,illu/ration3 ,pike's ,peak1 ,colorado ,,e>? & ,,sky ,,e ,,*ild ,,%\ld ,,"k ,,easy ,,/udies ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,! ,,/>s ,,= ,,any ,,"t ,,& ,,place ,,by ,,julia ,,ell5 ,,rog]s ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,tree ,,book1 ,,! ,,%ell ,,book1 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,nature ,,libr>y1 ,,trees ,,e ,,*ild ,,%\ld ,,"k4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,?irty-,,"o ,,pages ,,( ,,photographs ,,& ,,draw+s ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,grosset ,,dunlap ,,publi%]s ,,copyright1 #aiaj1 ,,by ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company ,,publi%$1 ,,octob]1 #aiaj ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$1 ,,includ+ ,,t ,,( ,,translation ,,into ,,=eign ,,languages1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,a numb] ( ! photographs 9 ?is volume are us$ by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! /> maps & draw+s ( ! con/ellations are by ,mrs4 ,j]ome ,b4 ,?omas4 ,! poem by ,longfell[1 quot$ 9 "p1 is ) ! p]mission ( ! publi%]s1 ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,page ,,! ,,great ,,/one ,,book #c ,,! ,,fossil ,,fi% #f ,,! ,,cru/ ,,( ,,! ,,e>? #i ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,e>? ,,made ,,(8 #ad ,,! ,,fir/ ,,dry ,,l& #bb ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,granite #bg ,,metamorphic ,,rocks #ca ,,! ,,air ,,9 ,,motion #ce ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,w9d #dd ,,ra9 ,,9 ,,summ]1 by ,h5ry ,w4 ,longfell[ #ej ,,:at ,,becomes ,,( ,,! ,,ra98 #ea ,,! ,,soil ,,9 ,,fields ,,& ,,g>d5s #eh ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,e>?worms #fc ,,quiet ,,=ces ,,t ,,de/roy ,,rocks #fh ,,h[ ,,rocks ,,are ,,made #gb ,,gett+ ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,a ,,riv] #gh ,,! ,,ways ,,( ,,riv]s #hd ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,pond #ij ,,! ,,riddle ,,( ,,! ,,lo/ ,,rocks #ic ,,! ,,"q ,,answ]$ #if ,,glaci]s ,,among ,,! ,,alps #ih ,,! ,,great ,,ice ,,%eet #ajd ,,foll[+ ,,"s ,,lo/ ,,riv]s #aaj ,,! ,,mammo? ,,cave ,,( ,,k5tucky #aad ,,l& ,,build+ ,,by ,,riv]s #aba ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,m\nta9s #abf ,,! ,,lava ,,flood ,,( ,,! ,,nor?we/ #acj ,,! ,,fir/ ,,liv+ ,,?+s #acd ,,an ,,anci5t ,,bea* ,,at ,,ebb ,,tide #ach ,,! ,,lime ,,rocks #adg ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,fi%es #aeb ,,k+ ,,coal #aee ,,h[ ,,coal ,,0 ,,made #afj ,,! ,,mo/ ,,useful ,,metal #afg ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,reptiles #age ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,mammals #ahj ,,! ,,horse ,,& ,,8 ,,ance/ors #ahf ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,man #aid ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sky ,,e ,,family ,a ,,/> ,,club #bja ,,! ,,dipp]s ,,& ,,! ,,pole ,,/> #bjg ,,con/ellations ,,y ,,c ,,always ,,see #bac ,,w9t] ,,con/ellations #bai ,,orion1 ,,8 ,,dogs1 ,,& ,,! ,,bull #bbc ,,sev5 ,,fam\s ,,con/ellations #bca ,,! ,,tw5ty ,,brighte/ ,,/>s #bci ,,h[ ,,to ,,le>n ,,m #bda ,,illu/rations ,pike's ,peak ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,s& ,dunes 9 ,arizona #dd ,gr& ,caon ( ! ,colorado #de ,ca/les ,c>v$ by ,ra9 & ,w9d #eb ,:]e ,all ! ,wat] ,comes ,f #ec ,! ,ri*e/ ,gold & ,silv] ,m9es #gb ,rocks ,be+ ,gr\nd to ,fl\r #gc ,a ,pond ,made by a ,glaci] #hh ,! ,/ruggle ,betwe5 a ,/ream & ,its ,banks #hi ,ripple ,m>ks & ,glacial ,/ri #ajb ,glacial ,grooves & ,m>k+s #ajc ,cr9oid & ,ammonite #adj ,fossil ,corals1 ,coqu9a1 ,hippurite ,lime/one #ada ,fossil ,fi% #aeb ,meteorite #aec ,eoc5e ,fi% & ,trilobite #aef ,h[ ,coal ,0 ,made #aeg ,b&$ ,s&/one4 ,opaliz$ ,wood #agf ,allosaurus #agg ,a ,?ree-horn$ ,d9osaur #agh ,rema9s ( ,brontosaurus #agi ,re/oration ( ,brontosaurus #ahb ,orni?ole/es1 a ,small ,d9osaur #ahc ,a ,mammo? #ahf ,an ,ance/or ( ! ,horse #ahg ,orion1 ,8 ,dogs1 & ! ,bull #bad ,o!r ,fanciful ,sket*es ( ,con/ellations #bae ,! ,sky 9 ,w9t] #bdd ,! ,sky 9 ,spr+ #bdd ,! ,sky 9 ,summ] #bdd ,! ,sky 9 ,autumn #bdd ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,e>? 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,great ,,/one ,,book ,! cru/ ( our e>? is a great cemet]y :]e ! rocks are tomb/ones on :i* ! buri$ dead h writt5 _! own epitaphs4 ,!y tell u :o !y 71 & :5 & :]e !y liv$4--,l\is ,agassiz4 ,deep 9 ! gr\nd1 & high & dry on ! sides ( m\nta9s1 belts ( lime/one & s&/one & slate lie on ! anci5t granite ribs ( ! e>?4 ,!y are ! deposits ( s& & mud t =m$ ! %ores ( anci5t seas4 ,! lime/one is =m$ ( ! decay$ %ells ( animal =ms t fl\ri%$ 9 %all[ bays along ^? %ores4 ,& all we "k ab\t ! life ( ^! e>ly days is read 9 ! epitaphs writt5 on ^! /one tables4 ,"u ! /ratifi$ rocks1 ! granite f\ndations tell no?+ ( life on ! e>?4 ,b ! sea roll$ ov] !m1 & 9 x liv$ a great v>iety ( %ellfi%4 ,evid5tly ! e>lie/ fossil-be>+ rocks 7 worn away1 = ! rocks t n[ lie on ! granite %[ n ! beg9n+s1 b ! high tide ( life4 ,! lo/ int]val ( :i* geologi/s speak 0 a "t :5 liv+ =ms 7 few 9 ! sea4 ,9 ! muddy bottoms ( %all[1 quiet bays lie ! %ells & skeletons ( ! creatures t live _! lives 9 ^? wat]s & die :5 !y gr[ old & feeble4 ,we h se5 ! fiddl] crabs by ?\s&s on su* %ores1 "y & old1 lu/y & feeble4 ,we h se5 ! rocks along ano!r coa/ almo/ cov]$ by ! coil$ %ells ( little gray p]iw9kles1 & big clumps ( black mussels hang+ on ! pi]s & :>fs4 ,all ^! creatures die1 at l5g?1 & _! %ells accumulate on ! %all[ sea bottom4 ,:o has n sp5t h\rs ga!r+ dead %ells :i* ! tide has ?r[n up on ! bea*8 ,:o has n cut 8 foot on ! brok5 %ells t lie 9 ! s&y bottom we walk on :5ev] we g into ! surf to swim or ba!8 ,read d[nw>d f ! surface t[>d ! e>?'s c5tre-- ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,"p ,rock ,sy/ems ,dom9ant ,dom9ant ,plants ,animals ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,vii4 ,rec5t ,man ,fl[]+ k9ds ,quat]n>y ,,vi4 ,plioc5e ,mammals ,e>ly fl[]+ ,t]ti>y ,mioc5e ,eoc5e ,v4 ,mesozoic ,reptiles ,cycads ,,iv4 ,c>bonif]\s ,amphibians ,f]ns & ,conif]s ,,iii4 ,devonian ,fi%es ,f]ns ,,ii4 ,silurian ,molluscs ,seawe$s ,i4 ,fire-=m$ ,no life ,no life ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,x is by dy+ t ! creatures ( ! sea write _! epitaphs4 ,! mud or s& swall[s !m up4 ,9 "t ^! subm]g$ banks may be left dry1 & become b$s ( /one4 ,!n "s ( ! skeletons & %ells may be reveal$ 9 blocks ( qu>ri$ /one1 /ill p]fect 9 =m aft] ly+ buri$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! leaves ( ?is great /one book are ! lay]s ( rock1 laid d[n "u wat]4 ,betwe5 ! leaves are press$ specim5s--fossils ( animals & plants t h liv$ on ! e>?4 ,,! ,,fossil ,,fi% ,i rememb] see+ a flat piece ( /one on a libr>y table1 ) ! skeleton ( a fi% di/9ctly rais$ on "o surface4 ,! fri5d :o own$ ?is /range-look+ specim5 told me t %e f\nd x 9 a /one qu>ry4 ,%e br\ght home a l>ge piece ( ! slate1 & a /one-mason cut out ! block ) ! fi% 9 x1 & h] s\v5ir made a useful & int]e/+ pap]-weight4 ,! /ory ( t fi% ,i he>d ) wond]1 & h nev] =gott54 ,i _h nev] he>d ( fossil animals or plants until my good neighb\r talk$ ab\t !m4 ,%e %[$ me bits ( /one ) f]n leaves press$ into !m4 ,"o piece ( h>d lime/one 0 z full ( little sea-%ells z x c\ld possibly be4 ,"o ball ( m>ble 0 a honeycomb$ patt]n1 & call$ fossil coral4 ,! fossil fi% 0 once alive1 swimm+ 9 ! sea1 & fe$+ on ! ?+s x lik$ to eat1 z all happy fi%es d4 ,ne> %ore a riv] p\r$ its muddy wat] into ! sea1 & ! s&y bottom 0 cov]$ ) ! mud t settl$ on x4 ,at la/ ! fi% grew old1 & p]haps a trifle /upid ab\t cat*+ m9n[s4 ,x di$1 & sank to ! muddy floor ( ! sea4 ,its horny bones 7 n dissolv$ by ! wat]4 ,!y rema9$1 & ! mud filt]$ 9 & fill$ all ! spaces4 ,soon ! fi% 0 buri$ completely by ! s$im5t ! riv] br\ght4 ,ye>s1 ?\s&s ( !m1 w5t by1 & ! lay] ( mud 0 s ?ick & heavy above ! skeleton ( ! fi% t x bore a weight ( tons !re1 "u ! wat]4 ,! close-pack$ mud became a /iff clay4 ,aft] m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! sea no long] came s f> a%ore1 = ! riv] _h built up a great delta ( l& out ( mud4 ,! clay 9 :i* ! fi% 0 hidd5 h>d5$ into slate4 ,wat] crept d[n 9 ! loose upp] lay]s1 dissolv+ out salt & o!r m9]als1 & hav+ h>d] "w to soak ?r\gh1 ! l[] x w5t4 ,! wat] left "s ( ! m9]als x _h accumulat$1 calcium & silica & iron1 9 ! l[] rock b$s1 mak+ !m h>d] ?an !y 7 be=e1 & heavi] & less por\s4 ,:5 ! riv] gorge 0 cut ?r\gh ^! lay]s ( rock1 ! col\r & ?ickness ( ea* k9d 7 laid b>e4 ,c5turies aft]1 p]haps ?\s&s ( ye>s1 inde$1 ! qu>rym5 cut out ! lay]s fit = build+ /ones1 flags = walks & slates = ro(+4 ,9 ! splitt+ ( a flag/one1 ! long-buri$ skeleton ( ! fi% came to light4 ,"u our feet ! e>? lies 9 lay]s4 ,"u ! soil lie loose b$s ( clay & s& & gravel1 & "u ^! loose k9ds ( e>? are close-pack$ clays1 s&/ones1 lime/ones1 %ales1 (t5 /rangely tilt$ away f ! horizontal l9e1 b v>i\sly fitt$1 "o lay] to ano!r4 ,"u ^! rocks lie ! f\ndations ( ! e>?--! fire-=m$ rocks1 l granite4 ,! dep? ( ?is orig9al rock is unkn[n4 ,x is ! sub/ance out ( :i* ! e>? is made1 we ?9k4 ,all ! lay]$ rocks are made ( p>ticles ( ! old] ones1 /ol5 by w9d & wat]1 & f9ally deposit$ on ! bord]s ( lakes & seas4 ,s our riv]s are do+ to-day :at !y h always done--!y are te>+ d[n rocks1 gr9d+ & sift+ ! fragm5ts1 & lett+ !m fall :]e ! curr5t ( fre% wat] meets a great body ( wat] t is /ill1 or has curr5ts contr>y to t ( ! riv]4 ,d y see a little dead fi% 9 ! wat]8 ,x is on ! way to become a fossil1 & ! mud t sifts ov] x1 to become a lay] ( slate4 ,e sea%ore buries its dead 9 lay]s ( s& & mud4 ,,! ,,cru/ ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,x is h>d to believe t our solid e>? 0 once a ball ( see?+ liquid1 l ! r$-hot iron t is p\r$ out ( ! big clay cups into ! s& m\lds at an iron f\ndry4 ,b :5 a m\nta9 l ,vesuvius sets up a mighty rumbl+1 & f9ally a mass ( :ite-hot lava bur/s f ! c5tre & /reams d[n ! sides1 cov]+ ! v9ey>ds & olive or*>ds1 & driv+ ! p out ( _! homes 9 t]ror1 x seems z if ! e>?'s cru/ mu/ be b a ?9 & frail affair1 cov]+ a fi]y int]ior1 :i* might at any "t break out4 ,! p :o live ne> volcanoes might easily get ?is idea4 ,b !y d n4 ,!y g back z soon z ! lava /reams are cool$1 & rebuild _! homes1 & plant m or*>ds & v9ey>ds4 ,x is s _m ye>s1 say !y to "o ano!r1 s9ce ! la/ bad eruption4 ,vesuvius w probably sleep n[ till we are dead & gone4 ,?is is good reason+4 ,!re are few active volcanoes left on ! e>?1 comp>$ ) ! numb] t 7 once active1 & long ago became ext9ct4 ,& ! "t betwe5 eruptions ( ! active ones gr[s long]2 ! eruptions less viol5t4 ,t]rible z 7 ! rec5t e>?quakes ( ,san ,francisco & ,mess9a1 ?is =m ( di/urbance ( ! e>?'s cru/ is gr[+ con/antly less frequ5t4 ,! e>? is gr[+ cool] z x gr[s old]2 ! cru/ ?ick5s & gr[s /rong] z c5turies pass4 ,we h be5 /udy+ ! e>? only a few hundr$ ye>s4 ,! cru/ has be5 cool+ = millions ( ye>s1 & m\nta9-mak+ 0 ! result ( ! %r9k+ ( ! cru/4 ,t =m$ folds & clefts1 & let masses ( ! heat$ sub/ance p\r out on ! surface4 ,my fir/ geography lesson ,i %all nev] =get4 ,! new tea*] _h v bright eyes & su* pretty h&s6 ,%e held up a r$ apple1 & told u t ! e>?'s sub/ance 0 melt$ & burn+1 inside its cru/1 :i* 0 ab\t z ?ick1 9 proportion to ! size ( ! globe1 z ! sk9 ( ! apple4 ,i 0 fill$ ) wond] & fe>4 ,:at if we *ildr5 jump$ ! rope s h>d z to break ?r\gh ! fragile %ell1 & drop out ( sight 9 a sea ( fi]y metal1 l melt$ iron8 ,"s ( ! boys didn't believe x1 b !y 7 impress$1 nev]!less4 ,! !ory ( ! heat$ int]ior ( ! e>? is /ill believ$1 b ! idea t flames & bubbl+ metals are enclos$ 9 ! out] lay] ( solid matt] has g5]ally be5 ab&on$4 ,! p[] t draws all ( its p>ticles t[>d ! e>?'s c5tre is /at$ by ! laws ( gravitation4 ,! am\nt ( pull is ! measure ( ! weight ( any sub/ance4 ,lift a /one1 & !n a fea!r pill[1 mu* l>g] ?an ! /one4 ,"o is /rongly drawn to ! e>?2 ! o!r n4 ,"o is heavy1 we say1 ! o!r light4 ,if a /one y c pick up is heavy1 h[ mu* heavi] is a great b\ld] t x takes a f\r-horse team to haul4 ,:at trem5d\s weight !re is 9 all ! b\ld]s scatt]$ on a hillside6 ,! hill itself c\ld n be made level )\t digg+ away ?\s&s ( tons ( e>?4 ,! e>?'s out] cru/1 ) its miles 9 dep? ( m\nta9s & level gr\nd1 is a cru%+ weight ly+ on ! heat$ "u-sub/ance4 ,e foot ( dep? adds greatly to ! pressure ex]t$ ^u ! mass1 = ! attraction ( gravitation increases amaz+ly z ! c5tre ( ! e>? is approa*$4 ,x is n[ believ$ t ! e>? is solid to its c5tre1 ?\gh heat$ to a high degree4 ,t]rific pressure1 :i* causes ?is heat1 is ex]t$ by ! weight ( ! cru/4 ,a crack 9 ! cru/ may relieve ?is pressure at "s po9t1 & a mass ( sub/ance may be =c$ out & bur/ into a flam+ /ream ( lava4 ,su* an eruption is famili> 9 volcanic regions4 ,! fact t r$-hot lava /reams f ! crat] ( ,vesuvius is no pro( t x 0 see?+ & bubbl+ :ile f> bel[ ! surface4 ,volcanoes1 geys]s1 & hot spr+s prove t ! e>?'s int]ior is hot4 ,! cru/ is froz5 ! ye> ar\nd 9 ! pol> regions1 & nev] betwe5 ! ,tropics ( ,canc] & ,capricorn4 ,! sun's rays produce our diff]5t climates1 b !y affect only ! surface4 ,und]gr\nd1 !re is a rise ( a degree ( temp]ature = e fifty feet "o goes d[n4 ,! l[e/ m9e %aft is ab\t a mile deep4 ,t is only "o f\r-?\s&? ( ! di/ance to ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,by an easy computation we c\ld locate ! kn[n melt+-po9t = metals & o!r rock mat]ials4 ,b "o degree = ea* fifty feet ( dep? bel[ ! surface may n be correct = ! second mile1 z x is = ! fir/4 ,aga91 ! melt+-po9t is probably a great deal high] = sub/ances "u great pressure4 ,! weight ( ! cru/ is a burd5 ! "u-rocks be>4 ,probably ! pressure on e squ>e in* rea*es ?\s&s ( tons4 ,c\ld any sub/ance become liquid ) su* a weight ^u x1 :atev] heat x atta9$8 ,nobody c answ] ?is "q4 ,! !ory t volcanoes are *imneys connect+ lakes ( burn+ lava ) ! surface ( ! e>? is discr$it$ by geologi/s4 ,! weight ( ! ov]ly+ cru/ w\ld1 !y ?9k1 close su* *amb]s1 & r$uce liquids to a solid condition4 ,s9ce ! fir/ l& rose above ! sea1 ! cru/ ( ! e>? has gradually become m /able1 b ev5 n[ !re is sc>cely a day :5 ! in/rum5ts call$ seismographs d n record e>?quake %ocks 9 "s "p ( ! e>?2 & ! outbreaks ( ,vesuvius & tna1 ! con/ant boil+ ( lava 9 ! crat]s ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s & o!r volcanic c5tres1 prove t ev5 n[ ! e>?'s cru/ is v ?9 & un/able4 ,! fur!r back 9 "t we g1 ! ?9n] 0 ! cru/1 ! m frequ5t ! outbur/s ( volcanic activity1 ! m readily did wr9kles =m4 ,! %ores ( ,new ,j]sey & ( ,gre5l& are gradually s9k+1 & ! sea com+ up ov] ! l&4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w are gradually ris+ out ( ! sea4 ,9 e>li] times ! ris+ or ! s9k+ ( l& ov] l>ge areas happ5$ mu* m frequ5tly ?an n[4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,e>? ,,made ,,(8 ,bak+ day is a great in/itution 9 ! com=table f>m life ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,! big range ov5 is n all[$ to gr[ cold until r[s ( pies adorn ! pantry %elves1 & cakes1 t>ts1 & g5]\s loaves ( bread are add$ to ! /ore4 ,cookies1 p]haps1 & a big pan full ( crisp1 br[n d\ghnuts (t5 cr[n ! day's "w4 ,no gall]y ( art treasures w ev] *>m ! gr[n-up boys & girls z ^? pantry %elves *>m$ ! bright-ey$1 hungry *ildr51 :o 7 all[$ to survey ! treasure-h\se1 & sample its good ?+s :ile !y 7 /ill w>m4 ,y c\ld c\nt a doz5 diff]5t k9ds ( cakes & pies1 rolls & cookies on ^? pantry %elves1 yet sev]al ( !m 7 made out ( ! same d\gh4 ,in/ead ( a loaf ( bread1 "m c\ld make two or ?ree k9ds ( c(fee cake1 or c9namon rolls1 or currant buns1 or ,p>k]-,h\se rolls4 ,ev5 ! pa/ry1 :i* made ! pies & t>ts1 0 n s diff]5t f ! bread d\gh1 = ea* 0 made ( fl\r1 & conta9$1 besides ! salt1 %ort5+1 :i* 0 butt] or l>d4 ,sug> 0 us$ 9 ev]y?+1 f ! bread1 :i* _h a table-spoonful1 to ! cookies1 :i* 7 f9i%$ ) a sift+ ( sug> on top4 ,h[ mu* ( ! food we eat is made ( a v few /aple food/uffs1--/>*1 sug>1 fats6 ,s 9 ! wond]ful e>? & all t gr[s out ( x & lives ^u x4 ,only sev5ty diff]5t elem5ts h be5 discov]$1 c\nt+1 besides ! e>?1 ! wat] & ! air1 & ev5 ! /range w&]+ bodies1 call$ meteorites1 t fall ^u ! e>? out ( ! sky4 ,l ! fl\r 9 ! diff]5t cakes & pies1 ! elem5t c>bon is f\nd 9 abundance & 9 /rangely diff]5t comb9ations4 ,z a gas1 9 comb9ation ) oxyg51 x is brea!d out ( our lungs1 & out ( *imneys :]e coal & wood are burn$4 ,x =ms a l>ge "p ( ! framework ( trees & o!r plants1 & rema9s z *>coal :5 ! wood is sl[ly burn$ "u a close cov]+4 ,!re is a good proportion ( c>bon 9 animal bodies1 9 ! bones z well z ! s(t p>ts1 & c>bon is pl5tiful 9 ! m9]al sub/ances ( ! e>?4 ,! *emi/ is ! man :o has det]m9$ = u ! exi/5ce & ! di/ribution ( ! sev5ty elem5ts4 ,he f9ds !m 9 ! solid sub/ances ( ! globe & 9 ! wat] t cov]s f\r-fif?s ( its surface2 9 ! atmosph]e t cov]s sea & l&1 & 9 all ! liv+ =ms ( plants & animals t live 9 ! seas & on ! l&4 ,by means ( an in/rum5t call$ ! spectroscope1 ! heav5ly bodies are prov$ to be made ( ! same sub/ances t are f\nd 9 ! rocks4 ,! sun tells :at x is made (1 & "o pro( t ! e>? is a *ild ( ! sun is 9 ! fact t ! same elem5ts are f\nd 9 ! sub/ance ( bo?4 ,( ! sev5ty elem5ts1 ! mo/ important are ^!3 ,oxyg51 silicon1 alum9um1 iron1 manganese1 calcium1 magnesium1 potassium1 sodium1 c>bon1 hydrog51 phosphorus1 sulphur1 *lor9e1 nitrog54 ,oxyg5 is ! mo/ pl5tiful & ! mo/ important elem5t4 ,"o-fif? ( ! air we brea! is oxyg52 "o-?ird ( ! wat] we dr9k4 ,! rock f\ndations ( ! e>? are ne>ly "o-half oxyg54 ,no fire c burn1 no plant or animal c gr[1 or ev5 decay aft] x dies1 unless oxyg5 is pres5t & takes an active "p 9 ea* process4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ?is wond]ful elem5t is invisible4 ,we op5 a w9d[1 & pure air1 ri* 9 oxyg51 comes 9 & takes ! place ( ! bad air b we _c see ! *ange4 ,wat] we see1 b if ! oxyg5 & ! hydrog5 :i* compose ! col\rless liquid 7 sep>at$1 ea* w\ld become at once an invisible gas4 ,! oxyg5 ( solid rocks exi/s only 9 comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts4 ,silicon is ! elem5t :i*1 unit$ ) oxyg51 makes ! rock call$ qu>tz4 ,on ! sea%ore ! *ildr5 are busy ) _! pails & %ovels digg+ 9 ! :ite1 clean s&4 ,^! gra9s are ( qu>tz1--f9e cry/als ( a rock :i* =ms ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! solid e>?'s sub/ance4 ,n only 9 rocks1 b out "h 9 ! g>d51 ! soil is full ( p>ticles ( s&4 ,y _c get away f x4 ,alum9um is a light1 blui%-:ite metal :i* we "k be/ 9 exp5sive cook+ ut5sils4 ,x is m abundant ev5 ?an iron1 b processes ( extract+ x f ! clay are /ill exp5sive4 ,x is (t5e/ f\nd 9 comb9ation ) oxyg5 & silicon4 ,:ile ne>ly "o-t5? ( ! e>?'s cru/ is compos$ ( ! metal alum9um1 f\r-fif?s & m is compos$ ( ! m9]als call$ silicates ( alum9um--oxyg51 silicon1 & alum9um 9 v>i\s comb9ations4 ,x is m pl5tiful ?an any o!r sub/ance 9 rocks & 9 ! clays & ord9>y soils1 :i* are ! f9ely gr\nd p>ticles ( rock mat]ial4 ,iron is "o ( ! commone/ ( elem5ts4 ,we "k x by its r$ col\r4 ,a ru/y nail is cov]$ ) oxide ( iron1 a comb9ation :i* is readily =m$ :]ev] iron is expos$ to ! action ( wat] or air4 ,y h se5 yell[i% or r$ /reaks 9 clefts ( ! rocks4 ,?is %[s :]e wat] has dissolv$ out ! iron & =m$ ! oxide4 ,! r$ col\r ( ,new ,j]sey soil is due to ! iron x conta9s4 ,inde$1 ! :ole e>?'s cru/ is ri* 9 iron :i* ! wat] easily dissolves4 ,! roots ( plants take up quantities ( iron 9 solution & ?is m\nts to ! blossoms1 leaves1 & fruit4 ,! r$ or yell[ col\r ( autumn leaves1 ( apples1 ( /rawb]ries1 ( tulips1 & ( roses1 is produc$ by iron4 ,! rosy *eeks ( *ildr5 are due to iron 9 ! food !y eat & 9 ! wat] !y dr9k4 ,! doctor b foll[s ! sugge/ion ( nature :5 he gives a pale & li/less p]son a tonic ( iron to make 8 blood r$4 ,iron is r>ely f\nd free1 b x =ms ab\t five p] c5t4 ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 & x is believ$ to =m at lea/ "o-fif? ( ! unkn[n c5tre ( ! e>?1 ! bulk ( ! globe1 ! weight ( :i* we "k1 b conc]n+ ! sub/ance ( :i* we c say little t is positive4 ,manganese is n a conspicu\s elem5t1 b is f\nd unit$ ) oxyg5 9 purpli% or black /reaks on ! sides ( rocks4 ,x is some:at l iron1 b mu* less common4 ,calcium is ! elem5t t is ! f\ndation ( lime/ones4 ,! skeletons & %ells ( animals are made ( calcite1 a common m9]al =m$ by ! unit+ ( c>bon1 oxyg51 & calcium4 ,m>bles are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ p]man5t =m ( ! lime/one rocks4 ,h>d wat] has filt]$ ?r\gh rocks conta9+ calcite1 & absorb$ p>ticles ( ?is m9]al4 ,f wat] ?us impregnat$1 all animal life on ! e>? obta9s its bone-build+ & %ell-build+ mat]ials4 ,c>bon =ms a l>ge "p ( ! tissues ( plants & animals1 & 9 ! rema9s ( ^! x is *iefly f\nd 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,:5 ^! burn or decay1 ! c>bon rema9s z *>coal or escapes to ! air 9 union ) oxyg5 z ! well kn[n c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important foods ( plants4 ,jo9$ ) calcium x =ms ! m9]al calcite1 or c>bonate ( lime4 ,hydrog5 is "o ( ! two gases t unite to =m wat]4 ,oxyg5 is ! o!r4 ,_m k9ds ( rock conta9 a consid]able am\nt ( wat]4 ,surface wat] s9ks into por\s soils & rocks1 & accumulates 9 pockets & ve9s :i* fe$ spr+s1 & are ! res]ve wat] supply t keeps our riv]s fl[+1 ev5 ?r\gh dry wea!r4 ,m wat] is held by absorption 9 ! e>?'s solid cru/ ?an 9 all ! oceans & seas & great lakes4 ,hydrog51 comb9$ ) c>bon1 occurs 9 solid rocks :]e ! rema9s ( plants & animals h sl[ly decay$4 ,f su* processes ! s-call$ hydroc>bons1 rock oil & natural gas1 h accumulat$4 ,:5 su* decay goes on above gr\nd1 ^! valuable products escape into ! air4 ,m>% gas1 ^: feeble flame above decay+ vegetation is ! w-o'-!-wisp ( swamps1 is an example4 ,magnesium1 potassium1 & sodium are f\nd 9 equal quantities 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 b nev] free4 ,9 union ) *lor9e1 ea* =ms a soluble salt1 & is ?us f\nd 9 wat]4 ,common salt1 *loride ( sodium1 is ! mo/ abundant ( ^!4 ,wat] dissolves salt out ( ! rocks1 & c>ries x into ! sea4 ,cl\ds t rise by ! evaporation ( ocean wat] leave ! salt beh9d1 h5ce ! seas are becom+ m & m salty1 = ! riv]s c>ry salt to ! oceans1 :i* hold fa/ all !y get4 ,phosphorus is an elem5t f\nd unit$ ) oxyg5 9 ! tissues ( bo? plants & animals4 ,x is mo/ abundant 9 bones4 ,rocks conta9+ fossil bones are ri* 9 lime phosphates1 :i* are important comm]cial f]tiliz]s = enri*+ ! soil4 ,b$s ( ^! rocks are f\nd & m9$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & else:]e4 ,sulphur is well kn[n z a yell[ p[d] f\nd mo/ pl5tifully 9 rocks t are ne> volcanoes4 ,x is a ne$$ elem5t 9 plant & animal bodies4 ,x occurs 9 rocks1 unit$ ) _m diff]5t elem5ts4 ,9 union ) oxyg5 & a metal x =ms ! gr\p ( m9]als call$ sulphates4 ,9 union ) iron x =ms sulphide ( iron4 ,! fool's gold :i* ,capta9 ,john ,smi?'s coloni/s f\nd 9 ! s& at ,jame/[n1 0 ?is wor?less iron pyrites4 ,*lor9e is a gre5i%1 yell[ gas1 v heavy1 & dang]\s to inhale4 ,if x gets into ! lungs1 x settles into ! l[e/ levels1 & "o mu/ /& on "o's head to get x out4 ,z an elem5t ( ! e>?'s cru/ x is n v pl5tiful1 b x is a "p ( all ! *lorides ( sodium1 magnesium1 & potassium4 ,9 salt1 x =ms two p] c5t4 ( ! sea wat]4 ,x is mu* less abundant 9 ! rocks4 ,to ^! elem5ts we might add nitrog51 t invisible gas :i* =ms ne>ly f\r-fif?s ( our atmosph]e1 & is a mo/ important elem5t ( plant food 9 ! soil4 ,mo/ ( ! sev5ty elem5ts are v r>e4 ,_m are metals1 l gold & iron & silv]4 ,"s are n metals4 ,"s are solid4 ,a few are liquid1 l ! metal m]cury1 & sev]al are gase\s4 ,"s are free & pure1 & %[ no disposition to unite ) o!rs4 ,nuggets ( gold are examples ( ?is4 ,"s exi/ only 9 union ) o!r elem5ts4 ,?is is ! common rule among ! elem5ts4 ,*anges are con/antly go+ on4 ,! elem5ts are con/antly ab&on+ old p>tn]%ips & =m+ new ones4 ,gr[? & decay ( plant & animal life are b p>ts ( ! great programme ( con/ant *ange :i* is go+ on & has be5 9 progress s9ce ! _w began4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,dry ,,l& ,:5 ! e>?'s cru/ fir/ =m$ x 0 /ill hot1 ?\gh n s hot z :5 x 0 a mass ( melt$1 gl[+ sub/ance4 ,z x mov$ ?r\gh ! cold spaces ( ! sky1 x lo/ m heat & its cru/ became ?ick]4 ,at l5g? ! cl\d masses became cond5s$ en\gh to fall 9 torr5ts ( wat]1 & a great sea cov]$ all ! l&4 ,?is 0 be=e any liv+ ?+1 plant or animal1 exi/$ on our planet4 ,c y imag9e ! cont95ts & isl&s t =m ! l& "p ( a map or globe sudd5ly ov]:elm$ by ! oceans1 ! names & b\nd>ies ( :i* y h tak5 su* pa9s to le>n 9 ! /udy ( geography8 ,! globe w\ld be "o blank ( blue wat]1 & geography w\ld be aboli%$--& !re w\ld be nobody to /udy x4 ,possibly ! fi%es 9 ! sea might n notice any *ange 9 ! c\rse ( _! lives1 except :5 !y swam among ! ru9s ( buri$ cities & pe]$ into ! w9d[s ( high build+s1 or wond]$ :at new k9d ( seawe$ x 0 :5 !y came ^u a subm]g$ =e/4 ,9 t old "t ( ! great sea t cov]$ ! globe1 we are told t !re 0 a d5se atmosph]e ov] ! face ( ! deep4 ,s ?+s 7 %ap+ !mselves = ! f>-(f "t :5 life %\ld exi/1 n only 9 ! sea1 :]e ! fir/ life did appe>1 b on l&4 ,b x took millions ( ye>s to fit ! e>? = liv+ ?+s4 ,! cool+ ( ! e>? made x %r9k1 & ! cru/ began to be fold$ into g5tle curves1 z ! sk9 ( a %runk5 apple becomes wr9kl$ on ! fle%4 ,"s ( ^! creases m]ely *ang$ ! dep? ( wat] on ! sea bottom2 b "o ridge 0 lift$ above ! wat]4 ,! wat] p>t$ & /ream$ d[n its slop+ sides1 & a granite reef1 :i* %one 9 ! sun%9e1 became ! fir/ dry l&4 ,x lay ea/ & we/1 & /ret*$ = _m miles4 ,x is /ill dry l& & is a "p ( our own cont95t4 ,n[ x is b a small "p ( ! c\ntry1 b x is kn[n by geologi/s1 :o c tell its b\nd>ies1 ?\gh new] l& jo9s x on e side4 ,x is nam$ ! ,laur5tian ,hills1 on geological maps4 ,its s\!rn bord] rea*es along ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,great ,lakes to ! head-wat]s ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,f ?is base1 two ridges are lift$1 =m+ a colossal ,v4 ,"o ext5ds nor!a/ to ,nova ,scotia2 ! o!r nor?we/ to ! ,arctic seas4 ,! ,v encloses ,hudson ,bay4 ,besides ?is fir/ elongat$ isl& ( b>e rocks1 l& appe>$ 9 a /rip :]e n[ ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s /ret* f ,new ,engl& to ,georgia4 ,! o!r side ( ! cont95t lift$ up two folds ( ! cru/ above sea level4 ,!y are ! ma9 ridges ( ! ,colorado & ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s4 ,possibly ! ma9 ridge ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada rose also at ?is "t4 ,! ,oz>k gr\p ( m\nta9s1 too1 %[$ z a few isl& peaks above ! sea4 ,^! fir/ rocks 7 rapidly eat5 away1 = ! atmosph]e 0 n l ours1 b heavily *>g$ ) de/ructive gases1 :i* did m1 we believe1 to dis9tegrate ! expos$ rock surfaces ?an did ! two o!r =ces1 w9d & wat]1 comb9$4 ,! s$im5t wa%$ d[n to ! sea by ra9s1 accumulat$ along ! %ores1 fill+ ! %all[s & ?us add+ to ! wid? ( ! l& areas4 ,! anci5t granite ridge ( ! ,laur5tian ,hills is n[ l[1 & slopes g5tly4 ,?is is true ( all v old m\nta9s4 ,! new] ones are high & /eep4 ,x takes "t to gr9d d[n ! peaks & c>ry (f ! wa/e mat]ial loos5$ by erosion4 ,f> m mat]ial ?an c\ld h be5 wa%$ d[n ! slopes ( ! fir/ l& ridges came directly f ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & spread out 9 va/1 subm>9e lay]s ^u ! e>ly cru/4 ,volcanic crat]s op5$ "u wat]1 & p\r$ out liquid m9]al matt]1 t fl[$ ov] ! sea bottom be=e x cool$4 ,imag9e ! commotion t agitat$ ! wat] z ^! subm]g$ *imneys blew (f _! lids1 & dis*>g$ _! fi]y cont5ts6 ,x 0 long be=e ! sea 0 cool en\gh to be ! home ( liv+ ?+s4 ,! lay]s ( rock t =m$ "u ! sea dur+ ?is p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory are ( enorm\s ?ickness4 ,!y 7 f\r or five miles deep along ! ,laur5tian ,hills4 ,!y broad5$ ! orig9al granite ridge by fill+ ! sea bottom along ! %ores4 ,! backbones ( ! ,appala*ian sy/em & ! ,cordill]as 7 built up 9 ! same way--! olde/ rocks 7 worn away1 & _! dbris built up new] ones 9 /rata4 ,:5 ^! lay]s ( rock became dry l&1 ! e>?'s cru/ 0 mu* m /able & cool ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e4 ,! va/ rock-build+ ( t era equals all t has be5 done s9ce4 ,! lay]s ( rocks =m$ s9ce !n d n equal ! total ?ickness ( ^! fir/ /rata4 ,s we believe t ! "t requir$ to build ^? ,ar*an rock f\ndations equals or surpasses ! va/ p]iod t has elaps$ s9ce ! ,ar*an /rata 7 =m$4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica has gr[n ar\nd ^? old granite ridges by ! gradual ris+ ( ! %ores4 ,! geologi/ may walk along ! ,laur5tian ,hills1 t p>t$ ! wat]s into a nor!rn & a s\!rn ocean4 ,he crosses ! rocky b$s deposit$ ^u ! granite2 !n ! successive b$s =m$ z ! l& rose & ! ocean rec$$4 ,age aft] age is record$ 9 ! rocks4 ,gradually ! sea is cr[d$ back1 & ! l& masses1 ea/1 we/1 & nor?1 meet to =m ! cont95t4 ,n[h]e on ! e>? are ! /eps ( cont95tal gr[? %[n 9 unbrok5 sequ5ce z !y are 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,h[ long ago did ^? fir/ isl&s appe> above ! sea8 ,nobody v5tures a def9ite answ] to ?is "q4 ,no "o has ! means ( kn[+4 ,b ^? :o "k mo/ ab\t x e/imate t at ! lea/ "o hundr$ million ye>s h pass$ s9ce !n--"o hundr$ ?\s& ?\s& ye>s6 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,granite ,9 ,e village cemet]y x is easy to f9d %afts ( gray or speckl$ granite1 ! poli%$ surfaces ( :i* %[ t ! granite is made ( small bits ( diff]5t col\r$ m9]als1 cem5t$ toge!r into solid rock4 ,outside ! gate y w usually f9d a place :]e monum5ts & grave/ones may be b\ght4 ,"h !re is usually a /onecutt] *ipp+ away on a block ) 8 grav+ tools4 ,he is a man wor? kn[+1 & because 8 "w is r monoton\s he w probably be glad to talk to a *ance visitor & answ] que/ions ab\t ! diff]5t k9ds ( /one on :i* he works4 ,!re are bits ( granite ly+ ab\t on ! gr\nd4 ,if y h a h&-glass ( l[ p[]1 su* z ! botany class uses to exam9e ! p>ts ( fl[]s1 x w be int]e/+ to look ?r\gh x & see ! magnifi$ surface ( a flake ( brok5 granite4 ,"h are bits ( glassy qu>tz1 cle> & sp>kl+ 9 ! sun4 ,black & :ite may be all ! col\rs y make out 9 ?is specim51 or x may be t y see specks ( p9k1 d>k gre51 gray1 & smoky br[n1 all cem5t$ toge!r ) no spaces t are n fill$4 ,! p>ticles ( qu>tz are ( v>i\s col\rs1 & are v h>d4 ,!y scrat* glass1 & y _c scrat* !m ) ! /eel po9t ( y\r knife1 z y c scrat* ! o!r m9]als associat$ ) ! gra9s ( qu>tz4 ,granite is made ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica1 sometimes ) add$ p>ticles ( hornbl5de4 ,feldsp> p>ticles h z wide a range ( col\r z qu>tz1 b x is easy to tell ! two ap>t4 ,a knife w scrat* feldsp>1 z x is n s h>d z qu>tz4 ,! cry/als ( feldsp> h smoo? faces1 :ile qu>tz breaks ) a r\gh surface z glass does4 ,feldsp> loses its glassy lu/re :5 expos$ to ! wea!r1 & becomes dull1 ) ! s(t lu/re ( pe>l4 ,mica may be cle> & glassy1 & x ranges 9 col\r f transp>5cy ?r\gh v>i\s %ades ( br[n to black4 ,x has ! peculi>ity ( splitt+ into ?91 leaf-l1 flexible %eets1 s x is easy to f9d out :i* p>ticles 9 a piece ( granite are mica4 ,"o has only to use "o's pocket knife ) a little c>e4 ,hornbl5de is a d>k m9]al :i* conta9s consid]able iron4 ,x is f\nd 9 lavas & granites1 :]e x easily decays by ! ru/+ ( ! iron4 ,x is n unusual to see a r\gh granite b\ld] /reak$ ) d>k r$ ru/ f ?is cause4 ,! crumbl+ ( granite is con/antly go+ on z a result ( ! exposure ( its f\r m9]al elem5ts to ! air4 ,qu>tz is ! mo/ /able & resi/ant to wea!r+4 ,soil wat] trickl+ ov] a granite cliff has little effect on ! qu>tz p>ticles2 b x dissolves out "s ( ! silicon4 ,! bits ( feldsp> are ev5 m resi/ant to wat] ?an qu>tz is1 b ! air causes !m to decay rapidly1 & f9ally to fall away 9 a sort ( mealy clay4 ,mica1 l feldsp>1 decays easily4 ,its sub/ance is dissolv$ by wat] & c>ri$ away to become a k9d ( clay4 ,! hornbl5de ru/s away *iefly "u ! influ5ce ( moi/ air & trickl+ wat]4 ,we ?9k ( granite z a firm1 imp]i%able k9d ( rock1 & use x 9 great build+s l *ur*es & ca!drals t are to /& = c5turies4 ,b ! faces t are expos$ to ! air suff]1 especially 9 regions hav+ a moi/ climate4 ,! signs ( decay are pla9ly visible on ! out] surfaces ( ^! /ones4 ,=tunate x is t ! wea!r+ process _c g v deep4 ,! glassy poli% on a smoo? granite %aft is ! silicon :i* acts z a cem5t to b9d all ! p>ticles toge!r4 ,x is resi/ant to ! wea!r4 ,a poli%$ %aft w la/ long] ?an an unpoli%$ "o4 ,granites diff] 9 col\r+ because ! m9]als t compose !m1 ! feldsp>s1 qu>tzes1 micas1 & hornbl5des1 h ea* s wide a range ( col\r4 ,aga91 ! proportions ( ! diff]5t m9]al elem5ts v>y greatly 9 diff]5t granites4 ,a b&$ granite ! col\rs ( :i* give x a /ratifi$ appe>ance is call$ a gneiss4 ,we h spok5 be=e ( ! sev5ty elem5ts f\nd 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,a m9]al is a union ( two or m ( ^! diff]5t elem5ts2 & we h f\nd f\r m9]als compos+ our granite rock4 ,x may be int]e/+ to g back & inquire :at elem5ts compose ^! f\r m9]als4 ,qu>tz is made ( silicon & oxyg54 ,feldsp> is made ( silicon1 oxyg51 & alum9um4 ,mica is made ( silicon1 oxyg51 & c>bon1 ) "s m+l+ ( potassium & iron & o!r elem5ts 9 diff]+ proportions4 ,hornbl5de is made ( silicon1 oxyg51 c>bon1 & iron4 ,! crumbl+ ( a granite rock sep>ates ! m9]als t compose x1 r$uc+ "s to ! condition ( clay1 o!rs to gra9s ( s&4 ,"s ( ! elem5ts let g _! union & become free to =m new unions4 ,wat] & w9d ga!r up ! fragm5ts ( crumbl+ granite & c>ry !m away4 ,! feldsp> & mica fragm5ts =m clay2 ! qu>tz fragm5ts1 s&4 ,all ( ! s&/ones & slates1 ! s&-banks & s& bea*es1 are made out ( crumbl$ granite1 ! rocky f\ndations ( ! e>?4 ,,metamorphic ,,rocks ,9 ! dawn ( life on ! e>?1 s(t-bodi$ creatures1 l[e/ 9 ! scale ( be+1 inhabit$ ! sea4 ,! anci5t volcanoes ! subt]ranean eruptions ( :i* _h spread lay]s ( m9]al sub/ance on ! ocean floor1 & heat$ ! wat] to a high degree1 _h subsid$4 ,! ocean 0 suffici5tly cool to ma9ta9 life4 ,! l& 0 be+ worn d[n1 & its dbris wa%$ into ! ocean4 ,! fir/ s&-banks 7 accumulat+ along s&y %ores4 ,! f9] s$im5t 0 c>ri$ f>!r out & deposit$ z mud-banks4 ,^! 7 buri$ "u lat] deposits1 & f9ally1 by ! ris+ ( ! e>?'s cru/1 !y became dry l&4 ,"t & pressure conv]t$ ! s&-banks into s&/ones2 ! mud-banks into clay4 ,! rema9s ( liv+ creatures utt]ly disappe>$1 = !y _h no h>d p>ts to be pres]v$ z fossils4 ,! %r9k+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ _h crumpl$ into folds ( ! utmo/ complexity ^? horizontal lay]s ( lava rock p\r$ out on ! ocean floor4 ,next1 ! same =ces attack$ ! ?ick rock lay]s =m$ out ( s$im5t--! aque\s or wat]-=m$ s&/ones & clays4 ,! core ( ! globe contracts1 & ! =ce t crumples ! cru/ to fit ! core g5]ates heat4 ,! alkal9e wat] 9 ! rocks jo9s ) ! heat produc$ by ! crumpl+ & cru%+ =ces1 act+ d[nw>d1 & f ! sides1 to trans=m pure s&/one into glassy qu>tzite1 & clay into slate4 ,9 o!r words1 wat]-=m$ rocks are bak$ until !y become fire-=m$ rocks4 ,!y are :at ! geologi/ calls metamorphic1 :i* means *ang$4 ,9 _m m\nta9\s regions !re are breaks ?r\gh ! /rata ( s&/one & slates & lime/ones1 ?r\gh :i* /reams ( lava h p\r$ =? f ! heat$ int]ior4 ,along ! sides ( ^! fissures ! hot lava has *ang$ all ! rocks x t\*$4 ,! heat ( ! volcanic rock matt] has melt$ ! silica 9 ! s&1 :i* has h>d5$ aga9 into a cry/all9e sub/ance l glass4 ,h y ev] visit$ a brick-y>d8 ,"h m5 are sift+ clay dug out ( a pit or ! side ( a hill1 add+ s& f a s&-bank1 & 9 a big mix+ box1 /irr+ ^! two dry +r$i5ts ) wat] into a ?ick pa/e4 ,?is d\gh is m\ld$ into bricks1 sun-dri$1 & !n bak$ 9 kilns !mselves built ( bricks4 ,at ! end ( ! bak+1 ! s(t1 d\ghy clay block is trans=m$ into a h>d1 glassy1 or dull brick4 ,f aque\s rock mat]ials1 fire has produc$ a metamorphic rock4 ,volcanic action is imitat$ 9 ?is common1 simple process ( brickmak+4 ,milwaukee brick is made ( clay t has no iron 9 x4 ,= ?is reason ! bricks are yell[ aft] bak+4 ,mo/ bricks are r$1 on acc\nt ( ! iron 9 ! clay1 :i* is conv]t$ into a r$ oxide1 or ru/1 by wat] & heat4 ,common fl[] pots & ! tiles us$ 9 dra9+ wet l& are n glaz$1 z h>d-burn$ bricks are4 ,! bak+ ( ^! clay ?+s is done ) mu* less heat4 ,!y are left some:at por\s4 ,b ! tiles ( ro(s are bak$ h>d]1 & get a surface glaze by ! melt+ ( ! glassy p>ticles ( ! s&4 ,z bricks v>y 9 col\r & quality accord+ to ! mat]ials t compose !m1 s ! metamorphic rocks diff]4 ,! :ite s& "o sees on _m bea*es is l>gely qu>tz4 ,?is is ! sub/ance ( pure1 :ite s&/one4 ,metamorphism melts ! silica into a glassy liquid cem5t2 ! p>ticles are b\nd close toge!r on cool+4 ,! rock becomes a :ite1 granul> qu>tzite1 t looks l loaf sug>4 ,if b&$1 x is call$ gneiss4 ,su* rocks take a f9e poli%4 ,pure lime/one is also :ite & granul>4 ,:5 metamorphos$ by heat1 x becomes :ite m>ble4 ,! glassy cem5t t holds ! p>ticles ( lime c>bonate %[s z ! glaze ( ! poli%$ surface4 ,x is silica4 ,"o sees ! same m9]al on ! face ( poli%$ granite4 ,clays are r>ely pure4 ,kaol9 is a :ite clay :i*1 :5 bak$1 becomes porcela94 ,*9a-w>e is artificially metamorphos$ kaol94 ,9 ! e>ly rocks ! clay b$s 7 trans=m$ by heat into jasp] & slates4 ,9 b$s :]e clay m+l$ ) s&1 9 lay]s1 gneiss 0 =m$4 ,if mica is a prom95t elem5t1 ! metamorphic rock is easily p>t$ into ov]lapp+1 scaly lay]s4 ,x is a mica s*i/4 ,if hornbl5de is ! mo/ abundant m9]al1 ! same scaly /ructure %[s 9 a d>k rock call$ hornbl5de s*i/1 ri* 9 iron4 ,a s*i/ conta9+ mu* magnesia is call$ s]p5t9e4 ,! bricks ( ! wall1 ! tiles on ! ro(1 ! fl[] pots on ! w9d[ sill1 & ! di%es on ! breakfa/ table1 are examples ( metamorphic rocks made by man's skill1 by ! use ( fire & wat] act+ on s& & clay4 ,pott]y has pres]v$ ! record ( civilization1 f ! mak+ ( ! fir/ crude ut5sils by cave m5 to ! f9e/ expression ( decorative art 9 glass & porcela94 ,! *oice/ mat]ial ( ! build] & ! sculptor is lime/one bak$ by ! fires "u ! e>?'s cru/ into m>ble4 ,! mo/ endur+ ( all ! rocks are ! f\ndation granite1 & ! metamorphic rocks t lie next to !m4 ,ov] ^! lie ?ick lay]s ( s$im5t>y rocks laid d[n by wat]4 ,9 !m ! record ( life on ! e>? is writt5 9 fossils4 ,,! ,,air ,,9 ,,motion ,mo/ ( ! beautiful ?+s t surr\nd u & make our lives full ( happ9ess appeal to "o or m ( our five s5ses4 ,! gre5 trees we c see1 ! bird songs we he>1 ! p]fume ( honey-lad5 fl[]s we smell1 ! velvety smoo?ness ( a pea* we feel1 & its ri* pulp we ta/e4 ,b ov] all & ?r\gh all ! ?+s we see & feel & he> & ta/e & smell1 is ! life-giv+ air1 t lies l a blanket1 miles 9 dep?1 ^u ! e>?4 ,! sub/ance :i* makes ! life ( plants & animals possible is1 :5 motionless1 an invisible1 ta/eless1 od\rless sub/ance1 :i* makes no s\nd & is n p]ceptible to ! t\*4 ,air fills ! por\s sub/ance ( ! e>?'s cru/ = a consid]able di/ance1 & ev5 ! wat] has s mu* air 9 x t fi%es are able to brea! )\t com+ to ! surface4 ,x is n a simple elem5t1 l gold1 or c>bon1 or calcium1 b is made up ( sev]al elem5ts1 *ief among :i* are nitrog5 & oxyg54 ,f\r-fif?s ( its bulk is nitrog5 & "o-fif? oxyg54 ,!re is pres5t 9 air m or less ( wat]y vap\r & ( c>bon dioxide1 ! gas :i* results f ! burn+ or decay ( any sub/ance4 ,al?\gh no m ?an "o p] c5t4 ( ! air t surr\nds u is wat]1 yet ?is is a mo/ important elem5t4 ,x =ms ! cl\ds t be> wat] back f ! ocean & scatt] x 9 ra9 ^u ! ?ir/y l&4 ,solid matt] 9 ! =m ( du/1 & soot f *imneys1 accumulates 9 ! cl\ds & does a good "w 9 cond5s+ ! moi/ure & caus+ x to fall4 ,x is believ$ t ! air rea*es to a height ( "o hundr$ to two hundr$ miles above ! e>?'s surface4 ,if a globe six feet 9 diamet] 7 furni%$ ) an atmosph]e proportionately z deep z ours1 x w\ld be ab\t an in* 9 dep?4 ,at ! level ( ! sea ! air rea*es its greate/ d5sity4 ,two miles above sea-level x is only two-?irds z d5se4 ,on ! tops ( high m\nta9s1 f\r or five miles above sea level1 ! air is s r>efi$ z to cause ! blood to />t f ! no/rils & eyelids ( explor]s4 ,! walls ( ! little blood-vessels are brok5 by ! expansion ( ! air t is inside4 ,at ! sea-level air presses at ! rate ( fifte5 p\nds p] squ>e foot 9 all directions4 ,z "o asc5ds to high] levels1 ! air pressure becomes less & less4 ,! b>omet] is ! in/rum5t by :i* ! pressure ( air is measur$4 ,a glass tube1 clos$ at "o end1 & fill$ ) m]cury1 ! liquid metal (t5 call$ quicksilv]1 is inv]t$ 9 a cup ( ! same metal1 & s support$ t ! metal is free to fl[ betwe5 ! two vessels4 ,! pressure ( air on ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! cup is suffici5t at ! sea-level to su/a9 a column ( m]cury ?irty in*es high 9 ! tube4 ,z ! in/rum5t is c>ri$ up ! side ( a m\nta9 ! m]cury falls 9 ! tube4 ,?is is because ! air pressure decreases ! high] up we g4 ,if we %\ld desc5d into ! %aft ( ! deepe/ m9e t rea*es bel[ ! sea level1 ! column ( air support$ by ! m]cury 9 ! cup w\ld be a mile high]1 & = ?is reason its weight w\ld be correspond+ly great]4 ,! m]cury w\ld ?us be =c$ high] 9 ! tube ?an ! ?irty-in* m>k1 :i* indicates sea-level4 ,ano!r =m ( b>omet] (t5 se5 is a tube1 ! l[] & op5 end ( :i* =ms a ,u-%ap$ curve4 ,9 ?is op5 end ! d[nw>d pressure ( ! air re/s ^u ! m]cury & holds x up 9 ! clos$ end1 =c+ x high] z ! in/rum5t is c>ri$ to l(ti] altitudes4 ,at sea level a *ange ( #ijj feet 9 altitude makes a *ange ( an in* 9 ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! column4 ,! glass tube is m>k$ ) ! fractions ( in*es1 or ( ! metre if ! metric sy/em ( measurem5ts is us$4 ,x is a peculi>ity ( air to become heat$ :5 x is compress$1 & cool$ :5 x is all[$ to exp& aga94 ,x is also true t :5 ! sun rises1 ! atmosph]e is w>m$ by its rays4 ,?is is :y ! hotte/ "p ( ! day is ne> noon :5 ! sun's rays fall v]tically4 ,! e>? absorbs a great deal ( ! sun's heat 9 ! daytime & ?r\gh ! summ] season4 ,:5 x cools ?is heat is giv5 (f1 ?us w>m+ ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,9 ! pol> regions1 nor? & s\?1 ! air is f> bel[ freez+ po9t ! ye> r\nd4 ,9 ! region ( ! ,equator x r>ely falls bel[ #ij degrees1 a temp]ature :i* we f9d v uncom=table1 especially :5 !re is a good deal ( moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,if we climb a m\nta9 9 ,mexico1 we leave ! sultry valley1 :]e ! heat is almo/ unbe>able1 & v soon notice a *ange4 ,= e ?ree hundr$ feet ( altitude we ga9 !re is a fall ( "o degree 9 ! temp]ature4 ,be=e we are half way up ! slope we h left beh9d ! tropical vegetation1 & come into a temp]ate zone1 :]e ! plants are entirely diff]5t f ^? 9 ! l[] valley4 ,z we climb1 ! vegetation becomes /unt$1 & ! !rmomet] drops /ill l[]4 ,at la/ we come to ! region ( p]petual sn[1 :]e ! climate is l t ( ! froz5 nor?4 ,s we see t ! air becomes gradually cold] z we g nor? or s\? f ! ,equator1 & ! same *ange is met z we rise high] & high] f ! level ( ! sea4 ,x is only :5 air is 9 motion t we c feel & he> x1 & !re are v few mom5ts ( ! day1 & days ( ! ye>1 :5 !re is n a breeze4 ,on a /ill day fann+ sets ! air 9 motion1 & creates a m9iature breeze1 ! s\nd ( :i* we he> 9 ! swi%+ ( ! fan4 ,! great blanket ( air t cov]s ! e>? is 9 a /ate ( almo/ con/ant di/urbance1 because ( ! lightness ( w>m air & ! heav9ess ( cold air4 ,^! two diff]5t bodies are con/antly *ang+ places4 ,= in/ance1 ! heat$ air at ! ,equator is con/antly be+ cr[d$ upw>d by cold air :i* settles to ! level ( ! e>?4 ,cold /reams ( air fl[ to ! ,tropics f nor? & s\? ( ! ,equator1 & pu% upw>d ! air heat$ by ! sun4 ,?is con/ant inru% ( air f nor? & s\? =ms a d\ble belt ( con/ant w9ds4 ,if ! e>? /ood /ill1 no d\bt ! direction w\ld be due nor? & due s\? = ^! w9ds2 b ! e>? rotates rapidly f we/ to ea/ ^u its axis1 c>ry+ ) x ev]y?+ t is securely fa/5$ to ! surface3 ! trees1 ! h\ses1 etc4 ,b ! air is n a "p ( ! e>?1 n ev5 s mu* z ! seas1 ! wat]s ( :i* mu/ /ay 9 _! prop] bas9s1 & be :irl$ ar\nd ) o!r fix$ objects4 ,! e>? :irls s rapidly t ! w9ds f nor? & s\? ( ! ,equator lag beh9d1 & ?us take a con/antly diagonal direction4 ,in/ead ( due s\? ! nor!rn belt ( cold air drifts s\?-we/ & ! s\!rn belt drifts nor?we/4 ,^! are call$ ! ,trade ,w9ds4 ,ne> ! ,equator !y are practically ea/ w9ds4 ,! belt ( trade w9ds is ab\t fifty degrees wide4 ,x sw+s nor?w>d 9 our summ] & s\?w>d 9 our w9t]1 its c5tre foll[+ ! v]tical position ( ! sun4 ,ne> ! c5tre ( ! c\rse :i* m>ks ! meet+ ( ! nor!rn ) ! s\!rn w9ds is a ,belt ( ,calms :]e ! air draws upw>d 9 a /rong draught4 ,! cold] air ( ! trade w9ds is pu%+ up ! columns ( light1 heat$ air4 ,?is /rip is kn[n by sailors z ! ,doldrums1 or ! region ( equatorial calms4 ,?\gh nev] wid] ?an two or ?ree hundr$ miles1 ?is is a region dread$ by capta9s ( sail+-vessels1 = !y (t5 lie becalm$ = weeks 9 an ef=t to rea* ! fri5dly trade w9ds t help !m to _! desir$ ports4 ,vessels becalm$ are at ! m]cy ( sudd5 tempe/s :i* come sudd5ly l ?und]-/orms1 & sometimes d great damage to vessels because !y take ! sailors unaw>es & all[ no "t to %ort5 sail4 ,until late ye>s ! r\tes ( vessels 7 *>t$ s t sailors c\ld take advantage ( ! trade w9ds 9 _! long voyages4 ,x 0 necess>y 9 ! days ( sail+-vessels = ! capta9 to und]/& ! movem5ts ( w9ds :i* furni%$ ! motive p[] t c>ri$ 8 vessel4 ,=tunate x 0 = him t !re 7 /eady w9ds 9 ! temp]ate zones t he c\ld take advantage ( 9 latitudes nor? ( ! ,tropic ( ,canc] & s\? ( ! ,tropic ( ,capricorn4 ,:at becomes ( ! hot air t rises 9 a con/ant /ream above ! ,doldrums1 pu%$ up by ! cool] trade w9ds t bl[ 9 f nor? & s\?8 ,naturally ?is air _c asc5d v high1 = x soon rea*es an altitude 9 :i* its heat is rapidly lo/1 & x w\ld s9k if x 7 n con/antly be+ pu%$ by ! ris+ column ( w>m air "u x4 ,s x turns & fl[s nor? & s\? at a level above ! trade w9ds4 ,n f> nor? ( ! ,tropic ( ,canc] x s9ks to ! level ( sea & l&1 & =ms a belt ( w9ds t bl[s %ips 9 a nor!a/]ly direction4 ,betwe5 trades & anti-trades is ano!r zone ( calms1--ne> ! ,tropics ( ,canc] & ( ,capricorn4 ,! l& masses ( ! cont95ts ) _! high m\nta9 ranges int]f]e ) ^! w9ds1 especially 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 b 9 ! ,s\!rn ,pacific & on ! opposite side ( ! globe ! ,ro>+ ,=ties1 z ^! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds are kn[n by ! sailors1 h an almo/ unbrok5 wa/e ( seas ov] :i* !y bl[4 ,9 ! long voyages betwe5 ,engl& & ,au/ralia1 & 9 ! ,indian trade1 ! %ips ( ,engl& set _! sails to cat* ! ro>+ =ties bo? go+ & com+4 ,!y accompli% ?is by sail+ pa/ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope on ! outw>d voyage & com+ home by way ( ,cape ,horn1 ?us circl+ ! globe ) e trip4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 traffic is n[ mo/ly c>ri$ on 9 vessels driv5 by eng9es1 n by sails4 ,yet ! we/]ly w9ds t bl[ f ! ,we/ ,indies diagonally across ! ,atlantic are /ill useful to all sail+ craft t are mak+ = ,briti% ports4 ,f ! nor? & f ! s\? cold air fl[s d[n into ! regions ( w>m] climate4 ,^! pol> w9ds are n s important to sea comm]ce1 b !y d a great "w 9 temp]+ ! heat 9 ! equatorial regions4 ,we _c "k h[ mu* our summ]s are temp]$ by ! cool brea? ( w9ds t bl[ ov] pol> ice-fields4 ,& ! cold regions ( ! e>?1 9 _! brief summ]1 enjoy ! b5efits ( ! w>m breezes t fl[ nor? & s\? f ! heat$ equatorial regions4 ,! l&1 nor? & s\?1 is made habitable by ! cl\ds4 ,!y ga!r _! burd5s ( vap\r f ! w>m seas1 ! w9d drifts !m nor? & s\?1 :]e !y let x fall 9 ra9s t make & keep ! e>? gre5 & beautiful4 ,f ! cl\ds ! e>? ga!rs1 l a great sponge1 ! wat] t /ores ! spr+s & fe$s riv]s & lakes4 ,h[ necess>y are ! w9ds t transport ! cl\d masses6 ,! air is ! brea? ( life to all liv+ ?+s on our planet4 ,m>s is "o ( ! sun's family s provid$4 ,plants or animals c\ld probably live on ! planet ,m>s4 ,d we ?9k (t5 en\gh ( ?is invisible1 life-giv+ elem5t ^u :i* we dep5d s con/antly8 ,! op5 air :i* ! w9d purifies by keep+ x 9 motion is ! be/ place 9 :i* to "w1 to play1 & to sleep1 :5 "w & play are done & we re/ until ano!r day comes4 ,indoors we ne$ all ! air we c coax to come 9 ?r\gh w9d[s & doors4 ,fre% air purifies air t is /ale & un:olesome f be+ %ut up4 ,nobody is afraid1 n[adays1 to brea! night air6 ,:at a fooli% notion x 0 t l$ p to close _! b$room w9d[s at night4 ,clean air1 9 pl5ty1 day & night1 we ne$4 ,air & sun%9e are ! two be/ gifts ( ,god4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,:5 ! ,m>* w9d comes blu/]+ d[n ! /reet1 rudely da%+ a cl\d ( du/ 9 our faces1 we are uncom=table & out ( pati5ce4 ,we duck our heads & cov] our faces1 b ev5 !n we are likely to get a c9d] 9 "o eye1 to swall[ g]ms by ! doz5s1 & to get a gray coat+ ( pla91 h>mless du/4 ,we welcome ! ra9 t lays ! du/1 or its feeble imitation1 ! wat] spr9kl]1 t br+s u tempor>y relief4 ,on ! quiete/ day1 ev5 aft] a ?or\gh sweep+ & du/+ ( ! libr>y1 y are able to write y\r "n pla9ly on ! film ( du/ t lies on ! poli%$ table4 ,take a book f ! op5 %elves1 & bl[ into ! tr\gh ( its top4 ,?is is always du/y4 ,:]e does ! du/ come f8 ,?is is ! h\se-keep]'s riddle4 ,! answ] is n a h>d "o4 ,i look out ( my w9d[ on a /reet :i* is fam\s z ! road ,wa%+ton took on 8 retreat f ,:ite ,pla9s to ,tr5ton4 ,x has always be5 ! ma9 ?or\ghf>e betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 & n[ is ! r\te t automobiles foll[4 ,a con/ant procession ( vehicles passes my h\se1 & to-day ea* "o approa*es 9 a cl\d ( du/4 ,! air is gray ) susp5d$ p>ticles ( dirt4 ,! w9d c>ries ! successive cl\ds1 & !y roll up aga9/ ! h\ses l break]s on ! bea*4 ,w9d[s & doors are loose en\gh to let du/ sift 94 ,:5 a door op5s1 ! cl\d ent]s & lights on rugs & c>pets & curta9s4 ,any l$ge collects its %>e ( du/4 ,! beat+ ( c>pets & rugs di/urbs ! accumulat$ du/ ( _m mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ?is lonely ,arizona des]t ! w9d drifts ! s& into dunes1 j z x does on ! toe ( ,cape ,cod ,illu/ration3 ,! ,gr& ,canyon ( ! ,colorado %[s on a magnific5t scale ! "w ( wat] 9 cutt+ away rock walls ,! w9d sweeps ! pl\gh$ field1 & takes all ! du/ x c c>ry4 ,x bl[s ! f9e/ top soil f our g>d5s into ! /reet4 ,x bl[s soil f o!r fields & g>d5s into ours1 s ! level ( our l& is n noticeably l[]$4 ,! w9d /rips ! high l& & drops its burd5 on l[] levels4 ,?is is "o ( ! big jobs ! wat] has to d1 & ! w9d is a valuable help]4 ,to te> d[n ! m\nta9s & fill 9 ! valleys is ! great "w ( ! two p>tn]s1 w9d & wat]4 ,dead1 /ill air holds ! f9e/ du/1 )\t lett+ x fall4 ,! buoyancy ( ! p>ticles ov]comes _! weight4 ,we see !m 9 a sunbeam1 l %9+ po9ts ( preci\s metal1 & wat* !m4 ,a light breeze picks up bits ( soil & litt]1 f ! smalle/ up to a c]ta9 size & weight4 ,if ! velocity ( ! w9d increases1 its c>ry+ p[] increases4 ,x is able to c>ry bits t are l>g] & heavi]4 ,! foll[+ table is exact & int]e/+3 ,velocity ,pressure 9 ,miles 9 ,p\nds p] ,h\r p] ,sq4 ,ft4 ,light breeze #ad #a ,/rong breeze #db #i ,/rong gale #gj #be ,hurricane #hd #cf ,! t]rible pa?s ( hurricanes are se5 9 =e/ c\ntries4 ,! trees are uproot$1 z if a great roll] _h cru%$ !m1 ?r[+ ! tops all 9 "o direction1 & leav+ ! roots uncov]$1 & a sunk5 pocket :]e ea* tree /ood4 ,on a /eep1 rocky slope1 ! uproot+ ( scatt]$ trees (t5 loos5s tons ( rock1 & s5ds ! mass ?und]+ d[n ! m\nta9-side4 ,mu* m de/ruction may be accompli%$ by "o brief tornado ?an by ye>s ( we> by ord9>y breezes4 ,! w9d does mu* to help ! waves 9 _! pati5t beat+ on rocky %ores4 ,if ! w9d bl[s f ! ocean & ! tide is l&w>d1 ! two =ces comb9e1 & ! loose rocks are ?r[n aga9/ ! solid bea* ) a/oni%+ =ce4 ,ev5 ! gravel & ! %>p s& are tools ( great usefulness to ! waves 9 gr9d+ d[n ! resi/+ %ore4 ,up & back !y are swept by ! wat]1 & go+ & com+ !y h _! *ance to scrat* or /rike a bl[4 ,b\ld]s on ! bea* become pockm>k$ by ! con/ant s&-bla/ t plays ^u !m4 ,! l[] w9d[s ( expos$ seaside h\ses are dimm$ by ! s& t picks away ! smoo? surface outside1 mak+ x gr\nd glass by ! same process us$ 9 ! factory4 ,ligh?\ses h ?is difficulty 9 keep+ _! w9d[s cle>4 ,! lant]n itself is sometimes rea*$ by ! s& gra9s4 ,t is ! cupola 9 :i* burns ! great light t w>ns vessels away f ! rocks & tells ! capta9 :]e he is4 ,9 ! ,f> ,we/]n ,/ates ! telegraph poles & f5ce po/s are soon cut (f at ! gr\nd by ! fl9ty knives ! w9d c>ries4 ,^! are ! gra9s ( s& t are bl[n along j above ! gr\nd4 ,! trees are kill$ by hav+ _! b>k girdl$ 9 ?is way4 ,! s&-/orms :i* 9 ! orange & lemon region ( ,cali=nia are call$ ,santa ,anas sometimes la/ two or ?ree days1 & damage ! trees by pi]c+ ! t5d] b>k ) ! ne$le-po9t$ s&4 ,w9d-driv5 soil1 ga!r$ f ! sides ( b>e hills & m\nta9s1 fills _m valleys ( ,*9a ) a f9e1 h>d-pack$ mat]ial call$ loess4 ,9 "s places x is hundr$s ( feet deep4 ,! p dig into ! side ( a hill ( ?is loess & c>ry out ! digg+s1 mak+ !mselves homes1 ( _m rooms1 ) w9d[s1 doors1 & solid walls & floors1 all 9 "o solid piece1 l ! *amb]$ h\se a mole makes und]gr\nd 9 ! middle ( a field4 ,s compact is ! loess t !re is no dang] ( a cave-94 ,! hills ( s& pil$ up on ! s\!rn %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 & at ,prov9cet[n1 at ! toe ( ,cape ,cod1 are ! "w ( ! w9d4 ,on almo/ any s&y %ore ^! dunes are common4 ,! long slope is t[>d ! bea* t furni%es ! s&4 ,! w9d does ! build+4 ,up ! slope x climbs1 !n drops its burd51 :i* slides to ! bottom ( an abrupt l&w>d /eep4 ,!re is a gradual movem5t inl& if ! /ronge/ w9ds come f ! wat]4 ,! %ift+ ( ! dunes ?reat5s to cov] f]tile l& ne> !m4 ,9 ! des]t regions1 ! bord]-l& is always 9 dang] ( be+ tak5 back aga91 ev5 ?\gh x has be5 reclaim$ f ! des]t & cultivat$ = long ye>s4 ,besides te>+ d[n1 c>ry+ away1 & build+ up aga9 ! fragm5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ! w9d does mu* t makes ! e>? a pleasant planet to live on4 ,x drives ! cl\ds ov] ! l&1 br++ ra9s & sn[s & scatt]+ !m :]e !y w bless ! ?ir/y gr\nd & fe$ ! spr+s & brooks & riv]s4 ,x scatt]s ! se$s ( plants1 & ?us plants =e/s & prairies & lovely m\nta9 slopes1 mak+ ! wond]ful wild g>d5s t m5 f9d :5 !y fir/ ent] & explore a new region4 ,! trade w9ds bl[ ! w>m air ( ! ,tropics nor? & s\?1 mak+ ! climate ( ! nor!rn c\ntries mild] ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,sea w9ds bl[ coolness ov] ! l& 9 summ]1 & cool lake breezes temp] ! inl& regions4 ,f ! sn[-capp$ m\nta9s come ! w9ds t refre% ! hot1 tir$ work] 9 ! valleys4 ,ev]y:]e ! w9d bl[s1 ! life-giv+ oxyg5 is c>ri$4 ,?is is :at we mean :5 we speak ( fre% air4 ,/agnant air is z un:olesome z /agnant wat]4 ,con/ant mov+ purifies bo?4 ,s we mu/ give ! w9d cr$it = "s ( ! greate/ bless+s t come into our lives4 ,light & w>m? come f ! sun4 ,pure wat] & pure air are gifts ! b\ntiful e>? provides4 ,)\t !m !re w\ld be no life on ! e>?4 ,,ra9 ,,9 ,,summ] ,h[ beautiful is ! ra96 ,aft] ! du/ & heat1 ,9 ! broad & fi]y /reet1 ,9 ! n>r[ lane1 ,h[ beautiful is ! ra96 ,h[ x clatt]s along ro(s1 ,l ! tramp ( ho(s6 ,h[ x gu%es & /ruggles out ,f ! ?roat ( ! ov]fl[+ sp\t6 ,across ! w9d[-pane ,x p\rs & p\rs2 ,& swift & wide1 ,) a muddy tide1 ,l a riv] d[n ! gutt] ro>s ,! ra91 ! welcome ra96 ,! sick man f 8 *amb] looks ,at ! twi/$ brooks2 ,he c feel ! cool ,brea? ( ea* little pool2 ,8 fev]$ bra9 ,gr[s calm aga91 ,& he brea!s a bless+ on ! ra94 --,,h5ry ,w4 ,,longfell[4 ,,:at ,,becomes ,,( ,,! ,,ra98 ,! cl\ds t sail ov]head are made ( wat]y vap\r4 ,sometimes !y look l great masses ( cotton-wool aga9/ ! int5se blue ( ! sky4 ,sometimes !y are set l fleecy plumes high above ! e>?4 ,sometimes !y hang l a sull5 blanket ( gray smoke1 s l[ !y almo/ t\* ! ro(s ( ! h\ses4 ,inde$1 !y (t5 re/ on ! gr\nd & !n we walk ?r\gh a d5se fog4 ,9 _! v>i\s =ms1 cl\ds are l wet sponges1 & :5 !y are wrung dry !y disappe>--all _! moi/ure falls ^u ! e>?4 ,:5 ! air is w>m1 ! wat] comes 9 ! =m ( ra94 ,if x is cold1 ! drops are froz5 into hail1 sleet1 or sn[4 ,all ( ! wat] 9 ! oceans1 9 ! lakes & riv]s1 great & small1 all ov] ! e>?1 comes f "o s\rce1 ! cl\ds4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a ye> en\gh ra9 & sn[ fall to cov] ! entire surface ( ! globe to a dep? ( =ty in*es4 ,?is quantity ( wat] am\nts to #cd1dhj b>rels on e acre4 ,:at becomes ( x all8 ,we c easily und]/& t all ! seas & ! o!r bodies ( wat] w\ld simply add =ty in*es to _! dep?1 & _m w\ld become l>g]1 because ! wat] w\ld creep up on _! gradually slop+ %ores4 ,we h to acc\nt = ! ra9 & ! sn[ t fall ^u ! dry l& & disappe>4 ,g out aft] a dr5*+ ra9/orm & look = ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,! gullies along ! /reet are full ( muddy1 runn+ wat]4 ,!re are pools ( /&+ wat] on level places1 b on e slope ! wat] is hurry+ away4 ,! gr\nd is s /icky t wagons on c\ntry roads may mire to ! hubs 9 ! pa/y e>?4 ,!re is no use 9 try+ to "w 9 ! g>d5 or to m[ ! lawn4 ,! sod is s(t z a cu%ion1 & ! g>d5 soil is wat]-soak$ bel[ ! dep? ( a spad+-=k4 ,! sun comes out1 w>m & bright1 & ! flag/ones ( ! sidewalk soon beg9 to /eam l ! wood5 planks ( ! bo>d walk4 ,! sun is *ang+ ! surface wat] into /eam :i* rises into ! sky to =m a "p ( ano!r bank ( cl\ds4 ,! e>? has soak$ up quantities ( ! wat] t fell4 ,if we foll[$ ! rac+ curr5ts 9 ! gullies we %\ld f9d !m p\r+ into sew] ma9s at v>i\s po9ts1 & f ^! und]gr\nd pipes ! wat] is conduct$ to "s outlet l a riv]4 ,all ( ! /reams are swoll5 by ! hundr$s ( brooks & rivulets t are c>ry+ ! surface wat] to ! l[e/ level4 ,illu/ration3 ,ra9 & w9d are ! sculptors t h c>v$ ^! /range ca/les out ( a rocky table ,illu/ration3 ,all ! wat] 9 ! seas1 lakes1 riv]s1 & spr+s came out ( ! cl\ds ,s we c see "s ( ! ra9fall go+ back to ! sky1 "s runn+ (f ?r\gh rivulets to ! sea1 & "s soak+ into ! gr\nd4 ,x w be int]e/+ to foll[ ?is la/ portion z x gradually settles into ! e>?4 ,! soil w hold a c]ta9 quantity1 = x is made up ( f9e p>ticles1 all sep>at$ by air spaces1 & x acts l a sponge4 ,9 seasons ( dr\ght & great heat ! sun w draw ?is soil wat] back to ! surface1 by =m+ cracks 9 ! e>?1 & f9e1 hair-l tubes1 ?r\gh :i* ! vap\r may easily rise4 ,! g>d5] has to rake ! surface ( ! b$s frequ5tly to /op up ^! *annels by :i* ! sun is /eal+ ! preci\s moi/ure4 ,! wat] t ! surface soil _c absorb s9ks l[] & l[] into ! gr\nd4 ,x f9ds no tr\ble to settle ?r\gh lay]s ( s&1 = ! p>ticles d n fit closely toge!r4 ,x may come to a b$ ( clay :i* is f> clos]4 ,"h progress is ret>d$4 ,! wat] may accumulate1 b f9ally x w get ?r\gh1 if ! clay is n too closely pack$4 ,aga9 x may s9k rapidly ?r\gh ?ick b$s ( gravel or s&4 ,rea*+ ano!r b$ ( clay :i* is /iff] by reason ( ! weight ( ! e>? above x1 ! wat] may f9d t x _c soak ?r\gh4 ,! only way to pass ?is clay b>ri] is to fill ! bas91 & to trickle ov] ! edge1 unless a place is f\nd 9 ! bottom :]e "s loos] sub/ance (f]s a passage4 ,let u suppose t a concave clay bas9 ( consid]able dep? is fill$ ) wat]-soak$ s&4 ,at ! v l[e/ po9t on ! edge ( ?is bas9 a /ream w sl[ly trickle out1 & w cont9ue to fl[1 z long z wat] f above keeps ! b[l full4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d on hillsides1 9 _m regions1 little brooks ^: beg9n+s are traceable to spr+s t gu% out ( ! gr\nd4 ,! spr+ fills a little bas91 ! ov]fl[ ( :i* is ! brook4 ,if ! s\rce ( ?is spr+ c\ld be trac$ und]gr\nd1 we might easily foll[ x along "s loose rock =mation until we come to a clay bas9 l ! "o describ$ above4 ,we might h to g d[n q a di/ance & !n up aga9 to rea* ! level ( ?is supply1 b ! level ( ! wat] at ! m\? ( ! spr+ c nev] be high] ?an ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! und]gr\nd supply bas94 ,(t5 9 hot summ]s spr+s g dry4 ,! level ( wat] 9 ! supply bas9 has fall5 bel[ ! level ( ! spr+4 ,we mu/ wait until ra9fall has add$ to ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! bas9 be=e we c expect any fl[ into ! pool :i* m>ks ! place :]e ! brook beg9s4 ,suppose we _h no b$s ( clay1 b only s& & gravel "u ! surface soil4 ,we %\ld !n expect ! wat] to s9k ?r\gh ?is loose mat]ial )\t h9drance1 &1 f9d+ its way out ( ! gr\nd1 to fl[ directly into ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! ma9 riv] sy/em ( our region4 ,aft] a long ra9 we %\ld h ! /reams flood$ = a few days1 !n dry wea!r & ! /reams all l[1 _m ( !m entirely dry until ! next ra9/orm4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ! soil to a great dep? is /or$ ) wat] :i* _c get away1 except by ! sl[ process by :i* ! spr+s draw x (f4 ,?is expla9s ! /eady fl[ ( riv]s4 ,:at %\ld we d = wells if x 7 n = ! wat] bas9s t lie bel[ ! surface8 ,a %all[ well may g dry4 ,its own] digs deep]1 & /rikes a l[] ve9 ( wat] t gives a m g5]\s supply4 ,9 ! regions ( ! c\ntry :]e ! drift soil1 left by ! great ice-%eet1 lies deepe/1 ! glacial b\ld] clay is v f> d[n4 ,! surface wat]1 settl+ f "o level to ano!r1 f9ally rea*es ! bottom ( ! drift4 ,wells h to be deep t rea* ?is wat] b$4 ,! wat] foll[s ! slope ( ?is b$ & is dra9$ into ! ocean1 sometimes by subt]ranean *annels1 because ! b$ ( ! ne>e/ riv] is on a mu* high] level4 ,s we mu/ n ?9k t ! spr+s conta9 only ! wat] t fe$s ! riv]s4 ,!y conta9 m4 ,! lay]s ( clay at diff]5t levels1 f ! surface d[n to ! bottom ( ! drift1 =m wat] bas9s & make x possible = p to obta9 a wat] supply )\t ! exp5se ( digg+ deep wells4 ,! clayey subsoil1 only a few feet bel[ ! surface1 *ecks ! d[nw>d c\rse ( ! wat]1 s t ! sun c gradually draw x back1 & keep a supply :]e plant roots c get x4 ,! vap\r ris+ keeps ! air humid1 & furni%es ! dew t keeps all plant life com=table & happy ev5 ?r\gh ! hot summ] mon?s4 ,"u ! drift lie lay]s ( /ratifi$ rock1 & "u ^! are ! granites & o!r fire-=m$ rocks1 ! beg9n+ ( ^? rock masses :i* =m ! solid bulk ( ! globe4 ,we "k little ab\t ! core ( ! e>?1 b ! granites t are expos$ 9 m\nta9 ridges are f\nd to h a great capacity = absorb+ wat]1 s x is n unlikely t mu* surface wat] soaks into ! rock f\ndations & is nev] dra9$ away into ! sea4 ,! wat] 9 our wells is (t5 h>d4 ,x becomes s by pass+ ?r\gh /rata ( soil & rock made1 9 "p1 at lea/1 ( lime/one1 :i* is readily dissolv$ by wat] :i* conta9s "s acid4 ,soil wat] absorbs acids f ! decay+ vegetation1--! dead leaves & roots ( plants4 ,ra9 wat] is s(t1 & s is ! wat] 9 ponds t h muddy bas9s1 de/itute ( lime4 ,wat] 9 ! spr+s & wells ( ! ,mid-,we/]n ,/ates is h>d because x p]colates ?r\gh lime/one mat]ial4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ?is c\ntry ! well wat] is s(t1 because ( ! sc>city ( lime/one 9 ! soil4 ,i h se5 spr+s ar\nd :i* ! plants & ! pebbles 7 coat$ ) an incru/ation ( lime4 ,petrifi$ moss is ! "n giv5 to ! plants ?us turn$ to /one4 ,! reason = ?is deposit is cle>4 ,und]gr\nd wat] is (t5 subject$ to great pressure1 & at ?is "t x is able to dissolve mu* m ( any m9]al sub/ance ?an "u ord9>y conditions4 ,:5 ! pressure is releas$1 ! wat] is unable to hold 9 solution ! quantity ( m9]al x conta9s2 !re=e1 z x fl[s out ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! spr+1 ! burd5 ( m9]al is laid d[n4 ,! plants coat$ ) ! lime gradually decay1 b _! =ms are pres]v$4 ,!re are spr+s ! wat] ( :i* comes out burd5$ ) iron1 :i* is deposit$ z a yell[i% or r$ m9]al on objects ov] :i* x fl[s4 ,ponds f$ by ^! spr+s accumulate deposits ( ! m9]al 9 ! muddy bottoms4 ,"s ( ! mo/ valuable deposits ( iron ore h accumulat$ 9 bogs f$ by iron-impregnat$ spr+ wat]4 ,9 a simil> way lime deposits call$ m>l or *alk are made4 ,,! ,,soil ,,9 ,,fields ,,& ,,g>d5s ,city & c\ntry tea*]s are expect$ to tea* classes ab\t ! =mation & cultivation ( soil4 ,x is surpris+ h[ mu* ( ! ne$$ mat]ials c be br\ght 9 by ! *ildr51 ev5 9 ! cities4 ,! beg9n+ is a fl[]+ plant gr[+ 9 a pot4 ,a w9d[ box is a small g>d54 ,a g>d5 plot is a m9iature f>m4 ,mat]ials to collect = /udy indoors4 ,a few pieces ( diff]5t k9ds ( rock3 ,granite1 s&/one1 slate2 gravelly fragm5ts ( ea*1 & f9] s&4 ,pebbles f brooks & sea%ore4 ,samples ( clays ( diff]5t colors1 & s&s4 ,samples ( s&y & clay soils1 black pond muck1 peat & coal4 ,rock fossils4 ,a box ( moi/ e>? ) e>?worms 9 x4 ,keep x moi/4 ,a piece ( sod1 & a r$ clov] plant ) ! soil cl++ to its roots4 ,:at is soil8 ,x is ! surface lay] ( ! e>?'s cru/1 sometimes too %all[ on ! rocks to pl\gh1 sometimes mu* deep]4 ,"u deep soil lies ! subsoil1 usually h>d & r>ely pl\gh$4 ,:at is soil made (8 ,gr\nd rock mat]ials & decay$ rema9s ( animal & plant life4 ,by sl[ decay ! soil becomes ri* food = ! gr[+ ( new plants4 ,wild l& gr[s up to we$s & f9ally to =e/s4 ,! soil 9 fields & g>d5s is cultivat$ to make x f]tile4 ,plants take f]tility f ! soil4 ,to ma9ta9 ! same ri*ness1 plant food mu/ be put back into ! soil4 ,?is is done by deep tillage1 & by mix+ 9 ) ! soil manures1 gre5 crops1 l clov]1 & comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,plants mu/ be made com=table1 & mu/ be f$4 ,few plants are com=table 9 s&4 ,x gets hot1 x lets wat] ?r\gh1 & x %ifts 9 w9d & is a poor an*or = roots4 ,clay is s /iff t wat] _c easily p]meate x2 roots h ! same tr\ble to p5etrate x & get at ! food x is ri* 94 ,air _c get 94 ,s& mix$ ) clay makes a mell[ soil1 :i* lets wat] & air pass freely ?r\gh4 ,! roots are m com=table1 & ! t9y root hairs c rea* ! p>ticles ( bo? k9ds ( m9]al food4 ,b ! ne$ful ?ird elem5t is decay+ plant & animal sub/ances1 call$ humus4 ,^! enri* ! soil1 b !y d a m important ?+3 _! decay ha/5s ! release ( plant food f ! e>?y "p ( ! soil1 & !y add to x a /icky elem5t :i* has a wond]ful p[] to attract & hold ! wat] t soaks into ! e>?4 ,:at is ! be/ g>d5 soil8 ,a mixture ( s&1 clay1 & humus is call$ loam4 ,if s& pr$om9ates1 x is a s&y loam--w>m1 mell[ soil4 ,if clay pr$om9ates1 we h a clay loam--a heavy1 ri*1 b cool soil4 ,all gradations betwe5 ! two extremes are suit$ to ! ne$s ( crops1 f ! melons on s&y soil1 to cel]y t pref]s deep1 cool soil1 & cranb]ries t dem& muck--j old humus4 ,h[ d plant roots fe$ 9 soil8 ,by means ( delicate root hairs :i* come into contact ) p>ticles ( soil ar\nd :i* a film ( soil wat] cl+s4 ,?is fluid dissolves ! food1 & ! root absorbs ! fluid4 ,plants c take no food 9 solid =m4 ,h5ce x is ( ! greate/ importance to h ! soil pulv]iz$ & spongy1 able to absorb & hold ! greate/ am\nt ( wat]4 ,! moi/ure-coat$ soil p>ticles mu/ h air-spaces betwe5 !m4 ,air is z necess>y to ! roots z to ! tops ( gr[+ plants4 ,:y does ! f>m] pl\gh & h>r[ & roll ! l&8 ,to pulv]ize ! soil2 to mell[ & light5 x2 to mix 9 ?or\ghly ! manure he has spread on x1 & to rea*1 if he c1 ! deep] lay]s t h plant food :i* ! roots ( 8 crops h n yet t\*$4 ,kill+ we$s is b a m9or bus9ess1 comp>$ ) tillage4 ,lat]1 pl\gh+ or cultivat+ ! surface lightly n only de/roys ! we$s1 b x *ecks ! loss ( wat] by evaporation f ! cracks t =m 9 dry wea!r4 ,rak+ ! g>d5 once a day 9 dry wea!r does m good ?an wat]+ x4 ,! du/ mul* acts z a cool sungu>d ov] ! roots4 ,! process ( soil-mak+4 ,if ! man *opp+ wood 9 ! ,yosemite ,valley looks ab\t him he c see ! soil-mak+ =ces at "w on a gr& scale4 ,! bald1 /eep front ( ,el ,capitan is ( ! h>de/ granite1 b x is sl[ly crumbl+1 & its fragm5ts are accumulat+ at ! bottom ( ! long slope4 ,ra9 & sn[ fill all crevices 9 ! rocks4 ,fro/ is a wond]ful =ce 9 wid5+ ^! cracks1 = wat] exp&s :5 x freezes4 ,! loos5$ rock masses pl\gh _! way d[n ! /eep1 ga!r+1 z !y g1 increas+ p[] to te> away any rocks 9 _! pa?4 ,w9d bl[s f9] rock fragm5ts along1 & !y lodge 9 cracks4 ,f9e du/ & ! se$s ( plants are lodg$ !re4 ,! rocky slopes ( ! ,yosemite ,valley are all m or less cov]$ ) trees & %rubs t h come f w9d-s[n se$s4 ,^! plants ?ru/ _! roots deep] ea* ye> into ! rock crevices4 ,! fe$+ tips ( roots secrete acids t eat away lime & o!r sub/ances t occur 9 rocks4 ,dead leaves & o!r disc>d$ portions ( ! trees rot ab\t _! roots1 & =m soil ( increas+ dep?4 ,! l>ge/ trees gr[ on ! rocky soil deposit$ at ! base ( ! slope4 ,! tree's roots prev5t ! riv] f c>ry+ x (f4 ,:5 granite crumbles1 its diff]5t m9]al elem5ts are sep>at$4 ,cle>1 glassy p>ticles ( qu>tz we call s&4 ,d>k p>ticles ( feldsp> become clay1 & may h>d5 into slate4 ,s& may become s&/one4 ,expos$ slate & s&/one are crumbl$ by exposure to w9d & fro/ & mov+ wat]1 & are deposit$ aga9 z s&-b>s & b$s ( clay4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ phase ( soil /udy is ! discov]y ( :at a "w ! humble e>?worm does 9 mell[+ & enri*+ ! soil4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,e>?worms ,! f>m] & ! g>d5] %\ld expect v poor crops if !y plant$ se$ )\t fir/ pl\gh+ or spad+ ! soil4 ,next1 its f9e p>ticles mu/ be sep>at$ by ! break+ ( ! h>d clods4 ,a wise man pl\ghs heavy soil 9 ! fall4 ,x is cak$ into great clods :i* crumble be=e plant+ "t4 ,! wat] 9 ! clods freezes 9 w9t]4 ,! expansion due to freez+ makes ?is soil wat] a =ce t sep>ates ! f9e p>ticles4 ,s ! fro/ works = ! f>m]4 ,j "u ! surface ( ! soil lives a ho/ ( work]s :i* are our pati5t fri5ds4 ,!y "w = _! liv+1 & are p]haps unconsci\s ( ! fact t !y are con/antly increas+ ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,!y are ! e>?worms1 also call$ fi%worms1 :i* are di/ribut$ all ov] ! _w4 ,!y are n g5]ally kn[n to f>m]s & g>d5]s z fri5dly1 useful creatures1 & _! s]vices are r>ely notic$4 ,we see rob9s pull+ !m out ( ! gr\nd1 & we are likely to ?9k ! birds are ridd+ u ( a g>d5 pe/4 ,:at we ne$ is to use our eyes1 & to read ! wond]ful discov]ies record$ 9 a book call$ ,vegetable ,m\ld & ,e>?worms1 writt5 by ,*>les ,d>w94 ,! b5efits ( pl\gh+ & spad+ are ! loos5+ & pulv]iz+ ( ! pack$ e>?2 ! mix+ ( dead leaves & o!r vegetation on & ne> ! surface ) ! m solid e>? f>!r d[n2 ! lett+ 9 ( wat] & air2 & ! *eck+ ( loss ( wat] ?r\gh cracks ! sun =ms by bak+ ! soil dry4 ,! e>?worm is a creature ( ! d>k4 ,x _c see1 b x is suffici5tly s5sitive to light to avoid ! sun1 ! rays ( :i* w\ld %rivel up its moi/ sk94 ,hav+ no lungs or gills1 ! worm uses ! sk9 z ! brea?+ organ2 & x mu/ be kept moi/ 9 ord] to s]ve its important use4 ,?is is :y e>?worms are nev] se5 above gr\nd except on ra9y days1 & nev] 9 ! top soil if x has become dry4 ,9 seasons ( little ra91 !y g d[n :]e ! e>? is moi/1 & v5ture to ! surface only at night1 :5 dew makes _! com+ up possible4 ,e>?worms h no tee?1 b !y h a long sn\t t protrudes beyond ! m\?4 ,_! food is f\nd on & 9 ! surface soil4 ,!y w eat scraps ( meat by suck+ ! juices1 & scrape (f ! pulp ( leaves & root vegetables 9 mu* ! same way4 ,mu* ( _! subsi/5ce is ^u organic matt] t c be extract$ f ! soil4 ,quantities ( e>? are swall[$4 ,x is r>e t an e>?worm is dug up t does n %[ e>? pellets some:]e on _! way ?r\gh ! long dige/ive canal4 ,! ri* juices ( plant sub/ance are absorb$ f ^! pellets z !y pass ?r\gh ! body4 ,e>?worms explore ! surface ( ! soil by night1 & pick up :at !y c f9d ( fre% food4 ,n[h]e h ,i he>d ( !m z a nuisance 9 g>d5s1 b !y eag]ly fe$ on bits ( meat1 especially fat1 & on fre% leaves4 ,!y drag all su* victuals into _! burr[s1 & beg9 ! dige/ion ( ! food by p\r+ on x f _! m\?s a secretion some:at l pancreatic juice4 ,! worms honeycomb ! e>? ) _! burr[s1 :i* are long1 w9d+ tubes4 ,9 dry or cold wea!r ^! burr[s may rea* eight feet "u gr\nd4 ,!y run obliquely1 z a rule1 f ! surface1 & are l9$ ) a lay] ( ! smoo? soil1 l s(t pa/e1 ca/ f ! body4 ,! l9+ be+ spread1 ! burr[ fits ! worm's body closely4 ,?is enables x to pass quickly f "o end to ! o!r1 ?\gh x mu/ wriggle backw>d or =w>d )\t turn+ ar\nd4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! burr[1 an enl>g$ *amb] is f\nd1 :]e hib]nat+ worms coil & sleep toge!r 9 w9t]4 ,at ! top1 a l9+ ( dead leaves ext5ds d[nw>d = a few in*es1 & 9 day "t a plug ( ! same mat]ial is ! outside door4 ,at night ! worm comes to ! surface1 & ca/s out ! pellets ( e>? swall[$4 ,! burr[ gr[s 9 l5g? by ! am\nt ( e>? scrap$ (f by ! long sn\t & swall[$4 ,! daily am\nt ( excavation done is fairly e/imat$ by ! ca/+s obs]v$ ea* morn+ on ! surface4 ,"o e>?worm's "w = ! f>m] is n v mu*1 b consid] h[ _m are at "w1 & :at ea* "o is do+4 ,x is bor+ holes ?r\gh ! solid e>?1 & lett+ 9 ! surface wat] & ! air4 ,x is c>ry+ ! l[] soil up to ! surface1 (t5 ! /ubborn subsoil1 t no pl\gh c\ld rea*4 ,x is bury+ & ?us ha/5+ ! decay ( plant fibre1 :i* light5s heavy soil & makes x ri* because x is por\s4 ,moreov]1 ! e>?worms are do+ ov] & ov] aga9 ?is "w ( f9+ & turn+ ov] ! soil1 :i* ! pl\gh does b seldom4 ,by ! cont9u\s c>ry+ up ( _! ca/+s1 ! e>?worms gradually bury manures spread on ! surface4 ,! collapse ( _! burr[s & ! mak+ ( new ones keep ! soil con/antly 9 motion4 ,! p>ticles are be+ loos5$ & br\ght into contact ) ! soil wat]1 t dissolves1 & ?us frees = ! use ( fe$+ roots1 ! plant food /or$ 9 ! rock p>ticles t compose ! m9]al "p ( ! soil4 ,! weight ( e>? br\ght to ! surface by worms 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> has be5 c>efully e/imat$4 ,d>w9 gives sev5 to eighte5 tons p] acre z ! l[e/ & highe/ reports1 bas$ on c>eful collect+ ( ca/+s by f\r obs]v]s1 work+ on small areas ( totally diff]5t soils4 ,9 ,engl&1 e>?worms h done a great deal m t[>d bury+ b\ld]s & anci5t ru9s ?an any o!r ag5cy4 ,!y eag]ly burr[ "u heavy objects1 ! weight ( :i* causes !m to cru% ! honeycomb$ e>?4 ,undisc\rag$1 ! e>?worms repeat _! "w4 ,long be=e man exi/$1 ! l& 0 regul>ly pl\gh$1 & cont9ues /ill to be pl\gh$ by e>?worms4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re are _m o!r animals :i* h play$ s important a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w z h ^! l[ly organiz$ creatures4 ,aft] ye>s ( /udy1 ,*>les ,d>w9 came to ?is conclusion4 ,! m we /udy ! lives ( ^! e>?-consum+ creatures1 ! m fully d we believe :at ! great nature /ud5t said4 ,! f]tile soil is made ( rock meal & decay$ leaves & roots4 ,only rec5tly h pl\ghs be5 inv5t$4 ,b ! great =e/ crops h gr[n 9 soil made mell[ by ! e>?worm's pl\gh+4 ,,quiet ,,=ces ,,t ,,de/roy ,,rocks ,w9d & wat] are ! blu/]+ active ag5ts we see at "w te>+ d[n rocks & c>ry+ away _! p>ticles4 ,!y d ! mo/ ( ?is "w ( levell+ ! l&2 b !re are quiet =ces at "w :i* might n attract our att5tion at all1 & yet1 )\t _! help1 w9d & runn+ wat] w\ld n accompli% half ! "w = :i* !y take ! cr$it4 ,! air conta9s c]ta9 de/ructive gases :i* by _! *emical action sep>ate ! p>ticles ( ! h>de/ rocks1 caus+ !m to crumble4 ,n[ ! w9d bl[s away ^! crumbl+ p>ticles1 & ! solid un*ang$ rock b5ea? is aga9 expos$ to ! crumbl+ ag5cies4 ,! *anges 9 temp]ature betwe5 day & night cause rocks to contract & exp&1 & ^! *anges put a /ra9 ^u ! m9]al p>ticles t compose !m4 ,mu* scal+ ( rock surfaces is due to ^! causes4 ,build+ a fire on top ( a rock1 & !n da%+ wat] ^u ! heat$ mass1 %att]s x 9 _m directions4 ,?is process m]ely int5sifies ! effect produc$ by ! mild *anges ( w9t] & summ]4 ,wat] is pres5t 9 mo/ rocks1 9 surpris+ quantities1 (t5 fill+ ! spaces 9 por\s rocks l s&/ones4 ,:5 w9t] br+s ! temp]ature d[n to ! freez+ po9t1 ! wat] ne> ! surface ( ! rock fir/ feels x4 ,ice =ms1 & e p>ticle ( wat] is swoll5 by ! *ange4 ,a /ra9 is put ^u ! m9]al p>ticles aga9/ :i* ! p>ticles ( ice cr[d = m room4 ,fro/ is a v p[]ful ag5t 9 ! crumbl+ ( rocks1 z well z ( /ubborn clods ( e>?4 ,9 w>m climates1 & 9 des]t regions :]e !re is little moi/ure 9 ! rocks1 ?is de/ructive action ( freez+ wat] is n kn[n4 ,9 cold c\ntries1 & 9 high altitudes1 :]e ! air is heavy ) moi/ure1 its greate/ "w is done4 ,"s k9ds ( rock decay :5 !y become dry1 & resi/ crumbl+ bett] :5 !y absorb a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,alt]nate wett+ & dry+ is de/ructive to c]ta9 rocks4 ,"o ( ! unnotic$ ag5ts ( rock decay is ! action ( l[ly plants4 ,mosses gr[ ^u ! faces ( rocks1 ?ru/+ _! t9y root processes into pits !y dig deep] by means ( acids secret$ by ! delicate tips4 ,y h se5 %ad$ gre5 pat*es ( li*5s1 l little rugs1 ( diff]5t %apes1 spread on ! surface ( rocks4 ,b y _c see s well ! "w ^! gr[?s are do+ 9 et*+ away ! surface1 & fe$+ ^u ! decay+ m9]al sub/ance4 ,mosses & li*5s d a mighty "w1 ) ! help ( wat]1 9 r$uc+ rocks to _! orig9al elem5ts1 & ?us =m+ soil4 ,no plants b li*5s & mosses c gr[ on ! b>e faces ( rocks4 ,z _! root-l processes l5g!n & g deep] into ! rock face1 p>ticles are pri$ (f1 & ! "u-sub/ance is attack$4 ,high] plants !n f9d a foot+4 ,h y n se5 little trees gr[+ on a pat* ( moss :i* gets its food f ! air & ! rock to :i* x cl+s8 ,! spongy moss cu%ion soaks up ! ra9 & holds x aga9/ ! rock face4 ,a /reak ( iron 9 ! rock may cause ! wat] to foll[ & ru/ x out1 leav+ a di/9ct crevice4 ,n[ ! roots ( any plant t happ5s to be gr[+ on ! moss may f9d a foot-hold 9 ! crack4 ,/reaks ( lime 9 a rock readily absorb wat]1 :i* gradually dissolves & absorbs its p>ticles1 invit+ ! roots to ent] ^! new passages & fe$ ^u ! dis9tegrat+ m9]als4 ,dead leaves decay1 & ! acids ! trickl+ wat] absorbs f !m are especially active 9 dis9tegrat+ lime rocks4 ,f su* small beg9n+s has result$ ! %att]+ ( great rock masses by ! gr[? ( plants ^u !m4 ,tree roots t gr[ 9 rock crevices ex]t a p[] t is irresi/ible4 ,! roots ( small] plants d ! same great "w 9 a quiet] way4 ,:5 a hurricane or a flood te>s d[n ! m\nta9-side1 sweep+ ev]y?+ be=e x1 trees1 torn out by ! roots1 drag great masses ( rock & soil into ! air1 & fl+ !m d[n ! slope4 ,w9d & wat] ?us f9i% ! de/ruction :i* ! humble mosses & li*5s began4 ,:at seem$ an impregnable =tress ( granite has crumbl$ into fragm5ts4 ,its p>ticles are r$uc$ to du/1 or are on ! way to ?is condition4 ,! plant food lock$ up 9 granite b\ld]s becomes available to hungry roots4 ,=e/s1 gra9-fields1 & mead[s cov] ! "w ( de/ructive ag5cies ) a mantle ( gre54 ,,h[ ,,rocks ,,are ,,made ,! granite %aft is made out ( ! orig9al sub/ance ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,its m9]als are ! elem5ts out ( :i* all ( ! rock masses ( ! e>? are =m$1 no matt] h[ diff]5t !y look f granite4 ,s&/one is made ( p>ticles ( qu>tz4 ,clay & slate are made out ( feldsp> & mica4 ,iron ore comes f ! hornbl5de 9 granite4 ,! m9]al p>ticles1 reassembl$ 9 diff]5t proportions1 =m all ( ! diff]5t rocks t are kn[n4 ,"h 9 my h& is a piece ( pudd+-/one4 ,x is made ( pebbles ( diff]5t sizes1 ea* made ( diff]5t col\r$ m9]als4 ,! pebbles are cem5t$ toge!r ) a pa/e t has h>d5$ into /one4 ,?is k9d ( rock ! geologi/s call conglom]ate4 ,pudd+-/one is ! common "n1 = ! pebbles 9 ! pa/y matrix c]ta9ly d sugge/ ! currants & ! rais9s t are spr9kl$ ?r\gh a ,*ri/mas pudd+4 ,"u ! sea%ores !re are =m+ to-day ?ick b$s ( s&4 ,! riv]s br+ ! rock mat]ial d[n f ! hills1 & x is sort$ & laid d[n4 ,! mov+ wat] drops ! heavie/ p>ticles ne> %ore1 & c>ries ! f9] ones f>!r out be=e lett+ !m fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,! t[n ( ,cripple ,creek1 ,colorado1 :i* has gr[n up l magic s9ce #ahia1 cov]s ! ri*e/ gold & silv] m9es 9 ! _w ,illu/ration3 ,! level valley is fill$ up ) f9e rock fl\r wa%$ f ! sides ( ! neighbor+ m\nta9s ,! h>d wat]1 t comes ?r\gh lime/one rocks1 adds lime 9 solution to ! ocean wat]4 ,all ! %ellfi% ( ! sea1 & ! creatures ) bony skeletons1 take 9 ! bone-build+1 %ell-mak+ lime ) _! food4 ,g5]ations ( ^! inhabitants ( ! sea h di$1 & _! %ells & bones h accumulat$ & be5 trans=m$ into ?ick b$s ( lime/one on ! ocean floor4 ,?is is go+ on to-day2 b ! lime/one does n accumulate z rapidly z :5 ! ocean teem$ ) %ell-be>+ creatures ( gigantic size4 ,( ^! we %all speak 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,! f9e du/ t is bl[n into ! ocean f ! l&1 & t makes riv] wat] muddy1 accumulates on ! sea bottom z banks ( mud1 :i* by ! burd5 ( lat] deposits is conv]t$ into clay4 ,s&/one is b ! compress$ s&-bank4 ,9 ! /udy ( m\nta9s1 geologi/s h discov]$ t old sea%ores 7 ?r[n up into ! fir/ great ridges t =m ! backbone ( a m\nta9 sy/em4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ! ,appala*ian sy/em on ! ea/1 7 made out ( ?ick /rata ( rocks t _h be5 =m$ by accumulations ( mud & s&--! wa%+s ( ! l&--on ! opposite %ores ( a great mid-cont95tal sea1 t /ret*$ f ! cre/ ( "o great m\nta9 sy/em across to ! o!r1 & nor? & s\? f ! ,laur5tian ,hills to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! great weight ( ! accumulat+ lay]s ( rock mat]ials on "o side1 & ! wa/$ l& surfaces on ! o!r1 made ! sea bord] a l9e ( greate/ weakness 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,! %r9k+ ( ! globe und]nea? caus$ ! break2 ma%+ & fold+ foll[$1 ?r[+ ! ridge above sea-level1 & mak+ dry l& out ( rock wa/e :i* _h be5 accumulat+1 p]haps = millions ( ye>s1 "u ! sea4 ,! wr9kl+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ 0 ! result ( cru%+ =ces :i* produc$ trem5d\s heat4 ,/reams ( lava sprang out ?r\gh ! fissures & p\r$ /reams ( melt$ rock d[n ! sides ( ! fold1 q bury+1 9 _m places1 ! lay]s ( lime/one1 s&/one1 & clay4 ,betwe5 ! /rata ( wat]-=m$ rocks !re 7 (t5 creat$ *imney-l op5+s1 into :i* molt5 rock f bel[ 0 =c$1 =m+1 :5 cool1 ve9s & dikes ( rock mat]ial1 specim5s ( ! sub/ance ( ! e>?'s int]ior4 ,trem5d\s pressure & heat1 act+ ^u /ratifi$ rocks saturat$ ) wat] trans=m !m into v diff]5t k9ds ( rock4 ,lime/one1 subject$ to ^! =ces1 is *ang$ into m>ble4 ,clays are trans=m$ into slates4 ,s&/one is *ang$ into qu>tzite1 ! s& gra9s be+ melt$ s z to become no long] visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! an?racite coal ( ! ,p5nsylvania m\nta9s is ! result ( heat & pressure act+ ^u s(t coal4 ,associat$ ) ^! b$s ( h>d coal are b$s ( black lead1 or graphite1 ! sub/ance us$ 9 mak+ lead p5cils4 ,we believe t ! same =ces t op]at$ to trans=m clay rocks into slate1 & lime/one into m>ble1 trans=m$ s(t coal into h>d1 & h>d coal into graphite1 9 ! days :5 ! e>? 0 "y4 ,! ^w s$im5t>y is appli$ to rocks :i* 7 orig9ally laid d[n "u wat]1 z s$im5t1 br\ght by runn+ wat]1 or by w9d1 or by ! decay ( organic sub/ances4 ,/ratifi$ rocks are ^? :i* are arrang$ 9 lay]s4 ,s$im5t>y rocks w fall into ?is class4 ,aque\s rocks are ^? :i* are =m$ "u wat]4 ,mo/ ( ! /ratifi$ & s$im5t>y rocks1 b n all1 may be includ$ "u ?is t]m4 ,rocks t are made out ( fragm5ts ( o!r rocks torn d[n by ! ag5cies ( erosion are call$ fragm5tal4 ,w9d1 wat]1 & ice are ! ?ree great ag5cies t we> away ! l&1 br+ rock fragm5ts long di/ances1 & deposit !m :]e aque\s rocks are be+ =m$4 ,volcanic eruptions br+ mat]ial f ! e>?'s int]ior4 ,?is mat]ial ranges all ! way f huge b\ld]s to ! f9e/ impalpable du/1 call$ volcanic a%es4 ,riv]s ( ice call$ glaci]s cr[d aga9/ _! banks1 loos5+ rock masses & c>ry+ away fragm5ts ( all sizes1 9 _! progress d[n ! valley4 ,brooks & riv]s c>ry ! pebbles & ! l>g] rock masses !y are able to loos5 f _! walls & b$s1 & gr9d !m smoo? z !y move along t[>d l[] levels4 ,! air itself causes rocks to crumble2 p]colat+ wat] robs !m ( _! soluble salts1 r$uc+ ev5 solid granite to a loose mass ( qu>tz gra9s & clay4 ,plants & animals absorb z food ! m9]al sub/ances ( rocks1 :5 !y are dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,!y trans=m ^! food elem5ts into _! own body sub/ance1 & f9ally give back _! dead bodies1 ! m9]al sub/ances ( :i* are fre$ by decay to return to ! e>?1 & become elem5ts ( rock aga94 ,! decay ( rock is well %[n by ! mat]ials t accumulate at ! base ( a cliff4 ,angul> fragm5ts ( all sizes1 b all m or less flatt5$1 come f /rata ( %aly rock1 t c be se5 jutt+ out f> above4 ,a great deal ( ?is sort ( mat]ial is f\nd m+l$ ) ! soil ( ! ,nor!a/]n ,/ates4 ,r\nd pebbles 9 pudd+-/one h be5 =m$ 9 brook b$s & deposit$ on bea*es :]e !y h become cak$ 9 mud & f9ally consolidat$ into rock4 ,if ! bea* *anc$ to be s&y in/ead ( muddy1 a matrix ( s&y pa/e holds ! l>g] pebbles 9 place4 ,lime/one pa/e cem5ts toge!r ! pebbles ( lime/one conglom]ates4 ,9 ,/4 ,augu/9e _m ( ! h\ses are built ( coqu9a rock1 a mass ( brok5 %ells :i* h become cem5t$ toge!r by lime mud1 d]iv$ f _! own decay4 ,on ! slopes ( volcanoes1 rock fragm5ts ( all k9ds are cem5t$ toge!r by ! fl[+ lava4 ,s we see t !re are pudd+-/ones ( _m k9ds to be f\nd4 ,if "s solv5t acid is pres5t 9 ! wat] t p]colates ?r\gh ^! rocks x may s(t5 ! cem5t & ?us free ! pebbles1 r$uc+ ! conglom]ate aga9 to a m]e heap ( %ell fragm5ts1 or gravel1 or r\nd$ pebbles4 ,! /ory ( rock =mation tells h[ fire & wat]1 & ! two comb9$1 h made1 & made ov]1 aga9 & aga91 ! sub/ance ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,*emical & physical *anges con/antly te> d[n "s portions ( ! e>? to build up o!rs4 ,! con/ant1 comb9$ ef=t ( w9d & wat] is to level ! e>? & fill up ! ocean b$4 ,rocks are con/antly be+ =m$2 ! *anges t h be5 go+ on s9ce ! _w began are /ill 9 progress4 ,we c see !m all ab\t u on any & e day ( our lives4 ,,gett+ ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,a ,,riv] ,i h two fri5ds ^: *ildhood 0 sp5t 9 a home on ! banks ( a noble ea/]n riv]4 ,_! fa!r taught ! boy & ! girl to r[ a boat1 & lat] ea* le>n$ ! m difficult art ( manag+ a canoe4 ,on holidays !y enjoy$ no pleasure s mu* z a picnic on ! riv]-bank at "s po9t t c\ld be rea*$ by r[+4 ,z !y grew old]1 long] trips 7 plann$1 & ! riv] 0 explor$ z f> z x 0 navigable by boat or canoe4 ,la/ summ] :5 vacation came1 ^! two c>ri$ out a long-*]i%$ plan to f9d ! beg9n+ ( ! riv]--to foll[ x to its s\rce4 ,s !y left home1 & cano$ up-/ream1 until ! /ream became a brook1 s %all[ !y c\ld g no f>!r4 ,!n !y foll[$ x on foot--wad+1 climb+1 mak+ little dt\rs1 b nev] los+ ! little riv]4 ,at la/ !y came to ! beg9n+ ( x--a t9y rivulet trickl$ out ( ! side ( a hill1 fill+ a wood5 keg t =m$ a bas91 :]e ?ir/y pass]s-by c\ld /oop & dr9k4 ,!y decid$ to m>k ! spr+1 s t p :o f\nd x lat]1 & 7 refre%$ by its cle> wat]1 might "k t "h 0 born ! greate/ riv] ( a great /ate4 ,b !y 7 n ! orig9al discov]]s4 ,above ! spr+1 a bo>d 0 nail$ to a tree1 say+ t ?is is ! headwat] ( ! riv] ) ! beautiful ,indian "n1 ,susquehanna4 ,x 0 a dry summ]1 & ! ov]fl[ ( ! bas9 0 almo/ all drunk up by ! ?ir/y gr\nd4 ,!y c\ld sc>cely foll[ x1 except by ! groove cut by ! rivulet 9 seasons :5 ! fl[ 0 great]4 ,!y foll[$ ! runaway brook1 ?r\gh ! grass roots1 t almo/ hid x4 ,z ! gr\nd grew /eep]1 x hurri$ fa/]4 ,soon x ga!r$ ! wat] ( o!r spr+s1 :i* hurri$ t[>d x 9 small rivulets1 because its level 0 l[]4 ,wat] always seeks ! l[e/ level x c f9d4 ,sometimes m>%y spots 7 rea*$ :]e wat] /ood 9 ! holes made by ! feet ( cattle t came !re to dr9k4 ,! wat] 0 muddy1 & seem$ to /& /ill4 ,b x 0 settl+ /eadily1 & at "o side ! little riv] 0 f\nd1 fl[+ away ) ! wat] x drew f ! swampy1 spr+y gr\nd4 ,all ! mud 0 gone1 n[2 ! wat] 0 cle>4 ,x fl[$ 9 a b$ ) a /ony floor1 & !re 7 r\gh /eps :]e ! wat] fell d[n 9 little %eets1 =m+ a wat]fall1 ! fir/ ( _m t make ?is riv] beautiful 9 ! upp] half ( its c\rse4 ,to get f ! high level ( t hillside spr+ to ! l[ level ( ! sea1 ! wat] has to make a fall ( tw5ty-?ree hundr$ feet1 b x makes ! desc5t gradually4 ,x c\ld n climb ov] any?+1 b always f\nd a way to get ar\nd ! rocks & hills t /ood 9 its way4 ,:5 ! flat m>% l& int]f]$1 ! wat] p\r$ 9 & ov]fl[$ ! bas9 at ! l[e/ m>g94 ,9 ! rocky gr\nd ! two explor]s f\nd t ! /ream _h wid5$ its *annel by ent]+ a n>r[ crevice & we>+ away its walls4 ,! cont9ual wa%+ ( ! wat] we>s away /one4 ,rocks are s(t5$ by be+ wet4 ,/reaks ( iron 9 ! h>de/ granite w ru/ out & let ! wat] 94 ,!n ! lime 9 rocks is easily dissolv$4 ,e dead leaf ! riv] c>ri$ along add$ an acid to ! wat]1 & ?is made easi] ! process ( dissolv+ ! lime/one4 ,e crumbl+ rock gives ! riv] tools t x uses l hamm] & *isel & s&pap] to smoo? all ! unev5 surfaces 9 its b$1 to move /umbl+ blocks1 & to dig ! b$ deep] & wid]4 ,! /eep] ! slope is1 ! fa/] ! /ream fl[s1 & ! l>g] ! rocks x c c>ry4 ,rocks loos5$ f ! /ream b$ are roll$ along by ! curr5t4 ,!n bang6 aga9/ ! rocks t are n loose1 & (t5 !y are able to break !m loose4 ,! f9e s& is swept along1 & its %>p po9ts /rike l /eel ne$les1 & d a great "w 9 poli%+ r\ghness & loos5+ small p>ticles f ! /ream b$4 ,! bigg] pebbles ( ! /ream h bang$ aga9/ ! rock walls1 ) ! same effect1 smoo?+ away unev5ness & p\nd+ fragm5ts loose1 roll+ aga9/ "o ano!r1 & gett+ _! own r\gh corn]s worn away4 ,! mak]s ( /one m>bles le>n$ _! bus9ess f a brook4 ,!y cut ! /one into cubical blocks1 & ?r[ !m into tr\ghs1 into :i* is p\r$ a /ream ( runn+ wat]4 ,! blocks are kept 9 motion1 & ! gr9d+ makes ea* block help ! re/ to gr9d (f ! eight corn]s & ! twelve ridges ( ea* "o4 ,! wat] becomes muddy ) ! f9e p>ticles1 j z ! drip f a gr9d/one becomes unclean :5 an axe is gr\nd4 ,pretty soon all ! blocks 9 ! tr\gh are *ang$ into globes--! m>bles t *ildr5 buy at ! %ops :5 m>ble season comes ar\nd4 ,i suppose if ! tr\ghs are n wat*$ & empti$ 9 "t1 ! m>bles w\ld gradually be gr\nd d[n to ! size ( peas1 !n to ! size ( small bird %ot1 & f9ally !y w\ld escape z muddy wat] & f9e s& gra9s4 ,sure x is t ! s&y %ores t l9e mo/ riv]s are ! remnants ( h>d rocks t h be5 torn out & gr\nd up by ! action ( ! curr5t4 ,n v _m miles f its fir/ wat]fall ! /ream _h gr[n s l>ge t my two fri5ds knew t !y w\ld soon f9d _! canoes4 ,! plan n[ 0 to float d[n ! curi\s1 w9d+ riv] & to le>n1 if ! riv] & ! banks c\ld tell !m1 j :y ! c\rse 0 s crook$ on ! map4 ,!y came into a broad1 level valley :]e /reams met !m1 com+ out ( deep clefts betwe5 ! hills !y 7 leav+ beh9d !m4 ,! banks 7 pebbly1 b black5$ ) slimy mud t made ! wat] murky4 ,! curr5t sw]v$ f "o side to ! o!r1 sometimes q close to ! bank1 :]e ! riv] turn$ & =m$ a deep b5d4 ,on ?is side ! bank 0 /eep1 ! roots ( plants & trees expos$4 ,on ! opposite side a muddy bank slop$ g5tly out into ! /ream4 ,"h build+ up 0 go+ on1 to (fset ! te>+ d[n4 ,! %>p b5ds are made %>p]1 once ! curr5t is deflect$ f ! middle ( ! /ream to "o side4 ,at l5g? ! loops b5d on ea* o!r & come s ne> toge!r t ! curr5t breaks ?r\gh1 leav+ a semicircul> bay\ ( /ill wat]1 & ! riv]'s c\rse /raight5$ at t place4 ,x mu/ h be5 9 a spr+ flood t ?is cut-(f 0 made1 &1 ! break once made 0 easily wid5$1 = ! soil is f9e mud :i*1 :5 soak$1 crumbles & dissolves into muddy wat]4 ,/ately & sl[ t riv] moves d[n to ! bay1 into :i* x empties its load4 ,! ra9 t falls on hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( t]ritory fl[s into ! /reams t fe$ ?is trunk4 ,! little spr+ t is ! headwat] ( ! sy/em is b "o ( _m pockets 9 ! hillsides t hold ! wat] t soaks into ! gr\nd & give x out by sl[ degrees4 ,surface wat] aft] a ra9 fl[s quickly into ! /reams4 ,x is ! spr+s t hold back _! supply & keep ! riv]s f runn+ dry 9 hot wea!r4 ,d !y feel n[ t !y "k _! riv]8 ,are !y ready to leave x1 & explore "s o!r8 ,inde$1 no4 ,!y are b>ely introduc$ to x4 ,all k9ds ( riv]s are %[n by ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is "o4 ,x is a riv] ( ! m\nta9s & ( ! l[l&4 ,x fl[s ?r\gh woods & prairies1 ?r\gh rocky passes & re$y flats4 ,x races impetu\sly 9 its y\?1 & plods s$ately 9 lat] life4 ,! trees & ! o!r plants t %ad[ ?is /ream1 & live by its b\nty1 are v diff]5t 9 ! upl& & 9 ! l[l&4 ,! sc5]y along ?is /ream %[s endless v>iety4 ,up yond] all is wild4 ,d[n "h great bridges span ! flood1 boats ( all k9ds c>ry on ! comm]ce betwe5 two neighb\r cities4 ,a great p>k comes d[n to ! riv]-bank on "o side4 ,canoes are ?ick z !y c paddle on late summ] aft]noons4 ,no "o c ev] really "k a riv] well en\gh to feel t x is an old /ory4 ,!re is always some?+ new x has to tell its fri5ds4 ,s my two explor]s say1 & !y "k f> m ab\t _! fri5dly riv] ?an ,i d4 ,,! ,,ways ,,( ,,riv]s ,a canal is an artificial riv]1 built to c>ry boats f "o place to ano!r4 ,its c\rse is1 z ne>ly z possible1 a /raight l9e betwe5 two po9ts4 ,a riv]1 we all agree1 is m beautiful ?an a canal1 = x w9ds 9 graceful curves1 9 & out among ! hills1 its wat]s seek+ ! l[e/ level1 always4 ,no arti/ c\ld lay out curves m beautiful ?an ! riv] =ms4 ,^! curves *ange f ye> to ye>1 "s sl[ly1 "s m rapidly4 ,x is n h>d to und]/& j :y ^! *anges take place4 ,"s riv]s are dang]\s = boat+ at c]ta9 po9ts4 ,! curr5t is /rong1 & !re are eddies & :irlpools t h to be avoid$1 or ! boat becomes unmanageable4 ,p are dr[n$ ea* season by tru/+ !mselves to riv]s ! dang]\s tricks ( :i* !y d n "k4 ,deep holes are wa%$ out ( ! b$ ( ! /ream by :irl+ eddies4 ,! pot-holes ( :i* p talk are deep1 r\nd$ cavities1 gr\nd out ( ! rocky /ream-b$ by ! sc\r+ ( s& & loose /ones driv5 by :irl+ eddies 9 %all[ bas9s4 ,e ye> deep5s ea* pot-hole until "s *ange 9 ! /ream-b$ %ifts ! eddy to ano!r place4 ,no /ream f9ds its *annel ready-made2 x makes its own1 & con/antly *anges x4 ,! curr5t sw+s to "o side ( ! *annel1 lift+ ! loose s$im5t & gr9d+ deep] ! b$ ( ! /ream4 ,! wat] lags on ! opposite side1 & s$im5t falls to ! bottom4 ,s ! build+-up ( "o side is go+ on at ! same "t t ! te>+-d[n process is be+ c>ri$ on on ! o!r4 ,) ! l[]+ ( ! b$ ! riv] sw]ves t[>d "o bank1 & a holl[ is worn by sl[ degrees4 ,! curr5t sw+s into ?is holl[1 & 9 pass+ out is ?r[n across ! /ream to ! opposite bank4 ,"h its =ce we>s away ano!r holl[2 & s x zigzags d[n-/ream4 ,! deep] ! holl[s1 ! m curv$ becomes ! c\rse1 if ! g5]al fall is b mod]ate4 ,x is t[>d ! l[] c\rses ( ! /ream t ! w9d+ becomes m noticeable4 ,! s$im5t t is c>ri$ is deposit$ at ! po9t :]e ! curr5t is lea/ /rong1 s t :ile ! outcurves become %>p] by ! te>+ away ( ! /ream's bank1 ! incurves become %>p] by ! build+ up ( ?is bank4 ,! ,mississippi bel[ ,memphis is ?r[n into a wond]ful s]ies ( curves by ! erosion & ! deposit caus$ by ! curr5t zigzagg+ back & =? f "o bank to ! o!r4 ,gradually ! curves become loops4 ,! riv]'s curr5t f9ally jumps across ! meet+ ( ! curves1 & ab&ons ! circul> b5d4 ,x becomes a bay\ or lagoon ( /ill wat]1 :ile ! curr5t fl[s on 9 ! /raight5$ *annel4 ,all riv]s t fl[ ?r\gh flat1 swampy l& %[ ^! intricate w9d+ *annels & _m lagoons t h once be5 curves ( ! riv]4 ,no "o w\ld ev] mi/ake a riv] = a lake or any o!r body ( wat]1 yet riv]s diff] greatly 9 "*4 ,"o te>s its way along d[n its /eep1 rock-encumb]$ *annel betwe5 walls t rise z v]tical precipices on bo? sides4 ,! roam+1 angry wat]s are drawn into :irlpools 9 "o place4 ,!y lie /agnant z if sulk+ 9 ano!r1 !n leap boi/]\sly ov] l$ges ( rock & are *urn$ into creamy foam at ! bottom4 ,outside ! m\nta9\s "p ( its c\rse ?is same riv] fl[s broad & calm ?r\gh a mud-bank$ *annel1 cut by tribut>y /reams t draw 9 ! wat] ( l[1 slop+ hills4 ,! ,miss\ri is su* a wild m\nta9 /ream at its headwat]s4 ,we :o h se5 its muddy wat]s f ,si\x ,city to ,/4 ,l\is w\ld h>dly believe t its impetu\s & picturesque y\? c\ld m]ge into an old age s com=table & placid & commonplace4 ,?is ?+ is true ( all riv]s4 ,!y fl[1 gradually or sudd5ly1 f high] to l[] levels4 ,to rea* ! l[e/ level z soon z possible is ! end ea* riv] is /riv+ t[>d4 ,if x c\ld1 ea* riv] w\ld cut its b$ to ?is dep? at ! fir/ /age ( its c\rse4 ,its tools are ! rocks x c>ries1 great & small4 ,! =ce t uses ^! tools is ! p[] ( fall+ wat]1 repres5t$ by ! curr5t ( ! /ream4 ,! upp] "p ( a riv] su* z ! ,miss\ri or ,mississippi engages 9 a campaign ( wid5+ & deep5+ its *annel1 & c>ry+ away quantities ( s$im5t4 ,! l[] rea*es ( ! /ream fl[ ?r\gh m level c\ntry2 ! curr5t is *eck$1 & a va/ burd5 ( s$im5t is laid d[n4 ,in/ead ( te>+ away its banks & bottom1 ! riv] fills up gradually ) mud4 ,! curr5t me&]s betwe5 banks ( s$im5t ov] a bottom :i* becomes %all[] ye> by ye>4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s are be+ c>ri$ to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! comm]ce ( ! riv] is imp$$ by m\nta9 dbris deposit$ z mud-banks along ! riv]'s l[] c\rse4 ,_m riv]s are quiet & commonplace ?r\gh\t _! l5g?4 ,!y fl[ betwe5 l[1 r\nd$ hills1 & are jo9$ by quiet /reams1 t occupy ! sep>at+ grooves betwe5 ! hills4 ,?is is ! olde/ type ( riv]4 ,x has done its "w4 ,ra9fall & /ream-fl[ h br\ght ! level ( ! l& ne>ly to ! level ( ! /ream4 ,v little m is left to be gr\nd d[n & c>ri$ away4 ,! l&scape is beautiful1 b x is no long] picturesque4 ,w9d & wat] h smoo!d away unev5nesses4 ,trees & grass & o!r vegetation *eck erosion1 & ! riv] has little to d b to c>ry away ! surface wat] t falls z ra94 ,b suppose our riv]1 fl[+ g5tly betwe5 its grassy banks1 %\ld feel "s mighty p[] lift+ x up1 ) all its neighb\r hills & valleys1 to =m a wr9kle 9 ! /ill un/able cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,away (f at ! riv]'s m\? ! level may n h *ang$1 or t region may h be5 depress$ in/ead ( elevat$ by ! %r9k+ process4 ,suppose ! great upheaval has n sev]$ ! upp] f ! l[] c\rses ( ! /ream4 ,) trem5d\s =ce & spe$1 ! curr5t fl[s f ! high] levels to ! l[]4 ,! riv] 9 ! highl&s /rikes h>d to rea* ! level ( its m\?4 ,x gr9ds ) all its might1 & all its rocky tools1 ^u its b$4 ,all ! mud is sc\r$ out1 & !n ! und]ly+ rocks are attack$4 ,if ^! rocks are s(t & easily worn away1 ! *annel deep5s rapidly4 ,"o aft] ano!r ! alt]nat+ lay]s are excavat$1 & ! riv] fl[s 9 a canyon :i* deep5s m & m4 ,z ! level is l[]$1 ! curr5t ( ! /ream becomes sl[] & ! cutt+ away ( its b$ less rapid4 ,! /ream is cont5t to fl[ g5tly1 = x has almo/ rea*$ ! old level1 on :i* x fl[$ be=e ! valley became a ridge or table-l&4 ,! riv]s t fl[ 9 canyons h be5 ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 c>v+ out _! *annels1 yet !y are new]1 geologically speak+1 ?an ! /reams t dra9 ! level prairie c\ntry4 ,! e>? has ris51 & ! canyons h be5 c>v$ s9ce ! prairies became roll+1 level gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is little pond is a bas9 holl[$ by ! same glaci] t scatt]$ ! /ones & r\nd$ ! hills ,illu/ration3 ,e /ream is we>+ away its banks1 :ile trees & grass blades are hold+ on to ! soil ) all _! roots ,! ,colorado ,riv] fl[s ?r\gh a canyon ) walls t 9 places pres5t %e] v]tical faces a mile 9 dep?1 & s smoo? t no trail c be f\nd by :i* to rea* f top to bottom4 ,! region has b slight erosion by w9d1 & practically none by ra94 ,! local ra9fall is v slight4 ,s ! riv] is ! "o =ce t has act$ to cut d[n ! rocks1 & its =ce is all exp5d$ 9 ! n>r[ area ( its own b$4 ,_h frequ5t ra9s be5 ! rule on ! ,colorado plateau1 ! angles ( ! mesas w\ld h be5 r\nd$ into hills ( ! famili> k9d s con/antly a "p ( ! l&scape 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,colorado is an anci5t riv] :i* has to c>ry away ! /ore ( moi/ure t comes f ! ,pacific ,ocean & falls z sn[ on ! high peaks ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,simil> riv] gorges ) simil> /ories to tell are ! ,arkansas1 ! ,platte1 & ! ,yell[/one4 ,all cut _! *annels unaid$ ?r\gh regions ( little ra94 ,:5 ! e>?'s cru/ is ?r[n up 9 m\nta9 folds1 & betwe5 !m valleys are =m$1 ! level ( riv]s is sometimes l[]$ & ! rapidity ( _! fl[ is *eck$4 ,a /ream :i* has torn d[n its walls at a rapid rate becomes a sluggi% wat]-c\rse1 its curr5t clogg$ ) s$im5t1 :i* x has no p[] to c>ry f>!r4 ,:5 su* a riv] beg9s to build & ob/ruct its own wat]s x b>s its progress & may =m a lake z ! outlet ( its tribut>y /reams4 ,_m anci5t riv]s h be5 utt]ly *ang$ & "s oblit]at$ by g5]al movem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,pond ,look out ( ! c> w9d[ z y cross a flat /ret* ( new prairie c\ntry1 & y see a great _m little ponds ( wat] dott+ ! gre5 l&scape4 ,=ty ye>s ago ,i[a 0 a good place to see ponds ( all %apes & sizes4 ,! copi\s ra9fall ( ! e>ly spr+ ga!r$ 9 ! holl[s ( ! l&1 & ! /iff clay subsoil prev5t$ ! wat] f soak+ quickly into ! gr\nd4 ,! ponds might dry away dur+ ! hot1 dry summ]1 leav+ a bak$ clay bas91 *eck$ ) an intricate sy/em ( cracks4 ,or if ra9s 7 frequ5t & heavy1 !y might keep full to ! brim ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,tall bulru%es /ood ar\nd ! m>g9s ( ! l>ge/ ponds1 & wat]-lilies blossom$ on ! surface dur+ ! summ]4 ,! bass & ! treble ( ! spr+ *orus 7 made by frogs & toads & little hylas1 all ( :i* resort$ to ! ponds to lay _! eggs1 9 coil$ ropes or spongy masses1 accord+ to _! v>i\s family traditions4 ,on _m a spr+ night my zology class & ,i h visit$ ! squa%y m>g9s ( ^! ponds1 &1 by ! light ( a lant]n1 se5 s++ toads & frogs sitt+ on b>e hummocks ( grass roots t /ood above ! wat]-l9e4 ,! ?roat ( ea* musician 0 puff$ out into a bag ab\t ! size & %ape ( a small h5's egg2 & all 7 s++ = de> life1 & mak+ a d9 t 0 almo/ e>-splitt+ at close range4 ,s great 0 ! self-absorption ( ^! s+]s t we c\ld approa* !m1 daze !m ) ! light ( ! lant]n1 & capture any numb] ( !m ) our long-h&l$ nets be=e !y notic$ u4 ,b x 0 n easy to p]suade !m to s+ 9 captivity1 no matt] h[ _m ( ! com=ts ( home we provid$ 9 ! s*ool aqu>iums4 ,s1 aft] "s v int]e/+ nature /udies1 we always c>ri$ !m back & lib]at$ !m1 :]e !y c\ld rejo9 _! k9sfolk & neighb\rs4 ,x 0 :5 we 7 scrap+ ! mud f our rubb] boots t we realiz$ ! "* ( ! bottoms ( our prairie ponds4 ,! slimy black deposit 0 made p>tly ( ! clay bottom1 b l>gely ( decay+ roots & tops ( wat] plants ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,:5ev] x ra9$ or ! w9d blew h>d1 ! bottom 0 /irr$ en\gh to make ! wat] muddy2 & on ! quiete/ days a pail ( pond wat] _h a t+e ( br[n because !re 7 always decay+ leaves & o!r rubbi% to /a9 its purity4 ,! f>m]s dra9$ ! ponds z fa/ z !y 7 able1 c>ry+ ! wat]1 by op5 dit*es fir/1 & lat] by und]gr\nd tile dra9s1 to l[] levels4 ,f9ally ^! trunk dra9 pipes dis*>g$ ! wat] into /reams or lakes4 ,to-day a l>ge proportion ( ! pond areas ( ,i[a has disappe>$2 ! holl[ tile ( t]ra-cotta has be5 ! mo/ effici5t means ( conv]t+ ! wa/e l&1 cov]$ by ponds1 into f]tile fields4 ,b ! ponds t h n be5 dra9$ are small] ?an !y us$ to be1 & are on ! /raight road to ext9ction4 ,?is process "o c see at any "t by visit+ a pond4 ,e ye> a crop ( re$s & a doz5 o!r species ( vigor\s wat] plants dies at ! top & adds ! sub/ance ( _! summ] gr[? to ! du/ & o!r refuse t ga!rs 9 ! bottom ( ! pond4 ,ea* spr+ roots & se$s s5d up ano!r crop1 if possible m vigor\s ?an ! la/1 & ?is top gr[? 9 turn dies & lies ^u ! bottom4 ,! pond level v>ies ) ! ra9fall ( ! ye>s1 b x av]ages a c]ta9 dep?1 f :i* some?+ is ea* ye> subtract$ by ! accumulations ( rott+ vegetable matt] 9 ! bottom4 ,evaporation l[]s ! wat]-level1 especially 9 hot1 dry summ]s4 ,f ye> to ye> ! wat] plants draw 9 to =m a small] circle1 ! grassy mead[ l& encroa*es on all sides4 ,! end ( ! /ory is ! fill+ up ( ! pond bas9 ) ! rott+ sub/ance ( its own vegetation4 ,?is is :at is happ5+ to ponds & inl& m>%es by sl[ degrees4 ,! tile dra9 pipes oblit]ate ! pond 9 a s+le season4 ,nature is m delib]ate4 ,%e may require a hundr$ ye>s to fill up a s+le pond :i* ! f>m] c rid himself ( by a few days ( "w & a few rods ( til+4 ,,! ,,riddle ,,( ,,! ,,lo/ ,,rocks ,outside ( my w9d[ two rob9s are build+ a ne/ 9 ! crot* ( a blossom+ r$ maple tree4 ,& j across ! h$ge1 m5 are digg+ a big squ>e hole 9 ! gr\nd--! cell> ( our neighb\r's new h\se4 ,x looks n[ z if ! rob9s w\ld get _! h\se built fir/1 = !y ne$ b "o room1 & !y d n tr\ble ab\t a cell>4 ,i %all wat* bo? h\ses z !y gr[ ?r\gh ! breezy ,m>* days4 ,! br[n sod 0 fir/ torn up by a pl\gh1 :i* uncov]$ ! r$ ,new ,j]sey soil4 ,two m51 ) a team hit*$ to a scrap]1 h c>ri$ load aft] load ( ! loose e>? to a heap on ! back ( ! lot1 :ile two o!r m5 ) pickaxes dug into ! h>d subsoil1 loos5+ x1 s t ! scrap] c\ld scoop x up4 ,?is subsoil is heavy1 l clay1 & x breaks ap>t into h>d clods4 ,at ! surface ! m5 f\nd a network ( tree roots1 ab\t :i* ! soil easily crumbl$4 ,(t5 ,i he> a %>p1 metallic /roke1 unlike ! dull s\nd ( ! picks /rik+ into ! e>?4 ,! digg] has /ruck a /one1 & he mu/ "w ar\nd x1 pry x up & lift x out ( ! way4 ,a r[ ( ^! /ones is se5 at "o side ( ! cell> hole1 rang$ along ! bank4 ,!y are all diff]5t 9 size & %ape1 & r$ ) clay1 s ,i c't tell :at !y are made (4 ,b f ?is di/ance ,i see pla9ly t !y are irregul> 9 =m & h no %>p corn]s4 ,! soil /rewn along ! lot by ! scrap] is full ( /ones1 mo/ly irregul>1 b "s r\nd$2 "s are z big z y\r head1 o!rs grade d[n to ! sizes ( m>bles4 ,:5 ,i w5t d[n & exam9$ ?is r$ e>?1 ,i f\nd pebbles ( all %apes & sizes1 gravel 9 ) ! clay1 & gra9s ( s&4 ,?is rock-spr9kl$ soil 9 ,new ,j]sey is v mu* l soil :i* ,i "k v well 9 ,i[a2 x looks diff]5t 9 col\r1 b ^? pebbles & rock fragm5ts mu/ be expla9$ 9 ! same way "h z !re4 ,^! are n native /ones1 ! outcrop ( ne>-by hillsides1 b /rang]s 9 ?is region4 ,! /ones 9 ,i[a soil are also import$4 ,! prairie l& ( ,i[a has n _m big rocks on ! surface1 yet en\gh ( !m to make tr\ble4 ,! man :o 0 pl\gh+ kept a %>p look\t1 & swung 8 pl\gh po9t away f a buri$ rock t %[$ above gr\nd1 le/ x %\ld break ! /eel blade4 ,"o ( ! f>m]'s jobs = ! less busy season 0 to g out ) sl$ge & dynamite /icks1 & bla/ into fragm5ts ! buri$ b\ld]s too l>ge to move4 ,sometimes build+ a hot fire on ! top ( x1 & ?r[+ on wat]1 w\ld crack ! /ubborn dornick into pieces small en\gh to be load$ on /one-boats4 ,i rememb] :5 ! la/ giant b\ld] ^: buri$ bulk sc>cely %[$ at ! surface1 0 fractur$ by dynamite4 ,its total weight prov$ to be _m tons4 ,we haul$ ! pieces to ! great /one pile :i* furni%$ mat]ials = wall+ ! sides ( a deep well & = lay+ ! f\ndation ( ! new h\se4 ,yet = ye>s /ones h be5 accumulat+1 all ( !m turn$ out ( ! same f>m1 :5 pa/ures & swampy l& came "u ! pl\gh4 ,draw a l9e on ! map f ,new ,york to ,/4 ,l\is1 & !n turn nor?w>d a little & ext5d x to ! ,yell[/one ,p>k4 ,! b\ld]-/rewn /ates lie nor? ( ?is l9e1 & are n f\nd s\? ( x1 any:]e4 ,canada has b\ld]s j l ^? ( our ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,! same p[] scatt]$ !m ov] all ( ! va/ nor!rn half ( ,nor? ,am]ica & a l>ge "p ( ,europe4 ,:at explanation is !re = ?is ext5sive di/ribution ( unsort$ dbris8 ,,! ,,"q ,,answ]$ ,! rocks tell _! own /ory1 p>tly1 b n :olly4 ,!y told j en\gh to keep ! e>ly geologi/s guess+2 & only v rec5tly has ! guess+ come ^u ! tru?4 ,^! ?+s ! rocks told3 #a4 ,we h come f a di/ance4 #b4 ,we h _h our %>p corn]s worn (f4 #c4 ,_m ( u h deep scrat*es on our sides4 #d4 ,at v>i\s places we h be5 dump$ 9 long ridges1 mix$ ) mu* e>?4 #e4 ,a big b\ld] is (t5 balanc$ on ano!r "o4 ,! fir/ ?+ ! geologi/ not$ 0 ! fact t ^! b\ld]s are /rang]s--t is1 !y are n ! native rocks t outcrop on hillsides & on m\nta9 slopes ne> :]e !y are f\nd4 ,f> to ! nor? are b$s ( rock f :i* ?is dbris und\bt$ly came4 ,c\ld a flood h scatt]$ !m z !y are f\nd8 ,no1 = wat] sorts ! rock dbris x deposits1 & x r\nds & poli%es rock fragm5ts1 in/ead ( scrat*+ & groov+ !m & leav+ !m angul>1 z ^! are4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz w5t to ,switz]l& & /udi$ ! glaci]s4 ,he f\nd unsort$ rock fragm5ts :]e ! glaci]'s nose melt$1 & let !m fall4 ,!y 7 worn & scrat*$ & groov$1 by be+ froz5 into ! ice1 & dragg$ ov] ! rocky b$ ( ! /ream4 ,! rocky walls ( ! valley 7 scor$ by ! glaci]'s tools4 ,r\nd$ domes ( rock jutt$ out ( ! gr\nd1 9 ! pa?s ( ! ice /reams1 j l ! granite outcrop 9 ,c5tral ,p>k 9 ,new ,york1 & _m o!rs 9 ! region ( scatt]$ b\ld]s4 ,aft] long /udies 9 ,europe & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,pr(essor ,agassiz decl>$ 8 belief t a great ice-%eet once cov]$ ! nor!rn half ( bo? c\ntries1 r\nd+ ! hills1 scoop+ out ! valleys & lake bas9s1 & scatt]+ ! b\ld]s1 gravel1 & clay1 z x gradually melt$ away4 ,! belief ( ,pr(essor ,agassiz 0 n accept$ at once1 b fur!r /udies prove t he guess$ ! riddle ( ! b\ld]s4 ,! ri* soil ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates is ! glacial drift--! mixture ( rock fragm5ts ( all sizes ) f9e b\ld] clay1 left by ! gradual melt+ ( ! great ice-%eet z x retreat$ nor?w>d at ! end ( ! ,glacial ,epo*4 ,,glaci]s ,,among ,,! ,,alps ,switz]l& is a little c\ntry )\t any seacoa/1 m\nta9\s1 ) /eep1 l(ty peaks1 & n>r[ valleys4 ,! climate is cool & moi/1 & sn[ falls ! ye> r\nd on ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,a sn[-cap cov]s ! l[] peaks & ridges4 ,above ! level ( n9e ?\s& feet ! b>e peaks rise into a dry atmosph]e2 b bel[ ?is altitude1 & above ! six ?\s&-foot m>k1 lies ! belt ( greate/ sn[fall4 ,peaks betwe5 six & n9e ?\s& feet high are buri$ "u ! ,alp9e sn[-field1 :i* adds ?ickness ) ea* /orm1 & is dra9$ away to fe$ ! ru%+ m\nta9 /reams 9 ! l[] valleys4 ,! sn[ t falls on ! /eep1 smoo? slope cl+s at fir/2 b z ! ?ickness & ! weight ( ^! sn[ banks increase1 _! hold on ! slope weak5s4 ,!y may slip (f1 at any mom5t4 ,! village at ! foot ( ! slope is 9 dang] ( be+ buri$ "u a sn[-slide1 :i* p call an avalan*e4 ,*allan*e is ano!r "n = x4 ,! hunt] on ! sn[-clad m\nta9s d>es n %\t = fe> t 8 voice1 re*o+ among ! sil5t m\nta9s1 may />t an avalan*e on its deadly plunge into ! valley4 ,on ! surface ( ! sn[-field1 light sn[-flakes re/4 ,"u !m ! sn[ is pack$ clos]4 ,deep] d[n1 ! sn[ is granul>1 l pellets ( ice2 & /ill "u ?is is ice1 made ( sn[ "u pressure4 ,! weight ( ! accumulat$ sn[ presses ! und]ly+ ice out into ! valleys4 ,^! /reams are ! glaci]s--riv]s ( ice4 ,! glaci]s ( ! ,alps v>y 9 l5g? f five to fifte5 miles1 f "o to ?ree miles 9 wid?1 & f two hundr$ to six hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,!y fl[ at ! rate ( f "o to ?ree feet a day1 go+ fa/] on ! /eep] slopes4 ,x is h>d to believe t any sub/ance z solid & brittle z ice c fl[4 ,its movem5t is l t ( /iff molasses1 or wax1 or pit*4 ,! trem5d\s pressure ( ! sn[-field pu%es ! mass ( ice out into ! valleys1 & its own weight1 comb9$ ) ! con/ant pressure f beh9d1 keeps x mov+4 ,! glaci]'s progress is h9d]$ by ! unev5 walls & b$ ( ! valley1 & by any decrease 9 ! slope ( ! b$4 ,:5 a flat1 broad area is rea*$1 a lake ( ice may be =m$4 ,^! are n frequ5t 9 ! ,alps4 ,! wat] ne> ! banks & at ! bottom ( a riv] does n fl[ z swiftly z 9 ! middle & at ! surface ( ! /ream4 ,! fl[ ( ice 9 a glaci] is j s4 ,friction ) ! banks & bottom ret>ds ! ice :ile ! middle p>ts g =w>d1 melt+ "u ! /ra91 & freez+ aga94 ,!re is a con/ant readju/+ ( p>ticles1 :i* does n affect ! solidity ( ! mass4 ,! ice m\lds itself ov] any unev5ness 9 its b$ if x _c remove ! ob/ruction4 ,! drop :i* w\ld cause a small wat]fall 9 a riv]1 makes a b5d 9 ! ?ick body ( ! ice riv]4 ,great cracks1 call$ crevasses1 are made at ! surface1 along ! l9e ( ! b5d4 ,! wid? ( ! ,v-%ap$ op5+s dep5ds ^u ! dep? ( ! glaci] & ! %>pness ( ! b5d t causes ! breaks4 ,rocky ridges 9 ! b$ ( ! ice-/ream may cause crevasses t run l5g?wise ( ! glaci]4 ,sn[ may fill ^! *asms or bridge !m ov]4 ,! hunt] or ! t\ri/ :o v5tures on ! glaci] is 9 con/ant dang]1 unless he sees solid ice "u him4 ,m5 rope !mselves toge!r 9 climb+ ov] p]il\s places1 s t if "o slips into a crevasse 8 mates c save him4 ,a glaci] te>s away & c>ries away quantities ( rock & e>? t =m ! walls ( its b$4 ,z ! valley n>r[s1 trem5d\s pressure cr[ds ! ice aga9/ ! sides1 te>+ trees out by ! roots & caus+ rock masses to fall on ! top ( ! glaci]1 or to be dragg$ along froz5 solidly into its sides4 ,! weight ( ! ice be>s on ! b$ ( ! glaci]1 & its progress cr[ds irresi/ibly aga9/ all loose rock mat]ial4 ,! glaci]'s tools are ! rocks x c>ries froz5 into its icy walls & bottom4 ,^! rocks rub aga9/ ! walls1 gr9d+ (f dbris :i* is pu%$ or c>ri$ along4 ,no matt] h[ heavy ! b\ld]s are t fall 9 ! way ( ! ice riv]1 ! ice c>ries !m along4 ,x _c drop !m z a riv] ( wat] w\ld d4 ,sl[ly !y travel1 & f9ally /op :]e ! nose ( ! glaci] melts & leaves all dbris t ! m\nta9 /ream1 f$ by ! melt+ ( ! ice1 _c c>ry away4 ,! b$rock "u a glaci] is scrap$ & gr\nd & scor$ by ! glaci]'s tools--! rock fragm5ts froz5 into ! bottom ( ! ice4 ,^! rocks are worn away by con/ant gr9d+1 j z a /eel knife becomes ?9 & n>r[ by use4 ,scrat*es & scor+s & poli%$ surfaces are f\nd 9 all rocks t pass "o ano!r 9 close contact4 ,its worn-out tools ! glaci] drops at ! po9t :]e its ice melts4 ,?is great1 unsort$ mass ( rock meal & co>s] dbris ! /ream is gradually scatt]+ d[n ! valley4 ,! "n mora9e has be5 giv5 to ! e>? rubbi% a glaci] collects & f9ally dumps4 ,! top mora9e is at ! surface ( ! ice4 ,! lat]al mora9es1 "o at ea* side1 are ! dbris ga!r$ f ! sides ( ! valley4 ,! gr\nd mora9e is :at dbris ! ice pu%es & drags along on ! bottom4 ,! t]m9al mora9e is ! dump+-gr\nd ( ?is mass ( mat]ial1 :]e ! ice riv] melts4 ,glaci]s1 l o!r riv]s1 (t5 h tribut>y /reams4 ,a m$ian mora9e1 se5 z a d>k /reak runn+ l5g?wise on ! surface ( a glaci]1 means t two bran* glaci]s h unit$ to =m ?is "o4 ,g back f> en\gh & y w rea* ! place :]e ! two /reams come toge!r4 ,! two lat]al mora9es t jo9 =m ! middle l9e ( dbris1 ! m$ian mora9e4 ,?ree ice-/reams jo9$ produce two top mora9es4 ,!y locate ! lat]al mora9es ( ! middle glaci]4 ,! surface ( a glaci] is (t5 a mass ( brok5 & r\gh ice1 =m+ a s]ies ( pits & p9nacles t make cross+ impossible4 ,! sun melts ! surface1 =m+ pools & p]colat+ /reams ( wat]1 t honeycomb ! mass4 ,und]nea?1 ! ice is tunnell$1 & a ru%+ /ream fl[s out "u ! end ( ! glaci]4 ,x is n cle>1 b black ) mud1 call$ b\ld] clay1 or till1 made ( gr\nd rock1 & mix$ ) fragm5ts ( all %apes & sizes4 ,?is is ! meal f ! glaci]'s mill1 dump$ :]e ! wat] c sift x4 ,balanc$ rocks are b\ld]s1 "o ^u ano!r1 t once lay on a glaci]1 & 7 left 9 ?is /range1 un/able position :5 ! support+ ice walls melt$ away f !m4 ,9 ,bronx ,p>k 9 ,new ,york ! rock+ /one always attracts att5tion4 ,! glaci] t lodg$ x !re1 also r\nd$ ! granite dome 9 ,c5tral ,p>k & scatt]$ ! rock-/rewn b\ld] clay on ,long ,isl&4 ,d\btless 9 an e>li] day ! edges ( ?is glaci] 7 ?ru/ out into ! ,atlantic1 n f> f ! ,great ,s\? ,bay1 & iceb]gs broke (f & float$ away4 ,illu/ration3 ,potsdam s&/one %[+ ripple m>ks ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,glacial /ri on ,l[] ,held]b]g lime/one ,illu/ration3 ,glacial grooves 9 ! ,s\? ,mead[1 ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,mt4 ,tom1 ,we/ #hc;d ,/41 ,new ,york ,glaci]s are small to-day comp>$ ) :at !y 7 long ago1 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica4 ,! climate became w>m]1 & ! ice-cap retreat$4 ,old mora9es %[ t ! ice riv]s ( ! ,alps once came mu* f>!r d[n ! valleys ?an !y d n[4 ,smoo?1 deeply scor$ domes ( rock1 ! "o 9 ,c5tral ,p>k & ! bald head ( ,m\nt ,tom1 are j l ^? t lie 9 ,alp9e valleys f :i* ! glaci]s h long ago retreat$4 ,!re are old mora9es f> up ! sides ( valleys1 %[+ t once ! glaci]s 7 f> deep] ?an n[4 ,no o!r p[] c\ld h br\ght rocks f /rata high] up ! m\nta9s1 & lodg$ !m ?us4 ,ne>] home1 ,mt4 ,%a/a & ,mt4 ,ra9i] /ill h glaci]s t h dw9dl$ 9 size1 until !y be> little comp>ison to ! gigantic ice-/reams t once fill$ ! smoo? b$s _! puny successors fl[ into4 ,remnants ( glaci]s lie 9 ! holl[s ( ! ,si]ras4 ,we mu/ g nor? to f9d ! sn[-fields ( ,alaska & glaci]s wor?y to be comp>$ ) ^? anci5t ice riv]s ^: "w is pla9ly to be se51 ?\gh !y are gone4 ,,! ,,great ,,ice-,,%eet ,gre5l& is gre5 only along its s\!rn edge1 & only 9 summ]1 s its "n is mislead+4 ,x is a froz5 cont95t ly+ "u a great ice-cap1 :i* cov]s #ejj1jjj squ>e miles & is sev]al ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! top ( ?is icy table-l& rises f five ?\s& to t5 ?\s& feet above ! sea-level4 ,! long1 cold w9t]s are m>k$ by great sn[fall1 & ! drifts d n h "t to melt dur+ ! %ort summ]2 & s !y keep gett+ deep] & deep]4 ,/reams ( ice fl[ d[n ! /eeps into ! sea1 & break (f by _! weight :5 !y are pu%$ out into ! wat]4 ,^! are ! iceb]gs :i* float (f into ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 & are (t5 se5 by pass5g]s on transatlantic /eam]s4 ,long ago ,gre5l& bett] des]v$ its "n4 ,explor]s :o h climb$ ! m\nta9 /eeps t gu>d ! unkn[n ice-fields ( ! int]ior h discov]$1 a ?\s& feet above ! sea-level1 an anci5t bea*1 /rewn ) %ells ( molluscs l ^? :i* n[ inhabit salt wat]1 & skeletons ( fi%es lie buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,x is impossible to ?9k t ! ocean has subsid$4 ,! only explanation t acc\nts = ! anci5t bea*1 high & dry on ! side ( ,gre5l&'s icy m\nta9 is t ! cont95t has be5 lift$ a ?\s& feet above its =m] level4 ,?is is an accept$ fact4 ,we "k t climate *anges ) *ang$ altitude z well z latitude4 ,go+ up ! side ( a m\nta91 ev5 9 tropical regions1 we may rea* ! sn[-l9e 9 ! middle ( summ]4 ,magnolia trees & tree f]ns once grew luxuriantly 9 ,gre5l& =e/s4 ,_! fossil rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! rocks4 ,?is 0 long be=e ! cont95t 0 lift$ into ! altitude ( ice & sn[4 ,& x is believ$ t ! climate ( nor!rn latitudes has become m sev]e ?an =m]ly f o!r causes4 ,x is possible t ! e>?'s orbit has gradually *ang$ 9 =m & position4 ,if ,gre5l& %\ld ev] subside until ! anci5t bea* re/s aga9 at sea-level1 ! secrets ( t unkn[n l& w\ld be reveal$ by ! melt+ ( ! glacial %eet t ov]spreads x4 ,possibly x w\ld turn out to be a m]e flock ( isl&s4 ,we c only guess4 ,nor? ,am]ica _h1 n s long ago1 two-?irds ( its area cov]$ ) an ice-%eet l t ( ,gre5l&1 & a climate z cold z ,gre5l&'s4 ,at ?is "t ! l& 0 lift$ two to ?ree ?\s& feet high] ?an its pres5t level4 ,all ( ! ra9 fell z sn[1 & ! ice accumulat$ & became ?ick] ye> by ye>4 ,in/ead ( glaci]s fill+ ! gorges1 a great ice flood cov]$ all ! l&1 & pu%$ s\?w>d z f> z ! ,ohio ,riv] on ! ea/ & ,yell[/one ,p>k 9 ! we/4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & "s p>ts ( ! ,appala*ian sy/em accumulat$ sn[ & =m$ local glaci]s1 sep>at$ f ! va/ ice-%eet4 ,! un/able cru/ ( ! e>? began to s9k at l5g?1 & gradually ! ice-%eet's progress s\?w>d 0 *eck$1 & x began to rec$e by melt+4 ,all along ! bord]s ( ?is great fan-%ap$ ice-field wat] accumulat$ f ! melt+1 & flood$ ! /reams :i* dra9$ x to ! ,atlantic & ! ,gulf4 ,iceb]gs brok5 (f ( ! edge ( ! retir+ ice-%eet float$ 9 a great inl& sea4 ,! l& sank l[] & l[] until ! g5]al level 0 five hundr$ to "o ?\s& feet l[] ?an x n[ is4 ,! climate became correspond+ly w>m1 & ! iceb]gs melt$ away4 ,!n ! l& rose aga91 & 9 "t ! inl& sea 0 dra9$ away into ! ocean1 except = ! wat]s t rema9$ 9 ?\s&s ( lakes great & small t n[ occupy ! region cov]$ by ! ice4 ,anci5t sea bea*es m>k ! level ( high wat] at ! "t t ! flood foll[$ ! melt+ ice4 ,on ! %ores ( ,lake ,*ampla91 b ne>ly five hundr$ feet high] ?an ! pres5t level ( ! lake1 curi\s geologi/s h f\nd _m k9ds ( m>9e %ells on a well-m>k$ old sea bea*4 ,! memb]s ( "o explor+ p>ty 9 ! same region 7 surpris$ & delight$ to come by digg+ ^u ! skeleton ( a :ale t _h drift$ a%ore 9 ! anci5t days :5 ! inl& sea jo9$ ! ,atlantic4 ,lake ,ont>io's anci5t bea* is five hundr$ feet above ! pres5t wat]-level2 ,lake ,erie's is two hundr$ fifty feet above x2 ,lake ,sup]ior's ?ree hundr$ ?irty feet high] ?an ! pres5t bea*4 ,no d\bt :5 ! wat] /ood at ! highe/ level1 ! ,great ,lakes =m$ "o s+le %eet ( wat] :i* settl$ to a l[] level z ! riv]s fl[+ s\? cut _! *annels deep en\gh to draw (f ! wat] t[>d ! ,gulf4 ,lake ,w9nipeg is n[ ! small remnant ( a va/ lake ! %ores ( :i* h be5 trac$4 ,! ,m9nesota ,riv] f9ally made its way into ! ,mississippi & dra9$ ?is great area ! /r&$ bea*es ( :i* /ill rema94 ,! "n ( ,agassiz has be5 giv5 to ! anci5t lake =m$ by ! glacial flood & dra9$ away ?\s&s ( ye>s ago b n until x _h built ! t]rac$ bea* :i* locates x on ! geological map ( ! region4 ,:5 ! ice-%eet came d[n f ! nor? x dragg$ along all ( ! soil & loose rock mat]ial t lay 9 its pa?4 ,) ! b\ld]s froz5 into its l[] surface x scrat*$ & groov$ ! firm b$rock ov] :i* x slid1 & r\nd$ x to a smoo? & bill[y surface4 ,! progress ( ! ice-%eet 0 s\?w>d1 b x spread l a fan s t its wid5+ bord] turn$ to ea/ & we/4 ,:5 x rea*$ its s\!rnmo/ limit & began to melt1 x laid d[n a great ridge ( unsort$ rock mat]ial1 remnants ( :i* rema9 to ?is day1--! t]m9al mora9e ( ! anci5t ice-%eet4 ,! l9e ( ?is anci5t deposit />ts on ,long ,isl&1 crosses ,new ,j]sey & ,p5nsylvania1 !n dips s\?w>d1 foll[+ ! g5]al c\rse ( ! ,ohio ,riv] to its m\?1 =m+ bluffs 9 s\!rn ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois4 ,! l9e b5ds upw>d z x crosses c5tral ,miss\ri1 a corn] ( ,kansas1 & ea/]n ,nebraska1 p>allel ) ! c\rse ( ! ,miss\ri4 ,z ! ice-%eet melt$1 b\ld]s 7 dropp$ all ov] ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & ,canada4 ,^! 7 bo? angul> & r\nd$4 ,9 "s places !y are scatt]$ ?ickly ov] ! surface & are s num]\s z to be a great h9drance to agriculture4 ,9 _m places great b\ld]s ( ?\s&s ( tons weight are p]*$ on v slight f\ndations1 j :]e !y lodg$ :5 ! ice w5t (f & left !m1 aft] c>ry+ !m hundr$s ( miles4 ,ar\nd !m are scatt]$ quantities ( loose rock mat]ial1 n scor$ or gr\nd z are ^? :i* 7 c>ri$ on ! "u-surface ( ! glacial ice4 ,^! unsc>r$ fragm5ts rode on ! top ( ! ice4 ,!y 7 a "p ( ! top mora9e ( ! glacial %eet4 ,! f9e/ mat]ial deposit$ is rock meal1 gr\nd by ! great glacial mill1 & call$ b\ld] clay4 ,x is a /iff1 d5se1 /ony pa/e 9 :i* b\ld]s ( all sizes1 gravel1 pebbles1 & cobble/ones are cem5t$4 ,! drift ( ! ice-%eet is ! rubbi%1 co>se & f9e1 x left beh9d z x retreat$4 ,bel[ ! ,ohio ,riv] !re is a deep soil produc$ by ! decay ( rocks t lie "u x4 ,nor? ( ,ohio is spread t peculi> mixture ( e>? & rock fragm5ts :i* 0 transport$ f ! nor? & spread ov] ! l& :i* ! ice-%eet swept b>e & gr\nd smoo? & poli%$4 ,! drift has be5 wa%$ away 9 places by ! floods t foll[$ ! ice4 ,granite domes are ?us expos$1 ! grooves & scrat*es ( :i* tell 9 :at direction ! ice flood 0 travell+4 ,miles away f t scor$ granite1 b 9 ! same direction z ! scrat*es1 scatt]$ fragm5ts ( ! same f\ndation rock cov] fields & mead[s4 ,?us1 mu* ( ! drift mat]ial c be trac$ to its orig9al home1 & ! c\rse ( ! ice-%eet c be det]m9$4 ,_m imm5se b\ld]s ! home ( :i* 0 9 ! nor!rn highl&s ( ,canada rode s\?w>d1 froz5 into iceb]gs t float$ 9 ! great inl& sea4 ,great quantities ( dbris 7 add$ to ! orig9al glacial drift ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ^! float+ ice masses1 :i* melt$ by sl[ degrees4 ,,foll[+ ,,"s ,,lo/ ,,riv]s ,:at w\ld y ?9k if ! boat 9 :i* y 7 float+ d[n a pleasant riv] %\ld sudd5ly grate ^u s&1 & y %\ld look ov] ! gunwale & f9d t "h ! wat]s sank out ( sight1 ! riv] end$8 ,i believe y w\ld rub y\r eyes1 & feel sure t y 7 dream+4 ,d n all riv]s fl[ along _! b$s1 gr[+ l>g] ) e mile1 & f9ally empty _! wat]s into a sea1 or bay1 or lake1 or fl[ into "s l>g] /ream8 ,?is is ! way ( mo/ riv]s1 b !re are exceptions4 ,9 ! ,f> ,we/ !re are "s great riv]s t absolutely disappe> be=e !y rea* a l>g] body ( wat]4 ,!y simply s9k away into ! s&1 & sometimes reappe> to f9i% _! c\rses aft] fl[+ und]gr\nd = miles4 ,d y "k ! "n ( "o great we/]n riv] ( :i* ,i am ?9k+8 ,is !re any /ream 9 y\r neighb\rhood :i* has su* peculi> ways8 ,d[n 9 ,k5tucky !re is a region :]e1 x is said1 "o may walk fifty miles )\t cross+ runn+ wat]4 ,9 ! middle ( our c\ntry1 9 ! region ( pl5tiful ra9fall1 & 9 a /ate cov]$ ) beautiful woodl&s & fam\s = blue grass & o!r gra9 crops1 x is amaz+ t1 ov] a l>ge area1 brooks & l>g] /reams are lack+4 ,9 mo/ ( ! /ate !re is pl5ty ( wat] fl[+ 9 /reams l ^? 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ne> neighb\rhood ( ?is peculi> section ( ! /ate ! /reams come to an end sudd5ly1 p\r+ _! wat] into funnel-%ap$ depressions ( ! gr\nd call$ s9k-holes4 ,aft] a heavy ra9 ! surface wat]1 accumulat+ 9 rivulets1 may also be trac$ to small depressions :i* seem l leaks 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 into :i* ! wat] trickles & disappe>s4 ,x mu/ h be5 notic$ by ! e>ly settl]s :o came ov] ! m\nta9s f ! ea/]n colonies1 & settl$ 9 ! new1 wild1 hilly c\ntry1 :i* !y call$ ,k5tucky4 ,! fir/ settl]s built _! log cab9s along ! /reams !y f\nd1 & %ot de] & wild turkey & o!r game t 0 pl5tiful 9 ! woods4 ,! de] %[$ !m :]e salt 0 to be f\nd 9 e>?y deposits ne> ! /reams2 = salt is necess>y to e creature4 ,de] trails l$ f _m directions to ! salt licks :i* ! wild animals visit$ frequ5tly4 ,p]haps ! same pione]s :o dug ! salt out ( ! e>? f\nd likewise deposits ( nitre1 call$ also saltpetre1 a v preci\s m9]al1 = x is "o ( ! elem5ts necess>y 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]4 ,) ! ,indians all ab\t him1 & (t5 %[+ !mselves unfri5dly1 ! pione] c\nt$ gunp[d] a necessity ( life4 ,he reli$ on 8 gun to def5d & to fe$ 8 family4 ,!re 7 m5 among ^? fir/ settl]s :o knew h[ to make gunp[d]1 & saltpetre 0 "o ( ! ?+s t _h to be c>ri$ across ! m\nta9s into ,k5tucky1 until !y f\nd x 9 ! hills4 ,no wond] t prospectors w5t ab\t look+ = nitre b$s 9 ! ov]hang+ l$ges ( rocks along /ream-b$s4 ,9 su* situations ! deposits ( nitre 7 f\nd4 ,! e>? 0 wa%$ 9 tr\ghs ( runn+ wat] to remove ! clayey impurity4 ,aft] a filt]+ ?r\gh wood-a%es1 ! wat] :i* held ! nitre 9 solution 0 boil$ d[n1 & left to evaporate1 aft] :i* ! cry/als ( saltpetre rema9$4 ,solid masses ( saltpetre weigh+ hundr$s ( p\nds 7 sometimes f\nd 9 protect$ corn]s "u %elv+ rocks4 ,x 0 no d\bt 9 ! fasc9at+ hunt = lumps ( ?is pure nitre t ! e>ly prospectors discov]$ t ! /reams :i* disappe>$ into ! s9k-holes made _! way into cav]ns und]gr\nd4 ,digg+ 9 ! sides ( rav9es (t5 made ! e>?y wall cave 91 & ! surpris$ prospector /ood at ! door ( a cav]n4 ,! discov]] ( a cave _h hopes t by ent]+ he might f9d nitre b$s ri*] ?an ^? he c\ld uncov] on ! surface1 & ?is (t5 turn$ out to be true4 ,! hope ( f9d+ preci\s metals & b$s ( iron ore also enc\rag$ ! exploration ( ^! caves4 ,by ! "t ! w> ( #ahab 0 decl>$1 ! m9+ ( saltpetre 0 a good-siz$ indu/ry 9 ,k5tucky4 ,mo/ ( ! m9]al 0 tak5 out ( small caves1 & %ipp$1 :5 purifi$1 ov] ! m\nta9s1 on mule-back by trails1 & 9 c>ts ov] good roads t 7 built on purpose to br+ ?is m9]al product to m>ket4 ,z long z w> ?reat5$ ! c\ntry1 ! ,gov]nm5t 0 ready to buy all ! saltpetre ! ,k5tucky fronti]sm5 c\ld produce4 ,& ! m9]s 7 con/antly 9 se>* ( ri*] b$s t promis$ bett] returns = _! lab\r4 ,x 0 ?is se>* t l$ to ! exploration ( ! caves discov]$1 al?\gh ! explor] took 8 life 9 8 h&s :5 he left ! daylight beh9d him & plung$ into ! "u-_w4 ,n all lo/ riv]s tell z int]e/+ /ories or reveal z valuable secrets z did ^? ! neighb\rs ( ,daniel ,boone trac$ along _! d>k passages und]gr\nd1 & f9ally saw em]ge z hillside spr+s1 9 _m cases1 to fe$ ,k5tucky riv]s4 ,b x is pla9 t no riv] s9ks f sight unless x f9ds por\s or honeycomb$ rocks t let x ?r\gh4 ,! wat] seeks ! ne>e/ & easie/ r\te to ! sea4 ,its weight presses t[>d ! l[e/ level1 always4 ,! m wat] absorbs ( acid1 ! m p[]fully does x attack & c>ry away ! sub/ance ( lime rocks ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,,! ,,mammo? ,,cave ,,( ,,k5tucky ,!re is no m f]tile soil 9 ! c\ntry ?an t ( ! fam\s blue grass region ( ,k5tucky4 ,! surface soil re/s ^u a deep f\ndation ( lime/one rocks1 & v gradually ! plant food lock$ up 9 ^! und]ly+ /rata is pull$ up to ! surface by ! soil wat]1 & gre$ily appropriat$ by ! roots ( ! plants4 ,"p ( ! wat] ( ! abundant ra9fall ( ?is region soaks into ! lay]s ( ! lime rock1 c>ry+ v>i\s acids 9 solution :i* give x p[] to dissolve ! lime/one p>ticles1 & ?us to make its way easily ?r\gh comp>atively por\s rock to ! v dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,s x has come ab\t t ! surface ( ! e>? is und]m9$4 ,va/ empty *amb]s h be5 c>v$ by ! pati5t "w ( trickl+ wat]1 :i* has c>ri$ away ! lime t once =m$ solid & cont9u\s lay]s ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,we mu/ believe t ! "w has tak5 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 at lea/1 = no p]ceptible *ange has come to ^! wond]ful caves s9ce ! discov]y & exploration ( !m a c5tury & m ago4 ,! /reams t fl[ into ! region ( ^! caves disappe> sudd5ly into s9k-holes & fl[ ?r\gh cav]ns4 ,aft] we>+ away _! subt]ranean *annels1 leap+ d[n f "o level to ano!r1 =m+ wat]falls & lakes1 "s em]ge f9ally ?r\gh hillsides 9 ! =m ( spr+s4 ,! cav]n region ( ,k5tucky cov]s eight ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,! und]gr\nd *amb]s f\nd !re are 9 ! lime/one rock :i* v>ies f t5 to f\r hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 & av]ages a little less ?an two hundr$ feet4 ,ov] ?is t]ritory ! numb] ( s9k-holes av]age "o hundr$ to ! squ>e mile2 & ! /reams t h p\r$ _! wat] into ^! bas9s h made a network ( op5 cav]ns "o hundr$ ?\s& miles 9 l5g?4 ,a great _m small cav]ns h be5 ?or\ghly explor$ & are fam\s = _! beauty4 ,! ,diamond ,cave is "o ( ! mo/ spl5did1 = x is l9$ ) walls & pill>s ( alaba/] t sp>kle 9 ! tor*light ) cry/als t look l v]itable diamonds4 ,beautiful spr+s & wat]falls are f\nd 9 _m caves1 b ! gr&e/ ( all is ! ,mammo? ,cave1 beside :i* no o!r is c\nt$ wor?y to be comp>$4 ,great tales ! m9]s told ( ! wond] & ! beauty ( ^! cav]ns1 ! walls ( :i* 7 support$ by ar*+ alaba/] columns & wond]ful domes1 ( indescribable beauty ( =m & col\r+4 ,9 #agii1 ! ye> t ,wa%+ton di$1 a pione] discov]$ ! entrance to a cave1 ! size & beauty ( :i* surpass$ any?+ he _h se5 be=e4 ,aft] explor+ x = a %ort di/ance he return$ home & took 8 :ole family ) him to enjoy ! fir/ view ( ! wond]ful cav]n he _h discov]$4 ,!y c>ri$ p9e knots & a light$ tor*1 by :i* !y made _! way = "s di/ance1 b ! tor* 0 accid5tally ext+ui%$ & !y grop$ _! way 9 d>kness & miss$ ! entrance4 ,)\t any?+ to guide !m1 !y w&]$ 9 d>kness = ?ree days1 & 7 almo/ dead :5 at la/ !y /umbl$ ^u ! exit4 ,?is is ! doorway ( ! ,mammo? ,cave ( ,k5tucky1 "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,?is 0 a t]rible exp]i5ce4 ,! next p]sons :o attempt$ to explore ! new cave 7 bett] provision$ aga9/ ! *ance ( sp5d+ "s "t und]gr\nd4 ,! pione]s f\nd ri* deposits ( nitre 9 ! ,great ,cave1 z !y call$ x4 ,sci5ti/s visit$ x & explor$ _m ( its *amb]s4 ,! reputation ( ?is cav]n has be5 spread by ?\s&s ( visitors :o h come f all ov] ! _w to see x4 ,! cave has n yet be5 completely explor$4 ,! regul> t\rs1 on :i* ! guides conduct visitors1 cov] b a small "p ( ! "o hundr$ & fifty miles measur$ by ! two hundr$ or m av5ues4 ,! passages w9d 9 & out1 cross+ ea* o!r1 sometimes at diff]5t levels1 & =m+ a network ( av5ues 9 :i* ! unaccu/om$ travell] w\ld surely be lo/4 ,! old guides "k e in* ( _! regul> c\rse1 & _! qua9t & edify+ talk adds greatly to ! pleasure ( ! visitors4 ,f ! hotel1 p>ties are organiz$ = t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ & sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,ea* visitor is provid$ ) a l>d-oil lamp4 ,! guide c>ries a flask ( oil & pl5ty ( mat*es4 ,no special g>b is necess>y1 ?\gh p usually dress = com=t1 & we> easy %oes4 ,! temp]ature ( ! cave is uni=m w9t] & summ]1 v>y+ betwe5 fifty-?ree & fifty-f\r degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! cave entrance is an ar* ( sev5ty-foot span 9 ! hillside4 ,a w9d+ flight ( sev5ty /one /eps leads ! p>ty ar\nd a wat]fall1 into a great *amb] "u ! rocks4 ,!n ! way goes ?r\gh a n>r[ passage1 :]e ! guide unlocks an iron gate to let !m 94 ,! visitors n[ leave all ?\ghts ( daylight beh9d1 = ! breeze t put out _! lights z !y ent]$ ! cave is pa/1 & !y /& 9 ! ,rotunda1 a va/ high-ceil+$ *amb]1 sil5t & impressive1 ) walls ( creamy lime/one1 encru/$ ) gypsum1 :i* has be5 /a9$ black by manganese4 ,f ! ve/ibule on1 ea* passage & ea* room has a "n1 bas$ ^u "s hi/oric ev5t or "s fanci$ resemblance4 ,! ,giant's ,c(f9 is a great kite-%ap$ rock ly+ 9 "o ( ! rooms ( ! cave4 ,! ,/> ,*amb] has a wond]ful cry/al-/udd$ dome 9 :i* ! guide produces ! effect ( a sunrise by burn+ col\r$ lights4 ,bonfires built at suitable po9ts produce wond]ful %ad[ effects1 :i* are l no?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,! old saltpetre vats :i* ! visitors pass 9 tak+ ! ,long ,r\te ?r\gh ! cave1 po9t !m back to ! days dur+ ! ,w> ( #ahab1 :5 ?is valuable m9]al 0 extract$ f ! e>? 9 ! floor ( ! cave4 ,! indu/ry greatly enri*$ ! ?rifty own]s ( ! cave1 b ! works 7 ab&on$ aft] peace 0 decl>$4 ,x mu/ be a wond]ful exp]i5ce to walk /eadily = n9e h\rs ov] ! ,long ,r\te1 = s pure is ! air & s wond]ful is ! sc5]y t p r>ely compla9 ( fatigue :5 ! exp]i5ce is ov]4 ,!re is no du/ on ! floors ( ^! subt]ranean *amb]s1 & !y are n damp except ne> places :]e wat] trickles1 "h & !re1 9 rivulets & cascades4 ,pools ( wat] at ! bottoms ( pits s deep t a light$ tor* requires sev]al seconds to rea* ! bottom1 & riv]s & lakes ( consid]able size1 %[ :]e "s ( ! surface wat] goes to4 ,a /range und]gr\nd suction creates :irlpools 9 "s ( ^! /reams4 ,p g 9 boats hold+ tw5ty pass5g]s = a r[ on ,e*o ,riv]1 & ! guide dips up ) a net ! bl9d fi% & crayfi% & cave liz>ds :i* inhabit ^! subt]ranean wat]s4 ,! e*oes 9 v>i\s *amb]s ( ! ,mammo? ,cave are rem>kable4 ,9 "s ( !m a song by a s+le voice comes back ) full *ords1 z if sev]al voices c>ri$ ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,! s+le notes ( flute & cornet are return$ ) ! same beautiful h>monies4 ,a pi/ol %ot is giv5 back a doz5 times1 ! s\nd reb\nd+ l a ball f rock to rock ( ! ar*+ walls4 ,! vibrations ( ! wat] made by ! r[]'s paddles re*o 9 s\nds l bell notes1 & !y are multipli$ into h>monies t sugge/ ! *imes 9 ! belfry ( a ca!dral4 ,! walls ( v>i\s *amb]s diff] f ea* o!r accord+ to ! m9]als t compose !m4 ,"s are creamy :ite lime/one ar*es1 "s are wall$ ) black gypsum1 "s are hung ) great curta9s ( /alagmites1 solid b sugge/+ ! lightness & grace ( folds ( crpe4 ,"u su* hang+s ! floor is built up 9 /alactites4 ,! m9]al-lad5 wat]1 ! con/ant drip ( :i* has produc$ a hang+1 icicle-l /alagmite1 has built up ! /alactite to meet x4 ,probably no?+ is m beautiful ?an ! fl[]-l cry/als t bloom all ov] ! walls ( a *amb] call$ ,m>y's ,b[]4 ,! floor1 ev51 sp>kles ) jewels t h fall5 f ! wond]ful & delicate fl[] clu/]s built f deposits ( ! lime-lad5 wat] :i* goes on build+ & replac+ ! bits t fall4 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d is decorat$ ) nodules1 l bun*es ( grapes1 t gli/5 z if ! dew 7 on !m4 ,! :ite gypsum 9 "s caves makes ! walls look z if !y 7 c>v$ out ( sn[4 ,/ill o!rs h cle>1 transp>5t cry/als t make !m gleam 9 ! tor*es' light z if ! walls 7 encru/$ ) diamonds4 ,! cave region ( ,indiana is also fam\s4 ,! great ,wy&otte ,cave 9 ,craw=d ,c\nty is ! mo/ not$ ( _m simil> cav]ns4 ,9 "s ( ! *amb]s1 bats are f\nd cl++ to ! ceil+1 heads d[nw>d1 l sw>ms ( bees4 ,! cav]ns ( ,luray1 9 ,virg9ia1 are complex & wond]ful 9 _! /ructure1 & fam\s = ! beautiful /alactites & /alagmites !y conta94 ,b !re is no cave 9 ?is c\ntry s wond]ful & s gr& 9 its dim5sions z ! ,mammo? ,cave 9 ,k5tucky4 ,,l&-,,build+ ,,by ,,riv]s ,once a ye>1 :5 ! ra9y season comes 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry s\? ( ,egypt1 ! old ,nile floods its banks & spreads its slimy wat]s ov] ! l&1 cov]+ ! l[ pla9s to ! v edge ( ! ,sah>a ,des]t4 ,! p "k x is com+1 & are prep>$ = ?is flood4 ,we %\ld ?9k su* an ov]fl[ ( our ne>e/ riv] a mon/r\s calamity1 b ! ,egyptians bless ! riv] :i* blesses !m4 ,!y "k t )\t ! ,nile's ov]fl[ _! c\ntry w\ld be add$ to ! ,des]t ( ,sah>a4 ,9 a %ort "t aft] ! ov]fl[1 ! riv] rea*es its highe/ po9t & beg9s to ebb4 ,canals ly+ p>allel to its c\rse are fill$ ) wat] :i* is sav$ = use 9 ! hot1 dry summ]4 ,z ! flood goes d[n1 a deposit ( slimy mud lies z a ri* f]tiliz] on ! l&4 ,x is ?is & ! wat] :i* ! e>? has absorb$ t make ,egypt "o ( ! mo/ f]tile agricultural c\ntries 9 ! _w4 ,! region cov]$ by ! ,nile's ov]fl[ is ! flood pla9 ( ?is riv]4 ,on ?is pla9 ! ,pyramids1 ! ,sph9x1 & o!r fam\s monum5ts ( ,egypt /&4 ,! /atue ( ,rameses ,,ii4 built #c1jjj ye>s ago1 has its base buri$ n9e feet deep 9 ! ri* soil made ( ,nile s$im5t4 ,a well dug 9 ?is region goes ?r\gh =ty feet ( ?is soil be=e /rik+ ! und]ly+ s&4 ,h[ _m ye>s ago did ! fir/ ,nile ov]fl[ take place8 ,we may beg9 our calculation by f9d+ out ! av]age ye>ly deposit4 ,x is a sl[ process t accumulates b n9e feet 9 #c1jjj ye>s4 ,if y 7 9 ,egypt :5 ! ,nile w5t back into its banks1 y w\ld see t ! scum x leaves 9 a s+le ov]fl[ adds n a great deal to ! ?ickness ( ! soil4 ,possibly floods h v>i$ 9 _! deposits f ye> to ye>1 s t any calculation ( ! "t x took to build t =ty feet ( surface soil mu/ be b a r\gh e/imate4 ,?is mu* we "k3 x has be5 an un9t]rupt$ process :i* has tak5 place )9 ! pres5t geological epo*1 ! ,age ( ,man4 ,n all ! ri* s$im5t ! ,nile br+s d[n is left on ! level flood pla9 along its c\rse4 ,a va/ quantity is dump$ at ! riv]'s m\?1 :]e ! tides ( ! ,m$it]ranean *eck ! riv]'s curr5t4 ,?us ! great delta is =m$4 ,! broad riv] splits into _m m\?s t spread out l a fan & build high] & broad] ea* ye> ! mud-banks betwe5 ! /reams4 ,upp] ,egypt consi/s ( riv] swamps4 ,l[] ,egypt1 f ,cairo to ! sea1 is ! delta built by ! riv] itself on sea bottom4 ,f ! head ( ! delta1 :]e ! riv] comm5ces to divide1 to ! sea1 is an area ( #aj1jjj squ>e miles made out ( mat]ial contribut$ by upp] ,egypt1 & built by ! riv]4 ,lay] ^u lay]1 x is con/antly =m+1 b mo/ rapidly dur+ ! season ( floods4 ,com+ clos] home1 let u look at ! map ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,beg9 z f> nor? z ,/4 ,l\is4 ,= ! re/ ( its c\rse ! ,mississippi ,riv] fl[s ?r\gh a wid5+ pla9 ( swamp l&1 flood$ 9 ra9y seasons4 ,?r\gh ?is swampy flood pla9 ! riv] me&]s2 its curr5t1 heavily load$ ) s$im5t1 sw+s f "o side to ! o!r ( ! *annel1 build+ up "h1 we>+ away !re1 & /raight5+ its c\rse :5 ! curves become s %>p t _! sides meet4 ,!n ! curr5t breaks ?r\gh ! ?9 wall1 & a bay\ ( /ill wat] is left beh9d4 ,bel[ ,baton ,r\ge ! ,mississippi breaks into _m m\?s1 t spread & c>ry ! wat] ( ! great riv] into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! ,nile delta is triangul>1 l delta1 ,greek3 ,d1 ! f\r? lett] ( ! ,greek alphabet2 b ! ,mississippi's delta is v irregul>4 ,! ma9 m\? ( ! riv] fl[s fifty miles out into ! ,gulf betwe5 mud-banks1 n>r[ & l[4 ,at ! tip x bran*es into sev]al /reams4 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,ohio to ! ,gulf1 ! ,mississippi flood pla9 cov]s #cj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,ov] ?is area1 s$im5t to an av]age dep? ( fifty feet has be5 laid d[n4 ,9 e>li] times ! riv] flood$ ?is :ole area1 :5 fre%ets swell$ its tribut>ies 9 ! spr+4 ,! flood pla9 !n became a sea1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! riv]'s curr5t fl[$ swiftly4 ,! sl[-fl[+ wat] on ea* side ( ! ma9 curr5t let g ( its burd5 ( s$im5t & =m$ a d\ble ridge4 ,betwe5 ^! two natural walls ! ma9 riv] fl[$4 ,:5 its level fell1 two side /reams1 runn+ p>allel ) ! ma9 riv] dra9$ ! flood pla9s on ea* side into ! ma9 tribut>ies to "r & left4 ,^! natural walls deposit$ :5 ! riv] 0 9 flood are call$ levees4 ,ea* heavy flood builds !m high]1 & ! b$ ( ! /ream rises by deposits ( s$im5t4 ,s x happ5s t ! level ( ! riv] b$ is high] ?an ! level ( its flood pla94 ,?is is an int]e/+ fact 9 geology4 ,b ! p :o h tak5 possession ( ! ri* flood pla9 ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 :o h built _! homes !re1 dra9$ & cultivat$ ! l&1 & built cities & t[ns on ! areas reclaim$ f swamps1 recognize ! elevation ( ! riv] b$ z ! greate/ dang] t ?reat5s !m4 ,suppose a flood %\ld come4 ,ev5 if x does n ov]fl[ ! levees1 x may break ?r\gh ! natural banks & ?us ov]fl[ ! cities & ! f>m l&s to left & "r4 ,in/ead ( liv+ 9 con/ant fe> ( su* a calamity1 ! p ( ! ,mississippi flood pla9 h s\ght safety by mak+ artificial levees1 to make floods impossible4 ,^! are built ^u ! natural levees4 ,z ! riv] b$ rises by ! deposit ( mud1 ! levees are built high] to conta9 ! ris+ wat]s4 ,no long] does ! ri* soil ( ! ,mississippi flood pla9 receive lay]s ( s$im5t f ! riv]'s ov]fl[4 ,! riv] v r>ely breaks ?r\gh a levee4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has sp5t great sums 9 wall+ 9 ! riv]1 & ea* /ate along its banks does its %>e t[>d pay+ = ?is self-protection4 ,by means ( jetties ! riv]'s curr5t is direct$ into a /raight5$ c\rse1 & its p[] is exp5d$ ^u ! "w ( deep5+ its own *annel & c>ry+ its s$im5t to ! ,gulf4 ,mu* z ! riv] has be5 =c$ to d 9 clean+ its own ma9 *annel1 dr$g+ is ne$$ at v>i\s h>b\rs to keep ! riv] deep en\gh = navigation4 ,! =e/s ( ! m\nta9 slopes 9 ,colorado are be+ slaught]$1 & ! headwat]s ( ! ,miss\ri are c>ry+ m & m rocky dbris to *oke ! curr5t ( ! ,mississippi4 ,colorado soil is /ol5 to build l& 9 ! va/ delta1 :i* is pu%+ out into ! ,gulf at ! rate ( six miles 9 a c5tury--a mile 9 e sixte5 ye>s4 ,! ,mississippi delta measures #ad1jjj squ>e miles4 ,) ! cont9u$ d5ud+ ( m\nta9 slopes1 we %all expect ! rate ( delta gr[? to be greatly increas$1 until re=e/+ *ecks ! de/ructive "w ( w9d & wat]4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,m\nta9s ,! gradual ?ick5+ & %r9k+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ z x cools h made ! wr9kles we call m\nta9 sy/ems4 ,?r\gh millions ( ye>s ! globe has be5 giv+ (f heat to ! cold sky spaces ?r\gh :i* x sw+s 9 its orbit ar\nd ! sun4 ,! cool+ caus$ ! contraction ( ! out] lay] to fit ! %r9k+ ( ! mass4 ,:5 a plump pea* dries on its pit1 ! sk9 wr9kles d[n to fit ! dri$ fle%4 ,! fruit %r9ks by loss ( wat]1 j z ! face ( an old p]son %r9ks by loss ( fat4 ,! sk9 becomes wr9kl$ 9 bo? cases4 ,! weake/ places 9 ! e>?'s cru/ 7 ! places to crumple1 because !y c\ld n resi/ ! lat]al pressure t 0 ex]t$ by ! %r9k+ process4 ,along ! %ores ( ! anci5t seas ! riv]s pil$ great burd5s ( s$im5t4 ,?is caus$ ! ?9 cru/ to s9k & to become a bas9 alongside ( a ridge4 ,! we>+ away ( ! l& 9 c]ta9 places light5$ & weak5$ ! cru/ at ^! places1 s t x b5t upw>d 9 a ridge4 ,p]haps ! fir/ wr9kles 7 n v high & deep4 ,! gradual cool+ mu/ h ex]t$ cont9u$ pressure1 & ! wr9kles h become l>g]4 ,x is n likely t new wr9kles w\ld be =m$ z long z ! old ones w\ld crumple & draw up into n>r[]1 /eep] slopes1 9 response to ! lat]al cru%+4 ,we c imag9e ^? fir/ m\nta9s ris+ z folds "u ! sea4 ,gradually _! bases 7 n>r[$1 & _! cre/s lift$ out ( ! wat]4 ,!y rose z long1 n>r[ isl&s1 & grew 9 size z "t w5t on4 ,:y is ! tr5d ( ! great m\nta9 sy/ems almo/ always nor? & s\?8 ,/udy ! map ( ! cont95ts & see h[ few cross ranges are %[n1 & h[ %ort !y are1 comp>$ ) ! o!rs4 ,! molt5 globe bulg$ at its equator1 z x rotat$ on its axis4 ,! moon add$ its /rong pull+ =ce to make x bulge /ill m4 ,z ! cru/ ?ick5$1 x became less responsive to ! two =ces t caus$ x to bulge4 ,! %r9kage 0 greate/ :]e ! globe _h be5 mo/ pull$ out ( %ape4 ,! rate ( ! e>?'s rotation is believ$ to h dim9i%$4 ,e *ange t5d$ to let ! e>? draw 9 its 7imag9>y7 belt1 a not* at a "t4 ,! =ces ( contraction act$ along ! l9e ( ! equator1 & =m$ folds runn+ t[>d ! poles4 ,9 ?is e>ly "t ! great m\nta9 sy/ems 7 born1 & !y grew 9 size gradually1 f small beg9n+s4 ,^! m\nta9s ( upheaval1 made by ! b5d+ ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & ! =mation ( alt]nat+ ridges & depress$ valleys1 are _m4 ,! e>? is old & mu* wr9kl$4 ,o!r m\nta9s h be5 =m$ by =ces q diff]5t4 ,volcanic m\nta9s h be5 f> m num]\s 9 ages gone ?an !y are n[4 ,mt4 ,hood & ,mt4 ,ra9i] are peaks built up by ! mat]ials ?r[n out ( ! crat]s ( volcanoes dead ^! ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,vesuvius is at pres5t %[+ u h[ volcanic m\nta9s are made4 ,ea* eruption builds l>g] ! cone--t is1 ! *imney ?r\gh :i* ! molt5 rocks1 ! a%es1 & ! /eam are eject$4 ,side crat]s may op51 ! ma9 cone be brok5 & its =m *ang$1 b ! mass ( lava & /ones & a%es gr[s ) ea* eruption4 ,! m\nta9 gr[s by ! additions x receives4 tna is a m\nta9 built ( lava4 ,a ?ird m\nta9 sy/em grew1 n by addition1 b by subtraction4 ,! ,catskills illu/rate ?is type4 ,?is gr\p ( m\nta9s is ! remnant ( a table-l& made ( level lay]s ( r$ s&/one4 ,! re/ ( ! high pla9 has be5 cut d[n & c>ri$ away1 leav+ ^! picturesque hills1 ! survival ( :i* is z mu* a my/]y z ! disappe>ance ( ! balance ( ! plateau ( :i* !y 7 once a "p4 ,! fold t =ms a typical m\nta9 ridge has a cone ( granite1 ! orig9al rock f\ndation ( ! e>?1 & on ?is are lay]s ( /ratifi$ rock1 anci5t deposits ( s$im5t c>ri$ to ! sea by /reams4 ,:5 expos$ to w9d & ra91 ! ridge is gradually worn d[n4 ,9 "s places ! wat] cuts away ! s(t rock & =ms a /ream-b$1 t cuts deep] & deep]1 us+ ! rock fragm5ts z its tools4 ,(t5 ! lay]s ( aque\s rocks are cut ?r\gh1 & ! granite expos$4 ,sometimes ! h>de/ /ratifi$ rock-b$s resi/ ! wat] & ! w9d & are left z a s]ies ( ridges along ! sides ( ! ma9 range4 ,! crumpl+ =ces may crack ! ridge op5 = its :ole l5g?1 & "o side ( ! *asm may slip d[n & ! o!r g up4 ,! result is a %e] wall ( expos$ rock /rata1 lay]s ( :i* correspond ) ^? t lie f> bel[ ! top ( ! portion t slid d[n 9 ! great upheaval & subsid5ce t p>t$ !m4 ,^! slips are kn[n z faults4 ,,! ,,lava ,,flood ,,( ,,! ,,nor?we/ ,we "k little ab\t ! sub/ance t occupies ! f\r ?\s& miles ( di/ance betwe5 ! surface & ! c5tre ( our e>?4 ,we "k t ! t]rible weight borne by ! c5tral mass compresses x1 s t ! int]ior mu/ gr[ d5s] z ! core is approa*$4 ,sci5ti/s h weigh$ ! e>?1 & tell u t ! cru/ is light] ?an ! re/4 ,! supposition is t !re is a great deal ( iron 9 ! int]ior1 & possibly preci\s metals1 too4 ,our deepe/ wells & m9es g d[n ab\t a mile1 !n digg+ /ops1 on acc\nt ( ! excessive heat4 ,b ! crumpl+ ( ! cru/1 & ! we>+ away ( ! fold$ /rata by w9d & runn+ wat]1 h laid b>e rocks sev]al miles 9 ?ickness on ! slopes ( m\nta9s1 & expos$ ! und]ly+ granite1 on :i* ! fir/ s$im5t>y rocks 7 deposit$4 ,on ?is granite lie /ratifi$ rocks1 :i* are cry/all9e 9 texture4 ,^! are ! b$s1 sometimes miles 9 dep?1 call$ metamorphic rocks1 =m$ by wat]1 !n trans=m$ by heat4 ,! we>+ away ( rocks by w9d & wat] has furni%$ ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! aque\s rocks h be5 made4 ,lay]s ^u lay]s ( s&/one1 %ales1 lime/one1 & ! l1 are expos$ :5 a riv] cuts a canyon ?r\gh a plateau4 ,! lay]$ deposits ( dbris at ! m\? ( ! riv] make new aque\s rocks out ( old4 ,e s&y bea* is s&/one 9 ! mak+4 ,?is "w is nev] end$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! e>?'s cru/ (t5 gap$ op5 9 a mighty crat] & let a flood ( lava ov]spread ! surface4 ,! ocean floor (t5 receiv$ ?is flood ( melt$ rock4 ,9 _m places ! same *imney op5$ aga9 & aga91 ea* "t spread+ a new lay] ( lava on top ( ! old1 s t ! surface has sev]al lava %eets ov]ly+ ! aque\s /rata4 ,if ! h>d5$ lava %eet prov$ a b>ri] to ! ris+ tide ( molt5 lava 9 ! *imney x 0 (t5 =c$ out 9 %eets betwe5 ! lay]s ( aque\s rocks4 ,:]ev] ! heat$ mat]ial came into contact ) aque\s rocks x trans=m$ !m1 = a foot or m1 into cry/all9e1 metamorphic rocks4 ,a *imney ( lava is call$ a dike4 ,9 m\nta9\s c\ntries dikes are common4 ,sometimes small1 !y may also be hundr$s ( feet across1 (t5 /&+ high above ! s(t] /rata1 :i* ra9s h worn away4 ,dikes (t5 look l ru9$ walls1 & may be trac$ = miles :]e !y h be5 ov]turn$ 9 ! m\nta9-mak+ process4 ,! great lava flood ( ! ,nor?we/ happ5$ :5 ! ,coa/ ,range 0 born4 ,along ! bord] ( ! ,pacific ,ocean va/ s$im5t>y deposits _h accumulat$ dur+ ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y ,p]iods4 ,!n ! mighty upheaval came1 ! m\nta9 ridge rose at ! end ( ! ,mioc5e epo* & /ret*$ itself = hundr$s ( miles ?r\gh ! region :i* is n[ ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 ,great fissures op5$ 9 ! fold$ cru/1 & floods ( lava ov]spread an area ( #aej1jjj squ>e miles4 ,a doz5 dead crat]s %[ to-day :]e ^? imm5se volcanic *imneys 74 ,! dep? ( ! lava-b$s is well %[n :]e ! ,columbia ,riv] has worn its *annel ?r\gh4 ,walls ( lava ?ree ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness rise on ea* side ( ! riv]4 ,!y are made ( columns ( basalt1 fitt$ toge!r1 l cells ( a honeycomb1 & jo9t$1 =m+ /one blocks laid "o ^u ano!r4 ,! lava %r9ks on cool+ & =ms prisms4 ,9 ,irel&1 ! ,giants' ,causeway is a fam\s example ( basaltic =mation4 ,9 ,oregon1 ! walls ( ! ,des ,*utes ,riv] %[ ?irty lava lay]s1 ea* made ( v]tical basalt columns4 ,! palisades ( ! ,hudson1 ,mt4 ,tom1 & ,mt4 ,holyoke are examples on ! ea/]n side ( ! cont95t ( basaltic rocks made by lava floods4 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia1 nor?we/]n ,nevada1 & l>ge "p ( ,idaho1 ,montana1 ,oregon1 & ,wa%+ton are includ$ 9 ! bas9 fill$ ) lava at ! "t ( ! great ov]fl[1 :i* ext5d$ f> into ,briti% ,columbia4 ,x is probable t c]ta9 *imneys cont9u$ to dis*>ge until comp>atively rec5t times4 ,mt4 ,ra9i]1 ,mt4 ,%a/a1 & ,mt4 ,hood are among dead volcanoes4 ,q a diff]5t hi/ory has ! great ,deccan lava-field ( ,india1 :i* cov]s a l>g] area ?an ! bas9 ( our ,nor?we/1 & is 9 places m ?an a mile 9 dep?4 ,x has no volcanoes1 nor signs ( any ev] hav+ exi/$4 ,! floods alone ov]spread ! region1 :i* %[s no puny foll[-up sy/em ( scatt]$ crat]s1 int]mitt5tly 9 eruption4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,liv+ ,,?+s ,/range days & nights ^? mu/ h be5 on ! e>? :5 ! great sea 0 /ill too hot = liv+ ?+s to exi/ 9 x4 ,! l& above ! wat]-l9e 0 b>e rocks4 ,^! 7 rapidly be+ crumbl$ by ! action ( ! air1 :i* 0 n ! mild1 pleasant air we "k1 b 0 full ( de/ructive gases1 brea!d out ?r\gh cracks 9 ! ?9 cru/ ( ! e>? f ! heat$ mass bel[4 ,if y /& on ! edge ( a lava lake1 l "o ( ^? on ! isl&s ( ! ,hawaiian gr\p1 ! /ifl+ fumes t rise might make y feel z if y 7 back at ! beg9n+ ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 :5 ! solid cru/ 0 j a ?9 film on an un/able sea ( molt5 rock1 & ?is volcano b "o ( ! va/ numb] ( op5+s by :i* ! boil+ lava & ! cond5s$ gases f\nd _! way to ! surface4 ,!n ! riv]s ran black ) ! wa/e ( ! rocky e>? !y furr[$1 & !re 0 no vegetation to s(t5 ! bleakness ( ! l&scape4 ,! beg9n+s ( life on ! e>? are a my/]y4 ,nobody c guess ! riddle4 ,! e>lie/ rocks 7 subject$ to great heat4 ,x is n possible t life c\ld h exi/$ 9 ! heat$ ocean or on ! l&4 ,gradually ! %ores ( ! seas became fill$ up ) s$im5t wa%$ d[n by ! riv]s4 ,lay] on lay] ( ?is s$im5t accumulat$1 & x 0 crumpl$ by pressure1 & *ang$ by heat1 s t if any plants or animals _h liv$ along ^? old %ores _! rema9s w\ld h be5 utt]ly de/roy$4 ,rocks t lie 9 lay]s on top ( ^! olde/1 fire-sc>r$ f\ndations ( ! e>? %[ ! fir/ fa9t traces ( liv+ ?+s4 ,lime/one & b$s ( iron ore are signs ( ! pres5ce ( life4 ,! fir/ animals & plants liv$ 9 ! anci5t seas4 ,f ! traces t are left1 we judge t ! e>lie/ life =ms 7 ( ! simple/ k9d1 l "s plants & animals t swim 9 a drop ( wat]4 ,h y ev] se5 a drop ( pond wat] "u a comp\nd microscope8 ,x is a wond] _w y look into1 & y =get all ! _w besides4 ,y are "o ( ! wond]ful high] animals1 ! highe/ on ! e>?4 ,y focus on a %apeless creature t moves ab\t & feels & brea!s1 b hasn't any eyes or m\? or /oma*--9 fact1 x is ! l[e/ =m ( animal life1 & "o ( ! smalle/4 ,x is b "o ( _m animal =ms1 all simple 9 /ructure1 b able to fe$ & gr[ & reproduce _! k9d4 ,gaze out ( ! w9d[ on ! g>d51 n[4 ,! fl[]+ plants1 ! gre5 grass1 & ! trees are among ! highe/ =ms ( plants4 ,9 ! drop ( wat] "u ! microscope t9y specks ( gre5 are float+4 ,!y belong to ! l[e/ ord] ( plants4 ,among ! plant & ! animal =ms t h be5 /udi$ & nam$1 are a few liv+ ?+s ! places ( :i* 9 ! scale are n agre$ ^u4 ,"s say !y are animals2 "s believe !y are plants4 ,!y are l bo? 9 "s respects4 ,x is probable t ! fir/ liv+ ?+s 7 l ^! confus+1 m9ute ?+s--n di/9ctly plants or animals1 b ! p>5t =ms f :i*1 lat] on1 bo? plants & animals sprang4 ,! l[e/ =ms ( life1 plant & animal1 live 9 wat] to-day4 ,!y are t9y & _! bodies are made ( a s(t sub/ance l ! :ite ( an egg4 ,if ^! are at all l ! liv+ creatures t sw>m$ 9 ! e>ly seas1 no wond] !y left no traces 9 ! rocks ( ! e>ly "p ( ! age :5 life is fir/ record$ by fossils4 ,s(t-bodi$ creatures nev] d4 ,"s ( ! animals & ! plants 9 ! drop ( wat] "u ! microscope h body walls ( def9ite %apes1 made ( lime1 or ( a glassy sub/ance call$ silica4 ,:5 !y die1 ^! skeletons lie at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 & d n decay1 z ! liv+ "p ( ! body does1 because !y are m9]al4 ,gradually a numb] ( ^! %ells1 or h>d skeletons1 accumulate4 ,9 a glass ( pond wat] !y are f\nd at ! bottom1 among/ ! s$im5t4 ,9 a pond h[ _m ?\s&s ( ^! creatures mu/ live & _! %ells fall to ! bottom at la/1 buri$ 9 ! mud6 ,s x is easy to und]/& :y ! fir/ creatures on e>? left no trace4 ,! fir/ real fossils f\nd 9 ! rocks are ! h>d %ells or skeletons ( ! fir/ plants & animals t _h h>d p>ts4 ,,an ,,anci5t ,,bea* ,,at ,,ebb ,,tide ,:5 ! tide is out1 ! rocks on ! ,ma9e coa/ h pl5ty ( liv+ creatures to prove ?is nor!rn %ore inhabit$4 ,/>fi%es lurk 9 ! holl[s1 & ! t5t-%ap$ %ells ( ! little p]iw9kle encru/ ! wet rocks4 ,mussels cl+ to ! rocks 9 clumps1 fa/5$ to ea* o!r by _! ropes ( co>se black hair4 ,! furry coat+ ( sea mosses t encru/ ! rocks is a hid+-place = _m k9ds ( liv+ ?+s1 "s s(t-bodi$1 "s protect$ by %ells4 ,! %all[ wat] is ! home ( plants & animals ( _m diff]5t k9ds4 ,z pro( ( ?is "o f9ds dead %ells & fragm5ts ( seawe$s /rewn on ! %ore aft] a /orm4 ,along ! out] %ores ( ! ,cape ,cod p59sula & d[n ! ,j]sey coa/1 ! sob] col\r+ ( ! %ells ( ! nor? gives way to a bright] col\r s*eme4 ,9 ! w>m] wat]s1 life becomes gay]1 if we may judge by ! ri* t9ts t ornam5t ! %ells4 ,! k9ds ( liv+ creatures *ange4 ,!y are l>g] & m abundant4 ,! seawe$s are m v>i$ & m luxuriant 9 gr[?4 ,:5 we rea* ! %ores ( ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s & ! keys ( ,florida ! greate/ abundance & v>iety ( liv+ =ms are f\nd4 ,! subm]g$ rocks blossom ) fl[]-l sea anemones ( e col\r4 ,corals1 bran*+ l trees & bu%es on ! sea floor1 =m groves "u wat]4 ,among !m brilliant-hu$ fi%es swim1 & highly ornam5t$ %ells glide1 z p "k :o h gaz$ ?r\gh ! glass bottoms ( ! boats built especially to %[ visitors ! wond]ful sea g>d5s at ,nassau1 ,bahama ,isl&s1 & at ,santa ,catal9a ,isl&1 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,on e bea* ! skeletons ( animals :i* die help to build up ! l&2 ?\gh ! process is n s rapid 9 ! nor? z on ! %ores t approa* ! tropics4 ,! coa/ ( ,florida has a rim ( isl& reefs ar\nd x built out ( coral lime/one4 ,inde$1 ! p59sula 0 built by coral polyps4 ,h\ses 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e are built ( coqu9a rock1 :i* is simply a mass ( brok5 %ells held toge!r by a lime cem5t4 ,e sea bea* is pack$ ) %ells & o!r remnants ( animals & plants t live 9 ! %all[ wat]s4 ,deep] & deep] ye> by ye> ! s& buries ^! skeletons1 & _m ( !m are pres]v$ = all "t4 ,?us :at is s&y bea* to-day may1 a few million ye>s f n[1 be uncov]$ z a l$ge ( s&/one ) ! pr9ts ( waves di/9ctly %[n1 & fossil %ells ( molluscs1 skeletons ( fi%es1 & bran*es ( seawe$--all ( !m diff]5t f ^? !n gr[+ ^u ! e>?4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,c9c9nati !re h be5 uncov]$ banks ( /one accumulat$ along ! bord] ( an anci5t sea4 ,f ! sides ( granite highl&s /reams br\ght d[n ! s& built into ^! olde/ s&/one rocks4 ,! f9e mud :i* n[ appe>s z b$s ( slate 0 ! decay ( feldsp> & hornbl5de 9 ! same granite4 ,lime/one b$s are full ( ! fossil %ells ( creatures t liv$ 9 ! %all[ seas4 ,_! skeletons1 accumulat+ on ! bottom1 =m$ deep lay]s ( lime/one mud4 ,^! rocks pres]ve1 by ! fossils !y conta91 a great v>iety ( %ellfi% :i* _h limy skeletons4 ,! sea fairly sw>m$ along its %all[ m>g9 ) ^! creatures4 ,we might n recognize _m ( ! %ells & o!r curi\s fossils we f9d 9 ! rock uncov]$ by ! workm5 :o are cutt+ a railroad embankm5t4 ,!y are n exactly l ! liv+ =ms t gr[ along our bea*es to-day1 b !y are en\gh l !m = u to "k t !y liv$ along ! sea%ore1 & if we _h "t to exam9e all ! rocks ( ?is k9d pres]v$ 9 a museum we %\ld decide t sea%ore life 0 q z abundant !n z x is n[4 ,! press$ specim5s ( plants ( ^? e>lie/ sea%ores are m]e impr9ts %[+ t !y 7 pulpy & !re=e gradually decay$4 ,only _! %ape is record$ by d>k /a9s made by ea* bran*+ "p4 ,! decay ( ! vegetable tissue pa9t$ ! outl9e on ! rock :i* :5 split ap>t %[s u :at ^? anci5t seawe$s look$ l4 ,!y belong$ to ! gr\p ( plants we call kelp1 or tangle1 :i* are /ill common en\gh 9 ! sea1 ?\gh ! =ms we n[ h are n exactly l ! old ones4 ,seawe$s belong to ! v l[e/ =ms ( plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,cr9oid f ,indiana ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,ammonite f ,jurassic ( ,engl& ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,fossil corals ,coqu9a1 ,hippurite lime/one ,! lime/ones are full ( fossils ( corals4 ,inde$1 !re mu/ h be5 reefs l ^? t skirt ,florida to-day built by ^! lime-build+ polyps4 ,_! =ms are s well pres]v$ 9 ! rocks t x is possible to "k j h[ !y look$ :5 !y grew 9 ! %all[s4 ,"o v common k9d is call$ a cup coral1 because ! polyp =m$ a skeleton %ap$ l a cup4 ,! body wall surr\nd$ ! skeleton1 & ! arms or t5tacles rose f ! c5tre ( ! funnel-l depression 9 ! top4 ,little cups budd$ (f f _! p>5ts1 b rema9$ atta*$1 & at l5g? ! skeletons ( all =m$ great masses ( limy rock4 ,"s cup corals grew 9 a solid mass1 ! new g5]ation =m+ an out] lay]1 ?us bury+ ! p>5t cups4 ,a second type ( corals 9 ^! olde/ lime/ones is ! honeycomb gr\p4 ,! colonies ( polyps liv$ 9 tubes :i* l5g!n$ gradually1 =m+ compact1 limy cyl9d]s l organ pipes1 fitt$ close toge!r4 ,! liv+ g5]ation always inhabit$ ! upp] *amb]s ( ! tubes4 ,a ?ird type is ! *a9 coral1 made ( tubes jo9$ 9 r[s1 s+le file l pickets ( a f5ce4 ,b ^! walls b5d into curi\s patt]ns1 s t ! cross-section ( a mass ( !m looks l a complex patt]n ( cro*et-"w1 ! irregul> spaces f5c$ ) *a9 /it*es4 ,ea* op5 l9k is a pit 9 :i* a polyp liv$4 ,among ! corals are sprays ( a f9e fea!ry gr[? emb$d$ 9 ! lime/one4 ,f9e1 /raight1 spl9t]-l bran*es are saw-too!d on "o or bo? edges4 ,^! limy fossils might n be se5 at all1 7 !y n b$d$ 9 %ales1 :i* are v f9e-gra9$4 ,"h aga9 are ! skeletons ( animals4 ,ea* not* on ea* ?read-l bran* 0 ! home ( a t9y animal1 n unlike a sea anemone & a coral polyp4 ,to believe ?is /ory x is necess>y only to pick up a bit ( dead %ell or float+ driftwood on :i* a fea!ry gr[? is f\nd4 ,^! plumes1 l sea mosses1 z !y are call$1 are n plants at all1 b colonies ( polyps4 ,ea* "o liv$ 9 a t9y pit1 & ^! pits range "o above ! o!r1 s z to look l not*es on ! ?read-l divisions ( ! /em4 ,put a piece ( ?is s-call$ sea moss 9 a glass ( sea wat]1 & 9 a few mom5ts ( quiet y w see1 by ! use ( a magnify+ glass1 ! spread+ arms ( ! polyp ?ru/ out ( ea* pit4 ,! anci5t seas sw>m$ ) ^! liv+ hydrozoans1 & _! rema9s are f\nd pres]v$ z fossils 9 ! %ales :i* once 7 b$s ( s(t mud4 ,! h>d %ells ( sea ur*9s & />fi%es are made ( lime4 ,9 ! anci5t seas1 />fi%es 7 r>e & sea ur*9s did n exi/1 b all ov] ! sea bottom grew creatures call$ cr9oids1 ! s(t p>ts ( :i* 7 enclos$ 9 limy protective cases & atta*$ to rocks on ! sea bottom by means ( jo9t$ /ems4 ,no fossils are m pl5tiful 9 ! e>ly lime/ones ?an ^! wond]ful /one lilies4 ,inde$1 ! cr9oidal lime/one seem$ to be built ( ! skeletons ( ^! animals4 ,! lily-l body 0 flung op51 z a lily op5s its calyx1 :5 ! creature 0 fe$+4 ,b any al>m caus$ ! t5tacles to be drawn 91 & ! petal-l divisions ( ! body wall to close tightly toge!r1 till t wall look$ l an unop5$ bud4 ,on ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic1 ne> ! ,bahama ,isl&s1 ^! /one lilies are /ill f\nd gr[+4 ,_! jo9t$ /ems & body p>ts are z graceful 9 =m & motion z any lily4 ,! creature's m\? is 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[]-l top1 & x fe$s l ! sea ur*91 on p>ticles obta9$ 9 ! sea wat]4 ,! old lime/ones conta9 great quantities ( lamp %ells1 :i* are old-fa%ion$ bivalves4 ,_! %ells rem9d u ( our bivalve clams & scallops1 b ! int]nal p>ts 7 v diff]5t4 ,! gills ( clams & oy/]s are s(t p>ts4 ,inside ( ! lamp %ells are coil$1 bony arms1 support+ ! fr+$ gills4 ,x is =tunate = u t a few lamp %ells /ill live 9 ! seas4 ,by /udy+ ! s(t p>ts ( ^! liv+ remnants ( a v old race we c "k ! secrets ( ! lives ( ^? anci5t lamp %ells1 ! s(t p>ts ( :i* 7 all wa%$ away1 & ! fossil %ells ( :i* are pres]v$4 ,gradually ! lamp %ells di$ out1 & ! mod]n bivalves h come to take _! places4 ,j s1 ! anci5t cr9oids are n[ almo/ ext9ct2 ! sea ur*9s & ! />fi%es h succe$$ !m4 ,! *amb]$ nautilus has its %ell divid$ by p>titions & x lives 9 ! out] *amb]1 a _m-t5tacl$ creature1 t is a close relative ( ! s(t-bodi$ squid4 ,9 ! anci5t seas ! same family 0 repres5t$ by huge creatures ! %ells ( :i* 7 *amb]$1 b n coil$4 ,_! abundance & great size are prov$ by ! rocks 9 :i* _! fossils are pres]v$4 ,"s ( !m mu/ h be5 ! rul]s ( ! sea1 z %>ks & :ales are to-day4 ,fossil specim5s h be5 f\nd m ?an fifte5 feet long & t5 in*es 9 diamet] 9 ! anci5t rocks ( "s ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,x is possible to read f ! l[e/ rock =mations upw>d1 ! rise ( ^! sea giants & _! gradual decl9e4 ,c]ta9 /rata ( lime/one conta9 ! la/ relics ( ?is race1 aft] :i* !y became ext9ct4 ,z ! /raight-*amb]$ =ms dim9i%$1 great coil$ =ms became m abundant1 b all di$ out4 ,"o ( ! mo/ abundant fossil animals 9 anci5t rocks is call$ a trilobite4 ,its body is divid$ by two grooves into ?ree p>ts1 a c5tral ridge ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! body & two side ridges4 ,! front portion ( ! %ell =m$ ! head %ield1 & beh9d ! ma9 body "p 0 a little tail %ield4 ,! skeleton 0 =m$ ( _m movable jo9t$ plates1 & ! creature _h eyes set 9 ! head %ield j z ! k+ crab's are set4 ,jo9t$ legs 9 pairs fr+$ ea* side ( ! body4 ,ea* leg _h two bran*es1 "o = walk+1 ! o!r = swimm+4 ,a pair ( feel]s rose f ! head4 ,! body c\ld be roll$ into a ball :5 dang] ?reat5$1 by br++ head & tail toge!r4 ,^! rem>kable1 ext9ct trilobites 7 ! fir/ cru/aceans4 ,_! ne>e/ liv+ relative to-day is ! horse%oe crab4 ,! fre%-wat] crayfi% & ! lob/] are m di/ant relatives3 s are ! %rimps & ! prawns4 ,no su* abundance ( ^! creatures exi/s to-day z exi/$ :5 ! trilobites ?rong$ ! %all[s4 ,s well pres]v$ are ^! skeletons t1 al?\gh !re are no liv+ trilobites = comp>ison1 x is possible to f9d out f ! fossil en\gh ab\t _! /ructure to "k h[ !y f$ & liv$ _! lives along ) ! /raight-horns :i* 7 ! scav5g]s ( ^? e>ly seas & ! t]ror ( small] creatures4 ,! trilobites ?rove1 &1 dy+1 left _! record 9 ! rocks2 !n disappe>$ entirely4 ,we f9d _! fossils 9 a great v>iety ( =ms1 %apes1 & sizes4 ,! smalle/ is b a fraction ( an in* long1 ! l>ge/ tw5ty in*es long4 ,! anci5t rocks1 9 :i* ^! l[] =ms ( life h left _! fossils1 are kn[n z ! ,silurian sy/em4 ,! "t 9 :i* ^! rocks 7 accumulat+ "u ! seas cov]s a va/ p]iod4 ,we call x ! ,age ( ,inv]tebrates1 because ^! s(t-bodi$1 h>d-%ell$ animals1 ! cr9oids1 ! molluscs1 & ! trilobites1 ) bony ext]nal skeletons & no backbones1 7 ! mo/ abundant4 ,!y ov]%ad[$ all o!r =ms ( life4 ,! rocks ( ?is wond]ful s]ies 7 =m$ on ! %ores ( a great inl& sea t cov]$ ! c5tral portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ages t foll[$1 ^! rocks 7 cov]$ deeply ) lat] s$im5ts4 ,b ! upheavals ( ! cru/ h brok5 op5 & erosion has uncov]$ ^! /rata 9 diff]5t regions4 ,geologi/s h f\nd writt5 !re1 page ^u page1 ! record ( life z x exi/$ 9 ! e>ly seas4 ,,! ,,lime ,,rocks ,h>d wat] & s(t wat] are v diff]5t4 ,! ra9 t falls & fills our ci/]ns is n s(t] or m delightful to use ?an ! well wat] 9 "s fav\r$ regions4 ,9 x1 soap makes beautiful1 creamy suds1 & x is a real pleasure to put "o's h&s into x4 ,b 9 h>d wat] soap seems to curdle1 & "s s(t5+ ag5t l borax has to be add$ or ! wat] w *ap ! h&s4 ,!re is little satisfaction 9 us+ wat] ( ?is k9d = any purpose4 ,h>d wat] 0 z s(t z any :5 x fell f ! sky2 b ! ra9 wat] trickl$ into ! gr\nd & pass$ ?r\gh rocks conta9+ lime4 ,"s ( ?is m9]al 0 absorb$1 = lime is readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,cle> ?\gh x may be1 wat] t has lime 9 x has q a diff]5t feel+ f ra9 wat]4 ,bl[ ! brea? into a bas9 ( h>d wat]1 & a milky appe>ance w be not$4 ,! c>bonic acid gas exhal$ f ! lungs unites ) ! invisible lime1 caus+ x to become visible p>ticles ( c>bonate ( lime1 :i* fall to ! bottom ( ! bas94 ,ne>ly all well wat] is h>d4 ,s is ! wat] ( lakes & riv]s & ! ocean1 = lime/one is "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ rocks 9 ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,ra9 wat] makes its way into ! e>?'s cru/1 absorbs m9]al sub/ances1 & collects 9 spr+s :i* fe$ brooks & riv]s & lakes4 ,wells are holes 9 ! gr\nd :i* bore into wat]-soak$ /rata ( s&4 ,we ga9 some?+ f ! lime dissolv$ 9 h>d wat]1 = x is an ess5tial "p ( our food4 ,we mu/ dr9k a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] ea* day to keep ! body 9 p]fect heal?4 ,! lime 9 ?is wat] goes *iefly to ! build+ ( our bones4 ,plant roots take up lime 9 ! wat] t m\nts z sap ?r\gh ! plant bodies4 ,we get "s ( ! lime we ne$ 9 vegetable foods we eat4 ,all ( ! k+dom ( v]tebrate animals1 f ! l[e/ =ms to ! highe/1 all ( ! %ell-be>+ animals ( sea & l&1 require lime4 ,_m ( ! l[] creatures especially ^! 9 ! sea1 su* z corals & _! ne> relatives1 encase !mselves 9 body walls ( lime4 ,!y absorb ! lime f ! sea wat]1 & deposit x z unconsci\sly z we build ! bony framework ( our bodies4 ,all ! bone & %ell-be>+ creatures t die on ! e>? & 9 ! sea re/ore to ! l& & to ! wat] ! lime tak5 by ! creatures :ile !y liv$4 ,c>bonic acid gas 9 ! wat] greatly ha/5s ! dissolv+ ( dead %ells4 ,c>bonic acid gas1 :e!r free 9 ! air1 or absorb$ by p]colat+ wat]1 ha/5s ! dissolv+ ( skeletons ( creatures t die ^u l&4 ,!n ! raw mat]ials are built aga9 into lime rocks und]gr\nd4 ,! lime rocks are ! mo/ important gr\p 9 ! li/ ( rocks t =m ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,!y are made ( ! elem5ts calcium1 c>bon1 & oxyg51 yet ! diff]5t memb]s ( ?is calcite gr\p diff] widely 9 composition & appe>ance4 ,s d oy/] %ells & beef bones1 ?\gh bo? conta9 quantities ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,calcite is a s(t m9]al1 light 9 weight1 sometimes :ite1 b (t5] ( "s o!r col\r4 ,x may be f\nd cry/alliz$ or n4 ,:5ev] a drop ( acid t\*es x1 a fro?y eff]vesc5ce occurs4 ,! drop ( acid boils up & gives (f ! pung5t od\r ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,! reason t calcite is h>d to f9d 9 rocks is t p]colat+ wat]1 *>g$ ) acids1 is con/antly /eal+ x1 & c>ry+ x away into ! ocean4 ,! rocks t conta9 x crumble because ! limy portions h be5 dissolv$ out4 ,"s lime/ones resi/ ! de/ructive action ( wat]4 ,:5 !y are impregnat$ ) silica !y become trans=m$ into m>ble1 :i* takes a high poli% l granite4 ,acids mu/ be /rong to make any impression on m>ble4 ,! ?ick b$s ( pure lime/one t und]lie ! surface soil 9 ,k5tucky & 9 p>ts ( ,virg9ia sometimes measure sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness1 a s+le /ratum (t5 be+ tw5ty feet ?ick4 ,!y are all horizontal1 = !y 7 =m$ on sea bottom1 & h n be5 crumpl$ 9 lat] "t4 ,! dead bodies ( sea creatures contribut$ _! %ells & skeletons to ! lime deposit on ! sea bottom4 ,:o c e/imate ! "t x took to =m ^? ?ick1 solid lay]s ( lime rock8 ,! animals 7 corals1 cr9oids1 & molluscs4 ,little s& & clay %[ 9 ! lime rock ( ?is p]iod1 be=e ! m>%es ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,age took ! place ( ! anci5t inl& sea ( ! ,subc>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 ! s$im5t>y accumulations ( :i* we are n[ talk+ ab\t4 ,! liv+ corals "o sees 9 ! %all[ wat] ( ! ,florida coa/ to-day are build+ l& by build+ up _! limy skeletons4 ,! reefs are ! dead skeletons ( pa/ g5]ations ( ^! t9y liv+ ?+s4 ,!y take 9 lime f ! wat]1 & use x z we use lime 9 build+ our bones4 ,9 ea* case x is an unconsci\s process ( animal gr[?--n a build+ process l a mason's build+ ( a wall4 ,_m p ?9k t ! coral polyp builds 9 ?is way4 ,!y give x cr$it = pati5ce 9 a great und]tak+4 ,all ! polyp does is to fe$ on :atev] ! wat] supplies t its dige/ive organs c use4 ,x is l a sea anemone 9 appe>ance & 9 habits ( life4 ,x is n at all l an insect4 ,yet x is common to he> p speak ( ! coral insect6 ,d n let any "o ev] he> y repeat su* a mi/ake4 ,s\!rn ,florida is made out ( coral rock1 b ?9ly cov]$ ) soil4 ,x 0 made by ! gr[? ( reef aft] reef1 & x is /ill gr[+4 ,! ,cretace\s ,p]iod ( ! e>?'s ev5tful hi/ory is nam$ = ! lime rock :i* we "k z *alk4 ,b$s ( ?is rec5t k9d ( lime/one are f\nd 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france1 pure :ite1 made ( ! skeletons ( ! smalle/ ( lime-consum+ creatures1 ,=am9if]a4 ,!y sw>m$ 9 deep wat]1 & s did m9ute sponge animalcules & plant =ms call$ ,diatoms t took silica f ! wat]1 & =m$ _! h>d p>ts ( ?is glassy sub/ance4 ,! result is se5 9 ! nodules ( fl9t f\nd 9 ! s(t1 sn[-:ite *alk4 ,did y ev] use a piece ( *alk t scrat*$ ! black-bo>d8 ,! fl9t did x4 ,h y ev] se5 ! *alk cliffs ( ,dov]8 ,:5 y d see !m1 notice h[ !y gleam :ite 9 ! sun4 ,see h[ ! ra9s h sculptur$ ^? cliffs4 ,! prom95ces left /&+ out are /r5g!n$ by ! fl9t !y conta94 ,*alk b$s occur 9 ,texas & "u our great pla9s2 b ! pr9cipal rocks ( ! age 9 ,am]ica 7 s&/ones & clays4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,fi%es ,! fir/ animal ) a backbone record$ its exi/5ce among ! fossils f\nd 9 rocks ( ! upp] ,silurian /rata4 ,x is a fi%2 b ! e>lie/ fossils are v incomplete specim5s4 ,we "k t ^! old-fa%ion$ fi%es 7 some:at l ! /urgeons ( our riv]s4 ,_! bodies 7 encas$ 9 bony arm\r ( h>d scales1 coat$ ) enamel4 ,! bones ( ! sp9e 7 connect$ by ball & socket jo9ts1 & ! heads 7 movable4 ,9 ^! two p>ticul>s ! fi%es resembl$ reptiles4 ,! mod]n g>-pike has a numb] ( ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,ano!r backbon$ creature ( ! anci5t seas 0 ! ance/ral type ( ! %>k family4 ,9 "s po9ts ?is old-fa%ion$ %>k rem9ds u ( birds & turtles4 ,^! e>ly fi%es =e%ad[$ all lat] v]tebrates1 n yet on ! e>?4 ,aft] !m came ! amphibians1 !n ! reptiles1 !n ! birds1 & late/ ! mammals4 ,! race ( fi%es began1 no d\bt1 ) =ms s s(t-bon$ t no fossil traces are pres]v$ 9 ! rocks4 ,:5 ^? ) h>d] bones appe>$1 ! fossil record began1 & x tells ! /ory ( ! pass+ ( ! e>ly1 unfi%-l =ms1 & ! com+ ( new k9ds1 great 9 size & 9 numb]s1 t sw>m$ 9 ! seas1 & 7 tyrants ov] all o!r liv+ ?+s4 ,!y conqu]$ ! giant /raight-horns & trilobites1 =m] rul]s ( ! seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,a sixte5-foot fossil fi% f ,cretace\s ( ,kansas1 ) a mod]n t>pon ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,caon ,diablo meteorite f ,arizona ,"o ( ^! giant fi%es fifte5 to tw5ty feet long1 ?ree feet wide1 _h jaws two feet long1 set ) blade-l tee?4 ,devonian rocks 9 ,ohio h yield$ f9e fossils ( gigantic fi%es & %>ks4 ,devonian fi%es 7 unlike mod]n k9ds 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 ! sp9al column ext5d$ to ! end ( ! tail1 :e!r ! f9s 7 arrang$ equally or unequally on ! sides2 ! pair$ side f9s look l limbs fr+$ ) f9s4 ,e ,devonian fi% ( ! g> type seems to h _h a lung to help out its gill-brea?+4 ,9 ^! traits ! fir/ fi%es 7 mu* l ! amphibians4 ,!y 7 ! p>5t /ock f :i* bran*$ lat] ! true fi%es & ! amphibians1 z a s+le trunk p>ts into two ma9 b\ghs4 ,! trunk is ! connect+ l9k4 ,! sea bottom 0 /ill ?rong$ ) cr9oids1 & lamp %ells1 & cup corals4 ,%ells ( bo? clam & snail %apes are pl5tiful4 ,! *amb]$ /raight-horns are few] & small]1 & coil$ =ms ( ?is type ( %ell are f\nd4 ,trilobite =ms are small]1 & _! numb]s decrease4 ,! fir/ l& plants appe>$ dur+ ?is age4 ,f]ns & giant club mosses & cycads grew 9 swampy gr\nd4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! wond]ful f]n =e/s t m>k$ ! next age1 :5 coal 0 =m$4 ,! rocks t be> ! record ( ^! liv+ ?+s 9 _! fossils1 =m /rata ( great ?ickness t ov]lie ! ,silurian deposits4 ,!re is no break betwe5 !m4 ,s we und]/& t ! sea *ang$ its %ore-l9e only :5 ! ,silurian deposits rose to ! wat]-level4 ,! ,devonian sea 0 small] ?an ! ,silurian4 ,a great tract ( ,devonian deposits occupies ! l[] half ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 ,canada betwe5 ,lakes ,erie & ,huron1 & ! nor!rn portions ( ,indiana & ,ill9ois4 ,^! old] lay]s ( ! /ratifi$ rock are cov]$ ) ! deposits ( lat] p]iods4 ,riv]s t cut deep *annels reveal ! e>li] rocks z outcrops along _! canyon walk4 ,! record ( ! age ( fi%es is1 = ! mo/ "p1 /ill an unop5$ book4 ,! pages are seal$1 wait+ = ! geologi/ ) 8 hamm] to disclose ! my/]ies4 ,,k+ ,,coal ,9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 ?is age1 :o c d\bt t coal is k+8 ,x is "o ( ! few necessities ( life4 ,9 v>i\s sections ( ! c\ntry1 lay]s ( coal h be5 discov]$--"s ne> ! surface1 o!rs deep und]gr\nd4 ,^! are ! /oreh\ses ( fuel :i* ! coal m9]s dig out & br+ to ! surface1 & ! railroads di/ribute4 ,f ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio to ,alabama /ret*es ! ri*e/ coal-bas94 ,ill9ois & ,indiana conta9 ano!r4 ,f ,i[a s\?w>d to ,texas ano!r broad bas9 lies4 ,c5tral ,mi*igan & ,nova ,scotia ea* has isolat$ coal-bas9s4 ,all ^! h be5 discov]$ & m9$1 = !y lie 9 ! olde/ "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,we/1 coal-b$s h be5 discov]$ 9 sev]al /ates1 b _m regions h n yet be5 explor$4 ,va/ coal-fields1 /ill unt\*$1 h be5 locat$ 9 ,alaska4 ,! ,gov]nm5t is try+ to save ?is fuel supply = com+ g5]ations4 ,_m ( ! ri*e/ coal-b$s f ,nova ,scotia s\?w>d dip "u ! ocean4 ,!y h be5 robb$ by ! erosive action ( waves & runn+ wat]4 ,glaci]s h gr\nd away _! sub/ance1 & giv5 x to ! sea4 ,mu* t rema9s intact mu/ be left by m9]s on acc\nt ( ! difficulties ( gett+ out coal f tilt$ & contort$ /rata4 ,z a rule1 ! fir/-=m$ coal is ! be/4 ,! ,we/]n coal-fields belong to ! p]iod foll[+ ! ,c>bonif]\s ,age4 ,al?\gh conditions 7 fav\rable to abundant coal =mation1 ,we/]n coal is n equal to ! old]1 ,ea/]n coal4 ,x is (t5 call$ lignite1 a ^w t designates its immaturity comp>$ ) an?racite4 ,coal =m$ 9 ! ,triassic ,p]iod is f\nd 9 a bas9 ne> ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia4 ,!re is an abundance ( ?is coal1 b x has be5 subject$ to m\nta9-mak+ pressure & heat1 & is extremely inflammable4 ,! m9]s are 9 con/ant dang] on acc\nt ( coal gas1 :i* becomes explosive :5 ! air ( ! %aft rea*es & m+les ) x4 ,?is ! m9] calls fire damp4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a has coal ( ! same =mation1 t is also dang]\s to m9e1 & v awkw>d to rea*1 on acc\nt ( ! crumpl+ ( ! /rata4 ,!re are b$s ( coal s pure t v little a% rema9s aft] ! burn+4 ,five p] c5t1 ( a% may be reasonably expect$ 9 pure coal1 unmix$ ) s$im5t>y deposits4 ,su* coal 0 =m$ 9 t "p ( ! swamp :i* 0 n /irr$ by ! infl[ ( a riv]4 ,:]ev] muddy wat] fl[$ 9 among ! fall5 /ems ( plants1 or s& drift$ ov] ! accumulat$ peat1 ^! deposits rema9$1 to appe> lat] & bo!r ^? :o attempt to burn ! coal4 ,illu/ration3 ,eoc5e fi% ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,trilobite f ! ,niag>a lime/one1 ,upp] ,silurian1 ( ,we/]n ,new ,york ,illu/ration3 ,sigill>ia1 ,/igm>ia & ,lepidod5dron ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,coal f]n ,y "k pure coal1 t burns ) great heat & leaves b little a%es4 ,y "k also ! o!r k9d1 t ignites ) difficulty1 burns ) little flame1 gives out little heat1 & dy+ leaves ! furnace full ( a%es4 ,y are try+ to burn anci5t mud t has b a small proportion ( coal mix$ ) x4 ,! m9]s "k good coal f poor1 & s d ! coal deal]s4 ,x is n pr(itable to m9e ! impure "p ( ! ve94 ,x co/s z mu* to m9e & %ip z ! be/ quality1 & x br+s a mu* l[] price4 ,! deep] b$s ( coal are bett] ?an ^? =m$ 9 comp>atively rec5t "t & f\nd ly+ ne>] ! surface4 ,9 _m bogs a lay] ( emb$d$ root fibres1 call$ peat1 is cut into bricks & dri$ = burn+4 ,deep] ?an peat-b$s lie ! lignites1 :i* are old b$s ( peat1 on ! way to become coal4 ,s(t coal is old] ?an lignite4 ,x conta9s ?irty to fifty p] c5t4 ( volatile matt]1 & burns readily1 ) a bright blaze4 ,! ri*e/ ( ?is bitum9\s coal is call$ fat1 or fus+ coal4 ,! bitum5 oozes out1 & ! coal cakes 9 burn+4 ,ord9>y s(t coal conta9s less1 b /ill we c see ! res9\s bitum5 fry+ out ( x z x burns4 ,!re is m heat & less volatile matt] 9 /eam coal1 s-call$ because x is ! fuel t mo/ quickly =ms /eam 9 an eng9e4 ,h>d coal conta9s b five to t5 p] c5t4 ( volatile matt]4 ,x is sl[ to ignite & burns ) a small blue blaze4 ,f peat to an?racite coal ,i h nam$ ! s]ies :i* increases gradually 9 ! am\nt ( heat x gives out1 & increases & !n decreases 9 its read9ess to burn & 9 ! brightness ( its flame4 ,an?racite coal has ! highe/ am\nt ( fix$ c>bon4 ,?is is ! reason :y x makes ! be/ fuel1 = fix$ c>bon is ! sub/ance :i* holds ! /ore ( imprison$ sunlight1 lib]at$ z heat :5 ! coal burns4 ,trem5d\s pressure & heat due to %r9k+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ h crumpl$ & twi/$ ! /rata conta9+ coal 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 & ?us *ang$ bitum9\s coal into an?racite4 ,ohio b$s1 =m$ at ! same "t1 b undi/urb$ by heat & pressure1 are bitum9\s yet4 ,! coal-b$s ( ,rhode ,isl& are an?racite1 b ! coal is s h>d t x w n burn 9 an op5 fire4 ,! t]rible1 m\nta9-mak+ =ces t crumpl$ ^! /rata & robb$ ! coal ( its volatile matt]1 left s little ( ! gas-=m+ elem5t1 t a v special treatm5t is necess>y to make ! c>bon burn4 ,x is us$ successfully 9 furnaces built = ! smelt+ ( ores4 ,! la/ /age 9 ! coal s]ies is a black sub/ance :i* we "k z black lead1 or graphite4 ,we write ) x :5 we use a lead p5cil4 ,?is is an?racite coal aft] all ( ! volatile matt] has be5 driv5 out ( x4 ,x _c burn1 al?\gh x is solid c>bon4 ,! b$s ( graphite h be5 =m$ out ( coal by ! same *anges 9 ! e>?'s cru/ :i* h conv]t$ s(t coal into an?racite4 ,! trem5d\s pressure t be>s on ! coal measures has *ang$ a "p ( ! c>bon into liquid & gase\s =m4 ,lakes ( oil h be5 tapp$ f :i* jets ( great =ce h sp\t$ out4 ,su* accumulations ( oil usually fill por\s lay]s ( s&/one & are conf9$ by ov]ly+ & und]ly+ b$s ( imp]vi\s clay4 ,gas may be simil>ly conf9$ until a well is drill$1 reliev+ ! pressure1 & furni%+ abundant or scanty supply ( ?is valuable fuel4 ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania coal-fields h b$s ( gas & oil4 ,if m\nta9-mak+ =ces _h brok5 ! /rata1 z 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ! gas & ! oil w\ld h be5 lo/ by evaporation4 ,?is is :at happ5$ 9 ! an?racite coal-belt4 ,,h[ ,,coal ,,0 ,,made ,! broad1 r\nd$ dome ( a maple tree %ades my w9d[s f ! int5se heat ( ?is ,augu/ day4 ,! air is hot1 & e leaf ( ! tree's ?at*$ ro( is spread to cat* ! sunlight4 ,! c>bon 9 ! air is brea!d 9 ?r\gh op5+s on ! "u side ( ea* leaf4 ,! sap 9 ! leaf pulp uses ! c>bon 9 mak+ />*4 ,! sun's heat is absorb$4 ,x is ! en]gy t enables ! leaf-gre5 to produce a wond]ful *emical *ange4 ,out ( soil wat]1 br\ght up f ! roots1 & ! c>bonic acid gas1 tak5 9 f ! air1 ri*1 sug>y />* is manufactur$ 9 ! leaf laboratory4 ,?is plant food returns 9 a sl[ curr5t1 fe$+ ! gr[+ cells "u ! b>k1 f leaf tip to root tip1 ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ tree4 ,! sap builds solid wood4 ,! maple tree has be5 built out ( muddy wat] & c>bon gas4 ,x /&s a miracle be=e our eyes4 ,9 its t\gh wood fibres is lock$ up all ! heat its leaves absorb$ f ! sun1 s9ce ! day ! maple se$ spr\t$ & ! fir/ pair ( leaves lift$ _! palms above ! gr\nd4 ,if my maple tree %\ld die1 & fall1 & lie undi/urb$ on ! gr\nd1 x w\ld sl[ly decay4 ,! c>bon ( its solid frame w\ld pass back into ! air1 z gas1 & ! heat w\ld escape s gradually t ,i c\ld n notice x at all1 unless ,i ?ru/ my h& into ! w>m1 crumbl+ mass4 ,if my tree %\ld be cut d[n to-day & *opp$ into /ove wood1 x w\ld keep a fire 9 my grate = _m mon?s4 ,burn+ de/roys wood sub/ance a great deal fa/] ?an decay 9 ! op5 air does1 b ! processes ( rott+ & burn+ are alike 9 ?is3 ea* process releases ! c>bon1 & gives x back to ! air4 ,x gives back also ! sun's heat1 /or$ :ile ! tree 0 gr[+4 ,!re is left on ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! a%es on ! he>?1 only ! m9]al sub/ance tak5 up 9 ! wat] ! roots ga!r$ und]gr\nd4 ,if my tree /ood 9 swampy gr\nd & fell ov] "u a high w9d1 ! wat] t cov]$ x & saturat$ its sub/ance w\ld prev5t decay4 ,! c>bon w\ld n be all[$ to escape z a gas to ! air2 ! woody sub/ance w\ld become gradually *ang$ into peat4 ,9 ?is =m x might rema9 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & f9ally be *ang$ into coal4 ,:e!r x 0 burn$ :ile yet 9 ! condition ( peat1 or millions ( ye>s lat]1 :5 x 0 trans=m$ into coal1 ! heat /or$ 9 its sub/ance 0 lib]at$ by ! burn+4 ,! c>bon & ! heat w5t back to ! air4 ,e gre5 plant we see spreads its leaves to ! sun4 ,e /ick ( wood we burn1 & e lump ( coal1 is giv+ back1 9 ! =m ( light & heat1 ! en]gy t came f sun%9e & 0 captur$ by ! gre5 leaves4 ,h[ long ! wood has held ?is /ore ( heat we may easily compute1 = we c read ! age ( a tree4 ,b ! age ( coal we _c accurately /ate4 ,! ye>s probably %\ld be c\nt$ by millions1 in/ead ( ?\s&s4 ,! great inl& sea t cov]$ ! middle portion ( ! cont95t dur+ ! ,silurian & ! ,devonian p]iods1 became %all[ by ! deposit ( va/ quantities ( s$im5t4 ,along ! l9es ( ! deposits ( greate/ ?ickness1 a crumpl+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ lift$ ! fir/ fold ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s z a great sea wall on ! ea/1 & on ! we/]n %ore ano!r =m$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,oz>k ,m\nta9 sy/em 9 ,miss\ri4 ,an isl& 0 lift$ out ( ! sea1 =m+ ! elevat$ gr\nd on :i* ! city ( ,c9c9nati n[ /&s4 ,v>i\s o!r ridges & isl&s divid$ ! anci5t sea into mu* small] bodies ( wat]4 ,hemm$ 9 by l& ^! %all[ sea-bas9s gradually *ang$ into fre%-wat] lakes1 = !y no long] _h connection ) ! ocean1 & all ! wat] !y receiv$ came f ra94 ,aft] c5turies ( fre%ets1 & ( fill+ 9 ) ! rock dbris br\ght by ! /reams1 !y became great m>%es1 9 :i* grew wat]-lov+ plants4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( ^! plants di$1 & _! rema9s1 subm]g$ by ! wat]1 7 conv]t$ into peat4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages ?is peat became coal4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( ! coal measures4 ,!re is no guesswork "h4 ,! /ems ( plants d n lose _! microscopic /ructure 9 all ! ages x has tak5 to trans=m !m to coal4 ,a ?9 section ( coal %[s "u a magnifi] ! /ructure ( ! /ems ( ! coal-=m+ plants4 ,moreov]1 ! ve9s ( coal pres]ve above or bel[ !m1 9 %ales t 7 once deposits ( mud1 ! bran*+ trunks ( trees1 p]fectly fossiliz$4 ,!re are no bett] pro(s ( ! vegetable orig9 ( coal ?an ! lumps !mselves4 ,b !y are pla9 to ! nak$ eye1 :ile ! coal tells its /ory to ! man ) ! microscope4 ,! fossil rema9s ( ! plants t fl\ri%$ :5 coal 0 =m+ are gigantic1 comp>$ ) plants ( ! same families n[ liv+4 ,we mu/ conclude t ! climate 0 tropical1 ! air v heavy ) moi/ure1 & *>g$ mu* m heavily ?an x is n[ ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,^! conditions produc$1 9 rapid succession1 =e/s ( tree f]ns & horsetails & giant club mosses4 ,^! are ! ?ree types ( plants out ( :i* ! coal 0 made4 ,!y 7 all ri* 9 res91 :i* makes ! coal burn readily4 ,! f]ns _h /ems z l>ge z tree trunks4 ,"s h be5 f\nd t are eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,we "k !y are f]ns1 because ! leaves are f\nd ) _! fruits atta*$ to !m 9 ! mann] ( pres5t-day f]ns4 ,! /ems %[ ! well kn[n sc> by :i* f]n leaves are jo9$4 ,& ! wood ( ^! fossil f]n /ems is tubul> 9 /ructure1 j z ! wood ( liv+ f]ns is to-day4 ,among ! f]ns :i* dom9at$ ^! old m>% =e/s grew "o k9d1 ! scaly leaves ( :i* cov]$ ! /ems & bore _! fruits on ! bran*+ tips4 ,^! giants1 "s ( !m ) trunks f\r feet 9 diamet]1 belong to ! same gr\p ( plants z our creep+ club mosses1 b 9 ! anci5t days !y /ood up among ! o!r f]ns z trees =ty or fifty feet high4 ,! giant sc\r+ ru%es1 or horsetails1 _h ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics z ! little re$-l plants we "k by ^? names to-day4 ,! highe/ plants ( ! coal p]iod 7 leafy trees ) nut-l fruits1 t resemble ! yew trees ( ! pres5t4 ,^! gigantic trees 7 ! fir/ conif]s ^u ! e>?4 ,!y =e%ad[$ ! p9es & ! o!r cone-be>+ ev]gre5s4 ,_! leaves 7 broad & _! fruits nut-l4 ,! ,japanese g9kgo1 or maid5hair f]n tree1 is an old-fa%ion$ conif] some:at l ^? fir/ examples ( ?is family4 ,trunks sixty to sev5ty feet long1 cr[n$ ) broad leaves & a spike ( fruit1 h be5 f\nd ly+ 9 ! upp] lay]s ( ! coal-seams1 & 9 s&/one /rata t lie betwe5 ! /rata ( coal4 ,peculi> circul> discs1 :i* ! microscope reveals along ! sides ( ! wood fibres ( ^! fossil trees1 prove ! wood /ructure to be l t ( mod]n conif]s4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( =e/s liv$ & di$ 9 ! va/ spread+ swamps ( ?is era4 ,! l& sank1 & fre%ets came "h & !re1 dr[n+ out all plant life1 & cov]+ ! lay]s ( peat ) b$s ( s& or mud4 ,:5 ! wat] w5t d[n1 o!r =e/s took possession1 & a new coal-b$ 0 />t$4 ,x is pla9ly se5 t flood+ (t5 put an end to coal =mation4 ,fifte5 seams ( coal1 "o above ano!r1 is ! greate/ numb] t h be5 f\nd4 ,! ve9s v>y f "o in* to =ty feet 9 ?ickness4 ,^! are sep>at$ by lay]s ( s&/one or %ale1 :i* accumulat$ z s$im5t1 cov]+ ! /umps ( dead tree f]ns & o!r gr[?s1 & pres]v+ !m z fossils to tell ! /ory ( ^? bygone ages z pla9ly z any o!r record c\ld h done4 ,fre%-wat] animals succe$$ ^? ( salt wat] 9 ! swamps t =m$ ! coal measures4 ,ov]head1 ! fir/ insects flitt$ among ! bran*es ( ! tree f]ns4 ,dragon-flies d>t$ above ! surface & dipp$ 9 wat] z !y d to-day4 ,spid]s1 scorpions1 & cockroa*es1 all air-brea?+ insects1 7 repres5t$1 b none ( ! high]1 nect>-lov+ insects1 l flies & bees & butt]flies1 7 !re4 ,fl[]+ plants _h n yet appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,snakelike amphibians1 "s fi%like1 "s liz>d-l1 & huge crocodilian =ms appe>$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,^! air-brea?+ swamp-dwell]s c\ld n h liv$ 9 salt wat]4 ,fre%-wat] molluscs & l& %ells appe> = ! fir/ "t z fossils 9 ! rocks ( ! coal measures4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ocean1 ! rocks ( ?is p]iod %[ t trilobites1 horse%oe crabs1 & fi%es /ill liv$ 9 va/ numb]s1 & corals cont9u$ to =m lime/one4 ,! old types ( m>9e animals *ang$ gradually1 b ! coal measures %[ /rik+ly diff]5t fossils4 ,^! rocks be> ! fir/ record ( fre%-wat] & l& animals4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,useful ,,metal ,x is =tunate = u all t1 out ( ! half-doz5 s-call$ useful metals1 iron1 :i* is ! mo/ useful ( !m all to ! human race1 %\ld be also ! mo/ pl5tiful & ! *eape/4 ,alum9um is abundant 9 ! common clay & soil "u our feet4 ,b sep>at+ x is /ill an exp5sive process2 s t ?is metal is n comm]cially s pl5tiful z iron is1 nor is x *eap4 ,all we "k ( ! e>?'s sub/ance is bas$ on /udies ( ! sup]ficial "p ( its cru/1 a m]e film comp>$ ) ! eight ?\s& miles ( its diamet]4 ,nobody kn[s :at ! core ( ! e>?--! great globe "u ?is surface film--is made (2 b we "k t x is ( heavi] mat]ial ?an ! surface lay]2 & geologi/s believe t iron is an important elem5t 9 ! c5tral mass ( ! globe4 ,"o ?+ t makes ?is guess seem reasonable is ! great abundance ( iron 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,ano!r ?+ is t meteors :i* fall on ! e>? out ( ! sky prove to be *iefly compos$ ( iron4 ,all ( _! o!r elem5ts are ones :i* are f\nd 9 our own rocks4 ,if we believe t ! e>? itself is a fragm5t ( ! sun1 ?r[n (f 9 a heat$ condition & cool+ z x flew ?r\gh space1 we may consid] x a giant meteor1 made ( ! sub/ances we f9d 9 ! *ance meteor t /rikes ! e>?4 ,iron is f\nd1 n only 9 ! soil1 b 9 all plant & animal bodies t take _! food f ! soil4 ,! r$ col\r 9 fruits & fl[]s1 & 9 ! blood ( ! high] animals1 is a =m 9 :i* iron is famili> to u4 ,x does m1 p]haps1 to make ! _w beautiful ?an any o!r m9]al elem5t kn[n4 ,b long be=e ^! b5efits 7 und]/ood1 iron 0 ! backbone ( civilization4 ,x is s to-day4 ,iron1 trans=m$ by a simple process into /eel1 su/a9s ! comm]cial supremacy ( ! great civiliz$ nations ( ! _w4 ,! railroad tra91 ! /eel-arm\r$ battle%ip1 ! great bridge1 ! t[]+ sky-scrap]1 ! ke5-edg$ tool1 ! delicate me*anism ( wat*es & a ?\s& o!r sci5tific in/rum5ts--all ^! ?+s are possible to-day because iron 0 discov]$ & has be5 put to use4 ,x 0 probably "o ( ! cave m51 pok+ ab\t 9 8 fire among ! rocks1 :o discov]$ a lump ( molt5 metal :i* ! heat _h sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! rocks4 ,he exam9$ ?is cl9k] aft] x cool$1 & x int]e/$ him4 ,x 0 a new discov]y4 ,x may h be5 he1 or possibly 8 desc5dants1 :o le>n$ t ?is metal c\ld be p\nd$ into o!r %apes1 & fre$ by p\nd+ f ! pebbles & o!r impurities t clung to x :5 x cool$4 ,! relics ( iron-tipp$ spe>s & arr[s %[ ! skill & +5uity ( our e>ly ance/ors 9 mak+ use ( iron z a means ( kill+ _! prey4 ,! e>lie/ rema9s ( ?is k9d h probably be5 lo/ because ! iron ru/$ away4 ,man 0 pretty well along on ! road to civilization be=e he le>n$ :]e iron c\ld be f\nd 9 b$s1 & h[ x c\ld be purifi$ = 8 use4 ,we n[ "k t c]ta9 v m9ute plants1 :i* live 9 quiet wat]1 cause iron br\ght into t wat] to be precipitat$1 & to accumulate 9 ! bottom ( ^! boggy pools4 ,9 anci5t days ^! bog deposits ( iron (t5 alt]nat$ ) coal lay]s4 ,millions ( ye>s h pass$ s9ce ^! two useful sub/ances 7 laid d[n4 ,to-day ! coal is dug1 along ) ! bog iron4 ,! coal is burn$ to melt ! iron ore & prep>e x = use4 ,x is a =tunate region t produces bo? coal & iron4 ,bitum9\s coal is pl5tiful1 & scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry1 :ile an?racite is sc>ce4 ,! *eape/ iron is made 9 ,alabama1 :i* has its ore 9 ri* deposits 9 hillsides1 & coal measures close by1 furni%+ ! raw mat]ial = coke4 ,! result is t ! region ( ,birm+ham has become ! c5tre ( great weal? ?r\gh ! developm5t ( iron & coal m9es4 ,:]e wat] fl[s ov] lime/one rock1 & p]colates ?r\gh lay]s ( ?is v common m9]al1 x causes ! iron1 ga!r$ 9 ^! rock masses1 to be deposit$ 9 pockets4 ,all along ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s ! iron has be5 ga!r$ 9 b$s :i* are be+ m9$4 ,^! b$s ( ore are usually mix$ ) clay & o!r e>?y sub/ances f :i* ! metal c be sep>at$ only by melt+4 ,! ore is ?r[n into a furnace :]e ! metal melts & trickles d[n1 leav+ beh9d ! non-metallic impurities4 ,x is drawn (f & run into m\lds1 :]e x cools 9 ! =m ( pig iron4 ,! fir/ fuel us$ 9 ! mak+ ( pig iron f ! ore 0 *>coal4 ,9 ,am]ica ! e>ly settl]s _h no difficulty 9 f9d+ pl5ty ( wood4 ,inde$1 ! =e/s 7 we$s t _h to be cut d[n & burn$ to make room = fields ( gra94 ,! f9d+ ( iron ore always />t$ a small indu/ry 9 a colony4 ,if !re 0 a blacksmi?1 or any "o else among ! small company :o und]/ood work+ 9 iron1 he 0 put 9 *>ge4 ,to make ! *>coal1 wood 0 cut & pil$ closely 9 a dome-%ap$ heap1 :i* 0 tightly cov]$ ) sods1 except = a small op5+ ne> ! gr\nd4 ,9 ?is a fire 0 built1 & smo!r$1 b kept go+ until all ! wood )9 ! ov5 0 *>r$4 ,?is fuel burn$ readily1 ) an int5se heat1 & )\t a%es4 ,/icks ( *>coal h ! =m ( ! wood1 & !y are /iff en\gh to hold up ! ore ( iron s t x _c cru% out ! fire4 ,= a long "t ,am]ican iron 0 suppli$ by little smelt]s1 scatt]$ "h & !re4 ,! workm5 beat ! melt$ metal on ! =ge1 free+ x f impurities1 & %ap+ ! pure metal into useful articles4 ,sometimes !y made x into /eel1 by a process le>n$ 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,! ,am]ican iron indu/ry1 :i* n[ is "o ( ! greate/ 9 ! _w1 c5tres 9 ,pittsburg1 ne> :i* great deposits ( iron & coal lie close toge!r4 ,! mak+ ( coke f coal has replac$ ! burn+ ( *>coal = fuel4 ,:5 ! =e/s 7 cut away by lumb]m51 ! supply ( *>coal ?reat5$ to give out1 & exp]im5ts 7 made 9 *>r+ coal1 :i* result$ 9 ! successful mak+ ( coke1 a fuel made f coal by a process simil> to ! mak+ ( *>coal f wood4 ,! /ory ( ! mak+ ( coke out ( h>d & s(t coal is a long "o1 = x began z f> back z ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 #ahab ! fir/ boat-load ( an?racite coal 0 s5t to ,philadelphia f a little settlem5t along ! ,lehigh ,riv]4 ,a m9e _h be5 op5$1 ! own] ( :i* believ$ t ! black1 %9y rocks w\ld burn4 ,8 neighb\rs laugh$ at him1 = !y _h tri$ build+ fires ) !m1 & conclud$ t x c\ld n be done4 ,9 ,philadelphia1 ! own]s ( "s coke furnaces gave ! new fuel a trial1 9 spite ( ! disgu/ ( ! /ok]s1 :o ?\ght !y 7 putt+ out _! fires ) a pile ( /ones4 ,aft] a little1 h[ev]1 ! new fuel began to burn ) ! peculi> pale flame & int5se heat t we "k s well1 & ! /ok]s 7 conv9c$ t "h 0 a new fuel1 ) possibilities 9 x4 ,b x 0 h>d = p to be pati5t ) ! sl[ />t+ ( ?is h>d coal4 ,n until #ahdj did x come into g5]al fav\r1 foll[+ ! discov]y t if hot air 0 suppli$ at ! draught1 in/ead ( cold1 an?racite coal became a p]fect fuel4 ,at ,connellsville1 ,p5nsylvania1 a ve9 ( coal 0 discov]$ :i* made coke ( ! v f9e/ quality4 ,ar\nd ?is rem>kable c5tre1 coke ov5s 7 built1 & iron ore 0 %ipp$ 91 ev5 f ! ri* b$s ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior c\ntry4 ,b x 0 pla9 to see t ,connellsville coal w\ld become exhau/$2 & s exp]im5ts 9 coke-mak+ f o!r coals 7 /ill made4 ,:5 s(t coal burns1 a waxy t> oozes out ( x1 :i* t5ds to smo!r ! fire4 ,e>ly exp]im5ts ) coal 9 melt+ iron ore indicat$ t s(t coal 0 useless z a sub/itute = *>coal & coke2 b lat] exp]im5ts prov$ t coke ( f9e quality c be made out ( ?is bitum9\s s(t coal1 by draw+ (f ! t> :i* makes ! tr\ble4 ,new processes 7 inv5t$ by :i* valuable gas & coal t> are tak5 out ( bitum9\s coal1 leav+1 z a residue1 coke t is equal 9 quality to t made f ! ,connellsville coal4 ,=tunes h be5 made out ( ! sep>ation ( ! elem5ts ( ! once despis$ s(t coal4 ,= ! coke & ea* ( its by-products1 coal t> & coal gas1 are comm]cial necessities ( life4 ,! impurities absorb$ by ! melt+ iron ore include c>bon1 phosphorus1 & silicon4 ,c>bon is ! *ief cause ( ! brittl5ess ( ca/ iron4 ,! puddl+ furnace 0 inv5t$ to remove ?is tr\ble4 ,! melt$ ore 0 /irr$ on a broad1 bas9-l he>?1 ) a long-h&l$ puddl+ rake4 ,! flames swept ov] ! surface1 burn+ ! c>bon lib]at$ by ! /irr+4 ,x 0 a h>d1 hot job = ! man at ! rake1 b x produc$ =ge iron1 t c\ld be %ap$1 hot or cold1 on ! anvil4 ,! next improvem5t 0 ! process ( press+ ! hot iron betwe5 groov$ roll]s to rid x ( slag & o!r =eign matt]s collect$ 9 ! furnace4 ,! old way 0 to hamm] ! metal free f su* impurities4 ,?is 0 sl[ & h>d "w4 ,iron 0 an exp5sive & sc>ce metal until ! hot bla/-furnace *eap5$ ! process ( smelt+ ! ore4 ,! puddl+ furnace & ! groov$ roll]s did /ill m to br+ x into g5]al use4 ,! railroads develop$ ) ! iron indu/ry4 ,soon !y requir$ a metal /rong] ?an iron4 ,/eel 0 f> too exp5sive1 ?\gh x 0 j :at 0 ne$$4 ,ef=ts 7 made to f9d a *eap way to *ange iron into /eel4 ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem] solv$ ! problem by inv5t+ ! ,bessem] conv]t]4 ,x is a great clos$ retort1 :i* is fill$ ) melt$ pig iron4 ,a draught admits air1 & ! c>bon is all burn$ out4 ,!n a def9ite am\nt ( c>bon1 j ! am\nt requir$ to *ange iron into /eel1 is add$1 by ?r[+ 9 b>s ( an alloy ( c>bon & manganese4 ,! latt] gives /eel its t\ghness1 & enables x to resi/ great] heat )\t cry/alliz+ & ?us los+ its temp]4 ,:5 ! c>bon has be5 put 91 ! retort is clos$4 ,! molt5 metal absorbs ! alloy1 & ! product is ,bessem] /eel4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes pig iron c be trans=m$ into +ot /eel4 ,! inv5tion made possible ! use ( /eel 9 ! con/ruction ( bridges1 high build+s1 & %ips4 ,x made ?is age ( ! _w ! ,age ( ,/eel4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,reptiles ,two big & int]e/+ reptiles we see 9 ! ,zoo1 ! crocodile & its c\s91 ! alligator4 ,9 ! ev]glades ( ,florida bo? are f\nd4 ,! crocodile ( ! ,nile is protect$ by popul> sup]/ition1 s x is 9 bett] luck ?an ours4 ,! alligators h be5 kill$ (f = _! sk9s1 & x is only a matt] ( "t till ^! lumb]+ creatures w be f\nd only 9 places :]e !y are protect$ z ! remnants ( a vani%$ race4 ,giant reptiles ( o!r k9ds are few ^u ! e>? n[4 ,! boa con/rictor is ! giant among snakes4 ,! great tropical turtles repres5t an alli$ gr\p4 ,mo/ ( ! turtles1 liz>ds1 & snakes are small1 & 9 no s5se dom9ant ov] o!r creatures4 ,! rocks t lie among ! coal measures conta9 fossils ( huge animals t liv$ 9 fre% wat] & on l&1 ! ance/ors ( our frogs1 toads1 & salam&]s1 a gr\p we call amphibians4 ,"s ( ^! animals _h ! =m ( snakes2 "s 7 fi%like1 ) scaly bodies2 o!rs 7 liz>d-l or l huge crocodiles4 ,^! 7 ! ance/ors ( ! reptiles1 :i* became ! rul]s ( l& & sea dur+ ! ,mesozoic ,era4 ,! rocks t ov]lie ! coal measures conta9 fossils ( ^! gigantic animals4 ,/range crocodile-l reptiles1 ) turtle-l beaks & tusks1 b no tee?1 left _! skeletons 9 ! mud ( ! %ores !y frequ5t$4 ,& o!rs _h tee? 9 gr\ps--gr9d]s1 te>]s1 & cutt]s--l mammals4 ,^! _h o!r traits l ! old-fa%ion$1 egg-lay+ mammals1 ! duck-bill$ platypus1 = example1 t is /ill f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4 ,along ) ! rema9s ( ^! creatures are f\nd small p\*$ mammals1 ( ! kang>oo k9d1 9 ! rocks ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,^! l& animals saw squatty cycads1 & cone-be>+ trees1 ! ance/ors ( our ev]gre5s1 gr[+ 9 =e/s1 & m>%es cov]$ ) luxuriant gr[?s ( tree f]ns & horsetails1 ! fall5 bodies ( :i* =m$ ! rec5t coal t is n[ dug 9 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,ammonites1 giant sea snails1 ) *amb]$ %ells t rea*$ a y>d & m 9 diamet]1 & gigantic squids1 swam ! seas4 ,sea ur*9s1 />fi%1 & oy/]s 7 abundant4 ,insects flitt$ ?r\gh ! air1 b no birds appe>$ among ! trees or bea/s 9 ! jungles4 ,ov] all =ms ( liv+ creatures reptiles rul$4 ,!y 7 rem>kable 9 size & numb]s4 ,!re 7 swimm+1 runn+1 & fly+ =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,b&$ s&/one f ,calico ,caon1 ,s\? ,dakota ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,opaliz$ wood f ,utah ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,re/oration ( a c>nivor\s ,d9osaur1 ,allosaurus1 f ! ,upp] ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,wyom+4 ,:5 erect ! animal 0 ab\t #ae feet high ,! fi%-reptile1 ,i*?yosaurus1 0 a hump-back$ creature1 ?irty to =ty feet long1 ) %ort neck1 v l>ge head1 & long jaw1 set ) hundr$s ( po9t$ tee?4 ,its eye sockets 7 a foot across4 ,! f\r %ort limbs 7 /rong paddles1 us$ = swimm+4 ,! long1 sl5d] tail end$ 9 a flat f94 ,p]fect skeletons ( ?is creature h be5 f\nd4 ,its rival 9 ! sea 0 ! liz>d-l ,plesiosaurus1 ! small head ( :i* 0 m\nt$ on a long neck4 ,! tail 0 %ort1 b ! paddles 7 long & p[]ful4 ,no d\bt ?is agile creature held its own1 ?\gh some:at small] ?an ! m massively built ,i*?yosaurus4 ,! l& reptiles call$ ,d9osaurs 7 ! l>ge/ creatures t h ev] walk$ ! e>?4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 ,new ,york1 ! m\nt$ skeleton ( ! giant ,d9osaur fairly takes "o's brea? away4 ,x is sixty-six feet long1 & correspond+ly l>ge 9 e "p1 except its head4 ,?is massive creature 0 rem>kably %ort ( bra9s4 ,! /range/ ?+ ab\t ! l& reptiles is ! fact t c]ta9 ( !m walk$ on _! h9d legs1 l birds1 & made ?ree-to$ tracks 9 ! mud4 ,inde$1 ^! fossil tracks1 f\nd 9 slate1 7 call$ bird tracks1 until ! bones ( ! reptile skeleton ) ! bird-l foot 7 discov]$4 ,c]ta9 long grooves 9 ! slate1 hi!rto unexpla9$1 7 made by ! long tail t dragg$ 9 ! mud4 ,:5 ! mud dri$1 & 0 lat] cov]$ ) s$im5t ( ano!r k9d1 ^! pr9ts 7 pres]v$1 & :5 ! b$ ( rock 0 discov]$ by qu>rym51 ! two k9ds split ap>t1 %[+ ! record ( ! /roll ( a giant along ! riv] bank 9 bygone days4 ,! fly+ reptiles 7 /ill m bird-l 9 /ructure1 ?\gh gigantic 9 size4 ,imag9e ! appe>ance ( a great liz>d ) bat-l1 webb$ w+s & bat-l1 too!d jaws6 ,! fir/ fea!r$ fossil bird 0 discov]$ 9 ! lime/one rock ( ,bav>ia4 ,x 0 a wond]fully pres]v$ fossil1 %[+ ! fea!rs p]fectly4 ,?ree f+]s ( ea* h& 7 free & claw$1 s t ! creature c\ld seize its prey1 & yet use its fea!r$ w+s 9 flight4 ,! small head _h jaws set ) socket$ tee?1 l a reptile's1 & ! long1 liz>d tail ( tw5ty-"o bones _h a pair ( side fea!rs at ea* jo9t4 ,?is ,ar*eopt]yx is ! reptilian ance/or ( birds4 ,dur+ ?is age ( ! _w1 "o bran* ( ! reptile gr\p e/abli%$ ! family l9e ( birds4 ,! bird-l reptiles are ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two races4 ,h[ mu* bo? birds & reptiles h *ang$ f t anci5t type1 _! common ance/or6 ,i h m5tion$ b a few ( ! types ( animals t make ! reptilian age ! wond] ( all "t4 ,"o aft] ano!r skeletons are une>!d & new species are f\nd4 ,! ,connecticut ,riv] ,valley1 ) its r$ s&/ones & %ales ( ! ,mesozoic ,era1 is fam\s among geologi/s1 because x pres]ves ! tracks ( reptiles1 insects1 & cru/aceans4 ,^! signs tell mu* ( ! life t exi/$ :5 ^! flakes ( /one 7 s&y & muddy /ret*es ,n _m bones h be5 f\nd1 h[ev]4 ,! ?ickness ( ^! rocks is betwe5 "o & two miles4 ,! "t requir$ to accumulate s mu* s$im5t mu/ h be5 v great4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,model ( a ?ree-horn$ ,d9osaur1 ,tric]atops1 f ,cretace\s ( ,montana4 ,animal 9 life ab\t #be feet long ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,m\nt+ ! =elegs ( ,brontosaurus1 ! aquatic ,d9osaur ,x is n cle> j :at caus$ ! race ( giant reptiles to decl9e & pass away4 ,! climate did n mat]ially *ange4 ,p]haps races gr[ old1 & ripe = dea?1 aft] liv+ long on ! e>?4 ,x seems z if _! "t 0 up2 & ! clumsy giants abdicat$ _! reign1 leav+ dom9ion ov] ! sea1 ! air1 & ! l& to ^? animals adapt$ to take ! places !y 7 oblig$ to vacate4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,mammals ,! w>m-blood$ birds & mammals foll[$ ! reptiles4 ,?is does n mean t all reptiles di$1 aft] hav+ rul$ ! e>? = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,x means t *anges 9 climate & o!r life conditions 7 unfav\rable to ! giants ( ! cold-blood$ races1 & gradually !y pass$ away4 ,!y are repres5t$ n[ on ! e>? by less] reptiles1 :i* live com=tably ) ! wild creatures ( o!r tribes1 b :i* 9 no s5se rule 9 ! brute creation4 ,!y live r a lurk+1 cauti\s life1 & h to hide f enemies1 except a few m able k9ds1 provid$ ) means ( def5se4 ,!re 7 mammals on ! e>? 9 ! days ( reptilian supremacy1 b !y 7 small 9 size & numb]s1 & _h to avoid any op5 conflict ) ! giant reptiles1 or be wor/$ 9 a fight4 ,n[ ! "t came :5 ! rul+ p[] *ang$ h&s4 ,! mammals _h _! turn at rul+ ! l[] animals4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s z !y are to-day1 = mammals /ill rule4 ,b _m millions ( ye>s h probably /ood betwe5 ! age :5 ?is gr\p ( animals fir/ began to sw>m ov] ! e>?1 & ! "t :5 ,man came to be rul] ov] all creat$ ?+s4 ,among ! reptiles ( ! p]iod :5 ! sea1 ! l&1 & ! air 7 sw>m+ ) ^! great creatures 7 c]ta9 k9ds t _h traits ( mammals4 ,o!rs 7 bird-l4 ,f ^! reptilian ance/ors birds & mammals h sprung4 ,no "o d\bts ?is4 ,! fossils prove x1 /ep by /ep4 ,yet ! rocks surprise ! geologi/ ) ! sudd5ness ) :i* _m new k9ds ( mammals appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,possibly ! rocks conta9+ ! bones ( s _m k9ds 7 =tunately locat$4 ,! spots may h be5 morasses :]e migrat+ mammals 7 ov]:elm$ :ile pass+4 ,possibly conditions favor$ ! rapid developm5t ( new k9ds1 & ! multiplication ( _! numb]s4 ,w>m1 moi/ climate furni%$ abundant succul5t plant food = ! h]bivors1 & ^! 9 turn furni%$ prey = ! c>nivors4 ,! coal =m$ dur+ ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod gives add$ pro( t ! plant life 0 luxuriant4 ,! k9ds ( trees t grew f> nor? ( our pres5t w>m zones h left 9 ! rocks evid5ce 9 ! =m ( p]fect leaves & cones & o!r fruits4 ,= in/ance1 magnolias grew 9 ,gre5l&1 & palm trees 9 ,dakota4 ,! temp]ature ( ,gre5l& 0 ?irty degrees w>m] ?an x is n[4 ,our ,nor!rn ,/ates lie 9 a belt t mu/ h _h a climate mu* l t ( ,florida n[4 ,europe 0 correspond+ly mild4 ,a special *apt] tells ( ! gradual developm5t ( ! horse4 ,"o hundr$ diff]5t k9ds ( mammals h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,eoc5e rocks1 _m ( :i* h repres5tative species at ! same "t 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! rocks ( ,asia probably h simil> records4 ,! ,eoc5e rocks1 l[e/ ( ! ,t]ti>y /rata1 conta9 rema9s ( animals ! families ( :i* are n[ ext9ct4 ,next ov]ly+ ! ,eoc5e1 ! ,mioc5e rocks h fossils ( animals belong+ to mod]n families--rh9oc]oses1 camels1 de]1 dogs1 cats1 horses--b ! g5]a ( :i* are n[ ext9ct4 ,! ,plioc5e /rata 7above ! ,mioc5e7 conta9s fossils ( animals s closely relat$ to ! wild animals n[ on ! e>? z to belong to ! same g5]a4 ,!y diff] f mod]n k9ds only 9 ! species1 z ! r$ squirrel is a diff]5t species f ! gray4 ,s ! record 9 ! rocks %[s a gradual approa* ( ! mammals to ! k9ds we "k1 a gradual pass+ ( ! mighty =ms t rul$ by size & /r5g?1 & ! com+ ( =ms ) great] intellig5ce1 adapt$ to ! *ange to a cold] climate4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a f>m]1 digg+ a well on ! prairie1 /rikes ! skeleton ( a mon/] mammal1 call$ ! ma/odon4 ,?is v ?+ happ5$ on a neighb\r's f>m :5 ,i 0 a girl1 9 ,i[a4 ,ev]ybody 0 excit$4 ,! own] ( ! l& dug out e bone1 c>eful t ! :ole skeleton be f\nd4 ,z he expect$1 ! director ( a museum 0 glad to pay a high price = ! bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,re/oration ( an aquatic ,d9osaur1 ,brontosaurus excelsus1 f ! ,upp] ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,wyom+4 ,! animal 9 life 0 ov] #fj feet long ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,re/oration ( ! small c>nivor\s ,d9osaur1 ,orni?ole/es h]manui1 cat*+ a primitive bird ,ar*opt]yx4 ,upp] ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s ,! ma/odon 0 ab\t ! size ( an elephant1 ) massive limbs1 & l>ge1 heavy head t bore two /\t1 up-curv$ tusks ( ivory4 ,! creature mov$ 9 h]ds l ! buffalo f swamp to swamp2 & old age com+ on1 ! individual1 unable to keep up ) ! h]d1 sank to 8 dea? 9 ! boggy gr\nd4 ,! peat accumulat$ ov] 8 bones1 undi/urb$ until ?\s&s ( ye>s elapse1 & ! *ance digg+ ( a well discov]s 8 skeleton4 ,froz5 9 ! ice ( nor!rn ,sib]ia1 ne> ! m\?s ( riv]s1 a numb] ( mammo?s h be5 f\nd4 ,^! are creatures ( ! elephant family1 & belong+ to ! ext9ct race t liv$ 9 ! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod1 j succe$+ ! ,t]ti>y4 ,! ice ov]took ! specim5s1 & !y h be5 9 cold /orage ev] s9ce4 ,= ?is reason1 bo? fle% & bones are pres]v$1 a r>e ?+ to happ51 & r>] /ill to be se5 by a sci5ti/4 ,! ignorant natives made a bus9ess ( wat*+ ! ice masses at ! riv] m\? = d>k spots t %[$ :]e a mammo? 0 encas$ 9 ! ice4 ,if an iceb]g broke (f ne> su* a place1 ! sun might ?aw ! ice front ( ! glaci]1 until ! hairy mon/] c\ld at l5g? be rea*$4 ,8 long hair s]v$ = _m uses1 & ! wool t grew "u ! hair 0 us$ z a protection f ! ,arctic w9t]4 ,! froz5 fle% 0 eat52 ! bones c>v$ into useful tools2 b ! *ief value ( ! f9d 0 9 ! great tusks ( ivory1 t curv$ =w>d & po9t$ ov] ! huge %\ld]s4 ,x 0 wor? a =tune to get a pair & sell !m to a buy] f ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ museum specim5s ( ! mammo? 0 secur$ by buy+ ! tusks ( ! deal]1 & by 8 aid trac+ ! location ( ! c>cass1 :i* 0 f\nd /ill intact1 except t dogs _h eat5 away "p ( "o =eleg1 bone & all4 ,f ?is c>efully pres]v$ specim51 models h be5 made1 exactly copy+ ! %ape & ! size ( ! animal1 its sk91 hair1 & o!r details4 ,! sabre-too!d tig]1 ! %>p tusks ( :i*1 six to eight in*es long1 made x a f> m f]oci\s bea/ ?an any mod]n tig] ( tropical jungles1 0 a ,quat]n>y inhabitant ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,s 0 a small] tig]1 & a lion4 ,! ,iri% elk1 :i* /ood elev5 feet high1 ) antl]s t spread t5 feet ap>t at ! tips1 0 mon>* 9 ! de] family1 :i* _h sev]al diff]5t species on bo? cont95ts4 ,wild horses & wild cattle1 "o or two ( great size1 roam$ ! woods1 :ile rh9os & ! hippopotamus kept ne> ! wat]-c\rses4 ,hy5as skulk$ 9 ! %ad[s1 & act$ z scav5g]s :]e ! great bea/s ( prey _h fea/$4 ,slo?s & cuirass$ animals1 l giant armadillos1 liv$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,among be>s 0 "o1 ! cave be>1 l>g] ?an ! grizzly4 ,true monkeys climb$ ! trees4 ,flam+o1 p>rots1 & tall secret>y birds foll[$ ! giant ga/ornis1 ! ance/or ( wad+ birds & o/ri*es1 :i* /ood t5 feet high1 b _h w+s z small & useless z ! auk ( lat] times4 ,) ! entrance ( ! mod]n types ( trees1 came o!r fl[]+ plants1 & ) !m ! insects t live on ! nect> ( fl[]s4 ,?r\gh a long l9e ( primitive =ms1 n[ ext9ct1 fl[]+ plants & _! insect fri5ds con=m to mod]n types4 ,! record is writt5 9 ! great /one book4 ,! ,age ( ,mammals 9 ,am]ica & ,europe end$ ) ! gradual rise ( ! cont95tal areas1 & a fall ( temp]ature t u%]$ 9 ! ,ice ,age4 ,) ! dea? ( tropical vegetation1 ! giant mammals pass$ away4 ,,! ,,horse ,,& ,,8 ,,ance/ors ,e city has a horse m>ket1 :]e y may look ov] hundr$s ( animals & select "o ( any col\r1 size1 or k9d4 ,! lea/ 9 size & weight is ! ,%etl& pony1 :i* "o man buys = 8 *ildr5 to drive or ride4 ,ano!r man wants a long-legg$1 deep-*e/$ hunt]4 ,ano!r wants heavy draught-horses1 ) legs l great pill>s "u !m1 & ?ick1 muscul> necks--horses weigh+ ne>ly a ton apiece & able to draw ! heavie/ trucks4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ^! sl[ b p[]ful animals & ! graceful1 pranc+ rac] ) legs l pipe-/ems--fleet & agile1 b n /rong en\gh to draw a heavy load6 ,all ^! diff]5t bre$s ( horses h be5 develop$ s9ce man succe$$ 9 captur+ ! wild horse & mak+ x help him4 ,man himself 0 /ill a savage1 & he _h to fight ) wild bea/s1 z if he 7 "o ( !m1 until he discov]$ t he c\ld conqu] !m by "s p[] high] ?an physical /r5g?4 ,f ?is po9t on1 human intellig5ce has be5 ! p[] t rules ! l[] animals4 ,its gradual developm5t is ! /ory ( ! advance ( civilization on ! e>?4 ,?r\gh unkn[n ?\s&s ( ye>s x has gone on1 & x is n yet f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,re/oration ( a ,sib]ian mammo?1 ,elephas primog5ius1 pursu$ by m5 ( ! old /one age ( ,europe4 ,late ,plei/oc5e epo* ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,re/oration ( a small f\r-to$ ance/or ( ! horse family1 ,eohippus v5ticolus4 ,l[] ,eoc5e ( ,wyom+ ,j :5 & :]e & h[ our savage ance/ors succe$$ 9 tam+ ! wild horse ( ! pla9s & ! =e/s ( ,europe or ,asia is unkn[n4 ,man fir/ made fri5ds ) ! wild %eep1 :i* 7 probably m docile ?an wild ox5 & horses4 ,we c imag9e cold & hungry m5 seek+ %elt] f /orms 9 rocky holl[s1 :]e %eep 7 huddl$4 ,h[ w>m ! woolly coats ( ^! animals felt to _! human fell[-creatures cr[d$ 9 ) !m 9 ! d>k6 ,x is believ$ t ! primitive m5 :o us$ /one axes z implem5ts & weapons1 le>n$ to use horses to aid !m 9 _! hunt+1 & 9 _! w>f>e ) bea/s & o!r m54 ,gradually ^! useful animals 7 adapt$ to diff]5t uses2 & at l5g? diff]5t bre$s 7 evolv$4 ,climate & food supply _h mu* to d ) ! size & ! "* ( ! bre$s4 ,9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s ! animals are naturally dw>f$ by ! cold1 bleak w9t]s1 & ! scant vegetation on :i* !y subsi/4 ,9 middle ,europe1 :]e ! summ]s are long & ! w9t]s mild1 vegetation is luxuri\s1 & ! e>ly horses develop$ l>ge frames & heavy muscles4 ,! ,%etl& pony & ! ,p]*]on draught-horse are ! two extremes ( size4 ,:at man has done 9 *ang+ ! types ( horses is to emphasize natural diff]5ces4 ,! (fspr+ ( ! e>ly heavy horses became heavi] ?an _! p>5ts4 ,! pres5t draught-horse 0 produc$1 aft] _m g5]ations1 all ( :i* gradually approa*$ ! type desir$4 ,! sl5d] racehorses1 br$ = spe$ & endurance r ?an /r5g?1 are ! (fspr+ ( g5]ations ( p>5ts t _h ^! qualities /rongly m>k$4 ,h5ce came ! ,engli% ?or\ghbr$ & ! ,am]ican trott]4 ,we c read 9 books ! hi/ory ( bre$s ( horses4 ,our k ( :at horses 7 l 9 prehi/oric times is scant4 ,x is writt5 9 lay]s ( rock t are n v deep1 b are uncov]$ only "h & !re1 & only n[ & !n se5 by eyes t c read ! /ory told by fossil skeletons ( horses ( ! ages long pa/4 ,geologi/s h une>!d f "t to "t skeletons ( horses4 ,x 0 ,pr(essor ,m>% :o sp5t s mu* "t 9 /udy+ ! wond]ful b$s ( fossil mammals 9 ! we/]n "p ( ?is c\ntry1 & f\nd among !m ! skeletons ( _m species ( horses t liv$ "h ) camels & elephants & rh9oc]oses & tig]s1 long be=e ! "t ( man's com+4 ,h[ c any "o "k t ^! bones belong$ to a horse's skeleton8 ,because "s ( !m are l ! bones ( a mod]n horse4 ,x is an easy matt] = a /ud5t ( animal anatomy to di/+ui% a horse f a c[ by its bones4 ,! tee? & ! foot are en\gh4 ,^! are important & di/+ui%+ *>act]s4 ,x is by peculi>ities 9 ! =mation ( ! bones ( ! foot t ! diff]5t species ( ext9ct horses are recogniz$ by geologi/s4 ,wild horses /ill exi/ 9 ! wilds ( ,russia4 ,rema9s ( ! same species h be5 dug out ( ! soil & f\nd 9 caves 9 rocky regions4 ,deep] 9 ! e>? are f\nd ! bones ( horses diff]+ f ^? n[ liv+4 ,! bones ( ! foot indicate a diff]5t k9d ( horse--an unkn[n species4 ,b 9 ! ma9 features1 ! skeleton is di/9ctly horse-l4 ,9 rocks ( deep] /rata ! fossil bones ( o!r horses are f\nd4 ,!y diff] some:at f ^? f\nd 9 rocks ne>] ! surface ( ! e>?1 & /ill m f ^? ( ! mod]n horse4 ,! old] ! rocks1 ! m ! fossil horse diff]s f ! mod]n4 ,c\ld y ?9k ( a m int]e/+ adv5ture ?an to f9d ! olde/ rocks t %[ ! skeletons ( horses8 ,! foot ( a horse is a long "o1 ?\gh we ?9k ( x z m]ely ! "p he walks on4 ,a horse walks on ! end ( 8 "o toe4 ,! nail ( ! toe we call ! ho(4 ,! true heel is ! hock1 a %>p jo9t l an elb[ ne>ly half way up ! leg4 ,along ea* side ( ! cannon1 ! long bone ( ?is foot1 lies a spl9t ( bone1 :i* is ! remnant ( a toe1 t is gradually be+ oblit]at$ f ! skeleton4 ,^! two spl9ts 9 ! mod]n horse's foot tell ! la/ *apt] ( an int]e/+ /ory4 ,! e>lie/ ,am]ican horse1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is prov$ by fossil bones1 tells ! fir/ *apt]4 ,! /ory has be5 read backw>d by geologi/s4 ,x is told by a s]ies ( skeletons1 f\nd 9 successive /rata ( rock4 ,! ,bad ,l&s ( ! arid ,we/]n ,/ates are ri* 9 fossil rema9s ( horses4 ,bel[ ! surface soil lie ! rocks ( ! ,quat]n>y ,p]iod1 :i* includ$ ! drift laid d[n by ! rec$+ glaci]s & ! floods t foll[$ ! melt+ ( ! ice-%eet4 ,"u ! ,quat]n>y lie ! ,t]ti>y rocks4 ,^! comprise ?ree s]ies1 call$ ! ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e1 ! ,eoc5e be+ ! olde/4 ,9 ! middle region ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ponds & m>%y tracts 7 fill$ 9 dur+ ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 by s$im5t f riv]s2 & 9 ^! b$s ( clay & o!r rock dbris ! rema9s ( fre%-wat] & l& animals are pres]v$4 ,rais$ out ( wat]1 & expos$ to erosive action ( w9d & wat]1 ^! deposits are easily worn away1 = !y h n ! solidity ( old] rocks4 ,!y are ! crumbly ,bad ,l&s ( ! ,we/1 cut ?r\gh by riv]s1 & /rangely sculptur$ by w9d & ra94 ,"h ! fossil horses h be5 f\nd4 ,eohippus1 ! dawn horse1 is ! "n giv5 a skeleton f\nd 9 #ahhj 9 ! l[] ,eoc5e /rata 9 ,wyom+4 ,?is specim5 lay buri$ 9 a rock =mation ages old] ?an t 9 :i* ! olde/ kn[n skeleton ( ?is family _h be5 f\nd4 ,its discov]y made a great s5sation among sci5ti/s4 ,?is little animal1 ! skeleton ( :i* is no l>g] ?an t ( a fox1 _h f\r p]fect toes1 & a fif? spl9t on ! =efoot1 & ?ree toes on ! h9d foot4 ,! tee? are h]bivor\s4 ,orohippus1 ) a l>g] skeleton1 0 f\nd 9 ! middle ,eoc5e /rata ( ,wyom+4 ,its feet are l ^? ( its pr$ecessor1 except t ! spl9t is gone4 ,! tee? z well z ! feet are m l ^? ( ! mod]n horse4 ,mesohippus1 ! ?ree-to$ horse1 f\nd 9 ! ,mioc5e1 %[s ! f\r? toe r$uc$ to spl9ts1 & ! skeleton z big z t ( a %eep4 ,9 ?is ! horse family becomes fairly e/abli%$4 ,hypohippus1 ! ?ree-to$ =e/ horse1 f\nd 9 ! middle ,mioc5e /rata ( ,colorado1 is a relat$ species1 b n a direct ance/or ( ! mod]n horse4 ,neohipp>ion1 ! ?ree-to$ des]t horse1 f ! upp] ,mioc5e /rata1 %[s ! ?ree toes /ill pres5t4 ,b ! ,plioc5e rocks conta9 fossils %[+ gradual r$uction ( ! two side toes1 modification ( ! tee?1 & increase 9 size ( ! skeleton4 ,protohippus & ,pliohippus1 ! "o-to$ species f ! ,plioc5e /rata1 illu/rate ^! *anges4 ,!y 7 ab\t ! size ( small ponies4 ,equus1 ! mod]n horse1 0 repres5t$ 9 ! ,plioc5e /rata by a species1 n[ ext9ct1 call$ ,equus ,scotti4 ,?is we may reg>d z ! true wild horse ( ,am]ica1 = x 0 z l>ge z ! dome/icat$ horse1 & mu* l x1 ?\gh m l a zebra 9 "s respects4 ,no "o c tell :y ^! animals1 once abundant 9 ?is c\ntry1 became ext9ct at ! end ( ! ,t]ti>y ,p]iod4 ,b ?is is und\bt$ly true4 ,! types describ$ =m a s]ies %[+ h[ ! ance/ors ( ! mod]n horse1 graz+ on ! m>%y bord]s ( anci5t ponds1 liv$ & di$1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 ?r\gh a p]iod cov]+ ?\s&s1 possibly millions1 ( ye>s4 ,along ! sides ( ! crumbl+ buttes ^! anci5t bury+-gr\nds are be+ uncov]$4 ,)9 a doz5 ye>s sev]al exp$itions1 fitt$ out by ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 h se>*$ ! out-cropp+ /rata 9 ,dakota & ,wyom+ = bones ( mammals kn[n to h liv$ at ! "t ! /rata 7 =m+ 9 ! muddy %all[s along ! m>g9s ( lake & m>%4 ,duplicate skeletons ( ! primitive horse types above h be5 f\nd1 & va/ numb]s ( _! scatt]$ bones4 ,ea* summ] geological excursions w add to ! weal? ( fossils ( ?is family collect$ 9 museums4 ,! ,t]ti>y rocks 9 ,europe yield ! same k9d ( secrets4 ,! region ( ,p>is ov]lies ! e/u>y ( an anci5t riv]4 ,:5 ! /rata are laid b>e by ! digg+ ( f\ndations = build+s1 bones are f\nd 9 abundance4 ,cuvi] 0 a fam\s ,fr5* geologi/ :o made ext5sive /udies ( ! rema9s ( ! prehi/oric animals f\nd 9 ?is old burial-place call$ by sci5ti/s ! ,p>is bas94 ,he believ$ t ! dead bodies float$ d[n-/ream & accumulat$ 9 ! mud ( ! delta1 :]e ! tide *eck$ ! riv]'s curr5t4 ,skeletons ( ! ,hipp>ion1 a graceful1 ?ree-to$ horse1 7 f\nd 9 numb]s 9 ! /rata ( ! ,mioc5e "t4 ,?is animal liv$ 9 ,europe :ile ! ,pliohippus & ! ,protohippus 7 fl\ri%+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,a great numb] ( species ( tapir-l animals left _! bones 9 ! ,p>is bas91 among !m a ?ree-ho($ animal :i* may h be5 ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! horse & ! tapir families4 ,cuvi] f\nd ! connect+ l9k betwe5 tapirs & cud-*ew+ mammals4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,man ,! hairy1 woolly mammo? 0 "o ( ! giant mammals t )/ood ! cold ( ! great ice flood1 :5 ! less h>dy k9ds 7 cut (f by ! *ang+ climate ( ! nor!rn half ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 caves :]e ! wild animals took refuge f _! enemies1 skeletons ( m5 h be5 f\nd ) ^? ( ! bea/s4 ,) ^! *ance skeletons h be5 f\nd rude1 *ipp$ /one spe>-heads1 hamm]s1 & o!r tools4 ,) ^! ! savage ance/ors ( our race def5d$ !mselves1 & prey$ on su* animals z !y c\ld use = food4 ,!y hunt$ ! clumsy mammo? successfully1 & %>$ ! cav]ns 9 ! rocks ) animals l ! hy5a1 ! sabre-too!d tig]1 & ! cave be>1 :i* made ^! places _! homes4 ,9 ,cali=nia a human skull 0 f\nd 9 ! b$ ( an anci5t riv]1 :i* 0 buri$ by a lava fl[ f crat]s long ago ext9ct4 ,) ?is buri$ skull a few well-%ap$ b r\gh /one tools 7 f\nd4 ,?is man mu/ h liv$ :5 ! great ice flood 0 at its height4 ,9 s\!rn ,france1 caves h be5 op5$ t conta9$ bones & implem5ts ( m5 :o evid5tly liv$ by fi%+ & hunt+4 ,bone fi%-hooks %[$ skill 9 c>v+ ) ! %>p edges ( fl9t flakes4 ,a spirit$ draw+ ( a mammo?1 made on a flat1 /one surface1 is a pro( t savage in/9cts 7 less prom95t 9 ^! cave m5 ?an 9 ^? :o f\ght ! great re9de] & ! mammo? f>!r nor?4 ,9 lat] times m5 ( high] intellig5ce =m$ tribes1 tam$ ! wild horse1 ! ox1 & ! %eep1 & made fri5ds ) ! dog4 ,great heaps ( %ells along ! %ores %[ :]e ! tribes assembl$ at c]ta9 times to fea/ on oy/]s & clams4 ,bones ( animals us$ z food1 & tools1 are f\nd 9 ^! heaps1 call$ kit*5-midd5s4 ,^! are especially num]\s 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,! /one implem5ts us$ by ^! tribes 7 smoo?ly poli%$4 ,a high] intellig5ce express$ itself also by ! mak+ ( ut5sils out ( clay4 ,?is pott]y has be5 f\nd 9 %ell heaps4 ,s ! rude cave man1 :o 0 sc>cely less a wild bea/ ?an ! animals :i* compet$ ) him = a liv+ & a %elt] f /orms & cold1 0 succe$$ by a high] man :o br\ght ! brutes into subjection by =ce ( w & n by physical /r5g?4 ,! lake-dwell]s1 m5 ( ! ,bronze ,age1 built h\ses on piles 9 ! lakes ( ,c5tral ,europe4 ,ab\t sixty ye>s ago ! wat] 0 l[1 & ^! relics ( a vani%$ race 7 fir/ discov]$4 ,! lake bottoms 7 scrap$ = fur!r evid5ces ( _! life4 ,tools ( poli%$ /one & ( bronze 7 tak5 up 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,/or$ gra9s & dri$ fruits ( sev]al k9ds 7 f\nd4 ,ornam5tal tr9kets1 weapons ( hunt]s & w>riors1 & agricultural tools tell h[ ! p liv$4 ,_! h\ses 7 probably built ov] ! wat] z a means ( safety f attack ( bea/s or ho/ile m54 ,9 our c\ntry ! m\nd-build]s h left ! /ory ( _! mann]s ( life 9 ! spaci\s1 _m-room$ tribal h\ses1 built und]gr\nd1 & left ) a great v>iety ( relics to ! explor]s ( mod]n times4 ,^! p work$ ! copp] m9es1 & hamm]$ & poli%$ lumps ( pure metal into implem5ts = _m uses4 ,) ^! are tools ( poli%$ /one4 ,/ores ( corn 7 f\nd 9 _m m\nds scatt]$ 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! cliff-dwell]s ( ! mesas ( ,arizona & ,new ,mexico _h habits l ^? ( ! m\nd-build]s1 & ! ,aztecs1 a vani%$ race 9 ! ,s\?we/1 at ^: weal? & high civilization ! invad+ ,spani>ds "u ,cortez m>vell$4 ,! pla/]$ /one h\ses ( ! cliff-dwell+ ,indians _h _m /ories & rooms1 ea* built to h\se a tribe1 n m]ely a family4 ,! ,pueblo1 ! ,moqui1 & ! ,zuni ,indians build simil> dwell+s to-day1 isolat$ on ! tops ( almo/ inaccessible mesas4 ,millions ( ye>s h pass$ s9ce life appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,gradually high] =ms h foll[$ l[] ones 9 ! sea & on ! l&4 ,b n all ( ! l[] =ms h gone4 ,all grades ( plants & animals /ill fl\ri%1 b ! dom9ant class 9 ea* age is m highly organiz$ ?an ! class t rul$ ! prec$+ age4 ,to discov] ! e>?'s treasure1 & to turn x to use2 to tame wild animals & wild plants1 & make !m s]ve him2 to create ev] m beautiful & m useful =ms 9 dome/ication2 to f9d out ! e>?'s life /ory1 by read+ ! pages ( ! great /one book--^! are und]tak+s t wait$ = man's com+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,sky 99 99 99 99 99 ,,e ,,family ,a ,,/> ,,club ,! be/ family hobby we h ev] _h is ! />s4 ,we h a /> club ) no dues to pay1 no (fic]s to boss u1 & only ?ree rules3 #a4 ,we %all h no?+ b fun 9 ?is club--no h>d "w4 ,!re=e no ma!matics = u6 #b4 ,we c't af=d a telescope4 ,!re=e we mu/ be satisfi$ ) :at bright eyes c see4 #c4 ,no second-h& wond]s = u6 ,we want to see ! ?+s ourselves1 in/ead ( dep5d+ on books4 ,y c't imag9e :at pleasure we h _h 9 "o %ort ye>6 ,! baby1 ( c\rse1 0 too "y to le>n any?+1 & besides he 0 9 b$ long be=e ! />s came out4 ,b ,ru?1 our sev5-ye>-old1 kn[s t5 ( ! fifte5 brighte/ />s2 & %e c pick out twelve ( ! mo/ beautiful gr\ps or con/ellations4 ,we gr[n-ups "k all ( ! brighte/ />s1 & all =ty-eight ( ! mo/ fam\s con/ellations4 ,& ! :ole "t we h giv5 to x w\ld n exce$ t5 m9utes a day6 ,& ! be/ "p is ! way we "k ! />s4 ,! sky is no long] bewild]+ to u4 ,! />s are n cold1 /range1 my/]i\s4 ,!y are fri5ds4 ,we "k _! faces j z easily z y "k y\r playmates4 ,= in/ance1 we "k ,sirius1 because he is ! brighte/4 ,we "k ,ca/or & ,pollux1 because !y are tw9s4 ,we "k ,regulus1 because he is 9 ! h&le ( ! ,sickle4 ,& "s we "k by _! col\rs4 ,!y are j z diff]5t z ,presid5t ,taft1 ,ty ,cobb1 ,horace ,flet*] & ,maude ,adams4 ,& q z int]e/+6 ,:at's m1 none ( u c ev] get lo/ aga94 ,no matt] :at /range woods or city we g to1 we nev] get turn$ ar\nd4 ,or if we d1 we quickly f9d ! "r way by means ( ! sun or ! />s4 ,!n1 too1 our /> club gives u all a little ex]cise :5 we ne$ x mo/4 ,w9t] is ! "t :5 we all "w h>de/ & h ! fewe/ outdoor games4 ,w9t] is also ! be/ "t = "y *ildr5 to enjoy ! />s1 because x gets d>k e>li] 9 w9t]--by five o'clock1 or long be=e *ildr5 g to b$4 ,x is pleasant to g out doors = half an h\r be=e supp] & le>n "o new /> or con/ellation4 ,aga91 x is always ent]ta9+ because e night y f9d ! old fri5ds 9 new places4 ,no two nights are j ! same4 ,! *anges ( ! moon make a great diff]5ce4 ,"s nights y enjoy ! moonlight2 o!r nights y wi% !re 7 no moon1 because x keeps y f spy+ out "s new />4 ,we h a little magaz9e t tells u all ! news ( ! />s & ! planets & ! comets be=e ! ?+s happ56 ,we pay a doll> a ye> = x4 ,x is call$ ! ,mon?ly ,ev5+ ,sky ,map4 ,:5 we fir/ became en?usia/ic ab\t />s1 ! fa!r ( our family said3 ,well1 ,i ?9k our ,/> ,club w la/ ab\t two ye>s4 ,i judge x w co/ u ab\t two doll>s & we %all get ab\t tw5ty doll>s wor? ( fun out ( x4 ,b 9 all ?ree respects fa!r 0 mi/ak54 ,"p ( ! two doll>s fa!r spoke ( w5t = a book call$ ,! ,fri5dly ,/>s1 & sev5ty-five c5ts we sp5t = ! mo/ ent]ta9+ ?+ our family ev] b\ght--a planisph]e4 ,?is is a device :i* enables u to tell j :]e any /> is1 at any "t1 day or night1 ! :ole ye>4 ,x has a disc :i* revolves4 ,all we h to d is to move x until ! mon? & ! day come "r opposite ! v h\r we are look+ at x1 & !n we c tell 9 a mom5t :i* />s c be se5 at t "t4 ,!n we g d[n ! /reet :]e !re is a good electric light at ! corn] & we hold our planisph]e up1 almo/ /raight ov]head4 ,! light %9es ?r\gh1 s t we c read x1 & x is j z if we _h a map ( ! heav5s4 ,we c pick out all ! int]e/+ con/ellations & "n !m j z easily z we c\ld f9d ! ,great ,lakes or ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 our geography4 ,we became s eag] n to miss any good ?+ t fa!r got ano!r book4 ,e bir?day 9 our family br\ght a new /> book1 until n[ we h ab\t a doz5--all ( !m int]e/+ & n "o ( !m hav+ ma!matics t *ildr5 _c und]/&4 ,s ,i ?9k we h sp5t on />s fifte5 doll>s m ?an we ne$$ to sp5d 7b ,i'm glad we did x71 & ,i ?9k we h _h ab\t two hundr$ doll>s wor? ( fun6 ,yes1 :5 ,i ?9k :at "y p sp5d on ball games1 fi%+1 t5nis1 skat+1 & all ! o!r ?+s t *ildr5 love1 ,i am sure our family has _h ab\t two hundr$ doll>s wor? ( fun out ( />s4 ,& !re is m to come6 ,y w\ld laugh to "k :y ,i enjoy />s s mu*4 ,i h always /udi$ birds & fl[]s & trees & rocks & %ells s mu* t ,i 0 afraid to get int]e/$ 9 />s4 ,i ?\ght x w\ldn't re/ me4 ,b x's a totally diff]5t k9d ( sci5ce f any ,i ev] /udi$6 ,!re are no families1 g5]a1 & species among ! />s1 ?ank ,heav56 ,t's "o reason !y refre% me4 ,ano!r is t no "o c press !m & put !m 9 a h]b>ium1 or %oot !m & put !m 9 a museum4 ,& ano!r ?+ ab\t !m t br+s balm to my _s is t no human be+ c de/roy _! beauty4 ,no "o c sub-divide ,capella & fill x ) t5em5ts4 ,no "o c use ,vega = a bill-bo>d4 ,ah1 well6 we mu/ n be di/urb$ if e memb] ( our family has a diff]5t po9t ( view t[>d ! />s2 we c all enjoy & love !m 9 our own ways4 ,h[ w\ld y l to />t a ,/> ,club l ours8 ,y ought to be able to p]suade y\r family to =m "o1 because x ne$ n co/ a c5t4 ,p]haps ?is book w int]e/ !m all1 b ! bett] way is = y to read ab\t "o con/ellation & !n g out ) "s ( ! family & f9d x4 ,?is book does n tell ab\t wond]ful ?+s y c nev] see2 x tells ab\t ! wond]ful ?+s all ( u c see4 ,i wi% y success ) y\r ,/> ,club4 ,p]haps y\r uncles & aunts w />t clubs1 too4 ,we h ?ree ,/> ,clubs 9 our family--"o 9 ,new ,york1 "o 9 ,mi*igan1 & "o 9 ,colorado4 ,la/ w9t] ! ,colorado ,/> ,gaz]s s5t ?is *all5ge to ! ,new ,j]sey ,night-,owls3 ,we bet y c't see ,v5us by daylight6 ,t seem$ possible1 because dur+ t week ! ev5+ /> 0 by f> ! brighte/ object 9 ! sky4 ,b fa!r & daught] se>*$ ! sky be=e sunset 9 va91 & f9ally we _h to ask ! ,moon/ruck ,mi*ig&]s h[ to see ,v5us :ile ! sun 0 %9+4 ,back came ^! directions on a po/al-c>d3 ,wait until x is d>k & any "o c see ,v5us4 ,!n f9d "s tree1 or o!r object1 :i* is 9 l9e ) ,v5us & ov] :i* y c j see h]4 ,put a /ake :]e y /&4 ,next day g !re half an h\r be=e sunset1 & /& a little to ! we/4 ,y w see ,v5us z big z life4 ,! next aft]noon y c f9d h] by f\r o'clock4 ,& if y keep on y w see h] day be=e ye/]day6 ,t 0 a great /unt4 ,we did x2 & !re are doz5s l x y c d4 ,& t rem9ds me t fa!r 0 mi/ak5 ab\t our int]e/ la/+ only two ye>s4 ,we "k t x w n die till we d4 ,=1 ev5 if we nev] get a telescope1 !re w always be new ?+s to see4 ,our club has /ill to cat* ,algol1 ! demon's eye1 :i* goes out & gleams =? e ?ree days1 because x is obscur$ by "s d>k planet we c nev] see4 ,& we h nev] yet se5 ,mira ! wond]ful1 :i* = "s my/]i\s reason dies d[n to n9? magnitude & !n blazes up to second magnitude e elev5? mon?4 ,ah1 yes1 ! wond]s & ! beauties ( a/ronomy ev] deep5 & wid54 ,bett] make fri5ds ) ! />s n[4 ,= :5 y are old !re are no fri5ds l old fri5ds4 ,,! ,,dipp]s ,,& ,,! ,,pole ,,/> ,i nev] he>d ( any boy or girl :o didn't "k ! ,big ,dipp]4 ,b !re is "o v pleasant ?+ ab\t ! ,dipp] :i* *ildr5 nev] seem to "k4 ,) ! aid ( ^! sev5 magnific5t />s y c f9d all ! o!r int]e/+ />s & con/ellations4 ,s true is ?is t a book has be5 writt5 call$ ,! ,/>s ?r\gh a ,dipp]4 ,to illu/rate1 d y "k ! ,po9t]s8 ,i mean ! two />s on ! front side ( ! ,dipp]4 ,!y po9t almo/ directly t[>d ! ,pole />1 or ,nor? />1 ! correct "n ( :i* is ,pol>is4 ,mo/ *ildr5 c see ! ,pole /> at once because x is ! only bright /> 9 t "p ( ! heav5s4 ,b if y c't be sure y see ! "r "o1 a funny ?+ happ5s4 ,y\r fri5d w try to %[ y by po9t+1 b ev5 if y look /raight along 8 arm y c't always be sure4 ,& !n1 if he tries to tell y h[ f> "o /> is f ano!r1 he w try to %[ y by hold+ 8 arms ap>t4 ,b t fails also4 ,& s1 we all soon le>n ! easie/ & sure/ way to po9t out />s & measure di/ances4 ,! easie/ way to tell any "o h[ to f9d a /> is to get ?ree />s 9 a /raight l9e1 or else at "r angles4 ,! sure/ way to tell any "o h[ f> "o /> is f ano!r is by degrees4 ,y "k :at degrees are1 because e circle is divid$ into #cfj ( !m4 ,& if y w ?9k a mom5t1 y w und]/& :y we c see only half ! sky at any "o "t1 or #ahj degrees1 because ! o!r half ( ! sky is on ! o!r side ( ! e>?4 ,!re=e1 if y draw a /raight l9e f "o horizon1 cle> up to ! top ( ! sky & d[n to ! opposite horizon1 x is #ahj degrees long4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 x is only half t di/ance1 or #ij degrees1 f horizon to z5i?4 7,horizon is ! po9t :]e e>? & sky seem to meet1 & z5i? is ! po9t /raight ov] y\r head47 ,n[ n9ety degrees is a mighty big di/ance 9 ! sky4 ,! ,pole /> is no?+ l n9ety degrees f ! ,dipp]4 ,x is only tw5ty-five degrees1 or ab\t five times ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,po9t]s4 ,& n[ comes ! only ?+ ,i w ask y to rememb]4 ,look well at ! two ,po9t]s1 because ! di/ance betwe5 !m1 five degrees1 is ! mo/ conv5i5t foot rule = ! sky t y w ev] f9d4 ,mo/ ( ! />s y w want to talk ab\t are f two to five times t di/ance f "s o!r /> t y & y\r fri5ds are sure (4 ,p]haps ?is is a little h>d to und]/&4 ,if s1 read x ov] sev]al times1 or get "s "o to expla9 x to y1 = :5 y grasp x1 x w unlock almo/ z _m pleasures z a key to ! /ore y l ! be/4 ,n[1 let's try our new-f\nd rul]4 ,let u see if x w help u f9d ! eigh? /> 9 ! ,dipp]4 ,t's a fam\s te/ ( %>p eyes4 ,i don't want to spoil y\r pleasure by tell+ y too soon :]e x is4 ,p]haps y w\ld r see h[ %>p y\r eyes are be=e read+ any fur!r4 ,b if y c't f9d ! eigh? />1 ,i w tell y :]e to look4 ,look at ! second /> 9 ! ,dipp]1 c\nt+ f ! end ( ! h&le4 ,t is a fam\s /> call$ ,miz>4 ,n[ look all ar\nd ,miz>1 & !n1 if y c't see a little "o ne> x1 try to measure (f "o degree4 ,to d ?is1 look at ! ,po9t]s & try to measure (f ab\t a fif? ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,!n look ab\t "o degree 7or less7 f ,miz>1 & ,i am sure y w see ! little beauty--its "n is ,alcor1 :i* means ! cavali] or companion4 ,! two are sometimes call$ ! horse & rid]2 ano!r "n = ,alcor is ,saidak1 :i* means ! te/4 ,i %all be v mu* disappo9t$ if y _c see ,saidak1 because x is n consid]$ a h>d te/ n[adays = %>p eyes4 ,ar5't ^! int]e/+ names8 ,miz>1 ,alcor1 ,saidak4 ,!y s\nd s ,arabian1 & rem9d "o ( ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,at fir/1 "s ( !m w seem h>d1 b y w come to love ^! old names4 ,i d>e say _m ( ^! /> names are #d1jjj ye>s old4 ,%eph]ds & sailors 7 ! fir/ a/ronom]s4 ,! sailors _h to /e] by ! />s1 & ! %eph]ds c\ld lie on ! gr\nd & enjoy !m )\t hav+ to twi/ _! necks4 ,!y saw & nam$ ,alcor1 ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e telescopes 7 inv5t$1 & long be=e !re 7 any books to help !m4 ,!y saw ! demon />1 too1 :i* ,i h nev] se54 ,x ne$s pati5ce to see ^? ?+s2 %>p eyes are no?+ to be pr\d (1 because !y are giv5 to u4 ,b pati5ce is some?+ to be eag] ab\t1 because x co/s u a lot ( tr\ble to get x4 ,let's try = x4 ,we've _h a te/ ( sight4 ,n[ let's h a te/ ( pati5ce4 ,x takes m pati5ce ?an %>pness ( sight to trace ! outl9e ( ! ,little ,dipp]4 ,x has sev5 />s1 too1 & ! ,pole /> is 9 ! end ( ! h&le4 ,d y see two r bright />s ab\t tw5ty-five degrees f ! ,pole8 ,i hope s1 = !y are ! only brighti% />s any:]e ne> ,pol>is4 ,well1 ^? two />s are 9 ! out] rim ( ! ,little ,dipp]4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k y c trace x all2 b to make sure y see ! real ?+1 ,i w tell y ! la/ secret4 ,! h&le ( ! ,big ,dipp] is b5t back2 ! h&le ( ! ,little ,dipp] is b5t 94 ,n[1 if y h done all ?is fai?fully1 y h work$ h>d en\gh1 & ,i w rew>d y ) a /ory4 ,once ^u a "t !re 0 a pr9cess nam$ ,calli/o1 & ! great god ,jupit] fell 9 love ) h]4 ,naturally1 ,jupit]'s wife1 ,juno1 wasn't pleas$1 s %e *ang$ ! pr9cess into a be>4 ,b be=e ?is happ5$1 ,calli/o became ! "m ( a little boy nam$ ,arcas1 :o grew up to be a mighty hunt]4 ,"o day he saw a be> & he 0 go+ to kill x1 n kn[+ t ! be> 0 really 8 own "m4 ,luckily ,jupit] int]f]$ & sav$ _! lives4 ,he *ang$ ,arcas into a be> & put bo? be>s into ! sky4 ,calli/o is ! ,big ,be>1 & ,arcas is ! ,little ,be>4 ,b ,juno 0 angry at t1 & s %e w5t to ! wife ( ! ,ocean & said1 ,please1 nev] let ^! be>s come to y\r home4 ,s ! wife ( ! ,ocean said1 ,i w nev] let !m s9k b5ea? ! waves4 ,& t is :y ! ,big & ! ,little ,dipp] nev] set4 ,!y always :irl ar\nd ! ,pole />4 ,& t is :y y c always see !m1 ?\gh "s nights y w\ld h to sit up v late4 ,is t a true /ory8 ,no4 ,b1 ,i c tell y a true "o t is ev5 m wond]ful4 ,once ^u a "t1 be=e ! be> /ory 0 inv5t$ & be=e p _h t9 dipp]s1 !y us$ to ?9k ( ! ,little ,dipp] z a little dog4 ,& s !y gave a funny "n to ! ,pole />4 ,!y call$ x ,cynosura1 :i* means ! dog's tail4 ,we sometimes say ( a great man1 he 0 ! cynosure ( all eyes1 mean+ t ev]ybody look$ at him4 ,b ! orig9al cynosure 0 & is ! ,pole />1 because all ! />s 9 ! sky seem to revolve ar\nd x4 ,! two ,dipp]s *ase r\nd x once e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 z y c conv9ce y\rself "s night :5 y /ay up late4 ,s t's all = to-night4 ,:at6 ,y want ano!r true /ory8 ,well1 j "o m4 ,once ^u a "t ! ,big ,dipp] 0 a p]fect cross4 ,t 0 ab\t #ej1jjj ye>s ago4 ,fifty ?\s& ye>s f n[ ! ,big ,dipp] w look l a /eam] *air4 ,h[ d ,i "k t8 ,because1 ! two />s at opposite ends ( ! ,dipp] are go+ 9 a direction diff]5t f ! o!r five />s4 ,h[ d ,i "k t8 ,:y1 ,i don't "k x4 ,i j believe x4 ,!re are lots ( ?+s ,i don't "k1 & ,i'm n afraid to say s4 ,i hope y w le>n h[ to say ,i don't "k4 ,x's inf9itely bett] ?an guess+2 x saves tr\ble1 & p l y bett]1 because !y see y are hone/4 ,i don't "k h[ ! />s 9 ! ,big ,dipp] are mov+1 b ! m5 :o look ?r\gh telescopes & /udy ma!matics say ! end />s d move 9 a direction opposite to ! o!rs1 & !y say ! ,dipp] mu/ h look$ l a cross1 & w look l a dipp] long1 long aft] we are dead4 ,& ,i believe !m4 ,,con/ellations ,,y ,,c ,,always ,,see ,!re are =ty-eight well kn[n con/ellations1 b ( ^! only ab\t a doz5 are easy to "k4 ,i ?9k a doz5 is q en\gh = *ildr5 to le>n4 ,& !re=e1 ,i %all tell y h[ to f9d only ! %[ie/ & mo/ int]e/+4 ,! be/ way to beg9 is to describe ! ones t y c see almo/ e night 9 ! ye>1 because y may want to beg9 any mon? 9 ! ye>1 & y might be disc\rag$ if ,i talk$ ab\t ?+s nobody c\ld see 9 t mon?4 ,!re are five con/ellations y c ne>ly always see1 & ^! are all ne> ! ,pole />4 ,d\btless y ?9k y "k two ( !m already--! ,big & ! ,little ,dipp]4 ,ah1 ,i =got to tell y t ^! dipp]s are n ! real ?+4 ,!y are m]ely p>ts ( bigg] con/ellations & _! real names are ,great ,be> & ,little ,be>4 ,! olde/ names are ! "r ones4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,greeks nam$ ^! gr\ps ( />s1 !y ?\ght !y look$ l two be>s4 ,i c't see ! resemblance4 ,b = t matt] all ! figures 9 ! sky are disappo9t+4 ,! p :o nam$ ! con/ellations call$ !m lions1 & fi%es1 & horses1 & hunt]s1 & !y ?\ght !y c\ld see a dolph91 a snake1 a dragon1 a cr[1 a crab1 a bull1 a ram1 a swan1 & o!r ?+s4 ,b n[adays we _c see ^? creatures4 ,we c see ! />s pla9ly en\gh1 & !y d make gr\ps1 b !y d n look l animals4 ,i 0 greatly disappo9t$ :5 ,i 0 told ?is2 b ,i soon got ov] x1 because new wond]s are always com+ on4 ,i ?9k ! only hone/ ?+ to d is to tell y "r at ! />t t y _c see ^! creatures v well4 ,y w spoil y\r pleasure unless y take ^! resemblances good-natur$ly & ) a light he>t4 ,& y w also spoil y\r pleasure if y scold ! anci5ts = nam+ ! con/ellations badly4 ,nobody 9 ! _w w\ld *ange ^? old names n[4 ,!re is too mu* pleasure 9 !m4 ,besides1 ,i d\bt if we c\ld d mu* bett]4 ,i believe ^? old folks 7 bett] obs]v]s ?an we4 ,& ,i believe !y _h a light] fancy4 ,let u1 too1 be fanciful = once4 ,i h ask$ my fri5d1 ,mrs4 ,?omas1 to draw h] notion ( "s ( ^! fam\s creatures ( ! sky4 ,y c draw y\r idea ( !m too1 & x is pleasant to comp>e draw+s ) fri5ds4 ,!re is only "o way to see any?+ l a ,great ,be>4 ,y h to imag9e ! ,dipp] upside d[n & make ! h&le ( ! ,dipp] s]ve = ! ,be>'s tail4 ,:at a funny be> to drag a long tail on ! gr\nd6 ,miss ,m>t9 says he looks m l a *ubby hobby-horse4 ,y w h to make ! b[l ( ! ,dipp] into h9d legs & use all ! o!r />s1 someh[1 to make a big1 clumsy1 f\r-legg$ animal4 ,& :at a mon/] he is6 ,he measures tw5ty-five degrees f ! tip ( 8 nose to ! root ( 8 tail4 ,yes1 all ^? miscellane\s fa9t />s y see ne> ! ,big ,dipp] belong to ! ,great ,be>4 ,illu/ration3 ,orion fight+ ! ,bull4 ,above are ,orion's two dogs ,illu/ration3 ,! ,little ,be>1 ! ,que5 9 h] *air1 ! ,tw9s & ! ,ar*] ,h[ ! ,great ,be> look$ to ! p :o nam$ x ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 we probably %all nev] "k4 ,!y left no books or draw+s1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,b 9 e diction>y & book on a/ronomy y c f9d ^! be>s & o!r animals drawn s c>efully & beautifully t x seems z if !y mu/ be 9 ! sky1 & we mu/ be too dull to see !m4 ,x is n s4 ,look at ! pictures 9 ?is book &1 y w see t ! />s d n outl9e ! animals4 ,_m ( !m come at ! wrong places4 ,& s x is ) all ! co/ly books & *>ts & planisph]es4 ,x is all v int]e/+1 b x isn't true4 ,x's j fancy4 ,& :5 y once und]/& t x isn't true1 y w beg9 to enjoy ! fancy4 ,_m a smile y w h1 & sometimes a good laugh4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,engli% *ildr5 call ! ,dipp] ,*>les's wa9 or ! wagon4 ,& ! ,romans call$ x ! pl\gh4 ,!y ?\ght ( ^? sev5 />s z ox5 draw+ a pl\gh4 ,well1 t's en\gh ab\t ! two ,be>s4 ,i want to tell y ab\t ! o!r ?ree con/ellations y c ne>ly always see4 ,^! are ! ,*air1 ! ,*>iote]1 & ,p]seus 7pron\nc$ p]'soos74 ,! ,*air is ! easie/ to f9d1 because x is l a v bad ,w1 & x is always directly opposite ! big ,dipp]1 ) ! ,pole /> half way betwe5 ! two con/ellations4 ,!re are five />s 9 ! ,w1 & to make ! ,w into a ,*air y mu/ add a fa9t] /> :i* helps to make ! squ>e bottom ( ! *air4 ,b :at a crazy piece ( furniture6 ,i h se5 sev]al ways ( draw+ x1 b none ( !m makes a com=table *air4 ,i %\ld ei!r fall ov] backw>d1 or else ! back ( ! *air w\ld prod me 9 ! small ( my back4 ,! correct "n ( ?is con/ellation is ,cassiopeia's ,*air4 ,i ?9k ?is is en\gh to see & enjoy 9 "o night4 ,to-morr[ night let u look = ! ,*>iote]4 ,i love ! ,*>iote] = sev]al reasons4 ,"o is t x makes a beautiful p5tagon1 or five-sid$ figure1 ) its five brighte/ />s4 ,ano!r is t x conta9s ! second-brighte/ /> 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! heav5s1 ,capella4 ,! only /> 9 ! nor? t is bright] is ,vega1 b ,vega is blui% :ite or creamy4 ,if y hav5't already f\nd ! five-sid$ figure1 ,i w tell y h[ to f9d ,capella4 ,suppose y _h a gun t w\ld %oot any?+ z f> z y wi%4 ,%oot a :ite /r+ "r ?r\gh ! ,po9t]s & hit ! ,pole />4 ,!n place y\r gun at ! ,pole /> & turn x till x is at "r angles to t /r+ y %ot4 ,aim away f ! big ,dipp]1 %oot a bullet =ty-five degrees & x w hit ,capella4 ,if t plan doesn't "w1 try ?is4 ,/>t ) ! /> t is at ! bottom ( ! ,dipp] & ne>e/ ! h&le4 ,draw a l9e half-way betwe5 ! two ,po9t]s & keep on till y come to ! fir/ bright />4 ,?is is ,capella1 & ! di/ance is ab\t fifty degrees4 ,capella means a kid1 or little goat1 & t rem9ds me ( ! ?ird reason :y ,i enjoy s mu* ! con/ellation ( :i* ,capella is ! brighte/ />4 ,9 ! old times !y sometimes call$ ?is five-sid$ figure ! goat-c>ri]4 ,& ! %eph]ds ?\ght !y c\ld see a man c>ry+ a little goat 9 8 left h&4 ,i am sure y c see ! kid !y meant4 ,x is a triangle ( fa9t />s :i* y see ne> ,capella4 ,t's en\gh = to-night4 ,to-morr[ night let u look = ,p]seus4 ,i d>e say y "k t old tale ab\t ,p]seus rescu+ ! pr9cess :o 0 *a9$ ^u a rock4 7,he cut (f ! snaky head ( ,m$usa & %[$ x to ! dragon t 0 go+ to dev\r ! pr9cess1 & x turn$ ! mon/] to /one4 ,rememb]87 ,well1 !re are con/ellations nam$ aft] all ! p 9 t /ory1 b al?\gh !y conta9 _m %[y />s1 ,i c\ld nev] make !m look l a h]o1 a pr9cess1 a k+1 & a que54 ,i d n ev5 try to trace out all ( ,p]seus4 ,= ,i am satisfi$ to enjoy a v beautiful "p ( x :i* is call$ ! ,arc ( ,p]seus4 ,an arc1 y "k1 is a portion ( a circle4 ,& ! way to f9d ?is arc is to draw a curve f ,capella to ,cassiopeia4 ,on nights t are n v cle> ,i c see ab\t sev5 />s 9 ?is ,arc ( ,p]seus4 ,& ! reason ,i love x s mu* is t x is ! mo/ beautiful ?+1 :5 se5 ?r\gh an op]a-glass1 t ,i "k4 ,y c\ld nev] imag9e t a m]e op]a-glass w\ld make su* a diff]5ce4 ,! mom5t ,i put x to my eyes ab\t a doz5 m />s sudd5ly leap into my sight 9 & ne> ! ,arc ( ,p]seus4 ,t's en\gh4 ,no m /ories to-night4 ,,w9t] ,,con/ellations ,by w9t] con/ellations ,i mean ^? y c see 9 w9t] at ! pleasante/ "t--! e>ly ev5+4 ,& ,i want y to beg9 ) ! ,nor!rn ,cross4 ,i hope y c see ?is be=e ,*ri/mas1 =1 aft] t1 x may be hidd5 by trees or build+s 9 ! we/ & y may n see x aga9 = a long :ile4 ,?is is because ! />s seem to rise 9 ! ea/ & set 9 ! we/4 ,to prove ?is1 *oose "s brilliant /> y c see at five or six o'clock2 get x 9 l9e ) "s bu% or o!r object ov] :i* y c j see x4 ,put a /ake :]e y /&1 & !n g to ! same spot ab\t eight o'clock or j be=e y g to b$4 ,y c tell at once h[ mu* ! /> seems to h mov$ we/w>d4 ,ano!r ?+1 e /> rises f\r m9utes lat] e night1 & !re=e ! sky looks a little diff]5t at ! same h\r e ev5+4 ,! />s 9 ! nor? set = a %ort "t only1 b :5 ^? t[>d ! s\? set !y are gone a long "t4 ,= in/ance1 ! brighte/ /> ( all is ,sirius1 ! ,dog ,/>1 :i* really belongs to ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,!re are only ab\t ?ree mon?s 9 ! ye> :5 *ildr5 :o g to b$ by sev5 o'clock c see x--,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,m>*4 ,s n[ y und]/& :y ,i am s eag] t y %\ld n miss ! pleasure ( see+ ! fam\s ,nor!rn ,cross4 ,b al?\gh x is a big cross1 & easy to f9d1 aft] y "k x1 ,i h nev] yet kn[n a boy :o c\ld %[ x to ano!r boy simply by po9t+ at x4 ,! sure/ & be/ way to f9d x is le>n ?ree bright />s fir/--,altair1 ,vega1 & ,d5eb4 ,altair is ! brighte/ /> 9 ! ,milky ,way4 ,x is j at ! edge ( ! ,milky ,way1 & y are to look = ?ree />s 9 a /raight l9e1 ) ! middle "o brighte/4 ,^? ?ree />s make ! con/ellation call$ ! ,eagle4 ,! body ( ! eagle is ,altair1 & ! o!r two />s are ! w+s4 ,i %\ld say t ,altair is ab\t five degrees f ea* ( 8 companions4 ,x is wor? half an h\r's pati5t se>* to f9d ! ,eagle4 ,n[ ^! ?ree />s 9 ! ,eagle po9t /raight t[>d ! brighte/ /> 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! sky--,vega4 ,to make sure ( x1 notice f\r fa9t] />s ne> x :i* make a p>allelogram--a sort ( diamond4 ,^! />s are all "p ( a con/ellation call$ ! ,lyre4 ,if y try to trace out ! old musical in/rum5t1 y w be disappo9t$2 b "h is a game wor? :ile4 ,c y see a small triangle made by ?ree />s1 ( :i* ,vega is "o8 ,well1 "o ( ^? />s is d\ble1 & ) an op]a-glass y c see :i* x is4 ,on v cle> nights "s p ) v %>p eyes c see !m ly+ close toge!r1 b ,i nev] c\ld4 ,at la/ we are ready to f9d ! celebrat$ ,nor!rn ,cross4 ,fir/ draw a l9e f ,altair to ,vega4 ,!n draw a l9e at "r angles to ?is1 until y come to ano!r bright />--,d5eb--:i* is ab\t z f> f ,vega z ,vega is f ,altair4 ,n[ ?is beautiful />1 ,d5eb1 is ! top ( ! ,nor!rn ,cross4 ,i c't tell y :e!r ! ,cross w be "r or wrong side up :5 y see x1 or on its side4 ,= e con/ellation is likely to *ange its position dur+ ! night1 z y "k f wat*+ ! ,dipp]4 ,b y c tell ! ,cross by ^! ?+s4 ,!re are six />s 9 x4 ,x is l a kite made ( two /icks4 ,!re are ?ree />s 9 ! crosspiece & f\r 9 ! long piece4 ,d5eb1 ! brighte/ /> 9 ! cross1 is at ! top ( ! long /ick4 ,b y mu/n't expect to see a p]fect cross4 ,!re is "o /> t is a little out ( place1 & sometimes my f+]s fairly it* to put x :]e x belongs4 ,x is ! "o t ought to be :]e ! long /ick ( y\r kite is tack$ to ! crosspiece4 ,& "o ( ! />s is provok+ly fa9t1 b y c see x4 ,c\nt+ /raight d[n ! long piece1 x is ! ?ird "o f ,d5eb t is fa9t4 ,x is :]e x ought to be1 b ,i %\ld l to make x bright]4 ,h y ! ,cross n[8 ,if n1 h pati5ce4 ,y c't be a true sport unless y are pati5t4 ,y c't be a great ball-play]1 or hunt]1 or any ?+ else1 )\t resi/+1 e day1 t sudd5 impulse to quit ! game :5 y lose4 ,be a good los]1 smile & try aga94 ,t is bett] ?an to give up1 or to w9 by *eat+ or %>p practice4 ,?is is ! la/ ?+ ,i want y to see 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! sky2 & if y h done a good job1 let u celebrate by hav+ a /ory4 ,once ^u a "t a cross didn't mean s mu* to ! _w z x does n[4 ,t 0 be=e ,*ri/ 0 born4 ,9 ^? old times p did n ?9k ( ! ,nor!rn ,cross z a cross4 ,!y ?\ght ( x z a ,swan1 & y c see ! ,swan if y turn ! ,cross upside d[n4 ,d5eb w !n be 9 ! tail ( ! ,swan1 & ! two />s :i* us$ to be at ! tips ( ! crosspiece n[ become ! w+s4 ,is t a true /ory8 ,yes4 ,if we liv$ 9 ,arabia ! *ildr5 !re c\ld tell u :at ,d5eb means4 ,x means ! tail4 ,ano!r /ory8 ,well1 d y see ! /> 9 ! beak ( ! ,swan1 or foot ( ! ,cross8 ,:at color is x8 ,:ite8 ,well1 !y say ?is :ite /> is really made up ( two />s--"o yell[ & ! o!r blue4 ,t is "o reason ,i want to buy a telescope :5 ,i c af=d x1 = ev5 ! smalle/ telescope w %[ t4 ,& ,mr4 ,s]viss says t ev5 a /rong field-glass w help any "o see ?is wond]4 ,i c't tell y ab\t all ! w9t] con/ellations 9 "o *apt]4 ,we h made fri5ds ( ! nor!rn ones4 ,n[ let's see ! fam\s s\!rn ones4 ,& let's />t a new *apt]4 ,,orion1 ,,8 ,,dogs1 ,,& ,,! ,,bull ,! mo/ gorge\s con/ellation 9 ! :ole sky is ,orion4 ,i really pity any "o :o does n "k x1 because x has m bright />s 9 x ?an any o!r gr\p4 ,besides1 x doesn't take mu* imag9ation to see ?is mighty hunt] fight+ ! great ,bull4 ,i d>e say half ! p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "k ,orion & c tell him z quick z !y see him by ! fam\s belt ( ,orion4 ,?is belt is made ( ?ree />s1 ea* ( :i* is j "o degree f ! next4 ,t is :y ! ,engli% p call ^! ?ree />s ! ell & y>d4 ,ano!r "n = !m is ! ?ree k+s4 ,y c see ! sword ( ,orion hang+ d[n f 8 belt4 ,z soon z y see ^! ?+s y w see ! f\r bright />s t outl9e ! figure ( ! great hunt]1 b only two ( !m are ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,! r$ "o has a h>d "n--,betelgeuse 7pron\nc$ bet-el-guz74 ,t is a ,fr5*ifi$ ^w f ! ,arabic1 mean+ armpit1 because ?is /> m>ks ! "r %\ld] ( ,orion4 ,! o!r fir/-magnitude /> is ! big :ite "o 9 ! left foot4 ,its "n is ,rigel 7pron\nc$ re-jel7 f an ,arabian ^w mean+ ! foot4 ,y c see ! giant n[1 ,i am sure4 ,ov] 8 left arm hangs a lion's sk9 :i* he holds out to %ield him f ! bull's horns4 ,see ! %ield--ab\t f\r r fa9t />s 9 a pretty good curve8 ,n[ look = 8 club :i* he holds up ) 8 "r h& s z to smite ! bull4 ,see ! arm & ! club--ab\t sev5 />s 9 a r poor curve--beyond ! r$ /> ,betelgeuse8 ,n[ y h him1 & isn't he a wond]6 ,x is ev5 easi] to see ! ,bull :i* is try+ to gore ,orion4 ,look :]e ,orion is ?reat5+ to /rike1 & y w see a ,v4 ,h[ _m />s 9 t ,v8 ,five4 ,& :i* is ! brighte/8 ,t r$ "o at ! top ( ! left bran* ( ! ,v8 ,yes4 ,t ,v is ! face ( ! ,bull & t r$ /> is ! baleful eye ( ! angry ,bull :i* is l[]+ 8 head & try+ to toss ,orion4 ,! "n ( t r$ eye is ,aldeb>an 7pron\nc$ al-deb-ar-an74 ,i wi% ,aldeb>an meant r$ eye1 b x doesn't4 ,x is an old ,arabian ^w mean+ ! h9dmo/1 or ! foll[]1 because e ev5+ x comes into view ab\t an h\r aft] y c see ! fam\s gr\p ( />s call$ ! ,pleiades1 :i* are 9 ! %\ld] ( ! ,bull4 ,i d n c>e to trace ! outl9e ( ?is enorm\s bull1 b 8 horns are a great deal long] ?an y ?9k at fir/4 ,if y w ext5d ! two arms ( t ,v a long way y w see two />s :i* may be call$ ! tips ( 8 horns4 ,"o ( ^! />s really belongs 9 ano!r con/ellation--our old fri5d ! ,*>iote]1 ! "o includ+ ,capella4 ,w[6 :at a pair ( horns6 ,b n[ we come to ! da9tie/ ( all con/ellations--! ,sev5 ,si/]s1 or ,pleiades 7pron\nc$ plee-a-deez74 ,i c see only six ( !m1 & !re is a fam\s old tale ab\t ! lo/ ,pleiad4 ,b ,i ne$n't describe !m4 ,e *ild f9ds !m by in/9ct4 ,"s comp>e !m to a sw>m ( bees2 "s to a rosette ( diamonds2 "s to dewdrops4 ,b ,i w\ld n comp>e !m to a dipp] z "s d1 because ! real ,little ,dipp] is v diff]5t4 ,! light t seems to drip f ! ,pleiades is quiv]+1 mi/y1 romantic1 magical4 ,no wond] _m *ildr5 love ! ,pleiades be/ ( all ! con/ellations4 ,no wond] ! poets h prais$ !m = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! olde/ piece ( poetry ab\t !m t ,i "k ( 0 writt5 ab\t #a1ejj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,y c f9d x 9 ! book ( ,job4 ,b ! mo/ poetic description ( ! ,pleiades t ,i h ev] read is 9 ,t5nyson's poem ,locksley ,hall1 9 :i* he says !y glitt] l a sw>m ( fireflies tangl$ 9 a silv] braid4 ,!re are a great _m old tales ab\t ! lo/ ,pleiad4 ,"o is t %e veil$ h] face because ! anci5t city ( ,troy 0 burn$4 ,ano!r /ory says %e ceas$ to be a goddess :5 %e m>ri$ a man & became mortal4 ,"s p ?9k %e 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,o!rs believe ! big />1 ,canopus1 came by & ran away ) h]4 ,/ill o!rs decl>e %e 0 a new /> t appe>$ sudd5ly once ^u a "t1 & aft] a :ile fad$ away4 ,= myself1 ,i d n believe any ( ^! /ories4 ,"o reason :y ,i don't is t a sev5? /> is really !re1 & _m p c really see x4 ,inde$1 !re are "s p s %>p-ey$ t on cle> nights !y c see any:]e f eight to elev54 ,&1 :at is m1 !y c draw a map or *>t %[+ j :]e ea* /> seems to !m to be4 ,b ! mo/ wond]ful /ories ab\t ! ,pleiades are ! true /ories4 ,"o is t !re are really m ?an #c1jjj />s among ! ,pleiades4 ,"s ( !m c be se5 only ) ! bigge/ telescopes4 ,o!rs are reveal$ only by ! spectroscope4 ,& "s c be f\nd only by means ( photography4 ,b ! mo/ amaz+ ?+ ab\t ! ,pleiades is ! di/ances betwe5 !m4 ,!y look s close toge!r t y w\ld probably say ! moon seems bigg] ?an all ( !m put toge!r4 ,sometimes ! moon comes ne> ! ,pleiades1 & y expect t ! moon w blot !m all out4 ,b ! a/ronom]s say ! full moon sails ?r\gh ! ,pleiades & cov]s only "o ( !m at a "t1 z a rule4 ,!y ev5 say x is possible = ! moon to pass ?r\gh ! ,pleiades )\t t\*+ "o ( !m6 ,i %\ld l to see t4 ,if any?+ l x is go+ to occur1 ! magaz9e ,i spoke ( 9 ! fir/ *apt] w tell me ab\t x4 ,& y'd bett] believe ,i w /ay up to see t1 if x takes all night6 ,!re are two m con/ellations 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! sky t ought to be int]e/+1 because !y are ! two hunt+ dogs t help ,orion fight ! ,bull4 ,b ,i c't trace ^! animals1 & ,i don't believe x is wor? :ile4 ,! brighte/ />s 9 !m ev]ybody c see & admire--,sirius1 ! ,bigg] ,dog1 & ,procyon1 ! ,small] ,dog4 ,e "o ought to "k ,sirius1 because he is ! brighte/ /> ( all4 7,( c\rse1 he is n s bright z ,v5us & ,jupit]1 b !y are planets47 ,to f9d him1 draw a l9e f ! eye ( ! ,bull ?r\gh ! belt ( ,orion & ext5d x t[>d ! s\!a/ ab\t tw5ty degrees4 ,!y call him ! ,dog /> because he foll[s ! heels ( ,orion4 ,& p /ill call ! hotte/ days ( summ] dog days because #djj ye>s be=e ,*ri/ ! ,romans notic$ t ! ,dog /> rose j be=e ! sun at t "t4 ,! ,romans ?\ght he *as$ ! sun across ! sky all day & !re=e 0 responsible = ! great heat4 ,b t 0 a fooli% explanation4 ,& s is ! old notion t dogs are likely to g mad dur+ ! dog days because ! dog /> is 9 ! asc5dant4 ,s is ! idea t ,sirius is an unlucky />4 ,!re are no lucky or unlucky />s4 ,^! are all sup]/itions1 & we ought to be a%am$ to believe any sup]/ition4 ,yet = ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e we _h public s*ools & le>n$ to "k bett]1 p believ$ t e "o 0 born "u a lucky /> or an unlucky "o1 & !y believe t f>m]s ought to plant or n plant1 accord+ to ! size ( ! moon4 ,n[ we "k t is all bo%4 ,^? old sup]/itions h done m h>m ?an good4 ,"o ( ! mo/ h>mful 0 ! belief 9 wit*es4 ,let u resolve nev] to be afraid ( ^! old tales1 b laugh at !m4 ,:y %\ld anybody be afraid ( any?+ s lovely z ,sirius8 ,i us$ to ?9k ,sirius tw9kl$ m ?an any o!r />4 ,b t 0 bad reason+ on my "p4 ,i might h notic$ t e /> tw9kles m ne> ! horizon ?an t[>d ! z5i?4 ,i might h notic$ t />s tw9kle m on cle>1 fro/y nights ?an :5 !re is a little uni=m haze4 ,& putt+ ^? two facts toge!r ,i might h reason$ t ! />s nev] really tw9kle at all2 !y only seem to4 ,i might h conclud$ t ! tw9kl+ is all due to ! atmosph]e--t blanket ( air :i* wraps ! e>? ar\nd4 ,! ne>] ! e>?1 ! ?ick] ! air1 & ! m x int]f]es ) ! light t comes to u f ! />s4 ,!y say t ,sirius nev] looks exactly alike on two successive nights4 ,x has a hundr$ moods1 says ,mr4 ,s]viss1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,by turns x flames1 x sp>kles1 x gl[s1 x blazes1 x fl>es1 x fla%es1 x contracts to a po9t1 & sometimes :5 ! air is /ill1 x burns ) a /eady :ite light4 7,quotation some:at alt]$ & cond5s$47 ,x is a pity t s f9e a /> z ,procyon %\ld be call$ ! ,small] ,dog1 because x suff]s unju/ly by comp>ison ) ,sirius4 ,if x 7 9 "s o!r "p ( ! sky we might appreciate x m1 because x is bright] ?an mo/ ( ! fifte5 fir/-magnitude />s we c see4 ,my bro!r ,william has gr[n to love x1 b p]haps t is because he always sympa?izes ) ! "u dog4 ,he 0 ! y\nge/ bro!r & kn[s4 ,& curi\sly en\gh he 0 nicknam$ ! dog--j :y1 ,i don't "k4 ,to f9d ,procyon1 drawn a l9e f ,sirius nor!a/ ab\t tw5ty degrees4 ,& to make sure1 draw "o ea/ f ,betelgeuse ab\t ! same di/ance4 ,^! ?ree />s make a triangle ( :i* ! sides are almo/ equal4 ,! "n ,procyon means be=e ! dog ref]r+ to ! fact t y c see him fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes e>li] e night ?an y c see ,sirius4 ,! only k9d ^w ab\t ,procyon ,i h he>d 9 rec5t ye>s 0 9 connection ) t mis]able bus9ess ( ,dr4 ,cook & ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,a ,capta9 ,somebody-or-o!r 0 mak+ obs]vations = ,dr4 ,cook1 & he want$ to "k :at "t x 04 ,he _h no wat* & didn't want to di/urb any "o4 ,s he look$ out ( ! w9d[ & saw by ! /> ,procyon t x 0 elev5 o'clock4 ,t s\nds my/]i\s1 b x is easy if y h a planisph]e l ours4 ,la/ w9t] :5 we 7 all enjoy+ ,orion1 ! ,bull1 & ! two ,dogs1 ,i us$ to :irl ! planisph]e ar\nd to see :]e !y w\ld be at six o'clock at night1 at eight1 at t51 at midnight1 & ev5 at six o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,& s1 if ,i wak$ up 9 ! night ,i c\ld tell :at "t x 0 )\t ev5 turn+ my head4 ,sometimes ,i look$ out ( my w9d[1 saw ,orion ne>ly ov]head & knew x mu/ be midnight4 ,& sometimes ,i woke up j be=e daybreak & saw ! great ,bull back+ d[n out ( sight 9 ! we/1 ! mighty ,hunt] /ill br&i%+ 8 club1 & 8 fai?ful ,dogs foll[+ at 8 heels4 ,,sev5 ,,fam\s ,,con/ellations ,!re are only sev5 m con/ellations t seem to me int]e/+ en\gh = e "o to "k & love all 8 life4 ,^! are3 ,! ,lion 7,spr+7 ,! ,tw9s 7,spr+7 ,! ,virg9 7,summ]7 ,! ,h]dsman 7,summ]7 ,! ,nor!rn ,cr[n 7,summ]7 ,! ,scorpion 7,summ]7 ,s\!rn ,fi% 7,autumn7 ,i h nam$ ! seasons :51 accord+ to "s p1 ^! con/ellations are mo/ enjoyable4 ,b ^! are n ! only times :5 y c see !m4 7,if y _h t sev5ty-five-c5t planisph]e1 n[1 y c\ld always tell :i* con/ellations are visible & j :]e to f9d !m47 ,no matt] :at "t ( ye> y read ?is *apt]1 x is wor? :ile to g out & look = ^! m>vels4 ,y c't possibly miss !m all4 ,h y ev] se5 a ,sickle 9 ! sky8 ,x's a beauty1 & :5ev] ,i h se5 x x has be5 turn$ v conv5i5tly = me1 because ,i am left-h&$4 ,x is s easy to f9d t ,i am almo/ a%am$ to tell4 ,b if y ne$ help1 draw a l9e ?r\gh ! ,po9t]s backw>d1 away f ! ,pole />1 ab\t =ty degrees1 & x w come a little we/ ( ! ,sickle4 ,! ,sickle is only "p ( ! ,lion--! head & ! =equ>t]s4 ,only fanciful map-mak]s c trace ! re/ ( ! ,lion4 ,! bright /> at ! end ( ! h&le is ,regulus1 :i* means k+1 f ! /upid old notion t ?is /> rul$ ! lives ( m54 ,to ?is day p speak ( ! ,royal ,/>1 mean+ ,regulus4 ,& at ! end ( ?is *apt] ,i w tell y ab\t ?ree o!r />s :i* ! ,p]sians call$ royal />s4 ,ano!r con/ellation :i* *ildr5 p>ticul>ly love is ! ,tw9s--,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,b ! sailors got !re fir/6 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ! tw9s h be5 suppos$ to br+ good luck to sailors4 ,i don't believe a ^w ( x4 ,b ,i d "k t sailors gloat ov] ,ca/or & ,pollux1 & l !m bett] ?an any o!r />s4 ,! :ole con/ellation includes all ! />s ea/ ( ! ,bull & betwe5 ! ,*>iote] & ,procyon4 ,b ano!r way to outl9e ! tw9s is to look nor!a/ ( ,orion :]e y w see two r[s ( />s t run ne>ly p>allel4 ,to me ! bro!rs seem to be /&+1 b all ! old picture-mak]s %[ !m sitt+ ) _! arms ar\nd ea* o!r1 ! two brighte/ />s be+ _! eyes4 ,! eyes are ab\t five degrees ap>t--! same z ! ,po9t]s4 ,pollux is n[ bright] ?an ,ca/or1 b = ?\s&s ( ye>s x 0 j ! o!r way4 ,x is only )9 ?ree hundr$ ye>s t ?is *ange has tak5 place4 ,:e!r ,ca/or has fad$ or ,pollux bright5$1 or bo?1 ,i d n "k4 ,anyh[1 ,ca/or is n q bright en\gh to be a fir/ magnitude />4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s is a %ort "t 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 & only a speck 9 ! hi/ory ( ! />s4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s ago !y kill$ p 9 ,europe j because ( ! *ur* !y w5t to4 ,t 0 :y ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs sail$ f ,engl& 9 #afbj1 & made ! fir/ p]man5t settlem5t 9 ,am]ica1 except1 ( c\rse1 ,jame/[n1 ,va41 9 #afjg4 ,!re are pl5ty ( /ories ab\t old ,ca/or & ,pollux1 &1 l all ! o!r my?s1 !y conflict1 m or less4 ,b all agree t ^! two bro!rs w5t ) ,jason 9 ! %ip ,argo1 %>$ 8 adv5tures & help$ him get ! gold5 fleece4 ,& all agree t ,ca/or & ,pollux 7 born fight]s4 ,& t is :y ! ,roman soldi]s look$ up to ^! />s & pray$ to !m to help !m w9 _! battles4 ,n[ = ! f\r summ] con/ellations e "o ought to "k4 ,! fir/ ?+ to look = is two fam\s r$ or r$di% />s--,arcturus & ,ant>es4 ,! way y f9d ,arcturus is amus+4 ,look = ! ,big ,dipp] & f9d ! /> at ! bottom ( ! dipp] ne>e/ ! h&le4 ,got x8 ,n[ draw a curve t w connect x ) all ! />s 9 ! h&le1 & :5 y come to ! end ( ! h&le keep on till y come to ! fir/ v bright />--ab\t tw5ty-five degrees4 ,t is ! mon/r\s /> ,arcturus1 probably ! bigge/ & swifte/ /> we c ev] see ) ! nak$ eye 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,he is sev]al times z big z our sun1 & 8 diamet] is suppos$ to be sev]al million miles4 ,he is call$ a runaway sun1 because he is ru%+ ?r\gh space at ! rate ( betwe5 two hundr$ & ?ree hundr$ miles a second4 ,t means betwe5 sev5te5 & ?irty-f\r million miles a day6 ,he is com+ t[>d u1 too6 ,at su* a rate y might ?9k t ,arcturus w\ld h sma%$ ! e>? to pieces long ago4 ,b he is /ill v f> away1 & !re is no dang]4 ,"s p say t if ,job 7 to come to life1 ! sky w\ld seem j ! same to him z x did #c1djj ye>s ago4 ,! only diff]5ce he might notice w\ld be 9 ,arcturus4 ,t w\ld seem to him out ( place by a di/ance ab\t ?ree times ! app>5t diamet] ( ! moon4 ,"s p believe ?is because ,job said1 ,can/ ?\ guide ,arcturus ) 8 sons8 & !re=e !y imag9e t he meant ?is r$ />4 ,b ,i believe he meant ! ,big ,dipp]4 ,= 9 ,k+ ,james's "t1 :5 ! ,bible 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 ! ^w ,arcturus meant ! ,big ,dipp] or r ! ,great ,be>4 ,& = c5turies be=e x meant ! ,great ,be>4 ,"o pro( ( x is t ,arcturus comes f an old ,greek ^w mean+ be>--! same ^w f :i* we get arctic4 ,x is only )9 a few hundr$ ye>s t a/ronom]s h agre$ to call ! ,great ,be> ,ursa ,major1 & ?is r$ /> ,arcturus4 ,s ,i ?9k all ! books :i* say ,job m5tion$ ?is r$ /> are mi/ak54 ,i believe ,web/]'s ,diction>y is correct 9 ?is matt]1 & ,i believe ! ,revis$ ,v]sion translates ,job's ,hebrew phrase m correctly :5 x says1 ,can/ ?\ guide ! ,be> ) h] tra98 ,anyh[1 ,arcturus is a spl5did />--! brighte/ 9 ! con/ellation call$ ! ,h]dsman or ,botes4 ,x is n wor? :ile to trace ! ,h]dsman1 b "h is an int]e/+ "q4 ,is ,arcturus really r$8 ,! books mo/ly say he is yell[4 ,!y say he looks r$ :5 he is l[ 9 ! sky1 & yell[ :5 he is high4 ,h[ does he look to y8 ,m yell[ ?an r$8 ,well1 !re's no d\bt ab\t ,ant>es be+ r$4 ,to f9d him1 draw a long l9e f ,regulus ?r\gh ,arcturus to ,ant>es1 ,arcturus be+ m ?an half way betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,b if ,regulus & ! ,sickle are n visible1 draw a l9e f ,altair1 at "r angles to ! ,eagle1 until y come to a bright /> ab\t sixty degrees away4 ,y c't miss ,ant>es1 = he is ! only r$ /> 9 t "p ( ! sky4 ,ant>es belongs to a %[y con/ellation call$ ! ,scorpion4 ,i _c trace all ! outl9e ( a spid]-l creature1 b 8 poison\s tail or /+] is made by a curv$ l9e ( />s s\? & ea/ ( ,ant>es4 ,& y c make a pretty fan by jo9+ ,ant>es to sev]al />s 9 a curve :i* are we/ ( ,ant>es & a little nor?4 ,!re is an old tale t ?is ,scorpion is ! "o t /ung ,orion to dea? :5 he began to %[ (f & boa/ t !re 0 no animal 9 ! _w t c\ld kill him4 ,ano!r v bright /> 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! sky is ,spica4 ,to f9d x1 />t ) ! h&le ( ! ,dipp]1 & mak+ ! same backw>d curve :i* help$ y to f9d ,arcturus1 keep on till y come to ! :ite /> ,spica--say ?irty degrees beyond ,arcturus4 ,?is is ! brighte/ /> 9 ! con/ellation call$ ! ,virg94 ,x is n wor? :ile try+ to trace h] among ne>ly =ty fa9t />s 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,b %e is suppos$ to be a w+$ goddess :o holds up 9 h] "r h& an e> ( :eat1 & t is :at ,spica means4 ,n[ = an autumn con/ellation--! ,s\!rn ,fi%4 ,i don't c>e if y fail to outl9e a fi%1 b ,i d want y to see ! bright /> t is suppos$ to be 9 ! fi%'s m\?4 ,& ,i don't want y to balk at its h>d "n--,fomalhaut 7pron\nc$ fo-mal-o74 ,x is wor? a lot ( tr\ble to "k x z a fri5d4 ,to f9d x1 y h to draw an exce$+ly long l9e two-?irds ( ! way across ! :ole sky4 ,/>t ) ! ,po9t]s4 ,draw a l9e ?r\gh !m & ! ,pole /> & keep cle> on until y come to a solit>y bright /> r l[ d[n 9 ! s\?4 ,t is ,fomalhaut4 ,x looks lonely & is lonely1 ev5 :5 y look at x ?r\gh a telescope4 ,& n[ = ! la/ /ory4 ,once ^u a "t ! ,p]sians ?\ght !re mu/ be f\r />s t rule ! lives ( m54 ,s !y pick$ out "o 9 ! nor? & "o 9 ! s\? & "o 9 ! ea/ & "o 9 ! we/1 j z if !y 7 look+ = f\r bright />s to m>k ! po9ts ( ! compass4 ,if y want to f9d !m y\rself )\t my help don't read ! next s5t5ce1 b %ut ?is book & g out & see4 ,!n write d[n on a piece ( pap] ! />s y h select$ & comp>e !m ) ! li/ ,i am ab\t to give4 ,"h are ! f\r royal />s ( ! ,p]sians3 ,fomalhaut = ! nor?1 ,regulus = ! s\?1 ,aldeb>an = ! ea/1 & ,ant>es = ! we/4 ,:y doesn't ?is li/ agree ) y\rs8 ,because ,p]sia is s f> s\? ( :]e we live4 ,ah1 !re are v few ?+s t are absolutely true4 ,let's rememb] t & n be too sure3 = ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! po9t ( view6 ,i hope y w see ,fomalhaut be=e ,*ri/mas1 be=e he disappe>s 9 ! we/4 ,he is ) u only five mon?s & is always l[--ne> ! horizon4 ,b ! o!r sev5 mon?s 9 ! ye> he gladd5s ! *ildr5 ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! re/ ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 = !y see him sweep+ high & lonely f> up into _! sky & d[n aga94 ,b ! lovelie/ ( all ! con/ellations describ$ 9 ?is *apt] is ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,x is n a p]fect cr[n--only ab\t half a circle--b en\gh to sugge/ a complete r+4 ,look = x ea/ ( ,arcturus4 ,i c see sev5 or eight />s 9 ! half-circle1 "o ( :i* is bright] ?an all ! o!rs4 ,t "o is call$ ! ,pe>l4 ,! :ole con/ellation is only fifte5 degrees long1 b f9e ?+s come 9 small packages2 & *ildr5 gr[ to love ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n almo/ z mu* z !y love ! ,pleiades4 ,,! ,,tw5ty ,,brighte/ ,,/>s ,if y h se5 ev]y?+ ,i h describ$ s f>1 y h reason to be happy4 ,= n[ y "k sixte5 ( ! mo/ fam\s con/ellations & fifte5 ( ! tw5ty brighte/ />s4 ,!re are only tw5ty />s ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,magnitude ought to mean size1 b x doesn't4 ,x means brightness--or r ! app>5t brightness--( ! />s :5 se5 by u4 ,! ^w magnitude 0 us$ 9 ! old days be=e telescopes1 :5 p ?\ght ! bright] a /> is ! bigg] x mu/ be4 ,n[ we "k t ! ne>] a /> is to u ! bright] x is1 & ! f>!r away ! fa9t]4 ,"s ( ! bright />s are comp>atively ne> u1 "s are v f>4 ,d5eb & ,canopus are s f> away t x takes ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s = _! light to rea* u4 ,:at :opp]s !y mu/ be--_m times z big z our sun4 ,"h is a full li/ ( ! tw5ty />s ( ! fir/ magnitude arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! brightness4 ,y w f9d ?is table v useful4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,/>s ,pron\nc$ ,con/ellation ,int]e/+ facts ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,sirius siri-u ,big ,dog ,brighte/ />4 ,ne>e/ /> visible 9 ,nor!rn hemisph]e ,canopus99 ca-nopus ,%ip ,argo ,p]haps ! l>ge/ body 9 univ]se ,alpha ,c5tauri99 alfa s5-tawre ,c5taur ,ne>e/ />4 ,light f\r ye>s away ,vega vega ,lyre ,brighte/ /> 9 ! ,nor!rn sky4 ,blui% ,capella ca-pella ,*>iote] ,rivals ,vega1 b opposite ! pole4 ,yell[i% ,arcturus ark-turus ,h]dsman ,swifte/ ( ! bright />s4 #bjj miles a second ,rigel rejel ,orion ,brighte/ /> 9 ,orion4 ,:ite /> 9 left foot ,procyon prosi-on ,little ,dog ,be=e ! dog4 ,rises a little be=e ,sirius ,a*]n>99 a-k]n> ,riv] ,po ,means ! end ( ! riv] ,beta ,c5tauri99 bata s5-tawre ,c5taur ,?is & its mate po9t to ! ,s\!rn ,cross ,altair al-t>e ,eagle ,helps y f9d ,vega & ,nor!rn ,cross ,betelgeuse bet-el-guz ,orion ,means armpit4 ,! r$ /> 9 ! "r %\ld] ,alpha ,crucis99 alfa ,s\!rn crusis ,cross ,at ! base ( ! mo/ fam\s ,s\!rn con/ellation ,aldeb>an al-deba-ran ,bull ,! r$ eye 9 ! ,v ,pollux pollux ,tw9s ,bright] ?an ,ca/or ,spica spica ,virg9 ,means e> ( :eat ,ant>es an-tarez ,scorpion ,r$ />4 ,"n means looks l ,m>s ,fomalhaut fomal-o ,s\!rn ,fi% ,! lonely /> 9 ! ,s\!rn sky ,d5eb d5eb ,swan ,top ( ,nor!rn ,cross1 or tail ( ,swan ,regulus regu-lus ,lion ,! end ( ! h&le ( ! ,sickle ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,! five />s m>k$ 99 belong to ! ,s\!rn hemisph]e1 & we c nev] see !m unless we travel f> s\?4 ,la/ w9t] ,i w5t to ,florida & saw ,canopus1 b to see ! ,s\!rn ,cross y %\ld cross ! ,tropic ( ,canc]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,le>n ,,m ,all ,i c hope to d 9 ?is book is to get y en?usia/ic ab\t a/ronomy4 ,i don't mean gu%y4 ,look 9 ! diction>y & y w f9d t ! en?usia/ is n ! faddi/4 ,he is ! "o :o /icks to a subject = a lifetime4 ,nor d ,i c>e a rap :e!r y become an a/ronom]--or ev5 buy a telescope4 ,!re w be always a/ronom]s com+ on1 b !re are too few p :o "k & love ev5 a few ( ! />s4 ,i want y to make popul> a/ronomy a life-long hobby4 ,p]haps y may h to drop x = t5 or fifte5 ye>s4 ,nev] m9d1 y w take up ! /udy aga94 ,i c't expect y to read a book on />s if y are fight+ to make a liv+ or support a family1 unless x really re/s y to read ab\t ! />s4 ,x does re/ me4 ,:5 ?+s g wrong at ! (fice or at home1 ,i c g5]ally f9d re/ & com=t f music4 ,& if ! sky is cle>1 ,i c look at ! />s1 & my c>es sudd5ly seem small & drop away4 ,let me tell y :y & h[ y c get ! v be/ ! />s h to tea* y1 )\t ma!matics or telescope4 ,foll[ ?is programme & y ne$ nev] be afraid ( h>d "w1 or ( exhau/+ ! pleasures ( ! subject4 ,g to y\r public libr>y & get "o ( ! books ,i recomm5d 9 ?is *apt]1 & read :atev] int]e/s y4 ,i don't c>e :e!r y take up planets be=e comets or comets be=e planets1 b :atev] y d d x well4 ,soak ! int]e/+ facts "r 94 ,nail !m d[n4 ,see ev]y?+ ! book talks ab\t4 ,make notes ( ?+s to wat* =4 ,get a little blank book & write d[n ! date y fir/ saw ea* ?+ ( int]e/4 ,write d[n ! names ( ! con/ellations y love mo/4 ,be=e y lay d[n any /> book y are read+1 jot d[n ! mo/ wond]ful & inspir+ ?+ y h read--ev5 if y h only "t to write a s+le ^w t may recall x all to y4 ,treasure t little note book z long z y live4 ,e ye> x w get m preci\s to y4 ,n[ = ! books3 #a4 ,m>t94 ,! ,fri5dly ,/>s4 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,?is book tea*es y fir/ ! tw5ty brighte/ />s & !n ! con/ellations4 ,i _c say t ?is1 or any o!r1 is ! be/ book1 b x has help$ me mo/1 & ,i suppose x is only natural t we %\ld love be/ ! fir/ book t introduces u to a delightful subject4 #b4 ,s]viss4 ,a/ronomy ) ! ,nak$ ,eye4 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,?is tea*es y ! con/ellations fir/ & ! brighte/ />s incid5tally4 ,also x gives ! old my?s4 #c4 ,s]viss4 ,a/ronomy ) an ,op]a-,glass4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 #d4 ,s]viss4 ,pleasures ( ! ,telescope4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aije4 #e4 ,milham4 ,h[ to ,id5tify ! ,/>s4 ,! ,macmillan ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,?is gives a li/ ( eighty-eight con/ellations1 includ+ ?irty-six s\!rn ones1 & has trac+s ( tw5ty-eight4 #f4 ,elson4 ,/> ,gaz]'s ,h&book4 ,/urgis ,walton ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,ab\t ! briefe/ & *eape/4 ,has good *>ts & makes a specialty ( ! my?s4 #g4 ,s]viss4 ,curiosities ( ! ,sky4 ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ,new ,york4 ,tells ab\t comets1 a/]oids1 %oot+ />s1 life on ,m>s1 nebul1 tempor>y />s1 coal-sacks1 ,milky ,way1 & o!r wond]s4 #h4 ,ball4 ,/>l&4 ,g9n ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 etc41 #ahii4 ,?is tells ab\t a great _m int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 a/ronomy t *ildr5 c make4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ,i _h only a doll> or less to sp5d on a/ronomy ,i %\ld buy a planisph]e4 ,i got m9e f ,?omas ,:ittak]1 ,no4 #b ,bible ,h\se1 ,new ,york4 ,x co/ sev5ty-five c5ts1 & w tell y :]e to f9d any /> at any "t 9 ! ye>4 ,x does n %[ ! planets1 h[ev]4 ,a planisph]e t w %[ ! planets co/s ab\t five doll>s4 ,h[ev]1 !re are only two v %[y planets1 viz41 ,v5us & ,jupit]4 ,any almanac w tell y 7= no?+7 :5 ea* ( ^! is morn+ />1 & :5 ea* ( !m is ev5+ />4 ,! be/ newspap] ab\t />s1 z f> z ,i "k1 is a magaz9e call$ ,! ,mon?ly ,ev5+ ,sky ,map1 publi%$ by ,leon ,b>ritt1 #aej ,nassau ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,x co/s a doll> a ye>4 ,x gives a *>t e mon?1 %[+ all ! planets1 & all ! con/ellations4 ,also x tells y ab\t ! int]e/+ ?+s1 l comets1 be=e !y come4 ,good-bye4 ,i hope y w nev] cease to le>n ab\t & love ! e>? & ! sky4 ,p]haps y ?9k y h le>n$ a great deal already4 ,b y\r pleasures h only begun4 ,wait till y le>n ab\t h[ ! _w began1 ! sun & all 8 planets1 ! di/ances betwe5 ! />s1 & ! millions ( blaz+ suns amid ! ,milky ,way6 ,,! ,,end ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sky ,,9 ,,w9t] ,,note4--,^! simplifi$ /> maps are n z accurate z a planisph]e1 b !y may be easi] = *ildr54 ,all /> maps are l ord9>y maps1 except t ea/ & we/ are transpos$4 ,! reason = ?is is t y c hold a /> map ov] y\r head1 ) ! pole /> t[>d ! nor?1 & ! map w !n mat* ! sky4 ,^! maps conta9 "s con/ellations t are only = gr[n-ups to /udy4 ,! ,w9t] con/ellations e *ild %\ld "k are3 ,,auriga1 ! ,*>iote] ,,canis ,,major1 ! ,big ,dog ,,canis ,,m9or1 ! ,little ,dog ,,cassiopeia1 ! ,que5 9 ,h] ,*air ,,cygnus1 ! ,swan ,,leo1 ! ,lion ,,orion1 ! ,hunt] ,,p]seus1 ,:i* ,has ! ,arc ,,taurus1 ! ,bull ,,ursa ,,major1 ! ,great ,be> ,,ursa ,,m9or1 ! ,little ,be> ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sky ,,9 ,,spr+ ,,note4--,once ^u a "t all ! educat$ p spoke ,lat94 ,x 0 ! ne>e/ approa* to a univ]sal language4 ,s mo/ ( ! con/ellations h ,lat9 names4 ,! ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man names are all diff]5t1 b if all *ildr5 w\ld le>n ! ,lat9 names !y c\ld und]/& "o ano!r4 ,! ,spr+ con/ellations e *ild %\ld "k are3 ,,leo1 ! ,lion ,,lyra1 ! ,lyre ,,cassiopeia1 ! ,que5 9 h] ,*air ,,scorpio1 ! ,scorpion ,,ursa ,,major1 ! ,great ,be> ,,ursa ,,m9or1 ! ,little ,be> ,,virgo1 ! ,virg9 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sky ,,9 ,,summ] ,,note4--,e sky map is good = ?ree mon?s1 9 ?is way3 ,if ?is is correct on ,june #a/ at #aj ,p4,m41 x w be correct ,july #a/ at #h ,p4,m41 & ,augu/ #a/ at #f ,p4,m4 ,?is is because ! />s rise f\r m9utes e>li] e night4 ,?us1 aft] ?irty days1 any /> w rise ?irty times f\r m9utes e>li]1 or #abj m9utes1 or two h\rs4 ,*ildr5 ne$ n le>n all ! ,summ] con/ellations4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ are3 ,,auriga1 ! ,*>iote] ,,canis ,,major1 ! ,big ,dog ,,cygnus1 ! ,swan ,,lyra1 ! ,lyre ,,scorpio1 ! ,scorpion ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sky ,,9 ,,autumn ,,note4--,?is book tells h[ to f9d all ! mo/ int]e/+ />s & con/ellations )\t maps1 b _m p pref] !m4 ,h[ to use /> maps is expla9$ "u ,! ,sky 9 ,w9t]4 ,! ,autumn con/ellations mo/ int]e/+ to *ildr5 are3 ,,aquila1 ! ,eagle ,,auriga1 ! ,*>iote] ,,cassiopeia1 ! ,que5 9 ,h] ,*air ,,cygnus1 ! ,swan ,,lyra1 ! ,lyre ,,p]seus1 ,:i* ,has ! ,arc ,,taurus1 ! ,bull ,,ursa ,,major1 ! ,great ,be> ,,ursa ,,m9or1 ! ,little ,be> ,transcrib]'s notes ,page #abd /reams1 run+ correct$ to /reams1 runn+ ,page #abg :]e he globe correct$ to :]e ! globe ,page #ach ceatures to prove correct$ to creatures to prove ,page #baf ?is consellation is correct$ to ?is con/ellation is ,page #bjc ,ev]ybir? day correct$ to ,e bir?day