,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,unit$       
,,/ates ,,national ,,museum             
,illu/ration  ,,bullet9 #bed  ,,wa%+ton1
 ,d4,c4  #aifh   ,illu/ration  ,,!      
,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,press     ,!
 ,inv5tion ,( ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e            
,illu/ration  ,grace ,rog]s ,coop]      
,,curator ,,( ,,textiles ,,museum ,,(   
,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology  ,,smi?sonian  
,,in/itution ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #aifh    
,publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates         
,national ,museum   ,! s*ol>ly &        
sci5tific publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,national ,museum include two s]ies1   
,proce$+s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national   
,museum & ,unit$ ,/ates ,national       
,museum ,bullet94  ,9 ^! s]ies1 !       
,museum publi%es orig9al articles &     
monographs deal+ ) ! collections & "w ( 
its con/itu5t museums--,! ,museum (     
,natural ,hi/ory & ! ,museum ( ,hi/ory &
 ,te*nology--sett+ =? newly acquir$     
facts 9 ! fields ( an?ropology1 biology1
 hi/ory1 geology1 & te*nology4 ,copies (
 ea* publication are di/ribut$ to       

libr>ies1 to cultural & sci5tific       
organizations1 & to speciali/s & o!rs   
int]e/$ 9 ! diff]5t subjects4  ,!       
,proce$+s1 begun 9 #ahgh1 are int5d$ = !
 publication1 9 sep>ate =m1 ( %ort]     
pap]s f ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4   
,^! are ga!r$ 9 volumes1 octavo 9 size1 
) ! publication date ( ea* pap] record$ 
9 ! table ( cont5ts ( ! volume4  ,9 !   
,bullet9 s]ies1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 issu$ 9  
#ahge1 appe> long]1 sep>ate publications
 consi/+ ( monographs 7occasionally 9   
sev]al p>ts7 & volumes 9 :i* are        
collect$ works on relat$ subjects4      
,bullet9s are ei!r octavo or qu>to 9    
size1 dep5d+ on ! ne$s ( ! pres5tation4 
,s9ce #aijb pap]s relat+ to ! botanical 
collections ( ! ,museum ( ,natural      
,hi/ory h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 s]ies
 "u ! head+ ,contributions f ! ,unit$   
,/ates ,national ,h]b>ium &1 s9ce #aiei1
 9 ,bullet9s titl$ ,contributions f !   
,museum ( ,hi/ory & ,te*nology1 h be5   
ga!r$ %ort] pap]s relat+ to !           
collections & rese>* ( t ,museum4  ,?is 

"w =ms volume #bed ( ! ,bullet9 s]ies4  
,frank ,a4 ,taylor   ,director1 ,unit$  
,/ates ,national ,museum    ,= sale by  
,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4         
,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice   ,wa%+ton1     
,d4,c4 #bjdjb--,price #b4ge     ,cont5ts
      ,preface                          
vii     ,ackn[l$gm5ts                   
viii  #a4 ,e>ly ,ef=ts                  
#a  #b4 ,elem5ts ( a ,successful ,ma*9e 
#ag  #c4 ,! ,sew+-,ma*9e ,comb9ation    
#ci  #d4 ,less ,exp5sive ,ma*9es        
#dc     ,app5dixes                      
#ee       ,i4 ,notes on ! ,developm5t & 
,comm]cial         ,use ( ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e
                             #eg        
,,ii4 ,am]ican ,sew+-,ma*9e ,companies (
 !         #ai? ,c5tury                 
#fe     ,,iii4 ,*ronological ,li/ (     
,u4,s4 ,sew+-,ma*9e         ,pat5t      
,models 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,collections    
#abe      ,,iv4 #ai?-,c5tury ,sew+      
,ma*9e ,leaflets 9 !         ,smi?sonian
 ,collections                           
#acd       ,v4 ,a ,brief ,hi/ory (      

,cotton ,?read                     #ace 
,,vi4 ,biographical ,sket*es            
#acg     ,bibliography                  
#add     ,indexes                       
#adg       ,geographical ,index to      
,companies ,li/$ 9 ,app5dix ,,ii   #adi 
,alphabetical ,index to ,pat5tees ,li/$ 
9 ,app5dix ,,iii  #aea       ,g5]al     
,index to ,*apt]s #a-d                  
#aee     ,preface   ,x _h no in/rum5t   
panel ) pu%-button controls4 ,x 0 n     
op]at$ electronically or jet-propell$4  
,b to _m #ai?-c5tury p ! sew+ ma*9e 0   
probably z awe-inspir+ z a space capsule
 is to _! #bj?-c5tury desc5dants4 ,x 0  
exp5sive1 b1 consid]+ ! "w x c\ld d & ! 
"t x c\ld save1 ! co/ 0 m ?an ju/ifi$4  
,! sew+ ma*9e became ! fir/ widely      
adv]tis$ consum] appliance1 pione]$     
in/allm5t buy+ & pat5t pool+1 &         
revolutioniz$ ! ready-made clo?+        
indu/ry4 ,x also wea!r$ ! prote/s ( ^?  
:o fe>$ ! new ma*9e 0 a ?reat to _!     
livelihood4  ,! practical sew+ ma*9e is 
n ! result ( "o man's g5ius1 b r !      

culm9ation ( a c5tury ( ?\ght1 "w1      
trials1 failures1 & p>tial successes ( a
 long li/ ( inv5tors4 ,hi/ory is too    
quick to cr$it "o or two m5 = an        
important inv5tion & to =get ! "w t     
prec$$ & prodd$ ea* man to contribute 8 
%>e4 ,x is no discr$it to ,h[e to /ate t
 he did n inv5t ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,h[e's "w 
) ! sew+ ma*9e 0 important1 & he did    
pat5t c]ta9 improvem5ts1 b 8 "w 0 "o /ep
 along ! way4 ,x is = ! read] to decide 
:e!r x 0 ! turn+ po9t4  ,s9ce ! sew+    
ma*9e has be5 consid]$ by "s z "o ( !   
mo/ important inv5tions ( #ai?-c5tury   
,am]ica1 ( equal importance to ?is /ory 
( ! inv5tion is ! hi/ory ( ! sew+       
ma*9e's developm5t into a practical1    
popul> commodity4 ,s9ce _m new companies
 blossom$ ov]night to manufacture ?is v 
salable item1 a catalog li/ ( m ?an "o  
hundr$ & fifty ( ^! #ai?-c5tury         
companies is includ$ 9 ?is /udy4 ,/ill1 
! li/ is probably incomplete4 ,_m ( !   
companies rema9$ 9 bus9ess a v %ort "t  
or kept _! activities a secret to avoid 

paym5t ( royalties to pat5t hold]s4     
,evid5ce ( ^! companies is difficult to 
f9d4 ,x is hop$ t additional in=mation w
 come to light z a result ( ?is initial 
attempt to li/ & date kn[n companies4 ,!
 dat+ ( individual ma*9es bas$ on _!    
s]ial numb]s is also a difficult task4  
,individual company records ( ?is type h
 n surviv$2 h[ev]1 us+ ! comm]cial      
ma*9es 9 ! pat5t collection1 = :i* we "k
 "o limit+ date--! date ! ma*9e 0       
deposit$ at ! pat5t (fice--& us+ !      
records t h surviv$1 an e/imat$ date    
bas$ on ! s]ial numb] c be e/abli%$ = _m
 ( ! bett] kn[n ma*9es4                 
,ackn[l$gm5ts       ,i am greatly       
indebt$ to ! late ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,lewton1
 ^:      int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sew+     
ma*9e initiat$ !      collect+ (        
in=mation ab\t x = ! ,smi?sonian        
,in/itution's ,division ( ,textiles     
ar*ives & ^: out-(-pr9t      booklet ,a 
,s]vant 9 ! ,h\se prompt$ ! writ+ ( ?is 
"w4      ,i w\ld also l to ?ank ,mr4    
,bog>t ,?ompson ( ! ,s+]                

,manufactur+ ,company = 8 coop]ation 9  
arrang+ = ! gift      ( an excell5t     
collection ( #ai?-c5tury sew+ ma*9es to 
!      ,smi?sonian & = all[+ me to use !
 ,s+] hi/orical files4      ,ackn[l$gm5t
 is also made ( ! coop]ation ext5d$ by  
,!      ,h5ry ,=d ,museum & ,gre5field  
,village = p]mitt+ me to /udy      _!   
collection ( old sew+ ma*9es4           
,grace ,rog]s ,coop]     ,*apt] ,"o     
,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,,aft]      
,,almo/ ,a ,,c5tury ,,( ,,attempts ,,to 
,,inv5t ,a ,,ma*9e ,,t ,,w\ld ,,sew1 !  
practical sew+ ma*9e evolv$ 9 ! mid-#ai?
 c5tury4 ,?is elegant1 c>pet$ salesroom 
( ! #ahgjs1 ) fa%ionable ladies &       
g5tlem5 scann+ ! late/ model sew+       
ma*9es1 reflects ! p9nacle rea*$ by !   
new indu/ry 9 j a few decades4 ,?is     
example1 "o ( _m ( its type1 is ! ,:eel]
 & ,wilson sew+-ma*9e (fices &          
salesroom1 ,no4 #dd ,f\rte5? ,/reet1    
,union ,squ>e1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,f ,!  
,daily ,graphic1 ,new ,york ,city1      
,decemb] #bi1 #ahgd4 7,smi?sonian photo 

#dhjia-;,a47   ,e>ly ,ef=ts  ,to #ahjj  
,= ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! only means ( /it*+   
two pieces ( fabric toge!r _h be5 ) a   
common ne$le & a l5g? ( ?read4 ,! ?read 
might be ( silk1 flax1 wool1 s9ew1 or   
o!r fibr\s mat]ial4 ,! ne$le1 :e!r (    
bone1 silv]1 bronze1 /eel1 or "s o!r    
metal1 0 always ! same 9 design--a ?9   
%aft ) a po9t at "o end & a hole or eye 
= receiv+ ! ?read at ! o!r end4 ,simple 
z x 01 ! common ne$le 7fig4 #b7 ) its   
?read-c>ry+ eye _h be5 an +5i\s         
improvem5t ov] ! %>p bone1 /ick1 or o!r 
object us$ to pi]ce a hole ?r\gh :i* a  
lac+ !n _h to be pass$4#a ,9 addition to
 utilit>ian /it*+ = su* ?+s z ! mak+ (  
g>m5ts & h\sehold furni%+s1 ! ne$le 0   
also us$ = decorative /it*+1 commonly   
call$ embroid]y4 ,& x 0 = ?is purpose t 
! ne$le1 ! seem+ly p]fect tool t defi$  
improvem5t1 0 fir/ alt]$ = ease ( /it*+ 
& to increase production4  ,"o ( ! =ms t
 ! ne$le took 9 ! process ( adaptation 0
 t ( ! f9e /eel hook4 ,call$ an aguja 9 
,spa91 ! hook 0 us$ 9 mak+ a type ( lace

 kn[n z punto de aguja4 ,dur+ ! #ag?    
c5tury aft] ! introduction ( *a9/it*    
embroid]ies f ,india1 ?is hook 0 us$ to 
produce *a9/it* designs on a net        
gr\nd4#b ,! /it* & ! f9e hook to make x 
7 especially adaptable to ?is "w4 ,by ! 
#ah? c5tury ! hook _h be5 r$uc$ to ne$le
 size & ins]t$ into a h&le1 & 0 us$ to  
*a9/it*-embroid] wov5 fabrics4#c ,9     
,france ! hook 0 call$ a cro*et & 0     
%>p5$ to a po9t = easy entry into !     
fabric 7fig4 #c74 ,= /it*+1 ! fabric 0  
held taut on a drum-%ap$ frame4 ,! hook$
 ne$le pi]c$ ! fabric1 caught ! ?read f 
bel[ ! surface & pull$ a loop to ! top4 
,! ne$le re5t]$ ! fabric a /it*-l5g? f !
 fir/ entry & caught ! ?read aga91 pull+
 a second loop ?r\gh ! fir/ to :i* x    
became en*a9$4 ,?is me?od ( embroid]y   
p]mitt$ = ! fir/ "t ! use ( a cont9u\s  
l5g? ( ?read4 ,at ?is "t ! *a9/it* 0 us$
 exclusively = decorative embroid]y1 & f
 ! ,fr5* "n = drum--! %ape ( ! frame t  
held ! fabric--! work$ fabric came to be
 call$ tamb\r embroid]y4 ,! cro*et#d or 

small hook$ ne$le soon became kn[n z a  
tamb\r ne$le4  ,9 #agee a new type (    
ne$le 0 inv5t$ = produc+ embroid]y      
/it*es4 ,?is ne$le _h to pass completely
 ?r\gh ! fabric two times 7a            
?r\gh-&-?r\gh motion7 = e /it*4 ,!      
inv5tor 0 ,*>les ,f4 ,weis5?al1 a ,g]man
 me*anic liv+ 9 ,london :o 0 grant$     
,briti% pat5t #gja = a two-po9t$ ne$le  
7fig4 #d74 ,! inv5tion 0 describ$ 9 !   
pat5t z foll[s3       ,! musl91 be+ put 
into a frame1 is to be work$ ) a ne$le  
t has two po9ts1 "o at ! head1 & ! o!r  
po9t z a      common ne$le1 :i* is to be
 work$ by hold+ x ) ! f+]s      9 !     
middle1 s z n to require turn+4  ,x     
might be argu$ t ,weis5?al _h inv5t$ !  
eye-po9t$ ne$le1 s9ce he 0 ! fir/       
inv5tor to put a po9t at ! end ( ! ne$le
 hav+ ! eye4 ,b1 s9ce 8 specifically    
/at$ use requir$ ! ne$le to h two po9ts 
& to be pass$ completely ?r\gh ! fabric1
 ,weis5?al _h no int5tion ( utiliz+ ! v 
important advantage t ! eye-po9t$ ne$le 
provid$1 t ( n requir+ ! passage ( !    

ne$le ?r\gh ! fabric z 9 h& sew+4  ,:ile
 no records c be f\nd to e/abli% t      
,weis5?al's pat5t 0 put to any comm]cial
 use dur+ ! inv5tor's lifetime1 !       
two-po9t$ ne$le ) eye at midpo9t appe>$ 
9 sev]al #ai?-c5tury sew+-ma*9e         
inv5tions4  ,! e>lie/ ( ! kn[n me*anical
 sew+ devices produc$ a *a9 or tamb\r   
/it*1 b by an entirely diff]5t pr9ciple 
?an t us$ ) ei!r ne$le j describ$4      
,al?\gh ! idea 0 incorporat$ into a     
pat5t1 ! ma*9e 0 entirely ov]look$ =    
almo/ a c5tury z ! pat5t itself 0 class$
 "u we>+ app>el4 ,x 0 entitl$ ,an       
,entire ,new ,me?od ( ,mak+ & ,complet+ 
,%oes1 ,boots1 ,splatt]da%es1 ,clogs1 & 
,o!r ,articles1 by ,means ( ,tools &    
,ma*9es also ,inv5t$ by ,me = t         
,purpose1 & ( ,c]ta9 ,compositions ( !  
,nature ( ,japan or ,v>ni%1 :i* w be v  
advantage\s 9 _m useful ,applications4  
,?is port5t\sly titl$ ,briti% pat5t     
#a1gfd 0 issu$ to an ,engli% cab9etmak]1
 ,?omas ,sa9t1 on ,july #ag1 #agij4     
,along ) acc\nts ( sev]al processes =   

mak+ v>i\s v>ni% compositions1 ! pat5t  
conta9s descriptions ( ?ree sep>ate     
ma*9es2 ! second ( ^! 0 = /it*+1 quilt+1
 or sew+4 ,?\gh f> f practical1 ! ma*9e 
incorporat$ sev]al features common to a 
mod]n sew+ ma*9e4 ,x _h a horizontal    
clo? plate or table1 an ov]hang+ arm    
c>ry+ a /raight ne$le1 & a cont9u\s     
supply ( ?read f a spool4 ,! motion 0   
d]iv$ f ! rotation ( a h& crank on a    
%aft1 :i* activat$ cams t produc$ all ! 
actions ( ! ma*9e4  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #b4--,,primitive ,,ne$le4       
,bronze4 ,egyptian 7,roman p]iod1 #cj   
,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #fdb74 7,smi?sonian photo 
#acgi-;,a47  ,"o cam op]at$ ! =k$ ne$le 
7fig4 #e7 t pu%$ ! ?read ?r\gh a hole   
made by a prec$+ ?ru/ ( ! awl4 ,! ?read 
0 caught by a loop] & deta9$ s t x !n   
became en*a9$ 9 ! next loop ( ?read4 ,! 
pat5t describ$ ?read tight5]s above &   
bel[ ! "w & an adju/m5t to v>y ! /it*es 
= diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ial4 ,o!r ?an !    
,briti% pat5t records1 no contempor>y   
ref]5ce to ,sa9t's ma*9e has ev] be5    

f\nd4 ,! /it*+-ma*9e cont5ts ( ?is pat5t
 0 happ5$ on by accid5t 9 #ahgc4e ,us+ !
 pat5t description1 a ,newton ,wilson ( 
,london attempt$ to build a model (     
,sa9t's ma*9e 9 #ahgd4f ,wilson f\nd1   
h[ev]1 t x 0 necess>y to modify !       
con/ruction be=e ! ma*9e w\ld /it* at   
all4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure             
#c4--,,tamb\r ,,ne$le ,,& ,,frame1 %[+ !
 me?od ( =m+ ! *a9/it*1 f ! ,did]ot     
,encyclop$ia ( #agfc1 vol4 ,,ii1 ,plates
 ,brodeur1 plate ,,ii4 7,smi?sonian     
photo #dciie-;,c47  ,?is rais$ ! "q :e!r
 ,sa9t _h built ev5 "o ma*9e4           
,nev]!less1 ! g]m ( an idea 0 !re1 & _h 
! inv5tor foll[$ ?r\gh ! sew+ ma*9e     
might h be5 class$ an #ah?-c5tury r ?an 
a #ai?-c5tury contribution4   #ahjj-ahbj
  ,!re is no d\bt t ! successful        
late-#ah?-c5tury improvem5ts 9 sp9n+ &  
weav+ me?ods1 result+ 9 increas$        
production ( fabrics1 _h a great effect 
9 spurr+ inv5tors to ideas ( /it*+ by   
ma*9]y4 ,sev]al ef=ts 7 made dur+ ! fir/
 two decades ( ! #ai? c5tury to produce 

su* ma*9es4  ,on ,febru>y #ad1 #ahjd1 a 
,fr5* pat5t 0 issu$ to ,?omas ,/one &   
,james ,h5d]son = a new me*anical       
pr9ciple design$ to replace h&work 9    
jo9+ ! edges ( all k9ds ( flexible      
mat]ial1 & p>ticul>ly applicable to !   
manufacture ( clo?+4#g ,! ma*9e us$ a   
common ne$le & made an ov]ca/ /it* 9 !  
same mann] z h& sew+4 ,a pair ( jaws or 
p9c]s1 imitat+ ! action ( ! f+]s1       
alt]nately seiz$ & releas$ ! ne$le on   
ea* side ( ! fabric4 ,! p9c]s 7 atta*$  
to a pair ( arms arrang$ to be mov$     
backw>d & =w>d by any suitable          
me*anism4#h ,?is ma*9e 0 capable ( mak+ 
curv$ or angul> z well z /raight seams1 
b x 0 limit$ to c>ry+ a %ort l5g? (     
?read1 necessitat+ frequ5t re?read+4 ,! 
ma*9e may h _h "s limit$ use1 b x 0 n   
comm]cially successful4  ,on ,may #cj ( 
! same ye> ,john ,duncan1 a ,glasg[     
manufactur]1 0 grant$ ,briti% pat5t     
#b1gfi = a new & improv$ me?od (        
tamb\r+1 or rais+ fl[]s1 figures or o!r 
ornam5ts ^u musl9s1 lawns & o!r cottons1

 clo?s1 or /uffs4 ,?is ma*9e made !     
*a9/it*1 us+ n "o b _m hook$ ne$les t   
op]at$ simultane\sly4 ,! ne$les1 atta*$ 
to a b> or c>ri]1 7 pu%$ ?r\gh !        
v]tically held fabric f ! upp] "r side1 
:i* 9 ?is case 0 also ! out] side4 ,aft]
 pass+ ?r\gh x1 !y 7 suppli$ ) ?read f  
spools by means ( peculi>ly =m$ hooks or
 ?read c>ri]s4 ,! ?read 0 twi/$ ar\nd ! 
ne$le above ! hook1 s z to be caught by 
x1 & drawn ?r\gh to ! out] surface4 ,!  
%aft ( ! ne$le 0 groov$ on ! hook side &
 fitt$ ) a slid]4 ,?is slid] clos$ ^u ! 
retraction ( ! ne$le f ! fabric1 hold+ !
 ?read 9 place & prev5t+ ! hook f cat*+4
 ,! fabric 0 /ret*$ betwe5 two roll]s   
set 9 an upright frame capable ( slid+  
v]tically 9 a second frame arrang$ to h 
longitud9al motion4 ,! comb9ation ( ^!  
two motions 0 suffici5t to produce any  
requir$ design4 ,! pr9ciple develop$ by 
,duncan 0 us$ on embroid]y ma*9es1 9 a  
modifi$ =m1 = _m ye>s4 ,( sev]al e>ly   
attempts1 8 0 ! fir/ to realize any =m (
 success4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure        

#d4--,,weis5?al',s two-po9t$ ne$le1     
#agee4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#e4--,,sa9t',s ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #agij4   
7,smi?sonian photo #dbdij-;,a47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--;,,*apman',s 
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 fir/ eye-po9t$ ne$le1   
#ahjg4 7,smi?sonian photo #ccbii-,k47   
,a type ( rope-/it*+ ma*9e1 :i* might be
 consid]$ unimportant to ?is /udy1 mu/  
be includ$ because ( its use ( !        
eye-po9t$ ne$le1 ! ne$le t 0 to play a  
mo/ important "p 9 ! lat] developm5t ( a
 practical sew+ ma*9e4 ,! e>lie/ ref]5ce
 to ! use ( a ne$le ) an eye n be+      
requir$ to be pass$ completely ?r\gh !  
fabric x 0 /it*+ is f\nd 9 a ma*9e      
inv5t$ by ,edw>d ,walt] ,*apman1 = :i*  
he & ,william ,*apman 7 grant$ ,briti%  
pat5t #c1jgh on ,octob] #cj1 #ahjg4 ,!  
ma*9e 7fig4 #f7 0 design$ to con/ruct   
belt+ or flat b&+ by /it*+ toge!r sev]al
 /r&s ( rope t _h be5 laid side by side4
 ,two ne$les 7 requir$ & us$ alt]nately4
 ,"o ne$le 0 ?read$ & !n =c$ ?r\gh !    
ropes4 ,on ! opposite side ! ?read 0    

remov$ f ! eye ( ! fir/ ne$le be=e x 0  
)drawn4 ,! second ne$le 0 ?read$ & !    
op]ation repeat$4 ,! ne$les c\ld also be
 us$ to draw ! ?read1 r ?an pu% x1 ?r\gh
 ! ropes ) ! same result4 ,:ile be+     
/it*$1 ! ropes 7 held fa/ & ! sew+ frame
 & support+ c>riage 7 mov$ manually z   
ea* /it* 0 made4 ,su* a ma*9e w\ld be   
applicable only to ! "w describ$1 s9ce !
 necessity ( re?read+ at e /it* w\ld    
make x impractical = any o!r type (     
sew+4  ,ano!r e>ly ma*9e report$ to h   
us$ ! eye-po9t$ ne$le to =m ! *a9/it* 0 
inv5t$ ab\t #ahaj by ,bal?as> ,krems1#i 
a hosi]y work] ( ,may51 ,g]many4 ,"o    
knitt$ article produc$ !re 0 a peak$    
cap1 & ,krems' ma*9e 0 devis$ to /it* ! 
turn$ edges ( ! cap1#aj :i* 0 susp5d$ f 
wire p9s on a mov+ :eel4 ,! ne$le ( !   
ma*9e 0 atta*$ to a horizontal %aft &   
c>ri$ ! ?read ?r\gh ! fabric4 ,! loop ( 
?read 0 reta9$ by a hook-%ap$ p9 to     
become en*a9$ ) ! next loop at ! re5try 
( ! ne$le4 ,local hi/ory reports t ?is  
device may h be5 us$ z e>ly z #ahjj1 b !

 inv5tor did n pat5t 8 ma*9e & app>5tly 
made no attempt to comm]cialize x4 ,no  
contempor>y ref]5ces to ! ma*9e c\ld be 
f\nd1 & use ( ! ma*9e may h di$ ) !     
inv5tor 9 #ahac4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure 
#g4--,,mad]sp]g]',s #ahad ,,sew+        
,,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration f a pamphlet by ! 
inv5tor entitl$ ,bes*reibung e9]        
,nhmas*9e1 ,vi5na1 ca4 #ahaf4           
7,smi?sonian photo #dicgc47  ,ab\t !    
same "t1 ,josef ,mad]sp]g]1 a tailor 9  
,vi5na1 ,au/ria1 inv5t$ a sew+ ma*9e1   
:i* 0 illu/rat$ 7fig4 #g7 & describ$ 9 a
 #ae-page pamphlet publi%$ ab\t #ahaf4aa
 ,on ,may #ab1 #ahag1 a ,vi5na newspap] 
wrote ( ! ,mad]sp]g] ma*9e3 ,!          
approbation :i* 8 ma*9e receiv$ ev]y:]e 
has induc$ 8 ,royal ,imp]ial ,maje/y1 9 
! ye> #ahad1 to give to ! inv5tor an    
exclusive privilege pat5t :i* has       
already be5 m5tion$ be=e 9 ^! pap]s4#ab 
,mad]sp]g]'s #ahad ma*9e /it*$ /raight  
or curv+ l9es4 ,8 second ma*9e /it*$    
small semicircles1 z %[n 9 !            
illu/ration1 & also small circles1      

egg-%ap$ figures1 & angles ( v>i\s      
degrees4 ,! ma*9e1 acclaim$ by ! art    
exp]ts1 mu/ !re=e h be5 int5d$ =        
embroid]y /it*+4 ,f ! contempor>y       
descriptions & ! illu/ration1 ! ma*9e is
 judg$ to h made a c\*$ /it*--"o ?read 0
 laid on ! surface ( ! fabric & /it*$ 9 
place ) a %ort ?read c>ri$ by a         
two-po9t$ ne$le ( ! type inv5t$ by      
,weis5?al4 ,two fabrics c\ld h be5 /it*$
 toge!r1 b n 9 ! mann] requir$ =        
tailor+4 ,! ma*9e mu/ h _h _m           
defici5cies 9 ! t5sion adju/m5t1 fe$1 & 
relat$ me*anical op]ations1 = despite ! 
publi%$ wi%es = success ! inv5tor did n 
put ! ma*9e into practical op]ation4#ac 
,ye>s lat] ,mad]sp]g] aga9 attempt$ to  
inv5t a sew+ ma*9e us+ a diff]5t /it*   
7see p4 #ac74  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#h4--;,,an ,,engrav+ ,,( ,,?imonni] & 8 
sew+ ma*9e ( #ahcj1 f ,sew+ ,ma*9e      
,news1 #ahhj4 7,smi?sonian photo        
#ajefi-;,c47  ,a /ory p]si/s t ab\t     
#ahah-ahai a ma*9e t =m$ a back/it*1    
id5tical to ! "o us$ 9 h& sew+1 0 inv5t$

 9 ,monkton1 ,v]mont4 ,! e>lie/ record (
 ?is ma*9e t ?is au?or has f\nd 0 9 !   
second or #ahfg edition ( ,eighty ,ye>s 
( ,progress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! ma*9e  
is n m5tion$ 9 ! e>li] edition4 ,! writ]
 ( ! article on sew+ ma*9es /ates t     
,john ,kn[les inv5t$ & con/ruct$ a sew+ 
ma*9e1 :i* us$ a s+le ?read & a         
two-po9t$ ne$le ) ! eye 9 ! middle to =m
 ! back/it*4 ,?is in=mation mu/ h come  
to light aft] ! fir/ edition 0 publi%$1 
b f :]e & by :om is n kn[n4 ,o!r s\rces 
/ate t two m51 ,adams & ,dodge1 produc$ 
?is ma*9e 9 ,monkton4#ad ,:ile /ill o!rs
 cr$it ! ,rev]5d ,john ,adam ,dodge1    
assi/$ by a me*anic by ! "n ( ,john     
,kn[les1 ) ! same inv5tion 9 ! same     
location4#ae ,v]mont hi/orical societies
 h be5 unable to id5tify ! m5 nam$ or to
 v]ify ! /ory ( ! inv5tion4#af ,!       
importance ( ! cr$ibility ( ?is /ory1 if
 prov$1 re/s 9 ! fact t x repres5ts !   
fir/ ef=t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to produce a
 me*anical /it*+ device4   #ahbj-ahde   
,am]ican records ( ?is p]iod are        

incomplete z a result ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice 
fire ( #ahcf1 9 :i* mo/ ( ! specific    
descriptions ( pat5ts issu$ to t date 7 
de/roy$4 ,pat5tees 7 ask$ to provide    
ano!r description ( _! pat5ts s t ^!    
might be copi$1 b comp>atively few      
respond$ & only a small p]c5tage 0      
re/or$4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! pr9t$ index (    
pat5ts#ag li/s ,h5ry ,lye z pat5t+ a    
ma*9e = sew+ lea!r1 & s =? on ,m>* #aj1 
#ahbf1 no description ( ! ma*9e has ev] 
be5 locat$4 ,_m pat5ts ^: orig9al claim 
0 = only a me*anical awl to pi]ce holes 
9 lea!r or a clamp to hold lea!r = h&   
/it*+ 7 claim$ z sew+ devices once a    
practical ma*9e _h evolv$4 ,b no evid5ce
 has ev] be5 f\nd t any ( ^! ma*9es     
p]=m$ ! actual /it*+ op]ation4          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--;,,an        
,,adapt$ ,,draw+ ( ,hunt's sew+ ma*9e   
publi%$ by ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,news1 vol4   
#b1 no4 #h1 #ahha1 to give "s idea ( its
 con/ruction & op]ation4 ,! frame ( !   
ma*9e 7,a7 re/$ on a base 7,b7 t 0      
support$ by a table4 ,! :eel 7,c7 work$ 

on a c5tral %aft 7,e7 & 0 set 9 motion  
by h& or foot p[]4 ,on ! front ( ! :eel 
7,c7 0 a rais$ cam 7,d7 into :i* !      
connect+ rod 7,f7 engag$ to communicate 
motion to ! vibrat+ arm 7,g7 pivot$ to !
 frame at 7,h7 & c>ry+ at ! end 7g7 !   
curv$ ne$le 7,i74 ,! take-up 7,j7 s]v$  
to tight5 ! ?read aft] ea* /it*2 x 0    
connect$ to ! vibrat+ arm by a rod 7,k74
 ,! clo? 7,l7 0 held 9 a v]tical        
position betwe5 ! f+]s or nipp]s 7,m71  
:i* 7 atta*$ to ! frame4 ,! b> 7,n7 0   
too!d on "o side 7n7 to me% ) ! ge>$    
:eel 7o74 ,! lev] 7,p7 0 op]at$ by a cam
 7m7 ^u ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel 7,c71 & c>ri$
 ! v]tical pawl 7,s7 :i* me%$ ) ! rat*et
 7,t7 & mov$ ! clo? z ea* /it* 0 made4  
,! %uttle 7,u7 work$ 9 its race 7,v72 x 
0 op]at$ by ! vibrat+ lev] 7,w71 ! upp] 
end ( :i* engag$ into a groove on ! face
 ( ! :eel 7,c74 7,smi?sonian photo      
#dbeed47  ,! fir/ man kn[n to h put a   
me*anical sew+ device into comm]cial    
op]ation 0 ,b>!lemy ,?imonni]1#ah a     
,fr5* tailor4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s (       

fruitless ef=t he inv5t$ a ma*9e = :i*  
he receiv$ a ,fr5* pat5t 9 #ahcj4ai ,!  
ma*9e 7fig4 #h7 made a *a9/it* by means 
( a b>b$ or hook$ ne$le4 ,! v]tically   
held ne$le work$ f an ov]hang+ arm4 ,!  
ne$le ?ru/ ?r\gh ! fabric laid on !     
horizontal table1 caught a ?read f !    
?read c>ri] & loop] b5ea? ! table1 &    
br\ght a loop to ! surface ( ! fabric4  
,:5 ! process 0 repeat$ ! second loop   
became en*a9$ 9 ! fir/4 ,! ne$le 0 mov$ 
d[nw>d by ! depression ( a cord-connect$
 foot treadle & 0 rais$ by ! action ( a 
spr+4 ,! fabric 0 f$ ?r\gh ! /it*+      
me*anism manually1 & a regul> rate (    
spe$ _h to be ma9ta9$ by ! op]ator 9    
ord] to produce /it*es ( equal l5g?4 ,a 
type ( retractable ?imble or press] foot
 0 us$ to hold ! fabric d[n z requir$4  
,! ne$le1 & ! entire ma*9e1 0 basically 
an attempt to me*anize tamb\r embroid]y1
 ) :i* ! inv5tor 0 q famili>4 ,al?\gh   
?is "w1 :i* s]v$ z ! ma*9e's            
inspiration1 0 always us$ = decorative  
embroid]y1 ,?imonni] saw ! possibilities

 ( us+ ! /it* = utilit>ian purposes4 ,by
 #ahda he _h #hj ma*9es /it*+ army clo?+
 9 a ,p>is %op4 ,b a mob ( tailors1 fe>+
 t ! inv5tion w\ld rob !m ( a           
livelihood1 broke into ! %op & de/roy$ !
 ma*9es4 ,?imonni] fl$ ,p>is1 p5niless4 
,f\r ye>s lat] he _h obta9$ new f9ancial
 help1 improv$ 8 ma*9e to produce #bjj  
/it*es a m9ute1 & organiz$ ! fir/ ,fr5* 
sew+-ma*9e company4#bj ,! ,revolution ( 
#ahdh1 h[ev]1 br\ght ?is ent]prise to an
 e>ly end4 ,be=e new support c\ld be    
f\nd o!r inv5tors _h appe>$ ) bett]     
ma*9es1 & ,?imonni]'s 0 pass$ by4 ,9    
addition to ! two ,fr5* pat5ts ,?imonni]
 also receiv$ a ,briti% pat5t ) 8       
associate ,jean ,m>ie ,magn9 9 #ahdh &  
"o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahej4 ,he a*iev$
 no f9ancial ga9 f ei!r ( ^! & di$ a    
poor man4  ,:ile ,?imonni] 0 develop+ 8 
*a9/it* ma*9e 9 ,france1 ,walt]         
,hunt1#ba p]haps be/ describ$ z a       
,yankee me*anical g5ius1 0 work+ on a   
diff]5t k9d ( sew+ ma*9e 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,sometime betwe5 #ahcb & #ahcd  

he produc$ at 8 %op 9 ,new ,york a ma*9e
 t made a lock/it*4#bb ,?is /it* 0 !    
direct result ( ! me*anical me?od devis$
 to produce ! /it*+ & repres5t$ ! fir/  
occasion an inv5tor _h n attempt$ to    
reproduce a h& /it*4 ,! lock/it* requir$
 two ?reads1 "o pass+ ?r\gh a loop 9 !  
o!r & bo? int]lock+ 9 ! he>t ( ! seam4  
,at ! "t ,hunt did n consid] ! sew+     
ma*9e any m promis+ ?an sev]al o!r      
inv5tions t he _h 9 m9d1 &1 aft]        
demon/rat+ t ! ma*9e w\ld sew1 he sold 8
 int]e/ 9 x = a small sum & did n bo!r  
to pat5t x4  ,a description--"o ( few   
ev] publi%$--& sket* ( a rebuilt ,hunt  
ma*9e 7fig4 #i7 appe>$ 9 an article 9 ! 
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,news 9 #ahha4bc ,!        
important elem5t 9 ! ,hunt inv5tion 0 an
 eye-po9t$ ne$le work+ 9 comb9ation ) a 
%uttle c>ry+ a second ?read4 ,future    
inv5tors 7 ?us no long] hamp]$ by !     
errone\s idea t ! sew+ ma*9e mu/ imitate
 ! human h&s & f+]s4 ,?\gh ,hunt's ma*9e
 /it*$ %ort1 /raight seams ) spe$ &     
accuracy1 x c\ld n sew curv$ or angul>  

"w4 ,its /it*+ 0 n cont9u\s1 b _h to be 
reset at ! end ( a %ort run4 ,! validity
 ( ,hunt's claim z ! inv5tor ( !        
lock/it* & ! prescrib$ me?od ( mak+ x 0 
argu$ _m times1 especially dur+ ! ,elias
 ,h[e pat5t suits ( ! #ahejs4 ,!        
decision aga9/ ,hunt 0 n a "q (         
inv5tion1#bd b "o ( "r to own]%ip or    
control4 ,hunt did little to promote 8  
sew+ ma*9e & sold x toge!r ) ! "r to    
pat5t to ,george ,a4 ,arr[smi?4         
,illu/ration3 ,figure                   
#aj4--,,mad]sp]g]',s #ahci sew+ ma*9e4  
,mad]sp]g]'s ma*9e consi/$ ( two major  
p>ts3 ! frame1 :i* held ! mat]ial1 & !  
/it*+ me*anism1 call$ ! h&4 ,! h& %[n "h
 is an orig9al model4 7,photo c\rtesy ( 
,te*nis*es ,museum fr ,indu/rie und     
,gew]be1 ,vi5na47  ,= ov] fifte5 ye>s1 f
 ! mid-#ahcjs to ! e>ly #ahejs1 ! ma*9e 
dropp$ out ( sight4 ,:5 ! sew+-ma*9e    
litigation develop$ 9 ! #ahejs1 ! ,i4   
,m4 ,s+] company se>*$ out ! ,hunt      
ma*9e1 _h ! inv5tor rebuild "o1#be &    
attempt$ to use ?is to break ! ,h[e     

pat5t4 ,! plan did n "w4 ,! ,honorable  
,*>les ,mason1 ,pat5t ,commission]1     
report$3       ,:5 ! fir/ inv5tor all[s 
8 discov]y to slumb] =      eighte5     
ye>s1 ) no probability ( its ev] be+    
br\ght into      useful activity1 & :5 x
 is only resurrect$ to supplant &       
/rangle an inv5tion :i* has be5 giv5 to 
! public1 & :i*      has be5 made       
practically useful1 all reasonable      
presumption %\ld      be 9 favor ( !    
inv5tor :o has be5 ! means ( conf]r+    
! real b5efit ^u ! _w4#bf  ,hunt's ma*9e
 0 an inv5tion ( ! #ahcjs1 b only       
because ( ! pat5t litigation 0 x ev]    
he>d ( aga94  ,dur+ ! "t t a pot5tially 
successful sew+ ma*9e 0 be+ inv5t$ &    
=gott5 9 ,am]ica1 ,josef ,mad]sp]g] (   
,au/ria made a second attempt to solve !
 me*anical /it*+ problem4 ,9 #ahci he   
receiv$ a second pat5t on a ma*9e       
entirely diff]5t f 8 #ahad ef=t4 ,x 0   
simil> to ,hunt's 9 t x us$ an eye-po9t$
 ne$le & pass$ a ?read ?r\gh ! loop ( ! 
ne$le-?read--! ?read c>ri$ by !         

ne$le--to lock ! /it*4 ,mad]sp]g]'s     
ma*9e 0 a multiple-ne$le quilt+ ma*9e4  
,! ?read$ ne$les p5etrat$ ! fabric f    
bel[ & 7 retract$1 leav+ ! loops on !   
surface4 ,a ?read 0 drawn ?r\gh ! loops 
to produce :at ! inv5tor t]m$ a *a94 ,! 
fir/ two /it*es 7 twi/$ be=e ins]tion   
into ! next two1 produc+ a type ( twi/$ 
lock/it*4 ,! me*anism = fe$+ ! clo? 0   
faulty1 h[ev]1 & ! inv5tor himself /at$ 
9 ! specifications t mu* rema9$ to      
p]fect & simplify x be=e its g5]al      
application4 7,?is ma*9e 0 illu/rat$    
fig4 #aj 9 ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times1       
,octob] #be1 #aijg1 & mi/ak5ly ref]r$ to
 z ! #ahad model47 ,mad]sp]g] realiz$ no
 f9ancial ga9 f ei!r v5ture & di$ 9 a   
poorh\se 9 #ahej4  ,! fir/ ef=ts ( !    
#ahdjs reflect$ ! "w ( ! e>li] ye>s4 ,9 
,engl&1 ,edw>d ,newton & ,?omas ,ar*bold
 inv5t$ & pat5t$ a ma*9e on ,may #d1    
#ahda1 = tamb\r+ or ornam5t+ ! backs (  
gloves4 ,_! ma*9e us$ a hook on ! upp]  
surface to cat* ! loop ( ?read1 b an    
eye-po9t$ ne$le f und]nea? 0 us$ to c>ry

 ! ?read up ?r\gh ! fabric4 ,! ma*9e 0  
design$ to use ?ree ne$les = ?ree r[s ( 
*a9/it*+1 if requir$4 ,al?\gh ! ma*9e 0 
capable ( /it*+ two fabrics toge!r1 x 0 
nev] contemplat$ z a sew+ ma*9e 9 !     
pres5t use ( ! t]m4 ,_! ,briti% pat5t   
#h1idh /at$ x 0 = improvem5ts 9 produc+ 
ornam5tal or tamb\r "w 9 ! manufacture (
 gloves4  ,! e>lie/ ,am]ican pat5t      
specifically record$ z a sew+ ma*9e 0   
,u4,s4 pat5t #b1dff1 issu$ to ,john ,j4 
,gre5\gh on ,febru>y #ba1 #ahdb4 ,8     
ma*9e 0 a %ort-?read model t made bo? ! 
runn+ /it* & ! back/it*4 ,x us$ !       
two-po9t$ ne$le1 ) eye at mid-l5g?1 :i* 
0 pass$ back & =? ?r\gh ! mat]ial by    
means ( a pair ( p9c]s on ea* side ( !  
seam4 ,! p9c]s op5$ & clos$             
automatically4 ,! mat]ial to be sewn 0  
held 9 clamps :i* mov$ x =w>d betwe5 !  
p9c]s to =m a runn+ /it* or mov$ x      
alt]nately backw>d & =w>d to produce a  
back/it*4 ,! clamps 7 atta*$ to a rack t
 automatically f$ ! mat]ial at a        
pr$et]m9$ rate accord+ to ! l5g? ( /it* 

requir$4 ,s9ce ! ma*9e 0 design$ = lea!r
 or o!r h>d mat]ial1 ! ne$le 0 prec$$ by
 an awl1 :i* pi]c$ a hole4 ,! ma*9e _h a
 weight to draw out ! ?read & a         
/op-motion to /op ! ma*9]y :5 a ?read   
broke or became too %ort4 ,! ne$le 0    
?read$ ) a %ort l5g? ( ?read & requir$  
frequ5t refill+4 ,only /raight seams    
c\ld be /it*$4 ,! fe$ 0 cont9u\s to !   
l5g? ( ! rack b>2 !n x _h to be reset4  
,! motions 7 all obta9$ f ! revolution (
 a crank4 ,x is n believ$ t any ma*9es1 
o!r ?an ! pat5t model 7fig4 #aa71 7 ev] 
made4 ,little is kn[n ( ,gre5\gh o!r ?an
 8 "n4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#aa4--;,,gre5\gh',s ,,pat5t ,,model1    
#ahdb4 7,smi?sonian photo #deebe-;,g47  
,9 ! succe$+ ye>1 on ,m>* #d1 #ahdc1    
,b5jam9 ,w4 ,bean receiv$ ! second      
,am]ican sew+-ma*9e pat5t1 ,u4,s4 pat5t 
#b1ihb4 ,l ,gre5\gh's1 ?is ma*9e made a 
runn+ /it*1 b by a diff]5t me?od4 ,9    
,bean's ma*9e ! fabric 0 f$ betwe5 !    
tee? ( a s]ies ( ge>s4 ,held 9 a groove 
9 ! ge>s 0 a peculi>ly %ap$ ne$le b5t 9 

two places to p]mit x to be held 9 place
 by ! ge>s & ) a po9t at "o end & ! eye 
at ! opposite end1 z 9 a common h&      
ne$le4 ,! action ( ! ge>s caus$ ! fabric
 to be =c$ onto & ?r\gh ! ?read$ ne$le4 
,indef9ite /raight seams c\ld be /it*$ z
 ! fabric 0 cont9u\sly =c$ (f ! ne$le by
 ! turn+ ge>s 7fig4 #ab74 ,a screw clamp
 held ! ma*9e to a table or o!r "w      
surface4 ,ma*9es ( ?is & simil> types   
report$ly _h "s limit$ usage 9 ! dye+ & 
blea*+ mills1#bg :]e l5g?s ( fabric 7   
/it*$ toge!r be=e process+4 ,improv$    
v]sions ( ,bean's ma*9e 7 to be pat5t$ 9
 subsequ5t ye>s 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,!  
same pr9ciple 0 also us$ 9 home ma*9es  
two decades lat]4  ,! ?ird sew+-ma*9e   
pat5t on record 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t
 ,(fice is pat5t #c1chi issu$ on        
,decemb] #bg1 #ahdc1 to ,george ,h4     
,corliss1 bett] rememb]$ z ! inv5tor &  
manufactur] ( ! ,corliss /eam eng9e4 ,x 
0 8 int]e/ 9 ! sew+ ma*9e1 h[ev]1 t     
ev5tually direct$ 8 att5tion to ! /eam  
eng9e4  ,corliss _h a g5]al /ore at     

,gre5wi*1 ,new ,york4 ,a cu/om]'s       
compla9t t ! boots he _h pur*as$ split  
at ! seams made ,corliss wond] :y       
someone _h n inv5t$ a ma*9e to sew      
/rong] seams ?an h&-sewn ones4 ,he      
consid]$ ! problem ( sew+ lea!r1 analyz+
 ! /eps requir$ to make ! saddl]'s /it*1
 "o popul>ly us$ 9 boots & %oes4 ,he    
conclud$ t a sew+ ma*9e to d ?is type ( 
"w mu/ fir/ p]=ate ! lea!r1 !n draw !   
?reads ?r\gh ! holes1 & f9ally secure ! 
/it*es by pull+ ! ?reads tight4 ,! ma*9e
 ,corliss inv5t$ 7fig4 #ac7 0 ( ! same  
g5]al type z ,gre5\gh's1 except t two   
two-po9t$ ne$les 7 requir$ to make !    
saddl]'s /it*4 ,?is /it* 0 compos$ ( two
 runn+ /it*es made simultane\sly1 "o f  
ea* side4#bh ,! ma*9e us$ two awls to   
pi]ce ! holes ?r\gh :i* ! ne$les pass$2 
f+] lev]s approa*$ f opposite sides1    
seiz$ ! ne$les1 pull$ ! ?reads firmly1 &
 pass$ ! ne$les ?r\gh to repeat !       
op]ation4 ,! work+ model t ,corliss     
complet$ c\ld unite two pieces ( heavy  
lea!r at ! rate ( #bj /it*es p] m9ute4  

,corliss1 lack+ capital1 w5t to         
,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 9 #ahdd to    
secure back]s4 ,aft] mon?s )\t success1 
he 0 =c$ to ab&on ! sew+ ma*9e & accept 
employm5t z a draftsman & design]4 ,?\gh
 he consid]$ himself a failure1 ?is     
*ange ( employm5t plac$ him on ! ?re%old
 ( 8 m rew>d+ life "w1 improvem5t ( !   
/eam eng9e4#bi  ,on ,july #bb1 #ahdd1   
,james ,rodg]s 0 grant$ ,u4,s4 pat5t    
#c1fgb1 ! f\r? ,am]ican sew+-ma*9e      
pat5t4 ,! pat5t model is n kn[n to be 9 
exi/5ce1 b ?is ma*9e 0 ( m9or importance
 = x (f]$ only a negligible *ange 9 !   
,bean runn+-/it* ma*9e4 ,! same         
corrugat$ ge>s 7 us$ b 7 plac$ 9 diff]5t
 positions s t "o b5d 9 ! ne$le 0       
elim9at$4 ,:5 ,bean secur$ a reissue ( 8
 pat5t 9 #ahdi1 he _h adapt$ x to use a 
/raight ne$le4 ,rodg]s' ma*9e is n kn[n 
to h _h any comm]cial success1 al?\gh   
?is type ( ma*9e exp]i5c$ a brief p]iod 
( popul>ity4 ,by ! e>ly #aijjs1 h[ev]1 !
 runn+-/it* ma*9e 0 s little kn[n t :5  
"o 0 illu/rat$ 9 ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times 9

 #aijgcj x excit$ m curiosity ?an any ( 
! o!r e>ly types4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #ab4--;,,bean',s ,,pat5t ,,model1      
#ahdc4 7,smi?sonian photo #dbdij-;,c47  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--;,,corliss' 
,,pat5t ,,model1 #ahdc4 ,! piece ( wood 
9 ! =egr\nd is an enl>g$ model ( !      
ne$le4 7,smi?sonian photo #dbdij47  ,on 
,decemb] #g1 #ahdd1 ! same ye> t ,rodg]s
 secur$ 8 ,am]ican pat5t1 ,john ,fi%] & 
,james ,gibbons 7 grant$ ,briti% pat5t  
#aj1dbd = c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 !         
manufacture ( figur$ or ornam5tal lace1 
or net1 or o!r fabrics4 ,f ?is          
sup]ficial description ( its "w1 !      
device might seem to be j ano!r tamb\r+ 
ma*9e4 ,x 0 n4 ,design$ specifically =  
ornam5tal /it*+1 ! ma*9e made a         
two-?read /it* us+ an eye-po9t$ ne$le & 
a %uttle4#ca ,sev]al sets ( ne$les &    
%uttles work$ simultane\sly4 ,! ne$les 7
 secur$ to a ne$leb> plac$ b5ea? !      
fabric4 ,! %uttles 7 po9t$ at bo? ends  
to pass ?r\gh ea* succe$+ new loop =m$  
by ! ne$les4 ,ea* %uttle 0 activat$ by  

two vibrat+ arms work$ by cams4 ,ea*    
ne$le 0 curv$ 9 ! =m ( a b[1 & 9        
addition to ! eye at ! po9t ea* also _h 
a second eye at ! bottom ( ! curve4 ,!  
%ape ( ! ne$le toge!r ) ! position ( !  
eyes p]mitt$ ! po9t$ %uttle1 c>ry+ !    
second ?read1 to pass freely ?r\gh !    
loop 9 ! asc5d+ ne$le ?read4 ,! fabric 0
 c>ri$ by a pair ( clo? roll]s1 capable 
( slid+ 9 a horizontal plane 9 bo? a    
lat]al & a l5g?wise direction4 ,^!      
comb9$ movem5ts 7 suffici5t to enable ! 
op]ator to produce almo/ e embroid]$    
design4 ,! ornam5t+1 :i* might be a y>n1
 cord1 or gimp1 0 c>ri$ by ! %uttle     
?read4 ,!re 0 no t5sion on ! %uttle     
?read1 :i* 0 held 9 place by ! ?read f !
 ne$le4 ,! /it* produc$ 0 a =m (        
c\*+4#cb ,x 0 9 no s5se a lock/it*4     
,fi%]1 :o 0 ! inv5tor1 readily admitt$  
at a lat] date t he _h n _h ! slighte/  
idea ( produc+ a sew+ ma*9e1 9 !        
utilit>ian mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,al?\gh x has 
n be5 e/abli%$ t ?is ma*9e 0 ev] put    
into practical op]ation1 ,fi%]'s        

inv5tion 0 to h a f>-rea*+ effect on !  
developm5t ( ! sew+ ma*9e 9 ,engl&4     
,,footnotes3  #a ,,*>les ,m4 ,,k>*1     
,ne$les3 ,hi/orical & ,descriptive 7#ab 
,c5sus ,u4,s41 vol4 ,x1 #aijb71 pp4     
#dbi-dcb4  #b ,,flor5ce ,,lewis ,,may1  
,hispanic ,lace & ,lace ,mak+ 7,new     
,york1 #aici71 pp4 #bfg-bga4  #c        
,did]ot's ,l',encyclopdie1 ou           
dictionnaire raisonn des sci5ces1 des   
arts et des mti]s 4441 vol4 ,,ii        
7#agfc71 ,plates ,brodeur1 plate ,,ii4  
#d ,! t]m cro*et1 z us$ today1 became ! 
mod]n c\nt]p>t ( ! ,spani% punto de     
aguja ab\t ! second qu>t] ( ! #ai?      
c5tury4  #e ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,news 7#ahhj71 
vol4 #a1 no4 #g1 p4 #b4  #f ,?is model (
 ,sa9t's ma*9e 0 bequea!d by ,mr4       
,wilson to ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1     
,london1 ,engl&4  #g ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,news 
7#ahhj71 vol4 #a1 no4 #h1 p4 #b4  #h    
,ibid4  #i ,,eri* ,,lu?1 ,e9 ,may5]     
,/rumpfwirk]1 ,bal?as> ,krems1          
#agfj-ahac1 ,erf9d] d] ,nhmas*9e1 p4    
#aj1 /ates t ! ma*9e us$ an eye-po9t$   

ne$le4 ,,wilhelm ,,r5t]s1 ,praktis*es   
,wiss5 von d] ,nhmas*9e1 p4 #d1 /ates t 
,krems us$ a hook$ ne$le4 ,r5t]s        
probably mi/ook ! hook$ reta9+ p9 = !   
ne$le4  #aj ,dr4 ,dahm51 ,burg]mei/] (  
,may51 /at$ 9 a lett] ( ,octob] #h1     
#aifc1 t ! orig9al ,krems ma*9e 0 turn$ 
ov] to ! (ficials ( ,may5 by ,krems'    
desc5dants ab\t ! turn ( ! c5tury4 ,he  
v]ifi$ t ! ma*9e us$ an eye-po9t$ ne$le4
 ,ab\t #aibj ! ma*9e 0 plac$ 9 !        
,eifelmuseum 9 ,g5ovevaburg2 "s ( !     
uness5tial p>ts 7 re/or$4 ,! ma*9e n[ at
 ?is museum is ! "o pictur$ 9 ,lu?'s    
book4 ,a replica ( ! ma*9e is 9 !       
,deuts*es ,museum1 ,muni*1 ,g]many4  #aa
 ,,josef ,,mad]sp]g]1 ,bes*reibung e9]  
,nhmas*9e 7,vi5na1 ca4 #ahaf74 ,! exact 
date ( ?is small booklet is n kn[n4 ,9 !
 booklet ,mad]sp]g] reports t he _h     
receiv$ a pat5t 9 #ahad = 8 fir/ ma*9e  
adapt$ to /raight sew+4 ,h[ev]1 ! ma*9e 
describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ?is booklet 0 "o 
t c\ld /it* semicircles & small figures4
 ,9 ,kun/ und ,gew]beblatt1 a p]iodical 

7,muni*1 ,g]many1 #ahag1 pp4 #ccf-cch71 
ref]5ce is made to ! ,mad]sp]g] ma*9e & 
a /atem5t to ! effect t ! inv5tor _h    
publi%$ a leaflet describ+ 8 ma*9e4 ,!  
leaflet ref]r$ to is believ$ to be ! "o 
"u discussion4 ,= ?is reason x mu/ h be5
 publi%$ betwe5 #ahad & #ahag1 !re=e ca4
 #ahaf4 ,! only copy ( ?is booklet kn[n 
to ?is au?or is 9 ! ,new ,york ,public  
,libr>y4 ,x 0 probably n kn[n to au?ors 
,lu? & ,r5t]s4 ,! au?or wi%es to ?ank   
,miss ,rita ,j4 ,adrosko ( h] /aff = h] 
important help 9 translat+ ^! ,g]man    
publications4  #ab ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times  
7#aijg71 vol4 #bf1 no4 #hfe1 p4 #a4  #ac
 ,!re are no kn[n models ( ^! e>ly      
,mad]sp]g] ma*9es 9 exi/5ce4 ,al?\gh !  
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times report$ 9 ! #aijg   
issue t ! #ahad sew+ ma*9e 0 !n on      
exhibition 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,vi5na       
,polyte*nic1 ! illu/ration %[n 0 (      
,mad]sp]g]'s #ahci ma*9e4 ,9 a lett] f !
 director ( ! ,te*nis*es ,museum fr     
,indu/rie und ,gew]be 9 ,vi5na1 receiv$ 
9 #aifb1 x 0 /at$ t ! orig9al #ahad     

,mad]sp]g] ma*9e 0 9 _! museum4 ,!      
photographs t 7 s5t1 h[ev]1 7 ( ! #ahci 
ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e is entirely diff]5t f 
! #ahad-ahag ma*9e1 z c readily be se5  
by ! read] 7figs4 #g & #aj74  #ad ,,john
 ,p4 ,,/ambaugh1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,sew+   
,ma*9e 7,h>t=d1 ,conn41 #ahgb71 p4 #ac2 
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,news 7,july #ahhj71 vol4  
#a1 no4 #ab1 p4 #d4  #ae ,sew+ ,ma*9es1 
,johnson's ,univ]sal ,cyclopa$ia 7,new  
,york1 #ahgh71 vol4 #d1 p4 #bje4 ,!     
#ahgd edition does n include ?is ref]5ce
 to ,rev4 ,john ,adam ,dodge4  #af      
,lett]s to ! au?or f ! ,v]mont          
,hi/orical ,society 7,nov4 #ac1 #aiec7 &
 ! ,b5n+ton ,hi/orical ,museum & ,art   
,gall]y 7,may #b1 #aiec74  #ag ,,edmund 
,,burke4 ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 ,li/ ( 
,pat5ts = ,inv5tions & ,designs ,issu$  
by ! ,unit$ ,/ates f #agij to #ahdg     
7,wa%+ton1 #ahdg74  #ah ,see ,b>!lemy   
,?imonni]'s biographical sket*1 p4 #acg4
  #ai ,fr5* pat5t issu$ to ,b>!lemy     
,?imonni] & ,m4 ,f]r& 7:o 0 a tutor at  
l',ecole des ,m9es1 ,sa9t-,eti5ne1 &    

help$ f9ance ! pat5t71 ,july #ag1 #ahcj4
  #bj ,! company 0 locat$ at            
,villefran*e-sur-,sane1 b no "n is      
record$4 ,see ,j4 ,grang]1 ,?imonni] et 
la ma*9e  c\dre 7#aidc71 p4 #af4  #ba   
,see ,walt] ,hunt's biographical sket*1 
p4 #ach4  #bb ,! e>lie/ kn[n ref]5ce 9  
pr9t to ,walt] ,hunt's sew+ ma*9e is 9  
,sew+ by ,ma*9]y3 ,an ,exposition ( !   
,hi/ory ( ,pat5tees ( ,v>i\s ,sew+      
,ma*9es & ( ! ,rights ( ! ,public 7,i4  
,m4 ,s+]  ,co41 #ahec74 ,a m detail$    
/ory ( ,hunt's inv5tion is 9 ,sew+      
,ma*9e ,news 7#ahhj-ha71 vol4 #b1 no4   
#b1 p4 #d2 no4 #d1 p4 #e2 & no4 #h1 pp4 
#c & #h4  #bc ,vol4 #b1 no4 #h1 p4 #c4  
#bd ,9 ! op9ion & decision ( ,c4 ,mason1
 ,commission] ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 (f]$ on
 ,may #bd1 #ahed1 = ! ,hunt vs4 ,h[e    
int]f]5ce suit1 ,mason /at$3 ,he ,hunt  
proves t 9 #ahcd or #ahce he contriv$ a 
ma*9e by :i* he actually effect$ 8      
purpose ( sew+ clo? ) consid]able       
success4  #be ,! rebuilt ma*9e1 accord+ 
to a lett] to ! au?or f ,b4 ,f4 ,?ompson

 ( ! ,s+] company1 is believ$ to h be5  
"o ( ! ma*9es lo/ 9 a ,s+] factory fire 
at ,elizabe?port1 ,n4,j41 9 #ahij4  #bf 
,op4 cit4 7footnote #bd74  #bg ,,edw>d  
,h4 ,,knight1 ,sew+ ,ma*9es1 vol4 #c (  
,knight's ,am]ican ,me*anical           
,diction>y4  #bh ,a seam us+ ! saddl]'s 
/it* appe>s z a neat l9e ( t\*+ /it*es  
on bo? sides4 ,ev5 :5 made by h&1 x is  
sometimes misid5tifi$ by ! casual obs]v]
 z ! lock/it* because ( ! uni=mity ( bo?
 sides4 ,if ! saddl]'s /it* 0 =m$ (     
?reads ( two diff]5t colors1 ! ev5      
/it*es on "o side ( ! seam & ! odd      
/it*es on ! rev]se side w\ld be ( "o    
color1 & vice v]sa4  #bi ,! ,life &     
,works ( ,george ,h4 ,corliss1 privately
 pr9t$ = ,m>y ,corliss by ! ,am]ican    
,hi/orical ,society1 #aicj4 ,! ,corliss 
family records 7 turn$ ov] to ! ,bak]   
,libr>y1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,9 a lett]  
address$ to ?is au?or by ,rob]t ,w4     
,lovett ( ! ,manuscripts ,division on   
,augu/ #b1 #aied1 x 0 report$ t !re 0 a 
record on _! ,corliss c>d to ! effect t 

a model ( 8 sew+ ma*9e1 receiv$ ) !     
collection1 0 turn$ ov] to !            
,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology2   
h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,lovett also /at$ t f a     
manuscript memoir ( ,mr4 ,corliss t x   
w\ld seem t he develop$ only ! "o       
ma*9e--! pat5t model4 ,9 a lett] dat$   
,novemb] #ae1 #aied1 ,/anley ,back]1    
assi/ant pr(essor ( me*anical eng9e]+1  
/at$ t aft] ext5sive inquiries !y 7     
unable to locate ! model at ,m4,i4,t4 ,9
 #aifd1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,woodbury1 (        
,m4,i4,t41 turn$ ov] to ! ,smi?sonian   
,in/itution ! (ficial copies ( !        
,corliss draw+s & ! specifications :i*  
_h be5 aw>d$ to ! inv5tor by ! ,pat5t   
,(fice4 ,x is possible t ?is may h be5 !
 mat]ial not$ on ! ,h>v>d ,univ]sity c>d
 z hav+ be5 transf]r$ to ,m4,i4,t4  #cj 
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times 7,july #aj1 #aijg71 
vol4 #bf1 no4 #heh1 p4 #a4  #ca ,?is is 
! e>lie/ kn[n pat5t us+ ! comb9ation (  
an eye-po9t$ ne$le & a %uttle to =m a   
/it*4  #cb ,9 embroid]y1 c\*+ is !      
te*nique ( lay+ a decorative ?read on ! 

surface ( ! fabric & /it*+ x into place 
) a second less-conspicu\s ?read4       
,*apt] ,two   ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#ad4--;,,h[e',s ,,prepat5t ,,model (    
#ahde1 & ! box us$ by ! inv5tor to c>ry 
! ma*9e to ,engl& 9 #ahdg4 7,smi?sonian 
photo #deejf-;,b47  ,elem5ts ( a        
,successful ,ma*9e  ,! requirem5ts =    
produc+ a successful1 practical sew+    
ma*9e 7 a support = ! clo?1 a ne$le to  
c>ry ! ?read ?r\gh ! fabric & a comb9+  
device to =m ! /it*1 a fe$+ me*anism to 
p]mit "o /it* to foll[ ano!r1 t5sion    
controls to provide an ev5 deliv]y (    
?read1 & ! relat$ me*anism to insure !  
precise p]=mance ( ea* op]ation 9 its   
prop] sequ5ce4 ,weis5?al _h add$ a po9t 
to ! eye-end ( ! ne$le1 ,sa9t support$ !
 fabric by plac+ x 9 a horizontal       
position ) a ne$le ent]+ v]tically1     
,duncan successfully complet$ a *a9/it* 
= embroid]y purposes1 ,*apman us$ a     
ne$le ) an eye at its po9t & did n pass 
x completely ?r\gh ! fabric1 ,krems     
/it*$ circul> caps ) an eye-po9t$ ne$le 

us$ ) a hook to =m a *a9/it*1 ,?imonni] 
us$ ! hook$ ne$le to =m a *a9/it* on a  
fabric laid horizontally1 & ,hunt creat$
 a new /it* t 0 m readily adapt$ to sew+
 by ma*9e ?an ! h& /it*es _h be51 b1    
al?\gh ea* may h _h ! g]m ( an idea1 a  
successful ma*9e _h n evolv$4 ,!re 7 to 
be hundr$s ( pat5ts issu$ 9 an attempt  
to solve ^! & ! num]\s m9or problems t  
w\ld ensue4 ,b ! problems 7 solv$4 ,&1 9
 spite ( its ,old ,_w inception1 !      
successful sew+ ma*9e c be cr$it$ z an  
,am]ican inv5tion4  ,al?\gh ! inv5tion (
 ! practical sew+ ma*9e1 l mo/ important
 inv5tions1 0 a _m-man project1         
hi/orians g5]ally give full cr$it to    
,elias ,h[e1 ,jr4 ,?\gh su* cr$it may be
 ov]ly g5]\s1 ,h[e's important role 9   
?is hi/ory _c be d5i$4  ,elias ,h[e1    
,jr41 0 born on a f>m ne> ,sp5c]1       
,massa*usetts1 b he left home at an e>ly
 age to le>n ! ma*9i/'s trade4#cc ,aft] 
s]v+ an appr5tice%ip 9 ,l[ell1 he mov$  
to ,bo/on4 ,9 ! late #ahcjs1 :ile       
employ$ 9 ! in/rum5t %op ( ,ari ,davis1 

,h[e is report$ to h ov]he>d a          
discussion conc]n+ ! ne$ = a ma*9e t    
w\ld sew4 ,9 #ahdc1 :5 illness kept him 
f 8 job = days at a "t1 he rememb]$ !   
conv]sation & ! promises ( ! ri* rew>d t
 reput$ly await$ ! successful inv5tor4  
,det]m9$ to inv5t su* a ma*9e1 he f9ally
 manag$ to produce suffici5t results to 
int]e/ ,george ,fi%] 9 buy+ a "o-half   
int]e/ 9 8 propos$ inv5tion4 ,by ,april 
#ahde1 ,h[e's ma*9e 7fig4 #ad7 0 us$ to 
sew all ! seams ( two wool5 suits = m5's
 clo?+4 ,he cont9u$ to demon/rate 8     
ma*9e b f\nd t int]e/ 01 at be/1        
indiff]5t4  ,nev]!less1 ,h[e complet$ a 
second ma*9e 7fig4 #ae71 :i* he submitt$
 ) 8 application = a pat5t4 ,! fif?     
,unit$ ,/ates pat5t 7,no4 #d1gej7 = a   
sew+ ma*9e 0 issu$ to him on ,septemb]  
#aj1 #ahdf4 ,! ma*9e us$ a groov$ &     
curv$ eye-po9t$ ne$le c>ri$ by a vibrat+
 arm1 ) ! ne$le suppli$ ) ?read f a     
spool4 ,loops ( ?read f ! ne$le 7 lock$ 
by a ?read c>ri$ by a %uttle1 :i* 0 mov$
 ?r\gh ! loop by means ( reciprocat+    

driv]s4 ,! clo? 0 susp5d$ 9 a v]tical   
position1 impal$ on p9s project+ f a    
ba/] plate1 :i* mov$ int]mitt5tly "u !  
ne$le by means ( a too!d :eel4 ,! l5g? (
 ea* /it*+ op]ation dep5d$ ^u ! l5g? ( !
 ba/] plate1 & ! seams 7 necess>ily     
/raight4 ,:5 ! end ( ! ba/] plate rea*$ 
! position ( ! ne$le1 ! ma*9e 0 /opp$4  
,! clo? 0 remov$ f ! ba/] plate1 :i* 0  
mov$ back to its orig9al position4 ,!   
clo? 0 mov$ =w>d on ! p9s1 & ! seam     
cont9u$4  ,9 8 pat5t specifications1    
,h[e claim$ ! foll[+3       #a4 ,! =m+ (
 ! seam by c>ry+ a ?read ?r\gh ! clo?   
by means ( a curv$ ne$le on ! end ( a   
vibrat+ arm1 & !      pass+ ( a %uttle  
furni%$ ) its bobb91 9 ! mann] set      
=?1 betwe5 ! ne$le & ! ?read :i* x      
c>ri$1 "u      comb9ation & arrangem5t (
 p>ts sub/antially ! same )      t      
describ$4       #b4 ,! lift+ ( ! ?read t
 passes ?r\gh ! ne$le-eye by      means 
( ! lift+-rod1 = ! purpose ( =m+ a loop 
(      loose ?read t is to be           
subsequ5tly drawn 9 by ! passage (      

! %uttle1 z h]e9 fully describ$1 said   
lift+-rod be+      furni%$ ) a lift+ p91
 & gov]n$ 9 its motion by !             
guide-pieces & o!r devices1 arrang$ &   
op]at+      sub/antially z describ$4    
#c4 ,! hold+ ( ! ?read t is giv5 out by 
! %uttle1 s      z to prev5t its unw9d+ 
f ! %uttle-bobb9 aft] !      %uttle has 
pass$ ?r\gh ! loop1 said ?read be+ held 
by      means ( ! lev] or slipp+-piece1 
z h]e9 made kn[n1 or 9      any o!r     
mann] t is sub/antially ! same 9 its    
op]ation      & result4       #d4 ,!    
mann] ( arrang+ & comb9+ ! small lev] ) 
!      slid+ box1 9 comb9ation ) !      
spr+-piece1 = ! purpose      ( tight5+ !
 /it* z ! ne$le is retract$4       #e4  
,! hold+ ( ! clo? to be sew$ by ! use ( 
a      ba/]-plate furni%$ ) po9ts = t   
purpose1 & ) holes      enabl+ x to     
op]ate z a rack 9 ! mann] set =?1 !reby 
c>ry+ ! clo? =w>d & disp5s+ altoge!r ) !
      necessity ( ba/+ ! p>ts toge!r4   
,! five claims1 :i* 7 all[$ ,h[e 9 8    
pat5t1 h be5 quot$ to %[ t he did n     

claim ! inv5tion ( ! eye-po9t$ ne$le1 = 
:i* he has s (t5 be5 cr$it$4 ,! c\rt    
judgm5t#cd t upheld ,h[e's claim to 8   
pat5t$ "r to control ! use ( ! eye-po9t$
 ne$le 9 comb9ation ) a %uttle to =m a  
lock/it* 0 mi/ak5ly int]pret$ by "s z   
v]ify+ control ( ! eye-po9t$ ne$le      
itself4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure          
#ae4--;,,h[e',s ,,pat5t ,,model1 #ahdf4 
7,smi?sonian photo #deebe-;,b47  ,aft]  
pat5t+ 8 inv5tion1 ,h[e sp5t ?ree       
disc\rag+ ye>s 9 bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9
 ,engl& try+ to int]e/ manufactur]s 9   
build+ 8 sew+ ma*9e1 "u lic5se4 ,f9ally1
 = #bej /]l+1 he sold ! ,briti% pat5t   
rights to ,william ,?omas & fur!r agre$ 
to adapt ! ma*9e to ,?omas' manufacture 
( umbrellas & corsets4#ce ,?is did n    
prove to be a f9ancial success = ,h[e & 
by #ahdi he 0 back 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1   
once aga9 )\t funds4  ,illu/ration3     
,figure #af4--;,,an ,,enl>gem5t ( !     
/it*+ area4 7,smi?sonian photo          
#deebe-;,b47  ,on 8 return1 ,h[e 0      
surpris$ to f9d t o!r inv5tors 7 engag$ 

9 ! sew+-ma*9e problem & t sew+ ma*9es 7
 be+ manufactur$ = sale4 ,! six? ,unit$ 
,/ates sew+-ma*9e pat5t 7,no4 #e1idb7 _h
 be5 issu$ to ,john ,a4 ,brad%aw on     
,novemb] #bh1 #ahdh1 = a ma*9e          
specifically /at$ z correct+ ! defects 9
 ! ,e4 ,h[e pat5t4 ,brad%aw did n       
purport t 8 ma*9e 0 a new inv5tion4 ,8  
specifications read3       ,! curv$     
ne$le us$ 9 ,h[e's ma*9e w n by itself  
=m      ! loop 9 ! ?read1 :i* is        
necess>y = ! fly+ bobb91      ) its     
case1 to pass ?r\gh1 & has1 !re=e1 to be
 aid$ 9      t op]ation by a lift+-p91 )
 ! necess>y me*anism to      op]ate x4  
,?is is a v bungl+ device1 & is a great 
incumbrance to ! action ( ! ma*9e1 be+  
an imp$im5t 9      ! way ( introduc+ !  
clo? to be sew$1 difficult to keep      
prop]ly adju/$1 & v frequ5tly gets      
entangl$ betwe5 !      ?read & ! ne$le1 
by :i* ! latt] is frequ5tly brok54      
,?is accid5t happ5s v (t51 n )/&+ all ! 
precaution :i* x is possible = ! mo/    
c>eful op]ator to      ex]cise2 &       

inasmu* z ! delay occasion$ !reby is v  
consid]able1 & ! ne$les co/ly &         
difficult to replace1 x      is !re=e v 
important t _! break+ 9 ?is mann] be    
prev5t$1 :i* 9 my ma*9e is done 9 ! mo/ 
effectual mann]      by disp5s+ ) !     
lift+-p9 altoge!r1 ! loop = !      fly+ 
bobb9 to pass ?r\gh be+ made ) c]ta9ty &
 ( !      prop] =m by means ( my angul> 
ne$le mov$ 9 a p>ticul>      mann] j    
be=e ! fly+-bobb9 case is ?r[n4 ,!      
%uttle      & its bobb9 = giv+ (f !     
?read 9 ,h[e's ma*9e are v              
defective 444 my neat & simple          
bobb9-case 444 gives (f its      ?read )
 c]ta9ty & uni=mity4444 ,! ba/]-plate 9 
!      ,h[e ma*9e is v inconv5i5t &     
tr\blesome 444 9 my ma*9e      444 !    
clamp 444 is a v simple & effici5t      
device4444 ,!      ,h[e ma*9e is        
/ation>y1 & ! ba/]-plate or clo?-hold]  
progressive4 ,! ,brad%aw ma*9e is       
progressive & !      clo?-hold]         
/ation>y4  ,brad%aw's pat5t accurately  
describ$ "s ( ! defects ( ! ,h[e ma*9e1 

b o!r inv5tors 7 lat] to (f] bett]      
solutions to ! problems4  ,illu/ration3 
,figure #ag4--,,morey ,,& ,,johnson sew+
 ma*9e1 #ahdi4 ,bel[3 ,! ma*9e is m>k$ )
 ! "n ( its mak]1 ,saf=d  ,williams4 ,! 
numb] #di is a s]ial numb]4 ,miss+ p>ts 
h be5 replac$ ) pla/ic4 7,smi?sonian    
photo #dhdjj2 brass plate3 #dhdjj-;,h47 
,al?\gh ! ,brad%aw ma*9e 0 n 9 curr5t   
manufacture1 a ma*9e bas$ on x receiv$ !
 sev5? ,unit$ ,/ates sew+-ma*9e pat5t4  
,pat5t #f1jii 0 issu$ to ,*>les ,morey &
 ,joseph ,b4 ,johnson on ,febru>y #f1   
#ahdi4 ,_! ma*9e 7fig4 #ag7 0 be+ (f]$ =
 sale ev5 be=e ! pat5t 0 issu$4  ,?is 0 
! fir/ ,am]ican pat5t = a *a9/it* ma*9e4
 ,! /it* 0 made by an eye-po9t$ ne$le   
c>ry+ ! ?read ?r\gh ! fabric2 ! ?read 0 
deta9$ by a hook until ! loop 0 en*a9$  
by ! succe$+ "o4 ,! fabric 0 held       
v]tically by a ba/] plate 9 a mann]     
simil> to ! ,h[e ma*9e4 ,al?\gh n claim$
 9 ! pat5t description1 ! ,morey &      
,johnson ma*9e also _h a b> device =    
/ripp+ ! clo? f ! ne$le4 ,?is b> _h a   

slight motion caus+ a yield+ pressure to
 be ex]t$ on ! clo?4 ,al?\gh ! pat5t 0 n
 grant$ until ,febru>y #f1 #ahdi1 !     
application _h be5 fil$ 9 ,april ( !    
previ\s ye>4 ,! ma*9e 0 featur$ 9 !     
,sci5tific ,am]ican on ,janu>y #bg1     
#ahdi 7fig4 #ah73       ,morey &        
,johnson ,ma*9e--,^! ma*9es are v       
accurately      adju/$ 9 all _! p>ts to 
"w 9 h>mony1 )\t ?is !y      w\ld be (  
no use4 ,b !y are n[ us$ 9 mo/ ( ! ,pr9t
      ,works & ,blea* ,works 9 ,new     
,engl&1 & especially by ! ,ea/          
,bo/on ,fl\r ,company4 ,x sews ab\t "o  
y>d p] m9ute1 & we      consid] x       
sup]ior to ! ,london ,sew+ ,ma*9e !     
specification      ( :i* is 9 our       
possession4 ,x ,morey & ,johnson is m   
simple--& ?is is a great deal4444 ,!    
price ( a ma*9e &      "r to use #ace4cf
  ,an improvem5t 9 ! ,morey & ,johnson  
ma*9e 0 pat5t$ by ,jo?am ,s4 ,conant =  
:i* he 0 issu$ a pat5t on ,may #h1      
#ahdi4 ,conant's ma*9e (f]$ a slight    
modification ( ! clo? b> & ( ! me?od (  

keep+ ! clo? taut dur+ ! /it*+ op]ation4
 ,no successful use ( x is kn[n4  ,a    
second improvem5t ( ! ,morey & ,johnson 
pat5t 0 also issu$ on ,may #h1 #ahdi2   
?is ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t 7,no4 #f1dci7 0 
to ,john ,ba*eld] = ! fir/ cont9u\s1 b  
int]mitt5t1 sew+ me*anism4 ,z %[n 9 !   
pat5t model 7fig4 #ai71 8 clo?hold]     
consi/$ ( an endless belt support$ by & 
runn+ ar\nd ?ree or any o!r suitable    
numb] ( cyl9drical roll]s4 ,a s]ies (   
po9t$ wires project$ f ! surface ( !    
belt ne> ! edge imm$iately adjac5t to ! 
ne$le4 ,! wires c\ld be plac$ at regul> 
or irregul> di/ances z requir$4 ,! %aft 
( "o ( ! cyl9drical roll]s1 :i* support$
 ! endless clo?hold]1 c>ri$ a rat*et    
:eel advanc$ by ! action ( a pawl       
connect$ to ! end ( ! crank%aft by a    
small crankp91 ^: position or di/ance f 
! axis ( rotation ( ! %aft c\ld be      
adju/$4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4--;,a
 ,,morey ,,& ,,johnson sew+ ma*9e z     
illu/rat$ 9 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,janu>y
 #bg1 #ahdi4 7,smi?sonian photo #degga47

  ,by ?is adju/m5t ! ext5t ( ! v]tical  
travel ( ! impell+ pawl 0 regulat$ to   
control ! l5g? ( ! /it*4 ,a spr+ cat*   
kept ! rat*et :eel 9 place at ! end (   
ea* =w>d rotation ( ! :eel by ! pawl4 ,a
 roll] plac$ ov] ! endless belt at its  
middle roll] press$ ! clo? onto ! wire  
po9ts4 ,a curv$ piece ( metal 0 b5t ov] 
& d[n ^u ! top ( ! belt s t ! clo?1 z x 
0 sew$1 0 c>ri$ t[>d & aga9/ ! piece by 
! belt4 ,! clo? rose ^u & ov] ! piece & 
0 sep>at$ f ! po9ts4 ,:5 ! ma*9e 0 9    
motion ! clo? 0 c>ri$ =w>d1 pass$ "u !  
ne$le1 0 /it*$1 & f9ally1 pass$ !       
sep>ator & (f ! belt4 ,a v]tically      
reciprocat+1 /raight1 eye-po9t$ ne$le1 a
 horizontal support+ surface1 & a yield+
 clo? press] 7 all us$1 b none 7 claim$ 
z "p ( ! pat5t4 ,^! 7 lat] specifically 
claim$ 9 reissues ( ?is pat5t4          
,ba*eld]'s "o specific claim1 ! endless 
fe$ belt1 0 n limit$ to belt fe$+ only4 
,z he expla9$ 9 ! pat5t1 a revolv+ table
 or a cyl9d] might be sub/itut$4        
,illu/ration3 ,figure                   

#ai4--;,,ba*eld]',s ,,pat5t ,,model1    
#ahdi4 7,smi?sonian photo #deegb74      
,ba*eld] did n manufacture ma*9es1 b 8  
pat5t 0 sold 9 ! mid-#ahejs to ,i4 ,m4  
,s+]4#cg ,x ev5tually became "o ( ! mo/ 
important pat5ts to be contribut$ to !  
,sew+-,ma*9e ,comb9ation1 a pat5t pool1 
:i* is discuss$ 9 m detail on pages #da 
& #db4  ,:ile new ideas & inv5tors      
cont9u$ to provide ! answ]s to "s ( !   
sew+-ma*9e problems1 ,elias ,h[e began a
 s]ies ( pat5t suits to su/a9 ! rights t
 he felt 7 84 ,s9ce 8 int]e/ _h nev] be5
 9 con/ruct+ ma*9es = sale1 x 0         
absolutely ess5tial = ,h[e to protect 8 
royalty rights 9 ord] to realize any    
return f 8 pat5t4 ,he 0 report$#ch to h 
sup]vis$ ! con/ruction ( #ad sew+ ma*9es
 at a %op#ci on ,gold ,/reet 9 ,new     
,york t[>d ! close ( #ahej4 ,sworn      
contempor>y te/imony indicates t !      
ma*9es 7 ( no practical use4#dj ,elias  
/at$1 9 8 application = 8 pat5t         
ext5sion1#da t he made only "o ma*9e 9  
#ahej-ea4 ,9 #aheb he adv]tis$#db       

t]ritorial rights & ma*9es1 b app>5tly  
did n realize any f9ancial success until
 he sold a half int]e/ 9 8 pat5t to     
,george ,bliss 9 ,novemb] #aheb4dc      
,bliss lat] began manufactur+ ma*9es t  
he initially sold z ,h[e's ,pat5t2      
h[ev]1 ^! ma*9es 7 sub/antially diff]5t 
f ! basic ,h[e ma*9e4  ,illu/ration3    
,figure #bj4--;,,blodgett  ,,l][ ,,sew+ 
,,ma*9e1 #ahej1 z manufactur$ by ,a4    
,b>?olf1 ,new ,york2 ! s]ial numb] ( !  
ma*9e is #ai4 ,at "r1 an orig9al brass  
plate f ! same type ( ma*9e ) ne$le arm 
& press] foot & arm1 s]ial numb] #aai2 !
 plate1 h[ev]1 does n fit ! ma*9e       
correctly4 7,smi?sonian photo           
#dhddj-;,d2 brass plate3 #dhddj-,k47    
,on ,may #ah1 #ahec1 ,elias ,h[e grant$ 
8 fir/ royalty lic5se to ,:eel]1 ,wilson
  ,company4 ,)9 a few mon?s lic5ses 7   
also grant$ to ,grov]  ,bak]2 ,a4       
,b>?olf2 ,ni*ols  ,bliss2 ,j4 ,a4 ,l][2 
,woolridge1 ,ke5e1 & ,moore2 & ,a4 ,b4  
,h[e1 ! bro!r ( ,elias4 ,^! lic5ses     
grant$ ! manufactur] ! "r to use any "p 

( ! ,h[e pat5t1#dd b x did n mean t !   
ma*9es 7 ,elias ,h[e ma*9es4 ,:5 a      
royalty lic5se 0 paid1 ! pat5t date &   
sometimes ! "n 0 /amp$ onto ! ma*9e4 ,= 
?is reason1 ^! ma*9es are sometimes     
mi/ak5ly ?\ght to be ,elias ,h[e ma*9es4
 ,!y are n4  ,h[e 0 also prev5t$ f      
manufactur+ a practical ma*9e unless he 
paid a royalty to o!r inv5tors4 ,?ree ( 
! major manufactur]s & ,h[e resolv$ _!  
diff]5ces by =m+ ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e         
,comb9ation4 ,al?\gh ,h[e did n ent] !  
manufactur+ competition = _m ye>s1 he   
pr(it$ sub/antially f ! royalty t]ms ( !
 comb9ation4 ,9 #ahfj1 he appli$ = &    
receiv$ a sev5-ye> ext5sion on 8 pat5t4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4--;,,blodgett 
,,l][ ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahej1 /amp$ ) !  
leg5d ,godd>d1 ,rice  ,co41 ,mak]s1     
,worce/]1 ,mass4 & ! s]ial numb] #cg4   
,bel[3 ,an orig9al brass plate m>k$ ,no4
 #ch2 ?is plate fits ! ma*9e p]fectly4  
7,smi?sonian photo #dhddj-;,e2 brass    
plate3 #dhddj-;,j47  ,!re 7 ,h[e family 
ma*9es = sale dur+ ?is p]iod1 b ^! 7 !  

ones t ,amasa ,h[e _h be5 manufactur+   
s9ce #ahec4 ,! ma*9e 0 an excell5t "o & 
receiv$ ! highe/ m$al = sew+ ma*9es1    
toge!r ) _m flatt]+ te/imonials1 at !   
,london ,int]national ,exhibition 9     
#ahfb4 ,aft] ! publication ( ?is aw>d ! 
dem& = 7,amasa7 ,h[e sew+ ma*9es 0      
greatly increas$ at home & abroad4      
,elias took ?is opportunity to ga9 entry
 into ! manufactur+ bus9ess by p]suad+  
,amasa to let him build a factory at    
,bridgeport1 ,connecticut1 & manufacture
 ! 7,amasa7 ,h[e ma*9es4 ,two ye>s pass$
 be=e ! factory 0 complet$1 & ,amasa's  
ag5ts 7 disc\rag$4 ,! loss c\ld h be5   
rega9$1 b ! ma*9es produc$ at           
,bridgeport 7 n ( ! quality ( ! e>li]   
ma*9es4 ,amasa attempt$ to rebuild !    
,bridgeport ma*9es1 b f9ally ab&on$ !m &
 resum$ manufactur+ ma*9es 9 ,new ,york 
"u 8 own imm$iate sup]vision4#de ,elias 
=m$ 8 own company & cont9u$ to          
manufacture sew+ ma*9es4 ,9 #ahfg he    
reque/$ a second ext5sion ( 8 pat5t1 b !
 reque/ 0 refus$4 ,elias ,h[e di$ 9     

,octob] ( ! same ye>4  ,mean:ile1 ano!r 
important sew+ ma*9e ( a diff]5t        
pr9ciple _h also be5 pat5t$ 9 #ahdi4    
,?is 0 ! ma*9e ( ,%]burne ,c4 ,blodgett1
 a tailor by trade1 :o 0 support$       
f9ancially by ,john ,a4 ,l][4 ,unit$    
,/ates pat5t #f1gff 0 issu$ to bo? m5 on
 ,octob] #b1 #ahdi4 ,9 ! pat5t1 ! ma*9e 
0 t]m$ z our new ',rot>y ,sew+ ,ma*9e'4 
,! %uttle movem5t 0 cont9u\s1 revolv+ 9 
a circle1 r ?an reciprocat+ z 9 ! e>li] 
ma*9es4 ,automatic t5sion 0 initiat$1   
re/ra9+ ! slack ?read f int]f]5ce ) !   
po9t ( ! ne$le4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure  
#bb4--,,wilson',s ,,prepat5t ,,model = 8
 reciprocat+-%uttle ma*9e1 #ahej4       
7,smi?sonian photo #deebe-;,a47  ,!     
,blodgett & ,l][ ma*9e 0 built by sev]al
 %ops4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ 0 ! %op ( ,orson  
,c4 ,phelps on ,h>v>d ,place 9 ,bo/on4  
,phelps took ! ,blodgett & ,l][ ma*9e to
 ! six? exhibition ( ! ,massa*usetts    
,*>itable ,me*anics ,association 9      
,septemb] #ahej & won a silv] m$al & ?is
 praise1 ,?is ma*9e p]=m$ admirably2 x  

is an exce$+ly +5i\s & compact ma*9e1   
able to p]=m tailor's sew+ beautifully &
 ?or\ghly4#df ,al?\gh ,phelps _h won !  
e>lie/ kn[n premium = a sew+ ma*9e1 &   
al?\gh ! ma*9e 0 produc$ comm]cially to 
a consid]able ext5t 7figs4 #bj & #ba71  
"o out/&+ flaw 9 its op]ation c\ld n be 
ov]look$4 ,z ! %uttle pass$ ar\nd !     
six-in* circul> %uttle race1 x put a    
twi/ 9 ! ?read 7or took "o out if !     
direction 0 rev]s$7 at ea* revolution4  
,?is caus$ a con/ant break+ ( ! ?read1 a
 condition t c\ld n be rectifi$ )\t     
*ang+ ! pr9ciple ( op]ation4 ,su*       
requir$ *anges 7 lat] to lead ,i4 ,m4   
,s+]1 ano!r well-kn[n "n1 into ! "w (   
improv+ ?is ma*9e4  ,also exhibit$ at ! 
same #ahej me*anics fair 0 ! ma*9e (    
,all5 ,b4 ,wilson4 ,wilson's ma*9e      
receiv$ only a bronze m$al1 b 8 inv5tive
 g5ius 0 to h a f> great] effect on !   
developm5t ( ! practical sew+ ma*9e ?an 
! "w ( ,blodgett & ,l][4 ,a4 ,b4        
,wilson#dg 0 "o ( ! able/ ( ! e>ly      
inv5tors 9 ! field ( me*anical /it*+1 & 

probably ! mo/ orig9al4  ,wilson1 a     
native ( ,willett1 ,new ,york1 0 a "y   
cab9etmak] at ,adrian1 ,mi*igan1 9 #ahdg
 :5 he fir/ conceiv$ ( a ma*9e t w\ld   
sew4 ,he 0 app>5tly unaw>e ( p>allel    
ef=ts by inv5tors 9 di/ant ,new ,engl&4 
,aft] an illness1 he mov$ to            
,pittsfield1 ,massa*usetts1 & pursu$ 8  
idea 9 e>ne/4 ,by ,novemb] #ahdh he _h  
produc$ ! basic draw+s = a ma*9e t w\ld 
make a lock/it*4 ,! ne$le1 pi]c+ ! clo?1
 left a loop ( ?read bel[ ! seam4 ,a    
%uttle c>ry+ a second ?read pass$ ?r\gh 
! loop1 & z ! t5sion 0 adju/$ a complet$
 lock/it* 0 =m$ 7fig4 #bb74 ,wilson's   
%uttle 0 po9t$ on bo? ends to =m a /it* 
on bo? its =w>d & backw>d motion1 a     
decid$ improvem5t ov] ! %uttles ( ,hunt 
& ,h[e1 :i* =m$ /it*es 9 only "o        
direction4 ,aft] ea* /it* ! clo? 0      
advanc$ = ! next /it* by a slid+ b>     
aga9/ :i* ! clo? 0 held by a /ation>y   
press]4 ,:ile ! ne$le 0 /ill 9 ! clo? & 
hold+ x1 ! slid+ b> return$ = a fre%    
grip on ! clo?4  ,wilson made a second  

ma*9e1 on ! same pr9ciple1 & appli$ = a 
pat5t4 ,he 0 approa*$ by ! own]s ( !    
,brad%aw #ahdh pat5t1 :o claim$ control 
( ! d\ble-po9t$ %uttle4 ,al?\gh ?is     
claim 0 )\t ju/ification1 z c be se5 by 
exam9+ ! ,brad%aw pat5t specifications1 
,wilson did n h suffici5t funds to fight
 ! claim4 ,9 ord] to avoid a suit1 he   
rel9qui%$ to ,a4 ,p4 ,kl9e & ,edw>d     
,lee1 a "o-half int]e/ 9 8 ,u4,s4 pat5t 
#g1ggf :i* 0 issu$ on ,novemb] #ab1     
#ahej 7fig4 #bc74  ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #bc4--,,wilson',s ,,pat5t ,,model1     
#ahej4 7,smi?sonian photo #deejd-;,h47  
,inv5tor ,wilson _h be5 associat$ )     
,kl9e & ,lee 7,e4 ,lee  ,co47 = only a  
few mon?s1 :51 on ,novemb] #be1 #ahej1  
he agre$ to sell 8 rema9+ int]e/ to 8   
p>tn]s = #b1jjj4 ,he reta9$ only limit$ 
rights = ,new ,j]sey & = ,massa*usetts4 
,! sale 0 fruitless = ! inv5tor1 z no   
paym5t 0 ev] made4 ,h[ mu* money ,e4 ,e4
 ,lee  ,co4 realiz$ f ! ,wilson ma*9e is
 difficult to det]m9e1 b !y ran num]\s  
ads 9 ! #ahea & #aheb issues (          

,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,a typical "o      
reads3       ,a4 ,b4 ,wilson's ,sew+    
,ma*9e1 ju/ly all[$ to be ! *eape/      
& be/ n[ 9 use1 pat5t$ ,novemb] #ab1    
#ahej2 c be se5 on      exhibition at   
#aie & #aig ,broadway 7=m]ly ! ,frankl9 
,h\se1      ,room #bc1 ?ird floor7 or to
 ,e4 ,e4 ,lee  ,co41 ,e>le's ,hotel4    
,rights      = t]ritory or ma*9es c be  
_h by apply+ to ,george ,r4             
,*itt5d51 ,ag5t4#dh  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #bd4--,,wilson',s ,,prepat5t    
,,model = 8 rot>y hook1 #ahea4          
7,smi?sonian photo #deejf-;,e47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4--,,wilson',s 
,,rot>y-,,hook ,,pat5t ,,model1 #ahea4  
7,smi?sonian photo #deeje-;,b47  ,ano!r 
reads3       ,a4 ,b4 ,wilson's ,sew+    
,ma*9e 444 ! be/ & only practical       
sew+ ma*9e--n l>g] ?an a lady's "w      
box--= ! trifl+      sum ( #ce4di       
,wilson sev]$ relations ) ,lee & ,kl9e 9
 e>ly #ahea %ortly aft] meet+ ,na?aniel 
,:eel]1 :o 0 to become 8 p>tn] 9 a      
happi]1 m pr(itable ent]prise involv+ ! 

sew+ ma*9e4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure      
#bf4--,,wilson',s /ation>y-bobb9 pat5t  
model1 #aheb2 a comm]cial ma*9e 0 us$   
s9ce ,:eel]1 ,wilson1 ,co4 _h begun     
manufactur+ ma*9es ! previ\s ye>4       
7,smi?sonian photo #deejd-;,b47         
,wilson1 ) 8 two p>tn]s1 0 occupy+ a    
room 9 ! old ,sun ,build+ at #abh       
,fulton ,/reet1 :5 ,:eel]1 on a bus9ess 
trip to ,new ,york ,city1 le>n$ ( !     
,wilson sew+ ma*9e4 ,:eel] exam9$ !     
ma*9e1 saw its possibilities1 & at once 
contract$ ) ,e4 ,lee  ,co4 to make #ejj 
( !m4 ,at ! same "t he engag$ ,wilson to
 g ) him to ,wat]t[n1 ,connecticut1 to  
p]fect ! ma*9e & sup]vise its           
manufacture4 ,mean:ile1 ,wilson _h be5  
work+ on a sub/itute = ! %uttle4 ,he %[$
 8 model ( ! device1 :i* became kn[n z !
 rot>y hook1 to ,:eel] :o 0 s conv9c$ ( 
its sup]iority t he decid$ to develop   
?is new ma*9e & leave ,wilson's fir/    
ma*9e to ! o!rs1 :o1 by degrees1 _h     
become its own]s4  ,wilson n[ appli$ all
 8 ef=t to improv+ ! rot>y hook1 = :i*  

he receiv$ 8 second pat5t on ,augu/ #ab1
 #ahea 7figs4 #bd & #be74 ,:eel]1 8 two 
p>tn]s ,w>r5 & ,woodruff1 & ,wilson n[  
=m$ a new cop>tn]%ip--,:eel]1 ,wilson1 &
 ,company4 ,!y began ! manufacture ( !  
ma*9es "u ! pat5t1 :i* comb9$ ! rot>y   
hook & a reciprocat+ bobb94 ,! rot>y    
hook ext5d$ or op5$ m widely ! loop ( ! 
ne$le ?read1 :ile a reciprocat+ bobb9   
c>ri$ its ?read ?r\gh ! ext5d$ loop4 ,to
 avoid litigation :i* ! reciprocat+     
bobb9 might h caus$1 ,wilson contriv$ 8 
?ird out/&+ inv5tion--! /ation>y bobb94 
,?is 0 a feature ( ! fir/ ma*9e produc$ 
by ! new company 9 #ahea1 ?\gh ! pat5t =
 ! /ation>y bobb9 0 n issu$ until ,june 
#ae1 #aheb 7fig4 #bf74  ,9 all          
reciprocat+-%uttle ma*9es a c]ta9 loss (
 p[] is incurr$ 9 driv+ =w>d1 /opp+1 &  
br++ back ! %uttle at ea* /it*2 also1 ! 
ma*9es are r noisy1 ow+ to ! /rik+ ( !  
driv] aga9/ ! %uttle at ea* /roke4 ,^!  
objections 7 remov$ by ,wilson's rot>y  
hook & /ation>y bobb94 ,! lock+ ( !     
ne$le ?read ) ! bobb9 ?read 0           

accompli%$1 n by driv+ a %uttle ?r\gh ! 
loop ( ! ne$le ?read1 b by pass+ t loop 
"u ! bobb94 ,! driv+ %aft c>ri$ !       
circul> rot>y hook1 "o ( ! sew+ ma*9e's 
mo/ beautiful contrivances4 ,! success (
 ! ma*9e is indicat$ 9 an article t     
appe>$ 9 ! ,june #ahec issue (          
,sci5tific ,am]ican3       ,!re are #cjj
 ( ^! ma*9es n[ 9 op]ation 9 v>i\s p>ts 
( ! c\ntry1 & ! "w :i* !y c p]=m _c be  
surpass$4444 ,! "t mu/ soon come :5 e   
private family      t has mu* sew+ to d1
 w h "o ( ^! neat & p]fect      ma*9es2 
inde$ _m private families h !m n[4444 ,!
 price      ( "o all complete is #abe2 e
 ma*9e is made "u ! eye (      ! inv5tor
 at ! company's ma*9e %op1 ,wat]t[n1    
,connecticut1      s t e "o is w>rant$  
444 agreem5t betwe5 ,mr4 ,h[e &         
,messrs4 ,:eel]1 ,wilson  ,co41 s e     
cu/om] w be p]fectly                    
protect$4444#ej  ,illu/ration3 ,figure  
#bg4--,,wilson',s f\r-motion-fe$ pat5t  
model1 #ahed1 is n kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce2
 ?is is a comm]cial ma*9e ( ! p]iod4 ,! 

plate is /amp$ ,a4 ,b4 ,wilson1 ,pat5t$ 
,aug4 #ab1 #ahea1 ,wat]t[n1 ,conn41 ,no4
 #a4444 7,smi?sonian photo #deejd47     
,?is agreem5t 0 important to sales1 z   
,elias ,h[e 0 kn[n to h su$ pur*as]s (  
ma*9es1 z well z rival inv5tors &       
companies4  ,! bus9ess 0 on a sub/antial
 basis by ,octob] #ahec1 & a /ock       
company 0 =m$ "u ! "n ( ,:eel]  ,wilson 
,manufactur+ ,company4#ea ,a little m   
?an a ye> lat]1 on ,decemb] #ai1 #ahed1 
,wilson's f\r? important pat5t 7,u4,s4  
pat5t #ab1aaf7--;= ! f\r-motion clo?    
fe$--0 issu$ to him 7fig4 #bg74 ,9 ?is  
developm5t1 ! flat-too!d surface 9      
contact ) ! clo? mov$ =w>d c>ry+ ! clo? 
) x2 !n x dropp$ a little1 s z n to t\* 
! clo?2 next x mov$ backw>d2 !n 9 ! f\r?
 motion x pu%$ up aga9/ ! clo? & 0 ready
 to repeat ! =w>d movem5ts4 ,?is simple 
& effective fe$ me?od is /ill us$ today1
 ) only m9or modifications1 9 almo/ e   
sew+ ma*9e4 ,?is fe$ ) ! rot>y hook & ! 
/ation>y circul>-disk bobb91 complet$ ! 
ess5tial features ( ,wilson's ma*9e4 ,x 

0 orig9al & fundam5tally diff]5t f all  
o!r ma*9es ( t "t4  ,! result+ ,:eel] & 
,wilson ma*9e made a lock/it* by means (
 a curv$ eye-po9t$ ne$le c>ri$ by a     
vibrat+ arm project+ f a rock %aft      
connect$ by l9k & ecc5tric /rap ) an    
ecc5tric on ! rotat+ hook %aft4 ,?is    
%aft _h at its out] end ! rot>y hook1   
provid$ ) a po9t adapt$ to ent] ! loop (
 ne$le ?read4 ,z ! hook rotat$1 x pass$ 
into & drew d[n ! loop ( ne$le-?read1   
:i* 0 held by means ( a loop *eck1 :ile 
! po9t ( ! hook ent]$ a new loop4 ,:5 ! 
fir/ loop 0 ca/ (f--! face ( ! hook be+ 
bevel$ = t purpose--x 0 drawn upw>d by !
 action ( ! hook ^u ! loop ?r\gh :i* x 0
 !n pass+4 ,dur+ ! rotation ( ! hook ea*
 loop 0 pass$ ar\nd a disk bobb9 provid$
 ) ! second ?read & s]v+ ! "p ( ! %uttle
 9 o!r ma*9es4 ,! f\r-motion fe$ 0      
actuat$ 9 ?is ma*9e by means ( a spr+ b>
 & a cam 9 conjunction ) ! m&rel4  ,f ! 
beg9n+1 ,:eel] & ,wilson _h look$ beyond
 ! use ( ! sew+ ma*9e solely by         
manufactur]s & _h se5 ! dem& = a        

light-runn+1 lightweight ma*9e = sew+ 9 
! home4 ,wilson's inv5tions l5t !mselves
 to ?is design1 & ,:eel] & ,wilson l$ ! 
way to ! introduction ( ! ma*9e z a home
 appliance4 ,o!r manufactur]s foll[$4   
,:5 ! /ock company 0 =m$1 ,mr4 ,wilson  
retir$ f active p>ticipation 9 ! bus9ess
 at 8 own reque/4 ,8 heal? _h n be5     
good1 & a n]v\s condition made x        
advisable = him to be fre$ f !          
responsibility ( daily r\t9e4 ,dur+ ?is 
p]iod ,wilson's inv5tive contributions  
to ! sew+ ma*9e cont9u$ z not$1 & 9     
addition he work$ on inv5tions conc]n+  
cotton pick+ & illum9at+ gases4  ,:eel] 
& ,wilson's =emo/ competitor 9 ! e>ly   
ye>s ( sew+-ma*9e manufacture 0 ! ,s+]  
,company1 :i* ov]took !m by #ahgj &     
f9ally absorb$ ! entire ,:eel] & ,wilson
 ,manufactur+ ,company 9 #aije4  ,!     
f\nd] ( ?is mo/ successful #ai?-c5tury  
company 0 ,isaac ,s+]1 a native (       
,pitt/[n1 ,new ,york4#eb ,successively a
 me*anic1 an actor1 & an inv5tor1 ,s+]  
came to ,bo/on 9 #ahej to promote 8     

inv5tion ( a ma*9e = c>v+ pr9t]s' wood5 
type4 ,he exhibit$ ! c>v+ ma*9e 9 ,orson
 ,phelps' %op1 :]e ! ,blodgett & ,l][   
ma*9es 7 be+ manufactur$4  ,because !   
c>v+ ma*9e evok$ b little int]e/1 ,s+]  
turn$ 8 att5tion to ! sew+ ma*9e z a    
device (f]+ consid]able opportunity =   
bo? improvem5t & f9ancial rew>d4 ,phelps
 lik$ ,s+]'s ideas & jo9$ ) ,george     
,zieb]1 ! publi%] :o _h be5 back+ !     
c>v+-ma*9e v5ture1 to support ,s+] 9 !  
"w ( improv+ ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,8           
improvem5ts 9 ! ,blodgett & ,l][ ma*9e  
includ$ a table to hold ! clo?          
horizontally r ?an v]tically 7?is _h be5
 us$ by ,ba*eld] & ,wilson also71 a     
yield+ v]tical press] foot to hold !    
clo? d[n z ! ne$le 0 drawn up1 & a      
v]tically reciprocat+ /raight ne$le     
driv5 by a rot>y1 ov]hang+ %aft4  ,!    
/ory ( ! inv5tion & fir/ trial ( ! ma*9e
 0 told by ,s+] 9 ! c\rse ( a pat5t suit
 sometime lat]3       ,i expla9$ to !m  
h[ ! "w 0 to be f$ ov] ! table &      "u
 ! press]-foot1 by a :eel1 hav+ %ort p9s

 on its      p]iph]y1 project+ ?r\gh a  
slot 9 ! table1 s t ! "w      w\ld be   
automatically caught1 f$ & fre$ f ! p9s1
 9      place ( atta*+ & deta*+ ! "w to 
& f ! ba/]      plate by h&1 z 0        
necess>y 9 ! ,blodgett ma*9e4           
,phelps & ,zieb] 7 satisfi$ t x w\ld "w4
 ,i _h no      money4 ,zieb] (f]$ =ty   
doll>s to build a model ma*9e4          
,phelps (f]$ 8 be/ endeavors to c>ry out
 my plan & make !      model 9 8 %op2 if
 successful we 7 to %>e equally4 ,i     
work$      at x day & night1 sleep+ b   
?ree or f\r h\rs a day out (      !     
tw5ty-f\r1 & eat+ g5]ally b once a day1 
z ,i knew ,i      mu/ make x = ! =ty    
doll>s or n get x at all4       ,! ma*9e
 0 complet$ 9 elev5 days4 ,ab\t n9e     
o'clock 9 !      ev5+ we got ! p>ts     
toge!r & tri$ x2 x did n sew2 !         
workm5 exhau/$ ) almo/ unremitt+ "w1    
pron\nc$ x a      failure & left me "o  
by "o4       ,zieb] held ! lamp1 & ,i   
cont9u$ to try ! ma*9e1 b      anxiety &
 incessant "w _h made me n]v\s & ,i c\ld

 n get      tight /it*es4 ,sick at he>t1
 ab\t midnight1 we />t$ = our           
hotel4 ,on ! way we sat d[n on a pile ( 
bo>ds1 & ,zieb]      m5tion$ t ! loose  
loops ( ?read 7 on ! upp] side (      ! 
clo?4 ,x fla%$ ^u me t we _h =got to    
adju/ !      t5sion on ! ne$le ?read4   
,we w5t back1 adju/$ ! t5sion1      tri$
 ! ma*9e1 sew$ five /it*es p]fectly & ! 
?read      snapp$1 b t 0 en\gh4 ,at ?ree
 o'clock ! next day !      ma*9e 0      
f9i%$4 ,i took x to ,new ,york & employ$
 ,mr4      ,*>les ,m4 ,kell] to pat5t x4
 ,x 0 us$ z a model 9 !      application
 = ! pat5t4#ec  ,! fir/ ma*9e 0 complet$
 ab\t ! la/ ( ,septemb] #ahej4 ,! p>tn]s
 consid]$ nam+ ! ma*9e ! ,j5ny ,l9d1    
aft] ! ,sw$i% soprano :o 0 !n ! toa/ (  
,am]ica4 ,x 0 report$#ed to h be5       
adv]tis$ "u t "n :5 ! ma*9e 0 fir/ plac$
 on ! m>ket1 b ! "n 0 soon *ang$ to     
,s+]'s ,p]p5dicul> ,action ,sew+ ,ma*9e 
or simply ! ,s+] ,sew+ ,ma*9e--a "n     
correctly anticipat$ to a*ieve a        
popul>ity ( its own4  ,accord+ to !     

contract made by ! p>tn]s1 ! hurri$ly   
built fir/ ma*9e 0 to be s5t to ! ,pat5t
 ,(fice ) an application 9 ! "n ( ,s+] &
 ,phelps4 ,an application 0 made betwe5 
! end ( ,septemb] #ahej & ,m>* #ad1     
#ahea1 z ,s+] ref]s to x briefly 9 !    
application =mally fil$ on ,april #af1  
#ahea1 /at+1 ,my pres5t inv5tion is (   
improvem5ts on a ma*9e h]et(ore inv5t$  
by me & = :i* an application is n[      
p5d+4#ee  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         
#bh4--,,s+]',s ,,pat5t ,,model1 #ahea2 a
 comm]cial ma*9e 0 us$1 be>+ ! s]ial    
numb] #bb4 7,smi?sonian photo           
#deegb-;,d47  ,9 late ,decemb] #ahej    
,s+] _h b\ght ,phelps' int]e/ 9 !       
company4 ,:e!r ! fir/ application 0 lat]
 ab&on$ by ,s+] or :e!r x 0 reject$ is n
 kn[n1#ef b a pat5t on ! fir/           
application 0 nev] issu$4 ,! f9al       
disposition ( ?is fir/ ma*9e has rema9$ 
a my/]y4#eg  ,illu/ration3 ,figure      
#bi4--,,s+]',s ,,p]p5dicul> ,,action    
sew+ ma*9e1 an engrav+ f ,illu/rat$     
,news1 ,june #be1 #ahec1 :i* /ates3 ,!  

sew+ ma*9e has1 )9 ! la/ two ye>s       
acquir$ a wide celebrity1 & e/abli%$ its
 "* z "o ( ! mo/ effici5t labor sav+    
in/rum5ts ev] introduc$ to public       
notice4444 ,we mu/ n =get to call       
att5tion to ! fact t ?is in/rum5t is    
peculi>ly calculat$ = female op]atives4 
,!y %\ld nev] all[ its use to be        
monopoliz$ by m54 7,smi?sonian photo    
#dhjia-;,d47  ,a few ma*9es 7           
manufactur$ 9 late #ahej & e>ly #ahea1 &
 ^! attract$ consid]able att5tion2 ord]s
 began to be receiv$ 9 advance (        
production4 ,! p5d+ pat5t application   
did n delay ! manufacture1 & a numb] (  
ma*9es 7 sold be=e ,augu/ #ab1 #ahea1 :5
 ! pat5t 0 grant$4 ,! pat5t model is %[n
 9 figure #bh4eh ,x made a lock/it* by  
means ( a /raight eye-po9t$ ne$le & a   
reciprocat+ %uttle4 ,! pat5t claims1 z  
quot$ f ! specifications1 7 z foll[s3   
#a4 ,giv+ to ! %uttle an additional =w>d
 motion aft] x has      be5 /opp$ to    
close ! loop1 z describ$1 = ! purpose ( 
draw+ ! /it* tight1 :5 su* additional   

motion is giv5 at      & 9 comb9ation ) 
! fe$ motion ( ! clo? 9 ! rev]se        
direction1 & ! f9al upw>d motion ( !    
ne$le1 z describ$1      s t ! two ?reads
 %all be drawn tight at ! same "t1 z    
describ$4       #b4 ,controll+ ! ?read  
dur+ ! d[nw>d motion ( ! ne$le      by !
 comb9ation ( a friction-pad to prev5t !
 slack above !      clo?1 ) ! eye on !  
ne$le-c>ri] = draw+ back !      ?read1 =
 ! purposes & 9 ! mann] sub/antially z  
describ$4       #c4 ,plac+ ! bobb9 f :i*
 ! ne$le is suppli$ ) ?read      on an  
adju/able arm atta*$ to ! frame1        
sub/antially z      describ$1 :5 ?is is 
comb9$ ) ! c>ry+ ( ! said      ?read    
?r\gh an eye or guide atta*$ to & mov+ )
 !      ne$le-c>ri]1 z describ$1 :]eby  
any desir$ l5g? ( ?read      c be giv5 =
 ! =mation ( ! loop )\t v>y+ !          
range ( motion ( ! ne$le1 z describ$4   
,! fe$+ describ$ 9 ! ,s+] pat5t 0 by !  
friction surface ( a :eel1 ^: p]iph]y is
 =m$ ) v f9e grooves1 ! edges ( :i* are 
slightly s]rat$1 aga9/ :i* ! clo? is    

press$ by a spr+ plate or pad4 ,al?\gh  
claim$ by ! inv5tor 9 ! h&writt5        
specifications1 x 0 n all[$ z orig9al4  
,! ma*9es manufactur$ by ! ,s+] company 
7fig4 #bi7 7 duplicates ( ! pat5t model4
 ,^! ma*9es 7 q heavy & int5d$ =        
manufactur+ r ?an = family use 9 ! home4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4--;,i4 ,m4  
,,s+]  ,,co4 ,,new ,,york ,,%[room ( !  
mid-#ahejs1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,frank        
,leslie's ,illu/rat$ ,newspap]1 ,augu/  
#bi1 #aheg2 only manufactur+ ma*9es are 
%[n 9 ?is illu/ration4 7,smi?sonian     
photo #dhjia-;,b47  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #ca4--;,,hunt ,,& ,,web/]',s    
,,sew+-,,ma*9e ,,manufactory exhibition 
& salesroom 9 ,bo/on1 z illu/rat$ 9     
,ball\'s ,pictorial1 ,july #e1 #ahef2   
only manufactur+ ma*9es are %[n4        
7,smi?sonian photo #degga-;,a47  ,s+]   
enjoy$ demon/rat+ ! ma*9e & %[$ x to    
*ur* & social gr\ps & ev5 at circuses2  
?is p]sonal association !n enc\rag$ him 
to improve its reliability & conv5i5ce4 
,he develop$ a wood5 pack+ case :i*     

d\bl$ z a /& = ! ma*9e & a treadle to   
all[ x to be op]at$ by foot4 ,because ( 
! dim5sions ( ! pack+ case1 ,s+] put !  
pivot ( ! treadle t[>d its c5t]1 ab\t   
:]e ! in/ep ( ! foot w\ld re/4 ,?is     
produc$ ! heel-&-toe action treadle1 a  
famili> "p ( ! sew+ ma*9e until its     
replacem5t by ! electric motor4 ,bo? h&s
 7 fre$ to guide & arrange ! clo? t 0   
be+ /it*$4 ,s+] also add$ a fly:eel to  
smoo? out ! treadle action & lat] an    
iron /& ) a treadle wide en\gh = bo?    
feet4 ,! treadle _h be5 9 use = two ye>s
 be=e a rival po9t$ out t x might h be5 
pat5t$4 ,to ,s+]'s *agr9 x 0 !n too late
 = pat5t laws did n p]mit pat5t+ a      
device t _h be5 9 public use4  ,a new   
ob/acle appe>$ 9 ! ,s+] company's pa? :5
 ,h[e dem&$ #be1jjj = infr+em5t ( 8     
pat5t4 ,s+] & ,zieb] decid$ to fight1   
enli/+ ! legal aid ( ,edw>d ,cl>k1 a    
lawy] & f9anci]4 ,h[e's action 0 oppos$ 
on ! basis ( ,hunt's ma*9e ( #ahcd1 :i* 
!y /at$ _h anticipat$ ,h[e's inv5tion4  
,:ile !y 7 resi/+1 ,h[e su$ ?ree firms t

 7 us+ & sell+ ,s+] ma*9es4 ,! c\rt ord]
 requir$ ! sell+ firms & ! pur*as]s to  
provide an acc\nt ( ! pr(its accru$ f ! 
sale & ! use ( ! sew+ ma*9es & re/ra9$ !
 firms f sell+ ! ma*9es dur+ ! p5d5cy ( 
! suit4#ei ,z a result ( ?is action1 a  
numb] ( ,s+]'s rivals pur*as$ lic5ses f 
,h[e & adv]tis$ t anyone c\ld sell _!   
ma*9es )\t fe> ( a suit4 ,?is gave !m a 
great competitive advantage1 & ,s+] &   
,cl>k#fj decid$ x 0 be/ to seek a       
settlem5t ) ,h[e4 ,on ,july #a1 #ahed1  
!y paid him #ae1jjj & took out a lic5se4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cb4--,,s+]',s  
,,new ,,family ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1          
illu/ration f a bro*ure dat+ ab\t #aheh 
or #ahei :i* /ates3 ,a few mon?s s9ce1  
we came to ! conclusion t ! public ta/e 
dem&$ a sew+ ma*9e = family purposes m  
exclusively2 a ma*9e ( small] size1 & ( 
a light] & m elegant =m2 a ma*9e        
decorat$ 9 ! be/ /yle ( art1 s z to make
 a beautiful ornam5t 9 ! p>lor or       
b\doir2 a ma*9e v easily op]at$1 & rapid
 9 work+4444 ,to supply ?is public want1

 we h j produc$1 & are n[ prep>$ to     
receive ord]s =1 ',s+]'s new ,family    
,sew+ ,ma*9e4' 7,smi?sonian photo       
#dhjia-;,h47  ,9 spite ( ?is defeat1 !  
,s+] company c\ld claim sev]al important
 improvem5ts to ! sew+ ma*9e & !        
acquisition ( ! pat5ts rights to !      
,morey & ,johnson ma*9e ( #ahdi1 :i*    
gave !m control ( ! spr+ or curv$ arm to
 hold ! clo? by a yield+ pressure4      
,al?\gh ?is po9t _h n be5 claim$ 9 !    
#ahdi pat5t1 ! e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( pat5t
 law all[$ t a novel device introduc$ & 
us$ 9 a pat5t$ ma*9e c\ld be cov]$ by a 
reissue at any "t dur+ ! life ( ! pat5t4
 ,^u becom+ own]s ( ! ,morey & ,johnson 
pat5t1 ,s+] appli$ = a reissue :i* cov]$
 ?is type ( yield+ pressure4 ,x 0 grant$
 on ,june #bg1 #ahed4 ,! ,s+] company's 
acquisition ( ! ,ba*eld] pat5t _h giv5  
!m control ( ! yield+ pressure b> also4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4--,,s+]       
,,family ,,ma*9e1 #aheh1 head only4     
7,smi?sonian photo #deebd-;,f47  ,s+]'s 
aggressive sell+ _h begun to ov]come !  

public's suspicion ( sew+ ma*9es4 ,he   
pione]$ 9 ! use ( lavi%ly decorat$      
sew+-ma*9e %[rooms :5 ! company (fices 7
 exp&$ 9 ! mid-#ahejs 7fig4 #cj74 ,^! 7 
ri* ) c>v$ walnut furniture1 gild$      
ornam5ts1 & c>pet$ floors1 places 9 :i* 
,victorian wom5 7 n a%am$ to be se54 ,! 
ma*9es 7 demon/rat$ by pretty "y wom54  
,! total effect 0 a new concept ( sell+1
 & ,s+] became ! drum major ( a new &   
com+ indu/ry t _h _m foll[]s 7see fig4  
#ca74  ,illu/ration3 ,figure            
#cd4--;,,grov] ,,& ,,bak]',s ,,pat5t    
,,model1 #ahea4 7,smi?sonian photo      
#cbjjc-;,g47  ,! fir/1 light1 family    
sew+ ma*9e by ! ,s+] company 0 n        
manufactur$ until #aheh 7figs4 #cb &    
#cc74 ,comp>atively few ( ^! ma*9es 7   
made z !y prov$ to be too small & light4
 ,! m5 9 ! %op dubb$ ! ma*9e ,!         
,gras%opp]1 b x 0 (ficially call$ ! new 
,family ,sew+ ,ma*9e or ! ,family       
,ma*9e4#fa ,because ( its %ape1 ,s+]    
company bro*ures ( ! #aibjs ref]r$ to x 
z ! ,turtleback ,ma*9e4  ,s9ce ! co/ (  

sew+ ma*9es 0 q high & ! av]age family  
income 0 l[1 ,cl>k sugge/$ ! adoption ( 
! hire-pur*ase plan4 ,into ! ,am]ican   
economy ?us came ! n[-famili> in/allm5t 
buy+4  ,s+] & ,cl>k cont9u$ to be p>tn]s
 until #ahfc :5 a corporation 0 =m$4 ,at
 ?is "t ,s+] decid$ to )draw f active   
"w4 ,he receiv$ #dj p]c5t ( ! /ock &    
retir$ to ,p>is & lat] to ,engl&1 :]e he
 di$ 9 #ahge4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#ce4--,,?is ,,grov] ,,& ,,bak]          
,,cab9et-,,/yle ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ( #ahef  
be>s ! s]ial numb] #efge & ! pat5t dates
 ,febru>y #aa1 #ahea1 ,june #bb1 #aheb1 
,febru>y #bb1 #ahec1 & ,may #bg1 #ahef4 
7,smi?sonian photo #deegb-;,f47  ,by !  
mid-#ahejs ! basic elem5ts ( a          
successful1 practical sew+ ma*9e 7 at   
h&1 b ! cont9u+ c\rt litigation ov]     
rival pat5t rights seem$ de/9$ to ru9 ! 
economics ( ! new indu/ry4 ,x 0 !n t !  
lawy] ( ! ,grov] & ,bak] company1 ano!r 
sew+-ma*9e manufactur] ( ! e>ly #ahejs1 
suppli$ ! solution4 ,grov] & ,bak] 7    
manufactur+ a ma*9e t 0 me*anically     

good1 = ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,william ,o4    
,grov] 0 ano!r ,bo/on tailor1 :o1 unlike
 _m o!rs1 0 conv9c$ t ! sew+ ma*9e 0 go+
 to revolutionize 8 *os5 trade4 ,al?\gh 
! sew+ ma*9es t he _h se5 7 n v         
practical1 he began 9 #ahdi to exp]im5t 
) an idea bas$ on a new k9d ( /it*4 ,8  
design 0 = a ma*9e t w\ld take bo? its  
?reads f spools & elim9ate ! ne$ to w9d 
"o ?read ^u a bobb94 ,aft] mu*          
exp]im5t+1 he prov$ t x 0 possible to   
make a seam by int]lock+ two ?reads 9 a 
succession ( slipknots1 b he f\nd t     
build+ a ma*9e to d ?is 0 a mu* m       
difficult task4 ,x is q surpris+ t :ile 
he 0 work+ on ?is idea1 he did n /umble 
^u a good me?od to produce ! s+le-?read 
7z oppos$ to ,grov] & ,bak]'s two-?read7
 *a9/it*1 lat] work$ out by ano!r4      
,grov] 0 work+ s int5tly on ! use ( two 
?reads t app>5tly no ?\ght ( =m+ a /it* 
) "o ?read _h a *ance to develop4  ,at  
?is "t ,grov] became a p>tn] ) ano!r    
,bo/on tailor1 ,william ,e4 ,bak]1 & on 
,febru>y #aa1 #ahea1 !y 7 issu$ ,u4,s4  

pat5t ,no4 #g1ica = a ma*9e t did       
exactly :at ,grov] _h set out to d2 x   
made a d\ble *a9/it* ) two ?reads bo?   
c>ri$ on ord9>y ?read spools4 ,! ma*9e  
7figs4 #cd & #ce7 us$ a v]tical         
eye-po9t$ ne$le = ! top ?read & a       
horizontal ne$le = ! und]?read4 ,! clo? 
0 plac$ on ! horizontal plat=m or table1
 :i* _h a hole = ! entry ( ! v]tical    
ne$le4 ,:5 ?is ne$le pass$ ?r\gh ! clo?1
 x =m$ a loop on ! und]side4 ,!         
horizontal ne$le pass$ ?r\gh ?is loop   
=m+ ano!r loop beyond1 :i* 0 reta9$     
until ! r$esc5d+ v]tical ne$le en*a9$ x1
 & ! process repeat$4 ,! slack 9 ! ne$le
 ?read 0 controll$ by means ( a spr+    
guide4 ,! clo? 0 f$ by fe$+ rolls & a   
b&4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure              
#cf4--;,,grov]',s ,,pat5t ,,model ,,=   
,,! ,,fir/ ,,portable ,,case1 #ahef4 ,! 
ma*9e 9 ! case is a comm]cial ma*9e (   
#ahed1 be>+ ! s]ial numb] #cjab & !     
pat5t dates ,feby #aa1 #ahea1 ,june #bb1
 #aheb1 ,feby #bb1 #ahec4 ,p[]$ by a    
s+le1 foot-%ap$ treadle t 0 connect$ by 

a removable wood5 pitman1 x also c\ld be
 turn$ by h&4 7,smi?sonian photo        
#deebe-;,d47  ,a company 0 organiz$ "u !
 "n ( ,grov] & ,bak] ,sew+ ,ma*9e       
,company1 & soon ! p>tn]s took ,jacob   
,wea!rill1 me*anic1 & ,orl&o ,b4 ,pott]1
 lawy] 7:o became ! presid5t71 into !   
firm4 ,pott] contribut$ 8 ability z a   
lawy] 9 lieu ( a f9ancial inve/m5t &    
h&l$ ! sev]al succe$+ pat5ts ( ,grov] & 
,bak]4 ,^! pat5ts 7 prim>ily = me*anical
 improvem5ts su* z ,u4,s4 pat5t ,no4    
#i1jec issu$ to ,grov] & ,bak] on ,june 
#bb1 #aheb1 = devis+ a curv$ upp] ne$le 
& an "u loop]#fb to =m ! d\ble-loop$    
/it* :i* became kn[n z ! ,grov] & ,bak] 
/it*4 ,"o ( ! m int]e/+ ( ! pat5ts1     
h[ev]1 0 = ! box or sew+ case = :i*     
,grov] 0 issu$ ,u4,s4 pat5t ,no4 #ad1ief
 on ,may #bg1 #ahef4 ,! inv5tor /at$ t  
:5 op5 ! box %all con/itute ! b$ = !    
ma*9e to be op]at$ ^u1 & hang+ ! ma*9e  
!reto to facilitate oil+1 cleans+1 &    
repairs )\t remov+ x f ! box4 ,x 0 !    
fir/ portable sew+ ma*9e 7fig4 #cf74    

,?\gh ! ,grov] & ,bak] company          
manufactur$ ma*9es us+ a %uttle &       
produc+ ! m common lock/it*1 bo? "u     
royalty 9 _! own "n & also = o!r small] 
companies1 ,pott] 0 conv9c$ t ! ,grov] &
 ,bak] /it* 0 ! "o t ev5tually w\ld be  
us$ 9 bo? family & comm]cial ma*9es4    
,he1 z presid5t1 direct$ ! ef=ts ( !    
company to t end4 ,:5 ! basic pat5ts    
held by ! ,sew+-,ma*9e ,comb9ation      
7discuss$ on pp4 #da-db7 began to run   
out 9 ! mid-#ahgjs1 dissolv+ its purpose
 & l[]+ ! sell+ price ( sew+ ma*9es1 !  
,grov] & ,bak] company began a sy/ematic
 curtail+ ( exp5ses & clos+ ( bran*     
(fices4 ,all ! pat5ts held by ! company 
& ! bus9ess itself 7 sold to ano!r      
company4#fc ,b ! memb]s ( ! ,grov] &    
,bak] company f>$ well f9ancially by !  
/rategic move4  ,! ,grov] & ,bak] ma*9e 
& its unique /it* did n h a great       
influ5ce on ! ov]all developm5t ( !     
me*anics ( ma*9e sew+4 ,! m]its ( a     
d\ble-loop$ /it*--its ela/icity & ! tak+
 ( bo? ?reads f comm]cial spools--7     

outweigh$ by ! bulk9ess ( ! seam & its  
consumption ( ?ree times z mu* ?read z !
 lock/it* requir$4 ,ma*9es mak+ a simil>
 type ( /it* h cont9u$ 9 limit$ use 9 ! 
manufacture ( knit goods & o!r products 
requir+ an ela/ic seam4 ,b1 m           
importantly1 ,grov] & ,bak]'s a/ute     
,orl&o ,b4 ,pott] plac$ _! names 9 !    
annals ( sew+-ma*9e hi/ory by 8 "w 9 =m+
 ! ,comb9ation1 believ$ to be ! fir/    
tru/ ( any prom95ce4  ,,footnotes3  #cc 
,see biographical sket*1 pp4 #ach-ada4  
#cd ,9 ! ,matt] ( ! ,application (      
,elias ,h[e1 ,jr4 = an ,ext5sion ( ,8   
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,pat5t ,dat$ ,septemb] #aj1
 #ahdf1 ,new ,york1 #ahfj1 ) atta*m5ts  
,a & ,b1 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,l4,c4   
call no4 ,,tj #aeab4;,h#fbfe  #ce ,x is 
int]e/+ to note t :5 ,william ,?omas    
appli$ = ! ,briti% pat5t ( ! ,h[e ma*9e 
7issu$ ,dec4 #a1 #ahdf71 ! c\rts w\ld n 
all[ ! claim = ! comb9ation ( !         
eye-po9t$ ne$le & %uttle to =m a /it*1  
due to ! ,fi%] & ,gibbons pat5t ( #ahdd4
 ,= m details on ,h[e's ye>s 9 ,engl&   

see 8 biographical sket*1 pp4 #ach-ada4 
#cf ,! ma*9e ref]r$ to z ! ,london ,sew+
 ,ma*9e is ! ,briti% pat5t ( ! ,?imonni]
 ma*9e4 ,?is pat5t 0 appli$ = by ,jean  
,m>ie ,magn9 & 0 publi%$ by ,newton's   
,london ,j\rnal1 vol4 #ci1 p4 #cag1 z   
,magn9's inv5tion4  #cg ,! exact date is
 n kn[n2 h[ev]1 x 0 prior to #ahef z !  
pat5t 0 includ$ 9 ! sew+-ma*9e pat5t    
pool =m$ t ye>4  #ch ,,james ,,p>ton1   
,hi/ory ( ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 p4 #ab1       
7orig9ally publi%$ 9 ! ,atlantic        
,mon?ly1 ,may #ahfg71 lat] repr9t$ by ! 
,h[e ,ma*9e ,company z a sep>ate4  #ci  
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times 7,feb4 #be1 #aijg71 
vol4 #ag1 no4 #chb1 p4 #a1 ,8 ,bonata's 
%op 0 on ,gold ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ne> !
 ,b>?olf %op1 :]e ,h[e 0 build+ "s ( 8  
e>ly ma*9es4  #dj ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,news1   
vol4 #c1 no4 #e1 p4 #e1 ,sept4          
#ahha-;,jan4 #ahhb4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,sew+   
,ma*9e4  #da ,op4 cit4 7footnote #cd74  
#db ,new ,york ,daily ,tribune1 ,jan4   
#ae1 #aheb1 p4 #b4  #dc ,see ,h[e's     
biographical sket*1 p4 #ada4  #dd ,op4  

cit4 7footnote #cd74 ,atta*m5ts ,a & ,b 
are copies ( ,judge ,sprague's          
decisions4  #de ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,j\rnal    
7,july #ahhg71 pp4 #ic-id4  #df ,report 
( ! ,six? ,exhibition ( ! ,massa*usetts 
,*>itable ,me*anics ,association1 9 !   
,city ( ,bo/on1 ,septemb] #ahej 7,bo/on1
 #ahej74  #dg ,see biographical sket*1  
pp4 #ada-adb4  #dh,sci5tific ,am]ican   
7,dec4 #f1 #ahea71 vol4 #g1 no4 #ab1 p4 
#ie4  #di ,ibid4 7,sept4 #bj1 #ahea71   
vol4 #g1 no4 #a1 p4 #g4  #ej ,ibid4     
7,june #d1 #ahec71 vol4 #g1 no4 #ch1 p4 
#bih  #ea ,j4 ,d4 ,,van ,,slyck1 ,new   
,engl& ,manufactures & ,manufactories1  
vol4 #b1 pp4 #fgb-fhb4  #eb ,see 8      
biographical sket*1 pp4 #adb-adc4  #ec  
,,*e/] ,,mcneil1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,sew+   
,ma*9e 9 ,union ,sales ,bullet91 vol4   
#c1 ,union ,special ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41  
,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 pp4 #hc-he4 #aijc4   
#ed ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times 7,aug4 #be1     
#aijh71 vol4 #ah1 no4 #dah4  #ee ,s+]   
gives ?is limit$ description ( ! fir/   
ma*9e1 ) detail$ improvem5ts = :i* he 0 

!n apply+ = a pat5t3 ,9 my previ\s      
ma*9e1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 !   
bobb9 0 c>ri$ by ! ne$le-c>ri]1 & h5ce !
 motion ( ! ne$le _h to be equal to !   
l5g? ( ?read requir$ to =m ! loop1 :i* 0
 objectionable1 z 9 _m in/ances ?is     
range ( motion 0 unnecess>ily long = all
 o!r purposes4444 ,quot$ f ,u4,s4 pat5t 
#h1bid issu$ to ,isaac ,m4 ,s+]1 ,aug4  
#ab1 #ahea4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 "s      
in/ances !re 0 a consid]able lapse ( "t 
f ! date a pat5t application 0 made     
until ! pat5t 0 issu$4 ,9 ?is case !    
h&writt5 specifications 7 dat$ ,m>* #ad1
 #ahea1 & ! =mal ,pat5t ,(fice receipt 0
 dat$ ,april #af1 #ahea4  #ef ,if a     
pat5t 0 n approv$1 = any reason1 !      
records 7 plac$ 9 an ,ab&on$ ,file4 ,9  
#aicj ,congress au?oriz$ ! disposal ( ! 
old ,ab&on$ ,files1 requir+ !m to be    
kept = tw5ty ye>s only4 ,!re are no ,s+]
 ,company records giv+ an acc\nt ( !    
fir/ pat5t application4  #eg ,its       
:]eab\ts 0 unkn[n z e>ly z #aijh1 z /at$
 9 ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times 7,aug4 #be1    

#aijh71 vol4 #ah1 no4 #dah4 ,models (   
ab&on$ pat5ts frequ5tly rema9$ at !     
,pat5t ,(fice4 ,approximately #gf1jjj   
models 7 ru9$ 9 a ,pat5t ,(fice fire 9  
#ahgg4 ,9 #aijh ov] #cjjj models (      
ab&on$ pat5ts 7 sold at auction4 ,ei!r  
incid5t c\ld acc\nt = ! ma*9e's         
disappe>ance4  #eh ,! pat5t model (     
#h1bid is a ma*9e t be>s ! s]ial numb]  
#bb2 x 0 manufactur$ be=e ,april #ah1   
#ahea1 ! date x 0 record$ z receiv$ by !
 ,pat5t ,(fice4  #ei ,william ,r4       
,bagnall1 9 ,contributions to ,am]ican  
,economic ,hi/ory1 vol4 #a 7#aijh71     
,,ms1 ,h>v>d ,s*ool ( ,bus9ess ,libr>y4 
#fj ,s+] pur*as$ ,phelps' int]e/ 9 !    
company 9 #ahea & sold x to ,edw>d      
,cl>k4  #fa ,?is fir/1 family sew+ ma*9e
 %\ld n be confus$ 9 "n ) a model br\ght
 out 9 ! sixties4 ,! "n ( ?is fir/1     
family ma*9e 0 9 ! s5se ( a new family  
sew+ ma*9e4 ,9 #ahei a ,lett] ,a family 
ma*9e 0 introduc$4 ,?us 9 #ahfe :5 !    
,s+] ,company br\ght out ano!r family   
ma*9e !y call$ x ! ,new ,family ,sew+   

,ma*9e4 ,bo? ! fir/-/yle ,family ma*9e &
 ! ,lett] ,a ma*9e are illu/rat$ 9      
,eighty ,ye>s ( ,progress ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates 7,new ,york1 #ahfa71 vol4 #b1 p4 
#dag1 & discuss$ 9 an article1 ,! ,place
 & ,its ,t5ants1 9 ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times
 7,dec4 #be1 #aijh71 vol4 #bg1 no4 #hic4
  #fb ,a loop] on ! und]side 9 place ( !
 horizontal ne$le4  #fc ,dome/ic ,sew+  
,ma*9e ,company4 ,see ,union ,special   
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ,sales ,bullet91 vol4 
#c1 *4 #ae1 pp4 #eh-ei4     ,*apt] ,?ree
   ,illu/ration3                        
----------------------------------------
------------------------------------    
,a ,,p>tial ,,/atem5t ,,f ,,records ,,( 
,,! ,,sew+-,,ma*9e ,,comb9ation1        
,,%[+ ,,numb] ,,( ,,sew+-,,ma*9es       
,,lic5s$ ,,annually                     
,,"u ,,! ,,elias ,,h[e ,,pat5t4         
----------------------------------------
---------------------------- ,,"n ,:eel]
 ,i4 ,m4    ,!      ,grov]  ,a4 ,b4     
,leavitt,ladd  ,b>?olf ,,(          ,s+]
   ,s+]   ,bak]    ,h[e  ,s4 ,m4        

,web/],s4 ,m4    ,,manu-,wilson   ,co4  
,manufac- ,s4 ,m4 ,co4,s4 ,m4 ,co4      
,s4 ,m4  ,co4      ,,fact-,mfg4 ,co4    
tur+            ,co4          ,co4      
,,ur]4                 ,co4             
----------------------------------------
---------------------------- #ahec #gii 
#haj      4444     #feg      4444  #bh  
#ajj    #ace      #ahed #gef     #hgi   
4444     #b1jcd    #fj    #bag    #bfh  
#ee       #ahee #a1aga   #hhc      4444 
#a1add    #ec    #aeb    #gc     #ca    
#ahef #b1baj   #b1efd    4444     #a1ieb
    #dg    #bce    #ahj    #ce          
#aheg #d1eia   #c1fcj    4444     #c1fhj
    #acc   #aie    #dec    #ca          
#aheh #g1igh   #c1eid    4444     #e1jgj
    #agi   #ge     #dij    #bjc         
#ahei #ba1cjf  #aj1iec   4444           
#aj1bhj   #iba   #bac    #a1ghh  #gdg   
#ahfj #be1ajb  #ac1jjj7;a74444     7b7  
7b7   7b7    7b7             #ahfa      
#ah1eef  #af1jjj7;a74444     7b7        
7b7   7b7    7b7    7b7      #ahfb      
#bh1bjb  #ah1cif   4444     7b7      7b7

   7b7    7b7    7b7      #ahfc #bi1ggh 
4444     #bj1jcj   7b7      7b7   7b7   
7b7    7b7      #ahfd #dj1jfb  4444     
#bc1fcb   7b7      7b7   7b7    7b7     
7b7      #ahfe #ci1aeg  4444     #bf1cdj
   7b7      7b7   7b7    7b7    7b7     
#ahff #ej1acb  4444     #cj1ifj   7b7   
7b7   7b7    7b7    7b7                 
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------------- 
,a ,,p>tial ,,/atem5t ,,%[+ ,,numb] ,,( 
,,sew+-,,ma*9es ,,lic5s$ ,,annually     
,,f #ahfg ,,to #ahgf ,,inclusive4       
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------  ,,"n
 ,,( ,,manufactur]4        #ahfg4       
#ahfh4    #ahfi4    #ahgj4    #ahga4    
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------- ,!   
,s+] ,manufactur+ ,co4#dc1jec    #ei1fbi
   #hf1gha   #abg1hcc  #aha1bfj   ,:eel]
  ,wilson ,mfg4 ,co4   #ch1jee    7b7   
#gh1hff   #hc1bjh   #abh1ebf   ,grov]   

,bak] ,s4 ,m4 ,co4    #cb1iii           
#ce1jjj7;a7#ce1ahh   #eg1djb   #ej1hch  
,we$ ,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4     #c1fch       
#ab1jjj   #ai1fhg   #ce1jjb   #ci1fee   
,h[e ,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4     #aa1jec      
#ce1jjj7;a7#de1jjj7;a7#ge1aef   #acd1jaj
   ,a4 ,b4 ,h[e                4444     
4444     4444     4444     #bj1jea      
,b4 ,p4 ,h[e                4444        
4444     4444     4444     4444         
,willcox  ,gibbs ,s4 ,m4  ,co4  #ad1aeb 
#ae1jjj   #ag1bja   #bh1hij   #cj1abg   
,wilson 7,w4 ,g47            4444       
4444     4444     4444     #ba1aec      
,am]ican ,b4 ,h4  ,s4 ,m4 ,co4  4444    
4444     #g1gib    #ad1egc   #bj1aba    
,flor5ce ,s4 ,m4 ,co4          #aj1ecd  
#ab1jjj   #ac1ffa   #ag1ffj   #ae1idg   
,%aw  ,cl>k  ,s4 ,m4 ,co4     #b1fib    
#c1jjj    4444     4444     4444        
,gold ,m$al               4444      4444
     4444     #h1iab    #ac1efb         
,davis                    4444      4444
     4444     4444     #aa1efh          
,dome/ic                 4444      4444 

4444     4444     #aj1cig    ,f9kle     
,lyon ,mfg4 ,co4 &  #b1dhh     #b1jjj   
#a1cci    #b1dbj    #g1fci              
,victor4                                
tna ,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4     #b1ieh        
#c1ejj    #d1edh    #e1hjf    #d1gbj    
,blees                    4444      4444
     4444     4444     #d1eeg           
,elliptic                 #c1ahe        
4444     4444     4444     #d1eee       
,empire                   #b1aba        
#e1jjj    #h1gjj    4444     4444       
,rem+ton ,sew+-,ma*9e ,co44444      4444
     4444     #c1efj    #b1ife          
,p>ham                   4444      4444 
#a1ada    #a1gff    #b1jef     ,b>tram  
,fanton ,mfg4 ,co4   #b1ieh     4444    
4444     4444     #a1jjd     ,b>tlett   
,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4 4444      4444        
4444     4444     #fad       ,j4 ,g4    
,folsom                4444      4444   
4444     4444     #bhj       ,mc,kay    
,sew+-,ma*9e ,asso4  4444      4444     
4444     #abi      #bah       ,c4 ,f4   
,?ompson              4444      4444    

4444     4444     #adg       ,union     
,buttonhole ,ma*9e ,co44444      4444   
4444     4444     #abd       ,leavitt   
,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4  #a1jea     #a1jjj    
#gga      4444     4444      ,goodspe$  
,wyman ,s4 ,m4 ,co4 #b1abf     4444     
4444     4444     4444      ,key/one    
,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4 4444      4444        
4444     4444     4444      ,secor      
4444      4444     4444     4444        
4444      ,c5t5nial               4444  
4444     4444     4444     4444         
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------  ,,"n
 ,,( ,,manufactur]4        #ahgb4       
#ahgc4    #ahgd4    #ahge4     #ahgf4   
----------------------------------------
---------------------------------- ,!   
,s+] ,manufactur+ ,co4#bai1geh          
#bcb1ddd  #bda1fgi  #bdi1heb  #bfb1caf  
,:eel]  ,wilson ,mfg4 ,co4   #agd1jhh   
#aai1aij  #ib1hbg   #ajc1gdj  #ajh1iig  
,grov]  ,bak] ,s4 ,m4 ,co4    #eb1jaj   
#cf1agi   #bj1jjj7;a7#ae1jjj7;a74444    
,we$ ,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4     #db1ddd      

#ba1gfi   #bj1die   #ba1iic   #ad1dbe   
,h[e ,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4                  
#ade1jjj7;a7#ij1jjj7;a7#ce1jjj7;a7#be1jj
j7;a7#aji1bid   ,a4 ,b4 ,h[e            
4444      4444     4444     4444        
4444      ,b4 ,p4 ,h[e                  
#ad1ijg    #ac1iai   4444     4444      
4444      ,willcox  ,gibbs ,s4 ,m4  ,co4
  #cc1fci    #ae1hha   #ac1gaj   #ad1ebb
   #ab1geh    ,wilson 7,w4 ,g47         
#bb1fff    #ba1bdg   #ag1ebe   #i1ejh   
4444      ,am]ican ,b4 ,h4  ,s4 ,m4 ,co4
  #ah1icj    #ad1ahb   #ac1ebi   #ad1djf
   #ag1icg    ,flor5ce ,s4 ,m4 ,co4     
#ae1gic    #h1ifj    #e1eag    #d1hib   
#b1igh     ,%aw  ,cl>k  ,s4 ,m4 ,co4    
4444      4444     4444     4444        
4444      ,gold ,m$al                   
#ah1hig    #af1dca   #ae1bad   #ad1bfb  
#g1ahe     ,davis                       
#aa1cgf    #h1hfa    4444     4444      
4444      ,dome/ic                      
#di1eed    #dj1aad   #bb1gjj   #ba1deb  
#bc1ehg    ,f9kle  ,lyon ,mfg4 ,co4 &   
#aa1ija    #g1ddf    #f1bib    #f1ajc   

#e1gej       ,victor4                   
tna ,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4     #d1bfb        
#c1jha    #a1hff    #a1ddg    #gjg      
,blees                    #f1jec        
#c1deh    4444     4444     4444        
,elliptic                 4444      4444
     4444     4444     4444      ,empire
                   4444      4444       
4444     4444     4444      ,rem+ton    
,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4#d1ihb     #i1ahc      
#ag1fjh   #be1aaj   #ab1gaf    ,p>ham   
4444      4444     4444     4444        
4444      ,b>tram  ,fanton ,mfg4 ,co4   
#a1jjj     #a1jjj    #bej      4444     
4444      ,b>tlett ,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4    
#a1jjj     4444     4444     4444       
4444      ,j4 ,g4 ,folsom               
4444      4444     4444     4444        
4444      ,mc,kay ,sew+-,ma*9e ,asso4   
4444      4444     #abh      #afa       
#ajb       ,c4 ,f4 ,?ompson             
4444      4444     4444     4444        
4444      ,union ,buttonhole ,ma*9e     
,co44444      4444     4444     4444    
4444      ,leavitt ,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4    

4444      4444     4444     4444        
4444      ,goodspe$  ,wyman ,s4 ,m4 ,co4
 4444      4444     4444     4444       
4444      ,key/one ,sew+-,ma*9e ,co4    
#b1ffe     #bag      #cg       4444     
4444      ,secor                    #caa
       #c1dcj    #d1eda    #a1cjg       
4444      ,c5t5nial               4444  
#ead      4444     4444     4444        
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------  7a7 
,numb] e/imat$4 7b7 ,no data4  ,figure  
#cg4--,,table ,,( ,,sew+-,,ma*9e        
,,/ati/ics4 ,f ,fr$]ick ,g4 ,b\rne1     
,am]ican ,sew+ ,ma*9es 9 ,"o ,hundr$    
,ye>s ( ,am]ican ,comm]ce1 vol4 #b4 ed4 
,*auncey ,mit*ell ,depew 7,new ,york3   
,d4 ,o4 ,ha9es1 #ahie71 p4 #ecj4        
7,smi?sonian photo #dbedb-;,a47   ,!    
,sew+-,ma*9e ,comb9ation  ,) ! basic    
elem5ts ( a successful sew+ ma*9e       
assembl$1 ! v>i\s manufactur]s %\ld h   
be5 able to produce good ma*9es         
un5cumb]$4 ,! c\rt ord]1 h[ev]1 :i*     
re/ra9$ sev]al firms f sell+ ,s+] ma*9es

 :ile ! ,h[e suit 0 p5d+1 />t$ a        
l&slide2 soon ,:eel]1 ,wilson & company1
 ,grov] & ,bak] company1 & sev]al       
o!rs#fd pur*as$ rights f ,elias ,h[e4   
,?is gave ,h[e almo/ absolute control ( 
! sew+-ma*9e bus9ess z ^! companies     
agre$ to 8 royalty t]ms ( #be = e ma*9e 
sold4 ,9 an attempt to improve 8 own    
ma*9e1 ,h[e 0 almo/ imm$iately caught up
 9 ano!r s]ies ( legal battles 9 :i* he 
0 ! def5dant2 ! companies he _h defeat$ 
7 able to accuse him ( infr++ on pat5ts 
t !y own$4 ,to comp\nd ! confusion1     
individual companies also 7 su+ ea* o!r 
on v>i\s gr\nds4  ,because ( ?is        
situation ,orl&o ,b4 ,pott]1 presid5t ( 
! ,grov] & ,bak] company1 advanc$ 9     
#ahef ! idea ( a ,comb9ation (          
sew+-ma*9e manufactur]s4 ,he po9t$ out  
h[ ! v>i\s companies 7 h>m+ !mselves by 
cont9u+ litigation & tri$ to conv9ce    
,h[e t all w\ld b5efit by an agreem5t ( 
"s k9d4 ,he propos$ t ,elias ,h[e2      
,:eel]1 ,wilson & company2 ,i4 ,m4 ,s+] 
& company2 & ,grov] & ,bak] company pool

 _! pat5ts cov]+ ! ess5tial features ( !
 ma*9e4 ,! ?ree companies _h />t$       
production ab\t ! same "t & approv$ (   
,pott]'s idea2 ,h[e oppos$ x z he felt t
 he _h ! mo/ to lose by jo9+ !          
,comb9ation4 ,he f9ally cons5t$ to take 
"p 9 ,pott]'s plan if ! o!rs w\ld agree 
to c]ta9 /ipulations4 ,! fir/ requirem5t
 0 t at lea/ tw5ty-f\r manufactur]s 7 to
 be lic5s$4 ,! second 0 t1 9 addition to
 %>+ equally 9 ! pr(its ) ! ?ree        
companies1 ,h[e w\ld receive a royalty (
 #e = ea* ma*9e sold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates &
 #a = ea* ma*9e export$4 ,x has be5     
e/imat$ t1 z a result ( ?is agreem5t1   
,h[e receiv$ at lea/ #b1jjj1jjj z 8 %>e 
( ! lic5se fees betwe5 #ahef & #ahfg :5 
8 pat5t expir$4#fe  ,! organization 0   
call$ ! ,sew+-,ma*9e ,tru/ &_/or !      
,sew+-,ma*9e ,comb9ation4 ,! important  
pat5ts contribut$ to x 73       #a4 ,!  
groov$1 eye-po9t$ ne$le us$ ) a %uttle  
to =m !      lock/it* 7,e4 ,h[e pat5t1  
held by ,e4 ,h[e72       #b4 ,!         
f\r-motion fe$+ me*anism 7,a4 ,b4       

,wilson pat5t1 held by      ,:eel] &    
,wilson company72       #c4 ,! ne$le    
mov+ v]tically above a horizontal       
"w-plate      7,ba*eld] pat5t71 a       
cont9u\s fe$+ device by belt or :eel    
7,ba*eld] pat5t71 a yield+ press] re/+  
on ! clo?      7,ba*eld] pat5t71 ! spr+ 
or curv$ arm to hold ! clo? by a        
yield+ pressure 7,morey & ,johnson      
pat5t71 ! he>t-%ap$ cam      z appli$ to
 mov+ ! ne$le b> 7,s+] pat5t72 all ^!   
pat5ts1 held by ! ,s+] ,company4#ff  ,! 
,grov] & ,bak] company contribut$ sev]al
 pat5ts ( relative importance1 b its mo/
 important claim = admission 0 ! fact t 
,pott] _h promot$ ! idea4  ,! cons5t (  
all f\r memb]-p>ties 0 requir$ be=e any 
lic5se c\ld be grant$1 & all 7 requir$  
to h a lic5se--ev5 ! memb] companies4 ,!
 fee 0 #ae p] ma*9e4 ,a portion ( ?is   
money 0 set aside to pay ! co/ (        
prosecut+ infr+]s1 ,h[e receiv$ 8       
initial fee1 & ! re/ 0 divid$ betwe5 !  
f\r p>ties4 ,! advantage to ! lic5see 0 
t he 0 requir$ to pay only "o fee4 ,mo/ 

lic5se applications 7 grant$2 only ^?   
manufactur+ a ma*9e specifically imitat+
 ! product ( a lic5s$ manufactur] 7     
refus$4  ,! ,comb9ation's ?ree company  
memb]s ea* cont9u$ to manufacture1      
improve1 & p]fect its own ma*9e4 ,o!r   
?an ! jo9t control ( ! pat5ts1 !re 0 no 
pool+ ( int]e/s1 & ea* company compet$  
to attract pur*as]s to buy its p>ticul> 
type ( ma*9e1 z did ! companies :o 7    
lic5s$ by !m4  ,9 #ahfj1 ! ye> ,h[e's   
pat5t 0 r5ew$1 ! g5]al lic5se fee 0     
r$uc$ f #ae to #g1 & ,h[e's special     
royalty 0 r$uc$ to #a p] ma*9e4 ,h[e    
rema9$ a memb] until 8 pat5t ran out 9  
#ahfg4 ,! o!r memb]s cont9u$ !          
,comb9ation until #ahgg1 :5 ! ,ba*eld]  
pat5t1 :i* _h be5 ext5d$ twice1 f9ally  
expir$4 ,by t "t ! fundam5tal features (
 ! sew+ ma*9e 7 no long] controll$ by   
anyone4 ,op5 competition by ! small]    
manufactur]s 0 possible1 & a slight     
r$uction 9 price foll[$4 ,_m new        
companies came into be+--"s de/9$ to be 
v %ort-liv$4  ,f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( !  

,comb9ation !re 0 an army ( indep5d5ts1 
includ+ infr+]s & imitators1 :o kept up 
a con/ant compla9t aga9/ x1 ma9ta9+ t   
its exi/5ce t5d$ to ret>d ! improvem5t (
 ! sew+ ma*9e & t ! public suff]$ !reby4
 ,9 ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ !         
t]m9ation ( ! ,comb9ation1 h[ev]1 only a
 few improvem5ts ( any importance 7     
made1 & mo/ ( ^! 7 by ! memb] companies4
  ,,footnotes3  #fd ,^! includ$ !       
,am]ican ,magnetic ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co42   
,a4 ,b>?olf2 ,ni*ols & ,bliss2 ,j4 ,a4  
,l][2 ,woolridge1 ,ke5e1 & ,moore2 & ,a4
 ,b4 ,h[e4 ,new ,york ,daily ,tribune1  
,sept4 #c1 #ahec4  #fe ,:o ,inv5t$ !    
,sew+-,ma*9e1 unsign$ article 9 ,!      
,galaxy1 vol4 #d1 ,augu/ #ca1 #ahfg1 pp4
 #dga-dha4  #ff ,s+] has sometimes be5  
cr$it$ z ! inv5tor ( ! v>i\s improvem5ts
 cov]$ by ! pat5ts t ! ,s+] company     
pur*as$ & lat] contribut$ to ! ef=ts ( !
 ,comb9ation4     ,*apt] ,f\r           
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch4--;,,gibbs'   
,,pat5t ,,model1 #aheg4 7,smi?sonian    
photo #deejd-;,e47  ,less ,exp5sive     

,ma*9es   ,:ile ! ,comb9ation 0 attempt+
 to solve ! problems ( pat5t litigation1
 ano!r problem fac$ ! w\ld-be home us]s 
( ?is new inv5tion4 ,! budget           
limitations ( ! av]age family caus$ a   
dem& = a less exp5sive ma*9e1 = ?is fir/
 consum] appliance 0 a mo/ desirable    
commodity4#fg  ,!re 7 _m attempts to    
satisfy ?is dem&1 b "o ( ! be/ & mo/    
successful grew out ( a "y man's        
curiosity4 ,james ,e4 ,a4 ,gibbs' fir/  
exposure to ! sew+ ma*9e 0 9 #ahee :51  
at ! age ( #bd1 he saw a simple woodcut 
illu/ration ( a ,grov] & ,bak] ma*9e4 ,!
 woodcut repres5t$ only ! upp] "p ( !   
ma*9e4 ,no?+ 9 ! illu/ration indicat$ t 
m ?an "o ?read 0 us$1 & none ( !        
/it*-=m+ me*anism 0 visible4 ,gibbs     
assum$ t ! /it* 0 =m$ ) "o ?read2 he !n 
proce$$ to imag9e a me*anism t w\ld make
 a /it* ) "o ?read4 ,8 solution 0       
describ$ 9 8 own /atem5t3       ,z ,i 0 
!n liv+ 9 a v out ( ! way place1 f> f   
railroads & public conveyances ( all    
k9ds1 mod]n improvem5ts      seldom     

rea*$ our locality1 & n be+ likely to h 
my      curiosity satisfi$ o!rwise1 ,i  
set to "w to see :at ,i c\ld      le>n f
 ! woodcut1 :i* 0 n accompani$ by any   
description4 ,i fir/ discov]$ t ! ne$le 
0 atta*$ to a      ne$le arm1 &         
consequ5tly c\ld n pass entirely ?r\gh !
      mat]ial1 b mu/ retreat ?r\gh !    
same hole by :i* x      ent]$4 ,f ?is ,i
 saw t ,i c\ld n make a /it* simil> to  
h&work1 b mu/ h "s o!r mode ( fa/5+ !   
?read on      ! und]side1 & among o!r   
possible me?ods ( do+ ?is1 !            
*a9/it* occurr$ to me z a likely means (
 accompli%+ !      end4       ,i next   
endeavor$ to discov] h[ ?is /it* 0 or   
c\ld be made1      & f ! woodcut ,i saw 
t ! driv+ %aft :i* _h !      driv+ :eel 
on ! out] end1 pass$ along "u ! clo?    
plate      ( ! ma*9e4 ,i knew t !       
me*anism :i* made ! /it*      mu/ be    
connect$ ) & actuat$ by ?is driv+ %aft4 
,aft]      /udy+ ! position & relations 
( ! ne$le & %aft )      ea* o!r1 ,i     
conceiv$ ! idea ( ! revolv+ hook on !   

end      ( ! %aft1 :i* might take hold (
 ! ?read & manipulate x      into a     
*a9/it*4 ,my ideas 71 ( c\rse1 v crude &
      indef9ite1 b x w be se5 t ,i !n _h
 ! correct      conception ( ! inv5tion 
aft]w>ds embodi$ 9 my ma*9e4#fh         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ci4--,,"o ,,( ,,!
 ,,fir/ ,,comm]cial ,,ma*9es produc$ by 
! ,willcox  ,gibbs ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 9  
#aheg1 ?is ma*9e be>s no s]ial numb]1   
al?\gh ! "n ,james ,e4 ,a4 ,gibbs is    
inscrib$ 9 two places on ! clo? plate4  
,x 0 us$ z ! pat5t model = ,gibbs'      
improvem5t on 8 #aheg pat5t issu$ !     
foll[+ ye> on ,augu/ #aj1 #aheh4        
7,smi?sonian photo ,p4 #fcic47  ,gibbs  
_h no imm$iate int]e/ 9 ! sew+ ma*9e o!r
 ?an to satisfy 8 curiosity4 ,he did n  
?9k ( x aga9 until ,janu>y #ahef :5 he 0
 visit+ 8 fa!r 9 ,rockbridge ,c\nty1    
,virg9ia4 ,:ile 9 a tailor's %op !re1 he
 happ5$ to see a ,s+] ma*9e4 ,gibbs 0 v 
mu* impress$1 b ?\ght ! ma*9e entirely  
too heavy1 complicat$1 & cumb]some1 & ! 
price exorbitant4 ,x 0 !n t he recall$ !

 ma*9e he _h devis$4 ,rememb]+ h[ simple
 x 01 he decid$ to "w 9 e>ne/ to produce
 a less-exp5sive type ( sew+ ma*9e4     
,gibbs _h little "t to sp5d on ?is      
inv5tion s9ce 8 family 0 dep5d5t ^u him 
= support1 b he manag$ to f9d "t at     
night & dur+ inclem5t wea!r4 ,9         
contempor>y ref]5ces1 ,gibbs is ref]r$  
to z a f>m]1 b s9ce he is also report$  
to h _h employ]s1 x may be surmis$ t he 
0 a f>mh&4 ,9 any ev5t1 8 decision to   
try to produce a less-exp5sive sew+     
ma*9e suff]$ f a lack ( prop] tools &   
adequate mat]ials4 ,mo/ ( ! ma*9e _h to 
be con/ruct$ ( wood1 & he 0 =c$ to make 
8 own ne$les4 ,by ! end ( ,april #ahef1 
h[ev]1 8 model 0 suffici5tly complet$ to
 ar\se ! int]e/ ( 8 employ]s1 :o agre$  
to furni% ! money necess>y to pat5t !   
ma*9e4  ,gibbs w5t to ,wa%+ton1 :]e he  
exam9$ sew+-ma*9e models 9 ! ,pat5t     
,(fice & o!r ma*9es !n on ! m>ket4      
,complet+ 8 inve/igations1 ,gibbs made a
 trip to ,philadelphia & %[$ 8 inv5tion 
to a build] ( models ( new inv5tions1   

,james ,willcox4 ,mu* impress$ ) !      
ma*9e1 ,willcox arrang$ = ,gibbs to "w )
 8 son1 ,*>les ,willcox1 9 a small room 
9 ! re> ( 8 %op4 ,aft] tak+ out two m9or
 pat5ts 7on ,decemb] #af1 #ahef1 &      
,janu>y #bj1 #aheg71 ,gibbs obta9$ 8    
important "o1 ,u4,s4 pat5t ,no4 #ag1dbg 
on ,june #b1 #aheg 7fig4 #ch74 ,8       
association ) ,*>les ,willcox l$ to !   
=mation ( ! ,willcox  ,gibbs ,sew+      
,ma*9e ,company1 & !y began manufactur+ 
*a9/it* ma*9es 9 #aheg 7fig4 #ci74 ,!   
ma*9e us$ a /raight ne$le to make a     
*a9/it*4 ,at ! =w>d end ( ! ma9 %aft 0 a
 hook :i*1 z x rotat$1 c>ri$ ! loop (   
ne$le-?read1 elongat$ & held x exp&$    
:ile ! fe$ mov$ ! clo? until ! ne$le at 
! next /roke desc5d$ ?r\gh ! loop s     
held4 ,:5 ! ne$le desc5d$ ?r\gh ! fir/  
loop1 ! po9t ( ! hook 0 aga9 9 position 
to cat* ! second loop1 at :i* "t ! fir/ 
loop 0 ca/ (f & ! second loop drawn     
?r\gh x1 ! fir/ loop hav+ be5 drawn up  
aga9/ ! l[] edge ( ! clo? to =m a *a94  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #dj4--;,a ,,dolph9

 sew+ ma*9e bas$ on ,cl>k's pat5t (     
#aheh4 ,?is design 0 fir/ us$ by ,t4 ,j4
 ,w4 ,rob]tson 9 #ahee1 b 9 8 pat5t     
issu$ on ,may #bb ( t ye> no claim 0    
made = ! ma*9e design1 only = ! *a9/it* 
me*anism4 ,! same /yle 0 us$ by ,d4 ,w4 
,cl>k 9 sev]al ( 8 *a9/it* pat5ts1 b he 
also made no claim = ! design1 /at+ t ! 
ma*9e may be made 9 any desir$ ornam5tal
 =m4 ,! dolph9-/yle ma*9es are all      
*a9/it* models ( solid brass1 orig9ally 
gilt4 ,al?\gh only ab\t five in*es long1
 !y are full-size ma*9es us+ a full-size
 ne$le4 7,smi?sonian photo #deeje47  ,a 
,gibbs sew+ ma*9e1 on a simple          
iron-frame /& ) treadle1 sold =         
approximately #ej 9 ! late #ahejs1#fi   
:ile a ,:eel] & ,wilson#gj ma*9e or a   
,grov] & ,bak]#ga ) ! same type ( /&    
sold = approximately #ajj4 ,aft] !      
introduction ( ! ,gibbs ma*9e1 ! ,s+]   
company#gb br\ght out a light family    
ma*9e 9 #aheh t 0 also fir/ sold = #ajj4
 ,x 0 !n r$uc$ to #ej1 b x 0 n popul>   
because x 0 too light 7see discussion ( 

,s+] ma*9es1 pp4 #cd-ce74 ,9 #ahei1 ,s+]
 br\ght out its second1 m successful    
family ma*9e1 :i* sold = #ge4  ,l ! o!r 
companies lic5s$ by ! ,comb9ation1      
,willcox & ,gibbs company paid a royalty
 = ! use ( ! pat5ts x held4 ,al?\gh !   
,willcox & ,gibbs ma*9e 0 a s+le-?read  
*a9/it* ma*9e & ! company held ! ,gibbs 
pat5ts1 ! company 0 requir$ to be lic5s$
 to use ! basic fe$1 v]tical ne$le1 &   
o!r relat$ pat5ts held by ! ,sew+-,ma*9e
 ,comb9ation4  ,) ! approa* ( ! ,civil  
,w>1 ,gibbs return$ to ,virg9ia4 ,poor  
heal? prev5t$ him f tak+ an active "p 9 
! w>1 b he work$ ?r\gh\t ! conflict 9 a 
factory process+ saltpet] = gunp[d]4    
,aft]w>d1 ,gibbs return$ to             
,philadelphia & f\nd t ,willcox _h      
fai?fully protect$ 8 sew+-ma*9e int]e/s 
dur+ 8 long abs5ce4 ,! firm prosp]$1 &  
,gibbs f9ally retir$ to ,virg9ia a      
weal?y man4 ,int]e/+ly1 ,gibbs nam$ !   
,virg9ia village to :i* he return$ 9    
lat] life ,raph9e--d]iv$1 some:at       
incorrectly1 f ! ,greek ^w to sew4  ,!  

,willcox  ,gibbs ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company  
is "o ( ! few old companies /ill 9      
exi/5ce4 ,x discont9u$ mak+ & sell+     
family-/yle ma*9es _m ye>s ago & direct$
 its en]gies t[>d specializ$ comm]cial  
sew+ ma*9es1 _m ( :i* are bas$ on !     
orig9al *a9/it* pr9ciple4  ,!re 0 also  
an ev]-increas+ numb] ( o!r pat5tees &  
manufactur]s :o1 9 ! late #ahejs &      
#ahfjs1 attempt$ to produce a sew+ ma*9e
 t w\ld circumv5t bo? ! ,comb9ation & ! 
high co/ ( manufactur+ a m complicat$   
type ( ma*9e4 ,"s ( ! m int]e/+ ( ^! are
 pictur$ & describ$ 9 figures #dj ?r\gh 
#ed4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #da4--,,!   
,,*]ub sew+ ma*9e 0 ano!r ,rob]tson fir/
 :i* 0 adopt$ by ,cl>k4 ,rob]tson's     
pat5t ( ,octob] #bj1 #aheg1 once aga9   
makes no claim = ! design2 nei!r does   
,cl>k's pat5t ( ,janu>y #e1 #aheh1      
illu/rat$ "h4 ,! ma*9e is approximately 
! same size z ! dolph9 & is made 9 !    
same mann] & ( ! same mat]ials4 ,two    
*]ubs =m ! ma9 support1 "o also support+
 ! spool & lea%+ a dragonfly :i* backs !

 ne$le me*anism4 7,smi?sonian photo     
#deejd-;,d47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#db4--,,! ,,foliage ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e      
orig9at$ ) ,d4 ,w4 ,cl>k4 ,once aga9 he 
did n include ! design 9 8 ,june #h1    
#aheh1 pat5t1 :i* 0 aim$ at improv+ !   
fe$+ me*anism4 ,l mo/ h&-turn$ models1  
^! requir$ a clamp to fa/5 !m to ! table
 :5 9 op]ation4 7,smi?sonian photo      
#deejd-;,c47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#dc4--,,! ,,sew+ ,,%e>s 0 ano!r popul>  
ma*9e ( unusual /yle4 ,"s models 7      
design$ to bo? cut & sew1 b mo/ d]iv$ _!
 names f ! me?od ( motivat+ p[]4 ,!     
e>lie/ example ( ! sew+-%e>s ma*9e 0    
inv5t$ by ,joseph ,h5drick1 :o /at$ 9 8 
pat5t t he 0 attempt+ to produce a      
simple1 portable1 *eap1 & effici5t      
ma*9e4 ,8 pat5t model ( ,octob] #e1     
#aheh1 is illu/rat$4 7,smi?sonian photo 
#deejd-;,f47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#dd4--,,! ,,horse ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e is     
among ! mo/ unusual ( ! pat5ts issu$ =  
me*anical improvem5ts4 ,al?\gh ,james   
,p]ry1 ! pat5tee1 made sev]al claims = !

 loop]1 fe$]1 & t5sion1 he made no      
m5tion ( ! unusual design ( ! ma*9e1 =  
:i* a pat5t 0 issu$ on ,novemb] #bc1    
#aheh4 ,al?\gh x 0 probably "o ( a k9d1 
! horse ma*9e illu/rates ! ext5t to :i* 
! inv5tor's m9d /ruggl$ = orig9al       
design4 7,smi?sonian photo #deeje-;,c47 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #de4--,,_m        
,,inv5tors attempt$ to cut ! co/ (      
manufactur+ a complicat$ ma*9e4 ,"o ( ^!
 0 ,alb]t ,h4 ,hook1 ^: ma*9e is only   
ab\t f\r in*es high & two in*es wide4 ,8
 pat5t1 grant$ ,novemb] #cj1 #aheh1     
simplifi$ ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( !
 v>i\s p>ts4 ,al?\gh ,hook us$ a b>b$   
ne$le rem9isc5t ( ! "o us$ by ,?imonni]1
 8 me?od ( =m+ ! /it* 0 entirely        
diff]5t4 ,! ?read 0 pass$ ?r\gh !       
necess>y guides1 & :5 ! clo? 0 9 place !
 ne$le 0 ?ru/ up f bel[4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! 
fabric1 ! ne$le desc5d$1 c>ry+ ) x a    
loop ( ?read4 ,z ! process 0 repeat$1 a 
*a9/it* 0 =m$ ) ! en*a9$ loop on ! "u   
side4 ,9 spite ( its simple me*anism1   
,hook's ma*9e 0 n a comm]cial success4  

7,smi?sonian photo #deeje-;,d47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #df4--;,,9        
,,addition ,,to ,,me*anical ,,pat5ts1 a 
numb] ( design pat5ts 7 also issu$ =    
sew+ ma*9es4 ,^! fall into a sep>ate    
s]ies 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice's num]ical      
records4 ,?is unusual example featur$   
two semidrap$ female figures hold+ !    
spool ( ?read1 a m]maid hold+ ! ne$le1 a
 s]p5t :i* s]v$ z ! press] foot1 & a    
he>t-%ap$ ba/] plate4 ,! design 0 pat5t$
 by ,w4 ,n4 ,br[n1 ,octob] #be1 #ahei1 b
 no examples o!r ?an ! pat5t model are  
kn[n to h be5 made4 7,smi?sonian photo  
#deejd-;,a47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#dg4--,,! ,,squirrel ,,ma*9e 0 ano!r    
int]e/+ design pat5t4 ,s4 ,b4 ,elli?orp 
_h receiv$ a me*anical pat5t = a        
two-?read1 /ation>y-bobb9 ma*9e on      
,augu/ #bf1 #aheg4 ,t same mon? he      
publi%$ a picture ( 8 ma*9e1 %[n "h z   
republi%$ 9 ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,news1 vol4  
#g1 no4 #aa1 ,novemb] #ahhe4 ,! ma*9e 0 
design$ 9 ! %ape ( ! ord9>y gray        
squirrel s common ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry--an

 animal t is select$ z a type ( provid5t
 c>e & =e?\ght1 = its habits ( frugality
 & = mak+ provision = seasons ( sc>city 
& want 9 times ( pl5ty--& ! diff]5t p>ts
 ( ! animal are ea* put to a useful     
purpose2 ! mov+ p[] be+ plac$ )9 its    
body1 ! ne$le /ock ?r\gh its head1 "o ( 
its =e feet s]v+ to guide ! ?read1 & !  
o!r to hold d[n ! clo? :ile be+ sew$1 & 
! tip ( its tail =m+ a support to !     
spool f :i* ! ?read is suppli$4  ,al?\gh
 ! design pat5t 0 n secur$ until ,june  
#g1 #ahei1 ! inv5tor 0 report$ to h be5 
p]fect+ 8 ma*9e = manufacture 9 #aheg4  
,elli?orp plann$ to place !m 9 m>ket at 
a price t w p]mit families & individuals
 t h h]et(ore be5 det]r$ f pur*as+ a    
ma*9e by ! excessive & exorbitant price 
*>g$ = ^? n[ 9 use1 to possess "o4      
,pat5t rights 7 sold "u ! "n ( ,elli?orp
  ,fox1 b ! ma*9e 0 nev] manufactur$ on 
a l>ge scale1 if at all4 ,no squirrel   
ma*9es are kn[n to h surviv$4           
7,smi?sonian photo #ecaab47             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #dh4--;,,hey]',s  

,,pocket ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e pat5t model1    
,novemb] #ag1 #ahfc4 ,?is pat5t model is
 "o piece1 & measures ab\t two in*es 9  
height & two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x w /it*--b 
only co>se1 loosely wov5 fabrics4 ,z c  
be expect$1 a great deal ( manual       
dext]ity is requir$ to comp5sate = !    
omission ( me*anical p>ts4 ,hey]        
adv]tis$ pat5t rights = sale1 b evid5ce 
( manufactur$ ma*9es ( ?is type has yet 
to be discov]$4 7,smi?sonian photo      
#ahaae-;,da47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#di4--;,,hey]',s ,,ma*9e z illu/rat$ 9  
,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,july #cj1 #ahfd4  
,! smalle/ & mo/ orig9al ( all !        
attempts to simplify ma*9e sew+1 ,hey]'s
 ma*9e1 :i* made a *a9/it*1 0 con/ruct$ 
( a s+le /rip ( metal4 ,! ,sci5tific    
,am]ican /at$3 ,x is simply a /eel spr+ 
+5i\sly b5t & arrang$ & x is said to sew
 small articles v well4 ,! :ole affair c
 easily be c>ri$ 9 ! coat pocket4  ,"o  
me?od ( op]ation1 vibrat+ ) ! f+]1 0    
illu/rat$4 ,! ma*9e c\ld be op]at$ also 
by hold+ x 9 ! h& & pressur+ x betwe5   

two f+]s4 ,clo? 0 ins]t$ at c1 & !      
prongs ( ! spr+ fe$ f c>ri$ x along aft]
 ea* /it*4 ,x 0 /at$ t ! ne$le c\ld be  
cut f ! same /rip ( metal1 b x 0 advis$ 
also t ! ne$le c\ld be made z a sep>ate 
piece & atta*$4 7,smi?sonian photo      
#dhbba47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         
#ej4--;,,al?\gh ,,bean',s ,,& ,,rodg]s' 
runn+-/it* ma*9es1 ! second & f\r?      
,u4,s4 sew+-ma*9e pat5ts1 exp]i5c$      
little comm]cial success1 small         
manufactur$ ma*9es bas$ on ,a>on        
,palm]'s pat5t ( ,may #ac1 #ahfb1 7     
popul> 9 ! #ahfjs4 ,! pat5t model above 
is a small brass implem5t ) crimp+ ge>s 
t =c$ ! fabric onto an ord9>y sew+      
ne$le4 ,! full ne$le 0 !n remov$ f its  
position1 & ! ?read 0 pull$ ?r\gh !     
fabric by h&4 7,smi?sonian photo        
#deebd47  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fairy     
,,sew+-,,ma*9e4 ,a ,,holiday ,,gift ,,= 
,,! ,,"w-,,table  ,figure #ea4--,,"o ,,(
 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,comm]cial ,,manufactur]s (
 ! ,palm] pat5t 0 ,madame ,demore/1 a   
,new ,york dressmak]4 ,%e adv]tis$ h]   

,fairy sew+ ma*9e 9 ,godey's ,lady's    
,book1 vol4 #ff1 #ahfc1 & /at$3 ,9 !    
fir/ place x w attract att5tion f its   
dim9utive1 fairy-l size1 & ) ! same ease
 ) :i* x c be c>ri$1 an important matt] 
to a seam/ress or dressmak] employ$ f   
h\se to h\se 444 ,:at no o!r sew+ ma*9e 
attempts to d1 x runs1 & does n /it*1 x 
sews ! m delicate mat]ials an ord9>y    
sew+ ma*9e cuts or draws4444            
7,smi?sonian photo #dcfij47             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #eb4--,,! ,,fairy 
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e sold = five doll>s & 0   
adequate = its adv]tis$ purpose1 sew+ or
 runn+ v lightweight fabrics4 ,! ma*9e 0
 m>k$ ) ! ,palm] pat5t1 ! date ,may #ac1
 #ahfb1 & ! "n ,mme4 ,demore/4  ,a ma*9e
 id5tical to ! ,fairy1 b be>+ bo? ,palm]
 pat5t dates1 ,may #ac1 #ahfb1 & ,june  
#ai1 #ahfc1 & ! "n ,gold ,m$al1 0       
manufactur$ by a less-scrupul\s company4
 ,?is ma*9e 0 adv]tis$ z foll[s3 ,a fir/
 class sew+ ma*9e1 h&somely ornam5t$1 ) 
all work+ p>ts silv] plat$4 ,put up 9 a 
highly poli%$ mahogany case1 pack$ ready

 = %ipm5t4 ,price #aj4jj4 ,?is ma*9e    
uses a common sew+ ne$le1 is v simple4  
,a *ild c op]ate x4 ,ca% ) ord]4 ,"s    
buy]s felt !y 7 sw9dl$1 z !y _h expect$ 
a heavy-duty ma*9e1 b no rec\rse c\ld be
 tak5 aga9/ ! adv]tis]4 ,ano!r simil>   
ma*9e 0 also manufactur$ "u ! "n ,little
 ,gem4 7,smi?sonian photo #deebe47      
,illu/ration3 ,figures #ec &            
#ed4--,,runn+-,,/it* ,,ma*9es 7 also    
attempt$ by sev]al o!r inv5tors4 ,%aw   
,cl>k1 manufactur]s ( *a9/it* ma*9es1   
pat5t$ ?is runn+-/it* ma*9e on ,april   
#ba1 #ahfc4 ,f ! appe>ance ( ! pat5t    
model1 x 0 already 9 comm]cial          
production4 ,on ,may #bf1 #ahfc1 ,john  
,d4 ,dale also receiv$ a pat5t = an     
improvem5t relat$ to ! me?od ( hold+ !  
ne$le & regulat+ ! /it*es 9 a runn+-/it*
 ma*9e4 ,dale's pat5t model 0 a         
comm]cial ma*9e4  ,john ,heb]l+ pat5t$  
sev]al improvem5ts 9 #ahgh & #ahhj4 ,8  
ma*9e1 :i* 0 a little l>g] & 9 appe>ance
 resembl$ a m conv5tional type ( sew+   
ma*9e1 0 a comm]cial success4 7,%aw     

,cl>k3 ,smi?sonian photo ,p4 #fcie2     
,dale3 ,smi?sonian photo ,p4 #fcid47    
,,footnotes3  #fg ,sci5tific ,am]ican   
7,jan4 #bi1 #ahei71 vol4 #ad1 no4 #ba1  
p4 #afe4 ,9 a description ( ! new       
,willcox & ,gibbs sew+ ma*9e ! foll[+   
obs]vation is made3 ,x is a/oni%+ h[1 9 
a few ye>s1 ! sew+ ma*9e has made su*   
/rides 9 popul> favor1 & become1 f be+ a
 me*anical wond]1 a h\sehold necessity &
 ext5sive object ( manufacture4 ,:ile ! 
high] pric$ v>ieties h su* a l>ge sale1 
x is no wond] t ! *eap] ones sell 9 su* 
trem5d\s quantities1 & t our inv5tors   
are always try+ to produce some?+ new & 
*eap4  #fh ,op4 cit4 7footnote #ec71 pp4
 #abi-aca4  #fi ,sci5tific ,am]ican1    
vol4 #ae1 no4 #ba 7,janu>y #bi1 #ahei71 
p4 #afe1 & ,willcox & ,gibbs adv]tis+   
bro*ure1 #ahfd4  #gj ,sci5tific         
,am]ican1 vol4 #ab1 no4 #h 7,novemb] #a1
 #ahef71 p4 #fb4  #ga ,ibid41 vol4 #a1  
no4 #ai 7,novemb] #e1 #ahei71 p4 #cjc4  
#gb ,i4 ,m4 ,s+]  ,co4's ,gazette1 vol4 
#e1 no4 #d 7,m>* #a1 #ahei71 p4 #d1 & a 

bro*ure1 ,s+]'s ,new ,family ,sew+      
,ma*9e 79 ,s+] ,manufactur+ ,company1   
,hi/oric ,ar*ives74     ,app5dixes      
,i4 ,notes on ! ,developm5t & ,comm]cial
 ,use ( ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e   ,,introduction 
,:ile rese>*+ ! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion & ! 
developm5t ( ! sew+ ma*9e1 _m items (   
relat$ int]e/ conc]n+ ! ma*9e's economic
 value came to light4 ,! manufacture ( !
 ma*9es 0 9 itself a boo/ to ! economy (
 ! em]g+ indu/rial ,unit$ ,/ates1 z 0 ! 
production ( atta*m5ts = specializ$     
/it*+ & ! ne$ = new types ( ne$les &    
?read4 ,moreov]1 ! ma*9e's ability to   
spe$ up production p]mitt$ x to p]meate 
! entire field ( products manufactur$ by
 any type ( /it*+1 f umbrellas to t5ts4 
,s9ce ?is aspect ( ! /ory 0 n complet$ =
 ?is /udy1 no attempt w be made to      
include any def9itive /atem5ts on !     
economic importance ( ! sew+ ma*9e at   
home or abroad4 ,?is relat$ in=mation is
 ( suffici5t int]e/1 h[ev]1 to w>rant   
inclusion 9 ?is fir/ ,app5dix4 ,p]haps  
^! notes w sugge/ areas ( future rese>* 

= /ud5ts ( ,am]ican te*nology4          
,,ready-,,made ,,clo?+  ,:e!r ( !       
exp5sive or ! inexp5sive type1 ! sew+   
ma*9e 0 mu* m ?an a popul> h\sehold     
appliance4 ,its introduction _h f>-rea*+
 effects on _m diff]5t types (          
manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts z well z on !   
export trade4 ,! newly develop+         
ready-made clo?+ indu/ry 0 n only 9 a   
/ate ( developm5t to welcome ! new ma*9e
 b also 01 9 all probability1           
responsible = its imm$iate practical    
application & success4  ,until ! e>ly "p
 ( ! second qu>t] ( ! #ai? c5tury1 !    
ready-made clo?+ trade 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 0 conf9$ almo/ entirely to furni%+ !   
clo?+ requir$ by sailors ab\t to %ip out
 to sea4 ,! /ores t kept ^! supplies 7  
usually 9 ! neighborhood ( :>f areas4 ,b
 o!r ?an ! ne$s ( ^! seam51 !re 0 little
 m>ket = ready-made goods4 ,out (       
necessity _m ( ! families 9 ! e>ly ye>s 
9 ?is c\ntry _h made _! own clo?+4 ,z   
weal? 0 acquir$ & ta/e c\ld be          
cultivat$1 pr(essional seam/resses &    

tailors 7 9 increas+ dem&1 mov$ into !  
cities & t[ns1 & ev5 visit$ ! small]    
villages = z long z _! s]vices 7 ne$$4  
,at ! same "t a relat$ trade 0 also gr[+
 9 ! cities1 especially 9 ,new ,york    
,city1 t ( deal+ 9 second-h& clo?+4     
,indu/ri\s p]sons b\ght up old clo!s1   
clean$1 repair$ & ref9i%$ !m1 & sold !  
clo?+ to immigrants & transi5ts :o wi%$ 
to avoid ! high co/ ( new cu/om-made    
clo?+4  ,! repair+ ( ?is second-h& clo?+
 l$ to ! pur*ase ( *eap clo? at         
auction--half-burnt1 wet-goods1 & o!r   
damag$ y>dage4 ,:5 9 excess ( ! repair+ 
ne$s1 ?is fabric 0 made into g>m5ts &   
sold ) ! second-h& items4 ,_m visitors  
:o pass$ ?r\gh ,new ,york ,city 7 f\nd  
to be pot5tial buy]s ( ?is m]*&ise if a 
bett] class ( ready-made clo!s 0 made   
available4 ,manufacture began to        
increase4 ,tailors ( ! city began to    
keep an assortm5t ( f9i%$ g>m5ts on h&4 
,:5 visitors b\ght ^!1 !y 7 also v      
likely to buy additional g>m5ts = resale
 at home4 ,! latt] l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( 

! :olesale g>m5t-manufactur+ indu/ry 9  
,new ,york ab\t #ahcd-ce4  ,mo/ ( !     
ready-made clo?+ e/abli%m5ts 7 small    
op]ations1 n l>ge factories4 ,l>ge      
quantities ( clo? 7 pur*as$2 cutt+ 0    
done 9 multiple lay]s ) tailor's %e>s4  
,s9ce _m seam/resses 7 ne$$1 ! g>m5ts 7 
f>m$ out to ! girls 9 _! homes4 ,!      
manufacture ( g>m5ts 9 quantity meant t 
! pr(it on ea* g>m5t 0 l>g] ?an a tailor
 c\ld make on a s+le cu/om-made item4 ,!
 appeal ( increas$ pr(its influ5c$ _m to
 ent] ! new indu/ry &1 due to ! ensu+   
competition1 ! retail co/ ( ea* g>m5t 0 
l[]$4 ,j z ! new bus9esses 7 gett+      
und]way1 ! ,panic ( #ahcg ru9$ mo/ ( !m4
 ,b ! l[] co/ & ! conv5i5ce ( ready-made
 clo?+ _h left its m>k4 ,n only 0 !     
g>m5t-manufactur+ bus9ess re-e/abli%$   
soon aft] ! ,panic _h subsid$1 b by     
#ahda ! value ( clo?+ sold at :olesale 9
 ,new ,york 0 e/imat$ at #b1ejj1jjj & by
 #ahej--;a ye> be=e sew+ ma*9es 7       
manufactur$ 9 any quantity--!re 7 #d1bgh
 clo?+ manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts 9 !      

,unit$ ,/ates4 ,beside ,new ,york ,city1
 ,c9c9nati 0 also "o ( ! important      
ready-made clo?+ c5t]s4 ,9 #ahej ! value
 ( its products am\nt$ to #d1dbg1ejj & 9
 #ahfj to #f1cha1aij4 ,bo/on 0 ano!r    
important c5t] ) a ready-made clo?+     
production ( #d1efg1gdi 9 #ahfj4        
,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,l\isville1 &
 ,/4 ,l\is all _h a l>ge :olesale clo?+ 
trade by #ahfj4 ,"h 0 ! ready m>ket = a 
practical sew+ ma*9e4#gc  ,clo?+        
e/abli%m5ts grew & began to h ag5cies 9 
small t[ns & ! sew+ "w 0 di/ribut$      
?r\gh\t ! c\ntryside4 ,! new1 compet+   
sew+-ma*9e companies 7 will+ to deliv] a
 ma*9e = a small sum & to all[ ! buy] to
 pay a doll> or two a mon? until ! full 
am\nt ( ! sale 0 paid4 ,?is 0 an        
ext5sion ( ! hire-pur*ase plan 7buy+ on 
cr$it7 initiat$ by ,cl>k ( ! ,s+]       
,company4 ,! home seam/resses 7 eag] to 
buy1 = !y 7 able to produce m piecework 
) a sew+ ma*9e & !re=e e>n m money4 ,an 
example ( ! effect t ! sew+ ma*9e _h on 
! /it*+ "t requir$ 0 int]e/+ly e/abli%$ 

?r\gh a s]ies ( exp]im5ts conduct$ by ! 
,:eel] & ,wilson company4 ,f\r h& sew]s 
& f\r sew+-ma*9e op]ators 7 us$ to      
provide ! av]age figures 9 ?is          
comp>ative "t /udy1 ! results ( :i* 7   
publi%$ 9 #ahfa2gd   ,,numb] ,,(        
,,/it*es ,,p] ,,m9ute                   
,by ,h&  ,by ,ma*9e   ,pat5t lea!r1 f9e 
/it*+        #g          #age   ,b9d+   
hats                         #cc        
#cgd   ,/it*+ vamp$ %oes                
#aj          #baj   ,/it*+ f9e l95      
#bc          #fdj   ,/it*+ f9e silk     
#cj          #eej   ,,"t ,,= ,,g>m5ts   
,,/it*$                                 
,by ,h&          ,by ,ma*9e   ,frock    
coats                #af hrs4 #ce m94   
#b hrs4 #ch m94   ,sat9 ve/s            
#g hrs4 #ai m94     #a hr4 #ad m94      
,summ] pants                #b hrs4 #ej 
m94     #j hr4 #ch m94   ,calico dress  
#f hrs4 #cg m94     #j hr4 #eg m94      
,pla9 apron                 #a hr4 #bf  
m94      #j hr4 #i m94   ,g5tlem5's     
%irts         #ad hrs4 #bf m94     #a   

hr4 #af m94  ,! factory manufactur]1 ) !
 sew+ "w done at ! factory1 0 also      
develop+4 ,9 #ahfj1 ,oliv] ,f4 ,w9*e/]1 
a %irt manufactur] ( ,new ,hav51        
,connecticut1 /at$ t 8 factory turn$ out
 #hjj doz5 %irts p] week1 us+ #djj sew+ 
ma*9es & op]ators to d ! "w ( #b1jjj h& 
sew]s4 ,! price = h& sew+ 0 !n #c p]    
week1 :i* made labor co/s #fjjj p] week4
 ,! #djj ma*9e op]ators receiv$ #d p]   
week1 mak+ ! labor co/ #afjj p] week4   
,all[+ #aej z ! co/ ( ea* ma*9e1 ! sew+ 
ma*9es m ?an paid = !mselves 9 less ?an 
#ad weeks1 increas$ ! op]ators pay by #a
 a week1 & l[]$ ! retail co/ ( !        
item4#ge ,! greate/ sav+s ( "t1 :i* 0 z 
mu* z fifty p]c5t1 0 9 ! manufacture (  
light goods--su* items z %irts1 aprons1 
& calico dresses4 ,! ,commission] (     
,pat5ts weigh$ ! monet>y effect t ?is or
 any inv5tion _h on ! economy aga9/ !   
monet>y ga9 receiv$ by ! pat5tee4 ,:5 he
 f\nd t ! pat5tee _h n be5 fairly       
comp5sat$1 he _h ! au?ority to grant a  
sev5-ye> ext5sion to ! pat5t4#gf  ,!    

sew+ ma*9e also contribut$ to !         
popul>ity ( c]ta9 fa%ions4 ,ready-made  
cloaks = wom5 7 a bus9ess ( a few ye>s' 
/&+ :5 ! sew+ ma*9e 0 adopt$ = _!       
manufacture 9 #ahec4 ,ma*9e sew+ r$uc$ !
 co/ ( con/ruct+ ! g>m5t by ab\t eighty 
p]c5t1 !reby decreas+ its price &       
increas+ its popul>ity4 ,9 ,new ,york   
,city alone1 ! value ( ! cloak &        
mantilla manufacture 9 #ahfj 0          
#fah1djj4gg ,cr9ol9es & hoopskirts 7    
easi] to /it* by ma*9e ?an by h&1 & ^!  
items _h a spirit$ p]iod ( popul>ity due
 to ! introduction ( ! sew+ ma*9e4      
,braid+1 pleat+1 & tuck+ adorn$ _m      
co/ume items because !y c\ld be produc$ 
by ma*9e ) ease & rapidity4  ,9 addition
 to us+ ! sew+ ma*9e = ! manufacture (  
%irts1 coll>s1 & relat$ m5's furni%+s1 !
 ma*9e 0 also us$ 9 ! production ( m5's 
& boy's suits & report$ly gave a va/    
impetus to ! trade4#gh ,! ,army1 h[ev]1 
0 n q conv9c$ ( ! sew+ ma*9e's practical
 adaptation to its ne$s4 ,al?\gh a sew+ 
ma*9e 0 pur*as$ = ! ,philadelphia       

,qu>t]ma/] ,depot z e>ly z #ahea1 !y _h 
only six by #ahfj4 ,on ,m>* #ca1 #ahei1 
,g5]al ,jesup ( ! ,philadelphia ,depot  
wrote to a ,ne*>d  ,company /at+ t !    
ma*9e sew+ _h be5 tri$ b 0 n us$ =      
clo?+1 only = /it*+ caps & *evrons4 ,9  
ano!r lett]1 on ! same day1 to ,mess]s  
,hebr>d  ,co41 ,l\isiana ,/eam ,clo?+   
,factory1 ,n4 ,orleans1 ,jesup /ates3   
,ma*9e sew+ has be5 tri$ ) u1 & ?\gh x  
meets ! requirem5ts ( a popul\s &       
civiliz$ life1 x has be5 f\nd n to answ]
 = ! h>d we> & te> & limit$ means ( our 
fronti] s]vice4 ,p>ticul> att5tion has  
be5 paid to ?is subject1 & we h ab&on$ !
 use ( ma*9es = coats1 jackets & tr\s]s1
 etc4 & use !m on caps & b&s t are n    
expos$ to mu* h>d usage4444#gi ,at ?is  
p]iod prior to ! ,civil ,w>1 ! ,army    
manufactur$ its own clo?+4 ,z ! dem&s ( 
w> increas$1 m & m ( ! ,army's clo?+    
supplies 7 furni%$ on op5 contract--) no
 specifications z to /it*+4#hj ,ma*9e   
/it*+1 9 fact1 is f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,civil 
,w> uni=ms4 ,"o ( ! problems t mo/      

probably affect$ ! durability ( ! ma*9e 
/it*+ 9 ! #ahejs 0 ! sew+ ?read1 a      
problem t 0 n solv$ until ! #ahfjs & :i*
 is discuss$ lat] "u ?read = ! ma*9e4   
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ee4--;,,blake',s 
,,lea!r-,,/it*+ ,,ma*9e pat5t model (   
,july #f1 #aheh2 ! inv5tor claim$ !     
arrangem5t ( ! me*anism us$ & an        
auxili>y arm capable ( ent]+ ! %oe1 :i* 
enabl$ ! out] sole to be /it*$ bo? to ! 
inn] sole & to ! upp] "p ( ! %oe4       
7,smi?sonian photo #ejcfa47   ,,%oe     
,,manufacture  ,ano!r indu/ry t 0 aid$  
by ! new inv5tion 0 t ( %oe manufacture4
 ,al?\gh ! e>lie/ sew+-ma*9e pat5ts 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates reflect ! inv5tors' ef=ts 
to solve ! difficult task ( lea!r /it*+1
 &1 al?\gh ma*9es 7 us$ to a limit$     
ext5t 9 /it*+ "s p>ts ( ! %oe 9 ! e>ly &
 mid-#ahejs1 x 0 n until #aheh t a ma*9e
 0 inv5t$ t c\ld /it* ! sole to ! inn]  
sole & to ! upp] "p ( ! %oe4 ,?is 0 !   
inv5tion ( ,lyman ,r4 ,blake & 0 pat5t$ 
by him on ,july #h1 #aheh2 ! pat5t model
 is %[n 9 figure #ee4 ,blake =m$ a      

*a9/it* by us+ a hook$ ne$le1 :i*       
desc5d$ f above1 to draw a ?read ?r\gh !
 support+ arm4 ,s]v+ z ! ma*9e's        
b$plate1 ! arm 0 %ap$ to accommodate !  
/it*+ ( all ! p>ts ( ! %oe4             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ef4--;,,h>ris'   
pat5t ?read cutt]1 #ahgb4 7,smi?sonian  
photo ,p-#fcig47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure 
#eg4--,,we/',s pat5t ?read cutt]1 #ahgd4
 7,smi?sonian photo ,p-#fcajj47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #eh4--,,k>r',s    
pat5t ne$le ?read]1 #ahga4 7,smi?sonian 
photo ,p-#fcaja47  ,! increas$ numb] (  
%oes requir$ by ! ,army dur+ ! ,civil   
,w> spurr$ ! use ( ! sew+ ma*9e 9 _!    
manufacture4 ,! fir/ ma*9e sew$ bootees 
7 pur*as$ by ! ,army 9 #ahfa4 ,inv5tors 
cont9u$ _! ef=ts2 ! mo/ prom95t ( ^! 0  
,gordon ,mc,kay1 :o work$ on an         
improvem5t ( ! ,blake ma*9e ) ,rob]t    
,ma?ies 9 #ahfb & !n ) ,blake 9 #ahfd4  
,report$ly1 ! ,gov]nm5t at fir/ pref]r$ 
! ma*9e-/it*$ %oes z !y la/$ eight times
 long] ?an ^? /it*$ by h&2 dur+ ! w> !  
,army pur*as$ #dgc1jjj pairs1 b 9 #ahga 

! ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al wrote3       ,no    
compla9ts reg>d+ ! quality ( ^! %oes 7  
receiv$ up      to ,febru>y #ahfg :5 a  
,bo>d ( ,survey1 :i* conv5$ at ,h>t's   
,isl&1 ,new ,york ,h>bor report$ ^u !   
inf]ior quality (      c]ta9 ma*9e sew$ 
bootees ( ! ,mc,kay pat5t1 issu$ to !   
enli/$ m5 at t po/4 ,! act+ ,qu>t]ma/]  
,g5]al1 ,col4      ,d4 ,h4 ,ruck]1      
,april #aj1 #ahfg1 address$ a lett] to  
all !      (fic]s 9 *>ge ( depots1 )    
in/ructions n to issue any      m ( !   
%oes 9 "q1 b to report to ?is (fice !   
quantity rema9+ 9 /ore4 ,f ^! reports x 
appe>s t      !re 7 9 /ore at t "t      
#cfb1jab pairs ,m4 ,s4 ,bootees1 all    
( :i* 7 ord]$ to be1 & h s9ce be5 sold  
at public      auction4#ha  ,! exact    
compla9t aga9/ ! %oes 0 n record$4      
,possibly ! entire %oe 0 /it*$ by ma*9e4
 ,x 0 f\nd t al?\gh ma*9e-/it*$ %oes 7 m
 durable 9 "s respects & ! upp] p>ts (  
mo/ %oes cont9u$ to be ma*9e /it*$1     
pegg$ soles = ! m durable v>ieties      
rema9$ ! fa%ion = a decade or m1 z did  

cu/om h&-/it*$ %oes = ^? :o c\ld af=d   
!m4   ,,o!r ,,uses  ,! use ( sew+ ma*9es
 9 all types ( manufactur+ t requir$    
/it*+ ( any type cont9u$ to gr[ ea* ye>4
 ,:ile ! pr9cipal purpose = :i* !y 7    
utiliz$ cont9u$ to be ! manufacture (   
clo?+ items1 by ! ye> #aijj !y 7 also   
us$ = awn+s1 t5ts1 & sails2 clo? bags2  
bookb9d+ & relat$ book manufacture2     
flags & bann]s2 pocketbooks1 trunks1 &  
valises2 saddl]y & h>nesses2 mattresses2
 umbrellas2 l95 & rubb] belt+ & hose2 to
 ! aggregate sum ( ne>ly a billion      
doll>s--#igi1ihh1dac4hb   ,,sew+-,,ma*9e
 ,,atta*m5ts  ,! gr[+ popul>ity ( ! sew+
 ma*9e (f]$ /ill ano!r boo/ to !        
economy--! developm5t ( _m m9or1 relat$ 
manufactur+ indu/ries4 ,! repetitive ne$
 = ma*9e ne$les1 ! developm5t ( v>i\s   
types ( atta*m5ts to simplify ! _m sew+ 
tasks1 & ! ev]-increas+ ne$ = m & bett] 
sew+ ?read--! sew+ ma*9e consum$ f two  
to five times z mu* ?read z /it*+ by    
h&--creat$ new manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts &
 new jobs4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure       

#ei4--,,%ank',s pat5t bobb9 w9d]1 #ahgj4
 7,smi?sonian photo ,p-#fcih47          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #fj4--,,sweet',s  
pat5t b9d]1 #ahec4 7,smi?sonian photo   
,p-#fcif47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure       
#fa4--,,sp\l',s pat5t braid guide1      
#ahga4 7,smi?sonian photo ,p-#fcajb47   
,illu/ration3 ,figure #fb4--,,rose',s   
pat5t embroid]]1 #ahha4 7,smi?sonian    
photo ,p-#fcii47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure 
#fc4--;,,h>ris' pat5t buttonhole        
atta*m5t1 #ahhb4 7,smi?sonian photo     
,p-#fcajc47  ,! me?od ( manufactur+     
ma*9e ne$les did n diff] appreciably f !
 me?od us$ 9 mak+ ! common sew+ ne$le1 b
 ! latt] _h nev] become an important    
p]man5t indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s9ce
 ! manufacture ( practical sew+ ma*9es 0
 ess5tially an ,am]ican developm5t & !  
eye-po9t$ ne$le a vital compon5t ( !    
ma*9e1 x foll[$ t ! manufacture ( ne$les
 w\ld also develop "h4 ,al?\gh su* a    
manufacture 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aheb1hc =eign 
imports /ill suppli$ mu* ( ! ne$ 9 !    
#ahgjs4 ,z m highly specializ$ /it*+    

ma*9es 7 develop$1 an ev]-increas+      
v>iety ( ne$les 0 requir$1 & ! indu/ry  
grew4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fd4--,,!  
,,treadle ,,( ,,! ,,ma*9e 0 also us$ to 
help create music4 ,george ,d4 ,g>vie & 
,george ,wood receiv$ pat5t #bfg1hgd1   
,nov4 #ba1 #ahhb1 = a cov] = a sew+     
ma*9e provid$ ) a musical in/rum5t &    
means = transmitt+ motion f ! %aft ( !  
sew+ ma*9e to ! op]at+ p>ts ( ! musical 
in/rum5t4 ,al?\gh no pat5t model 0      
submitt$ by ! inv5tors1 ! ,musical ,sew+
 ,ma*9e ,cov] 0 (f]$ = sale z e>ly z    
,octob] #ahhb1 z %[n by ?is adv]tisem5t 
t appe>$ 9 ,! ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,news t mon?4
 7,smi?sonian photo #egihc47  ,soon aft]
 ! sew+ ma*9e 0 comm]cially successful1 
special atta*m5ts = x 7 inv5t$ &        
manufactur$4 ,^! rang$ f ! simple/      
devices = cutt+ ?read to complicat$ ones
 = mak+ buttonholes 7see figs4 #ef ?r\gh
 #ff74  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#fe4--,,?is ,,fann+ ,,atta*m5t 0        
comm]cially available f ,james ,morrison
  ,co4 9 ! e>ly #ahgjs2 x sold = "o     

doll> z /at$ 9 ! adv]tis+ bro*ure f :i* 
?is engrav+ 0 copi$4 ,o!r inv5tors also 
pat5t$ simil> implem5ts4 7,smi?sonian   
photo #deeac47  ,! fir/ pat5t = an      
atta*m5t 0 issu$ 9 #ahec to ,h>ry ,sweet
 = a b9d]1 us$ to /it* a special b9d+   
edge to ! fabric4 ,o!r relat$ atta*m5ts 
foll[$2 among ^! 7 ! hemm] :i* 0 simil> 
to ! b9d]1 b turn$ ! edge ( ! same piece
 ( fabric to itself z ! /it*+ 0 p]=m$4  
,guides = /it*+ braid 9 any patt]n1 z   
direct$ by ! movem5t ( ! goods bel[1 7  
also develop$2 ?is 0 foll[$ by !        
embroid]]1 an elaborate =m ( braid]4 ,! 
fir/ ma*9e to /it* buttonholes 0 pat5t$ 
9 #ahed & ! fir/ buttonhole atta*m5t 9  
#ahef1 b ! latt] 0 n practical until    
improvem5ts 7 made 9 ! late #ahfjs4     
,special devices = refill+ ! bobb9s 7   
inv5t$ & pat5t$ z e>ly z #ahfb1 & !     
popul>ity ( tuck$ & ruffl$ g>m5ts       
inspir$ inv5tors to provide sew+-ma*9e  
atta*m5ts = ^! purposes also4 ,to keep !
 seam/ress cool1 ,c4 ,d4 ,/ew>t pat5t$  
an atta*m5t = fann+ ! op]ator by an     

action d]iv$ f ! treadle 7fig4 #fe74    
,:ile electric sew+ ma*9es did n become 
common until ! #bj? c5tury1 sev]al      
#ai?-c5tury inv5tors consid]$ !         
possibility ( atta*+ a type ( motor to !
 ma*9e4 ,"o 0 ! #ahga pat5t ( ,solomon  
,jones1 :o add$ an electro motor to an  
#ahfe ,b>tlett ma*9e 7fig4 #ff74 ,!     
atta*m5ts t 7 develop$ dur+ ! latt] "p (
 ! #ai? c5tury numb]$ 9 ! ?\s&s2 _m ( ^!
 7 sup]flu\s4 ,mo/ ( ! basic ones 9 use 
today 7 develop$ by ! #ahhjs & rema9    
almo/ un*ang$4 ,ev5 ! rec5tly popul>    
home zigzag ma*9e1 an outgr[? ( !       
buttonhole ma*9e1 0 9 comm]cial use by !
 #ahgjs4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         
#ff4--;,,jones ,,electro ,,motor ,,pat5t
 ,,model ( #ahga on a ,b>tlett sew+     
ma*9e4 7,smi?sonian photo ,p-#fcajd47   
,sew+-ma*9e improvem5ts h be5 made f "t 
to "t4 ,l o!r me*anical items ! ma*9e   
has become increas+ly automatic1 b !    
basic pr9ciples rema9 ! same4 ,"o ( ! m 
rec5t developm5ts1 pat5t$#hd 9 #aicc by 
,val5t9e ,naftali et al41 is = a        

manufactur+ ma*9e t imitates h& /it*+4  
,?is ma*9e uses a two-po9t$ float+ ne$le
 t is pass$ completely ?r\gh ! fabric--!
 v idea t 0 attempt$ ov] "o hundr$ ye>s 
ago4 ,! ma*9e is curr5tly us$ by        
comm]cial manufactur]s to produce       
decorative edge-/it*+ t v closely       
resembles h& /it*+4   ,,?read ,,= ,,!   
,,ma*9e  ,illu/ration3 ,figure          
#fg4--,,six-,,cord cabl$ ?read4  ,! ne$ 
= a good ?read durable en\gh to )/& !   
action ( ma*9e /it*+ fir/ creat$ a      
problem & ultimately ano!r new indu/ry 9
 ?is c\ntry4 ,:5 ! sew+ ma*9e 0 fir/    
develop$ ! inv5tors necess>ily _h to use
 ! sew+ ?read t 0 available4 ,b1 al?\gh 
! contempor>y ?read 0 q suitable = h&   
sew+1 x did n l5d itself to !           
requirem5ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,cotton ?read1 !n
 m commonly a ?ree-ply v>iety1 _h a     
glaz$ f9i% & 0 wiry4 ,silk ?read        
frequ5tly broke ow+ to abrasion at !    
ne$le eye4 ,= ! mo/ "p l95 ?read 0 too  
co>se1 or ! f9e v>iety 0 too exp5sive4  
,all ( ! ?read _h imp]fections t w5t    

unnotic$ 9 ! h&s ( a seam/ress1 b caus$ 
havoc 9 a ma*9e4 ,quality silk ?read t  
w\ld )/& ! rigors ( ma*9e /it*+ c\ld be 
produc$1 b x 0 q exp5sive also4 ,a new  
type ( inexp5sive ?read 0 ne$$2 ! obvi\s
 answ] lay 9 improv+ ! cotton ?read4#he 
,9 addition to ! popul> ?ree-ply v>iety1
 cotton ?read 0 also made by twi/+      
toge!r ei!r two s+le y>ns or m ?an ?ree 
y>ns4 ,increas+ ! numb] ( y>ns produc$ a
 m cyl9drical ?read4 ,! e>lie/ record ( 
a six-ply cotton ?read 0 ab\t #ahdj4hf  
,& 9 #ahej ,c4 ,e4 ,b5nett ( ,portsm\?1 
,new ,hamp%ire1 receiv$ a gold m$al =   
sup]ior six-cord1 or six-ply1 spool     
cotton at ! ,fair ( ! ,am]ican          
,in/itute4 ,b ! ?read 0 /ill wiry & f> f
 satisfactory4 ,by ! mid-#ahfjs !       
demon/rat$ ne$ = ?read manufactur]s 9   
,am]ica br\ght ,george ,a4 ,cl>k &      
,william ,cl>k1 ?ird g5]ation           
cotton-?read manufactur]s ( ,paisley1   
,scotl&1 to ,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e !y 
built a l>ge mill4 ,george ,cl>k decid$ 
t a ?read hav+ bo? a s(t] f9i% & a      

diff]5t con/ruction 0 ne$$4 ,he produc$ 
a six-cord cabl$ ?read1 made up ( ?ree  
two-ply y>ns 7see fig4 #fg74 ,! ?read 0 
call$ ,cl>k's ',our ,new ,?read1' :i* 0 
lat] %ort5$ to ,o4,n4,t4 ,! basic       
ma*9e-?read problem 0 solv$4 ,:5 o!r    
manufactur]s us$ ! six-cord cabl$       
con/ruction !y ref]r$ to _! ?read z ,be/
 ,six-,cord#hg or ,sup]ior ,six-,cord#hh
 to di/+ui% x f ! e>li] v>iety made up (
 six s+le y>ns 9 a simple twi/4 ,ano!r  
new side indu/ry ( ! sew+ ma*9e 0       
successfully e/abli%$4   ,,manufacture  
,,& ,,export1 ,,to #aijj  ,sew+ ma*9es 7
 a commodity 9 !mselves1 bo? at home &  
abroad4 ,9 #ahej1 !re 7 no e/abli%m5ts  
exclusively devot$ to ! manufacture (   
sew+ ma*9es1 ! few con/ruct$ 7 made 9   
small ma*9e %ops4 ,! indu/ry1 h[ev]1    
exp]i5c$ a v rapid gr[? dur+ ! next t5  
ye>s4 ,by #ahfj !re 7 #gd factories 9   
#ab ,/ates1#hi ma9ly 9 ! ,ea/ &         
,midwe/1#ij produc+ ov] #aaa1jjj sew+   
ma*9es a ye>4 ,9 addition1 !re 7 #ad    
factories t produc$ sew+-ma*9e cases &  

atta*m5ts4 ,! ye>ly value ( ^! products 
0 approximately f\r & a half million    
doll>s1 ( :i* ! am\nt export$ 9 #ahfa 0 
#fa1jjj4 ,al?\gh ! numb] ( sew+-ma*9e   
factories dropp$ f #gd 9 #ahfj to #fi by
 #ahgj1 ! value ( ! ma*9es produc$      
increas$ to almo/ sixte5 million doll>s4
  ,! numb] ( sew+-ma*9e companies       
fluctuat$ greatly f ye> to ye> z _m     
attempt$ to ent] ?is new field (        
manufacture4 ,"s 7 n able to make a     
comm]cial success ( _! products4 ,!     
,civil ,w> did n seem to be an important
 factor 9 ! numb] ( companies 9 bus9ess 
9 ! ,nor?4 ,al?\gh "o manufactur] ceas$ 
op]ations 9 ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1 & a     
,v]mont firm conv]t$ to arms            
manufacture1 sev]al companies began     
op]ations dur+ ! w> ye>s4 ,( ! #fi firms
 9 bus9ess 9 #ahgj1 only "p _h be5 9    
bus9ess s9ce #ahfj or be=e2 "s 7 q new z
 a result ( ! expiration ( ! ,h[e pat5t 
r5ewal 9 #ahfg4  ,probably due to !     
t]m9ation ( _m ( ! major pat5ts1 !re 7  
#abd factories 9 #ahhj1 b ! ye>ly       

product value rema9$ at sixte5 million  
doll>s4 ,! #ahij c5sus reports only #ff 
factories ) a ye>ly production ( a      
little less ?an ! e>li] decade4 ,b by   
#aijj1 ! ye>ly production ( a l numb] ( 
factories _h rea*$ a value ( ov]        
tw5ty-"o million1 ( :i* f\r & a half    
million doll>s wor? 7 export$ annually4 
,! total value ( ,am]ican sew+ ma*9es   
export$ f #ahfj to #aijj 0 approximately
 n9ety million doll>s4 ,! manufacture ( 
sew+ ma*9es made a significant          
contribution to ! economic developm5t ( 
#ai?-c5tury ,am]ica4  ,,footnotes3  #gc 
,eigh? ,c5sus1 #ahfj1 ,manufactures1    
,clo?+ 7,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,(fice1    
publi%$ ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice3        
,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #ahfe74  #gd ,eighty  
,ye>s ( ,progress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
7,new ,york1 #ahfa71 vol4 #b1 pp4       
#dac-dbi4  #ge ,,george ,,gif=d1        
,argum5t ( ,george ,gif=d 9 ,favor ( !  
,h[e ,application = ,ext5sion ( ,pat5t  
7,new ,york3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t       
,(fice1 #ahfj74  #gf ,op4 cit4 7footnote

 #cd74  #gg ,eigh? ,c5sus1 #ahfj1       
,manufactures 7,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus     
,(fice1 publi%$ ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice3
 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #ahfe71 ,wom5's      
,ready-,made ,clo?+1 p4 #hc4  #gh       
,ibid41 p4 #fd4  #gi ,national ,ar*ives1
 ,record ,gr\p #ib1 ,(fice ( !          
,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al1 ,clo?+ ,book1 ,lett]s
 ,s5t1 volume #ag4  #hj ,! au?or wi%es  
to ackn[l$ge ! valuable help ( ,mr4     
,donald ,klo/] ( ! ,smi?sonian          
,in/itution's ,division ( ,milit>y      
,hi/ory = ! prec$+ f\r ref]5ces & relat$
 in=mation4  #ha ,lett] ( ,nov4 #d1     
#ahga1 to ,col4 ,!o4 ,a4 ,dodge1 ,,usa  
7,ret471 ,bo/on1 f ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al ,m4
 ,c4 ,meigs1 9 ! ,national ,ar*ives1    
,record ,gr\p #ib1 ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al's  
,(fice1 ,lett]s ,s5t1 ,clo?+ ,supplies1 
#ahga4  #hb ,twelf? ,c5sus ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 #aijj1 vol4 #aj1 ,manufactures1 
,"p #d1 ,special ,reports on ,select$   
,indu/ries 7,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,(fice1
 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aijb74  #hc ,,*>les 
,m4 ,,k>*1 ,ne$les3 ,hi/orical &        

,descriptive1 9 ,twelf? ,c5sus ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 #aijj1 vol4 #aj1         
,manufactures1 ,"p #d1 ,special ,reports
 on ,select$ ,indu/ries 7,unit$ ,/ates  
,c5sus ,(fice3 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aijb71
 pp4 #dbi-dcb4  #hd ,u4,s4 pat5t        
#a1ica1ddg1 issu$ to ,val5t9e ,naftali1 
,h5ry ,naftali1 & ,rudolph ,naftali1    
,oct4 #ag1 #aicc4 ,! ,naftali ma*9es are
 manufactur$ by ! ,am]ican ,ma*9e &     
,f\ndry ,company & are call$ ,,amf      
,/it*+ ,ma*9es4  #he ,see ,app5dix ,v1  
p4 #ace1 ,a ,brief ,hi/ory ( ,cotton    
,?read4  #hf ,! ,/ory ( ,cotton ,?read  
7,new ,york1 ,! ,spool ,cotton ,company1
 #aicc74  #hg ,j4 & ,p4 ,coats spool    
cotton4  #hh ,willimantic spool cotton4 
#hi ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1            
,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1            
,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 
,delaw>e1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1    
,k5tucky4 ,eigh? ,c5sus1 #ahfj1         
,manufactures 7,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus     
,(fice1 publi%$ by ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+     
,(fice3 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #ahfe47  #ij  

,sew+-ma*9e manufacture 9 ! ,s\? 0 j    
beg9n+ to blossom :5 x 0 curtail$ by !  
outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,see ,le/] sew+
 ma*9e1 figure #aji on page #ajb4       
,,ii4 ,am]ican ,sew+-,ma*9e ,companies (
 ! #ai? ,c5tury   ,dur+ ! latt] half ( !
 #ai? c5tury1 !re 0 a total ( two hundr$
 or m sew+-ma*9e companies 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates4 ,al?\gh a great _m              
manufactur+-type ma*9es 7 sold1 ?is     
bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on by relatively few    
companies & mo/ 7 prim>ily conc]n$ ) !  
family-type ma*9es4 ,a repres5tative    
numb] ( ^! family ma*9es toge!r )       
in=mation conc]n+ bo? ! company &       
s]ial-numb] dat+ are f\nd 9 figures #fh 
?r\gh #acb4 ,a great _m ( ! companies 7 
lic5s$ by ! ,comb9ation1 b1 9 addition1 
"s companies 7 con/ruct+ ma*9es t did n 
infr+e ! pat5ts1 o!r companies infr+$ ! 
pat5ts b manag$ to avoid legal action1 &
 !re 7 num]\s companies t mu%room$ into 
exi/5ce aft] ! ,comb9ation 0 dissolv$ 9 
#ahgg4 ,mo/ ( ! latt] 7 v %ort-liv$4 ,x 
is difficult to e/abli% ! exact dates ( 

"s ( ^! companies z _m ( _! records 7   
incomplete or h s9ce disappe>$2 ev5 a   
great _m ( ! ,comb9ation records 7 lo/  
by fire4 ,a summ>y ( ! exi/+ records    
kept by ! ,comb9ation is giv5 9 figure  
#cg4  ,z w be not$ 9 ! subsequ5t li/+1  
only a small p]c5tage ( ! companies 7 9 
bus9ess = a p]iod long] ?an t5 ye>s2 (  
^? t cont9u$ long]1 all b a few _h      
disappe>$ by #aiaj4 ,today !re are ab\t 
sixty ,unit$ ,/ates sew+-ma*9e          
companies4 ,mo/ ( !m manufacture highly 
specializ$ sew+ ma*9es us$ = specific   
types ( comm]cial "w2 only a few produce
 family or home-/yle ma*9es4 ,=eign     
competition has increas$1 & ! high co/ (
 skill$ labor 9 ?is c\ntry has made     
competition 9 ?is consum]-product field 
increas+ly difficult4 ,! c\ntless       
v>ieties ( ,am]ican family sew+ ma*9es1 
s evid5t 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 h pass$ away4 
,fir/ ,made    ,discont9u$              
,manufactur]              or ,e>lie/    
or ,la/  ,sew+ ,ma*9e        or ,company
                ,record        ,record  

,aetna                 ,aetna ,sew+     
,ma*9e      ca4 #ahfg      ca4 #ahgg    
,co41 ,l[ell1 ,mass4    ,aik5 &         
----1 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4        ca4 #ahee   
be=e #ahhj    ,fel?\s5    ,alsop        
----                      --            
ca4 #ahhj    ,am]ican                   
,am]ican ,sew+           #ahed          
--                          ,ma*9e ,co4 
,am]ican ,buttonhole1  ,am]ican         
,buttonhole1      #ahfi          ca4    
#ahgd    ,ov]seam+ &       ,ov]seam+ &  
,sew+ ,ma*9e        ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41  
7fig4 #fh7             ,philadelphia1   
,pa4      ,lat] ,new           ,am]ican 
,sew+           ca4 #ahgd      ca4 #ahhf
      ,am]ican           ,ma*9e ,co41   
7fig4 #fi7          ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 
,am]ican ,magnetic     ,am]ican         
,magnetic         #ahec          #ahed  
7fig4 #gj7             ,sew+ ,ma*9e     
,company1 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4    ,atlantic   
7fig4 #ga7    ----                      
#ahfi          ca4 #ahgj    ,atwat]     
7fig4 #hg7     ----                     

#aheg          ca4 #ahfj    ,av]y       
,av]y ,sew+ ,ma*9e      #aheb           
#ahe-                           ,co41   
,new ,york1 ,n4,y4    ,av]y             
,av]y ,manufactur+       #ahge          
#ahhf-aijj                              
,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4    ,a4 ,b>?olf 
,manfr4    ,a4 ,b>?olf1              ca4
 #ahej      #ahe-     ,blodgett  ,l][   
manufactur]1     pat5t #ahdi            
,new ,york1 ,n4,y4     7see also7    ,a4
 ,b>?olf ,manfr4    ,a4 ,b>?olf1        
#ahec          ca4 #ahef     ,h[e's     
pat5t1        manufactur]1     #ahdf    
7fig4 #gb7        ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4    
,b>?olf              ,a4 ,b>?olf1       
#aheg          #ahei                    
manufactur]                             
,b>?olf ,sew+           #ahei           
ca4 #ahfe                               
,ma*9e ,co4    ,b>tlett 7fig4 #gc7      
,goodspe$  ,wyman         #ahff         
ca4 #ahgj                               
,b>tlett ,sew+ ,ma*9e   ca4 #ahgj       
#ahgb                           ,co41   

,new ,york1 ,n4,y4    ,bak]             
----                      --            
be=e #ahhj    ,b>tram  ,fanton          
,b>tram  ,fanton ,mfg4     #ahfg        
#ahgd     7fig4 #gd7             ,co41  
,danbury1 ,conn4    ,bay ,/ate          
----                      --            
be=e #ahhj    ,beck) 7fig4 #ge7    ,b>l[
  ,son1 ,new ,york1   #ahga             
#ahgb                           ,n4,y4  
,beck) ,sew+ ,ma*9e   #ahgb          ca4
 #ahgf                           ,co41  
,new ,york1 ,n4,y4    ,blees            
,blees ,sew+ ,ma*9e      #ahgj          
#ahgc                           ,co4    
,blodgett  ,l][      ,o4 ,phelps1       
,bo/on1        #ahdi          #ahdi     
7fig4 #ba7             ,mass4           
,godd>d1 ,rice  ,co41      #ahdi        
#ahej                                   
,worce/]1 ,mass4     7fig4 #bj7         
,a4 ,b>?olf1              #ahdi         
#ahe-                                   
manufactur]1 ,new                       
,york1 ,n4,y4    ,bond                  

----                      --            
be=e #ahhj    ,bo/on                ,j4 
,f4 ,paul  ,co41         #ahhj          
--                           ,bo/on1    
,mass4     ,lat] ,new ,bo/on    ,bo/on  
,sew+ ,ma*9e     --            aft]     
#ahhf                           ,co41   
,bo/on1 ,mass4    ,b\doir 7fig4 #gf7    
,daniel ,h>ris1            #aheg        
ca4 #ahgj                               
inv5tor & pat5tee                       
,manufactur]--sev]al    ,brad=d  ,b>b]  
,brad=d  ,b>b]1        #ahfj            
#ahfa                                   
manufactur]s1                           
,bo/on1 ,mass4    ,brattleboro          
,samuel ,b>k] &         ca4 #aheh       
#ahfa                           ,?omas  
,:ite1                                  
,brattleboro1 ,vt4    ,buckeye          
,wilson ,w4,g4 ,sew+      ca4 #ahfg     
ca4 #ahgf     ,lat] ,new ,buckeye       
,ma*9e ,company1     7fig4 #gg7         
,clevel&1 ,ohio     7see ,wilson7       
,buell1 ,e4 ,t4         ,a4 ,b4 ,buell1 

ca4 #ahfj      --     ,la?bury's ,pat5t 
,we/morel&1 ,new ,york    ,burnet       
,brod]ick    ,burnet1 ,brod]ick &       
#ahei          ca4 #ahfj                
,co4    ,c5t5nial            ,c5t5nial  
,sew+         #ahgc          #ahgf      
7fig4 #gh7             ,ma*9e ,co4 7see 
,mc,lean & ,hoop]71                     
,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,*amb]la9        
,woolridge1 ,ke5e &      #ahec          
ca4 #ahed                               
,moore1 ,lynn1 ,mass4    ,*icago ,s+]   
,scates1 ,tryb]           #ahgi         
#ahhb                           ,sweetl&
 ,mfg4 ,co41                            
,*icago1 ,ill4    ,lat] ,*icago         
,*icago ,sew+ ,ma*9e    #ahhb           
ca4 #ahhe                               
,co4    ,*icopee     7see ,%aw  ,cl>k7  
,cl>k 7fig4 #db7       ,d4 ,w4 ,cl>k1   
ca4 #aheh      aft] #ahfj               
,bridgeport1 ,conn4    ,cl>k's ,revolv+ 
,lamson1 ,goodn[  ,yale1   #ahei        
#ahfa     ,loop] d\ble        ,w9dsor1  
,vt4     ?read 7fig4 #gi7       7see    

,w9dsor7    ,cl9ton                     
,cl9ton ,bro!rs1         ca4 #ahfa      
ca4 #ahfe                               
,i?aca1 ,n4,y4    ,companion            
,?ur/on ,mfg4 ,co41        #ahhb        
--                           ,m>lboro1  
,n4,h4    ,cr[n                 ,flor5ce
 ,sew+ ,ma*9e   #ahgi          aft]     
#ahhf       7see ,flor5ce7    ,co41     
,flor5ce1 ,mass4    ,dauntless 7lat]    
,dauntless ,mfg4 ,co41       #ahgg      
aft] #ahhb     ,new ,dauntless7         
,norwalk1 ,ohio    ,davis               
,j4,a4 ,davis1 ,new ,york1     ca4 #ahfj
      --                                
,n4,y4       ,davis ,v]tical    ,davis  
,sew+ ,ma*9e      #ahfi          aft]   
#ahhf         ,fe$              ,co41   
,wat]t[n1 ,n4,y4        ,davis ,v]tical 
,davis ,sew+ ,ma*9e      aft] #ahhf     
#aibd         ,fe$ &          ,co41     
,dayton1 ,ohio         ,rot>y ,%uttle   
,deck] 7also ,!    ,deck] ,mfg4 ,co41   
--            be=e #ahha     ,pr9cess7  
,detroit1 ,mi*4    ,demore/             

,demore/ ,mfg4 ,co          #ahhb       
#aijh                           7=m]ly  
,n4,y4                           ,sew+  
,ma*9e ,co47    ,diamond 7=m]ly         
,sigwalt ,sew+ ,ma*9e    #ahhj          
--     ,sigwalt7              ,co41     
,*icago1 ,ill4    ,dome/ic              
,wm4 ,a4 ,mack  ,co4 &     #ahfd        
#ahfi                           ,n4 ,s4 
,p]k9s1                                 
,norwalk1 ,ohio    ,dome/ic             
,dome/ic ,sew+ ,ma*9e   #ahfi           
,a                           ,co41      
,norwalk1 ,ohio1                        
acquir$ by ,:ite                        
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 9                     
#aibd & ma9ta9$                         
z a subsidi>y at                        
,clevel&1 ,ohio4    ,dorcas             
,john ,p4 ,b[k]1 ,bo/on1   #ahec        
#ahe-                           ,mass4  
,du ,laney 7fig4 #hj7       ,also call$ 
,little ,monitor       7see7    ,durg9  
,*>les ,a4 ,durg91 ,new    #ahec        
aft] #ahee                              

,york1 ,n4,y4    ,eldr$ge               
,eldr$ge ,sew+ ,ma*9e   #ahfi           
#ahij                           ,co41   
,*icago1 ,ill4    ,elliptic     ,sloat's
 ,elliptic    ,george ,b4 ,sloat & ,co41
  ca4 #aheh      ca4 #ahfj              
,philadelphia1 ,pa4      ,sloat's       
,elliptic    ,union ,sew+ ,ma*9e        
#ahfj          #ahfa                    
,co41 ,ri*mond1 ,va4      ,elliptic     
,:eel]  ,wilson ,mfg4     #ahfa         
ca4 #ahfg                           ,co4
                         ,elliptic ,sew+
           #ahfg          be=e #ahhj    
,ma*9e ,co41 ,n4,y41                    
,n4,y4    ,empire 7fig4 #hf7            
,empire ,sew+ ,ma*9e     ca4 #ahfj      
#ahfi       ,lat]               ,co41   
,bo/on1 ,mass4       ,rem+ton-,empire   
,empress               ,manufactur$ on  
ord]     #ahgg          --              
?r\gh ,j]ome ,b4                        
,secor1 ,bridgeport1                    
,conn4    ,e/ey                 ,e/ey   
,sew+ ,ma*9e      ca4 #ahhj      #ahhb  

,co4       ,e/ey1                       
,brattleboro ,sew+        #ahhc         
aft] #ahhf       ,full]-,model          
,ma*9e ,co41                            
,brattleboro1 ,vt4    ,eureka 7fig4 #ha7
      ,eureka ,%uttle ,sew+     #ahei   
--                           ,new ,york1
 ,n4,y4    ,excelsior                   
,excelsior ,sew+ ,ma*9e  #ahed          
#ahed                           ,co41   
,new ,york1 ,n4,y4    ,fairy 7figs4 #ea1
 #eb7  ,madame ,demore/1 ,new      #ahfc
          ca4 #ahfe                     
,york1 ,n4,y4    ,f9kle1 ,m4 7fig4 #hb7 
,m4 ,f9kle1 ,bo/on1        #ahef        
ca4 #ahei                               
,mass4       ,f9kle  ,lyon     ,f9kle   
,lyon ,sew+      ca4 #ahei      #ahfg   
,ma*9e ,co41 ,bo/on1                    
,mass4       ,lat] ,victor    ,fir/ &   
,fro/       ,fir/ & ,fro/1 ,new      ca4
 #ahei      ca4 #ahfa                   
,york1 ,n4,y4    ,flor5ce 7fig4 #hc7    
,flor5ce ,sew+ ,ma*9e   ca4 #ahfj       
aft] #ahgh       ,lat] ,cr[n            

,co41 ,flor5ce1 ,mass4    ,folsom       
,folsom1 ,j4 ,g41            #ahfe      
ca4 #ahga       7see ,globe &           
,w9*5don1 ,mass4       ,new ,engl&7     
,fosket & ,savage     ,fosket & ,savage1
        #aheh          #ahei            
,m]id51 ,conn4    ,foxboro              
,foxboro ,rot>y ,%uttle    ca4 #ahhb    
--                           ,co41      
,foxboro1 ,mass4    ,frankl9            
,frankl9 ,sew+ ,ma*9e   #ahga           
#ahga                           ,co41   
,mason                                  
,village1 ,n4,h4    ,free               
,free ,sew+ ,ma*9e       #ahih          
,a                           ,co41      
,*icago &                               
,rock=d1 ,ill4    ,g>dn]                
,c4 ,r4 ,g>dn]1            #ahef        
--                           ,detroit1  
,mi*4    ,globe 7figs4 #hd1 #he7  ,j4   
,g4 ,folsom1             #ahfe          
#ahfi                                   
,w9*5don1 ,mass4    ,gold ,m$al         
,gold ,m$al ,sew+         #ahfc         

#ahgf     7*a9/it*7         ,ma*9e ,co41
 ,orange1                               
,mass4    ,gold ,m$al            ----   
#ahfc          ca4 #ahfe     7runn+     
/it*7    ,gold ,hibb>d          ,hibb>d1
 ,b4 ,s41  ,co4     #ahge          --   
,goodbody 7sew+      ,goodbody ,sew+    
,ma*9e   #ahhj          ca4 #ahij       
%e>s7               ,co41 ,bridgeport1  
,conn4    ,goodes                ,rex   
,bockius1            ca4 #ahgf      be=e
 #ahha                                  
,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,goodri*         
,h4 ,b4 ,goodri*1 ,*icago1  ca4 #ahhj   
ca4 #ahie                               
,ill4    ,grant ,bro!rs        ,grant   
,bros4  ,co41        #ahfg          ca4 
#ahgj     7fig4 #ij7                    
,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,gre5man & ,true 
,gre5man & ,true ,mfg4    #ahei         
#ahfj     7fig4 #ia7             ,co4   
,norwi*1 ,conn4                         
,morse & ,true            #ahfj         
#ahfa    ,gre5 ,m\nta9        ----      
ca4 #ahfj      --    ,griswold ,v>iety  

,l4 ,griswold1 ,new ,york1    ca4 #ahhf 
ca4 #ahij                               
,n4,y4    ,grov] & ,bak]      ,grov] &  
,bak] ,sew+   #ahea          #ahge      
7figs4 #cd-cf1 #ib7     ,ma*9e ,co41    
,bo/on1                           ,mass4
    ,hancock               ----         
#ahfh          be=e #ahha     7figs4    
#ic1 #id7    ,heb]l+ ,runn+     ,john   
,heb]l+            #ahgh          ca4   
#ahhe     ,/it*    ,h]ron's ,pat5t      
----                      #aheg         
--     7fig4 #ie7    ,higby             
,higby ,sew+ ,ma*9e      ca4 #ahhb      
aft] #ahhf       ,lat] ,acme            
,co41 ,brattleboro1 ,vt4    ,home       
,johnson1 ,cl>k  ,co41     #ahfi        
aft] #ahgf     ,home ,%uttle            
,orange1 ,mass4    ,home/ead            
----                      ca4 #ahha     
--    ,h\sehold             ,provid5ce  
,tool ,co41      #ahhj          ca4     
#ahhd                                   
,provid5ce1 ,r4,i4                      
,h\sehold ,sew+          ca4 #ahhe      

#aijf                           ,ma*9e  
,co4    ,h[e 7figs4 #if1 #ig7   ,h[e    
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41  #ahec          #ahgc
                           ,new ,york1  
,n4,y4                                  
7company ( ,a4 ,b4 ,h[e                 
sold to ,h[e ,ma*9e                     
,co47    ,h[e 7fig4 #ih7        ,h[e    
,ma*9e ,co41         #ahfg              
#ahhf                                   
,bridgeport1 ,conn4    ,h[e's ,improv$  
,ni*ols & ,bliss1        #aheb          
#ahec     ,pat5t 7fig4 #ajg7     ,bo/on1
 ,mass4                         ,j4 ,b4 
,ni*ols  ,co4       #ahec          #ahed
       :i* became      ,ni*ols1 ,leavitt
  ,co41   #ahed          #ahef          
,leavitt             ,bo/on1 ,mass4     
,n4 ,hunt1 :i*        ,n4 ,hunt  ,co41  
,bo/on1    #ahec          #ahed         
became ,hunt &       ,mass4     ,web/]  
7figs4 #ii1  ,hunt & ,web/]1            
#ahed          #aheg     #ajj7          
,bo/on1 ,mass4       ,lat] ,ladd &      
,web/] 7see7    ,improv$ ,common        

----                      ca4 #ahgj     
--     ,s5se 7fig4 #ajb7    ,indep5d5t  
,indep5d5t ,sew+        #ahgc           
--     ,noiseless             ,ma*9e    
,co41                                   
,b+hamton1 ,n4,y4    ,j5nie ,june       
,june ,mfg4 ,co41 ,*icago1   #ahha      
#ahij                           ,ill4   
,lat]                                   
,belvid]e1 ,ill4    ,jewel              
,jewel ,mfg4 ,co41 ,tol$o1   #ahhd      
aft] #ahhf                              
,ohio    ,johnson 7fig4 #ajc7    ,em]y1 
,h\ghton  ,co41    #ahef          aft]  
#ahfe                           ,bo/on1 
,mass4    ,key/one              ,key/one
 ,sew+ ,ma*9e   be=e #ahgb   ca4 #ahgd  
,co4    ,ladd  ,web/]        ,ladd1     
,web/]  ,co41      #aheh          ca4   
#ahff     7fig4 #aja7            ,bo/on1
 ,mass4    ,ladies ,companion      ---- 
#aheh          ca4 #aheh     7fig4 #aae7
     7see ,pratt's ,pat5t7    ,lady     
7fig4 #ajd7     ----                    
#ahei          --    ,l&fe>'s ,pat5t    

,p>k]s1 ,sn[1 ,brooks     #aheg         
--     7fig4 #aje7             ,co41    
,we/ ,m]id51                            
,conn4    ,langdon               ,l4,w4 
,langdon              #ahef          -- 
,la?rop 7fig4 #ajf7    ,la?rop          
,comb9ation       #ahgc          --     
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4    ,lead]             
,lead] ,sew+ ,ma*9e     #ahhb           
--                           ,co41      
,spr+field1                             
,mass4    ,leavitt 7fig4 #ajh7          
,ni*ols1 ,leavitt  ,co41   #ahee        
#aheg                           ,bo/on1 
,mass4                         ,leavitt 
,co4             #aheg          ca4     
#ahfe                         ,leavitt  
,sew+ ,ma*9e    ca4 #ahfe      #ahgj    
,co4    ,leslie ,revolv+      ,leslie   
,sew+ ,ma*9e     #ahha          --      
,%uttle               ,co41 ,clevel&1   
,ohio    ,le/] 7fig4 #aji7     ,j4,h4   
,le/]1 ,brooklyn1    ca4 #aheh      e>ly
 #ahfj                           ,n4,y4 
,le/] ,mfg4 ,co41          e>ly #ahfj   

late #ahfj                              
,ri*mond1 ,va4                          
,union ,sew+ ,ma*9e      late #ahfj     
#ahfa                           ,co41   
,ri*mond1 ,va4    ,little ,gem          
----                      --            
ca4 #ahgj    ,little ,giant             
,dome/ic ,sew+ ,ma*9e   ca4 #ahhb       
--                           ,co41      
,norwalk1 ,ohio    ,little ,monitor 7n  
,g4,l4 ,du ,laney1 ,brooklyn1  ca4 #ahff
      aft] #ahge     associat$ )        
,n4,y4     ,monitor7    ,love           
,love ,mfg4 ,co41            #ahhe      
aft] #ahhf                              
,pittsburgh1 ,pa4    ,lyon              
,lyon ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4   #ahgi         
ca4 #ahhj    ,macauley                  
,?os4 ,a4 ,macauley ,mfg41   be=e #ahgi 
--                           ,new ,york1
 ,n4,y4    ,manhattan                   
,manhattan ,sew+ ,ma*9e  ca4 #ahfh      
ca4 #ahhj                           ,co4
    ,mc,kay                 ,mc,kay     
,sew+ ,ma*9e      #ahgj          #ahgf  

,assoc4    ,mc,lean & ,hoop]     ,b4 ,w4
 ,lacy  ,co41         ca4 #ahfi      ca4
 #ahgc                                  
,philadelphia1 ,pa4                     
7see ,c5t5nial7    ,mey]s               
,j4 ,m4 ,mey]s              #ahei       
--    ,mill]'s ,pat5t       ----        
#ahec          --    ,monitor 7fig4 #hh7
     ,%aw  ,cl>k ,sew+       #ahfj      
#ahfd                           ,ma*9e  
,co41                                   
,bidde=d1 ,me4    ,moore                
,moore ,sew+ ,ma*9e      ca4 #ahfj      
--                           ,co4       
,morey  ,johnson       ,saf=d  ,williams
        #ahdi          ca4 #ahea        
7fig4 #ah7             ,mak]s1 ,bo/on1  
,mass4    ,morrison                     
,morrison1 ,wilk9son      #ahha         
--                           ,co41      
,h>t=d1 ,conn4    ,m[]                  
----                      ca4 #ahfc     
--    ,national              ,johnson1  
,cl>k  ,co41     #ahgd          --      
,orange1 ,mass4    ,national 7also sold 

,national ,sew+ ,ma*9e   #ahij          
#aiec   "u di/ributor's     ,co4        
7consolidation (   "n7                  
! ,june & ,eldr$ge                      
,companies71 ,belvid]e1                 
,ill4    ,ne ,plus ,ultra         ,o4   
,l4 ,reynolds            #aheg          
--     7fig4 #aaj7                      
,manufactur+ ,co41                      
,dov]1 ,n4,h4    ,nettleton  ,raymond   
,nettleton  ,raymond1      ca4 #aheg    
--   7fig4 #aaa7                        
,brattleboro1 ,vt4    ,new ,engl&       
,*>les ,raymond 7also     ca4 #ahei     
#ahff     7figs4 #aab1 #aac7      by3   
,gr\t  ,:ite1      #ahfb          #ahfc 
,orange1 ,mass42 ,william  #ahfc        
--                           ,gr\t1     
,w9*5don1      #ahfe          #ahfe     
,mass42 & ,j4 ,g4 ,folsom1              
,w9*5don1 ,mass47    ,newell            
----                      #ahha         
--    ,new ,fairbanks         ,j4 ,h4   
,drew  ,co4          #ahgh              
#ahhj                           ,?omas  

,m4 ,co*rane      #ahhj          --     
,co41 ,belleville1 ,ill4    ,new ,home  
,new ,home ,sew+ ,ma*9e   #ahgf         
,a                           ,co41      
,orange1 ,mass4 79                      
#aibh became affiliat$                  
) ,free ,sew+                           
,ma*9e ,co47    ,new ,york              
----1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4      ca4 #ahee 
ca4 #ahee    ,new ,york ,%uttle         
,n4,y4 ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41  be=e #ahhj   
#ahhb                           ,new    
,york1 ,n4,y4 7lat]                     
,demore/ ,mfg4 ,co47    ,noble          
,noble ,sew+ ,ma*9e      be=e #ahha     
aft] #ahhf                              
,co41 ,erie1 ,pa4    ,novelty           
,c4 ,a4 ,fr5*1 ,bo/on1     #ahfi        
--                           ,mass4     
,old ,dom9ion          ,old ,dom9ion    
,sew+       ca4 #aheh      #ahfj        
,ma*9e ,co41 ,ri*mond1                  
,va4    ,p>dox                ----      
ca4 #ahfe      --    ,p>ham             
,p>ham ,sew+ ,ma*9e     ca4 #ahfi       

ca4 #ahga                               
,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,p>k]      
,*>les ,p>k] ,co41       be=e #ahfj     
aft] #ahfe                              
,m]id51 ,conn4                          
,lat] ,p>k] ,sew+                       
,ma*9e ,co4    ,pe>l                    
---- ,b5nett              ca4 #ahei     
--    ,philadelphia                     
,philadelphia ,sew+       ca4 #ahgb     
ca4 #ahha                               
,ma*9e ,co41                            
,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,po/ ,comb9ation 
,po/ ,comb9ation ,sew+   be=e #ahhe     
aft] #ahhf                              
,ma*9e ,co41                            
,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4    ,pratt's ,pat5t     
----                      #aheg         
ca4 #aheh   7fig4 #aad7  ,lat]   ,ladies
 ,companion    ,que5                    
,dauntless ,mfg ,co41        ca4 #ahha  
--                           ,norwalk1  
,ohio    ,quak] ,city           ,quak]  
,city ,sew+        #ahei          ca4   
#ahfa   7fig4 #aaf7              ,ma*9e 

,co41                                   
,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,rem+ton ,empire 
,rem+ton ,empire ,sew+   #ahgj          
#ahgb   ,lat] ,rem+ton         ,ma*9e   
,co4                         ,e4        
,rem+ton  ,sons1      #ahgc          ca4
 #ahid                                  
,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,rob]tson 7dolph9
    ,t4 ,w4 ,rob]tson1 ,new      #ahee  
aft] #ahfj      *]ub7 7figs4      ,york1
 ,n4,y4     #dj1 #da7    ,rob9son       
,f4 ,r4 ,rob9son1 ,bo/on1   #ahec       
ca4 #ahee                               
,mass4    ,rob9son's pat5t     ,h[>d    
,davis1 ,bo/on1   #ahee          --     
sew+ ma*9e        ,mass4     ) ,rop]'s  
improvem5t 7fig4 #aag7       ,lat]      
,rob9son    same                        
#ahef          be=e #ahfj       & ,rop] 
7fig4 #aah7    ,royal ,/4 ,john         
,royal ,sew+ ,ma*9e      ca4 #ahhc      
#ahih   7=m]ly ,/4 ,john7     ,co41     
,spr+field1 ,ohio                       
7lat] ,free ,co47    ,ruddick           
----                      ca4 #ahfj     

--    ,secor                 ,secor     
,ma*9e ,co41        #ahgj          #ahgf
                           ,bridgeport1 
,conn4    ,sew+ ,%e>s         ,nettleton
  ,raymond1      ca4 #ahei      --      
7,h5drick's pat5t7     ,bri/ol1 ,conn4  
7fig4 #dc7    ,sew+ ,%e>s               
,am]ican ,h& ,sew+      ca4 #ahhd       
ca4 #aijj                               
,ma*9e ,co41                            
,bridgeport1 ,conn4    ,%aw  ,cl>k      
,%aw  ,cl>k ,co41         ca4 #aheg     
#ahff     ,runn+ ,/it*        ,bidde=d1 
,me4     ,ma*9e 7fig4 #ec7      ,*a9/it*
     ,ma*9e 7fig4 #aai7      ,*a9/it*   
,%aw  ,cl>k ,co41         #ahfg         
#ahfh     ,ma*9e 7fig4 #abj7    ,*icopee
 ,falls1 ,mass4                         
,*icopee ,sew+ ,ma*9e   #ahfh           
ca4 #ahfi                               
,co41 ,*icopee ,falls1                  
,mass4    ,sigwalt                      
,sigwalt ,sew+ ,ma*9e    ca4 #ahgi      
--                            ,co41     
,*icago1 ,ill4    ,s+] 7figs4 #bh1      

,i4 ,m4 ,s+]  ,co4        #ahea         
,a     #bi1 #cj1 #cb1 #cc1       7lat]  
,s+] ,mfg4 ,co474     #aba1 #abb7       
,mov$  f ,bo/on to                      
,new ,york  to                          
,elizabe?port1 ,n4,j4                   
7factory74    ,spr+field                
,spr+field ,sew+        #ahhj           
--                           ,ma*9e     
,co41                                   
,spr+field1 ,mass4    ,/&>d             
----                      #ahgj         
--     7*a9/it*7     7fig4 #abc7        
,/&>d          ,/&>d ,%uttle ,sew+      
#ahgd          ca4 #ahha       7%uttle7 
,ma*9e ,co41 ,new ,york1                
,n4,y4    ,/&>d              ,/&>d ,sew+
 ,ma*9e   #ahhd          ca4 #aicj      
,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio                   
7acquir$ by ,s+] ,co47    ,/ew>t        
,h5ry ,/ew>t  ,co41      #ahgd          
#ahhj                           ,n4,y41 
,n4,y4       ,lat] ,new         ,/ew>t  
,mfg ,co4           #ahhj          ca4  
#ahhc       ,/ew>t    ,/4 ,john 7lat]   

,/4 ,john ,sew+ ,ma*9e   #ahgj          
ca4 #ahhc     ,royal ,/4 ,john7         
,co41 ,spr+field1 ,o4    ,tagg>t  ,f>r  
,tagg>t  ,f>r1           #aheh          
--     7figs4 #abd1 #abe7               
,philadelphia1 ,pa4    ,?ompson         
,c4 ,f4 ,?ompson ,co4        #ahga      
#ahga                         ,t4 ,c4   
,?ompson1 ,i?aca1   ca4 #ahed      --   
,n4,y4    ,union                        
,johnson1 ,cl>k  ,co41     #ahgf        
--                           ,orange1   
,mass4    ,victor                ,f9kle 
,lyon ,mfg4 ,co4    #ahfg          ca4  
#ahgb                         ,victor   
,sew+ ,ma*9e     ca4 #ahgb      ca4     
#ahij                           ,co41   
,middlet[n1 ,conn4    ,w>dwell          
,w>dwell ,mfg4 ,co41 ,/4    ca4 #ahgf   
#ahij                           ,l\is1  
,mo4    ,watson 7fig4 #abf7     ,jones  
,lee               #ahej          ca4   
#ahec                         ,watson   
,woo/]1         ca4 #ahec      ca4 #ahfj
                           ,bri/ol1     

,conn4    ,wat]bury                     
,wat]bury ,co41            #ahec        
ca4 #ahfj                               
,wat]bury1 ,conn4    ,we$               
,t4 ,e4 ,we$  ,co4 7became  #ahed       
--                           ,:itney    
,lyons7    ,we$                  ,we$   
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4   #ahfe          --   
7reorganiz$ f                           
,:itney  ,lyons71                       
,h>t=d1 ,conn4      ,family ,favorite   
#ahfg          --     ,manu4 ,favorite  
#ahfh          --     ,g5]al ,favorite  
#ahgb          --     ,h>t=d            
#ahha          ca4 #aijj    ,wesson     
,f>m]  ,g>dn]          #ahgi            
#ahhj                                   
,manufactur+ ,co4                       
,d4 ,b4 ,wesson ,sew+       #ahhj       
--                           ,ma*9e     
,co41                                   
,spr+field1 ,mass4    ,we/  ,willson    
,we/  ,willson ,co41       #aheh        
--     7fig4 #abg7             ,elyria1 
,ohio    ,a4 ,b4 ,wilson          ,e4   

,e4 ,lee  ,co41 ,new      #ahea         
#aheb     7fig4 #bc7             ,york1 
,n4,y4    ,a4 ,b4 ,wilson's             
,:eel]1 ,wilson1 ,co41     late #ahea   
#ahef     pat5t seam+        ,wat]t[n1  
,n4,y4     la!       ,lat] ,:eel]       
,:eel]  ,wilson ,mfg4     #ahef         
#aije       & ,wilson          ,co41    
,bridgeport1 ,conn4       7fig4 #bf1    
#bg1     ,s+] ,co41 ,bridgeport1   #aije
          #aijg       #abh1 #abi7       
,conn4    ,:ite 7fig4 #acj7      ,:ite  
,sew+ ,ma*9e      #ahgf          ,a     
,co41 ,clevel&1 ,ohio    ,:itehill      
,:itehill ,mfg4 ,co41       ca4 #ahge   
aft] #ahhf                              
,milwaukee1 ,wis4    ,:itney            
,:itney ,sew+ ,ma*9e    ca4 #ahgb       
ca4 #ahhj                          ,co41
 ,pat]son1 ,n4,j4    ,:itney  ,lyons    
,:itney  ,lyons 7a        ca4 #ahei     
ca4 #ahfe                               
ma*9e bas$ on !                         
#ahed pat5t ( ,t4 ,e4                   
,we$7    ,wick]%am                      

,butt]field  ,/ev5s     #ahec           
--                           ,mfg4 ,co41
 ,bo/on1 ,mass4    ,willcox  ,gibbs     
,willcox  ,gibbs ,sew+    #aheg         
,a     7figs4 #ci1 #aca7       ,ma*9e   
,co41 ,new ,york1                       
,n4,y4    ,williams  ,orvis             
,williams  ,orvis ,sew+   ca4 #ahei     
aft] #ahfj                              
,ma*9e ,co41 ,bo/on1                    
,mass4    ,wilson 7fig4 #hi7            
,wilson 7,w4,g47 ,sew+      ca4#ahfg    
aft] #ahhe       7see ,buckeye7         
,ma*9e ,co41 ,clevel&1                  
,ohio    ,w9dsor 7"o ?read7  ,v]mont    
,arms ,co41         #ahef          #aheh
                           ,w9dsor1 ,vt4
    ,w9dsor               ,lamson1      
,goodn[  ,yale1   #ahei          #ahfa  
7see ,cl>k's      ,w9dsor1 ,vt4         
,revolv+ ,loop]7    ,"n ,unkn[n         
,john ,w4 ,beane             #ahec      
--                         ,h5ry ,br9d  
#ahfj          --                       
,g>field ,sew+ ,ma*9e   #ahha           

--                           ,co4       
,g5eva ,sew+ ,ma*9e     #ahhj           
--                           ,co4       
,gove  ,h[>d             #ahee          
--                         ,*>les ,w4   
,h[l&1       ca4 #ahfj      --          
,wilm+ton1 ,del4                        
,miles ,gre5wood  ,co41    ca4 #ahfa    
--                           ,c9c9nati1 
,ohio                         ,hood1    
,batelle  ,co4       #ahed              
#ahed                         ,wells    
,haynes            #ahed          #ahed 
,wilson ,h4 ,smi?1          ca4 #ahfj   
--                           ,birm+ham1 
,conn4  ,a ,/ill 9 exi/5ce4             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #fh4--;,,am]ican  
,,buttonhole1 ,ov]seam+  ,sew+ ,ma*9e ( 
ab\t #ahgj4 ,us+ s]ial numb]s1 ^! ma*9es
 c be dat$ approximately z foll[s3      
#a-ggib1 #ahfi2 #ggic-bbcff1 #ahgj2     
#bbcfg-dbdhh1 #ahga2 #dbdhi-fadai1      
#ahgb2 #fadbj-gefjb1 #ahgc2             
#gefjc-hiacb1 #ahgd2 #hiacc-ajceci1     
#ahge2 & #ajcedj-abadgg1 #ahgf4 ,figures

 are n available = ! ye>s f #ahgg to    
#ahhf4 7,smi?sonian photo #dfiec-;,e47  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #fi4--7,,new7     
,,am]ican ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ( ab\t #ahgd4  
,illu/ration is f a contempor>y adv]tis+
 bro*ure4 7,smi?sonian photo #ccejg47   
,illu/ration3 ,figure #gj4--;,,am]ican  
,,magnetic ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahed4       
,ma*9es ( ?is type 7 manufactur$ = only 
two ye>s "u ! pat5t ( ,?omas ,c4        
,?ompson1 ,m>* #bi1 #ahec1 & lat] "u !  
pat5ts ( ,samuel ,j4 ,p>k]1 ,april #aa1 
#ahed1 & ,simon ,coon1 ,may #i1 #ahed4  
,on ,septemb] #cj1 #ahec1 ,elias ,h[e   
li/$ receipts ( #ajjj f ! ,am]ican      
,magnetic ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 = pat5t     
infr+em5t4 ,! ma*9es manufactur$ aft] t 
date c>ry ! ,h[e "n & #ahdf pat5t date  
to %[ prop] lic5s+4 ,judg+ by ,h[e's    
usual lic5se fee ( #be p] ma*9e1 ab\t   
#dj ma*9es 7 manufactur$ prior to       
,septemb] #ahec4 ,! company 0 report$ to
 h made ab\t #fjj ma*9es 9 #ahed be=e x 
w5t out ( bus9ess4 ,! only ,am]ican     
,magnetic ma*9e kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce is 

9 ! collection ( ! ,nor!rn ,indiana     
,hi/orical ,society at ,s\? ,b5d1       
,indiana4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ! ,nor!rn   
,indiana ,hi/orical ,society47          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ga4--;,,atlantic 
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahfi4 ,?is ma*9e is    
typical ( ! _m v>ieties manufactur$ = a 
v %ort "t 9 ! #ahfjs & #ahgjs4 ,x is    
ab\t ! size ( ! av]age h&-turn$ v>iety1 
#h by #aj in*es1 b light] 9 weight4 ,!  
frame design 0 ! pat5t ( ,l4 ,port]1    
,may #aa1 #ahfi1 & ! me*anism 0 pat5t$  
by ,alonzo ,port]1 ,febru>y #h1 #ahgj4  
,! latt] pat5t model be>s ! pa9t$ leg5d 
,atlantic & is /amp$ ,aprl #a1 #fi1     
indicat+ t x 0 probably already 9       
comm]cial production4 ,?is date possibly
 may ref] also to ,l4 ,port]'s design   
pat5t1 s9ce actual date ( issue 0       
usually lat] ?an date ( application4    
7,smi?sonian photo #dhcbi-;,a47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #gb4--;,a4        
,,b>?olf ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahec4 ,abraham
 ,b>?olf ( ,new ,york began manufactur+ 
,blodgett  ,l][ ma*9es 7see fig4 #bj7   

ab\t #ahej2 ! /yle & me*anics ( ^!      
ma*9es1 h[ev]1 7 prim>ily ^? ( !        
,blodgett  ,l][ pat5t z manufactur$ by  
,o4 ,c4 ,phelps & ,godd>d1 ,rice  ,co4  
,= ?is reason !y are consid]$ ,blodgett 
,l][--n ,b>?olf--ma*9es4  ,! true       
,b>?olf ma*9e evolv$ :5 ! manufactur]   
sub/itut$ ,h[e's reciprocat+ %uttle = ! 
rot>y %uttle ( ! ,blodgett  ,l][ ma*9e1 
cont9u+ to manufacture ! ma*9e 9 8 own  
adapt$ /yle4 ,b>?olf manufactur$        
reciprocat+-%uttle ma*9es z e>ly z      
#ahec1 & 8 0 "o ( ! fir/ companies      
lic5s$ by ,h[e4  ,all ,b>?olf ma*9es    
lic5s$ "u ,h[e's pat5t c>ry ! ,h[e "n & 
pat5t date4 ,!y are sometimes mi/ak5ly  
ref]r$ to z ,h[e ma*9es1 b !y are no m  
,h[e ma*9es ?an ^? manufactur$ by ,:eel]
  ,wilson1 ,s+]1 or _m o!rs4  ,on ,april
 #f1 #aheh1 ,b>?olf 0 grant$ a pat5t =  
an improvem5t ( ! %uttle c>ri]4 ,he     
cont9u$ to manufacture sew+ ma*9es "u ! 
"n ,b>?olf ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 until ab\t 
#ahfe4  ,us+ s]ial numb]s1 ,b>?olf      
ma*9es c be dat$ approximately z foll[s3

    ,s]ial ,numb] ,ye>    #a-bj         
#ahej   #ba-ej            #ahea         
#ea-ajj           #aheb   #aja-bce      
#ahec   #bcf-bij          #ahed         
#bia-cba          #ahee   #cbb-cef      
#ahef   #ceg-chg          #aheg         
#chh-eij          #aheh   #eia-accg     
#ahei  ,no record ( ! numb] ( ma*9es    
produc$ by ,b>?olf aft] #ahei is        
available4  ,! ,b>?olf ma*9e illu/rat$  
be>s ! s]ial numb] #abh & ! inscription 
,a4 ,b>?olf ,manfr41 ,,ny--,pat5t$      
,sept4 #ahdf ,e4 ,h[e1 ,jr4 ,?is ma*9e  
is 9 ! collection ( ! ,baltimore ,c\nty 
,hi/orical ,society4 ,note ! close      
simil>ity betwe5 x & ! #ahej ,blodgett  
,l][ ma*9e manufactur$ by ,b>?olf4      
7,photo c\rtesy ( ! ,baltimore ,c\nty   
,hi/orical ,society47  ,illu/ration3    
,figure #gc4--;,,b>tlett ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1
 #ahfg4 ,! ,b>tlett ma*9e 0 fir/        
manufactur$ 9 #ahff "u ! ,janu>y #ca1   
#ahfe1 & ,octob] #aj1 #ahfe1 pat5ts (   
,joseph ,w4 ,b>tlett4 ,! ma*9es 7 made  
by ,goodspe$  ,wyman = ! ,b>tlett ,co4 &

 7 s m>k$4 ,! inv5tor receiv$ ano!r     
pat5t on ,april #g1 #ahfh1 & lat] ma*9es
 c>ry ?is ?ird date also4 ,al?\gh ! fir/
 few hundr$ ma*9es did n be> ! dates (  
pat5ts held by ! ,comb9ation1 be=e ! end
 ( ! fir/ ye> ( production ,b>tlett 0   
pay+ royalties4 ,he cont9u$ to          
manufacture sew+ ma*9es until ! e>ly    
sev5ties :5 he conv]t$ to ! manufactur+ 
( /reet lamps4  ,us+ s]ial numb]s1      
,b>tlett's ma*9es c be dat$             
approximately z foll[s3 #a-ajjj1 #ahff2 
#ajja-cabf1 #ahfg2 #cabg-81 #ahfh4 ,!re 
is no record ( s]ial numb]s = ! succe$+ 
ye>s4 7,smi?sonian photo #deebd-;,g47   
,illu/ration3 ,figure #gd4--;,,b>tram   
,,fanton ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahfg4 ,^!     
ma*9es 7 fir/ manufactur$ 9 #ahfg "u !  
pat5ts ( ,w4 ,b4 ,b>tram1 notably 8     
pat5t ( ,janu>y #a1 #ahfg4 ,?ree ma*9es 
7 exhibit$ at ,! ,elev5? ,exhibition ( !
 ,massa*usetts ,*>itable ,me*anics      
,association 9 #ahfi :]e !y 7 aw>d$ a   
bronze m$al4 ,!y 7 comp>$ favorably to !
 ,willcox  ,gibbs ma*9e 7see fig4 #ci71 

:i* !y resembl$4 ,b>tram receiv$        
additional pat5ts 9 ! e>ly sev5ties &   
also manufactur$ lock/it* ma*9es4  ,us+ 
s]ial numb]s1 ma*9es may be             
approximately dat$ z foll[s3 #a-bieh1   
#ahfg2 #biei-cieh1 #ahfh2 #ciei-dieh1   
#ahfi2 #diei-eieh1 #ahgj2 #eiei-fifb1   
#ahga2 #fifc-gifa1 #ahgb2 #gifb-hifa1   
#ahgc2 & #hifb-ibaa1 #ahgd4 7,smi?sonian
 photo ,p#fcaih47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #ge4--;,,beck) ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahga4  
,among ! inv5tors ^: pat5t claims 7 to  
produce a *eap & effective sew+ ma*9e 0 
,william ,g4 ,beck)4 ,8 ma*9e 0 fir/    
manufactur$ by ,b>l[  ,son1 & x realiz$ 
consid]able success 9 ! few ye>s ( its  
production4 ,! e>lie/ model 0 op]at$ l a
 pair ( scissors or ) a cord & r+ z     
illu/rat$4 ,beck) lat] add$ a h& crank4 
,! ma*9e 0 pur*as$ 9 ,crewe1 ,*e%ire1   
,engl&2 x is /amp$ ,pat4 ,april #ah1 #ga
 by ,wm4 ,g4 ,beck)1 ,=eign ,pats4      
,secur$1 ,b>l[  ,son ,manuf4 ,n4,y41    
s]ial numb] #gjf4 ,by #ahgd ! ma*9es 7  
m>k$ ,beck) ,s4,m4 ,co4 & two #ahgb     

pat5t dates 7 add$4  ,us+ s]ial numb]s1 
ma*9es may be dat$ approximately z      
foll[s3 #a-cejj1 #ahga2 #ceja-gejj1     
#ahgb2 #geja-abejj1 #ahgc2 #abeja-ahjjj1
 #ahgd2 #ahjja-bcjjj1 #ahge2 #bcjja-81  
#ahgf4 7,smi?sonian photo #dfiec-;,c47  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #gf4--;,,b\doir   
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #aheh4 ,?is ma*9e1 a    
s+le-?read1 *a9/it* model 0 bas$ on !   
pat5ts ( ,daniel ,h>ris1 dat$ ,june #i1 
#aheg1 ,june #af1 #aheg1 & ,octob] #e1  
#aheh4 ,manufactur$ prim>ily by ,b5nett 
9 ,*icago 9 #ahei1 x also may h be5     
produc$ 9 ! ,ea/1 al?\gh no             
manufactur]'s "n c be f\nd4  ,9 #ahfj1 !
 ,b\doir1 also call$ ,h>ris's ,pat5t    
sew+ ma*9e1 0 exhibit$ at !             
,massa*usetts ,*>itable ,me*anics       
,association ,exhibition :]e x won a    
silv] m$al = its comb9ation ( p>ts1 its 
beauty & simplicity1 toge!r ) its ease (
 op]ation4 ,at ?is "t ! ma*9e 0 describ$
 z mak+ a d\ble lock /it* 7ano!r "n = ! 
d\ble *a9/it*74 ,x 0 also describ$ z    
hav+ be5 be=e ! public = "s "t & comb9+ 

! improvem5ts ( o!rs = :i* ! p>ties pay 
lic5se4 ,! ma*9e head 0 position$ on !  
/& simil>ly to t ( ! ,we/  ,willson     
7fig4 #abg7 & /it*$ f left to "r4  ,x is
 n kn[n exactly h[ _m ( ^! ma*9es 7 made
 or h[ long !y 7 9 vogue4 ,manufacture1 
al?\gh probably ceas+ 9 ! #ahfjs1 is    
kn[n to h be5 discont9u$ be=e #ahha1 :5 
a li/ ( obsolete sew+ ma*9es 0 publi%$ 9
 ,! ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,news4 7,smi?sonian    
photo ,p#fcaii47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure 
#gg4--7,,new7 ,,buckeye ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e (
 ab\t #ahge4 ,! ,buckeye ma*9e 0 "o (   
sev]al manufactur$ by ,w4 ,g4 ,wilson ( 
,clevel&1 ,ohio4 ,x 0 lic5s$ "u         
,johnson's ext5d$ pat5t ( ,april #ah1   
#ahfg4 ,al?\gh x 0 small & h& turn$1 x  
us$ two ?reads & a %uttle to =m a       
lock/it*4 ,! ma*9e 0 suffici5tly popul> 
= ,wilson to introduce an improv$ model 
9 ! e>ly #ahgjs1 :i* he call$ ! ,new    
,buckeye4 ,w4 ,g4 ,wilson cont9u$ to    
manufacture sew+ ma*9es until ab\t !    
mid-eighties1 al?\gh ! ,buckeye ma*9es 7
 discont9u$ 9 ! sev5ties4 7,smi?sonian  

photo #deebd-;,a47  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #gh4--;,,c5t5nial ,,sew+        
,,ma*9e1 #ahgf4 ,! ,c5t5nial ma*9e 0    
basically a ,mc,lean & ,hoop] sew+ ma*9e
 :i* 0 r5am$ to take advantage ( ! com+ 
,c5t5nial celebration4 ,x 0 bas$ on !   
pat5ts ( ,j4 ,n4 ,mc,lean1 ,m>* #cj1    
#ahfi1 & ,augu/ #b1 #ahgj1 & made a     
two-?read *a9/it*4 ,only ab\t five      
hundr$ ,c5t5nial ma*9es 7 manufactur$ 9 
#ahgc1 b by #ahgf ov] ?ree ?\s& _h be5  
con/ruct$4 ,! ma*9es 7 adv]tis$ on :ite 
circul>s :i* 7 pr9t$ 9 r$ & blue1 &     
engrav$ ) two wom5 sew+1 "o by h&1      
label$ ,sew+ 9 #aggf1 & "o at a         
,c5t5nial sew+ ma*9e1 label$ ,sew+ 9    
#ahgf4 ,!re is no record t ! ma*9es 7   
made aft] #ahgf4 7,smi?sonian photo     
#dhbaf-,t47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure      
#gi4--;,,cl>k',s ,revolv+-,loop]        
d\ble-?read sew+ ma*9e1 #ahfj4 ,?is     
ma*9e 0 manufactur$ by ,lamson1 ,goodn[1
  ,yale ( ,w9dsor1 ,v]mont4 ,x 0 an     
attempt to improve on ! comb9$ ideas ( !
 ,grov] & ,bak] ma*9e1 ! ,nettleton     

,raymond ma*9e1 & ! e>li] s+le-?read    
,w9dsor ma*9e4 ,! improvem5ts 7 made &  
pat5t$ by ,edw9 ,cl>k on ,decemb] #f1   
#ahei4 ,widely adv]tis$1 ! ma*9es sold =
 #ce ) a foot-p[] table4 ,!y c\ld also  
be op]at$ by h&4 ,ov] ?ree ?\s& 7       
manufactur$ & sold1 & prep>ations 7 be+ 
made to cont9ue manufacture ( ! e>li]   
s+le-?read ,w9dsor1 orig9ally made by ! 
company's pr$ecessor1 ,v]mont ,arms     
,co41 :5 ! ,civil ,w> broke out4 ,a     
flood ( arms ord]s arriv$1 & !          
sew+-ma*9e manufacture 0 discont9u$ e>ly
 9 ! summ] ( #ahfa4 ,! sew+-ma*9e       
equipm5t & bus9ess 0 sold to ,gr\t      
,:ite ( ,massa*usetts4 7,smi?sonian     
photo #dhbaf47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#hj4--;,,du ,,laney ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e (    
ab\t #ahgb4 ,mo/ ( ! small1 simple1     
*a9/it* sew+ ma*9es ( ?is p]iod 7       
con/ruct$ s t !y c\ld ei!r be turn$ by  
h& or set into a treadle-p[]$ table4 ,du
 ,laney's ,little ,monitor1 manufactur$ 
= only a few ye>s1 0 bas$ on ! pat5ts ( 
,g4,l4 ,du ,laney1 ,july #c1 #ahff1 &   

,may #b1 #ahga4 ,x 0 a two-?read1       
*a9/it* ma*9e p[]$ only by a foot       
treadle4 ,by simple adju/m5t1 ! ma*9e   
c\ld also make ! cable/it* & ! lock/it*4
 7,smi?sonian photo #dhbba-;,c47        
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ha4--;,,eureka   
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahei4 ,an example ( !  
_m %ort-liv$ types ( :i* no writt5      
record c be f\nd1 ?is p>ticul> ma*9e 0  
us$ z a pat5t model = c]ta9 m9or        
improvem5ts 9 #ahei4 ,x has ! "n ,eureka
 pa9t$ on ! top & ! foll[+ inscription  
incis$ on ! ba/] plate3 ,eureka ,%uttle 
,s4 ,m4 ,co4 #dfi ,broadway1 ,n4,y4     
,al?\gh x is a %uttle ma*9e1 x c>ries no
 pat5t dates & 0 n includ$ 9 ! ,h[e     
royalty records4 ,nei!r is x li/$ 9 !   
obsolesc5ce li/ publi%$ 9 #ahha4 ,!     
company probably c\ld n pay its royalty 
fees & 0 =c$ out ( bus9ess almo/        
imm$iately4 ,if ?is ma*9e _h n be5 us$ z
 a pat5t model1 no record ( ! company's 
exi/5ce might rema94 ,x %\ld be not$ t z
 9 mo/ %uttle ma*9es ! head 0 meant to  
be set into a treadle-p[]$ table4 ,s9ce 

mo/ tables are v simil>1 !y are n       
requir$ = id5tification4 7,smi?sonian   
photo #dhcbh-;,c47  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #hb4--,m4 ,,f9kle ,,sew+        
,,ma*9e1 #aheg4 ,! ,m4 ,f9kle ma*9es 7  
manufactur$ 9 #ahef & #aheg4 ,sometime  
be=e or ab\t #ahei1 ! inv5tor1 ,milton  
,f9kle1 =m$ a p>tn]%ip & ! ma*9es 7     
subsequ5tly call$ ,m4 ,f9kle  ,lyon &   
lat] simply ,f9kle  ,lyon4 ,9 #ahei !   
ma*9e 0 aw>d$ a silv] m$al by ! ,am]ican
 ,in/itute = produc+ sup]ior manufactur+
 & family lock/it* sew+ ma*9es4 ,x also 
won a silv] m$al 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahfj at !  
,massa*usetts ,*>itable ,me*anics       
,association ,exhibition4 ,al?\gh ! "n (
 ! ma*9e 0 *ang$ to ,victor 9 #ahfg1 !  
company "n rema9$ ,f9kle  ,lyon until   
ab\t #ahgb :5 x 0 *ang$ to ,victor also4
 ,victor ma*9es 7 manufactur$ until ab\t
 #ahij4  ,ma*9es c be dat$ by _! s]ial  
numb] approximately z foll[s3    ,s]ial 
,numb] ,ye>    #a-bjj            #ahef  
#bja-dej          #aheg   #dea-gjj      
#aheh   #gja-iej          #ahei         

#iea-aejj         #ahfj   #aeja-cjjj    
#ahfa   #cjja-ejjj        #ahfb         
#ejja-gjjj        #ahfc   #gjja-ijjj    
#ahfd   #ijja-aajjj       #ahfe         
#aajja-acjjj      #ahff   #acjja-aedij  
#ahfg   #aedia-agdij      #ahfh         
#agdia-ahhcj      #ahfi   #ahhca-babej  
#ahgj   #babea-bhhij      #ahga         
#bhhia-djgij      #ahgb   #djgia-dhbdj  
#ahgc   #dhbda-ececj      #ahgd         
#ececa-eifce      #ahge   #eifcf-feche  
#ahgf  ,no e/imates are available = !   
ye>s #ahgg to #ahij4 7,smi?sonian photo 
#dhbaf-;,a47  ,illu/ration  ----        
,illu/ration3 ,figure #hc4--;,,flor5ce  
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! ,flor5ce ma*9e 0 bas$
 on ! pat5ts ( ,le&] ,w4 ,langdon1 ^:   
fir/ pat5t 0 obta9$ 9 #ahee4 ,langdon   
sew+ ma*9es 7 manufactur$ by ! inv5tor =
 a few ye>s4 ,x 0 8 pat5t ( ,m>* #bj1   
#ahfj1 t 0 ! imm$iate =]unn] ( !        
,flor5ce ma*9e1 ^: "n 0 d]iv$ f ! city (
 manufacture1 ,flor5ce1 ,massa*usetts4  
,! ,h[e royalty records ( #ahfj li/$ !  
,flor5ce ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 z "o t took  

out a lic5se t ye>4 ,langdon's pat5t (  
,july #ad1 #ahfc1 0 incorporat$ into !  
ma*9es manufactur$ aft] t date2 h[ev]1 !
 date is always incorrectly /amp$ ,july 
#ah1 #ahfc4 ,9 #ahfe1 ! ma*9e won a     
silv] m$al at ! ,t5? ,exhibition ( !    
,massa*usetts ,*>itable ,me*anics       
,association4  ,ov] #ajj1jjj ,flor5ce   
ma*9es 7 manufactur$ by #ahgj4 ,ab\t    
#ahhj ! company *ang$ ! "n ( ! ma*9e to 
,cr[n4 ,improvem5ts l$ to ! "n ,new     
,cr[n by #ahhe4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! "r to use
 ! "n ,flor5ce = a sew+ ma*9e 0 pur*as$ 
by a midwe/]n firm = an entirely diff]5t
 ma*9e4 ,9 #ahhe ! ,flor5ce company     
began to manufacture lamp /oves & heat+ 
/oves & %ortly !reaft] !y discont9u$ !  
manufacture ( sew+ ma*9es4  ,us+ ! s]ial
 numb]s1 ,flor5ce ma*9es c be dat$      
approximately z foll[s3    ,s]ial ,numb]
     ,ye>    #a-ejj                #ahfj
   #eja-bjjj             #ahfa          
#bjja-hjjj            #ahfb             
#hjja-bjjjj           #ahfc             
#bjjja-cejjj          #ahfd             

#cejja-ejjjj          #ahfe             
#ejjja-fjjjj          #ahff             
#fjjja-gjecd          #ahfg             
#gjece-hbecd          #ahfh             
#hbece-ifaie          #ahfi             
#ifaif-aachee         #ahgj             
#aachef-abihjb        #ahga             
#abihjc-adeeib        #ahgb             
#adeeic-aedeee        #ahgc             
#aedeef-afjjgb        #ahgd             
#afjjgc-afdifd        #ahge             
#afdife-afgidb        #ahgf  ,no record 
( ! numb] ( ma*9es produc$ ea* ye>      
betwe5 #ahgg & #ahhe is available4  ,!  
ma*9e %[n "h1 s]ial numb] #diaca1 0     
manufactur$ 9 #ahfe4 ,x is /amp$ ) !    
foll[+ pat5t dates3 ,oct4 #cj1 #ahee1   
,m>4 #bj1 #ahfj1 ,jan4 #bb1 #ahfa1 &    
,july #ah1 #ahfc & ! ,wilson pat5t date 
,nov4 #ab1 #ahej4 ,! ma*9es f #ahfj-ahfc
 are m>k$ ) ! e>ly ,langdon pat5ts1     
exclud+ ! #ahfc "o1 & !y h ! additional 
pat5t dates ( ,h[e & o!rs3 ,sept4 #aj1  
#ahdf1 ,nov4 #ab1 #ahej1 ,aug4 #ab1     
#ahea1 ,may #cj1 #ahed1 ,dec4 #ai1      

#ahed1 ,nov4 #d1 #ahef4 7,smi?sonian    
photo #deegb-;,a47  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #hd4--;,,globe ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4  
,j4 ,g4 ,folsom receiv$ two design      
pat5ts 9 #ahfd1 "o on ,m>* #a = a spool 
hold] & "o on ,may #ag = ! basic /yle ( 
! ma*9e4 ,also 9 ! same ye>1 he 0 aw>d$ 
a me*anical pat5t = an adju/m5t 9 ! l[] 
loop] t w\ld accommodate a *ange 9 ne$le
 size4 ,us+ ^! pat5ts1 he manufactur$ a 
s+le-?read1 *a9/it* ma*9e1 ! ,globe4    
,folsom also exhibit$ 8 ma*9es at ! ,t5?
 ,exhibition ( ! ,massa*usetts ,*>itable
 ,me*anics ,association 9 #ahfe4 ,!     
,globe attract$ p>ticul> att5tion & 0   
aw>d$ a silv] m$al4  ,9 #ahff ,folsom   
devis$ a new treadle atta*m5t =         
h&-op]at$ ma*9es2 ! inv5tion 0 featur$ 9
 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 volume #ad1 numb] 
#ag1 ) a ,globe ma*9e4 ,folsom aga9     
exhibit$ at ! ,massa*usetts ,me*anics   
exhibition 9 #ahfi4 ,9 addition to an   
improv$ s+le-?read ,globe1 he also %[$ a
 d\ble-?read1 ela/ic-/it* 7d\ble        
*a9/it*7 ma*9e = :i* he receiv$ a silv] 

m$al4  ,folsom ma*9es 7 manufactur$     
until #ahga2 #bhj ma*9es 7 manufactur$ 9
 t ye>4  ,! ,globe sew+ ma*9e illu/rat$ 
is /amp$ ,j4 ,g4 ,folsom1 ,mak]1        
,w9*5don1 ,mass4 ,pat5t$ ,april #bh1    
#ahfc ,ket*um's pat5t1 ,m>4 #a1 #ahfd4  
,may #ag1 #ahfd4 ,! ma*9e 0 manufactur$ 
be=e ,novemb] #ahfd or x w\ld include ! 
pat5t = ! l[] loop adju/m5t4            
7,smi?sonian photo #dhbaf-;,h47  ,,note3
 ,at lea/ five sew+ ma*9es1 ^? 9 figures
 #hd ?r\gh #hi1 are simil> en\gh 9      
appe>ance to cause "s confusion1 because
 _! basic design /ems f a %ort pill>4   
,illu/ration3 ,figure #he4--;,,globe    
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ) treadle atta*m5t z     
illu/rat$ 9 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,april 
#ba1 #ahff4 7,smi?sonian photo          
#dhbba-;,a47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#hf4--;,,empire ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 late    
#ahfjs4 ,al?\gh an ,empire ,sew+ ,ma*9e 
,co4 exi/$ 9 ,new ,york 9 ! #ahfjs 7!   
pr$ecessor ( ! ,rem+ton-,empire ,co471 x
 is n kn[n :e!r ?is ma*9e 0 manufactur$ 
by t same company1 :i* 0 prim>ily       

conc]n$ ) produc+ %uttle ma*9es4 ,?is   
*a9/it* ma*9e is m>k$ ,empire ,co41     
,pat5t$ ,april #bc1 #ahfc1 ! date ref]r+
 aga9 to ,ket*um's pat5t4 ,x is v simil>
 to ,folsom's ,globe1 except t x has    
claw feet r ?an a clos$ base2 ! pa9t$   
designs on ! base ( bo? are almo/       
id5tical to ^? on ! ,monitor4 ,its spool
 hold]1 m\nt$ 9 rev]se1 is a crude      
imitation ( ! ,folsom pat5t4 ,! ,empire 
ma*9es 7 probably manufactur$ ab\t !    
same "t z ! ,wilson ma*9e4 7,photo      
c\rtesy ( ,! ,h5ry ,=d ,museum &        
,gre5field ,village1 ,de>born1          
,mi*igan47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure       
#hg4--;,,atwat] ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #aheh4  
,atwat] ma*9es1 bas$ on ! pat5t ( ,b4   
,atwat]1 issu$ ,may #e1 #aheg1 7        
manufactur$ f #aheg to ab\t #ahfj4 ,!   
ma*9e illu/rat$1 :i* is design$ to be   
op]at$ by a h&-turn$ :eel1 has an upp]  
=k$ dog fe$1 & its horizontally support$
 spool is directly ov] ! /it*+ area4 ,l 
! o!rs1 x has a /riat$ pill> & claw     
feet4 ,! manufactur] is unkn[n4         

7,smi?sonian photo ,p#fcbjj47           
,illu/ration3 ,figure #hh4--,,monitor   
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahfj-ahff4 ,! ,monitor 
ma*9es ( ?is /yle 7 n m>k$ by _!        
manufactur]s1 ,%aw  ,cl>k ( ,bidde=d1   
,ma9e4 ,lat] ! company 0 =c$ by !       
,comb9ation to pay a royalty1 s x *ang$ 
! /yle & began m>k+ its ma*9es ) !      
company "n & pat5t dates 7see fig4 #aai 
= copy ( seal74 ,! ,monitor1 :i* employ$
 ! conv5tional v]tical sp9dle to hold ! 
spool ( ?read1 _h a top fe$ 9 ! =m ( a  
walk+ press]4 ,its /riat$ pill> 0 simil>
 to t ( ! ,atwat] ma*9e1 & bo? featur$ !
 same claw feet & urn-l top4 ,unlike !  
,atwat]1 h[ev]1 ! ,monitor _h a d\ble   
drive f ! h&-turn$ :eel1 :i* 0 groov$ = 
op]ation ) belt & treadle4 7,smi?sonian 
photo #ccdeh47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#hi4--,,wilson ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 late     
#ahfjs to e>ly #ahgjs4 ,9 addition to ! 
,buckeye 7see fig4 #gg71 ,w4 ,g4 ,wilson
 manufactur$ sev]al o!r /yles ( sew+    
ma*9es4 ,?is "o1 a comb9ation ( ! v>y+  
/yles ( ! e>li] pill> ma*9e has ev5     

duplicat$ ! g5]al /yle ( ! spool hold]  
pat5t$ by ,folsom4 ,! pill> is n /riat$1
 b ! ma*9e does repeat ! claw feet ( !  
,atwat] & ,monitor ma*9es4 ,wilson      
ma*9es are usually m>k$ ,wilson ,sew+   
,ma*4 ,manuf'g ,co4 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1    
,ket*um's ,pat5t ,april #bh1 #ahfc4 ,!  
latt] "n &_/or pat5t date are f\nd on _m
 ( ! ma*9es ( ?is g5]al con/ruction4 ,! 
pat5t is t issu$ to ,/eph5 ,c4 ,ket*um =
 8 me?od ( conv]t+ rot>y motion into    
reciprocal motion4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,! 
,h5ry ,=d ,museum & ,gre5field ,village1
 ,de>born1 ,mi*igan47  ,illu/ration3    
,figure #ij4--;,,grant ,,bro!rs ,,sew+  
,,ma*9e1 #ahfg4 ,?is ma*9e 0 "o ( sev]al
 /yles t utiliz$ ,raymond's #ahfa pat5t$
 *a9/it* me?od4 ,?is ma*9e1 h[ev]1 us$  
an "u fe$ r ?an a top fe$4  ,nei!r a "n 
nor a date appe>s on ! ma*9e4 ,9 ! ,june
 #be1 #aijg1 issue ( ! ,sew+ ,ma*9e     
,times x 0 call$ ! ,common ,s5se ma*9e1 
b detail$ rese>* has turn$ up no evid5ce
 to sub/antiate ?is "n4 ,h[ev]1 a dat$  
bro*ure adv]tis+ ! ,grant ,bro!rs ma*9e 

& %[+ a model id5tical to t illu/rat$ 9 
! ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times has be5 f\nd4 ,!  
bro*ure /ates t ! ma*9e made an ela/ic  
lock/it*2 ?is 0 n a true lock/it*1      
h[ev]1 b 0 9 fact a simple *a9/it*4     
,grant ,bro!rs sold _! ma*9e1 :i* _h    
silv]-plat$ m\nt+s1 = #ah2 ! price      
includ$ hemm]1 ,b>num's self-sew]1      
oilcan1 screwdriv]1 clamp1 gauge1 & f\r 
silv] ne$les4 ,an additional *>ge ( #ab 
0 made = a table & treadle4 ,comp>$ to  
o!r *a9/it* ma*9es ! price 0 high1 & !  
company 0 %ort-liv$4 7,smi?sonian photo 
#fjgid-;,e47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#ia4--;,,gre5man ,,& ,,true ,,sew+      
,,ma*9e4 ,?is lock/it* ma*9e bas$ on ,s4
 ,h4 ,rop]'s pat5t ( #aheg 0 manufactur$
 at ,norwi*1 ,connecticut1 f #ahei to   
#ahfa by ,cyrus ,b4 ,true1 ! inv5tor1 & 
,j>$ ,f4 ,gre5man1 ,true's f9ancial     
p>tn]4 ,lic5s$ by ! ,comb9ation & c>ry+ 
! ,h[e pat5t date1 ! ma*9e _h obvi\s    
m]it3 x 0 /rong1 well made--a good      
family ma*9e4 ,exhibit$ at ! ,n9?       
,exhibition ( ! ,massa*usetts ,*>itable 

,me*anics ,association 9 ,septemb]      
#ahfj1 x receiv$ a bronze m$al4 7,at ?is
 "t ! company 0 li/$ z ,morse & ,true--!
 inv5tor _h obvi\sly tak5 on a second   
f9ancial back]47 ,un=tunately1 ! be/    
m>ket = ! ma*9e lay 9 ! ,s\?1 & !       
outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> made collections
 impossible4 ,?is greatly ret>d$ bus9ess
 & f9ally drove ! firm into bankruptcy4 
,9 all1 x is d\btful t m ?an "o ?\s&    
ma*9es 7 produc$ 9 ! ?ree ye>s (        
manufacture4  ,! ma*9e illu/rat$ is m>k$
 ,gre5man & ,true & be>s ! s]ial numb]  
#djb2 x 0 probably manufactur$ e>ly 9   
#ahfj4 7,smi?sonian photo #dhbaf-,n47   
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ib4--;,,grov] ,,&
 ,,bak] ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! ,grov] &     
,bak] ma*9e 0 "o ( ! m popul> ma*9es f !
 #ahejs until ! e>ly #ahgjs4 ,! company 
produc$ iron-frame ma*9es1 f9e cab9et   
models1 & portables 7figs4 #ce & #cf74  
,_! ma*9es may be dat$ by s]ial numb]   
approximately z foll[s3    ,s]ial ,numb]
     ,ye>    #a-ejj                #ahea
   #eja-ajjj             #aheb          

#ajja-afeh            #ahec   #afei-chic
            #ahed   #chid-ejch          
#ahee   #ejci-gjjj            #ahef     
#gjja-ajfha           #aheg             
#ajfhb-aegeb          #aheh             
#aegec-bfjcc          #ahei             
#bfjcd-ddhfi          #ahfj             
#ddhgj-fcgje          #ahfa             
#fcgjf-hbfda          #ahfb             
#hbfdb-ajadgg         #ahfc             
#ajadgh-abjcac        #ahfd             
#abjcad-aciadh        #ahfe             
#aciadi-aeghhf        #ahff             
#aeghhg-aijhhf        #ahfg             
#aijhhg-bbehhf        #ahfh             
#bbehhg-bfajjd        #ahfi             
#bfajje-cchdjg        #ahgj             
#cchdjh-chibdf        #ahga             
#chibdg-ddabeg        #ahgb             
#ddabeh-dggdcg        #ahgc             
#dggdch-digdch        #ahgd             
#digdci-eabdci        #ahge             
7,smi?sonian photo #deeac-;,b1 an       
engrav+ ( a ,grov] & ,bak] sew+ ma*9e f 
an adv]tis+ bro*ure ( ab\t #ahgj47      

,illu/ration3 ,figure #ic4--;,,hancock  
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahfg4 ,"o ( ! _m       
inv5tors :o turn$ 8 tal5ts to inv5t+ &  
produc+ a me*anically simple & *eap]    
ma*9e 0 ,h5ry ,j4 ,hancock4 ,8 #ahfg    
ma*9e is only ab\t six in*es wide2 x    
uses a tamb\r-type ne$le1 pull+ a loop (
 ?read f bel[ ! /it*+ surface4          
7,smi?sonian photo ,p#fcaig47           
,illu/ration3 ,figure #id4--;,,hancock  
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #ahfh4 ,hancock 9 #ahfh 
receiv$ bo? a design pat5t & a me*anical
 pat5t n[ us+ ! eye-po9t$ ne$le & a hook
 to =m ! *a9/it*4 ,! design 0 an op5    
framework circle ) a mirror m\nt$ 9     
front ( ! table clamp4 ,! purpose ( !   
designat$ look+ glass 0 decorative only4
 ,! ,hancock ma*9es 7 only manufactur$ =
 a few ye>s4 ,!y measure #aj-a_/b in*es 
9 wid?1 slightly l>g] ?an ! e>li] ma*9e4
 7,smi?sonian photo #dhcbh-,m47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ie4--;,a4,c4     
,,h]ron',s ,,pat5t ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1      
#aheh4 ,! manufactur] ( ?is ma*9e is n  
kn[n1 b ! ma*9e 0 bas$ on ! pat5t (     

,abial ,c4 ,h]ron issu$ ,augu/ #d1      
#aheg4 ,all ! ma*9es c>ry a small       
he>t-%ap$ plate j above ! ne$le desc5t  
be>+ ! pat5tee's "n & ! pat5t date4 ,!  
pat5t cov]$ an improvem5t 9 ! me?od (   
mak+ ! *a9/it*4 ,! ma*9es 7 provid$ ) a 
h& crank1 b 7 also meant to be op]at$ by
 a belt & treadle4 ,no records ( ! ext5t
 ( manufacture ( ?is ma*9e h be5 f\nd4  
,?is ma*9e head measures #ad in*es 9    
wid?1 ab\t /&>d size4 7,smi?sonian photo
 #dhcbi-;,j47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#if4--;,a4 ,b4 ,,h[e ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e (   
ab\t #ahfj4 7,smi?sonian photo          
#deebe-;,c47  ,figures #if1 #ig1 &      
#ih4--,,! ,,h[e ,,ma*9es4 ,x is         
difficult = _m to believe t ! /amp$     
leg5d ,elias ,h[e pat5t1 ,sept4 #aj1    
#ahdf does n c]tify t a ma*9e is an     
orig9al ,h[e4 ,al?\gh ,elias ,h[e 0     
grant$ a pat5t = ! lock/it* ma*9e 9     
#ahdf1 he did n e/abli% a sew+-ma*9e    
factory = ab\t tw5ty ye>s4 ,e>ly 9 !    
#ahejs & lat] ?r\gh ! ,comb9ation1      
h[ev]1 he lic5s$ o!rs to make ma*9es us+

 8 pat5t4 ,^! ma*9es bore t pat5t date =
 :i* a royalty 0 be+ paid4  ,among 8    
e>ly lic5sees 0 8 eld] bro!r ,amasa :o  
organiz$ ! ,h[e ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 9     
#ahed4 ,! ,amasa ,h[e ma*9es 7 v good   
ones1 & 9 #ahfb ,amasa won ! prize m$al 
at ! ,london ,int]national ,exhibition4 
,?is imm5sely increas$ ! popul>ity ( !  
ma*9e & ,elias (f]$ to jo9 ,amasa by    
build+ a l>ge factory at ,bridgeport1   
,connecticut1 to fill ! increas+ dem& = 
m ma*9es4 ,! ma*9es produc$ at          
,bridgeport1 h[ev]1 al?\gh imitat+ !    
,amasa ,h[e ma*9es1 prov$ inf]ior 9     
quality4 ,amasa f\nd t1 r ?an help+ 8   
bus9ess reputation1 8 bro!r's ef=ts 7   
hurt+ him1 & he sev]$ bus9ess relations 
) ,elias4  ,because ( _! brief          
association1 ! #ahfb prize m$al aw>d$ to
 ,a4 ,b4 ,h[e 0 sometimes cr$it$ to     
,elias4 ,! latt] did receive aw>ds = 8  
pat5t1 b nev] = 8 manufactur$ ma*9es4   
,:5 ! two bro!rs dissolv$ _! jo9t       
v5ture1 ,elias attempt$ to call 8 new   
company ! ,h[e ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 b     

,amasa's claim t ?is "n _h be5 8        
exclusive prop]ty = _m ye>s 0 upheld by 
! c\rts4 ,elias !n omitt$ ! ^w ,sew+ &  
call$ 8 company simply ! ,h[e ,ma*9e    
,co4  ,aft] ,elias di$ 9 #ahfg1 !       
company 0 run by 8 sons-9-law1 !        
,/ockwell bro!rs4 ,to di/+ui% _! ma*9es 
f ^? ( ,a4 ,b4 ,h[e1 !y m>k$ ea* ma*9e )
 a brass m$allion pictur+ ! head & fl[+ 
locks ( ,elias ,h[e4 ,!y also cont9u$ to
 adv]tise _! ma*9e z ! orig9al ,h[e4 ,9 
ab\t #ahgc1 ,b4 ,p4 ,h[e1 ,amasa's son1 
sold ! ,h[e ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 to !      
,/ockwell bro!rs1 :o cont9u$ to         
manufacture ,h[e ma*9es until #ahhf4  ,!
 ma*9es ( ! ,a4 ,b4 ,h[e ,sew+ ,ma*9e   
,co4 may be dat$ by s]ial numb]         
approximately z foll[s3    ,s]ial ,numb]
     ,ye>    #a-fj                 #ahed
   #fa-aac               #ahee          
#aad-aff              #ahef   #afg-bii  
#aheg   #cjj-dgh              #aheh     
#dgi-acii             #ahei  ,no figures
 are available = #ahfj-ahgj1 b #bj1jea  
ma*9es 7 manufactur$ 9 #ahga4  ,! ma*9es

 ( ! ,elias ,h[e ,ma*9e ,co4 are n      
believ$ to h begun ) s]ial numb] #a1 &  
no figures are available = #ahfe-ahfg4  
,aft] t1 ! ma*9es may be dat$ by s]ial  
numb] approximately z foll[s3  ,s]ial   
,numb] ,ye>  #aa1jjj-df1jjj        #ahfh
 #df1jja-ia1hdc        #ahfi            
#ia1hdd-afg1jjj       #ahgj             
#afg1jja-cja1jaj      #ahga             
#cja1jaa-ddf1jaj      #ahgb             
#ddf1jaa-ecf1jaj      #ahgc             
#ecf1jaa-ega1jaj      #ahgd             
#ega1jaa-eif1jaj      #ahge             
#eif1jaa-gje1cjd      #ahgf  ,no figures
 are available = #ahgg-ahhf4            
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ig4--;,,adv]tis+ 
,,bro*ure di/ribut$ by ,e4 ,h[e dur+ !  
bro!rs' brief p>tn]%ip2 ! ma*9es are    
basically ,a4 ,b4 ,h[e ma*9es1 #ahfc4   
7,smi?sonian photo #dicgc-;,a47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ih4--;,,h[e      
7,,/ockwell ,,bro!rs7 ,,ma*9e1 #ahgj4   
7,smi?sonian photo #deegb-;,e47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ii4--,,pat5t     
,,model ,,( ,,*ri/oph] ,,hodgk9s1       

,novemb] #b1 #aheb1 assign$ to ,nehemiah
 ,hunt4 7,smi?sonian photo #cdeea47     
,figures #ii1 #ajj1 & #aja4--,,! ,n4    
,,hunt 7lat]1 9 #ahef1 ,hunt  ,web/] &  
f9ally 9 #aheh ,ladd & ,web/]7 sew+     
ma*9e 0 bas$ on ! pat5ts ( ,*ri/oph]    
,hodgk9s1 ,novemb] #b1 #aheb1 & ,may #i1
 #ahed1 bo? ( :i* 7 assign$ to ,nehemiah
 ,hunt4 ,fir/ manufactur$ 9 #ahec1 !    
ma*9e1 :i* closely resembl$ ! ,hodgk9s' 
pat5t1 won a silv] m$al at ! exhibition 
( ! ,massa*usetts ,*>itable ,me*anics   
,association t same ye>4  ,9 #ahef ,hunt
 took a p>tn]1 & ! company became ,hunt 
,web/]4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is company
 appe>$ z a feature article 9 ,ball\'s  
,pictorial1 ,july #e1 #ahef1 :]e x 0    
report$ t ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,%oe ,company
 h ov] fifty ( ! late/ improv$ ma*9es1  
repres5t$ 9 ^! draw+s fig4 #ca1 n[      
runn+4444 ,! article also e/imat$ t a   
#ee-million doll> increase 9 %oe        
manufactur+ 9 ,massa*usetts 9 #ahee 0   
due to ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,9 #ahef ! ,hunt   
,web/] ma*9e aga9 won a silv] m$al at ! 

exhibition4 ,v late 9 #aheh ! company   
became ,ladd1 ,web/]1  ,co4 & cont9u$ to
 manufacture bo? family & manufactur+   
sew+ ma*9es until ! mid-#ahfjs4  ,!     
approximate date ( manufacture c be     
det]m9$ by s]ial numb]3    ,s]ial ,numb]
     ,ye>    #a-ajj                #ahec
   #aja-cfh              #ahed          
#cfi-ddb              #ahee   #ddc-fbb  
#ahef   #fbc-ajge             #aheg     
#ajgf-aefe            #aheh   #aeff-ccec
            #ahei  ,no figures are      
available = ! #ahfjs4  ,illu/ration3    
,figure #ajj4--,,"r3 ,,hunt  ,,web/]    
sew+ ma*9e ( ab\t #ahee1 s]ial numb]    
#dad4 7,smi?sonian photo #dhbaf-,v47    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aja4--,,ladd1    
,,web/]  ,,co4 sew+ ma*9e ( ab\t #aheh1 
,bo/on1 s]ial numb] #adig4 7,smi?sonian 
photo #dfiec47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#ajb4--;,,improv$ ,,common ,,s5se sew+  
ma*9e ( ab\t #ahgj4 ,?is ma*9e is s v   
simil> to ! ,new ,engl& ma*9es 9 its    
fe$1 ?read+1 loop+ me*anism1 & 9 its    
g5]al design1 t x is sometimes mi/ak5 = 

! e>li] ,new ,engl& ma*9es 7see figs4   
#aab & #aac74  ,dat+ f ! e>ly #ahgjs1 ! 
,improv$ ,common ,s5se ma*9e is ab\t #aj
 in*es 9 wid?1 two in*es l>g] ?an ! ,new
 ,engl& ma*9e4 ,! spool hold] is simil> 
to ,folsom's pat5t$ design1 b is less   
ref9$4 ,a page f an adv]tis+ bro*ure ( !
 p]iod v]ifies ! "n ( ! ma*9e1 b does n 
id5tify ! manufactur]4  ,!re are no     
pat5t dates or id5tify+ names or numb]s 
on ! ma*9e illu/rat$4 ,al?\gh ! ,empire 
,co4 also produc$ a ma*9e ( ?is /yle1 _!
 models are m>k$ ) _! "n & ) ,ket*um's  
pat5t date1 ,april #bc1 #ahfc4 ,( !     
sev]al /yles ( ma*9e us+ ! ,raymond     
loop]1 ?is type seems to acc\nt = !     
l>ge/ volume manufactur$1 z evid5c$ by !
 proportionately high] numb] ( examples 
/ill extant4 7,smi?sonian photo         
#dhcbh-;,e47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#ajc4--;,,johnson ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 #aheg4
 ,ano!r ( ! all-b-=gott5 manufactur]s ( 
! #ahejs 0 ,em]y1 ,h\ghton  ,co41 :o    
con/ruct$ ! ,a4,f4 ,johnson ma*9es4     
,exam9ation ( exi/+ ma*9es indicates t  

!y 7 manufactur$ 9 #ahef & #aheg1 &     
possibly a little long]4 ,?is "o f #aheg
 be>s ! s]ial numb] #fbd1 s we "k t     
sev]al hundr$ 7 manufactur$4 ,! head is 
ornately attractive1 slightly rem9isc5t 
( ,:eel]  ,wilson models1 & ( /&>d size4
 7,smi?sonian photo #dhcbi-;,b47        
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajd4--,,lady     
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ( ab\t #ahei4 ,!         
contempor>y "n ( ?is ma*9e is unkn[n4 ,!
 unusual design ( ! head1 or ma9        
support1 is bas$ 9 "p on ! design pat5t1
 numb] #baf1 ( ,isaac ,f4 ,bak]1 issu$  
,april #aj1 #ahdi1 = a new & useful     
design1 = ornam5t+ furniture1 call$     
,cora ,munro :o 0 a "* 9 ,james ,f5imore
 ,coop]'s ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans4 ,! design 
%[s a female figure we>+ a rid+ dress & 
hat t is ornam5t$ ) a plume & a b[4 ,h] 
"r h& holds a rid+ /ick & ! left1 h]    
skirt4 ,trunks ( trees & foliage        
complete ! ,bak] design1 :i* is kn[n to 
h be5 us$ = gir&oles ( ! p]iod4 ,a      
companion design 0 also pat5t$ by ,bak]1
 numb] #bae1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( a man 9    

milit>y co/ume & is nam$ ,major ,heyw>d1
 = ano!r "* 9 ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans4  ,!   
sew+ ma*9es bas$ on ! ,cora ,munro      
design also use bran* designs z !       
ov]hang+ arms4 ,a "m bird sits 9 ! upp] 
bran* & desc5ds to fe$ a "y bird z !    
ma*9e is 9 op]ation4 ,! "o illu/rat$ 0  
us$ z ! ma*9e submitt$ ) a reque/ =     
pat5t by ,george ,h5sel ( ,new ,york    
,city = :i* pat5t #bd1gcg 0 issu$ on    
,july #ab1 #ahei4 ,s9ce ,h5sel's pat5t  
application 0 = an improvem5t 9 ! fe$1  
!re 0 no ne$ = ! highly decorative head 
unless su* a ma*9e 0 comm]cially        
available4 ,! pat5t specifications m]ely
 /ate t ! head is ornam5t$4 ,ano!r sew+ 
ma*9e ( ?is type 0 us$ z ! pat5t model  
by ,sidney ,p>k] ( ,s+ ,s+1 ,new ,york1 
numb] #bd1ghj1 issu$ on ! same date z ! 
,h5sel pat5t4 ,p>k]'s pat5t also cov]$  
an improv$ fe$+ me*anism4 ,9 ! pat5t    
description1 h[ev]1 ! inv5tor /ates t ! 
g5]al =m ( ! ma*9e is n unlike o!rs n[ 9
 use4 ,by ?is he might h meant 9 !      
design1 or possibly 9 ! basic /ructural 

=m4 ,o!r ?an ! two ma*9es describ$1 no  
o!r examples are kn[n to h surviv$1 b   
,lady or ,cora ,munro sew+ ma*9es 7     
manufactur$4 7,smi?sonian photo         
#deejf-;,d47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#aje4--,,l&fe>',s ,,pat5t ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e
 ( ab\t #aheg4 ,ano!r ( ! _m ma*9es t1  
except = isolat$ examples1 h almo/      
completely disappe>$ f ! records is     
,l&fe>'s ma*9e4 ,=tunately1 ?is         
manufactur] m>k$ 8 ma*9e--:]e _m did    
n--/amp+ x3 ,l&fe>'s pat5t-,decr #ahef1 
,no4 #bfb1 ,w4 ,h4 ,johnson's ,pat5t    
,feb4 #bf? #ahef1 ,manfrd by ,p>k]s1    
,sn[1 ,brooks  ,co41 ,we/ ,m]id51 ,conn4
 7,!re 0 a ,p>k] sew+ ma*9e manufactur$ 
by ! ,*>les ,p>k] ,co4 ( ,m]id51 b 8    
ma*9e 0 a d\ble-?read *a9/it* ma*9e & 0 
lic5s$ by ! ,comb9ation4 ,! ,l&fe> ma*9e
 may h be5 an e>li] attempt by a        
pr$ecessor or closely relat$ company47  
,! ,l&fe> pat5t 0 = a %uttle ma*9e1 b x 
also includ$ a mode = regulat+ /it*     
l5g?4 ,! "n *os5 = ?is ma*9e may be     
incorrect1 s9ce ! s+le-?read *a9/it*    

me*anism is prim>ily t ( ,w4 ,h4        
,johnson1 b s9ce ! ,johnson pat5t also 0
 us$ on o!r ma*9es ! "n ,l&fe> 0        
assign$4 ,! ma*9e 0 probably ano!r      
attempt to evade royalty paym5t to !    
,comb9ation4  ,! s]ial numb] #bfb       
indicates t at lea/ t _m ma*9es 7       
manufactur$1 al?\gh ?is model is ! only 
"o kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce4 ,! support arm 
( ! ma*9e head is iron1 ca/ z a vase (  
fl[]s & pa9t$ 9 natural colors4 ,! pa9t 
on ! head is orig9al1 b ! table has be5 
ref9i%$1 & ! iron legs1 :i* _h ru/$1 h  
be5 repa9t$4 7,smi?sonian photo         
#dhddj-;,g47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#ajf4--,,la?rop ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ( ab\t   
#ahgc4 ,^! ma*9es 7 manufactur$ by !    
,la?rop ,comb9ation ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 "u
 ! pat5ts ( ,lebbeus ,w4 ,la?rop (      
#ahfi1 #ahgj1 & #ahgc4 ,! ma*9e us$ two 
?reads1 bo? tak5 f spools2 moreov]1 x   
produc$ n only ! d\ble *a9/it*1 b x 0   
con/ruct$ to produce also a lock/it* & a
 comb9$ lock & *a9 /it*4 ,! ma*9e       
illu/rat$ be>s ! s]ial numb] #ca & !    

pat5t dates ( ,grov]  ,bak]1 & ,ba*eld] 
among o!rs1 9 addition to ! fir/ two    
,la?rop pat5t dates4 ,! company la/$    
only a few ye>s z x is includ$ 9 ! #ahha
 li/ ( manufactur]s t _h ceas$ to exi/4 
7,smi?sonian photo #dfiec-;,f47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure                   
#ajg4--;,,illu/ration ,,f ,a ,,bro*ure1 
m>k$ 9 ink3 ,! ,national ,portrait      
,gall]y1 #ahee4 ,s+] ,ar*ives4          
7,smi?sonian photo #dhjia-;,e47         
,figures #ajg & #ajh4--,,! ,,ni*ols ,,& 
,,leavitt sew+ ma*9es4 ,"o ( ,elias     
,h[e's e>lie/ lic5sees 0 ,j4 ,b4        
,ni*ols4 ,8 ma*9e1 manufactur$ at fir/ )
 ,george ,bliss & lat] alone z ,j4 ,b4  
,ni*ols  ,co41 0 call$ ,h[e's ,improv$  
,pat5t ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 no m a
 ,h[e ma*9e ?an any ( ! o!rs produc$ "u 
! ,h[e pat5t4  ,9 ,july #ahee ,ni*ols   
w5t into p>tn]%ip ) ,rufus ,leavitt1 & !
 company "n *ang$ to ,ni*ols1 ,leavitt  
,co4 ,9 #aheg x 0 *ang$ aga9 to ,leavitt
  ,co41 & f9ally 9 ! mid-#ahfjs to      
,leavitt ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ,by ! #ahgjs1

 x 0 defunct4  ,! ,ni*ols-,leavitt      
ma*9es c be dat$ by _! s]ial numb]s     
approximately z foll[s3    ,s]ial ,numb]
    ,ye>    ,company    #a-bh           
#ahec      ,ni*ols  ,bliss   #bi-bde    
#ahed      ,j4 ,b4 ,ni*ols  ,co4        
#bdf-cig            #ahee      ,j4 ,b4  
,ni*ols  ,co4--,ni*ols1 ,leavitt  ,co4  
#cih-fcb            #ahef      ,ni*ols1 
,leavitt  ,co4   #fcc-hbg               
#aheg      ,leavitt  ,co4   #hbh-ijb    
#aheh                  #ijc-aaae        
#ahei                  #aaaf-adcf       
#ahfj                  #adcg-ageg       
#ahfa                  #ageh-bjgg       
#ahfb                  #bjgh-bdjj       
#ahfc                  #bdja-bijj       
#ahfd                  #bija-cijj       
#ahfe      ,leavitt ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4   
#cija-dijj          #ahff               
#dija-eiea          #ahfg               
#eieb-fiea          #ahfh               
#fieb-ggbb          #ahfi               
,!re is no record t ! company 0 9       
exi/5ce aft] #ahfi4  ,illu/ration3      

,figure #ajh4--,,leavitt ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e 
( ab\t #ahfh1 s]ial numb] #fijg4        
7,smi?sonian photo #dhcbh47             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aji4--,,le/]     
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ( ab\t #aheh4 ,! ,le/]   
ma*9e 0 fir/ manufactur$ by ,j4 ,h4     
,le/] 9 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york4 ,8 ma*9e 
0 bas$ on ! pat5ts ( ,william ,johnson1 
,john ,brad%aw & o!rs b n on ! pat5ts   
held by ! ,comb9ation1 al?\gh he _h     
secur$ a lic5se4 ,:5 ! ,old ,dom9ion    
,company appli$ = a lic5se f !          
,comb9ation1 ,le/] le>n$ ( ?is1 w5t to  
,ri*mond1 & arrang$ to comb9e 8 bus9ess 
) !irs4 ,s9ce ! ,le/] ma*9e 0 ! bett]   
"o1 x 0 agre$ to cease ! manufacture ( !
 ,old ,dom9ion ma*9es e>ly 9 #ahfj & 9  
,m>* ! company "n 0 *ang$ to ! ,le/]    
,mfg4 ,co4 ,late 9 #ahfj1 ,george ,sloat
 ent]$ ! company ) 8 ,elliptic ma*9e2 ! 
"n 0 *ang$ aga91 ?is "t to ,union ,sew+ 
,ma*9e ,co4 ,! manufacture ( bo? sew+   
ma*9es cont9u$ until ! outbreak ( !     
,civil ,w> ! foll[+ ye>1 :i* br\ght a   
conv]sion to arms production4 ,!        

manufacture ( ,le/] ma*9es 0 nev]       
resum$4  ,! ma*9e illu/rat$ 0           
manufactur$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,le/] 9          
,brooklyn2 x be>s ! s]ial numb] #if4 ,! 
numb] ( ,le/] ma*9es manufactur$ f #aheh
 ?r\gh #ahfa is n kn[n1 b x 0 probably  
less ?an #a1jjj4 7,smi?sonian photo     
,p#fccei47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure       
#aaj4--,,ne ,,plus ,,ultra ( ab\t #ahfg4
 ,ano!r ( ! int]e/+ h&-turn$ *a9/it*    
ma*9es ( ! late #ahejs & #ahfjs 0 pat5t$
 by ,o4,l4 ,reynolds4 ,! ba/] plates & !
 h&le on ! :eel are miss+ on ?is ma*9e1 
b an int]e/+ %ield & drap$-flag patt]n  
is pa9t$ on ! base4  ,ano!r ma*9e ( ?is 
type has ! foll[+ inscription /amp$ on !
 ba/] plate3 ,ne ,plus ,ultra1 ,pat5t   
,appli$ ,=1 #agd1 ,o4,l4 ,reynolds1     
,pat5tee  ,manufactur]1 ,dov] ,n4,h4    
,reynold's pat5t model1 ,m>* #cj1 #aheh1
 be>s ! s]ial numb] #aaj1 indicat+ t !  
ma*9e illu/rat$ "h--:i* be>s ! s]ial    
numb] #bf--0 manufactur$ be=e ! pat5t 0 
obta9$4 7,smi?sonian photo #dhbaf-;,f47 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aaa4--,,nettleton

  ,,raymond ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ 
ornate ( ! e>ly1 small1 h&-turn$ sew+   
ma*9es 0 pat5t$ & manufactur$ by ,will=d
 ,h4 ,nettleton & ,*>les ,raymond ^:    
fir/ pat5t 0 receiv$ on ,april #ad1     
#aheg4 ,! pat5t model1 believ$ to be a  
comm]cial ma*9e1 is beautifully         
silv]-plat$4 ,:e!r ?is 0 a special      
"o-(-a-k9d model1 or :e!r ! inv5tors    
tri$ to make a comm]cial success ( a    
silv]-plat$ ma*9e is n kn[n4 ,! ma*9e   
made a two-?read *a9/it*1 tak+ bo?      
?reads f comm]cial spools4 ,by ,octob]  
#aheg1 ! inv5tors _h receiv$ _! second  
pat5t4 ,?is "t ! ma*9e 0 brass &        
gilt--bright]1 b less exp5sive4 ,at !   
same "t1 ,nettleton  ,raymond began     
manufactur+ sew+-%e>s ma*9es "u ! pat5t 
( ,j4 ,e4 ,h5dricks4  ,by ! latt] half (
 #aheh1 ,nettleton  ,raymond _h mov$ f  
,bri/ol1 ,connecticut1 to ,brattleboro1 
,v]mont4 ,! pat5t$ improvem5t ( !       
two-?read *a9/it* ma*9e receiv$ t ye> 0 
9 ! "n ( ,raymond1 assignor to          
,nettleton1 al?\gh ! ma*9es ( ?is type  

be> nei!r "n nor pat5t date4 ,no record 
( ! price = :i* !y 7 sold has be5 f\nd1 
b x w\ld be fair to e/imate t x 0       
probably ab\t #be4 ,?is /yle ( ma*9e 0  
discont9u$ :5 ! manufacture ( ! simpl]1 
m pr(itable ,new ,engl& model began1 a  
ma*9e t ,raymond _h initiat$ j be=e !   
p>tn]s left ,bri/ol4 7,smi?sonian photo 
#deeje-;,e47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#aab4--,,raymond ,,pat5t ,,model1 ,m>*  
#i1 #aheh4 7,smi?sonian photo           
#cbjji-,o47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure      
#aac4--,,new ,,engl& sew+ ma*9e ( ab\t  
#ahfj1 manufactur$ by ,nettleton        
,raymond2 x be>s ! ,raymond pat5t date (
 ,m>* #i1 #aheh4 7,smi?sonian photo     
#deeje-;,g47  ,illu/ration3 ,figures    
#aab & #aac4--,,new ,,engl& ,,sew+      
,,ma*9es4 ,! small1 h&-turn$1 sew+      
ma*9es "s ( :i* 7 call$ ,common ,s5se1 7
 manufactur$ by at lea/ ?ree companies &
 possibly m4 ,! e>lie/ ones 7 ^? made by
 ,nettleton  ,raymond bas$ on ,*>les    
,raymond's pat5t ( ,m>* #i1 #aheh1 :i*  
featur$ a h+$ press] foot act+ z ! top  

fe$4 ,on ,july #cj1 #ahfa1 ,raymond     
receiv$ a pat5t = an improv$ loop]2 ?is 
date is f\nd on all ma*9es lat]         
manufactur$ by ! inv5tor4  ,9 #aheh     
,nettleton & ,raymond _h mov$ f ,bri/ol1
 ,connecticut1 to ,brattleboro1 ,v]mont4
 ,also 9 ,brattleboro at ?is "t 7 ,?omas
 ,h4 ,:ite & ,samuel ,b>k]1 :o 7        
manufactur+ a small ma*9e call$ !       
,brattleboro4 ,:ite left ,v]mont 9 #ahfb
 & w5t to ,massa*usetts4 ,!re1 9        
p>tn]%ip ) ,william ,gr\t1 he also began
 to manufacture ,new ,engl& ma*9es2 ^! 7
 basically ! same z ! ,raymond ma*9es4  
,aft] a %ort "t1 ,gr\t left ! p>tn]%ip )
 ,:ite & mov$ to ,w9*5don1 !re cont9u+  
to make ,new ,engl& ma*9es =            
approximately "o m ye>4 ,9 #ahfe1 ,j4   
,g4 ,folsom ( ,w9*5don exhibit$ a ,new  
,engl& ma*9e at ! ,t5? ,exhibition ( !  
,massa*usetts ,*>itable ,me*anics       
,association along ) 8 ,globe ma*9e4    
,:e!r bo? ma*9es 7 manufactur$ by him or
 :e!r he might h be5 exhibit+ "o (      
,gr\t's ma*9es is n kn[n4  ,!re is no   

record t ,new ,engl& ma*9es 7           
manufactur$ aft] #ahfe4 ,!re is a great 
simil>ity betwe5 ^! ma*9es & ! ,improv$ 
,common ,s5se sew+ ma*9es ( ! #ahgjs4 ,x
 is believ$ t ! "n ,common ,s5se 0 giv5 
by frugal ,new ,engl&]s to sev]al ( !   
*eap] *a9/it* ma*9es ( ! #ahfjs4        
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aad4--,,pratt',s 
,,second ,,pat5t ,,model1 ,m>* #c1      
#aheg1 probably a comm]cial ma*9e4      
7,smi?sonian photo #dhcbh-;,h47         
,illu/ration3 ,figures #aad &           
#aae4--,,pratt',s ,,pat5t & ! ,ladies   
,companion sew+ ma*9e4 ,! ma*9es        
manufactur$ "u ! pat5ts ( ,samuel ,f4   
,pratt 7 fir/ sold 9 #aheg & #aheh z    
,pratt's pat5t4 ,^! ma*9es c>ry ! ,pratt
 "n & ! pat5t dates ,feb4 #c1 #aheg ,m>4
 #c2 ! latt] is an #aheg pat5t date     
also4 ,9 #ahei ! ,pratt ma*9e 0 call$ ! 
,ladies ,companion & 0 s m>k$4 ,x 0 also
 m>k$ ) ! #aheg pat5t dates1 ! date     
,febru>y #af1 #aheh1 & a s]ial numb]1 & 
0 /amp$ ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,manufacture 0   
discont9u$ aft] a few ye>s4             

,illu/ration3 ,figure #aae4--,,ladies   
,,companion1 #ahei4 7,photo c\rtesy ( ,!
 ,h5ry ,=d ,museum & ,gre5field         
,village1 ,de>born1 ,mi*igan47          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aaf4--,,quak]    
,,city ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,dur+ ! fir/     
decade ( sew+-ma*9e manufacture _m types
 ( h&some wood5 cases 7 develop$ to h\se
 ! me*anisms4 ,al?\gh su* cases increas$
 ! total co/1 !y 7 greatly admir$ & 7   
pur*as$ :5ev] family funds p]mitt$4 ,!  
ma*9e 0 bas$ on ! pat5ts ( ,william ,p4 
,uhl+]3 a me*anical pat5t = a d\ble     
*a9/it* ma*9e on ,augu/ #ag1 #aheh      
7ant$at$ ,may #h71 & a pat5t = ! cas+ on
 ,decemb] #bh1 #aheh4 ,! ma*9e head 0   
l[]$ into ! cas+ z ! lid 0 br\ght =w>d &
 clos$--an idea mu* ahead ( its "t4     
,?is ,quak] ,city ma*9e1 s]ial numb]    
#ah1 0 pur*as$ by ,b5jam9 ,f4 ,mead[s ( 
,lafayette1 ,alabama1 = #aej j prior to 
! ,civil ,w>4 ,relatively few ma*9es (  
?is type 7 manufactur$1 & ! ,quak] ,city
 ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 exi/$ = only a few   
ye>s4 ,its app>5t hope = a s\!rn m>ket 0

 %ort-liv$1 & x 0 unable to compete ei!r
 ) ! companies lic5s$ "u ! ,comb9ation  
or ) ^? produc+ less exp5sive ma*9es4   
7,smi?sonian photo #dfiec-;,a47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aag4--;,,f ,,an  
,,adv]tis+ ,,bro*ure1 m>k$ 9 ink1 ,!    
,national ,portrait ,gall]y1 #ahee1 9 ! 
,s+] ,company's ar*ives4 ,! bro*ure     
/ates ,h[>d  ,davis1 #cd ,wat] ,/reet1  
,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts ,sole             
,manufactur]s ( ,rob9son's ,pat5t ,sew+ 
,ma*9e ) ,roper's ,improvem5ts4         
7,smi?sonian photo #dhjia-;,f47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aah4--,,sew+     
,,ma*9e ,,( ,,ab\t #ahef ) inscription  
,h[>d  ,davis ,mak]s1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4    
,rob9son  ,rop] ,pat4 ,dec4 #aj1 #ahej1 
,aug4 #ae1 #ahed2 ! drive :eel & !      
circul> /it*+ plate ( ?is ma*9e are     
miss+4 7,smi?sonian photo #dhddj-;,c47  
,illu/ration3 ,figures #aag &           
#aah4--,,rob9son ,,& ,,rop] sew+ ma*9es1
 #ahee-ahef4 ,?is is "o ( ! few ma*9es  
produc+ a back/it* or half back/it* to  
realize any comm]cial success4          

,manufactur$ a v %ort "t by ,h[>d       
,davis1 x 0 a %ort-?read ma*9e1 bas$ on 
! ,fr$]ick ,rob9son pat5t ( ,decemb]    
#aj1 #ahej1 & ! ,samuel ,rop] pat5t (   
,augu/ #ae1 #ahed4 ,rop] produc$        
additional improvem5ts = :i* he receiv$ 
a pat5t on ,novemb] #d1 #ahef4 ,9 !     
,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,novemb] #a1 #ahef1
 ! new ma*9e 0 discuss$3 ,rob9son  ,rop]
 exhibit _! new improv$ sew+ ma*9es1 :i*
 appe> to op]ate ) great success4 ,two  
ne$les are employ$1 ! po9ts ( :i* are   
furni%$ ) hooks t alt]nately cat* !     
?read & =m ! /it*4 ,! f9e/ k9d ( cotton 
?read or silk c be us$4 ,! "w appe>s    
well done4 ,price #ajj4  ,illu/ration3  
,figure #aai4--;,,illu/rat$ ,,page 9 a  
,%aw  ,cl>k adv]tis+ bro*ure1 publi%$ 9 
late #ahfd4 7,smi?sonian photo #facba47 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #abj4--,,%aw      
,,cl>k ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e 7,page pat5t7 (   
#ahfg1 ,*icopee ,falls1 ,massa*usetts4  
7,smi?sonian photo #dhbaf-,l47          
,illu/ration3 ,figures #aai &           
#abj4--,,%aw  ,,cl>k ,,sew+ ,,ma*9es4 ,9

 addition to ! e>ly /yle ,monitor sew+  
ma*9e sold by ,%aw  ,cl>k )\t a "n or   
any id5tify+ m>ks1 ! company cont9u$ to 
manufacture ma*9es aft] a lawsuit ) !   
,comb9ation =c$ !m to take out a lic5se4
 ,!y manufactur$ an adapt$ v]sion ( _!  
,monitor & an entirely new design pat5t$
 9 #ahfa4 ,_! ma*9es 7 n[ m>k$ ) !      
company "n & a li/ ( pat5t dates includ+
 ^? ( ,h[e1 ,:eel] & ,wilson1 ,grov] &  
,bak]1 & ,s+] & ! ,bat*eld] pat5t1      
toge!r ) _! own design pat5ts4 ,9 #ahfg 
! company mov$ f ,bidde=d1 ,ma9e1 to    
,*icopee ,falls1 ,massa*usetts4 ,9 !    
same ye>1 !y began manufactur+ a ma*9e (
 ! design pat5t$ by ,t4 ,c4 ,page4 ,!   
company is believ$ to h become !        
,*icopee ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company :i*      
appe>$ ! foll[+ ye> & rema9$ 9 bus9ess  
only a v %ort "t4 ,"o ,*icopee sew+     
ma*9e is 9 ! ,smi?sonian collection4    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aba4--,,s+]      
,trav]se ,%uttle ,ma*9e--,lett] ,a4     
7,smi?sonian photo #ehihd47  ,figures   
#aba & #abb4--,,s+] ,,sew+ ,,ma*9es4 ,f 

#ahej to #aheh ! ,s+] company produc$   
heavy manufactur+-type sew+ ma*9es      
simil> to ! pat5t model %[n e>li] 7fig4 
#bh74 ,! fir/ ma*9e = family use1 ,s+]'s
 new ,family sew+ ma*9e 7fig4 #cc7 0    
manufactur$ f #aheh-ahfa4 ,_!           
second-/yle family ma*9e 0 call$ !      
,trav]se ,%uttle ,ma*9e--,lett] ,a2 x 0 
manufactur$ f #ahei to #ahfe1 :5 !y     
introduc$ _! ?ird family ma*9e & call$ x
 ! ,new ,family sew+ ma*9e4 ,?is /yle   
ma*9e cont9u$ until ab\t #ahhc :5 !     
,improv$ ,family ma*9e appe>$4 ,9       
addition to ! lock/it* ma*9es1 ,s+] also
 manufactur$ *a9/it* ma*9es1 & _m highly
 specializ$ manufactur+ ma*9es4  ,f     
#aheg ?r\gh ! #ahhjs1 ! ,s+] ma*9es 7   
m>k$ ) two s]ial numb]s4 ,x is possible 
t ! numb]s 7 relat$ to ! ,comb9ation    
royalties paid by ! ,s+] company4 ,until
 ab\t #ahgc !re 0 a diff]5ce ( exactly  
#d1jjj 9 ! two numb]s1 ?us "o ma*9e w\ld
 be m>k$ #abafc & directly bel[ x w\ld  
be m>k$ #afafc4 ,f #ahgc ! la/ ?ree     
digits ( ! two numb]s cont9u$ to be !   

same b ! l[] numb] might be mu* l[] 9   
value ?an ei!r numb] us$ 9 e>li] ye>s4  
,! l>g] numb] is believ$ to h be5 a     
record ( total production :ile ! l[]    
numb] may h ref]r$ to a ma*9e ( a       
p>ticul> /yle4 ,! ,s+] company records c
 %$ no light on ! mean+ ( ! top 7or l[] 
( ! two7 s]ial numb]s4 ,g5]ally1 9 !    
e>li] ma*9es1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! two numb]s 
w n affect ! dat+ ( a ma*9e by m ?an "o 
ye>4 ,s9ce dat+ by s]ial numb] c only be
 e/imat$1 ! two numb]s d n add an       
appreciable v>iable prior to #ahgc4     
,only ! l>g] numb]1 h[ev]1 %\ld be      
consid]$ 9 dat+ ma*9es aft] #ahgc4      
,s]ial ,numb]     ,ye>    #a-ajj        
#ahej   #aja-ijj              #ahea     
#ija-agaa             #aheb   #agab-beba
            #ahec   #bebb-cdjj          
#ahed   #cdja-dbhc            #ahee     
#dbhd-fhdg            #ahef             
#fhdh-ajdgg           #aheg             
#ajdgh-adjga          #aheh             
#adjgb-bejbd          #ahei             
#bejbe-dcjjj          #ahfj             

#dcjja-fajjj          #ahfa             
#fajja-gicif          #ahfb             
#gicig-iidbf          #ahfc             
#iidbg-abcjeh         #ahfd             
#abcjei-adicii        #ahfe             
#adidjj-ahjcfj        #ahff             
#ahjcfa-bbcdad        #ahfg             
#bbcdae-bhcjdd        #ahfh             
#bhcjde-cfihbf        #ahfi             
#cfihbg-digffj        #ahgj             
#digffa-fghiba        #ahga             
#fghibb-hihfhj        #ahgb             
#hihfha-aabaabe       #ahgc             
#aabaabf-acfbhje      #ahgd             
#acfbhjf-afabfeh      #ahge             
#afabfei-ahgdige      #ahgf  ,s9ce      
records ( annual production f #ahgg to !
 turn ( ! c5tury are n complete1 x is   
difficult to e/abli% ye>ly              
approximations4 ,us+ ! ma*9es submitt$ z
 pat5t models1 & ?us kn[n to h be5      
manufactur$ be=e ! date ( deposit1      
h[ev]1 has provid$ u ) ! foll[+ date    
guides4 ,by #ahgg !re _h be5 #b million 
ma*9es manufactur$1 #c million by #ahhj1

 #d million by #ahhb1 #e million by     
#ahhd1 #f million by #ahhf1 #g million  
by #ahhh1 #h million by #ahhi1 #i       
million by #ahij1 & #aj million by      
#ahia4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#abb4--,,s+] ,new ,family sew+ ma*9e4   
7,smi?sonian photo #ehihg47             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #abc4--,,/&>d     
,,sew+ ,,ma*9e ( ab\t #ahgj4 ,?is       
*a9/it* ma*9e is believ$ to h be5 made  
by ! company t lat] became ! ,/&>d      
,%uttle ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 :5 !y    
began manufactur+ lock/it* ma*9es ab\t  
#ahgd4 ,?is ma*9e is m>k$ ) ! "n1 ,/&>d1
 & ) ! dates ,pat5t$ ,july #ad1 #ahgj1  
,pat5t$ ,jan4 #bb1 #ahef1 ,dec4 #i1     
#ahef1 ,dec4 #ab1 #ahfe4 ,! dates ref]  
to ! reissue & ext5d$ reissue ( !       
,ba*eld] & ! ,a4 ,b4 ,wilson pat5ts4 ,! 
numb] ( *a9/it* ma*9es ( ?is type t 7   
manufactur$ is n kn[n4 7,smi?sonian     
photo #deejf-;,c47  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #abd4--,,tagg>t  ,,f>r sew+     
ma*9e1 front view4 7,smi?sonian photo   
#dhbaf-,p47  ,figures #abd &            

#abe4--,,tagg>t  ,,f>r sew+ ma*9e1      
#ahfj4 ,! ,tagg>t  ,f>r is an almo/     
=gott5 ma*9e4 ,x 0 bas$ on ,*e/] ,f>r's 
pat5t ( ,augu/ #i1 #ahei4 ,! ma*9e1     
h[ev]1 0 9 comm]cial production z e>ly z
 #aheh1 ! ye> ! pat5t application 0     
made4 ,us+ two ?reads--bo? tak5 directly
 f ! spool--to =m a *a9/it*1 ! ma*9e 0  
op]at$ basically by treadle b also by   
h&4 ,! drive :eel is miss+ on ?is ma*9e1
 b x w\ld normally appe> on ! "r4  ,! "n
 & pat5t date 7 pa9t$ on ! end ( !      
ma*9e4 ,?is 0 true ( _m o!r ma*9es ( ?is
 p]iod1 :i* is :y s _m g unid5tifi$ once
 ! pa9t has become worn4 ,sev]al ?\s&   
,tagg>t  ,f>r ma*9es 7 manufactur$1 b ! 
company is believ$ to h _h a %ort life1 
= x 0 among ^? t _h disappe>$ by #ahha4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #abe4--,,tagg>t   
,,f>r sew+ ma*9e1 end view4 7,smi?sonian
 photo #dhbaf-,m47  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #abf4--,,watson ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 
#ahef1 illu/rat$ 9 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 
,decemb] #ac1 #ahef4 ,! e>lie/ ,watson  
ma*9es 7 two-?read lock/it* ma*9es1 z   

describ$ 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,augu/
 #aj1 #ahej4 ,al?\gh ! magaz9e report$ t
 ! inv5tor _h appli$ = a pat5t1 ! e>lie/
 lock/it* pat5t issu$ to ,william ,c4   
,watson 0 on ,m>* #aa1 #ahef4 ,a few ( 8
 ma*9es 7 made 9 #ahej1 ! article       
cont9u$1 sev]al ( ^! ma*9es are ne>ly   
f9i%$ 444 p]sons desir\s ( see+ !m c be 
gratifi$ by call+ ^u ,messrs4 ,jones    
,lee4 ,a ,watson ma*9e 0 exhibit$ by    
,jones  ,lee at ! ,six? ,exhibition ( ! 
,massa*usetts ,*>itable ,me*anics       
,association held 9 ,bo/on 9 ,septemb]  
#ahej4  ,9 #ahec a ,watson ma*9e 0      
exhibit$ at ! ,new ,york ,indu/ry ( ,all
 ,nations ,exhibition1 b ?is 0 a        
s+le-loop+ ma*9e2 ,watson receiv$ a     
pat5t = ?is s+le-?read ma*9e on ,novemb]
 #be1 #ahef4  ,9 ! ,decemb] #ac1 #ahef1 
issue ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican a ma*9e     
call$ ,watson's ,family sew+ ma*9e 0    
illu/rat$ & describ$4 ,x 0 a small ma*9e
 7only #h by #e in*es7 manufactur$ by   
,watson  ,woo/] & sell+ = #aj4 ,ref]5ces
 to ! ,watson s+le-?read ma*9e occur z  

late z #ahfj1 b no examples are kn[n to 
h surviv$4 7,smi?sonian photo           
#dhbba-;,b47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#abg4--,,we/  ,,willson ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e (
 ab\t #ahei4 ,! ,we/  ,willson ma*9e1   
manufactur$ "u ! pat5t ( ,h4 ,b4 ,we/ & 
,h4 ,f4 ,willson1 enjoy$ a v brief span 
( popul>ity4 ,! pat5t cov]$ ! peculi>   
me?od ( op]at+ a spr+-loop] 9 comb9ation
 ) an eye-po9t$ ne$le to =m a s+le      
*a9/it*1 b :e!r ma*9es ( ?is s+le-?read 
v>iety 7 manufactur$ is unkn[n4 ,! ma*9e
 illu/rat$ "h is a two-?read ma*9e (    
basically ! same description4 ,x /it*es 
f left to "r & be>s s]ial numb] #aedd & 
! inscription ,we/  ,willson ,co4 pat5t$
 ,june #bi1 #aheh4 7,smi?sonian photo   
#didef-;,a47  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#abh4--,,:eel]  ,,wilson ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e 
( ab\t #ahgb4 ,s]ial numb] #fgjigd4     
7,smi?sonian photo ,p#fcadi-;,a47       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #abi4--,,:eel] ,,&
 ,,wilson ,,no4 #h sew+ ma*9e ( ab\t    
#ahgf4 7,smi?sonian photo #agffc-;,c47  
,illu/ration3 ,figures #abh &           

#abi4--,:eel] & ,wilson sew+ ma*9es4 ,! 
,:eel] & ,wilson company 0 ! l>ge/      
manufactur] ( sew+ ma*9es 9 ! #ahejs & !
 #ahfjs4  ,x began 9 #ahea z ,a4 ,b4    
,wilson2 f #aheb to #ahef x 0 ! ,:eel]1 
,wilson  ,co41 ,wat]t[n1 ,connecticut2 &
 f #ahef to #ahgf1 x 0 ,:eel]  ,wilson  
,mfg4 ,co41 ,bridgeport1 ,connecticut4  
,! /yle ( ! head *ang$ v little dur+ ^! 
ye>s 7see figs4 #bf & #bg74 ,bo? a table
 /yle ) iron legs & a cab9et model 7    
made3 ! head 0 usually m\nt$ to /it* f  
left to "r4 ,9 #ahfa1 ! company         
introduc$ ! fam\s glass press] foot1    
pat5t$ on ,m>* #e ( t ye> by ,j4 ,l4    
,hyde4 ,! press] foot 0 made ( metal b  
%ap$ l an op5 8 into :i* 0 slid a small 
glass plate1 ) a hole = ! ne$le desc5t4 
,! glass all[$ ! seam/ress to obs]ve !  
/it*+ & to produce v close-edge /it*+4  
,x rema9$ a favorite ( _m wom5 = ye>s4  
,9 #ahgf1 ! new ,no4 #h ma*9e 0         
introduc$ & a new s]ies ( s]ial numb]s 0
 initiat$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 imp]ative to "k
 t ! ma*9e is "o ( ! e>li] /yle ma*9es  

be=e us+ ! foll[+ li/ ( s]ial numb]s to 
date ! ma*9es1 approximately z foll[s3  
,s]ial ,numb]     ,ye>    #a-bjj        
#ahea   #bja-fej              #aheb     
#fea-addi             #ahec   #adej-bbje
            #ahed   #bbjf-ccgf          
#ahee   #ccgg-eehf            #ahef     
#eehg-ajagg           #aheg             
#ajagh-ahaee          #aheh             
#ahaef-cidfa          #ahei             
#cidfb-fdefc          #ahfj             
#fdefd-hcaai          #ahfa             
#hcabj-aaacba         #ahfb             
#aaacbb-adajii        #ahfc             
#adaajj-ahaafa        #ahfd             
#ahaafa-bbjcah        #ahfe             
#bbjcai-bgjdej        #ahff             
#bgjdea-cjheje        #ahfg             
#cjhejf-ceghef        #ahfh             
#cegheg-dcfgbb        #ahfi             
#dcfgbc-eaiicj        #ahgj             
#eaiica-fdhdef        #ahga             
#fdhdeg-hbbede        #ahgb             
#hbbedf-idagce        #ahgc             
#idagcf-ajcdefc       #ahgd             

#ajcdefd-acahcjc      #ahge             
#aachcjd-abdgcjj      #ahgf  ,records ( 
! second s]ies ( s]ial numb]s dat+ f    
#ahgf are n available4  ,illu/ration3   
,figure #acj4--,,:ite ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4   
,al?\gh ! ,:ite sew+ ma*9es date f      
#ahgf1 ,?omas ,h4 ,:ite _h be5 busy 9 ! 
manufacture ( sew+ ma*9es = _m ye>s     
prior to ?is4 ,:ite is kn[n to h be5    
associat$ ) ,b>k] 9 ! manufacture ( !   
,brattleboro ma*9e & lat] ) ,gr\t 9     
produc+ "o ( ! sev]al ,new ,engl&       
ma*9es4 ,9 #ahff he mov$ to ,clevel&1   
,ohio1 & began manufactur+ ma*9es = sale
 "u special trade names ?r\gh sell+     
organizations4 ,9 #ahgf1 ! ,:ite ,sew+  
,ma*9e ,company 0 =m$ & ma*9es 7 sold "u
 ! ,:ite "n4  ,! ma*9e illu/rat$ is a   
/&>d lock/it* ma*9e1 :i* w\ld h be5 set 
into a sew+-ma*9e table & op]at$ by a   
treadle4 ,! small h&le 0 us$ to />t !   
:eel1 & ?us ! /it*+ op]ation1 9 ! =w>d  
direction4 ,?is ma*9e be>s ! s]ial numb]
 #bhbda & ! foll[+ pat5ts3 ,m>4 #ad1    
#ahgf1 ,may #b1 #ahgf1 ,oct4 #bd1 #ahgf1

 ,jan4 #af1 #ahgg1 ,m>4 #bj1 #ahgg1 ,m>4
 #bg1 #ahgg1 :i* are prim>ily ! pat5ts (
 ,d',arcy ,port] & ,george ,w4 ,bak]4   
,! ma*9es ( ! #ahgjs may be dat$        
approximately z foll[s3    ,s]ial ,numb]
     ,ye>    #a-ijjj               #ahgf
   #ijjj-bgjjj           #ahgg          
#bgjja-dejjj          #ahgh             
#dejja-fcjjj          #ahgi             
7,smi?sonian photo #dhcbi-;,h47         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aca4--,,willcox  
,,& ,,gibbs ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e1 s]ial numb] 
#bifegb1 ( ab\t #ahgh4 ,f #aheg to !    
turn ( ! c5tury1 ! /yle ( ! ,willcox &  
,gibbs sew+ ma*9e *ang$ v little 7fig4  
#ci74 ,x 0 ! mo/ popul> & ! mo/ reliable
 ( ! _m *a9/it* ma*9es4 ,9 addition to !
 basic me*anical pat5ts1 ,gibbs also    
pat5t$ ! design ( ! sew+-ma*9e head 9   
#ahfj4 ,9 ! specifications1 he describ$ 
x z an op5 r+ set on a base or p$e/al4  
,! l[] "p ( ! op5 section support$ !    
clo? plate4 ,! design ( ! head1         
int5tionally or n1 =m$ a p]fect lett]   
,g1 ! initial ( ! inv5tor4 ,lat] ! ma*9e

 head z a lett] ,g 0 incorporat$ into ! 
company's tradem>k4 ,additional pat5ts 7
 also grant$ to ,james ,willcox = a leg 
& treadle design & to ,*>les ,willcox = 
me*anical improvem5ts4  ,x has n be5    
possible to secure in=mation on records 
( s]ial numb]s f ! late #ahgjs ?r\gh !  
#aibjs to aid 9 dat+ ma*9es ( t p]iod4  
,= ! prec$+ ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! ma*9es may be
 dat$ approximately z foll[s3    ,s]ial 
,numb]     ,ye>    #a-ajjjj             
#aheg   #ajjja-bjjjj          #aheh     
#bjjja-cjjjj          #ahei             
#cjjja-djjjj          #ahfj             
#djjja-ejjjj          #ahfa             
#ejjja-fjjjj          #ahfb             
#fjjja-gjjjj          #ahfc             
#gjjja-hjjjj          #ahfd             
#hjjja-ijjjj          #ahfe             
#ijjja-ajjjjj         #ahff             
#ajjjja-aaejjj        #ahfg             
#aaejja-acjjjj        #ahfh             
#acjjja-adejjj        #ahfi             
#adejja-afjjjj        #ahgj             
#afjjja-aijabg        #ahga             

#aijabh-bbcgff        #ahgb             
#bbcgfg-bcifdg        #ahgc             
#bcifdh-becceg        #ahgd             
#becceh-bfghgi        #ahge             
#bfghhj-bgifcg        #ahgf  ,al?\gh !  
,willcox & ,gibbs company is /ill 9     
exi/5ce1 = ! pa/ sev]al decades !       
company has limit$ itself to !          
production ( specializ$ manufactur+     
ma*9es r ?an family ma*9es4 7,smi?sonian
 photo #ehihf47  ,illu/ration  ----     
,illu/ration3 ,figure                   
#acb4--;,,illu/ration f ,knights        
,am]ican ,me*anical ,diction>y1 vol4 #c1
 p4 #babb4 ,! #fh sew+-ma*9e /it*es 9   
use by #ahhb are z foll[s3       ,,s+le 
,,?read        #a4 ,runn+ /it*4         
#b4 ,back /it*4        #c4 ,fa/ /it*4   
#d4 ,*a9/it*4        #e4 ,coil$-loop    
*a9/it*4        #f4 ,knitt$-loop        
*a9/it*4        #g4 ,knott$-loop        
*a9/it*4        #h4 ,loop en*a9$ by     
second alt]nate /it*4        #i4 ,ea*   
loop locks & en*a9s alt]nate loops4     
#aj4 ,/aple /it* 7= wax$ ?reads only74  

,,two ,,?reads       #aa4 ,d\ble-ne$le  
*a9/it*4       #ab4 ,d\ble-?read *a9/it*
 7"o ne$le74       #ac4 ,d\ble-loop$    
*a9/it*4       #ad4 ,*a9 ) int]lock+    
?read4       #ae4 ,"u-?read ?r\gh its   
own loop4       #af4 ,two ne$les        
p5etrate fabric f opposite sides4       
#ag4 ,two ne$les work+ f ! same side4   
#ah4 ,d\ble int]lock+ loop4       #ai4  
,lock/it*4       #bj4 ,twi/ 9 ne$le     
?read4       #ba4 ,d\ble twi/ 9 ne$le   
?read4       #bb4 ,twi/ 9 %uttle ?read4 
#bc4 ,d\ble twi/ 9 %uttle ?read4        
#bd4 ,knot /it*1 %uttle ?read knott$ at 
e /it*4       #be4 ,knot /it*1 %uttle   
?read knott$ at e o!r /it*4       #bf4  
,knot /it*1 %uttle ?read ?r\gh ! ne$le  
?read loop &          knott$ ar\nd !    
loop4       #bg4 ,%uttle ?read pull$ to 
! surface & int]lock$ )          succe$+
 /it* to =m an embroid]y /it*4          
#bh4 ,wire-lock /it*1 ?read lock$ 9     
place ) wire4       ,,?ree ,,?reads     
#bi4 ,two %uttles1 ea* lock+ alt]nate   
loops4       #cj4 ,d\ble loop )         

int]lock+ ?ird ?read4       #ca4 ,two   
%uttle ?reads1 bo? lock+ ea* loop4      
#cb4 ,two %uttle ?reads int]tw9+ & lock+
 ea* loop4       #cc4 ,s+le ?read2 loop 
( ne$le ?read drawn up ov] ! edge &     
lock$ by ne$le at its next desc5t4      
#cd4 ,two ?reads2 loops ( ne$le ?read1  
above & bel[1 ext5d to          ! edge (
 ! fabric1 & are lock$ by %uttle ?read4 
#ce4 ,two ?reads2 ne$le p5etrates back f
 edge1 its loop pass$          to &     
int]lock$ by ! ne$le at its next desc5t 
ov] !          edge1 & ?is second       
ne$le-loop lock$ by %uttle ?read4       
#cf4 ,two ?reads2 %uttle ?read drawn up 
ov] ! edge ( !          fabric to ! l9e 
( ! ne$le ?read4       #cg4 ,two ?reads2
 ne$le loop ?r\gh ! fabric lock$ by     
ne$le          loop ov] ! edge & second 
loop lock$ by second ?read4       #ch4  
,two ?reads2 edge ( fabric cov]$ by     
%uttle ?read4       #ci4 ,?ree ?reads2  
?ird ?read laid ar\nd ! /it* at ! edge  
( ! fabric4       ,,ornam5tal ,,/it*es  
#dj4 ,zigzag2 s+le ?read *a9/it* 7#d74  

#da4 ,zigzag2 two-?read lock/it* 7#ai74 
#db4 ,zigzag2 two-?read *a9/it* 7#ac74  
#dc4 ,zigzag2 *a9 /it* ) int]lock+ ?read
 7#ad74       #dd4 ,zigzag2 d\ble loop )
 int]lock+ ?ird ?read 7#cj74       #de4 
,zigzag2 runn+ /it* 7#a74       #df4    
,zigzag2 two ne$les & %uttle4       #dg4
 ,zigzag2 v>iation ( #df4       #dh-eb4 
,zigzag /it*es = sew+ /raw braid4       
#ec-fb4 ,/raight /raw-braid /it*es4     
#fc-fg4 ,special embroid]y /it*es4      
#fh4 ,saddl]'s /it*4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,9 ! ,sew+ 
,ma*9e ,news1 vol4 #c1 no4 #e1 p4 #ab   
7#ahha71 !re 7 li/$ a numb] ( !n defunct
 ma*9es & companies4 ,among ^! are _m   
well-kn[n names & little-kn[n names =   
:i* at lea/ "o additional ref]5ce c be  
f\nd4 ,!re are "s1 h[ev]1 = :i* ?is is !
 only ref]5ce to date4 ,^! are3         
,blan*>d1 ,babcock1 ,bann]1 ,br[n       
,rot>y1 ,cottage1 ,cole1 ,duplex1       
,economi/1 ,erie1 ,gutman1 ,hill1       
,hancock  ,b5nett1 ,j5ks1 ,lockm>1 ,la  
,favorite1 ,le>n$1 ,leggett1 ,mc,coy1   

,mc,cardy1 ,m$allion1 ,mc,arthur  ,co41 
,monopoly1 ,moreau1 ,mack1 ,niagra1 ,new
 ,cannaan1 ,orphean1 ,pride-(-!-,we/1   
,seam5  ,gu9ess1 ,surprise1 ,/ackpole1  
,%anks1 ,/an=d1 ,troy1 ,utica1 ,unit$   
,/ates ,family1 ,weav]1 ,wagn]1 &       
,williams4 ,"s ( ^! names may h be5 a   
special "n giv5 to ma*9es manufactur$ by
 "o ( ! kn[n companies1 b at lea/ a few 
are names ( ma*9es manufactur$ = a v    
%ort "t prior to #ahha ab\t :i* we w\ld 
l to "k m4     ,,iii4 ,*ronological ,li/
 ( ,u4,s4 ,sew+-,ma*9e ,pat5t ,models 9 
! ,smi?sonian ,collections   ,!re are m 
?an sev5 hundr$ sew+-ma*9e pat5t models 
& a simil> numb] ( atta*m5t models 9 !  
,smi?sonian collections4 ,mo/ ( ^!      
ma*9es 7 receiv$ 9 #aibf :5 ! ,pat5t    
,(fice dispos$ ( its collection (       
hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( models4 ,prior to     
#ahhj1 models _h be5 requir$ ) ! pat5t  
application2 al?\gh ! requirem5t 0      
discont9u$ t ye>1 pat5tees cont9u$ to   
furni% models = ano!r decade or s4 ,all 
models prior to #ahcf 7 lo/ 9 a ,pat5t  

,(fice fire ( t ye>1 b s9ce ! sew+-ma*9e
 pat5t hi/ory dates f ! #ahdjs1 mo/ ( ! 
hi/orically important ones ( ?is subject
 h be5 pres]v$4  ,^! models =m a        
valuable "p ( ! record ( ! inv5tion1    
supplem5t+ ! draw+s & ! text ( ! writt5 
specifications4 ,! e>ly sew+-ma*9e      
models 7 made to ord]1 ei!r by ! inv5tor
 or a commission$ model mak]4 ,z soon z 
sew+ ma*9es 7 produc$ comm]cially1 x 0  
less exp5sive = ! pat5tee to use a      
comm]cial ma*9e ( ! p]iod1 to :i* he    
add$ 8 *ange or improvem5t1 ?an to h a  
complete model con/ruct$ to ord]4 ,"s ( 
! comm]cial ma*9es us$ 9 ?is way are !  
only examples kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce1 & z 
su*1 are ( m int]e/ 9 e/abli%+ ! hi/ory 
( ! manufactur$ ma*9e ?an = ! m9or      
pat5t$ *anges4  ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,sew+ 
,ma*9e ,comb9ation1 _m pat5tees attempt$
 to inv5t & pat5t ! diff]5t ma*9e4 ,?is 
0 ei!r a radical *ange 9 /yle or an     
attempt to produce a f> less-exp5sive   
type ( ma*9e4 ,^! ma*9es 7 n always put 
into comm]cial production1 b ! pat5t    

models give an indication ( ! ext5t to  
:i* "s inv5tors w5t to simplify or v>y !
 me*anics ( ma*9e sew+4  ,! foll[+ is a 
li/ ( ^? sew+-ma*9e pat5t models 9 !    
,smi?sonian ,in/itution collections3    
,pat5tee                       ,date    
,pat5t ,numb]                           
,gre5\gh1 ,john ,j4               ,feb4 
#ba1 #ahdb  #b1dff   ,bean1 ,b5jam9 ,w4 
,m>* #d1 #ahdc  #b1ihb   ,corliss1      
,george ,h4               ,dec4 #bg1    
#ahdc  #c1chi   ,h[e1 ,elias1 ,jr4      
,sept4 #aj1 #ahdf #d1gej   ,ba*eld]1    
,john                  ,may #h1 #ahdi   
#f1dci   ,wilson1 ,all5 ,b4             
,nov4 #ab1 #ahej  #g1ggf   ,rob9son1    
,fr$]ick ,r4           ,dec4 #aj1 #ahej 
#g1hbd   ,grov]  ,bak]                  
,feb4 #aa1 #ahea  #g1ica   ,s+]1 ,isaac 
,m4                 ,aug4 #ab1 #ahea    
#h1bid   ,wilson1 ,all5 ,b4             
,aug4 #ab1 #ahea  #h1bif   ,wilson1     
,all5 ,b4                 ,june #ae1    
#aheb  #i1jda   ,mill]1 ,*>les          
,july #bj1 #aheb  #i1aci   ,av]y1 ,otis 

,oct4 #ai1 #aheb  #i1cch   ,hodgk9s1 ,g4
                     ,nov4 #b1 #aheb    
#i1cfe   ,brade51 ,j4 ,g4               
,nov4 #b1 #aheb   #i1chj   ,bates1 ,w4  
,g4                     ,feb4 #bb1 #ahec
  #i1eib   ,?ompson1 ,t4 ,c4            
,m>* #bi1 #ahec #i1fda   ,wick]%am1 ,w4 
,april #ai1 #ahec #i1fgi   ,johnson1 ,w4
 ,h4                   ,m>* #g1 #ahed   
#aj1eig   ,h>rison1 ,j41 ,jr4           
,april #aa1 #ahed #aj1gfc   ,av]y1 ,otis
                      ,may #i1 #ahed    
#aj1hhj   ,s+]1 ,isaac                  
,may #cj1 #ahed   #aj1ige   ,hunt1      
,walt]                     ,june #bg1   
#ahed  #aa1afa   ,rop]1 ,s4 ,h4         
,aug4 #ae1 #ahed  #aa1eca   ,%aw1 ,p4   
,sept4 #ab1 #ahed #aa1fhj   ,ambl]1 ,d4 
,c4                    ,nov4 #a1 #ahed  
#aa1hhd   ,rob]tson1 ,t4 ,j4 ,w4        
,nov4 #bh1 #ahed  #ab1jae   ,lyon1 ,w4  
,dec4 #ab1 #ahed  #ab1jff   ,/$man1 ,g4 
,w4                   ,dec4 #ab1 #ahed  
#ab1jgd   ,w>d1 ,d4 ,t4                 
,jan4 #b1 #ahee   #ab1adf   ,conant1 ,j4

 ,s4                    ,jan4 #af1 #ahee
  #ab1bcc   ,smi?1 ,h4 ,b4              
,jan4 #af1 #ahee  #ab1bdg   ,s+]1 ,i4   
,m4                    ,feb4 #f1 #ahee  
#ab1cfd   ,/$man1 ,g4 ,w4               
,m>* #bj1 #ahee #ab1egc   ,/$man1 ,g4   
,w4                   ,may #a1 #ahee    
#ab1gih   ,*ilcott1 ,j41 & ,scrimge\r1  
,j4 ,m>* #ae1 #ahee #ab1hef   ,durg91   
,*>les ,a4               ,may #bb1 #ahee
   #ab1ijb   ,bond1 ,j41 ,jr4           
,may #bb1 #ahee   #ab1ici   ,s+]1 ,isaac
                    ,june #ab1 #ahee    
#ac1jfe   ,h>rison1 ,j41 ,jr4           
,oct4 #b1 #ahee   #ac1faf   ,s+]1 ,i4   
,m4                    ,oct4 #i1 #ahee  
#ac1ffa   ,s+]1 ,i4 ,m4                 
,oct4 #i1 #ahee   #ac1ffb   ,langdon1   
,l4 ,w4                   ,oct4 #cj1    
#ahee  #ac1gbg   ,/$man1 ,g4 ,w4        
,nov4 #bg1 #ahee  #ac1hef   ,sw+le1 ,a4 
,feb4 #e1 #ahef   #ad1bjg   ,watson1    
,wm4 ,c4                   ,m>* #aa1    
#ahef #ad1dcc   ,s+]1 ,i4 ,m4           
,m>* #ah1 #ahef #ad1dge   ,grov]1 ,w4   

,o4                    ,may #bg1 #ahef  
#ad1ief   ,blodgett1 ,s4 ,c4            
,aug4 #e1 #ahef   #ae1dfi   ,rop]1 ,s4  
,h4                     ,nov4 #d1 #ahef 
#af1jbf   ,s+]1 ,isaac ,m4              
,nov4 #d1 #ahef   #af1jcj   ,gibbs1     
,james ,e4 ,a4               ,dec4 #af1 
#ahef  #af1bcd   ,j5n+s1 ,l4            
,dec4 #af1 #ahef  #af1bcg   ,johnson1   
,a4 ,f4                   ,jan4 #ac1    
#aheg  #af1chg   ,gibbs1 ,j4 ,e4 ,a4    
,jan4 #bj1 #aheg  #af1dcd   ,h[e1       
,elias1 ,jr4                 ,jan4 #bj1 
#aheg  #af1dcf   ,alex&]1 ,elisa        
,feb4 #c1 #aheg   #af1eah   ,gray1      
,jo%ua                     ,feb4 #c1    
#aheg   #af1eff   ,bel*]1 ,c4 ,d4       
,m>* #c1 #aheg  #af1gaj   ,pratt1 ,s4   
,f4                     ,m>* #c1 #aheg  
#af1gde   ,nettleton  ,raymond          
,april #ad1 #aheg #ag1jdi   ,gibbs1 ,j4 
,e4 ,a4                  ,june #b1 #aheg
   #ag1dbg   ,h>ris1 ,daniel            
,june #i1 #aheg   #ag1ejh   ,h>ris1     
,daniel                   ,june #af1    

#aheg  #ag1ega   ,sage1 ,william        
,june #cj1 #aheg  #ag1gag   ,la?bury1   
,e4 ,t4                  ,july #g1 #aheg
   #ag1gdd   ,wick]%am1 ,w4             
,aug4 #be1 #aheg  #ah1jfh   ,wick]%am1  
,w4                   ,aug4 #be1 #aheg  
#ah1jfi   ,behn1 ,h5ry                  
,aug4 #be1 #aheg  #ah1jga   ,nettleton1 
,wm4 ,h41 &           ,oct4 #f1 #aheg   
#ah1cej     ,raymond1 ,*>les            
,rop]1 ,s4 ,h4                     ,oct4
 #bg1 #aheg  #ah1ebb   ,fett]1 ,george  
,dec4 #a1 #aheg   #ah1gic   ,watson1 ,w4
 ,c4                    ,dec4 #h1 #aheg 
#ah1hcd   ,behn1 ,h4                    
,dec4 #ae1 #aheg  #ah1hhj   ,hubb>d1    
,george ,w4               ,dec4 #bb1    
#aheg  #ah1ijd   ,lazelle1 ,w4 ,h4      
,dec4 #bb1 #aheg  #ah1iae   ,cl>k1      
,david ,w4                  ,jan4 #e1   
#aheh   #ai1jae   ,fett]1 ,george       
,jan4 #e1 #aheh   #ai1jei   ,cl>k1      
,david ,w4                  ,jan4 #ab1  
#aheh  #ai1jgb   ,cl>k1 ,david ,w4      
,jan4 #ai1 #aheh  #ai1abi   ,dimmock1   

,m>tial1 &            ,jan4 #ai1 #aheh  
#ai1ace     ,rix=d1 ,na?an              
,boyd1 ,a4 ,h4                          
,jan4 #ai1 #aheh  #ai1aga   ,angell1    
,b5jam9 ,j4              ,feb4 #i1 #aheh
   #ai1bhe   ,cl>k1 ,david ,w4          
,feb4 #bc1 #aheh  #ai1dji   ,raymond1   
,*>les                 ,m>* #i1 #aheh   
#ai1fab   ,h5drick1 ,joseph ,e4         
,m>* #af1 #aheh #ai1ffj   ,p>k]1 ,sidney
                   ,m>* #af1 #aheh      
#ai1ffb   ,gray1 ,jo%ua                 
,m>* #af1 #aheh #ai1ffe   ,coates1 ,f4  
,s4                    ,m>* #bc1 #aheh  
#ai1fhd   ,cl>k1 ,david ,w4             
,m>* #bc1 #aheh #ai1gcb   ,reynolds1 ,o4
 ,s4                  ,m>* #cj1 #aheh   
#ai1gic   ,b>?olf1 ,abraham             
,april #f1 #aheh  #ai1hbc   ,savage1 ,e4
                       ,april #f1 #aheh 
#ai1hgf   ,atwood1 ,j4 ,e41 ,j4 ,c41 &  
,o4     ,april #ac1 #aheh #ai1ijc       
,boswor?1 ,*as4 ,f4               ,april
 #bj1 #aheh #ai1igi   ,cl>k1 ,david ,w4 
,june #h1 #aheh   #bj1dha   ,h]ron1 ,a4 

,c4                    ,june #ae1 #aheh 
#bj1eeg   ,johnson1 ,a4 ,f4             
,june #bb1 #aheh  #bj1fhf   ,b>nes1 ,w4 
,t4                    ,june #bi1 #aheh 
#bj1fhh   ,smi?1 ,e4 ,h4                
,june #bi1 #aheh  #bj1gci   ,we/1 ,h4   
,b41 &                 ,june #bi1 #aheh 
#bj1gec     ,willson1 ,h4 ,f4           
,mill]1 ,w4                       ,june 
#bi1 #aheh  #bj1gfc   ,blake1 ,lyman ,r4
                  ,july #f1 #aheh       
#bj1gge   ,c>p5t]1 ,lunan               
,july #bg1 #aheh  #bj1iij   ,moore1     
,*>les                   ,july #bg1     
#aheh  #ba1jae   ,smi?1 ,e4 ,h4         
,aug4 #c1 #aheh   #ba1jhi   ,:eel] &    
,c>p5t]            ,aug4 #c1 #aheh      
#ba1ajj   ,gibbs1 ,j4 ,e4 ,a4           
,aug4 #aj1 #aheh  #ba1abi   ,uhl+]1 ,w4 
,p4                  ,aug4 #ag1 #aheh   
#ba1bbd   ,cl>k1 ,david ,w4             
,aug4 #ca1 #aheh  #ba1cbb   ,blodgett1  
,s4 ,c4                  ,sept4 #g1     
#aheh  #ba1dfe   ,hubb>d1 ,g4 ,w4       
,sept4 #ad1 #aheh #ba1ecg   ,h5drick1   

,j4 ,e4                  ,oct4 #e1 #aheh
   #ba1gbb   ,gibbs1 ,j4 ,e4 ,a4        
,oct4 #ab1 #aheh  #ba1gea   ,sang/]1    
,amos4 ,w4               ,oct4 #bf1     
#aheh  #ba1ibi   ,av]y1 ,o4 & ,z4 ,w4   
,nov4 #i1 #aheh   #bb1jjg   ,sp5c] &    
,lamb                 ,nov4 #bc1 #aheh  
#bb1acg   ,p]ry1 ,james                 
,nov4 #bc1 #aheh  #bb1adh   ,burnet &   
,brod]ick             ,nov4 #cj1 #aheh  
#bb1afj   ,hook1 ,alb]t ,h4             
,nov4 #cj1 #aheh  #bb1agi   ,raymond1   
,*>les                 ,nov4 #cj1 #aheh 
#bb1bbj   ,bi%op1 ,h4 ,h4               
,dec4 #g1 #aheh   #bb1bbf   ,pratt1 ,s4 
,f4                     ,dec4 #g1 #aheh 
#bb1bdj   ,atwood1 ,j4 ,e4              
,dec4 #ad1 #aheh  #bb1bgc   ,fosket1 ,w4
 ,a41 &               ,jan4 #be1 #ahei  
#bb1gai     ,savage1 ,elliot            
,snyd]1 ,w4                       ,feb4 
#ae1 #ahei  #bb1ihg   ,cl>k1 ,d4 ,w4    
,may #c1 #ahei    #bc1hbc   ,boyd1 ,a4  
,h4                      ,may #ag1 #ahei
   #bd1jjc   ,gray1 ,jo%ua              

,may #ag1 #ahei   #bd1jbb   ,hook1      
,alb]t ,h4                  ,may #ag1   
#ahei   #bd1jbg   ,sp5c]1 ,james ,c4    
,may #ag1 #ahei   #bd1jfa   ,c>h>t1     
,pet] ,s4                ,may #bd1 #ahei
   #bd1jih   ,mc,curdy1 ,j4 ,s4         
,june #ad1 #ahei  #bd1cie   ,goodwyn1   
,h4 ,h4                   ,june #ba1    
#ahei  #bd1dee   ,gr\t1 ,william        
,july #e1 #ahei   #bd1fbi   ,h5sel1     
,george                   ,july #ab1    
#ahei  #bd1gcg   ,p>k]1 ,sidney         
,july #ab1 #ahei  #bd1ghj   ,hall1      
,william                    ,july #bf1  
#ahei  #bd1hgj   ,hayd51 ,h4 ,w4        
,aug4 #b1 #ahei   #bd1icg   ,kelsey1 ,d4
                       ,aug4 #b1 #ahei  
#bd1ici   ,emswil]1 ,j4 ,b4             
,aug4 #i1 #ahei   #be1jjb   ,f>r1 ,c4   
,n4                      ,aug4 #i1 #ahei
   #be1jjd   ,h>rison1 ,james1 ,jr4     
,aug4 #i1 #ahei   #be1jac   ,tapley1 ,g4
 ,s4                    ,aug4 #i1 #ahei 
#be1jei   ,b>nes1 ,w4 ,t4               
,aug4 #af1 #ahei  #be1jhd   ,boo?1      

,ezekial                   ,aug4 #af1   
#ahei  #be1jhg   ,h9kley1 ,j4           
,aug4 #bc1 #ahei  #be1bca   ,h>rison1   
,james1 ,jr4             ,aug4 #cj1     
#ahei  #be1bfb   ,buell1 ,j4 ,s4        
,sept4 #ac1 #ahei #be1cha   ,vogel1     
,kasimir                   ,oct4 #d1    
#ahei   #be1fib   ,woodw>d1 ,f4 ,g4     
,oct4 #aa1 #ahei  #be1ghb   ,b>rett1 ,o4
 ,d4                   ,oct4 #aa1 #ahei 
#be1ghe   ,b>nes1 ,william ,t4          
,oct4 #be1 #ahei  #be1hgf   ,sawy]1     
,irw91 & ,alsop1 ,t4     ,oct4 #be1     
#ahei  #be1iah   ,budlong1 ,william ,g4 
,nov4 #a1 #ahei   #be1idf   ,fosket1    
,william ,a41              ,nov4 #a1    
#ahei   #be1ifc     & ,savage1 ,e4      
,hicks1 ,w4 ,c4                         
,nov4 #h1 #ahei   #bf1jce   ,sc(ield1   
,c4                     ,nov4 #h1 #ahei 
#bf1jei   ,pe>son1 ,william             
,nov4 #bb1 #ahei  #bf1bja   ,mc,curdy1  
,james ,s4                ,nov4 #bb1    
#ahei  #bf1bcd   ,cl>k1 ,edw9           
,dec4 #f1 #ahei   #bf1ccf   ,dick9son1  

,c4 ,w4                 ,dec4 #f1 #ahei 
#bf1cdf   ,mill]1 ,*>les                
,dec4 #ac1 #ahei  #bf1dfb   ,r[e1 ,jas4 
,dec4 #bg1 #ahei  #bf1fch   ,johnson1   
,a4 ,f4                   ,jan4 #bd1    
#ahfj  #bf1idh   ,?omson1 ,j4           
,feb4 #g1 #ahfj   #bg1jhb   ,ju5g/1     
,george                  ,feb4 #ad1     
#ahfj  #bg1acb   ,davis1 ,job ,a4       
,feb4 #ba1 #ahfj  #bg1bjh   ,gibbs1     
,james ,e4 ,a4               ,feb4 #ba1 
#ahfj  #bg1bad   ,r[e1 ,james           
,feb4 #ba1 #ahfj  #bg1bfj   ,dopp1 ,h4  
,w4                      ,feb4 #bh1     
#ahfj  #bg1bgi   ,pa9e1 ,a4 ,r4         
,m>* #f1 #ahfj  #bg1dab   ,smalley1 ,j4 
,m>* #bj1 #ahfj #bg1egg   ,newlove1 ,t4 
,april #c1 #ahfj  #bg1gfa   ,mc,curdy1  
,j4 ,s4                   ,may #a1 #ahfj
    #bh1jig   ,arnold1 ,g4 ,b4          
,may #h1 #ahfj    #bh1aci   ,bean1 ,e4  
,e4                      ,may #h1 #ahfj 
#bh1add   ,holly1 ,birdsill             
,may #h1 #ahfj    #bh1agf   ,*amb]la91  
,j4 ,n4               ,may #bi1 #ahfj   

#bh1deb   ,ruddick1 ,h4                 
,may #bi1 #ahfj   #bh1ech   ,sc(ield1   
,*as41 &             ,june #e1 #ahfj    
#bh1faj     ,rice1 ,cl>ke               
,smi?1 ,wilson ,h4                 ,june
 #ai1 #ahfj  #bh1ghe   ,rose1 ,i4 ,m4   
,june #ai1 #ahfj  #bh1had   ,gibbs1 ,j4 
,e4 ,a4                  ,june #bf1     
#ahfj  #bh1hea   ,mc,curdy1 ,j4 ,s4     
,july #c1 #ahfj   #bh1iic   ,muell]1 ,h4
                      ,july #c1 #ahfj   
#bh1iif   ,sutton1 ,wm4 ,a4             
,july #ag1 #ahfj  #bi1bjb   ,hicks1 ,w4 
,c4                     ,july #bd1 #ahfj
  #bi1bfh   ,tracy1 ,d4                 
,sept4 #aa1 #ahfj #cj1jab   ,wa%burn1   
,t4 ,s4                  ,sept4 #aa1    
#ahfj #cj1jca   ,arnold1 ,g4 ,b41 & ,a4 
,sept4 #be1 #ahfj #cj1aab   ,leavitt1   
,rufus                   ,nov4 #ac1     
#ahfj  #cj1fcd   ,payne1 ,r4 ,s4        
,nov4 #ac1 #ahfj  #cj1fda   ,hey]1      
,fr$]ick                 ,nov4 #bg1     
#ahfj  #cj1gca   ,h>die1 ,j4 ,w4        
,dec4 #d1 #ahfj   #cj1hed   ,e>le1 ,t4  

,jan4 #bb1 #ahfa  #ca1aef   ,bru51 ,j4  
,t4                     ,jan4 #bb1 #ahfa
  #ca1bjh   ,smi?1 ,j4 ,m4              
,feb4 #e1 #ahfa   #ca1ccd   ,smi?1 ,l4  
,h4                     ,feb4 #ab1 #ahfa
  #ca1daa   ,rice1 ,qu>tus              
,feb4 #ab1 #ahfa  #ca1dbi   ,rose1 ,i4  
,m4                      ,m>* #e1 #ahfa 
#ca1fbh   ,ross1 ,noble ,g4             
,m>* #bf1 #ahfa #ca1hbi   ,boyd1 ,a4 ,h4
                      ,april #b1 #ahfa  
#ca1hfd   ,mall>y1 ,g4 ,h4              
,april #b1 #ahfa  #ca1hig   ,%aw1 ,h4   
,l4                      ,april #i1     
#ahfa  #cb1jjg   ,burr1 ,!odore         
,april #i1 #ahfa  #cb1jbc   ,jones1     
,william1 &              ,may #ad1 #ahfa
   #cb1big     ,haughian1 ,p4           
,wild]1 ,m4 ,g4                    ,may 
#ad1 #ahfa   #cb1cbc   ,smi?1 ,lewis ,h4
                  ,may #ba1 #ahfa       
#cb1che   ,/oakes1 ,j4 ,w4              
,may #bh1 #ahfa   #cb1def   ,full]1     
,william ,m4               ,june #d1    
#ahfa   #cb1dif   ,norton1 ,b4 ,f4      

,july #i1 #ahfa   #cb1ghb   ,raymond1   
,c4                      ,july #i1 #ahfa
   #cb1ghe   ,raymond1 ,*>les           
,july #cj1 #ahfa  #cb1ibe   ,case1 ,g4  
,f4                      ,aug4 #ac1     
#ahfa  #cc1jbi   ,hodgk9s1 ,c4          
,aug4 #bj1 #ahfa  #cc1jhe   ,m>ble1 ,f4 
,e4                    ,oct4 #h1 #ahfa  
#cc1dci   ,mann1 ,*>les                 
,oct4 #bb1 #ahfa  #cc1eef   ,grov]1 ,w4 
,o4                    ,nov4 #bf1 #ahfa 
#cc1ggh   ,h5drickson1 ,e4 ,m4          
,feb4 #d1 #ahfb   #cd1ccj   ,d]ocquigny1
 ,a4 ,c4 ,f41           ,m>* #be1 #ahfb 
#cd1gdh     ,gance1 ,d41 & ,hanzo1 ,l4  
,?ompson1 ,r4                     ,april
 #h1 #ahfb  #cd1ibf   ,smi?1 ,john ,c4  
,april #ae1 #ahfb #cd1ihh   ,palm]1     
,a>on                    ,may #ac1 #ahfb
   #ce1beb   ,hall1 ,w4 ,s4             
,aug4 #e1 #ahfb   #cf1jhd   ,mc,curdy1  
,james ,s4                ,aug4 #ai1    
#ahfb  #cf1bef   ,grov]1 ,w4 ,o4        
,sept4 #i1 #ahfb  #cf1dje   ,wilk9s1 ,j4
 ,n4                   ,sept4 #cj1 #ahfb

 #cf1eia   ,humphrey1 ,d4 ,w4 ,g4       
,oct4 #g1 #ahfb   #cf1fag   ,h\se1 ,h4  
,a41 & ,j4 ,a4          ,nov4 #aa1 #ahfb
  #cf1icb   ,crossby1 ,c4 ,o41 &        
,kellogg1 ,h4  ,dec4 #b1 #ahfb   #cg1jcc
   ,%aw1 ,a4 ,b4                        
,dec4 #af1 #ahfb  #cg1bjb   ,pipo1 ,john
 ,a4                    ,jan4 #bg1 #ahfc
  #cg1eej   ,holl[ell1 ,j4 ,g4          
,feb4 #aj1 #ahfc  #cg1fbd   ,h[e1 ,a4   
,b4                      ,m>* #ag1 #ahfc
 #cg1iac   ,weitl+1 ,w4                 
,m>* #ag1 #ahfc #cg1ica   ,%aw  ,cl>k   
,april #ba1 #ahfc #ch1bdf   ,baldw91    
,cyrus ,w4                ,april #bh1   
#ahfc #ch1bgf   ,grote1 ,f4 ,w4         
,may #e1 #ahfc    #ch1ddg   ,palm]1 ,c4 
,h4                    ,may #e1 #ahfc   
#ch1dej   ,mack1 ,w4 ,a4                
,may #ai1 #ahfc   #ch1eib   ,boswor?1   
,c4 ,f4                  ,june #i1 #ahfc
   #ch1hjg   ,mc,curdy1 ,j4 ,s4         
,june #af1 #ahfc  #ch1ica   ,langdon1   
,le&] ,w4              ,july #ad1 #ahfc 
#ci1bef   ,h\se1 ,j4 ,a41 & ,h4,a4      

,aug4 #d1 #ahfc   #ci1ddb-ci1dde     7#d
 pat5ts on #a ma*9e7                    
,tracy & ,hobbs                  ,sept4 
#ae1 #ahfc #dj1jjj   ,wag5]1 ,jep?a ,a4 
,oct4 #ac1 #ahfc  #dj1bif   ,rehfuss1   
,g4                      ,oct4 #ac1     
#ahfc  #dj1caa   ,la?rop1 ,lebbeus ,w41 
,oct4 #bg1 #ahfc  #dj1ddf     & de      
,sanno1 ,wm4 ,p4                        
,hey]1 ,w4 ,d4                     ,nov4
 #ag1 #ahfc  #dj1fbb   ,simmons1 ,a4    
,g41 & ,sc(ield1 ,c4 ,m>* #a1 #ahfd     
#da1gij   ,gu9ness1 ,w4 ,s4             
,m>* #ae1 #ahfd #da1iaf   ,willcox1     
,*>les ,h4              ,m>* #bb1 #ahfd 
#db1jcf     7#d pat5ts on #a ma*9e7     
,aug4 #i1 #ahfd   #dc1hai               
,sept4 #bg1 #ahfd #dd1dij               
,sept4 #bg1 #ahfd #dd1dia   ,sibley1 ,j4
 ,j4                    ,m>* #bi1 #ahfd 
#db1aag   ,?ompson1 ,r4                 
,april #ai1 #ahfd #db1ddi   ,mc,kay     
,blake                    ,may #bd1     
#ahfd   #db1iaf   ,*itt5d51 ,h4 ,h4     
,june #bh1 #ahfd  #dc1bhi   ,hall1 ,lu!r

                     ,july #e1 #ahfd    
#dc1djd   ,plan]1 ,l\is                 
,aug4 #bc1 #ahfd  #dc1ibg   ,atwat]1 ,b4
                      ,sept4 #f1 #ahfd  
#dd1jfc   ,dale1 ,john ,d4              
,oct4 #aa1 #ahfd  #dd1fhf   ,gritzn]1   
,m4 ,c4                  ,oct4 #ah1     
#ahfd  #dd1gbj   ,smi?1 ,de,witt ,c4    
,dec4 #bj1 #ahfd  #de1ebh   ,weitl+1 ,w4
                     ,jan4 #c1 #ahfe    
#de1ggg   ,cadwell1 ,c4                 
,jan4 #bd1 #ahfe  #de1igb   ,b>tlett1   
,j4 ,w4                  ,jan4 #ca1     
#ahfe  #df1jfd   ,mc,curdy1 ,james ,s4  
,feb4 #g1 #ahfe   #df1cjc   ,lamb1      
,?omas1 &                ,aug4 #ae1     
#ahfe  #di1dba     ,all51 ,john         
,humphrey1 ,d4 ,w4 ,g4                  
,aug4 #bi1 #ahfe  #di1fbg   ,t>box1     
,john ,n4                  ,sept4 #e1   
#ahfe  #di1hjc   ,crosby1 ,c4 ,o4       
,oct4 #c1 #ahfe   #ej1bbe   ,caj>1 ,e4  
,oct4 #c1 #ahfe   #ej1bii   ,h>t1       
,william                    ,oct4 #ag1  
#ahfe  #ej1dfi   ,he*t1 ,a4             

,oct4 #ag1 #ahfe  #ej1dgc   ,em]son1    
,john                    ,nov4 #ad1     
#ahfe  #ej1ihi   ,keats1 ,john1 & ,cl>k1
 ,wm4 ,s4   ,nov4 #ad1 #ahfe  #ej1iie   
,rehfuss1 ,george                  ,nov4
 #ba1 #ahfe  #ea1jhf   ,eickemey]1      
,rudolf               ,feb4 #bj1 #ahff  
#eb1fih   ,hanlon1 ,john                
,feb4 #bg1 #ahff  #eb1hdg   ,mc,curdy1  
,j4 ,s4                   ,april #c1    
#ahff  #ec1gdc   ,b>tram1 ,w4 ,b4       
,may #ae1 #ahff   #ed1fgj   ,b>tram1 ,w4
 ,b4                   ,may #ae1 #ahff  
#ed1fga   ,goodspe$1 ,g4 ,n4            
,may #ae1 #ahff   #ed1haf   ,hayes1 ,j4 
,may #bb1 #ahff   #ee1jbi   ,mc,closkey1
 ,john                  ,june #ai1 #ahff
  #ee1fhh   ,h\se1 ,j4 ,a4 & ,h4 ,a4    
,june #bf1 #ahff  #ee1hfe   ,tuck]1     
,joseph ,c4                ,july #bd1   
#ahff  #ef1fda   ,w>?1 ,alb9            
,july #bd1 #ahff  #ef1fdf   ,de/\y1 ,a4 
,july #ca1 #ahff  #ef1gbi   ,s*walback1 
,m4                   ,july #ca1 #ahff  
#ef1hje   ,cately1 ,william ,h4         

,aug4 #g1 #ahff   #ef1ijb   ,pip]1 ,d4  
,b4                     ,aug4 #g1 #ahff 
#ef1iij   ,leyd51 ,au/9                 
,aug4 #ad1 #ahff  #eg1aeg   ,clem5ts1   
,james ,m4               ,aug4 #ba1     
#ahff  #eg1dea   ,davis1 ,job ,a4       
,oct4 #i1 #ahff   #eh1fad   ,rodi]1     
,pet]                    ,nov4 #ac1     
#ahff  #ei1fei   ,du*em91 ,wm4          
,nov4 #ac1 #ahff  #ei1gae   ,kilb\rn1   
,e4 ,e4                  ,nov4 #bj1     
#ahff  #ei1gdf   ,re$1 ,t4 ,k4          
,dec4 #d1 #ahff   #fj1bda   ,s+]1 ,i4   
,m4                    ,dec4 #aa1 #ahff 
#fj1dcc   ,b>tram1 ,w4 ,b4              
,jan4 #a1 #ahfg   #fj1ffi   ,rehfuss1   
,g4                      ,jan4 #h1 #ahfg
   #fa1ajb   ,s+]1 ,isaac               
,jan4 #ae1 #ahfg  #fa1bgj   ,caj>1 ,emil
                      ,feb4 #e1 #ahfg   
#fa1gaa   ,craige1 ,e4 ,h4              
,feb4 #ai1 #ahfg  #fb1ahf   ,re$1 ,t4   
,k4                      ,feb4 #ai1     
#ahfg  #fb1bhg   ,b>tram1 ,w4 ,b4       
,m>* #e1 #ahfg  #fb1ebj   ,full]1 ,h4   

,w4                    ,m>* #ai1 #ahfg  
#fc1jcc   ,/ann>d1 ,m4                  
,april #bc1 #ahfg #fd1ahd   ,craige1 ,e4
 ,h4                    ,aug4 #ac1 #ahfg
  #fg1fce   ,doll1 ,arnold              
,sept4 #c1 #ahfg  #fh1dbj   ,bru51 ,l4  
,b4                     ,sept4 #ag1     
#ahfg #fh1hci   ,hodgk9s1 ,c4           
,oct4 #h1 #ahfg   #fi1fff   ,bak]1 ,g4  
,w4                     ,oct4 #bi1 #ahfg
  #gj1aeb   ,cadwell1 ,caleb            
,nov4 #ai1 #ahfg  #ga1aca   ,fann+1 ,j4 
,dec4 #ca1 #ahfg  #gb1hbi   ,w>?1 ,alb9 
,jan4 #g1 #ahfh   #gc1jfd   ,rehfuss1   
,george                  ,jan4 #g1 #ahfh
   #gc1aai   ,cornely1 ,e4              
,jan4 #bh1 #ahfh  #gc1fif   ,blake1 ,l4 
,r4                     ,feb4 #aa1 #ahfh
  #gd1bhi   ,fales1 ,j4 ,f4             
,feb4 #aa1 #ahfh  #gd1cbh   ,j5cks1 ,g4 
,l4                    ,feb4 #ah1 #ahfh 
#gd1fid   ,cl>k1 ,edw9 ,e4              
,feb4 #be1 #ahfh  #gd1gea   ,halb]t1 ,a4
 ,w4                   ,m>* #ca1 #ahfh  
#gf1jgf   ,gritzn]1 ,m4 ,c4             

,april #g1 #ahfh  #gf1cbc   ,b>tlett1   
,joseph ,w4              ,april #g1     
#ahfh  #gf1che   ,wat]bury1 ,enos       
,june #af1 #ahfh  #gi1jcg   ,cole1 ,w4  
,h4                      ,june #cj1     
#ahfh  #gi1ddg   ,lamson1 ,h5ry ,p4     
,july #g1 #ahfh   #gi1egi   ,fr5*1 ,s4  
,july #bh1 #ahfh  #hj1cde   ,/e91 ,m4   
,j4                     ,sept4 #h1 #ahfh
  #ha1ief   ,hancock1 ,h4 ,j4           
,oct4 #bg1 #ahfh  #hc1dib   ,b>tram1 ,w4
 ,b4                   ,nov4 #c1 #ahfh  
#hc1eib   ,b5$ict1 ,c4 ,p4              
,nov4 #c1 #ahfh   #hc1eif   ,bonnaz1 ,a4
                       ,nov4 #aj1 #ahfh 
#hc1iji   ,bonnaz1 ,a4                  
,nov4 #aj1 #ahfh  #hc1iaj   ,elliott1   
,f4                      ,jan4 #ai1     
#ahfi  #he1iah   ,canfield1 ,f4 ,p4     
,jan4 #ai1 #ahfi  #hf1jeg   ,arnold ,b4 
,jan4 #bf1 #ahfi  #hf1aba   ,jones1     
,john                      ,jan4 #bf1   
#ahfi  #hf1afc   ,russell1 ,w4 ,w4      
,feb4 #i1 #ahfi   #hf1fie   ,eldridge1  
,g4 ,w4                  ,m>* #b1 #ahfi 

#hg1cca   ,h\se1 ,j4 ,a4 & ,h4 ,a4      
,m>* #b1 #ahfi  #hg1cch   ,gird1 ,e4 ,d4
                      ,m>* #i1 #ahfi    
#hg1eei   ,c>p5t]1 ,william             
,m>* #i1 #ahfi  #hg1fcc   ,dunb>1 ,c4   
,f4                    ,m>* #cj1 #ahfi  
#hh1bhb   ,mc,lean1 ,j4 ,n4             
,m>* #cj1 #ahfi #hh1dii   ,bill+s1 ,c4  
,e4                  ,april #f1 #ahfi   
#hh1fjc   ,w9t]1 ,wm4                   
,april #ac1 #ahfi #hh1icf   ,tittman1   
,a4                      ,april #bj1    
#ahfi #hi1jic   ,sw>tw\t1 ,h4 ,l4       
,april #bg1 #ahfi #hi1ceg   ,lyons1     
,lucius                    ,april #bg1  
#ahfi #hi1dhi   ,crosby1 ,c4 ,o4        
,may #be1 #ahfi   #ij1ejg   ,gutmann1   
,j4                      ,may #be1 #ahfi
   #ij1ebh   ,du*em91 ,william          
,june #h1 #ahfi   #ia1aja   ,adams1     
,john ,q4                   ,july #f1   
#ahfi   #ib1ach   ,bond1 ,joseph1 ,jr4  
,aug4 #aj1 #ahfi  #ic1ehh   ,h(fman1    
,geo4 ,w4                 ,aug4 #bd1    
#ahfi  #id1aab   ,br[n1 ,john ,h4       

,aug4 #ca1 #ahfi  #id1chi   ,he]y1 ,luke
                      ,sept4 #ad1 #ahfi 
#id1gdj   ,gray1 ,jo%ua                 
,oct4 #e1 #ahfi   #ie1eha   ,smi?1 ,e4  
,h4                     ,oct4 #bf1 #ahfi
  #if1afj   ,page1 ,*as4                
,nov4 #b1 #ahfi   #if1cdc   ,lyon1      
,lucius                     ,nov4 #i1   
#ahfi   #if1gac   ,clev]1 ,p4 ,j4       
,nov4 #af1 #ahfi  #if1hhf   ,mills1     
,daniel                    ,nov4 #af1   
#ahfi  #if1idd   ,woodruff1 ,geo4 ,b41 &
           ,nov4 #af1 #ahfi  #ig1jad    
,br[n+1 ,geo4                           
,kei?1 ,j]emiah                  ,dec4  
#g1 #ahfi   #ig1eah   ,hurtu1 ,augu/e   
,j41 &           ,dec4 #ba1 #ahfi       
#ih1jfd     ,haut91 ,victor ,j4         
,lamb1 ,?omas                     ,dec4 
#bh1 #ahfi  #ih1cij   ,rudolph1 ,b4     
,feb4 #a1 #ahgj   #ii1dha   ,port]1     
,alonzo                   ,feb4 #h1     
#ahgj   #ii1gjd   ,smi?1 ,w4 ,t4        
,feb4 #h1 #ahgj   #ii1gdc   ,mey]s1 ,n4 
,feb4 #ae1 #ahgj  #ii1ghc   ,grov]1 ,w4 

,o4                    ,feb4 #bb1 #ahgj 
#ajj1aci   ,spoehr1 ,f4                 
,april #ab1 #ahgj #aja1ggi   ,k5dall1   
,george ,f4               ,april #ab1   
#ahgj #aja1hhg   ,cooney1 ,w4           
,april #bf1 #ahgj #ajb1bbf   ,br[n1 ,f4 
,h4                     ,april #bf1     
#ahgj #ajb1cff   ,h[>d ,e41 & ,jackson1 
,w4 ,h4    ,may #ca1 #ahgj   #ajc1gde   
,b>tram1 ,w4 ,b4                   ,june
 #ad1 #ahgj  #ajd1bdg   ,h5riks51 ,h4   
,p4                 ,june #ba1 #ahgj    
#ajd1eij   ,m>t9e1 ,*>les ,f4           
,june #ba1 #ahgj  #ajd1fab   ,nas*1     
,isidor                    ,june #ba1   
#ahgj  #ajd1fcj   ,hall1 ,l4            
,july #ab1 #ahgj  #aje1cbi   ,lyon1     
,lucius                     ,july #bf1  
#ahgj  #aje1hbj   ,b5nor1 ,joseph       
,aug4 #i1 #ahgj   #ajf1bdi   ,b>nes1 ,m4
 ,m4                    ,aug4 #af1 #ahgj
  #ajf1cjg   ,leslie1 ,ar?ur ,m4        
,oct4 #ah1 #ahgj  #ajh1dib   ,ray]1     
,william ,a41&            ,nov4 #a1     
#ahgj   #ajh1hbg     ,l9coln1 ,wm4 ,s4  

,l&fe>1 ,wm4 ,r4                 ,nov4  
#bb1 #ahgj  #aji1dbg   ,p>ham1 ,*>les   
,nov4 #bb1 #ahgj  #aji1ddc   ,lamb1 ,i4 
,w4                      ,nov4 #bi1     
#ahgj  #aji1fcb   ,moreau1 ,eug5e       
,jan4 #c1 #ahga   #aaj1ffi   ,rob9son1  
,*>les ,e4             ,jan4 #c1 #ahga  
#aaj1gij   ,goodye>1 ,*>les1 ,jr4       
,jan4 #bd1 #ahga  #aaa1aig   ,/ev5s1    
,g41 & ,h5dy1 ,j4       ,jan4 #ca1 #ahga
  #aaa1dhh   ,c>p5t]1 ,m>y ,p4          
,feb4 #ba1 #ahga  #aab1jaf   ,hancock1  
,h5ry ,j4                ,feb4 #ba1     
#ahga  #aab1jcc   ,sid5b]g1 ,w4         
,m>* #ad1 #ahga #aab1gde   ,*ase1 ,m4   
,april #aa1 #ahga #aac1dih   ,/e91 ,m4  
,j4                     ,april #aa1     
#ahga #aac1eic   ,tate1 ,wm4 ,j4        
,april #aa1 #ahga #aac1gjd   ,h\se1 ,j4 
,a4 & ,h4 ,a4           ,may #b1 #ahga  
#aad1bid   ,sid5b]g1 ,w4                
,may #bc1 #ahga   #aae1aag   ,beuttels1 
,*>les                ,may #bc1 #ahga   
#aae1aee   ,?ompson1 ,g4                
,may #bc1 #ahga   #aae1bee   ,willcox & 

,c>leton             ,june #bg1 #ahga   
#aaf1eba     7#c pat5ts on #a ma*9e7    
#aaf1ebb                                
#aaf1ebc   ,willcox & ,c>leton          
,july #d1 #ahga   #aaf1ghc   ,goodye>1  
,*>les1 ,jr4           ,july #aa1 #ahga 
#aaf1idg   ,neck]1 ,c>l                 
,july #ah1 #ahga  #aag1aja   ,pitt1     
,james2 ,joseph2             ,july #ah1 
#ahga  #aag1bjc     ,edw>d2 & ,wm4      
,jones1 ,john ,t4                       
,aug4 #a1 #ahga   #aag1fdj   ,we/1 ,e4  
,p4                      ,aug4 #a1 #ahga
   #aag1gjh   ,jones1 ,solomon          
,aug4 #bi1 #ahga  #aah1ecg     7#b      
pat5ts on #a ma*9e7                     
#aah1ech   ,lamb1 ,?omas                
,sept4 #e1 #ahga  #aah1gbh   ,boswor?1  
,c4 ,f4                  ,jan4 #i1 #ahgb
   #abb1eee   ,smy?1 ,d4 ,m4            
,jan4 #i1 #ahgb   #abb1fgc   ,fi%1 ,w>r5
 ,l4                  ,feb4 #ac1 #ahgb  
#abc1fbe   ,palm]1 ,c4 ,h4              
,m>* #ai1 #ahgb #abd1fid   ,bak]1 ,g4   
,w4                     ,april #i1 #ahgb

  #abe1cgd   ,gordon & ,k9]t            
,april #af1 #ahgb #abe1hjg   ,h[>d1 ,c4 
,w4                    ,april #bc1 #ahgb
 #abf1jef     7second ma*9e7            
#abf1jeg   ,smy?1 ,d4 ,m4               
,may #ad1 #ahgb   #abf1hde   ,beck)1 ,w4
 ,g4                  ,may #ba1 #ahgb   
#abf1iba   ,b\scay1 ,eloi1 ,jr4         
,may #bh1 #ahgb   #abg1ade              
,braundbeck1 ,e4                   ,june
 #aa1 #ahgb  #abg1fge   ,heid5?al1 ,w4  
,june #aa1 #ahgb  #abg1gfe   ,clem9%aw1 
,s4                   ,june #be1 #ahgb  
#abh1cfc   ,w>dwell1 ,s4 ,w41 ,jr4      
,july #b1 #ahgb   #abh1fhd   ,spr+]1 ,w4
 ,a4                  ,july #i1 #ahgb   
#abh1iai   ,fann+1 ,john                
,july #af1 #ahgb  #abi1jac   ,p>ks1     
,volney                    ,july #cj1   
#ahgb  #abi1iha   ,bak]1 ,g4 ,w4        
,july #cj1 #ahgb  #acj1jje   ,smy?1 ,d4 
,m4                     ,aug4 #f1 #ahgb 
#acj1cbd   ,mc,clure1 ,a4 ,t4           
,aug4 #ac1 #ahgb  #acj1che   ,a%e1      
,rob]t                     ,aug4 #bj1   

#ahgb  #acj1eee   ,b>tram1 ,w4 ,b4      
,aug4 #bj1 #ahgb  #acj1eeg   ,we/1      
,elliot ,p4                  ,aug4 #bj1 
#ahgb  #acj1fgd   ,happe1 ,j41 &        
,newman1 ,w4        ,aug4 #bj1 #ahgb    
#acj1gae   ,h9ds1 ,jesse ,l4            
,sept4 #aj1 #ahgb #aca1aff   ,br[n1 ,f4 
,h4                     ,oct4 #a1 #ahgb 
#aca1gce   ,beck)1 ,w4 ,g4              
,nov4 #bf1 #ahgb  #acc1cea   ,turn]1 ,s4
 ,s4                    ,dec4 #c1 #ahgb 
#acc1eec   ,*&l]1 ,r4                   
,dec4 #aj1 #ahgb  #acc1geg   ,v5n]1 ,o4 
,dec4 #aj1 #ahgb  #acc1had   ,du*em91   
,w4                     ,jan4 #ba1 #ahgc
  #ace1jcb   ,%effield1 ,g4 ,v4         
,jan4 #ba1 #ahgc  #ace1jdg   ,p>ham1    
,*>les                  ,feb4 #d1 #ahgc 
#ace1egi   ,goodes1 ,e4 ,a4             
,m>* #aa1 #ahgc #acf1gah   ,tittman1 ,a4
                      ,m>* #aa1 #ahgc   
#acf1gib   ,happe1 ,j41 & ,newman1 ,w4  
,m>* #be1 #ahgc #acg1aii   ,ragan1      
,daniel                    ,april #a1   
#ahgc  #acg1cba   ,o',neil1 ,john       

,april #h1 #ahgc  #acg1fah   ,kallmey]1 
,g4                    ,april #h1 #ahgc 
#acg1fhi   ,ross1 ,j4 ,g41 & ,mill]1 ,t4
 ,l4   ,may #ac1 #ahgc   #ach1gfd       
,we/1 ,elliott ,p4                 ,may 
#ac1 #ahgc   #ach1ggb   ,ko* & ,brass   
,may #ac1 #ahgc   #ach1hih   ,arnold1   
,b4                       ,may #bj1     
#ahgc   #ach1iha   ,arnold1 ,b4         
,may #bj1 #ahgc   #ach1ihb   ,la?rop1   
,l4 ,w4                   ,may #bj1     
#ahgc   #aci1jfg   ,*&l]1 ,rufus        
,may #bg1 #ahgc   #aci1cfh   ,jones1 ,s4
 ,h4                     ,july #h1 #ahgc
   #adj1fca   ,smy?1 ,d4 ,m4            
,july #bb1 #ahgc  #ada1jhh   ,w>dwell1  
,s4 ,w41 ,jr4             ,july #bi1    
#ahgc  #ada1bde   ,/ew>t1 ,j41 ,jr4     
,july #bi1 #ahgc  #ada1cig   ,walk]1    
,william                  ,july #bi1    
#ahgc  #ada1djg   ,blan*>d1 ,hel5 ,a4   
,aug4 #ai1 #ahgc  #ada1ihg   ,spr+]1 ,w4
 ,a4                  ,aug4 #bf1 #ahgc  
#adb1bij   ,cu%man1 ,c4 ,s4             
,sept4 #b1 #ahgc  #adb1ddb   ,port]1 ,d4

 ,a4                    ,nov4 #be1 #ahgc
  #add1hfd   ,ko*  ,brass               
,dec4 #b1 #ahgc   #ade1bae   ,ri*>dson1 
,e4 ,f4                ,dec4 #af1 #ahgc 
#ade1fhg   ,web]1 ,!o4 ,a4              
,dec4 #bc1 #ahgc  #ade1hbc   ,scribn]1  
,b5jam91 ,jr4          ,jan4 #ac1 #ahgd 
#adf1dhc   ,black1 ,samuel ,s4          
,jan4 #bj1 #ahgd  #adf1fdb   ,taylor1   
,f4 ,b4                    ,jan4 #bj1   
#ahgd  #adf1gba   ,ri*>dson1 ,ev]ett ,p4
           ,jan4 #bg1 #ahgd  #adf1idh   
,muir1 ,william                    ,feb4
 #c1 #ahgd   #adg1aeb   ,goodes1 ,e4 ,a4
                    ,feb4 #aj1 #ahgd    
#adg1chg   ,spr+]1 ,wm4 ,a4             
,feb4 #aj1 #ahgd  #adg1dda   ,true1 ,c4 
,b4                      ,m>* #aj1 #ahgd
 #adh1ccf   ,w>dwell1 ,s4 ,w41 ,jr4     
,m>* #aj1 #ahgd #adh1cci   ,%orey1      
,samuel ,w4                ,m>* #ag1    
#ahgd #adh1gfe   ,smi?1 ,james ,h4      
,m>* #bd1 #ahgd #adh1ijb   ,horr1       
,addison ,d4                 ,april #ba1
 #ahgd #adi1hfb   ,page1 ,*as4          

,may #e1 #ahgd    #aej1dgi   ,crane1    
,?omas                    ,may #e1 #ahgd
    #aej1ecb   ,buhr1 ,j4               
,may #bf1 #ahgd   #aea1bgb   ,smy?1 ,d4 
,m4                     ,june #i1 #ahgd 
#aea1hja   ,w5sley1 ,james              
,june #af1 #ahgd  #aeb1jee   ,d9smore1  
,a4 ,s41 &             ,june #cj1 #ahgd 
#aeb1fah     ,c>t]1 ,john ,t4           
,speirs1 ,j4                       ,july
 #g1 #ahgd   #aeb1hac   ,brew]1 ,a4 ,g4 
,july #ad1 #ahgd  #aeb1hid   ,bagl91    
,wm4                      ,aug4 #ah1    
#ahgd  #aed1aac   ,h[>d1 ,e4 ,l4        
,aug4 #be1 #ahgd  #aed1dhe   ,l&fe>1    
,wm4 ,r4                 ,sept4 #bb1    
#ahgd #aee1aic   ,drake1 ,ellis         
,oct4 #ac1 #ahgd  #aee1icb   ,b>ney1    
,samuel ,c4                ,oct4 #bj1   
#ahgd  #aef1aai   ,moreau1 ,eug5e       
,oct4 #bj1 #ahgd  #aef1aga   ,hunt+ton1 
,?omas ,s4            ,dec4 #bi1 #ahgd  
#aeh1bad   ,b>tlett & ,plant            
,jan4 #bf1 #ahge  #aei1jfe   ,g>l&1 ,h4 
,p4                   ,feb4 #af1 #ahge  

#aei1hab   ,d9smore1 ,alfr$ ,s4         
,m>* #i1 #ahge  #afj1eab   ,mc,closkey1 
,john                  ,m>* #cj1 #ahge  
#afa1ecd   ,s*midt1 ,alb]t ,e4          
,april #bg1 #ahge #afb1fig   ,d>l+      
,d>l+                ,may #be1 #ahge    
#afc1fci   ,ri*>dson1 ,ev]ett ,p4       
,july #ac1 #ahge  #afe1ejf   ,:itehill1 
,rob]t                ,july #bg1 #ahge  
#aff1agb   ,web]1 ,!odore ,a4           
,aug4 #c1 #ahge   #aff1bcf   ,pe>son1   
,wm4                     ,aug4 #ag1     
#ahge  #aff1hje   ,beck)1 ,william ,g4  
,sept4 #g1 #ahge  #afg1chb   ,hall1     
,john ,s4                    ,oct4 #aa1 
#ahge  #afh1fcg   ,jones1 ,j4 ,t4       
,oct4 #bf1 #ahge  #afi1ajf   ,g>l&1 ,h4 
,p4                   ,oct4 #bf1 #ahge  
#afi1afc   ,wormald  ,dobson            
,nov4 #i1 #ahge   #afi1hha   ,rose1 ,r4 
,m4                      ,nov4 #cj1     
#ahge  #agj1eif   ,kei?1 ,j]emiah       
,dec4 #g1 #ahge   #agj1gda   ,kei?1 ,t4 
,k4                     ,dec4 #ad1 #ahge
  #agj1iee   ,leavitte1 ,alb]t          

,dec4 #ad1 #ahge  #aga1adg   ,toll1     
,*>les ,f4                 ,dec4 #ad1   
#ahge  #aga1aic   ,keats1 ,gre5wood1    
,keats        ,dec4 #bh1 #ahge  #aga1fbb
   ,?ay]1 ,augu/us                 ,jan4
 #aa1 #ahgf  #agb1bje   ,frese1 ,b4     
,jan4 #ah1 #ahgf  #agb1cjh   ,pe>son1   
,william                 ,jan4 #ah1     
#ahgf  #agb1dgh   ,sawy]  ,e/y          
,feb4 #bi1 #ahgf  #agd1aei   ,port]     
,bak]                   ,m>* #ad1 #ahgf 
#agd1gjc   ,walk]1 ,william             
,april #aa1 #ahgf #agf1aja   ,upson1 ,l4
 ,a4                     ,april #ah1    
#ahgf #agf1aec   ,)]spoon1 ,s4 ,a4      
,april #ah1 #ahgf #agf1baa   ,rice1 ,t4 
,m4                      ,april #be1    
#ahgf #agf1fhf   ,murphy1 ,e4           
,may #b1 #ahgf    #agf1hhj   ,brad=d1   
,e4 ,f41 &             ,may #af1 #ahgf  
#agg1cga     ,pi]ce1 ,v4 ,r4            
,applegate  ,webb                 ,may  
#be1 #ahgf   #agg1ghd   ,sullivan1 ,john
 ,j4                ,june #bg1 #ahgf    
#agi1bcb   ,appleton1 ,c4 ,j41 &        

,july #d1 #ahgf   #agi1ddj     ,sibley1 
,j4 ,j4                                 
,m>91 ,*as4                     ,july   
#aa1 #ahgf  #agi1gji   ,gullrans51 ,p4  
,e41 &           ,july #be1 #ahgf       
#ahj1bbe     ,rett+]1 ,j4 ,c4           
,but*]1 ,joseph                  ,aug4  
#a1 #ahgf   #ahj1edb   ,jackson1        
,william                 ,sept4 #e1     
#ahgf  #aha1ida   ,b>ton1 ,kate ,c4     
,sept4 #ab1 #ahgf #ahb1jif   ,eickemey]1
 ,rudolf               ,sept4 #ab1 #ahgf
 #ahb1ahb   ,web/]1 ,w4                 
,sept4 #ab1 #ahgf #ahb1bdi   ,kno*1 ,c4 
,f4                     ,oct4 #ag1 #ahgf
  #ahc1djj   ,cu%man1 ,c4 ,s4           
,nov4 #ba1 #ahgf  #ahd1eid   ,h>ris1    
,david                    ,dec4 #ab1    
#ahgf  #ahe1bbh   ,wood1 ,j4            
,dec4 #bf1 #ahgf  #ahe1haa   ,oram1     
,h5ry                      ,jan4 #b1    
#ahgg   #ahe1ieb   ,palm]1 ,frank ,l4   
,jan4 #b1 #ahgg   #ahe1ied   ,hall1     
,john ,s4                    ,feb4 #f1  
#ahgg   #ahg1jjf   ,palmate]1 ,william  

,a4            ,feb4 #bj1 #ahgg         
#ahg1dgi   ,cumm9s1 ,william ,g4        
,feb4 #bg1 #ahgg  #ahg1hbb   ,e/y1      
,william                    ,feb4 #bg1  
#ahgg  #ahg1hcg   ,leavitt  ,drew       
,feb4 #bg1 #ahgg  #ahg1hgd   ,h5riks51  
,h4 ,p4                 ,m>* #bj1 #ahgg 
#ahh1eae   ,mc,kay1 ,gordon             
,m>* #bg1 #ahgg #ahh1hji   ,follett1 ,j4
 ,l4                   ,april #aj1 #ahgg
 #ahi1ddf   ,bond1 ,james1 ,jr4         
,april #ag1 #ahgg #ahi1eii   ,jacob1 ,f4
                        ,april #bd1     
#ahgg #aij1jdg   ,beck1 ,a4             
,may #a1 #ahgg    #aij1ahd   ,hallett1  
,h4 ,h4                   ,june #e1     
#ahgg   #aia1ehd   ,r&el1 ,william      
,june #ab1 #ahgg  #aib1jjh   ,corbett1  
,e41 & ,h>l[1 ,c4 ,f4   ,july #c1 #ahgg 
#aib1efh   ,br[n1 ,f4 ,h4               
,july #bd1 #ahgg  #aic1dgg   ,melhui%1  
,r4 ,m4                  ,aug4 #bh1     
#ahgg  #aid1faj   ,atwood1 ,k4 ,c4      
,sept4 #d1 #ahgg  #aid1gei   ,macaulay1 
,f4 ,a4                  ,oct4 #i1 #ahgg

   #aie1ici   ,dimond1 ,george ,h4      
,oct4 #af1 #ahgg  #aif1aih              
,s$mihradsky1 ,a4 ,j4              ,oct4
 #bc1 #ahgg  #aif1dhf   ,kei?1 ,j4      
,nov4 #f1 #ahgg   #aif1hji   ,beck1     
,augu/                     ,nov4 #f1    
#ahgg   #aif1hfc   ,kei?1 ,t4 ,h4       
,nov4 #f1 #ahgg   #aif1iji   ,keats1    
,john                      ,dec4 #aa1   
#ahgg  #aih1abj   ,briggs1 ,?omas       
,jan4 #a1 #ahgh   #aih1gij   ,corey1 ,j4
 ,w4                     ,jan4 #h1 #ahgh
   #aih1igj   ,h[>d1 ,t4 ,s4 ,l4        
,jan4 #ae1 #ahgh  #aii1bjf   ,boswor?1  
,c4 ,f4                  ,jan4 #bb1     
#ahgh  #aii1ejj   ,dancel1 ,c4          
,jan4 #bi1 #ahgh  #aii1hjb   ,pe>son1   
,m4 ,h4                   ,feb4 #e1     
#ahgh   #aii1iia   ,morrell1 ,rob]t ,w42
              ,april #bc1 #ahgh #bjb1heg
     ,p>k9son1 ,?omas2 &                
,p>k9son1 ,joseph                       
,b>cellos1 ,d4                    ,april
 #cj1 #ahgh #bjc1ajb   ,eld]field1 ,f4  
,d4                ,june #d1 #ahgh      

#bjd1dbi   ,heb]l+1 ,j4                 
,june #d1 #ahgh   #bjd1fjd   ,beukl]1   
,william                 ,june #aa1     
#ahgh  #bjd1gjd   ,v>icas1 ,l4          
,june #aa1 #ahgh  #bjd1hfd   ,/ew>t1 ,w4
 ,t4                   ,july #b1 #ahgh  
#bje1fih   ,h\se1 ,jas4 ,a4             
,july #bc1 #ahgh  #bjf1bci   ,m>t91 ,w41
 ,jr42 ,dawson1  ,d4 ,r42 ,aug4 #f1     
#ahgh   #bjf1gdc     & ,or*>1 ,r4       
,conkl91 ,n4 ,a4                   ,aug4
 #f1 #ahgh   #bjf1ggd   ,woll5b]g1 ,h41 
& ,priesn]1 ,j4 ,aug4 #f1 #ahgh         
#bjf1hdh   ,"y1 ,e4 ,s41 & ,dimond1 ,g4 
,h4  ,aug4 #ac1 #ahgh  #bjf1iib         
,h(fman1 ,cl>a ,p41 &           ,aug4   
#ac1 #ahgh  #bjg1jce     ,mey]s1        
,ni*olas                                
,w5sley1 ,jas4                    ,aug4 
#bj1 #ahgh  #bjg1bcj   ,dimond1 ,g4 ,h4 
,aug4 #bg1 #ahgh  #bjg1djj   ,/ew>d1 ,a4
                      ,aug4 #bg1 #ahgh  
#bjg1ded   ,wood1 ,ri*>d ,g4            
,sept4 #aj1 #ahgh #bjg1ibh   ,mc,combs1 
,geo4 ,f4                 ,sept4 #bd1   

#ahgh #bjh1djg   ,kei?1 ,j]emiah        
,oct4 #bb1 #ahgh  #bji1abf   ,wells1 ,w4
 ,w4                     ,nov4 #ab1     
#ahgh  #bji1hdc   ,bayley1 ,c4 ,h4      
,feb4 #aa1 #ahgi  #bab1abb   ,p>m5t]1   
,*>les ,o4            ,feb4 #ah1 #ahgi  
#bab1die   ,+alls1 ,n41 ,jr4            
,feb4 #be1 #ahgi  #bab1fjb   ,clem9%aw1 
,s4                   ,m>* #ah1 #ahgi   
#bac1cia   ,webb1 ,t41 & ,he>tfield1 ,c4
 ,h4  ,m>* #be1 #ahgi #bac1ecg          
,borton1 ,/ockton                 ,april
 #h1 #ahgi  #bad1jhi   ,h5riks51 ,h4 ,p4
                 ,may #bj1 #ahgi        
#bae1fae   ,bl&1 ,h5ry                  
,june #c1 #ahgi   #baf1jaf   ,morrison1 
,t4 ,w4                  ,june #aj1     
#ahgi  #baf1bhi   ,boswor?1 ,*>les ,f4  
,june #ag1 #ahgi  #baf1ejd   ,simmons1  
,fr$]ick               ,june #bd1 #ahgi 
#baf1ijb   ,junk]1 ,c>l                 
,july #a1 #ahgi   #bag1aab   ,legat1    
,dsir ,ma?ur9           ,aug4 #ab1 #ahgi
  #bah1chh   ,willcox1 ,c4 ,h4          
,aug4 #ab1 #ahgi  #bah1dac   ,cornely1  

,emile                   ,sept4 #b1     
#ahgi  #bai1bbe   ,hamm1 ,e4            
,sept4 #af1 #ahgi #bai1egh   ,tuttle1   
,j4 ,w41 & ,kei?1 ,t4 ,k4  ,sept4 #af1  
#ahgi #bai1ghb   ,/ackpole1 ,g41 &      
,oct4 #g1 #ahgi   #bbj1cad              
,applegate1 ,j4 ,h4                     
,otis1 ,s4 ,l4                          
,oct4 #bh1 #ahgi  #bba1jic   ,bl&1 ,h4  
,nov4 #aa1 #ahgi  #bba1eje   ,bra*]1 ,t4
 ,w4                   ,nov4 #aa1ahgi   
#bba1ejh   ,sn$ik]1 ,j4 ,f4             
,nov4 #be1 #ahgi  #bbb1jhi   ,mooney1   
,j4 ,h4                    ,dec4 #b1    
#ahgi   #bbb1bih   ,osborne1 ,j4 ,h4    
,feb4 #c1 #ahhj   #bbd1bai   ,smi?1 ,w4 
,m4                     ,m>* #b1 #ahhj  
#bbe1aii   ,banks1 ,c4 ,m4              
,m>* #bc1 #ahhj #bbe1ghd   ,hab]l+1 ,j4 
,may #d1 #ahhj    #bbg1bdi   ,hab]l+1   
,j4                    ,may #aa1 #ahhj  
#bbg1ebe   ,wiseman1 ,edmund            
,june #h1 #ahhj   #bbh1gaa   ,ju5g/1    
,george                  ,june #ae1     
#ahhj  #bbh1hbj   ,morley1 ,j4 ,h4      

,june #ae1 #ahhj  #bbh1iah   ,curtis1   
,g4 ,h4 ,w4                 ,june #bb1  
#ahhj  #bbh1ihe   ,lipe1 ,c4 ,e4        
,june #bi1 #ahhj  #bbi1cbb   ,mill]1 ,l4
 ,b41 & ,diehl1 ,p4     ,july #f1 #ahhj 
#bbi1fbi   ,willcox1 ,c4 ,h4            
,july #bj1 #ahhj  #bcj1bab   ,%aw1 ,e4  
,july #bg1 #ahhj  #bcj1ehj   ,d9smore1  
,a4 ,s4                  ,aug4 #ag1     
#ahhj  #bca1aee   ,?ur/on1 ,c4 ,h4      
,oct4 #ab1 #ahhj  #bca1cjj   ,but*]1 ,j4
                      ,oct4 #bf1 #ahhj  
#bcc1feg   ,smy?1 ,d4 ,m4               
,nov4 #bc1 #ahhj  #bcd1gcb   ,hesse1 ,j4
                        ,dec4 #g1 #ahhj 
#bce1jhe   ,kjalman1 ,h4 ,n4            
,dec4 #ba1 #ahhj  #bce1ghc   ,morley1   
,j4 ,h4                    ,jan4 #d1    
#ahha   #bcf1cej   ,?omas1 ,j4          
,jan4 #aa1 #ahha  #bcf1dff   ,b5son1 ,g4
                       ,m>* #h1 #ahha   
#bch1eef   ,gre51 ,g4 ,f4               
,m>* #h1 #ahha  #bch1fgh   ,eickemey]1  
,rudolf               ,m>* #bi1 #ahha   
#bci1cai   ,palm]1 ,c4 ,h4              

,april #bf1 #ahha #bdj1geh   ,campbell1 
,d4 ,h4                  ,may #ag1 #ahha
   #bda1fab   ,campbell1 ,duncan ,h4    
,may #ag1 #ahha   #bda1fac   ,leslie1   
,a4 ,m4                    ,may #bd1    
#ahha   #bda1hjh   ,newell1 ,george ,f4 
,june #g1 #ahha   #bdb1dgj   ,gritzn]1  
,max ,c4                 ,june #bh1     
#ahha  #bdc1ddd   ,kei?1 ,j]emiah       
,july #e1 #ahha   #bdc1gaj   ,*oquette1 
,a4 ,e4                 ,july #ab1 #ahha
  #bdd1jcc   ,mooney1 ,j4 ,h4           
,july #ai1 #ahha  #bdd1dgj   ,be>dslee1 
,w4 ,f4                 ,aug4 #af1 #ahha
  #bde1gha   ,h9e1 ,*>lie ,m4           
,aug4 #bc1 #ahha  #bdf1acf   ,willcox1  
,c4 ,h4                   ,sept4 #f1    
#ahha  #bdf1gjj   ,hoefl]1 ,j4          
,sept4 #ac1 #ahha #bdf1hhc   ,woodw>d1  
,e4                     ,sept4 #bj1     
#ahha #bdg1bhe   ,ri*>ds1 ,jean ,e4     
,jan4 #bd1 #ahhb  #beb1gii   ,abbott1   
,w4 ,w4                    ,jan4 #ca1   
#ahhb  #beb1ihd   ,secor1 ,j4 ,b4       
,feb4 #ad1 #ahhb  #bec1ggb   ,des*amps1 

,o4 ,l4                 ,feb4 #ba1 #ahhb
  #bec1iae   ,hull1 ,e4 ,h4             
,feb4 #bh1 #ahhb  #bed1bag   ,rob]ts1   
,william                 ,m>* #g1 #ahhb 
#bed1fif   ,willcox & ,borton           
,m>* #bh1 #ahhb #bee1egf   ,borton &    
,willcox               ,m>* #bh1 #ahhb  
#bee1egg   ,borton & ,willcox           
,m>* #bh1 #ahhb #bee1ehj   ,borton &    
,willcox               ,m>* #bh1 #ahhb  
#bee1eha   ,veukl]1 ,w4                 
,april #d1 #ahhb  #bee1iaf   ,hurtu1 ,a4
 ,j4                     ,may #cj1 #ahhb
   #beh1gfa   ,keats1 ,alphonso         
,july #aa1 #ahhb  #bfj1iij   ,ramsd51   
,john ,w4                 ,aug4 #a1     
#ahhb   #bfb1aaf   ,ko*1 ,william       
,aug4 #h1 #ahhb   #bfb1bih   ,bigel[1   
,j4                      ,aug4 #bi1     
#ahhb  #bfc1dfg   ,mills1 ,daniel       
,oct4 #aj1 #ahhb  #bfe1hej   ,wilk9son1 
,*>les ,e4            ,dec4 #ai1 #ahhb  
#bfi1bea   ,c>lisle1 ,w4 ,s4            
,jan4 #i1 #ahhc   #bgj1edj   ,hold51 ,o4
 ,j41 & ,griswold1 ,l4  ,feb4 #ac1 #ahhc

  #bgb1jej   ,cam]on1 ,james ,w4        
,feb4 #bj1 #ahhc  #bgb1ebg   ,mill]1 ,l4
 ,b41 & ,diehl1 ,p4     ,m>* #bj1 #ahhc 
#bgd1cei   ,ludeke1 ,w4                 
,april #aj1 #ahhc #bge1ejf   ,bolton1   
,j41 & ,petnz1 ,a4 ,d4     ,may #h1     
#ahhc    #bgg1ajf   ,blodgett1 ,john ,w4
                ,june #ab1 #ahhc        
#bgi1cbj   ,hab]l+1 ,j4                 
,sept4 #d1 #ahhc  #bhd1cjj   ,?imonni]1 
,e41 & ,v]naz1 ,c4   ,oct4 #cj1 #ahhc   
#bhg1eib   ,du*em91 ,william            
,nov4 #bj1 #ahhc  #bhh1ibi   ,lawr5ce1  
,g4 ,h4                  ,dec4 #be1     
#ahhc  #bij1hie   ,clev]1 ,pet] ,j4     
,april #h1 #ahhd  #bif1ebi   ,palm]1    
,john ,h4                  ,may #f1     
#ahhd    #bih1bbh   ,d[l+1 ,james1 &    
,may #bg1 #ahhd   #bii1aah   ,connolly1 
,john                                   
,boe*]1 ,adam                    ,june  
#aj1 #ahhd  #cjj1aii   ,lu$eke1 ,waldem>
                ,june #ag1 #ahhd        
#cjj1chj   ,van,vechten1 ,orville ,r4   
,july #ae1 #ahhd  #cjb1jfc   ,c>r1 ,wm4 

,h41 & ,o/rom1 ,f4 ,w4  ,aug4 #ab1 #ahhd
  #cjc1cfa   ,trip1 ,j4                 
,dec4 #b1 #ahhd   #cjh1gaa   ,f>r>1     
,ar?ur                   ,dec4 #cj1     
#ahhd  #cji1hcg   ,turn]1 ,m4 ,g4       
,feb4 #ag1 #ahhe  #cab1cjf   ,mills1 ,d4
                        ,m>* #c1 #ahhe  
#cac1cei   ,hurtu1 ,augu/ ,j4           
,april #g1 #ahhe  #cae1jcg   ,*>mbury1  
,h5ry                 ,april #bh1 #ahhe 
#caf1gde   ,woodw>d  ,kei?              
,april #bh1 #ahhe #caf1ibg   ,walk]1    
,william                  ,june #af1    
#ahhe  #cbj1jii   ,tuck]1 ,r4 ,d4       
,june #bc1 #ahhe  #cbj1hih   ,:eel] &   
,dial                 ,oct4 #ac1 #ahhe  
#cbh1afe   ,?omas1 ,joseph              
,nov4 #aj1 #ahhe  #ccj1agj   ,muegge1   
,c4 ,a4                    ,dec4 #h1    
#ahhe   #ccb1bjg   ,diehl1 ,p4          
,april #ac1 #ahhf #cci1fbc   ,diehl1 ,p4
                        ,aug4 #bd1 #ahhf
  #cdg1ggf   ,helwig1 ,ar?ur            
,oct4 #e1 #ahhf   #cej1cfd   ,miehl+1   
,*>les                ,nov4 #b1 #ahhf   

#cea1iib   ,diet]le1 ,h4 ,e4            
,nov4 #cj1 #ahhf  #cec1edb   ,walk]1    
,william                  ,dec4 #g1     
#ahhf   #cec1gbj   ,ros5?al1 ,s4 ,a4    
,dec4 #g1 #ahhf   #cec1igj   ,temple1   
,john                     ,feb4 #bb1    
#ahhg  #ceh1jhh   ,gee1 ,w4 ,v4         
,april #ai1 #ahhg #cfa1djf   ,l+ley1    
,john ,w4                 ,aug4 #af1    
#ahhg  #cfh1ech   ,boppel1 ,jacob       
,jan4 #bi1 #ahhi  #cif1igi   ,web/]1    
,william                 ,april #cj1    
#ahhi #djb1dig   ,o/]h\t & ,hall5beck   
,may #g1 #ahhi    #djb1faj   ,b5nett &  
,d[l+              ,aug4 #bg1 #ahhi     
#dji1gbh   ,h9e1 ,*>les ,m4             
,jan4 #bh1 #ahij  #dbj1chb   ,:eel]1    
,na?aniel               ,feb4 #d1 #ahij 
#dbj1hdg   ,hall5beck1 ,j4 ,p4          
,april #h1 #ahij  #dbe1dbb   ,lisle1    
,myron ,c4                  ,may #bj1   
#ahij   #dbh1aga   ,walk] & ,b5net      
,may #bj1 #ahij   #dbh1edh   ,/ew>t1    
,james1 ,jr4              ,july #ae1    
#ahij  #dcb1ddi   ,dewees1 ,j4 ,w4      

,july #bb1 #ahij  #dcb1gdf   ,p[ell1    
,?omas                   ,dec4 #af1     
#ahij  #ddb1fie   ,flet*]1 ,james ,h4   
,dec4 #cj1 #ahij  #ddc1gef   ,rudolph1  
,ern/ ,b41 deceas$1     ,april #g1 #ahia
  #ddi1ibg     ,b\lt]1 ,w4 ,e41         
adm9i/rator                    ,goodw91 
,julius ,c4               ,april #ba1   
#ahia #dej1gic   ,cook1 ,hugo           
,june #bc1 #ahia  #ded1faj   ,b[y]1 ,j4 
,t4                    ,june #bc1 #ahia 
#ded1gjh   ,willcox1 ,c4 ,h41 & ,borton1
 ,s4   ,april #e1 #ahib  #dgb1jid       
,legg & ,we/on                  ,may    
#ag1 #ahib   #dgd1hdj   ,k]n1 ,f]d9&    
,july #ai1 #ahib  #dgi1cfi   ,jackson1  
,francis                 ,may #a1 #ahid 
#eai1jfd   ,*>les ,ab]crombi            
,june #e1 #ahib   #ebj1igg   ,taft1 ,j4 
,c4                      ,oct4 #ae1     
#ahie  #edg1hff     ,,iv4 #ai?-,c5tury  
,sew+-,ma*9e ,leaflets 9 ! ,smi?sonian  
,collections    ,ma*9e or ,manufactur]  
,date        ,type                      
,am]ican ,b4,h4,o4 & ,sew+ ,ma*9e       

#ahgd          ,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+     
leaflet   ,buckeye sew+ ma*9e           
ca4 #ahgj      ,illu/rat$1 directions = 
us+                                     
! ma*9e   ,new ,buckeye                 
ca4 #ahgb      ,illu/rat$1 directions = 
us+                                     
! ma*9e   ,c5t5nial sew+ ma*9e          
#ahgf          ,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+     
leaflet   ,dome/ic sew+ ma*9e           
#ahgb          ,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+     
leaflet   ,flor5ce sew+ ma*9e           
#ahgc          ,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+     
leaflet   ,flor5ce sew+ ma*9e           
#ahgh          ,illu/rat$1 directions = 
us+                                     
! ma*9e   ,goodes sew+ ma*9e            
ca4 #ahgf      ,adv]tis+ leaflet        
,grant ,bro!rs sew+ ma*9e        #ahfg  
,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+ leaflet            
7,x]ox copy7   ,grov] & ,bak] sew+ ma*9e
      #ahec          ,illu/rat$1        
adv]tis+ leaflet   ,grov] & ,bak] sew+  
ma*9e      ca4 #ahgj      ,illu/rat$1   
adv]tis+ leaflet   ,home sew+ ma*9e     

ca4 #ahgj      ,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+     
leaflet   ,h[e sew+ ma*9e1 new ,b ma*9e 
#ahfh          ,illu/rat$1 in/ruction   
booklet   ,h[e sew+ ma*9e               
#ahgf          ,illu/rat$1 catalog (    
ma*9es   ,indep5d5t ,noiseless sew+     
ma*9e ca4 #ahgd      ,illu/rat$1        
adv]tis+ leaflet   ,ladd1 ,web/] sew+   
ma*9e         #ahfa          ,illu/rat$1
 adv]tis+ leaflet   ,little ,monitor    
sew+ ma*9e        ca4 #ahgb             
,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+ leaflet   ,rem+ton 
,family sew+ ma*9e      ca4 #ahgd       
,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+ leaflet   ,%aw &   
,cl>k sew+ ma*9e        #ahfd           
,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+ leaflet   ,s+] sew+
 ma*9e                #ahga             
,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+ leaflet   ,s+] sew+
 ma*9e                #ahic             
,catalog ( ma*9es %[n at !              
,columbian ,exposition   ,/&>d ,%uttle  
sew+ ma*9e      ca4 #ahge               
,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+ leaflet   ,t5      
,doll> ,novelty sew+ ma*9e    ca4 #ahgj 
,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+ leaflet   ,we$ sew+

 ma*9e                  #ahgc           
,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+ leaflet   ,:eel] & 
,wilson sew+ ma*9e    ca4 #ahfi         
,illu/rat$1 in/ruction booklet   ,:eel] 
& ,wilson sew+ ma*9e    ca4 #ahgj-ahge  
,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+ leaflet   ,:eel] & 
,wilson no4 #h ma*9e     ca4 #ahgh      
,illu/rat$1 in/ruction booklet   ,wilson
 sew+ ma*9e                #ahgb        
,illu/rat$1 adv]tis+ leaflet     ,v4 ,a 
,brief ,hi/ory ( ,cotton ,?read         
,al?\gh ,samuel ,slat]'s wife is cr$it$ 
) mak+ ! fir/ cotton sew+ ?read f y>ns  
spun at ! ,pawtucket1 ,rhode ,isl&1 mill
 9 ab\t #agid1 cotton ?read did n become
 a manufactur$ item at t "t4 ,slat]     
turn$ all 8 int]e/s to produc+          
cotton-twi/ y>ns ne$$ = ! w>ps ( cotton 
fabrics4 ,by #ahji1 h[ev]1 ! ag5ts (    
,almy & ,br[n1 p>tn]s & di/ributors =   
,slat]1 7 adv]tis+ cotton ?read z       
foll[s3       ,factory ,cotton & ,?read 
,/ore1 ,no4 #bf ,c\rt ,/reet opposite   
,conc]t ,hall4 ,george ,connell1 ,ag5t =
 ,almy & ,br[n (      ,provid5ce &      

,pawtucket ,manufactories1 has n[ = sale
 f eight      to t5 ?\s& weight ( y>n1 =
 weav+ 444 five hundr$ p\nds      cotton
 ?read1 9 hanks1 f ,no4 #ab to #fj ( a  
sup]ior quality      & v :ite4#ia       
,al?\gh x 0 a %ort hop f ! sp9n+ (      
cotton w>ps to ! twi/+ ( ^! cotton y>ns 
to =m a sew+ ?read1 ! g5]al manufacture 
( cotton ?read z an indu/ry did n       
orig9ate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates b r 9 ,scotl&
 9 ! e>ly #ai? c5tury4 ,napoleon's      
blockade1 :i* curtail$ ,great ,brita9's 
importation ( silk--ne$$ n only =       
fabrics b also = mak+ h$dle /r+s = !    
looms--/imulat$ ! production ( cotton   
?read !re4 ,james & ,patrick ,cl>k1 9   
desp]ation1 attempt$ to sub/itute cotton
 = silk 9 _! manufacture ( ^! h$dle     
/r+s4 ,:5 !y 7 successful1 !y consid]$ t
 if cotton c\ld be us$ successfully =   
?is purpose x c\ld also be made suitable
 = sew+ ?read4 ,9 #ahab !y built a      
factory 9 ,paisley1 ,scotl&1 :i* _h long
 be5 not$ = its textile indu/ries4 ,!   
?read 0 sold 9 hanks4 ,ab\t #ahbj       

,james' sons1 ,james & ,john1 :o 7 n[   
runn+ ,j4  ,j4 ,cl>k  ,co41 began to w9d
 ! ?read on spools4 ,= ?is s]vice !y    
*>g$ an extra halfp5ny1 :i* 0 refund$ :5
 ! empty spool 0 return$4 ,! ?read 0    
usually a ?ree-ply or s-call$ ?ree-cord 
?read4  ,ab\t #ahae ,james ,coats1 also 
( ,paisley1 />t$ manufactur+ ?read at   
,f]guslie1 ,scotl&4 ,8 two sons took ov]
 ! company 9 #ahbf & =m$ ! ,j4  ,p4     
,coats ,company4 ,ano!r bro!r1 ,&rew    
,coats1 became ! sell+ ag5t 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates ab\t #ahdj4 ,b ! cotton-?read    
indu/ry 0 n fully laun*$4  ,z report$ 9 
an #ahec ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 !re 0 m   
,am]ican ?read made t5 ye>s ago ?an !re 
is today4#ib ,x 0 n until ! six-cord    
cabl$ cotton ?read1 :i* 0 suitable = bo?
 ma*9e & h& sew+1 0 p]fect$ t ! indu/ry 
progress$ into full op]ation4           
,,footnotes3  #ia ,william ,r4 ,bagnall1
 ,textile ,indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
7,cambridge1 ,mass41 #ahic71 vol4 #a1 p4
 #afd4    ,,vi4 ,biographical ,sket*es  
,,b>!lemy ,,?imonni]  ,! fir/ man kn[n  

to h put a sew+ ma*9e into practical    
op]ation1 ,b>!lemy ,?imonni]1 0 a       
,fr5*man ( obscure p>5tage4 ,8 fa!r1 a  
textile dy] ( ,lyon1 left t city 9 #agic
 z a result ( ! ,revolution & j\rney$ ) 
8 family to l',arbresle :]e ,b>!lemy 0  
born 9 ,augu/ ( t ye>4  ,! family       
res\rces 7 small1 &1 al?\gh ! "y        
,?imonni] 0 able to beg9 /udies at !    
,sem9aire de ,sa9t-,jean at ,lyons1 he  
soon 0 =c$ to leave s*ool = f9ancial    
reasons & return to 8 home1 !n at       
,amplepuis4 ,!re he le>n$ ! tailor+     
trade & by #ahac 0 fairly well e/abli%$ 
9 8 own %op4  ,at t "t _m ( ! t[n's     
inhabitants 7 weav]s & almo/ e h\se     
possess$ "o or two looms4 ,! noise ( !  
%uttle e*o$ f ^! family work%ops4       
,?imonni] not$ ! relatively small am\nt 
( "t ne$$ to weave a fabric comp>$ ) !  
sl[ pa9/ak+ task ( sew+ a g>m5t by pass+
 ! ne$le 9 & out = ea* /it* ( ea* seam4 
,:5 8 m9d began to dwell on ! idea (    
produc+ a ma*9e to d ?is /it*+1 ano!r ( 
! t[n's occupations suppli$ him ) a clue

 & an additional inc5tive4 ,?is village 
indu/ry produc$ a type ( embroid]y "w   
call$ po9t de *a9ette1 9 :i* a ne$le ) a
 small hook 0 us$ to =m ! *a9/it*1 a    
popul> type ( decorative /it* long us$ 9
 c\ntries all ov] ! _w4 ,x 0 ,?imonni]'s
 plan to use ?is type ( hook$ ne$le &   
produce ! /it* by ma*9e1 employ+ x bo? z
 a decorative /it* & a seam-=m+ "o4  ,9 
#ahbe ,?imonni] mov$ to ,/4 ,eti5ne1 :]e
 he became completely absorb$ 9 ! idea (
 inv5t+ a sew+ ma*9e4 ,ignorant ( any ( 
! pr9ciples ( me*anics1 he work$ alone &
 9 secret = f\r ye>s1 neglect+ 8 tailor+
 bus9ess to ! ext5t t neighbors look$ ^u
 him z peculi>1 if n crazy4 ,by #ahbi he
 _h n only ma/]$ ! me*anical            
difficulties ( br++ 8 dream to          
realization1 b also _h made !           
acqua9tance ( ! man :o help$ him to     
success4 ,f]r&1 ( l',ecole des ,m9es (  
,sa9t-,eti5ne1 became int]e/$ 9 ! ma*9e 
& help$ f9ance ,?imonni] ?r\gh 8 trials 
& disappo9tm5ts4 ,9 #ahcj ,?imonni]     
receiv$ a pat5t on 8 ma*9e1 :i* produc$ 

! *a9/it* by means ( a ne$le %ap$ l a   
small cro*et hook4  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #acc4--;,,b>!lemy ,,?imonni]1   
#agic-aheg4 ,f an engrav+ 9 ! ,sew+     
,ma*9e ,advance1 ,novemb] #ae1 #ahhj4   
7,smi?sonian photo #ajefi-;,a47         
,?imonni]1 toge!r ) ,f]r& & a ,m4       
,beauni]1 made attempts to introduce 8  
ma*9e 9 ,p>is4 ,by #ahda !y 7 successful
 9 hav+ eighty ( ,?imonni]'s ma*9es 9   
use sew+ army clo?+ 9 a %op 9 ,p>is4 ,b 
! fe>s ( ! tailors c\ld n be quiet$4 ,! 
ma*9es 7 de/roy$ by an ignorant &       
infuriat$ mob1 z _h be5 e>li] labor-sav+
 devices su* z ! ,jacqu>d atta*m5t = !  
loom & ,h>greaves' sp9n+ j5ny4 ,?imonni]
 0 =c$ to flee to 8 home 9 ,/4 ,eti5ne1 
once m p5niless4  ,soon aft] ?is1 ,jean 
,m>ie ,magn91 an eng9e] f               
,villefran*e-sur-,sane became int]e/$ 9 
,?imonni]'s ma*9e & provid$ ! inv5tor   
aga9 ) f9ancial back+4 ,9 #ahde "u ! "n 
( ,?imonni] & ,magn9 ! pat5t ( #ahcj 0  
r5ew$1 & "u x !y organiz$ ! fir/ ,fr5*  
sew+-ma*9e company4 ,! ma*9es !y        

manufactur$ c\ld produce #bjj /it*es p] 
m9ute4  ,! ,revolution ( #ahdh curtail$ 
! manufacture & sale ( ! ma*9es4        
,?imonni]1 rememb]+ 8 unpleasant        
exp]i5ce 9 #ahda1 decid$ to g to ,engl& 
) ,magn91 :]e1 on ,febru>y #h1 #ahdh1 !y
 receiv$ ! ,engli% pat5t = 8 *a9/it*    
ma*9e4 ,he 0 also grant$ ,unit$ ,/ates  
pat5t #g1fbb on ,septemb] #bj1 #ahej4   
,?is lat] ma*9e _h "s advantages ov] 8  
,fr5* ma*9e ( #ahcj1 b by ?is "t o!r    
inv5tors _h jo9$ ! field ) ma*9es t 7 m 
practical4 ,magn9 ent]$ a sew+ ma*9e    
7:i* f ! description 9 ! catalog mu/ h  
be5 ,?imonni]'s inv5tion7 9 ! ,cry/al   
,palace ,exhibition 9 ,london 9 #ahej1 b
 because x 0 late 9 arriv+ x 0 ov]look$ 
by ! judges & n ev5 consid]$ 9 !        
competition4 ,?imonni] di$ 9 pov]ty at  
,amplepuis on ,july #e1 #aheg4   ,,walt]
 ,,hunt  ,walt] ,hunt 0 born ne>        
,m>t9sburg1 ,new ,york1 on ,july #bi1   
#agif4 ,al?\gh little is kn[n ( ,hunt's 
e>ly *ildhood1 we d le>n f ! au?or ( 8  
obitu>y1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,sci5tific        

,am]ican1 ,july #i1 #ahfj1 t ev5 z a    
*ild he 0 m int]e/$ 9 p & :at he c\ld d 
= !m ?an 9 :at he c\ld d to insure 8 own
 welf>e4 ,he is said to h devot$ 8 life 
to 8 fri5ds1 frequ5tly giv+ away 8 la/  
c5t :5 he did n h en\gh to provide =    
himself4  ,!re is no record t ,hunt     
ma9ta9$ a regul> bus9ess o!r ?an !      
occupation ( inv5tor4 ,8 int]e/s 7      
num]\s & v>i$4 ,he receiv$ 8 fir/ pat5t 
on ,june #bf1 #ahbf1 = a ma*9e = sp9n+  
flax & hemp4 ,dur+ ! next #cc ye>s he   
pat5t$ #bf ideas4 ,9 addition he sold or
 dropp$ sev]al m4 ,8 second pat5t 0 = a 
coa* al>m1 & ?r\gh ! ye>s he also       
receiv$ pat5ts = a v>iety ( ?+s includ+ 
a knife %>p5]1 heat+ /ove1 ice boat1    
nail ma*9e1 inkwell1 f\nta9 p51 safety  
p91 bottle /opp]1 sew+ ma*9e 7#ahed71   
pap] coll>s1 & a rev]sible metallic     
heel4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure            
#acd4--,,walt] ,,hunt1 #agif-ahfj4 ,f a 
dagu]reotype own$ by 8 great-gr&son1 ,c4
 ,n4 ,hunt4 7,smi?sonian photo          
#cbjff-;,a47   ,,elias ,,h[e1 ,,jr4     

,elias ,h[e1 ,jr41 0 born on 8 fa!r's   
f>m 9 ,sp5c]1 ,massa*usetts1 on ,july   
#i1 #ahai4 ,?is 0 "o ( ^? b>r5 ,new     
,engl& f>ms ) _m rock-fill$ acres4 ,all 
possible +5uity 0 necess>y to secure a  
liv+4 ,! eld] ,h[e supplem5t$ 8 f>m+ by 
hav+ a small gri/mill1 a sawmill1 & also
 by manufactur+ c>ds = ! fa/-gr[+ cotton
 indu/ry ( ,new ,engl&4 ,elias ,jr4's   
e>lie/ recollections 7 ( ! latt]4 ,he   
work$ ) 8 bro!rs & si/]s /ick+ wire tee?
 into /rips ( lea!r to make ^! cotton   
c>ds1 b1 n be+ v good at ?is1 8 family  
decid$ to let him live out ) a neighbor+
 f>m]4 7,*ildr5 7 leas$ 9 ^? days2 !y   
receiv$ _! bo>d & keep 9 ex*ange = *ores
 !y w\ld p]=m47 ,aft] a few ye>s1 ,elias
 return$ home & work$ 9 8 fa!r's mill   
until he 0 sixte54 ,!n1 aga9/ ! wi%es ( 
8 family1 he w5t to ,l[ell1             
,massa*usetts4 ,"h1 he obta9$ a le>n]'s 
place 9 a ma*9e %op :]e cotton-sp9n+    
ma*9]y 0 made & repair$4  ,9 #ahcg1 :5 a
 f9ancial panic hit ! c\ntry1 ,h[e lo/ 8
 job4 ,he !n decid$ to g to ,bo/on1 &   

?is m>k$ a turn+ po9t 9 8 c>e]4 ,9      
,bo/on he met ,ari ,davis1 a mak] (     
m>9]s' in/rum5ts & sci5tific app>atus4  
,h[e began to "w 9 ,davis' %op1 a place 
to :i* inv5tors (t5 came to ask advice  
ab\t _! ideas4 ,davis sometimes help$   
!m1 b j z (t5 he %\t$ at !m 9 ang]--he  
is said to h be5 "o ( ! noisie/ m5 9    
,bo/on4 ,"o day ,h[e ov]he>d 8 employ]  
bell[+ at a man :o _h br\ght a knitt+   
ma*9e to ! %op to seek ,davis' advice4  
,:y are y wa/+ y\r "t ov] a knitt+      
ma*9e8 said ,davis1 ,take my advice1 try
 some?+ t w pay4 ,make a sew+ ma*9e4 ,x 
c't be done1 0 ! reply4 ,c't be done8   
%\t$ ,davis1 ,don't tell me t4 ,:y--,i c
 make a sew+ ma*9e myself4 ,if y d1     
int]rupt$ ! capitali/1 ,i c make an     
indep5d5t =tune = y4 ,davis1 l mo/ m5 ( 
_m words1 (t5 talk$ ( m ?an he plann$ to
 d4 ,he nev] attempt$ to inv5t a sew+   
ma*9e4  ,b ! l\d voices int]e/$ ,h[e1   
:o1 x is said1 det]m9$ !n t he w\ld     
produce a sew+ ma*9e & w9 ! =tune t !   
prosp]\s-look+ man _h ass]t$ 0 wait+ =  

su* a de$4 ,a k9d ( lam5ess s9ce bir? _h
 made physical tasks pa9ful = ,h[e1 & he
 p]haps felt t ?is w\ld (f] an          
opportunity to become indep5d5t ( h>d   
physical "w4  ,aft] m>ry+ on a j\rneyman
 ma*9i/'s pay ( #i a week1 ,h[e's heal? 
wors5$ & by #ahdc 0 s bad t he _h to /op
 "w = days at a "t4 ,8 wife 0 =c$ to    
take 9 sew+ to ma9ta9 ! family4 ,x 0 !  
sight ( 8 wife toil+ at h] /it*es toge!r
 ) ! pressure ( pov]ty t recall$ to ,h[e
 8 e>li] int]e/ 9 a ma*9e to sew4 ,he   
decid$ to make an e>ne/ attempt to inv5t
 "o4 ,wat*+ 8 wife = h\rs at a "t1 he   
tri$ to visualize a ma*9e t w\ld        
duplicate ! motions ( ! arm4 ,aft] _m   
trials1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( us+ an     
eye-po9t$ ne$le 9 comb9ation ) a %uttle 
to =m a /it*4 ,x is possible t1 z "s    
au?ors /ate1 ! solution appe>$ to him 9 
a dream1 a manife/ation ( ! subconsci\s 
at "w4 ,o!rs h sugge/$ t he may h le>n$ 
( ,hunt's ma*9e4 ,!re is a g5]al        
simil>ity 9 ! two1 n only 9 ! comb9ation
 ( eye-po9t$ ne$le & %uttle b 9 !       

ov]hang+ arm & v]tical clo? susp5sion4  
,aft] conceiv+ ! idea1 :atev] 8         
inspiration1 ,h[e det]m9$ to devote all 
( 8 "t to produc+ a work+ model ( 8     
ma*9e4 ,elias' fa!r1 :o _h !n />t$ a    
factory = splitt+ palm leaves 9         
,cambridge1 gave him p]mission to set up
 a la! & a few tools 9 ! g>ret ( !      
factory4 ,elias mov$ 8 family to        
,cambridge4 ,soon aft] 8 arrival1       
un=tunately1 ! build+ burn$ d[n1 & ,h[e 
despair$ ( f9d+ a place to "w4 ,he _h a 
fri5d1 h[ev]1 9 ,george ,fi%]1 :o _h j  
come into a small inh]itance1 & ,h[e    
p]suad$ him to ent] into p>tn]%ip ) him 
= ! developm5t ( ! ma*9e4 ,fi%] agre$ to
 bo>d ,h[e & 8 family1 :i* n[ includ$   
two *ildr51 :ile ,h[e complet$ ! model4 
,fi%] also agre$ to supply #ejj =       
mat]ial & tools 9 ex*ange = a half      
int]e/ 9 a pat5t if "o 0 obta9$4        
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ace4--;,,elias   
,,h[e1 ,,jr41 #ahai-ahfg4 ,f an oil     
pa9t+ 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution       
pres5t$ by ! inv5tor's gr&son1 ,elias   

,h[e ,/ockwell4 7,smi?sonian photo      
#fbb47  ,at long la/ ,h[e 0 able to sp5d
 8 full "t & conc5tration on build+ 8   
ma*9e4 ,8 family 0 be+ f$ & _h a ro( ov]
 its head4 ,)9 a few mon?s ,h[e _h      
complet$ a model & by ,april #ahde _h   
sew$ 8 fir/ seam 7see fig4 #ad74 ,9     
,july ( t ye> he sew$ all ! pr9cipal    
seams ( two suits ( wool clo!s1 "o =    
,george ,fi%] & "o = himself4  ,sev]al  
ef=ts 7 made to solicit public int]e/ 9 
! new ma*9e4 ,"o 0 in/all$ 9 a public   
hall 9 ,bo/on1 & a tailor 0 employ$ to  
op]ate x at ?ree times ! regul> wage4 ,!
 reception 0 simil> to t ( ,?imonni]'s3 
cr[ds came to see ! contraption1 b1 :5  
,h[e tri$ to int]e/ l>ge clo?+          
e/abli%m5ts 9 us+ ! ma*9e1 ! prote/s ( !
 tailors effectively block$ him4 ,he    
took 8 sew+ ma*9e to ! ,qu9cy ,hall     
,clo?+ ,manufactory & (f]$ to sew up any
 seams br\ght to him4 ,daily he sat 9 "o
 ( ! rooms demon/rat+ 8 ma*9e1 & f9ally 
he *all5g$ five ( ! swifte/ seam/resses 
!re to a race4 ,t5 seams ( equal l5g? 7 

prep>$ = /it*+4 ,"o 0 giv5 to ea* ( !   
girls :ile ! rema9+ five 7 giv5 to ,h[e4
 ,h[e f9i%$ 8 five a little soon] ?an ! 
girls ea* f9i%$ "o1 & 8 seams 7 decl>$ !
 /ronge/ & neate/4 7,_h any curv$ or    
angul> "w be5 br\ght1 he c\ld n h /it*$ 
x47 ,/ill ,h[e did n receive a s+le     
ord]4 ,! fe> ( ?r[+ h& sew]s out ( "w 0 
aga9 express$1 &1 9 addition1 ! co/ ( ! 
ma*9e 0 said to be too high4 ,:5 x 0    
e/imat$ t a l>ge %irtmak] w\ld h to buy 
?irty or =ty su* ma*9es1 ! necess>y l>ge
 inve/m5t 0 dismiss$ z ridicul\s4  ,h[e 
0 n too disc\rag$4 ,9 ! meantime1 he _h 
f9i%$ a second ma*9e = deposit ) ! pat5t
 specifications1 z ! pat5t laws !n      
requir$4 ,! second 0 a bett] made ma*9e 
7fig4 #ae7 & %[$ sev]al m9or *anges4 ,z 
soon z ! pat5t 0 issu$ on ,septemb] #aj1
 #ahdf1 ,h[e & 8 p>tn] return$ to       
,cambridge4  ,)\t ! inv5tor's en?usiasm 
or love ( 8 own inv5tion1 ,george ,fi%] 
became ?or\ghly disc\rag$4 ,he _h bo>d$ 
,h[e & 8 family = ne>ly two ye>s1 _h    
furni%$ ! money ne$$ to pur*ase ! tools 

& mat]ials = mak+ ! two sew+ ma*9es1 _h 
met ! exp5se ( obta9+ ! pat5t & ! trip (
 ,h[e & himself to ,wa%+ton2 repres5t+ 9
 all an outlay ( practically #bjjj4     
,s9ce no ord]s = ma*9es _h be5 receiv$ f
 ei!r g>m5t mak]s or tailors1 ,fi%] did 
n see ! slighte/ probability ( ! ma*9e's
 becom+ pr(itable & reg>d$ 8 advances ( 
ca% z a dead loss4  ,h[e mov$ back to 8 
fa!r's h\se ) a plan to look else:]e = a
 *ance to introduce ! ma*9e4 ,obta9+ a  
loan f 8 fa!r1 he built ano!r ma*9e &   
s5t x to ,engl& by 8 bro!r ,amasa4 ,aft]
 _m disc\rag+ attempts to int]e/ !      
,briti%1 ,amasa met ,william ,?omas1 a  
manufactur] ( umbrellas1 corsets1 &     
lea!r goods4 ,?omas employ$ _m workm51  
all ( :om /it*$ by h&1 & he imm$iately  
saw ! possibilities ( a sew+ ma*9e4 ,he 
propos$ t ,h[e sell ! ma*9e to him =    
#bej /]l+ 7ab\t #abej74 ,?omas fur!r    
propos$ to engage ! inv5tor to adapt ?is
 ma*9e to ! mak+ ( corsets1 at a sal>y (
 #c a week4  ,:5 ,amasa ,h[e return$ to 
,cambridge ) ! news1 ,elias 0 reluctant 

to accept ,?omas' (f] b _h no?+ bett] 9 
sight4 ,s ! bro!rs sail$ = ,london 9    
,febru>y #ahdg1 tak+ ) !m ,h[e's fir/   
ma*9e & 8 pat5t pap]s4 ,?omas lat]      
advanc$ ! passage money = ,h[e's wife & 
?ree *ildr5 s t !y c\ld jo9 ,h[e 9      
,engl&4  ,at ?is po9t1 hi/orians        
disagree on h[ long ,h[e 0 9 ,?omas'    
employ & :e!r he succe$$ 9 adapt+ !     
ma*9e to meet ,?omas' ne$s4 ,he 0 9     
,engl& long en\gh1 h[ev]1 to f9d himself
 )\t employm5t 9 a /range c\ntry1 8     
funds ne>ly exhau/$1 & 8 wife ill4 ,he  
hop$ to pr(it by ! notice t 8 "w _h     
receiv$ & began to build ano!r ma*9e4   
,he s5t 8 family home to r$uce exp5ses  
:ile he /ay$ on to f9i% ! ma*9e4  ,aft] 
work+ on x = ?ree or f\r mon?s1 he 0 =c$
 to sell x = five p\nds & to take a note
 = t4 ,to collect en\gh = 8 passage     
home1 he sold ! note = f\r p\nds ca% &  
pawn$ 8 preci\s fir/ ma*9e & 8 pat5t    
pap]s4 ,he l&$ 9 ,new ,york 9 ,april    
#ahdi ) b half a cr[n 9 8 pocket to %[ =
 8 labors4 ,a %ort "t aft] he arriv$1 he

 le>n$ t 8 wife 0 desp]ately ill4 ,only 
) a loan f 8 fa!r 0 he able to rea* h]  
side be=e %e di$4 ,fri5ds 7 f\nd to look
 aft] ! *ildr51 & ,elias return$ to "w z
 a j\rneyman ma*9i/4  ,h[e discov]$1 mu*
 to 8 surprise1 t dur+ 8 abs5ce 9 ,engl&
 ! sew+ ma*9e _h become recogniz$ 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sev]al ma*9es made 9    
,bo/on _h be5 sold to manufactur]s & 7 9
 daily op]ation4 ,^u inve/igat+ !m1 he  
felt t !y utiliz$ all or "p ( ! inv5tion
 t he _h pat5t$ 9 #ahdf1 & he prep>$ to 
secure j comp5sation = its use4 ,! fir/ 
?+ he did 0 to rega9 8 fir/ ma*9e &     
pat5t pap]s f ! ,london pawn%op4 ,x 0 no
 easy matt] = ,h[e to raise ! money1 b  
by summ] he _h manag$4 ,x 0 s5t to      
,london ) ,anson ,burl+ame1 :o r$eem$ ! 
loans1 & by autumn ( ! same ye> !       
preci\s possessions 7 back 9 ,h[e's h&s4
 ,?\gh ,h[e ga9$ no?+ by 8 ,engli%      
exp]i5ce1 ,william ,?omas by 8 mode/    
exp5diture obta9$ all rights to ! ma*9e 
= ,great ,brita94 ,?is lat] prov$ to be 
a valuable prop]ty4  ,h[e !n began writ+

 lett]s to ^? :om he consid]$ pat5t     
infr+]s1 reque/+ !m to pay a fee or     
discont9ue ! manufacture ( sew+ ma*9es  
:i* incorporat$ 8 pat5t$ inv5tions4 ,"s 
at fir/ 7 will+ to pay ! fee1 b !y 7    
p]suad$ by ! o!rs to /& ) !m & resi/    
,h[e4 ,?is action =c$ ,h[e to ! c\rts4  
,) 8 fa!r's aid he began a suit1 b soon 
f\nd t consid]ably m money ?an ei!r     
possess$ 0 necess>y = su* actions4 ,h[e 
turn$ once m to ,george ,fi%]1 b ye>s ( 
inve/+ money 9 ,h[e's ma*9e )\t any     
monet>y return _h cool$ him to ! idea4  
,fi%]1 h[ev]1 agre$ to sell 8 half      
int]e/1 & 9 ,febru>y #ahea ,george ,s4  
,jackson1 ,daniel ,c4 ,johnson1 &       
,william ,e4 ,:it+ became jo9t own]s )  
,h[e4 ,^! m5 help$ ,h[e to procure      
witnesses 9 ! fur!rance ( num]\s suits1 
b m money 0 ne$$ ?an !y c\ld raise4 ,!  
foll[+ ye> a ,massa*usetts man by ! "n (
 ,george ,w4 ,bliss 0 p]suad$ to advance
 ! money = ! heavy legal exp5ses ne$$ to
 protect ! pat5t4 ,bliss did ?is z a    
speculation & dem&$ additional security4

 ,once m ,elias' long-suff]+ p>5t came  
to ! rescue & mortgag$ 8 f>m to get !   
necess>y collat]al4  ,only "o ( ^! suits
 0 prosecut$ to a he>+1 b ?is "o1       
relatively unimportant 9 itself1 set !  
prec$5t4 ,9 x ! def5se reli$ on ! e>li] 
inv5tion ( ,walt] ,hunt to oppose ,h[e's
 claims4 ,! def5dant succe$$ 9 prov+ t  
,hunt inv5t$1 p]fect$1 & sold two ma*9es
 9 #ahcd & #ahce :i* conta9$ all !      
ess5tial devices 9 ,h[e's ma*9e ( #ahdf4
 ,b ,h[e %[$ t ! def5dant's ma*9e 7:i* 0
 a ,blodgett & ,l][7 conta9$ "s features
 ( ,h[e's ma*9e :i* 7 n 9 ,hunt's4 ,!   
jury decid$ ! case 9 favor ( ,h[e4 ,h[e 
lat] f\ght a vigor\s battle ) ,isaac    
,s+]1 b aft] mu* legal controv]sy !     
ultimate decision 9 t case also 0 9     
,h[e's favor4 ,! suits & paym5ts to ea* 
pat5t hold] = ! "r to use 8 idea 7 *ok+ 
! sew+-ma*9e indu/ry4 ,ev5 ,h[e c\ld n  
manufacture a practical ma*9e )\t an    
infr+em5t4 ,f9ally an agreem5t 0 rea*$ &
 a ,comb9ation 0 =m$ by ! major pat5t   
hold]s 7see pp4 #da-db74  ,9 ! meantime1

 eight ye>s ( ! fir/ t]m ( ,h[e's pat5t 
_h expir$ )\t produc+ mu* rev5ue4 ,?is  
p]mitt$ ,h[e1 ^u ! dea? ( 8 p>tn]1      
,george ,bliss1 to buy ,bliss' half     
int]e/ = a small sum4 ,he became1 !n1 ! 
sole own] ( 8 pat5t j z x 0 to br+ him a
 =tune4 ,he obta9$ a sev5-ye> ext5sion =
 8 pat5t 9 #ahfj )\t any difficulty1 & 9
 #ahfg1 :5 he appli$ = ano!r ext5sion1  
he /at$ t he _h receiv$ #a1ahe1jjj f x4 
,?\gh he endeavor$ to %[ t because ( !  
ma*9e's great value to ! public he 0    
entitl$ to receive at lea/ #aej1jjj1jjj1
 ! second application 0 d5i$4  ,dur+ !  
,civil ,w>1 ,h[e enli/$ z a private     
soldi] 9 ! #ag? ,regim5t ,connecticut   
,volunte]s4 ,he w5t into ! field & s]v$ 
z an enli/$ man4 ,on occasion :5 !      
,gov]nm5t 0 press$ = funds to pay its   
soldi]s1 he advanc$ ! money necess>y to 
pay 8 entire regim5t4  ,h[e did n       
e/abli% a sew+-ma*9e factory until j    
be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahfg4 ,"o ( 8 e>ly       
lic5sees _h be5 8 eld] bro!r1 ,amasa1 :o
 _h organiz$ ! ,h[e ,sew+ ,ma*9e        

,company ab\t #ahec4 ,:5 ,elias began   
manufactur+ ma*9es on 8 own1 he sunk    
into ! b$plate ( ea* ma*9e a brass      
m$allion be>+ 8 lik5ess4 ,elias gave 8  
company ! same "n t 8 eld] bro!r _h us$4
 ,z ?is _h be5 ,amasa's exclusive       
prop]ty = _m ye>s1 he took ! matt] to ! 
c\rts :]e ! decision w5t aga9/ ,elias4  
,he !n organiz$ ! ,h[e ,ma*9e ,company &
 began to manufacture sew+ ma*9es4 ,on  
,octob] #c1 #ahfg1 ,elias di$ 9         
,brooklyn1 ,new ,york1 at ! home ( "o ( 
8 sons-9-law4 ,! company 0 !n c>ri$ on  
by 8 two sons-9-law1 :o 7 ,/ockwell     
bro!rs4 ,9 #ahgb ! ,h[e ,sew+ ,ma*9e    
,company 0 sold by ,amasa's son to !    
,/ockwells' ,h[e ,ma*9e ,company1 :i* 9 
turn w5t out ( bus9ess 9 ! mid-#ahhjs4  
,,all5 ,,b5jam9 ,,wilson  ,all5 ,b4     
,wilson 0 born 9 ! small t[n ( ,willett1
 ,cortl&t ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahbd4  
,at sixte5 he 0 appr5tic$ to a di/ant   
relative1 a cab9etmak]4 ,un=tunate      
circum/ances caus$ him to leave ?is     
employ1 & 9 #ahdg ,wilson 0 9 ,adrian1  

,mi*igan1 work+ z a j\rneyman           
cab9etmak]4 ,! place & ye> are          
important1 = x 0 at ?is "t t he conceiv$
 8 idea ( a sew+ ma*9e4 ,because ( !    
di/ant location1 x is believ$ t he 0 n  
aw>e ( simil> ef=ts be+ made 9 ,new     
,engl&4 ,wilson became ill & = _m mon?s 
c\ld n "w at 8 trade4 ,by ,augu/ #ahdh  
he 0 able to "w aga9 & f\nd employm5t at
 ,pittsfield1 ,massa*usetts4 ,resolv+ to
 develop 8 idea ( a sew+ ma*9e1 he work$
 dilig5tly & by ,novemb] _h made full   
draw+s ( all ! p>ts1 accord+ to 8       
previ\s conceptions4  ,9 comp>ison to ! 
monet>y returns receiv$ by ! inv5tors   
,h[e & ,s+]1 ,wilson himself did n      
receive z great a monet>y rew>d = 8     
out/&+ sew+-ma*9e inv5tions4 ,because ( 
8 heal? ,wilson retir$ 9 #ahec1 :5 !    
/ock company 0 =m$1 b he receiv$ a      
regul> sal>y & additional money f !     
pat5t r5ewals4 ,wilson petition$ = a    
second ext5sion ( 8 pat5ts on ,april #g1
 #ahgd1 /at+ t1 due to 8 e>ly pov]ty1 he
 _h be5 compell$ to sell a half int]e/ 9

 a pat5t 78 fir/ "o7 = ! sum ( #bjj4    
,also he /at$ t he _h n receiv$ m ?an 8 
exp5ses dur+ ! orig9al f\rte5-ye> t]m4  
,wilson also /at$ t he _h receiv$ only  
#acg1jjj dur+ ! fir/ sev5-ye> ext5sion  
p]iod4 ,^! figures 7 v]ifi$ by 8 p>tn]4 
,! petition 0 read be=e bo? ,h\ses (    
,congress & ref]r$ to ! ,committee on   
,pat5ts4#id ,!re 0 /rong feel+ aga9/ !  
ext5sion ( ! ,wilson pat5ts4 ,! ,new    
,york ,daily ,graphic1 ,decemb] #cj1    
#ahgd1 report$3  ,illu/ration3 ,figure  
#acf4--;,,all5 ,,b5jam9 ,,wilson1       
#ahbd-ahhh4 ,f a draw+ own$ by ! ,s+]   
,mfg4 ,co4 ,=m]ly1 ! draw+ 0 own$ by !  
,:eel]  ,wilson ,mfg4 ,co4 7,smi?sonian 
photo #cbjff47       ,s valuable has be5
 ?is latt] f\r-motion fe$ t few or no   
clo?-sew+ ma*9es are n[ made )\t x4 ,!  
jo9t own]%ip      ( ?is feature ( !     
,wilson pat5ts has s]v$ to b9d !        
comb9ation ( sew+-ma*9e build]s toge!r1 
& enabl$ !m      to defy competition by 
=ce ( ! monopoly4 ,x is ?is feature     
:i* ! comb9ation wi%es to fur!r         

monopolize = sev5 ye>s      by act (    
,congress4 ,! inv5tor has probably      
realiz$ millions =      8 inv5tion4 ,s+]
 admits t 8 pat5ts1 :i* are mu* less    
important1 paid him two millions prior  
to #ahgj1 s9ce :i* "t he      has n be5 
compell$ to r5d] an acc\nt4 ,! ,wilson  
pat5ts      ) _! ext5d$ t]ms 7 wor? a   
mu* l>g] sum4 ,!y h      be5 public     
prop]ty1 s f> z ! fe$ is conc]n$1 s9ce  
,june      #ae1 #ahgc1 & w rema9 s if   
too great a pressure is n br\ght      to
 be> on ,congress = _! ext5sion4 ,a     
monopoly ( ?is fe$      motion = sev5   
ye>s m w\ld be wor? f t5 to ?irty       
millions to ! own]--& w\ld co/ ! p f\r  
times z      mu*4  ,wilson _h n made !  
millions = he only receiv$ a small      
p]c5tage ( ! r5ewals' e>n+s plus 8 sal>y
 f ! pat5ts' own]1 ! ,:eel] & ,wilson   
,manufactur+ ,company4  ,!              
,congressional ,committee on ,pat5ts    
made an adv]se report 9 #ahgd & aga9 9  
#ahge & #ahgf1 :5 applications = an     
ext5sion 7 cont9u$  ,wilson di$ on      

,april #bi1 #ahhh4   ,,isaac ,,m]ritt   
,,s+]  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #acg4---   
,,isaac ,,m]ritt ,,s+]1 #ahaa-ahge4 ,f a
 *>coal draw+ own$ by ! ,s+] ,mfg4 ,co4 
7,smi?sonian photo #cbjff-;,b7  ,isaac  
,s+]1 ^: "n is kn[n ar\nd ! _w z a      
manufactur] ( sew+ ma*9es1 0 ! eigh?    
*ild ( poor ,g]man immigrants4 ,isaac 0 
born on ,octob] #bg1 #ahaa1 9 ,pitt/[n1 
,new ,york1 b mo/ ( 8 e>ly life 0 sp5t 9
 ,oswego4 ,he work$ z a me*anic &       
cab9etmak]1 b acquir$ an int]e/ 9 !     
!at]4 ,"u ! "n ( ,isaac ,m]ritt1 he w5t 
to ,ro*e/] & became an actor4 ,9 #ahci1 
dur+ an abs5ce f ! !at]1 he complet$ 8  
fir/ inv5tion1 a me*anical excavator1   
:i* he sold = #bjjj4 ,) ! money ,s+]    
organiz$ a !atrical tr\pe ( 8 own1 :i*  
he call$ ,! ,m]ritt ,play]s4 ,:5 ! gr\p 
fail$ 9 ,fr$]icksburg1 ,ohio1 ,s+] 0    
/r&$ = lack ( funds4  ,=c$ to f9d "s    
type ( employm5t1 ,s+] took a job 9 a   
,fr$]icksburg plant t manufactur$ wood5 
pr9t]s' type4 ,he quickly recogniz$ !   
ne$ = an improv$ type-c>v+ ma*9e4 ,aft] 

inv5t+ & pat5t+ "o1 he f\nd no f9ancial 
support 9 ,fr$]icksburg & decid$ to take
 ! ma*9e to ,new ,york ,city4 ,"h1 !    
firm ( ,a4 ,b4 ,taylor & ,co4 agre$ to  
furni% ! money & give ,s+] room 9 its   
,hague ,/reet factory to build ma*9es4  
,a boil] explosion de/roy$ ! fir/ ma*9e1
 & ,taylor refus$ to advance m money4   
,:ile ,s+] 0 ) ,taylor1 ,george ,b4     
,zieb]1 a booksell] :o _h se5 !         
type-c>v+ ma*9e1 consid]$ its value to  
publi%]s4 ,zieb] (f]$ to help ,s+] &    
rais$ #agjj to build ano!r model4 ,9    
,june #ahej ! ma*9e 0 complet$4 ,s+] &  
,zieb] took ! ma*9e to ,bo/on :]e !y    
r5t$ display space 9 ! /eam-p[]$ work%op
 ( ,orson ,c4 ,phelps at #ai ,h>v>d     
,place4 ,only a few publi%]s came to    
look at ! ma*9e1 & none want$ to buy x4 
,s+]1 contemplat+ 8 future1 became      
int]e/$ 9 ,phelps' "w1 manufactur+ sew+ 
ma*9es = ,j4 ,a4 ,l][ & ,s4 ,c4         
,blodgett4 ,phelps welcom$ ,s+]'s int]e/
 z ! design ( ! me*anism 0 faulty &     
pur*as]s kept return+ ! ma*9es =        

repairs4 ,s+] exam9$ ! sew+ ma*9e ) !   
eyes ( a practical ma*9i/4 ,he criticiz$
 ! action ( ! %uttle1 :i* pass$ ar\nd a 
circle1 & ! ne$le b>1 :i* pu%$ a curv$  
ne$le horizontally4 ,s+] sugge/$ t !    
%uttle move to & fro 9 a /raight pa? & t
 a /raight ne$le be us$ v]tically4      
,phelps enc\rag$ ,s+] to ab&on !        
type-c>v+ ma*9e & turn 8 en]gies t[>d ! 
improvem5t ( ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,conv9c$ t he
 c\ld make 8 ideas "w1 ,s+] sket*$ a    
r\gh draft ( 8 propos$ ma*9e1 & ) !     
support ( ,zieb] & ,phelps ! "w began4  
,s+] cont9u$ to be active 9 ! sew+-ma*9e
 bus9ess until #ahfc4 ,he made 8 home 9 
,p>is = a %ort "t & !n mov$ to ,engl&4  
,:ile liv+ at ,torquay he conceiv$ !    
idea ( a fabul\s ,greco-,roman mansion1 
:i* he plann$ to h built at ,paignton4  
,s+] call$ x ,! ,wigwam4 ,un=tunately1  
aft] all 8 plans1 he did n live to see  
its completion4 ,s+] di$ on ,july #bc1  
#ahge1 ( he>t disease at ! age (        
sixty-?ree4   ,,footnotes3  #ic ,!      
,proce$+s & ,debates ( ! #dcrd          

,congress1 ,fir/ ,session1 #ahgd        
,congressional ,record1 vol4 #b1 "p #c1 
petition read to ! ,h\se by ,mr4 ,cream]
 on ,april #g1 #ahgd4 ,9 "p #d ( ! same1
 ,mr4 ,buck+ham read a simil> petition  
to ! ,s5ate on ,may #ai1 #ahgd4 ,bo? 7  
ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,pat5ts2 an   
ext5sion 0 n grant$4     ,bibliography  
,,adams1 ,,*>les ,k4 ,sew+ ma*9es4 ,9   
vol4 #g ( ,johnson's      univ]sal      
cyclopa$ia1 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & 
,company1 #ahie4       ,,alex&]1 ,,edw9 
,p4 ,sew+1 plait+1 & felt+ ma*9es4 ,pp4 
#cda-cec 9 ,! ,practical ,me*anic's     
,j\rnal's record ( ! great              
exhibition1 #ahfb4 #ahfb4       ----4   
,on ! sew+ ma*9e3 ,its hi/ory &         
progress4 ,j\rnal (      ! ,royal       
,society ( ,arts 7,april #aj1 #ahfc71   
vol4 #b1 no4 #edb1 p4      #ceh4        
,,am]ican ,,hi/orical ,,society4 ,! life
 & works ( ,george ,h4      ,corliss4   
7,privately pr9t$ = ,m>y ,corliss by !  
,society47      #aicj4       ,biography 
( ,isaac ,m4 ,s+]4 ,! ,atlas1 ,new      

,york1 ,n4,y41 ,m>*      #bj1 #ahec4    
,,bi%op1 ,j4 ,,le&]4 ,9 vol4 #b ( ,a    
hi/ory ( ,am]ican      manufactures f   
#afjh to #ahfj1 by ,bi%op2              
,philadelphia3 ,edw>d      ,"y &        
,company1 #ahff4       ,,bolton1        
,,james4 ,sew+ ma*9es1 special report on
 special subjects4      ,9 vol4 #b (    
,report ( ! ,committee on ,aw>ds2       
,*icago3 ,_w's      ,columbian          
,exposition1 #ahic4       ,,brockett1   
,,l9us ,p4 ,sew+ ma*9es4 ,9 vol4 #d (   
,johnson's      univ]sal cyclopa$ia2    
,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1   
#ahgd4       ,,burr1 ,j4 ,b4 ,! great   
indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h>t=d3    
,j4 ,b4 ,burr & ,hyde1 n4d4             
,,cook1 ,,rosamond ,c4 ,sew+ ma*9es4    
,peoria1 ,ill9ois3 ,manual ,arts        
,press1 #aibb4       ,,depew1 ,c4 ,m4   
#ajj ye>s ( ,am]ican comm]ce4 ,9 vol4   
#b1 ,am]ican      sew+ ma*9es by ,f4 ,g4
 ,b\rne4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,o4 ,ha9es1    
#ahie4       ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia   
,,circuit ,,c\rt4 ,case ( ,hunt vs4     

,h[e4 ,9      ,f$]al ,cases1 case #fhia1
 book #ab1 #ahee4       ,,doolittle1    
,,william ,h4 ,inv5tions4 ,vol4 9       
,libr>y ( mod]n      progress4          
,philadelphia3 ,mod]n ,progress ,publi%+
 ,company1 #aije4       ,,durg91 ,,*>les
 ,a4 ,dige/ ( pat5ts on sew+ ma*9es1    
,feb4 #ba1      #ahdb-;,july #a1 #ahei4 
,new ,york3 ,livesey ,bro!rs1 #ahei4    
,,fairfield1 ,,george ,a4 ,report on    
sew+ ma*9es4 ,9 vol4 #c (      ,report (
 ! commission]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to !  
int]national exhibition held at ,vi5na1 
#ahgc4 #ahgd4       ,,fiske1 ,,bradley  
,a4 ,inv5tion1 ! ma/]-key to progress4  
,new      ,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton &      
,company1 #aiba4       ,,gif=d1 ,,george
 ,w4 ,c\nsel = ,elias ,h[e1 ,jr4        
,argum5t (      ,gif=d 9 favor ( ,h[e's 
application = ext5sion ( pat5t4         
,wa%+ton3 ,u4,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice1 #ahfj4  
,,grang]1 ,,jean4 ,?imonni] et la ma*9e 
c\dre4 ,9 vol4 #b ( ,les                
publications te*niques4 ,p>is1 #aidc4   
,s\rce = biographical      sket* on     

,b>!lemy ,?imonni]4       ,,gregory1    
,,george ,w4 ,ma*9es1 etc41 us$ 9 sew+ &
 mak+      clo?+4 ,vol4 #g ( ,reports & 
,aw>ds4 ,philadelphia      ,int]national
 ,exhibition1 #ahgf4 ,u4,s4 ,c5t5nial   
,commission1      ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41     
#ahhj4       ,,h]sb]g1 ,,rudolph4 ,!    
sew+ ma*9e1 its hi/ory1 con/ruction     
& application4 ,transl4 ,upfield ,gre54 
,london3 ,e4  ,f4 ,n4 ,spon1      #ahfd4
       ,,h[e1 ,,h5ry4 ,adv5tures &      
a*ievem5ts ( ,am]icans4 ,publi%$      by
 ! au?or1 #ahfj4       ,,h[e ,,ma*9e    
,,company4 ,! ,h[e exhibition catalog ( 
sew+      ma*9es4 ,publi%$ by ! company 
= ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial             
,exposition1 #ahgf4       ,,hub]t1      
,,philip ,g41 ,,jr4 ,m5 ( a*ievem5t3    
inv5tors4 ,new ,york3      ,*>les       
,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahid4       ,,hunt1  
,,cl9ton ,n4 ,walt] ,hunt1 ,am]ican     
inv5tor4 ,publi%$ by !      au?or1      
#aice4 ,s\rce = biographical sket* on   
,walt] ,hunt4       ,,int]national      
,,exhibition4 ,sew+ & knitt+ ma*9es4 ,9 

,reports      ( ! ,juries1 ,class ,,vii1
 ,section ,a4 ,london1 #ahfb4           
,,johnson ,,cl>k ,,& ,,company4 ,sew+   
ma*9es = dome/ic & export      trade4   
,publi%$ by ! company1 #ahhc4           
,,kaempff]t1 ,,waldem>4 ,a popul> hi/ory
 ( ,am]ican inv5tion4      ,mak+ clo!s  
by ma*9e1 by ,john ,walk] ,h>r+ton1 vol 
#b4 ,new      ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s  
,sons1 #aibd4       ,,kilg>e1 ,c4 ,b4   
,sew+-ma*9es4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4    
,lipp9cott      ,company1 #ahib4        
,,knight1 ,,edw>d ,h4 ,vol4 #c (        
,knight's ,am]ican me*anical            
diction>y4 ,bo/on3 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 &  
,company1 #ahhb4       ,,lewton1        
,,fr$]ick ,l4 ,! s]vant 9 ! h\se3 a     
brief hi/ory (      ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,pp4  
#eei-ehc 9 ,annual ,report ( !          
,smi?sonian      ,in/itution 7#aibi72   
,wa%+ton3 #aicj4       ,,lu?1 ,,eri*4   
,e9 ,may5] ,/rumpfwirk]1 ,bal?as>       
,krems1      #agfj-ahac1 ,erf9d] d]     
,nhmas*9e4 ,hamburg1 ,g]many3 ,v]lag    
,h]b]t ,lu?1 #aida4       ----4 ,josef  

,mad]sp]g] od] d] uns*e9bore ,g5ius4    
,hamburg1      ,g]many3 ,rei*sn]b& des  
,deuts*5 ,nhmas*95h&els ,,ev1 #aicc     
84       ,obitu>y ( ,isaac ,m4 ,s+]4    
,new ,york ,tribune1 ,july #bf1 #ahge4  
,,mad]sp]g]1 ,,joseph4 ,bes*reibung e9] 
,nhmas*9e4 ,vi5na1 ca4      #ahaf4      
,o',,bri51 ,,walt]4 ,sew+ ma*9es4       
,textile ,am]ican1 repr9t$      ,m>*    
#aica4 ,a pap] read at a meet+ ( !      
,leice/] ,textile      ,society4        
,,orcutt1 ,,rev4 ,,samuel4 ,a hi/ory ( !
 old t[n ( ,/rat=d &      ! city (      
,bridgeport1 ,connecticut4 #b vols4     
,fairfield ,c\nty      ,hi/orical       
,society1 #ahhf4       ,,p>is ,,univ]sal
 ,,exposition4 ,reports ( ! ,u4,s4      
,commission]s      ,g5]al ,survey1 vol4 
#a1 pp4 #bic-big4 #ahfg4       ,,p>ton1 
,,james4 ,hi/ory ( ! sew+ ma*9e4        
,atlantic ,mon?ly1      ,may #ahfg4     
,,raymond1 ,,william ,,*&l]4            
,curiosities ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice4         
,syracuse1 ,n4,y43 publi%$ by ! au?or1  
#ahhh4       ,,reid1 ,j4 ,a4 ,a         

monograph prep>$ = ,am]ican indu/rial   
education      conf]5ce & exposition4   
,elizabe?port1 ,n4,j43 ,s+]             
,manufactur+ ,company1 #aiae4           
,,r5t]s1 ,,wilhelm4 ,praktis*es ,wiss5  
von d] ,nhmas*9e4      ,lang5salza1     
,b]l91 & ,leipzig3 ,v]lag ,julius       
,beltz1 #aicc4       ,sci5tific         
,am]ican4 ,issues ( ,janu>y #bg1        
,febru>y #c1 &      ,novemb] #bd1 #ahdi2
 ,july #ag1 #aheb2 ,july #i & ,novemb]  
#e1 #ahei2      ,janu>y #c & ,may #af1  
#ahfc2 ,octob] #ai1 #ahfg2 & ,july #be1 
#ahif4       ,,scott1 ,,john4 ,g5ius    
rew>d$1 or ! /ory ( ! sew+ ma*9e4       
,new ,york3 ,j4 ,j4 ,caulon1 #ahhj4     
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,advance4 ,*icago4 ,vols4  
#a-ce1 no4 #e1 ,may #ahgi to      #aiac4
       ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,j\rnal4 ,septemb]  
#ahgi to ,decemb] #ahhd4       ,sew+    
,ma*9e ,news4 ,new ,york4 ,vols4 #a-f1  
#ahgg-ahgi2 n4s4 vols4      #a-af1      
#ahgi-ahic4       ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,times4  
,new ,york4 ,vols4 #a-i1 #ahhb-ahij2    
n4s4 vols4      #a-ch 7nos4 #a-gbe71    

#ahia-;,april #aibd4       ,,/ambaugh1  
,,john ,p4 ,sew+ ma*9es at ! #bbnd      
annual exhibition      ( ! ,m>yl&       
,in/itute1 also a hi/ory ( ! sew+ ma*9e4
      ,h>t=d1 ,conn43 ,we$ ,sew+ ,ma*9e 
,company1 #ahgb4       ,/ory ( sew+     
ma*9e pat5ts4 ,new ,york ,tribune1 ,may 
#bc1 #ahfb4       ,,?ompson1 ,,holl&4 ,!
 age ( inv5tion4 ,vol4 #cg ( !          
,*ronicles      ( ,am]ica4 ,new ,hav53  
,yale ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiba4         
,,t[]s1 ,,h5ry ,m4 ,hi/orical sket*es   
relat+ to ,sp5c]1      ,massa*usetts4   
,vol4 #a4 ,sp5c]1 ,mass43 ,w4 ,g4       
,heff]nan1 #aija4       ,,urquh>t1 ,j4  
,w4 ,sew+ ma*9]y4 ,vol4 #h 9 ,weale's   
rudim5t>y      sci5tific & educational  
s]ies4 ,london3 ,crosby ,lockwood &     
,co41      #ahha4       ,,van ,,slyck1  
,j4 ,d4 ,new ,engl& manufactur]s &      
manufactories4      ,vol4 #b4 ,bo/on3   
,van ,slyck & ,company1 #ahgi4 ,s\rce = 
biographical sket* on ,all5 ,b5jam9     
,wilson1 ,van ,slyck1 vol4 #b1      pp4 
#fgb-fhb4       ,,walso1 ,,george ,c41  

,,jr4 ,hi/ory ( ,bridgeport & vic9ity4  
,vol4 #b4      ,bridgeport1 ,conn43 ,s4 
,j4 ,cl>ke ,publi%+ ,company1 #aiag4    
,:o inv5t$ ! sew+ ma*9e8 ,! ,galaxy     
article unsign$1      vol4 #d1 ,augu/   
#ahfg4     ,indexes   ,geographical     
,index to ,companies li/$ 9 ,app5dix    
,,ii   ,,connecticut  ,bridgeport   ,d4 
,w4 ,cl>k1 #fg   ,j]ome ,b4 ,secor1 #fh 
,goodbody ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fi   ,h[e 
,ma*9e ,co41 #fi   ,secor ,ma*9e ,co41  
#gb   ,am]ican ,h& ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41   
#gb   ,:eel]  ,wilson ,mfg4 ,co41 #gd   
,bri/ol   ,nettleton  ,raymond1 #gb     
,watson  ,woo/]1 #gc  ,danbury   ,b>tram
  ,fanton ,mfg4 ,co41 #ff  ,h>t=d       
,morrison1 ,wilk9son  ,co41 #ga   ,we$  
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #gd  ,m]id5   ,fosket
 & ,savage1 #fh   ,*>les ,p>k] ,co41 #gb
   ,p>k] ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #gb         
,middlet[n   ,victor ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 
#gc  ,norwi*   ,gre5man & ,true ,mfg4   
,co41 #fi  ,wat]bury   ,wat]bury ,co41  
#gc  ,we/ ,m]id5   ,p>k]s1 ,sn[1 ,brooks
  ,co41 #gj   ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia  

,wa%+ton   ,po/ ,comb9ation ,sew+ ,ma*9e
 ,co41 #gb   ,,ill9ois  ,belleville     
,?omas ,m4 ,co*rane ,co41 #ga   ,j4 ,h4 
,drew  ,co41 #ga  ,belvid]e   ,june     
,mfg4 ,co41 #gj   ,national ,sew+ ,ma*9e
 ,co41 #ga  ,*icago   ,*icago ,sew+     
,ma*9e ,co41 #fg   ,eldr$ge ,sew+ ,ma*9e
 ,co41 #fh   ,free ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41   
#fi   ,scates1 ,tryb]  ,sweetl& ,mfg41  
#fg   ,sigwalt ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fg1  
#gc   ,h4 ,b4 ,goodri*1 #fi   ,june     
,mfg4 ,co41 #gj  ,rock=d   ,free ,sew+  
,ma*9e ,co41 #fi   ,,ma9e  ,bidde=d     
,%aw  ,cl>k ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #ga1 #gc 
,,massa*usetts  ,bo/on   ,o4 ,phelps1   
#ff   ,j4 ,f4 ,paul  ,co41 #ff   ,bo/on 
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #ff   ,brad=d  ,b>b]1
 mfgs41 #ff   ,john ,p4 ,b[k]1 #fh      
,empire ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fh   ,f9kle 
,lyon ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fh1 #gc       
,grov] & ,bak] ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fi   
,ni*ols & ,bliss1 #fi   ,j4 ,b4 ,ni*ols 
,co41 #fi   ,ni*ols1 ,leavitt  ,co41    
#fi1 #gj   ,n4 ,hunt  ,co41 #gj   ,hunt 
& ,web/]1 #gj   ,em]y1 ,h\ghton  ,co41  

#gj   ,ladd1 ,web/]  ,co41 #gj          
,leavitt  ,co41 #gj   ,leavitt ,sew+    
,ma*9e ,co41 #gj   ,saf=d  ,williams    
,mak]s1 #ga   ,c4 ,a4 ,fr5*1 #gb   ,f4  
,r4 ,rob9son1 #gb   ,h[>d  ,davis1 #gb  
,i4 ,m4 ,s+]  ,co41 #gc   ,butt]field   
,/ev5s ,mfg4 ,co41 #gd   ,williams      
,orvis ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #gd  ,*icopee 
,falls   ,%aw  ,cl>k ,co41 #gc          
,*icopee ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #gc         
,flor5ce   ,flor5ce ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41  
#fg1 #fh  ,foxboro   ,foxboro ,rot>y    
,%uttle ,co41 #fh  ,l[ell   ,aetna ,sew+
 ,ma*9e ,co41 #fe  ,lynn   ,woolridge1  
,ke5e & ,moore1 #fg  ,orange   ,gold    
,m$al ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fi   ,johnson1
 ,cl>k  ,co41 #fi1 #ga1 #gc   ,gr\t     
,:ite1 #ga   ,new ,home ,sew+ ,ma*9e    
,co41 #ga  ,spr+field   ,lead] ,sew+    
,ma*9e ,co41 #gj   ,spr+field ,sew+     
,ma*9e ,co41 #gc   ,d4 ,b4 ,wesson ,sew+
 ,ma*9e ,co41#gd  ,w9*5don   ,j4 ,g4    
,folsom1 #fh1 #fi1 #ga   ,william ,gr\t1
 #ga  ,worce/]   ,godd>d1 ,rice  ,co41  
#ff   ,,mi*igan  ,detroit   ,deck] ,mfg4

 ,co41 #fg   ,c4 ,g4 ,g>dn]1 #fi        
,,miss\ri  ,/4 ,l\is   ,w>dwell ,mfg4   
,co41 #gc   ,,new ,,hamp%ire  ,dov]     
,o4 ,l4 ,reynolds ,manufactur+ ,co41 #ga
  ,m>lboro   ,?ur/on ,mfg4 ,co41 #fg    
,mason ,village   ,frankl9 ,sew+ ,ma*9e 
,co41 #fh   ,,new ,,j]sey  ,elizabe?port
   ,s+] ,mfg4 ,co4 7manufactory1 n      
(fice71 #gc  ,pat]son   ,:itney ,sew+   
,ma*9e ,co41 #gd   ,,new ,,york         
,b+hamton   ,indep5d5t ,sew+ ,ma*9e     
,co41 #gj  ,brooklyn   ,j4 ,h4 ,le/]1   
#gj   ,g4 ,l4 ,du ,laney1 #gj  ,i?aca   
,aik5 & ,fel?\s5 7pat5tees71 #fe        
,am]ican ,magnetic ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41   
#fe   ,cl9ton ,bro!rs1 #fg   ,t4 ,c4    
,?ompson1 #gc  ,new ,york   ,av]y ,sew+ 
,ma*9e ,co41 #ff   ,a4 ,b>?olf1 mfg41   
#ff   ,b>?olf ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #ff    
,b>tlett ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #ff   ,b>l[ 
,son1 #ff   ,beck) ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41   
#ff   ,j4 ,a4 ,davis1 #fg   ,demore/    
,mfg4 ,co41 #fg   ,*>les ,a4 ,durg91 #fh
   ,elliptic ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fh     
,eureka ,%uttle ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fh  

,excelsior ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fh       
,madame ,demore/1 #fh   ,fir/ & ,fro/1  
#fh   ,l4 ,griswold1 #fi   ,h[e ,sew+   
,ma*9e ,co41 #fi   ,?os4 ,a4 ,macauley  
,mfg41 #gj   ,new ,york ,sew+ ,ma*9e    
,co41 #ga   ,t4 ,w4 ,rob]tson1 #gb   ,i4
 ,m4 ,s+]  ,co41 #gc   ,s+] ,mfg4 ,co41 
#gc   ,/&>d ,%uttle ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41  
#gc   ,h5ry ,/ew>t  ,co41 #gc   ,/ew>t  
,mfg4 ,co41 #gc   ,e4 ,e4 ,lee  ,co41   
#gd   ,willcox  ,gibbs ,sew+ ,ma*9e     
,co41 #gd  ,wat]t[n   ,davis ,sew+      
,ma*9e ,co41 #fg   ,:eel]1 ,wilson      
,co41 #gd  ,we/morel&   ,a4 ,b4 ,buell1 
#fg   ,,ohio  ,clevel&   ,wilson 7,w4   
,g47 ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #ff1 #gd        
,dome/ic ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 7aft] #aibd71
 #fg   ,leslie ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #gj   
,/&>d ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #gc   ,:ite    
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #gd  ,dayton   ,davis
 ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fg  ,elyria   ,we/ 
,willson ,co41 #gd  ,norwalk            
,dauntless ,mfg4 ,co41 #fg1 #gb   ,wm4  
,a4 ,mack  ,co41 & ,n4 ,s4 ,p]k9s1 #fg  
,dome/ic ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fg1 #gj    

,spr+field   ,royal ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41  
#gb   ,/4 ,john ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #gc  
,tol$o   ,jewel ,mfg4 ,co41 #gj         
,,p5nsylvania  ,erie   ,noble ,sew+     
,ma*9e ,co41 #gb  ,philadelphia         
,am]ican ,buttonhole1 ,ov]seam+ & ,sew+ 
,ma*9e ,co41 #fe   ,c5t5nial ,sew+      
,ma*9e ,co41 #fg   ,george ,b4 ,sloat & 
,co41 #fh   ,rex  ,bockius1 #fi   ,grant
 ,bros4  ,co41 #fi   ,b4 ,w4 ,lacey     
,co41 #ga   ,p>ham ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41   
#gb   ,philadelphia ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41  
#gb   ,quak] ,city ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41   
#gb   ,e4 ,rem+ton  ,sons1 #gb   ,tagg>t
  ,f>r1 #gc  ,pittsburgh   ,love ,mfg4  
,co41 #gj   ,,rhode ,,isl&  ,provid5ce  
,h\sehold ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fi        
,provid5ce ,tool ,co41 #fi   ,,v]mont   
,brattleboro   ,samuel ,b>k] & ,?omas   
,:ite1 #ff   ,brattleboro ,sew+ ,ma*9e  
,co41 #fh   ,e/ey ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fh
   ,higby ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fi        
,nettleton  ,raymond 7,*>les ,raymond71 
#ga  ,w9dsor   ,lamson1 ,goodn[  ,yale1 
#fg1 #gd   ,v]mont ,arms ,co41 #gd      

,,virg9ia  ,ri*mond   ,le/] ,mfg4 ,co41 
#gj   ,union ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #fh1 #gj
   ,old ,dom9ion ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co41 #gb 
,,wiscons9  ,milwaukee   ,:itehill ,mfg4
 ,co41 #gd   ,alphabetical ,index to    
,pat5tees li/$ 9 ,app5dix ,,iii         
,ab]crombi1 ,*>les1 #ebjigg  ,abbott1   
,w4 ,w41 #bebihd  ,adams1 ,john ,q41    
#ibach  ,alex&]1 ,elisa1 #afeah  ,ambl]1
 ,d4 ,c41 #aahhd  ,angell1 ,b5jam9 ,j41 
#aibhe  ,applegate1 ,john ,h41 & ,webb1 
,*>les ,b41 #aggghd  ,appleton1 ,c4 ,j41
 & ,sibley1 ,j4 ,j41 #agiddj  ,arnold1  
,b41 #hfaba1 #achiha1 #achihb  ,arnold1 
,g4 ,b4 & ,a41 #cjaab  ,arnold1 ,g4 ,b41
 #bhaci  ,atwat]1 ,b41 #ddjfc  ,atwood1 
,j4 ,e41 #bbbgc  ,atwood1 ,k4 ,c41      
#aidgei  ,atwood1 ,j4 ,e41 ,j4 ,c41 &   
,o41 #aiijc  ,av]y1 ,otis1 #icch1 #ajhhj
  ,av]y1 ,o4 & ,z4 ,w41 #bbjjg          
,ba*eld]1 ,j41 #fdci  ,bagl91 ,william1 
#aedaac  ,bak]1 ,g4 ,w41 #gjaeb1        
#abecgd1 #acjjje  ,baldw91 ,cyrus ,w41  
#chbgf  ,banks1 ,c4 ,m41 #bbeghd        
,b>cellos1 ,d41 #bjcajb  ,b>nes1 ,m4    

,m41 #ajfcjg  ,b>nes1 ,william ,t41     
#bjfhh1 #bejhd1 #behgf  ,b>ney1 ,samuel 
,c41 #aefaai  ,b>rett1 ,o4 ,d41 #beghe  
,b>?olf1 ,abraham1 #aihbc  ,b>tlett1    
,joseph ,w41 #dfjfd1 #gfche  ,b>tlett1  
,joseph ,w41 & ,plant1 ,fr$]ick1 #aeijfe
  ,b>ton1 ,kate ,c41 #ahbjif  ,b>tram1  
,w4 ,b41 #edfgj1 #edfga1 #fjffi1 #fbebj1
 #hceib1 #ajdbdg1 #acjeeg  ,bates1 ,w4  
,g41 assignor to ,johnson1 ,william ,h41
 #ieib  ,bayley1 ,c4 ,h41 #bababb       
,bean1 ,b5jam9 ,w41 #bihb  ,bean1 ,e4   
,e41 #bhadd  ,be>dslee1 ,w4 ,f41 #bdegha
  ,beck1 ,augu/1 #aijahd1 #aifhfc       
,beck)1 ,william ,g41 #abfiba1 #acccea1 
#afgchb  ,behn1 ,h5ry1 #ahjga1 #ahhhj   
,bel*]1 ,c4 ,d41 #afgaj  ,b5$ict1 ,c4   
,p41 #hceif  ,b5nett1 ,frank ,h[>d1 &   
,d[l+1 ,james1 #djigbh  ,b5nor1 ,joseph1
 #ajfbdi  ,b5son1 ,george1 #bcheef      
,beukl]1 ,william1 #bjdgjd  ,beuttel1   
,*>les1 #aaeaee  ,bigel[1 ,j41 #bfcdfg  
,bill+s1 ,c4 ,e41 #hhfjc  ,bi%op1 ,h4   
,h41 #bbbbf  ,black1 ,samuel ,s41       
#adffdb  ,blake1 ,lyman ,r41 #bjgge1    

#gdbhi  ,blan*>d1 ,hel5 ,a41 #adaihg    
,bl&1 ,h5ry1 #bafjaf1 #bbaeje           
,blodgett1 ,s4 ,c1 #aedfi1 #badfe       
,blodgett1 ,john ,w41 #bgicbj  ,boe*]1  
,adam1 #cjjaii  ,bond1 ,joseph ,jr41    
#abici1 #icehh1 #ahieii  ,boo?1         
,ezekiel1 #bejhg  ,boppel1 ,jacob1      
#cifigi  ,borton1 ,s41 #badjhi  ,borton1
 ,/ockton1 & ,willcox1 ,*>les ,h41      
#beeegf1 #beeegg1 #beeehj1 #beeeha      
,boswor?1 ,c4 ,f41 #aiigi1 #chhjg1      
#abbeee1 #aiiejj1 #bafejd  ,b\naz1 ,a41 
#hciji1 #hciaj  ,b\scay1 ,eloi1 ,jr41   
#abgade  ,b[y]1 ,j4 ,t41 #dedgjh  ,boyd1
 ,a4 ,h41 #aiaga1 #bdjjc1 #cahfd        
,bra*]1 ,t4 ,w41 #bbaejh  ,brade51 ,j4  
,g41 #ichj  ,brad=d1 ,e4 ,f4 & ,pi]ce1  
,v4 ,r41 #aggcga  ,braundbeck1 ,e41     
#abgfge  ,brew]1 ,a4 ,g41 #aebhid       
,briggs1 ,?omas1 #aihgij  ,br[n1 ,f4    
,h41 #idchi1 #ajbcff1 #acagce1 #aicdgg  
,bru51 ,j4 ,t41 #cabjh  ,bru51 ,l4 ,b41 
#fhhci  ,budlong1 ,william ,g41 #beidf  
,buell1 ,j4 ,s41 #becha  ,buhr1         
,johannes1 #aeabgb  ,burnet1 ,s4 ,s4 &  

,brod]ick1 ,w41 #bbafj  ,burr1 ,!odore1 
#cbjbc  ,but*]1 ,joseph1 #ahjedb1       
#bccfeg   ,cadwell1 ,caleb1 #deigb1     
#gaaca  ,caj>1 ,emil1 #ejbii1 #fagaa    
,cam]on1 ,james ,w41 #bgbebg  ,campbell1
 ,duncan ,h41 #bdafab1 #bdafac          
,canfield1 ,f4 ,p41 #hfjeg  ,c>h>t1     
,pet] ,s41 #bdjih  ,c>lisle1 ,w4 ,s41   
#bgjedj  ,c>p5t]1 ,lunan1 #bjiij        
,c>p5t]1 ,m>y ,p41 #aabjaf  ,c>p5t]1    
,william1 #hgfcc  ,c>r1 ,william ,h4 &  
,o/rom1 ,f4 ,w41 #cjccfa  ,case1 ,george
 ,f41 #ccjbi  ,cately1 ,william ,h41    
#efijb  ,*amb]la91 ,j4 ,n41 #bhdeb      
,*&l]1 ,rufus1 #accgeg1 #acicfh         
,*>mbury1 ,h41 #cafgde  ,*ase1 ,m41     
#aacdih  ,*ilcott1 ,j4 & ,scrimge\r1    
,j41 #abhef  ,*itt5d51 ,h4 ,h41 #dcbhi  
,*oquette1 ,a4 ,e41 #bddjcc  ,cl>k1     
,david ,w41 #aijae1 #aijgb1 #aiabi1     
#aidji1 #aigcb1 #bjdha1 #bacbb1 #bchbc  
,cl>k1 ,edw91 #bfccf  ,cl>k1 ,edw9 ,e41 
#gdgea  ,clem5ts1 ,james ,m41 #egdea    
,clem9%aw1 ,s41 #abhcfc1 #baccia        
,clev]1 ,p4 ,j41 #ifhhf  ,clev]1 ,pet]  

,j41 #bifebi  ,coates1 ,f4 ,s41 #aifhd  
,cole1 ,w4 ,h41 #giddg  ,conant1 ,j4    
,s41 #abbcc  ,conkl91 ,n4 ,a41 #bjfggd  
,cook1 ,hugo1 #dedfaj  ,cooney1 ,w41    
#ajbbbf  ,corbett1 ,e4 & ,h>l[1 ,c4 ,f41
 #aibefh  ,corey1 ,j4 ,w41 #aihigj      
,corliss1 ,george ,h41 #cchi  ,cornely1 
,e41 #gcfif  ,cornely1 ,emile1 #baibbe  
,craige1 ,e4 ,h41 #fbahf1 #fgfce        
,crane1 ,?omas1 #aejecb  ,crosby1 ,c4   
,o41 #ejbbe1 #ijejg  ,crosby1 ,c4 ,o4 & 
,kellogg1 ,h41 #cgjcc  ,cumm9s1 ,william
 ,g41 #ahghbb  ,curtis1 ,g4 ,h4 ,w41    
#bbhihe  ,cu%man1 ,c4 ,s41 #adbddb1     
#ahdeid   ,dale1 ,john ,d41 #ddfhf      
,dancel1 ,*ri/ian1 #aiihjb  ,d>l+ &     
,d>l+1 #afcfci  ,davis1 ,job ,a41       
#bgbjh1 #ehfad  ,d]ocquigny1 ,a4 ,c4    
,f41 ,gance1 ,d41 & ,hanzo1 ,l41 #cdgdh 
,des*amps1 ,o4 ,l41 #beciae  ,de/\y1    
,augu/e1 #efgbi  ,dewees1 ,john ,w41    
#dcbgdf  ,dick9son1 ,c4 ,w41 #bfcdf     
,diehl1 ,philipp1 #ccifbc1 #cdgggf1     
#cdgggg1 #cdhaac  ,diet]le1 ,h4 ,e41    
#cecedb  ,dimmock1 ,m>tial &  ,rix=d1   

,na?an1 #aiace  ,dimond1 ,george ,h41   
#aifaih1 #bjgdjj  ,d9smore1 ,alfr$ ,s41 
#afjeab1 #bcaaee  ,d9smore1 ,a4 ,s41 &  
,c>t]1 ,john ,t41 #aebfah  ,doll1       
,arnold1 #fhdbj  ,dopp1 ,h4 ,w41 #bgbgi 
,d[l+1 ,james1 & ,connolly1 ,john1      
#biiaah  ,drake1 ,ellis1 #aeeicb        
,du*em91 ,william1 #eigae1 #iaaja1      
#acejcb1 #bhhibi  ,dunb>1 ,c4 ,f41      
#hhbhb  ,durg91 ,*>les ,a41 #abijb      
,e>le1 ,t41 #caaef  ,eickemey]1 ,rudolf1
 #ebfih1 #ahbahb1 #bcicai  ,eld]field1  
,f4 ,d41 #bjddbi  ,eldridge1 ,g4 ,w41   
#hgcca  ,elliott1 ,f41 #heiah  ,em]son1 
,john1 #ejihi  ,emswil]1 ,j4 ,b41 #bejjb
  ,e/y1 ,william1 #ahghcg   ,fales1 ,j4 
,f41 #gdcbh  ,fann+1 ,john1 #gbhbi1     
#abijac  ,f>r1 ,*e/] ,n41 #bejjd  ,f>r>1
 ,ar?ur1 #cjihcg  ,fett]1 ,george1      
#ahgic1 #aijei  ,fi%1 ,w>r5 ,l41 #abcfbe
  ,flet*]1 ,james ,n41 #ddcgef          
,follett1 ,joseph ,l41 #ahiddf  ,fosket1
 ,william ,a41 & ,savage1 ,elliot1      
#bbgai1 #beifc  ,fr5*1 ,/eph51 #hjcde   
,frese1 ,b41 #agbcjh  ,full]1 ,h4 ,w41  

#fcjcc  ,full]1 ,william ,m41 #cbdif    
,g>l&1 ,h4 ,p41 #aeihab1 #afiafc  ,gee1 
,w4 ,v41 #cfadjf  ,gibbs1 ,james ,e4    
,a41 #afbcd1 #afdcd1 #agdbg1 #baabi1    
#bagea1 #bgbad1 #bhhea  ,gird1 ,e4 ,d41 
#hgeei  ,goodes1 ,e4 ,a41 #acfgah1      
#adgchg  ,goodspe$1 ,g4 ,n41 #edhaf     
,goodw91 ,julius ,c41 #dejgic  ,goodwyn1
 ,h4 ,h41 #bddee  ,goodye>1 ,*>les ,jr41
 #aaaaig1 #aafidg  ,gordon1 ,james1 &   
,k9]t1 ,william1 #abehjg  ,gray1 ,jo%ua1
 #afeff1 #aiffe1 #bdjbb1 #ieeha  ,gre51 
,george ,f41 #bchfgh  ,gre5\gh1 ,john   
,j41 #bdff  ,gritzn]1 ,m4 ,c41 #ddgbj1  
#gfcbc  ,gritzn]1 ,max ,c41 #bdcddd     
,grote1 ,f4 ,w41 #chddg  ,gr\t1         
,william1 #bdfbi  ,grov]1 ,william ,o41 
#adief1 #ccggh1 #cfdje1 #ajjaci  ,grov]1
 ,william ,o41 & ,bak]1 ,william ,e41   
#gica  ,gu9ness1 ,william ,s41 #daiaf   
,gullr&s51 ,p4 ,e41 & ,rett+]1 ,j4 ,c41 
#ahjbbe  ,gutmann1 ,julius1 #ijebh      
,halb]t1 ,a4 ,w41 #gfjgf  ,hall1        
,william1 #bdhgj  ,hale1 ,william ,s41  
#cfjhd  ,hall1 ,lu!r1 #dcdjd  ,hall1    

,l41 #ajecbi  ,hall1 ,john ,s41 #afhfcg1
 #ahgjjf  ,hall5beck1 ,j4 ,p41 #dbedbb  
,hallett1 ,h4 ,h41 #aiaehd  ,hamm1 ,e41 
#baiegh  ,hancock1 ,h5ry ,j41 #hcdib1   
#aabjcc  ,hanlon1 ,john1 #ebhdg  ,happe1
 ,j41 & ,newman1 ,w41 #acjgae1 #acgaii  
,h>die1 ,j4 ,w41 #cjhed  ,h>ris1        
,daniel1 #agejh1 #agega  ,h>ris1 ,david1
 #ahebbh  ,h>rison1 ,j4 ,jr41 #ajgfc1   
#acfaf1 #bejac1 #bebfb  ,h>t1 ,william1 
#ejdfi  ,hayes1 ,james1 #eejbi  ,hayd51 
,h4 ,w41 #bdicg  ,heb]l+1 ,j41 #bjdfjd1 
#bbgbdi1 #bbgebe1 #bhdcjj  ,he*t1 ,a41  
#ejdgc  ,he]y1 ,luke1 #idgdj  ,heid5?al1
 ,william1 #abggfe  ,helwig1 ,ar?ur1    
#cejcfd  ,h5drick1 ,joseph ,e41 #aiffj1 
#bagbb  ,h5drickson1 ,e4 ,m41 #cdccj    
,h5riks51 ,h4 ,p41 #ajdeij1 #ahheae1    
#baefae  ,h5sel1 ,george1 #bdgcg        
,h]ron1 ,a4 ,c41 #bjeeg  ,hesse1        
,joseph1 #bcejhe  ,hey]1 ,w4 ,d41 #djfbb
  ,hey]1 ,fr$]ick1 #cjgca  ,hicks1      
,william ,c41 #bfjce1 #bibfh  ,h9kley1  
,jonas1 #bebca  ,h9ds1 ,jesse ,l41      
#acaaff  ,h9e1 ,*>les ,m41 #dbjchb      

,h9e1 ,*>lie ,m41 #bdfacf  ,hodgk9s1    
,*ri/oph]1 #icfe1 #ccjhe1 #fifff        
,hoefl]1 ,j41 #bdfhhc  ,h(fman1 ,george 
,w41 #idaab  ,h(fman1 ,cl>a ,p41 &      
,mey]s1 ,ni*olas1 #bjgjce  ,hold51 ,o4  
,j41 & ,griswold1 ,l41 #bgbjej          
,holl[ell1 ,j4 ,g41 #bgfbd  ,holly1     
,birdsill1 #bhagf  ,hook1 ,alb]t ,h41   
#bbagi1 #bdjbg  ,horr1 ,addison ,d41    
#adihfb  ,h\se1 ,james ,a41 #bjfbci     
,h\se1 ,james ,a41 & ,h\se1 ,h5ry ,a41  
#cficb1 #ciddb1 #cidde1 #eehfe1 #hgcch1 
#aadbid  ,h[>d1 ,c4 ,w41 #abfjef1       
#abfjeg  ,h[>d1 ,t4 ,s4 ,l41 #aiibjf    
,h[>d1 ,e4 ,l41 #aeddhe  ,h[>d1 ,e41 &  
,jackson1 ,w4 ,h41 #ajcgde  ,h[e1 ,amasa
 ,bemis1 #cgiac  ,h[e1 ,elias1 #dgej1   
#afdcf  ,hubb>d1 ,george ,w41 #ahijd1   
#baecg  ,hull1 ,e4 ,h41 #bedbag         
,humphrey1 ,d4 ,w4 ,g41 #cffag1 #difbg  
,hunt1 ,walt]1 #aaafa  ,hunt+ton1 ,?omas
 ,s41 #aehbad  ,hurtu1 ,augu/e ,j41     
#behgfa1 #caejcg  ,hurtu1 ,augu/e ,j41 &
 ,haut91 ,victor ,j41 #ihjfd   ,+alls1  
,n41 ,jr41 #babfjb   ,jackson1 ,francis1

 #eaijfd  ,jackson1 ,william1 #ahaida   
,jacob1 ,fr$]ick1 #aijjdg  ,j5cks1 ,g4  
,l41 #gdfid  ,j5n+s1 ,l41 #afbcg        
,johnson1 ,alb]t ,f41 #afchg1 #bjfhf1   
#bfidh  ,johnson1 ,w4 ,h41 #ajeig       
,jones1 ,john ,t41 #hfafc1 #aagfdj1     
#afiajf  ,jones1 ,samuel ,h41 #adjfca   
,jones1 ,solomon1 #aahecg1 #aahech      
,jones1 ,william1 & ,haughian1 ,p41     
#cbbig  ,ju5g/1 ,george1 #bgacb1 #bbhhbj
  ,junk]1 ,c>l1 #bagaab   ,kallmey]1    
,g41 #acgfhi  ,keats1 ,alphonso1 #bfjiij
  ,keats1 ,john1 #aihabj  ,keats1 ,john2
 ,gre5wood1 ,ar?ur2 & ,keats1 ,alphonso1
 #agafbb  ,keats1 ,john1 & ,cl>k4 ,wm4  
,s41 #ejiie  ,kei?1 ,j]emiah1 #igeah1   
#agjgda1 #aifhji1 #bjiabf1 #bdcgaj      
,kei?1 ,t4 ,h41 #aifiji  ,kei?1 ,t4 ,k41
 #agjiee  ,kelsey1 ,d41 #bdici  ,k5dall1
 ,george ,f41 #ajahhg  ,k]n1 ,f]d9&1    
#dgicfi  ,kilb\rn1 ,e4 ,e41 #eigdf      
,kjalman1 ,h4 ,n41 #bceghc  ,kno*1      
,*>les ,f41 #ahcdjj  ,ko*1 ,william1    
#bfbbih  ,ko*1 ,fri$]i*1 & ,brass1      
,rob]t1 #achhih1 #adebae   ,lamb1 ,isaac

 ,w41 #ajifcb  ,lamb1 ,?omas1 #ihcij1   
#aahgbh  ,lamb1 ,?omas1 & ,all51 ,john1 
#didba  ,lamson1 ,h5ry ,p41 #giegi      
,l&fe>1 ,william ,r41 #ajidbg1 #aeeaic  
,langdon1 ,le&] ,w41 #acgbg1 #cibef     
,la?bury1 ,e4 ,t41 #aggdd  ,la?rop1     
,lebbeus ,w41 #acijfg  ,la?rop1 ,lebbeus
 ,w41 & de ,sanno1 ,william ,p41 #djddf 
,lawr5ce1 ,g4 ,h41 #bijhie  ,lazelle1   
,w4 ,h41 #ahiae  ,leavitte1 ,alb]t1     
#agaadg  ,leavitt1 ,rufus1 #cjfcd       
,leavitt1 ,alb]t1 & ,drew1 ,h5ry ,l41   
#ahghgd  ,legat1 ,d4 ,m41 #bahchh       
,legg1 ,alb]t1 & ,we/on1 ,*>les ,w41    
#dgdhdj  ,leslie1 ,a4 ,m41 #bdahjh      
,leyd51 ,au/91 #egaeg  ,l+ley1 ,john    
,w41 #cfhech  ,lipe1 ,c4 ,e41 #bbicbb   
,lisle1 ,myron ,c41 #dbhaga  ,ludeke1   
,waldem>1 #bgeejf1 #cjjchj  ,lyon1      
,lucius1 #hidhi1 #ifgac1 #ajehbj  ,lyon1
 ,w41 #abjff   ,macauley1 ,f4 ,a41      
#aieici  ,mack1 ,william ,a41 #cheib    
,mall>y1 ,g4 ,h41 #cahig  ,mann1 ,*>les1
 #cceef  ,m>ble1 ,f4 ,e41 #ccdci  ,m>91 
,*>les1 #agigji  ,m>t91 ,w41 ,jr42      

,dawson1 ,d4 ,r42 & ,or*>1 ,r41 #bjfgdc 
,m>t9e1 ,*>les ,f41 #ajdfab  ,mey]s1    
,ni*olas1 #iighc  ,melhui%1 ,r4 ,m41    
#aidfaj  ,mc,closkey1 ,john1 #eefhh1    
#afaecd  ,mc,clure1 ,a4 ,t41 #acjche    
,mc,kay1 ,gordon1 & ,blake1 ,lyman1     
#dbiaf  ,mc,kay1 ,gordon1 #ahhhji       
,mc,lean1 ,j4 ,n41 #hhdii  ,mc,combs1   
,george ,f41 #bjhdjg  ,mc,curdy1 ,james 
,s41 #bdcie1 #bfbcd1 #bhjig1 #bhiic1    
#cfbef1 #chica1 #dfcjc1 #ecgdc  ,miehl+1
 ,*>les1 #ceaiib  ,mill]1 ,*>les1 #iaci1
 #bfdfb  ,mill]1 ,we/ley1 #bjgfc        
,mill]1 ,lebb5s ,b41 & ,diehl1 ,philipp1
 #bbifbi1 #bgdcei  ,mills1 ,daniel1     
#ifidd1 #bfehej1 #caccei  ,mooney1 ,john
 ,h41 #bbbbih1 #bdddgj  ,moore1 ,*>les1 
#bajae  ,moreau1 ,eug5e1 #aajffi1       
#aefaga  ,morley1 ,j4 ,h41 #bbhiah1     
#bcfcej  ,morrell1 ,r4 ,w42 ,p>k9son1   
,t42 ,p>k9son1 ,j41 #bjbheg  ,morrison1 
,t4 ,w41 #bafbhi  ,muegge1 ,c4 ,a41     
#ccbbjg  ,muell]1 ,h41 #bhiif  ,muir1   
,william1 #adgaeb  ,murphy1 ,e41 #agfhhj
   ,nas*1 ,isidor1 #ajdfcj  ,neck]1     

,c>l1 #aagaja  ,nettleton1 ,william ,h41
 & ,raymond1 ,*>les1 #agjdi1 #ahcej     
,newell1 ,george ,f41 #bdbdgj  ,newlove1
 ,?omas1 #bggfa  ,norton1 ,b4 ,f41      
#cbghb   ,o',neil1 ,john1 #acgfah       
,oram1 ,h5ry1 #aheieb  ,osborne1 ,j4    
,h41 #bbdbai  ,otis1 ,s4 ,l41 #bbajic   
,o/]h\t1 ,james ,a41 & ,hall5beck1      
,joseph ,p41 #djbfaj   ,page1 ,*>les1   
#ifcdc1 #aejdgi  ,pa9e1 ,a4 ,r41 #bgdab 
,palmate]1 ,william ,a41 #ahgdgi        
,palm]1 ,a>on1 #cebeb  ,palm]1 ,c4 ,h41 
#chdej1 #abdfid1 #bdjgeh  ,palm]1 ,frank
 ,l41 #aheied  ,palm]1 ,john ,h41       
#bihbbh  ,p>ham1 ,*>les1 #ajiddc1       
#aceegi  ,p>k]1 ,sidney1 #aiffb1 #bdghj 
,p>ks1 ,volney1 #abiiha  ,p>m5t]1 ,*>les
 ,o41 #babdie  ,payne1 ,r4 ,s41 #cjfda  
,pe>son1 ,m4 ,h41 #aiiiia  ,pe>son1     
,william1 #bfbja  ,pe>son1 ,william1    
#affhje1 #agbdgh  ,p]ry1 ,james1 #bbadh 
,pip]1 ,d4 ,b41 #efiij  ,pipo1 ,john    
,a41 #cgeej  ,pitt1 ,james2 ,joseph2    
,edw>d2 & ,william1 #aagbjc  ,plan]1    
,l\is1 #dcibg  ,port]1 ,d4 ,a41 #addhfd 

,port]1 ,alonzo1 #iigjd  ,port]1        
,d',arcy1 & ,bak]1 ,george ,w41 #agdgjc 
,p[ell1 ,?omas1 #ddbfie  ,pratt1 ,samuel
 ,f41 #afgde1 #bbbdj   ,ragan1 ,daniel1 
#acgcba  ,ramsd51 ,john ,w41 #bfbaaf    
,r&el1 ,william1 #aibjjh  ,ray]1        
,william ,a41 & ,l9coln1 ,william ,s41  
#ajhhbg  ,raymond1 ,*>les1 #aifab1      
#bbbbj1 #cbghe1 #cbibe  ,re$1 ,t4 ,k41  
#fjbda1 #fbbhg  ,rehfuss1 ,george1      
#djcaa1 #eajhf1 #faajb1 #gcaai          
,reynolds1 ,o4 ,s41 #aigic  ,rice1 ,t4  
,m41 #agffhf  ,rice1 ,qu>tus1 #cadbi    
,ri*>ds1 ,jean ,e41 #bebgii  ,ri*>dson1 
,e4 ,f41 #adefhg  ,ri*>dson1 ,ev]ett    
,p41 #adfidh1 #afeejf  ,rob]ts1         
,william1 #bedfif  ,rob]tson1 ,t4 ,j4   
,w41 #abjae  ,rob9son1 ,*>les ,e41      
#aajgij  ,rob9son1 ,fr$]ick ,r41 #ghbd  
,rodi]1 ,pet]1 #eifei  ,rop]1 ,s4 ,h41  
#aaeca1 #afjbf1 #ahebb  ,rose1 ,israel  
,m41 #bhhad1 #cafbh  ,rose1 ,reub9 ,m41 
#agjeif  ,ros5?al1 ,sally ,adolph1      
#cecigj  ,ross1 ,noble ,g41 #cahbi      
,ross1 ,j4 ,g41 & ,mill]1 ,t4 ,l41      

#achgfd  ,r[e1 ,james1 #bffch1 #bgbfj   
,ruddick1 ,h41 #bhech  ,rudolph1 ,bruno1
 #iidha  ,rudolph1 ,ern/ ,b4 7deceas$71 
,b\lt]1 ,w4 ,e4 7adm9i/rator71 #ddiibg  
,russell1 ,w4 ,w41 #hffie   ,sage1      
,william1 #aggag  ,sang/]1 ,amos ,w41   
#baibi  ,savage1 ,elliott1 #aihgf       
,sawy]1 ,irv9 ,p41 & ,alsop1 ,t41 #beiah
  ,sawy]1 ,sylvanus1 & ,e/y1 ,william1  
#agdaei  ,s*midt1 ,alb]t ,e41 #afbfig   
,s*walback1 ,m41 #efhje  ,sc(ield1      
,*>les1 #bfjei  ,sc(ield1 ,*>les1 &     
,rice1 ,cl>ke1 #bhfaj  ,scribn]1        
,b5jam91 ,jr41 #adfdhc  ,secor1 ,j4 ,b41
 #becggb  ,s$mihradsky1 ,a4 ,j41 #aifdhf
  ,%aw1 ,e41 #bcjehj  ,%aw1 ,phil&]1    
#aafhj  ,%aw1 ,a4 ,b41 #cgbjb  ,%aw1    
,h5ry ,l41 #cbjjg  ,%aw & ,cl>k1 #chbdf 
,%effield1 ,g4 ,v41 #acejdg  ,%orey1    
,samuel ,w41 #adhgfe  ,sibley1 ,j4 ,j41 
#dbaag  ,sid5b]g1 ,william1 #aabgde1    
#aaeaag  ,simmons1 ,fr$]ick1 #bafijb    
,simmons1 ,a4 ,g41 & ,sc(ield1 ,c41     
#dagij  ,s+]1 ,isaac ,m41 #hbid1 #ajige1
 #abcfd1 #acjfe1 #acffa1 #acffb1 #addge1

 #fjdcc1 #fabgj  ,smalley1 ,j41 #bgegg  
,smi?1 ,de,witt ,c41 #deebh  ,smi?1 ,e4 
,h41 #bjgci1 #bajhi1 #ifafj  ,smi?1 ,h4 
,b41 #abbdg  ,smi?1 ,j4 ,m41 #caccd     
,smi?1 ,lewis ,h41 #cadaa1 #cbche       
,smi?1 ,john ,c41 #cdihh  ,smi?1 ,james 
,h41 #adhijb  ,smi?1 ,wilson ,h41 #bhghe
  ,smi?1 ,w4 ,m41 #bbeaii  ,smi?1       
,william ,t41 #iigdc  ,smy?1 ,d4 ,m41   
#abfhde1 #bcdgcb  ,sn$ik]1 ,j4 ,f41     
#bbbjhi  ,snyd]1 ,watson1 #bbihg        
,sp5c]1 ,james ,c41 #bdjfa  ,sp5c]1     
,james ,h41 & ,lamb1 ,?omas1 #bbacg     
,speirs1 ,john1 #aebhac  ,spoehr1 ,f41  
#ajaggi  ,spr+]1 ,william ,a41 #abhiai1 
#adbbij1 #adgdda  ,/ackpole1 ,g41 &     
,applegate1 ,j4 ,h41 #bbjcad  ,/ann>d1  
,m41 #fdahd  ,/$man1 ,g4 ,w41 #abjgd1   
#abegc1 #abgih1 #achef  ,/e91 ,m4 ,j41  
#haief1 #aaceic  ,/ev5s1 ,george1 &     
,h5dy1 ,jo%ua1 #aaadhh  ,/ew>d1 ,a41    
#bjgded  ,/ew>t1 ,james1 ,jr41 #adacig1 
#dcbddi  ,/ew>t1 ,w4 ,t41 #bjefih       
,/oakes1 ,j4 ,w41 #cbdef  ,sullivan1    
,john ,j41 #agibcb  ,sutton1 ,william   

,a41 #bibjb  ,sw>tw\t1 ,h4 ,l41 #hiceg  
,sw+le1 ,a41 #adbjg   ,taft1 ,j4 ,c41   
#edghff  ,tapley1 ,g4 ,s41 #bejei       
,t>box1 ,john ,n41 #dihjc  ,tate1       
,william ,j41 #aacgjd  ,taylor1 ,f4 ,b41
 #adfgba  ,temple1 ,john1 #cehjhh       
,?ay]1 ,augu/us1 #agbbje  ,?imonni]1    
,e41 & ,v]naz1 ,c41 #bhgeib  ,?omas1    
,joseph1 #ccjagj  ,?omas1 ,j41 #bcfdff  
,?ompson1 ,j41 #bgjhb  ,?ompson1 ,t4    
,c41 #ifda  ,?ompson1 ,rosewell1 #cdibf1
 #dbddi  ,?ur/on1 ,c4 ,h41 #bcccjj      
,tittman1 ,alex&]1 #hijic1 #acfgib      
,toll1 ,*>les ,f41 #agaaic  ,tracy1     
,dwight1 #cjjab  ,tracy1 ,dwight1 &     
,hobbs1 ,george1 #djjjj  ,trip1 ,j41    
#cjhgaa  ,true1 ,cyrus ,b41 #adhccf     
,tuck]1 ,r4 ,d41 #cbjhih  ,tuck]1       
,joseph ,c41 #effda  ,turn]1 ,m4 ,g41   
#cabcjf  ,turn]1 ,s4 ,s41 #acceec       
,tuttle1 ,j4 ,w41 & ,kei?1 ,t4 ,k41     
#baighb  ,?ompson1 ,george1 #aaebee     
,uhl+]1 ,w4 ,p41 #babbd  ,upson1 ,l4    
,a41 #agfaec   ,van ,ve*t51 ,o4 ,r41    
#cjbjfc  ,v>icas1 ,l41 #bjdhfd  ,v5n]1  

,o41 #acchad  ,veukl]1 ,w41 #beeiaf     
,wag5]1 ,jep?a ,a41 #djbif  ,walk]1     
,william1 #adadjg1 #agfaja1 #cbjjii1    
#cecgbj  ,walk] & ,b5net1 #dbhedh  ,w>d1
 ,d4 ,t41 #abadf  ,w>dwell1 ,simon ,w41 
,jr41 #abhfhd1 #adabde1 #adhcci  ,w>?1  
,alb91 #effdf1 #gcjfd  ,wa%burn1 ,t4    
,s41 #cjjca  ,wat]bury1 ,enos1 #gijcg   
,watson1 ,william ,c41 #addcc1 #ahhcd   
,web]1 ,!odore ,a41 #adehbc1 #affbcf    
,webb1 ,t41 & ,he>tfield1 ,c4 ,h41      
#bacecg  ,web/]1 ,w41 #ahbbdi1 #djbdig  
,weitl+1 ,w41 #cgica1 #deggg  ,wells1   
,w4 ,w41 #bjihdc  ,w5sley1 ,james1      
#aebjee1 #bjgbcj  ,we/1 ,elliott ,p41   
#aaggjh1 #acjfgd1 #achggb  ,we/1 ,h4    
,b41 & ,willson1 ,h4 ,f41 #bjgec        
,:eel]1 ,na?aniel1 #dbjhdg  ,:eel]1     
,na?aniel1 & ,dial1 ,wilbur ,f41 #cbhafe
  ,:eel]1 ,d>ius1 & ,c>p5t]1 ,lunan1    
#baajj  ,:itehill1 ,rob]t1 #affagb      
,wick]%am1 ,william1 #ifgi1 #ahjfh1     
#ahjfi  ,wild]1 ,m4 ,g41 #cbcbc         
,wilk9s1 ,j4 ,n41 #cfeia  ,wilk9son1    
,*>les ,e41 #bfibea  ,willcox1 ,*>les   

,h41 #dbjcf1 #dchai1 #dddij1 #dddia1    
#bahdac1 #bcjbab1 #bdfgjj  ,willcox1 ,c4
 ,h41 & ,borton1 ,s41 #dgbjid  ,willcox1
 ,c4 ,h41 & ,c>leton1 ,c41 #aafeba1     
#aafebc1 #aafghc  ,wilson1 ,all5 ,b41   
#gggf1 #hbif1 #ijda  ,wiseman1 ,edmund1 
#bbhgaa  ,)]spoon1 ,s4 ,a41 #agfbaa     
,w9t]1 ,william1 #hhicf  ,woll5b]g1 ,h41
 & ,priesn]1 ,j41 #bjfhdh  ,wood1 ,john1
 #ahehaa  ,wood1 ,ri*>d ,g41 #bjgibh    
,woodruff1 ,george ,b41 & ,br[n+1       
,george1 #igjad  ,woodw>d1 ,e41 #bdgbhe 
,woodw>d1 ,f4 ,g41 #beghb  ,woodw>d1    
,era/us1 & ,kei?1 ,?omas ,k41 #cafibg   
,wormald1 ,william1 & ,dobson1 ,edmund1 
#afihha   ,"y1 ,e4 ,s41 & ,dimond1 ,g4  
,h41 #bjfiib   ,g5]al ,index to ,*apt]s 
#a-d   ,adams & ,dodge1 #i  ,aetna ,sew+
 ,ma*9e ,company1 #dj  ,am]ican         
,buttonhole & ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 #dj
  ,ar*bold1 ,?omas1 #ac  ,arr[smi?1     
,george ,a41 #aa   ,ba*eld]1 ,john1 #bb1
 #cj1 #cd1 #da1 #db  ,bak]1 ,william    
,e41 #cf 7see ,grov]  ,bak]7  ,b>?olf1  
,a41 #bd1 #dj  ,b>tlett ,sew+ ,ma*9e    

,company1 #dj  ,b>tram  ,fanton         
,manufactur+ ,company1 #dj  ,bean1      
,b5jam9 ,w41 #ac1 #ad1 #ae  ,blees ,sew+
 ,ma*9e ,company1 #dj  ,bliss1 ,george1 
#bd  ,blodgett & ,l][1 #bd1 #bf1 #cj    
,blodgett1 ,%]brune ,c41 #be  ,brad%aw1 
,john ,a41 #ba1 #bb1 #bf1 #bg  ,br[n1   
,w4 ,n41 #ej   ,c5t5nial ,sew+ ,ma*9e   
,company1 #dj  ,*apman1 ,edw>d ,walt]1  
#g1 #ai  ,*apman1 ,william1 #g  ,cl>k1  
,d4 ,w41 #dg1 #di  ,cl>k1 ,edw>d1 #cc1  
#cd1 #ce  ,comb9ation1 ,sew+-,ma*9e1    
#bc1 #bd1 #ch1 #da-db1 #dg1 #dh         
,conant1 ,jo?am ,s41 #bb  ,corliss1     
,george ,h41 #ad1 #ae1 #af   ,dale1     
,john ,d41 #ed  ,davis1 ,ari1 #ai       
,davis ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 #dj       
,demore/1 ,madame1 #ec  ,dodge1 ,rev4   
,john ,adam1 #i  ,dome/ic ,sew+ ,ma*9e  
,company1 #dj  ,duncan1 ,john1 #f1 #ai  
,elliptic ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 #dj    
,elli?orp1 ,s4 ,b41 #ea  ,elli?orp      
,fox1 #ea  ,empire ,sew+ ,ma*9e         
,company1 #dj  ,fairy ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #ec 
,family ,sew+ ,ma*9e 7,s+]71 #ce  ,f9kle

  ,lyon ,manufactur+ ,company1 #dj      
,fi%]1 ,george1 #ai  ,fi%]1 ,john1 #ae1 
#af  ,flor5ce ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 #dj
  ,folsom1 ,j4 ,g41 #dj   ,gibbons1     
,james1 #ae  ,gibbs1 ,james ,e4 ,a41    
#de1 #dh  ,godd>d1 ,rice  ,co41 #be     
,gold ,m$al ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 #dj1 
#ec  ,goodspe$  ,wyman ,sew+ ,ma*9e     
,company1 #dj  ,gras%opp]1 ,!1 #ce      
,gre5\gh1 ,john ,j41 #ac1 #ad  ,grov]   
,bak] ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 #bd1 #ce1  
#cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #da  ,grov]1 ,william    
,o41 #ce1 #ch   ,heb]l+1 ,john1 #ed     
,h5d]son1 ,james1 #f  ,h5drick1 ,joseph1
 #di  ,hey]1 ,w4 ,d41 #eb  ,hook1 ,alb]t
 ,h41 #ej  ,h[e1 ,amasa ,b41 #bd  ,h[e1 
,elias1 ,jr41 #aa1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1  
#bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc1 #cd1 #da1 
#db1 #ach 7biographical sket*7  ,h[e    
,ma*9e ,company 7,elias71 #be  ,h[e     
,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company 7,amasa1 !n ,b4   
,p471 #bd1 #be1 #dj  ,hunt1 ,walt]1 #aj1
 #aa1 #ai1 #cc1 #ach 7biographical      
sket*7   ,j5ny ,l9d 7sew+ ma*9e71 #cj   
,johnson1 ,joseph ,b41 #bb   ,key/one   

,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 #dj  ,kl9e1 ,a4  
,p41 #bg  ,kn[les1 ,john1 #i  ,krems1   
,bal?as>1 #g1 #ai  ,ladd  ,web/] ,sew+  
,ma*9e ,company1 #dj  ,leavitt ,sew+    
,ma*9e ,company1 #dj  ,lee1 ,edw>d1 #bg 
,lee1 ,e4  ,co41 #bg1 #bh  ,l][1 ,john  
,a41 #bd1 #be  ,little ,gem1 #ec        
,london ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #bb  ,lye1 ,h5ry1 
#i   ,mc,kay ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,association1 
#dj  ,mad]sp]g]1 ,josef1 #h1 #i1 #ab1   
#ac  ,magn91 ,jean ,m>ie1 #aa1 #bb      
,mason1 ,! ,honorable ,*>les1 #ac       
,morey1 ,*>les1 #bb  ,morey  ,johnson1  
#bc1 #cd1 #db   ,newton1 ,edw>d1 #ac    
,ni*ols & ,bliss1 #bd   ,palm]1 ,a>on1  
#eb  ,p>ham ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1 #dj  
,p]ry1 ,james1 #di  ,phelps1 ,orson ,c41
 #be1 #cj1 #ca  ,pott]1 ,orl&o ,b41 #cg1
 #ch1 #da   ,rem+ton ,sew+ ,ma*9e       
,company1 #dj  ,rob]tson1 ,t4 ,j4 ,w41  
#dg  ,rodg]s1 ,james1 #ae   ,saf=d      
,williams ,mak]s1 #bb  ,sa9t1 ,?omas1   
#d1 #e1 #ai  ,secor ,sew+ ,ma*9e        
,company1 #dj  ,%aw  ,cl>k ,sew+ ,ma*9e 
,co41 #dj1 #ed  ,s+]1 ,isaac ,m]ritt1   

#bc1 #be1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #da1 
#adb   7biographical sket*7  ,s+]1 ,i4  
,m4 ,company1 #ac1 #cb1 #cd1 #dj  ,s+]  
,manufactur+ ,co41 #cj1 #dj1 #db  ,s+]'s
 ,p]p5dicul> ,action ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #cj1 
#ca  ,/one1 ,?omas1 #f  ,?imonni]1      
,b>!lemy1 #aa1 #ai1 #acg 7biographical  
sket*7  ,?omas1 ,william1 #bj  ,?ompson1
 ,c4 ,f41 #dj  ,turtleback ,ma*9e       
7,s+]71 #ce   ,union ,buttonhole ,ma*9e 
,company1 #dj   ,w>r5 & ,woodruff1 #bh  
,wea!rill1 ,jacob1 #cg  ,we$ ,sew+      
,ma*9e ,company1 #dj  ,weis5?al1 ,*>les 
,f41 #d1 #ai  ,:eel]  ,wilson           
,manufactur+ ,company1 #bb1 #bi1 #cj1   
#dj  ,:eel]1 ,wilson & ,company1 #bd1   
#bh1 #da  ,:eel]1 ,na?aniel1 #bg1 #bh   
,willcox & ,gibbs ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company1
 #dj1 #df1 #dh  ,willcox1 ,*>les1 #df1  
#dh  ,willcox1 ,james1 #df  ,wilson1    
,all5 ,b5jam91 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 
#ada 7biographical sket*74   7,see      
,:eel]  ,wilson47  ,wilson1 ,newton1 #d 
,wilson1 7,w4 ,g471 ,sew+ ,ma*9e        
,company1 #dj  ,woolridge1 ,ke5e1 &     

,moore1 #bd   ,zieb]1 ,george1 #cj1 #cc 
,transcrib]'s ,notes3   ,table lay\ts h 
be5 *ang$ to avoid v long l9e l5g?s4    
,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ,*apt] ends4   
,m9or punctuation errors h be5 correct$ 
)\t note4 ,! foll[+ typographical errors
 h be5 correct$_/not$3    ,footnote #i  
,praktis*es ,wiss5 von d] ,nhmas*9e4--0 
,praktis*es               wiss5 von d]  
,nhmas*9e4   p4 #aa      a loop 9 !     
o!r--0 a loop 9 ! ! o!r   p4 #ai        
*a9/it*1 ,?imonni] us$--0 *a9/it*1      
,?immoni]               us$   p4 #gf    
kn[n to be 9 exi/5ce is--0 kn[n to be 9 
eix/5ce is   p4 #hj      #geja-abejj1   
#ahgc2--0 #geja-abejj1 #hagc2   p4 #aai 
%ap$ l an op5 8 into :i*--,a lett] or   
symbol appe>s               to be miss+ 
9 ! orig9al betwe5 op5 & into4   p4 #aai
     #ahaafa-bbjcah--ov]laps range (    
previ\s entry4   p4 #acj     ,june #cj1 
#ahgd #aeb1fah--0 ,jan4 #cj1 #ahgd      
#aeb1fah   p4 #ach                      
,villefran*e-sur-,sane--0               
,ville-fran*e-sur-,sane   p4 #ade       

,praktis*es ,wiss5 von d] ,nhmas*9e4--0 
,praktis*es               wiss9 von d]  
,nhmas*9e4   p4 #aec     ,o',neil1      
,john1 #acgfah--0 ,o',niel1 ,john1      
#acgfah