 avail not to      
soothe the  last hour of a single man   
who is dying yonder4 ,upon ,ludwig      
,marck each  minute weighs like a       
nightmare3--        ,menschen in        
,not4444      ,brder dir tot4444        
,krieg ist im ,land4444    ,the poet who
 writes under the pseudonym of ,dr4     
,owlglass proposed a new  ideal for     
,germany1 on the seventieth anniversary 
of the birth of  ,nietzsche 7,october   
#aeth73 not the superman1 but at        
least--man4 ,and ,franz  ,werfel        
realizes this ideal in poems thrilling  
with a mournful humanity1  which takes  
part in the sacrament of misery and     
death3    ,we are bound together not    
only by our common words and deeds1 but 
still more by the dying glance1 the last
 hours1 the mortal anguish of  the      
breaking heart4 ,and whether you bow    
down before the tyrant1 or gaze         

trembling into the beloved's            
countenance1 or mark down your enemy    
with  pitiless glance1 think of the eye 
that will grow dim1 of the failing      
breath1 the parched lips and clenched   
hands1 the final solitude1 and the  brow
 that grows moist in the last agony4444 
,be kind4444 ,tenderness is  wisdom1    
kindness is reason#ca4444 ,we are       
strangers all upon this  earth1 and die 
but to be reunited4#cb    ,but the one  
,german poet who has written the        
serenest and loftiest words1  and       
preserved in the midst of this          
demoniacal war an attitude worthy of    
,goethe1 is ,hermann ,hesse4 ,he        
continues to live at ,berne1 and1       
sheltered  there from the moral         
contagion1 he has deliberately kept     
aloof from the  combat4 ,all will       
remember his noble article in the ,neue 
,zrcher  ,zeitung of ,november #crd1 ,o 
,freunde1 nicht diese ,tne6 in which he 
implored the artists and thinkers of    
,europe to save what little peace  might

 yet be saved1 and not to join with     
their pens in destroying the  future of 
,europe4 ,since then he has written some
 beautiful poems1 one  of which1 an     
,invocation to ,peace1 is inspired with 
deep feeling and  classical simplicity1 
and will find its way to many an        
oppressed heart4        ,jeder hat's    
gehabt      ,keiner hat's geschtzt4     
,jeden hat der ssse ,quell gelabt4      
,o wie klingt der ,name ,friede jetzt6  
,klingt so fern und zag1      ,klingt so
 trnenschwer1      ,keiner weiss und    
kennt den ,tag1      ,jeder sehnt ihn   
vol ,verlangen her4444    7,each one    
possessed it1 but no one prized it4     
,like a cool spring it  refreshed us    
all4 ,what a sound the word ,peace has  
for us now6    ,distant it sounds1 and  
fearful1 and heavy with tears4 ,no one  
knows or  can name the day for which all
 sigh with such longing47           99  
99       99       99       99    ,the   
attitude of the younger reviews is      
curious3 for whereas the older1         

traditional reviews 7those which        
correspond to our ,revue des ,deux      
,mondes or our ,revue de ,paris7 are    
more or less affected by military       
fervor--thus1 for instance1 the ,neue   
,rundschau1 which printed ,thomas       
,mann's notorious vagaries on ,culture  
and ,civilization 7,gedanken im         
,kriege7--many of the younger ones      
affect a haughty detachment from  actual
 events4    ,that impassive publication1
 ,bltter fr die ,kunst1 over which      
broods  the invisible personality of    
,stefan ,george1 published at the end of
 #aiad  a volume of poems of #aef pages1
 which did not contain a single line    
referring to the war4 ,a note at the end
 affirms that the points of view  of the
 various authors have not changed on    
account of recent events1 and           
anticipates the objection that this is  
not the time for poetry1 by the  saying 
of ,jean ,paul3 ,no period has so much  
need of poetry1 as the one  which thinks
 it can do without it4    ,die ,aktion1 

a vibrating1 audacious ,berlin review1  
with an ultra-modern  point of view1    
totally different from the calm         
impersonality of ,bltter  fr die ,kunst1
 stated in its issue of ,august #ae1    
#aiad1 that it would  not concern itself
 with politics1 but would contain only  
literature and  art4 ,and if it finds   
room in its literary columns for the war
 poems sent  from the field of battle by
 the military doctors1 ,wilhelm ,klemm  
and ,hans  ,kock1 it is in consideration
 of their value as art1 and not for the 
vivacity of their patriotic sentiments2 
for it scoffs mercilessly at  the       
ridiculous bards of ,german ,chauvinism1
 at ,heinrich ,vierordt1 the  author of 
,deutschland1 hasse1 at the criminal    
poets who stir up hatred  with their    
false stories1 and at ,professor        
,haeckel4 ,the dilettantism of  this    
review is extreme4 ,its weekly issues   
contain translations from the  ,french  
of ,andr ,gide1 ,pguy1 and ,lon ,bloy1  
and reproductions of the  works of      

,daumier1 ,delacroix1 ,czanne1 ,matisse1
 and ,r4 de la ,fresnaye3  7cubism      
flourishes in this ,berlin review74 ,the
 issue of ,october #bdth is  devoted to 
,pguy1 and contains1 as frontispiece1   
,egon ,schiele's portrait  of the man1  
who is honored by ,franz ,pfemfert1 the 
editor1 as the purest  and most vigorous
 moral force in ,french literature of   
today4 ,let us  hasten to add1 however1 
that1 as is often the case on the other 
side of  the ,rhine1 they are carried   
away by their zeal in deploring his     
death as  of one of their countrymen1   
and in proclaiming themselves his heirs4
 ,but  the pride which admires is at    
least superior to the pride which       
disparages4    ,the most important of   
these young reviews is ,die ,weissen    
,bltter2  important on account of the   
variety of questions it deals with1 and 
the  value and number of its            
contributors1 as well as for the        
broad-mindedness of its editor--,ren    
,schickele4 ,an ,alsatian by birth1  he 

belongs to those who feel most acutely  
the bitterness of the present  struggle4
 ,after an interval of three months ,die
 ,weissen ,bltter1 which  almost        
corresponds to our ,nouvelle ,revue     
,franaise1 reappeared in  ,january last 
with the following declaration1 akin to 
that of the ,revue  des ,nations1 at    
,berne4 ,it seems good to us to begin   
the work of  reconstruction1 in the     
midst of the war1 and to aid in         
preparing for the  victory of the       
spirit4 ,the community of ,europe is at 
present apparently  destroyed4 ,is it   
not the duty of all of us who are not   
bearing arms1 to  live from today       
onwards according to the dictates of our
 conscience1 as  it will be the duty of 
every ,german when once the war is over8
    ,by the side of these disinterested 
manifestoes about actual politics1      
appear lengthy historical novels 7,tycho
 ,brah by ,max ,brod7 and  satirical    
comedies by ,carl ,sternheim1 who       
continues to scourge the upper  classes 

of ,german society1 and the capitalists1
 for ,die ,weissen  ,bltter is open to  
all questions of the day4 ,but in spite 
of the actual  differences which must   
necessarily exist between a ,german and 
a ,french  review1 we cannot but point  
out the frankly hostile attitude of     
these  writers to all the excesses of   
,chauvinism4 ,the articles of ,max      
,scheler1  ,europe and the ,war1 show an
 impartial attitude which is entirely   
praiseworthy4 ,the review opens its     
columns to the loyal ,annette ,kolb1    
who1 as the daughter of a ,german father
 and of a ,french mother1 suffers       
keenly in this conflict between the     
parts of her nature1 and has lately     
raised a tempest in ,dresden1 where in a
 public lecture she had the  courage to 
admit her fidelity to both sides1 and to
 express her regret  that ,germany      
should fail to understand ,france4 ,in  
the ,february number1  under the title  
,ganz niedrich hngen6 there appeared a  
violent  repudiation of the ,krieg mit  

dem ,maul 7the war of tongues72 ,if     
journalists hope to inspire courage by  
insulting the enemy1 they are           
mistaken--we refuse such stimulants4 ,we
 dare to maintain our opinion1  that the
 humblest volunteer of the enemy1 who   
from an unreasoned but  exalted         
sentiment of patriotism1 fires upon us  
from an ambush1 knowing  well what he   
risks1 is much superior to those        
journalists who profit by  the public   
feeling of the day1 and under cover of  
high-sounding words of  patriotism do   
not fight the enemy but spit upon him4  
,of all these young writers who are     
striving to preserve the integrity of   
their minds against the force of        
national passions1 the one whose        
personality has been most exalted by    
this tempest1 the most eloquent1        
courageous1 and decided of all is       
,wilhelm ,herzog4 ,he is the editor of  
the ,forum at ,munich1 and like our own 
,pguy1 when he began to publish  his    
,cahiers de la ,quinzaine1 he fills     

almost the whole of his review  with his
 own burning articles4 ,the enthusiastic
 biographer of ,h4 von  ,kleist1 he sees
 and judges the events of his own time  
with the eyes of  that indomitable      
spirit4 ,the ,german censor attempts in 
vain to silence  him and to forbid the  
publication of the lectures of          
,spitteler and of  ,annette ,kolb2 his  
indignation and cries of vengeful irony 
spread even to  us4 ,he attacks bitterly
 the ninety-three intellectuals who     
fancy they  are all ,ajaxes because they
 bray the loudest1 those politicians of 
the  school of ,haeckel1 who make a new 
division of the world1 those patriotic  
bards who insult other nations2 he      
attacks ,thomas ,mann mercilessly1      
scoffs at his sophistry1 and defends    
,france1 the ,french ,army1#cc and      
,french civilization against him2 he    
points out that the great men of        
,germany 7,grnwald1 ,drer1 ,bach1 and   
,mozart amongst others7 have always     
been persecuted1 humiliated1 and        

calumniated4#cd ,in an article entitled 
,der neue ,geist1#ce after having       
scoffed at the banality that has        
reappeared in the ,german theaters1 and 
the literary mediocrity of  patriotic   
productions1 he asked where this new    
spirit may be found1  and this gives him
 an opportunity to demolish ,ostwald and
 ,lasson4    ,where is it to be found8  
,in the ,hochschulen8 ,have we not read 
that  incredibly clumsy                 
7unwahrscheinlich plumpen7 appeal of the
 #ii  professors8 ,have we not          
appreciated the statements of that      
double  centenarian 7des                
zweihundertjhrige ,mummelgreises7 mummy 
,lasson8 ,when  ,i was studying         
philosophy as an undergraduate at the   
,university of  ,berlin1 the theatre in 
which he lectured was a place of        
amusement  7,lachkabinett7 for          
us--nothing more4 ,and today people take
 him  seriously6 ,english1 ,french1 and 
,italian papers print his senile        
babblings against ,holland1 as typical  

of the ,stimmung of the ,german         
intellectuals4 ,the wrong that these    
privy councillors and professors  have  
done us with their ,aufklrungsarbeit can
 hardly be measured4 ,they  have        
isolated themselves from humanity by    
their inability to realize the  feelings
 of others4    ,in opposition to these  
false representatives of a nation1 these
 cultured  gossips and political        
adventurers1 he extols the silent ones1 
the great  mass of the people of all    
nations who suffer in silence2 and he   
joins  with them in the invisible       
community of sorrow4    ,one who is     
suffering and knows that his sorrow is  
shared by millions  of other beings1    
will bear it calmly2 he will accept it  
willingly even1  because he knows that  
he is enriched thereby1 made stronger1  
more  tender1 more humane4#cf    ,and he
 quotes the words of old ,meister       
,eckehart3 ,suffering is the  fastest   
steed that will bear you to perfection4 
99       99       99       99       99  

,at the close of this summary review of 
the young writers of the war1 a  place  
must be found for those whom the war has
 crushed--they counted  amongst the     
best4 ,ernst ,stadler was an            
enthusiastic admirer of ,french  art and
 of the ,french spirit4 ,he translated  
,francis ,jammes1 and on the  eve of his
 death1 in ,november1 he was writing to 
,stefan ,zweig from the  trenches about 
the poems of ,verlaine1 which he was    
translating4 ,the  unfortunate ,george  
,trakl1 the poet of melancholy1 was made
 lieutenant of  a sanitary column in    
,galicia1 and the sight of so much      
suffering drove  him to despair and     
death4 ,and there are many hidden       
tragedies1 still  unrevealed4 ,when they
 are made known1 humanity will tremble  
in  contemplating its handiwork4    ,i  
reflected1 as doubtless many of my      
,french readers have also done1 in      
reading through these ,german writings  
inspired by the war--writings  through  
which from time to time there passes a  

mighty breath of revolt  and            
sorrow--that our young writers are not  
writing literature4 ,instead  of books  
they give us deeds1 and their letters4  
,and in re-reading some  of their       
letters ,i thought that ours had chosen 
the better part4 ,it is  not for me now 
to point out the position that this     
heroic correspondence  will occupy1 not 
only in our history but also in our     
literature4 ,into it  the flower of our 
youth has put all its life1 its faith   
and its genius3  and for some of those  
letters ,i would give many of the finest
 lines of  the noblest poems4 ,whatever 
be the result of this war1 and the      
opinion  as to its value later1 it will 
be recognized that ,france has written  
on  paper1 mud-stained and often blotted
 with blood1 some of its sublimest      
pages4 ,assuredly this war touches us   
more nearly than it does our            
adversaries1 for who of us would have   
the heart to write a play or a  novel   
whilst his country is in danger and his 

brothers dying8    ,but ,i will make no 
comparisons between the two nations4    
,for the present  the essential thing is
 to show that even in ,germany there are
 certain  finer minds who are fighting  
against the spirit which we hate--the   
spirit of grasping imperialism and      
inhuman pride1 of military caste and    
the megalomania of pedants4 ,they are   
but a minority--we have no  illusions   
about that--and we ought to redouble our
 efforts on that  account to vanquish   
the common enemy4 ,why then should we   
trouble to make  these generous but     
feeble voices heard8 ,because their     
merit is the  greater for being so      
little heeded2 because it is the duty of
 those who  are fighting for justice to 
render justice in their turn to all     
those  men1 even when they dwell in a   
country in which the state represents   
the  violation of right by ,faustrecht1 
who are defending with us the spirit  of
 liberty4    ,journal de ,genve1 ,april 
#ai1 #aiae4          ,,xv4 ,,the        

,,murder ,,of ,,the ,,lite      ,the    
phrase is not new-coined today2#cg but  
the fact is4 ,never in any  period1 have
 we seen humanity throwing into the     
bloody arena all its  intellectual and  
moral reserves1 its priests1 its        
thinkers1 its  scholars1 its artists1   
the whole future of the spirit--wasting 
its  geniuses as food for cannon4    ,a 
great thing1 doubtless1 when the        
struggle is great1 when a people  fights
 for an eternal cause1 the fervor of    
which fires the whole nation1  from the 
smallest to the greatest2 when it fuses 
all the egoisms1  purifies desire1 and  
out of many souls makes one unanimous   
soul4 ,but if  the cause be suspect or  
if it is tainted 7as we judge that of   
our  adversaries to be71 what will be   
the situation of a moral lite which  has
 preserved the sad and lofty privilege  
of perceiving at least a part  of the   
truth1 and which must nevertheless fight
 and die and kill for a  faith which it 
doubts8    ,those passionate natures    

that are intoxicated by fighting or are 
voluntarily blinded by the necessities  
of action are not troubled by  these    
questions4 ,for them the enemy is a     
single mass2 nothing else  exists for   
them but this1 for they have to break   
it2 it is their  function and their     
duty4 ,and to each his special duty4    
,but if minorities  do not exist for    
such men1 they do exist for us who1     
since we are not  fighting1 have the    
liberty and the duty to see every aspect
 of the  case--we who form part of the  
eternal minority1 the minority which has
  been1 is1 and always will be eternally
 oppressed4 ,it is for us to hear  and  
to proclaim these moral sufferings6     
,plenty of others repeat or  invent the 
jubilant echoes of the struggle4 ,may   
other voices be raised  to give the     
tragic accents of the fight and its     
sacred horror6    ,i shall take my      
examples from the enemy camp1 for       
several reasons3  because the ,german   
cause being from the first tainted with 

injustice1  the sufferings of the few   
who are just1 and the still fewer who   
have  spiritual perceptions are greater 
there than elsewhere2 because these     
evidences appear openly in publications 
whose boldness the ,german  censorship  
has not perceived2 because ,i bow with  
respect to the heroic  discipline of    
silence which ,france in fighting       
imposes on her  sufferings4 7,would to  
,god that this silence were not broken  
by those  who1 trying to deny these     
sufferings1 profane the grandeur of the 
sacrifice by the revolting levity of    
their silly jests in newspapers  which  
are without either gravity or dignity47 
99       99       99       99       99  
,i have shown in the last chapter that a
 part of the intellectual youth  of     
,germany was far from sharing the       
war-madness of its elders4 ,i cited     
certain energetic reproofs delivered by 
these young writers to the  theorists of
 imperialism4 ,and these writers are    
not1 as one might think  from an article

 in the ,temps 7though ,i gladly pay a  
tribute to its  honesty71 merely a small
 group as narrow as that of our         
symbolists4 ,they  count among them     
writers who appeal to a large public and
 who do not set  out in any way 7except 
for the group of ,stefan ,george7 to    
write for a  select few--they wish to   
write for all4 ,i stated1 too1 that the 
boldest review of all1 ,wilhelm         
,herzog's ,forum1 was read in the       
,german  trenches and received          
approbation thence4    ,but what is more
 astonishing1 this spirit of criticism  
has possessed  some of the combatants   
and even made its appearance among      
,german  officers4 ,in the              
,november-,december number of the       
,friedens-,warte1  published in ,berlin1
 ,vienna1 and ,leipzig1 by ,dr4 ,alfred 
,h4 ,fried1 there  occurs ,an appeal to 
the ,germanic peoples1 addressed1 at the
 end of  ,october1 by ,baron ,marschall 
von ,biberstein1 ,landrat of ,prussia   
and  captain in the #ast ,foot ,guards  

reserve4 ,this article was written in a 
trench north of ,arras1 where on the    
#aath of ,november1 ,biberstein was     
killed4 ,he expresses unreservedly his  
horror of the war and his ardent  desire
 that it may be the last3 ,that is the  
conviction of those at the  front who   
are witnesses of the unspeakable horrors
 of modern warfare4  ,even more         
praiseworthy is ,biberstein's frankness 
when he decides to  begin a confession  
and a mea culpa for the sins of         
,germany4 ,the war  has opened my eyes1 
he says1 to our terrible unlovableness  
7,unbeliebtheit74 ,everything has its   
cause2 we must have given cause for     
this hatred2 and even in part have      
justified it4444 ,let us hope that it   
will not be the least of the advantages 
of this war that ,germany will  turn    
round on herself1 will search out and   
recognize her faults and  correct them4 
,unfortunately even this article is     
spoiled by ,germanic  pride which1      
desiring a world peace1 sets out to     

impose it on the world4  ,herein it     
recalls in some respects the bellicose  
pacifism of the too  celebrated         
,ostwald4    ,but another officer 7of   
whom ,i spoke in my last chapter7 the   
poet ,fritz  von ,unruh1 first          
,lieutenant of ,uhlans on the western   
front1 has written  dramatic scenes in  
verse and prose4 ,these have appeared   
recently under  the title ,before the   
,decision 7,vor der ,entscheidung74 ,it 
is a dramatic  poem in which the author 
has noted his own impressions and his   
moral  transformations4 ,the hero1 who  
like himself1 is an officer of ,uhlans1 
passes through various centers of the   
war and remains everywhere a  stranger2 
his soul is detached from murderous     
passions1 he sees the  abominable       
reality until his sufferings from it    
amount to agony4 ,the two  scenes       
reproduced by the ,neue ,zrcher ,zeitung
 show us a muddy and  bloodstained      
trench1 where ,german soldiers1 like    
beasts in a  slaughter-house1 die or    

await death with bitter words--and      
officers  getting drunk on champagne    
around a #dbmm4 mortar1 laughing and    
getting  excited till they fall beneath 
the weight of sleep and fatigue4        
,from the first scene ,i take these     
terrible words of one of those who  wait
 in the trenches under fire of the      
machine guns1 a ,dreissigjhriger  7man  
of thirty74         ,in my village they 
are laughing--they drink to each        
victory4 ,they       slaughter us like  
butcher's cattle--and they say ,it's    
war6 ,when       it is over1 they are no
 fools1 they will feast us for three    
years4       ,but the first cripple     
won't be grey headed before they will   
laugh       at his white hairs4    ,and 
the ,uhlan1 possessed by horror in the  
midst of the massacre1 falls  on his    
knees and prays3         ,thou who      
gavest life and takest it--how shall ,i 
recognize ,thee8 7,in       these       
trenches strewn with mutilated bodies7  
,i find ,thee not4 ,does       the      

piercing cry of these thousands         
suffocated in the terrible       embrace
 of ,death reach not up to ,thee8 ,or is
 it lost in frozen       space8 ,for    
whom does ,thy ,springtime blossom8 ,for
 whom is the       splendor of ,thy     
suns8 ,for whom1 ,o ,god8 ,i ask it of  
thee in the name       of all those     
whose mouths are closed by courage and  
by fear in face       of the horror of  
,thy darkness3 ,what heat is left within
 me8 ,what       light of truth8 ,can   
this massacre be ,thy will8 ,is it      
indeed ,thy       will8    7,he loses   
consciousness and falls47    ,a pain    
less lyrical1 less ecstatic1 more       
simple1 more reflective1 and  nearer to 
ourselves marks the sequence of         
,feldpostbriefe of ,dr4 ,albert  ,klein1
 teacher in the ,oberrealschule at      
,giessen and ,lieutenant of the         
,landwehr1 killed on the #abth of       
,february in ,champagne4#ch ,passing    
over  what are1 perhaps1 the most       
striking pages from the point of view of

  artistic quality and power of thought1
 ,i will only give two extracts  from   
these letters which are likely to be of 
special interest to ,french  readers4   
,the first describes for us with an     
unusual frankness the moral condition   
of the ,german army3         ,brave1    
without care for his own life6 ,who is  
there among us that is       that8 ,we  
all know too well our own worth and our 
own possibilities2       we are in the  
flower of our age3 force is in our arms 
and in our       souls2 and as no one   
willingly dies1 no one is brave 7tapfer7
 in       the usual sense of the word3  
or at least such are very rare4 ,it is  
just because bravery is so rare in life1
 it is just for that that       we      
expend so much religion1 poetry1 and    
thought 7and this begins       already  
at school71 in celebrating as the       
highest fate death for       one's      
fatherland1 until it attains its climax 
in the false heroism       which makes  
such a sensation about us in newspapers 

and speeches       and which is so      
cheap--and also in the true heroism of a
 small       number who do risk         
themselves and lead on the others4444   
,we do our       duty1 we do what we    
ought2 but it is a passive virtue4444   
,when ,i       read in the papers the   
scribblings of those who have a bad     
conscience because they are safely in   
the rear--when ,i read this       talk  
which makes every soldier into a hero1  
,i feel hurt4 ,heroism       is a rare  
growth1 and you cannot build on it a    
citizen army4 ,to       keep such an    
army together the men must respect their
 superiors1       and even fear them    
more than the enemy4 ,and the superiors 
must be       conscientious1 do their   
duty well1 know their business          
thoroughly1       decide rapidly1 and   
have control of their nerves4 ,when we  
read the       praises which those      
behind the line write of us1 we blush4  
,thank       ,god1 old-fashioned1 robust
 shame is not dead in us4444 ,ah6 my    

dear       friends1 those who are here  
don't speak so complacently of death1   
of disease1 of sacrifice1 and of victory
 as do those who behind the       line  
ring the bells1 make speeches1 and write
 newspapers4 ,the men       here        
accustom themselves as best they may to 
the bitter necessity       of suffering 
and of death if fate wills2 but they    
know and see that       many noble      
sacrifices1 innumerable1 innumerable    
sacrifices have       already been made1
 and that already for a long while we   
shall have       had more than enough of
 destruction on our side as well as the 
other4 ,it is precisely when one has to 
look suffering in the face       as ,i  
have that a tie begins to be formed that
 unites one to those       over there1  
on the other side 7and one that unites  
you too with       them1 my friends6    
,yes1 surely you feel it too1 don't     
you87 ,if ,i       come back from here  
7which ,i scarcely hope for any more7 my
 dearest       duty will be to soak     

myself in the study and the thoughts of 
those       who have been our enemies4  
,i wish to reconstruct my nature on a   
wider basis4444 ,and ,i believe that it 
will be easier after this war       than
 after any other to be a human being4   
,the second fragment is the account of a
 touching encounter with a ,french      
prisoner3         ,yesterday evening ,i 
was strangely touched4 ,i happened to   
see a       convoy of prisoners and ,i  
talked to one of them1 a colleague of   
mine1 ,professor of classical philology 
in the college of ,f----4       ,such an
 open-minded1 intelligent man1 and with 
such a fine military       bearing1 like
 all his fellows1 although they had just
 been through       a terrible          
experience of machine-gun fire4444 ,it  
was a proof to me       of the          
senselessness of the war4 ,i thought how
 much one would have       liked to be  
the friend of these men1 who are so near
 us in their       education1 their mode
 of life1 the circle of their thought   

and       their interest4 ,we started   
talking about a book on ,rousseau and we
       began to dispute like old        
philologists4444 ,how much we are alike 
in       force and worth6 ,and how      
little truth there is in what our papers
       tell us of the shaken and        
exhausted conditions of the ,french     
troops6 ,as true1 or rather as untrue1  
as what the ,french newspapers          
write about us4444 ,my ,french colleague
 showed in his remarks such a           
balanced mind and such understanding and
 admiration of ,german       thought6   
,to think that we were made so clearly  
to be friends and       that we had to  
be separated6 ,i was altogether         
overcome1 and sat       down crushed by 
it4 ,i thought and thought and could not
 escape my       mood by any sophistry4 
,no end1 no end to war1 which for nearly
 six       months now has swallowed in  
its gulf men1 fortunes1 and happiness6  
,and this feeling is the same with us as
 with the other side4 ,it is            

always the same picture3 we do the same 
thing1 we suffer the same       thing1  
we are the same thing4 ,and it is       
precisely for this reason       that we 
are so bitterly at enmity4444    ,the   
same accent of troubled anguish1        
together with a despair which at        
moments nearly reaches to madness1 and  
at others breathes a religious  fervor1 
are seen in the letters of a ,german    
soldier to a teacher in  ,german        
,switzerland4 7,we have known of these  
at the ,prisoners' ,agency for  three or
 four months and they were published in 
,foi et ,vie of ,april  #aeth4#ci ,they 
have been passed over in silence1 so we 
shall persist in  calling attention to  
them1 for they thoroughly deserve it74  
,in these  letters1 which cover from the
 second fortnight of ,august to the end 
of  ,december1 we see from the #beth of 
,august onwards the evidence of a       
desire for peace among the ,german      
soldiers4         ,we all1 even those   
who were hottest for the fight at the   

beginning1       want nothing now but   
peace1 our officers just as much as     
ourselves4444 ,convinced as we are of   
the necessity to conquer1       warlike 
enthusiasm does not exist among us2 we  
fulfil our duty1 but       the sacrifice
 is hard4 ,we suffer in our souls4444 ,i
 cannot tell you       the sufferings ,i
 endure4444         ,september #bjth4 ,a
 friend writes to me3 ,on the #bjth to  
#beth of       ,august ,i took part in  
big battles2 since then ,i suffer       
morally even       to complete          
exhaustion1 both physical and spiritual4
 ,my soul finds       no repose4444     
,this war will show us how much of the  
beast still       survives in man1 and  
this revelation will cause us to make a 
great       step out of animalism3 if   
not1 it is all up with us6              
,november #bhth4 7,a splendid passage   
where one almost hears the       voice  
of ,tolstoi47 ,what are all the torments
 of war compared to       the thoughts  
that obsess us night and day8 ,when ,i  

am on some hill       from which my view
 commands the plain1 this is the idea   
which       ceaselessly tortures me3    
down there in the valley the war rages2 
those brown lines which furrow the      
landscape are full of men who       are 
facing one another as enemies4 ,and up  
there on the hill       opposite you    
there is1 perhaps1 a man who1 like you1 
is       contemplating the woods and the
 blue sky and perhaps ruminating the    
same thoughts as you1 his enemy6 ,this  
continual proximity might       make one
 mad6 ,and one is tempted to envy one's 
comrades who can       kill time in     
sleeping and playing cards4             
,december #agth4 ,the desire for peace  
is intense in every one2 at       least1
 in all those who are at the front and  
who are obliged to       assassinate and
 be assassinated4 ,the newspapers say   
that it's       hardly possible to      
restrain the warlike ardor of the       
fighters4444       ,they                
lie--consciously or unconsciously4 ,our 

chaplains in their       sermons dispute
 the legend that our military ardor is  
slackening4444 ,you can hardly believe  
how such tittle-tattle annoys       us4 
,let them be silent1 and let them not   
talk about things of which       they   
can know nothing6 ,or better still1 let 
them come not as       almoners who keep
 to the rear1 but into the firing-line1 
rifle in       hand6 ,perhaps then they 
will get to know of the inner changes   
which       take place in so many of us4
 ,according to these chaplains1 any one 
who is without warlike enthusiasm is not
 a man such as our age       demands4   
,to me it seems that we are greater     
heroes than the others1       we1 who   
without being upheld by warlike         
enthusiasm1 accomplish       faithfully 
our duty1 while hating war with our     
whole souls4444 ,they       talk of a   
holy war 444 ,i know of no holy war4 ,i 
only know of one       war which is the 
sum of all that is inhuman1 impious1 and
 bestial       in man2 it is ,god's     

chastisement and a call to repentance   
for the       people that throws itself 
into war or lets itself be drawn into   
it4       ,god sends men through this   
hell so that they may learn to love     
heaven4 ,for the ,german people this war
 seems to me to be a       punishment   
and a call to repentance1--and most of  
all for our       ,german ,church4 ,i   
have friends who suffer at the idea of  
being       unable to do anything for   
the fatherland4 ,let them stay at home  
with a calm conscience6 ,all depends on 
their peaceful work4 ,but let       the 
war enthusiasts come6 ,perhaps they will
 learn to keep silent4           99     
99       99       99       99    ,why   
publish these pages8 ,i shall be asked  
by some people in ,france4  ,what good  
is it1 when once war is let loose1 to   
arouse pity for our  adversaries1 at the
 risk of blunting the ardor of the      
combatants8--,i  answer1 because it is  
the truth1 and because the truth        
substantiates our  judgment1 the        

judgment of the whole world against the 
,german leaders and  their policy4 ,what
 their armies have done we know2 but    
that they were  able to do it containing
 as they did such elements as those     
whose  confessions we have just heard1  
incriminates still more deeply their    
masters4 ,from the depths of the        
battlefield1 these voices of a          
sacrificed minority rise up as a        
vengeful condemnation of the            
oppressors4 ,to the accusations drawn up
 against predatory ,empires and  their  
inhuman pride1 in the name of violated  
right1 of outraged humanity  by the     
victim peoples and by the combatants1 is
 added the cry of pain of  the nobler   
souls of their own people whom the bad  
shepherds who let  loose this war have  
led and constrained into murder and     
madness4 ,to  sacrifice one's body is   
not the worst suffering1 but also to    
sacrifice1  to deny1 to kill one's own  
soul6--,you who die at least for a just 
cause1  and who1 full of sap and loaded 

with faith1 fall like ripe fruit1 how   
sweet is your lot beside this torture6  
,but we shall so act that these         
sufferings shall not be vain4    ,let   
the conscience of humanity hear and     
accept their complaint6 ,it will        
resound in the future above the glory of
 battles2 and whether she wills  or no1 
,history will place it on her register4 
,history will do justice  between the   
hangmen and their peoples4 ,and the     
peoples will learn how to  deliver      
themselves from their hangmen4          
,journal de ,genve1 ,june #ad1 #aiae4   
,,xvi4 ,,jaur,s      ,battles are being 
fought under our eyes in which thousands
 of men are  dying1 yet the sacrifice of
 their lives does not always influence  
the  issue of the combat4 ,in other     
cases the death of a single man may be a
  great battle lost for the whole of    
humanity4 ,the murder of ,jaurs was     
such a disaster4    ,whole centuries    
were needed to produce such a life2 rich
 civilizations  of ,north and ,south1 of

 past and present1 spread out on the    
good soil of  ,france1 matured beneath  
our ,western skies4 ,the mysterious     
chance which  combines elements and     
forces will not easily produce a noble  
spirit like  his a second time4         
,jaurs is a type1 almost unique in      
modern times1 of the great political    
orator who is also a great thinker1 and 
who combines vast culture with          
penetrating observation1 and moral      
grandeur with energetic activity4 ,we   
must go back to antiquity to find one   
who1 like him1 could stir the  crowd and
 give pleasure to the few2 pour out his 
overflowing genius not  only in his     
speeches and social treatises1 but also 
in his philosophical  and historical    
works2#dj and leave on all things the   
impress of his  personality1 the furrow 
of his robust labor1 the seeds of his   
progressive mind4 ,i have listened to   
him often in the ,chamber1 at  socialist
 congresses1 at meetings held on behalf 
of oppressed nations2  he even did me   

the honor of presenting my ,danton to   
the people of  ,paris4 ,again ,i see his
 full face1 calm and happy like that of 
a kindly1  bearded ogre2 his small eyes1
 bright and smiling2 eyes as quick to   
follow the flight of ideas as to observe
 human nature4 ,i see him pacing  up and
 down the platform1 walking with heavy  
steps like a bear1 his arms  crossed    
behind his back1 and turning sharply to 
hurl at the crowd1 in  his monotonous1  
metallic voice1 words like the call of a
 trumpet1 which  reached the farthest   
seats in the vast amphitheatre1 and went
 straight  to the heart1 making the soul
 of the whole multitude leap in one     
united  emotion4 ,what beauty there was 
in the sight of these proletarian masses
  stirred by the visions which ,jaurs   
evoked from distant horizons1  imbibing 
the thought of ,greece through the voice
 of their tribune6    ,of all this man's
 gifts the most fundamental was to be   
essentially a  man--not the man of a    
single profession1 or class1 or party1  

or  idea--but a complete1 harmonious1   
and free man4 ,his all-comprehensive    
nature could be the slave of nothing4   
,the highest manifestations of life     
flowed together and met in him4 ,his    
intelligence demanded unity1#da his     
heart was full of a passion for         
liberty1#db and this twofold instinct   
protected him alike from party despotism
 and anarchy4 ,his spirit sought  to    
encompass all things1 not in order to do
 violence to them1 but to  bring them   
into harmony4 ,above all1 he had the    
power of seeing the  human element in   
all things1 and this universal sympathy 
was equally  averse to narrow negation  
and fanatical affirmation4 ,all         
intolerance  inspired him with          
horror4#dc    ,he had put himself at the
 head of a great revolutionary party1   
but it  was with the desire of saving   
the great work of democratic revolution 
from the sickening and brutal odor of   
blood1 murder1 and hatred which  still  
clings to the memory of the middle-class

 ,revolution4 ,in his own  name1 and in 
the name of his party1 he demanded with 
regard to all  doctrines1 respect for   
the human personality and for the spirit
 which is  manifested in each4 ,the mere
 feeling of the moral antagonism which  
exists between man and man1 even when   
there is no open conflict1 the  sense of
 the invisible barriers which render    
human brotherhood  impossible1 was      
painful to him4 ,he could not read those
 words of  ,cardinal ,newman in which he
 speaks of the gulf of damnation1 which1
 even  in this life1 is fixed between   
men1 without having a sort of           
nightmare4444 ,he saw the abyss ready to
 gape beneath the feet of fragile  and  
unhappy human beings who think          
themselves bound together by a          
community of sympathy and suffering--the
 sadness of this thought  obsessed him4 
,to fill in this abyss of               
misunderstanding was his life-work4     
,herein lay  the originality of his     
standpoint1 that although he was the    

spokesman of  the most advanced parties1
 he became the continual mediator       
between  conflicting ideas4 ,he sought  
to unite them all in the service of     
progress and of the common good4 ,in    
philosophy he united idealism and       
realism--in history1 the past and the   
present--in politics1 the love of  his  
own country and a respect for other     
countries4#dd ,he refrained from        
denouncing that which has been1 in the  
name of that which is to be1 as  many   
so-called free-thinkers have done2 and  
far from condemning1 he  upheld the     
theories of all those who had been      
fighters in past  centuries1 to whatever
 party they might have belonged4 ,we    
reverence the  past1 he said4 ,not in   
vain have blazed the hearths of all the 
generations of mankind--but it is we who
 are advancing1 who are  fighting for a 
new ideal1 it is we who are the true    
inheritors of the  hearth of our        
ancestors4 ,we have taken the flame     
thereof1 you have  preserved only the   

ashes4 7,january1 #aiji47 ,in his       
,introduction to  l',histoire socialiste
 de la ,rvolution1 in which he attempts 
to  reconcile ,plutarch1 ,michelet1 and 
,karl ,marx1 he writes3 ,we hail with   
equal respect all men of heroic will4   
,history1 even when conceived as a      
study of economic forms1 will never     
dispense with individual valor and      
nobility4 ,the moral level of society   
tomorrow will be determined by the      
standard of morality of conscience      
today4 ,so that1 to offer the examples  
of all the heroic fighters who for the  
past century have been inspired  by an  
ideal and held death in sublime         
contempt1 is to do revolutionary  work4 
,in everything he touches he achieves a 
generous synthesis of  life2 he imposes 
his grand panoramic conception of the   
universe1 the  sense of the manifold and
 moving unity of all things4 ,this      
admirable  equilibrium of countless     
elements presupposes in the man who     
achieves it  magnificent health of body 

and of mind1 a mastery of his whole     
being4  ,and ,jaurs possessed this      
mastery1 and because of it he was the   
pilot of  ,european democracy4    ,how  
clear and far reaching was his          
foresight6 ,in years to come1 when the  
record of the war of today is set down1 
he will appear therein as a  terrible   
witness4 ,was there anything he did not 
foresee8 ,one needs only  to read       
through his speeches during the last ten
 years4#de ,it is yet  too early1 in the
 midst of the conflict1 to quote freely 
his predictions  concerning the coming  
retribution4 ,let us recall only his    
agonized  presentiment1 ever since the  
year #aije1 of the monstrous war which  
was  imminent2#df his consciousness of  
the antagonism1 now muffled1 now  acute1
 but always profound and terrible1      
between ,germany and ,england           
7,november #ah1 #aiji72dg his           
denunciation of the secret dealings of  
,european finance and diplomacy1        
dealings which are encouraged by the    

torpor of public spirit2 his cry of     
alarm at the sensational lies of  the   
press1 actuated by the rotten system of 
capitalism1 sowing panic and  hatred1   
and playing cynically with the lives of 
millions of men1 through  mere financial
 considerations or delirious pride2 his 
contemptuous  words for those whom he   
calls the jockeys of his country2 his   
clear  perception of all                
responsibilities2#dh his foreknowledge  
of the  domesticated attitude which     
would be adopted in case of war by the  
,social-democratic party of ,germany1 to
 whom he showed1 as in a mirror  7at the
 ,amsterdam ,congress in #aijd7 their   
haughty weakness1 their lack  of        
revolutionary tradition1 their want of  
parliamentary strength1 their           
formidable powerlessness2#di of the     
attitude which certain leaders of       
,french ,socialism1 too1 and amongst    
others ,jules ,guesde1 would maintain   
in the conflict between the great       
,states of ,europe2#ej and1 looking     

even beyond the war1 his premonition of 
the consequences1 near and  remote1     
national and international1 of this     
conflict of nations4    ,how would he   
have acted had he lived8 ,the           
proletariat of ,europe looked  to him   
for guidance1 and had faith in          
him--,camille ,huysmans has said so  in 
the speech delivered at his grave in the
 name of the ,workers'                  
,international4#ea ,there can be no     
doubt that when he had fought against   
the war until all hope of preventing it 
was gone1 he would have yielded  loyally
 to the common duty of national defense 
and taken part in it with  all his      
might4 ,he had announced this point of  
view at the ,congress in  ,stuttgart1 in
 #aijg1 in full agreement therein with  
,vandervelde and  ,bebel3 ,if1 whatever 
the circumstances1 a nation were to     
refuse from the  outset to defend       
itself1 it would be entirely at the     
mercy of the  ,governments of violence1 
barbarism1 and reaction4444 ,a unity of 

mankind  which was the result of the    
absorption of conquered nations by one  
dominating nation would be a unity      
realized in slavery4 ,on his return  to 
,paris1 in giving an account of the     
,congress to ,french ,socialists        
7,september #g1 #aijg1 at the ,tivoli   
,vaux-,hall71 he impressed upon them    
their double duty--war against war1 so  
long as it is only a menace upon  the   
horizon1 and in the hour of danger war  
in defense of national  independence4   
,for this great ,european was also a    
great ,frenchman4#eb  ,yet it is        
certain1 too1 that the firm             
accomplishment of his patriotic  duty   
would not have prevented him from       
maintaining his human ideals1 and       
watching with untiring eyes for every   
opportunity of reconstructing the       
shattered unity4 ,certainly he would not
 have allowed the vessel of  socialism  
to drift1 as his feeble successors have 
done4           99       99       99    
99       99    ,he has passed from us4  

,but the reflection of his luminous     
genius1 his  kindness in the bitter     
struggle1 his indestructible optimism   
even in the  midst of disaster1 shine   
above the carnage of ,europe1 over which
 the  dusk is gathering1 like the       
splendor of the setting sun4    ,there  
is one page which he wrote1 which cannot
 be read without  emotion--an immortal  
page in which he represents the noble   
,herakles1  resting after his labors on 
the maternal earth3    ,there are hours1
 he says1 when in feeling the earth     
beneath our feet1  we experience a joy  
deep and tranquil as the earth herself4 
,how often  on my journey along         
footpaths and across fields ,i have     
realized suddenly  that it was indeed   
the earth on which ,i trod1 that ,i     
belonged to her1 as  she belonged to me6
 ,then without thinking ,i went more    
slowly1 because it  was not worth while 
to hasten across her surface1 because ,i
 was  conscious of her and possessed her
 at each step ,i took1 and my soul was  

moving within her depths4 ,how many     
times at the fall of day1 as ,i lay by  
the side of a ditch1 my eyes turned     
towards the faint blue of the  eastern  
sky1 ,i have suddenly realized that the 
earth was speeding on her  journey      
hastening from the fatigues of the day  
and the limited horizons  which the sun 
illumines1 and rushing with prodigious  
force towards the  serenity of night and
 unlimited horizons1 and bearing me with
 her4 ,i  felt in my body as in my soul1
 and in the earth herself as in my body1
  the thrill of this journey1 and a     
strange sweetness in those blue spaces  
which opened out before us1 without a   
shock1 without a fold1 without a        
murmur4 ,oh6 how much deeper and more   
intense is this kinship of our  flesh   
with the earth1 than the vague and      
wandering kinship of our eyes  with the 
starry heavens4 ,how much less beautiful
 the night with its  stars would be to  
us1 did we not feel ourselves at the    
same time bound  to the earth4    ,he   

has returned to the earth--that earth   
which belonged to him1 that  earth to   
which he belonged4 ,they have again     
taken possession of each  other1 and his
 spirit is even now warming and         
humanizing her4 ,beneath  the torrents  
of blood shed upon his tomb the new life
 and the peace of  tomorrow are already 
springing4 ,it was a favorite and often 
repeated  thought of ,jaurs1 as of      
,heraclitus of old1 that nothing can    
interrupt  the flow of things1 that     
peace is only a form or aspect of war1  
war  only a form or aspect of peace1 and
 what is conflict today is the          
beginning of the reconciliation of      
tomorrow4    ,r4 ,r4    ,journal de     
,genve1 ,august #b1 #aiae4              
,,notes      ,,to ,,page #ai 7,,letter  
,,to ,,gerhart ,,hauptmann7    ,the     
letter to ,gerhart ,hauptmann1 written  
after the destruction of  ,louvain1 and 
in the stress of the emotion aroused by 
the first news1 was  provoked by a      
high-sounding article of ,hauptmann     

which appeared a few  days previously4  
,in that letter he rebutted the         
accusation of barbarism  hurled against 
,germany1 and returned it 444 against   
,belgium4 ,the article  ended as        
follows3     444 ,i assure ,m4          
,maeterlinck that no one in ,germany    
thinks of imitating  the act of his     
'civilized nation4' ,we prefer to be and
 to remain the  ,german barbarians for  
whom the women and the children of our  
enemies are  sacred4 ,i can assure him  
that we never thoughtlessly massacre and
 make  martyrs of ,belgian women and    
children4 ,our witnesses are on our     
frontiers2 the socialist beside the     
bourgeois1 the peasant beside the       
savant1 and the prince beside the       
workman3 and all fight with a full      
realization of the object1 for a noble  
and rich national treasure1 for         
internal and external goods which aid   
the progress and the ascent of          
humanity4      ,,to ,,page #da 7,,above 
,,the ,,battle7    ,my enemies have not 

failed to make use of this passage to   
attribute to  me sentiments of contempt 
with regard to the peoples of ,asia and 
,africa4  ,this charge is all the less  
justified in that ,i have precious      
friendships amongst the intellectuals of
 ,asia1 with whom ,i have remained  in  
correspondence during this war4 ,these  
friends have been so little  misled as  
to my real thought that one of them1 a  
leading ,hindu writer1  ,ananda         
,coomaraswamy1 has dedicated to me an   
admirable essay which  appeared in the  
,new ,age 7,december #aiad71 entitled ,a
 ,world ,policy for  ,india1 but--      
#a4 ,asiatic troops1 recruited amongst  
races of professional warriors1 in  no  
way represent the thought of ,asia1 as  
,coomaraswamy agrees4    #b4 ,the       
heroism of the troops of ,africa and    
,asia is not under discussion4  ,there  
was no need for the hecatombs1 which    
have been made during the  past year1 to
 evoke admiration for their splendid    
devotion4    #c4 ,as regards barbarism1 

,i am glad to confess that now the      
white-skins  can no longer reproach     
skins1 black1 red1 or yellow in this    
respect4    #d4 ,it is not the latter   
but the former whom ,i blame4 ,i        
denounce today  once more with as much  
vigor as fourteen months ago1 the       
short-sighted  policy which has         
introduced ,africa and ,asia#ec into the
 quarrels of  ,europe4 ,the future will 
justify my indictment4    ,r4 ,r4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,printed ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states  
,,of ,,america4          ,,index        
,abattoir of ,ypres and ,dixmude1 the1  
#ajc4    ,absurdity1 a ferocious1 #dg4  
,academicians and ,professoren1 the     
voice of1 #aec4    ,academy of moral    
science1 the1 #dd4    ,address to the   
,civilized ,nations1 #fj4    ,ador1 ,m4 
,gustave1 #hc4    ,adversary1 ,a        
,frenchman does not judge his1 unheard1 
#ag1 #ca4    ,agence internationale des 
prisonniers de guerre1 #hc4    ,ajax1   
the madness of1 #gh4    ,albert1 ,king1 

#ic4    ,allies1 the1 #gc1 #ih4         
,allophyles1 #dd4    ,angell1 ,norman1  
#acg4    ,apostles1 rival1 #de4         
,architecture like ,rheims1 a piece of1 
#bd4    ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 #ab1
 #ade4    ,arguments1 furious1 #aai4    
,armies of the ,marne and ,meuse1 #dj4  
,art1 #af4    ,aryan race1 #dd4    ,asia
 and ,africa1 forces of1 #ii2           
ethnological signification of the terms 
of1 #aid4    ,atrocities committed in   
,flanders1 #be2    in ,russia1 #gj4     
,attila1 #ba4    ,auskunfts- und        
,hilfsstelle fr ,deutsche im ,ausland   
und ,auslnder    in ,deutschland1 #adf4 
,austerlitz1 #de4    ,austria1 #ej4     
,authors of these wars1 criminal1 #db4  
,babut1 ,c4 ,e41 #gf4    ,bach1 #dd1    
#afc4    ,baker1 ,m4 ,p41 ,j4 ,allen-1  
#ade4    ,banking and war1 the          
justification of1 #aaj4    ,baptism of  
blood1 #aeb4    ,barbarians from the    
poles and those from the equator1 #da1  
#dd4    ,barrs1 #dd4    ,baumgarten1    
,d41 #adf4    ,bebel1 #ahi4    ,bees of 

,holy ,writ1 the1 #ia4    ,beethoven1   
#eh4    ,behring1 #fa4    ,belgium1 the 
neutrality of noble1 #bj1 #hg1 #ic1 #id4
    ,bennett1 ,e4 ,k41 #ab4    ,bergson1
 #dc4    ,bishops1 #df4    ,bismarck1   
,prince1 #de4    ,blind loyalty1 #bf4   
,bloody soil1 #ah4    ,bonfire1 stirring
 up the1 #db4    ,books of every kind   
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men of1 #cj4    ,bucher1 ,dr41 of       
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#afc4    ,central ,bureau1 the1 #adf4   
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,cingalese1 #da4    ,city of ,god1 #ed4 

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#af1 #da4    ,civil war1 a1 #abc4       
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committee for the assistance of         
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#abj4    ,intelligent few1 the1 #aji4   
,internationalism1 intellectual1 #aaa4  

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societies1 #adf4    ,invisible tribunal 
of humanity1 #ec4    ,ideologues1 #b4   
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threats of disturbance in the world of1 
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#aee4    ,lamprecht1 ,karl1 #dd4    ,la 

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    ,lee1 ,vernon1 #acg4    ,legand1    
,ren1 #ahg4    ,leibnitz1 #eh4          
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#aef4    ,marx1 ,karl1 #ahf4    ,maury1 

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maintaining these hatreds1 #di4         
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this1 #fj4    ,modernism1 the noble     
chimera of1 #di4    ,moerlins1 ,frau    
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own little town in the1 #hi4            
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formula of1 #ahe4    ,peace1 man        

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colors1 #df4    ,problem of freedom1    

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desire for1 #ajj4    ,responsible for   
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war8 who are1 #acd4    ,retaliation1    
#ea4    ,revolution1 an internal1 #gc4  
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attacks against1 #ig4    ,roman ,empire 
at the time of the ,tetrarchy1 the1 #da4
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#aaj4    ,schultze1 ,siegmund-1 #adf4   
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unpardonable1 #cb4    ,socialism1 the   
leaders of1 #dj2    drifting1 #aij4     
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#df2    unite and attack both ,kaiser   
and ,czar1 #di4    ,society of friends  
of foreigners in distress1 #adf4        
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 put1 #bd2    is the light1 the1 #ed4   
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bloody and puerile1 #db4                
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,sterheim1 ,carl1 #afa4    ,strauss1    
#ec2    ,richard1 neurotic jugglers with
 orchestral effects1 #ei4               
,strawinsky1 #ei4    ,sudermann1 #fa4   

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 of1 #ed4      ,tenderness is wisdom1   
#aeg4    ,teutonic colossus1 the1 #dg4  
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#afe4    ,trustfulness1 culpable1 #bf4  
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,unamuno1 ,miguel de1 #aaa4             
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,europe1 a1 #abe4    ,union of          
,democratic ,control1 #acg4    ,united  
,states of ,europe1 a1 #aab4    ,unity  
of ,european ,future1 #aeb4      ,valmy1
 a hero of1 #dh4    ,vandervelde1 #ahi4 
,verdict of history1 the1 #acb4         
,verhaeren1 #ie4    ,vices which are    
profitable1 #aji4    ,victory below     
means defeat above1 #cc4    ,vierordt1  
,heinrich1 #afj4    ,voltaire1 the motto
 of1 #ea4    ,von ,biberstein1 ,baron   
,marschall1 #aga4    ,von ,unruh1       
,fritz1 #aee1 #agb4      ,wagner1 #eh4  

,war1 that lies behind the present      
conflict1 the greater1 #aj2    as a     
fatality1 #bj2    is war1 #cj2          
international1 #dg2    between the      
,western nations1 no reason for1 #di2   
the delightful promise of a perpetual1  
#aje2    of the pen1 #aca4    ,warsaw1  
#ed4    ,wedekind1 ,franz1 #aee4        
,weingartner1 #fa4    ,wells1 #dc4      
,werfel1 ,franz1 #aef4    ,whitman1     
,walt1 #g2    and ,tolstoi1 #af4        
,william ,,ii1 #df4    ,wolff's ,agency1
 #bg4    ,wood1 ,james1 #ab4            
,workers' ,international1 the1 #ahh4    
,wound will heal1 a good open clean1    
#aje2    wounded of both countries are  
living in terms of friendship1 in       
,germany and ,france alike1 #hb4        
,writers1 ,german1 #aed4    ,wundt1 #dd1
 #fa4      ,zangwill1 ,israel1 #acg4    
,zorothowo1 #eh4    ,zweig1 ,stefan1    
#afe4      ,,the ,,open ,,court         
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,carlyle and the ,war4 ,by ,marshall    
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,cloth1 #a4jj4    ,germany ,misjudged4  
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,university4 ,pp4 #aee4 ,cloth1 #a4jj4  
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,labberton1 translated from the ,dutch  
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99       99       99    ,,the ,,open    
,,court ,,publishing ,,company    ,p4   
,o4 ,drawer ,f ,chicago      ,,the      
,,religion ,,of ,,science ,,library     
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,choice ,collection of ,well ,made   
,books4 ,reproduction of ,standard      
,treatises in the ,departments of       
,philosophy1 ,psychology1 ,biology1     
,religion1 etc4           99       99   
99       99       99    ,the ,religion  
of ,science4 ,by ,paul ,carus4 #cj;c4   
,three ,introductory ,lectures on the   
,science of ,thought4 ,by ,f4 ,max      
,mller4  #cj;c4    ,three ,lectures on  
the ,science of ,language4 ,by ,f4 ,max 
,mller4 #cj;c4    ,the ,diseases of     
,personality4 ,by ,th4 ,ribot4 #cj;c4   
,the ,psychology of ,attention4 ,by ,th4
 ,ribot4 #cj;c4    ,the ,psychic ,life  
of ,micro-,organisms4 ,by ,alfred       
,binet4 #cj;c4    ,the ,nature of the   
,state4 ,by ,paul ,carus4 #bj;c4    ,on 
,double ,consciousness4 ,by ,alfred     

,binet4 #be;c4    ,fundamental          
,problems4 ,by ,paul ,carus4 #fj;c4     
,diseases of the ,will4 ,by ,th4 ,ribot4
 #cj;c4    ,on the ,origin of ,language1
 ,the ,logos ,theory4 ,by ,ludwig ,noir4
 #bj;c4    ,the ,free ,trade ,struggle  
in ,england4 ,by ,m4 ,m4 ,trumbull4     
#cj;c4    ,the ,gospel of ,buddha4 ,by  
,paul ,carus4 #dj;c4    ,primer of      
,philosophy4 ,by ,paul ,carus4 #cj;c4   
,on ,memory1 and ,the ,specific         
,energies of the ,nervous ,system4 ,by  
,ewald  ,hering4 #bj;c4    ,an          
,examination of ,weismannism4 ,by       
,george ,j4 ,romanes4 #dj;c4    ,on     
,germinal ,selection as a ,source of    
,definite ,variation4 ,by ,august       
,weismann4 #cj;c4    ,popular           
,scientific ,lectures4 ,by ,ernst ,mach4
 #fj;c4    ,ancient ,india2 ,its        
,language and ,religions4 ,by ,h4       
,oldenberg4 #cj;c4    ,the ,prophets of 
,israel4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,cornill4 #cj;c4   
,thoughts on ,religion4 ,by ,g4 ,j4     
,romanes4 #fj;c4    ,philosophy of      

,ancient ,india4 ,by ,richard ,garbe4   
#cj;c4    ,martin ,luther4 ,by ,gustav  
,freytag4 #cj;c4    ,rationalism4 ,by   
,george ,jacob ,holyoake4 #cj;c4        
,chinese ,philosophy4 ,by ,paul ,carus4 
#cj;c4    ,a ,mechanico-,physiological  
,theory of ,organic ,evolution4 ,by     
,carl von  ,nageli4 ,summary4 #cj;c4    
,mathematical ,essays and ,recreations4 
,by ,herman ,schubert4 #cj;c4    ,truth 
on ,trial4 ,by ,paul ,carus4 #fj;c4     
,the ,pieroma2 ,an ,essay on the        
,sources of ,christianity4 ,by ,paul    
,carus4  #fj;c4    ,the ,ethical        
,problem4 ,by ,paul ,carus4 #fj;c4      
,,the ,,religion ,,of ,,science         
,,library      ,buddhism and ,its       
,christian ,critics4 ,by ,paul ,carus4  
#fj;c4    ,discourse on the ,method of  
,rightly ,conducting the ,reason and    
,seeking  ,truth in the ,sciences4 ,by  
,ren ,descartes4 #cj;c4    ,kant and    
,spencer4 ,by ,paul ,carus4 #be;c4      
,the ,soul of ,man4 ,by ,paul ,carus4   
#he;c4    ,whence and ,whither4 ,by     

,paul ,carus4 #ce;c4    ,enquiry        
,concerning the ,human ,understanding   
and ,selections from a  ,treatise of    
,human ,nature4 ,by ,david ,hume4       
,paper1 #dj;c4    ,an ,enquiry          
,concerning the ,principles of ,morals4 
,by ,david ,hume4 #cj;c4    ,the        
,psychology of ,reasoning4 ,by ,alfred  
,binet4 #cj;c4    ,a ,treatise          
,concerning the ,principles of ,human   
,knowledge4 ,by ,george  ,berkeley4     
#cj;c4    ,three ,dialogues ,between    
,hylas and ,philonous4 ,by ,george      
,berkeley4 #cj;c4    ,public ,worship3  
,a ,study of the ,psychology of         
,religion4 ,by ,john ,p4 ,hylan4  #cj;c4
    ,the ,meditations and ,selections   
from the ,principles of ,rene           
,descartes4  ,tr4 by ,john ,veitch4     
#dj;c4    ,leibniz's ,discourse on      
,metaphysics4 ,tr4 by ,geo4 ,r4         
,montgomery4 #fj;c4    ,kant's          
,prolegomena4 ,edited in ,english by    
,paul ,carus4 #fj;c4    ,st4 ,anselm3   
,proslogium1 ,monologium1 an ,appendix  

in ,behalf of the ,fool by  ,gaunilon2  
and ,cur ,deus ,homo4 ,tr4 by ,sidney   
,norton ,deane4 #fj;c4    ,the          
,metaphysical ,system of ,hobbes4 ,by   
,mary ,whiton ,calkins4 #ej;c4          
,locke's ,essay ,concerning ,human      
,understanding4 ,books ,,ii and ,,iv    
7with  omissions74 ,by ,mary ,whiton    
,calkins4 #fj;c4    ,the ,principles of 
,descartes' ,philosophy4 ,by ,benedictus
 ,de ,spinoza4  ,paper1 #dj;c4    ,the  
,vocation of ,man4 ,by ,johann ,gottlieb
 ,fichte4 ,paper1 #cj;c4    ,aristotle  
on ,his ,predecessors4 ,tr4 by ,a4 ,e4  
,taylor4 #dj;c4    ,spinoza's ,short    
,treatise on ,god1 ,man and ,human      
,welfare4 ,tr4 by ,lydia  ,gillingham   
,robinson4 #ej;c4 ,the ,mechanistic     
,principle4 ,by ,paul ,carus4 #fj;c4    
,behind the ,scenes with ,mediums4 ,by  
,abbot4 #fj;c4    ,sent postpaid to any 
address in the ,u4 ,p4 ,u4 at prices    
quoted4    ,the ,open ,court ,pub4 ,co41
 ,p4 ,o4 ,drawer ,f1 ,chicago           
,,footnotes3    #a ,for translating ,the

 ,murder of the ,elite4    #b ,one      
article only1 ,the ,idols1 may1 ,i      
think1 have been published in  its      
entirety in ,la ,bataille syndicaliste4 
#c ,i leave my articles in their        
chronological order4 ,i have changed    
nothing in them4 ,the reader will       
notice1 in the stress of events1        
certain contradictions and hasty        
judgments which ,i would modify         
today4444 ,in general1 the sentiments   
expressed have arisen out of            
indignation and pity4 ,in proportion as 
the immensity of the ruin extends  one  
feels the poverty of protest1 as before 
an earthquake4 ,there is  more than one 
war1 wrote the aged ,rodin to me on the 
#ast of ,october1  #aiad4 ,what is      
happening is like a punishment which    
falls on the world4    #d ,a telegram   
from ,berlin 7,wolff's ,agency71        
reproduced by the ,gazette  de          
,lousanne1 ,august #bi1 #aiad1 has just 
announced that the old town of          
,louvain1 rich in works of art1 exists  

no more to-day4    #e ,written after the
 bombardment of ,rheims ,cathedral4     
#f ,when ,i wrote this1 ,i had not yet  
seen the monstrous article by  ,thomas  
,mann 7in the ,neue ,rundschau of       
,november #aiad71 where1 in a fit  of   
fury and injured pride1 he savagely     
claimed for ,germany1 as a title  to    
glory1 all the crimes of which her      
adversaries accuse her4 ,he dared  to   
write that the present war was a war of 
,german ,kultur against  ,civilization1 
proclaiming that ,german thought had no 
other ideal than  militarism1 and       
inscribes on his banner the following   
lines1 the apology  of force oppressing 
weakness3         ,den der ,mensch      
verkmmert im ,frieden1        ,mssige   
,ruh ist das ,grab des ,muts4           
,das ,gesetz ist der ,freund des        
,schwachen1        ,alles will es nur   
eben machen4        ,mchte gern die     
,welt verflachen1        ,aber der      
,krieg lsst die ,kraft erscheinen4444   
7,man deteriorates in peace4 ,idle rest 

is the tomb of courage4 ,law is  the    
friend of the weak1 it aims at levelling
 all2 it would reduce the  world to a   
level4 ,war brings out strength47       
,even so a bull in the arena1 mad with  
rage1 rushes with lowered head on  the  
matador's sword1 and impales himself4   
#g ,as one of these 'pedants of         
barbarism' 7so ,miguel de ,unamuno      
rightly  describes them7 writes1 one has
 the right to destroy2 if one has the   
force to create 7,wer stark ist zu      
schaffen1 der darf auch                 
zerstren74--,friedr ,gundolf3 ,tat und  
,wort im ,krieg1 published in the       
,frankfurter ,zeitung1 ,october #aath4  
,cf4 the article of the aged ,hans      
,thoma1 in the ,leipziger ,illustrierte 
,zeitung of ,october #ast4    #h        
,jean-,christophe1 part ,v1 ,la ,foire  
sur la ,place4 ,in vol4 ,,iii of  the   
,english version4--,,trans4    #i ,at   
the very hour ,i wrote these lines1     
,charles ,pguy died4    #aj ,alludes to 
a ,viennese writer who had told me1 a   

few weeks before  the declaration of    
war1 that a disaster for ,france would  
be a disaster  for the liberal thinkers 
of ,germany too4    #aa ,see note1 p4   
#aic4    #ab ,liebknecht has since      
gloriously cleared his honor of the     
compromises of his party4 ,i here       
express admiration of his attitude4 7,r4
  ,r41 ,january #aiae47    #ac ,recently
 published in the ,corriere della ,sera 
and translated by  the ,journal de      
,genve1 ,september #aiad4    #ad ,le    
,temps1 ,september #d1 #aiad4    #ae    
,issues of ,september #af and #ag1      
#aiad3 ,la ,guerre et le ,droit4    #af 
,letter dated ,september #ae1 #ahga1    
published in ,rforme  intellectuelle et 
morale4    #ag ,open letter of ,dr4     
,ernst ,dryander1 the ,first ,court     
,preacher and  ,vice-,president of the  
,higher ,ecclesiastical ,council1 to ,c4
 ,e4 ,babut1  ,pastor of ,nimes1        
,september #ae1 #aiad 7published in     
l',essor for the #ajth  ,october and the
 ,journal de ,genve1 #ahth ,october74   

#ah ,the newspapers of both countries   
give publicity only to prejudiced       
stories unfavorable to the enemy4 ,one  
would imagine that they devote          
themselves to collecting only the worst 
cases1 in order to preserve the         
atmosphere of hatred2 and those to which
 they give predominance are  often      
doubtful and always exceptional4 ,no    
mention is made of anything  that would 
tell in a contrary direction of         
prisoners who are grateful  for their   
treatment1 as in the letters which we   
have to transmit to  their families--in 
which1 for example1 a ,german civil     
prisoner speaks of  a pleasant walk1 or 
of sea bathing1 he has been allowed to  
enjoy4 ,i have  even come across the    
case of an entomologist who is          
peacefully absorbed  in his researches1 
and profiting by his enforced sojourn in
 the ,south of  ,france to complete his 
collection of insects4    #ai ,on this  
point1 ,i would echo the appeal in the  
article cited above1  from the ,neue    

,zrcher ,zeitung4    #bj ,published by  
the ,daily ,telegraph1 ,london1 #aiad4  
#ba ,the ,editor of a great ,paris paper
 having offered to publish my  reply to 
those who attacked me1 ,i sent him this 
article1 which never  appeared4    #bb  
,paul ,bourget4    #bc ,the ,evangelical
 pastor ,schrenck in an article on ,war 
and the ,new  ,testament1 quoted with   
approval by the ,rev4 ,ch4 ,correvon in 
the  ,journal religieus of ,neuchatel1  
,november #adth4    #bd ,in a           
declaration to the editor of the        
,swedish paper ,dagen4    #be ,the      
famous ,appeal to the ,civilized        
,nations had been sent out  shortly     
before this by the ninety-three ,german 
intellectuals4    #bf ,holland4    #bg  
,to let a people1 he said1 or still more
 a fraction of a people1  decide        
international questions1 for instance1  
which state shall control  them1 is as  
good as making the children of a house  
vote for their  father4 ,it is the most 
ridiculous fallacy that human wit has   

ever  invented4    #bh ,the ,svenska    
,dagbladet sent to the principal        
intellectuals of  ,europe an inquiry on 
the subject of the results which the war
 would  have1 for international         
collaboration1 in the domain of the     
spirit4 ,it  asked with anxiety1 to what
 extent it would be possible1 once peace
 was  concluded1 to establish relations 
between the scientists1 writers1 and    
artists of the different nations4    #bi
 ,the literary appreciation of the work 
cited is here treated as of  secondary  
importance1 in order that evidence may  
be discovered with  regard to the       
thought of ,germany4    #cj ,see the    
article of ,josef ,luitpol ,stern1      
,dichter1 in ,die ,weissen  ,bltter1    
,march #aiae4    #ca ,hohe              
,gemeinschaft4    #cb ,fremde sind wir  
auf der ,erde alle4    #cc ,die         
,ueberschtzung der ,kunst 7,december    
#aiad74    #cd ,von der ,vaterlandsliebe
 7,january #aiae74    #ce ,december     
#aiad4    #cf ,hymne auf den ,schmerz   

7,january #aiae74--;,it is to be noted  
that the  ,forum is read in the         
trenches1 and that it has received many 
letters  of approval from the front4    
7,der ,phrasenrausch und seine          
,bekaempfer1  ,february #aiae47    #cg  
,i take the phrase from ,m4 ,lucien     
,maury in an article written before  the
 war3 7,journal de ,genve7 ,march #cj1  
#aiad4 ,this is quoted recently  by ,m4 
,adolphe ,ferrire who1 in his remarkable
 ,doctor's thesis1 ,la loi  du ,progrs  
attempts to solve the tragic problem of 
the part played by  the lite4    #ch    
,the review ,die ,tat1 published by     
,eug4 ,diederichs at ,jena1 prints  long
 extracts from them in its issue for    
,may #aiae4    #ci ,with an introduction
 by ,c4 ,e4 ,babut4    #dj ,his         
principal philosophical work is his     
,doctor's thesis3 ,la  ralit du monde   
sensible 7#ahia74 ,another thesis 7in   
,latin7 dates from  the same year3 ,des 
origines du socialisme allemand1 in     
which he goes  back to the ,christian   

socialism of ,luther4    ,his great     
historical work is his ,histoire sociale
 de la ,rvolution4  ,very interesting is
 his discussion with ,paul ,lafargue on 
l',idalisme et  le matrialisme dans la  
conception de l'histoire4    #da ,the   
need of unity is the profoundest and    
noblest of the human  mind 7,la ralit du
 monde sensible74    #db ,this young    
democracy must be given a taste for     
liberty4 ,it has a  passion for         
equality2 it has not in the same degree 
an idea of liberty1  which is acquired  
much more slowly and with greater       
difficulty4 ,we must  give the children 
of the people1 by means of a            
sufficiently lofty  exercise of their   
powers of thinking1 a sense of the value
 of man and  consequently of the value  
of liberty1 without which man does not  
exist4  7,to the teachers1 ,january #ae1
 #ahhh47    #dc ,as for myself1 ,i have 
never made use of violence to attack    
beliefs1 whatever they may be2 nay1     
more1 ,i have always abstained even     

from that form of violence which        
consists in insult4 ,insult expresses a 
weak and feverish revolt1 rather than   
the liberty of reason4 7#aija47    #dd  
,the true formula of patriotism is the  
equal right of all countries  to liberty
 and justice2 it is the duty of every   
citizen to increase in  his own country 
the forces of liberty and justice4      
,those are but sorry  patriots who in   
order to love and serve one country1    
find it necessary  to decry the others1 
the other great moral forces of         
humanity4 7#aije47    #de ,or the       
extracts given by ,charles ,rappoport in
 his excellent book  ,jean ,jaurs1      
l'homme1 le penseur1 le socialiste      
7#aiae1 ,paris1  l',emancipatrice71 with
 an introduction by ,anatole ,france4   
,from this  book are quoted the passages
 referred to in the notes which follow4 
,jean ,jaurs1 a brochure by ,ren        
,legand1 should also be read4    #df    
,rappoport1 op4 cit41 pp4 #gj-gg4    #dg
 ,rappoport1 p4 #bcd4    #dh ,in his    

speech at ,vaise1 near ,lyon1 ,july #be1
 #aiad1 six days before  his death1 he  
said3 ,every people appears throughout  
the streets of  ,europe carrying its    
little torch2 and now comes the         
conflagration4    #di ,rappoport1 p4    
#fa4    #ej ,rappoport p4 #cfi-gj4      
#ea ,throughout the world there are six 
millions of us1 organized  workmen1 for 
whom the name of ,jaurs was the         
incarnation of the noblest  and most    
complete aspiration4444 ,i remember what
 he was for the workmen  of other       
countries4 ,i see still the foreign     
delegates who awaited his  words before 
forming their final opinions2 even when 
they were not in  agreement with him    
they were glad to approach his point of 
view4 ,he was  more than the ,word3 he  
was the ,conscience4    #eb ,who has    
spoken more nobly than he of the eternal
 ,france1 the true  ,france1 that is not
 summed up by an epoch or by a day1     
neither by the  day of long ago1 nor the
 day that has just passed1 but the whole

 of  ,france complete in the succession 
of her days1 of her nights1 of her      
dawns1 of her shadows1 of her heights   
and of her depths2 of ,france1 who1     
across all these mingled shades1 all    
these half-lights and all these         
vicissitudes1 goes forward towards a    
brilliance which she has not yet        
attained1 but which is foreshadowed in  
her thought6 7#aiaj47    ,see his       
masterly picture of ,french history1 and
 his magnificent eulogy  of ,france1 at 
the ,conference of #aije1 which he was  
prevented from  delivering in ,berlin1  
and which ,robert ,fischer read in his  
place4    #ec ,the terms ,asia and      
,africa have not1 of course1 a          
geographical but  an ethnological       
signification4 ,turkey is not1 and never
 has been1  ,european2 and it is        
difficult to decide up to what points   
certain of the  ,balkan ,powers are     
,european4           99       99        
99       99       99      ,corrections  
of typographical erros made by the etext

 transcriber3    ,tolsto,tolstoi        
,auslnder1 ,auslander,auslnder          
,deutschland ,uber ,alles,deutschland   
ber ,alles    ,amdee,amde    ,rene      
,schickele,ren ,schickele    ,ren       
,legan,ren ,legand    ,barrs,barrs      
,caesar,csar    ,cornelienne,cornlienne 
,ferriere,ferrire    ,herv,herv         
,kulturtrager,kulturtrger               
,lonhard,leonhard    ,lige,lige         
,peguy,pguy    ,regnier,rgnier          
,thermopylae,thermopyl                  
,zorothowa,zorothowo    ,graefin,grfin  
,notre-,dame la ,misere,notre-,dame la  
,misre    ,moliere,molire               
,jaurs,jaurs    lanlan                  
dnouementdnouement    ,dr4 ,ernst       
,drylander,dr4 ,ernst ,dryander         
,idealogues,ideologues                  
,,nederlandsche                         
,,anti-,,oorlograad,,nederlandsche      
,,anti-,,oorlog ,,raad                  
,sterheim,sternheim