,the ,story of ,chautauqua ,illustration3 ,lewis ,miller 7#ahgh7 ,the ,story of ,chautauqua ,by ,jesse ,lyman ,hurlbut1 ,d4,d4 ,author of ,the ,story of the ,bible1 ,teacher ,training ,lessons for the ,sunday ,school1 etc4 ,illustration ,with #ej ,illustrations ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york and ,london ,the ,knickerbocker ,press #aiba ,copyright1 #aiba by ,jesse ,l4 ,hurlbut ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america ,this book is dedicated to the honoured memory of the two ,founders of ,chautauqua ,lewis ,miller and ,john ,heyl ,vincent ,,preface ,,why ,,and ,,wherefore ,,an ancient writer--,i forget his name--declared that in one of the city-states of ,greece there was the rule that when any citizen proposed a new law or the repeal of an old one1 he should come to the popular assembly with a rope around his neck1 and if his proposition failed of adoption1 he was to be immediately hanged4 ,it is said that amendments to the constitution of that state were rarely presented1 and the people managed to live under a few time-honored laws4 ,it is possible that some such drastic treatment may yet be meted out to authors--and perhaps to publishers--as a last resort to check the flood of useless literature4 ,to anticipate this impending constitutional amendment1 it is incumbent upon every writer of a book to show that his work is needed by the world1 and this ,i propose to do in these prefatory pages4 ,is ,chautauqua great enough1 original enough1 sufficiently beneficial to the world to have its history written8 ,we will not accept the votes of the thousands who beside the lake1 in the ,hall of ,philosophy1 or under the roof of the amphitheater1 have been inoculated with the ,chautauqua spirit4 ,we will seek for the testimony of sane1 intelligent1 and thoughtful people1 and we will be guided in our conclusions by their opinions4 ,let us listen to the words of the wise and then determine whether a book about ,chautauqua should be published4 ,we have the utterances by word of mouth and the written statements of public men1 governors1 senators1 presidents2 of educators1 professors1 and college presidents2 of preachers and ecclesiastics in many churches2 of speakers upon many platforms2 of authors whose works are read everywhere2 and we present their testimonials as a sufficient warrant for the preparation and publication of ,the ,story of ,chautauqua4 ,the ,hon4 ,george ,w4 ,atkinson1 ,governor of ,west ,virginia1 visited ,chautauqua in #ahii1 and in his ,recognition ,day address on ,modern ,educational ,requirements spoke as follows3 ,it 7,chautauqua7 is the common people's ,college1 and its courses of instruction are so admirably arranged that it somehow induces the toiling millions to voluntarily grapple with all subjects and with all knowledge4 ,my ,chautauqua courses have taught me that what we need most is only so much knowledge as we can assimilate and organize into a basis for action2 for if more be given it may become injurious4 ,chautauqua is doing more to nourish the intellects of the masses than any other system of education extant2 except the public schools of the common country4 ,here is the testimony of ex-,governor ,adolph ,o4 ,eberhardt of ,minnesota3 ,if ,i had the choice of being the founder of any great movement the world has ever known1 ,i would choose the ,chautauqua movement4 ,the ,hon4 ,william ,jennings ,bryan1 from the point of view of a speaker upon many ,chautauqua platforms1 wrote3 ,the privilege and opportunity of addressing from one to seven or eight thousand of his fellow ,americans in the ,chautauqua frame of mind1 in the mood which almost as clearly asserts itself under the tent or amphitheater as does reverence under the dim1 religious light--this privilege and this opportunity is one of the greatest that any patriotic ,american could ask4 ,it makes of him1 if he knows it and can rise to its requirements1 a potent human factor in molding the mind of the nation4 ,viscount ,james ,bryce1 ,ambassador of ,great ,britain to the ,united ,states1 and author of ,the ,american ,commonwealth1 the most illuminating work ever written on the ,american system of government1 said1 while visiting ,chautauqua3 ,i do not think any country in the world but ,america could produce such gatherings as ,chautauqua's4 ,six presidents of the ,united ,states have thought it worth while to visit ,chautauqua1 either before1 or during1 or after their term of office4 ,these were ,grant1 ,hayes1 ,garfield1 ,mc,kinley1 ,roosevelt1 and ,taft4 ,theodore ,roosevelt was at ,chautauqua four times4 ,he said on his last visit1 in #aije1 ,chautauqua is the most ,american thing in ,america2 and also3 ,this ,chautauqua has made the name ,chautauqua a name of a multitude of gatherings all over the ,union1 and there is probably no other educational influence in the country quite so fraught with hope for the future of the nation as this and the movement of which it is the archtype4 ,let us see what some journalists and writers have said about ,chautauqua4 ,here is the opinion of ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 editor of ,the ,outlook1 and a leader of thought in our time3 ,chautauqua has inspired the habit of reading with a purpose4 ,it is really not much use to read1 except as an occasional recreation1 unless the reading inspires one to think his own thoughts1 or at least make the writer's thoughts his own4 ,reading without reflection1 like eating without digestion1 produces dyspepsia4 ,the influence and guidance of ,chautauqua will long be needed in ,america4 ,the religious influence of ,chautauqua has been not less valuable4 ,chautauqua has met the restless questioning of the age in the only way in which it can be successfully met1 by converting it into a serious seeking for rest in truth4 ,dr4 ,edwin ,e4 ,slosson1 formerly professor in ,columbia ,university1 now literary editor of the ,independent1 wrote in that paper3 ,if ,i were a cartoonist1 ,i should symbolize ,chautauqua by a tall ,greek goddess1 a sylvan goddess with leaves in her hair--not vine leaves1 but oak1 and tearing open the bars of a cage wherein had been confined a bird1 say an owl1 labeled ,learning4 ,for that is what ,chautauqua has done for the world--it has let learning loose4 ,from the ,american ,review of ,reviews1 ,july1 #aiad3 ,the president of a large technical school is quoted as having said that ten per cent4 of the students in the institution over which he presides owe their presence to ,chautauqua influence4 ,a talk on civic beauty or sanitation by an expert from the ,chautauqua platform often results in bringing these matters to local attention for the first time4 ,here is an extract from ,the ,world ,to-day3 ,old-time politics is dead in the ,states of the ,middle ,west4 ,the torchlight parade1 the gasoline lamps1 and the street orator draw but little attention4 ,the ,republican ,rally in the court-house and the ,democratic ,barbecue in the grove have lost their potency4 ,people turn to the ,chautauquas to be taught politics along with domestic science1 hygiene1 and child-welfare4 ,mr4 ,john ,graham ,brooks1 lecturer on historical1 political1 and social subjects1 author of works widely circulated and highly esteemed1 has given courses of lectures at ,chautauqua1 and has expressed his estimate in these words3 ,after close observation of the work at ,chautauqua1 and at other points in the country where its affiliated work goes on1 ,i can say with confidence that it is among the most enlightening of our educational agencies in the ,united ,states4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,v4 ,v4 ,raymond1 while ,president of ,union ,college in ,new ,york ,state1 gave this testimony3 ,chautauqua has its own place in the educational world1 a place as honorable as it is distinctive2 and those of us who are laboring in other fields1 by other methods1 have only admiration and praise for the great work which has made ,chautauqua in the best sense a household word throughout the land4 ,mr4 ,edward ,howard ,griggs1 who is in greater demand than almost any other lecturer on literary and historical themes1 in his ,recognition ,day address1 in #aijd1 on ,culture ,through ,vocation1 said as follows3 ,the ,chautauqua movement as conceived by its leaders is a great movement for cultivating an avocation apart from the main business of life1 not only giving larger vision1 better intellectual training1 but giving more earnest desire and greater ability to serve and grow through the vocation4 ,this from ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,harris1 ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,education3 ,think of one hundred thousand persons of mature age following up a well-selected course of reading for four years in science and literature1 kindling their torches at a central flame6 ,think of the millions of friends and neighbors of this hundred thousand made to hear of the new ideas and of the inspirations that result to the workers6 ,it is a part of the great missionary movement that began with ,christianity and moves onward with ,christian civilization4 ,i congratulate all members of ,chautauqua ,reading ,circles on their connection with this great movement which has begun under such favorable auspices and has spread so widely1 is already world-historical1 and is destined to unfold so many new phases4 ,prof4 ,albert ,s4 ,cook1 of ,yale ,university1 wrote in ,the ,forum3 ,as nearly as ,i can formulate it1 the ,chautauqua ,idea is something like this3 ,a fraternal1 enthusiastic1 methodical1 and sustained attempt to elevate1 enrich1 and inspire the individual life in its entirety1 by an appeal to the curiosity1 hopefulness1 and ambition of those who would otherwise be debarred from the greatest opportunities of culture and spiritual advancement4 ,to this end1 all uplifting and stimulating forces1 whether secular or religious1 are made to conspire in their impact upon the person whose weal is sought4 4 4 4 ,can we wonder that ,chautauqua is a sacred and blessed name to multitudes of ,americans8 ,the late ,principal ,a4 ,m4 ,fairbairn1 of ,mansfield ,college1 ,oxford1 foremost among the thinkers of the last generation1 gave many lectures at ,chautauqua1 and expressed himself thus3 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 movement seems to me the most admirable and efficient organization for the direction of reading1 and in the best sense for popular instruction4 ,to direct the reading for a period of years for so many thousands is to affect not only their present culture1 but to increase their intellectual activity for the period of their natural lives1 and thus1 among other things1 greatly to add to the range of their enjoyment4 ,it appears to me that a system which can create such excellent results merits the most cordial praise from all lovers of men4 ,colonel ,francis ,w4 ,parker1 ,superintendent of ,schools1 first at ,quincy1 ,mass41 and later at ,chicago1 one of the leading educators of the land1 gave this testimony1 after his visit to ,chautauqua3 ,the ,new ,york ,chautauqua--father and mother of all the other ,chautauquas in the country--is one of the great institutions founded in the nineteenth century4 ,it is essentially a school for the people4 ,prof4 ,hjalmar ,h4 ,boyesen1 of ,columbia ,university1 wrote3 ,nowhere else have ,i had such a vivid sense of contact with what is really and truly ,american4 ,the national physiognomy was defined to me as never before2 and ,i saw that it was not only instinct with intelligence1 earnestness1 and indefatigable aspiration1 but that it revealed a strong affinity for all that makes for righteousness and the elevation of the race4 ,the confident optimism regarding the future which this discovery fostered was not the least boon ,i carried away with me from ,chautauqua4 ,mrs4 ,alice ,freeman ,palmer1 ,president of ,wellesley ,college1 expressed this opinion in a lecture at ,chautauqua3 ,i could say nothing better than to say over and over again the great truths ,chautauqua has taught to everyone1 that if you have a rounded1 completed education you have put yourselves in relation with all the past1 with all the great life of the present2 you have reached on to the infinite hope of the future4 ,i venture to say there is no man or woman educating himself or herself through ,chautauqua who will not feel more and more the opportunity of the present moment in a present world4 ,the character of ,chautauqua's training has been that she has made us wiser than we were about things that last4 ,rev4 ,charles ,m4 ,sheldon1 author of ,in ,his ,steps1 a story of which three million copies were sold1 said3 ,during the past two years ,i have met nearly a million people from the platform1 and no audiences have impressed me as have the ,chautauqua people for earnestness1 deep purpose1 and an honest desire to face and work out the great issues of ,american life4 ,this is from the ,rev4 ,robert ,stuart ,mac,arthur1 the eminent ,baptist preacher3 ,i regard the ,chautauqua ,idea as one of the most important ideas of the hour4 ,this idea1 when properly utilized1 gives us a college at home4 ,it is a genuine inspiration toward culture1 patriotism1 and religion4 ,the general adoption of this course for a generation would give us a new ,america in all that is noblest in culture and character4 ,dr4 ,edward ,everett ,hale1 of ,boston1 ,chaplain of the ,united ,states ,senate1 in his ,tarry ,at ,home ,travels1 wrote3 ,if you have not spent a week at ,chautauqua1 you do not know your own country4 ,there1 and in no other place known to me1 do you meet ,baddeck and ,newfoundland and ,florida and ,tiajuara at the same table2 and there you are of one heart and one soul with the forty thousand people who will drift in and out--people all of them who believe in ,god and their country4 ,more than a generation ago1 the name of ,joseph ,cook was known throughout the continent as a thinker1 a writer1 and a lecturer4 ,this is what he wrote of ,chautauqua3 ,i keep ,chautauqua in a fireside nook of my inmost affections and prayers4 ,god bless the ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1 which is so marvelously successful already in spreading itself as a young vine over the trellis-work of many lands6 ,what rich clusters may ultimately hang on its cosmopolitan branches6 ,it is the glory of ,america that it believes that all that anybody knows everybody should know4 ,phillips ,brooks1 perhaps the greatest of ,american preachers1 spoke as follows in a lecture on ,literature and ,life3 ,may we not believe--if the students of ,chautauqua be indeed what we have every right to expect that they will be1 men and women thoroughly and healthily alive through their perpetual contact with the facts of life--that when they take the books which have the knowledge in them1 like pure water in silver urns1 though they will not drink as deeply1 they will drink more healthily than many of those who in the deader and more artificial life of college halls bring no such eager vitality to give value to their draught8 ,if ,i understand ,chautauqua1 this is what it means3 ,it finds its value in the vitality of its students4 4 4 4 ,it summons those who are alive with true human hunger to come and learn of that great world of knowledge of which he who knows the most knows such a very little1 and feels more and more1 with every increase of his knowledge1 how very little it is that he knows4 ,julia ,ward ,howe1 author of the song beginning ,mine eyes have seen the glory1 and honored throughout the land as one of the greatest among the women of ,america1 wrote as follows3 ,i am obliged for your kind invitation to be present at the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of ,chautauqua ,assembly4 ,as ,i cannot well allow myself this pleasure1 ,i send you my hearty congratulations in view of the honorable record of your association4 ,may its good work long continue1 even until its leaven shall leaven the whole body of our society4 ,the following letter was received by ,dr4 ,vincent from one of the most distinguished of the older poets3 ,april #bi1 #ahhb4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4,d41 ,,dear ,,friend3 ,i have been watching the progress of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle inaugurated by thyself1 and take some blame to myself for not sooner expressing my satisfaction in regard to its objects and working thus far4 ,i wish it abundant success1 and that its circles1 like those from the agitated center of the ,lake1 may widen out1 until our entire country shall feel their beneficent influences4 ,i am very truly thy friend1 ,,john ,g4 ,,whittier4 ,after these endorsements1 we may confidently affirm that a book on ,chautauqua1 its story1 its principles1 and its influence in the world1 is warranted4 ,and now1 a few words of explanation as to this particular book4 ,the tendency in preparing such a work is to make it documentary1 the recital of programs1 speakers1 and subjects4 ,in order to lighten up the pages1 ,i have sought to tell the story of small things as well as great1 the witty as well as the wise words spoken1 the record of by-play and repartee upon the platform1 in those days when ,chautauqua speakers were a fraternity4 ,in fact1 the title by which the body of workers was known among its members was the ,gang4 ,some of these stories are worth preserving1 and ,i have tried to recall and retain them in these pages4 ,,jesse ,,lyman ,,hurlbut4 ,feb4 #a1 #aiba4 ,,contents ,,page ,,preface vii ,,chapter ,i4--,,the ,,place #c ,,ii4--,,the ,,founders #aa ,,iii4--,,some ,,primal ,,principles #bg ,,iv4--,,the ,,beginnings #ch ,v4--,,the ,,early ,,development #fc ,,vi4--,,the ,,national ,,centennial ,,year #gb ,,vii4--,a ,,new ,,name ,,and ,,new ,,faces #ic ,,viii4--,,the ,,chautauqua ,,reading ,,circle #aaf ,,ix4--,,chautauqua ,,all ,,the ,,year #ada ,x4--,,the ,,school ,,of ,,languages #afj ,,xi4--,,hotels1 ,,headquarters1 ,,and ,,handshaking 7#ahhj7 #agb ,,xii4--,,democracy ,,and ,,aristocracy ,,at ,,chautauqua 7#ahha7 #ahg ,,xiii4--,,the ,,first ,,recognition ,,day 7#ahhb7 #aif ,,xiv4--,,some ,,stories ,,of ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 7#ahhc1 #ahhd7 #bji ,,xv4--,,the ,,chaplain',s ,,leg ,,and ,,other ,,true ,,tales 7#ahhe-ahhh7 #bbd ,,xvi4--,a ,,new ,,leaf ,,in ,,luke',s ,,gospel 7#ahhi-ahib7 #bci ,,xvii4--,,club ,,life ,,at ,,chautauqua 7#ahic-ahif7 #bec ,,xviii4--,,rounding ,,out ,,the ,,old ,,century 7#ahig-aijj7 #bga ,,xix4--,,opening ,,the ,,new ,,century 7#aija-aijd7 #bhc ,,xx4--,,president ,,roosevelt ,,at ,,chautauqua 7#aije-aijh7 #bie ,,xxi4--,,the ,,pageant ,,of ,,the ,,past 7#aiji-aiab7 #cjh ,,xxii4--,,war ,,clouds ,,and ,,war ,,drums 7#aiac-aiaf7 #cba ,,xxiii4--,,war ,,and ,,its ,,aftermath 7#aiag-aibj7 #cch ,,xxiv4--,,chautauqua',s ,,elder ,,daughters #cfa ,,xxv4--,,younger ,,daughters ,,of ,,chautauqua #che ,,appendix #cie ,,index #dbj ,,illustrations ,,page ,,lewis ,,miller ,facing title-page ,,john ,h4 ,,vincent #d ,,steamer ,,in ,,the ,,outlet #h ,,old ,,business ,,block #af ,,old ,,amphitheater #bd ,,old ,,auditorium #bd ,,old ,,guest ,,house ,,the ,,ark #cb ,,old ,,children',s ,,temple #cb ,,lewis ,,miller ,,cottage #dj ,,bishop ,,vincent',s ,,tent #dj ,,old ,,steamer ,,jamestown #ej ,,oriental ,,house #ej ,,palestine ,,park #fj ,,tent ,,life #fj ,,spouting ,,tree #gj ,,rustic ,,bridge #gf ,,amphitheater ,,audience #hd ,,old ,,palace ,,hotel1 ,,etc4 #ib ,,old ,,hall ,,of ,,philosophy #ajj ,,the ,,golden ,,gate #ajj ,,flower ,,girls 7#b pictures7 #aaf ,,pioneer ,,hall #abb ,,old ,,college ,,building #abb ,c4,l4,s4,c4 ,,alumni ,,hall #acj ,,chautauqua ,,book ,,store #adj ,,hall ,,of ,,the ,,christ #aej ,,hall ,,of ,,philosophy1 ,,entrance #aej ,,congregational ,,house #afj ,,fenton ,,memorial #afj ,,baptist ,,headquarters ,,and ,,mission ,,house #agj ,,presbyterian ,,headquarters ,,and ,,mission ,,house #agj ,,methodist ,,headquarters #ahj ,,disciples ,,headquarters #ahj ,,unitarian ,,headquarters #aij ,,episcopal ,,chapel #aij ,,lutheran ,,headquarters #bjj ,,united ,,presbyterian ,,chapel #bjj ,,south ,,ravine #bbj ,,muscallonge #bbj ,,jacob ,,bolin ,,gymnasium #bbj ,,athletic ,,club #bcj ,,boys' ,,club ,,headed ,,for ,,camp #bcj ,,woman',s ,,club ,,house #bdj ,,rustic ,,bridge #bdj ,,post ,,office ,,building #bej ,,business ,,and ,,administration #bej ,,golf ,,course #bfj ,,sherwood ,,memorial #bfj ,,traction ,,station #bfj ,,arts ,,and ,,crafts ,,building #bgj ,,miller ,,bell ,,tower #bgj ,,south ,,gymnasium #bhj ,a ,,corner ,,of ,,the ,,playground #bij ,the ,story of ,chautauqua ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,place ,,john ,,heyl ,,vincent--a name that spells ,chautauqua to millions--said3 ,chautauqua is a place1 an idea1 and a force4 ,let us first of all look at the place1 from which an idea went forth with a living force into the world4 ,illustration3 ,john ,h4 ,vincent 7#ahgf7 ,the ,state of ,new ,york1 exclusive of ,long ,island1 is shaped somewhat like a gigantic foot1 the heel being at ,manhattan ,island1 the crown at the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river1 and the toe at the point where ,pennsylvania touches upon ,lake ,erie4 ,near this toe of ,new ,york lies ,lake ,chautauqua4 ,it is eighteen miles long besides the romantic outlet of three miles1 winding its way through forest primeval1 and flowing into a shallow stream1 the ,chadakoin ,river1 thence in succession into the ,allegheny1 the ,ohio1 the ,mississippi1 and finally resting in the bosom of the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,as we look at it upon the map1 or sail upon it in the steamer1 we perceive that it is about three miles across at its widest points1 and moreover that it is in reality two lakes connected by a narrower channel1 almost separated by two or three peninsulas4 ,the earliest extant map of the lake1 made by the way for ,general ,washington soon after the ,revolution 7now in the ,congressional ,library at ,washington71 represents two separate lakes with a narrow stream between them4 ,the lake receives no rivers or large streams4 ,it is fed by springs beneath1 and by a few brooks flowing into it4 ,consequently its water is remarkably pure1 since none of the surrounding settlements are permitted to send their sewage into it4 ,the surface of ,lake ,chautauqua is #acej feet above the level of the ocean2 said to be the highest navigable water in the ,united ,states4 ,this is not strictly correct1 for ,lake ,tahoe on the boundary between ,nevada and ,california is more than #fjjj feet above sea-level4 ,but ,tahoe is navigated only by motor-boats and small steamers2 while ,lake ,chautauqua1 having a considerable town1 ,mayville1 at its northern end1 ,jamestown1 a flourishing city at its outlet1 and its shores fringed with villages1 bears upon its bosom many sizable steam-vessels4 ,it is remarkable that while ,lake ,erie falls into the ,st4 ,lawrence and empties into the ,atlantic at iceberg-mantled ,labrador and ,newfoundland1 ,lake ,chautauqua only seven miles distant1 and of more than seven hundred feet higher altitude1 finds its resting place in the warm ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,between these two lakes is the watershed for this part of the continent4 ,an old barn is pointed out1 five miles from ,lake ,chautauqua1 whereof it is said that the rain falling on one side of its roof runs into ,lake ,erie and the ,st4 ,lawrence1 while the drops on the other side through a pebbly brook find their way by ,lake ,chautauqua into the ,mississippi4 ,nobody knows1 or will ever know1 how this lake got its smooth-sounding ,indian name4 ,some tell us that the word means the place of mists2 others1 the place high up2 still others that its form1 two lakes with a passage between1 gave it the name1 a bag tied in the middle1 or two moccasins tied together4 ,mr4 ,obed ,edson of ,chautauqua ,county1 who made a thorough search among old records and traditions1 which he embodied in a series of articles in ,the ,chautauquan in #aiaa-ab1 gives the following as a possible origin4 ,a party of ,seneca ,indians were fishing in the lake and caught a large muskallonge4 ,they laid it in their canoe1 and going ashore carried the canoe over the well-known portage to ,lake ,erie4 ,to their surprise1 they found the big fish still alive1 for it leaped from the boat into the water1 and escaped4 ,up to that time1 it is said1 no muskallonge had ever been caught in that lake2 but the eggs in that fish propagated their kind1 until it became abundant4 ,in the ,seneca language1 ga-jah means fish2 and ga-da-quah is taken out or as some say1 leaped out4 ,thus ,chautauqua means where the fish was taken out1 or the place of the leaping fish4 ,the name was smoothed out by the ,french explorers1 who were the earliest white men in this region1 to ,tchadakoin1 still perpetuated in the stream1 ,chadakoin1 connecting the lake with the ,allegheny ,river4 ,in an extant letter of ,george ,washington1 dated #aghh1 the lake is called1 ,jadaqua4 ,from the shore of ,lake ,erie1 where ,barcelona now stands1 to the site of ,mayville at the head of ,lake ,chautauqua ran a well-marked and often-followed ,indian trail1 over which canoes and furs were carried1 connecting the ,great ,lakes with the river-system of the mid-continent4 ,if among the red-faced warriors of those unknown ages there had arisen a ,homer to sing the story of his race1 a rival to the ,iliad and the ,nibelungen might have made these forests famous1 for here was the borderland between that remarkable ,indian confederacy of central ,new ,york1 the ,iroquois or ,five ,nations1--after the addition of the ,tuscaroras1 the ,six ,nations--those fierce ,assyrians of the ,western ,continent who barely failed in founding an empire1 and their antagonists the ,hurons around ,lake ,erie4 ,the two tribes confronting each other were the ,eries of the ,huron family and the ,senecas of the ,iroquois2 and theirs was a life and death struggle4 ,victory was with the ,senecas1 and tradition tells that the shores of ,chautauqua ,lake were illuminated by the burning alive of a thousand ,erie prisoners4 ,it is said that the first white man to launch his canoe on ,lake ,chautauqua was tienne ,brule1 a ,french voyageur4 ,five years before the landing of the ,pilgrims at ,plymouth1 with a band of friendly ,hurons he came over the portage from ,lake ,erie1 and sailed down from ,mayville to ,jamestown1 thence through the ,chadakoin to the ,allegheny and the ,ohio1 showing to the ,french rulers in ,canada that by this route lay the path to empire over the continent4 ,fifteen years later1 in #afcj1 ,la ,salle1 the indomitable explorer and warrior1 passed over the portage and down the lake to the river below4 ,fugitives from the ,french settlements in ,nova ,scotia1 the ,acadia of ,longfellow's ,evangeline1 also passed over the same trail and watercourses in their search for a southern home under the ,french flag4 ,in #agdi1 ,captain ,bienville de ,celoron led another company of pioneers1 soldiers1 sailors1 ,indians1 and a ,jesuit priest over the same route1 bearing with him inscribed leaden plates to be buried in prominent places1 as tokens of ,french sovereignty over these forests and these waters4 ,being a ,frenchman1 and therefore perhaps inclined to gayety1 he might have been happy if he could have foreseen that in a coming age1 the most elaborate amusement park on the border of ,tchadakoin 7as he spelled it on his leaden plates7 would hand down the name of ,celoron to generations then unborn6 ,illustration3 ,steamer in the ,outlet ,in order to make the ,french domination of this important waterway sure1 ,governor ,duquesne of ,canada sent across ,lake ,erie an expedition1 landing at ,barcelona1 to build a rough wagon-road over the portage to ,lake ,chautauqua4 ,traces of this old ,french road may still be seen4 ,those ,french surveyors and toilers little dreamed that in seven years their work would become an ,english thoroughfare1 and their empire in the new world would be exploited by the descendants of the ,puritan and ,huguenot6 ,during the ,american ,revolution1 the ,seneca tribe of ,indians1 who had espoused the ,british side1 established villages at ,bemus and ,griffiths points on ,lake ,chautauqua2 and a famous ,british regiment1 ,the ,king's ,eighth1 still on the rolls of the ,british army1 passed down the lake1 and encamped for a time beside the ,outlet within the present limits of ,jamestown4 ,thus the redskin1 the voyageur1 and the redcoat in turn dipped their paddles into the placid waters of ,lake ,chautauqua4 ,they all passed away1 and the ,american frontiersman took their place2 he too was followed by the farmer and the vinedresser4 ,in the last half of the nineteenth century a thriving town1 ,mayville1 was growing at the northern end of the lake2 the city of ,jamestown was rising at the end of the ,outlet2 while here and there along the shores were villages and hamlets2 roads1 such as they were before the automobile compelled their improvement1 threaded the forests and fields4 ,a region situated on the direct line of travel between the east and the west1 and also having ,buffalo on the north and ,pittsburgh on the south1 could not long remain secluded4 ,soon the whistle of the locomotive began to wake the echoes of the surrounding hills4 ,in its general direction the lake lies southeast and northwest1 and its widest part is about three miles south of ,mayville4 ,here on its northwestern shore a wide peninsula reaches forth into the water4 ,at the point it is a level plain1 covered with stately trees2 on the land side it rises in a series of natural terraces marking the altitude and extent of the lake in prehistoric ages2 for the present ,chautauqua ,lake is only the shrunken hollow of a vaster body in the geologic periods4 ,in the early 'seventies of the last century this peninsula was known as ,fair ,point2 but in a few years1 baptized with a new name ,,chautauqua1 it was destined to make the little lake famous throughout the world and to entitle an important chapter in the history of education4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,founders ,,every idea which becomes a force in the world has its primal origin in a living man or woman4 ,it drops as a seed into one mind1 grows up to fruitage1 and from one man is disseminated to a multitude4 ,the ,chautauqua ,idea became incarnate in two men1 ,john ,heyl ,vincent and ,lewis ,miller1 and by their cordinated plans and labors made itself a mighty power4 ,let us look at the lives of these two men1 whose names are ever one in the minds of intelligent ,chautauquans4 ,john ,heyl ,vincent was of ,huguenot ancestry4 ,the family came from the canton of ,rochelle1 a city which was the ,protestant capital of ,france in the period of the ,reformation4 ,from this vicinity ,levi ,vincent 7born #afgf71 a staunch ,protestant1 emigrated to ,america in the persecuting days of ,louis ,,xiv41 and settled first at ,new ,rochelle1 ,n4 ,y41 later removed to ,new ,jersey1 and died there in #agcf4 ,for several generations the family lived in ,new ,jersey2 but at the time of ,john ,heyl ,vincent's birth on ,february #bc1 #ahcb1 his father1 ,john ,himrod ,vincent1 the great-great-grandson of the ,huguenot refugee1 was dwelling at ,tuscaloosa1 ,alabama4 ,dr4 ,vincent used to say that he began his ministry before he was six years old1 preaching to the little negroes around his home4 ,the family moved during his early childhood to a farm near ,lewisburg1 ,pa41 on ,chillisquasque ,creek1 where at the age of fifteen he taught in the public school4 ,when not much above sixteen he was licensed as a local preacher in the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,he soon became a junior preacher on a four weeks' circuit along the ,lehigh ,river1 which at that time seems to have been in the bounds of the old ,baltimore ,conference4 ,he rode his circuit on horseback1 with a pair of saddlebags behind him1 and boarded 'round among his parishioners4 ,his saintly mother1 of whose character and influence he always spoke in the highest reverence1 died at this time1 and soon after he went to visit relatives in ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,there he served as an assistant in the city mission1 and at the same time studied in the ,wesleyan ,academy on ,high ,street4 ,a fellow student1 who became and continued through a long life one of his most intimate friends1 the ,rev4 ,george ,h4 ,whitney1 said that young ,vincent differed from most of his classmates in his eager desire for education1 his appetite for book-knowledge leading him to read almost every volume that came his way1 and his visions1 then supposed to be mere dreams1 of plans for the intellectual uplift of humanity4 ,it was his keenest sorrow that he could not realize his intense yearning for a course in college2 but perhaps his loss in youth became a nation's gain in his maturer years4 ,in #ahec he was received formally as a member on trial in the ,new ,jersey ,conference1 at that time embracing the entire ,state4 ,his first charge as pastor was at ,north ,belleville1 later known as ,franklin1 now ,nutley1 where a handsome new church bears his name and commemorates his early ministry4 ,his second charge was at a small suburb of ,newark1 then called ,camptown1 now the thriving borough of ,irvington4 ,his ministry from the beginning had been marked by an interest in childhood and youth1 and a strong effort to strengthen the work of the ,sunday ,school4 ,at ,camptown he established a definite course of ,bible teaching for teachers and young people4 ,near the church he staked out a map of ,palestine1 marked its mountains and streams1 its localities and battlefields1 and led his teachers and older scholars on pilgrimages from ,dan to ,beersheba1 pausing at each of the sacred places while a member of the class told its story4 ,the lessons of that ,palestine ,class1 taught on the peripatetic plan in the fifties1 are still in print1 showing the requirements for each successive grade of ,pilgrim1 ,resident in ,palestine1 ,dweller in ,jerusalem1 ,explorer of other ,bible ,lands1 and after a final and searching examination1 ,templar1 wearing a gold medal4 ,at each of his pastoral charges after this1 he conducted his ,palestine ,class and constructed his outdoor map of the ,holy ,land4 ,may we not find here the germ destined to grow into the ,palestine ,park of the ,chautauqua ,assembly8 ,after four years in ,new ,jersey young ,vincent was transferred in #aheg to ,illinois1 where in succession he had charge of four churches1 beginning with ,joliet1 where he met a young lady teacher1 ,miss ,elizabeth ,dusenbury1 of ,portville1 ,n4 ,y41 who became his wife1 and in the after years by her warm heart1 clear head1 and wise judgment greatly contributed to her husband's success4 ,he was a year at ,mount ,morris1 the seat of the ,rock ,river ,conference ,seminary1 at which he studied while pastor in the community4 ,for two years1 #ahfj and '#fa1 he was at ,galena1 and found in his congregation a quiet ex-army officer1 named ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant1 who afterward said when introducing him to ,president ,lincoln1 ,dr4 ,vincent was my pastor at ,galena1 ,ill41 and ,i do not think that ,i missed one of his sermons while ,i lived there4 ,long after the ,civil ,war days ,bishop ,vincent expressed in some autobiographical notes his estimate of ,general ,grant4 ,he wrote3 ,general ,grant was one of the loveliest and most reverent of men4 ,he had a strong will under that army overcoat of his1 but he was the soul of honor and as reverent as he was brave4 ,after two years at ,rockford--two years having been until #ahfd the limit for a pastorate in ,american ,methodism--in #ahfe he was appointed to ,trinity ,church1 ,chicago1 then the most important church of his denomination in that city4 ,chicago opened the door of opportunity to a wider field4 ,the pastor of ,trinity found in that city a group of young men1 enthusiasts in the ,sunday ,school1 and progressive in their aims4 ,dr4 ,vincent at once became a leader among them and by their aid was able to introduce a ,uniform ,lesson in the schools of the city4 ,he established in #ahfe a ,sunday ,school ,quarterly1 which in the following years became the ,sunday ,school ,teacher1 in its editorials and its lesson material setting a new standard for ,sunday ,school instruction4 ,his abilities were soon recognized by the authorities in his church1 and he was called to ,new ,york to become first ,general ,agent of the ,sunday ,school ,union1 the organization directing ,methodist ,episcopal ,sunday ,schools throughout the world1 and in #ahfh1 secretary and editor4 ,he organized and set in circulation the ,berean ,uniform ,lessons for his denomination1 an important link in the chain of events which in #ahgc made the ,sunday ,school lessons uniform throughout ,america and the world4 ,it is the fashion now to depreciate the ,uniform ,lesson ,plan as unpedagogic and unpsychologic2 but its inauguration was the greatest forward step ever taken in the evolution of the ,sunday ,school2 for it instituted systematic study of the ,bible1 and especially of the ,old ,testament2 it brought to the service of the teacher the ablest ,bible scholars on both sides of the ,atlantic2 it enabled the teachers of a school1 a town1 or a city to unite in the preparation of their lessons4 ,chicago1 ,new ,york1 ,brooklyn1 ,boston1 and many other places soon held study-classes of ,sunday ,school teachers1 of all grades1 of a thousand or more gathered on a week-day to listen to the lectures of great instructors4 ,the ,plainfield 7,n4 ,j47 ,railroad ,class was not the only group of ,sunday ,school workers who spent their hour on the train passing to and from business in studying together their ,sunday ,school lesson4 ,illustration3 ,old ,business ,block and ,post-,office ,soon after ,dr4 ,vincent assumed the charge of general ,sunday ,school work1 having his office in ,new ,york1 he took up his residence in ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j41 a suburban city which felt his influence and responded to it for twenty years4 ,having led the way to one summit in his ideals1 he saw other mountain-heights beyond1 and continually pointed his followers upward4 ,when he succeeded to the editorship of the ,sunday ,school ,journal1 the teachers' magazine of his church1 he found a circulation of about five thousand4 ,with the ,uniform ,lesson1 and his inspiring editorials1 it speedily rose to a hundred thousand1 and a few years later to two hundred thousand subscribers1 while his lesson leaves and quarterlies went into the millions4 ,with voice--that wonderful1 awakening1 thrilling voice--and with a pen on fire1 he appealed everywhere for a training that should fit ,sunday ,school teachers for their great work4 ,he established in many places the ,normal ,class1 and marked out a course of instruction for its students4 ,this was the step which led directly to the ,chautauqua ,assembly1 which indeed made some such institution a necessity4 ,the ,normal ,class proposed a weekly meeting of ,sunday ,school teachers or of young people seeking preparation for teaching1 a definite course of study1 examinations at regular stages1 and a diploma to those who met its standards4 ,dr4 ,vincent conceived the plan of bringing together a large body of teacher-students1 who should spend at least a fortnight in daily study1 morning and afternoon1 and thus accomplish more work than in six months of weekly meetings4 ,he aimed also to have lectures on inspiring themes1 with a spice of entertainment to impart variety4 ,while this ideal was rising before him and shaping in his mind1 he found a kindred spirit1 a genius in invention1 and a practical1 wise business man whose name was destined to stand beside his own in equal honor wherever and whenever ,chautauqua is named--,lewis ,miller of ,akron1 ,ohio1 the first and until his death in #ahii the only president of ,chautauqua4 ,lewis ,miller was born on ,july #bd1 #ahbi1 at ,greentown1 ,ohio4 ,he received in his childhood the limited education in the three ,r's--reading1 'riting and 'rithmetic1 usual in the country school2 and at the age of sixteen was himself a school teacher4 ,in #ahdi1 twenty years old1 he began work at the plastering trade1 but at the same time was attending school4 ,he became a partner in the manufacturing firm of ,aultman1 ,ball and ,co41 which soon became ,aultman1 ,miller and ,co41 and was removed from ,greentown to ,canton1 ,ohio4 ,here1 about #aheg1 ,mr4 ,miller invented and put into successful operation the ,buckeye ,mower and ,reaper1 which made him famous1 and with other inventions brought to him a fortune4 ,his home was for many years1 and until his death1 at ,akron4 ,from his earliest years he was interested in education1 and especially in education through the ,sunday ,school4 ,he became ,sunday ,school ,superintendent of the ,first ,methodist ,episcopal ,church in ,akron1 and made it more than most of the ,sunday ,schools in that generation a school1 and not merely a meeting for children4 ,he organized a graded system and required his pupils to pass from grade to grade through the door of an examination in ,bible knowledge4 ,he was one of the earliest ,sunday ,school superintendents to organize a ,normal ,class for the equipment and training of young people for teaching in his school4 ,at a certain stage in the promotions every young man and young woman passed one year or two years in the ,normal ,grade2 for which he arranged the course until one was provided by ,dr4 ,vincent after he became ,secretary of ,sunday ,school work for the denomination in #ahfh2 and in the planning of that early normal course1 ,mr4 ,miller took an active part1 for he met in ,john ,h4 ,vincent one who1 like himself1 held inspiring ideals for the ,sunday ,school1 and the two leaders were often in consultation4 ,it was an epoch in the history of the ,american ,sunday ,school when ,mr4 ,miller built the first ,sunday ,school hall in the land according to a plan originated by himself2 its architectural features being wrought out under his direction by his fellow-townsman and friend1 ,mr4 ,jacob ,snyder1 an architect of distinction4 ,in this building1 then unique but now followed by thousands of churches1 there was a domed central assembly hall1 with rooms radiating from it in two stories1 capable of being open during the general exercises1 but closed in the lesson period so that each class could be alone with its teacher while studying4 ,mr4 ,miller was also interested in secular education1 was for years president of the ,board of ,education in ,akron1 always aiming for higher standards in teaching4 ,he was also a trustee of ,mount ,union ,college in his own ,state4 ,two men such as ,vincent and ,miller1 both men of vision1 both leaders in education through the ,sunday ,school1 both aiming to make that institution more efficient1 would inevitably come together2 and it was fortunate that they were able to work hand in hand1 each helping the other4 ,these two men had thoughts of gatherings of ,sunday ,school workers1 not in conventions1 to hear reports and listen to speeches1 not to go for one-day or two- or three-day institutes1 but to spend weeks together in studying the ,bible and methods of ,sunday ,school work4 ,they talked over their plans1 and they found that while they had much in common in their conception each one could supplement the other in some of the details4 ,it had been ,dr4 ,vincent's purpose to hold his gathering of ,sunday ,school workers and ,bible students within the walls of a large church1 in some city centrally located and easily reached by railroad4 ,he suggested to ,mr4 ,miller that his new ,sunday ,school building1 with its many classrooms opening into one large assembly hall1 would be a suitable place for launching the new enterprise4 ,one cannot help asking the question--what would have been the result if ,dr4 ,vincent's proposal had been accepted1 and the first ,sunday ,school ,assembly had been held in a city and a church8 ,surely the word ,chautauqua would never have appeared as the name of a new and mighty movement in education4 ,moreover1 it is almost certain that the movement itself would never have arisen to prominence and to power4 ,it is a noteworthy fact that no ,chautauqua ,assembly has ever succeeded1 though often attempted1 in or near a large city4 ,one of the most striking and drawing features of the ,chautauqua movement has been its out-of-doors and in-the-woods habitat4 ,the two founders did not dream in those days of decision that the fate of a great educational system was hanging in the balance4 ,an inspiration came to ,lewis ,miller to hold the projected series of meetings in a forest1 and under the tents of a camp meeting4 ,camp meetings had been held in the ,united ,states since #agii1 when the first gathering of this name took place in a grove on the banks of the ,red ,river in ,kentucky led by two brothers ,mc,gee1 one a ,presbyterian1 the other a ,methodist4 ,in those years churches were few and far apart through the hamlets and villages of the west and south4 ,the camp meeting brought together great gatherings of people who for a week or more listened to sermons1 held almost continuous prayer meetings1 and called sinners to repentance4 ,the interest died down somewhat in the middle of the nineteenth century1 but following the ,civil ,war1 a wave of enthusiasm for camp meetings swept over the land4 ,in hundreds of groves1 east and west1 land was purchased or leased1 lots were sold1 tents were pitched1 and people by the thousand gathered for soul-stirring services4 ,in one of the oldest and most successful of these camp meetings1 that on ,martha's ,vineyard1 tents had largely given place to houses1 and a city had arisen in the forest4 ,this example had been followed1 and on many camp-meeting grounds houses of a primitive sort straggled around the open circle where the preaching services were held4 ,most of these buildings were mere sheds1 destitute of architectural beauty1 and innocent even of paint on their walls of rough boards4 ,many of these antique structures may still be seen at ,chautauqua1 survivals of the camp-meeting period1 in glaring contrast with the more modern summer homes beside them4 ,at first ,dr4 ,vincent did not take kindly to the thought of holding his training classes and their accompaniments in any relationship to a camp meeting or even upon a camp ground4 ,he was not in sympathy with the type of religious life manifested and promoted at these gatherings4 ,the fact that they dwelt too deeply in the realm of emotion and excitement1 that they stirred the feelings to the neglect of the reasoning and thinking faculties1 that the crowd called together on a camp-meeting ground would not represent the sober1 sane1 thoughtful element of church life--all these repelled ,dr4 ,vincent from the camp meeting4 ,mr4 ,miller had recently become one of the trustees of a camp meeting held at ,fair ,point on ,lake ,chautauqua1 and proposed that ,dr4 ,vincent should visit the place with him4 ,somewhat unwillingly1 yet with an open mind1 ,vincent rode with ,miller by train to ,lakewood near the foot of the lake1 and then in a small steamer sailed to ,fair ,point4 ,a small boy was with them1 sitting in the prow of the boat1 and as it touched the wharf he was the first of its passengers to leap on the land--and in after years1 ,george ,edgar ,vincent1 ,,ll4,d41 was wont to claim that he1 at the mature age of nine years1 was the original discoverer of ,chautauqua6 ,illustration3 ,old ,amphitheater ,illustration3 ,old ,auditorium in ,miller ,park ,it was in the summer of #ahgc1 soon after the fourth session of the ,erie ,conference ,camp ,meeting of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 that ,dr4 ,vincent came1 saw1 and was conquered4 ,his normal class and its subsidiary lectures and entertainments should be held under the beeches1 oaks1 and maples shading the terraced slopes rising up from ,lake ,chautauqua4 ,a lady who had attended the camp meeting in #ahga1 its second session upon the grounds at ,fair ,point1 afterward wrote her first impressions of the place4 ,she said that the superintendent of the grounds1 ,mr4 ,pratt 7from whom an avenue at ,chautauqua received its name some years afterward71 told her that until ,may1 #ahgj1 the sound of an axe had not been heard in those woods4 ,this lady 7,mrs4 ,kate ,p4 ,bruch7 wrote3 ,many of the trees were immense in size1 and in all directions1 from the small space occupied by those who were tenting there1 we could walk through seas of nodding ferns2 while everywhere through the forest was a profusion of wild flowers1 creeping vines1 murmuring pine1 beautiful mosses and lichens4 ,the lake itself delighted us with its lovely shores2 where either highly cultivated lands dotted with farmhouses1 or stretches of pine forest1 met on all sides the cool1 clear water that sparkled or danced in the sunlight1 or gave subdued but beautiful reflection of the moonlight4 ,we were especially charmed with the narrow1 tortuous outlet of the lake--then so closely resembling the streams of tropical climes4 ,with the trees pressing closely to the water's edge1 covered with rich foliage1 tangled vines clinging and swaying from their branches2 and luxuriant undergrowth1 through which the bright cardinal flowers were shining1 it was not difficult to fancy one's self far from our northern clime1 sailing over water that never felt the cold clasp of frost and snow4 ,the steamers winding their way through the romantic outlet were soon to be laden with new throngs looking for the first time upon forest1 farms1 and lake4 ,those ivy-covered and moss-grown terraces of ,fair ,point were soon to be trodden by the feet of multitudes2 and that camp-meeting stand from which fervent appeals to repentance had sounded forth1 to meet responses of raptured shouts from saints1 and cries for mercy from seekers1 was soon to become the arena for religious thought and aspiration of types contrasted with those of the camp meeting of former years4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,some ,,primal ,,principles ,,we have looked at the spot chosen for this new movement1 and we have become somewhat acquainted with its two leaders4 ,let us now look at its foundations1 and note the principles upon which it was based4 ,we shall at once perceive that the original plans of the ,fair ,point ,assembly were very narrow in comparison with those of ,chautauqua to-day4 ,yet those aims were of such a nature1 like a ,gothic ,church1 as would readily lend themselves to enlargement on many sides1 and only add to the unique beauty of the structure4 ,in this chapter we are not undertaking to set forth the ,chautauqua ,idea1 as it is now realized--for everybody1 everywhere1 and in every department of knowledge1 inspired by a ,christian faith4 ,whatever may have been in the mind of either founder1 this wide-reaching aim was not in those early days made known4 ,both ,miller and ,vincent were interested in education1 and each of them felt his own lack of college training1 but during the first three or four years of ,chautauqua's history all its aims were in the line of religious education through the ,sunday ,school4 ,we are not to look for the traits of its later development1 in those primal days4 ,ours is the story of an evolution1 and not a philosophical treatise4 ,the first assembly on ,chautauqua ,lake was held under the sanction and direction of the governing ,sunday ,school ,board of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 by resolution of the ,board in ,new ,york at its meeting in ,october1 #ahgc1 in response to a request from the executive committee of the ,chautauqua ,lake ,camp ,ground ,association1 and upon the recommendation of ,dr4 ,vincent1 whose official title was ,corresponding ,secretary of the ,sunday ,school ,union of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,the ,normal ,committee of the ,union was charged with the oversight of the projected meetings2 ,lewis ,miller was appointed ,president1 and ,john ,h4 ,vincent1 ,superintendent of ,instruction4 ,although held upon a camp ground and inheriting some of the camp-meeting opportunities1 the gathering was planned to be unlike a camp meeting in its essential features1 and to reach a constituency outside that of the camp ground4 ,its name was a new one1 ,the ,assembly1 and its sphere was announced to be that of the ,sunday ,school4 ,there was to be a definite and carefully prepared program of a distinctly educational cast1 with no opening for spontaneous1 go-as-you-please meetings to be started at any moment4 ,this was arranged to keep a quietus on both the religious enthusiast and the wandering ,sunday ,school orator who expected to make a speech on every occasion4 ,on my first visit to ,fair ,point--which was not in '#gd but in '#ge--;,i found a prominent ,sunday ,school talker from my own ,state1 grip-sack in hand1 leaving the ground4 ,he explained1 ,this is no place for me4 ,they have a cut-and-dried program1 and a fellow can't get a word in anywhere4 ,i'm going home4 ,give me the convention where a man can speak if he wants to4 ,in most of the camp meetings1 but not in all1 ,sunday was the great day1 a picnic on a vast scale1 bringing hundreds of stages1 carryalls1 and wagons from all quarters1 special excursion trains loaded with visitors1 fleets of boats on the lake or river1 if the ground could be reached by water route4 ,no doubt some good was wrought4 ,under the spell of a stirring preacher some were turned from sin to righteousness4 ,but much harm was also done1 in the emptying of churches for miles around1 the bringing together of a horde of people intent on pleasure1 and utter confusion taking the place of a sabbath-quiet which should reign on a ground consecrated to worship4 ,against this desecration of the holy day1 ,miller and ,vincent set themselves firmly4 ,as a condition of accepting the invitation of the ,camp ,meeting ,association to hold the proposed ,assembly at ,fair ,point1 the gates were to be absolutely closed against all visitors on ,sunday2 and notice was posted that no boats would be allowed to land on that day at the ,fair ,point pier4 ,in those early days everybody came to ,fair ,point by boat4 ,there was indeed a back-door entrance on land for teams and foot passengers2 but few entered through it4 ,in these modern days of electricity1 now that the lake is girdled with trolley lines1 and a hundred automobiles stand parked outside the gates1 the back door has become the front door1 and the steamboats are comparatively forsaken4 ,in addition to the name ,assembly1 the exact order of exercises1 and the closed ground on ,sunday1 there was another startling departure from camp-meeting usages--a gate fee4 ,the overhead expenses of a camp meeting were comparatively light4 ,those were not the days when famous evangelists like ,sam ,jones and popular preachers such as ,de,witt ,talmage received two hundred dollars for a ,sunday sermon4 ,board and keep were the rewards of the ministers1 and the keep was a bunk in the preachers' tent4 ,the needed funds were raised by collections1 which though nominally voluntary were often obtained under high-pressure methods4 ,but the ,assembly1 with well-known lecturers1 teachers of recognized ability1 and the necessary nation-wide advertising to awaken interest in a new movement would of necessity be expensive4 ,how should the requisite dollars by the thousand be raised8 ,the two heads of the ,assembly resolved to dispense with the collections1 and have a gate fee for all comers4 ,fortunately the ,fair ,point grounds readily lent themselves to this plan1 for they were already surrounded on three sides by a high picket-fence1 and only the small boys knew where the pickets were loose1 and they didn't tell4 ,illustration3 ,the ,old ,guest ,house4 ,the ,ark ,illustration3 ,old ,children's ,temple ,the ,sunday closing and the entrance charge raised a storm of indignation all around the lake4 ,the steamboat owners--in those days there were no steamer corporations2 each boat big or little1 was owned by its captain--the steamboat owners saw plainly that ,sunday would be a lost day to them if the gates were closed2 and the thousands of visitors to the camp meeting who had squeezed out a dime1 or even a penny1 when the basket went around1 bitterly complained outside the gates at a quarter for daily admission1 half of what they had cheerfully handed over when the annual circus came to town4 ,during the first ,assembly in #ahgd1 the gatekeepers needed all their patience and politeness to restrain some irate visitors from coming to blows over the infringement of their right to free entrance upon the ,fair ,point ,camp ,ground4 ,there were holders of leases upon lots who expected free entrance for themselves and their families--and family was stretched to include visitors4 ,then there were the preachers who could not comprehend why they should buy a ticket for entrance to the holy ground6 ,the financial and restrictive regulations were left largely to ,lewis ,miller1 who possessed the suaviter in modo so graciously that many failed to realize underneath it the fortiter in re4 ,behind that smiling countenance of the ,president of ,chautauqua was an uncommonly stiff backbone4 ,rules once fixed were kept in the teeth of opposition from both sinners and saints4 ,let me anticipate some part of our story by saying that at the present time there are from six to eight hundred all-the-year residents upon ,chautauqua grounds4 ,before the ,assembly opens on ,july #ast1 every family must obtain season tickets to the public exercises for all except the very youngest members and bedridden invalids4 ,a lease upon ,chautauqua property does not entitle the holder to admission to the grounds4 ,if he owns an automobile1 it must be parked outside1 and cannot be brought through the gates without the payment of an entrance fee1 and an officer riding beside the chauffeur to see that in ,chautauqua's narrow streets and thronged walks all care is taken against accident4 ,the only exception to this rule is in favor of physicians who are visiting patients within the enclosure4 ,the catholicity of the plans for the first ,assembly must not be forgotten4 ,both its founders were members of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church and loyal to its institutions4 ,but they were also believers in and members of the ,holy ,catholic ,church1 the true church of ,christ on earth1 wherein every ,christian body has a part4 ,they had no thought to ignore the various denominations1 but aimed to make every follower of ,christ at home4 ,upon the program appeared the names of men eminent in all the churches2 and it was a felicitous thought to hold each week on one evening the prayer meetings of the several churches1 each by itself1 also to plan on one afternoon in different places on the ground1 for denominational conferences where the members of each church could freely discuss their own problems and provide for their own interests4 ,this custom established at the first assembly has become one of the traditions of ,chautauqua4 ,every ,wednesday evening1 from seven to eight1 is assigned for denominational prayer meetings1 and on the second ,wednesday afternoon in ,august1 two hours are set apart for the ,denominational ,conferences4 ,the author of this volume knows something about one of those meetings2 for year after year it has brought him to his wit's end1 to provide a program that will not be a replica of the last one1 and then sometimes1 to persuade the conferences to confer4 ,but if a list were made of the noble names that have taken part in these gatherings1 it would show that the interdenominational plan of the founders has been justified by the results4 ,it is a great fact that for nearly fifty years the loyal members of almost every church in the land have come together at ,chautauqua1 all in absolute freedom to speak their minds1 yet with never the least friction or controversy4 ,and this relation was not one of an armed neutrality between bodies in danger of breaking out into open war4 ,it did not prevent a good-natured raillery on the ,chautauqua platform between speakers of different denominations4 ,if anyone had a joke at the expense of the ,baptists or the ,methodists or the ,presbyterians1 he never hesitated to tell it before five thousand people1 even with the immediate prospect of being demolished by a retort from the other side4 ,a conversation that occurred at least ten years after the session of '#gd belongs here logically1 if not chronologically4 ,a tall1 long-coated minister whose accent showed his nativity in the southern mountain-region said to me1 ,i wish to inquire1 sir1 what is the doctrinal platform of this assembly4 ,there is none1 so far as ,i know1 ,i answered4 ,you certainly do not mean1 sir1 he responded1 that there is not an understanding as to the doctrines allowed to be taught on this platform4 ,is there no statement in print of the views that must or must not be expressed by the different speakers8 ,i never heard of any1 ,i said1 and if there was such a statement ,i think that ,i should know about it4 ,what1 sir1 is there to prevent any speaker from attacking the doctrines of some other church1 or even from speaking against the fundamental doctrines of ,christianity8 ,nothing in the world1 ,i said1 except that nobody at ,chautauqua ever wishes to attack any other ,christian body4 ,if anyone did such a thing1 ,i don't believe that it would be thought necessary to disown or even to answer him4 ,but ,i am quite certain that it would be his last appearance on the ,chautauqua platform4 ,in this chapter ,i have sought to point out the foundation stones of ,chautauqua1 as they were laid nearly half a century ago4 ,others were placed later in the successive years2 but these were the original principles1 and these have been maintained for more than a generation4 ,let us fix them in memory by a restatement and an enumeration4 ,first1 ,chautauqua1 now an institution for general and popular education1 began in the department of religion as taught in the ,sunday ,school4 ,second1 it was an out-of-doors school1 held in the forest1 blazing the way and setting the pace of summer schools in the open air throughout the nation and the world4 ,third1 although held upon a camp-meeting ground it was widely different in aim and method1 spirit and clientele from the old-fashioned camp meeting4 ,fourth1 it maintained the sanctity of the ,sabbath1 closed its gates1 and frowned upon every attempt to secularize or commercialize the holy day1 or to make it a day of pleasure4 ,fifth1 the enterprise was supported1 not by collections at its services1 or by contributions from patrons1 but by a fee upon entrance from every comer4 ,sixth1 it was to represent not one branch of the church1 but to bring together all the churches in acquaintance and friendship1 to promote1 not church union1 but church unity4 ,and seventh1 let it be added that it was to be in no sense a money-making institution4 ,there were trustees but no stockholders1 and no dividends4 ,if any funds remained after paying the necessary expenses1 they were to be used for improvement of the grounds or the enlargement of the program4 ,upon these foundations ,chautauqua has stood and has grown to greatness4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,beginnings ,,but let us come to the opening session of the ,assembly1 destined to greater fortune and fame than even its founders at that time dreamed4 ,it was named ,the ,sunday ,school ,teachers' ,assembly1 for the wider field of general education then lay only in the depths of one founder's mind4 ,for the sake of history1 let us name the officers of this first ,assembly4 ,they were as follows3 ,chairman--,lewis ,miller1 ,esq41 of ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,department of ,instruction--,rev4 ,john ,h4 ,vincent1 ,d4,d41 of ,new ,york4 ,department of ,entertainment--,rev4 ,r4 ,w4 ,scott1 ,mayville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,department of ,supplies--,j4 ,e4 ,wesener1 ,esq41 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,department of ,order--,rev4 ,r4 ,m4 ,warren1 ,fredonia1 ,n4 ,y4 ,department of ,recreation--,rev4 ,w4 ,w4 ,wythe1 ,m4,d41 ,meadville1 ,pa4 ,sanitary ,department--,j4 ,c4 ,stubbs1 ,m4,d41 ,corry1 ,pa4 ,the property of the ,camp ,meeting ,association1 leased for the season to the ,assembly1 embraced less than one fourth of the present dimensions of ,chautauqua1 even without the golf course and other property outside the gates4 ,east and west it extended as it does now from the ,point and the ,pier to the public highway4 ,but on the north where ,kellogg ,memorial ,hall now stands was the boundary indicated by the present ,scott ,avenue1 though at that time unmarked4 ,the site of ,normal ,hall and all north of it were outside the fence4 ,and on the south its boundary was the winding way of ,palestine ,avenue4 ,the ravine now covered by the ,amphitheater was within the bounds1 but the site of the ,hotel ,athenum was without the limit4 ,he who rambles around ,chautauqua in our day sees a number of large1 well-kept hotels1 and many inns and cottages inviting the visitor to comfortable rooms and bountiful tables4 ,but in those early days there was not one hotel or boarding-house at ,fair ,point4 ,tents could be rented1 and a cottager might open a room for a guest1 but it was forbidden to supply table board for pay4 ,everybody1 except such as did their own cooking1 ate their meals at the dining-hall1 which was a long tabernacle of rough unpainted boards1 with a leaky roof1 and backless benches where the feeders sat around tables covered with oilcloth4 ,and as for the meals--well1 if there was high thinking at ,chautauqua there was certainly plain living4 ,sometimes it rained1 and ,d4,d4's1 ,,ll4,d4's1 professors1 and plain people held up umbrellas with one hand and tried to cut tough steaks with the other4 ,but nobody complained at the fare1 for the feast of reason and flow of soul made everybody forget burnt potatoes and hard bread4 ,illustration3 ,lewis ,miller1 ,cottage and ,tent ,illustration3 ,bishop ,vincent's ,tent-,cottage ,what is now ,miller ,park1 the level ground and lovely grove at the foot of the hill1 was then the ,auditorium1 where stood a platform and desk sheltered from sun on some days and rain on others4 ,before it was an array of seats1 lacking backs1 instead of which the audience used their own backbones4 ,perhaps two thousand people could find sitting-room under the open sky1 shaded by the noble trees4 ,a sudden shower would shoot up a thousand umbrellas4 ,one speaker said that happening to look up from his manuscript he perceived that an acre of toadstools had sprouted in a minute4 ,at the lower end of this park stood the tent wherein ,dr4 ,vincent dwelt during many seasons2 at the upper end was the new cottage of the ,miller family with a tent frame beside it for guests4 ,at this ,auditorium all the great lectures were given for the first four years of ,chautauqua history1 except when continued rain forbade4 ,then an adjournment1 sometimes hasty1 was made to a large tent up the hill1 known as the ,tabernacle4 ,one day1 during the second season of the ,assembly in #ahge1 ,professor ,william ,f4 ,sherwin1 singer1 chorus leader1 ,bible teacher1 and wit of the first water1 was conducting a meeting in the ,auditorium4 ,the weather had been uncertain1 an open and shut day1 and people hardly knew whether to meet for ,sherwin's service in the grove or in the tent on the hill4 ,suddenly a tall form1 well known at ,chautauqua1 came tearing down the hill and up the steps of the platform1 breathless1 wild-eyed1 with mop of hair flying loose1 bursting into the professor's address with the words1 ,professor ,sherwin1 ,i come as a committee of fifty to invite you to bring your meeting up to the ,tabernacle1 safe from the weather1 where a large crowd is gathered6 ,well1 responded ,sherwin1 you may be a committee of fifty1 but you look like sixty6 ,and from that day ever after at ,chautauqua a highly respected gentleman from ,washington1 ,d4,c41 was universally known as the man who looks like sixty4 ,when we speak of ,sherwin1 inevitably we think of ,frank ,beard1 the cartoonist1 whose jokes were as original as his pictures4 ,he would draw in presence of the audience a striking picture1 seemingly serious1 and then in a few quick strokes transform it into something absurdly funny4 ,for instance1 his ,moses in the ,bulrushes was a beautiful baby surrounded by waving reeds4 ,a sudden twist of the crayon1 and lo1 a wild bull was charging at the basket and its baby4 ,this was ,the ,bull ,rushes4 ,beard was as gifted with tongue as with pen1 and in the comradeship of the ,chautauqua platform he and ,sherwin were continually hurling jokes at each other4 ,oftentimes the retort was so pat that one couldn't help an inward question whether the two jesters had not arranged it in advance4 ,frank ,beard used to hold a question drawer occasionally4 ,there was a show of collecting questions from the audience1 but those to be answered had been prepared by ,mr4 ,beard and his equally witty wife1 and written on paper easily recognized4 ,one by one1 these were taken out1 read with great dignity1 and answered in a manner that kept the crowd in a roar4 ,on one occasion ,professor ,sherwin was presiding at ,mr4 ,beard's question drawer--for it was the rule that at every meeting there must be a chairman as well as the speaker4 ,the question was drawn out1 ,will ,mr4 ,beard please explain the difference between a natural consequence and a miracle8 ,mr4 ,beard did explain thus3 ,this difficult question can be answered by a very simple illustration4 ,there is ,professor ,sherwin4 ,if ,professor ,sherwin says to me1 ',mr4 ,beard1 lend me five dollars1' and ,i should let him have it1 that would be a natural consequence4 ,if ,professor ,sherwin should ever pay it back1 that would be a miracle6 ,it is needless to say that the opportunity soon arrived for ,mr4 ,sherwin to repay ,mr4 ,beard for full value of debt with abundant interest4 ,mention has been made that at each address or public platform meeting a chairman must be in charge4 ,in the old camp-meeting days all the ministers had been wont to sit on the platform behind the preacher2 and some of them could not reconcile themselves to ,dr4 ,vincent's rule that only the chairman and the speaker of the hour should occupy the preachers' stand4 ,notwithstanding repeated announcements1 some clergymen continued to invade the platform4 ,the head of the ,department of ,order once pointed to a well-known minister and said to the writer1 ,four times ,i have told that man--and a good man he is--that he must not take a seat on the platform4 ,whoever casts his eyes on the platform of the ,amphitheater may notice that before every public service1 the janitor places just the number of chairs needed1 and no more4 ,this is one of the ,chautauqua traditions1 begun under the ,vincent rgime4 ,before we come to the more serious side of our story let us notice another instance of the contrast between the camp meeting and ,chautauqua4 ,a widely known ,methodist came1 bringing with him a box of revival song-books1 compiled by himself4 ,he was a leader of a praying band1 and accustomed to hold meetings where the enthusiasm was pumped up to a high pitch4 ,one ,sunday at a certain hour he noticed that the ,auditorium in the grove was unoccupied2 and gathering a group of friends with warm hearts and strong voices1 he mounted the platform and in stentorian tones began a song from his own book4 ,the sound brought people from all the tents and cottages around1 and soon his meeting was in full blast1 with increasing numbers responding to his ardent appeals4 ,word came to ,dr4 ,vincent who speedily marched into the arena4 ,he walked upon the platform1 held up his hand in a gesture compelling silence1 and calling upon the self-appointed leader by name1 said3 ,this meeting is not on the program1 nor appointed by the authorities1 and it cannot be held4 ,what8 spoke up the praying-band commander4 ,do you mean to say that we can't have a service of song and prayer on these grounds8 ,yes1 replied ,dr4 ,vincent1 ,i do mean it4 ,no meeting of any kind can be held without the order of the authorities4 ,you should have come to me for permission to hold this service4 ,the man was highly offended1 gathered up his books1 and left the grounds on the next day4 ,he would have departed at once1 but it was ,sunday1 and the gates were closed4 ,let it be said1 however1 that six months later1 when he had thought it over1 he wrote to ,dr4 ,vincent an ample apology for his conduct and said that he had not realized the difference between a camp meeting and a ,sunday ,school ,assembly4 ,he ended by an urgent request that ,dr4 ,vincent should come to the camp ground at ,round ,lake1 of which he was president1 should organize and conduct an assembly to be an exact copy of ,chautauqua in its program and speakers1 with all the resources of ,round ,lake at his command4 ,his invitation was accepted4 ,in due time1 with this man's loyal support1 ,dr4 ,vincent organized and set in motion the ,round ,lake ,assembly1 upon the ,chautauqua pattern1 which continues to this day1 true to the ideals of the founder4 ,one unique institution on the ,fair ,point of those early days must not be omitted--the ,park of ,palestine4 ,following the suggestion of ,dr4 ,vincent's church lawn model of the ,holy ,land1 ,dr4 ,wythe of ,meadville1 an adept in other trades than physic and preaching1 constructed just above the pier on the lake shore a park one hundred and twenty feet long1 and seventy-five feet wide1 shaped to represent in a general way the contour of the ,holy ,land4 ,it was necessary to make the elevations six times greater than longitudinal measurements2 and if one mountain is made six times as large as it should be1 some other hills less prominent in the landscape or less important in the record must be omitted4 ,the lake was taken to represent the ,mediterranean ,sea1 and on the ,sea-,coast ,plain were located the cities of the ,philistines1 north of them ,joppa and ,csarea1 and far beyond them on the shore1 ,tyre and ,sidon4 ,the ,mountain ,region showed the famous places of ,israelite history from ,beersheba to ,dan1 with the sacred mountains ,olivet and ,zion1 ,ebal and ,gerizim having ,jacob's ,well beside them1 ,gilboa with its memories of ,gideon's victory and ,king ,saul's defeat1 the mountain on whose crown our ,lord preached his sermon1 and overtopping all1 ,hermon1 where he was transfigured4 ,from two springs flowed little rills to represent the sources of the ,river ,jordan which wound its way down the valley1 through the two lakes1 ,merom and the ,sea of ,galilee1 ending its course in the ,dead ,sea4 ,there were ,jericho and the ,brook ,jabbok1 the clustered towns around the ,galilean ,sea1 and at the foot of ,mount ,hermon1 ,csarea-,philippi4 ,across the ,jordan rose the ,eastern ,tableland1 with its mountains and valleys and brooks and cities even as far as ,damascus4 ,as the ,assembly was an experiment1 and might be transferred later to other parts of the country1 the materials for this ,palestine ,park were somewhat temporary4 ,the mountains were made of stumps1 fragments of timber1 filled in with sawdust from a ,mayville mill1 and covered with grassy sods4 ,but the park constructed from makeshift materials proved one of the most attractive features of the encampment4 ,groups of ,bible students might be seen walking over it1 notebooks in their hands1 studying the sacred places4 ,a few would even pluck and preserve a spear of grass1 carefully enshrining it in an envelope duly marked4 ,a report went abroad1 indeed1 that soil from the ,holy ,land itself had been spread upon the park1 constituting it a sort of ,campo ,santo1 but this claim was never endorsed by either its architect or its originator4 ,the park of ,palestine still stands1 having been rebuilt several times1 enlarged to a length of #cej feet1 and now1 as ,i write1 with another restoration promised4 ,one fact in this sacred geography must needs be stated1 in the interests of exact truth4 ,in order to make use of the lake shore1 north had to be in the south1 and east in the west4 ,chautauqua has always been under a despotic though paternal government1 and its visitors easily accommodate themselves to its decrees4 ,but the sun persists in its independence1 rises over ,chautauqua's ,mediterranean ,sea where it should set1 and continues its sunset over the mountains of ,gilead1 where it should rise4 ,dr4 ,vincent and ,lewis ,miller could bring to pass some remarkable1 even seemingly impossible1 achievements1 but they were not able to outdo ,joshua1 and not only make the sun stand still1 but set it moving in a direction opposite to its natural course4 ,in one of his inimitable speeches1 ,frank ,beard said that ,palestine ,park had been made the model for all the beds on ,fair ,point4 ,he slept1 as he asserted1 on ,palestine1 with his head on ,mount ,hermon1 his body sometimes in the ,jordan valley1 at other times on the mountains of ,ephraim2 and one night when it rained1 he found his feet in the ,dead ,sea4 ,in the early days of ,chautauqua a tree was standing near ,palestine ,park1 which invited the attention of every child1 and many grown folks4 ,it was called the spouting tree4 ,dr4 ,wythe found a tree with one branch bent over near the ground and hollow4 ,he placed a water-pipe in the branch and sent a current of fresh water through it1 so that the tree seemed to be pouring forth water4 ,at all times a troop of children might be seen around it4 ,at least one little girl made her father walk down every day to the wonder1 to the neglect of other walks on the ,assembly ground4 ,afterward at home from an extended tour1 they asked her what was the most wonderful thing that she had seen in her journey4 ,they expected her to say1 ,niagara ,falls1 but without hesitation she answered1 ,the tree that spouted water at ,chautauqua4 ,the standards of greatness in the eyes of childhood differ from those of the grown-up folks4 ,the true ,chautauqua1 aided as it was by the features of mirth and entertainment and repartee1 was in the daily program followed diligently by the assembled thousands4 ,here is in part the schedule1 taken from the printed report4 ,it was opened on ,tuesday evening1 ,august #d1 #ahgd1 in the out-of-doors auditorium1 now ,miller ,park1 beginning with a brief responsive service of ,scripture and song1 prepared by ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,chautauqua clings to ancient customs2 and that same service1 word for word1 has been rendered every year on the first ,tuesday evening in ,august1 at what is known as ,old ,first ,night4 ,illustration3 ,old ,steamer ,jamestown ,illustration3 ,oriental ,house2 ,museum ,bishop ,vincent afterward wrote of that memorable first meeting3 ,the stars were out1 and looked down through trembling leaves upon a goodly well-wrapped company1 who sat in the grove1 filled with wonder and hope4 ,no electric light brought platform and people face to face that night4 ,the old-fashioned pine fires on rude four-legged stands covered with earth1 burned with unsteady1 flickering flame1 now and then breaking into brilliancy by the contact of a resinous stick of the rustic fireman1 who knew how to snuff candles and how to turn light on the crowd of campers-out4 ,the white tents around the enclosure were very beautiful in that evening light4 ,at this formal opening on ,august #d1 #ahgd1 brief addresses were given by ,dr4 ,vincent and by a ,baptist1 a ,presbyterian1 a ,methodist1 and a ,congregational pastor4 ,this opening showed the broad brotherhood which was to mark the history of ,chautauqua4 ,on the next day1 ,wednesday1 began what might be called the school sessions of the ,assembly4 ,the fourteen days were divided into three terms4 ,every morning at #h o'clock a brief service of prayer and ,bible reading began the day in the auditorium1 now ,miller ,park4 ,at #h3ae during the first term1 ,august #dth-#ith1 a conference was held of ,normal ,class and ,institute conductors1 at which reports were rendered of work done1 courses of study1 and methods of work1 and results obtained4 ,in those days when training classes for ,sunday ,school teachers were almost unknown1 this series of conferences1 attended by hundreds of workers1 proved of infinite value1 and set in motion classes in many places4 ,at #i o'clock1 section meetings were held for superintendents and pastors1 and teachers of the different grades1 from the primary class to the adult ,bible class4 ,the ,normal ,class held its sessions during the second term1 from ,august #ajth-#acth1 and the third term1 ,august #adth-#ahth4 ,four classes were held simultaneously in different tents1 with teachers changed each day4 ,at these classes most of the lessons were on the ,bible--its ,evidences1 ,books and ,authors1 ,geography1 ,history1 and ,interpretation4 ,the topics pertaining to the teacher and the class were taken up in the different conferences4 ,the ,normal ,class was held to be the core and life of the ,assembly1 and everybody was urged to attend its sessions4 ,all whose names began with letters from ,a to ,g were to attend regularly ,tent ,a4 ,those with initials from ,h to ,m were to go to ,tent ,b1 and so on through the alphabet1 to the four ,normal ,tents4 ,but the students soon found their favorite teachers1 would watch for them1 and follow them into their different tents4 ,there was another infraction of the program4 ,the blackboard was a new feature in ,sunday ,school work1 and not enough blackboards of good quality had been secured4 ,some were too small1 some were not black enough1 and one was painted with the lines for music4 ,it is reported that some of the teachers bribed the janitor to provide for their use the good boards4 ,there is even the tale that a ,sunday ,school leader was seen stealing a blackboard and replacing it in another's tent by an inferior one4 ,we humbly trust that this report was false4 ,that the ,normal ,class1 the conferences1 and the lectures on ,sunday ,school work were taken seriously is shown by the report of the written examination1 held on ,monday1 ,august #agth1 the day before the ,assembly closed4 ,more than two hundred people sat down in the ,tabernacle on the hill1 each furnished with fifty questions on the ,bible and the ,sunday ,school4 ,twenty or more dropped out1 but at the end of the nearly five hours' wrestling one hundred and eighty-four papers were handed in4 ,three of these were marked absolutely perfect1 those of the ,rev4 ,c4 ,p4 ,hard1 on his way to ,india as a missionary1 ,mr4 ,caleb ,sadler of ,iowa1 and the ,rev4 ,samuel ,mc,gerald of ,new ,york4 ,ninety-two were excellent1 fifty more were passed1 making one hundred and forty-five accepted members of the ,normal ,alumni ,association2 eighteen had their papers returned to be rewritten after further study1 and the lowest fourteen were consigned to the wastebasket4 ,the ,western ,christian ,advocate gave a picture of the first normal examination at ,chautauqua1 which we republish4 ,the tent is a very large one1 and was plentifully supplied with benches1 chairs1 camp-stools1 etc4 ,the spectacle was very imposing4 ,the ladies seemed a little in the majority4 ,there were two girls under fifteen1 and one boy in his fourteenth year4 ,each was provided with paper1 and each wore a more or less silent and thoughtful air4 ,there was no shuffling1 no listlessness1 no whispering4 ,the conductor1 with a big stump for his table1 occupied a somewhat central position1 ready to respond to the call of any uplifted hand4 ,we stood just back of ,dr4 ,vincent1 with the scene in full view4 ,to our right1 but a little on the outside of the tent1 were ,bishop ,simpson and ,dr4 ,thomas ,m4 ,eddy1 who remained only a few minutes1 as the latter was compelled to take the ten o'clock train for ,new ,york4 ,on the same side1 and a little nearer to us1 were groups of visitors1 mostly from the country adjacent1 who gazed in rapt astonishment at the sight before them1 not daring to inquire the meaning of all this mute array of paper and pencil4 ,a little to our left was a lawyer of large experience and almost national fame1 who had removed his hat1 collar1 coat and cuffs2 just by his side was an ex-,state senator2 and a little further on was a boy from ,iowa4 ,he had improvised for his table a small round log1 and had gathered together for the better resting of his knees1 a good-sized pile of dry beech-leaves4 ,this lad1 we learned1 had been studying the ,normal course during the last year2 and we further discovered that he succeeded in answering accurately all but ten or twelve of the fifty questions1 one of the to him insoluble and incomprehensible being1 ,what is the relation of the church to the ,sunday ,school8 ,nearly in front of the conductor were two veteran spectacled sisters1 who at no time whispered to each other1 but kept up a strong thinking and a frequent use of the pencil4 ,near these sat a mother and daughter from ,evanston1 ,illinois1 silent and confident4 ,on the outer row of seats we observed three doctors of divinity1 a theological student1 the president of an ,ohio college1 a gentleman connected with the internal revenue1 and a lady principal of a young ladies' seminary1 all with their thinking-caps admirably adjusted4 ,at the end of an hour and forty minutes a ,new ,york brother1 who had been especially active in sectional work1 held up his hand in token of success1 and his paper was passed up to ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,shortly afterward another made a similar signal2 but nearly all occupied over three hours in the work4 ,over one half attained to seventy-five or eighty per cent4 ,let it be remembered that no matter how long the student was compelled to remain1 even long past the dinner hour1 he was not permitted to take a recess for his midday meal4 ,he must stay to the end1 or give up his examination4 ,the report of the ,assembly shows twenty-two lectures on ,sunday ,school work1 theory1 and practice2 sectional meetings--nine primary1 six intermediate1 one senior1 five of pastors and superintendents1 eight normal class and institute conductors' conferences2 six ,normal ,classes in each of the four tents--twenty-four in all2 three teachers' meetings for preparation of the ,sunday ,school lesson2 four ,bible readings2 three praise services2 two children's meetings2 and six sermons4 ,all the leading ,protestant churches were represented2 and twenty-five ,states in the ,union1 besides ,ontario1 ,montreal1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,ireland1 ,scotland1 and ,india4 ,among the preachers we find the names of ,dr4 ,h4 ,clay ,trumbull1 editor of the ,sunday ,school ,times1 ,john ,b4 ,gough1 ,bishops ,simpson and ,janes1 ,dr4 ,james ,m4 ,buckley1 ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,deems1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,de,witt ,talmage1 and four ministers who later became bishops in the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church3--,drs4 ,h4 ,w4 ,warren1 ,j4 ,f4 ,hurst1 ,e4 ,o4 ,haven1 and ,c4 ,h4 ,fowler4 ,the two ,sundays1 ,august #ith and #afth1 were golden days in the calendar4 ,an atmosphere of quiet and peace reigned throughout the grounds4 ,no steamboats made the air discordant around the pier2 the gates were closed and the steamers sailed by to more welcome stations2 no excursion trains brought curious and noisy throngs of sightseers4 ,tents and cottages lay open while their dwellers worshiped under the trees of the ,auditorium1 for no one was required to watch against thieves in the crowd4 ,the world was shut out1 and a voice seemed to be saying1 ,come ye yourselves apart and rest awhile4 ,the day began with a ,sunday ,school graded to embrace both young and old4 ,the riches of officers and teachers formed an embarrassment4 ,for once1 nay twice 7for there were two ,sundays71 a ,superintendent had at call more instructors than he could supply with classes4 ,on each ,sunday the attendance at the school was fifteen hundred4 ,at the sunset hour each evening an ,eventide ,conference was held on the lake side4 ,the dying day1 the peaceful surroundings1 the calm sheet of water1 the mild air1 combined to impart a tone of thoughtful1 uplifting meditation4 ,i have heard old ,chautauquans speak many times of the inspiring spiritual atmosphere breathed in the very air of the first ,chautauqua4 ,never before had been brought together for conference and for study so many leaders in the ,sunday ,school army1 representing so large a variety of branches in the church catholic4 ,and it was not for a day or two days as in conventions and institutes1 but for a solid fortnight of steady work4 ,the ,chautauqua of to-day is a widely reaching educational system1 embracing almost every department of knowledge4 ,but it must not be forgotten that all this wide realm has grown out of a school to awaken1 instruct1 and inspire ,sunday ,school workers4 ,in their conception1 however1 the two famous founders realized that all truth1 even that looked upon as secular1 is subsidiary1 even necessary for successful teaching of the word of ,god4 ,hence with the courses of study and conferences upon practical details1 we find on the program1 some literature and science1 with the spice of entertainment and amusement4 ,the conception of ,dr4 ,vincent was not to locate the ,assembly in one place1 but from time to time to hold similar meetings on many camp grounds1 wherever the opportunity arose4 ,there is a suspicion that ,lewis ,miller held his own secret purpose to make it so successful on ,chautauqua ,lake as to insure its permanent location at ,fair ,point4 ,that was a wise plan1 for with settlement in one place1 buildings could be erected1 and features like ,palestine ,park could be increased and improved4 ,whether it was by a suggestion or a common impulse1 on the last day of the ,assembly a meeting was held and a unanimous appeal was presented to make ,fair ,point the home of the ,assembly4 ,the trustees of the camp meeting shared in the sentiment and offered to receive new members representing the ,assembly constituency4 ,as a result1 the officiary was reorganized1 no longer as a camp meeting but as an ,assembly ,board4 ,for two years ,fair ,point was continued as the name of the ,post ,office1 although the title ,chautauqua ,sunday ,school ,assembly was adopted4 ,but soon ,fair ,point became ,chautauqua on the list of the ,post ,office ,department1 and the old name lingers only in the memory of old ,chautauquans4 ,before we leave that pioneer ,chautauqua1 we must recall some of its aspects1 which might be forgotten in these later days1 at once amusing1 perplexing1 and sometimes trying4 ,more steamers1 great and small1 were plying ,chautauqua's waters than at the present under the steamboat corporation system4 ,old ,chautauquans will remember that ancient three-decker1 ,the ,jamestown1 with its pair of stern wheels1 labeled respectively ,vincent and ,miller4 ,each steamer was captained by its owner2 and there was often a congestion of boats at the pier1 especially after the arrival of an excursion train4 ,those were not the days of standard time1 eastern and central1 with watches set an hour fast or slow at certain well-known points4 ,each boat followed its own standard of time1 which might be ,new ,york time1 ,buffalo or ,pittsburgh time1 forty minutes slower1 or even ,columbus or ,cincinnati time1 slower still4 ,railroads crossing ,ohio were required to run on ,columbus time4 ,when you were selecting a steamer from the thirty placards on the bulletin board at the ,fair ,point ,post office1 in order to meet an ,erie train at ,lakewood1 unless you noticed the time-standard1 you might find at the pier that your steamer had gone forty minutes before1 or on arriving at ,lakewood learn that your boat was running on ,cincinnati time1 and you were three quarters of an hour late for the train1 for even on the ,erie of those days1 trains were not always an hour behind time4 ,nor was this variety of time1 times1 and half-time all the drawbacks4 ,when news came that an excursion train was due from ,buffalo1 every steamboat on the lake would ignore its time-table and the needs of the travelers2 and all would be bunched at the ,mayville dock and around it to catch the passengers4 ,or it might be a similar but more tangled crowd of boats in the ,outlet at ,jamestown to meet a special train from ,pittsburgh4 ,haven't ,i seen a bishop on the ,fair ,point pier1 who must get the train at ,lakewood to meet his conference in ,colorado1 scanning the landscape with not a boat in sight1 all piled up three miles away8 ,illustration3 ,palestine ,park1 ,looking ,north ,dead ,sea in foreground3 ,mount ,hermon in distance ,illustration3 ,tent-,life in #ahge ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 ,j4 ,a4 ,worden1 ,frank ,beard1 ,j4 ,l4 ,hughes ,nor were the arrangements for freight and baggage in those early years any more systematic than those for transportation4 ,although ,chautauqua ,lake is on the direct line of travel east and west1 between ,new ,york and ,chicago1 and north and south between ,buffalo and ,pittsburgh1 ,fair ,point1 the seat of the ,assembly1 was not a railroad station4 ,luggage could be checked only to ,jamestown1 ,lakewood1 or ,mayville1 and thence must be sent by boat4 ,its destination might be indicated by a tag or a chalk mark1 or it might remain unmarked4 ,imagine a steamer deck piled high with trunks1 valises1 bundles of blankets1 furniture1 tent equipment1 and things miscellaneous1 stopping at a dozen points along the lake to have its cargo assorted and put ashore--is it strange that some baggage was left at the wrong place1 and its owner wandered around looking vainly for his property8 ,one man remarked that the only way to be sure of your trunk was to sit on it2 but what if your trunk was on the top or at the bottom of a pile ten feet high8 ,considering all the difficulties and discomforts of those early days--travel1 baggage1 no hotels nor boarding houses1 a crowded dining hall with a hungry procession outside perhaps in the rain waiting for seats at the tables1 the food itself none of the best--it is surprising that some thousands of people not only found the ,assembly1 but stayed to its conclusion1 were happy in it1 lived in an enchanted land for a fortnight1 and resolved to return the very next year6 ,more than this1 they carried its enthusiasm and its ideals home with them and in hundreds of places far apart1 the ,sunday ,schools began to assume a new and higher life4 ,some time after this1 but still early in ,chautauqua's history1 a prominent ,sunday ,school man expressed to the writer his opinion that people who came home from ,chautauqua became either a mighty help or a mighty nuisance4 ,they brought with them more new ideas than could be put into operation in ten years2 and if they couldn't get them1 one and all1 adopted at once they kicked and growled incessantly4 ,before we leave the ,assembly of #ahgd1 we must not forget to name one of its most powerful and far-reaching results--the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union4 ,this assembly was held soon after the great crusade of #ahgd in ,ohio1 when multitudes of women1 holding prayer meetings on the sidewalk in front of liquor saloons literally prayed thousands of them out of existence4 ,while the fire of the crusade was still burning1 a number of women held meetings at ,chautauqua during the ,assembly1 and took counsel together concerning the best measures to promote the temperance reform4 ,they united in a call signed by ,mrs4 ,mattie ,mc,clellan ,brown1 ,mrs4 ,jennie ,fowler ,willing1 ,mrs4 ,emily ,huntington ,miller1 and others1 for a convention of women to be held in ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 ,november #ag1 #ahgd4 ,at this convention1 sixteen ,states were represented1 and the national ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union was organized1 an institution which did more than any other to form public sentiment1 to make ,state after ,state dry1 and finally to establish nation-wide constitutional prohibition4 ,it may not be generally known that this mighty movement began at the first ,chautauqua ,assembly4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,early ,,development ,,chautauqua was a lusty infant when it entered upon life in #ahgd1 and it began with a penetrating voice1 heard afar4 ,like all normal babies 7normal seems to be the right word just here7 it began to grow1 and its progress in the forty-seven years of its life thus far 7#aibj7 has been the growth of a giant4 ,territorially1 on ,chautauqua ,lake1 it has enlarged at successive stages from twenty acres to more than three hundred and thirty acres1 impelled partly by a demand of its increasing family for house-room1 educational facilities1 and playgrounds1 partly from the necessity of controlling its surroundings to prevent occupation by undesirable neighbors4 ,there has been another vast expansion in the establishment of ,chautauquas elsewhere1 until the continent is now dotted with them4 ,a competent authority informs the writer that within twelve months ten thousand assemblies bearing the generic name ,chautauqua have been held in the ,united ,states and the ,dominion of ,canada4 ,there has been a third growth in the intellectual sweep of its plans4 ,we have seen how it began as a system of training for teachers in the ,sunday ,school4 ,we shall trace its advancement into the wider field of general and universal education1 a school in every department and for everybody everywhere4 ,to at least one pilgrim the ,assembly of #ahge was monumental1 for it marked an epoch in his life4 ,that was the writer of this volume1 who in that year made his first visit to ,chautauqua4 7,the general reader who has no interest in personal reminiscences may omit this paragraph47 ,he traveled by the ,erie ,railroad1 and that evening for the first time in his life saw a berth made up in a sleeping-car1 and crawled into it4 ,if in his dreams that night1 a vision could have flashed upon his inward eye of what that journey was to bring to him in the coming years1 he might have deemed it an ,arabian ,night's dream4 ,for that visit to ,chautauqua1 not suddenly but in the after years1 changed the entire course of his career4 ,it sent him to ,chautauqua thus far for forty-six successive seasons1 and perhaps may round him out in a semi-centennial4 ,it took him out of a parsonage1 and made him an itinerant on a continent-wide scale4 ,it put him into ,dr4 ,vincent's office as an assistant1 and later in his chair as his successor4 ,it dropped him down through the years at ,chautauqua assemblies in almost half of the ,states of this ,union4 ,on ,tuesday morning1 ,august #c1 #ahge1 ,i left the train at ,jamestown1 rode across the city1 and embarked in a steamer for a voyage up the lake4 ,as we slowly wound our way through the ,outlet--it was on the old steamer ,jamestown which was never an ocean-greyhound--,i felt like an explorer in some unknown river4 ,over the old pier at ,fair ,point was the sign1 ,national ,s4 ,s4 ,assembly1 and beneath it ,i stepped ashore on what seemed almost a holy ground1 for my first walk was through ,palestine ,park4 ,on ,friday1 ,august #fth1 ,i gave a normal lesson1 the first in my life1 with fear and trembling4 ,it was on the city of ,jerusalem1 and ,i had practiced on the map until ,i thought that ,i could draw it without a copy4 ,but1 alas1 one of the class must needs come to the blackboard and set my askew diagram in the right relations4 ,twenty years afterward1 at an assembly in ,kansas1 an old lady spoke to me after a lesson1 ,i saw you teach your first lesson at ,chautauqua4 ,you said that you had never taught a normal class before1 and ,i thought it was the solemn truth4 ,you've improved since then6 ,some new features had been added to the grounds since the first ,assembly4 ,near ,palestine ,park was standing a fine model of modern ,jerusalem and its surrounding hills1 so exact in its reproduction that one day a bishop pointed out the identical building wherein he had lodged when visiting the city--the same hostel1 by the way1 where this writer stayed afterward in #ahig1 and from whose roof he took his first view of the holy places4 ,near ,palestine ,park1 an oriental house had been constructed1 with rooms in two stories around an open court4 ,these rooms were filled with oriental and archological curiosities1 making it a museum2 and every day ,dr4 ,a4 ,o4 ,von ,lennep1 a ,syrian by birth1 stood on its roof and gave in ,arabic the ,mohammedan call to prayer4 ,i failed to observe1 however1 the people at ,chautauqua prostrating themselves at the summons4 ,indeed1 some of them actually mocked the make-believe muezzin before his face4 ,on the hill1 near the ,dining ,hall1 stood a sectional model of the great pyramid1 done in lath and plaster1 as if sliced in two from the top downward1 half of it being shown1 and the room inside of it indicated4 ,also there was a model of the ,tabernacle in the ,wilderness1 covered with its three curtains1 and containing within an altar1 table1 and candlestick4 ,daily lectures were given before it by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,ostrander1 wearing the miter1 robe1 and breastplate of the high priest4 ,the evolution of the ,chautauqua ,idea made some progress at the second ,assembly4 ,instead of eight sessions of the ,normal ,class1 two were held daily4 ,the program report says that fifty normal sessions were held2 regularly two each day1 one at #h o'clock in the morning on a ,bible topic4 ,breakfast must be rushed through at seven to brace up the students for their class4 ,another was held at #c3cj1 on some subject pertaining to the pupil or the teacher2 with extra sessions in order to complete the specified course4 ,a class in ,hebrew was held daily by ,dr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,vail1 and attended by forty students4 ,dr4 ,vail had been for many years professor of ,hebrew in the earliest ,methodist theological school1 the ,biblical ,institute at ,concord1 ,new ,hampshire1 which afterward became the ,school of ,theology in ,boston ,university4 ,dr4 ,vail was an enthusiast in his love of ,hebrew language and literature4 ,one who occupied a tent with him--all the workers of that season were lodged in a row of little tents on ,terrace ,avenue1 two in each tent--averred that his trunk contained only a ,hebrew ,bible 7he didn't need a lexicon7 and a clean shirt4 ,besides the class in ,hebrew1 ,madame ,kriege of ,new ,york conducted a class in kindergarten teaching1 and ,dr4 ,tourjee of ,boston1 ,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin1 and ,c4 ,c4 ,case held classes in singing4 ,all these were supposedly for ,sunday ,school teachers1 but they proved to be the thin end of the wedge opening the way for the coming summer school4 ,even more strongly than at the earlier session1 the ,normal ,class1 with a systematic course of instruction in the ,bible and ,sunday ,school work1 was made the center of the program4 ,it is significant of the importance assigned to this department that for several years1 no other meeting1 great or small1 was permitted at the normal hours4 ,the camp must either attend the classes or stay in its tents4 ,at this session1 ,mrs4 ,frank ,beard1 noting the insistent announcement of the ,normal ,classes1 and the persistent urging that everybody attend them1 was moved to verse4 ,as true poetry is precious1 her effusion is here given3 ,to ,chautauqua went ,on pleasure bent ,a youth and maiden fair4 ,working in the convention ,was not their intention1 ,but to drive away dull care4 ,along came ,john ,v---- ,and what did he see ,but this lover and his lass4 ,says he1 ,you must ,get up and dust ,and go to the ,normal ,class4 ,the great event in the ,assembly of '#ge was the visit of ,general ,u4 ,s4 ,grant1 then ,president of the ,united ,states on his second term4 ,it was brought about partly because of the long-time friendship of the ,general with ,dr4 ,vincent1 dating back to the ,galena pastorate of #ahfj and '#fa1 but also through the influence and activity of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,theodore ,l4 ,flood1 who though a successful ,methodist minister was also somewhat of a politician4 ,the ,president and his party came up from ,jamestown on a steamer-yacht1 and at ,fair ,point were lodged in the tent beside the ,lewis ,miller cottage4 ,true to his rule while ,general and ,president1 ,grant made no speech in public1 not even when a handsomely bound ,bagster ,bible was presented to him in behalf of the assembly4 ,those were the palmy days of ,teachers' ,bibles1 with all sorts of helps and tables as appendices2 and at that time the ,bagster and the ,american ,tract ,society were rivals for the ,sunday ,school constituency4 ,not to be outdone by their competitors1 the ,tract ,society's representative at ,chautauqua also presented one of his ,bibles to the ,president4 ,one can scarcely have too many ,bibles1 and the ,general may have found use for both of them4 ,he received them with a nod but never a word4 ,yet those who met him at dinners and in social life said that in private he was a delightful talker and by no means reticent4 ,the tents and cottages on the ,chautauqua of those days were taxed to almost bursting capacity to house the multitude over the ,sunday of the ,president's visit4 ,as many more would have come on that day1 if the rules concerning ,sabbath observance had been relaxed1 as some had expected4 ,but the authorities were firm1 the gates by lake and land were kept closed1 and that ,sunday was like all other ,sundays at ,chautauqua4 ,illustration3 ,spouting ,tree and ,oriental ,house ,at the close of the ,assembly1 the normal examinations were given to #aij students2 some left the tent in terror after reading over the questions1 but #acj struggled to the end and handed in their papers1 of which #abc were above the passing grade4 ,there were now two classes of graduates1 and the ,chautauqua ,normal ,alumni ,association was organized4 ,mr4 ,otis ,f4 ,presbrey of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 7the man who on a certain occasion looked like sixty71 was its first president4 ,the secretary chosen was the ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,worden1 a ,presbyterian pastor at ,steubenville1 ,ohio1 and one of the normal teachers at ,chautauqua2 who afterward1 and for many years1 was general secretary and superintendent of ,sabbath ,school work in the ,presbyterian ,church4 ,at the ,assembly of #ahge1 a quiet1 unassuming little lady was present1 who was already famous1 and helped to increase the fame of ,chautauqua4 ,this was ,mrs4 ,g4 ,r4 ,alden1 the wife of a ,presbyterian pastor1 but known everywhere as ,pansy1 whose story-books were in almost every ,sunday ,school library on the continent4 ,she wrote a book1 ,four ,girls at ,chautauqua1 which ingeniously wove into the account of the actual events of the season1 including some of its rainy days--that was the year when it rained more or less on fourteen of the seventeen days of the ,assembly--her four girls1 so well imagined that they seemed real4 ,indeed when one read the account of one's own speech at a children's meeting1 he could not doubt that the ,flossie of the story who listened to it was a veritable flesh and blood girl in the audience4 ,the story became one of the most popular of the ,pansy books1 brought ,chautauqua to the attention of many thousands1 and led large numbers of people to ,fair ,point4 ,pansy has ever been a true friend of ,chautauqua1 and has written several stories setting forth its attractions4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,national ,,centennial ,,year ,,the founders of ,chautauqua looked forward to its third session with mingled interest and anxiety4 ,it was the centennial year of ,american ,independence1 and an exposition was opening in ,philadelphia1 far more noteworthy in its buildings and exhibits than any previous effort in the annals of the nation4 ,the ,world's ,fair in the ,crystal ,palace of ,new ,york1 in #ahee1 the first attempt in ,america to hold an universal exposition1 was a pigmy compared with the immense display in the park of ,philadelphia on the centennial year4 ,could the multitudes from every ,state and from foreign lands be attracted from ,philadelphia five hundred miles to ,chautauqua ,lake8 ,had the quest of the ,american people for new interests been satisfied by two years at the ,assembly8 ,would it be the wiser course in view of the competition to hold merely a modest little gathering at ,fair ,point1 or to venture boldly upon greater endeavors than ever before2 to enlarge the program1 to advertise more widely1 and to compel attention to the new movement8 ,anyone who knew the adventurous1 aspiring nature of both ,miller and ,vincent would unhesitatingly answer these questions4 ,the ,assembly of #ahgf was planned upon a larger scale than ever before4 ,the formal opening took place on ,tuesday evening1 ,august #ast1 in the forest-sheltered ,auditorium1 but two gatherings were held in advance and a third after its conclusion1 so that the entire program embraced twenty-four days instead of seventeen4 ,the first meeting was the ,scientific ,conference1 ,july #bfth to #bhth1 aiming both to present science from the ,christian point of view1 and ,christianity from the scientific point of view1 showing the essential harmony between them1 without either subjecting conclusions of science to church-authority or cutting up the ,bible at the behest of the scientists4 ,there had been frequent battles between the theologians and the students of nature and the conflict of science and religion had been strongly in evidence1 ever since the publication of ,darwin's ,origin of ,species in #ahei4 ,most pulpits had uttered their thunders against ,darwinism1 even though some of the pulpiteers had never read ,darwin's book1 nor could have understood it if they had tried4 ,and many professors who had never listened to a gospel sermon1 and rarely opened their ,bibles1 had launched lightnings at the camp of the theologians4 ,but here was something new2 a company of scholars including ,dr4 ,r4 ,ogden ,doremus of ,new ,york1 ,professor ,a4 ,s4 ,lattimore of ,rochester1 ,dr4 ,alexander ,winchell of ,michigan1 and others of equal standing1 on the same platform with eminent preachers1 and no restraint on either side1 each free to utter his convictions1 and all certain that the outcome would be peace and not war4 ,the writer of these pages was present at most of those lectures1 and remembers one instance showing that the province of science is in the past and the present and not in the future4 ,dr4 ,doremus was giving some brilliant experiments in the newer developments of electricity4 ,be it remembered that it was the year #ahgf1 and in the ,centennial ,exposition of that year there was neither an automobile1 a trolley-car1 nor an electric light4 ,he said1 ,i will now show you that remarkable phenomenon--the electric light4 ,be careful not to gaze at it too steadily1 for it is apt to dazzle the beholder and may injure the eyesight4 ,then as an arc-light of a crude sort flashed and sputtered1 and fell and rose again only to sputter and fall1 the lecturer said1 ,of course1 the electric light is only an interesting experiment1 a sort of toy to amuse spectators4 ,every effort to utilize it has failed1 and always will fail4 ,the electric light in all probability will never be of any practical value4 ,yet at that very time1 ,thomas ,a4 ,edison in ,menlo ,park1 ,new ,jersey1 was perfecting his incandescent light1 and only three years later1 #ahgi1 ,chautauqua was illuminated throughout by electricity4 ,when the scientist turns prophet he becomes as fallible as the preacher who assumes to prescribe limitations to scientific discovery4 ,we live in an age of harmony and mutual helpfulness between science and religion2 and ,chautauqua has wrought mightily in bringing to pass the new day4 ,it is worthy of mention that ,chautauqua holds a connecting link with the wizard of ,llewellyn ,park and his electric light2 for some years later ,mr4 ,edison married ,miss ,mina ,miller1 daughter of the ,founder ,lewis ,miller4 ,the ,miller family1 ,founder1 sons1 daughters1 and grandchildren1 have maintained a deep interest in ,chautauqua2 and the ,swiss ,cottage at the head of ,miller ,park has every year been occupied4 ,representatives of the ,miller family are always members of the ,board of ,trustees4 ,illustration3 ,rustic ,bridge over ,ravine ,after the ,scientific ,conference came a ,temperance ,congress1 on ,july #bith and #cjth4 ,a new star had arisen in the firmament4 ,out of a little meeting at ,chautauqua in #ahgd1 had grown the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union1 already in #ahgf organized in every ,state and in pretty nearly every town4 ,its founders had chosen for ,president of the ,union a young woman who combined in one personality the consummate orator and the wise executive1 ,miss ,frances ,elizabeth ,willard of ,evanston1 ,illinois1 who resigned her post as ,dean of the ,woman's ,department of the ,northwestern ,university to enter upon an arduous1 a lifelong and world-wide warfare to prohibit intoxicants1 and as a means to that end1 to obtain the suffrage for women4 ,frances ,willard died in #ahih1 but if she could have lived until #aibj she would have seen both her aims accomplished in the eighteenth and nineteenth amendments to the ,constitution of the ,united ,states2 one forbidding the manufacture and sale of all alcoholic liquors1 the other opening the door of the voting-booth to every woman in the land4 ,in ,statuary ,hall1 ,washington1 the only woman standing in marble is ,frances ,e4 ,willard 7there will be others later71 and her figure is there among the statesmen and warriors of the nation's history1 by vote of the ,legislature of the ,state of ,illinois4 ,at every step in the progress of ,chautauqua the two ,founders held frequent consultations4 ,both of them belonged to the progressive school of thought1 but on some details they differed1 and woman's sphere was one of their points of disagreement4 ,miller favored women on the ,fair ,point platform1 but ,vincent was in doubt on the subject4 ,of course some gifted women came as teachers of teachers in the primary department of the ,sunday ,school1 but on the program their appearance was styled a ,reception to ,primary ,teachers by ,mrs4 or ,miss ,so-and-,so4 ,dr4 ,vincent knew ,frances ,e4 ,willard1 admired her1 believed honestly that she was one of the very small number of women called to speak in public1 and he consented to her coming to ,chautauqua in the ,temperance ,congress of #ahgf4 ,from the hour of her first appearance there was never after any doubt as to her enthusiastic welcome at ,chautauqua4 ,no orator drew larger audiences or bound them under a stronger spell by eloquent words than did ,frances ,elizabeth ,willard4 ,frances ,willard was the first but by no means the last woman to lecture on the ,chautauqua platform4 ,mrs4 ,mary ,a4 ,livermore soon followed her1 and before many summers had passed1 ,dr4 ,vincent was introducing to the ,chautauqua constituency women as freely as men1 to speak on the questions of the time4 ,another innovation began on this centennial season--,the ,chautauqua ,assembly ,herald4 ,for two years the ,assembly had been dependent upon reports by newspaper correspondents1 who came to the ground as strangers1 with no share in the ,chautauqua spirit1 knowing very little of ,chautauqua's aims1 and eager for striking paragraphs rather than accurate records4 ,a lecturer who is wise never reads the report of his speech in the current newspapers2 for he is apt to tear his hair in anguish at the tale of his utterances4 ,chautauqua needed an organ1 and ,dr4 ,theodore ,l4 ,flood1 from the first a staunch friend of the movement1 undertook to establish a daily paper for the season4 ,the first number of the ,herald appeared on ,june #bi1 #ahgf1 with ,dr4 ,flood as editor1 and ,mr4 ,milton ,bailey of ,jamestown as publisher4 ,the opening number was published in advance of the ,assembly and sent to ,chautauquans everywhere2 but the regular issue began on ,july #bith with the ,scientific ,conference1 and was continued daily 7except ,sunday7 until the close of the ,assembly4 ,every morning sleepers 7who ought to have arisen earlier in time for morning prayers at #f3dj7 were awakened by the shrill voices of boys calling out ,daily ,assembly ,herald6 ,the ,daily was a success from the start1 for it contained accurate and complete reports of the most important lectures1 outlines of the ,normal lessons1 and the items of information needed by everybody4 ,all over the land people who could not come to ,chautauqua kept in touch with its life through the ,herald4 ,more than one distinguished journalist began his editorial career in the humble quarters of ,the ,chautauqua ,daily ,assembly ,herald4 ,for two seasons the ,daily was printed in ,mayville1 though edited on the ground4 ,in #ahgh a printing plant was established at the ,assembly and later became the ,chautauqua ,press4 ,almost a generation after its establishment1 its name was changed to ,the ,chautauquan ,daily1 which throughout the year is continued as ,the ,chautauquan ,weekly1 with news of the ,chautauqua movement at home and abroad4 ,visitors to ,chautauqua in the centennial year beheld for the first time a structure which won fame from its inhabitants if not from its architecture4 ,this was the ,guest ,house1 standing originally on the lake shore near the site of the present ,men's ,club building2 though nobody remembers it by its official name1 for it soon became known as ,the ,ark4 ,no1 gentle reader1 the report is without foundation that this was the original vessel in which ,noah traveled with his menagerie1 and that after reposing on ,mount ,ararat it went adrift on ,lake ,chautauqua4 ,the ,ark was built to provide a comfortable home for the speakers and workers at the ,assembly who for two years had been lodged in tents1 like the ,israelites in the ,wilderness4 ,it was a frame building of two stories1 shingle-roofed1 with external walls and internal partitions of tent-cloth4 ,each room opened upon a balcony1 the stairs to the upper floor being on the outside and the entire front of each cell a curtain1 which under a strong wind was wont to break loose1 regardless of the condition of the people inside4 ,after a few years a partition between two rooms at one end was taken down1 a chimney and fireplace built1 and the result was a living room where the arkites assembled around a fire and told stories4 ,ah1 those noctes ambrosian when ,edward ,everett ,hale and ,charles ,barnard and ,sherwin and the ,beards narrated yarns and cracked jokes6 ,through the thin partitions of the bedrooms1 every sneeze could be heard4 ,the building was soon dubbed ,noah's ,ark1 then ,knowers' ,ark1 from the varied learning of its indwellers2 and sometimes from the reverberations sounding at night1 ,snorers' ,ark4 ,frank ,beard was a little deaf1 and was wont to sit at these conversazioni in the parlor of the ,ark with his hand held like an ear-trumpet4 ,mrs4 ,beard used to say that whenever she wished to hold a private conversation with him1 they hired a boat and rowed out at least a mile from the shore4 ,when the ,assembly enlarged its boundaries by a purchase of land1 the ,ark was moved up to higher ground in the forest near where the ,normal ,hall now stands1 and there served almost a generation of ,chautauqua workers1 until its frail materials were in danger of collapse1 and it was taken down4 ,less famous buildings have been kept in memory by tablets and monuments2 but it would require no small slab of marble to contain the names of the famous men and women who dwelt in that old ,guest ,house2 and what a book might have been made if some ,boswell had kept the record of its stories and sayings6 ,after spending two nights in the ,ark1 the ,rev4 ,alfred ,taylor's poetic muse was aroused to sing of the place and its occupants after this fashion3 ,this structure of timber and muslin contained ,of preachers and teachers some two or three score2 ,of editors1 parsons a dozen or more4 ,there were ,methodists1 ,baptists1 and ',piscopals1 too ,and grave ,presbyterians1 a handful or two4 ,there were lawyers1 and doctors and various folks1 ,all full of their wisdom1 and full of their jokes4 ,there were writers of lessons1 and makers of songs1 ,and shrewd commentators with wonderful tongues2 ,and all of these busy1 industrious men ,found it hard to stop talking at just half-past ten4 ,they talked1 and they joked1 and they kept such a clatter ,that neighboring folks wondered what was the matter ,but weary at last1 they extinguished the light1 ,and went to their beds for the rest of the night4 ,the formal opening of the ,assembly in #ahgf took place after the ,scientific and ,temperance gatherings1 on ,tuesday evening1 ,august #ast1 in the leaf-roofed ,auditorium1 but the benches were now provided with backs for the comfort of the thousands4 ,the platform had been enlarged to make room for a choir1 under the leadership in turn of ,w4 ,f4 ,sherwin and ,philip ,p4 ,bliss1 whose gospel songs are still sung around the world4 ,only a few months later1 that voice was hushed forever on earth1 when the train bearing the singer and his wife crashed through a broken bridge at ,ashtabula1 ,ohio4 ,the record of that evening shows that fifteen speakers gave greetings1 supposedly five minutes in length1 although occasionally the flow of language overpassed the limit4 ,among the speakers we read the names of ,dr4 ,henry ,m4 ,sanders of ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,wattles of the ,sunday ,school ,times1 ,dr4 ,henry ,w4 ,warren of ,philadelphia1 soon to become a bishop in the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,burr1 the author of ,ecce ,coelum1 a book of astronomy ministering to religion1 famous in that day1 though almost forgotten in our time2 ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 who came before the audience holding up his pocket-,bible1 with the words1 ,i am here to-night1 because here this book is held in honor1 ,dr4 ,warren ,randolph1 the head of ,sunday ,school work among the ,baptist churches1 and ,mr4 ,a4 ,o4 ,van ,lennep1 in ,syrian costume and fez-cap4 ,he made two speeches1 one in ,arabic1 the other in ,english4 ,normal work for ,sunday ,school teachers was kept well in the foreground4 ,the subjects of the course were divided into departments1 each under a director1 who chose his assistants4 ,four simultaneous lessons were given in the section tents1 reviewed later in the day by the directors at a meeting of all the classes in the pavilion4 ,in addition1 ,dr4 ,vincent held four public platform reviews1 covering the entire course4 ,the record states that about five hundred students were present daily in the ,normal department4 ,about one hundred undertook the final examinations for membership in the ,normal ,alumni ,association4 ,the writer of these pages well remembers those hours in the pavilion1 for he was one of those examined1 and ,frank ,beard was another4 ,the first question on the paper was1 ,what is your name and address8 ,mr4 ,beard remarked audibly1 that he was glad he could answer at least one of the questions4 ,to dispel the doubts of our readers1 we remark that both of us passed1 and were duly enrolled among the ,normal ,alumni4 ,illustration3 ,amphitheater ,audience ,on the ,lake ,by the ,lake ,tennis ,courts ,in the ,lake ,the list of the lecturers and their subjects show that ,bible study and ,bible teaching still stood at the fore4 ,the program contained with many others the following names3 ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,knox on ,the ,old ,testament ,severities1 ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,bible ,interpretation1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,k4 ,hargrove of ,tennessee1 later a bishop in the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 ,south1 ,childhood and the ,sunday ,school ,work1 ,dr4 ,george ,p4 ,hays1 then ,president of ,washington and ,jefferson ,college1 ,how to ,reason1 ,frank ,beard1 a caricature lecture with crayon on ,our ,school1 showing types of teachers and scholars1 ,dr4 ,george ,w4 ,woodruff1 a most entertaining lecture on ,bright ,days in ,foreign ,lands1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,baird of ,tennessee1 ,going ,fishing with ,peter1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,worden1 ,what a ,presbyterian ,thinks of ,john ,wesley1--a response to ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut's lecture in #ahge on ,what a ,methodist ,thinks of ,john ,knox1--,prof4 ,l4 ,t4 ,townsend1 ,paul's ,cloak ,left at ,troas2 also ,dr4 ,richard ,newton1 ,m4 ,c4 ,hazard1 editor of the ,national ,sunday ,school ,teacher1 ,rev4 ,thomas ,k4 ,beecher of ,elmira1 and ,bishop ,jesse ,t4 ,peck4 ,these are a few samples of the repast spread on the lecture platform of the ,assembly4 ,the ,centennial of ,american ,independence was duly commemorated on ,saturday1 ,august #eth4 ,bishop ,simpson had been engaged to deliver the oration1 but was kept at home by illness and the hour was filled with addresses by different speakers1 one of whom1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,aver ,duncan of ,london1 presented the congratulations of ,old ,england to her daughter across the sea4 ,a children's centennial was held in the afternoon1 at which the writer of this story spoke1 and ,frank ,beard drew funny pictures4 ,we will not tell1 though we know1 which of the two orators pleased the children most4 ,at the sunset hour an impressive ,bible service was held on the shore of the lake by ,professor ,sherwin1 followed in the ,auditorium by a concert of slave-songs from ,the ,north ,carolinians1 a troupe of negro college students4 ,late in the evening came a gorgeous display on the lake1 the ,illuminated ,fleet4 ,every steam vessel plying ,chautauqua waters marched in line1 led by the old three-decker ,jamestown all hung with ,chinese lanterns1 and making the sky brilliant with fireworks4 ,a week later there was a commemorative tree-planting on the little park in the angle between the present ,post ,office building and the ,colonnade4 ,president ,lewis ,miller1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,payne1 ,president of ,ohio ,wesleyan ,university1 ,drs4 ,vail and ,strong1 teachers of ,hebrew and ,greek at the ,assembly1 ,drs4 ,o4 ,h4 ,tiffany1 ,t4 ,k4 ,beecher1 ,richard ,newton1 ,j4 ,a4 ,worden1 ,beard and ,sherwin1 ,dr4 ,wythe1 builder of ,palestine ,park and ,director of ,recreations at the ,assembly1 and ,prof4 ,p4 ,p4 ,bliss were some1 but not all of those who planted trees4 ,afterward each tree was marked by a sign bearing the name of its planter4 ,these signs were lost in the process of the years1 and not all the trees are now living4 ,i think that ,i can identify the tree planted by ,frank ,beard1 but am not sure of any other in the little group remaining at the present time4 ,a noteworthy event at the ,assembly of #ahgf was the establishment of the ,children's ,meeting as a daily feature4 ,meetings for the younger people had been held from time to time in '#gd and '#ge but this year ,frank ,beard suggested a regular ,children's ,hour1 and the meetings were at first conducted by him1 mingling religion and humor4 ,underneath his fun1 ,mr4 ,beard had a serious soul4 ,he read strong books1 talked with his friends on serious subjects1 always sought to give at least one illustrated ,bible reading during the ,assembly1 and resented the popular expectation that he should be merely the funny man on the program4 ,he was assisted in his children's meeting by the ,rev4 ,bethuel ,t4 ,vincent1 a brother of the ,founder1 who was one of the most remarkable teachers of children and young people whom ,i have ever known4 ,he could arrange the facts of ,bible knowledge in outline1 could present them in a striking manner1 and drill them into the minds of the boys and girls in an enduring way that few instructors could equal and none surpass4 ,before many sessions1 ,mr4 ,vincent's lesson became the major feature and ,beard's pictures the entertainment of the meeting4 ,the grown-ups came to the meetings in such numbers as threatened to crowd out the children1 until the rule was made that adults must take the rear seats1--no exception being made even for the row of ear-trumpets--leaving the front to the little people4 ,following the custom of the ,normal ,class1 an examination in writing that would tax the brains of many ministers was held at the close1 limited to all below a certain age1 and prizes were awarded to the best papers presented4 ,as after forty years ,i read the list of graduates in those early classes1 ,i find the names of men and women who have distinguished themselves as ministers and missionaries in the churches4 ,early in the ,assembly season1 on ,august #g1 #ahgf1 a momentous step was taken in the appointment by the instructors and students of the ,normal ,class1 of a committee to prepare a course of study for the preparation of ,sunday ,school teachers4 ,eleven men1 present at ,chautauqua1 representing ten different denominations1 were chosen as the committee1 and their report constituted the first attempt at a union normal course4 ,hitherto each church had worked out its own independent course of study1 and the lines laid down were exceedingly divergent4 ,this new course prescribed forty lessons1 a year's work divided between the study of the ,bible1 the ,sunday ,school1 the pupil1 and the principles of teaching4 ,comparing it with the official course now adopted by the ,international ,sunday ,school ,association1 we find it for a year's study remarkably complete and adapted to the teacher's needs4 ,for years it stood as the basis of the teacher-training work at ,chautauqua1 was followed in the preparation of text-books and pursued by many classes in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,the ,centennial ,year marked a note of progress in the music at the ,assembly4 ,up to this time scarcely any music had been attempted outside of the church and ,sunday ,school hymnals4 ,this year the choir was larger than before1 perhaps as many as forty voices--think of that in contrast with the three hundred now assembled in the choir-gallery of the ,amphitheater6 ,some anthems had been attempted1 but no oratorios1 and no songs of the secular character4 ,it was ,professor ,c4 ,c4 ,case who ventured with the doubtful permission of ,dr4 ,vincent to introduce at a concert some selections from standard music outside the realm of religion4 ,nobody objected1 perhaps because nobody recognized the significance of the step taken2 and it was not long before the whole world of music was open to ,chautauquans4 ,this writer remembers1 however1 that when at an evening lecture1 ,dr4 ,vincent announced as a prelude ,invitation to the ,dance1 sung by a quartette of ladies1 he received next day a letter of protest against so immoral a song at a religious gathering4 ,if it had been sung without announcement of its title1 no one would have objected4 ,on the following evening1 ,dr4 ,vincent actually offered a mild apology for the title4 ,since that time1 the same title has been printed on the ,chautauqua program1 and the song encored by five thousand people4 ,surely1 the world do move6 ,another step in the advancement of ,chautauqua was the incorporation of the ,assembly4 ,up to this year1 #ahgf1 the old charter of the ,erie ,conference ,camp ,meeting ,association had constituted the legal organization4 ,on ,april #bh1 #ahgf1 new articles of incorporation were signed at ,mayville1 the county seat1 providing for twenty-four trustees of the ,chautauqua ,lake ,sunday ,school ,assembly4 ,in the charter the object was stated to hold stated public meetings from year to year upon the grounds at ,fair ,point in the ,county of ,chautauqua for the furtherance of ,sunday ,school interests and any other moral and religious purpose not inconsistent therewith4 ,we note that the old name ,fair ,point was still used to designate the place of the ,assembly4 ,but it was for the last time2 with the next year's program a new name will appear4 ,one of the first acts of the new ,board was to purchase a large addition to the camp-meeting ground on its eastern border1 and to lay out streets upon it4 ,this section included the campus and site of the buildings that now adorn the ,college ,hill4 ,some readers may inquire how the streets of the ,assembly received their names4 ,during the ,camp ,meeting period1 the streets were named after ,bishops of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church--,simpson ,avenue1 ,janes ,avenue1 ,merrill ,avenue1 and so on4 ,under the ,assembly rgime a few more bishops were thus remembered2 the road winding around from ,palestine ,park to the land-gate on the public highway was called ,palestine ,avenue2 ,vincent ,avenue ran straight up the hill past the old ,dining ,hall1 ,miller ,avenue parallel with it on the west2 and other streets later were named after prominent ,chautauqua leaders4 ,wythe the first ,secretary1 ,root1 the first ,vice-,president1 ,massey1 a family from ,canada making liberal contributions1 ,miss ,kimball1 the efficient ,executive ,secretary of the ,reading ,circle1 and a few other names in ,chautauqua's annals4 ,the visitor to the present-day ,chautauqua smiles as he reads one of the earliest enactments of the new ,board1 a resolution to instruct the ,superintendent of ,grounds to warn the person selling tobacco on the grounds that he is engaged in an unlawful occupation4 ,we hasten to add that this anti-tobacco regulation is no longer in operation4 ,illustration3 ,old ,palace ,hotel ,oriental ,group ,lake-,shore ,the ,ark ,tent-,life ,old ,dining ,hall ,n4 ,e4 ,kitchen ,group of ,workers ,woodland ,path ,the reader of this chapter perceives that the centennial year marked notable advancements at ,chautauqua3 a lengthened and broadened program1 the establishing of a newspaper1 the beginning of the daily ,children's ,meeting with a course of ,bible study for the young1 the organizing of a definite course for the training of ,sunday ,school teachers1 the incorporation of the ,assembly with a full ,board of ,trustees1 with the transfer of the property from the former camp-meeting proprietorship1 and a purchase of ground doubling the extent of its territory4 ,chautauqua1 only three years old is already1 in ,scripture phrase1 lengthening its cords and strengthening its stakes4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,a ,,new ,,name ,,and ,,new ,,faces ,,the fourth session of the ,assembly opened in #ahgg with a new name1 ,chautauqua taking the place of old ,fair ,point4 ,the former title had caused some confusion4 ,fair ,point was often misread ,fairport1 and letters wandered to distant places of similar names4 ,there was a ,chautauqua ,lake station on the ,erie ,railway1 and a ,chautauqua ,point encampment across the lake from ,fair ,point1 but the name ,chautauqua had not been appropriated1 and by vote of the trustees it was adopted2 the government was requested to change the name of the ,post ,office1 and the railroads and steamboats to place ,chautauqua upon their announcements4 ,fair ,point disappeared from the record1 and is now remembered only by the decreasing group of the oldest ,chautauquans4 ,every season brings its own anxieties1 and as the ,assembly of #ahgg drew near1 a new fear came to the leaders of ,chautauqua4 ,a few will remember1 and others have heard1 that in #ahgg took place the most extensive railway strike in the annals of the nation4 ,the large station of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad in ,pittsburgh was burned by a mob1 and for weeks at a time1 no trains ran either into or out of many important centers4 ,fortunately the strike was adjusted and called off before the ,assembly opened1 and on the first day four thousand people entered the gates1 a far greater number than at any former opening4 ,on that year the menace of denominational rivalry threatened to confront ,chautauqua4 ,across the lake1 two miles from the ,assembly1 another point reaches westward1 facing the ,assembly ground4 ,this tract was purchased by an enterprising company belonging to ,baptist churches1 and named ,point ,chautauqua4 ,its founders disclaimed any intention of becoming competitors with the ,assembly4 ,their purpose1 as announced1 was to supply sites for summer homes1 especially to members and friends of their own denomination4 ,they began by building an expensive hotel at a time when the ,assembly was contented with small boarding houses2 and they soon followed the hotel with a large lecture-hall far more comfortable than either the out-door auditorium or the tent-pavilion at ,chautauqua4 ,to attract visitors they soon provided a program of speakers1 with occasional concerts4 ,thus on opposite shores of the lake two institutions were rising1 in danger of becoming rivals in the near future4 ,nor was ,chautauqua ,point the only rival in prospect4 ,a year or two later a tent was erected near ,lakewood for the holding of an assembly upon a liberal platform1 where speakers of more advanced views of religion and the ,bible could obtain a hearing4 ,this gathering favored an open ,sunday1 and welcomed the steamers and railroad excursions on the day when the gates of ,chautauqua were kept tightly closed4 ,in those days the fear was expressed that ,chautauqua ,lake1 instead of being a center for ,christians of every name might furnish sites for separate conventions of different sects1 and thus minister to dissension rather than to fellowship4 ,but these fears proved to be groundless4 ,the liberal convocation down the lake held but one session1 and left its promoters with debts to be paid4 ,the founders of the ,baptist institution made the mistake of beginning on too great a scale4 ,the hotel and lecture-hall involved the corporation of ,point ,chautauqua in heavy debt1 they were sold1 and the place became a village1 like other hamlets around the lake4 ,the hotel was continued for some years1 and the lecture-hall became a dancing pavilion1 tempting the young people to cross the lake from ,chautauqua where dancing was under a strict taboo4 ,perhaps it was an advantage to the thousands at the ,assembly to find only two miles away a place where the rules were relaxed4 ,one story of a later season may be told in this connection1 for it was without doubt typical4 ,there are staid fathers and mothers attending lectures on sociology and civics in the ,hall of ,philosophy who could narrate similar experiences if only they would4 ,a youth and two young lasses went out at the pier-gate for a sail across the lake4 ,they landed at ,point ,chautauqua1 refreshed their constrained bodies by a good dance1 and then sailed home again4 ,but it was late1 the gate was closed1 and it was of no avail to rattle the portals1 for the gate-keepers were asleep in their homes far up the hill4 ,the girls were somewhat alarmed1 but the young man piloted them through the forest over a well-worn path to a place where some pickets of the fence were loose and could be shoved aside4 ,they squeezed through and soon were safely at their homes4 ,but their troubles were not over4 ,their tickets had been punched to go out of the grounds1 but not to come in again4 ,technically1 in the eyes of the ,chautauqua government they were still outside the camp4 ,this young man1 however1 was not lacking in resources4 ,he knew all the officials from ,his ,whiskers1 the supreme chief of police1 down the list4 ,making choice of one gateman whose nature was somewhat social he called upon him in his box1 talked in a free and easy way1 picked up his punch and began making holes in paper and cards4 ,when the gatekeeper's back was turned1 he quickly brought out the three tickets1 punched them for coming into the grounds1 and then laid down the nippers4 ,the girls1 now officially within the grounds1 were grateful to their friend1 and to manifest their regard wrought for him a sofa-pillow which decorated his room in college4 ,something should be said just here concerning the ticket-system of ,chautauqua4 ,it was devised by the genius of ,lewis ,miller1 to whom invention was instinctive1 and was improved to meet every possible attempt at evasion4 ,there were one-day tickets1 good for only one admission1 three-day tickets1 week-tickets1 and season-tickets1 all providing no admission on ,sundays4 ,they were not transferable1 and all except the one-day variety bore the purchaser's name4 ,two or three times during the season officers visited every house and every lecture and class1 even stopping everybody on the streets to see that no single-day tickets were kept for longer periods4 ,provision was made for exchanging at the office short-stop tickets for the longer time desired4 ,if one wished to go outside the gate on an errand1 or for a sail on the lake1 he must leave his ticket1 unless he was known to the gate-keeper1 in order to prevent more than one person from using the same ticket4 ,when one left the ,assembly for good1 he gave up his ticket4 ,every ticket had its number by which it could be identified if lost or found2 and the bulletin-board contained plenty of notices of lost tickets4 ,it is said that one careful visitor carried his ticket everywhere for a day or two1 at each lecture-hall and tent looking vainly for a window where it might be shown4 ,as it did not seem to be needed1 he left it in his room1 only to find when he wished to take out a boat1 that he must go home and get his ticket4 ,when the day arrived for him to leave ,chautauqua1 he placed his ticket in the bottom of his trunk1 as it would be needed no longer1 intending to take it home as a souvenir for his memory-book4 ,but1 alas1 at the gate1 departing1 he found that ticket an absolute necessity4 ,without it1 apparently he must stay forever inside the walls of ,chautauqua4 ,so once more he overhauled his trunk1 dug up his ticket from its lowest strata1 and departed in peace4 ,one departure from camp-meeting customs at once wrought a change in the aspect of ,chautauqua and greatly promoted its growth4 ,we have noted the fact that in the earlier years no householder or tent-dweller was to receive boarders1 and all except those who cooked at home ate in a common dining-hall4 ,after the third ,assembly1 this restriction was removed and anyone could provide rooms and board upon paying a certain percentage of receipts to the management4 ,the visitors who came in #ahgg missed1 but not in sorrow1 the dingy old ,dining-,hall1 which had been torn down4 ,but everywhere boarding houses had sprung up as by magic1 and cottages had suddenly bulged out with new additions1 while signs of ,rooms and ,board greeted the visitants everywhere4 ,in fact1 so eager were the landlords for their prey1 that runners thronged the wharf to inform new arrivals of desirable homes1 and one met these agents even at the station in ,mayville4 ,there was an announcement of the ,palace ,hotel1 the abode of luxurious aristocracy4 ,the seeker after its lordly accommodations found a frame building1 tent-covered and tent-partitioned into small rooms for guests4 ,but even this was an improvement upon the rows of cots in the big second story of the old lodging house1 where fifty people slept in one room1 sometimes with the rain dripping upon them through a leaky roof4 ,year by year the boarding cottages grew in number1 in size1 and in comfort4 ,fain would we name some of these hostelries1 whose patrons return to them season after season1 but we dare not begin the catalogue1 lest by an omission we should offend some beloved landlady and her guests4 ,in a few years the ,palace ,hotel1 half-house and half-tent1 gave place to the ,hotel ,athenum1 on the same site1 whose wide balcony looks out upon the lake1 and whose tower has been a home for some choice spirits4 ,the writer knows this for he has dwelt beside them4 ,illustration3 ,old ,hall of ,philosophy ,illustration3 ,the ,golden ,gate ,prof4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent1 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren ,on the extreme southwestern limit of the old camp ground was a ravine1 unoccupied until #ahgg4 ,on the slopes of this valley the declivity was cleared and terraced1 seats--this time with backs--were arranged upon its sides2 toward the lake it was somewhat banked up to form a place for the speakers' platform4 ,over it was spread the tent1 formerly known as the pavilion1 brought from the hill beside ,vincent ,avenue4 ,this was the nucleus out of which grew in after years the famous ,chautauqua ,amphitheater4 ,at first it was used only on rainy days1 but after a year or two gradually took the place of the out-of-doors ,auditorium4 ,near the book-store on the hill stands a small gothic1 steep-roofed building1 now a flower-shop4 ,it was built just before the ,assembly of #ahgg as a church for the benefit of those who lived through the year at ,chautauqua1 numbering at that time about two hundred people4 ,the old chapel was the first permanent public building erected at ,chautauqua and still standing4 ,the program of '#gg began with a council of ,reform and ,church ,congress1 from ,saturday1 ,august #dth to ,tuesday1 ,august #gth4 ,anthony ,comstock1 that fearless warrior in the cause of righteousness1 whose face showed the scars of conflict1 who arrested more corrupters of youth1 and destroyed more vile books1 papers1 and pictures than any other social worker1 was one of the leading speakers4 ,he reported at that time the arrest of #beg dealers in obscene literature and the destruction of over twenty tons of their publications4 ,there is evil enough in this generation1 but there would have been more if ,anthony ,comstock had not lived in the last generation4 ,another reformer of that epoch was ,francis ,murphy1 who had been a barkeeper1 but became a worker for temperance4 ,his blue ribbon badge was worn by untold thousands of reformed drunkards4 ,he had a power almost marvelous of freeing men from the chain of appetite4 ,i was present once at a meeting in ,new ,york where from the platform ,i looked upon a churchful of men1 more than three hundred in number1 whose faces showed that the pleasures of sin are the merest mockery2 and after his address a multitude came forward to sign ,mr4 ,murphy's pledge and put on his blue ribbon4 ,at ,chautauqua ,mr4 ,murphy made no appeal to victims of the drink habit1 for they were not there to hear him1 but he did appeal1 and most powerfully1 in their behalf1 to the ,christian assemblage before him4 ,another figure on the platform was that of ,john ,b4 ,gough1--we do not call him a voice1 for not only his tongue1 but face1 hands1 feet1 even his coat-tails1 were eloquent4 ,no words can do justice to this peerless orator in the cause of reform4 ,these were the three mighty men of the council1 but the report shows twice as many names almost as distinguished4 ,on the evening of ,tuesday1 ,august #gth1 came the regular opening of the ,assembly proper1 in the ,auditorium on the ,point4 ,the report of attendance was far above that of any former opening day4 ,dr4 ,vincent presided and conducted the responsive service of former years--the same opening sentences and songs used every year since the first ,assembly in #ahgd4 ,we find fifteen names on the list of the speakers on that evening1 representing many churches1 many ,states1 and at least two lands outside our own4 ,is another story of ,frank ,beard on that evening beneath the dignity of history8 ,when he came upon the platform1 he found the chairs occupied1 and sat down among the alto singers1 where he insisted on remaining despite the expostulations of ,mr4 ,sherwin4 ,in the middle of the exercises1 the steamboat whistle at the pier gave an unusually raucous scream4 ,mr4 ,sherwin came forward and told the audience that there was no cause for alarm2 the sound was merely ,mr4 ,beard tuning his voice to sing alto4 ,two or three speakers afterward incidentally referred to ,mr4 ,beard as a singer1 and hoped that he might favor the congregation with a solo4 ,one of the speakers1 an ,englishman1 prefaced his talk by singing an original song1 set to ,chautauqua music4 ,that he might see his verses1 ,mr4 ,sherwin took down a locomotive headlight hanging on one of the trees1 and held it by the side of the singer4 ,the ,englishman1 short and fat1 and ,sherwin with dignity supporting the big lantern1 formed a tableau4 ,immediately afterward ,dr4 ,vincent called on ,mr4 ,beard to speak2 and this was his opening1 delivered in his peculiar drawl4 ,i was a good mind to sing a song instead of making a speech1 but ,i was sure that ,professor ,sherwin wouldn't hold the lantern for me to sing by4 ,he knows that he can't hold a candle to me1 anyhow6 ,with ,professor ,sherwin1 in charge of the music in #ahgg1 was associated ,philip ,phillips1 whose solos formed a prelude to many of the lectures4 ,no one who listened to that silvery yet sympathetic voice ever forgot it4 ,it will be remembered that ,president ,lincoln in ,washington1 after hearing him sing ,your ,mission1 sent up to the platform his written request to have it repeated before the close of the meeting4 ,mr4 ,phillips ever after cherished that scrap of paper with the noblest name in the history of ,america4 ,another musical event of the season of #ahgg was the visit of the ,young ,apollo ,club of ,new ,york1 one of the largest and finest boy-choirs in the country4 ,they gave three concerts at ,chautauqua1 which in the rank and rendering of their music were a revelation to the listening multitudes4 ,while we are speaking of the music we must make mention of songs written and composed especially for ,chautauqua4 ,in ,dr4 ,vincent's many-sided nature was a strain of poetry1 although ,i do not know that he ever wrote a verse4 ,yet he always looked at life and truth through poetic eyes4 ,who otherwise would have thought of songs for ,chautauqua1 and called upon a poet to write them8 ,dr4 ,vincent found in ,miss ,mary ,a4 ,lathbury another poet who could compose fitting verses for the expression of the ,chautauqua spirit4 ,if ,i remember rightly her first song was prepared for the opening in #ahge1 the second ,assembly1 and as the earliest1 it is given in full4 ,in it is a reference to some speakers at the first ,assembly who went on a journey to the ,holy ,land1 and to one1 the ,rev4 ,f4 ,a4 ,goodwin1 whose cornet led the singing in #ahgd1 who became a missionary in ,india4 ,a ,,hymn ,,of ,,greeting ,the flush of morn1 the setting suns ,have told their glories o'er and o'er ,one rounded year1 since1 heart to heart ,we stood with ,jesus by the shore4 ,we heard his wondrous voice2 we touched ,his garment's hem with rev'rent hand1 ,then at his word1 went forth to preach ,his coming ,kingdom in the land4 ,and following him1 some willing feet ,the way to ,emmaus have trod2 ,and some stand on the ,orient plains1 ,and some--upon the mount of ,god6 ,while over all1 and under all1 ,the ,master's eye1 the ,master's arm1 ,have led in paths we have not known1 ,yet kept us from the touch of harm4 ,one year of golden days and deeds1 ,of gracious growth1 of service sweet2 ,and now beside the shore again ,we gather at the ,master's feet4 ,blest be the tie that binds1 we sing2 ,yet to the bending blue above ,we look1 beyond the face of friends1 ,to mark the coming of the ,dove4 ,descend upon us as we wait ,with open heart--with open ,word2 ,breathe on us1 mystic ,paraclete ,breathe on us1 ,spirit of the ,lord6 ,another song of the second ,assembly1 and sung through the years since at the services of the ,chautauqua ,circle1 was written and set to music by ,miss ,lucy ,j4 ,rider of ,chicago1 afterward ,mrs4 ,lucy ,rider ,meyer1 one of the founders of the ,deaconess movement in the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,it begins with the lines3 ,the winds are whispering to the trees1 ,the hill-tops catch the strain1 ,the forest lifts her leafy gates ,to greet ,god's host again4 ,in the year of which we are writing1 #ahgg1 ,mary ,a4 ,lathbury gave to ,chautauqua two songs which have become famous1 and are to be found in every hymnal published during the last generation4 ,one is the ,evening ,song of ,praise1 ,day is dying in the ,west1 written to be sung at the even-tide conferences beside the lake4 ,the other1 beginning1 ,break thou the bread of life1 was the study song for the ,normal ,classes4 ,another1 less widely known abroad1 but sung every year at ,chautauqua is the ,alumni ,song1 ,join1 ,o friends1 in a memory song4 ,these were a few of the many songs written by ,miss ,lathbury at ,dr4 ,vincent's request1 and set to music by ,professor ,sherwin4 ,originally composed for the ,normal ,class1 then the most prominent feature on the program1 after the ,chautauqua ,circle arose to greatness in #ahgh1 they were adopted as the songs of that widespread organization4 ,for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 a class song was written each year1 until the ,chautauqua songs grew into a book4 ,not all of these class songs have become popular1 but quite a number are still sung at the ,institution1 especially at class-meetings and in the ,recognition ,day services4 ,at the ,assembly of #ahgg the ,normal ,class still stood in the foreground4 ,special courses of lessons were given to ,primary ,teachers1 by ,mrs4 ,emily ,huntington ,miller1 ,mrs4 ,wilbur ,f4 ,crafts1 and the ever-popular ,pansy--,mrs4 ,g4 ,r4 ,alden4 ,the record informs us that the average attendance at the four normal tents was more than five hundred4 ,thorough reviews after the course were held from time to time1 and this year two competitive examinations1 one on ,august #adth for those unable to remain until the close1 but received examination on the entire course--fifty questions in number2 the other on ,tuesday1 ,august #bast with three hundred candidates for the diploma4 ,from #ahgf for a number of years it was the custom to hold an anniversary service on one evening1 for the ,normal ,alumni4 ,the graduates marched in procession1 led by a band1 a silken banner before each class1 and every member wearing a badge1 to the ,pavilion in the ravine and afterward to its successor the ,amphitheater1 where ,chautauqua songs were sung1 and an address given by an orator1 the ,president of the ,normal ,alumni introducing the speaker4 ,it may have been in #ahgg1 or maybe in a later year1 that ,john ,b4 ,gough was the orator of the evening2 and he began his address in this wise3 ,i don't know why ,i have been chosen to speak to the ,alumni of ,chautauqua1 unless it is because ,i am an ,alumni myself1 if that is the right word for one of them4 ,i am art alumni of ,amherst ,college2 ,m4,a41 ,master of ,arts4 ,i have a diploma1 all in ,latin4 ,i can't read a word of it1 and don't know what it means1 but those long ,latin words look as if they must mean something great4 ,when ,i was made an alumni ,i sat on the platform of the ,commencement ,day2 the salutatorian--they told me that was his title--came up and began to speak in ,latin4 ,he said something to the ,president1 and he bowed and smiled as if he understood it4 ,he turned to the trustees1 and spoke to them and they looked as wise as they could4 ,he said something to the graduating class1 and they seemed to enjoy it--all in ,latin2 and ,i hadn't the remotest idea what it was all about4 ,i kept saying to myself1 ,i wish that he would speak just one word that ,i could understand4 ,finally1 the orator turned straight in my direction and said1 ,ignoramus6 ,i smiled1 and bowed1 just as the others had4 ,there was one word that ,i could understand1 and it exactly fitted my case6 ,on the lecture platform of #ahgg1 the outstanding figure was the massive frame1 the ,jupiter-like head1 and the resonant voice of ,joseph ,cook1 one of the foremost men of that generation in the reconciliation of science with religion--if the twain ever needed a reconciliation4 ,he gave six lectures1 listened to by vast audiences4 ,the one most notable was that entitled1 ,does ,death ,end ,all8 in which he assembled a host of evidences1 outside of the ,scriptures1 pointing to the soul's immortality4 ,joseph ,cook is well-nigh forgotten in this day1 but in his generation he was an undoubted power as a defender of the faith4 ,if we were to name the ,rev4 ,james ,m4 ,buckley1 ,d4,d41 in the account of each year when he spoke in the platform and the subjects of his addresses1 there would be room in our record for few other lecturers4 ,he was present at the opening session in #ahgd1 and at almost every session afterward for more than forty years1--aggressive in debate1 instantaneous in repartee1 marvelous in memory of faces and facts1 and ready to speak upon the widest range of subjects4 ,every year1 ,dr4 ,buckley held a question-drawer1 and few were the queries that he could not answer2 although in an emergency he might dodge a difficulty by telling a story4 ,for many years he was the editor of the ,christian ,advocate in ,new ,york1 known among ,methodists as the ,great ,official2 and he made his paper the champion of conservatism1 for he was always ready to break a lance in behalf of orthodox belief or the ,methodist system4 ,another speaker this year was ,dr4 ,p4 ,s4 ,henson1 a ,baptist pastor successively in ,philadelphia1 in ,chicago1 and in ,boston1 but by no means limited to one parish in his ministry4 ,he spoke under many titles1 but most popularly on ,fools1 and ,the ,golden ,calf1 and he knew how to mingle wisdom and wit in just proportions4 ,abundant as were his resources in the pulpit and on the platform1 some of us who sat with him at the table or on a fallen tree in the forest1 thought that he was even richer and more delightful1 as well as sagacious in his conversation4 ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,deems1 pastor of the ,church of the ,stranger in ,new ,york1 also came to ,chautauqua for the first time this year4 ,he was at home equally in theology1 in science1 and on the questions of the day1 with a remarkable power of making truth seemingly abstruse simple to common people4 ,i recall a lecture on a scientific subject1 at which he saw on the front seat two boys1 and he made it his business to address those boys and simplify his message seemingly for them while in reality for his entire audience4 ,but we cannot even name the speakers who gave interest to the program of #ahgg4 ,one event of that season1 however1 must not be omitted1 for it became the origin of one noteworthy ,chautauqua custom4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,l4 ,greene1 from ,ontario1 ,canada1 a deaf-mute1 gave an address before a great audience in the ,auditorium under the trees4 ,he spoke in the sign-language1 telling several stories from the gospels2 and so striking were his silent symbols that everyone could see the picture4 ,we were especially struck with his vivid representation of ,christ stilling the tempest4 ,as he closed1 the audience of at least two thousand burst into applause1 clapping their hands4 ,dr4 ,vincent came forward1 and said1 ,the speaker is unable to hear your applause2 let us wave our handkerchiefs instead of clapping our hands4 ,in an instant the grove was transformed into a garden of white lilies dancing under the leaves of the trees1 or as some said1 into a snow-covered field4 ,the ,superintendent of ,instruction then and there adopted the ,chautauqua ,salute of the waving handkerchiefs as a token of special honor4 ,it is sparingly given1 only two or three times during the season1 and never except when called for by the head of ,chautauqua in person4 ,at the annual commemoration on ,old ,first ,night the ,chautauqua salute is now given in a peculiar manner to the memory of ,lewis ,miller and other leaders who are no longer among us4 ,at the call of the ,president1 the handkerchiefs are slowly raised and held in absolute stillness for a moment2 then as silently lowered4 ,the ,chautauqua salute is one of the traditions observed in minutest detail after the manner of the ,founders4 ,among the early issues of the ,assembly ,herald appear some verses worthy of a place in our history4 ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,salute ,,by ,,may ,m4 ,,bisbee ,have you heard of a wonderful lily ,that blooms in the fields of air8 ,with never a stem or a pale green leaf1 ,spotless1 and white1 and fair8 ,unnamed in the books of wise men1 ,nor akin to the queenly rose2 ,but the white ,chautauqua lily ,is the fairest flower that grows4 ,never in quiet meadows1 ,by brookside cool and green1 ,in garden-plot1 nor in forest glen1 ,this wonderful flower is seen4 ,it grows in goodly companies1 ,a theme for the poet's pen2 ,it loves not silence1 nor cold nor dark1 ,but it blooms in the haunts of men4 ,the nation trails its great men ,of high and honored name1 ,with clapping of hands and roll of drums ,and trump that sings of fame2 ,but a sweet and silent greeting ,to the ones we love the best1 ,are the white ,chautauqua lilies ,in our summer home of rest4 ,when the beautiful vesper service ,has died on the evening air1 ,and a thousand happy faces ,are raised at the close of prayer1 ,the voice of our well-loved leader ,rings out in its clear-toned might2 ,we will give our salutation ,to an honored guest to-night4 ,then out of the speaking silence ,the white wings rise to air1 ,faintest of flutter and softest of sound1 ,hail to the lilies rare6 ,thousands and tens of thousands1 ,swiftly the lilies grow1 ,till the air is filled with the fluttering flowers1 ,as the winter air with snow4 ,hail to the fair white lilies6 ,sweetest of salutations6 ,the love of a thousand hearts they bear ,the greeting of the nations4 ,the fairest of earth-born flowers ,must wither by-and-by2 ,but the lilies that live in the hearts they hail ,will never1 never die4 ,o cold blast1 spare the lily-bed ,that bears the wonderful flower6 ,give largely1 ,o sky1 of summer sun1 ,largely of summer shower1 ,till the white flowers born in our summer home ,to earth's outermost rim be given2 ,and the lilies open their cups of snow ,in the garden beds of heaven4 ,at the final meeting of the ,assembly in #ahgg1 on ,monday evening1 ,august #bjth1 ,dr4 ,vincent outlined some plans for the coming year1--a large hotel to replace the tented walls of the ,pavilion ,palace1 a new meeting-place to be built with walls and roof over the natural amphitheater in the ravine1 some further courses of study1 and many improvements to the grounds4 ,then he added1 ,and ,i shall not be surprised if--well1 ,i will not tell you--,i have another dream ,i will not give you4 7,a voice3 ,let's have it47 ,no1 ,i am going to hold that back1 so you will want me to come next year4 ,but ,i believe that something higher and larger is just out yonder in the near future4 ,next summer1 if we all live1 ,i will tell you about it4 ,we shall see in the coming chapter what that new development of ,chautauqua was to be1--the greatest in its history1 and perhaps the greatest in the history of education through the land4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,reading ,,circle ,illustration3 ,flower ,girls on ,recognition ,day ,illustration3 ,flower ,girls of #ahid ,elizabeth ,vincent and ,paul ,harper leading ,,the dream of which ,dr4 ,vincent gave a hint at the close of the #ahgg ,assembly was destined to become a reality in #ahgh4 ,that year marks a golden milestone in the history of ,chautauqua1 for then was launched ,the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1 that goodly vessel which has sailed around the world1 has carried more than a half-million of passengers1 and has brought inspiration and intelligence to multitudes unnumbered4 ,the conception arose in its author's mind from the consciousness of his own intellectual needs4 ,he had longed1 but vainly1 for the privilege of higher education in the college1 but in his youth there were no ,boards of ,education with endowments extending a helping hand to needy students4 ,his school-days ended in the academy1 but not his education1 for he was to the end of his life a student1 reading the best books1 even when their subjects and style demanded a trained mind4 ,as one who knew him well and for more than a generation1 ,i may say without hesitation that ,john ,heyl ,vincent possessed more knowledge and richer culture than nine out of ten men holding a college diploma4 ,but his heart went out in sympathy toward others who like himself had missed the opportunity of dwelling in college-cloisters1 toward workers on the farm1 at the forge1 in the store1 in the office1 in the kitchen1 and in the factory1 whose longings were like his own4 ,many of these would read good books and drink at the ,pierian ,spring1 if only they knew where to find the fountain--in other words1 if some intelligent1 well-read person would direct them1 and place the best books in their way4 ,gradually it dawned upon his mind that everyone has some margin of time1 at least half an hour among the twenty-four1 which might be made useful under wise counsel to win knowledge4 ,he had not heard of that sentence spoken by the great ,president of ,harvard1 that ten minutes a day1 for ten years of a life1 with the right books1 will give any one an education4 ,indeed1 that wise utterance came after the ,chautauqua ,circle had been established and was already giving guidance to many thousand people4 ,the conception came to ,dr4 ,vincent of a course of reading1 which might become to the diligent a course of study1 to include the principal subjects of a college curriculum1 all in the ,english language1 omitting the mathematical and technical departments of science2 a course that would give to its careful reader1 not the mental discipline of four years in college1 but something of the college outlook upon life and letters4 ,it was to embrace the histories of the great nations that shaped the world--,israel1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,great ,britain1 and ,america1--with shorter sketches of other important lands2 a view over the literature of the ages1 not in the original ,greek1 ,latin1 or ,german1 but as translated into our own tongue1 presented in a manner to give general understanding to the many1 and also to awaken the aspiring reader by pointing out the path to thorough knowledge4 ,there are tens of thousands who have studied the ,bible only in the ,english version1 yet could pass a better examination upon its contents than many graduates of the theological seminary4 ,one might read such an account of ,homer's ,odyssey1 or ,virgil's neid1 or ,dante's ,paradiso1 or ,goethe's ,faust1 as would inspire him to seek and study a complete translation of these masterpieces4 ,dr4 ,edward ,everett ,hale1 from the beginning one of the counselors of the ,chautauqua ,course1 said that it gives to its students the language of the time2 not a full detailed knowledge1 but such a general view as enables him to understand allusions and references1 to be at home with the thinkers and writers of the age4 ,the ,chautauqua ,circle was not planned for specialists1 seeking full knowledge upon one subject1 but for general readers4 ,before it was inaugurated there was already established in ,boston the ,society for the ,encouragement of ,home ,study4 ,the student who desired aid through this useful organization was expected to select some one department of knowledge1 and then a list of books or articles would be sent to him1 with suggestions1 questions1 and an examination4 ,if historical1 it would not be history in general1 but the history of one country1 or one period in its annals4 ,it might be the ,american1 or ,french1 or ,english ,revolution--very thorough1 but only for one seeking special knowledge4 ,but the ,chautauqua plan contemplated a general round of knowledge--history1 literature1 science1 natural and social1 art1 and religion3 and this broad conception was one great secret of its success4 ,a story which is typical was told the writer of this volume as an absolute fact by one who claimed to know the persons referred to4 ,a young lady called upon her pastor with this request2 ,i wish that you would tell me of some good books to read4 ,i'm tired of reading nothing but novels1 and want to find some books that are worth while4 ,can't you give me the names of some such books8 ,the minister thought a moment1 and then said slowly1 ,well1 what kind of books do you want--religious books1 for instance8 ,no1 said the girl1 ,i do not know as ,i wish to read about religion4 ,i get that in the church and the ,sunday ,school4 ,but there must be some good books of other kinds--can't you tell me of them8 ,what would you think of a course of reading in history8 asked the pastor4 ,her face brightened somewhat1 and she answered1 ,why1 ,i think that ,i might like to read history4 ,what would you recommend for me8 ,the minister glanced at his own shelves1 thought a moment1 and then said1 ,well1 ,i can't all at once name a course on such an important subject as history4 ,come next ,wednesday1 and ,i'll have a list of good books for you4 ,she came1 and he showed her a formidable catalogue of books1 saying3 ,i have done the best that ,i could do1 but the list is longer than ,i had expected4 ,it includes eighty volumes4 ,i wrote down one hundred and twenty volumes at first1 but cut it down to eighty1 and it cannot be made shorter1 not by a single volume4 ,in fact1 it is not as complete as it should be4 ,you will begin with the greatest book of history in all literature--,gibbon's ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire1 in nine volumes6 ,the young lady was appalled1 and never went through the first chapter of ,gibbon's mighty work4 ,this was before the ,chautauqua ,home ,reading ,course was evolved4 ,after that had been launched any intelligent minister1 or helpful librarian1 would simply have said to the enquirer1 ,send for a circular of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c42 that will give you exactly what you need4 ,illustration3 ,pioneer ,hall3 ,class of #ahhb4 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,old ,college ,building ,there comes to my own mind a vivid remembrance of that evening when for the first time ,i heard those magic words--,the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,in the early spring of #ahgh1 ,dr4 ,vincent had just returned from an official visit to ,europe1 and ,i was no longer at ,plainfield1 five minutes' walk from his home1 but by the revolution of the itinerant wheel a pastor1 thirty miles distant4 ,a message came asking me to spend an evening with him and talk over some new plans for ,chautauqua4 ,of course1 ,i obeyed the call1 for ,i always gained more than ,i gave in any conversation with that fruitful mind4 ,we sat in front of the fireplace in his study1 and ,i listened while for an hour he talked of a new organization which he proposed to launch in the coming season1 to be named ,the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle2 with a course of study to be carried through four years1 with forty minutes as each day's task1 for nine or ten months of each year1 in the various branches of knowledge1 analogous to the four years of college study4 ,he was so full of his theme and so eloquent upon it that ,i could only listen to the outpouring utterances4 ,the general purpose was clear before him1 but not the details of its operation4 ,dr4 ,vincent's eyes were ever set upward toward the mountain-tops glorious in the sunlight1 and he did not always think of the thickets to be cut and the path to be made from the lower plain to the summit4 ,i could see some of the difficulties in the way1 some obstacles that must be overcome1 and sagely shook my head in doubt of the scheme4 ,it was a radical departure from the earlier ideals1 for thus far everything on the ,chautauqua program had been along the line of ,sunday ,school training1 and this was a forsaking of the well-trodden path for a new world of secular education4 ,why try to rival the high schools and arouse the criticism of the colleges8 ,how would the regular constituency of ,chautauqua feel at this innovation8 ,no doubt under the spell of his enthusiasm1 some would join the proposed class in literature and science--but how could science be studied by untrained people without laboratories1 or apparatus1 or teachers8 ,and after the spell of the ,chautauqua season would not the pledges be forgotten at home1 and the numbers in the home classes soon dwindle away to nothing8 ,dr4 ,vincent asked me a question as we sat in the glow of the fireplace4 ,how many do you think can be depended on to carry on such a course as is proposed8 ,oh1 perhaps a hundred6 ,i answered4 ,people who want to read will find books1 and those who don't care for reading will soon tire of serious study4 ,the doctor sprang up from his chair and walked nervously across the room4 ,i tell you1 ,mr4 ,hurlbut1 the time will come when you will see a thousand readers in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i smiled1 the smile of kindly unbelief6 ,his impulse1 his dream was noble1 to be sure1 but so utterly impracticable4 ,i tell this little tale to show how far below the reality were the expectations of us both4 ,only a few years after this conversation the enrolled members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 counted sixty thousand readers pursuing the course at one time1 with probably as many more readers unregistered4 ,the opening evening of the ,assembly was held on ,tuesday evening1 ,august #fth4 ,the vesper service beginning1 ,the ,day goeth away1 ,the ,shadows of evening are stretched out1 ,praise waiteth for ,thee1 ,o ,god1 in ,zion1 etc41 was read responsively in the ,auditorium between the ,miller ,cottage and the ,vincent tent1 then not far from the ,point1 when a sudden shower fell and a general rush was made to the new ,pavilion in the ravine on the west4 ,that was the last opening service attempted out-of-doors4 ,since that evening1 the ,pavilion1 soon to become the ,amphitheater1 has supplied the stage for the speakers1 sedate or humorous1 short or long1--some of them longer than the audience desired--on ,old ,first ,night4 ,a few lectures were given from time to time in the old ,auditorium1 but after the season of #ahgi it was left for smaller meetings of couples in communion of soul on the seats here and there under the trees4 ,the inauguration of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle took place in the ,pavilion on the afternoon of ,saturday1 ,august #aj1 #ahgh4 ,on the platform1 then lower than most of the seats1 were a telescope1 a microscope1 a globe1 some scientific apparatus1 and a table filled with books1 giving a scholastic setting to the exercises4 ,dr4 ,vincent presided1 and with him were ,bishop ,randolph ,s4 ,foster of ,boston1 ,dr4 ,henry ,w4 ,warren of ,philadelphia1 himself two years afterward to become a bishop1 ,professor ,william ,c4 ,wilkinson1 whose pen in the following years wrote many books for the readers of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 ,professor ,james ,strong of wide learning1 and several other eminent men4 ,the address of the day1 unfolding the purpose and plan of the ,circle1 was given by ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,many of us who heard him on that afternoon have thought since that this was the masterpiece of his lifetime1 and it might worthily be so1 for it launched a movement in education1 the most influential and wide-reaching of any in the annals of the nation4 ,i wish that it were possible to reprint that great address as reported in full in the ,assembly ,herald1 for never was the conception of ,chautauqua at home for nine months of the year more clearly set forth1 but a few quotations and outlines must suffice4 ,he began by calling attention to four classes of people4 ,first1 those who inherit from their ancestors wealth1 ease1 and large intellectual opportunities1 who find college doors opening almost of their own accord before them4 ,second1 there are those born under the necessity of daily toil4 ,for these the education of the public school is provided2 but it is limited and rarely appreciated4 ,children go to school to get knowledge enough for bread-winning and no more4 ,third1 there are those who1 born under necessity1 struggle into opportunity1 fight their way up into power1 and make themselves the intellectual heroes of their time4 ,fourth1 there are many born under necessity1 who lack the vision at the beginning1 who enter upon a life of trade or labor which may bring them success1 but who gradually awake to realize how much they have lost1 without realizing that it is never too late to gain culture and that education ends only with life4 ,this is the class in every community which our new organization aims to reach1 to uplift1 to inspire and stimulate4 ,we propose to give to these people in every walk of life1 both the rich1 the middle class1 and the poor--all in one class in their condition and their needs--the college student's outlook upon the world of thought1 by short studies in literature and science1 by the reading of books1 by the preparation of synopses of books read1 by written reports of books read1 and by correspondence with experts in the several departments4 ,here are some of the advantages of this organization3 ,it will develop higher and nobler tastes1 increase mental power1 exalt home-life1 giving authority and home-help in public school studies and organizing homes into reading circles4 ,it will counteract the influence of our modern pernicious literature and sweeten and enrich the daily lives of poor and hard-working people4 ,it will bring the more cultivated people into contact with the less scholarly1 promote a true appreciation of science1 and tend to increase the spiritual life and power of the church4 ,all knowledge becomes glorified in the man whose heart is consecrated to ,god4 ,as ,i copy these words in the year #aibj1 more than forty years after they were spoken and printed1 with each sentence there rise to my mind instances that have come to my own knowledge of every one of these prophecies fulfilled4 ,chautauqua through its home-reading course has accomplished far more than its founder even dreamed4 ,the speaker answered an objection to the plan of study based upon its superficiality4 ,superficial it is1 and so is any college course of study4 ,the boy who stands at the close of his senior year1 on ,commencement ,day1 to receive his parchment and whatever honors belong to him1 who does not feel that his whole course has been superficial1 will not be likely to succeed in the after struggle of life4 ,but superficiality is better than absolute ignorance4 ,it is better for a man to take a general survey1 to catch somewhere a point that arrests him2 for the man who never takes a survey never catches the point in which dwell the possibilities of power for him4 ,when you sow seed1 it is not the weight of the seed put into the soil that tells1 it is the weight of the harvest that comes after4 ,here are some of the closing words of the address3 ,how glad ,i should be if ,i should find in the future years that more boys and girls are going to our high schools and universities because of the impulse received here at ,chautauqua6 ,and ,i say to you3 with all your getting1 get understanding4 ,look through microscopes1 but find ,god4 ,look through telescopes1 but find ,god4 ,look for ,him revealed in the throbbing life about you1 in the palpitating stars above1 in the marvelous records of the earth beneath you1 and in your own souls4 ,study the possibilities which ,god unfolds1 and make of yourself all that you can4 ,the harder the struggle1 the brighter the crown4 ,have faith and holy purpose4 ,go on to know and to will1 to do and be4 ,when outward circumstances discourage1 trample the circumstances under foot4 ,be master of circumstances1 like the king that ,god has called you to be4 ,god give you such hearts1 such toil1 such triumphs1 and give you such masterhood as shall one day place you among the kings and priests of a redeemed and purified universe6 ,after the applause following this address subsided1 a poem was read1 written for the occasion by the ever-ready ,mary ,a4 ,lathbury4 ,it pictured the modern ,chautauqua as representing the old ,jerusalem which pilgrims sought for worship and inspiration4 ,we can only quote its final stanzas3 ,the ,life of ,god is shining ,upon her where she stands2 ,and leaf by leaf unfolding ,within her reverent hands1 ,the earth and seas and heavens ,disclose her secrets old1 ,and every force of ,nature ,reveals its heart of gold6 ,now knoweth she the answer ,that ends the schoolmen's strife1-- ,that knowledge bears no blossom ,till quickened by the ,life4 ,o holy1 holy city6 ,the life of ,god with men6 ,descending out of heaven ,to ne'er ascend again4 ,o ,light1 ,o ,life immortal6 ,one sea above1 below6 ,if unto us be given ,that blessed thing1--to know-- ,hope's beatific vision1 ,and ,faith's prophetic sight ,shall die before the fullness ,of that unclouded ,light4 ,after the reading of the poem1 ,dr4 ,vincent said1 ,in the preparation for this important occasion1 ,i have consulted some of the most experienced and practical educators of the country1 and from a number of distinguished gentlemen ,i have received letters relating to this movement4 ,illustration3 ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,alumni ,hall ,we can only quote a sentence or two from a few of these letters4 ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott wrote3 ,it seems to me if you can lay out such plans of study1 particularly in the departments of practical science1 as will fit our boys and young men in the mining1 manufacturing1 and agricultural districts to become1 in a true though not ambitious sense of the term1 scientific and intelligent miners1 mechanics1 and farmers1 you will have done more to put down strikes and labor riots than an army could2 and more to solve the labor problem than will be done by the ,babel-builders of a hundred labor-reform conventions4 ,professor ,luther ,t4 ,townsend1 of ,boston ,university3 ,your plan for the promotion of ,christian culture in art1 science1 and literature1 among the masses of the ,american people1 strikes me as one of the grandest conceptions of the nineteenth century4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,hodge1 of ,princeton3 ,the scheme is a grand one1 and only needs to insure its success that efficient administration which has so eminently characterized all your enterprises4 ,history and nature are the spheres in which ,god exercises his perfections1 through which they are manifested to us4 ,all human knowledge should be comprehended in the one system of which ,christ is the center1 and illuminated with the light of revelation4 ,dr4 ,arthur ,gilman3 ,your fears of superficiality do not trouble me4 ,for your course will probably aim rather to direct the mind toward the way in which you wish it to develop1 than store it with the details of knowledge4 ,you wish to awaken1 rather than cultivate4 ,dr4 ,howard ,crosby1 of ,new ,york3 ,your scheme to induce business men and others to pursue useful courses of reading in science and history is worthy of all commendation4 ,while we cannot expect to make such persons scientists or scholars1 we may expect them to become appreciative of things scientific or scholarly1 and to be able to discriminate between the false and the true4 ,he added some valuable suggestions regarding the kind of books that should be chosen2 and the hope that the course1 instead of becoming a substitute for the college1 might lead to the college4 ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,deems1 of ,new ,york1 gave his heartiest approval of the plan1 and stated that he was holding in his own church classes in all the departments named1 and would enroll them under the ,chautauqua system1 with examinations and the diploma at the completion of the course4 ,dr4 ,william ,f4 ,warren1 ,president of ,boston ,university1 wrote a letter in which he said3 ,you are aiming to secure that without which every system of education is weak1 and with which any is strong2 namely1 interested personal home work the year round4 ,and you seem to carry these home students to the point where they can go alone1 if they cannot have the help of the schools4 ,one of these letters must be given in full1 notwithstanding its length4 ,dr4 ,vincent introduced it with an account of his interview with its author1 the venerable ,william ,cullen ,bryant1 the oldest of his group--the ,american poets of the mid-century4 ,i wrote him afterward a long letter said ,dr4 ,vincent1 defining the scheme more fully4 ,while in ,london a few weeks ago ,i received from him the following letter1 written with his own hand1--written but a few weeks before his death4 ,this letter has never been read in public and has never been in print4 ,,new ,,york1 ,may #ah1 #ahgh4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1 ,i cannot be present at the meeting called to organize the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1 but ,i am glad that such a movement is on foot1 and wish it the fullest success4 ,there is an attempt to make science1 or a knowledge of the laws of the material universe1 an ally of the school which denies a separate spiritual existence and a future life2 in short1 to borrow of science weapons to be used against ,christianity4 ,the friends of religion1 therefore1 confident that one truth never contradicts another1 are doing wisely when they seek to accustom the people at large to think and to weigh evidence as well as to believe4 ,by giving a portion of their time to a vigorous training of the intellect1 and a study of the best books1 men gain the power to deal satisfactorily with questions with which the mind might otherwise have become bewildered4 ,it is true that there is no branch of human knowledge so important as that which teaches the duties that we owe to ,god and to each other1 and that there is no law of the universe1 sublime and wonderful as it may be1 so worthy of being made fully known as the law of love1 which makes him who obeys it a blessing to his species1 and the universal observance of which would put an end to a large proportion of the evils which affect mankind4 ,yet is a knowledge of the results of science1 and such of its processes as lie most open to the popular mind1 important for the purpose of showing the different spheres occupied by science and religion1 and preventing the inquirer from mistaking their divergence from each other for opposition4 ,i perceive this important advantage in the proposed organization1 namely1 that those who engage in it will mutually encourage each other4 ,it will give the members a common pursuit1 which always begets a feeling of brotherhood2 they will have a common topic of conversation and discussion1 and the consequence will be1 that many who1 if they stood alone1 might soon grow weary of the studies which are recommended to them1 will be incited to perseverance by the interest which they see others taking in them4 ,it may happen in rare instances that a person of eminent mental endowments1 which otherwise might have remained uncultivated and unknown1 will be stimulated in this manner to diligence1 and put forth unexpected powers1 and1 passing rapidly beyond the rest1 become greatly distinguished1 and take a place among the luminaries of the age4 ,i shall be interested to watch1 during the little space of life that may yet remain to me1 the progress and results of the plan which has drawn from me this letter4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,very truly yours1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,bryant4 ,the distinguished writer of this letter died only a month and four days after writing it1 on ,june #ab1 #ahgh1 as the result of a sunstroke while he was making an address at the unveiling of a statue in the ,central ,park4 ,he was in the eighty-fifth year of his age4 ,after some short addresses by men on the platform1 ,bishop ,foster1 ,professor ,wilkinson1 ,dr4 ,strong1 and others1 ,dr4 ,vincent announced as the first book of the course1 ,green's ,short ,history of the ,english ,people1 and invited all desirous of joining the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 to write their names and addresses upon slips of paper and hand them to anyone on the platform4 ,it might have been supposed that a circular would be ready containing a statement of the course for the first year1 regulations and requirements of the organization1 the fee of membership1 etc42 but in the enthusiasm of the time those desirable requisites had been forgotten4 ,everybody looked around for a slip of paper4 ,visiting cards were made useful1 margins were torn off newspapers1 and there was an overwhelming rush toward the platform to join the new circle4 ,on that afternoon seven hundred names were received and the number grew hourly until the close of the ,assembly4 ,nearly all the regular year-by-year visitors to ,chautauqua became members of this ,pioneer ,class1 as it was afterwards named2 and to this day its fellowship1 after forty-two years1 still continues one of the largest at its annual gatherings in ,pioneer ,hall1 the building which it erected as its home4 ,the book-store was crowded with applicants for ,green's ,history1 and the few copies on hand1 not more than half a dozen1 were instantaneously disposed of4 ,an order was telegraphed to the ,harper ,brothers in ,new ,york for fifty copies1 on the next morning for fifty more1 then for another hundred1 day after day the demand increasing4 ,the ,harpers were astounded at the repeated calls1 and telegraphed for particulars as to the reason why everybody at an almost unknown place called ,chautauqua had gone wild in demand for this book4 ,their stock on hand was exhausted long before the ,assembly was ended1 and most of the members of this ,class of #ahhb were compelled to wait a month or more for their books4 ,public libraries were by no means numerous in those days while ,andrew ,carnegie was making the millions to be spent later in establishing them1 but wherever they were1 ,green's ,short ,history was drawn out1 and a waiting list made for it1 to the amazement of librarians1 who vainly proposed the substitution of other standard ,english histories4 ,whoever could buy1 borrow1 or beg a copy of ,green1 rejoiced--we hope that no ,chautauquan1 in his hunger for literature1 stole one1 but we are not sure4 ,people otherwise honest have been known to retain borrowed umbrellas and books4 ,in the ,class of #ahhb eight thousand four hundred names were enrolled1 for the members brought home from ,chautauqua the good news1 and families1 neighbors1 and friends everywhere sent in their applications4 ,later we shall learn what proportion of these followed the course through the four years and marched under the arches to their ,recognition as graduates4 ,an addition had been made to the grounds on the west1 and here ,dr4 ,vincent chose a square shaded by abundant beech-trees1 as the center and home of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,he named it ,st4 ,paul's ,grove1 choosing the apostle who represented the combination of the fervent heart and the cultured mind1 an ideal for all ,chautauquans4 ,besides ,dr4 ,vincent's address at this time1 another was given by ,governor ,a4 ,h4 ,colquitt of ,georgia1 ,president of the ,international ,sunday ,school ,convention4 ,the dedicatory prayer was offered by ,bishop ,foster and an appropriate hymn written by ,dr4 ,hyde of ,denver was sung by ,professor ,sherwin and his choir4 ,st4 ,paul's ,grove1 and its pillared temple soon to rise1 will appear often in our story as one of the sacred spots at ,chautauqua4 ,we must not overlook the daily program during this epoch-making season of #ahgh4 ,there were the daily classes studying ,greek and ,hebrew under ,drs4 ,strong and ,vail4 ,there was a class in microscopy1 with the ,misses ,lattimore2 there was the normal class with a full number of students ending with the successful examination of more than one hundred and forty new members of the ,normal ,alumni ,association4 ,the annual reunion of the ,normal ,alumni was celebrated with the usual banners1 procession1 address1 the illuminated fleet and fireworks4 ,the lecture platform of #ahgh stood at as high a level as ever4 ,if any one speaker bore off the honors of that year1 it was ,bishop ,randolph ,s4 ,foster of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 whose lectures on ,beyond the ,grave drew the largest audiences and aroused the deepest interest4 ,they were afterward published in a volume which attracted wide attention1 and brought some criticism from preachers of the conservative school4 ,there were even some who talked of an impeachment and trial1 but they did not venture to bring the greatest thinker and theologian in their church to the bar4 ,other lecturers who made their mark were ,dr4 ,robert ,m4 ,hatfield of ,chicago1 ,president ,charles ,h4 ,fowler1 ,dr4 7soon after ,bishop7 ,john ,f4 ,hurst1 ,dr4 ,john ,lord1 the historian-lecturer1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,cook1 ,professor ,william ,north ,rice1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,de,witt ,talmage1 with his entertaining lecture on ,big ,blunders1 and ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,deems on ,the ,superstitions of ,science4 ,one remarkable meeting was held on the afternoon of the opening day1 ,tuesday1 ,august #fth4 ,in the ,pavilion four men gave in turn the distinctive doctrines and usages of their several churches4 ,these were the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,seymour1 ,baptist1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,williston1 ,congregationalist1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hatfield1 ,methodist1 and ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,worden1 ,presbyterian4 ,without attempt at controversy or criticism each speaker named the principles for which his branch of the ,holy ,catholic ,church stood4 ,there was the most cordial feeling4 ,each listener believed as strongly as before in his own denomination1 but many felt a greater respect for the other branches of the true vine4 ,at the close all the congregation sang together1 ,blest be the tie that binds ,our hearts in ,christian love4 ,a new building took its place upon the grounds1 and speedily became the center of many activities4 ,it was called ,the ,children's ,temple1 built through the generous gift of ,president ,lewis ,miller1 in the general plan of his ,sunday ,school ,hall at ,akron1 ,ohio1 a central assembly room with folding doors opening or closing a number of classrooms around it4 ,for many years it was the home of the ,children's ,class1 under ,rev4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent and ,frank ,beard1 which grew to an attendance of three hundred daily4 ,they wore badges of membership1 passed examinations upon a systematic course1 and received diplomas4 ,soon an ,intermediate ,department became necessary for those who had completed the children's course1 and this also grew into a large body of members and graduates4 ,illustration3 ,the ,chautauqua ,book-,store ,a host of events on this great ,chautauqua season of #ahgh must be omitted from this too long chapter in our story4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,chautauqua ,,all ,,the ,,year ,,during those early years the ,chautauqua sessions were strenuous weeks to both ,miller and ,vincent4 ,mr4 ,miller brought to ,chautauqua for a number of seasons his normal class of young people from the ,akron ,sunday ,school1 requiring them to attend the ,chautauqua normal class and to take its examination4 ,he acted also as ,superintendent of the ,assembly ,sunday ,school1 which was like organizing a new school of fifteen hundred members every ,sunday1 on account of the constant coming and going of students and teachers4 ,but ,mr4 ,miller's time and thoughts were so constantly taken up with secular details1 leasing lots1 cutting down trees1 and setting up tents1 settling disputes with lot holders and ticket holders1 and a thousand and one business matters great and small--especially after successive purchases had more than doubled the territory of the ,assembly1--that he was able to take part in but few of its exercises4 ,one out of many perplexing situations may be taken as a specimen4 ,in one purchase was included a small tract on the lake-shore outside the original camp ground1 where some families from a distance had purchased holdings and built small cottages1 being independent both of the camp-meeting and the ,assembly4 ,some members of this colony claimed the right of way to go in and out of the ,assembly at all times1 ,sundays as well as week-days1 to attend lectures and classes without purchasing tickets4 ,others in the older parts of the ground under camp-meeting leases declared themselves beyond the jurisdiction of new rules made by the ,assembly trustees4 ,a strong party appeared demanding that the lot owners as a body should elect the trustees1--which meant that the future of a great and growing educational institution should be shaped not by a carefully selected ,board under the guidance of two idealists1--one of whom was at the same time a practical businessman1 a rare combination1--but by a gathering of lot-holders1 not all of them intelligent1 and the majority people who were keeping boarding-houses and were more eager for dollars than for culture4 ,i remember a conversation with the proprietor of one of the largest boarding-houses who urged that the grounds be left open1 with no gate-fees or tickets2 but instead a ticket-booth at the entrance to each lecture-hall1 so that people would be required to pay only for such lectures and entertainments as they chose to attend6 ,i could name some ,assemblies calling themselves ,chautauquas1 where this policy was pursued2 and almost invariably one season or at most two seasons terminated their history4 ,added to these and other perplexities was the ever-present question of finance4 ,the rapid growth of the movement caused a requirement of funds far beyond the revenue of the ,association4 ,its income came mainly from the gate-fees1 to which was added a small tax upon each lot1 and the concessions to store-keepers2 for the prices obtained by the leasing of new lots must be held as a sinking fund to pay off the mortgages incurred in their purchase4 ,there came also an imperative demand for a water-supply through an aqueduct1 a sewer-system1 and other sanitary arrangements made absolutely necessary by the increase of population4 ,in those years ,mr4 ,miller's purse was constantly opened to meet pressing needs1 and his credit enabled the trustees to obtain loans and mortgages4 ,but despite his multitudinous cares and burdens1 no one ever saw ,mr4 ,miller harassed or nervous4 ,he was always unruffled1 always pleasant1 even smiling under the most trying conditions4 ,his head was always clear1 his insight into the needs not only of the time but of the future also was always sure1 and his spinal column was strong enough to stand firm against the heaviest pressure4 ,he knew instinctively when it was wise to conciliate1 and when it was essential to be positive4 ,the present generation of ,chautauquans can never realize how great is their debt of gratitude to ,lewis ,miller4 ,the inventor and manufacturer of harvesting machines at ,akron and ,canton1 ,ohio1 busy at his desk for eleven months1 found the ,swiss ,cottage beside ,chautauqua ,lake by no means a place of rest during his brief vacation4 ,nor were the burdens upon the other ,founder lighter than those of his associate4 ,the two men talked and corresponded during the year regarding the coming program1 but the selection1 engagement1 and arrangement of the speakers was mainly ,dr4 ,vincent's part4 ,at the same hour1 often half a dozen meetings would be held1 and care must be taken not to have them in conflict in their location and their speakers4 ,changes in the program must often be made suddenly after a telegram from some lecturer that he could not arrive on the morrow4 ,new features must be introduced as the demand and the opportunity arose1--the ,baptists1 or ,methodists1 or ,congregationalists1 or ,disciples desired a meeting1 for which an hour and a place must be found4 ,the only one who kept the list of the diversified assemblages was ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,he had no secretary in those days to sit at a desk in an office and represent the ,superintendent of ,instruction4 ,his tent at the foot of the grounds was a stage whereon entrances and exits were constant4 ,moreover1 the audience was apt to measure the importance of a lecture by the presence of ,dr4 ,vincent as presiding officer or a substitute in his place introducing the speaker4 ,the ,vincent temperament was less even and placid than the ,miller2 and the ,assembly of those early years generally closed with its ,superintendent in a worn-out physical condition4 ,and it must not be forgotten that ,dr4 ,vincent like his ,associate ,founder was a busy working man all the year4 ,he was in charge of the ,sunday ,school work in a great church1 supervising ,sunday ,schools in ,buenos ,ayres1 and ,kiu-kiang1 and ,calcutta1 as well as in ,bangor and ,seattle4 ,at his desk in ,new ,york and ,plainfield he was the editor of nine periodicals1 aided by a small number of assistants4 ,several months of every year were spent in a visitation of ,methodist ,conference setting forth the work1 and stirring up a greater interest in it4 ,he was lecturing and preaching and taking part in conventions and institutes everywhere in the land4 ,chautauqua was only one of the many activities occupying his mind1 his heart1 and his time4 ,the ,assembly of #ahgh1 with the inauguration of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 had been especially exhausting to ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,imagine1 if you can1 his feelings when he found his desks in the office and the home piled high with letters concerning the new movement for ,chautauqua readings all the year4 ,he was simply overwhelmed by the demands1 for everybody must have an immediate answer4 ,walking out one day1 he met one of the teachers of the ,high ,school1 told her of his difficulties1 and asked her if she could suggest anyone who might relieve him4 ,she thought a moment1 and then said3 ,i think ,i know a girl of unusual ability who can help you--,miss ,kate ,kimball1 who was graduated from the ,high ,school last ,june1 and ,i will send her to you4 ,she came1 a tall young lady1 only eighteen years old1 with a pair of brown eyes peculiarly bright1 and a manner retiring though self-possessed4 ,dr4 ,vincent mentioned some of the help that he required1 but looked doubtfully at her1 and said1 ,i am afraid that you are too young to undertake this work4 ,she answered1 ,i would like to try it2 but if you find that ,i am not equal to it1 ,i will not be offended to have it given to some other person4 ,let me see if ,i can help you even a little4 ,that was the introduction of ,miss ,kate ,fisher ,kimball to the work and care of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1 of which she was the ,executive ,secretary until her death in #aiag4 ,she was born in #ahfj1 at ,orange1 ,new ,jersey1 her father1 ,dr4 ,horace ,f4 ,kimball1 being a dentist with office in ,new ,york4 ,young as she was1 she at once showed rare abilities in administration4 ,under her vigorous and wise efforts1 the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was soon reduced to a system1 the members were classified1 the course was made orderly1 circulars of various sorts were prepared and sent out to answer as many kinds of questions1 and the calls from all over the nation1 almost all over the world were met4 ,kate ,kimball had a wonderful memory1 as well as a systematic mind4 ,dr4 ,vincent would tell her in one sentence the answer to be sent to a letter1 and twenty sentences in succession for twenty letters4 ,she made no note1 but remembered each one2 would write to each correspondent a letter framed as it should be1 with a clear statement1 of just the right length1 never getting the wrong answer on her pen4 ,and if six months afterward1 or six years1 there came a letter requiring the same answer1 she did not need to ask for information1 but could send the right reply without consulting the letter-file4 ,thousands of correspondents who may never have met her will remember that signature1 ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball1 for they have been strengthened and inspired by letters signed with it4 ,i have heard more than one person say1 ,i want to go to ,chautauqua1 if it is only to become acquainted with ,k4 ,f4 ,kimball4 ,let me transcribe a few sentences written by ,mr4 ,frank ,chapin ,bray1 who as ,editor of ,the ,chautauquan ,magazine1 was for years in close relation with ,miss ,kimball4 ,many will always think of her as a kind of ,chautauqua ,mother ,superior4 ,the details of the work of an ,executive ,secretary are not transcribable for they were multifarious drudgeries year after year which defy analysis4 ,during thirty-five years she made them the means of transmitting a great idea as a dynamic force vital to hundreds of thousands of men and women the world around4 ,next to the originating genius of ,john ,h4 ,vincent1 the influence which made the ,chautauqua ,home ,reading ,course one of the mightiest educational forces of the nineteenth century was the tireless energy and the executive ability of ,kate ,f4 ,kimball4 ,about #aiab she was suddenly taken with an illness1 not deemed serious at the time1 but later found to have been a slight paralytic shock4 ,she was given a year's vacation from office work and spent most of it in ,england and on the continent4 ,some of her friends think that if she had absolutely abstained from work1 she might have recovered her health2 but while in ,england she visited nearly all its great cathedrals1 and wrote a series of articles for ,the ,chautauquan on ,an ,english ,cathedral ,journey1 afterward embodied in one of the best of the non-technical books on that subject4 ,she returned to her desk1 but not in her former vigor4 ,year by year her powers of thought and action declined1 and she died ,june #ag1 #aiag1 in the fifty-seventh year of her age1 leaving after her not only a precious memory but an abiding influence2 for the plans initiated by her adaptive mind are still those effective in the shaping of the ,chautauqua ,circle4 ,illustration3 ,hall of the ,christ ,illustration3 ,entrance to the ,hall of ,philosophy ,the course of reading for the first year was as follows3 ,green's ,short ,history of the ,english ,people2 with it the little hand-book by ,dr4 ,vincent--,chautauqua ,text-,book ,no4 #d1 ,outline of ,english ,history2 an arrangement by periods1 enabling the reader to arrange the events in order2 ,chautauqua ,text-,book ,no4 #e1 ,outline of ,greek ,history2 ,professor ,mahaffy's ,old ,greek ,life2 ,stopford ,brooke's ,primer of ,english ,literature2 ,chautauqua ,text-,book ,no4 #b1 ,studies of the ,stars2 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,warren's ,recreations in ,astronomy2 ,j4 ,dorman ,steele's ,human ,psychology2 ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,hurst's1 ,outlines of ,bible ,history1 and ,the ,word of ,god ,opened1 by ,rev4 ,bradford ,k4 ,pierce4 ,this included no less than eleven books1 although four of them were the small ,chautauqua textbooks1 ,nos4 #b1 #d1 #e1 and #f4 ,all that was definitely required of the members was that they should sign a statement that these books had been read2 but through the year a series of sheets was sent to each enrolled member1 containing questions for examination1 under the title ,outline ,memoranda1 in order not to alarm the unschooled reader by the terror of an examination4 ,moreover1 the student was at liberty to search his books1 consult any other works1 and obtain assistance from all quarters in obtaining the answers to the questions4 ,these questions were of two kinds1 one requiring thought on the part of the reader1 and not susceptible of answer at any given page of the book2 such as3 ,name the five persons whom you consider the greatest in the history of ,england1 and the reasons for your choice1 ,name what you regard as five of the most important events in ,english history1 etc4 ,there were some other questions1 of which the answer might or might not be found in any books of the books of the course1 but questions to make the reader search and enquire2 such as3 ,what did ,king ,john say when he signed ,magna ,charta8 ,with what words did ,oliver ,cromwell dismiss the ,long ,parliament8 ,what were the last words of ,admiral ,nelson8 ,these questions brought difficulty1 not only to readers1 but to school-teachers1 pastors1 and librarians1 to whom they were propounded by puzzled students4 ,at one time ,i was reading of a convention of librarians1 where one of the subjects discussed was1 how to satisfy the hordes of ,chautauquans everywhere1 asking all sorts of curious questions4 ,the veterans of that premier class of #ahhb still remember the sheet of the ,outline ,memoranda prepared by ,dr4 ,warren1 on his book ,recreations in ,astronomy4 ,there may have been a member or two who succeeded in answering them all1 but their names do not appear on any record4 ,not all those1 who in an hour of enthusiasm under the spell of ,dr4 ,vincent's address on that opening day1 wrote their names as members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 persevered to the bitter end and won the diploma4 ,of the #hdjj enrolled in the first class1 only #ahej were recognized as graduates in #ahhb4 ,some of the delinquents afterward took heart of grace1 and finished with later classes4 ,but even those who fell out by the way gained something1 perhaps gained an enduring impulse toward good reading4 ,we frequently received word of those who had dropped the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in order to obtain a preparation for college4 ,dr4 ,edward ,everett ,hale used to tell of a man whom he met on a railway train1 who made a remark leading the doctor to say1 ,you talk like a ,chautauquan--are you a member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c48 ,the man smiled and answered1 ,well1 ,i don't know whether ,i am or not4 ,my wife is3 she read the whole course1 and has her diploma framed4 ,i read only one book1 and then gave up4 ,but any institution that can lead a man to read ,green's ,short ,history of the ,english ,people1 has done considerable for that man6 ,as one by one the required books had been read by diligent members1 there came urgent requests from many for the names of other books1 on history1 on sciences1 and especially on the ,bible4 ,dr4 ,vincent and his staff were compelled to look for the best books on special courses1 supplementing the required course4 ,by degrees almost a hundred of these courses were arranged1 and have been pursued by multitudes4 ,the one who read the regular course through four years was to receive a diploma2 if he answered the questions of very simple ,outline ,memoranda1 his diploma was to bear one seal4 ,if he took the stiffer ,outline ,memoranda described above1 his diploma was to receive an additional seal for each year's work4 ,each special course was to have its own special seal4 ,any member who read the ,bible through while pursuing the course1 would have a gold crown seal upon his diploma4 ,there were some elderly people who seemed to have nothing in the world to do1 but to read special courses1 fill out the memoranda1 send for seals1 and then demand another course on ,crete or ,kamchatka1 or the ,ten ,lost ,tribes of ,israel1 until ,miss ,kimball1 her helpers1 and her literary friends were kept on the jump to find books on these various subjects4 ,hanging on the walls of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 classrooms at ,chautauqua are diplomas illuminated with a hundred seals or more1 sent to the class headquarters as memorials of diligent readers who have passed away4 ,the readers of these seal-courses become members of various orders of different rank4 ,those whose diplomas show four seals belong to the ,order of the ,white ,seal1 those who have seven seals1 to the ,league of the ,round ,table1 and if they have fourteen seals or more1 the ,guild of the ,seven ,seals4 ,each of these societies holds its annual reunion at ,chautauqua1 wears its own badge1 and marches behind its own banner in the procession4 ,the reference to seals brings us to another feature of ,chautauqua1 and especially of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 which attracted universal attention and led many thousands into the charmed circle1--those touches of poetry and sentiment1 which no one but ,dr4 ,vincent could have originated4 ,there were the three mottoes of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 always made prominent in its prospectus and announcements1 ,we ,study the ,word and the ,works of ,god2 ,let ,us ,keep ,our ,heavenly ,father in the ,midst2 and ,never be ,discouraged4 ,the second of these sentences was spoken by the venerable ,hebraist1 ,dr4 ,stephen ,h4 ,vail1 as with tears upon his face he parted with ,dr4 ,vincent1 at the session of #ahgg1 a year before the announcement of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,there was for each class a name4 ,the first class to take a name was that of '#hd1 established in #ahhj4 ,they were continually calling for class-meetings until ,dr4 ,vincent in his announcements spoke of them as those irrepressible eighty-fours6 ,whereupon they promptly adopted as their name1 ,the ,irrepressibles1 and their example was followed by the other classes4 ,the class of #ahhb took the name1 ,the ,pioneers4 ,classes are known as ,the ,vincent ,class1 ,the ,lewis ,miller ,class--others are named after ,shakespeare1 ,tennyson1 ,sidney ,lanier1 etc4 ,the class graduating in #ahib commemorated the discovery of ,america four hundred years before1 by the name ,columbia4 ,then1 too1 each class has its own flower1 which its members seek to wear on the great days of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c42 but only the ,pioneer class of #ahhb proudly bears before it in procession a hatchet1 and its members wear little hatchets as badges4 ,dr4 ,hale said that the reason why the ,pioneers carry hatchets is that they axe the way6 ,each class has its own officers and trustees1 and though all its members are never assembled1 and can never meet each other1 they maintain a strong bond of union through correspondence4 ,there is the great silk banner of the ,chautauqua ,circle leading the procession on ,recognition ,day1 followed by the classes from #ahhb until the present1 each class marching behind its banner4 ,in the early days1 until the ,chautauqua grounds became crowded1 there was an annual ,camp ,fire1 all the members in a great circle standing around a great bonfire at night singing songs and listening to short speeches4 ,these are only a few of the social influences which make the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 more than merely a list of readers4 ,it is a brotherhood1 a family bound together by a common interest4 ,the opening day of the ,chautauqua readings is ,october first4 ,on that day at noon1 the members of the circle living at ,chautauqua and others in the adjacent towns meet at the ,miller bell tower on the ,point4 ,as the clock sounds out the hour of twelve all present grasp a long rope connected with the bells and together pull it1 over and over again1 sounding forth the signal that the ,chautauqua year has begun4 ,it is said that every true ,chautauquan the world over1 from ,mayville to ,hong-,kong1 can hear the sound of that bell and at the summons open their books for the year's reading4 ,in one of the earlier years we received at the office a letter from the wife of an army officer stationed among the ,indians1 and far from any settlement4 ,she wrote that she was a hundred and twenty-five miles from any other white woman1 and felt keenly her loneliness4 ,but on the day when her bundle of ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 books arrived1 she clasped it to her bosom and wept tears of joy over it1 for she felt that she was no longer alone1 but one in a great company who were reading the same books and thinking the same thoughts and enjoying one fellowship4 ,in one of the early classes was a young lady who1 soon after sending in her name1 sailed for ,south ,africa to become a teacher in a girl's boarding-school4 ,one day in the following ,june1 when it was in the depth of winter in ,south ,africa1--for in south latitude our seasons are reversed2 they have a saying at the ,cape as hot as ,christmas--she came to her classes arrayed in her very best apparel4 ,the girls looked at her in surprise and asked ,is this your birthday8 ,no1 she answered1 but it is the ,commencement ,day at ,chautauqua in ,america1 and everybody dresses up on that day6 ,the thousands of readers in the ,chautauqua fellowship naturally arranged themselves in two classes4 ,about half of them were reading by themselves1 individuals1 each by himself or herself1--mostly herself1 for at least three-fourths of the members were women1 and their average age was about thirty years4 ,the other half were united in groups1 local circles1 as they were called4 ,some of these were community circles1 people of one village or town1 irrespective of church relations2 other circles were connected with the churches4 ,in those days before the ,christian ,endeavor ,society1 the ,epworth ,league1 and other nation-wide organizations had appropriated the interest of the young people1 the ,chautauqua ,circle was the literary society in many churches4 ,i recall the testimony of a ,methodist minister of those days1 given to me when ,i met him at his conference in the ,middle ,west4 ,when ,i was sent to my last church1 ,i learned that there was a reading circle among its members1 and ,i heard the news with some dismay1 for in more than one place ,i had started a literary society and found that it was necessary for me to supply all the thought and labor to keep it in operation1 to plan the course1 to select people to write papers and persuade them to do it1 to be ready to fill vacancies on the program4 ,and as soon as ,i stopped supplying steam1 the society was sure to come to a stand-still4 ,but at this church ,i found a ,chautauqua ,circle that was taking care of itself4 ,its programs were provided1 the members were reading a regular course and making their reports2 they presided in turn at the meetings1 and ,i was not called upon to take any part unless ,i desired it4 ,also in the prayer-meetings1 ,i could soon recognize the members of the ,circle by a touch of intelligence in their testimonies4 ,it is the opinion of the writer that if one could ascertain the history of the woman's clubs that now cover the country1 and ascertain their origin1 it would be found that nearly all of the older woman's clubs arose out of ,chautauqua ,circles whose members1 after completing the prescribed course1 took up civics or politics1 or literature4 ,it would be an interesting study to ascertain how far the ,general ,federation of ,women's ,clubs of ,america was an outgrowth of the ,chautauqua movement4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,school ,,of ,,languages ,illustration3 ,congregational ,house ,illustration3 ,fenton ,memorial1 ,deaconess' ,house ,,the year #ahgi marked an extension in more than one direction of ,chautauqua's plans and program4 ,the season was lengthened to forty-three days1 more than double the length of the earlier sessions4 ,on ,july #agth began the classes in ,the ,chautauqua ,normal ,school of ,languages1 held in a rough board-walled1 white-washed building1 which had formerly been used as a lodging-house1 but was no longer needed since cottages had opened their doors to guests4 ,this may be regarded as the formal opening of the ,chautauqua ,summer ,schools1 although already classes had been held1 some of them three years1 others four years1 in ,greek1 ,hebrew1 and kindergarten instruction4 ,we will name the faculty of this year4 ,greek was taught by a native of ,greece1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,t4 ,timayenis1 of ,new ,york2 ,latin by ,miss ,emma ,m4 ,hall1 of the ,detroit ,high ,school1 afterward a missionary-teacher in ,rome1 ,italy2 ,prof4 ,j4 ,h4 ,worman1 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 taught ,german1 never speaking one word of ,english in his classes1 although a fluent speaker and author in ,english4 ,prof4 ,a4 ,lalande was the teacher of the ,french language2 ,dr4 ,stephen ,m4 ,vail continued his classes in ,hebrew1 and ,dr4 ,james ,strong in ,greek2 ,prof4 ,bernhard ,maimon of ,chicago1 taught ,oriental languages2 and ,prof4 ,a4 ,s4 ,cook1 then of ,johns ,hopkins1 but soon afterward of ,yale1 conducted a class in the study of ,anglo-,saxon language and literature4 ,these studies were pursued from a fortnight before the formal opening of the ,assembly until its close1 making courses of six weeks1 carried on in an intensive manner4 ,each professor pushed his department as though it were the only one in the school1 and his students could scarcely find time to rest themselves by rowing on the lake or walking in the woods with their classmates4 ,allied to the ,school of ,languages was the ,teachers' ,retreat1 opening at the same time but closing just before the ,assembly proper4 ,this was outside the realm of ,sunday ,school instruction1 being intended for secular teachers and presenting the principles and best methods of education4 ,one of its leaders was ,prof4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dickinson1 ,secretary of the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,education1 an enthusiast as well as a master4 ,he had at his command a fund of witticisms and stories1 always in the direct line of his teaching1 which added not a little to the interest of his lectures4 ,i was with him at the table for a fortnight1 and his juicy talk made even a tough steak enjoyable4 ,associated with ,dr4 ,dickinson were ,prof4 ,william ,f4 ,phelps of ,minnesota1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,alden of the ,state ,normal ,school1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,dr4 ,john ,hancock1 ,president of the ,national ,teachers' ,association4 ,in the following year1 #ahhj1 the ,school of ,languages and ,teachers' ,retreat were united1 and the ,summer ,school program was again enlarged4 ,year by year new departments were added1 until ,chautauqua became a summer university1 and such it continues to this day1 offering more than two hundred courses1 taught by nearly one hundred and fifty instructors4 ,perhaps the most popular courses have always been those in physical culture1 pursued by teachers in public and private schools1 enabled by ,chautauqua to make their work in their home schools more efficient and extensive4 ,one might spend weeks at ,chautauqua1 attending the lectures and concerts in the ,amphitheater and the ,hall1 and enjoying the bathing and boating opportunities of the ,lake1 yet never realizing that on ,college ,hill1 and down at the ,gymnasium1 are nearly five thousand young men and young women diligently seeking the higher education4 ,a third sideline during this season of #ahgi was the ,foreign ,mission ,institute1 held by missionary leaders of the ,congregational1 ,methodist1 ,presbyterian1 and ,baptist organizations1 and addressed by missionaries at home from many lands4 ,chautauqua was a pioneer in bringing together representatives of different churches for conference upon their work of winning the world to ,christ4 ,this series of missionary councils has been continued without the omission of a year through all the history of ,chautauqua since #ahgi4 ,the ,sixth ,chautauqua ,assembly opened on its regular evening1 the first ,tuesday in ,august1 #ahgi4 ,the ravine which had been the seat of the ,pavilion and birthplace of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 had been transformed into a great auditorium of permanent materials and fairly comfortable seats for five thousand people4 ,it was a great advance upon any of the earlier meeting places1 and made it no longer necessary to carry one's umbrella to the lectures4 ,but a heavy rain on the extensive roof would make even the largest-lunged orator inaudible1 and the many wooden pillars supporting the roof had a fashion of getting themselves between the speaker and the hearers4 ,notwithstanding these minor drawbacks1 it proved to be one of the best audience-halls in the land for large assemblies1 for its acoustic properties were almost perfect4 ,no speaker ever heard his words flung back to him by an echo1 and the orator who knew how to use his voice could be heard almost equally well in every corner of the building4 ,when ,dr4 ,buckley stood for the first time upon its platform1 and looked at its radiating and ascending seats1 he said to ,dr4 ,vincent1 ,this is a genuine amphitheater4 ,the name was adopted1 and the ,amphitheater became the meeting place for all the popular lectures and the great ,sunday services4 ,many were the distinguished speakers1 men and women1 who stood upon its platform1 and as many singers whose voices enraptured throngs4 ,at a popular concert almost as many seemed to be standing1 crowded under the eaves1 as were seated beneath the roof4 ,the old ,amphitheater stood until #ahig4 ,in that year the building of the ,massey ,memorial ,organ made some changes necessary4 ,the old building was taken down1 and a new ,amphitheater arose in its place1 having above it a trussed roof and supported from the sides1 and no pillars obstructing the view4 ,it has been said that the ,chautauqua ,amphitheater will seat ten thousand people1 but a careful computation shows that fifty-five hundred1 or at the utmost fifty-six hundred are its limit upon the benches1 without chairs in the aisles4 ,but another thousand1 or even fifteen hundred may sometimes be seen standing back of its seats at a popular lecture or concert4 ,in the season of #ahgi1 one of the leading speakers was an ,englishman1 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,o4 ,simpson of the ,wesleyan ,church1 who had been for some years a missionary in ,india4 ,his graphic pictures of village life in that land were a revelation1 for ,kipling and his followers had not yet thrown the light of their genius upon the great peninsula and its people4 ,mr4 ,simpson was over six feet in height and large in every way1 in voice as well as in girth4 ,we all hoped to meet him yet many years at ,chautauqua1 for he seemed to be abounding in health4 ,but a few months later we learned of his sudden death4 ,in those years it was the ,chautauqua custom to hold a memorial service for men prominent in the class-room or on the platform1 and it fell to my lot to speak in #ahhj upon the ,rev4 ,w4 ,o4 ,simpson4 ,i sent to ,england for printed matter relating to his life1 and among the appreciative articles found one story which is worthy of remembrance4 ,when ,mr4 ,simpson was a student of theology at the ,wesleyan ,theological ,school1 he chanced one day to read the announcement of a lecture upon the ,bible1 and went to hear it4 ,to his amazement he found himself at an infidel meeting1 listening to a virulent attack upon the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,in the middle of his lecture1 the speaker said3 ,there are undoubtedly good things in the ,bible1 but anyone who is familiar with the ancient writers of ,greece1 and especially those of ,india1 knows well1 if he would tell the truth1 that all the good things in the ,bible were stolen from earlier scholars and sages1 and were originally better spoken or written than by the so-called authors of the ,bible1 who took them at second-hand4 ,if anybody here is prepared to deny that statement1 let him stand up and say so6 ,instantly this young student of theology stood up1 six feet high1 and at that time in his life very slim in his figure4 ,that he might be seen readily he stood on the seat1 and a fellow-student said that he loomed up apparently ten feet high4 ,he held a little red-covered book1 and stretching his long arm toward the speaker1 said something like this3 ,i hold in my hand a copy of the ,new ,testament1 and ,i wish to say that in this little book1 only a quarter of the ,bible1 you will find a clearer light on man's nature1 and character1 and destiny than may be read in all the ancient books of the world taken together4 ,he paused1 seized the little volume with both hands1 tore it in two parts1 flung one part down to the floor1 and still holding the rest of it1 went on3 ,i have thrown aside one-half of this book1 but this half contains the four gospels of our ,lord1 which will tell more what man may be here and will be hereafter than can be found in all the books of ancient ,rome1 or ,greece1 or ,chaldea1 or ,india1 or ,china4 ,then he tore out three leaves from the fragment1 flung all the rest on the floor1 and fluttering the torn pages1 said3 ,these six pages contain ,christ's ,sermon on the ,mount1 setting forth a higher standard of righteousness1 a clearer view of ,god1 and a better knowledge of man's nature than all the other ancient books on earth4 ,that is my answer to the speaker6 ,and leaving the torn book on the floor1 he walked out of the room4 ,other speakers in the new ,amphitheater in the summer of #ahgi were ,dr4 ,henry ,w4 ,warren1 in the next year a ,bishop2 ,frank ,beard1 with his caricatures and stories2 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,fowler1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,cook1 ,bishop ,foster1 ,dr4 ,alexander ,a4 ,hodge1 the ,princeton theologian1 ,dr4 ,john ,lord1 the historian1 ,hon4 ,j4 ,w4 ,wendling of ,kentucky1 who brought brilliant oratory to the service of ,christianity in an eloquent lecture on ,the ,man of ,galilee2 ,prof4 ,j4 ,w4 ,churchill1 one of the finest readers of his time2 ,dr4 ,george ,dana ,boardman of ,philadelphia2 and ,dr4 ,vincent himself1 always greeted by the largest audiences4 ,let us say1 once for all1 that ,dr4 ,buckley was a perennial visitor1 with new lectures every year1 and his ever-popular answers to the question-drawer4 ,if there was a problem which he could not solve1 he could always turn the tables on the questioner with a story or a retort4 ,one event of #ahgi not to be passed over was the dedication of the ,hall of ,philosophy in ,st4 ,paul's ,grove4 ,dr4 ,vincent suggested the plan of the building1 to be set apart for the uses of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 and the interests of general culture4 ,as everybody who has been to ,chautauqua knows1 it was in the form of a ,greek temple1 an open building surrounded by plain columns1 which may have resembled marble1 but were made of wood4 ,the dedication was held on ,august #eth1 and addresses were given by ,dr4 ,vincent1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,o4 ,simpson1 and ,dr4 ,ellinwood4 ,there are thousands of ,chautauquans1 some of them dwelling in distant lands1 who are ready to declare that in all the week1 the most precious hour was that of the five o'clock ,vesper ,service on ,sunday afternoon1 when the long rays of the setting sun fell upon the assemblage1 as they sang ,day is dying in the ,west1 and they united in that prayer of ,thomas ,kempis1 beginning1 ,in all things1 ,o my soul1 thou shalt rest in the ,lord always1 for ,he is the everlasting rest of the saints4 ,in the fall and winter of #ahia this writer was the traveling companion of ,bishop ,vincent in ,europe4 ,every ,sunday afternoon at five o'clock1 whether on the ,atlantic1 or in ,london1 ,lucerne1 ,florence1 or ,naples1 we brought out our copies of the vesper service and read it together1 feeling that in spirit we were within the columns of that ,hall in the ,grove4 ,this year1 #ahgi1 the second year of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 brought to its ,founder a problem which threatened the ruin of the circle1 but in its happy solution proved to be a powerful element in its success4 ,this was to be the ,roman ,year of the course1 and in the original conception the ,pioneer ,class of #ahhb would take up ,roman history1 while the new class of #ahhc would begin as its predecessor had begun1 with ,english history4 ,if this plan had been carried out1 as announced in the early circulars for that year's study1 then in every church and community two classes must be organized and conducted with different readings4 ,another year would require three circles1 and still another four circles4 ,could members and leaders be found for four separate clubs in one locality8 ,would not the circle break up into fragments from the weight of the machinery needed to keep the wheel in motion8 ,just then came the suggestion--made by ,president ,lewis ,miller1 as ,dr4 ,vincent told me at the time--that both the classes should read the books together1 making the same course the second year for the ,pioneers1 and the first year's reading of the ,vincents1 as the members of '#hc named themselves4 ,in a college there is a progression of studies1 for one science must follow another2 but in the ,chautauqua ,circle1 it makes no difference whether the reader begins with the history of ,greece or of ,rome1 or of ,england1 or of ,america4 ,new members can enter any year and read with those already reading4 ,the ,circle is a railroad train on a track with four stations4 ,you can board the train in ,england1 ,america1 or ,greece or ,rome1 and when you have gone the round and reached the station where you began1 you have completed the course and receive your certificate ornamented with all the seals that you have won by additional reading and study4 ,the present four-year cycle of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 consists of the ,english1 ,american1 ,classical1 and ,modern ,european years4 ,illustration3 ,baptist ,headquarters and ,mission ,house ,illustration3 ,presbyterian ,headquarters and ,mission ,house ,one more event of #ahgi must not be forgotten4 ,the ,park of ,palestine had fallen into decrepitude4 ,some of its mountains had sunk down1 and the course of the ,river ,jordan had become clogged up1 so there was danger of a lake at a spot where none was on the map1 and of a dry bed below1 long after the ,israelites had finished their crossing4 ,moreover1 some mischievous boys had mixed up its geography by moving a few of the cities4 ,bethel was found where ,kirjath-jearim should be2 ,joppa had been swept by the ice in the breaking up of winter into the ,mediterranean ,sea1 and ,megiddo was missing4 ,the task of reconstructing the ,park was given to ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,perrine of ,michigan1 a scholar and an artist1 who had traveled in the ,holy ,land1 had painted a panorama of it1 and had constructed a model in plaster4 ,he rebuilt the ,park from more permanent materials1 and succeeded in making it more accurate in some details1 as well as more presentable in appearance4 ,but man-made mountains are by no means the ever-lasting hills1 and the ,park of ,palestine needs to be made over at least once in ten years if it is to be kept worthy of ,chautauqua4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,hotels1 ,,headquarters1 ,,and ,,hand-,,shaking 7#ahhj7 ,,the seventh session of the ,assembly opened in #ahhj with another addition to the ,chautauqua territory4 ,fifty acres along the ,lake shore had been acquired1 and the ,assembly-ground was now three times as large as that of the old ,fair ,point ,camp ,meeting4 ,this season saw also the foundation laid for a large hotel4 ,it is worthy of record that the ,hotel ,athenum was built not by the ,assembly ,board1 but by a stock company of people friendly to the movement and willing to risk considerable capital in its establishment4 ,more than one promising ,assembly had already been wrecked and many more were destined to bankruptcy by building large hotels before they were assured of guests to fill them4 ,it must be kept in mind that everywhere the ,chautauqua constituency was not1 and is not now1 the wealthy class who frequent summer hotels and are willing to pay high prices for their entertainment4 ,a ,chautauqua ,assembly1 whether in the east or the west1 is mainly composed of people possessing only moderate means1 but eager for intellectual culture4 ,whenever a ,chautauqua has been established in connection with the conventional summer hotel1 either it has become bankrupt from lack of patronage1 or the hotel has swallowed up the ,assembly4 ,the ,hotel ,athenum at ,chautauqua was not the property of the ,assembly1 and might have failed--as many1 perhaps most1 of the summer hotels at watering-places have failed once or more than once in their history--without endangering the ,assembly itself4 ,the men who built the ,athenum1 led by ,lewis ,miller and his business partners1 risked their money1 and might have lost it1 for there were seasons when it paid no dividends to the stockholders1 and other seasons when the profits were small4 ,yet this hotel drew by degrees an increasing number of visitors who were able and willing to enjoy its advantages over those of the earlier cottage boarding houses1 and it led to better accommodations and a more liberal table in the cottages1 until now the ,hotel ,athenum is only one of a number of really good houses of entertainment at ,chautauqua4 ,it is given prominence in our story because it was first in its field4 ,by the way1 the name ,hotel ,athenum was given by ,dr4 ,vincent1 who liked to impart a classical tone to buildings in an educational institution4 ,the building was begun in #ahhj and opened in the following year1 though even then not fully completed4 ,it occupied the site of a three-story edifice bearing the high-sounding name ,palace ,hotel1 a structure of tent-cloth over a wooden frame1 divided by muslin partitions1 and three stories in height4 ,when rooms for the ever-increasing multitudes at ,chautauqua were few1 the ,palace ,hotel was a blessing to many visitors4 ,some distinguished men slept in those tented rooms1 and inasmuch as a sheet partition is not entirely sound-proof1 their snores at night could be heard almost as far as their speeches by day4 ,some there were in the early eighties who shook their heads as the walls of the new hotel rose1 and dreaded the tide of worldliness which would follow2 but the ,hotel ,athenum has become a genuine helper to the ,chautauqua spirit1 for its great parlor has opened its doors to many receptions1 and the witty after-dinner speeches at banquets in its dining-hall would fill more than one volume4 ,another building which deserves mention is the ,congregational ,house1 opened in #ahhj2 the first church headquarters established at ,chautauqua4 ,we have seen how the denominations were recognized from the earliest years1 and meeting places provided for their prayer meetings and conferences4 ,the need was felt by a number of the larger churches of a place where their members could find a welcome on arrival1 could form an acquaintance with fellow-members1 could meet each other in social gatherings and prayer meetings1 and could promote the fraternal spirit4 ,the example of the ,congregationalists was soon followed4 ,the ,presbyterian headquarters1 aided by a liberal donation of ,mr4 ,elliott ,f4 ,shepard of ,new ,york1 was the earliest brick building on the ground1 solid and substantial1 befitting the church which it represented4 ,after a few years its size was doubled to make a ,mission ,house1 where missionaries of that church1 home and foreign1 could enjoy a vacation at ,chautauqua4 ,the ,methodist ,house is one of the largest1 for its chapel is the home of the ,community ,church at ,chautauqua through the entire year1 the church home of the resident population of every denomination4 ,the ,disciples of ,christ1 or ,christian ,church1 purchased a large boarding-house1 built before it a pillared porch1 giving it a noble frontage and furnishing rooms for guests in the upper stories4 ,the ,united ,presbyterians built a chapel1 serving also as a social room4 ,the ,protestant ,episcopalians also erected a chapel consecrated to worship1 but later established also a ,church ,home4 ,the ,unitarians purchased and improved a property fronting on ,st4 ,paul's ,grove4 ,the ,baptists built a large headquarters on ,clark ,avenue1 the street extending from the ,amphitheater to the ,hall of ,philosophy1 and the ,lutherans obtained a large building near it4 ,in all these ,denominational ,houses there is an absence of clannish feeling4 ,no church uses its headquarters as a propaganda of its peculiar views2 and in the receptions fellow ,christians of every branch are always welcome4 ,when some eminent man comes to ,chautauqua1 his church holds a reception in his honor1 and everybody who would like to take his hand flocks to the meeting at his church headquarters4 ,speaking of receptions1 ,i must tell of one wherein ,i was supposed to take a leading part1 but found myself left in the rear4 ,dr4 ,vincent announced that at four o'clock1 in the ,hall of ,philosophy1 a reception would be given to ,dr4 ,edward ,everett ,hale4 ,he said to me3 ,now1 ,dr4 ,hurlbut1 ,i place this reception in your hands to manage4 ,dr4 ,hale comes from ,boston and is accustomed to the formalities of the best society4 ,be sure to have this reception held in the proper manner4 ,let the ,doctor stand in front of the platform1 have ushers ready to introduce the people1 and let there be no indiscriminate handshaking4 ,i promised to see that everything should be done decently and in order1 and a few minutes before the hour appointed1 walked over to the ,hall4 ,i was amazed to see a crowd of people1 all pressing toward the center1 where the tall form of ,dr4 ,hale loomed above the throng1 shaking hands apparently in every direction4 ,i rushed upon the scene and vainly endeavored to bring about some semblance of order4 ,the reception was a tumultuous1 almost a rough-and-tumble1 affair1 everybody reaching out for the guest in his own way4 ,it came about in this manner1 as ,i learned4 ,everybody at ,chautauqua knows that the bell invariably rings five minutes before the hour1 giving notice that the exercises may begin promptly on the stroke of the clock4 ,but ,dr4 ,hale did not know this1 and when the five-minute bell rang1 he rose and said3 ,the time for the meeting has come1 but nobody seems to be in charge4 ,let us begin the reception ourselves without waiting4 ,he stood up1 and began shaking hands right and left1 without waiting for introduction1 and when the four o'clock bell sounded1 the reception was in full sweep1 everybody crowding around at once and grasping his hand4 ,before the first throng had satisfied its desires1 another stream poured in and the general tumult continued until the five o'clock hour compelled an adjournment1 the ,hall being required for another meeting4 ,at the close1 ,dr4 ,hale remarked to me1 ,i especially like the informality of such gatherings here at ,chautauqua4 ,this has been one of the most satisfactory receptions that ,i have ever attended6 ,chautauqua was already coming to the front as a convention-city4 ,its central location between ,new ,york and ,chicago1 with ready transportation north and south1 its ,amphitheater for great meetings1 with numerous halls and tents for smaller gatherings and committees1 the constant improvement in its lodging and commissary departments1 its attractive program of lectures and entertainments1 and not the least1 its romantic out-of-door life1 began to draw to the ground different organizations4 ,the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union1 led by ,frances ,e4 ,willard1 returned to its birthplace for its sixth annual convention1 and the ,national ,educational ,association brought members from every ,state1 presided over by ,dr4 ,j4 ,ormond ,wilson4 ,this ,association embraced educators of widely diverging views1 and some entertaining scraps occurred in its discussions4 ,for example1 the kindergarten instruction at ,chautauqua was under the direction of ,madame ,kraus-,boelte1 and her husband1 a learned but rather obstinate ,german1 ,professor ,kraus4 ,there was an ,americanized kindergarten1 whose representative came1 hired a cottage1 and hung out her sign1 but much to her displeasure was not allowed to conduct classes4 ,it would never answer to let anybody hold classes unauthorized by the management1 for who could tell what educational heresies might enter through the gate8 ,but this aggressive lady paid her fee1 joined the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 and in the kindergarten section proceeded to exploit her improvements upon the ,froebel system4 ,this aroused the ire of ,professor ,kraus1 and in vigorous language he interrupted her address1 declaring1 at first in ,english1 then half in ,german as his anger rose3 ,dat iss not kindergarten6 ,dere is but one kindergarten6 ,you can call dat whatever you please1 but not kindergarten6 ,you can call it joss-house1 if you choose1 but you must not say dat mix-up is a kindergarten6 ,the audience enjoyed the discussion all the more because of this scramble between opposing schools4 ,illustration3 ,methodist ,headquarters ,illustration3 ,disciples 7,christian ,church7 ,headquarters ,there was another1 and more dignified1 controversy on the ,chautauqua platform in #ahhj4 ,on its program was the honored name of ,washington ,gladden1 of ,columbus1 ,ohio1 to speak upon the ,standard ,oil ,company and its misdeeds4 ,a friend of ,dr4 ,vincent1 who was an officer of the ,standard ,oil1 said that it would only be fair to hear the other side1 and proposed ,mr4 ,george ,gunton of ,new ,york as a speaker4 ,so it came to pass that two able men spoke on opposite sides of the mooted question4 ,each gave an address and afterward had an opportunity of answering the other's arguments4 ,so far as ,i know1 this was the first debate on public questions at ,chautauqua1 and it was succeeded by many others4 ,an effort is made to have the burning questions of the time discussed by representative speakers4 ,some exceedingly radical utterances on capital and labor have been made on the ,chautauqua platform1 but it must not be inferred1 because the audience listened to them respectfully1 or even applauded a particularly sharp sentence1 that ,chautauqua was in accord with the speaker's sentiments4 ,on the list of speakers at this season may be read the following1 a few among many names3 ,prof4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gilmore of ,rochester ,university gave a series of brilliant lectures upon ,english literature4 ,ram ,chandra ,bose of ,india gave several lectures1 philosophic and popular4 ,dr4 ,sheldon ,jackson of ,alaska thrilled a great audience with an appeal for that outlying but unknown land of ours4 ,schuyler ,colfax1 ,vice-,president of ,grant's first administration1 gave a great lecture on ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,professor ,borden ,p4 ,bowne of ,boston ,university made the deep things of philosophy plain even to unphilosophic listeners4 ,other orators in the new ,amphitheater were ,dr4 ,robert ,r4 ,meredith of ,boston1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,o4 ,means of the ,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions1 and ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,keen of ,philadelphia4 ,the ,fisk ,jubilee ,singers made their first visit this year2 and with the ,northwestern ,band and the ,assembly ,chorus1 already counted by the hundreds1 under ,professors ,sherwin and ,case1 made music one of the most popular features of the program4 ,this year was also notable for the first appearance of the ,chautauquan ,magazine1 containing a part of the required readings of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,it was launched and made successful by the financial1 business1 and editorial ability of ,dr4 ,flood1 who ventured his capital boldly and won deserved success4 ,the ever-welcome ,pansy1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,r4 ,alden1 this season read a new story1 published soon afterward4 ,with ,mrs4 ,alden in those early years was a serious small boy1 ever at his mother's side1 rarely entering into the sports of childhood4 ,if we could have looked forward a quarter-century1 we might have seen in him the coming ,professor ,raymond ,m4 ,alden of the ,leland ,stanford faculty1 one of the most eminent scholars and critics in the ,department of ,english ,literature1 and an authority quoted in all lands where the ,english language is spoken or read4 ,a visitor came to ,chautauqua at the session of #ahhj1 whose presence brought the place and the ,assembly into notice throughout the nation4 ,general ,james ,a4 ,garfield was at that time the candidate of his party for ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,he came to ,chautauqua on ,saturday1 ,august #gth1 for a week-end rest in a strenuous campaign1 expressing a wish not to be called upon for any public address or reception4 ,he worshiped with the great congregation on ,sunday morning1 his entrance with a group of his friends being received in respectful silence4 ,in the afternoon he mentioned to ,dr4 ,vincent that he had heard of ,palestine ,park and would like to visit it4 ,as the lectures in the ,park were generally given by me1 ,i was detailed to walk through the model and point out its localities4 ,as we went out of ,dr4 ,vincent's tent a small company was standing around1 waiting for a sight of the candidate4 ,they followed us1 and as we walked on toward the ,park1 people came flocking forth from every house and tent4 ,by the time we reached the ,land of ,palestine1 it was well-nigh covered with the crowds1 extending from ,dan to ,beersheba4 ,no former ,palestine lecture of mine had ever drawn together such a multitude6 ,it became impossible to find the cities covered by the multitudes4 ,but ,i was somewhat surprised to perceive that the ,general knew where at least the important localities belonged even though they were not visible4 ,he pointed out half a dozen of the cities named in the ,bible1 and gave their names without hesitation or suggestion4 ,we desired to make a sort of pilgrimage through the land1 but found an army obstructing our journey4 ,on the next morning1 as ,general ,garfield was about to leave1 ,dr4 ,vincent asked him1 not to make a political speech1 but to give in a few words his impressions of ,chautauqua4 ,he consented1 and standing upon a stump1 in the presence of a hastily assembled gathering1 gave a ten-minute address1 of which the following is a part4 ,you are struggling with one of the two great problems of civilization4 ,the first one is a very old struggle3 ,it is1 how shall we get any leisure8 ,that is the problem of every hammer stroke1 of every blow that labor has struck since the foundation of the world4 ,the fight for bread is the first great primal fight1 and it is so absorbing a struggle that until one conquers it somewhat he can have no leisure whatever4 ,so that we may divide the whole struggle of the human race into two chapters2 first1 the fight to get leisure2 and then the second fight of civilization--what shall we do with our leisure when we get it8 ,and ,i take it that ,chautauqua has assailed the second problem4 ,now1 leisure is a dreadfully bad thing unless it is well used4 ,a man with a fortune ready made and with leisure on his hands1 is likely to get sick of the world1 sick of himself1 tired of life1 and become a useless1 wasted man4 ,what shall you do with your leisure8 ,i understand ,chautauqua is trying to answer that question and to open out fields of thought1 to open out energies1 a largeness of mind1 a culture in the better senses1 with the varnish scratched off4 ,we are getting over the process of painting our native woods and varnishing them4 ,we are getting down to the real grain1 and finding whatever is best in it and truest in it4 ,and if ,chautauqua is helping garnish our people with the native stuff that is in them1 rather than with the paint and varnish and gew-gaws of culture1 they are doing well4 ,as we looked upon that stately figure1 the form of one born to command1 and listened to that mellow1 ringing voice1 no one dreamed that within a year that frame would be laid low1 that voice hushed1 and that life fraught with such promise ended by an assassin's bullet6 ,the ,assembly of #ahhj came to its close on ,august #aith1 after a session of thirty-eight days4 ,although the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 had come to the foreground and held the center of the stage1 the normal work and ,bible study had not been neglected4 ,the teacher-training classes were now under the charge of ,dr4 ,richard ,s4 ,holmes and ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut4 ,the ,children's ,class was maintained with a daily attendance approaching three hundred1 the lessons taught by ,rev4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent and pictures drawn by ,frank ,beard2 also ,mr4 ,vincent conducted an ,intermediate ,class in ,bible ,study4 ,in all these classes for older and younger students1 more than two hundred and fifty passed the examination and were enrolled as graduates4 ,on the last evening of the ,assembly1 after the closing exercises1 there was seen a weird1 ghostly procession1 in white raiment1 emerging from the ,ark and parading solemnly through the grounds1 pausing before the ,miller ,cottage and the ,vincent ,tent for a mournful1 melancholy musical strain4 ,this was the ghost walk of the guests in the ,ark4 ,some eminent ,doctors of ,divinity and ,ph4,d4's were in that sheeted procession1 led by ,professors ,sherwin and ,case1 engineered1 as such functions were apt to be1 by ,frank and ,helen ,beard4 ,the ghost walk grew into an annual march1 until it was succeeded by a more elaborate performance1 of which the story will be told later4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,democracy ,,and ,,aristocracy ,,at ,,chautauqua 7#ahha7 ,,the eighth session opened on ,thursday1 ,july #gth1 and continued forty-seven days to ,august #bb;d4 ,a glance over the program shows that among the lecturers of that year was ,signor ,alessandro ,gavazzi1 the founder of the ,free ,italian ,church1 whose lectures1 spiced with his quaint accent1 and emphasized by expressive shoulders1 head1 glance of eye1 held the interest of his auditors from the opening sentence to the end4 ,no verbal report1 however accurate1 can portray the charm of this wonderful ,italian4 ,professor ,w4 ,d4 ,mc,clintock of the ,university of ,chicago1 gave a course on literature1 analytic1 critical1 and suggestive4 ,dr4 ,william ,hayes ,ward1 ,dr4 ,daniel ,a4 ,goodsell1 afterward a ,methodist ,bishop1 ,professor ,charles ,f4 ,richardson1 ,dr4 ,edward ,everett ,hale1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning1 ,editor of ,the ,congregationalist2 ,general ,o4 ,o4 ,howard1 who told war stories in a simple1 charming manner2 ,dr4 ,philip ,schaff1 one of the most learned yet most simple-hearted scholars of the age2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,willetts1 with his many times repeated1 yet always welcome lecture on ,sunshine1 were among the men whose voices filled the ,amphitheater during the season4 ,the ,fisk ,jubilee ,singers were with us again and ,signor ,giuseppe ,vitale made the birds sing through his wonderful violin4 ,the success of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 which was widening its area every month1 inspired ,dr4 ,vincent to look for new fields to conquer4 ,he established this year the ,c4 ,y4 ,f4 ,r4 ,u41 initials standing for ,the ,chautauqua ,young ,folks ,reading ,union1 which proposed to do for the boys and girls what the ,reading ,circle was accomplishing for men and women4 ,but it was found after a few years of trial that the school-age seeks its own reading and is not responsive to direction in literature on a vast scale1 for the ,c4 ,y4 ,f4 ,r4 ,u4 was not successful in winning the young readers4 ,another scheme launched this year met with the same fate2--,the ,chautauqua ,school of ,theology4 ,it was thought that many ministers who had not received a theological education would avail themselves of an opportunity to obtain it while in the pastorate4 ,this was to be not a course of reading1 but of close study1 under qualified instruction in each department1 with examinations1 a diploma1 and a degree4 ,but it required more thorough study and much larger fees than a mere course of reading1 and those who needed it most were often the poorest paid in their profession4 ,it did not receive the support needful for its success1 it had no endowment1 and after an experiment extending through a number of years1 it was reluctantly abandoned4 ,some of us have believed that if the ,chautauqua ,correspondence ,school of ,theology could have found friends to give it even a moderate endowment1 it might have supplied an education needed by a multitude of ministers4 ,illustration3 ,unitarian ,headquarters ,illustration3 ,episcopal ,chapel ,the ,hotel ,athenum was opened in #ahha and speedily filled with guests4 ,it aided in bringing to ,chautauqua a new constituency and also spurred the cottage boarding-houses to improve their accommodations and their fare4 ,from the beginning the waiters and other helpers at the ,hotel1 and also in the cottages1 have been mostly young people seeking to obtain higher education1 and paying their way at ,chautauqua by service4 ,i remember one morning finding a ,hebrew book on my breakfast table4 ,one meets unaccustomed things at ,chautauqua1 but ,i was quite sure the menu was not in that language4 ,i called the attention of the young man who brought in the breakfast to the book4 ,he told me that he was studying ,hebrew with ,dr4 ,harper1 and from time to time we had some conversation concerning his college work4 ,twenty years afterward ,i met a prominent ,methodist minister at a ,conference1 who said to me1 ,don't you remember me1 ,dr4 ,hurlbut8 ,i used to wait on your table at ,chautauqua and we talked together about ,hebrew4 ,that minister was a member of several ,general ,conferences and some years ago was made one of the ,bishops in his church4 ,mrs4 ,ida ,b4 ,cole1 the ,executive ,secretary of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 is responsible for the following3 ,a woman once said1 ,chautauqua cured me of being a snob1 for ,i found that my waitress was a senior in a college1 the chambermaid had specialized in ,greek1 the porter taught languages in a high school1 and the bell-boy1 to whom ,i had been giving nickel tips1 was the son of a wealthy family in my own ,state who wanted a job to prove his prowess4 ,there are a few1 however1 who do not take kindly to the democratic life of ,chautauqua4 ,i was seated at one of the hotel tables with a well-known clergyman from ,england1 whose sermons of a highly spiritual type are widely read in ,america2 and ,i remarked3 ,perhaps it may interest you to know that all the waiters in this hotel are college-students4 ,what do you mean8 he said1 surely no college student would demean himself by such a servile occupation6 ,but it may be a lark1 just for fun4 ,no1 ,i answered1 they are men who are earning money to enable them to go on with their college work1 a common occurrence in summer hotels in ,america4 ,said this minister1 ,well1 ,i don't like it2 and it would not be allowed in my country4 ,no man after it could hold up his head in an ,english ,university or ,college4 ,i don't enjoy being waited on by a man who considers himself my social equal6 ,other eminent ,englishmen did not agree with this clergyman4 ,when ,i mentioned this incident a year later to ,principal ,fairbairn of ,oxford1 he expressed his hearty sympathy with the democracy shown at ,chautauqua1 and said that whatever might be the ideas of class-distinction in ,english colleges1 they were unknown in ,scotland1 where some of the most distinguished scholars rose from the humblest homes and regardless of their poverty were respected and honored in their colleges4 ,dr4 ,vincent1 ever fertile in sentimental touches1 added two features to the usages of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,one was the ,camp fire4 ,in an open place a great bonfire was prepared2 all the members stood around in a circle1 clasping hands2 the fire was kindled1 and while the flames soared up and lit the faces of the crowd1 songs were sung and speeches were made4 ,this service was maintained annually until the ground at ,chautauqua became too closely occupied by cottages for a bonfire to be safe4 ,it is noteworthy that on the day after the camp fire1 there was always a large enrollment of members for the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,of course1 the camp fire was introduced at other ,assemblies1 by this time becoming numerous1 and it attracted not only spectators1 but students to the reading-course4 ,at our first camp fire in the ,ottawa ,assembly1 ,kansas1 an old farmer from the country rushed up to ,dr4 ,milner1 the ,president1 and said3 ,i don't know much about this ere circle you were talking about1 but ,i'm going to jine1 and here's my fifty cents for membership and another for my wife4 ,there were only twenty members around the fire that night1 but on the next day1 there were forty or more on the registry at the ,chautauqua tent4 ,the camp fire died down after a number of years1 but the ,vigil1 also introduced in #ahha1 became a permanent institution4 ,in the days of chivalry1 when a youth was to receive the honor of knighthood1 he spent his last night in the chapel of the castle1 watching beside his armor1 to be worn for the first time on the following day4 ,dr4 ,vincent called upon the members of the ,pioneer class of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 destined to graduate on the following year1 to meet him in the ,hall of ,philosophy late on ,sunday night1 after the conclusion of the evening service4 ,all except members of the class were requested not to come4 ,the hall was dimly lighted1 left almost in darkness4 ,they sang a few songs from memory1 listened to a ,psalm1 and to an earnest1 deeply religious address1 were led in prayer1 and were dismissed1 to go home in silence through the empty avenues4 ,after a few years the ,vigil was changed from a ,sunday evening of the year before graduation to the ,sunday immediately preceding ,recognition ,day1 for the reason that on the graduation year1 the attendance of any class is far greater than on the year before4 ,the ,vigil is still one of the time-honored and highly appreciated services of the season4 ,now1 however1 the ,hall is no longer left in shadow1 for around it the ,athenian ,watch ,fires lighten up ,st4 ,paul's ,grove with their flaring tongues4 ,generally more people are standing outside the pillars of the ,hall1 watching the ceremonials1 than are seated before the platform1 for none are permitted to enter except members of the class about to graduate4 ,i am not sure whether it was in this year1 #ahha1 or the following that ,dr4 ,vincent inaugurated the ,society of ,christian ,ethics4 ,this was not an organization with a roll of membership1 dues1 and duties1 but simply a meeting on ,sunday afternoon in the ,children's ,temple1 at which an address on character was given1 in the first years by ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,it was especially for young people of the 'teen age4 ,no one was admitted under the age of twelve or over that of twenty4 ,the young people were quite proud of having ,dr4 ,vincent all to themselves1 and strongly resented the efforts of their elders to obtain admittance4 ,no person of adult years was allowed without a card signed by ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,these addresses by the ,founder1 if they had been taken down and preserved1 would have formed a valuable book for young people on the building up of true character4 ,they were continued during the years of ,dr4 ,vincent's active association with ,chautauqua and for some time afterward2 addresses being given by eminent men of the ,chautauqua program4 ,but very few speakers could meet the needs of that adolescent age4 ,by degrees the attendance decreased and after some years the meeting gave place to other interests4 ,the regular features of the season went on as in other years4 ,the schools were growing in students1 in the number of instructors1 and in the breadth of their courses4 ,the ,sunday ,school ,normal ,department was still prominent1 and on ,august #ag1 #ahha1 one hundred and ninety diplomas were conferred upon the adults1 intermediates1 and children who had passed the examination4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,first ,,recognition ,,day 7#ahhb7 ,,the opening service of the ninth session was begun1 as all the opening sessions of previous years1 in the out-of-doors ,auditorium in front of the ,miller ,cottage4 ,but a sudden dash of rain came down and a hasty adjournment was made to the new ,amphitheater4 ,from #ahhb onward1 ,old ,first ,night has been observed in that building4 ,a few lectures during the season of '#hb were given in the old ,auditorium1 but at the close of the season the seats were removed1 save a few left here and there under the trees for social enjoyment2 and the ,auditorium was henceforth known as ,miller ,park4 ,the crowning event of the #ahhb season was the graduation of the first class in the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,taking into account the fact that it was the first class1 for which no advertising had been given and no announcement made in advance1 the number graduated at the end of the four years was remarkably large1 over eighteen hundred1 of which eight hundred received their diplomas at ,chautauqua and a thousand more at their homes1 some in distant places4 ,years afterward ,i met a minister in a small town in ,texas who had seen the report of the inauguration of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 had read ,dr4 ,vincent's address on that occasion1 and joined the ,class of #ahhb1 its only member1 as far as he knew1 in his ,state4 ,one member was a teacher in ,south ,africa1 others were missionaries in ,india and ,china4 ,most of the regular visitors to ,chautauqua in those early days were members of this class1 so that even now1 after nearly forty years1 the ,pioneer ,class can always muster at its annual gatherings a larger number of its members than almost any other of the classes4 ,for many years ,mrs4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent was the ,president of the ,class1 and strongly interested in its social and religious life4 ,she instituted at ,chautauqua the ,quiet ,hour1 held every ,saturday evening during the ,assembly season1 at ,pioneer ,hall1 by this class1 a meeting for conversation on subjects of culture and the ,christian life4 ,it is a touching sight to look upon that group of old men and women1 at their annual farewell meeting1 on the evening before the ,recognition ,day1 standing in a circle with joined hands1 singing together their class song written for them by ,mary ,a4 ,lathbury1 and then sounding forth their class yell3 ,hear6 ,hear6 ,pioneers6 ,height to height1 fight for right1 ,pioneers6 ,who are you8 ,who are you8 ,we are the class of eighty-two6 ,pioneers--,ah6 ,no college class was ever graduated with half the state and splendor of ceremony that was observed on that first ,recognition ,day1 in a ritual prepared by ,dr4 ,vincent1 and observed to the letter every year since #ahhb4 ,he chose to call it not a ,commencement1 but a ,recognition1 the members of the ,circle being recognized on that day as having completed the course and entitled to membership in the ,society of the ,hall in the ,grove1 the ,alumni ,association of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,a procession was formed1 its divisions meeting in different places4 ,the graduating class met before the ,golden ,gate at ,st4 ,paul's ,grove1 a gate which is opened but once in the year and through which none may pass except those who have completed the course of reading and study of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,over the gate hung a silk flag which had been carried by the ,rev4 ,albert ,d4 ,vail of ,new ,york to many of the famous places in the world of literature1 art1 and religion4 ,it had been waved from the summit of the ,great ,pyramid1 of ,mount ,sinai in the ,desert1 and ,mount ,tabor in the ,holy ,land4 ,it had been laid in the ,manger at ,bethlehem1 and in the traditional tomb of ,jesus in ,holy ,sepulcher ,church4 ,it had fluttered upon the ,sea of ,galilee1 upon ,mount ,lebanon1 in the house where ,paul was converted at ,damascus1 and under the dome of ,st4 ,sophia in ,constantinople4 ,it had been at the ,acropolis and ,mars' ,hill in ,athens1 to ,westminster ,abbey1 and to ,shakespeare's tomb at ,stratford1 to the graves of ,walter ,scott and ,robert ,burns4 ,upon its stripes were inscribed the names of forty-eight places to which that flag had been carried4 ,the class stood before the ,golden ,gate1 still kept closed until the moment should come for it to be opened1 and in two sections the members read a responsive service from the ,bible1 having wisdom and especially the highest wisdom of all1 the knowledge of ,god1 as its subject4 ,illustration3 ,lutheran ,headquarters ,illustration3 ,united ,presbyterian ,chapel ,at the same time one section of the parade was meeting in ,miller ,park1 in front of the ,lewis ,miller ,cottage4 ,another was at the tent where lived ,dr4 ,vincent1 and still another division1 the most interesting of all1 on the hill1 in front of the ,children's ,temple4 ,this was an array of fifty little girls in white dresses1 with wreaths in their hair and baskets of flowers in their hands4 ,at the signal1 the procession moved from its different stations1 and marched past the ,vincent ,tent1 led by the band and the flower girls1 and including every department of ,chautauqua1 officials1 trustees1 schools1 and ,sunday ,school ,normal ,class4 ,in the later years each class of graduates marched1 led by its banner1 the ,class of #ahhb1 the ,pioneers1 bearing in front their symbol1 the hatchet4 ,before all was the great banner of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 presented to the ,circle by ,miss ,jennie ,miller1 ,lewis ,miller's eldest daughter1 bearing upon one side a painting of the ,hall of ,philosophy and the three mottoes of the ,circle2 on the other a silk handkerchief which had accompanied the flag on its journey to the sacred places4 ,the pole holding up the banner was surmounted by a fragment of ,plymouth ,rock4 ,the march was to the ,hall of ,philosophy1 where the orator1 officers1 and guests occupied the platform1 the little flower girls were grouped on opposite sides of the path from the ,golden ,gate up to the ,hall2 the graduating class still standing outside the entrance protected by the ,guard of the ,gate4 ,a messenger came from the ,gate to announce that the class was now prepared to enter1 having fulfilled all of the conditions1 and the order was given1 ,let the ,golden ,gate now be opened4 ,the portals were swung apart1 and the class entered1 passing under the historic flag and successively under four arches dedicated respectively to ,faith1 ,science1 ,literature1 and ,art1 while the little girls strewed flowers in their path4 ,as they marched up the hill they were greeted by ,miss ,lathbury's song3 ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,to-,,day ,sing pans over the ,past6 ,we bury the dead years tenderly1 ,to find them again in eternity1 ,safe in its circle vast4 ,sing pans over the ,past6 ,farewell1 farewell to the ,old6 ,beneath the arches1 and one by one1 ,from sun to shade1 and from shade to sun1 ,we pass1 and the years are told4 ,farewell1 farewell to the ,old6 ,arise and possess the land6 ,not one shall fail in the march of life1 ,not one shall fail in the hour of strife1 ,who trusts in the ,lord's right hand4 ,arise and possess the land6 ,and hail1 all hail to the ,new6 ,the future lies like a world new-born1 ,all steeped in sunshine and dews of morn1 ,and arched with a cloudless blue ,all hail1 all hail to the ,new6 ,all things1 all things are yours6 ,the spoil of nations1 the arts sublime ,that arch the ages from oldest time1 ,the word that for aye endures-- ,all things1 all things are yours6 ,the ,lord shall sever the sea1 ,and open a way in the wilderness ,to faith that follows1 to feet that pass ,forth into the great ,,to ,,be ,the ,lord shall sever the sea6 ,the inspiring music of this inspiring hymn was composed1 like most of the best ,chautauqua songs1 by ,prof4 ,william ,f4 ,sherwin4 ,the class entered1 and while taking their seats were welcomed in the strains of another melody3 ,a song is thrilling through the trees1 ,and vibrant through the air1 ,ten thousand hearts turn hitherward1 ,and greet us from afar4 ,and through the happy tide of song ,that blends our hearts in one1 ,the voices of the absent flow ,in tender undertone4 ,,chorus ,then bear along1 ,o wings of song1 ,our happy greeting glee1 ,from center to the golden verge1 ,chautauqua to the sea4 ,fair ,wisdom builds her temple here1 ,her seven-pillared dome2 ,toward all lands she spreads her hands1 ,and greets her children home2 ,not all may gather at her shrine ,to sing of victories won2 ,their names are graven on her walls-- ,god bless them every one6 ,chorus4 ,o happy circle1 ever wide ,and wider be thy sweep1 ,till peace and knowledge fill the earth ,as waters fill the deep2 ,till hearts and homes are touched to life1 ,and happier heights are won2 ,till that fair day1 clasp hands1 and say ,god bless us1 every one6 ,chorus4 ,another responsive service followed1 read in turn by the ,superintendent and the class1 and then ,dr4 ,vincent gave the formal ,recognition in words used at every similar service since that day3 ,fellow-,students of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,,dearly ,,beloved3 ,you have finished the appointed and accepted course of reading2 you have been admitted to this sacred ,grove2 you have passed the arches dedicated to ,faith1 ,science1 ,literature1 and ,art2 you have entered in due form this ,hall1 the center of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle4 ,and now as ,superintendent of ,instruction1#a with these my associates1 the counsellors of our ,fraternity1 ,i greet you2 and hereby announce that you1 and your brethren and sisters absent from us to-day1 who have completed with you the prescribed course of reading1 are accepted and approved graduates of the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle1 and that you are entitled to membership in the ,society of the ,hall in the ,grove4 ,the ,lord bless thee and keep thee2 the ,lord make his face shine upon thee1 and be gracious unto thee2 the ,lord lift up his countenance upon thee and give thee peace4 ,after another song1 the ,marshal of the procession took charge1 and the order of march was renewed1 the newly graduated class in the rear1 followed by the ,superintendent1 ,counsellors1 and officers4 ,the company marched to the ,amphitheater1 on the way the procession dividing and forming on both sides of the street1 while the officers and the graduating class passed through the open files1 thus bringing the graduating class at the head of the line into the ,amphitheater4 ,here more songs were sung and other responsive readings were rendered before an audience that thronged the building4 ,the oration on the first graduation service was given by ,dr4 ,henry ,w4 ,warren1 who had been elevated to the episcopate two years before4 ,after the oration a recess was taken1 and in the afternoon the concluding service was held and the diplomas were conferred upon the eight hundred graduates present by the hand of ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,in most college commencements that ,i have attended1 the ,president takes the diplomas at random from a table and hands them to the class as they come1 not giving to each graduate his own diploma1 and afterward there is a general looking up one another and sorting out the diplomas until at last each one obtains his own4 ,but ,miss ,kimball1 the ,secretary1 devised a plan by which all the diplomas were numbered and each graduate was furnished with a card showing his number4 ,these numbers were called out ten at a time1 and each graduate was able to receive his own 7mostly her own7 diploma1 while the audience heard the name upon it and the number of seals it bore for special reading and study4 ,it should be mentioned that some members of the class arrived on the ground too late to pass with their classmates through the ,golden ,gate and under the arches4 ,for their benefit the ,gate was opened a second time before the afternoon meeting1 and a special ,recognition service was held1 so that they might enjoy all the privileges of the class4 ,this is another custom continued every year1 for always it is needed4 ,after a year or two it entered the facetious minds of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,beard to originate a comic travesty on the ,recognition service1 which was presented on the evening after the formal exercises1 when everybody was weary and was ready to descend from the serious heights4 ,this grew into quite an institution and was continued for a number of years--a sort of mock-commencement1 making fun of the prominent figures and features of the day4 ,almost as large an audience was wont to assemble for this evening of mirth and jollity1 as was seen at the stately service of the morning4 ,this in turn had its day and finally grew into the ,chautauqua ,circus1 an amateur performance which is still continued every year under one name or another4 ,we have given much space to the story of the first ,recognition ,day1 as a sample of the similar services held every year afterward1 growing with the growth of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,but there were other events of '#hb scarcely less noteworthy4 ,on that year a great organ was installed in the ,amphitheater1 and its effect was soon seen in the enlargement of the choir and the improvement in the music4 ,we can mention only in the briefest manner some of the speakers on the platform for that year3 such as ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,harris of ,concord1 ,mass41 afterward ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioner of ,education2 ,professor ,william ,h4 ,niles of ,boston2 ,mr4 ,wallace ,bruce2 ,dr4 ,t4 ,de,witt ,talmage2 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,blackburn of ,cincinnati1 the church historian2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,vail of ,new ,york1 who told in an interesting manner the story of the banner and the flag2 ,dr4 ,mark ,hopkins1 the great college ,president2 ,bishop ,r4 ,s4 ,foster2 ,anthony ,comstock and ,john ,b4 ,gough1 with others equally distinguished whose names we must omit4 ,one new name appeared upon the program of this season which will be read often in the coming years1 that of ,mr4 ,leon ,h4 ,vincent1 the son of ,rev4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent4 ,he gave a course of lectures on ,english literature1 mingling biographical1 social1 and critical views of the great writers1 attracting large audiences4 ,we shall find him among the leading lights of ,chautauqua in the successive chapters of our story4 ,an institution which began that year and has been perpetuated must not be omitted--the ,devotional ,conference4 ,both of the ,founders of ,chautauqua were strong in their purpose to hold the ,christian religion ever in the forefront at the ,assembly4 ,various plans were tried during the early years1 but none seemed to reach the constituency of ,chautauqua until ,dr4 ,benjamin ,m4 ,adams1 at ,dr4 ,vincent's request1 began holding a daily service of an hour4 ,this attracted a large attendance and was continued for a number of years1 as long as ,dr4 ,adams could conduct it4 ,afterward an arrangement was made which has become permanent4 ,every season a series of eminent clergymen are engaged1 each to serve for one week as chaplain4 ,he preaches the ,sunday morning sermon in the ,amphitheater1 and on the following five days at ten o'clock conducts the ,devotional ,hour in the same place1 giving a series of discourses1 ,bible readings1 or addresses4 ,the speaker of each week is a man of national or international fame4 ,the greatest preachers in the ,american pulpit have spoken at this service1 and the audience is surpassed in numbers only by the most popular lectures or concerts4 ,many there are who deem this the most precious hour in the day4 ,,footnote3 #a ,after ,dr4 ,vincent's title was changed to ,chancellor of the ,chautauqua ,university that form was used2 and in his absence the ,president said instead as representing the ,chancellor of the ,chautauqua ,university4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,some ,,stories ,,of ,,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 7#ahhc1 #ahhd7 ,,we must hasten our steps through the passing years at ,chautauqua4 ,our readers may take for granted that the regular departments were continued2 that the ,summer ,schools were adding new courses and calling new professors2 that the ,normal ,class for the training of ,sunday ,school workers was still held1 no longer in the section-tents nor in the ,children's ,temple1 but under a large tent on an elevation where two years later was to stand the ,normal ,hall1 built for the class1 but after some years transferred first to the ,musical ,department1 later to the ,summer ,schools and partitioned into class-rooms4 ,the ,children's ,class was still held by ,dr4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent and ,professor ,frank ,beard1 for our friend with the crayon was now in the faculty of the ,school of ,art in ,syracuse ,university4 ,in #ahhc the session was forty-five days long1 from ,july #adth to ,august #bgth4 ,a new feature of the program was an ,ideal ,foreign ,tour through ,europe1 with illustrated lectures on various cities by ,c4 ,e4 ,bolton1 and ,tourists' ,conferences conducted by his wife1 the cultured ,mrs4 ,sarah ,k4 ,bolton4 ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing of ,chicago taught classes in the important art of cookery4 ,professor ,charles ,j4 ,little gave a course of lectures4 ,hon4 ,albion ,w4 ,tourgee1 residing at ,mayville1 who had achieved fame soon after the ,civil ,war by his story1 ,a ,fool's ,errand1 gave lectures in the ,amphitheater4 ,professor ,william ,c4 ,richards showed brilliant illustrations in physical science4 ,dr4 ,p4 ,s4 ,henson entertained while he instructed2 ,president ,julius ,h4 ,seelye1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,mallalien1 later a ,bishop1 ,president ,joseph ,cummings of ,northwestern ,university1 ,hon4 ,will ,cumback of ,indiana1 and many others1 gave lectures4 ,a new instructor entered the ,school of ,languages in #ahhc1 in the person of ,william ,rainey ,harper1 then ,professor in the ,baptist ,school of ,theology at ,morgan ,park1 ,illinois1 afterward to be the first ,president of the ,university of ,chicago4 ,no man ever lived who could inspire a class with the enthusiasm that he could awaken over the study of ,hebrew1 could lead his students so far in that language in a six weeks' course1 or could impart such broad and sane views of the ,biblical literature4 ,from this year ,dr4 ,harper was one of the leaders at ,chautauqua1 and soon was advanced to the principalship of the ,summer ,schools4 ,in the after years1 while ,dr4 ,harper was ,president of the ,university of ,chicago1 and holding classes all the year1 in summer as well as winter1 he was wont to take the train every ,friday afternoon1 in order to spend ,saturday and ,sunday at ,chautauqua4 ,chautauquans of those days will also remember the recitals by ,professor ,robert ,l4 ,cumnock of ,northwestern ,university1 a reader who was a scholar in the best literature4 ,the class of #ahhc1 though not as large as its predecessor1 the ,pioneers1 was graduated with the same ceremonies1 the address on ,recognition ,day given by ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott of ,new ,york1 one of the ,counsellors of the ,circle4 ,five years had now passed since the inauguration of this movement1 and from every quarter testimonials of its power and incidents showing its influence were received4 ,let me mention a few of these which came under my own notice4 ,i met a lady who mentioned that she and her husband were reading the course together and they found the only available hour between six and seven in the morning1 before breakfast4 ,for the study of the course they both had risen at half past five for a year or more4 ,one result of this early morning reading was1 she said1 that at the breakfast table they told the children stories of history and science1 which she thought turned their minds toward knowledge4 ,among the books was one on ,human ,physiology--a book1 which1 by the way1 ,i did not rate very highly and objected to as being so elementary as to become almost juvenile2 yet that book awakened such an interest that the lady began to read more widely and deeply on the subject1 after a few months entered the ,woman's ,medical ,college in ,new ,york1 during her course took several prizes1 and graduated with high honors4 ,it may have been that she foresaw what came1 the failure of her husband's health1 so that of necessity she became the bread-winner for her family4 ,she was a successful physician1 honored in the community1 the ,chautauqua ,circle having opened to her wider opportunities of knowledge and usefulness4 ,two college professors of high standing have told me that they were first awakened to a desire and determination for higher education through their early readings in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,one rather amusing yet suggestive incident came to my notice4 ,visiting a city in the ,middle ,west1 ,i met a lady who told me that she belonged to a club of young people who met weekly in a card party4 ,one member told the rest about the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 which she had joined and showed them the books1 whereupon they all sent in their names as members1 and the card club was transformed into a ,chautauqua ,reading ,circle4 ,i was seated with ,dr4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale at a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 banquet in ,new ,england1 when he pointed out a middle-aged gentleman at the head of one of the tables and told me this story about him4 ,while a boy he came to his father and said1 ,i don't want to go to school any longer1 ,i want to go to work and earn my own living1 and there's a place in ,boston that is open to me4 ,well1 said his father1 perhaps you would better take the place1 ,i've noticed that you are not paying much attention to your studies of late4 ,i'm very sorry for ,i have set my heart on giving you a good education4 ,you don't know now1 but you'll find out later that the difference between the man who gives orders and the man who takes them is that generally one of the two men knows more than the other1 and knowledge brings a man up in the world4 ,the boy went to ,boston and took a job in a big store1 and he found that he was taking a good many orders from those above him and giving none to others4 ,he realized that for success in life he needed an education4 ,ashamed to give up and go home1 he began to attend an evening school which some of us had established4 ,there ,i met him and was able to give him some encouragement and some help4 ,he became a well-read and1 in the end1 a successful business man4 ,as soon as he heard of the ,chautauqua ,circle1 he began to read its books and was made ,president of a local circle4 ,that table is filled with the members of his circle and he sits at the head of it4 ,i wish that ,i could write down a story as it was told me by ,dr4 ,duryea1 at ,chautauqua4 ,it was of a man who sat at his table in the ,hotel and was always in a hurry1 never finishing his meals in his haste to get to lectures and classes4 ,the ,doctor got him to talking and he forgot to drink his coffee while telling his story4 ,he said that he kept a country store in a village in ,arkansas1 where the young men used to come in the evenings and tell stories together4 ,he felt that he was leading a rather narrow life and needed intelligence1 but did not know where to obtain it4 ,there were books enough in the world1 but how could he choose the right ones8 ,a newspaper fell under his notice containing some mention of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c42 he sent his fee to the office1 obtained the books for the year1 and began to read in the intervals of time between customers in his store4 ,for retirement he fixed up a desk and shelf of books in the rear of the shop4 ,some of his evening callers said1 ,what have you got back there8 and he showed his books1 telling them of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,a number of them at once decided to join1 and soon he found himself the conductor of a ,chautauqua ,circle with twenty members4 ,they fixed up a meeting place in a store-room in a garret under the eaves1 talked over the topics1 and read papers4 ,when the text-book on electricity was before them1 they made experiments with home-made batteries and ran wires all around the room4 ,the man said1 ,those fellows look to me to answer all sorts of questions1 and ,i find that ,i am getting beyond my depth4 ,i have come to ,chautauqua to fill up and ,i'm doing it4 ,but the difficulty is that too many things come at the same time2 here's a lecture on ,american authors and one on biology1 and one on history1 all at once1 and ,i never know which to attend4 ,but ,chautauqua is a great place1 isn't it8 ,a servant in a family1 while waiting at the table1 heard the lady and her daughters talking of the ,circle which was being formed4 ,the girl asked her mistress if she would be permitted to join4 ,with some hesitation1 the lady said1 ,why1 yes1 if you really wish to read the books1 you can be a member4 ,this serving-maid soon showed herself as the brightest scholar in the group1 far superior in her thirst for knowledge to her young mistresses4 ,she was encouraged and aided to seek a higher education1 entered a ,normal ,school1 and became a successful teacher4 ,one letter received at the office contained1 in brief1 the following3 ,i am a working-man with six children and ,i work hard to keep them in school4 ,since ,i found out about your ,circle1 ,i have begun to read1 getting up early in the morning to do it4 ,i am trying hard to keep up1 so that my boys will see what father does--just as an example to them4 ,a letter from a night watchman said1 ,i read as ,i come on my rounds to the lights1 and think it over between times4 ,a steamboat captain on one of the western rivers wrote that he enjoyed reading the books and found the recollection of their contents a great benefit1 for when ,i stand on the deck at night ,i have something good to think about2 and you know that when one has not taken care of his thoughts they will run away with him and he will think about things he ought not4 ,i was well acquainted with a gentleman and his wife1 both of unspotted character1 but unfortunately living apart from some incompatibility4 ,he was accustomed to call upon her every fortnight1 in a formal manner1 professedly to meet their children1 and on one of his visits he mentioned that he was beginning the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 readings4 ,she was desirous of knowing what those letters meant2 he explained and gave her a circular of information4 ,she1 too1 joined the ,circle1 and next time at his call they spent an evening pleasantly discussing the subjects of reading that both were pursuing4 ,from a fortnightly they dropped into a weekly interview1 and after a time spent nearly all their evenings together4 ,one day ,i met them together1 and being aware of their former relations1 ,i perhaps showed surprise4 ,the husband took me aside and said that they were now living together very happily1 thanks to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,they had forgotten their differences in a common object of interest4 ,in the early years of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 one book of the course was on the subject of practical ,christianity4 ,at one time1 the religious book was ,the ,philosophy of the ,plan of ,salvation1 by ,dr4 ,walker1 a work widely read two generations ago and regarded as a standard4 ,we received at the office a letter from a high-school teacher who said that he was an agnostic and did not wish to read such a book--could he not read some scientific work by ,tyndall or ,huxley in place of it8 ,miss ,kimball referred his letter to me1 and ,i took it to ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,he considered the question1 and then wrote in substance this answer3 ,if you were a ,unitarian1 you could read a volume by ,james ,martineau2 if you were a ,roman ,catholic1 you could read one of many good ,catholic religious books2 if you were a ,jew you might take some book upon your own religion4 ,but you call yourself an agnostic1 that is1 one who does not know ,god and has no religion1 and therefore1 to meet the requirements of your course it will be necessary for you to read some candid1 sane work on the ,christian religion2 and such is ,walker's ,plan of ,salvation4 ,the letter closed with a friendly request that he would read the book without a strong prejudice against it1 and some hearty sympathetic sentences which ,dr4 ,vincent knew how to write4 ,for a year we heard nothing of the man2 we concluded that he had been offended at the requirement and had left the ,circle4 ,we were surprised when at last another letter came from him stating that he had read the book1 at first unwillingly1 but later with deep interest2 also that association with believers in the ,circle had shown them1 not as he had supposed1 narrow and bigoted1 but broad in their views4 ,he had seen in them a mystic something which he desired2 he had sought and found it4 ,to-day1 he wrote1 ,i have united with the ,presbyterian ,church1 and this evening ,i led the ,christian ,endeavor meeting4 ,dr4 ,hale told of a man who had been formerly a pupil and youth in his church1 who was suffering from nervous prostration1 and lay down in a shack in an out-of-the-way place in ,florida1 almost ready to die4 ,his eyes were drawn to the orange-colored cover of a magazine which he had never seen before1 ,the ,chautauquan4 ,he opened it at random and began to read4 ,are you a child of ,god8 ,are you a partaker of the divine nature8 ,if you are1 work with ,god6 ,don't give up working with ,god6 ,it seemed to him like a voice from heaven4 ,on that moment he said to himself1 ,i will not die1 but live6 ,he began to read the magazine and followed it by reading the books to which the magazine made reference4 ,they opened before him a new field of thought and made of him a new man4 ,he told this story to ,dr4 ,hale in his own church and said3 ,i am here because of that orange-covered ,chautauquan which ,i found lying under the bench in that old cabin4 ,it is possible1 nay1 it is certain1 that the ,chautauqua ,circle1 by being not a church society1 but a secular organization permeated by the ,christian spirit1 has exercised an influence all the stronger to promote an intelligent1 broad-minded ,christianity4 ,illustration3 ,south ,ravine1 ,near ,children's ,playground ,illustration3 ,muscallonge ,illustration3 ,bathhouse and ,jacob ,bolin ,gymnasium ,everyone active in ,chautauqua work through a series of years could narrate many stories like the above1 and doubtless some more remarkable2 but ,i have given only a few out of many that could be recalled out of an experience with the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 through more than forty years4 ,as ,i have looked upon the representatives of the graduating class in the ,hall of ,philosophy1 ,i have often wished that ,i might know some of the life-stories of those who1 often through difficulties unknown1 have carried the course through to completion4 ,an eminent minister wrote to me recently as follows3 ,at a place where ,i became pastor ,i found two sisters who were living in dark seclusion1 brooding in melancholia as the effect of a great sorrow4 ,they attended church1 but took no part in our work1 and none at all in society4 ,i did my best to comfort those young women and bring them out of their monasticism4 ,but it was all in vain4 ,their broken spirits revolted from a religion of happiness4 ,a few years after my pastorate was ended there1 and ,i was preaching elsewhere1 ,i visited the town and was surprised to find both those women among the most active women in the church1 happy1 gifted1 and universally esteemed4 ,what had wrought the change8 ,they chanced to hear of the ,chautauqua ,reading ,course and sent for the books and magazines4 ,they pursued the course1 graduated1 and visited ,chautauqua4 ,it awakened their entire being and brought them into a new world4 ,they were literally born anew4 ,i have witnessed wonderful changes in people1 but never any that was more thorough1 real1 and permanent than in those young women4 ,let us name also some of the leading events of the ,assembly of #ahhd4 ,as the organ of the ,c4 ,y4 ,f4 ,r4 ,u4 ,dr4 ,flood established ,the ,youth's ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,paper for boys and girls4 ,it was an illustrated magazine1 but only twelve numbers were published1 as the field for periodical literature for young people was already well covered4 ,the ,chautauqua ,foreign ,tour1 a series of illustrated lectures on the ,british ,isles1 was conducted this year by ,rev4 ,jesse ,bowman ,young1 ,professor ,h4 ,h4 ,ragan1 and ,mr4 ,george ,makepeace ,towle4 ,music was abundant and varied this season1 the choir being led by ,professors ,sherwin and ,case in turn2 concerts by a remarkable quartet1 the ,meigs ,sisters2 the delightful singers of southern plantation and revival songs1 the ,tennesseans2 the ,yale ,college ,glee ,club2 ,miss ,belle ,mc,clintock1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,c4 ,hull1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,o4 ,excell1 and ,miss ,tuthill1 soloists4 ,dr4 ,charles ,j4 ,little gave a course of lectures on ,english literature2 ,dr4 ,henson1 ,miss ,susan ,hayes ,ward1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,butler of ,mexico1 and ,dr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,smith of ,minnesota were among the lecturers4 ,we heard ,ram ,chandra ,bose and ,dennis ,osborne of ,india1 and ,sau ,aubrah of ,burmah1 a most interesting speaker on the customs of his country and his impressions of ours4 ,principal ,fairbairn of ,oxford made the history of philosophy interesting1 and the ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,palmer of ,new ,york won instant fame by his great war lecture1 ,company ,d1 the ,die-no-more's1 given on ,grand ,army ,day to a great concourse of old soldiers4 ,on ,saturday1 ,august #bc;d1 a reception was given to the ,governor of ,pennsylvania1 ,hon4 ,robert ,e4 ,pattison4 ,friday1 ,august #aeth1 was observed as the decennial anniversary of the ,woman's ,christian ,temperance ,union4 ,i find on the program of that year a series of colloquies named ,the ,socratic ,academy1 conducted by ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,moore4 ,i know not what subjects they discussed1 nor how they discussed them1 but ,i remember ,dr4 ,moore as one able to shed light on any subject that he chose to present4 ,as ,i read the program of any one of those years at ,chautauqua1 ,i realize how utterly inadequate must be any sketch like the above to bring it before a reader4 ,by this time three classes of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 had been graduated1 '#hb1 '#hc1 and '#hd4 ,four more classes were pursuing the course1 so that ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 members present at ,chautauqua might now be counted by the thousand4 ,there was a strong class-spirit4 ,each class had its name1 its motto1 its badge1 and its banner1 and ribbon badges were fluttering everywhere4 ,every day came announcements from the platform of class-meetings1 and it was sometimes difficult to provide for them all4 ,during the season of #ahhd two classes united their interests1 raised money1 and purchased a small octagonal building near the ,hall of ,philosophy4 ,these were the classes of '#hc and '#he4 ,the movement for class headquarters was growing2 all the other classes began the raising of building funds1 and those who looked into the future saw all around ,st4 ,paul's ,grove the prospect of small buildings rising4 ,how would the grounds appear when forty classes should have little headquarters--a ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 village8 ,the plan began to be mooted of a ,union ,class ,building1 to be realized later4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,chaplain',s ,,leg ,,and ,,other ,,true ,,tales 7#ahhe-ahhh7 ,,the twelfth year of the ,assembly1 #ahhe1 opened with a preliminary week1 beginning ,july #gth1 for the ,teachers' ,retreat and the ,school of ,languages1 and closed with ,after-week1 making the entire session fifty-three days long1 ending on ,august #bhth4 ,but the official opening did not take place until the traditional date1 ,tuesday1 ,august #gth4 ,for years1 indeed from the beginning1 ,dr4 ,vincent had set his heart on having a chime of bells at ,chautauqua4 ,the practically minded trustees urged for some needed improvement1 and buildings for the growing schools1 but the poetic conception carried the day1 and in #ahhe the ,meneely chime of ten bells was heard at the opening in ,july4 ,some common souls in cottages around complained of their frequency1 awaking folks early in the morning and breaking their naps in the afternoon1 but to most their mellow music was a welcome sound4 ,it has always been the rule that quiet must reign on the grounds after the night bells at #aj3jj ,p4,m41 and watchmen have been wont to knock at doors where the rule was honored in the breach instead of the observance4 ,a parlor full of young people enjoying themselves does not always come to silence in a minute4 ,i remember one house near the ,point where dwelt an elderly lady with abundant gray hair but a young heart1 and also with an attractive daughter4 ,that home was exceedingly popular among the younger set1 and their meetings--doubtless held for the discussion of serious subjects1 for the voices were sometimes loud--were often prolonged beyond the time of the bells4 ,one night an unusually imperative rap of the watchman's stick on the front door startled the group4 ,the door was opened a little and the matron put forth her head with the words loudly spoken1 ,shoot1 if you must1 this old gray head6 whereupon the watchman departed without a word4 ,in the revolution of the ,chautauqua ,circle1 #ahhe was known as the ,roman year1 having as its major subject ,latin history and literature4 ,the studies of the ,foreign ,tour in the ,assembly program embraced lectures1 with illustrations on ,italian cities and scenery4 ,dr4 ,vincent's fertile mind conceived a plan to aid the students of the course1 and incidentally to advertise it1 by a series of object-lessons4 ,he divided ,pratt ,avenue1 the path leading up to the college on the hill1 into sections corresponding by their relative lengths to the periods of ,roman history1 and erected at the proper points along the road1 posts to commemorate the leading events1 with dates and names of the great men of the several periods4 ,these milestones were black1 with inscriptions in white4 ,as people passed by they would be reminded of the leading facts in the story of the ,eternal ,city4 ,often might be seen members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 notebook in hand1 storing their minds with the dates and events in the annals of ,rome4 ,the coal-black pillars had a somewhat sepulchral look and suggested a graveyard4 ,one lady who was a stranger at ,chautauqua1 and evidently not a member of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 asked ,dr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes1 one of the leading workers1 ,can you tell me why all these tombstones have been set up here4 ,surely all the men named on them cannot be buried along this street6 ,the question was also asked if it was proposed each year to set up a row of trophies on other streets for the ,american year1 the ,english year1 the ,greek year1 and by degrees to turn all ,chautauqua into a memorial grove for great men and great deeds of all the ages2 but at the close of the season the monuments were gathered up and carried away1 leaving no successors4 ,the lecture platform of #ahhe was as strong as ever4 ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,deems of ,new ,york delivered the baccalaureate sermon on ,sunday1 ,august #afth1 an unique discourse on the short text1 ,one ,new ,man 7,eph4 #b3ae71 and the ,recognition ,address on the following ,wednesday was by ,dr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale of ,boston4 ,a special series of ,yale ,university ,historical ,lectures was given by ,professor ,arthur ,m4 ,wheeler4 ,bishop ,cyrus ,d4 ,foss of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church preached on ,sunday1 ,august #bc;d4 ,dr4 ,john ,p4 ,newman delivered a lecture on ,august #beth in memory of ,president ,u4 ,s4 ,grant1 of whom he had been a friend and pastor4 ,this year a young man made his first appearance upon the ,chautauqua platform1 not yet as a lecturer1 but introducing speakers in felicitous sentences and presiding with the ease of an experienced chairman4 ,this was ,mr4 ,george ,edgar ,vincent1 just graduated from ,yale ,university1 from whom ,chautauqua and the world in general was to hear before many years4 ,in #ahhe1 the institution received a new charter from the ,legislature of ,new ,york1 giving it the name ,chautauqua ,university and the power to confer degrees4 ,by vote of the ,board1 the title ,chancellor of the ,chautauqua ,university was given to ,dr4 ,vincent4 ,it was hoped to establish a college for study by correspondence1 with reviews of the subjects taught in the summer meeting4 ,but the expense of a professional staff was great and the number of students was not large enough to support it without an endowment4 ,the ,chautauqua ,university might have won a place in the world of education1 if friends had been found to bestow upon it a liberal endowment1 but among the varied gifts of ,dr4 ,vincent was not that peculiar talent for raising money4 ,the ,university did not prosper1 and in #ahih the ,trustees voluntarily surrendered to the ,regents of the ,university of the ,state of ,new ,york the examination of candidates and the conferring of degrees4 ,again the title was changed and the ,university became ,the ,chautauqua ,system of ,education4 ,the year #ahhf ushered in some improvements4 ,in place of the old wharf stood a new pier building1 three stories high1 with stores on the upper balcony1 for the steamboat still brought most of the ,chautauqua crowds and at their arrival a throng was always present to greet them4 ,above the building rose a tower1 from which sounded forth over the lake and through the ,grove the melody of the ,chautauqua chimes4 ,on the hill was the new ,jewett ,house1 given by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,h4 ,jewett as a home for self-supporting young women1 teachers and others1 while at ,chautauqua4 ,the program of that year shows that a faculty of sixteen conducted the work in the ,chautauqua ,teachers' ,retreat1 and fifteen others gave courses in the ,school of ,languages4 ,lessons in ,harmony1 ,organ and ,piano1 ,drawing and ,painting were also added4 ,the ,chautauqua ,school of ,physical ,education was established under the direction of ,dr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,anderson4 ,all these were signs that the system of summer schools at ,chautauqua was increasing its range of study1 as well as growing in the number of its students4 ,one of the lecturers at this season was ,professor ,caleb ,t4 ,winchester of ,wesleyan ,university4 ,it was a privilege to listen to his scholarly yet delightful account of a ramble in the ,english lake country1 with estimates of the literary lights who made that region famous4 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,milburn1 the blind chaplain of the ,united ,states ,senate1 ,dr4 ,russell ,h4 ,conwell1 with his lecture of ,acres of ,diamonds1 ,dr4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale and ,mrs4 ,mary ,a4 ,livermore also gave lectures4 ,dr4 ,hale read his story1 ,in ,his ,name2 and at the close of his reading came a general rush for his autograph4 ,i happened to be in charge of the platform1 and tried to excuse the speaker from adding to his burdens1 but he declared his willingness to meet the demands of the people and wrote in every album offered4 ,in the crowd was a little girl1 shabbily dressed1 who had no album1 but brought a scrap of brown paper which she had picked up4 ,dr4 ,hale looked at the torn fragment1 then took the copy of his story from which he had been reading1 wrote on its fly-leaf his name1 and handed it to the little girl4 ,illustration3 ,athletic ,club ,illustration3 ,boys' ,club ,headed for ,camp ,two lecturers from the ,south attracted attention4 ,one was the ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,lee1 an able1 broad-minded man2 the other was the unique evangelist1 ,rev4 ,sam ,p4 ,jones1 whose utterances were sometimes eloquent1 sometimes jocose1 sometimes shocking1 but always interesting4 ,dr4 ,willis ,j4 ,beecher of the ,auburn ,theological ,seminary1 ,dr4 ,john ,hall of ,new ,york1 and ,president ,william ,f4 ,warren of ,boston ,university were also among the speakers4 ,readings were given by ,will ,m4 ,carleton1 ,george ,w4 ,cable1 and ,general ,lew ,wallace1 from their own writings4 ,an immense crowd packed the ,amphitheater to hear ,general ,wallace read from his ,ben ,hur the story of the ,chariot ,race4 ,but candor compels us to say that it was not very thrillingly rendered4 ,one who listened said1 ,he never got his horses off the walk4 ,other readers were ,george ,riddle of ,boston and ,professor ,r4 ,l4 ,cumnock of ,northwestern ,university4 ,this summer ,mrs4 ,frank ,beard collected and conducted an ,oriental ,exhibition4 ,almost every year ,frank ,beard was at ,chautauqua1 teaching a class in art1 making pictures in the children's class1 giving one or two crayon lectures1 and occasionally on ,sunday evenings an illustrated ,bible reading4 ,as already intimated1 that was the age when there was a craze for autographs1 and everybody carried around an autograph album1 seeking signatures from the celebrities4 ,after a popular lecture a crowd hastened to the platform and a hundred hands1 each holding an album1 would be stretched out toward the speaker1 demanding his autograph4 ,of course every child1 and nearly every grown-up1 must have ,frank ,beard's autograph1 and with it a picture drawn by his hand4 ,frank said once in a religious meeting that his idea of heaven was a place where there were no autograph albums4 ,every year at ,chautauqua is held a ,national ,army ,day1 when the ,civil ,war veterans from near and far assemble1 wear their ,g4 ,a4 ,r4 uniforms and badges1 and listen to an address in the ,amphitheater4 ,one year1 ,i think it was #ahhf1 but ,i am not sure1 the orator was late in coming1 and ,mr4 ,beard1 himself a veteran of the war1 was called upon to fill the vacancy4 ,he told the story of ,the ,chaplain's ,leg1 of which some incredulous people have doubted the authenticity4 ,as ,i remember it was somewhat as follows4 ,he would come forward1 slapping his right leg1 and saying3 ,that is a good leg1 but it isn't mine4 ,it belonged once to the chaplain of our regiment2 ,i was in a battle and happened to have a tree between myself and the whole rebel army4 ,there was a change in the front1 and ,i started to make a detour to another tree4 ,just in the middle of my march ,i ran against the chaplain1 who was also making a detour1 and at that moment came along a rebel shell1 which took off one of his legs and also one of mine4 ,we lay on the ground only a minute or two1 and then an ambulance took us and the two legs on board4 ,they carried us to the field hospital1 and put on our legs1 which grew just as they should1 so that after a few weeks ,i was dismissed as cured4 ,well1 ,i had been a long time1 for me1 without liquid refreshment1 and ,i knew that out in the woods near the camp was an extemporized bar1 in the shape of a board laid on two stumps of trees4 ,i found it hard to walk in that direction1 and had to pull my right leg along2 but ,i thought that it needed only a little practice to be as good as ever4 ,i got to the bar and ordered a glass of something2 it might have been ginger-pop or it might have been something else4 ,just after it was poured out and before ,i could take hold of it1 that right leg of mine lifted itself up and kicked over the whole contraption--glass1 and jug1 and bar1 and then in spite of all ,i could do1 stumped me back to camp6 ,and on the way ,i passed the chaplain who was being dragged out to the bar1 while ,i was being pulled away from it4 ,then ,i knew what had happened in the hospital2 they had put each leg on the wrong man1 and ,i must carry around the chaplain's leg as long as ,i lived4 ,the leg took me to church2 at first it was pretty tough1 but ,i got used to it4 ,that leg brought me to ,chautauqua1 and here ,i am to-day1 brought by the chaplain's leg4 ,some time ago ,i gave by request a lecture with pictures in the ,sing ,sing prison1 and there among the convicts sat my old friend the chaplain1 wearing a striped suit4 ,what brought him there ,i can't imagine1 unless--well1 ,i don't know what it was4 ,the ,assembly of #ahhg was fifty-eight days in length1 from ,july #b;d to ,august #bhth4 ,the schools were still growing in the number of students and enlarging their courses4 ,some of the new departments were the ,arabic and ,assyrian languages1 mathematics1 chemistry1 oratory and expression1 stenography1 mineralogy1 and geology4 ,to house these classes and the army of students1 buildings were urgently needed1 and this year a ,college ,building arose overlooking the lake4 ,it stood until two years ago1 when on account of its dilapidation as well as its incongruity with the modern plans of the schools1 it was taken down4 ,during the season of #ahhg1 the ,fourth of ,july ,address was given by ,hon4 ,roswell ,g4 ,horr1 member of ,congress from ,michigan4 ,dr4 ,fairbairn from ,oxford was with us again1 also the ,rev4 ,mark ,guy ,pearse of ,england1 ,dr4 ,charles ,j4 ,little1 ,dr4 ,john ,a4 ,broadus of ,louisville1 one of those scholars who know how to present great truths in a simple manner1 ,chaplain ,mc,cabe1 ,dr4 ,charles ,r4 ,henderson1 on social questions of the time1 and ,mrs4 ,mary ,a4 ,livermore4 ,rev4 ,sam ,p4 ,jones was also on the platform for the second season4 ,he gave his powerful sermon on ,conscience with not a sentence to provoke a smile1 but a strong call to righteousness4 ,another address1 however1 contained an application which called forth a smile all over the audience4 ,it was known that ,dr4 ,vincent was being strongly talked of as a candidate for ,bishop in the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 and in the following ,may1 #ahhh1 he was elected to that office4 ,dr4 ,vincent was presiding at ,mr4 ,jones' lecture4 ,in the address ,jones managed to bring in an allusion to bishops4 ,then turning halfway round toward the chairman1 he said1 ,doctor ,vincent1 ,i shouldn't wonder if they made you and me bishops before long4 ,you see the thing's coming down4 ,the class graduating this year in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was the largest in the history of the ,circle4 ,it included in its membership the ,rev4 ,g4 ,r4 ,alden and his wife1 and was named in her honor1 the ,pansy class4 ,at this time the enrolled members of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 were more than eighty thousand in number4 ,the ,assembly of #ahhh opened on ,july #c;d and closed on ,august #bith1 fifty-eight days in length4 ,the summer school was now announced as the ,college of ,liberal ,arts4 ,i notice in the list of subjects taught3 ,old ,french1 ,scandinavian languages and literature1 ,sanskrit1 ,zend and ,gothic1 ,hebrew and ,semitic languages1 and philology4 ,it is not to be supposed that all of these classes were overcrowded with students1 but those in physical culture and arts and crafts were very popular4 ,the annual exhibition of the gymnastic classes has been for years one of the most thronged events on the program1 and in anticipation the ,amphitheater is filled long in advance of the hour for beginning the exercises4 ,among the lecturers of this season were ,mrs4 ,alden1 ,pansy1 who read a new story1 ,the ,hall in the ,grove2 ,dr4 ,william ,r4 ,harper1 ,dr4 ,frank ,w4 ,gunsaulus1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,cook1 ,dr4 ,talmage1 ,dr4 ,hale1 ,general ,russell ,a4 ,alger1 and ,george ,w4 ,bain4 ,dr4 ,phillips ,brooks1 giant in body and in soul1 preached one of his sermons1 sweeping in swift utterances like a tidal wave4 ,one hardly dared draw a breath for fear of losing his mighty periods4 ,bishop ,william ,taylor of ,africa1 was also present1 and thrilled his hearers1 yet in a calm1 quiet manner1 absolutely free from any oratorical display4 ,there was a charm in his address and the most critical hearers felt it1 yet could not analyze it4 ,i met1 not at ,chautauqua but elsewhere1 a lawyer who admitted that he rarely attended church because he could not endure the dull sermons2 but after listening to ,bishop ,taylor1 said that if he could hear that man he would go to church twice1 even three times1 on a ,sunday4 ,and yet in all his discourse there was not a rhetorical sentence nor a rounded period4 ,mr4 ,leon ,h4 ,vincent was again at ,chautauqua1 with his literary lectures4 ,either during this season or the one when he came next--for he was generally present every alternate year--it became necessary to move ,leon ,vincent's lectures from the ,hall of ,philosophy to the ,amphitheater1 on account of the number who were eager to hear them4 ,among those who gave readings were ,mr4 ,charles ,f4 ,underhill of ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,george ,riddle1 and ,professor ,r4 ,l4 ,cumnock4 ,the ,methodists1 both of the ,north and the ,south1 have always formed a large element in the ,chautauqua constituency1 partly because of their number throughout the continent1 but also because both the ,founders of the ,assembly were members of that church4 ,this year1 #ahhh1 the ,methodist ,house was opened1 in the center of the ground1 and at once became the social rallying place of the denomination4 ,its chapel1 connected with the ,house1 was built afterward by the all-year residents at ,chautauqua as the home of the community church1 which is open to all and attended by all1 the only church having a resident pastor and holding services through the year1 nominally under the ,methodist system1 but practically undenominational4 ,in ,may1 #ahhh1 ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,vincent1 after twenty years in charge of the ,sunday ,school work as ,secretary and ,editor1 was elected and consecrated a ,bishop in the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,for some years his episcopal residence was at ,buffalo1 within easy distance of ,chautauqua1 but his new duties required him to travel even more widely than before1 and he needed an assistant to care for the work of the ,assembly4 ,mr4 ,george ,e4 ,vincent1 able son of distinguished father1 was this year appointed ,vice-,principal of ,instruction1 and assumed a closer supervision of the program of ,chautauqua4 ,in this year1 also1 ,dr4 ,william ,rainey ,harper was made ,principal of the ,college of ,liberal ,arts1 all the departments of the ,summer ,school being under his direction4 ,another name appears on the record of #ahhh1 the name of ,alonzo ,a4 ,stagg1 haloed in the estimate of young ,chautauqua with a glory even surpassing that of the two ,founders4 ,for ,stagg1 just graduated from ,yale1 could curve a baseball more marvelously than any other man in ,america4 ,he was one of the instructors in the gymnasium1 and organized a team that played with most of the baseball clubs for miles around ,chautauqua1 almost invariably winning the game4 ,it was said that the athletic field rivaled the ,amphitheater in its crowds when ,stagg played4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,a ,,new ,,leaf ,,in ,,luke',s ,,gospel 7#ahhi-ahib7 ,,the ,assembly of #ahhi opened on ,july #c;d and continued fifty-five days1 to ,august #bfth4 ,several new buildings had arisen since the last session4 ,one was the ,anne ,m4 ,kellogg ,memorial ,hall1 built by ,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,kellogg of ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 in honor of his mother4 ,in it were rooms for kindergarten1 clay modeling1 china painting1 and a meeting place for the ,chautauqua ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,it stood originally on the site of the present ,colonnade ,building1 the business block1 and was moved to its present location to make room for that building4 ,mr4 ,kellogg was an active worker in the ,sunday ,school movement and from the beginning a regular visitor at ,chautauqua4 ,another building of this year was the one formerly known as the ,administration ,office1 on ,clark ,avenue in front of the book-store and the old ,museum1 now the ,information ,bureau and the ,school of ,expression4 ,when the offices of the ,institution were removed to the ,colonnade1 the old ,administration ,building was given up to business1 and it is now known as a lunch-room4 ,the ,school of ,physical ,culture1 under ,dr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,anderson1 had grown to such an extent that a new gymnasium had become a necessity1 and one had been erected on the lake-front4 ,in the newer part of the grounds many private cottages arose1 of more tasteful architecture than the older houses4 ,illustration3 ,chautauqua ,woman's ,club ,house ,illustration3 ,rustic ,bridge ,a notable event of this season was the visit of former ,president ,rutherford ,b4 ,hayes of ,ohio4 ,among the lecturers of #ahhi we find the name of ,mr4 ,donald ,g4 ,mitchell1 whose ,reveries of a ,bachelor and ,dream-,life1 published under the pseudonym of ,ik ,marvel1 are recognized classics in ,american literature4 ,other eminent men on the platform were ,professor ,hjalmar ,h4 ,boyesen of ,columbia ,university1 ,professor ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy of ,dublin ,university1 ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott1 ,dr4 ,frank ,w4 ,gunsaulus1 ,dr4 ,washington ,gladden1 ,dr4 ,john ,henry ,barrows1 ,professor ,frederick ,starr1 who could make anthropology interesting to those who had never studied it1 ,professor ,herbert ,b4 ,adams1 and ,corporal ,tanner1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioner of ,pensions1 a veteran who walked on two cork legs1 but was able to stand up and give a heart-warming address to the old soldiers4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,harper1 who was teaching in the ,school of ,theology1 gave a course of lectures on the ,hebrew prophets4 ,bishop ,cyrus ,d4 ,foss1 one of the great preachers of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 delivered a sermon on one of the ,sundays4 ,the ,south sent us an able lecturer in ,richard ,malcolm ,johnson4 ,the orator on ,recognition ,day1 of the ,class of '#hi1 was ,dr4 ,david ,swing of ,chicago1 who spoke on ,the ,beautiful and the ,useful4 ,dr4 ,russell ,h4 ,conwell gave some lectures1 abundant in their illustrative stories4 ,i think that this was the year1 but am not certain1 when ,dr4 ,conwell preached one ,sunday in the ,amphitheater a sermon of remarkable originality1 listened to with the closest attention by his hearers1 because he kept them guessing as to his subject until he was more than half-way through4 ,he said in opening1 ,i will give my text at the end of the sermon1 if ,i don't forget it2 but ,i will tell you my subject4 ,i am going to speak of a man whom our ,lord called the ,model ,church ,member4 ,we all began wondering who that man was1 but nobody could recall him4 ,he said that this model man lived among the mountains1 and spoke of the influence of surroundings upon character2 then that where he lived there were two churches1 one large1 the other small1 one aristocratic and popular1 the other of the lower classes1 despised2 and that this man was a member of the church looked down upon2 but these facts gave us no hint as to the model man's identity4 ,he puzzled us once more by saying that this was a business man who had good credit1 and we were still in the fog2--when did ,jesus ever talk about credit8 ,then he told in graphic manner1 making it seem as if it had happened the day before1 the story of the ,good ,samaritan1 and the problem was solved4 ,but he astonished us again by saying1 ,there was one part of this story which for some reason ,st4 ,luke left out of his gospel1 and ,i am going to tell it now2--and of course everybody was eager to hear a brand-new ,bible story not found in the ,scriptures4 ,he told that this man who had been robbed and beaten on the ,jericho road1 after his recovery at the inn1 went home to ,jerusalem1 met his family1 and then took his two boys up to the ,temple to return thanks for his restoration4 ,the service in all its splendor was described4 ,one boy said1 ,father1 see that priest waving a censer6 ,what a good man he must be6 ,but the man said1 ,my boy1 don't look at that hypocrite6 ,that is the very priest who left me to die beside the road6 ,after a few minutes1 the younger boy said1 ,see that ,levite blowing a trumpet6 ,he looks like a good man1 doesn't he8 ,and the father said1 ,my boys1 that is the very ,levite that passed me by when ,i was lying wounded6 ,let us go away from this place4 ,and then one of the boys said1 ,let us find the church of the ,good ,samaritan1 and worship there4 ,and ,dr4 ,conwell added1 ,my text is1 ',go thou and do likewise6' ,no one who heard that sermon1 so full of surprises1 could ever forget it4 ,the elocutionary readers who entertained us during that season were ,professor ,cumnock1 ,a4 ,p4 ,burbank1 ,george ,riddle1 ,george ,w4 ,cable1 reading his own stories1 and ,mr4 ,leland ,powers of ,boston1 with his rendering of ,david ,copperfield1 several other stories1 and a play or two4 ,without the aid of costume or making up1 it was wonderful how he could change facial expression1 and voice1 and manner instantaneously with his successive characters4 ,we saw ,mr4 ,micawber transformed in an instant into ,uriah ,heep4 ,from #ahhi1 ,mr4 ,powers was a frequent visitor1 and his rendering of novels and plays enraptured the throngs in the ,amphitheater4 ,for many seasons he was wont to appear on alternate years4 ,on ,old ,first ,night1 when the call was made for those present on the successive years1 while the regulars stood up and remained standing as each year was named1 it was interesting to watch the down-sittings and uprisings of ,leland ,powers4 ,but we shall hear his voice no more1 for even while we are writing the news of his death comes to us4 ,in this year1 #ahhi1 the musical classes were organized as the ,chautauqua ,school of ,music1 with instructors in all departments4 ,inasmuch as all people do not enjoy the sound of a piano1 practicing all day scales and exercises1 a place was found in the rear of the grounds for a village of small cottages1 some might call them huts1 each housing a piano for lessons and practice4 ,i am told that forty-eight pianos may be heard there all sending out music at once1 and each a different tune4 ,the year #ahhi brought another man to ,chautauqua who was well-beloved and will be long remembered1 the pianist and teacher1 ,william ,h4 ,sherwood1 who showed himself a true ,chautauquan by his willing1 helpful spirit1 no less than by his power on the piano4 ,when death stilled those wondrous fingers1 ,mr4 ,sherwood's memory was honored by the ,sherwood ,memorial ,studios1 dedicated in #aiab4 ,when we realize that ,chautauqua is a city of frame-buildings1 packed closely together on narrow streets1 in the early years having exceedingly inadequate protection against fires1 we almost wonder that it has never been overswept by a conflagration4 ,from time to time there have been fires1 most of them a benefit in clearing away old shacks of the camp-meeting strata2 and one took place on a night during the season of #ahhi4 ,it swept away a row of small houses along the southwestern border of ,miller ,park1 toward the ,land of ,palestine4 ,their site was kept unoccupied1 leaving a clear view of the lake1 except on one corner where a handsome building was erected1 the ,arcade4 ,while the main entrance to the grounds was at the ,pier1 this was a prosperous place of business1 but after the back door became the front door1 through the coming of the ,chautauqua ,traction ,company1 giving railroad connection with the outside world1 the business center of ,chautauqua shifted to streets up the hill4 ,the year #ahij came1 bringing the seventeenth session of the ,assembly4 ,this was the year when the ,presbyterian ,house was opened1 and also the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 building1 erected by ,flood and ,vincent1 for ,mr4 ,george ,e4 ,vincent was now a partner with ,dr4 ,flood in publishing ,the ,chautauquan ,magazine and the books of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,subsequently the business of publication was assumed by the ,institution1 and the building has been for many years the book-store1 with rooms on the floor above for classes in the ,school of ,expression4 ,an announcement in the program of the ,college of ,liberal ,arts was that a ,school of ,journalism would be conducted by ,hamilton ,wright ,mabie1 essayist1 and one of the editors of ,the ,outlook4 ,leon ,h4 ,vincent gave another course of literary lectures4 ,dr4 ,henry ,l4 ,wayland of ,philadelphia was one of the speakers4 ,john ,habberton1 author of the best seller some years before1 ,helen's ,babies1 lectured1 read1 joined the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,class of #ahid1 and was made its ,president4 ,dr4 ,francis ,e4 ,clark1 father of the ,christian ,endeavor ,society1 came and was greeted by a host of young ,endeavorers4 ,dr4 ,alexander ,mc,kenzie of ,cambridge1 ,mass41 preached a great sermon4 ,mr4 ,robert ,j4 ,burdette1 at that time an editor1 but afterwards a famous ,baptist preacher1 gave one of his wisely-witty lectures4 ,the ,hon4 ,john ,jay1 worthy son of one of ,new ,york's most distinguished families1 gave an address4 ,dr4 ,fairbairn of ,oxford was again among us1 with his deep lectures1 yet clear as the waters of ,lake ,tahoe4 ,the orator on ,recognition ,day was ,mrs4 ,alice ,freeman ,palmer1 whose term as ,president made ,wellesley great4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,nelson ,page gave readings from his own stories of southern life before the ,civil ,war4 ,a young man appeared on the platform for the first time1 but not the last1 who was destined to stand forth in a few years as one of the foremost of ,americans4 ,this was ,theodore ,roosevelt1 whose lectures at ,chautauqua were later expanded into the volumes on ,the ,winning of the ,west4 ,colonel ,thomas ,wentworth ,higginson1 soldier and historian1 also gave lectures4 ,at the opening of the season in #ahia1 the members of the ,chautauqua ,circle counted more than a hundred thousand4 ,nine classes had been graduated1 another large class was to receive its diplomas during that summer1 and there were three undergraduate classes each of nearly twenty thousand members1 with another class as large in prospect4 ,only a small section of each class could be present at ,chautauqua1 the vast majority of its members being far away1 some in distant lands4 ,but among those who came to the ,assembly1 the social spirit was strong4 ,they loved to meet each other1 held social reunions and business meetings constantly4 ,each of the four oldest classes1 from '#hb to '#he1 had its own building as headquarters1 but all the later classes were homeless and in need of homes4 ,it was a great boon to these classes when at last1 in #ahia1 the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,alumni ,hall was completed and opened4 ,its eight class-rooms were distributed by lot and furnished by the gifts of the members4 ,as new classes were organized year after year1 they were welcomed by the classes already occupying the rooms4 ,it was not many years before each room became the home of two classes1 then after eight years more of three classes1 meeting on different days1 but united in the general reception on the evening before the ,recognition ,day4 ,beside the eight class-rooms on the second floor of the ,alumni ,building there is a large hall which is used before the ,recognition ,day by the graduating class1 and during the rest of the season by the new entering class4 ,in #aiaf1 after the death of ,miss ,kate ,f4 ,kimball1 ,secretary of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c1 this hall was named ,the ,kimball ,room4 ,the ,alumni ,building with its wide porches became at ,chautauqua a social center for the members of the ,circle and many have been the friendships formed there4 ,on this season of #ahia the ,united ,presbyterian ,house was opened4 ,the section of the ,summer ,schools formerly known as ,the ,teachers' ,retreat1 but now beginning to be called ,the ,school of ,pedagogy1 was this year 7#ahia7 under the direction of that master-teacher and inspiring leader1 ,colonel ,francis ,w4 ,parker of ,chicago4 ,he gave several lectures on the principles of teaching1 but many besides the teachers listened to them with equal interest and profit4 ,one of these lectures was entitled1 ,the ,artisan and the ,artist2 the artisan representing those in every vocation of life who do their work by rule2 the artist1 those who pay little attention to regulations1 but teach1 or preach1 or design buildings1 or paint pictures out of their hearts2 and these are the ,pestalozzis1 the ,michael ,angelos1 the ,beechers of their several professions4 ,we had a course of delightful essay-lectures in the ,hall of ,philosophy by ,miss ,agnes ,repplier4 ,the ,rabbi of the ,temple ,emanuel in ,new ,york1 ,dr4 ,gustave ,gottheil1 gave some enlightening lectures upon the principles of the ,jewish faith4 ,at that time a prominent ,roman ,catholic priest1 the ,rev4 ,edward ,mc,glynn1 was in rebellion against the hierarchy of his church1 and maintaining a vigorous controversy in behalf of religious freedom4 ,he had been dismissed from one of the largest churches in ,new ,york1 and with voice and pen was denouncing the ,pope1 ,cardinals1 and ,bishops4 ,father ,mc,glynn came to ,chautauqua and delivered a powerful address in the ,amphitheater1 pouring forth a torrent of language1 shot as from a rapid-firing cannon4 ,while at ,chautauqua he was entertained at a dinner in one of the cottages with a number of invited guests4 ,from the moment of meeting at the table1 he began to talk in his forceful manner1 never stopping to take breath4 ,dr4 ,buckley was present and several times opened his mouth but found no chance to interject a word1 which was an unusual state of affairs for one who generally led the conversation4 ,illustration3 ,post-,office ,building ,illustration3 ,the ,business and ,administration ,building ,another speaker who was heard with interest was ,jacob ,a4 ,riis1 with his illustrated lecture on ,how the ,other ,half ,lives4 ,mr4 ,riis was only a newspaper reporter1 not occupying an editorial chair1 but ,theodore ,roosevelt spoke of him as ,new ,york's most useful citizen4 ,the cause of woman suffrage and reform had a splendid showing this season1 for ,frances ,e4 ,willard1 ,anna ,howard ,shaw1 ,susan ,b4 ,anthony1 and ,mary ,a4 ,livermore1 all spoke upon the ,amphitheater platform4 ,a visitor who made many friends was ,rev4 ,dr4 ,percival1 headmaster of ,rugby ,school4 ,julia ,ward ,howe gave interesting reminiscences of ,longfellow1 ,emerson1 and other literary lights whom she had known intimately4 ,john ,fiske1 one of ,america's greatest historians1 gave a course of lectures on the discovery and settlement of this continent4 ,another historian whom we heard was ,john ,bach ,mc,master1 whose lectures were like a series of dissolving views1 picture succeeding picture1 each showing the great events and the great men of their period4 ,in this year ,dr4 ,horatio ,r4 ,palmer assumed charge of the musical department1 and for the first time waved his baton before the great chorus in the ,amphitheater gallery4 ,as everybody knows1 the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of ,america was observed everywhere in #ahib4 ,chautauqua commemorated it in lectures on ,columbus and his fellow-voyagers1 and by a pageant presenting scenes from the history4 ,the ,chautauqua class graduating that year was named the ,columbia ,class1 and as its members1 several hundred strong1 marched in the procession1 ,chancellor ,vincent was astonished to see in the line his wife1 wearing the graduating badge of cardinal ribbon4 ,she had read the course through four years and kept it a secret from him1 revealed for the first time at that ,recognition service4 ,the address on that day was delivered by ,dr4 ,frank ,w4 ,gunsaulus on ,the ,ideal of ,culture4 ,among the chief speakers in #ahib we find the names of two ,presidents of ,cornell ,university1 ,dr4 ,andrew ,d4 ,white and ,dr4 ,james ,g4 ,schurman2 ,dr4 ,j4 ,monro ,gibson1 a ,london pastor and one of the ,board of ,counsel of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was with us2 also ,ballington ,booth1 ,henry ,watterson1 the journalist1 and ,president ,merrill ,e4 ,gates of ,amherst ,college4 ,at this session also the ,girls' ,club was organized and conducted by ,miss ,mary ,h4 ,mather of ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,in the announcements of this year1 the title of ,chautauqua ,university was allowed to lapse1 and in place of it appeared ,the ,chautauqua ,system of ,education4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,club ,,life ,,at ,,chautauqua 7#ahic-ahif7 ,,when the ,chautauquans gathered for the twentieth ,assembly on ,july #a1 #ahic1 they found some changes had taken place4 ,the old ,amphitheater1 which had faithfully served its generation1 but had fallen into decrepitude1 no longer lifted its forest of wooden pillars over the ravine4 ,in its place stood a new ,amphitheater1 more roomy and far more suitable to the needs of the new day4 ,it was covered by a trussed roof supported by steel columns standing around the building1 so that from every seat was an unobstructed view of the platform4 ,the choir-gallery was enlarged to provide seats for five hundred4 ,the platform was brought further into the hall1 making room for an orchestra4 ,the seats were more comfortable1 and could now hold without crowding fifty-six hundred people4 ,a few years later1 the old organ gave place to a greater and better one1 the gift of the ,massey family of ,toronto1 a memorial of their father1 the late ,hart ,a4 ,massey1 one of the early ,trustees of the ,assembly4 ,under the choir-loft and on either side of the organ1 rooms were arranged for offices and classes in the ,department of ,music4 ,during the previous season1 #ahib1 a ,men's ,club had been organized and had found temporary quarters4 ,it now possessed a home on the shore of the ,lake1 beside ,palestine ,park4 ,in its rooms were games of various sorts1 cards1 however1 being still under the ban at ,chautauqua4#b ,newspapers and periodicals1 shower-baths1 and an out-of-door parlor on the roof1 very pleasant except on the days when the lake flies invaded it4 ,the ,men's ,club building had formerly been the power house of the electrical plant1 but one who had known it of old would scarcely recognize it as reconstructed1 enlarged1 and decorated4 ,to make a place for the dynamo of the electric system1 an encroachment had been made upon ,palestine ,park2 a cave had been dug under ,mount ,lebanon1 and the dynamo installed within its walls4 ,the age of ,king ,hiram of ,tyre1 who cut the cedars of ,lebanon for ,solomon's ,temple1 and the age of ,edison1 inventor of the electric light1 were thus brought into incongruous juxtaposition4 ,a chimney funnel on the summit of ,mount ,lebanon1 it must be confessed1 seemed out of place1 and the ,valley of ,coele-,syria1 between ,lebanon and ,hermon1 was entirely obliterated4 ,bible students might shake their heads disapprovingly1 but even sacred archology must give way to the demands of civilization4 ,an improvement less obvious to the eye1 but more essential to health1 was the installation of a complete sewer system4 ,as the sewage is not allowed to taint the water of the lake1 it is carried by pipes to a disposal plant at the lower end of the ground and chemically purified4 ,the water rendered as clear as crystal is then permitted to run into the lake1 while the sludge is pressed by machinery into cakes used as fertilizer4 ,an artesian well on high ground supplies pure water in abundance1 with taps at convenient places for families4 ,originally the water in use came from wells4 ,these were carefully tested by scientific experts1 and most of them were condemned1 but a few were found to give forth pure water and are still in use1 though frequently and carefully tested4 ,near the ,men's ,club is a spring of mineral water containing sulphur and iron4 ,it has the approval of chemists and physicians1 and many drink it for its healthful effect4 ,one who looks over the programs of ,chautauqua through successive years will notice the number of the clubs for various classes and ages4 ,largest of all is the ,woman's ,club1 of which ,mrs4 ,emily ,huntington ,miller was the first ,president1 succeeded by ,mrs4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent1 and carried on under her leadership for many years4 ,when on account of failing health ,mrs4 ,vincent felt compelled to resign her office1 her place was taken by ,mrs4 ,percy ,v4 ,pennybacker of ,texas1 who had been ,president of the ,general ,federation of ,woman's ,clubs in the ,united ,states4 ,this ,club includes more than two thousand members1 and its daily meeting in the ,hall of ,philosophy brings together a throng1 often too large for the building4 ,in #aiah the ,club purchased a cottage fronting on the lake1 near the ,hotel ,athenum1 as a headquarters1 a place for social gatherings and rest rooms for women4 ,besides the ,women's ,clubs and the ,men's ,club1 there are at least a dozen other associations of people having tastes and interests bringing them together4 ,we will name the most important of these without regard to their chronological order4 ,there is the ,athletic ,club for men and boys over sixteen1 directing the organized sports and providing all forms of out-of-door recreation4 ,it has a club house on the lake with bowling alleys and boat room1 shower baths and lockers1 and a reading room4 ,the ,golf ,club has a nine-hole course1 situated on the rising ground of eighty acres opposite the traction station4 ,the money has been contributed for a ,country ,club ,house1 soon to be built at the entrance4 ,the donors1 it is understood1 are ,mr4 ,stephen ,j4 ,munger of ,dallas1 ,texas1 one of the ,trustees1 his wife1 and ,mrs4 ,frank ,b4 ,wilcox of ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,florida1 in memory of her husband4 ,chautauquans of some years' standing will remember the old croquet ground1 where now stands the ,colonnade1 and the group of solemn gray-beards who used to frequent it and knock the balls through the big arches all day4 ,no matter what popular lecturer was speaking in the ,amphitheater1 the passer-by would find that same serious company4 ,i used to pass them while going to my home and coming from it several times each day4 ,on one occasion ,i stopped and struck up an acquaintance with a tall old gentleman who always wore a high hat and a long double-breasted coat4 ,i learned that he was the ,president of a ,bank among the mountains of ,pennsylvania1 and that he had come to ,chautauqua suffering from nervous prostration1 making him utterly unable to do business and scarcely desiring to live4 ,he passed the croquet court1 sat down1 and was invited to play4 ,he began and found himself1 for the first time in many months1 actually interested in doing something4 ,he began to enjoy his meals and to sleep at night4 ,all that summer he played croquet1 never listening to a lecture1 and at the end of the season went home almost well4 ,from that time croquet became more than his recreation1 almost his business4 ,he told me that there were others like himself who found health and a new enjoyment of life in the game4 ,when the ground was needed for the new business block1 the courts were removed to the ravine on the other side of the grounds1 near the gymnasium4 ,about that time croquet was developed into a more scientific game1 a sort of billiardized croquet1 with walls from which a ball would rebound1 and arches a quarter of an inch--or is it only an eighth of an inch8--wider than the ball4 ,to find a name for the new game they struck off the first and last letters1 so that croquet became ,roque1 and in due time the ,roque ,club arose1 with a group of players who live and breathe and have their being for this game4 ,people come from far1 and ,i am told1 to attend its tournaments at every season4 ,there is also a ,quoit ,club meeting on the ground near ,higgins ,hall1 beside the road leading up ,college ,hill4 ,the ,young ,woman's ,club is for those over fifteen years of age1 while the ,girl's ,club has its membership between eight and fifteen1 meets in its own ,club ,house near the roque courts1 and is enthusiastically sought by those no longer little girls1 yet not quite young women4 ,wherever one walks around ,chautauqua he is sure to see plenty of boys in blue sweaters bearing on their bosoms the monogram in big letters ,c4 ,b4 ,c1 initials of the ,chautauqua ,boys' ,club4 ,they too have their headquarters near the athletic field and find something doing there all day long4 ,illustration3 ,sherwood ,memorial ,studios ,illustration3 ,traction ,station ,for the little ones1 there is the kindergarten at ,kellogg ,hall1 and out of doors beside it the playground1 where the tots make cities out of sand and find other pleasures4 ,and we must not forget the ,children's ,paradise1 the completely equipped playground in the ravine at the northwestern part of the grounds4 ,i remember hearing ,jacob ,a4 ,riis1 the father of the city playgrounds1 say in one of his lectures3 ,they tell me that the boys play ball in the streets of ,new ,york and break windows when the ball goes out of the way4 ,good6 ,i hope they will break more windows until the city fixes up playgrounds for them6 ,jacob ,riis lived long enough to see at ,chautauqua one of the finest playgrounds1 and to find in it one of the happiest crowds of children on the continent4 ,one blessing for tired mothers at ,chautauqua is that their children are in safekeeping4 ,they may be turned loose1 for they can't get outside the fence1 and in the clubs and playgrounds they are under the wisest and most friendly care4 ,there are ,modern ,language ,clubs in ,french and ,spanish1 with conversations1 recitations1 and songs in these languages4 ,no ,english ,spoken ,here1 might be written over their doors1 although nearly all their members elsewhere do their talking in the ,american patois4 ,there was a ,german ,club1 but it was suspended during the war1 when ,german was an unpopular language and has not yet been restablished4 ,the ,music ,club holds gatherings1 in the ,sherwood ,music ,studios on ,college ,hill4 ,there is a ,press ,club1 composed of men and women who write books and articles for publication4 ,they hold social receptions for acquaintance among wielders of the quill2 perhaps it would be more accurate1 though less classic1 to say1 pounders of the typewriter4 ,several times each season they have an ,author's ,night1 when well-known writers1 some of them famous1 read their own productions4 ,there is a ,lawyers' ,club1 a ,masonic ,club1 and a ,grange ,club1 the latter having its own building of ,greek architecture2 also a ,college ,fraternity ,club of the wearers of sundry pins and keys4 ,the ,bird and ,tree ,club has a large and representative membership of those interested in identifying and protecting the fauna1 flora1 and bird life of ,chautauqua and its vicinity4 ,on the ,overlook1 beyond the ,athletic ,field1 they have established a herbarium for the preservation of the different forms of trees found on the ground4 ,we must group together1 begging pardon of the members1 many other organizations1 such as the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 ,all ,americans know1 some of them to their cost1 what those four letters stand for2 the ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a41 which has opened a ,hospitality ,house of ,welcome and ,rest on ,pratt ,avenue2 the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution1 coming from every part of the land for gatherings at ,chautauqua2 the ,order of the ,eastern ,star1 whose secrets none but the initiated know2 the ,college ,men's ,club1 the ,college ,women's ,club1 the ,ministers' ,club1 and there used to be1 perhaps is still1 an ,octogenarians' ,club1 whose members must swear to eighty years of life4 ,the ,king's ,daughters and ,king's ,sons meet weekly at the ,pier ,buildings1 and the ,chautauqua ,education ,council1 made up of ,superintendents1 principals and teachers1 holds two regular sessions each week4 ,if there are any more clubs1 and their titles are sent to the author of this book1 they will appear in the new edition1 after the first hundred thousand copies are disposed of4 ,but we are forgetting the title of this chapter and must name some of those who helped to make ,chautauqua successful during the quadrennium between '#ib and '#if4 ,in #ahic ,henry ,drummond repeated at ,chautauqua his ,lowell lectures in ,boston on ,the ,ascent of ,man4 ,there were still some old-fashioned kiver to kiver believers in the verbal inspiration of the ,bible who were alarmed to find an eminent ,christian leader accept so fully the conclusions of science2 but the overwhelming sentiment of ,chautauqua was of rejoicing at his harmonizing the most evangelical religion with the most advanced scholarship4 ,jane ,addams gave some lectures on modern problems of family and social life2 ,edward ,eggleston1 long before a leader of the ,sunday ,school ,army1 by turns preacher1 story-writer 7his ,hoosier ,school-,master marked an epoch in ,american literature1 say the critics7 and historian1 was with us once more after many years of absence4 ,he said in an introduction1 ,i am glad to be again among ,sunday ,school workers1 real crazy people1 for ,i believe that nobody can be a first-class ,sunday ,school man unless he has a little crack in his head on that subject4 ,frank ,g4 ,carpenter1 who had traveled in almost every land of earth1 told us stories of his experiences and observations2 ,kate ,douglas ,wiggin read charmingly some of her own stories2 ,mr4 ,john ,temple ,graves spoke in his fine rounded periods on some topics of the time2 ,hon4 ,roswell ,g4 ,horr of ,michigan instructed while he entertained us4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,palmer1 who had thrilled the old soldiers with his ,company ,d1 now gave another lecture to them on ,comrades4 ,besides these we heard on the platform ,dr4 ,philip ,s4 ,moxom1 ,professor ,george ,h4 ,palmer of ,harvard1 and his wife1 ,alice ,freeman ,palmer2 ,president ,harper1 ,dr4 ,von ,hoist2 ,dr4 ,conwell1 and ,dr4 ,joseph ,cook1 returning to the platform with restored vigor after some years of nervous breakdown4 ,miss ,willard was with us again1 and with her ,lady ,henry ,somerset of ,england1 the head of the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 in that land4 ,in #ahid the ,department of ,elocution took a new title1 ,the ,school of ,expression1 and enlarged its sphere under ,professor ,s4 ,h4 ,clark of the ,university of ,chicago1 and ,mrs4 ,emily ,m4 ,bishop4 ,the program of the years shows the school of ,political ,science to be remarkably strong1 with such teachers as ,dr4 ,herman ,von ,holst1 ,herbert ,b4 ,adams of ,johns ,hopkins1 and another ,dr4 ,adams of ,yale4 ,professor ,graham ,taylor of ,chicago spoke on social questions1 capital and labor4 ,hon4 ,theodore ,roosevelt1 already rising to fame1 was again on the platform4 ,general ,james ,a4 ,beaver1 ex-governor of ,pennsylvania2 ,professor ,richard ,g4 ,moulton2 ,hon4 ,carroll ,d4 ,wright1 ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,labor2 ,mr4 ,anthony ,comstock1 and ,dr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale1 ,chautauqua's strong friend1 were some of the speakers4 ,dr4 ,hale1 always original in his methods1 said that he had only thirty minutes to speak on ,poverty and ,pauperism4 ,he began by saying1 ,i will stand on one side of this desk and speak fifteen minutes on poverty4 ,he showed in seven points that every one of us belonged to the class named poverty and each one should help the others4 ,then he walked over to the other side and gave seven points on pauperism1 for which there were reasons but no excuses4 ,poverty was a blessing2 most of the world's greatest benefactors have been poor men2 but pauperism is an unmitigated evil and should be stamped out of existence4 ,general ,o4 ,o4 ,howard1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 was again on the platform in #ahid1 also ,president ,william ,h4 ,crawford of ,allegheny ,college1 whose lecture on ,savonarola made a deep impression4 ,there was great interest to see and hear ,miss ,helen ,keller1 the wonderful girl1 blind1 deaf1 and dumb1 who had learned to speak without hearing a voice1 and had been graduated from ,radcliffe ,college of ,harvard ,university with the highest honor4 ,another of the lecturers was ,mr4 ,jahu ,de,witt ,miller1 whose private talk was as good as his public lectures1 which is high praise4 ,the ,recognition ,day address this year was by ,dr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale1 on ,the ,education of a ,prince1 the prince being the poorest child living in ,america4 ,it is worth remembering that a photograph of the procession on that day shows at the head of the flower-girl division--which now included boys1 although the girls were still in the majority--two mites of children1 one ,paul ,vincent ,harper1 son of ,president ,harper1 the other ,isabel ,vincent1 the daughter of ,professor ,george ,e4 ,vincent4 ,those same children are now ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,paul ,vincent ,harper of ,chicago1 still walking together4 ,in #ahie1 the season extended through fifty-nine days1 from ,june #bith to ,august #bfth4 ,two new buildings1 besides many new cottages1 were now upon the ground4 ,one was the ,baptist headquarters on ,clark ,street1 the other ,higgins ,hall on ,college ,hill1 built by the gift of ,governor ,higgins of ,new ,york ,state4 ,in the ,schools during this season strong emphasis was laid on the ,department of ,english1 with such instructors as ,professor ,c4 ,t4 ,winchester of ,wesleyan1 ,professor ,a4 ,s4 ,cook of ,yale1 ,professor ,sherman of the ,university of ,nebraska1 and ,professor ,lewis of the ,university of ,chicago4 ,the last named gentleman bore a striking resemblance to the portraits of ,shakespeare2 so that as he walked around 7habitually without a hat on his head7 everybody was struck with the likeness4 ,i was told that when he sat down at ,shakespeare's traditional school-desk in ,stratford1 a crowd gathered before the windows and the word was passed around ,shakespeare has come to life again6 ,other speakers in #ahie were ,professor ,richard ,g4 ,moulton1 ,dr4 ,josiah ,strong1 ,president ,g4 ,stanley ,hall1 ,professor ,francis ,g4 ,peabody of ,harvard1 ,major ,j4 ,b4 ,pond1 ,dr4 ,john ,henry ,barrows1 ,dr4 ,edward ,everett ,hale1 ,president ,harper1 ,prof4 ,john ,fiske1 ,principal ,fairbairn1 and the distinguished ,general of the ,confederate ,army1 ,john ,b4 ,gordon1 ,senator from ,georgia4 ,his lecture on ,the ,last ,days of the ,confederacy1 was one of the great occasions of the season1 and it was noteworthy that many veterans of the ,g4 ,a4 ,r4 were among the loudest in their applause when their foe of thirty years before came upon the platform4 ,another event of the summer was the visit of ,governor ,william ,mc,kinley of ,ohio1 a year before his nomination and election to the ,presidency4 ,during this season also we were entertained with readings by ,professor ,s4 ,h4 ,clark1 ,mr4 ,will ,m4 ,carleton1 and ,miss ,ida ,benfey4 ,in the year #ahie another movement was begun at ,chautauqua1 which like the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u4 has swept over the entire continent and wrought mightily for the public welfare4 ,at a ,kindergarten ,mothers' ,meeting during the session1 ,mrs4 ,theodore ,w4 ,birney of ,georgia1 gave an address urging a ,national ,congress of ,mothers1 and her appeal awakened a prompt response4 ,many of those who had listened to her carried her message to their own home-towns2 ,mrs4 ,birney at women's clubs and gatherings gave her plea over and over2 and when the ,general ,federation of ,women's clubs held its convention in her native ,state of ,georgia she presented the proposition to the members4 ,from that convention in #ahif1 a call was issued for a ,national ,congress of ,mothers1 to be held in the ,national ,capital4 ,mrs4 ,birney gave a year of tireless and wise preparation for the meeting1 which began on ,february #ag1 #ahig4 ,she was called to be ,president of the ,national ,congress1 with ,miss ,mary ,louisa ,butler as ,organizing ,secretary4 ,the work was aided by the wide-reaching influence and liberal gifts of ,mrs4 ,phebe ,a4 ,hearst1 who has been rightly called the ,lady ,bountiful of the movement4 ,out of this ,national ,congress grew the holding of ,state-congresses in every part of the country and the organization of local branches in almost every city4 ,the ,congress of ,mothers now has its central office in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,it is divided into twenty-five departments of work--such as ,americanization1 ,child ,hygiene1 ,child ,labor1 ,education1 ,mothers' ,circles1 ,thrift1 and many others1 each having its chairman and plan of effective work4 ,out of a meeting at ,chautauqua1 in #ahie1 has grown a nation-wide movement in aid of mothers and teachers4 ,illustration3 ,arts and ,crafts ,building ,illustration3 ,miller ,bell ,tower ,in #ahif the schools were again reorganized under ,dr4 ,harper's supervision4 ,the ,school of ,fine ,arts and the ,new ,york ,summer ,institute for ,teachers were new departments1 the latter under the direction of the ,regents of the ,new ,york ,state ,university4 ,the ,school of ,sacred ,literature was increased in its faculty1 having among them ,president ,harper1 ,professor ,shailer ,mathews1 and ,professor ,d4 ,a4 ,mc,clenahan of the ,united ,presbyterian ,theological ,school4 ,prominent among the lecturers this year were ,dr4 ,george ,adam ,smith of ,scotland1 ,dr4 ,gunsaulus1 ,rev4 ,s4 ,parkes ,cadman1 ,dr4 ,booker ,t4 ,washington1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,george ,a4 ,gordon1 ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,aked1 then of ,england1 but soon to become an ,american1 ,professor ,f4 ,g4 ,peabody1 ,dr4 ,nicholas ,murray ,butler1 soon afterward the ,president of ,columbia ,university1 and ,dr4 ,russell ,h4 ,conwell4 ,a lady appeared on the platform whose experience had been unlike that of any other woman in the land4 ,this was ,mrs4 ,robert ,e4 ,peary1 who accompanied her husband on one of his ,north ,pole explorations and had a daughter born within the polar circle--,the snow baby1 as she was called4 ,she gave a lecture with stereopticon views descriptive of the life in the frozen ,north4 ,another woman gave a lecture this year upon her travels in ,equatorial ,africa1 ,miss ,jessie ,t4 ,ackerman4 ,president ,charles ,w4 ,eliot of ,harvard ,university gave the oration on ,recognition ,day1 his subject being ,america's ,contribution to ,civilization4 ,in looking through the list of the speakers on ,recognition ,day1 ,i find the names of no less than ten college presidents1 and also that of the ,hon4 ,william ,t4 ,harris1 ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,education1 who might be regarded as standing at the head of the nation's educational system4 ,the value of ,chautauqua as a force in education has been fully recognized by the highest authorities4 ,,footnote3 #b ,from the ,handbook of ,information published by the ,chautauqua ,institution 7#aiah7 we give the following extract4 ,the ,chautauqua tradition which taboos card playing and social dancing1 and the rule which forbids the sale or importation of alcoholic beverages1 disclose the influence which dominated the early life of the ,assembly4 ,as to card playing and dancing1 the tradition is preserved not because all agree in condemning these things in themselves1 but because they are deemed unsuitable to ,chautauqua conditions and even hostile to its life4 ,it is believed that they would prove divisive and distracting1 and that they suggest a very different type of society from that which ,chautauqua seeks to set up for a few summer weeks4 ,chautauqua1 therefore1 disapproves these diversions as not only unnecessary1 but as involving disintegrating influences4 ,the fact that many who indulge in these amusements at home express gratification that they are not permitted at ,chautauqua is significant4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,rounding ,,out ,,the ,,old ,,century 7#ahig-aijj7 ,,the ,chautauqua session of #ahig was fifty-nine days long1 from ,june #bfth to ,august #bcrd4 ,this year the ,school of ,domestic ,science1 directed by ,mrs4 ,emma ,p4 ,ewing1 attracted attention4 ,almost as many ladies whose cookery was accomplished by servants1 as those who broiled their own steaks and baked their own puddings1 met in ,mrs4 ,ewing's model kitchen1 learning to make bread1 to prepare appetizing sauces and dressings1 and to learn how to serve tables with refinement4 ,i remember hearing one lady remark that until she had received ,mrs4 ,ewing's instruction she had never really known how to make good bread4 ,among those who gave lectures in #ahig1 we find the names of ,anna ,howard ,shaw1 ,ballington and ,maud ,booth1 ,bishop 7better known as ,chaplain7 ,mc,cabe2 quite a list of college presidents--,goucher of ,baltimore1 ,hyde of ,bowdoin1 ,harper of ,chicago1 ,john ,finley of ,new ,york1 and ,g4 ,stanley ,hall of ,clark2 also ,professor ,graham ,taylor1 ,mr4 ,percy ,alden of ,england1 and ,mr4 ,jacob ,riis4 ,a new reader of noble presence1 rich voice1 and rare dramatic power1 recited on the platform of the ,amphitheater and assisted in the ,school of ,expression--,mrs4 ,bertha ,kunz ,baker1 who was to entertain us through many years4 ,professor ,clark gave readings2 ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,cable rendered a number of his own stories2 ,mrs4 ,jessie ,eldridge ,southwick and ,miss ,katherine ,oliver also gave recitals4 ,after ,dr4 ,vincent's election as ,bishop in #ahhh1 he found it increasingly difficult to supervise the ever-increasing work of ,chautauqua4 ,often during the ,assembly season he would be compelled to hold conferences in the far west1 and one year in ,south ,america4 ,in #ahif1 his episcopal residence was changed from ,buffalo to ,topeka1 ,kansas1 and in #aijj he was removed to ,zurich1 ,switzerland1 to take charge of ,methodist missions in ,europe4 ,more and more he delegated the care of ,chautauqua to his son1 who1 one of the most popular of lecturers1 was supreme in his ability as administrator4 ,in #ahih ,professor ,george ,e4 ,vincent was formally appointed ,principal of ,instruction1 and very soon every department of ,chautauqua1 both in its lecture platform and its educational work1 felt the touch of a master hand4 ,some of us oldsters who had loved ,chautauqua from its earliest years1 had felt anxious for its future as we saw one of its ,founders called aside into other fields1 and the other failing in strength1 although we knew not how near was his earthly end4 ,but we all had a sense of relief and confidence that the future of ,chautauqua was assured when we found ,george taking his father's place as executive in the ,department of ,instruction4 ,the ,bishop retained the title of ,chancellor1 however1 as long as he lived4 ,in #ahih a new building was erected on ,college ,hill--,the ,hall of ,pedagogy4 ,the report of the season's work showed that attendance had increased in the schools twenty-five per cent4 over the last year1 the advance being distributed quite evenly among the departments4 ,by this time nearly all the universities and many of the colleges were holding summer schools1 yet ,chautauqua1 first in the field1 was still leading in its membership4 ,this year ,chautauqua received a visit from ,lord ,aberdeen1 the ,governor-,general of the ,dominion of ,canada1 and his wife1 the ,countess4 ,americans are apt to look for a freezing dignity on the part of the higher nobility1 and some were a little surprised to find the ,governor-,general and his ,lady unreservedly approachable1 and unaffectedly democratic in manner4 ,some of those who gave lectures in #ahih were ,dr4 ,richard ,t4 ,ely of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 ,president ,thirkield of ,atlanta1 afterward ,bishop1 ,dr4 ,moulton1 ,miss ,jane ,addams1 ,hon4 ,murat ,halstead1 ,general ,john ,b4 ,eaton1 ,mr4 ,leon ,h4 ,vincent1 ,bishop ,daniel ,a4 ,goodsell1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,barrows1 ,president of ,oberlin1 ,president ,faunce of ,brown1 ,dr4 ,robert ,mc,intyre1 also to become a ,bishop in due time1 ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,jefferson of ,new ,york1 ,dr4 ,amory ,h4 ,bradford of ,montclair1 ,n4 ,j41 and ,mr4 ,john ,kendrick ,bangs4 ,mr4 ,leland ,powers was with us on his biennial visit1 and recitals were also rendered by ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,underhill1 ,mr4 ,john ,fox1 ,miss ,isabel ,garghill1 ,mr4 ,will ,carleton1 and ,miss ,ida ,benfey4 ,up to that date1 the season of #ahih was one of the most successful in ,chautauqua history4 ,at this time1 the ,chautauquan ,magazine1 the organ of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and the ,daily ,assembly ,herald1 were taken over by the trustees1 and the ,chautauqua ,press was established as the publishing agency for the periodicals and books of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,mr4 ,frank ,chapin ,bray was appointed ,editor4 ,by birth and education he was a thorough ,chautauquan1 having1 as it were1 grown up on the ground from early childhood and gone through all the courses from the ,children's ,class to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,as a small boy he had sold the ,assembly ,herald2 as a young man had written for its columns1 and he is not the only journalist who took these steps upward to a literary career4 ,the season of #ahii opened with a cloud hanging over ,chautauqua1 bringing sorrow to one family and deepest sympathy from many4 ,on ,february #ag1 #ahii1 ,lewis ,miller died in a hospital in ,new ,york where he had been taken to undergo an operation from which he failed to rally4 ,he was seventy years of age and had given his whole heart and the best of his life to ,chautauqua4 ,but for ,lewis ,miller there would have been no ,chautauqua1 though there might have been an ,assembly under some other name4 ,he had chosen the place1 had urged the location1 and in its inception had aided in its plans1 had supervised its business interests1 and had contributed generously to its needs4 ,at the opening of the ,old ,first ,night service in ,august1 #ahii1 the white lilies bloomed in his honor1 but instead of being waved1 were held in solemn stillness for a full minute1 and then slowly lowered1 and this memorial has been observed on every ,old ,first ,night since4 ,the names of ,lewis ,miller and ,john ,h4 ,vincent stand together in equal honor as the two ,founders of ,chautauqua4 ,next to these ,founders we remember on ,old ,first ,night two of the ,vice-,presidents of the ,board of ,trustees1 the late ,francis ,h4 ,root of ,buffalo1 and ,clem4 ,studebaker of ,south ,bend1 ,indiana1 both wise counsellors and generous givers to ,chautauqua4 ,during the session of #ahii1 ,theodore ,roosevelt was for the third time the guest of ,chautauqua4 ,the war with ,spain had come and gone2 he had been ,colonel of the ,rough ,riders1 and was now ,governor of ,new ,york4 ,one of those ,rough ,riders was young ,theodore ,miller1 the son of the ,founder of ,chautauqua1 and the only ,yale student to lay down his life in that campaign4 ,his memory is preserved by the ,miller ,gate on the ,university campus4 ,another ,governor was with us that summer1 ,robert ,l4 ,taylor of ,tennessee4 ,the two brothers ,taylor were the heads respectively of the two political parties in their ,state1 were candidates opposed to each other1 stumped the ,state together1 slept together every night1 played the violin together at their meetings1 and then after the concert1 made their speeches against one another4 ,the writer of these pages may claim a humble part in their careers1 for both of them as boys1 and also an older brother1 were students under his teaching in #ahfd and '#fe in ,pennington ,seminary1 ,new ,jersey4 ,we could tell some stories about those three ,taylor boys1 but we refrain4 ,i think that the ,republican ,taylor1 ,alfred1 is even now 7#aibj7 the ,governor of ,tennessee1 as his brother was its ,democratic ,governor in #ahii4 ,another visitor of about this date1 though we are not certain of the precise year1 was ,mr4 ,horace ,fletcher1 whose name is in the dictionary in the word ,fletcherize1 which means to count the chewing of each mouthful thirty times before swallowing it4 ,we have tried some steaks in the early ,chautauquan days when fifty chews would hardly make an impression4 ,he spoke on the platform1 and the few who could hear him said that his talk was not about dietetics1 but foreign politics1 though the two words are somewhat alike and they may have misunderstood him4 ,his fiftieth birthday came while he was at ,chautauqua1 and he celebrated it by doing some amazing stunts1 double somersaults1 etc41 into the lake at the diving place4 ,i sat at the table next to his at the ,athenum and noticed that he ate very slowly1 but ,i could not count the chews on each mouthful4 ,a lady at the same table told me that ,mr4 ,fletcher eschewed coffee but put seven lumps of sugar in his tea1 calmly observing that his system needed sugar4 ,i know some young people who have the same opinion concerning their own systems1 if one may judge by the fate of a box of chocolates in their hands4 ,in this year the ,school of ,religious ,teaching was reorganized1 the ,department of ,sacred ,literature being conducted by ,chancellor ,wallace of ,toronto1 and that of ,religious ,pedagogy1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,street4 ,we may as well insert here the fact that for many years before1 and during the seasons since that year1 ,sunday ,school lessons were taught in the morning and a lecture given at the ,park of ,palestine in the afternoon by the author of this volume4 ,the plan with the lessons has been to give every morning a preview of a coming ,sunday ,school topic1 so that by the close of the season all the lessons for six months to come have been taught1 and at ,palestine ,park to treat the geography of the land historically in a series of lectures4 ,also1 it should be remembered that every ,sunday of the ,chautauqua season1 from the first year1 a ,sunday ,school has been held in the morning1 for all ages from youngest to oldest1 the grades being taught in different places on the grounds by specialists in their several departments4 ,for some years1 if one strayed on ,sunday morning over ,palestine ,park1 he might find a class of boys seated on the hills around ,nazareth listening to a lesson on the boyhood of ,jesus1 and a group of girls looking down on the ,sea of ,galilee1 while a teacher was telling stories of the tempest stilled and the five thousand fed4 ,prominent upon the lecture platform in #ahii were ,prof4 ,c4 ,t4 ,winchester1 ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,jefferson1 ,prof4 ,john ,fiske1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,b4 ,hart1 ,bishop ,c4 ,b4 ,galloway of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 ,south1 ,president ,faunce1 ,dr4 ,george ,adam ,smith1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale1 and ,governor ,g4 ,w4 ,atkinson of ,west ,virginia4 ,mr4 ,john ,kendrick ,bangs was also on the platform with readings4 ,the year #aijj rounded out a century1 and one of its outstanding events at ,chautauqua was a course of lectures by ,principal ,fairbairn of ,oxford on ,the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,he asserted that in the ages to come1 this hundred years will be looked upon as perhaps the greatest of all the centuries in the world's progress made during that period4 ,he spoke in turn upon the historical1 the political1 the inventive1 the literary1 the religious1 and the philosophic progress1 giving without a written reminder names1 dates1 facts1 processes of thought in the widest range4 ,many regarded it as one of the ablest and most enlightening series of addresses that they had ever heard4 ,illustration3 ,south ,gymnasium ,among the new faces on the platform we saw ,dr4 ,lincoln ,hulley1 the new ,president of the ,john ,b4 ,stetson ,university of ,florida1 an exceedingly interesting speaker and a charming personality4 ,we heard also ,mr4 ,edward ,howard ,griggs in a series of lectures in the ,amphitheater1 and an appreciative class also met him in the school4 ,from #aijj until the present1 ,mr4 ,griggs has given us biennial courses1 and on ,old ,first ,night his tall form rises and sits down as the record is made up for every alternate year4 ,no lecturer on thoughtful subjects has more engagements or brings together larger audiences than ,mr4 ,griggs4 ,dean ,charles ,d4 ,williams of ,trinity ,cathedral1 and in a few years ,bishop 7,protestant ,episcopal7 of ,detroit1 an independent thinker and powerful preacher1 welcomed both on the platform and in the pulpit many times since that appearance1 his first among us4 ,i think also that ,professor ,bliss ,perry of ,harvard spoke for the first time this season1 also ,president ,benjamin ,ide ,wheeler4 ,others who came as old friends were ,prof4 ,moses ,coit ,tyler1 ,president ,henry ,churchill ,king1 ,dr4 ,graham ,taylor1 ,dr4 ,cadman1 ,mr4 ,edward ,howard ,griggs1 ,mrs4 ,carrie ,chapman ,catt1 ,miss ,susan ,b4 ,anthony1 and ,miss ,jane ,addams4 ,i must not forget that this summer ,mr4 ,francis ,wilson was with us again1 and gave a lecture upon ,eugene ,field and his poetry1 an appreciation inspired by friendship as well as literary insight4 ,on a former visit to ,chautauqua ,francis ,wilson not only joined the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 but formed a reading circle in his dramatic company1 directing their studies and holding their literary meetings in railroad stations1 in hotel parlors1 and in the green rooms of theaters1 wherever they chanced to be when the meeting day arrived4 ,on ,august #g1 #aijj1 the corner stone of the ,hall of ,christ1 ,aula ,christi1 was laid4 ,the address on that occasion was given by ,bishop ,james ,m4 ,thoburn of ,india4 ,bishop ,vincent was now living overseas in ,zurich1 ,switzerland1 and could not be present4 ,the stone was laid by ,principal ,george ,e4 ,vincent and a telegram from his father was read4 ,this ,hall was one of the creations of ,bishop ,vincent's poetic mind4 ,he aimed to make it a building not large1 but beautiful1 a sort of shrine1 a chapel for meditation and prayer1 a place of quiet1 spiritual fellowship1 not of class teaching1 but of thoughtful addresses on themes directly relating to our ,lord4 ,bishop ,vincent did not possess the genius for raising large sums of money for his conceptions2 he shrank from pressing them upon rich men4 ,another projector would have ventured boldly1 demanded contributions and obtained them1 to build the ,hall at once2 but ,dr4 ,vincent was delicate in speaking of it1 though all knew his ardent desires for this ideal4 ,the building grew slowly as gifts were received4 ,begun in #ahii1 it was not dedicated until #aiab4 ,although no thought of his own honor in this building was in the ,founder's mind1 yet to many it stands as his monument at ,chautauqua4 ,most appropriately it is used as the center for the ,department of ,religious ,work1 and daily lectures are given within its walls on ,biblical themes4 ,as ,dr4 ,george ,vincent was now an associate professor in the ,university of ,chicago1 it became necessary for him to have some assistance in the management of the ,chautauqua program and platform4 ,mr4 ,scott ,brown was this year appointed ,general ,director and ,vice-,principal of ,instruction4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,opening ,,the ,,new ,,century 7#aija-aijd7 ,,the season of #aija was the longest of any thus far1 sixty days1 from ,july #ast to ,august #bith4 ,in the schools ,manual ,training was introduced under the direction of ,mr4 ,henry ,j4 ,baker1 also a school of ,library ,training under the general guidance of ,mr4 ,melvil ,dewey1 at that time ,new ,york ,state ,librarian1 and soon after made one of the ,chautauqua trustees4 ,the resident director of this school was at first ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,hazeltine of ,jamestown2 later1 and up to the present time1 ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,downey1 of the ,utah ,state ,library4 ,the growth of public libraries throughout the country has made this school very popular among young women seeking the profession of librarian4 ,some voices new to ,chautauqua were heard from the ,amphitheater platform in #aija1 such as ,dr4 ,o4 ,p4 ,gifford of the ,baptist ,church1 ,captain ,richmond ,pearson ,hobson1 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,ormiston ,chant of ,england1 a descendant of the great ,edmund ,burke1 we were informed1 and the ,governor of ,new ,york1 ,hon4 ,benjamin ,b4 ,odell4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,jefferson1 whom all the world of that generation knew as ,rip ,van ,winkle1 gave a lecture showing the relations of the lecture platform and the stage4 ,rev4 ,john ,mc,neill1 whose speech showed that he came from the north of the ,tweed1 preached a powerful and searching sermon4 ,dr4 ,robert ,stuart ,mc,arthur gave a lecture on ,mountain ,peaks in ,russian ,history4 ,dr4 ,hale1 ,president ,crawford1 ,mr4 ,leland ,powers1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,clark1 ,dr4 ,moulton1 and ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,bain were among the old ,chautauqua favorites of that season4 ,as the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,class of #aijj had taken the name ,the ,nineteenth ,century ,class1 the one graduating this year was entitled ,the ,twentieth ,century ,class4 ,the speaker on ,recognition ,day was ,chancellor ,e4 ,benjamin ,andrews of the ,university of ,nebraska1 on the subject1 ,problems of ,greater ,america4 ,the season of #aijb was noteworthy from a visit of ,bishop ,vincent4 ,it seems strange to read of a visit from the ,founder of ,chautauqua1 but he was at that time living in ,zurich1 ,switzerland1 holding ,methodist conferences all over ,europe1 in many languages through interpreters1 and for several years had been absent from ,chautauqua4 ,we of the older generation always missed his presence1 but to the younger troop of ,chautauquans his was only a revered name4 ,the ,vincent whom they knew1 and packed the ,amphitheater to hear1 was the ,director ,george ,e4 ,vincent1 the man at the wheel of ,chautauqua4 ,this year the announcement was made that the ,chancellor was coming1 and a royal welcome was prepared4 ,a printed account of this event reads as follows3 ,arriving at ,lakewood1 the ,bishop was met by members of his family1 and the ,board of ,trustees4 ,after the welcome greetings1 the party took a special steamer for ,chautauqua4 ,at the ,pier a fleet of craft of all descriptions--launches1 sail-boats1 and row-boats--awaited the arrival of the ,bishop's steamer4 ,as soon as it came within hailing distance1 the larger boats dipped colors and all the people waved handkerchiefs1 the chimes at the ,point rang in a familiar tune1 and as the steamer headed toward the ,pier1 the ,chautauqua choir1 gathered in the balcony1 sang the old ,chautauqua song1 ,join1 ,o friends1 in a memory song4 ,as the boat came to the wharf1 the bank and the ,park of ,palestine were a mass of waving handkerchiefs4 ,the ,reception ,committee1 composed of officials of the ,institution1 stood on the ,pier1 and back of them an immense throng all eager to catch a glimpse of their beloved leader4 ,lines were formed on either side of the walk1 and as the ,bishop passed between them he was greeted with the salute of the white handkerchiefs4 ,in ,miller ,park were gathered the cottage owners1 the ,summer ,schools1 and the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 classes1 with their banners and emblems1 and the various clubs and children's classes4 ,on the way to his cottage on ,lake ,avenue1 the ,bishop was escorted by about two hundred and fifty members of the ,boys' and ,girls' ,clubs1 whose sweet voices rang out clear and full in ,auld ,lang ,syne4 ,from the veranda of his tent cottage1 the ,bishop made an eloquent address of appreciation1 full of the joy of home-coming4 ,in #aijd1 ,bishop ,vincent was placed on the retired list1 to dwell where he chose1 free from episcopal service4 ,from that year until #aiah1 he passed a portion of each summer at ,chautauqua and took part in the program1 but without the responsibility of supervision4 ,most of the time he was happy in his release1 but there would come occasional hours when he longed to hold the reins once more4 ,in this year1 #aijb1 a new charter was received from the ,legislature of ,new ,york1 giving a new title1 ,chautauqua ,institution4 ,the ,girls' ,club and the ,unitarian ,house were built this season1 also the ,disciples' ,headquarters on ,clark ,avenue received its pillared portico4 ,the ,lutheran ,house was established during this season4 ,senator ,mark ,hanna of ,ohio1 who was looked upon as the power behind the throne during the presidency of his friend1 ,william ,mc,kinley1 spoke at ,chautauqua in #aijb1 also ,mrs4 ,pennybacker of ,texas1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning of ,boston1 editor of the ,congregationalist1 ,general ,john ,c4 ,black of ,pennsylvania1 ,dr4 ,earl ,barnes1 ,prof4 ,charles ,zeublin1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,oldham of ,india1 afterward a ,bishop1 and the ever-welcome ,frank ,beard who had been absent for a number of years4 ,chautauqua has always believed in the open and free discussion of vexed questions1 and this year from ,august #dth to ,august #hth was held a most interesting conference on ,the ,labor ,movement4 ,the introductory address opening the subject was given by the ,hon4 ,carroll ,d4 ,wright1 ,u4 ,s4 ,commissioner of ,labor4 ,supplementary lectures1 followed by discussion1 were by ,president ,harper on ,the ,university and ,industrial ,education2 ,mr4 ,frank ,p4 ,sargent1 ,growth and ,influence of ,labor ,organizations2 ,mr4 ,john ,mitchell1 ,the ,joint ,conference between ,employer and ,employee4 ,on both sides there was the frankest expression of opinion4 ,i remember that when one speaker was asked whether he was an actual worker or a professional agitator1 without a word he held out his hands that all might see they were the hands of a working-man4 ,this year was notable in the ,department of ,music1 by the entrance of ,mr4 ,alfred ,hallam as ,director4 ,his whole-hearted1 absolutely self-forgetting labor1 and his reach after the highest standards in his art1 from #aijb to #aiai1 made ,mr4 ,hallam dear not only to his choir1 but to all ,chautauquans4 ,the year #aijc was the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 in #ahgh4 ,that event in popular education was commemorated by a great meeting in the ,amphitheater and the laying of the corner stone of a new ,hall of ,philosophy on the site of the old hall1 which1 being a wooden building1 was decaying4 ,the ,class of #ahhb planted some ivy brought from the ,palatine ,hill in ,rome1 other classes planted oak and pine trees4 ,a sealed box1 containing portraits of the ,founders and copies of ,chautauqua publications1 was placed in the corner stone1 which was then lowered into place and made secure with mortar1 the trowel being handled in turn by ,dr4 ,george ,vincent and ,director ,scott ,brown4 ,as the stone was put in place1 a cablegram was read from ,bishop ,vincent at ,helsingfors1 ,finland--,remember the foundation is ,christ4 ,vincent4 ,this year1 #aijc1 the ,arts and ,crafts shops1 which had been in various places over the ground1 were brought together by the director1 ,henry ,turner ,bailey1 making the ,arts and ,crafts ,village1 in later years to become the ,arts and ,crafts ,building4 ,the ,grange ,building on ,simpson ,avenue was erected and presented as headquarters for that order by ,mr4 ,cyrus ,w4 ,jones of ,jamestown4 ,this year1 #aijc1 ,dean ,percy ,h4 ,boynton of the ,university of ,chicago was made ,secretary of ,instruction1 and placed in full charge of the ,summer ,schools1 which by this time had grown to more than two thousand students4 ,a few years later he received the title of ,principal and gave to the summer schools his unremitting attention until #aiag4 ,to ,dean ,boynton's careful choice of instructors and watchfulness over details of management during those years the growth and success of the schools is largely due4 ,the ,liquor ,problem was the subject of the ,conference on ,august #c-h1 #aijc4 ,i find on the list of speakers and their subjects eight names to which might be added five times as many who participated in the discussions4 ,commander ,frederick ,booth-,tucker and his wife ,emma ,booth-,tucker1 told of ,the ,salvation ,army and the ,liquor ,problem4 ,mr4 ,raymond ,robins1 an eminent social worker of ,chicago1 spoke on ,the ,saloon and the ,world of ,graft1 ,vagrancy1 and ,municipal ,correction1 although it may have been municipal corruption1 for ,i think he spoke on both subjects4 ,mrs4 ,lillian ,m4 ,n4 ,stevens told of the work of the ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u42 ,prof4 ,i4 ,p4 ,bishop showed ,the ,physiological ,effects of ,alcohol1 ,prof4 ,frederick ,starr1 the anthropologist1 gave an interesting account of ,stimulants among ,primitive ,peoples4 ,other speakers were ,rev4 ,e4 ,c4 ,dinwiddie1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,h4 ,wines1 and ,mrs4 ,john ,g4 ,woolley4 ,illustration3 ,a ,corner of the ,playground ,another ,conference was held ,august #ajth to #aeth on ,the ,mob1 and attracted the deepest interest4 ,president ,william ,g4 ,frost of ,berea ,college1 ,kentucky1 told of ,the ,mountain ,feuds2 ,mr4 ,john ,temple ,graves spoke in defense of lynching1 and declared that the only solution of the negro problem in the south would be the enforced deportation of the negro back to ,africa2 but other ,southerners present did not agree with him4 ,dean ,richmond ,babbitt gave ,a ,study of the ,lynch ,law2 ,mr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,parry spoke on ,the ,mob ,spirit in ,organized ,labor2 ,mr4 ,thomas ,kidd on ,the ,labor ,unions and the ,mob ,spirit4 ,chief ,justice ,charles ,b4 ,lore of ,delaware and ,judge ,john ,woodward gave ,the ,legal ,aspects of the ,mob ,spirit4 ,no discussion at ,chautauqua awakened such feeling1 although it was carried on with perfect courtesy by speakers on the opposing sides4 ,we can name only a few of the many lecturers in the regular program of #aijc4 ,one was ,governor ,robert ,m4 ,la ,follette of ,wisconsin1 soon to attract attention as an insurgent in the ,united ,states ,senate4 ,another was ,mr4 ,george ,willis ,cooke1 on social subjects4 ,mr4 ,hamlin ,garland1 the story-writer1 gave a lecture1 also ,general ,john ,b4 ,gordon of ,georgia1 ,dr4 ,richard ,burton1 a course in literature2 ,hon4 ,wm4 ,t4 ,harris1 ,dr4 ,moulton1 and the ,rev4 ,r4 ,j4 ,campbell of ,london4 ,the platform during the season was fairly crowded1 the speakers and concerts following in such close succession4 ,in #aijd1 ,bishop ,vincent having been relieved from the cares of the ,episcopacy1 went to live for a time in ,indianapolis4 ,he was now able to come with more or less regularity to ,chautauqua1 and gave the opening address of the season4 ,the exercises of that year extended through sixty days beginning ,june #cjth and ending ,august #bhth4 ,we note that the ,school of ,english included in its staff ,prof4 ,richard ,g4 ,moulton and ,edward ,howard ,griggs4 ,the work in ,nature ,study was enlarged to include courses in ,botany and ,physiography4 ,the courses for teachers embraced systematic work in all the grades from the kindergarten to the college4 ,this year the new electric railway was opened from ,jamestown to ,chautauqua and thence to ,mayville and ,westfield on ,lake ,erie4 ,bishop ,vincent was a passenger on the first car over the line4 ,this improved means of transportation enabled people to come by rail every hour to ,chautauqua1 gave direct and speedy connection with the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad1 and resulted in making the principal entrance to the grounds no longer by water but by land4 ,hence the crowds forsook the stores in the ,pier ,building and the ,arcade1 and a new business center grew up on the hill4 ,this year the new ,hall of ,philosophy was opened1 of the same general plan as the old building1 but with floor and pillars of concrete1 a more durable material4 ,the building was also somewhat larger than its predecessor and was in every way more convenient4 ,in the concrete floor are inserted tablets in honor of the classes that contributed toward the building4 ,the pillars also bear the names of their givers4 ,the list of exercises in the ,hall during any ,assembly season would of itself make a long catalogue4 ,the ,devotional ,hour had now become a systematic order and called together large congregations4 ,it was not altogether the fame of the great preachers1 but also the strong religious atmosphere of the place that gathered every day at ten o'clock for five mornings of each week a thousand people for worship4 ,how many churches could show a congregation as large1 not only on ,sundays1 when the service was attended by five thousand people1 but through the days of the week8 ,among the chaplains of this season1 each serving a week1 were ,dr4 ,s4 ,parkes ,cadman1 ,dr4 ,hugh ,black1 ,bishop ,oldham1 ,dr4 ,daniel ,dorchester of ,pittsburgh1 and the evangelist1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,wilbur ,chapman4 ,the ,conference of #aijd was from ,july #bdth to #bith on the subject of ,missions1 ,home and ,foreign4 ,among the speakers were ,dr4 ,francis ,e4 ,clark of the ,christian ,endeavor movement1 recently returned from an all-around the world visit to missions abroad1 ,dr4 ,frederick ,g4 ,stanley1 ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,boynton1 ,dr4 ,homer ,stuntz from the ,philippines--afterward a ,bishop of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church--,bishop ,oldham1 and ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,joslin of ,india4 ,i remember hearing ,dr4 ,stuntz tell of a native ,filipino who came to him soon after the ,american occupation of ,manila1 and after carefully closing the door1 and looking in closets to be sure that no one was in hearing1 carefully unrolled a package1 showed a small ,bible in the ,spanish language1 and asked3 ,would it be safe for me to be found reading this book8 ,i have kept it hidden for years1 for my life would have been the penalty if it had been seen4 ,dr4 ,stuntz led him to a window1 pointed to the ,american flag flying over the castle1 and said2 ,do you see that flag8 ,as long as that flag flutters over these islands1 you can stand in the market place and read in as loud a voice as you choose out of this book and you will be safe4 ,wherever that flag flies1 the ,bible is an open book6 ,most of the men whom we have named gave lectures1 as well as participating in the conferences4 ,besides these1 we saw on the platform the massive form of ,william ,howard ,taft1 then ,secretary of ,war1 after a few years to be ,president of the ,united ,states2 ,mr4 ,griggs also gave a course of lectures and taught classes in literature1 and ,prof4 ,frederick ,starr was one of the speakers4 ,dr4 ,george ,adam ,smith of ,scotland was also with us during the season of #aijd4 ,some of the recitations this year were by ,dr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,clark1 ,mrs4 ,bertha ,kunz ,baker1 ,mrs4 ,emily ,m4 ,bishop1 ,miss ,marie ,l4 ,shedlock1 and ,prof4 ,henry ,l4 ,southwick4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,president ,,roosevelt ,,at ,,chautauqua 7#aije-aijh7 ,,the notable event in the ,assembly of #aije was the fourth visit of ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,he was the ,president of the ,united ,states1 not now by succession1 but by direct vote of the people1 for his first term1 after the death of ,mr4 ,mc,kinley1 had been completed4 ,he had promised to maintain his predecessor's policies during the period for which ,mr4 ,mc,kinley had been elected1 and through that term he had initiated no new movements4 ,but his pledge having been kept and his administration ratified by the popular vote1 ,mr4 ,roosevelt was now free to bring forward his own plans4 ,his address at ,chautauqua on ,august #aath1 five months after his inauguration1 was the first public announcement of his principles and policies1 and in its boldness1 its candor1 and its originality was fairly startling4 ,mr4 ,mc,kinley was a cordial1 but a reticent party leader4 ,everyone who talked with him was charmed1 but no one could recall any definite promise or statement that he had made4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt was absolutely1 unreservedly open2 he would state to anybody his opinion on every public question4 ,lyman ,abbott once said1 ,mr4 ,mc,kinley and ,mr4 ,roosevelt were both great men and great statesmen1 but between the absolute reticence of the one and the absolutely openness of the other1 there is no half-way house4 ,the presidential party included his son ,kermit1 his nephew ,paul ,roosevelt1 his cousin ,philip ,roosevelt1 ,mr4 ,jacob ,a4 ,riis1 and a number of leading politicians1 besides secret service men1 and the inevitable troop of newspaper reporters4 ,they were met at ,lakewood by ,bishop ,vincent1 his son the ,principal1 and representatives of the ,chautauqua ,board4 ,a breakfast was served to the party and to some invited guests in ,higgins ,hall4 ,i sat beside a prominent politician who said to me that on the train and boat he was absolutely amazed at the knowledge of ,president ,roosevelt upon every subject1 and his readiness to state his views upon even the deepest matters of ,state4 ,at the table ,i noticed ,dr4 ,james ,m4 ,buckley sitting beside the ,president and in earnest conversation with him4 ,as we passed out of the ,hall1 ,i mentioned to ,dr4 ,buckley what the public man had told me of ,mr4 ,roosevelt's outspoken candor1 and ,dr4 ,buckley said that the ,president had answered every question in utter frankness1 evidently having nothing to conceal2 and ,dr4 ,buckley could ask searching questions4 ,the adage1 ,it sometimes rains at ,chautauqua1 was verified that day by a steady downpour1 which with the umbrellas lifted over the moving procession made every avenue1 seen from an upper balcony1 look like an endless serpent with a series of bulging black knobs on his back4 ,no words can express the jam of people in and around the ,amphitheater and the breathless interest with which all listened to the ,president's address1 which came like a revelation1 with its outspoken utterances upon subjects hitherto held as ,state secrets4 ,he talked of our relations with nations abroad1 and of problems at home1 the trusts1 questions of capital and labor1 and1 indeed1 every subject under discussion at that time4 ,a statesman once said1 ,language was invented to conceal thought1 but that was certainly not the use of language by one eminent ,american4 ,as ,mr4 ,roosevelt was leaving the ,amphitheater1 he saw the ,boys' ,club standing together1 on guard1 and he gave them a short1 appreciative1 practical speech4 ,some of the speakers at the ,assembly of #aije were ,district ,attorney ,william ,travers ,jerome of ,new ,york1 ,governor ,joseph ,w4 ,folk of ,missouri1 the ,hon4 ,robert ,watchorn1 ,commissioner of ,immigration1 ,president ,charles ,cuthbert ,hall of the ,union ,theological ,seminary of ,new ,york1 recently home from giving addresses in ,india and ,china under the auspices of the ,parliament of ,religion1 ,president ,rush ,rhees of the ,university of ,rochester1 ,president ,herbert ,welch of ,ohio ,wesleyan1 ,dean ,charles ,d4 ,williams--on his next visit to be a ,bishop--and ,dr4 ,richard ,burton4 ,mrs4 ,bertha ,kunz ,baker1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,clark1 ,mr4 ,leland ,powers1 and others entertained us with readings and impersonations2 but it should also be said that the leading elocutionists at ,chautauqua made it a large part of their task to acquaint us with great literature1 both in poetry1 in prose1 and especially in the drama4 ,in #aije the ,colonnade ,building was built and became the business center of ,chautauqua4 ,during this season ,mr4 ,scott ,brown1 the ,general ,director under ,principal ,george ,e4 ,vincent1 called into the service of the ,chautauqua ,institution1 as assistant1 a young man to become in a few years his successor1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,bestor4 ,mr4 ,bestor also began lecturing upon the platform in a course on ,studies in ,american ,diplomacy4 ,in the report of the year #aijf1 ,i notice a custom that is mentioned for the first time this year1 though it may have been observed before4 ,on the opening night1 ,june #bh1 signal fires were lighted at prominent points around the lake1 notifying the summer residents1 whose cottages by this year were girdling ,lake ,chautauqua1 that the ,assembly had now begun for another season4 ,this illumination has been followed every year since #aijf1 and appropriately gives notice to every village between ,mayville and ,jamestown that the light of ,chautauqua has begun to shine4 ,the program of ,july we find as full as that of ,august4 ,during the earlier month were lectures and addresses by ,professor ,f4 ,hyatt ,smith on ,eminent ,englishmen of the ,nineteenth ,century--,coleridge1 ,macaulay1 ,carlyle1 ,matthew ,arnold1 and others2 literary lectures by ,leon ,h4 ,vincent1 who was now ,doctor of ,letters1 ,mr4 ,henry ,turner ,bailey1 head of the ,arts and ,crafts1 but lecturer on many subjects2 ,newell ,dwight ,hillis of ,plymouth ,church1 ,brooklyn2 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,dawson1 an ,english preacher and author who had lately come to live in ,america1 equally great in the pulpit and in literature2 ,dr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,schmucker1 one who could make a scientific subject plain to the lay-mind2 ,dr4 ,john ,t4 ,mc,farland1 head of the ,sunday ,school work of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church2 ,mrs4 ,donald ,mc,lean1 ,president-,general of the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution1 and other speakers4 ,during ,august a most interesting course of lectures was given by ,mr4 ,john ,graham ,brooks on ,america ,viewed by ,outside ,people--showing how the estimates of our country1 especially by ,english writers1 had arisen from almost contemptuous criticism 7much of it deserved1 it must be admitted7 to high appreciation4 ,mr4 ,griggs gave a new course of literary lectures4 ,bishop ,vincent gave a lecture on ,martin ,luther4 ,prof4 ,cecil ,f4 ,lavell spoke on historical subjects4 ,sir ,chentung ,lieng ,chang1 the ,ambassador from ,china1 graduate of an ,american college1 ,amherst1 ,i think--was a visitor and spoke in excellent ,english4 ,prof4 ,edward ,a4 ,steiner1 the great authority on immigration1 lectured on ,our ,foreign ,population1 and told a remarkable story of a journey that he had made through underground ,russia1 visiting nearly a hundred revolutionary centers4 ,mr4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton talked on wild animals1 to the enjoyment of both young and old4 ,on ,recognition ,day of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 ,august #ae1 #aijf1 the new ,hall of ,philosophy was dedicated4 ,in #aijg ,professor ,george ,e4 ,vincent was made ,president of the ,chautauqua ,institution4 ,his father retained the title of ,chancellor1 but the active duties of the management were now entirely in the hands of the ,president4 ,in the following year1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,bestor was advanced to the place formerly held by ,mr4 ,scott ,brown1 that of ,senior ,director in charge of all business administrations and assisting ,president ,vincent on the educational side4 ,a man who made his mark deeply on ,chautauqua came this year for the first time1 ,mr4 ,henry ,turner ,bailey of the ,arts and ,crafts ,school4 ,he could not only teach1 but could lecture on art or history in a most fascinating manner1 all the time drawing pictures on the blackboard with both hands at once4 ,under his care the ,arts and ,crafts shops were assembled1 grew into a village1 and later found their home in a series of fine buildings on ,college ,hill4 ,he continued with us year after year until a new position in ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 compelled him to sever relations with ,chautauqua4 ,two great conferences were held this summer4 ,the first was on ,the ,juvenile ,problem1 ,july #hth-#acth4 ,speakers on the subject were ,rev4 ,w4 ,byron ,forbush on ,the ,knights of ,king ,arthur1 an order of which he was the founder2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,george1 on ,the ,george ,junior ,republic2 ,judge ,ben ,b4 ,lindsey of ,denver on ,the ,juvenile ,court4 ,mr4 ,melvil ,dewey1 ,rev4 ,crawford ,jackson1 ,judge ,willis ,brown and ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,de,grott spoke on ,public ,playgrounds1 ,the ,public ,library1 ,the ,child and the ,state1 and kindred subjects4 ,the other conference was held ,july #bith to ,august #c;d1 on ,the ,social ,unrest4 ,a few of the speakers and their topics were3 ,mr4 ,john ,graham ,brooks on ,the ,challenge of ,socialism2 ,mr4 ,james ,wadsworth1 ,jr41 afterward ,u4 ,s4 ,senator from ,new ,york1 on ,politics2 ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,bowker on ,the ,corporation2 ,mr4 ,henry ,clews on ,capital2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,phelps ,stokes and his wife1 ,rose ,pastor ,stokes1 on ,a ,defense of ,socialism2 ,bishop ,henry ,c4 ,potter1 ,the ,church2 ,mr4 ,charles ,stelzle1 ,the ,church and the ,classes2 ,miss ,jane ,addams on ,the ,settlement ,movement4 ,on the regular lecture platform appeared ,governor ,charles ,e4 ,hughes of ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,william ,jennings ,bryan who had just returned from a trip around the world and spoke on ,the ,old ,world and ,its ,ways1 ,president ,g4 ,stanley ,hall a series on ,five ,non-,christian ,religions1 ,president ,george ,e4 ,vincent on ,utopias1 a series describing the ideals of men for the community and the state from ,plato's ,republic to the ,community of ,robert ,dale ,owen4 ,bishop ,vincent also gave a lecture1 the father and the son speaking on different days from the same platform4 ,my recollection is that the ,bishop spoke this summer on ,sidney ,lanier and ,his ,poetry1 and placed him high on the roll of ,american poets4 ,another lecturer who pleased us all was the bright essayist1 ,samuel ,mc,chord ,crothers4 ,his paper on ,the ,society for ,polite ,unlearning was heard by a crowd in the ,hall of ,philosophy4 ,most of the audience caught the undertone of wisdom with the wit1 but a few thought that it was only funny1 in which they were mistaken4 ,dr4 ,shailer ,mathews1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,aked1 and ,bishop ,mc,dowell were among those who conducted the daily ,devotional ,services4 ,grand ,army ,day was a dramatic occasion in the fact that before an audience of old ,union soldiers1 in their ,g4 ,a4 ,r4 uniforms1 the address was given by ,mrs4 ,la,salle ,corbell ,pickett1 the widow of ,general ,george ,edward ,pickett of the ,confederate ,army1 who led the famous ,pickett's ,charge in the battle of ,gettysburg--an attack that stands in history beside the ,charge of the ,light ,brigade1 sung by ,tennyson4 ,her story of that great day1 deciding the destiny of a continent1 was listened to1 not merely with interest1 but with outbreaking enthusiasm by an audience of ,union soldiers1 who honored the memory of a soldier whom they looked upon less as a foe than as a hero4 ,one little incident told by ,mrs4 ,pickett we must make room for2 in substance it was this3 ,on ,lee's march through ,pennsylvania1 ,pickett's division passed a young girl who waved a ,united ,states flag1 and then1 fastening it around her waist1 cried1 ,traitors6 come and touch this flag if you dare6 ,at this fierce challenge1 a mingled stir of many voices went through the long gray ranks and many a rifle shifted uneasily4 ,general ,pickett rode in front of his men1 and with true southern chivalry saluted her flag4 ,then he turned and faced his men4 ,the soldiers followed his example1 and as they passed by1 every hat was swung aloft in honor of the girl and her flag4 ,the little maiden was so overcome by this generosity that she cried out1 ,i wish ,i had a rebel flag2 ,i'd wave that too6 ,in ,october1 #aijg1 the ,colonnade ,building1 which had been standing only two years1 was wholly destroyed by fire1 causing a loss of #ajj1jjj1 with an insurance of about #ee1jjj4 ,the indirect loss is not easy to estimate1 for it included the contents of the stores and the issues of the ,magazine ready for mailing1 with much other printed matter of the ,institution4 ,this was the fourth fire which had occurred during the thirty-four years of ,chautauqua2 a remarkable record when one remembers how close together are many of the houses1 and all built of wood4 ,plans for rebuilding the ,colonnade were taken up immediately1 also the beginning of a quadrangle of buildings for the ,arts and ,crafts ,department and the erection of a ,post ,office ,building4 ,in #aijh the ,july program included the names of ,professor ,j4 ,e4 ,mc,fadyen of ,knox ,college1 ,toronto1 ,principal ,james ,robertson of ,scotland1 and ,dr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,watkinson of ,england2 all these in the ,department of ,religious ,work1 which was unusually strong that year4 ,dr4 ,watkinson looked the least like an ,englishman that could be imagined4 ,long and lank and lean1 he might have been taken for a ,yankee of the ,yankees1 until he began to speak4 ,his oratory is indescribable1 original thoughts expressed in original language1 with here and there a solemn witticism at which the hearer wanted to laugh but hardly dared to4 ,bishop ,vincent gave a lecture on ,an ,old ,school ,house4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,wiley1 the food specialist and foe of misbranded packages of food1 gave an address4 ,norman ,hapgood of ,collier's ,magazine1 ,hon4 ,everett ,colby of ,new ,jersey1 a leader in political reform1 ,prof4 ,graham ,taylor1 a sociologist and social reformer1 were among the speakers4 ,in ,august of #aijh1 a notable ,english lady spoke on the ,amphitheater platform1 ,mrs4 ,philip ,snowden1 wife of a member of ,parliament4 ,it was said that her husband owed his election to her power of public speaking1 and especially to her skill in answering heckling questions--a political method quite common in ,england1 though regarded as not quite proper in ,america4 ,in our country when one party holds a meeting1 it is not considered fair to interrupt the flow of oratory and disconcert the orator by disagreeable questions from the other side2 but in ,great ,britain every political speaker must face such enquirers1 and the one who put them to little ,mrs4 ,snowden generally got the worst of the encounter4 ,though slight and seemingly fragile1 speaking apparently without effort1 every syllable of her speeches on the question of woman's enfranchisement could be distinctly heard from every seat in the ,amphitheater4 ,other speakers in ,august1 #aijh1 were ,lieut4-,governor ,chanler of ,new ,york1 ,edward ,howard ,griggs1 ,prof4 ,charles ,m4 ,cobern1 an authority on ,biblical archology1 ,dr4 ,leon ,h4 ,vincent in a course on ,french ,literary ,celebrities1 ,president ,j4 ,d4 ,moffatt of ,washington and ,jefferson ,college1 ,pennsylvania1 ,charles ,stelzle on social rights and wrongs1 and ,george ,riddle in some enjoyable recitations4 ,percy ,alden1 ,m4,p41 spoke on ,social and ,economic ,questions in ,england and ,charles ,f4 ,lavell gave a course on historical lectures4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mac,arthur and ,dr4 ,j4 ,wilbur ,chapman were among the preachers and leaders of the ,devotional ,hour4 ,august #aa1 #aijh1 was ,pennsylvania ,day1 with addresses in praise of the ,keystone ,state by ,governor ,e4 ,g4 ,stuart1 ,ex-,governor and ,general ,j4 ,a4 ,beaver1 and others4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,the ,,pageant ,,of ,,the ,,past 7#aiji-aiab7 ,,the thirty-sixth session of ,chautauqua was epoch making in the development of material resources4 ,the blackened ruins of the burned ,colonnade ,building were replaced by a new structure1 the official headquarters of the ,institution1 the business center1 and on its upper floor a rooming place for many employees in the offices4 ,on the southern front of the ,plaza arose the new ,post ,office ,building1 with the village public library1 the presses and office of the ,chautauqua ,press4 ,the first section of the projected ,arts and ,crafts quadrangle was built1 to the great joy of ,mr4 ,bailey1 who had labored and almost fought for its construction4 ,the ,hall of ,pedagogy arose at one end of the grounds and the ,athletic ,club ,house at the other4 ,the ,hall of the ,christ was completed after many years of slow growth1 and the ,commons1 a boarding-place for students1 was opened through all the year for employees residing during the winter4 ,as a venture1 with some questioning1 the ,new ,york ,symphony ,orchestra was engaged for a week of concerts1 its leader being ,walter ,damrosch4 ,who would have dreamed in #aiji that in #aibj the same orchestra would sound its harmonies through six full weeks6 ,the keynote of the year1 and indeed of ,chautauqua through all its history1 was expressed in ,president ,george ,e4 ,vincent's utterance in his annual report--that ,chautauqua must be kept in close and sympathetic connection with the great currents of national life4 ,it must be a center from which the larger and more significant movements may gain strength and intelligent support4 ,the season this year opened on ,friday1 ,july #b;d1 with a lecture by ,president ,vincent on ,vocation and ,culture4 ,to even name the speakers of the year and their subjects would necessitate the enlargement of our book1 and to omit any of them may bring the author into peril of his life if he should meet any of those left out2 but he must face the prospect of a martyr's end1 by naming only a few4 ,president ,edwin ,earle ,sparks1 of the ,pennsylvania ,state ,college1 gave a series of lectures on ,american history2 ,prof4 ,archer ,b4 ,hulbert on ,the ,military ,conquest of the ,alleghanies2 ,prof4 ,stockton ,axson on ,literary ,leaders2 ,dr4 ,andrew ,sloan ,draper1 ,superintendent of ,education for ,new ,york ,state1 spoke1 also ,prof4 ,george ,albert ,coe1 ,prof4 ,clyde ,w4 ,votaw1 and ,dr4 ,richard ,m4 ,hodge--these four on subjects relating to education2 ,mr4 ,earl ,barnes gave a course of lectures1 besides teaching in the schools2 ,booker ,t4 ,washington1 ,president ,frank ,r4 ,sanders1 ,dr4 ,p4 ,s4 ,henson1 ,prof4 ,henry ,f4 ,cope1 ,mr4 ,ernest ,hamlin ,abbott1 of ,the ,outlook1 and many more were with us in ,july1 #aijh4 ,in ,august we heard ,prof4 ,richard ,burton in a course of literary lectures2 ,dr4 ,george ,adam ,smith1 ,richard ,g4 ,moulton1 and ,j4 ,m4 ,thoburn1 ,jr41 a nephew of ,bishop ,thoburn1 also ,bishop ,samuel ,fallows of the ,reformed ,episcopal ,church1 and the ,rev4 ,samuel ,a4 ,eliot1 a son of the ,harvard ,president4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,mc,clure gave an offhand conversational address on ,the ,making of a ,magazine1 the story of his own experience4 ,the ,devotional ,hour was by this year firmly fixed in the ,chautauqua system4 ,the ,chaplain preached on ,sunday morning1 at the great ,amphitheater service1 and at ten o'clock for five days following gave an address on some religious topic4 ,among our chaplains during the season of #aijh were ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,jefferson of ,new ,york1 ,prof4 ,herbert ,l4 ,willett of the ,university of ,chicago1 ,president ,herbert ,welch1 and ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,conwell4 ,the ,recognition address to the graduating class of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was by ,president ,faunce of ,brown ,university on ,ideals of ,modern ,education4 ,this year a course in ,esperanto1 the proposed world-language1 was conducted1 and the second ,esperanto ,congress of ,america was held at ,chautauqua4 ,not having studied the language and being too busy to attend the convention1 the writer is unable to state whether the lectures were given in that tongue or in ,english1 the inferior language which ,esperanto is expected to displace4 ,probably two or three hundred years hence ,shakespeare's plays1 ,milton's poems1 and ,mark ,twain's stories will be known only in that language1 ,english being a quarry for archological research with about as many students as ,greek or ,sanscrit has to-day4 ,an event of #aija which attracted crowds from all ,chautauqua ,county and its surroundings was the historical pageant of scenes in the history of ,chautauqua ,lake4 ,it included scenes from the ,indian ,wars before the ,revolution1 the ,french explorers1 the ,british and ,american soldiers of the ,revolutionary period1 and the settlement of the shores4 ,this was followed by the rendition of a play1 ,the ,little ,father of the ,wilderness1 by ,francis ,wilson and his company4 ,the concerts of the preceding year by the ,new ,york ,symphony ,orchestra1 under ,walter ,damrosch1 had been so successful that the management brought them for a second visit in #aiaj4 ,one distinguished visitor in #aiaj was the ,right ,honorable ,james ,bryce1 ,ambassador of ,great ,britain to our country4 ,his lecture was on ,history and ,politics4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,crothers gave four lectures in his own inimitable manner on ,the ,one ,hundred ,worst ,books4 ,he proposed as an interesting question1 ,suppose that twenty centuries hence1 when the ,english language may be as dead as ,latin and ,greek are now1 what authors in ,english literature will be remembered8 ,director ,bestor found time in the midst of his labors to give us a fine lecture on ,gladstone4 ,paul ,vincent ,harper1 son of ,president ,harper1 spoke on ,life in ,palestine after a visit to that land4 ,dr4 ,griggs gave a course on ,social ,progress4 ,distinguished visitors from the old country were ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 the highest authority in the ,english-speaking world on the church in the ,new ,testament age1 and ,lady ,ramsay4 ,both lectured1 ,lady ,ramsay on ,the ,women of ,turkey4 ,mrs4 ,philip ,snowden gave another course of lectures1 maintaining fully her popularity4 ,she was strongly in favor of the suffrage for women but as strongly opposed to the methods of the militant suffragettes4 ,another speaker who attracted attention1 although his views were not accepted by the majority at ,chautauqua1 was the ,secretary of the ,american ,federation of ,labor1 ,mr4 ,john ,b4 ,lennon4 ,on the questions pertaining to trade unions and collective bargaining1 however1 one who talked with the ,chautauqua constituency was surprised to find so large a number of progressive thinkers taking the side of labor against capital4 ,the ,chautauqua ,devotional ,hour was represented in the season of #aiaj by ,dr4 ,hugh ,black1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,wilbur ,chapman1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,johnston ,ross1 and ,charles ,d4 ,williams1 who was now ,bishop of ,michigan4 ,it has been found that many are eager to enjoy the advantages of the ,summer ,schools at ,chautauqua who are unable to meet the expense4 ,to aid these1 various gifts have been made from time to time4 ,on old ,first ,night in #aiaj a system of fifty annual scholarships was established by setting apart the offering of that evening for this purpose1 and the fund has since been increased from year to year4 ,in #aiaa1 the ,miller ,bell ,tower at the ,point beside the ,pier was dedicated4 ,for years the chime of ,meneely bells had stood in the belfry of the old building on the ,pier4 ,but the piles beneath it were becoming decayed and the bells by their weight and their movement racked the old edifice4 ,their removal was necessary and the ,tower was built adjoining the wharf4 ,a fine clock presented by the ,seth ,thomas ,clock ,company1 and the chimes1 were placed in the summit of the ,tower which received the name ,lewis ,miller ,bell ,tower4 ,these bells ring five minutes before the lecture hours1 and at certain times1 morning1 noon1 and night1 the chimes play familiar music4 ,after the night bell1 which may be either at #aj or #aj4cj1 silence is supposed to reign throughout the grounds4 ,one of the original peal of four bells1 afterward enlarged to form the chime of ten bells1 is named the ,bryant bell1 and is rung precisely at twelve o'clock noon on the first day of ,october as a signal for beginning the readings of the ,chautauqua ,circle4 ,the name is in honor of ,william ,cullen ,bryant1 in recognition of his interest in the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,during the season of #aiaa a number of illustrated lectures were given by ,prof4 ,r4 ,w4 ,moore on ,the ,rhine2 by ,c4 ,l4 ,harrington on ,aerial ,navigation1--a lecture fully up to date at that time1 surprising to many who heard it and looked at the pictures4 ,but that was before the great war1 and the same lecture would be hopelessly behind the times in #aiba4 ,mr4 ,henry ,turner ,bailey showed us ,a ,dozen ,masterpieces of ,painting1 and ,mr4 ,jacob ,a4 ,riis1 ,the ,making of an ,american1 ,dr4 ,henry ,r4 ,rose exhibited ,the ,oberammergau ,passion ,play1 and ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,powers1 ,venice4 ,both ,president ,george ,e4 ,vincent and ,director ,arthur ,e4 ,bestor gave lectures2 also ,edmund ,vance ,cooke and ,mr4 ,earl ,barnes1 ,mr4 ,leland ,powers impersonated stories and plays as nobody else could4 ,mr4 ,frank ,a4 ,vanderlip gave three lectures on ,banking1 which proved far more interesting than most of us had anticipated4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,powers told in a series of lectures the stories of five great cities1 ,athens1 ,rome1 ,florence1 ,paris1 and ,london4 ,dr4 ,gunsaulus gave a series of lectures on ,some of the ,great ,plays of ,shakespeare2 ,prof4 ,s4 ,c4 ,schmucker1 a series mingling science with history on ,american ,students of ,nature1--,audubon1 ,agassiz1 ,gray and ,thoreau4 ,dean ,george ,hodges in the ,department of ,religion lectured in a course on ,christian ,social ,betterment4 ,among the chaplains of #aiaa are the names of ,bishop ,e4 ,e4 ,hoss of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 ,south1 ,dr4 ,john ,t4 ,stone of ,chicago1 ,dr4 ,shailer ,mathews1 also of ,chicago1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,aked1 then a pastor in ,san ,francisco1 and ,rev4 ,silvester ,horne of ,england4 ,the baccalaureate sermon before the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 was this year given by the ,chancellor1 ,bishop ,vincent4 ,for twenty-two years ,william ,h4 ,sherwood was head of the piano department in the schools and untiring in his labors4 ,he died in #aiaj1 and in #aiab the ,sherwood ,memorial ,studio on ,college ,hill was opened and dedicated to his memory4 ,a hospital1 long needed1 was this year established1 named ,the ,lodge4 ,the ,department of ,religious ,work was reorganized1 made more prominent1 and placed under the charge of ,dean ,shailer ,mathews as ,director of ,religious ,work4 ,the headquarters of this department were established in the ,hall of ,christ4 ,the ,independence ,day address was given by ,director ,bestor on ,the ,old ,world and the ,new1 the social1 political1 municipal1 religious conception on the two sides of the ,atlantic4 ,two stories from his lectures are worthy of being repeated4 ,one was ,theodore ,roosevelt's retort when accused of wanting to become a king4 ,a king6 what is a king8 ,why1 a kind of perpetual ,vice-,president4 ,the other was a conversation that ,mr4 ,bestor had with an ,englishman whom he met in ,berlin4 ,he asked ,what would you do in ,england if the royal line should develop a ,william ,,ii4 or a ,roosevelt8 ,the ,englishman answered1 ,impossible6 ,a man with any real political initiative is not to be thought of in the ,english kingship6 ,for the first time1 partisan political addresses were given on the ,chautauqua platform4 ,this was the year1 it will be remembered1 when ,mr4 ,taft had been renominated by the regular ,republican ,convention1 ,mr4 ,roosevelt by the bolting ,progressives1 and ,woodrow ,wilson by the ,democrats4 ,it was decided to allow each of the parties to be represented4 ,attorney-,general ,wickersham spoke in behalf of the ,republicans4 ,mr4 ,eugene ,w4 ,chafin1 the candidate of the ,prohibition ,party1 addressed a crowded ,amphitheater1 and seemed to give everybody great enjoyment from the constant laughter and applause4 ,he said after the election that if everybody who applauded and cheered his speeches had voted for him1 he would have been ,president6 ,but the great audience assembled1 packing the ,amphitheater to its utmost corner1 with a great ring of people standing around it1 to hear ,william ,jennings ,bryan4 ,on account of an afternoon lecture in ,ohio1 he sent word that he could not arrive until #h4de in the evening1 and it was nine when at last he stood on the platform4 ,but he held the crowd in rapt attention to the end of his plea in behalf of the ,democratic ,party and its candidate1 who was indebted to ,mr4 ,bryan more than to any other worker for his nomination and1 as the result showed1 for his election4 ,i am not certain who spoke in behalf of ,mr4 ,roosevelt1 but think that it was ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,prendergast1 ,comptroller of ,new ,york ,city4 ,among the lecturers of #aiab we heard the ,baroness ,von ,suttner1 who had taken the ,nobel ,peace ,prize by her book ,lay ,down ,your ,arms4 ,she gave a strong plea for arbitration between nations1 to take the place of war4 ,there was also a lecture by ,david ,starr ,jordan1 ,president of ,leland ,stanford ,university1 on ,the ,case ,against ,war1 showing conclusively that the day of wars was past and that the financial interrelations of nations would make a great war impossible4 ,how little we dreamed of the war-cloud within two years to drench the whole world in blood6 ,there was1 indeed1 one warning voice at this ,assembly1 that of ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,powers1 in his clear-sighted lecture on ,international ,problems in ,europe4 ,he did not predict war1 but he showed from what causes a great war might arise4 ,there was a debate on ,woman ,suffrage4 ,mrs4 ,ida ,husted ,harper gave several lectures in its behalf1 and ,miss ,alice ,hill ,chittenden on ,the ,case ,against ,suffrage4 ,professor ,scott ,nearing gave a course of lectures on social questions1 showing powerfully the evils of the time1 and setting forth his view of the remedy1--a socialistic reorganization of the ,state and of society in general4 ,some conservative people who heard ,scott ,nearing lecture1 regarded him as a firebrand1 in danger of burning up the national temple1 but those who met him in social life were compelled to yield to the charm of his personal attractiveness4 ,dr4 ,leon ,h4 ,vincent gave a course of lectures on ,contemporary ,english ,novelists4 ,he began in the ,hall of ,philosophy1 but was compelled to move into the ,amphitheater4 ,mr4 ,charles ,d4 ,coburn of the ,coburn ,players gave a careful1 critical address1 summing up fairly the good and evil1 on ,the ,drama and the ,present ,day ,theater4 ,the ,daily ,devotional ,service in the ,amphitheater1 and the addresses on ,the ,awakened ,church1 in the ,hall of ,christ1 one at nine o'clock1 the other at ten1 drew large congregations4 ,it could not be said that ,chautauqua was losing interest in religion1 ,canon ,h4 ,j4 ,cody of ,toronto gave a series of talks on ,bible ,portraits of ,persons we ,know3 #a1 ,the ,average ,man2 #b1 ,the ,man in the ,street2 #c1 ,the ,man who ,misapplies the ,past2 #d1 ,the ,man who is ,dying of ,things2 ,prof4 ,francis ,s4 ,peabody of ,harvard a series on ,christian ,life in the ,modern ,world4 ,bishop ,mc,dowell 7,methodist7 conducted the ,hour for a week to the great spiritual uplift of the large audience4 ,dr4 ,shailer ,mathews gave an interesting series on ,the ,conversations of ,jesus1 ,dr4 ,james ,a4 ,francis a course on ,evangelism4 ,realizing how many worthy names ,i have omitted1 ,i close regretfully the record of ,chautauqua in #aiab4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,war ,,clouds ,,and ,,war ,,drums 7#aiac-aiaf7 ,,there have been visitors at ,chautauqua who1 listening to some of the lecturers and their radical expressions1 were alarmed and inclined to believe that the woods were full of cranks1 faultfinders of the general social order1 wild agitators1 and revolutionary reformers bent on reorganizing the world4 ,chautauqua has always favored the freest discussion of all subjects and has admitted to its platform spokesmen upon all the questions of the time and from every point of view1 even some unpopular men airing their unpopular ideas1 confident that in the conflict of opinions the right will triumph4 ,in #aiac the living question under discussion was ,socialism2 what it means1 its positive aims and the arguments both for and against it4 ,here are the names of some speakers on that controverted subject4 ,professor ,scott ,nearing1 perhaps the most radical of any1 spoke on ,social ,sanity1 although his conception of sanity was looked upon by many as absolutely insane4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,bengough explained and advocated ,the ,single ,tax and almost converted some of us to his doctrine4 ,mrs4 ,rose ,pastor ,stokes1 a most winsome speaker1 without opinion as to her views1 told us of ,the ,socialist's ,attitude towards ,charity1 which was that much denominated charity is simple justice4 ,mr4 ,victor ,l4 ,berger of ,milwaukee1 who has several times been denied a seat in ,congress to which he was elected on the ,socialist ticket1 stated the views and demands of his party4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,powers spoke on ,present ,day ,socialism in ,europe1 ,john ,mitchell gave us ,the ,trades-union ,point of ,view4 ,earl ,barnes took part in the discussion1 and ,dr4 ,charles ,r4 ,henderson of ,chicago also touched upon it4 ,some speakers were openly for1 others as strongly against the movement4 ,whether the ,socialist ,party gained voters may be doubted1 but it certainly enjoyed a full and fair hearing4 ,turning from politics to religion1 which should have a more intimate friendship than most people give them1 we notice the ,devotional ,hour during the season of #aiac4 ,the ,chaplain for the first week was ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,wishart of the ,pittsburgh ,theological ,seminary1 his addresses being on ,the ,christian ,view of ,some ,facts of ,life4 ,dr4 ,lynn ,harold ,hough1 then a ,methodist pastor in ,baltimore1 and ,rev4 ,arthur ,c4 ,hill of ,london were on the list4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,crothers of ,cambridge1 ,mass41 preached one ,sunday and conducted the ,devotional ,hour a week in a series on ,gaining the ,mastery4 ,bishop ,williams was on the platform again1 speaking on ,aspects of ,personal ,religion4 ,anyone who attended this service through the season--and the daily congregation was not far below a thousand--would obtain a pretty clear understanding of ,christianity and the character of its advocates4 ,every year the musical element grows at ,chautauqua4 ,there was this year1 as had been the case for several seasons1 a ,musical ,festival ,week1 with daily concerts4 ,for many years there had been a quartette of the best soloists during ,july and another during ,august1 supported by a chorus often of three hundred voices and the great ,massey organ4 ,henry ,b4 ,vincent1 who is the son of ,dr4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent of the ,children's ,class1 grew up at ,chautauqua1 in a sense1 spending his summers there from early childhood4 ,for many years he has been at the organ seat1 except when conducting the orchestra which he organized and trained4 ,in #aiab he gave an interesting course of lectures on ,how to ,listen to ,music4 ,every ,sunday afternoon a large audience assembles to hear ,mr4 ,vincent for an hour in an organ recital4 ,an oratorio of his composition and under his direction was given at ,chautauqua some years ago1 entitled ,the ,prodigal ,son4 ,with one ,vincent ,founder and ,chancellor1 his son the ,president1 one nephew a lecturer every year or two on literature1 the other nephew the organ and band master1 and his mother the ,president of the ,woman's ,club for many years1 the ,vincent family has been worthily represented at ,chautauqua4 ,while speaking of music we must not forget one course of lectures by ,mr4 ,olin ,downes1 musical critic of the ,boston ,post1 on ,musical ,expression in ,dramatic ,form1 a history of the music drama in general2 early ,french operas2 the ,german ,romantic ,school2 ,richard ,wagner2 ,verdi and ,latter-day ,italians4 ,prof4 ,richard ,burton gave an entire course of lectures on ,the ,serious ,bernard ,shaw1 which caused a run upon the library for ,shaw's writings1 as ,i perceived1 for ,i vainly sought them4 ,miss ,maud ,miner of the ,school of ,expression gave some recitals and a lecture1 packed full of suggestions on ,efficiency in ,speech4 ,dr4 ,george ,vincent spoke to a crowded ,amphitheater on ,a ,national ,philosophy of ,life4 ,a ,serbian1 ,prince ,lazarovich ,hvebelianovich1 gave a lurid picture of the ,balkan situation4 ,let me quote one sentence as reported in the ,daily of ,july #aa1 #aiac 7note the date73 ,within the next few months there will be a war2 and such a war as has not stirred ,europe since the days of ,napoleon2 a war that will involve all the principal nations on that side of the ,atlantic4 ,less than thirteen months after that prediction came the event in the capital of his own little nation which let loose twenty millions of armed men1 filled the seas with warships1 above and beneath the waves1 and the skies with fighting aeroplanes4 ,mrs4 ,percy ,v4 ,pennybacker of ,texas1 gave a series of addresses on the ,federation of ,woman's ,clubs1 of which she was at that time the ,president4 ,we listened to a ,chinaman1 ,ng ,poon ,chew1 the editor of a ,chinese daily paper in ,san ,francisco1 on ,china in ,transformation1 a clear account of the new ,republic of ,china in its varied aspects1 spoken in the best of ,english4 ,we noticed too1 that the speaker showed an understanding and appreciation which foreigners are often slow to obtain of ,american humor and jokes4 ,another lecturer from abroad1 though hardly a foreigner1 for he came from ,england1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,stoughton ,holborn1 wearing his ,oxford gown 7which we had not seen before at ,chautauqua71 gave a course on ,the ,inspiration of ,greece1--a view of that wonderful people in the different fields of their greatness4 ,think of one city which in the departments of literature1 drama1 philosophy1 oratory1 art1 and public affairs could show more great men in two hundred years than all the rest of the world could show in two thousand6 ,we were treated during the season of #aiac to a sight new at that time1 though common enough now4 ,mr4 ,engels brought to ,chautauqua a ,curtiss hydroplane1 and day after day made flights1 skimming over the surface of the lake1 rising into the air1 circling the sky and returning to the starting-point1 to the amazement of the watching multitudes4 ,a few1 and but a few1 dared to be strapped into the machine and take the flight2 ,director ,bestor was one of them1 and when ,mrs4 ,bestor heard of it she said3 ,i told him that he must not do it1 but ,i knew all the time that he would6 ,another event of the season was the production of a ,greek play1 in the original language1 by a group of college students in ,greek costume4 ,another fact worthy of remembrance was the opening of a completely furnished playground for the children in the ravine near the ball-ground4 ,to stand on the bridge and look down upon that company of happy little people1 is always a delight4 ,also it is not to be forgotten that this year for the first time natural gas for cooking and heating was supplied throughout the grounds4 ,the year #aiad was the fortieth anniversary of the founding of ,chautauqua4 ,one of the ,founders was with us1 hale and hearty1 and still able to give an admirable address1 although his memory of recent matters and people had failed4 ,the other ,founder was no longer among us1 and even fifteen years after his departure we of the earlier days missed him2 but his memory will ever be kept green at ,chautauqua1 while the white lilies are silently unfolded in his honor4 ,on ,friday1 ,july #c;d1 the signal fires were lighted all around the ,lake4 ,the celebration of the anniversary did not take place until ,august1 near the date in the month of the first ,assembly4 ,on ,sunday1 ,august #b;d1 ,bishop ,vincent preached in the ,amphitheater with scarcely any lessening of his old power4 ,at the anniversary service1 ,dr4 ,jesse ,l4 ,hurlbut--who was exhibited as one of the survivals of the prehistoric age1 a sort of a dinosaurus or pleiosaurus1--gave an address on ,memories of ,early ,days1 of which the reader may find the substance scattered through these pages4 ,but we must give a paragraph or two from ,mrs4 ,frank ,beard's paper4 ,in reference to the interdenominational aspect of the ,assembly1 she said3 ,the good ,baptist brother1 wandering down by the ,dead ,sea and ,sea of ,galilee to the ,mediterranean1 looked at the generous supply of water and was satisfied4 ,the ,presbyterian brother gazed into the cloudless sky above him1 saw his favorite color1 and felt that ,chautauqua was foreordained for him4 ,the lineal descendant of ,st4 ,peter croqueted his ball through the arch and rejoiced that he was on saving ground4 ,we sat on the hard board seats with nothing to rest our backs upon but the salubrious atmosphere4 ,we heard ponderous speakers who talked on ponderous subjects4 ,among the speakers was ,joseph ,cook1 also ,bishop ,peck1 #cej pounds4 ,some of the lecturers were recommended as cultured and highly finished4 ,mr4 ,beard said that he had attended these lectures1 was glad that they were cultured and more than pleased that they were finished4 ,the music week had now become a permanent institution1 bringing thousands to the ,assembly4 ,this year it began on ,monday1 ,july #bgth1 with ,victor ,herbert's orchestra through the seven days1 the ,chautauqua soloists1 and the great chorus trained by ,alfred ,hallam4 ,some musical associations from ,jamestown and elsewhere added their voices4 ,among the lecturers1 ,mr4 ,griggs gave a course on ,dramas of ,protest1 the ,book of ,job1 ,shelley's ,prometheus ,unbound1 ,galsworthy's ,justice1 ,calderon's ,life is a ,dream1 and some others4 ,bourke ,cockran1 the brilliant orator of ,irish descent1 gave a great lecture on ,abraham ,lincoln--,original ,progressive4 ,miss ,mary ,e4 ,downey1 ,director of the ,library ,school1 spoke on ,the ,evolution of the ,library1 ,dean ,edwin ,watts ,chubb on ,shakespeare as a ,moral ,teacher4 ,john ,purroy ,mitchel1 the reform ,mayor of ,new ,york1 spoke on ,municipal ,government on ,july #ahth2 ,dr4 ,lincoln ,hulley of ,florida gave a course on the leading ,american poets4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,blichfeldt spoke most interestingly on ,mexico as ,i ,know ,it1 the results of a year of wide travel and close observation in that land4 ,during the month of ,july we read in the papers of complications in the political world beyond the ocean1 but few looked for serious trouble and none for actual war4 ,on the first of ,august1 #aiad1 the storm burst1 and nation after nation in a few hours assembled their hosts for the most terrible war in the history of the world4 ,in accordance with the ,chautauqua tradition of free and open discussion1 a ,war ,symposium was improvised and each of the contending nations had its speaker4 ,on ,tuesday1 ,august #dth1 ,dr4 ,hans ,e4 ,gronow who had served his time in the ,german army gave ,the ,german ,point of ,view4 ,on ,thursday1 ,august #fth1 ,mr4 ,sanford ,griffith1 a newspaper correspondent and a student of public affairs spending several years in ,europe whom some of us had known as a boy at ,chautauqua1 spoke on ,european ,unrest ,due to ,shifts in the ,balance of ,power4 ,on ,friday1 ,august #gth1 ,mons4 ,benedict ,papot1 formerly a soldier in ,france1 gave ,the ,french ,point of ,view1 and on ,saturday1 ,august #ith1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,bainbridge1 ,english in ancestry but ,american in birth and spirit1 presented ,the ,british ,point of ,view4 ,all the exercises of the crowded program were held1 but amid all our efforts the war brooded above us1 a darkening cloud4 ,the ,department of ,religious ,work was carried on with a strong force of speakers and teachers under the direction of ,dr4 ,shailer ,mathews1 its details supervised by his efficient assistant1 ,miss ,georgia ,l4 ,chamberlin of ,chicago1 who also gave daily lectures4 ,among the instructors were ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,kent of ,yale1 and ,dr4 ,james ,hope ,moulton1 one of the richest minds of the age in ,biblical lore1 who gave a series of lectures1 learned yet simple1 on ,the ,origins of ,religion4 ,none of us could have thought then that this noble life in its prime was destined to end in the ,mediterranean by a shot from a ,german submarine4 ,the ,devotional ,hour and the ,sunday services were led for a week by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,rexford ,raymond of ,brooklyn1 who told in several chapters the old story of ,joseph1 yet seeming new in its application4 ,the ,rev4 ,g4 ,robinson ,lees1 ,vicar of ,st4 ,andrews1 ,lambeth1 ,england1 who had lived in ,palestine and among the ,arabs in the desert1 had written a book forbidden by the ,turkish authorities1 and had been banished from the land1 preached one ,sunday morning and gave graphic pictures of ,oriental life through the week4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hickman1 a former ,president of the ,chautauqua ,board of ,trustees1 ,rev4 ,peter ,ainslie of ,baltimore1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,wishart1 ,dr4 ,washington ,gladden1 one who was ever welcome at ,chautauqua2 and a great-hearted man1 ,dr4 ,george ,w4 ,truett of ,texas1 were also chaplains1 each serving a week4 ,this year also the new golf course was opened on the field beyond the public highway1 to the rejoicing of many patrons4 ,at the close of the season the annual convention was held by the ,international ,lyceum and ,chautauqua ,association1 the union of bureaus and speakers in the ,chain ,chautauquas held all over the continent1 of which we shall speak later4 ,their meetings were continued until ,september #ajth1 making #aiad the longest session in the history of ,chautauqua4 ,in #aiae1 the war of the world was bringing its unspeakable terrors to ,europe1 and ,america was looking on1 yet hesitating to plunge into the welter2 but ,chautauqua held on its even way1 its courses of instruction as many1 and its classes as large as ever4 ,this year ,dr4 ,george ,e4 ,vincent felt constrained by the pressure of his duties as ,president of the ,university of ,minnesota1 with its eight thousand students and as large a number in its ,university ,extension courses1 to withdraw from the direct supervision of ,chautauqua4 ,he resigned his office as ,president of the ,chautauqua ,institution1 and ,dr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,bestor became ,president4 ,but ,dr4 ,vincent retained his membership on the ,board of ,trustees1 was named ,honorary ,president1 and has continued to come to ,chautauqua almost every year4 ,even for a few days1 and with a lecture or two1 his presence gives strength to the ,assembly4 ,in #aiag1 ,dr4 ,vincent resigned the presidency of the ,university of ,minnesota to accept the same position with the ,rockefeller ,foundation1 disbursing millions of dollars every year in the interests of world-wide education and health4 ,the lecture platform of #aiae was arranged under six great weeks1 each making prominent one subject1 while popular addresses and the devotional services went on parallel with them all4 ,the first week was devoted to the study of community service4 ,mary ,antin1 whose book1 ,the ,promised ,land1 had been read by everybody1 was greeted by an audience far beyond the reach of her voice1 speaking in her ardent manner4 ,dr4 ,lincoln ,wirt proclaimed ,america's ,challenge to the ,world2 ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,ward explained the why and the how of ,community ,service1 and ,norman ,angell set forth ,american ,leadership in ,world ,politics4 ,during this week ,chancellor ,mc,cormick of the ,university of ,pittsburgh conducted the services of the ,devotional ,hour4 ,the second week was devoted to the ,drink ,problem4 ,bishop ,francis ,j4 ,mc,connell of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church preached on ,sunday morning and spoke at the ,devotional ,hour each day4 ,the opening address was by ,governor ,george ,a4 ,carlson of ,colorado1 who set forth powerfully the methods and results of prohibition in his ,state4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,gibbons spoke on ,the ,prohibition ,question in ,europe4 ,the ,hon4 ,j4 ,denny ,o',neill1 on ,booze and ,politics4 ,while the temperance question was discussed in the ,hall of ,philosophy1 there were concerts and lectures in the ,amphitheater1 one especially by ,mr4 ,sanford ,griffith1 who had been at the battle front as a war correspondent1 on ,fighting in ,flanders4 ,also ,dr4 ,hamilton ,wright ,mabie1 editor and essayist1 spoke on ,the ,east and ,west1 ,friends or ,enemies8 ,the third week was entitled ,justice and the ,courts--with such subjects as law1 legislation1 the administration of justice1 and penology4 ,among the speakers were ,george ,w4 ,alger1 ,thomas ,mott ,osborne1 ,katharine ,bement ,davis1 ,judge ,w4 ,l4 ,ransom of ,new ,york1 and ,dean ,james ,parker ,hall of the ,university of ,chicago ,law ,school4 ,mr4 ,charles ,rann ,kennedy1 author of ,the ,servant in the ,house1 a drama with a sermon1 recited the play1 aided by ,mrs4 ,kennedy4 ,the play had already been read a year or two before by ,mrs4 ,bertha ,kunz ,baker1 and also enacted by the ,chautauqua ,players1 so that we were familiar with it1 but were eager to hear it recited by its author4 ,mr4 ,kennedy also gave some dramatic interpretations from the ,bible4 ,this week the ,devotional ,hour was held by ,dr4 ,charles ,w4 ,gilkey1 of the ,hyde ,park ,baptist ,church in ,chicago1 the church nearest to the ,university and attended by many of the faculty and students4 ,the music week was notable from the presence of the ,russian ,symphony ,orchestra1 led by a great player and delightful personality1 ,modest ,altschuler4 ,one of his company said of him1 ,he rules his orchestra by love4 ,the ,recognition ,address this year was by ,president ,e4 ,b4 ,bryan of ,colgate ,university1 on the all-important question3 ,who are ,good ,citizens8 ,the forty-third ,assembly in #aiaf found our country in the throes of a presidential election1 party strife bitter1 and the nation divided on the impending question of our entrance into the world war4 ,the feverish pulse of the time was manifested in the opinions expressed by the different speakers4 ,dr4 ,george ,e4 ,vincent gave a lecture on ,what is ,americanism--a sane1 thoughtful view which was needed in that hour4 ,the week beginning ,sunday1 ,july #bc;d1 was devoted to the subject of ,preparedness for ,war or ,peace4 ,the ,ford ,peace ,expedition of that year will be remembered1 the effort of a wealthy manufacturer to stop the war4 ,several who had taken part in that apparently quixotic movement spoke in defense or criticism of it1 and also the question of preparedness was discussed by ,governor ,charles ,s4 ,whitman1 ,president ,hibben of ,princeton1 ,hon4 ,henry ,a4 ,wise ,wood1 ,senator ,w4 ,m4 ,calder1 and others4 ,mrs4 ,lucia ,ames ,ward1 of the ,woman's ,peace ,party1 was opposed to any participation in the war or preparation for it4 ,the controversy waxed warm1 for the opinions were positive on both sides4 ,on subjects aside from the war we had an enlightening series of addresses at the ,devotional ,hour by ,dean ,charles ,r4 ,brown of ,yale2 a course of lectures by ,dr4 ,edwin ,e4 ,slosson on ,major ,prophets of ,to-day1 ,bernard ,shaw1 ,g4 ,k4 ,chesterton1 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 and some others2 a series of lectures by ,dr4 ,percy ,f4 ,boynton on ,the ,growth of ,consciousness in ,american ,literature1--as shown in ,irving1 ,cooper1 ,emerson1 ,lowell1 and ,whitman4 ,raymond ,robins gave four lectures on ,the ,church and the ,laboring ,classes4 ,dr4 ,griggs awakened general interest by his lectures on ,types of ,men and ,women1 as illustrated in their autobiographies and letters1 presenting ,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,benevenuto ,cellini1 ,george ,john ,romanes1 ,marie ,bashkirtseff1 ,sonya ,kovalevasky 7a new name to most of us71 and ,henri ,frederic ,amiel1--all possessing characters pronounced1 some of them so peculiar as to be almost abnormal4 ,the ,russian ,symphony ,orchestra1 with its beloved director1 ,modest ,altschuler1 was with us again for another week1 aided by the soloists and ,chautauqua ,chorus4 ,in our rapid survey1 we have only glanced at the prominent events in a great season4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,war ,,and ,,its ,,aftermath 7#aiag-aibj7 ,,when the forty-fourth session of ,chautauqua opened on ,thursday1 ,june #bf1 #aiag1 it found the ,american republic just entering upon the ,great ,war1 which had already raged in ,europe for over two years4 ,training camps had sprung up like magic all over the land1 from ocean to ocean1 and young men by the hundred thousand had volunteered1 with others by the million soon cheerfully to accept drafting orders4 ,almost every university had been transformed into a war college4 ,president ,vincent was at the intensive military training school at ,plattsburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,every morning before breakfast two hundred men at ,chautauqua were marching and counter-marching1 and learning the manual of arms with wooden guns1 with ,president ,bestor and most of the officials of the ,institution in the lines4 ,the young women every afternoon were receiving similar drill under a woman officer1 and some said that they presented even a more soldier-like appearance than the men4 ,the headquarters of several denominations had been commandeered for ,red ,cross work and training4 ,a stranger could scarcely get into the ,methodist ,house without being scrutinized as a possible ,german spy1 with a pocketful of poison or powdered glass to sprinkle on the bandages4 ,war was in the air as well as in the newspapers4 ,no matter what was the subject of a lecture it was almost sure to be on the war before the finish4 ,there were discussions on the platform and on the street about the ,league of ,nations1 some with ,president ,wilson in favor of it1 others as vigorously against it4 ,a symposium on ,our ,country and a conference of ,organizations ,engaged in ,education for ,patriotic ,service were held during the session2 also a company of students from the ,carnegie ,institute of ,technology1 ,pittsburgh1 presented a brilliant pageant1 ,the ,drawing of the ,sword4 ,the ,fourth of ,july address was given by the ,hon4 ,g4 ,w4 ,wickersham1 former ,attorney-,general of the ,united ,states4 ,captain ,a4 ,radclyffe ,dugmore of the ,british ,army spoke on ,our ,fight for ,freedom4 ,miss ,ida ,tarbell1 who had won fame by a book showing the operations of the ,standard ,oil ,company1 and had also written a life of ,abraham ,lincoln1 to be found in every public library and read more widely than any other biography of the ,greatest ,american1 gave some lectures4 ,her literary life1 by the way1 began in the office of the ,chautauquan ,magazine4 ,mrs4 ,percy ,v4 ,pennybacker this summer became ,president of the ,chautauqua ,woman's ,club1 which office ,mrs4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent had relinquished after many years of leadership4 ,both these presidents were eminently successful in different directions and by different methods1 the earlier having built up the ,club by wisdom mingled with gentleness2 her successor carried it onward by an energy that brought everybody into willing subjection to her far-reaching plans4 ,almost the first result of the new administration was the purchase of a club house fronting on the ,lake1 and holding in it almost a bewildering series of teas and receptions4 ,while the public meetings of the ,club crowded the new ,hall of ,philosophy every afternoon1 ,mrs4 ,pennybacker gave a stirring address on ,what our ,country ,asks of its ,young ,women4 ,during the first week ,dr4 ,harry ,emerson ,fosdick of the ,union ,theological ,seminary was the ,chaplain1 and his addresses blended fervent patriotism and fervent religion in about equal measure4 ,the second week1 from ,july #hth to #adth1 was denominated ,arts and ,letters1 with lectures on these subjects by ,dr4 ,mitchell ,carroll of ,washington1 ,henry ,turner ,bailey of ,boston1 and others4 ,but underneath the artistic and the literary1 the echo of the war might still be heard in many of the lectures1 and it sounded out in the ,devotional ,hour addresses of that soldier in the army of the ,lord1 the ,chaplain1 ,bishop ,charles ,d4 ,williams4 ,during the week of ,july #aeth to #bast1 the ,methodist ,bishop1 ,william ,burt of ,buffalo1 to whose area 7for ,methodists of course could not call it a diocese7 ,chautauqua belongs1 was the ,chaplain4 ,during this week we heard lectures by ,admiral ,peary1 the discoverer of the ,north ,pole2 by ,thomas ,adams of ,canada2 by ,d4 ,r4 ,garland of ,ohio2 by ,d4 ,a4 ,reed of ,michigan1 and by ,george ,a4 ,bellamy of ,cleveland4 ,july #bb;d-#bhth was ,musical ,festival ,week1 when we had with us once more the ,russian ,symphony ,orchestra1 conducted by ,modest ,altschuler1 who was welcomed with sincere rejoicing by ,chautauqua's multitude4 ,looking over the crowded ,amphitheater during those daily concerts1 the only reminder of a war in progress was that scarcely a young man was to be seen1 although every seat was occupied4 ,from ,july #bith to ,august #dth1 the ,great ,war was the theme on the platform4 ,mr4 ,earl ,barnes gave a series of lectures on ,historical ,backgrounds of the ,war1 respectively in the ,british ,empire1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,austro-,hungary1 the ,russian ,empire1 and the ,balkan ,peninsular4 ,dr4 ,herbert ,adams ,gibbons presented some of the ,problems of the ,peace ,conference1--though at that time nobody knew when the ,conference would be held or whether anybody would be left alive to hold it4 ,but the cheerful assumption was taken that ,germany would be beaten1 which proved to be correct1 and also that the ,allies would rearrange the map of the world1 which does not now appear to be quite certain4 ,mr4 ,sanford ,griffith1 just from the front1 gave us an inspiring word-picture of ,paris ,reborn4 ,the concluding address of the symposium was given by ,president ,bestor on ,america and the ,war4 ,it was considered by the ,national ,security ,league as of sufficient value to be published in pamphlet form1 and received a wide circulation4 ,from ,august #acth to #ahth1 ,bishop ,charles ,b4 ,mitchell 7,methodist ,episcopal71 living at ,minneapolis1 held the post of ,chaplain1 and gave a number of heart warming addresses on ,the ,transforming ,power of ,divine ,grace4 ,during the week the ,recognition ,day exercises were held1 with all pomp and ceremonial1 the address being given by ,president ,george ,e4 ,vincent4 ,his father was present and that afternoon1 as ,chancellor1 gave the diplomas to the graduates1 but none of us knew that it was for the last time1 and that his face would not be seen again at ,chautauqua1 although he lived nearly three years longer4 ,in #aiag1 ,president ,e4 ,b4 ,bryan of ,colgate ,university accepted the position as ,director of the ,summer ,schools4 ,but to one who through the rest of the year has a college full of students to keep in order1 and also a faculty to maintain in harmony--which one college president told me he found the harder task1--the burden at ,chautauqua of a hundred and twenty-five teachers1 two hundred courses of study1 and forty-five hundred students during nearly all his summer vacation1 proved too heavy even for ,dr4 ,bryan's shoulders1 and after three years1 in #aiai1 he was compelled to relinquish it into the hands of ,president ,bestor4 ,this summer1 also1 the new traction station of the ,chautauqua ,lake ,railway was opened at the highway entrance to the grounds2 a handsome pillared structure with more room than ,chautauqua had ever before possessed for waiting room1 ticket office1 baggage1 freight1 and express1 a convenience appreciated by every visitor4 ,also1 by the shore a new bathhouse and the ,jacob ,bolin ,gymnasium were built and opened1 as well as the ,fenton ,memorial ,home for ,methodist ,deaconesses on the ,overlook addition4 ,in #aiah1 we were in the grip of the war1 with our young men in camp by the million1 overseas and on their way by the hundred thousand1 and every woman doing her bit in the ,red ,cross work4 ,outwardly1 ,chautauqua seemed as flourishing as in other years1 the hotels and cottages appeared to be full1 the ,amphitheater was crowded at the concerts and popular lectures1 and the main streets before and after lectures were a continuous procession4 ,but the gate receipts showed that the ,institution1 in common with every college in the land1 was lessened in its attendance and its financial returns4 ,nevertheless1 the program was not allowed to decline in its extent and its interest4 ,indeed1 one added feature attracted attention4 ,in the field of the ,overlook a ,national ,service ,school was held in cooperation with the ,woman's ,naval ,service4 ,a tented camp was maintained under the strict discipline of ,mrs4 ,george ,e4 ,vincent1 with regular guards1 and training for more than two hundred khaki-clad young women in agriculture1 telegraphy1 basketry1 and canteen management4 ,i am not sure about carpentry1 though ,i saw a photograph of young women sawing boards and putting up a house4 ,the value of ,chautauqua in national patriotic leadership was recognized1 not only by our own government1 but by the ,allies as well4 ,great ,britain1 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,italy1 and ,greece sent official speakers1 either through their embassies or their special war missions4 ,it was a mark of distinguished favor that the ,french ,high ,commission gave the ,french ,military ,band to ,chautauqua for a week1 their longest engagement in this country4 ,on the opening day1 ,july #dth1 ,president ,bestor gave the oration on ,mobilizing the ,mind of ,america4 ,for nearly a year before1 and until the ,armistice in ,november of this year1 ,mr4 ,bestor was almost without intermission in ,washington in government service as head of the ,department of ,publicity4 ,he was ,director of the ,speaking ,division of the ,committee on ,public ,information1 and also ,secretary of the ,committee on ,patriotism of the ,national ,security ,league1 an organization which held in many places training camps for patriotic speakers4 ,dr4 ,bestor was carrying on more than double duty until the ,armistice in #aiah gave him something of a breathing spell between the sessions of ,chautauqua4 ,during the week from ,july #gth to #acth1 ,bishop ,edwin ,h4 ,hughes 7,methodist ,episcopal7 was ,chaplain1 and gave addresses of a high character on ,varieties of ,religious ,experience4 ,as samples of the type of lectures during this strenuous battle summer1 this week ,president ,e4 ,b4 ,bryan spoke on ,war as a ,schoolmaster1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,griggs began a course on ,the ,war and the ,reconstruction of ,democracy1 and ,dr4 ,l4 ,a4 ,weigle of ,yale lectured on ,religious ,education in ,war ,times4 ,one evening ,dr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,clark read war lyrics in the ,amphitheater4 ,the week from ,july #adth to #bjth was ,women's ,service ,week1 and among those who spoke on the subject were ,anna ,howard ,shaw1 who had been called by the ,president to be ,chairman of the ,women's ,national ,council of ,defense1 in command of all the activities of women in aid of the war1 ,miss ,helen ,fraser of ,england1 ,mrs4 ,carrie ,chapman ,catt1 ,mrs4 ,ella ,a4 ,boole1 ,mrs4 ,pennybacker1 and ,mrs4 ,george ,thatcher ,guernsey1--women whose voices had often been heard in behalf of woman suffrage1 now as ardently speaking in aid of work to carry on the war4 ,this week ,dr4 ,s4 ,p4 ,cadman had been engaged as ,chaplain1 but he was unable to remain more than one day and other men were suddenly drafted to take his place on successive mornings1 one of them1 the writer of these pages1 on fifteen minutes' notice called to conduct the ,devotional ,hour1 immediately after an hour's teaching in class4 ,this little incident1 of no particular interest to anybody but the writer1 is mentioned merely to illustrate the instant change of front which must be made frequently at ,chautauqua1 when a speaker is delayed by a railroad wreck or unexpectedly called home to conduct a funeral4 ,our ,allies was the title of the week from ,july #bb;d to #bgth4 ,dr4 ,charles ,w4 ,gilkey of ,chicago preached the sermon on ,sunday morning and led in the devotions through the week4 ,prof4 ,robert ,herndon ,fife of the ,wesleyan ,university1 ,conn41 gave a series of lectures on ,the ,new ,europe4 ,not all of his forecasts have yet come to pass1 for the new ,europe is only slowly emerging out of the old4 ,mrs4 ,kenneth ,brown--the name sounds ,american1 but she is a ,greek lady of rank1 born ,demetra ,vaka--told a harrowing tale of her own experience and observation1 ,in the ,heart of the ,german ,intrigue4 ,dr4 ,mitchell ,carroll of ,washington gave an account of ,greece1 our ,youngest ,ally1 with ,venizelos as the hero4 ,lieut4 ,bruno ,roselli of the ,italian army spoke2 ,miss ,maud ,hayes of ,england in ,war ,time4 ,on ,friday evening1 ,july #bfth1 there was a concert in the evening of national songs of the ,allies2 the flags of more than twenty nations being hung above the choir loft4 ,on ,grand ,army ,day in this week ,lieut4 ,telfair ,marion ,minton spoke on ,the ,flags of a ,thousand ,years4 ,in the following week1 ,july #bhth to ,august #c;d1 while the ,musical ,festival was in progress1 the ,french ,military ,band played every day1 and concert followed concert1 with ,gaul's ,joan of ,arc sung one evening by the soloists and full chorus4 ,dr4 ,leon ,h4 ,vincent gave a course of lectures1 showing ,war in ,literature1 the stories called forth by the ,wars of ,napoleon1 the ,crimean ,war1 the ,franco-,prussian ,war of #ahgj1 and the struggle in progress in #aiah--;a most interesting series4 ,the ,chaplain of this week was the ,rev4 ,wm4 ,s4 ,jacobs1 ,d4,d41 of ,houston1 ,texas4 ,omitting a fortnight for lack of room1 we must not omit ,the ,next ,step ,forward1 the topic of the week from ,august #ahth to #bdth1 a discussion of some movements to follow in the footsteps of war1 such as ,theological ,reconstruction1 by ,shailer ,mathews2 ,christianity in ,foreign ,lands1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,barton1 ,secretary of the ,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions2 ,the ,sunday ,evening ,club and ,church ,advertising1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,mc,clure1 and ,the ,art of ,motion ,pictures1 by ,vachel ,lindsay4 ,there was also a course on ,art in ,daily ,life1 by our ,english friend1 ,prof4 ,i4 ,b4 ,stoughton ,holborn1 of ,oxford4 ,bishop ,mc,connell1 who conducted the ,devotional ,hour1 ,august #aath-#agth1 also gave the ,recognition address to the graduating class of the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 on ,ideals of ,leadership4 ,the skies were clouded1 yet we were able to hold the procession as usual 7only once in forty-seven years has the march been broken up by rain71 but the storm fell during the address1 with such noise on the roof that the ,bishop was compelled to pause for some minutes until its rage abated4 ,we missed on this day especially the presence of ,bishop ,vincent and his son1 and the diplomas were conferred by ,dr4 ,bestor1 the new ,president of ,chautauqua4 ,not long after the closing of the ,assembly1 on ,november #aa1 #aiah1 ,armistice ,day was ushered in by the blowing of every steam whistle upon the continent1 by all-day processions1 by bands and horns1 and a surrender of the nation to the universal joy1 through the news that the most terrible war that ever desolated the world was over at last4 ,when the forty-sixth session of ,chautauqua opened in #aiai1 it found the land rejoicing over the conclusion of the war1 happy in the return of two million men in khaki1 apparently rich with high wages1 booming business1 and money in plenty4 ,it was the top of a tide destined before many months to recede to normal conditions4 ,but while the flush times lasted1 ,chautauqua shared in the nation-wide prosperity4 ,this was the period of astounding financial drives4 ,one great church commemorated the hundred years of its missionary enterprise by a centenary movement and a subscription of more than a hundred million dollars4 ,other churches followed with ,new ,era and ,nation ,wide campaigns4 ,it seemed to be the opportunity for ,chautauqua to reap some benefits from the spirit of the time1 and the trustees launched the ,comprehensive ,plan to raise half a million dollars1 freeing the ,institution from all debt and placing it on a safe1 permanent1 and prosperous basis4 ,here was a university of a hundred and twenty-five instructors1 two hundred courses of study1 and nearly five thousand students every summer1 yet without a dollar of endowment2--what college in the land was doing so much with an income so small8 ,here was a property of three hundred and fifty acres1 gradually accumulated1 partly by the demands of the ,institution's growth1 partly from the necessity of controlling its surroundings4 ,debts had been incurred by enlargement of the grounds1 a sewer system1 a water supply1 electric lighting1 new buildings1 new roads1 and a hundred items of improvement4 ,the overhead expenses of ,chautauqua1 in the form of interest that must be paid1 were more than thirty thousand dollars every year4 ,how much might be accomplished if every debt could be cleared away and the saving in interest be applied to the improvement of the property and the enlargement of opportunities8 ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller made an offer of giving one-fifth of all that should be raised1 up to the desired half-million dollars4 ,the trustees assigned to themselves another hundred thousand of the amount1 and a committee of the cottage owners pledged #aej1jjj from those having property on the ground4 ,the plans were carefully laid1 and during the season of #aiai every visitor at ,chautauqua was called upon to make his contribution4 ,of all the forty-six years of ,chautauqua up to #aiai1 this was the most successful in its history4 ,the attendance shown by the receipts at the two gates--one at the ,pier where the steamboats landed their thousands1 the other at the new station on the public highway where the trolley brought the tens of thousands--were far beyond that of any former year4 ,the registration at the schools was sixty-two per cent4 in advance of #aiah1 and eighteen per cent4 beyond that of #aiad1 the best previous year4 ,every hotel and boarding house inside the fence was full1 and pleas were made to cottagers to open their doors to incoming guests4 ,many who could not find lodging places on the grounds found homes in the hotels and hamlets around the ,lake and came daily to the ,assembly by trolley or by boat4 ,during the opening week1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,ellsworth gave two illustrated lectures1 one on ,theodore ,roosevelt1 the other ,the ,rise and ,fall of ,prussianism1 and ,prof4 ,thomas ,f4 ,moran of ,purdue ,university gave an appreciation of ,mark ,twain1 ,humorist1 ,reformer1 and ,philosopher4 ,miss ,maud ,miner gave a popular recitation of ,comedy ,scenes from ,shakespeare4 ,it was noticed that in the very opening the ,amphitheater was filled2--what would it become at the height of the season1 the first two weeks in ,august8 ,the ,devotional ,hour from ,july #fth to #abth was held by ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,wishart1 in a series of studies in the book of ,exodus1 entitled1 ,a ,free ,people in the ,making1 and from the story he drew frequent applications to the history of another free people4 ,during this week1 ,dr4 ,louis ,a4 ,weigle1 ,professor of ,psychology at ,yale ,university1 began a course of lectures on ,character ,building in the ,public ,schools suggesting many thoughts--not all of them gratulatory--in those who heard them4 ,on ,sunday morning1 ,july #acth1 the great congregation heard ,dr4 ,wm4 ,p4 ,merrill1 of the ,brick ,church1 ,new ,york1 deliver a sermon on the topic as announced1 ,the ,league of ,nations1 of which he declared himself unreservedly in favor4 ,on this question there were two parties throughout the nation strongly opposed to each other and fiercely debating it1 and when a fortnight later the chaplain1 ,bishop ,williams1 who was never known to sit on the fence1 also came out vigorously for the ,league1 ,mr4 ,bestor began to look around for some speaker on the other side1 for it has been a principle at ,chautauqua to give both sides a fair showing1 even when the ,chautauqua constituency as a whole might be opposed to a speaker4 ,a speaker against the ,league was found in ,mr4 ,john ,ferguson1 but he evidently represented the sentiments of the minority4 ,among the speakers of the second week were several on ,the ,aftermath of the ,great ,war1 among them ,dr4 ,katharine ,b4 ,davis1 ,major-,general ,bailey1 who had been ,commander of the ,eighty-,first ,division of the ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 and ,attorney-,general ,a4 ,mitchell ,palmer4 ,prof4 ,s4 ,c4 ,schmucker also gave a course of lectures on ,the ,races of ,man4 ,musical ,festival ,week was from ,july #bhth to ,august #bnd4 ,the ,new ,york ,symphony ,orchestra of sixty instruments was with us in concerts daily1 led in the absence of its conductor1 ,mr4 ,walter ,damrosch 7who was abroad7 by ,ren ,pollain of ,france4 ,during this and the following week ,earl ,barnes gave a course of lectures on ,the ,new ,nations of the ,world4 ,we listened to a discussion of ,zionism1 in a lecture on ,jewish ,aims in ,palestine by ,charles ,a4 ,cowen1 of the ,zionist organization1 to which ,mr4 ,earl ,barnes gave a cool1 dispassionate answer1 showing the difficulty1 amounting almost to an impossibility1 of establishing a ,jewish ,state in the land looked upon as holy1 not only by ,jews1 but by ,mohammedans and ,christians of all the great churches4 ,another speaker in this symposium was ,mme4 ,mabel ,s4 ,grouetch1 the wife of the ,serbian minister at ,washington1 who afterward became the ,czecho-,slovak representative to ,japan4 ,old ,first ,night on ,august #eth was devoted to the ,comprehensive ,plan of lifting ,chautauqua out of debt4 ,the elements seemed against the aim for rain kept some away1--though the ,amphitheater was full--and its thunder on the roof made some speeches inaudible4 ,but it could not dampen the ardor of the people4 ,practically every organization1 club1 or class at ,chautauqua1 besides many individuals1 made pledges4 ,besides the chorus1 there was a children's choir in the gallery1 and one gentleman offered to give a dollar for every child in it1 whereupon scouts were sent out1 boys and girls were gotten out of bed and brought to the gallery1 so that his pledge cost that gentleman considerably over #cjj4jj4 ,before the close of the ,assembly #cge1jjj had been subscribed1 inclusive of ,mr4 ,rockefeller's quota4 ,americanization week was from ,august #aath to #afth1 with timely addresses by ,prof4 ,herbert ,adolphin ,miller1 ,prof4 ,thomas ,moran1 and a delightful lecture by ,mrs4 ,beatrice ,forbes-,robertson ,hale1 on ,reconstruction in ,england and ,america4 ,as a practical illustration of ,americanization1 there was a wonderful pageant by the children of a public school in ,pittsburgh1 practically all of foreign lineage4 ,the ,recognition address on ,august #bjth was by ,bishop ,charles ,f4 ,brent1 who after heroic work in the ,philippines had been translated to the ,episcopal diocese of ,western ,new ,york4 ,his subject was ,the ,opportunities of the ,mind4 ,we must not forget that some lectures were given at this session by ,dr4 ,charles ,a4 ,eastman1 whose name does not suggest1 as his complexion does1 that he is a full-blooded ,sioux ,indian4 ,he is a successful physician and a graduate of ,dartmouth ,college1--which1 by the way1 was established in #agej as a school for ,indians1 with no thought of ,anglo-,saxon students4 ,this year also ,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,bryan was unable to remain as ,director of the ,summer ,schools1 and his work was added to the many tasks of ,president ,bestor4 ,we come finally to the ,assembly of #aibj1 the forty-seventh session1 and at present the last upon our list1 unless we undertake a prophetic look into the future4 ,we met in sadness1 for our great ,founder ,john ,heyl ,vincent1 who had lived to the age of eighty-eight years1 died on ,sunday1 ,may #ith1 at his home in ,chicago4 ,he had outlived his fellow-,founder1 ,lewis ,miller1 by twenty-one years4 ,the two names stand together in the annals of ,chautauqua and in the thoughts of all ,chautauquans1 for ,chautauqua could not have been founded by either one without the other1 and on ,old ,first ,night1 for both together the lilies of the white handkerchiefs are silently and solemnly lifted1 and as silently and solemnly lowered4 ,a memorial service was held for our beloved ,bishop and ,chancellor on ,sunday afternoon1 ,august #ast1 at the ,vesper ,hour1 in the ,hall of ,philosophy as the appropriate place1 and the writer of this story1 as the oldest of living ,chautauqua workers1 was permitted to offer the tribute in his honor4 ,in the evening another service was held in the ,amphitheater1 at which ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,finley1 ,superintendent of ,education for ,new ,york ,state1 and ,bishop ,herbert ,welch of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 home for a few months from his field in ,korea and ,japan1 gave addresses4 ,during the past year ,chautauqua had sustained another loss in the death of ,mr4 ,alfred ,hallam1 who for nearly twenty years had been the untiring and wholly devoted leader of the ,musical ,department4 ,it was felt that a musical service was his most appropriate memorial1 and the oratorio ,hora ,novissima1 by ,horatio ,parker1 was sung by the choir and soloists on ,sunday evening1 ,august #hth4 ,during the session news came that ,dr4 ,bethuel ,t4 ,vincent of ,denver1 long conductor of the ,children's class and ,intermediate class in the early years of the ,assembly1 had followed his brother the ,bishop1 into the silent land4 ,he was remembered in an address by the writer at a memorial service4 ,his wife1 ,mrs4 ,ella ,vincent1 for many years president of the ,woman's ,club1 in a few months also joined the company of the church triumphant4 ,another voice often heard at ,chautauqua was stilled this summer1 that of ,mrs4 ,frank ,beard1 always bright and sunny in her spirit1 who fell asleep in the cottage where she was abiding1 soon after the opening of the ,assembly1 fulfilling the wish expressed to a friend a year before that she might die at ,chautauqua4 ,the most notable feature on the program this summer was the presence at ,chautauqua for nearly six weeks1 from ,july #bfth to ,august #cast1 of the ,new ,york ,symphony ,orchestra1 with daily concerts1 conducted by ,ren ,pollain and ,william ,willeke1--a bold venture of the management but evidently successful4 ,this was the tercentenary of the landing of the ,pilgrims1 and the event was recognized by several addresses1 one in particular by ,mr4 ,charles ,zeublin1 on #afbj and #aibj4 ,prof4 ,weigle gave a lecture on ,education of ,children in ,early ,new ,england2 ,dr4 ,alfred ,e4 ,garvie spoke on ,the ,message of the ,mayflower for ,to-day4 ,principal ,alexander ,j4 ,grieve of the ,university of ,edinburgh gave lectures on the ,leaders of the ,pilgrims1--,john ,robinson and others4 ,dr4 ,herbert ,adams ,gibbons1 after an experience of years in ,asia ,minor and in ,france1 gave a series of valuable lectures on ,after the ,war1 and ,mrs4 ,gibbons narrated the thrilling story of herself in ,turkey1 during the massacres of #aijh4 ,dr4 ,lynn ,harold ,hough was chaplain from ,july #dth to ,july #ajth1 and in the morning talks spoke on the spiritual experiences of ,st4 ,augustine1 ,martin ,luther1 and ,john ,wesley1 then summed them up in a conception of ,the ,christian ,society4 ,prof4 ,richard ,burton lectured in a course on ,modern ,literary ,tendencies1--the essay1 the novel1 the drama1 and other forms of literature4 ,one of the great acquisitions this year was ,prof4 ,t4 ,r4 ,glover of ,cambridge1 ,england1 with a course of lectures on ,the ,jesus of ,history1 the results of the deepest study of the ,new ,testament and also of the contemporary ,roman world4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,gordon ,hayes1 just leaving ,yale for the ,ohio ,state ,university1 discussed most ably ,factors in ,labor ,unrest4 ,on ,roosevelt ,day1 ,july #bast1 ,mrs4 ,douglas ,robinson1 his sister1 gave ,recollections of ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,in the week from ,july #bfth-#cast1 the subject was ,problems of the ,present ,day ,civilization1 discussed by ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,griggs1 ,rabbi ,louis ,wolsey of ,cleveland1 and ,dr4 ,cornelius ,woelfkin of ,new ,york4 ,woman and the ,new ,era was the theme of the week ,august #b;d-#gth1 a discussion participated in by ,mrs4 ,thomas ,g4 ,winter1 ,president of the ,general ,federation of ,woman's ,clubs2 by ,mrs4 ,george ,bass1 who was the woman1 for the first time in history to preside for a day at the ,democratic ,national ,convention which renominated ,woodrow ,wilson2 and by ,miss ,mary ,garrett ,hay1 the ,president of the ,affiliated ,women's ,republican ,clubs4 ,august #bb;d-#bith was the week of the ,ministers and ,church ,workers' ,institute1 with addresses by ,bishop ,mc,dowell 7,methodist71 ,ozora ,s4 ,davis1 ,shailer ,mathews1 ,mrs4 ,helen ,barrett ,montgomery1 and ,chancellor ,s4 ,b4 ,mc,cormick1 of ,pittsburgh4 ,this was a great year4 ,subscriptions to the ,comprehensive ,plan brought the amount up to #dej1jjj1 including ,mr4 ,rockefeller's contribution1 to be increased if other gifts warranted it4 ,the ,summer ,schools were twenty-five per cent4 in income and nearly twenty per cent4 in numbers over #aiai1 the highest mark of past years4 ,provision was made for improving and enlarging the golf links1 and for building a new club house on the grounds of the golf course4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,chautauqua',s ,,elder ,,daughters ,,chautauqua1 planted upon the shore of its ,lake1 grew up a fruitful vine1 and within two years shoots cut from its abundant branches began to take root in other soils4 ,or1 to change the figure1 the seeds of ,chautauqua were borne by the winds to many places1 some of them far away1 and these grew up1 in the course of little more than a generation1 a hundred1 even a thousand fold4 ,many of these daughter-,chautauquas were organized by men--in some instances by women--who had caught the spirit of the mother-assembly2 others by those who had heard of the new movement and saw its possibilities2 some1 it must be confessed1 by people who sought to save a decayed and debt-burdened camp meeting1 and a few with lots to lease at a summer resort4 ,from one cause or another1 immediately after the first ,assembly had won success1 ,dr4 ,vincent began to receive pressing invitations to organize similar institutions in many places4 ,as he was already fulfilling the duties both of an editor and a secretary for the rapidly growing ,sunday ,school cause1 he could accept but few of these many calls4 ,but a number of younger men trained by a year or two of experience in teaching at ,chautauqua were around him and to these he directed most of the enquirers4 ,at least three ,assemblies arose in #ahgf1 two years after the founding of ,chautauqua4 ,of these ,i possess some knowledge and will therefore name them1 but without doubt there were others which soon passed away and left scarcely a memory4 ,so far as ,i have been able to ascertain1 the first gathering to follow in the footsteps of ,chautauqua was the ,sunday ,school ,parliament on ,wellesley ,island1 one of those romantic ,thousand ,islands in the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river1 where it emerges from ,lake ,ontario4 ,this island stands on the boundary line between the ,united ,states and ,canada1 but the home of the ,parliament was on the ,canadian side of the line4 ,the name ,chautauqua has now become generic and almost any gathering in the interests of the ,sunday ,school1 or of general literature with a sprinkling of entertainment1 is apt to be named a ,chautauqua4 ,but in those early days the word ,chautauqua was not known as the general term of an institution of the assembly type1 and the new gatherings were named ,congress or ,encampment or ,institute1 and for this gathering the title ,sunday ,school ,parliament was taken1 as smacking somewhat of ,english origin4 ,its organizer and conductor was the ,rev4 ,wilbur ,f4 ,crafts1 at that time a ,methodist minister1 afterwards a ,congregationalist1 and still at present working as the head of the ,international ,reform ,bureau in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,he was aided in the plan and direction by ,mrs4 ,crafts1 for both of them were then prominent leaders in ,sunday ,school work4 ,it was my good fortune to be present and conduct the ,normal ,class during a part of the time4 ,as compared with ,chautauqua1 the ,parliament was small1 but its spirit was true to the ,chautauqua ideal and it was maintained faithfully for ten or twelve years4 ,the place had been established as a camp-meeting ground1 but it shared the fate of many camp meetings in gradually growing into a summer resort for people in general4 ,as cottages and cottagers increased the ,chautauqua interest declined1 and finally the attempt to maintain classes and meetings after the ,chautauqua pattern was abandoned1 and the island took its place among the summer colonies in that wonderful group4 ,the same year1 #ahgf1 saw another camp ground becoming a ,chautauqua ,assembly1--at ,petoskey1 near the northern end of ,lake ,michigan4 ,here a beautiful tract of woodland1 rising in a series of terraces from ,little ,traverse ,bay1 about forty miles south of the ,straits of ,mackinac1 had been obtained by a ,methodist camp-meeting association1 and laid out in roads forming a series of concentric circles4 ,here the first ,bay ,view ,assembly was held in #ahgf1 and again in its scope were combined the camp meeting1 the summer home1 and the ,chautauqua conception1 three divergent aims that have rarely worked well together4 ,it will be remembered that on its land side the original ,chautauqua was shut off from the outer world by a high fence1 and everybody was compelled to enter the ground through a gate1 at which a ticket must be purchased4 ,at ,bay ,view1 as at most camp-meeting grounds1 access was open on every side4 ,at first they undertook to support the ,assembly by collections1 but the receipts proved inadequate1 and they placed a ticket window at each lecture hall and endeavored to induce the cottagers to purchase season tickets1 a plan which has been pursued down to the present time4 ,one of the founders of ,bay ,view1 perhaps the one who suggested it1 was ,dr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,perrine1 an ardent and intelligent ,chautauquan1 the rebuilder of ,palestine ,park4 ,other men came to the aid of the ,bay ,view ,assembly1 some of them men of means1 who gave liberally in the form of buildings1 an organ1 and to some extent an endowment4 ,one of these was ,mr4 ,horace ,hitchcock of ,detroit1 another was ,john ,m4 ,hall1 who organized the ,bay ,view ,reading ,course1 analogous to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 and by his personal endeavor built up a reading and book-buying constituency4 ,i was present at the second session in #ahgg1 when it was a handful of people in a wilderness1 and again thirty years later1 when ,i found a beautiful city of homes in the forest1 rising terrace above terrace1 with good roads1 fine public buildings1 and a body of people interested in the best thought of the time4 ,chautauqua points with pleasure and pride to her oldest living daughter1 the ,bay ,view ,assembly4 ,mention should be made here of an ,assembly established at ,clear ,lake1 beside a beautiful sheet of water in northern ,iowa1 nearly midway between the ,mississippi and ,missouri ,rivers4 ,it was organized in #ahgf1 with the ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,berry as superintendent4 ,for some years1 beginning in #ahgi1 it was under the direction of the ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,worden1 who1 like some others of us1 had learned the ,assembly trade in apprenticeship to ,dr4 ,vincent at ,chautauqua4 ,for ten years ,clear ,lake was fairly prosperous1 but in time it met the fate of most assemblies and dropped out of existence4 ,during the year #ahgg three more ,assemblies arose1 one of which remains to this day in prosperity1 while the two others soon passed away4 ,the successful institution was at ,lakeside1 ,ohio4 ,like many others1 it was grafted upon a camp meeting which had been established some years before1 but was declining in its interest and attendance4 ,the name ,encampment was chosen as an easy departure from its original sphere1 but after a few years the name ,assembly1 by this time becoming general1 was assumed4 ,the first meeting as a ,sunday ,school gathering on the ,chautauqua plan was held in #ahgg1 with the ,rev4 ,james ,a4 ,worden1 who had assisted ,dr4 ,vincent for three years in the normal work at ,chautauqua1 as its conductor4 ,afterward ,dr4 ,b4 ,t4 ,vincent was in charge for a number of seasons1 and one year1 #ahhb1 ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,vincent was superintendent4 ,for many years all the ,chautauqua features were kept prominent1 the ,normal ,department1 with a systematic course1 examinations1 and an ,alumni ,association2 the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 with recognition services1 ,round ,tables1 camp fires1 the four ,arches1 and all the accessories4 ,lakeside drew around it helpers and liberal givers1 and still stands in strength4 ,lakeside has the benefit of a delightful location1 on a wooded peninsula jutting into ,lake ,erie1 near ,sandusky ,city1 and in sight of ,put-in-,bay1 famous in ,american history for ,commodore ,perry's naval victory in the ,war of #ahab4 ,it still maintains lecture courses and classes in the midst of a summer-home community4 ,another ,assembly began in #ahgg1 with high expectations1 at ,lake ,bluff overlooking ,lake ,michigan1 thirty-five miles north of ,chicago4 ,it was confidently supposed that on a direct railroad line from the great city1 ,lake ,bluff would draw large audiences1 and ,dr4 ,vincent was engaged to organize and conduct an ,assembly upon the ,chautauqua plan1 with lecturers and workers from that headquarters4 ,a strong program was prepared for the opening session4 ,among the lecturers was the ,rev4 ,joseph ,cook1 at that time one of the most prominent and popular speakers in the land4 ,i recall in one of his lectures at ,lake ,bluff a sentence1 wholly unpremeditated1 which thrilled the audience and has always seemed to me one of the most eloquent utterances ,i have ever heard4 ,it was twelve years after the ,civil ,war1 and on our way to the ,assembly we passed the marble monument crowned with the statue of ,stephen ,a4 ,douglas1 the competitor of ,lincoln for the ,senatorship and ,presidency1 but after the opening of the war his loyal supporter for the few months before his death4 ,dr4 ,cook was giving a history of the forces in the nation which brought on the secession of the ,southern ,states4 ,he referred to ,daniel ,webster in the highest praise1 declaring that his compromise measures1 such as the ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 were dictated by a supreme love for the ,union1 which if preserved would in time have made an end of slavery1 and he added a sentence of which this is the substance4 ,had it been given to ,daniel ,webster1 as it was given to ,edward ,everett1 to live until the guns were fired upon ,fort ,sumter1 there would have been an end of compromise4 ,he would have stamped that mighty foot with a sound that would have rung throughout the land1 have called forth a million men1 and might have averted the war6 ,just then a voice rang out from one of the seats--,as ,douglas did6 ,joseph ,cook paused a moment4 ,his chest swelled as he drew in a breath1 and then looking at the man who had interrupted him1 he spoke in that powerful voice3 ,the firmament above the massive brow of ,daniel ,webster was a vaster arch than that over the narrow forehead of ,stephen ,a4 ,douglas1 and the lightning that rent the clouds from the dying face of one1 would never have been needed to bring daylight to the other6 ,i was seated beside the ,rev4 ,charles ,f4 ,deems of ,new ,york1 a ,southerner by birth and in his sympathies through the then recent war4 ,he turned to me and said3 ,that was the most magnificent sentence that ,i have ever heard6 ,there was a moment of silence1 and then a burst of applause from the audience4 ,the ,lake ,bluff ,assembly never drew a large patronage1 as no ,chautauqua ,assembly ever has which depended upon a great city whose inhabitants can hear the famous preachers and orators4 ,the successful ,assemblies have been located in fairly large towns1 with villages and small cities surrounding1 near enough to reach the ,assembly1 but so distant that to enjoy its benefits the visitors must stay more than one day4 ,the support of a ,chautauqua ,assembly of the higher grade comes not mainly from the one-day excursionists1 but from those who plan to enter the classes and remain at least a fortnight4 ,these patrons constitute the backbone of the institution1 and without them the transitory crowds soon lose their interest and the ,assembly declines4 ,lake ,bluff maintained an existence for ten or twelve years1 but never obtained an extensive constituency4 ,the year #ahgh was noteworthy in the establishment of two ,assemblies1 one still living after more than forty years1 the other one of the largest1 most steadfast in fidelity to the ,chautauqua ideal1 and most extended in its influence4 ,the first of these was the ,round ,lake ,assembly1 at a camp ground near ,saratoga in ,new ,york4 ,we have narrated elsewhere 7see page #dd7 the story of the praying band leader who undertook to hold a little meeting of his own at ,chautauqua1 and when called to order left in disgust1 but later showed his manly spirit by asking ,dr4 ,vincent to organize an ,assembly on the ,chautauqua plan on the grounds at ,round ,lake1 of which camp meeting he was ,president4 ,this ,assembly began in #ahgh1 and is still maintained both as a summer school1 a camp meeting1 and a ,sunday ,school training institution4 ,it was opened according to the ,chautauqua pattern1 with an evening of short speeches1 of which some at least were supposed to blend humor with sense4 ,frank ,beard was on the platform1 and was expected to be the wit of the evening4 ,to the blank perplexity of all1 he made a serious speech1 without a solitary funny allusion4 ,the audience did not know whether to laugh or to look solemn1 as he talked on1 and at last brought us all before the great white throne4 ,the next morning at breakfast--for all the imported workers took our meals at one table in the ,round ,lake ,hotel--,dr4 ,vincent freed his mind to ,frank ,beard1 somewhat after this fashion3 ,now1 ,frank1 ,i want you to understand that we bring you here to brighten up the program with a little fun4 ,we don't need you to make serious speeches2 there are plenty of men to do that2 ,i can do it myself1 a great deal better than you can4 ,to-night ,i'm going to give you another chance1 and ,i expect you to rise to the occasion with something to laugh at4 ,so1 before the evening lecture1 ,dr4 ,vincent announced that ,mr4 ,beard wished to say a few words4 ,this was something of what he said3 ,dr4 ,vincent1 he didn't like the speech ,i made last night4 ,he told me this morning before all these fellers that it was too eloquent1 and he said1 ,mr4 ,beard1 when you are eloquent you take the shine off from me1 and these other men1 and you mustn't do it4 ,if there is any eloquence needed1 ,i will do it myself1 and you mustn't interfere with the regular program4 ,then he went on1 in his usual way1 using some of the dear old jokes that some of us had heard at ,chautauqua1 but polished up for a new constituency4 ,everybody saw that he was guying the doctor1 but there was a group of us present who knew just how ,frank was twisting the breakfast talk of the ,superintendent of ,instruction4 ,on the shore of ,round ,lake1 near the ,assembly ground1 a copy of ,palestine ,park had been constructed1 and daily lectures were given there4 ,it was just a few feet larger than the ,park at ,chautauqua1 as we were informed by the ,president4 ,let me correct the report that a big ,methodist bishop arriving late one night1 and enquiring the way to the hotel1 fell into the clutches of the most mischievous small boy in the region1 who told him3 ,the gates are all shut and you'll have to climb the fence yonder4 ,he did so1 according to the story1 and fell from the top of the fence into the ,dead ,sea1 which at once swelled its waters and washed away the city of ,jericho4 ,the eminent divine1 it is said1 drenched with water and spattered with mud1 walked up the ,jordan ,valley and over the mountains of ,ephraim1 destroying the cities and obliterating sundry holy places2 one foot caught in ,jacob's ,well1 and his head bumped on ,mount ,gerizim4 ,he reached the hotel at last1 but the next morning showed the land of ,palestine in worse ruin than had been wrought by ,nebuchadnezzar's army4 ,all this ,i1 myself1 read in a ,new ,york newspaper that is said to contain ,all the news that is fit to print2 but ,i here and now declare solemnly that there is not a shred of truth in the story1 for ,i saw the ,bishop1 and ,i saw the ,park6 ,the ,round ,lake meetings are held to this day1 courses of lectures are given1 and classes are held4 ,but the ,park of ,palestine1 which was to surpass ,chautauqua's ,park1 is no more4 ,it was built on swampy ground1 after a few years sank under the encroaching waters of the lake1 and was never restored4 ,the other institution founded in #ahgh was the ,kansas ,chautauqua ,assembly4 ,it was organized by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,gilbert1 then a pastor of a ,methodist ,church in ,topeka1 who was an active ,sunday ,school worker and started other assemblies during his different pastorates in the ,middle ,west4 ,it was held for three years at ,lawrence1 then at ,topeka for two years1 and finally in #ahhc located at ,ottawa1 about fifty miles southwest from ,kansas ,city4 ,most of the ,assemblies already named were held upon camp grounds1 but the ,ottawa ,assembly was unique in its location upon the large ,forest ,park just outside the city1 leased for this purpose by the authorities4 ,being public property1 no cottages could be built upon it1 but a city of three hundred tents arose every summer1 and after a fortnight were folded and taken away4 ,for nearly twenty years this ,assembly was under the direction of the writer1 and in every respect followed the lines laid down by its parent ,chautauqua4 ,buildings were put up for classes1 which served as well for the annual agricultural fair in the fall4 ,in our first year at ,ottawa1 our normal class was held out of doors1 the members seated upon the unroofed grand stand of the ,park1 and ,i was teaching them with the aid of a blackboard4 ,clouds began to gather rapidly and a storm seemed to be in prospect4 ,i paused in the lesson and said3 ,i am somewhat of a stranger here--how long does it take a thunder storm to arrive8 ,about two minutes6 responded a voice from the seats2 and instantly there came a rush to cover1 leaving the history of the ,bible to care for itself4 ,we were just in time1 for a minute later it was blowing a hurricane1 bending the great trees and breaking their branches4 ,i had heard of ,kansas cyclones1 had been shown a cyclone cellar1 and only the day before had taken dinner in a house of which one end had been blown clean off by a cyclone4 ,as we stood in a building which we had named ,normal ,hall1 ,i asked a lady by the window1 ,is this a cyclone8 ,she glanced without and then calmly said3 ,no1 this is a straight wind4 ,in ten minutes the tornado was over and we reassembled for the lesson4 ,kansas people seemed to accept occurrences like this as all in the day's work4 ,one weather-story of ,kansas reminds of another4 ,on my first visit to that ,state in #ahhb1 the last year of the ,assembly at ,topeka1 ,i was standing in front of the hotel1 thinking of the historic events in ,kansas1--where the ,civil ,war actually began1 though unrealized at the time1--when ,i saw nearby a rather rough looking1 bearded individual4 ,thinking that he might be one of the pioneers1 with a story to tell of the early days1 ,i stepped up and began in the conventional way by remarking3 ,i don't think it's going to rain4 ,he looked me over and responded3 ,wal1 strangers from the ,east think they know when it's goin' to rain and when it ain't2 but us fellers who've lived in ,kansas thirty years never know whether it'll rain in five minutes or whether it won't rain in three months4 ,the ,ottawa ,assembly was one of the best in the ,chautauqua system4 ,the people of the city built for its use a large tabernacle and halls for classes4 ,beside the park flows the ,river ,marais du ,cygne1 the ,swamp of the ,swan1 celebrated in one of ,whittier's poems2 and on a bank overlooking the river was erected a ,hall of ,philosophy1 copying the old ,hall at ,chautauqua1 except that its columns were lighter and ornamented1 improving its appearance4 ,we followed the ,chautauqua programs as far as possible1 having many of the same speakers on our platform and ,professor ,sherwin to lead the music1 succeeded later by ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,palmer4 ,the teacher-training work1 then called the ,normal ,class1 was maintained thoroughly1 with adult1 intermediate1 and children's classes1--all wearing badges and following banners4 ,the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 with all its usages of camp fires1 ,recognition ,day1 vigil1 procession and arches1 was kept prominent4 ,we established a ,chautauqua ,boys' ,club1 and ,girls' ,club also4 ,we could not conduct a summer school1 as the meeting lasted only a fortnight1 but we had lecture courses of high character upon literature4 ,kansas contained more old soldiers in its population than any other ,state in the ,union1 and the ,grand ,army ,day at ,ottawa was an event of ,state-wide interest4 ,some distinguished veterans spoke on these occasions1 among them ,general ,john ,a4 ,logan1 ,major ,william ,mc,kinley1 and ,general ,john ,b4 ,gordon of the ,confederate ,army2 also ,private ,a4 ,j4 ,palmer of ,new ,york1 whose ,company ,d1 the ,die-,no-,mores1 roused enthusiasm to its summit4 ,one element in ,ottawa's success was the steadfast loyalty of the city1--a place then of seven or eight thousand people1 which enjoyed a special prohibitory law some years earlier than the rest of the ,state4 ,almost every family had its tent in ,forest ,park and lived there day and night during the fortnight of the meetings4 ,another cause of its prosperity was its able1 broad1 and continuous management4 ,its ,president for many years was the ,rev4 ,duncan ,c4 ,milner1 a ,chautauquan from his boots up to his head1 and laboring with untiring energy in its behalf4 ,i must tell an amusing story of our camp fire one summer4 ,as the ground was by this time well occupied1 we decided to have the bonfire on a raft out in the stream1 while the crowd sang the songs and listened to the speeches from the ,hall of ,philosophy on the shore4 ,but when we met at night for the services1 the raft and the materials ready for lighting had disappeared6 ,we were told that the janitor had thought it an improvement to have the fire lighted above1 in a bend of the river1 and float down to the ,hall4 ,we waited1 not exactly pleased with the janitor's unauthorized action1 and after a time we heard a mighty racket4 ,the raft with the bonfire was floating down the stream1 while around it was a convoy of about a hundred boats1 loaded with boys1 and each boy blowing a horn or yelling in the most vociferous manner4 ,that put an end to any prospect of songs and speeches1 for who could command silence to such a din8 ,but that was not all nor the worst4 ,the janitor tried in vain to anchor his raft1 but it still floated downward4 ,we saw our camp fire sail majestically down the river1 until it approached the mill dam and the falls1 when the boys desperately rowed their boats out of danger4 ,raft and contents went over the falls and the bonfire was quenched in the devouring flood4 ,as we saw it going to its doom1 ,i distinctly heard the word dam spoken1 and ,i fear it was intended to include a final n4 ,but that was the last attempt at a camp fire4 ,when ,i proposed one at the next season1 the entire ,round ,table burst out with a roaring laugh4 ,the success of ,ottawa led to the opening of many other ,assemblies all over the ,state1 and by degrees weakened this1 the mother ,chautauqua of ,kansas4 ,it is still maintained1 but in a small way1 as one of the chain ,chautauquas4 ,in #ahgi1 a ,sunday ,school ,congress which soon grew into an ,assembly was held at ,ocean ,grove1 on the ,atlantic ,coast1 almost the only place where the camp meeting1 the summer resort1 and the ,chautauqua idea have lived together in mutual peace and prosperity4 ,but even at ,ocean ,grove the ,assembly has been overshadowed1 almost out of sight1 by the camp meeting and the summer boarding-house contingent4 ,for several seasons ,i took part in the work1 and in #ahha conducted the ,children's ,class4 ,on the next to the last day ,i told all the children to meet me at our chapel1 naming the hour when the tide would be at its lowest1 every child to bring a pail and shovel1 or a shingle1 if his shovel had been lost4 ,we formed a goodly procession of three hundred1 marching down the avenue1 myself at the head4 ,at the beach ,i had selected a suitable area1 and set the children to constructing out of the damp sand a model two hundred feet long of ,palestine1 the land of which we had been studying in the daily class4 ,it was a sight to see those young nation builders1 making the coastline1 piling up the mountains1 and digging out the ,jordan valley with its lakes4 ,some ,biblically inclined gentlemen aided in the supervision1 and apparently a thousand people stood above and looked on4 ,when it was finished ,i walked up and down the model1 asking the children questions upon it1 and was somewhat surprised to find how much they knew4 ,some whose conduct in the class gave little promise were among the promptest to exploit their knowledge4 ,it was my purpose to leave the map that it might be seen by the multitude until the tide should wash it away4 ,but the boys shouted1 ,can't we stamp it down now8 and ,i rather reluctantly consented4 ,palestine has been overrun1 and trodden down1 and destroyed by armies of ,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 ,turks1 ,crusaders1 and many other warriors1 but the land never suffered such a treading down by the ,gentiles as on that morning at ,ocean ,grove4 ,in the year #ahgi1 the wind-wafted seed of ,chautauqua was borne to the ,pacific ,coast and an ,assembly was founded at ,pacific ,grove in ,monterey1 ,california4 ,i know not whether it remains1 but the ,grove has been the place of meeting for the ,california ,methodist ,conference year after year4 ,another ,assembly combined with the summer resort was established this year at ,mountain ,lake in ,maryland1 a charming spot1 whose elevation beside a lovely lake brings coolness to the summer air4 ,one more ,assembly established in #ahgi must not be forgotten4 ,in the early years of ,chautauqua we used to see a plainly clad man1 who from his appearance might have been a farmer or a lumberman2 in fact1 he was the proprietor of a large saw and planing mill4 ,this man was at every meeting1 listened intently and took full notes1 for he was intelligent1 reading good books1 and ardent in his devotion to ,chautauqua4 ,for years he was one of my friends1 but1 alas6 ,i have forgotten his name4 ,he lived in ,northern ,indiana1 and in #ahgi was able to interest enough people to start an ,assembly at ,island ,park at ,rome ,city1 ,indiana1 not far from the ,michigan line4 ,he became its ,secretary1 managed its finances1 and called upon the ,rev4 ,a4 ,h4 ,gillet1 one of ,dr4 ,vincent's lieutenants1 to conduct it4 ,for many years ,island ,park was one of the foremost children of ,chautauqua in its program and its attendance4 ,it was situated upon an island in a lovely lake1 with bridges leading to the mainland1 where most of the tents and cottages were placed1 and where buildings were erected for the normal classes and the kindergarten2 the ,tabernacle1 seating #bejj1 being upon the island which was bright with flower beds amid winding paths4 ,for years ,island ,park was a center of ,chautauqua influence and strong in promoting the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 but like many other ,assemblies1 it failed to receive financial support and was abandoned4 ,two great ,assemblies1 both closely following the path of ,chautauqua1 were founded in the year #ahhj4 ,one of these was ,monona ,lake1 near ,madison1 ,wis4 ,it was established by the ,state ,sunday ,school ,association1 its founder and first president being the ,hon4 ,elihu ,colman of ,fond du ,lac4 ,like ,ottawa in ,kansas1 it was an assembly of tents1 not of cottages4 ,the first session1 a small gathering1 was held in #ahhj on the shores of ,green ,lake1 one of the five hundred lakes of ,wisconsin2 but in the following year it was removed to ,monona ,lake1 one of the five surrounding the capital city1 ,madison4 ,after ,mr4 ,colman1 the ,rev4 ,f4 ,s4 ,stein1 ,d4,d41 became ,president1 and for nearly a generation1 ,mr4 ,moseley1 a bookseller of ,madison1 was its efficient secretary1 business manager1 and organizer of its programs4 ,the standards of ,monona ,lake were high and its work was thorough1 but for lack of adequate support1 it was given up after nearly thirty years of usefulness and the point became an amusement park4 ,among those prominent in the early seasons at ,monona ,lake was the ,rev4 ,o4 ,p4 ,bestor1 who was active in promoting the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,he brought with him his son1 who began as a small boy attending the ,assembly1 and formed the assembly-habit so strongly that in the after years he grew up to be the ,president of the ,chautauqua ,institution--,albert ,e4 ,bestor1 ,,ll4,d4 ,the other notable ,chautauqua started in #ahhj was the ,new ,england ,assembly at ,south ,framingham1 ,mass41 originally in closer affiliation with the original ,chautauqua than any other ,assembly1 for it chose ,dr4 ,vincent as ,superintendent of ,instruction1 and many of its speakers were also on the ,chautauqua program4 ,it drew from all the ,new ,england ,states1 until its success led to the establishment of other ,assemblies at ,fryeburg1 ,maine1 at ,northampton1 ,mass41 and at ,plainville1 ,conn4 ,one of ,dr4 ,vincent's assistants at the ,framingham ,assembly was the ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning1 at first ,congregational ,secretary of ,sunday ,school work1 later ,editor of the ,congregationalist4 ,dr4 ,vincent1 after a few years1 gave the ,assembly into the hands of ,dr4 ,dunning and the writer1 and sometimes we conducted it jointly2 at other times in successive years4 ,on an eminence overlooking the grounds and the adjoining lake arose another ,hall of ,philosophy1 like the one at ,chautauqua1 and all the ,chautauqua customs were followed--,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c41 ,normal ,class1 ,children's ,classes1 and the rest4 ,the first ,president was the ,rev4 ,william ,r4 ,clark1 who was instrumental in locating the ,assembly upon the ground of a camp meeting which it succeeded4 ,it was continued for more than a generation1 but at last succumbed to changing times4 ,perhaps it might have continued longer1 if throughout its history it had not been encumbered by the debts of the former ,camp ,meeting ,association4 ,our chapter has already grown beyond bounds4 ,we would like to tell the stories of ,monteagle1 ,tennessee1 of ,mount ,dora1 ,florida1 of ,de ,funiak ,springs1 also in ,florida1 of the ,arkansas and ,dakota and ,southern ,california ,assemblies4 ,in fifteen years after ,chautauqua began there were nearly a hundred ,assemblies1 each independent of all the others1 yet all in friendly relation to the oldest and greatest of them all1 the mother--,chautauqua by the ,lake4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,younger ,,daughters ,,of ,,chautauqua ,,we have seen how ,chautauquas sprung up throughout the land1 inspired by the example of the original ,assembly beside the lake4 ,all these were independent1 arranging their own programs and securing their own speakers4 ,chautauqua never took a copyright upon the name or a patent for the idea4 ,it was natural1 however1 for many of these ,assemblies to combine their interests1 for it soon found that half a dozen ,chautauquas in the same section could save expenses by employing the same group of speakers and passing them on from one gathering to another4 ,there were already lyceum bureaus offering lecturers and entertainers4 ,at first the ,assemblies secured a few of their speakers from these offices1 and after a few years their entire programs were arranged in conjunction with the bureaus4 ,finally the lyceum agencies began to organize and conduct assemblies directly1 and thus the ,chautauqua circuit or the system of a ,chautauqua chain was developed4 ,one office in ,chicago1 the ,redpath ,bureau1 is said to conduct three thousand ,chautauqua assemblies every year1 others have charge of a thousand apiece1 while there are lesser chains of fifty1 twenty-five or a dozen assemblies4 ,i have been officially informed that in the year #aiai1 ten thousand chain ,chautauquas were held in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,they are to be found everywhere1 but their most popular field is in the ,middle ,west1 where the ,chautauqua is expected every year by the farming communities4 ,these bureaus and the talent which they employ have been combined in an organization for mutual interest1 to avoid reduplication in the same locality1 to secure their workers and arrange their programs4 ,this is named the ,international ,lyceum and ,chautauqua ,association1 holding an annual convention at which the organizers and the participants upon the programs come face to face and form their engagements4 ,the circuit system has arisen largely through economic causes2 the saving of expense by efficient organization1 the elimination of long railroad jumps from ,assembly to ,assembly1 guarantee of continuous engagement to attractive speakers1 better publicity1 and the concentration of responsibility4 ,it is found that the most successful ,chautauquas are held1 not in cities1 nor even in large towns1 but in the smaller places4 ,the town of a thousand1 or even one as small as five hundred inhabitants1 during its annual ,chautauqua week will rally from the farms and hamlets two thousand people to hear a popular lecture1 five or seven thousand during the week4 ,in each place an advance agent appears1 interviews the business men1 the ministers1 and the heads of any clubs or improvement societies1 and obtains pledges of support by the sale of a definite number of tickets4 ,college boys make up the tent crews2 a ,scout ,master organizes the ,boy ,scouts2 and trained experts arrange for the advertising4 ,the morning-hour men give lectures in courses of uplifting nature on civic and national questions2 the popular features of the program are supplied by entertainers1 musical troupes1 bands1 artists1 and dramatic companies4 ,it is a fact of deeper significance than many recognize that political leaders find here the greatest forum for their messages4 ,many of these orators receive more than fees for their speeches2 they come near the heart of the people1 they reach their constituencies and disseminate their views more widely than through any other agency4 ,some political reformers have won not only prominence1 but power through these chain ,chautauquas4 ,it may be remembered that while the ,hon4 ,william ,jennings ,bryan was ,secretary of ,state he received some criticism and even ridicule for hitting the ,chautauqua trail and going off with the yodelers4 ,on that subject the ,baltimore ,sun said in an editorial3 ,if it could be demonstrated1 we would be willing to wager that the average ,chautauqua student has a far better knowledge of public questions than the average of those who sneer4 ,and whether he likes it or not1 no public official of to-day can afford to disregard the ,chautauqua movement4 ,mr4 ,bryan himself gave this testimony in the ,review of ,reviews3 ,the ,chautauqua affords one of the best opportunities now presented a public speaker for the discussion of questions of interest to the people4 ,the audience is a select one1 always composed of the thoughtful element in the community1 and as they pay admission1 they stay to hear4 ,i believe that a considerable part of the progress that is now being made along the line of moral and political reform is traceable to the influence of the ,chautauqua4 ,a writer in ,the ,outlook 7,september #ah1 #aiah7 says3 ,i have studied the ,chautauqua speakers4 ,they command the admiration of the honest critic4 ,they deal with serious subjects as experts4 ,they carry men1 women and children on to the conclusion of the longest lecture by knowing when to lighten at the proper moment with a story or a lilt of humor1 or sometimes a local reference4 ,said a village woman in my hearing of a fellow-speaker on the problems of patriotism1 ,i thought at first he would be hard to follow1 but ,i surely hated when he had to stop4 ,the thermometer was reported to be #aje in the tent4 ,the speaker held the rapt attention of the people for an hour and a half in a philosophical presentation of the causes of the war and our responsibilities in consequence4 ,it was like reading a solid book and condensing it with marked success into one hearing4 ,it was typical1 and twenty millions are reported to be listening to such addresses in ,chautauqua tents the country over4 ,in the magazine ,the ,world ,to-,day 7,september1 #aiaa71 ,i read the following by ,george ,l4 ,flude3 ,a few years ago ,i saw ,senator ,robert ,m4 ,la ,follette address a crowd of eight thousand people at ,waterloo1 ,iowa4 ,for two hours and a half he jammed insurgent ,republicanism into that crowd4 ,he was at that time the only insurgent in the party and had not been named yet4 ,the crowd took it all in4 ,they were there to be instructed1 not to hear a partisan speech4 ,hence their attitude1 regardless of party affiliation1 was a receptive one4 ,he absolutely converted that crowd into insurgents and they did not know it4 ,for five years ,la ,follette crammed and jammed non-partisan talks into ,chautauqua crowds through ,iowa1 ,illinois1 ,missouri1 ,ohio1 ,nebraska1 and ,kansas4 ,the average audience was probably about four thousand and he met sixty or more audiences each summer2 #bdj1jjj people inoculated with insurgency by one man4 ,occasionally an audience finds that the lecture is not what was looked for4 ,some years ago a ,western ,assembly engaged ,senator ,la ,follette1 and from the list of his subjects chose ,the ,world's ,greatest ,tragedy1 expecting a sensational attack upon the greed of capitalists4 ,a great crowd assembled to see ,senator ,bob jump on the trusts4 ,he gave his well-known literary lecture on ,hamlet1 a critical appreciation1 without a word on current affairs4 ,the crowd sat1 first puzzled1 then baffled1 and at last went away dejected4 ,a newspaper of wide circulation1 ,the ,christian ,science ,monitor1 said3 ,by far the most active and keenly interested voters of the country1 with their leaders1 forceful in shaping progressive legislation1 have come during the last decade from ,states where this ,chautauqua method of cultivation of the adult population has been most steadily used1 and the end is not yet1 since now the system is being organized in a thorough-going way never known before4 ,public men1 educators1 artists1 authors1 pioneers in discovery of unknown lands or of secrets of nature1 who get the ear of this huge audience season after season1 come nearer to the heart of the nation and observe its ways of living better than by any other method4 ,the old mother ,chautauqua by the ,lake would not like to be held responsible for all the utterances under the tents of her ten thousand daughters4 ,for that matter1 she would not endorse everything spoken upon her own platform in the ,amphitheater1 where free speech is the motto and the most contradictory opinions are presented4 ,but she must recognize that her daughters have wielded a mighty power in forming the political and moral convictions of the nation4 ,the bell which rang at ,fair ,point on ,august #d1 #ahgd1 to open the first ,assembly1 might be compared to ,the shot heard 'round the world from ,concord ,bridge in #agge1 for in answer to its call ten thousand ,chautauquas have arisen on the ,american ,continent4 ,the question might be asked1 ,why have none of the ten thousand rivaled the first1 the original ,chautauqua8 ,many of these opened with a far better outfit of external accommodations1 with more money expended upon their programs1 with greater advertising publicity1 with more popular attractions4 ,yet now at the period of almost fifty years1 not another among the ten thousand1 either of the earlier or the later ,assemblies1 holds a two months' program1 conducts courses of study of a wide range1 or brings together even one quarter of the assemblage which every year gathers upon the old ,chautauqua ground4 ,all the assemblies which were established with the highest promise have either been abandoned or are continued as chain ,chautauquas1 meeting for a week only4 ,let us endeavor to answer the question--,why does the mother-,chautauqua still stand supreme8 ,in the judgment of this writer1 who has known ,chautauqua almost from the beginning1 and has taken part in fifty similar gatherings1 the reasons for its supremacy are easily seen and stated4 ,it was established by two men of vision1 one of whom was also a practical man of business1 and both men of high ideals which they never lowered and from which they and their successors have never swerved4 ,in its plans from first to last1 there was a unique blending of religion1 education1 and recreation4 ,no one of these three elements has been permitted to override the two others1 and neither of them has been sacrificed to win popularity1 although on the other side1 popular features have been sought for within just limits4 ,never has the aim of ,chautauqua been to make money2 it has had no dividends and no stockholders4 ,it has opened avenues and leased lots to hundreds of people1 but it has not sought financial gain4 ,neither of its ,founders nor any of their associates have been enriched by it1 for all profits--when there have been any--have been expended upon improvements or enlargement of plans4 ,it has shown the progressive spirit1 while firm in its principles1 open to new ideas1 willing to listen to both sides of every question4 ,it has sought to attract and to benefit all classes in the community1 not setting the poor against the rich1 nor the rich against the poor1 giving a welcome to scholars of every view and to churches of every doctrine4 ,it has maintained a continuous1 consistent administration1 fortunate in finding able and broad-minded men to carry forward the conceptions of its founders4 ,few changes have been made in its management and these have been without a revolution or a renunciation of principles4 ,men at the head have changed1 but not the policy of the institution4 ,it has remained unshaken in its loyalty to the ,christian religion and penetrated through and through with the ,christian spirit1 without flying the flag or wearing the badge of any one denomination of ,christians4 ,these have been the principles that placed ,chautauqua at the front in its beginning and have kept it at the front through forty-eight years4 ,,appendix ,,distinguished ,,preachers ,,at ,,chautauqua ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott ,dr4 ,charles ,p4 ,aked ,rev4 ,hugh ,black ,bishop ,c4 ,h4 ,brent ,bishop ,f4 ,s4 ,bristol ,bishop ,phillips ,brooks ,dean ,charles ,r4 ,brown ,prof4 ,sylvester ,burnham ,bishop ,william ,burt ,dr4 ,s4 ,parkes ,cadman ,rev4 ,francis ,e4 ,clark ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,conwell ,bishop ,r4 ,cleveland ,cox ,rev4 ,t4 ,l4 ,cuyler ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,donald ,dr4 ,daniel ,dorchester ,rev4 ,samuel ,a4 ,eliot ,bishop ,samuel ,fallows ,pres4 ,w4 ,h4 ,p4 ,faunce ,dr4 ,harry ,emerson ,fosdick ,bishop ,cyrus ,w4 ,foss ,bishop ,charles ,h4 ,fowler ,dr4 ,james ,a4 ,francis ,dr4 ,washington ,gladden ,bishop ,d4 ,a4 ,goodsell ,dr4 ,george ,a4 ,gordon ,dr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,gunsaulus ,dr4 ,john ,hall ,dr4 ,n4 ,d4 ,hillis ,dr4 ,p4 ,s4 ,henson ,dean ,george ,hodges ,bishop ,e4 ,e4 ,hoss ,rev4 ,lynn ,hough ,bishop ,edwin ,h4 ,hughes ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,jefferson ,bishop ,a4 ,w4 ,leonard ,dr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mac,arthur ,dr4 ,a4 ,mackenzie ,pres4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mackenzie ,bishop ,f4 ,j4 ,mc,connell ,bishop ,w4 ,f4 ,mc,dowell ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,merrill ,bishop ,c4 ,b4 ,mitchell ,chaplain ,w4 ,h4 ,milburn ,dr4 ,philip ,s4 ,moxom ,bishop ,w4 ,f4 ,oldham ,bishop ,j4 ,t4 ,peck ,bishop ,h4 ,c4 ,potter ,rev4 ,g4 ,a4 ,johnston ,ross ,bishop ,matthew ,simpson ,dr4 ,t4 ,de,witt ,talmage ,bishop ,boyd ,vincent ,bishop ,john ,h4 ,vincent ,bishop ,w4 ,d4 ,walker ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren ,bishop ,herbert ,welch ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,willett ,bishop ,c4 ,d4 ,williams ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,wishart ,dr4 ,cornelius ,woelfkin ,rabbi ,louis ,wolsey ,,college ,,presidents ,,and ,,other ,,educators ,prof4 ,herbert ,b4 ,adams ,pres4 ,e4 ,b4 ,andrews ,pres4 ,j4 ,b4 ,angell ,prof4 ,h4 ,t4 ,bailey ,pres4 ,j4 ,h4 ,barrows ,prof4 ,b4 ,p4 ,bowne ,prof4 ,h4 ,h4 ,boyesen ,prof4 ,p4 ,h4 ,boynton ,pres4 ,e4 ,b4 ,bryan ,pres4 ,n4 ,m4 ,butler ,com4 ,e4 ,e4 ,brown ,pres4 ,j4 ,h4 ,carlisle ,com4 ,p4 ,p4 ,claxton ,prof4 ,a4 ,s4 ,cook ,pres4 ,w4 ,h4 ,crawford ,prof4 ,m4 ,l4 ,d',ooge ,prof4 ,a4 ,s4 ,draper ,pres4 ,c4 ,w4 ,eliot ,prof4 ,r4 ,t4 ,ely ,pres4 ,john ,finley ,prof4 ,alcee ,fortier ,pres4 ,w4 ,g4 ,frost ,pres4 ,c4 ,c4 ,hall ,pres4 ,g4 ,stanley ,hall ,pres4 ,w4 ,r4 ,harper ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,harris ,prof4 ,a4 ,b4 ,hart ,mr4 ,walter ,l4 ,hervey ,prof4 ,mark ,hopkins ,mr4 ,james ,l4 ,hughes ,prof4 ,william ,james ,pres4 ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan ,pres4 ,henry ,c4 ,king ,prof4 ,c4 ,f4 ,lavell ,pres4 ,h4 ,n4 ,mac,cracken ,dean ,shailer ,mathews ,pres4 ,j4 ,e4 ,mc,fadyen ,pres4 ,edward ,olson ,mrs4 ,alice ,f4 ,palmer ,prof4 ,george ,m4 ,palmer ,col4 ,francis ,w4 ,parker ,prof4 ,f4 ,g4 ,peabody ,pres4 ,a4 ,v4 ,v4 ,raymond ,pres4 ,b4 ,p4 ,raymond ,pres4 ,rush ,rhees ,pres4 ,j4 ,g4 ,schurman ,pres4 ,julius ,h4 ,seelye ,prof4 ,thomas ,d4 ,seymour ,prof4 ,morse ,stephens ,pres4 ,e4 ,e4 ,sparks ,pres4 ,c4 ,f4 ,thwing ,prof4 ,moses ,c4 ,tyler ,dr4 ,herman ,von ,holst ,pres4 ,booker ,t4 ,washington ,prof4 ,l4 ,a4 ,weigle ,pres4 ,b4 ,i4 ,wheeler ,pres4 ,c4 ,d4 ,wright ,,authors ,,and ,,editors ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott ,mrs4 ,g4 ,r4 ,alden 7,pansy7 ,mr4 ,norman ,angell ,mr4 ,john ,k4 ,bangs ,prof4 ,earl ,barnes ,rabbi ,h4 ,berkowitz ,mr4 ,john ,g4 ,brooks ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,buckley ,mr4 ,richard ,burton ,mr4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,cable ,mr4 ,ralph ,connor ,mr4 ,g4 ,willis ,cooke ,rev4 ,s4 ,mc,chord ,crothers ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,dawson ,prof4 ,henry ,drummond ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dunning ,mr4 ,john ,fiske ,mr4 ,john ,fox ,mr4 ,hamlin ,garland ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,gibbons ,rabbi ,r4 ,j4 ,h4 ,gottheil ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,graves ,rabbi ,moses ,gries ,mr4 ,edward ,h4 ,griggs ,dr4 ,edward ,e4 ,hale ,mr4 ,norman ,hapgood ,col4 ,t4 ,w4 ,higginson ,dr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,holmes ,mr4 ,hamilton ,w4 ,mabie ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,mc,clure ,mr4 ,donald ,g4 ,mitchell ,dr4 ,r4 ,g4 ,moulton ,mr4 ,thomas ,nelson ,page ,rear ,admiral ,peary ,prof4 ,bliss ,perry ,miss ,agnes ,repplier ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,ridgway ,mr4 ,j4 ,whitcomb ,riley ,mr4 ,e4 ,thompson ,seton ,mr4 ,elliott ,f4 ,shepard ,prof4 ,e4 ,e4 ,slosson ,judge ,a4 ,w4 ,tourgee ,dr4 ,leon ,h4 ,vincent ,gen4 ,lew ,wallace ,dr4 ,wm4 ,hayes ,ward ,mr4 ,henry ,watterson ,mrs4 ,kate ,d4 ,wiggin ,prof4 ,c4 ,t4 ,winchester ,,leaders ,,in ,,social ,,reform ,miss ,jane ,addams ,miss ,susan ,b4 ,anthony ,mrs4 ,mary ,antin ,mrs4 ,maude ,b4 ,booth ,mrs4 ,carrie ,c4 ,catt ,hon4 ,everett ,colby ,mr4 ,anthony ,comstock ,dr4 ,kate ,b4 ,davis ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,george ,mr4 ,john ,b4 ,gough ,mrs4 ,julia ,ward ,howe ,judge ,ben ,b4 ,lindsey ,mrs4 ,lucia ,a4 ,mead ,mr4 ,john ,mitchell ,prof4 ,scott ,nearing ,mr4 ,thomas ,m4 ,osborne ,prof4 ,francis ,peabody ,mrs4 ,p4 ,v4 ,pennybacker ,mr4 ,jacob ,a4 ,riis ,mr4 ,raymond ,robins ,rev4 ,anna ,h4 ,shaw ,prof4 ,e4 ,a4 ,steiner ,rev4 ,charles ,stetzle ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,phelps ,stokes ,mrs4 ,rose ,pastor ,stokes ,dr4 ,josiah ,strong ,prof4 ,graham ,taylor ,commander ,booth-,tucker ,mrs4 ,booth-,tucker ,hon4 ,robert ,watchorn ,miss ,francis ,e4 ,williard ,mr4 ,robert ,woods ,mr4 ,john ,g4 ,woolley ,prof4 ,charles ,zeublin ,,political ,,leaders ,pres4 ,u4 ,s4 ,grant ,pres4 ,r4 ,b4 ,hayes ,pres4 ,j4 ,a4 ,garfield ,pres4 ,wm4 ,mc,kinley ,pres4 ,theodore ,roosevelt ,pres4 ,w4 ,h4 ,taft ,hon4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,alger ,gen4 ,russell ,a4 ,alger ,gov4 ,g4 ,w4 ,atkinson ,mrs4 ,george ,bass ,gov4 ,j4 ,a4 ,beaver ,gen4 ,john ,c4 ,black ,hon4 ,w4 ,j4 ,bryan ,gov4 ,geo4 ,a4 ,carlson ,hon4 ,schuyler ,colfax ,lieut4 ,gov4 ,l4 ,s4 ,chanler ,senator ,j4 ,p4 ,dolliver ,gov4 ,joseph ,w4 ,folk ,gen4 ,john ,b4 ,gordon ,gov4 ,h4 ,s4 ,hadley ,hon4 ,murat ,halstead ,senator ,m4 ,a4 ,hanna ,miss ,mary ,garrett ,hay ,gov4 ,f4 ,w4 ,higgins ,gen4 ,o4 ,o4 ,howard ,gov4 ,c4 ,e4 ,hughes ,judge ,w4 ,t4 ,jerome ,gov4 ,r4 ,m4 ,la,follette ,gen4 ,john ,a4 ,logan ,mayor ,j4 ,p4 ,mitchel ,gov4 ,b4 ,b4 ,odell ,gov4 ,r4 ,e4 ,pattison ,hon4 ,w4 ,h4 ,prendergast ,gov4 ,e4 ,s4 ,stuart ,gov4 ,r4 ,l4 ,taylor ,hon4 ,g4 ,w4 ,wickersham ,gen4 ,leonard ,wood ,,distinguished ,,foreigners ,the ,earl of ,aberdeen ,the ,countess of ,aberdeen ,hon4 ,percy ,alden ,canon ,s4 ,a4 ,barnett ,rev4 ,joseph ,a4 ,beet ,ram ,chandra ,bose ,the ,right ,hon4 ,james ,bryce ,rev4 ,r4 ,j4 ,campbell ,sir ,chentung ,lieng ,chang ,mrs4 ,l4 ,ormiston ,chant ,dr4 ,marcus ,dods ,prof4 ,henry ,drummond ,mr4 ,w4 ,aver ,duncan ,principal ,a4 ,m4 ,fairbairn ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fitch ,prof4 ,t4 ,r4 ,glover ,the ,bishop of ,hereford ,mrs4 ,forbes-,robertson ,hall ,prof4 ,j4 ,stoughton ,holborn ,prince ,larazovich ,hreblianovich ,charles ,rann ,kennedy ,prof4 ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy ,prof4 ,boni ,maury ,rev4 ,mark ,guy ,pearse ,rev4 ,dr4 ,percival 7,rugby7 ,prof4 ,william ,m4 ,ramsay ,mr4 ,owen ,seaman ,rev4 ,w4 ,o4 ,simpson ,dr4 ,george ,adam ,smith ,mrs4 ,philip ,snowden ,lady ,henry ,somerset ,miss ,kate ,stevens ,the ,baroness ,von ,suttner ,rev4 ,w4 ,l4 ,watkinson ,,chautauqua ,,recognition ,,day ,,orations #ahhb ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren ,brain and ,heart '#hc ,dr4 ,lyman ,abbott ,the ,democracy of ,learning '#hd ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson ,literature as a ,good of ,life '#he ,dr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale ,questions and ,answers '#hf ,pres4 ,j4 ,h4 ,carlisle ,redeeming the ,time '#hg ,dr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,duryea ,the ,true ,culture '#hh ,bishop ,h4 ,w4 ,warren ,the ,possibilities of ,culture '#hi ,dr4 ,david ,swing ,the ,beautiful and the ,useful '#ij ,mrs4 ,alice ,f4 ,palmer ,education is ,life '#ia ,mrs4 ,mary ,a4 ,livermore ,the ,highest ,aristocracy '#ib ,dr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,gunsaulus ,the ,ideal of ,culture '#ic ,dr4 ,joseph ,cook ,columnar ,truths in ,scripture '#id ,dr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale ,the ,education of a ,prince '#ie ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,mabie ,literature as a ,resource '#if ,pres4 ,c4 ,w4 ,eliot ,america's ,contribution to ,civilization '#ig ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,goucher ,individualism '#ih ,bishop ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent ,the ,chautauqua ,idea '#ii ,gov4 ,g4 ,w4 ,atkinson ,modern ,educational ,requirements '#jj ,pres4 ,a4 ,v4 ,v4 ,raymond ,education in its ,relation to ,life '#ja ,pres4 ,e4 ,b4 ,andrews ,problems of ,greater ,america '#jb ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,griggs ,the ,use of the ,margin '#jc ,hon4 ,w4 ,t4 ,harris ,university and ,school ,extension as ,supported by the ,church '#jd ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,griggs ,self-,culture ,through the ,vocation '#je ,miss ,jane ,addams ,work and ,play as ,factors in ,education '#jf ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,griggs ,public ,education and the ,problem of ,democracy '#jg ,pres4 ,e4 ,h4 ,hughes ,knowledge and ,power '#jh ,pres4 ,h4 ,c4 ,king ,revelation of ,personality '#ji ,pres4 ,w4 ,h4 ,p4 ,faunce ,ideals of ,modern ,education '#aj ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,griggs ,literature and ,culture '#aa ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,vincent ,the ,larger ,selfishness '#ab ,dr4 ,earl ,barnes ,being ,born ,again '#ac ,prof4 ,s4 ,c4 ,schmucker ,what ,next8 '#ad ,dean ,shailer ,mathews ,vocations and ,avocations '#ae ,pres4 ,e4 ,b4 ,bryan ,who are ,good ,citizens8 '#af ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,griggs ,world-,war and ,ethics '#ag ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,vincent ,the ,meaning of ,america '#ah ,bishop ,f4 ,j4 ,mc,connell ,ideals of ,leadership '#ai ,bishop ,c4 ,h4 ,brent ,the ,opportunities of the ,mind '#bj ,dr4 ,l4 ,howard ,mellish ,the ,way into ,life's ,greater ,values ,,class ,,directory1 ,,chautauqua ,,home ,,reading ,,circles--,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c4 ,class #ahhb1 ,the ,pioneers ,motto--,from ,height to ,height4 ,emblem--,the hatchet4 ,president--,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut1 ,bloomfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,secretary--,miss ,may ,e4 ,wightman1 #bch ,main ,st41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,treasurer--,mrs4 ,l4 ,j4 ,harter1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #ahhc1 ,the ,vincents ,motto--,step by step1 we gain the height4 ,emblem--,the sweet pea4 ,president--,mrs4 ,thos4 ,alexander1 ,franklin1 ,pa4 ,secretary--,miss ,anne ,hitchcock1 ,burton1 ,o4 ,treasurer--,miss ,m4 ,j4 ,perrine1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #ahhd1 ,the ,irrepressibles ,motto--,press forward1 he conquers who will4 ,emblem--,the golden rod4 ,president--,miss ,anna ,mc,donald1 #fcj ,magnolia ,ave41 ,long ,beach1 ,calif4 ,treasurer--,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,kinsley1 #dfa ,ashland ,ave41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary-,trustee--,mrs4 ,lizzie ,wilcox1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #ahhe1 ,the ,invincibles ,motto--,press on1 reaching after those things which are before4 ,emblem--,the heliotrope4 ,president--,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,dean1 ,delphi1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,mrs4 ,t4 ,j4 ,bentley1 ,springboro1 ,pa4 ,class #ahhf1 ,the ,progressives ,motto--,we study for light to bless with light4 ,emblem--,the aster4 ,president--,miss ,sara ,soule1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary--,mrs4 ,m4 ,v4 ,rowley1 #aab ,vassar ,st41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,treasurer--,miss ,lucy ,woodwell1 #be ,indiana ,ave41 ,somerville1 ,mass4 ,trustee--,dr4 ,ili ,long1 #acci ,main ,st41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #ahhg1 ,the ,pansy ,motto--,neglect not the gift that is within thee4 ,emblem--,the pansy4 ,president--,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,barrett1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary--,miss ,alice ,m4 ,bentley1 ,meadville1 ,pa4 ,treasurer--,miss ,letitia ,flocker1 ,evergreen ,road1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,n4 ,s41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,trustee--,miss ,adell ,clapp1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #ahhh1 ,the ,plymouth ,rock ,motto--,let us be seen by our deeds4 ,emblem--,the geranium4 ,president--,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bartlett1 ,hamburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,miss ,agnes ,s4 ,chalmers1 ,amsterdam1 ,n4 ,y4 ,trustee--,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bartlett1 ,hamburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #ahhi1 ,the ,argonauts ,motto--,knowledge unused for the good of others is more vain than unused gold4 ,emblem--,the daisy4 ,president--,rev4 ,j4 ,e4 ,rudisill1 ,columbus1 ,o4 ,secretary--,mrs4 ,mary ,c4 ,morris1 ,point ,pleasant1 ,n4 ,j4 ,treasurer--,mrs4 ,d4 ,f4 ,emery1 ,greenville1 ,pa4 ,trustee--,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,creegan1 ,marietta1 ,o4 ,class #ahij1 ,the ,pierians ,motto--,redeeming the time4 ,emblem--,the tube rose4 ,president--,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,morris1 ,homer ,city1 ,pa4 ,secretary-,treasurer-,trustee--,miss ,ada ,benner1 #eeab ,center ,ave41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,class #ahia1 ,the ,olympians ,motto--,so run that ye may obtain4 ,emblem--,the laurel and the white rose4 ,president--,mrs4 ,george ,t4 ,guernsey1 ,independence1 ,kans4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,miss ,marie ,a4 ,daniels1 ,new ,britain1 ,conn4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,george ,t4 ,guernsey1 ,independence1 ,kans4 ,class #ahib1 ,columbia ,motto--,seek and ye shall find4 ,emblem--,the carnation4 ,president--,mrs4 ,clara ,l4 ,mc,cray1 ,bradford1 ,pa4 ,secretary--,miss ,annie ,e4 ,jackson1 ,port ,deposit1 ,me4 ,treasurer--,mrs4 ,chas4 ,b4 ,adams1 ,zanesville1 ,o4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,clara ,l4 ,mc,cray1 ,bradford1 ,pa4 ,class #ahic1 ,the ,athenians ,motto--,study to be what you wish to seem4 ,emblem--,the acorn4 ,president--,mrs4 ,j4 ,j4 ,matthews1 #fbc ,n4 ,negley ,ave41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,mrs4 ,nettie ,c4 ,rice1 ,ebensburgh1 ,pa4 ,trustee--,prof4 ,thomas ,h4 ,paden1 ,new ,concord1 ,o4 ,class #ahid1 ,the ,philomatheans ,motto--,ubi mel1 ibi apes4 ,emblem--,the clover4 ,president--,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,ellis1 ,oil ,city1 ,pa4 ,secretary-,treasurer-,trustee--,mrs4 ,sanford ,lynn ,porter1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #ahie1 ,the ,pathfinders ,motto--,truth will make you free4 ,emblem--,the nasturtium4 ,president--,mrs4 ,george ,p4 ,hukill1 ,franklin1 ,pa4 ,treasurer--,mrs4 ,e4 ,l4 ,ploss1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary-,trustee--,miss ,catherine ,lawrence1 #faj ,e4 #bcrd ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #ahif1 ,the ,truth-,seekers ,motto--,truth is eternal4 ,emblem--,the forget-me-not4 ,the ,greek lamp4 ,president--,mrs4 ,margaret ,a4 ,seaton1 #aidc ,e4 #hfth ,st41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,miss ,emily ,a4 ,birchgard1 #ahbf ,penrose ,ave41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,trustee--,mr4 ,john ,r4 ,connor1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #ahig1 ,the ,romans ,motto--,veni1 ,vidi1 ,vici4 ,emblem--,the ivy4 ,president--,mrs4 ,harriet ,m4 ,dunn1 ,brooklyn1 ,mich4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,mrs4 ,anna ,heilman1 ,greenville1 ,pa4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,harriet ,m4 ,dunn1 ,brooklyn1 ,mich4 ,class #ahih1 ,the ,laniers ,motto--,the humblest life that lives may be divine4 ,emblem--,the violet4 ,president--,mrs4 ,g4 ,e4 ,tanner1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary-,treasurer-,trustee--,miss ,fannie ,b4 ,collins1 ,grandview1 ,o4 ,class #ahii1 ,the ,patriots ,motto--,fidelity1 ,fraternity4 ,emblem--,the flag4 ,president--,mrs4 ,e4 ,e4 ,sparks1 #ddd ,macon ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary--,mrs4 ,m4 ,barnard1 #afcg ,e4 #ffth ,st41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,treasurer--,mrs4 ,j4 ,v4 ,ritts1 ,butler1 ,pa4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,ella ,richards1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aijj1 ,the ,nineteenth ,century ,motto--,faith in the ,god of ,truth2 hope for the unfolding centuries2 charity toward all endeavor4 ,emblem--,the evergreen4 ,president--,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,montgomery1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,mrs4 ,l4 ,b4 ,watts1 #egdj ,cabanna ,ave41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,montgomery1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aija1 ,the ,twentieth ,century ,motto--,light1 ,love1 ,life4 ,emblem--,the palm4 ,president--,mrs4 ,lucy ,mendell ,george1 ,wellsburg1 ,w4 ,va4 ,secretary--,miss ,elizabeth ,j4 ,steward1 ,westwood1 ,n4 ,j4 ,treasurer--,mrs4 ,clara ,lawrence1 #faj ,e4 #bcrd ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,trustee--,miss ,margaret ,hackley1 ,georgetown1 ,ky4 ,class #aijb1 ,the ,altrurians ,motto--,not for self1 but for all4 ,emblem--,golden glow4 ,president--,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,walker1 ,brownwood1 ,tex4 ,secretary-,treasurer-,trustee--,miss ,frances ,davidson1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aijc1 ,the ,quarter ,century ,motto--,what is excellent is permanent4 ,emblem--,the cornflower4 ,president--,mr4 ,edward ,e4 ,sparks1 #ddd ,macon ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary--,miss ,ida ,m4 ,quimby1 #bj ,spring ,st41 ,east ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,treasurer--,miss ,evelyn ,dewey1 #bj ,spring ,st41 ,east ,orange1 ,n4 ,j4 ,trustee--,mr4 ,edward ,e4 ,sparks1 #ddd ,macon ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aijd1 ,lewis ,miller ,motto--,the horizon widens as we climb4 ,emblem--,clematis4 ,president--,mrs4 ,laura ,johnston1 #cj ,w4 #dth ,st41 ,oil ,city1 ,pa4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,miss ,louise ,nicholson1 #hi ,union ,st41 ,blue ,island1 ,ill4 ,trustee--,miss ,grace ,e4 ,beck1 #dbd ,mahoning ,st41 ,monongahela1 ,pa4 ,class #aije1 ,the ,cosmopolitan ,motto--,a man's reach should exceed his grasp4 ,emblem--,the cosmos4 ,president--,dr4 ,james ,babbitt1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,mrs4 ,j4 ,j4 ,bowden1 ,johnstown1 ,pa4 ,trustee--,miss ,minnie ,edgerton1 #ajd ,prospect ,ave41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aijf1 ,john ,ruskin ,motto--,to love light and seek knowledge4 ,emblem--,easter lily4 ,president--,mrs4 ,theo4 ,hall1 ,jr41 ,ashtabula1 ,o4 ,secretary-,treasurer-,trustee--,miss ,irena ,roach1 ,box #abf1 ,round ,lake1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aijg1 ,george ,washington ,motto--,the aim of education is character4 ,emblem--,the scarlet salvia4 ,president--,mrs4 ,geo4 ,coblentz1 #ajde ,w4 #ith ,st41 ,erie1 ,pa4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,mrs4 ,a4 ,h4 ,marvin1 ,oberlin1 ,o4 ,trustee--,miss ,rannie ,webster1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aijh1 ,tennyson ,motto--,to strive1 to seek1 to find1 to yield4 ,emblem--,the red rose4 ,president--,prof4 ,samuel ,c4 ,schmucker1 ,west ,chester1 ,pa4 ,secretary-,treasurer-,trustee--,miss ,sarah ,e4 ,ford1 #afi ,court ,st41 ,binghamton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aiji1 ,dante ,motto--,on and fear not4 ,emblem--,the grapevine4 ,president--,mrs4 ,o4 ,b4 ,shallenberger1 ,beaver1 ,pa4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,mrs4 ,hiram ,j4 ,baldwin1 ,falconer1 ,n4 ,y4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,thos4 ,b4 ,hill1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aiaj1 ,gladstone ,motto--,life is a great and noble calling4 ,emblem--,the beech4 ,president--,miss ,nannie ,s4 ,stockett1 ,annapolis1 ,md4 ,secretary--,mr4 ,james ,bird1 #ajbh ,ann ,st41 ,parkersburg1 ,w4 ,va4 ,treasurer--,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,mc,williams1 #aaejj ,euclid ,ave41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,class #aiaa1 ,longfellow ,motto--,act1 act in the living present4 ,emblem--,the young ,hiawatha and the hydrangea4 ,president--,mrs4 ,m4 ,l4 ,chattin1 ,temple1 ,tex4 ,secretary--,mrs4 ,effa ,brown1 ,mc,keesport1 ,pa4 ,treasurer--,mrs4 ,l4 ,b4 ,yale1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,walter ,king1 #cbc ,w4 #hcrd ,st41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,class #aiab1 ,shakespeare ,motto--,to thine own self be true4 ,emblem--,eglantine4 ,president--,mrs4 ,s4 ,f4 ,clarke1 #dth ,st41 ,freeport1 ,pa4 ,secretary--,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,phillips1 ,marion1 ,ala4 ,treasurer-,trustee--,mrs4 ,s4 ,f4 ,clarke1 #dth ,st41 ,freeport1 ,pa4 ,class #aiac1 ,athene ,motto--,self-reverence1 self-knowledge1 self-control1 these three alone lead life to sovereign power4 ,emblem--,the owl4 ,president--,rev4 ,w4 ,c4 ,mc,knight1 ,birmingham1 ,mich4 ,secretary--,mr4 ,robert ,adams1 ,warren1 ,pa4 ,treasurer--,mrs4 ,alice ,j4 ,mc,knight1 ,birmingham1 ,mich4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,knepper1 #ibd ,michigan ,ave41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aiad1 ,dickens ,motto--,the voice of time cries to man1 ',advance4' ,emblem--,wild rose4 ,president--,prof4 ,chas4 ,e4 ,rhodes1 #ejg ,potomac ,ave41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary--,miss ,rose ,webster1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,treasurer-,trustee--,miss ,eleanor ,clark1 #aaja ,king ,ave41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,class #aiae1 ,jane ,addams ,motto--,life more abundant4 ,emblem--,american laurel4 ,president--,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hamlin1 ,tougaloo1 ,miss4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,mrs4 ,a4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morris1 #fgaf ,thomas ,bldg41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,ida ,b4 ,cole1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aiaf1 ,the ,internationals ,motto--,knowledge maketh all mankind akin4 ,emblem--,the holly4 ,president--,miss ,laura ,hamilton1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary-,treasurer-,trustee--,miss ,amelia ,h4 ,bumstead1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,fla4 ,class #aiag1 ,emerson ,motto--,let us know the truth4 ,emblem--,the cat-tail4 ,president--,mrs4 ,john ,orr1 ,hotel ,san ,remo1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,secretary--,mrs4 ,t4 ,d4 ,samford1 ,opelika1 ,ala4 ,treasurer--,mr4 ,louis ,h4 ,walden1 ,norwich1 ,conn4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,o4 ,g4 ,franks1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aiah1 ,the ,arthurians ,motto--,live pure1 speak true1 right the wrong1 follow the ,king4 ,emblem--,the gladiolus4 ,president--,miss ,emma ,t4 ,mc,intyre1 ,eustis1 ,fla4 ,secretary--,miss ,margaret ,m4 ,chalmers1 ,hagaman1 ,n4 ,y4 ,treasurer-,trustee--,mrs4 ,chas4 ,e4 ,rhodes1 #ejg ,potomac ,ave41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aiai1 ,america ,motto--,peace and ,democracy4 ,emblem--,the ,american ,beauty rose4 ,president--,mrs4 ,s4 ,e4 ,booth1 #gjj ,n4 ,harrison ,ave41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,secretary--,mrs4 ,ethel ,m4 ,vanderburger1 #gj ,melrose ,st41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,anna ,m4 ,fay1 ,brocton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aibj1 ,the ,optimists ,motto--,nothing less than the best4 ,emblem--,the pink aster4 ,president--,dr4 ,george ,hobbie1 #fjj ,delaware ,ave41 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,treasurer--,miss ,jessie ,m4 ,leslie1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary-,trustee--,mrs4 ,chas4 ,c4 ,taylor1 ,akron1 ,o4 ,class #aiba1 ,the ,adelphians ,motto--,omnia vincit amor4 ,love conquers all4 ,emblem--,the woodbine4 ,president--,prof4 ,frank ,e4 ,ewart1 ,colgate ,university1 ,hamilton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary--,miss ,harriet ,sheldon1 ,the ,seneca1 ,broad ,st41 ,columbus1 ,o4 ,treasurer-,trustee--,mrs4 ,frances ,akin1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aibb1 ,the ,crusaders ,motto--,be not content to read history1 make it4 ,emblem--,the oak leaf4 ,president--,mr4 ,o4 ,c4 ,herrick1 #fjbh ,rodman ,st41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,secretary--,miss ,alameda ,edwards1 #gej ,mt4 ,hope ,road1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,treasurer--,mr4 ,robert ,cleland1 #ehji ,northumberland ,ave41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,trustee--,mrs4 ,evalyn ,dorman1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aibc1 ,the ,victory ,motto--,victory4 ,emblem--,the poppy4 ,the flags of the ,allies4 ,president--,miss ,elizabeth ,skinner1 ,dunedin1 ,fla4 ,recording ,secretary--,mrs4 ,r4 ,w4 ,johnston1 #afdi ,shady ,ave41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,corresponding ,secretary--,mrs4 ,john ,w4 ,hanna1 #hjc ,fourth ,st41 ,braddock1 ,pa4 ,treasurer-,trustee--,mrs4 ,r4 ,i4 ,park1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,class #aibd1 ,the ,new ,era ,motto--,enter to learn1 go forth to serve4 ,emblem--,the blue larkspur and the marigold4 ,president--,mrs4 ,f4 ,m4 ,beacom1 #acab ,w4 #ajth ,st41 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,mrs4 ,f4 ,n4 ,prechtel1 ,cherokee1 ,ia4 ,,the ,,trustees ,,of ,,chautauqua ,n4 ,b4--,the ,sunday ,school ,assembly of #ahgd and #ahge was held under the direction of a committee from the ,sunday ,school ,union of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 the grounds at ,fair ,point being owned by the ,erie ,conference ,camp ,meeting ,association4 ,in ,may1 #ahgf1 the property was transferred to the ,board of ,trustees of the ,national ,sunday ,school ,assembly4 ,,the ,,first ,,chautauqua ,,trustees 7,,sunday ,,school ,,assembly7 ,c4 ,aultman1 ,canton1 ,o4 ,a4 ,bradley1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,clinton ,m4 ,ball ,frank ,c4 ,carley1 ,louisville1 ,ky4 ,w4 ,p4 ,cooke ,adams ,davis1 ,corry1 ,pa4 ,george ,w4 ,gifford1 ,mayville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,j4 ,c4 ,gifford1 ,westfield1 ,n4 ,y4 ,j4 ,j4 ,henderson1 ,meadville1 ,pa4 ,herman ,jones1 ,erie1 ,pa4 ,c4 ,l4 ,jeffords1 ,jamestown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,isaac ,moore1 ,mayville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lewis ,miller1 ,akron1 ,o4 ,jacob ,miller1 ,canton1 ,o4 ,h4 ,a4 ,massey1 ,toronto ,hiram ,a4 ,pratt1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,john ,w4 ,pitts1 ,jamestown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,david ,preston1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,f4 ,h4 ,root1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,e4 ,a4 ,skinner1 ,westfield1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sardius ,steward1 ,ashville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,john ,h4 ,vincent1 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,amos ,k4 ,warren1 ,mayville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,w4 ,w4 ,wythe1 ,chautauqua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,first ,,trustees ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,institution 7#ahih7 ,general ,officers ,john ,h4 ,vincent1 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,episcopal 7the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church--,simpson7 ,page #ajh1 every-popular changed to ever-popular 7ever-popular ,pansy7 ,page #aji1 reconcilation changed to reconciliation 7ever needed a reconciliation7 ,page #aag1 tweny-four changed to twenty-four 7among the twenty-four7 ,page #adc1 chautauquas changed to ,chautauquas 7,chautauquas1 where this7 ,page #ahd1 ,chautuaqua changed to ,chautauqua 7,chautauqua has assailed7 ,page #ahd1 ,chautuaqua changed to ,chautauqua 7,chautauqua is helping garnish7 ,page #cjc1 platfrom changed to platform 7the same platform7 ,page #cfe1 analagous changed to analogous 7analogous to the ,c4 ,l4 ,s4 ,c47 ,page #djc1 ,hurlburt changed to ,hurlbut 7,president--,j4 ,l4 ,hurlbut7 ,page #dac1 ,pittsburg changed to ,pittsburgh 7,rodman ,st41 ,pittsburgh7 ,page #dbb1 as the index contained no page reference for ,brown1 ,j4 ,w4 and the text contains no reference to a ,j4 ,w4 ,brown1 it is presumed that this refers to ,judge ,willis ,brown and has been edited to reflect that4