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artimelesso#jjkepprich      ,,some      
,,war-,,time ,,lessons         99       
99       99       99       99           
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99       99       99       99   ,,some  
,,war-,,time ,,lessons  ,the ,soldier's 
,standards of ,conduct ,the ,war ,as a  
,practical ,test of ,american           
,scholarship ,what ,have ,we ,learned8  
by  ,,frederick ,,paul ,,keppel  ,third 
,assistant ,secretary of ,war           
,illustration  ,new ,york ,columbia     
,university ,press #aibj  ,all rights   
reserved  ,copyright1 #aibj ,by         
,columbia ,university ,press  ,printed  

from type1 ,january1 #aibj  ,printed at 
,the,plimpton,press ,norwood,mass,u,s,a 
,,to  ,,newton ,d4 ,,baker              
,,contents                              
,,page     ,i4 ,,the ,,american         
,,soldier ,,and ,,his ,,standards       
,,of ,,conduct                          
#i    ,,ii4 ,,the ,,war ,,as ,a         
,,practical ,,test ,,of ,,american      
,,scholarship                           
#cf   ,,iii4 ,,what ,,have ,,we         
,,learned8                              
#ff     ,,some ,,war-,,time ,,lessons   
,,the ,,american ,,soldier ,,and ,,his  
,,standards ,,of ,,conduct#a   ,perhaps 
the greatest laboratory experiment in   
human conduct in the history of the     
world has been the development of our   
,army during the past two years4 ,under 
the provisions of the ,selective        
,service ,law1 this ,army has           
represented a cross section of ,american
 male humanity--even more representative
 indeed than was intended2 for in the   
efforts of the ,local ,boards to send   

men who could best be spared1 many found
 their way into the ranks who were      
handicapped from the start by low       
mentality or disease4 ,what were the    
guiding forces which operated upon this 
body of nearly four million men8  ,in   
the first place1 our country entered the
 war with a great moral purpose1        
untinged by any trace of national or    
individual selfishness4 ,we really have 
to go back to the ,crusades to find the 
like4 ,and1 as then1 each man           
supplemented this great basal impulse   
with whatever was to him the strongest  
incentive--religion1 patriotism1 pride  
of family or state or regiment1 the     
desire to excel in what all were        
attempting4  ,in the second place1      
thanks primarily to the vision and      
determination of one man1 the individual
 appeal to each soldier as to his       
personal share in the great enterprise  
was upon the highest plane4 ,we were    
fortunate in having at the head of the  
,war ,department a man peculiarly       

sensitive to community problems and with
 no small experience in their solution4 
,through the centuries men had come to  
the belief that if their soldiers were  
only valiant and disciplined in arms1 it
 would not do to inquire too curiously  
into their personal standards of conduct
 in other matters--that a considerable  
wastage in military strength from       
drunkenness and disease was inevitable4 
,and as we all know1 this wastage has in
 the past sapped1 not only the strength 
of the ,army1 but afterwards the very   
life of the nation to which the soldier 
must sooner or later return4  ,the      
,secretary of ,war and his lieutenants1 
chief among whom in this field should be
 placed the ,chairman of the ,committee 
on ,training ,camp ,activities1 ,raymond
 ,b4 ,fosdick1 approached this problem  
neither in the fatalistic spirit that   
what has always been must continue to   
be1 nor in a spirit of what1 for want of
 a better term1 ,i may call doctrinaire 
idealism4 ,they faced the fact that     

among the hundreds of thousands of young
 men who were to be called to the       
colors1 there would be many whose ears  
would be deaf to any abstract appeal1   
and many others to whom such an appeal  
might be made under normal conditions1  
but who in fatigue or the let-down      
following the strain of conflict1 could 
not be depended upon to stand in the    
hour of temptation4 ,as a result the    
whole field of preventive measures was  
thoroughly studied and vigorous         
treatment was applied4 ,the ,army       
regulations as to prophylaxis and the   
introduction of intoxicants into camps  
were strictly and honestly enforced4    
,the ,army saw to it that state and     
local laws as to liquor and prostitution
 were properly carried out1 and if these
 were lacking1 they were promptly       
enacted4 ,the so-called ,zone ,law was  
adopted for the purpose of placing the  
immediate vicinity of camps under       
,federal control4 ,in some cases where  
the community showed signs of regarding 

the ,army policy in this regard as a    
beau geste and nothing more1 it was made
 to realize that while the ,war         
,department could not compel the        
community to mend its ways1 it could and
 would move the camp in twenty-four     
hours to a more wholesome environment4  
,i am proud to say that it was necessary
 in only a very few instances to bring  
forward this aspect of the situation1   
but when it was necessary the           
,department spoke in no uncertain tone4 
,as a result of this general policy1 in 
which the ,navy shared1 many a wide-open
 town received a thorough house cleaning
 for the first time in its career2 in   
all between #abj and #adj red light     
districts were closed and kept closed2  
and the underlying sordidness of many a 
smug self-satisfied village was brought 
to light and remedied4  ,the men who    
came to the camps tainted with venereal 
disease or broken by drink or           
morphine--and the number of these was   
great enough to shock our national      

complacency 7and incidentally to explode
 the national assumption that the       
country is primarily the abode of virtue
 as the city is of vice7--these men were
 salvaged by the tens of thousands and  
turned into useful self-respecting      
soldiers and citizens4  ,the lesson of  
clean living was taught by the spoken   
word1 by the moving picture1 by the     
printed page1 by the doctor with a      
scientific thoroughness and by the      
layman with a frankness and sometimes a 
colloquialism which would for once have 
rendered ,mrs4 ,grundy speechless4 ,as  
an instrument of virtue1 the tract is1  
of course1 of time-honored usage1 but   
the name of ,george ,ade in the list of 
tract writers is a new and significant  
one4  ,more important than all this1    
however1 in my judgment1 was the        
realization by the ,army of the great   
truth that the soldier--or any one else 
for that matter--goes astray in only the
 rarest instances from innate depravity4
 ,what he seeks primarily is relaxation 

and amusement4 ,and so wholesome        
relaxation and amusement were placed at 
his disposal to take the place of the   
unwholesome4 ,the whole nation rose to  
help in this work of substituting the   
clean for the unclean4 ,it poured its   
money by the hundreds of millions into  
the coffers of the great welfare        
societies1 the ,red ,cross1 ,the ,young 
,men's ,christian ,association1 ,knights
 of ,columbus1 ,jewish ,welfare ,board1 
and later in recognition of its work    
abroad1 the ,salvation ,army4 ,all of   
these vied with one another in a rivalry
 which was sometimes embarrassing in its
 intensity4 ,the ,american ,library     
,association supplied books and other   
reading matter1 and the ,war ,camp      
,community ,service made sure that1 to  
the towns and villages surrounding it1 a
 cantonment presented an opportunity for
 service rather than for exploitation4  
,not the least important factor in the  
superb showing which our troops made in 
,france was the spirit with which the   

men and women of these same towns       
inspired the men from the training camps
 whom they took into their homes and    
their hearts4  ,within the fabric of the
 ,army the chaplains were doing their   
share1 as were the athletic leaders and 
song leaders and dramatic coaches4 ,they
 were seconded by the officers of the   
line1 most of whom1 it should be said1  
saw the military usefulness of the whole
 program from the first1 many of the    
experienced regulars having always done 
what they could with the limited means  
at their command along the same lines4  
,other officers1 however1 had to be     
shown--and were shown--the military     
importance of the truth that the merry  
heart goes all the day1 and the sad one 
tires in a mile4  ,the work of planning 
and cordination was in the hands of the 
civilian ,commission on ,training ,camp 
,activities1 of which ,mr4 ,fosdick has 
been from the first the ,chairman4 ,the 
work of this ,commission has been       
characterized from the outset by a      

courage and resourcefulness for which no
 praise can be too high4 ,the theatre   
for example has not always been looked  
upon by the ,american people as a moral 
agency1 but the ,commission saw its     
place in the scheme of things and no    
fewer than thirty-seven great playhouses
 have been erected at the camps and the 
audiences have run literally into the   
millions4 ,boxing likewise was          
encouraged1 even though some of the     
contests which resulted were not of the 
most gentle4 ,cantonment towns were     
persuaded to open the ,movies on        
,sunday1 the only day on which most     
soldiers could leave the ,camp--the     
outcries of the unco guid to the        
contrary notwithstanding4  ,for more    
than a year the ,commission and the     
welfare organizations were the only     
organized forces in this general field1 
but since last summer their work has    
been supplemented by the establishment  
within the ,army itself of a ,morale    
,branch of the ,general ,staff1 in the  

formation of which the ,department was  
not too proud to take a leaf--perhaps   
one should say a ,blatt--from the       
,germans1 who had already developed this
 type of organization to a high degree1 
under the direct supervision of ,general
 ,ludendorff4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,i have spoken of 
the work of prevention1 of the more     
important work of substitution1 and ,i  
now come to the most important of       
all--the spirit of confidence which     
extended from top to bottom of the huge 
organization that the great mass of our 
men would go straight for the sake of   
going straight4 ,we all instinctively   
couple the two words1 officer and       
gentleman4 ,in the great ,army which is 
now being disbanded1 its work having    
been so gloriously done1 we find a new  
and enlarged conception1 that of the    
soldier and gentleman4 ,it was1 ,i am   
certain1 the preliminary assumption that
 an ,american soldier was also an       
,american gentleman in all the          

fundamentals of that much-abused term1  
which was the great factor in keeping   
down the number of those who proved the 
contrary to so negligibly small a total4
  ,a few figures from the official      
records will show what the result of    
this all has been4 ,in #aiji1 for       
instance1 there were in the ,army1 in   
round numbers1 #eejj court-martial      
convictions of enlisted men1 out of a   
total of #ge1jjj4 ,for the fifteen      
months ending ,july #a1 #aiah1 there    
were #aa1ejj convictions out of a total 
of #b1bjj1jjj enlisted men1 the         
percentage in the twelve months of peace
 being #g4c and in the fifteen months of
 war1 4#ec1 about one-fourteenth as     
great4 ,the significance of these later 
figures cannot be appreciated without   
some knowledge of the underlying        
circumstances4 ,one case ,i remember was
 that of a man who got drunk1 spent his 
money and that of some fellow soldiers1 
and stayed absent without leave to earn 
money enough to repay his fellow        

soldiers and then returned to camp to   
take his medicine4 ,what on the surface 
appears to be the cowardly crime of     
desertion was1 in several instances of  
which ,i have personal knowledge1 a     
misguided effort to get to the front1   
through enlistment under another name in
 some branch of the service which seemed
 to have an earlier prospect of getting 
over4 ,in ,france there were many cases 
of desertion1 but nearly all were from  
the rear to the front4 ,the progressive 
success of the policy of keeping the    
soldier from strong drink1 by the way1  
stands out in the figures1 which show   
that early in the war one out of every  
twelve offenses charged included        
drunkenness1 but that this proportion   
dropped until the final figures were    
less than one in each thirty offenses1  
this including soldiers in ,france1     
where the soldier had to stand on his   
own feet unprotected by prohibition     
laws4  ,the welfare program was1 from   
the nature of the case1 most effective  

among the men of the ,national ,army1   
where it was possible to take the       
soldiers in hand from the first4 ,if we 
analyze the court-martial records1 we   
find that the proportion of             
court-martials was distinctly lowest in 
this group4 ,the records as of ,june    
#cj1 #aiah1 show that the number of     
court-martials among the ,regular ,army 
was a little less than one per cent1 to 
be accurate #h_/aj of one per cent2 in  
the ,national ,guard the proportion was 
about #i_/aj of one per cent2 and in the
 ,national ,army it was less than #b_/aj
 of one per cent1 the exact figure being
 4#adc per cent1 one-fiftieth of the    
percentage ten years ago4  ,another     
check on the efficiency of the program  
is found in the records as to venereal  
disease in the ,surgeon ,general's      
,office4 ,it is hard to get comparative 
figures because of constantly changing  
conditions1 but it has been shown beyond
 all doubt that the health conditions in
 the ,army have been far1 far better    

than in the community at large4 ,while  
the latter are not so bad as the        
alarmists have implied1 they are serious
 enough in all conscience1 when in no   
fewer than seventeen of the states1     
sixty or more of every thousand men who 
appeared at the mobilization camps were 
found to be infected4 ,taking a typical 
month before the signing of the         
armistice1 we find that the proportion  
of cases coming to the camps from the   
civil community was fifteen times as    
great as the proportion among our       
soldiers in ,france1 even including the 
soldiers in the port towns1 where most  
of our difficulties there were found4   
,the comparison with the records of the 
cantonments in this country is even more
 striking4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,as to the purely religious
 appeal and its influence on the men it 
is hard to speak with any degree of     
certainty4 ,a visiting ,british general 
in ,washington1 shortly after our entry 
into the war1 was asked as to conditions

 in ,england1 and is reported to have   
replied1 ,upon my soul1 if you ask me1  
,i should say that with us the dear old 
,church has rather missed the bus4 ,in  
this country the organized religious    
forces have by no means missed the bus1 
but if we are honest with ourselves we  
must face the fact that since the last  
great national test1 the ,civil ,war1   
other appeals to higher standards of    
conduct have both actually and          
relatively been tremendously            
strengthened1 and our religious leaders 
must address themselves1 in the light of
 experience during these past two years1
 to a clearer understanding of these    
other forces and to a closer coperation 
with them4 ,we cannot to-day close our  
eyes to the truth that many of our      
finest men played their splendid parts  
quite untouched by a religious motive or
 appeal--or at least doctrinal appeal2  
one hesitates to call their attitude a  
non-religious one4 ,it must always be   
remembered1 however1 that their         

standards1 no matter how unconscious    
they may have been of the fact1 were    
fundamentally based upon the development
 of a ,christian civilization4  ,if thus
 far ,i may have seemed to measure      
soldier conduct by two standards only1  
by his relation to drink and to women1  
it is because the results of the policy 
of the ,army in these two matters are   
measurable1 the records are outstanding4
 ,the ,army and its experience however  
would furnish but a poor guide to the   
,churches and the other civilian forces 
for righteousness if its lessons were   
limited to the negative virtues1        
important as they are1 of sobriety and  
continence4  ,the real contribution1    
what we have learned as to the positive 
virtues1 is harder to describe and      
impossible to measure1 but the lessons  
are worth looking for and may be learned
 from the letters and from the lips of  
our men4 ,perhaps ,i can best indicate  
what the men themselves regard as vital 
by telling the experience of a friend   

who started one of the customary        
practical talks before an audience of   
our men behind the lines in ,france4    
,his homily didn't seem to be getting   
across and he was inspired to ascertain 
just what to their minds were the most  
serious offenses4 ,he asked each man to 
write down what he regarded as the three
 very worst faults against which a      
soldier should be on his guard4 ,when   
the answers were collected1 one word    
appeared on practically every slip of   
paper1 cowardice2 the second was not so 
nearly unanimous1 but appears on a      
strong majority of the papers1          
selfishness2 and the third was evidently
 conceitedness1 though the defect was   
worded in different ways1 as big head1  
crust1 and the like4  ,in other words1  
the virtues which the soldier most      
admires and regarding which he had      
evidently learned the most valuable     
lessons1 are courage1 unselfishness or  
coperativeness1 and modesty4  ,the      
record of our soldiers has proved beyond

 a doubt that once you get men into     
groups with a common and a worth-while  
purpose1 courage--both the reckless     
courage that comes by instinct and that 
higher type1 the courage of the man who 
recognizes his danger--can no longer be 
assumed to be a rare virtue4 ,it is a   
very common virtue4 ,cowardice is       
infinitely rarer4 ,the citations and the
 casualty records1 for instance1 have   
completely rehabilitated the ,jew as a  
fighting man1 and the faithful need no  
longer go back to ,josephus for their   
war legends4  ,not all the courage and  
fortitude was shown on the field of     
battle4 ,we must not forget that last   
fall we suffered from by far the most   
serious epidemic in the history of      
,america1 and1 in the dark days in our  
training camps1 opportunities were      
offered1 and gladly accepted1 for a     
display of heroism and devotion of the  
highest type4  ,in the realm of         
fortitude1 if not of physical courage1  
the war certainly tapped new sources of 

determination and provided a kind of    
stimulus which would keep a man to whom 
no personal glory or conspicuousness    
could possibly come1 some poor devil    
sentenced to a swivel chair1 laboring in
 that same chair day and night for the  
purpose of making some single           
improvement in nut or bolt1 or perhaps  
filing card4 ,given the impetus of a    
great common purpose1 our possibilities 
for industry are limitless4  ,one thing 
that mankind should have learned long   
since is that1 broadly speaking1        
selfishness as a guiding motive is      
essentially negative--the absence of    
something better--the man is a rare     
exception who does not lose himself and 
his self-interest in the conception or  
the ambition of the group1 the squad or 
battalion or regiment1 the division1 the
 army or the nation4 ,an interesting    
side-light upon this is the fact that   
two-thirds of the men who get into      
trouble in the ,army1 or at any rate who
 get into sufficiently serious trouble  

to land them in ,fort ,leavenworth1 are 
markedly of the ego-centric type2 in    
other words1 are men for whom the group 
cannot overcome the individual bias4    
,that our soldiers as a whole possess   
the virtue of modesty1 though it is     
often overlaid by a veneer of innocent  
swagger1 is beyond dispute1 as any one  
who has had to do with them can testify4
 ,and underlying and inspiring their    
whole conduct have been the qualities of
 whole-souledness and determination and 
an indomitable cheerfulness4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,we must 
learn the lessons which the soldiers    
have to teach us in the large just as we
 must grasp their accomplishments in the
 large4 ,there is a morning after for   
nations as well as for individuals1 and 
we seem just now to be in danger of     
losing our conception of the greatness  
of the enterprise1 and its essential    
soundness1 through the intrusion of the 
instances1 relatively very few1 where   
things did not go right2 where human    

nature did not reach the heights1 or    
having reached them1 failed to remain   
upon them4  ,it has1 ,i think1 been     
definitely proved that the mixing up of 
the so-called welfare work with the     
special function of the clergymen or    
other religious adviser1 in order that  
the latter may be made more palatable to
 the soldier1 has an effect exactly the 
reverse of what was intended4 ,the      
policy of interpolating a prayer        
meeting1 or a heart-to-heart talk1      
between the third and fourth reels of   
the moving picture play1 and ,i grieve  
to say that such a policy was actually  
followed for a while1 is of course a    
fantastic example1 but it shows exactly 
how we ought not to do it4  ,the        
soldiers are peculiarly sensitive to any
 feeling that what is done for them is  
done for some other purpose than the    
ostensible one1 entirely apart from how 
worthy such other purpose may be4 ,let  
me quote from a letter written by an    
officer of the ,army who had been       

visiting a number of camps3  ,the ,camp 
,library to my mind fulfills one of the 
most vital needs of the camp4 ,it is a  
place where our men can get relaxation  
and mental stimulus1 and where they can 
feel at ease without the                
',god-bless-you' atmosphere of the other
 welfare organizations4444 ,it is the   
one place in camp where you can go and  
have a chance to meditate or read in    
peace and quiet without a piano jangling
 in your ears or the imminent           
possibility of a prayer meeting4  ,the  
chaplain or the lay religious worker to 
whom a man instinctively turned at the  
moment when he needed spiritual help was
 the one whom he had learned to respect 
for courage and devotion and dignity1   
the man who had helped to bury his dead 
friend1 to comfort and amuse his wounded
 friend1 and to advise his misguided    
friend in the guard-house2 not the one  
whose ill-timed ministrations he had    
learned to avoid4 ,i understand that the
 story of the chaplain who entirely     

forgot that he was to appear at a review
 for the purpose of receiving a medal   
and delayed the entire proceedings while
 he was sought for and found in his     
customary post in the connecting trench1
 is absolutely authentic4  ,the man who 
could forget his denomination in his    
devotion to the great common mission was
 the man whom the soldier learned to    
love and to trust and who could do the  
most in the day of battle4 ,the most    
popular tales among the chaplains are   
the tales of unorthodoxy3 ,the ,catholic
 priest who baptized a group of his men 
before action in a shell hole with water
 which was not only unblessed1 but ,i   
fear unsanitary1 and who simply referred
 to ,philip and the ,eunuch when        
reproved2 the ,methodist and ,baptist1  
and ,i think the ,episcopalian1 who in  
the absence of their ,presbyterian      
colleague1 solemnly and quite illegally 
received a youngster into the           
,presbyterian fold before he went       
overseas1 and confessed the next morning

 to the ,presbyterian ,board2 the       
,wesleyan chaplain in the ,british ,army
 who carried a crucifix to comfort the  
dying ,catholics on the battlefield when
 no priest of their faith was near1 and 
who administered the last rites to them 
as best he could4 ,there are hundreds of
 such stories4  ,the appeal of any      
denomination as such1 or of the ,y1 or  
the corresponding societies of other    
faiths1 as such1 was always mistaken4   
,it was the united appeal of all the    
doers of good deeds which counted4 ,if  
we never knew before1 we know now the   
truth of the fable of the bundle of     
fagots4 ,personally1 ,i believe the     
united drive for welfare work last fall1
 during which ,protestant1 ,catholic and
 ,jew1 and men of no formal religion    
whatever1 appealed from the same        
platform for the same great purpose1 was
 an event of the greatest importance in 
our nation1 and it will go ill with us  
if we forget the lesson that it has to  
teach4  ,the appeal must be not only    

disinterested1 but it must be simple and
 direct4 ,this1 and the careful         
selection of its personnel1 had much1 if
 not most1 to do with the extraordinary 
success of the ,salvation ,army4 ,there 
are times in a soldier's life when the  
sewing on of a button at some vital spot
 will do more to get him than anything  
else in the world4  ,out of this spirit 
of general helpfulness1 there were      
developed at almost every point the most
 beautiful and sympathetic adjustments  
to immediate conditions4 ,for example1  
take the plan of showing moving pictures
 upon the ceilings of hospital wards1 so
 that the very ill may enjoy them       
without the strain even of raising their
 heads4 ,this small piece of            
thoughtfulness to me represents the     
standard of thinking a problem through  
which we will have to maintain if we are
 to hold what we have gained1 and what  
we have gained includes1 or should      
include1 a realization that active and  
willing loving-kindness furnishes the   

keenest of all pleasures4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,thus far
 ,i have spoken mainly of the work of   
preparation in the ,united ,states4     
,overseas our soldiers and their        
officers found new conditions and were  
forced to make new adjustments4 ,we no  
longer could control the laws and       
ordinances1 and we found different      
standards of conduct--not necessarily   
lower standards1 but different          
standards4 ,we could no longer enforce  
prohibition for example1 but we did     
maintain a high average of temperance4  
,we showed our allies1 some of whom ,i  
may say were honestly sceptical on the  
subject1 that with our soldiers         
continence was the rule1 and not the    
exception4 ,when ,i was in ,france last 
year1 ,i asked those who were in a      
position to know upon this point and was
 told that1 comparatively speaking1     
very1 very few of our men lowered in    
,france the standards of conduct which  
they held when they came into the ,army1

 that many more greatly improved those  
standards1 either because of the lessons
 they had learned in our training camps1
 or because of the wholesome            
companionship of the women workers with 
whom they were daily brought in contact1
 or because1 and this was probably the  
most potent factor of all1 they were so 
desperately keen to get into the        
fighting line that they were taking no  
chances of being put out of commission  
beforehand4 ,their morality was the     
morality of the team in training for the
 big game1 and it kept tens of thousands
 of boys straight4 ,indeed1 until       
,november #aa1 disciplinary problems may
 be said to have been practically       
non-existent among combat troops and    
almost negligible among the others4     
,after the armistice was signed1 there  
was a let-down1 this being after all a  
very human body of young men1 and the   
first remedy tried by some of the       
old-time regulars did not help a bit4   
,this was to give 'em plenty of drill   

and make 'em so tired they won't have   
energy to get into mischief1 but as one 
returning artillery officer pointed out 
to me1 when a battery a month before has
 fired #ej1jjj rounds of high-explosive 
at the ,boche1 and worked its guns over 
craters and through thickets1 a drill   
with dummy ammunition on a parade ground
 is almost a justification for mutiny4  
,wiser counsel soon prevailed and the   
welfare work1 which had slumped with the
 rest1 was again brought up to concert  
pitch4 ,it was for the first time in    
,france1 properly cordinated under ,army
 control4 ,the misfits and the workers  
who had worn themselves out were        
returned to this country and their      
places taken by fresh blood4 ,i remember
 in this connection a paragraph tucked  
in the middle of the uncompromising     
officialdom of the daily departmental   
cable3 ,send over plenty of welfare     
workers and remember the best men you   
can send are the women4  ,let me take   
this chance to say a word about the     

criticisms we have been hearing of this 
welfare work abroad4 ,in the first      
place1 the success of the work in this  
country among the men in training set up
 an expectation which it was humanly    
impossible to meet under the conditions 
overseas2 in other words1 the men who   
went over assumed standards as to the   
minimum amount of attention which it was
 their right to expect1 the like of     
which had never been dreamed in the     
history of mankind4 ,as a matter of     
fact1 and taken as a whole1 the         
treatment which they received was       
admirable and the comparatively few who 
now doubt the truth of this statement   
will come to realize it as time goes on4
 ,they will see that the misfits1 the   
over-wrought1 stood out in their minds  
like men out of alignment at parade1    
that they simply did not notice the     
thousands of men and women whose work   
for them was all that their own mothers 
could have asked4  ,the following       
official cablegram records the state of 

educational1 recreation and welfare work
 at the end of ,april1 #aiai4           
,educational activities3 ,roughly there 
are #bji1jjj students embraced in this  
scheme4 ,ten thousand are at ,a4,e4,f4  
,university at ,beaune1 some #g1jjj are 
attending ,french universities4 #c1jjj  
attending ,british4 ,there are roughly  
#acj1jjj men at ,post ,schools1 which   
correspond to our elementary schools in 
,united ,states4 #ee1jjj are attending  
the ,divisional ,educational ,schools1  
which correspond to our ,high schools4  
,in addition there are approximately    
#eh1jjj men in specialized vocational   
schools where they have full shop       
facilities of ,a4,e4,f4  ,athletic      
activities3 ,athletic activities        
increasing daily in scope and           
popularity4 ,figures for ,february show 
#f1ejj1jjj individual participants in   
games4 ,in addition to mass athletics1  
unit championships are being played in  
football1 basketball1 soccer1 boxing1   
tennis1 swimming1 tug of war1 golf1     

track and field4  ,entertainment        
activities3 ,reports of entertainment   
officers show monthly attendance for    
,a4,e4,f4 of between eight and ten      
million4 ,moving pictures1 professional 
talent from ,united ,states and         
particularly soldier shows being        
utilized in all parts of army and have  
done much to take care of leisure hours 
of troops4 ,horse shows have been held  
in nearly every division of ,a4,e4,f4   
and have proved very popular4 ,amount of
 all this work now being carried on is  
little short of stupendous4  ,the       
following paragraphs from a personal    
letter are particularly significant as  
coming from an officer of the regular   
army1 who when he was in command of one 
of the cantonments in the ,united       
,states was genuinely alarmed lest the  
,war ,department had not lost its sense 
of proportion1 and was creating parlor  
ornaments instead of fighting men3  ,i  
served in the ,army of ,occupation in   
the ,philippines and in ,china after the

 ,boxer campaign1 and ,i want to tell   
you that the discipline and sprit de    
corps of these troops in ,germany is    
incomparably better than anything ,i saw
 there4  ,i think nothing has so        
contributed to this result as the       
welfare work and the educational work   
undertaken4 ,we have every reason to be 
proud of the fact that we had people in 
command of the army who had the vision  
to see what result this work would      
bring4  ,i took command of the --th     
,division in the ,army of ,occupation in
 ,december1 and up until the present    
time ,i never worked with a happier or  
more contented lot of men4 ,of course   
they all want to go home1 and we        
wouldn't have much use for them if they 
didn't1 but an intensified military     
course of training in the morning1      
schools and athletics in the afternoon1 
and study and entertainment in the      
evening have made their days so full    
that they have been perfectly contented 
to stay until their boat comes in ,june4

  ,this has been the experience of all  
the divisions up here in ,germany1 and  
their enthusiasm1 ,i fear1 when they get
 home1 may be taken for pro-,germanism4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,war ,department has learned so    
much in this great laboratory experiment
 in human conduct that the impious wish 
sometimes arises in one's mind that we  
might promptly try it all over again for
 the chance of profiting by our         
mistakes4 ,thank ,god we can't do that1 
but in our daily contact with these same
 men restored to their communities we   
can to a certain degree carry on the    
work1 and in so doing we can learn much 
from the successes and failures of the  
,army4  ,in planning for the immediate  
future1 there are some things which we  
mustn't forget4 ,in the first place1 we 
mustn't expect these young men 7or any  
humans for that matter7 to be capable of
 remaining at concert pitch             
indefinitely4  ,for a while1 in dealing 
with the soldier who has returned from  

overseas1 real ingenuity will be        
required to make much impression upon   
his mind4 ,not only will ordinary life  
seem tame but1 frankly1 he is likely to 
have been overhandled and overwelfared4 
,if1 however1 we have erred in this     
regard1 it has been on the right side4  
,may ,i venture still another           
suggestion1 and that is to be careful   
and considerate of the soldier who1     
despite his earnest desire1 failed to   
get across1 and for the matter of that1 
of the young man who didn't get into the
 ,army at all4 ,the morale of these two 
groups will need our particular care4   
,in closing1 however1 we should not end 
upon a note of warning1 but rather upon 
one of exultation2 for the war has      
taught us1 if it has taught nothing     
else1 that1 given a great cause and a   
cross-section of our heterogeneous      
,american population1 the resulting     
revelation of the power of human        
endurance1 human courage and human      
accomplishment comes pretty near to     

proving objectively the divinity of man4
  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #a3 ,an       
address delivered at the one hundredth  
anniversary of the ,general ,theological
 ,seminary1 ,new ,york1 ,april #cj1     
#aiai4     ,,the ,,war ,,as ,a          
,,practical ,,test ,,of ,,american      
,,scholarship#b   ,it is a difficult    
task to attempt to define the ,american 
scholar of to-day4 ,if any of you doubt 
it1 let him try it as ,i have tried4    
,scholarship1 like many another broad   
term1 has no sharply marked edges4 ,it  
is hard to define anything that lacks   
definiteness2 and1 after all1 the task  
is relatively profitless1 because we all
 of us recognize what is at the center  
of the concept4 ,i think we all         
recognize that the scholar is an expert 
in some particular field or fields2 but 
he is more than the expert as such1 in  
that he knows enough of other matters to
 see his particular specialty in its    
relation to things in general4 ,he must1
 to this degree at least1 be a          

philosopher4 ,this very general         
conception of scholarship is fairly     
constant1 but the fields which the      
conception includes are broadening day  
by day and almost hour by hour4 ,we     
cannot to-day limit scholarship to the  
polite branches which were all that it  
embodied when this ,society was founded 
or even when this ,chapter was          
established4 ,the scholar of the        
old-fashioned type must now accept as   
his fellow the man who has helped to    
flatten the trajectory of the #af-;inch 
shell1 or to control the birth rate of  
the cootie4 ,later on ,i shall suggest  
one other element which1 in the light of
 the test which ,american scholarship   
has undergone in the past two years1 it 
seems to me should now be included in   
our idea of the typical ,american       
scholar4  ,we ,americans are proud of   
being called a nation of inventors2 and 
most of us have made1 or almost made1   
private discoveries of an inventional   
nature which1 for some reason1 have     

never come to fruition4 ,the scientific 
boards in ,washington during the war    
received more than sixty thousand       
suggestions in some mechanical field2   
and ,i am told by those who ought to    
know that of all these not more than    
five of those coming from untrained     
minds were of any practical value4 ,even
 from the trained minds there came1 ,i  
am told1 no fundamental discovery in    
science as a direct result of the war   
conditions4 ,suggestions of improvements
 in detail and valuable suggestions     
there were in plenty1 new applications  
of known principles1 but application of 
a fundamentally new idea1 no4 ,that is  
only to say what we already know1 that  
discovery is not made to order4 ,in each
 case the idea had already been born in 
the mind of some intellectual pioneer   
and worked out by him1 and some man who 
had the idea in the front of his mind   
was at hand to apply it to the new      
condition4 ,and that means1 ,i think1   
that if we met the test1 we met it with 

our scholars4  ,when the test came1     
certain fields of scholarship naturally 
afforded a better chance for immediate  
service than others4 ,the chemist1 for  
example1 had a better chance a          
thousand-fold than the archologist4 ,it 
is extraordinary1 however1 how many of  
the gifts which burned bright on the    
national altar came from men with some  
out-of-the-way specialty4 ,take         
archology itself1 if you will4 ,the best
 trench helmet developed during the war 
was designed by the expert in armor from
 our own academic fellowship4 ,i am told
 that a very important element in the   
length of time which it took to control 
the submarine menace was the fact that  
when war broke out the science of       
oceanography was almost wholly in the   
hands of the ,germans4 ,when the world's
 supply of cocoanut husks was taken up  
for gas masks and we still needed       
charcoal1 we had to turn for additional 
sources to the tropical botanist1 who   
might have been expected to remain      

reasonably undisturbed4 ,it remained for
 a scholar in perhaps the purest branch 
of pure science1 astronomy1 to recognize
 the well known fact that it is the     
shape of the tail of any and every      
moving object1 motor car or boat or what
 you will1 and not the shape of the     
head1 which is the factor of chief      
importance in design1 and to apply this 
recognition to artillery problems4 ,the 
re-designing of our artillery shells    
under the direction of this astronomer  
added miles to their range4 ,another    
astronomer applied his experience in    
studying the movement of comets to      
solving certain problems of long-range  
artillery fire where the projectile in  
its flight rises into the circumambient 
ether4  ,in proving the case for the    
,american scholar1 as ,i think we can   
prove it1 we should not be beguiled into
 the pleasant task of recording the     
deeds of scholars and gentlemen when the
 deeds were those of the gallant        
gentleman rather than of the scholar per

 se4 ,we have one here in our own       
academic family whose lieutenant's bars 
,i should be as proud to wear as the    
stars of any of our generals4 ,nor need 
we1 ,i think1 cite the instances where  
the rigorous training of the scholar    
clearly laid the foundation for great   
accomplishment in some general field of 
administration4 ,the man whom we can    
thank perhaps more than any other for   
the brilliant conduct of our war finance
 was seventeen years ago editor-in-chief
 of the ,columbia ,law ,review4 ,we may 
well turn with pride1 but we don't need 
him to prove our point1 to the scholar  
of this university1 formerly president  
of this ,chapter1 who1 from his own     
talents and experience and his alert    
sense of scholarship in others1 has     
earned the place which he now holds as  
educational director of the largest     
university in the world1 the ,a4,e4,f4  
,university at ,beaune4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,our case
 rests1 as ,i say1 upon the direct      

applications of scholarship1 and not    
only upon their quality1 but on their   
range4 ,a single division of the        
,national ,research ,council1 in its    
report for #aiah1 showed work of        
national significance by the scholars in
 physics1 mathematics1 and allied fields
 toward the solution of no fewer than   
sixty-eight different problems1 every   
one of which needed for its solution men
 with training and knowledge and vision4
 ,at the outset1 who among us had the   
slightest conception of the complexity  
of the adaptations to warfare of what   
was known to modern scholarship8 ,we    
knew that the war was mounting into the 
air1 but who had any realization of the 
adjustments which this involved8        
,fifteen fundamental problems based on  
pure physics promptly arose with        
reference to instruments for airplane   
operation4 ,for example1 at night and in
 the clouds1 the aviator must have      
before his eyes a dial which will       
indicate the slightest deviation from   

his course4 ,seven problems had to do   
with airplane photography4 ,as the art  
of camouflage advanced1 for instance1   
color filters had to be devised for its 
detection from above4 ,seven additional 
problems had to do with factors of      
construction and maintenance1 as fuel   
efficiency4 ,nine others affected       
ballooning2 and the balloon1 as the war 
developed1 came to be of greater and    
greater importance4 ,eleven studies were
 in signalling3 one1 for example1 a     
device for secret daylight signalling1  
with a range of five miles or more4 ,and
 please remember that all these were the
 task of one branch of one organization 
within the field of pure science4 ,by   
common consent1 the dullest branch of   
physics was held to be acoustics1 but   
since #aiad the whole question of       
sound-ranging has been in the hands of  
experts in acoustics4 ,a device         
developed by ,american physicists gave  
our men nineteen seconds in which to    
take cover from cannon fired four miles 

away4 ,the most brilliant work in this  
field was that of a former student of   
the ,columbia ,school of ,mines4  ,if ,i
 were to pick out one field in which the
 scholarly attitude has been most       
brilliantly rewarded1 it is that of     
medicine4 ,if our army surgeons and     
sanitarians had been confined to the    
practical family doctors1 who cannot be 
bothered with all this new-fangled      
stuff1 our men would have died like     
flies from disease1 as they did in the  
,spanish-,american ,war4 ,it was the    
laboratory man1 the theorist1 the       
highbrow if you like1 who made our      
health record a matter of national pride
 and congratulation4 ,it was the        
knowledge of a scholar1 coupled with his
 instinctive understanding of the human 
heart--neither could have accomplished  
the purpose alone--which sent hundreds  
of shell-shocks1 as they came to be     
called 7people used to call the         
condition by an uglier1 if not a        
shorter1 term7 back into the lines with 

self-respect and nerve renewed4  ,to    
turn to another field1 it was a real    
scholar1 even if he were also a dean1   
who1 in spite of the best efforts of his
 practical associates to deter him1     
brought order out of chaos in the most  
important of our war boards through the 
collection and skillful presentation of 
statistical data4  ,in many cases it was
 the scholar whom we must thank for the 
pointing out of the obvious4 ,the early 
drafts rejected thousands of excellent  
potential soldiers because our existing 
height regulations were drawn for men of
 the northern ,european races2 and the  
minimum height limit was well within the
 normal variation of the men of southern
 ,european ancestry1 which has been so  
large an element in our recent          
immigration4 ,similarly1 men of science 
have pointed out that the length of the 
marching step depends not alone on the  
length of the legs1 but even more on the
 width of the hips1 a simple fact which 
is of real military significance4 ,the  

scholars in the ,forest ,products       
laboratories knew how to make boxes that
 would not break and spill their        
contents on the wharves at ,hoboken or  
,st4 ,nazaire1 and1 equally important1  
they knew how to educate the            
quartermasters to use them4  ,the fact  
that in many fields we reached the      
limits of available man-power meant a   
wonderful stimulation to the study of   
certain problems affecting human        
welfare4 ,take for example the          
physiological aspects of industrial     
fatigue4 ,in this field an excellent    
theoretical start had been made before  
the war1 but the appeal was limited to  
those interested in the individual      
worker4 ,with the war1 however1 and the 
shortage of labor1 came a new and1 ,i   
fear1 a more potent appeal--the interest
 in the product and its prompt          
production4 ,the worker who collapsed   
could not be replaced4 ,long hours or   
unsanitary surroundings meant spoiled   
material and broken-down machinery and  

resultant delay4 ,and when there was a  
scholar at hand to show why this was so1
 you may be sure he had his day in      
court4  ,the work of the scholar has not
 wholly been in getting things done4    
,perhaps an equally important side was  
in keeping impossible or unprofitable   
things from being attempted4 ,when time 
was of the very essence of the whole    
program1 the man who could say ,no and  
prove the validity of his objection1    
performed a positive work of great      
value4 ,one of our associates at        
,columbia had a leading share in        
devising tests for candidates for the   
flying school1 which1 by rejecting the  
unfit at the outset1 saved many lives   
from the time of their adoption and     
many1 many thousands of dollars2 for the
 training of a flyer who cannot be used 
when the time comes is a very costly    
piece of national extravagance in both  
money and men4  ,our scholars did not   
confine their activities to the battle  
of ,washington4 ,not only as engineers  

and doctors1 but as geologists and      
geographers1 as meteorologists and      
sanitarians1 they went with the troops  
to the front1 and their counsel as to   
actual military operations was welcomed 
and followed4 ,one of them1 a bachelor  
and doctor of this ,university1 died in 
the service in ,france4 ,the scholar1   
like the soldier1 stood ready to step   
forward to fill the gap in the ranks as 
he saw it1 regardless of whether        
something more dignified might be found 
for him to do4 ,our own ,barnard1       
,professor of ,education1 took what he  
was pleased to call his vacation in     
applying his scholarship to organizing  
an educational program for the wounded  
men in our hospitals1 as a therapeutic  
measure4 ,being a scholar and not merely
 an expert1 he saw the broad human      
aspect of his specialty2 that the first 
thing to do with the man who is blinded1
 or otherwise maimed1 is to make him    
realize that it is worth while to get   
well2 that he can have a life which is  

worth living2 that if his old job is no 
longer possible1 there are others for   
which he can be trained4 ,one of        
,america's most distinguished           
philosophical chemists settled down to  
the humble but very essential problem of
 making mixed flours rise and bake with 
a crust--and solved it4 ,the war        
services of a past ,president of this   
,chapter1 now1 alas1 no longer with us1 
and those of our present ,president have
 been as useful as they have been       
inconspicuous4  ,the need for the       
scholar was not only qualitative1 but   
quantitative4 ,but for the general      
distribution of chemical knowledge in   
,france and ,england1 and the presence  
of men capable of promptly applying that
 knowledge to combat the gas attacks    
launched by the ,germans1 the war would 
have been lost before we could possibly 
have rendered the slightest assistance2 
and on our side of the ,atlantic when   
the armistice was signed1 there were two
 thousand trained chemists engaged in   

the problems of gas warfare alone4 ,our 
country1 in a word1 needed not only to  
have some men with the requisite        
training1 but men enough to meet        
simultaneously many needs in many       
fields1 and these men were drawn in     
large measure from our academic         
faculties4 ,while one must not press the
 identity between the scholar and the   
professor too hard--for a number of     
reasons--the fact remains that the      
teaching profession provided the main   
reservoir from which the country drew4  
,one of my friends in the ,chemical     
,warfare ,service has summarized the    
relation between the academic scholar   
and that branch of the army activity4   
,both chiefs of the ,chemical ,service  
,station were college professors1 one of
 them a member of this ,chapter of ,phi 
,beta ,kappa4 ,of the fourteen heads of 
the ,research ,division1 eight were     
college professors4 ,it was the college 
professors who made fundamental         
improvements in gas masks on the one    

hand1 and who devised new gases to test 
the ,german masks on the other4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,as a nation1 we did not realize at the 
outset1 as ,germany did1 the importance 
of the man who knows1 and of knowing who
 he is and where he is2 and here1       
perhaps1 lay our most fundamental       
unpreparedness4 ,what this cost us may  
be judged from a single instance4 ,a    
code message from ,germany directing the
 dismantling of the ,german ships lying 
in our ports was intercepted4 ,if we had
 known that there was a professor of    
,english in the ,university of ,chicago 
who1 in the pursuit of his medieval     
researches1 had developed the power of  
reading ciphers almost at sight1 that   
cable from ,germany could have been     
promptly deciphered1 we could have      
forestalled the sabotage1 and something 
like six months in the use of these     
ships for the transport of our troops   
and munitions could have been gained4   
,the job of getting the man who knew    

into the right niche was not an easy    
one4 ,the scholars could not all be     
spared2 for1 after all1 education and   
research are essential industries1 and1 
fortunately for our institutions of     
learning1 for our reviews and scientific
 agencies1 and fortunately for the      
country as a whole1 all of our scholars 
did not rush immediately into government
 work4 ,the less thrilling task of      
keeping the lamps burning in our        
lighthouses was never more important    
than during the stormy days which we    
have just gone through4 ,furthermore1   
the scholar is a modest person1 though  
he has his human vanities1 as we all    
know who have seen our colleagues in    
uniform2 but usually some one had to    
know about him and invite him to his    
place1 a very sharp contrast to the     
business men and lawyers who came down  
to ,washington by the trainload to      
impress us with their capacity to do any
 job which involved a commission of     
properly high degree4  ,in general1 ,i  

should say that the individuals in the  
universities met the test better than   
the institutions themselves4 ,the latter
 did not1 it seems to me1 as            
institutions1 grasp the situation4 ,very
 few studied the question of the        
assignment of their specialists as a    
problem in conservation as well as in   
publicity2 and as far as the use of     
their facilities in the training of     
soldiers and sailors is concerned1 the  
,war ,department and the ,navy          
,department had literally to teach them 
how to meet the war conditions4 ,such   
help as came from organized bodies of   
scholars came rather from the learned   
societies than from the academic groups4
  ,then there was a further difficulty1 
particularly among the younger men1     
though not wholly among them4 ,the      
expert's job1 and hence inclusively the 
scholar's job1 is relatively safe so far
 as the immediate risk of death is      
concerned1 though not the risk of       
shortening life through overwork4 ,one  

,columbia man1 well over the draft age1 
told me frankly that he would gladly    
give up an important public office he   
held for the privilege of fighting with 
his hands1 but he could not be tempted  
by an opportunity to fight with his     
head4 ,through this same impulse many   
and many a man attempted to conceal his 
special knowledge in order that he might
 fight in the line4 ,the ,army          
,committee on ,classification of        
,personnel1 which was in itself a       
beautiful example of scholarship in     
practical application1 was able1        
however1 in most instances to pluck out 
the expert from the line and set him1   
whether he was willing or not1 at the   
task for which he was particularly      
adapted and particularly needed4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,what1 from the point of view of the    
non-scholar1 can be said as to the      
general usefulness of the men and women 
7for the women did their share7 who came
 forward or were brought forward to take

 this trial by fire on behalf of        
,american scholarship8 ,first of all1   
the scholar must be a real scholar2 he  
must have the natural ability and the   
long and rigorous training necessary for
 accurate observation1 and observation  
of the kind which1 if ,i may be forgiven
 a most unscholarly metaphor1 includes  
the ability to distinguish the blue     
chips from the white2 his deductions    
must be relentless1 and his inductions  
must be luminous4 ,that is asking a good
 deal1 and it would be enough if his    
dealings were to be with other scholars 
or with scholars in the making4 ,the    
papers of a leisurely recluse can be dug
 out by others from the even more       
deliberately published proceedings of   
learned societies1 even as the author   
has dug out those of his predecessors1  
and ultimately the practical application
 of his discoveries will be made4 ,in   
national emergency1 however1 this       
process will not suffice4 ,the scholar  
must descend from his tower2 he must1 if

 he is to serve effectively1 learn to   
think to order and to do it rapidly1 to 
deal with all sorts and conditions of   
men2 he must bear with their amazing    
ignorances and profit by their equally  
amazing knowledge of things of which he 
is ignorant4 ,he must know the art of   
team play4 ,the war has brought out a   
new type of scholarship1 or at any rate 
has developed it to such an extent that 
its implications are new1 and that is   
the unselfish coperation of experts to  
meet a given and usually an immediately 
pressing need4 ,the development of the  
,liberty motor furnishes a good example 
of the results of such coperative       
effort4 ,it seems to me that the most   
important single lesson which our       
scholars can learn from the experience  
of the two past years is the importance 
of this team play in scholarship1 and   
not only team play with other scholars1 
but team play with those who have the   
equally valuable and perhaps even rarer 
gift of getting things done1 who perhaps

 deserve the title of scholars in the   
control of time and space4 ,the scholars
 who made good were those who had had   
not only the training and temperament   
for research1 but the training and      
temperament for working with other      
people4 ,the scholarship of the man who 
from self-centeredness or from a        
mistaken absorption in his specialty    
lacked the art of dealing with his      
fellow men was likely to prove a sterile
 scholarship1 and in most cases a       
useless scholarship in the day of       
national need4  ,one of the most        
dramatic things about the war was the   
speeding up of supply and transport     
under the strong hand of the man who had
 brought the ,panama ,canal to          
completion4 ,general ,goethals was no   
administrative theorist4 ,he was willing
 to try anything and anybody once1 but  
he was prompt in rejecting what did not 
promptly accomplish his purpose4 ,an    
engineer of ,general ,goethals'         
distinction can be regarded as a scholar

 in his particular field2 but the point 
,i want to make is that during his      
service as ,quartermaster-,general1 when
 officers of the regular army and       
over-night majors1 as they were called1 
presidents of manufacturing plants1     
bankers and lawyers1 were passing in    
what seemed to be an almost unbroken    
procession through his office1 he       
retained just two men in his inner      
circle from first to last1 and both were
 academic persons4 ,herbert ,hoover     
surrounded himself with scholars1       
entomologists1 statisticians and public 
health men4 ,he did not always use them 
for their specialties1 but he evidently 
liked the type4 ,the great welfare      
societies did the same1 and the list of 
academic men whom they used makes an    
impressive total4  ,these instances are 
typical of a very general success among 
scholars in coperating effectively and  
helpfully with eminently practical men4 
,this may be because the scholar has    
been trained in a form of competition   

which the so-called practical man       
lacked4 ,he is used to having his work  
wiped out by some discovery of a rival1 
and having to begin afresh4 ,he is used 
to a checking of his work by his fellows
 which1 if of a different nature1 is no 
less relentless than the war-time check 
in the toll of human lives4 ,the man of 
high reputation in business often failed
 because he had learned to measure      
success and his own competence only in  
terms of dividends1 and in the new test 
he found his measuring-rod worse than   
useless4  ,our scholars of the          
coperative type not only pursued their  
researches1 but they got their military 
associates into the habit of thinking in
 terms of scholarship4 ,one of their    
most useful accomplishments1 initiated  
by a ,doctor of ,philosophy of this     
,university1 was the organization of    
,thursday evening conferences for the   
discussion of the new scientific and    
technical problems facing the ,army and 
,navy4 ,this furnished a nucleus for the

 exchange of ideas between the different
 research groups1 both here and abroad2 
for scholarship was mobilized and       
utilized in ,france1 ,england1 and      
,italy1 as well as here1 and our ,allies
 laid their scientific discoveries      
before us with the greatest loyalty4 ,at
 these conferences their reports were   
discussed and digested and applied1     
instead of being pigeon-holed at the    
,war ,college1 as ,i fear might have    
been otherwise the case4 ,it was as a   
result of one of these conferences that 
a member of this ,chapter1 acting on a  
hint which came from a ,french report1  
was largely instrumental in developing a
 method of submarine detection through  
sound-waves of a particular type1 which1
 though it came too late to be of       
service in the war1 may serve in peace  
to relieve the greatest terror of the   
mariner1 the danger of collision in     
darkness or fog with sister vessel or   
iceberg or derelict4 ,a potent factor in
 breaking down the barriers and delays  

of departmental jealousies and          
bureaucratic tradition all along the    
line was the free-masonry of the company
 of scholars in ,washington4  ,it must  
not be forgotten that our scholar in war
 worked under two powerful stimuli1     
neither of them operative under ordinary
 conditions4 ,although he was out of his
 accustomed setting1 working with       
strange people and at strange tasks1    
nevertheless the realization of the     
national need and the joy of feeling an 
identification with the forces facing   
the adversary tended to produce that    
fine frenzy which enables a man to do   
better than he knows how4 ,then1 for the
 first time in history1 the scholar had 
unlimited funds4 ,it is an interesting  
subject for speculation as to how he can
 ever go back to the limits of academic 
appropriations4 ,it is to be feared that
 in many cases he will not1 but will    
turn to industrial enterprises instead4 
,if1 however1 there was an unlimited    
supply of funds1 there was a            

corresponding deficiency in time1 and   
the scholar who could not speed up to   
meet the new conditions had little      
chance to make his mark4 ,the men who   
failed in war because they could not    
grasp the significance of the time      
factor may1 however1 still be eminently 
useful in peace4 ,on the other hand1 the
 training which some of our scholars    
received in meeting another war-time    
condition is likely to have an important
 influence upon the relation of         
scholarship to industry4 ,many a scholar
 found for the first time that to meet a
 given condition a beautiful laboratory 
solution may be no solution at all1 that
 the answer1 to be effective1 must meet 
the peculiar condition of quantity      
production4  ,the merit of the ,liberty 
engine1 of which ,i have already spoken1
 lies not alone in the excellence of its
 design1 admirable as that is1 but in   
the fact that it is so constructed that 
we could produce fifteen hundred of them
 in a single week4 ,or1 to take another 

example1 in #aiad we made all together  
eighteen hundred field glasses in this  
country4 ,last winter1 thanks to the    
coperation of the scholars in the       
chemistry of glass and in the field of  
optics on the one hand1 and of the      
experts in quantity production on the   
other1 we were making thirty-five       
hundred pairs of field glasses each     
week4 ,there are many other adaptations 
of scholarship to industry that are     
awaiting similar practical solutions4   
,one of our most distinguished scholars 
in physics has said publicly that the   
day is past when one can defend any     
distinction between pure and applied    
science4 ,one might as well try to      
distinguish between pure and applied    
virtue4  ,i said at the outset that ,i  
would venture later on an enlargement of
 the conception of the ,american        
scholar1 in the light of what the past  
two years have made so clear4 ,the      
scholar himself as well as those of us  
who are not scholars1 needs1 ,i think1  

to get a somewhat broader conception of 
the term2 to develop it from its present
 popular connotation so that the        
attributes which come to one's mind will
 no longer be the static and selfish1   
but rather the dynamic and social4      
,emerson1 in his essay on the ,american 
,scholar1 seems to have some prophetic  
glimpse of this broader conception4 ,he 
says1 for example1 that action is with  
the scholar subordinate1 but it is      
essential2 that without it1 he is not   
yet man2 that the true scholar grudges  
every opportunity of action passed by1  
as a loss of power2 and elsewhere1 that 
a great soul will be strong to live1 as 
well as strong to think4 ,the old idea  
of the scholar was the recluse1 the     
individual2 the new1 it seems to me1    
should be one of a company of builders1 
each bringing to the common task1 for   
the general welfare1 his training and   
craft1 his knowledge and ideas1 to      
combine them with the gifts which his   
fellows are bringing4         99        

99       99       99       99  ,thus far
 almost all my modern instances have    
been taken from the realms of natural   
science4 ,i need not remind you1        
however1 that although science has      
tremendously broadened the range of     
scholarship1 nevertheless the           
scholarship which is a practical asset  
is not and never will be limited to     
natural science4 ,the record of the past
 two years has many an example of the   
essentially important work of scholars  
in other fields4 ,the records are not so
 clear-cut1 the results are perhaps more
 often negative2 but the work was done  
and it counted4 ,in the field of public 
information our ,american scholars in   
the political sciences did excellent    
work under the direction of a ,doctor of
 ,philosophy of this ,university1 and   
their record for fairness and sanity    
makes an enviable contrast with the     
pathetic propaganda of the ,german      
intellectuals4 ,similarly1 the work of  
our ,columbia scholars of the           

,legislative ,drafting ,bureau proved of
 great value in formulating and1 perhaps
 more important1 in discouraging        
legislation4  ,in general1 however1 ,i  
think we ought to face the fact squarely
 that our scholarship in man's relations
 with his fellow men1 in his            
understanding of himself and his fellows
 as contrasted with his mastery of      
physical things1 cannot claim so        
clear-cut a decision4 ,even in science  
we should not set too great store by    
ourselves4 ,professor1 late ,colonel1   
,millikan writes3 ,the contribution of  
the ,united ,states in research and     
development lines was less1 far less in 
proportion to our resources and         
population1 than that of ,england or    
,france1 and this in spite of the far   
heavier strain under which they were    
laboring4 ,and yet1 with us1 science was
 better mobilized1 better equipped1 and 
can make a better showing than the      
humanities4 ,part of this can be readily
 explained by the statement that        

preparation for war is after all        
engineering on a huge scale4 ,but we    
must not prove too much if we are to    
profit by the lesson4 ,for example1 the 
war found us utterly unprepared in      
foreign-language knowledge2 and we are  
still unprepared4 ,how many real        
,americans1 ,i don't mean recent        
immigrants1 but men and women with our  
traditions and our point of view1 can   
speak ,russian8 ,how many can speak the 
languages of the ,near ,east or ,far    
,east8  ,excellent work has been done by
 individual philosophers1 economists1   
and sociologists in labor questions1 in 
welfare work1 on the war-time trade and 
industrial boards2 but as a whole our   
scholars in these fields did not        
dominate the situation as did the men of
 science in theirs4 ,of course1 their   
task was infinitely harder4 ,for one    
thing1 though we may be ready to confess
 our ignorance of calculus or colloidal 
chemistry or thermo-dynamics1 we all    
believe in the validity of our off-hand 

judgments in politics and morals1 and   
indeed in all the springs of human      
conduct4 ,yet when all allowances are   
made1 the fact remains that there is a  
scholarship in these matters and we have
 ,american scholars in them1 but that   
with distinguished exceptions these     
professionals permitted the man in the  
street or the man in the editor's chair1
 or in ,congress1 or in the ,cabinet1 to
 proclaim his amateur pronouncement and 
to get away with it4 ,indeed1 ,i will go
 further and say that not a few who know
 or ought to know that it is not        
necessary to be intolerant in order to  
be patriotic seemed to set their        
knowledge upon this point at one side4  
,in war time it is a matter for the     
scholar's judgment and conscience to    
decide whether it is wise to attempt a  
leadership which at the moment will be  
misunderstood and probably ineffective1 
possibly even dangerous1 because of the 
reaction1 to the cause he has at heart2 
or to bide his time in silence1 awaiting

 a more suitable time to be heard4 ,but 
,i submit that he is sinning against the
 light when he joins in the hue and cry 
of the untrained and the half-trained4  
,the war has given the natural scientist
 his chance1 and he has profited        
thereby4 ,in the years to come the test 
will1 ,i think1 shift to the scholars in
 the human sciences4 ,the crises of the 
future will have to do with problems of 
human conduct rather than of the control
 of physical things2 and1 as these      
crises come1 our scholars in human      
relations should be more ready for the  
call to mobilize4  ,in practically every
 case the instances that ,i have given  
of the successful tests of our          
scholarship involve the work of a member
 of ,phi ,beta ,kappa or of the sister  
society1 ,sigma ,xi2 and ,i therefore   
may be permitted to say a word more     
directly to our younger members of the  
society of those seeking the philosophy 
of life1 to our ,columbia scholars in   
the making4 ,in my time1 which1 by the  

way1 was just twenty-one years ago1 a   
man who wanted to live the life of a    
scholar was practically limited to      
teaching as the means of making his     
living4 ,the result in the way of       
incompetent and halfhearted teaching we 
all know4 ,let me say to you of to-day  
that unless you want to teach1 there is 
no reason under heaven why you should do
 so4 ,there are plenty of other means of
 earning an honest living4 ,the scholar 
is not nowadays limited to the academic 
halls4 ,we have scholars of the first   
quality not only in special research    
institutions1 but in government bureaus 
and in industrial organizations4 ,the   
men in government service who could be  
spared from their other responsibilities
 for war work made an excellent war     
record4 ,on the other hand1 we want to  
remember that the real teacher1 whether 
in the faculty or out of it1 has a      
tremendous advantage in the art of      
presentation4 ,during the war the       
effectiveness of our scholar teachers   

was well tested by an entirely new set  
of pupils1 pupils sometimes with eagles 
or stars on their shoulders1 or in the  
civil field1 captains of industry1 clad 
in the glittering armor of a big        
business reputation4  ,nowadays one     
cannot be a scholar in general4 ,one has
 to have some specialty4 ,as to what    
that specialty shall be in terms of     
usefulness to the community1 ,i think ,i
 have given you examples enough to show 
that the range is almost unlimited4 ,i  
had planned to sum up this by a brief   
record of the discovery and application 
to war purposes of helium2 but ,i find  
that one of my own students in ,columbia
 ,college1 now a member of the          
,geological ,survey1 has beaten me out2 
and you can find the whole story in the 
,may issue of the ,national ,geographic 
,magazine4 ,i cannot resist1 however1 a 
summary of the steps4 ,first1 the       
astronomer1 just about the time this    
chapter was established1 finds a new    
line in the solar spectrum4 ,thirty     

years later1 the geologist comes upon an
 unusual stone and turns to a great     
chemist for its analysis1 with the      
consequent recognition of helium as a   
mundane element4 ,about the same time   
comes its identification as one of the  
newly recognized ingredients of the air1
 and the study of its properties4 ,then 
a ,kansas chemist discovers its presence
 in some natural gas about which he was 
consulted because it would not burn     
properly4 ,then comes the war with its  
incendiary bullet and the need of a     
non-inflammable content for balloons and
 dirigibles4 ,then the coperation of    
physicist1 engineer1 and                
geologist--,canadian and                
,american--makes helium available for   
this purpose4 ,before these researches  
helium cost #agjj a cubic foot and was  
obtainable only in ,germany4 ,the       
present price is #aj cents a cubic foot1
 and it is falling4 ,the importance of  
all this for peace is very great4 ,in   
these days of airplane hops we are      

forgetting that a ,zeppelin made the    
trip from ,bulgaria to what should have 
been ,german ,east ,africa with         
medicines and ammunition4 ,the ,germans 
having disappeared in the meantime1 the 
,zeppelin turned around and came back1  
making a continuous voyage of several   
thousand miles4  ,but do not forget that
 not all scholars made good in the great
 test4 ,let me sum up what ,i have      
already said4 ,in the first place1 to be
 useful the scholarship must be sound4  
,the near-scholar1 the man who took the 
short-cut in preparation1 proved to be a
 positive danger4 ,the mere expert in   
some narrow field1 the man who did not  
realize the implications of what he     
knew1 was relatively useless4 ,a man to 
succeed had to be intense without being 
narrow4 ,even among the sound scholars1 
the men who really knew1 the isolated   
and insulated individual could very     
rarely make much headway4 ,it was the   
open-minded scholar1 the maker and      
keeper of friends1 who got his chance1  

the scholar whose learning was to him a 
living thing1 not necessarily to be     
displayed in the market place1 and never
 for the sake of the display1 but on the
 other hand never wrapped in a napkin   
and buried in the earth4  ,will the     
scholar1 now that his practical worth   
has been tested and proved1 be content  
to slip back into relative obscurity2 or
 will he1 on the other hand1 be tempted 
too far into the limelight and thereby  
lose those very qualities which gave him
 his value8 ,will he be satisfied with  
positions of leadership rather than     
leadership itself1 which may be a very  
different thing8 ,it is largely for you 
young men and young women of the rising 
generation of scholars to say4          
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #b3 ,an address 
delivered before the ,new ,york ,delta  
of ,phi ,beta ,kappa at ,columbia       
,university upon the fiftieth           
anniversary of the establishment of the 
,chapter1 ,june #c1 #aiai4     ,,what   
,,have ,,we ,,learned8#c   ,i am going  

to try to select three or four general  
fields in which we ,americans have had a
 chance to learn lessons of permanent   
value as the result of our war          
experience4 ,then ,i shall try to apply 
these to what seems to me the most      
typical specimen of the best in         
,american life1 a great ,american       
,university2 and finally1 ,i shall try  
to apply them to the situation which    
faces you young men and women of the    
graduating class as you step out to take
 your places in the world4 ,and in so   
doing ,i'm going to look deliberately on
 the bright side4 ,there are troubles   
enough in the world to worry and depress
 us1 and we have to face them1 but let  
us face them with a confidence that is  
justified in the light of the examples  
of man's endurance1 of his courage1 of  
his possibilities of accomplishment1    
which it has been our privilege to      
witness within the lifetime of this     
academic generation4  ,what have we     
learned8 ,in the first place1 we have   

learned that as a nation we possess the 
power to see a big job through1 and we  
possess it because we have the qualities
 of youth--enthusiasm1 learning         
capacity1 energy1 elasticity1           
initiative--the pioneering spirit4 ,we  
have the shortcomings of youth          
also--impatience1 superficiality1       
improvidence1 cock-sureness--but when   
the test came we managed to strengthen  
our virtues and to a large extent to    
overcome our failings4  ,the various    
stocks that have emigrated to our shores
 have come as successive waves of       
pioneers1 of men to whom new and        
unfamiliar conditions serve as an       
incentive rather than a discouragement1 
and it is the persistence of this       
pioneering spirit1 essentially a        
youthful spirit1 which has had much to  
do with our success4  ,what single group
 made the finest impression in the great
 war8 ,i think we will agree that it was
 the ,american doughboy4 ,as one saw him
 in ,france he was absolutely youth     

incarnate1 and he is a cross section of 
our complex population4 ,if anyone still
 doubts that all of these stocks1 the   
,teutonic included1 have been willing to
 do their share even at the risk or cost
 of life1 let him read any of the lists 
of battle casualties or the list of     
honors for heroic conduct and he will   
have the best kind of proof4 ,let us    
remember in this connection that nearly 
one-fourth of our drafted men couldn't  
speak and write ,english adequately when
 they entered the ,army4 ,in spite of a 
number of unsightly pieces of slag1     
which are either floating on the surface
 or have sunk to the bottom1 the great  
national melting pot has evidently done 
its work well4  ,our heterogeneous      
immigration1 our enormous national      
resources1 which have tempted us to live
 on capital rather than on interest1 our
 prosperity1 have made us neither fat   
nor flabby4 ,we now know that as a      
people we don't really care about money 
or the money game if we are shown some  

other game better worth playing2 that   
selfishness and luxury drop away as if  
by magic when they interfere with the   
keener satisfactions of giving one's    
self4 ,even for us stay-at-homes1 the   
,liberty ,loan people1 ,mr4 ,hoover1 the
 ,red ,cross and other welfare workers  
were on hand to show us how to play the 
better game4 ,i don't need to remind you
 of the details1 nor that in spite of   
human grumbling and talk of sacrifice1  
in the bottom of our hearts we all      
enjoyed the process4  ,in the second    
place1 we have learned that to see the  
job through we need all of the nation1  
men and women1 not merely the profession
 of arms and the mysterious powers of   
finance--we need all of everyone4 ,we   
need them not as individuals but as a   
team1 and we have learned that we can   
develop team play4  ,our easiest jobs   
were the raising of our men and our     
money2 our hardest1 the moulding of the 
whole into an organic unity4 ,just as   
our young men by the millions took their

 place in the line when the bugle blew1 
older men by the tens of thousands left 
their private affairs to get along as   
best they might1 and regardless of      
political affiliations or personal      
convenience1 found place for themselves 
in the administrative army4 ,and they   
were ably seconded by the women4        
,hundreds of men in key positions have  
gladly borne witness to the share which 
their secretaries and their other women 
associates played in bringing about the 
needed results4  ,the first days of the 
war were days of whirling confusion1    
colored by glowing forecasts4 ,then     
followed months of experimentation1 by  
trial and error1 of hope deferred by    
long delays1 of well meant but none the 
less embarrassing internal rivalries1 of
 sudden spurts4 ,later came the days of 
last autumn1 when the whole great       
machine was throbbing rhythmically and  
steadily1 with only a minor knock here  
and there--a sure indication to the     
watchful enemy1 who had had more than a 

taste of what the machine could produce1
 that the game was up2 and finally the  
eleventh of ,november and the order to  
reverse the engines4  ,it ought to be   
evident from our experience that for any
 great enterprise we need all the young 
men and the young women1 and all the    
older ones who are still young in heart4
 ,we need to know who they are1 where   
they are1 what they can do1 and we need 
to touch them at every point2 for not   
only do we need them all1 but we need   
all of each one of them4 ,we should     
never again face a great national crisis
 with nearly one-third of our men of    
military age unfit for hard physical    
work4 ,we need campaigns of physical    
education and social hygiene1 and we    
need to apply the lessons in human      
salvage which the army has learned      
during the war4 ,but we need more than  
each individual and all of him4 ,we must
 see to it that the individual star1 of 
whatever magnitude1 is subordinated to  
the team play of the group4 ,and team   

play means more than energy and pep4 ,it
 means a marshalling of the old         
fashioned and homely virtues of         
courtesy1 deference and consideration4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,in the third place1 we have learned    
that to accomplish a great result we    
need the leadership of those who know   
and who know vividly and constructively4
 ,our experience has been that in       
certain fields1 finance1 science1       
manufacturing in quantity production1   
medicine1 we had a supply of those who  
knew4 ,in other fields1 in intimate     
knowledge of foreign conditions and     
foreign languages for example1 we had   
not4  ,at first we didn't know where our
 leaders were1 and in many cases we     
began by following false prophets4 ,the 
value of one man with training1 brains  
and persistence can be shown by a single
 example3 ,there was a man who answered 
these qualifications connected with the 
,council of ,national ,defence1 not in a
 very exalted position4 ,he was the     

first in all this country to see that   
the army program and the shipping       
program did not fit4 ,it took him a long
 time to convince the two groups of     
overworked1 harried officials that      
neither could play the game alone2 that 
the closest coperation was necessary4   
,he had no access to the records1 but he
 finally managed to build up a          
convincing statement out of the shreds  
of information which he gathered here   
and there1 and at last he succeeded in  
getting everyone concerned into the     
attitude of wanting to face the facts4  
,everyone would have had to face them   
sooner or later1 but without the        
devotion and leadership of this one man1
 it would have been only as the result  
of a very serious dislocation of        
function4  ,one field in which the right
 leadership has been most brilliantly   
rewarded is that of medicine4 ,just     
consider what we have done in this      
field3 ,the success of the anti-typhoid 
injections2 the reduction in dysenteric 

diseases due to chlorination of drinking
 water2 the encouraging fight against   
cerebro-spinal meningitis and pneumonia2
 the identification of trench fever1 and
 the practical freedom from typhus4 ,as 
to wounds1 a tetanus antitoxin which has
 made lock-jaw almost a negligible      
disease2 a serum against gas gangrene2  
the ,carrel-,dakin method of chemical   
sterilization of wounds2 the splinting  
of fractures on the battle field and    
overhead extension apparatus in the     
hospital4 ,to quote ,simon ,flexner1    
,the entire psychology of the wounded   
men was altered1 the wards made cheerful
 and happy1 pain abolished1 infection   
controlled1 and recovery hastened by    
means of the new or improved surgical   
and mechanical measures put into common 
use4         99       99       99       
99       99  ,the fourth lesson of which
 ,i wish to speak is that a high aim and
 ideal is what counts most of all1 what 
lifts the individual up from selfishness
 and sloth4 ,to bind the country        

together and to make the transformation 
which still seems miraculous1 we had a  
noble national aim1 a complete          
dedication to the task before us1 an    
utter absence of any selfish or         
self-seeking factor in the whole        
enterprise4 ,the conduct of our         
soldiers1 their submission to a         
discipline to which most of them were   
completely unused was1 ,i think1 in a   
very large measure due to the           
recognition of this aim4 ,we recognized 
it as a nation and we recognized it in  
one another4 ,the standard of contact   
set by our soldiers during the days of  
conflict is unique in military history4 
,whole divisions went for months without
 a single court-martial4 ,the reason    
was1 more than anything else1 the       
national assumption that they would give
 a good account of themselves and the   
fact that they felt themselves in       
training for the championship1 and no   
man wanted to miss his chance on the    
battlefield for the sake of a selfish   

indulgence4  ,some of the experiments in
 conduct tried in the ,american         
,expeditionary ,forces were             
extraordinary in their success4 ,the    
leave areas1 an immense enterprise1 were
 run on the basis of absolute freedom to
 the enlisted man4 ,he lived in the best
 hotels in ,europe and amused himself in
 casinos where crowned heads had been in
 the habit of gambling away the money of
 their subjects4 ,he had no roll calls1 
no taps1 no officers in sight1 no       
military machinery whatever4 ,he arose  
when he pleased1 either before or after 
his breakfast2 he ate and drank when he 
pleased1 and he stayed out as late as he
 pleased4 ,the physical and moral effect
 of this absolute change from the       
military rgime was a very interesting   
and instructive phenomenon1 but that is 
not the point ,i wish to make4 ,out of  
the thousands and thousands of men who  
were sent to these leave areas1 there   
was hardly a single case in which a man 
abused the trust which was put upon him 

or failed to turn up on time to go back 
to the grind of military duty4 ,this    
could never have been done with soldiers
 of another type1 with soldiers lacking 
an ideal4  ,someone has recently written
 that fine minds have been finely       
touched by the war1 and base minds      
basely4 ,he might have added that wise  
minds have been wisely touched1 and     
foolish minds foolishly4 ,in general1 ,i
 think it may fairly be said that when  
the appeal was to the finest in a man's 
character1 the result was               
correspondingly fine4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,these1  
it seems to me1 are the four main things
 we have learned1 or at any rate we have
 had a chance to learn4 ,first1 that we 
are a real nation1 potentially strong   
with the strength of youth4 ,second1    
that to fulfill our mission1 every man  
and woman and all of every such         
individual is an object of national     
concern2 that we must be mobilized and  
we must continue our lessons in team    

play4 ,we have still plenty to learn in 
this field4 ,third1 that we must have   
and must recognize the leadership of    
those who know1 which1 after all1 is the
 great test of a democracy4 ,fourth1    
that to bring out the best that is in   
us1 as individuals and as a nation1 we  
must have an aim1 high1 clear-cut and   
clearly understood4 ,if1 now1 ,i attempt
 to apply these four lessons which we   
have had a chance to learn1 to          
educational conditions1 and particularly
 to university conditions1 it will be   
for three reasons3 ,the first is the    
general wisdom of confining one's       
remarks to things he knows something    
about4 ,the second1 that there is no    
single institution more characteristic  
of the best in our ,american life than a
 great ,american ,university4 ,and there
 is this third reason1 that if we had   
not had a supply of young men with the  
stamp of the ,american college upon     
them1 we could never have met the call  
for officers1 for nearly a quarter of a 

million of them4 ,i am told that the    
,germans were prepared to admit and to  
discount our wealth in money1 in        
materials and in man power1 but they    
looked forward confidently to a complete
 failure on our part in training        
officers to lead our men in battle4 ,of 
course1 all the citizen officers who    
made good records were not college men1 
but the college trained citizens were   
the men who set the pace and made the   
standard4  ,it was ,pitt who said1 ,the 
atrocious crime of being a young man ,i 
shall attempt neither to palliate nor to
 deny4 ,nor should a university seek to 
palliate or to deny the charge of being 
a place of resort for youth4 ,a         
university1 it seems to me1 should be a 
place where the primary object is not   
the repression of youthful exuberance   
nor the correction of youthful failings 
7though both may be necessary on        
occasion71 but rather1 a place for the  
encouragement of the great and vital    
qualities of youth--enthusiasm1 energy1 

power of acquisition1 sensitiveness of  
impression4 ,it is the place where the  
older members of the community have the 
best chance to stay young4 ,the         
university should be essentially a      
company of enthusiasts1 of pioneers4    
,there is a frontier for every worker to
 clear--no matter how narrow or how wide
 his horizon may be4 ,in a university   
there is no proper place1 among faculty 
or students1 for the disillusioned1 the 
cynical1 the defeatist4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,now we  
come to the application of the second   
lesson1 the lesson of mobilization1 of  
team play4 ,in the first place1 no      
university is alive where mobilization  
is limited to the ,recorder's office4   
,in a live institution1 regent1         
professor1 student1 janitor1 each is a  
part of the game and must feel that he  
is4 ,he must feel that in its           
administration the institution has      
learned the great lesson of direct and  
human personal contact4 ,science1 among 

all its triumphs1 cannot include any    
device for conveying a message from mind
 to mind or from heart to heart half so 
good as the human voice and the human   
eye4 ,within the faculty1 this element  
of human coperation should be reflected 
by the vitality of the organism rather  
than by the complexity of the           
organization1 which may not be vital at 
all4 ,each member must feel that the    
general repute is safeguarded by honest 
and intelligent standards1 honestly and 
intelligently administered4 ,the        
university1 like the country at large1  
must make itself responsible for all of 
each and every student1 his bodily      
condition1 for example1 just as directly
 as his mental4  ,it will be recalled   
that one of my justifications for       
applying war experiences to university  
conditions was the share which the      
college and university men had in       
building up our supply of officers4 ,if 
we study why the college men made good  
officers1 and make allowance for the    

fact that it is the kind of man who goes
 to college who is likely to make a good
 officer anyway1 and all the other      
allowances we can think of1 we can't    
dodge the conclusion that there is      
something outside of the college        
curriculum which has been an important  
factor in bringing about the results4   
,on the other hand1 important as the    
other factors are1 the curriculum has   
had its share1 and it is in my judgment 
a leading and not always an adequately  
recognized share4 ,the comfortable      
theory that once he has settled down to 
something important the college         
ne'er-do-well will suddenly blossom     
forth into a competent leader of men    
didn't work out in practice4 ,it may    
have happened here and there1 but it    
didn't happen as a general rule4 ,in the
 fighting line1 it was very generally   
the man with a sound academic record1   
not necessarily the ,phi ,beta ,kappa   
lad1 but the good scholar and active    
college citizen1 the man who had taken  

the trouble to learn things and learn   
people1 who made the best record4 ,i    
naturally watched with particular       
interest the records of my own old      
students at ,columbia1 and ,i know that 
this is so4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,it is a significant
 fact1 however1 for those of us who are 
interested in the welfare of college    
boys and girls1 that the ,united ,states
 government deliberately built up what  
was to all intents and purposes an      
undergraduate college life for the young
 men of the army1 with athletics1       
dances1 dramatics1 singing1 and all the 
rest1 even including opportunities for  
reading and study4 ,even the most       
hardened of regular officers1 who at the
 first1 ,i fear1 regarded this as some  
of the civilian foolishness with which  
all soldiers have to contend1 came to   
see that the program was a vital factor 
in building up such a body of fighting  
men as they had never seen4 ,and this is
 only another way of saying that if you 

want to use the human machine for any   
purpose1 you must concern yourself with 
the whole of it4 ,human nature does not 
come in air-tight compartments4         
,president ,wilson coined a phrase which
 has thoroughly gone the rounds when he 
said that the side-shows of college life
 should not overshadow nor distract from
 the entertainment in the main tent4 ,we
 all agree to this4 ,but ,i think we are
 more inclined than when the words were 
spoken to urge that the side-shows1     
properly and intelligently subordinated1
 should be under the same management as 
the main tent4 ,the army has tried the  
experiment on a large scale and it has  
worked well4 ,in ,february last there   
were in ,france and on the ,rhine six   
million and a half individual           
participants in athletic games1 ten     
million attendants on entertainments1   
nearly a quarter of a million students4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,none of the lessons which the ,army has
 learned are more significant than those

 which have to do with mobilization and 
classification4 ,the activities of the  
,provost ,marshal ,general1 of the      
,committee on ,classification and       
,personnel1 in coperation with the      
,committee on ,education1 furnish the   
best record of large scale human        
engineering in the new science of       
personnel of which we have any record1  
either in this country or1 ,i think1    
elsewhere4  ,a university like this one 
is an army1 and not such a small army   
either1 judging by peacetime standards4 
,the ,united ,states found that it was  
worth while1 indeed that it was         
absolutely necessary in organizing its  
forces1 to find out everything it could 
about every man in the army1 what he    
needed physically to increase his       
efficiency2 what he needed to keep him  
interested and out of mischief2 what he 
should have in the way of               
training--based on what he knew already 
and based on careful mental tests--to   
make him of the greatest usefulness2    

whether he had the will to win1 and if  
not1 whether anything could be done to  
get it into him4  ,in a word1 the       
,united ,states wanted to know just what
 each man's possibilities were4 ,was he 
officer material or non-com material8   
,should he go into the line or one of   
the special corps--or to the labor      
battalion8 ,as a result of this program1
 the ,army succeeded in finding a place 
that counted for #ih per cent of the    
drafted men4  ,now ,i realize that a    
university can't do all these things    
with its army in just the way the       
government can4 ,it can't casually      
transfer a man from engineering to      
psychology1 nor a girl from philosophy  
to cookery--or vice versa--no matter how
 desirable such a transfer might be for 
the individual and the community4 ,but  
it can do a great deal more than it now 
does in finding out about all its       
members1 informing them of their        
strength and weaknesses1 in seeing that 
every student gets a chance to enjoy in 

so far as possible the high privileges  
of youth1 and to get a helping hand over
 the bumps in the road1 which also come 
with youth4 ,every student ought to have
 the opportunity to round out his       
character and his capacities4 ,it ought 
not to be left to chance that any       
student gets the best personal contacts 
for him or her with faculty and         
fellow-students1 the best opportunities 
for learning team play4 ,every student  
ought to leave with some definite aim in
 life1 and if possible an aim high      
enough to be an ideal that is worth     
working for4  ,a university is not doing
 its full duty if its athletics and     
social life are limited to those who    
need these the least2 if its alumni are 
regarded merely as fillers of the       
grandstands or recipients of oratory1   
and possible sources of pecuniary       
support4 ,the alumni are the best       
possible sources of keeping the faculty 
informed as to what the world really    
wants in the way of trained men and     

women1 and1 for the students1 of        
information1 suggestions1 and jobs1 both
 temporary and permanent4  ,i realize   
that many of these things are now done  
here and elsewhere1 but in the light of 
what we have learned from the experience
 of the ,university of ,uncle ,sam1 ,i  
am sure that our ,american universities 
and colleges have hardly scratched the  
surface of what they might do and what1 
,i think1 they will ultimately do in the
 realm of human engineering4 ,nearly all
 educational institutions merely follow 
what they find the leaders are doing1   
and in this field there is an           
opportunity1 ,i am sure1 for real       
leadership4  ,we know now that men and  
women can be measured by impersonal     
tests and that it is practicable to put 
aside the material which it is either   
impossible to fashion in the academic   
mould1 or for which1 even if the job is 
possible1 the expense in wear and tear  
is entirely beyond the value of the     
result to be obtained4 ,to be specific1 

why shouldn't we have an intelligence   
test of candidates for the degree of    
,doctor of ,philosophy1 just as we had a
 physical and psychological examination 
for candidates for the flying schools8  
,i don't mean that we should leap from  
one illogical position clear across the 
road into another4 ,mental measurements 
are not yet an exact science1 and a man 
of moderate ability1 with a will to     
succeed1 may be a better academic       
investment than his more brilliant      
brother who lacks that quality2 but1 by 
pruning very sparingly 7one does not    
have to chop down a tree to prune it7   
the saving in time and energy will be   
enormous4  ,fundamentally the human     
relationships are what count1 the       
qualities leading to team play and      
coperation1 and away from isolation and 
its ills4 ,this means that if a faculty 
is to exercise its leadership1 it must  
know the student body1 it must maintain 
and develop points of human touch4      
,impersonal tests1 impersonal records1  

all that modern practice and modern     
science can teach us we must have1 but  
these must be used only as the framework
 for what is after all the fundamental  
thing1 direct human contact between     
teacher and teacher1 teacher and        
student1 and student and student4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,now as to leadership1 and in a         
university we can identify the leaders  
with the teachers1 there is no doubt1 ,i
 think1 that the teachers' profession   
comes out of the war in a higher place  
than it went in1 and the scholar goes   
back to his work with a feeling of      
confidence in himself in view of his    
record in competition and comparison    
with men in other callings4 ,i venture  
to predict that we shall hear a good    
deal less frequently in the future the  
old gibe that the man who could do      
things did them and the man who         
couldn't1 taught them4 ,the teachers    
made good1 not only because of their    
scholarship1 but because of their       

personality4 ,i think this experience of
 the last two years is going to         
accelerate greatly the movement which   
had already started of turning to the   
academic world for the man who can do   
things and do them with other people4   
,entirely apart from the contrasts in   
income1 the sheer fun of executive work1
 with plenty of money to spend on what  
you want to get done1 is a pretty strong
 temptation for a man with a heavy      
teaching schedule and an annual         
department appropriation of say #ge4    
,both the regular army officers who have
 made conspicuously good1 and the       
scholars of the coperative type who have
 made conspicuously good1 are being     
actively bidden for by bankers and      
manufacturers and all sorts of people4  
,neither profession can compete on the  
purely financial side with these        
tempters and1 in order to hold their    
first-rate men1 they will each have to  
make some greater contribution in the   
things that money alone can't buy4      

,both in the nation and in our republics
 of letters and science1 we must learn  
to distinguish more clearly between the 
power that comes with knowledge1 and the
 ability to talk about things4 ,it was  
very interesting to watch in ,washington
 the gradual substitution of the man    
with the latter quality by the man with 
the former in positions of              
responsibility1 and ,i am going to      
confess that1 in the early days1 some of
 the conferences which it was my        
privilege or my duty to attend1 reminded
 me for all the world of certain faculty
 meetings1 in which gentlemen without   
definite knowledge of the matter in hand
 were discussing at considerable length 
what they were pleased to call          
principles1 but which were really       
off-hand impressions4  ,i think that in 
their service to the university and to  
the nation1 the scholars may well profit
 by the demonstration that it was not   
only the man who knew his subject1 but  
the man who knew how to deal with his   

fellow men1 who was likely to make his  
impression4 ,isn't there such a thing as
 academic provincialism1 even within the
 walls of a man's own university1       
certainly as between institution and    
institution1 which can be remedied by   
the encouragement of these social and   
coperative sides of the scholar's       
character8 ,it seems to me that we all  
should face a fundamental extension in  
the definition of a scholar1 away from  
the individual1 the selfish1 out to the 
social and constructive4  ,in our       
educational institutions scholarship has
 three functions3 ,to broaden the field 
of existing knowledge1 and the war has  
shown us that every field has its       
valuable practical applications2 to     
train the coming generation of experts1 
and any country needs not only a handful
 of distinguished leaders but a great   
body of well-trained men and women who1 
when the emergency arises1 stand ready  
to meet it2 and last but not least1 to  
inspire a recognition of what           

scholarship is and a respect for it in  
the minds of the general students1 few  
of whom1 by the most generous stretch of
 the imagination1 can be regarded as    
scholars themselves1 but whose influence
 in their generation throughout the     
country is a very important factor4 ,our
 nation needs a respect for expert      
knowledge and it needs a respect for    
intelligence1 and our college graduates 
can do more than any other group to     
develop this respect4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,we have 
taken up three of our four lessons as   
these affect the university3 the        
emphasis on youth1 the need of          
mobilization and team play1 and the need
 of leadership4 ,there remains the      
fourth factor1 a high1 clear-cut aim4   
,the most serious charge against the    
,american undergraduate in the past has 
been the lack of a sense of             
responsibility4 ,we now know from their 
war records that the sense of           
responsibility lay latent in thousands  

of these boys and was only awaiting an  
impulse sufficiently strong to arouse   
it4  ,president ,hibben of ,princeton1  
who ought to know the ,american         
undergraduate if anybody does1 said     
recently3 ,young men are capable of far 
greater amounts of intensive work day in
 and day out than we had dreamed of2    
capable of greater concentration of mind
 upon their tasks4 ,they respond more   
quickly than we have conceived to the   
call of duty4 ,the sense of             
responsibility is there latent1 and we  
teachers must endeavor to quicken and to
 appeal to it4 ,we have seen that when  
the occasion comes these young men rise 
to meet it4  ,we can't very well stage a
 world war for the purpose1 and ,i don't
 think we need wait for any such crisis 
to bring it out4 ,there is in every     
normal1 wholesome-minded student some   
motor nerve that can be touched in such 
a way as to release that type of        
cordinated energy which we call a sense 
of responsibility4 ,this all goes back  

to knowing our men and women and        
establishing human contacts and human   
confidences4  ,in spite of individual   
disappointments1 and as a college dean1 
,i have had my share1 ,i am confident   
that the normal young ,american either  
already possesses as a motive force some
 worth-while aim or that he can be      
guided toward such an aim if approached 
in the right way4  ,let me quote a      
paragraph or so from the report of the  
,war ,department ,committee on          
,education3  ,because the war did       
completely organize the nation for a    
united drive and thus did expose a      
magnificent national morale1 many are   
inclined to believe that war is         
necessary to call forth such            
consecration and self-forgetful service4
 ,analysis of the war training1 however1
 reveals a point of view and a method of
 procedure that is definitely designed  
to develop team-play and to enhance     
morale whether there be war or not4 ,if 
these methods are applied to education  

in times of peace1 they certainly will  
produce some effect even though the     
result is not as profoundly striking as 
it was during the war4 ,among the many  
significant features of war training1   
the following are mentioned as worthy of
 particular consideration for transfer  
to school practice3  ,as a primary      
policy1 a nation at war is obliged to   
recognize that every individual is an   
asset capable of useful service in some 
particular line of work of direct       
benefit to the country4 ,in order to    
make the most efficient use of all its  
resources1 it is necessary to make      
strenuous exertions to discover what    
each individual is best qualified to do 
and to train each to use his abilities  
in the most effective manner4 ,applied  
to education this fundamental attitude  
produces two results that are of        
importance in the development of morale4
 ,the teacher's point of view shifts    
from a critical one1 with attention     
focused on discovering whether the      

individual measures up to the academic  
standards fixed by school authorities1  
to one of friendly1 not to say eager    
interest to discover what each          
individual really can do well4 ,the     
student's spirit also changes from one  
of discouragement and doubt of his      
ability ever to make good1 to one of    
interest and desire for achievement4    
,both of these results are of large     
importance in releasing energy for both 
the teacher and the student4 ,they also 
have an immediate bearing on the        
enhancement of morale4  ,in any place of
 campaign to this end within a college  
or university1 the first thing to do is 
to build around that vague but very real
 emotion called college spirit1 to      
supplement this by guiding our young    
people to enlist in worth-while1        
nation-wide or world-wide causes 7we are
 singularly provincial about this in    
,america71 and by ensuring better       
teaching and supervision and better     
cordination of work4  ,there is no      

question that we have underestimated    
both the ,american undergraduate's      
capacity for intellectual work and his  
real pleasure in it when he feels it    
worth while4 ,one of my friends was     
telling me of his experiences as        
commanding officer of one of the ground 
schools for aviators1 where a large     
proportion of the candidates were       
college undergraduates1 and ,i asked him
 if he had had any troubles as to       
discipline4 ,yes indeed1 he replied1    
night after night we'd catch some       
fellows studying with a peep-light under
 their blankets1 after taps had sounded4
  ,any doubts as to the instinctive     
reaction of the normal1 healthy young   
,american toward educational            
opportunities were dispelled by the     
experiences of the army in ,france after
 the armistice4 ,the let-down1 after the
 terrific physical and emotional strain1
 the impatience regarding any delay as  
to return home1 combined to make a      
pretty serious situation as to the      

morale of our troops4 ,after some       
misguided and nearly disastrous         
experiments as to the curative          
properties of heavy drill and strict    
discipline1 the ,a4,e4,f4 recognized the
 necessity for a prompt and thorough    
stimulation of all the welfare          
activities1 and a real educational      
program2 and it was straight1           
old-fashioned book-work more than it was
 the movies1 or athletics1 more even    
than ,miss ,elsie ,janis1 which turned  
the corner for us4 ,in all1 more than   
#bjj1jjj men volunteered for the        
privilege of studying4 ,the military    
order was often reversed and majors sat 
at the feet of the corporals or privates
 who had been selected as teachers4 ,the
 reports as to the intensity of the work
 of teachers and students alike should  
put any of us professionals to shame4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,just now we are hearing a great deal   
about the benefits of discipline4 ,i    
think what the speakers are really      

talking about1 though they don't        
recognize it themselves1 is the benefit 
of the state of mind which accepts and  
welcomes discipline4 ,we are not1 even  
as the result of the war1 a disciplined 
people in the sense that ,germany is1 or
 was1 and we can thank ,god for it4 ,we 
shall never want in this country a      
general subordination of the individual 
will and initiative to external control4
 ,discipline is a means and not an end4 
,if discipline1 as such1 externally     
imposed1 were so important a factor in  
success as many people seem to think    
to-day1 we could look through a list of 
ex-enlisted men in the army and navy--,i
 mean the men enlisted and discharged   
during peace time--and find a relatively
 large number who made conspicuously    
good records after returning to civil   
life4 ,as a matter of fact1 we find     
nothing of the kind4  ,what we do find  
is that not a few enlisted men who chose
 the army or the navy as their permanent
 career have won commissions and made   

fine records4 ,there were no better     
general officers in the war than men    
like ,harbord of our army and ,robertson
 of the ,british1 both of whom rose from
 the ranks4 ,but isn't it fair to say   
that the discipline imposed on these men
 was accepted gladly and accepted in the
 terms of their fundamental interest1   
and that these men are not really       
exceptions to what ,i have said8  ,i    
venture to predict that there will be a 
very different record to tell as to the 
success in civil life of those men now  
leaving the ,army1 who1 because they    
believed in the cause and wished to     
participate to the full in the great    
enterprise1 gladly submitted themselves 
to the discipline for the purpose of    
increasing their efficiency4  ,in a     
month or so you can teach an            
enthusiastic man1 who is fired by a big 
idea1 all the discipline he needs for   
carrying out his duties and profiting by
 his opportunities1 but you can't       
reverse the process and incite          

enthusiasms as a result of the          
application of discipline4  ,don't think
 that ,i want to minimize the merits of 
military discipline for military        
purposes4 ,of course1 cordination and   
subordination are absolutely necessary  
in the handling of large bodies of men4 
,even the men in ,france who deserted to
 the front1 as many of them did1 no     
matter how much we may sympathize with  
their desire to get into the game1 had  
to be disciplined4 ,someone had to stay 
behind and see to the supplies4 ,the    
point we are discussing is the carrying 
over of this principle of military      
discipline intact into civilian life4   
,so far as discipline brings about      
regularity of life1 of exercise1 so long
 as it ministers to alertness1 we can   
use it1 but as between discipline on the
 one hand1 and initiative and team play 
on the other1 to meet our academic or   
our national needs1 ,i am for initiative
 and team play4  ,please don't          
misunderstand me4 ,by reducing the      

present emphasis on external discipline1
 after childhood has been passed1 ,i    
don't mean a lowering of standards4     
,external discipline1 it seems to me1 is
 often really imposed as a substitute   
for high standards2 something supposed  
to be just as good and more easy to keep
 in stock4 ,the standards of the        
worth-while organization1 and these are 
the outward expression of its aims1 its 
ideals1 ought to be high enough and     
intelligently enough administered to    
make sure that the men and women who are
 unable to provide their own discipline1
 should in the general interest be      
painlessly but promptly removed from the
 group4  ,here is a credo for the       
,american people1 from the pen of a     
regular army officer4 ,it's a pretty    
good one for an ,american ,university3  
,to foster individual talent1           
imagination and initiative1 to couple   
with this a high degree of coperation1  
and to subject these to a not too minute
 direction2 the whole vitalized by a    

supreme purpose1 which serves as the    
magic key to unlock the upper strata of 
the energies of men4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,finally1  
let me try to apply these lessons to you
 young men and women of the graduating  
class4  ,keep in good physical shape4   
,overwork is usually a combination of   
bad air1 bad feeding1 and lack of       
exercise and sleep4 ,see that you don't 
go stale4 ,if you lack the zest of life1
 find out what the trouble is2 whether  
it is your teeth or your liver or your  
soul4 ,picture to yourself what         
,theodore ,roosevelt got out of life4   
,be honest with yourself4 ,do your own  
thinking and do it straight4 ,this1     
strangely enough1 is perhaps the thing  
which you will find hardest to do after 
the undergraduate atmosphere4 ,a student
 body is1 or at any rate was before the 
war1 the most convention ridden group of
 which ,i have any knowledge4 ,i am all 
for conventions1 because they save a    
great deal of time and worry1 but only  

so far as we recognize them as          
conventions and do not exalt them into  
principles or philosophical truths4     
,remember that the public opinion of    
,america is an infinitely more important
 thing to the world than ever before1   
and that you are each to be a part of   
it4  ,keep your intellectual interests  
and your interest in your alma mater1   
not in her athletics and her            
fraternities alone4 ,remember that as   
alumni of this ,university you are      
citizens of no mean city4 ,recruit men  
and women whom she ought to have and who
 ought to have her1 remembering that the
 danger to this country from the inside1
 and it is no inconsiderable danger1 is 
mainly due to the misdirected zeal of   
sincere people who lack knowledge and   
background4 ,take for example the       
employer who can't see beyond the point 
of telling his men to take it or leave  
it1 and the workman whose sense of real 
or fancied injustice has brought him to 
what with our children we know as the   

kicking and biting stage4 ,it is too    
late to do much with the present adult  
generation except by main strength and  
awkwardness1 but a recruit for higher   
education from either of these groups is
 a good national investment4  ,keep your
 human contacts4 ,don't be a glad-hander
 but do at least your share4 ,it takes  
two to make and keep alive a friendship1
 just as it does a quarrel4 ,there is   
something worth while in everyone4 ,give
 yourself a chance to find what it is4  
,practice following and1 as the chance  
comes to you1 practice leading1 but     
above all1 practice team play4 ,keep    
yourself ready to take the next step1   
whatever it may be4 ,there is a story of
 ,marshal ,joffre1 of which ,i can at   
least say that it is good enough to be  
true4 ,after the first battle of the    
,marne some enthusiast was proclaiming  
him as a second ,napoleon and laying it 
on pretty thick4 ,the old gentleman     
stood it as long as he could and then   
said3 ,no1 ,napoleon would have known   

what to do next1 and ,i don't4  ,keep   
your enthusiasms and your ideals4 ,in   
other words1 keep your youth4 ,in       
choosing your life work1 get into       
something in which the policy and       
practice are such that you can throw    
your whole soul into the job4 ,don't    
take yourself seriously1 but take your  
opportunities for usefulness seriously4 
,find out the callings in which ,america
 is short4 ,there are plenty of them1 as
 the war has shown4 ,think over whether 
it isn't possible for you to be one of  
the men or one of the women who1 from   
your training and momentum and vision1  
will be selected ten or fifteen or      
twenty years hence1 to take on some     
important job1 with the nation as your  
client1 as the one person best qualified
 to fill it4  ,we no longer have to     
prove that it pays to know1 to really   
know almost anything that is worth      
while4 ,it pays in money1 if that is    
what one wants2 it pays in the more     
enduring satisfactions of life1 in the  

pleasure that comes from exact knowledge
 and intellectual pioneering1 in the    
almost unique joy of creation without   
the responsibilities of possession1 and 
in the feeling of individual readiness  
to be of use in meeting the problems    
which the years allotted to your        
generation will surely bring forth4     
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #c3             
,commencement address delivered at the  
,university of ,michigan1 ,june #bf1    
#aiai4                                  
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,note3                                  
,typographical error corrected in the   
text3                                   
,page  #eb  centerdness changed to      
centeredness                            
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