,jewi% ,!ology ,sy/ematically & ,hi/orically ,consid]$ ,by ,dr4 ,k4 ,kohl] ,presid5t ,hebrew ,union ,college ,new ,york ,! ,macmillan ,company #aiah ,,cont5ts ,d$ication ,preface ,introductory ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,!ology ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,:at is ,judaism8 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,ess5ce ( ! ,religion ( ,judaism ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,jewi% ,articles ( ,fai? ,"p ,i4 ,god ,a4 ,god ,z ,he ,makes ,himself ,kn[n ,to ,man ,*apt] ,v4 ,man's ,consci\sness ( ,god & ,belief 9 ,god ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,revelation1 ,prophecy1 & ,inspiration ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,torah--! ,div9e ,in/ruction ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,god's ,cov5ant ,b4 ,! ,idea ,( ,god ,9 ,judaism ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,god & ! ,gods ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,"n ( ,god ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,god ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,ess5ce ( ,god ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,"o & ,only ,god ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,god's ,omnipot5ce & ,omnisci5ce ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,god's ,omnipres5ce & ,et]nity ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,god's ,hol9ess ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,god's ,wra? & ,puni%m5t ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,god's ,long-suff]+ & ,m]cy ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,god's ,ju/ice ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,god's ,love & ,compassion ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,god's ,tru? & ,fai?fulness ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,god's ,k & ,wisdom ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,god's ,condesc5sion ,c4 ,god ,9 ,relation ,to ,! ,_w ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,! ,_w & its ,ma/] ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,creation ,z ! ,act ( ,god ,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,! ,ma9t5ance & ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,_w ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,miracles & ! ,cosmic ,ord] ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,provid5ce & ! ,moral ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,_w ,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,god & ! ,exi/5ce ( ,evil ,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,god & ! ,angels ,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,satan & ! ,spirits ( ,evil ,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,god & ! ,int]m$i>y ,p[]s ,"p ,,ii4 ,man ,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,man's ,place 9 ,creation ,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,! ,dual ,nature ( ,man ,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,! ,orig9 & ,de/9y ( ,man ,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,god's ,_s 9 ,man ,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,free ,w & ,moral ,responsibility ,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,s9 ,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,rep5tance ,or ! ,return ,to ,god ,*apt] ,,xl4 ,man1 ! ,*ild ( ,god ,*apt] ,,xli4 ,pray] & ,sacrifice ,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,! ,nature & ,purpose ( ,pray] ,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,dea? & ! ,future ,life ,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,! ,immortal ,s\l ( ,man ,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,div9e ,retribution3 ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t4 ,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,! ,individual & ! ,race ,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,! ,moral ,elem5ts ( ,civilization ,"p ,,iii4 ,israel ,& ,! ,k+dom ,( ,god ,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,! ,election ( ,israel ,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god & ! ,mission ( ,israel ,*apt] ,l4 ,! ,prie/-p & its ,law ( ,hol9ess ,*apt] ,,li4 ,israel1 ! ,p ( ! ,law1 & its ,_w ,mission ,*apt] ,,lii4 ,israel1 ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 ,m>tyr & ,messiah ,( ! ,nations ,*apt] ,,liii4 ,! ,messianic ,hope ,*apt] ,,liv4 ,resurrection1 a ,national ,hope ,*apt] ,,lv4 ,israel & ! ,hea!n ,nations ,*apt] ,,lvi4 ,! ,/rang] & ! ,proselyte ,*apt] ,,lvii4 ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism1 ! ,daught]-,religions ,( ,judaism ,*apt] ,,lviii4 ,! ,synagogue & its ,in/itutions ,*apt] ,,lix4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,judaism & ! ,k+dom ( ,god ,li/ ,( ,abbreviations ,index ,footnotes ,,d$ication ,to ,! ,memory ,( ,,edw>d ,l4 ,,he9%eim] ,,! ,,lam5t$ ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,gov]nors ,,( ,,! ,,hebrew ,,union ,,college ,,9 ,,:om ,,zeal ,,= ,,! ,,high ,,ideals ,,( ,,judaism ,,& ,,patriotic ,,devotion ,,to ,,our ,,bless$ ,,c\ntry ,,7 ,,nobly ,,embodi$ ,9 ,fri5d%ip ,& ,affection ,,preface ,9 (f]+ h]e) to ! ,engli%-read+ public ! pres5t "w on ,jewi% ,!ology1 ! result ( _m ye>s ( rese>* & ( ye>s ( activity z ,presid5t & tea*] at ! ,hebrew ,union ,college ( ,c9c9nati1 ,i bespeak = x t fairness ( judgm5t to :i* e pione] "w is entitl$4 ,x may seem r /range t no su* "w has hi!rto be5 writt5 by any ( ! lead+ ,jewi% s*ol>s ( ei!r ! cons]vative or ! progressive s*ool4 ,?is c only be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t up to mod]n times ! ,rabb9ical & philosophical lit]ature ( ! ,middle ,ages suffic$ = ! ne$s ( ! /ud5t1 & a sy/ematic exposition ( ! ,jewi% fai? seem$ to be unnecess>y4 ,besides1 a real dem& = ! specific /udy ( ,jewi% !ology 0 sc>cely felt1 inasmu* z ,judaism nev] assign$ to a cre$ ! prom95t position :i* x holds 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,?is v fact induc$ ,moses ,m5delssohn at ! beg9n+ ( ! new era to decl>e t ,judaism 8conta9$ only tru?s dictat$ by reason & no dogmatic beliefs at all40 ,moreov]1 z he 0 r a dei/ ?an a !i/1 he /at$ boldly t ,judaism 8is n a reveal$ religion b a reveal$ law int5d$ solely = ! ,jewi% p z ! vangu>d ( univ]sal mono!ism40 ,by tak+ ?is legali/ic view ( ,judaism 9 common ) ! =m] oppon5ts ( ! ,maimonidean articles ( fai?--:i*1 by ! way1 he _h himself translat$ = ! religi\s in/ruction ( ! ,jewi% y\?--he ex]t$ a det]iorat+ influ5ce ^u ! normal developm5t ( ! ,jewi% fai? "u ! new social conditions4 ,! fact is t ,m5delssohn emancipat$ ! mod]n ,jew f ! ?raldom ( ! ,ghetto1 b n ,judaism4 ,9 ! ,m5delssohnian circle ! impression prevail$1 z we are told1 t ,judaism consi/s ( a sy/em ( =ms1 b is sub/antially no religion at all4 ,! entire ,jewi% r5aissance p]iod :i* foll[$1 *>act]i/ically en\gh1 made ! cultivation ( ! s-call$ sci5ce ( ,judaism its object1 b x neglect$ altoge!r ! :ole field ( ,jewi% !ology4 ,h5ce we look 9 va9 among ! writ+s ( ,rappaport1 ,zunz1 ,jo/ & _! foll[]s1 ! entire ,breslau s*ool1 = any attempt at pres5t+ ! cont5ts ( ,judaism z a sy/em ( fai?4 ,only ! pione]s ( ,re=m ,judaism1 ,geig]1 ,holdheim1 ,samuel ,hirs*1 ,=m/e*]1 ,ludwig ,philippson1 ,leopold ,/e91 ,leopold ,loew1 & ! ,re=m !ologian p> excell5ce ,david ,e9horn1 & likewise1 ,isaac ,m4 ,wise 9 ,am]ica1 made great ef=ts 9 t direction4 ,/ill a sy/em ( ,jewi% !ology 0 want+4 ,accord+ly :51 at ! sugge/ion ( my de> dep>t$ fri5d1 ,dr4 ,gu/av ,k>peles1 ,presid5t ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,judaism 9 ,b]l91 ,i und]took to write a comp5dium 7,grundriss7 ( ,sy/ematic ,jewi% ,!ology1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aiaj z ,vol4 ,,iv 9 a s]ies ( works on ,sy/ematic ,jewi% ,lore 7,grundriss d] ,gesammtwiss5s*aft des ,jud5?ums71 ,i _h no "w be=e me t might h s]v$ me z patt]n or guide4 ,solomon ,s*e*t]'s valuable /udies 7 9 ! ma9 conf9$ to ,rabb9ical ,!ology4 ,z a matt] ( fact ,i accept$ ! task only ) ! und]/&+ t x %\ld be writt5 f ! view-po9t ( hi/orical rese>*1 in/ead ( a m]e dogmatic or doctr9al sy/em4 ,= 9 my op9ion ! ,jewi% religion has nev] be5 /atic1 fix$ = all "t by an ecclesia/ical au?ority1 b has ev] be5 & /ill is ! result ( a dynamic process ( gr[? & developm5t4 ,at ! same "t ,i felt t ,i c\ld n omit ! my/ical elem5t :i* p]vades ! ,jewi% religion 9 common ) all o!rs4 ,z our prophets 7 se]s & n philosoph]s or morali/s1 s div9e inspiration 9 v>y+ degrees con/itut$ a factor ( ,synagogal z well z ,scriptural ,judaism4 ,revelation1 !re=e1 is to be consid]$ z a cont9u\s =ce 9 %ap+ & re%ap+ ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,! religi\s g5ius ( ! ,jew falls )9 ! doma9 ( e?nic psy*ology conc]n+ :i* sci5ce /ill gropes 9 ! d>k1 b :i* progressive ,judaism is b\nd to recognize 9 its effects ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,x is f ?is /&po9t1 tak5 also by ! sa9t$ f\nd] ( ! ,hebrew ,union ,college1 ,isaac ,m4 ,wise1 t ,i h writt5 ?is book4 ,at ! same "t ,i endeavor$ to be1 z x behooves ! hi/orian1 j & fair to ,cons]vative ,judaism1 :i* w ev] claim ! rev]5ce we owe to our *]i%$ pa/1 ! "m t rais$ & nurtur$ u4 ,:ile a "w ( ?is nature _c lay claim to complet5ess1 ,i h attempt$ to cov] ! :ole field ( ,jewi% belief1 includ+ also su* subjects z no long] =m p>ts ( ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! mod]n ,jew4 ,i felt especially call$ ^u to elucidate ! hi/orical relations ( ,judaism to ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an religions & dwell on ! ess5tial po9ts ( div]g5ce f !m4 ,if my language at times has be5 r vigor\s 9 def5se ( ! ,jewi% fai?1 x 0 because ,i 0 =c$ to correct & refute ! prevail+ view ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 ( bo? !ologians & o!rs1 t ,judaism is an inf]ior religion1 clanni% & exclusive1 t x is1 9 fact1 a cult ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,law4 ,x 0 a matt] ( great p]sonal satisfaction to me t ! ,g]man "w on its appe>ance met ) w>m appreciation 9 ! v>i\s !ological j\rnals ( ,am]ica1 ,engl&1 & ,france1 z well z ( ,g]many1 includ+ bo? ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian4 ,i 0 enc\rag$ & urg$ by _m 8soon to make ! book accessible to wid] circles 9 an ,engli% translation40 ,my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,israel ,abrahams ( ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 took su* int]e/ 9 ! book t he induc$ a "y fri5d ( 8 to prep>e an ,engli% v]sion4 ,:ile ?is did n answ] ! purpose1 x 0 helpful to me 9 mak+ me feel t1 in/ead ( a lit]al translation1 a ?or\gh revision & remold+ ( ! book 0 necess>y 9 ord] to pres5t x 9 an acceptable ,engli% g>b4 ,9 pursu+ ?is c\rse1 ,i also enl>g$ ! book 9 _m ways1 especially add+ a new *apt] on ,jewi% ,e?ics1 :i*1 9 connection ) ! idea ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 appe>$ to me to =m a fitt+ culm9ation ( ,jewi% !ology4 ,i h ?us r5d]$ x practically a new "w4 ,& "h ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge my great indebt$ness to my "y fri5d & able pupil1 ,rabbi ,lee ,j4 ,lev+]1 = ! valuable aid he has r5d]$ me & ! pa9/ak+ labor he has k9dly & unselfi%ly p]=m$ 9 go+ ov] my manuscript f beg9n+ to end1 ) a view to revis+ ! diction & also sugge/+ ref]5ces to m rec5t publications 9 ! notes s z to br+ x up to date4 ,i tru/ t ! "w w prove a s\rce ( in=mation & inspiration = bo? /ud5t & layman1 ,jew & non-,jew1 & induce su* z h become indiff]5t to1 or prejudic$ aga9/1 ! tea*+s ( ! ,synagogue1 or ( ,re=m ,judaism 9 p>ticul>1 to take a deep] insight into1 & look up ) a high] reg>d to ! sublime & et]nal v]ities ( ,judaism4 8,give to a wise man1 & he w be yet wis]2 tea* a righte\s man1 & he w increase 9 le>n+40 ,,c9c9nati1 ,novemb]1 #aiag4 ,,introductory ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,!ology #a4 ,! "n ,!ology1 8! tea*+ conc]n+ ,god10 is tak5 f ,greek philosophy4 ,x 0 us$ by ,plato & ,ari/otle to d5ote ! k conc]n+ ,god & ?+s godly1 by :i* !y meant ! bran* ( ,philosophy lat] call$ ,metaphysics1 aft] ,ari/otle4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ! t]m gradually assum$ ! mean+ ( sy/ematic exposition ( ! cre$1 a di/9ction be+ made betwe5 ,rational1 or ,natural ,!ology1 on ! "o h&1 & ,dogmatic ,!ology1 on ! o!r47#a7 ,9 common usage ,!ology is und]/ood to be ! pres5tation ( "o specific sy/em ( fai? aft] "s logical me?od1 & a di/9ction is made betwe5 ,hi/orical & ,sy/ematic ,!ology4 ,! =m] traces ! v>i\s doctr9es ( ! fai? 9 "q ?r\gh ! diff]5t epo*s & /ages ( culture1 %[+ _! hi/orical process ( gr[? & developm5t2 ! latt] pres5ts ^! same doctr9es 9 compreh5sive =m z a fix$ sy/em1 z !y h f9ally be5 elaborat$ & accept$ ^u ! basis ( ! sacr$ scriptures & _! au?oritative int]pretation4 #b4 ,!ology & ,philosophy ( ,religion diff] widely 9 _! "*4 ,!ology deals exclusively ) a specific religion2 9 exp\nd+ "o doctr9al sy/em1 x />ts f a positive belief 9 a div9e revelation & 9 ! cont9u$ work+ ( ! div9e _s1 affect+ also ! int]pretation & fur!r developm5t ( ! sacr$ books4 ,philosophy ( ,religion1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile deal+ ) ! same subject matt] z ,!ology1 treats religion f a g5]al po9t ( view z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 &1 z e philosophy mu/1 )\t any =egone conclusion4 ,consequ5tly x submits ! beliefs & doctr9es ( religion 9 g5]al to an imp>tial inve/igation1 recogniz+ nei!r a div9e revelation nor ! sup]ior claims ( any "o religion above any o!r1 its ma9 object be+ to asc]ta9 h[ f> ! univ]sal laws ( human reason agree or disagree ) ! ass]tions ( fai?47#b7 #c4 ,x is !re=e incorrect to speak ( a ,jewi% religi\s philosophy4 ,?is has no bett] "r to exi/ ?an has ,jewi% metaphysics or ,jewi% ma!matics47#c7 ,! ,jewi% ?9k]s ( ! ,spani%-,arabic p]iod :o endeavor$ to h>monize revelation & reason1 utiliz+ ! ,neo-,platonic philosophy or ! ,ari/otelian ) a ,neo-,platonic color+1 betray by _! v conceptions ( revelation & prophecy ! influ5ce ( ,mohamm$an !ology2 ?is 0 really a graft ( metaphysics on !ology & call$ itself ! 8div9e sci5ce10 a t]m correspond+ exactly ) ! ,greek 8!ology40 ,! s-call$ ,jewi% religi\s philosoph]s adopt$ bo? ! me?ods & t]m9ology ( ! ,mohamm$an !ologians1 attempt+ to pres5t ! doctr9es ( ! ,jewi% fai? 9 ! light ( philosophy1 z tru? bas$ on reason4 ,?us !y claim$ to con/ruct a ,jewi% !ology ^u ! f\ndation ( a philosophy ( religion4 ,b nei!r !y nor _! ,mohamm$an pr$ecessors succe$$ 9 work+ out a complete sy/em ( !ology4 ,!y left unt\*$ ess5tial elem5ts ( religion :i* d n come )9 ! sph]e ( rational v]ities1 & did n give prop] appreciation to ! ri* treasures ( fai? deposit$ 9 ! ,biblical & ,rabb9ical lit]ature4 ,nor does ! compreh5sive !ological sy/em ( ,maimonides1 :i* = c5turies l>gely %ap$ ! intellectual life ( ! ,jew1 =m an exception4 ,only ! my/ics1 ,bahya at _! head1 paid att5tion to ! spiritual side ( ,judaism1 dwell+ at l5g? on su* !mes z pray] & rep5tance1 div9e =giv5ess & hol9ess4 #d4 ,clos] acqua9tance ) ! religi\s & philosophical sy/ems ( mod]n times has creat$ a new dem& = a ,jewi% !ology by :i* ! ,jew c compreh5d 8 own religi\s tru?s 9 ! light ( mod]n ?\ght1 & at ! same "t def5d !m aga9/ ! aggressive attitude ( ! rul+ religi\s sects4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 ! attempts made 9 ?is direction are b feeble & sporadic2 if ! /ructure is n to /& altoge!r 9 ! air1 ! necess>y mat]ial mu/ be br\ght toge!r f its _m s\rces ) pa9/ak+ labor47#d7 ,! special difficulty 9 ! task lies 9 ! radical diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 our view ( ! pa/ & t ( ! ,biblical & m$ieval writ]s4 ,all ^? ?+s :i* h h]et(ore be5 tak5 z facts because relat$ 9 ! sacr$ books or o!r traditional s\rces1 are view$ to-day ) critical eyes1 & are n[ reg>d$ z m or less color$ by human impression or condition$ by human judgm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 we h le>n$ to di/+ui% betwe5 subjective & objective tru?s17#e7 :]eas !ology by its v nature deals ) tru? z absolute4 ,?is makes x imp]ative = u to inve/igate hi/orically ! lead+ idea or fundam5tal pr9ciple und]ly+ a doctr9e1 to note ! diff]5t conceptions =m$ at v>i\s /ages1 & trace its process ( gr[?4 ,at times1 inde$1 we may f9d t ! views ( "o age h r tak5 a backw>d /ep & fall5 bel[ ! orig9al /&>d4 ,! progress ne$ n be uni=m1 b we mu/ /ill trace its c\rse4 #e4 ,we mu/ recognize at ! outset t ,jewi% !ology _c assume ! "* ( apologetics1 if x is to accompli% its great task ( =mulat+ religi\s tru? z x exi/s 9 our consci\sness to-day4 ,x c no m af=d to ignore ! e/abli%$ results ( mod]n l+ui/ic1 e?nological1 & hi/orical rese>*1 ( ,biblical criticism & comp>ative religion1 ?an x c ! undisput$ facts ( natural sci5ce1 h[ev] mu* any ( ^! may conflict ) ! ,biblical view ( ! cosmos4 ,apologetics has its legitimate place to prove & def5d ! tru?s ( ,jewi% !ology aga9/ o!r sy/ems ( belief & ?\ght1 b _c prop]ly def5d ei!r ,biblical or ,talmudic /atem5ts by me?ods incompatible ) sci5tific inve/igation4 ,judaism is a religion ( hi/orical gr[?1 :i*1 f> f claim+ to be ! f9al tru?1 is ev] reg5]at$ anew at ea* turn+ po9t ( hi/ory4 ,! fall ( ! leaves at autumn requires no apology1 = ea* successive spr+ te/ifies anew to nature's p[] ( resurrection4 ,! object ( a sy/ematic !ology ( ,judaism1 accord+ly1 is to s+le out ! ess5tial =ces ( ! fai?4 ,x !n w become evid5t h[ ^! fundam5tal doctr9es possess a vitality1 a /r5g? ( conviction1 z well z an adaptability to v>y+ conditions1 :i* make !m pot5t factors amid/ all *anges ( "t & circum/ance4 ,accord+ to ,rabb9ical tradition1 ! brok5 tablets ( ! cov5ant 7 deposit$ 9 ! ark beside ! new4 ,9 l mann] ! tru?s held sacr$ by ! pa/1 b f\nd inadequate 9 _! expression = a new g5]ation1 mu/ be plac$ side by side ) ! deep] & m cl>ifi$ tru?s ( an advanc$ age1 t !y may appe> toge!r z ! "o div9e tru? reflect$ 9 diff]5t rays ( light4 #f4 ,jewi% !ology diff]s radically f ,*ri/ian !ology 9 ! foll[+ ?ree po9ts3 ,a4 ,! !ology ( ,*ri/ianity deals ) articles ( fai? =mulat$ by ! f\nd]s & heads ( ! ,*ur* z conditions ( salvation1 s t any alt]ation 9 favor ( free ?\ght ?reat5s to und]m9e ! v plan ( salvation ^u :i* ! ,*ur* 0 f\nd$4 ,judaism recognizes only su* articles ( fai? z 7 adopt$ by ! p volunt>ily z expressions ( _! religi\s consci\sness1 bo? )\t ext]nal compulsion & )\t do+ viol5ce to ! dictates ( reason4 ,judaism does n "k salvation by fai? 9 ! s5se ( ,paul1 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,*ur*1 :o decl>$ ! bl9d acceptance ( belief to be 9 itself m]itori\s4 ,x d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any irreconcilable opposition betwe5 fai? & reason4 ,b4 ,*ri/ian !ology re/s ^u a =mula ( confession1 ! s-call$ ,symbolum ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*17#f7 :i* alone makes "o a ,*ri/ian4 ,judaism has no su* =mula ( confession :i* r5d]s a ,jew a ,jew4 ,no ecclesia/ical au?ority ev] dictat$ or regulat$ ! belief ( ! ,jew2 8 fai? has be5 voic$ 9 ! solemn liturgical =m ( pray]1 & has ev] reta9$ its fre%ness & vigor ( ?\ght 9 ! consci\sness ( ! p4 ,?is p>tly acc\nts = ! antipa?y t[>d any k9d ( dogma or cre$ among ,jews4 ,c4 ,! cre$ is a conditio s9e qua non ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,to disbelieve its dogmas is to cut oneself loose f memb]%ip4 ,judaism is q diff]5t4 ,! ,jew is born into x & _c extricate himself f x ev5 by ! r5unciation ( 8 fai?1 :i* w\ld b r5d] him an apo/ate ,jew4 ,?is condition exi/s1 because ! racial community =m$1 & /ill =ms1 ! basis ( ! religi\s community4 ,x is bir?1 n confession1 t imposes on ! ,jew ! obligation to "w & /rive = ! et]nal v]ities ( ,israel1 = ! pres]vation & propagation ( :i* he has be5 *os5 by ! ,god ( hi/ory4 #g4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is t ! aim & end ( ,judaism is n s mu* ! salvation ( ! s\l 9 ! h]eaft] z ! salvation ( humanity 9 hi/ory4 ,its !ology1 !re=e1 mu/ recognize ! hi/ory ( human progress1 ) :i* x is s closely int]wov54 ,x does n1 !re=e1 claim to (f] ! f9al or absolute tru?1 z does ,*ri/ian !ology1 :e!r or?odox or lib]al4 ,x simply po9ts out ! way lead+ to ! highe/ obta9able tru?4 ,f9al & p]fect tru? is held =? z ! ideal ( all human se>*+ & /riv+1 toge!r ) p]fect ju/ice1 righte\sness1 & peace1 to be atta9$ z ! v end ( hi/ory4 ,a sy/ematic !ology ( ,judaism mu/1 accord+ly1 cont5t itself ) pres5t+ ,jewi% doctr9e & belief 9 relation to ! mo/ advanc$ sci5tific & philosophical ideas ( ! age1 s z to (f] a compreh5sive view ( life & ! _w 78,leb5s- und ,weltans*auung072 b x by no means claims = !m ! "* ( f9ality4 ,! unfold+ ( ,judaism's tru?s w be complet$ only :5 all mank9d has atta9$ ! heights ( ,zion's m\nt ( vision1 z beheld by ! prophets ( ,israel47#g7 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,:at is ,judaism8 #a4 ,x is v difficult to give an exact def9ition ( ,judaism because ( its peculi>ly complex "*47#h7 ,x comb9es two widely diff]+ elem5ts1 & :5 !y are br\ght out sep>ately1 ! aspect ( ! :ole is n tak5 suffici5tly into acc\nt4 ,religion & race =m an insep>able :ole 9 ,judaism4 ,! ,jewi% p /& 9 ! same relation to ,judaism z ! body to ! s\l4 ,! national or racial body ( ,judaism consi/s ( ! remnant ( ! tribe ( ,judah :i* succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a new commonweal? 9 ,juda 9 place ( ! anci5t ,israeliti% k+dom1 & :i* surviv$ ! d[nfall ( /ate & temple to cont9ue its exi/5ce z a sep>ate p dur+ a disp]sion ov] ! globe = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 =m+ ev] a cosmopolitan elem5t among all ! nations 9 ^: l&s x dwelt4 ,judaism1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! religi\s sy/em itself1 ! vital elem5t :i* unit$ ! ,jewi% p1 pres]v+ x & reg5]at+ x ev] anew4 ,x is ! _s :i* end[$ ! h&ful ( ,jews ) a p[] ( resi/ance & a f]vor ( fai? unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory1 enabl+ !m to p]sev]e 9 ! mighty conte/ ) hea!nism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,x made ( !m a nation ( m>tyrs & ?9k]s1 suff]+ & /ruggl+ = ! cause ( tru? & ju/ice1 yet =m+1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 a pot5t factor 9 all ! great intellectual movem5ts :i* are ultimately to w9 ! entire g5tile _w = ! pure/ & l(tie/ tru?s conc]n+ ,god & man4 #b4 ,judaism1 accord+ly1 does n d5ote ! ,jewi% nationality1 ) its political & cultural a*ievem5ts & aspirations1 z ^? :o h lo/ fai? 9 ! religi\s mission ( ,israel w\ld h x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n a nomi/ic or legali/ic religion conf9$ to ! ,jewi% p1 z is ma9ta9$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s1 :o1 lack+ a full appreciation ( its l(ty _w-wide purpose & its cosmopolitan & humanit>ian "*1 claim t x has surr5d]$ its univ]sal prophetic tru?s to ,*ri/ianity4 ,nor %\ld x be pres5t$ z a religion ( pure ,!ism1 aim+ to unite all believ]s 9 "o ,god into a ,*ur* ,univ]sal1 ( :i* c]ta9 vision>ies dream4 ,judaism is no?+ less ?an a message conc]n+ ! ,"o & holy ,god & "o1 undivid$ humanity ) a _w-unit+ ,messianic goal1 a message intru/$ by div9e revelation to ! ,jewi% p4 ,?us ,israel is its prophetic h>b+] & prie/ly gu>dian1 its witness & def5d] ?r\gh\t ! ages1 :o is nev] to falt] 9 ! task ( uphold+ & unfold+ its tru?s until !y h become ! possession ( ! :ole human race4 #c4 ,ow+ to ?is tw(old nature ( a univ]sal religi\s tru? & at ! same "t a mission intru/$ to a specially select$ nation or race1 ,judaism (f]s 9 a s5se ! %>pe/ contra/s imag9able1 :i* r5d] x an enigma to ! /ud5t ( religion & hi/ory1 & make him (t5 incapable ( imp>tial judgm5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 x %[s ! mo/ t5aci\s adh]5ce to =ms orig9ally int5d$ to pres]ve ! ,jewi% p 9 its prie/ly sanctity & sep>at5ess1 & !reby also to keep its religi\s tru?s pure & free f encroa*m5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x manife/s a mighty impulse to come into close t\* ) ! v>i\s civiliz$ nations1 p>tly 9 ord] to dissem9ate among !m its sublime tru?s1 appeal+ alike to m9d & he>t1 p>tly to cl>ify & deep5 ^? tru?s by assimilat+ ! wisdom & culture ( ^! v nations4 ,?us ! _s ( sep>atism & ( univ]salism "w 9 opposite directions4 ,/ill1 h[ev] ho/ile ! two elem5ts may appe>1 !y emanate f ! same s\rce4 ,= ! ,jewi% p1 unlike any o!r civilization ( antiquity1 ent]$ hi/ory ) ! pr\d claim t x possess$ a tru? de/9$ to become "s day ! prop]ty ( mank9d1 & its ?ree ?\s& ye>s ( hi/ory h v]ifi$ ?is claim4 ,israel's relation to ! _w ?us became a d\ble "o4 ,its prie/ly _w-mission gave rise to all ^? laws & cu/oms :i* 7 to sep>ate x f its idolatr\s surr\nd+s1 & ?is occasion$ ! *>ge ( ho/ility to ! nations4 ,! accusation ( ,jewi% misan?ropy occurr$ z e>ly z ! ,balaam & ,haman /ories4 ,z ! sep>ation cont9u$ ?r\gh ! c5turies1 a deep-seat$ ,jew-hatr$ sprang up1 fir/ 9 ,alex&ria & ,rome1 !n becom+ a consum+ fire ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 unqu5*$ ?r\gh ! ages & bur/+ =? anew1 ev5 f ! mid/ ( w\ld-be lib]als4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ,israel's prophetic ideal ( a humanity unit$ 9 ju/ice & peace gave to hi/ory a new mean+ & a l>g] outlook1 k9dl+ 9 ! s\ls ( all truly great lead]s & tea*]s1 se]s & sages ( mank9d a love & long+ = ! broad5+ ( humanity :i* op5$ new av5ues ( progress & lib]ty4 ,moreov]1 by its conception ( man z ! image ( ,god & its tea*+ ( righte\sness z ! true pa? ( life1 ,israel's ,law e/abli%$ a new /&>d ( human wor? & put ! impr9t ( ,jewi% idealism ^u ! entire ,aryan civilization4 ,ow+ to ^! two oppos+ =ces1 ! "o c5tripetal1 ! o!r c5trifugal1 ,judaism t5d$ n[ inw>d1 away f _w-culture1 n[ outw>d t[>d ! le>n+ & ! ?\ght ( all nations2 & ?is makes x d\bly difficult to obta9 a true e/imate ( its "*4 ,b1 aft] all1 ^! v curr5ts & c\nt]-curr5ts at ! diff]5t eras ( hi/ory kept ,judaism 9 cont9u\s t5sion & fluctuation1 prev5t+ its /agnation by dogmatic =mulas & its division by ecclesia/ical diss5sions4 8,bo? words are ! words ( ! liv+ ,god0 became ! maxim ( ! cont5d+ s*ools47#i7 #d4 ,if we n[ ask :at p]iod we may fix z ! beg9n+ ( ,judaism1 we mu/ by no means s+le out ! decisive mom5t :5 ,ezra ! ,scribe e/abli%$ ! new commonweal? ( ,juda1 bas$ ^u ! ,mosaic book ( ,law1 & exclud+ ! ,sam>itans :o claim$ to be ! heirs ( anci5t ,israel4 ,?is important /ep 0 b ! climax1 ! fruitage ( t religi\s _s eng5d]$ by ! ,judaism ( ! ,babylonian exile4 ,! ,captivity _h become a ref9+ furnace = ! p1 mak+ !m cl+ ) a zeal unkn[n be=e to ! tea*+s ( ! prophets1 n[ (f]$ by _! disciples1 & to ! laws1 z pres]v$ by ! prie/ly guilds2 s ! religi\s treasures ( ! few became ! common prop]ty ( ! _m1 & 7 soon reg>d$ z 8! inh]itance ( ! :ole congregation ( ,jacob40 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,ezra repres5ts ! culm9ation r ?an ! />t+ po9t ( ! great spiritual reawak5+1 :5 he came f ,babylon ) a complete ,code ( ,law1 & promulgat$ x 9 ! ,holy ,city to a wor%ipful congregation47#aj7 ,x 0 ,judaism1 w+$ ) a new _s1 :i* c>ri$ ! great unkn[n se] ( ! ,exile to ! v p9nacle ( prophetic vision1 & made ! ,psalmi/s r+ =? f ! h>p ( ,david ! deepe/ s\l-/irr+ notes ( religi\s devotion & aspiration t ev] mov$ ! he>ts ( m54 ,moreov]1 all ! great tru?s ( prophetic revelation1 ( legislative & popul> wisdom1 7 !n collect$ & focus$1 creat+ a sacr$ lit]ature :i* 0 to s]ve ! :ole community z ! s\rce ( in/ruction1 consolation1 & edification4 ,! p[]ful & unique in/itutions ( ! ,synagogue1 int5d$ = common in/ruction & devotion1 are altoge!r creations ( ! ,exile1 & replac$ ! =m] prie/ly ,torah by ! ,torah = ! p4 ,m wond]ful /ill1 ! prie/ly lore ( anci5t ,babylon 0 trans=m$ by sublime mono!i/ic tru?s & utiliz$ 9 ! =mation ( a sacr$ lit]ature2 x 0 plac$ be=e ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew patri>*s1 to =m1 z x 71 an introduction to ! ,bible ( humanity4 ,judaism1 !n1 f> f be+ ! late product ( ! ,torah & tradition1 z x is (t5 consid]$1 0 actually ! creator ( ! ,law4 ,trans=m$ & unfold$ 9 ,babylonia1 x creat$ its own sacr$ lit]ature & %ap$ x ev] anew1 fill+ x always ) its own _s & ) new ?\ghts4 ,x is by no means ! petrifaction ( ! ,mosaic law & ! prophetic tea*+s1 z we are s (t5 told1 b a cont9u\s process ( unfold+ & reg5]ation ( its great religi\s tru?4 #e4 ,true en\gh1 traditional or or?odox ,judaism does n %>e ?is view4 ,! idea ( gradual developm5t is preclud$ by its conception ( div9e revelation1 by its doctr9e t bo? ! oral & ! writt5 ,torah 7 giv5 at ,s9ai complete & un*angeable = all "t4 ,x makes all[ance only = special in/itutions begun ei!r by ! prophets1 by ,ezra & ! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue1 8 associates1 or by ! ma/]s ( ! ,law 9 succe$+ c5turies4 ,nev]!less1 tradition says t ! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue !mselves collect$ & p>tly complet$ ! sacr$ books1 except ! five books ( ,moses1 & t ! canon 0 made "u ! influ5ce ( ! holy _s4 ,?is holy _s rema9$ 9 =ce also dur+ ! creative p]iod ( ,talmudism1 sanction+ innovations or alt]ations ( _m k9ds47#aa7 ,mod]n critical & hi/orical rese>* has taught u to di/+ui% ! products ( diff]5t p]iods & /ages ( developm5t 9 bo? ! ,biblical & ,rabb9ical s\rces1 & !re=e compels u to reject ! idea ( a uni=m orig9 ( ! ,law1 & also ( an un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( tradition rea*+ back to ,moses on ,s9ai4 ,!re=e we mu/ atta* /ill m importance to ! process ( trans=mation :i* ,judaism _h to und]go ?r\gh ! c5turies47#ab7 ,judaism manife/$ its wondr\s p[] ( assimilation by r5ew+ itself to meet ! dem&s ( ! "t1 fir/ "u ! influ5ce ( ! anci5t civilizations1 ,babylonia & ,p]sia1 !n ( ,greece & ,rome1 f9ally ( ! ,occid5tal p[]s1 mold+ its religi\s tru?s & cu/oms 9 ev] new =ms1 b all 9 consonance ) its own g5ius4 ,x adopt$ ! ,babylonian & ,p]sian views ( ! h]eaft]1 ( ! upp] & ! ne!r _w ) _! angels & demons2 s lat] on x incorporat$ into its religi\s & legal sy/em elem5ts ( ,greek & ,egyptian gno/icism1 ,greek philosophy1 & me?ods ( jurisprud5ce f ,egypt1 ,babylon1 & ,rome4 ,9 fact1 ! v>i\s p>ties :i* arose dur+ ! second ,temple beside ea* o!r or successively--,sadducees & ,ph>isees1 ,ess5es & ,zealots--repres5t1 on clos] obs]vation1 ! diff]5t /ages 9 ! process ( assimilation :i* ,judaism _h to und]go4 ,9 l mann]1 ! ,hell5i/ic1 ,apocryphal & ,apocalyptic lit]ature1 :i* 0 reject$ & lo/ to sight by traditional ,judaism1 & :i* p>tly fills ! gap betwe5 ! ,bible & ! ,talmudic writ+s1 ca/s a flood ( light ^u ! developm5t ( ! ,halakah & ! ,haggadah4 ,j z ! book ( ,ezekiel1 :i* 0 almo/ exclud$ f ! ,canon on acc\nt ( its div]g5ce f ! ,mosaic ,law1 has be5 helpful 9 trac+ ! developm5t ( ! ,prie/ly ,code17#ac7 s ! ,sadduceean book ( ,b5 ,sira7#ad7 & ! ,zealotic book ( ,jubilees7#ae7--n to m5tion ! v>i\s ,apocalyptic works--?r[ _! se>*light ^u pre-,talmudic ,judaism4 #f4 ,in/ead ( repres5t+ ,judaism--z ! ,*ri/ian !ologians d "u ! guise ( sci5tific me?ods--z a nomi/ic religion1 c>+ only = ! ext]nal obs]vance ( ! ,law1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% two opposite fundam5tal t5d5cies2 ! "o express+ ! _s ( legali/ic nationalism1 ! o!r t ( e?ical or prophetic univ]salism4 ,^! two "w by turn1 direct+ ! g5]al tr5d 9 ! "o or ! o!r direction accord+ to circum/ances4 ,at "o "t ! c5t] & focus ( ,israel's religion is ! ,mosaic ,law1 ) its sacrificial cult 9 *>ge ( ! prie/hood ( ,j]usalem's ,temple2 at ano!r "t x is ! ,synagogue1 ) its congregational devotion & public in/ruction1 its inspir+ song ( ! ,psalmi/ & its prophetic consolation & hope conf9$ to no n>r[ t]ritory1 b op5$ wide = a li/5+ _w4 ,"h x is ! reign ( ! ,halakah hold+ fa/ to ! =m ( tradition1 & !re ! free & fanciful ,haggadah1 ) its appeal to ! s5tim5ts & views ( ! p4 ,"h x is ! _s ( ritualism1 b5t on sep>at+ ! ,jews f ! influ5ce ( =eign elem5ts1 & !re aga9 ! _s ( rationalism1 eag] to take "p 9 g5]al culture & 9 ! progress ( ! outside _w4 ,! lib]al views ( ,maimonides & ,g]sonides conc]n+ miracle & revelation1 ,god & immortality 7 sc>cely %>$ by ! majority ( ,jews1 :o1 no d\bt1 sid$ r ) ! my/ics1 & f\nd _! m\?piece 9 ,abraham b5 ,david ( ,posqui]es1 ! fi]ce oppon5t ( ,maimonides4 ,an imp>tial ,jewi% !ology mu/ !re=e take cognizance ( bo? sides2 x mu/ include ! my/icism ( ,isaac ,luria & ,sabba?ai ,horwitz z well z ! rationalism ( ,albo & ,leo da ,mod5a4 ,:]ev] is voic$ a new doctr9e or a new view ( life & life's duty1 :i* yet be>s ! impr9t ( ! ,jewi% consci\sness1 !re ! well-spr+ ( div9e inspiration is se5 p\r+ =? its liv+ wat]s4 #g4 ,ev5 ! late/ int]pretation ( ! ,law1 (f]$ by a disciple :o is recogniz$ = true consci5ti\sness 9 religion1 0 reveal$ to ,moses on ,s9ai1 accord+ to a ,rabb9ical dictum47#af7 ,?us is exquisitely express$ ! idea ( a cont9u\s developm5t ( ,israel's religi\s tru?4 ,z a safegu>d aga9/ arbitr>y individualism1 !re 0 ! pr9ciple ( loyalty & prop] reg>d = tradition1 :i* is aptly t]m$ by ,pr(essor ,laz>us a 8hi/orical cont9uity407#ag7 ,! ,midra%ic /atem5t is q significant t o!r cre$s f\nd$ on our ,bible c only adh]e to ! lett]1 b ! ,jewi% religion possesses ! key to ! deep] mean+ hidd5 & pres5t$ 9 ! traditional int]pretation ( ! ,scriptures47#ah7 ,t is1 = ,judaism ,holy ,scripture 9 its lit]al s5se is n ! f9al ^w ( ,god2 ! ,bible is r a liv+ spr+ ( div9e revelation1 to be kept ev] fre% & fl[+ by ! active =ce ( ! _s4 ,to sum up3 ,judaism1 f> f (f]+ a sy/em ( beliefs & c]emonies fix$ = all "t1 is z multif>i\s & manifold 9 its aspects z is life itself4 ,x comprises all phases & *>act]i/ics ( bo? a national & a _w religion4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,ess5ce ( ! ,religion ( ,judaism #a4 ,we h se5 h[ difficult x is to def9e ,judaism cle>ly & adequately1 includ+ its manifold t5d5cies & in/itutions4 ,/ill x is necess>y t we rea* a full und]/&+ ( ! ess5ce ( ,judaism z x manife/$ itself 9 all p]iods ( its hi/ory17#ai7 & t we s+le out ! fundam5tal idea :i* und]lies its v>i\s =ms ( exi/5ce & its diff]5t movem5ts1 bo? intellectual & spiritual4 ,!re c be no disput+ ! fact t ! c5tral idea ( ,judaism & its life purpose is ! doctr9e ( ! ,"o ,only & ,holy ,god1 ^: k+dom ( tru?1 ju/ice & peace is to be univ]sally e/abli%$ at ! end ( "t4 ,?is is ! ma9 tea*+ ( ,scripture & ! hope voic$ 9 ! liturgy2 :ile ,israel's mission to def5d1 to unfold & to propagate ?is tru? is a coroll>y ( ! doctr9e itself & _c be sep>at$ f x4 ,:e!r we reg>d x z ,law or a sy/em ( doctr9e1 z religi\s tru? or _w-mission1 ?is belief pl$g$ ! little tribe ( ,judah to a w>f>e ( _m ?\s&s ( ye>s aga9/ ! hordes ( hea!ndom ) all _! idolatry & brutality1 _! deification ( man & _! degradation ( deity to human rank4 ,x betok5$ a battle = ! pure idea ( ,god & man1 :i* is n to end until ! pr9ciple ( div9e hol9ess has done away ) e =m ( life t t5ds to degrade & to disunite mank9d1 & until ,israel's ,only ,"o has become ! unify+ p[] & ! highe/ ideal ( all humanity4 #b4 ,( ?is great _w-duty ( ,israel only ! few w ev] become fully consci\s4 ,z 9 ! days ( ! prophets1 s 9 lat] p]iods1 only a 8small remnant0 0 fully imbu$ ) ! l(ty ideal4 ,9 times ( oppression ! great multitude ( ! p p]si/$ 9 a consci5ti\s obs]vance ( ! ,law & und]w5t suff]+ )\t a murmur4 ,yet 9 times ( lib]ty & enlight5m5t ?is same majority (t5 neglects to assimilate ! new culture to its own sup]ior _s1 b in/ead eag]ly assimilates itself to ! surr\nd+ _w1 & !reby loses mu* ( its intr9sic /r5g? & self-respect4 ,! p5dulum ( ?\ght & s5tim5t sw+s to & fro betwe5 ! national & ! univ]sal ideals1 :ile only a few matur] m9ds h a cle> vision ( ! goal z x is to be rea*$ along bo? l9es ( developm5t4 ,nev]!less1 ,judaism is 9 a true s5se a religion ( ! p4 ,x is free f all prie/ly tutelage & hi]>*ical int]f]5ce4 ,x has no ecclesia/ical sy/em ( belief1 gu>d$ & sup]vis$ by m5 inve/$ ) sup]ior p[]s4 ,its tea*]s & lead]s h always be5 m5 f among ! p1 l ! prophets ( yore1 ) no sac]dotal privilege or title2 9 fact1 9 8 own h\sehold ea* fa!r is ! ,god-appo9t$ tea*] ( 8 *ildr547#bj7 #c4 ,nei!r is ,judaism ! creation ( a s+le p]son1 ei!r prophet or a man ) div9e claims4 ,x po9ts back to ! patri>*s z its fir/ s\rce ( revelation4 ,x speaks n ( ! ,god ( ,moses1 ( ,amos & ,isaiah1 b ( ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 !reby decl>+ ! ,jewi% g5ius to be ! creator ( its own religi\s ideas4 ,x is !re=e incorrect to speak ( a 8,mosaic10 8,hebrew10 or 8,israeliti%10 religion4 ,! "n ,judaism alone expresses ! pres]vation ( ! religi\s h]itage ( ,israel by ! tribe ( ,judah1 ) a loyalty :i* 0 fir/ display$ by ,judah himself 9 ! patri>*al h\sehold1 & :i* became its *>act]i/ic virtue 9 ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s tribes4 ,likewise ! rigid measures ( ,ezra 9 expell+ all =eign elem5ts f ! new commonweal? prov$ in/rum5tal 9 impress+ loyalty & piety ^u ,jewi% family life4 #d4 ,z x 0 b\nd up ) ! life ( ! ,jewi% p1 ,judaism rema9$ =ev] 9 close t\* ) ! _w4 ,!re=e x appreciat$ adequately ! boons ( life1 & escap$ be+ r$uc$ to ! %ad[y =m ( 8o!rworldl9ess407#ba7 ,x is a religion ( life1 :i* x wi%es to sanctify by duty r ?an by lay+ /ress on ! h]eaft]4 ,x looks to ! de$ & ! purity ( ! motive1 n to ! empty cre$ & ! bl9d belief4 ,nor is x a religion ( r$emption1 contemn+ ?is e>?ly life2 = ,judaism repudiates ! assumption ( a radical p[] ( evil 9 man or 9 ! _w4 ,fai? 9 ! ultimate triumph ( ! good is ess5tial to x4 ,9 fact1 ?is p]fect confid5ce 9 ! f9al victory ( tru? & ju/ice ov] all ! p[]s ( falsehood & wrong l5t x bo? its wondr\s intellectual =ce & its high idealism1 & adorn$ its adh]5ts ) ! m>tyr's cr[n ( ?orns1 su* z no o!r human br[ has ev] borne4 #e4 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam1 not)/&+ _! ali5ation f ,judaism & frequ5t ho/ility1 are /ill daught]-religions4 ,9 s f> z !y h s[n ! se$s ( ,jewi% tru? ov] all ! globe & h done _! %>e 9 upbuild+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god on e>?1 !y mu/ be recogniz$ z div9ely appo9t$ emiss>ies & ag5cies4 ,/ill ,judaism sets =? its doctr9e ( ,god's unity & ( life's hol9ess 9 a f> sup]ior =m ?an does ,*ri/ianity4 ,x nei!r p]mits ! deity to be degrad$ into ! sph]e ( ! s5sual & human1 nor does x base its morality ^u a love b]eft ( ! vital pr9ciple ( ju/ice4 ,aga9/ ! rigid mono!ism ( ,islam1 :i* dem&s bl9d submission to ! /]n decrees ( inexorable fate1 ,judaism on ! o!r h& urges its belief 9 ,god's pat]nal love & m]cy1 :i* educates all ! *ildr5 ( m51 ?r\gh trial & suff]+1 = _! high de/9y4 #f4 ,judaism d5ies mo/ emphatically ! "r ( ,*ri/ianity or any o!r religion to arrogate to itself ! title ( 8! absolute religion0 or to claim to be 8! f9e/ blossom & ! ripe/ fruit ( religi\s developm5t40 ,z if any mortal man at any "t or "u any condition c\ld say )\t presumption3 8,i am ! ,tru?0 or 8,no "o come? unto ! ,fa!r b by me407#bb7 8,:5 man 0 to proce$ f ! h&s ( 8 ,mak]10 says ! ,midra%1 8! ,holy ,"o1 ,bless$ be ,8 "n1 ca/ tru? d[n to ! e>?1 say+1 #8,let tru? spr+ =? f ! e>?1 & righte\sness look d[n f heav54' 07#bc7 ,! full unfold+ ( ! religi\s & moral life ( mank9d is ! "w ( c\ntless g5]ations yet to come1 & _m div9e h]alds ( tru? & righte\sness h yet to contribute _! %>e4 ,9 ?is "w ( untold ages1 ,judaism claims t x has a*iev$ & is /ill a*iev+ its full "p z ! prophetic _w-religion4 ,its law ( righte\sness1 :i* takes = its scope ! :ole ( human life1 9 its political & social relations z well z its p]sonal aspects1 =ms ! f\ndation ( its e?ics = all "t2 :ile its hope = a future realization ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god has actually become ! aim ( human hi/ory4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :5 ! true object ( religion is ! hall[+ ( life r ?an ! salvation ( ! s\l1 !re is little room left = sect>ian exclusiv5ess1 or = a heav5 = believ]s & a hell = unbeliev]s4 ,) ?is broad outlook ^u life1 ,judaism lays claim1 n to p]fection1 b to p]fectibility2 x has supreme capacity = gr[+ t[>d ! highe/ ideals ( mank9d1 z beheld by ! prophets 9 _! ,messianic visions4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,jewi% ,articles ( ,fai? #a4 ,9 ord] to rea* a cle> op9ion1 :e!r or n ,judaism has articles ( fai? 9 ! s5se ( ,*ur* dogmas1 a "q s mu* discuss$ s9ce ! days ( ,moses ,m5delssohn1 x seems necess>y fir/ to asc]ta9 :at fai? 9 g5]al means to ! ,jew47#bd7 ,n[ ! ^w us$ 9 ,jewi% lit]ature = fai? is ,emunah1 f ! root ,aman1 to be firm2 ?is d5otes firm reliance ^u ,god1 & likewise firm adh]5ce to him1 h5ce bo? fai? & fai?fulness4 ,bo? ,scripture & ! ,rabbis dem&$ confid+ tru/ 9 ,god1 ,8 mess5g]s1 & ,8 words1 n ! =mal acceptance ( a prescrib$ belief47#be7 ,only :5 contact ) ! non-,jewi% _w emphasiz$ ! ne$ = a cle> expression ( ! belief 9 ! unity ( ,god1 su* z 0 f\nd 9 ! ,%ema17#bf7 & :5 ! proselyte 0 expect$ to decl>e 9 "s def9ite =m ! fundam5tals ( ! fai? he esp\s$1 0 ! importance ( a concrete confession felt47#bg7 ,accord+ly we f9d ! beg9n+s ( a =mulat$ belief 9 ! synagogal liturgy1 9 ! ,eme? we ,yatzib7#bh7 & ! ,al5u17#bi7 :ile 9 ! ,haggadah ,abraham is repres5t$ bo? z ! exempl> ( a h]o ( fai? & z ! type ( a mission>y1 w&]+ ab\t to lead ! hea!n _w t[>ds ! pure mono!i/ic fai?47#cj7 ,:ile ! ,jewi% concept ( fai? und]w5t a c]ta9 trans=mation1 influ5c$ by o!r sy/ems ( belief1 & ! =mulation ( ,jewi% doctr9es appe>$ necess>y1 p>ticul>ly 9 opposition to ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an cre$s1 /ill belief nev] became ! ess5tial "p ( religion1 condition+ salvation1 z 9 ! ,*ur* f\nd$ by ,paul4 ,=1 z po9t$ out above1 ,judaism lays all /ress ^u conduct1 n confession2 ^u a hall[$ life1 n a holl[ cre$4 #b4 ,!re is no ,biblical nor ,rabb9ical precept1 8,?\ %alt believe60 ,jewi% ?9k]s felt all ! m ! ne$ to po9t out z fundam5tals or roots ( ,judaism ^? doctr9es ^u :i* x re/s1 & f :i* x d]ives its vital =ce4 ,to ! rabbis1 ! 8root0 ( fai? is ! recognition ( a div9e ,judge to :om we owe acc\nt = all our do+s47#ca7 ,! recital ( ! ,%ema1 :i* is call$ 9 ! ,mi%nah 8accept+ ! yoke ( ,god's sov]eignty10 & :i* is foll[$ by ! solemn affirmation1 8,true & firm belief is ?is = u07#cb7 7,eme? we ,yatzib or ,eme? we ,emunah71 is1 9 fact1 ! e>lie/ =m ( ! confession ( fai?47#cc7 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ?is confession ( belief 9 ! unity ( ,god 0 no long] deem$ suffici5t to s]ve z basis = ! :ole /ructure ( ,judaism2 s ! v>i\s s*ools & au?orities endeavor$ to "w out 9 detail a s]ies ( fundam5tal doctr9es4 #c4 ,! ,mi%nah1 9 ,sanh$r91 ,x1 #a1 :i* seems to date back to ! beg9n+s ( ,ph>isaism1 decl>es ! foll[+ ?ree to h no %>e 9 ! _w to come3 he :o d5ies ! resurrection ( ! dead2 he :o says t ! ,torah--bo? ! writt5 & ! oral ,law--is n div9ely reveal$2 & ! ,epicurean1 :o does n believe 9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w47#cd7 ,we f9d "h 79 rev]se ord]1 ow+ to hi/orical conditions71 ! beliefs 9 ,revelation1 ,retribution1 & ! ,h]eaft] s+l$ out z ! ?ree fundam5tals ( ,rabb9ical ,judaism4 ,rabbi ,hananel1 ! great ,nor? ,african ,talmudi/1 ab\t ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury1 seems to h be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,mohamm$an & ,k>aite doctr9es1 :5 he speaks ( f\r fundam5tals ( ! fai?3 ,god1 ! prophets1 ! future rew>d & puni%m5t1 & ! ,messiah47#ce7 #d4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,"o & ,only ,god /&s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,philo ( ,alex&ria1 at ! end ( 8 treatise on ,creation1 s+les out five pr9ciples :i* are b\nd up ) x1 viz43 #a1 ,god's exi/5ce & ,8 gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 #b1 ,8 unity2 #c1 ! _w z ,8 creation2 #d1 ! h>moni\s plan by :i* x 0 e/abli%$2 & #e1 ,8 ,provid5ce4 ,josephus1 too1 9 8 apology = ,judaism writt5 aga9/ ,apion17#cf7 emphasizes ! belief 9 ,god's all-encompass+ ,provid5ce1 ,8 incorporeality1 & ,8 self-suffici5cy z ! ,creator ( ! univ]se4 ,! example ( ,islam1 :i* _h v e>ly =mulat$ a confession ( fai? ( speculative "* = daily recitation17#cg7 influ5c$ fir/ ,k>aite & !n ,rabbanite tea*]s to elaborate ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( ,"o ,only ,god into a philosophic cre$4 ,! ,k>aites model$ _! cre$ aft] ! ,mohamm$an patt]n1 :i* gave !m t5 articles ( fai?2 ( ^! ! fir/ ?ree dwelt on3 #a1 creation out ( no?+2 #b1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! ,creator2 #c1 ! unity & incorporeality ( ,god47#ch7 ,abraham b5 ,david 7,ibn ,daud7 ( ,tol$o sets =? 9 8 8,sublime ,fai?0 six ess5tials ( ! ,jewi% fai?3 #a1 ! exi/5ce2 #b1 ! unity2 #c1 ! incorporeality2 #d1 ! omnipot5ce ( ,god 7to ?is he subjo9s ! exi/5ce ( angelic be+s72 #e1 revelation & ! immutability ( ! ,law2 & #f1 div9e ,provid5ce47#ci7 ,maimonides1 ! greate/ ( all m$ieval ?9k]s1 prop\nd$ ?irte5 articles ( fai?1 :i* took ! place ( a cre$ 9 ! ,synagogue = ! foll[+ c5turies1 z !y 7 incorporat$ 9 ! liturgy bo? 9 ! =m ( a cr$o 7,ani ,maam97 & 9 a poetic v]sion4 ,8 fir/ five articles 73 #a1 ! exi/5ce2 #b1 ! unity2 #c1 ! incorporeality2 #d1 ! et]nity ( ,god2 & #e1 t ,he alone %\ld be ! object ( wor%ip2 to :i* we mu/ add 8 #aj?1 div9e ,provid5ce47#dj7 ,o!rs1 n satisfi$ ) ! purely metaphysical =m ( ! ,maimonidean cre$1 acc5tuat$ ! doctr9es ( creation out ( no?+ & special ,provid5ce47#da7 ,?is speculative =m ( fai?1 h[ev]1 has be5 mo/ sev]ely d5\nc$ by ,samuel ,david ,luzzatto 7#ahjj-ahfe7 z 8,atticism027#db7 t is1 ! ,hell5i/ic or philosophic t5d5cy to consid] religion z a purely intellectual sy/em1 in/ead ( ! great dynamic =ce = man's moral & spiritual elevation4 ,he holds t ,judaism1 z ! fai? transmitt$ to u f ,abraham1 our ance/or1 mu/ be consid]$1 n z a m]e speculative mode ( reason+1 b z a moral life =ce1 manife/$ 9 ! practice ( righte\sness & bro!rly love4 ,inde$1 ?is view is support$ by mod]n ,biblical rese>*1 :i* br+s out z ! sali5t po9t 9 ,biblical tea*+ ! e?ical "* ( ! ,god taught by ! prophets1 & %[s t ! ess5tial tru? ( revelation is n to be f\nd 9 a metaphysical b 9 an e?ical mono!ism4 ,at ! same "t1 ! fact mu/ n be ov]look$ t ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( ,god's unity 0 /r5g!n$ 9 ! conte/ ) ! duali/ic & tr9it>ian beliefs ( o!r religions1 & t ?is unity gave ,jewi% ?\ght bo? lucidity & sublimity1 s t x has surpass$ o!r fai?s 9 intellectual p[] & 9 passion = tru?4 ,! ,jewi% conception ( ,god ?us makes tru?1 z well z righte\sness & love1 bo? a moral duty = man & a hi/orical task compris+ all humanity4 #e4 ,! second fundam5tal article ( ! ,jewi% fai? is div9e revelation1 or1 z ! ,mi%nah expresses x1 ! belief t ! ,torah emanates f ,god 7m9 ha %amayim74 ,9 ! ,maimonidean ?irte5 articles1 ?is is divid$ into f\r3 8 #f?1 belief 9 ! prophets2 #g1 9 ! prophecy ( ,moses z ! greate/ ( all2 #h1 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,torah1 bo? ! writt5 & ! oral ,law2 & #i1 its immutability4 ,! fundam5tal "* ( ^!1 h[ev]1 0 conte/$ by ,hisdai ,crescas & 8 disciples1 ,simon ,duran & ,joseph ,albo47#dc7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y are bas$ n s mu* ^u ,rabb9ical tea*+ z ^u ! prevail+ views ( ,mohamm$an !ology17#dd7 & 7 und\bt$ly dictat$ by ! desire to dispute ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity & ,islam t !y repres5t$ a high] revelation4 ,our mod]n hi/orical view1 h[ev]1 includes all human ?\ght & belief2 x !re=e rejects altoge!r ! assumption ( a sup]natural orig9 ( ei!r ! writt5 or ! oral ,torah1 & insi/s t ! subject ( prophecy1 revelation1 & inspiration 9 g5]al be /udi$ 9 ! light ( psy*ology & e?nology1 ( g5]al hi/ory & comp>ative religion4 #f4 ,! ?ird fundam5tal article ( ! ,jewi% fai? is ! belief 9 a moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 :i* manife/s itself 9 ! rew>d ( good & ! puni%m5t ( evil1 ei!r "h or h]eaft]4 ,maimonides divides ?is into two articles1 :i* really belong toge!r1 8 #aj?1 ,god's k ( all human acts & motives1 & #aa1 rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,! latt] includes ! h]eaft] & ! la/ ,day ( ,judgm5t1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 applies to all human be+s4 #g4 ,closely connect$ ) retribution is ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead1 :i* is la/ among ! ?irte5 articles4 ,?is belief1 :i* orig9ally among ! ,ph>isees _h a national & political "*1 & 0 !re=e connect$ especially ) ! ,holy ,l& 7z w be se5 9 ,*apt] ,,liv bel[71 receiv$ 9 ! ,rabb9ical s*ools m & m a univ]sal =m4 ,maimonides w5t s f> z to foll[ ! ,platonic view r ?an t ( ! ,bible or ! ,talmud1 & ?us trans=m$ x into a belief 9 ! cont9uity ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,9 ?is =m1 h[ev]1 x is actually a po/ulate1 or coroll>y1 ( ! belief 9 retribution4 #h4 ,! old hope = ! national resurrection ( ,israel took 9 ! ,maimonidean sy/em ! =m ( a belief 9 ! com+ ( ! ,messiah 7article #ab71 to :i*1 9 ! comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah1 he gives ! "* ( a belief 9 ! re/oration ( ! ,davidic dyna/y4 ,joseph ,albo1 ) o!rs1 disputes /rongly ! fundam5tal "* ( ?is belief2 he %[s ! unt5ability ( ,maimonides' position by ref]r+ to _m ,talmudic passages1 & at ! same "t he ca/s polemical side glances ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* is really f\nd$ on ,messianism 9 ! special =m ( its ,*ri/ology47#de7 ,jehuda ha ,levi1 9 8 ,cuz>i1 sub/itutes = ?is z a fundam5tal doctr9e ! belief 9 ! election ( ,israel = its _w-mission47#df7 ,x c]ta9ly r$\nds to ! cr$it ( ! lead]s ( ! mod]n ,re=m movem5t t !y took ! election ( ,israel r ?an ! ,messiah z _! c>d9al doctr9e1 aga9 br++ x home to ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! ,jew1 & plac+ x at ! v c5t] ( _! sy/em4 ,9 ?is way !y reclaim$ = ! ,messianic hope ! univ]sal "* :i* 0 orig9ally giv5 x by ! great se] ( ! ,exile47#dg7 #i4 ,! ?irte5 articles ( ,maimonides1 9 sett+ =? a ,jewi% ,cr$o1 =m$ a vigor\s opposition to ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an cre$s2 !y !re=e met almo/ univ]sal acceptance among ! ,jewi% p1 & 7 giv5 a place 9 ! common pray]book1 9 spite ( _! defici5cies1 z %[n by ,crescas & 8 s*ool4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ admit t ,crescas %[s ! deep] insight into ! nature ( religion :5 he obs]ves t ! ma9 fallacy ( ! ,maimonidean sy/em lies 9 f\nd+ ! ,jewi% fai? on speculative k1 :i* is a matt] ( ! intellect1 r ?an love :i* fl[s f ! he>t1 & :i* alone leads to piety & goodness4 ,true love1 he says1 requires ! belief nei!r 9 retribution nor 9 immortality4 ,moreov]1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! insi/5ce ( ,maimonides or ! immutability ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 ,crescas ma9ta9s ! possibility ( its cont9u\s progress 9 accordance ) ! intellectual & spiritual ne$s ( ! "t1 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 ! cont9u\s p]fectibility ( ! reveal$ ,law itself47#dh7 ,?us ! criticism ( ,crescas leads at once to a radically diff]5t !ology ?an t ( ,maimonides1 & "o :i* appeals f> m to our own religi\s ?\ght4 #aj4 ,ano!r doctr9e ( ,judaism1 :i* 0 greatly und]rat$ by m$ieval s*ol>s1 & :i* has be5 emphasiz$ 9 mod]n times only 9 contra/ to ! ,*ri/ian !ory ( orig9al s91 is t man 0 creat$ 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,judaism holds t ! s\l ( man came =? pure f ! h& ( its ,mak]1 end[$ ) fre$om1 unsulli$ by any inh]5t evil or inh]it$ s94 ,?us man is1 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( 8 own free w1 capable ( atta9+ to an ev] high] degree 8 m5tal1 moral1 & spiritual p[]s 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,?is is ! ,biblical idea ( ,god's _s z imman5t 9 man2 all prophetic tru? is bas$ ^u x2 & ?\gh x 0 (t5 obscur$1 ?is !ory 0 voic$ by _m ( ! ma/]s ( ,rabb9ical lore1 su* z ,r4 ,akiba & o!rs47#di7 #aa4 ,e attempt to =mulate ! doctr9es or articles ( fai? ( ,judaism 0 made1 9 ord] to gu>d ! ,jewi% fai? f ! intrusion ( =eign beliefs1 nev] to impose disput$ beliefs ^u ! ,jewi% community itself4 ,_m1 inde$1 *all5g$ ! fundam5tal "* ( ! ?irte5 articles ( ,maimonides4 ,albo r$uc$ !m to ?ree1 viz43 ! belief 9 ,god1 9 revelation1 & retribution2 o!rs1 ) m arbitr>9ess ?an judgem5t1 s+l$ out ?ree1 five1 six1 or ev5 m z pr9cipal doctr9es27#ej7 :ile rigid cons]vatives1 su* z ,isaac ,abravanel & ,david b5 ,zimra1 altoge!r disapprov$ ! attempt to =mulate articles ( fai?4 ,! =m] ma9ta9$ t e ^w 9 ! ,torah is1 9 fact1 a pr9ciple ( fai?1 & ! latt]7#ea7 po9t$ 9 ! same way to ! #fac comm&m5ts ( ! ,torah1 spok5 ( by ,r4 ,simlai ! ,haggadi/ 9 ! ?ird c5tury47#eb7 ,! pres5t age ( hi/orical rese>* imposes ! same necessity ( re/atem5t or re=mulation ^u u4 ,we mu/ d z ,maimonides did1--z ,jews h always done1--po9t out anew ! really fundam5tal doctr9es1 & disc>d ^? :i* h lo/ _! holdup on ! mod]n ,jew1 or :i* conflict directly ) 8 religi\s consci\sness4 ,if ,judaism is to reta9 its prom95t position among ! p[]s ( ?\ght1 & to be cle>ly und]/ood by ! mod]n _w1 x mu/ aga9 re%ape its religi\s tru?s 9 h>mony ) ! dom9ant ideas ( ! age4 ,_m attempts ( ?is "* h be5 made by mod]n rabbis & tea*]s1 mo/ ( !m f\nd$ ^u ,albo's ?ree articles4 ,^? :o p5etrat$ some:at m deeply into ! ess5ce ( ,judaism add$ a f\r? article1 ! belief 9 ,israel's prie/ly mission1 & at ! same "t1 in/ead ( ! belief 9 retribution1 includ$ ! doctr9e ( man's k9%ip ) ,god1 or1 if "o may co9 ! ^w1 8 ,god-*ild%ip47#ec7 ,few1 h[ev]1 h succe$$ 9 work+ out ! entire cont5t ( ! ,jewi% fai? f a mod]n viewpo9t1 :i* mu/ include hi/orical1 critical1 & psy*ological rese>*1 z well z ! /udy ( comp>ative religion4 #ab4 ,! foll[+ trip>tite plan is t ( ! pres5t attempt to pres5t ! doctr9es ( ,judaism sy/ematically along ! l9es ( hi/orical developm5t3 ,i4 ,,god a4 ,man's consci\sness ( ,god1 & div9e revelation4 b4 ,god's spirituality1 ,8 unity1 ,8 hol9ess1 ,8 p]fection4 c4 ,8 relation to ! _w3 ,creation & ,provid5ce4 d4 ,8 relation to man3 ,8 ju/ice1 ,8 love & m]cy4 ,,ii4 ,,man a4 ,man's ,god-*ild%ip2 8 moral fre$om & ye>n+ = ,god4 b4 ,s9 & rep5tance2 pray] & wor%ip2 immortality1 rew>d & puni%m5t4 c4 ,man & humanity3 ! moral factors 9 hi/ory4 ,,iii4 ,,israel ,,& ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god a4 ,! prie/-mission ( ,israel1 its de/9y z tea*] & m>tyr among ! nations1 & its ,messianic hope4 b4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god3 ! nations & religions ( ! _w 9 a div9e plan ( univ]sal salvation4 c4 ,! ,synagogue & its in/itutions4 d4 ,! e?ics ( ,judaism & ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,god ,a4 ,god ,z ,he ,makes ,himself ,kn[n ,to ,man ,*apt] ,v4 ,man's ,consci\sness ( ,god & ,belief 9 ,god #a4 ,holy ,writ employs two t]ms = religion1 bo? ( :i* lay /ress ^u its moral & spiritual nature3 ,yira? ,elohim--8fe> ( ,god0--& ,daa? ,elohim--8k or consci\sness ( ,god40 ,:atev] ! fe> ( ,god may h meant 9 ! l[] /ages ( primitive religion1 9 ! ,biblical & ,rabb9ical conceptions x ex]cises a :olesome moral effect2 x /irs up ! consci5ce & keeps man f wrongdo+4 ,:]e fe> ( ,god is lack+1 viol5ce & vice are rife27#ed7 x keeps society 9 ord] & prompts ! individual to walk 9 ! pa? ( duty4 ,h5ce x is call$ 8! beg9n+ ( wisdom407#ee7 ,! div9e revelation ( ,s9ai acc5tuates z its ma9 purpose 8to put ! fe> ( ,god into ! he>ts ( ! p1 le/ !y s9407#ef7 #b4 ,god-consci\sness1 or 8k ( ,god10 signifies an inn] exp]i5ce :i* impels man to practice ! "r & to %un evil1 ! recognition ( ,god z ! moral p[] ( life4 8,because !re is no k ( ,god10 !re=e d ! p heap iniquity ^u iniquity1 says ,hosea1 & he hopes to see ! brok5 cov5ant ) ! ,"l r5ew$ ?r\gh fai?fulness gr\nd$ on ! consci\sness ( ,god47#eg7 ,j]emiah also insi/s ^u 8! k ( ,god0 z a moral =ce1 &1 l ,hosea1 he anticipates ! r5ewal ( ! brok5 cov5ant :5 8! ,"l %all write ,8 law ^u ! he>t0 ( ! p1 & 8!y %all all "k ,him f ! lea/ ( !m unto ! greate/ ( !m407#eh7 ,:]ev] ,scripture speaks ( 8k ( ,god107#ei7 x always means ! moral & spiritual recognition ( ! ,deity z life's inmo/ p[]1 det]m9+ human conduct1 & by no means ref]s to m]e intellectual p]ception ( ! tru? ( ,jewi% mono!ism1 :i* is to refute ! div]se =ms ( poly!ism4 ,?is misconception ( ! t]m 8k ( ,god10 z us$ 9 ! ,bible1 l$ ! lead+ m$ieval ?9k]s ( ,judaism1 especially ! s*ool ( ,maimonides1 & ev5 d[n to ,m5delssohn1 into ! error ( confus+ religion & philosophy1 z if bo? result$ f pure reason4 ,x is man's moral nature r ?an 8 intellectual capacity1 t leads him 8to "k ,god & walk 9 ,8 ways407#fj7 #c4 ,x is ma9ly ?r\gh ! consci5ce t man becomes consci\s ( ,god4 ,he sees himself1 a moral be+1 guid$ by motives :i* l5d a purpose to 8 acts & 8 omissions1 & ?us feels t ?is purpose ( 8 mu/ someh[ be 9 accord ) a high] purpose1 t ( a ,p[] :o directs & controls ! :ole ( life4 ,! m he sees purpose rul+ individuals & nations1 ! m w 8 ,god-consci\sness gr[ into ! conviction t !re is b ,"o & ,only ,god1 :o 9 awful gr&eur holds dom9ion ov] ! _w4 ,?is is ! developm5tal process ( religi\s tru?1 z x is unfold$ by ! prophets & z x und]lies ! hi/oric framework ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ?is light ,jewi% mono!ism appe>s z ! ripe fruitage ( religion 9 its univ]sal z well z its primitive =m ( ,god-consci\sness1 z ! highe/ atta9m5t ( man 9 8 et]nal seek+ aft] ,god4 ,poly!ism1 on ! o!r h&1 ) its idolatr\s & immoral practices1 appe>$ to ! prophets & lawgiv]s ( ,israel to be1 n a compet+ religion1 b simply a fall+ away f ,god4 ,!y felt x to be a loss or eclipse ( ! g5u9e ,god-consci\sness4 ,! object ( revelation1 !re=e1 is to lead back all mank9d to ! ,god :om x _h des]t$1 & to re/ore to all m5 _! primal consci\sness ( ,god1 ) its p[] ( moral reg5]ation4 #d4 ,9 ! same degree z ?is ,god-consci\sness gr[s /rong]1 x cry/allizes into belief 9 ,god1 & culm9ates 9 love ( ,god4 ,z /at$ above17#fa7 9 ,judaism belief--,emunah--nev] d5otes ! acceptance ( a cre$4 ,x is r ! confid+ tru/ by :i* ! frail mortal f9ds a firm hold on ,god amid/ ! unc]ta9ties & anxieties ( life1 ! se>* = ,8 %elt] 9 di/ress1 ! reliance on ,8 ev]-ready help :5 "o's own p[]s fail4 ,! believ] is l a little *ild :o foll[s confid+ly ! guidance ( 8 fa!r1 & feels safe :5 ne> 8 arm4 ,9 fact1 ! d\ble mean+ ( ,emunah1 fai? & fai?fulness1 sugge/s man's *ild-l fai? 9 ! pat]nal fai?fulness ( ,god4 ,! patri>* ,abraham is pres5t$ 9 bo? ,biblical & ,rabb9ical writ+s z ! patt]n ( su* a fai?17#fb7 & ! ,jewi% p likewise are *>act]iz$ 9 ! ,talmud z 8believ]s1 sons ( believ]s407#fc7 ,! ,midra% extols su* life-*e]+ fai? z ! p[] :i* inspires true h]oism & de$s ( valor47#fd7 #e4 ,! highe/ triumph ( ,god-consci\sness1 h[ev]1 is atta9$ 9 love ( ,god su* z c r5\nce *e]fully all ! boons ( life & und]go ! bitt]e/ woe )\t a murmur4 ,! book ( ,deut]onomy inculcates love ( ,god z ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! ,law17#fe7 & ! rabbis decl>e x to be ! highe/ type ( human p]fection4 ,9 comm5t+ ^u ! v]se1 8,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y might10 !y say3 8,love ! ,law1 ev5 :5 ?y life is dem&$ z its price1 nay1 ev5 ) ! la/ brea? ( ?y body1 ) a he>t t has no room = diss5t1 amid e visitation ( de/9y607#ff7 ,!y po9t to ! tragic m>tyrdom ( ,r4 ,akiba z an example ( su* a love seal$ by dea?4 ,9 l mann] !y ref] ! expression1 8!y t love ,!e107#fg7 to ^? :o be> insults )\t res5tm5t2 :o he> !mselves abus$ )\t retort2 :o d good unselfi%ly1 )\t c>+ = recognition2 & :o *e]fully suff] z a te/ ( _! =titude & _! love ( ,god47#fh7 ,?us ?r\gh\t all ,rabb9ical lit]ature love ( ,god is reg>d$ z ! highe/ pr9ciple ( religion & z ! ideal ( human p]fection1 :i* 0 exemplifi$ by ,job1 accord+ to ! olde/ ,haggadah1 &1 accord+ to ! ,mi%nah1 by ,abraham47#fi7 ,ano!r int]pretation ( ! v]se cit$ f ,deut]onomy reads1 8,love ,god 9 su* a mann] t ?y fell[-creatures may love ,him ow+ to ?y de$s407#gj7 ,all ^! passages & _m o!rs7#ga7 %[ :at a prom95t place ! pr9ciple ( love occupi$ 9 ,judaism4 ,?is is1 inde$1 be/ voic$ 9 ! ,song ( ,songs37#gb7 8,= love is /rong z dea?2 ! fla%es !re( are fla%es ( fire1 a v flame ( ! ,"l4 ,_m wat]s _c qu5* t love1 nei!r c ! floods dr[n x40 ,x set ! he>t ( ! ,jew agl[ dur+ all ! c5turies1 prompt+ him to sacrifice 8 life & all t 0 de> to him = ! glorification ( 8 ,god1 to und]go = 8 fai? a m>tyrdom )\t p>allel 9 hi/ory4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,revelation1 ,prophecy1 & ,inspiration #a4 ,div9e revelation signifies two diff]5t ?+s3 fir/1 ,god's self-revelation1 :i* ! ,rabbis call$ ,gilluy ,%ek9ah1 8! manife/ation ( ! div9e ,pres5ce10 &1 second1 ! revelation ( ,8 w1 = :i* !y us$ ! t]m ,torah m9 ha ,%amayim1 8! ,law z emanat+ f ,god407#gc7 ,! =m] appeal$ to ! *ild-l belief ( ! ,biblical age1 :i* took no (f5se at an?ropomorphic ideas1 su* z ! desc5t ( ,god f heav5 to e>?1 ,8 appe>+ to m5 9 "s visible =m1 or any o!r miracle2 ! latt] appe>s to be m acceptable to ^? ( m advanc$ religi\s views4 ,bo? conceptions1 h[ev]1 imply t ! religi\s tru? ( revelation 0 communicat$ to man by a special act ( ,god4 #b4 ,ea* creative act is a my/]y beyond ! rea* ( human obs]vation4 ,9 all fields ( endeavor ! fla%+ =? ( g5ius impresses u z ! "w ( a my/]i\s =ce1 :i* acts ^u an elect individual or nation & br+s x into close t\* ) ! div9e4 ,9 ! religi\s g5ius especially is ?is true2 = 9 him all ! spiritual =ces ( ! age seem to be en]giz$ & set into motion1 !n to bur/ =? into a new religi\s consci\sness1 :i* is to revolutionize religi\s ?\ght & feel+4 ,9 a *ild-l age :5 ! emotional life & ! imag9ation pr$om9ate1 & man's m9d1 /ill receptive1 is ov]:elm$ by mighty visions1 ! ,deity /irs ! s\l 9 "s =m p]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,?us ! 8se]0 assumes a trance-l /ate :]e ! ,ego1 ! self-consci\s p]sonality1 is pu%$ into ! backgr\nd2 he becomes a passive in/rum5t1 ! m\?piece ( ! ,deity2 f ,him he receives a message to ! p1 & 9 8 vision he beholds ,god :o s5ds him4 ,?is appe>ance ( ,god ^u ! backgr\nd ( ! s\l1 :i* reflects ,him l a mirror1 is ,revelation47#gd7 #c4 ,! /ates ( ! s\l :5 m5 see su* visions ( ! ,deity pr$om9ate 9 ! beg9n+s ( all religions4 ,accord+ly1 ,scripture ascribes su* revelations to non-,israelites z well z to ! patri>*s & prophets ( ,israel1--to ,abimelek & ,laban1 ,balaam1 ,job1 & ,eliphaz47#ge7 ,!re=e ! ,jewi% prophet is n di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by ! capability to receive div9e revelation1 b r by ! intr9sic nature ( ! revelation :i* he receives4 ,8 vision comes f a moral ,god4 ,! ,jewi% g5ius p]ceiv$ ,god z ! moral p[] ( life1 :e!r 9 ! =m express$ by ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,elijah1 or by ! lit]>y prophets1 & all ( ^!1 com+ into t\* ) ,him1 7 lift$ into a high] sph]e1 :]e !y receiv$ a new tru?1 hi!rto hidd5 f man4 ,9 speak+ ?r\gh !m1 ,god appe>$ actually to h /epp$ into ! sph]e ( human life z its moral ,rul]4 ,?is self-revelation ( ,god z ! ,rul] ( man 9 righte\sness1 :i* mu/ be view$ 9 ! life ( any prophet z a provid5tial act1 =ms ! great hi/orical sequ5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 ^u :i* re/s ! ,jewi% religion47#gf7 #d4 ,! div9e revelation 9 ,israel 0 by no means a s+le act1 b a process ( developm5t1 & its v>i\s /ages correspond to ! degrees ( culture ( ! p4 ,= ?is reason ! great prophets also dep5d$ l>gely ^u dreams & visions1 at lea/ 9 _! consecration to ! prophetic mission1 :5 "o solemn act 0 necess>y4 ,aft] t ! message itself & its new moral cont5t set ! s\l ( ! prophet a/ir4 ,n ! vision or its imag]y1 b ! new tru? itself seizes him ) irresi/ible =ce1 s t he is c>ri$ away by ! div9e p[] & speaks z ! m\?piece ( ,god1 us+ l(ty poetic diction :ile 9 a /ate ( ec/acy4 ,h5ce he speaks ( ,god 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,! highe/ /age ( all is t :]e ! prophet receives ! div9e tru? 9 ! =m ( pure ?\ght & ) complete self-consci\sness4 ,!re=e ! ,scripture says ( ,moses & ( no o!r1 8,! ,"l spoke to ,moses face to face1 z a man speaks to ano!r407#gg7 #e4 ,! /ory ( ! giv+ ( ! ,law on ,m\nt ,s9ai is 9 reality ! revelation ( ,god to ! p ( ,israel z "p ( ! great _w-drama ( hi/ory4 ,accord+ly1 ! *ief emphasis is laid ^u ! miracul\s elem5t1 ! desc5t ( ! ,"l to ! m\nta9 9 fire & /orm1 amid ?und] & lightn+1 :ile ! ,t5 ,words !mselves 7 proclaim$ by ,moses z ,god's h]ald47#gh7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! fir/ words ( ! n>rative /ate its purpose1 ! consecration ( ! ,jewi% p at ! outset ( _! hi/ory to be a nation ( prophets & prie/s47#gi7 ,!re=e ! rabbis lay /ress ^u ! acceptance ( ! ,law by ! p 9 say+3 8,all t ! ,"l saye? we %all d & he>k5407#hj7 ,f a l>g] po9t ( view1 we see "h ! dramatiz$ =m ( ! tru? ( ,israel's election by div9e ,provid5ce = its hi/oric religi\s mission4 #f4 ,! rabbis ascrib$ ! gifts ( prophecy to pagans z well z ,israelites at lea/ z late z ! erection ( ! ,tab]nacle1 aft] :i* ! ,div9e ,pres5ce dwelt !re 9 ! mid/ ( ,israel47#ha7 ,!y say t ea* ( ! ,jewi% prophets 0 end[$ ) a peculi> spiritual p[] t correspond$ ) 8 "* & 8 special tra9+1 ! highe/1 ( c\rse1 be+ ,moses1 :om !y call$ 8! fa!r ( ! prophets407#hb7 ,! m$ieval ,jewi% ?9k]s1 foll[+ ! lead ( ,mohamm$an philosoph]s or !ologians1 reg>d revelation q diff]5tly1 z an inn] process 9 ! m9d ( ! prophet4 ,accord+ to _! my/ical or rationali/ic viewpo9t1 !y describe x z ! result ( ! div9e _s1 work+ ^u ! s\l ei!r f )9 or f )\t4 ,^! two /&po9ts betray ei!r ! ,platonic or ! ,ari/otelian influ5ce47#hc7 ,inde$1 ! rabbis !mselves %[$ traces ( neo-,platonism :5 !y describ$ ! ec/atic /ate ( ! prophets1 or :5 !y spoke ( ! div9e _s speak+ ?r\gh ! prophet z ?r\gh a vocal in/rum5t1 or :5 !y made di/9ctions betwe5 see+ ! ,deity 89 a bright mirror0 or 8?r\gh a d>k glass407#hd7 ,! view mo/ remote f ! simple "o ( ! ,bible is ! rationali/ic /&po9t ( ,maimonides1 :o1 foll[+ altoge!r 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,arabic neo-,ari/otelians1 assum$ t !re 7 diff]5t degrees ( prophecy1 dep5d+ ^u ! influ5ce ex]t$ ^u ! human intellect by ! sph]e ( ! ,highe/ ,intellig5ce4 ,he enum]ates elev5 su* grades1 ( :i* ,moses _h ! highe/ rank1 z he ent]$ into direct communication ) ! supreme intellectual sph]e4 ,/ill bold] is 8 explanation ( ! revelation on ,s9ai4 ,he holds t ! fir/ two words 7 und]/ood by ! p directly z logical evid5ces ( tru?1 = !y enunciat$ ! philosophical doctr9es ( ! exi/5ce & unity ( ,god1 :]eas ! o!r words !y und]/ood only z s\nds )\t mean+1 s t ,moses _h to int]pret !m47#he7 ,9 contra/ to ?is amaz+ rationalism ( ,maimonides is ! view ( ,jehuda ha ,levi1 :o ass]ts t ! gift ( prophecy became ! specific privilege ( ! desc5dants ( ,abraham aft] _! consecration z ,god's *os5 p at ,s9ai1 & t ! holy soil ( ,pale/9e 0 assign$ to !m z ! habitation be/ adapt$ to its ex]cise47#hf7 ,! o!r attempt ( "s rationali/ic ?9k]s ( ! ,middle ,ages to h a 8s\nd creat$ = ! purpose07#hg7 ( utt]+ ! words 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god10 r ?an accept+ ! an?ropomorphic ,deity1 m]its no consid]ation :atev]4 #g4 ,x is an indisputable fact ( hi/ory t ! ,jewi% p1 on acc\nt ( its peculi> religi\s b5t1 0 pr$e/9$ to be ! p ( revelation4 ,its lead+ spirits1 its prophets & psalmi/s1 its law-giv]s & inspir$ writ]s diff] f ! se]s1 s+]s1 & sages ( o!r nations by _! unique & pr(\nd insight into ! moral nature ( ! ,deity4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ is ! progress ( ?\ght 9 ,greece1 :]e ! awak5+ ( ! e?ical consci\sness caus$ a rupture betwe5 ! culture ( ! philosoph]s & ! popul> religion1 & l$ to a f9al decay ( ! political & social life4 ,! prophets ( ,israel1 h[ev]1 ! typical m5 ( g5ius ( _! p1 gradually br\ght ab\t an advance ( popul> religion1 s t !y c\ld f9ally pres5t z _! highe/ ideal ! ,god ( ! fa!rs1 & make ! k ( ,8 w ! f\ndation ( ! law ( hol9ess1 by :i* !y desir$ to regulate ! entire conduct ( man4 ,?us1 religion 0 no long] conf9$ by ! limits ( nationality1 b 0 trans=m$ into a spiritual =ce = all mank9d1 to lead ?r\gh a revelation ( ! ,"o & ,holy ,god t[>d ! highe/ morality4 #h4 ,! developm5t ( ?\ght br\ght ! ,god-seek+ spirits to ! desire to "k ,8 w1 or1 9 ,scriptural language1 ,8 ways1 9 ord] to atta9 hol9ess 9 _! pursuit4 ,! natural consequ5ce 0 ! gradual rec$+ ( ! p[] ( imag9ation :i* _h made ! enraptur$ se] behold ,god ,himself 9 visions4 ,z ! ,deity rose m & m above ! realm ( ! visible1 ! newly conceiv$ tru? 0 realiz$ z com+ to ! sacr$ writ] ?r\gh ! _s ( ,god or an angel4 ,inspiration took ! place ( revelation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 /ill implies a passive attitude ( ! s\l c>ri$ away by ! tru? x receives f on high4 ,?is sup]natural elem5t disappe>s gradually & passes ov] into sob]1 self-consci\s ?\ght1 9 :i* ! writ] no long] ?9ks ( ,god z ! ,ego speak+ ?r\gh him1 b z an outside ,p[] spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,a /ill l[] degree ( inspiration is repres5t$ by ^? writ+s :i* lack altoge!r ! div9e afflatus1 & to :i* is ascrib$ a %>e ( ! holy _s only ?r\gh g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion4 ,(t5 ?is impr9t ( ! div9e is n f\nd 9 !m by ! calm judgm5t ( a lat] g5]ation1 & ! exact basis = ! classification ( su* writ+s among ! holy books is sometimes difficult to /ate4 ,we c only conclude t 9 ! c\rse ( "t !y 7 reg>d$ z holy by t v _s :i* 0 embodi$ 9 ! ,synagogue & its f\nd]s1 8! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue10 :o 9 _! "w ( canoniz+ ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures 7 believ$ to h be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! holy _s47#hh7 #i4 ,except = ! five books ( ,moses1 ! idea ( a me*anical inspiration ( ! ,bible is q =eign to ,judaism4 ,n until ! second ,*ri/ian c5tury did ! rabbis f9ally decide on su* que/ions z ! inspiration ( c]ta9 books among ! ,hagiographa or ev5 among ! ,prophets1 or :e!r c]ta9 books n[ exclud$ f ! canon 7 n ( equal rank ) ! canonical ones47#hi7 ,9 fact1 ! influ5ce ( ! holy _s 0 = "s "t ascrib$1 n only to ,biblical writ]s1 b also to liv+ ma/]s ( ! law47#ij7 ,! fact is t div9e influ5ce _c be measur$ by ! y>d/ick or ! cal5d>4 ,:]e x is felt1 x bur/s =? z f a high] _w1 creat+ = itself its prop] organs & =ms4 ,! rabbis portray ,god z say+ to ,israel1 8,n ,i 9 ,my high] realm1 b y ) y\r human ne$s fix ! =m1 ! measure1 ! "t1 & ! mode ( expression = t :i* is div9e407#ia7 #aj4 ,:ile ,*ri/ianity & ,islam1 its daught]-religions1 mu/ admit ! exi/5ce ( a prior revelation1 ,judaism kn[s ( none4 ,x claims its own prophetic tru? z ! revelation1 admits ! title ,books ( ,revelation 7,bible7 only = its own sacr$ writ+s1 & calls ! ,jewi% nation alone ! ,p ( ,revelation4 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,mosque a*iev$ great ?+s 9 propagat+ ! tru?s ( ! ,s9aitic revelation among ! nations1 b add$ to x no new tru?s ( an ess5tial nature4 ,inde$1 !y r obscur$ ! doctr9es ( ,god's unity & hol9ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p ( ! ,s9aitic revelation look$ to x ) a view ( ev] revitaliz+ ! dead lett]1 ?us evolv+ ev] new rules ( life & new ideas1 )\t ev] plac+ new & old 9 opposition1 z 0 done by ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ea* g5]ation 0 to take to he>t ! words ( ,scripture z if !y _h come 8?is v day0 out ( ! m\? ( ! ,"l47#ib7 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,torah--! ,div9e ,in/ruction #a4 ,dur+ ! ,babylonian ,exile ! prophetic ^w became ! s\rce ( com=t & rejuv5ation = ! ,jewi% p4 ,n[ 9 its place ,ezra ! ,scribe made ! ,book ( ! ,law ( ,moses ! pivot ab\t :i* ! entire life ( ! p 0 to revolve4 ,by regul> read+s f x to ! assembl$ wor%ip]s1 he made x ! s\rce ( common in/ruction4 ,in/ead ( ! prie/ly ,law1 :i* 0 conc]n$ only ) ! regulation ( ! ritual life1 ! ,law became ! p's book ( in/ruction1 a ,torah = all alike17#ic7 :ile ! prophetic books 7 made second>y & 7 employ$ by ! prea*] at ! conclusion ( ! s]vice z 8words ( consolation407#id7 ,^u ! ,p5tateu* 0 built up ! div9e s]vice ( ! ,synagogue z well z ! :ole sy/em ( communal life1 ) bo? its law & e?ics4 ,! prophets & o!r sacr$ books 7 look$ ^u only z means ( 8op5+ up0 or illu/rat+ ! cont5ts ( ! ,torah4 ,^! o!r p>ts ( ! ,mikra 78! collection ( books = public read+07 7 decl>$ to be inf]ior 9 hol9ess1 s t1 accord+ to ! ,rabb9ical rule1 !y 7 n ev5 all[$ to be put into ! same scroll z ! ,p5tateu*47#ie7 ,moreov]1 nei!r ! numb]1 ord]1 nor ! division ( ! ,biblical books 0 fix$4 ,! ,talmud gives #bd1 ,josephus only #bb47if7 ,tradition claims a completely div9e orig9 only = ! ,p5tateu* or ,torah1 :ile ! rabbis (t5 po9t out ! human elem5t 9 ! o!r two classes ( ! ,biblical collection47#ig7 #b4 ,! traditional belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,torah includes n only e ^w1 b also ! accept$ int]pretation ( ea* lett]1 = bo? writt5 & oral law are ascrib$ to ! revelation to ,moses on ,mt4 ,s9ai1 to be transmitt$ !nce f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,:oev] d5ies ! div9e orig9 ( ei!r ! writt5 or ! oral law is decl>$ to be an unbeliev] :o has no %>e 9 ! _w to come1 accord+ to ! ,tannaitic code1 & consequ5tly accord+ to ,maimonides7#ih7 also4 ,b "h arises a "q ( vital importance3 ,:at becomes ( ! ,torah z ! div9e f\ndation ( ,judaism "u ! /udy ( mod]n times8 ,ev5 cons]vative inve/igators1 su* z ,frankel1 ,graetz1 & ,isaac ,hirs* ,weiss1 n to m5tion su* radicals z ,zunz & ,geig]1 admit ! gradual progress & gr[? ( ?is v sy/em ( law1 bo? oral & writt54 ,& if diff]5t hi/orical conditions h produc$ ! developm5t ( ! law itself1 we mu/ assume a numb] ( human au?ors 9 place ( a s+le act ( div9e revelation47#ii7 #c4 ,b ano!r "q ( equal importance confronts u "h1 ! mean+ ( ,torah4 ,orig9ally1 no d\bt1 ,torah signifi$ ! in/ruction giv5 by ! prie/s on ritual or juridical matt]s4 ,out ( ^! decisions arose ! writt5 laws 7,toro?71 :i* ! prie/hood 9 ! c\rse ( "t collect$ into codes4 ,aft] a fur!r process ( developm5t !y appe>$ z ! v>i\s books ( ,moses1 :i* 7 f9ally unit$ into ! ,code or ,torah4 ,?is ,torah 0 ! f\ndation ( ! new ,judean commonweal?1 ! 8h]itage ( ! congregation ( ,jacob407#ajj7 ,! prie/ly ,torah1 lightly reg>d$ dur+ ! prophetic p]iod1 0 exalt$ by po/-exilic ,judaism1 s t ! ,sadducean prie/hood & _! successors1 ! rabbis1 consid]$ /rict obs]vance ( ! legal =m to be ! v ess5ce ( religion4 ,is ?is1 !n1 ! true nature ( ,judaism8 ,is x really--z ,*ri/ian !ologians h held ev] s9ce ! days ( ,paul1 ! great antagoni/ ( ,judaism--m]e nomism1 a religion ( law1 :i* dem&$ =mal compliance ) its /atutes )\t reg>d to _! inn] value8 ,or %all we r foll[ ,rabbi ,simlai1 ! ,haggadi/1 :o fir/ enum]at$ ! #fac comm&m5ts ( ! ,torah 7m&atory & prohibitive71 consid]+ t _! "o aim is ! high] moral law1 9 t !y are all summ$ up by a few e?ical pr9ciples1 :i* he f9ds 9 ! #ae? ,psalm1 ,isaiah ,,xxxiii1 #ae2 ,micah ,,vi1 #h2 ,isaiah ,,lvi1 #a2 & ,amos ,v1 #d87aja7 #d4 ,all ^! que/ions h b "o answ]1 a reconcil+ "o1 ,judaism has ! two factors1 ! prie/ ) 8 reg>d = ! law & ! prophet ) 8 e?ical tea*+2 & ! ,jewi% ,torah embodies bo? aspects1 law & doctr9e4 ,^! two elem5ts became m & m correlat$1 z ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu* :i* embodi$ !m 7 mold$ toge!r into ! "o scroll ( ! ,law4 ,9 fact1 ! prophet ,j]emiah1 9 d5\nc+ ! prie/hood = its neglect ( ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 & rebuk+ sca?+ly ! p = _! wrongdo+1 po9t$ to ! div9e law ( righte\sness z ! "o :i* %\ld be writt5 ^u ! he>ts ( m547#ajb7 ,likewise1 9 ! book ( ,deut]onomy1 :i* 0 ! product ( jo9t activity by prophet & prie/1 ! ,law 0 built ^u ! highe/ moral pr9ciple1 ! love ( ,god & man4 ,9 a /ill l>g] s5se ! ,p5tateu* z a :ole conta9s prie/ly law & univ]sal religion int]tw9$4 ,9 x ! et]nal v]ities ( ! ,jewi% fai?1 ,god's omnipot5ce1 omnisci5ce1 & moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 are convey$ 9 ! hi/orical n>ratives z an introduction to ! law4 #e4 ,?us ! ,torah z ! expression ( ,judaism 0 nev] limit$ to a m]e sy/em ( law4 ,at ! outset x s]v$ z a book ( in/ruction conc]n+ ,god & ! _w & became ev] ri*] z a s\rce ( k & speculation1 because all k f o!r s\rces 0 br\ght into relation ) x ?r\gh new modes ( int]pretation4 ,v>i\s sy/ems ( philosophy & !ology 7 built ^u x4 ,nay m1 ! ,torah became div9e ,wisdom itself17#ajc7 ! ar*itect ( ! ,creator1 ! beg9n+ & end ( creation47#ajd7 ,:ile ! t]m ,torah ?us receiv$ an increas+ly compreh5sive mean+1 ! rabbis1 z expon5ts ( or?odox ,judaism1 came to consid] ! ,p5tateu* z ! only book ( revelation1 e lett] ( :i* emanat$ directly f ,god4 ,! o!r books ( ! ,bible !y reg>d$ z due only to ! indwell+ ( ! holy _s1 or to ! pres5ce ( ,god1 ! ,%ek9ah4 ,moreov]1 !y held t *anges by ! prophets & o!r sacr$ writ]s 7 anticipat$1 9 ess5tials1 9 ! ,torah itself1 & 7 !re=e only its expansions & int]pretations4 ,accord+ly1 !y are frequ5tly quot$ z p>ts ( ! ,torah or z 8words ( tradition407#aje7 #f4 ,or?odox ,judaism1 !n1 accept$ z a fundam5tal doctr9e ! view t bo? ! ,mosaic ,law & its ,rabb9ical int]pretation 7 giv5 by ,god to ,moses on ,mt4 ,s9ai4 ,?is viewpo9t is contradict$ by all our k & our :ole mode ( ?9k+1 & ?us bo? our hi/orical & religi\s consci\sness con/ra9 u to take ! position ( ! prophets4 ,to !m & to u ! real ,torah is ! unwritt5 moral law :i* und]lies ! precepts ( bo? ! writt5 law & its oral int]pretation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ,moses1 z ! fir/ ( ! prophets1 becomes ! fir/ m$iator ( ! div9e legislation1 & ! orig9al ,decalogue is se5 to be ! />t+ po9t ( a long process ( developm5t1 f :i* grew ! laws ( righte\sness & hol9ess t 7 to rule ! life ( ,israel & ( mank9d47#ajf7 #g4 ,! "t ( composition ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,p5tateu*1 includ+ ! ,decalogue1 mu/ be decid$ by indep5d5t critical & hi/orical rese>*4 ,x is suffici5t = u to "k t s9ce ! "t ( ,ezra ! f\ndation ( ,judaism has be5 ! complet$ ,torah1 ) its tw(old aspect z law & z doctr9e4 ,z law x contribut$ to ! m>vel\s endurance & resi/ance ( ! ,jewi% p1 inasmu* z x imbu$ !m ) ! pr\d consci\sness ( possess+ a law sup]ior to t ( o!r nations1 "o :i* w\ld endure z long z heav5 & e>?47#ajg7 ,fur!rmore1 x p]meat$ ,judaism ) a ke5 s5se ( duty & impr9t$ ! ideal ( hol9ess ^u ! :ole ( life4 ,at ! same "t x gave rise also to rituali/ic piety1 :i*1 :ile t5aci\sly cl++ to ! traditional practice ( ! law1 fo/]$ hair-splitt+ casui/ry & caus$ ! petrifaction ( religion 9 ! codifi$ ,halakah4 ,z doctr9e x impress$ its e?ical & humane idealism ^u ! p1 lift+ !m f> above ! n>r[ conf9es ( nationality1 & mak+ !m a nation ( ?9k]s4 ,h5ce _! eag]ness = _! mission to imp>t ! wisdom /or$ 9 _! writ+s to all humanity z its highe/ boon & ! v ess5ce ( div9e wisdom4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,god's ,cov5ant #a4 ,judaism has "o specific t]m = religion1 repres5t+ ! moral relation betwe5 ,god & man1 namely1 ,b]i?1 cov5ant4 ,! cov5ant 0 conclud$ by ,god ) ! patri>*s & ) ,israel by means ( sacrificial blood1 accord+ to ! primitive cu/om by :i* tribes or individuals became 8blood bro!rs10 :5 !y 7 bo? spr9kl$ ) ! sacrificial blood or bo? drank ( x47#ajh7 ,! fir/ cov5ant ( ,god 0 made aft] ! flood1 ) ,noah z ! repres5tative ( mank9d2 x 0 int5d$ to assure him & all com+ g5]ations ( ! p]petual ma9t5ance ( ! natural ord] )\t int]ruption by flood1 & at ! same "t to dem& ( all mank9d ! obs]vance ( c]ta9 laws1 su* z n to %$1 or eat1 blood4 ,"h at ! v beg9n+ ( hi/ory religion is tak5 z ! univ]sal basis ( human morality1 s develop+ at ! outset ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,judaism t x re/s ^u a religion ( humanity1 :i* x desires to e/abli% 9 all purity4 ,z ! univ]sal idea ( man =ms ?us its beg9n+1 s ,judaism w atta9 its f9al goal only 9 a div9e cov5ant compris+ all humanity4 ,bo? ! rabbis & ! ,hell5i/ic writ]s consid] ! cov5ant ( ,noah ) its s-call$ ,noahitic comm&m5ts z unwritt5 laws ( humanity4 ,9 fact1 !y are ref]r$ to ,adam also1 s t religion appe>s 9 its ess5ce z no?+ else ?an a cov5ant ( ,god ) all mank9d47#aji7 #b4 ,accord+ly1 ,judaism is a special basis ( relation%ip betwe5 ,god & ,israel4 ,f> f sup]s$+ ! univ]sal cov5ant ) ,noah1 or conf9+ x to ! ,jewi% p1 ?is cov5ant aims to reclaim all memb]s ( ! human family = ! wid] cov5ant f :i* !y h relaps$4 ,god *ose = ?is purpose ,abraham z ! "o :o 0 fai?ful to ,8 moral law1 & made a special cov5ant ) him = all 8 desc5dants1 t !y might fo/] ju/ice & righte\sness1 at fir/ )9 ! n>r[ sph]e ( ! nation1 & !n 9 ev]-wid5+ circles ( humanity47#aaj7 ,yet ! cov5ant ) ,abraham 0 only ! precursor ( ! cov5ant conclud$ ) ,israel ?r\gh ,moses on ,mt4 ,s9ai1 by :i* ! ,jewi% p 7 consecrat$ to be ! et]nal gu>dians ( ! div9e cov5ant ) mank9d1 until ! "t :5 x %all encompass all ! nations47#aaa7 #c4 ,9 ?is cov5ant ( ,s9ai1 ref]r$ to by ! prophet ,elijah1 & aft]w>d by _m o!rs1 ! free moral relation%ip ( man to ,god is br\ght out2 ?is =ms ! *>act]i/ic feature ( a reveal$ religion 9 contradi/9ction to natural religion4 ,9 paganism ! ,deity =m$ an insep>able "p ( ! nation itself2 b ?r\gh ! cov5ant ,god became a free moral p[]1 appeal+ = allegiance to ! spiritual nature ( man4 ,?is idea ( ! cov5ant sugge/$ to ! prophet ,hosea ! analogy ) ! conjugal relation17#aab7 a conception ( love & loyalty :i* became typical ( ! t5d] relation ( ,god to ,israel ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,9 days ( dire/ woe ,j]emiah & ! book ( ,deut]onomy inve/$ ?is cov5ant ) ! "* ( inde/ructibility & inviolability47#aac7 ,god's cov5ant ) ,israel is ev]la/+ l t ) ! heav5 & ! e>?2 x is ev] to be r5ew$ 9 ! he>ts ( ! p1 b nev] to be replac$ by a new cov5ant4 ,^u ?is et]nal r5ewal ( ! cov5ant ) ,god re/s ! unique hi/ory ( ,judaism1 its wondr\s pres]vation & reg5]ation ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,paul's doctr9e ( a new cov5ant to replace ! old7#aad7 conflicts ) ! v idea ( ! cov5ant1 & ev5 ) ! words ( ,j]emiah4 #d4 ,! ,israeliti% nation inh]it$ f ,abraham1 accord+ to ! prie/ly ,code1 ! rite ( circumcision z a 8sign ( ! cov5ant107#aae7 b "u ! prophetic influ5ce1 ) its loa?+ ( all sacrificial blood1 ! ,sabba? 0 plac$ 9 ! =egr\nd z 8! sign betwe5 ,god & ,israel407#aaf7 ,9 anci5t ,israel & 9 ! ,judean commonweal? ! ,abrahamitic rite =m$ ! initiation into ! nationality = ali5s & slaves1 by :i* !y 7 made full-fl$g$ ,jews4 ,) ! disp]sion ( ! ,jewi% p ov] ! globe1 & ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ism1 ,judaism creat$ a propag&a 9 favor ( a _w-wide religion ( 8,god-fe>+0 m5 pl$g$ to ! obs]vance ( ! ,noahitic or humanit>ian laws4 ,rabb9ism 9 ,pale/9e call$ su* a "o ,g] ,to%ab--soj\rn]1 or semi-proselyte2 :ile ! full proselyte :o accept$ ! ,abrahamitic rite 0 call$ ,g] ,z$ek1 or proselyte ( righte\sness47#aag7 ,n only ! ,hell5i/ic writ+s1 b also ! ,psalms1 ! liturgy1 & ! old] ,rabb9ical lit]ature give evid5ce ( su* a propag&a17#aah7 b x may be trac$ back z f> z ,deut]o-,isaiah1 dur+ ! reign ( ,cyrus4 ,8 outlook t[>d a ,jewi% religion :i* %\ld be at ! same "t a religion ( all ! _w1 is evid5t :5 he calls ,israel 8a m$iator ( ! cov5ant betwe5 ,god & ! nations10 a 8light to ! peoples10--a reg5]ator ( humanity47#aai7 #e4 ,?is hope ( a univ]sal religion1 :i* r+s ?r\gh ! ,psalms1 ! ,wisdom books & ! ,hell5i/ic lit]ature1 0 soon de/9$ to gr[ fa9t4 ,! p]ils ( ,judaism 9 its great /ruggles ) ! ,syrian & ,roman empires made = int5se nationalism1 & ! ,jewi% cov5ant %>$ ?is t5d5cy4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! successor ( ! mission>y activity ( ,hell5i/ic ,judaism1 labor$ also at fir/ = ! ,noahitic cov5ant47#abj7 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 ) a view to te>+ d[n ! b>ri] betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 proclaim$ a new cov5ant1 ^: c5tral idea is belief 9 ! aton+ p[] ( ! crucifi$ son ( ,god47#aba7 ,inde$1 "o m$ieval ,rabb9ical au?ority holds t we are to reg>d ,*ri/ians z semi-proselytes1 z !y practically obs]ve ! ,noahitic laws ( humanity47#abb7 #f4 ,progressive ,judaism ( our own "t has ! great task ( re-emphasiz+ ,israel's _w-mission & ( reclaim+ = ,judaism its place z ! prie/hood ( humanity4 ,x is to proclaim anew ! prophetic idea ( ,god's cov5ant ) humanity1 ^: =ce _h be5 lo/1 ow+ to inn] & out] ob/acles4 ,israel1 z ! p ( ! cov5ant1 aims to unite all nations & classes ( m5 9 ! div9e cov5ant4 ,x mu/ outla/ all o!r religions 9 its c]ta9ty t ultimately !re c be b ! "o religion1 unit+ ,god & man by a s+le bond47#abc7 ,b4 ,! ,idea ,( ,god ,9 ,judaism ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,god & ! ,gods #a4 ,judaism c5t]s ^u its sublime & simple conception ( ,god4 ,?is lifts x above all o!r religions & satisfies 9 unique measure ! long+ = tru? & inn] peace amid/ ! futility & incessant *anges ( e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,?is v conception ( ,god is 9 /rik+ contra/ to t ( mo/ o!r religions4 ,! ,god ( ,judaism is n "o god among _m1 nor "o ( _m p[]s ( life1 b is ! ,"o & holy ,god beyond all comp>ison4 ,9 ,him is conc5trat$ all p[] & ! ess5ce ( all ?+s2 ,he is ! ,au?or ( all exi/5ce1 ! ,rul] ( life1 :o lays d[n ! laws by :i* man %all live4 ,z ! prophet says to ! hea!n _w3 8,! gods t h n made ! heav5s & ! e>?1 ^! %all p]i% f ! e>? & f "u ! heav5s4444 ,n l ^! is ! portion ( ,jacob2 = ,he is ! ,=m] ( all ?+s4444 ,! ,"l is ! true ,god2 ,he is ! liv+ ,god & ! ev]la/+ ,k+2 at ,8 wra? ! e>? tremble?1 & ! nations are n able to abide ,8 indignation407#abd7 #b4 ,?is l(ty conception ( ! ,deity =ms ! ess5ce ( ,judaism & 0 its %ield & buckl] 9 its lifelong conte/ ) ! v>y+ =ms ( hea!nism4 ,f ! v fir/ ! ,god ( ,judaism decl>$ w> aga9/ !m all1 :e!r at any special "t ! prevail+ =m 0 ! wor%ip ( _m gods1 or ! wor%ip ( ,god 9 ! %ape ( man1 ! p]v]sion ( ! purity ( ,god by s5sual concepts1 or ! division ( ,8 unity into diff]5t p>ts or p]sonalities4 ,! ,talmudic say+ is mo/ /rik+3 8,f ,s9ai1 ! ,m\nt ( revelation ( ! only ,god1 !re came =? ,s9ah1 ! ho/ility ( ! nations t[>d ! ,jew z ! bann]-be>] ( ! pure idea ( ,god407#abe7 ,j z day & night =m a natural contra/1 div9ely orda9$1 s d ! mono!ism ( ,israel & ! poly!ism ( ! nations con/itute a spiritual contra/ :i* c nev] be reconcil$4 #c4 ,! pagan gods1 & to "s ext5t ! triune ,god ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 semi-pagan 9 orig9 also1 are ! outcome ( ! human _s's go+ a/ray 9 its se>* = ,god4 ,in/ead ( lead+ man upw>ds to an ideal :i* w encompass all mat]ial & moral life & lift x to ! highe/ /age ( hol9ess1 paganism l$ to depravity & discord4 ,! unrel5t+ zeal display$ by prophet & law-giv] aga9/ idolatry _h its *ief cause 9 ! immoral & inhuman practices ( ! pagan nations--,canaan1 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,babylon--9 ! wor%ip ( _! deities47#abf7 ,! deification ( ! =ces ( nature brutaliz$ ! moral s5se ( ! pagan _w2 no vice seem$ too horrible1 no sacrifice too atroci\s = _! cults4 ,baal1 or ,molo*1 ! god ( heav51 dem&$ 9 times ( di/ress ! sacrifice ( a son by ! fa!r4 ,a/>te1 ! goddess ( fecundity1 requir$ ! 8hall[+0 ( life's orig91 & ?is 0 done by ! mo/ t]rible ( sexual orgies4 ,su* abom9ations ex]t$ _! s$uctive influ5ce ^u ! %eph]d tribes ( ,israel 9 _! new home 9 ,canaan1 & ?us ar\s$ ! fi]ce/ indignation ( prophet & law-giv]1 :o hurl$ _! vials ( wra? aga9/ ^? %ock+ rites1 ^? lewd idols1 & ^? :o 8:or$ aft] !m407#abg7 ,if ,israel 0 to be tra9$ to be ! prie/ p ( ! ,only ,"o 9 su* an environm5t1 tol]ance ( su* practices 0 out ( ! "q4 ,?us 9 ! ,s9aitic law ,god is spok5 ( z 8! jeal\s ,god07#abh7 :o puni%es unrel5t+ly e violation ( ,8 laws ( purity & hol9ess4 #d4 ,! same %>p contra/ ( ,jewi% e?ical & spiritual mono!ism rema9$ also :5 x came 9 contact ) ! ,grco-,syrian & ,roman culture4 ,"h1 too1 ! my?s & cu/oms ( ! cult & ! popul> religion (f5d$ by _! gross s5suality ! *a/e _s ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,inde$1 ^! 7 all ! m dang]\s to ! purity ( social life1 z !y 7 g>b$ ) ! allur+ beauty ( art & philosophy47#abi7 ,! ,jew !n felt all ! m ! imp]ative duty to draw a %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ,judaism ) its *a/e & imageless wor%ip & ! lascivi\s1 immoral life ( paganism4 #e4 ,?is wide gulf :i* yawn$ betwe5 ,israel's ,"o & holy ,god & ! div9ities ( ! nations 0 n bridg$ ov] by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :5 x appe>$ on ! /age ( hi/ory & obta9$ _w-dom9ion4 ,= ,*ri/ianity 9 its turn succe$$ by aga9 dragg+ ! ,deity into ! _w ( ! s5ses1 adopt+ ! pagan my?s ( ! bir? & dea? ( ! gods1 & sanction+ image wor%ip4 ,9 ?is way x actually creat$ a ,*ri/ian plurality ( gods 9 place ( ! ,grco-,roman pan!on2 inde$1 x pres5t$ a div9e family aft] ! model ( ! ,egyptian & ,babylonian religions17#acj7 & ?us pu%$ ! ev]-liv+ ,god & ,fa!r ( mank9d into ! backgr\nd4 ,?is t5d5cy has nev] be5 expla9$ away1 ev5 by ! attempts ( c]ta9 high-m9d$ ?9k]s among ! ,*ur* fa!rs4 ,judaism1 h[ev]1 insi/s1 z ev]1 ^u ! words ( ! ,decalogue :i* condemn all attempts to depict ! ,deity 9 human or s5sual =m1 & ?r\gh all its tea*+s !re is e*o$ =? ! voice ( ,him :o spoke ?r\gh ! se] ( ! ,exile3 8,i am ! ,"l1 t is ,my "n1 & ,my glory w ,i n give to ano!r1 nei!r ,my praise to grav5 images407#aca7 #f4 ,:5 ,moses came to ,ph>aoh say+1 8,?us speake? ,,jhvh ! ,god ( ,israel1 s5d (f ,my p t !y may s]ve ,me10 ,ph>aoh--s ! ,midra% tells--took 8 li/ ( deities to h&1 look$ x ov]1 & said1 8,behold1 "h are enum]at$ ! gods ( ! nations1 b ,i _c f9d ?y ,god among !m40 ,to ?is ,moses repli$1 8,all ! gods kn[n & famili> to !e are mortal1 z ?\ art2 !y die1 & _! tomb is %[n4 ,! ,god ( ,israel has no?+ 9 common ) !m4 ,he is ! liv+1 true1 & et]nal ,god :o creat$ heav5 & e>?2 no p c )/& ,8 wra?407#acb7 ,?is passage /ates /rik+ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,god ( ,judaism & ! gods ( hea!ndom4 ,! latt] are b deifi$ p[]s ( nature1 & be+ p>ts ( ! _w1 !mselves at "o ) nature1 !y are subject to ! p[] ( "t & fate4 ,israel's ,god is en?ron$ above ! _w z its moral & spiritual ,rul]1 ! only ,be+ :om we c conceive z self-exi/5t1 z indivisible z tru? itself4 #g4 ,z long z ! pagan conception prevail$1 by :i* ! _w 0 divid$ into _m div9e p[]s1 !re c\ld be no conception ( ! idea ( a moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 ( an all-encompass+ purpose ( life4 ,consequ5tly ! great ?9k]s & morali/s ( hea!ndom 7 =c$ to d5y ! deities1 be=e !y c\ld ass]t ei!r ! unity ( ! cosmos or a design 9 life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 precisely ?is recognition ( ! moral nature ( ,god1 z manife/$ bo? 9 human life & 9 ! cosmic sph]e1 :i* br\ght ! ,jewi% prophets & sages to _! pure mono!ism1 9 :i* !y w ultimately be met by ! great ?9k]s ( all l&s & ages4 ,! unity ( ,god br+s h>mony into ! intellectual & moral _w2 ! division ( ! godhead into diff]5t p[]s or p]sonalities leads to discord & spiritual bondage4 ,su* is ! lesson ( hi/ory1 t 9 poly!ism1 dualism1 or tr9it>ianism "o ( ! p[]s mu/ necess>ily limit or obscure ano!r4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity l$ mank9d 9 _m ways to ! l[]+ ( ! supreme /&>d ( tru?1 to an infr+em5t on ju/ice1 & to inhumanity to o!r cre$s1 & !re=e ,judaism c\ld reg>d x only z a compromise ) hea!nism4 #h4 ,judaism assum$1 !n1 t[>d paganism an attitude ( rigid exclusion & opposition :i* c\ld easily be tak5 = ho/ility4 ,?is prevail$ especially 9 ! legal sy/ems ( ! ,bible & ! rabbis1 & 0 int5d$ prim>ily to gu>d ! mono!i/ic belief f pagan pollution & to keep x intact4 ,nei!r 9 ! ,deut]onomic law nor 9 ! late codes ( ,maimonides & ,joseph ,c>o is !re any tol]ation = idolatr\s practices1 = in/rum5ts ( idol-wor%ip1 or = idolat]s47#acc7 ,?is attitude gave ! enemies ( ! ,jew suffici5t occasion = speak+ ( ! ,jewi% ,god z hat+ ! _w1 z if only national conceit und]lay ! e>ne/ rigor ( ,jewi% mono!ism4 #i4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 s9ce ! "t ( ! prophets ,judaism has _h no national ,god 9 any exclusive s5se4 ,:ile ! ,law insi/s ^u ! exclusive wor%ip ( ! "o ,god ( ,israel1 ! n>ratives ( ! beg9n+s 9 ! ,bible h a diff]5t t5or4 ,!y take ! l(ty /&po9t t ! hea!n _w1 :ile wor%ip+ its _m div9ities1 _h m]ely lo/ sight ( ! true ,god aft] :om ! he>t ev] longs & se>*es4 ,?is implies t a k]nel ( true piety und]lies all ! error & delusion ( paganism1 :i*1 rightly guid$1 w lead back to ! ,god f :om mank9d _h /ray$4 ,! ,godhead1 divid$ into gods--z is h9t$ ev5 9 ! ,biblical "n1 ,elohim--mu/ aga9 become ! "o ,god ( humanity4 ,?us ! ,jew holds t all wor%ip =e%ad[s ! se>* = ! true ,god1 & t all humanity %all at "o "t ackn[l$ge ,him = :om !y h s long be5 se>*+4 ,surely ! ,psalms express1 n national n>r[ness1 b ard5t love = humanity :5 !y hail ! ,god ( ,israel1 ! ,mak] ( heav5 & e>?1 z ! _w's great ,k+1 & tell h[ ,he w judge ! nations 9 ju/ice1 :ile ! gods ( ! nations w be reject$ z 8vanities407#acd7 ,nor does ! div9e s]vice ( ! ,jew be> ! /amp ( clanni%ness4 ,= m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ! c5tral po9t 9 ! ,synagogue liturgy e morn+ & ev5+ has be5 ! battle-cry1 8,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o40 ,& s does ! conclusion ( e s]vice1 ! ,al5u1 ! solemn pray] ( adoration1 voice ! gr& hope ( ! ,jew = ! future1 t ! "t may spe$ily come :5 8be=e ! k+dom ( ,almighty all idolatry %all vani%1 & all ! inhabitants ( ! e>? p]ceive t unto ,him alone e knee mu/ b5d1 & all fle% recognize ,him alone z ,god & ,k+407#ace7 ,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,"n ( ,god #a4 ,primitive m5 atta*$ mu* importance to names1 = to !m ! "n ( a ?+ indicat$ its nature1 & ?r\gh ! "n "o c\ld obta9 ma/]y ov] ! ?+ or p]son nam$4 ,accord+ly1 ! "n ( ,god 0 consid]$ to be ! manife/ation ( ,8 be+2 by invok+ x man c\ld obta9 "s ( ,8 p[]2 & ! place :]e t "n 0 call$ became ! seat ( ,8 pres5ce4 ,!re=e ! "n mu/ be treat$ ) ! same rev]5tial awe z ! ,deity ,himself4 ,none d>e approa* ! ,deity1 nor misuse ! ,"n4 ,! pi\s s\l realiz$ ! ne>ness ( ! ,deity 9 he>+ ,8 "n pron\nc$4 ,f9ally1 ! diff]5t names ( ,god reflect ! diff]5t conceptions ( ,him :i* 7 held 9 v>i\s p]iods47#acf7 #b4 ,! ,semites 7 n l ! ,aryan nations1 :o beheld ! ess5ce ( _! gods 9 ! ph5om5a ( nature su* z light1 ra91 ?und]1 & lightn+1--& gave !m correspond+ names & titles4 ,! m int5se religi\s emotionalism ( ! ,semites7#acg7 p]ceiv$ ! ,godhead r z a p[] work+ f )91 & accord+ly gave x su* names z ,el 78! ,mighty ,"o071 ,eloha or ,pahad 78! ,awful ,"o071 or ,baal 78! ,ma/]074 ,elohim1 ! plural =m ( ,eloha1 d5ot$ orig9ally ! godhead z divid$ into a numb] ( gods or godly be+s1 t is1 poly!ism4 ,:5 x 0 appli$ to ,god1 h[ev]1 x 0 g5]ally und]/ood z a unity1 ref]r+ to "o undivid$ ,godhead1 = ,scripture reg>d$ mono!ism z orig9al ) mank9d4 ,:ile ?is view is contradict$ by ! sci5ce ( comp>ative religion1 /ill ! ideal conception ( religion1 bas$ on ! univ]sal consci\sness ( ,god1 po/ulates "o ,god :o is ! aim ( all human se>*+1 a fact :i* ! t]m ,h5o!ism fails to recognize47#ach7 #c4 ,= ! patri>*al age1 ! prelim9>y /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,jewi% ,god-idea1 ,scripture gives a special "n = ,god1 ,el ,%addai--8! ,almighty ,god40 ,?is probably has a relation to ,%od1 8/orm0 or 8havoc0 & 8de/ruction10 b 0 int]pret$ z supreme ,rul] ov] ! cele/ial p[]s47#aci7 ,! "n by :i* ,god reveal$ ,himself to ,moses & ! prophets z ! ,god ( ! cov5ant ) ,israel is ,,jhvh 7,jahveh74 ,?is "n is insep>ably connect$ ) ! religi\s developm5t ( ,judaism 9 all its l(t9ess & dep?4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,second ,temple ?is "n 0 decl>$ too sacr$ = utt]ance1 except by ! prie/s 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! s]vice1 & = my/]i\s use by specially initiat$ sa9ts4 ,in/ead1 ,adonai--8! ,"l0--0 sub/itut$ = x 9 ! ,biblical read+1 a usage :i* has cont9u$ = ov] two ?\s& ye>s4 ,! mean+ ( ! "n 9 pre-,mosaic times may be inf]r$ f ! fi]y /orms :i* accompani$ ea* !ophany 9 ! v>i\s ,scriptural passages1 z well z f ! root havah1 :i* means 8?r[ d[n0 & 8ov]?r[407#adj7 ,to ! prophets1 h[ev]1 ! ,god ( ,s9ai1 en?ron$ amid cl\ds ( /orm & fire1 mov+ be=e ,8 p 9 w> & peace1 appe>$ r z ! ,god ( ! ,cov5ant1 )\t image or =m1 unapproa*able 9 ,8 hol9ess4 ,z ! orig9al mean+ ( ,,jhvh _h become un9telligible1 !y int]pret$ ! "n z 8! ev] pres5t ,"o10 9 ! s5se ( ,ehyeh a%] ,ehyeh1 8,i %all be :atev] 7or :]ev]7 ,i am to be02 t is1 8,i am ev] ready to help40 ,?us spoke ,god to ,moses 9 reveal+ ,8 "n to him at ! burn+ bu%47#ada7 #d4 ,! prophetic g5ius p5etrat$ m & m into ! nature ( ,god1 recognis+ ,him z ! ,p[] :o rules 9 ju/ice1 m]cy1 & hol9ess4 ,?is process br\ght !m to id5tify ,,jhvh1 ! ,god ( ! cov5ant1 ) ! ,"o & only ,god :o ov]looks all ! _w f 8 heav5ly habitation1 & gives x plan & purpose4 ,at ! same "t1 all ! prophets rev]t to ! cov5ant on ,s9ai 9 ord] to proclaim ,israel z ! h]ald & witness ( ,god among ! nations4 ,9 fact1 ! ,god ( ! cov5ant proclaim$ ,8 univ]sality at ! v beg9n+1 9 ! introduction to ! ,decalogue3 8,ye %all be ,m9e own peculi> possession f among all peoples1 = all ! e>? is ,m9e4 ,& ye %all be unto ,me a k+dom ( prie/s & a holy nation407#adb7 ,9 o!r words1--y h ! special task ( m$iator among ! nations1 all ( :i* are "u ,my dom9ion4 #e4 ,9 ! ,wisdom lit]ature & ! ,psalms ! ,god ( ! cov5ant is subord9at$ to ! univ]sality ( ,,jhvh z ,creator & ,rul] ( ! _w4 ,9 a numb] ( ! ,psalms & 9 "s lat] writ+s ! v "n ,,jhvh 0 avoid$ probably on acc\nt ( its p>ticul>i/ic t+e4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ m & m ) a c]ta9 my/]y4 ,in/ead1 ,god z ! 8,"l0 is impress$ on ! consci\sness & adoration ( m51 9 all ,8 sublimity & 9 absolute unity4 ,! 8,"n0 cont9ues its sep>ate exi/5ce only 9 ! my/ic lore4 ,! "n ,jehovah1 h[ev]1 has no place :atsoev] 9 ,judaism4 ,x is due simply to a misread+ ( ! v[el signs t ref] to ! ^w ,adonai1 & has be5 errone\sly adopt$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury47#adc7 #f4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important process ( spiritualization :i* ! idea ( ,god und]w5t 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,jewi% p 0 made :5 ! "n ,,jhvh z ! prop] "n ( ! ,god ( ! cov5ant 0 giv5 up & replac$ by ,adonai--8! ,"l40 ,z long z ! ,god ( ,israel1 l o!r deities1 _h ,8 prop] "n1 he 0 practically "o ( !m1 h[ev] sup]ior 9 moral wor?4 ,z soon z ,he became ! ,"l1 t is1 ! only real ,god ov] all ! _w1 a di/9ctive prop] n\n 0 out ( place4 ,h5ce=? ! "n 0 inve/$ ) a my/]i\s & magic "*4 ,x became ineffable1 at lea/ to ! p at l>ge1 & its pronunciation s9ful1 except by ! prie/s 9 ! liturgy4 ,9 fact1 ! law 0 int]pret$ s z directly to =bid ?is utt]ance47#add7 ,?us ,,jhvh is no long] ! national ,god ( ,israel4 ,! ,talmud gu>ds aga9/ ! v suspicion ( a 8,judaiz$ ,god0 by insi/+ t e b5$iction to ,him z 8,god ! ,"l0 mu/ add 8,k+ ( ! ,univ]se0 r ?an ! =mula ( ! ,psalms1 8,god ( ,israel407#ade7 #g4 ,! ,midra% makes a significant comm5t on ! words ( ! ,%ema3 8,:y d ! words1 #8! ,"l is our ,god' prec$e ! words1 #8! ,"l is ,"o'8 ,does n ! p>ticul>ism ( ! =m] conflict ) ! univ]salism ( ! latt] s5t5ce8 ,no4 ,! =m] expresses ! idea t ! ,"l is #8our ,god' j s f> z ,8 "n is m int]tw9$ ) our hi/ory ?an ) t ( any o!r nation1 & t we h ! great] obligation z ,8 *os5 p4 ,:]ev] ,scripture speaks ( ! ,god ( ,israel1 x does n int5d to limit ,him z ! univ]sal ,god1 b to emphasize ,israel's special duty z ,8 prie/-p407#adf7 #h4 ,likewise is ! liturgical "n 8,god ( our fa!rs0 f> f be+ a nationali/ic limitation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! rabbis s+le out ,abraham z ! mission>y1 ! h]ald ( mono!ism 9 its m>* to _w-conque/4 ,= 8 use ( ! t]m1 8! ,god ( heav5 & ! ,god ( ! e>?07#adg7 !y (f] a *>act]i/ic explanation3 8,be=e ,abraham came1 ! p wor%ip$ only ! ,god ( heav51 b ,abraham by w9n+ !m = 8 ,god br\ght ,him d[n & made ,him also ! ,god ( ! e>?407#adh7 #i4 ,rev]5ce = ! ,deity caus$ ! ,jew to avoid n only ! utt]ance ( ! holy ,"n itself1 b ev5 ! common use ( its sub/itute ,adonai4 ,!re=e /ill o!r synonyms 7 introduc$1 su* z 8,ma/] ( ! univ]se10 8! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he10 8! ,m]ciful ,"o10 8! ,omnipot5ce0 7ha ,geburah717#adi7 8,k+ ( ! k+s ( k+s0 7"u ,p]sian influ5ce--z ! ,p]sian rul] call$ himself ! ,k+ ( ,k+s727#aej7 & 9 ,hasidean circles x became cu/om>y to invoke ,god z 8our ,fa!r0 & 8our ,fa!r 9 heav5407#aea7 ,! r /range appellations = ,god1 8,heav507#aeb7 & 7dwell+7 8,place0 7ha ,makom7 seem to orig9ate 9 c]ta9 =mulas ( ! oa?4 ,9 ! latt] "n ! rabbis ev5 f\nd h9ts ( ,god's omnipres5ce3 8,z space--,makom--encompasses all ?+s1 s does ,god encompass ! _w in/ead ( be+ encompass$ by x407#aec7 #aj4 ,! rabbis e>ly read a !ological mean+ into ! two names ,,jhvh & ,elohim1 tak+ ! =m] z ! div9e attribute ( m]cy & ! latt] z t ( ju/ice47#aed7 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! =m] "n 0 expla9$ etymologically z signify+ et]nity1 8,he :o is1 :o 01 & :o %all be40 ,philo %[s famili>ity ) ! two attributes ( ju/ice & m]cy1 b he & o!r ,alex&rian writ]s expla9$ ,,jhvh & ,ehyeh metaphysically1 & accord+ly call$ ,god1 8! ,"o :o is10 t is1 ! ,s\rce ( all exi/5ce4 ,bo? conceptions /ill influ5ce ,jewi% exegesis & acc\nt = ! t]m 8! ,et]nal0 sometimes us$ = 8! ,"l40 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,god #a4 ,= ! religi\s consci\sness1 ,god is n to be demon/rat$ by argum5t1 b is a fact ( inn] & out] exp]i5ce4 ,:atev] ! orig9 & nature ( ! cosmos may be accord+ to natural sci5ce1 ! s\l ( man foll[s its natural b5t1 z 9 ! days ( ,abraham1 to look ?r\gh nature to ! ,mak]1 ,orda9]1 & ,rul] ( all ?+s1 :o uses ! manifold _w ( nature only z ,8 work%op1 & :o rules x 9 fre$om z its sov]eign ,ma/]4 ,! entire cosmic life po9ts to a ,supreme ,be+ f :om all exi/5ce mu/ h aris51 & )\t :om life & process w\ld be impossible4 ,/ill ev5 ?is mode ( ?\ght is influ5c$ & det]m9$ by ! preval5t mono!i/ic conceptions4 ,f> m orig9al & pot5t 9 man is ! feel+ ( limitation & dep5d5cy4 ,?is br+s him to b[ d[n be=e a high] ,p[]1 at fir/ 9 fe> & trembl+1 b lat] 9 holy awe & rev]5ce4 ,z soon z man atta9s self-consci\sness & 8 w acquires purpose1 he enc\nt]s a w /rong] ?an 8 own1 ) :i* he (t5 comes into conflict1 & be=e :i* he mu/ frequ5tly yield4 ,?us he becomes consci\s ( duty--( :at he ought & ought n to d4 ,?is is n1 l e>li] limitations1 purely physical & work+ f )\t2 x is moral & op]ates f )94 ,x is ! s5se ( duty1 or1 z we call x1 consci5ce1 ! s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,?is awak5$ v e>ly 9 ! race1 & ?r\gh x ,god's voice has be5 p]ceiv$ ev] s9ce ! days ( ,adam & ( ,ca947#aee7 #b4 ,accord+ to ,scripture1 man 9 8 natural /ate possesses ! c]ta9ty ( ,god's exi/5ce ?r\gh su* inn] exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e ! ,bible conta9s no comm& to believe 9 ,god1 nor any logical demon/ration ( ,8 exi/5ce4 ,bo? ! ,creation /ories & ^? ( ! beg9n+s ( mank9d assume z undisput$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god z ! ,creator & ,judge ( ! _w4 ,argum5ts appeal+ to reason 7 resort$ to only 9 competition ) idolatry1 z 9 ,deut]onomy1 ,j]emiah1 & ,deut]o-,isaiah1 & subsequ5tly by ! ,haggadi/s 9 leg5ds su* z ^? ab\t ,abraham4 ,nor does ! ,bible consid] any :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,god27#aef7 only mu* lat]1 9 ! ,talmud1 d we he> ( ^? :o 8d5y ! fundam5tal pr9ciple0 ( ! fai?4 ,! d\bt express$ 9 ,job1 ,kohele?1 & c]ta9 ( ! ,psalms1 conc]ns r ! ju/ice ( ,god ?an ,8 exi/5ce4 ,true1 ,j]emiah & ! ,psalms7#aeg7 m5tion "s :o say 8,!re is no ,god10 b ^! are n a!i/s 9 our s5se ( ! ^w2 !y are ! impi\s :o d5y ! moral ord] ( life by ^w or de$4 ,x is ! villa9 7,nabal71 n ! 8fool0 :o 8says 9 he>t1 !re is no ,god40 ,ev5 ! ,talmud does n mean ! real a!i/ :5 speak+ ( 8! d5i] ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple10 b ! man :o says1 8,!re is nei!r a judgm5t nor a ,judge above & beyond407#aeh7 ,9 o!r words1 ! 8d5i]0 is ! same z ! ,epicurean 7,apicoros71 :o refuses to recognize ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w47#aei7 #c4 ,aft] ! d[nfall ( ! nation & ,temple1 ! situation *ang$ ?r\gh ! contemptu\s "q ( ! nations1 8,:]e is y\r ,god80 ,!n ! necessity became evid5t ( prov+ t ! ,rul] ( nations /ill held dom9ion ov] ! _w1 & t ,8 wondr\s p[]s 7 %[n m ?an ev] be=e ?r\gh ! fact ( ,israel's pres]vation 9 captivity4 ,?is is ! sub/ance ( ! addresses ( ! great se] ( ! ,exile 9 *apt]s ,,xl to ,,lix ( ,isaiah1 9 :i* he exposes ! gods ( hea!ndom to ev]la/+ scorn1 m ?an any o!r prophet be=e or aft]w>d4 ,he decl>es ^! deities to be vanity & naught1 b proclaims ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel z ! ,"l ( ! univ]se4 ,he ha? 8met$ out ! heav5s ) ! span10 & 8weigh$ ! m\nta9s 9 scales1 & ! hills 9 a balance40 ,be=e ,him 8! nations are z a drop ( ! bucket10 & 8! inhabitants ( ! e>? z gras%opp]s40 8,he br+e? out ! ho/s ( ! />s by numb]1 & calle? !m all by "n10 8,he ha? assign$ to ! g5]ations ( m5 _! lot f ! beg9n+1 & kn[e? at ! beg9n+ :at w be _! end407#afj7 ,measur$ by su* passages z ^! & su* z ,psalms ,,viii1 ,,xxiv1 ,,xxxiii1 ,,civ1 & ,,cxxxix1 :]e ,god is felt z a liv+ p[]1 all philosophical argum5ts ab\t ,8 exi/5ce seem to be /range fires on ! alt> ( religion4 ,! believ] c d )\t !m1 & ! unbeliev] w h>dly be conv9c$ by !m4 #d4 ,^u ! contact ( ! ,jew ) ,greek philosophy d\bt arose 9 _m m9ds1 & belief ent]$ into conflict ) reason4 ,b ev5 !n1 ! def5se ( ! fai? 0 /ill c>ri$ on by reason+ along ! l9es ( common s5se47#afa7 ,?us ! regul>ity ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s1--all wor%ip$ by ! pagans z deities--0 consid]$ a pro( ( ,god's omnipot5ce & rule ( ! univ]se1 a pro( :i* ! leg5d ascribes to ,abraham 9 8 controv]sy ) ,nimrod47#afb7 ,9 l mann]1 ! apocryphal ,book ( ,wisdom7#afc7 says t true wisdom1 z oppos$ to ! folly ( hea!nism1 is 8to reason f ! visible to ! ,invisible ,"o1 & f ! cosmos1 ! great "w ( art1 to ! ,supreme ,artific]40 #e4 ,philo 0 ! fir/ :o tri$ to refute ! 8a!i/ic0 views ( mat]iali/s & pan!i/s by adduc+ pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce f nature & ! human intellect4 ,9 ! =m] he po9t$ out ord] z evid5ce ( ! wisdom und]ly+ ! cosmos1 & 9 ! latt] ! p[] ( self-det]m9ation z %ad[+ =? a univ]sal m9d :i* det]m9es ! entire univ]se47#afd7 ,/ill1 ) 8 my/ical attitude1 ,philo realiz$ t ! *ief k ( ,god is ?r\gh intuition1 by ! inn] exp]i5ce ( ! s\l4 #f4 ,two pro(s tak5 f nature owe _! orig9 to ,greek philosophy4 ,anaxagoras & ,socrates1 f _! !ory ( design 9 nature1 d$uc$ t !re is a univ]sal intellig5ce work+ = high] aims & purposes4 ,?is s-call$ teleological pro(1 z work$ out 9 detail by ,plato1 0 ! unfail+ reliance ( subsequ5t philosoph]s & !ologians47#afe7 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 moreov]1 f ! cont9u\s motion ( all matt]1 inf]r$ a prime cause1 an unmov$ mov]4 ,?is is ! s-call$ cosmological pro(1 us$ by diff]5t s*ools 9 v>y+ =ms47#aff7 ,x occupies ! =emo/ place 9 ! sy/ems ( ! ,arabic ,ari/otelians1 & consequ5tly is dom9ant among ! ,jewi% philosoph]s1 ! ,*ri/ian s*ola/ics1 & 9 ! mod]n philosophic s*ools d[n to ,kant4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! old pr9ciple ( causality1 & !re=e takes ! mutability & relativity ( all be+s 9 ! cosmos z evid5ce ( a ,be+ t is immutable1 uncondition$1 & absolutely necess>y1 causa sui1 ! prime cause ( all exi/5ce4 #g4 ,! ,mohamm$an !ologians add$ a new elem5t to ! discussion4 ,9 _! endeavor to prove t ! _w is ! "w ( a ,creator1 !y po9t$ z evid5ce to ! multi=mity & composite /ructure1 ! cont+5cy & dep5d5cy ( ! cosmos2 ?us !y conclud$ t x mu/ h be5 creat$1 & t its ,creator mu/ necess>ily be ! "o1 absolute1 & all-det]m9+ cause4 ,?is pro( is us$ also by ,saadia & ,bahya b5 ,joseph47#afg7 ,its weakness1 h[ev]1 0 expos$ by ,ibn ,s9a & ,alf>abi among ! ,mohamm$ans1 & lat] by ,abraham ibn ,daud & ,maimonides1 _! ,jewi% successors z ,ari/otelians4 ,^! propos$ a sub/itute argum5t4 ,f ! fact t ! exi/5ce ( all cosmic be+s is m]ely possible1--t is1 !y may exi/ & !y may n exi/1--^! ?9k]s conclud$ t an absolutely necess>y be+ mu/ exi/ z ! cause & condition ( all ?+s1 & ?is absolutely uncondition$ yet all-condition+ be+ is ,god1 ! ,"o :o is47#afh7 ,( c\rse1 ! ,god s d$uc$ & inf]r$ is a m]e ab/raction1 incapable ( satisfy+ ! emotional crav+ ( ! he>t4 #h4 ,:ile ! cosmological pro( proce$s f ! transitory & imp]fect nature ( ! _w1 ! ontological pro(1 fir/ propos$ by ,anselm ( ,cant]bury1 ! ,*ri/ian s*ola/ic ( ! ,,xi c5tury1 & fur!r elaborat$ by ,desc>tes & ,m5delssohn1 proce$s f ! human intellect4 ,! m9d conceives ! idea ( ,god z an absolutely p]fect be+1 &1 z !re c be no p]fection )\t exi/5ce1 ! conclusion is t ?is idea mu/ necess>ily be objectively true4 ,!n1 z ! idea ( ,god is innate 9 man1 ,god mu/ necess>ily exi/1--& = pro( ( ?is !y po9t to ! ,scriptural v]se1 8,! fool ha? said 9 8 he>t1 !re is no ,god10 & o!r simil> passages4 ,9 its improv$ =m1 ?is argum5t uses ! human concept ( an inf9itely p]fect ,god z evid5ce1 or1 at lea/1 z po/ulate t su* a ,be+ exi/s beyond ! f9ite _w ( man47#afi7 ,ano!r argum5t1 r nave 9 "*1 :i* 0 favor$ by ! ,/oics & adopt$ by ! ,*ur* fa!rs1 is call$ de cons5su g5tium1 & endeavor$ to prove ! reality ( ,god's exi/5ce f ! univ]sality ( ,8 wor%ip4 ,x speaks well = ! s\nd reason+ ( ! ,jewi% ?9k]s t !y refus$ to foll[ ! lead ( ! ,mohamm$ans 9 ?is respect1 & did n avail !mselves ( an argum5t :i* c be us$ j z easily 9 support ( a plurality ( gods47#agj7 #i4 ,all ^! s-call$ pro(s 7 invalidat$ by ,immanuel ,kant1 ! great philosoph] ( ,knigsb]g1 ^: critical inquiry into ! human intellect %[$ t ! entire sum ( our k ( objects & also ( ! =mulation ( our ideas is bas$ ^u our limit$ mode ( app]ception1 :ile ! reality or ess5ce1 8! ?+ 9 itself10 w ev] rema9 beyond our k54 ,if ?is is true ( physical objects1 x is all ! m true ( ,god1 :om we "k ?r\gh our m9ds alone & n at all ?r\gh our five s5ses4 ,accord+ly1 he %[s t all ! metaphysical argum5ts h no basis1 & t we c "k ,god's exi/5ce only ?r\gh e?ics1 z a po/ulate ( our moral nature4 ,! inn] consci\sness ( our moral obligation1 or duty1 implies a moral ord] ( life1 or moral law2 & ?is1 9 turn1 po/ulates ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! ,rul] ( life1 :o assigns to ea* ( u 8 task & 8 de/9y47#aga7 #aj4 ,x is true t ,god is felt & wor%ip$ fir/ z ! supreme p[] 9 ! _w1 be=e man p]ceives ,him z ! highe/ ideal ( morality4 ,!re=e man w nev] cease look+ ab\t him = ve/iges ( div9ity & = pro(s ( 8 intuitive k ( ,god4 ,! wondr\s ord]1 h>mony1 & signs ( design 9 nature1 z well z ! impulse ( ! reason to se>* = ! unity ( all ?+s1 corroborate ?is innate belief 9 ,god4 ,/ill m d ! consci\sness ( duty 9 ! individual--consci5ce--& ! progress ( hi/ory ) its repeat$ v9dication ( "r & defeat ( wrong proclaim to ! believ] unmi/akably t ! ,god ( ju/ice reigns4 ,b no pro(1 h[ev] conv9c+1 w ev] br+ back to ! skeptic or unbeliev] ! ,god he has lo/1 unless 8 pangs ( angui% or ! void )9 fill 8 desolate _w anew ) ! vivify+ ?\ght ( a liv+ ,god4 #aa4 ,among all ! ,jewi% religi\s philosoph]s ! highe/ rank mu/ be accord$ to ,jehudah ha ,levi1 ! au?or ( ! ,cuz>i17#agb7 :o makes ! hi/orical fact ( ! div9e revelation ! f\ndation ( ! ,jewi% religion & ! *ief te/imony ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 reason alone w n lead to ,god1 except :]e religi\s intuition =ms1 s to speak1 ! ladd] ( heav51 lead+ to ! realm ( ! unkn[able4 ,philosophy1 at be/1 c only demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a f9al ,cause1 or ( a supreme ,intellig5ce work+ t[>d sublime purposes2 possibly also a moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 9 bo? ! physical & ! spiritual life4 ,religion alone1 f\nd$ ^u div9e revelation1 c tea* man to f9d a ,god1 to :om he c appeal 9 tru/ 9 8 mom5ts ( tr\ble or ( woe1 & ^: w he c see 9 ! dictates ( consci5ce & ! de/9y ( nations4 ,reason mu/ s]ve z a corrective = ! cont5ts ( revelation1 scrut9iz+ & purify+1 deep5+ & spiritualiz+ ev] anew ! tru?s receiv$ ?r\gh intuition1 b x c nev] be ! f9al s\rce ( tru?4 #ab4 ,! same me?od mu/ apply also to mod]n ?\ght & rese>*1 :i* sub/itut$ hi/orical me?ods = metaphysics 9 bo? ! physical & intellectual _w1 & :i* endeavors to trace ! orig9 & gr[? ( bo? objects & ideas 9 accordance ) fix$ laws4 ,! process ( evolution1 our mod]n key ) :i* to unlock ! secrets ( nature1 po9ts mo/ significantly to a ,supreme ,p[] & ,en]gy4 ,b ?is en]gy1 ent]+ into ! cosmic process at its outset1 caus+ its motion & its gr[?1 implies also an end1 & ?us aga9 we h ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce rea*$ ?r\gh a new type ( teleology47#agc7 ,b all ^! conceptions1 h[ev] !y may be 9 h>mony ) ! ,jewi% belief 9 creation & revelation1 c at be/ supplem5t x1 b c c]ta9ly nei!r supplant nor be id5tifi$ ) x4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,ess5ce ( ,god #a4 ,an exquisite ,ori5tal fable tells ( a sage :o _h be5 m$itat+ va9ly = days & weeks on ! "q1 ,:at is ,god8 ,"o day1 walk+ along ! sea%ore1 he saw "s *ildr5 busy+ !mselves by digg+ holes 9 ! s& & p\r+ into !m wat] f ! sea4 8,:at are y do+ !re80 he ask$ !m1 to :i* !y repli$1 8,we want to empty ! sea ( its wat]40 8,oh1 y little fools10 he exclaim$ ) a smile1 b sudd5ly 8 smile vani%$ 9 s]i\s ?\ght4 8,am ,i n z fooli% z ^! *ildr580 he said to himself4 8,h[ c ,i ) my small bra9 hope to grasp ! inf9ite nature ( ,god80 ,all ef=ts ( philosophy to def9e ! ess5ce ( ,god are futile4 8,can/ ?\ by se>*+ f9d out ,god80 ,zoph> asks ( 8 fri5d ,job47#agd7 ,bo? ,philo & ,maimonides ma9ta9 t we c "k ( ,god only t ,he is2 we c nev] fa?om ,8 inn]mo/ be+ or "k :at ,he is4 ,bo? f9d ?is unkn[ability ( ,god express$ 9 ! words spok5 to ,moses3 8,if ,i )draw ,my h&1 ?\ %all see ,my back--t is1 ! effects ( ,god's p[] & wisdom--b ,my face--! real ess5ce ( ,god--?\ %alt n see407#age7 #b4 ,/ill1 a div9ity void ( all ess5tial qualities fails to satisfy ! religi\s s\l4 ,man dem&s to "k :at ,god is--at lea/1 :at ,god is to him4 ,9 ! fir/ ^w ( ! ,decalogue ,god speaks ?r\gh ,8 p ,israel to ! religi\s consci\sness ( all m5 at all times1 beg9n+1 8,i am ! ,"l1 ?y ,god40 ,?is ^w ,i lifts ,god at once above all be+s & p[]s ( ! cosmos1 9 fact1 above all o!r exi/5ce1 = x expresses ,8 unique self-consci\sness4 ,?is attribute above all is possess$ by no be+ 9 ! _w ( nature1 & only by man1 :o is ! image ( 8 ,mak]4 ,accord+ to ! ,midra%1 all creation 0 hu%$ :5 ! ,"l spoke on ,s9ai1 8,i am ! ,"l407#agf7 ,god is n m]ely ! supreme ,be+1 b also ! supreme ,self-consci\sness4 ,z man1 9 spite ( all 8 limitations & helplessness1 /ill t[]s high above all 8 fell[ creatures by virtue ( 8 free w & self-consci\s action1 s ,god1 :o kn[s no b\nds to ,8 wisdom & p[]1 surpasses all be+s & =ces ( ! univ]se1 = ,he rules ov] all z ! "o completely self-consci\s ,m9d & ,w4 ,9 bo? ! visible & invisible realms ,he manife/s ,himself z ! absolutely free ,p]sonality1 moral & spiritual1 :o allots to e ?+ its exi/5ce1 =m1 & purpose4 ,= ?is reason ,scripture calls ,him 8! liv+ ,god & ev]la/+ ,k+407#agg7 #c4 ,judaism1 accord+ly1 tea*es u to recognize ,god1 above all1 z reveal+ ,himself 9 self-consci\s activity1 z det]m9+ all t happ5s by ,8 absolutely free w1 & ?us z %[+ man h[ to walk z a free moral ag5t4 ,9 relation to ! _w1 ,8 "w or work%op1 ,he is ! self-consci\s ,ma/]1 say+ 8,i am t :i* ,i am02 9 relation to man1 :o is ak9 to ,him z a self-consci\s rational & moral be+1 ,he is ! liv+ ,f\nta9 ( all t k & spirituality = :i* m5 long1 & 9 :i* alone !y may f9d cont5tm5t & bliss4 ,?us ! ,god ( ,judaism1 ! _w's great ,i ,am1 =ms a complete contra/1 n only to ! lifeless p[]s ( nature & de/9y1 :i* 7 wor%ip$ by ! anci5t pagans1 b also to ! ,god ( mod]n paganism1 a ,god dive/$ ( all p]sonality & self-consci\sness1 su* z ,he is conceiv$ ( by ! new s*ool ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 ) its pan!i/ic t5d5cy4 ,i ref] to ! s*ool ( ,rits*l1 :i* /rives to r5d] ! my? ( ! man-god philosophically intelligible by tea*+ t ,god rea*es self-consci\sness only 9 ! p]fect type ( man1 t is1 ,*ri/1 :ile o!rwise ,he is entirely imman5t1 "o ) ! _w4 ,all ! m =cibly does ,jewi% mono!ism insi/ ^u its doctr9e t ,god1 9 ,8 cont9ual self-revelation1 is ! sup]mundane & self-consci\s ,rul] ( bo? nature & hi/ory4 8,i am ! ,"l1 t is ,my "n1 & ,my glory w ,i n give to ano!r10--s says ! ,god ( ,judaism47#agh7 #d4 ,! ,jewi% ,god-idea1 ( c\rse1 _h to g ?r\gh _m /ages ( developm5t be=e x rea*$ ! concept ( a transc5d5tal & spiritual god4 ,x 0 necess>y fir/ t ! ,decalogue & ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant prohibit mo/ /r+5tly poly!ism & e =m ( idolatry1 & second t a /rictly imageless wor%ip impress ! p ) ! idea t ,israel's ,god 0 bo? invisible & incorporeal47#agi7 ,yet a wide /ep /ill int]v5$ f t /age to ! complete recognition ( ,god z a purely spiritual ,be+1 lack+ all qualities p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 & n resembl+ man 9 ei!r 8 inn] or 8 out] nature4 ,c5turies ( gradual rip5+ ( ?\ght 7 /ill necess>y = ! gr[? ( ?is conception4 ,?is 0 r5d]$ /ill m difficult by ! ,scriptural ref]5ces to ,god 9 ,8 actions & ,8 revelations1 & ev5 9 ,8 motives1 aft] a human patt]n4 ,israel's sages requir$ c5turies ( ef=t to remove all an?ropomorphic & an?ropopa?ic notions ( ,god1 & ?us to elevate ,him to ! highe/ realm ( spirituality47#ahj7 #e4 ,9 ?is process ( developm5t two po9ts ( view dem& consid]ation4 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t ! p]fectly cle> di/9ction :i* we make betwe5 ! s5sory & ! spiritual does n appeal to ! *ild-l m9d1 :i* sees x r z ext]nal4 ,:at we call transc5d5t1 ow+ to our compreh5sion ( ! immeasurable univ]se1 0 =m]ly conceiv$ only z f> remote 9 space or "t4 ,?us ,god is spok5 ( 9 ,scripture z dwell+ 9 heav5 & look+ d[n ^u ! inhabitants ( ! e>? to judge !m & to guide !m47#aha7 ,accord+ to ,deut]onomy1 ,god spoke f heav5 to ! p ab\t ,mt4 ,s9ai1 :ile ,exodus repres5ts ,him z com+ d[n to ! m\nta9 f ,8 heav5ly heights to proclaim ! law amid ?und] & lightn+47#ahb7 ,! ,babylonian conception ( heav5 prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages & influ5c$ bo? ! my/ic lore ab\t ! heav5ly ?rone & ! philosophic cosmology ( ! ,ari/otelians1 su* z ,maimonides4 ,yet ,scripture (f]s also ano!r view1 ! concept ( ,god z ! ,"o en?ron$ on high1 :om 8! heav5s & ! heav5's heav5s _c encompass407#ahc7 ,! fact is t language /ill lack$ an expression = pure _s1 & ! intellect fre$ itself only gradually f ! re/rictions ( primitive language to atta9 a pur] conception ( ! div9e4 ,?us we atta9 deep] insight into ! spiritual nature ( ,god :5 we read ! inimitable words ( ! ,psalmi/ describ+ ,8 omnipres5ce17#ahd7 or t o!r passage3 8,he t plant$ ! e>1 %all ,he n he>8 ,he t =m$ ! eye1 %all ,he n see8 ,he t *a/ise? ! nations1 %all ,he n correct1 ev5 ,he t tea*es man k807#ahe7 ,! translators & int]pret]s ( ! ,bible felt ! ne$ ( elim9at+ ev]y?+ ( a s5sory nature f ,god & ( avoid+ an?ropomorphism1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy4 ,?is spiritualization ( ! ,god idea 0 tak5 up aga9 by ! philosoph]s ( ! ,spani%-,arabic p]iod1 :o combat$ ! prevail+ my/icism4 ,?r\gh !m ,jewi% mono!ism emphasiz$ its opposition to e human repres5tation ( ,god1 especially ! ,god-,man ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 #f4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t we naturally ascribe to ,god a human p]sonality1 :e!r we speak ( ,him z ! ,ma/]-work] ( ! univ]se1 z ! all-see+ & all-he>+ ,judge1 or ! compassionate & m]ciful ,fa!r4 ,we _c help attribut+ human qualities & emotions to ,him ! mom5t we inve/ ,him ) a moral & spiritual nature4 ,:5 we speak ( ,8 punitive ju/ice1 ,8 unfail+ m]cy1 or ,8 all-wise provid5ce1 we transf] to ,him1 imp]ceptibly1 our own righte\s indignation at ! sight ( a wick$ de$1 or our own compassion ) ! suff]]1 or ev5 our own mode ( delib]ation & decision4 ,moreov]1 ! prophets & ! ,torah1 9 ord] to make ,god pla9 to ! p1 describ$ ,him 9 vivid images ( human life1 ) ang] & jeal\sy z well z compassion & rep5tance1 & also ) ! organs & functions ( ! s5ses1--see+1 he>+1 smell+1 speak+1 & walk+4 #g4 ,! rabbis are all ! m emphatic 9 _! ass]tions t ! ,torah m]ely int5ds to assi/ ! simple-m9d$1 & t unseemly expressions conc]n+ ,deity are due to ! inadequacy ( language1 & mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally47#ahf7 8,x is an act ( boldness all[$ only to ! prophets to measure ! ,creator by ! /&>d ( ! creature10 says ! ,haggadi/1 & aga91 8,god appe>$ to ,israel1 n[ z a h]oic w>rior1 n[ z a v5]able sage imp>t+ k1 & aga9 z a k9d disp5s] ( b\nties1 b always 9 a mann] befitt+ ! "t & circum/ance1 s z to satisfy ! ne$ ( ! human he>t407#ahg7 ,?is is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ dialogue3 8,a h]etic came to ,rabbi ,meir ask+1 #8,h[ c y reconcile ! passage :i* reads1 8,d ,i n fill heav5 & e>?1 says ! ,"l10 ) ! "o :i* relates t ! ,"l appe>$ to ,moses betwe5 ! *]ubim ( ! ark ( ! cov5ant8' ,:]eupon ,rabbi ,meir took two mirrors1 "o l>ge & ! o!r small1 & plac$ !m be=e ! int]rogator4 #8,look into ?is glass1' he said1 #8& into t4 ,does n y\r figure seem diff]5t 9 "o ?an 9 ! o!r8 ,h[ mu* m w ! maje/y ( ,god1 :o has nei!r figure nor =m1 be reflect$ diff]5tly 9 ! m9ds ( m56 ,to "o x w appe> accord+ to 8 n>r[ view ( life1 & to ! o!r 9 accordance ) 8 l>g] m5tal horizon4' 07#ahh7 ,9 l mann] ,rabbi ,jo%ua b5 ,hanania1 :5 ask$ s>ca/ically by ! ,emp]or ,hadrian to %[ him 8 ,god1 repli$3 8,come & look at ! sun :i* n[ %9es 9 ! full spl5dor ( noonday6 ,behold1 ?\ art dazzl$4 ,h[1 !n1 can/ ?\ see )\t bewild]m5t ! maje/y ( ,him f :om emanates bo? sun & />s807#ahi7 ,?is rejo9d]1 :i* 0 famili> to ! ,greeks also1 is excell$ by ! "o ( ,rabban ,gamaliel ,,ii to a hea!n :o ask$ him 8,:]e does ! ,god dwell to :om y daily pray80 8,tell me fir/10 he answ]$1 8:]e does y\r s\l dwell1 :i* is s close to !e8 ,?\ can/ n tell4 ,h[1 !n1 c ,i in=m !e conc]n+ ,him :o dwells 9 heav51 & ^: ?rone is sep>at$ f ! e>? by a j\rney ( #cejj ye>s80 8,!n d we n d bett] to pray to gods :o are ne> at h&1 & :om we c see ) our eyes80 cont9u$ ! hea!n1 :]eupon ! sage /ruck home1 8,well1 y may see y\r gods1 b !y nei!r see nor help y1 :ile our ,god1 ,himself unse51 yet sees & protects u con/antly407#aij7 ,! comp>ison ( ! invisible s\l to ,god1 ! invisible _s ( ! univ]se1 is work$ out fur!r 9 ! ,midra% to ,psalm ,,ciii4 #h4 ,f ! =ego+ x is cle> t1 :ile ,judaism insi/s on ! ,deity's transc5d+ all f9ite & s5sory limitations1 x nev] lo/ ! s5se ( ! close relation%ip betwe5 man & 8 ,mak]4 ,not)/&+ ,*ri/ian !ologians to ! contr>y1 ! ,jewi% ,god 0 nev] a m]e ab/raction47#aia7 ,! words1 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god10 betok5 ! intimate relation betwe5 ! r$eem$ & ! heav5ly ,r$eem]1 & ! song ( triumph at ! ,r$ ,sea1 8,?is is my ,god1 ,i w extol ,him10 te/ifies--accord+ to ! ,midra%--t ev5 ! humble/ ( ,god's *os5 p 7 fill$ ) ! feel+ ( ,8 ne>ness47#aib7 ,9 ! same way ! w>m brea? ( union ) ,god brea!s ?r\gh all ! writ+s1 ! pray]s1 & ! :ole hi/ory ( ,judaism4 8,= :at great nation is !re t ha? ,god s nigh unto !m z ! ,"l our ,god is1 :5ev] we call ^u ,him80 exclaims ,moses 9 ,deut]onomy1 & ! rabbis1 comm5t+ ^u ! plural =m us$ "h1 ,k]obim1 8nigh10 rem>k3 8,god is nigh to ev]yone 9 accordance ) 8 special ne$s407#aic7 #i4 ,probably ! rabbis 7 at _! mo/ pr(\nd mood 9 _! say+1 8,god's greatness lies 9 ,8 condesc5sion1 z may be le>n$ f ! ,torah1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,writ+s4 ,to quote only ,isaiah also3 #8,?us sai? ! ,high & ,l(ty ,"o1 ,i dwell 9 high & holy places1 ) him t is ( a contrite & humble _s4'7#aid7 ,= ?is reason ,god select$ z ! place ( ,8 revelation ! humble ,s9ai & ! l[ly ?ornbu%407#aie7 ,9 fact1 ! abs5ce ( any m$iator 9 ,judaism necessitates ! doctr9e t ,god--) all ,8 transc5d5t maje/y--is at ! same "t 8an ev] pres5t help] 9 tr\ble107#aif7 & t ,8 omnipot5ce includes c>e = ! greate/ & ! smalle/ be+s ( creation47#aig7 #aj4 ,! doctr9e t ,god is above & beyond ! univ]se1 transc5d+ all creat$ ?+s1 z well z "t & space1 might lead logically to ! view ( ! dei/ t ,he /&s outside ( ! _w1 & does n "w f )94 ,b ?is inf]5ce has nev] be5 made ev5 by ! bolde/ ( ,jewi% ?9k]s4 ,! ,psalmi/ said1 8,:o is l ! ,"l our ,god1 t ha? ,8 seat on high1 t humble? ,himself to behold :at is 9 heav5 & on e>?807#aih7--words :i* express ! deepe/ & ! l(tie/ ?\ght ( ,judaism4 ,beside ! all-encompass+ ,deity no o!r div9e p[] or p]sonality c f9d a place4 ,god is 9 all2 ,he is ov] all2 ,he is bo? imman5t & transc5d5t4 ,8 creation 0 n m]ely sett+ into motion ! :eels ( ! cosmic fabric1 aft] :i* ,he )drew f ! _w4 ,! ,jew praises ,him = e sc5t & sight ( nature or ( human life1 = ! beauty ( ! sea & ! ra9b[1 = e fla% ( lightn+ t illum9es ! d>k5$ cl\ds & e peal ( ?und] t %akes ! e>?4 ,on e su* occasion ! ,jew utt]s praise to 8,him :o daily r5ews ! "w ( creation10 or 8,him :o 9 ev]la/+ fai?fulness keepe? ,8 cov5ant ) mank9d40 ,su* is ! tea*+ ( ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue17#aii7 & ! *>ge ( ! ,jewi% ,god idea be+ a b>r5 & ab/ract transc5d5talism c be urg$ only by ! bl9dness ( bigotry47#bjj7 #aa4 ,! int]weav+ ( ! ideas ( ,god's imman5ce & transc5d5cy is %[n especially 9 two poems embodi$ 9 ! songs ( ! ,synagogue1 ,ibn ,gabirol's 8,cr[n ( ,royalty0 & ! 8,songs ( ,unity0 = ea* day ( ! week1 compos$ by ,samuel b5 ,kalonymos1 ! fa!r ( ,judah ! ,pi\s ( ,reg5sburg4 ,"h occur su* s5t5ces z ^!3 8,all is 9 ,god & ,god is 9 all02 8,suffici5t unto ,himself & self-det]m9+1 ,he is ! ev]-liv+ & self-consci\s ,m9d1 ! all-p]meat+1 all-impell+1 & all-accompli%+ ,w02 8,! univ]se is ! emanation ( ! pl5itude ( ,god1 ea* "p ! light ( ,8 inf9ite light1 flame ( ,8 et]nal empyrean02 8,! univ]se is ! g>m5t1 ! cov]+ ( ,god1 & ,he ! all-p5etrat+ ,s\l407#bja7 ,all ^! ideas 7 borr[$ f neo-,platonism1 & f\nd a conspicu\s place 9 ,ibn ,gabirol's philosophy1 lat] influ5c+ ! ,cabbalah4 ,simil>ly ! appellation1 ,makom1 8,space10 is expla9$ by bo? ,philo & ! rabbis z d5ot+ 8,him :o encompasses ! _w1 b :om ! _w _c encompass407#bjb7 ,an utt]ance su* z ?is1 well-nigh pan!i/ic 9 tone1 leads directly to !ories l ^? ( ,sp9oza or ( ,david ,nieto1 ! well-kn[n ,london ,rabbi1 :o 0 l>gely "u ,sp9ozi/ic influ5ce7#bjc7 & :o /ill 0 9 accord ) ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,c]ta9ly1 z long z ,jewi% mono!ism conceives ( ,god z self-consci\s ,intellect & freely act+ ,w1 x c easily accept ! pr9ciple ( div9e imman5ce4 #ab4 ,we accept1 !n1 ! fact t man1 *ild-l1 inve/s ,god ) human qualities1--a view advanc$ by ,abraham b5 ,david ( ,posqui]es 9 opposition to ,maimonides47#bjd7 ,/ill1 ! ?9k]s ( ,judaism h ev] labor$ to dive/ ! ,deity ( e ve/ige ( s5su\sness1 ( lik5ess to man1 9 fact1 ( e limitation to action or to free w4 ,e conception :i* m]ges ,god into ! _w or id5tifies ,him ) x & ?us makes ,him subject to necessity1 is incompatible ) ! ,jewi% idea ( ,god1 :i* en?rones ,him above ! univ]se z its free & sov]eign ,ma/]4 8,am ,i a ,god ne> at h&1 sai? ! ,"l1 & n a ,god af> (f8 ,c any hide himself 9 secret places t ,i %all n see him8 sai? ! ,"l4 ,d ,i n fill heav5 & e>?807#bje7 8,to :om w y lik5 ,me1 t ,i %\ld be equal807#bjf7 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,"o & ,only ,god #a4 ,f ! v beg9n+ no ,jewi% doctr9e 0 s firmly proclaim$ & s h]oically def5d$ z ! belief 9 ! ,"o & ,only ,god4 ,?is con/itutes ! ess5ce & f\ndation ( ,judaism4 ,h[ev] sl[ly ! p le>n$ t !re c\ld be no gods beside ! ,"o ,god1 & t consequ5tly all ! pagan deities 7 b 8naught & vanity10 ! ,judaism ( ! ,torah />ts ) ! proclamation ( ! ,only ,"o1 & lat] ,judaism m>*es ?r\gh ! nations & ages ( hi/ory ) a nev]-sil5t prote/ aga9/ poly!ism ( e k9d1 aga9/ e division ( ! ,godhead into p>ts1 p[]s1 or p]sons4 #b4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t div9e p$agogy c\ld n well h dem&$ ( a p immature & untra9$ 9 religion1 l ,israel 9 ! wild]ness p]iod1 ! imm$iate belief 9 ! only "o ,god & 9 none else4 ,su* a belief is ! result ( a long m5tal process2 x is atta9$ only aft] c5turies ( sev]e /ruggle & crisis4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! ,decalogue ( ,s9ai dem&$ ( ! p t !y wor%ip only ! ,god ( ! ,cov5ant :o _h deliv]$ !m f ,egypt to r5d] !m ,8 p47#bjg7 ,b1 z !y yield$ m & m to ! s$uctive wor%ip ( ! gods ( ! ,canaanites & _! o!r neighbors1 ! law became m rigid 9 prohibit+ su* idolatr\s practices1 & ! prophets p\r$ =? _! unsca?+ wra? aga9/ ! 8/iff-neck$ p0 & endeavor$ by unceas+ w>n+s & ?reats to w9 !m = ! pure tru? ( mono!ism47#bjh7 #c4 ,! ,god ( ,s9ai proclaims ,himself 9 ! ,decalogue z a 8jeal\s ,god10 & n 9 va94 ,he _c tol]ate o!r gods beside ,himself4 ,tru? c make no concession to untru?1 nor ent] into any compromise ) x )\t self-surr5d]4 ,a pagan religion c\ld well af=d to admit =eign gods into its pan!on )\t (f5d+ ! rul+ deities ( ! l&4 ,on ! contr>y1 _! realm seem$ r to be enl>g$ by ! addition4 ,x 0 also easy to bl5d ! cults ( deities orig9ally di/9ct & unite _m div9ities "u a composite "n1 & by ?is process create a sy/em ( wor%ip :i* w\ld ei!r comprise ! gods ( _m l&s or ev5 m]ge !m into "o l>ge family4 ,?is 0 actually ! /ate ( ! v>i\s pagan religions at ! "t ( ! decl9e ( antiquity4 ,b su* a proc$ure c\ld nev] lead t[>ds true mono!ism4 ,x lacks ! conception ( an inn] unity1 )\t :i* its foll[]s c\ld n grasp ! true idea ( ,god z ! s\rce & ess5ce ( all life1 bo? physical & spiritual4 ,only ! ,"o ,god ( revelation made ! _w really "o4 ,9 ,him alone heav5 & e>?1 day & night1 gr[? & decay1 ! weal & woe ( individuals & nations1 appe> z ! "w ( an all-rul+ ,p[] & ,wisdom1 s t all ev5ts 9 nature & hi/ory are se5 z p>ts ( "o all-compris+ plan47#bji7 #d4 ,x is p]fectly true t a wide diff]5ce ( view exi/s betwe5 ! prohibition ( poly!ism & idolatry 9 ! ,decalogue & ! proclamation 9 ,deut]onomy ( ! unity ( ,god1 &1 /ill m1 betwe5 ! law ( ! ,p5tateu* & ! prophetic ann\ncem5t ( ! day :5 ,israel's ,god 8%all be ,k+ ( ! :ole e>?1 & ,8 "n %all be ,"o407#baj7 ,yet ,judaism is bas$ precisely ^u ?is high] view4 ,! v fir/ pages ( ,g5esis1 ! op5+ ( ! ,torah1 z well z ! exilic portions ( ,isaiah :i* =m ! culm9ation ( ! prophets1 & ! ,psalms also1 prove suffici5tly t at _! "t mono!ism 0 an axiom ( ,judaism4 ,9 fact1 hea!nism _h become synonym\s ) bo? image-wor%ip & belief 9 _m gods beside ! ,only ,"o ( ,israel1 & accord+ly _h lo/ all hold ^u ! ,jewi% p4 ,! hea!n gods 7 giv5 a place 9 ! cele/ial economy1 b only z subord9ate rul]s or z ! gu>dian angels ( ! nations1 & always "u ! dom9ion ( ,god on high47#baa7 #e4 ,lat]1 9 ! conte/ aga9/ ,grco-,egyptian paganism1 ! doctr9e ( ,god's unity 0 emphasiz$ 9 ! ,alex&rian propag&a lit]ature1 ( :i* only a portion has be5 pres]v$ = u4 ,"h antagonism 9 ! mo/ =cible =m is express$ aga9/ ! delusive cults ( paganism1 & exclusive wor%ip claim$ = 8! unse51 yet all-see+ ,god1 ! uncreat$ ,creator ( ! _w407#bab7 ,! ,rabb9ical ,haggadah conta9s b dim rem9isc5ces ( ! ext5sive propag&a c>ri$ on previ\s to ,hillel1 ! ,talmudic type ( ! propag&i/4 ,moreov]1 ?is p]iod fo/]$ free inquiry & philosophical discussion1 & !re=e ! doctr9e ( unity em]g$ m & m f simple belief to become a matt] ( reason4 ,! ,god ( tru? put to flight ! gods ( falsehood4 ,h5ce _m g5tiles esp\s$ ! cause ( ,judaism1 becom+ 8,god-fe>+ m5407#bac7 #f4 ,9 ?is connection x seems necess>y to po9t out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,god ( ! ,greek philosoph]s--,x5ophanes & ,anaxagoras1 ,plato & ,ari/otle--& ! ,god ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ab&on+ _! own gods1 ! ,greek philosoph]s rea*$ a dei/ic view ( ! cosmos4 ,z _! /udy ( sci5ce %[$ !m plan & ord] ev]y:]e1 !y conclud$ t ! univ]se is gov]n$ by an all-encompass+ ,intellig5ce1 a div9e p[] entirely di/9ct f ! caprici\s deities ( ! popul> religion4 ,reflection l$ !m to a complete rupture ) _! religi\s belief4 ,! ,biblical belief 9 ,god und]w5t a diff]5t process4 ,aft] ,god _h once be5 conceiv$ (1 ,he 0 held up z ! ideal ( morality1 includ+ bo? righte\sness & hol9ess4 ,!n ?is doctr9e 0 cont9u\sly elucidat$ & deep5$1 until a /age 0 rea*$ :]e a h>mony c\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! tea*+s ( ,moses & ! wisdom ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,to ! noble ?9k]s ( ,hellas tru? 0 an object ( supreme delight1 ! highe/ privilege ( ! sage4 ,to ! adh]5ts ( ,judaism tru? became ! holie/ aim ( life = ! entire p1 = :i* all 7 taught to battle & to die1 z did ! ,maccabean h]oes & ,daniel & 8 associates1 _! prototypes4 #g4 ,a deep] mean+ 0 atta*$ to ! doctr9e ( ,god's unity "u ,p]sian rule1 9 contact ) ! religi\s sy/em ( ,zoroa/]4 ,to ! ,p]sians life 0 a cont9ual conflict betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( good & ( evil1 until ! ultimate victory ( good %all come4 ,?is duali/ic view ( ! _w greatly excels all o!r hea!n religi\s sy/ems1 ins(> z x assigns e?ical purpose to ! :ole ( life4 ,yet ! great se] ( ! ,exile opposes ?is sy/em 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( ,judaism1 speak+ to ,cyrus1 ! k+ ( ,p]sia2 8,i am ! ,"l & !re is none else2 beside ,me !re is no ,god4 ,i w gird !e1 ?\gh ?\ do/ n "k ,me1 9 ord] t ! p %all "k f ! ris+ ( ! sun & f ! we/ t !re is none beside ,me4 ,i =m ! light & create d>kness2 ,i make peace & also create evil1 ,i am ! ,"l t doe? ^! ?+s407#bad7 ,?is decl>ation ( pure mono!ism is incompatible ) dualism 9 bo? ! physical & ! moral _w2 x reg>ds evil z be+ m]e semblance )\t reality1 an oppos+ =ce :i* c be ov]come & r5d]$ a s\rce ( new /r5g? = ! victory ( ! good4 8,out ( ! m\? ( ! ,mo/ ,high come? !re n ! evil & ! good807#bae7 #h4 ,! division ( ! _w into rival realms ( good & evil p[]s1 ( angelic & demoniacal =ces1 :i* orig9at$ 9 anci5t ,*aldea & und]lies ! ,zoroa/rian dualism1 f9ally took hold ( ,judaism also4 ,/ill ?is 0 n c>ri$ to su* an ext5t t ,satan1 ! supreme rul] ( ! demon _w1 0 giv5 a dom9ion equal to t ( ,god1 or int]f]+ ) x1 s z to impair !reby ! pr9ciple ( mono!ism1 z 0 done by ! ,*ur* lat] on4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 at ! "t ( nasc5t ,*ri/ianity ! lead]s ( ! ,synagogue took rigid measures aga9/ ^? h]etics 7,m9im7 :o believ$ 9 two div9e p[]s17#baf7 because !y recogniz$ ! grave dang] ( moral deg5]acy 9 ?is ,gno/ic dualism4 ,9 ! ,*ur* x l$ fir/ to ! deification ( ,*ri/ 7i4e4 ! ,messiah7 z ! vanqui%] ( ,satan2 aft]w>ds1 ow+ to a compromise ) hea!nism1 ! ,tr9ity 0 adopt$ to correspond ) ! ?ree-fold godhead1--fa!r1 "m1 & son1--! place ( ! "m deity be+ tak5 by ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* 0 orig9ally conceiv$ z a female p[] 7! ,syrian ,ruha be+ ( ! fem99e g5d]747#bag7 #i4 ,! *ur*m5 h attempt$ (t5 en\gh to h>monize ! dualism or tr9it>ianism ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! mono!ism ( ! ,bible4 ,/ill ,judaism p]si/s 9 consid]+ su* an infr+em5t ^u ! belief 9 ,israel's "o & only ,god z really a compromise ) hea!nism4 8,a ,jew is he :o opposes e sort ( poly!ism10 says ! ,talmud47#bah7 #aj4 ,! m$ieval ,jewi% ?9k]s !re=e made r$\bl$ ef=ts to express ) utmo/ cle>ness ! doctr9e ( ,god's unity4 ,9 ?is ef=t !y receiv$ special enc\ragem5t f ! example ( ! lead]s ( ,islam1 ^: victori\s m>* ov] ! globe 0 a triumph = ! "o ,god ( ,abraham ov] ! triune ,god ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a great tide ( intellectual progress arose1 l5d+ to ! fai? ( ! ,mohamm$ans & subsequ5tly also to t ( ! ,jews an impetus :i* la/$ = c5turies4 ,! new ?\ght & ke5 rese>* ( t p]iod _h a la/+ influ5ce ^u ! :ole developm5t ( we/]n culture4 ,an alliance 0 effect$ betwe5 religion & philosophy1 p>ticul>ly by ! lead+ ,jewi% m9ds1 :i* prov$ a lib]at+ & /imulat+ =ce 9 all fields ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,?us ! pure idea ( mono!ism became ! basis = mod]n sci5ce & ! entire mod]n _w-view47#bai7 #aa4 ,! ,mohamm$an ?9k]s devot$ _! att5tion *iefly to elucidat+ & spiritualiz+ ! ,god idea1 beg9n+ z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury ( ,islamism1 s to int]pret ! ,koran z to dive/ ,god ( all an?ropomorphic attributes & to /ress ,8 absolute unity1 uniqu5ess1 & ! incomp>ability ( ,8 on5ess4 ,soon !y became famili> ) neo-,platonic & aft]w>d ) ,ari/otelian modes ( speculation ?r\gh ! "w ( ,syrian & ,jewi% translators4 ,) ! help ( ^! !y built up a sy/em ( !ology :i* influ5c$ ,jewi% ?\ght also1 fir/ 9 ,k>aite & !n 9 ,rabbanite circles47#bbj7 ,?us sprang up successively ! philosophical sy/ems ( ,saadia1 ,jehuda ha ,levi1 ,ibn ,gabirol1 ,bahya1 ,ibn ,daud1 & ,maimonides4 ,! philosophical hymns & ! articles ( fai?1 bo? ( :i* f\nd a place 9 ! liturgy ( ! ,synagogue1 7 ! "w ( _! foll[]s4 ,! highe/ mode ( ador+ ,god seem$ to be ! elaboration ( ! idea ( ,8 unity to its logical conclusion1 :i* satisfi$ ! philosophical m9d1 ?\gh (t5 remote f ! und]/&+ ( ! multitude4 ,= c5turies ! supreme ef=t ( ,jewi% ?\ght 0 to remove ,him f ! possibility ( comp>ison ) any o!r be+1 & to aboli% e conception :i* might impair ,8 absolute & simple unity4 ,?is m5tal activity fill$ ! dwell+s ( ,israel ) light1 ev5 :5 ! d>kness ( ignorance cov]$ ! l&s ( ,*ri/5dom1 dispell$ only "h & !re by rays ( k emanat+ f ,jewi% qu>t]s47#bba7 #ab4 ,! pro(s ( ! unity ( ,god adduc$ by ,mohamm$an & ,jewi% ?9k]s 7 d]iv$ f ! rational ord]1 design1 & unity ( ! cosmos1 & f ! laws ( ! m9d itself4 ,^! aid$ 9 end[+ ,judaism ) a p[] ( conviction :i* r5d]$ futile ! conv]sioni/ ef=ts ( ! ,*ur*1 ) its argum5ts & its ?reats4 ,israel's only ,"o prov$ to be ! ,god ( tru?1 high & holy to bo? ! m9d & ! he>t4 ,! ,jewi% ma/]s ( ?\ght r5d]$ ,him ! highe/ object ( _! speculation1 only to b[ 9 awe be=e ,him :o is beyond all human k52 ! ,jewi% m>tyrs likewise *e]fully (f]$ up _! lives 9 ,8 honor2 & ?us all he>ts e*o$ ! battle-cry ( ! c5turies1 8,he> ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o10 & all m9ds 7 illum9$ by ! radiant hope1 8,! ,"l w be ,k+ ( ! e>?2 on t day ! ,"l %all be ,"o1 & ,8 "n %all be ,"o40 #ac4 ,"u all conditions1 h[ev]1 ! doctr9e ( unity rema9$ free f outw>d compulsion & full ( intr9sic vigor & fre%ness4 ,!re 0 /ill room = diff]5ces ( op9ion1 su* z :e!r ,god's life1 p[]1 wisdom1 & unity are attributes--di/9ct f ,8 be+1 & qualify+ x1--or :e!r !y are inh]5t 9 ,8 nature1 compris+ ,8 v ess5ce4 ,?is controv]sy aim$ to det]m9e ! conception ( ,god1 ei!r by ,ari/otelian rationalism1 z repres5t$ by ,maimonides1 or by ! positive religi\s assumptions ( ,crescas & o!rs4 ,?is is ,maimonides' /atem5t ( ! unity3 8,god is "o2 t is1 ,he is unlike any o!r unit1 :e!r made "o 9 po9t ( numb]s or species1 or by virtue ( composition1 sep>ation1 & simplification4 ,he is "o 9 ,himself1 !re be+ no multiplicity 9 ,him4 ,8 unity is beyond all def9ition407#bbb7 ,ibn ,gabirol 9 8 8,cr[n ( ,royalty0 puts ! same ?\ght into poetic =m3 8,"o art ,?\2 ! wise wond] at ! my/]y ( ,?y unity1 n kn[+ :at x is4 ,"o art ,?\2 n l ! "o ( dim5sion or numb]1 z nei!r addition nor *ange1 nei!r attribute nor quality affects ,?y be+4 ,?\ art ,god1 :o su/a9e/ all be+s by ,?y div9ity1 :o holde/ all creatures 9 ,?y unity4 ,?\ art ,god1 & !re is no di/9ction betwe5 ,?y unity1 ,?y et]nity1 & ,?y be+4 ,all is my/]y1 & h[ev] ! names may diff]1 !y all tell t ,?\ art b "o407#bbc7 #ad4 ,side by side ) ?is rationali/ic tr5d1 ,judaism always conta9$ a curr5t ( my/icism4 ,! my/ics accept$ lit]ally ! an?ropomorphic pictures ( ! ,deity 9 ! ,bible1 & did n c>e h[ mu* !y might affect ! spirituality & unity ( ,god4 ,! philosophic s*ools _h cont5d$ aga9/ ! an?ropomorphic views ( ! old] my/ics1 & ?us _h br\ght high] views ( ! ,godhead to dom9ance2 b :5 ! rationali/ic movem5t _h sp5t its =ce1 ! reaction came 9 ! =m ( ! ,cabbalah1 ! secret lore :i* claim$ to h be5 8transmitt$0 7accord+ to ! mean+ ( ! ^w7 f a ho>y pa/4 ,! old] sy/em ( ?\ght _h /ripp$ ! ,deity ( all reality & _h robb$ religion ( all positiv5ess2 n[1 9 contra/1 ! s\l dem&$ a ,god ( revelation ?r\gh fai? 9 :om might come exaltation & solace47#bbd7 ,nev]!less ! ,maimonidean articles ( fai? 7 adopt$ into ! liturgy because ( _! emphasis on ! absolute unity & indivisibility ( ,god1 by :i* !y con/itut$ a vigor\s prote/ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,judaism ev] f\nd its /r5g? 9 ,god ! only ,"o1 & w f9d ,him ev] anew a s\rce ( inspiration & rejuv5ation4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,god's ,omnipot5ce & ,omnisci5ce #a4 ,among all ! emotions :i* und]lie our ,god-consci\sness ! =emo/ is ! realization ( our own weakness & helplessness4 ,?is makes u long = ,"o mighti] ?an ourselves1 = ! ,almighty ^: acts are beyond comp>ison4 ,! fir/ attribute1 !re=e1 ) :i* we feeble mortals inve/ our ,deity is omnipot5ce4 ,?us ! pagan ascribes supreme p[] ov] _! diff]5t realms to 8 v>i\s deities4 ,h5ce ! "n = ,god among all ! ,semites is ,el--8! ,p[]ful ,"o407#bbe7 ,judaism claims = ,god absolute & unlimit$ p[] ov] all t is4 ,x decl>es ,him to be ! s\rce & ess5ce ( all /r5g?1 ! almighty ,creator & ,rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,all t exi/s is ,8 creation2 all t occurs is ,8 a*ievem5t4 ,he is frequ5tly call$ by ! rabbis ha ,geburah1 ! ,omnipot5ce47#bbf7 #b4 ,! hi/orical me?od ( /udy seems to indicate t v>i\s cosmic pot5cies 7 wor%ip$ 9 primitive life ei!r s+ly or collectively "u ! "n ( ,elohim1 8div9e p[]s10 or ,zibeo? ,elohim1 8ho/s ( div9e p[]s40 ,) ! acceptance ( ! idea ( div9e omnipot5ce1 ^! 7 unit$ into a conf$]acy ( div9e =ces "u ! dom9ion ( ! "o ,god1 ! 8,"l ( ,ho/s40 ,/ill ^! p[]s ( heav51 e>? & ! deep by no means at once surr5d]$ _! id5tity4 ,mo/ ( !m became angels1 8mess5g]s0 ( ! omnipot5t ,god1 or 8spirits0 roam+ 9 ! realms :]e once !y rul$1 :ile a few 7 relegat$ z mon/]s to ! region ( sup]/ition4 ,! hea!n deities1 :i* p]si/$ = a :ile 9 popul> belief1 7 also plac$ ) ! angels z 8heav5ly rul]s0 ( _! respective l&s or nations ab\t ! ?rone ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,israel's ,god 0 en?ron$ above !m all z ,"l ( ! univ]se4 ,9 fact1 ! ,alex&rian translators & "s ( ! rabbis actually expla9$ 9 ?is s5se ! ,biblical names ,el ,%addai & ,j4,h4,v4,h4 ,zebao?47#bbg7 ,! m$ieval philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 took a backw>d /ep away f ! ,biblical view :51 "u ! influ5ce ( ,neoplatonism1 !y repres5t$ ! angels & ! spirits ( ! />s z int]m$i>y =ces47#bbh7 #c4 ,accord+ to ! ,bible1 bo? ! ,creation & ! ord] ( ! univ]se te/ify to div9e omnipot5ce4 ,god call$ all ?+s into exi/5ce by ,8 almighty ^w1 unassi/$ by ,8 heav5ly mess5g]s4 ,he alone /ret*$ out ! heav5s1 set b\nds to ! sea1 & f\nd$ ! e>? on pill>s t x be n mov$2 none 0 ) ,him to p>take 9 ! "w4 ,?is is ! process ( creation accord+ to ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis & ! =tie? *apt] ( ,isaiah4 ,s ,he appe>s ?r\gh\t ! ,scriptures z 8! ,do] ( wond]s10 8^: arm nev] waxes %ort0 to c>ry out ,8 w4 8,he fa9te? n1 nei!r is ,he we>y40 ,8 dom9ion ext5ds ov] ! sea & ! /orm1 ov] life & dea?1 ov] high & l[4 ,int]m$i>y =ces p>ticipat+ 9 ,8 "w are nev] m5tion$4 ,!y are ref]r$ to only 9 ! poetic description ( creation 9 ! book ( ,job3 8,:]e wa/ ?\ :5 ,i laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?8444 ,:5 ! morn+ />s sang toge!r1 & all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy407#bbi7 ,pro( ( ,god's supreme p[] 0 f\nd p>ticul>ly 9 hi/ory1 ei!r 9 ,8 miracul\s *ang+ ( ! natural ord]1 or 9 ,8 defeat ( ! mighty ho/ile armies :i* bade ,him defiance47#bcj7 ,(t5 ! hea!n deities or ! cele/ial p[]s are introduc$ z dramatic figures to te/ify to ! triumph ( ! div9e omnipot5ce1 z :5 ! ,"l is said to 8execute judgm5t aga9/ ! gods ( ,egypt0 or :5 8! />s 9 _! c\rses f\ght aga9/ ,sis]a407#bca7 #d4 ,god's p[] is limit$ only by ,8 own volition4 8,he doe? :at ,he wille?407#bcb7 ,9 man ! w & ! p[] = a c]ta9 act are f> ap>t1 & (t5 directly conflict+4 ,n s ) ,god1 = ! v idea ( ,god is p]fection1 & ,8 w implies necess>ily ! p[] to accompli% ! desir$ end4 ,8 w is det]m9$ only by su* factors z ,8 k & ,8 moral self-re/ra9t4 #e4 ,!re=e ! idea ( ,god's omnipot5ce mu/ be c\pl$ ) t ( ,8 omnisci5ce4 ,bo? ,8 p[] & ,8 k are unlike man's 9 be+ )\t limitation4 ,:5 we repeat ! ,biblical t]ms ( an all-see+1 all-he>+1 & all-kn[+ ,god1 we mean 9 ! fir/ in/ance t ! limitation ( space does n exi/ = ,him4 ,he beholds ! extreme p>ts ( ! e>? & obs]ves all t happ5s "u ! heav5s2 no?+ is hidd5 f ,8 sight4 ,he n only sees ! de$s ( m51 ,he also se>*es _! ?\ghts4 ,look+ into _! he>ts1 ,he kn[s ! ^w1 ere x is ^u ! tongue4 ,look+ into ! future1 he kn[s e creature1 ere x ent]s exi/5ce4 8,! d>kness & ! light are alike to ,him40 ,) "o glance ,he surveys all t is & all t happ5s47#bcc7 ,he is1 z ! rabbis express x1 8! all-see+ ,eye & ! all-he>+ ,e>407#bcd7 ,9 l mann] ! di/9ctions ( "t disappe> be=e ,him4 ,! entire pa/ is unroll$ be=e ,8 sight2 ,8 book records all t m5 d or suff]1 ev5 _! te>s27#bce7 & !re is no =getfulness ) ,him4 ,! remote/ future also is op5 be=e ,him1 = x is plann$ by ,him1 & 9 x ,he has allott$ to ea* be+ its days & its /eps47#bcf7 ,yea1 z ,he beholds ev5ts ere !y transpire1 s ,he reveals ! secrets ( ! future to ,8 *os5 ones1 9 ord] to w>n m5 ( ! judgm5ts t ?reat5 !m47#bcg7 #f4 ,! idea ( div9e omnisci5ce c\ld rip5 only gradually 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,! old] & m *ild-l conception /ill rema9s 9 ! /ories ( ! ,deluge & ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 :]e ,god desc5d$ f heav5 to wat* ! do+s ( m51 & rep5t$ ( :at ,he _h done47#bch7 ,obvi\sly ! idea ( div9e omnisci5ce took hold ( ! p z a result ( ! admonitions ( ! prophets4 #g4 ,philosophical inquiry into ! ideas ( ! div9e omnipot5ce & omnisci5ce1 h[ev]1 discloses _m difficulties4 ,! ,biblical ass]tion t no?+ is impossible to ,god w n /& ! te/ z soon z we ask s]i\sly :e!r ,god c make ! untrue true1--z mak+ two times two to equal five--or :e!r ,he c decl>e ! wrong to be "r4 ,obvi\sly ,he _c ov]turn ! laws ( ma!matical tru? or ( moral tru?1 )\t at ! same "t los+ ,8 nature z ! ,s\rce & ,ess5ce ( all tru?4 ,nor c ,he abrogate ! laws ( nature1 :i* are really ,8 own rules = ,8 creation1 )\t detract+ f bo? ,8 omnisci5ce & ! immutability ( ,8 w4 ,?is "q w be discuss$ m fully 9 connection ) miracles1 9 *apt] ,,xxvii4 ,toge!r ) ! problem ( ! div9e omnisci5ce arises ! difficulty ( reconcil+ ?is ) our fre$om ( w & our moral responsibility4 ,w\ld n ,8 =ekn[l$ge ( our actions 9 effect det]m9e !m8 ,?is difficulty c only be solv$ by a prop] conception ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 & w be discuss$ 9 t connection 9 *apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,altoge!r1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ apply+ our human type ( k to ,god4 ,man1 limit$ by space & "t1 obta9s 8 k ( ?+s & ev5ts by 8 s5ses1 becom+ aw>e ( !m sep>ately z !y exi/ ei!r beside ea* o!r or 9 succession4 ,) ,god all k is complete2 !re is no gr[? ( k f ye/]day to to-day1 no k ( only a "p in/ead ( ! :ole ( ! _w4 ,8 omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce are b\nd up ) ,8 omnipres5ce & et]nity4 8,= ,my ?\ghts are n y\r ?\ghts1 nei!r are y\r ways ,my ways1 sai? ! ,"l4 ,= z ! heav5s are high] ?an ! e>?1 s are ,my ways high] ?an y\r ways1 & ,my ?\ghts ?an y\r ?\ghts407#bci7 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,god's ,omnipres5ce & ,et]nity #a4 ,z soon z man awak5s to a high] consci\sness ( ,god1 he realizes ! va/ di/ance betwe5 8 own f9ite be+ limit$ by space & "t1 & ! ,inf9ite ,be+ :i* rules ev]y:]e & unceas+ly 9 l(ty gr&eur & unlimit$ p[]4 ,8 v s5se ( be+ h$g$ 9 by ! b\nds & imp]fections ( a f9ite exi/5ce makes him long = ! inf9ite ,god1 unlimit$ 9 might1 & br+s to him ! feel+ ( awe be=e ,8 greatness4 ,b ?is conception ( ,god z ! omnipres5t & ev]la/+ ,_s1 z di/9ct f any creat$ be+1 is likewise ! result ( _m /ages ( gr[+ ?\ght4 #b4 ,! primitive m9d imag9es ,god z dwell+ 9 a l(ty place1 :5ce ,he rules ! e>? b5ea?1 desc5d+ at times to take "p 9 ! affairs ( m51 to t>ry among !m1 or to walk ) !m47#bdj7 ,! p adh]$ l>gely to ?is conception dur+ ! ,biblical p]iod1 z !y consid]$ z ! orig9al seat ( ! ,deity1 fir/ ,p>adise1 lat] on ,s9ai or ,zion1 & f9ally ! f>-(f heav5s4 ,x requir$ prophetic vision to disc]n t 8! heav5s & ! heav5s' heav5s d n encompass ,god's maje/y10 express$ also 9 poetic imag]y t 8! heav5 is ,my ?rone & ! e>? ,my foot/ool407#bda7 ,! classic =m ( ?is idea ( ! div9e omnipres5ce is f\nd 9 ! (t-quot$ passage f ,psalm ,,cxxxix47#bdb7 #c4 ,! dwell+ places ( ,god are to give way ! mom5t ,8 omnipres5ce is und]/ood z p5etrat+ ! univ]se to su* an ext5t t no?+ escapes ,8 glance nor lies )\t ,8 dom9ion47#bdc7 ,!y are !n trans=m$ into places :]e ,he _h manife/$ ,8 ,"n1 ,8 ,glory1 or ,8 ,pres5ce 78,c\nt5ance10 9 ! ,hebrew74 ,9 ?is way c]ta9 emanations or p[]s ( ,god 7 =m$ :i* c\ld be locat$ 9 a c]ta9 space )\t impair+ ! div9e omnipres5ce4 ,^! int]m$i>y p[]s w be ! !me ( *apt] ,,xxxii4 ,! foll[+ dialogue illu/rates ?is /age ( ?\ght3 ,a h]etic once said s>ca/ically to ,gamaliel ,,ii1 8,ye say t :]e t5 p]sons assemble = wor%ip1 !re ! div9e maje/y 7,%ek9ah7 desc5ds ^u !m2 h[ _m su* maje/ies are !re80 ,to :i* ,gamaliel repli$3 8,does n ! "o orb ( day s5d =? a million rays ^u ! e>?8 ,& %\ld n ! maje/y ( ,god1 :i* is a million times bright] ?an ! sun1 be reflect$ 9 e spot on e>?807#bdd7 #d4 ,nev]!less a conception ( pure _s is v difficult to atta91 ev5 9 reg>d to ,god4 ,! ?\ght ( ,8 omnipres5ce is usually int]pret$ by imag9+ "s e!real sub/ance :i* exp&s inf9itely1 z ,ibn ,ezra & ,saadia be=e him 7 incl9$ to d17#bde7 or by pictur+ ,him z a sort ( all-encompass+ ,space1 9 accordance ) ! rabbis47#bdf7 ,! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s & ! ,*ur* fa!rs likewise spoke ( ,god z ,_s1 b really _h 9 m9d1 = ! mo/ "p1 an e!real sub/ance resembl+ light p]vad+ cosmic space4 ,! (t5-express$ belief t man may see ,god aft] dea? re/s ^u ?is conception ( ,god z a sub/ance p]ceptible to ! m9d47#bdg7 ,a high] /&po9t is tak5 by a ?9k] su* z ,ibn ,gabirol1 :o f9ds ,god's omnipres5ce 9 ,8 all-p]vad+ w & intellect47#bdh7 ,b ?is type ( div9e omnipres5ce is r div9e imman5ce4 ,! religi\s consci\sness has a q diff]5t picture ( ,god1 a self-consci\s ,p]sonality1 ev] ne> to man1 ev] scann+ 8 acts1 8 ?\ghts1 & 8 motives4 ,"h philosophy & religion "p company4 ,! =m] mu/ ab/a9 f ! assumption ( a div9e p]sonality2 ! latt] _c d )\t x4 ,! ,god ( religion mu/ p>take ( ! k & ! feel+s ( ,8 wor%ip]1 mu/ "k 8 e impulse & idea1 & mu/ feel ) him 9 8 suff]+ & ne$4 ,god's omnipres5ce is 9 ?is s5se a po/ulate ( religion4 #e4 ,! second e>?ly & human limitation is t ( "t4 ,conf9$ by space & "t1 man ca/s 8 eyes upw>d t[>d a ,be+ :o %all be inf9ite & et]nal4 ,:atev] "t begets1 "t swall[s up aga94 ,transitor9ess is ! fate ( all ?+s4 ,ev]y?+ :i* ent]s exi/5ce mu/ end at la/4 8,also heav5 & e>? p]i% & wax old l a g>m5t4 ,only ,god rema9s =ev] ! same1 & ,8 ye>s h no end4 ,he is f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+1 ! fir/ & ! la/40 ,s speak prophet & psalmi/1 voic+ a univ]sal ?\ght7#bdi72 & our liturgical poet s+s3 8,! ,"l ( all did reign supreme ,ere yet ?is _w 0 made & =m$2 ,:5 all 0 f9i%$ by ,8 w1 ,!n 0 ,8 "n z ,k+ proclaim$4 8,& %\ld ^! =ms no m exi/1 ,he /ill w rule 9 maje/y2 ,he 01 ,he is1 ,he %all rema91 ,8 glory nev] %all decrease407#bej7 #f4 ,b ! idea ( ,god's et]nity also pres5ts c]ta9 difficulties to ! ?9k+ m9d4 ,z ,creator & ,au?or ( ! univ]se1 ,god is ! ,fir/ ,cause1 )\t beg9n+ or end1 ! ,s\rce ( all exi/5ce2 z ,rul] & ,ma/] ( ! _w1 ,he ma9ta9s all ?+s ?r\gh all et]nity2 ?\gh heav5 & e>? 8wax old l a g>m5t10 ,he outla/s !m all4 ,n[1 if ,he is to manife/ ^! p[]s f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+1 ,he mu/ ev] rema9 ! same4 ,consequ5tly1 we mu/ add immutability z a coroll>y ( et]nity1 if ! latt] is to mean any?+4 ,x is n en\gh to /ate t ,god is )\t beg9n+ & )\t end2 ! ess5tial "p ( ! doctr9e is ,8 transc5d5ce above ! *anges & conditions ( "t4 ,we mortals _c really ent]ta9 a conception ( et]nity2 our ne>e/ approa* to x is an endless succession ( p]iods ( "t1 a ceaseless procession ( ages & eons foll[+ ea* o!r4 ,endless "t is n at all ! same z timelessness4 ,!re=e et]nity signifies transc5d5ce above all exi/5ce 9 "t2 its real mean+ is sup]mundaneity47#bea7 #g4 ,?is seems ! be/ way to avoid ! difficulty :i* seem$ almo/ insup]able to ! m$ieval ?9k]s1 h[ to reconcile a ,creation at a c]ta9 "t & a ,creator = :om "t does n exi/4 ,9 ! ef=t to solve ! difficulty1 !y resort$ to ! ,platonic & ,ari/otelian def9ition ( "t z ! result ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies2 ?us !y decl>$ t "t 0 creat$ simultane\sly ) ! _w4 ,?is is impossible = ! mod]n ?9k]1 :o has le>n$ f ,kant to reg>d "t & space1 n z ext]nal realities1 b z human modes ( app]ception ( objects4 ,s ! contra/ betwe5 ! transi5t "* ( ! _w & ! et]nity ( ,god becomes all ! great] ) ! increas+ realization ( ! va/ gap betwe5 ! mat]ial _w & ! div9e _s4 ,at ?is po9t arises a /ill great] difficulty4 ,! v idea ( creation at a c]ta9 "t becomes unt5able 9 view ( our k ( ! natural process2 ! univ]se itself1 x seems to u1 ext5ds ov] an inf9ity ( space & "t4 ,inde$1 ! mod]n view ( evolution 9 place ( creation has ! grave dang] ( lead+ to pan!ism1 to a conception ( ! cosmos :i* sees 9 ,god only an et]nal en]gy 7or sub/ance7 devoid ( free volition & self-consci\s action47#beb7 ,we c evade ! difficulty only by assum+ ,god's transc5d5ce1 & ?is c be done 9 su* a way z n to exclude ,8 imman5ce1 or--:at is ! same ?+--,8 omnipres5ce4 #h4 ,bo? ,god's omnipres5ce & ,8 et]nity are int5d$ only to raise ,him f> above ! _w1 out ( ! conf9es ( space & "t1 to repres5t ,8 sublime l(t9ess z ! 8,rock ( ,ages10 z hold+ worlds )\t numb] 9 8,8 et]nal arms40 8,no?+ c be hidd5 f ,him :o has re>$ ! entire univ]se & is famili> ) e "p ( x1 h[ev] remote407#bec7 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,god's ,hol9ess #a4 ,judaism recognizes two di/9ct types ( div9e attributes4 ,^? :i* we h s f> consid]$ belong to ! metaphysical gr\p1 :i* *iefly engage ! att5tion ( ! philosoph]4 ,!y repres5t ,god z a transc5d5tal ,be+ :o is ev] beyond our compreh5sion1 because our f9ite intellect c nev] grasp ! inf9ite ,_s4 ,!y are n descriptions1 b r inf]5ces f ! works ( ! ,ma/] ( ! _w to ! ,ma/] himself4 ,b !re are o!r div9e attributes :i* we d]ive f our own moral nature1 & :i* inve/ our :ole life ) a high] moral "*4 ,in/ead ( aris+ f ! ext]nal necessity :i* gov]ns nature 9 its causes & effects1 ^! re/ ^u our assumption ( inn] fre$om1 sett+ ! aims = all t we a*ieve4 ,?is moral nature is realiz$ to "s ext5t ev5 by ! savage1 :5 he trembles be=e 8 deity 9 pangs ( consci5ce1 or endeavors to propitiate him by sacrifices4 ,/ill1 ,judaism alone fully realiz$ ! moral nature ( ! ,deity2 ?is 0 done by inve/+ ! t]m 8hol9ess0 ) ! idea ( moral p]fection1 s t ,god became ! ideal & patt]n ( ! l(tie/ morality4 8,be ye holy1 = ,i ! ,"l y\r ,god am holy407#bed7--,?is is ! c5tral & culm9at+ idea ( ! ,jewi% law47#bee7 #b4 ,hol9ess is ! ess5ce ( all moral p]fection2 x is purity unsulli$ by any brea? ( evil4 ,true hol9ess c be ascrib$ only to ,div9ity1 above ! realm ( ! fle% & ! s5ses4 8,!re is none holy b ! ,"l1 = !re is none beside ,!e10 says ,scripture47#bef7 ,:e!r man /&s on a l[] or high] level ( culture1 he has 9 all 8 plans & aspirations "s ideal ( p]fection to :i* he may nev] atta91 b :i* s]ves z ! /&>d = 8 actions4 ,! be/ ( 8 do+s falls %ort ( :at he ought to d2 9 8 highe/ ef=ts he realizes ! pot5tiality ( bett] ?+s4 ,?is ideal ( moral p]fection works z ! motive p[] ( ! w 9 sett+ = x a /&>d2 x e/abli%es human fre$om 9 place ( nature's compulsion1 b su* an ideal c emanate only f ! moral p[] rul+ life1 :i* we designate z ! div9e ,hol9ess4 #c4 ,scripture says ( ,god t ,he 8walke? 9 hol9ess107#beg7 & accord+ly morality 9 man is spok5 ( z 8walk+ 9 ! ways ( ,god407#beh7 8,walk be=e ,me & be p]fect60 says ,god to ,abraham47#bei7 ,moses approa*$ ,god ) two petitions1--! "o1 8,%[ me ,?y ways t ,i may "k ,!e60 ! o!r1 8,%[ me1 ,i pray ,!e1 ,?y glory60 ,9 response to ! latt] ,god said1 8,no man c see ,me & live01 b ! =m] petition 0 grant$ 9 t ! ,"l reveal$ ,himself 9 ,8 moral attributes47#bfj7 ,^! alone c be und]/ood & emulat$ by man2 9 reg>d to ! s-call$ metaphysical attributes ,god w ev] rema9 beyond human compreh5sion & emulation4 #d4 ,9 ord] to s]ve z vehicle = ! expression ( ! highe/ moral p]fection1 ! ,biblical t]m = hol9ess1 ,kado%1 _h to und]go a long process ( developm5t1 obscur+ its orig9al mean+4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is t]m gives u ! deepe/ insight into ! work+ ( ! ,jewi% g5ius t[>ds ! full revelation ( ! ,god ( hol9ess4 ,at fir/ ! ^w ,kado%7#bfa7 seems to h d5ot$ unapproa*abl5ess 9 ! s5se 9 :i* fire is unapproa*able1 t is1 ?reat5+ & consum+4 ,?is fi]y nature 0 ascrib$ by primitive man to all div9e be+s4 ,h5ce ! angels are t]m$ 8! holy ones0 9 ,scripture47#bfb7 ,accord+ to bo? prie/ly practice & popul> belief1 ! man :o approa*$ "o ( ^! holy ones ) h& or foot1 or ev5 ) 8 gaze1 0 doom$ to die47#bfc7 ,out ( su* crude conceptions evolv$ ! idea ( ,god's maje/y z unapproa*able 9 ! s5se ( ! sublime1 bani%+ ev]y?+ pr(ane f its pres5ce1 & visit+ ) puni%m5t e violation ( its sanctity4 ,! old conception ( ! fi]y appe>ance ( ! ,deity s]v$ especially z a figurative expression ( ! moral p[] ( ,god1 :i* manife/s itself z a 8consum+ fire107#bfd7 ext]m9at+ evil1 & mak+ man long = ! good & ! true1 = righte\sness & love4 #e4 ,! div9e attribute ( hol9ess has accord+ly a d\ble mean+4 ,on ! "o h&1 x indicates spiritual l(t9ess transc5d+ ev]y?+ s5sual1 :i* works z a purg+ p[] ( indignation at evil1 rebuk+ inju/ice1 impurity & falsehood1 & puni%+ transgression until x is remov$ f ! sight ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x d5otes ! condesc5d+ m]cy ( ,god1 :i*1 hav+ purg$ ! s\l ( wrong1 w9s x = ! "r1 & :i* end[s man ) ! p[] ( p]fect+ himself1 & ?us leads him to ! gradual build+ up ( ! k+dom ( goodness & purity on e>?4 ,?is e?ical conception ( hol9ess1 :i* emanates f ! moral nature ( ,god1 reveal$ to ! prophetic g5ius ( ,israel1 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! old ,semitic conception ( prie/ly or ritual hol9ess4 ,ritual hol9ess is purely ext]nal1 & is transf]able to p]sons & ?+s1 to times & places1 accord+ to _! relation to ! ,deity4 ,h5ce ! v>i\s cults appli$ ! t]m 8holy0 to ! mo/ abom9able =ms ( idolatry & impure wor%ip47#bfe7 ,! ,mosaic law condemn$ all ^! z violations ( ! hol9ess ( ,israel's ,god1 b c\ld n help sanction+ _m ord9ances & rites ( prie/ly hol9ess :i* orig9at$ 9 anci5t ,semitic usages4 ,h5ce ! two conceptions ( hol9ess1 ! prie/ly or ext]nal & ! prophetic or e?ical1 became int]wov5 9 ! ,mosaic code to su* an ext5t z to impair ! /&>d ( e?ical hol9ess /ress$ by ! prophets1 ! unique & l(ty possession ( ,judaism4 ,h5ce ! lett] ( ! ,law caus$ a deplorable confusion ( ideas1 :i* 0 utiliz$ by ! detractors ( ,judaism4 ,! lib]al movem5t ( mod]n ,judaism1 9 po9t+ to ! prophetic ideals z ! true basis ( ! ,jewi% fai?1 is at ! same "t dispell+ ?is anci5t confusion ( ! two conceptions ( hol9ess4 #f4 ,! ,levitical hol9ess adh]es outw>dly to p]sons & ?+s & consi/s 9 _! sep>ation or _! res]vation f common use4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ?is1 ! hol9ess :i* ,judaism attributes to ,god d5otes ! highe/ e?ical purity1 unatta9able to fle% & blood1 b design$ = our emulation4 ,! contemplation ( ! div9e hol9ess is to inspire man ) fe> ( s9 & to ex]t a heal?ful influ5ce ^u 8 conduct4 ,?us ,god became ! hall[+ p[] 9 ,judaism & its in/itutions1 truly ! 8,holy ,"o ( ,israel0 accord+ to ! t]m ( ,isaiah & 8 great exilic successor1 ! s-call$ ,deut]o-,isaiah47#bff7 ,?us ,8 hol9ess inve/$ ,8 p ) special sanctity & impos$ ^u x special obligations4 ,9 ! words ( ,ezekiel1 ,god became ! 8,sanctifi] ( ,israel407#bfg7 ,! rabbis p5etrat$ deeply into ! _s ( ,scripture1 at ! same "t t !y adh]$ /rictly to its lett]4 ,:ile !y clung t5aci\sly to ! ritual hol9ess ( ! prie/ly codes1 !y recogniz$ ! ideal ( hol9ess :i* is s %>ply oppos$ 9 e act & ?\ght to ! demoraliz+ cults ( hea!nism47#bfh7 #g4 ,accord+ly1 hol9ess is n ! metaphysical concept :i* ,jehuda ha ,levi consid]s x17#bfi7 b ! pr9ciple & s\rce ( all e?ics1 ! _s ( absolute morality1 l5d+ purpose & value to ! :ole ( life4 ,z long z m5 d good or %un evil ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t or hope = rew>d1 :e!r 9 ?is life or ! h]eaft]1 s long w ideal morality rema9 unatta9$1 & man _c claim to /& ^u ! gr\nd ( div9e hol9ess4 ,! holy ,god mu/ p5etrate & control all ( life--su* is ! ess5ce ( ,judaism4 ,! true aim ( human exi/5ce is n salvation ( ! s\l1--a desire :i* is nev] q free f selfi%ness1--b hol9ess emulat+ ,god1 /riv+ to d good = ! sake ( ! good )\t reg>d to recomp5se1 & to %un evil because x is evil1 aside f all consequ5ces47#bgj7 #h4 ,! fact is t hol9ess is a religi\s t]m1 bas$ ^u div9e revelation1 n a philosophical "o re/+ ^u speculative reason+4 ,x is a po/ulate ( our moral nature t all life is gov]n$ by a holy ,w to :i* we mu/ submit will+ly1 & :i* makes = ! good4 ,h[ volition & compulsion are ) ,god "o & ! same1 h[ ! good exi/s 9 ,god )\t ! bad1 or hol9ess & moral purpose )\t unholy or immoral elem5ts1 h[ ,god c be exactly opposite to all we "k ( man1--?is is a "q :i* philosophy is unable to answ]4 ,9 fact1 hol9ess is be/ def9$ negatively1 z ! 8negation ( all t man f 8 own exp]i5ce kn[s to be unholy40 ,^! words ( ! ,dani% philosoph] ,rauw5h(f are made /ill cle>] by ! foll[+ obs]vations3 8,! /r5g? 9 ! idea ( hol9ess lies exactly 9 its negative "*4 ,!re is no comp>ison ( high] or less] degree possible betwe5 man's imp]fections & ,god's p]fect goodness4 ,in/ead1 !re is an absolute contra/ betwe5 mank9d :i*1 ev5 9 its noble/ types1 mu/ wre/le ) ! p[] ( evil1 & ,god1 9 :om no?+ c be imag9$ :i* w\ld ev5 sugge/ ! possibility ( any moral %ortcom+ or imp]fection407#bga7 ,z ! prophet says1 8,?\ art too pure ( eyes to look complac5tly ^u evil107#bgb7 & accord+ to ! ,psalmi/1 8,:o %all asc5d into ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l1 & :o %all /& 9 ,8 holy place8 ,he t ha? clean h&s & a pure he>t407#bgc7 #i4 ,! idea ( hol9ess became ! prem95t feature ( ,judaism1 s t ! favorite "n = ,god 9 ,rabb9ical lit]ature 0 8! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he10 & ! acme ( all c]emonial & moral laws alike 0 f\nd 9 8! ,hall[+ ( ,8 "n407#bgd7 ,if ! rabbis z foll[]s ( ! ,prie/ly ,code 7 compell$ to lay great /ress ^u ritual hol9ess1 !y yet beheld 9 x ! means ( moral purification4 ,!y nev] lo/ sight ( ! prophetic pr9ciple t moral purity is ! object ( all human life1 = 8! holy ,god is sanctifi$ ?r\gh righte\sness407#bge7 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,god's ,wra? & ,puni%m5t #a4 ,scripture speaks frequ5tly ( ! ang] & zeal ( ,god & ( ,8 av5g+ sword & judgm5t1 s z to give ! impression t 8! ,old ,te/am5t ,god is a ,god ( wra? & v5geance40 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ^! attributes are m]ely emanations ( ,8 hol9ess1 ! guide & inc5tive to moral action 9 man4 ,! burn+ fire ( ! div9e hol9ess aims to awak5 ! dormant se$s ( morality 9 ! human s\l & to rip5 !m into full gr[?4 ,:5ev] we to-day w\ld speak ( pangs ( consci5ce1 ( bitt] remorse1 ,scripture uses figurative language & describes h[ ,god's wra? is k9dl$ aga9/ ! wrongdo+ ( ! p1 & h[ fire blazes =? f ,8 no/rils to consume !m 9 ,8 ang]4 ,! ne>] man /&s to nature1 ! m tempe/u\s are ! outbur/s ( 8 passion1 & ! m viol5t is ! reaction ( 8 rep5tance4 ,yet ?is v reaction impresses him z ?\gh wr\ght f outside or above by ! (f5d$ ,deity4 ,?us ! div9e wra? becomes a means ( moral education1 exactly z ! p>5ts' indignation at ! *ild's (f5ses is "p ( 8 tra9+ 9 morality4 #b4 ,?us ! fir/ manife/ation ( ,god's hol9ess is ,8 indignation at falsehood & viol5ce1 ,8 hatr$ ( evil & wrongdo+4 ,! long] m5 p]si/ 9 s91 ! m does ,he manife/ ,himself z 8! angry ,god10 z a 8consum+ fire0 :i* de/roys evil ) holy zeal47#bgf7 ,! husb&man _c expect ! good h>ve/ until he has we$$ out ! t>es f ! field2 s ,god1 9 educat+ man1 beg9s by purg+ ! s\l f all its evil incl9ations1 & ?is zeal is all ! m unsp>+ z ! good is f9ally to triumph 9 ,8 et]nal plan ( univ]sal salvation4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ,judaism does n p]sonify evil z a p[] ho/ile to ,god1 h5ce ! :ole problem is only "o ( purify+ ! human s\l4 ,be=e ! sun ( ,god's grace & m]cy is to %9e1 be>+ life & heal+ = all humanity1 ,8 wra? & punitive ju/ice mu/ ev] bur/ =? to cleanse ! _w ( its s94 ,= z long z evil cont9ues un*eck$1 s long _c ! div9e hol9ess p\r =? its all-=be>+ goodness & love4 #c4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! fir/ revelation ( ,god on ,s9ai 0 z 8a jeal\s ,god1 :o visite? ! s9s ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 & ! *ildr5's *ildr5 until ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation40 ,s ! prophets1 f ,moses to ,mala*i1 speak ev] ( ,god's ang]1 :i* comes ) ! fury ( nature's un*a9$ =ces1 to t]rify & ov]:elm all liv+ be+s47#bgg7 ,?us ,scripture consid]s all ! great cata/rophes ( ! ho>y pa/1--flood1 e>?quakes1 & ! ra9 ( fire & brim/one t de/roys cities--z judgm5ts ( ! div9e ang] on s9ful g5]ations4 ,wick$ness 9 g5]al causes ,8 displeasure1 b ,8 wra? is provok$ especially by violations ( ! social ord]1 by desecrations ( ,8 sanctu>y1 or attacks on ,8 cov5ant1 & ,8 ang] is k9dl$ = ! poor & helpless1 :5 !y are oppress$ & depriv$ ( _! rights47#bgh7 #d4 ,?us ! div9e hol9ess 0 felt m & m z a moral =ce1 & t :i* appe>$ 9 pre-prophetic times to be an elem5tal p[] ( ! cele/ial ire became a ref9+ flame1 purg+ m5 ( dross z 9 a crucible4 8,i w n execute ! fi]c5ess ( ,m9e ang]10 says ! prophet1 8= ,i am ,god & n man1 ! ,holy ,"o 9 ! mid/ ( !e1 & ,i w n come 9 fury407#bgi7 ,s s+s ! ,psalmi/1 8,8 ang] is b = a mom5t2 ,8 favor = a life-"t407#bhj7 ,9 ! same _s ! rabbis int]pret$ ! v]se ( ! ,decalogue1 8,! s9 ( ! fa!rs is visit$ ^u ! *ildr5 & *ildr5's *ildr5 only if !y cont9ue to act z _! fa!rs did1 & are !mselves hat]s ( ,god407#bha7 ,! fact is t ,israel 9 ,canaan _h become addict$ to all ! vices ( idolatry1 & if !y 7 to be tra9$ to moral purity & to loyalty to ! ,god ( ! ,cov5ant1 !y mu/ be taught fe> & awe be=e ! flame ( ! div9e wra?4 ,only aft] t c\ld ! prophet address himself to ! consci5ce ( ! individual1 say+3 8,:o among u %all dwell ) ! dev\r+ fire8 ,:o among u %all dwell ) ev]la/+ burn+s8 ,he t walke? righte\sly1 & speake? uprightly2 ,he t despise? ! ga9 ( oppressions1 t %ake? 8 h&s f hold+ ( bribes1 ,t /oppe? 8 e>s f he>+ ( blood1 & %utte? 8 eyes f look+ ^u evil2 ,he %all dwell on high2 8 place ( def5se %all be ! munitions ( rocks2 ,8 bread %all be giv51 8 wat] %all be sure4 ,?9e eyes %all see ! ,k+ 9 ,8 beauty2 !y %all behold a l& /ret*+ af>407#bhb7 ,"h we behold ! fi]y elem5t ( ! div9e hol9ess p>tly depict$ z a reality & p>tly spiritualiz$4 ,! la/ ( ! prophets comp>es ! div9e wra? to a melt+ furnace1 :i* on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t is to consume evildo]s z /ubble1 :ile to ^? :o fe> ! ,"l ,he %all appe> z ! sun ( righte\sness ) heal+ on its w+s47#bhc7 #e4 ,! idea z express$ by ! prophets1 !n1 0 t ,god's ang] w visit ! wick$1 & p>ticul>ly ! ungodly nations ( hea!ndom1 & t ,he %all judge all creatures 9 fire47#bhd7 ,?is 0 significantly alt]$ "u ,p]sian influ5ce1 :5 ! ,jew began to reg>d ! _w to come z promis+ to ! righte\s great] bliss ?an ! pres5t "o4 ,!n ! day ( div9e wra? meant doom et]nal = evil-do]s1 :o 7 to fall into ! fi]y dep?s ( ,geh5na1 8_! worm is nev] to die & _! fire nev] to be qu5*$407#bhe7 ,?is became ! prevail+ view ( ! rabbis1 ( ! ,apocalyptics & also ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! ,*ur* lit]ature47#bhf7 ,! ,jewi% propag&a 9 ! ,hell5i/ic lit]ature1 h[ev]1 comb9$ ! fire ( ,geh5na ) ! ,/oic1 or pagan1 view ( a g5]al _w-conflagration1 & ann\nc$ a g5]al doomsday = ! hea!n _w1 unless !y be conv]t$ to ! belief 9 ,israel's "o & holy ,god1 & ceas$ violat+ ! fundam5tal 7,noa*ian7 laws ( humanity47#bhg7 #f4 ,a high] view ( ! punitive ang] ( ,god is tak5 by ,b]uriah1 ! noble wife ( ,r4 ,meir17#bhh7--;if1 inde$1 ! wife ( ! sa9tly ,abba ,helkiah did n prec$e h]7#bhi7--;9 sugge/+ a diff]5t read+ ( ! ,biblical text1 z to make x (f] ! lesson3 8n ! s9n]s %all p]i% f ! e>?1 b ! s9s40 ,f a m philosophical viewpo9t bo? ,juda ha ,levi & ,maimonides hold t ! ang] :i* we ascribe to ,god is only ! transf]5ce ( ! ang] :i* we actually feel at ! sight ( evildo+4 ,simil>ly1 :5 we speak ( ! consum+ fire ( hell1 we depict ! effect :i* ! fe> ( ,god mu/ h on our inn] life1 until ! "t %all come :5 we %un evil z ungodly & love ! good because x is bo? good & ,god-l47#bij7 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,god's ,long-suff]+ & ,m]cy #a4 ,9 "o ( ! little kn[n apocryphal writ+s1 ! ,te/am5t ( ,abraham1 a beautiful /ory is told ( ! patri>*4 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea?1 ! ar*angel ,mi*ael drove him along ! sky 9 ! heav5ly *>iot4 ,look+ d[n ^u ! e>?1 he saw companies ( ?ieves & murd]]s1 adult]]s1 & o!r evil-do]s pursu+ _! nef>i\s practices1 & 9 righte\s indignation he cri$ out3 8,oh w\ld to ,god t fire1 de/ruction1 & dea? %\ld in/antly befall ^! crim9als60 ,no soon] _h he spok5 ^! words ?an ! doom he pron\nc$ came ^u ^? wick$ m54 ,b !n spoke ! ,"l ,god to ! heav5ly *>iote] ,mi*ael3 8,/op at once1 le/ ,my righte\s s]vant ,abraham 9 8 j indignation br+ dea? ^u all ,my creatures1 because !y are n z righte\s z he4 ,he has n le>n$ to re/ra9 8 ang]407#bia7 ,?us1 inde$1 ! wra? k9dl$ at ! sight ( wrongdo+ w\ld consume ! s9n] at once1 7 x n = ano!r quality 9 ,god1 call$ 9 ,scripture long-suff]+4 ,by ?is ,he re/ra9s ,8 ang] & gives ! s9n] "t to improve 8 ways4 ,?\gh e wick$ de$ provokes ,him to imm$iate puni%m5t1 yet ,he %[s compassion ^u ! feeble mortal4 8,ev5 9 wra? ,he rememb]e? compassion407#bib7 8,he ha? no delight 9 ! dea? ( ! s9n]1 b t he %all return f 8 ways & live407#bic7 ,! div9e hol9ess does n m]ely ov]:elm & consume2 its ess5tial aim is ! elevation ( man1 ! ef=t to end[ him ) a high] life4 #b4 ,x is p]fectly true t a note ( rigor & ( pr(\nd e>ne/ness runs ?r\gh ! pages ( ,holy ,writ4 ,! prophets1 law-giv]s1 & psalmi/s speak incessantly ( h[ guilt br+s doom ^u ! l&s & nations4 ,z ! fa!r :o is solicit\s ( ! honor ( 8 h\sehold puni%es unrel5t+ly e violation ( morality )9 x1 s ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel wat*es zeal\sly ov] ,8 p's loyalty to ,8 cov5ant4 ,8 glori\s "n1 ,8 holy maje/y _c be violat$ ) immunity f ,8 dread$ wra?4 ,!re is no?+ ( ! joy\s ab&on :i* 0 pr$om9ant 9 ! ,greek nature & 9 ! ,olympian gods4 ,! ideal ( hol9ess 0 pres5t$ by ! ,god ( ,israel1 & all ! do+s ( m5 appe>$ faulty beside x4 ,b its p[] ( mold+ "* is %[n by ,judaism at ?is v po9t1 9 t x does n /op at ! condemnation ( ! s9n]4 ,x holds =? ! promise ( ,god's =be>ance to man 9 8 %ortcom+s1 due to ,8 compassion on ! weakness ( fle% & blood4 ,he waits = man1 err+ & /umbl+1 until by /riv+ & /ruggl+ he %all atta9 a high] /ate ( purity4 ,?is is ! bright1 uplift+ side ( ! ,jewi% idea ( ! div9e hol9ess4 ,9 ?is is ! inn]mo/ nature ( ,god disclos$4 ,9 fe> & awe ( ,him :o is en?ron$ on high1 8be=e :om ev5 ! angels are n pure10 man1 consci\s ( 8 s9fulness1 s9ks trembl+ into ! du/ be=e ! ,judge ( ! :ole e>?4 ,b ! grace & m]cy ( ! long-suff]+ ,rul] lift him up & imbue him ) c\rage & /r5g? to acquire a new life & new en]gy4 ,?us ! oppressive burd5 ( guilt is trans=m$ into an uplift+ p[] ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! holy ,god4 #c4 ,! pr$om9ance 9 ,god ( mildness & m]cy ov] punitive ang] is express$ mo/ /rik+ly 9 ! revelation to ,moses1 :5 he _h entreat$ ,god to let him see ,8 ways4 ,! p _h provok$ ,god's ang] by _! fai?lessness 9 ! wor%ip ( ! gold5 calf1 & ,he _h ?reat5$ to consume !m1 :5 ,moses int]c$$ 9 _! behalf4 ,!n ! ,"l pass$ by him1 & proclaim$3 8,! ,"l1 ! ,"l1 ,god1 m]ciful & graci\s1 long-suff]+ & abundant 9 goodness & tru?1 keep+ m]cy unto ! ?\s&? g5]ation1 =giv+ iniquity & transgression & s92 & t w by no means cle> ! guilty2 visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 & ^u ! *ildr5's *ildr51 unto ! ?ird & unto ! f\r? g5]ation407#bid7 ,su* a passage %[s cle>ly ! progress 9 ! k ( ,god's nature4 ,= ,abraham & ! traditions ( ! patri>*s ,god 0 ! righte\s ,judge1 puni%+ ! transgressors4 ,he is repres5t$ 9 ! same way 9 ! ,decalogue on ,s9ai47#bie7 ,0 ?is to be ! f9al ^w8 ,0 ,israel *os5 by ,god z ,8 cov5ant p1 only to enc\nt] ! full measure ( ,8 j b rel5tless ang] & to be consum$ at once = ! violation ( ?is cov5ant8 ,!re=e ,moses wre/l$ ) 8 ,god4 ,fill$ ) compassionate love = 8 p1 he is will+ to (f] 8 life z _! ransom4 ,& %\ld ,god himself lack ?is fullness ( love & pity1 ( :i* ev5 a human be+ is capable8 ,!n1 z f a d>k cl\d1 !re fla%$ sudd5ly ^u him ! light ( a new revelation2 he became aw>e ( ! high] tru?1 t above ! au/]ity ( ,god's av5g+ ang] prevails ! t5d] =giv5ess ( ,8 m]cy2 t beyond ! consum+ zeal ( ,8 punitive ju/ice %9es ! sun-l spl5dor ( ,8 grace & love4 ,! rabbis f9d ! expression ( m]cy especially 9 ! "n ,,jhvh 7i4e4 8! ,"o :o %all ev] be07 :i* is significantly plac$ "h at ! head ( ! div9e attributes4 ,inde$1 only ,he :o is ! same f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+1 & to :om to-morr[ is l ye/]day1 c %[ =be>ance to err+ man1 because 9 :atsoev] he has fail$ ye/]day he may make good to-morr[4 #d4 ,l ,moses1 ! ma/] ( ! prophets1 s ! prophet ,hosea also le>n$ 9 h>d spiritual /ruggle to "k ! div9e attribute ( m]cy & lov+k9dness4 ,8 own wife _h prov$ fai?less1 & _h brok5 ! m>ital cov5ant2 /ill 8 love surviv$1 s t he grant$ h] =giv5ess :5 %e 0 =sak51 & took h] back to 8 home4 ,!n1 9 8 di/ress at ! ,god-=sak5 /ate ( ,israel ?r\gh h] fai?lessness1 he ask$ himself3 8,w ,god reject =ev] ! nation :i* ,he esp\s$1 because x broke ! cov5ant8 ,w n ,he also grant =giv5ess & m]cy80 ,! div9e answ] came to him out ( ! dep?s ( 8 own compassionate s\l4 ,^u ! cr[n ( ,god's maje/y :i* ,amos _h beheld all effulg5t ) ju/ice & righte\sness1 he plac$ ! mo/ preci\s gem1 reflect+ ! highe/ quality ( ,god--,8 graci\s & all-=giv+ love47#bif7 ,:e!r ! priority 9 ?is great tru? belongs to ,hosea or ,moses is a "q = hi/orical ,bible rese>* to answ]1 b x is ( no consequ5ce to ,jewi% !ology4 #e4 ,c]ta9ly ,scripture repres5ts ,god too mu* aft] human fa%ion1 :5 x ascribes to him *anges ( mood f ang] to compassion1 or speaks ( ,8 rep5tance47#big7 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! prophets obta9$ _! insight into ! ways ( ,god by ?is v process ( transf]r+ _! own exp]i5ce to ! ,deity4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 we are told t 8,god is n a man t ,he %\ld lie1 nei!r ! son ( man t ,he %\ld rep5t407#bih7 ,all ^! an?ropomorphic pictures ( ,god 7 lat] avoid$ by ! anci5t ,biblical translators by means ( p>aphrase1 & by ! philosoph]s by means ( allegory47#bii7 #f4 ,accord+ to ! ,midra%ic int]pretation ( ! passage f ! ,p5tateu* quot$ above1 ,moses desir$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ,god rul$ ! _w ) ,8 ju/ice or ) ,8 m]cy1 & ! answ] 03 8,behold1 ,i %all let ,my goodness pass be=e !e4 ,= ,i owe no?+ to any ( ,my creatures1 b ,my actions are prompt$ only by ,my grace & good w1 ?r\gh :i* ,i give !m all t !y possess407#cjj7 ,accord+ to ,judaism ju/ice & m]cy are int]tw9$ 9 ,god's gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 ! =m] is ! pill> ( ! cosmic /ructure1 & ! latt] ! measur+ l9e4 ,no mortal c\ld /& be=e ,god1 7 ju/ice ! only /&>d2 b we subsi/ on ,8 m]cy1 :i* l5ds u ! boons ( life )\t our m]it+ !m4 ,t :i* is n good 9 u n[ is to become good ?r\gh our ef=t t[>d ! be/4 ,god's grace und]lies ?is possibility4 ,accord+ly1 ! div9e hol9ess has two aspects1 ! ov]:elm+ wra? ( ,8 ju/ice & ! uplift+ grace ( ,8 long-suff]+4 ,)\t ju/ice !re c\ld be no fe> ( ,god1 no moral e>ne/ness2 )\t m]cy only condemnation & p]dition w\ld rema94 ,z ! rabbis tell u1 bo? ju/ice & m]cy _h _! %>e 9 ! creation ( man1 = 9 man bo? good & bad appe> & /ruggle = supremacy4 ,all g5]ations ne$ ! div9e grace t !y may h "t & opportunity = improvem5t47#cja7 #g4 ,?us ?is conception ( grace is f> deep] & wor?i] ( ,god ?an is t ( ,paul9ian ,*ri/ianity2 = grace 9 ,paul's s5se is arbitr>y 9 action & dep5d5t ^u ! acceptance ( a cre$1 !re=e ! v rev]se ( imp>tial ju/ice4 ,9 ,judaism div9e grace is n (f]$ z a bait to make m5 believe1 b z an inc5tive to moral improvem5t4 ,! ,god ( hol9ess1 :o inflicts w\nds ^u ! guilty s\l by bitt] remorse1 (f]s also heal+ ?r\gh ,8 compassion4 ,ju/ice & m]cy are n two sep>ate p[]s or p]sons 9 ! ,deity1 z ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*2 !y are ! two sides ( ! same div9e p[]4 8,i am ! ,"l be=e s9 0 committ$1 & ,i am ! ,"l aft] s9 is committ$0--s ! rabbis expla9 ! repetition ( ! "n ,,jhvh 9 ! revelation to ,moses47#cjb7 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,god's ,ju/ice #a4 ,! un%akable fai? ( ! ,jewi% p 0 ev] su/a9$ by ! consci\sness t its ,god is a ,god ( ju/ice4 ,! conviction t ,he w n suff] wrong to g unpuni%$ 0 read into all ! /ories ( ! ho>y pa/4 ,! ,babylonian =m ( ^! leg5ds 9 common ) all anci5t folk-lore ascribes human calamity to bl9d fate or to ! caprice ( ! gods1 b ! ,biblical n>ratives assume t evil does n befall m5 undes]v$1 & !re=e always ascribe ru9 or dea? to human transgression4 ,s ! ,jewi% g5ius beheld 9 ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah a div9e judgm5t ^u ! deprav$ inhabitants1 & d]iv$ f x a lesson = ! h\sehold ( ,abraham t !y %\ld 8keep ! way ( ! ,"l to d righte\sness & ju/ice407#cjc7 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,judaism ?r\gh\t ! ages has be5 ! tea*+ ( ! patri>* t 8! ,judge ( all ! e>? _c act unju/ly107#cjd7 ev5 ?\gh ! v>y+ ev5ts ( hi/ory =ce ! problem ( ju/ice ^u ! att5tion ( ,j]emiah17#cje7 ! ,psalmi/s17#cjf7 ! au?or ( ! book ( ,job17#cjg7 & ! ,talmudical sages47#cjh7 8,righte\sness & ju/ice are ! f\ndations ( ,?y ?rone07#cji7--?is is ! sum & sub/ance ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ,israel4 ,at ! same "t man realizes h[ f> f 8 grasp is ! div9e ju/ice3 8,?y righte\sness is l ! mighty m\nta9s2 ,?y judgm5ts are l ! great deep407#caj7 #b4 ,! ,ma/]-build] ( ! moral _w made ju/ice ! support+ pill> ( ! entire creation4 8,he is ,! ,rock1 ,8 "w is p]fect1 = all ,8 ways are j2 a ,god ( fai?fulness & )\t iniquity1 j & "r is ,he407#caa7 ,!re c be no moral _w ord] )\t a retributive ju/ice1 :i* leaves no infr+em5t ( "r unpuni%$1 j z no social ord] c exi/ )\t laws to protect ! weak & to en=ce g5]al respect4 ,! ,god ( ,judaism rules ov] mank9d z ,gu>dian & ,v9dicator ( ju/ice2 no wrong escapes ,8 scrut9iz+ gaze4 ,?is fundam5tal doctr9e inve/$ hi/ory1 ( bo? ! individual & ! nation1 ) a moral significance beyond t ( any o!r religi\s or e?ical sy/em4 ,:atev] practice or s5se ( ju/ice may exi/ among ! re/ ( mank9d1 x is at be/ a glimpse ( t div9e righte\sness :i* leads u on & becomes a mighty =ce compell+ u1 n only to avoid wrongdo+1 b to combat x ) all ! passion ( an indignant s\l & eradicate x :]ev] possible4 ,?\gh 9 our daily exp]i5ce ju/ice may be sadly lack+1 we /ill cl+ to ! moral axiom t ,god w lead ! "r to victory & w hurl iniquity into ! abyss4 ,z ! sages rem>k 9 ! ,midra%3 8,h[ c\ld %ort-sight$ & %ort-liv$ man v5ture to ass]t1 #8,all ,8 ways are j1' 7 x n = ! div9e revelation by :i* ! eyes ( ,moses 7 op5$1 s t he c\ld gaze into ! v dep?s ( life807#cab7 ,t is1 ! idea ( div9e ju/ice is reveal$1 n 9 ! _w z x is1 b 9 ! _w z x %\ld be1 ! ideal cosmos :i* lives 9 ! _s4 #c4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ju/ice is recogniz$ z a b9d+ =ce ev5 by peoples on a l[ cultural plane1 & ! ,deity is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! gu>dian ( ju/ice1 exactly z 9 ,judaism4 ,?is fact is %[n by ! use ( ! oa? 9 connection ) judicial proc$ure among _m nations4 ,bo? ,roman jurisprud5ce & ,greek e?ics decl>e ju/ice to be ! f\ndation ( ! social life4 ,nev]!less ! ,jewi% ideal ( ju/ice _c be id5tifi$ ) t ( ! law & ! c\rts4 ,! law is "p ( ! social sy/em ( ! ,/ate1 by :i* ! relations ( individuals are det]m9$ & upheld4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ?is social ord]1 ( ! /atus quo1 is consid]$ ju/ice by ! law1 :atev] inju/ice to individuals may result4 ,b ! ,jewi% idea ( ju/ice is n reaction>y2 x owes to ! prophets its position z ! dom9at+ pr9ciple ( ! _w1 ! peculi> ess5ce ( ,god1 & !re=e ! ultimate ideal ( human life4 ,!y f\ght = "r ) an insi/5ce :i* v9dicat$ its moral significance =ev]1 & 9 sca?+ words ( indignation :i* /ill burn 9 ! s\l !y d5\nc$ oppression :]ev] x appe>$4 ,! crimes ( ! mighty aga9/ ! weak1 !y held1 c\ld n be aton$ = by ! outw>d =ms ( piety4 ,"r & ju/ice are n simply matt]s = ! ,/ate & ! social ord]1 b belong to ,god1 :o def5ds ! cause ( ! helpless & ! homeless1 8:o executes ! judgm5t ( ! fa!rless & ! wid[10 8:o reg>de? n p]sons1 nor take? bribes407#cac7 ,iniquity is hateful to ,him2 x _c be cov]$ up by pi\s acts1 nor be ju/ifi$ by good ends4 8,ju/ice is ,god's407#cad7 ,?us e violation ( ju/ice1 :e!r f sordid self-seek+ or f t5d] compassion1 is a violation ( ,god's cause2 & e v9dication ( ju/ice1 e /r5g!n+ ( ! p[] ( "r 9 society1 is a triumph ( ,god4 #d4 ,accord+ly1 ! highe/ pr9ciple ( e?ics 9 ,judaism1 ! c>d9al po9t 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 is n love1 b ju/ice4 ,love has ! t5d5cy to und]m9e ! "r & to effem9ize society4 ,ju/ice1 on ! o!r h&1 develops ! moral capacity ( e man2 x aims n m]ely to avoid wrong1 b to promote & develop ! "r = ! sake ( ! p]fect /ate ( morality4 ,true ju/ice _c rema9 a passive onlook] :5 ! "r or lib]ty ( any human be+ is curtail$1 b /ra9s e ef=t to prev5t viol5ce & oppression4 ,x battles = ! "r1 until x has triumph$ ov] e inju/ice4 ,?is practical conception ( "r c be trac$ ?r\gh all ,jewi% lit]ature & doctr9e2 ?r\gh ! laws ( ,moses1 to :om is ascrib$ ! maxim3 8,let ! "r h its way1 ?\gh x bore holes ?r\gh ! rock017#cae7 ?r\gh ! flam+ words ( ! prophets27#caf7 ?r\gh ! ,psalmi/s1 :o spoke su* words z ^!3 8,?\ art n a ,god :o ha? pleasure 9 wick$ness2 evil %all n soj\rn ) ,!e4 ,! arrogant %all n /& 9 ,?y sight2 ,?\ hate/ all work]s ( iniquity407#cag7 ,nor does ju/ice /op ) ! prohibition ( evil4 ,! v arm t /rikes d[n ! presumptu\s transgressor turns to lift up ! meek & end[ him ) /r5g?4 ,ju/ice becomes a positive p[] = ! "r2 x becomes ,z$akah1 righte\sness or true b5evol5ce1 & aims to readju/ ! inequalities ( life by k9dness & love4 ,x eng5d]s t deep] s5se ( ju/ice :i* claims ! "r ( ! weak to protection by ! arm ( ! /rong4 #e4 ,h5ce comes ! tru? ( ,mat!w ,arnold's /rik+ summ>y ( ,israel's ,law & ,prophets 9 8 8,lit]ature & ,dogma10 z 8,! ,p[]1 n ourselves1 t make? = righte\sness40 ,/ill1 :5 we trace ! developm5t ( ?is c5tral ?\ght 9 ! s\l ( ! ,jewi% p1 we f9d t x arose f a peculi> my?ological conception4 ,! ,god ( ,s9ai _h manife/$ ,himself 9 ! deva/at+ elem5ts ( nature--fire1 /orm1 & hail2 lat]1 ! prophetic g5ius ( ,israel saw ,him z a moral p[] :o de/roy$ wick$ness by ^! v ph5om5a 9 ord] t "r %\ld prevail4 ,at fir/ ! cov5ant-,god ( ,israel hurls ! plagues ( heav5 ^u ! ho/ile ,egyptians & ,canaanites1 ! oppressors ( ,8 p4 ,aft]w>d ! great prophets speak ( ! ,day ( ,,jhvh :i* w\ld come at ! end ( days1 :5 ,god w execute ,8 judgm5t ^u ! hea!n nations by p\r+ =? all ! t]rors ( nature ^u !m4 ,! natural =ces ( de/ruction are utiliz$ by ! ,rul] ( heav5 z means ( moral purification4 8,= by fire w ! ,"l cont5d407#cah7 ,9 ?is process ! s5se ( "r became progressively ref9$1 s t ,god 0 made ! ,def5d] ( ! cause ( ! oppress$1 & ! holie/ ( duties became ! protection ( ! =sak5 & un=tunate4 ,ju/ice & "r 7 ?us lift$ out ( ! civil or =5sic sph]e into t ( div9e hol9ess1 & ! /ruggle = ! d[n-trodd5 became an imp]ative duty4 ,judaism f9ds its /r5g? 9 ! (t-repeat$ doctr9e t ! moral welf>e ( ! _w re/s ^u ju/ice4 8,! ,k+'s /r5g? is t he love? ju/ice10 says ! ,psalmi/1 & comm5t+ ^u ?is ! ,midra% says1 8,n might1 b "r =ms ! f\ndation ( ! _w's peace407#cai7 #f4 ,social life1 !re=e1 mu/ be built ^u ! firm f\ndation ( ju/ice1 ! full recognition ( ! rights ( all individuals & all classes4 ,x c be bas$ nei!r ^u ! =mal adm9i/ration ( law nor ^u ! ela/ic pr9ciple ( love1 :i* too (t5 tol]ates1 or ev5 approves c]ta9 types ( inju/ice4 ,judaism has be5 work+ ?r\gh ! c5turies to realize ! ideal ( ju/ice to all mank9d2 !re=e ! ,jew has suff]$ & wait$ = ! ultimate triumph ( ! ,god ( ju/ice4 ,god's k+dom ( ju/ice is to be e/abli%$1 n 9 a _w to come1 b 9 ! _w t n[ is1 9 ! life ( m5 & nations4 ,z ! ,g]man poet has x1 8,die ,weltges*i*te i/ das ,weltg]i*t0 7! hi/ory ( ! _w is ! _w's tribunal ( ju/ice74 #g4 ,! recognition ( ,god z ! righte\s ,rul] implies a dom9ion ( absolute ju/ice :i* all[s no wrongdo+ to rema9 unpuni%$ & no m]itori\s act to rema9 unrew>d$4 ,! moral & intellectual maturity ( ! p1 h[ev]1 mu/ det]m9e h[ !y conceive retribution 9 ! div9e judgm5t4 ,"u ! simple conditions ( patri>*al life1 :5 common exp]i5ce seem$ to be 9 h>mony ) ! dem&s ( div9e ju/ice1 :5 ! evil-do] seem$ to meet 8 fate & ! wor?y man to enjoy 8 m]it$ prosp]ity1 rew>d & puni%m5t c\ld well be express$ by ! ,bible 9 t]ms ( national prosp]ity & calamity4 ,! prophets1 impress$ by ! political & moral decl9e ( _! era1 ann\nc$ = bo? ,israel & ! o!r nations a day ( judgm5t to come1 :5 ,god w manife/ ,himself z ! righte\s ,rul] ( ! _w4 ,9 fact1 ^? great prea*]s ( righte\sness ann\nc$ = all "t ! tru? ( a moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 ) t]ror = ! malefactors & ! assurance ( peace & salvation = ! righte\s4 8,he w judge ! _w ) righte\sness1 & ! peoples ) equity0 becomes a song ( joy\s confid5ce & hope on ! lips ( ! ,psalmi/47#cbj7 ,?is f9al triumph ( ju/ice does n dep5d1 z ,*ri/ian !ologians ass]t1 on ! m]e outw>d con=mity ( ,israel to ! law47#cba7 ,on ! contr>y1 x (f]s to ! innoc5t suff]] ! hope t 88 "r %all break =? z light10 :ile 8! wick$ %all be put to sil5ce 9 d>kness407#cbb7 ,we mu/ admit1 inde$1 t ! ,biblical idea ( retribution /ill has too mu* ( ! e>?ly flavor1 & (t5 lacks true spirituality4 ,! explanation ( ?is lies 9 ! desire ( ! exp\nd]s ( ,judaism t ?is _w %\ld be reg>d$ z ! battle-gr\nd betwe5 ! good & ! bad1 t ! victory ( ! good is to be decid$ "h1 & t ! idea ( ju/ice %\ld n assume ! "* ( o!r-worldl9ess4 #h4 ,x is true t nei!r ! prophets1 su* z ,j]emiah1 nor ! sages1 su* z ! au?ors ( ,job & ,kohele?1 actually solv$ ! great enigma :i* has baffl$ all nations & ages1 ! adju/m5t ( m]it & de/9y by div9e righte\sness4 ,yet ev5 a d\bt] l ,job does n despair ( 8 own s5se ( ju/ice1 & wre/les ) 8 ,god 9 ! ef=t to obta9 a deep] insight4 ,/ill ! great mass ( p are n satisfi$ ) an unfulfill$ ye>n+ & seek+4 ,! v>i\s religions h gradually transf]r$ ! f9al adju/m5t ( m]it & de/9y to ! h]eaft]2 ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts await+ man aft] dea? h be5 depict$ gl>+ly 9 colors tak5 f ?is e>?ly life4 ,x is n surpris+ t ,judaism 0 influ5c$ by ?is almo/ univ]sal view4 ,! me*anical =m ( ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice dem&s t 8) ! same measure "o metes out1 x %all be met$ out to him107#cbc7 & ?is c\ld n be f\nd ei!r 9 human ju/ice or 9 human de/9y4 ,!re=e ! popul> m9d naturally turn$ to ! _w to come1 expect+ !re t j retribution :i* is lack+ on e>?4 ,only sup]ior m9ds c\ld asc5d to t high] e?ical conception :]e comp5sation is no long] expect$1 b man seeks ! good & happ9ess ( o!rs & f9ds !re9 8 highe/ satisfaction4 ,z ,b5 ,azzai expresses x1 8,! rew>d ( virtue is virtue1 & ! puni%m5t ( s9 is s9407#cbd7 ,at ?is po9t ju/ice m]ges into div9e hol9ess4 #i4 ,! idea ( div9e ju/ice ex]t$ its uplift+ =ce 9 "o m way 9 ,judaism4 ,! recognition ( ,god z ! righte\s ,judge ( ! _w--,zidduk ha ,d97#cbe7--;is to br+ consolation & endurance to ! afflict$1 & to remove f _! he>ts ! bitt] /+ ( despair & d\bt4 ,! rabbis call$ ,god 8! ,righte\s ,"o ( ! univ]se107#cbf7 z if to indicate t ,god himself is meant by ! ,scriptural v]se1 8,! righte\s is an ev]la/+ f\ndation ( ! _w407#cbg7 ,f> remote f ,judaism1 h[ev]1 is ! doctr9e t ,god w\ld consign an o!rwise righte\s man to et]nal doom1 because he belongs to ano!r cre$ or ano!r race ?an t ( ! ,jew4 ,:]ev] ! hea!ns are spok5 ( z condemn$ at ! la/ judgm5t1 ! presumption bas$ ^u c5turies ( sad exp]i5ce 0 t _! lives 7 full ( inju/ice & wick$ness4 ,inde$1 mild] tea*]s1 ^: view became ! accept$ "o1 ma9ta9$ t truly righte\s m5 are f\nd among ! hea!n1 :o h !re=e z mu* claim ^u et]nal salvation z ! pi\s ones ( ,israel47#cbh7 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,god's ,love & ,compassion #a4 ,z ju/ice =ms ! basis ( human morality1 ) k9dness & b5evol5ce z mild] elem5ts to mitigate its /]nness1 s1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% view1 m]cy & love repres5t ! mild] side ( ,god1 b by no means a high] attribute c\nt]act+ ,8 ju/ice4 ,love c supplem5t ju/ice1 b _c replace x4 ,! sages say37#cbi7 8,:5 ! ,creator saw t man c\ld n endure1 if measur$ by ! /&>d ( /rict ju/ice1 ,he jo9$ ,8 attribute ( m]cy to t ( ju/ice1 & creat$ man by ! comb9$ pr9ciple ( bo?40 ,! div9e compassion ) human frailty1 felt by bo? ,moses & ,hosea1 manife/s itself 9 ,god's m]cy4 ,7 x n = ! weakness ( ! fle%1 ju/ice w\ld h suffic$4 ,b ! div9e plan ( salvation dem&s r$eem+ love :i* w9s humanity /ep by /ep = high] moral ends4 ,! educational value ( ?is love lies 9 ! fact t x is a gift ( grace1 be/[$ on man by ! fa!rly love ( ,god to w>d (f ! sev]ity ( full retribution4 ,8 p>don mu/ conduce to a deep] moral e>ne/ness47#ccj7 8,= ) ,!e !re is =giv5ess t ,?\ maye/ be fe>$407#cca7 ,r4 ,akiba says3 8,! _w is judg$ by ! div9e attribute ( goodness407#ccb7 #b4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 ! ,biblical view ,god's m]cy 0 realiz$ at fir/ only ) reg>d to ,israel & 0 aft]w>d ext5d$ gradually to humanity at l>ge4 ,! g5]ation ( ! flood & ! inhabitants ( ,sodom p]i%$ on acc\nt ( _! guilt1 & only ! righte\s 7 sav$4 ,?is attitude holds ?r\gh\t ! ,bible until ! late book ( ,jonah1 ) its lesson ( ,god's =giv5ess ev5 = ! hea!n city ( ,n9eveh aft] due rep5tance4 ,9 ! lat] ,psalms ! div9e attributes ( m]cy are exp&$ & appli$ to all ! creatures ( ,god47#ccc7 ,accord+ to ! s*ool ( ,hillel1 :5ev] ! good & evil actions ( any man are f\nd equal 9 ! scales ( ju/ice1 ,god incl9es ! balances t[>d ! side ( m]cy47#ccd7 ,nay m1 9 ! words ( ,samuel1 ! ,babylonian tea*]1 ,god judges ! nations by ! noble/ types !y produce47#cce7 ,! rul+ ,sadducean prie/hood insi/$ on ! rigid en=cem5t ( ! law4 ,! p>ty ( ! pi\s1 ! ,hasidim1 h[ev]1--accord+ to ! liturgy1 ! apocryphal & ! rabb9ical lit]ature1--appeal$ to ! m]cy ( ,god 9 song & pray]1 ackn[l$g+ _! fail+s 9 humility1 & made k9dness & love _! special objects 9 life4 ,!re=e ) _! asc5dancy ! div9e attributes ( m]cy & compassion 7 acc5tuat$4 ,god himself1 we are told1 0 he>d pray+3 8,oh t ,my attribute ( m]cy may prevail ov] ,my attribute ( ju/ice1 s t grace alone may be be/[$ ^u ,my *ildr5 on e>?407#ccf7 ,& ! second ^w ( ! ,decalogue 0 s int]pret$ t ,god's m]cy--:i* is said to ext5d 8to ! ?\s&? g5]ation0--is five hundr$ times z p[]ful z ,8 punitive ju/ice1--:i* is appli$ 8to ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation407#ccg7 #c4 ,div9e m]cy %[s itself 9 ! law1 :]e compassion is enjo9$ on all suff]+ creatures4 ,pr(\nd sympa?y ) ! oppress$ is e*o$ 9 ! anci5t law ( ! poor :o _h to give up 8 g>m5t z a pl$ge3 8,:5 he crie? unto ,me1 ,i %all he>1 = ,i am graci\s407#cch7 ,9 ! old ,babylonian code1 might 0 ! arbit] ( "r17#cci7 b ! unique g5ius ( ! ,jew is %[n 9 adapt+ ?is same legal mat]ial to its impulse ( compassion4 ,! cry ( ! innoc5t suff]]1 ( ! =sak5 & fa!rless1 rises up to ,god's ?rone & secures !re 8 "r aga9/ ! oppressor4 ,?us 9 ! ,mosaic law & ?r\gh\t ,jewi% lit]ature ,god calls himself 8! ,judge ( ! wid[10 8! ,fa!r ( ! fa!rless107#cdj7 8a ,/ronghold to ! ne$y407#cda7 ,he calls ! poor1 8,my p107#cdb7 &1 z ! rabbis say1 ,he loves ! p]secut$1 n ! p]secutors47#cdc7 #d4 ,ev5 to dumb bea/s ,god ext5ds ,8 m]cy4 ,?is ,jewi% t5d]ness is an inh]itance f ! %eph]d life ( ! patri>*s1 :o 7 eag] to qu5* ! ?ir/ ( ! animals 9 _! c>e be=e !y ?\ght ( _! own com=t47#cdd7 ,?is s5se ( sympa?y appe>s 9 ! ,biblical precepts z to ! ov]burd5$ bea/17#cde7 ! ox tread+ ! corn17#cdf7 & ! "m-bea/ or "m-bird ) h] "y17#cdg7 z well z ! ,talmudic rule fir/ to fe$ ! dome/ic animals & !n sit d[n to ! meal47#cdh7 ,?is has rema9$ a *>act]i/ic trait ( ,judaism4 ,?us1 9 connection ) ! v]se ( ! ,psalm1 8,8 t5d] m]cies are ov] all ,8 works107#cdi7 x is relat$ ( ,rabbi ,judah ! ,sa9t1 ! r$actor ( ! ,mi%nah1 t he 0 afflict$ ) pa9 = ?irte5 ye>s1 & gave z reason t he once /ruck & kick$ away a calf :i* _h run to him moan+ = protection2 he 0 f9ally reliev$1 aft] he _h taught 8 h\sehold to h pity ev5 on ! smalle/ ( creatures47#cej7 ,9 fact1 ,rabban ,gamaliel1 8 gr&fa!r1 _h taught be=e him3 8,:osoev] has compassion on 8 fell[-creatures1 on him ,god w h compassion407#cea7 ,! sages (t5 int]pret ! phrase 8,to walk 9 ! way ( ! ,"l0--t is1 8,z ! ,holy ,"o1 bless$ be ,he1 is m]ciful1 s be ye also m]ciful407#ceb7 #e4 ,?us ! rabbis came to reg>d love z ! inn]mo/ "p ( ,god's be+4 ,god loves mank9d1 is ! highe/ /age ( consci\sness ( ,god1 b ?is c be atta9$ only by ! close/ relation ( ! human s\l to ! ,mo/ ,high1 aft] sev]e trials h s(t5$ & humaniz$ ! _s4 ,x is n accid5tal t ,scripture speaks (t5 ( ,god's goodness1 m]cy1 & grace1 b seldom m5tions ,8 love4 ,possibly ! t]m ahabah 0 us$ at fir/ = s5su\s love & !re=e 0 n employ$ = ,god s (t5 z ! m spiritual hes$1 :i* d5otes k9d & loyal affection47#cec7 ,h[ev]1 ,hosea us$ ?is t]m = 8 own love = 8 fai?less wife1 & did n hesitate to apply x also to ,god's love = ,8 fai?less p1 :i* he t]ms 8a love ( free w407#ced7 ,8 example is foll[$ by ,j]emiah1 mo/ t5d] ( ! prophets1 :o gave ! classic expression to ! ev]la/+ love ( ,god = ,israel1 ,8 belov$ son47#cee7 ,?is div9e love1 spiritually und]/ood1 =ms ! *ief topic ( ! ,deut]onomic addresses47#cef7 ,9 ?is book ,god's love appe>s z t ( a fa!r = 8 son1 :o lavi%es gifts ^u him1 b also *a/ises him = 8 own good47#ceg7 ,! m9d op5$ m & m to reg>d ! trials s5t by ,god z means ( ennobl+ ! "*17#ceh7 & ! m5 ( ! ,talmudic p]iod (t5 speak ( ! afflictions ( ! sa9ts z 8visitations ( ! div9e love407#cei7 #f4 ,! suff]+s ( ,israel 9 p>ticul> 7 tak5 to be trials ( ! div9e love47#cfj7 ,god's love = ,israel1 8,8 fir/-born son107#cfa7 is n p>tial1 b f ! outset aims to tra9 him = 8 _w mission4 ,! ,song ( ,moses speaks ( ! love ( ! ,fa!r = ,8 son 8:om ,he f\nd 9 ! wild]ness027#cfb7 & ?is is requit$ by ! bridal love ( ,israel ) :i* ! p 8w5t aft] ,god 9 ! wild]ness407#cfc7 ,x is ?is love ( ,god1 accord+ to ,akiba's int]pretation ( ! ,song ( ,songs1 :i* 8all ! wat]s c\ld n qu5*10 8a love z /rong z dea?407#cfd7 ,?is love rais$ up a nation ( m>tyrs )\t p>allel 9 hi/ory1 al?\gh ! foll[]s ( ! s-call$ ,religion ( ,love fail to give x ! cr$it x des]ves & seem to reg>d x z a k9d ( hatr$ = ! re/ ( mank9d47#cfe7 ,:5ev] ! pat]nal love ( ,god is truly felt & und]/ood x mu/ include all classes & all s\ls ( m5 :o ent] into ! relation ( *ildr5 to ,god4 ,:]ev] emphasis is laid ^u ! special love = ,israel1 x is bas$ ^u ! love ) :i* ! *os5 p cl+ to ! ,torah1 ! ^w ( ,god1 ^u ! devotion ) :i* !y surr5d] _! lives 9 ,8 cause47#cff7 #g4 ,/ill1 ,judaism does n proclaim love1 absolute & unre/rict$1 z ! div9e pr9ciple ( life4 ,t is left to ! ,*ur*1 ^: hi/ory almo/ to ?is day records ev] s _m acts ( lovelessness4 ,love is unwor?y ( ,god1 unless x is guid$ by ju/ice4 ,love ( good mu/ be accompani$ by hate ( evil1 or else x lacks ! educative p[] :i* alone makes x b5eficial to man4 ,god's love manife/s itself 9 human life z an educative p[]4 ,r4 ,akiba says t x ext5ds to all creat$ 9 ,god's image1 al?\gh ! k ( x 0 v\*saf$ to ,israel alone47#cfg7 ,?is univ]sal love ( ,god is a doctr9e ( ! apocryphal lit]ature z well4 8,?\ ha/ m]cy ^u all 444 = ,?\ love/ all ?+s t are1 & hate/ no?+ :i* ,?\ ha/ made4444 ,b ,?\ sp>e/ all1 = !y are ,?9e1 ,o ,"l1 ,lov] ( s\ls10 says ! ,book ( ,wisdom27#cfh7 & :5 ,ezra ! ,se] lam5ts ! calamity t has befall5 ! p1 ,god replies1 8,?9ke/ ?\ t ?\ love/ ,my creatures m ?an ,i807#cfi7 #h4 ,among ! my/ics div9e love 0 decl>$ to be ! highe/ creative pr9ciple4 ,!y ref]r$ ! words ( ! ,song ( ,songs1--8,! mid/ !re( is pav$ ) love107#cgj7 to ! inn]mo/ palace ( heav51 :]e /&s ! ?rone ( ,god47#cga7 ,among ! philosoph]s ,crescas consid]$ love ! active cosmic pr9ciple r ?an intellect1 ! pr9ciple ( ,ari/otle1 because x is love :i* is ! impulse = creation47#cgb7 ,?is conception ( div9e love receiv$ a peculi>ly my/ic color f ,juda ,abravanel1 a neo-,platoni/ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 kn[n z ,leo ,hebraeus4 ,he says3 8,god's love mu/ ne$s unfold ,8 p]fection & beauty1 & reveal itself 9 ,8 creatures1 & love = ^! creatures mu/ aga9 elevate an imp]fect _w to ,8 own p]fection4 ,?us is eng5d]$ 9 man t ye>n+ = love ) :i* he endeavors to emulate ! div9e p]fection407#cgc7 ,bo? ,crescas & ,leo ,hebraeus ?us gave ! keynote = ,sp9oza's 8,intellectual love0 z ! cosmic pr9ciple17#cgd7 & ?is has be5 e*o$ ev5 9 su* works z ,s*ill]'s di?yrambs on 8,love & ,fri5d%ip0 9 8 8,philosophic ,lett]s407#cge7 ,/ill ?is neo-,platonic view has no?+ 9 common ) ! !ological conception ( love4 ,9 ,judaism ,god is conceiv$ z a lov+ ,fa!r1 :o purposes to lead man to happ9ess & salvation4 ,9 o!r words1 ! div9e love is an ess5tially moral attribute ( ,god1 & n a metaphysical "o4 #i4 ,if we wi% to speak ( a p[] t p]meates ! cosmos & turns ! :eel ( life1 x is f> m correct to speak ( ,god's creative goodness47#cgf7 ,accord+ to ,scripture1 ea* day's creation be>s ! div9e approval3 8,x is good407#cgg7 ,ev5 ! evil :i* man exp]i5ces s]ves a high] purpose1 & t purpose makes = ! good4 ,mis=tune & dea?1 sorr[ & s91 9 ! great economy ( life are all turn$ into f9al good4 ,accord+ly1 ,judaism recognizes ?is div9e goodness n only 9 e enjoym5t ( nature's gifts & ! favors ( =tune1 b also 9 sad & try+ exp]i5ces1 & = all ( ^! x provides special =mulas ( b5$iction47#cgh7 ,! same div9e goodness s5ds joy & grief1 ev5 ?\gh %ortsight$ man fails to see ! maje/ic ,sun ( life :i* %9es 9 unabat$ spl5dor above ! cl\ds4 ,judaism 0 optimi/ic ?r\gh all its exp]i5ces j because ( ?is implicit fai? 9 ,god's goodness4 ,su* fai? trans=ms ea* woe into a high] welf>e1 ea* curse into actual bless+2 x leads m5 & nations f oppression to ev] great] fre$om1 f d>kness to ev] bright] light1 & f error to ev] high] tru? & righte\sness4 ,div9e love may h pity ^u human weakness1 b x is div9e goodness t inspires & quick5s human en]gy4 ,aft] all1 love _c be ! dom9ant pr9ciple ( life4 ,man _c love all ! "t1 nor c he love all ! _w2 8 s5se ( ju/ice dem&s t he hate wick$ness & falsehood4 ,we mu/ apply ! same crit]ion to ,god4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 man c & %\ld d good & be good cont9ually & to all m51 ev5 to ! mo/ unwor?y4 ,!re=e ,god becomes ! patt]n & ideal ( an all-encompass+ goodness1 :i* is nev] exhau/$ & nev] rea*es an end4 ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,god's ,tru? & ,fai?fulness #a4 ,9 ! ,hebrew language tru? & fai?fulness are bo? d]iv$ f ! same root2 aman1 8firmness10 is ! root idea ( eme?1 8tru?10 & emunah1 8fai?fulness40 ,man feels insecurity & unc]ta9ty among ! v>y+ impressions & emotions :i* affect 8 w2 !re=e he turns to ! immovable ,rock ( life1 calls on ,him z ! ,gu>dian & ,witness ( tru?1 & feels confid5t t ,he w v9dicate e promise made 9 ,8 sight4 ,he is ! ,god by :om m5 swe>--,elohe am527#cgi7 nay1 :o swe>s by ,himself1 say+1 8,z true z t ,i live407#chj7 ,he is ! supreme ,p[] ( life1 8! ,god ( fai?fulness1 9 :om !re is no iniquity407#cha7 ,! heav5s te/ify to ,8 fai?fulness2 ,he is ! tru/wor?y ,god1 ^: ess5ce is tru?47#chb7 #b4 ,"h1 too1 z ) o!r attributes1 ! developm5t ( ! idea may be trac$ /ep by /ep4 ,at fir/ x ref]s to ! ,god ( ! cov5ant ) ,israel1 :o made a cov5ant ) ! fa!rs & keeps x ) ! ?\s&? g5]ation ( _! desc5dants4 ,he %[s ,8 m]cy to ^? :o love ,him & keep ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,! idea ( ,god's fai?fulness to ,8 cov5ant is ?us ext5d$ gradually f ! p to ! cosmos1 & ! heav5s are call$ ^u to witness to ! fai?fulness ( ,god ?r\gh\t ! realm ( life4 ,?us 9 bo? ! ,psalms & ! liturgy ,god is prais$ z ! ,"o :o is fai?ful 9 ,8 ^w z 9 ,8 "w47#chc7 #c4 ,f ?is conception ( fai?fulness arose two o!r ideas :i* ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! :ole spiritual & intellectual life ( ! ,jew4 ,! ,god ( fai?fulness creat$ a p ( fai?fulness z ,8 own1 & ,israel's ,god ( tru? awak5$ 9 ! nation a passion = tru? unrival$ by any o!r religi\s or philosophical sy/em4 ,l a silv] /ream runn+ ?r\gh a valley1 ! conviction runs ?r\gh ! sacr$ writ+s & ! liturgy t ! promise made ( yore to ! fa!rs w be fulfill$ to ! *ildr54 ,z ea* pa/ deliv]ance f di/ress 0 consid]$ a v]ification ( ! div9e fai?fulness1 s ea* hope = ! future 0 bas$ ^u ! same attribute4 8,he keepe? ,8 fai? also to ^? :o sleep 9 ! du/40 ,^! words ( ! second ( ! ,eighte5 ,b5$ictions cle>ly indicate t ev5 ! belief 9 ! h]eaft] re/$ ^u ! same fundam5tal belief4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! same conception =m$ ! keynote ( ! idea ( ! div9e tru?fulness4 ,! primitive age knew no?+ ( ! laws ( nature ) :i* we h become famili> ?r\gh mod]n sci5ce4 ,b ! pi\s s\l tru/s ! ,god ( fai?fulness1 c]ta9 t ,he :o has creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>? is true to ,8 own ^w1 & w n all[ !m to s9k back into *aos4 ,"o witness to ?is is ! ra9b[1 :i* ,he has set up 9 ! sky z a sign ( ,8 cov5ant47#chd7 ,! sea & ! />s also h a b\nd>y assign$ to !m :i* !y _c transgress47#che7 ,?us to ! unsophi/icat$ religi\s s\l1 ) no k ( natural sci5ce1 ! _w is c>ri$ by ,god's 8ev]la/+ arms07#chf7 & ,8 fai?fulness becomes tok5 & pl$ge ( ! immutability ( ,8 w4 #d4 ,at ?is po9t ! intellect grasps an idea ( intr9sic & inde/ructible tru?1 :i* has its beg9n+ & its end 9 ,god1 ! ,only ,"o4 8,! gods ( ! nations are all vanity & deceit1 ! "w ( m52 ,israel's ,god is ! ,god ( tru?1 ! liv+ ,god & ev]la/+ ,k+407#chg7 ,) ?is cry has ,judaism *all5g$ ! nations ( ! _w s9ce ! ,babylonian exile4 ,its own adh]5ts x *>g$ to pond] ^u ! problems ( life & ! nature ( ,god1 until ,he w\ld appe> be=e !m z ! v ess5ce ( tru?1 & all hea!ni% survivals w\ld vani% z mi/4 ,god is tru?1 & ,he desires naught b tru?1 !re=e hypocrisy is loa?some to him1 ev5 9 ! s]vice ( religion4 ,) ?is und]ly+ ?\ght ,job1 ! bold b hone/ d\bt]1 /&s above 8 fri5ds ) _! affect$ piety4 ,god is tru?--?is confession ( fai?1 recit$ ea* morn+ & ev5+ by ! ,jew1 gave 8 m9d ! p[] to so> into ! highe/ realms ( ?\ght1 & inspir$ 8 s\l to (f] life & all x holds = 8 fai?4 8,god is ! ev]la/+ tru?1 ! un*angeable ,be+ :o ev] rema9s ! same amid ! fluctuations & *anges ( all o!r ?+s40 ,?is is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ^u :i* ,joseph ,ibn ,zaddik & ,abraham ,ibn ,daud1 ! pr$ecessors ( ,maimonides1 re>$ _! entire philosophical sy/ems1 :i* 7 ,ari/otelian & yet ?or\ghly ,jewi%47#chh7 ,my/ic lore1 always s fond ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet & _! hidd5 mean+s1 not$ t ! lett]s ( ,eme?--aleph1 mem & tav--are ! fir/1 ! middle1 & ! la/ lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & !re=e conclud$ t ,god made tru? ! beg9n+1 ! c5t]1 & ! end ( ! _w47#chi7 ,josephus also1 no d\bt 9 accordance ) ! same tradition1 decl>es t ,god is 8! beg9n+1 ! c5t]1 & ! end ( all ?+s407#cij7 ,a correspond+ rabb9ical say+ is3 8,tru? is ! seal ( ,god407#cia7 ,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,god's ,k & ,wisdom #a4 ,! attempt to enum]ate ! attributes ( ,god recalls ! /ory relat$ 9 ! ,talmud7#cib7 ( a disciple :o /epp$ up to ! read]'s desk to (f] pray]1 & began to address ! ,deity ) an endless li/ ( attributes4 ,:5 8 vocabul>y 0 almo/ exhau/$1 ,rabbi ,han9ah int]rupt$ him ) ! "q1 8,ha/ ?\ n[ really f9i%$ tell+ ! praise ( ,god80 ,mortal man c nev] "k :at ,god really is4 ,z ! poet-philosoph] says3 8,c\ld ,i ev] "k ,him1 ,i w\ld be ,he407#cic7 ,b we want to asc]ta9 :at ,god is to u1 & = ?is v reason we _c re/ ) ! negative attitude ( ,maimonides1 :o relies on ! ,psalmi/'s v]se1 8,sil5ce is praise to ,!e407#cid7 ,we mu/ obta9 z cle> a conception ( ! ,deity z we possibly c ) our limit$ p[]s4 ,to ! div9e attributes already m5tion$ we mu/ add ano!r :i* 9 a s5se is ! focus ( !m all4 ,?is is ! k & wisdom ( ,god1 ! omnisci5ce :i* r5d]s ,him all-kn[+ & all-wise4 ,?r\gh ?is all ! o!rs come into self-consci\sness4 ,we ascribe wisdom to ! man :o sets "r aims = 8 actions & kn[s ! means by :i* to atta9 !m1 t is1 :o c control 8 p[] & k by 8 w & b5d !m to 8 purpose4 ,9 ! same mann] we ?9k ( wisdom 9 view ( ! m>vel\s ord]1 design1 & unity :i* we see 9 ! natural & ! moral _w4 ,b ?is wisdom mu/ be all-encompass+1 compris+ "t & et]nity1 direct+ all ! =ces & be+s ( ! _w t[>d ! goal ( ideal p]fection47#cie7 ,x makes no diff]5ce :]e we f9d ?is lesson4 ,! ,book ( ,prov]bs s+les out ! t9y ant z an example ( wondr\s =e?\ght27#cif7 ! au?or ( ,job dwells on ! work+ toge!r ( ! p[]s ( e>? & heav5 to ma9ta9 ! cosmic life27#cig7 mod]n sci5ce1 ) its deep] insight into nature1 enables u to foll[ ! int]action ( ! primal *emical & organic =ces1 & to foll[ ! c\rse ( evolution f />-du/ & cell to ! /ructure ( ! human eye or ! ?\ght-c5t]s ( ! bra94 ,b 9 all ^! alike our conclusion mu/ be t ( ! ,psalmi/3 8,o ,"l1 h[ manifold are ,?y works1 9 wisdom ha/ ,?\ made !m all407#cih7 #b4 ,accord+ly1 if we are to speak 9 human t]ms1 we may consid] ,god's wisdom ! elem5t :i* det]m9es ,8 v>i\s motive-p[]s1--omnisci5ce1 omnipot5ce1 & goodness1--to t5d t[>d ! realization ( ,8 cosmic plan4 ,or we may call x ! active intellect ) :i* ,god works z ,creator1 ,orda9]1 & ,rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,biblical acc\nt ( creation presupposes ?is wisdom1 z x portrays a logical process1 work+ aft] a def9ite plan1 proce$+ f simpl] to m complex =ms & culm9at+ 9 man4 ,biblical hi/ory likewise is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( a div9ely pre>rang$ plan1 :i* is especially /rik+ 9 su* /ories z t ( ,joseph47#cii7 #c4 ,at fir/ ! div9e wisdom 0 suppos$ to re/ 9 "p on specially gift$ p]sons1 su* z ,joseph1 ,solomon1 & ,bezalel4 ,z ,scripture has x1 8,! ,"l give? wisdom1 out ( ,8 m\? come? k & und]/&+407#djj7 ,lat] ! obscure de/9y ( ! nation appe>s z ! design ( an all-wise ,rul] to ! great prophets & especially to ,isaiah1 ! high-so>+ eagle among ! se]s ( ,israel47#dja7 ,) ! progressive expansion ( ! _w be=e !m1 ! se]s & sages saw a sublime purpose 9 ! hi/ory ( ! nations1 & felt m & m ! supreme place ( ! div9e wisdom z a manife/ation ( ,8 greatness4 ,?us ! great se] ( ! ,exile nev] tires ( illum9+ ! _w-wide plan ( ! div9e wisdom47#djb7 #d4 ,a new developm5t ensu$ "u ,babylonian & ,p]sian influ5ce at ! "t :5 ! mono!ism ( ,israel became def9itely univ]sal4 ,! div9e wisdom1 creative & _w-su/a9+1 became ! highe/ ( ! div9e attributes & 0 p>tially hypo/atiz$ z an indep5d5t cosmic p[]4 ,9 ! tw5ty-eigh? *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,job wisdom is depict$ z a magic be+1 f> remote f all liv+ be+s ( e>?1 beyond ! rea* ( ! creatures ( ! l[e/ abyss1 :o aid$ ! ,creator ) c\nsel & k 9 measur+ & weigh+ ! f\ndations ( ! _w4 ,! description seems to be bas$ ^u an anci5t ,babylonian conception--:i* has p>allels else:]e--( a div9e ,sybil dwell+ b5ea? ! ocean 9 8! h\se ( wisdom407#djc7 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! my?ological conception is trans=m$ into a symbolic figure4 ,9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ,prov]bs ! description ( div9e wisdom is m 9 accordance ) ,jewi% mono!ism2 wisdom is 8! fir/ ( ,god's creatures10 8a ma/]-workman0 :o assi/$ ,him 9 f\nd+ heav5 & e>?1 a helpmate & playmate ( ,god1 & at ! same "t ! in/ructor ( m5 & c\nselor ( pr9ces1 invit+ all to %>e h] preci\s gifts4 ,?is conception is f\nd also 9 ! apocryphal lit]ature1--9 ,b5 ,sira1 ! book ( ,eno*1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*1 & ! ,hell5i/ic ,book ( ,wisdom47#djd7 ,f ?is p]iod two diff]5t curr5ts ( ?\ght appe>$4 ,! "o repres5t$ wisdom z an indep5d5t be+ di/9ct f ,god1 & ?is f9ally became m]g$1 "u ,platonic influ5ce1 into ! views ( neo-,platonism1 ,gno/icism1 & ! ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,! o!r id5tifi$ ! div9e wisdom ) ! ,torah1 & !re=e x is ! ,torah :i* s]v$ ,god z c\nselor & m$iator at ! ,creation & cont9ues z c\nselor 9 ! managem5t ( ! _w4 ,?is view l$ back to /rict mono!ism1 s t ! cosmology ( ! rabbis spoke alt]nately ( ! div9e wisdom & ! ,torah z ! in/rum5ts ( ,god at ,creation47#dje7 #e4 ,! ,jewi% philosoph]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 su* z ,saadia1 ,gabirol1 & ,jehuda ha ,levi1 foll[$ ! ,mohamm$an !ologians 9 enum]at+ ,god's wisdom among ! attributes con/itut+ ,8 ess5ce1 toge!r ) ,8 omnipot5ce1 ,8 w1 & ,8 creative en]gy4 ,b !y w\ld n take wisdom or any o!r attribute z a sep>ate be+1 ) an exi/5ce outside ( ,god1 :i* w\ld ei!r condition ,him or admit a division ( ,8 nature47#djf7 8,god himself is wisdom10 says ,jehuda ha ,levi1 ref]r+ to ! words ( ,job3 8,he is wise 9 he>t407#djg7 ,& ,ibn ,gabirol s+s 9 8 8,cr[n ( ,royalty03 8,?\ art wise1 & ! wisdom ( ,?y f\nt ( life fl[e? f ,!e2 ,& comp>$ ) ,?y wisdom man is void ( und]/&+2 ,?\ art wise1 be=e any?+ began its exi/5ce2 ,& wisdom has f times ( yore be5 ,?y fo/]$ *ild2 ,?\ art wise1 & out ( ,?y wisdom did/ ,?\ create ! _w1 ,life ! artific] t fa%ione? :atsoev] delighte? him407#djh7 ,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,god's ,condesc5sion #a4 ,an attribute ( great importance = ! !ological conception ( ,god1 "o ^u :i* bo? ,biblical & rabb9ical lit]ature laid especial /ress1 is ,8 condesc5sion & humility4 ,! ,psalmi/ says7#dji73 8,?y condesc5sion ha? made me great10 :i* is int]pret$ 9 ! ,midra% t ! ,deity /oops to man 9 ord] to lift him up to ,himself4 ,a famili> say+ ( ,r4 ,johanan is7#daj73 8,:]ev] ,scripture speaks ( ! greatness ( ,god1 !re m5tion is made also ( ,8 condesc5sion4 ,s :5 ! prophet beg9s1 #8,?us sai? ! ,high & ,l(ty ,"o t inhabite? et]nity1 ^: "n is ,holy3 ,i dwell 9 ! high & holy place1' he adds ! words1 #8,) him also t is ( a contrite & humble _s4'7#daa7 ,or :5 ! ,deut]onomi/ says3 #8,= ! ,"l y\r ,god1 ! great ,god1 ! mighty & ! awful1' he concludes1 #8,he do? execute ju/ice = ! fa!rless & wid[1 & love? ! /rang]4'7#dab7 ,& aga9 ! ,psalmi/3 #8,extol ,him t ride? ^u ! skies1 ^: "n is ! ,"l1 a ,fa!r ( ! fa!rless & a ,judge ( ! wid[s4' 07#dac7 8,d y deem x unwor?y ( ,god t ,he %\ld c>e = ! smalle/ & mo/ insignificant p]son or ?+ 9 ! _w's h\sehold80 asks ,m5delssohn 9 8 ,morg5/und54 8,x c]ta9ly does n detract f ! dignity ( a k+ to be se5 fondl+ 8 *ild z a lov+ fa!r10 & he quotes ! v]se ( ! ,psalm1 8,:o is l unto ! ,"l our ,god1 t is en?ron$ on high1 t looke? d[n l[ ^u heav5 & ^u ! e>?407#dad7 #b4 ,?is tru? has a religi\s dep? :i* no philosophy c set =?4 ,only ! ,god ( ,revelation is ne> to man 9 8 frailty & ne$1 ready to he> 8 sighs1 answ] 8 supplication1 c\nt 8 te>s1 & relieve 8 wants :5 8 own p[] fails4 ,! philosoph] mu/ reject z futile e attempt to br+ ! incompreh5sible ess5ce ( ! ,deity )9 ! compass ( ! human und]/&+4 ,! religi\s consci\sness1 h[ev]1 dem&s t we acc5tuate precisely ^? attributes ( ,god :i* br+ ,him ne>e/ to u4 ,if reason alone w\ld h ! decisive voice 9 ?is problem1 e manife/ation ( ,god to man & e rea*+ out ( ! s\l to ,him 9 pray] w\ld be idle fancy & self-deceit4 ,x is true t ! ,biblical conception 0 simple & *ild-l en\gh1 repres5t+ ,god z desc5d+ f ! heav5s to ! e>?4 ,/ill ,judaism does n accept ! cold & di/ant attitude ( ! philosoph]2 x tea*es t ,god z a spiritual p[] does condesc5d to man1 9 ord] t man may realize 8 k9%ip ) ! ,mo/ ,high & rise ev] ne>] to 8 ,creator4 ,! e>? :]eon man dwells & ! human he>t ) its long+ = heav51 are n b]eft ( ,god4 ,:]ev] man seeks ,him1 !re ,he is4 #c4 ,rabb9ical ,judaism is v f> f ! attitude assign$ to x by ,*ri/ian !ologians17#dae7 ( r$uc+ ! ,deity to an empty transc5d5tal ab/raction & loos5+ ! bond :i* ties ! s\l to its ,mak]4 ,on ! contr>y1 x ma9ta9s ^! v relations ) a firmness :i* betok5s its s\ndness & its pr(\nd psy*ological tru?4 ,9 ?is _s a ,talmudic ma/] int]prets ! ,deut]onomic v]se3 8,= :at great nation is !re t ha? ,god s nigh unto !m1 z ! ,"l our ,god is :5soev] we call ^u ,him807#daf7 say+ t 8ea* w realize ! ne>ness ( ,god accord+ to 8 own intellectual & emotional disposition1 & ?us ent] into communion ) ,him40 ,accord+ to ano!r ,haggadi/ ! v]se ( ! ,psalm1 8,! voice ( ! ,"l res\nde? ) p[]107#dag7 tea*es h[ ,god reveals ,himself1 n ) ,8 own ov]:elm+ might1 b accord+ to ea* man's individual p[] & capacity4 ,! rabbis ev5 make bold to ass]t t :5ev] ,israel suff]s1 ,god suff]s ) him2 z x is writt51 8,i w be ) him 9 tr\ble407#dah7 #d4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 all ! names :i* we apply to ,god 9 spee* or 9 pray]1 ev5 ! mo/ sublime & holy ones1 are d]iv$ f our own s5sory exp]i5ce & _c be tak5 lit]ally4 ,!y are us$ only z vehicles to br+ home to u ! idea t ,god's ne>ness is our highe/ good4 ,ev5 ! mat]ial _w1 :i* is p]ceptible to our s5ses1 mu/ und]go a c]ta9 inn] trans=mation be=e x c be t]m$ sci5ce or philosophy1 & becomes ! possession ( ! m9d4 ,x requires /ill fur!r ex]tions ( ! imag9ation to br+ )9 our grasp ! _w ( ! _s1 & above all ! l(tie/ ( all conceptions1 ! v be+ ( ,god4 ,yet x is j ?is ,be+ ( all ,be+s :o draws u irresi/ibly t[>d ,himself1 ^: ne>ness we p]ceive 9 ! v dep?s ( our intellectual & emotional life4 ,our 8s\l ?ir/e? aft] ,god1 ! liv+ ,god10 & behold1 ,he is nigh1 ,he takes possession ( u1 & we call ,him our ,god4 #e4 ,! ,haggadi/s express$ ?is intimate relation ( ,god to man1 & specifically to ,israel1 by bold & (t5 nave metaphors4 ,!y ascribe to ,god special mom5ts = wra? & = pray]1 a secret *amb] :]e he weeps ov] ! di/ress ( ,israel1 a pray]-mantle 7talli?7 & phylact]ies :i* ,he we>s l any ( ! lead]s ( ! community1 & ev5 lu/rations :i* ,he practices exactly l mortals47#dai7 ,b su* fanciful & extravagant conceptions 7 nev] tak5 s]i\sly by ! rabbis1 & only p>tisan & prejudic$ writ]s1 entirely lack+ 9 a s5se ( humor1 c\ld po9t to su* passages to prove t a !ology ( ! ,synagogue c>ri$ out a 8,judaization ( ,god407#dbj7 ,c4 ,god ,9 ,relation ,to ,! ,_w ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,! ,_w & its ,ma/] #a4 ,9 us+ ! t]m _w or univ]se we include ! totality ( all be+s at once1 & ?is sugge/s a /age ( k :]e poly!ism is practically ov]come4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ,py?agoras is said to h be5 ! fir/ to p]ceive 8a beautiful ord] ( ?+s0 9 ! _w1 & !re=e to call x cosmos47#dba7 ,primitive man saw 9 ! _w innum]able =ces cont9ually /ruggl+ ) ea* o!r = supremacy4 ,)\t an ord]+ m9d no ord]1 z we conceive x1 c exi/4 ,! old ,babylonian conception preval5t ?r\gh\t antiquity divid$ ! _w into ?ree realms1 ! cele/ial1 t]re/rial1 & ! ne!r _w1 ea* ( :i* _h its own type ( inhabitants & its own rul+ div9ities4 ,yet ^! v>i\s div9e p[]s 7 at w> ) ea* o!r1 & ultimately !y1 too1 mu/ submit to a bl9d fate :i* m5 & gods alike c\ld read 9 ! />s or o!r natural ph5om5a4 ,) ! fir/ words ( ! ,bible1 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?10 ,judaism decl>$ ! _w to be a unity & ,god its ,creator & ,ma/]4 ,hea!nism _h always beheld 9 ! _w c]ta9 bl9d =ces ( nature1 work+ )\t plan or purpose & devoid ( any moral aims4 ,b ,judaism sees 9 ! _w ! "w ( a supreme ,intellect :o fa%ion$ x accord+ to ,8 w1 & :o rules 9 fre$om1 wisdom1 & goodness4 8,he spoke1 & x 02 ,he comm&$1 & x /ood407#dbb7 ,nature exi/s only by ! w ( ,god2 ,8 creative fiat call$ x into exi/5ce1 & x ceases to be z soon z x has fulfill$ ,8 plan4 #b4 ,t :i* ! sci5ti/ t]ms nature--! cosmic life 9 its et]nal process ( gr[? & reproduction--is decl>$ by ,judaism to be ,god's creation4 ,anci5t hea!n conceptions deifi$ nature1 inde$1 b !y knew only a cosmogony1 t is1 a process ( bir? & gr[? ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is ! gods p>ticipate ) all o!r be+s1 to s9k back aga9 at ! close ( ! drama into fi]y *aos1--! s-call$ 8twilight ( ! gods40 ,"h ! deity con/itutes a "p ( ! _w1 or ! _w a "p ( ! deity1 & philosophic speculation c at be/ bl5d ! two into a pan!i/ic sy/em :i* has no place = a self-consci\s1 creative m9d & w4 ,9 fact1 ! univ]se appe>s z an ev] gr[+ & unfold+ deity1 & ! deity z an ev] gr[+ & unfold+ univ]se4 ,mod]n sci5ce m prop]ly assumes a self-impos$ limitation2 x se>*es = ! laws und]ly+ ! action & int]action ( natural =ces & elem5ts1 ?us to expla9 9 a me*ani/ic way ! orig9 & developm5t ( all ?+s1 b x leaves entirely outside ( its doma9 ! :ole "q ( a fir/ cause & a supreme creative m9d4 ,x c]ta9ly c pass no op9ion z to :e!r or n ! entire "w ( creation 0 accompli%$ by ! free act ( a ,creator4 ,revelation alone c speak ) unfalt]+ acc5ts3 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ heav5 & e>?40 ,h[ev] we may und]/&1 or imag9e1 ! beg9n+ ( ! natural process1 ! =mation ( matt] & ! inception ( motion1 we see above ! conf9es ( space & "t ! ev]la/+ ,god1 ! absolutely free ,creator ( all ?+s4 #c4 ,no def9ite !ological dogma c def9e ! ord] & process ( ! g5esis ( ! _w2 ?is is r a sci5tific ?an a religi\s "q4 ,! ,biblical docum5ts !mselves diff] widely on ?is po9t1 :e!r "o comp>es ! /ories 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 or contra/s bo? ( !m ) ! poetical descriptions 9 ,job & ! ,psalms47#dbc7 ,& ^! div]g5t acc\nts are /ill less to be reconcil$ ) ! results ( natural sci5ce4 ,9 ! old ,babylonian cosmography1 on :i* ! ,biblical view is bas$1 ! e>?1 %ap$ l a disk1 0 susp5d$ ov] ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 :ile above x 0 ! solid vault ( heav5 l a ceil+4 ,9 ?is ! />s 7 fix$ l lamps to light ! e>?1 & hidd5 *amb]s to /ore up ! ra94 ,! sci5ces ( a/ronomy1 physics1 & geology h aboli%$ ^! *ildlike conceptions z well z ! /ory ( a six-day creation1 :]e vegetation sprang f ! e>? ev5 be=e ! sun1 moon1 & />s appe>$ 9 ! firmam5t4 ,! fact is t ! ,biblical acc\nt is n int5d$ to depreciate or sup]s$e ! facts e/abli%$ by natural sci5ce1 b solely to acc5tuate ^? religi\s tru?s :i* ! latt] disreg>ds47#dbd7 ,^! may be summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ ?ree doctr9es3 #d4 ,fir/4 ,nature1 ) all its immeasurable p[] & gr&eur1 its wondr\s beauty & h>mony1 is n indep5d5t1 b is ! "w1 ! work%op1 & ! work+ =ce ( ! great ,ma/]4 ,8 _s alone is ! active p[]2 ,8 w mu/ be c>ri$ out4 ,x is true t we _c conceive ! univ]se o!rwise ?an z inf9ite 9 "t & space1 because bo? "t & space are b human modes ( app]ception4 ,9 fact1 we _c ?9k ( a ,creator )\t a creation1 because any pot5tiality or capacity )\t execution w\ld imply imp]fection 9 ,god4 ,nev]!less we mu/ conceive ( ,god z ! design+ & creat+ intellect ( ! univ]se1 inf9itely transc5d+ its complex me*anism1 ^: w is express$ involunt>ily by ea* ( ! creat$ be+s4 ,he alone is ! liv+ ,god2 ,he has l5t exi/5ce & inf9ite capacity to ! be+s ( ! _w2 & !y1 9 a*iev+ _! appo9t$ purpose1 accord+ to ! poet's metaphor1 8weave ,8 liv+ g>m5t40 ,! ,psalmi/ also s+s 9 ! same key3 8,( old ,?\ did/ lay ! f\ndations ( ! e>?2 ,& ! heav5s are ! "w ( ,?y h&s2 ,!y %all p]i%1 b ,?\ %alt endure2 ,yea1 all ( !m %all wax old l a g>m5t4 ,z a ve/ure %alt ,?\ *ange !m1 & !y %all pass away2 ,b ,?\ art ! selfsame1 & ,?y ye>s %all h no end407#dbe7 #e4 ,second4 ,! numb]less be+s & =ces ( ! univ]se comprise a unity1 work+ accord+ to "o plan1 subs]v+ a common purpose1 & pursu+ 9 _! developm5t & int]action ! aim :i* ,god's wisdom assign$ !m f ! beg9n+4 ,h[ev] ho/ile ! v>i\s elem5ts may be t[>d ea* o!r1 h[ev] fi]ce ! univ]sal conflict1 8! /ruggle = exi/5ce10 /ill ov] all ! discord prevails a high] concord1 & ! /ruggle ( nature's =ces ends 9 h>mony & peace4 8,he make? peace 9 ,8 high places407#dbf7 ,ev5 ! highe/ type ( hea!nism1 ! ,p]sian1 divid$ ! _w into mutually ho/ile pr9ciples1 light & d>kness1 good & evil4 ,b ,judaism proclaims ,god z ! ,creator ( bo?4 ,no =ce is left out ( ! univ]sal plan2 ea* contributes its "p to ! :ole4 ,consequ5tly ! v progress ( natural sci5ce confirms m & m ! pr9ciple ( ! div9e ,unity4 ,! rese>*es ( sci5ce are ev] t5d+ t[>d ! k ( univ]sal laws ( gr[?1 culm9at+ 9 a s*eme ( univ]sal evolution4 ,h5ce ?is supports & confirms ,jewi% mono!ism1 :i* kn[s no p[] ( evil antagoni/ic to ,god4 #f4 ,?ird4 ,! _w is good1 s9ce goodness is its creator & its f9al aim4 ,true en\gh1 nature1 b5t ) 8too? & claw0 ^u annihilat+ "o or ano!r =m ( exi/5ce1 is q indiff]5t to man's s5se ( compassion & ju/ice4 ,yet 9 ! wise1 ?\gh inscrutable plan ( ,god %e does b s]ve ! good4 ,we see h[ ! l[] =ms ( life ev] s]ve ! high]1 h[ ! m9]al provides food = ! vegetable1 :ile ! animal d]ives its food f ! vegetable _w & f l[] types ( animals4 ,?us ea* becomes a means ( vitality = a high] species4 ,s by ! cont9u\s upw>d /riv+ ( man ! l[] passions1 ) _! evil t5d5cies1 "w m & m t[>d ! triumph ( ! good4 ,man unfolds 8 ,god-lik5ess2 he /rives to 8,move upw>d1 work+ out ! bea/1 ,& let ! ape & tig] die40 #g4 ,! ,biblical /ory ( ,creation expresses ! p]fect h>mony betwe5 ,god's purpose & ,8 "w 9 ! words1 8,& behold1 x 0 good0 spok5 at ! end ( ea* day's ,creation1 & 8behold1 x 0 v good0 at ! completion ( ! :ole4 ,a _w creat$ by ,god mu/ s]ve ! highe/ good1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 a _w )\t ,god w\ld prove to be 8! wor/ ( all possible worlds10 z ,s*op5hau]1 ! philosoph] ( pessimism1 q correctly concludes f 8 premises4 ,! _w-view ( ,judaism1 :i* reg>ds ! entire economy ( life z ! realization ( ! all-encompass+ plan ( an all-wise ,creator1 is accord+ly an en]giz+ optimism1 or1 m precisely1 meliorism4 ,?is view is voic$ by ! rabbis 9 _m significant utt]ances1 su* z ! maxim ( ,r4 ,akiba1 8,:atsoev] ! ,m]ciful ,"o does1 is = ! good107#dbg7 or t ( 8 tea*]1 ,nahum ( ,gimzo1 8,?is1 too1 is = ! good407#dbh7 ,8 disciple1 ,r4 ,meir1 inf]r$ f ! ,biblical v]se1 8,god saw all t ,he _h made1 & behold1 x 0 v good10 t 8dea?1 too1 is good407#dbi7 ,o!rs consid]$ t suff]+ & ev5 s9 are includ$ 9 ?is v]se1 because e app>5t evil is necess>y t we may /ruggle & ov]come x = ! f9al victory ( ! good47#dcj7 ,z an anci5t ,midra% says3 8,god is call$ a ,god ( fai? & fai?fulness1 because x 0 ,8 fai? 9 ! _w t caus$ ,him to br+ x into exi/5ce407#dca7 ,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,creation ,z ! ,act ( ,god #a4 8,?us %all ye say unto !m3 ,! gods t h n made ! heav5s & ! e>?1 ^! %all p]i% f ! e>?1 & f "u ! heav5s4 ,he t ha? made ! e>? by ,8 p[]1 t ha? e/abli%$ ! _w by ,8 wisdom1 & ha? /ret*$ out ! heav5s by ,8 und]/&+ 444 ! ,"l ,god is ! true ,god407#dcb7 ,) ?is decl>ation ( w> aga9/ hea!nism1 ! prophet drew ! l9e1 once = all1 betwe5 ! uncreat$1 transc5d5t ,god & ! creat$1 p]i%able univ]se4 ,x is true t ,plato spoke ( primordial & et]nal matt] & ,ari/otle ( an et]nally rotat+ cele/ial sph]e1 & t ev5 ,biblical exegetes1 su* z ,ibn ,ezra17#dcc7 inf]r$ f ! ,creation /ory ! exi/5ce ( primeval *aotic matt]4 ,yet1 on ! :ole1 ! ,jewi% idea ( ,god has dem&$ ! assumption t ev5 ?is primitive matt] 0 creat$ by ,god1 or1 z mo/ ?9k]s h phras$ x1 t ,god creat$ ! _w out ( no?+4 ,?is doctr9e 0 voic$ z e>ly z ! ,maccabean p]iod 9 ! appeal made by ! h]oic "m to ! y\nge/ ( h] sev5 sons47#dcd7 ,9 ! same _s ,r4 ,gamaliel ,,ii scornfully rejects ! sugge/ion ( a h]etic t ,god us$ primeval sub/ances already extant 9 creat+ ! _w47#dce7 #b4 ,( c\rse1 ?9k+ p w ev] be confront$ by ! problem h[ a transc5d5tal ,god c\ld call into exi/5ce a _w ( matt]1 creat+ x )9 ! limits ( space & "t1 )\t ,himself becom+ involv$ 9 ! process4 ,x w\ld seem t ,he mu/ by ! v act subject ,himself to ! limitations & mutations ( ! univ]se4 ,h5ce "s ( ! anci5t ,jewi% tea*]s came "u ! influ5ce ( ,babylonian & ,egyptian cosmogonies 9 _! lat] ,hell5i/ic =ms1 & resort$ to ! !ory ( int]m$i>y =ces4 ,"s ( ^! adopt$ ! ,py?agorean conception ( ! my/]i\s p[] ( lett]s & numb]s1 :i* !y communicat$ to ! initiat$ z secret lore1 ) ! result t ! suspicion ( h]esy re/$ l>gely ^u 8^? :o knew10 ! s-call$ ,gno/ics4 ,! difficulty ( assum+ a creation at a fix$ p]iod ( "t 0 met 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,r4 ,abbahu ( ,cs>ea 9 ! f\r? c5tury (f]$ ! explanation3 8,god caus$ "o _w aft] ano!r to ent] into exi/5ce1 until ,he produc$ ! "o ( :i* ,he said3 #8,behold1 ?is is good4' 07#dcf7 ,/ill ?is op9ion seems to h be5 express$ by ev5 e>li] sages1 z x is adopt$ by ,orig51 a ,*ur* fa!r ( ! ?ird c5tury1 :o admitt$ 8 great debt to ,jewi% tea*]s47#dcg7 ,! m$ieval ,jewi% philosoph]s evad$ ! difficulty by ! ,ari/otelian exp$i5t ( connect+ ! concept ( "t ) ! motion ( ! sph]es4 ,?us "t 0 creat$ ) ! cele/ial _w1 & timelessness rema9$ an attribute ( ! uncreat$ ,god47#dch7 ,su* attempts at h>monization prove ! "o po9t ( importance to u1--:i*1 inde$1 0 frankly /at$ by ,maimonides1--t we _c accept lit]ally ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! creation4 ,! mod]n _w has be5 lift$ bodily out ( ! ,babylonian & s-call$ ,ptolemaic _w1 ) its n>r[ horizon1 ?r\gh ! labors ( su* m5 z ,cop]nicus1 ,galileo1 ,newton1 ,lyall1 & ,d>w94 ,we live 9 a _w immeasurable 9 t]ms ( ei!r space or "t1 a _w :]e evolution works ?r\gh eons ( "t & an inf9ite numb] ( /ages4 ,su* a _w gives rise to concepts ( ! work+ ( ,god 9 nature totally diff]5t f ^? ( ! se]s & sages ( =m] g5]ations1 ideas ( :i* ^? ?9k]s c\ld n ev5 dream4 ,to ! m9d ( ! mod]n sci5ti/ ! entire cosmic life1 ext5d+ ov] c\ntless millions ( ye>s1 =m+ />ry worlds )\t end1 is mov$ by en]gy aris+ )94 ,x is a cont9u\s fl[ ( exi/5ce1 a process ( =mation & re-=mation1 :i* c h no beg9n+ & no end4 ,h[ is ?is evolutioni/ view to be reconcil$ ) ! belief 9 a div9e act ( creation8 ,?is is ! problem :i* mod]n !ology has set itself1 p]haps ! greate/ :i* x mu/ solve4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 ! problem is no m difficult n[ ?an x 0 to ! fir/ man :o pond]$ ov] ! beg9n+s ( life 9 ! *ildhood ( ! _w4 ,! same answ] fits bo? modes ( ?\ght1 ) only a diff]5t process ( reason+4 ,:e!r we c\nt ! _w's creation by days or by millions ( ye>s1 ! tru? ( ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis rema9s3 8,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?40 ,9 our !ories ! :ole complicat$ _w-process is b ! work+ out ( simple laws4 ,?is leads back z swiftly & f> m surely ?an did ! primitive cosmology to an omnipot5t & omnisci5t creative ,p[]1 def9+ at ! v outset ! aim ( ! /up5d\s :ole1 & c>ry+ its compreh5sive plan into reality1 /ep by /ep4 ,we :o are ! products ( "t _c help apply+ ! relation ( "t to ! "w ( ! ,creator2 "t is s int]wov5 ) our be+ t a mod]n evolutioni/1 ,b]gson1 consid]s x ! fundam5tal elem5t ( reality4 ,?us x is natural t we %\ld ?9k ( ,god z sett+ ! fir/ atoms & =ces ( ! univ]se into motion some:]e & someh[1 at a giv5 mom5t4 ,?r\gh ?is act1 we imag9e1 ! ord] prevail+ ?r\gh an inf9itude ( space & "t 0 e/abli%$ = ! great fabric ( life4 ,to e>li] ?9k]s su* an act ( a sup]mundane & immutable ,god appe>$ z a s+le act4 ,! idea ( prime importance 9 all ?is is ! free activity ( ! ,creator 9 contradi/9ction to ! bl9d necessity ( nature1 ! und]ly+ !ory ( all pagan or unreligi\s philosophy47#dci7 ,! _w ( ,god1 :i* is ! _w ( morality1 & :i* leads to man1 ! image ( ,god1 mu/ be bas$ ^u ! free1 purposive creative act ( ,god4 ,:e!r su* an act 0 p]=m$ once = all or is ev]la/+ly r5ew$1 is a q second>y matt] = religion1 h[ev] important x may be to philosophy1 or h[ev] fundam5tal to sci5ce4 ,9 our daily morn+ pray]s1 :i* ref] to ! daily awak5+ to a life seem+ly new1 ,god is proclaim$ z 8,he :o r5ewe? daily ! "w ( creation407#ddj7 ,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,! ,ma9t5ance & ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,_w #a4 ,= our religi\s consci\sness ! doctr9e ( div9e ma9t5ance & gov]nm5t ( ! _w is f> m important ?an t ( creation4 ,x opposes ! view ( deism t ,god )drew f ,8 creation1 indiff]5t to ! de/9y ( ,8 creatures4 ,he is r ! ev]-pres5t ,m9d & ,w 9 all ! ev5ts ( life4 ,! _w :i* ,he creat$ is ma9ta9$ by ,him 9 its cont9u\s activity1 ! object ( ,8 incessant c>e4 #b4 ,scripture kn[s no?+ ( natural law1 b pres5ts ! *ang+ ph5om5a ( nature z special acts ( ,god & consid]s ! natural =ces ,8 mess5g]s c>ry+ out ,8 w4 8,he op5s ! w9d[s ( heav5 to let ! ra9 desc5d ^u ! e>?407#dda7 8,he leads out ! ho/s ( ! />s accord+ to _! numb] & calle? !m by "n407#ddb7 ,he makes ! sun rise & set4 8,he says to ! sn[3 ,fall to ! e>?607#ddc7 & calls to ! w9d to bl[ & to ! lightn+ to fla%47#ddd7 ,he causes ! produce ( ! e>? & ! dr\ght :i* de/roys !m4 8,he op5s ! womb to make bea/s & m5 br+ =? _! "y20 8,he %uts up ! womb to make !m b>r5407#dde7 8,he also provides ! food = all ,8 creatures 9 due season1 ev5 = ! "y rav5s :5 !y cry407#ddf7 ,8 brea? keeps all alive4 8,he )drawe? _! brea?1 & !y p]i%1 & return to _! du/4 ,he s5de? =? ,8 _s1 !y are creat$2 ,he r5ewe? ! face ( ! e>?407#ddg7 ,we are told also t ,god assigns to ea* be+ its functions1 tell+ ! e>? to br+ =? fruit17#ddh7 ! sea n to trespass its b\nd>y17#ddi7 ! />s & ! seas to ma9ta9 _! ord]47#dej7 ,to ea* "o ,he ha? set a measure1 a law :i* !y d>e n transgress4 ,god's wisdom works 9 !m2 !y all are subject to ,8 rule4 #c4 ,?is conclusion betok5s an obvi\s improvem5t ^u ! e>li] & m *ildlike view4 ,x recognizes t !re is an ord] 9 ! univ]se & all "u div9e sup]vision4 ,?us ,j]emiah speaks ( a cov5ant ( ,god ) heav5 & e>?1 & ( ! laws :i* !y mu/ obey17#dea7 & 9 ,g5esis ! ra9b[ is repres5t$ z a sign ( ! cov5ant ( peace made by ,god ) ! :ole e>?47#deb7 ,z ,god 8make? peace 9 ! heav5s above107#dec7 ,he e/abli%es ord] 9 ! _w4 ,z ! v>i\s p[]s ( nature are inve/$ ) a degree ( indep5d5ce1 ,god's sov]eignty manife/s itself 9 ! regul>ity ) :i* !y int]act & cop]ate47#ded7 ,! lore ( ! my/ics speaks ev5 ( an oa? :i* ,god adm9i/]$ ^u ,8 holy ,"n to ! heav5s & ! />s1 ! sea & ! abyss1 t !y %\ld nev] break _! designat$ b\nds or di/urb ! :ole ord] ( creation47#dee7 #d4 ,fur!r progress is not$ 9 ! liturgy1 9 su* expressions z t 8,god r5ewe? daily ! "w ( creation10 or 8,he op5e? e morn+ ! gate ( heav5 to let ! sun come out ( its *amb]s 9 all its spl5dor0 & 8at ev5tide ,he make? x return ?r\gh ! portals ( ! we/40 ,aga91 8,he r5ewe? ,8 creative p[] 9 e ph5om5on ( nature & 9 e turn ( ! season20 8,he provide? e liv+ be+ ) its su/5ance407#def7 ,inde$1 9 ! view ( ,judaism ! ma9t5ance ( ! entire h\sehold ( nature is "o cont9u\s act ( ,god :i* c nei!r be int]rupt$ nor limit$ 9 "t4 ,god 9 ,8 inf9ite wisdom works =ev] ?r\gh ! same laws :i* 7 9 =ce at ! beg9n+1 & :i* %all cont9ue ?r\gh all ! realms ( "t & space4 ,we feeble mortals1 ( c\rse1 see b 8! hem ( ,8 g>m5t0 & he> only 8a :isp] ( ,8 voice40 ,/ill f ! deep] prompt+s ( our s\l we le>n t sci5ce does n t\* ! inmo/ ess5ce ( ! _w :5 x f9ds a law ( necessity 9 ! realm ( nature4 ,! univ]se is ma9ta9$ & gov]n$ by a moral ord]4 ,moral objects are atta9$ by ! =ces ( ! elem5ts1 8! mess5g]s ( ,god :o fulfill$ ,8 ^w407#deg7 ,bo? ! ho/s ( heav5 & ! creatures ( ! e>? d ,8 bidd+2 _! e act1 great or small1 is z ,he has ord]$4 ,yet ( !m all man alone is made 9 ,god's image1 & c "w self-consci\sly & freely = a moral purpose4 ,inde$1 z ! rabbis express x1 he has be5 call$ z 8! co-work] ) ,god 9 ! "w ( creation407#deh7 #e4 ,! conception ( a _w-ord] also _h to und]go a long developm5t4 ,! !ory ( pagan antiquity1 e*o$ 9 bo? ,biblical & po/-,biblical writ+s1 is t ! _w is def9itely limit$1 ) bo? a beg9n+ & an end4 ,z heav5 & e>? came into be+1 s !y w wax old & %r9k l a g>m5t1 :ile sun1 moon1 & />s w lose _! brightness & fall back into ! primal *aos47#dei7 ,! belief 9 a cataclysmic end+ ( ! _w is a logical coroll>y ( ! belief 9 ! bir? ( ! _w4 ,9 /rik+ contra/1 ! prophets hold =? ! hope ( a future reg5]ation ( ! _w4 ,god w create 8a new heav5 & a new e>?0 :]e all ?+s w arise 9 new /r5g? & beauty47#dfj7 ,?is hope1 z all es*atology1 0 prim>ily relat$ to ! reg5]ation ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,accord+ly1 ! rabbis speak ( two worlds17#dfa7 ?is _w & ! _w to come4 ,!y consid] ! pres5t life only a prelim9>y ( ! _w to come1 9 :i* ! div9e plan ( creation is to be work$ out = all humanity ?r\gh ! tru?s emanat+ f ,israel4 ,?is :ole conception re/$ ^u a sci5ce n[ sup]s$$1 ! geoc5tric view ( ! univ]se1 :i* made ! e>? & especially man ! f9al object ( creation4 ,= u only a figurative mean+ adh]es to ! two worlds ( ! m$ieval belief1 foll[+ ea* o!r aft] ! lapse ( a fix$ p]iod ( "t4 ,on ! "o h&1 we see "o inf9ite fabric ( life 9 ?is visible _w ) its millions ( suns & planets1 among :i* our e>? is only an insignificant speck 9 ! sky4 ,) our limit$ und]/&+ we endeavor to p5etrate m & m into ! et]nal laws ( ?is illimitable cosmos4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we hold t !re is a moral & spiritual _w :i* comprises ! div9e ideals & et]nal objects ( life4 ,bo? are reflect$ 9 ! m9d ( man1 :o ent]s into ! "o by 8 intellect & into ! o!r by 8 emotions ( ye>n+ & awe4 ,at ! same "t bo? are ! manife/ation ( ,god1 ! ,creator & ,rul] ( all4 ,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,miracles & ! ,cosmic ,ord] #a4 8,:o is l unto ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 among ! mighty8 ,:o is l unto ,!e1 glori\s 9 hol9ess1 ,fe>ful 9 praises1 do+ wond]s607#dfb7 ,?us sang ,israel at ! ,r$ ,sea 9 words :i* are con/antly re*o$ 9 our liturgy4 ,no?+ impresses ! religi\s s5se ( man s mu* z unusual ph5om5a 9 nature1 :i* seem to int]rupt ! wont$ c\rse ( ev5ts & ?us to reveal ! work+s ( a high] ,p[]4 ,a miracle--t is1 a ?+ 8wond]$0 at1 because n und]/ood--is always reg>d$ by ,scripture z a 8sign07#dfc7 or 8pro(07#dfd7 ( ! p[] ( ,god1 to :om no?+ is impossible4 ,! *ild-l m9d ( ! pa/ knew no?+ ( fix$ or immutable laws ( nature4 ,!re=e ! "q is put 9 all simplicity3 8,is any?+ too h>d = ! ,"l807#dfe7 8,is ! ,"l's h& wax$ %ort807#dff7 8,or %\ld ,he :o creat$ heav5 & e>? n be able to create some?+ :i* nev] 0 be=e807#dfg7 ,%\ld 8,he :o make? a man's m\?1 or makes him deaf1 dumb1 see+ or bl9d107#dfh7 n be able also to op5 ! m\? ( ! dumb bea/ or ! eyes ( ! bl9d8 ,%\ld n ,he :o kille? & give? life h ! p[] also to call ! dead back to life1 if ,he sees fit8 ,%\ld n ,he :o op5e? ! womb = e bir?1 be able to op5 x = h] :o is n9ety ye>s old8 ,or :5 a :ole l& is wick$1 to %ut ! wombs ( all its inhabitants t !y may rema9 b>r58 ,aga91 %\ld n ,he :o makes ! sun come =? e morn+ f ! gates ( ! ,ea/ & ent] ea* night ! portals ( ! ,we/1 n be able to *ange ?is ord] once1 & cause x to /& /ill 9 ! mid/ ( its c\rse87#dfi7 ,s long z natural ph5om5a are consid]$ to be sep>ate acts ( ! div9e w1 an unusual ev5t is m]ely an extraord9>y manife/ation ( ?is same p[]1 8! f+] ( ,god40 ,! p ( ,biblical times nev] que/ion$ :e!r a miracle happ5$ or c\ld happ54 ,_! conc]n 0 to see x z ! "w ( ! arm ( ,god ei!r = ,8 fai?ful ones or aga9/ ,8 adv]s>ies4 #b4 ,) ! advance ( ?\ght1 miracles began to be reg>d$ z int]ruptions ( an e/abli%$ ord] ( creation4 ,! "q !n arose1 :y ! all-kn[+ ,creator %\ld all[ deviations f ,8 own laws4 ,z ! future 0 pres5t to ,him at ! outset1 :y did ,he n make provision 9 advance = su* special cases z ,he =esaw8 ,?is 0 exactly ! rem$y :i* ! rabbis furni%$4 ,!y decl>$ t at ,creation ,god provid$ = c]ta9 extraord9>y ev5ts1 s t a lat5t =ce1 e/abli%$ = ! purpose at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 is responsible = incid5ts :i* appe>$ at ! "t to be true int]f]5ces ) ! _w ord]4 ,?us ,god _h made a special cov5ant1 z x 71 ) ! "w ( creation t at ! appo9t$ "t ! ,r$ ,sea %\ld divide be=e ,israel2 t sun & moon %\ld /& /ill at ! bidd+ ( ,jo%ua2 t fire %\ld n consume ! ?ree y\?s1 ,hananel1 ,mi%ael1 & ,az>iah2 t ! sea-mon/] %\ld spit =? ,jonah alive2 toge!r ) o!r s-call$ miracles47#dgj7 ,! same idea occasion$ ! o!r ,haggadic say+ t %ortly be=e ! completion ( ! creation on ! ev5+ ( ! six? day ,god plac$ c]ta9 miracul\s =ces 9 nature4 ,?r\gh !m ! e>? op5$ to swall[ ,korah & 8 b&1 ! rock 9 ! wild]ness gave wat] = ! ?ir/y multitude1 & ,balaam's ass spoke l a human be+2 ?r\gh !m also ! ra9b[ appe>$ aft] ! flood1 ! manna ra9$ f heav51 ,a>on's rod bur/ =? ) almond blossoms & fruit1 & o!r wondr\s ev5ts happ5$ 9 _! prop] "t47#dga7 #c4 ,nei!r ! rabbis nor ! m$ieval ,jewi% ?9k]s express$ any d\bt ( ! cr$ibility ( ! ,biblical miracles4 ,! latt]1 inde$1 rationaliz$ miracles z well z o!r ?+s1 & consid]$ "s ( !m imag9>y4 ,saadia accepts all ! ,biblical miracles except ! speak+ s]p5t 9 ,p>adise & ! speak+ ass ( ,balaam1 consid]+ ^! to be p>ables r ?an actual occurr5ces47#dgb7 ,9 g5]al1 bo? ,jewi% & ,mohamm$an !ologians assum$ t special =ces hidd5 9 nature 7 utiliz$ by ! prophets & sa9ts to te/ify to _! div9e mission4 ,^! p[]s 7 atta9$ by _! l(ty intellects1 :i* lift$ !m up to ! sph]e ( ! ,supreme ,intellect4 ,all m$ieval attempts to solve ! problem ( miracles 7 bas$ ^u ?is curi\s comb9ation ( ,ari/otelian cosmology & ,mohamm$an or ,jewi% !ology47#dgc7 ,true1 ,maimonides rejects a numb] ( miracles z contr>y to natural law1 & ref]s to ! rabb9ical say+ t "s ( ! miracul\s ev5ts n>rat$ 9 ,scripture 7 s only 9 appe>ance4 ,/ill he claims = ,moses1 z ! ,mohamm$ans did = ,mohamm$1 miracul\s p[]s d]iv$ f ! sph]e ( ! ,supreme ,intellect4 ,9 a l5g?y *apt] on miracles ,albo foll[s ,maimonides17#dgd7 :ile 8 tea*] ,crescas consid]s ! ,biblical miracles to be direct manife/ations ( ! creative activity ( ,god47#dge7 ,g]sonides has really two op9ions2 9 8 comm5t>y he r$uces all miracles to natural processes1 b 9 8 philosophical "w he adopts ! view ( ,maimonides47#dgf7 ,jehuda ha ,levi alone insi/$ on ! miracles ( ! ,bible z hi/oric evid5ce ( ! div9e call+ ( ! prophets47#dgg7 ,to all ! re/1 ! miracle is n p]=m$ by ,god b by ! div9ely end[$ man4 ,god himself is no long] conceiv$ ( z *ang+ ! cosmic ord]4 ,bo? ,he & ! _w creat$ by ,8 w rema9 ev] ! same4 ,/ill1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 c]ta9 privileg$ m5 are end[$ ) special p[]s by ! ,supreme ,intellect1 & by ^! !y c p]=m miracles4 #d4 ,x is evid5t t 9 all ?is ! problem ( miracles is n solv$1 nor ev5 correctly /at$4 ,bo? rabb9ical lit]ature & ! ,bible ab\nd ) miracles ab\t c]ta9 holy places & holy p]sons1 :i* !y nev] v5ture to d\bt4 ,b ! rabbis 7 n miracle-work]s l ! ,ess5es & _! ,*ri/ian successors47#dgh7 ,on ! contr>y1 !y s\ght to repress ! popul> cr$ulity & hung] = ! miracul\s1 say+3 8,! pres5t g5]ation is n wor?y to h miracles p]=m$ = !m1 l ! =m] ones207#dgi7 or 8,! provid+ ( ea* liv+ s\l ) its daily food1 or ! recov]y ( m5 f a sev]e disease is z great a miracle z any ( ^? told 9 ,scripture207#dhj7 or aga91 8,( h[ small acc\nt is a p]son = :om ! cosmic ord] mu/ be di/urb$607#dha7 ,?us :5 ! wise m5 ( ,rome ask$ ! ,jewi% sages3 8,if y\r ,god is omnipot5t1 z y claim1 :y does ,he n bani% f ! _w ! idols1 :i* are s loa?some to ,him80 !y repli$3 8,d y really desire ,god to de/roy ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 because fools wor%ip !m8 ,! _w cont9ues its regul> c\rse1 & idolat]s w n g unpuni%$407#dhb7 #e4 ,9 ,judaism nei!r ,biblical nor rabb9ical miracles are to be accept$ z pro( ( a doctr9al or practical tea*+47#dhc7 ,! ,deut]onomic law expressly /ates t false prophets c p]=m miracles by :i* !y mislead ! multitude47#dhd7 ,we c !re=e ascribe no intr9sic religi\s importance to miracles4 ,! fact is t miracles occur only among p :o are ignorant ( natural law & ?us pr$ispos$ to accept m>vels4 ,!y are ! products ( human imag9ation & cr$ulity4 ,!y h only a subjective1 n an objective value4 ,!y are psy*ological1 n physical facts4 ,! attitude ( ,maimonides & ,albo t[>d ,biblical miracles is especially significant4 ,! =m] decl>es 9 8 great ,code37#dhe7 8,israel's belief 9 ,moses & 8 law did n re/ on miracles1 = miracles r create d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ! believ]4 ,fai? mu/ re/ on its intr9sic tru?1 & ?is c nev] be subv]t$ by miracles1 :i* may be ( a deceitful nature40 ,albo devotes a l5g?y *apt] to develop+ ?is idea /ill fur!r1 und\bt$ly ref]r+ to ! ,*ur*2 he speaks ( miracles wr\ght by bo? ,biblical & ,talmudic h]oes1 su* z ,onias ! ra9-mak]1 ,nicodemus b5 ,gorion1 ,han9a b5 ,dosa1 & ,ph9ehas b5 ,jair1 ! popul> sa9ts47#dhf7 ,9 mod]n times ,m5delssohn1 :5 *all5g$ by ! ,lu!ran pa/or ,lavat] ei!r to accept ! ,*ri/ian fai? or refute x1 attack$ especially ! basic ,*ri/ian fai? 9 miracles4 ,he /at$ boldly t 8miracles prove no?+1 s9ce e religion bases its claims on !m & consequ5tly ! tru? ( "o w\ld disprove ! conv9c+ pro( ( ! o!r407#dhg7 #f4 ,our entire mod]n mode ( ?9k+ dem&s ! complete recognition ( ! empire ( law ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 manife/+ ! all-p]meat+ w ( ,god4 ,! :ole cosmic ord] is "o miracle4 ,no room is left = s+le or exceptional miracles4 ,only a primitive age c\ld ?9k ( ,god z alt]+ ! ord] ( nature :i* ,he _h fix$1 s z to let iron float on wat] l wood to please "o p]son "h17#dhh7 or to /op sun1 />1 or sea 9 _! c\rses 9 ord] to help or h>m mank9d !re47#dhi7 ,x is m important = u to inquire into ! law ( ! m9d by :i* ! fact itself may diff] f ! peculi> =m giv5 x by a n>rator4 ,) our hi/orical me?ods unkn[n to =m] ages1 we _c accept any /ory ( a miracle )\t seek+ its intr9sic hi/orical accuracy4 ,aft] all1 ! miracle z n>rat$ is b a human conception ( :at1 "u ,god's guidance1 really happ5$4 ,accord+ly1 we mu/ leave ! f9al int]pretation ( ! ,biblical n>ratives to ! individual1 to consid] !m z hi/orical facts or z figurative pres5tations ( religi\s ideas4 ,ev5 n[ "s p w pref] to believe t ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts emanat$ f ,god ,himself 9 audible tones1 z m$ieval ?9k]s ma9ta9$47#dij7 ,"s w adopt ! old semi-rationali/ic explanation t ,he creat$ a voice = ?is special purpose4 ,o!rs w hold x m wor?y ( ,god to communicate directly ) man1 f _s to _s1 )\t ! use ( s5sory means2 ^! w !re=e take ! ,biblical description z figurative or my?ical4 ,9 fact1 he :o does n cl+ to ! lett] ( ! ,scripture w probably reg>d all ! miracles z poetical views ( div9e ,provid5ce1 z *ild-l imag]y express+ ! anci5t view ( ! et]nal goodness & wisdom ( ,god4 ,to u also ,god is 8a ,do] ( wond]s10 b we exp]i5ce ,8 wond]work+ p[]s 9 ourselves4 ,we see wond]s 9 ! acts ( human fre$om :i* rises sup]ior to ! bl9d =ces ( nature4 ,! true miracle consi/s 9 ! div9e p[] )9 man :i* aids him to accompli% all t is great & good4 ,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,provid5ce & ! ,moral ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,_w #a4 ,none ( ! preci\s tru?s ( ,judaism has become m indisp5sable ?an ! belief 9 div9e ,provid5ce1 :i* we see ab\t u 9 ev] new & /rik+ =ms4 ,man w\ld succumb f fe> alone1 behold+ ! dang]s ab\t him on e side1 7 he n su/a9$ by a conviction t !re is an all-wise ,p[] :o rules ! _w = a sublime purpose4 ,we "k t ev5 9 dire/ di/ress we are guid$ by a div9e h& t directs ev]y?+ f9ally t[>d ! good4 ,:]ev] we are1 we are protect$ by ,god1 :o wat*es ov] ! de/9ies ( man z 8does ! eagle :o hov]s ov] h] "y & be>s !m al(t on h] p9ions40 ,ea* ( u is assign$ 8 place 9 ! all-encompass+ plan4 ,su* k & su* fai? z ?is comprise ! greate/ com=t & joy :i* ! ,jewi% religion (f]s4 ,bo? ! n>ratives & ! doctr9es ( ,scripture are fill$ ) ?is idea ( ,provid5ce work+ 9 ! hi/ory ( individuals & nations47#dia7 #b4 ,provid5ce implies fir/1 provision1 & second1 pr$e/9ation 9 accordance ) ! div9e plan = ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,z ,god's dom9ion ov] ! visible _w appe>s 9 ! et]nal ord] ( ! cosmos1 s 9 ! moral _w1 :]e action arises f freely *os5 aims1 ,god is ,rul] ( a moral gov]nm5t4 ,?us ,he directs all ! acts ( m5 t[>d ! end :i* ,he has set4 ,judaism is mo/ %>ply contra/$ ) hea!nism at ?is po9t4 ,hea!nism ei!r deifies nature or m]ges ! deity into nature4 ,?us !re is no place = a ,god :o kn[s all ?+s & provides = all 9 advance4 ,bl9d fate rules all ! =ces ( life1 includ+ ! deities !mselves4 ,!re=e *ance incid5ts 9 nature or ! positions ( ! />s are tak5 z indications ( de/9y4 ,h5ce ! belief 9 oracles & div9ation1 9 ! obs]vation ( fly+ arr[s & float+ cl\ds1 ( ! color & %ape ( ! liv] ( sacrificial animals1 & o!r signs ( heav5 & e>? :i* 7 to h9t at ! future47#dib7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,judaism sees 9 all ?+s1 n ! =tuit\s deal+s ( a bl9d & rel5tless fate1 b ! disp5sations ( a wise & b5ign ,provid5ce4 ,x kn[s ( no ev5t :i* is n =eorda9$ by ,god4 ,x sanction$ ! decision by lot7#dic7 & ! appeal to ! oracle 7! ,urim & ,?ummim77#did7 only tempor>ily1 dur+ ! ,biblical p]iod4 ,b soon x recogniz$ entirely ! w ( ,god z ! ,rul] ( de/9y1 & ! p accept$ ! belief t 8! days10 8! de/9ies10 & ev5 8! te>s0 ( man are all writt5 9 ,8 8book407#die7 ,?us !y p]ceiv$ ,god z 8,he :o kn[s f ! beg9n+ :at w be at ! end407#dif7 ,! prophets1 ,8 mess5g]s1 c\ld ?us =etell ,8 w4 ,!y p]ceive ,him z ! ,"o :o 8creat$ ! smi? t br\ght =? ! weapon = its "w1 & creat$ ! ma/] :o uses x = de/ruction407#dig7 ,h[ev] ! foe may rage1 he is b 8! sc\rge 9 ! h& ( ,god10 l 8! axe 9 ! h& ( him :o fells ! tree407#dih7 ,no device ( m5 or nations c )/& ,8 w1 = ,he turns all _! do+s to "s good purpose & trans=ms e curse into a bless+47#dii7 #c4 ,naturally ?is tru? 0 fir/ accept$ 9 limit$ =m1 9 ! life ( c]ta9 individuals4 ,! hi/ory ( ,joseph & ( ,k+ ,david 7 us$ z illu/rations to %[ h[ ,god protects ,8 own4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ! p confirm$ ?is belief & exp&$ x to apply to ! nation4 ,! w&]+s ( ,israel ?r\gh ! wild]ness & its entrance to ! promis$ l& 7 reg>d$ z ,god's "w = ,8 *os5 p4 ,! prophets look$ /ill fur!r & saw ! de/9ies ( all nations1 ent]+ ! =egr\nd ( hi/ory "o by "o1 z ! sign ( div9e ,provid5ce1 s t f9ally ! entire hi/ory ( mank9d became a great plan ( div9e salvation1 c5t]$ ^u ! tru? intru/$ to ,israel4 ,beside ?is conception ( g5]al ,provid5ce rul+ 9 hi/ory1 ! idea ( special ,provid5ce arose 9 response to human long+4 ,! belief 9 ,provid5ce develop$ to a full conception ( c>e = ! _w at l>ge & = ea* individual 9 8 peculi> de/9y1 a conviction t div9e ,provid5ce is conc]n$ ) ! welf>e ( ea* individual1 & t ! joy\s or bitt] lot ( ea* man =ms a l9k 9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ cle> /atem5t ( ?is comes f ! prophet ,j]emiah 9 8 wre/l+ & sigh+3 8,i "k1 ,o ,"l1 t ! way ( man is n 9 himself1 x is n 9 man t walke? to direct 8 /eps407#ejj7 ,special ,provid5ce is discuss$ /ill m vividly & def9itely 9 ! book ( ,job4 ,lat] on x becomes a specific ,ph>isaic doctr9e1 8,ev]y?+ is =ese5407#eja7 8,no man suff]s s mu* z ! injury ( a f+] unless x has be5 decre$ 9 heav5407#ejb7 ,a div9e preord9ation decides a man's *oice ( 8 wife7#ejc7 & e o!r important /ep ( 8 life4 #d4 ,?is !ory ( pr$e/9ation1 h[ev]1 pres5ts a grave difficulty :5 we consid] x 9 relation to man's morality ) its implication ( self-det]m9ation4 ,:ile ?is "q ( free w is treat$ fully 9 ano!r connection17#ejd7 we may anticipate ! ?\ght at ?is po9t4 ,! ,jewi% conception ( div9e pr$e/9ation makes z mu* all[ance z possible = ! moral fre$om ( man4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,talmudic say+s1 su* z 8,ev]y?+ is )9 ! p[] ( ,god except ! fe> ( ,god107#eje7 or 8,rep5tance1 pray]1 & *>ity av]t ! evil decree407#ejf7 ,?us ,maimonides expressly /ates 9 8 ,code t ! belief 9 pr$e/9ation _c be all[$ to influ5ce "o's moral or religi\s "*4 ,a man c decide by 8 own volition :e!r he %all become z j z ,moses or z wick$ z ,j]oboam47#ejg7 #e4 ,! s]vice ( ! ,new ,ye> br+s out significantly ! ,jewi% h>monization betwe5 ! ideas ( ,god's =ekn[l$ge & man's moral fre$om4 ,?is fe/ival1 9 ! ,bible call$ ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,bl[+ ( ! ,%(>1 0 trans=m$ "u ,babylonian influ5ce into ! ,day ( ,div9e ,judgm5t4 ,b x is /ill 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! ,babylonian ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 :5 ! gods 7 suppos$ to g to ! ,h\se ( ! ,tablets ( ,de/9y 9 ! deep to he> ! decisions ( fate47#ejh7 ,! ,jewi% sages taught t on ?is day ,god1 ! ,judge ( ! _w1 pron\nces ! de/9ies ( m5 & nations accord+ to _! des]ts4 ,!y ?us replac$ ! hea!n idea ( bl9d fate by t ( et]nal ju/ice z ! =mative p[] ( life4 ,!n1 mov$ by a desire to mitigate ! rigor ( /]n ju/ice = ! frail & fail+ mortal1 !y includ$ also ,god's long-suff]+ & m]cy4 ,^! attributes are ?us suppos$ to int]c$e1 s t ! f9al decision is left 9 susp5se until ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 ! great day ( p>don4 ,"s ,tannaitic tea*]s7#eji7 f9d x m 9 accord ) _! view ( ,god to say t ,he judges man e day1 & ev5 e h\r4 ,( c\rse1 ! philosophic m9d c take ?is :ole viewpo9t 9 a figurative s5se alone4 ,all ! m mu/ we recognize t ?is sublime religi\s ?\ght ( ,god lib]ates morality f ! v>i\s limitations ( ! anci5t pagan conception ( ,deity & ! m rec5t metaphysical view4 ,9 place ( ^! x ass]ts t !re is a moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 :i* mu/ be imitat$ 9 ! moral & religi\s consci\sness ( ! individual4 #f4 ,! belief 9 a moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w answ]s ano!r "q :i* ! m$ieval ,jewi% philosoph]s & _! ,mohamm$an pr$ecessors endeavor$ to solve1 b )\t satisfy+ ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ! *ief conc]n ( !ology4 ,"s ( !m ma9ta9 t ,god's =ekn[l$ge does n det]m9e human de$s47#eaj7 ,maimonides & 8 s*ool1 h[ev]1 say t x is impossible = u to compreh5d ! k & p[] ( ,god1 & t !re=e su* a "q is outside ! sph]e ( human k4 8,"k t1 j z ,god has made ! elem5ts ( fire & air to rise upw>ds & wat] & e>? to s9k d[nw>d1 s has ,he made man a free1 self-det]m9+ be+1 :o acts ( 8 own volition407#eaa7 ,! ,mohamm$ans w\ld (t5 give up human fre$om r ?an ! omnisci5ce & all-det]m9+ p[] ( ,god2 b ! ,jewi% ?9k]s1 significantly1 ) only ! possible exception ( ,crescas17#eab7 laid /ress ^u ! div9e nature :i* man atta9s ?r\gh moral fre$om1 ev5 at ! risk ( limit+ ! omnisci5ce ( ,god4 #g4 ,! philosoph]s fail$1 h[ev]1 to emphasize suffici5tly a po9t ( highe/ importance = religion1 ,god's pat]nal c>e = all ,8 creatures4 ,inde$1 ,god ceases to be ,god1 if ,he has n includ$ our e /ep 9 ,8 plan ( creation1 ?us surr\nd+ u ) pat]nal love & t5d] c>e4 ,in/ead ( ! ?ree bl9d fates ( hea!ndom :o sp9 & cut ! ?reads ( de/9y )\t ev5 kn[+ :y1 ! div9e ,fa!r himself sits at ! loom ( "t & apportions ! lot ( m5 accord+ to ,8 own wisdom & goodness4 ,su* a belief 9 div9e ,provid5ce is +ra9$ 9 ! s\l1 & reason+ alone w n suffice to atta9 x4 ,!re=e ev5 su* great ?9k]s z ,maimonides & ,g]sonides g a/ray z religi\s tea*]s :5 !y foll[ ,ari/otelian pr9ciples 9 ?is v intimate matt]4 ,!y assume a g5]al ,provid5ce aim+ = ! pres]vation ( ! species1 b include a special ,provid5ce only s f> z ! recipi5t ( x is end[$ ) reason & has ?us approa*$ ! div9e ,intellect4 ,a ,provid5ce ( ?is type1 ! result ( human reason+1 is a m]e illusion1 z ! pi\s ?9k]1 ,hasdai ,crescas1 cle>ly %[s47#eac7 ,= ! man :o prays to ,god 9 anxiety or di/ress ?is be>s no?+ b disappo9tm5t4 ,! ,ari/otelian conception ( ! _w has ?is great tru?1 t !re is no su* ?+ z *ance1 t ev]y?+ is =ese5 & provid$ by ! div9e wisdom4 ,b religion mu/ hold t ! individual is an object ( c>e by ,god1 t 8n a sp>r[ falls into ! net )\t ,god's w107#ead7 t 8e hair on ! head ( man is c\nt$ & c>$ = 9 ! heav5ly ord]107#eae7 & t ! mo/ insignificant ?+ s]ves its purpose "u ! guidance ( an all-wise ,god4 ,we use figurative expressions = ! div9e c>e1 because we _c grasp x entirely or lit]ally4 #h4 ,! ,bible 9 ! ,song ( ,moses comp>es div9e ,provid5ce to ! eagle spread+ h] protect+ w+s ov] h] "y & be>+ !m al(t1 or urg+ !m to so> along47#eaf7 ,! rabbis elaborate ?is by ref]r+ to ! tw(old c>e :i* ! eagle ?us be/[s1 z %e wat*es ov] ^? :o are /ill t5d] & helpless1 %ield+ !m f ! arr[s bel[ by be>+ !m on h] w+s1 b inspir+ ! matur] & /rong] ones to fly by h] side47#eag7 ,9 ! same way ,provid5ce tra9s bo? individuals & g5]ations = _! allott$ task4 ,a little *ild requires incessant c>e on ! "p ( its "m1 until x has le>n$ h[ to eat1 walk1 speak1 & to decide = itself1 b ! wise p>5t gradually )draws 8 guid+ h& s t ! gr[+ *ild may le>n self-reliance & self-respect4 ,! div9e ,fa!r tra9s man ?us ?r\gh ! *ildhood ( humanity4 ,b no soon] does ! div9e _s 9 man awak5 to self-consci\sness ?an he is ?r[n on 8 own res\rces to become ! ma/] ( 8 own de/9y4 ,! div9e p[] :i*1 9 ! e>li] /ages1 _h work$ = man1 n[ works ) him & )9 him4 ,9 ! rabb9ic phrase1 he is n[ ready to be a 8co-work] ) ,god 9 ! "w ( creation407#eah7 ,only at ^? grave mom5ts :5 8 own p[]s fail him1 he /ill feels 9 ! humility ( fai? t 8 anci5t ,god is /ill ne>1 8a v pres5t help 9 tr\ble10 & t 8! ,gu>dian ( ,israel nei!r slumb]e? nor sleepe?407#eai7 ,philosophy _c tol]ate ! removal ( ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! transc5d5t ,god & f9ite man4 ,h5ce ! relation ( man's free w & div9e =esight _c be solv$ by any process ( reason+4 ,b :5 religion proclaims a moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 !n man1 ) 8 moral & spiritual aims1 atta9s a place 9 ,creation ak9 to ! ,creator4 ,( c\rse1 s long z he is m5tally a *ild & has no cle> purpose1 ,provid5ce acts = him z x does = ! animal ) its m>vel\s in/9ct4 ,?r\gh ,8 *os5 mess5g]s ,god gives ! p bread & wat]1 fre$om & victory1 in/ruction & law4 ,! wondr\s tales describ+ ! div9e protection ( ,israel 9 its e>ly life may /rike u z out ( h>mony ) ! laws ( nature1 b !y are true portrayals ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! p4 ,:atev] happ5$ = _! good 9 ^? days _h to be ! "w ( ,god2 !y _h n yet wak5$ to ! p[] hidd5 9 _! own s\l4 ,_! h]oes felt !mselves to be div9e in/rum5ts1 r\s$ by ,8 _s to p]=m mighty de$s or to behold prophetic visions4 ,x is ,god :o battles ?r\gh !m4 ,x is ,god :o speaks ?r\gh !m4 ,bo? _! moral & spiritual guidance works f )\t & above4 ,at ?is /age ( life autonomy is nei!r felt nor desir$4 ,:5 man awak5s to moral self-consci\sness & maturity1 ?is inn] *ange impresses him z an out] "o2 ! *ange 9 him is int]pret$ z a *ange 9 ,god4 ,he feels t ,god has )drawn beh9d ,8 et]nal laws ( nature & morality :i* "w )\t direct int]f]5ce1 & 9 8 new s5se ( indep5d5ce he ?9ks t he c disp5se ) ! div9e protection & =e?\ght4 ,z if mortal man c ev] disp5se ) t ,p[] :i* has end[$ him ) 8 capacity = wor?y accompli%m5t6 ,?us 9 times ( dang] & di/ress man turns to ,god = help2 ?us at e great turn+ po9t 9 ! life ( an individual or nation ! idea ( an all-wise ,provid5ce imbues him ) new hope & new security4 ,& 9 all ^! cases ! great lesson ( provid5tial direction is typifi$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel z relat$ 9 ! ,bible4 #aj4 ,! idea ( ,provid5ce1 inde$1 belongs also to c]ta9 pagan philosoph]s1 :o obs]v$ ! great purposes ( nature :i* ! s+le creature & ! species are bo? to s]ve4 ,! ,/oics 9 p>ticul> made a /udy ( teleology1 ! sy/em ( purposive ends 9 nature4 ,philo adopt$ mu* f !m 9 8 treatise on ,provid5ce4 ,lat] ! popul> philosophic gr\p among ! ,mohamm$ans1 ! s-call$ 8,bro!rs ( ,purity10 bas$ _! doctr9es ( ,god & ,8 relation to ! _w on a teleological view ( nature4 ,9 fact1 ! ,jewi% philosoph] & morali/ ,bahya b5 ,pakudah has embodi$ _m ( _! ideas 9 8 8,duties ( ! ,he>t407#ebj7 ,jewi% folklore--pres]v$ 9 rabb9ic lit]ature--has also attempt$ a popul> explanation ( ! obscure ways ( ,provid5ce1 9 /range ev5ts ( nature z well z ! great enigmas ( human de/9y4 ,?us ! flight ( ,david f ,saul af=ds ! lesson ( ! good purpose :i* may be s]v$ by s insignificant a ?+ z a spid]1 or by s dreadful a /ate z insanity47#eba7 ,va/ numb]s ( ! ,jewi% leg5ds & fables deal ) adv]sities :i* are turn$ into ultimate good by ! work+ ( an all-wise ,provid5ce47#ebb7 ,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,god & ! ,exi/5ce ( ,evil #a4 ,a lead+ objection to ! belief 9 div9e ,provid5ce is ! exi/5ce 9 ?is _w ( physical & moral evil4 ,all liv+ creatures are expos$ to ! influ5ce ( evil1 accord+ to _! physical or moral con/itutions & ! peculi> conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,hea!nism acc\nts = ! p[]s ( d>kness1 pa9 & dea? by assum+ ! exi/5ce ( =ces ho/ile to ! heav5ly p[]s ( light & life1 or ( a primitive pr9ciple ( evil1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! div9e be+s4 ,b to ^? :o believe 9 an almighty & all-b5ign ,creator & ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 ! "q rema9s3 ,:y d life & ! love ( life enc\nt] s _m h9drances8 ,:y does ,god's _w conta9 s mu* pa9 & bitt]ness1 s mu* passion & s98 ,%\ld n ,provid5ce h av]t$ su* ?+s8 ,! answ] ( ,judaism has already be5 /at$ "h1 b we ne$ fur!r elaboration ( ! !me t !re is no evil be=e ,god1 s9ce a good purpose is s]v$ ev5 by t :i* appe>s bad4 ,9 ! life ( ! human body pleasure & pa91 ! impetus to life & its re/ra9t & inhibition =m a necess>y contra/1 mak+ = heal?2 s1 9 ! moral ord] ( ! univ]se1 ea* be+ :o battles ) evil receives new /r5g? = ! unfold+ ( ! good4 ,! pr9ciple ( hol9ess1 :i* culm9ates 9 ,israel's holy ,god1 trans=ms & ennobles e evil4 ,z ! ,midra% expla9s1 ref]r+ to ,deut4 ,,xi1 #bf3 8,if ?\ b see/ t bo? good & evil are plac$ 9 ?y h&1 no evil w come to !e f above1 s9ce ?\ kn[e/ h[ to turn x into good407#ebc7 #b4 ,! conception ( evil pass$ ?r\gh a developm5t p>allel ) t ( ! relat$ conceptions :i* we h j review$4 ,at fir/ e mis=tune 0 consid]$ to be inflict$ by div9e wra? z a puni%m5t = human misde$s4 ,nations & individuals 7 ?\ght to suff] = "s special moral cause2 ?r\gh suff]+ !y 7 puni%$ = pa/ wrong1 w>n$ aga9/ its repetition 9 ! future1 & urg$ to rep5tance & improvem5t ( _! conduct4 ,ev5 dea?1 ! fate ( all liv+ creatures1 0 reg>d$ z a puni%m5t :i* ! fir/ pair ( human be+s br\ght ^u all _! desc5dants ?r\gh _! transgression ( ! div9e comm&4 ,! ,talmudic sages clung to ! view ( ! ,p>adise leg5d 9 ! ,bible1 :5 !y held t e dea? is due to "s s9 committ$ by ! individual47#ebd7 ,?is view1 :i* 0 %>$ by paganism1 0 accompani$ by a high] conception1 gradually gr[+ 9 ! ?9k+ m9d4 ,z a fa!r does n puni% 8 *ild 9 ang]1 b 9 ord] to improve 8 conduct1 s ,god *a/5s man 9 ord] to purify 8 moral nature4 ,good =tune t5ds to h>d5 ! he>t2 adv]sity (t5 s(t5s & sweet5s x4 ,9 ! crucible ( suff]+ ! gold ( ! human s\l is purifi$ f ! dross4 ,! evil /rokes ( de/9y come ^u ! righte\s1 n because he des]ves !m1 b because 8 div9e ,fri5d is rais+ him to /ill high] te/s ( virtue4 ,?is /&po9t1 nev] rea*$ ev5 by ! pi\s suff]] ,job1 is atta9$ by rabb9ic ,judaism :5 x calls ! visitations ( ! righte\s 8trials ( ! div9e love407#ebe7 ,?us evil1 bo? physical & spiritual1 receives its true valuation 9 ! div9e economy4 ,evil exi/s only to be ov]come by ! good4 ,9 ,8 pat]nal goodness ,god uses x to educate ,8 *ildr5 = a place 9 ,8 k+dom4 #c4 ,accord+ to ! direct words ( ,scripture good & evil1 light & d>kness1 emanate alike f ! ,creator4 ,?is is acc5tuat$ by ! great se] ( ! ,exile17#ebf7 :o prote/s aga9/ ! ,p]sian belief 9 a creative pr9ciple ( good & a de/ructive pr9ciple ( evil4 ,! rabbis1 h[ev]1 ascribe ! orig9 ( evil to man2 !y take z a negation r ?an a "q ! v]se 9 ,lam4 ,,iii1 #ch3 8,d n evil & good come out ( ! m\? ( ! ,mo/ ,high80 ,?us !y ref] ?is to ! words ( ,deut]onomy1 8,behold1 ,i h set be=e y ?is day life & good1 dea? & evil2 *oose ?\ life607#ebg7 ,su* m$ieval ?9k]s z ,abraham ,ibn ,daud & ,maimonides did n ascribe to evil any reality at all47#ebh7 ,evil to !m is ! negation ( good1 j z d>kness is ! negation ( light1 or pov]ty ( ri*es4 ,z evil exi/s only = man1 man c ov]come x by himself4 ,be=e ,god x has no ess5tial exi/5ce4 ,un=tunately1 su* metaphysics does n equip man ) /r5g? & c\rage to cope ) ei!r pa9 or s94 ,! same lack is evid5t 9 t mod]n =m ( pseudo-sci5ce :i* poses z a religion1 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 :i* has made propag&a s widely among bo? ,jews & non-,jews4 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce decl>es pa91 sickness1 & all evil to be m]ely ! 8error ( mortal m9d10 :i* c all be dispell$ by fai?2 su* a view nei!r /r5g!ns ! s\l = its real /ruggles nor conv9ces ! m9d by an appeal to facts47#ebi7 #d4 ,frail mortals z we are1 we ne$ ! help ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,?us only c we ov]come physical evil1 kn[+ t ,he be>s ) u1 feels ) u1 & trans=ms x f9ally into good4 ,we ne$ x also to ov]come moral evil1 9 ! consci\sness t ,he has compassion ^u ! rep5tant s9n] & gives him c\rage to foll[ ! "r pa?4 ,! mod]n philosoph]s ( pessimism _h ! correct feel+ 9 adopt+ ! ,h9du conception1 & emphasiz+ ! pa9 & mis]y ( exi/5ce1 repeat+ ,job's anci5t pla9t ov] ! h>d de/9y ( mank9d4 ,! %all[ optimism ( ! age w\ld r conceal ! d>k side ( life & indulge 9 outbur/s ( self-suffici5cy4 ,yet if we measure x only by a physical y>d/ick1 life _c be call$ a boon4 ,aga9/ %all[ optimism we h ! te/imony ( e ?orn & /+1 e poison\s brea? & e de/ructive elem5t 9 nature's h\sehold1 z well z all vice & evil 9 ! _w ( man4 ,! _w does n appe> good1 unless we measure x by ! ideal ( div9e hol9ess4 ,if ,god is ! ,fa!r wat*+ ov] ! welf>e ( e mortal1 all ?+s are good1 because all s]ve a good purpose 9 ,8 et]nal plan4 ,e h9drance or pressure eng5d]s new p[]2 e /+ acts z a spur to high] ?+s4 ,%ort-sight$ & %ort-liv$ z is man1 he =gets too easily t 9 ! sight ( ,god 8a ?\s& ye>s are z a s+le day10 _w-epo*s l 8wat*es 9 ! night10 & t ! mills ( div9e ju/ice gr9d on1 8sl[ly b exce$+ small40 ,b "o belief illum9es ! d>kness ( de/9y1 & t is t ,god /&s ev] at ! helm1 /e]+ ?r\gh e /orm & tempe/ t[>d ,8 sublime goal4 ,9 ! moral /riv+ ( man we c b realize t our e victory contributes t[>d ! maje/ic "w ( ,god47#ecj7 ,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,god & ! ,angels #a4 ,judaism insi/s ) unrel5t+ sev]ity on ! absolute unity & incomp>ability ( ,god1 s t no o!r be+ c be plac$ beside ,him4 ,consequ5tly1 e m5tion ( div9e be+s 7,elohim or ,b'ne ,elohim7 9 ei!r ! ,bible or po/-,biblical lit]ature ref]s to subord9ate be+s only4 ,^! spirits con/itute ! cele/ial c\rt = ! ,k+ ( ! ,_w47#eca7 ,all ! =ces ( ! univ]se are ,8 s]vants1 fulfill+ ,8 comm&s4 ,h5ce bo? ! ,hebrew & ,greek t]ms = angel1 ,malak & angelos1 mean 8mess5g]40 ,^! be+s d]ive _! exi/5ce f ,god2 "s ( !m are m]ely tempor>y1 s t )\t ,him !y dissolve into no?+4 ,al?\gh ,scripture uses ! t]ms1 8,god ( gods0 & 8,k+ ( k+s10 /ill we _c attribute any indep5d5t exi/5ce to subord9ate div9e be+s4 ,9 fact1 ,maimonides 9 8 six? article ( fai? holds t wor%ip ( su* be+s is prohibit$ z idolatry by ! second comm&m5t47#ecb7 ,?us ! unity ( ,god lifts ,him above comp>ison ) any o!r div9e be+4 ,?is is mo/ emphatically express$ 9 ,deut]onomy3 8,"k ?is day1 & lay x to ?y he>t1 t ! ,"l ,he is ,god 9 heav5 above1 & ^u ! e>? b5ea?2 !re is none else107#ecc7 & 8,see n[ t ,i1 ev5 ,i1 am ,he1 & !re is no god ) ,me2 ,i kill & make alive2 ,i h w\nd$ & ,i heal1 & !re is none t c deliv] out ( ,my h&407#ecd7 ,! same attitude is f\nd 9 ,isaiah3 8,i am ! ,"l t make? all ?+s1 t /ret*$ =? ! heav5s alone1 t spread abroad ! e>? by ,myself0 8,i am ! ,"l & !re is none else2 beside ,me !re is no god407#ece7 ,su* conceptions all[ no place = angels or spirits4 #b4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n easy = prophet1 lawgiv]1 or sage to dispel ! popul> belief 9 div9e be+s or p[]s1 :i* primitive ,judaism %>$ ) o!r anci5t fai?s4 ,no %>p l9e 0 drawn at fir/ betwe5 ,god & ,8 accompany+ angels1 z we may inf] f ! /ory ( ! angels :o appe>$ to ,abraham1 & ! simil> incid5ts ( ,hag> & ,jacob47#ecf7 ,! v>y+ application ( ! t]m ,elohim to ,god & to ! angels or gods is pro( en\gh ( ! priority ( poly!ism1 ev5 9 ,judaism4 ,! trees or spr+s1 =m]ly seats ( ! anci5t deities1 spirits1 or demons1 7 n[ ! places = ! appe>ance ( angels1 %orn ( _! indep5d5ce1 look+ l fi]y or %9+ human be+s4 ,popul> belief1 h[ev]1 p]petuat$ my?ological elem5ts1 ascrib+ to ! angels high] wisdom & sometimes s5suality z well4 ,su* a case is ! fragm5t pres]v$ 9 ,g5esis tell+ ( ! union ( sons ( ,god to ! daught]s ( m51 caus+ ! g5]ation ( giants47#ecg7 ,obvi\sly ! old ,babylonian 8m\nta9 ( ! gods10 ) its food = ! gods1 became 9 ! ,p>adise leg5d ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 ! seat ( ,god27#ech7 & ! ,psalmi/ /ill speaks ( ! 8angels' food10 :i* appe>$ z manna 9 ! wild]ness47#eci7 ,on ! :ole1 ! sacr$ writ]s 7 mo/ eag] to allot to ! angels a v subord9ate position 9 ! div9e h\sehold4 ,!y figure usually z ho/s ( be+s1 numb]$ by myriads1 wrapp$ 9 light or 9 fleet+ cl\ds4 ,!y surr\nd ! ?rone or *>iot ( ,god2 !y comprise ,8 heav5ly c\rt or c\ncil2 !y s+ ,8 praise & obey ,8 call4 ,scripture is q sil5t ab\t ! creation ( ^! angelic be+s1 z on mo/ purely speculative que/ions4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! _w ,god consults !m :5 ,he is to create man aft] ! image ( ! cele/ial be+s4 ,= ?is is ! orig9al mean+ ( ,elohim 9 ,g54 ,i1 #bf & #bg & ,v1 #a3 8,let u make man 9 our image1 aft] our lik5ess02 8,& ,god creat$ man 9 8 own image1 9 ! image ( godly be+s ,he creat$ him40 ,?is view is e*o$ 9 ,psalm ,,viii1 v]se #f3 8,?\ ha/ made him a little l[] ?an godly be+s40 ,9 ,job ,,xxxviii1 #g1 bo? ! morn+ />s & ! sons ( ,god1 or angels1 8%\t toge!r 9 joy0 :5 ! ,"l laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?47#edj7 #c4 ,9 ,biblical times--:i* does n include ! book ( ,daniel1 a "w ( ! ,maccabean "t--! angels & demons 7 n inve/$ ) prop] names or special functions4 ,! ,biblical sy/em does n ev5 di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 good & evil spirits4 ,! goat-l demons ( ! field popul>ly wor%ip$ 7 m]ely survivals ( pagan sup]/itions47#eda7 ,9 g5]al ! angels c>ry out good or evil designs accord+ to _! comm&s f ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4 ,!y are s5t =? to de/roy ,sodom1 to save ,lot1 & to br+ ,abraham ! good tid+s ( ! bir? ( a son47#edb7 ,on "o occasion ! ho/ ( spirits protect ! p ( ,god2 on ano!r !y annihilate ho/ile p[]s by pe/il5ce & plagues47#edc7 ,at "o "t a multitude appe>1 l$ by a cele/ial *iefta92 at ano!r a s+le angel p]=ms ! miracle4 ,9 any case ! de/roy+ angel is n a demon1 b a mess5g] ( ! div9e w4 ,orig9ally "s ( ^! primitive =ces 7 dread$ or wor%ip$ by ! p1 b all h be5 trans=m$ into memb]s ( ! cele/ial c\rt & call$ to be> witness to ! dom9ion ( ! ,omnipot5t4 #d4 ,! belief 9 angels s]v$ two functions 9 ! developm5t ( mono!ism4 ,on ! "o h&1 x 0 a /age 9 ! conc5tration ( ! div9e =ces1 beg9n+ ) poly!ism1 cont9u+ ?r\gh belief 9 angels1 & culm9at+ 9 ! "o & only ,god ( heav5 & e>?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 s5su\s elem5ts 9 ! vision ( ,god by ! se]s _h to be remov$ 9 ! spiritualization ( ,god1 & x 0 f\nd easie/ to trans=m ^! into sep>ate be+s1 relat$ to ,deity himself4 ,?us ! fi]y appe>ance ( ,god to ! eye or ! voice :i* 0 manife/$ to ! e> 7 (t5 p]sonifi$ z angels ( ,god4 ,?is v process made possible ! purification ( ! ,god idea1 z ! sublime ess5ce ( ! ,deity 0 dive/$ ( physical & temporal elem5ts1 & ,god 0 conceiv$ m & m z a moral & spiritual p]sonality4 ,h5ce 9 ,biblical passages ! names ( ,god & ( ! angel frequ5tly alt]nate47#edd7 ,! latt] is only a repres5tative ( ! div9e p]sonality--9 ,scriptural t]ms1 ! pres5ce or 8face0 ( ,god4 ,!re=e ! voice ( ! angel is to be obey$ z t ( ,god himself1 because ,8 "n is pres5t 9 ,8 repres5tative4 ,a simil> mean+ became atta*$ lat] on to ! t]m ,%ek9ah1 ! 8maje/y0 ( ,god z beheld 9 ! cl\d ( fire4 ,?is 0 spok5 ( 9 place ( ,god t ,he might n be l[]$ into ! e>?ly sph]e4 ,= fur!r discussion ( ?is subject1 see *apt] ,,xxxii1 8,god & ,int]m$i>y ,p[]s40 ,9 fact1 we note t ! po/-exilic prophets all receiv$ _! revelations1 n f ,god1 b ?r\gh a special angel47#ede7 ,!y no long] believ$ t ,god might be se5 or he>d by human p[]s1 & !re=e _! visions _h to be translat$ into rational ?\ghts by a m$iat+ angel4 #e4 ,p]sian influ5ce gave ,jewi% angelology & demonology a diff]5t "*4 ,! two realms ( ! ,p]sian sy/em includ$ va/ ho/s ( b5efic5t spirits "u ,ahura-,mazda 7,ormuzd7 & ( demons "u ! dom9ion ( ,angro-ma9yus 7,ahriman74 ,s 9 ,judaism also diff]5t ord]s ( angels arose1 head$ by ar*angels :o bore special names4 ,! numb] sev5 0 adopt$ f ! ,p]sians1 :ile bo? names & ord] 7 (t5 *ang$4 ,all ( !m1 h[ev]1 7 allott$ special functions 9 ! div9e h\sehold4 ,! pagan deities & primitive spirits :i* /ill p]si/$ 9 popul> sup]/ition 7 giv5 a new lease ( life4 ,ea* =ce ( nature 0 giv5 a gu>dian _s1 j z 9 nature-wor%ip2 angels 7 appo9t$ ov] fire1 wat]1 ea* h]b1 ea* f\nta91 & e sep>ate function ( life4 ,a patron angel 0 assign$ to ea* ( ! sev5ty nations ( ! _w m5tion$ 9 ! g5ealogy ( ,noah47#edf7 ,?us ! cele/ial c\rt grew 9 numb] & 9 spl5dor4 ,a beg9n+ 0 made ) ! heav5ly *>iot-?rone ( ,ezekiel1 borne al(t by ! f\r holy liv+ creatures 7! hayo?71 surr\nd$ by ! fi]y ,*]ubim1 ! w+$ ,s]aphim1 & ! _m-ey$ ,(anim 7:eels747#edg7 ,?is 0 elaborat$ by ! addition ( r[s ( surr\nd+ angels1 call$ 8angels ( s]vice10 head$ by ! sev5 ar*angels4 ,( ^! ! *ief 0 ,mi*ael1 ! patron-sa9t ( ,israel1 & ! next ,gabriel1 :o is sometimes ev5 plac$ fir/4 ,raphael & ,uriel are regul>ly m5tion$1 ! o!r ?ree r>ely1 & n always by ! same names4 ,! ,ir9 ( ,daniel--kn[n z 8! ,wat*]s10 b m precisely 8! ev]-wat*ful ,ones0--are ano!r ( ! t5 classes ( angels includ$4 ,bel[ ^! are myriads ( inf]ior angels :o s]ve !m4 ,_! classification by rank 0 a favorite !me ( ! secret lore ( ! ,ess5es1 p>tly pres]v$ = u 9 ! apocalyptic lit]ature & ! liturgy4 ,! ,ess5ic sa9ts endeavor$ to acquire miracul\s p[]s ?r\gh us+ ! names ( c]ta9 angels1 & ?us exorcis+ ! evil spirits4 ,?is secret lore seems to be patt]n$ aft] ! ,zoroa/rian or ,mazdean sy/em4 ,x is notewor?y t ! mo/ prom95t angelic figure is ,metatron1 ! *>iote] ( ! ,m]kabah or *>iot-?rone on high1 :i* is m]ely ano!r =m ( ,mi?ras1 ! ,p]sian god ( light1 :o acts z *>iote] = ,ahura ,mazda47#edh7 ,two o!r angels are m5tion$ z /&+ beh9d ! heav5ly ?rone1 ,aka?riel1 8! cr[n-be>] ( ,god10 & ,s&alphon1 8! tw9 bro!r0 ,synadelphon4 #f4 ,a /rik+ contra/ exi/s betwe5 ! simple habitation 9 ! sky depict$ 9 ! prophetic & ,mosaic books1 & ! spl5dor ( ! heav5ly sph]es accord+ to ! rabb9ical writ+s4 ,! ,ori5tal c\rts l5t all _! gr&eur to ! maje/ic ?rone ( ,god1 on :i* ,he 0 exalt$ above all e>?ly ?+s4 ,! imm5se space betwe5 0 fill$ 9 by innum]able gradations ( be+s lead+ up to ,him4 ,!re 0 no long] a "q h[ f> ^! o!r be+s %>$ ! nature ( ,god2 ,8 dom9ion 0 absolute4 ,/ill a new "q1 n kn[n to ! ,bible1 arose1 z to :5 ! angelic _w 0 creat$ & out ( :at primordial elem5t4 ,at fir/ a logical answ] 0 giv51 t ! angels emanat$ f ! elem5t ( fire4 ,lat] ! s*oolm51 try+ to dispose ( ! angels z possible pe]s or rivals ( ! et]nal ,god1 ascrib$ _! creation to ! second day1 :5 ! heav5 0 made z a vault ov] ! e>?1 or to ! fif? day1 :5 ! w+$ creatures arose47#edi7 ,on ! :ole1 ! rabbis d5i$ e claim ( ! angels to an indep5d5t or an et]nal exi/5ce4 ,j because !y firmly believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( angels & ev5 saw !m f "t to "t1 !y felt b\nd to decl>e _! second>y rank4 ,only ! ar*angels 7 made f an et]nal sub/ance1 :ile ! o!rs 7 cont9ually be+ creat$ anew out ( ! brea? ( ,god or f ! 8riv] ( fire0 :i* fl[$ ar\nd ,8 ?rone4 ,?us ev5 ! realm ( cele/ial spirits 0 m]g$ into ! /ream ( univ]sal life :i* comes & goes1 :ile ,god 0 left alone 9 mat*less sov]eignty1 above all ! fluctuations ( "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rabbis oppos$ ! ,ess5ic idea ( assign+ to ! angels an int]m$i>y task betwe5 ,god & man1 & deprecat$ z a pagan cu/om ! wor%ip or invocation ( angels4 8,address y\r pray] to ! ,ma/] ( life & n to ,8 s]vants2 ,he w he> y 9 e tr\ble10 says ,r4 ,judan47#eej7 ,"s ( ! tea*]s ev5 decl>$ t any godly son ( ,israel excels ! angels 9 p[]4 ,x is c]ta9ly significant1 z ,david ,neum>k has po9t$ out1 t ! ,mi%nah elim9ates e ref]5ce to ! angels47#eea7 #g4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 none ( ! m$ieval ,jewi% philosoph]s d\bt$ ! exi/5ce ( angels47#eeb7 ,inde$1 !re 0 no reason = !m to d s1 z !y _h manag$ to ins]t !m into _! philosophic sy/ems z int]m$i>y be+s lead+ up to ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce4 ,all t 0 necess>y 0 to id5tify ! angels ( ! ,bible ) ! 8ideas0 ( ,plato or ! 8rul]s ( ! sph]es10 ! 8sep>ate intellig5ces0 ( ,ari/otle4 ,by ?is "o /ep ! exi/5ce ( angels z cosmic p[]s 0 prov$ to be a logical necessity4 ,! t5 rul]s ( ! sph]es ev5 correspond$ ) ! t5 ord]s ( angels 9 ! cosmography ( ! ,jewi%1 ,mohamm$an1 & ,*ri/ian s*oolm54 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ari/otelian & ! rabb9ical views 0 t ! =m] held ! cosmic p[]s to be et]nal2 ! latt]1 t !y 7 creat$4 ,9 bo? ,biblical & rabb9ical lit]ature ! angels are usually conceiv$ ( z purely spiritual p[]s sup]ior to man4 ,maimonides1 h[ev]1 foll[+ 8 rationali/ic me?od1 decl>$ !m to be simply products ( ! imag9ation1 ! hypo/ases ( figurative expressions :i* 7 n meant to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,to him e =ce & elem5t ( nature is an angel or mess5g] ( ,god4 ,9 ?is way ! entire angelology ( ! ,bible1 includ+ ev5 ,ezekiel's vision ( ! heav5ly *>iot 7! ,m]kabah71 9 becom+ a "p ( ! ,maimonidean sy/em turns into natural philosophy pure & simple47#eec7 ,( c\rse1 ,saadia1 ,jehuda ha ,levi1 & ,gabirol d n %>e ?is rationali/ic view4 ,to !m ! angels are ei!r cosmic p[]s ( an e!real sub/ance1 end[$ ) ev]la/+ life1 or liv+ be+s creat$ by ,god = special purposes47#eed7 ,! lat] ,cabbali/ic lore ext5d$ ! realm ( ! cele/ial spirits /ill m1 creat+ new names ( angels = its my/ical sy/em & its magical practices4 ,yet 9 ?is magic x subord9at$ ! angels to man4 ,9 fact1 x foll[$ ,saadia l>gely 9 ?is1 mak+ man ! c5t] & p9nacle ( ! "w ( creation1 9 fact1 ! v mirror ( ! ,creator47#eee7 #h4 ,= our mod]n viewpo9t ! exi/5ce ( angels is a "q ( psy*ology r ?an ( !ology4 ,! old ,babylonian _w has vani%$1 ) its heav5 z ! dwell+ place ( ,god1 its e>? = man1 & its ne!r _w = ! %ades & demons4 ,! _w 9 :i* we live kn[s no above or b5ea?1 no heav5 or hell1 no ho/ ( good & evil spirits mov+ ab\t to help or hurt man4 ,x sees matt] & en]gy work+ ev]y:]e aft] ! same immutable laws ?r\gh an inf9itude ( space & "t1 a univ]se ev] evolv+ new orbs ( light1 eng5d]+ & trans=m+ worlds )\t numb] & )\t end4 ,!re is no place 9 inf9ite space = a heav5 or = a cele/ial ?rone4 ,a _w ( law & ( process does n ne$ a liv+ ladd] to lead f ! e>? bel[ to ,god on high4 ,?\gh ! />s be peopl$ ) s\ls sup]ior to ours1 /ill !y _c /& ne>] to ,god ?an does man ) 8 fre$om1 8 moral /riv+1 8 visions ( ! highe/ & ! be/4 ,?r\gh man's spiritual nature ,god1 too1 is recogniz$ z a ,_s2 ?r\gh man's moral consci\sness ,god is conceiv$ ( z ! ,rul] ( a moral _w2 b ?is same process at once does away ) ! ne$ = any o!r spirits or div9e p[]s beside ,him4 ,god alone has become ! object ( human long+4 ,man feels ak9 to ,8 ,god :o is ev] ne>2 he le>ns to "k ,him ev] bett]4 ,he c disp5se ) ! angelic ho/s4 ,z !y return to ! fi]y /ream ( poetic imag9ation :5ce !y em]g$1 nebul\s figures ( a glori\s _w t has vani%$1 man rises above angel & ,s]aph by 8 own p[] to ! dignity ( a s]vant1 nay1 a *ild ( ,god4 ,inde$1 z ! rabbis said1 ! prophets1 sages1 & se]s are ! true mess5g]s ( ,god1 ! angels :o d ,8 s]vice47#eef7 ,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,satan & ! ,spirits ( ,evil #a4 ,! great advantage ( ,judaism ov] o!r religi\s sy/ems lies 9 its unifi$ view ( life1 :i* x reg>ds z a cont9u\s conflict betwe5 good & evil influ5ces )9 man4 ,z man succe$s 9 ov]com+ evil & a*iev+ good1 he ass]ts 8 own moral p]sonality4 ,outside ( man ,judaism sees no real contra/ betwe5 good & evil1 s9ce bo? h emanat$ f ,god1 ! ,_s ( goodness4 ,judaism recognizes no primal p[] ( evil plott+ aga9/ ,god & defy+ ,him1 su* z t ( ! ,p]sian dualism4 ,nor does ,judaism esp\se ! dualism ( _s & matt]1 id5tify+ matt] ) evil1 f :i* ! s\l /rives to free itself :ile conf9$ 9 ! prison h\se ( ! body4 ,su* a conception is taught by ,plato1 probably "u ,ori5tal influ5ce1 & is %>$ by ! ,h9du & ,*ri/ian ascetics :o torture !mselves 9 ord] to suppress bodily desire 9 _! que/ ( a high] exi/5ce4 ,! ,jewi% conception ( ! unity ( ,god necessitates ! unity ( ! _w1 :i* leaves no place = a cosmic pr9ciple ( evil4 ,9 ?is ,judaism diss5ts f mod]n philosoph]s also1 su* z ,john ,/u>t ,mill & ev5 ,kant1 :o speak ( a radical evil 9 nature4 ,no p[] ( evil c exi/ 9 indep5d5ce ( ,god47#eeg7 ,z ! ,psalmi/ says3 8,8 k+dom rule? ov] all4 ,bless ! ,"l1 ye angels ( ,81 ye mighty 9 /r5g? t fulfill ,8 ^w1 he>k5+ unto ! voice ( ,8 ^w407#eeh7 ,?is increas$ ! difficulty ( ! problem ( ! orig9 ( evil4 ,! answ] giv5 by ! g5]al ,jewi% consci\sness1 express$ by bo? ,biblical & rabb9ical writ]s1 is t evil comes f ! free w ( man1 :o is end[$ ) ! p[] ( rebell+ aga9/ ! w ( ,god4 ,?is idea is symboliz$ 9 ! /ory ( ! fall ( man4 ,! s]p5t1 or tempt]1 repres5ts ! evil incl9ation :i* arises 9 man ) 8 fir/ consci\sness ( fre$om4 ,s 9 ,jewi% belief ,satan1 ! ,adv]s>y1 is only an allegorical figure1 repres5t+ ! evil ( ! _w1 bo? physical & moral4 ,he 0 s5t by ,god to te/ man = 8 own good1 to develop him morally4 ,he is 8! _s t ev] wills evil1 b a*ieves ! good10 & !re=e 9 ! book ( ,job he actually comes be=e ,god's ?rone z "o ( ! angels47#eei7 #b4 ,9 trac+ ! belief 9 demons we mu/ draw a %>p di/9ction betwe5 popul> views & sy/ematic doctr9e47#efj7 ,dur+ ! ,biblical era ! p believ$ 9 goat-l spirits roam+ ! fields & woods1 ! des]ts & rav9es1 :om !y call$ ,seirim--hairy demons1 or satyrs1--& to :om !y sacrific$ 9 fe> & trembl+47#efa7 ,z ,ibn ,ezra +5i\sly po9t$ out 9 8 comm5t>y1 ,azazel 0 orig9ally a des]t demon dwell+ 9 ! rav9es ne> ,j]usalem1 to :om a scapegoat 0 (f]$ at ! op5+ ( ! ye>1 a rite pres]v$ 9 ! ,day ( ,atonem5t cult ( ! ,mosaic ,code47#efb7 ,9 fact1 9 anci5t ,babylon1 ,syria1 & ,pale/9e diseases & accid5ts 7 univ]sally ascrib$ to evil spirits ( ! wild]ness or ! ne!r _w4 ,! ,bible occasionally m5tions ^! evil spirits z punitive angels s5t by ,god4 ,9 ! m popul> view1 :i* is reflect$ by apocryphal & rabb9ical lit]ature1 & :i* 0 influ5c$ by bo? ! ,babylonian & ,p]sian religions1 !y appe> 9 increas+ numb]s & ) specific names4 ,ea* disease _h its peculi> demon4 ,desolate places1 cemet]ies1 & ! d>kness ( night 7 all peopl$ by sup]/ition ) ho/s ( demons 7,%$im71 at ^: head 0 ,azazel1 ,samael2 ,beelzebub1 ! ,phili/9e god ( flies & ( illness27#efc7 ,belial1 k+ ( ! ne!r _w27#efd7 or ! ,p]sian ,a%ma ,deva 7,evil ,_s71 "u ! ,hebrew "n ( ,a%modai or ,%ema*zai47#efe7 ,! que5 ( ! demons 0 ,lili? or ,igg]e? ba? ,mahla?1 8! danc] on ! h\setops407#eff7 ,! ,ess5es seem to h made special /udies ( bo? demonology & angelology1 believ+ t !y c\ld invoke ! good spirits & conjure ! evil ones1 ?us cur+ v>i\s diseases1 :i* !y ascrib$ to possession by demons4 ,:ile ^! exorcisms are n s common 9 ! ,talmud z !y are 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !re rema9 _m indications t su* practices 7 foll[$ by ,jewi% sa9ts & believ$ by ! p4 ,(t5 ! rabbis seem to h consid]$ !m ! "w ( 8unclean spirits10 :i* !y endeavor$ to ov]come ) ! 8_s ( hol9ess10 & p>ticul>ly by ! /udy ( ! ,torah47#efg7 #c4 ,?is answ]s implicitly ! "q ( ! orig9 ( demons4 ,obvi\sly ! belief 9 malevol5t spirits is incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( an all-b5ign & all-wise ,creator4 ,accord+ly1 two alt]native explanations are (f]$ 9 ! rabb9ical & apocalyptic writ+s4 ,accord+ to "o1 ! demons are half angelic & half animal be+s1 %>+ intellig5ce & flight ) ! angels1 s5suality ) bea/s & ) m54 ,_! d\ble nature is ascrib$ to incomplet5ess1 because !y 7 creat$ la/ ( all be+s1 & _! creation 0 int]rupt$ by ! com+ ( ! ,sabba?1 putt+ an end to all creation47#efh7 ,accord+ to ! o!r view !y are ! (fspr+ ( ! 8fall5 angels10 issu+ f ! union ( ! angels ) ! daught]s ( m5 z describ$ 9 ,g54 ,,vi1 #a f4 ,^! spread ! virus ( impurity ov] all ! e>?1 caus+ c>nal desire & e k9d ( lewdness4 ,! :ole _w ( demons is reg>d$ z ali5at$ f ,god by ! rebellion ( ! heav5ly ho/s1 z if ! fall ( man by s9 _h its prototype 9 ! cele/ial sph]e47#efi7 ,a rabb9ical leg5d1 :i* corresponds ) a ,p]sian my?1 ascribes ! orig9 ( demons to ! int]c\rse ( ,adam ) ,lili?1 ! night _s47#egj7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ar*angel ,samael is said to h ca/ lascivi\s glances at ! beauty ( ,eve1 & !n to h turn$ into ,satan ! ,tempt]47#ega7 ,! ,jewi% sy/ems ( bo? angelology & demonology1 fir/ work$ out 9 ! apocalyptic lit]ature1 7 fur!r elaborat$ by ! ,cabbalah4 ,angelology f\nd a conspicu\s place 9 ! liturgy 9 connection ) ! ,k$u%ah ,b5$iction & likewise 9 ! liturgy & ! !ology ( ! ,*ur*47#egb7 ,on ! o!r h& ! belief 9 evil spirits & 9 ,satan1 ! ,evil ,"o1 rema9$ r a matt] ( popul> cr$ulity & nev] became a positive doctr9e ( ! ,synagogue4 ,true1 ! liturgy conta9$ morn+ pray]s :i* ask$ ,god = protection aga9/ ! ,evil ,"o1 & =mulas invok+ ! angels to %ield "o dur+ ! night f evil spirits47#egc7 ,b ! ar*-fi5d 0 nev] inve/$ ) p[] ov] ! s\l1 depriv+ man ( 8 p]fect fre$om & div9e sov]eignty1 z 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 #d4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! idea ( ! ar*-fi5d1 ,satan1 we c obs]ve ! int]work+ ( sev]al elem5ts4 ,! "n ,satan 9 no way indicates a demon4 ,x d5otes simply ! adv]s>y1 ! "o :o (f]s h9drances4 ,! "n 0 ?us appli$ to ! accus] at c\rt47#egd7 ,9 ,ze*>iah & 9 ,job7#ege7 ,satan appe>s at ! ?rone ( ,god z ! prosecutor1 roam+ ab\t ! e>? to espy ! transgressions ( m51 seek+ to lure !m to _! de/ruction4 ,9 ! ,books ( ,*ronicles7#egf7 ,satan has become a prop] "n1 mean+ ! ,s$uc]4 ,! ,s]p5t 9 ! ,p>adise /ory is m completely a demon1 al?\gh ! leg5d int5ds r to acc\nt = man's morality1 8 di/9ction betwe5 good & evil4 ,satan 0 !n id5tifi$ ) ! s]p5t1 :o 0 call$ by ! rabbis ,naha% ha ,kadmoni1 8! primeval ,s]p5t10 aft] ! analogy ( ! s]p5t-l =m ( ,ahriman4 ,?us ,satan 9 ! p]son ( ! s]p5t became ! embodim5t ( evil1 ! prime cause ( s9 & dea?47#egg7 ,possibly a "p 9 ?is process 0 play$ by ! ,babylonian figure ( ,tihamat1 ! dragon ( *aos 7,tehom 9 ! ,hebrew71 ) :om ! god ,m>duk wre/l$ = dom9ion ov] ! _w1 & :o has p>allels 9 ! ,biblical ,rahab & simil> my?ological figures4 ,we mu/ n ov]look su* rabb9ical leg5ds z ! "o ab\t h[ ! poison\s brea? ( ! s]p5t infect$ ! :ole human race1 except ,israel :o has be5 sav$ by ! law at ,s9ai47#egh7 ,occasionally we he> t ! ,evil ,_s 7,yez] ha ,ra7 w be sla9 by ,god7#egi7 or by ! ,messiah47#ehj7 ,^! ,haggadic say+s1 h[ev]1 7 nev] accept$ z normative = religi\s belief4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 always 9 dispute1 & _m a ,talmudic tea*] m9imiz$ ! fi5di% "* ( ,satan1 :o became a /imulus to moral bett]m5t ?r\gh ! trials he imposes47#eha7 ,philo1 allegoriz+ ! leg5ds1 turns ! evil angels ( ! ,bible into wick$ m547#ehb7 #e4 ,z to demons 9 g5]al1 ! ,talmudi/s nev] d\bt$ _! exi/5ce1 b endeavor$ to m9imize _! importance4 ,!y *ang$ ! demon ,azazel into a geographical t]m by transpos+ ! lett]s47#ehc7 ,!y expla9$ 8! sons ( ,god :o came to ! daught]s ( m5 to give bir? to ! giants ( old0 z ari/ocratic ,se?ites :o int]m>ri$ ) l[-class families ( ! ,ca9ites47#ehd7 ,z to ! re/1 ! entire belief 9 demons & gho/s 0 too deeply root$ 9 ! folk m9d to be c\nt]act$ by ! rabbis4 ,ev5 lucid ?9k]s ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 caught by ^! baneful sup]/itions1 includ+ ,jehuda ha ,levi1 ,crescas1 & ,nahmanides1 ! my/ic47#ehe7 ,only a small gr\p f\ght aga9/ ?is (f%oot ( fe> & sup]/ition1 among !m ,saadia1 ,maimonides & 8 s*ool1 ,ibn ,ezra1 ,g]sonides1 & ,juda ,ibn ,balag4 ,to ,maimonides ! demons m5tion$ 9 ,mi%nah & ,talmud are only figurative expressions = physical plagues4 ,he consid]s ! belief 9 demons equival5t to a belief 9 pagan deities4 8,_m pi\s ,israelites10 he says17#ehf7 8believe 9 ! reality ( demons & wit*es1 ?9k+ t !y %\ld n be made ! object ( wor%ip & reg>d1 = ! reason t ! ,torah has prohibit$ x4 ,b !y fail to see t ! ,law comm&s u to bani% all ^! ?+s f sight1 because !y are b falsehood & deceit1 z is ! :ole idolatry ) :i* !y are intr9sically connect$40 #f4 ,?is s\nd view 0 dissem9at$ by ! rationali/ic s*ool 9 its conte/ ) ! ,cabbalah1 & has ex]t$ a :olesome influ5ce ^u mod]n ,judaism4 ,?us ,satan is reject$ by ,jewi% doctr9e1 :ile ,lu!r & ,calv91 ! ,re=m]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 /ill believ$ 9 him4 ,milton's 8,p>adise ,lo/0 plac$ him 9 ! v =egr\nd ( ,*ri/ian belief1 & ! lead]s ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 up to ! pres5t1 accord him a prom95t place 9 _! s*eme ( salvation1 z ! oppon5t & c\nt]p>t ( ,god4 ,9 8 "w on ,*ri/ian dogmatics1 ,david ,fri$ri* ,/rauss obs]ves acutely3 8,! :ole 7,*ri/ian7 idea ( ! ,messiah & 8 k+dom mu/ necess>ily h z its c\nt]p>t a k+dom ( demons ) a p]sonal rul] at its head2 )\t ?is x is no m possible ?an ! nor? pole ( ! magnet w\ld be )\t a s\? pole4 ,if ,*ri/ has come to de/roy ! works ( ! ,devil1 !re w\ld be no ne$ = him to come1 unless !re 7 a ,devil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! ,devil is to be consid]$ m]ely ! p]sonification ( evil1 !n a ,*ri/ :o w\ld be only ! p]sonification ( ! ideal1 b n a real p]sonality1 w\ld suffice equally407#ehg7 ,at pres5t ,*ri/ian !ologians & ev5 philosoph]s h rec\rse to ,platonic & ,buddhi/ ideas1 t evil is implant$ 9 ! _w f :i* humanity mu/ free itself1 & !y ?us pres5t ,*ri/ianity z ! religion ( r$emption p> excell5ce47#ehh7 ,ov] aga9/ ?is1 ,judaism /ill ma9ta9s t !re is no radical or primitive evil 9 ! _w4 ,no p[] exi/s :i* is intr9sically ho/ile to ,god1 & f :i* man mu/ be r$eem$4 ,accord+ to ! ,jewi% conception1 ! goodness & glory ( ,god fill bo? heav5 & e>?1 :ile hol9ess p5etrates all ( life1 br++ matt] & fle% )9 ! realm ( ! div9e4 ,evil is b ! contra/ ( good1 z %ade is b ! contra/ ( light4 ,evil c be ov]come by ea* individual1 z he realizes 8 own solemn duty & ! div9e w4 ,its only exi/5ce is 9 ! field ( morality1 :]e x is a te/ ( man's fre$om & p[]4 ,evil is )9 man1 & aga9/ x he is to wage ! battles ( life1 until 8 victory signalizes ! triumph ( ! div9e 9 8 own nature47#ehi7 ,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,god & ! ,int]m$i>y ,p[]s #a4 ,9 addition to ! angels :o c>ri$ out ,god's w 9 ! univ]se1 ! ,biblical & po/-,biblical lit]ature recognizes o!r div9e p[]s :i* m$iate betwe5 ,him & ! _w ( man4 ,! m a se] or ?9k] became consci\s ( ! spirituality & transc5d5cy ( ,god1 ! m he felt ! gulf betwe5 ! inf9ite ,_s & ! _w ( ! s5ses4 ,9 ord] to bridge ?is gap1 ! ,deity 0 replac$ by "o ( ,8 manife/ations :i* c\ld appe> & act 9 a _w circumscrib$ by space & "t47#eij7 ,z we f\nd 9 prophecy ! direct revelation ( ,god giv+ way to a m$iat+ angel1 s ei!r 8! ,glory0 or 8! ,"n0 ( ,,jhvh takes ! place ( ,god himself4 ,t is1 in/ead ( ,god's own be+1 ,8 reflect$ radiance or ! p[] inve/$ 9 ,8 "n desc5ds f on high4 ,! rabbis kept ! direct revelation ( ,god = ! hall[$ pa/ or ! desir$ future1 b at ! same "t !y ne$$ a suitable t]m = ! pres5ce ( ,god2 !y !re=e co9$ ! ^w ,%ek9ah--8! div9e ,condesc5sion0 or 8,pres5ce0--to be us$ in/ead ( ! ,deity himself4 ,?us ! v]se ( ! ,psalm37#eia7 8,god /&e? 9 ! congregation ( ,god10 is translat$ by ! ,t>gum1 8,! div9e ,pres5ce 7,%ek9ah7 re/e? ^u ! congregation ( ! godly40 ,in/ead ( ! conclusion ( ! spee* to ,moses1 8,let !m make ,me a sanctu>y1 t ,i may dwell among !m107#eib7 ! ,t>gum has1 8,& ,i %all let ,my ,pres5ce 7,%ek9ah7 dwell among !m40 ,?us 9 ! view ( ! rabbis ,%ek9ah repres5ts ! visible "p ( ! div9e maje/y1 :i* desc5ds f heav5 to e>?1 & on ! radiance ( :i* are f$ ! spiritual be+s1 bo? angels & ! s\ls ( ! sa9ts47#eic7 ,god himself 0 wrapp$ 9 light1 ^: brilliancy no liv+ be+1 h[ev] l(ty1 c\ld endure2 b ! ,%ek9ah or reflection ( ! div9e glory might be beheld by ! elect ei!r 9 _! lifetime or 9 ! h]eaft]4 ,9 ?is way ! rabbis solv$ _m contradictory passages ( ,scripture1 "s ( :i* speak ( ,god z invisible1 :ile o!rs describe man z behold+ ,him47#eid7 #b4 ,j z ! ref]5ces to ,god's appe>+ to man sugge/$ lum9\s p[]s m$iat+ ! vision ( ,god1 s ! passages :i* repres5t ,god z speak+ sugge/ p[]s m$iat+ ! voice4 ,h5ce arose ! conception ( ! div9e ,^w1 inve/$ ) div9e p[]s bo? physical & spiritual4 ,! fir/ act ( ,god 9 ! ,bible is t ,he spoke1 & by ?is ^w ! _w came into be+4 ,! ,^w 0 ?us conceiv$ ( z ! fir/ creat$ be+1 an int]m$i>y p[] betwe5 ! ,_s ( ! _w & ! creat$ _w ord]4 ,! ^w ( ,god1 important 9 ! cosmic ord]1 is /ill m s 9 ! moral & spiritual worlds4 ,! ,^w is at times a synonym ( div9e revelation to ! m5 ( ! e>ly g5]ations or to ,israel1 ! be>] ( ! ,law4 ,h5ce ! old] ,haggadah places beside ! ,%ek9ah ! div9e ,^w 7,hebrew1 ,maam>2 ,aramaic1 ,memra2 ,greek1 ,logos7 z ! int]m$i>y =ce ( revelation4 ,contact ) ! ,platonic & ,/oic philosophies l$ gradually to a new developm5t :i* appe>s 9 ,philo4 ,! ,^w or ,logos becomes 8! fir/-creat$ ,son ( ,god10 hav+ a p]sonality indep5d5t f ,god2 9 fact he is a k9d ( vice reg5t ( ,god himself4 ,f ?is x 0 b a %ort /ep t[>d consid]+ him a p>tn] & pe] ( ! ,almighty1 z 0 done by ! ,*ur* ) its doctr9e t ! ,^w became fle% 9 ,*ri/1 ! son ( ,god47#eie7 ,9 view ( ?is ! rabb9ical s*ools gave up ! idea ( ! p]sonifi$ ,^w1 replac+ x ) ! ,torah or ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,! old] t]m 0 reta9$ only 9 liturgical =mulas1 su* z3 8,:o creat$ ! heav5s by ,8 ,^w10 or1 8,:o by ,8 ,^w creat$ ! twilight & by ,wisdom op5e? ! gates ( heav5407#eif7 #c4 ,z has be5 %[n above17#eig7 ,wisdom is describ$ 9 ! ,bible z ! fir/ ( all creat$ be+s1 ! assi/ant & c\nselor ( ,god 9 ! "w ( creation4 ,!n we see t ,b5 ,sira id5tifies ,wisdom ) ! ,torah47#eih7 ,?us ! ,torah1 too1 0 rais$ to a cosmic p[]1 ! sum & sub/ance ( all wisdom4 ,9 fact1 ! ,torah1 l ! ,logos ( ,plato1 0 reg>d$ z compris+ ! ideas or prototypes ( all ?+s z 9 a univ]sal plan4 ,! ,torah is ! div9e patt]n = ! _w4 ,9 su* a connection ,torah is f> f mean+ ! ,law1 z ,web] ass]ts47#eii7 ,x means r ! heav5ly book ( in/ruction :i* conta9s all ! wisdom ( ! ages1 & :i* ,god himself us$ z guide at ! ,creation4 ,god is depict$ z an ar*itect ) ,8 plan draft$ be=e ,he began ! erection ( ! edifice1--a conception :i* avoids all dang] ( deify+ ! ,logos4 #d4 ,sev]al o!r conceptions1 h[ev]1 d n belong at all to ! int]m$i>y p[]s1 :]e ,web] places !m47#fjj7 ,?is applies to ,metatron 7id5tical ) ! ,p]sian ,mi?ras717#fja7 :om ! my/ic lore calls ! *>iote] ( ! heav5ly ?rone-*>iot1 repres5t$ by ! rabbis z ! highe/ ( ! angels1 lead] ( ! heav5ly ho/s1 & vice-reg5t ( ,god4 ,t no cosmic p[] 0 ascrib$ to him is prov$ by ! v fact ( 8 id5tification ) ,eno*1 :om ! pre-,talmudic ,haggadah describes z tak5 up into heav5 & *ang$ into an angel ( ! highe/ rank1 /&+ ne> ,god's ?rone47#fjb7 #e4 ,! only real m$iator betwe5 ,god & man is ! ,_s ( ,god1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 connection ) bo? ! creation & div9e revelation4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis ! ,_s ( ,god is describ$ z hov]+ ov] ! gloom ( *aos l ! "m bird ov] ! egg1 ready to hat* out ! nasc5t _w47#fjc7 ,god brea!d ,8 _s into ! body ( man1 to make him also god-l47#fjd7 ,! prophet likewise is inspir$ by ! _s ( ,god to see visions & to he> ! div9e message47#fje7 ,?us ! _s ( ,god has two aspects2 x is ! cosmic pr9ciple :i* imbues primal matt] ) life2 x is a l9k betwe5 ! s\l ( man & ,god on high4 ,! view ( ,ezekiel 0 b "o /ep f ?is1 to conceive ! _s z a p]sonal be+1 & place him beside ,god z an angel4 ,! prophets & psalmi/s1 feel+ ! _s ( ,god ^u !m1 consid]$ x an emanation ( ! ,deity4 ,/ill1 a pr(\nd] insight soon disapprov$ ! sev]ance ( ! ,_s ( ,god f ,god himself1 z if ,he 7 n altoge!r _s4 ,!re=e ! accept$ t]m came to be ! ,holy ,_s47#fjf7 ,9 ?is =m1 h[ev]1 8 p]sonality became m di/9ct & 8 sep>ate exi/5ce m def9$4 ,h5ce=? he is ! mess5g] ( ,god1 p]=m+ miracles or caus+ !m1 speak+ 9 ! place ( ,god1 or def5d+ ,8 p ,israel4 ,nay1 m1 ! ,holy ,_s is suppos$ to h dictat$ ! words ( ,scripture to ! sacr$ writ]s1 & to h inspir$ ! ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue 9 collect+ ! sacr$ writ+s into a canon47#fjg7 ,moreov]1 ! work+s ( ! ,holy ,_s cont9u$ long aft] ! completion ( ! ,biblical canon4 ,all ! *ief in/itutions ( ! ,synagogue orig9ally claim$ t !y 7 prompt$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 re/+ ^u ! lead]s ( ! community4 ,?is claim 0 basic to ! au?ority ( tradition & ! cont9uity ( ! au?ority ( ,jewi% lore4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t c]ta9 abuses 7 caus$ by miracle-work]s :o dissem9at$ false doctr9es "u ! alleg$ inspiration ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,!re=e ! rabbis re/rict$ su* claims to anci5t times & insi/$ m /rongly ?an ev] ^u ! pres]vation ( ! traditional lore4 ,= a "t a sub/itute 0 f\nd 9 ! ,ba? ,kol 78,e*o0 or 8,:isp] ( a heav5ly voice071 b ?is also 0 soon discr$it$ by ! s*ools47#fjh7 ,obvi\sly ! rabbis desir$ to av]t ! deification ( ei!r ! ,holy ,_s or ! ,^w4 ,s\nd common s5se 0 _! norm = int]pret+ ! tru? ( ! div9e revelation4 ,9 o!r words1 !y reli$ on ,god alone z ! liv+ =ce 9 ! developm5t ( ,judaism4 #f4 ,b "s sort ( m$iation 0 ascrib$ to sev]al o!r spiritual =ces4 ,fir/1 ! ,"n ( ,god (t5 takes ! place ( ,god himself47#fji7 ,:5 ! "n ( ! ,deity 0 call$ ov] "s hall[$ spot1 ! wor%ip]s felt t ! pres5ce ( ,god also 0 b\nd up ) ! sacr$ place47#faj7 8,my "n is 9 him10 says ,god ( ! angel :om ,he s5ds to lead ! p47#faa7 ,! invocation ( ! "n 0 believ$ to h an actual influ5ce ^u ! ,deity4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce ,god is frequ5tly repres5t$ z swe>+ by ,8 own "n17#fab7 ?is ineffable "n 0 inve/$ ) magic p[]s1 z if ,god himself dwelt !re947#fac7 ,?us x came to be us$ z a talisman by ! popul> sa9ts47#fad7 ,inde$1 ,god is describ$ z conjur+ ! dep?s ( ! abyss by ,8 holy "n1 le/ !y ov]fl[ _! b\nd>ies47#fae7 ,moreov]1 ! ,"n1 l ! ,^w1 or ,logos1 0 reg>d$ z a creative p[]1 s t we are told t be=e ! _w 0 creat$ !re 7 only ,god & ,8 holy ,"n47#faf7 ,ow+ to ! introduction ( ,adonai 7! ,"l7 = ,,jhvh1 ! pronunciation ( ! ,"n fell into oblivion & ! ,"n itself became a my/]y2 !re=e its cosmic elem5t also 0 lo/ & x dropp$ into ! sph]e ( my/ic & philosophical speculation4 #g4 ,ano!r attribute ( ,god :i* receiv$ "s att5tion1 ow+ to ! frequ5t m5tion ( ! omnipot5ce ( ,god 9 ! ,bible1 0 ha ,geburah 7! ,p[]74 ,a famili> rabb9ic expression is3 8,we h he>d f ! m\? ( ! ,p[]10 t is1 f ! div9e omnipot5ce47#fag7 ,two fundam5tal pr9ciples 7 e>ly p]ceiv$ 9 ! moral ord] ( ! _w3 ! punitive ju/ice & compassion ( ,god4 ,^! 7 tak5 z ! mean+s ( ! two mo/ common ,biblical names ( ,god1 ,,jhvh & ,elohim4 ,elohim1 be+ occasionally us$ 9 disp5s+ ju/ice17#fah7 0 ?\ght to signify ,god 9 ,8 capacity z ,judge ( ! :ole e>?1 & h5ce z ! div9e ,ju/ice4 ,,jhvh1 on ! o!r h&1 meant ! div9e m]cy1 z x 0 us$ 9 ! revelation ( ! long-suff]+ & m]ciful ,god to ,moses aft] ! s9 ( ,israel be=e ! gold5 calf47#fai7 ,?us bo? ! rabbis & ,philo7#fbj7 (t5 speak ( ^! two attributes1 ju/ice & m]cy1 z ?\gh !y con/itut$ indep5d5t be+s1 delib]at+ ) ,god z to :at ,he %\ld d4 ,! ,midra% tells 9 a p>able h[ be=e ! creation ( man1 ,ju/ice1 ,m]cy1 ,tru?1 & ,peace 7 call$ 9 by ,god z ,8 c\nselors to delib]ate :e!r or no man %\ld be creat$47#fba7 #h4 ,"o ,haggadah concludes f ! passage ab\t ,creation 9 ,prov]bs1 t !re are ?ree creative p[]s1 ,wisdom1 ,und]/&+1 & ,k47#fbb7 ,ano!r d]ives f ,scripture sev5 creative pr9ciples3 ,k1 ,und]/&+1 ,might1 ,grace & ,m]cy1 ,ju/ice & ,rebuke27#fbc7 & sev5 attributes :i* d s]vice be=e ,god's ?rone3 ,wisdom1 ,judgm5t & ,ju/ice1 ,grace & ,m]cy1 ,tru? & ,peace47#fbd7 ,by comb9+ ^! li/s ( ?ree & sev5 ?is 0 f9ally enl>g$ to t51 :i* became ! basis = ! entire my/ic lore4 ,?us ! ,babylonian ma/] ,rab enum]ates t5 creative pr9ciples3 ,wisdom1 ,und]/&+1 & ,k1 ,might & ,p[]1 ,rebuke1 ,ju/ice & ,righte\sness1 ,love & ,m]cy47#fbe7 ,x is h>d to say :e!r ! t5 attributes ( ! ,haggadah are at all connect$ ) ! t5 ,sefiro? 7cosmic =ces or circles7 ( ! ,cabbalah4 ,^! la/ are h>dly ! creation ( pure mono!ism1 b r emanations f ! inf9ite1 conceiv$ aft] ! patt]n ( hea!n ideas47#fbf7 #i4 ,! assumption ( all ^! int]m$i>ies aim$ *iefly to spiritualize ! conception ( ,god & to elevate ,him above all *ild-l1 an?ropomorphic views1 s t ,he becomes a free ,m9d rul+ ! :ole univ]se4 ,at ! same "t1 x became natural to ascribe mat]ial sub/ance to ^! int]m$i>ies4 ,z !y fill$ ! *asm betwe5 ! sup]mundane ,deity & ! _w ( ! s5ses1 !y _h to %>e ! nature ( bo? matt] & m9d4 ,h5ce ! ,%ek9ah & ! ,holy ,_s are describ$ by bo? ! rabbis & ! m$ieval philosoph]s z a f9e1 lum9\s1 or e!real sub/ance47#fbg7 ,! entire anci5t & m$ieval sy/ems 7 model$ aft] ! idea ( a ladd] lead+ up1 /ep by /ep1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ sph]e2 ,god1 ! ,mo/ ,high1 be+ at ! same "t above ! highe/ rung ( ! ladd] & yet also a "p ( ! :ole4 #aj4 ,our mod]n sy/em ( ?\ght holds ! relation ( ,god to nature & man to be q diff]5t f all ?is4 ,to our m9d ,god is ! only moral & spiritual p[] ( life4 ,he is mirror$ 9 ! moral & spiritual z well z intellectual nature ( man1 & !re=e is ne> to ! human consci5ce1 ow+ to ! div9e =ces )9 man himself4 ,n ! _w )\t1 b ! _w )9 leads u to ,god & tells u :at ,god is4 ,h5ce we ne$ no int]m$i>y be+s1 & !y all evaporate be=e our m5tal horizon l mi/1 pictures ( ! imag9ation )\t objective reality4 ,ibn ,ezra says 9 ! introduction to 8 comm5t>y on ! ,bible t ! human reason is ! true int]m$iat+ angel betwe5 ,god & man1 & we hold ?is to be true ( bo? ! intellect & ! consci5ce4 ,= ! !ologian & ! /ud5t ( religion to-day ! c5t] ( gravity ( religion is to be s\ght 9 psy*ology & an?ropology4 ,9 all 8 upw>d /riv+1 8 crav+ & ye>n+ = ! highe/ & ! be/1 9 8 l(tie/ aspirations & ideals1 man1 l ,isaiah ! prophet1 c behold only ! hem ( ,god's g>m5t2 he seeks ,god above him1 because he feels ,him )9 himself4 ,he mu/ pass1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( gr[?1 until 8 self-k leads to ! k ( ! ,god be=e :om he kneels 9 awe4 ,!n f9ally he feels ,him z 8 ,fa!r1 8 ,educator 9 ! s*ool ( life1 ! ,ma/] ( ! univ]sal plan 9 :i* ! individual also has a place 9 build+ up ! div9e k+dom ( tru?1 ju/ice1 & hol9ess on e>?4 ,= c5turies he grop$ = ,god1 until he receiv$ a ,book to s]ve z 8a lamp to 8 feet & a light to 8 pa?10 to int]pret to him 8 long+ & 8 crav+4 ,israel's ,book ( ,books mu/ ev] be re-read & re-int]pret$ by ,israel1 ! keep] ( ! book1 ?r\gh ages yet to come4 ,well may we say3 ! m$iator betwe5 ,god & ! _w is man1 ! son ( ,god2 ! m$iator betwe5 ,god & humanity is ,israel1 ! p ( ,god4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,man ,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,man's ,place 9 ,creation #a4 ,! doctr9e conc]n+ man is insep>ably connect$ ) t ab\t ,god4 ,hea!nism =m$ its deities aft] ! image ( man2 !y 7 m]ely human be+s ( a l>g] gr[?4 ,judaism1 on ! contr>y1 ass]ts t ,god is beyond comp>ison ) mank9d2 ,he is a purely spiritual be+ )\t =m or image1 & !re=e utt]ly unlike man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 man has a div9e nature1 z he 0 made 9 ! image ( ,god1 fa%ion$ aft] ,8 lik5ess4 ,! highe/ & deepe/ 9 man1 8 m5tal1 moral1 & spiritual life1 is ! reflection ( ! div9e nature implant$ )9 him1 a =ce capable ( ev] great] developm5t t[>d p]fection4 ,?is unique di/9ction among all creatures gives man ! highe/ place 9 all creation4 #b4 ,! sup]iority ( ! human race is express$ diff]5tly 9 v>i\s passages 9 ,scripture4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis ! :ole "w ( creation f9ds its culm9ation 9 man1 ^: mak+ is introduc$ by a solemn appeal ( ,god to ! ho/s ( heav53 8,let u make man 9 our image1 aft] our lik5ess407#fbh7 ,?is decl>ation proclaim$ t man 0 ! completion & ! climax ( ! physical creation1 z well z ! beg9n+ ( a new ord] ( creation1 a _w ( moral aims & purposes1 ( self-p]fection & self-control4 ,9 ! _w ( man all life is plac$ at ! s]vice ( a high] ideal1 aft] ! div9e patt]n4 ,! second *apt] ( ,g5esis depicts man's creation diff]5tly4 ,"h he appe>s z ! fir/ ( creat$ be+s1 lead+ a life ( p]fect innoc5ce 9 ! g>d5 ( div9e bliss4 ,be=e him ,god br+s all ! newly creat$ be+s t he may give !m a "n & a purpose4 ,b ! ,s]p5t ent]s ,p>adise z tempt]1 ca/+ ! se$ ( discord into ! he>ts ( ! man & ! woman4 ,z !y prove too feeble to resi/ temptation1 !y c no long] rema9 9 ! heav5ly g>d5 9 _! =m] happy /ate4 ,only ! memory ( ,p>adise rema9s1 a gold5 dream to ca/ hope ov] ! life ( /ruggle & labor into :i* !y ent]4 ,! idea ( ! leg5d is t man's prop] place is n among be+s ( ! e>?1 b he c rea* 8 l(ty de/9y only by ardu\s /ruggle ) ! _w ( ! s5ses & a con/ant /riv+ t[>d ! div9e4 ,! same idea is express$ m directly 9 ! eigh? ,psalm3 8,:at is man1 t ,?\ art m9dful ( him8 ,& ! son ( man1 t ,?\ ?9ke/ ( him8 ,yet ,?\ ha/ made him b little l[] ?an ! godly be+s 7,elohim7 ,& ha/ cr[n$ him ) glory & honor4 ,?\ made/ him to h dom9ion ov] ! works ( ,?y h&s2 ,?\ ha/ put all ?+s "u 8 feet40 #c4 ,accord+ to ! ,haggadi/s17#fbi7 be=e ! fall man excell$ ev5 ! angels 9 appe>ance & wisdom1 s t !y 7 ready to pro/rate !mselves be=e him4 ,only :5 ,god caus$ a deep sleep to fall ^u man1 !y recogniz$ 8 frailty & k9%ip ) o!r be+s ( ! e>?4 ,! idea express$ 9 ?is leg5d resembles ! "o impli$ 9 ! leg5d ( ,p>adise1 viz4 man has a tw(old nature4 ,) 8 heav5ly _s he c so> freely to ! highe/ realm ( ?\ght1 above ! /ation ( ! angels2 yet 8 e>?ly frame holds him ev] ne> ! du/4 ,x is ?is v contra/ t con/itutes 8 greatness1 = x makes him a citiz5 ( two worlds1 "o p]i%able1 ! o!r et]nal4 ,he is ! highe/ result ( ,creation1 ! pride ( ! ,creator47#fcj7 ,?us he 0 appo9t$ ,god's vice-reg5t on e>? by ! words spok5 to ! fir/ man & woman3 8,be fruitful1 & multiply1 & repl5i% ! e>?1 & subdue x2 & h dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] e liv+ ?+ t creepe? ^u ! e>?407#fca7 ,! rabbis add a /rik+ comm5t ^u ! ^w ,r'du1 :i* is us$ "h = 8h dom9ion0 b :i* may also mean1 8g d[n40 ,!y say3 8,! *oice is left 9 man's own h&4 ,if y ma9ta9 y\r heav5-born dignity1 y w h dom9ion ov] all ?+s2 if n1 y w desc5d to ! level ( ! brute creation407#fcb7 #d4 ,an anci5t ,mi%nah d]ives a significant lesson f ! /ory ( ! creation ( man7#fcc73 8,bo? ! vegetable & animal worlds 7 creat$ 9 multitudes4 ,man alone 0 creat$ z a s+le individual 9 ord] t he may realize t he con/itutes a _w 9 himself1 & c>ries )9 him ! true value ( life4 ,h5ce ea* human be+ is entitl$ to say3 #8,! :ole _w 0 creat$ = my sake4' ,he :o saves a s+le human life is z "o :o saves a :ole _w1 & he :o de/roys a s+le human life is z "o :o de/roys a :ole _w40 #e4 ,:ile x is man's spiritual side :i* is ! image ( ,god1 yet he d]ives all 8 p[]s & faculties f e>?ly life1 j z a tree draws its /r5g? f ! soil 9 :i* x is root$4 ,judaism does n consid] ! s\l ! exclusive seat ( ! div9e1 z oppos$ to ! body4 ,9 fact1 ,judaism admits no complete dualism ( _s & matt]1 h[ev] /rik+ "s aspects ( _! contra/ may be4 ,! :ole human p]sonality is div9e1 j s f> z x ass]ts its fre$om & molds its motives t[>d a div9e end4 ,9 recognition ( ?is fact ,hillel claim$ rev]5ce = ! human body z well z m9d1 comp>+ x to ! homage r5d]$ to ! /atue ( a k+1 = man is made 9 ! image ( ,god1 ! ,k+ ( all ! _w47#fcd7 ,?us ! ,greek idea t man is a microcosm1 a _w 9 m9iature1 reflect+ ! cosmos on a small] scale1 0 express$ 9 ! ,tannaitic s*ools z well47#fce7 ,! /amp ( div9ity is borne by man 9 8 entire heav5-aspir+ nature1 z he /rives to elevate ! v realm ( ! s5ses into ! sph]e ( morality & hol9ess4 #f4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,jewi% view p>ts f t ( ,plato & ! ,h9du philosoph]s4 ,^! divide man into a pure cele/ial s\l & an impure e>?ly body & hold t ! physical life is ta9t$ by s91 :ile ! _s is div9e only 9 s f> z x frees itself f its prison h\se ( fle%4 ,judaism1 on ! o!r h&1 emphasizes ! unifi$ "* ( man1 by :i* he c b5d all 8 faculties & functions to a godlike ma/]y ov] ! mat]ial _w4 ,?is appe>s fir/ 9 8 upright po/ure & heav5w>d glance1 :i* proclaim him ma/] ov] ! :ole animal _w c[]+ be=e him 9 l[ly dread4 ,8 :ole bodily /ructure corresponds to ?is1 ) its con/ant gr[?1 its wondr\s symmetry1 & ! unique flexibility ( ! h&s1 ) :i* he c p]=m ev] new & great] a*ievem5ts4 ,above all1 we see ! nobility ( man 9 8 high =ehead & rec$+ jaw1 :i* contra/ s /rik+ly ) ! /ructure ( mo/ animals & ev5 ) _m ( ! l[] races4 ,inde$1 primitive man c\ld sc>cely imag9e a nobl] patt]n by :i* to model 8 deity ?an ! figure ( a man4 #g4 ,9 fact1 ! ,biblical v]se1 8,god creat$ man aft] ! image ( ! div9e be+s0 7elohim71 0 orig9ally tak5 lit]ally1 9 ! s5se t angels pos$ z models = ! creation ( man47#fcf7 ,! phrase 0 ref]r$ to ! spiritual1 god-l nature ( man only :5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 mat]ial & spiritual ?+s became bett] und]/ood1 & man obta9$ a cle>] k ( himself4 ,man grew to feel t 8 crav+ = ! p]fect1 :e!r 9 ! field ( tru? & "r1 or ( beauty1 is ! =ce :i* lifts him1 9 spite ( all 8 limitations1 into ! realm ( ! div9e4 ,8 so>+ imag9ation & ceaseless long+ = p]fection disclose be=e 8 eyes a p>tial vi/a ( ! inf9ite4 ,! human _s c>ries mortal man above ! conf9es ( "t & space into ^? b\ndless realms :]e ,god resides 9 lonely maje/y47#fcg7 ,man did n emanate p]fect f ! h& ( ! ,creator1 b ready = an ev] great] p]fection4 ,be+ ! la/ ( all creat$ be+s1 z ! ,midra% says1 he c be put to %ame by ! smalle/ insect1 :i* is prior to him4 ,yet be=e ! beg9n+ ( creation a light %one ^u 8 _s t has illum9$ 8 a*ievem5ts ?r\gh untold g5]ations47#fch7 #h4 ,! resemblance ( man to ,god is attribut$ also to 8 free w & self-consci\sness1 by :i* he claims moral dignity & ma/]y ov] all ?+s47#fci7 ,/ill1 all ^! sup]ior qualities :i* we call human are n ready-made end[m5ts1 free gifts be/[$ by ,god2 !y are simply pot5tialities :i* may be gradually develop$4 ,man mu/ /rive to atta9 ! place de/9$ = him 9 ! s*eme ( creation by ! ex]tion ( 8 own w & ! unfold+ ( ! p[]s t lie )9 him4 ,! impulse t[>d self-p]fection1 :i* is con/antly /imulat$ by ! desire to ov]come ob/acles & to ext5d "o's p[]1 k1 & possessions1 =ms ! k]nel ( ! div9e 9 man4 ,?is is ! 8_s 9 man1 & ! brea? ( ! ,almighty1 t give? !m und]/&+407#fdj7 ,?us ! tea*+ ( mod]n sci5ce1 ( ! gradual asc5t ( man ?r\gh all ! /ages ( animal life1 does n impair ! l(ty position 9 creation :i* ,judaism has assign$ him4 ,plant & animal are :at !y h always be51 *ildr5 ( ! e>?2 man ) 8 heav5-aspir+ s\l is ! image ( 8 ,creator1 a *ild ( ,god4 ,giv] ( "n & purpose to all ?+s ab\t him1 he ranks above ! angels2 he 8m>*es on :ile all ! re/ /& /ill407#fda7 ,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,! ,dual ,nature ( ,man #a4 ,accord+ to ,jewi% doctr9es1 man is =m$ by a union ( two natures3 ! fle%1 :i* he %>es ) all ! animals1 & ! _s1 :i* r5d]s him a *ild ( ,god4 ,! =m] is root$ 9 ! e>? & is e>?w>d b5t2 ! latt] is a 8brea? f ,god0 & /rives to unfold ! div9e 9 man until he atta9s ! div9e image4 ,?is discord br+s a trem5d\s int]nal conflict1 lead+ f "o hi/oric /age to ano!r1 a*iev+ ev] high] ?+s1 intellectual1 moral1 & spiritual1 until at la/ ! :ole e>? is to be a div9e k+dom1 ! dwell+-place ( tru?1 goodness1 & hol9ess4 #b4 ,accord+ to ! ,biblical view man consi/s ( fle% 7bas>7 & _s 7ruah74 ,! t]m fle% is us$ imp>tially ( all animals1 h5ce ! ,biblical t]m 8all fle%07#fdb7 includes bo? man & bea/4 ,! body becomes a liv+ be+ by be+ p5etrat$ ) ! 8brea? ( life0 7ruah hayim71 at ^: dep>ture ! liv+ body turns at once into a lifeless clod4 ,?is brea? ( life is possess$ by ! animal z well z by man1 z bo? ( !m brea! ! air4 ,h5ce 9 anci5t tongues 8brea?0 & 8s\l0 are us$ z synonyms1 z ! ,hebrew nefe% & ne%amah1 ! ,lat9 anima & spiritus1 ! ,greek pneuma & psy*e4 ,a diff]5t primitive belief connect$ ! s\l ) ! blood1 not+ t man or bea/ dies :5 ! hot life-blood fl[s out ( ! body1 s t we read 9 ! ,bible1 8! blood is ! s\l407#fdc7 ,9 ?is ! s\l is id5tifi$ ) ! life1 :ile ! ^w ruah1 d5ot+ ! mov+ =ce ( ! air1 is us$ m 9 ! s5se ( _s or s\l z di/9ct f ! body4 ,?us bo? man & bea/ possess a s\l1 nefe%4 ,! s\l ( man is m]ely di/+ui%$ by its ri*] end[m5t1 its manifold faculties by :i* x is enabl$ to move =w>d to high] ?+s4 ,?us ! animal s\l is b\nd = all "t to its de/9$ place1 :ile ! div9e _s 9 man makes him a free creative p]sonality1 self-consci\s & god-l4 ,= ?is reason ! creation ( man =ms a special act 9 ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis4 ,bo? ! plant & animal worlds rose at ,god's bidd+ f ! soil ( "m e>?1 & ! s\l ( ! animal is limit$ 9 orig9 & goal by ! e>?ly sph]e4 ,! creation ( man inaugurates a new _w4 ,god is describ$ z =m+ ! body ( man f ! du/ ( ! e>? & !n brea?+ ,8 _s into ! lifeless frame1 end[+ x ) bo? life & p]sonality4 ,! :ole man1 bo? body & s\l1 has ?us ! pot5tiality ( a high] & nobl] life4 #c4 ,accord+ly ,scripture does n h a ?or\gh-go+ dualism1 ( a c>nal nature :i* is s9ful & a spiritual nature :i* is pure4 ,we are n told t man is compos$ ( an impure e>?ly body & a pure heav5ly s\l1 b in/ead t ! :ole ( man is p]meat$ by ! _s ( ,god4 ,bo? body & s\l are end[$ ) ! p[] ( cont9u\s self-improvem5t4 ,9 ord] to see ! great sup]iority ( ! ,jewi% view ov] ! hea!n "o1 we ne$ only /udy ! old ,babylonian leg5d pres]v$ by ,b]osus4 ,9 ?is ! deity made man by mix+ e>? ) "s ( its own life-blood1 ?us end[+ ! human s\l ) high] p[]s4 ,9 ! ,bible ! diff]5ce betwe5 man & bea/ does n lie 9 ! blood1 al?\gh ! blood is /ill ?\ght to be ! life4 ,! di/9ction ( man is 9 ! _s1 ruah1 :i* emanates f ,god & p5etrates bo? body & s\l1 lift+ ! :ole man into a high] realm & mak+ him a free moral p]sonality4 ,/ill ! ,bible makes no cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! ?ree t]ms1 nefe%1 ne%amah1 & ruah47#fdd7 ,philo fir/ di/+ui%$ betwe5 ?ree diff]5t sub/ances ( ! s\l1 b 8 !ory 0 ! ,platonic "o1 = :i* he simply us$ ! ?ree ,biblical names47#fde7 ,! ,jewi% philosoph]s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 beg9n+ ) ,saadia1 took ! same attitude1 ev5 ?\gh !y realiz$ m or less t ! division ( ! s\l into ?ree sub/ances has no ,scriptural w>rant47#fdf7 ,9 rabb9ical lit]ature ?is division is sc>cely kn[n1 & !re is little m5tion ( ei!r ! animal s\l1 nefe%1 or ! vital sp>k1 ruah4 ,in/ead ! ^w ne%amah is us$ = ! human psy*e z ! high] spiritual sub/ance1 & ! contra/ to x is n ! ,biblical bas>1 fle%1 b ! ,aramaic guph1 body47#fdg7 ,?is be>s a trace ( ,p]sian dualism1 ) its /rong contra/ betwe5 ! e>?ly body & ! heav5ly s\l4 #d4 ,9 fact1 rabb9ical ,judaism does n recognize any relation%ip betwe5 ! s\l ( ! animal & t ( man1 b claims t man has a special type ( exi/5ce4 ,! ,midra% tells7#fdh7 t ,god =m$ ,adam's body s z to rea* f e>? to heav51 & !n caus$ ! s\l to ent] x4 ,9 ! same way ,god implants ! s\l into ! embryo be=e its bir? & :ile 9 ! womb4 ,be=e ?is ! s\l _h a bird-l exi/5ce 9 an imm5se cele/ial cage 7guph columb>ium71 & :5 x leaves ! body 9 dea?1 x aga9 takes its flight t[>d heav54 ,!re its conduct on e>? w reap a rew>d 9 ! g>d5 ( et]nal bliss or a puni%m5t 9 ! inf]nal regions4 ,! belief 9 ! prexi/5ce ( ! s\l 0 %>$ by ! rabbis ) ! apocryphal au?ors & ,philo47#fdi7 ,h[ev]1 rabb9ical ,judaism nev] foll[$ ,philo s f> 9 ! foot/eps ( ,plato z to consid] ! body or ! fle% ! s\rce ( impurity & s91 or 8! prison h\se ( ! s\l40 ,?is view is fundam5tal 9 ! ,paul9ian sy/em ( o!r-worldl9ess4 ,= ! rabbis ! s5su\s desire ( ! body 7yez]7 is a t5d5cy t[>d s91 b nev] a compulsion4 ,! weakness ( ! fle% may cause a /ray+ f ! "r pa?1 b man c turn ! desires ( ! fle% into ! s]vice ( ! good4 ,he c always ass]t 8 div9e p[] ( fre$om by oppos+ ! evil incl9ation 7yez] ha ra7 ) ! good incl9ation 7yez] ha tob7 to ov]come x47#fej7 ,9 fact1 ! rabbis are s f> f ackn[l$g+ ! exi/5ce ( a compulsion ( evil 9 ! fle%1 t !y po9t to ! hi/ory ( great m5 z pro( t ! highe/ *>act]s h ! mightie/ passions 9 _! s\ls1 & t _! greatness consi/s 9 ! w by :i* !y h le>n$ to control !mselves47#fea7 #e4 ,9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce ! :ole !ory sep>at+ body & s\l falls to ! gr\nd1 & ! "o connect+ man m closely ) ! animal _w is reviv$4 ,9 ?is connection we ?9k ( ! idea :i* m$ieval ?9k]s adopt$ f ,plato & ,ari/otle1 t !re is a sub/ance ( s\ls--nefe% hahiyoni?--:i* =ms ! basic life-=ce ( m5 & animals4 ,physiology & psy*ology reveal ! int]action & dep5d5ce ( body & s\l 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life z well z 9 ! high] =ms1 includ+ man4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! human m9d mu/ be s\ght once = all 9 ! animal1 j z ! orig9 ( ! animal rea*es back into ! plant _w4 ,inde$1 ,ari/otle anticipates ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 plac+ ! vegetative & animal s\ls beside ! _s ( man4 ,?us motion & s5sibility =m ! l[] b\nd>y-l9e ( ! animal k+dom1 & self-consci\sness & self-det]m9ation are ! crit]ia ( humanity4 ,yet ?is v self-consci\s fre$om :i* =ms man's p]sonality1 8 ego1 lifts him into a realm ( free action "u high] motives1 transc5d+ nature's law ( necessity1 & !re=e n fall+ )9 ! doma9 ( natural sci5ce4 ,du/-born man1 not)/&+ 8 e>?ly limitations1 9 spite ( 8 k9%ip to mollusk & mammal1 ent]s ! realm ( ! div9e _s4 ,9 ! ,midra% ! rabbis rem>k t man %>es ! nature ( bo? animals & angels47#feb7 ,admitt+ ?is1 we feel t he is ti$ nei!r to heav5 nor to ! e>?1 b free to lift himself above all creatures or s9k bel[ !m all4 #f4 ,end[$ ) ?is dual nature1 man /&s 9 ! v c5t] ( ! univ]se1 & ,god e/eems him 8equal 9 value to ! entire creation10 z ,rabbi ,nehemiah says ( a s+le human s\l47#fec7 ,rabbi ,akiba /resses ! image ( ,god 9 humanity :5 he says3 8,belov$ is man1 = he is creat$ 9 ,god's image1 & x 0 a special tok5 ( love t he became consci\s ( x4 ,belov$ is ,israel1 = !y are call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 & x 0 a special tok5 ( love t !y became consci\s ( x407#fed7 ,! ,midra% comp>es man to ,god 9 exquisite mann]3 8,j z ,god p]meates ! _w & c>ries x1 unse5 yet see+ all1 en?ron$ )9 z ! ,only ,"o1 ! ,p]fect1 & ! ,pure1 yet nev] to be rea*$ or f\nd out2 s ! s\l p5etrates & c>ries ! body1 z ! "o pure & lum9\s be+ :i* sees & holds all ?+s1 :ile itself unse5 & unrea*$407#fee7 ,! conception ( ! s\l is "h dive/$ ( e s5sory attribute1 & portray$ z a div9e =ce )9 ! body4 ,?is conception1 :i* 0 accept$ by ! m$ieval philosoph]s1 is ?or\ghly consi/5t ) our view ( ! _w4 ,! s\l x is :i* mirrors bo? ! mat]ial & spiritual worlds & holds !m 9 mutual relation ?r\gh its own p[]4 ,x is at ! same "t sway$ upw>d & d[nw>d by its v>i\s crav+s1 heav5ly & e>?ly1 & ?is v t5sion con/itutes ! dual nature ( ! human s\l4 ,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,! ,orig9 & ,de/9y ( ,man #a4 ,( all creat$ be+s man alone possesses ! p[] ( self-det]m9ation2 he assigns 8 de/9y to himself4 ,:ile he endeavors to f9d ! object ( all o!r ?+s & ev5 ( 8 own exi/5ce 9 ! _w1 he f9ds 8 own purpose )9 himself4 ,/> & /one1 plant & bea/ fulfill _! purpose 9 ! :ole plan ( creation by _! exi/5ce & v>i$ natures1 & are accord+ly call$ 8good0 z !y are4 ,man1 h[ev]1 realizes t he mu/ accompli% 8 purpose by 8 mann] ( life & ! volunt>y ex]tion ( 8 own p[]s4 ,he is 8good0 only z f> z he fulfills 8 de/9y on e>?4 ,he is n good by m]e exi/5ce1 b by 8 conduct4 ,n :at he is1 b :at he ought to be gives value to 8 be+4 ,he is good or bad accord+ to ! direction ( 8 w & acts by ! imp]ative3 8,i ought0 or 8,i ought n10 :i* comes to him 9 8 consci5ce1 ! voice ( ,god call+ to 8 s\l4 #b4 ,! problem ( human de/9y is answ]$ by ,judaism ) ! idea t ,god is ! ideal & patt]n ( all morality4 ,! answ] giv51 !n1 is 8,to walk 9 ! ways ( ,god1 to be righte\s & j10 z ,he is47#fef7 ,! prophet ,micah express$ x 9 ! famili> words3 8,x has be5 told !e1 ,o man1 :at is good1 & :at ! ,"l do? require ( !e3 ,only to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god407#feg7 ,accord+ly ! ,bible consid]s m5 ( ! old] g5]ations ! prototypes ( moral conduct1 8righte\s m5 :o walk$ ) ,god40 ,su* m5 7 ,eno*1 ,noah1 & above all ,abraham1 to :om ,god said3 8,i am ,god ,almighty2 walk be=e ,me1 & be ?\ :ole-he>t$4 ,& ,i w make ,my cov5ant betwe5 !e & ,me407#feh7 ,! rabbis s+l$ out ,abraham z ! type ( a p]fect man on acc\nt ( 8 love ( righte\sness & peace2 contra/+ him ) ,adam :o s9n$1 !y beheld him z 8! great man among ! h]oes ( ! anci5t times40 ,!y ev5 consid]$ him ! type ( true humanity1 9 :om ! object ( creation 0 atta9$47#fei7 #c4 ,?is moral consci\sness1 h[ev]1 :i* tells man to walk 9 ! ways ( ,god & be p]fect1 is also ! s\rce ( %ame & remorse4 ,) su* an ideal man mu/ feel con/antly t he falls %ort1 t he is n :at he ought to be4 ,only ! little *ild1 :o kn[s no?+ z yet ( good & evil1 c pres]ve ! joy ( life unm>r$4 ,simil>ly1 primitive man1 be+ ignorant ( guilt1 c\ld pass 8 days )\t c>e or fe>4 ,b z soon z he becomes consci\s ( guilt1 discord ent]s 8 s\l1 & he feels z if he _h be5 driv5 f ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,?is feel+ is allegoriz$ 9 ! ,p>adise leg5d4 ,! g>d5 ( bliss1 half e>?ly1 half heav5ly1 :i* is else:]e call$ ! 8m\nta9 ( ,god107#ffj7 a place ( wondr\s trees1 bea/s1 & preci\s /ones1 :5ce ! f\r great riv]s fl[1 is ! abode ( div9e be+s4 ,! fir/ man & woman c\ld dwell 9 x only s long z !y liv$ 9 h>mony ) ,god & ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,z soon z ! tempt] 9 ! %ape ( ! s]p5t call$ =? a discord betwe5 ! div9e w & human desire1 man c\ld no long] enjoy cele/ial bliss1 b mu/ beg9 ! dre>y e>?ly life1 ) its burd5s & trials4 #d4 ,?is /ory ( ! fall ( ! fir/ man is an allegorical description ( ! /ate ( *ildlike innoc5ce :i* man mu/ leave beh9d 9 ord] to atta9 true /r5g? ( "*4 ,x is bas$ ^u a view common to all antiquity ( a desc5t ( ! race2 t is3 fir/ came ! gold5 age1 :5 man l$ a life ( ease & pleasure 9 company ) ! gods2 !n an age ( silv]1 ano!r ( brass1 & f9ally ! iron age1 ) its toil & bitt] woe4 ,?us did evil de$s & wild passions increase among m54 ,?is view fails utt]ly to recognize ! value ( labor z a civiliz+ =ce mak+ = progress1 & x contradicts ! mod]n hi/orical view4 ,! prophets ( ,israel plac$ ! gold5 age at ! end1 n ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory1 s t ! purpose ( mank9d 0 to e/abli% a heav5ly k+dom ^u ! e>?4 ,9 fact1 ! fall ( man is n ref]r$ to any:]e 9 ,scripture & nev] became a doctr9e1 or belief1 ( ,judaism4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,hell5i/ic exp\nd]s ( ! ,bible take x = grant$ t ! /ory is an allegory1 & ! book ( ,prov]bs und]/&s ! tree ( life symbolically1 9 ! v]se3 8,%e 7! ,torah7 is a tree ( life to !m t lay hold ^u h]407#ffa7 #e4 ,/ill ! rabbis 9 ,talmud & ,midra% accept$ ! leg5d 9 good fai? z hi/orical7#ffb7 & took x lit]ally z did ! great ,engli% poet3 8,! fruit ,( t =bidd5 tree ^: mortal ta/e ,br\ght dea? into ! _w1 & all our woe1 ,) loss ( ,ed540 ,9 fact1 !y ev5 foll[$ ! ,p]sian dualism ) its evil pr9ciple1 ! primeval s]p5t1 or ! ,babylonian leg5d ( ! sea-mon/] ,tiamat1 & reg>d$ ! s]p5t 9 ,p>adise z a demon4 ,he 0 id5tifi$ ) ,satan1 ! ar*-fi5d1 & lat] ) evil 9 g5]al1 ! yez] ha ra47#ffc7 ,?us ! belief arose t ! poison\s brea? ( ! s]p5t infect$ all g5]ations1 caus+ dea? ev5 ( ! s9less47#ffd7 ,! apocrypha also held t ! envy ( ,satan br\ght dea? into ! _w47#ffe7 ,?is prep>$ = ! dismal *ur* doctr9e ( orig9al s91 ! basis ( ,paul's tea*+s1 :i* dem&$ a blood atonem5t = curse-lad5 humanity1 & f\nd x aft] ! pagan patt]n 9 ! vic>i\s sacrifice ( a dy+ god47#fff7 ,aga9/ su* p]v]sion ( ! simple ,p>adise /ory ! s\nd common s5se ( ! ,jewi% p rebell$4 ,:ile ! e>ly ,talmudi/s occasionally m5tion ! poison+ ( ! human race by ! s]p5t1 !y f9d an antidote = ! ,jewi% p 9 ! cov5ant ) ,abraham or t ( ,s9ai47#ffg7 ,"o _c1 h[ev]1 disc]n ! lea/ indication ( belief 9 orig9al s91 ei!r z inh]5t 9 ! human race or inh]it$ by !m4 ,nor does ! liturgy express any su* idea1 especially = ! ,day ( ,p5it5ce1 :5 x w\ld c]ta9ly be m5tion$ if ! conception f\nd any place 9 ,jewi% doctr9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! prevail+ ?\ght ( ,judaism is t ( ,deut]onomy & ,ezekiel17#ffh7 t 8,ea* man dies by 8 own s910 t e s\l mu/ be> only ! consequ5ces ( 8 own de$s4 ,! rabbis ev5 /ate t no man dies unless he has br\ght x ^u himself by 8 own s91 & m5tion especially c]ta9 exceptions to ?is rule1 su* z ! f\r sa9tly m5 :o di$ )\t s917#ffi7 or c]ta9 *ildr5 ^: dea? 0 due to ! s9 ( _! p>5ts47#fgj7 ,!y c\ld nev] admit t ! :ole human race 0 s corrupt$ by ! s9 ( ! fir/ man t x is /ill 9 a /ate ( s9fulness4 #f4 ,( c\rse1 ! rabb9ical s*ools took lit]ally ! ,biblical /ory ( ! fall ( man & laid ! *ief blame ^u woman1 :o fell a prey to ! wiles ( ! s]p5t4 ,?is is done ev5 by ,b5 ,sira1 :o says3 8,) woman came ! beg9n+ ( s91 & ?r\gh h] we all mu/ die407#fga7 ,s ! ,talmud says t due to woman1 man1 ! cr[n1 light1 & life ( creation1 lo/ 8 purity1 8 lu/]1 & 8 immortality47#fgb7 ,! ,biblical v]se1 8,!y did eat1 & ! eyes ( !m bo? 7 op5$10 is int]pret$ by ,rabbi ,johanan b5 ,zakkai & ,rabbi ,akiba z 8,!y saw ! dire consequ5ces ( _! s9 ^u all com+ g5]ations407#fgc7 ,! fall ( man is treat$ mo/ elaborately 9 ! same _s 9 ! two apocalyptic books writt5 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,second ,temple1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u* & ! ,,iv ,book ( ,esdras47#fgd7 ,! incompatibility ( div9e love ) ! suff]+s ( man & ( ! ,jewi% p on acc\nt ( ! s9 ( ! fir/ man is solv$ by an appeal to ! f9al ,day ( ,judgm5t1 & ! /rik+ rem>k is add$ t1 aft] all1 8ea* is 8 own ,adam & is held responsible = 8 own s940 ,we _c d5y t ^! two books conta9 mu* t is ne> ! ,paul9ian view ( orig9al s94 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ! ,jewi% tea*]s 7 put on _! gu>d by ! emphasis ( ?is pessimi/ic dogma by ! nasc5t ,*ur*1 & did _! be/ to give a diff]5t aspect to ! /ory ( ! fir/ s94 ,?us !y say3 8,if ,adam _h b %[n rep5tance1 & done p5ance aft] he committ$ 8 s91 he w\ld h be5 sp>$ ! dea? p5alty407#fge7 ,moreov]1 !y actually repres5t ,adam & ,eve z patt]ns ( rep5tant s9n]s1 :o und]w5t sev]e p5ance & ?us obta9$ ! promise ( div9e m]cy & also ( f9al resurrection47#fgf7 ,in/ead ( transmitt+ ! h]itage ( s9 to com+ g5]ations1 ! fir/ man is = !m an example ( rep5tance4 ,s d ! ,haggadi/s tell u q *>act]i/ically t ,god m]ely want$ to te/ ! fir/ man by an insignificant comm&1 s t ! fir/ repres5tative ( ! human race %\ld %[ :e!r he 0 wor?y to ent] et]nal life 9 8 mortal g>b1 z did ,eno* & ,elijah4 ,z he c\ld n /& ! te/1 he =feit$ ! m>ks ( div9e rank1 8 cele/ial radiance1 8 gigantic size1 & 8 p[] to ov]come dea?47#fgg7 ,obvi\sly ! ,biblical /ory 0 embelli%$ ) mat]ial f ! ,p]sian leg5d ( ! fall ( ,yima or ,djem%id1 ! fir/ man1 f sup]human greatness because ( 8 s917#fgh7 b x 0 always relat$ frankly z a leg5d1 & c\ld nev] influ5ce ! ,jewi% conception ( ! fall ( man4 #g4 ,judaism rejects completely ! belief 9 h]$it>y s9 & ! corruption ( ! fle%4 ,! ,biblical v]se1 8,god made man upright2 b !y h s\ght out _m inv5tions107#fgi7 is expla9$ 9 ! ,midra%3 8,upright & j z is ,god1 ,he made man aft] ,8 lik5ess 9 ord] t he might /rive aft] righte\sness1 & unfold ev] m 8 god-l nature1 b m5 9 _! diss5sions h m>r$ ! div9e image407#fhj7 ,) ref]5ce to ano!r v]se 9 ,ecclesia/es37#fha7 8,! du/ returne? unto ! e>? z x 01 & ! _s returne? unto ,god :o gave x10 ! rabbis tea* 8,pure z ! s\l is :5 ent]+ ^u its e>?ly c>e]1 s c man return x to 8 ,mak]407#fhb7 ,!re=e ! pi\s ,jew beg9s 8 daily pray]s ) ! words3 8,my ,god1 ! s\l :i* ,?\ ha/ giv5 me is pure407#fhc7 ,! life-long battle ) s9 beg9s only at ! age :5 s5sual desire1 8! evil incl9ation10 awak5s 9 y\?2 !n ! /ate ( primitive innoc5ce makes way = ! /]n] conte/ = manly virtue & /r5g? ( "*4 #h4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole ,p>adise /ory c\ld nev] be made ! basis = a dogma4 ,! hi/oricity ( ! s]p5t is d5i$ by ,saadia27#fhd7 ! rabbis transf] ,p>adise ) ! tree ( life to heav5 z a rew>d = ! future27#fhe7 & bo? ,nahmanides ! my/ic & ,maimonides ! philosoph] give x an allegorical mean+47#fhf7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,haggadic tea*]s p]ceiv$ ! simple tru? t a life ( indol5ce 9 ,p>adise w\ld incapacitate man = 8 cultural task1 & t ! toils & /ruggles inflict$ on man z a curse are 9 reality a bless+4 ,!re=e !y laid special /ress on ! ,biblical /atem5t3 8,he put man into ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 to dress x & to keep x407#fhg7 ,! foll[+ p>able is especially sugge/ive3 8,:5 ,adam he>d ! /]n s5t5ce pass$3 #8,?\ %alt eat ! h]b ( ! field1' he bur/ into te>s1 & said3 #8,am ,i & my ass to eat out ( ! same mang]8' ,!n came ano!r s5t5ce f ,god to reassure him1 #8,9 ! sweat ( ?y face %alt ?\ eat bread1' & =?) he became aw>e t man %all atta9 a high] dignity by d9t ( labor407#fhh7 ,inde$1 labor trans=ms ! wild]ness into a g>d5 & ! e>? into a habitation wor?y ( ! son ( ,god4 ,! 8book ( ! g5]ations ( man0 :i* beg9s ) ,adam is accord+ly n ! hi/ory ( man's desc5t1 b ( 8 cont9u\s asc5t1 ( ev] high] a*ievem5ts & aspirations2 x is n a record ( ! fall ( man1 b ( 8 rise f age to age4 ,accord+ to ! ,midra%7#fhi7 ,god op5$ be=e ,adam ! book ) ! de$s & names ( ! lead+ spirits ( all ! com+ g5]ations1 %[+ him ! lat5t p[]s ( ! human intellect & s\l4 ,! phrase1 8! fall ( man10 c mean1 9 fact1 only ! inn] exp]i5ce ( ! individual1 :o does fall f 8 orig9al idea ( purity & div9e nobility into transgression & s94 ,x _c ref] to mank9d z a :ole1 = ! human race has nev] exp]i5c$ a fall1 nor is x affect$ by orig9al or h]$it>y s94 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,god's ,_s 9 ,man #a4 ,man is plac$ 9 an animal _w ( dull feel+s1 ( bl9d & crude crav+s4 ,yet 8 cle> und]/&+1 8 self-consci\s w & 8 aspirations =w>d & upw>d lead him into a high] _w :]e he obta9s insight into ! ord] & unity ( all ?+s4 ,by ! _s ( ,god he is able to und]/& mat]ial ?+s & grasp !m 9 _! relations2 ?us he c apply all 8 k & creative imag9ation to con/ruct a _w ( ideals4 ,b ?is _w1 9 all its tru?1 beauty & goodness1 is /ill limit$ & f9ite1 a feeble %ad[ ( ! inf9ite _w ( ,god4 ,z ! ,bible says3 8,! _s ( man is ! lamp ( ! ,"l1 se>*+ all ! inw>d p>ts407#fij7 8,x is a _s 9 man1 & ! brea? ( ! ,almighty1 t give? !m und]/&+407#fia7 #b4 ,accord+ to ! ,biblical conception1 ! _s ( ,god end[s m5 ) all _! diff]+ capacities2 x gives to "o man wisdom by :i* he p5etrates into ! causes ( exi/5ce & ord]s facts into a sci5tific sy/em2 to ano!r ! see+ eye by :i* he captures ! secret ( beauty & creates works ( art2 & to a ?ird ! g5ius to p]ceive ! ways ( ,god1 ! laws ( virtue1 t he may become a tea*] ( e?ical tru?4 ,9 o!r words1 ! _s ( ,god is 8! _s ( wisdom & und]/&+1 ! _s ( c\nsel & might1 ! _s ( k & ! fe> ( ! ,"l407#fib7 ,x works ^u ! sci5tific int]e/ ( ! inve/igator1 ! imag9ation ( ! arti/ & poet1 ! e?ical & social s5se ( ! prophet1 tea*]1 /atesman1 & lawgiv]4 ,?us _! high & holy vision ( ! div9e is br\ght home to ! p & implant$ )9 !m "u ! inspiration ( ,god4 ,9 comm5t+ ^u ! ,biblical v]se1 8,wisdom & might are ,8 444 ,he give? wisdom to ! wise1 & k to !m t "k und]/&+107#fic7 ! sages wisely rem>k1 8,god c>efully selects ^? :o possess wisdom = ,8 gift ( wisdom40 ,ev5 z a musical in/rum5t mu/ be attun$ = ! f9] notes t x may h a cle>1 resonant tone1 s ! human s\l mu/ be made especially susceptible to ! gifts ( ! _s 9 ord] to be capable ( unfold+ !m4 ,?us ! ,talmud records an int]e/+ dialogue on ?is v passage betwe5 a ,roman matron famili> ) ! ,scripture1 & ,rabbi ,jose b5 ,halafta4 ,%e ask$ s>ca/ically1 8,w\ld x n h be5 m g5]\s ( y\r ,god to h giv5 wisdom to ^? t are unwise ?an to ^? t already possess x80 ,!reupon ! ,jewi% ma/] repli$1 8,if y 7 to l5d a preci\s ornam5t1 w\ld y n l5d x to "o :o 0 able to make use ( x8 ,s ,god gives ! treasure ( wisdom to ! wise1 :o "k h[ to appreciate & develop x1 n to ! unwise1 :o d n "k its value407#fid7 #c4 ,?us ! div]se gifts ( ! div9e _s are di/ribut$ diff]5tly among ! v>i\s classes & tribes ( m51 accord+ to _! capacity & ! correspond+ task :i* is assign$ !m by ,provid5ce4 ,! div9e sp>k is set agl[ 9 ea* human s\l1 sometimes feebly1 sometimes brightly1 b x blazes high only 9 ! privileg$ p]sonality or gr\p4 ,! mutual relation%ip betwe5 ,god & man is recogniz$ by ! ,synagogue 9 ! ,eighte5 ,b5$ictions1 :]e ! "o directly foll[+ ! ?ree praises ( ,god is devot$ to wisdom & k3 8,?\ favore/ man ) k1 & tea*e/ mortals und]/&+4 ,s favor u ) k1 und]/&+1 & disc]nm5t f ,!e4 ,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 graci\s ,giv] ( k407#fie7 ,?is petition1 rem>ks ,jehuda ha ,levi17#fif7 des]ves its position z fir/ among ^! pray]s1 because wisdom br+s u ne>] to ,god4 ,x is also notewor?y t ! ,synagogue prescribes a special b5$iction at ! sight ( a r5[n$ sage1 ev5 if he is n a ,jew1 read+1 8,prais$ be ,he :o has imp>t$ ( ,8 wisdom to fle% & blood407#fig7 #d4 ,maimonides holds t 9 ! same degree z a man /udies ! works ( ,god 9 nature1 he w be fill$ ) long+ = direct k ( ,god & true love ( ,him47#fih7 8,n only religion1 b also ! sci5ces emanate f ,god1 bo? be+ ! outcome ( ! wisdom :i* ,god imp>ts to all nations10--?us wrote a sixte5?-c5tury rabbi1 ,loewe b5 ,bezalel ( ,prague1 kn[n usually z 8! em95t ,rabbi ,loewe407#fii7 ,! m5 ( ! ,talmud also accord ! palm 9 c]ta9 types ( k to hea!n sages1 & did n hesitate to ascribe to "s hea!ns ! highe/ k ( ,god 9 _! "t47#gjj7 ,z a my/ic ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,isaac b5 ,latif1 says3 8,t fai? is ! mo/ p]fect :i* p]ceives tru? mo/ fully1 s9ce ,god is ! s\rce ( all tru?407#gja7 ,( ! two heads ( ! ,babylonian academies1 ,rab & ,samuel1 "o ass]t$ t ,moses ?r\gh 8 prophetic g5ius rea*$ =ty-n9e ( ! fifty degrees ( ! div9e und]/&+ 7z ! fiftie? is res]v$ = ,god alone71 :ile ! o!r claim$ ! same di/9ction = ,k+ ,solomon z ! result ( 8 wisdom47#gjb7 #e4 ,?us ! _s ( ,god creates 9 man bo? consci\sly & unconsci\sly a _w ( ideas1 :i* proves him a be+ ( a high] ord] 9 creation4 ,?is impulse may "w actively1 se>*+1 inve/igat+1 & creat+1 or passively z an in/rum5t ( a high] p[]4 ,at fir/ x is a dim1 unc]ta9 grop+ ( ! _s2 !n ! m9d acquires great] lucidity by :i* x illum9es ! d>k _w2 &1 z "o "q calls = ! o!r & "o ?\ght sugge/s ano!r1 ! _w ( ideas op5s up z a well-connect$ :ole4 ,?us man creates by sl[ /eps 8 languages1 ! arts & sci5ces1 e?ics1 law & all ! religions ) _! v>y+ practices & doctr9es4 ,at times ?is _s bur/s =? ) great] vehem5ce 9 great m51 g5iuses :o lift ! race ) "o /roke to a high] level4 ,su* m5 may say1 9 ! words ( ,david1 ! holy s+]3 8,! _s ( ! ,"l spoke by me1 & ,8 ^w 0 ^u my tongue407#gjc7 ,!y may repeat ! exp]i5ce ( ,eliphaz ! fri5d ( ,job3 8,n[ a ^w 0 secretly br\ght to me1 ,& m9e e> receiv$ a :isp] !re(4 ,9 ?\ghts f ! visions ( ! night1 ,:5 deep sleep falle? on m51 ,fe> came ^u me1 & trembl+1 ,& all my bones 7 made to %ake4 ,!n a _s pass$ be=e my face1 ,t made ! hair ( my fle% to /& up4 ,x /ood /ill1 b ,i c\ld n disc]n ! appe>ance !re(2 ,a =m 0 be=e m9e eyes2 ,i he>d a /ill voice407#gjd7 ,9 su* mann] m5 ( =m] ages receiv$ a religi\s revelation1 a div9e message4 #f4 ,! div9e _s always selects z its in/rum5ts individuals ) special end[m5ts4 ,/ill1 insight into hi/ory %[s t ^! m5 mu/ ne$s h gr[n f ! v he>t ( _! own p & _! own age1 9 ord] t !y might hold a l(ty position among !m & comm& att5tion = _! message4 ,h[ev] f> ! p or ! age may be f ! man *os5 by ,god1 ! multitude mu/ feel at lea/ t ! div9e _s speaks ?r\gh him1 or works )9 him4 ,or1 if n 8 own "t1 !n a lat] g5]ation mu/ respond to 8 message1 le/ x be lo/ entirely to ! _w4 ,! rabbis1 :o knew no?+ ( laws ( developm5t = ! human m9d1 assum$ t ! fir/ man1 made by ,god ,himself1 mu/ h kn[n e bran* ( k & skill1 t ! _s ( ,god mu/ h be5 mo/ vigor\s 9 him47#gje7 ,!y !re=e believ$ 9 a primeval revelation1 coeval ) ! fir/ man4 ,our age1 ) its trem5d\s emphasis on ! hi/orical view1 sees ! div9e _s manife/$ mo/ cle>ly 9 ! v developm5t & gr[? ( all life1 social1 intellectual1 moral & spiritual1 proce$+ /eadily t[>d ! highe/ ( all goals4 ,) ?is emphasis1 h[ev]1 on process1 we mu/ lay /ress equally on ! orig91 on ! div9e impulse or initiative 9 ?is hi/orical developm5t1 ! _s :i* gives direction & value to ! :ole4 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,free ,w & ,moral ,responsibility #a4 ,judaism has ev] emphasiz$ ! fre$om ( ! w z "o ( its *ief doctr9es4 ,! dignity & greatness ( man dep5ds l>gely ^u 8 fre$om1 8 p[] ( self-det]m9ation4 ,he diff]s f ! l[] animals 9 8 indep5d5ce ( in/9ct z ! dictator ( 8 actions4 ,he acts f free *oice & consci\s design1 & is able to *ange 8 m9d at any mom5t1 at any new evid5ce or ev5 ?r\gh :im4 ,he is !re=e responsible = 8 e act or omission1 ev5 = 8 e int5tion4 ,?is alone r5d]s him a moral be+1 a *ild ( ,god2 ?us ! moral s5se re/s ^u fre$om ( ! w47#gjf7 #b4 ,! idea ( moral fre$om is express$ z e>ly z ! fir/ pages ( ! ,bible1 9 ! words :i* ,god spoke to ,ca9 :ile he 0 plann+ ! murd] ( 8 bro!r ,abel3 8,:e!r or n1 ?\ (f]e/ an acceptable gift10 7,new ,bible translation3 8,if ?\ doe/ well1 %all x n be lift$ up8 & if ?\ doe/ n well107 8s9 c\*e? at ! door2 & unto !e is its desire1 b ?\ maye/ rule ov] x407#gjg7 ,"h1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! s9 ( ,adam 9 ! fir/ g5]ation1 ! man ( ! second g5]ation is told t he is free to *oose betwe5 good & evil1 t he alone is responsible be=e ,god = :at he does or omits to d4 ,?is c]ta9ly indicates t ! moral fre$om ( man is n impair$ by h]$it>y s91 or by any evil p[] outside ( man himself4 ,?is pr9ciple is e/abli%$ 9 ! words ( ,moses spok5 9 ! "n ( ,god3 8,i h set be=e !e life & dea?1 ! bless+ & ! curse2 !re=e *oose life1 t ?\ maye/ live1 ?\ & ?y se$407#gjh7 ,9 l mann] ,j]emiah proclaims 9 ,god's "n3 8,behold ,i set be=e y ! way ( life & ! way ( dea?407#gji7 #c4 ,f ^! passages & _m simil> ones ! sages d]iv$ _! (t-repeat$ idea t man /&s ev] at ! p>t+ ( ! ways1 to *oose ei!r ! good or ! evil pa?47#gaj7 ,?us ! words spok5 by ,god to ! angels :5 ,adam & ,eve 7 to be expell$ f ,p>adise3 8,behold1 ! man is become z "o ( u1 to "k good & evil10 are int]pret$ by ,r4 ,akiba3 8,he 0 giv5 ! *oice to g ! way ( life or ! way ( dea?1 b he *ose ! way ( dea? by eat+ ( ! =bidd5 fruit407#gaa7 ,r4 ,akiba emphasizes ! pr9ciple ( ! fre$om ( ! w aga9 9 ! t]se say+3 8,all ?+s are =ese5 7by ,god71 b free w is grant$ 7to man7407#gab7 #d4 ,at ! fir/ enc\nt] ( ,judaism ) ^? philosophical s*ools ( ,hellas :i* d5i$ ! fre$om ( ! human w1 ! ,jewi% tea*]s insi/$ /rongly on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! fir/ ref]5ce is f\nd 9 ,b5 ,sira1 :o refutes ! argum5ts ( ! ,det]m9i/s t ,god c\ld make man s91 & !n goes on3 8,god creat$ man at ! beg9n+1 end[+ him ) ! p[] ( self-det]m9ation1 say+ to him3 ,if ?\ b wille/1 ?\ can/ obs]ve ,my comm&m5ts2 to practice fai?fulness is a matt] ( free w4444 ,z :5 fire & wat] are put be=e !e1 s t ?\ maye/ rea* =? ?y h& to t :i* ?\ desire/1 s are life & dea? plac$ be=e man1 & :atev] he *ooses ( 8 own desire w be giv5 to him407#gac7 ,! ,book ( ,eno* voices ?is tru? also 9 ! =ceful s5t5ces3 8,s9 has n be5 s5t ^u ! e>? 7f above71 b m5 h produc$ x out ( !mselves2 !re=e !y :o commit s9 are condemn$407#gad7 ,we read simil> s5tim5ts 9 ! ,psalms ( ,solomon1 a ,ph>isean "w ( ! fir/ pre-,*ri/ian c5tury37#gae7 8,our actions are ! outcome ( ! free *oice & p[] ( our own s\l2 to practice ju/ice or inju/ice lies 9 ! "w ( our own h&s40 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,ezra is especially in/ructive 9 ! great /ress :i* x lays on fre$om1 9 connection ) its *ief !me1 ! s9fulness ( ! *ildr5 ( ,adam4 8,?is is ! condition ( ! conte/ :i* man :o is born on e>? mu/ wage1 t1 if he be conqu]$ by ! evil incl9ation1 he mu/ suff] t ( :i* ?\ ha/ spok5 7! tortures ( hell71 b if he be victori\s1 he %all receive 7! rew>d7 :i* ,i 7! angel7 h m5tion$4 ,= ?is is ! way :]e( ,moses spoke :5 he liv$1 say+ unto ! p1 #8,*oose life1 t ?\ maye/ live6'444 ,= all :o knew ,me n 9 life :5 !y receiv$ ,my b5efits1 :o despis$ ,my law :5 !y yet _h fre$om1 & did n he$ ! door ( rep5tance :ile x 0 /ill op5 be=e !m1 b disreg>d$ x1 aft] dea? !y %all come to "k x607#gaf7 #e4 ,hell5i/ic ,judaism also1 p>ticul>ly ,philo17#gag7 consid]$ ! truly div9e 9 man to be 8 free w1 :i* di/+ui%es him f ! bea/4 ,yet ,hell5i/ic naturalism c\ld n grasp ! fact t man's p[] to d evil 9 opposition to ,god1 ! ,s\rce ( ! good1 is ! greate/ rem9d] ( 8 moral responsibility4 ,josephus likewise m5tions frequ5tly z a *>act]i/ic tea*+ ( ! ,ph>isees t man's free w det]m9es 8 acts )\t any compulsion ( de/9y47#gah7 ,only we mu/ n accept too easily ! words ( ?is ,jewi% hi/orian1 :o wrote = 8 ,roman ma/]s &1 !re=e1 repres5t$ ! ,jewi% p>ties z s _m philosophical s*ools aft] ! ,greek patt]n4 ,! ,ph>isean doctr9e is pres5t$ mo/ t]sely 9 ! ,talmudic maxim3 8,ev]y?+ is 9 ! h&s ( ,god except ! fe> ( ,god407#gai7 ,l ! quotation f ,r4 ,akiba above1 ?is conta9s ! great tru? t man's de/9y is det]m9$ by ,provid5ce1 b 8 "* dep5ds ^u 8 own free decision4 ,?is idea recurs frequ5tly 9 su* ,talmudic say+s z ^!3 8,! wick$ are 9 ! p[] ( _! desires2 ! righte\s h _! desires 9 _! own p[]207#gbj7 8,! eye1 ! e>1 & ! no/rils are n 9 man's p[]1 b ! m\?1 ! h&1 & ! feet are407#gba7 ,t is1 ! impressions we receive f ! _w )\t u come involunt>ily1 b our acts1 our /eps1 & our words arise f our own volition4 #f4 ,a deep] insight into ! problem ( free w is (f]$ 9 two o!r ,talmudic say+s2 ! "o is3 8,:osoev] desires to pollute himself ) s9 w f9d all ! gates op5 be=e him1 & :osoev] desires to atta9 ! highe/ purity w f9d all ! =ces ( goodness ready to help him407#gbb7 ,! o!r reads3 8,x c be prov$ by ! ,torah1 ! ,prophets1 & ! o!r sacr$ writ+s t man is l$ along ! road :i* he wi%es to foll[407#gbc7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 no p]son is absolutely free1 = innum]able influ5ces affect 8 decisions1 consci\sly & unconsci\sly4 ,= ?is reason _m ?9k]s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 consid] fre$om a delusion & hold to det]m9ism1 ! doctr9e t man acts always "u ! compulsion ( ext]nal & int]nal =ces4 ,9 opposition to ?is !ory is "o inconte/able fact1 our own inn] s5se ( fre$om :i* tells u at e /ep t we h act$1 & at e decision t we h decid$4 ,man c ma9ta9 8 own p[] ( self-det]m9ation aga9/ all influ5ces f )\t & )92 8 w is ! f9al arbit] ov] e impulse & e pressure4 ,moreov]1 z we p5etrate m deeply into ! work+ ( ! m9d1 we see t a long s]ies ( our own volunt>y acts has occasion$ mu* t we consid] ext]nal1 t ! v pressure ( ! pa/ on our ?\ghts1 feel+s & habits1 :i* leaves s little weight = ! decision ( ! mom5t1 is really only our pa/ w influ5c+ our pres5t w4 ,t is1 ! w may det]m9e itself1 b x does n d s arbitr>ily2 its action is along ! l9es ( its own "*4 ,we h ! p[] to receive ! influ5ce ( ei!r ! noble or ! ignoble s]ies ( impressions1 & ?us to yield ei!r to ! l(ty or ! l[ impulses ( ! s\l4 ,9 ?is way ! rabbis int]pret v>i\s expressions ( ,scripture :i* w\ld seem to limit man's fre$om1 z :]e ,god induces man to good or evil acts1 or h>d5s ! he>t ( ,ph>aoh s t he w n let ! ,israelites g1 until ! plagues _h be5 fulfill$ ^u him & 8 p47#gbd7 ,!y und]/& 9 su* an in/ance t a man's he>t has a prevail+ incl9ation t[>d "r or wrong1 ! expression ( 8 "*1 & t ,god enc\rag$ ?is incl9ation along ! evil c\rse2 ?us ! fre$om ( ! human w 0 kept intact4 #g4 ,! doctr9e ( man's free w pres5ts ano!r difficulty f ! side ( div9e omnisci5ce4 ,= if ,god kn[s 9 advance :at is to happ51 !n man's acts are det]m9$ by ?is v =ekn[l$ge2 he is no long] free1 & 8 moral responsibility becomes an idle dream4 ,9 ord] to escape ?is dilemma1 ! ,mohamm$an !ologians 7 compell$ to limit ei!r ! div9e omnisci5ce or human fre$om1 & mo/ ( !m resort$ to ! latt] me?od4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,judaism t its great ?9k]s1 f ,saadia to ,maimonides & ,g]sonides17#gbe7 d>$ n alt] ! doctr9e ( man's free w & moral responsibility1 b ev5 pref]r$ to limit ! div9e omnisci5ce4 ,hisdai ,crescas is ! only "o to re/rict human fre$om 9 favor ( ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god47#gbf7 #h4 ,! insi/5ce ( ,judaism on unre/rict$ fre$om ( w = ea* individual entirely excludes h]$it>y s94 ,?is is %[n 9 ! traditional explanation ( ! v]se ( ! ,decalogue3 8,visit+ ! iniquity ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation ( !m t hate ,me407#gbg7 ,accord+ to ! rabbis ! words 8( !m t hate ,me0 d n ref] to ! fa!rs1 accord+ to ! pla9 mean+ ( ! passage1 b to ! *ildr5 & *ildr5's *ildr54 ,^! are to be puni%$ only :5 !y hate ,god & foll[ ! evil example ( _! fa!rs47#gbh7 ,despite example & h]$it>y disposition1 ! desc5dants ( evildo]s c lead a virtu\s life1 & _! puni%m5t comes only :5 !y fail to resi/ ! evil influ5ces ( _! p>5tal h\sehold4 ,to illu/rate ! ,biblical words1 8,:o c br+ a clean ?+ out ( an unclean807#gbi7 ! rabbis s+le out ,abraham1 ! son ( ,t]ah1 ,hezekiah1 ! son ( ,ahaz1 & ,josiah1 ! son ( ,manasseh47#gcj7 ,man1 be+ made 9 ,god's image1 det]m9es 8 own "* by 8 own free *oice2 by 8 w he c raise or l[] himself 9 ! scale ( be+4 #i4 ,! fundam5tal "* ( ! doctr9e ( free w = ,judaism is %[n by ,maimonides1 :o devotes a special *apt] ( 8 ,code to x17#gca7 & calls x ! pill> ( ,israel's fai? & morality1 s9ce ?r\gh x alone man manife/s 8 god-l sov]eignty4 ,= %\ld 8 fre$om be limit$ by any k9d ( pr$e/9ation1 he w\ld be depriv$ ( 8 moral responsibility1 :i* con/itutes 8 real greatness4 ,9 endeavor+ to reconcile ,god's omnipot5ce & omnisci5ce ) man's fre$om1 ,maimonides says t ,god wants man to erect a k+dom ( morality )\t int]f]5ce f above2 moreov]1 ,god's k is diff]5t 9 k9d f t ( man1 & ?us is n an infr+em5t ^u man's fre$om1 z ! human type ( k w\ld be4 ,h[ev]1 ,abraham b5 ,david ( ,posqui]es blames ,maimonides = propos+ que/ions :i* he c\ld n answ] satisfactorily 9 ! ,code1 :i* is int5d$ = non-philosophical read]s4 ,! fact is t ?is is only ano!r ( ! problems insoluble to human reason+2 ! fre$om ( ! w mu/ rema9 = all "t a po/ulate ( moral responsibility1 & !re=e ( religion4 ,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,s9 #a4 ,s9 is a religi\s conception4 ,x does n signify a brea* ( law or morality1 or ( popul> cu/om & sacr$ usage1 b an (f5se aga9/ ,god1 provok+ ,8 puni%m5t4 ,z long z ! deity is m]ely dread$ z an ext]nal p[]1 n ador$ z a moral p[] rul+ life f )9 = a holy purpose1 s91 too1 is consid]$ a purely =mal (f5se4 ,! deity dem&s to be wor%ip$ by c]ta9 rites & may be propitiat$ by o!r =mal acts47#gcb7 ,= ,judaism1 h[ev]1 s9 is a /ray+ f ! pa? ( ,god1 an (f5se aga9/ ! div9e ord] ( hol9ess4 ,?us x signifies an abuse ( ! fre$om grant$ man z 8 mo/ preci\s boon4 ,!re=e s9 has a tw(old "*2 =mally x is an (f5se aga9/ ! maje/y ( ,god1 ^: laws are brok52 ess5tially x is a sev]ance ( ! s\l's inn] relations to ,god1 an e/rangem5t f ,him4 #b4 ,scripture has ?ree diff]5t t]ms = s91 :i* d n diff] greatly 9 po9t ( language1 b indicate ?ree /ages ( ?\ght4 ,fir/ is het or hataah1 :i* connotes any /ray+ f ! "r pa?1 :e!r caus$ by levity1 c>elessness1 or design1 & may ev5 include wrongs committ$ unwitt+ly1 %egagah4 ,second is avon1 a crook$ness or p]v]sion ( ! /raight ord] ( ! law4 ,?ird is pe%a1 a wick$ act committ$ presumptu\sly 9 defiance ( ,god & ,8 law4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! conception ( s9 0 deep5$ by degrees1 z ! prophets1 psalmi/s & morali/s grew to ?9k ( ,god z ! patt]n ( ! highe/ moral p]fection1 z ! ,holy ,"o be=e :om an evil act or ?\ght _c abide4 ,! rabbis usually employ$ ! t]m ab]ah1 t is1 a transgression ( a div9e comm&m5t4 ,9 contra/ to ?is !y us$ mitzwah1 a div9e comm&1 :i* d5otes also ! :ole range ( duty1 includ+ ! desire & int5tion ( ! human s\l4 ,f ?is po9t ( view e evil design or impulse1 e ?\ght & act contr>y to ,god's law1 becomes a s94 #c4 ,s9 arises f ! weakness ( ! fle%1 ! desire ( ! he>t1 & accord+ly 9 ! fir/ in/ance f an error ( judgm5t4 ,! ,bible frequ5tly speaks ( s9 z 8folly407#gcc7 ,a rabb9ical say+ br+s out ?is same idea3 8,no "o s9s unless ! _s ( folly has ent]$ into him to deceive him407#gcd7 ,a s9ful imag9ation lures "o to s92 ! repetition ( ! =bidd5 act l[]s ! b>ri] ( ! comm&m5t1 until ! trespass is h>d5$ into 8call\s0 & 8/ubborn0 disreg>d1 & f9ally into 8reckless defiance0 & 8insol5t godlessness40 ,su* a process is graphically express$ by ! v>i\s t]ms us$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,accord+ to ! rabb9ical figure1 8s9 appe>s at fir/ z ?9 z a spid]'s web1 b gr[s /rong] & /rong]1 until x becomes l a wagon-rope to b9d a man40 ,or1 8s9 comes at fir/ z a pass]-by to t>ry = a mom5t1 !n z a visitor to /ay1 f9ally z ! ma/] ( ! h\se to claim possession40 ,!re=e x is incumb5t ^u u to 8gu>d0 ! he>t1 & n 8to g a/ray foll[+ aft] our eyes & our he>t407#gce7 #d4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,judaism no "o is s9ful by nature4 ,no p]son s9s by an inn] compulsion4 ,b z man has a nature ( fle%1 :i* is s5su\s & selfi%1 ea* p]son is incl9$ to s9 & none is p]fectly free f x4 8,:o c say3 ,i h made my he>t clean1 ,i am pure f any s9807#gcf7 ,?is is ! voice ( ! ,bible & ( all human exp]i5ce2 8,= !re is n a righte\s man ^u e>?1 t doe? good1 & s9ne? n407#gcg7 ,! expression occurs repeat$ly 9 ,job3 8,%all mortal man be j be=e ,god8 ,%all a man be pure be=e 8 ,mak]807#gch7 ,ev5 ,moses is repres5t$ 9 num]\s passages z %[+ human foibles & fail+s47#gci7 ,9 fact1 8! great] ! p]sonality1 ! m sev]ely w ,god call him to acc\nt = ! smalle/ trespass1 = ,god desires to be #8sanctifi$' by ,8 righte\s ones407#gdj7 ,! ,midra% tells u t no "o is to be call$ holy1 until dea? has put an end to 8 /ruggle ) ! ev]-lurk+ tempt] )91 & he lies 9 ! e>? ) ! victor's cr[n ( peace ^u 8 br[47#gda7 ,:5 we read ! /]n s5t5ce3 8,behold1 ,he putte? no tru/ 9 ,8 holy ones107#gdb7 ! rabbis ref] u to ! patri>*s1 ea* ( :om _h 8 faults47#gdc7 ,measur$ by ! ,patt]n ( all hol9ess1 no human be+ is free f blemi%4 #e4 ,9 connection ) ! ,god-idea1 ! conception ( s9 grew f crude beg9n+s to ! high] mean+ giv5 x by ,judaism4 ,! anci5t ,babylonians us$ ! same t]m9ology z ! ,bible = s9 & s9-(f]+1 b _! view1 l t ( o!r ,semites1 0 f> m ext]nal47#gdd7 ,if "o 0 afflict$ ) disease or mis=tune1 ! inf]5ce 0 t he _h neglect$ ! ritual ( "s deity & mu/ appease ! ang]$ "o ) a sacrificial (f]+4 ,any irregul>ity 9 ! cult 0 an (f5se aga9/ ! deity4 ,?is became m moraliz$ ) ! high] ,god-idea2 ! god became ! gu>dian ( moral pr9ciples2 & ! calamities1 ev5 ( ! nation1 7 !n ascrib$ to ! div9e wra? on acc\nt ( moral lapses4 ,! same process may be obs]v$ 9 ! views ( anci5t ,israel4 ,"h1 too1 dur+ ! dom9ance ( ! prie/ly view ! grave/ possible (f5se 0 "o aga9/ ! cult1 a culpable act entail+ ! dea? p5alty--a%am1 or 8doom0 ( ! (f5d]4 ,we %udd] at ! ?\ght t ! lea/ violation ( ! hi]>*ical rules = ! sanctu>y or ev5 = ! burn+ ( inc5se %\ld meet ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,yet su* is ! pla9 /atem5t ( ! ,mosaic law & su* 0 ! actual practice ( ! p47#gde7 ,! m ! prophetic conception ( ! moral nature ( ! ,deity p]meat$ ! ,jewi% religion1 ! m ! t]m s9 came to mean an (f5se aga9/ ! hol9ess ( ,god1 ! ,gu>dian ( morality4 ,h5ce ! great prophets upbraid$ ! p = _! moral1 n _! c]emonial fail+s4 ,!y attack$ sca?+ly transgressions ( ! laws ( righte\sness & purity1 ! true s9s aga9/ ,god1 because ^! orig9ate 9 dullness ( he>t1 unbridl$ passion1 & ov]be>+ pride1 all s hateful to ,him4 ,! only ritual (f5ses emphasiz$ z s9s aga9/ ,god are idolatry1 violation ( ! "n ( ,god & ( ! ,sabba?1 = ^! express ! sanctity ( life47#gdf7 ,except = ^! po9ts1 ! prophets & psalmi/s insi/$ only on righte\s conduct & integrity ( s\l1 & repudiat$ entirely ! ritualism ( ! prie/hood & ! =malism ( ! cult47#gdg7 ,?is view is anticipat$ by ,samuel1 ! ma/] ( ! prophetic s*ools1 :5 he says3 8,behold1 to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice1 ,& to he>k5 ?an ! fat ( rams4 ,= rebellion is z ! s9 ( wit*craft1 ,& /ubbornness is z idolatry & t]aphim407#gdh7 ,z soon z we realize t ob$i5ce to ,god's w means "r conduct & purity ( s\l1 we see 9 s9 ! desecration ( ! div9e image 9 man1 ! violation ( 8 heav5ly pat5t ( nobility4 #f4 ,s91 !n1 is 9 its ess5ce unfai?fulness to ,god & to our own god-l nature4 ,we see ?is ?\ght express$ 9 ,job37#gdi7 8,if ?\ ha/ s9n$1 :at doe/ ?\ aga9/ ,him8 ,& if ?y transgressions be multipli$1 :at doe/ ?\ unto ,him8 ,if ?\ be righte\s1 :at give/ ?\ unto ,him8 ,or :at receive? ,he ( ?y h&8 ,?y wick$ness conc]ne? a man z ?\ art2 ,& ?y righte\sness a son ( man40 ,?us ! s\rce ( s9 is ! human he>t1 ! orig9 ( all our ?9k+ & plann+4 ,we "k s9 *iefly z consci\sness ( guilt4 ,man's consci5ce accuses him & compels him to confess1 8,aga9/ ,!e1 ,!e only1 h ,i s9n$407#gej7 ,n only ! de$ itself1 b ev5 m ! w :i* caus$ x1 is condemn$ by consci5ce4 ,su* self-accusation con/antly proves anew t !re is no place = orig9al s9 ?r\gh ! fall ( ,adam4 8,i c\ld h controll$ my evil desire1 if ,i _h b e>ne/ly will$ x10 said ,k+ ,david1 accord+ to ! ,talmud47#gea7 #g4 ,s9 eng5d]s a feel+ ( disunion ) ,god ?r\gh ! consci\sness ( guilt :i* accompanies x4 ,x erects a 8wall ( sep>ation0 betwe5 man & 8 ,mak]1 depriv+ him ( peace & security47#geb7 ,guilt causes pa91 :i* ov]:elms him1 until he has made atonem5t & obta9$ p>don be=e ,god4 ,?is is no imag9>y feel+1 easily ov]come & capable ( be+ suppress$ by ! s9n] ) impunity4 ,in/ead1 he mu/ pay ! full p5alty = 8 s91 le/ x lead him to ! v abyss ( evil1 to physical & moral dea?4 ,s9 9 ! individual becomes a s5se ( self-condemnation1 ! consci\sness ( ! div9e ang]4 ,h5ce ! ,hebrew t]m avon1 s91 is (t5 synonym\s ) puni%m5t17#gec7 & a%am1 guilt1 (t5 signifies ! atonem5t = ! guilt1 & sometimes doom & p]dition z a consequ5ce ( guilt47#ged7 ,und\bt$ly ?is /ill conta9s a remnant ( ! old ,semitic idea t an awful div9e visitation may come ^u an entire h\sehold or community because ( a crim9al or sacrilegi\s act committ$1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 by "o ( its memb]s4 ,su* a fate c be av]t$ only by an aton+ sacrifice4 ,?is accords ) ! r /range fact t ! ,prie/ly ,code prescribes c]ta9 guilt (f]+s = s9s committ$ unwitt+ly1 :i* are call$ a%am47#gee7 #h4 ,b ev5 ^! un9t5tional s9s c be avoid$ by ! con/ant ex]cise ( caution1 s t _! commission implies a c]ta9 degree ( guilt1 :i* dem&s a measure ( rep5tance4 ,?us ! ,psalmi/ says3 8,:o c disc]n errors8 ,cle> ,?\ me f hidd5 faults407#gef7 ,he ?us implies t we feel responsible 9 a c]ta9 s5se = all our s9s1 includ+ ^? :i* we commit unkn[+ly4 ,! rabbis dwell especially on ! idea t we are nev] altoge!r free f s9ful ?\ghts4 ,= ?is reason1 !y tell u1 ! two burnt (f]+s 7 br\ght to ! alt> ea* morn+ & ev5+1 to atone = ! s9ful ?\ghts ( ! p dur+ ! prec$+ day or night47#geg7 #i4 ,at any rate1 ,judaism recognizes no s9 :i* does n arise f ! individual consci5ce or moral p]sonality4 ,! condemnation ( a :ole g5]ation or race 9 consequ5ce ( ! s9 ( a s+le individual is an ess5tially hea!n idea1 :i* 0 ov]come by ,judaism 9 ! c\rse ( "t ?r\gh ! prophetic tea*+ ( ! div9e ju/ice & man's moral responsibility4 ,?is s5tim5t 0 voic$ by ,moses & ,a>on aft] ! rebellion ( ,korah 9 ! words3 8,o ,god1 ! ,god ( ! spirits ( all fle%1 %all "o man s91 & wilt ,?\ be wro? ) all ! congregation807#geh7 ,9 comm5t+ ^u ?is1 ! ,midra% says3 8,a human k+ may make w> ^u a :ole prov9ce1 because x conta9s rebels :o h caus$ s$ition1 & s ! innoc5t mu/ suff] toge!r ) ! guilty2 b x does n behoove ,god1 ! ,rul] ( ! spirits1 :o looks into ! he>ts ( m51 to puni% ! guiltless toge!r ) ! guilty407#gei7 ,! ,*ri/ian view ( univ]sal guilt z a consequ5ce ( ,adam's s91 ! dogma ( orig9al s91 is actually a relapse f ! ,jewi% /age to ! hea!n doctr9e f :i* ! ,jewi% religion fre$ itself4 #aj4 ,accord+ to ! ,biblical view s9 contam9ates man1 s t he _c /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,! hol9ess ( ,him :o is 8( eyes too pure to behold evil07#gfj7 becomes to ! s9n] 8a dev\r+ fire407#gfa7 ,ev5 ! l(ty prophet ,isaiah realizes 8 own human limitations at ! sublime vision ( ! ,god ( hol9ess en?ron$ on high1 :ile ! angelic *oruses *ant _! ?rice holy4 ,9 humility & contrition he cries out3 8,woe is me1 = ,i am undone6 ,because ,i am a man ( unclean lips1 & ,i dwell 9 ! mid/ ( a p ( unclean lips2 ,= m9e eyes h se5 ! ,k+1 ! ,"l ( ho/s407#gfb7 ,! prophet mu/ und]go atonem5t 9 ord] to be prep>$ = 8 high prophetic task4 ,"o ( ! ,s]aphs purges him ( 8 s9s by t\*+ 8 lips ) a live coal tak5 f ! alt> ( ,god4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,p]sian dualism1 rabb9ical ,judaism consid]s s9 a pollution :i* puts man "u ! p[] ( unclean spirits47#gfc7 ,9 ! lat] ,cabbalah ?is idea is elaborat$ until ! _w ( s9 is consid]$ a cosmic p[] ( impurity1 oppos$ to ! realm ( "r1 work+ evil ev] s9ce ! fall ( ,adam47#gfd7 ,/ill1 h[ev] close ?is may come to ! ,*ri/ian dogma1 x nev] becomes id5tical ) x2 ! recognition is always pres]v$ ( man's p[] to extricate himself f ! realm ( impurity & to elevate himself into ! realm ( purity by 8 own rep5tance4 ,s9 nev] becomes a demoniacal p[] depriv+ man ( 8 div9e dignity ( self-det]m9ation & condemn+ him to et]nal damnation4 ,x ev] rema9s m]ely a go+ a/ray f ! "r pa?1 a /umbl+ f :i* man may rise aga9 to 8 heav5ly height1 ex]t+ 8 own p[]s z ! son ( ,god4 ,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,rep5tance ,or ! ,return ,to ,god #a4 ,! brighte/ gem among ! tea*+s ( ,judaism is its doctr9e ( rep5tance or1 9 its own *>act]i/ic t]m1 ! return ( ! wayw>d s9n] to ,god47#gfe7 ,man1 full ( remorse at hav+ fall5 away f ! div9e ,f\nta9head ( purity1 consci\s ( des]v+ a s5t5ce ( condemnation f ! et]nal ,judge1 w\ld be less happy ?an ! unreason+ brute :i* _c s9 at all4 ,religion re/ores him by ! p[] to rise f 8 %ame & guilt1 to return to ,god 9 rep5tance1 z ! p5it5t son returns to 8 fa!r4 ,:e!r we reg>d s9 z e/rangem5t f ,god or z a di/urbance ( ! div9e ord]1 x has a detrim5tal effect on bo? body & s\l1 & leads inevitably to dea?4 ,on ?is po9t ! ,bible af=ds _m hi/orical illu/rations & doctr9al tea*+s47#gff7 ,if man _h no way to escape f s91 !n he w\ld be ! mo/ un=tunate ( creatures1 9 spite ( 8 god-l nature4 ,!re=e ! m]ciful ,god op5s ! gate ( rep5tance = ! s9n]1 say+ z ?r\gh ,8 prophets ( old3 8,i h no pleasure 9 ! dea? ( ! wick$1 b t ! wick$ turn f 8 way & live407#gfg7 #b4 ,! great value ( ! gift ( div9e grace1 by :i* ! s9n] may rep5t & return to ,god ) a new _s1 appe>s 9 ! foll[+ rabb9ical say+3 8,wisdom 0 ask$1 #8,:at %all be ! s9n]'s puni%m5t8' & answ]$1 #8,evil pursues s9n]s'27#gfh7 !n ,prophecy 0 ask$1 & answ]$1 #8,! s\l t s9ne?1 x %all die'27#gfi7 ! ,torah1 or legal code1 0 consult$1 & its answ] 03 #8,he %all br+ a s9-(f]+1 & ! prie/ %all make atonem5t = him1 & he %all be =giv54'7#ggj7 ,f9ally ,god ,himself 0 ask$1 & ,he answ]$37#gga7 #8,good & upright is ! ,"l2 !re=e do? ,he in/ruct s9n]s 9 ! way4' 07#ggb7 ,! ,jewi% idea ( atonem5t by ! s9n]'s return to ,god excludes e k9d ( m$iator%ip4 ,nei!r ! prie/hood nor sacrifice is necess>y to secure ! div9e grace2 man ne$ only f9d ! way to ,god by 8 own ef=ts4 8,seek ye ,me1 & live107#ggc7 says ,god to ,8 err+ *ildr54 #c4 ,te%ubah1 :i* means return1 is an idea peculi> to ,judaism1 creat$ by ! prophets ( ,israel1 & aris+ directly f ! simple ,jewi% conception ( s94 ,s9ce s9 is a deviation f ! pa? ( salvation1 a 8/ray+0 into ! road ( p]dition & dea?1 ! err+ c return ) he>t & s\l1 end 8 ways1 & ?us *ange 8 entire be+4 ,?is is n prop]ly express$ by ! t]m rep5tance1 :i* d5otes only regret = ! wrong1 b n ! inn] trans=mation4 ,nor is ,te%ubah to be r5d]$ by ei!r p5it5ce or p5ance4 ,! =m] indicates a sort ( bodily self-ca/igation1 ! latt] "s o!r k9d ( p5alty und]gone 9 ord] to expiate s94 ,su* ext]nal =ms ( asceticism 7 prescrib$ & practic$ by _m tribes & "s ( ! hi/orical religions4 ,! ,jewi% prophets1 h[ev]1 oppos$ !m bitt]ly1 dem&+ an inn] *ange1 a trans=mation ( s\l1 r5ew+ bo? he>t & _s4 8,let ! wick$ =sake 8 way1 ,& ! man ( iniquity 8 ?\ghts2 ,& let him return unto ! ,"l1 & ,he w h compassion ^u him1 ,& to our ,god1 = ,he w abundantly p>don407#ggd7 ,judaism consid]s s9 m]ely moral ab]ration1 n utt] corruption1 & believes 9 ! capability ( ! v wor/ ( s9n]s to improve 8 ways2 !re=e x waits ev] = 8 reg5]ation4 ,?is is truly a return to ,god1 ! re/oration ( ! div9e image :i* has be5 disfigur$ & corrupt$ by s94 #d4 ,! doctr9e ( ,te%ubah1 or ! return ( ! s9n]1 has a specially in/ructive hi/ory1 z ?is mo/ preci\s & unique conception ( ,judaism is little und]/ood or appreciat$ by ,*ri/ian !ologians4 ,(t5 )\t int5tional bias1 ^! are s "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,paul9ian dogma t !y see no r$emption = man corrupt$ by s91 except by 8 belief 9 a sup]human act ( atonem5t4 ,x is c]ta9ly significant t ! legal code1 :i* is ( prie/ly orig91 does n m5tion rep5tance or ! s9n]'s return4 ,x prescribes v>i\s types ( s9-(f]+s1 speaks ( rep>ation = wrong inflict$1 ( p5alties = crime1 & ( confession = s9s1 b x does n /ate h[ ! s\l c be purg$ ( s91 s t man c rega9 8 =m] /ate ( purity4 ,?is great gap is fill$ by ! prophetic books & ! ,psalms4 ,! book ( ,deut]onomy alone1 writt5 "u prophetic influ5ce1 alludes to rep5tance1 9 connection ) ! "t :5 ,israel w\ld be tak5 captive f its l& z puni%m5t = its violation ( ! law4 ,!re we read3 8,?\ %alt return unto ! ,"l ?y ,god1 444 ) all ?y he>t1 & all ?y s\l1 !n ! ,"l ?y ,god w turn ?y captivity1 & h compassion ^u !e407#gge7 ,amos1 ! prophet ( /]n ju/ice1 has n yet rea*$ ! idea ( av]t+ ! div9e wra? by ! return ( ! s9n]47#ggf7 ,hosea1 ! prophet ( div9e m]cy & lov+-k9dness1 9 8 deep compassion = ! unfai?ful & backslid+ p1 became ! prea*] ( rep5tance z ! condition = atta9+ ! div9e p>don4 8,return1 ,o ,israel1 unto ! ,"l ?y ,god2 ,= ?\ ha/ /umbl$ 9 ?9e iniquity4 ,take ) y words 7( rep5tance71 ,& return unto ! ,"l2 ,say unto ,him1 8,=give all iniquity1 ,& accept t :i* is good2 ,s w we r5d] = bullocks ! (f]+ ( our lips4' 07#ggg7 ,! appeal ( ,j]emiah is /ill m vigor\s3 8,return1 ?\ backslid+ ,israel1 sai? ! ,"l4444 ,only ackn[l$ge ?9e iniquity1 t ?\ ha/ transgress$ aga9/ ! ,"l ?y ,god4444 ,break up = y a fall[ gr\nd1 & s[ n among ?orns4444 ,o ,j]usalem1 wa% ?y he>t f wick$ness1 t ?\ maye/ be sav$2 ,h[ long %all ?y baleful ?\ghts lodge )9 !e8444 ,return ye n[ e "o f 8 evil way1 & am5d y\r ways & y\r do+s407#ggh7 ,ezekiel1 :ile emphasiz+ ! guilt ( ! individual1 prea*$ rep5tance /ill m insi/5tly4 8,return ye1 & turn y\rselves f all y\r transgressions2 s %all !y n be a /umbl+-block ( iniquity to y4 ,ca/ away f y all y\r transgressions1 :]e9 ye h transgress$2 & make y a new he>t & a new _s2 = :y w ye die1 ,o h\se ( ,israel8 ,= ,i h no pleasure 9 ! dea? ( him t die?1 sai? ! ,"l ,god2 :]e=e turn y\rselves1 & live407#ggi7 ,! same appeal recurs aft] ! exile 9 ! la/ prophets1 ,ze*>iah7#ghj7 & ,mala*i47#gha7 ,! latt] says3 8,return unto ,me1 & ,i %all return unto y40 ,likewise ! p5it5tial s]mon writt5 9 a "t ( great di/ress1 :i* is ascrib$ to ! prophet ,joel1 conta9s ! appeal3 8,turn ye unto ,me ) all y\r he>t1 ,& ) fa/+1 & ) weep+1 & ) lam5tation2 ,& r5d y\r he>t1 & n y\r g>m5ts1 ,& turn unto ! ,"l y\r ,god2 ,= ,he is graci\s & compassionate1 ,long-suff]+1 & abundant 9 m]cy1 ,& rep5te? ,him ( ! evil407#ghb7 ,?is prophetic view1 :i* dem&s contrition & crav+ = ,god in/ead ( ext]nal modes ( atonem5t1 is express$ 9 ! p5it5tial ,psalms z well17#ghc7 especially 9 ,psalm ,,li4 ,! idea is exp&$ fur!r 9 ! p>able ( ! prophet ,jonah1 :i* conveys ! lesson t ev5 a hea!n nation l ! p ( ,n9eveh c av]t ! imp5d+ judgm5t ( ,god by true rep5tance47#ghd7 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! :ole conception took on a l>g] aspect1 & ! entire hi/ory ( mank9d 0 se5 9 a new light4 ,! ,jewi% sages realiz$ t ,god puni%es man only :5 ! expect$ *ange ( m9d & he>t fails to come47#ghe7 #e4 ,! ,jewi% plan ( div9e salvation pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to t ( ! ,*ur*1 = x is built ^u ! presumption t all s9n]s c f9d _! way back to ,god & godl9ess1 if !y b e>ne/ly s desire4 ,ev5 be=e ,god creat$ ! _w1 ,he det]m9$ to (f] man ! possibility ( ,te%ubah1 s t1 9 ! mid/ ( ! cont9ual /ruggle ) ! allurem5ts ( ! s5ses1 ! rep5tant s9n] c ev] *ange he>t & m9d & return to ,god47#ghf7 ,)\t su* a possibility ! _w ( man c\ld n endure2 ?us1 because no man c /& be=e ! div9e tribunal ( /]n ju/ice1 ! pat]nal arm ( a m]ciful ,god is ext5d$ to receive ! p5it5t4 ,?is sublime tru? is con/antly reit]at$ 9 ! ,talmud & 9 ! liturgy1 especially ( ! great ,day ( ,atonem5t47#ghg7 ,n only does ,god's long-suff]+ give ! s9n] "t to rep5t2 ,8 pat]nal love urges him to return4 ,?us ! ,haggadi/s purposely repres5t almo/ all ! s9n]s m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible z models ( s9c]e rep5tance4 ,fir/ ( all comes ,k+ ,david1 :o is consid]$ su* a patt]n ( rep5tance1 z ! au?or ( ! fifty-fir/ ,psalm1 t he w\ld n h be5 all[$ to s9 s griev\sly1 if he _h n be5 provid5tially appo9t$ z ! %9+ example ( ! p5it5t's return to ,god47#ghh7 ,!n !re is ,k+ ,manasseh1 ! mo/ wick$ among all ! k+s ( ,judah & ,israel1 :o _h committ$ ! mo/ abom9able s9s ( idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,ref]r+ to ! /ory told ( him 9 ,*ronicles1 x is said t ,god respond$ to 8 te>ful pray]s & incessant supplications by op5+ a rift "u ,8 ?rone ( m]cy & receiv+ 8 petition = p>don4 ,?us all mank9d might see t none c be s wick$ t he w n f9d ! door ( rep5tance op51 if he b seek x s9c]ely & p]si/5tly47#ghi7 ,likewise ,adam & ,ca91 ,reub5 & ,judah1 ,korah1 ,j]oboam1 ,ahab1 ,josiah1 & ,je*oniah are describ$ 9 ,talmud1 ,midra%1 & ! apocalyptic lit]ature z p5it5t s9n]s :o obta9$ at la/ ! covet$ p>don47#gij7 ,! optimi/ic _s ( ,judaism _c tol]ate ! idea t mortal man is hopelessly lo/ "u ! burd5 ( 8 s9s1 or t he ne$ ev] lose fai? 9 himself4 ,no "o c s9k s l[ t he _c f9d 8 way back to 8 heav5ly ,fa!r by untir+ self-discipl9e4 ,z ! ,talmud says1 no?+ c f9ally )/& ! p[] ( s9c]e rep5tance3 8,x rea*es up to ! v seat ( ,god20 8^u x re/s ! welf>e ( ! _w407#gia7 #f4 ,! rabbis foll[ up ! idea fir/ ann\nc$ 9 ! book ( ,jonah1 t ! sav+ p[] ( rep5tance applies to ! hea!n _w z well4 ,?us !y %[ h[ ,god con/antly (f]$ "t & opportunity to ! hea!ns = rep5tance4 ,= example1 :5 ! g5]ation ( ! flood1 ! build]s ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 & ! p ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 7 to be puni%$1 ,god wait$ to give !m "t = ,rep5tance & improvem5t ( _! ways47#gib7 ,noah1 ,eno*1 & ,abraham are repres5t$ z monitors ( _! contempor>ies1 w>n+ !m1 l ! prophets1 to rep5t 9 "t le/ !y meet _! doom47#gic7 ,?us ! :ole ,hell5i/ic lit]ature ( propag&a1 especially ! ,sibyll9e books1 e*oes ! w>n+ & ! hope t ! hea!n %\ld rep5t ( _! griev\s s9s & return to ,god1 :om !y _h des]t$ 9 idolatry1 s t !y might escape ! imp5d+ doom ( ! la/ judgm5t day4 ,accord+ to "o ,haggadi/17#gid7 ev5 ! ,messiah w appe> fir/ z a prea*] ( rep5tance1 admoni%+ ! hea!n nations to be conv]t$ to ! true ,god & rep5t be=e ,him1 le/ !y fall into p]dition4 ,inde$1 x is said t ev5 ,ph>aoh & ! ,egyptians 7 w>n$ & giv5 "t = rep5tance be=e _! fate ov]took !m4 #g4 ,accord+ly1 ! pr9ciple ( rep5tance is a univ]sal human "o1 & by no means exclusively national1 z ! ,*ri/ian !ologians repres5t x47#gie7 ,! sages ?us describe ,adam z ! type ( ! p5it5t s9n]1 :o is grant$ p>don by ,god4 ,! 8sign0 ( ,ca9 also 0 to be a sign = all s9n]s1 assur+ !m !y might all obta9 =giv5ess & salvation1 if !y w\ld b return to ,god47#gif7 ,9 fact1 ! prophetic appeal to ,israel = rep5tance1 va9 at ! "t1 effect$ ! reg5]ation ( ! p dur+ ! ,exile & gave rise to ,judaism & its in/itutions4 ,9 ! same way1 ! appeal to ! hea!n _w by ! ,hell5i/ic propag&a & ! ,ess5e prea*]s ( rep5tance did n induce ! nations at once to prep>e = ! com+ ( ! ,messianic k+dom1 b f9ally l$ to ! rise ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 &1 ?r\gh c]ta9 int]m$i>ies1 ( ! ,mohamm$an z well4 ,h[ev]1 ! long-*]i%$ hope = a univ]sal conv]sion ( ! hea!n _w1 voic$ 9 ! prea*m5ts & ! pray]s ( ! 8pi\s ones10 gave way to a reaction4 ,! rise ( ant9omian sects 9 ,judaism occasion$ ! dropp+ ( ?is pi\s hope1 & only c]ta9 individual conv]sions 7 dwelt on z %9+ exceptions47#gig7 ,! hea!n _w 9 g5]al 0 n reg>d$ z dispos$ to rep5t1 & s its ultimate fate 0 ! doom ( ,geh5na4 ,exp]i5ce seem$ to confirm ! /]n view1 :i* rabb9ical int]pretation c\ld f9d 9 ,scripture also1 t 8,ev5 at ! v gate ( ! ne!r _w wick$ m5 %all n return407#gih7 ,! gr[+ viol5ce ( ! oppressors & ! increas+ numb] ( ! malign]s ( ,judaism d>k5$ ! hope = a univ]sal conv]sion ( humanity to ! pure fai? ( ,israel & its law ( righte\sness4 ,on ! contr>y1 a c]ta9 satisfaction 0 felt by ! ,jew 9 ! ?\ght t ^! enemies ( ,judaism %\ld n be all[$ to rep5t & obta9 salvation 9 ! h]eaft]47#gii7 #h4 ,! idea ( rep5tance 0 appli$ all ! m int5sely 9 ,jewi% life1 & a /ill m prom95t place 0 accord$ x 9 ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,! rabbis h numb]less say+s7#hjj7 9 ! ,talmud & also 9 ! ,haggadic & e?ical writ+s conc]n+ ! p[] & value ( rep5tance4 ,9 passages su* z ^! we see h[ pr(\ndly ,judaism dealt ) ! fail+s & %ortcom+s ( man4 ,! t]m asa te%ubah1 d rep5tance1 implies no m]e ext]nal act ( p5it5ce1 z ,*ri/ian !ologians (t5 ass]t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! *ief /ress is always laid on ! feel+ ( remorse & on ! *ange ( he>t :i* contrition & self-accusation br+4 ,yet ev5 ^! w\ld n be suffici5t to ca/ (f ! oppressive consci\sness ( guilt1 unless ! contrite he>t 7 reassur$ by ,god t ,he =gives ! p5it5t son ( man ) pat]nal grace & love4 ,9 o!r words1 religion dem&s a special means ( atonem5t1 t is1 at-"o-m5t ) ,god1 to re/ore ! brok5 relation ( man to 8 ,mak]4 ,! true spiritual p[] ( ,judaism appe>s 9 ?is1 t x gradually lib]ates ! k]nel ( ! atonem5t idea f its prie/ly %ell4 ,! ,jew realizes1 z does ! adh]5t ( no o!r religion1 t ev5 9 s9 he is a *ild ( ,god & c]ta9 ( ,8 pat]nal love4 ,?is is br\ght home especially on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 :i* w be treat$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 #i4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! blott+ out ( man's s9s ) _! puni%m5t rema9s ev] an act ( grace by ,god47#hja7 ,9 compassion = man's frailty ,he has orda9$ rep5tance z ! means ( salvation1 & promis$ p>don to ! p5it5t4 ,?is tru? is br\ght out 9 ! liturgy = ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 z well z 9 ! ,apocalyptic ,pray] ( ,manasseh4 ,at ! same "t1 ,judaism aw>ds ! palm ( victory to him :o has wre/l$ ) s9 & conqu]$ x by 8 own w4 ,?us ! rabbis boldly ass]t3 8,^? :o h s9n$ & rep5t$ rank high] 9 ! _w to come ?an ! righte\s :o h nev] s9n$10 :i* is p>allel$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 8,!re is m joy 9 heav5 ov] "o s9n] :o rep5te? ?an ov] n9ety & n9e righte\s p]sons1 :o ne$ no rep5tance407#hjb7 ,no int]m$i>y p[] f )\t secures ! div9e grace & p>don = ! rep5tant s9n]1 b 8 own inn] trans=mation alone4 ,*apt] ,,xl4 ,man1 ! ,*ild ( ,god #a4 ,! belief t ,god he>s our pray]s & p>dons our s9s re/s ^u ! assumption ( a mutual relation betwe5 man & ,god4 ,?is belief is insusceptible ( pro(1 b re/s entirely ^u our religi\s feel+s & is root$ purely 9 our emotional life4 ,we apply to ! relation betwe5 man & ,god ! f9e/ feel+s kn[n 9 human life1 ! devotion & love ( p>5ts = _! *ildr5 & ! affection & tru/ ! *ild ent]ta9s = its p>5ts4 ,?us we are l$ to ! conviction t e>?-born man has a ,help] en?ron$ 9 ! heav5s above1 :o he>k5s :5 he implores ,him = aid4 ,9 8 inn]mo/ he>t man feels t he has a special claim on ! div9e protection4 ,9 ! words ( ,job17#hjc7 he kn[s t 8 ,r$eem] live?4 ,he ne$ n p]i% 9 mis]y4 ,unlike ! brute creation & ! ho/s ( />s1 :i* "k no?+ ( _! ,mak]1 man feels ak9 to ! ,god :o lives )9 him2 he is ,8 image1 ,8 *ild4 ,he _c be depriv$ ( ,8 pat]nal love & favor4 ,?is truly human emotion is n[h]e express$ s cle>ly z 9 ,judaism4 8,ye are ! *ildr5 ( ! ,"l y\r ,god407#hjd7 8,h we n all "o ,fa!r8 ,ha? n "o ,god creat$ u807#hje7 8,l z a fa!r ha? compassion on 8 *ildr51 s ha? ! ,"l compassion ^u !m t fe> ,him407#hjf7 #b4 ,/ill1 ?is simple idea ( man's filial relation to ,god & ,god's pat]nal love = man did n beg9 9 its beautiful f9al =m4 ,= a long "t ! ,jew seems to h avoid$ ! t]m 8,fa!r0 = ,god1 because x 0 us$ by ! hea!n = _! deities z physical prog5itors1 & did n ref] to ! moral relation betwe5 ! ,deity & mank9d4 ,?us wor%ip]s ( wood5 idols w\ld1 accord+ to ,scripture1 8say to a /ock1 ,?\ art my fa!r407#hjg7 ,hosea 0 ! fir/ to call ! p ( ,israel 8*ildr5 ( ! liv+ ,god107#hjh7 if !y w\ld b improve _! ways & ent] into "r relations ) ,him4 ,j]emiah also hopes = ! "t :5 ,israel w\ld invoke ! ,"l1 say+1 8,?\ art my ,fa!r10 & 9 return ,god w\ld prove a true fa!r to him47#hji7 ,h[ev]1 ,scripture calls ,god a ,fa!r only 9 ref]r+ to ! p z a :ole47#haj7 ,! 8pi\s ones0 e/abli%$ a clos] relation betwe5 ,god & ! individual by means ( pray]1 s t ?r\gh !m ! epi!ts1 8,fa!r10 8,our ,fa!r10 & 8,our ,fa!r 9 heav50 came into g5]al use4 ,h5ce1 ! liturgy frequ5tly uses ! invocation1 8,our ,fa!r1 ,our ,k+60 ,we owe to ,rabbi ,akiba ! significant say+1 9 opposition to ! ,paul9ian dogma1 8,bless$ are ye1 ,o ,israelites6 ,be=e :om d y purify y\rselves 7f y\r s9s78 ,& :o is x t purifies y8 ,y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5407#haa7 ,previ\sly ,rabbi ,eliez] b5 ,hyrcanos dwelt on ! moral deg5]ation ( 8 age1 :i* betok5$ ! end ( "t1 & exclaim$3 8,9 :om1 !n1 %all we f9d support8 ,9 our ,fa!r :o is 9 heav5407#hab7 ,! appellative 8,fa!r 9 heav50 0 ! /]eotyp$ t]m us$ by ! 8pi\s ones0 dur+ ! c5tury prec$+ & ! "o foll[+ ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 z a glance at ! lit]ature ( ! p]iod indicates47#hac7 #c4 ,x is in/ructive to foll[ ! hi/ory ( ?is t]m4 ,9 ,scripture ,god is repres5t$ z speak+ to ,david1 8,i w be to him = a fa!r1 & he %all be to ,me = a son107#had7 or 8,he %all call unto ,me3 ,?\ art my ,fa!r1 444 ,i also w appo9t him fir/-born407#hae7 ,s 9 ! apocryphal writ+s ,god speaks bo? to ,israel & to individual sa9ts3 8,i %all be to !m a ,fa!r1 & !y %all be ,my *ildr5407#haf7 ,else:]e x is said ( ! righte\s1 8,he calls ,god 8 ,fa!r10 & 8he %all be c\nt$ among ! sons ( ,god407#hag7 ,we read conc]n+ ! ,messiah3 8,:5 all wrongdo+ w be remov$ f ! mid/ ( ! p1 he %all "k t all are sons ( ,god407#hah7 ,obvi\sly only righte\sness or p]sonal m]it entitles a man to be call$ a son ( ,god4 ,9 fact1 we are expressly told ( ,onias1 ! great ,ess5e sa9t1 t 8 intimate relation ) ,god embold5$ him to conv]se ) ! ,ma/] ( ! ,univ]se z a son w\ld speak ) 8 fa!r47#hai7 ,accord+ to ! ,mi%nah ! old] g5]ation ( 8pi\s ones0 us$ to sp5d 8an h\r 9 sil5t devotion be=e (f]+ _! daily pray]1 9 ord] to conc5trate he>t & s\l ^u _! communion ) _! ,fa!r 9 heav5407#hbj7 ,?us x is said ( congregational pray] t ?r\gh x 8,israel lifts 8 eyes to 8 ,fa!r 9 heav5407#hba7 ,9 ?is way pray] took ! place ( ! alt>1 ( :i* ,r4 ,johanan b5 ,zakkai said t x e/abli%$ peace betwe5 ,israel & 8 ,fa!r 9 heav547#hbb7 ,aft]w>ds ! "q 0 discuss$ by ,rabbi ,meir & ,rabbi ,jehuda :e!r ev5 s9-lad5 ,israel _h a "r to be call$ 8*ildr5 ( ,god40 ,rabbi ,meir po9t$ to ,hosea z pro( t ! backslid]s also rema9 8*ildr5 ( ! liv+ ,god407#hbc7 #d4 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic lit]ature1 ) its dom9at+ idea ( univ]sal mono!ism1 ,god is frequ5tly invok$ or spok5 ( z ! ,fa!r ( mank9d4 ,! implication is t ea* p]son :o invokes ,god z ,fa!r ent]s into filial relation ) ,him4 ,?us :at 0 fir/ appli$ to ,israel 9 p>ticul> 0 n[ broad5$ to include mank9d 9 g5]al1 & consequ5tly all m5 7 consid]$ 8*ildr5 ( ! liv+ ,god40 ,! words ( ,god to ,ph>aoh1 speak+ ( ,israel z ,8 8fir/-born son107#hbd7 7 tak5 z pro( t all ! nations ( ! e>? are sons ( ,god & ,he ! univ]sal ,fa!r4 ,israel is ! fir/-born among ! sons ( ,god1 because 8 patri>*s1 prophets1 & psalmi/s fir/ recogniz$ ,him z ! univ]sal ,fa!r & ,rul]4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,judaism decl>$ love = fell[-m5 & reg>d = ! dignity ( humanity to be fundam5tal pr9ciples ( e?ics4 8,z ,god is k9d & m]ciful t[>d ,8 creation1 be ?\ also k9d & m]ciful t[>d all fell[-creatures10 is ! (t-repeat$ tea*+ ( ! rabbis47#hbe7 ,likewise1 8,:oev] takes pity on 8 fell[-be+s1 on him ,god 9 heav5 w also take pity407#hbf7 ,love ( humanity has s p]meat$ ! nature ( ! ,jew t ! rabbis ass]t3 8,he :o has pity on 8 fell[-m5 has ! blood ( ,abraham 9 8 ve9s407#hbg7 ,?is bold rem>k ca/s light ^u ! /range dictum3 8,ye ,israelites are call$ by ! "n ( man1 b ! hea!n are n407#hbh7 ,! ,jewi% tea*]s 7 s deeply impress$ ) man's inhumanity to man1 s common among ! hea!n nations1 & ! immorality ( ! lives by :i* ^! desecrat$ ,god's image1 t !y insi/$ t ! laws ( humanity alone make = div9e dignity 9 man4 #e4 ,rabbi ,akiba probably ref]r$ to ! ,paul9ian dogma t ,jesus1 ! crucifi$ ,messiah1 is ! only son ( ,god1 9 8 well-kn[n say+3 8,belov$ is man1 = he is creat$ 9 ,god's image1 & x 0 a special tok5 ( love t he became consci\s ( x4 ,belov$ is ,israel1 = !y are call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 & x 0 a special tok5 ( love t !y became consci\s ( x407#hbi7 ,"h he claims ! glory ( be+ a son ( ,god = ,israel1 b n = all m54 ,/ill1 z soon z ! lik5ess ( man to ,god is tak5 9 a spiritual s5se1 !n x is impli$ t all m5 h ! same capacity = be+ a son ( ,god :i* is claim$ = ,israel4 ,?is is unque/ionably ! view ( ,judaism :5 x consid]s ! ,torah z entru/$ to ,israel to br+ light & bless+ to all ! families ( m54 ,rabbi ,meir1 ! disciple ( ,rabbi ,akiba1 said3 8,! ,scriptural words1 #8,! /atutes & ord9ances :i* man %all d & live !reby1' & simil> expressions indicate t ! f9al aim ( ,judaism is n atta9$ by ! ,a>onide1 nor ! ,levite1 nor ev5 ! ,israelite1 b by mank9d407#hcj7 ,su* a say+ expresses cle>ly & emphatically t ,god's fa!rly love ext5ds to all m5 z ,8 *ildr54 #f4 ,accord+ to ! religi\s consci\sness ( mod]n ,israel man is made 9 ,god's image1 & is ?us a *ild ( ,god4 ,consequ5tly ,jew & non-,jew1 sa9t & s9n] h ! same claim ^u ,god's pat]nal love & m]cy4 ,!re is no di/9ction 9 favor ( ,israel except z he lives a high] & m god-l life4 ,ev5 ^? :o h fall5 away f ,god & h committ$ crime & s9 rema9 ,god's *ildr54 ,if !y s5d up _! p5it5t cry to ! ?rone ( ,god1 8,p>don u1 ,o ,fa!r1 = we h s9n$6 ,=give u1 ,o ,k+1 = we h done evil602 _! pray] is he>d by ! heav5ly ,fa!r exactly l t ( ! pi\s son ( ,israel4 ,*apt] ,,xli4 ,pray] & ,sacrifice #a4 ,! gap betwe5 man & ! sublime ,ma/] ( ! univ]se is va/1 b n absolute4 ,! ?\ghts ( ,god are high above our ?\ghts1 & ! ways ( ,god above our ways1 baffl+ our reason :5 we endeavor to solve ! vexati\s problems ( de/9y1 ( m]it & dem]it1 ( retribution & atonem5t4 ,yet religion (f]s a wondr\s m$ium to br+ ! he>t ( man into close communion ) ,him :o is en?ron$ above ! heav5s1 "o t ov]leaps all di/ances1 removes all b>ri]s1 & bl5ds all dissonances into "o great h>mony1 & t is--,pray]4 ,z ! *ild mu/ relieve itself ( its tr\bles & sorr[s ^u ! bosom ( its "m or fa!r 9 ord] to turn its pa9 into gladness1 s m5 at all times seek to approa* ! ,deity1 confid+ to ,him all _! fe>s & long+s 9 ord] to obta9 peace ( he>t4 ,pray]1 communion betwe5 ! human s\l & ! ,creator1 is ! glori\s privilege enjoy$ by man alone among all creatures1 z he alone is ! *ild ( ,god4 ,x voices ! long+ ( ! human he>t = its ,fa!r 9 heav54 ,z ! ,psalmi/ has x1 8,my s\l ?ir/e? = ,god1 = ! liv+ ,god407#hca7 #b4 ,h[ev]1 bo? language1 ! means ( int]c\rse betwe5 man & man1 & pray]1 ! means ( int]c\rse betwe5 man & ,god1 %[ traces ( a sl[ developm5t la/+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 until ! l(tie/ ?\ghts & sublime/ emotions c\ld be express$4 ,! real efficacy ( pray] c\ld n be truly appreciat$1 until ! prophetic _s triumph$ ov] ! prie/ly elem5t 9 ,judaism4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( spee* ! language ( signs prec$$ t ( s\nds1 & images gradually rip5$ into ab/ract ?\ghts4 ,simil>ly1 primitive man approa*es 8 ,god ) _m k9ds ( gifts & sacrificial rites to express 8 s5tim5ts4 ,he acts out or depicts :at he expects f ! ,deity1 :e!r ra91 f]tility ( ! soil1 or ! ext]m9ation ( 8 foes4 ,he %>es ) 8 ,god 8 food & dr9k1 to obta9 ,8 fri5d%ip & protection 9 "t ( tr\ble1 & sacrifices ! de>e/ ( 8 possessions to assuage ,8 wra? or obta9 ,8 favor4 #c4 ,9 ! l[e/ /age ( culture man ne$$ no m$iator 9 8 int]c\rse ) ! ,deity1 :o appe>$ to him 9 ! ph5om5a ( nature z well z 9 ! feti%1 totem1 & ! l4 ,b soon he rose to a high] /age ( ?\ght1 & ! ,deity )drew be=e him to ! cele/ial heights1 fill+ him ) awe & fe>2 !n rose a class ( m5 :o claim$ ! privilege to approa* ! ,deity & influ5ce ,him by c]ta9 secret practices4 ,h5ce=? ^! act$ z m$iators betwe5 ! mass ( ! p & ! ,deity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! 7 ! magicians1 m$ic9e-m51 & simil> p]sons1 :o 7 cr$it$ ) ! p[] to conjure up ! hidd5 =ces ( nature1 consid]$ ei!r div9e or demoniac4 ,aft] ^! arose ! prie/s1 di/+ui%$ f ! p by special dress & diet1 :o e/abli%$ 9 ! v>i\s tribes temples1 alt>s1 & cults1 "u _! own control4 ,!n !re 7 ! sa9ts1 pi\s p5it5ts or ,naz>ites1 :o l$ an ascetic life seclud$ f ! masses1 hop+ ?us to obta9 high] p[]s ov] ! w ( ! ,deity4 ,all ^! ent]ta9$ m or less cle>ly ! notion t !y /ood 9 clos] relation to ! ,deity ?an ! common p1 :om !y !n exclud$ f ! sanctu>y & all access to ! ,deity4 ,! ,mosaic cult1 9 ! s-call$ ,prie/ly ,code1 0 f\nd$ ^u ?is /age ( religi\s life1 =m+ a hi]>*ical in/itution l ^? ( o!r anci5t nations4 ,x diff]$ f !m1 h[ev]1 9 "o ess5tial po9t4 ,! prime elem5t 9 ! cult ( o!r nations 0 magic1 consi/+ ( oracle1 incantation & div9ation1 b ?is 0 entirely contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ! rites & c]emonies h&$ d[n f remote antiquity 7 plac$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,israel's holy ,god1 9 ord] to tra9 ,8 p into ! highe/ moral purity4 ,! patri>*s & prophets1 :o are depict$ 9 ,scripture z approa*+ ,god 9 pray] & he>+ ,8 voice 9 reply1 come "u ! category ( sa9ts or elect ones1 above ! mass ( ! p4 #d4 ,=eign z ! entire idea ( sacrifice is to our mode ( religi\s ?\ght1 to antiquity x appe>$ z ! only means ( int]c\rse ) ! ,deity4 8,9 e place (f]+s are pres5t$ unto ,my "n1 ev5 pure oblations107#hcb7 says ! prophet ,mala*i 9 ! "n ( ,israel's ,god4 ,ev5 f a high] po9t ( view ! und]ly+ idea seems to be ( a simple (f]+ laid ^u ! alt>4 ,su* 7 ! meal-(f]+ 7m9ha727#hcc7 ! burnt (f]+ 7olah71 :i* s5ds its pill> ( smoke up t[>d heav51 symboliz+ ! idea ( self-sacrifice2 :ile ! v>i\s s9-(f]+s 7hatta? or a%am7 express$ ! desire to propitiate an (f5d$ ,deity4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! sacrificial cult 0 always dom9at$ by ! prie/hood 9 ,israel z well z o!r nations1 ! lawgiv] made no ess5tial *anges 9 ! traditional practice & t]m9ology4 ,?us x 0 left to ! consci\sness ( ! p to f9d a deep] spiritual mean+ 9 ! sacrifices in/ead ( /at+ "o directly4 ,! want 0 suppli$ only by ! lat] ,haggadi/s :o tri$ to create a symbolism ( ! sacrificial cult4 ,! lay+ on ( h&s by ! individual :o br\ght ! (f]+1 seems to h be5 a g5u9e symbolic expression ( self-surr5d]4 ,9 ! case ( s9-(f]+s ! ,mosaic cult add$ a high] mean+ by ord]+ a prec$+ confession ( s94 ,"h1 inde$1 ! individual ent]$ into p]sonal communion ) ,god ?r\gh 8 pray] = p>don1 ev5 ?\gh ! prie/ p]=m$ ! act ( expiation = him4 #e4 ,! great prophets ( ,israel alone recogniz$ t ! entire sacrificial sy/em 0 out ( h>mony ) ! true _s ( ,judaism & l$ to all sorts ( abuses1 above all to a misconception ( ! wor%ip ( ,god1 :i* requires ! uplift+ ( ! he>t4 ,9 impassion$ language1 !re=e1 !y hurl$ words ( sca?+ d5unciation aga9/ ! practice & pr9ciple ( ritualism3 8,i hate1 ,i despise y\r fea/s1 & ,i w take no delight 9 y\r solemn assemblies4 ,yea1 ?\gh ye (f] ,me burnt-(f]+s & y\r meal-(f]+s1 ,i w n accept !m2 ,nei!r w ,i reg>d ! peace-(f]+s ( y\r fat bea/s4 ,take ?\ away f ,me ! noise ( ?y songs2 & let ,me n he> ! melody ( ?y psalt]ies4 ,b let ju/ice well up z wat]s1 & righte\sness z a mighty /ream407#hcd7 ,?us speaks ,amos 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,& ,hosea3 8,= ,i desire m]cy1 & n sacrifice1 & ! k ( ,god r ?an burnt-(f]+s407#hce7 ,isaiah spoke 9 a simil> ve93 8,to :at purpose is ! multitude ( y\r sacrifices unto ,me8 sai? ! ,"l2 ,i am full ( ! burnt-(f]+s ( rams1 & ! fat ( f$ bea/s2 & ,i delight n 9 ! blood ( bullocks1 or ( lambs1 or ( he-goats4444 ,br+ me no m va9 oblations2 x is an (f]+ ( abom9ation unto ,me2 new moon & sabba?1 ! hold+ ( convocations--,i _c endure iniquity along ) ! solemn assembly4444 ,& :5 ye spread =? y\r h&s1 ,i w hide ,m9e eyes f y2 yea1 :5 ye make _m pray]s1 ,i w n he>2 y\r h&s are full ( blood4 ,wa% y1 make y clean1 put away ! evil ( y\r do+s ,f be=e ,m9e eyes1 cease to d evil2 le>n to d well2 seek ju/ice1 relieve ! oppress$1 judge ! fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[407#hcf7 ,mo/ /rik+ ( all are ! words ( ,j]emiah1 spok5 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l ( ho/s1 ! ,god ( ,israel3 8,add y\r burnt-(f]+s unto y\r sacrifices1 & eat ye fle%4 ,= ,i spoke n unto y\r fa!rs1 nor comm&$ !m 9 ! day t ,i br\ght !m out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 conc]n+ burnt-(f]+s & sacrifices1 b ?is ?+ ,i comm&$ !m1 say+2 #8,he>k5 unto ,my voice1 & ,i w be y\r ,god1 & ye %all be ,my p2 & walk ye 9 all ! way t ,i comm& y1 t x may be well ) y4' 07#hcg7 #f4 ,h[ev]1 ! m]e rejection ( ! sacrificial cult 0 q negative1 & did n satisfy ! normal ne$ = communion ) ,god4 ,!re=e ! v>i\s codes e/abli%$ a sort ( compromise betwe5 ! prophetic ideal & ! prie/ly practice1 9 :i* ! ideal 0 by no means supreme4 ,sometimes ! prophetic _s /irr$ ! s\l ( inspir$ psalmi/s1 & _! lips e*o$ =? aga9 ! div9e revelation3 8,he>1 ,o ,my p1 & ,i w speak2 ,o ,israel1 & ,i w te/ify aga9/ !e3 ,god1 ?y ,god1 am ,i4 ,i w n reprove !e = ?y sacrifices2 & ?y burnt-(f]+s are cont9ually be=e ,me4 ,i w take no bullock out ( ?y h\se1 nor he-goats out ( ?y folds4 ,= e bea/ ( ! =e/ is ,m9e1 & ! cattle ^u a ?\s& hills4444 ,d ,i eat ! fle% ( bulls1 or dr9k ! blood ( goats807#hch7 ,ano!r psalmi/ says3 8,sacrifice & meal-(f]+ ?\ ha/ no delight 92 ,m9e e>s ha/ ,?\ op5$2 burnt-(f]+ & s9-(f]+ ha/ ,?\ n requir$407#hci7 ,/ill1 ! sacrificial cult 0 too deeply root$ 9 ! life ( ! p to be di/urb$ by ! voice ( ! prophets or ! words ( a few psalmi/s4 ,x 0 connect$ ) ! ,temple1 & ! ,temple 0 ! c5t] ( ! social life ( ! nation4 ,! few fa9t voices ( prote/ w5t practically unhe$$4 ,! prie/ly pomp ( sacrifice c\ld only be displac$ by ! m elevat+ & m spiritual devotion ( ! entire congregation 9 pray]1 & ?is process dem&$ a new environm5t1 & a gr\p ( m5 ) entirely new ideas4 #g4 ,! ne$ ( a deep] devotion ?r\gh pray] 0 n felt until ! ,exile4 ,!re alt> & prie/hood 7 no m1 b ! words ( ! prophets & ! songs ( ! ,levites rema9$ to k9dle ! p's long+ = ,god ) a new zeal4 ,until !n pray] 0 r>e & = special occasions4 ,hannah's pray] at ,%iloh fill$ ev5 ! high prie/ ) amazem5t47#hdj7 ,! prophets alone int]c$$ 9 behalf ( ! p1 because ! ord9>y man 0 n consid]$ suffici5tly clean f s9 to approa* ! ,deity 9 pray]4 ,b on =eign soil1 :]e sacrifices c\ld n be (f]$ to ! ,god ( ,israel1 ! h>p ( ,david res\nd$ ) solemn songs express+ ! national long+ t[>d ,god4 ,! mo/ t\*+ psalms ( p5it5ce & ?anksgiv+ date f ! exile4 ,a select class ( dev\t m51 call$ ! godly or pi\s ones1 ,hasidim or ,anavim17#hda7 assembl$ by ! riv]s ( ,babylon = regul> pray]1 turn+ _! faces t[>d ,j]usalem1 t ! ,god ( ,israel might answ] !m f ,8 anci5t seat47#hdb7 ,?us ! great se] ( ! exile voic$ ! hope = 8a h\se ( pray] = all peoples0 to /& 9 ! v place :]e ! sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ,god47#hdc7 ,! congregation ( ,hasidim elaborat$ a liturgy "u ! ,p]sian influ5ce1 9 :i* pray] 0 ! *ief elem5t1 & ! second>y "p1 ! in/ruction f ! ,torah & ! monitions ( ! prophets4 ,! ,synagogue1 ! h\se ( meet+ = ! p1 spread all ov] ! _w1 & by its light ( tru? & gl[ ( f]vor x soon eclips$ ! ,temple1 ) all its worldly pomp4 ,9 fact1 ! prie/hood ( ! ,temple 7 f9ally compell$ to make concessions to ! lay movem5t ( ! ,hasidim4 ,!y add$ a pray] s]vice1 morn+ & ev5+1 to ! daily sacrifices1 & op5$ ! ,hall ( ,hewn ,/ones1 ! meet+ place ( ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice1 z a ,synagogue 9 *>ge ( ! prie/s47#hdd7 #h4 ,9 ?is mann] ! anci5t sacrificial cult1 ?us long monopoliz$ by ! prie/hood1 0 gradually sup]s$$ by congregational pray] :i* 0 no long] conf9$ to a c]ta9 "t or class1 & ju/ly call$ by ! rabbis 8a s]vice ( ! he>t407#hde7 ,moreov]1 ! ,temple itself lo/ mu* ( its hold ^u ! he>ts ( ! p1 ow+ to ! m spiritual "* ( ! ,synagogue4 ,?us ! tor* ( ! ,roman soldi]y :i* turn$ ! ,temple into a heap ( a%es broke only ! national bond1 b left ! religi\s bond ( ! ,synagogue unbrok54 ,true1 ! hope = ! re/oration ( ! ,temple ) ! prie/ly sacrifices 0 n rel9qui%$1 & (ficially ! daily pray]s 7 consid]$ only a 8tempor>y sub/itute0 = ! div9ely orda9$ sacrificial cult47#hdf7 ,nev]!less1 ! deep] religi\s consci\sness ( ! p felt t ! cele/ial gate ( div9e m]cy op5s only to pray]1 :i* emanates f ! inn]mo/ dep?s ( ! s\l4 ,accord+ly1 "s ( ! ,haggadi/s try to prove f ,scripture t pray] ranks above sacrifice17#hdg7 :ile o!rs ev5 id5tify wor%ip ) pray]47#hdh7 ,!y repres5t ,god z appe>+ to ,moses 9 ! guise ( "o :o leads ! congregation 9 pray]1 ,8 face cov]$ by ! pray]-%awl 7talli?71 9 ord] to tea* man = all "t ! mode & p[] ( pray]47#hdi7 ,/ill ^! rema9 isolat$ expressions ( an und]ly+ s5tim5t2 on ! :ole1 ! rabbis reg>d$ ! ,mosaic legislation1 ) its emphasis on sacrifice1 f> too highly to accord pray] any b a second>y place1 ei!r accompany+ sacrifice or z its sub/itute47#hej7 #i4 ,?r\gh _m c5turies1 !n1 ! belief 9 ! div9e orig9 ( ! sacrificial cult rema9$1 ev5 ?\gh x c\ld no long] be c>ri$ out4 ,! liturgy conta9$ pray]s = ! spe$y re/oration ( ! ,temple & ! sacrifices1 :i* 7 pres]v$ by tradition1 & n[h]e 0 ev5 an e*o he>d ( ! bold words ( ,j]emiah d5y+ ! div9e "* ( ! sacrifices17#hea7 ev5 ?\gh ! idea ( ! re/oration ( ! old cult mu/ h be5 repugnant to ?9k]s4 ,! sages ( =m] ages c\ld only resort to a compromise or an allegorical int]pretation4 ,x is notewor?y t ! ,haggadi/ ,rabbi ,levi consid]$ ! sacrifices a concession ( ,god to ! p1 :o 7 dispos$ to idolatry1 9 ord] to w9 !m gradually = ! pure mono!i/ic ideal47#heb7 ,?is view 0 adopt$ by ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 & lat] by ,maimonides & o!r m$ieval ?9k]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an allegorical mean+ 0 assign$ to ! sacrifices by ,philo & ,jehuda ha ,levi1 z well z by ,samson ,raphael ,hirs* 9 mod]n times47#hec7 ,re=m ,judaism1 recogniz+ ! results ( ,biblical rese>* & ! law ( religi\s progress1 adopt$ ! prophetic view ( ! sacrifices4 ,accord+ly1 ! sacrificial cult ( ! ,mosaic code has no validity = ! lib]al movem5t1 & all ref]5ce to x has be5 elim9at$ f ! re=m liturgy4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 ! connection ) ! pa/ 0 by no means sev]$4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! s]vice rema9s ! same1 al?\gh mu* ( ! "* & _m ( ! details h be5 *ang$47#hed7 ,only ! allusions to ! ,temple wor%ip & ! sacrifices 7 elim9at$1 & ! entire =m ( ! s]vice 0 made m solemn & inspir+ 8by comb9+ anci5t "t-honor$ =mulas ) mod]n pray]s & m$itations 9 ! v]nacul> & 9 ! _s ( ! age40 ,! morn+ & ev5+ s]vices reta9$ _! places1 :ile ! additional fe/al s]vice 7mussaf7 0 abrogat$1 because x /ood = ! additional fe/al sacrifice4 ,z to ! volunt>y elem5t 9 ! old sacrificial sy/em1 ! peace1 s91 & ?ank-(f]+s1 ?is is replac$ 9 ! re=m ritual1 z 9 ! traditional practice1 by private devotions = special occasions1 to be select$ by ! individual4 ,! traditional ,jewi% pray] has c]ta9ly a wondr\s =ce4 ,x rema9s a s\rce ( inspiration f :i* ! religi\s consci\sness w ev] draw new /r5g? & vitality4 ,x e*oes ! voice ( ,israel s++ ! song ( r$emption by ! ,r$ ,sea3 8,?is is ,my ,god1 & ,i w glorify ,him2 ,my fa!r's ,god1 & ,i w exalt ,him407#hee7 ,consequ5tly our liturgy mu/ ev] respond to a d\ble dem&2 x mu/ ?rob ) ! _s ( cont9uity ) our great pa/1 to make u feel "o ) our fa!rs ( yore2 & x mu/ express cle>ly & fully our own views & ne$s1 our convictions & our hopes4 ,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,! ,nature & ,purpose ( ,pray] #a4 ,pray] is ! expression ( man's long+ & ye>n+ = ,god 9 times ( dire ne$ & ( ov]fl[+ joy1 an outfl[ ( ! emotions ( ! s\l 9 its dep5d5ce on ,god1 ! ev]-pres5t ,help]1 ! et]nal ,s\rce ( its exi/5ce4 ,spr++ f ! deepe/ necessity ( human weakness1 ! expression ( a mom5t>y wi%1 pray] is felt to be ! pr\d pr]ogative ( man z ! *ild ( ,god1 & at la/ x becomes adoration ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ^: wisdom & ^: pat]nal love & goodness inspire man ) confid5ce & love4 #b4 ,e pray] is (f]$ on ! presumption t x w be he>d by ,god on high4 8,o ,?\ t he>e/ pray]1 unto ,!e do? all fle% come10 s+s ! ,psalmi/47#hef7 ,no d\bt ( ! efficacy ( pray] c arise 9 ! dev\t _s4 ,!re c be only ! "q :e!r1 & h[ f>1 ! ,deity c all[ its decrees to be influ5c$ by human wi%es4 ,*ildlike fai? anticipates div9e int]f]5ce 9 ! natural ord] at any "t1 because x has n yet atta9$ ! conception ( a moral ord] 9 ! univ]se &1 !re=e1 expects f pray] also miracul\s effects on life4 ,z ! ,deity c sudd5ly s5d or )hold ra9 or dr\ght1 b>r5ness or bir?1 life or dea?1 s ! inf]5ce is t ! man ( ,god c d ! same ) 8 pray]4 ,?is is ! po9t ( view ( ! ,biblical & ,talmudic p]iods1 z well z ( ! entire anci5t _w4 ,x seems almo/ *ildi% to our religi\s consci\sness :51 accord+ to ,talmudic tradition1 ! high prie/ petition$ ,god 9 ! ,sanctu>y on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t = a ye> ri* 9 ra9 & bless$ ) sun%9e & ) dew1 & at ! same "t express$ ! entreaty t ! pray]s ( travel]s = dry or cool wea!r %\ld f9d no he>+47#heg7 ,t ! pray]s ( ! pi\s may alt] ,god's decree is n d\bt$ = a mom5t by ! rabbis2 only !y insi/ t ,god has tak5 into acc\nt be=eh& ! efficacy ( ?is pray] 9 decid+ ! fate ( ! pi\s1 9 ord] t !y may petition = t :i* ,he actually plans to d4 8,god longs = ! pray] ( ! pi\s02 = t reason1 !y say1 ! ,mo!rs ( ,israel 7 afflict$ ) b>r5ness1 until ! pray]s ( ! ,patri>*s _h accompli%$ ! trans=mation 9 _! con/itutions47#heh7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rabbis w>n aga9/ excessive pond]+ ov] pray] & its efficacy1 z ?r\gh x t *ildlike fai? w\ld be weak5$1 :i* is ! basis ( all pray]47#hei7 #c4 ,accord+ to ! rabb9ic viewpo9t1 pray] has ! p[] to rev]se e heav5ly decree1 inasmu* z x appeals f ! punitive ju/ice ( ,god1 :i* has decid$ ?us1 to ,8 attributes ( grace & m]cy1 :i* c at any "t effect a *ange4 ,:5 ! prophet ,isaiah came to ,k+ ,hezekiah ) ! message3 8,set ?9e h\se 9 ord]1 = ?\ %alt die10 he repli$1 8,f9i% ?y message & g2 ,i h receiv$ ! tradition f my royal ance/or ,david t1 ev5 :5 ! sword already t\*es ! neck1 man %all n desi/ f an appeal to ! div9e m]cy407#hfj7 ,nay m1 ! rabbis believ$ t ,god ,himself prays1 say+1 8,oh1 t ,my m]cy %all prevail ov] ,my ju/ice607#hfa7 ,only aft] ! div9e judgm5t has be5 execut$ pray] becomes va94 ,9 g5]al1 ! entire ,talmudic p]iod ascrib$ miracul\s p[] to pray]1 especially ! pray]s ( ! pi\s1 l ! popul> sa9t ,onias or ,han9a b5 ,dosa47#hfb7 ,9 _m su* cases ! invocation ( ,god 0 comb9$ ) ! use ( ! sacr$ "n1 ! tetragrammaton1 to :i* magical p[]s 7 ascrib$47#hfc7 #d4 ,! two attributes ( ,god1 ,ju/ice & ,m]cy1 correspond to ! d\ble nature ( mank9d1 z ! s9ful man1 :o des]ves puni%m5t1 is call$ to acc\nt by ! =m]1 :ile ! righte\s man may appeal to ! latt]4 ,accord+ly1 ! efficacy ( pray] c\ld be s expla9$ t1 be=e x c influ5ce ! decision ( ,god1 x dem&s ! re=mation ( man4 ,:ile ! unreg5]ate man meets an evil de/9y1 ! re=m$ man has become a diff]5t be+1 & h5ce in/ead ( ju/ice m]cy w control 8 fate4 ,albo pleads = ?is view ( pray]1 :5 he cites ! ,talmudic incid5t ab\t ,r4 ,meir4 ,x is said t ,r4 ,meir int]c$$ = ! p ( ,mimla1 :o all seem$ to h be5 doom$ to die on atta9+ manhood because !y inh]it$ ! curse ( ! prie/ly family ( ,eli47#hfd7 ,b he also recomm5d$ to !m t !y %\ld devote _! lives to wor?y de$s1 z x is said 9 ! ,prov]bs37#hfe7 8,! ho>y head is a cr[n ( glory1 x is f\nd 9 ! way ( righte\sness407#hff7 ,o!r ?9k]s ascribe to pray] ! p[] to *ange ! fate det]m9$ by ! />s1 because x exalts man into a high] sph]e ( godl9ess1 exactly l ! _s ( prophecy4 ,( c\rse1 ?is conception is connect$ ) ! belief 9 a/rology1 :i* sway$ ev5 cle> ?9k]s l ,ibn ,ezra47#hfg7 #e4 ,accord+ to our mod]n ?9k+ !re c be no "q ( any influ5ce ^u a ,deity exalt$ above "t & space1 omnisci5t1 un*angeable 9 w & action1 by ! pray] ( mortals4 ,pray] c ex]t p[] only ov] ! relation ( man to ,god1 n ov] ,god ,himself4 ,?is indicates ! nature & purpose ( pray]4 ,man (t5 feels lonely & =lorn 9 a _w :i* ov]p[]s him1 to :i* he feels sup]ior1 & yet :i* he _c ma/]4 ,!re=e he longs = t unse5 ,_s ( ! univ]se1 ) :om alone he feels himself ak91 & 9 :om alone he f9ds peace & bliss amid life's /ruggle & unre/4 ,?is long+ is bo? express$ & satisfi$ 9 pray]4 ,foll[+ ! natural impulse ( 8 s\l1 man mu/ p\r out be=e 8 ,god all 8 desires & sighs1 all ! emotions ( grief & delight :i* sway 8 he>t1 9 ord] t he may f9d re/1 l a *ild at its "m's bosom4 ,!re=e ! *ildlike m9d believes t ,god c be induc$ to come d[n f ,8 heav5ly heights to (f] help1 & t ,he c be mov$ & influ5c$ 9 human fa%ion4 ,! tru? is t e g5u9e pray] lifts man up t[>d ,god1 satisfies ! desire = ,8 hall[+ pres5ce1 unlocks ! heav5ly gate ( m]cy & bliss1 & be/[s ^u man ! beatific & lib]at+ s5se ( be+ a *ild ( ,god4 ,! intellect may "q ! effect ( pray] ^u ! physical1 m5tal1 or social con/itution ( man1 or may decl>e pray] to be pi\s self-deception4 ,! religi\s _s exp]i5ces 9 pray] ! so>+ up ( ! s\l t[>d union ) ,god 9 consecrat$ mom5ts ( our mortal pilgrimage4 ,?is is no deception4 ,! man :o prays receives f ! ,godhead1 t[>d :om he f]v5tly lifts himself1 ! p[] to defy fate1 to conqu] s91 mis]y1 & dea?4 8,! ,"l is nigh to all !m t call ^u ,him1 to all t call ^u ,him 9 tru?407#hfh7 #f4 ,to pray1 !n1 is to look up to ,god & to p\r out be=e ,him "o's wi%es1 ?\ghts1 sorr[s1 & joys4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,all-kn[+ does n require to be told by u :at we desire or :at we ne$4 8,= !re is n a ^w 9 my tongue1 b lo1 ,o ,"l1 ,?\ kn[e/ x altoge!r407#hfi7 ,b we mortals m]ely aspire t[>d ,him :o be>s ! _w on ,8 et]nal arms1 to express 9 ,8 pres5ce our agony & our jubilation1 because we are c]ta9 ( ,8 pat]nal sympa?y4 ,:5 we praise & extol ,him = ! happ9ess & ! _m pleasures :i* ,he has grant$ u1 ,he becomes ! ,p>tak] & ,protector ( our =tune1 j z ,he is our sympa!tic ,help] :5 we cry out to ,him "u ! burd5 ( s9 or grief1 9 ! anxiety ( dang] or ( guilt4 ,e g5u9e pray] realizes deeply ! tru? ( ! words1 8,ca/ ?y burd5 ^u ! ,"l1 & ,he w su/a9 !e407#hgj7 #g4 ,self-expression be=e ,god 9 pray] has ?us a d\ble effect2 x /r5g!ns fai? 9 ,god's love & k9dness1 z well z 9 ,8 all-wise & all-b\ntiful presci5ce4 ,b x also *a/5s ! desires & feel+s ( man1 tea*+ him to bani% f 8 he>t all ?\ghts ( self-seek+ & s91 & to raise himself t[>d ! purity & ! fre$om ( ! div9e w & dem&4 ,! ess5ce ( e pray] ( supplication is t "o %\ld be 9 unison ) ! div9e w1 to sum up all ! wi%es ( ! he>t 9 ! "o phrase1 8,d t :i* is good 9 ,?9e own eyes1 ,o ,"l407#hga7 ,on ! o!r h&1 only ! pray] :i* avoids impure ?\ghts & motives c v5ture to approa* a holy ,god1 z ! sages inf] f ! words ( ,job1 8,!re is no viol5ce 9 my h&s1 & my pray] is pure407#hgb7 #h4 ,e pray]1 tea* ! sages1 %\ld beg9 ) ! praise ( ,god's greatness1 wisdom1 & goodness1 9 ord] t man %\ld le>n submission & implicit confid5ce be=e he pr(f]s 8 reque/s47#hgc7 ,:ile look+ up to ! div9e ,ideal ( hol9ess & p]fection1 he w /rive to emulate ,him1 & seek to gr[ ev] ne>] to ! holy & ! p]fect4 ,b only :5 he prays ) & = o!rs1 t is1 9 public wor%ip1 w he realize t he is a memb] ( a great] :ole1 = !n he prays only = t :i* advances ! welf>e ( all4 8,he :o prays ) ! community10 say ! rabbis1 8w h 8 pray] grant$407#hgd7 ,ano!r say+ ( !irs is t he :o prays %\ld h 8 face direct$ to ! sanctu>y1 & :5 he /&s on its sacr$ prec9cts1 he %\ld turn 8 face t[>d ! ,holy ( ,holies47#hge7 ,by ?is !y meant t ! attitude ( ! suppliant %\ld ev] be t[>d ! highe/1 mak+ ! s\l so> up to ! ,highe/ & ,holie/ 9 rev]5t awe & adoration1 trans=m+ ! wor%ip] into a new "*1 pure f all dross4 #i4 ,!re=e pray] (f]$ ) ! community ^u ! sanctifi$ gr\nd ( ! h\se ( ,god ex]ts a specially p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! individual4 ,9 ! sil5t *amb] ! oppress$ _s may f9d calm & composure 9 pray]2 b ! pure atmosph]e ( heav5ly fre$om & bliss is atta9$ ) ov]:elm+ might only by ! unit$ wor%ip ( hundr$s ( dev\t ador]s1 :i* r+s out l ! ro>+ ( maje/ic bill[s3 8,! ,"l is 9 ,8 holy temple2 let all ! e>? keep sil5ce be=e ,him407#hgf7 ,! famili> /ra9s f days ( yore t\* ! deep1 long-sil5t *ords ( ! he>t1 & awak5 dormant s5tim5ts & repress$ ?\ghts1 end[+ ! s\l ) new w+s1 to lift itself up t[>d ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 f :om x _h felt itself ali5at$4 ,9 ! ardor ( communal wor%ip ! traditional words ( ! pray]-book obta9 invigorat+ p[]2 ! he>t is newly /r5g!n$2 ! cov5ant ) heav5 seal$ anew4 ,to su* communal pray]1 :i* spr+s f ! he>t1 ! rabbis ref] ! ,biblical words1 8to s]ve ,him ) ! :ole he>t407#hgg7 ,! synagogal wor%ip ex]ts an ennobl+ influ5ce ^u ! _s ( ! individual z well z t ( ! community4 ,= aft] all ! ma9 object is t ! s\l :i* aspires t[>d ,god may le>n to f9d ,god4 8,seek ye ! ,"l :ile ,he may be f\nd2 call ye ^u ,him :ile ,he is ne>407#hgh7 ,no man is s poor z he :o calls 9 agony3 8,o ,god60 & to :om nei!r ! heav5 above nor ! he>t )9 answ]s1 8,behold1 ,god is "h40 ,nor is any man s ri* ) all 8 possessions z he :o realizes1 l ! ,psalmi/1 t 8! ne>ness ( ,god is ! true good10 & imbu$ ) ?is ?\ght exclaims1 8,:om h ,i 9 heav5 b ,!e8 ,& beside ,!e ,i desire none ^u e>?407#hgi7 ,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,dea? & ! ,future ,life #a4 ,! vision ( man is direct$ upw>ds & =w>ds2 he w n resign himself to decay 9 ! du/ l ! bea/4 ,z he be>s 9 8 brea/ ! consci\sness ( a high] div9e _w1 he is equally confid5t ( 8 own cont9uity aft] dea?4 ,he _c & w n believe t ) ! giv+ up ( 8 la/ liv+ brea? 8 be+ w\ld become du/ l t ( ! animal2 or t 8 s\l1 :i* has hi!rto accompli%$ & plann$ s mu*1 %\ld n[ sudd5ly cease altoge!r to exi/4 ,! long+ = a future life1 h[ev] express$1 has fill$ him & buoy$ him up s9ce ! v beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,ev5 ! mo/ primitive tribe does n all[ its dead to lie & rot l ! c>casses ( ! bea/1 b lays !m to re/ 9 ! grave ) all _! possessions1 9 ! expectation t some:]e & someh[1 "u1 ov] or beyond ! e>?1 !y w cont9ue _! lives1 ev5 9 a bett] =m ?an be=e4 ,?is long+ = immortality implant$ 9 ! human s\l is s repres5t$ 9 ! leg5d ( ,p>adise t ! tree ^: fruit be/[$ ^u ! cele/ial be+s ! gift ( et]nal life--l ! ,greek ambrosia1 8! food ( ! gods0--0 orig9ally int5d$ = mank9d also 9 ! div9e 8,g>d5 ( ,bliss40 ,b aft] man fell ?r\gh s91 all access to x 0 d5i$ him1 9 ord] t he might n /ret* out 8 h& = x & !reby atta9 t immortality :i* 0 v\*saf$ only to div9e be+s47#hhj7 ,accord+ to 8 orig9al de/9y1 !re=e1 man %\ld live =ev]2 &1 j z leg5d all[s ^? div9ely elect$1 l ,eno* & ,elijah17#hha7 to asc5d to heav5 alive1 s at a lat] p]iod prophecy pr$icts a "t :5 ,god w annihilate dea? =ev]47#hhb7 ,accord+ly1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( 8 div9e s\l man possesses a claim to immortality1 to et]nal life ) ,god1 ! 8,f\nta9 ( life40 #b4 ,x 0 j ?is ke5 long+ = an en]getic life on e>?1 ?is mighty ye>n+ to 8walk be=e ,god 9 ! l& ( ! liv+107#hhc7 :i* made x m difficult = ,judaism to bright5 ! 8valley ( ! %ad[ ( dea?0 & to elevate ! vague notion ( a %ad[y exi/5ce 9 ! h]eaft] into a special religi\s tea*+4 ,until long aft] ! ,exile ! ,jewi% p %>$ ! view ( ! entire anci5t _w1--bo? ! ,semitic nations1 su* z ! ,babylonians & ,phnicians1 & ! ,aryans1 su* z ! ,greeks & ,romans1--t ! dead cont9ue to exi/ 9 ! %ad[y realm ( ! ne!r _w 7,%eol71 ! l& ( no return 7,beliyaal717#hhd7 ( et]nal sil5ce 7,dumah71 & oblivion 7,ne%iyah717#hhe7 a dull1 gho/ly exi/5ce )\t cle> consci\sness & )\t any awak5+ to a bett] life4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 n ov]look ! fact t ev5 9 ^! mo/ primitive conceptions a c]ta9 imp]i%ability is ascrib$ to man z m>k+ 8 sup]iority ov] ! animal _w1 :i* is altoge!r ab&on$ to decay4 ,h5ce ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! %ades1 ! ,refaim 9 ,%eol47#hhf7 ,b ?r\gh\t ! ,biblical p]iod no e?ical idea yet p]meat$ ?is conception1 & no attempt 0 made to trans=m ! ne!r _w into a place ( div9e judgm5t1 ( recomp5se = ! good & evil de$s accompli%$ on e>?17#hhg7 z did ! ,babylonians & ,egyptians4 ,bo? ! prophets & ! ,mosaic code p]si/ 9 apply+ _! promises & ?reats1 9 fact1 _! entire view ( retribution1 to ?is _w1 nor d !y indicate by a s+le ^w ! belief 9 a judgm5t or a weigh+ ( actions 9 ! _w to come4 #c4 ,:e!r ! ,mosaic-prophetic writ+s be reg>d$ f ! /&po9t ( traditional fai? or ( hi/orical criticism1 ! limitation ( _! tea*+ & exhortation to ! pres5t life c be consid]$ n>r[ness only by bias$ exp\nd]s ( ! 8,old ,te/am5t40 ,! ,israeliti% lawgiv] c\ld n h be5 altoge!r ignorant ( ! ,egyptian or ! ,babylonian conceptions ( ! future _w4 ,obvi\sly ,israel's prophets & lawgiv]s delib]ately avoid$ giv+ any def9ite expression to ! common belief 9 a future life aft] dea?1 especially z ! ,canaaniti% magicians & necromanc]s us$ ?is popul> belief to c>ry on _! sup]/iti\s practices1 s dang]\s to all moral progress47#hhh7 ,! great task :i* prophetic ,judaism set itself 0 to place ! entire life ( m5 & nations 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,god ( ju/ice & hol9ess2 !re 0 ?us no motive to ext5d ! dom9ion ( ,,jhvh1 ! ,god ( life1 to ! und]world1 ! playgr\nd ( ! =ces ( fe> & sup]/ition4 ,z late z ! au?or ( ! book ( ,job & ( ! e>li] ,psalms1 ,%eol 0 kn[n z ! despot ( ! ne!r _w ) its demoniacal =ms1 z ! 8k+ ( t]rors0 :o ext5ds 8 scept] ov] ! dead47#hhi7 ,only gradually does ! ?\ght f9d expression 9 ! ,psalms t ! ,omnipot5t ,rul] ( heav5 c\ld also rescue ! s\l out ( ! p[] ( ,%eol17#hij7 & t ,8 omnipres5ce includ$ likewise ! ne!r _w47#hia7 ,9 ?is tru/ful _s ! ,hasidic ,psalmi/ express$ ! hope3 8,?\ wilt n ab&on my s\l to ,%eol1 nei!r wilt ,?\ suff] ,?y godly "o to see ! pit4 ,?\ make/ me to "k ! pa? ( life2 9 ,?y pres5ce is fulness ( joy2 9 ,?y "r h& bliss =ev]more407#hib7 #d4 ,biblical ,judaism ev9c$ su* a p[]ful impetus t[>d a complete & blissful life ) ,god1 t ! c5t] & purpose ( exi/5ce c\ld n be transf]r$ to ! h]eaft]1 z 9 o!r sy/ems ( belief1 b 0 f\nd 9 ! desire to "w out ! life "h on e>? to its fulle/ possible developm5t4 ,virtue & wisdom1 righte\sness & piety1 signify & secure true life2 vice & folly1 iniquity & s91 lead to dea? & annihilation4 ,?is is ! ev] recurr+ burd5 ( ! popul> z well z ( ! prophetic & prie/ly wisdom ( ,israel47#hic7 ,9 ! song ( ?anks ( ,k+ ,hezekiah aft] 8 recov]y1 ! ,jewi% s\l expresses itself1 :5 he says37#hid7 8,i said1 ,i %all n see ! ,"l1 ev5 ! ,"l 9 ! l& ( ! liv+4444 ,b ,?\ ha/ deliv]$ my s\l f ! pit ( corruption4 ,= ! ne!r _w _c praise ,!e2 dea? _c celebrate ,!e4 ,! liv+1 ! liv+1 he %all praise ,!e1 z ,i d ?is day4 ,! fa!r to ! *ildr5 %all make kn[n ,?y tru?40 ,!re=e ! au?or ( ! sev5ty-?ird ,psalm1 ennobl$ by trials1 f9ds suffici5t com=t & happ9ess 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god t he c spurn all e>?ly treasures47#hie7 ,job1 too1 9 8 affliction long$ = dea? z release f all e>?ly pa9 & sorr[1 b n to br+ him a /ate ( re/ & peace l ! ,nirvana ( ! ,indian begg>-monk1 or an outlook into a bett] _w to come4 ,su* an awak5+ to a new life seems to him un?9kable1--al?\gh _m comm5tators h (t5 endeavor$ to read su* a hope into c]ta9 ( 8 expressions47#hif7 ,in/ead1 8 belief 9 ,god z ! ,rul] ( ! inf9ite _w1 ) ,8 l(ty moral purpose f> outrea*+ all human wisdom1 l5t him c\rage & p[] = fur!r ef=t & p]si/5t /riv+ on e>?4 ,s9ce to ?is suff]+ h]o1 impell$ to de$s by 8 own en]gy1 life is a cont9u\s battle1 a h]eaft] z a 8_w ( rew>d & puni%m5t0 c h>dly solve ! great enigma ( human exi/5ce 9 a satisfactory mann] = him4 ,! wise ones--says a ,talmudic maxim--f9d re/ nei!r 9 ?is _w nor 9 ! _w to come1 b 8!y %all asc5d f /r5g? to /r5g?1 until !y appe> be=e ,god on ,zion407#hig7 #e4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( exi/5ce aft] dea? dem&$ m & m a satisfactory answ]4 ,"u ! sev]e political & social oppression t came ^u ! ,jewi% p1 ! pi\s ones fail$ to see a j equation ( man's do+s & 8 de/9y 9 ?is life4 ,! bitt] disappo9tm5t :i* !y exp]i5c$ made !m look to ! ,god ( ju/ice = a future1 :5 virtue w\ld receive its due rew>d & vice its befitt+ puni%m5t4 ,! community ( ! pi\s especially await$ 9 va9 ! realization ( ! great messianic hope ) :i* ! prophetic words ( com=t _h fill$ _! he>ts4 ,!y _h will+ly (f]$ up _! lives = ! tru? ( ,judaism1 & ! ,god ( fai?fulness c\ld n deceive !m4 ,surely ! %ad[y realm ( ! ne!r _w c\ld n be ! end ( all4 ,s ! voice ( promise came to !m f ! book ( ,isaiah1 :]e ^! enc\rag+ & com=t+ words 7 ins]t$ by a lat] h&3 8,?y dead %all live2 ?y 7,my7 dead bodies %all arise4 ,awake & s+1 ye t dwell 9 ! du/1 = ,?y dew is z ! dew ( h]bs1 & ! e>? %all ca/ =? ! %ades407#hih7 ,ev5 be=e ?is "t ! ,god ( ,israel _h be5 prais$ z 8,he :o kille? & make? alive1 :o br+e? d[n to ,%eol1 & br+e? up407#hii7 ,s 0 also ! miracul\s p[] ( re/or+ ! dead to life ascrib$ to ! prophets47#ijj7 ,fur!rmore1 ! vision ( ! prophet ,ezekiel conc]n+ ! dry bones :i* arose to new life1 9 :i* he beheld ! div9e revelation ( ! approa*+ ev5t ( ! re/oration ( ! ,jewi% nation17#ija7 %[s h[ famili> ! idea ( resurrection mu/ h be5 to ! p4 ,h5ce ! m9ds ( ! ,jewi% p 7 suffici5tly prep>$ to adopt ! ,p]sian belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead4 #f4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 l$ to a trem5d\s process ( trans=mation 9 ,judaism ) a wide *asm betwe5 ,mosaism & ,rabb9ism1 or1 m accurately1 betwe5 ! ,sadducees1 :o adh]$ to ! lett] ( ! law1 & ! ,ph>isees1 :o embodi$ ! progressive _s ( ! p4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,jesus b5 ,sira1 :o at ! close ( 8 book speaks ) great admiration ( ! high-prie/ ,simon ! ,j z 8 contempor>y1 knew z yet no?+ ( a future life1 & l ,kohele? saw ! end ( all human exi/5ce 9 ! dismal realm ( ! ne!r _w4 ,yet at ! same "t1 ! ,hasidim or pi\s ones & _! successors1 ! ,ph>isees1 7 develop+ aft] ! ,p]sian patt]n ! ?\ght ( a div9e judgm5t day aft] dea?1 :5 ! j 7 to awak5 to et]nal life1 & ! evil-do]s to %ame & ev]la/+ contempt47#ijb7 ,?is advanc$ moral view1 frequ5tly ov]look$1 trans=m$ ! anci5t ,semitic ,%eol f ! realm ( %ades to a place ( puni%m5t = s9n]s1 & ?us inve/$ x ) an e?ical purpose47#ijc7 ,aft] ?is ! v>i\s ,biblical names = ! ne!r _w became ! v>i\s divisions ( hell47#ijd7 ,inde$1 ! ,psalmi/s & ! ,prov]bs _h ann\nc$ to ! wick$ _! de/ruction 9 ,%eol1 & on ! o!r h& held out = ! godly ! hope ( deliv]ance f ,%eol & a beatific sight ( ,god 9 ! l& ( ! liv+4 ,?us ! transition 0 prep>$ = ! new _w-conception4 ,all ! promises & ?reats ( ! law & ! prophets1 :5 !y did n receive fulfillm5t 9 ?is _w1 appe>$ n[ to po9t =w>d to ! _w to come4 ,moreov]1 ! ,ph>isees 9 _! disputes ) ! ,sadducees made use ( e ref]5ce1 h[ev] slight1 to ! future life1--ev5 ( su* passages z ^? :i* speak ( ! ,patri>*s z receiv+ ! promise ( possess+ ! ,holy ,l&1 z if !y 7 /ill alive1--z pro(s ( ! cont9u$ life ( ! dead1 or ( _! resurrection47#ije7 ,?us x came ab\t t ! lead+ au?orities ( rabb9ic ,judaism 7 9 ! position to decl>e 9 ! ,mi%nah3 8,he :o says t ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! dead is n f\nd$ on ! ,torah 7& !re=e does n accept x7 %all h no %>e 9 ! _w to come407#ijf7 #g4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! liturgy ( ! ,synagogue1 9 opposition to ! ,sadducees1 =mulat$ !re=e ! belief 9 resurrection 9 ! second ( ! 8,eighte5 7or ,sev57 ,b5$ictions0 ( ! daily pray] 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,?\1 ,o ,"l1 art mighty =ev]4 ,?\ revive/ ! dead4 ,?\ art mighty to save4 ,?\ su/a9e/ ! liv+ ) lov+-k9dness1 revive/ ! dead ) great m]cy1 supporte/ ! fall+1 heale/ ! sick1 loose/ ! b\nd1 & keepe/ ,?y fai? to !m t sleep 9 ! du/4 7,?is ref]s to ! ,patri>*s1 to :om ,god has promis$ ! l& ( ! future47 ,:o is l unto ,!e1 ,o ,"l ( mighty acts1 & :o resemble? ,!e1 ,o ,k+1 :o kille/ & br+e/ to life1 & cause/ salvation to spr+ =?8 ,yea1 fai?ful art ,?\ to revive ! dead4 ,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 :o revive/ ! dead40 ,9 ?is pray] dat+ f ! age ( ! ,maccabees7#ijg7 ! ,jewi% consci\sness ( two ?\s& ye>s f\nd a tw(old hope1--! national & ! univ]sally human4 ,! national hope1 :i* comb9$ ! belief 9 ! re/oration ( ! k+dom ( ,david & ( ! sacrificial cult ) ! resurrection ( ! dead 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 c be und]/ood only 9 connection ) a hi/oric view ( ,israel's place 9 ! _w1 & is treat$ 9 ! ?ird "p ( ?is book4 ,! purely human hope = ! cont9uity or ! r5ewal ( life re/s on two fundam5tal problems :i* mu/ be exam9$ m closely 9 ! next two *apt]s4 ,! "o belongs to ! prov9ce ( psy*ology & consid]s ! "q3 ,:at is ! et]nal div9e elem5t 9 man8 ,! o!r goes m deeply into ! religi\s & moral nature ( man & consid]s ! "q3 ,:]e & h[ does div9e retribution--rew>d or puni%m5t--take place 9 human life8 ,to bo? ( ^! que/ions our mod]n view1 ) its special aim t[>d a unifi$ grasp ( ! totality ( life1 requires a special answ]4 ,?is c be nei!r t ( rabb9ic ,judaism1 :i* re/s ^u ,p]sian dualism1 nor t ( m$ieval philosophy1 :i* 0 "u ! ,platonic-,ari/otelian influ5ce4 ,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,! ,immortal ,s\l ( ,man #a4 ,! idea ( immortality has be5 f\nd 9 ,scripture 9 a r obscure & probably corrupt passage17#ijh7 8,9 ! way ( righte\sness is life1 & 9 ! pa?way !re( !re is no dea?40 ,9 ! same _s ,aquila1 ! ,bible translator1 :o belong$ to ! s*ool ( ,r4 ,eliez] & ,r4 ,jo%ua1 r5d]s ! equally obscure passage f ! ,psalms17#iji7 8,he w lead u to immortality10 read+ al mave?1 ! ,al ) ,alef1 = al mu?1 ! ,al ) ,ay94 ,!re is m solid f\ndation = ! view t ! v]se1 8,god creat$ man 9 ,8 own image0 implies t !re is an imp]i%able div9e ess5ce 9 man4 ,9 fact1 t :i* di/+ui%es man f ! animal z well z f ! re/ ( creation1 bo? ! />ry worlds above & ! manifold =ms ( life on e>? ab\t him1 is 8 self-consci\s p]sonality1 8 ego1 ?r\gh :i* he feels himself ak9 ) ,god1 ! great _w-rul+ ,i ,am4 ,?is self-consci\s "p ( man1 :i* l5ds to 8 e manife/ation its value & purpose1 c no m disappe> into no?+ness ?an c ,god1 :o call$ into exi/5ce ?is _w ) all its ph5om5a1 :o set x 9 motion & directs x4 ,:atev] ?\ght ! crude/ ( m5 may h ( 8 ego1 8 self17#iaj7 or h[ev] ! mo/ le>n$ s*ol> may expla9 ! m>vel\s action & int]action ( physical & psy*ical or spiritual =ces :i* culm9ates 9 8 own self-consci\s p]sonality1 x appe>s c]ta9 t ?is ego _c cease to be ) ! cessation ( ! bodily functions4 ,!re is 9 u some?+ div9e1 immortal1 & ! only "q is :]e9 x may be f\nd4 #b4 ,! creation ( man :i* is describ$ 9 ! ,bible 9 ! words1 8,god =m$ man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life1 & man became a liv+ s\l07#iaa7 corresponds to ! *ild-l conceptions ( a primitive p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,scripture speaks ( dea? 9 p>allel t]ms1 8,! du/ returne? to ! e>? z x 01 & ! _s 7,ruah1 ! life-giv+ brea?7 returne? unto ,god :o gave x407#iab7 ,! conception t ! s\l ent]s into man z ! brea? ( life & leaves him at 8 dea?1 fly+ t[>d heav5 l a bird17#iac7 is q z anci5t & z univ]sal z ! o!r1 t ! s\l desc5ds into ! ne!r _w z a %ad[y image ( ! body1 !re to cont9ue a dull exi/5ce4 ,! two are relat$ to "o ano!r1 & 9 ! ,bible1 z well z 9 ! lit]ature ( o!r peoples1 !y h giv5 rise to div]se def9itions ( ! s\l4 ,?is 0 ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! developm5t ( ! conception ( immortality 9 "o or ! o!r direction1 accord+ to :e!r ! body 0 consid]$ a "p ( ! p]sonality :i* someh[ survives aft] dea?1 or only ! spiritual sub/ance ( ! s\l 0 ?\ght to live on 9 cele/ial regions z some?+ div9e4 ,! =m] l$ to ! !ory ( ! resurrection ( ! body & its reunion ) ! s\l2 ! latt] to ! belief 9 a future life = ! s\l1 aft] x _h be5 sep>at$ or releas$ f ! body4 #c4 ,:5 once ! s\l 0 felt to be a 8lamp ( ! ,"l10 fill+ ! body ) light :5 man is awake17#iad7 x 0 easy to imag9e t ! s\l _h escap$ & tempor>ily return$ to ,god 9 sleep4 ,?is induc$ ! tea*]s ( ! ,synagogue to prescribe a morn+ pray] ( ?anks :i* reads1 8,bless$ art ,?\1 ,o ,god1 :o re/ore/ ! s\ls unto dead bodies407#iae7 ,! conception und]ly+ ?is pray] ?r[s light ^u ! entire belief 9 resurrection4 ,dea? to ! pi\s is only a prolong$ sleep4 ,on t acc\nt ! prophet 9 ! passage f ,isaiah already ref]r$ to1 z well z ! ,hasidic au?or ( ! ,book ( ,daniel17#iaf7 c\ld express ! hope t 8^? :o sleep 9 ! du/ %all awake40 ,z at e awak5+ f sleep 9 ! morn+1 s at ! great awak5+ 9 ! future1 ! s\ls :i* h dep>t$ 9 dea? %all return aga9 to _! bodies4 ,^! bodies c\ld !n h>dly be conceiv$ ( z subject to decomposition1 & ! picture 9 ,ezekiel's vision ( resurrection7#iag7 _h to be accept$ z fact4 ,/ill ,r4 ,simeon b4 ,yohai 9 ! especially in/ructive ?irty-f\r? *apt] ( ,pirke de ,r4 ,eliez] assumes ! complete dis9tegration ( ! body1 9 ord] to r5d] ! miracle ( resurrection s mu* ! great]4 ,lat] /ill arose ! leg5d ( an inde/ructible bone ( ! sp9al column1 call$ ,luz1 :i* 0 to =m ! nucleus = ! revival ( ! :ole body47#iah7 ,! "n ,luz1 :i* d5otes an almond tree & is ! "n giv5 9 ! ,bible to a city also17#iai7 seem$ to po9t to a connection ) two leg5ds1 a fabul\s city into :i* dea? c\ld n ent]17#ibj7 & ! tree ( resurrection 9 ! ,osiris cycle47#iba7 #d4 ,/ill1 no cle>1 consi/5t view ( ! s\l prevail$ z yet 9 ! rabb9ic age4 ,! popul> belief1 influ5c$ by ,p]sian notions1 0 t ! s\l l+]s ne> ! body = a c]ta9 "t aft] x has rel9qui%$ x1 ei!r f ?ree to sev5 days or = an entire ye>47#ibb7 ,fur!rmore x 0 said t aft] dea? ! s\ls hov]$ betwe5 heav5 & e>? 9 ! =m ( gho/s1 able to ov]he> ! secrets ( ! future decre$ above & to betray !m to human be+s bel[4 ,9 fact1 ! rabbis ( ! ,talmud1 especially ! ,hasidim1 nev] hesitat$ to accept ^! gho/ /ories47#ibc7 ,"s sages ( ! ,talmudic p]iod taught t ! s\ls ( ! righte\s asc5d to heav51 !re to dwell "u ! ?rone ( ! div9e maje/y1 await+ ! "t ( ! r5ewal ( ! _w1 :ile ! s\ls ( ! godless hov]$ ov] ! horizon ( ! e>? z re/less demoniacal spirits1 f9ally to succumb to ! fate ( annihilation1 aft] !y _h be5 ca/ d[n into ! fi]y pit ( ,geh5na or ,%eol47#ibd7 ,( c\rse1 ?is view1 :i* prevails 9 bo? ! ,talmud & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 accord+ to :i* ! s\ls ( ! wick$ are to be consum$ 9 ! fire ( ,geh5na1 is inconsi/5t ) ! conception ( ! purely spiritual nature ( ! s\l4 ,nev]!less at ?is same epo* we f9d ! high] idea express$ t ! s\l is an invisible1 god-l ess5ce1 p]vad+ ! body z a spiritual =ce & diff]+ f x 9 nature 9 mu* ! same way z ,god is diff]5tiat$ f ! _w47#ibe7 8,?\ wi%e/ to "k :]e ,god dwells1 :o is z high z are ! heav5s above ! e>?2 tell me !n :]e dwells ?y s\l1 :i* is s ne>10 repli$ ,r4 ,gamaliel to a hea!n47#ibf7 ,! prevail+ view ( ! s*ools is t ,god implants ! s\l 9 ! embryo :ile 9 ! "m's womb1 toge!r ) all ! spiritual pot5tialities :i* make x human4 ,9 fact1 ,r4 ,simlai1 ! ?ird-c5tury ,haggadi/1 advances ! ,platonic conception ( ! prexi/5ce ( ! s\l1 z a be+ ( ! highe/ intellig5ce1 :i* sees be=e bir? all ?+s ?r\gh\t ! _w1 b =gets all at bir?1 s t all subsequ5t le>n+ is only a recollection47#ibg7 ,9 ,hell5i/ic ,judaism especially ! doctr9e seems to h be5 g5]al ( ! prexi/5ce ( ! s\l1 or ( ! creation ( all human s\ls simultane\sly ) ! creation ( ! _w47#ibh7 ,( c\rse1 ! s\l :i* emanates f a high] _w mu/ be et]nal4 #e4 ,! fir/ cle> idea ( ! nature ( ! s\l came ) ! philosophically tra9$ ?9k]s1 :o 7 dep5d5t ei!r on ,plato1 ma9 f\nd] ( ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 or on ,ari/otle1 :o ascribes immortality only to ! creative _s ( ,god1 ! supreme ,intellig5ce z a cosmic p[]4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ,plato 0 ,philo17#ibi7 :o saw 9 ! ?ree ,biblical names = ! s\l1 nefe%1 ruah1 & ne%ama1 ! ?ree s\ls ( ! ,platonic sy/em1--! s5su\s s\l1 :i* has its seat 9 ! abdom52 ! c\rage\s or emotional s\l1 situat$ 9 ! brea/2 & ! intellectual s\l1 :i* dwells 9 ! bra9 & conta9s ! imp]i%able div9e nature4 ,?is la/ is kept 9 its physical environm5t z 9 a prison or a grave1 & ev] ye>ns = lib]ation & reunion ) ,god4 ,! s\l ( ! righte\s ent]s ! _w ( angels aft] dea?2 t ( ! wick$ ! _w ( demons4 ,saadia1 :o 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle int]pret$ f ! neo-,platonic viewpo9t1 did n %>e ! ,platonic dualism ( matt] & _s1 nor did he divide ! s\l into ?ree p>ts1 seat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! human body4 ,he f9ds ! s\l to be a spiritual sub/ance creat$ simultane\sly ) ! body1 & unit+ ! ?ree =ces ( ! s\l di/+ui%$ 9 ,scripture into "o insep>able :ole1 ! seat ( :i* is 9 ! he>t1--:]e=e s\l & he>t are (t5 synonym\s 9 ! ,bible4 ,?is indivisible sub/ance possesses a lum9\s nature l t ( ! sph]es1 b is simpl]1 f9]1 & pur] ?an !y1 & end[$ ) ! p[] ( ?\ght4 ,x 0 creat$ by ,god out ( ! primal e!r f :i* ,he made ! angels1 simultane\sly ) ! body & )9 x4 ,by ?is union x 0 qualifi$ to display t moral activity prescrib$ = x 9 ! div9e tea*+1 ! neglect ( :i* w\ld defile & t>ni% x4 ,accord+ to ,saadia "s k9d ( mat]ial sub/ance adh]es to ! s\l z well z to ! angels1 & on t acc\nt he does n hesitate to accept ! ,talmudic expressions ab\t ! abode ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 or ! la/ judgm5t :i* is to take place z soon z ! appo9t$ numb] ( s\ls %all h made _! entrance into _! e>?ly bodies1 :5 ! s\ls ( ! righte\s w h _! angelic nature recogniz$1 & ^? ( ! wick$ w h _! l[] "* reveal$4 ,h[ev]1 ,saadia combats ) s mu* great] f]vor ! ,h9du tea*+ ( metempsy*osis1 :i* _h be5 adopt$ by ,plato & ,py?agoras47#icj7 ,bahya connects 8 !ory ) ! ?ree s\ls ( ,plato1 & likewise ascribes to ! s\l an e!real ess5ce47#ica7 ,he holds t its de/9y is to raise itself to ! ord] ( ! angels ?r\gh self-purification1 & f9ally to return to ,god z ! div9e ,s\rce ( light4 ,to ?is end ! intellectual s\l1 :i* has its be+ f ! primal light1 mu/ ov]come ! l[] s5su\s s\l :i* leads to s94 #f4 ,! conception t ! s\l is a sub/ance d]iv$ f ! lum9\s primal matt]1 l ! heav5ly sph]es & ! angels1 0 n[ p]si/5tly reta9$ by ! ,jewi% ?9k]s1 :o expla9$ !reby its immortality4 ,9 adopt+ ! ,ari/otelian !ory t ! s\l is ! =m-pr9ciple ( ! body1 ! ,platonic doctr9e ( its preexi/5ce 0 gradually rel9qui%$1 & its exi/5ce ascrib$ to a creative act ( ,god at ! bir? ( ! *ild or at its conception4 ,b ,jehuda ha-,levi1 ! mo/ pi\s ( all ! philosoph]s1 emphasiz$ vigor\sly ! indivisibility ( ! s\l1 its incorporeality & its reality ap>t f ! condition ( ! body1 &--9 opposition to ! ,ari/otelian free-?9k]s1 :o expect$ ! human s\l to be absorb$ into ! div9e s\l1 ! active intellect1--he decl>$ ! immortality ( ! individual a fundam5tal article ( fai?47#icb7 ,n[ "s ( ! ,jewi% ?9k]s1 foll[+ ,jehuda ha ,levi1 ,ibn ,daud1 & o!rs1 ?\gh ,ari/otelians1 %rank f ! logical conclusion ( d5y+ all individuality to ! s\l1 & attribut$ to x r a process ( purification1 :i* ends ) ! elevation ( ! s\l-ess5ce to angelic rank & ?us gu>antees its immortality4 ,n s ,maimonides1 :o accept$ ) inexorable e>ne/ness ! ,ari/otelian idea ( =m z ! p]fection ( matt]4 ,! ess5ce ( ! human s\l is1 = him1 t =ce or pot5tiality :i* qualifies x = ! highe/ developm5t ( ! intellect1 & is alone capable ( grasp+ ! div9e4 ,yet x c acquire a "p 9 ! creative ,_w-_s only 9 ! same degree z x unfolds ?is pot5tiality to %>e ! div9e intellect1 ^: seat is ! highe/ sph]e ( ! univ]se4 ,by d9t ( ?is acquir$ intellig5ce x c live on z an indep5d5t intellect1 9 ! image ( ,god1 & ?us atta9 beatitude 9 ! contemplation ( ,div9ity47#icc7 #g4 ,naturally ! view ( ,maimonides1 t a c]ta9 measure ( immortality is grant$ only to ! wise1--?\gh !y mu/ be morally p]fect z well1--ar\s$ great opposition4 ,hasdai ,crescas proves its unt5abl5ess by ask+1 8,:y %all ! wise alone %>e 9 immortality8 ,fur!rmore1 h[ c some?+ t came into exi/5ce 9 ! c\rse ( human life sudd5ly acquire et]nal duration8 ,or h[ c !re be any bliss 9 ! k ( ,god :]e !re is no p]sonality1 no self-consci\s ego to enjoy x80 ,!re=e ,crescas ascrib$ to ! s\l an inde/ructible spiritual ess5ce ^: p]fection is atta9$1 n by m]e intellect or k1 b by love ( ,god manife/$ 9 a religi\s & moral life1 & :i* is !reby made to %>e 9 et]nal bliss47#icd7 #h4 ,all ^! v>i\s ?9k]s f9d ! future life ei!r express$ or sugge/$ 9 ! ,scriptures z a tru? bas$ ^u reason4 ,?is is especially ! conception ( ,abraham ibn ,daud1 :o1 contr>y to 8 ,ari/otelian successor ,maimonides1 sees 9 self-consci\sness1 by :i* ! s\l diff]5tiates itself f ! body z a p]sonality1 ! pro( t x _c be subject to dissolution ) ! body47#ice7 ,besides ! philosophic doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 h[ev]1 ! traditional belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body dem&$ "s consid]ation on ! "p ( ^! philosoph]s4 ,saadia def5ds ! latt] ) all 8 might1 endeavor+ to reconcile ! two z be/ he c47#icf7 ,all ! re/ leave u 9 d\bt :e!r resurrection is to be und]/ood lit]ally or symbolically4 ,maimonides especially involves himself 9 difficulties1 inasmu* z 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,mi%na he consid]s ! resurrection ( ! dead an unalt]able article ( fai?1 :]eas 9 8 ,code7#icg7 & 9 ! ,moreh he speaks only ( immortality2 & aga9 be=e ! end ( 8 life he wrote1 obvi\sly 9 self-def5se1 a "w :i* seems to favor bodily resurrection1 yet )\t cl>ify+ 8 conceptions at any "t47#ich7 ,! belief 9 resurrection _h tak5 too deep a root 9 ! ,jewi% consci\sness & _h be5 too firmly e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! liturgy ( ! ,synagogue = any philosoph] to t\* x )\t injur+ ! v f\ndations ( fai?4 ,moreov]1 beside ext]nal caution a c]ta9 inn] ne$ seems to h impell$ t[>d ! acceptance ( resurrection4 ,z soon z "o ?9ks ( ! s\l z exi/+ or cont9u+ to live 9 an incorporeal /ate1 "o is involunt>ily l$ t[>d ! belief 9 ! s\l's prexi/5ce or ev5 9 ! possibility ( metempsy*osis4 ,?us x seem$ m reasonable to believe 9 a new =mation ( ! human body toge!r ) a new creation ( ! _w4 ,!re) came ! disposition to assign to ! s\l 9 ! future _w a body ( f9] sub/ance1 l t assum$ by ! my/ic ,nahmanides17#ici7 9 ord] to assure to ! new humanity a wondr\s duration ( life l t ( ,elijah4 #i4 ,:ile ! popul> philosoph] ,albo rightly decl>es t ! nature ( ! s\l is z f> beyond all human und]/&+ z is ! nature ( ,god17#idj7 ! my/ics s\ght all ! m to p5etrate its secrets4 ,! ,cabbalah also divides ! s\l into ?ree diff]5t sub/ances accord+ to ! ?ree ,biblical names1 assign+ _! orig9s to ! ?ree diff]5t sph]es ( ! univ]se1 & reit]at+ ! ,platonic !ory ( ! preexi/5ce ( ! s\l & its future transmigration4 ,?is division into ?ree p>ts provid$ scope = all types ( !ories conc]n+ ! s\l 9 its s5su\s1 its moral1 & its intellectual nature4 ,fundam5tally ! ,cabbalah consid]$ ! s\l an emanation f ! div9e intellect ) a lum9\s "* j l ! philosoph]s4 ,b 9 ! ,platonic view ( ! asc5d+ ord] ( creation1 :i* =ms ! basis ( ! ,cabbalah1 ?is mundane life is an abyss ( moral degradation1 s t ! s\l ye>ns t[>d ! primal ,s\rce ( light1 f9ally to f9d fre$om & bliss ) ,god47#ida7 ,?us ! lat] ,cabbalah return$ to ! tea*+s ( ,philo1 ! ,jewi% ,plato1 = :om dea? 0 only ! /ripp+ (f ( ! e>?ly frame 9 ord] to ent] ! pure & lum9\s _w ( ,god4 #aj4 ,) ,moses ,m5delssohn1 :o 9 8 ,phdon tri$ to translate ,plato's pro( ( immortality into mod]n t]ms1 a new attitude t[>d ! nature & de/9y ( ! s\l arose 9 ,judaism among bo? ! philosoph]s & ! educat$ laity4 ,m5delssohn n only endeavor$ to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l ?r\gh its indivisibility & incorporeality1 z all ! neo-,platoni/s & ,jewi% philosoph]s _h done be=e him2 he also attempt$ to %[ f ! h>moni\s plan :i* p]vades & controls all ( ,god's creation1 t ! s\l may ent] a sph]e ( exi/5ce great] 9 ext5t & cont5t ?an ! little span ( e>?ly life :i* x rel9qui%es4 ,! progress ( ! s\l t[>d its highe/ unfold+1 unsatisfi$ 9 ?is life1 dem&s a future gr[? 9 ! direction ( god-l p]fection47#idb7 ,at ?is po9t ! philosoph] ent]s ! prov9ce ( fai?1 & ?us furni%es = all "t ! c>d9al po9t ( ! belief 9 immortality4 ,! div9e _s 9 man1 :i* is ev9c$ 9 ! self-consci\s1 morally active p]sonality1 be>s )9 itself ! pro( & promise ( its future life4 ,moreov]1 ?is corresponds ) ! belief 9 ,god z ,"o :o rules ! _w = ! et]nal purposes & aims ( p]fection1 :o _c deceive ! hope ( ! human he>t = a cont9u$ liv+ & /riv+ onw>d & =w>d1 )\t !reby impair+ ,8 own p]fection4 ,= we all close our lives )\t hav+ atta9$ ! goal ( moral & spiritual p]fection t[>d :i* we /rive2 & !re=e our v nature dem&s a _w :]e we may rea* ! high] degree ( p]fection = :i* we long4 ,9 ?is s5se we may int]pret ! ,psalmi/'s v]se3 8,i %all be satisfi$1 :5 ,i awake1 ) 7behold+7 ,?y lik5ess407#idc7 ,t is3 our _s1 :5 no long] b\nd to ! e>?1 %all behold ! div9e glory1--a vision :i* transc5ds our p[]s ( ?\ght4 #aa4 ,9 ! light ( mod]n inve/igation1 body & s\l are se5 to be indissolubly b\nd toge!r by a reciprocal relation :i* ei!r b5efits or imp$es !m bo?4 ,:]e9 ! spiritual bond exi/s t r5d]s bo? ! physical organs ) _! muscul> & n]v\s sy/ems & ! magnetic or electric curr5ts :i* set !m 9 motion subs]vi5t to ! w ( ! intellect2 :at ! m9d actually is1 into ^: deepe/ recesses sci5ce is ca/+ its se>*-light to illum9e its processes1--^! are problems :i* w probably rema9 ev] incapable ( solution by human k1 & w !re=e always af=d new food = ! imag9ation4 ,yet x is j 9 p]iods l ours1 :5 ! belief 9 ,god is weak5+1 t ! human _s is especially solicit\s to gu>d itself aga9/ ! ?\ght ( ! complete annihilation ( its god-l self-consci\s p]sonality4 ,?is gives rise to ! sup]/iti\s ef=t to spy out ! s\l by s5sory means & to f9d ways ( see+ or he>+ ! spirits ( ! dead1--a t5d5cy :i* is z dang]\s to ! spiritual & moral welf>e ( humanity z 0 ! anci5t practice ( necromancy47#idd7 ,x is !re=e all ! m important to base ! belief 9 immortality solely on ! ,god-lik5ess ( ! human s\l1 :i* is ! mirror ( ,div9ity4 ,j z "o po/ulate ( fai? holds t ,god1 ! ,creator ( ! _w1 rules 9 accordance ) a moral ord]1 s ano!r is ! immortality ( ! human s\l1 :i*1 amid/ ye>n+ & grop+1 beholds ,god4 ,! "q :]e1 & h[1 ?is self-same ego is to cont9ue1 w be left = ! p[] ( ! imag9ation to answ] ev] anew4 #ab4 ,c]ta9ly x is bo? com=t+ & conv5i5t to imag9e ! dead :o are laid to re/ 9 ! e>? z be+ asleep & to await _! reawak5+4 ,z ! fructify+ ra9 awak5s to a new life ! se$s )9 ! soil1 s t !y rise f ! dep?s array$ 9 new raim5t1 s1 :5 t\*$ by ! heav5ly dew ( life1 w ^? :o l+] 9 ! grave arise to a new exi/5ce1 clad 9 new bodies4 ,?is is ! belief :i* inspir$ ! pi\s f\nd]s ( ! synagogal liturgy ev5 be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,maccabees1 :5 !y express$ _! praise ( ,god's p[] 9 t ,he w\ld s5d ! f]tiliz+ ra9 ^u ! vegetation ( ! e>?1 & likewise 9 due "t ! revivify+ dew ^u ! sleep+ _w ( man4 ,bo? appe>$ to ! sages ( t age to be evid5ces ( ! same wond]-work+ p[] ( ,god4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 /ill sees ,god's greatness1 z !y did1 reveal$ ?r\gh miracles1 t is1 ?r\gh int]ruptions ( ! natural ord] ( life1 may cl+ to ! traditional belief 9 resurrection1 s com=t+ 9 anci5t times4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o recognizes ! un*angeable w ( an all-wise1 all-rul+ ,god 9 ! immutable laws ( nature mu/ f9d x impossible to praise ,god accord+ to ! traditional =mula z ! 8,reviv] ( ! dead10 b w avail himself in/ead ( ! expression us$ 9 ! ,union ,pray] ,book aft] ! patt]n ( ,e9horn1 8,he :o has implant$ )9 u immortal life407#ide7 ,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,div9e ,retribution3 ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t4 #a4 ,! feel+ ( equity is deeply root$ 9 human nature1 dem&+ rep>ation = e wanton wrong & yield+ recognition to e b5evol5t act4 ,9 fact1 ^u ?is univ]sal pr9ciple is bas$ all ju/ice & to a c]ta9 ext5t all morality4 ,judaism ( e age compresses ?is dem& ( ! religi\s & moral nature ( man into ! doctr9e3 ,god rew>ds ! good & puni%es ! evil4 ,?is doctr9e1 :i* is ! elev5? ( ,maimonides' articles ( fai?1 con/itutes ! und]ly+ presumption ( all ! ,biblical n>ratives z well z ( ! prophetic ?reats & w>n+s & ^? ( ! ,mosaic law1 9 s f> z e>?ly success & prosp]ity 7 reg>d$ z ! rew>ds ( ,god & e>?ly mis=tune & mis]y z ,8 puni%m5ts4 ,9 ! same degree1 h[ev]1 z exp]i5ce contradict$ ?is doctr9e1 & z examples multipli$ ( wick$ p]sons revell+ 9 prosp]ity & innoc5t ones labor+ "u adv]sity & woe1 x became necess>y to def] ! div9e retribution m & m to ! future--at fir/ to a future on e>? & lat] to "o 9 ! _w to come1 until f9ally x develop$ into a pure spiritual conception 9 full accord ) a high] e?ical view ( life4 #b4 ,z long z 9 ! primitive process ( law ! family or ! clan 0 held responsible = ! crime ( ! individual1 anci5t ,israel also adh]$ to ! idea t 8,god visits ! s9s ( ! fa!rs ^u ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation10 z ,j]emiah /ill did7#idf7 9 full accord ) ! second comm&m5t4 ,x 0 9 a f> lat] /age t ! rabbis int]pret$ ! words 8( ^? :o hate ,me0 9 ! s5se ( individual responsibility47#idg7 ,only 9 accordance ) ! ,deut]onomic law :i* says3 8,! fa!rs %all n be put to dea? = ! *ildr51 nei!r %all ! *ildr5 be put to dea? = ! fa!rs2 e man %all be put to dea? = 8 own s9107#idh7 did ! religi\s consci\sness rebel aga9/ ! ?\ght t a lat] g5]ation %\ld suff] = ! s9s ( its ance/ors1 & h5ce ! popul> adage arose1 8,! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 & ! tee? ( ! *ildr5 are set on edge407#idi7 ,x is ! prophet ,ezekiel :o refutes once & = all ! idea ( a guilt transmitt$ to *ildr5 & consequ5tly ( h]$it>y s9 & puni%m5t1 insi/+ on ! doctr9e t p]sonal responsibility alone det]m9es div9e retribution47#iej7 ,b "h a new elem5t affects div9e retribution4 ,god's long-suff]+ & m]cy d n desire ! imm$iate puni%m5t1 ! dea? ( ! s9n]4 ,he %\ld be giv5 "t to return to a bett] mode ( life47#iea7 ,b ! great enigma ( human de/9y1 :i* vexes ! au?or ( ! sev5ty-?ird ,psalm & t ( ! book ( ,job1 /ill presses = a bett] solution4 ,x is true t ! popul> belief & popul> leg5ds :i* are pres]v$ 9 po/-,biblical writ+s z well1 insi/$ on a ju/ice :i* requites 8measure = measure407#ieb7 ,/ill insight into actual life does n confirm ! tea*+ ( ! popul> philosophy t ! 8righte\s w be requit$ 9 ! e>?0 & t 8evil pursue? s9n]s407#iec7 ,! un%akeable belief 9 ! ju/ice ( ,god _h to f9d ano!r solution = life's ant9omies1 & 0 =c$ to rea* out = ano!r _w 9 :i* ! div9e righte\sness w\ld f9d its complete realization4 #c4 ,biblical ,judaism ) few exceptions recogniz$ only ! pres5t _w & ! subt]ranean _w ( %ad[s1 a view pres]v$ 9 its ess5tials by ,b5 ,sira & ! ,sadducees1 :o 7 subsequ5tly decl>$ h]etics4 ,9 contra/ to !m ,ph>isaic or ,rabb9ic ,judaism tea*es a resurrection aft] dea? = a life ( et]nal bliss or et]nal torm5t1 accord+ z ! div9e judgm5t f9ds "o righte\s & ano!r wick$4 ,we may leave aside ! consid]ation t ! fir/ impulse t[>d a ,jewi% belief 9 resurrection came f ! non-fulfillm5t ( ! national hope1 :]e=e x 0 always b\nd up ) ! soil ( ! ,holy ,l&1 z w be se5 9 ,*apt] ,,liv4 ,! fact rema9s t ! div9e judgm5t to foll[ ^u resurrection 0 consi/5tly reg>d$ z a great _w-judgm5t1 :i* 0 to decide ! future lot ( all m5 & spirits4 ,x mu/ be not$ also t ! apocalyptic & midra%ic lit]ature (t5 id5tifies ! pi\s ) ! ,god-fe>+ ,israelites z ^? :o %all arise to et]nal life1 :ile ! wick$ are id5tifi$ ) ! idolatr\s hea!n1 :o are condemn$ to et]nal dea?1 or1 z x is frequ5tly express$1 to a second dea?47#ied7 #d4 ,exactly z ! old ,p]sian ,mazdaism expect$ ! resurrection ( all1 bo? good & bad1 ! believ]s 9 ,ahura ,mazda z well z ! re/ ( humanity1 s ! apocalyptic writ]s prior to ! ,talmudic p]iod describe resurrection z univ]sal3 8,9 ^? days ! e>? w give back ^? :o h be5 entru/$ to h]1 & ! ne!r-_w w release t :i* x has receiv$10 accord+ to ,eno* ,,li1 #a4 ,simil>ly f\r? ,esdras rem>ks3 8,& aft] sev5 days ( sil5ce = all creatures1 ! new ord] ( ! _w %all be rais$ up1 & mortality itself %all p]i%2 & ! e>? %all re/ore ^? t are asleep 9 h]2 & s %all ! du/ give back ^? t dwell 9 sil5ce2 & ! *amb]s %all deliv] ^? s\ls t 7 committ$ unto !m4 ,! ,mo/ ,high %all appe> on ! ?rone ( judgm5t1 & %all say3 ,judgm5t only %all rema91 tru? %all /&1 & fai? %all wax /rong4 ,! good de$s %all be ( =ce1 & wick$ de$s %all no long] sleep4 ,! lake ( torm5t %all be reveal$1 & opposite to x ! place ( joy2 ! furnace ( ,geh9nom w be visible1 & opposite to x ! bliss ( ,p>adise4 ,!n ! ,mo/ ,high w speak to ! hea!n nations1 :o h awak5$3 behold n[ ,him :om ye h d5i$1 :om ye h n s]v$1 ^: comm& ye h abhorr$4 ,gaze n[ "h & !re1--"h bliss & re/1 !re fire & torm5t407#iee7 ,! rabb9ic =m ( ! doctr9e ( resurrection is q unambigu\s3 8,^? born into ! _w are de/9$ to die2 ! dead1 to live aga92 & ^? :o ent] ! _w to come1 to be judg$407#ief7 ,& :]ev] ! rabb9ic or apocalyptic lit]ature m5tions ! %>e ( ! pi\s1 or ( ,israel1 9 et]nal life1 ?is implies t1 :ile ^! ent] ! _w to come1 ! evil-do]s or idolat]s %all ent] hell = et]nal dea?2 ! und]/&+ be+ t !re is a univ]sal resurrection = ! _w-judgm5t4 #e4 ,! :ole sy/em ( es*atology 9 connection ) resurrection arose und\bt$ly f ! ,p]sian doctr9e1 accord+ to :i* dea? toge!r ) all t is evil & unclean is creat$ by ,ahriman1 ! evil pr9ciple1 & w suff] annihilation ) him1 z soon z ! good pr9ciple1 ,ahura ,mazda1 has a*iev$ ! f9al victory4 ,!n ,so%io% 8! ,savior10 ! desc5dant ( ,zoroa/]1 w beg9 8 k+dom ( et]nal life = ! righte\s1 co9cid5t ) ! awak5+ ( ! dead47#ieg7 ,ph>isaic ,judaism1 h[ev]1 gave ! hope ( resurrection a deep] moral & religi\s mean+4 ,! pro(s1 or r analogies f nature1 ( ! se$s spr++ f ! e>? 9 a new =m1 ( m5 awak5+ f sleep 9 ! morn+1 or ( ! orig9al creation1 are %>$ by ! rabbis & ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s ) ! ,p]sians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 pro(s bas$ on ! prophetic hope = ! future are purely national4 ,s also are ^? pro(s bas$ on ! ,biblical passage t ! ,god ( ! fa!rs _h sworn to ! ,patri>*s to give !m ! ,promis$ ,l&47#ieh7 ,likewise ! ref]5ce to ! wondr\s resurrections relat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,elijah & ,eli%a (f]s no pro( ( a univ]sal resurrection4 ,a /rik+ po9t & "o :i* deep5s ! idea ( retribution is ! simile ( ! ,lame & ! ,bl9d7#iei7 employ$ by ,jehuda ha ,nasi 9 a dialogue ) ! ,emp]or ,anton9us4 ,! latt] _h said t at ! la/ judgm5t bo? s\l & body might d5y all guilt4 ,! body may say3 8,! s\l alone has s9n$1 = s9ce x has p>t$ f me1 ,i h la9 motionless z a /one40 ,& ! s\l1 on its "p1 may reply3 8,x mu/ be ! body t s9n$1 = s9ce ,i h p>t$ f x ,i so> ab\t 9 ! air free z a bird40 ,to ?is ,jehuda ha ,nasi answ]$3 8,a k+ once possess$ a g>d5 ) spl5did fig-trees1 & appo9t$ z wat*m5 9 x a bl9d man & a lame man4 ,!n ! lame man spoke to ! bl9d man1 #8,i see f9e figs up !re2 take me ^u y\r %\ld]s1 & ,i %all pick !m1 & we c enjoy !m toge!r4' ,!y did s1 & :5 ! k+ ent]$ ! g>d51 ! figs 7 gone4 ,b :5 !y 7 held to acc\nt = x1 ! lame man said1 #8,h[ c\ld ,i h tak5 !m1 s9ce ,i _c walk8' ,& ! bl9d man said1 #8,& ,i _c see4' ,!n ! k+ _h ! lame man plac$ ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! bl9d man & judg$ !m bo? toge!r4 ,9 l mann] w ,god treat ! body & ! s\l1 z x is said37#ifj7 #8,he calle? to ! heav5s above--t is1 ! heav5ly elem5t1 ! s\l--& to ! e>? b5ea?--! e>?ly body--& places !m toge!r be=e ,8 ?rone ( judgm5t4' 0 #f4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! idea t ! s\l & body1 hav+ committ$ good or evil de$s toge!r 9 ?is life1 %\ld receive 9 common _! rew>d or puni%m5t 9 ! _w to come1 satisfi$ ! ,jewi% s5se ( ju/ice bett] ?an ! conception develop$ by ,hell5i/ic ,judaism 7aft] ! ,platonic &1 9 ! la/ resort1 ! ,egyptian view7 t ! s\l alone %\ld p>take ( et]nal bliss or torm5t4 ,nev]!less ! philosophically tra9$ ,jewi% ?9k]s ( ,alex&ria c\ld n br+ !mselves to accept a bodily resurrection1 & !re=e emphasiz$ s mu* m /rongly ! great day ( judgm5t & ! rew>d & puni%m5t ( ! s\l 9 ! _w to come4 ,/ill we f9d mu* inconsi/5cy among v>i\s au?ors1 sometimes ev5 9 ! same "w1 9 ! conception ( future bliss = ! good & torture = ! wick$4 ,^! v>i$ accord+ to ! m s5su\s or m spiritual view tak5 ( ! s\l & ! cele/ial _w1 & accord+ to ! lit]al or figurative int]pretation ( ! ,biblical allusions to 8fire10 8worms10 & ! l 9 ! puni%m5t ( evil-do]s1 & ( ! delights await+ ! righte\s 9 ! future47#ifa7 ,on ?is po9t free play 0 all[$ to ! imag9ation ( ! p & ! fancy ( ! ,haggadi/s4 ,/ill1 ?r\gh\t1 ! solemn ?\ght f\nd its e*o t mortal man mu/ give acc\nt to ! inexorable ,judge ( ! liv+ & ! dead = ! life j complet$1 9 ord] to be u%]$1 accord+ to 8 des]ts1 into ! portals ( ! cele/ial ,p>adise or ( hell47#ifb7 ,?is l$ to ! view t ?is :ole mundane life is b l a wayf>]s' inn = ! life to come1 or ! ve/ibule ( ! palace 7m precisely ! 8banquet-hall07 ( ! future47#ifc7 #g4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice 9 application to future retribution l$ n m]ely to su* a depiction ( ! tortures ( hell & ! delights ( heav5 t ! maxim3 8measure = measure10 s (t5 deviat$ f 9 ?is life1 c\ld f9d complete realization 9 ! _w to come4 ,an int]m$iate /age also 0 devis$ = ^? ^: m]it or guilt w\ld enroll !m nei!r among ! righte\s = et]nal bliss1 nor among ! wick$ = et]nal puni%m5t4 ,:ile ! /]n tea*]s ( ! s*ool ( ,%ammai insi/$ t ^! m$iocre ones mu/ und]go a twelve-mon? process ( purification 9 ! fires ( ,geh5na1 ! mild] s*ool ( ,hillel ma9ta9$ t ! div9e m]cy w\ld grant !m admission into ,p>adise ev5 )\t ! fires ( purgatory7#ifd71 ei!r ?r\gh ! m]it ( ! patri>*s7#ife7 or ow+ to ! des]ts ( a son :o has be5 tra9$ to rev]5ce = ,god1 z is indicat$ by ! leg5d conc]n+ ! ,kaddi% pray]47#iff7 ,9 any case1 ! tea*+ ( ,hillel conc]n+ ! all-suffic+ m]cy ( ,god swept aside ! old hopeless conception t et]nal suff]+ 9 hell awaits ! av]age man1 :i* 0 adh]$ to by ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 connection ) its dogma ( ! aton+ blood ( ,*ri/4 ,likewise1 9 ! dispute ( s*ools z to :e!r or n ! bliss ( et]nal life w\ld be accord$ also to ! righte\s among ! hea!n1 ! m humane view ( ,jo%ua b5 ,hananiah prevail$ ov] ! gloomi] "o ( ! ,%ammaite ,eliez] b5 ,hyrcanos1 & !re=e ! doctr9e became g5]ally accept$1 8,! righte\s ( all nations %all h a %>e 9 ! _w to come407#ifg7 #h4 ,! apocalyptic writ]s1 :o l>gely influ5c$ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & also ! ,haggadi/s ref] ) fond int]e/ to ! banquet ( ! pi\s 9 ! _w to come1 :]e !y w\ld be s]v$ ) heav5ly manna z bread1 ) w9e pres]v$ f ! days ( ! creation1 & ) ! fle% ( ! ,levia?an or ! fruit ( ! ,tree ( ,life47#ifh7 ,on ! o!r h& !y elaborat$ ! tortures ( ! evil-do]s 9 hell :i* are to af=d a pleas+ sight to ! pi\s 9 heav51 j z ! torm5ts ( ! s9n]s are aggravat$ by ! sight ( ! righte\s enjoy+ all delights47#ifi7 ,b at ! same "t we meet ) a m ref9$ & spiritual conception ( future rew>d & puni%m5t among ! disciples ( ,r4 ,jehuda ha ,nasi1 9 ! ,babylonian ,rab1 & ! ,pale/9ian ,r4 ,johanan & 8 pupil ,simeon b5 ,laki%4 8,9 ! future _w10 says ,rab1 8!re are no s5sual enjoym5ts nor passions1 b ! righte\s sit at ! table ( ,god ) wrea?s ^u _! heads 7l ! ,greek sages at a symposium671 fe$+ on ! radiance ( ! div9e maje/y1 z did ! *os5 ones ( ,israel on ! heights ( ,s9ai407#igj7 ,r4 ,johanan tea*es1 8,all ! promises held =? 9 ,scripture 9 def9ite =m z rew>d = ! future1 ref] to ! ,messianic era1 :]eas 9 reg>d to ! bliss await+ ! pi\s 9 ! _w to come1 ! words ( ,isaiah hold good3 #8,no eye ha? se5 x1 ,o ,god1 beside ,!e4' 07#iga7 ,simeon b5 ,laki% ev5 w5t s f> z to say1 8,!re is nei!r hell nor p>adise4 ,in/ead1 ,god s5ds out ! sun 9 its full /r5g? f its encasem5t1 & ! wick$ are consum$ by its heat1 :ile ! pi\s f9d delight & heal+ 9 its beams407#igb7 ,h[ev]1 ! popul> imag9ation dem&$ m p]ceptible pictures ( heav5 & hell1 if fe> ( puni%m5t 0 to det] m5 f s91 & hope ( rew>d to lead !m to virtue4 ,! description ( ! modes ( rew>d & puni%m5t = ! future 9 ! ,koran is ! outcome ( m+l$ ,p]sian & ,jewi% popul> conceptions1 & its crass s5su\sness ex]t$ 9 turn a decisive influ5ce ^u ! entire ,gaonic p]iod17#igc7 leav+ its m>k ^u ev5 s cle> a ?9k] z ,saadia4 ,n only does he admit into 8 philosophic "w all ! crude & conflict+ descriptions ( ! future _w1 b he also argues = ! et]nity ( ! puni%m5ts ( hell & ( ! delights ( heav5 z logical necessities1 because only su* c\ld suffici5tly det] or allure mank9d1 & a righte\s ,god mu/ c]ta9ly c>ry out ,8 ?reats & promises47#igd7 #i4 ,! entire ,jewi% philosophy or !ology ( ! ,middle ,ages rema9$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! traditional belief 9 resurrection4 ,ev5 ,maimonides1 ^: purely spiritual conception ( ! s\l & ( salvation is utt]ly irreconcilable ) ! belief 9 bodily resurrection1 & :o accord+ly dwells in/ead1 9 bo? 8 ,moreh & 8 ,code1 on ! future _w ( spirits1 ) explicit emphasis on _! incorporeality1 did n h ! c\rage to break altoge!r ) ! traditional belief 9 resurrection4 ,9 8 apologetic treatise on resurrection he ev5 attempts to pres5t x z a miracul\s act ( ,god beyond ! grasp ( ! intellect4 ,he omits1 h[ev]1 to specify :at purpose ?is miracle may s]ve1 s9ce 9 ! ,maimonidean sy/em rew>d & puni%m5t w\ld be adm9i/]$ 9 ! _w ( spirits 9 a mu* pur] & m satisfactory mann]47#ige7 ,! same /&po9t is tak5 also by ,jehuda ha ,levi z well z by ,crescas & ,albo47#igf7 ,if !n resurrection be a miracle1 x falls outside ! scope ( philosophic speculation & becomes a matt] ( fai?2 accord+ly ! my/ics f ,nahmanides d[n to ,manasseh b5 ,israel associat$ ) x ! grosse/ conceptions47#igg7 #aj4 ,! actual view ( ,maimonides conc]n+ future retribution is express$ cle>ly & unambigu\sly 9 bo? 8 e>ly product1 ! comm5t>y on ! ,mi%na1 & 9 ! ripe/ fruit ( 8 life "w1 ! ,mi%neh ,torah1 :]e he says 8,n immortality1 b ! p[] to w9 et]nal life ?r\gh ! k & ! love ( ,god is implant$ 9 ! human s\l4 ,if x has ! ability to free itself f ! bondage ( ! s5ses & by means ( ! k ( ,god to lift itself to ! highe/ morality & ! pure/ ?9k+1 !n x has atta9$ div9e bliss1 true immortality1 & x ent]s ! realm ( ! et]nal ,_s toge!r ) ! angels4 ,if x s9ks into ! s5su\sness ( e>?ly exi/5ce1 !n x is cut (f f et]nal life2 x suff]s annihilation l ! bea/4 ,9 reality ?is life et]nal is n ! future1 b is already pot5tially pres5t & inv>iably at h& 9 ! _s ( man himself1 ) its con/ant /riv+ t[>d ! highe/4 ,:5 ! rabbis speak ( p>adise & hell1 describ+ vividly ! delights ( ! "o & ! torm5ts ( ! o!r1 ^! are only metaphors = ! agony ( s9 & ! happ9ess ( virtue4 ,true piety s]ves ,god nei!r f fe> ( puni%m5t nor f desire = rew>d1 z s]vants obey _! ma/]1 b f pure love ( ,god & tru?4 ,?us ! say+ ( ,b5 ,azai is v]ifi$1 #8,! rew>d ( a good de$ is ! good de$ itself4'7#igh7 ,only *ildr5 ne$ bribes & ?reats to be tra9$ to morality4 ,?us religion tra9s mank9d4 ,! p :o _c p5etrate into ! k]nel ne$ ! %ell1 ! ext]nal means ( ?reats & promises407#igi7 ,^! spl5did words ( ! great ?9k] require supplem5t+ or modification 9 only "o direction1 & t has be5 af=d$ by ! ke5e/ critic among ,jewi% philosoph]s1 ,hasdai ,crescas4 ,too deeply enme%$ 9 ! ,ari/otelian sy/em1 ,maimonides f\nd ! happ9ess & immortality ( man solely 9 ! acquir$ intellectual p[] :i* becomes "p ( ! div9e intellect1 & ! m]e k ( ,god is to him tantam\nt to ! blissful enjoym5t ( ! pi\s 9 ! radiance ( ,god's maje/y4 ,consequ5tly ^? :o /rive & so> heav5w>d ?r\gh _! moral conduct & noble aspirations1 )\t at ! same "t be+ ?9k]s1 receive no rew>d4 ,aga9/ ?is ,ari/otelian "o-sid$ness ,crescas emphasizes ,god's love & goodness = :i* ! righte\s ye>n1 & 9 ^: pursuit man f9ds p]fection & happ9ess4 ,n = ! sake ( atta9+ bliss %all we love ,god & practice virtue & tru?1 b to love ,god & practice virtue is itself true bliss4 ,?is is ! ne>ness ( ,god ref]r$ to by ! ,psalmi/ & decl>$ to be man's highe/ good47#ihj7 ,!re is no ne$ ( any o!r rew>d ?an ?is1 & !re is no great] puni%m5t ?an to be depriv$ ( ?is boon =ev]47#iha7 #aa4 ,9 ! face ( ^! two great ?9k]s1 to :om ,sp9oza owes ! fundam5tal ideas ( 8 e?ics17#ihb7 ! "q consid]$ by ,albo1 :e!r ! et]nal duration ( ! tortures ( hell is reconcilable ) ! div9e m]cy17#ihc7 a "q :i* /ill plays an important rle 9 ,*ri/ian !ology1 & :i* 0 probably sugge/$ to ,albo ?r\gh 8 disputations ) repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur*1--is = u sup]flu\s & sup]s$$4 ,our mod]n conceptions ( "t & space admit nei!r a place or a _w-p]iod = ! rew>d & puni%m5t ( s\ls1 nor ! intol]able conception ( et]nal joy )\t useful action & et]nal agony )\t any moral purpose4 ,mod]n man kn[s t he be>s heav5 & hell )9 8 own bosom4 ,inde$1 s mu* m difficult is ! life ( duty :i* kn[s ( no o!r rew>d ?an happ9ess ?r\gh h>mony ) ,god1 ! ,fa!r ( ! immortal s\l1 & ( no o!r puni%m5t ?an ! s\l's di/ress at its inn] discord ) ! primal ,s\rce & ! div9e ,ideal ( all morality4 ,all ! m p[]fully is mod]n man controll$ by ! ?\ght t ! univ]se p]mits no /agnation1 no b>r5 enjoym5t or b>r5 suff]+1 b t e dea? m>ks ! transition to a high] goal = great] accompli%m5t4 ,?is ye>n+ ( ! s\l f9ds expression 9 ! ,talmudic maxim1 8,! righte\s f9d re/ nei!r 9 ?is _w1 nor 9 ! _w to come1 z x is said1 #8,!y g f /r5g? to /r5g?1 until !y appe> be=e ,god on ,zion4' 07#ihd7 ,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,! ,individual & ! ,race #a4 ,9 e sy/em ( belief ! object ( div9e c>e & guidance is ! individual4 ,8 s\l & 8 consci5ce raise him up1 especially accord+ to ! ,jewi% doctr9e1 to ! div9e image1 to ,god*ild%ip4 ,8 fre$om & moral responsibility are ! pat5t ( nobility = 8 div9e nature2 8 ego1 controll+ ext]nal =ces & c>ry+ out its own designs1 v\*es = 8 immortality4 ,nev]!less ! _s ( ! ,biblical language indicates rightly t ! individual is only a son ( man1--b5 adam1--t is1 a segm5t or memb] ( ! human race1 b n ! p]fect typical exemplification ( ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,f ! social organism he receives :at he is1 :at he has1 & :at he ought to d1 bo? 8 nature & 8 de/9y2 & only 9 association ) ! community & "u ! guidance ( ! highe/ ideal ( humanity c he atta9 true p]fection4 ,only mank9d z a :ole1 9 its cop]ation1 z x ext5ds ov] ! va/ expanse ( ! e>?1 & 9 its succession :i* rea*es ?r\gh ! c5turies ( ! _w's hi/ory1 c br+ to full developm5t ! div9e image 9 man1 8 moral & religi\s nature ) all its v>i$ pot5tialities4 ,x is man collectively :o 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis receives ! comm& to subject ! e>? ) all its creatures to 8 cultural purposes47#ihe7 ,9 :atev] /age ( culture we meet man1 8 modes ( ?\ght & spee*1 8 cu/oms & moral views1 ev5 8 spiritual faculties are ! result ( a long hi/oric process ( developm5t1 ! product ( an extremely complicat$ pa/1 z well z ! basis ( a future :i* exp&s 9 all directions4 ,! anci5ts express$ ?is 9 _! sugge/ive way1 rem>k+ 9 connection ) ! v]se ( ! ,psalm1 8,?9e eyes did see m9e un=m$ sub/ance1 & 9 ,?y book !y 7 all writt5107#ihf7 t at ! creation ( ! fir/ man ,god record$ ! succession ( races ) _! sages1 se]s & lead]s until ! end ( "t47#ihg7 ,& :5 ! ,haggadi/s say t 9 creat+ man ,god took du/ f e "p ( ! _w1 s t he w\ld be ev]y:]e at home17#ihh7 aga9 !y 7 ?9k+ ( mank9d4 ,simil>ly 9 ! passage f ! ,psalms1 8,?\ ha/ hemm$ me 9 beh9d & be=e10 !y expla9 t ,god made ! fir/ man ) two faces1 "o look+ =w>d & ! o!r backw>d1 t is1 ) a ,janus head2 & ?us !y reg>d man 9 8 relation to ! pa/ & ! future1 9 8 hi/oric cont9uity47#ihi7 ,z bo? physically & spiritually he is ! heir ( innum]able ance/ors :o h transmitt$ to him ) _! blood all _! idiosyncrasies & capacities 9 a peculi> comb9ation1 s w he transmit bo? consci\sly & unconsci\sly ! inh]it$ possessions ( mank9d to future g5]ations = cont9u$ gr[? or = deg5]ation4 ,he =ms b a l9k 9 ! great *a9 ( hi/ory1 ^: goal is ! p]fect$ ideal ( humanity1 ! complet$ idea ( man4 ,?is 0 ! und]ly+ ?\ght ( ,b5 ,azzai 9 8 dispute ) ,r4 ,akiba1 :o held t ! pr9cipal maxim ( ,jewi% tea*+ is 8,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself40 ,9 opposition to ?is ,b5 ,azzai pres5t$ z ! mo/ important lesson ( ! ,bible ! v]se :i* says1 8,?is is ! book ( ! g5]ations ( man2 9 ! day t ,god creat$ man1 9 ! lik5ess ( ,god made ,he him407#iij7 ,! godlik5ess ( man develops m & m ?r\gh ! evolution ( ! human race4 ,?is is ! basic =ce = all human love & all human wor?4 #b4 ,?is social bond exi/+ betwe5 ! individual & ! race imposes ^u him 9 accordance ) 8 occupation c]ta9 duties 9 ! same degree z x conf]s b5efits4 ,b5 ,zoma1 a colleague ( ,b5 ,azzai1 express$ ?is z foll[s3 ,:5 he saw great cr[ds ( p toge!r1 he exclaim$1 8,prais$ be ,?\ :o ha/ creat$ all ^! to s]ve me40 ,9 explanation ( ?is bless+ he said1 8,h[ h>d ! fir/ man 9 8 lonel9ess mu/ h toil$1 until he c\ld eat a morsel ( bread or we> a g>m5t1 b ,i f9d ev]y?+ prep>$4 ,! v>i\s workm51 f ! f>m] to ! mill] & ! bak]1 f ! weav] to ! tailor1 all labor = me4 ,c ,i !n be ungrateful & be oblivi\s ( my duty807#iia7 ,9 ! same s5se he int]prets ! la/ v]se 9 ,kohele?1 8,?is is ! end ( ! matt]2 fe> ,god & keep ,8 comm&m5ts1 = ?is is ! :ole duty ( man40 ,t is to say1 all mank9d toils = him :o does s4 ,?us does human life re/ ^u a reciprocal relation1 ^u mutual duty47#iib7 #c4 ,man is a social be+ :o mu/ /rike root 9 _m sph]es ( life 9 ord] t ! v>iegat$ blossoms & fruits ( 8 spiritual & emotional nature may spr\t =?4 ,! m ri*ly ! communal life is specializ$ into pr(essions & occupations1 ! m does ! prov9ce ( ! individual exp&1 & ! m difficult x is = him to atta9 p]fection on all sides4 ,accord+ to 8 faculties & pr$isposition he mu/ always develop "o or ! o!r side ( human endeavor & pursue n[ ! beautiful1 n[ ! good1 n[ ! true & n[ ! useful1 if z ! image ( ,god he is to emulate ! ,ideal ( all exi/5ce1 ! ,patt]n ( all creation4 ,consequ5tly he may reflect "s radiance ( ! div9e glory 9 8 "* & a*ievem5ts1 :e!r z moral h]o1 z sage & ?9k]1 z /atesman & battl] = fre$om1 z arti/1 or z ! discov]] ( new =ces & new worlds2 & yet ! full spl5dor ( ,god's greatness is mirror$ only by mank9d z a :ole ?r\gh its ceaseless common action & int]action4 ,!re=e ,judaism deprecates e attempt to pres5t a s+le individual1 be he ev] s noble or wise1 z ! ideal ( all human p]fection1 z a p]fect man1 free f fault or blemi%4 8,!re is none holy z ! ,"l1 = !re is none beside ,!e10 says ,scripture47#iic7 ,in/ead ( extoll+ any s+le mortal z ! type or ideal ( p]fection1 our sages r say ) ref]5ce to ! l(ty *>act]s ( ! ,bible3 8,!re is no g5]ation :i* _c %[ a man ) ! love = righte\sness ( an ,abraham1 or ! nobility ( _s ( a ,moses1 or ! love = tru? ( a ,samuel407#iid7 ,t is to say1 e age creates its own h]oes1 :o reflect ! maje/y ( ,god 9 _! own way4 #d4 ,z man is ! key/one ( all creation1 s he is call$ ^u to take 8 full %>e 9 ! progress ( ! race4 8,he :o =m$ ! e>? creat$ x n a wa/e2 ,he =m$ x to be inhabit$10 says ! prophet47#iie7 ,true humanity has its seat1 n 9 ! life ( ! recluse1 b 9 ! family circle1 amid mutual love & loyalty betwe5 husb& & wife1 betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr54 ,! sages1 ) _! ke5 insight into ! _s ( ! ,scripture1 po9t to ! fact t x is man & wife toge!r :o fir/ receive ! "n ( 8man10 because only ! mutual helpfulness & influ5ce1 ! c>e & toil = "o ano!r draw =? ! treasures ( ! s\l1 & create relations :i* w>rant p]man5cy & give promise ( a future47#iif7 #e4 ,/ill ! family circle itself is only a segm5t ( ! nation1 :i* creates spee* & cu/om1 & assigns to ea* p]son 8 %>e 9 ! common activity ( ! v>i\s classes ( m54 ,only )9 ! social bond ( ! nation or tribe is ! int]dep5d5ce ( all br\ght home to ! consci\sness ( ! individual1 toge!r ) all ! common moral obligations & religi\s ye>n+s4 ,?r\gh ! few elect ones ( ! nation or tribe1 ,god's voice is he>d z to :at is "r 9 bo? cu/om & law1 & ?r\gh !m ! individual is r\s$ to a s5se ( duty4 ,x is society :i* enables ! human m9d to triumph ov] physical necessity by ev] new discov]ies ( tools & means ( life1 ?us to atta9 fre$om & prosp]ity1 &1 ?r\gh m$itation ov] ! cont9ually exp&+ realm ( ,god's _w1 to build up ! v>i\s sy/ems ( sci5ce & ( art4 #f4 ,b ! s+le nation also is too dep5d5t ^u ! conditions ( its hi/oric pa/1 ( its l& & its racial *>act]i/ics1 to br+ ! div9e image to its full developm5t 9 a p]fect man4 ,humanity z a :ole comes to its own1 to true self-consci\sness1 only ?r\gh ! reciprocal contact ( race ) race1 ?r\gh ! cop]ation ( ! v>i\s circles & classes ( life :i* ext5d beyond ! n>r[ limits ( nationality & h 9 view common int]e/s & aims1 :e!r 9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 9 ! a*ievem5t ( good1 or 9 ! creation ( ! useful & ! beautiful4 ,only :5 ! v>i\s nations & gr\ps ( m5 le>n to reg>d !mselves z memb]s ( "o great family1 w ! life ( ! individual f9d its true value 9 relation to ! idea & ! ideal ( humanity4 ,!n only w ! unity & h>mony ( ! entire cosmic life f9d its reflection 9 ! bl5d+ ( ! factors & =ces ( human society4 #g4 ,judaism has evolv$ ! idea ( ! unity ( mank9d z a coroll>y ( its e?ical mono!ism4 ,!re=e ! ,bible beg9s ! hi/ory ( ! _w ) ! creation ( ,adam & ,eve1 ! "o human pair4 ,! cov5ant :i* ,god conclud$ aft] ! flood ) ,noah1 ! fa!r ( ! new mank9d1 has its correspond+ goal at ! end ( "t 9 ! div9e cov5ant :i* is to include all tribes ( m5 9 "o great bro!rhood2 & s also ! disp]sion ( man ?r\gh ! confusion ( tongues at ! build+ ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! rally+ ( all nations at ! end ( "t = ! wor%ip ( ! ,"o & ,only ,god 9 a pure tongue & a unit$ _s on ,zion's heights47#iig7 ,:atev] ! civilizations ( ,greece & ,rome & ! ,/oic philosophy h a*iev$ = ! idea ( humanity1 ,judaism has (f]$ 9 its prophetic hope = a ,messianic future ! guid+ idea = ! progress ( man 9 hi/ory1 ?us giv+ him ! impulse to ceaseless ef=ts t[>d ! highe/ ( all aims = ! realization ( :i* all nations & classes1 all sy/ems ( fai? & ?\ght1 mu/ labor toge!r = mill5niums to come4 ,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,! ,moral ,elem5ts ( ,civilization #a4 ,because ,judaism sees ! atta9m5t ( human p]fection only :5 ! div9e 9 man has rea*$ complete developm5t ?r\gh ! unimp$$ activity ( all 8 spiritual1 moral1 & social =ces1 x insi/s ^u ! full recognition ( all bran*es ( human society z in/rum5ts ( man's elevation1 ei!r individually or collectively4 ,x deprecates ! idea t any =ce or faculty ( human life be reg>d$ z unholy & !re=e be suppress$4 ,x ?us rejects on pr9ciple mona/ic r5unciation & isolation1 po9t+ to ! ,scriptural v]se1 8,he :o =m$ ! e>? creat$ x n a wa/e2 ,he =m$ x to be inhabit$47#iih70 #b4 ,accord+ly ,judaism reg>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( family life ?r\gh m>riage z a duty obligatory on mank9d1 & sees 9 ! entrance into ! m>ital relation an act ( life's supreme consecration4 ,9 contra/ to ! celibacy sanction$ by ! ,*ur* & approv$ by ! rabbis only "u c]ta9 conditions1 & exceptionally = _! holy ex]cises by ! ,ess5es1 ! ,tannaite ,r4 ,eliez] pron\nces ! man :o ?r\gh ba*elorhood %irks ! duty ( re>+ *ildr5 to be guilty ( murd] aga9/ ! human race4 ,ano!r calls him a despoil] ( ! div9e image4 ,ano!r rabbi says t su* a "o r5\nces 8 privilege ( true humanity1 9 s f> z only 9 ! m>ri$ /ate c happ9ess1 bless+1 & peace be atta9$47#iii7 ,x is significant z to ! _s ( ,judaism t1 :ile o!r religions reg>d ! celibacy ( ! prie/s & sa9ts z signs ( highe/ sanctity1 ! ,jewi% law expressly comm&s t ! high prie/ %all n be all[$ to obs]ve ! solemn rites ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t if unm>ri$47#ajjj7 ,love = ! wife1 ! keep] & gu>dian ( ! home1 mu/ attune 8 he>t to t5d]ness & sympa?y1 if he is to plead = ! p be=e ! ,holy ,god4 ,he c make int]cession = ! h\sehold ( ,israel only if he himself has f\nd$ a family1 9 :i* are practic$ fai?fulness & mode/y1 love & reg>d = ! life-companion1 all ! dome/ic virtues inh]it$ f ! pa/4 #c4 ,ano!r moral factor = human developm5t is indu/ry1 :i* secures to ! individual 8 indep5d5ce & 8 dignity :5 he engages 9 creative labor aft] ! div9e patt]n1 & :i* rew>ds him ) com=t & ! joy ( life4 ,?is also is s highly valu$ by ,judaism t indu/rial activity1 :i* unlocks f ! e>? ev] new treasures to enri* human life1 is enjo9$ ^u all1 ev5 ^? pursu+ m spiritual vocations4 8,see/ ?\ a man dilig5t 9 8 bus9ess8 ,he %all /& be=e k+s407#ajja7 8,:5 ?\ eate/ ! labor ( ?y h&s1 happy art ?\ & x %all be well ) !e407#ajjb7 ,9 comm5t+ on ?is la/ v]se1 ! sages say3 8,?is means t ?\ wilt be d\bly bless$2 happy art ?\ 9 ?is _w1 & x %all be well ) !e 9 ! _w to come407#ajjc7 ,aga9 !y say1 8,no labor1 h[ev] humble1 is di%onor+107#ajjd7 also3 8,idl5ess1 ev5 amid great weal?1 leads to ! wa/+ ( ! intellect407#ajje7 ,moreov] x is said1 8,:oev] neglects to tra9 8 son to a trade1 re>s him to become a robb]407#ajjf7 ,true1 !re 7 "s among ! pi\s :o !mselves ab/a9$ f p>ticipation 9 indu/ry1 & !re=e proclaim$1 9 ! same t5or z ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 8,behold ! bea/s ( ! field & ! birds ( heav51 !y s[ n & reap n1 & _! heav5ly ,fa!r c>es = !m407#ajjg7 ,b ^! =m$ an exception1 :ile ! majority ( ,jewi% tea*]s extoll$ ! real bless+ ( labor & its efficacy 9 ennobl+ he>t & _s47#ajjh7 #d4 ,nei!r does ,judaism begrudge man ! joy ( life :i* is ! fruit ( indu/ry1 nor rob x ( its moral value4 ,on ! contr>y1 t ascetic _s :i* enc\rages self-mortification & rigid r5unciation ( all pleasure is decl>$ s9ful47#ajji7 ,in/ead1 we are told t 9 ! _w to come man %all h to give acc\nt = e enjoym5t (f]$ him 9 ?is life1 :e!r he us$ x gratefully or reject$ x 9 +ratitude47#ajaj7 ,ab/95ce is decl>$ to be praisewor?y only 9 curb+ wild desires & passions4 ,= ! re/1 true piety lies 9 ! consecration ( e gift ( ,god1 e pleasure ( life :i* ,he has (f]$1 & us+ x 9 ,8 s]vice1 s t ! seal ( hol9ess %all be impr9t$ ev5 ^u ! satisfaction ( ! mo/ s5su\s desires4 #e4 ,judaism1 !n1 lays special emphasis ^u sociability z advanc+ all t is good & noble 9 man4 ,! life ( ! recluse1 accord+ to its tea*+1 is ( little use to ! _w at l>ge & h5ce ( no moral value4 ,only 9 association ) "o's fell[-m5 does life f9d inc5tive & opportunity = wor?y "w4 8,ei!r a life among fri5ds or dea?0 is a ,talmudic prov]b47#ajaa7 ,unselfi% fri5d%ip l t ( ,david & ,jona?an is laud$ & po9t$ out = imitation47#ajab7 ,?r\gh x man le>ns to /ep beyond ! n>r[ b\nd>ies ( 8 ego1 & 9 c>+ = o!rs he w purify & exalt 8 own s\l1 until at la/ its love w include all mank9d4 #f4 8,iron %>p5e? iron2 s a man %>p5e? ! c\nt5ance ( 8 fri5d10 says ! book ( ,prov]bs17#ajac7 & ! sages d]ive f ?is v]se ! doctr9e t le>n+ does n ?rive 9 solitude47#ajad7 ,a s+le log does n n\ri% ! flame2 to keep up ! fire "o mu/ ?r[ 9 "o piece ( wood aft] ! o!r4 ,?is applies also to le>n+2 x lacks 9 vigor1 if x is n communicat$ to o!rs4 ,wisdom calls to h] vot>ies on ! highways1 9 ord] t ! /ream ( k may ov]fl[ = _m4 ,= bo? ! culture ( ! intellect & ! ennobl+ ( ! s\l x is necess>y t man %\ld /ep out ( ! n>r[ limits ( self & come into t\* ) a l>g] _w4 ,only 9 devotion to 8 fell[s is man made to realize 8 own godlike nature4 ,9 ! same measure z he honors ,god's image 9 o!rs1 9 foe z well z 9 fri5d1 9 ! mo/ l[ly s]vant z well 9 ! mo/ noble ma/]1 man increases 8 own dignity4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( morality z express$ 9 ,job1 especially 9 ! beautiful ?irty-fir/ *apt]1 & z embodi$ 9 ,abraham17#ajae7 & lat] reflect$ 9 v>i\s ,talmudic say+s ab\t ! dignity ( man47#ajaf7 ,ev]y:]e man's relation to society becomes a te/ ( 8 own wor?4 ,! idea ( int]dep5d5ce & reciprocal duty among all memb]s ( ! human family =ms ! out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( ,jewi% e?ics4 ,= x is f> m conc]n$ 9 ! welf>e ( society ?an 9 t ( ! individual1 & dem&s t ^? end[$ ) =tune %\ld c>e = ! un=tunate1 ! /rong = ! weak1 & ^? bless$ ) vision = ! bl9d4 ,z ,god ,himself is ,fa!r to ! fa!rless1 ,judge ( ! wid[s1 & ,protector ( ! oppress$1 s %\ld man be4 8,works ( b5evol5ce =m ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! ,torah10 po9ts out ,r4 ,simlai47#ajag7 #g4 ,x is 9 ! life ( ! nation t ! individual fir/ realizes t he is only a "p ( a great] :ole4 ,! nation to :i* he belongs is ! "m :o n\ri%es him ) h] _s1 tea*es him to speak & to ?9k1 & equips him ) all ! means to take "p 9 ! a*ievem5ts & tasks ( humanity4 ,9 fact1 ! ,/ate1 :i* gu>antees to all its citiz5s safety1 ord] & opportunity "u ! law1 & :i* arranges ! relations ( ! v>i\s gr\ps & classes ( society t !y may advance "o ano!r & ?us promote ! welf>e & progress ( all1 is human society 9 m9iature4 ,"h ! citiz5 fir/ le>ns ob$i5ce to ! law :i* is b9d+ ^u all alike1 !n respect & rev]5ce = ! au?ority embodi$ 9 ! gu>dians ( ! law :o adm9i/] ju/ice 8:i* is ,god's10 & h5ce also loyalty & devotion to ! :ole1 toge!r ) reciprocal obligation & helpfulness among ! sep>ate memb]s & classes ( society4 ,! words ( ,j]emiah to 8 exil$ bre?r51 8,seek ye ! peace ( ! city :i!r ,i h caus$ y to be c>ri$ away captive1 & pray unto ! ,"l = x1 = 9 ! peace !re( %all ye h peace107#ajah7 became ! guid+ maxim ( ,jewry :5 torn f its native soil4 ,x impress$ ^u !m1 once = all1 ! deeply root$ virtues ( loyalty & love = ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y dwelt4 ,to pray = ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate & its rul]1 "u ^: dom9ion all citiz5s 7 protect$1 & s 9 mod]n times = its legislative & adm9i/rative au?orities1 has become a sacr$ duty ( ! ,jewi% religi\s community4 ,to sacrifice "o's life will+ly1 if ne$ be1 = ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he liv$1 0 a dem& ( loyalty :i* ! ,jew has nev] disreg>d$4 8,! law ( ! ,/ate is z ! law ( ,god07#ajai7 taught ,samuel ! ,babylonian1 & ano!r sage ( ,babylon said1 8,! gov]nm5t on e>? is to be reg>d$ z an image ( ,god's gov]nm5t 9 heav5407#ajbj7 #h4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! community ( ! ,/ate or ! nation is too conf9$ 9 its cultural "w by its special int]e/s & p>ticul> tasks ev] to rea* ! univ]sal ideal ( man1 t is1 a p]fect$ humanity4 ,:]e ! int]e/s ( "o ,/ate or nation come into conflict ) ^? ( ano!r1 f> too (t5 ! result is enmity & murd]\s w>f>e4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be a high] p[] to qu5* ! br&s ( w> :5ev] !y fl>e up1 to cultivate e motive lead+ t[>d peace & h>mony among nations1 to impel m5 t[>d a high] righte\sness & to obviate all conflict ( int]e/s1 because 9 place ( selfi%ness x implants 9 ! he>t ! self-=getfulness ( love4 ,religion is ! p[] :i* tra9s peoples z well z individuals t[>d ! conception ( "o humanity1 9 ! same measure z x po9ts to ! "o & only ,god1 ,rul] ov] all ! cont5d+ motives ( m51 ! ,s\rce & ,%ield ( all righte\sness1 tru?1 & love1 ! ,fa!r ( mank9d z ! only f\ndation ^u :i* ! gr& edifice ( human civilization mu/ ultimately re/4 ,?us x tea*es u to reg>d ! common life & endeavor ( peoples & societies z "o h\sehold ( div9e goodness4 ,e sy/em ( belief1 e religi\s d5om9ation :i* transc5ds ! limits ( ! national consci\sness ) a view to ! broad] conception ( mank9d1 & b9ds ! national gr\ps & int]e/s into a high] unity to include & influ5ce all ! dep?s & heights ( ! human _s1 paves ! way t[>d ! atta9m5t ( ! mighty goal4 ,9 ! same s5se ! unit$ ef=ts ( ! v>i\s classes & societies or ,/ates = ! common advance ( culture1 prosp]ity1 national welf>e & int]national comm]ce1 z well z ( sci5ce & art1 t5d unceas+ly t[>d t full realization ( ! idea ( humanity :i* con/itutes ! bro!rhood ( man4 #i4 ,n yet has any religi\s body1 h[ev] great & rem>kable its accompli%m5ts may h be51 nor any ( ! religi\s1 sci5tific1 or national organizations1 mu* z !y h a*iev$1 p]=m$ ! sublime task :i* ! prophets ( ,israel =etold z ! goal ( hi/ory4 ,ea* "o has drawn to itself only a portion ( mank9d1 & promis$ x success or r$emption & bliss1 :ile ! re/ h be5 exclud$ & d5i$ bo? temporal & et]nal happ9ess4 ,ea* "o has s+l$ out "o side ( human nature 9 ord] to l9k to x ! entire absolute tru?1 b at ! same "t has und]e/imat$ or ca/ aside all o!r sides ( human life1 & !reby block$ ! road to complete tru?1 :i* c nev] be pres5t$ 9 f9al =m1 nor ev] be ! exclusive possession ( "o portion ( humanity4 ,judaism1 :i* is nei!r a religi\s nor a national sy/em solely1 b aims to be a cov5ant ) ,god unit+ all peoples1 lays claim to no exclusive tru?1 & makes its appeal to no s+le gr\p ( mank9d4 ,! ,messianic hope1 :i* aims to unite all races & classes ( m5 into a bond ( bro!rhood1 has become an impell+ =ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & bo? ,*ri/ianity & ,islam1 9 s f> z !y owe _! exi/5ce to ?is hope & to ! adoption ( ,jewi% tea*+s1 con/itute p>ts ( ! hi/ory ( ,judaism4 ,betwe5 ^! _w-religions ) _! wide doma9s ( civilization /&s ! little ,jewi% p z a cosmopolitan elem5t4 ,x po9ts to an ideal future1 ) a humanity truly unit$ 9 ,god1 :51 ?r\gh ceaseless progress 9 ! pursuit ( ev] m p]fect ideals1 tru?1 ju/ice1 & peace w triumph1--to ! realization ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,israel ,,& ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god ,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,! ,election ( ,israel #a4 ,! c5tral po9t ( ,jewi% !ology & ! key to an und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ,judaism is ! doctr9e1 8,god *ose ,israel z ,8 p40 ,! election ( ,israel z ! *os5 p ( ,god1 or1 :at am\nts to ! same1 z ! nation ^: special task & hi/oric mission x is to be ! be>] ( ! mo/ l(ty tru?s ( religion among mank9d1 =ms ! basis & ! *ief condition ( revelation4 ,be=e ,god proclaim$ ! ,t5 ,words ( ! ,cov5ant on ,s9ai1 ,he address$ ! p ?r\gh ,8 *os5 mess5g]1 ,moses1 say+3 8,ye h se5 :at ,i did unto ! ,egyptians1 & h[ ,i bore y on eagles' w+s1 & br\ght y unto ,myself4 ,n[ !re=e1 if ye w he>k5 unto ,my voice1 inde$1 & keep ,my cov5ant1 !n ye %all be ,m9e own treasure f among all peoples1 = all ! e>? is ,m9e2 & ye %all be unto ,me a k+dom ( prie/s1 & a holy nation407#ajba7 #b4 ,! fact ( ,israel's election by ,god z ,8 peculi> nation is repeat$ 9 ,deut]onomy1 ) ! special decl>ation t ,god _h f\nd delight 9 !m z ! smalle/ ( ! peoples1 on acc\nt ( ! love & ! fai? ,he _h sworn to ! ,patri>*s47#ajbb7 ,x is acc5tuat$ 9 ! ,synagogal liturgy1 especially 9 ! pray] = holy days :i* beg9s ) ! words3 8,?\ ha/ *os5 u f all peoples2 ,?\ ha/ lov$ u & f\nd pleasure 9 u & ha/ exalt$ u above all tongues2 ,?\ ha/ sanctifi$ u by ,?y comm&m5ts & br\ght u ne> unto ,?y s]vice1 ,o ,k+1 & ha/ call$ u by ,?y great & holy "n407#ajbc7 ,inasmu* z ! election ( ,israel is connect$ ) ! deliv]ance ( ! p f ,egypt1 ! :ole relation ( ! ,jewi% nation to its ,god assumes f ! outset an ess5tially diff]5t "* f t ( o!r nations to _! deities4 ,! ,god ( ,israel is n insep>ably connect$ ) ,8 p by m]e natural bonds1 z is ! case ) e o!r anci5t div9ity4 ,he is n a national ,god 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,he has *os5 ,israel freely ( ,8 own accord4 8,:5 ,israel 0 a *ild1 !n ,i lov$ him1 & out ( ,egypt ,i call$ ,my son10 says ,god ?r\gh ,hosea17#ajbd7 & ?us pref]s to call ,himself 8?y ,god f ! l& ( ,egypt40 ,?is election f love is e*o$ also 9 ,j]emiah1 :o said1 8,israel is ! ,"l's hall[$ portion1 ,8 fir/-fruits ( ! increase407#ajbe7 ,! moral relation betwe5 ,god & ,israel is mo/ cle>ly *>act]iz$1 h[ev]1 by ,amos1 9 ! words3 8,y only h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! e>?2 !re=e ,i w visit ^u y all y\r iniquities407#ajbf7 ,"h is /at$ 9 explicit t]ms t ! ,god ( hi/ory select$ ,israel z an in/rum5t = ,8 plan ( salvation1 9 ! expectation t he w\ld rema9 fai?ful to ,8 w4 #c4 ,! real purpose ( ! election & mission ( ,israel 0 ann\nc$ by ! great prophet ( ! ,exile :5 he call$ ,israel ! 8s]vant ( ! ,"l10 :o has be5 =m$ f 8 "m's bosom & deliv]$ f e o!r bondage1 9 ord] t he may decl>e ! praise ( ,god among ! peoples1 & be a h>b+] ( light & a bond ( union among ! nations1 ! witness ( ,god1 ! proclaim] ( ,8 tru? & righte\sness ?r\gh\t ! _w47#ajbg7 ,! entire hi/ory ( ,israel z f> back z ! ,patri>*s 0 recon/ruct$ 9 ?is light1 & we f9d ! election ( ,abraham also simil>ly describ$ 9 ! ,psalms7#ajbh7 & 9 ! liturgy4 ,inde$1 9 e morn+ pray] = ! pa/ two ?\s& ye>s ! ,jewi% p h (f]$ ?anks to ,god = ! div9e tea*+ t has be5 intru/$ to _! c>e1 & prais$ ,him 8:o has *os5 ,israel 9 love407#ajbi7 #d4 ,! belief 9 ! election ( ,israel re/s on ! conviction t ! ,jewi% p has a c]ta9 sup]iority ov] o!r peoples 9 be+ especially qualifi$ to be ! mess5g] & *ampion ( religi\s tru?4 ,9 "o s5se ?is pr]ogative takes into acc\nt e p :i* has contribut$ some?+ unique to any dep>tm5t ( human p[] or k1 & !re9 has s]v$ o!rs z patt]n & guide4 ,f ! broad] /&po9t1 all great hi/oric peoples appe> z ?\gh appo9t$ by div9e provid5ce = _! special cultural tasks1 9 :i* o!rs c at mo/ emulate !m )\t a*iev+ _! greatness4 ,yet we _c speak 9 q ! same way ( ! election ( ! ,greeks or ,romans or ( ! nations ( remote antiquity = ma/]y 9 art & sci5ce1 or = skill 9 jurisprud5ce & /atecraft4 ,! fact is t ^! nations 7 nev] fully consci\s t !y _h a hi/oric or provid5tial de/9y to influ5ce mank9d 9 ?is special direction4 ,israel alone 0 self-consci\s1 realiz+ its task z h>b+] & def5d] ( its religi\s tru? z soon z x _h ent]$ into its possession4 ,its election1 !re=e1 does n imply presumption1 b r a grave duty & responsibility4 ,z ! great se] ( ! ,captivity _h already decl>$1 to be ! s]vant ( ! ,"l is to und]go ! de/9y ( suff]+1 to be 8! man ( sorr[10 f ^: bruises comes heal+ unto all mank9d47#ajcj7 #e4 ,accord+ly ! election ( ,israel _c be reg>d$ z a s+le div9e act1 conclud$ at "o mom5t ( revelation1 or ev5 dur+ ! ,biblical p]iod4 ,x mu/ in/ead be consid]$ a div9e call p]si/+ ?r\gh all ages & encompass+ all l&s1 a cont9u\s activity ( ! _s :i* has ev] summon$ = itself new h]alds & h]oes to te/ify to tru?1 ju/ice1 & sublime fai?1 ) an unp>allel$ scorn = dea?1 & to "w = _! dissem9ation by words & de$s & by _! :ole life4 ,judaism diff]s f all o!r religions 9 t x is nei!r ! creation ( "o great moral tea*] & prea*] ( tru?1 nor seeks to typify ! moral & spiritual sublimity :i* x aims to develop 9 a s+le p]son1 :o is !n lift$ up into ! realm ( ! sup]human4 ,judaism c\nts its prophets1 its sages1 & its m>tyrs by g5]ations2 x is /ill demon/rat+ its p[] to re%ape & reg5]ate religion z a vital =ce4 ,moreov]1 ,judaism does n sep>ate religion f life1 s z to reg>d only a segm5t ( ! common life & ! national exi/5ce z holy4 ,! entire p1 ! entire life1 mu/ be> ! /amp ( hol9ess & be fill$ ) prie/ly consecration4 ,:e!r ?is l(ty aim c ev] be completely atta9$ is a "q n to be decid$ by %ort-sight$ humanity1 b only by ,god1 ! ,rul] ( hi/ory4 ,x is suffici5t t ! life ( ! individual z well z t ( ! p %\ld aspire t[>d ?is ideal4 #f4 ,( c\rse1 ! election ( ,israel presupposes an inn] call+1 a special capacity ( s\l & t5d5cy ( intellect :i* fit x = ! div9e task4 ,! p :i* has giv5 mank9d its greate/ prophets & psalmi/s1 its bolde/ ?9k]s & its noble/ m>tyrs1 :i* has br\ght to fruition ! ?ree great _w-religions1 ! ,*ur*1 ! ,mosque1 &--"m ( !m bo?--! ,synagogue1 mu/ be ! religi\s p p> excell5ce4 ,x mu/ h )9 itself en\gh ( ! heav5ly sp>k ( tru? & ( ! impetus ( ! religi\s g5ius z to be able & eag]1 :5ev] & :]ev] ! opportunity is favorable1 to direct ! spiritual flight ( humanity t[>d ! highe/ & holie/4 ,9 fact1 ! s\l ( ! ,jewi% p reveals a peculi> m+l+ ( *>act]i/ics1 a union ( contra/s1 :i* makes x especially fit = its provid5tial mission 9 hi/ory4 ,toge!r ) ! m>k$ individuality ( ea* p]son we f9d a common _s highly s5sitive to e encroa*m5t4 ,"h !re is a t5aci\s adh]5ce to :at is old & traditional1 & !re an eag] assimilation ( :at is new & /range4 ,on ! "o h&1 a mat]iali/ic self-int]e/2 on ! o!r1 an idealism so>+ to ! />s47#ajca7 ,! sages ( ! ,tannaitic p]iod already rem>k$ t ,israel has be5 intru/$ ) ! law :i* x is to def5d & to dissem9ate1 j because x is ! bolde/ & mo/ ob/9ate ( nations47#ajcb7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?ree special *>act]i/ics ( ! ,jewi% p accord+ to ! ,talmud are its *a/ity & purity ( life1 its b5evol5ce & its active love = humanity47#ajcc7 ,a hea!n sc(f] calls ,israel 8a p ( g5]\s impulses :i* promis$ at ,s9ai to d :at ,god w\ld comm&1 ev5 be=e x _h he>k5$ to ! comm&m5ts407#ajcd7 8,g5tle & %y z a dove1 x is also will+ l ! dove to /ret* out its neck = ! sacrifice1 = love ( its heav5ly ,fa!r10 says ! ,haggadi/47#ajce7 ,& yet ,r4 ,johanan rem>ks t ,israel1 call$ to be ! be>] ( light to ! _w1 mu/ be press$ l ! olive be=e x w yield its preci\s oil47#ajcf7 ,e individual 9 ,israel possesses ! requisite qualities = a holy prie/-p1 accord+ to a ,midra% ( ! ,tannaitic p]iod1 & h5ce we read 9 ,deut]onomy1 8,! ,"l ha? *os5 !e to be ,8 own treasure out ( all peoples t are ^u ! face ( ! e>?407#ajcg7 #g4 ,all ^! & simil> say+s disprove completely ! idea t ! election ( ,israel 0 an arbitr>y act ( ,god4 ,x is due r to h]$it>y virtues & to t5d5cies ( m9d & _s :i* equip ,israel = 8 call+4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! important fact t ,god educat$ ! p = its task ?r\gh ! ,law1 :i* 0 to make x consci\s ( its prie/ly sanctity & keep x ev] active 9 m9d & he>t4 ,! election ( ,israel is emphasiz$ 9 ,deut]onomy especially 9 connection ) ! prohibition ( m>riage ) idolat]s & ) ! prohibition ( unclean animals1 :i* also orig9at$ 9 ! prie/ly laws47#ajch7 ,! und]ly+ idea is t ! mission ( ,israel to battle = ! ,mo/ ,high imp]atively dem&s sep>ation f ! hea!n peoples1 & on ! o!r h&1 t its prie/ly call+ necessitates an especial ab/95ce4 ,& z has ! law 9 its developm5t & realization = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 s has also ,god's wise guidance tra9$ ,israel 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory s z to r5d] him at times ! unyield+ pres]v] & def5d] & at o!r times ! bold *ampion & protagoni/ ( ! highe/ tru? & ju/ice1 accord+ z ! outlook & ! m5tal horizon ( ! p]iod 7 n>r[ or broad4 #h4 ,x is true t ! ?\ght ( ,israel's call+ & mission 9 _w-hi/ory fir/ became cle> :5 its prophets & sages atta9$ a view ( great _w-movem5ts f ! l(ty wat*-t[] ( ! c5turies1 s t !y c\ld take cognizance ( ! v>y+ relations ( ,judaism to ! civiliz$ peoples ar\nd4 ,! summons ( ! ,jewi% p to be h]alds ( tru? & work]s = peace is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ,isaiah & ,micah17#ajci7 :ile only 9 ! great movem5t ( nations "u ,cyrus did ! se] ( ! ,exile recognize ! peculi> mission ( ,israel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,if 9 gloomy p]iods ! outlook became d>k1 /ill ! hope = ! fulfillm5t ( ?is mission 0 nev] entirely lo/4 ,9 fact1 ! contact ( ! ,jewi% p ) ,greek culture aft] ,alex&] ! ,great gave new p[] & fre% impetus to ! conception ( ,israel's mission17#ajdj7 z ! ri* ,hell5i/ic lit]ature & ! vision ( ,daniel 9 *apt] ,,vii te/ify4 ,9 fact1 ,abraham1 ! ance/or ( ! ,jewi% p1 became = ! e>lie/ ,haggadi/s a w&]+ mission>y & a great prea*] ( ! unity ( ,god1 & 8 picture 0 ! patt]n = bo? ,paul & ,mohamm$47#ajda7 ,! election ( ,israel is cle>ly & unequivocally express$ by ,rabbi ,eleaz> b5 ,p$a? 9 ! words1 8,god s5t ,israel among ! hea!n nations t !y may w9 a ri* h>ve/ ( proselytes1 =1 z ,god said ?r\gh ,hosea1 #8,i w s[ h] unto ,me 9 ! l&1' s ,he wi%es f ?is se$ to reap a b\ntiful & _w-wide h>ve/407#ajdb7 #i4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! hi/orical viewpo9t & ! idea ( human progress 7 bo? lack+1 ! belief 9 ! mission ( ,israel 0 conf9$ to ! ,messianic hope4 ,bo? ,jehuda ha ,levi & ,maimonides1 h[ev]1 reg>d ,*ri/ianity & ,islam z prep>atory /eps = ! ,messiah1 :o is to unify ! _w ?r\gh ! k ( ,god47#ajdc7 8,! "w ( ! ,messiah is ! fruit1 ( :i* ,israel w be univ]sally ackn[l$g$ z ! root10 says ! ,jewi% sage 9 ! ,cuz>i4 ,!re=e he rightly accepts ! election ( ,israel z a fundam5tal doctr9e ( belief4 ,mod]n times1 h[ev]1 ) _! awak5$ hi/orical s5se & _! idea ( progress1 h aga9 plac$ 9 ! =egr\nd ! belief 9 ! election & mission ( ,israel4 ,! f\nd]s ( re=m ,judaism h ca/ ?is anci5t doctr9e 9 a new =m4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y h re9t]pret$ ! ,messianic hope 9 ! prophetic _s1 z ! realization ( ! highe/ ideals ( a unit$ humanity4 ,on ! o!r1 !y h reject$ ! entire !ory t ,israel 0 exil$ f 8 anci5t l& because ( 8 s9s1 & t he is ev5tually to return !re & to re/ore ! sacrificial cult 9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem4 ,!re=e ! :ole view conc]n+ ,israel's future _h to und]go a trans=mation47#ajdd7 ,! hi/oric mission ( ,israel z prie/ ( humanity & *ampion ( tru? assum$ a high] mean+1 & 8 peculi> position 9 hi/ory & 9 ! ,law necess>ily receiv$ a diff]5t int]pretation f t ( ,talmudic ,judaism or t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z individuals1 inde$1 _m ,jews h tak5 "p 9 ! a*ievem5ts & ef=ts ( all civiliz$ peoples2 ! ,jewi% p z su* has accompli%$ great ?+s 9 only "o field1 ! field ( religion4 ,! foll[+ *apt]s w consid] m closely h[ ,judaism has tak5 up & c>ri$ out ?is sacr$ mission4 ,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god & ! ,mission ( ,israel #a4 ,! hope ( ,judaism = ! future is compris$ 9 ! phrase1 8! k+dom ( ,god10--malku? %addai or malku? ,%amayim1--:i* means ! sov]eign rule ( ,god4 ,f anci5t times ! liturgy ( ! ,synagogue concludes regul>ly ) ! solemn ,al5u1 9 :i* ,god is address$ z ! 8,k+ ( k+s ( k+s0--k+ ( k+s be+ ! ,p]sian title = ! rul] ( ! :ole ,empire--& directly aft] ?is ! hope is express$ t 8we may spe$ily behold ! glory ( ,?y might1 :5 ,?\ wilt remove ! abom9ations f ! e>?1 & ! idols w be utt]ly cut (f2 :5 ! _w w be p]fect$ "u ! k+dom ( ! ,almighty1 & all ! *ildr5 ( fle% w call ^u ,?y "n2 :5 ,?\ wilt turn unto ,?yself all ! wick$ ( ! e>?4 ,let all ! inhabitants ( ! e>? p]ceive & "k t unto ,!e e knee mu/ b5d1 & e tongue give homage4 ,let !m all accept ! yoke ( ,?y k+dom1 & d ,?\ reign ov] !m spe$ily1 & =ev] & ev]407#ajde7 ,at ! close ( ! ,torah lesson 9 ! h\se ( le>n+ ! assembly regul>ly recit$ ! bless+1 8,prais$ be ,?y "n6 ,may ,?y k+dom soon come60--aft]w>ds kn[n z ! ,kaddi%17#ajdf7 & re*o$ 9 ! s-call$ 8,"l's ,pray]0 ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! words ( ! prophet1 8,! ,"l %all be ,k+ ov] all ! e>?2 9 t day %all ! ,"l be ,"o1 & ,8 "n ,"o107#ajdg7 voic$ = all ages ?is ideal ( ! future1 & ?us gave a goal & a purpose to ! hi/ory ( ! _w & at ! same "t c5t]$ x 9 ,israel1 ! *os5 p ( ,god4 #b4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ! ,"o & ,only ,god ?r\ghput ! entire _w con/itutes ! div9e plan ( salvation t[>d :i*1 accord+ to ,jewi% tea*+1 ! ef=ts ( all ! ages are t5d+4 ,?is 8,k+dom ( ,god0 is n1 h[ev]1 a k+dom ( heav5 9 ! _w to come1 :i* m5 are to ent] only aft] dea?1 & !n only if r$eem$ f s9 by accept+ ! belief 9 a sup]natural ,savior z _! ,messiah1 z is taught by ! ,*ur*4 ,judaism po9ts to ,god's ,k+dom on e>? z ! goal & hope ( mank9d1 to a _w 9 :i* all m5 & nations %all turn away f idolatry & wick$ness1 falsehood & viol5ce1 & become unit$ 9 _! recognition ( ! sov]eignty ( ,god1 ! ,holy ,"o1 z proclaim$ by ,israel1 ,8 s]vant & h]ald1 ! ,messiah ( ! nations4 ,x is n ! hope ( bliss 9 a future life 7:i* is ! lead+ motive ( ,*ri/ianity71 b ! build+ up ( ! div9e k+dom ( tru?1 ju/ice1 & peace among m5 by ,israel's tea*+ & practice47#ajdh7 ,9 ?is s5se ,god speaks ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! prophet1 8,i w also give !e = a light ( ! nations1 t ,my salvation may be unto ! end ( ! e>?407#ajdi7 8,all ! ends ( ! e>? %all see ! salvation ( our ,god407#ajej7 8,! remnant ( ,jacob %all be 9 ! mid/ ( _m peoples1 z dew f ! ,"l1 z %[]s ^u ! grass407#ajea7 #c4 ,cle>ly1 ! idea ( a _w-k+dom ( ,god arose only z ! result ( ! gradual developm5t ( ! ,jewi% ,god-consci\sness4 ,x 0 necess>y at fir/ t ! prophetic idea ( ,god's k+%ip1 ! !ocracy 9 ,israel1 %\ld triumph ov] ! mon>*ical view & absorb x4 ,! patri>*al life ( ! %eph]d 0 c]ta9ly n favorable to a mon>*ical rule4 8,i w n rule ov] y1 nei!r %all my son rule ov] y1 ! ,"l %all rule ov] y10 said ,gideon 9 refus+ ! title ( k+ :i* ! p _h (f]$ him47#ajeb7 ,accord+ to "o tradition ,samuel blam$ ! p = desir+ a k+ & !reby reject+ ! div9e k+%ip47#ajec7 8,i give !e a k+ 9 ,m9e ang]10 says ,god ?r\gh ,hosea47#ajed7 ,! m ! mon>*y1 ) its exclusively worldly & mat]iali/ic aims1 came into conflict ) ! dem&s ( ! prophets & _! religi\s tru?1 ! high] rose ! prophetic hope = ! dawn+ ( a day :5 ,god alone w\ld rule 9 absolute sov]eignty ov] ! entire _w4 ,n[1 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,t5 ,tribes1 ) its frequ5tly *ang+ dyna/ies1 ! old patri>*al conception 0 dom9ant1 :ile 9 ! k+dom ( ,judah1 :i* rema9$ loyal to ! h\se ( ,david1 ! mon>*ical idea develop$4 ,isaiah1 liv+ 9 ,j]usalem & favorably dispos$ t[>ds ! mon>*y1 prophesi$ t a %oot f ! h\se ( ,david1 end[$ ) m>vel\s spiritual p[]s1 %\ld come =?1 occupy+ ! ?rone 9 ! place ( ,god1 & ?r\gh 8 victories w\ld plant righte\sness & ! k ( ,god ev]y:]e ^u e>?1 & e/abli% ?r\gh\t ! _w a wond]ful reign ( peace47#ajee7 ,^u ?is royal 8%oot0 ( ,david7#ajef7 re/$ ! ,messianic hope dur+ ! ,exile1 & amid/ ! disappo9tm5ts ( ! "t ?is vision became all ! m idealiz$4 ,9 contra/ to ?is ! great prophet ( ! ,exile ann\nc$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! absolute dom9ion ( ,god z ! true 8,k+ ( ,israel07#ajeg7 ov] all ! e>? by ! nucleus ( ,israel1 8! s]vant ( ,god10 :o w\ld become consci\s ( 8 great hi/oric mission 9 ! _w & be will+ to (f] 8 v life 9 its cause4 ,9 all ?is ! prophet makes no ref]5ce to ! royal h\se ( ,david1 b makes bold to conf] ! title ( ! 8ano9t$ ( ,god0--t is1 ,messiah--^u ,cyrus1 ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 z ! "o :o 0 to u%] 9 ! new era47#ajeh7 ,subsequ5tly ^! two div]g5t hopes = ! future run p>allel 9 ! ,psalms & ! liturgy z well z 9 ! apocryphal & rabb9ic lit]ature4 #d4 ,:ile ! ,messianic aspirations z su* bore r a political & national "* 9 ,judaism 7z w be expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,liii71 yet ! religi\s hope = a univ]sal k+dom ( ,god took root ev5 m deeply 9 ! he>t ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,x creat$ ! conception ( ,israel's mission & also ! lit]ature & activity ( ! ,hell5i/ic propag&a1 & x gave a new impetus to ! mak+ ( proselytes among ! hea!n1 to :i* bo? ,*ri/ianity & ,islam owe _! exi/5ce4 ,! words ( ,isaiah1 repeat$ lat] by ,habakkuk1 8,! e>? w be full ( ! k ( ! ,"l1 z ! wat]s cov] ! sea107#ajei7 became n[ an article ( fai?4 ,:ile 9 e>li] times ! rule ( ,israel's ,god1 ,,jhvh1 0 atta*$ to ,zion1 f ^: holy m\nt ,he rul$ z invisible ,k+17#ajfj7 lat] on we f9d ,ze*>iah proclaim+ ,him :o 0 en?ron$ 9 heav5 z hav+ dom9ion ov] ! entire e>?17#ajfa7 & ! ,psalt] summons all nations to ackn[l$ge1 adore1 & extol ,him z ,k+ ( ! _w47#ajfb7 ,nay1 at ! v "t :5 ,judah lay humbl$ to ! gr\nd1 ! prophet exclaim$1 8,:o w\ld n fe> ,!e1 ,o ,k+ ( ! nations8 = x befitte? ,!e2 =asmu* z among all ! wise m5 ( ! nations1 & 9 all _! royalty !re is none l unto ,!e407#ajfc7 ,israel's great hope = ! future is express$ mo/ completely & 9 mo/ sublime language 9 ! ,new ,ye> liturgy3 8,o ,"l our ,god1 impose ,?9e awe ^u all ,?y works1 & let ,?y dread be ^u all t ,?\ ha/ creat$1 t !y may all =m "o s+le b& to d ,?y w ) a p]fect he>t4444 ,our ,god & ,god ( our fa!rs1 reveal ,?yself 9 ,?y spl5dor z ,k+ ov] all ! inhabitants ( ! _w1 t e h&iwork ( ,?9e may "k t ,?\ ha/ made x1 & e creature may ackn[l$ge t ,?\ ha/ creat$ x1 & :atsoev] ha? brea? 9 its no/rils may say3 ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel is ,k+1 & ,8 dom9ion rule? ov] all407#ajfd7 #e4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod1 !n1 ! rule ( ,,jhvh seems to h be5 conf9$ to ,israel z ! p ( ,8 cov5ant4 ,dur+ ! ,second ,temple ,j]usalem 0 call$ ! 8city ( ! great ,k+07#ajfe7 & ! con/itution 0 consid]$ by ,josephus to h be5 a !ocracy1 t is1 a gov]nm5t by ,god47#ajff7 ,inde$1 ! entire ,mosaic code has z its ma9 purpose to make ,israel a 8k+dom ( prie/s10 ov] :i* ,,jhvh1 ! ,god ( ! cov5ant1 0 alone to rule z ,k+4 ,! *ief object ( ! /rict nationali/s1 9 opposition to ! cosmopolitanism ( ! ,hell5i/s1 0 t ?is gov]nm5t ( ,god1 9 its intimate association ) ! ,holy ,l& & ! ,holy ,p1 %\ld be ma9ta9$ un*ang$ = all ! future4 ,?us ! book ( ,daniel pr$icts ! spe$y d[nfall ( ! f\r? _w-k+dom & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god ?r\gh ,israel1 8! p ( ! sa9ts ( ! ,mo/ ,high2 _! k+dom is an ev]la/+ k+dom407#ajfg7 ,naturally1 su* a purely nationali/ic conception ( ! rul]%ip ( ,god does n admit ! ?\ght ( a mission or its coroll>y1 ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n47#ajfh7 ,^! appe> among ! lib]al s*ool ( ,hillel 9 _! opposition to ! m rigor\s ,%ammaites & ! p>ty ( ! ,zealots47#ajfi7 ,x is1 !re=e1 q consi/5t t ! mod]n nationali/s %\ld aga9 dispute ! mission ( ,israel4 #f4 ,z soon z ,jewi% mono!ism _h once be5 conceiv$ by ! ,jewi% m9d z ! univ]sal tru?1 ! idea ( ! mission ( ,israel z a be>] ( light & a witness ( ,god = ! nations1 z enunciat$ by ,deut]o-,isaiah1 became ev] m firmly e/abli%$4 ,_m ,psalms exhort ! p to make kn[n ! wondr\s do+s ( ,god among ! nations1 s t ! hea!n _w might at la/ ackn[l$ge ! ,"o & ,only ,god47#ajgj7 ,nay1 ,israel is ev5 call$ ,god's ano9t$ & prophet17#ajga7 & 9 "o ,psalm we f9d ,zion1 ! city ( ,god1 elevat$ to be ! religi\s metropolis ( ! _w47#ajgb7 ,! book ( ,jonah is simply a refutation ( ! n>r[ nationali/ic conception ( ,judaism2 x holds =? ! hope ( ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n to ! true k ( ,god4 ,9 ! same _s ,ru? ! ,moabitess became ! type ( ! hea!n :o are eag] to 8take refuge "u ! w+s ( ,god's maje/y407#ajgc7 ,! au?or ( ! book ( ,job no long] kn[s ( a national ,god2 to him ,god is ! highe/ ideal ( morality z x lives & gr[s 9 ! human he>t4 ,! wisdom lit]ature also tea*es a ,god ( humanity4 ,"u ,8 w+s ,%em & ,japhe?1 ! tea*+ ( ! ,jew & ! wisdom ( ! ,greek1 c jo9 h&s2 ! religi\s tru? ( ! "o & ! philosophic tru? ( ! o!r may h>moni\sly bl5d4 #g4 ,?us a new impulse 0 giv5 to ,jewi% proselytism 9 ,alex&ria1 & ! e>li] hi/ory ( ,israel1 especially ! pre-,israelite epo* ) its simple human types1 0 read 9 a new light4 ,eno*7#ajgd7 & ,noah7#ajge7 became prea*]s ( p5it5ce1 h]alds ( ! pure mono!ism f :i* ! hea!n _w _h dep>t$4 ,abraham especially1 ! prog5itor ( ,israel1 0 look$ ^u z a prototype ( ! w&]+ mission>y p1 conv]t+ ! hea!n47#ajgf7 ,:]ev] he j\rney$1 8 tea*+ & 8 example ( true b5evol5ce won s\ls = ! ,"l proclaim$ by him z ! 8,god ( ! heav5 & ! e>?407#ajgg7 ,9 ?is s5se ( mission>y activity 7 n[ int]pret$ ! words1 8,be ?\ a bless+ 444 & 9 ?y se$ %all all ! nations ( ! e>? be bless$407#ajgh7 ,?is 0 no long] und]/ood 9 ! orig9al s5se1 t ,abraham by 8 prosp]ity %\ld be an example ( a bless$ man1 to be po9t$ out 9 bless+ o!rs2 ! words 7 giv5 ! high] mean+ t ,abraham ) 8 desc5dants %\ld become a s\rce ( bless+ = mank9d ?r\gh 8 tea*+s & 8 conduct1 s t all ! families ( m5 %\ld atta9 bless+ & salvation by foll[+ 8 doctr9e & example4 ,?us ! idea ( ! ,jewi% mission 0 connect$ ) ,abraham1 ! 8fa!r ( a multitude ( nations107#ajgi7 & ?is 0 lat] on adopt$ by ,paul & ,mohamm$ 9 e/abli%+ ! ,*ur* & ! ,mosque4 #h4 ,9 contradi/9ction1 !n1 to ! political concept ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 :i* ,ezekiel /ill hop$ to see e/abli%$ by ! ex]cise ( ext]nal p[]17#ajhj7 ! idea assum$ n[ a purely spiritual mean+4 ,?is k+dom ( ,god is accept$ by ! pi\s ,jew e morn+ ?r\gh 8 confession ( ! div9e ,unity 9 ! ,%ema4 ,abraham _h anticipat$ ?is1 say ! rabbis1 :5 he swore by ! ,god ( heav5 & e>?1 & s also _h ,israel 9 accept+ ! ,torah at ,s9ai & at ! ,r$ ,sea47#ajha7 ,9 fact1 ! k+dom ( ,god began1 we are told1 ) ! fir/ man1 s9ce1 :5 he ador$ ,god freely z ,k+ ( ! _w1 e liv+ creature ackn[l$g$ ,him also4 ,b only :5 ,israel z a p proclaim$ ,god's dom9ion at ! ,r$ ,sea1 0 ! ?rone ( ,god & ,8 k+dom on e>? e/abli%$ = et]nity47#ajhb7 ,& :5 ,ezekiel says3 8,) a mighty h& w ,i be ,k+ ov] y10 !y expla9 ?is to mean t ! p *os5 z ! s]vant ( ,god w be cont9ually con/ra9$ anew by ! prophets to recognize ,8 k+dom47#ajhc7 ,yea1 ! clos+ words ( ! ,song at ! ,r$ ,sea1 8,! ,"l %all reign = ev] & ev]0 7 tak5 to imply t all ! nations w\ld 9 ! end recognize only ,israel's ,"o ,god z ,k+ ( ! _w47#ajhd7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! rabb9ical view is t e proselyte1 9 8tak+ ^u himself ! yoke ( ! sov]eignty ( ,god10 ent]s t div9e ,k+dom :i* at ! end ( "t w embrace all m5 & nations47#ajhe7 ,9 ! book ( ,tobit & ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles also we f9d ?is univ]sali/ic conception ( ! ,messianic age express$47#ajhf7 #i4 ,accord+ly1 proselytism f\nd op5 & solemn recognition bo? be=e & aft] ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 z we see 9 ! ,psalms1--especially ^? :i* speak ( proselytes 9 ! t]m1 8!y t fe> ! ,"l107#ajhg7 & also 9 ! anci5t synagogal liturgy1 :]e ! 8proselytes ( righte\sness0 are especially m5tion$47#ajhh7 ,! s*ool ( ,hillel foll[$ precisely ?is c\rse4 ,matt]s *ang$1 h[ev]1 "u ! ,roman dom9ion1 :i* 0 contra/$ to ! dom9ion ( ,god especially f ! "t ( ,h]od1 :5 ! belief became curr5t t 8only :5 ! "o is de/roy$1 w ! o!r arise407#ajhi7 ,p>ticul>ly aft] ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h become id5tifi$ ) ,rome1 all mission>y endeavors by ! ,jews 7 consid]$ dang]\s & 7 !re=e disc\rag$ z mu* z possible4 ,9 _! place arose ! hope = a miracul\s int]v5tion ( ,god4 ,9 ,hell5i/ic circles ! ,messiah 0 believ$ to be ! future f\nd] ( ! k+dom ( ,god17#ajij7 :i* assum$ m & m ( an o!r-worldly nature1 su* z ! ,*ur* develop$ = x lat] on4 #aj4 ,! m ! h>% oppression ( ! times =c$ ! ,jew to isolate himself & to sp5d 8 life 9 /udy+ & practic+ ! law1--:i* 0 tantam\nt to 8plac+ himself "u ! k+dom ( ,god107#ajia7 ! m he lo/ sight ( 8 sublime mission = ! _w at l>ge4 ,only individual ?9k]s1 su* z ,jehuda ha ,levi & ,maimonides1 kept a vision ( ! _w-mission ( ,israel1 :5 !y call$ ,jesus & ,mohamm$1 z f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity & ,islam1 mess5g]s ( ,god to ! idolatr\s nations1 div9ely appo9t$ to br+ !m ne>] to ,israel's tru?17#ajib7 or :5 !y po9t$ =w>d to ! "t :5 all peoples w recognize 9 ! tru? _! common "m & 9 ,god ! ,fa!r ( all mank9d47#ajic7 ,a mo/ in/ructive ,midra% on ,ze*>iah ,,ix1 #i gives ! keynote ( ?is belief4 8,at t "t ,god z ! ,k+ ( ,zion w speak to ! righte\s ( all times1 & say to !m1 #8,de> z ! words ( ,my tea*+ are to ,me1 yet h ye err$ 9 t ye h foll[$ only ,my ,torah1 & h n wait$ = ,my _w-k+dom4 ,i swe> to y t ,i %all rememb] = good him :o has wait$ = ,my k+dom1 z x is said1 ,wait ye = ,me until ! day t ,i rise up z a witness4' 07#ajid7 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ow+ to ! sad consequ5ces ( ! mission>y endeavors ( ! ,*ur* t ! idea ( ! mission ( ,judaism 0 giv5 a diff]5t direction4 ,n conv]sion1 b conviction by tea*+ & example1 is ! hi/oric task ( ,judaism1 ^: maxim is express$ 9 ! v]se ( ,ze*>iah1 8,n by might1 nor by p[]1 b by ,my _s1 sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s407#ajie7 ,x is n ! cre$1 b ! de$1 :i* tells4 ,n ! confession1 b conduct1 ) ! moral pr9ciples :i* gov]n x1 c\nts4 ,su* a view is impli$ 9 ! well-kn[n tea*+ ( ,jo%ua b5 ,hananiah1 8,! righte\s ( all nations w h a %>e 9 ! _w ( et]nal bliss407#ajif7 ,judaism does n d5y salvation to ^? pr(ess+ o!r religions1 :i* w\ld t5d to und]m9e ! f\ndation ( _! spiritual life4 ,/&+ ^u ! high wat*t[] ( "t1 x r /rives ev] to cl>ify & /r5g!n ! univ]sal long+ = tru? & righte\sness :i* lies at ! he>t ( all religion1 & is ?us to become a bond ( union1 an all-illum9at+ light = ! _w4 ,to quote ! beautiful words ( ,leopold ,/e9 9 8 ,s*rift des ,leb5s37#ajig7 8,judaism1 :ile recogniz+ ! hi/oric ju/ification ( all sy/ems ( ?\ght & fai?1 does n *]i% ! ambition to become ! ,*ur* ,univ]sal 9 ! usual s5se ( ! t]m1 b aims r to be ! focus1 or mirror1 ( religi\s unity = all ! re/4 #8,! p f ( old1' z ! prophet call$ !m1 are to accompany mank9d 9 its progress ?r\gh ! ages & ! cont95ts1 until x rea*es ! goal ( ! k+dom ( ,god on e>?1 ! #8new heav5 & new e>?' ( ! prophetic vision407#ajih7 ,! ?\ght ( ! ,jewi% mission is mo/ adequately express$ 9 ! ,neilah s]vice ( ! ,union ,pray] ,book1 bas$ ^u ! ,e9horn ,pray]book1 :i* reads z foll[s37#ajii7 8,end[ u1 our ,gu>dian1 ) /r5g? & pati5ce = our holy mission4 ,grant t all ! *ildr5 ( ,?y p may recognize ! goal ( our *angeful c>e]1 s t !y may exemplify by _! zeal & love = mank9d ! tru? ( ,israel's wat*word3 ,"o humanity on e>?1 ev5 z !re is b ,"o ,god 9 heav54 ,enlight5 all t call !mselves by ,?y "n ) ! k t ! sanctu>y ( wood & /one1 :i* er/ cr[n$ ,zion's hill1 0 b a gate ?r\gh :i* ,israel %\ld /ep out into ! _w1 to reconcile all mank9d unto ,!e60 ,*apt] ,l4 ,! ,prie/-p & its ,law ( ,hol9ess #a4 ,! *eck]$1 /ormy1 & yet triumphant m>* ( ! ,jewi% p ?r\gh ! ages rema9s ! great enigma ( hi/ory = all ^? :o d n believe 9 a div9e plan ( salvation to be consummat$ ?r\gh ,israel4 ,! idea ( ,israel's mission alone ?r[s light on its law & its de/9y4 ,ev5 be=e ,god _h reveal$ to ! p at ,mt4 ,s9ai ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 ! f\ndation ( all religion & morality1 & !re conclud$ ) !m a cov5ant = all "t1 ,he spoke3 8,ye %all be unto ,me a k+dom ( prie/s & a holy nation10 ?us consecrat+ !m to be a prie/-p among ! nations1 & enjo9+ !m to a life ( especial hol9ess4 ,possess+ z a h]itage f ! ,patri>*s ! g]m ( a high] religi\s consci\sness1 9 di/9ction f all o!r peoples1 !y 7 to make ! cultivation1 developm5t1 & promotion ( ! highe/ religi\s tru? _! life-task1 & ?us to become ! p ( ,god4 ,at fir/ !y 7 to e/abli% 9 ! ,holy ,l& a !ocratic gov]nm5t1 a ,/ate 9 :i* ,god alone 0 ! ,rul]1 :ile !y liv$ 9 prie/ly isolation f all ! nations ar\nd4 ,?us !y prep>$ !mselves = ! "t :51 scatt]$ ov] all ! e>?1 !y might aga9 "w z ! prie/-p ?r\gh ! ages = ! upbuild+ ( ! univ]sal k+dom ( ,god4 ,?is 0 ,israel's de/9y f ! v fir/1 z express$ by ! great se] ( ! ,exile :5 he beheld ,israel w&]+ =? among ! nations1 8,ye %all be nam$ ! prie/s ( ! ,"l2 m5 %all call y ! m9i/]s ( our ,god407#aajj7 #b4 ,among all religions ! prie/ is consid]$ especially holy z ! m$iator betwe5 ,god & man1 & 9 8 appe>ance z well z 9 8 mode ( life he mu/ obs]ve special =ms ( purity & hol9ess4 ,he alone may approa* ! ,godhead1 asc]ta9 its w1 & adm9i/] ! sacrificial cult 9 ! sanctu>y4 ,he mu/ repres5t ! ,div9ity 9 its relation to ! p1 embody x 9 8 outw>d life1 enjoy no?+ :i* x abhors1 & t\* no?+ :i* c\ld r5d] him impure4 ,^! prie/ly rules exi/ among all ! nations ( antiquity 9 /rik+ simil>ity1 & indicate a common orig9 9 ! prehi/oric p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! entire cult develop$ ?r\gh a prie/ly ca/e1 beg9n+ ) simple1 primitive conceptions & transmitt$ 9 ev] m elaborate =m f fa!r to son4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! prie/s ( ! orig9al ,hebrew race1 :i* migrat$ f ,babylonia1 reta9$ ! anci5t cu/oms & rules4 ,!y mu/ also h adopt$ _m o!r ?+s f neighbor+ peoples4 ,dur+ ! entire p]iod ( ! fir/ temple1 ! prie/s--despite all prophetic w>n+s--pref]r$ ! hea!n cult ) its va+lori\s pomp to ! simple wor%ip ( ! patri>*al times4 ,z ev]y:]e else1 ! prie/hood ( ,israel1 & lat] ( ,juda z well1 ?\ght only ( its own int]e/s1 ( ! ret5tion ( its anci5t pr]ogatives1 unm9dful ( ! high] call+ to :i* x _h be5 *os51 to s]ve ! ,god ( tru? & ju/ice1 to exemplify true hol9ess1 to /& = moral r ?an c]emonial purity4 ,yet ! sac]dotal in/itutions 7 indisp5sable s long z ! p requir$ a sanctu>y :]e ! ,deity %\ld dwell1 & :]e ! sacrificial cult %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,e trespass by a layman on ! sanctu>y res]v$ = ! prie/s 0 consid]$ sacrilege & call$ = div9e puni%m5t4 ,x 0 ?us necess>y to deep5 ! popul> notion ( hol9ess & ( ! rev]5ce due ! sanctu>y1 be=e ^! c\ld be elevat$ into ! realm ( spirituality & morality4 ,! prie/hood _h to be won = ! s]vice ( ! l(ti] religi\s ideas1 s t x might gradually educate ! p 9 g5]al = its sublime prie/ly mission4 ,?is conception und]lies bo? ! ,mosaic law & its rabb9ical int]pretation4 #c4 ,?r\gh ,biblical & po/-,biblical lit]ature & hi/ory !re runs a tw(old t5d5cy1 "o anti-sac]dotal1--emanat+ f ! prophets & lat] ! ,hasideans or ,ph>isees1--! o!r a m$iat+ t5d5cy1 favorable to ! prie/hood4 ,! rituali/ic piety ( ! prie/s 0 bitt]ly assail$ by ! prophets z be+ subv]sive ( all morality1 & lat] on ! ,sadducean hi]>*y also con/itut$ a ?reat to ! moral & spiritual welf>e ( ! p4 ,be=e ev5 ! revelation at ,s9ai 0 to take place1 we read t w>n+ 0 giv5 to ! prie/s 8n to break ?r\gh0 & /& above ! p47#aaja7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! law dem&s ( ! ,a>onites a peculi> degree ( hol9ess1 s9ce 8!y (f] ! bread ( _! ,god ^u ! alt>407#aajb7 ,_! blood mu/ be kept pure by ! avoidance ( improp] m>riages4 ,ev]y?+ unclean or pollut+ mu/ be kept f> f !m47#aajc7 ,! law1 foll[+ a tradition :i* probably arose 9 anci5t ,babylon1 prescrib$ m9utely _! mode ( admission into ! div9e s]vice1 _! ve/m5ts & _! conditions ( life1 ! ritual ( sacrifice & ( purity2 & e violation ( ^! laws1 e trespass by a layman1 0 decl>$ to be puni%able ) dea?47#aajd7 ,! sanctu>y conta9s no room = ! nation ( prie/s2 no layman dur/ v5ture to cross its ?re%old4 ,ev5 9 ! legal sy/em ( ! rabbis ! anci5t rights & privileges ( ! prie/hood1 dat+ f ! "t :5 !y possess$ no prop]ty1 rema9$ inviolate1 & _! prec$5ce 9 ev]y?+ 0 undisput$47#aaje7 ,! gl>+ contra/ betwe5 ! idea ( a univ]sal prie/hood ( ! p & ! in/itution ( ! ,a>onites is expla9$ by a deep] insight into hi/ory4 ,! success ( ! re=mation "u ,josiah on ! basis ( ! ,deut]onomic code re/$ 9 ! la/ analysis on ! fact t ! prie/s ( ! h\se ( ,zadok at ,j]usalem 7 plac$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! high] prophetic tea*+ by be+ r5d]$ ! gu>dians1 executors1 & lat]1 9 conjunction ) ! ,levites1 ! tea*]s ( ! ,law1 z x 0 pres5t$ 9 ! book ( ! law ( ,moses1 soon aft]w>d complet$4 ,! prie/hood1 depriv$ ( ev]y?+ t might rem9d "o ( ! =m] idolatry & hea!ni% practices1 01 9 its pur] & holi] "*1 to lead ! prie/-p to true moral hol9ess ?r\gh its connection ) ! sanctu>y & its anci5t cult4 ,/ill ! impulse = ! moral rebir? ( ! nation1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( a prie/-p1 did n emanate f ! ,temple prie/hood1 nor ev5 f ! sacr$ soil ( ,pale/9e2 b f ! ,synagogue1 :i* began 9 ! ,exile1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! prophetic ^w & ! ,levitical song1 9 ! =m ( public wor%ip by ! congregation ( ! pi\s4 ,"h arose a g5]ation ( godly m51 a class ( s+ul>ly dev\t ones1 liv+ 9 prie/ly hol9ess1 :o consecrat$ _! lives to ! practice ( ! law1 & :om ! exile se] _h designat$ z ! true ,israel1 ! s]vant ( ! ,"l1 & ^! =m$ ! nucleus ( ! r5ew$ ,israel4 #d4 ,t :i* ! prophet ,ezekiel _h attempt$ 9 8 propos$ con/itution7#aajf7 0 accompli%$ 9 a f> m ?or\gh mann] by ! ,hol9ess ,code1 :i* emanat$ f 8 s*ool & became ! c5tral portion ( ! ,mosaic books1 & by ! s-call$ ,prie/ly ,code1 :i* foll[$ lat]4 ,! object 0 to br+ ab\t ! sanctification ( ! entire p ^u ! holy soil ( ! national l&1 ?r\gh in/itutions embody+ ! ideal ( ! hol9ess ( ,god 9 ! life & cult ( ! p4 ,circumcision1 idealiz$ by ! prophetic au?or ( ,deut]onomy17#aajg7 0 to be made ! sign ( ! cov5ant to m>k z holy ! prog5y ( ,abraham27#aajh7 /rict laws ( m>riage 7 to put an end to all hea!ni% un*a/ity2 ! ,sabba? re/ 0 to consecrate ! labors ( ! week1 ! ,sabbatical mon? & ye> ! produce ( ! soil47#aaji7 ,! prohibition ( unclean foods1 h]et(ore res]v$1 z among o!r nations1 = ! prie/s & o!r consecrat$ p]sons1 0 n[ appli$ to ! :ole community 9 ord] t ,israel %\ld le>n 8to set itself ap>t f all o!r nations z a holy p407#aaaj7 ,ev5 _! app>el 0 to proclaim ! prie/ly hol9ess ( ! p by a blue fr+e at ! bord] ( ! g>m5ts47#aaaa7 ,:]eas f ! "t ( ,ezra to ,simon ! ,j prie/ly rul]s endeavor$ to promote ! "w ( educat+ ! p = hol9ess1 ! pi\s m5 f among ! p made /ill great] ef=ts to ass]t ! claim ( hol9ess = ! entire ,jewi% p z a prie/-nation47#aaab7 ,! repa/s ( ^! pi\s fell[%ips %\ld be 9 no way inf]ior 9 sanctity to ^? ( ! prie/s 9 ! ,temple4 ,new c]emonies ( sanctification 7 to op5 & close ! ,sabba?s & fe/ivals4 ,symbols ( prie/ly consecration %\ld adorn =ehead & arm 9 ! =m ( ! phylact]ies 7tefill971 & %\ld be plac$ at ! entrance ( e h\se 9 ! s-call$ mezuzzah4 8,god has giv5 unto all an h]itage 7! ,torah71 ! k+dom1 ! prie/hood1 & ! sanctu>y07#aaac7--?is became ! leitmotif = ! ,ph>isaic s*ool1 :o con/antly enl>g$ ! doma9 ( piety s t x %\ld include ! :ole ( life4 ,:oev] did n belong to ?is circle ( ! pi\s 0 reg>d$ ) scorn z "o ( ! l[] class 7am ha-aretz74 #e4 ,! *ief ef=t ( ! pi\s1 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,judaism ( ! ,synagogue1 0 to keep ! ,jewi% p f ! demoraliz+ influ5ces ( pagan nature-wor%ip1 repres5t$ fir/ by ,semitic & lat] by ,greek culture4 ,! lead]s ( ! ,ph>isees 8built a f5ce ab\t ! law07#aaad7 ext5d+ ! prohibition ( m+l+ ) ! hea!n nations s z also to prohibit eat+ ) !m & p>ticipat+ 9 _! fea/s & social ga!r+s1--n = ! pres]vation ( ! ,jewi% race m]ely1 z ,*ri/ian !ologians ma9ta91 b = ! sake ( keep+ its inn] life intact & pure47#aaae7 8,god surr\nd$ u ) braz5 walls1 h$g$ u 9 ) laws ( purity 9 reg>d to food & dr9k & physical contact1 yea1 ev5 to t :i* we see & he>1 9 ord] t we %\ld be pure 9 body & s\l1 free f absurd beliefs1 n pollut$ by contact ) o!rs or ?r\gh association ) ! wick$2 = mo/ ( ! peoples defile !mselves ) _! sexual practices1 & :ole l&s pride !mselves ^u x4 ,b we hold ourselves alo( f all ?is0--s spoke ,eleaz> ! prie/ to ,k+ ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 accord+ to ! ,lett] ( ,ari/eas1 ?us giv+ expression to ! s5tim5t mo/ deeply root$ 9 ! s\ls ( ! pi\s ( t p]iod47#aaaf7 ,!y /rove to build up a nation ( :om ! ,tannaim c\ld say1 8,:oev] possesses no s5se ( %ame & *a/ity1 ( him x is c]ta9 t 8 ance/ors did n /& at ,s9ai407#aaag7 ,naturally en\gh1 ! ,greek & ,roman p took (f5se at ?is alo(ness & sep>ation f e contact ) ! out] _w1 & expla9$ x z due to a _s ( ho/ility to mank9d4 ,ev5 up to ! pres5t x has be5 ! lot ( ,jewry & ,judaism to be misund]/ood by ! _w at l>ge1 to be ! object ( ei!r its hate or its pity4 ,! _w disreg>ds ! magnific5ce ( ! plan by :i* an entire p 7 to be re>$ z a prie/-nation1 z citiz5s ( a k+dom ( ,god1 among :om1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 ! se$ ( prophetic tru? 0 to g]m9ate & spr\t =? = ! salvation ( humanity4 ,if1 9 complete contra/ to hea!n immorality1 ! ,jew 9 8 life1 8 ?9k+1 & 8 w 0 gov]n$ by ! /ricte/ moral discipl9e2 if1 9 spite ( ! mo/ cruel p]secutions & ! mo/ insidi\s temptations1 ! ,jewi% p rema9$ /eadfa/ to its pure belief 9 ,god & its traditional /&>ds ( *a/ity1 exhibit+ a loyalty :i* amaz$ ! nations & ! religi\s sects ab\t1 b 0 nei!r und]/ood nor foll[$ by !m1 ?is 0 ma9ly due to ! hall[+ influ5ces ( ! prie/ly laws4 ,!y /eel$ ! p = ! fulfillm5t ( _! duty & %ield$ !m aga9/ all ho/ile p[]s bo? )9 & )\t4 ,! v burd5 ( ! law1 s bitt]ly d5\nc$ by ,*ri/ianity s9ce ! "t ( ,paul1 l5t ,judaism its dignity at all times1 protect+ x f ! assaults ( ! tempt]2 & t :i* seem$ to ! outsid] a heavy load 0 to ! ,jew a s\rce ( pride 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 div9e election47#aaah7 #f4 ,b mo/ significant 9 ! "* & developm5t ( ,judaism is ! fact t all ! lead+ ideas & motives :i* emanat$ f ! prie/hood ( ! ,jewi% p 7 conc5trat$ 9 "o s+le focus1 ! hall[+ ( ! "n ( ,god4 ,two t]ms express$ ?is idea 9 bo? a negative & a positive =m1 ! w>n+ aga9/ 8,hillul ha ,%em0--pr(anation ( ! "n ( ,god--& ! duty ( 8,kiddu% ha ,%em0--sanctification ( ,god's "n4 ,^! ex]t$ a m>vel\s p[] 9 curb+ ! passions & self-indulg5ce ( ! ,jew & 9 spurr+ him on to ! greate/ possible self-sacrifice & to an unp>allel$ will+ness to und]go suff]+ & m>tyrdom = ! cause4 ,^! t]ms are d]iv$ f ! ,biblical v]se1 8,ye %all n pr(ane ,my holy "n1 b ,i w be hall[$ among ! *ildr5 ( ,israel2 ,i am ! ,"l :o hall[e? y407#aaai7 ,?is v]se =ms ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ! precepts = ! ,a>onitic prie/hood & w>ns !m z ! gu>dians ( ! sanctu>y to d no?+ :i* might 9 ! popul> e/imation degrade !m or ! div9e cause intru/$ to !m4 ,:51 h[ev]1 dur+ ! ,maccabean w>s1 ! little b& ( ! pi\s prov$ !mselves to be ! true prie/hood 9 _! ,opposition to ! fai?less ,a>onites1 (f]+ _! v lives z a sacrifice = ! pres]vation ( ! true fai? 9 ,god1 ! ,scriptural ^w receiv$ a new & high] mean+4 ,x came to signify ! obligation ( ! entire prie/-p to consecrate ! "n ( ,god by ! sacrifice ( _! lives1 & also _! duty to gu>d aga9/ its pr(anation by any (f5sive act4 ,9 connection ) ?is ,scriptural passage ! sages repres5t ,god z say+1 8,i h br\ght y out ( ,egypt only on ! condition t y are ready to sacrifice y\r lives1 if ne$ be1 to consecrate ,my "n407#aabj7 ,f t p]iod x became a duty & ev5 a law ( ,judaism1 z ,maimonides %[s 9 8 ,code1 = ea* p]son 9 life & 9 dea? to be> witness to ,8 ,god47#aaba7 8,ye are ,my witnesses1 sai? ! ,"l1 & ,i am ,god07#aabb7--;& witnesses be+ 9 ! ,greek v]sion m>tyrs1 ! ^w aft]w>d receiv$ ! mean+ ( 8blood-witnesses40--,?is passage ( ! prophet is comm5t$ on by ,simeon b5 ,johai1 "o ( ! great tea*]s :o suff]$ "u ,hadrian's p]secution1 9 ! foll[+ words1 8,if ye become ,my witnesses1 !n am ,i y\r ,"l1 ,god ( ! _w2 b if ye d n witness to ,me1 ,i cease to be1 z x 71 ! ,"l1 ,god ( all ! _w407#aabc7 ,t is to say1 x is ! m>tyrdom ( ! pi\s :i* glorifies ,god's "n be=e all ! _w4 ,or1 z ,felix ,p]les says s beautifully1 8,z e good & noble man mu/ ev] be> 9 m9d t ! dignity ( humanity is intru/$ to 8 h&1 s %\ld ea* e>ne/ adh]5t ( ! ,jewi% fai? rememb] t ! glory ( ,god is intru/$ to 8 c>e407#aabd7 ,! ,jewi% p has fulfill$ ?is prie/ly task ?r\gh a m>tyrdom ( ov] two ?\s& ye>s & has scornfully resi/$ e dem& to ab&on its fai? 9 ,god1 n cons5t+ to d s ev5 9 appe>ance4 ,surely hi/orians or philosoph]s :o c ridicule or commis]ate su* resi/ance betray a hatr$ :i* bl9ds _! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x 0 ! consci\sness ( ! ,jewi% p ( its prie/ly mission t has made x a patt]n ( loyalty = all "t4 #g4 ,moreov]1 ! fe> ( pr(an+ ! div9e "n became ! highe/ inc5tive to1 & safegu>d ( ! morality ( ! ,jew4 ,e misde$ t[>d a non-,jew is consid]$ by ! tea*]s ( ,judaism a d\ble s91 yea1 sometimes1 an unp>donable "o1 because x gives a false impression ( ! moral /&>d ( ,judaism & infr+es ^u ! honor ( ,god z well z t ( man4 ,! disciples ( ,rabbi ,simeon b5 ,%eta* once b\ght an ass = him f an ,arab1 & to _! joy f\nd a preci\s /one 9 its coll>4 8,did ! sell] "k ( ?is gem80 ask$ ! ma/]4 ,on be+ answ]$ 9 ! negative1 he call$ out angrily1 8,d y consid] me a b>b>ian8 ,return ! ,arab 8 preci\s /one imm$iately60 ,& :5 ! hea!n receiv$ x back1 he cri$ out1 8,prais$ be ! ,god ( ,simeon b5 ,%eta*607#aabe7 ,?us ! consci5ti\s ,jew honors 8 ,god by 8 conduct1 says ! ,talmud1 ref]r+ to ?is & _m simil> examples4 ,su* lessons ( ! ,jew's responsibility = ! recognition ( ! high moral purity ( 8 religion h ev] con/itut$ a high b>ri] aga9/ immoral acts4 ,! words1 8,be ye holy1 = ,i ! ,"l y\r ,god am holy0 =m significantly ! introduction to ! *apt] on ! love ( man1 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ,leviticus1 plac$ at ! v c5t] ( ! entire ,prie/ly ,code4 8,y\r self-sanctification sanctifies ,me1 z x 710 says ,god to ,israel1 accord+ to ! int]pretation ( ?is v]se by ! sages47#aabf7 ,9 contra/ to hea!ndom1 :i* deifies nature ) its appeal to ! s5ses1 ,judaism tea*es t hol9ess is a moral quality1 z x means ! curb+ ( ! s5ses4 ,& 9 ord] to prev5t ,israel1 ! be>] ( ?is ideal ( hol9ess1 f s9k+ into ! mire ( hea!n wantonness & lu/1 ! sep>ation ( ! ,jew f ! hea!n _w1 :e!r 9 8 dome/ic or social life1 0 a necessity & became ! rule & maxim ( 8 life = t p]iod4 ,all ! _m prohibitions & comm&s _h = _! object ! purification ( ! p 9 ord] to r5d] ! highe/ moral purity a h]$it>y virtue among !m1 accord+ to ! rabbis47#aabg7 #h4 ,x is true t ! accumulation ( 8law ^u law1 prohibition ^u prohibition0 by ! rabbis _h ev5tually ! same injuri\s effect :i* x _h ex]t$ ^u ! prie/s 9 ! ,temple4 ,! =mal law1 8! precepts le>n$ by rote10 became ! important factor1 :ile _! purpose 0 lo/ to sight4 ,! %ell smo!r$ ! k]nel1 & bl9d ob$i5ce to ! lett] ( ! law came to be reg>d$ z true piety4 ,x _c be d5i$ t adh]5ce to ! m]e =m1 :i* 0 transmitt$ f ! ,temple practice to ! legalism ( ! ,ph>isees & ! lat] rabb9ic s*ools ) _! casui/ry1 impair$ & t>ni%$ ! l(ty prophetic ideal ( hol9ess4 ,x almo/ seems z if ! cl>ion notes ( su* sublime passages z t ( ! ,psalmi/1 8,:o %all asc5d into ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l1 ,& :o %all /& 9 ,8 holy place8 ,he t ha? clean h&s & a pure he>t2 ,:o ha? n tak5 ,my "n 9 va91 & ha? n sworn deceitfully107#aabh7 no long] f\nd its full resonance 9 ! he>t ( ,judaism4 ,9 ! practice ( ext]nal acts ( piety religion became petrifi$ & ! _s took flight4 ,t :i* is ( second>y importance became ( prim>y consid]ation4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal error into :i* ! practice & ! developm5t ( ! ,law 9 ,judaism laps$1 & to :i* no c>eful obs]v] c or d>es close 8 eyes4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,law1 z x embrac$ ! :ole ( life 9 its p[]1 %>p5$ ! ,jewi% s5se ( duty1 & s]v$ ! ,jew z an iron wall ( def5se aga9/ temptations1 ab]rations1 & enticem5ts ( ! c5turies4 ,z soon z ! mod]n ,jew1 h[ev]1 und]took to free himself f ! tutelage ( a bl9d acceptance ( au?ority & inquir$ aft] ! purpose ( all ! re/rictions :i* ! ,law laid ^u him1 8 anci5t loyalty to ! same collaps$ & ! pill>s ( ,judaism seem$ to be %ak54 ,!n ! lead]s ( ,re=m1 imbu$ ) ! prophetic _s1 felt x to be _! imp]ative duty to se>* out ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! prie/ly law ( hol9ess1 &1 accord+ly1 !y le>n$ h[ to sep>ate ! k]nel f ! %ell4 ,9 opposition to ! or?odox t5d5cy to wor%ip ! lett]1 !y insi/$ on ! fact t ,israel's sep>ation f ! _w--:i* x is ultimately to w9 = ! div9e tru?--_c itself be its end & aim1 & t bl9d ob$i5ce to ! law does n con/itute true piety4 ,only ! fundam5tal idea1 t ,israel z ! 8fir/-born0 among ! nations has be5 elect$ z a prie/-p1 mu/ rema9 our imp]i%able tru?1 a tru? to :i* ! c5turies ( hi/ory be> witness by %[+ t x has giv5 its life-blood z a ransom = humanity1 & is ev] br++ new sacrifices = its cause4 ,only because x has kept itself di/9ct z a prie/-p among ! nations c\ld x c>ry out its great task 9 hi/ory2 & only if x rema9s consci\s ( its prie/ly call+ & !re=e ma9ta9s itself z ! p ( ,god1 c x fulfill its mission4 ,n until ! end ( "t1 :5 all ( ,god's *ildr5 w h ent]$ ! k+dom ( ,god1 may ,israel1 ! high-prie/ among ! nations1 r5\nce 8 prie/hood4 ,*apt] ,,li4 ,israel1 ! ,p ( ! ,law1 & its ,_w ,mission #a4 ,judaism diff]s f all ! anci5t religions *iefly 9 its intru/+ its tru? to ! :ole p in/ead ( a special prie/hood4 ,! law :i* 8,moses comm&$ u is an inh]itance ( ! ,congregation ( ,jacob107#aabi7 is ! ,scriptural lesson impress$ ^u e ,jew 9 e>ly *ildhood4 ,z soon z ! ,torah pass$ f ! c>e ( ! prie/s into t ( ! :ole nation1 ! p ( ! book became ! prie/-nation1 & set =? to conqu] ! _w by its religi\s tru?4 ,?is aim 0 express$ by all ! prophets beg9n+ ) ,moses1 :o said3 8,w\ld t all ! ,"l's p 7 prophets1 t ! ,"l w\ld put ,8 _s ^u !m407#aacj7 ,! prophetic ideal 0 t 8!y %all all "k ,me 7,god71 f ! lea/ ( !m unto ! greate/ ( !m107#aaca7 & t 8all ?y 7,zion's7 *ildr5 %all be taught ( ! ,"l407#aacb7 ,aft] ! p came to realize t ! ,law 0 8_! wisdom & und]/&+ 9 ! sight ( ! peoples107#aacc7 !y soon felt ! hope t "o day 8! isles %all wait = ,8 tea*+107#aacd7 & confid5tly expect$ ! "t :5 8_m peoples %all g & say1 ,come ye1 & let u g up to ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l1 to ! h\se ( ! ,god ( ,jacob2 & ,he w tea* u ( ,8 ways1 & we w walk 9 ,8 pa?s1 = out ( ,zion %all g =? ! law1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem407#aace7 ,once lib]at$ f ! dom9ance ( ! prie/hood1 religion became ! in/rum5t ( univ]sal in/ruction1 ! factor ( g5]al spiritual & moral advancem5t4 ,9 addition x end[$ humanity ) an educational ideal1 de/9$ to reg5]ate its moral life f> m deeply ?an ,greek culture c\ld ev] d4 ,! object 0 to elevate all classes ( ! p by ! liv+ ^w ( ,god1 by ! read+ & exp\nd+ ( ! ,scripture = ! dissem9ation ( its tru? among ! masses4 #b4 ,^? :o def9e ,judaism z a religion ( law completely misund]/& its nature & its hi/oric =ces4 ,?is is done by all ^? ,*ri/ian !ologians :o endeavor to prove ! extraord9>y ass]tion ( ! apo/le ,paul t ! ,jewi% p 0 provid5tially de/9$ to produce ! ,old ,te/am5t law & become enme%$ 9 x1 l ! silkworm 9 its cocoon1 f9ally to dry up & p]i%1 leav+ its prophetic tru? = ! ,*ur*4 ,?is fateful misconception ( ,judaism is bas$ ^u a false int]pretation ( ! ^w ,torah1 :i* d5otes moral & spiritual in/ruction z (t5 z law1 & ?us includes all k9ds ( religi\s tea*+ & k toge!r ) its prim>y mean+1 ! writt5 & ! oral codes47#aacf7 ,9 fact1 9 po/-,biblical times x compris$ ! entire religion1 z subject ( bo? in/ruction & sci5tific inve/igation4 ,true1 law is fundam5tal 9 ,jewi% hi/ory2 ,israel accept$ ! div9e cov5ant on ! basis ( ! ,s9aitic code2 ! re=ms ( ,k+ ,josiah 7 f\nd$ on ! ,deut]onomic law27#aacg7 & ! re/oration ( ! ,judean commonweal? 0 bas$ ^u ! complet$ ,mosaic code br\ght f ,babylon by ,ezra ! ,scribe47#aach7 ,?is book ( law1 ) its fur!r developm5t & int]pretation1 rema9$ ! normative factor = ,judaism = all "t4 ,/ill1 f ! v beg9n+ ! ,law ( ! cov5ant conta9$ a c]ta9 elem5t :i* di/+ui%$ x f all ! prie/ly & political codes ( antiquity4 ,beside ! traditional juridical & rituali/ic /atutes1 :i* betray a ,babylonian orig91 x conta9s laws & doctr9es ( k9dness t[>d ! poor & helpless1 ! enemy & ! slave1 ev5 t[>d ! dumb bea/1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! _s ( cruelty & viol5ce 9 ! ,babylonian law47#aaci7 ,9 ! "n ( ! all-see+1 all-rul+ ,god x appeals to ! sympa?y ( man4 ,^! exhortations to t5d]ness increase 9 lat] codes ( law "u ! prophetic influ5ce1 until f9ally ! rabbis ext5d$ !m z f> z possible4 ,!y held t e neglig5ce :i* leads to ! loss ( life or prop]ty by ! neighbor1 e neglect ( a dome/ic animal1 ev5 e act ( deceit by :i* "o attempts to 8/eal0 ! good op9ion ( "o's fell[-m51 is a violation ( ! law47#aadj7 ,h5ce ,rabbi ,simlai1 ! ,haggadi/1 said t f beg9n+ to end ! ,law is b a sy/em ( tea*+s ( human love17#aada7 :ile ano!r sage tri$ to prove f ! books ( ,moses t ,god implant$ m]cy1 mode/y1 & b5evol5ce 9 ! s\ls ( ,israel z h]$it>y virtues47#aadb7 ,9 ! same _s ,rabbi ,meir describ$ ! law ( ,israel z ! law ( humanity1 support+ 8 /atem5t by a numb] ( biblical passages47#aadc7 #c4 ,b1 z light by its v nature illum9es its surr\nd+s1 s ! ,torah 9 ! possession ( ! ,jewi% p 0 c]ta9 to become ! light ( mank9d4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! book ( ,law itself insi/s t ! fa!r %all tea* ! ^w ( ,god to 8 *ildr51 us+ _m signs & c]emonies t !y may m$itate on ! works ( ,god & walk 9 ! pa? ( virtue1 & t ! div9e comm&s %\ld be 89 ! m\? & 9 ! he>t ( all to d !m407#aadd7 ,x 0 made incumb5t ^u ! high prie/ or k+ to read ! ,law at lea/ once e sev5 ye>s to ! :ole p assembl$ 9 ! holy city = ! autumnal fe/ival1--m51 wom51 *ildr51 & ! soj\rn]s 9 ! gates1--s t x %\ld become _! common prop]ty47#aade7 ,?is precept probably gave rise to ! tri5nial & lat] ! annual sy/em ( ,torah read+ on ! ,sabba?4 ,b 9 addition to ! book ( ,law ! prophetic words ( consolation 7 read to ! p1 a cu/om :i* orig9at$ 9 ! ,babylonian exile1 & 0 cont9u$ "u ! "n ( ,haft>ah 78dismissal0 ( ! congregation747#aadf7 ,! se] ( ! exile ref]s to ^! prophetic words ( com=t :i* 7 (f]$ to ! p on ! ,sabba? z well z o!r fea/s & fa/s3 8,att5d unto ,me1 ,o ,my p1 & give e> unto ,me1 ,o ,my nation1 = in/ruction 7,torah7 %all g =? f ,me1 & ,my "r on a sudd5 = a light ( ! p4444 ,he>k5 unto ,me1 ye t "k righte\sness1 ! p 9 ^: he>t is ,my law2 fe> ye n ! taunt ( m51 nei!r be ye dismay$ at _! revil+s4 ,= ! mo? %all eat !m up l a g>m5t1 & ! worm %all eat !m l wool2 b ,my favor %all be =ev]1 & ,my salvation unto all g5]ations407#aadg7 ,mov$ by su* /irr+ ideals1 ,synagogues arose 9 ,jewi% settlem5ts all ov] ! globe1 & ! book ( ! ,law1 9 its v]nacul> v]sions1 ,greek & ,aramaic1 toge!r ) ! words ( ! prophets1 became ! g5]al s\rce ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! words ( ! ,psalms1 x became 8! te/imony ( ! ,"l1 mak+ wise ! simple10 8rejoic+ ! he>t10 8enlight5+ ! eyes10 8m to be desir$ ?an gold407#aadh7 ,nay m1 ! /udy ( ! ,law became ! duty ( e man1 & he :o fail$ to live up to ! precepts ( ! devotees ( ! ,law1 ! ,ph>isean fell[%ips1 0 scorn$ z belong+ to ! l[] class1 am ha>etz4 ,e morn+ ! pi\s ,jew1 fir/ ?ank+ ,god = ! light ( day1 foll[$ ?is up by ?ank+ ,him = ! ,torah1 :i* illum9es ! pa? ( life4 8,! welf>e ( society re/s ^u ! /udy ( ! ,law1 div9e s]vice & organiz$ *>ity10 0 a say+ ( ,simon ! ,j1 a high prie/ ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird pre-,*ri/ian c5tury47#aadi7 ,?us le>n+ & tea*+ became lead+ occupations = ! ,jew1 & ! two ma9 dep>tm5ts ( ,jewi% lit]ature1 correspond+ly1 are ,torah & ,talmud1 t is1 ! writt5 ,law & its exposition4 ,inde$1 ! highe/ title :i* ! rabbis c\ld f9d = ,moses 0 simply 8,moses our ,tea*]40 ,nay1 ,god ,himself 0 frequ5tly repres5t$ z a v5]able ,ma/]1 tea*+ ! ,law 9 awful maje/y47#aaej7 #d4 ,lat] "u ! successive influ5ce ( ,babylonian & ,greek culture1 ! wisdom lit]ature 0 add$ to ! ,prophets & ! ,psalms1 giv+ to ! :ole ,torah a univ]sal scope1 l t claim$ = ,greek philosophy4 ,! ,jewi% love ( le>n+ l$ to an ev] great] long+ = tru? by add+ ! wisdom ( o!r cultur$ nations to its own /ore ( k4 ,?is motive = univ]salism became all ! /rong]1 z ! fai? became m c5t]$ 9 ! sublime conception ( ,god z ,ma/] ( all ! _w4 ,z ! ,god ( ,israel appe>$ ! primal s\rce ( all tru?1 s ! reveal$ ^w ( ,god 0 consid]$ ! v embodim5t ( div9e wisdom47#aaea7 ,9 fact1 ! m5 ( ho>y antiquity describ$ 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis 7 actually cr$it$ ) be+ ! in/ructors ( ! ,greeks & o!r nations47#aaeb7 ,we read a /range /ory by a pupil ( ,ari/otle t ! great sage admir$ a ,jew1 :om he happ5$ to meet1 z bo? wise & pi\s1 s t ! little ,jewi% nation 0 (t5 consid]$1 l ! wise m5 ( ,india1 to be a sect ( philosoph]s47#aaec7 ,inde$1 ,judaism became a matt] ( curiosity to ! pagan _w on acc\nt ( ! ,synagogue1 :i* attract$ !m z a unique c5t] ( religi\s devotion & in/ruction1 & especially because ( ! ,bible1 :i* 0 read & exp\nd$ 9 its ,greek g>b f ,sabba? to ,sabba?4 ,! ,jewi% p rais$ !mselves to be a nation ( ?9k]s1 & l>gely ?r\gh association ) ,greek ?\ght4 ,= example1 9 ! ,greek translation ( ! ,scriptures all an?ropomorphic expressions are avoid$4 ,z ! p]sonal "n ( ,israel's ,god ( ! cov5ant1 99,,jhvh991 0 replac$ by ! "n ,adonai1 8! ,"l107#aaed7 ! univ]sality ( ! ,jewi% ,god became /ill m evid5t4 ,?us ! pagan _w c\ld f9d ,god 9 ! ,scriptures to be ! liv+ ,god :o dwells 9 ! he>t & is s\ght by all mank9d4 ,! ,jew became ! h]ald ( ! ,"o ,god ( ! univ]se1 8 ,bible a book ( univ]sal in/ruction4 ,_m ( ! hea!n1 )\t m]g+ !mselves into ! community ( ! cov5ant p & )\t accept+ all its p>ticul>i/ic cu/oms1 ralli$ ar\nd its c5tral /&>d z simple !i/s1 8wor%ip]s ( ,god10 or 8!y :o fe> ! ,"l10 accord+ to ! t]m9ology ( ! ,psalms47#aaee7 #e4 ,an old rabb9ical leg5d1 :i* is reflect$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t miracle ( ,p5teco/1 relates t ! ,t5 ,words ( ,s9ai 7 utt]$ 9 sev5ty tongues ( fire to rea* ! kn[n sev5ty nations ( ! e>?47#aaef7 ,we are told t :5 ! p ent]$ ,canaan1 ! words ( ! ,law 7 engrav$ 9 sev5ty languages on ! /ones ( ! alt> at ,m\nt ,ebal47#aaeg7 ,t is1 ! law ( ,s9ai 0 int5d$ to provide ! f\ndation = all human society4 ,"o ,haggadi/ ev5 ass]ts t ! hea!n nations all refus$ to accept ! ,law1 & if ,israel also _h reject$ x1 ! _w w\ld h return$ to *aos47#aaeh7 ,israel 01 s to speak1 =c$ by div9e ,provid5ce to accept ! ,law on behalf ( ! entire race4 ,hillel1 "u ! ,romaniz$ reign ( ,h]od1 0 fully consci\s ( ?is _w-mission :5 he said3 8,love y\r fell[ creatures & lead !m to ! /udy ( ! ,law407#aaei7 #f4 ,! outlook = ! ,jewi% p1 h[ev]1 became d>k] & d>k] ?r\gh its /ruggle ) ,rome4 ,! fanatical ,zealots entirely oppos$ ! spread+ ( ! k ( ! ,torah among ^? :o did n belong to ! h\sehold ( ,israel47#aafj7 ,!n ! ,*ur* s5t =? h] mission>ies to conv]t ! pagan _w by con/ant concessions to its poly!i/ic views & practices4 ,! se$ s[n by ,hell5i/ic ,judaism yield$ a ri* h>ve/ = ! ,*ur*1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 won at ! sacrifice ( pure ,jewi% mono!ism4 ,! ,t5 ,words ( ,s9ai1 ! ,mosaic laws ( m>riage1 ! poor laws1 & o!r ,biblical /atutes became ! corn]/one ( civilization1 b 9 a diff]5t guise2 ! h]itage ( ,judaism 0 transplant$ to ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an _w 9 a new g>b & "u a new "n4 ,h5ce=? ! ,jew1 disp]s$1 isolat$1 & afflict$1 _h to /ruggle to pres]ve 8 fai? 9 its pri/9e purity4 ,! v dang] besett+ ! /udy ( ! ,law dur+ ! ,hadrianic p]secutions1 :i* foll[$ ! ,b> ,ko*ba revolt1 increas$ 8 zeal & c\rage4 8,devoid ( ! ,torah1 our vital elem5t1 we are surely ?reat5$ ) dea?10 said ,rabbi ,akiba1 apply+ to himself ! fable ( ! fox & ! fi%es1 z he defi$ ! ,roman edict47#aafa7 ,! fe> le/ ! ,torah %\ld be =gott51 /imulat$ ! tea*]s & _! disciples ev] anew to its pursuit4 ,! ,torah 0 reg>d$ z ! bond & pl$ge ( ,god's ne>ness2 h5ce ! _m rabb9ical say+s conc]n+ its value 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 :i* are frequ5tly c\*$ 9 poetic & extravagant language47#aafb7 ,! und]ly+ idea ( !m all is t ,israel c\ld disp5se ) its ,/ate & its ,temple1 b n ) its /oreh\se ( div9e tru?1 f :i* x con/antly d]ives new life & new y\?4 #g4 ,"o important "q1 h[ev]1 rema9s1 :i* mu/ be answ]$3 ,has ! ,jewi% p1 %ut up = c5turies by ! ramp>ts ( ,talmudic ,judaism1 actually r5\nc$ its _w mission8 ,9 transmitt+ "p ( its inh]itance to its two daught]-religions1 has ,judaism lo/ its claim to be a _w-religion8 ,! ,congregation ( ,israel1 accord+ to ! ,midra%1 answ]s ?is "q 9 ! words ( ! ,%ulamite 9 ! ,song ( ,songs3 8,i sleep1 b my he>t wake?407#aafc7 ,dur+ ! sad p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,judaism 9 its relation to ! out] _w slept a long w9t]-sleep1 n[ 9 "o l& & n[ 9 ano!r1 b its inn] life always manife/$ a spl5did activity ( m9d & s\l1 ex]t+ a mighty influ5ce ^u ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x 0 decl>$ dead by ! rul+ ,*ur*1 & yet x con/antly fill$ h] ) al>m by ! tru?s x utt]$4 ,! ,jewi% p 0 giv5 ov] to de/ruction & p]secution a ?\s& times1 b all ! floods ( hatr$ & viol5ce c\ld n qu5* its flame4 ,its m>vel\s endurance con/itut$ ! /ronge/ possible prote/ aga9/ ! cre$ ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* claim$ to possess an exclusive tru? & ! only means ( salvation4 ,to suff] & die z m>tyrs by ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 at ! /ake & "u ! torture ( blood?ir/y mobs1 te/ify+ to ! ,"o ,only ,god ( ,israel & humanity1 01 to say ! lea/1 z h]oic a mission z to conv]t ! hea!n4 ,inde$1 ! ,jew1 9 recit+ ! ,%ema ea* morn+ 9 ! h\se ( ,god1 r5ew$ daily 8 zeal & fai?1 by :i* he 0 enc\rag$ to sacrifice himself = 8 sacr$ h]itage4 #h4 ,b ! cultivation ( ! ,torah1 obligatory ^u e ,jew1 effect$ m ev5 ?an ! pres]vation ( mono!ism4 ,alongside ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* did its be/ to suppress free ?\ght1 ,islam provid$ a culture :i* enc\rag$ /udy & inve/igation1 & ?is br\ght ! lead+ spirits 9 ,judaism to a pr(\nd] grasp ( _! own lit]>y treasures4 ,bold tru?-seek]s arose "u ! ,mohamm$an sway :o _h ! c\rage to break ! *a9s ( belief 9 ! lett] ( ! ,scripture1 & to claim ! "r ( ! human reason to give an op9ion on ! highe/ que/ions ( religion4 ,! lead+ au?orities ( ! ,synagogue foll[$ a diff]5t c\rse f t ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* _h br\ght ! ,deity into ! sph]e ( ! s5ses1 divid$ ! "o ,god into ?ree p]sons1 & induc$ ! p to wor%ip ! image ( ,m>y & h] ,god-*ild r ?an ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,!y insi/$ on ! absolute unity & spirituality ( ,god1 elim9at$ all ! human attributes ascrib$ to ,him 9 ,scripture1 & /rove to atta9 ! l(tie/ & pure/ possible conception ( ,8 be+4 ,x took a mighty ef=t = ! p ( ! ,law to rexam9e ! entire mass ( tradition 9 ord] to h>monize philosophy & religion1 & inve/ ! div9e revelation ) ! highe/ spiritual "*4 ,?is m5tal activity ex]t$ a great influ5ce ^u ! :ole c\rse ( ?\ght ( subsequ5t c5turies & ev5 ^u mod]n philosophy4 ,aga9 ,israel became consci\s ( 8 mission ( light4 ,jewi% ?9k]s1 (t5 comb9+ rabbi1 physician1 & a/ronom] 9 "o p]son1 c>ri$ ! tor* ( sci5ce & free inve/igation1 directly or indirectly1 into ! cell ( _m a ,*ri/ian monk1 r\s+ ! dull _s ( ! ,middle ,ages & br++ new intellectual nurture to ! ,*ur*1 else %e might h />v$ 9 h] m5tal pov]ty4 ,! ,jews ( ,spa9 became ! tea*]s ( ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,! =]unn]s ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation sat at ! feet ( ,jewi% ma/]s4 ,jewi% /ud5ts ( ! ,hebrew language1 sci5tifically tra9$1 op5$ up ! simple mean+ ( ! ,scriptural ^w1 s long hidd5 by traditional int]pretation4 ,! ,lu!ran & ! ,engli% translations ( ! ,bible 7 due to _! ef=ts1 & ?us also ! rise ( ,prote/antism1 :i* inaugurat$ ! mod]n era4 ,yet ?is intellectual revival1 ?is wond]ful activity ( v>i\s ?9k]s among m$ieval ,jewry1 requir$ a soil susceptible to su* se$s1 an atmosph]e favorable to ?is int5se se>* = tru?4 ,?is exi/$ only 9 ! ,jewi% p1 s9ce ! univ]sal /udy ( ! ,torah br\ght x ab\t t 8all ! *ildr5 ( ,israel _h light 9 _! dwell+s0 ev5 :ile d5se d>kness cov]$ ! nations ( ! m$ieval _w4 #i4 ,we mu/ n und]rate ! cultural mission ( ! ,jewi% p1 ) its /rik+ contra/ to ! ,new ,te/am5t po9t ( view1 :i* creat$ mona/]ies & ! celibate ideal1 & ?us disc\rag$ indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & sci5tific inquiry4 ,disp]s$ z !y 71 ! ,jewi% p cultivat$ bo? comm]ce & sci5ce1 & ?us = c5turies 7 ! real be>]s ( culture1 ! int]m$i>ies betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,:ile ! ,*ur* divid$ mank9d into heirs ( heav5 & hell1 ?us s[+ discord & hatr$1 ! little gr\p ( ,jews ma9ta9$ _! ideal ( an undivid$ humanity4 ,b ev5 _! indu/rial & comm]cial activity _h m ?an a m]e economic significance4 ,=c$ ^u ! ,jew by ext]nal pressure1 x 0 favor$ by ,jewi% tea*+ z a means ( promot+ spiritual life4 ,n pov]ty & begg>y1 b weal? begott5 by hone/ toil has ! sanction ( ,judaism 9 accordance ) ! say+ 8,:]e !re is no fl\r = bread1 !re c be no support = ! /udy ( ! ,torah407#aafd7 ,moreov]1 ! rabbis int]pret$ ! v]se1 8,rejoice1 ,o ,zebulun1 9 ?y go+ out1 & ?\1 ,issa*>1 9 ?y t5ts107#aafe7 z mean+ t ,zebulun1 ! seaf>]1 %>$ ! pr(it ( 8 comm]ce ) ,issa*>1 :o taught ! law 9 ! t5ts ( ! ,torah1 t he1 9 turn1 might %>e 8 bro!r's spiritual rew>d4 ,inde$1 ! ,jew us$ 8 ga9s won by trade 9 ! s]vice ( ! promotion ( le>n+1 & ?us 8 entire indu/ry assum$ a high] "*4 ,our mod]n civilization1 ) its high] values ( life1 owes mu* to ! cultural activity ( ! m$ieval ,jew1 :i* _m lead]s ( ! rul+ ,*ur* /ill ignore completely4 ,x is true t ! h>d /ruggle = _! v exi/5ce kept ! p unconsci\s ( _! cultural mission1 & only n[ t !y h atta9$ ! high] hi/orical po9t ( view c !y exclaim ) ,joseph _! ance/or3 8,z = y1 ye meant evil aga9/ me2 b ,god meant x = good1 to br+ x to pass1 z x is ?is day1 to save mu* p alive407#aaff7 ,! fact is t ,jewi% comm]ce has be5 an important cosmopolitan factor 9 ! pa/1 & is /ill work+1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ! same direction47#aafg7 #aj4 ,new & great tasks h be5 assign$ by div9e ,provid5ce to ! ,jew ( mod]n times1 :o is a full citiz5 9 ! cultural1 social1 & political life ( ! v>i\s nations4 ,^! tasks are mo/ holy to him z ,jew1 ! be>] ( a great mission to ! _w1 :i* is embodi$ 9 8 h]itage1 ! ,torah4 ,h[ev] spl5did may h be5 8 a*ievem5ts 9 ! fields ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 ( lit]ature & art1 8 own peculi> possession is ! ,torah alone1 ! religi\s tru? = :i* he f\ght & suff]$ all ^! c5turies pa/2 ?is mu/ =ev] rema9 ! c5tral ?\ght1 ! aim ( all 8 /riv+47#aafh7 ,e a*ievem5t ( ! ,jewi% p1 e atta9m5t 9 p[]1 k1 or skill1 mu/ lead t[>d ! completion ( ! div9e k+dom ( tru? & ju/ice2 t = :i* ! ,jew laid ! f\ndation at ! beg9n+ ( 8 hi/ory is /ill lead+ =w>d ! entire social life ( man to r5d] x a div9e h\sehold ( love & peace4 ,9 ord] t x may c>ry out ! _w mission mapp$ out by its great se]s ( yore1 ! ,jewi% p mu/ gu>d aga9/ absorption by ! multitude ( nations z mu* z aga9/ isolation f !m4 ,x mu/ pres]ve its id5tity )\t go+ back into a sep>ation root$ 9 self-adulation & clanni%ness4 ,in/ead1 ! great goal ( ,israel w be rea*$ only by pati5t endurance & p]sev]ance1 confid5tly await+ ! fulfillm5t 9 ,god's own "t ( ! glori\s prophecy t all ! nations %all be l$ up to ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l by ! prie/-p1 !re to wor%ip ,god 9 tru? & righte\sness4 ,! ,law is to g =? f ,zion & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem1 z a spiritual1 n a geographical c5t]4 ,?is vision =ms ! highe/ p9nacle ( human aspiration1 ris+ high] & high] be=e ! m9d1 z man asc5ds f "o /age ( culture to ano!r1 /riv+ ev] = p]fection1 = ! sublime/ ideal ( life4 ,?is is *>act]i/ically express$ by ! ,midra%1 :i* ref]s to ! ,messianic vision3 8,& x %all come to pass 9 ! end ( days1 t ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l's h\se %all be e/abli%$ z ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 & %all be exalt$ above ! hills407#aafi7 8,"o great m\nta9 ( ! e>? w be pil$ ^u ! o!r1 & ,m\nt ,zion w be plac$ ^u ! top z ! culm9at+ po9t ( all human asc5ts40 ,tak5 9 a figurative s5se1 9 :i* alone ! say+ is acceptable1 ?is means t all ! heights ( ! v>i\s ideals w f9ally m]ge into ! l(tie/ ( all ideals1 :5 ,israel's "o holy ,god w be ackn[l$g$ z ! ,"o = :om all he>ts ye>n1 :om all m9ds seek z ! ,ideal ( all ideals4 ,*apt] ,,lii4 ,israel1 ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 ,m>tyr & ,messiah ,( ! ,nations #a4 8,if !re are ranks 9 suff]+1 ,israel takes prec$5ce4 ,if ! duration ( sorr[s & ! pati5ce ) :i* !y are borne1 ennoble1 ! ,jews are among ! ari/ocracy ( e l&4 ,if a lit]ature is call$ ri* :i* conta9s a few classic trag$ies1 :at %all we say to a national trag$y la/+ = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 9 :i* ! poets & ! actors are also ! h]oes80 ,) ^! classic words ,leopold ,zunz introduces ! hi/ory ( suff]+s :i* h occasion$ ! hundr$s ( pla9tive & p5it5tial songs ( ! ,synagogue describ$ 9 8 book1 ,die ,synagogale ,poesie des ,mittelalt]s4 ,!y are ! cries ( a nation ( m>tyrs1 res\nd+ ?r\gh ! :ole ,jewi% liturgy1 & appe>+ already 9 _m ( ! ,psalms3 8,?\ ha/ giv5 u l %eep to be eat52 & ha/ scatt]$ u among ! nations4 ,?\ make/ u a taunt to our neighbors1 a scorn & a d]ision to !m t are r\nd ab\t u4 ,all ?is is come ^u u1 yet h we n =gott5 ,!e1 nei!r h we be5 false to ,?y cov5ant3 ,nay1 = ,?y sake are we kill$ all ! day2 we are acc\nt$ z %eep = ! slaught]4 ,awake1 :y sleepe/ ,?\1 ,o ,"l8 ,ar\se ,?yself1 ca/ n (f =ev]4 ,:]e=e hide/ ,?\ ,?y face1 & =gette/ our affliction & our oppression807#aagj7 ,?us ! congregation ( ,israel lam5ts2 & :at is ! answ] ( ,heav58 #b4 ,! ,bible conta9s two answ]s3 ! fir/ by ,ezekiel1 prie/ & prophet2 ! o!r by ! great unkn[n se] ( ! ,exile ^: words ( com=t are giv5 9 ! latt] "p ( ,isaiah4 ,ezekiel gave a /]n & direct answ]3 8,! nations %all "k t ! h\se ( ,israel w5t into captivity because ( _! iniquity1 because !y broke fai? ) ,me1 & ,i hid ,my face f !m2 s ,i gave !m into ! h& ( _! adv]s>ies1 & !y fell all ( !m by ! sword4 ,accord+ to _! uncleanness & accord+ to _! transgressions did ,i unto !m2 & ,i hid ,my face f !m4 ,!re=e ?us sai? ! ,"l ,god3 ,n[ w ,i br+ back ! captivity ( ,jacob1 & h compassion ^u ! :ole h\se ( ,israel2 & ,i w be jeal\s = ,my holy "n4 ,& !y %all be> _! %ame1 & all _! brea* ( fai? :i* !y committ$ aga9/ ,me407#aaga7 ,^! words are e*o$ 9 ! h>r[+ admonitory *apt] ( ,leviticus1 :i*1 h[ev]1 closes ) words ( com=t3 8,& !y %all confess _! iniquity 444 if !n p]*ance _! uncircumcis$ he>t be humbl$1 & !y !n be paid ! puni%m5t ( _! iniquity2 !n w ,i rememb] ,my cov5ant ) ,jacob1 & also ,my cov5ant ) ,isaac1 & also ,my cov5ant ) ,abraham w ,i rememb]2 & ,i w rememb] ! l&407#aagb7 ,?is view ( div9e ju/ice z ext]nal & punitive 0 basic to ! ,synagogue liturgy & ! entire rabb9ic sy/em4 ,! prie/ly idea ( atonem5t1 t s9 c\ld be wip$ out by sacrifice1 made a pr(\nd impression1 n only ^u individual s9n]s1 b also ^u ! nation4 ,h5ce x 0 appli$ especially to ! p 9 exile :5 !y c\ld n br+ sacrifices to _! ,god4 ,/ill1 "o means ( atonem5t rema9$1 ! exile itself1 :i* c\ld lead ! p to rep5tance & f9ally to ,god's =giv5ess47#aagc7 ,?us ! p reta9$ a hope ( return f _! captivity4 ,!y 7 assur$ by _! prophetic monitors t ! fai?ful community ( ! ,"l w\ld aga9 be receiv$ 9 favor by ! ,god ( fai?fulness4 ,!y ev5 built _! hope ^u ! portions ( ! ,law1 :i* 0 read to assembl$ wor%ip]s t !y might "k & obs]ve x on _! return to ! l& ( _! fa!rs4 ,israel c\ld say ) ! ,psalmi/3 8,unless ,?y law _h be5 my delight1 ,i %\ld !n h p]i%$ 9 m9e affliction407#aagd7 ,accord+ to a ,pale/9ian ,haggadi/1 8,israel w\ld nev] h p]sev]$ s long1 _h n ! ,torah1 ! m>riage contract ( ,israel ) its ,god1 pl$g$ to x a glori\s future on ! holy soil407#aage7 ,wait pati5tly = ,god's m]cy1 :i* 9 ,8 own "t w rebuild ,israel's ,/ate & ,temple6--?is is ! keynote ( all ! pray]s & songs ( ! ,synagogue4 #c4 ,b ! great se] ( ! exile1 ^: anonymity l5ds /ill great] impressiv5ess to 8 words ( com=t1 /ood on a high] hi/orical plane ?an t ( ,ezekiel ! prie/4 ,he witness$ ! trans=mation ( ! entire political _w ( 8 "t ?r\gh ! victory ( ,cyrus ! ,m$e ov] ! ,babylonian empire1 & ?us 0 able to atta9 a pr(\nd] grasp ( ! de/9y ( 8 own nation4 ,h5ce he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! view ( ,ezekiel4 ,! latt] _h appli$ ! popul> say+1 8,! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes1 & ! *ildr5's tee? are set on edge107#aagf7 to refute ! belief t an individual 0 puni%$ = ! s9s ( 8 fa!rs2 b he fail$ to ext5d ?is doctr9e to ! :ole nation4 ,:atev] s9s 7 committ$ by ! g5]ation :o 7 exil$1 _! *ildr5 ought n to suff] = !m 89 d\ble measure407#aagg7 ,moreov]1 ! realm ( love has a high] law ?an atonem5t ?r\gh retribution4 ,love br+s its sacrifice )\t ask+ :y4 ,by will+ sacrifice ( self x s]ves its high] purpose4 ,he :o /ruggles & suff]s sil5tly = ! good & true is ,god's s]vant1 :o _c p]i%4 ,he atta9s a high] glory1 transc5d+ ! fate ( mortality4 ,?is is ! new revelation t came to ! se]1 z he pond]$ on ! de/9y ( ,israel 9 exile1 illum9+ = him t d>k enigma ( 8 p's tragic hi/ory4 ,! problem ( suff]+1 especially t ( ! s]vant ( ,god1 or ! pi\s1 occupi$ ! ,jewi% m9d ev] s9ce ! days ( ,j]emiah & especially dur+ ! exile4 ,! au?or ( ! book ( ,job elaborat$ ?is into a great !odicy1 speak+ ( ,job also z ! 8s]vant ( ! ,"l407#aagh7 ,:atev] patt]n our exilic se] employ$1 beside ! *apt]s ab\t ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l17#aagi7 :atev] tragic fate ( "s great contempor>y ! pla9tive song 9 ! fifty-second & fifty-?ird *apt]s ref]r$ to 7"s po9t to ,j]emiah1 o!rs to ,z]ubabel717#aahj7 or :e!r ! poet _h 9 m9d only ! tragic fate ( ,israel1 z _m mod]n exegetes ?9k2 9 any case he conceiv$ ! unique & pa!tic picture ( ,israel z ! suff]+ ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 :o is at la/ to be exalt$37#aaha7 8,behold1 ,my s]vant %all prosp]1 he %all be exalt$ & lift$ up1 & %all be v high4 ,accord+ z _m 7 appall$ at !e--s m>r$ 0 8 visage unlike t ( a man1 & 8 =m unlike t ( ! sons ( m5--s %all he />tle _m nations2 k+s %all %ut _! m\?s because ( him2 = t :i* _h n be5 told !m !y %all see1 & t :i* !y _h n he>d %all !y p]ceive4 ,:o w\ld h believ$ our report8 ,& to :om ha? ! arm ( ! ,"l be5 reveal$8 ,= he %ot up "r =? z a sapl+1 & z a root out ( a dry gr\nd2 he _h no =m nor comel9ess1 t we %\ld look ^u him1 nor beauty t we %\ld delight 9 him4 ,he 0 despis$ & =sak5 ( m51 a man ( pa9s1 & acqua9t$ ) disease1 & z "o f :om m5 hide _! face2 he 0 despis$1 & we e/eem$ him n4 ,surely our diseases he did be>1 & our pa9s he c>ri$2 :]eas we did e/eem him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god & afflict$4 ,b he 0 w\nd$ because ( our transgressions1 he 0 cru%$ because ( our iniquities2 ! *a/isem5t ( our welf>e 0 ^u him1 & ) 8 /ripes we 7 heal$4 ,all we1 l %eep1 did g a/ray1 we turn$ e "o to 8 own way2 & ! ,"l ha? made to light on him ! iniquity ( u all4 ,he 0 oppress$1 ?\gh he humbl$ himself1 & op5$ n 8 m\?2 z a lamb t is l$ to ! slaught]1 & z a %eep t be=e h] %e>]s is dumb2 yea1 he op5$ n 8 m\?4 ,by oppression & judgm5t he 0 tak5 away1 & ) 8 g5]ation :o did reason8 ,= he 0 cut (f out ( ! l& ( ! liv+1 = ! transgression ( my p to :om ! /roke 0 due4 ,& !y made 8 grave ) ! wick$1 & ) ! ri* 8 tomb2 al?\gh he _h done no viol5ce1 nei!r 0 any deceit 9 8 m\?4 ,yet x pleas$ ! ,"l to cru% him by disease2 to see if 8 s\l w\ld (f] itself 9 re/itution1 t he might see 8 se$1 prolong 8 days1 & t ! purpose ( ! ,"l might prosp] by 8 h&4 ,( ! travail ( 8 s\l he %all see to ! full1 ev5 ,my s]vant1 :o by 8 k did ju/ify ! ,righte\s ,"o to ! _m1 & _! iniquities he did be>4 ,!re=e w ,i divide him a portion among ! great1 & he %all divide 8 s\l ) ! mighty2 because he b>$ 8 s\l unto dea?1 & 0 numb]$ ) ! transgressors2 yet he bore ! s9 ( _m1 & made int]cession = ! transgressors40 #d4 ,:atev] be ! hi/orical backgr\nd ( ?is great elegy1 our se] uses x to portray ,israel z ! tragic h]o ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,8 prophetic g5ius possess$ a unique insight into ! "* & de/9y ( 8 p1 see+ ,israel z a man ( woe & grief1 *os5 by ,provid5ce to und]go unhe>d-( trials = a great cause1 by :i*1 at ! la/1 he is to be exalt$4 ,b5t & disfigur$ by 8 burd5 ( mis]y & %ame1 %unn$ & abhorr$ z "o lad5 ) s91 he suff]s = no guilt ( 8 own4 ,he is call$ to te/ify to 8 ,god among all ! peoples1 & is ?us ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 ! aton+ sacrifice = ! s9s ( mank9d1 f ^: bruises heal+ is to come to all ! nations1--an inimitable picture ( a self-sacrific+ h]o1 ^: dea? means life to ! _w & glory to ,god1 & :o w at la/ live =ev] ) ! ,"l :om he has s]v$ s /eadfa/ly4 ,our se] m5tions 9 e>li] passages ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l :o 8gave 8 back to ! smit]s1 & 8 *eeks to !m t pluck$ (f ! hair2 & hid n 8 face f %ame & spitt+407#aahb7 ,yet 8he %all set 8 face l a fl9t10 s t 8he %all n fail nor be cru%$1 till he h set ! "r 9 ! e>?2 & ! isles %all wait = 8 tea*+407#aahc7 ,/ill m directly1 he says3 8,& ,he said unto ,me1 #8,?\ art ,my s]vant1 ,israel1 9 :om ,i w be glorifi$4' 444 ,x is too light a ?+ t ?\ %\lde/ be ,my s]vant to raise up ! tribes ( ,jacob & to re/ore ! (fspr+ ( ,israel2 ,i w also give !e = a light ( ! nations1 t ,my salvation may be unto ! end ( ! e>?4 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ! ,r$eem] ( ,israel1 8 ,holy ,"o1 to him :o is despis$ ( m51 to him :o is abhorr$ ( nations1 to a s]vant ( rul]s3 k+s %all see & arise1 pr9ces1 & !y %all pro/rate !mselves2 because ( ! ,"l t is fai?ful1 ev5 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel1 :o ha? *os5 !e407#aahd7 #e4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 no easy matt] = m5 re>$ 9 ! old view to rea* ! l(ty conception ( a suff]+ h]o4 ,ev5 ! dramatic figure ( ,job seem$ to lack ! "r solution4 ,job prote/s 8 guiltlessness1 defies ! d>k p[] ( fate1 & ev5 *all5ges div9e ju/ice1 b ,god himself ann\nces at ! end t no man c grasp ! ess5ce ( ,8 plan = ! _w4 ,a lat] & m nave writ]1 :o add$ ! conclusion ( ! book1 rev]s$ ,job's de/9y & comp5sat$ him by a d\ble %>e ( :at he _h lo/ 9 bo? weal? & family47#aahe7 ,z if ! great problem ( suff]+ c\ld be solv$ by su* ext]nal means6 ,nei!r w\ld ! problem ( ! great trag$y ( ,israel1 ! m>tyr-prie/ ( ! c5turies1 ! ,job ( ! nations1 ev] f9d its solution 9 a national re/oration4 ,a m]e political rebir? c\ld nev] comp5sate = ! ?\s&fold dea? & untold woe ( ! ,jew = 8 ,god & 8 fai?6 ,b ! p at l>ge c\ld n grasp su* a conception z is t ( ,deut]o-,isaiah's ( ! mission ( ,israel to be ! suff]+ s]vant ( ! ,"l1 ! witness ( ,god--:i* is 8m>tyr0 9 ! ,greek v]sion1--! r$eem] ( ! nations4 ,!y 7 eag] to return to ,pale/9e1 to rebuild ,/ate & ,temple "u ! lead]%ip ( ! heir to ! ?rone ( ,david4 ,b :5 _! hope _h fail$ t ,z]ubbabel w\ld prove to be ! 8%oot ( ,jesse107#aahf7 ! prophetic elegy 0 ref]r$ to ! ,messiah1 & ! belief ga9$ gr\nd t he w\ld h to suff] be=e he w\ld triumph47#aahg7 ,?us _m a pseudo-,messiah fell a victim to ! tyranny ( ,rome 9 bo? ,juda & ,sam>ia1--= ! ,sam>itans also hop$ = a ,messiah1 a r$eem] ( ! type ( ,moses47#aahh7 ,f9ally a belief arose t !re w\ld be two ,messiahs1 "o ( ! h\se ( ,joseph1 t is1 ! tribe ( ,ephraim1 :o w\ld fall be=e ! sword ( ! enemy17#aahi7 & ! o!r ( ! h\se ( ,david1 :o 0 to conqu] ! hea!n nations & e/abli% 8 ?rone =ev]47#aaij7 ,! ,*ur* ref]r$ ! pa!tic figure ( ! man ( sorr[ to h] crucifi$ ,messiah or ,*ri/4 ,yet he :o 0 to be a _w-savior bore ?r\gh 8 foll[]s damnation to 8 own k9sm51 & ?us 0 r5d]$ ! *ief cause ( ! p]secution ( ! m>tyr-race ( ,israel4 #f4 ,we le>n1 h[ev]1 f ,orig51 a ,*ur* fa!r ( ! ?ird c5tury1 t ,jewi% s*ol>s1 9 a controv]sy ) him1 express$ ! view t ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l ref]s to ! ,jewi% p1 :i*1 disp]s$ among ! nations & univ]sally despis$1 w\ld f9ally obta9 ! asc5dancy ov] !m1 s t _m ( ! hea!n w\ld esp\se ! ,jewi% fai?47#aaia7 ,mo/ ( ! m$ieval ,jewi% exegetes1 includ+ ,ra%i1 :o usually foll[s ! traditional view1 ref] ! *apt] likewise to ! ,jewi% p4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! e>li] *apt]s :i* speak ( ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l c h no o!r mean+1 :ile _m po9ts 9 ! description ( ! suff]+ h]o1 especially ! ref]5ce to 8 se$ aft] 8 dea?1 d n fit ! ,naz>5e at all4 ,h5ce all indep5d5t ,*ri/ian s*ol>s to-day h ab&on$ ! tradition ( ! ,*ur*1 & admit t ,israel alone is decl>$ by ! prophet to be ! "o s+l$ out by ,god to atone = ! s9s ( ! nations1 to ar\se all humanity to a deep] spiritual vision1 & f9ally to triumph ov] all ! hea!n _w47#aaib7 #g4 ,?us ! /range hi/ory ( ! m>tyr p is put 9 ! "r light & ! great trag$y ( ,israel expla9$4 ,israel is ! *ampion ( ! ,"l1 *os5 to battle & suff] = ! supreme values ( mank9d1 = fre$om & ju/ice1 tru? & humanity2 ! man ( woe & grief1 ^: blood is to f]tilize ! soil ) ! se$s ( righte\sness & love = mank9d4 ,f ! days ( ,ph>aoh to ! pres5t day1 e oppressor ( ! ,jews has become ! means ( br++ great] lib]ty to a wid] circle2 = ! ,god ( ,israel1 ! ,hat] ( bondage1 has be5 appeal$ to 9 behalf ( fre$om 9 ! old _w & ! new4 ,e h>d%ip t made life unbe>able to ! ,jew became a road to humanity's triumph ov] b>b>ism4 ,all ! inju/ice & malice :i* hurl$ _! bitt] %afts aga9/ ,israel1 ! ,p>iah ( ! nations1 l$ ultimately to ! great] victory ( "r & love4 ,s all ! d>k waves ( hatr$ & fanaticism t beat aga9/ ! ,jewi% p s]v$ only to impress ! tru? ( mono!ism1 c\pl$ ) s9c]e love ( ,god & man1 m deeply ^u all he>ts & to consign hypocrisy & falsehood to et]nal contempt4 ,su* is ! belief confid5tly held by ! p ( ,god1 & ev] confirm$ anew by ! hi/ory ( ! ages4 8,he is ne> t ju/ifie? me2 :o w cont5d ) me8 let u /& up toge!r2 :o is m9e adv]s>y8 let him come ne> to me4 ,behold1 ! ,"l ,god w help me2 :o is he t %all condemn me807#aaic7 ,?us speaks ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 c]ta9 t he w f9ally triumph1 because he def5ds ,god's cause1 & is b\nd indissolubly to ,him47#aaid7 ,inde$1 ,god says ( him3 8,surely1 he t t\*e? y t\*e? ! apple ( ,m9e 787 eye407#aaie7 #h4 ,! great importance :i* ! rabbis atta*$ to ,israel's m>tyrdom is %[n by ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 connection ) ! laws ( sacrifice3 8,behold1 h[ ! ,torah selects = ! sacrificial alt> only su* animals z belong to ! pursu$1 n ! pursu]s3 ! ox :i* is pursu$ by ! lion2 ! lamb :i* is pursu$ by ! wolf2 ! goat :i* is pursu$ by ! pan!r1 b none ( ^? :i* fe$ on prey4 ,9 l mann] ,god *ose = ,8 own ! p]secut$ ones3 ,abel1 :o 0 p]secut$ by 8 bro!r ,ca92 ,noah1 :o 0 d]id$ by ! g5]ation ( ! flood2 ,abraham1 :o _h to flee be=e ! tyrant ,nimrod2 & ,isaac1 ,jacob1 & ,joseph1 :o met ) unk9dness f _! own bro!rs4 ,9 ! same way ,god has *os5 ,israel f among ! sev5ty nations1 z ! lamb hunt$1 z x 71 by sev5ty wolves1 t x %\ld be> ,8 law to mank9d407#aaif7 ,?is idea is express$ also 9 ! ,haggadic say+3 8,^? %all be privileg$ to see ! maje/y ( ,god 9 full spl5dor :o meet humiliation1 b d n humiliate o!rs2 :o be> insult1 b d n inflict x on o!rs2 & :o endure a life ( m>tyrdom 9 pure love ( ,god407#aaig7 ,inde$1 ! m$ieval ,jew accept$ 8 sad lot 9 ?is _s ( resignation4 ,b ! mod]n ,jew is 9 a diff]5t situation4 ,9 ! mighty ef=t ( our age = high] tru?1 broad] love & l>g] ju/ice1 he beholds ! ne>+ ( ! prophetic goal ( a unit$ humanity1 bas$ on ! belief 9 ,god1 ! ,k+ & ,fa!r ( all4 ,accord+ly1 mod]n ,judaism proclaims m insi/5tly ?an ev] t ! ,jewi% p is ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 ! suff]+ ,messiah ( ! nations1 :o (f]$ 8 life z an aton+ sacrifice = humanity & furni%$ 8 blood z ! cem5t ) :i* to build ! div9e k+dom ( tru? & ju/ice4 ,inde$1 ! cosmopolitan _s ( ! ,jew is ! "o elem5t ne$$ = ! univ]sality ( culture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! _w at l>ge is to-day le>n+ m & m to reg>d ! sup]b loyalty ( ! ,jew to 8 ance/ral fai? ) great] fairness & admiration & to accord l>g] appreciation to him & 8 religion4 ,once ! flood ( hatr$1 diss5sion1 & prejudice t br\ght su* untold havoc %all h disappe>$ f ! e>?2 once religion em]ges f ! nebul\s atmosph]e ( o!r-worldl9ess1 & directs its long+ = ,god t[>d a life ( godl9ess on e>? 9 ! _s ( ! anci5t prophets1 !n ! hi/oric mission ( ! ,jew w also be bett] und]/ood4 ,israel1 ! hunt$ dove1 :i* f\nd no re/+-place = ! sole ( its foot dur+ ! flood ( s9 & p]secution1 w !n appe> ) ! olive-bran* ( peace = all humanity1 to op5 ! he>ts ( m5 t all may ent] ! cov5ant ) ! univ]sal ,fa!r4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 w ! %ame ( ^? ?\s&s ( ye>s be roll$ away1 :5 ! _w w recognize t n a ,jew1 b ! ,jew has be5 ! suff]+ ,messiah1 & t he 0 s5t =? to be ! savior ( ! nations4 ,*apt] ,,liii4 ,! ,messianic ,hope #a4 ,rec5t inve/igators h br\ght to light _m a vision ( an era ( heav5ly bliss br\ght ab\t by "s p[]ful rul]1 voic$ 9 ho>y antiquity by se] or s+] 9 address+ ! royal ma/]s ( ,babylon or ,egypt47#aaih7 ,b no ^w 9 ! entire vocabul>y ( anci5t poetry or prose c s t\* ! deep] *ords ( ! he>t1 & s voice ! highe/ hopes ( mank9d1 z does ! "n ,messiah 78,god's ano9t$074 ,f a simple title = any ( ! k+s ( ,israel1 x grew 9 mean+ until x compris$ ! highe/ hopes ( ! nation4 ,! ,jewi% vision ( ! future 0 n ! twilight ( ! gods1 :i* meant ! end ( ! _w ) its deities1 b ! dawn ( a new _w1 bright ) ! k ( ,god & bless$ by ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,?is1 ! ,messianic ideal1 is ! creation ( ! prophetic g5ius ( ,israel1 & 9 turn x influ5c$ man's conception ( ,god1 lift+ ,him out ( ! national b\nds1 & mak+ ,him ! ,god ( humanity1 ,rul] ( hi/ory4 ,israel's ,messianic hope has become ! motive p[] ( civilization4 ,9 ! "t ( deepe/ national humiliation x gave ! prophets _! p[] to surm\nt ! pres5t & so> to heights ( vision2 ?r\gh x ! ,jewi% p atta9$ _! /r5g? to resi/ oppression1 buoy$ up by p]fect confid5ce & sublime hope4 ,at ! same "t its magic lu/] captivat$ ! non-,jewi% nations1 spurr+ !m on to mighty de$s4 ,?us x has actually conqu]$ ! :ole _w ( man4 ,) e /ep 9 culture x po9ts =w>d to high] aims1 /ill unatta9$2 x promises to lead mank9d1 unit$ 9 ,god1 ! ,only ,"o1 to tru? & ju/ice1 righte\sness & love4 ,z ! bann] ( ,israel1 ! ,messiah ( ! nations1 x is de/9$ to become ! lode-/> ( all nations & all religions4 ,?is is ! k]nel ( ! ,jewi% doctr9e conc]n+ ! ,messiah4 #b4 ,?is ,messianic hope1 on clos] analysis1 reveals two elem5ts1 bo? ( prophetic orig93 "o national1 ! o!r religi\s & univ]sal4 ,! latt] is ! logical outcome ( ! mono!ism ( ! great exilic se]1 :o bas$ 8 /irr+ pictures ( ! glori\s future ( ,israel ^u ! all-encompass+ k ( ,god possess$ by ! ,*os5 ,p4 ,! classic expression ( ?is hope appe>s 9 ,isaiah ,,ii1 #a-d1 & ,micah ,,iv1 #a-ad3 8,& x %all come to pass 9 ! end ( days1 t ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l's h\se %all be e/abli%$ z ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 & %all be exalt$ above ! hills2 & all nations %all fl[ unto x4 ,& _m peoples %all g & say3 #8,come ye & let u g up to ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l1 to ! h\se ( ! ,god ( ,jacob2 & ,he w tea* u ( ,8 ways1 & we w walk 9 ,8 pa?s1' = out ( ,zion %all g =? ! law1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem4 ,& ,he %all judge betwe5 ! nations1 & %all decide = _m peoples2 & !y %all beat _! swords into pl\gh%>es1 & _! spe>s into prun+-hooks2 nation %all n lift up sword aga9/ nation1 nei!r %all !y le>n w> any m40 ,we note1 inde$1 t no ref]5ce to ! ,messiah or a k+ ( ! h\se ( ,david appe>s ei!r 9 ?is passage or any ( ! prophecies ( ,deut]o-,isaiah4 ,ju/ice & peace = all humanity are expect$ ?r\gh ! reign ( ,god alone4 ,! specific ,messianic "* ( ?is prophecy took %ape only 9 its association ) ! old] national hope1 voic$ by ! prophet ,isaiah4 #c4 ,! real ,messianic hope involv$ ! re/abli%m5t ( ! ?rone ( ,david1 & 0 express$ mo/ p]fectly 9 ! words ( ,isaiah3 8,& !re %all come =? a %oot out ( ! /ock ( ,jesse1 & a twig %all gr[ =? out ( 8 roots4 ,& ! _s ( ! ,"l %all re/ ^u him1 ! _s ( wisdom & und]/&+1 ! _s ( c\nsel & might1 ! _s ( k & ( ! fe> ( ! ,"l4 ,& 8 delight %all be 9 ! fe> ( ! ,"l2 & he %all n judge aft] ! sight ( 8 eyes1 nei!r decide aft] ! he>+ ( 8 e>s2 b ) righte\sness %all he judge ! poor1 & decide ) equity = ! meek ( ! l&2 & he %all smite ! l& ) ! rod ( 8 m\?1 & ) ! brea? ( 8 lips %all he slay ! wick$4 ,& righte\sness %all be ! girdle ( 8 lo9s1 & fai?fulness ! girdle ( 8 re9s4 ,& ! wolf %all dwell ) ! lamb1 & ! leop>d %all lie d[n ) ! kid2 & ! calf & ! "y lion & ! fatl+ toge!r2 & a little *ild %all lead !m4444 ,!y %all n hurt nor de/roy 9 all ,my holy m\nta92 = ! e>? %all be full ( ! k ( ! ,"l1 z ! wat]s cov] ! sea407#aaii7 ,?is patt]n ( ! ideal rul] may h be5 model$ aft] "s anci5t ,babylonian =mula = ! adoration ( k+s1 z has be5 ass]t$ ( late2 & ! same may be true ( ! my/ic titles giv5 by ,isaiah to ! royal heir3 8,wond]ful c\nselor1 div9e h]o1 fa!r ( spoil1 pr9ce ( peace407#abjj7 ,:5 ! little k+dom ( ,juda fell1 ! prospect ( a realization ( ! great prophetic vision seem$ gone =ev]4 ,!re=e ! exiles 9 ,babylon fa/5$ _! hopes s mu* m firmly on ! 8,%oot10 p>ticul>ly on ,z]ubabel 78! se$ born 9 ,babylon071 ! object ( ! fonde/ hopes ( ! lat] prophets47#abja7 ,:5 he1 too1 disappo9t$ _! expectations1 probably due to ,p]sian int]f]5ce1 !y transf]r$ ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah m & m into ! realm ( miracle1 & popul> fancy dwelt fondly on 8 appe>ance z ,god's *ampion aga9/ ! ho/s ( hea!ndom 7,gog & ,magog747#abjb7 #d4 ,! conception ( ! prie/-prophet ,ezekiel is v significant 9 ?is connection2 = him ! k+dom ( ,israel's ,god c\ld only be e/abli%$ by ! re/oration ( ! ?rone ( ,david1 ! s]vant ( ! ,"l1 & by ! utt] de/ruction ( ! ho/s ( hea!ndom1 :o 7 ho/ile to bo? ,god & ,israel4 ,9 accordance ) ?is hope ! au?or ( ! second ,psalm pres5ts a dramatic picture ( ! ,messiah triumph+ ov] ! hea!n nations1 a picture :i* became typical = all ! future4 8,:y are ! nations 9 an upro>8 ,& :y d ! peoples mutt] 9 va98 ,! k+s ( ! e>? /& up1 & ! rul]s take c\nsel toge!r aga9/ ! ,"l1 & aga9/ ,8 ano9t$3 #8,let u break _! b&s asund]1 & ca/ away _! cords f u4' ,he t sitte? 9 heav5 laughe?1 ! ,"l ha? !m 9 d]ision4 ,!n w ,he speak unto !m 9 ,8 wra?1 & affright !m 9 ,8 sore displeasure3 #8,truly x is ,i t h e/abli%$ ,my k+ ^u ,zion1 ,my holy m\nta94' ,i w tell ( ! decree3 ,! ,"l said unto me3 #8,?\ art ,my son1 ?is day h ,i begott5 !e4 ,ask ( ,me1 & ,i w give ! nations = ?9e inh]itance1 & ! ends ( ! e>? = ?y possession4 ,?\ %alt break !m ) a rod ( iron2 ?\ %alt da% !m 9 pieces l a pott]'s vessel4' 0 ,h5ce=? ! conception ( ! ,messiah alt]nat$ betwe5 ,isaiah's pr9ce ( peace & ! _w-conqu]or ( ! ,psalmi/47#abjc7 ,! "n ,messiah does n occur 9 ,scripture 9 ! absolute =m1 b always occurs 9 ! con/ruct ) ,,jhvh or a pron\n1 signify+ 8! ,ano9t$ ( ! ,"l40 ,accord+ly1 x expresses ! relation ( ! ,ano9t$ to ,god1 8 sov]eign1 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! hea!n k+s :o !mselves claim$ adoration z gods4 ,! v "n ,messiah excludes ! possibility ( deification4 ,! t]m ,messiah 0 us$ ) ! article only 9 mu* lat] times1 ha ,me%iah1 or 9 ! ,aramaic1 ,me%iha1 f :i* we d]ive ! "n1 ,messiah4 #e4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 z ! p wait$ 9 va9 = a r$eem]1 ! expect$ ,messiah 0 lift$ m & m into ! realm ( ! ideal4 ,! belief took hold especially 9 ! inn] circle ( ! pi\s 7,hasidim7 t ! ,messiah 0 hidd5 some:]e1 protect$ by ,god1 to appe> miracul\sly aft] hav+ vanqui%$ ! ho/ile p[]s4 ,! ,ess5es1 ! repres5tatives ( ! secret lore1 develop$ ?is conception 9 ! ,apocalyptic writ+s1 ?us giv+ ! ,messiah a c]ta9 cosmic or sup]natural "*4 ,!y probably model$ _! ?\ghts ^u ! ,zoroa/rian sy/em1 :]e ,so%io%1 ! _w savior1 w\ld appe> 9 ! la/ mill5nium z ! mess5g] ( ,ormuzd to de/roy =ev] ! k+dom ( evil & e/abli% ! dom9ion ( ! good47#abjd7 ,?us1 :5 ,isaiah says ( ! ,messiah t 8by ! brea? ( 8 m\? he %all slay ! wick$10 ?is is ref]r$ to ! pr9ciple ( evil1 ,satan or ,belial1 :o 0 sometimes actually id5tifi$ ) ! ,p]sian ,ahriman47#abje7 ,moreov]1 aft] ! ,p]sian sy/em1 ! :ole process ( hi/ory 0 divid$ into six mill5niums ( /rife betwe5 ! pr9ciple ( good & evil1 repres5t$ by ! ,torah & ! ungodl9ess ( ! _w1 & a sev5? mill5nium1 ! k+dom ( ,god or ! ,messianic age4 ,! dates ( ^! 7 calculat$ ^u ! basis ( ! book ( ,daniel1 ) its f\r _w-k+doms & my/]i\s numb]s47#abjf7 #f4 ,! ,biblical passages :i* ref] to 8! end ( days0 7 also connect$ ) ! adv5t ( ! ,messianic age1 & ! s-call$ es*atological writ+s speak ( fix$ p]iods foll[+ "o ano!r4 ,9 accordance ) c]ta9 prophetic h9ts1 !y expect$ fir/ ! 8bir?-?roes07#abjg7 or 8ve/iges0 ( ! ,messianic age1 a great physical & moral crisis ) ! turmoil ( nature1 plagues1 & moral deg5]acy4 ,be=e ! ,messiah w\ld sudd5ly appe> f 8 hid+ place1 ! prophet ,elijah 0 to return f heav51 :i!r he _h asc5d$ 9 a fi]y *>iot4 ,b1 :ile he _h liv$ 9 implacable wra? aga9/ idolat]s1 he 0 n[ to come z a mess5g] ( peace1 reconcil+ ! he>ts ( ,israel ) ,god & ) "o ano!r1 prep>+ ! way to rep5tance1 & ?us to ! r$emption & reunion ( ,israel47#abjh7 ,! next /age is ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ,israel f all corn]s ( ! e>? to ! holy l& "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,messiah1 summon$ by ! bla/ ( ! heav5ly trumpet47#abji7 ,!n beg9s t gigantic w>f>e on ! holy soil betwe5 ! ho/s ( ,israel & ! va/ =ces ( hea!ndom l$ by ! half-my/ic p[]s ( ,gog & ,magog1 a conflict :i*1 accord+ to ,ezekiel1 is to la/ = sev5 ye>s & to end ) ! annihilation ( ! p[]s ( evil4 ,be=e ! real ,messiah1 ! son ( ,david1 appe>s 9 victory1 ano!r ,messiah ( ! tribe ( ,ephraim is to fall 9 battle1 accord+ to a belief dat+ f ! second c5tury & possibly connect$ ) ! ,b> ,ko*ba w>47#abaj7 ,9 ano!r tradition1 probably old]1 ! true ,messiah himself is to suff] & die47#abaa7 ,at all ev5ts1 he mu/ de/roy ,rome1 ! f\r? _w-k+dom4 ,b he is also to slay ! ar*-fi5d ,ahriman1 aft]w>ds kn[n z ,armillus4 ,moreov]1 he w r$eem ! dead f ,%eol1 z he possesses ! key to op5 all ! graves ( ! holy l&1 & ?us all ! sons ( ,israel w p>take 9 ! glory ( 8 k+dom4 ,!n at la/ ! city ( ,j]usalem w arise 9 spl5dor1 built ( gold & preci\s /ones1 ! m>vel ( ! _w1 & 9 its mid/ ! ,temple1 a /ructure ( surpass+ magnific5ce4 ,! holy vessels ( ! tab]nacle1 hidd5 = ages 9 ! wild]ness1 w appe>1 & ! nations w (f] ! weal? ( ! :ole e>? z _! tribute to ! ,messiah4 ,all w practice righte\sness & piety1 & w be rew>d$ by bliss & num]\s po/]ity47#abab7 ,op9ions diff] widely z to ! duration ( ! ,messianic age4 ,!y range f =ty to f\r hundr$ ye>s1 & aga9 f ?ree g5]ations to a full mill5nium47#abac7 ,?is diff]5ce is p>tly caus$ by ! di/9ction betwe5 ! national hope1 ) ! tempor>y welf>e ( ! p ( ,israel1 & ! religi\s hope conc]n+ ! div9e k+dom1 :i* is to la/ =ev]4 ,a v late rabb9ic belief holds t ! ,messiah w be able to give a new law & ev5 to abrogate ,mosaic prohibitions47#abad7 #g4 ,at any rate1 no complete sy/em ( es*atology exi/$ dur+ ! ,talmudic age1 z ! views ( ! v>i\s apocalyptic writ]s 7 influ5c$ by ! *ang+ ev5ts ( ! "t & ! new environm5ts1 ) _! con/ant influ5ce ^u popul> belief4 ,a c]ta9 uni=mity1 inde$1 exi/$ 9 ! fundam5tal ideas4 ,! ,messianic hope 9 its national "* includes always ! reunion ( all ,israel "u a victori\s rul] ( ! h\se ( ,david1 :o %all de/roy all ho/ile p[]s & br+ an era ( supreme prosp]ity & happ9ess z well z ( peace & good-w among m54 ,! ,haggadi/s indulg$ also 9 dreams ( ! m>vel\s f]tility ( ! soil ( ,pale/9e 9 ! ,messianic "t17#abae7 & ( ! resurrection ( ! dead 9 ! holy l&4 ,b 9 ,judaism su* views c\ld nev] become dogmas1 z !y did 9 ! ,*ur*1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 common 9 bo? ! old] & y\ng] ,haggadah4 ,^! national expectations 7 express$ 9 ! liturgy by ! ,eighte5 ,b5$ictions1 compos$ by ! f\nd]s ( ! ,synagogue1 ! s-call$ ,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue2 "h ! pray]s = 8! ga!r+ ( ! disp]s$0 & ! 8de/ruction ( ! k+dom ( ,insol5ce0 prec$e ^? = ! 8rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem & ! re/oration ( ! ?rone ( ,david40 ,b ! my/ic speculations on ! orig91 activity1 & soj\rn ( ! ,messiah1 :i* 7 a favorite !me ( ! apocalyptic writ]s & ! ,haggadi/s dur+ ! pre-,*ri/ian & ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5turies1 gave way to a m sob] mode ( ?\ght1 9 ! disappo9tm5t t foll[$ ! collapse ( ! great ,messianic movem5ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,*ur* deifi$ its ,messiah & ?us relaps$ into paganism2 on ! o!r1 ,b> ,ko*ba1 8! son ( ! />10 :om ! lead+ ,jewi% ma/]s ( ! law actually consid]$ ! ,messiah :o w\ld free !m f ,rome1 prov$ to be a 8/> ( ill-luck0 to ! ,jewi% p47#abaf7 8,l "o :o w&]s 9 ! d>k night1 n[ & !n k9dl+ a light to bright5 up 8 pa?1 only to h x aga9 & aga9 ext+ui%$ by ! w9d1 until at la/ he resolves to wait pati5tly = ! break ( day :5 he w no long] require a light10 s 7 ! p ( ,israel ) _! w\ld-be deliv]]s1 :o appe>$ f "t to "t to delude _! hopes1 until !y exclaim$ at la/3 8,9 ,?y light alone1 ,o ,"l1 we behold light407#abag7 ,samuel ! ,babylonian1 ( ! ?ird c5tury1 9 opposition to ! ,messianic vision>ies ( 8 "t1 decl>$3 8,! ,messianic age diff]s f ! pres5t 9 no?+ except t ,israel w ?r[ (f ! yoke ( ! nations & rega9 its political indep5d5ce407#abah7 ,ano!r sage said3 8,may ! curse ( heav5 fall ^u ^? :o calculate ! date ( ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah & ?us create political & social unre/ among ! p607#abai7 ,a ?ird decl>$3 8,! ,messiah w appe> :5 nobody expects him407#abbj7 ,mo/ rem>kable ( all is ! bold utt]ance ( ,rabbi ,hillel ( ! f\r? c5tury1 a l9eal desc5dant ( ! great ma/] ,hillel & ! orig9ator ( ! pres5t ,jewi% cal5d> sy/em4 ,9 all likelihood _m ( 8 contempor>ies 7 busy calculat+ ! adv5t ( ! ,messianic "t accord+ to ! numb] ( ,jubilees 9 ! _w-eras1 :]eupon he said3 8,israel ne$ n await ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 z ,isaiah's prophecy 0 fulfill$ by ! appe>ance ( ,k+ ,hezekiah407#abba7 #h4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! political or national hopes rose high1 we f9d v>i\s ,messianic movem5ts 9 bo? ,ea/ & ,we/ reviv$ by religi\s aspirations4 ,b ,maimonides1 ! great rationali/1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,mi%nah & 9 8 ,code1 =mulat$ a ,messianic belief :i* 0 q free f my/ical & sup]natural elem5ts4 ,8 twelf? article ( fai? decl>es t 8! ,jew1 unless he wi%es to =feit 8 claim to et]nal life by d5ial ( 8 fai?1 mu/1 9 acceptance ( ! tea*+s ( ,moses & ! prophets d[n to ,mala*i1 believe t ! ,messiah w issue =? f ! h\se ( ,david 9 ! p]son ( a desc5dant ( ,solomon1 ! only legitimate k+2 & he %all f> excel all rul]s 9 hi/ory by 8 reign1 glori\s 9 ju/ice & peace4 ,nei!r impati5ce nor deceptive calculation ( ! "t ( ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah %\ld %att] ?is belief4 ,/ill1 not)/&+ ! maje/y & wisdom ( ! ,messiah1 he mu/ be reg>d$ z a mortal be+ l any o!r & only z ! re/or] ( ! ,davidic dyna/y4 ,he w die & leave a son z 8 successor1 :o w 9 8 turn die & leave ! ?rone to 8 heir4 ,nor w !re be any mat]ial *ange 9 ! ord] ( ?+s 9 ! :ole sy/em ( nature & human life2 accord+ly ,isaiah's picture ( ! liv+ toge!r ( lamb & wolf _c be tak5 lit]ally1 nor any ( ! ,haggadic say+s ) ref]5ce to ! ,messianic "t4 ,we are only to believe 9 ! com+ ( ,elijah z a mess5g] ( peace & ! =]unn] ( ! ,messiah1 & also 9 ! great decisive battle ) ! ho/s ( hea!ndom embodi$ 9 ,gog & ,magog1 ?r\gh ^: defeat ! dom9ion ( ! ,messiah w be p]man5tly e/abli%$40 8,! ,messianic k+dom itself10 cont9ues ,maimonides ) ref]5ce to ! utt]ance ( ,samuel quot$ above1 8is to br+ ! ,jewi% nation its political indep5d5ce1 b n ! subjection ( all ! hea!n nations1 nor m]ely mat]ial prosp]ity & s5sual pleasure1 b an era ( g5]al afflu5ce & peace1 enabl+ ! ,jewi% p to devote _! lives )\t c>e or anxiety to ! /udy ( ! ,torah & univ]sal wisdom1 s t by _! tea*+s !y may lead all mank9d to ! k ( ,god & make !m also %>e 9 ! et]nal bliss ( ! _w to come407#abbb7 #i4 ,aga9/ ?is rationaliz$ hope = ! ,messiah1 :i* m]ges ! national expectation into ! univ]sal hope = ! k+dom ( ,god1 /rong objections 7 rais$ by ,abraham b5 ,david ( ,posqui]es1 ! my/ic1 a fi]ce oppon5t ( ,maimonides1 :o ref]r$ to v>i\s ,biblical & ,talmudical passages 9 contradiction to ?is view47#abbc7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,joseph ,albo1 ! popul> philosoph]1 :o 0 tra9$ by 8 public debates aga9/ ! repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur*1 emphasiz$ especially ! rational "* ( ! ,jewi% !ology1 & decl>$ t ! ,messianic hope _c be c\nt$ among ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,judaism1 or else ,rabbi ,hillel c\ld nev] h reject$ x s boldly47#abbd7 ,on ?is po9t we mu/ consid] ! f9e obs]vation ( ,ra%i t ,hillel d5i$ only a p]sonal ,messiah1 b n ! com+ ( a ,messianic age1 assum+ t ,god himself w r$eem ,israel & be ackn[l$g$ ev]y:]e z ,rul] ( ! _w4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 too mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/$ among ! ,tanaim & ,amoraim on ! p]sonality ( ! ,messiah & ! duration ( 8 reign to admit ( a def9ite article ( fai? on ! "q4 ,! expect$ ,messiah1 ! heir ( ! ,davidic ?rone1 naturally embodi$ ! national hope ( ! ,jewi% p 9 _! disp]sion1 :5 all look$ to ,pale/9e z _! l& & to ,j]usalem z _! political c5t] & rally+ po9t 9 days to come4 ,traditional ,judaism1 await+ ! re/oration ( ! ,mosaic sacrificial cult z ! condition = ! return ( ! ,%ek9ah to ,zion1 0 b\nd to p]si/ 9 its belief 9 a p]sonal ,messiah :o w\ld re/ore ! ,temple & its s]vice4 #aj4 ,a complete *ange 9 ! religi\s aspiration ( ! ,jew 0 br\ght ab\t by ! trans=mation ( 8 political /atus & hopes 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! new era witness$ 8 admission 9 _m l&s to full citiz5%ip on an equality ) 8 fell[-citiz5s ( o!r fai?s4 ,he 0 no long] di/+ui%$ f !m 9 8 mann] ( spee* & dress1 nor 9 8 mode ( education & ?\ght2 he !re=e necess>ily id5tifi$ himself completely ) ! nation ^: language & lit]ature _h nurtur$ 8 m9d1 & ^: political & social de/9ies he %>$ ) true patriotic f]vor4 ,he /ood ap>t f ! re/ only by virtue ( 8 religion1 ! great spiritual h]itage ( 8 ho>y pa/4 ,consequ5tly ! hope voic$ 9 ! ,synagogal liturgy = a return to ,pale/9e1 ! =mation ( a ,jewi% ,/ate "u a k+ ( ! h\se ( ,david1 & ! re/oration ( ! sacrificial cult1 no long] express$ ! views ( ! ,jew 9 ,we/]n civilization4 ,! pray] = ! rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem & ! re/oration ( ! ,temple ) its prie/ly cult c\ld no long] voice 8 religi\s hope4 ,?us ! lead]s ( ,re=m ,judaism 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury decl>$ !mselves unanim\sly oppos$ to reta9+ ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,messiah & ! political re/oration ( ,israel1 ei!r 9 doctr9e or 9 _! liturgy47#abbe7 ,!y acc5tuat$ all ! m /rongly ,israel's hope = a ,messianic age1 a "t ( univ]sal k ( ,god & love ( man1 s intimately int]wov5 ) ! religi\s mission ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,h>k+ back to ! suff]+ ,s]vant ( ! ,"l 9 ,deut]o-,isaiah1 !y transf]r$ ! title ( ,messiah to ! ,jewi% nation4 ,re=m ,judaism has ?us accept$ ! belief t ,israel1 ! suff]+ ,messiah ( ! c5turies1 %all at ! end ( days become ! triumphant ,messiah ( ! nations47#abbf7 #aa4 ,?is view tak5 by re=m ,judaism is ! logical outcome ( ! political & social emancipation ( ! ,jew 9 we/]n ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,naturally1 x _h no appeal to ! ,jew 9 ! ,ea/]n l&s1 :]e he 0 kept ap>t by m5tal tra9+1 social habits & ! discrim9ation ( ! law1 s t he reg>d$ himself z a memb] ( a diff]5t nationality 9 e s5se4 ,pale/9e rema9$ ! object ( 8 hope & long+ 9 bo? 8 social & religi\s life4 ,:5 mod]n ideas ( life began to trans=m ! religi\s views & habits 9 _m a qu>t]1 & t]rible p]secutions aga9 ar\s$ ! long+ ( ! un=tunate suff]]s = a return to ! l& ( _! fa!rs1 ! t]m ,zionism 0 co9$1 & ! movem5t rapidly spread4 ,x express$ ! purely national aims ( ! ,jewi% p1 disreg>d+ ! religi\s aspirations always h]et(ore connect$ ) ! ,messianic hope4 ,?is t]m has s9ce become ! wat*word ( all ^? :o hope = a political re/oration ( ! ,jewi% p on ,pale/9ian soil1 z well z ( o!rs ^: long+s are ( a m cultural nature4 ,bo? reg>d ! ,jewi% p z a nation l any o!r1 d5y+ to x ! specific "* ( a prie/-p & a holy nation ) a religi\s mission = humanity1 :i* has be5 assign$ to x at ! v beg9n+ ( its hi/ory & has s]v$ to pres]ve x ?r\gh ! c5turies4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,zionism1 :e!r political or cultural1 c h no place 9 ,jewi% !ology4 ,q diff]5t is ! attitude ( religi\s ,zionism :i* emphasizes ! anci5t hopes & long+s = ! re/oration ( ! ,jewi% ,temple & ,/ate 9 connection ) ! nationali/ic movem5t4 #ab4 ,political ,zionism owes its orig9 to ! wave ( ,anti-,semitism :i* rose z a c\nt]-movem5t to ! emancipation ( ! ,jew1 t ali5at$ _m ( ! h\sehold ( ,israel f _! religion4 ,?us x has ! m]it ( awak5+ _m ,jews ^u :om ! ance/ral fai? _h lo/ its hold to a s5se ( love & loyalty to ! ,jewi% pa/4 ,9 _m x has ar\s$ a laudable zeal = ! /udy ( ,jewi% hi/ory & lit]ature1 :i* %\ld br+ !m a deep] insight into1 & clos] id5tification )1 ! hi/oric "* ( ,israel1 ! suff]+ ,messiah ( ! nations1 & ?us 9 "t trans=m ! national ,jew into a religi\s ,jew4 ,! /udy ( ,israel's mighty pa/ w1 x is hop$1 br+ to !m ! conviction t ! p[]1 ! hope & ! refuge ( ,israel is 9 its ,god1 & n 9 any t]ritorial possession4 ,we require a reg5]ation1 n ( ! nation1 b ( ! fai? ( ,israel1 :i* is its s\l4 ,*apt] ,,liv4 ,resurrection1 a ,national ,hope #a4 ,! ,jewi% belief 9 resurrection is intimately b\nd up ) ! hope = ! re/oration ( ! ,israeliti% nation on its own soil1 & consequ5tly r national2 inde$1 orig9ally purely local & t]ritorial47#abbg7 ,true1 ! rabbis ju/ifi$ _! belief 9 resurrection by su* ,scriptural v]ses z3 8,i kill & ,i make alive07#abbh7 & 8,! ,"l kille?1 & make? alive2 ,he br+e? d[n to ! grave1 & br+e? up407#abbi7 ,f\nd$ on su* passages1 ! belief w\ld h to include all m51 & c\ld be conf9$ nei!r to ! ,jewi% p nor to ! l& ( ,judea4 ,h[ev]1 we f9d no trace ( su* a belief 9 ! entire ,bible save = two late po/-exilic passages7#abcj7 :i* are 9 fact apocalyptic1 be+ bas$ ^u e>li] prophecies1 & !mselves1 9 turn1 basic to ! lat] dogma ( ! ,ph>isees4 #b4 ,! picture ( a resurrection 0 fir/ drawn by ! prophet ,hosea1 :o appli$ x to ,israel4 ,9 8 di/ress ov] ! de/9y ( 8 p he says3 8,come1 & let u return unto ! ,"l2 = ,he ha? torn1 & ,he w heal u1 ,he ha? smitt51 & ,he w b9d u up4 ,aft] two days w ,he revive u1 on ! ?ird day ,he w raise u up1 t we may live 9 ,8 pres5ce407#abca7 ,ezekiel's vision ( ! dry bones :i* rose to a new life "u ! mighty sway ( ! _s ( ,god17#abcb7 gave m def9ite %ape to ! picture1 al?\gh 9 ! =m ( allegory4 ,z ! prophet himself says1 he aim$ to describe ! resurrection ( ,judah & ,israel f _! grave ( exile4 ,! obscure ,messianic prophecy 9 ,isaiah1 *apt]s ,,xxiv to ,,xxvii1 /rikes a new note4 ,fir/ ! au?or deals ) ! t]rible slaught] :i* ,god w inflict ^u ! hea!n1 aft] :i* 8,he w swall[ up dea? =ev]2 & ! ,"l ,god w wipe away te>s f (f all faces2 & ! reproa* ( ,8 p w ,he take away f (f all ! e>?407#abcc7 ,f9ally1 :5 ! oppressors ( ,israel are completely annihilat$1 exclaims ! se]3 8,?y dead %all live1 ?y dead bodies %all arise--awake & s+1 ye t dwell 9 ! du/--= ?y dew is a fructify+ dew1 & ! e>? %all br+ to life ! %ades407#abcd7 ,daniel speaks 9 a simil> ve93 8,& _m ( !m t sleep 9 ! du/ ( ! e>? %all awake1 "s to ev]la/+ life1 & "s to reproa*es & ev]la/+ abhorr5ce407#abce7 #c4 ,9 ?is hope = resurrection at ! end ( days ! lead+ ?\ght is t ! prophecies :i* h be5 unfulfill$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ! pi\s1 & p>ticul>ly ! m>tyrs1 %all be realiz$ 9 ! _w to come47#abcf7 ,9 ! olde/ apocalyptic writ+s ?is life ( ! future is /ill conceiv$ z e>?ly bliss1 inasmu* z ! writ]s ?9k only ( ! ,messianic "t ( national glory1 depict$ 9 su* gl[+ colors by ! prophets4 ,unb\nd$ ri*ness ( ! soil & num]\s (fspr+1 abundant treasures br\ght by remote nations & _! rul]s1 peace & happ9ess f> & wide--su* are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,messianic age4 ,9 ord] t ! dead may %>e 9 all ?is1 x is to be prec$$ by ! resurrection & ! great ,day ( ,judgm5t 9 ! valley ( ,jeho%aphat or ,geh9nom 7,geh5na71 :]e ! righte\s are to be s+l$ out to p>ticipate 9 ! realm ( ! ,messiah47#abcg7 ,z a national prospect ! ,messianic hope 0 bas$ ^u ! passage 9 ,deut]o-,isaiah3 8,?y p also %all be all righte\s1 !y %all inh]it ! l& =ev]407#abch7 ,consequ5tly an anci5t ,mi%nah taught t 8,all ,israel %all h a %>e 9 ! _w to come407#abci7 ,9 fact1 ! t]m 8inh]it ! l&0 0 us$ z late z ! ,mi%nah to express ! idea ( %>+ 9 ! future life2 s also 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :]e ! resurrection 0 expect$ be=e ! com+ ( ! k+dom ( ! ,messiah47#abdj7 #d4 ,! logical assumption 01 accord+ly1 t only ! dead ( ! holy l& %\ld enjoy ! resurrection4 ,! prophetic v]ses 7 cit$3 8,i w set glory 9 ! l& ( ! liv+107#abda7 & 8,he t give? brea? to ! p ^u x1 & _s to !m t walk !re9107#abdb7 & 7 int]pret$ 9 ! s5se t ,god w\ld re/ore ! brea? ( life only to ^? buri$ 9 ! holy l&47#abdc7 ,likewise ! v]se ( ! ,psalmi/1 8,i %all walk be=e ! ,"l 9 ! l& ( ! liv+10 0 ref]r$ to ,pale/9e1 z ! l& :]e ! dead %all awak5 to a new life47#abdd7 ,h5ce ! rabbis held ! /range belief t :5 ! great heav5ly trumpet is s\nd$ to summon all ! tribes ( ,israel f ! ends ( ! e>? to ! holy l&17#abde7 ^? :o h be5 buri$ outside ( ,pale/9e mu/ pass ?r\gh cavities "u ! e>?1 until !y rea* ! soil :]e ! miracle ( ! resurrection w be p]=m$47#abdf7 ,x has1 !re=e1 become a cu/om ( ! pi\s among ! ,or?odox to ?is v day1 9 case !y c\ld n bury ! dead 9 ,pale/9e1 to put du/ ( ! holy l& b5ea? _! head1 t !y might arise :]ev] !y 7 buri$4 #e4 ,we may take x = grant$ t ?is nave conception ( ! resurrection c\ld n be p]man5t1 & s 0 modifi$ to include a d\ble resurrection3 ! fir/1 national1 to u%] 9 ! ,messianic k+dom1 & ! o!r1 univ]sal1 to u%] 9 ! ev]la/+ life ( ! future4 ,! =m] (f]$ scant room = ! hea!n _w1 at be/ only = ^? :o _h actually jo9$ ! ranks ( ,judaism2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 includ$ ! la/ judgm5t = all s\ls & ?us op5$ ! way = ! salvation ( ! righte\s among ! nations z well z ! p ( ,israel4 ,at ?is po9t ! conception ( resurrection l$ to high] & m spiritual ideas1 z has be5 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,xliii4 #f4 ,h[ev]1 ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body1 ?\gh express$ 9 ! anci5t liturgy1 is 9 su* utt] contradiction to our entire attitude t[>d bo? sci5ce & religion1 t x may be consid]$ obsolete = ! mod]n ,jew4 ,or?odoxy1 :i* cl+s to x 9 =mal loyalty to tradition1 reg>ds x z a miracle :i* ,god w p]=m 9 ! future1 exactly l ! _m ,biblical miracles :i* defy reason4 #g4 ,! ,zioni/ movem5t has giv5 _m ,jews a new attitude t[>d ! national resurrection ( ,israel4 ,! nationali/s expect ! ,jewi% nation to awak5 f a sleep ( eighte5 hundr$ ye>s to new greatness 9 its anci5t home1 n z a religi\s1 b z a political body1 & 9 r5\nc+ all allegiance to ! prie/ly mission ( ,israel & its ance/ral fai? !y are z remote f g5u9e ,or?odoxy z f ,re=m ,judaism4 ,!y ass]t t ! s\l ( ! ,jewi% p requires a national body root$ 9 its anci5t soil 9 ord] t x may fulfill its appo9t$ task among ! nations2 !y ev5 g s f> z to decl>e all ! a*ievem5ts br\ght ab\t by ! assimilation ( ! culture ( ! surr\nd+ nations to be a det]ioration ( ! g5u9e "* ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,! fact is t1 z 9 nature !re is n[h]e a resurrection ( ! dead b an ev] r5ew$ reg5]ation ( life1 s is ! hi/ory ( ! ,jew & ( ,judaism a cont9u\s process ( reg5]ation manife/$ at e great turn+-po9t ( hi/ory1 :5 ! ideas & cultural elem5ts ( a new civilization ex]t _! p[]ful influ5ce on life & ?\ght4 ,!re nev] 01 nor w be an exclusively ,jewi% culture4 ,x is ! wondr\s p[] ( assimilation ( ! ,jew :i* ev] creat$ & fa%ion$ 8 culture anew4 ,t :i* con/itutes ! peculi>ity ( ! ,jew & 8 life =ce is 8 religion fo/]$ ?r\gh ! ages1 pres]v$ amid/ ! mo/ antagoni/ic influ5ces & ho/ile environm5ts1 & ev] rejuv5at$ by its unique univ]sali/ic _s :5 reviv$ by contact ) k9dr$ movem5ts4 ,to ma9ta9 & propagate ?is1 8 religion 9 all l&s & amid/ all civilizations1 is ! task assign$ to him by ,provid5ce1 until ,god's ,k+dom has be5 e/abli%$ all ov] ! globe4 ,*apt] ,,lv4 ,israel & ! ,hea!n ,nations #a4 ,z !re is b "o ,creator & ,rul] ( ! univ]se1 s !re is be=e ,him b "o humanity4 ,all ! nations are "u ,8 guidance1 :ile ,israel1 ,8 *os5 p1 po9ts to ! k+dom ( ,god :i* is to embrace !m all4 ,israel 0 call$ ! 8fir/-born son0 ( ,god7#abdg7 at ! v mom5t ( 8 election1 imply+ t all ! sons ( m5 are ,8 *ildr54 ,all ( !m are l9ks 9 ! div9e plan ( salvation4 ,9 ! same s5se ,god spoke ?r\gh ,isaiah3 8,bless$ be ,egypt1 ,my p1 & ,assyria ! "w ( ,my h&s1 & ,israel ,m9e inh]itance407#abdh7 ,z ! fir/ page ( ,scripture assigns a common orig9 to !m all 9 ! fir/ man1 s1 ! prophets tell u1 at ! end ( "t !y %all all be fill$ ) long+ = ! "o ,god & =m ) ,israel "o community on e>?1 a great bro!rhood ( man s]v+ ! common ,fa!r above47#abdi7 ,/ill1 ! actual _w began1 n ) ! unity1 b ) ! wide div]sity & disp]sion ( mank9d4 ,! idea ( ! unity ( man came z a coroll>y to ! k9dr$ conception ( ! unity ( ,god1 aft] a long hi/orical process4 ,j z ! creation ( ! _w op5s ) ! sep>ation ( light f d>kness1 s ! process ( ! spiritual & moral developm5t ( mank9d beg9s1 accord+ to ! div9e plan ( salvation1 ) ! sep>ation ( ,israel f ! hea!n nations47#abej7 ,! %>p] ! contra/ became betwe5 ! spiritual ,god ( ,israel & ! crude s5sual gods ( hea!ndom1 ! wid] grew ! *asm betwe5 ,judaism & hea!nism1 betwe5 ,israel & ! nations4 ,z light is oppos$ to d>kness1 s ,israel's tru? /ood oppos$ to ! idolatry ( ! nations1 until ,*ri/ianity & ,islam1 its daught]-religions1 arose betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,h5ce=? ,israel waits ) /ill m confid5ce = ! age ^: dawn+ w br+ ! full k ( ,god to all mank9d1 lead+ ! _w f ! night ( error & discord to ! noon-day brightness ( tru? & unity1 :5 a univ]sal mono!ism w make all humanity "o4 #b4 ,no?+ 0 m remote f anci5t ,israel ?an ! hatr$ ( ! /rang] or ho/ility to o!r nations1 s (t5 attribut$ to x47#abea7 ,9 ! "t ( ! patri>*s & "u ! mon>*y1 ! ,hebrews fo/]$ a _s ( fri5dly int]c\rse ) _! neighbors1 :i* 0 (t5 confirm$ by peaceful alliances47#abeb7 ,( c\rse1 dur+ w> "t ! _s ( ho/ility _h full sway1 p>ticul>ly z anci5t w>f>e impos$ a rel5tless ban ^u bo? booty & human life among ! vanqui%$4 ,b ev5 !n ! k+s ( ,israel 7 call$ compassionate also t[>d _! enemies :5 comp>$ ) o!r rul]s47#abec7 ,inde$1 ! code ( ,israel is di/+ui%$ f all o!r codes ( antiquity by mildness & t5d] compassion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,god ( ju/ice1 reveal$ ?r\gh ,amos1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,habakkuk1 puni%es ,israel & ! nations imp>tially on acc\nt ( _! moral transgressions47#abed7 ,he av5ges acts ( trea*]y1 ev5 :5 committ$ aga9/ pagan tyrants4 8,%all n ! ,judge ( all ! e>? d ju/ly807#abee7 ,su* is ! recurr5t ?\ght t gov]ns ,israel1 dem&+ ! same /&>d ( judgm5t = ,israelite & /rang]4 #c4 ,! simple s5se ( ju/ice inh]5t 9 ! ,jewi% p admits s little diff]5ce betwe5 our own ,god-consci\sness & t ( o!rs1 t ,scripture repres5ts ! ,phili/9e ,k+ ,abimele* z receiv+ a w>n+ f ,abraham's ,god 99,,jhvh9947#abef7 ,z ! ,bible holds up ,job1 ! ,b$\9 ,%eik1 z ! patt]n ( a blameless s]vant ( ,god & true lov] ( mank9d17#abeg7 s ! ,talmud cites ! ,phili/9e ,dama b5 ,ne?9a z an example ( filial piety47#abeh7 ,altoge!r1 ! m]its ( ! hea!n receive _! full measure ( appreciation ?r\gh\t ,jewi% lit]ature17#abei7 ev5 ?\gh a n>r[ diss5t+ view occurs n[ & !n47#abfj7 #d4 ,/ill f ! v beg9n+ a t5d5cy to rel5tless h>%ness exi/$ 9 "o direction1 :5 ! pure wor%ip ( ,israel's "o & only ,god 0 endang]$4 ,! e>ly ,book ( ! ,cov5ant =bade e alliance ) idolatr\s nations17#abfa7 & ! ,deut]onomic ,code made ?is m /r+5t by prohibit+ int]m>riage & ev5 ! tol]ation ( idolat]s 9 ! l&1 le/ !y s$uce ! p ( ,god to turn away f ,him47#abfb7 ,! ,ph>isean lead]s1 ! f\nd]s ( ,rabb9ism1 w5t /ill fur!r by plac+ an int]dict ^u eat+ ) ! hea!n or us+ food & w9e prep>$ by !m1 ?us aim+ at a complete sep>ation f ! non-,jewi% _w47#abfc7 ,! contra/ betwe5 ,judaism & hea!nism 0 fur!r height5$ by ! view ( ! prophets & psalmi/s1 %[+ t ! great nations 7 ! v embodim5t ( idolatr\s iniquity1 murd]\s viol5ce & sexual impurity1 a _w ( arrogance & pride1 defy+ ,god & doom$ to p]dition1 because !y oppos$ ! k+dom ( ,god proclaim$ by ,israel47#abfd7 ,h5ce=? ! t]m 8! nations0 7goyim7 0 tak5 by ! religi\s z mean+ ! wick$ ones1 :o w\ld n be able to /& ! div9e judgm5t 9 ! future life1 b w\ld g d[n to ,%eol1 or ,geh5na1 to fall a prey to ev]la/+ corruption1 to ! fire t is nev] qu5*$47#abfe7 #e4 ,yet su* a :olesale condemnation c\ld n long be ma9ta9$2 x 0 too /rongly contradict$ 9 pr9ciple by ! prophets & ,psalmi/s1 & q z mu* by ! apocalyptic writ]s & ,haggadi/s ( lat] times4 ,! book ( ,jonah te/ifies t ,israel's ,god s5t ,8 prophet to ! hea!n ( ,n9eveh to exhort !m to rep5tance1 t !y might obta9 =giv5ess & salvation l rep5tant ,israel47#abff7 ,hea!nism is doom$ to p]i%1 n ! hea!n2 !y are to ackn[l$ge ! heav5ly ,judge 9 _! v puni%m5ts & return to ,him4 ,su* is ! conclusion ( all ! exhortations ( ! prophets pr$ict+ puni%m5t to ! nations4 ,moreov]1 ^? hea!n :o escape ! doom ( ! _w-p[]s are to proclaim ! mighty de$s ( ! ,"l to ! utmo/ l&s4 ,nay1 accord+ to ! gr& vision ( ! exilic se]1 among ! _m nations t %all assemble at ! end ( days to wor%ip ! ,"l 9 ,zion1 select ones w be admitt$ to ! prie/hood ) ! sons ( ,a>on47#abfg7 ,! "n ,hadrak1 und]/ood z 8he :o br+e? back10 sugge/$ itself to ! rabbis z a title ( ! ,messiah1 ! conv]t] ( ! hea!n nations47#abfh7 ,s 9 bo? ! ,talmud & ! ,sibyll9e books7#abfi7 ,noah is repres5t$ z a prea*] ( rep5tance to ! nations be=e ! flood1 & accord+ly ! latt] book adjures ! ,hell5ic _w to rep5t ( _! s9ful lives be=e !y w\ld be ov]:elm$ by ! flood ( fire at ! great judgm5t day4 ,9 ! same _s ! ,haggadi/s tell t ,god s5t ,balaam1 ,job1 & o!r pi\s m5 z prophets ( ! hea!n to tea* !m ! way ( rep5tance47#abgj7 ,& ! rabbis actually say t1 if ! hea!n nations _h n refus$ ! ,torah :5 ! ,"l (f]$ x to !m at ,s9ai1 x w\ld h be5 ! common prop]ty ( all mank9d47#abga7 #f4 ,! lead+ m9ds ( ,judaism felt only pity = ! bl9d ob/9acy ( ! great mass ( hea!n1 :o wor%ip$ ! creatures in/ead ( ! ,creator1 or ! />s ( heav5 in/ead ( ,him :o is en?ron$ above ! skies4 ,!y reg>d$ hea!nism ei!r z evid5ce ( spiritual want & weakness1 or z ! result ( de/9y4 ,inde$1 ! words ( ! ,deut]onomi/ s\nd l an e*o ( ,babylonian fatalism :5 he ass]ts t ,god himself assign$ to ! nations ! wor%ip ( ! />s z _! inh]itance47#abgb7 ,lat] ! op9ion ga9$ gr\nd t ! hea!n deities 7 real demons1 hold+ dom9ion ov] ! nations & lead+ !m a/ray47#abgc7 ,! exilic se] attack$ idolatry mo/ vigor\sly z folly & falsehood1 & ?us ! note ( d]ision & irony is /ruck by ,deut]o-,isaiah1 ! ,psalms1 & 9 _m ( ! propag&a writ+s ( ! ,hell5i/ic age1 9 _! ref]5ces to hea!nism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is v significant t ! ,pale/9ian sages & _! successors condemn$ hea!nism z a moral plague1 conduc+ to depravity1 lewdness1 & blood%$4 ,!y reg>d$ ! p[]s ( ! _w1 especially ,edom 7,rome71 z be+ "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,evil ,"o1 & !re=e doom$ to p]i% 9 ! flames ( ,geh5na4 ,z !y reject$ ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts out ( love = blood%$1 lu/1 & robb]y1 s1 accord+ to ! ,haggadi/s1 !y w be unable to )/& ! la/ judgm5t & w suff] et]nal puni%m5t4 ,s9ce _! "o desire 0 to enjoy ! life ( ?is _w1 _! lot 9 ! future w be ,geh5na2 :ile ! gates ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 w be op5 = ,israel1 ! p oppress$ & sorely tri$1 yet ev] fai?ful to ! cov5ant ( ,abraham47#abgd7 ,( c\rse1 ?is view impli$ bo? com=t & v5geance1 b we mu/ n =get t ! h>% /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! ,talmud owe _! orig9 to bitt] di/ress & _c be consid]$ ,jewi% doctr9es1 z unfri5dly critics frequ5tly d47#abge7 #g4 ,z has be5 %[n above1 ! dom9ant view ( ! ,synagogue is t et]nal salvation belongs to ! righte\s among ! nations z well z ^? ( ,israel4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,psalm ,,ix1 #ah1 is und]/ood to ! effect t 8all ^? hea!ns :o h =gott5 ,god w g d[n to ! ne!r _w407#abgf7 ,"o ( ! sages expresses a /ill broad] view3 8,:5 judg+ ! nations1 ,god det]m9es _! /&>d by _! be/ repres5tatives407#abgg7 ,_m rabbis held ! belief t circumcision secur$ = ! ,jew a place 9 8,abraham's bosom0 :ile ! uncircumcis$ are consign$ to ,geh5na1 ?us assign+ to circumcision a correspond+ place to t ( baptism 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,?is belief seems to be bas$ ^u a passage 9 ,ezekiel1 :]e ! prophet speaks ( ! arelim1 or 8uncircumcis$10 z dwell+ 9 ! ne!r _w47#abgh7 ,b a numb] ( passages 9 ! ,talmud1 especially 9 ! ,tosefta17#abgi7 %[ t circumcision 0 n believ$ to h ! p[] to save a s9n] f ,geh5na1 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h ! great tea*+ ( ,r4 ,johanan b5 ,zakkai 9 oppos+ 8 disciple ,eliez] b5 ,hyrcanus1 tell+ t ! sacrifices :i* aton$ = ! s9s ( ,israel are p>allel$ by de$s ( b5evol5ce1 :i* c atone = ! s9s ( ! hea!n47#abhj7 ,bo? ! ,talmud & ,philo /ate t ! sev5ty bullocks :i* 7 (f]$ up dur+ ! sev5 days ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 7 br\ght by ,israel z sacrifices = ! sev5ty nations ( ! _w47#abha7 #h4 ,:]e no cause exi/$ to fe> ! influ5ce ( idolatry1 fri5dly relations ) non-,jews 7 always recomm5d$ & cultivat$4 ,a non-,jew :o devotes 8 life to ! /udy & practice ( ! law1 said ,rabbi ,meir1 is equal to ! high prie/2 = ,scripture says3 8,! laws :i*1 if a man d1 he %all live by !m10 imply+ t pure humanity is ! "o ess5tial requir$ by ,god47#abhb7 ,inde$1 ,rabbi ,meir enjoy$ a close fri5d%ip ) nomaos ( ,gad>a17#abhc7 a hea!n philosoph] spok5 ( admir+ly 9 ,talmudic s\rces & plac$ on a p> ) ,balaam z noble repres5tatives ( hea!ndom4 ,obvi\sly ?is good op9ion 0 held1 because bo? spoke favorably ( ,judaism1 ^: 8synagogues & s*oolh\ses =m$ ! /ronge/ bulw>k aga9/ ! attacks ( ,jew-hat]s40 ,o!r fri5d%ips :i* 7 describ$ 9 popul> leg5ds & held up z examples = emulation are ^? betwe5 ,jehuda ha ,nasi & ! ,emp]or ,anton9us 7,sev]us77#abhd7 & t ( ,samuel ( ,babylonia ) ,ablat1 a ,p]sian sage47#abhe7 #i4 ,! ,mosaic & ,talmudic law prescrib$ q diff]5t treatm5t = ^? hea!n :o p]si/$ 9 idolatr\s practices & refus$ to obs]ve ! laws ( humanity1 call$ ! sev5 ,noahitic laws1 z w be expla9$ m fully 9 ! next *apt]4 ,no tol]ation c\ld be grant$ !m )9 ! anci5t jurisdiction2 8,?\ %all %[ !m no m]cy0 0 ! phrase ( ! law = ! sev5 tribes ( ,canaan1 & ?is 0 appli$ to all idolat]s47#abhf7 ,h5ce ,maimonides lays d[n ! rule 9 8 ,code t 8:]ev] & :5ev] ! ,mosaic law is 9 =ce1 ! p mu/ be compell$ to abjure hea!nism & accept ! sev5 laws ( ,noah 9 ! "n ( ,god1 or else !y are doom$ to die407#abhg7 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! v same ,code1 ,maimonides writes 9 ! _s ( ,rabbi ,meir3 8,n only ! ,jewi% tribe is sanctifi$ by ! highe/ degree ( human hol9ess1 b e human be+1 )\t diff]5ce ( bir?1 9 :om is ! _s ( love & ! p[] ( k to devote 8 life exclusively to ! s]vice ( ,god & ! dissem9ation ( ,8 k1 & :o1 walk+ uprightly be=e ,him1 has ca/ (f ! yoke ( ! _m e>?ly desires pursu$ by ! re/ ( m54 ,god is 8 portion & 8 et]nal inh]itance1 & ,god w provide = 8 ne$s1 z ,he did = ! prie/ & ! ,levite ( yore407#abhh7 #aj4 ,to be sure1 a /atem5t ( ?is nature pres5ts a diff]5t judgm5t ( hea!nism f t ( ! anci5t national law4 ,b ! hi/orical & comp>ative /udy ( religions has caus$ u to ent]ta9 altoge!r diff]5t views ( ! v>i\s hea!n religions1 bo? ^? repres5t+ primitive /ages ( *ildlike imag9ation & sup]/ition1 & ^? m develop$ fai?s :i* inculcate g5u9e ideals ( a m or less l(ty "*4 ,c]ta9ly ! laws ( ,deut]onomy1 writt5 :5 ! nation _h dw9dl$ d[n to ! little k+dom ( ,juda1 & ^? fur!r exp\nd$ 9 ! ,mi%nah enjo9+ ! mo/ rigor\s intol]ance t[>d e ve/ige ( paganism1 _h only a !oretical value = ! p[]less ,jewi% nation2 :ile bo? ! ,*ur* & ! rul]s ( ,islam 7 l>gely guid$ by !m 9 practical measures4 ,! high] view ( ,judaism 0 express$ by ! la/ ( ! prophets3 8 #8,= f ! ris+ ( ! sun ev5 unto ! go+ d[n ( ! same ,my "n is great among ! nations2 & 9 e place (f]+s are pres5t$ unto ,my "n1 ev5 pure oblations1 = ,my "n is great among ! nations1' sai? ! ,"l ( ho/s407#abhi7 ,! fact is t hea!nism seeks ! ,god :om ,israel by its revelation has f\nd4 ,9 ?is _s bo? ,philo & ,josephus took ! ,scriptural passage1 8,?\ %alt n curse ,god10 tak+ ! ,hebrew ,elohim 9 ! plural s5se1 8! gods02 ?us !y said a ,jew mu/ n (f5d ! religi\s s5se ( ! hea!n by scorn or ridicule1 h[ev] c>eful he mu/ be to avoid ! imitation ( _! practices & sup]/itions47#abij7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,code ( ,law aim$ to sep>ate ,israel & ! nations 9 ord] to avoid ! crude wor%ip ( idols1 animals & />s practic$ by ! hea!n ( antiquity4 ,x 0 n fram$ = ma/]s l ,socrates1 ,buddha1 & ,confucius1 ) _! l(ty moral views & _! claims ^u humanity4 ,! ,god :o reveal$ himself to ,abraham1 ,job1 ,eno*1 & ,balaam1 z well z to ,moses & ,isaiah1 spoke to !m also1 & ! wise ones ( ,israel h ev] he>k5$ to _! inspir+ lessons4 ,_! words are e*o$ 9 ,jewi% lit]ature toge!r ) ,solomon's words ( wisdom4 ,plato1 ,plot9us1 & ,ari/otle receiv$ ! mo/ fri5dly hospitality f ! rabb9ic philosoph]s & my/ic writ]s ( ,jewry1 & s ,buddhi/ say+s & views p5etrat$ into ,jewi% e?ics & popul> tea*+s4 ,bo? ! ,jew & 8 lit]ature are cosmopolitan1 & ,judaism nev] )holds its appreciation ( ! m]its ( ! hea!n _w47#abia7 #aa4 ,we mu/ especially emphasize "o claim ( ! ,jewi% p above o!r nations :i* ! rabbis call zeku? abo?1 8! m]it ( ! fa!rs10 & :i* we may t]m 8h]$it>y virtue40 ,! election ( ,israel1 9 spite ( its own lack ( m]it1 is decl>$ 9 ,deut]onomy & else:]e to be due to ! m]it ( ! fa!rs1 ) :om ,god conclud$ ,8 cov5ant 9 love47#abib7 ,! promise is (t5 repeat$ t ,god w ev] rememb] ,8 cov5ant ) ! fa!rs & n let ! p p]i%1 ev5 ?\gh _! s9s 7 great2 !re=e ! rabbis assum$ t ! patri>*s _h accumulat$ a /ore ( m]it by _! virtues :i* w\ld r$\nd be=e ,god to ! b5efit ( _! desc5dants1 supplem5t+ _! own weaknesses47#abic7 ,?is m]it or righte\sness ( ! fa!rs =m$ a prom95t "p ( ! hope & pray]1 nay1 ( ! :ole !ological sy/em ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,!y reg>d$ ! patri>*s & all ! great lead]s ( ! pa/ z patt]ns ( loyalty & love = ,god1 s t1 accord+ to ! ,midra%1 ,israel might say 9 ! words ( ! ,%ulamite3 8,black am ,i0 consid]+ my own m]it1 8b comely0 :5 consid]+ ! m]it ( ! fa!rs47#abid7 ,:e!r ?is /ore ( m]it w\ld ev] be exhau/$ is a matt] ( controv]sy among ! rabbis4 ,"s ref]r$ to ,god's own words t ,he w ev] rememb] ,8 cov5ant ) ! fa!rs2 o!rs po9t$ to ! v]se 9 ,deut]o-,isaiah3 8,= ! m\nta9s may dep>t1 & ! hills be remov$2 b ,my k9dness %all n dep>t f !e1 nei!r %all ,my cov5ant ( peace be remov$10 :i* !y int]pret$ symbolically to mean3 :5 ! m]it ( ! patri>*s & matri>*s ( ,israel is exhau/$1 ,god's m]cy & compassion = ,israel w be !re nev] to dep>t47#abie7 ,translat$ into our own mode ( ?9k+1 ?is m]it ( ! fa!rs claim$ = ,israel signifies ! unique treasure ( a spiritual inh]itance :i* belongs to ! ,jew4 ,?is inh]itance ( ?\s&s ( ye>s provides su* r>e examples & su* high inspiration t x incites to ! highe/ virtue1 ! firme/ loyalty1 & ! greate/ love = tru? & ju/ice4 ,judaism1 kn[+ no su* ?+ z orig9al s91 po9ts ) pride in/ead to h]$it>y virtue1 d]iv+ an inexhau/ible s\rce ( bless+ f its hi/orical cont9uity ( f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,*apt] ,,lvi4 ,! ,/rang] & ! ,proselyte #a4 ,among all ! laws ( ! ,mosaic ,code1 t :i* has no p>allel 9 any o!r anci5t code is ! "o enjo9+ ju/ice1 k9dness & love t[>d ! /rang]4 ,! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant tea*es3 8,& a /rang] %all ?\ n wrong1 nei!r %alt ?\ oppress him2 = ye 7 /rang]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt107#abif7 & 8,a /rang] %alt ?\ n oppress2 = ye "k ! he>t ( a /rang]1 see+ ye 7 /rang]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt40 ,! ,deut]onomic writ] lays special /ress on ! fact t ,israel's ,god1 8:o reg>de? n p]sons nor take? bribes1 do? execute ju/ice = ! fa!rless & ! wid[1 & love? ! /rang]1 9 giv+ him food & raim5t40 ,he !n concludes3 8,love ye !re=e ! /rang]2 = ye 7 /rang]s 9 ! l& ( ,egypt407#abig7 ,! ,prie/ly ,code goes /ill fur!r1 grant+ ! /rang] ! same legal protection z ! native47#abih7 #b4 ,we w\ld1 h[ev]1 misund]/& ! _s ( all antiquity1 includ+ anci5t ,israel1 if we consid] ?is z an expression ( univ]sal love = mank9d & ! recognition ( e human be+ z fell[-man & bro!r4 ,?r\gh\t antiquity & dur+ ! semi-civiliz$ ,middle ,ages1 a /rang] 0 an enemy unless he became a gue/4 ,if he s\ght protection at ! family he>? or 79 ! ,ori5t7 "u ! t5t ( a ,%eik1 he !reby ent]$ into a tutel>y relation ) bo? ! clan or tribe & its deity4 ,aft] ent]+ into su* a relation1 tempor>y or p]man5t1 he became1 9 ! t]m :i* ! ,mosaic law uses 9 common ) ! g5]al ,semitic cu/om1 a ,g] or ,to%ab1 8soj\rn]0 or 8settl]10 entitl$ to full protection47#abii7 ,?is relation ( dep5d5cy on ! community is occasionally express$ by ! t]m3 8?y /rang] t is )9 ?y gates407#acjj7 ,su* protection impli$1 9 turn1 t ! ,g] or proteg ow$ an obligation to ! tribe or community :i* %ield$ him4 ,he /ood "u ! protection ( ! tribal god1 frequ5tly assum$ 8 "n1 & ?us d>$ n violate ! law ( ! l& or ( its deity1 le/ he =feit 8 claim to protection4 #c4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ! (t-repeat$ ,mosaic comm& = b5evol5ce t[>d ! /rang]1 :i* plac$ him on ! same foot+ ) ! ne$y & helpless1 impos$ c]ta9 religi\s obligations ^u him4 ,he 0 enjo9$1 l ! ,israelite1 n to violate ! sanctity ( ! ,sabba? by labor1 nor to provoke ,god's ang] by idolatr\s practices1 &1 accord+ to ! ,prie/ly ,code1 to avoid ! eat+ ( blood & ! contract+ ( ince/u\s m>riages z well z ! transgression ( ! laws = ,passov] & ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,naturally1 9 crim9al cases su* z blasphemy he 0 subject to ! dea?-p5alty j l ! native47#acja7 ,/ill1 ! ,g] 0 n admitt$ z a citiz51 & 9 ! ,mosaic sy/em ( law he 0 always a tol]at$ or protect$ ali51 unless he und]w5t w5t ! rite ( circumcision & ?us jo9$ ! ,israeliti% community47#acjb7 #d4 ,) ! trans=mation ( ! ,israeliti% ,/ate into ! ,jewi% community--9 o!r words1 ) ! *ange ( ! p f a political to a religi\s /atus1--?is relation to ! non-,jew und]w5t a decid$ *ange4 ,z ! contra/ to ! hea!n became m m>k$1 ! ,g] assum$ a new position4 ,z he pl$g$ himself to ab&on all ve/iges ( idolatry & to con=m to c]ta9 pr9ciples ( ! ,jewi% law1 he ent]$ into clos] relations ) ! p4 ,accord+ly1 he adopt$ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,mosaic code or ! entire law1 & ?us became ei!r a p>tial or a complete memb] ( ! religi\s community ( ,israel4 ,9 ei!r case he 0 reg>d$ z a foll[] ( ! ,god ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,9 spite ( ! exclusive _s :i* 0 dom9ant 9 ! p]iod foll[+ ,ezra1 two =ces favor$ ! ext5d+ ( ! b\nd>ies ( ,judaism beyond ! conf9es ( ! nation4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,babylonian ,exile _h visualiz$ & p>tially realiz$ ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah3 8,unto ,!e %all ! nations come f ! ends ( ! e>?1 & %all say3 #8,our fa!rs h inh]it$ naught b lies1 vanity & ?+s :]e9 !re is no pr(it4' 07#acjc7 ,= example1 ,ze*>iah ann\nc$ a "t :5 8_m peoples & mighty nations %all come to seek ! ,"l ( ,ho/s 9 ,j]usalem & to entreat ! favor ( ! ,"l10 & 8,t5 m5 %all take hold1 out ( all ! languages ( nations1 %all ev5 take hold ( ! skirt ( him t is a ,jew1 say+1 #8,we w g ) y1 = we h he>d t ,god is ) y4' 07#acjd7 ,ano!r prophet said at ! "t ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,babylon3 8,= ! ,"l w h compassion on ,jacob1 & w yet *oose ,israel1 & set !m 9 _! own l&1 & ! /rang] 7,g]1 or proselyte7 %all jo9 himself ) !m1 & !y %all cleave to ! h\se ( ,jacob407#acje7 ,! ,psalmi/s especially ref] to ! hea!n :o %all jo9 ,israel17#acjf7 s t ,g] n[ becomes ! regul> t]m = proselyte47#acjg7 ,9 addition to ?is inw>d religi\s desire we mu/ consid] ! social & political impulse4 ,! h&ful ( ,judans :o _h return$ f ,babylonia 7 s surr\nd$ by hea!n tribes t1 :ile ! ,sam>itans _h attract$ ! less desirable gr\ps1 !y 7 glad to welcome ! influx ( su* z promis$ to become true wor%ip]s ( ,god4 ,! *ief problem 0 h[ to provide a legal =m = ^! to 8come ov]10 proselyte be+ ! ,greek t]m = 8him :o comes ov]40 ,by su* a =m !y c\ld ent] ! community :ile accept+ c]ta9 religi\s obligations4 ,9 fact1 su* obligations _h be5 /at$ be=e 9 ! ,prie/ly ,code1 :i* admitt$ into ! political community z 8soj\rn]s0 or 8indwell]s0 ^? :o pl$g$ !mselves to ab/a9 f idolatry1 blasphemy1 ince/1 ! eat+ ( blood or ( fle% f liv+ animals1 & f all viol5ce aga9/ human life & prop]ty4 ,!y 7 deb>r$ only f m>riage into ! religi\s community1 8! congregation ( ! ,"l40 ,h5ce=? ,g] & ,g] ,to%ab became juridical t]ms1 ! social & legal designation ( ^? proselytes :o _h abjur$ hea!nism & jo9$ ! mono!i/ic ranks ( ,judaism z 8wor%ip]s ( ,god40 #e4 ,?us ! fir/ great /ep 9 ! progress ( ,judaism f a national sy/em ( law to a univ]sal religion 0 made 9 ,juda4 ,! next /ep 0 to recognize ! idea ( ! revelation ( ,god to ! 8god-fe>+ m50 ( ! primeval ages1 z describ$ 9 ! ,mosaic books1 & ?us to op5 ! gates ( ! national religion = hea!n :o _h become 8,god-fe>+ m50 or 8wor%ip]s ( ! ,"l40 ,?us ! ,psalms1 aft] enum]at+ ! cu/om>y two or ?ree classes1 8! h\se ( ,israel10 8( ,a>on10 & 8( ,levi10 (t5 add ! 8,god-fe>+0 proselyte47#acjh7 ,! ,synagogue 0 especially attractive to ! hea!n :o s\ght religi\s tru? because ( its elevat+ devotion & its public in/ruction 9 ! ,scripture1 translat$ into ,greek1 ! language ( ! cultur$ _w4 ,?is sponsor$ a new sy/em = propagat+ ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,! s-call$ ,propag&a lit]ature ( ,alex&ria laid its *ief /ress ^u ! e?ical laws ( ,judaism1 n seek+ to submit ! non-,jew to ! obs]vance ( ! entire ,mosaic law or to subject him to ! rite ( circumcision4 ,! ,jewi% m]*ants1 com+ into contact ) non-,jews 9 _! travels on l& & sea1 endeavor$ especially to pres5t _! religi\s t5ets 9 t]ms ( a broad1 univ]sal religion4 ,z a univ]sal fai? =ms ! backgr\nd ( ! entire ,wisdom lit]ature1 p>ticul>ly ! book ( ,job1 a simple mono!ism c\ld be f\nd$ ^u a div9e revelation to mank9d 9 g5]al1 correspond+ to ! "o to ,noah & 8 sons aft] ! flood4 ,! laws connect$ ) ?is cov5ant1 call$ ! ,noahitic laws1 7 g5]al humanit>ian precepts4 ,we f9d ^! enum]at$ 9 ! ,talmud z six1 sev51 & occasionally t54 ,sometimes we read ( ?irty su* laws to be accept$ by ! hea!n1 probably f\nd$ ^u ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ,leviticus1 at "o "t c5tral 9 ,jewi% e?ics47#acji7 ,at any rate1 ! obs]vance ( ! s-call$ ,noahitic laws 0 dem&$ ( all wor%ip]s ( ! "o ,god ( ,israel4 ,/range to say1 h[ev]1 ?is ext5sive propag&a ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews dur+ ! two or ?ree pre-,*ri/ian c5turies left few traces 9 ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( ,pale/9ian ,judaism4 ,two reasons seem at h&2 ! gr[? ( ! ,paul9ian ,*ur*1 :i* absorb$ ! mission>y activity ( ! ,synagogue1 & ! ef=t ( ,talmudic ,judaism to oblit]ate ! old mission>y tradition4 ,to judge f occasional ref]5ces 9 ,josephus & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z well z _m inscriptions all ov] ! l&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean17#acaj7 ! numb] ( hea!n conv]ts to ! ,synagogue 0 v l>ge & caus$ attacks on ,judaism 9 bo? ,rome & ,alex&ria4 ,josephus tells u t ,jews & proselytes 9 all l&s s5t sacrificial gifts to ,j]usalem 9 su* abundance z to excite ! av>ice ( ! ,romans47#acaa7 ,! ,midra% pres]ves a highly int]e/+ passage :i* ca/s light on ! e>li] significance ( ! w9n+ ( hea!n conv]ts1 read+ z foll[s3 8,:5 x is said 9 ,zephaniah ,,ii1 #e3 #8,woe to ! inhabitants ( ! sea-coa/1 ! nation ( ,k]e?ites'2 ?is means t ! inhabitants ( ! v>i\s pagan l&s w\ld be doom$ to und]go ,k>e?1 #8p]dition1' save = ! "o ,god-fe>+ proselyte1 :o is won ov] to ,judaism ea* ye> & set up to save ! hea!n _w407#acab7 ,9 o!r words1 ! m]it ( ! "o proselyte ^: conv]sion awak5s ! hope = ! w9n+ ( ! entire hea!n _w to pure mono!ism1 is an aton+ p[] = all4 ,su* 0 ! tea*+ ( ! ,ph>isees1 :om ! gospel ( ,mat!w br&s z hypocrites because ( _! zeal 9 mak+ proselytes4 #f4 ,?is k9d ( proselytism 0 enc\rag$ only by ,alex&rian or ,hell5i/ic ,judaism4 ,9 ,pale/9e1 h[ev]1 ! social sy/em ( ! nation 0 q unfavorable to ! simple 8,god-wor%ip]10 :o rema9$ m]ely a tol]at$ ali51 ev5 ?\gh protect$1 & nev] really ent]$ ! national body4 ,legally he 0 t]m$ ,g] ,to%ab1 8settl]10 :i* meant semi-proselyte4 ,! type ( ?is class 0 ,naaman1 ! ,syrian g5]al :o 0 in/ruct$ by ,elijah to ba! 9 ! ,jordan to cure 8 leprosy1 & !n became a wor%ip] ( ! ,god ( ,israel47#acac7 ,simil>ly1 :atev] ! real orig9 ( ! proselyte's ba? may h be51 a baptismal ba? 0 prescrib$ = ! proselyte to wa% (f ! /a9 ( idolatry47#acad7 ,he 0 reg>d$ z "o :o _h 8fl$ f 8 =m] ma/]0 79 heav57 to f9d refuge ) ! only ,god27#acae7 !re=e he 0 legally entitl$ to %elt]1 support1 & religi\s in/ruction f ! au?orities47#acaf7 ,c]ta9 places 7 assign$ :]e he 0 to receive protection & provision = 8 ne$s1 b he 0 n all[$ to settle 9 ,j]usalem1 :]e only full proselytes 7 receiv$ z citiz5s47#acag7 ,accord+ to ,philo1 special hospices 7 fitt$ out = ! reception ( semi-proselytes47#acah7 #g4 ,9 ord] to enjoy full citiz5%ip & equal rights1 ! proselyte _h to und]go bo? ! baptismal ba? & ! rite ( circumcision1 ?us accept+ all ! laws ( ! ,mosaic ,code equally ) ! ,israelite born4 ,beside ?is1 he _h to br+ a special proselyte's sacrifice z a te/imony to 8 belief 9 ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,9 di/9ction f ! ,g] ,to%ab1 or semi-proselyte1 he 0 !n call$ ,g] ha ,z$ek or ,g] ,z$ek4 ,?is "n1 usually translat$ z 8proselyte ( righte\sness10 obvi\sly possesses a deep] hi/orical mean+4 ,! ,psalmi/ voices a pure e?ical mono!ism 9 8 qu]y3 8,o ,"l1 :o %all be a gue/ 7,g]1 soj\rn]7 9 ?y t5t80 :i* he answ]s3 8,he t walke? uprightly & worke? righte\sness & speake? tru? 9 8 he>t407#acai7 ,b ! legal view ( ! prie/ly au?orities 0 t only ! man :o (f]s a 8sacrifice ( righte\sness0 & pl$ges himself to obs]ve all ! laws b9d+ ^u ,israel might become a 8gue/0 9 ! ,temple on ,zion1 an adopt$ citiz5 ( ,j]usalem1 ! 8city ( righte\sness407#acbj7 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is view a /rik+ int]pretation to a ,deut]onomic v]se is pres]v$3 8,!y %all call p unto ! m\nta91 !re %all !y (f] sacrifices ( righte\sness3 t is1 ! hea!n nations ) _! k+s :o come to ,j]usalem = comm]ce ) ! ,jewi% p %all be s fasc9at$ by its pure mono!i/ic wor%ip & its simple diet1 t !y w esp\se ! ,jewi% fai? & br+ sacrifices to ! ,god ( ,israel z proselytes407#acba7 ,! prom95ce ( ! full proselyte 9 ! e>ly ,synagogue appe>s 9 ! anci5t b5$iction = ! righte\s lead]s & ,hasidim1 ! ,s(]im & ,syn$rion1 ! rul+ au?orities ( ! ,jewi% nation1 :]e special m5tion is made ( 8! ,proselytes ( 7!7 ,righte\sness407#acbb7 ,^! full proselytes pu%$ aside ! half-proselytes1 s t1 :ile bo? are m5tion$ 9 ! e>li] classification1 only ! latt] are consid]$ by ! lat] ,haggadah47#acbc7 ,) ! dissolution ( ! ,jewi% ,/ate no juridical basis rema9$ = ! ,g] ,to%ab1 ! 8protect$ /rang]40 ,r4 ,simeon b5 ,eleaz> express$ ?is 9 ! /atem5t3 8,) ! cessation ( ! ,jubilee ye> !re 0 no long] any place = ! ,g] ,to%ab 9 ,juda407#acbd7 ,we read 9 ,josephus t no proselytes 7 accept$ 9 8 "t unless !y submitt$ to ! ,abrahamitic rite & became full proselytes47#acbe7 ,h[ev]1 z ,josephus tells u1 a /rong desire to esp\se ! ,jewi% fai? exi/$ among ! pagan wom5 ( neighbor+ c\ntries1 especially ( ,syria47#acbf7 ,! same situation exi/$ 9 ,rome accord+ to ! rabb9ical s\rces1 ,josephus1 ,roman writ]s1 & _m tomb inscriptions47#acbg7 ,conspicu\s among ^! proselytes 0 ,que5 ,hel5 ( ,adiab5e1 :o won la/+ fame by h] g5]\s gifts to ! ,jewi% p 9 "t ( fam9e & to ! ,temple at ,j]usalem2 h] son ,m5obaz1 at ! advice ( a ,jewi% tea*]1 und]w5t ! rite ( circumcision 9 ord] to rise f a m]e ,god-wor%ip] to a full proselyte47#acbh7 ,! ,midra%7#acbi7 enum]ates n9e hea!n wom5 ( ! ,bible :o became ,god-wor%ip]s3 ,hag>2 ,as5a?1 ! wife ( ,joseph1 ^: conv]sion is describ$ 9 a little kn[n b v in/ructive ,apocryphal book by t "n27#accj7 ,zipporah1 ! wife ( ,moses2 ,%ifra & ,puah1 ! ,egyptian midwives27#acca7 ,ph>aoh's daught]1 ! fo/]-"m ( ,moses1 :om ! rabbis id5tifi$ ) ,bi?ia 7,ba? ,yah1 8,daught] ( ! ,"l0727#accb7 ,rahab1 :om ! ,midra% repres5ts z ! wife ( ,jo%ua & ance/ress ( _m prophets27#accc7 ,ru? & ,jael4 ,philo adds ,tam>1 ! daught]-9-law ( ,judah1 z a type ( a proselyte47#accd7 #h4 ,beside ! t]m ,g]1 ) its d]ivatives1 :i* gave legal /&+ to ! proselyte1 ! religi\s g5ius ( ,judaism f\nd ano!r t]m :i* illu/rat$ f> bett] ! idea ( conv]sion to ,judaism4 ,! words ( ,boaz to ,ru?3 8,be ?y rew>d complete f ! ,"l ?y ,god ( ,israel1 "u ^: w+s ?\ art come to take refuge107#acce7 7 appli$ by ! ,ph>isean lead]s to all :o jo9$ ! fai? z ,ru? did4 ,s x became a te*nical t]m = conv]ts to ,judaism1 8to come1 or be br\ght1 "u ! w+s ( ! div9e maje/y0 7,%ek9ah747#accf7 ,philo frequ5tly expresses ! idea t ! proselyte :o r5\nces hea!nism & places himself "u ! protection ( ,israel's ,god1 /&s 9 filial relation to ,him exactly l ! born ,israelite47#accg7 ,!re=e ,hillel devot$ 8 life to mission>y activity1 endeavor+ 8to br+ ! s\l ( _m a hea!n "u ! w+s ( ! ,%ek9ah40 ,b 9 ?is he 0 m]ely foll[+ ! rabb9ic ideal ( ,abraham17#acch7 & ( ,je?ro1 ( :om ! ,midra% says3 8,aft] hav+ be5 won to ! mono!i/ic fai? by ,moses1 he return$ to 8 l& to br+ 8 c\ntrym51 ! ,k5ites1 "u ! w+s ( ! ,%ek9ah407#acci7 ,! proselyte's ba? 9 liv+ wat] 0 to con/itute a rebir? ( ! =m] hea!n1 poetically express$ 9 ! ,halakic rule3 8,a conv]t is l a newborn creature407#acdj7 ,! ,paul9ian idea t baptism creates a new ,adam 9 place ( ! old is b an adaptation ( ! ,ph>isaic view4 ,"s anci5t tea*]s !re=e decl>$ ! proselyte's ba? m important ?an circumcision1 s9ce x =ms ! sole initiatory rite = female proselytes1 z x 0 ) ! wives ( ! patri>*s47#acda7 #i4 ,! s*ool ( ,hillel foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,hell5i/ic ,judaism 9 acc5tuat+ ! e?ical elem5t 9 ! law27#acdb7 s naturally x enc\rag$ proselytism z well4 ,! ,midra% pres]ves ! foll[+ ,mi%nah1 h&$ d[n by ,simeon b5 ,gamaliel1 b n conta9$ 9 our ,mi%naic ,code3 8,if a ,g] desires to esp\se ! ,jewi% fai?1 we ext5d to him ! h& ( welcome 9 ord] to br+ him "u ! w+s ( ! ,%ek9ah407#acdc7 ,bo? ! ,midra% & ! e>ly ,*ur* lit]ature reveal traces ( a ,jewi% treatise on proselytes1 conta9+ rules = admission into ! two grades1 :i* 0 writt5 9 ! _s ( ! ,hell5i/ic propag&a1 b 0 aft]w>d rewritt5 & adopt$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! s*ool ( ,%ammai 9 its rigor\s legalism oppos$ proselytism 9 g5]al1 & its *ief repres5tative1 ,eliez] b5 ,hyrcanos1 di/ru/$ proselytes altoge!r47#acdd7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[]s ( ,hillel 7 decid$ly 9 favor ( conv]t+ ! hea!n & 7 probably responsible = _m ,haggadic passages extoll+ ! proselytes4 ,?us ! v]se ( ,deut]o-,isaiah3 8,"o %all say1 #8,i am ! ,"l's1' & ano!r %all call himself by ! "n ( ,jacob2 & ano!r %all subscribe ) 8 h& unto ! ,"l1 & surname himself by ! "n ( ,israel0 is peculi>ly appli$ 9 ! ,midra%4 ,! fir/ half1 we are told1 d5otes two classes ( ,israelites1 ^? :o are )\t blemi%1 & ^? :o h s9n$ & rep5t$2 ! second half includes ! two classes ( proselytes1 ^? :o h become full ,jews 7,g]e ha ,z$ek7 & ^? :o are m]ely wor%ipp]s ( ,god 7,yir'e ,%amayim74 ,a lat] ,haggadic v]sion *>act]i/ically omits ! la/1 recogniz+ only ! full conv]ts 7,g]e ,eme?7 z proselytes47#acde7 ,! foll[+ p>able 9 ! _s ( ! ,ess5es illu/rates _! viewpo9t4 ,9 comm5t+ ^u ! v]se f ! ,psalms3 8,! ,"l keepe? ! /rang]s10 ! /ory is told3 ,a k+ possess$ a flock ( %eep & goats & not$ t a de] jo9$ !m1 accompany+ !m to _! pa/ure & return+ ) !m4 ,s he said to ! h]dsm53 8,take good c>e ( ?is de] ( m9e :i* has left ! free & broad des]t to g 9 & out ) my flock1 & d n let x suff] hung] or ?ir/40 ,likewise ,god takes special delight 9 ! proselytes :o leave _! own nation1 giv+ up _! fell[%ip ) ! great multitude 9 ord] to wor%ip ,him z ! ,"o & ,only ,god1 toge!r ) ! little p ( ,israel47#acdf7 ,simil>ly ! ,biblical v]se conc]n+ wisdom3 8,i love !m t love me1 & ^? t seek me e>ne/ly %all f9d me07#acdg7 is ref]r$ to ! proselytes1 8:o give up _! entire pa/ f pure love ( ,god1 & place _! lives "u ! %elt]+ w+s ( ! div9e maje/y40 ,all ^! ,midra%ic passages & _m o!rs are b feeble e*oes ( ! conceptions ( ! ,hell5i/ic propag&a1 :i* 7 s ably set =? by ,philo & ! ,book ( ,as5a?4 ,inde$1 ,judaism mu/ h ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce ^u ! cultur$ _w ( ,hellas & ,rome 9 ^? days1 z is evid5c$ bo? 9 ! ,hell5i/ic writ+s ( ! ,jew & 9 ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s !mselves4 ,_! v defamation ( ,judaism unwitt+ly gives te/imony to ! dang] to :i* ,judaism expos$ ! pagan conception ( life1 & to ! hold x took ^u _m ( ! hea!n47#acdh7 #aj4 ,! reaction aga9/ ?is mission>y movem5t took place 9 ,judea4 ,! en=c$ conv]sion ( ! ,idumeans to ,judaism by ,john ,hyrcanus b5efit$ nei!r ! nation nor ! fai? ( ! ,jew1 & turn$ ! s*ool ( ,%ammai1 :i* belong$ to ! p>ty ( ! ,zealots1 entirely aga9/ ! :ole sy/em ( proselytism4 ,on ! :ole1 bitt] exp]i5ce taught ! ,jews di/ru/ ( conv]sions due to fe>1 su* z ^? ( ! ,sam>itans :o fe>$ ! lions t kill$ ! inhabitants1 or to political & social advantage1 l ^? "u ,david & ,solomon1 or 9 ! days ( ,mordecai & ,e/h]1 or /ill lat] "u ,john ,hyrcanus47#acdi7 ,in/ead1 all /ress 0 laid ^u religi\s conviction & loyalty to ! law4 ,9 fact1 ,josephus m5tions _m proselytes :o 9 8 "t fell away f ,judaism17#acej7 :o may p]haps h be5 conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! lat] ,halakah1 fix$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,hadrianic p]secution & quot$ 9 ! ,talmud z ,b>ai?a1 prescribes ! foll[+ mode ( admission = ! "t aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple1 omitt+ significantly mu* t 0 us$ 9 ! prec$+ p]iod37#acea7 8,if a p]son desires to jo9 ,judaism z a proselyte1 let him fir/ le>n ( ! sad lot ( ! ,jewi% p & _! m>tyrdom1 s z to be dissuad$ f jo9+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he p]si/s 9 8 int5tion1 let him be in/ruct$ 9 a numb] ( laws1 bo? prohibitory & m&atory1 easy & h>d to obs]ve1 & be in=m$ also z to ! puni%m5t = _! disob$i5ce & ! rew>d = fulfillm5t4 ,aft] he has !n decl>$ 8 will+ness to accept ! belief 9 ,god & to adh]e to ,8 law1 he mu/ submit to ! rite ( circumcision 9 ! pres5ce ( two memb]s ( ! ,ph>isean community1 take ! baptismal ba?1 & is !n fully admitt$ into ! ,jewi% fold40 ,x is in/ructive to comp>e ?is ,halakic rule ) ! manual = proselytes pres]v$ by ! ,*ur* "u ! "n ( 8,! ,two ,ways10 b 9 a revis$ =m47#aceb7 ,! mode ( admission 9 ! ,halakah seems model$ sup]ficially aft] ! m elaborate "o ( ! e>li] code1 :]e ! ,%ema z ! ,jewi% cre$ & ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 possibly ) ! addition ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? *apt]s ( ,leviticus & ! tw5ty-sev5? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy1 seem to h =m$ ! basis = ! in/ruction & ! solemn oa? ( ! proselyte4 #aa4 ,z long z ! ,jewi% p possess$ a fl\ri%+ _w-wide comm]ce1 unhamp]$ by ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 !y 7 /ill jo9$ by num]\s proselytes 9 ! v>i\s l&s & enjoy$ g5]al confid5ce4 ,inde$1 _m prom95t memb]s ( ! ,roman nobility became zeal\s adh]5ts ( ,judaism1 su* z ,aquilas1 ! translator ( ! ,bible1 & ,clem5s ,flavius1 ! s5ator ( ! ,imp]ial h\se17#acec7 & _m prom95t ,jewi% ma/]s 7 said to be desc5dants ( illu/ri\s proselytes47#aced7 ,all ?is *ang$ z soon z ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* gird$ h]self ) 8! sword ( ,esau40 ,f t "t on proselytism became a p]il & a s\rce ( evil to ! ,jew4 ,! sages no long] took pride 9 ! prophetic promise t 8! /rang] w jo9 himself to ,israel10 nor did !y f9d 9 ! words 8& !y %all cleave to ! h\se ( ,jacob0 an allusion to ! pr$iction t "s ( ^! proselytes w\ld be add$ 8to ! prie/hood ( ! ,"l10 z "s e>li] tea*]s _h int]pret$ ! passage47#acee7 ,r4 ,helbo ( ! f\r? c5tury1 on ! contr>y1 expla9$ t proselytes h become a plague l 8leprosy0 = ! h\se ( ,jacob1 tak+ ! ,hebrew nispehu z an allusion to ! ^w ,sappahat1 8leprosy407#acef7 ,h5ce=? all attempts at proselytism 7 deprecat$ & disc\rag$1 :ile uncircumcis$ proselytes1--probably mean+ ! p]secut+ ,*ri/ians--7 relegat$ to ,geh9nom47#aceg7 #ab4 ,?is view 0 n %>$ by all contempor>ies1 h[ev]4 ,r4 ,abbahu ( ,cs>ea1 :o _h _m an int]e/+ & bitt] dispute ) 8 ,*ri/ian fell[-citiz5s17#aceh7 0 broad-m9d$ en\gh to decl>e ! proselytes to be g5u9e wor%ip]s ( ,god47#acei7 ,jo%ua b5 ,hanania enc\rag$ ! proselyte ,aquilas & progno/icat$ great success = proselytes 9 g5]al z tea*]s ( bo? ! ,haggada & ,halakah4 ,s o!r ,haggadi/s urg$ special love & compassion = ! half-proselyte17#acfj7 & ent]ta9$ a special hope ( ! ,messianic age t _m hea!n %\ld turn to ,god 9 s9c]ity ( he>t47#acfa7 ,at all ev5ts1 x 0 consid]$ a great s9 to reproa* a conv]t ) 8 idolatr\s pa/47#acfb7 ,inde$1 ! phrase1 8!y t fe> ! ,"l10 us$ s (t5 9 ! ,psalms1 is ref]r$ by ! ,haggadi/s to ! proselytes2 true1 ! *ief /ress is laid ^u ! full proselytes1 ! ,g]e ,z$ek1 b a =emo/ place 9 ! _w to come is /ill res]v$ = ,god-wor%ip]s l ! ,emp]or ,anton9us47#acfc7 ,?us ,psalm ,,cxxviii1 :i* speaks ( ! 8,god-fe>+ man10 0 appli$ to ! proselyte1 to :om 7 !re=e promis$ temporal bliss & et]nal salvation1 rejoic+ 9 ! ,law1 9 de$s ( love & b\nte\s bless+ f ,zion47#acfd7 ,:ile ! ,halakah rema9$ antagoni/ic to proselytism on acc\nt ( its n>r[ adh]5ce to ! _s ( ! ,prie/ly ,code1 ! ,haggadah exhibits a broad] view4 ,resonant ) ! _s ( prophecy1 x beckons to all m5 to come & seek %elt] "u ! w+s ( ! "o & only ,god1 9 ord] to dissem9ate light & love all ov] ! _w4 #ac4 ,mod]n ,judaism1 quick5$ anew ) ! _s ( ! anci5t se]s ( ,israel1 _c rema9 b\nd by a lat] & altoge!r too rigid ,halakah4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,talmudic p]iod /&s ,hillel1 ! lib]al sage & ma/] ( ! law1 :o1 l ,abraham ( old1 ext5d$ ! h& ( fell[%ip to all :o wi%$ to "k ,god & ,8 law2 he actually pu%$ aside ! national b\nds to make way = a fai? ( love = ,god & ! fell[ man4 ,= ?is is ! significance ( 8 answ] to ! ,roman sc(f] :o want$ to he> ! law exp\nd$ :ile he 0 /&+ on "o foot3 8,:atev] is hateful to !e1 d n d to ?y fell[ man6 ,t is ! law2 all ! re/ is only comm5t>y407#acfe7 ,?us ! lead]s ( progressive ,judaism also h /epp$ out ( ! d>k prison walls ( ! ,talmudic ,ghetto & reass]t$ ! humanit>ian pr9ciples ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,synagogue1 :o welcom$ ! proselytes into ,israel & introduc$ special bless+s = !m into ! liturgy4 ,!y decl>e aga91 ) ! au?or ( ,psalm ,,lxxxvii1 t ,zion1 ! 8city ( ,god10 %\ld be1 n a national c5t] ( ,israel1 b ! metropolis ( humanity1 because ,judaism is de/9$ to be a univ]sal religion47#acff7 ,n t ,judaism is to foll[ ! proselytiz+ me?ods ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* aims to capture s\ls by :olesale conv]sion )\t due reg>d = ! attitude or conviction ( ! individual4 ,b we c no long] af=d to %ut ! gate to ^? :o wi% to ent]1 impell$ by conviction or o!r motives hav+ a religi\s be>+1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n con=m to ! ,talmudic law47#acfg7 ,?is attitude guid$ ! lead]s ( ,am]ican ,re=m ,judaism at ! rabb9ical conf]5ce "u ! presid5cy ( ,isaac ,m4 ,wise1 :5 !y consid]$ ! admission ( proselytes at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 _! decision !y foll[$ ! maxim ( ! prophet ( yore3 8,op5 ! gates 7( ,judaism7 t a righte\s nation may ent] t keepe? ! fai?407#acfh7 #ad4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ,philo ( ,alex&ria contra/s ^? :o jo9 ! ,jewi% fai? ) ^? :o h become apo/ates4 ,! =m]1 he says1 become at once prud5t1 temp]ate1 mode/1 g5tle1 k9d1 human1 rev]5tial1 j1 magnanim\s1 lov]s ( tru?1 & sup]ior to ! temptations ( weal? & pleasure1 :]eas ! latt] are intemp]ate1 un*a/e1 unju/1 irrev]5t1 l[-m9d$1 qu>relsome1 accu/om$ to falsehood & p]jury1 & ready to sell _! fre$om = s5sual pleasures ( all k9ds47#acfi7 ,9 ! times ( ,hell5ic culture apo/asy made its appe>ance among ! upp] classes ( ! ,jews4 ,z ! high]-m9d$ among ! hea!n _w 7 drawn t[>ds ! sublime mono!i/ic fai? ( ! ,jew1 s ! pleasure-seek+ & worldly-m9d$ among ! ,jews 7 attract$ by ! allurem5ts ( ,greek culture to become fai?less to ! ,god ( ,israel1 break away f ! law1 & violate ! cov5ant4 ,especially "u ,syrian rule1 apo/asy became a real dang] to ! ,jewi% community1 & _m measures _h to be decid$ ^u to av]t x4 ,! des]tion ( ! ance/ral fai? 0 look$ ^u z rebellion & treason aga9/ ,god & ,israel47#acgj7 ,) ! rise ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to p[] & influ5ce ! numb] ( apo/ates increas$1 & ) x also ! dang] to ! small community ( ! ,jews 9 ! v>i\s l&s4 ,9 ! same measure z ! ,*ur* made a m]itori\s practice ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,jews1 :e!r by p]suasive means or by =ce & p]secution1 ! au?orities ( ,judaism _h to provide ! ,jew ) spiritual weapons ( self-def5se 9 ! %ape ( polemical & apologetic writ+s17#acga7 & to w>n him aga9/ too close a contact ) ! apo/ate1 :i* 0 too (t5 fraught ) p]il = ! :ole community4 ,z a numb] ( ^! apo/ates became actual malign]s ( ! ,jews "u ! ,roman empire1 a special mal$iction aga9/ sect>ians1 ! s-call$ ,birkat ha-,m9im1 0 ins]t$ 9 ! ,eighte5 ,b5$ictions "u ! direction ( ,gamaliel ,,ii47#acgb7 8,^? :o h emanat$ f my own mid/ hurt me mo/10 says ! ,synagogue1 ref]r+ to h]self ! words ( ! ,sulamite 9 ! ,song ( ,songs47#acgc7 ,:ile e o!r (f5d] f among ! ,jewi% p is decl>$ to be 8bro!r10 not)/&+ 8 s917#acgd7 ! apo/ate 0 decl>$ to be "o f :om no free-w (f]+ 0 to be accept$17#acge7 & to :om ! gates ( rep5tance & ! gates ( salvation are =ev] clos$47#acgf7 ,! feel+ ( bitt]ness aga9/ him grew 9 int5sity1 z ?r\gh\t ,jewi% hi/ory he (t5 play$ ! despicable rle ( an accus] ( 8 =m] coreligioni/s & betray] ( _! fai?4 ,! mod]n ,jew also1 ?\gh he sympa?izes ) e lib]al movem5t among m5 & respects e hone/ op9ion1 h[ev] radically diff]5t f 8 own1 _c b behold 9 ! attitude ( him :o des]ts ! small yet h]oic b& ( def5d]s ( 8 anci5t fai? & jo9s ! great & p[]ful majority ar\nd him1 a disloyalty & weakness ( "* unwor?y ( a son ( ,abraham1 ! fai?ful4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! new era 9 ! "t ( ,m5delssohn1 apo/asy has made great inroads ^u ! num]ical & intellectual /r5g? ( ,judaism1 especially among ! upp] classes4 ,x is no long]1 h[ev]1 ( an aggressive "*1 b r a result ( ! lack ( ,jewi% self-respect & religi\s s5tim5t1 aga9/ :i* measures t5d+ to a revival ( ! ,jewi% _s are be+ tak5 m & m4 ,! ,jews are call$ by ! rabbis 8! fai?ful sons ( ! fai?ful40 ,! apo/ate mu/ be made to feel t he is ( a l[] type1 s9ce he has become a des]t] f ! army ( ! battl]s = ! ,"l1 ! ,only ,"o ,god ( ,israel4 ,*apt] ,,lvii4 ,*ri/ianity & ,mohamm$anism1 ! ,daught]-,religions ,( ,judaism #a4 8,x %all come to pass on t day t liv+ wat]s %all g out f ,j]usalem2 half ( !m t[>d ! ea/]n sea & half ( !m t[>d ! we/]n sea4444 ,& ! ,"l %all be ,k+ ov] all ! e>?2 9 t day %all ! ,"l be ,"o1 & ,8 "n "o407#acgg7 ,^! prophetic words ( ,ze*>iah may be appli$ to ! two great _w-religions :i* emanat$ f ,judaism & won fully half ( ! human race1 z x exi/s at pres5t1 = ! ,god ( ,abraham4 ,?\gh !y h incorporat$ _m non-,jewi% elem5ts 9 _! sy/ems1 !y h spread ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ! ,jewi% fai? & ,jewi% e?ics to e "p ( ! e>?4 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,we/ & ,islam 9 ! ,ea/ h aid$ 9 lead+ mank9d ev] ne>] to ! pure mono!i/ic tru?4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 bo? f\nd _! guid+ motive 9 ! ,messianic hope ( ! prophets ( ,israel & bas$ _! moral sy/ems on ! e?ics ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,! lead+ spirits ( ,judaism recogniz$ ?is1 decl>+ bo? ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an religions to be ag5cies ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 intru/$ ) ! hi/orical mission ( cop]at+ 9 ! build+ up ( ! ,messianic ,k+dom1 ?us prep>+ = ! ultimate triumph ( pure mono!ism 9 ! he>ts & lives ( all m5 & nations ( ! _w4 ,^! views1 voic$ by ,jehuda ha ,levi1 ,maimonides1 & ,nahmanides17#acgh7 7 reit]at$ by _m enlight5$ rabbis ( lat] times4 ,^! po9t out t bo? ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an nations believe 9 ! same ,god & ,8 revelation to man1 9 ! unity ( ! human race1 & 9 ! future life2 t !y h spread ! k ( ,god by a sacr$ lit]ature bas$ ^u our ,scripture2 t !y h reta9$ ! div9e comm&m5ts ess5tially z !y are phras$ 9 our ,decalogue2 & h practically taught m5 to fulfill ! ,noahitic laws ( humanity47#acgi7 ,on acc\nt ( ! la/ fact ! m$ieval ,jewi% au?orities consid]$ ,*ri/ians to be half-proselytes17#achj7 :ile ! ,mohamm$ans1 be+ pure mono!i/s1 7 always /ill clos] to ,judaism4 #b4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 rabb9ic ,judaism 0 n 9 a position to judge ,*ri/ianity imp>tially1 z x nev] le>n$ to "k primitive ,*ri/ianity z pres5t$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we see no indication 9 ei!r ! olde/ ,talmudic s\rces or ,josephus t ! movem5t made any m impression 9 ,galilee or ,j]usalem ?an ! o!r ,messianic agitations ( ! "t4 ,all t we le>n conc]n+ ,jesus f ! rabbis ( ! second c5tury & lat] is t magic arts 7 practic$ by him & 8 disciples :o exorcis$ by 8 "n2 &1 /ill worse1 t ! sect nam$ aft] him 0 suspect$ ( moral ab]rations l a few ,gno/ic sects1 kn[n by ! collective "n ( ,m9im1 8sect>ians407#acha7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! e>ly ,*ur* 0 *iefly recruit$ f ! ,ess5es & di/+ui%$ itself little f ! re/ ( ! ,synagogue4 ,its memb]s1 :o are call$ ,judo-,*ri/ians1 cont9u$ to obs]ve ! ,jewi% law & *ang$ _! attitude to x only gradually47#achb7 ,matt]s took a diff]5t turn "u ! influ5ce ( ,paul1 ! apo/le to ! hea!n1 :o emphasiz$ ! ant9omian _s2 ! ,judo-,*ri/ian sects 7 !n pu%$ aside1 ho/ility to ,judaism became prom95t1 & ! ,*ur* /rove m & m = a rappro*em5t ) ,rome47#achc7 ,!n ! rabbis awoke to ! s]i\s dang] to ,judaism f ^! h]etics1 ,m9im1 :5 aft] ! tragic d[nfall ( ! ,jewi% nation !y grew to _w-p[] z allies ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,?us ,isaac ,nappaha1 a ,haggadi/ ( ! f\r? c5tury1 decl>$3 8,! turn+ po9t = ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 ! son ( ,david1 w n come until ! :ole 7,roman7 ,empire has be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity 7,m9u?7407#achd7 ,?is is supplem5t$ by ! ,babylonian ,rabbah1 :o plays ) a ,biblical phrase1 say+3 8,n until ! :ole 7,roman7 _w has turn$ to ! ,son 7( ,god7407#ache7 ,h5ce=? ,*ri/ian ,rome 0 t]m$ ,edom1 l pagan ,rome f ! days ( ,h]od ! ,idumean4 ,9 fact1 h] imp]ial edicts %[$ ! fratricidal hatr$ ( ,esau1 ) h>dly a trace ( ! pr(ess$ religion ( love4 ,no wond] ! ,haggadi/s id5tifi$ ,rome ) ! ,biblical 8,bo> ( ! =e/10 & wait$ impati5tly = ! "t :5 %e w\ld h to give up h] rule z ! f\r? _w-empire to ! p ( ,god1 u%]+ 9 ! ,messianic era47#achf7 #c4 ,mean:ile ! relapse ( ,*ri/ianity f mono!ism became m /eady & m app>5t4 ,! ,"o ,god ( ! ,jew 0 pu%$ into ! backgr\nd by ! 8,son ( ,man02 & ! ,virg9-,"m ) h] div9e *ild became ador$ l ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 ( pagan times1 %[+ simil>ity especially to ,isis1 ! ,egyptian "m-goddess1 ) ,horus1 ! "y son-god1 on h] lap4 ,! pagan deities ( ! v>i\s l&s 7 trans=m$ into sa9ts ( ! ,*ur* & wor%ip$ by means ( images1 9 ord] to w9 ! pagan masses = ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! orig9al pure & absolute mono!ism & ! /]n conception ( hol9ess 7 ?us turn$ into _! v opposites by ! hi]>*y & mona/icism ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ! ,jewi% p recognize ! crucifi$ ,*ri/ z "o ( _! own8 ,"o ^: prea*+ seem$ to br+ !m only damnation & dea? in/ead ( salvation & life1 ev5 :ile speak+ 9 ! "n ( ,israel's ,god aft] ! mann] ( ! prophets ( yore8 ,h[ c\ld !y see 9 ! /range doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* any resemblance to _! own sy/em ( fai?1 especially z ! v doctr9es :i* repell$ !m 7 ^? mo/ emphasiz$ by ,*ri/ianity8 ,maimonides consid]$ ! adh]5ts ( ! ,roman ,*ur* to be idolat]s17#achg7 a view :i* 0 modifi$ by ! ,jewi% au?orities 9 ! ,we/1 z !y became bett] acqua9t$ ) ,*ri/ian doctr9es47#achh7 #d4 ,! _w-empire ( ! ,*ur* 0 subsequ5tly divid$ betwe5 ,rome1 :i* ! ,jewi% writ]s call$ ,edom17#achi7 & ,byzantium1 :i* !y nam$ ,yavan1 b nei!r %[$ any real advance 9 religi\s views & ideals4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y bo? p]secut$ ) fire & sword ! little p :o 7 fai?ful to _! anci5t mono!ism1 & suppress$ :at rema9$ ( le>n+ & sci5ce4 ,z ! ,*ur* _h ! great task ( discipl9+ wild & semi-b>b>\s races1 !re 0 little room left = le>n+ or = high ideals4 ,at ?is "t a rigor\s av5g] ( ! p]secut$ _s ( pure mono!ism arose among ! sons ( ,i%mael 9 ! des]t ( ,arabia 9 ! p]son ( ,mohamm$1 a camel-driv] ( ,mecca1 a man ( mighty passions & void ( le>n+1 b imbu$ ) ! fire ( ! anci5t prophets ( ,israel4 ,he felt summon$ by ,allah1 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 to wage w> aga9/ ! idolatry ( 8 nation & re/ore ! pure fai? ( antiquity4 ,he k9dl$ a flame 9 ! he>ts ( 8 c\ntrym5 :i* did n cease1 until !y _h proclaim$ ! unity ( ,god ?r\gh\t ! ,ori5t1 _h put to flight ! tr9it>ian dogma ( ! ,*ur* 9 bo? ,asia & ,africa1 & ext5d$ _! doma9 z f> z ! ,spani% p59sula4 ,he (f]$ ! ,jews inducem5ts to recognize him z ! la/1 8! seal10 ( ! prophets1 by promis+ to adopt "s ( _! religi\s practices2 b :5 !y refus$1 he %[$ himself fanatical & rev5geful1 a g5u9e son ( ! ,b$\9s1 unrel5t+ 9 8 wra? & end+ 8 c>e] z a cruel1 s5su\s despot ( ! true ,ori5tal type4 ,nev]!less1 he creat$ a religion :i* l$ to a rem>kable advancem5t ( intellectual & spiritual culture1 & 9 :i* ,judaism f\nd a valuable inc5tive to simil> endeavors4 ,?us ,i%mael prov$ a bett] heir to ,abraham ?an 0 ,esau1 ! ho/ile bro!r ( ,jacob47#acij7 #e4 ,! important1 yet delicate "q1 :i* ( ! ?ree religions is ! be/1 ! ,mohamm$an1 ,*ri/ian or ,jewi%1 0 answ]$ mo/ clev]ly by ,less+ 9 8 ,na?an ! ,wise1 by adapt+ ! p>able ( ! ?ree r+s1 tak5 f ,boccaccio4 ,8 conclusion is t ! be/ religion is ! "o :i* induces m5 be/ to promote ! welf>e ( _! fell[ m547#acia7 ,b ! "q itself is mu* old]2 x 0 discuss$ at ! c\rt ( ! ,kaliphs 9 ,bagdad z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury1 :]e ! adh]5ts ( e religion !re repres5t$ express$ _! op9ions 9 all c&or4 ,= c5turies x 0 ! subject ( philosophical & comp>ative inve/igations47#acib7 ,among ^!1 ! mo/ ?or\gh & pr(\nd is ! ,cuz>i by ! ,jewi% philosoph] & poet1 ,jehuda ha ,levi4 ,b ! p>able ( ! ?ree r+s also has be5 trac$ ?r\gh ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian collections ( tales dat+ back to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & seems to be orig9ally ! "w ( a ,jewi% au?or4 ,/&+ betwe5 ! two p[]ful fai?s ) _! appeal to ! temporal arm1 ! ,jew _h to resort to 8 wit z almo/ 8 only res\rce = escape4 ,two ,jewi% works h pres]v$ e>li] =ms ( ! p>able4 ,9 ,ibn ,v]ga's collection ( hi/ories ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 x is relat$ t 8,don ,p$ro ! ,eld]1 ,k+ ( ,aragon 7#aaif-abac71 ask$ ,ephraim ,san*o1 a ,jewi% sage1 :i* ( ! two religions1 ! ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian1 0 ! bett] "o4 ,aft] ?ree days' delib]ation1 ! sage told ! k+ a /ory ( two sons :o _h ea* receiv$ a preci\s /one f _! fa!r1 a jewel]1 :5 he w5t on a j\rney4 ,! sons !n w5t to a /rang]1 ?reat5+ him ) viol5ce1 unless he w\ld decide :i* ( ! jewels 0 ! m valuable4 ,! k+1 believ+ ! /ory to be a fact1 prote/$ aga9/ ! action ( ! two sons1 :]eupon ! ,jew expla9$3 ,esau & ,jacob are ! two sons :o h ea* receiv$ a jewel f _! heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,in/ead ( ask+ me :i* jewel is ! m preci\s1 ask ,god1 ! heav5ly ,jewel]4 ,he kn[s ! diff]5ce1 & c tell ! two ap>t407#acic7 ,an old] & probably m orig9al =m ( ! p>able 0 discov]$ by ,/e9s*neid] 9 a "w by ,abraham ,abulafia ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 runn+ z foll[s3 8,a fa!r int5d$ to bequea? a preci\s jewel to 8 only son1 b 0 exasp]at$ by 8 +ratitude1 & !re=e buri$ x4 ,8 s]vants1 h[ev]1 kn[+ ( ! treasure1 took x & claim$ to h receiv$ x f ! fa!r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !y became s arrogant t ! son rep5t$ ( 8 conduct1 :]eupon ! fa!r gave him ! jewel z 8 rightful possession40 ,! /ory ends by /at+ t ,israel is ! son & ! ,moslem & ,*ri/ian ! s]vants4 ,beside ?is witty solution ( a delicate problem1 "s ,mohamm$ans made attempts v e>ly1 d\btless on acc\nt ( discussions ) le>n$ ,jews1 to prove ! ju/ification ( ! ?ree religions f ! ,jewi% ,scriptures !mselves4 ,?us !y ref]r$ ! v]se speak+ ( ! revelation ( ,god on ,s9ai1 ,m\nt ,seir1 & ,m\nt ,p>an7#acid7 to ! religi\s tea*+s ( ,moses1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$4 ,naturally1 ! ,jewi% exegetes & philosoph]s object$ vigor\sly to su* an int]pretation4 #f4 ,! "q :i* religion is ! be/1 has be5 mo/ satisfactorily answ]$ = ,judaism by ,r4 ,jo%ua b5 ,hanania1 :o said t 8! righte\s ( ! hea!n h also a %>e 9 ! _w to come407#acie7 ,! "q :i* religion is true1 has be51 alas1 too long arbitrat$ by ! sword1 & w be decid$ peacefully only :5 ! :ole e>? w be full ( ! k ( ,god4 ,our own age1 h[ev]1 has begun to exam9e ! title to exi/5ce ( e religion f ! broad /&po9t ( hi/ory & e?nology1 assign+ to ea* its prop] rank4 ,9 ?is l>ge purview ev5 ! crude beliefs ( savages are %[n to be ( value1 & ! v>i\s hea!n religions are se5 to h a hi/orical task ( _! own4 ,ea* ( !m has to "s ext5t awak5$ ! dormant div9e sp>k 9 man2 "o has aid$ 9 ! gr[? ( ! ideal ( ! beautiful 9 art1 ano!r 9 ! rise ( ! ideal ( ! true 9 philosophy & sci5ce2 a ?ird 9 ! cultivation ( ! ideal ( ! good & 9 /imulat+ sympa?y & love s z to ennoble m5 & nations4 ,?us aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! hi/orical docum5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an religions1 x is possible to /ate cle>ly _! great hi/oric mission & _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! :ole doma9 ( civilization4 ,! ,jewi% religion1 z ! "m :o gave bir? to bo?1 mu/ deliv] ! v]dict1 h[ f> !y /ill contribute to ! upbuild+ ( ,god's k+dom on e>?4 ,9 fulfill+ _! appo9t$ mission1 ea* has giv5 rise to valuable & peculi> in/itutions1 & ea* has fall5 %ort ( ! ,messianic ideal z visualiz$ by our great prophets ( old4 ,only an imp>tial judgm5t c say :i* "o has rea*$ ! high] /age ( civilization4 #g4 ,*ri/ianity's orig9 f ,judaism is prov$ by its religi\s docum5ts z well z by its v "n1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,greek = ! title ,messiah 7,*ri/os71 be/[$ on ! ,naz>5e by 8 foll[]s4 ,/ill ! "n ,*ri/ianity arose 9 ,antio* among non-,jews :o sc>cely knew its mean+4 ,all ! s\rces ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h[ev] mu* !y conflict 9 details1 agree t ! movem5t ( ,*ri/ianity began ) ! appe>ance ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 a popul> ,ess5e sa9t4 ,he ralli$ ! multitude at ! %ore ( ! ,jordan1 prep>+ !m = ! approa*+ end ( ! ,roman _w-k+dom ) ! proclamation1 8,wa% y\rselves clean f y\r s9s60 t is1 8,take ! baptismal ba? ( rep5tance1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is nigh407#acif7 ,he conf]r$ ! baptismal ba? ( rep5tance ^u ,jesus ( ,naz>e? & ! fir/ apo/les47#acig7 ,jesus took up ?is message :5 ,john 0 imprison$ & f9ally kill$ by ,h]od ,antipas on acc\nt ( 8 prea*m5t aga9/ him47#acih7 ,! life ( ,jesus is wrapt 9 leg5ds :i* may be r$uc$ to ! foll[+ hi/orical elem5ts37#acii7 ,! "y ,naz>5e 0 ( an altoge!r diff]5t temp]am5t f t ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! /]n1 ,elijah-l prea*] 9 ! wild]ness27#adjj7 he manife/$ z prea*] & z a heal] ( ! sick a pr(\nd love =1 & t5d] sympa?y ) suff]+ humanity1 a trait especially fo/]$ among ! ,ess5es4 ,?is drew him t[>d t class ( p :o 7 %unn$ z unclean by ! uncompromis+ lead]s ( ! ,ph>isees1 & also by ! rigid bro!rhoods ( ! ,ess5es1 ^: *ief object 0 to atta9 ! highe/ degree ( hol9ess by a life ( asceticism4 ,8 simple c\ntrym51 ! fi%]s & %eph]ds ( ,galilee1 on he>+ 8 wise & humane tea*+s & see+ 8 miracul\s cures1 consid]$ him a prophet & a conqu]or ( ! ho/s ( demons1 ! work]s ( disease4 ,9 contra/ to ! le>n$ ,ph>isees1 he felt x to be 8 call+ to br+ ! good tid+s ( salvation to ! poor & outca/1 to 8seek ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se ( ,israel0 & w9 !m = ,god4 ,he soon f\nd himself surr\nd$ by a multitude ( foll[]s1 :o1 on a ,passov] pilgrimage to ,j]usalem1 induc$ him to ann\nce himself z ! expect$ ,messiah4 ,he attract$ ! p 9 ,j]usalem by 8 vehem5t attacks ^u ! ,sadducean hi]>*y1 :i* he ?reat5$ ) ! wra? ( heav5 = its abuses1 & also by 8 d5unciations ( ! self-suffici5t ,ph>isean doctors ( ! law4 ,soon ! crisis came :5 he op5ly decl>$ w> aga9/ ! av>ice ( ! prie/s1 :o own$ ! m>kets :]e ! sacrificial f[l = ! ,temple 7 sold1 ov]?r[+ ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s1 & decl>+ ! ,temple to h become 8a d5 ( robb]s407#adja7 ,! hi]>*ical c\ncil deliv]$ him to ,pontius ,pilatus1 ! ,roman prefect1 z an aspirant to ! royal title ( ,messiah1 :i* 9 ! eyes ( ! ,romans meant a revolution>y lead]4 ,! ,roman soldi]s crucifi$ him & mock$ him1 call+ him1 8,jesus1 ! k+ ( ! ,jews407#adjb7 ,! fate ( crucifixion1 h[ev]1 did n end ! c>e] ( ,jesus1 z x _h t ( _m o!r claimants to ! ,messiah%ip 9 ^? turbul5t times4 ,8 p]sonality _h impress$ itself s deeply ^u 8 foll[]s t !y c\ld n admit t he _h gone f !m =ev]4 ,!y await$ 8 resurrection & return 9 all ! heav5ly glory ( ! 8,son ( ,man10 & saw him 9 _! ec/atic visions1 att5d+ _! love-fea/s17#adjc7 or walk+ ab\t on ! lake ( ,naz>e? :ile !y 7 fi%+ f _! boats1 or hov]+ at ! summit ( ! m\nta9s47#adjd7 ,?is 0 b ! />t+ po9t ( t rem>kable religi\s movem5t :i* grew fir/ among ! l[] classes 9 nor!rn ,pale/9e & ,syria17#adje7 !n gradually ?r\gh\t ! entire ,roman ,empire1 %ak+ ! :ole ( hea!ndom until all its deities gave way to ! ,god ( ,israel1 ! div9e ,fa!r ( ! crucifi$ ,messiah4 ,! ,jewi% tid+s ( salvation = ! poor & l[ly (f]$ by ! ,naz>5e became ! dea?-knell to ! pr\d might ( paganism4 #h4 ,b ! ways ( ,provid5ce are z inscrutable z !y are wond]ful4 ,! poor & l[ly memb]s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 ) _! lead]s1 call$ 8apo/les0 or 8mess5g]s0 ( ! community1--elect$ orig9ally to c>ry out works ( *>ity & love17#adjf7--w\ld nev] h be5 able to conqu] ! great _w1 if !y _h p]si/$ 9 ! ,ess5e traditions4 ,!y ow$ _! success to ! l>ge ,hell5i/ic gr\ps :o jo9$ !m at an e>ly p]iod & introduc$ ! ,greek language z _! m$ium ( expression4 ,h5ce=? ! propag&a activity ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews 0 adopt$ by ! "y ,*ur*1 :i* likewise took up all ! works ( wisdom & e?ics writt5 9 ,greek = ! in/ruction ( ! proselytes & ! "y1 sc>cely kn[n to ! ,pale/9ian s*ools4 ,! ,ess5e baptism = rep5tance 0 replac$ by baptism = conv]sion or initiation into ! new fai?1 :ile ! neophyte to be prep>$ = ?is rite 0 = a long "t in/ruct$ ma9ly 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,jewi% fai?47#adjg7 ,subsequ5tly collections ( wise say+s & moral tea*+s ascrib$ to ! ,naz>5e & h&$ d[n 9 ! ,aramaic v]nacul>1 orally or 9 writ+1 7 translat$ into ,greek4 ,^! toge!r ) ! manuals = proselytes 7 ! orig9al ,*ur* tea*+s4 ,! ,greek language pav$ ! way = ! ,*ur* to ent] ! great pagan _w1 exactly z ! ,greek translation ( ! ,bible 9 ,alex&ria br\ght ! tea*+s ( ,judaism to ! k ( ! outside _w4 ,at fir/ ! same ob/acle confront$ ! e>ly ,*ur* :i* _h prev5t$ ! ,synagogue f becom+ a _w conqu]or1 namely1 ! rite ( circumcision1 :i* 0 requir$ = full memb]%ip4 ,)\t ?is1 baptiz$ conv]ts 7 only half-proselytes & c\ld n be fully assimilat$4 ,?is classification 0 /ill upheld by ! ,apo/olic ,conv5tion1 :i* met "u ! presid5cy ( ,james ! ,eld]47#adjh7 ,! "t 0 ripe = a bold & radical innovation1 & at ?is psy*ological mom5t arose a man ( great zeal & unbridl$ en]gy z well z ( a creative g5ius & a my/ical imag9ation1--,saul ( ,t>sus1 kn[n by 8 ,roman "n ,paulus47#adji7 ,he _h be5 s5t by ! au?orities at ,j]usalem to pursue ! adh]5ts ( ! new sect1 b :5 he _h come z f> z ,damascus 9 ,syria1 he sudd5ly turn$ f a p]secutor into ! mo/ ard5t promot] ( ! nasc5t ,*ur*1 impell$ by a /range halluc9ation4 ,paul 0 a c>pet weav] by trade1 born & re>$ 9 ,t>sus1 a seaport ( ,asia ,m9or1 :]e he seems to h _h a ,greek tra9+ & to h imbib$ ,gno/ic or semi-pagan ideas beside 8 ,biblical k4 ,9 ?is ec/atic vision on 8 j\rney he beheld ! figure ( ,jesus1 8! crucifi$ ,*ri/10 ^: adh]5ts he 0 pursu+1 yet :om he _h nev] se5 9 ! fle%1 appe>+ z a heav5ly be+ :om ,paul id5tifi$ z ! heav5ly ,adam1 ! ar*etypal 8godlike0 man4 ,^u ?is /range vision he con/ruct$ a !ological sy/em f> m pagan ?an ,jewi% 9 type1 accord+ to :i* man 0 corrupt ?r\gh ! s9 ( ! fir/ c\ple1 & ! dea? ( ,jesus on ! cross 0 to be ! aton+ sacrifice (f]$ by ,god himself1 :o gave ,8 own son z a ransom = ! s9s ( humanity4 ,?is doctr9e he us$ z a lev] ) :i*1 at "o bold /roke1 he 0 to unh+e ! ,mosaic law & make ! infant ,*ur* a _w-religion4 ,?r\gh baptism 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ri/1 ! old s9-lad5 ,adam 0 to be ca/ (f & ! new heav5ly ,adam1 9 ! image ( ,*ri/1 put on in/ead4 ,! new cov5ant ( ,god's aton+ love 0 to replace ! old cov5ant ( ,s9ai1 to aboli% =ev] ! old cov5ant bas$ ^u ! ,jewi% law1 & to set mank9d free f all law1 8:i* begets s9 & works wra?40 ,9 ,*ri/1 8:o is ! end ( ! law10 ! s9fulness ( ! fle% %\ld be ov]come & ! gates ( salvation be op5$ to a _w r$eem$ f bo? dea? & s947#adaj7 ,! "o ess5tial = salvation 0 to accept ! my/]y conc]n+ ! bir? & dea? ( ,*ri/1 aft] ! mann] ( ! hea!n my/]y-religions1 & to employ z sacram5tal symbols ( ! my/]y ! rites ( baptism & communion ) ,*ri/4 #i4 ,?is sy/em ( ,paul1 h[ev]1 dem&$ a high price ( its vot>ies4 ,acceptance ( ! belief meant ! surr5d] ( reason & free ?9k+4 ,?is brea* 9 pure mono!ism op5$ ! door = ! :ole hea!n my?ology & ! wor%ip ( ! hea!n deities 9 a new =m4 ,b ! sadde/ result 0 ! dualism ( ! sy/em2 ! k+dom ( ,god pr$ict$ by ! prophets & sages ( ,israel = all humanity 0 transf]r$ to ! h]eaft]1 & ?is life ) all its heal?y aspirations 0 consid]$ s9ful & 9 ! h&s ( ,satan4 ,! cross1 orig9ally a sign ( life17#adaa7 became f ?is "t & ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages a sign ( dea?1 ca/+ a %ad[ ( s9 ^u ! ,*ri/ian _w & a %ad[ ( t]ror ^u ! ,jew4 ,! greate/ h>m ( all1 h[ev]1 0 done to ,judaism itself4 ,paul made a c>icature ( ! ,law1 :i* he decl>$ to be a rigid1 ext]nal sy/em1 n elevat+ life1 b only incit+ to transgression & eng5d]+ curse4 ,he ev5 ar\s$ a feel+ ( hatr$ t[>d ! ,law1 :i* grew 9 int5sity1 until x became a s\rce ( untold cruelty = _m c5turies4 ,?is _s p]meat$ ! ,gospels m & m 9 _! successive appe>ance1 ev5 f9d+ its way into ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,9 ! simple =m giv5 9 ! ,gospel ( ,luke ?is 0 a tea*+ ( love & t5d]ness2 9 ,mat!w1 ,jesus is repres5t$ z (f]+ a new disp5sation to replace ! revelation ( ,s9ai47#adab7 ,"h ! ,mosaic law is pres5t$ z a sy/em ( comm&m5ts dem&+ au/]e adh]5ce to ! lett] ) no reg>d to ! inn] life1 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 ! actual tea*+s ( ! ,naz>5e 7 animat$ by love & sympa?y1 emanat+ f ! e?ical _s ( ! ,law4 ,yet ! v words ( ,jesus 9 ?is same s]mon disav[ e h9t ( ant9omianism3 8,v]ily ,i say unto y1 till heav5 & e>? pass1 "o jot or "o tittle %all 9 no wise pass f ! ,law till all be fulfill$407#adac7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! v tea*+s ( love & inw>dness :i* are embodi$ 9 bo? ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ! epi/les ( ,paul 7 l>gely adopt$ f ! ,ph>isean s*ools & ,hasidean works z well z f ! ,alex&rian ,propag&a lit]ature & ! ,proselyte ,manuals pres]v$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 fact1 "p ( ?is criticism 0 voic$ by ! ,ph>isees1 z !y attack$ ! ,sadducean insi/5ce ^u ! lett] ( ! ,law4 ,! ,ph>isean _s ( progress appli$ new me?ods ( int]pretation to ! ,mosaic ,code & especially to ! ,decalogue1 d]iv+ f !m a high] conception ( ,god & godl9ess1 break+ ! fett]s ( ! lett]1 & work+ ma9ly = ! hol9ess ( ! inn] life & ! endeavor to spread happ9ess ab\t47#adad7 ,tak+ no he$ ( ! actual a*ievem5ts ( ! ,synagogue1 ! ,paul9ian ,*ur* rose triumphantly to p[] aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,jewi% ,/ate & impregnat$ ! ,*ri/ian _w ) ho/ility to ,judaism & ! ,jew1 :i* la/s to ?is v day1 ?us turn+ ! gospel ( love into a s\rce ( religi\s hatr$4 #aj4 ,nev]!less x _c be d5i$ t ,paul9ian ,*ri/ianity1 :ile gr[+ into a _w-conqu]+ ,*ur*1 a*iev$ ! dissem9ation ( ! ,s9aitic doctr9es z nei!r ,judaism nor ! ,judo-,*ri/ian sect c\ld ev] h done4 ,! mission>y zeal ( ! apo/le to ! hea!n caus$ a f]m5tation & dissolution 9 ! entire neo-,jewi% _w1 :i* w n end until all pagan elem5ts are elim9at$4 ,ev5tually ! :ole ( civilization w accept1 ?r\gh a purifi$ ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god1 ! only ,rul] ( ! _w1 & ! bro!rhood ( all m5 z ,8 *ildr54 ,!n1 9 place ( an uns\nd ov]emphasis on ! pr9ciple ( love1 ju/ice w be ! f\ndation ( society2 9 place ( a pessimi/ic o!r-worldl9ess1 ! optimi/ic hope = a k+dom ( ,god on e>? w con/itute ! spiritual & e?ical ideal ( humanity4 ,we mu/ n be bl9d to ! fact t only h] alliance ) ,rome1 h] hold+ 9 "o h& ! sword ( ,esau & 9 ! o!r ! ,scriptures ( ! h\se ( ,jacob1 made ! ,*ur* able to tra9 ! crude hea!n nations = a life ( duty & love1 = ! will+ subord9ation to a high] p[]1 & caus$ !m to bani% vice & cruelty f _! deep hold on social & dome/ic life4 ,only ! p[]ful ,*ur* 0 able to develop ! anci5t ,jewi% in/itutions ( *>ity & r$eem+ love into magnific5t sy/ems ( b5efic5ce1 :i* h l$ civilization =w>d t[>d ideals :i* x w take c5turies to realize4 ,nor mu/ we ov]look ! mission ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! realm ( art1 a mission :i* ,judaism c\ld nev] h und]tak54 ,! /]n conception ( a spiritual ,god :o tol]at$ no visible repres5tation ( ,8 be+ made impossible ! developm5t ( pla/ic art among ! ,jews4 ,! semi-pagan image wor%ip ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! repres5tation ( ,god & ! sa9ts 9 pictorial =m1 favor$ ecclesia/ical art1 until x broad5$ 9 ! ,r5aissance into ! v>i\s arts ( mod]n times4 ,simil>ly1 ! pr$om9ance ( my/icism ov] reason1 ( ! emotions ov] ! intellect 9 ! ,*ur*1 gave rise to its wond]ful creation ( music1 end[+ ! s\l ) new p[]s to so> al(t to undream$-( heights ( emotion1 to be c>ri$ along z ^u ,s]aph's w+s to realms :]e human language falt]s & gr[s fa9t4 ,beyond dispute ,*ri/ianity des]ves great cr$it = hav+ among all religions op5$ wide ! flood gates ( ! s\l by cultivat+ ! emotions ?r\gh works ( art & ! developm5t ( music1 !reby enri*+ human life 9 all directions4 #aa4 ,islam1 ! o!r daught] ( ,judaism1 = its "p1 fo/]$ ! intellectual side ( humanity1 s contemptu\sly neglect$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,! cultivation ( philosophy & sci5ce 0 ! hi/orical task assign$ to ! ,mohamm$an religion4 ,f ! s\rces ( in=mation we h ab\t ! life & revelation ( ,mohamm$1 we le>n t ! orig9 ( ! belief 9 ,allah1 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 goes back to an e>li] p]iod :5 ,jewi% tribes settl$ 9 s\? ,arabia4 ,among ^! ,jews 7 trad]s1 goldsmi?s1 fam\s w>riors1 & knights end[$ ) ! gift ( song1 :o dissem9at$ ,jewi% leg5ds conc]n+ ,biblical h]oes47#adae7 ,amid halluc9ations & mighty emotional outbur/s ?is belief 9 ,allah took root 9 ! fi]y s\l ( ,mohamm$1 :o ?us receiv$ sublime conceptions ( ! "o ,god & ,8 creation1 & ( ! _w's ,judge & ,8 future ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,! sight ( idolatry1 cruelty1 & vice among 8 c\ntrym5 fill$ him ) b\ndless indignation1 s t he began 8 c>e] z a ,god-s5t prea*] ( rep5tance1 model+ 8 life aft] ! great prophets ( yore4 ,) dra/ic ?reats ( ! la/ ,judgm5t he tri$ to =ce ! idolat]s to return to ,allah 9 true rep5tance4 ,b few ( 8 he>]s believ$ 9 8 prophetic mission1 & ! lead+ m5 ( ! city ( ,mecca1 :o d]iv$ a l>ge income f ! hea!n sanctu>y !re1 oppos$ him ) fi]ce & viol5t measures4 ,?us he 0 =c$ to flee to ! ,jewi% colony ( ,ya?rib1 aft]w>ds call$ ,m$9a1 8! city0 ( ! prophet4 ,he hop$ = recognition !re1 especially aft] he _h made c]ta9 concessions1 su* z turn+ ! face t[>d ,j]usalem 9 pray]1 & keep+ ! ,day ( ,atonem5t on ! t5? ( ,ti%ri4 ,9 addition1 he emphasiz$ ! unity ( ,god 9 ! /ronge/ possible mann]1 & oppos$ e encroa*m5t ^u x by ! belief 9 additional p[]s or p]sons1 attack+ ! ,*ri/ians on ! "o h& & 8 ,arabian c\ntrym5 on ! o!r1 ) ! s>ca/ic phrase3 8,v]ily1 ,god has nei!r a son1 nor has ,he any daught]40 ,9 spite ( all ^! facts1 ! ,jews c\ld n be br\ght to recognize ! un$ucat$ son ( ! des]t z a prophet4 ,!re=e 8 pr(f]$ fri5d%ip 0 turn$ to deadly hatr$ & passionate rev5ge4 ,8 :ole nature und]w5t a great *ange2 8 =m] en?usiasm & prophetic zeal 7 replac$ by calculation & worldly desire1 s t ! prea*] ( rep5tance ( ,mecca became at ! la/ a lov] ( blood%$1 robb]y & lu/4 ,in/ead ( ,j]usalem he *ose ,mecca ) its hea!n traditions z ! c5t] ( 8 religi\s sy/em & aim$ *iefly to w9 ! ,arabian tribes = 8 div9e revelation4 ,?us ! entire ,arabian nation1 full ( y\?ful en]gy1 burn+ ) ! impulse ( great de$s1 bore ! fai? ( ! ,"o ,god to ! _w by ! sword4 ,l ,israel ( old1 x /epp$ =? f ! des]t ) a div9e revelation conta9$ 9 a holy book4 ,x conqu]$ fir/ ! ,*ri/ian l&s ( ! ,ea/1 :i* "u ! ,tr9it>ian dogma _h laps$ f pure mono!ism1 !n ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1 & x f9ally unfurl$ ! gre5 flag ( ,islam ov] ! l&s ( ! ,we/ to free !m f ! fanatical ,*ur*4 ,h5ce=? w> 0 wag$ = c5turies betwe5 ! ,"o ,god ( ,abraham & ! triune ,god ( ! ,*ur* 9 bo? ,spa9 & ,pale/9e4 ,!n might ! g5ius ( hi/ory ask3 8,wat*man1 :at ( ! night8 ,wat*man1 :at ( ! night80 ,& aga9 ! words are he>d1 z f on high3 8,! morn+ come?1 & also ! night40 ,! f9al victory is yet to come4 #ab4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! ,mohamm$an mono!ism has a c]ta9 h>%ness & bluntness4 ,x _c w9 ! he>t by ! mildness ( heav5 or ! recognition ( man's individuality4 ,islam1 z ! "n d5otes1 dem&s bl9d submission to ! w ( ,god1 & x has l$ to a fatalism :i* p>alyzes ! s5se ( fre$om1 & to a fanaticism :i* treats e o!r fai? ) contempt4 ,islam has rema9$ a national religion1 :i* has nev] atta9$ ! outlook ^u ! :ole ( humanity1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! prophets ( ,israel4 ,its view ( ! h]eaft] is crude & s5su\s1 :ile its picture ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t be>s no trace ( ! div9e m]cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ recognize t ! rev]5ce ( ! ,koran l5t ! 8,m5 ( ! ,book10 ! repres5tatives ( culture1 great] dignity1 & provid$ a mighty inc5tive to /udy & inquiry4 ,damascus & ,bagdad became "u ! ,caliphs c5t]s ( le>n+1 ( philosophical /udy & sci5tific inve/igation1 unit+ ,ne/orian1 ,jew1 & ,mohamm$an 9 ! great ef=ts t[>ds g5]al enlight5m5t4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ,greek sci5ce & philosophy1 bani%$ by ! ,*ur*1 7 reviv$ by ! ,mohamm$an rul]s & aga9 cultivat$1 s t ,judaism also felt _! fructify+ p[]4 ,our mod]n ,*ri/ian civilization1 s-call$ by ,*ri/ian hi/orians1 is l>gely ! fruit ( ! ri* intellectual se$s s[n by ,mohamm$ans & ,jews1 aft] ! works ( anci5t ,greeks _h be5 translat$ into ,syrian1 ,arabic1 & ,hebrew by a gr\p ( ,syrian ,unit>ians 7! ,ne/orians7 assi/$ by ,jewi% s*ol>s47#adaf7 ,z = in/ance ! ,hoh5/auf5 ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ! fri5d ( ,jewi% & o!r lib]al ?9k]s1 0 mu* m ( an inve/igator ?an a believ]1 s did ! _s ( inve/igation d]iv$ f ,islam & ,judaism p]vade ,*ri/5dom1 & create ! great intellectual movem5ts :i* f9ally und]m9$ its cre$s & %att]$ its solid>ity into cont5d+ sects4 ,return to ! ,bible & ! ,god ( ! ,bible1 to a ,sabba? devot$ to in/ruction 9 ! ^w ( ,god1 & to ! recognition ( human fre$om & ! sanctity ( ! family--?is 0 ! wat*word ( ! ,re=mation4 ,return to ! "r ( free ?\ght & free consci5ce1 :i* implies ! pure wor%ip ( ,god z ,he lives 9 ! he>t1 is n[ ! wat*word ( ^? :o endeavor to re=m ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 ,t is1 bo? are mov$ by a desire to return to ! pr9ciples & ideals set =? by ,israel's prophets ( old4 #ac4 ,bo? ! ,*ur*1 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic1 & ! ,mosque h a ,provid5tial mission :i* !y mu/ fulfill ?r\gh ! ages ( hi/ory1 until all ! hea!n h le>n$ to wor%ip ,god z ! _s ( hol9ess 9 man1 in/ead ( seek+ ,him 9 ! bl9d =ces ( nature or ( de/9y4 ,true1 ! ,mohamm$an religion is pr$ispos$ to s5suality & /ill awaits ! process ( purification to become completely spiritualiz$2 yet indications are n lack+ t a process ( re=m is approa*+ to br+ out ! gold ( pure mono!ism & ca/ (f ! dross ( ,ori5tal voluptu\sness & sup]/ition4 ,we mu/ rememb] t dur+ ! d>k night ( m$ieval ignorance & b>b>ism ,islam c>ri$ ?r\gh\t all l&s ! tor* ( philosophy & sci5tific inve/igation & ( ! pure fai? 9 ,god4 ,ev5 to-day x accompli%es f> m = ! advancem5t ( life 9 ! ea/ ( ,asia & ! s\? ( ,africa ?an did ! ,russian ,*ur* ) h] gross sup]/ition & idolatry1 or ev5 "s bran*es ( ,prote/antism1 ) _! deification ( a human be+4 ,betwe5 ,*ur* & ,mosque1 hat$ & despis$ by bo?1 /ood & /ill /&s ! ,synagogue1 pr\dly consci\s ( its div9e mission4 ,x feels itself ! bann]-be>] ( a tru? :i* brooks no compromise1 ( a ju/ice :i* insi/s on ! rights ( all m54 ,x (f]s ! _w a religion ( peace & love1 admitt+ no division or discord among mank9d1 wait+ = ! day :5 ! ,god ( ,s9ai %all re> high ,8 ?rone 9 ! he>ts ( all m5 & nations4 ,to-day ! ,synagogue1 rejuv5at$ by ! influ5ces ( mod]n culture1 looks ) ev] great] confid5ce to a spe$y realization ( its ,messianic hope = all humanity4 ,hi!rto ,judaism 0 re/ra9$ by its two daught]-religions f pursu+ its =m] mission>y activity4 ,x 0 =c$ to employ all its en]gy 9 ! s+le ef=t = self-pres]vation4 ,b 9 ! /rik+ contra/s ( our age1 :5 ! enlight5$ _s ( humanity /ruggles s bitt]ly ) ! =ces ( b>b>ism & brutality1 we may well see ! approa*+ dawn ( a new era4 ,t glori\s day1 we feel1 w witness ! ultimate triumph ( ju/ice & tru?1 & out ( ! day :i* is 8nei!r day nor night0 w br+ =? ! "t :5 8! ,"l %all be ,k+ ov] all ! e>?1 ! ,"l %all be ,"o & ,8 "n ,"o407#adag7 ,?is w be an auspici\s "t = ,israel to arise ) r5ew$ prophetic vigor z ! be>] ( a _w-unit+ fai?1 z ! triumphant ,messiah ( ! nations4 ,?r\gh ,israel ! mono!i/ic fai?s ( ! _w may f9d a union s t1 9 fulfillm5t ( ! anci5t prophecy17#adah7 its ,sabba? may be a _w-,sabba? & its ,atonem5t ,day a fea/ ( at-"o-m5t & reconciliation = all mank9d4 8,he t believe? %all n make ha/e407#adai7 ,yet j because ( ?is univ]sali/ic ,messianic hope ( ,judaism x is /ill imp]ative1 z x has be5 ?r\gh\t ! pa/1 t ! ,jewi% p mu/ cont9ue its sep>at5ess z 8a ,k+dom ( prie/s & a holy nation10 & = ! sake ( its _w-mission avoid int]m>ry+ ) memb]s ( o!r sects1 unless !y esp\se ! ,jewi% fai?47#adbj7 ,israel's p>ticul>ism1 says ,pr(essor ,laz>us17#adba7 has its univ]salism z motive & aim4 ,*apt] ,,lviii4 ,! ,synagogue & its ,in/itutions #a4 ,e religion1 z soon z x atta9s any degree ( self-consci\sness1 aims to pres5t a conv9c+ =m ( tru? to ! individual & to w9 adh]5ts 9 increas+ numb]s4 ,nev]!less ! ma9t5ance ( a religion does n re/ ^u its doctr9es1 :i* mu/ diff] accord+ to ! intellectual capacity ( ! p & ! prevail+ views ( ea* age4 ,its /ability is bas$ ^u ^? =ms & in/itutions :i* l5d x a peculi> "*1 & :i* express1 symbolically or o!rwise1 def9ite ideas1 religi\s1 e?ical1 & hi/orical4 ,= ?is reason _m expon5ts ( ,judaism w\ld entirely disc>d ! idea ( a sy/ematic !ology1 & insi/ on ! obs]vance ( ! c]emonial laws z ! "o ess5tial4 ,9 foll[+ tradition 9 ?is mann]1 !y =get t ! =ms ( religi\s practice h und]gone _m *anges 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,9 fact1 ! vitality ( ,judaism lies 9 its unique capacity = developm5t4 ,its ev] y\?ful m9d has con/antly creat$ new =ms to express ! ideas ( ! "t1 or has inve/$ old ones ) new mean+s47#adbb7 #b4 ,! greate/ &1 inde$1 ! unique creation ( ,judaism is ! ,synagogue1 :i* />t$ x on its _w-mission & made ! ,torah ! common prop]ty ( ! entire p4 ,devis$ 9 ! ,exile z a sub/itute = ! ,temple1 x soon eclips$ x z a religi\s =ce & a rally+ po9t = ! :ole p1 appeal+ ?r\gh ! pray]s & ,scriptural lessons to ! congregation z a :ole4 ,! ,synagogue 0 limit$ to no "o locality1 l ! ,temple1 b rais$ its bann] :]ev] ,jews settl$ ?r\gh\t ! globe4 ,x 0 ?us able to spread ! tru?s ( ,judaism to ! remote/ p>ts ( ! e>?1 & to inve/ ! ,sabba? & fe/ivals ) deep] mean+ by utiliz+ !m = ! in/ruction & elevation ( ! p4 ,:at did x matt]1 if ! ,temple fell a prey to ! flame = a second "t1 or if ! :ole sacrificial cult ( ! prie/hood ) all its pomp 7 to cease =ev]8 ,! s\l ( ,judaism liv$ inde/ructibly 9 ! h\se ( pray] & le>n+4 ,9 ! ,synagogue 0 fann$ ! holy flame :i* k9dl$ ! he>t ) love ( ,god & fell[-m52 "h 7 (f]$ sacrifices m pleas+ to ,god ?an ! blood & fat ( bea/s1 sacrifices ( love & *>ity47#adbc7 #c4 ,! ,synagogue has its peculi> in/itutions & c]emonies1 b no sacram5ts l ^? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,its in/itutions1 su* z ! fe/ivals1 aim to pres]ve ! hi/oric memory ( ! p2 its c]emonies1 call$ 8signs0 or 8te/imonies0 9 ! ,scripture1 are to sanctify ! life ( ! nation1 ! family1 or ! individual4 ,nei!r possesses a sacram5tal p[]1 z does baptism or communion 9 ! ,*ur*1 9 giv+ salvation1 or imp>t+ some?+ ( ! nature ( ! ,deity1 or mak+ "o a memb] ( ! religi\s community4 ,! ,jew is a memb] ( ! ,jewi% community by 8 bir?1 :i* imposes ^u him ! obligations ( ! cov5ant :i* ,god made ) ,israel at ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,judaism is a religi\s h]itage intru/$ to a nation ( prie/s1 & is n acquir$ by any rite ( consecration or confession ( fai?4 ,su* a =m ( consecration & confession is requir$ only 9 ! case ( proselytes47#adbd7 ,x is sup]flu\s to /ate t ,confirmation does n be/[ ! "* ( ,jew ^u ! "y1 any m ?an ! =m] rite ( ,b> ,mizwah did ^u ! "y ,israelite :o 0 call$ up to ! read+ f ! ,law 9 8 ?irte5? ye> z a =m ( initiation into ,jewi% life47#adbe7 #d4 ,! rite ( circumcision is enjo9$ ^u ! fa!r 9 ! ,mosaic ,code z a 8sign0 ( ! cov5ant ) ,abraham1 to be p]=m$ on e son on ! eigh? day aft] bir?47#adbf7 ,!re=e x is held 9 high e/eem1 & ! fa!r t]ms ! act 9 8 b5$iction 8admission into ! cov5ant ( ,abraham027#adbg7 b 9 spite ( ?is x is n a sacram5t & does n det]m9e memb]%ip 9 ! ,jewi% community4 ,! op]ation 0 n to be p]=m$ by a p]son ( sacr$ call+ su* z prie/ or rabbi1 b 9 anci5t ,biblical times 0 p]=m$ by wom517#adbh7 & 9 ! ,talmudic p]iod by ! surgeon47#adbi7 ,9 fact1 if no ,jewi% surgeon 0 at h&1 "s ,talmudic au?orities held t a non-,jewi% surgeon c\ld p]=m x4 ,moreov]1 :]e hygi5ic reasons =c$ ! omission ( ! rite1 ! man 0 /ill a ,jew47#adcj7 ,! rite itself und]w5t a *ange2 x 0 p]=m$ ) /one knives 9 ,biblical times1 j z 9 ,egypt & ev5 to-day 9 ,arabia & ,syria47#adca7 ,x became a m>k ( di/9ction = ! p dur+ ! ,exile47#adcb7 ,b ! act 0 inve/$ ) special religi\s sanctity dur+ ! ,syrian p]secution1 :5 _m ,jewi% y\?s 8violat$ ! cov5ant0 9 ord] to appe> uncircumcis$ :5 !y appe>$ 9 ! ar5a ) ! hea!n47#adcc7 ,at ?is "t new me?ods 7 introduc$ to gu>d ! 8seal0 ( ! cov5ant17#adcd7 :ile pi\s mo!rs fac$ m>tyrdom will+ly to pres]ve ! rite ( ,abraham among _! *ildr54 ,lat] on ! rabbis ev5 decl>$ circumcision to be a safegu>d aga9/ ! pit ( ,geh5na7#adce7 & made ,elijah ! gu>dian ( ! cov5ant47#adcf7 ,! rite may be trac$ back to primitive life1 :5 ! op]ation 0 usually p]=m$ at ! "t ( pub]ty & z a prelim9>y to m>riage17#adcg7 b 9 ,jewi% life x assum$ a religi\s mean+ & became ende>$ to ! p z ! consecration ( ! *ild z ! future head ( a family4 ,! idea und]ly+ ! in/itution 7z ,zunz correctly calls x77#adch7 is ! sanctification ( ! ,jewi% h\sehold z repres5t$ by its male memb]s4 ,! memb] ( a p t is to be holy unto ,god mu/ be> ! seal ( ! cov5ant on 8 fle%2 z a pot5tial fa!r ( ano!r g5]ation1 ! sign he bore _h a deep] mean+ = ! future ( ! p47#adci7 ,! rationali/ic view t ! ,mosaic law is m]ely hygi5ic1 al?\gh f\nd z e>ly z ,philo1 is q errone\s47#addj7 #e4 ,! same rationali/ view7#adda7 is (t5 appli$ to ! diet>y laws ( ! ,mosaic ,code1 b )\t any ju/ification f ! ,biblical po9t ( view4 ,^! laws prohibit z unclean v>i\s species ( animals1 or su* z h fall5 dead or z ! prey ( wild bea/s1 or c]ta9 portions l blood & suet47#addb7 ,! ,hol9ess ,code /ates its reason = ^! prohibitions v emphatically3 8,i am ! ,"l y\r ,god1 :o h set y ap>t f ! peoples4 ,ye %all !re=e sep>ate betwe5 ! clean bea/ & ! unclean1 & betwe5 ! unclean f[l & ! clean2 & ye %all n make y\r s\ls dete/able by bea/1 or by f[l1 or by any ?+ :]e) ! gr\nd teeme?1 :i* ,i h set ap>t = y to hold unclean4 ,& ye %all be holy unto ,me2 = ,i ! ,"l y\r ,god am holy1 & h set y ap>t f ! peoples1 t ye %\ld be ,m9e407#addc7 ,! ,deut]onomic ,code gives ! same reason = ! prohibition ( ! unclean bea/s3 8,= ?\ art a holy p unto ! ,"l ?y ,god40 ,x seems t ^! prohibitions ( 8unclean0 foods 7 int5d$ orig9ally = ! prie/hood & o!r holy m51 z appe>s 9 ,ezekiel & else:]e47#addd7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! same class ( animals f :i* ! ,israelites 7 comm&$ to ab/a9 7 also =bidd5 to ! prie/s or sa9ts ( ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,mesopotamia1 & p>tly ( ,egypt47#adde7 ,! natural conclusion is t ! ,mosaic law int5d$ ^! rules z a practical expression ( its g5]al pr9ciple t ,israel 0 to be 8a k+dom ( prie/s & a holy nation407#addf7 ,9 o!r words1 ,israel 0 to fill ! usual place ( ! prie/ among ! nations ( ! anci5t _w1 a prie/-p obs]v+ ! prie/ly laws ( sanctification4 ,:atev] ! orig9 ( ^! cu/oms may h be51 :e!r !y 7 tabu laws 9 connection ) totemism or "s o!r primitive view1 ! ,prie/ly ,code itself admits _! lack ( an ,israeliti% orig9 by recogniz+ t !y 7 kn[n to ,noah47#addg7 ,!y 7 simply adopt$ by ! law-giv] ( ,israel to make ! :ole p feel _! prie/ly call+4 ,9 lat] times ! diet>y laws1 especially ab/95ce f ! fle% ( sw9e1 became a m>k ( di/9ction :i* sep>at$ ! ,jew f 8 hea!n surr\nd+s2 & !y became a symbol ( ,jewi% loyalty 9 ! ,syrian p]secutions :5 pi\s ,jews fac$ m>tyrdom = !m z will+ly z = ! refusal to adore ! ,syrian idols47#addh7 ,9 fact1 ,ph>isaism adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( sep>ation f ! hea!n 9 e matt] p]ta9+ to diet1 & ?is _s ( sep>atism 0 /r5g!n$ by ! scorn ( ! ,greeks & ,romans & aft]w>d by ! ant9omian _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:ile ,hell5i/ic writ]s1 eag] to f9d a univ]sal mean+ 9 ^! laws1 assign$ c]ta9 physical or psy*ic reasons = !m17#addi7 ! rabbis ( ! ,talmud insi/$ t !y 7 giv5 solely = ! moral purification ( ,israel4 ,?us !y 7 to be obs]v$ z te/s ( ,israel's submission to ! div9e w & n because ( p]sonal di/a/e4 ,9 _! own words1 8,we mu/ ov]come all desire = ! sake ( our ,fa!r 9 heav502 & 8,only to ^? :o wre/le ) temptation does ! k+dom ( ,god come407#adej7 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ^! prohibitions 7 /eadily ext5d$1 until !y encircl$ ! :ole life ( ! ,jew1 =m+ an insurm\ntable wall :i* seclud$ him f 8 non-,jewi% environm5t4 ,f9ally1 sep>ation f ! _w came to be reg>d$ z an end 9 itself47#adea7 ,n[1 x _c be d5i$ t ^! laws actually discipl9$ ! m$ieval ,jew1 s t dur+ c5turies ( wild dissipation he practic$ sobriety & mod]ation2 z ,maimonides says17#adeb7 !y s]v$ z lessons 9 self-ma/]y1 9 curb+ c>nal desire1 & keep+ him clean 9 s\l z well z body4 ,! "q rema9s :e!r !y /ill fulfill _! real object ( consecrat+ ,israel to its prie/ly mission among ! nations4 ,c]ta9ly ! prie/ly "* ( ^! laws is no long] und]/ood1 & ! great majority ( ! ,jewi% p :o live among ! v>i\s nations h long disc>d$ !m4 ,or?odox ,judaism1 :i* foll[s tradition )\t inquir+ into ! purpose ( ! laws1 is entirely consi/5t 9 ma9ta9+ ! importance ( e item ( ! traditional ,jewi% life4 ,re=m ,judaism has a diff]5t view1 z x sees 9 ! humanit>ianism ( ! pres5t a mode ( realiz+ ! ,messianic hope ( ,israel4 ,!re=e x _c af=d to enc\rage ! sep>ation ( ! ,jew f 8 environm5t 9 any way except ?r\gh ! ma9t5ance ( 8 religion1 & _c enc\rage ! diet>y laws z a means ( sep>atism4 ,its great problem is to f9d o!r me?ods to inculcate ! _s ( hol9ess 9 ! mod]n ,jew1 to r5d] him consci\s ( 8 prie/ly mission1 :ile he lives 9 unison & fell[%ip ) all 8 fell[-citiz5s47#adec7 #f4 ,! t5d5cy to di/+ui% ! ,jew f 8 non-,jewi% neighbor 9 ! c\rse ( "t f\nd expression 9 ! laws = we>+ phylact]ies 7tefill97 on 8 =ehead & arm1 a special sign on ! doorpo/ ( 8 h\se 7mezuzzah7 & fr+es 7zizi?7 on ! f\r corn]s ( 8 %awl 7talli?747#aded7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! orig9al ,biblical passages _h no su* mean+1 b acquir$ x ?r\gh rabb9ical int]pretation4 ,! ,mosaic law said3 8,& ?\ %alt b9d !m = a sign ^u ?y h&1 & !y %all be = frontlets betwe5 ?9e eyes4 ,& ?\ %alt write !m ^u ! doorpo/s ( ?y h\se & ^u ?y gates40 ,?is ref]s cle>ly to ! words ( ,god1 admoni%+ ! p to keep !m 9 m9d1 z ! prec$+ v]se indicates4 ,likewise1 ! precept reg>d+ ! fr+es ^u ! f\r-corn]$ g>m5t emphasizes r ! blue ?read 9 ! fr+es1 :i* is to help ! p rememb] ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l1 t !y may n g a/ray1 8foll[+ aft] ! prompt+s ( _! own he>ts & eyes40 ,z ! "n phylact]ies %[s1 ^! 7 orig9ally talismans or amulets4 ,true1 ! law z /at$ 9 ,deut]onomy may be tak5 symbolically27#adee7 b ! correspond+ passage 9 ,exodus1 :i* is traditionally ref]r$ to ! phylact]ies1 indicates its orig9 by its close relation to ! ,passov] sacrifice4 ,! blood ( ?is 01 no d\bt1 put orig9ally on ! arm & =ehead17#adef7 :i* is /ill done by ! ,sam>itans7#adeg7 & has /rik+ p>allels 9 ! practice ( ! ,fellah9 9 ,pale/9e & ,syria47#adeh7 ,orig9ally ! sacrificial blood 0 suppos$ to w>d (f evil spirits f m51 bea/s & h\ses or t5ts1 & gradually ?is pagan cu/om 0 trans=m$ into a religi\s precept to consecrate ! body1 life1 & home ( ! ,jew4 ,9 m anci5t times ! phylact]ies 7 worn by pi\s m5 & wom5 all day & n m]ely dur+ ! "t ( pray]1 & seem to h s]v$ bo? z a religi\s symbol & an amulet4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly ! case ) ! mezuzzah on ! doorpo/ & probably ) ! blue ?read at ! corn]s ( ! talli?47#adei7 ,z bo? phylact]ies & talli? came into use at ! div9e s]vice 9 connection ) ! recital ( ! ,%ema & ! *apt] on ! zizi?1 ! symbols assum$ a high] mean+4 ,array$ 9 8 ve/m5ts1 ! pi\s ,jew (f]$ daily allegiance to 8 ,mak]1 feel+ t he 0 !reby protect$ f evil )9 & )\t2 simil>ly1 ! sacr$ sign ^u ! door bo? consecrat$ & protect$ 8 home4 ,ev5 ) ?is conception ! talismanic "* 0 nev] q =gott54 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages ^! c]emonies 7 obs]v$ z div9e comm&m5ts2 & tradition hav+ seem+ly fix$ !m = all "t1 ! ,jew took great pride 9 ! fact t he 0 8di/+ui%$0 9 _m ways1 & especially 9 8 =ms ( wor%ip47#adfj7 ,( c\rse1 !y di/+ui%$ him f> m :5 ^! c]emonies 7 practic$ = ! entire day4 ,s9ce ! mod]n era has br\ght ! ,jew ne>] to 8 neighbors & he has op5$ ! ,synagogue to invite ! non-,jewi% _w to he> its tea*+s1 ^! practices h lo/ _! hold ^u ! p1 becom+ mean+less =ms4 ,! we>+ ( ^! sacr$ symbols :ile at pray] seems sup]flu\s z a means ( 8turn+ m5's he>ts away f frivol\s & s9ful ?\ghts407#adfa7 #g4 ,! mo/ important in/itution ( ! ,synagogue1 & ! "o mo/ fraught ) bless+ = all mank9d1 is ! ,sabba?4 ,al?\gh its "n & exi/5ce po9t to a ,babylonian orig917#adfb7 x is /ill ! peculi> creation ( ! ,jewi% g5ius & a *ief pill> ( ! ,jewi% religion4 ,z a day ( re/ cr[n+ ! daily labor ( ! week1 x te/ifies to ! ,creator ( ! univ]se :o made all t is 9 accordance ) ,8 div9e plan ( p]fection4 ,! und]ly+ idea express$ 9 ,scripture is t ! ,sabba? is a div9e in/itution4 ,z ,god himself work$ out ,8 design = ! _w 9 absolute fre$om & re/$ ) delight at its completion1 s man is to foll[ ,8 example1 work+ dur+ six days ( ! week & !n enjoy+ ! re/ ( ! ,sabba? ) a m9d elat$ by high] ?\ghts4 ,moreov]1 ! day ( re/ obs]v$ by ,israel %\ld recall 8 r$emption f ! slav]y & cont9ual labor ( ,egypt4 ,!reby e creature made 9 ,god's image1 ! slave & /rang] z well z ! born ,israelite1 is giv5 ! heav5ly boon ( fre$om & recreation to hall[ ! labor ( ! week4 ,!re are ?us two explanations giv5 = ! ,sabba?1 "o 9 ! ,decalogue ( ,exodus1 ! ,hol9ess ,code & ,prie/ly ,code17#adfc7 ! o!r 9 ! ,decalogue ( ,deut]onomy & ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant47#adfd7 ,^! two views1 9 turn1 gave rise to diff]5t conceptions ( ! ,sabba? laws4 ,_m anci5t tea*]s laid *ief /ress on ! lett] ( ! law :i* bids m5 cease f labor4 ,o!rs1 :o p5etrat$ f>!r into ! _s ( ,deut]onomy & ! ,cov5ant ,code1 emphasiz$ ! human ne$ = relaxation & refre%m5t ( s\l4 ,! old] s*ool1 especially ! ,sadducees1 dem&$ absolute cessation ( labor on pa9 ( dea? = any "w1 h[ev] insignificant1 & ev5 = ! mov+ f "o place to ano!r4 ,!y ?\ght ( ! ,sabba? z a sign ( ! cov5ant betwe5 ,god & ,israel1 & h5ce held t x %\ld be obs]v$ z punctili\sly z possible47#adfe7 ,9 ! same measure z ! ,ph>isees1 ) _! program ( religi\s democracy & common s5se1 obta9$ ! upp] h&1 ! ,biblical /rictness ( ! ,sabba? law 0 modifi$4 ,! t]m labor 0 def9$ by analogy ) ! "w done = ! tab]nacle1 & s re/rict$ z to make ! dea? p5alty mu* m limit$47#adff7 ,moreov]1 ! ,ph>isees held t ! ,sabba? 0 made = man1 n man = ! ,sabba?27#adfg7 s1 al?\gh !y adh]$ /rictly to ! prohibition ( labor1 ! ,sabba? receiv$ at _! h&s m ( ! o!r elem5t1 & became a day = ! elevation ( ! s\l1 8a day ( delight0 = ! _s47#adfh7 ,! :ole man1 body & s\l alike1 %\ld enjoy ,god's gifts m fully on ?is day2 he %\ld ca/ (f c>e & sanctify ! day by praise (f]$ to ,god at ! family table4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ,israel ! ,sabba? 0 di/+ui%$ by ! words ( in/ruction & com=t (f]$ by ! prophets to ! p :o consult$ !m on ! day ( re/47#adfi7 ,dur+ ! ,exile & aft]w>d ! p assembl$ on ! ,sabba? to he> ! ^w ( ,god read f ! ,torah & ! prophets & to jo9 9 pray] & song1 :i* soon became a p]man5t in/itution47#adgj7 ,?us ! ,sabba? elevat$ & educat$ ! ,jewi% p1 & aft]w>d transf]r$ its bless+s also to ! ,*ri/ian & ,mohamm$an _w4 ,especially dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! ,sabba? became an oasis1 a refre%+ spr+ ( wat] = ! ,jew4 ,all ?r\gh ! week he 0 a ,p>iah 9 ! outside _w1 b ! ,sabba? br\ght him bliss 9 8 home & spiritual p[] 9 8 ,synagogue & s*ool4 ,*e]fully he bore ! yoke ( /atutes & ord9ances t grew ev] heavi] "u ! rabb9ical amplification2 = he hail$ ! ,sabba? z ! 8que50 t rais$ him f a hat$ w&]] to a pr9ce 9 8 own doma947#adga7 ,mod]n life has work$ great *anges 9 ! ,jewi% obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?4 ,caught up 9 ! :irl ( comm]cial & indu/rial competition1 ! ,jew1 l ,ixion 9 ! fable1 is b\nd to 8 :eel ( bus9ess1 & enjoys nei!r re/ = 8 body nor elevation = 8 s\l on ,god's holy day4 ,true1 ! ,synagogue /ill pres]ves ! sanctity ( ! anci5t ,sabba?1 h[ev] small may be ! att5dance at ! div9e s]vice1 & 9 _m pi\s homes ! family /ill rallies ar\nd ! fe/ive table1 light$ by ! ,sabba? lamp & decorat$ by ! symbolic cup ( w9e4 ,b = ! majority ( ,we/]n ,jews ! ,sabba? has lo/ its pri/9e sanctity & spl5dor1 to ! great detrim5t ( ,jewi% religi\s life4 ,!re=e _m n[ ask3 8,is x suffici5t to h a vic>i\s obs]vance ( ! hi/orical ,sabba?1 ! #8sign betwe5 ,god & ,israel1' by an h\r or two 9 ! ,synagogue1 b )\t re/ = ! entire day8 ,or %all ! civic day ( re/1 ?\gh ,*ri/ian 9 orig9 & "*1 take ! place ( ! ,jewi% ,sabba? ) its sacr$ traditions1 s t possibly at la/ x may become ! ,sabba? day pr$ict$ by ! se] ^u :i* #8all fle% %all come to wor%ip be=e ! ,"l'807#adgb7 ,9 ! halcyon days ( ! re=m movem5t 9 ,g]many ?is view 0 (t5 express$ :5 ! radical re=m]s celebrat$ ! civic day ( re/ z ! ,jewi% ,sabba?1 n 9 ! _s ( diss5sion1 b = ! sake ( giv+ ,judaism a l>g] scope & a wid] outlook4 ,9 ,am]ica1 too1 ! idea ( transf]r+ ! ,sabba? to ,sunday 0 broa*$ by "s lead+ ,re=m rabbis & met ) he>ty support on ! "p ( _! congregations4 ,s9ce !n a m cons]vative view has tak5 hold ( mo/ ( ! lib]al elem5ts ( ,jewry also 9 ,am]ica4 ,:ile div9e s]vice on ,sundays has be5 introduc$ ) decid$ success 9 _m cities & em95t prea*]s br+ ! message ( ,judaism home to ?\s&s t w\ld o!rwise rema9 /rang]s to ! h\se ( ,god & to ! influ5ce ( religion1 ! conviction has become well e/abli%$ t ! cont9uity ) our great pa/ mu/ be upheld1 & ! g5]al feel+ is t ! hi/orical ,sabba? %\ld "u no condition be entirely giv5 up4 ,x is insep>ably connect$ ) ! election ( ,israel z a prie/-p1 :ile ! ,*ri/ian 8,"l's ,day0 repres5ts views & t5d5cies oppos$ to ^? ( ,judaism1 :e!r consid]$ 9 its orig9al mean+ or 9 t giv5 x by ! ,*ur*47#adgc7 ,! ,jew may prop]ly use ! civic day ( re/ 9 common ) 8 ,*ri/ian fell[-citiz5 = religi\s devotion & in/ruction = "y & old2 x w supplem5t 8 neglect$ ,sabba? s]vice1 until conditions h *ang$4 ,p]haps ! ,jew 9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries may ev5 at "s "t obs]ve ,friday z is done by ! ,mosque1 & accord+ly consecrate ?is day 9 common ) 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,/ill1 betwe5 ! ,sabba? obs]v$ by ! ,*ur* & ! "o ( ! ,mosque /&s ! ,jewi% ,sabba? 9 solemn gr&eur & patri>*al dignity1 wait+ ) ,israel1 its keep] & ally1 = ! day :5 all humanity w wor%ip ! "o holy ,god ( ,abraham1 & :5 our anci5t ,sabba? may truly become ! ,sabba? ( ! _w4 #h4 ,9 all l&s "t 0 orig9ally regulat$ by ! movem5ts ( ! moon1 :i* are )9 ! obs]vation ( all4 ,! alt]nation ( its increase & decrease divid$ ! mon? into two p>ts1 :i* 7 !n subdivid$ into f\r4 ,!re=e ! orig9al mon? among bo? ! ,babylonians & ! ,hebrews consi/$ ( f\r weeks ( sev5 days ea*1 ! la/ day ( ea* week be+ ! ,sabba?1 ! 8day ( /&/ill10 & two days ( ! new moon47#adgd7 ,bo? ! new moon & full moon 7 special days ( celebration17#adge7 & lat] two o!r ,sabba? days 7 add$ betwe5 !m to correspond to ! f\r phases ( ! moon4 ,/ill lat] ! week 0 deta*$ altoge!r f ! moon & made a fix$ p]iod ( sev5 days1 solemnly end$ by ! ,sabba?4 ,?us ,judaism rais$ ! ,sabba? above all dep5d5ce on nature & into ! realm ( hol9ess4 ,! ,jewi% ,sabba? became ! witness to ,god1 ! ,creator rul+ above nature 9 absolute fre$om47#adgf7 ,/ill ! anci5t fe/ival ( ! new moon 0 pres]v$ z an obs]vance 9 ! ,temple1 & x aft]w>d surviv$ only 9 ! liturgy ( ! ,synagogue4 ,:ile anci5t ,israel _h obs]v$ ! ,new ,moon z a day ( re/ ev5 m sacr$ ?an ! ,sabba?17#adgg7 ! ,prie/ly ,code plac$ x among ! fe/ivals only z a day ( sacrifice1 b z nei!r a day ( re/ nor ( popul> celebration47#adgh7 ,beside ! recital ( ! ,hallel ,psalms & ! ,mussaf 78additional07 pray] 9 ! ,synagogue no religi\s significance 0 atta*$ to x 9 ! daily life ( ! p4 ,/ill ! fact t ! ,jewi% cal5d> 0 regulat$ by ! moon1 :ile t ( o!r nations dep5d$ on ! sol> ye>1 l$ ! rabbis to comp>e ! unique hi/ory ( ,israel to ! c\rse ( ! moon4 ,z ! moon *anges cont9ually1 wax+ & wan+ b ev] r5ew+ itself aft] ea* decl9e1 s ,israel r5ews itself aft] e fall2 :ile ! pr\d nations ( ! _w1 :i* c\nt _! ye> by ! c\rse ( ! sun1 rise & set1 z x does1 ) no hope ( r5ewal47#adgi7 ,at ! same "t1 assurance 0 f\nd 9 ! prophetic words t 8! light ( ! moon %all be z ! light ( ! sun & ! light ( ! sun %all be sev5fold z ! light ( ! sev5 days0 & 8?y 7,israel's7 sun %all no m g d[n1 nei!r %all ?y moon )draw itself1 = ! ,"l %all be ?9e ev]la/+ light407#adhj7 #i4 ,! v>i\s ,jewi% fe/ivals1 l ! ,sabba?1 7 deta*$ f _! orig9al relation to nature & turn$ into hi/orical memorials1 eloqu5t te/imonies to ! great works ( ,god & ( ,israel's p[] ( rejuv5ation4 ,! ,passov] 0 orig9ally ! spr+ fe/ival ( ! %eph]ds :5 !y hall[$ ! ?re%olds17#adha7 b 0 lat] id5tifi$ ) ! agricultural ,fea/ ( ,unleav5$ ,bread 9 ,pale/9e1 & at an e>ly p]iod 0 fur!r trans=m$ into a fe/ival ( r$emption4 ,! =m] rites ( consecration ( t5t & h]d 7 tak5 z symbols ( ! wondr\s deliv]ance ( ! ,hebrews f ! ,egyptian yoke4 ,! sacrifice ( ! 8pass+ ov] ! ?re%old10 ) ! spr9kl+ ( ! blood on ! doorpo/s & l9tels ( ea* h\se1 obs]v$ ea* spr+ exactly z is /ill done among ! semi-pagan inhabitants ( ,syria & ,arabia1 0 re9t]pret$4 ,accord+ to ! ,mosaic code x indicat$ ! wondr\s pass+ ( ! angel ( dea? ov] ! ?re%olds ( ! ,israelites 9 ,egypt1 :ile he ent]$ ! homes ( ! ,egyptians to slay ! fir/-born & av5ge ! wrongs ( ,israel47#adhb7 ,likewise ! cakes ( bread )\t leav5 7! ,mazzo?7 bak$ = ! fe/ival 7 tak5 z rem9d]s ( ! ha/y exodus ( ! fa!rs f ! l& ( oppression4 ,?us ! spr+ fe/ival became a memorial ( ! spr+time ( lib]ty = ! nation & at ! same "t a consecration ( ! ,jewi% home to ! cov5ant ,god ( ,israel4 ,god 0 to ent] ! ,jewi% home z ,he did 9 ,egypt1 z ! ,r$eem] & ,protector ( ,israel4 ,"y & old li/5$ ) p]5nial int]e/ to ! /ory ( ! deliv]ance1 (f]+ praise = ! wond]s ( ! pa/ & voic+ _! confid5ce 9 ! future r$emption f oppression & woe4 ,h[ev] burd5some ! ,passov] m9uti1 especially 9 reg>d to ! prohibition ( leav51 became to ! ,jewi% h\sehold1 ! pr$om9ant feature 0 always an exub]ance ( joy4 ,9 ! d>ke/ days ( m$ievalism ! synagogue & home res\nd$ ) song & ?anksgiv+1 & ! "y imbib$ ! joy & com=t ( _! eld]s ?r\gh ! beautiful symbols ( ! fea/ & ! ri*ly adorn$ tale ( ! deliv]ance 7! ,haggadah74 ,! ,passov] fea/ ) its 8night ( div9e wat*+0 end[$ ! ,jew ev] anew ) endurance dur+ ! d>k night ( m$ieval tyranny1 & ) fai? 9 8! ,keep] ( ,israel :o slumb]e? n nor sleepe?407#adhc7 ,moreov]1 z ! spr+tide ( nature fills ea* creature ) joy & hope1 s ,israel's fea/ ( r$emption promises ! great day ( lib]ty to ^? :o /ill *afe "u ! yoke ( oppression4 ,! mod]n ,jew is beg9n+ to see 9 ! reawak5+ ( 8 religi\s & social life 9 we/]n l&s ! tok5 ( ! future lib]ation ( all mank9d47#adhd7 ,! ,passov] fea/ br+s him ! cle> & hopeful message ( fre$om = humanity f all bondage ( body & ( _s4 #aj4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,weeks or ,fe/ival ( ! ,fir/ ,fruits 9 ,biblical times 0 m]ely a f>m]'s holiday at ! end ( ! sev5 weeks ( h>ve/4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! h>ve/ p>*$ gra9s ( b>ley 7 (f]$1 :ile at its end two loaves ( ! new :eat fl\r 7 br\ght z a ?ank-(f]+ = ! new crop47#adhe7 ,rabb9ical ,judaism1 h[ev]1 trans=m$ x into a hi/orical fea/ by mak+ x ! memorial day ( ! giv+ ( ! ,t5 ,words on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,x 0 ?us giv5 a univ]sal significance1 z ! ,midra% has x1 8turn+ ! ,fea/ ( ! ,fir/ ,fruits into a fe/ival commemorat+ ! rip5+ ( ! fir/ fruits ( ! spiritual h>ve/ = ! p ( ! cov5ant407#adhf7 ,h5ce=? ! ,t5 ,words 7 to be solemnly read to ! congregation on t day1 & ! pl$ge ( loyalty made by ! fa!rs !reby r5ew$ ea* ye> by ,israel's fai?ful sons4 ,! lead]s ( ,re=m ,judaism surr\nd$ ! day ) new *>m by ! introduction ( ! confirmation c]emony17#adhg7 ?us r5d]+ x a fea/ ( consecration ( ! ,jewi% y\? to ! anci5t cov5ant1 ( ye>ly r5ewal ( loyalty by ! ris+ g5]ation to ! ance/ral fai?4 #aa4 ,! ma9 fe/ival 9 ,biblical times 0 ! ,fea/ ( ,sukko?1 or ,tab]nacles1 ! great h>ve/ fe/ival ( autumn1 :5 ! p flock$ to ! c5tral sanctu>y 9 solemn procession1 c>ry+ palms & o!r plants4 ,h5ce ?is 0 call$ ! ,hag or ,pilgrimage ,fea/47#adhh7 ,9 ! po/-exilic ,prie/ly ,code ?is fe/ival also 0 made hi/orical1 & ! "n ,fea/ ( ,sukko? 7:i* d5ot$ orig9ally ,fea/ ( ,pilgrimage ,t5ts7 0 connect$ ) ! exodus f ,egypt1 :5 ! t[n ( ,sukko? 7possibly nam$ f ! t5ts ( _! encampm5t7 0 made ! rally+ po9t ( ! fugitive ,hebrews at _! dep>ture f ,egypt4 ,! comm5tators no long] und]/ood ?is connection1 & trac$ ! "n to ! t5ts erect$ by ! p 9 _! w&]+s ?r\gh ! wild]ness47#adhi7 ,x seems t f v anci5t times popul> rites 7 p]=m$ at ?is fea/1 :i* took a specially solemn =m 9 ! hold+ ( a procession f ! pool ( ,%iloah at ! foot ( ! ,temple m\nt to ! alt> 9 ! ,temple1 to (f] !re a libation ( wat]1 :i* 0 a sort ( symbolic pray] = ra9 = ! op5+ ye>4 ,obvi\sly1 x is ?is fea/ :i* is ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,ze*>iah1 :ile ?is outbur/ ( popul> joy f\nd a deep response among ! pi\s lead]s ( ! p & is e*o$ 9 ! liturgy ( ! m$ieval ,synagogue47#adij7 ,! ,halakic rules conc]n+ ! tab]nacle & ! f\r plans = x t5d$ to obscure ! real significance ( ! fe/ival27#adia7 yet 9 ! synagogue & ! home x reta9$ its orig9al "* z a 8season ( gladness40 ,! joy\s gratitude to ,god = ,8 protection ( ,israel dur+ ! =ty ye>s ( w&]+s ?r\gh ! wild]ness exp&$ into ?anksgiv+ = ,8 guidance ?r\gh\t ! =ty c5turies ( ,israel's pilgrimage ?r\gh all l&s & ages4 ,?is joy culm9at$ on ! la/ day 9 ! ,fea/ ( ,rejoic+ 9 ! ,law1 :5 ! annual cycle ( read+s f ! ,p5tateu* 0 complet$ 9 ! ,synagogue amid ov]fl[+ pride 9 ! possession ( ,god's law by ,israel47#adib7 ,! rabbis gave ,sukko? a univ]sal significance by tak+ ! sev5ty bullocks prescrib$ = ! sev5 days z (f]+s = ! salvation ( ! sev5ty nations ( ! _w1 :ile ! "o bullock (f]$ on ! la/ day sugge/$ ! uniqu5ess ( ,israel z ,god's peculi> p47#adic7 #ab4 ,! highe/ po9t ( religi\s devotion 9 ! synagogue is rea*$ on ! ,new ,ye>'s day & ! ,day ( ,atonem5t prec$+ ! ,fea/ ( ,sukko?4 ,^! are fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! ,prie/ly ,code & 7 und\bt$ly in/itut$ aft] ! "t ( ,ezra27#adid7 !y 7 !n br\ght into clos] connection by ! ,ph>isees & p]meat$ ) l(ty ideas :i* /ruck ! deepe/ *ords ( ! human he>t & voic$ ! sublime/ tru?s ( religion = all "t to come4 ,! ,new ,ye>'s ,day on ! fir/ ( ,ti%ri appe>s 9 ! ,mosaic ,code simply z ! memorial 8,day ( ! ,bl[+ ( ! ,trumpet10 because ( ! increas$ numb] ( trumpet bla/s to u%] 9 ! sev5? or ,sabbatical mon? ) its great pilgrim fea/4 ,"u ,babylonian influ5ce1 h[ev]1 x receiv$ a new "n & mean+4 ,! ,babylonian ,new ,ye> 0 look$ ^u z a heav5ly day ( de/9y :5 ! fates ( all be+s on e>? & 9 heav5 7 =etold = ! :ole ye> f ! tables ( de/9y4 ,! lead]s ( ,jewi% ?\ght also adopt$ ! fir/ day ( ! holy mon? ( ,ti%ri z a day ( div9e judgm5t1 :5 ,god allots to ea* man 8 de/9y = ! ye> accord+ to 8 record ( good & evil de$s 9 ! book ( life47#adie7 ,accord+ly1 ! /irr+ notes ( ! ,%(> 7 to /rike ! he>ts ( ! p ) fe>1 t !y might rep5t ( _! s9s & improve _! ways dur+ ! new ye>4 ,z fix$ by tradition1 ! liturgy conta9$ ?ree bla/s ( ! ,%(> to proclaim ?ree great ideas ( ,judaism37#adif7 ! recognition ( ,god z ,k+ ( ! _w2 z ,judge1 rememb]+ ! actions & ?\ghts ( m5 & nations = _! rew>d & puni%m5t2 & z ! ,rul] ( hi/ory1 :o reveal$ ,himself to ,israel 9 ! trumpet-bla/s ( ,s9ai & w ga!r all m5 & nations by ! trumpet-bla/s ( ! ,judgm5t ,day at ! end ( "t4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ! ,new ,ye> 0 to r5d] x a day ( r5ewal ( ! he>t1 s t man might put himself 9 h>mony ) ! great ,judge on high & receive life anew f ,8 h&1 :ile he fills 8 _s ) new & bett] resolves = ! future4 ,judaism does n place ! day ( judgm5t aft] dea?1 :5 rep5tance is beyond rea* & ! s9n] c only await damnation1 z is done by ,*ri/ianity aft] ! apocalyptic views adopt$ f ! ,p>sees4 ,! ,jewi% judgm5t day occurs at ! beg9n+ ( e ye>1 a day ( self-exam9ation & improvem5t ( m5 be=e ,god4 ,on ?is day--9 ! or?odox ,synagogue on ! second day ( ! ,new ,ye>--! *apt] is read f ! ,torah describ+ ,abraham's great act ( fai? on ,m\nt ,moriah1 ! h]oic patt]n ( ,jewi% m>tyrdom1 & /irr+ pray]s1 litanies1 & songs prep>e ! wor%ip] = ! 8great day0 ( ! ye>1 ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 :i* is to come on ! t5? day ( ,ti%ri1 ! la/ ( ! t5 ,days ( ,rep5tance4 #ac4 ,! ,day ( ,atonem5t figures 9 ! ,mosaic ,code z ! day :5 ! high prie/ 9 ! ,temple p]=m$ ! important function ( expiation = ! sanctu>y1 ! prie/hood1 & ! p4 ,! mass ( ! p 7 to obs]ve ! day f ev5+ to ev5+ z a ,sabba? & a fa/ day to obta9 p>don = _! s9s be=e ,god47#adig7 ,a v primitive rite :i* surviv$ = ?is day 0 ! selection ( two goats1 "o ( :i* 0 to be s5t to ,azazel1 ! demon ( ! wild]ness1 to be> away ! s9s ( ! p1 :ile ! o!r 0 to be (f]$ to ! ,"l z a sacrifice4 ,we le>n f ! ,mi%naic s\rces t ! s5d+ =? ( ! scapegoat 0 accompani$ by /range practices betray+ int5se popul> int]e/1 & its arrival at ! bottom ( ! wild rav9e1 :]e ,azazel 0 suppos$ to dwell1 0 ann\nc$ by signals f /ation to /ation1 until !y rea*$ ! ,temple m\nt1 & ! news ( x 0 !n receiv$ ) wild bur/s ( joy by ! p4 ,! "y m5 & maid5s assembl$ on ! heights ( ,j]usalem1 l ! m5 at ! pilgrimage fea/ at ,%iloh1 & held1 z x 71 nuptial dances47#adih7 ,! day 0 "o ( communion ) ,god = ! high-prie/ alone2 he confess$ 8 s9s & ^? ( ! p & implor$ =giv5ess1 & x 0 actually believ$ t he beheld ! ,maje/y ( ,god on t day :5 he ent]$ ! ,holy ( ,holies ) ! inc5se %r\d+ 8 face47#adii7 ,9 contra/ to ?is prie/ly monopoly ( s]vice ) its ext]nal & ar*aic =ms ( expiation1 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,synagogue inve/$ ! ,day ( ,atonem5t ) a high] mean+ 9 accord ) ! _s ( ! prophets ( old1 ! doctr9e ( ,god's m]cy & pat]nal love4 ,atonem5t c\ld no long] be obta9$ by ! prie/ ) ! sacrificial blood1 ! inc5se1 or ! scapegoat2 x mu/ come ?r\gh ! rep5tance ( ! s9n]1 lead+ him back f ! pa? ( error to ! way ( ,god4 ,z ! high-prie/ 9 ! ,temple1 s n[ e son ( ,israel 0 to sp5d ! day 9 ! h\se ( pray]1 confess+ 8 s9s be=e ,god ) a contrite he>t1 await+ ) awe ! realization ( ,god's promise to ,moses3 8,i h p>don$ accord+ to ?y ^w407#aejj7 ,inde$1 a =w>d /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( religion is repres5t$ 9 ! int]pretation ( ! v]se3 8,= on ?is day he--t is1 ! high-prie/--%all make atonem5t = y to cleanse y10 :i* 0 n[ und]/ood to ref] to ,god3 8,he %all make atonem5t = y ?r\gh ?is day407#aeja7 ,!re=e ,r4 ,akiba c\ld exclaim pr\dly1 z he ?\ght ( ! ,paul9ian doctr9e ( vic>i\s atonem5t3 8,happy are ye ,israelites6 ,be=e :om d y cleanse y\rselves f s91 & :o cleanses y8 ,y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5607#aejb7 ,no m$iator 0 ne$$ betwe5 man & 8 heav5ly ,fa!r f ! mom5t t ea* individual le>n$ to approa* ,god 9 true humility on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 implor+ ,8 p>don = s9 & promis+ to am5d 8 ways4 ,) pr(\nd intuition ! rabbis attribut$ ,god's p>don to ! petition ( ,moses1 say+ t ,he reveal$ ,himself 9 ,8 attribute ( m]cy on ! v t5? ( ,ti%ri1 =e%ad[+ = all "t ! div9e =giv5ess ( s9 on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t47#aejc7 ,z ! ,mi%nah expressly /ates1 ev5 ! ,day ( ,atonem5t _c br+ =giv5ess s long z inju/ice cleaves to "o's h& or evil spee* to ! lips & no attempt is made to repair ! injury & appease "o's fell[-man47#aejd7 ,:]e ju/ice is lack+1 div9e love _c ex]t its sav+ p[]4 ,god's m]cy & long-suff]+ _c remove s91 unless ! root ( evil is remov$ f ! he>t & e wrong r$ress$ 9 s9c]e rep5tance4 ,! _s ( ,god is invok$ on ^! great days at ! ye>'s comm5cem5t only t ! p5it5t s\l may ?us receive /r5g? to improve its ways1 t good conduct 9 ! future may atone = ! errors ( ! pa/4 ,surely no religion 9 ! _w c equal ! sublime tea*+s ( ! ,new ,ye>'s day & ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 fir/ fill+ ! he>t ( mortal man ) awe be=e ! ,judge ( ! _w & !n *e]+ x ) ! assurance ( ,god's pat]nal love be+ ev] ready to ext5d m]cy to ,8 rep5tant *ildr54 ,:ile ! o!r fe/ivals ( ! ye> are specifically ,jewi% 9 hi/oric associations & mean+1 ^! two days on ! ?re%old ( ea* new ye> are univ]sally human1 & ! *ief pray]s = ?is day are ( a univ]sal "*1 appeal+ to e human he>t4 ,inde$1 x is *>act]i/ic t bo? ! conclud+ s]vice = ! day1 ! ,neilah1 & ! ,scriptural read+ ( ! ,m9hah ,s]vice1 select$ f ! book ( ,jonah1 tell t ,god's all-=giv+ m]cy ext5ds to ! non-,jewi% _w z well z to ! ,jew47#aeje7 #ad4 ,altoge!r1 ! ,synagogue gave to ! annual cycle ( ! ,jewi% life a beautiful rhy?m 9 its alt]nation ( joy & sorr[1 l5d+ a high] solemnity to g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,all ! fe/ivals m5tion$ above 7 prec$$ by a s]ies ( ,sabba?s to prep>e ! congregation = ! com+ ( ! sad or ! joyful season ) its hi/orical rem9isc5ces4 ,s ! memorial day ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ! n9? ( ,ab1 _h ?ree weeks previ\sly to h]ald 9 a day commemorat+ ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 ! sev5te5? ( ,tammuz2 b x _h also sev5 ,sabba? days to foll[1 :i* af=d$ words ( consolation & hope ( a m glori\s future = ! m\rn+ nation47#aejf7 ,( c\rse1 ! bright] days ( ! pres5t era h greatly modifi$ ! lugubri\s "* ( ^! ev5tful days ( ! pa/1 ev5 9 ^? circles :]e ! hope = ! re/oration ( ! ,jewi% nation & ,temple is /ill express$ 9 pray]4 ,at ! same "t1 ! commemoration ( ! de/ruction ( ,/ate & ,temple1 ! great turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jew1 ought to be giv5 a prom95t place 9 ! ,re=m ,synagogue z well1 ?\gh celebrat$ 9 ! _s ( progressive ,judaism4 ,! fea/ ( ,hanukkah ) its lights & song1 jubilant ) ! ,maccabean victory 9 ! battle = ,israel's fai?1 /ill res\nds 9 ! ,jewi% home & ! h\se ( ,god ) ! prophetic wat*word3 8,n by might1 nor by p[]1 b by ,my _s1 sai? ! ,"l ( ,ho/s407#aejg7 ,! mir?ful fea/ ( ,purim1 ) its half-s]i\s1 half-jovial use ( ! scroll ( ,e/h] & its popul> rejoic+1 assum$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t a m e>ne/ "*1 because ! plot ( ,haman & ! rescue ( ! ,jews became typical 9 ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,!re=e ! /ory ( ,amalek1 ! ar*-foe ( ,israel1 is read 9 ! ,synagogue on ! prec$+ ,sabba? z a rem9d] ( ! con/ant battle :i* ,israel mu/ wage = its supreme religi\s task47#aejh7 #ae4 ,?r\gh ! entire hi/ory ( ,judaism s9ce ! ,exile1 ! ,synagogue br\ght its religi\s tru? home to ! p ea* ,sabba? & holy day ?r\gh ! read+ & exp\nd+ ( ! ,torah & ! prophets4 ,^! words ( consolation & admonition /ruck a deep *ord 9 ! he>ts ( ! p1 s t le>n+ 0 ! covet$ prize ( all & ignorance ( ! law became a m>k ( inf]iority4 ,beside ^! /at$ occasions1 all times ( joy or sadness su* z w$d+s & fun]als 7 giv5 "s att5tion 9 ! ,synagogue1 z l9k+ ! individual to ! communal life1 & l9k+ 8 p]sonal joy & sorr[ ) ! pa/ sadness & future glory ( ,j]usalem1 z if !y b mirror$ ! great] ev5ts ( ! p4 ,?us ! :ole life 0 to be plac$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! social body1 & c\ld n be torn asund] or divid$ into ?+s holy & ?+s pr(ane4 ,religion mu/ s5d =? its rays l ! sun1 illum9+ & w>m+ all ( man's de$s & ?\ghts4 #af4 ,! weakness ( ! ,synagogue 0 its ,ori5talism4 ,amid all ! *anges ( "t & environm5t1 x rema9$ sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ _w to su* an ext5t t x c\ld no long] ex]t an influ5ce to w9 outsid]s = its great tru?s4 ,until rec5tly ! ,hebrew language 0 reta9$ = ! entire liturgy1 al?\gh x _h become un9telligible to ! majority ( ! ,jews 9 we/]n l&s1 & ev5 ?\gh ! rabbis _h decl>$ 9 ,talmudic times t ! v]se3 8,he> ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l is our ,god1 ! ,"l is ,"o0 indicates t ! words %\ld be spok5 9 a language :i* c be he>d & und]/ood by ! p47#aeji7 ,! ,torah likewise 01 & 9 ! anci5t ,synagogue is /ill read exclusively 9 ! ,hebrew orig9al1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! orig9al read+ "u ,ezra 0 accompani$ by a translation & int]pretation 9 ! ,aramaic v]nacul>4 ,?us only c\ld ! ,torah become 8! h]itage ( ! :ole congregation ( ,jacob10 :i* fact gave rise to bo? ! ,aramaic & ,greek translations ( ! ,bible :i* c>ri$ ! tru?s ( ,judaism to ! wid] circle ( ! _w4 ,^! pla9 facts 7 ignor$ ?r\gh ! c5turies to ! detrim5t ( ! ,jewi% fai?1 & ?is neglect1 9 turn1 eng5d]$ a false conception ( ,judaism1 mak+ x seem ev] m exclusive & n>r[4 ,in/ead ( becom+ 8our wisdom & und]/&+ be=e all ! nations107#aeaj7 k ( ! ,torah dw9dl$ to a possession ( ! few1 :ile ! c]emonial laws1 obs]v$ by ! _m1 7 p]=m$ )\t any und]/&+ ( _! orig9 or purpose4 ,b 9 ! la/ c5tury "u ! bann] ( ,re=m ,judaism _m ( ^! po9ts 7 alt]$4 ,! v]nacul> 0 introduc$ into ! ,synagogue1 s t ! mod]n ,jew might pray 9 ! same tongue 9 :i* he feels & ?9ks1 ?us turn+ ! pray]s f me*anical recitations into true (f]+s ( ! s\l1 & br++ ! ,scriptural read+s ne>] to ! consci\sness ( ! congregation4 ,likewise ! re9troduction ( ! s]mon 9 ! v]nacul> z "p ( ! div9e s]vice = ,sabba? & holy days became ! vehicle to awak5 religi\s s5tim5ts 9 ! he>ts ( ! p1 & !reby to revive ! _s ( ! anci5t prophets & ,haggadi/s47#aeaa7 #ag4 ,?is ,ori5talism is especially m>k$ 9 ! attitude ( ! old] ,synagogue to wom54 ,true en\gh1 woman 0 honor$ z ! mi/ress ( ! home4 ,%e k9dl$ ! ,sabba? light1 provid$ = ! joy & com=t ( dome/ic life1 especially on ! holy days1 obs]v$ /rictly ! laws ( diet & purity1 & awak5$ ! _s ( piety 9 h] *ildr54 ,/ill %e 0 exclud$ f ! regul> div9e s]vice 9 ! ,synagogue4 ,%e did n c\nt z a memb] ( ! religi\s community1 :i* consi/$ exclusively ( m54 ,%e _h to sit 9 ! gall]y beh9d a trellis dur+ ! s]vice & c\ld n ev5 jo9 ! m5 9 say+ grace at table4 ,a few r>e wom5 7 privileg$ to /udy ,hebrew1 su* z ! daught] ( ,ra%i1 b z a rule woman's education 0 neglect$ z if 8%e _h no claim on any o!r wisdom ?an ! di/aff407#aeab7 ,m & m ,judaism lo/ sight ( its noble types ( wom5 9 antiquity2 x =got ! ,biblical h]o9es su* z ,miriam & ,deborah1 ,hannah & ,hulda1 & ,talmudic ones su* z ,b]uria ! wife ( ,rabbi ,meir4 ,su* wom5 z ^! might h repeat$ ! words3 8,ha? ! ,"l inde$ spok5 only ?r\gh ,moses8 ,ha? ,he n also spok5 ?r\gh u807#aeac7 ,aside f ! sph]e ( religion1 9 :i* woman always manife/s a spl5did weal? ( s5tim5t1 %e 0 held 9 subjection by ,ori5tal laws 9 bo? m>ital & social relations17#aead7 & h] natural vocation z religi\s tea*] ( ! *ildr5 9 ! home fail$ to receive full recognition also4 ,! fir/ attempt to lib]ate ! ,jewi% woman f ! yoke ( ,ori5talism 0 made 9 ! elev5? c5tury by ,rabbi ,g]%on b5 ,jehudah ( ,may5ce1 at t "t ! lead+ rabbi ( ,g]many4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,occid5tal ideas he secur$ equal rights = m5 & wom5 9 m>riage47#aeae7 ,b only 9 our own "t 7 full rights accord$ h] 9 ! ,synagogue1 ow+ to ! re=m movem5t 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! confirmation ( *ildr5 ( bo? sexes1 :i* 0 gradually introduc$ 9 _m cons]vative congregations also1 0 ! virtual recognition ( woman z ! equal ( man 9 ,synagogue & s*ool47#aeaf7 ,f9ally1 ^u ! initiative ( ,isaac ,m4 ,wise1 !n ,rabbi 9 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 family pews 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,synagogue & woman 0 seat$ beside h] husb&1 son1 fa!r1 & bro!r z _! equal4 ,) h] great] emotional p[]s %e is able to l5d a new solemnity & dignity to ! religi\s & educational ef=ts ( ! ,synagogue1 :]ev] %e is admitt$ z a full p>ticipant 9 ! s]vice4 #ah4 ,ano!r %ortcom+ ( ! ,synagogue & ( ,rabb9ical ,judaism 9 g5]al 0 its =malism4 ,too mu* /ress 0 laid ^u ! p]functory 8dis*>ge ( duty10 ! outw>d p]=mance ( ! lett] ( ! law1 & n en\gh ^u ! spiritual basis ( ! ,jewi% religion4 ,! =m obscur$ ! _s1 ev5 ?\gh x nev] q succe$$ 9 ?rottl+ x4 ,?is =malism ( ! ignorant1 b obs]vant multitude 0 c5sur$ z e>ly z ! elev5? c5tury by ,bahya b5 ,joseph ibn ,pakudah 9 8 8,duties ( ! ,he>t10 a philosophical "w 9 :i* he emphatically urges ! ne$ ( inw>dness = ! ,jewi% fai?47#aeag7 ,lat] ! my/ics ( ,g]many & ,pale/9e1 :ile /rong support]s ( ! law1 oppos$ ! "o-sid$ness ( legalism & intellectualism1 & endeavor$ to in/ill elem5ts ( deep] devotion into ! ,jewi% s\l ?r\gh ! introduction ( _! secret lore1 ,cabbalah1 or 8esot]ic tradition407#aeah7 ,_! (f]+1 h[ev]1 0 any?+ b b5eficial to ! s\l ( ,judaism4 ,a my/icism :i* attempts to fa?om ! unfa?omable dep? ( ! div9e accords b ill ) ! tea*+ ( ,judaism1 :i* says3 8,! secret ?+s belong unto ! ,"l our ,god1 b ! ?+s t are reveal$ belong unto u & to our *ildr5 =ev]1 t we may d all ! words ( ?is law407#aeai7 ,! ,cabbalah 0 b ! reaction to ! excessive rationalism ( ! ,spani%-,arabic p]iod4 ,z ! ultimate s\rce ( religion is n reason b ! he>t1 s ! cultivation ( ! intellect at ! exp5se ( ! emotions c be only h>mful to ! fai?4 ,! legalism & casui/ry ( ! ,talmud & ! ,codes appeal$ too mu* to ! intellect1 disreg>d+ ! deep] emotional s\rces ( religion & morality2 on ! o!r h&1 ! my/icism ( ! ,cabbali/s ov]emphasiz$ ! emotional elem5t1 & elim9at$ mu* ( ! rational basis ( ,judaism4 ,true religion grasps ! :ole ( man & %[s ,god's _w z a h>moni\s :ole1 reflect+ 9 bo? m9d & he>t ! greatness & maje/y ( ,god on high4 ,9 ord] to op5 ! flood-gates ( ! s\l & r5d] religion aga9 ! deepe/ & /ronge/ =ce ( life1 ! ,synagogue mu/ revitalize its "t-honor$ in/itutions & c]emonies4 ,?us only w !y become real p[]s ( ! ,jewi% _s1 te/imonies to ! liv+ ,god1 witness+ to ! tru? ( ! ,biblical words3 8,= ?is comm&m5t :i* ,i comm& !e ?is day1 x is n too h>d = !e1 nei!r is x too f> (f4 ,x is n 9 heav51 t ?\ %\lde/ say1 #8,:o %all g up = u to heav5 & br+ x unto u1 & make u to he> x1 t we may d x8' ,nei!r is x beyond ! sea1 t ?\ %\lde/ say1 #8,:o %all g ov] ! sea = u & br+ x unto u1 & make u to he> x1 t we may d x8' ,b ! ^w is v nigh unto !e1 9 ?y m\? & 9 ?y he>t1 t ?\ maye/ d x407#aebj7 #ai4 ,! ,synagogue ne$ no long] re/rict itself to ! anci5t =ms ( wor%ip 9 its appeal to ! ,jewi% s\l4 ,x mu/ po9t to ! l(tie/ ideals = ! future ( all humanity1 if x is to be true to its prophetic _s ( yore4 8,my h\se %all be call$ a h\se ( pray] = all peoples10 exclaim$ ! se] ( ! exile47#aeba7 8,he> ,o ,israel1 ! ,"l our ,god1 ! ,"l is "o0 mu/ be e*o$ 9 all l&s & languages1 by all ,god-seek+ m9ds & he>ts1 to realize ! prophetic vision3 8,& ! ,"l %all be ,k+ ov] all ! e>?2 9 t day ! ,"l %all be ,"o1 & ,8 "n ,"o407#aebb7 ,j z !re is b "o tru?1 "o ju/ice1 & "o love1 h[ev] diff]5tly ! v>i\s races & classes ( m5 may conceive !m1 s ,israel %all uphold ,god1 ! only ,"o1 z ! bond ( unity = all m51 despite _! div]sity ( ideas & cultures1 & ,8 tru? w be ! beacon-light = all humanity4 ,z ! ,psalms1 prophets1 & ! op5+ *apt]s ( ! ,p5tateu* speak a language appeal+ to ! common s5se ( mank9d1 s ! div9e wor%ip ( ! ,synagogue mu/ aga9 /rike ! deep] *ords ( humanity1 9 its weal & woe1 its hope & fe>1 its aspirations & ideals4 ,!re=e x is n en\gh t ! in/itutions & c]emonies ( ! ,synagogue are te/imonies to ! great pa/ ( ,israel4 ,!y mu/ also become eloqu5t h]alds & monitors ( ! glori\s future1 :5 all mank9d w h le>n$ ! lessons ( ! ,jewi% fe/ivals1 ! ideals ( lib]ty1 law1 & peace1 ! ?\ghts ( ! div9e judgm5t & ! div9e m]cy4 ,!y mu/ help also to br+ ab\t ! "t :5 ! ideal ( social ju/ice1 :i* ! ,mosaic ,code holds =? = ! ,israeliti% nation1 w h become ! motive-p[] & inc5tive to ! re/abli%m5t ( human society ^u new f\ndations4 ,jehudah ha ,levi1 ! l(ty poet ( m$ieval ,jewry17#aebc7 speaks ( ,israel z ! 8he>t ( humanity10 because x has suppli$ ! spiritual & moral life-blood ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,israel provides cont9ually ! rejuv5at+ influ5ce ( society4 ,israel's hi/ory is ! hi/ory ( ! _w 9 m9iature4 ,z ! ,midra% says17#aebd7 ! confession ( ,god's unity imposes ^u u ! obligation to lead all ,god's *ildr5 to love ,him ) he>t & s\l & might1 ?us work+ t[>d ! "t :5 8! e>? %all be fill$ ) ! k ( ! glory ( ! ,"l z ! wat]s cov] ! sea407#aebe7 ,all ! social1 political1 & intellectual movem5ts ( our re/less1 heav5-/orm+ age1 not)/&+ tempor>y lapses into b>b>ism & hatr$1 po9t un]r+ly to ! f9al goal1 ! unity ( all human & cosmic life "u ! supreme lead]%ip ( ,god on high4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all ^! movem5ts ( ! day /&s ! ,jew1 ,god's witness f ( old1 yet vigor\s & y\?ful /ill1 survey+ ! exp]i5ces ( ! pa/ & voic+ ! hope ( ! future1 exclaim+ 9 ! words ( 8 traditional pray]s3 8,happy are we2 h[ goodly is our portion6 h[ pleasant our lot6 h[ beautiful our inh]itance607#aebf7 ,our fai? is ! fai? ( ! com+ humanity2 our hope ( ,zion is ! k+dom ( ,god1 :i* w include all ! ideals ( mank9d4 ,*apt] ,,lix4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,judaism & ! ,k+dom ( ,god #a4 ,! s\l ( ! ,jewi% religion is its e?ics4 ,its ,god is ! ,f\nta9head & ,ideal ( morality4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! summ>y ( ! e?ical laws 9 ! ,mosaic ,code /&s ! v]se3 8,ye %all be holy1 = ,i ! ,"l y\r ,god am holy407#aebg7 ,?is provides ! ,jew ) ! l(tie/ possible motive = p]fection & at ! same "t ! greate/ inc5tive to an ev] high] conception ( life & life's purpose4 ,accord+ly1 ! k+dom ( ,god = ^: com+ ! ,jew longs f ! beg9n+ until ! end ( ! ye>17#aebh7 does n re/ 9 a _w beyond ! grave1 b 79 consonance ) ! ideal ( ,israel's sages & prophets7 9 a complete moral ord] on e>?1 ! reign ( tru?1 righte\sness & hol9ess among all m5 & nations4 ,jewi% e?ics1 !n1 d]ives its sanction f ,god1 ! ,au?or & ,ma/] ( life1 & sees its purpose 9 ! hall[+ ( all life1 individual & social4 ,its motive is ! spl5did conception t man1 ) 8 f9ite ends1 is l9k$ to ! inf9ite ,god ) ,8 inf9ite ends2 or1 z ! rabbis express x1 8,man is a co-work] ) ,god 9 ! "w ( creation407#aebi7 #b4 ,bo? ! t]m e?ics 7f ! ,greek e?os7 & morality 7f ! ,lat9 mores7 are d]iv$ f cu/om or habit4 ,9 di/9ction to ?is1 ! ,hebrew ,scripture po9ts to ,god's w z p]ceiv$ 9 ! human consci5ce z ! s\rce ( all morality4 ,^? e?ical sy/ems :i* disp5se ) religion fail to take due cognizance ( ! voice ( duty :i* says to ea* man3 8,?\ %alt0 or 8,?\ %alt n60 ,duty di/+ui%es man f all o!r creatures4 ,h[ev] l[ man may be 9 ! scale ( fre$om1 he is mov$ to action by an impulse f )91 n by a compulsion f )\t4 ,( c\rse1 morality mu/ travel a long road f ! primitive code1 :i* does n ext5d beyond ! ne> k9sm51 to ! ideal ( civiliz$ man :i* encompasses ! _w4 ,/ill man's /eps are always direct$ by "s rule ( duty4 ,! voice ( consci5ce1 he>d cle>ly or dimly1 is n1 z is s (t5 ass]t$1 ! product1 b ! orig9al guid+ factor ( human society4 ,! div9e inn] p[] ( morality has made man1 n man morality4 ,morality & religion1 insep>ably unit$ 9 ! ,decalogue ( ,s9ai1 w atta9 _! p]fection toge!r 9 ! k+dom ( ,god ^u ! ,zion heights ( humanity4 #c4 ,e?ical elem5ts1 great] or small]1 ent] into all religions & codes ( law ( ! v>i\s nations4 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,p]sia & ,india ev5 connect$ e?ical pr9ciple & ! future ( ! s\l s closely1 t c]ta9 e?ical laws 7 to det]m9e "o's fate 9 heav5 or hell4 ,?is l$ to ! idea t ?is life is b ! prep>atory /age to ! great h]eaft]4 ,b antiquity also witness$ m or less successful attempts to emancipate e?ics f religion4 ,:5 ! old beliefs no long] satisfi$ ! ?9k+ m9d & no long] kept m5 f corruption1 v>i\s philosoph]s attempt$ to provide g5]al pr9ciples ( morality z sub/itutes = ! dep>t$ deities4 ,confucius built up 9 ,*9a a sy/em ( common-s5se e?ics bas$ ^u ! communal life1 b )\t any religi\s ideals2 ?is satisfi$ ! commonplace attitude ( t c\ntry1 b c\ld n pass beyond ! conf9es ( ! f> ,ea/4 ,a semi-religi\s ascetic sy/em 0 (f]$ at ab\t ! same "t by ,gautama ,buddha ( ,india1 a pr9ce g>b$ z a m5dicant fri>1 :o prea*$ ! gospel ( love & *>ity = all fell[ creatures4 ,8 lead+ maxims 7 bl9d resignation & self-effacem5t 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ills1 suff]+ & dea? :i* rule ! entire doma9 ( life4 ,all exi/5ce 0 evil to him1 ) its pleasure1 passion & desire1 its ?\ght & feel+2 8 aim 0 a /ate ( apa?y & li/lessness1 ,nirvana2 :ile sympa?y & compassion = fell[ creatures 7 to (f] "s relief to a life ( delusion & despair4 ,! ,h9du conception ( ! unbe>able woe ( ! _w correspond$ m or less ) ! hot climate1 :i* r5d]s ! p indol5t & apa!tic4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ?is 0 ! vigor\s manhood ( ! e?ical sy/ems develop$ on ! heal?y soil ( ,greece1 "u ! azure canopy ( a sky t fills ! s\l ) beauty & joy4 ,life %\ld be valu$ = ! happ9ess x (f]s to ! individual or to society4 ,! good %\ld be lov$ = its beauty1 ! j admir$ = its nobility4 ,greek e?ics 0 ?us bo? ari/ocratic & utilit>ian2 x took no he$ ( ! toil+ slave1 ! suff]+ poor1 or ! unprotect$ /rang]4 ,bo? ! ,buddhi/ & ! ,hell5ic sy/ems lack$ ! en]giz+ =ce & motive ( ! highe/ purpose ( life1 because bo? h left out ( _! purview ! great ,rul] :o summons man to 8 duty1 say+3 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god2 ?\ %alt & ?\ %alt n60 #d4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes1 ! ,hell5ic self-expansion & ! ,buddhi/ self-ext9ction1 ,jewi% e?ics labors = self-elevation "u ! uplift+ p[] ( a holy ,god4 ,! t]m :i* ,scripture uses = moral conduct is1 v significantly1 8to walk 9 ! ways ( ,god40 ,! rabbis expla9 ?is z foll[s3 8,z ,god is m]ciful & graci\s1 s be ?\ m]ciful & graci\s4 ,z ,god is call$ righte\s1 s be ?\ righte\s4 ,z ,god is holy1 s d ?\ /rive to be holy407#aecj7 ,ano!r ( _! maxims is3 8,h[ c mortal man walk aft] ,god1 :o is an all-consum+ fire8 ,:at ,scripture means is t man %\ld emulate ,god4 ,z ,he clo!s ! nak$1 nurses ! sick1 com=ts ! sorr[+1 & buries ! dead1 s %\ld man407#aeca7 ,9 o!r words1 human life mu/ take its patt]n f ! div9e goodness & hol9ess4 #e4 ,obvi\sly1 ,jewi% e?ics _h to g ?r\gh ! same long process ( developm5t z ! ,jewi% religion itself4 ,a v high /age is repres5t$ by t dis9t]e/$ goodness taught by ,antigonus ( ,soko 9 ! second pre-,*ri/ian c5tury & by b5 ,azzai 9 ! second c5tury ( ! pres5t era1 :i* no long] anticipates rew>d or puni%m5t1 b does good = its own sake & %uns evil because x is evil47#aecb7 ,z long z ! law tol]at$ slav]y1 polygamy1 & blood v5geance1 & man's p]sonality 0 n recogniz$ on pr9ciple z be+ made 9 ! image ( ,god1 ! practical morality ( ! ,hebrews c\ld n rise above t ( o!r nations1 except 9 s f> z ! %eph]d's compassion = ! bea/ occasion$ sympa?y also = ! fell[-man4 ,aft] all1 ,jewi% e?ics became ! e?ics ( humanity because ( ! ,god-conception ( ! prophets1--! righte\s1 m]ciful1 & holy ,god1 ! ,god 8:o execute? ! judgm5t ( ! fa!rless & ! wid[1 & love? ! /rang] 9 giv+ him food & raim5t407#aecc7 ,! conception ( ,jewi% e?ics z human e?ics is voic$ 9 ! famili> v]se3 8,x ha? be5 told !e1 ,o man1 :at is good & :at ! ,"l do? require ( !e3 only to d ju/ly & to love m]cy & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god407#aecd7 ,! all-rul+ & all-see+ ,god ( ! ,psalmi/ made m5 feel t only su* a "o c /& 9 ,8 holy place 8:o ha? clean h&s & a pure he>t1 :o ha? n lift$ up 8 s\l unto falsehood1 nor sworn deceitfully407#aece7 ,aft] law-giv]1 prophet1 & psalmi/ came ! wise1 :o gave e?ics a m practical & popul> "* 9 ! wisdom lit]ature1 & !n came ! ,hasidim or ,ess5es1 :o1 :ile seek+ ! highe/ piety or sa9tl9ess z life's aim1 deep5$ & spiritualiz$ _! e?ical ideals4 ,"s ( ^! consid]$ ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( morality to be love ( ,god & ( ! fell[-man27#aecf7 :ile rabb9ical e?ics 9 g5]al laid great /ress on motive z det]m9+ ! value ( ! de$4 ,! words1 8,?\ %alt fe> ! ,"l ?y ,god10 s (t5 repeat$ 9 ! law1 are tak5 to mean3 ,fe> ,him :o looks into ! he>t1 judg+ motives & int5tions47#aecg7 #f4 ,z ! ,mosaic ,code pres5t$ ! c]emonial & moral laws toge!r z div9e1 s ! rabb9ical s*ools treat$ !m all z div9e comm&m5ts )\t any di/9ction4 ,h5ce ! ,mi%nah & ! ,talmud fail to give e?ics ! prom95t place x occupies 9 ! prophetic & wisdom lit]ature ( ! ,bible & did n ev5 make an attempt to =mulate a sy/em ( e?ics4 ,! e?ical rules 9 ! 8,say+s ( ! ,fa!rs0 & simil> lat] collections make no pret5tions to be+ g5]al or sy/ematic4 ,! e?ical tea*+s became conspicu\s only ?r\gh contact ) ! ,hell5ic _w 9 ! propag&a lit]ature1 ) its aim to w9 ! ,g5tile _w to ,judaism4 ,?us at an e>ly p]iod h&books on e?ics 7 writt5 & circulat$ 9 ! ,greek language1 "s ( :i* 7 aft]w>d appropriat$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,?is entire movem5t is summ$ up 9 ! well-kn[n answ] ( ,hillel to ! hea!n :o desir$ to jo9 ! ,jewi% fai?3 8,:at is hateful to !e1 d ?\ n unto ?y fell[ man2 ?is is ! law1 & all ! re/ is m]ely comm5t>y407#aech7 ,on ! :ole1 rabb9ical ,judaism elaborat$ no e?ical sy/em be=e ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!n1 "u ,mohamm$an influ5ce1 ! ,ari/otelian & ,neo-,platonic philosophies 9 vogue gave rise to c]ta9 e?ical works m or less 9 accord ) _! philosophic or my/ic prototypes4 ,9 addition1 e?ical treatises 7 (t5 writt5 9 ! =m ( wills & ( popul> admonitions1 :i* 7 sometimes broad & human1 at o!r times /]n & ascetic4 ,"o ?\ght1 h[ev]1 prevail$ ?r\gh ! ages3 z life emanates f ! ,god ( hol9ess1 s x mu/ ev] s]ve ,8 holy purposes & b5efit all ,8 e>?ly *ildr54 8,all ! laws giv5 by ,god to ,israel h only ! purification & ennobl+ ( ! life ( m5 = _! object10 say ! rabbis47#aeci7 #g4 ,p]haps ! be/ summ>y ( ,jewi% e?ics 0 pres5t$ by ,hillel 9 ! fam\s ?ree words3 8,if ,i am n = myself1 :o w be = me8 ,b if ,i am = myself alone1 :at am ,i8 ,& if n n[1 :5 !n807#aedj7 ,we f9d "h ?ree sph]es ( duty3 t[>d "o's self1 t[>d o!rs1 & t[>d ! life be=e u4 ,9 contra/ to purely altrui/ic or sociali/ic e?ics1 ,jewi% morality acc5tuat$ ! value ( ! individual ev5 ap>t f ! social organism4 ,man is a *ild ( ,god1 a4 self-consci\s p]sonality1 :o is to unfold & improve ! p[]s implant$ by 8 div9e ,mak]1 9 bo? body & s\l1 labor+ 9 ?is way t[>d ! purpose = :i* he 0 creat$4 ,man 0 creat$ s+le1 says "o ( ! sages 9 ! ,mi%nah17#aeda7 t he might "k t he =ms a _w = himself1 & ! :ole creation mu/ aid him 9 unfold+ ! div9e image )9 himself4 ,accord+ly1 self-pres]vation1 self-improvem5t & self-p]fection are duties ( e man4 ,?is implies fir/ ! c>e = ! human body z ! temple :i* en%r9es ! div9e _s4 ,9 ! eyes ( ,judaism1 to neglect or enfeeble ! body1 ! in/rum5t ( ! s\l1 is altoge!r s9ful4 ,z ! ,sabba? law dem&s physical re/ & recreation aft] ! week's "w1 s ! ,jewi% religion 9 g5]al tra9s m5 to enjoy ! gifts ( ,god2 & ! rabbis decl>e t _! rejection 7except = discipl9>y reasons7 is +ratitude = :i* man mu/ give an acc\nt at ! la/ ,judgm5t ,day47#aedb7 ,! ,ph>isean tea*] :o oppos$ ! ,ess5ic cu/om ( fa/+ & decl>$ x s9ful1 unless x be = special purposes1 w\ld h deprecat$ ev5 m /rongly ! ascetic ,*ri/ian or ,h9doo sa9t :o ca/igat$ 8 body z ! seat ( s947#aedc7 ,z ,hillel rem>k$3 8,see :at c>e is be/[$ ^u ! /atue ( ! emp]or to keep x clean & bright2 ought we n1 likewise1 keep ,god's image1 our body1 clean & free f e blemi%807#aedd7 ,9 reg>d to our moral & spiritual selves ! rabb9ical maxim is3 8,beautify ?yself fir/1 & !n beautify o!rs407#aede7 ,only z we fir/ ennoble ourselves c we !n contribute to ! elevation ( ! _w ab\t u4 ,our indu/ry promotes ! welf>e ( ! community z well z ( ourselves2 our idl5ess h>ms o!rs z well z ourselves47#aedf7 ,^u self-respect re/ our honor & our "*4 ,virtue also is ! result ( self-control & self-conque/47#aedg7 8,!re %all be no /range ,god 9 !e40 ,?is ,psalm v]se is tak5 by ! rabbis to mean t no ang] & passion nor any evil desire or ov]be>+ pride %all obta9 _! ma/]y ov] !e47#aedh7 ,man ass]ts himself 9 brav+ temptation & trial1 9 ov]com+ s9 & grief4 ,great] /ill is ! h]o :o1 9 complete self-ma/]y1 c sacrifice himself 9 a great cause4 ,m>tyrdom = ! sake ( ,god1 :i* ! rabbis call sanctification ( ! "n ( ,god17#aedi7 is really ! ass]tion ( ! div9e life 9 ! mid/ ( dea?4 ,b des]tion ( life f selfi% motives ?r\gh suicide is all ! m despicable4 ,he :o sells 8 human bir?right to escape pa9 or disgrace1 ?\gh greatly to be piti$1 has =feit$ 8 claim & 8 %>e 9 ! _w to come47#aeej7 ,n only our life is to be ma9ta9$ amid all trials z a sacr$ tru/1 b also our rights1 our fre$om1 & our individuality1 = we mu/ n all[ our p]sonality to become ! slave or tool ( o!rs4 ,job1 :o battl$ = 8 own convictions aga9/ ! false assumption ( 8 fri5ds1 0 at la/ prais$ & rew>d$ by ,god47#aeea7 ,! ,biblical v]se3 8,= !y are ,my s]vants :om ,i br\ght =? out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 !y %all n be sold z slaves10 is expla9$ by ! rabbis3 8,my s]vants1 b n s]vants to s]vants10 & is ?us applicable to spiritual slav]y z well47#aeeb7 #h4 ,!re=e ! ,jewi% conception ( duty to our fell[-m5 is by no means compris$ 9 love or b5evol5ce4 ,long be=e ,hillel1 o!r ,jewi% sages gave ! s-call$ ,gold5 ,rule3 8,love ?y neighbor z ?yself10 a negative =m3 8,:at is hateful to !e d n d unto ?y fell[ m5407#aeec7 ,tak5 9 ! positive =m1 ! comm& _c be lit]ally c>ri$ out4 ,we _c love ! /rang] z we love ourselves or our k92 /ill less c we love our enemy1 z is dem&$ by ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,accord+ to ! ,hebrew ,scriptures7#aeed7 we c & %\ld treat our enemy magnanim\sly & =give him1 b we _c truly love him1 unless he turns f an enemy to a fri5d4 ,! real mean+ giv5 by ! rabbis to ! comm&1 8,love ?y neighbor z ?yself0 is3 8,put ?yself 9 8 place & act accord+ly4 ,z ?\ do/ n desire to be robb$ ( ?y prop]ty or good "n or to be injur$ or insult$1 s d n ^! ?+s unto ?y fell[ man407#aeee7 ,!y !n take ! clos+ words1 8,i am ! ,"l ?y ,god10 z an oa? by ,god3 8,i am ! ,"l1 ! ,creator ( ?y fell[ man z well z ( !e2 !re=e1 if ?\ %[e/ love to him1 ,i %all surely rew>d !e1 & if n1 ,i am ! ,judge ready to puni% !e407#aeef7 ,love ( all fell[-m5 is1 9 fact1 taught by bo? ,hillel7#aeeg7 & ,philo47#aeeh7 ,love & helpful sympa?y are impli$ also by ! v]se f ,deut]onomy3 8,he 7! ,"l7 love? ! /rang] 9 giv+ him bread & raim5t4 ,love ye !re=e ! /rang]407#aeei7 ,all memb]s ( ! human h\sehold are dep5d5t on ea* o!r = k9dness & good w1 :e!r we are ri* or poor1 high or l[ly1 9 life or 9 dea?2 s d we owe love & k9dness to all m5 alike4 #i4 ,h[ev]1 love z a pr9ciple ( action is n suffici5tly firm to fa%ion human conduct or rule society4 ,x is too mu* sway$ by impulse & emotion & is (t5 too p>tial4 ,love )\t ju/ice leads to abuse & wrong1 z we see 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* began ) ! pr9ciple ( love1 b (t5 fail$ to he$ ! admonitions ( ju/ice4 ,!re=e ju/ice is ! all-inclusive pr9ciple ( human conduct 9 ! eyes ( ,judaism4 ,ju/ice is imp>tial by its v nature4 ,x mu/ "r e wrong & v9dicate ! cause ( ! oppress$4 8,:5 ,?y judgm5ts are 9 ! e>?1 ! inhabitants ( ! _w w le>n righte\sness10 said ! prophet17#aefj7 describ+ ! j man z he 8t walke? righte\sly & speake? uprightly1 t despise? ! ga9 ( oppressions1 t %ake? 8 h&s f hold+ ( bribes1 t /oppe? 8 e> f he>+ ( blood1 & %utte? 8 eyes f look+ on evil407#aefa7 ,ju/ice is ! requisite n only 9 action1 b also 9 disposition17#aefb7 imply+ hone/y 9 int5tion z 9 de$1 uprightness 9 spee* & mi51 p]fect rectitude1 nei!r tak+ advantage ( ignorance nor abus+ confid5ce47#aefc7 ,x is s9ful to acquire weal? by bett+ or gambl+17#aefd7 or by corn]+ food-supplies to raise ! m>ket price47#aefe7 ,! rabbis d]ive f ,scripture ! ?\ght t1 j z 8y\r balances & weights1 y\r ephah & h90 mu/ be j1 s %\ld y\r yea & nay47#aeff7 ,! v]se1 8,ju/ice1 ju/ice %alt !m foll[107#aefg7 is expla9$ ?us 9 a ,midra% :i* is quot$ by ,bahya b5 ,a%] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury3 8,ju/ice1 :e!r to y\r pr(it or loss1 :e!r 9 ^w or 9 action1 :e!r to ,jew or non-,jew407#aefh7 ,?is category ( ju/ice cov]s also reg>d = ! honor ( our fell[-m51 le/ we h>m x by ! tongue ( ! back-bit]17#aefi7 by ! e> t li/5s to calumny17#aegj7 or by suspicion ca/ ^u ! innoc5t47#aega7 8,god 9 ,8 law takes especial c>e ( ! honor ( our fell[-m510 say ! rabbis1 & 8he :o publicly puts 8 fell[ man to %ame =feits 8 %>e 9 ! _w to come407#aegb7 #aj4 ,b ! ,jewi% conception ( ju/ice is broad] ?an m]e ab/5tion f hurt+ our fell[-m54 ,ju/ice is a positive conception4 ,righte\sness 7,z$akah7 includes also *>ity & philan?ropy4 ,x ass]ts ! claim ( ! poor ^u ! ri*1 ( ! helpless ^u him :o possesses ! means to help4 8,he :o prev5ts ! poor f reap+ ! corn]s ( ! field or ! glean+s ( ! h>ve/1 or 9 any way )holds t :i* has be5 assign$ !m by ! law ( ,moses1 is a robb]10 says ! ,mi%nah1 8= x is writt53 #8,remove n ! old l&m>k1 & ent] n into ! field ( ! fa!rless4' 07#aegc7 ,jewi% e?ics holds t *>ity is n a gift ( condesc5d+ love1 b a duty4 ,x is incumb5t ^u ! =tunate to rescue ! un=tunate1 s9ce all t we possess is only l5t to u by ,god1 ! ,own] ( ! _w1 ) ! *>ge t we provide = ! ne$y :o are "u ,8 special protection4 ,^? :o refuse to give ! poor _! %>e abuse ! div9e tru/4 8,if ?\ l5de/ money to ,my p1 to ! poor ) !e107#aegd7 says ,scripture1 & ! rabbis comm5t on ?is to ! effect t 8! poor are call$ ,god's p2 d n =get t ! turn ( =tune :i* made y ri* & !m poor may turn1 & t y may !n be 9 ne$407#aege7 ,nor is x suffici5t m]ely to give to him :o is poor2 we are bidd5 to uphold him :5 8 p[]s fail47#aegf7 ,?is is ! v pr9ciple ( e?ics ( ! ,mosaic law1 ! pr9ciple = :i* ! great prophets f\ght ) all ! vigor & vehem5ce ( ! div9e _s--social ju/ice4 ,! cry3 8,woe unto !m t jo9 h\se to h\se1 t lay field to field1 till !re be no room107#aegg7 ! condemnation ( ^? 8t swall[ ! ne$y & de/roy ! poor ( ! l&107#aegh7 ! curse hurl$ at him :o )holde? corn17#aegi7 laid ! f\ndations ( a high] ju/ice1 :i* is n satisfi$ ) mitigat+ ! mis]y ( ! un=tunate by acts ( *>ity1 b insi/s on a readju/m5t ( ! social conditions :i* create pov]ty4 ,?is _s creat$ ! poor laws ( ! ,mosaic ,code1 :i* 7 p>tially adopt$ by bo? ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans4 ,x dictat$ ! ,mosaic in/itutions ( ! sev5? ye> ( release & ! ,jubilee ye> = ! re/oration ( fields & h\ses1 to prev5t ! tyranny ( weal? f becom+ a p]man5t s\rce ( oppression4 ,:ile ^! 7 sc>cely ev] put into practice1 !y rema9$ z a prote/ & an appeal4 ,_! aim & p]man5t influ5ce t5d$ t[>d relations betwe5 ! upp] & l[] classes1 :i* w\ld insure ! latt] "s degree ( indep5d5ce & dignity4 ,9 fact1 ! f\ndations laid by ! ,hebrew ,scripture und]lie all our great mod]n ef=ts to turn ! =ces ( *>ity s z to *eck ! s\rces ( evil 9 our social organism4 ,mod]n philan?ropy1 tak+ its clue f ! old ,hebrew ideal1 aims n to alleviate b to cure1 & to /imulate ! natural good 9 society1 mat]ial1 moral & intellectual1 t x may ov]come ! evil4 ,we are recogniz+ m & m ! pr9ciple ( mutual responsibility & int]dep5d5ce ( m5 & classes4 ,yet ?is v pr9ciple1 mod]n z x seems1 0 recogniz$ by ! ,jewi% sages1 z we see 9 ! rem>kable passage :]e ! rabbis comm5t on ! law conc]n+ ! case ( a sla9 body f\nd 9 ! field1 ) ! murd]] unkn[n4 ,! ,bible comm&s t 9 su* a case ! eld]s ( ! city %\ld kill a heif]1 wa% _! h&s ov] x1 & say3 8,our h&s h n %$ ?is blood1 nei!r h our eyes se5 x407#aehj7 ,! rabbis !n ask3 8,h[ c\ld ! eld]s ( a city ev] be suspect$ ( ! crime ( murd]80 & _! reply is3 8,ev5 if !y only fail$ to provide ! poor 9 _! *>ge ) ! necess>y food1 & he became a highway robb] & murd]]2 or if !y left him )\t ! necess>y protection1 & he fell a victim to murd]]s1 !y are held responsible = ! crime be=e ! high] c\rt ( ,god407#aeha7 ,t is1 accord+ to our /ation we are all responsible = ! social conditions :i* create pov]ty & crime1 & x is our duty to e/abli% su* relations betwe5 ! individual & ! community z w remove ! causes ( all ! evils ( society4 #aa4 ,?is1 9 a way1 anticipates ! ?ird maxim ( ,hillel3 8,if n n[1 :5 !n80 ,judaism _c accept ! ,new ,te/am5t _s ( o!r-worldl9ess1 :i* prompt$ ! tea*+3 8,take no ?\ght = y\r life1 :at ye %all eat or :at ye %all dr9k1 nor yet = y\r body :at ye %all put on10 or 8,resi/ n evil407#aehb7 ,su* a view disreg>ds ! values & duties ( dome/ic1 civic1 & indu/rial life1 & creates an insep>able gulf betwe5 sacr$ & pr(ane1 betwe5 religion & culture4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ,jewi% e?ics sets ! highe/ value ^u all ?+s t make man m ( a human be+ & increase 8 p[] ( do+ good4 ,to ,judaism m>riage & home life are reg>d$ z ! normal conditions ( human welf>e & sane morality1 :ile celibacy is consid]$ abnormal47#aehc7 ,labor e/abli%es ! dignity ( man17#aehd7 :ile weal? is a s\rce ( bless+1 a /ew>d%ip 9 ! s]vice ( society47#aehe7 ,9 opposition to ! practice fo/]$ by ! ,ess5es & aft]w>ds adopt$ by ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ( devot+ "o's :ole =tune to *>ity1 ! rabbis decre$ t "o %\ld n give ov] "o fif? ( "o's possessions47#aehf7 ,z has well be5 said1 ,judaism tea*es a 8robu/ morality407#aehg7 ,x reg>ds life z a cont9ual battle = ,god & "r aga9/ e sort ( inju/ice17#aehh7 = tru? aga9/ e k9d ( falsehood4 ,at ! same "t x fo/]s also ! g5tl] virtues ( meekness17#aehi7 k9dness to animals17#aeij7 peaceabl5ess & mode/y47#aeia7 #ab4 ,jewi% e?ics excels all o!r e?ical sy/ems1 especially 9 its insi/5ce on purity & hol9ess4 ,n only is any un*a/e look1 ?\ght1 or act condemn$1 exactly z 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt17#aeib7 z approa*+ adult]y17#aeic7 b all pr(anity ( act or spee* is decl>$ to be an unp>donable (f5se aga9/ ! maje/y ( ,god47#aeid7 ,mode/y 9 demeanor & dress 0 bo? prea*$ & practic$ by ! ,jews ?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages1 :ile 9 non-,jewi% circles co>s5ess & lewdness prevail$ among high & l[1 9 m9/rel song & mona/ic life4 8,! ,"l ?y ,god walke? 9 ! mid/ ( ?y camp 444 !re=e %all ?y camp be holy1 t ,he see no unseemly ?+ 9 !e1 & turn away f !e407#aeie7 ,^! ,biblical words creat$ among ! ,ess5es 7! ,z5uim7 & lat] among ! entire ,jewi% p a _s ( *a/ity & mode/y :i* made ! ,jewi% home ( old a model ( purity & sanctity4 ,! great problem = mod]n ,israel1 amid our pres5t allurem5ts ( luxury & pleasure1 is to re/ore ! home to its pri/9e glory z a sanctu>y ( ,god1 a tra9+ s*ool = virtue1 s t its influ5ce may ext5d ov] ! :ole ( life4 #ac4 ,?us ,jewi% e?ics d]ives its sanction f ! idea ( a ,god ( hol9ess4 ,b x nev] made life au/]e1 depriv+ x ( joy1 or begrudg+ man 8 *e]fulness & laught]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,sabba? & _m ( ! holy days are seasons ( joy1 = gladness %\ld br+ ! _s ( ,god ne> to man47#aeif7 ,moreov]1 ! ,talmud holds t we %\ld enc\rage e means ( promot+ *e] among m54 ,?is is illu/rat$ by "o ( ! popul> leg5ds ( ! prophet ,elijah1 :o told ! sa9tly ,rabbi ,b]oka1 :o prid$ himself ^u 8 au/]ity1 t 8 companions 9 ,p>adise 7 to be two je/]s1 because !y *e]$ ! depress$ & increas$ ! joy 9 ! _w47#aeig7 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,jewi% ideal ( hol9ess is all-inclusive4 ,x aims to hall[ e pursuit & endeavor1 all social relations & activities1 insi/+ only on a pure motive & dis9t]e/$ s]vice4 ,z ! ,rul] ( life is ! s\rce ( all morality1 s all ( life %\ld be made holy ) duty4 ,man becomes a *ild ( ,god ?r\gh 8 responsibility1 in/ead ( rema9+ a m]e product ( ! social =ces ab\t him or ( claim+ self-suffici5t sov]eignty & refus+ to ackn[l$ge a high] ,w4 ,jewi% e?ics is autonom\s1 because x insi/s on ! div9e _s 9 man47#aeih7 ,z we foll[ ! div9e ,patt]n ( hol9ess1 all t we h & are1 body & s\l1 weal & woe1 weal? & want1 pa9 & pleasure1 life & dea?1 become /epp+-/ones on ! road to hol9ess & godl9ess4 ,life is l a ladd] on :i* man c rise f r\nd to r\nd1 to come ev] ne>] to ,god on high :o beckons him t[>d ev] high] ideals & a*ievem5ts4 ,man & humanity are ?us giv5 ! pot5tiality ( inf9ite progress 9 e direction4 ,sci5ce & art1 indu/ry & comm]ce1 lit]ature & law1 e pursuit ( man comes )9 ! scope ( religion & e?ics4 ,= ,god's k+dom ( tru?1 righte\sness & peace1 z beheld by ,israel's se]s ( old1 w be fully e/abli%$ on e>? only :5 all ! =ces ( mat]ial1 intellectual1 & social life h be5 unfold$1 :5 all ! prophetic ideals1 ! visions & aspirations ( all ! se]s ( humanity h be5 realiz$1 & ! ,zion heights ( human p]fection h at la/ be5 atta9$4 8,! wise h no re/1 nei!r 9 ?is _w nor 9 ! _w to come1 = x is said3 #8!y g f /r5g? to /r5g?1 until !y appe> be=e ,god on ,zion4' 07#aeii7 ,,li/ ,,( ,,abbreviations ,a4 d4 ,r4 ,n4 ,abo? di ,rabbi ,na?an ,a4 ,t4 ,altes ,te/am5t ,ab4 ,z4 ,aboda ,z>ah ,ag4 ,agada ,ann4 ,annotations ,ant4 ,antiquities 7( ,josephus7 ,ap4 ,apionem1 contra ,apoc4 ,apocalyptic ,arak4 ,arak9 ,art4 ,article ,b4 ,babli 7,babylonian7 b4 b5 ,b4 ,b4 ,baba ,ba?ra ,b4 ,h4 ,be? ha ,midra% ,b4 ,k4 ,baba ,kamma ,b4 ,m4 ,baba ,metzia ,beitr4 ,beitraege ,b]4 ,b]ako? ,bibl4 ,bible or ,biblical ,c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,r4 ,c5tral ,conf]5ce ( ,am]ican ,rabbis ,cant4 ,canticles ,*ron4 ,*ronicles ,*4 ,*apt] ,comm4 ,comm5t>y1 -ies ,comp4 ,comp>e ,cor4 ,cor9?ians1 ,epi/le to ,dan4 ,daniel ,deut4 ,deut]onomy ,dict4 ,diction>y ,eccl4 ,ecclesia/es ,enc4 ,encyclop$ia 7a7 ,brit4 ,britannia 7b7 ,r4 a4 ,e?4444 ( ,religion & ,e?ics ,ep4 ,epi/le ,eph4 ,ephesians1 ,epi/le to ,e?nol4 ,e?nologis*e ,ex4 ,exodus ,ez4 ,ezekiel ,g4 ,j4 ,ges*i*te d] ,jud5 7,graetz7 ,g4 ,jud4 ,ges*i*te des ,jud5?ums 7,jo/7 ,g4 ,v4 ,i4 ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel 7,s*u]]7 ,gal4 ,galatians1 ,epi/le to ,g54 ,g5esis ,ges4 ,abh4 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung5 ,ges4 ,s*rf4 ,gesammelte ,s*rift5 ,ges*4 u4 ,lit4 ,ges*i*te und ,lit]ature ,gottesd4 ,gottesdi5/li*e ,h4 ,hilko? ,h4 ,b4 ,h&bu* ,h4 ,j4 ,hi/ory ( ,jews 7,graetz7 ,h4 ,u4 ,c4 ,hebrew ,union ,college ,hab4 ,habakkuk ,hag4 ,hagigah ,hi/4 ,hi/ory ,hor4 ,horayo? ,hul4 ,hull9 ,introd4 ,introduction ,isai4 ,isaiah ,israel4 ,israelitis* ,j4 ,j\rnal ,j4 ,e4 ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia ,j4 ,q4 ,r4 ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review ,j4 ,w4 ,jewi% ,w> 7,josephus7 ,jahrb4 ,jahrbu* ,j]4 ,j]emiah ,jew4 ,jewi% ,jo%4 ,jo%ua ,jud4 ,jud5?ums ,judg4 ,judges ,ju$4 ,ju$is* ,k4 ,a4 ,t4 8,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t0 ,k]4 ,k]i?o? ,ke?4 ,ke?ubo? ,kil4 ,kilayim ,l4 ,lit]ature l4 c4 loco citato1 ! same place2 libro citato1 ! same book 7= ! usual o4 c4 op]e citato74 ,lam4 ,lam5tations ,lev4 ,leviticus ,m4 ,k4 ,mo$ ,katan ,macc4 ,maccabees1 ,book ( ,maim4 ,maimonides ,mak4 ,makko? ,mal4 ,mala*i ,mas4 ,masseke? ,meg4 ,megillah ,mek4 ,mekil?a ,m54 ,m5aho? ,mid4 ,midra% ,mts*r4 ,monatss*rift fu] ,ges*i*te und ,wiss5s*aft des ,jud5?ums ,mit?4 ,mit!ilung5 ,na*gel-,s*r4 ,na*gelass5e ,s*rift5 ,neh4 ,nehemiah ,nid4 ,niddah ,numb4 ,numb]s ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,pirke di ,rabbi ,eliez] ,p>s4 ,p>sis* ,pes4 ,pesahim1 -ee ,pes4 ,r4 ,pesikta ,rabba?i ,pesik4 ,pesikta di ,rab ,kahana ,phil4 ,philosophy or ,philosophical ,prov4 ,prov]bs ,prot4 ,prote/antis* ,ps4 ,psalms ,psy*4 ,psy*ologis* ,quel4 ,quell5 ,r4 ,rabbah1 also ,rabbi1 ,rabban ,r4 h4 ,%4 ,ro% ha ,%anah ,r4 ,w4 ,b4 ,real-,wo]t]bu* ref4 ref]r+ or ref]5ce ,rel4 ,religion ,s4 ,o4 ,s$] ,olam s4 v4 sub v]bo ,sam4 ,samuel ,sanh4 ,sanh$r9 ,%4 ,a4 ,%ulhan ,aruk ,%ab4 ,%abuo? ,sibyl4 ,sibyll9e ,books ,slav4 ,slavonic ,soc4 ,society ,/ud4 ,/udi5 or ,/udies ,suk4 ,sukkah ,sy/4 ,sy/em or ,sy/ematic ,t4 d4 b4 ,e4 ,tanna di be ,eliahu ,tanh4 ,tanhuma ,teh4 ,tehillim ,!ol4 ,!ologis* ,tos4 ,tosefta ,tosaf4 ,tosafo? u4 und or ueb] ,w4 ,b4 ,wo]t]bu* ,wiss4 ,wiss5s*aft or ,wiss5s*aftli* ,yalk4 ,yalkut ,y4 ,b4 ,ye>book ,yeb4 ,yebamo? ,y]4 ,y]u%almi ,ze*4 ,ze*>iah ,zeits*r4 ,zeits*rift ,,index ,a>onites1 #cdd f4 ,ab1 ,n9? (1 #dfa1 #dfi ,abba ,areka ,see ,rab ,abbahu1 #aec1 #dbb ,abelson1 #bde1 #bga1 #dbb ,ablat1 #djc ,abraham1 #cb1 #fb1 #fe f41 #aab1 #aad1 #bai1 #bei1 #bib1 #cbi1 #ccf f41 #dag ,abraham b5 ,david ( ,posqui]es1 #ad1 #ha1 #bcg1 #chg ,abraham ibn ,daud1 #bb1 #fh1 #acf1 #agh1 #bib ,abraham ,ibn ,ezra1 #ig1 #aeb1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aid1 #bgc ,abrahams1 ,israel1 #aib1 #cdf1 #cdh ,abravanel1 ,isaac1 #bg ,ab/95ce ,see ,asceticism ,abulafia1 ,abr41 #dca ,adam1 #bbb-bcj1 #bdd1 #beb2 heav5ly1 #dcg ,adonai1 #ei1 #fa1 #bba f41 #cei ,affliction1 #acj ,ahha1 ,r41 #bbd ,ahriman1 #cja1 #chb f4 ,akiba1 ,r41 #ad1 #bf1 #cb1 #ej1 #abf1 #acj f41 #aej1 #agf1 #baf1 #bbb1 #bcb1 #beg1 #bei1 #caa1 #cfa1 #dfg ,albo1 ,joseph1 #bd-bf1 #afc f41 #bgb f41 #bid1 #cji-cci ,al5u1 #eg1 #cca1 #cda1 #dgg ,alf>abi1 #fh ,allegory1 #aaf1 #bbd1 #bfh ,alpha & ,omega1 #acg ,altruism1 #dhb ,am ha>etz1 #cdg1 #ceh ,amos1 #bdh1 #bfd1 #cbd ,anaxoras1 #cg1 #fg1 #hd ,angels1 #ha1 #ahj-ahh ,ang] ,see ,wra? ,animals1 #dhi ,anselm ( ,cant]bury1 #fh ,an?ropology1 #bjd ,an?ropomorphism1 #gd-gf1 #aae f4 ,antigonos ( ,soko1 #dhj ,ant9omian1 #dbh1 #dci ,anton9us1 #djc1 #dbb ,apicoros--,epicurean1 #ba1 #fe ,apocalyptic books1 #ab f4 #bcb f41 #bhc ,apocryphal books1 #ab f4 ,apologetics1 #d ,apo/ate1 #f1 #dbd f4 ,apo/les1 #dce ,apo/olic conv5tion1 #dcf ,aquilas1 #bhf1 #dba ,arelim1 #djb ,ari/eas1 #cdg ,ari/otelian1 #ch1 #fh1 #ge1 #hi1 #aec1 #afb1 #agb1 #bia ,ari/otle1 #a1 #fg1 #hd1 #hg1 #aeb1 #bae1 #cei1 #dje ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 #aba1 #aca ,art1 #dhj f4 ,articles ( fai?1 #ai-bh ,aryan1 #i1 #eh ,asceticism1 #aej1 #ahi1 #cah1 #dij ,as5a?1 #daf ,assimilation1 #ab1 #cif ,a!ism1 #fe1 #fg ,atonem5t1 #bed ,atonem5t1 ,day (1 #dff-dfi ,attributes ( ,god ,see ,god ,aub1 ,joseph1 #ddf ,autonomy ( morality1 #dia ,azazel1 #aij1 #aid1 #dff ,azk>ah1 #bfc ,babylonian1 #aa1 #ae1 #ge1 #aah1 #abh1 #adj1 #aha1 #bbj1 #bdj1 #cef ,ba*]1 ,w41 #gf ,bahya b5 ,a%]1 #dhf ,bahya b4 ,joseph ibn ,pakudah1 #c1 #fh1 #age1 #bia1 #dgc ,banquet ( ! pi\s 9 ! future1 #cje ,baptism1 #dag1 #dcf ,b> ,ko*ba1 #cfa1 #chd1 #che ,ba?+ ,see ,baptism ,ba? ,kol1 #bja ,beck1 ,l41 #ae ,bee*]1 ,w4 ,j41 #db ,belief1 #bj1 #fe ,see also ,fai? ,b5 ,azzai1 #abd1 #caa1 #dhj ,b5 ,sira1 #ac1 #dj1 #bcb1 #bhb1 & else:]e ,b5 ,zoma1 #cab ,b5$ictions1 ,eighte51 #ace1 #aib1 #bhd1 #big ,b5evol5ce1 #cai1 #dhe ,b5twi*1 ,n41 #adj1 #bij ,b]gson1 ,h41 #ga1 #aed ,b]nays1 ,j41 #di1 #dab ,b]oka1 ,r41 #dij ,b]osus1 #bac ,b]?olet1 ,a41 #dji ,b]uria1 #aaj1 #cif ,bezold1 ,c41 #aid ,biblical canon1 #aa1 #dc1 #bja ,blo*1 ,m41 #ab ,blo*1 ,ph41 #bc1 #bcf ,blood1 #dh1 #abc ,body1 #bji1 #bad ,boekl51 ,e41 #cjb f4 ,b\sset1 ,w41 #ai1 #dc f41 #fa f41 #gd1 #hd1 #abc1 #abh1 #adc f41 #ahe1 #aie1 #bdf1 #beb1 #cjc ,brea? ( life1 #bab ,brugs*1 ,h41 #bhh ,buddha1 #dje1 #dgh ,cabbalah1 #bjc1 #bdd1 #bid1 #dgc ,cal5d>1 ,jewi%1 #dfj ,calv91 #aie ,c>o1 ,joseph1 #ef ,cassel1 ,d41 #bad1 #bcf1 #dhi ,celibacy1 #cac1 #caf ,c]emonies1 #cdf1 #ddi ff4 ,*>les1 ,r4 ,h41 #bhc ,*e]fulness1 #cah1 #dij ,*eyne1 ,t4 ,k41 #dji ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 #agh ,*ri/ian !ology1 #e1 #abc1 #aib1 #bdh1 #beb f41 #cjd1 #cdg1 #cee ,*ri/ian tr9ity1 #ef1 #hf1 #aaf f41 #dda f4 ,*ri/ianity1 #ag1 #da1 #ed1 #aaf1 #cbi1 #dbg ,*ri/ianity1 ,paul9ian1 #ab1 #ea1 #aaf1 #dci ,*ri/7os71 #hf1 #bba1 #dcc1 #dcg ,*ur*'s provid5tial mission1 #ddd ,circumcision1 #ej1 #cdf1 #djb1 #daf1 #ddi f4 ,civilization1 #caf ,clem5s1 ,flavius1 #dba ,coh51 ,h]mann1 #aif ,comm]ce1 ,jewi%1 #cfd ,compassion ( ,god ,see ,god ,compassion ( man1 #abf ,condesc5sion ( ,god ,see ,god ,confession1 #e1 #bj1 #aib ,confirmation1 #ddi1 #dfc1 #dgc ,confucius1 #dje1 #dgh ,consci5ce1 #cj1 #fd ,consci\sness1 ,man's1 ( ,god1 #bi ,cont9uity ( s\l ,see ,immortality ,cont9uity ) ! pa/1 #ad ,conv]sion1 #dah1 #dbc ,cosmogony1 #adh f4 ,cosmology1 #ada ,cosmos1 #fh1 #adf ,cov5ant1 ,god's1 #dh1 #ea1 #aeg-afa1 #bce-bgj1 #cbb ,creation1 #adg-aec ,creative pr9ciples1 #bjc ,cr$o1 #bb-be1 #ca ,crescas1 ,hasdai1 #bd f41 #aca1 #afc1 #agb1 #aid1 #bcf f41 #bic1 #cjh f4 ,critical rese>* ( ,bible ,see ,hi/orical rese>* ,cross1 #dch ,culture1 #caj1 #cfc ,curtiss1 ,s4 ,i41 #ded ,cuz>i ,see ,jehuda ha ,levi ,cyrus1 #he1 #ccd ,dama b5 ,ne?9a1 #cii ,daniel1 #bhh ,d>w91 #aed ,david1 #bdb1 #bia ,david b5 ,zimra1 #bg ,davidson1 ,a4 ,b41 #hc1 #aae f41 #aci1 #afg1 #ahb f41 #bdg1 #cgj ,day ( judgm5t1 #cid ,day ( ! ,"l ,see ,,jhvh1 ,day ( ,dea?1 #he1 #agg1 #bgh f4 ,deism1 #gi ,delitzs*1 ,fri$41 #f ,dembitz1 ,l4 ,n41 #bfi ,demons1 #aij ff4 ,desc>tes1 #fh ,det]m9ism1 #bee1 #ccj ,deut]o-,isaiah1 #ea1 #he1 #bfg1 #ccf1 #cfi ,diet>y laws1 #cdf1 #dea f4 ,dillmann1 ,a41 #cj f41 #ei1 #hc ff41 #aeg ff41 #bca ,doctr9e1 #dg ,doell+]1 ,j4 ,j4 ,i4 v41 #ed ,dorn]1 ,a41 #f1 #ah ,dosi!an1 #ac ,drap]1 ,j4 ,w41 #hh ,drummond1 ,j41 #fi1 #gb f41 #ii f4 ,dualism1 #he f41 #agh1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #bad1 #bbj1 #dch ,dubno1 ,s41 #g ,duran1 ,simon1 #bd ,duty1 #dgh ,duty to fell[ man1 #cai1 #dhd ,duty to self1 #dhb ,ecclesia/ical1 #e1 #af ,ec/asy1 #ch ,edom--,rome1 #dcj ,e9horn1 ,david1 viii1 #chi1 #ddf1 #dec f41 #dfa ,elbog51 ,i41 #bfi ,eleaz> b5 ,p$a?1 #cbi ,election ( ,israel ,see ,israel ,eliez] b5 ,hyrcanos1 #ej1 #beg1 #cje1 #caf1 #djc1 #dai ,elijah1 #df1 #di ,eli%a b5 ,abuyah1 #aah ,elohim1 #eg f41 #ahj f41 #baj1 #dje ,emd51 ,jacob1 #dbg ,eno*1 #bcb1 #ccf ,es*atology ,see ,future life ,es*elba*]1 ,j41 #ae ,ess5es1 #ab1 #dj1 #afc1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #aia1 #caf1 #dai1 #dcd1 #dha1 #dhi f4 ,et]nity1 #ih f4 ,e?ics1 #fi1 #abj1 #cih1 #dgg1 #dia ,euk51 ,r41 #aie ,evil1 #agf1 #agi ,evil1 ,spirits (1 #ahi-aif ,evolution1 #aa1 #cf1 #ajj ,exile1 ,babylonian1 #aj f41 #bff ,ezekiel1 #ac1 #aje1 #bba1 #bdi1 #bhc1 #bii1 #ccg f41 #cde1 #cib f4 ,ezra1 #aj f41 #ag ,fai?1 #ai f4 ,fai?fulness ( ,god ,see ,god ,fai?fulness ( ,israel ,see ,israel ,fala%as1 #ac1 #deg ,family life1 #caf ,fa/+1 #dhc ,fate1 #afh ,fa!rhood ( ,god1 #bef-bfj ,fe> ( ,god1 #bi ,fea/ ( ,weeks ,see ,%abuo? ,fels5?al1 ,b41 #ai ,fe/ivals1 #dfa-dgj ,f9ality1 #f1 #dge f4 ,f9kels*]]1 #aid ,fle%1 #bab ,=malism1 #cea1 #dgc ,fo/]1 #fb1 #bga ,frankel1 ,z41 #c1 #dc ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 #ddd ,fre$om ( w1 #aga f41 #bca1 #bcg ,fri$l&]1 ,g41 #dch ,fri5d%ip1 #cah ,future life1 #bha-cjh ,gabirol1 ,solomon ,ibn1 #hj1 #hi1 #ih1 #ada1 #ahg ,gamaliel1 #gg1 #ig1 #abi1 #aeb1 #bhi ,geh5na1 #aaj ,geig]1 ,abraham1 viii1 #b1 #ab1 #ad ff41 #ce1 #dc1 #eh1 #aaj1 #bja1 #ddf1 #dec1 #dgb ,g5ius1 #ce1 #ajc ,g]1 #ej1 #dji ff4 ,see also ,proselyte ,g]%om b5 ,jehuda1 #dgb ,g]sonides1 #ac1 #aef1 #aid1 #bcf ,g9zb]g1 ,a%]1 #g ,gno/icism1 #hf1 #ada1 #aec1 #dbg ,god1 #eb-ade ,god no ab/raction1 #gh1 #adc ,god ( ! fa!rs1 #af ,god's1 condesc5sion1 #gb1 #ha1 #adb-add ess5ce1 #gb-ha et]nity1 #ih-ajj exi/5ce1 #fd-ga fai?fulness1 #acd-acg fa!rhood1 #bef-bfj =ekn[l$ge1 #aje1 #afg goodness1 #abf1 #acb grace1 #aad f41 #bdf f4 hol9ess1 #ajj-aji1 #adi f4 imman5ce1 #gi f41 #ih incorporeality ,see ,spirituality jeal\sy1 #ed1 #hc1 #aje ju/ice1 #aah1 #abe k+dom ,see ,k+dom ( ,god k1 #ach-ada m]cy1 #aac names1 #eh1 #fc1 #bia omnipot5ce1 #ia-ie omnipres5ce1 #if-ih omnisci5ce1 #ic-ie p]sonality1 #gc-gf1 #ih1 #ajf1 #add relation to ! _w1 #adf-aea self-consci\sness1 #gc _s1 #ig-bjj2 9 man1 #baf-bcj spirituality1 #bb1 #gd-gh sup]mundaneity1 #ii transc5d5ce1 #gd f41 #ajj tru?fulness1 #acd-acg unity1 #hb-ij1 #if f41 #aje wisdom1 #ach f4 wra? & puni%m5t1 #ajg ,god-*ild%ip1 ,man's1 #bg ,god-consci\sness1 ,man's1 #bi-ca ,gods1 ,hea!n1 #ec1 #aac1 #acf1 #agg ,goel1 #bef ,gog & ,magog1 #cha1 #chc ,gold5 rule1 #dhd ,goldzih]1 ,i41 #bb1 #dda ,goodness1 #abf1 #acb1 #aej ,goy1 #djj ,grace ( ,god ,see ,god ,graetz1 ,h41 #g1 #dc1 #daf1 #dgb ,greek *ur*1 #dbi e?ics1 #ddc philosophy1 #ab1 #bc1 #ff f41 #hd f41 #cae wisdom1 #ccf ,gressmann1 ,h41 #cgh ,gu$emann1 ,m41 #db1 #cee ,guttmann1 ,j41 #bb1 #cjf ,habakkuk1 #ccd ,haft>ah1 #ceg ,haggada & ,halakah1 #ab f4 ,hananel1 ,r41 #ba ,han9ah b5 ,dosa1 #afc1 #afe1 #bgc ,hanukkah1 #dji ,h>nack1 ,a41 #dac ,h>p]1 ,r4 ,f41 #aij ,h>tmann1 ,e4 v41 #gh ,hasidim & ,hasidean1 #fb1 #abg1 #afc1 #bff f41 #bhc1 #bhi1 #cjh1 #cdd1 #dha ,hatr$1 #cih ,hea!nism1 #eb1 #eg1 #hc f41 #agf1 #cii f41 #dje ,hebrew1 #af1 #dgj f4 ,helbo1 ,r41 #dba ,hel5 ( ,adiab5e1 #daf ,hell5ism1 #bc1 #cce ,hell5i/ic ,judaism1 #bcc1 #bhi1 #cjc1 #cci1 #dad lit]ature1 #ab1 #beh philosophy1 #bcb propag&a1 #bea f41 #ccd1 #dae f41 #dcf ,h]=d1 ,r4 ,t41 #dci ,hezekiah1 #bha ,hillel1 #abg1 #bji1 #cjd1 #cce1 #cfj1 #dah1 #dbc1 #dha ff4 ,hillel1 ,r41 #chh ,hillul & ,kiddu% ha%em1 #cdh f4 ,hirs*1 ,e4 ,g41 #ai1 #deh1 #dhj ,hirs*1 ,samson ,raphael1 #bfi1 #dec ,hirs*1 ,s4 ,a41 #djg ,hirs*1 ,samuel1 viii1 #ddf ,hi/orical rese>*1 #d1 #ab1 #df ,ho*mu?1 ,a41 #bc f4 ,holdheim1 ,samuel1 viii1 #dfb ,hol9ess1 #ajb1 #aji1 #dgg f41 #dia ,hol9ess1 ,god's ,see ,god ,hol9ess1 ,levitical1 #ajd ,holy ,l& ,see ,pale/9e ,holy _s1 #aa1 #bjj f4 ,hor[itz1 ,s41 #bb f41 #cg ,horwitz1 ,sabba?ai1 #ad ,hosea1 #bi1 #di1 #aad f41 #bdi1 #beg1 #bfd1 #cbd1 #ccc ,humanity1 #ea1 #caj1 #cae1 #cih1 #dge ,husik1 #cg1 #fh ff41 #bad f41 #bia f4 ,ibn ,daud ,see ,abraham ibn ,daud ,ibn ,ezra ,see ,abraham ,ibn ,ezra ,ibn ,s9a1 #fh ,ibn ,v]ga1 #dca ,ih]+1 ,r4 v41 #dji ,imitatio ,dei1 #dgg1 #dgi1 #dij ,imman5ce ( ,god ,see ,god ,immortality1 #bd1 #bhf1 #big ,individual man1 #caj ,indu/ry1 #cag ,inspiration1 #ci f4 ,in/itution ( ! synagogue ,see ,synagogue ,int]cession1 #bjj f41 #djf f4 ,int]m>riage1 #ddd f4 ,int]m$i>y p[]s1 #aig-bje ,int]nationalism1 #cba f4 ,intol]ance1 #djd f4 ,isaac b5 ,%e%e?1 #aga1 #dbg ,isaac ,napaha1 #dbh ,isaiah1 #bdd1 #bfd1 #cbh1 #ccc1 #cig ,i%mael1 #dcj ,islam1 #ag1 #da1 #hf f41 #cbi1 #dbg1 #dda f4 ,islam's mission1 #ddd ,israel1 #chi f41 #cig ,israel's1 *>act]i/ics1 #cbf f4 comm]ce1 #cfd consecration1 #cg election1 #cg1 #cbc-ccj hope1 #cgh-cia1 #cib-cif m>tyrdom1 #cc1 #acj1 #cdi1 #cfg-cgg mission1 #cbh-cda1 #ceb-ced cultural1 #cfc prie/hood1 #cdb-cdc prophetic g5ius1 #ci1 #ajc1 #abb1 #cgb relation to ! nations1 #i1 #cig-djg sep>at5ess1 #h1 #cdg f41 #cfd1 #cgd1 #dde f41 #deb _w-duty1 #af ,,jhvh--,jahveh1 #de1 #ei1 #fc1 #gb1 #aad1 #aag1 #bjb1 #bhj ,,jhvh1 ,day (1 #abb ,james1 ,wm41 #bga ,ja/r[1 ,j41 #bif ,ja/r[1 ,morris1 #abh ,jeal\sy ( ,god ,see ,god ,jehuda ha ,levi1 #be1 #ch1 #gj1 #aje1 #aaj1 #ada1 #afc1 #ahg1 #aid1 #bbh1 #bia1 #cbi1 #cci1 #dbf1 #dca1 #dge ,jehuda ha ,nasi1 #abh1 #cjb1 #cje1 #djc ,jell9ek1 #baj ,j]emiah1 #cj1 #de1 #abf1 #bdi1 #beb1 #beg1 #bfe1 #cbj1 #daj ,j]usalem1 #cce1 #cfe1 #dbc ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 #df1 #dcc f4 ,jew & ,jewry1 #g f41 #cei1 #cfd1 #cgf ,jew hatr$1 #i ,jewi% nationality1 #h ,jewi% religion ,see ,judaism ,job1 #cb1 #abd1 #bha1 #cai1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #dhd ,joel1 #bej ,joel1 ,d41 #ahg ,joel1 ,m41 #c1 #hf1 #aca1 #afa1 #afc1 #aif1 #cjg f4 ,johanan1 ,r41 #gi1 #cjf1 #cji1 #cbg ,johanan b5 ,zakkai1 #bbb1 #beh1 #djc ,john ! ,bapti/1 #dcd ,john ,hyrcanus1 #dai ,jonah1 #abg1 #bej ,jose1 ,r41 #df1 #bbg ,joseph ,ibn ,zaddik1 #acf ,joseph1 ,morris1 #aaf1 #agi1 #dje1 #dbj1 #dec f41 #deh1 #dhi ,josephus1 #ba1 #df f41 #acg1 #bcc1 #dje1 #dac1 #dbj ,jo%ua b5 ,hananiah1 #gg1 #cje1 #cdj1 #dbb1 #dcb1 #dec1 #dee ,jo/1 ,m41 #g ,joy ( life1 #cah1 #dij ,juda ,ibn ,balag1 #add ,judo-,*ri/ians1 #dbg f41 #dci ,judaism1 ,mod]n or progressive1 #ea1 #ajd1 #cdb1 #cfd1 #dbb1 #dde ,judaism1 ,rabb9ic1 #adc ,judan1 ,r41 #ahf ,ju/ice1 #aah-abd1 #dhe f4 ,ju/ice1 ,social1 #abb1 #dhg ,kaddi%1 #cjd1 #cca ,kant1 ,immanuel1 #fe1 #fi1 #ahi ,k>aites1 #bb1 #hg1 #dge ,kaufmann1 ,david1 #bb f41 #fh f41 #hj1 #ig1 #aje1 #aec1 #aie ff4 ,k$u%a1 #aib ,kiddu% ha%em1 #cdh f4 ,k+dom ( ,god1 #cca-cda1 #dia ,kle91 ,j41 #dab1 #dcf1 #dhb ,k ( ,god1 #bi ,k1 ,god's ,see ,god ,koeb]le1 #aag ,kohele?1 #abd ,kohl]1 ,k41 #bj1 #cb1 #dd1 #bfg1 #cjd1 #dje1 #dch1 #ddg1 #dec f4 ,kohl]1 ,m4 ,j41 #dji ,kohut1 ,alex41 #db1 #aii ,krauskopf1 ,j41 #ddc ,krem]1 ,a4 v41 #bb1 #hg ,ku551 ,a41 #ccg ,labor1 #bbd1 #cag ,lame & bl9d p>able1 #cjb ,l&sb]g1 ,m41 #dgc ,lange1 ,f4 ,a41 #hg ,laut]ba*1 ,j4 ,z41 #dci1 #dhb ff41 #dhf ,law1 #de-dg1 #cee-ceh ,laz>us1 ,l41 #ajf ,laz>us1 ,m41 #ad1 #aja1 #ajf1 #cdi1 #dgg f4 ,lecky1 ,w4 ,e4 ,h41 #cde1 #cfd1 #ddc ,leo ,hebraeus1 #aca ,leo da ,mod5a1 #ad ,less+1 ,e4 ,g41 #dcj ,levi1 ,r41 #bfh ,levkovits1 ,m41 #agh ,life a battle1 #bhb ,loew1 ,leopold1 #bb1 #bg1 #dgb ,loewe b5 ,bezalel1 #bbh ,logos1 #aih f4 ,love1 #ca f41 #aba1 #abf-aca1 #dhd ,love1 ,god's ,see ,god ,loyalty to c\ntry1 #cai f4 ,luria1 ,isaac1 #ad ,lu!r1 ,m>t91 #aie ,luz1 #bhh ,luzzatto1 ,s4 ,d41 #bc1 #cj ,maimonides1 #c1 #ac1 #bb f41 #cj1 #ch1 #gb1 #hg1 #aaj1 #ach1 #aec1 #afb1 #agj1 #agh1 #ahg1 #aid1 #bbd1 #bbh1 #bcf f41 #bfh1 #bgb1 #cjg f41 #cba1 #cci1 #chf f41 #djd1 #dbf ,makom1 #fb1 #ig ,mala*i1 #bdi1 #bfc ,man1 #ahb1 #bjf-bcb ,man1 *ild ( ,god1 #bef1 #bfj1 #caj ,man's1 bro!rhood1 #cad1 #cba dual nature1 #bab-bag de/9y & orig91 #bah-bcj fall1 #bba-bbe fre$om ( w1 #bjh1 #bca-bcg individuality1 #bjh p]fectibility1 #baj1 #dia self-consci\sness1 #ce1 #baf ,manasseh1 ,k+1 #baa1 #bea ,manasseh b5 ,israel1 #cci ,mank9d1 #caj-cae ,m>golis1 ,max1 #b ,m>tyrdom ( ,israel ,see ,israel ,mazdaism ,see ,p]sian ,measure = measure1 #abd ,m$ieval ,jewry1 #cfa f41 #cgf1 #chf1 #dee ,meir1 ,r41 #gg1 #aea1 #aed1 #beh1 #bfj1 #bgc1 #cef1 #djc1 #dej1 #dec ,memra ,see ,logos ,m5delssohn1 ,m41 vii1 #ai1 #cj1 #fh1 #adb1 #afe1 #bie ,m]cy ( ,god ,see ,god ,m]kabah1 #ahg ,messianic hope1 #h1 #ccd f41 #cgh1 #chi1 #dde ,messianic k+dom1 #dbf ,messiah1 #be1 #ccc f41 #cgc1 #chb f41 #chi1 #djj ,metaphysical1 #fe1 #ajj1 #aje ,metatron--,mi?ras1 #ahe1 #aii ,micah1 #bah1 #cbh ,microcosm1 #bji ,mielz9]1 ,m41 #ddf ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 #aha ,milton1 ,j41 #aie ,m9im--,h]etics1 #hf1 #dbd ff4 ,miracle1 #cf1 #afj-aff ,misan?ropy1 #i1 #cih ,mission ( ,israel ,see ,israel ,mode/y1 #dij ,mohamm$1 #dbi f41 #dda f4 ,mohamm$an religion ,see ,islam ,mohamm$an !ology1 #b1 #bd1 #cg1 #fh1 #hg1 #ada1 #afb1 #aga1 #bcf ,mono!ism1 #ee-ahc ,absolute1 #dbh ,e?ical1 #bc1 #ed1 #fi1 #dae ,montefiore1 ,claude ,g41 #dc1 #bdf1 #cdh1 #dch1 #ddi ,mon?1 #dei ,moral ord]1 #aai-abc ,morg5/]n1 ,j41 #bci ,mosaic code1 #cce1 #cde1 #dad cult1 #bfc-bfh law1 #ac1 #af1 #bf1 #ajd ,mosaism1 #bhc ,moses1 #ce-cg1 #df1 #aac f41 #bbh1 #bcb ff41 #bdj f4 ,muell]1 ,max1 #eh ,mutuality1 #dhh ,my/icism & my/ics1 #c1 #ad1 #cf1 #hi1 #aca1 #acf1 #aeg1 #dgc ,naaman1 #dad ,nahmanides1 #aid1 #bbd1 #bdd1 #bid1 #cjg1 #dbf ,nahum ( ,gimzo1 #aea1 #afc ,names ( ,god1 #eh-fc ,nationalism1 ,jewi%1 #ac f41 #cce ,nationality1 ,jewi%1 #h ,nature1 #adh1 #aef ,nature's laws1 #ace1 #ahg ,neoplatonism1 #b1 #cg1 #hg1 #ib ,ne/orians1 #ddc ,ne!r _w1 #bgi ,see also ,%eol ,neum>k1 ,david1 #ai1 #bb1 #gj1 #ib1 #ih1 #agb1 #bhd1 #big1 #djf ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #dfe-dfh ,nieto1 ,david1 #hj ,nirvana1 #dgi ,noah1 #ccf1 #deb ,noahitic laws1 #dh-ea1 #aaj1 #djd1 #dab f41 #dbg ,nomism1 #ac1 #dd1 #cee ,nomos--,law1 #dc ,oa?1 #abj ,objective & subjective tru?s1 #c nomaos ( ,gad>a1 #djc ,onias ! ,sa9t1 #afe1 #bfh1 #bgc ,ontological pro( ,see ,god's exi/5ce ,optimism1 #acb1 #agi1 #bea ,ord]1 ,moral1 ( ! _w1 #afg ,ori5talism1 #dgj f4 ,orig91 #cgd ,or?odoxy1 #aa1 #df ,o!rworldl9ess1 #abd1 #ceb1 #cie1 #ddj1 #dhi ,pa91 #agf ,pale/9e1 #c1 #ch1 #cce1 #cid ,pan!ism1 #hj ,p>adise leg5d1 #agg1 #bjg1 #bai1 #bgh ,p>seeism ,see ,p]sian ,p>ticul>ism1 #ddf ,passov]1 #dfa f4 ,patriotism1 #cbj ,paul & ,paul9ian dogma1 #be1 #ej f41 #aaf1 #ba1 #bei1 #cee1 #dag1 #dbh1 #dcg1 #ddj ,peace1 #cgi1 #dia ,p5teco/ miracle1 #cei ,p]les1 ,f41 #cej ,p]sian1 #he1 #adj1 #ahd-aia1 #bhc ff41 #cjj f4 ,p]sonality ( ,god ,see ,god ,pessimism1 #aej1 #dci f4 ,ph>aoh1 #ee ,ph>isaic & ,ph>isees1 #ab1 #bj1 #ahi1 #bcc f41 #bhc f41 #cjb1 #cdd f41 #dac1 #dah1 #dci1 #deg ,philan?ropy1 #dhf f4 ,philippson1 ,ludwig1 #afe1 #baj1 #ddd1 #ddf ,philipson1 ,david1 #bfi1 #big1 #chi1 #ddf1 #deh ,philo1 #ba1 #fg1 #gb1 #hj1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aid1 #aih1 #bjc1 #bad f41 #bcc f41 #bfh1 #bij1 #bid1 #cea1 #dje1 #dac1 #dbc1 #dci1 #deb1 #deg1 #dhe ,philosophy1 ,greek1 #ff ,h9doo1 #bji ,jewi%1 #b ,philosophy ( religion1 #gj ,ph9eas b5 ,yair1 #afc1 #afe ,phylact]ies ,see ,tefill9 ,plato1 #hd1 #bji f41 #bae1 #dje ,platonism1 #ada1 #bhe1 #bhi f4 ,ploss1 ,h41 #ddi f4 ,port]1 ,f4 ,*41 #bae ,pray]1 #bfa-bgg ,pr$et]m9ation1 #bcb ,prexi/5ce ( ! ,s\l1 #bhi ,prie/1 #cdc f4 ,prie/ code1 #bfc1 #cea ,prie/1 ,high1 #cag1 #dff ,prie/hood ( ,israel ,see ,israel ,pr(anation ( "n ,see ,hillul ha ,%em ,propag&a1 #ea1 #dab-dai ,prophecy1 #ce1 #ch ,prophetic books1 #db ,proselyte1 #ccf f41 #daa-dbc ,prote/antism1 #cfc ,provid5ce1 #afg-age ,psalmi/1 #aj1 #ac1 #fj1 #bfe1 #bii1 #cji1dhj ,psy*ology1 #ahg1 #bjd ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 #cdg ,puni%m5t1 ,div9e ,see ,retribution ,purgatory1 #cjd ,purim1 #dgj ,purity1 #adf1 #aec1 #bia1 #dij ,py?agoras1 #adf1 #bia ,rab-,abba ,areka1 #bjc1 #cje f4 ,rabba1 #dbh ,rabb9ism1 #bhc ,rad91 ,m41 #daf ,ra%i1 #cab1 #chh ,rationalism1 #ac1 #ch1 #hi1 #dej1 #dgd ,rauw5h(f1 ,l4 ,w4 ,e41 #b1 #fe1 #aja1 #ajf ,r$emption1 ,religion (1 #ag1 #aie ,re=m ,judaism1 #bfi1 #ccj1 #cdj1 #chi ,re=m liturgy1 #bfi1 #big1 #cdj1 #chi1 #dfi ,re=mation1 #cfc1 #ddd ,reiz5/e91 ,r41 #caj ,religion1 ,absolute1 #ai ,religion's unify+ p[]1 #ae1 #cae1 #cba1 #dia ,rep5tance1 #bdf1 #beg ,responsibility1 #bcc f41 #bdf1 #bee1 #ccg1 #dhh-dia ,resurrection1 #bhb-bhe1 #bib1 #big f41 #cib1 #cif ,retribution1 #ajg-aaa1 #bih ,revelation1 #bc1 #cd1 #da1 #adg ,rew>d & puni%m5t ,see ,retribution ,rhode1 ,e41 #bij ,rits*l1 ,a4 ,b41 #gd ,ritualism1 #ac ,roman *ur*1 #dbh f4 ,rome1 #dja ,ros5au1 ,wm41 #ddg ,ros91 ,d41 #cj ,ru?1 #ccf1 #dag ,saadia1 #fh1 #ig1 #afb1 #ahg1 #aid1 #bbd1 #bcf1 #bgd1 #bij1 #cjg ,sabba?1 #ej1 #cdf1 #dee-dfj ,sa*s1 ,m41 #hj1 #hi1 #ada ,sacram5t1 #ddh ,sacrifice1 #bfa-bgj ,sadduceeism & ,sadducees1 #ab f41 #abg1 #bhd1 #cjj1 #dcd1 #dci1 #def ,salvation1 #e1 #bj1 #beh1 #djb ,sam>itans1 #ac1 #cgc1 #dbj1 #ded ,samuel1 #bda ,samuel ( ,neh>dea1 #abg1 #cbj1 #chf1 #djc1 #dbj ,sanctification ( ! "n1 #dhd ,satan1 #hf1 #ahi-aie1 #cjj ,s*e*t]1 ,s41 #c1 #f1 #ac1 #ai1 #bg1 #gf1 #gh1 #ade1 #bjh1 #bbc1 #bci1 #bfc1 #bge1 #cbc1 #cdh1 #dee1 #deh ,s*ey]1 ,s41 #bad1 #bib ,s*ill]1 ,fr41 #acb ,s*les+]1 ,w4 & ,l41 #ai ,s*mi$l1 #cg1 #ij ff41 #aee f41 #aig ff41 #cic ,s*reib]1 ,e41 #bg ,s*re9]1 ,m41 #ai1 #gh1 #ajc1 #dca ,s*u]]1 ,e41 #aei1 #daj1 #dac1 #daf1 #ddh ,s*ulman1 ,s41 #cfd1 #dde ,sci5ce1 ,mod]n1 #abh1 #aci1 #adg f41 #bae ,scripture1 #aa1 #dj1 #dc ,seeb]g1 ,a41 #dab1 #dcf ,sefiro?1 ,t51 #bjc ,self-conque/1 #dhc ,self-elevation v]sus self-ext9ction1 #dgi ,seligman1 ,c41 #ga1 #aee1 #agi ,semikah1 #ab ,semites & ,semitic1 #fh1 #ajd1 #cdg ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 #dch ,s]p5t1 #aic1 #bba f4 ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 #cbd1 #cfg-cge ,sev5ty languages1 #cei ,sev5ty nations1 #djc1 #dfd ,%abuo?--,fea/ ( ! ,weeks1 #dfb ,%addai1 #ei ,%ammai & ,%ammaite1 #bce1 #cce1 #dah f4 ,%ek9ah1 #df1 #ig1 #ahc1 #aig1 #bjd ,%ema1 #bj1 #eg1 #fa1 #dbf ,%eol1 #bgi f4 ,see also ,ne!r _w ,siegfri$1 ,c41 #hj f41 #bjc ,simeon b5 ,eleaz>1 #daf ,simeon b5 ,gamaliel1 #dah ,simeon b5 ,laki%1 #cjf ,simeon b5 ,%eta*1 #cej ,simeon b5 ,yohai1 #afc1 #cdi ,simhat ,torah1 #dfd ,simlai1 ,r41 #bg1 #bhg1 #cai1 #cef ,simon ! ,j1 #cde1 #ceg ,s91 #bca-cde ,s91 ,orig9al1 #bba-bbc1 #bdd ,s9ai1 #ec1 #fj ,slav]y1 #db1 #adf ,smi?1 ,w4 ,r41 #eh1 #dji ,sociability1 #cah ,social ju/ice1 #dhg ,society1 #cah f4 ,socrates1 #cg1 #dje ,solomon b5 ,adret1 #dbf ,s\l1 #bd1 #bab f41 #bhf f4 ,spiegel1 ,f41 #fc ,sp9oza1 ,b41 #hj1 #aca1 #cji ,_s ( ,god ,see ,god ,_s1 ,holy1 #aa ,spirituality ( ,god ,see ,god ,spitta1 ,f41 #dcd ,/ade1 ,b41 #db ,/anley1 ,a4 ,p41 #ded ,/ate1 ,duty to !1 #cai ,/ave1 ,e41 #cjb ,/e91 ,l41 #cdj1 #chi ,/e9s*neid]1 ,m41 #bgc1 #dcj f4 ,/e9?al1 ,h41 #adf ,/oics1 #aaj1 #aih1 #cae ,/rang]1 #djh-daa ,/rauss1 ,d4 ,f41 #ai1 #fg f41 #gd1 #hc f41 #if f41 #aja f41 #aai1 #aec f41 #aie ,suff]+1 #acj ,suff]+1 ,israel's ,see ,m>tyrdom ,suicide1 #dhd ,sukko? fe/ival1 #dfc ,sunday1 #dea f41 #dei ,symbolum ,apo/olicum1 #e ,synagogal liturgy & wor%ip1 #bgg1 #bhd1 #bhh1 #chi1 #ead ,synagogue1 #ddg1 #dge ,synagogue1 ,m5 ( ! ,great1 #dj1 #gi1 #bja ,tab]nacles1 ,fea/ ( ,see ,sukko? ,tab1 #cgc ,talli?1 #ded ,tam>1 #dag ,tefill91 #cdf1 #dec f4 ,teleological pro( ,see ,god's exi/5ce ,temple1 ,de/ruction ( ,see ,ab1 ,n9? ( ,te%ubah ,see ,rep5tance ,!ism1 #h ,!ocracy1 #cdb ,!ology1 #a-f ,!ology1 ,*ri/ian1 #e-f1 #cdb ,!ology1 ,mohamm$an ,see ,mohamm$an ,?is-worldl9ess1 ,jewi%1 #ag1 #abd1 #dgg ,tihamat1 #aic1 #bbj ,"t1 #ii ,torah1 #aa1 #bc1 #db-dg1 #aii1 #ced ff4 ,torah1 ,read+ f !1 #dgj ,toy1 ,c4 ,h41 #dhj ,tradition1 #ab1 #ad1 #dc1 #df ,transc5d5talism1 #adc ,tr9ity ,see ,*ri/ian tr9ity ,trumbull1 ,h4 ,clay1 #dfa ,tru?1 #acf ,tru?fulness ( ,god ,see ,god ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 #bhf1 #ddi ,unify+ p[]1 #ae ,unity ( ,god1 #hb-ij ( man1 #cba1 #cci f4 ( ! cosmos1 #adi ,univ]alism1 #h1 #ac1 #dh1 #ea1 #cif1 #dde ,univ]se1 #adf ,values ( life1 #dhi ,v]nacul>1 #ceg ,virtue1 ,h]$it>y1 #cbh1 #djf1 #dhi ,vision1 ,prophetic ,see ,prophecy ,wat] libation1 #dfd ,web]1 ,f41 #de1 #fa1 #gh1 #hf1 #aag1 #abc1 #abf1 #adc1 #ade1 #bbc1 #bdf1 #beb1 #cfa ,weiss1 ,isaac ,hirs*1 #dc1 #ed ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #ga ,:ite1 ,&rew ,d41 #ddc ,w1 ,fre$om (1 #ach f41 #aii ,w9delb&-,tufts1 #fg ff41 #bij ,w9di%man1 ,fr41 #cje ,wisdom1 #de1 #adj ,wisdom ( ,god ,see ,god ,wisdom1 ,book (1 #ff ,wisdom lit]ature1 #fj ,wise1 ,isaac ,m41 #dbc1 #dgc ,woman1 #bbb1 #dgb f4 ,_w1 ,inf9itude (1 #aed1 #aei ,moral gov]nm5t (1 #aga f4 ,ord] (1 #aeg ,worlds1 ,two1 #aei ,wra? ( ,god ,see ,god ,wu5s*e1 ,a41 #dcj1 #dci ,x5ophanes1 #hd ,yavan1 #dbd ,ye?ro1 #dag ,yez] ha ra & ha tob1 #aic1 #bae1 #bbc1 #bci ,zealot1 #ab1 #ccd1 #cfj ,zebulon & ,issa*>1 #cfd ,ze*>iah1 #bdi1 #ccd1 #daj1 #dfd ,z$akah1 #aba1 #dhf ,zeku? ,abo?1 #djf ,zell]1 ,e41 #caj ,z]ubbabel1 #ccj1 #cgj1 #chj ,zidduk ha ,d91 #abe ,zimmels1 #aca ,zimm]n1 ,h41 #ajc1 #agj ,zionism1 #cij1 #cie ,zizi?1 #ded ,zoroa/rianism ,see ,p]sian ,zunz1 ,leopold1 #da1 #dc1 #cfg1 #dej1 #dga ,! foll[+ pages conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( a few ( ! ,macmillan books on k9dr$ subjects4 ,zionism & ! ,jewi% ,future ,,by ,,v>i\s ,,writ]s ,,edit$ ,,by ,,h>ry ,,sa*] ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4jj 8,?is volume %\ld be read by ,zioni/s s t !y %\ld become m famili> ) :at ev5 "s ( !m "k m or less imp]fectly4 ,x %\ld be c>efully p]us$ by non- & anti-,zioni/s s t !y may become in=m$ ) a subject :i* _m ( !m are incl9$ to c5sure )\t any k ( t :i* !y are c5sur+40--,b'na ,b'ri? ,mess5g]4 8 #8,zionism & ! ,jewi% ,future' is "o ( ! mo/ illum9at+ ( all ! s]i\s-m9d$ books ( ! ye>4 ,if we belong$ to ! ,hebrew race we w\ld fir/ ma/] all t is said ab\t ,pale/9e & ! movem5t to re/ore x to a liv+ place among ! ,nations4 ,next1 we w\ld g to ! ,great ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 & look up ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! subject1--also ! fifte5 or m writ]s :o h made ?is book4 ,la/ly1 if we agre$ ) ! movem5t1 we w\ld get 9 l9e at once4 ,note 9 especial ! bibliography ( ! :ole matt] 7,app5dix #d74 8,zionism looks #8=w>d1 n backw>d1' & ! va/ hope beh9d x is "o t w help ! non-,jewi% _w z mu* z ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham4 ,may ,israel yet h a ,hebrew ,univ]sity 9 ,j]usalem4 ,!y are "r--^! ideali/s4 ,pale/9e #8is ess5tially ! l& ( religi\s influ5ces & spiritual association1' & also ( #8political & geographical importance4' ,! problems 9 all ?is are fairly met & fully discuss$ 9 ?is book1 :i* ,dr4 ,h4 ,sa*] edits4 8,& h[ is ! ,g5tile to approa* ! subject8 ,) a p]fectly op5 m9d on all its economic1 hi/orical & religi\s que/ions4 ,if tak5 up 9 ?is way ! book gr[s on "o2 x pres5ts :olly reasonable aspirations :i* all "r-m9d$ p c endorse & w desire to aid z f> z practicable4 ,to h a #8p]fectly op5 m9d' is to take up ! problems ( ^! e>ne/ p :o discuss #8,zionism' z our fri5ds1 our neighbors1 our fell[-work]s4 ,don't be #8tol]ant' or patroniz+ t[>ds ,jew or ,g5tile1 ,am]ican1 ,european1 ,asiatic1 ,african or ,isl&]4 ,we are #8all ( "o blood4' 8,"o ( ! be/ ( ,cali=nian noveli/s1 :o has enjoy$ ! book1 writes z foll[s3 8 #8,x is an excell5t r\nd-up & exposition ( all ! vagrant--& vague--!ories & hi/ory ( ! subject4 ,x makes ! evolution & logical be+ ( ! "q p]fectly cle>4 ,:]eas 9 mo/ ,jewi% m9ds ,zionism means a belief 9 ,pale/9e z ! native soil ( all ,jews & ! refuge = ! oppress$1 ! motive "h express$ is t by draw+ ! ,jewi% s\l to its anci5t ,fa!rl&1 x w create a spiritual c5t] = all ,jewry4' 0--,daily ,fresno ,republican4 ,! ,macmillan ,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york 99,jewi% ,philan?ropy99 ,an ,exposition ,( ,pr9ciples ,& ,me?ods ,( ,jewi% ,social ,s]vice ,9 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,,by ,,boris ,d4 ,,bog51 ,,ph4,d4 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #b4jj ,?is book is an attempt to meet ! dem& on ! "p ( ^? :o are engag$ 9 or are int]e/$ 9 ,jewi% social s]vice1 = a /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples evolv$ ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ two decades 9 v>i\s philan?ropic ef=ts ( ! ,jews ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is prim>ily a compilation ( ! diff]5t ideas express$ by ! lead]s ( ! movem5ts1 z well z a pres5tation ( ! actual practical exp]i5ces t 7 met 9 ! diff]5t l9es ( philan?ropic activity4 ,z ! fir/ attempt 9 ?is direction ! "w w r5d] a great s]vice 9 cl>ify+ ! indef9ite views 9 vogue at pres5t among ,jewi% ,social work]s4 ,cont5ts ,,introduction--,! ,ext5t & ,scope ( ,jewi% ,philan?ropy4 ,dep5d5cy ,among ,jews4 ,*>ity ,among ,jews4 ,national ,organizations4 ,me?ods ( ,fund ,rais+ = ,jewi% ,philan?ropic ,ag5cies4 ,transi5ts4 ,! ,immigration ,problem4 ,di/ribution4 ,! ,back to ! ,soil ,movem5t4 ,resid5t-,dep5d5ts4 ,dep5d5t ,wom5 & ,*ildr54 ,insuffici5cy ( ,income4 ,/&>ds ( ,relief4 ,education & ,social ,organizations4 ,! ,education ( ,immigrants4 ,jewi% ,settlem5ts & ,neighborhood ,"w4 ,organization & ,adm9i/ration4 ,volunte] ,s]vice4 ,adm9i/ration4 ,! ,f$]ation & ! ,synagogue4 ,bibliography4 ,index4 ,! ,macmillan ,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york 99,a ,hi/ory ( ,m$iaeval ,jewi% ,philosophy99 ,,by ,,isaac ,,husik ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,clo?1 octavo1 l #deb pages1 #c4jj ,! fir/ complete hi/ory ( m$ival ,jewi% rationali/ic philosophy = bo? ! /ud5t & ! g5]al read] :i* has z yet be5 writt5 9 any mod]n tongue4 ,! /ory is told simply & int]e/+ly4 ,dr4 ,husik is gift$ ) ! faculty ( cle> insight & he has succe$$ 9 grasp+ & 9 exhibit+ 9 a v readable mann] ! ess5tial nature ( ! v>i\s problems treat$ & ! gi/ ( ! solutions (f]$ by ! diff]5t ,jewi% philosoph]s discuss$4 ,! au?or has n attempt$ to read into ! m$ival ?9k]s mod]n ideas :i* 7 =eign to !m4 ,he has endeavor$ to int]pret _! ideas f _! own po9t ( view z det]m9$ by _! hi/ory & environm5t1 & ! lit]>y s\rces1 religi\s & philosophical1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* !y came4 ,x is an objective & n too critical exposition ( ,jewi% rationali/ic ?\ght 9 ! middle ages4 ,9 ! words ( an em95t review]1 8,to h compress$ a compreh5sive discussion ( five c5turies ( e>ne/ & productive ?\ght ^u ! greate/ ( !mes into a book ( less ?an f\r hundr$ & fifty pages is an a*ievem5t ^u :i* any au?or may be congratulat$4 ,to h done ! "w s well & 9 p>ticul> to h express$ pr(\nd reflections ^u ab/ruse problems 9 a /yle s limpid1 s flu5t1 s readily und]/ood is to h plac$ all :o are int]e/$ 9 ?\ght & ?9k]s "u great obligation4 ,t an ,am]ican-,jewi% s*ol> %\ld h produc$ a pione] "w t mu/1 = a long "t to come1 be ! au?ority 9 its field is a subject ( felicitation to all :o h at he>t ! p]petuation ( ,jewi% le>n+ 9 ,am]ica40 ,! ,macmillan ,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,/udies 9 ,judaism ,,by ,,rabbi ,,solomon ,,s*e*t]1 ,,litt4,d4 ,! au?or is ,presid5t ( ! ,jewi% ,!ological ,sem9>y ( ,am]ica s9ce #aijb2 =m]ly ,read] 9 ,talmudic1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 & ,pr(essor ( ,hebrew1 ,univ]sity ,college ( ,london1 #ahih-aijb4 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #cff pages1 #a4ej 8,! book is1 to our m9d1 ! be/ on ?is subject ev] writt54 ,! au?or cond5ses a lit]ature ( sev]al ?\s& pages into #efd pages1 & pres5ts to u 8 hi/ory 9 a spl5did ,engli% & spl5did ord]4 ,?is "w des]ves ! highe/ appreciation1 & )\t ! slighte/ hesitation d we recomm5d x to ! public at l>ge1 & m especially to our co-religioni/s 9 ?is c\ntry40 --,jewi% ,tribune4 ,cont5ts ,,introduction4 #a4 ,,! ,,*assidim4 #b4 ,,na*man ,,kro*mal ,,& ,,! 8,,p]plexities ,,( ,,! ,,"t40 #c4 ,,rabbi ,,elijah ,,wilna1 ,,gaon4 #d4 ,,na*manides4 #e4 ,a ,,jewi% ,,boswell4 #f4 ,,! ,,dogmas ,,( ,,judaism4 #g4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,jewi% ,,tradition4 #h4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,div9e ,,retribution ,,9 ,,rabb9ical ,,lit]ature4 #i4 ,,! ,,law ,,& ,,rec5t ,,criticism4 #aj4 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,collection ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum4 #aa4 ,,titles ,,( ,,jewi% ,,books4 #ab4 ,,! ,,*ild ,,9 ,,jewi% ,,lit]ature4 #ac4 ,,woman ,,9 ,,temple ,,& ,,synagogue4 #ad4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,jewi% ,,community ,,9 ,,europe4 ,,notes4 ,,index4 ,! ,macmillan ,company ,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,new ,york ,,footnotes #a ,comp>e ,he9rici ,!ologis*e ,encyclopa$ie1 p4 #d2 ,enc4 ,brit4 art4 ,!ology4 #b ,he9rici1 l4 c41 p4 #ad f41 #bab2 ,hag5ba*-,kauts*3 ,encyc4 d4 !olog4 ,wiss41 p4 #bh-cj2 ,rauw5h(f3 ,religionsphilosophie1 ,e9l41 xiii2 ,m>golis3 8,! ,!ological ,aspect ( ,re=m$ ,judaism10 9 ,ye>book ( ,c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,r41 #aijc1 p4 #ahh-aib4 ,laut]ba*1 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,!ology4 #c ,see1 h[ev]1 ,geig]3 ,na*gel4 ,s*rift51 ,,ii1 #c-h2 also ,m>golis1 l4 c41 p4 #aib-aif4 #d ,a f9e beg9n+ 9 ?is direction has be5 made by ,pr(essor ,s*e*t] 9 ,"s ,aspects ( ,rabb9ic ,!ology1 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 #e ,see ,joel3 8,d4 ,mosaismus u4 d4 ,heid5?um10 9 ,jahrb4 f4 ,ju$4 ,ges*4 und ,lit41 #aijd1 p4 #gj-gc4 #f ,see ,s*aff-,h]zog's ,encycl41 art4 ,apo/les' ,cre$ & ,symbol4 #g ,see ,s*e*t]3 ,/udies 9 ,judaism1 ,intr41 ,,xxi-,,xxii2 p4 #adg1 #aih f42 ,fo/]3 ,! ,f9ality ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 ,*icago1 #aijf2 ,fri$r4 ,delitzs*3 ,zur ,weit]5twicklung d] ,religion1 #aijh2 & comp4 ,orelli3 ,religionsges*i*te1 #bgf f41 & ,dorn]3 ,beitr4 z4 ,weitr5twicklung d4 *ri/l4 ,religion1 #agc4 #h ,= ! orig9 ( ! "n ,judaism1 see ,e/h] ,,viii1 #ag4 ,comp>e ,yahdu?1 ,e/h] ,rabbah ,,iii1 #g2 ,,ii ,macc4 ,,ii1 #ba2 ,,viii1 #a1 #ad1 #ch2 ,graetz3 ,g4 d4 ,j41 ,,ii1 #agd f42 ,jo/3 ,g4d4 ,jud41 ,i1 #a-ab2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,judaism4 ,reg>d+ ! unfairness ( ,*ri/ian au?ors 9 _! e/imate ( ,judaism1 see ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 #bcb-bea2 ,m4 ,s*re9]3 ,d4 ju5g/4 ,ur!ile u4 d4 ,jud5?um1 p4 #dh-eh4 ,dubn[1 ,a%] ,g9sb]g & ! re/ ( ! nationali/s und]rate ! religi\s p[] ( ! ,jew's s\l1 :i* =ms ! ess5ce ( 8 "* & ! motive p[] ( all 8 aspirations & hopes1 z well z ( all 8 a*ievem5ts 9 hi/ory4 #i ,erub4 #ac b4 #aj ,neh4 ,,viii1 #a-ah2 ,ez4 ,,vii1 #ab-bh4 #aa ,see ,m4 ,blo*3 ,tekanot1 & art4 ,tekanot ,j4 ,e4 ,reg>d+ inspiration see ,j4 ,e42 ,sanh1 #ii a2 ,meg4 #g a2 ,maim43 ,moreh1 ,,ii1 #de2 comp4 ,y]u%4 ,ab4 ,z>41 ,i1 #dj2 ,horay4 ,,iii1 #dh c2 ,levit4 ,r4 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,ix1 #i2 & ,yoma #i b4 ,! lay+ on ( h&s = ord9ation 7,semikah7 impli$ orig9ally ! imp>t+ ( ! holy _s1 see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,au?ority4 #ab ,see ,geig]1 ,j4 ,z41 ,i1 p4 #g4 #ac ,abo? d4 ,r4 ,na?an1 ,i2 ,%ab4 #cj b ) ref]5ce to ,ezek4 ,,xliii-,,xliv4 #ad ,see ,geig]3 ,z4 ,d4 ,m4 ,g41 ,,xii1 #ecf2 ,s*e*t]1 ,wisdom ( ,b5 ,sira1 p4 #ce4 #ae ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,jubilees1 ,book (4 ,v in/ructive 9 ?is connection is a comp>ative /udy ( ! ,fala%as1 ! ,sam>itans1 especially ! ,dosi!an sect1 & ! /ill problematical sect discov]$ ?r\gh ! docum5t f\nd by ,s*e*t]1 edit$ by him "u ! title ,fragm5ts ( a ,zadokite ,sect4 #af ,see ,y]4 ,hag41 ,i1 #gf1 & else:]e4 #ag ,e?ics ( ,judaism1 ,i1 #h-aj2 ,geig]3 ,j4 ,z41 ,,ix1 #bfc4 #ah ,see ,pesik4 ,r41 ,v1 p4 #adf2 ,midr4 ,tanhuma1 ed4 ,bub]1 ,way]a #f & ,ki ,?issa1 #ag4 ,comp4 ! leg5d ( ,moses & ,akiba1 ,m54 #bi b4 #ai ,comp4 ,geig]3 ,na*gel4 ,s*r41 ,,ii1 #cg-da2 also 8 ,jud4 u4 s4 ,ges*41 ,i1 #bj-ce2 ,beck3 ,d4 ,wes5 d4 ,jud5?ums2 ,es*elba*]3 ,d4 ,jud5?um u4 d4 ,wes5 d4 ,*ri/5?ums2 ,s*re9]1 l4 c41 #bf-cd4 #bj ,deut4 ,,vi1 #g2 ,,xi1 #ai4 #ba ,see ,geig]3 ,na*gel4 ,s*r41 ,,ii1 #cg f4 #bb ,john ,,xiv1 #f4 ,comp4 ,dorn]1 l4 c41 #agc2 & 8 ,grundprobleme d4 ,religionsphilosophie2 ,orelli3 ,religionsges*i*te1 #bgf f4 #bc ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #e4 #bd ,see ,s*e*t]3 ,/udies1 #adg-aha & notes #cea f42 ,m5delssohn3 ,ges4 ,s*r41 ,,iii1 #cba4 ,comp4 ,s*les+]3 ,bu* ,ikk>im1 #fcj-fcb2 ,b\sset3 ,religion d4 ,jud5?ums1 #agj f41 #age1 & !reto ,p]les3 ,b\sset1 #aab f42 ,m>t9 ,s*re9]3 l4 c41 #ce f42 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,fai? & ,articles ( ,fai? 7,e4 ,g4 ,hirs*72 ,fels5?al1 ,m>golis1 & ,kohl]1 9 ,y4 ,b4 ,c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,r41 #ahig1 p4 #ed2 #aijc1 p4 #ahh-aic2 #aije1 p4 #hc2 ,neum>k3 art4 ,ikk>im 9 ,oz> ha ,yahdu?2 ,d4 ,fr4 ,/rauss3 ,d4 *ri/l4 ,glaub5slehre1 ,i1 #be4 #be ,see ,g54 ,,xv1 #f2 ,mek4 to ,ex4 ,,xiv2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,fai?4 #bf ,deut4 ,,vi1 #a-f2 ,,xi1 #ac-ba2 ,num4 ,,xv1 #cg-da4 #bg ,see ,b\sset1 ,,ii1 #bbd f4 ,! t]m ,pi/is fai?1 assumes a new mean+ 9 ,hell5i/ic ,lit]ature4 #bh ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,eme? we ,yatzib4 #bi ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,al5u4 #cj ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,abraham 9 ,apocryphical & ,rabb9ical ,lit4 #ca ,sifra ,behuko?ai1 ,,iii1 #f2 ,sanh4 #ch b2 ,t>g4 ,y4 to ,g54 ,,iv1 #h4 #cb ,b]4 ,,ii1 #b2 see ,kohl]3 ,monatss*rift1 #ahhc1 p4 #dde4 #cc ,kohl]1 l4 c4 #cd ,! ,mi%naic ,apicoros correspond$ to ! ,greek1 ,epic\reios1 & 0 no long] und]/ood by ! ,talmudi/s2 see ,s*e*t]3 ,/udies 9 ,judaism1 ,i1 #aeg4 ,x is def9$ by ,josephus3 ,antiquities1 ,x1 #aa1 #g3 8,! ,epicureans 444 are 9 a /ate ( error1 :o ca/ ,provid5ce out ( life1 & d n believe t ,god takes c>e ( ! affairs ( ! _w1 nor t ! univ]se is gov]n$ by a ,be+ :i* outlives all ?+s 9 ev]la/+ self-suffici5cy & bliss1 b decl>e x to be self-su/a9+ & void ( a rul] & protector 444 l a %ip )\t a helmsman & l a *>iot )\t a driv]40 ,comp4 also ,opp5heim 9 ,monatss*r41 #ahfd1 p4 #adi4 #ce ,see ,rappaport2 8,biography ( ,r4 ,hananel10 9 ,bikkure ha ,ittim1 #ahdb4 #cf ,contra ,apionem1 ,,ii1 #bb4 ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,muell]3 ,josephus' ,s*rift geg5 ,apion1 #caa-cac4 #cg ,see ,alfr$ v4 ,krem]3 ,ges*4 d4 h]rs*4 ,ide5 d4 ,islam1 #ci-da2 ,goldzih]1 ,d4 ,m4 ,l4 ,z41 ,,xliv1 p4 #afh f42 ,,xli1 p4 #gb f41 :i* passages ca/ mu* light ^u ! ,jewi% ,ani ,maam94 #ch ,see ,jo/3 ,ges*4 d4 ,jud41 ,,ii1 #ccj f42 ,frankl3 art4 ,k>aites 9 ,ers* und ,grub]'s ,encyclopa$ie2 ,loew3 ,ju$is*e ,dogm51 ,ges4 s4 ,i1 #aed2 ,s*e*t]1 l4 c4 #ci ,j4 ,guttman3 ,d4 ,religionsphil1 v4 ,abraham ,ibn ,daud2 ,david ,kaufmann1 ,ges*4 d4 ,attribut5lehre2 ,neum>k3 ,ges*4 d4 ju$is*4 ,phil4 vols4 ,i & ,,ii4 #dj ,maimonides3 ,comm5t>y on ,mi%nah1 ,sanh41 ,x1 #a2 ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 #afc2 ,holz]3 ,ges*4 d4 ,dogm5lehre1 ,b]l91 #aija4 #da ,see ,loew1 l4 c41 #aef2 ,s*e*t]1 l4 c1 #afe4 #db ,see ,p4 ,blo*3 8,luzzatto als ,religionsphilosoph0 9 ,samuel ,david ,luzzatto1 p4 #di-ga4 ,comp4 ,ho*mu?3 ,gottesk5ntniss und ,gottesv]ehrung1 ,e9leitung4 #dc ,see ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 #afg & ! notes4 #dd ,see ,hor[itz3 ,d4 ,psy*ologie u4 d4 ju$4 ,religionsphilosophie1 #ahhc4 #de ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,albo by ,e4 ,g4 ,hirs*1 & ! bibliography !re4 #df ,see ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 p4 #afb4 #dg ,isa4 ,,xlix1 #i1 & else:]e4 #dh ,see ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 p4 #afi4 #di ,abo?1 ,,iii1 #a2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxi1 #e4 #ej ,see ,s*e*t]1 l4 c4 #ea ,see ,loew1 l4 c41 #aeg1 & 8 8,mafteah10 p4 #cca2 ,s*e*t]1 l4 c4 #eb ,makk4 #bc b4 #ec ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,cate*ism by ,e4 ,s*reib]4 #ed ,g54 ,,xx1 #aa4 #ee ,ps4 ,,cxi1 #aj2 ,prov4 ,,ix1 #aj2 ,job ,,xxviii1 #bh4 #ef ,ex4 ,,xx1 #bj4 #eg ,hos4 ,,iv1 #a1 #f2 ,,ii4 #c2 ,,xiii1 #d-e4 #eh ,j]4 ,,ix1 #bc2 ,,xxii1 #af2 ,,xxxi1 #cb-cc4 #ei ,deut4 ,,iv1 #ci2 ,,vii1 #i4 #fj ,k z intellect is br\ght out z e>ly z ! ,book ( ,wisdom1 ,,xiii1 #a2 see especially ,maimonides3 ,yesode ha ,torah1 ,i1 #a-c2 ,moreh1 ,i1 #ci2 ,,iii1 #bh4 ,9 opposition1 see ,ros93 ,e?ik des ,maimonides1 #aja2 ,luzzatto & ,ho*mu?1 l4 c42 also ,dillmann3 ,h4 ,b4 d4 altte/am5tl4 ,!ol41 #bjd f4 #fa ,*4 ,,iv4 #fb ,g54 ,,xv1 #f2 see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,abraham4 #fc ,%ab4 #ig a4 #fd ,mek4 ,be%allak #f1 p4 #da ab4 #fe ,deut4 ,,vi1 #e2 ,x1 #ab2 ,,xi1 #a2 ,,xiii1 #bb2 ,,xxx1 #f1 #af1 #bj4 #ff ,sifre to ,deut4 ,,vi1 #e4 #fg ,judges ,v1 #ca4 #fh ,%ab4 #hh b4 #fi ,see ,te/am5t ( ,job1 & notes by ,kohl]1 9 ,semitic ,/udies 9 ,memory ( ,alex&] ,kohut1 #bga1 & ,sota1 ,v1 #e4 #gj ,sifre1 l4 c4 #ga ,see ,yoma1 #hf a2 ,t4 d4 ,el4 ,r41 ,,xxiv2 ,maimonides1 ,h4 ,te%ubah1 ,x2 ,crescas3 ,or ,adonai1 ,i1 #c4 ,comp4 ,te/am5ts ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ,simeon #c1 #d2 ,issa*>1 #e2 ,philo3 ,quod omnis probus lib]1 #ab & else:]e4 #gb ,song ( ,songs ,,vii1 #f1 #g4 #gc ,see ,sifre ,deut4 ,,xxvi1 #h2 ,sanh4 ,x1 #a2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,revelation2 ,dillmann1 #fa f42 ,geig]1 ,d4 ,jud4 u4 s4 ,ges*4 ,i1 #cd f4 #gd ,see ,deut4 ,,xiii1 #b-f1 :]e prophet =ms a p>allel to dream] ( dreams4 ,god appe>s 9 a dream to ,abraham 7,g54 ,,xv1 #a1 #ab71 to ,abimelek 7,g54 ,,xx1 #c1 #f71 to ,jacob 7,,xxviii1 #ab2 ,,xxxi1 #aa2 ,,xlvi1 #b71 to ,laban 7,,xxxi1 #bd71 to ,balaam 7,num4 ,,xxiv1 #c71 & to ,eliphaz 7,job ,,iv1 #c-f74 ,dream-l visions op5 ! prophetic c>e] ( ,moses 7,exod4 ,,iii1 #c-f71 ,samuel 7,i ,sam4 ,,iii1 #a1 #ae1 #ba71 ,isaiah 7,is4 ,,vi1 #a f471 ,j]emiah 7,j]4 ,i1 #aa f471 ,ezekiel 7,ezek4 ,i1 #d71 & o!rs4 ,revelation 9 ! ,bible is ,mahazeh1 hazon1 & hizayon1 8vision0--:5ce hozeh1 8se]02 or m>eh1 8sight10 :5ce roeh1 8se]40 ,see also ,geig]3 ,urs*rift1 #cdj2 #cij4 ,prophecy )\t dream or vision is claim$ = ,moses 7,num4 ,,xii1 #f-h2 ,exod4 ,,xxx1 #aa2 ,deut4 ,,xxxiv1 #aj2 see ,maimonides3 ,moreh1 ,,ii1 #dc-dg2 ,albo1 ,ikk>im1 ,,iii1 #h74 ,! revelation on ,s9ai is describ$ z 8! great vision10 or m>eh3 ,exod4 ,,iii1 #c2 ,,xxiv1 #ag2 comp>e ,deut4 ,,iv1 #aa-,v1 #bc1 accord+ to :i* only a 8voice0 is he>d4 ,in/ead ( ,god ! lat] prophets see an angel1 z ,za*4 ,i1 #h1 #aa2 ,,ii1 #b f4 ,comp>e ,yebam4 #di b1 z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,isaiah1 :o saw ,god 9 a vision1 & ,moses1 :o saw ,him 89 a %9+ mirror40 ,he w appe> 9 ! latt] way to ! righte\s 9 ! future _w1 ,suc4 #de b2 ,lev4 ,r4 ,i1 #ad2 ,i ,cor4 ,,xiii1 #ab4 #ge ,see ,g54 ,,xx1 #f2 ,,xxxi1 #bi2 ,num4 ,,xxiv2 ,job ,,iv1 #af f42 ,,xxxviii1 #a4 #gf ,! ,hebrew ^w = prophecy is passive1--nibba' or hi?nabbe'1 8to be made to speak10 or 8to bubble =?10--! ,deity be+ ! active p[]1 :ile ! prophet is ,8 m\?piece4 #gg ,ex4 ,,xxxiii1 #aa2 ,deut4 ,,xxxiv1 #aj4 #gh ,ex4 ,,xix1 #ai2 ,,xx1 #ai4 #gi ,ex4 ,,xix1 #a-h4 #hj ,%ab4 #hh a aft] ,ex4 ,,xxiv1 #g4 #ha ,s$] ,olam ,r41 ,i & ,,xxi2 ,lev4 ,rab4 ,i1 #ab-ad2 ,b4 ,b4 #ae b4 #hb ,hag4 #ac b2 ,sanh4 #hi a2 ,lev4 ,r4 l4 c4 #hc ,see ,s*mi$l3 ,/ud4 u4 ju$4-arabis*e ,religionsphilosophie1 #aia-aib2 ,s4 ,hor[itz3 ,d4 ,prophetologie i4 d4 ju$4 ,religionsphilosophie2 ,s&l]3 ,d4 ,problem d4 ,prophetie i4 d4 ju$4 ,religionsphilosophie2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,prophets & ,prophecy2 ,emuno? ,,iii1 #d2 ,cuz>i1 ,i1 #ie2 ,,ii1 #aj-ab2 ,emunah ,ramah1 ,,ii1 #e1 #a2 ,moreh1 ,,ii1 #cb-dh2 ,yesode ha ,torah1 ,,vii2 ,or ,adonai1 ,,ii1 #d1 #a2 ,ikk>im1 ,,iii1 #h-ab1 #ag2 ,na*manides to ,g54 ,,xviii1 #b2 ,abravanel to ,g54 ,,xxi1 #bg2 ,comp4 ,husik1 ,hi/4 ,m$4 ,jew4 ,phil41 ,index s4 v4 ,prophecy2 ,enc4 ,rel4 ,e?ics1 art4 ,philosophy & ,prophecy4 #hd ,hor[itz1 l4 c4 p4 #aa-af2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xvii1 #f2 ,lev4 ,r1 l4 c2 ,sanh4 #ag b2 ,philo3 ,de ,decalog41 #ba2 de ,migratione ,abrahami1 #g2 comp4 ,i ,cor9?4 ,,xiii1 #ab4 #he ,moreh1 l4 c4 #hf ,cuz>i1 l4 c4 #hg ,kol ,nibra3 ,moreh1 ,i1 #fe2 ,emuno?1 ,,ii1 #h2 ,cuz>i1 ,i1 #hi4 #hh ,accord+ to ! rabbis1 ! work+ ( ! holy _s ceas$ ) ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 & ,mala*i1 :o1 ) ,ezra1 7 includ$ also among ! 8,m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue40 ,see ,tos4 ,sota ,,xiii1 #b2 ,s$] ,olam ,r4 ,,xxx2 ,sanh4 #aa a4 ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,synagogue1 ,m5 ( ! ,great2 ,holy ,_s2 ,inspiration4 ,comp4 ,b4 ,b4 #ad b1 #ae a2 ,yoma #i b2 ,meg4 #c a1 #g a2 ,i ,macc4 ,,iv1 #df2 ,ps4 ,,lxxiv1 #i2 ,josephus1 ,con4 ,apion41 ,i1 #h2 ,philo3 ,vita ,mosis1 ,,ii1 #g2 ,ari/eas1 #cje-cjg4 ,z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! _s ( prophecy & ! holy _s1 see ,cuz>i1 ,,iii1 #cb-ce2 ,moreh1 ,,ii1 #ce-cg4 ,! ,ess5es claim$ ! holy _s = _! apocryphal writ+s2 see ,,iv ,esdras ,,xiv1 #ch2 ,book ( ,wisdom ,,vii1 #bg4 #hi ,on ! disputes conc]n+ canonical books1 see ,yadayim ,,iii1 #e2 ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,n41 ,i1 ed4 ,s*e*t]1 #b-c2 ,%ab4 #cj b2 ,meg4 #g a4 ,comp4 ,b4 ,k4 #ib b1 :]e ,b5 ,sira is quot$ z "o ( ! ,hagiographa4 #ij ,see ,tos4 ,pes4 ,i1 #bg2 ,,iv1 #b2 ,sota ,,xiii1 #c2 ,y]4 ,horay4 ,,iii1 #dh c2 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xxi1 #g4 #ia ,r4 h4 ,%4 #bg a2 ,mak4 #bb b4 #ib ,sifre ,deut4 ,,vi1 #d4 #ic ,on ! t]m ,torah see ,sm5d3 ,lehrb4 d4 altte/4 ,religionsges*42 ,/ade3 ,bibl4 ,!ol4 d4 ,alt4 ,te/41 ,index s4 v4 ,torah2 ,w4 ,j4 ,bee*]3 ,j\r4 ,bibl4 ,lit41 #aije1 #a-af2 8,?ora a ,^w ,/udy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t40 ,= ,torah z ,law1 see ,neh4 ,,viii1 #a2 ,jo%ua ,i1 #g1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,p5tateu*2 z moral in/ruction1 see ,hos4 ,,iv1 #f2 ,,viii1 #a2 ,is4 ,i1 #aj2 ,v1 #bd2 ,,xxx1 #i2 ,,li1 #d2 ,mic4 ,,iv1 #b2 ,j]4 ,,xxxvi1 #d f42 ,,xxxi1 #cb2 ,ps4 ,,xvi1 #h2 ,prov4 ,,vi1 #bb2 ,,vii1 #b2 ,gu$eman3 ,quell4 z4 ,g4 d4 ,unt]ri*ts1 at ! beg9n+2 ,claude ,montefiore3 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahib1 p4 #dfe f4 #id ,nehema?a1 :i* means ! ,messianic hope2 see ,kohut3 ,aru* ,v1 #cbh & ,app5dix #ei4 #ie ,see ,b4 ,b4 #ac b2 ,meg4 ,,iii1 #a2 ,,iv1 #d2 comp4 ,n$4 #bb b2 ,taan4 #i a2 ,%ab4 #ajd a2 ,sifra ,behuko?ai at end2 ,eccl4 ,r4 ,i1 #aj2 ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xxxviii1 #f4 ,zunz3 ,gottesd4 ,vortr41 #df f41 & art4 ,canon & ,bible 9 ! v>i\s encyclop$ias4 ,z to ,torah = ! :ole ,bible1 see ,mek4 ,%ira ,i2 ,sanh4 #cg a1 #ia b2 ,ab4 ,z>4 #ag a2 ,m4 ,k4 #e a2 comp4 ,i ,cor4 ,,xiv1 #ba2 ,john ,x1 #cd2 ,,xii1 #cd2 ,,xv1 #be4 ,= ,torah z ,nomos1 or ,law1 see ,,ii ,macc4 ,,xv1 #i4 #if ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #abh-abi4 #ig ,on ! div9e orig9 ( ! ,torah1 see ,sanh4 #ii a2 ,sifra ,k$o%im #h2 ,beh> ,i2 ,behuko?ay #h4 ,reg>d+ ! mean+ ( metamm9 e? ha yadayim 9 ! s5se ( taboo = ! holy writ+s1 see ,geig]3 ,urs*rift1 p4 #adf4 #ih ,sanh4 #ii a2 ,maim4 ,h4 ,te%ubah ,,iii1 #h4 #ii ,comp4 ,kohl]3 ,hebrew ,union ,college ,annual1 #aijd1 8,! ,f\r ,ells ( ! ,halakah40 #ajj ,deut4 ,,xxxiii1 #d4 #aja ,mak4 #bc b4 #ajb ,j]em4 ,,xxxi1 #cb4 #ajc ,comp4 ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 p4 #abj-acf1 & see ,b5 ,sira1 ,,xxiv1 #h-bc2 ,,xvii1 #aa2 ,b>u* ,,iii1 #ch f42 ,apoc4 ,b>u* ,,xxxviii1 #d2 ,,xliv1 #af2 ,,iv ,esdras ,,viii1 #ab2 ,,ix1 #cg2 ,philo3 ,vita ,mosis1 ,,ii1 #c1 #i2 ,g54 ,r4 ,i2 ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,iii4 #ajd ,?is apo!osis ( ! ,torah is put 9 a wrong light by ,web]1 ,ju$is*e ,!ologie1 #aeg f41 #aig1 b is /at$ bett] 9 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #acf-adb4 #aje ,dibre ,kabbalah1 ,r4 h4 ,%4 #g a1 #ai a2 ,y]4 ,halla ,i1 #eg b2 see ,levy1 ,w4 ,b41 s4 v4 ,kabbalah4 #ajf ,! p]sonality ( ,moses 0 at fir/ exalt$ to almo/ sup]human height2 see ,b5 ,sira1 ,,xlv1 #b2 ,assumptio ,mosis1 ,i1 #ad2 ,,xi1 #af2 ,philo3 ,vita ,mosis1 ,,iii1 #ci2 ,josephus3 ,antiquities1 ,,iv1 #cb b2 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #adj f4 ,9 contra/ to ! ,*ur* view ( ,jesus ! rabbis lat] emphasiz$ ! human frailties ( ,moses3 8,nev] did div9e maje/y desc5d to ! habitations ( mortal man1 nor did ev] a mortal man su* z ,moses & ,elijah asc5d to heav51 ! dwell+-place ( ,god10 taught ,rabbi ,jose 7,suk4 #e a74 #ajg ,see ,deut4 ,,iv1 #f-h2 ,j]4 ,,xxxi1 #cd-ce2 ,philo3 ,vita ,mosis1 ,,ii1 #ad2 ,josephus3 ,apion1 ,,ii1 #bgg4 #ajh ,see ,h]odotus1 ,,iii1 #h2 ,,iv1 #gj2 ,j]4 ,,xxiv1 #ah2 ,h4 ,clay ,trumbull3 ,! ,blood ,cov5ant1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe2 ,kraets*m>3 ,d4 ,bund]vor/ellung i4 ,a4 ,te/41 #ahif2 ,j4 ,e4 & ,encyl4 ( ,rel4 & ,e?ics1 art4 ,cov5ant4 #aji ,see ,g54 ,,ix1 #a-ag2 ,tos4 ,ab4 ,z>4 ,,viii1 #d2 ,san4 #ef a2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xvi1 ,,xxiv2 ,jubilees ,,vi1 #aj f42 ,b]nays3 ,ges4 ,abh4 ,i1 #beb f41 #bgb f42 ,,ii1 #ga-hj4 #aaj ,g54 ,,xv1 #ah2 ,,xvii1 #b f42 ,,xviii1 #ai2 ,lev4 ,,xxvi1 #db2 ,jubilees ,i1 #ea4 #aaa ,ex4 ,,xix1 #e2 ,,xxiv1 #f-h2 ,,xxxiv1 #bh2 ,deut4 ,,iv-,v1 ,,xxviii1 ,,xxix2 ,comp4 ,i ,k+s ,,xix1 #aj1 #ad2 ,j]4 ,,xi2 ,,xxxi2 ,,xxxiv1 #ac2 ,ezek4 ,,xvi-,,xvii4 #aab ,hos4 ,,ii1 #ah-bj4 #aac ,j]4 ,,xxxi1 #cj-cb1 #cd-ce2 ,,xxxiii1 #be2 ,deut4 ,,xxix1 #ad4 #aad ,see ,ep4 ,hebrews ,,viii1 #h f42 ,gal4 ,,iii1 #ae2 ,i ,cor4 ,,xi1 #be2 ,matt4 ,,xxiv1 #ba1 & p>allels4 #aae ,g54 ,,xvii1 #aa4 #aaf ,ex4 ,,xxxi1 #ac-ag2 comp4 ,deut4 ,x1 #af2 ,jo%4 ,v1 #i2 ,isa4 ,,lvi1 #d-f4 ,see ,mek4 to ,ex4 ,,xix1 #e1 ! controv]sy betwe5 ,r4 ,eliez] & ,r4 ,akiba1 :e!r ! ,sabba? or circumcision 0 ! ess5tial sign ( ! cov5ant4 #aag ,k]4 #i a2 ,yeb4 #de-dh & see ,*apt] ,,lvi bel[4 #aah ,ps4 ,,xxii1 #bh f42 ,,cxv1 #aa2 ,,cxviii1 #d2 ,is4 ,,lvi1 #f4 #aai ,isaiah ,,xlix1 #f-h4 #abj ,acts ,,xv1 #bj1 #bi4 #aba ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,saul ( ,t>sus2 ,enc4 ,rel4 ,e?4 art4 ,paul4 #abb ,isaac b5 ,%e%e?3 ,responsa1 #aai4 ,comp1 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,*ri/ianity4 #abc ,see fur!r1 ,*apt] ,,xlix4 #abd ,j]4 ,x1 #aa2 #af & #aj4 #abe ,%ab4 #hi b4 #abf ,lev4 ,,xviii1 #b1 #bg f42 ,num4 ,,xxv1 #c-h2 ,hos4 ,,iv1 #aj2 ,v1 #d4 #abg ,num4 ,,xv1 #ci2 ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #bd2 ,deut4 ,,xx1 #ah2 ,sanh4 ,,xii1 #e2 ,x1 #d-f2 ,ab4 ,z>4 ,,ii-,,iv2 ,sanh4 #ajf a3 8,israel's ,god hates lewdness40 #abh ,ex4 ,,xx1 #e2 ,deut4 ,,iv1 #bd2 ,,vi1 #ae4 #abi ,see ,philo3 ,de ,humanitate2 ,doell+]3 ,heid5?um u4 ,jud5?um1 #fhb1 #gjj f42 ,i4 ,h4 ,weiss3 ,dor ,dor we ,dore%av1 ,,ii1 #ai f4 #acj ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,*ri/ianity4 #aca ,isa4 ,,xlii1 #h4 ,scripture always emphasizes ! contra/ betwe5 ,israel's ,god & ! hea!n gods4 ,see ,ex4 ,,xii1 #ab2 ,,xv1 #aa2 ,,xviii1 #aa2 ,deut4 ,x1 #ag2 also 9 ! prophets1 ,isa4 ,,xl2 ,,xliv1 #i2 ,j]4 ,x2 & ! ,psalms1 ,,xcvi1 ,,cxv1 ,,cxxxv4 ,absolute mono!ism 0 a sl[ gr[? f ?is basis4 #acb ,see ,ex4 ,r4 ,v1 #ah4 #acc ,deut4 ,,vii2 ,,xvii1 #b f42 ,,xx1 #af2 ,maimonides3 ,h4 ,akkum1 ,,ii-,,vii2 ,melakim1 ,,vi1 #d2 ,yoreh ,deah1 ,,cxii-,,xlviii4 #acd ,ps4 ,,xcvi-,,xcix4 #ace ,see ,s+]'s ,pray]book1 p1 #gf-gg1 & ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,al5u4 #acf ,see ,*eyne's ,dict4 ,bibl4 art4 ,"n & ,names ) ,bibliography2 ,jacob3 ,im ,nam5 ,gottes2 ,heitmuell]1 ,im ,nam5 ,jesu1 #aijc1 p4 #bd-be4 ,! ,"n = ! ,"l occurs ,lev1 ,,xxiv1 #aa1 #af2 ,deut4 ,,xxviii1 #eh2 ,geig]1 ,urs*rift1 #bfa f4 #acg ,see ,baudiss91 ,/ud4 z4 ,sem4 ,religionsges*41 ,i1 #dg2 #agg2 ,rob9son ,smi?3 ,religion ( ! ,semites2 ,max ,muell]1 ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op1 ,i1 #ccf-cgd4 #ach ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,god4 ,comp4 also ,encycl4 ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 art4 ,god4 ,primitive & ,biblical2 ,"n ( ,god1 ,jewi%4 #aci ,g54 ,,xvii1 #aa2 ,ex4 ,,vi1 #c1 & comm5tators2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xlvi4 ,! ,book ( ,job1 :]e ! "n ,%addai is con/antly us$1 ref]s to ! patri>*al age4 #adj ,ex4 ,,iii1 #ad1 & comm5tators1 espec4 ,dillmann4 ,comp4 art4 ,jahweh 9 ,prot4 ,real5cyc4 & ,*eyne's ,dict4 ,bible1 art4 ,names1 #aji ff41 :]e diff]5t etymologies are giv54 #ada ,ex4 ,,iii1 #ad4 #adb ,ex4 ,,xix1 #e1 #f4 #adc ,see ,prot4 ,enc41 art4 ,jahveh1 p1 #ecj f4 #add ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,adonai2 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #ceb f4 #ade ,b]4 #dj b4 ,on ! alleg$ 8,judaisirung des ,gottesbegriffs10 see ,web]1 l4 c41 #adh-aeh4 #adf ,sifre to ,deut4 ,,vi1 #d4 #adg ,g54 ,,xxiv1 #c4 #adh ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxiv1 #c4 #adi ,%ab4 #hg a1 #hi b2 ,mek4 ,yi?ro ,,iv4 #aej ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,al5u4 #aea ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,abba & ,names ( ,god2 ,web]1 l4 c1 #adh f42 ,b\sset1 ,,ii1 #cef-cfa2 ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 ,,ii1 #ba-bh4 #aeb ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,heav52 ,levy1 ,w4 ,b43 8,%amayim40 #aec ,see ,pes4 ,x1 #e2 ,b]4 #af b2 ,ab4 ,z>4 #dj b2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,lxviii1 #i1 ref]r+ to ,g54 ,,xxviii1 #aa & ,ex4 ,,xxxiii1 #ba2 ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,xxxv2 ,pes4 ,rab4 #ajd a2 comp4 ,,lxx1 ,ex4 ,,xxiv1 #aj2 see also ,siegfri$3 ,philo1 p4 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bag2 ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 #bf1 #cd4 ,! passage 9 ,mekilta on ,ex4 ,,xvii1 #g1 :i* ref]s ,makom to ! ,sanh$r9 7aft] ,deut4 ,,xvii1 #h71 seems orig9ally to h be5 a m>g9al note belong+ to ,ex4 ,,xxi1 #ac1 :]e ,makom is ! equival5t ( ,makam1 a place ( refuge1 & put "h at ! wrong place by an error2--,aga9/ ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 #bg note #a1 ,b\sset 7p4 #eia7 ?9ks t ha ,makom = ,god is ,p]sian1 :]e bo? space & "t 7 deifi$4 ,see ,spiegel3 ,eranis*es ,alt]?um1 ,,ii1 #ae f4 #aed ,see ,g54 ,r4 ,,xii1 #ae2 ,,xxx1 #c2 ,t>gum to ,psalm ,,lvi1 #aa2 comp4 ,philo1 ,i1 #dif2 ,siegfri$1 l4 c41 #bjc1 #bac4 #aee ,metaphysical pro(s = ,god's exi/5ce h be5 outlaw$ s9ce ,kant4 ,god is ! po/ulate ( man's moral consci\sness4 ,see ,rauw5h(f1 l4 c41 #bcf-ceg4 #aef ,see art4 ,a!ism1 9 ,j4 ,e4 & 9 ,enc4 ,reli4 & ,e?ics1 ,,ii1 #ah f4 #aeg ,j]4 ,v1 #ab2 ,psalm ,x1 #d2 ,,xiv1 #a2 ,,liii1 #a4 #aeh ,b4 ,b4 #af b2 ,t>g4 to ,g54 ,,iv1 #h4 #aei ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,iv1 #c4 #afj ,isa4 ,,xl1 #ab-bf2 ,,xlvi1 #aj4 #afa ,see ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #bie-bih4 #afb ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,abraham4 #afc ,*4 ,,xiii4 #afd ,philo3 ,de ,somniis1 ,i1 #dc1 #dd2 ,zell]3 ,d4 ,philosophie d4 ,grie*51 ,,iii1 #b1 #cjg f42 ,drummond3 ,philo ,judu1 ,,ii1 #d-e4 #afe ,see ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss3 ,*ri/l4 ,glaub5slehre1 ,i1 #cfd-cii2 ,w9delb&3 ,hi/4 ( ,phil41 transl4 by ,j4 ,h4 ,tufts1 #b;d ed41 #aiad1 p4 #ed1 #ih1 #abh1 #cbg4 #aff ,see ,w9delb&-,tufts1 l4 c41 #ade1 #bib4 #afg ,see ,/rauss1 l4 c42 ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 #b-c1 #eh2 ,d4 ,!ologie d4 ,ba*ya1 p4 #bbb f42 ,husik3 ,hi/4 ,jew4 ,phil41 p4 #cb ff41 #hi ff4 #afh ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 p4 #cda f41 #dca f42 ,husik1 l4 c41 #bah f41 #bed f4 #afi ,see ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 l4 c42 ,w9delb&-,tufts1 p4 #bib1 #cic4 #agj ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 #cge1 #cid2 ,w9delb&-,tufts1 l4 c41 #dej4 #aga ,see ,w9delb&-,tufts1 l4 c41 #edi-eej4 #agb ,see ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 p4 #bbc f41 &1 oppos$ to him1 ,neum>k3 ,jehuda ,halevi's ,philosophy1 ,c9c9nati1 #aiji4 ,see also ,husik1 l4 c41 #aeg ff4 #agc ,comp>e ,c4 ,seligman3 ,jud5?4 u4 mod]ne ,ans*auung4 ,! philosophy ( ,b]gson1 :i* elim9ates design & purpose f ! cosmos & places ,deity itself into ! process z ! vital urg5t ( x all1 & ?us sees ,god =ev] 9 ! mak+1 is pan!i/ic & un-,jewi%1 & !re=e _c be consid]$ 9 a !ology ( ,judaism4 ,?is does n exclude our accept+ m9or elem5ts ( 8 sy/em1 :i* conta9s sugge/ive h9ts4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells' ,god ! ,invisible ,k+ 7,macmillan1 #aiag7 is likewise a ,god 9 ! mak+1 man-made1 n ! ,mak] & ,rul] ( man4 #agd ,job ,,xi1 #g4 #age ,ex4 ,,xxxiii1 #bc2 ,maim42 ,yesode ha ,torah1 ,i1 #h1 #aj2 ,moreh1 ,i1 #ba a2 ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 #dca2 ,philo3 ,mutatio ,nom41 #b2 ,vita ,mosis1 ,i1 #bh2 ,leg4 ,all41 ,i1 #bi1 & else:]e4 ,see ,j4 ,drummond3 ,philo ,judu1 ,,ii1 #ah-bd4 #agf ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xxix1 at ! close4 #agg ,j]4 ,x1 #aj4 #agh ,isaiah ,,xliv1 #f4 #agi ,comp4 ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #bbf-bce2 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 ,i1 #ebe-eec4 #ahj ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,an?ropomorphism & ,an?ropopa?ism4 ,comp4 ,s*mi$l1 l4 c41 #a-cj4 #aha ,ps4 ,,xxxiii1 #ac-ad4 #ahb ,deut4 ,,iv1 #cf2 ,ex4 ,,xix1 #bj4 ,comp4 ,g54 ,,xi1 #e4 #ahc ,isa4 ,,xlvi1 #a4 #ahd ,ps4 ,,cxxxix1 #g-aj4 #ahe ,ps4 ,,xciv1 #i4 #ahf ,see ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,na?an ,,ii2 ,ba*]3 ,d4 ,exegetis*e ,t]m9ologie1 ,i1 #h2 ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 #ce4 #ahg ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxvii2 ,mek4 ,ex4 ,,xv2 ,pes4 d4 ,r4 ,k4 #aji b2 ,tanh4 to ,ex4 ,,xxii1 #af2 ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 #dc f4 #ahh ,g54 ,r4 ,,iv1 #c2 comp1 ,pes4 d4 ,r4 ,k4 #b b2 ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 #bi f4 #ahi ,hul4 #ei1 #fj2 ,sanh4 #ci a2 ,philo3 ,de ,abrahamo1 #af4 #aij ,mid4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,ciii1 #a2 ,sanh4 #ci a4 #aia ,see ,web]1 l4 c41 #adi f41 #aeg2 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #cjb1 #cac2 von ,h>tman3 ,das religioese ,bewus/se94 ,aga9/ ?is ,s*re9]1 l4 c41 #di-eh1 & ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects #cc f4 #aib ,mek4 & ,tanh4 to ,ex4 ,,xv1 #aa4 #aic ,deut4 ,,iv1 #g2 ,y]4 ,b]4 ,,ix1 #ac a4 #aid ,isa4 ,,lvii1 #ae4 ,see also ,deut4 ,x1 #ag-ah2 ,ps4 ,,lxxxvi1 #e-f4 ,comp4 ,r4 ,johanan1 ,meg1 #ca a4 #aie ,ex4 ,r4 ,,ii1 #i2 ,mid4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,lxviii1 #g4 #aif ,ps4 ,,xlvi1 #b4 #aig ,ab4 ,z>4 #c b4 #aih ,ps4 ,,cxiii1 #e1 #f4 #aii ,b]4 #fj b4 ,s+]'s ,pray]book1 #bia4 #bjj ,on pan!ism 9 ,judaism see ,seligman1 l4 c4 #bja ,see ,sa*s3 ,d4 religioese ,poesie d4 ,jud54 9 ,spani51 #bbe-bbh2 ,kaufmann3 ,/ud u4 ,solomon ,ibn ,gabirol4 #bjb ,see ,siegfri$3 ,philo1 #aii-bjc1 #bib2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,lxviii1 #aj2 comp4 ,geig]3 ,zeits*r41 ,,xi1 #bah2 ,hamburg]3 ,r4 ,w4 ,b41 ,,ii1 #ihf4 #bjc ,see ,graetz3 ,g4 d4 ,j41 ,x1 #cai4 #bjd ,see ,maimonides3 ,h4 ,te%ubah1 ,,iii1 #g & ,r4 ,a4 ,b4 ,d41 notes4 #bje ,j]4 ,,xxiii1 #bc4 #bjf ,isa4 ,,xl1 #be4 #bjg ,lev4 ,,xix1 #d2 ,,xxvi1 #a2 ,isaiah ,,ii1 #h1 #aa2 ,psalm ,,xcvi1 #e4 #bjh ,comp4 ,ex4 ,,xx1 #c2 ,,xxii1 #ai2 ,,xxiii1 #ac2 ) ,deut4 ,,vi1 #d2 ,,iv1 #ce1 #ci2 ,,xxxii1 #ci2 ,isaiah ,,xl to ,,xlviii4 #bji ,see ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #bce-bda2 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 #djb-djh2 ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson3 ,!ology ( ,o4 ,t41 p4 #aje2 #adi f4 #baj ,za*4 ,,xiv1 #i4 #baa ,deut4 ,,iv1 #ai2 ,j]4 ,x1 #b4 #bab ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #bba f41 #cdh4 #bac ,see ,*apt] ,,lvi1 bel[4 #bad ,isa4 ,,xlv1 #e-g4 #bae ,lam4 ,,iii1 #ch4 #baf ,%e! ,re%uyo?1 see ,hag4 #ae a2 ,deut4 ,r4 ,i4 #aj2 ,eccl4 ,r4 ,,ii1 #ab2 ,web]1 l4 c41 #aeb2 ,joel1 ,blicke 9 d4 ,religionsges*41 ,,ii1 #aeg4 #bag ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 #dji-eja2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,*ri/ianity4 #bah ,meg4 #ac a4 #bai ,comp4 ,lange3 ,ges*4 d4 ,mat]ialismus1 ,i1 #adi-aeh4 #bbj ,alfr$ v4 ,krem]1 l4 c41 #i-cc2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,arabic & ,arabic-,jewi% ,philosophy4 #bba ,see ,drap]'s ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce4 #bbb ,maim43 ,yesode ha ,torah1 ,i1 #g4 #bbc ,sa*s1 l4 c41 #c4 #bbd ,see ,s*mi$l1 l4 c41 #bci-beh4 #bbe ,see ,hebrew ,diction>y1 ,el2 comp4 ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #baj1 #bdd4 #bbf ,see ,levy1 ,w4 ,b43 ,geburah4 #bbg ,see ,septuag9t to ,job ,v1 #ag2 ,,viii1 #c1 & ,,ii ,sam4 ,v1 #aj2 ,,vii1 #h1 & ,b]4 #ca b4 #bbh ,see ,s*mi$l1 l4 c41 #fg ff4 ,david ,neum>k ?9ks t bo? ! prophet ,j]emiah & ! ,mi%nah knew & reject$ ! belief 9 angels4 ,see 8 article ,ikk>im 9 ,oz> ,ha ,yahdu?4 #bbi ,g54 ,,xviii1 #ad2 ,num4 ,,xi1 #ac2 ,is4 ,,xl1 #ab2 ,j]4 ,v1 #bb2 ,x1 #ab2 ,,xxvii1 #e2 ,,xxxii1 #ag2 ,za*4 ,,viii1 #f2 ,job ,,xxxviii1 #g2 ,,xlii1 #a4 #bcj ,deut4 ,,iii4 #bd2 ,,xi1 #c2 ,,xxvi1 #h2 ,,xxix1 #b2 ,j]4 ,x1 #f2 ,ps4 ,,lxv1 #g2 ,,lxvi1 #g2 ,,lxiv-,,lxxviii2 ,i ,*ron4 ,,xxix1 #aa1 #ab4 #bca ,ex4 ,,xii1 #ab2 ,judges ,v1 #aj4 #bcb ,daniel ,,iv1 #ce4 #bcc ,ps4 ,,xi1 #d2 ,,xxxiii1 #ac f42 ,,cxxxix2 ,j]4 ,,xi1 #bj2 ,,xvii1 #aj2 ,job ,,xii1 #ac2 ,dan4 ,,ii1 #bj f4 #bcd ,abo? ,,ii1 #a4 #bce ,mal4 ,,iii1 #af2 ,ps4 ,,lvi1 #i4 #bcf ,see ,new ,ye> liturgy1 ,s+]'s ,pray]book1 #bdi4 #bcg ,amos ,,iii1 #g42 ,g54 ,,xviii1 #ag4 #bch ,g54 ,,vi1 #e2 ,,xi1 #e2 ,,xviii1 #ba4 #bci ,isa4 ,,lv1 #h1 #i4 #bdj ,g54 ,,iv1 #af2 ,,xi1 #e2 ,,xviii1 #ba2 ,,xxviii1 #af2 ,deut4 ,,xxvi1 #ae2 ,micah ,i1 #c2 see ,/rauss1 l4 c41 ,i1 #edh f4 #bda ,i ,k+s ,,viii1 #bg2 ,isa4 ,,lxvi1 #a4 #bdb ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,xii1 #e4 #bdc ,comp4 ,amos ,,ix1 #b2 ,j]4 ,,xxiii1 #bd4 #bdd ,sanh4 #ci a4 #bde ,comp4 ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 #gj & #ga1 notes #acj1 #aca2 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 ,i1 #eea4 #bdf ,makom1 see above1 ,*apt] ,x1 #h-i2 ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 #bf f4 #bdg ,luk4 #de b2 comp4 ,i ,cor9?4 ,,xiii1 #ab1 bas$ on ,ex4 ,,xxxiii1 #bh2 ,ps4 ,,xvii1 #ae4 #bdh ,see ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 #ajj f4 #bdi ,isa4 ,,xlviii1 #ab2 ,ps4 ,,xc1 #b f42 ,,cii1 #bf1 #bg4 ,on ! process ( developm5t ( ! idea ( et]nity1 see ,neum>k1 l4 c41 ,,ii1 #gg4 #bej ,adon ,olam1 ,s+]'s ,pray]book1 p4 #c4 #bea ,see ,/rauss1 l4 c41 #efb1 #fea2 ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 #cjf f42 ,drummond3 ,philo1 ,,ii1 #df4 #beb ,see ,*apt] ,,xxv bel[4 #bec ,tanh4 ,naso ed4 ,bub]1 #h2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,ix1 #i ) ref]5ce to ,j]4 ,,xxiii1 #bd4 #bed ,lev4 ,,xix1 #a4 #bee ,comp4 ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #beb f42 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 #eic f42 ,rauw5h(f1 l4 c41 #dih-eje2 ,laz>us3 ,e?ics ( ,judaism1 ,*apt]s ,,iv-,v4 #bef ,i ,sam4 ,,ii1 #ba4 #beg ,ps4 ,,lxxvii1 #ad4 #beh ,deut4 ,x1 #ab2 ,,xi1 #bb1 & else:]e4 #bei ,g54 ,,xviii1 #ai4 #bfj ,ex4 ,,xxxiii1 #ac-bc4 #bfa ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,hol9ess4 ,! ,assyrian ,kuddisu d5otes 8bright10 8pure10 accord+ to ,zimm]n 9 ,religion und ,spra*e1 ,k4 ,a4 ,t41 #c;d ed41 #fjc4 #bfb ,deut4 ,,xxxiii1 #c2 ,job ,v1 #a2 ,,vi1 #aj2 ,,xv1 #ae2 ,ps4 ,,lxxxix1 #f1 #h4 #bfc ,ex4 ,,xix1 #ba f42 ,,xxiv1 #ag2 ,i ,sam4 ,,vi1 #bj2 ,jo%4 ,,xxiv1 #ai2 ,isa4 ,,iv1 #c2 ,,vi1 #c1 #ac2 ,x1 #ag2 ,,xxxi1 #i2 ,,xxxiii1 #ad2 ,hab4 ,i1 #ac4 #bfd ,deut4 ,,iv1 #bd2 ,ex4 ,,xxiv1 #ag4 #bfe ,comp4 ! "n ,kade% & ,k$e%a = ! hi]odules consecrat$ to ,a/>te4 ,see ,deut4 ,,xxiii1 #ah2 ,i ,k+s ,,xiv1 #bd2 ,,xv1 #ab2 ,hosea ,,iv1 #ad4 ,comp4 ,zimm]n1 l4 c41 p4 #dbc4 #bff ,isa4 ,i1 #d2 ,v1 #ab2 ,x1 #bj2 ,,xii1 #f2 ,,xli1 #ad2 ,,xliii1 #c f42 ,,xlv1 #aa2 & else:]e4 #bfg ,ezek4 ,,xx1 #ab2 ,,xxxvii1 #bh2 ,ex4 ,,xxxi1 #ac1 & else:]e4 #bfh ,see ,sifra & ,rabba to ,lev4 ,,xix1 #b4 #bfi ,cus>i ,,iv1 #c2 ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 #afb f4 #bgj ,abo?1 ,i1 #c4 #bga ,rauw5h(f1 l4 c41 #ejd4 #bgb ,hab4 ,i1 #ac4 #bgc ,psalm ,,xxiv1 #d-e4 #bgd ,l4 ,laz>us3 ,z4 ,*>act]i/ik d4 ju$is*4 ,e?ik1 #dj-de2 ,m4 ,laz>us3 ,e?ics ( ,judaism1 p4 #ahd4 #bge ,isa4 ,v1 #af4 #bgf ,comp4 ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #beh f42 ,j4 ,e41 art4 8,ang]40 #bgg ,ex4 ,,xx1 #e2 ,isa4 ,,xxx1 #bg f42 ,nahum ,i1 #e f4 #bgh ,ex4 ,,xxii1 #bc2 ,num4 ,,xvii1 #aj f42 ,,xxv1 #c2 ,deut4 ,,xxix1 #ai2 ,,xxxii1 #ba2 ,isa4 ,,ix1 #af4 #bgi ,hosea ,,xi1 #i4 #bhj ,psalm ,,xxx4 #bha ,t>gum to ,ex4 ,,xx1 #c2 ,sanh4 #bg b4 #bhb ,isa4 ,,xxxiii1 #ad-ag4 #bhc ,mal4 ,,iii1 #b1 #ai f4 #bhd ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #ce2 comp4 ,sifre1 #cbe2 ,geig]3 ,urs*rift1 #bdg1 reg>d+ ,sam>itan text4 ,zeph4 ,i1 #ae2 ,isa4 ,,lxvi1 #ae-af4 #bhe ,isa4 ,,xvli1 #bd4 #bhf ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 8,geh5na02 ,mid4 ,teh4 to ,ps4 ,,lxxvi1 #aa1 & ,,lxxix2 ,n$4 #cb a2 ,taan4 #i b2 ,y]4 ,taan4 ,,ii1 #fe b2 ,ab4 ,z>4 #d a & b2 #ah b2 ,b]4 #g a2 ,%ab4 #aah a2 ,sanh4 #aaj b2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,vi1 #i2 ,,xxvi1 #aa1 et al42 comp4 ,romans ,,ii1 #e2 ,eph4 ,v1 #f2 ,i ,!ss4 ,i1 #aj4 #bhg ,sibyll4 ,,ii1 #agj1 #bhe2 ,,iii1 #eda1 #eef f41 #fgb-fig1 #gfj1 #haj2 ,eno* ,,xci1 #g-i4 #bhh ,b]4 #aj a2 ,midr4 ,teh4 to ,ps4 ,,civ1 #ce4 #bhi ,tan4 #bc b4 #bij ,cus>i ,,iv1 #e2 ,moreh ,i1 #cf1 & ,comm5t>y to ,sanh4 ,x1 ,i4 #bia ,te/am5t ( ,abraham1 ,a1 ,x4 #bib ,hab4 ,,iii1 #b4 #bic ,ezek4 ,,xviii1 #bc1 #cb2 ,,xxxiii1 #aa4 #bid ,ex4 ,,xxxii-,,xxxiv1 #g4 ,comp4 ,num4 ,,xiv1 #ah4 #bie ,g54 ,,xix1 #a-bh2 ,ex4 ,,xx1 #e-f4 #bif ,hosea ,i-,,iii2 ,,xi1 #a-i2 ,,xiv1 #e4 ,comp4 ,micah ,,xiii1 #ah2 ,j]4 ,,iii1 #h-ab2 ,isa4 ,,liv1 #f-h2 ,,lvii1 #af f42 ,joel ,,ii1 #ac2 ,jonah ,,iv1 #b1 #aj f42 ,lam4 ,,iii1 #ca2 ,ps4 ,,lxxviii1 #ch et al4 ,see ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #bfc f42 ,davidson ,!ology ( ,o4 ,t41 #acb f4 #big ,g54 ,,vi1 #f2 ,i ,sam4 ,,xv1 #aa2 ,j]4 ,,xviii1 #g-aj2 ,joel ,,ii1 #ad2 ,jonah ,,iii1 #aj2 ,,iv1 #b4 #bih ,num4 ,,xxiii1 #ai2 ,i ,sam4 ,,xv1 #bi2 see ,t>gum & comm5t>ies4 #bii ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,an?ropomorphism & ,allegorical ,int]pretation4 #cjj ,tanh4 ,wae?hanan1 ed4 ,bub]1 #c4 #cja ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #d-e4 ,see ,morris ,joseph3 ,judaism z ,cre$ & ,life1 p4 #ei1 #ij-ie4 #cjb ,r4 h4 ,%4 #ag b2 comp>e1 ,j4 ,davidson1 #acd2 ,koeb]le3 ,su5de und ,gnade1 #aije1 p4 #fbe1 #fcd f42 b p4 #feh1 #fad1 are mislead+2 ,web]1 l4 c41 #aed1 #bfj1 #cjc f41 altoge!r misrepres5ts ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( grace4 #cjc ,g54 ,,xviii1 #ai4 #cjd ,g54 ,,xviii1 #be4 #cje ,j]4 ,,xii1 #a4 #cjf ,ps4 ,,lxxiii1 #ab4 #cjg ,job ,x1 #bb f4 #cjh ,y]4 ,hag4 ,,ii1 #a2 ,eli%a b5 ,abuyah4 #cji ,ps4 ,,lxxxix1 #ae4 #caj ,ps4 ,,xxxvi1 #g2 see ,davidson1 l4 c41 #adc f42 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,ju/ice2 ,hamburg]3 ,real5cyclopa$ie1 art4 ,g]e*tigkeit2 ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #bgj f42 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 #eif-fjd4 ,b\sset1 #dcg f41 is mislead+4 #caa ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #d4 #cab ,tanh41 ,ji?ro #e4 #cac ,deut4 ,x1 #ag-ah4 #cad ,deut4 ,i1 #ag4 #cae ,yeb4 #ib a2 ,y]4 ,sanh4 ,i1 #ah b4 #caf ,amos ,v1 #bd2 ,isa4 ,i1 #ag1 #bh2 ,,xxviii1 #ag2 ,,liv1 #ad4 #cag ,ps4 ,v1 #e-f4 #cah ,isa4 ,,lxvi1 #af4 #cai ,ps4 ,,xcix1 #d2 ,tanh4 ,mi%patim #a4 #cbj ,ps4 ,,xcvi1 #ac2 ,,xcviii1 #i4 #cba ,see ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #ceg-cff2 ,web]1 l4 c41 #bei-bgi1 & comp4 ,suk4 #cj a1 :]e x is /at$1 ref]r+ to ,isa4 ,,lxi1 #h1 t 8good de$s c nev] ju/ify evil acts40 #cbb ,hosea ,,vi1 #f2 ,ps4 ,,xxxvii1 #f2 ,i ,sam4 ,,ii1 #i4 #cbc ,sota ,i1 #g-h2 ,tos4 ,sota ,,iii2 ,mek4 ,%irah #d2 ,b4 ,wisdom ,,xv1 #c2 ,,xix1 #ag ,jubilees ,,iv1 #c1 else:]e1 comp4 ,ma?4 ,,vii1 #b1 & p>allels4 #cbd ,abo? ,,iv1 #b4 #cbe ,see ,levy1 ,w4 ,b43 ,zidduk2 comp4 ,ex4 ,,ix1 #bg2 ,lam4 ,i1 #ah2 ,neh4 ,,ix1 #cc4 #cbf ,g54 ,r4 ,,xlix1 #ai2 ,yoma #cg a4 #cbg ,prov4 ,x1 #be4 #cbh ,see ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #b2 ,sanh4 #aje a2 ,yalkut ,isaiah #bif2 ,crescas3 ,or ,adonai1 ,,iii1 #dd4 #cbi ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #d-e2 ,,xii1 #ae2 ,midr4 ,teh4 to ,ps4 ,,lxxxix1 #b2 comp4 ,b5 ,sira1 ,,xviii1 #aa2 ,te/am5ts ( ,,xii ,patr43 ,zebulon #i2 ,ap4 ,b>u* ,,xlviii1 #ad2 ,,iv ,esdras ,,viii1 #ca2 ,psalms ( ,solomon ,,ix1 #g2 ,pray] ( ,manasseh1 #h1 #ac4 #ccj ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 8,love40 ,bo? ,web]1 l4 c41 #eg f4 & ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #ddc f4 %[ ,*ri/ian bias4 #cca ,ps4 ,,cxxx1 #d4 #ccb ,abo? ,,iii1 #ai2 comp4 ,b4 ,wisdom ,,xi1 #bc1 #bf2 ,,xii1 #af1 #ah2 ,b5 ,sira1 ,,ii1 #ah4 #ccc ,ps4 ,,cxliv1 #h-i2 comp4 ,b5 ,sira1 ,,xviii1 #ac4 #ccd ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #c4 #cce ,y]4 ,r4 h4 ,%4 ,i1 #eg a4 #ccf ,b]4 #g a4 #ccg ,tos4 ,sota ,,iv1 #a1 ) ref]5ce to ,ex4 ,,xx1 #e-f4 ,! plural1 laalafim1 is tak5 to mean two ?\s&4 #cch ,ex4 ,,xxii1 #bf2 comp4 #ba1 #bc4 #cci ,see ,h>p]3 ,code ( ,hammurabi1 #aijj2 ,oettli3 ,d4 ,gesetz ,hammurabis und d4 ,?ora ,israels1 #aijc2 ,cohn3 ,d4 ,gesetz ,hammurabis1 ,zri*1 #aijc2 ,grimm3 ,d4 ,gesetz ,*ammurabis und ,moses1 ,cologne1 #aijc4 ,also ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,hebrew & ,babylonian ,traditions1 p4 #bee-cai4 #cdj ,deut4 ,x1 #ah2 ,ps4 ,,lxxiii4 #cda ,isa4 ,,xxv1 #d4 #cdb ,ex4 ,,xxii1 #bd4 #cdc ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xxvii1 #e2 ,eccles4 ,r4 to ,,iii1 #ae4 #cdd ,g54 ,,xxiv1 #ai4 #cde ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #e4 #cdf ,deut4 ,,xxv1 #d4 #cdg ,lev4 ,,xx1 #bh2 ,deut4 ,,xxii1 #f4 #cdh ,git4 #fb a1 ) ref]5ce to ,deut4 ,,xi1 #ae4 #cdi ,ps4 ,,cxlv1 #i4 #cej ,b4 ,m4 #he a2 ,y]4 ,kil4 ,,ix1 #d4 #cea ,tos4 ,b4 ,k4 ,,ix1 #cj2 ,sifre1 ,deut4 #if4 #ceb ,sifre1 ,deut4 #di2 ,%ab4 #acc b2 comp4 ,philo3 ,de ,humanitate4 #cec ,see ,concordance to ahabah & hes$4 ,note especially ,hos4 ,,vi1 #f4 #ced ,hos4 ,,iii1 #a2 ,,xi1 #a1 #d2 ,,xiv1 #e4 #cee ,j]4 ,,xxxi1 #b1 #ai4 #cef ,deut4 ,,vii1 #h2 ,x1 #ae4 #ceg ,deut4 ,,viii1 #e2 see ,sifre1 ,deut4 #cb4 #ceh ,prov4 ,,iii1 #ac4 #cei ,b]4 #e a2 ,sifre1 l4 c42 ,mek4 ,yi?ro #aj4 #cfj ,see ,mek4 & ,sifre1 l4 c4 #cfa ,ex4 ,,iv1 #bb4 #cfb ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #f1 #aj f4 #cfc ,j]4 ,,ii1 #b4 #cfd ,song ( ,songs1 ,r4 to ,,iii1 #g4 ,comp4 ,davidson1 l4 c41 #bce-bhg4 #cfe ,see ,s*re9]1 l4 c41 #ajc-aab2 ,p]les3 ,b\sset1 #eh f4 #cff ,pesik1 #af-ag2 ,mek4 ,yi?ro #f1 at end4 #cfg ,abo? ,,iii1 #ad4 #cfh ,,xi1 #bc-bf4 #cfi ,,iv ,esdra ,,viii1 #dg4 #cgj ,,iii1 #aj4 #cga ,zoh> ,i1 #dd b2 ,,ii1 #ig a4 #cgb ,see ,or ,adonai1 ,i1 #c1 #e1 & ,joel3 ,crescas #cf-cg4 #cgc ,dialoghi di ,amore2 see ,zimmels3 ,leo ,hebraeus1 #ahhf4 #cgd ,e?ics ,v1 proposition ,,xxxv4 #cge 8,! ,!osophy ( ,julius03 8,god40 #cgf ,midda? tobah4 #cgg ,g54 ,i1 #d1 #aj1 #ab1 #ah1 #ba1 #bc1 #ca4 #cgh ,g54 ,r4 ,,ix1 #e1 #i2 ,b]4 #fj a2 ,y]4 ,b]4 ,,ix1 #ac c-#ad b2 ,taan4 #ba a4 #cgi ,isa4 ,,lxv1 #af4 #chj ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #dj4 #cha ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #d4 #chb ,num4 ,,xxiii1 #ai2 ,isa4 ,,xl1 #h2 ,j]4 ,x1 #aj2 ,ps4 ,,xxxi1 #f2 comp4 ,dillmann1 l4 c4 #bfi f4 #chc ,ps4 ,,xxxvi1 #f2 ,,lxxxix1 #c1 #ch2 ,,cxlvi1 #f2 ,b5$iction at see+ ! ra9b[1 ,s+]'s ,pray]book1 p4 #bia4 #chd ,g54 ,,ix1 #aa4 #che ,ps4 ,,civ1 #i2 ,job ,,xxxviii1 #aa2 ,j]4 ,,xxxi1 #cd4 #chf ,deut4 ,,xxxiii1 #bg4 #chg ,j]4 ,x1 #aj1 #ae4 #chh ,emuna ,rama #ed4 ,see ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 #ccc f41 #ceb f42 comp4 ,guttmann3 ,religionsphilosophie des ,ibn ,daud1 #acf f42 ,albo ,,ii1 #bg1 at ! end2 ,maimonides3 ,yesode ha ,torah1 ,i1 #c-d2 ,hillel ( ,v]ona ref]s ev5 to ,ari/otle's 8,metaphysics40 ,see ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 #ccd1 note2 ,neum>k1 l4 c41 & ,husik41 l4 c4 passim4 #chi ,see ,y]4 ,sanh4 ,i1 #ah a4 #cij ,contra ,apionem1 ,,ii1 #bb2 comp>e ,j4 ,e41 art4 8,alpha & ,omega40 #cia ,see ,y]4 ,sanh4 ,i1 #ah a4 #cib ,b]4 #cc b4 #cic ,j$ayah ha ,p59i4 #cid ,ps4 ,,lxv1 #b4 #cie ,j]4 ,x1 #ab2 ,amos ,,iv1 #ac2 ,job ,,xxxviii-,,xxxix4 #cif ,prov4 ,,vi1 #f4 #cig ,job ,,xxxviii-,,xxxix4 #cih ,ps4 ,,civ1 #bd4 #cii ,g54 ,l1 #bj2 see ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #bhj2 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 #ege f42 ,hamburg]1 l4 c41 art4 8,wei%eit ,gottes02 ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson1 l4 c41 #ahj-ahb4 #djj ,g54 ,,xli1 #ch2 ,i ,k+s ,,iii1 #ab2 ,ex4 ,,xxxv1 #ca2 ,prov4 ,,ii1 #f4 #dja ,isa4 ,,xxv1 #a2 ,,xxvii1 #bi4 #djb ,isa4 ,,xl-,,lv4 #djc ,prov4 ,,ix1 #a4 ,comp4 ,a4 ,j]emias3 ,d4 ,a4 ,te/4 i4 ,l4 d4 i4 alt4 ,ori5ts1 #e1 #hj1 #ccf1 #cfg4 #djd ,b5 ,sira ,,xxiv1 #c-f1 #ad1 #ba2 ,eno* ,,xlii1 #a-b2 ,slavonic ,eno* ,,xxx1 #h2 ,b>u* ,,iii1 #i-;,,iv1 #d2 comp4 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #ccg f42 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,wisdom2 ,b5twi*3 ,philo1 pp4 #ada-adg4 #dje ,t>g4 ,v]4 to ,g54 ,i1 #a4 ,g54 ,r4 ,i4 #b1 #e4 ,see ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 #abg-acg4 #djf ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 #af1 #ajg1 #aac1 #afc1 #cbe1 #dah4 #djg ,job ,,ix1 #d2 ,cuz>i1 ,,ii1 #b4 #djh ,sa*s1 cl1 #f1 #bbg4 #dji ,ps4 ,,xviii1 #cf4 #daj ,meg4 #ce a4 #daa ,isa4 ,,lvii1 #ae4 #dab ,deut4 ,x1 #ag-ah4 #dac ,ps4 ,,lxviii1 #e-f4 #dad ,ps4 ,,cxiii1 #e-f4 #dae ,web]1 l4 c41 #aed4 #daf ,deut4 ,,iv1 #g2 ,y]4 ,b]4 ,,ix1 #ai a1 :]e ! plural1 ,k]obim1 sugge/s ! idea1 8all k9ds ( ne>ness40 #dag ,ps4 ,,xxix1 #d2 ,tanh4 ,yi?ro1 ed4 ,bub]1 #ag4 #dah ,ps4 ,,xci1 #ae2 ,isa4 ,,lxiii1 #i2 ,sifre ,num4 #hd4 #dai ,b]4 #f a2 #g a2 ,r4 ha ,%4 #ag b2 ,hag4 #e b2 ,sanh4 #ci a4 ,comp4 ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 p4 #ba-ej4 #dbj ,web]1 l4 c41 #aeg-afj4 #dba ,plut>*3 8,de placitis philosophiae10 ,,ii1 #a2 comp4 = ! entire *apt] ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #bhd-bie2 ,sm5d3 #a4 c41 #ded f42 ,h4 ,/e9?al3 8,die ,idee d] ,s*pfung0 9 ,j4 ,b4 z4 ,ju$4 ,ges*4 u4 ,lit41 ,,ii1 #ci-dd4 #dbb ,ps4 ,,xxxiii1 #i4 #dbc ,job ,,xxxviii2 ,ps4 ,,civ4 #dbd ,comp4 ,albo ,i1 #ab1 & ,s*les+]'s ,notes1 #fbe4 #dbe ,ps4 ,,cii1 #be-bg4 #dbf ,job ,,xxv1 #b4 #dbg ,b]4 #fj b4 #dbh ,gam su le tobah1 an allusion to 8 own "n4 ,taan4 #ba b4 #dbi ,g54 ,r4 ,,ix1 #e4 #dcj ,g54 ,r4 ,,ix1 #i-aj4 #dca ,sifre ,deut4 #cjg4 #dcb ,j]4 ,x1 #aa-ab & #aj4 #dcc ,see 8 comm5t>y to ,g54 ,i1 #a2 comp4 ,neum>k1 l4 c41 ,i1 #gj1 #ga1 #hj f41 #hg1 #dab1 #dci1 #eae2 ,husik1 l4 c41 p4 #aij2 ,d4 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 #fai-ffj4 #dcd ,,ii ,macc4 ,,vii1 #bh4 #dce ,g54 ,r4 ,i1 #ab2 ,x4 #c2 ,hag4 ,,ii b-#ac a2 ,slavonic ,eno*1 ,,xxv2 see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,cosmogony & ,creation2 ,enc4 ,rel4 & ,e?41 #aea ff41 #afg f4 #dcf ,g54 ,r4 ,,ix1 #a4 #dcg ,see ,/rauss1 l4 c41 #fde f4 #dch ,see ,s*mi$l1 l4 c41 #ia-abh2 ,kaufmann1 l4 c41 #bhj f41 #cjf1 #chg f4 #dci ,see ,c4 ,seligman1 ,jud5?um und ,mod]ne ,weltan*auung4 #ddj ,! fir/ b5$iction be=e ! ,%ema4 #dda ,g54 ,,vii1 #aa2 ,,viii1 #b4 #ddb ,isa4 ,,xl1 #bf4 #ddc ,job ,,xxxvi1 #f4 #ddd ,job ,,xxxviii1 #be4 #dde ,g54 ,,xx1 #ag-ah2 ,,xxx1 #bb4 #ddf ,ps4 ,,cxlvii1 #h-i4 #ddg ,ps4 ,,civ1 #bg-cj4 #ddh ,g54 ,i1 #aa4 #ddi ,ps4 ,,civ1 #h4 #dej ,g54 ,,viii1 #bb2 ,job ,,xxxviii1 #cc4 #dea ,j]4 ,,xxxi1 #ci2 ,,xxxiii1 #be4 #deb ,g54 ,,ix1 #ab f4 #dec ,job ,,xxv1 #b4 #ded ,see ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #bie f42 ,d4 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 #fbi-fdc4 #dee ,eno* ,,lxix1 #ae-be2 ,pray] ( ,manasseh1 #c2 ,suk4 #ec a b2 ,hag4 #ab a4 #def ,see ,s+]'s ,pray]book1 #cg1 #if1 #bij1 #bib4 #deg ,ps4 ,,ciii1 #bj4 #deh ,%ab4 #aai b4 #dei ,ps4 ,,cii1 #bg2 ,isa4 ,,xxxiv1 #d4 #dfj ,isa4 ,,lxv1 #ag4 #dfa ,see ,j4 ,e4 & ,enc4 ( ,rel4 & ,e?41 art4 8,es*atology02 ,s*u]]1 ,g4 ,v4 ,i4 ,,ii1 #ede4 #dfb ,ex4 ,,xv1 #aa4 #dfc ,o?1 sign = miracle1 ,ex4 ,,iv1 #h1 #ag1 & else:]e4 #dfd ,mophe?1 ,ex4 ,,vii1 #c1 & else:]e4 #dfe ,g54 ,,xviii1 #ad4 #dff ,num4 ,,xi1 #bc4 #dfg ,ex4 ,,xxxiv1 #aj2 ,num4 ,,xvi1 #cj4 #dfh ,ex4 ,,iv1 #aa4 #dfi ,jo%4 ,x1 #ab-ad4 ,see ,joel3 8,d4 ,mosaismus u4 d4 ,wund]10 9 ,jb4 d4 ,ju$4 ,ges*4 u4 ,lit41 #aijd1 p4 #ff-id4 #dgj ,mek4 ,be%allah #c2 ,g54 ,r4 ,v1 #d4 #dga ,abo? ,v1 #f2 comp4 ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,n41 ed4 ,s*e*t]1 #ie2 ,mek4 ,be%allah1 #e2 ,sifre ,deb>im1 #cee2 ,pes4 #ed a2 ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,eli41 ,,xix2 ,t>g4 ,y4 to ,num4 ,,xxii1 #bh1 :]e a diff]5t li/ ( t5 wondr\s ?+s is giv54 #dgb ,emuno? we ,deo? ,,ii1 #dd1 #fh4 ,comp4 ,ibn ,ezra to ,g54 ,,iii1 #a1 & ,num4 ,,xxii1 #bh4 #dgc ,moreh1 ,,ii1 #be1 #ce1 #cg2 ,,iii1 #bd2 ,yesode ha ,torah1 ,,vii1 #g2 ,,viii1 #a-c4 ,comp4 ,joel3 ,moses ,maimonides1 p4 #gg4 #dgd ,ikk>im1 ,i1 #ah4 #dge ,or ,adonai1 ,,iii1 #e2 comp4 ,joel3 ,don ,*asdai ,crescas1 p4 #gj4 #dgf ,milhamo? ,adonai1 la/ *apt]s2 comp4 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,levi b5 ,g]%om4 #dgg ,cuz>i1 ,,ii1 #ed4 #dgh ,! ,an%e maaseh1 m5tion$ toge!r ) ! ,hasidim 9 ,suk4 ,v1 #d1 & ,sot4 ,,ix1 #ae1 are wond]work]s1 ( :om ,han9ah b5 ,dosa1 ! la/1 is s+l$ out4 ,! same epi!t 0 giv5 to ,simeon b5 ,yo*ai 9 ,aramaic1 ,iskan1 see ,lev4 ,rabba ,,xxii1 #b1 & to ,r4 ,assi1 eod4 ,,xix1 #a1--:]e x means1 work] 9 nature's realm4 ,?us ,nahum ( ,gimzo is call$ 8tra9$ 9 ! skill to p]=m miracles0--,taan4 #ba a2 ,ph9ehas b5 ,jair 0 also a wond]work]--,hul4 #g a4 ,! :ole portion reg>d+ ra9-miracles seems to be tak5 f a "w on ! miracles ( sa9ts4 #dgi ,taan1 #ah b4 #dhj ,pes4 #aah a2 ,n$4 #da a4 #dha ,%ab4 #ec b4 #dhb ,ab4 ,za4 ,,iv1 #g2 comp4 ,b]4 #d a1 #bj a2 ,sanh4 #ig b4 #dhc ,b4 ,m4 #ei b4 #dhd ,deut4 ,,xiii1 #b-f4 #dhe ,yesode ha ,torah1 ,,viii1 #a-e4 #dhf ,ikk>im1 ,i1 #ah4 #dhg ,m5delssohn3 ,g4 ,s*41 ,,iii1 #fe1 #abj f41 #cbj f4 #dhh ,,ii ,k+s ,,vi1 #f4 #dhi ,jo%ua ,x1 #ac4 #dij ,moreh1 ,,ii1 #cc4 #dia ,! ,hebrew t]m ,ha%gaha--,provid5ce--is d]iv$ f ,ps4 ,,xxxiii1 #ad1 hi%giah1 8,he obs]ves40 ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,provid5ce2 ,davidson1 l4 c41 #agh-ahb2 ,hamburg]1 ,r4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,ii1 art4 ,be/immung2 ,rauw5h(f1 l4 c41 #ech f42 ,ludwig ,philippson3 8,israel4 ,religionsl410 ,,ii1 #ih f42 ,=m/e*]3 8,religion des ,gei/es10 #aad-aai4 #dib ,j]4 ,x1 #b4 ,see art4 ,div9ation1 9 ,j4 ,e42 ,dict4 ,bible2 ,enc4 ,r4 & ,e?4 #dic ,see ,lev4 ,,xvi1 #h f42 ,num4 ,,xxvi1 #ef2 ,jo%4 ,,xviii-,,xix2 ,prov4 ,,xviii1 #ah4 #did ,ex4 ,,xviii1 #cj2 ,i ,sam4 see ,,lxx2 ,,xiv1 #da4 #die ,ex4 ,,xxxiii1 #cb2 ,ps4 ,,lvi1 #i2 ,,cxxxix1 #af2 comp41 h[ev]1 ! ,babylonian 8tables ( de/9ies40 #dif ,isa4 ,,xl1 #ba2 ,,xli1 #d1 #bb f42 ,amos ,,iii1 #g4 #dig ,isa4 ,,liv1 #af4 #dih ,isa4 ,x1 #e1 #ae4 #dii ,isa4 ,,viii4 #aa2 ,ps4 ,,ii1 #b f42 ,deut4 ,,xxiii1 #f4 #ejj ,j]4 ,x1 #cc4 #eja ,abo? ,,iii1 #ae4 #ejb ,hul4 #g a4 #ejc ,g54 ,,xxiv1 #ej2 ,m4 ,k4 #ah b4 #ejd ,*4 ,,xxxiv4 #eje ,b]4 #cc b4 #ejf ,r4 h4 ,%4 #ag b2 ,new ,ye>'s liturgy4 #ejg ,h4 ,te%ubah1 ,v1 #a-b4 #ejh ,see1 on ! ,zagmuk fe/ival1 ,zimm]n1 ,k4 ,a4 ,t41 p4 #ead f4 #eji ,tos4 ,r4 h4 ,%1 ,i1 #ac2 ,r4 h4 ,%4 #af a4 #eaj ,saadia3 ,emuno?1 ,,iv1 #g2 ,bahya3 ,hobo? ha ,lebabo?1 ,,iii1 #h2 ,,iv1 #c4 #eaa ,h4 ,te%ubah ,v2 ,moreh1 ,i1 #bc2 ,,iii1 #af-ai2 comp4 ,cuz>i1 ,v1 #bj-ba2 ,albo3 ,ikk>im1 ,,iv1 #a-aa2 ,g]sonides3 ,milhamo?1 ,,iii1 #b2 ,,vi1 #a-ah2 ,isaac b5 ,%e%e?3 ,responsa1 #aai2 ,lipman ,hell] to ,abo? ,,iii1 #ae4 ,see ,joel3 ,levi b5 ,g]son1 p4 #ef4 #eab ,see ,or ,adonai1 ,,ii1 #c2 comp4 ,joel3 ,hasdai ,crescas1 #da-di1 #ed-ee2 ,neum>k3 8,crescas & ,sp9oza10 9 ,y4 ,b4 ,c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,r41 #aijh1 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #bgg-cai4 #eac ,or ,adonai1 ,,iii1 #bd4 #ead ,g54 ,r4 ,,lxxix1 #af2 comp4 ,matt4 ,x1 #bi4 #eae ,b4 ,b4 #af a2 comp4 ,matt4 ,x1 #cj2 ,luke ,,xii1 #g4 #eaf ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #aa4 #eag ,mek4 ,yi?ro #b2 ,sifre ad loc4 #eah ,%ab4 #aai b4 #eai ,ps4 ,,xlvi1 #b2 ,,cxxi1 #d4 #ebj ,see ,david ,kaufmann3 8,!ol4 d4 ,b4 b4 ,pakudah10 p4 #bdj4 #eba ,mid4 ,teh4 to ,ps4 ,,xxxiv2 ,l4 ,g9zb]g1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,jews1 ,,iv1 #hi-ij2 ,alphabet ( ,b5 ,sira4 #ebb ,comp4 ,maasehhbu*2 ,t5dlau3 ,sag5 d4 ju$4 ,vorzeit4 #ebc ,see ,g54 ,r4 ,,ix1 #e1 #aj1 #aa2 ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #cji-cah2 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 ,,ii1 #cdc-chd4 #ebd ,%ab4 #ee a4 #ebe ,b]4 #e a1 aft] ,deut4 ,,viii1 #e2 ,prov4 ,,iii1 #ab4 #ebf ,isa4 ,,xlv1 #g4 #ebg ,deut4 ,,xi1 #bg2 see ! ,midra% ad loc4 #ebh ,emunah ,ramah1 ed4 ,weil1 #ic f42 ,moreh1 ,,iii1 #aj4 #ebi ,see ,m4 ,lefkovitz1 8,! ,attitude ( ,judaism to ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce10 9 ,y4 ,b4 ,c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,xxii1 #cjj-cah4 #ecj ,see ,morris ,joseph1 l4 c41 p4 #ajh1 #abg ff42 ,c4 ,seligman1 l4 c41 #ej-fh4 #eca ,g54 ,,vi1 #b2 ,job ,i1 #f2 ,,ii1 #a2 ,,xxxiii1 #g2 ,g54 ,,xxxii1 #bi2 ,,xxxiii1 #aj2 ,jud4 ,,xiii1 #bb2 ,ps4 ,,viii1 #f4 #ecb ,comp4 ,mek4 ,yi?ro #g ?r\gh #aj2 ,hul4 #dj2 ,tos4 ,hul4 ,,ii1 #ah2 ,ab4 ,z4 #db b2 ,maimonides to ,sanh4 ,x2 ,t>g4 ,y4 to ,ex4 ,,xx1 #c4 #ecc ,deut4 ,,iv1 #ci4 #ecd ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #ci4 #ece ,isa4 ,,xliv1 #bd2 ,,xl1 #e4 #ecf ,g54 ,,xviii & ,,xvii1 #aa1 #ac4 #ecg ,g54 ,,vi1 #a f4 #ech ,comp4 ,ezek4 ,,xxviii1 #ac f4 #eci ,ps4 ,,lxxviii1 #be4 #edj ,see ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #cah-ccc2 ,davidson1 l4 c41 #bhi-cjj2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,angelology2 ,enc4 ,rel4 & ,e?4 ,,iv1 #eid-fja1 art4 ,demons4 #eda ,lev4 ,,xvii1 #g2 ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #ag2 ,isa4 ,,xxxiv1 #ad4 #edb ,g54 ,,xviii4 #edc ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #bj2 ,,ii ,sam4 ,,xxiv1 #af2 ,,ii ,k+s ,,xix1 #ce et al4 ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,angelology4 #edd ,ex4 ,,iii1 #b-d2 ,,xxiii1 #bj-ba2 ,isa4 ,,lxiii1 #i4 #ede ,ze*4 ,i1 #i f42 ,,ii1 #a f4 #edf ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,angelology4 #edg ,ezek4 ,i1 #d-bd2 ,x1 #a-bb2 ,isa4 ,,vi1 #b2 ,dan4 ,,iv1 #aj f42 ,,vii1 #i f42 ,,viii1 #af f42 ,x1 #ac f2 ,eno* ,,xv1 #a f41 & else:]e4 #edh ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,m]kabah1 ?\gh /ill d\bt$ by ,b\sset1 l4 c41 p4 #djf4 ,= ,aka?riel see ,b]4 #g & ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,s&alfon4 #edi ,jubilees ,,ii1 #b2 ,slav4 ,eno*4 ,,xxix1 #c2 ,i1 #c2 ,g54 ,r1 ,,iii1 #aa4 #eej ,y]4 ,b]4 ,,ix2 ,sanh4 #ic a2 ,hul4 #ia b2 ,n$4 #cb a2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 ,,xxi2 ,midr4 ,teh4 to ,ps4 ,,ciii1 #ah2 ,,civ1 #a4 #eea ,neum>k1 l4 c4 #eeb ,s*mi$l1 l4 c41 #fi-hg4 #eec ,yesode ha ,torah1 ,,ii1 #d-i2 ,moreh1 ,i1 #dc2 ,,ii1 #c-g1 #da2 ,,iii1 #ac2 ,husik1 l4 c41 #cjc f4 #eed ,emuno?1 ,,iv1 #a2 ,,vi1 #b2 ,hobo? ha ,lebabo?1 ,i1 #f2 ,cuz>i1 ,,iv1 #c2 ,emunah ,ramah1 ,,iv1 #b2 ,,vi1 #a2 ,ikk>im1 ,,ii1 #bh1 #ca4 #eee ,zoh>1 ,,iii1 #fh2 ,joel3 ,religionsphilosophie des ,zoh>1 #bgh f4 #eef ,n$4 #bj b2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,ciii1 #ag-ah2 ,ibn ,ezra3 ,introduction to 8 comm5t>y on ! ,p5tateu*4 #eeg ,comp>e ,g54 ,r4 to ,g54 ,i1 #ca4 #eeh ,ps4 ,,ciii1 #ai-bj4 #eei ,job ,i1 #f4 #efj ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,demonology2 ,satan2 ,belial2 ,enc4 ,rel4 & ,e?41 art4 ,demons & ,spirits1 ,jewi%2 ,davidson1 l4 c41 #cjj-cjf2 ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #ccd-cdj2 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 l4 c41 ,,ii1 #a-ah4 #efa ,lev4 ,,xvii1 #g2 ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #ag2 ,isa4 ,,xiii1 #ba2 ,,xxxiv1 #ad4 #efb ,lev4 ,,xvi1 #h2 see ,ibn ,ezra2 ,j4 ,e4 & ,enc4 ,rel4 & ,e?41 art4 ,azazel4 #efc ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,beelzebub4 #efd ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,belial4 #efe ,eno* ,,vi1 #g2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,a%modai2 ,levy3 ,w4 ,b41 ,%ema*zai4 #eff ,levy3 ,w4 ,b41 ,lili?2 ,igg]e?4 #efg ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,demonology4 #efh ,abo? ,v1 #f2 ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el41 ,,xix2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,vii1 #g4 #efi ,eno* ,,vii2 ,yalkut ,g54 #dd1 #dg4 #egj ,erub91 #ah b4 #ega ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el41 ,,xiii2 ,yalkut ,g54 #be4 #egb ,see ,abrahams' ,ann4 to ,s+]s' ,pray]b4 ,,xliv f4 & = ! ,*ur*1 ,enc4 ,rel1 & ,e?41 ,demons & ,spirits1 ,*ri/ian4 #egc ,abrahams1 l4 c41 p4 #g1 #aif2 ,,xx1 ,,ccxv4 #egd ,ps4 ,,cix1 #f4 #ege ,ze*4 ,,iii1 #a2 ,job ,i1 #f4 #egf ,i ,*ron4 ,,xxi1 #a4 #egg ,see ,b4 ,wisdom ,,ii1 #bd2 ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el41 ,,xiii4 #egh ,%ab4 #adf a2 ,yeb4 #ajc b2 ,ab4 ,z>4 #bb b4 #egi ,suk4 #eb a4 #ehj ,t>g4 to ,isa4 ,,xi1 #d4 #eha ,b4 ,b4 #af a4 #ehb ,de ,gigantibus1 #b-d4 #ehc ,sifra ,lev4 ,,xvi1 #h2 ,yoma1 #fg b4 #ehd ,see ! ,e?iopic 8,adam & ,eve02 ,c4 ,bezold1 ,die ,s*alzho*le1 p4 #ah2 comp4 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxvi4 #ehe ,see ,d4 ,cassel3 ,cuz>i1 p4 #djb note4 #ehf ,moreh ,,iii1 #bi-cg1 #df2 ,ibn ,ezra to ,job ,i1 #f2 comp4 ,f9kels*]]3 ,maimunis' ,/ellung zum ,ab]glaub51 #ahid1 p4 #dj-ea4 #ehg ,*ri/li*e ,glaub5slehre1 ,,ii1 #ah4 #ehh ,euk51 ,d4 ,wahrheitsgehalt d4 ,religion1 p4 #chd1 #djb2 ,b\sset1 ,wes5 d4 ,rel41 p4 #bci4 #ehi ,see ,h4 ,coh53 ,e?ik des re95 ,will5s1 #bhb f41 #cda f41 #dbh f41 #eic3 8,e9e ,ma*t des ,boes5 gibt es nur im ,my?os40 8,dies] ,my?os fuehrt folg]i*tig sum my?ologis*5 ,gottm5s*540 ,m4 ,joel1 9 8 article1 8,d] ,mosaismus und das ,heid5?um10 9 ,j4 ,b4 j4 ,ges*4 u4 ,lit1 #aijd1 p4 #di-ff1 ascribes ! belief 9 demons to ,greek influ5ce4 ,he holds t ! prophetic tea*+ ( ,god's unity 0 ! be/ bulw>k aga9/ demonology & my/icism4 #eij ,see ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #cda-cea2 ,web]1 l4 c41 #agg-aij2 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #ccf1 #cdf2 ,davidson1 l4 c1 #cf-ch1 #aae-abi2 ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 p4 #ba-de2 ,s*mi$l1 l4 c41 #ce-dh2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,holy ,_s2 ,logos2 ,memra2 ,metatron2 ,"n ( ,god2 ,%ek9ah2 ,enc4 ,rel4 & ,e?41 ,i1 #cjh-cab4 #eia ,ps4 ,,lxxxii1 #a4 #eib ,ex4 ,,xxv1 #h4 #eic ,b]4 #ag a4 #eid ,see ,b]41 l4 c41 ,rab's ref]5ce to ,ex4 ,,xxiv1 #aa4 #eie ,john ,i1 #a-f4 #eif ,s+]'s ,pray]book1 p4 #if1 #bib4 #eig ,*4 ,,xxii4 ,see ,prov4 ,,viii1 #bb4 #eih ,,xxiv1 #i f4 #eii ,web]1 l4 c41 #aig f4 #fjj ,l4 c41 #agh f4 #fja ,see ,kohut3 ,ju$1 ,angelologie1 #cf-ch2 ,s*orr3 ,he ,halutz1 ,,viii1 #c2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,m]kabah4 #fjb ,see ,t>g4 ,y]4 to ,g54 ,v1 #bd2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,metatron4 ,comp4 ,e?4 ,eno* ,,lxx1 #a1 & ,slav4 ,eno* ,,iii-,,xxiv4 #fjc ,g54 ,i1 #b4 #fjd ,g54 ,,ii1 #g2 ,,vi1 #c2 ,job ,,xxxii1 #h4 #fje ,num4 ,,xi1 #ag f42 ,,xxiv1 #b2 ,,xxvii1 #ah2 ,ex4 ,,xxviii1 #c2 ,,xxxi1 #c f42 ,isa4 ,,xi1 #b2 ,,lxi1 #a2 ,ezek4 ,i1 #ab1 #bj4 #fjf ,isa4 ,,lxiii1 #aj2 ,ps4 ,,li1 #ac4 #fjg ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,holy ,_s4 #fjh ,see ,j4 ,e4 art41 ,ba? ,kol4 #fji ,see ,tos4 ,sota ,,xiii1 #b2 ,,xxlv1 #aa2 comp>e ,levy3 ,w4 ,b41 ,%em2 ,geig]3 ,urs*rift1 #bgc f4 #faj ,deut4 ,,xii1 #e1 #aa2 ,,ii ,sam4 ,,xii1 #bh2 ,neh4 ,i1 #i2 ,j]4 ,,vii1 #ab1 #ad4 #faa ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #ba4 #fab ,j]4 ,,xliv1 #bf2 ,isa4 ,,xlv1 #bc4 #fac ,midr4 ,teh4 to ,ps4 ,,xxxviii1 #h2 ,,xci1 #h4 #fad ,taan4 ,,iii1 #h4 #fae ,pray] ( ,manasses1 #c4 #faf ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,iii4 #fag ,see ,levy3 ,w4 ,b41 ,geburah4 #fah ,ex4 ,,xxi1 #f4 #fai ,ex4 ,,xxxiv1 #e f4 #fbj ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxi1 #h2 ,t>g4 ,ps4 ,,lvi1 #aa1 & see ,siegfri$3 ,philo1 #bac f4 #fba ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #e1 aft] ,ps4 ,,lxxxv1 #aa-ab4 #fbb ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,iii2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,l1 #a1 ref4 to ,prov4 ,,iii1 #ai-bj4 #fbc ,a4 d4 ,r4 ,n4 ,,xxxvii1 ref4 to ,prov4 ,,iii1 #ai f42 ,ps4 ,,lxv1 #g2 ,,lxxxv1 #ba-bb2 ,job ,,xxvii1 #aa4 #fbd ,ref4 to ,hosea ,,ii1 #ba-bb4 #fbe ,hag4 #ab a4 #fbf ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,sefiro?1 ! ,t52 ,yezirah1 ,sef]4 #fbg ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,%ek9ah2 ,cuz>i1 ,,ii1 #d2 ,,iv1 #c4 #fbh ,g54 ,i1 #bf1 & ! comm5t>ies4 #fbi ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #i4 #fcj ,g54 ,r4 ,,xiv1 #a4 #fca ,g54 ,i1 #bh4 #fcb ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #ab2 ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el41 ,,xi4 #fcc ,sanh4 ,,iv1 #e1 correctly pres]v$ 9 ! ,y]u%almi1 & ! addition 9 ! ,babli1 ,me ,yisrael1 ought n to h be5 ins]t$ by ,s*e*t]1 ,ab4 d4 ,r4,n41 p4 #ij4 #fcd ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xxxiv1 #c4 #fce ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,n4 ,,xxxi4 #fcf ,see ,jubilees ,,xv1 #bg2 comp4 ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #g-i2 ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,n41 ed4 ,s*e*t]1 p4 #aec4 #fcg ,see ,jell9ek3 ,bezelem ,elohim2 ,philippson1 l4 c41 ,,ii1 #eh-gb2 ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #cbe4 ,! words ( ,plato 7,/ate1 ,x1 #fac1 & ,!tetos1 #agf71 8,man %\ld /rive = ,god-lik5ess ?r\gh virtue1 & be holy1 righte\s & wise l ! ,deity10 may h influ5c$ ! e?ical int]pretation ( ! ,biblical t]m4 #fch ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #a4 #fci ,see ,g54 ,i1 #bf2 ,comm4 ( ,ra%i1 ,saadia1 ,ibn ,ezra1 ,nahmanides1 & ,ob4 ,s=no4 #fdj ,job ,,xxxii1 #h4 #fda ,za*4 ,,iii1 #g2 see comm4 #fdb ,g54 ,,vi1 #ab1 #ai4 #fdc ,g54 ,,ix1 #ba2 ,lev4 ,,xvii1 #aa1 #ad4 #fdd ,see ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #cee-cfa2 ,davidson1 l4 c41 #ahb-bjc2 comp4 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xiv1 #aa1 :]e ^! ?ree t]ms are giv51 & also yehidah1 ,ps4 ,,xxii1 #ba2 ,,xxxv1 #ag1 & hayah1 ,ps4 ,,xcliii1 #c2 ,job ,,xxxiii1 #a4 #fde ,de ,leg4 ,alleg4 ,,iii1 #ch4 #fdf ,see ,horovitz3 ,d4 ,psy*ologie ,saadias2 ,s*ey]3 ,d4 psy*olog4 ,sy/em d4 ,maimonides2 ,cassel's ,cuz>i1 p4 #chb-djj2 ,husik1 l4 c41 ,,ix1 #da2 & see also ,index3 ,s\l4 #fdg ,sanh4 #ia a1 b2 ,nid4 #cj b-#ca b2 ,sifre ,deut4 #cjf1 ref4 to ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #a2 ,lev4 ,,iv1 #e-h4 #fdh ,ab4 ,z4 #e a2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #a4 #fdi ,b4 ,wisdom1 ,,viii1 #bj2 ,slav4 ,eno* ,,xxiii1 #e2 ,philo ,i1 #ae1 #cb2 ,,ii1 #cef2 comp4 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 p4 #ejh f4 #fej ,g54 ,,vi1 #e2 ,,viii1 #ba2 ,b4 ,sira ,,xv1 #ad2 ,,xvii1 #ca2 ,,xxi1 #aa2 ,b]4 #e a2 ,kid4 #cj b2 ,suk4 #eb a1 b2 ,%ab4 #aeb b2 ,eccl4 ,r4 ,,xii1 #g2 comp4 ,f4 ,*4 ,port]3 8,! ,yez] ha ,ra0 9 ,biblical & ,semitic ,/udies1 #ic-aef2 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #dfb f4 #fea ,suk4 #eb a1 b4 #feb ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #aa4 #fec ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,n4 ,,xxxi4 #fed ,abo? ,,iii1 #ah4 #fee ,b]4 #aj a2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,ciii1 #d-e4 #fef ,g54 ,,xviii1 #ai2 ,deut4 ,,viii1 #f2 ,x1 #ab2 ,,xxxii1 #d4 #feg ,micah ,,vi1 #h4 #feh ,g54 ,v4 #bb2 ,,vi1 #i2 ,,xvii1 #a-b4 #fei ,g54 ,r4 ,,xii1 #h2 ,,xiv1 #f1 ref4 to ,jo%4 ,,xiv1 #ae4 #ffj ,ezek4 ,,xxviii1 #ad4 #ffa ,prov4 ,,iii1 #ah4 #ffb ,g54 ,r4 ,,xvi1 #aj2 ,%ab4 #ee b4 #ffc ,b4 ,b4 #ae a4 #ffd ,%ab4 #adf a2 ,yeb4 #ajc b2 ,ab4 ,z>4 #bb b2 ,%ab4 #ee b4 #ffe ,b4 ,wisdom1 ,,ii1 #bd4 #fff ,romans ,v1 #ab f4 #ffg ,%ab4 #adf a4 #ffh ,deut4 ,,xxiv1 #af2 ,ezek4 ,,xviii1 #d4 #ffi ,%ab4 #ee a1 b4 #fgj ,%ab4 #cb b4 #fga ,b4 ,sira ,,xxv1 #bd4 #fgb ,y]4 ,%ab4 ,,ii1 #e b4 #fgc ,g54 ,r4 ,,xix1 #aj1 ref4 to ,g54 ,,iii1 #f-g4 #fgd ,apoc4 ,b>u* ,,xxiii1 #d2 ,,xlviii1 #db f42 ,,lvi1 #f2 & especially ,,liv1 #ad-ai2 ,,iv ,esdras ,,iii1 #g2 ,,vii1 #aa1 #aah4 #fge ,pesik4 #afj b2 ,num4 ,r4 ,,xiii1 #e4 #fgf ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el41 ,,xx2 comp4 ,adam & ,eve1 ,i2 ,erub4 #ah b4 #fgg ,g54 ,r4 ,,xii1 #e2 ,,xix1 #aa2 ,,xxi1 #d f42 comp4 ,%ab4 #ee b4 #fgh ,see ,w9di%man3 ,zoroa/ris*e ,/udi51 p4 #bg f4 #fgi ,eccl4 ,,vii1 #bi4 #fhj ,tanh4 ,yelamd5u to ,g54 ,,iii1 #bb4 #fha ,eccl4 ,,xii1 #g4 #fhb ,%ab4 #aeb b4 #fhc ,b]4 #hj a4 ,! rabbis did n h ! belief t ! body is morally impure & !re=e ! seat ( ! yez] ha ra1 z is /at$ by ,web]1 l4 c41 #bbh f4 ,see ,pott]1 l4 c41 #ih-ajg2 ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 #bdb-bib4 ,x is wrong also to expla9 ,ps4 ,,li1 #g1 8,behold ,i 0 br\ght =? 9 iniquity1 & 9 s9 did my "m conceive me10 z inh]it$ s9fulness1 z ,delitzs* & o!r ,*ri/ian comm5tators h done1 foll[+ ,ibn ,ezra1 :o ref]s ?is to ,eve1 ! "m ( all m54 ,! correct int]pretation is giv5 by ,r4 ,ahha 9 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xiv1 #e2 8,e sexual act is ! "w ( s5suality1 ! ,yez] ha ra40 ,comp4 ,yoma #fi b4 ,ne$less to say t ,hosea ,,vi1 #g2 ,isa4 ,,xliii1 #cg2 ,job ,,xxxi1 #cc d n ref] to ! s9 ( ,adam4 #fhd ,see ,ibn ,ezra to ,g54 ,,iii1 #a4 #fhe ,see ,taan4 #aj a2 ,b]4 #cd b2 ,d4 comp4 ,eno* ,,xxix-,,xxxii2 ,s$] ,gan ,ed51 9 ,jell9ek1 ,be? ha ,midra%1 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 #fhf ,moreh1 ,,ii1 #cj2 ,nahmanides to ,g54 ,,iii1 #a4 #fhg ,g54 ,r4 ,,xvi1 #h1 ref4 to ,g54 ,,ii1 #ae4 #fhh ,pes4 #aaa a2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xx1 #bd4 #fhi ,s$] ,olam at ! close2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxiv1 #b4 #fij ,prov4 ,,xx1 #bg4 #fia ,job ,,xxxii1 #h4 #fib ,isa4 ,,xi1 #b4 #fic ,dan4 ,,ii1 #bj-ba4 #fid ,tanh4 ,miketz #i2 comp4 ,tanh4 ,yelamd5u ,wayakhel1 :]e ! /ory is told diff]5tly4 #fie ,s+]'s ,pray]book1 p4 #df4 #fif ,cuz>i ,,iii1 #ai4 #fig ,b]4 #eh a2 ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 p4 #bia4 #fih ,yesode ha ,torah1 ,,ii1 #b4 #fii ,ne?ibot ,olam1 ,,xiv4 #gjj ,pes4 #id b4 #gja ,%a>e ,%amayim1 ,,iv1 #c4 #gjb ,r4 h4 ,%4 #ba b4 #gjc ,,ii ,sam4 ,,xxiii1 #b4 #gjd ,job ,,iv1 #ab-af4 #gje ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxiv1 #g2 comp4 ,jubilees ,,iii1 #ab4 #gjf ,see ,dillmann1 l4 c41 #cja f41 #cge2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,fre$om ( ,w4 #gjg ,g54 ,,iv1 #g4 #gjh ,deut4 ,,xxx1 #ae-ai4 #gji ,j]4 ,,xxi1 #h4 #gaj ,see ,sifre ,deut4 #ec-ed2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,dida*e4 #gaa ,g54 ,,iii1 #bb2 ,mek4 ,be%allah #f2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxi4 #e2 ,mid4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,xxxvi1 #c2 ,,lviii1 #b4 #gab ,abo? ,,iii1 #ae1 b see ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 #bhe1 note #d4 #gac ,b5 ,sira ,,xv1 #aa-bj4 #gad ,eno* ,,xcviii1 #d4 #gae ,,ix1 #g4 #gaf ,,iv ,ezra ,,vii1 #abg-abi2 ,,ix1 #aj-aa4 #gag ,quod deus immutabilis1 #aj1 ,i1 #bgi2 ,di confusione l+u>um1 #ce1 ,i1 #dcb2 ,quod det]ius potiori insid4 #gah ,josephus1 ,j4 ,w41 ,,ii1 #h1 #ad2 ,ant4 ,,xviii1 ,i1 #c4 #gai ,b]4 #cc b4 #gbj ,g54 ,r4 ,,lxvii1 #g4 ,comp4 ,p4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,xv4 #gba ,tanh4 ,tol$o?1 ed4 ,bub]1 #ba4 #gbb ,%ab4 #ajd a2 ,yoma #ch b-#ci a2 ,y]4 ,kid4 ,i1 #fg d4 #gbc ,mak4 #aj b2 ref4 to ,ex4 ,,xxi1 #ab2 ,num4 ,,xxii1 #ab2 ,isa4 ,,xlviii1 #ag2 ,prov4 ,,iii1 #cd4 #gbd ,ex4 ,,iv1 #ba2 ,,vii1 #c1 & else:]e2 see ! ,jewi% comm5t>ies to ^! passages4 ,comp4 ,pes4 #afe a2 ,num4 ,r4 ,,xv1 #af4 ,see ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 #bhi-bib4 #gbe ,saadia3 ,emuno?1 ,,iii1 #aed2 ,,iv1 #g f42 ,bahya3 ,hobo? halebobo?1 ,,iii1 #h2 ,cuz>i1 ,v1 #bj2 ,moreh ,i1 #bc2 ,,iii1 #af2 ,h4 ,te%uba1 ,v2 ,g]sonides3 ,milhamo?1 ,,iii1 #ajf2 ,albo3 ,ikk>im1 ,,iv1 #e-aj2 see ,cassel notes1 ,cuz>i1 p4 #dad4 #gbf ,or ,adonai ,,ii1 #d2 comp4 ,blo*3 ,will5sfreiheit des ,hisdai ,crescas2 ,neum>k3 ,crescas & ,sp9oza1 ,y4 ,b4 ,c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,r4 #aijh4 #gbg ,ex4 ,,xx1 #e4 #gbh ,sanh4 #bg b4 #gbi ,job ,,xiv1 #d4 #gcj ,pesik4 #bi b4 #gca ,h4 ,te%ubah1 ,v4 #gcb ,see ,morg5/]n1 8,! ,doctr9e ( ,s9 9 ! ,babylonian ,religion10 9 ,mit?4 ,vord]as4 ,gesells*4 #aije4 #gcc ,g54 ,,vi1 #c2 ,ps4 ,,lxxviii1 #ci4 #gcd ,sota #c a4 #gce ,suk4 #eb a1 b4 ,comp4 ,s*e*t]1 8,! ,evil ,yez]1 ,s\rce ( ,rebellion & ,victory ov] ! ,evil ,yez]10 l4 c41 #bdb-bib4 #gcf ,prov4 ,,xx1 #i4 #gcg ,eccl4 ,,vii1 #bj4 #gch ,job ,,iv1 #ag2 ,,xv1 #ad f2 ,,xxv1 #e4 #gci ,num4 ,,xx1 #ab2 ,,xxvii1 #ad4 #gdj ,yeb4 #aba b4 #gda ,mid4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,xvi1 #b4 #gdb ,job ,,xv1 #ae4 #gdc ,midr4 ,teh4 eodem4 #gdd ,morg5/]n1 l4 c4 #gde ,ex4 ,,xxx1 #cc1 #ch2 ,lev4 ,x1 #b2 ,,xvi1 #a-b2 ,num4 ,,xvii1 #bh2 ,,xviii1 #g4 #gdf ,ezek4 ,,xviii1 #f f42 ,,xx1 #ac f42 ,isa4 ,,lvi1 #b f4 #gdg ,hos4 ,,vi1 #f2 ,mic4 ,,vi1 #h2 ,isa4 ,i1 #aa f4 #gdh ,i ,sam4 ,,xv1 #bb-bc4 #gdi ,job ,,xxxv1 #f-h4 #gej ,ps4 ,,li1 #f4 #gea ,sanh4 #ajg a4 #geb ,isa4 ,,lix1 #b4 #gec ,g54 ,,iv1 #ac2 ,,xv1 #af2 ,,xix1 #ae2 ,ps4 ,,xl1 #ac4 #ged ,g54 ,,xxvi1 #aj2 ,,xlii1 #ba2 ,ps4 ,,xxxiv1 #bb4 #gee ,lev4 ,,iv1 #ac f42 ,num4 ,v1 #f4 #gef ,ps4 ,,xix1 #ac4 #geg ,num4 ,r4 ,,xxi1 #ai4 #geh ,num4 ,,xvi1 #bb4 #gei ,tanh4 ,korah1 ed4 ,bub]1 #ai4 #gfj ,habak4 ,i1 #ac4 #gfa ,isa4 ,,xxxiii1 #ad4 #gfb ,isa4 ,,vi1 #e-g4 #gfc ,pes4 #de b2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxiii1 #i4 #gfd ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,cabala2 ,abelson1 ,jewi% ,my/icism1 p4 #abg f41 #aga f4 #gfe ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,rep5tance2 ,claude ,montefiore3 8,rabb9ical ,conceptions ( ,rep5tance10 9 ,j4 ,q4 ,r41 ,jan4 #aijd2 ,s*e*t]1 ,aspects1 #cac-cdc4 ,! works ( ,web] 7p4 #bfa f471 ,b\sset 7p4 #ddf f471 & ,davidson 7l4 c41 #cbg-cch7 d n d ju/ice to ! ,jewi% tea*+s4 #gff ,ezek4 ,,xviii1 #d2 ,ps4 ,,xxxiv1 #ba2 ,prov4 ,,xiv1 #ab4 #gfg ,ezek4 ,,xviii1 #cb2 ,,xxxiii1 #aa4 #gfh ,prov4 ,,xiii1 #ba4 #gfi ,ezek4 ,,xviii1 #d4 #ggj ,lev4 ,i1 #d2 ,,iv1 #bf-ca4 #gga ,ps4 ,,xxv1 #h4 #ggb ,y]4 ,mak4 ,,ii1 #cg d2 ,pesik4 #aeh b4 ,see ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 p4 #bid1 note #a4 #ggc ,amos ,v1 #d4 #ggd ,isa4 ,,lv1 #g4 #gge ,deut4 ,,iv1 #cj2 ,,xxx1 #b-c4 #ggf ,amos ,,iv1 #f f4 #ggg ,hos4 ,,vi1 #a2 ,,xiv1 #b f4 #ggh ,j]4 ,,iii1 #ab-ac2 ,,iv1 #c2 #ad2 ,,xviii1 #aa4 #ggi ,ezek4 ,,xviii1 #a-cb4 #ghj ,ze*4 ,i1 #c4 #gha ,mal4 ,,iii1 #g4 #ghb ,joel ,,ii1 #ab-ac4 #ghc ,see ,ps4 ,,xxxii1 #a f4 #ghd ,jonah ,,iii-,,iv4 #ghe ,! ,hebrew te%ubah is translat$ 9 ,greek metanoia1 mean+ a *ange ( m9d4 #ghf ,pes4 #aai a2 ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,xliii4 #ghg ,pes4 #ed a2 ,g51 ,r4 ,i1 #e2 ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,iii2 ,s+]'s ,pray]b4 #bfg f4 #ghh ,%ab4 #ef a2 ,ab4 ,z4 #d b-#e a2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,xl1 #c2 ,,li1 #ac4 #ghi ,t]4 ,sanh4 ,x1 #gh c2 ,sanh4 #ajc a2 ,pes4 #afb2 ,pray] ( ,manasseh4 #gij ,pesik4 #afj a-#afb2 ,%ab4 #ef a1 b2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xi1 #f2 ,,xxii1 #ab-ac2 ,,xxxviii1 #i2 ,,xlix1 #f2 ,p4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,xx2 ,,xliii2 ,num4 ,r4 ,,xviii1 #f2 ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,n4 ,i1 #cb2 ,sanh4 #ajb b4 #gia ,yoma #hf a1 b2 ,pes4 ,r4 ,,xlix4 #gib ,mek4 ,%ira #e2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxi1 #f2 ,,xxx1 #d2 ,,xxxii1 #aj2 ,,xxxviii1 #ad2 ,,lxxxiv1 #ah2 ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xii1 #a2 ,num4 ,r4 ,,xii1 #ac2 ,b4 ,wisdom ,,xi1 #bc2 ,,xii1 #aj1 #ai4 #gic ,sanh4 #ajh2 ,sibyll9es1 ,i1 #abe-aih4 #gid ,cant4 ,r4 ,,vii1 #e1 ref4 to ! "n ,hadra*1 ,ze*4 ,,ix1 #a4 #gie ,web]1 l4 c41 #bfa f42 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #ddf f42 comp4 ,p]les3 ,b\sset4 #gif ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxii1 #bg2 comp4 ,sanh #ajg b4 #gig ,mek4 ,yi?ro ,i4 #gih ,erub4 #ai a4 #gii ,mid4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,i1 #ba f42 ,,ix1 #ac1 #ae2 ,,xi1 #e4 #hjj ,see ,maimonides1 ,bahya1 & o!rs on ,te%ubah2 comp4 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,rep5tance2 ,tobit ,,xiii1 #f2 ,,xiv1 #f2 ,philo ,,ii1 #dce4 #hja ,see ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 #cbc f4 #hjb ,sanh4 #ii a1 ,luke ,,xv1 #g4 ,! ?ird ,gospel m ?an ! o!rs pres]v$ ! orig9al ,jewi% doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*4 #hjc ,job ,,xix1 #be4 ,! ,hebrew ,goel signifies k9sman z well z r$eem] & av5g]1 imply+ blood-relation%ip4 ,9 ,job x means v9dicator4 #hjd ,deut4 ,,xiv1 #a4 #hje ,mal4 ,,ii1 #aj4 #hjf ,ps4 ,,ciii1 #ac4 #hjg ,j]4 ,,ii1 #bg4 #hjh ,hosea ,,ii1 #a4 #hji ,see ,j]4 ,,iii1 #d4 #haj ,j]4 ,,xxxi1 #i2 ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #g2 ,isa4 ,,lxiii1 #af2 ,,lxiv1 #g2 ,mal4 ,i1 #d2 ,i ,*ron4 ,,xxix1 #aj4 #haa ,yoma ,,viii1 #i4 #hab ,sota ,,ix1 #ae4 #hac ,see next p>agraph1 & ! art4 ,abba 9 ,j4 ,e4 #had ,,ii ,sam4 ,,vii1 #ad4 #hae ,ps4 ,,lxxxix1 #bg-bh4 #haf ,jubilees ,i1 #bd4 #hag ,wisdom ,,ii1 #af2 ,v1 #e4 #hah ,psalms ( ,solomon ,,xvii1 #bg4 #hai ,taan4 ,,iii1 #h4 #hbj ,b]4 ,v1 #a4 #hba ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,cxxi1 #a4 #hbb ,mek4 ,yi?ro #aa4 #hbc ,sifre ,deut4 #if2 ,hosea ,i1 #aj4 #hbd ,ex4 ,,iv1 #bb4 #hbe ,sifre ,deut4 #di4 #hbf ,sifre ,deut4 #if4 #hbg ,beza #cb b4 #hbh ,yeb4 #fa a4 #hbi ,abo? ,,iii1 #ac1 quot$ above1 ,*ap4 ,,xxxiv1 p>4 #f4 #hcj ,sifra ,ah>e #ac1 p4 #hf4 #hca ,ps4 ,,xlii1 #c4 #hcb ,mal4 ,i1 #aa4 #hcc ,) its azk>ah1 ! flame ( inc5se ris+ 9 8pyramidal0 =m1 g5]ally translat$ 8memorial10 or 8memorial-"p40 ,lev4 ,,ii1 #i1 #af4 ,= sacrifice z means ( atonem5t see ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 #bie-cja4 #hcd ,amos ,v1 #ba-bd4 #hce ,hosea ,,vi1 #f4 #hcf ,isa4 ,i1 #aa-ah4 #hcg ,j]4 ,,vii1 #ba-bc4 #hch ,ps4 ,l1 #g-ac4 #hci ,ps4 ,,xl1 #g4 #hdj ,i ,sam4 ,i1 #ac-ad4 #hda ,(t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,psalms1 "u su* t]ms z 8! congregation ( ! righte\s10 8! holy ones10 8! dev\t ones10 etc4 #hdb ,see ,i ,k+s ,,viii1 #dh2 ,dan4 ,,vi1 #aa4 #hdc ,isa4 ,,lvi1 #g4 #hdd ,tamid ,v1 #a2 comp4 ,kohl]3 ,monatss*r41 #ahic1 p4 #dda4 #hde ,sifre ,deut4 #da3 8,:at is meant by1 #8,to s]ve ,him ) all y\r he>t8' ?is is pray]40 #hdf ,b]4 #bf a4 #hdg ,b]4 #cb b2 ,midr4 to ,sam4 ,i1 #g4 #hdh ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,xvi4 #hdi ,r4 ha ,%4 #ag b4 #hej ,meg4 #ca b2 ,y]4 ,taan4 ,,iv1 #fh c4 ,b comp>e ,isaac ,aboab3 ,m5ora? ha ,maor1 ,,iii1 #c a2 ,bahya b5 ,a%]3 ,kad ha ,kemah1 art4 ,tefillah4 #hea ,j]4 ,,vi1 #bb4 #heb ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xxii1 #e4 #hec ,cuz>i1 ,,ii1 #be1 see note by ,cassel2 ,moreh1 ,,iii1 #cb2 comp4 ,midra% ,tad%e #ab2 ,i1 #agg f42 comp4 ,hebrews ,,ix-,x2 ,b>nabas1 ,i1 #be4 ,s4 ,r4 ,hirs* 9 ,horeb p4 #fci f4 #hed ,see ,philipson3 ,! ,re=m ,movem5t 9 ,judaism = ! v>i\s views & debates on sacrifice & pray]4 ,i4 ,elbog53 ,d4 ju$4 ,gottesdi5/ i4 s4 ges*i*tl4 ,entwicklung1 p4 #cgd f41 #dce f41 is writt5 9 a m cons]vative _s & unfavorable to ,am]ican ,re=m ,judaism4 ,comp4 = ! traditional liturgy3 ,dembitz3 ,jewi% ,s]vices 9 ! ,synagogue & ,home1 especially on ! ,pray]book1 p4 #bcc-bdf1 & = ,am]ica1 #dig-dii4 #hee ,ex4 ,,xv1 #b4 #hef ,ps4 ,,lxv1 #c4 ,see ,wm4 ,james3 ,v>ieties ( ,rel4 ,exp]i5ce1 #dfc-dgg2 ,fo/]3 ,function ( ,religion1 #ahc-ahe2 ,abelson3 ,jewi% ,my/icism1 p4 #ae & else:]e4 #heg ,yoma #ec b4 #heh ,yeb4 #fd a2 ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xxi1 #f4 #hei ,b]4 #ee a4 #hfj ,b]4 #aj a4 #hfa ,b]4 #g a4 #hfb ,taan4 ,,iii1 #h2 ,b]4 ,v1 #f2 ,babl4 #cd b2 ,y]4 #i d4 #hfc ,pes4 ,r4 ,,xxii1 p4 #aad b2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,xci1 #h2 see ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 #aef2 #db4 #hfd ,i ,sam4 ,,ii1 #ca4 #hfe ,prov4 ,,xvi1 #cb4 #hff ,g54 ,r4 ,,lix1 #a2 ,yeb4 #aje a1 :]e ,r4 ,johanan b5 ,zakkai is m5tion$ in/ead ( ,r4 ,meir2 ,albo3 ,ikk>im1 ,,iv1 #ah4 #hfg ,see ,/e9s*neid]3 ,abraham ,ibn ,ezra1 #abf ff4 #hfh ,ps4 ,,cxlv1 #ah4 #hfi ,ps4 ,,cxxxix1 #d4 #hgj ,ps4 ,,lv1 #bc4 #hga ,b]4 #bi b2 ,tos4 ,b]4 ,,iii1 #g2 comp4 ,albo3 ,ikk>im1 ,,iv1 #bd4 #hgb ,job ,,xvi1 #ag2 ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xxii1 #d2 comp4 ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 #bbh4 #hgc ,ab4 ,z4 #gf4 #hgd ,b]4 #h a4 #hge ,b]4 #cj a4 #hgf ,hab4 ,,ii1 #bj4 #hgg ,sifre ,deut4 #da4 #hgh ,isa4 ,,lv1 #f4 #hgi ,ps4 ,,lxxiii1 #be1 #bh4 #hhj ,g54 ,,iii1 #bb4 #hha ,g54 ,v1 #bd2 ,,ii ,k+s ,,ii1 #a4 #hhb ,isa41 ,,xxv1 #h4 #hhc ,isa4 ,,xxxviii1 #aa2 ,ps4 ,,cxvi1 #i4 #hhd ,ps4 ,,xviii1 #e1 & ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,belial4 #hhe ,ps4 ,,cxv1 #ag2 ,,lxxxviii1 #ac4 #hhf ,isa4 ,,xxvi1 #ad1 #ai2 ,ps4 ,,lxxxviii1 #aa2 ,prov4 ,,ix1 #ah2 ,job ,,xxvi1 #e4 #hhg ,ps4 ,,xlix1 #ae4 #hhh ,see ,isa4 ,,viii1 #ai2 ,,xxviii1 #ae1 #ah2 ,i ,sam4 ,,xxix1 #g-ad4 #hhi ,job ,,xviii1 #ad2 ,ps4 ,,xlix1 #ae4 #hij ,ps4 ,,xlix1 #af2 ,job ,,xiv1 #ac4 #hia ,ps4 ,,cxxxix1 #h4 #hib ,ps4 ,,xvi1 #aj-aa2 ,hosea ,,xiii is a late em5dation ( ! text4 #hic ,deut4 ,,xxx1 #ai2 ,j]4 ,,xxi1 #h2 ,ezek4 ,,xx1 #aa2 ,lev4 ,,xviii1 #e2 ,ps4 ,,xxxiv1 #c2 ,prov4 ,,iii1 #bb2 ,v1 #e f4 #hid ,isa4 ,,xxxviii1 #aj-bj4 #hie ,ps4 ,,lxxiii1 #be-bh4 #hif ,job ,,xix1 #be f41 *all5ges ,god to be 8 v9dicator on e>? or on 8 tomb1 te/ify+ to 8 righte\sness4 ,resurrection is d5i$ directly3 ,,vii1 #h-ba2 ,,xiv1 #ab-bb4 ,! :ole argum5t ( ! book excludes ! ?\ght4 #hig ,b]4 #fd a1 ) ref4 to ,ps4 ,,lxxxiv1 #d4 #hih ,isa4 ,,xxvi1 #ai4 ,read1 8?y dead in/ead ( ,my dead40 ,! translation giv5 "h diff]s f ! new translation4 #hii ,i ,sam4 ,,ii1 #f4 #ijj ,,ii ,k+s ,,iv1 #bj-cg4 #ija ,ezek4 ,,xxxvii1 #a-ad4 #ijb ,dan4 ,,xii1 #b1 & comp4 ,,ii ,macc4 ,,vii1 #i-cf2 ,,xii1 #dc1 & ! ,apocalyptic books su* z ,eno*1 ,te/4 ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ,jubilees1 ,psalms ( ,solomon1 ,,iv ,ezra & ,b>u* ,apocalypse1 :]eas ,i ,macc41 ,judi? & ,tobit1 belong+ to ! ,sadducean circles1 nev] allude to ! future life4 #ijc ,passages l ,ps4 ,,ix1 #ah2 ,,xi1 #f2 ,,xlix1 #ae1 comp4 ) ,isa4 ,,xxxiii1 #ad2 ,,lxv1 #bd2 ,mal4 ,,iii1 #ai1 l5t !mselves especially to ?is conception ( ,%eol z a fi]y place ( puni%m5t id5tifi$ aft]w>ds ) ,geh9nom4 ,j]4 ,,vii1 #ca f42 ,,xix1 #f4 ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,geh5na1 & ,r4 ,h4 ,*>les1 ,hebrew1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,es*atology1 #b;d1 #aiac1 p4 #ge f41 #acb1 #afj f41 #bib f4 #ijd ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,xi1 #e-f2 ,erub4 #ai a4 #ije ,sanh4 #ij b2 comp4 ,matt4 ,,xxii1 #cb4 #ijf ,sanh4 ,x1 #a2 see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,resurrection1 & ,neum>k1 art4 ,ikk>im 9 l4 c4 #ijg ,see ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #dd f41 & ,abrahams' ,notes1 ,,lix4 #ijh ,prov4 ,,xii1 #bh1 comp4 ,,lxx1 & see ,kittel3 ,bibl4 ,hebr41 note4 #iji ,ps4 ,,xlviii1 #ae2 see ,kittel1 note2 ,midr4 ,teh4 to ,psalms & note by ,bub]2 ,y]4 ,meg4 ,,ii1 #gc b2 ,m4 ,k4 #hc b2 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xi1 #i4 #iaj ,see ,tylor3 ,primitive ,culture1 ,index1 s4 v4 ,s\l4 #iaa ,g54 ,,ii1 #g4 #iab ,eccl4 ,,xii1 #g4 #iac ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,birds z ,s\ls4 #iad ,prov4 ,,xx1 #bg4 #iae ,b]4 #fj b2 ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #e4 #iaf ,isa4 ,,xxvi1 #ai2 ,dan4 ,,xii1 #b4 #iag ,ezek4 ,,xxxvii1 #a f4 #iah ,eccl4 ,r4 ,,xii1 #e3 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,luz4 #iai ,judg4 ,i1 #bf4 #ibj ,sota #df b4 #iba ,brugs*3 ,religion u4 ,my?ologie d4 alt4 ,aegypt51 p4 #fah1 #fcd4 #ibb ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,xxxiv4 #ibc ,b]4 #ah b4 #ibd ,%ab4 #aeb b4 #ibe ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,ciii1 #a4 #ibf ,sanh4 #ci b4 #ibg ,nid4 #cj b4 #ibh ,b4 ,wisd4 ,,viii1 #ai2 ,slav4 ,eno* ,,xxii1 #d1 comp1 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #cac f4 #ibi ,philo3 ,leg4 ,all4 ,,iii1 #ch2 ,migrat4 ,abrah4 #ab2 ,de ,concupisc5tia1 #b2 ,de ,=titud9e1 #c2 ,drummond3 ,philo1 ,i1 #cah f42 ,b5twi*3 ,philo1 #agh1 #aha2 ,w9dleb&-,tufts on ,plato1 #abc f41 on ,philo1 #bca1 comp4 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #ejh2 ,rhode3 ,psy*e1 #eeg f4 #icj ,emuno?1 ,*4 ,,vi2 ,s*mi$l1 l4 c41 #ace f42 ,neum>k1 l4 c41 ,i1 #ecf f42 ,husik1 l4 c41 #cgf4 #ica ,neum>k1 l4 c41 #die2 ,husik1 l4 c41 #ajh f42 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,bahya4 #icb ,cuz>i1 ,v1 #ab4 ,see ,cassel1 notes2 ,s*mi$l1 l4 c41 #ada2 ,neum>k1 l4 c41 #efa2 ,husik1 l4 c41 #agi f4 #icc ,s*mi$l1 l4 c41 #adi2 ,neum>k1 l4 c41 #ecf f41 #eea1 #eeh1 #egc1 #ehf2 ,husik1 l4 c41 #bha f4 ,comp4 ,s*ey]3 d4 ,psy*ol4 ,sy/4 d4 ,maim42 ,simon1 ,aspects ( ! ,hebrew ,g5ius1 #ge-gh1 #hf4 #icd ,or ,adonai1 ,,ii1 #f2 ,joel3 8,crescas02 ,husik1 l4 c41 #djj4 #ice ,emunah ,ramah1 #ci2 ,husik1 l4 c41 #bei b4 #icf ,emuno?1 ,,vii4 #icg ,h4 ,te%ubah1 ,,viii1 #b4 #ich ,maam> ,tehiyya? ha ,metim1 see ,s*mi$l1 l4 c41 #agb4 #ici ,9 ,s*a> ha ,gemul4 #idj ,ikk>im1 ,,iv1 #ce4 #ida ,zoh>1 ,i1 #if b2 ,yalk4 ,reub5i to ,deut4 ,,xix1 #b2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,cabala4 #idb ,see ,kays]l+3 ,moses ,m5delssohn1 #adh ff4 #idc ,ps4 ,,xvii1 #ae4 #idd ,see ,j4 ,ja/r[3 ,fact & ,fable 9 ,psy*ology4 #ide ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #de4 ,! ,rabb4 ,conf4 ( ,philadelphia 9 #ahfi pass$ ! resolution3 8,! belief 9 ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body has no religi\s f\ndation 79 ,judaism71 & ! doctr9e ( ,immortality ref]s to ! aft]-exi/5ce ( ! ,s\l only10 ,comp4 ,d4 ,philipson3 l4 c41 p4 #dhi & #dib4 #idf ,j]4 ,,xxxii1 #ah4 #idg ,t>g4 to ,ex4 ,,xx1 #e2 ,sanh4 #bg b4 #idh ,deut4 ,,xxiv1 #af4 #idi ,ezek4 ,,xviii1 #b4 #iej ,ezek4 ,,xviii1 #bj4 #iea ,,xviii1 #bc1 #cb4 #ieb ,ex4 ,,xviii1 #aa2 ,,xxi1 #bc-be2 ,sota ,i1 #g-i2 ,tos4 ,sota ,,iii-,,iv2 ,sanh4 #ij a2 ,b4 ,wisdom ,,xvi-,,xix2 ,jubilees ,,iv1 #ca2 ,,ii ,macc4 ,v1 #aj2 ,,xv1 #cb4 #iec ,prov4 ,,xi1 #ca2 ,,xiii1 #ba4 #ied ,see especially ,sanh4 #ij b-#ib b1 ref4 to ,ex4 ,,vi1 #d2 ,deut4 ,,xi1 #i2 ,,iv1 #e2 ,,xxxi1 #af2 ,isa4 ,,xxvi1 #ai2 ,dan4 ,,xii1 #ac2 ,ps4 ,,lxxii1 #af2 also ,ex4 ,,xv1 #a2 ,jo%4 ,,viii1 #cj2 & ,song ( ,songs1 ,,vii1 #aj4 ,on ! ,second ,dea? see ,t>g4 to ,deut4 ,,xxxiii1 #f2 ,isa4 ,,xiv1 #ai2 ,,lxv1 #f2 ,j]4 ,,li1 #ci2 & ,revelation ,,xx1 #f1 #ad2 ,,xxi1 #h4 #iee ,,iv ,ezra ,,vii1 #ca f42 comp4 ,b>u* ,apoc4 #db ff42 ,adam et ,eva1 #db2 ,,ii ,sibyll41 #bbj-bcf2 ,,iv ,sibyll41 #ahj f4 #ief ,abo? ,,iv1 #bb4 #ieg ,see ,/ave1 ,ueb4 d4 ,e9fluss d4 ,p>sismus a4 d4 ,jud5?41 #ade ff42 ,boeckl53 ,d4 ,v]w&ts*aft d4 ju$1 *ri/l4 u4 d4 p>s4 ,es*atologie2 ,s*orr3 ,he ,haluz1 ,,vii-,,viii4 #ieh ,sanb4 #ia a1 b2 ,matt4 ,,xxii1 #ca f4 #iei ,! p>able is f\nd 9 an ,apocryphon ascrib$ to ! prophet ,ezekiel1 see ,epiphanius ,ha]es1 ,,lxiv1 ed4 ,d9dorf1 ,,ii1 #fhc f4 & ascrib$ to ,r4 ,i%mael1 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,iv1 #e2 9 ,sanh4 #ia a1 b x is giv5 9 a dialogue ) ,antonius2 9 ,tanh4 ,wayi?ro1 ed4 ,bub]1 #ab1 x is anonym\s4 #ifj ,ps4 ,l1 #d4 #ifa ,isa4 ,,lxvi1 #bd2 see ,yalkut2 ,b\sset1 #cjh-cba2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,es*atology4 #ifb ,abo? ,,iii1 #a1 #ai1 #bj2 ,b]4 #bh b4 #ifc ,abo? ,,iv1 #ba4 #ifd ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #c2 ,r4 ,h4 #af b2 see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,purgatory4 #ife ,see ,te/am5t ( ,abraham ,,xiv2 comp4 ,kohl] 9 ,j4 ,q4 ,r4 ,,vii1 #ehg4 #iff ,t4 d4 b4 ,el4 ,zuta ,,xvii1 ed4 ,fri$man1 p4 #bc4 ,see note1 ,kalla ,r4 ,,ii41 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,kaddi%1 b comp4 ,,iv ,ezra ,,vii1 #ajb-aae4 #ifg ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #b2 ,sanh4 #aje a2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,ix1 #ah3 8,! wick$ %all return to ,%eol1 all ! nations t =get ,god10 ,r4 ,jo%ua tak+ ! la/ s5se z re/rictive & ,r4 ,eliez] z a g5]alization4 #ifh ,= ! banquet ( ! pi\s see ,abo?4 ,,iii1 #af2 ,%ab4 #aec a2 ,pes4 ,r4 ,,xli2 comp4 ,luke ,,xiii1 #bh2 ,,xxii1 #cj1 & p>allels4 ,! idea re/s on ,isa4 ,,lxv1 #ac1 :i* is tak5 lit]ally1 & ,ps4 ,,xxiii1 #e2 see ,midr4 ,teh41 ad loc4 ,= ! ,levia?an & ,behemo? see ,job ,,xl1 #ae-cj2 ,b4 ,b4 #gd b-#ge a2 ,eno* ,,lx1 #g f42 ,,iv ,ezra ,,vi1 #eb2 ,b>u* ,apoc4 ,,xxix1 #d2 ,t>g4 ,ps4 ,,civ1 #bf2 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xiii1 #c4 ,= ! giant bird ,ziz see ,ps4 ,l1 #dj-da2 ,t>g4 & ,midr4 ,teh41 ad loc42 ,tanh4 ,be%allah1 ed4 ,bub]1 #bd2 ,jell9ek1 ,b4 ,h4 ,,iii1 #gf1 #hj4 ,= ! heav5ly manna ,ps4 ,,lxxviii1 #bd2 ,joma #ge b2 ,hag4 #ab b2 ,tanh4 ,be%allah1 ed4 ,bub]1 #ba2 ,sibyll4 ,prmium #hg2 ,,ii1 #cah2 ,,iii1 #gdf2 ,,iv ,ezra ,,ix1 #ai4 ,= ! w9e see ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xxv1 #aj2 ,b]4 #cd b2 ,sanh4 #ii a2 ,matt4 ,,xxvi1 #bi2 comp4 also ,num4 ,r4 ,,xiii1 #c = o!r fruits ( ,p>adise4 ,= ! ,p]sian orig9 ( ^! ideas see ,bundahi%1 ,,xix1 #ac2 ,,xxx1 #be4 ,! ,behemo? corresponds ) ! primeval ox ,hadhayos1 ^: fle% produces ! sap ( immortality2 ! giant fi% & bird ) ,bundahi%1 ,,xviii1 #e-h2 ,,xix1 #af-ai2 ! w9e corresponds ) ! ,p>see ,hom3 ,bundahi%1 ,,xxx1 #be4 ,see ,w9di%man3 ,zoroa/r4 ,/ud41 #ib f41 #beb f41 & ,boekl51 l4 c41 p4 #fh4 #ifi ,%ab4 #aec a1 ) ref4 to ,isa4 ,,lxv1 #ac-ad2 ,,lxvi1 #bd2 ,,iv ,ezra ,,vii1 #hc1 #ic4 #igj ,b]4 #ag a4 #iga ,b]4 #cd b2 ) ref4 to ,isa41 ,,lxiv1 #c4 #igb ,ab4 ,z>4 #cf ) ref4 to ,mal4 ,,iii1 #ai-bb4 #igc ,see ,jell9ek1 ,b4 ,h4 ,i1 ,,ii & ,,iii1 ! ,treatise on ,geh9nom & ,gan ,ed54 #igd ,emuno? ,,vii1 ,,ix1 & comp4 ,j4 ,guttman2 ,religionsphil4 des ,saadia1 #bjh f41 #bdi f4 #ige ,see ,joel1 ,religionsphil4 d4 ,mose b4 ,maimon41 p4 #dj4 #igf ,cuz>i1 ,i1 #ae2 ,v1 #ad2 ,or ,adonai ,,iii1 #d1 #b4 ,see ,joel3 ,crescas1 p4 #gd f42 ,albo3 ,ikk>im1 ,,iv1 #bi-da4 #igg ,nahmanides1 l4 c41 la/ *apt]2 ,manasse b4 ,israel 9 ,ni%mat ,*ayim4 #igh ,abo?4 ,,iv1 #b4 #igi ,com4 to ,sanh4 ,,xi & ,h4 ,te%ubah1 ,,viii4 #ihj ,ps4 ,,lxxiii1 #bh4 #iha ,or ,adonai1 ,,ii1 #ee2 ,,vi1 #a2 comp4 ,joel1 l4 c41 #ef-fb2 comp4 ,bahya3 ,hobo?1 ,halebabo?1 ,%a> ,bitahon4 #ihb ,see ,joel3 ,z4 ,g54 d4 ,lehre ,sp9oza1 p4 #fd4 #ihc ,ikk>im1 ,,iv1 #ce-ch4 #ihd ,b]4 #fd a1 ) ref4 to ,ps4 ,,lxxxiv1 #h2 see also ,midr4 ,teh4 ad loc4 #ihe ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,adam1 & ,jell9ek3 ,bezelem ,elohim1 ,s]mon ,,iv4 ,! t]m humanity arose among ! ,/oics4 ,see ,reiz5/e93 ,wes5 u4 ,w]d5 d4 ,humanitt2 comp4 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d4 ,grie*51 ,,ii1 #cbd1 #dgg2 & ,zell]1 ,grie*4 ,philo4 ,,iii1 #a1 #bhg1 #bii4 ,= ! rabb9ical ,b]io? = humanity see ,b4 ,sira1 ,,xvi1 #af4 #ihf ,ps4 ,,cxxxix1 #af4 #ihg ,midr4 ,teh41 ad loc42 ,pesik4 ,r4 ,,xxiii2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxiv1 #b2 ,sanh4 #ch b aft] ,s$] ,olam at ! close4 #ihh ,g54 ,r4 ,,viii1 #a4 #ihi ,eodem2 ,midr4 ,teh4 to ,ps4 ,,cxxxix1 #e2 ,b]4 #fa a4 #iij ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxiv1 #h4 #iia ,tos4 ,b]4 ,,vii1 #b2 ,b]4 #eh a4 #iib ,b]4 #f b2 ,%ab4 #cj b2 see ,ra%i 7aga9/ ,ba*]3 ,ag4 ,tann41 ,i1 #dcb74 #iic ,i ,sam4 ,,ii1 #b4 #iid ,g54 ,r4 ,,lvi1 #i4 #iie ,isa4 ,,lxv1 #ah2 see ,yeb4 #fb a4 #iif ,g54 ,r4 ,,xvii1 #b4 #iig ,= ! t]m ,aguddah ,aha? 9 ! ,new ,ye> & ,atonem5t ,day ,pray]1 ,s+]'s ,pray]book1 p4 #bci1 comp4 ,g54 ,r4 ,,lxxxviii1 #f1 & ,,xxxix1 #c4 #iih ,isa4 ,,xlv1 #ah4 #iii ,yeb4 #fb a1 b #ajjj ,yoma ,i1 #a4 #ajja ,prov4 ,,xxii1 #bi4 #ajjb ,ps4 ,,cxxviii1 #b4 #ajjc ,b]4 #h a4 #ajjd ,n$4 #di b4 #ajje ,ke?4 ,v1 #e1 #ei b4 #ajjf ,kid4 #bi a2 comp4 ,r4 ,simeon b4 ,yohai1 ,mek4 ,be%allah1 #ef4 #ajjg ,kid4 #hb a4 #ajjh ,abot4 ,i1 #aj2 ,,ii1 #b2 ,b4 ,b4 #aa a4 #ajji ,taan4 #aa a4 #ajaj ,y]4 ,kid4 ,,iv at ! close4 #ajaa ,taan4 #bc a4 #ajab ,abot4 ,v1 #ai4 #ajac ,prov4 ,,xxvii1 #ag4 #ajad ,taan4 #g a4 #ajae ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,abraham4 #ajaf ,abot4 ,,iv1 #a2 ,b4 ,k4 #gi b2 ,b]4 #ai b4 #ajag ,sota #ad a4 #ajah ,j]4 ,,xxix1 #g2 comp4 ,abot4 ,,iii1 #b4 #ajai ,b4 ,k4 #aac a & else:]e4 #ajbj ,b]4 #eh a4 #ajba ,ex4 ,,xix1 #d-e4 #ajbb ,deut4 ,,vii1 #f-h2 ,x1 #ae2 ,,xiv1 #b4 ,comp4 ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 #eg ff4 #ajbc ,see ,s+]'s ,pray]book1 #bbf f4 #ajbd ,hos4 ,,xi1 #a2 ,,xii1 #aj2 ,,xiii1 #d4 #ajbe ,j]4 ,,ii1 #c4 #ajbf ,amos ,,iii1 #b4 #ajbg ,isa4 ,,xli1 #h f42 ,,xlii1 #f2 ,,xliii1 #aj2 ,,xlix1 #h4 #ajbh ,,cv1 #g f41 comp4 ,neh4 ,,ix1 #g4 #ajbi ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 p4 #dj4 #ajcj ,isa4 ,,lii1 #c-,,liii1 #ab4 #ajca ,meg4 #af a4 #ajcb ,beza #be b4 #ajcc ,yeb4 #gi a4 #ajcd ,%ab4 #hh a4 #ajce ,cant4 ,r4 ,,iv1 #b2 ,tanh4 ,tezaveh #a4 #ajcf ,m5ah4 #ec b ) ref4 to ,j]4 ,,xi1 #af4 #ajcg ,sifre to ,deut4 ,,xiv1 #b4 #ajch ,deut4 ,,vii1 #f2 ,,xiv1 #b4 #ajci ,isa4 ,,ii1 #c2 ,micah ,,iv1 #b--passages consid]$ by mod]n critics to be ( exilic orig94 #ajdj ,see ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #fj-ii4 #ajda ,g54 ,r4 to ,g54 ,,xii1 #d1 & see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,abraham4 #ajdb ,pes4 #hg b4 ) ref4 to ,hosea ,,ii1 #be4 #ajdc ,cuz>i ,,iv1 #bc2 ,maim4 ,h4 ,melakim ,,xi1 #d4 #ajdd ,see ,geig]3 ,zeits*r4 #ahfh1 p4 #ah ff42 #ahfi1 #ee ff4 #ajde ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,al5u2 ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #gf f4 #ajdf ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,kaddi%4 #ajdg ,ze*4 ,,xiv1 #i4 #ajdh ,see ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 #hi f41 #ic f4 #ajdi ,isa4 ,,xlix1 #f4 #ajej ,isa4 ,,lii1 #aj #ajea ,micah ,v1 #f4 #ajeb ,judg4 ,,viii1 #bc4 #ajec ,i ,sam4 ,,viii1 #g2 ,,xii1 #ab1 #ag f4 #ajed ,hos4 ,,xiii1 #aa4 #ajee ,isa4 ,,ix1 #e2 ,,xi1 #a-aj4 #ajef ,isa4 ,,iv1 #b2 ,j]4 ,,xxiii1 #e2 ,,xxxii1 #ae2 & ,ze*4 ,,iii1 #h2 ,,vi1 #ab4 ,"h ,z]ubbabel is ref]r$ to4 #ajeg ,isa4 ,,xli1 #ba2 ,,xliii1 #ae2 ,,xliv1 #f4 ,comp4 ,,xliii1 #bb4 #ajeh ,isa4 ,,xlv1 #a4 #ajei ,isa4 ,,xi1 #i2 ,hab4 ,,ii1 #ad4 #ajfj ,isa4 ,,vi1 #e2 ,,xxiv1 #bc4 ,comp4 ,j]4 ,,xlvi1 #ah2 ,,xlviii1 #ae4 #ajfa ,ze*4 ,,xiv1 #i2 ,mal4 ,i1 #ad4 #ajfb ,ps4 ,,xxii1 #bi2 ,,xciii1 #a2 ,,xcv1 #ii4 #ajfc ,j]4 ,x1 #g4 ,?is *apt] is po/-exilic2 comp4 ,j]4 ,,xlvi1 #ah2 ,,xlviii1 #ae & ,i ,*ron4 ,,xxix1 #aa4 #ajfd ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #bci4 #ajfe ,ps4 ,,xlviii1 #c4 #ajff ,cont4 ,apion1 ,,ii1 #af1 #g4 #ajfg ,dan4 ,,vii1 #bg4 #ajfh ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,zealots4 #ajfi ,%ab4 #ca a4 #ajgj ,ps4 ,,xxii1 #bh2 ,,lxvii1 #c2 ,,lxxxvi1 #aj2 ,,cxvii1 #a4 #ajga ,ps4 ,,cv1 #ae4 #ajgb ,ps4 ,,lxxxvii1 #e4 ,see ,comm5t>ies & ,,lxx4 #ajgc ,ru? ,,ii1 #ab4 ,comp4 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,ii1 #h4 #ajgd ,see bo? ,eno* books & ,b4 ,sira ,,xliv1 #af4 #ajge ,sibyll4 ,i1 #abh-agj2 ,sanh4 #ajh a4 #ajgf ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxxix1 #ba4 #ajgg ,sifre ,deut4 #cac1 ) ref4 to ,g54 ,,xxiv1 #c4 #ajgh ,see ,dillmann's ,comm4 to ,g54 ,,xii1 #b2 ,,xxii1 #ah2 & ,ku553 ,! ,prophets & ,prophecy1 #cgc1 #deg4 #ajgi ,g54 ,,xvii1 #e4 #ajhj ,ezek4 ,,xx1 #cc4 #ajha ,sifre1 l4 c4 #ajhb ,p4 ,d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,xi2 ,mek4 ,yi?ro #f2 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,ii1 #d4 #ajhc ,sifra ,behukko?ai ,,viii ) ref4 to ,ezek4 ,,xx1 #cc2 ,sanh4 #aje a4 #ajhd ,mek4 ,be%allah ,x1 p4 #eb4 #ajhe ,tanh4 ,lek leka #f4 #ajhf ,tobit ,,xiii1 #a-aa2 ,sibyll4 ,,iii1 #dg1 #gf b4 #ajhg ,ps4 ,,cxvii2 ,,cxviii1 #d4 ,see *apt] ,,lvi4 #ajhh ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #dh4 #ajhi ,mek4 ,amalek at close2 ,cant4 ,r4 ,,ii1 #bh2 ,,iv ,ezra ,,vi1 #i-aj4 #ajij ,b4 ,wisdom ,v1 #af2 ,sibyll4 ,,iii1 #gf b4 #ajia ,sifra ,k$o%im at close2 ,sifre ,deut4 #cbc4 #ajib ,cuz>i ,,iv1 #bc2 ,maim4 ,h4 ,melakim ,,xi1 #d4 #ajic ,maim43 ,comm5t>y to ,eduyo? at close4 #ajid ,pes4 ,r4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #aeh ref4 to ,zeph4 ,,iii1 #h4 ,see ,fri$man's note4 #ajie ,ze*4 ,,iv1 #f4 #ajif ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #b4 #ajig ,p4 #cgd-cgh4 #ajih ,isa4 ,,lxvi1 #bb4 #ajii ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #ccb4 #aajj ,isa4 ,,lxi1 #f4 #aaja ,ex4 ,,xix1 #bb f4 #aajb ,lev4 ,,xxi1 #f2 ,,xxii1 #b4 #aajc ,lev4 ,,viii1 #b1 #h4 #aajd ,num4 ,,xviii1 #g4 #aaje ,m4 ,k4 #bh b4 #aajf ,ezek4 ,,xl-,,xlviii4 #aajg ,deut4 ,x1 #af4 ,comp4 ,j]4 ,,ix1 #bd4 #aajh ,g54 ,,xvii1 #i4 #aaji ,lev4 ,,xxv1 #a-bd4 #aaaj ,deut4 ,,xiv1 #b-aa2 ,lev4 ,,xi4 ,comp4 ,ezek4 ,,xliv1 #ca1 & ,judg4 ,,xiii1 #d4 #aaaa ,num4 ,,xv1 #dj4 #aaab ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,ph>isees4 #aaac ,,ii ,macc4 ,,ii1 #ag4 #aaad ,abo?4 ,i1 #a4 #aaae ,see ,p]les3 ,b\sset1 #fh1 #hi4 #aaaf ,ari/eas #aci-aeb4 #aaag ,n$4 #bj a4 #aaah ,see ,s*e*t]1 ,/udies1 ,i1 #bcc ff4 ,i4 ,abrahams 9 ,j4 ,q4 ,r4 ,,xi1 #fb2 b ff41 & ,claude ,montefiore1 ,j4 ,q4 ,r4 ,,xiii1 #afa-bag4 #aaai ,lev4 ,,xxii1 #cb4 #aabj ,sifra ,emor4 ,,ix4 #aaba ,yesode ha ,torah ,v4 ,comp4 ,laz>us3 ,e?ics1 #bi1 #ahd4 #aabb ,isa4 ,,xliii1 #ab4 #aabc ,pesik4 #ajb b4 #aabd ,p]les1 l4 c41 #fh f4 #aabe ,y]4 ,b4 ,m4 ,,ii1 #h c4 #aabf ,sifra ,k$o%im #a4 #aabg ,mak4 #bc b4 #aabh ,ps4 ,,xxiv1 #c-d2 ,,xv1 #a-e4 #aabi ,deut4 ,,xxxiii1 #d4 #aacj ,num4 ,,xi1 #bi4 #aaca ,j]4 ,,xxxi1 #cd4 #aacb ,isa4 ,,liv1 #ac4 #aacc ,deut4 ,,iv1 #f4 #aacd ,isa4 ,,xlii1 #d4 #aace ,isa4 ,,ii1 #c2 ,micah ,,iv1 #b4 #aacf ,see ,gu$emann3 ,das ,jud5?um1 #fg f42 ,ju$4 ,apologetik1 #ab;b2 ,s*e*t]3 ,/udies1 ,i1 #bcc f41 & ,aspects1 ,i1 #aaf f4 #aacg ,,ii ,k+s ,,xxii1 #h f4 #aach ,neh4 ,,viii-,x4 #aaci ,see ,gunkel3 ,israel u4 ,babyloni52 ,j]emias3 ,moses u4 ,hammurabi2 ,h4 ,grimme3 ,d4 ,gesetz ,*ammurabi's u4 ,moses'2 ,george ,coh53 ,d4 ,gesetze ,hammurabi's2 ,d4 ,m4 ,muell]3 ,d4 ,gesetz ,hammurabi's u4 d4 mosais*e ,gesetzgebung4 #aadj ,see ,*apt] ,,lix4 #aada ,sota #ad a4 #aadb ,y]4 ,kid4 ,,iv1 #a2 #fe c4 #aadc ,sifra ,ah>e ,mo? #ac4 #aadd ,deut4 ,,vi1 #g2 ,,xi1 #ai2 ,,xxx1 #ad2 ,ex4 ,,xiii1 #i4 #aade ,deut4 ,,xxxi1 #ab4 #aadf ,see ,elbog53 ,d4 ,ju$4 ,gottesdi5/1 #agd f4 #aadg ,isa4 ,,li1 #d1 #g-h4 #aadh ,ps4 ,,xix1 #g-aj4 #aadi ,abo? ,i1 #b4 #aaej ,mek4 ,be%allah #de b1 note by ,fri$man2 ,yalkut ,yi?ro #bhf4 #aaea ,b4 ,sira ,,xxiv1 #h-aj2 comp4 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #acf f4 #aaeb ,see ,josephus3 ,cont4 ,apion4 ,,ii1 #cf f41 #ci2 ,ari/obulus 9 ,eusebius3 ,prep4 ,ev4 ,,xiii1 #aba1 #dac2 ,cuz>i1 ,i1 #fc f42 ,,ii1 #ff2 comp4 ,cassel1 l4 c4 ad loc4 #aaec ,josephus1 l4 c41 ,i1 #bb2 ,guts*midt3 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 ,,iv1 #egh2 ,?4 ,re9a*3 ,textes ,relatifs au ,judaism1 #aa-ac4 #aaed ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,adonai4 #aaee ,ps4 ,,cxv1 #aa2 ,,cxviii1 #d2 comp4 ,b]nays3 ,ges4 ,abh41 ,,ii1 #ga2 ,s*u]]1 l4 c41 ,,iii1 #abd f4 #aaef ,%ab4 #hh b42 ,ex4 ,r4 ,v1 #i2 ,tanh4 ,%emo?1 ed4 ,bub]1 #bb2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,lxviii1 #f2 ,acts ,,ii1 #f2 ,spitta3 ,apo/elges*i*te1 #bg1 ref]r+ to ,philo ,,ii1 #bie4 #aaeg ,sifre ,deut4 ,,xxxiii1 #b2 ,,xxvii1 #h2 ,sota #ce b4 #aaeh ,%ab41 #hh a1 b4 #aaei ,abo? ,i1 #ab4 #aafj ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,zealots4 #aafa ,b]4 #fa b4 #aafb ,web]1 l4 c41 #df-ef2 he fails completely to grasp ?is _s4 #aafc ,song ( ,songs1 ,v1 #b4 #aafd ,abo?4 ,,iii1 #ba4 #aafe ,deut4 ,,xxxiii1 #ah4 ,see ,g54 ,r4 ,,xcix1 #aa4 #aaff ,g54 ,l1 #bj4 #aafg ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 8,comm]ce02 ,am]ican ,encyclop$ia1 art4 ,jewi% ,comm]ce2 ,publ4 ,am4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,x1 #dg2 ,s*ulman 9 ,judaean ,addresses1 ,,ii1 #gg ff41 & ,lecky3 ,rationalism 9 ,europe1 ,,ii1 #bgb4 #aafh ,see ,saadia3 ,emuno?1 ,,iii1 #ag1 quot$ by ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 #aje4 #aafi ,isa4 ,,ii1 #b2 ,micah ,,iv1 #a2 see ,pesik #add b2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,xxxvi1 #f2 ,,lxxxvii1 #c4 #aagj ,ps4 ,,xliv1 #ab-be4 #aaga ,ezek4 ,,xxxix1 #bc-bf4 #aagb ,lev4 ,,xxvi1 #dj-db4 #aagc ,i ,k+s ,,viii1 #dg-ej4 #aagd ,ps4 ,,cxix1 #ib4 #aage ,pesik4 #aci b4 #aagf ,ezek4 ,,xviii1 #b4 #aagg ,isa4 ,,xl1 #b4 #aagh ,job ,i1 #h2 ,,ii1 #c2 ,,xlii1 #g1 #h4 #aagi ,isa4 ,,xlii1 #a f42 ,,xlix1 #a2 ,l1 #d2 ,,lii1 #ac-,,liii1 #ab4 #aahj ,see ,ibn ,ezra1 quot+ ,saadia2 ,ewald & ,giesebre*t1 comm5t>ies2 ,sell93 ,s]ubabel1 #if f41 #add f42 also ,davidson1 l4 c41 p4 #cef-cih4 #aaha ,isa4 ,,lii1 #ac-,,liii1 #ab4 ,9 ,,liii1 #i1 we %\ld read 8! evil-do]s0 in/ead ( 8! ri*0 by a slight am5dm5t ( ! text4 #aahb ,isa4 ,l1 #f4 #aahc ,isa4 ,,xlii1 #d4 #aahd ,isa4 ,,xlix1 #a-f4 #aahe ,job ,,xlii1 #aj-ag4 #aahf ,! disappo9tm5t is especially voic$ 9 ,ps4 ,,lxxx1 #af f42 ,,lxxix1 #dj-df4 #aahg ,see ,t>gum & ,abravanel to ,isa4 ,,lii1 #ac2 comp4 ,pes4 ,r4 ,,xxxvi-,,xxxvii2 ,sanh4 #ih b4 #aahh ,he is call$ ,taeb 8,moses r$ivivus10 aft] ,deut4 ,,xviii1 #ah4 ,m]k1 ,e4 ,sam>it4 ,fragm5t ueb4 d4 ,taeb4 ,see ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #beh2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,sam>itans4 #aahi ,suk4 #eb a2 ,jell9ek3 ,b4 ,h4 ,,iii1 #ada f2 ,s*u]]1 l4 c41 ,,ii1 #ece4 #aaij ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,messiah4 #aaia ,contra ,celsum ,i1 #aee4 #aaib ,see comm5t>ies ( ,*eyne1 ,duhm1 ,giesebre*t1 & o!rs4 #aaic ,isa4 ,l1 #h-i4 #aaid ,comp4 ,pesik4 #aca b2 ,ex4 ,r4 ,,ii1 #g4 #aaie ,ze*4 ,,ii1 #ab4 ,see ,geig]3 ,urs*rift1 #cbd1 z to ! ,s(]ic ,em5dation4 #aaif ,pesik4 #gf a2 ,eccl4 ,r4 ,,iii1 #ai2 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xxvii1 #e4 #aaig ,yoma #bc a1 ref]r+ to ,jud4 ,v1 #ca4 #aaih ,see ,gressmann3 ,urspr4 d4 israel4 u4 ju$4 ,es*atologie1--an in/ructive "w1 b full ( unsub/antiat$ ass]tions1 ?us fail+ to d ju/ice to ! creative g5ius ( ! ,jewi% prophets4 #aaii ,isa4 ,,xi1 #a-h4 #abjj ,isa4 ,,ix1 #e2 ! note 9 ! new ,jewi% translation takes ! words 9 a diff]5t s5se4 #abja ,j]4 ,,xxiii1 #e2 ,,xxxiii1 #ae2 ,ze*4 ,,iii1 #h2 ,,vi1 #ab2 see ,sell94 l4 c4 ,comp>e ,ps4 ,,lxxx1 #af f42 ,,lxxxiv1 #aj2 ,,lxxxix1 #ci1 #eb2 ,,cxxx1 #aj2 see ,ewald's comm5t>y4 #abjb ,ezek4 ,,xxxviii-,,xxxix2 ,sibyll4 ,,iii1 #ffc2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,gog u4 ,magog2 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #bca f4 #abjc ,= ! pr9ce ( peace1 see1 = example1 ,ze*4 ,,ix1 #i4 #abjd ,see ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #bee-bfa4 #abje ,see ,t>gum to ,isa4 ,,xi1 #d1 :]e ! old] ,mss4 read ,arimalyus1 lat] on corrupt$ into ,armillus4 ,see ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #ehi4 #abjf ,dan4 ,,ii2 ,,vii2 ,,ix2 see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,es*atology4 #abjg ,sota ,,ix1 #ae2 ,eno* ,,xcix1 #d2 ,c1 #a2 ,matt4 ,,xxiv1 #h2 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #bhf4 #abjh ,mal4 ,,iii1 #bc2 ,b4 ,sira ,,xlviii1 #aj f42 ,sibyll4 ,,ii1 #ahg4 #abji ,isa4 ,,xxvii1 #ac2 ,b4 ,sira ,,xxxvi1 #ac2 ,tobit ,,xiii1 #ac2 ,eno* ,,xc1 #cb2 ,,ii ,macc4 ,,ii1 #ah2 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #bga4 #abaj ,see ,*ap4 ,,lii4 #abaa ,,iv ,ezra ,,viii1 #bh4 #abab ,sanh4 #if f42 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,es*atology2 ,b\sset1 l4 c4 #abac ,sanh4 #ig a1 b1 #ii4 #abad ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,cxlvi1 #d2 see ,bub]'s note4 #abae ,ket4 #aaa-aab2 comp4 ,ir5u3 ,adv]4 ,ha]es4 ,v1 #cb4 #abaf ,see ,ekah4 ,r4 ,,ii1 #b2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,b> ,kokba4 #abag ,pesik4 #add a1 b4 #abah ,b]4 #cd b4 #abai ,sanh4 #ig b4 #abbj ,sanh4 #ig a4 #abba ,sanh4 #ih b4 #abbb ,comm5t>y to ,san4 ,x2 ,yad1 ,h4 ,melakim1 ,,xi-,,xii2 ,h4 ,te%ubah ,,viii-,,ix4 #abbc ,notes ( ,r4 ,a4 ,b4 ,d4 to ,maimuni4 #abbd ,ikk>im1 ,,iv1 #db4 #abbe ,see ,philipson3 ,! ,re=m ,movem5t 9 ,judaism1 #bdf f4 #abbf ,see ,e9horn3 ,s9ai ,i1 #acc2 ,leopold ,/e93 ,s*rift des ,leb5s1 #cbj1 #ccf4 ,= ! t]m ,messiah comp4 ,ps4 ,,lv1 #ae2 ,hab4 ,,iii1 #ac2 also ,ps4 ,,xxviii1 #h2 ,,lxxxiv1 #aj2 ,,lxxxix1 #ci1 #eb4 #abbg ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,resurrection4 #abbh ,deut4 ,,xxxii1 #ci2 see ,sifre ad loc4 #abbi ,i ,sam4 ,,ii1 #f2 see ,midr4 ,%'muel1 ad loc4 #abcj ,isa4 ,,xxvi1 #ai2 ,dan4 ,,xii1 #b4 #abca ,hosea ,,vi1 #a-b2 comp4 ,,xiii1 #ad4 #abcb ,ezek4 ,,xxxvii1 #a-ad4 #abcc ,isa4 ,,xxv1 #h4 #abcd ,isa4 ,,xxvi1 #ai4 ,in/ead ( 8my dead bodies0 9 ! new ,bible translation1 read 8?y dead10 & in/ead ( 8light0 translate oro?1 aft] ,,ii ,k+s ,,iv1 #ci1 8h]b10 :i* means 8dew ( revival02 ! la/ is also a rabb9ic t]m4 #abce ,dan4 ,,xii1 #b4 #abcf ,see ,,ii ,macc4 ,,vii1 #i-cf2 ,,xii1 #dc2 ,,xiv1 #df2 ,sibyll4 ,,ii1 #dg2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,xvii1 #ac4 #abcg ,see ,joel ,,iv1 #b2 ,erub4 #ai a1 ref4 to ,isa4 ,,xxxi41 #i2 ,eno* ,,xxviii1 #a4 #abch ,isa4 ,,lx1 #ba4 #abci ,sanh4 ,x1 #a4 #abdj ,kid4 ,i1 #aj2 ,matt4 ,v1 #e1 ref4 to ,ps4 ,,xxxvii1 #aa2 ,eno* ,v1 #g4 #abda ,ezek4 ,,xxvi1 #bj4 #abdb ,isa4 ,,xlii1 #e4 #abdc ,ke?4 #aaa a4 #abdd ,ps4 ,,cxvi1 #i2 ,y]4 ,ke?4 ,,xii1 #ce b2 ,pesik4 ,r1 ,i1 #b b4 #abde ,b]4 #ae b2 ,alphabet d4 ,r4 ,akiba 9 ,jell9ek1 ,b4 ,h4 ,,iii1 #ca2 ,t>gum ,y]4 to ,ex4 ,,xx1 #ae2 ,i ,cor4 ,,xv1 #eb4 #abdf ,ke?4 l4 c4 #abdg ,ex4 ,,iv1 #bb4 #abdh ,isa4 ,,xix1 #be4 #abdi ,isa4 ,,xlii1 #d2 ,,xlv1 #bc2 ,,li1 #e2 ,zeph4 ,,iii1 #i2 ,ze*4 ,,viii1 #bb2 ,,xiv1 #i4 #abej ,lev4 ,,xx1 #bf2 ,deut4 ,,xx1 #af-ah2 comp4 ,g54 ,r4 ,,ii1 #d2 ,,iii1 #aj4 #abea ,web]4 l4 c41 #eg-gi4 #abeb ,g54 ,,xiv1 #ac2 ,,xxi1 #cb4 #abec ,i ,k+s ,,xx1 #ca4 #abed ,amos ,i-,,ii2 ,isa4 ,,xxix-,,xxxiii2 ,j]4 ,,xxv f42 ,hab4 ,i4 #abee ,g54 ,,xviii1 #be4 #abef ,g54 ,,xx1 #c4 #abeg ,job ,,xxxi4 #abeh ,kid4 #ca a4 #abei ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #b2 ,b4 ,b4 #aj b4 #abfj ,see ,laz>us3 ,e?ics1 #di & app5dix4 #abfa ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #cb4 #abfb ,deut4 ,,vii1 #b2 ,,xx1 #af f4 #abfc ,%ab4 #bg b2 ,jubil4 ,,xxii1 #af4 #abfd ,isa4 ,,lx1 #ab2 ,,lxiii1 #f2 ,,lxvi1 #ad f42 ,ze*4 ,,xiv1 #b f42 ,joel ,,iv1 #i-ai2 ,j]4 ,x1 #be2 ,ps4 ,,ix1 #af1 #ah1 #bj2 ,x1 #ag4 #abfe ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #b4 #abff ,jonah ,,iii-,,iv4 #abfg ,isa4 ,,lxvi1 #ai-ba4 #abfh ,ze*4 ,,ix1 #a2 ,cant4 ,r4 ,,vii1 #aj4 #abfi ,sanh4 #ajh a2 ,sibyll4 ,i1 #abi f4 #abgj ,b4 ,b4 #ae b2 ,s$] ,olam ,r4 ,,xxi4 #abga ,mek4 ,yi?ro ,v2 ,ab4 ,z4 #b b-#c a4 #abgb ,deut4 ,,iv1 #ai2 ,,xxix1 #be2 ,j]4 ,x1 #af2 ,b4 ,sira ,,xviii1 #ag2 comp4 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #cej4 #abgc ,jubil4 ,,xi1 #c-e2 ,,xix1 #bj2 ,eno* ,,xv2 ,,xix2 ,,xcix1 #g2 see ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #cej-cea4 #abgd ,yeb4 #ih a1 ref4 to ,ezek4 ,,xxiii1 #bj2 ,ab4 ,z41 l4 c4 ,9 ?is s5se we mu/ take ! ,talmudic passage3 8,israel are really m51 n ! hea!n10 ,yeb4 #fa a2 ,b4 ,m4 #aad b2 ,b4 ,b4 #af b2 :]eas ! passage1 ,lev4 ,,xviii1 #e1 8:i* man do? to live !reby10 is decl>$ to include all :o obs]ve ! laws ( humanity1 ,sifra eodem2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,i1 #a-b4 #abge ,laz>us1 l4 c41 #di4 #abgf ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #b4 #abgg ,y]4 ,r4 ,%4 ,i1 #eg a4 #abgh ,ezek4 ,,xxviii1 #aj2 ,,xxxi1 #ah2 ,,xxxii1 #ai-cb4 ,possibly ! prophet 9 speak+ ( arelim _h 9 m9d ! ,babylonian ,arallu1 8! ne!r-_w02 see ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xix1 #e2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xl2 ,,viii1 #g2 ,tanh4 ,lek ,leka1 ed4 ,bub]1 #bg4 #abgi ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #d-e2 ,ro% ha ,%ana1 #ag a4 #abhj ,b4 ,b4 #aj b2 ,a4 d4 ,r4 ,n4 ,,iv4 #abha ,suk4 #ee b2 ,pesik4 #aic b2 ,philo2 ,vita ,mosis1 #b f2 ,de ,special2 ,i1 #c2 ,,ii1 #ajd1 #bbg4 #bch4 #abhb ,sifra1 ,ah>e ,mo? #ac4 #abhc ,g54 ,r4 ,l2 ,,lxv1 #af2 ,ru? ,r4 ,i1 #h2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 nomaos4 #abhd ,j4 ,e4 art4 ,anton9us 9 ! ,talmud2 ,kraus3 ,anton9us4 #abhe ,ab4 ,z4 #cj a4 #abhf ,deut4 ,,vii1 #c2 ,sanh4 #eg a-#ei b4 #abhg ,h4 ,melakim ,,viii1 #i-aj4 #abhh ,h4 ,%emitta we ,yobel ,,xiii1 #ac4 #abhi ,mal4 ,i4 #aa4 #abij ,ex4 ,,xxii1 #bf2 ,philo ,,ii1 #aff2 ,josephus3 ,ant41 ,,iv1 #h1 #aj2 ,con4 ,apio41 ,,ii1 #cd2 comp4 ,kohl]3 8,! ,halakic ,portions 9 ,josephus' ,antiquities10 9 ,h4 ,u4 ,c4 ,mon?ly ,,iii1 #aag4 #abia ,see ,meg4 #af a2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,ari/otle2 ,neum>k1 l4 c41 ,index3 ,ari/oteles1 ,plato1 ,plot92 comp4 ,bahya3 ,hobo? ha ,lebabo?1 & o!r m$ieval philosophic works4 #abib ,deut4 ,,iv1 #cg4 #abic ,ex4 ,,xxxiii1 #ab2 ,lev4 ,,xxvi1 #db2 ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xliv1 #g-h2 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xxxvi1 #b-e4 #abid ,cant4 ,r4 ,i1 #e4 #abie ,isa4 ,,liv1 #aj2 ,%ab4 #ee a2 comp4 ,s4 ,hirs*3 8,! ,doctr9e ( ,orig9al ,virtue0 9 ,jew4 ,lit4 ,annual1 #aije2 ,s*e*t]1 l4 c41 #agj f4 #abif ,ex4 ,,xxii1 #bj2 ,,xxiii1 #i4 #abig ,deut4 ,x1 #ah-ai4 #abih ,lev4 ,,xiv1 #bb4 #abii ,g54 ,,xxiii1 #d2 ,lev4 ,,xx1 #ce4 ,on ! t]m ,g] see ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?3 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #ge ff42 ,b]?olet3 ,die ,/ellung d4 ,israelit5 und ,jud5 zu d5 ,fremd51 #bh1 #agh2 ,s*u]]1 l4 c41 ,,iii1 #aej-ahh2 ,encyc4 ,biblica1 art4 ,/rang] & ,soj\rn]2 ,*eyne1 ,bampton ,lectures1 #ahhi1 p4 #dbi4 ,comm]ce betwe5 ! ,pho5icians & ,greeks 0 protect$ by ! ,greek god ( ! /rang] 7,zeus ,x5ios72 see ,ih]+3 ,d4 ,ga/freunds*aft im ,alt]?um1 ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 #ahhg1 %[+ h[ ! ,pho5icians develop$ ! ,g] idea 9 ! direction ( int]national comm]ce1 j z ! ,jews develop$ x t[>d int]national religion2 ,m4 ,j4 ,kohl]3 8,"r ( ,asylum0 9 ,am4 ,law ,review1 ,,li1 p4 #cha4 #acjj ,ex4 ,,xx1 #aj4 #acja ,lev4 ,,xvi1 #bi2 ,,xvii1 #h-ae2 ,,xviii1 #bf2 ,,xxiv1 #af-bi4 #acjb ,ex4 ,,xii1 #dh2 see ,yeb41 #df a-#dg b2 ,mas4 ,g]im ,i-,,iii4 ,! op9ion ( ,b]?olet & ,s*u]] conc]n+ ! semi-proselyte or ,g] ,to%ab is contradict$ by bo? ! ,book ( ,jubilees & ! ,talmudic s\rces1 z w be %[n bel[4 #acjc ,j]4 ,,xvi1 #ai4 #acjd ,ze*4 ,,viii1 #ba-bc4 #acje ,isa4 ,,xiv1 #a4 #acjf ,ps4 ,,xxii1 #cj2 ,,lxvii1 #c2 ,,lxviii1 #cj f2 ,,lxxxvii1 #d f4 #acjg ,,ii4 ,*ron4 ,,ii1 #af2 ,,xxx1 #be4 #acjh ,ps4 ,,cxv1 #aa2 ,,cxviii1 #d2 ,,cxxxv1 #bj2 comp4 ,,lxvii1 #h2 ,,cii1 #af2 ,job ,i1 #a2 ,tobit ,,lxiv1 #f2 ,sibyll4 ,,iii1 #egb1 #gef2 ,acts ,x1 #b2 ,,xxi1 #ac2 ,v1 #bf f42 ,,xvi1 #dd2 ,,xvii1 #d2 ,,xviii1 #g2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,xxii1 #bi2 ,lev4 ,,iii1 #b2 ,mek4 to ,ex4 ,,xxii1 #bj2 see ,b]nays3 ,ges4 ,abh41 ,,ii1 #gd4 #acji ,tos4 ,ab4 ,z4 ,,ix1 #d2 ,sanh4 #ef b-#eg2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxxiv1 #g2 ,jubil4 ,,vii1 #bj f42 ,sibyll4 ,,iii1 #ch1 #gfb4 ,= ! ?irty comm&m5ts1 see ,y]4 ,ab4 ,z4 ,,ii1 #dj c2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,ii4 #e2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xcviii1 #i2 ,j4 ,q4 ,r41 #ahid1 p4 #bei4 ,comp4 also ,pseudo-,phocylides 9 ,b]nays' ,ges4 ,abh41 ,i1 #bia ff42 ,seeb]g3 ,d4 beid5 ,wege u4 d4 ,apo/eldecret1 p4 #be4 ,kle93 ,d] aelte/e *ri/l4 ,kate*ismus2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,comm&m5ts4 #acaj ,see ,s*u]]1 l4 c41 #afe1 #age2 ,h>nack1 ,d4 ,mission u4 ,ausbreitung d4 ,*ri/5tums1 *apt] ,i4 #acaa ,ant4 ,,xvi1 #g4 #acab ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxviii1 #e2 ,cant4 ,r4 ,i1 #d2 see ,matt4 ,,xxiii1 #ae2 ,jell9ek1 ,b4 ,h4 ,,vi1 ,introd41 p4 ,,xlvi4 #acac ,,ii ,k+s ,c1 #a-ae2 see ,,lxx to v]se #ad2 ,sanh #if b4 #acad ,see ,sota1 #ab b2 ,sibyll4 ,,iv1 #afd2 comp4 ,g54 ,r4 ,,ii1 #e2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,baptism & ,bir?1 ,new2 ,enc4 ,religion & ,e?ics1 art4 ,baptism1 ,jewi%4 #acae ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,as5a?1 & ! passages quot$ !re4 #acaf ,sifre & ,t>gum to ,deut4 ,,xxiii1 #af-ai4 #acag ,tos4 ,negaim ,,vi1 #b2 ,mas4 ,g]im ,,iii4 #acah ,philo1 ,de ,mon>*ia1 ,i1 #g4 #acai ,ps1 ,,xv1 #a-b2 see ,*eyne's ,comm5t>y4 #acbj ,! article ha ,z$ek seems to po9t to ,j]usalem1 call$ 8! city0 or 8dwell+ place ( righte\sness0 7,z$ek74 ,see ,isa4 ,i1 #ba2 ,j]4 ,,xxxi1 #bc2 ,l1 #g4 ,comp4 8,gates ( righte\sness0 7,z$ek7 = ! ,temple gates1 9 ,ps4 ,,cxviii1 #ai1 & ! anci5t leg5d>y h]o ( ,j]usalem1 ,malki-,z$ek1 ,g54 ,,xiv1 #ah2 ,josephus1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,vi1 #aj2 ,epis4 ,heb4 ,,vii1 #aj2 & ,adoni ,z$ek1 fir/ k+ ( ,j]usalem1 ,jo%4 ,x1 #c4 #acba ,sifre & ,t>gum to ,deut4 ,,xxxiii1 #ai4 #acbb ,s+]'s ,pray]b4 p4 #dh4 #acbc ,see ,mek4 ,mi%patim ,,xviii2 comp4 ,a4 d4 ,r4 ,n4 ,,xxxvi ref4 to ,isa4 ,,xliv1 #e4 #acbd ,arak4 #bi a4 #acbe ,vita #be4 #acbf ,j4 ,w4 ,,ii1 #bj1 #b4 #acbg ,josephus3 ,ant4 ,,xiii1 #i1 #a2 #aa1 #c2 ,,xviii1 #c1 #e2 ,,xx1 #h1 #aa2 ,mek4 ,bo ,,xv3 ,beluria 7,fulvia or ,val]ia72 ,s*u]]1 ,,iii1 #agf2 ,geme9dev]f4 v4 ,jud5 9 ,rome2 ,graetz3 ,d4 ju$is*1 ,proselyt5 im ,roem]rei*2 ,rad93 ,jews among ,greeks & ,romans1 p4 #chi4 ,see also ,crooks3 ,! ,jewi% ,rate 9 ,anci5t & ,roman ,hi/ory4 #acbh ,josephus3 ,ant4 ,,xx1 #b-d2 ,yoma ,,iii1 #aj2 ,yoma #cg a42 ,suk4 #b b2 ,b4 ,b4 #aa a2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xlvi1 #h4 #acbi ,midra% ,tad%e 9 ,jell9ek3 ,b4 ,h4 ,,iii1 #aaa2 ,ep/e93 ,ju$4 ,ali]?umskunde1 ,,xliii4 #accj ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,as5a?4 #acca ,comp4 ,sifre ,num4 #agh4 #accb ,i ,*ron4 ,,iv1 #ah2 ,meg4 #ac a4 #accc ,meg4 #ae b4 #accd ,philo3 ,de ,nobilitate1 #f2 ,,ii1 #ddc4 #acce ,ru? ,,ii1 #ab4 #accf ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,n41 ed4 ,s*e*t]1 #ec f42 ,%ab4 #ca a2 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,ii1 #h4 #accg ,see ,b]?olet1 l4 c41 #bhe-bhg4 #acch ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,n41 l4 c4 #acci ,mek4 to ,ex4 ,,xviii1 #bg4 #acdj ,g54 ,r4 ,,xxxix1 #ad2 ,yeb4 #bb a2 comp4 ,pes4 ,,viii1 #h4 #acda ,yeb4 #df a2 comp4 ,josephus3 ,ant4 ,,xx1 #b-d4 #acdb ,%ab4 #ca a4 #acdc ,lev1 ,r4 ,,ii1 #h4 #acdd ,g54 ,r4 ,,lxx1 #e2 ,b4 ,m4 #ei b4 #acde ,mekilta1 l4 c42 comp4 ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,n4 ,,xxxvi1 ed4 ,s*e*t]1 #ajg4 #acdf ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,cxlvi1 #i2 ,num4 ,r4 ,,viii1 #b4 #acdg ,prov4 ,,viii1 #ag2 ,num4 ,r41 l4 c4 #acdh ,s*u]]1 l4 c41 ,,iii1 #d2 ,rad91 l4 c4 #acdi ,yeb4 #bd b2 ,y]4 ,kid41 ,,iv1 #fe b4 #acej ,apion1 ,,ii1 #aj1 #c4 #acea ,yeb4 #dg a2 comp4 ,mas4 ,g]im ,i4 #aceb ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,dida*e & ,kle91 l4 c4 #acec ,git4 #ef b2 ,ab4 ,z4 #aj b2 on ,clem5s see ,graetz3 ,h4 ,j4 ,,ii1 #chg-chi2 b see lit]ature 9 ,s*u]]1 l4 c41 ,,iii1 #afi4 #aced ,git4 #ef b-#eg4 #acee ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xix1 #d2 comp4 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,lxxxvii1 #d1 ref4 to ,i ,sam4 ,,ii1 #cf & ,isa4 ,,lxvi1 #b2 comp4 ,ba*]3 ,agada d4 ,pale/4 ,amord]41 ,,iii1 #de1 #cfc4 #acef ,yeb4 #dg b2 #aji b2 ,kid4 #gj b1 ref4 ,isa4 ,,xiv to ,lev4 ,,xiv1 #ef4 #aceg ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xix1 #e4 #aceh ,see ,ba*]1 l4 c41 ,,ii1 #aae-aah4 #acei ,num4 ,r4 ,,viii1 #a4 #acfj ,g54 ,r4 ,,lxx1 #e4 #acfa ,ab4 ,z4 #c b4 #acfb ,b4 ,m4 #ei b4 #acfc ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps4 ,,xxii1 #cd2 "h also a lat] ,haggadi/ removes ! ref]5ce to ! half-proselytes4 ,see ,bub]1 l4 c42 ,y]4 ,meg4 ,i1 #gb b4 #acfd ,num4 ,r4 ,,viii1 #aj4 #acfe ,%ab4 #ca a4 #acff ,see com4 to ,ps4 ,,lxxxvii1 & ,,lxx v]sion4 #acfg ,ye>b4 ,c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,r41 #ahia1 #ahib1 #ahie4 #acfh ,isa4 ,,xxvi1 #b4 #acfi ,philo1 ,de ,p5it5tia1 #b4 #acgj ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,apo/asy & ,apo/ates4 #acga ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,apologetic & ,polemical ,lit]ature4 #acgb ,b]4 #bh a2 ,s+]'s ,pray]b4 #dh4 #acgc ,cant4 ,r4 ,i4 #f4 #acgd ,deut4 ,,xxv1 #c & ,sifre ad loc42 ,sanh4 #dd a4 #acge ,sifra ,wayikra #b4 #acgf ,sifre ,num4 #aab2 ,r4 ,h41 #ag a2 ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #e4 #acgg ,ze*4 ,,xiv1 #h-i4 #acgh ,cus>i1 ,,iv1 #bc2 ,maim43 ,h4 ,melakim ,,xi1 #da2 ,responsa1 #eh2 ,nahmanides3 ,d]a%ah1 ed4 ,jell9ek1 #e2 see ,ra%i & ,tosafot to ,ab4 ,z4 #b a1 #eg b2 ,sanh4 #fc b4 #acgi ,solomon b5 ,adret2 ,responsa1 #cjb2 ,yore ,deah ,,cxlviii1 #ab2 ,jacob ,emd51 ,comm4 to ,abot4 ,v1 #ag2 comp4 ,*wolson3 ,d4 ,blutanklage1 #fd-gi4 #achj ,isaac b5 ,%e%et's ,responsa1 #aai4 #acha ,y]4 ,%ab4 ,,xiv1 #ad d2 ,ab4 ,z4 ,,ii1 #dj d2 ,sota1 #dg a2 ,sanh4 #ajc a2 ,eccl4 ,r4 ,i1 #bd-be4 #achb ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,*ri/ianity2 ,ebionites2 ,m9im2 & comp4 ! v>i\s ,*ur* ,hi/ories4 #achc ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,saul ( ,t>sus4 #achd ,sanh4 #ig a4 #ache ,lev4 ,,xiii1 #ac3 ,kullo happak lab51 in/ead ( laban4 #achf ,ab4 d4 ,r4 ,n4 ,,xxxiv2 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xiii1 #d ref4 to ,ps4 ,,lxxx1 #ad2 ,midr4 ,teh4 ,ps41 l4 c4 #achg ,h4 ,akkum ,,ix1 #d4 #achh ,tosaf4 ,sanh4 #fc b2 ,iss]les ,%4 ,ar4 ,orah ,hayim1 #aef2 comp4 ,j4 ,e4 art4 ,sanh$r91 ,napoleonic4 #achi ,edom1 ! "n = ,rome s9ce ! "t ( ! ,idumean ,h]od1 became ! "n = ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 :ile ,yavan ,greek 0 ! "n giv5 to ! ,greek ,*ur*4 #acij ,on ,i%mael & ,edom see ,/e9s*neid]3 ,polemis*4 u4 ,apologet4 ,lit]atur1 #bef-bgc2 on ,mohamm$1 eodem1 #cjb-chh4 #acia ,see ,wu5s*e3 8,urspr4 d4 ,p>abel v4 d4 drei ,r+50 9 ,less+-,m5delssohn ,g$5kbu*1 ,leipzig1 #ahgi2 comp4 ,/e9s*neid]1 l4 c41 #cg1 #cag1 #cai2 ,hebr4 ,bibliogr4 ,,iv1 #gi2 ,,xii1 #ba2 ,dunlop-,liebre*t3 ,ges*4 d4 ,prosadi*tung1 p4 #bba1 note to #bid f4 #acib ,see ,s*re9]3 ,d4 ju5g/4 ,urteile u4 d4 ,jud5?41 #c-e4 #acic ,%ebet ,yehudah1 ed4 ,wi5]1 p4 #ajg4 ,see ,/e9s*neid]3 ,heb4 ,bibl41 l4 c4 #acid ,deut4 ,,xxxiii1 #b2 see ,/e9s*neid]3 8,pol4 u4 ,apol4 ,lit410 #cag f4 #acie ,tos4 ,sanh4 ,,xiii1 #b2 ,sanh4 #aje a2 ,maimonides3 ,h4 ,te%ubah ,,iii1 #e4 #acif ,matt4 ,,iii1 #b2 ,luke ,,iii1 #c2 ,josephus3 ,ant4 ,,xviii1 #e1 #b2 see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,p]haps ,john 0 id5tical ) ,hanan1 8! hidd5 "o10 a popul> sa9t call$ 8fa!r0 by ! p1 & believ$ to be a desc5dant ( ,moses1 a gr&son ( ,onias ! ra9mak]1 & a ra9-invok+ sa9t himself4 ,see ,taan4 #bc b2 ,tanh4 ,wa]a1 ed4 ,bub]1 ,,ii1 #cg4 #acig ,matt4 ,,iii1 #cc2 ,m>k ,i1 #g2 ,luke ,,iii1 #ba2 ,john ,i1 #bi-dj4 #acih ,matt4 ,,iv1 #ab2 ,,xiv1 #aj4 #acii ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,*ri/ianity2 ,jesus2 ,new ,te/am5t2 ,simon ,kaifa4 ,among ! ,gospels1 t ( ,luke has ! olde/ records1 r ?an ,m>k4 ,see also ,spitta3 ,d4 ,synoptis*e ,grunds*rift4 #adjj ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 #adja ,matt4 ,,xxi1 #ab1 & p>allels2 comp4 ,y]4 ,taan4 ,,iv1 #h2 ,tos4 ,m5ah4 ,,xiii1 #ba4 #adjb ,matt4 ,,xxvii1 #cg-db1 & p>allels4 #adjc ,john ,,xx2 ! latt] "p ( ! ,gospel ( ,john belong$ orig9ally to ,mat!w4 #adjd ,matt4 ,,xiv1 #bd f42 ,,xvii1 #a2 see ,wellhaus53 ,comm4 #adje ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,ebionites4 #adjf ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,apo/les4 #adjg ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,dida*e & ,didascalia2 ,kle91 l4 c4 #adjh ,acts ,,xv1 #e-bi2 comp4 ,r4 ,seeb]g3 ,das ,apo/eldecret2 ,dida*e u4 d4 ,ur*ri/5heit4 #adji ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,saul ( ,t>sus4 #adaj ,paul's opposition to ! law includes ! moral law1 & ev5 ! ,decalogue4 ,see ,romans ,,vii-,,viii2 ,x1 #d2 ,,xiv2 ,i ,cor4 ,,vi1 #a-c1 #ae2 ,,vii1 #ca2 ,,viii2 ,,ii ,cor4 ,,iii1 #c4 #adaa ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,cross4 #adab ,luke ,,vi1 #bj-di2 comp4 ) ,matt4 ,v-,,vii2 ,,xxiii1 #ae-cf4 ,see ,claude ,montefiore1 ,! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ,i & ,,ii2 ,g4 ,fri$l&]1 ,jewi% ,s\rces ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 ,kohl]3 8,d4 ,nae*/5liebe im ,jud5?410 ,judaica1 ,b]l91 #aiab4 #adac ,matt4 ,v1 #ag-ah4 #adad ,see ,j4 ,e41 & ,enc4 ,rel4 & ,e?ics1 art4 ,ph>isees2 ,laut]ba*1 8,! ,sad4 & ,ph>410 9 ,/ud4 9 ,jew4 ,lit41 ,b]l91 #aiac2 ,h]=d3 ,ph>isaism2 ,wu5s*e3 ,neue ,beitr4 z4 ,erlut]ung d4 ,evangeli54 #adae ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,mohamm$2 ,islam2 & ! works ( ,muir1 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,hirs*feld2 ( ,geig]1 ,weil1 ,spr5g]1 von ,krem]1 ,noeldeke1 ,grimme1 ,dozy1 & above all ,goldzih]1 on ! ,koran1 ,mohamm$ & ,islam2 also ,enc4 ,religion & ,e?ics1 ,,viii1 #hga-ijg4 #adaf ,see ,drap]1 ,conflict ( ,religion ) ,sci5ce2 ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe2 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism2 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite3 ,w>f>e betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce2 ,krauskopf3 ,jews & ,moors 9 ,spa94 #adag ,ze*4 ,,xiv1 #f-i4 #adah ,isa4 ,,lxvi1 #bj4 #adai ,isa4 ,,xxviii1 #af4 #adbj ,ex4 ,,xix1 #f2 ,num4 ,,xxiii1 #i2 ,deut4 ,,vii1 #b-f2 ,isa4 ,,lxi1 #f2 #i2 ,maim4 ,h4 ,issure ,biah ,,xii1 #a2 ,%4 ,a4 ,eb5 ha ,ez] ,,xvi1 #a2 ,e9horn 9 ,jewi% ,times #ahgf1 aga9/ ,sam4 ,hirs*2 ,samuel ,s*ulman 9 ,y4 ,b4 ,c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,r4 #aiji1 comp4 ,d4 ,philipson1 l4 c4 ,index s4 v4 ,int]m>riage2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,int]m>riage2 also ,mielz9]3 ,! ,jewi% ,law ( ,m>riage & ,divorce1 p4 #de-ed1 :]e ! op9ions ( ,l4 ,philippson1 ,geig]1 ,aub1 ,e9horn & ,i4 ,m4 ,wise are quot$4 #adba ,laz>us1 l4 c41 #aei4 #adbb ,see ,kohl]3 8,orig9 a4 ,function ( ,c]emonies 9 ,judaism10 9 ,y4 ,b4 ,c4 ,c4 ( ,am4 ,r41 #aijg4 ,ros5au3 ,jewi% ,c]emonies1 ,in/itutions a4 ,cu/oms1 #aiab4 #adbc ,see art4 ,synagogue1 9 v>i\s encyclop$ias2 ,enel[3 ,! ,synagogue 9 ,mod]n ,life2 ,s*u]]1 l4 c41 ,,ii1 #dbi2 ,b\sset1 l4 c41 #aig ff4 #adbd ,see ,*apt] ,,lvi above2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,proselyte4 #adbe ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,b> ,mizwah & ,confirmation4 #adbf ,g54 ,,xvii1 #aj-ad4 #adbg ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 p4 #cje4 #adbh ,ex4 ,,iv1 #be2 see comm5t>ies2 ,eb]s3 gypt51 ,b4 ,m4 ,i1 #ahc4 #adbi ,josephus3 ,ant4 ,,xx1 #b1d2 ,%ab4 #acj b1 #acc b1 #aef a2 ,m54 #db a2 ,ab4 ,z4 #bf b2 comp4 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xlvi1 #i4 #adcj ,ab4 ,z4 #bg a4 #adca ,ex4 ,,iv1 #be2 ,jo%4 ,v1 #b2 comp4 ,tylor3 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 #bag-bbb2 ,j4 ,e4 & ,encyc4 ( ,rel4 & ,e?ics1 art4 ,circumcision2 ,ploss3 ,knab5bes*neidung1 p4 #aa4 #adcb ,g54 ,,xvii1 #aj-ad2 comp4 ,deut4 ,x1 #af2 ,j]4 ,,ix1 #be2 ,claude ,montefiore3 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #bbi1 #ccg4 #adcc ,i ,macc4 ,i1 #ae1 #dh1 #fj2 ,josephus3 ,ant4 ,,xii1 #e1 #a2 ,abo? ,,iii1 #aa2 ,tos4 ,%ab4 ,,xv1 #i2 ,y]4 ,peah ,i1 #af b2 ,g54 ,r4 ,,xlvi1 #i2 ,jubil4 ,,xv1 #bf f4 #adcd ,y]4 ,%ab4 ,,xix1 #f2 ,yeb4 #ga b4 #adce ,g54 ,r4 ,,xlviii1 #g2 ,tanh4 ,lek ,leka1 ed4 ,bub]1 #bg2 ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #cjd1 aft] ,tos4 ,b]4 ,,vi1 #ab1 #ac2 ,%ab4 #acg b4 #adcf ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,xix4 #adcg ,ploss3 ,ges*i*t4 u4 ,e?nol4 ue4 ,knab5bes*neidung1 #ahdd2 ,encyc4 ,rel4 & ,e?ics1 art4 ,circumcision4 #adch ,zunz3 ,ges4 ,s*r4 ,,ii1 #aig2 comp4 ,rabb9 ,guta*l5 ue4 d4 ,bes*neidung1 #ahdd2 ,frankel3 ,zeits*41 #ahdd1 p4 #ff-fg4 #adci ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,circumcision2 ,sam4 ,cohn3 ,ges*4 d4 ,bes*neidung b4 d4 ,jud5 7,hebrew71 ,cracaw1 #aijc1 = ! ext5sive lit]ature4 #addj ,philo ,,ii1 #baj2 ,josephus3 ,con4 ,apion4 ,,ii1 #ac2 ,saadia3 ,emuno?1 ,,iii1 #aj2 ,maimonides3 ,moreh1 ,,iii1 #di2 ,mi*aelis3 ,mosais*es ,re*t1 ,,iv1 #ahd-ahf4 #adda ,maimonides1 l4 c41 ,,iii1 #dh2 ,samuel b5 ,meir to ,lev4 ,,xi1 #c2 ,mi*aelis1 l4 c41 ,,iv1 #bjb4 #addb ,lev4 ,,xi2 ,deut4 ,,xiv1 #c-ba2 ,ex4 ,,xxii1 #cj2 ,lev4 ,,vii1 #bc2 ,,xvii1 #i f42 see ,kalis*'s3 comm5t>y to ,lev4 vol4 ,,ii1 #b-ahi2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,diet>y ,laws4 #addc ,lev4 ,,xx1 #bd-bf1 :i* belongs to ,lev4 ,,xi1 #a-dg2 comp4 ,deut4 ,,xiv1 #c-ba4 #addd ,see ,ezek4 ,,xliv1 #ca2 ,,iv1 #ad2 ,jud4 ,,xiii1 #g1 #ad4 ,! law 9 ,ex4 ,,xxii1 #cj1 8,ye %all be holy m5 unto ,me1 !re=e ye %all n eat any fle% t is torn ( bea/s 9 ! field10 seems to h be5 orig9ally only = prie/s & o!r holy m54 #adde ,see ,laws ( ,manu1 ,v1 #g2 #aa-bj 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,,xxv1 #aga f42 comp4 ,,ii1 #fd2 ,,xiv1 #ch-dh2 #gd2 #ahd2 ,bundahi%1 ,,xiv2 ,s4 ,b4 ,e4 ,v1 #dg2 ,*wolson3 ,die ,szabi]1 ,,ii1 #g2 #ajb2 ,porphyrius3 ,de ,ab/95tia1 ,,iv1 #g2 ,somm]1 ,bibl4 ,abh4 #bga-cbb2 ,j4 ,e41 l4 c41 #eii4 #addf ,ex4 ,,xix1 #f4 #addg ,g54 ,,vii1 #b1 #h4 #addh ,,ii ,macc4 ,,vi1 #ah2 ,,vii1 #da4 #addi ,ari/eas1 #add-agj4 #adej ,sifra to ,lev4 ,,xx1 #bf2 ,tanh4 to ,lev4 ,,xi1 #b4 #adea ,%ab4 #ag b2 ,ab4 ,z4 #cf b1 #ch a1 #h a2 ,sanh4 #ajd a2 ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,xxix4 #adeb ,moreh1 ,,iii1 #be2 see also ,morris ,joseph1 l4 c41 #ahj-ahi4 #adec ,= ! or?odox view1 see ,s4 ,r4 ,hirs*3 ,horeb1 ,*ap4 ,,lxviii2 ,m4 ,fri$l&]3 ,! ,jewi% ,religion1 #bcg2 = ! re=m1 ,e9horn3 ,s9ai1 #ahei2 ,kohl]3 ,jewi% ,times1 #ahgb2 ,geig]3 ,ges4 ,s*r4 ,i1 #bec f4 #aded ,deut4 ,,vi1 #h-i2 ,,xi1 #ah-bj2 ,num4 ,,xv1 #ch-ci4 #adee ,comp4 ,prov4 ,,iii1 #c2 ,samuel b5 ,meir to ,ex4 ,,xiii1 #i4 #adef ,ex4 ,,xiii1 #i & comm5t>ies4 #adeg ,/anley3 ,hi/4 ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 ,i1 #efa2 ,pet]man3 ,reis5 im ,ori5t1 ,i1 #bcg4 #adeh ,curtiss3 ,ursemitis*e ,religion1 ,*ap4 ,,xx-,,xxi2 ,kohl]3 ,monatss*rift1 #ahic1 p4 #dde1 note4 #adei ,b]4 #f a1 #ad b1 #bc a1 b2 ,tos4 ,b]4 ,,vii1 #be2 ,midr4 ,teh4 to ,ps4 ,,vi1 #a2 ,y]4 ,peah ,i1 #ae d2 ,t>gum ,song ( ,songs1 ,,viii1 #c2 ,pes4 ,,iii b2 ,s*orr3 ,he,halutz1 ,,vii1 #ef-eg2 ,ba5ts*3 ,comm4 to ,num4 ,,xv1 #cg2 also ,s*u]]1 ,g4 ,v4 ,,ii1 #dhc-dhf4 #adfj ,cant4 ,r4 ,,iii1 #aa2 ,sifre ,deut4 #dc2 ,m4 ,k4 #af b4 #adfa ,kohl]1 l4 c43 comp4 ,s*e*t]3 ,/udies1 ,i1 #bdi2 ,morris ,joseph1 l4 c41 p4 #agh1 :]e he quotes ,maimonides ,h4 ,tefill9 ,,iv1 #be4 #adfb ,see art4 ,sabba? 9 v>i\s encyclop$ias & ! ,babel-,bibel controv]sies2 ,zimm]n & ,s*rad]3 ,k4 ,a4 ,t41 ,,ii1 #eib f42 ,ja/r[3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 #ahih1 p4 #cae-ceb4 #adfc ,ex4 ,,xx1 #h-aa2 ,,xvi1 #bc-bi2 ,,xxxv1 #b-c2 ,,xxxi1 #ac2 comp4 ,j]4 ,,xviii1 #ba-bg2 ,neh4 ,,xiii1 #ae-ah4 #adfd ,deut4 ,v1 #ab-ae2 ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #ab2 ,,xxxiv1 #ba2 comp4 ,isa4 ,,lviii1 #ac4 #adfe ,see ,jubilees ,,ii1 #bc-cj2 ,l1 #f2 ,geig]1 ,zeits*41 #ahfh1 #aaf2 ,na*gel4 ,s*r41 ,,iii1 #bhf f42 ,v1 #adb f42 ,s*e*t]3 ,docum5t ( a ,jewi% ,sect1 ,i2 ,,xxv2 ,,xlviii-,l2 ,halevi3 ,! ,comm&m5ts ( ! ,sabba? = ! ,fala%as1 #aijb2 ,h>kavy ,l4 ,k41 ,,ii1 #fi f41 = ! ,k>aites4 #adff ,%ab4 ,,vii1 #b1 #gj a2 ,mek4 ,wayakhel4 #adfg ,mek4 ,ki ,?isla ,i1 comp4 ,m>k ,,ii4 #b f4 #adfh ,isa4 ,,lviii2 ,%ab4 #aah a1 b2 ,mek4 ,yi?ro ,,vii2 ,pes1 ,r4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #aba4 #adfi ,,ii ,k+s ,,iv1 #bc4 #adgj ,philo ,,ii1 #acg1 #aff1 #bha1 #fca4 #adga ,see ,s*e*t]3 ,/udies1 ,i1 #bdi f42 ,morris ,joseph1 l4 c41 #bjb-bad4 #adgb ,see ,david ,philipson3 ,re=m ,movem5t 9 ,judaism1 #bge-cjb1 #ejc-ejh2 ,e4 ,g4 ,hirs* 9 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,sabba?2 ,sabba? & ,sunday4 #adgc ,see ,s*aff-,h]zog ,encyc41 art4 ,sunday4 #adgd ,see ,i ,sam4 ,,xx1 #e-bg1 :]e ! two new-moon days are spok5 ( z approa*+1 prov+ ! use ( ! ,babylonian mon? ( f\r weeks ( sev5 days ea*1 & two new-moon days4 #adge ,,ii ,k+s ,,iv1 #bc2 ,prov4 ,,vii1 #bj2 comp4 ,ps4 ,,lxxxi1 #d1 ,kese4 #adgf ,ex4 ,,xx1 #aa2 ,g54 ,,ii1 #b-c4 #adgg ,,ii ,k+s ,,iv1 #bc2 ,isa4 ,i1 #ac2 ,,lxvi1 #bc4 #adgh ,num4 ,,xxviii1 #aa f4 #adgi ,mek4 ,bo ,i2 ,pes4 ,r4 ,,xv2 ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,li2 ,sanh4 #db a2 ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #bib4 #adhj ,isa4 ,,xxx1 #bf2 ,,lx1 #bj4 #adha ,ex4 ,,xii1 #aa-bg2 ,deut1 ,,xvi1 #a2 see ! comm5t>ies1 also ,clay ,trumbull3 ,! ,?re%old ,cov5ant2 ,curtiss1 l4 c4 #adhb ,9 ,deut4 ! ,passov] sacrifice 0 ! fir/-born ( ! flock1 see ,deut4 ,,xvi1 #b1 comp4 ) ,ex4 ,,xiii1 #b-af1 & ! celebration took place on ! night ( ! new moon4 ,! ,prie/ly ,code obs]v$ x on ! full moon1 ) a lamb in/ead ( ! fir/-born %eep or cattle4 ,ex4 ,,xii1 #c f42 ,lev1 ,,xxiii1 #e 7! ,hol9ess ,code72 ,jo%4 ,v1 #aj4 #adhc ,ab\t ! wat*-night1 see ,jubilees ,,xlviii1 #e2 ,pesah4 #aji b4 #adhd ,see ,e9horn's ,pray]book1 #dhe2 ,holdheim3 ,pr$igl51 #ahec1 ,,ii1 #ahi1 ref]r+ to ,j]4 ,,xxiii1 #g-h2 ,tos4 ,b]4 ,i1 #ab2 ,b]4 #ab b4 #adhe ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #af2 ,,xxxiv1 #bb2 ,deut4 ,,xvi1 #i2 ,lev4 ,,xxiii1 #aj-ag4 #adhf ,ex4 ,r4 ,,xxxi1 #ag1 ) ref]5ce to ,ex4 ,,xix1 #a2 ,jubilees ,,vi1 #ag-ba4 #adhg ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,confirmation4 #adhh ,deut4 ,,xvi1 #ac2 ,lev4 ,,xxiii1 #cd-dc2 comp4 ,i ,k+s ,,viii1 #fe2 ,ezek4 ,,xlv1 #bc2 ,r4 h4 ,%4 ,i1 #b4 #adhi ,see ,ex4 ,,xii1 #cg2 ,,xiii1 #bj2 ,num4 ,,xxxiii1 #e1 & comp4 ,mek4 ,bo #ad2 ,sifra ,emor ,,xvii4 #adij ,ze*4 ,,xiv1 #af-ai2 comp4 ,is4 ,,xii1 #c2 ,suk4 ,v1 #a-d2 ,tos4 ,suk4 ,,iv1 #a-i2 ,piyut to ! ,sukko? fe/ival4 #adia ,suk4 ,i-,,iv2 ,talmud & ,codes4 #adib ,ibn ,y>*i3 ,manhig1 ,h4 ,suk4 #ec-fj2 ,t4 ,o4 ,*4 ,,dclxix2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,simha? ,torah4 #adic ,pesik4 #aic b2 ,suk4 #ee b2 ,philo3 ,de ,victimis1 ,i1 #b1 ,,ii1 #bch-bci4 #adid ,lev4 ,,xxiii1 #bd-cb2 comp4 ,neh4 ,,viii1 #a-ah4 #adie ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,new ,ye>'s ,day2 ,life1 ,book (4 #adif ,r4 h4 ,%4 ,,iv1 #f-g2 ,tos4 ,r4 h4 ,%4 ,,iv1 #d-i2 ,r4 h4 ,%4 #bg a2 ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #bdg-bed1 & ,abrahams ,ann4 ,,cxcv1 #aaa f42 & ,union ,pray] ,book1 ,,ii1 #gj-ge4 #adig ,lev4 ,,xvi1 #b-cd2 comp4 ,ezek4 ,,xlv1 #ah-bj4 #adih ,yoma ,,vi2 ,kali%'s comm5t>y to ,lev4 ,,xvi2 ,taan4 ,,iv1 #h2 comp4 ,jud4 ,,xxi1 #ba2 see ,morg5/]n 9 ,j\rnal ,ori5tal ,soc41 #aiag1 & ,j4,q4,r4 #aiag1 p4 #id4 #adii ,yoma ,,iv-,,vi2 comp4 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xxi1 #aa2 ,v1 #a4 #aejj ,num4 ,,xiv1 #bj2 ,,xv1 #bf4 #aeja ,lev4 ,,xvi1 #cj2 ,sifra ,ah>e ,,vi2 ,yoma #cj b2 ,y]4 ,yoma ,v1 #db c4 #aejb ,yoma ,,viii1 #i4 #aejc ,p4 d4 ,r4 ,el4 ,,xlvi2 ,taan4 #cj b2 ,b4 ,b4 #aba a2 ,s4 ,olam ,r4 ,,vi2 ,t4 d4 ,el4 ,zutta ,,iv2 ,ex4 ,r4 ,,li1 #d4 ,jubilees ,,xxxiv1 #ah-ai connects ! ,day ( ,atonem5t ) ! rep5tance ( ,joseph's bre?r54 #aejd ,yoma1 l4 c4 #aeje ,comp4 above1 ,*apt] ,,xxxix4 #aejf ,josephus ,j4 ,w4 ,,vi1 #d1 #e2 ,meg4 ,taan4 ,v2 ,taan4 ,,iv1 #d2 ,taan4 #ab a1 #bi ab4 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,ab1 ,n9? (2 see also ,pes4 ,r4 ,,xxvi-,,xxxiii2 ,pesik4 #aaj b-#adh a4 #aejg ,ze*4 ,,iv1 #f2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,hanukka2 ,maccabees4 #aejh ,meg4 ,,iv1 #e2 #ah a1 #ba b2 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,purim2 ,e/h]2 ,sifre to ,deut4 #bif4 #aeji ,b]4 #ac a4 #aeaj ,deut4 ,,iv1 #f4 #aeaa ,see ,zunz3 ,gottesdi5/li*e ,vortraege4 #aeab ,yoma #ff b2 comp4 ,r4 ,eliez]'s o!r dictum1 ,sota ,,iii1 #d4 #aeac ,num4 ,,xii1 #b4 #aead ,see ,geig]'s ,zeits*r41 #ahcf1 #a f41 #ced2 #ahci1 #ccc f4 #aeae ,graetz1 ,h4 ,j4 ,,iii1 #bdd f42 ,l4 ,loew3 ,ges4 ,s*4 ,,iii1 #eg4 #aeaf ,see ,l&sb]g 9 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,confirmation2 ,l4 ,loew3 ,leb5salt]1 #ag4 #aeag ,see 8 ,introduction4 #aeah ,comp4 ,s*e*t]3 ,/udies1 ,,ii1 #adh f41 #bjb f4 #aeai ,deut4 ,,xxix1 #bh4 #aebj ,deut4 ,,xxx1 #aa-ad4 #aeba ,isa4 ,,lvi1 #g4 #aebb ,ze*4 ,,xiv1 #i4 #aebc ,cuz>i1 ,i1 #ajc2 ,,ii1 #ab4 #aebd ,sifre to ,deut4 ,,vi1 #e4 #aebe ,hab4 ,,ii1 #ad4 #aebf ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #h4 #aebg ,lev4 ,,xix1 #b2 comp4 on ! :ole ,e4 ,g4 ,hirs* 9 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,e?ics4 #aebh ,see ,al5u 9 ,s+]'s ,pray]b41 #fg f42 ,union ,pray]book1 ,i1 #dh1 #ajd f4 #aebi ,%ab4 #aai b4 #aecj ,deut4 ,,xi1 #bb2 ,sifre ,deut4 #di4 #aeca ,deut4 ,,xiii1 #e2 ,sota #ad a2 see ,s*e*t]3 ,aspects1 #bjj-bjc4 #aecb ,abo?4 ,i1 #c2 ,,iv1 #b2 ,e4 ,g4 ,hirs* 9 ,j4 ,e41 art ,e?ics4 ,see ,toy3 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #bfj4 #aecc ,deut4 ,x1 #ai4 #aecd ,micah ,,vi1 #h4 #aece ,ps4 ,,xxiv1 #c-d4 #aecf ,see ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,ess5es1 ,hasidim & ,te/4 ,twelve ,patri>*s3 ,iss4 ,v1 #b2 ,,vii1 #f2 ,dan4 ,v1 #c4 #aecg ,lev4 ,,xix1 #ad1 #cb2 ,sifra ad loc4 ,b4 ,m4 #eh b4 #aech ,%ab4 #ca a2 comp4 ,j4 ,e41 art4 ,dida*e & ,kle91 l4 c4 #aeci ,tanh4 ,%em9i1 ed4 ,bub]1 #ab2 comp4 ,laut]ba*1 ,e?ics ( ,halakah1 p4 #ab4 #aedj ,abo?4 ,i1 #ad4 #aeda ,sanh4 ,,iv1 #e4 #aedb ,y]4 ,kid4 ,,iv1 #ff d4 #aedc ,taan4 #bb b2 ,n$4 #aj a4 #aedd ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xxxiv1 #c1 ref4 to ,prov4 ,,xi1 #ag4 #aede ,sanh4 #ah a1 #ai a4 #aedf ,ke?4 ,v1 #e4 #aedg ,prov4 ,,xvi1 #cb2 ,%ab4 #aje b2 ,n$4 #bb b2 ,sota #d b2 ,b]4 #dc b4 #aedh ,ps4 ,,lxxxi1 #aj4 #aedi ,see above1 *apt] ,l1 p>4 #f4 #aeej ,semakot ,,ii2 ,r4 ,eleaz> 9 ,b4 ,k4 #ia b ) ref]5ce to ,g54 ,,ix1 #e4 ,pr(4 ,laut]ba* ref]r$ me to ,%ebet ,muss>1 ,,xx1 obvi\sly a quotation f "s lo/ ,midra%4 #aeea ,job ,,xlii1 #g4 #aeeb ,lev4 ,,xxv1 #db1 #ee2 ,tos4 ,b4 ,k4 ,,vii1 #e2 ,kid4 #bb d4 #aeec ,t>g4 to ,lev4 ,,xix1 #ah2 ,tobit ,,iv1 #ae2 ,philo ,,ii1 #bcf4 #aeed ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #d-e2 ,prov4 ,,xxiv1 #ag2 ,,xxv1 #ba4 #aeee ,ab4 d ,r4 ,n41 ed4 ,s*e*t]1 #ec1 #fj4 #aeef ,eodem1 #fd4 #aeeg ,abo?4 ,i1 #ab4 #aeeh ,philo ,,ii1 #bhd f4 #aeei ,deut4 ,x1 #ah-ai4 #aefj ,isa4 ,,xxvi1 #i4 #aefa ,isa4 ,,xxxiii1 #ae4 #aefb ,sifra ,beh> ,,iv2 ,b4 ,m4 #eh b4 #aefc ,tos4 ,b4 ,k4 ,,vii1 #h2 ,b4 ,m4 ,,iii1 #bg2 ,b4 ,b4 #hh a-#ij b2 ,makk4 #bd a4 #aefd ,sanh4 #bd b4 #aefe ,b4 ,b4 #ij b4 #aeff ,lev4 ,,xix1 #cf2 ,b4 ,m4 #di a4 #aefg ,deut4 ,,xvi1 #bj4 #aefh ,kad ha ,kemah1 s4 v4 ,gezelah4 #aefi ,ps4 ,,xv1 #c4 #aegj ,pes4 #aah a4 #aega ,%ab4 #ig a2 ,yoma #ai b4 #aegb ,mek4 ,mi%patim #hb2 ,b4 ,k4 #gi b2 ,b4 ,m4 #eh b-#ei a2 ,laut]ba* l4 c4 #bj-ba4 #aegc ,peah ,v1 #f2 ,prov4 ,,xxiii1 #aj4 #aegd ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #bd4 #aege ,tanh4 ,mi%patim4 ed4 ,bub]1 #h4 #aegf ,lev4 ,,xxv1 #ce2 ,sifra ad loc4 #aegg ,isa4 ,v1 #h4 #aegh ,amos ,,viii1 #d4 #aegi ,prov4 ,,xi1 #bf4 #aehj ,deut4 ,,xxi1 #a-h4 #aeha ,sifre ad loc42 ,sota ,,ix1 #g4 #aehb ,matt4 ,,vi1 #be-bh1 ,v1 #ci2 comp4 ,cor4 ,,vi1 #f-g4 #aehc ,yeb4 #fb a1 #fc a4 #aehd ,prov4 ,,xxii1 #bi2 ,n$4 #di b4 #aehe ,b]4 #h a1 ref4 to ,ps4 ,,cxxviii1 #b4 #aehf ,ke?4 #ej a4 #aehg ,morris ,joseph 9 ,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,_w1 #ahib1 p4 #gja4 #aehh ,deut4 ,i1 #ag2 see ,s*mi$l3 ,d4 ,lehre v4 ,kampf um's ,re*t1 #ahge4 #aehi ,ps4 ,,xxxvii1 #aa2 ,%ab4 #hh b4 #aeij ,ex4 ,,xxiii1 #e2 ,deut4 ,,xxv1 #d2 ,prov4 ,,xii1 #aj2 ,git4 #fb a4 #aeia ,abo?4 ,i1 #ab2 ,,iv1 #d1 #ab2 ,taan4 #bj b4 #aeib ,matt4 ,v4 #ag-cj4 #aeic ,job ,,xxxi1 #a2 ,pes4 ,r4 ,,xxiv2 ,lev4 ,r4 ,,xxiii1 #ab2 ,b]4 #ab b2 ,nid4 #ac a4 #aeid ,%ab4 #cc a1 ref]r+ to ,isa4 ,,ix1 #ag2 ,b5 ,sira ,,xxiii1 #ac2 ,te/4 ,twelve ,patri>*s1 passim4 #aeie ,deut4 ,,xxiii1 #ad4 #aeif ,deut4 ,,xvi1 #aa2 #ad f42 ,%ab4 #aah a2 ,pes4 ,r4 ,,xxiii2 ,meg4 #af b2 ,%ab4 #cj b2 ,b]4 #ca a2 comp4 ,m4 ,laz>us1 l4 c41 #bed-bfa4 #aeig ,taan4 #bb a4 #aeih ,see ,laz>us1 l4 c41 #ii4 #aeii ,b]4 #fd a1 ref]4 to ,ps4 ,,lxxxiv1 #h2 comp4 ,laz>us1 l4 c41 p4 #bhj4