from the ,google ,print project47 ,a ,,problem ,,in ,,modern ,,ethics ,of this work only #ajj copies have been printed4 ,no4 ,a ,,problem ,,in ,,modern ,,ethics ,,being ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,the ,,phenomenon ,,of ,,sexual ,,inversion ,,addressed ,,especially ,,to ,,medical ,,psychologists ,,and ,,jurists ,,by ,,john ,,addington ,,symonds ,,london #ahif ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,,page ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,consulted vii ,,introduction #a ,i4 ,,christian ,,opinion ,,from ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,justinian #e ,,ii4 ,,vulgar ,,errors #i ,,iii4 ,,literature3 ,,pornographic ,,and ,,descriptive3 ,carlier1 ,les deux ,prostitutions #af ,,iv4 ,,literature3 ,,medico-,,forensic3 ,tardieu #ba ,v4 ,,literature3 ,,medico-,,psychological3 ,moreau1 ,tarnowsky1 ,krafft-,ebing1 ,lombroso #bi ,,vi4 ,,literature3 ,,historical ,,and ,,anthropological3 ,meier1 ,a ,problem in ,greek ,ethics2 ,rosenbaum1 ,bastian1 ,herbert ,spencer1 ,sir ,richard ,burton1 ,mantegazza #ge ,,vii4 ,,literature3 ,,polemical3 ,karl ,heinrich ,ulrichs #hd ,,viii4 ,,literature3 ,,idealistic3 ,walt ,whitman #aae ,,ix4 ,,epilogue #abf ,x4 ,,suggestions ,,upon ,,legislation #aca ,,books ,,consulted4 ,,gibbon',s ,history of the ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire4 ,chapter ,,xliv4 ,f4 ,,carlier4 ,les deux ,prostitutions4 ,paris1 ,dentu1 #ahhi4 ,a4 ,,tardieu4 ,attentats aux ,moeurs4 ,paris1 ,billire1 #ahgh4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,casper and ,,carl ,,liman4 ,handbuch der ,gerichtlichen ,medicin4 ,berlin1 ,hirschwald1 #ahhi4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,casper4 ,klinische ,novellen4 ,berlin1 ,hirschwald1 #ahfc4 ,p4 ,,morrau4 ,des ,aberrations du ,sens ,gntique4 ,paris1 ,asselin et ,houzeau1 #ahhg4 ,b4 ,,tarnowsky4 ,die krankhaften ,erscheinungen des ,geschlechtssinnes4 ,berlin1 ,hirschwald1 #ahhf4 ,,levy-,m,,nchen4 ,die ,mnnliche ,sterilitt4 ,berlin1 ,henser1 #ahhi4 ,r4 ,,von ,,krafft-,,ebing4 ,psychopathia ,sexualis4 ,stuttgart1 ,enke1 #ahhi4 ,,cesare ,,lombroso4 ,der ,verbrecher in ,anthropologischer1 ,aerztlicher und ,juristischer ,beziehung4 ,hamburg1 ,richter1 #ahhg4 ,m4 ,h4 ,f4 ,,meier4 ,pderastie4 ,ersch und ,gruber's ,allgemeine ,encyclopdie4 ,leipzig1 ,brockhaus1 #ahcg4 ,a ,problem in ,greek ,ethics4 ,no name or date4 ,ten ,copies printed for the ,author's ,use4 ,j4 ,,rosenbaum4 ,geschichte der ,lustseuche im ,alterthume4 ,halle a4 ,s41 ,h4 ,w4 ,schmidt1 #ahhb4 ,,bastian4 ,der ,mensch in der ,geschichte4 ,leipzig1 ,wigand1 #ahfj4 ,,herbert ,,spencer4 ,sociological ,tables4 ,p4 ,,dufour4 ,histoire de la ,prostitution4 ,eight vols4 ,bruxelles1 ,rozey1 #ahfa4 ,sir ,r4 ,f4 ,,burton4 ,arabian ,nights4 ,vol4 #aj4 ,benares1 #ahhe4 ,p4 ,,mantegazza4 ,gli ,amori degli ,uomini4 ,milano1 #ahhf4 ,,numa ,,numantius 7,k4 ,h4 ,,ulrichs74 ,inclusa4 ,anthropologische ,studien ber mannmnnliche ,geschlechtsliebe4 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 ,,numa ,,numantius4 ,formatrix4 ,anthrop4 ,studien ber urnische ,liebe4 ,leipzig1 #ahfe4 ,,numa ,,numantius4 ,vindex4 ,social-juristische ,studien ber mannmnnliche ,geschlechtsliebe4 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 ,,numa ,,numantius4 ,vindicta4 ,kampf fr ,freiheit u4s4w4 ,leipzig1 #ahfe4 ,,numa ,,numantius4 ,ara ,spei4 ,moralphil4 und ,socialphil4 ,studien ber urnische ,liebe4 ,leipzig1 #ahfe4 ,k4 ,h4 ,,ulrichs4 ,gladius ,furens4 ,das ,naturrthsel der ,urningsliebe4 ,kassel1 ,wrttenberger1 #ahfh4 ,k4 ,h4 ,,ulrichs4 ,memnon4 ,die ,geschlechtsnatur des mannliebenden ,urnings4 ,schleiz1 ,h4 ,heyn1 #ahfh4 ,k4 ,h4 ,,ulrichs4 ,incubus4 ,urningsliebe und ,blutgier4 ,leipzig1 ,a4 ,serbe1 #ahfi4 ,k4 ,h4 ,,ulrichs4 ,argonauticus4 ,zastrow und die ,urninge4 ,leipzig1 ,a4 ,serbe1 #ahfi4 ,k4 ,h4 ,,ulrichs4 ,prometheus4 ,beitrge zur ,erforschung des ,naturrthsels des ,uranismus4 ,leipzig1 ,serbe1 #ahgj4 ,k4 ,h4 ,,ulrichs4 ,araxes4 ,ruf nach ,befreiung der ,urningsnatur vom ,strafgesetz4 ,schleiz1 ,heyn1 #ahgj4 ,,walt ,,whitman4 ,leaves of ,grass1 in ,complete ,poems and ,prose4 #ahhi-ahij4 ,,walt ,,whitman4 ,democratic ,vistas4 ,nuova ,codice ,penale per il ,regno d',italia4 ,a4 ,,coffignon4 ,la ,corruption ,paris4 ,paris1 ,la ,librairie ,illustre4 #gth edition4 ,no date4 ,,introduction4 ,there is a passion1 or a perversion of appetite1 which1 like all human passions1 has played a considerable part in the world's history for good or evil2 but which has hardly yet received the philosophical attention and the scientific investigation it deserves4 ,the reason of this may be that in all ,christian societies the passion under consideration has been condemned to pariahdom2 consequently1 philosophy and science have not deigned to make it the subject of special enquiry4 ,only one great race in past ages1 the ,greek race1 to whom we owe the inheritance of our ideas1 succeeded in raising it to the level of chivalrous enthusiasm4 ,nevertheless1 we find it present everywhere and in all periods of history4 ,we cannot take up the religious books1 the legal codes1 the annals1 the descriptions of the manners of any nation1 whether large or small1 powerful or feeble1 civilised or savage1 without meeting with this passion in one form or other4 ,sometimes it assumes the calm and dignified attitude of conscious merit1 as in ,sparta1 ,athens1 ,thebes4 ,sometimes it skulks in holes and corners1 hiding an abashed head and shrinking from the light of day1 as in the capitals of modern ,europe4 ,it confronts us on the steppes of ,asia1 where hordes of nomads drink the milk of mares2 in the bivouac of ,keltish warriors1 lying wrapped in wolves' skins round their camp-fires2 upon the sands of ,arabia1 where the ,bedaween raise desert dust in flying squadrons4 ,we discern it among the palm-groves of the ,south ,sea ,islands1 in the card-houses and temple-gardens of ,japan1 under ,esquimaux snow-huts1 beneath the sultry vegetation of ,peru1 beside the streams of ,shiraz and the waters of the ,ganges1 in the cold clear air of ,scandinavian winters4 ,it throbs in our huge cities4 ,the pulse of it can be felt in ,london1 ,paris1 ,berlin1 ,vienna1 no less than in ,constantinople1 ,naples1 ,teheran1 and ,moscow4 ,it finds a home in ,alpine valleys1 ,albanian ravines1 ,californian canyons1 and gorges of ,caucasian mountains4 ,it once sat1 clothed in ,imperial purple1 on the throne of the ,roman ,caesars1 crowned with the tiara on the chair of ,st4 ,peter4 ,it has flaunted1 emblazoned with the heraldries of ,france and ,england1 in coronation ceremonies at ,rheims and ,westminster4 ,the royal palaces of ,madrid and ,aranjuez tell their tales of it4 ,so do the ruined courtyards of ,granada and the castle-keep of ,avignon4 ,it shone with clear radiance in the gymnasium of ,hellas1 and nerved the dying heroes of ,greek freedom for their last forlorn hope upon the plains of ,chronea4 ,endowed with inextinguishable life1 in spite of all that has been done to suppress it1 this passion survives at large in modern states and towns1 penetrates society1 makes itself felt in every quarter of the globe where men are brought into communion with men4 ,yet no one dares to speak of it2 or if they do1 they bate their breath1 and preface their remarks with maledictions4 ,those who read these lines will hardly doubt what passion it is that ,i am hinting at4 ,quod semper ubique et ab omnibus--surely it deserves a name4 ,yet ,i can hardly find a name which will not seem to soil this paper4 ,the accomplished languages of ,europe in the nineteenth century supply no term for this persistent feature of human psychology1 without importing some implication of disgust1 disgrace1 vituperation4 ,science1 however1 has recently--within the last twenty years in fact--invented a convenient phrase1 which does not prejudice the matter under consideration4 ,she speaks of the inverted sexual instinct2 and with this neutral nomenclature the investigator has good reason to be satisfied4 ,inverted sexuality1 the sexual instinct diverted from its normal channel1 directed 7in the case of males7 to males1 forms the topic of the following discourse4 ,the study will be confined to modern times1 and to those nations which regard the phenomenon with religious detestation4 ,this renders the enquiry peculiarly difficult1 and exposes the enquirer1 unless he be a professed expert in diseases of the mind and nervous centres1 to almost certain misconstruction4 ,still1 there is no valid reason why the task of statement and analysis should not be undertaken4 ,indeed1 one might rather wonder why candid and curious observers of humanity have not attempted to fathom a problem which faces them at every turn in their historical researches and in daily life4 ,doubtless their neglect is due to natural or acquired repugnance1 to feelings of disgust and hatred1 derived from immemorial tradition1 and destructive of the sympathies which animate a really zealous pioneer4 ,nevertheless1 what is human is alien to no human being4 ,what the law punishes1 but what1 in spite of law1 persists and energises1 ought to arrest attention4 ,we are all of us responsible to some extent for the maintenance and enforcement of our laws4 ,we are all of us1 as evolutionary science surely teaches1 interested in the facts of anthropology1 however repellant some of these may be to our own feelings4 ,we cannot evade the conditions of atavism and heredity4 ,every family runs the risk of producing a boy or a girl whose life will be embittered by inverted sexuality1 but who in all other respects will be no worse or better than the normal members of the home4 ,surely1 then1 it is our duty and our interest to learn what we can about its nature1 and to arrive through comprehension at some rational method of dealing with it4 ,i4 ,,christian ,,opinion4 ,since this enquiry is limited to actual conditions of contemporary life1 we need not discuss the various ways in which the phenomenon of sexual inversion has been practically treated by races with whose habits and religions we have no affinity4 ,on the other hand1 it is of the highest importance to obtain a correct conception of the steps whereby the ,christian nations1 separating themselves from ancient paganism1 introduced a new and stringent morality into their opinion on this topic1 and enforced their ethical views by legal prohibitions of a very formidable kind4 ,without prejudging or prejudicing this new morality1 now almost universally regarded as a great advance upon the ethics of the earlier pagan world1 we must observe that it arose when science was non-existent1 when the study of humanity had not emerged from the cradle1 and when theology was in the ascendant4 ,we have therefore to expect from it no delicate distinctions1 no anthropological investigations1 no psychological analysis1 and no spirit of toleration4 ,it simply decreed that what had hitherto been viewed as immorality at worst should henceforth be classed among crimes against ,god1 nature1 humanity1 the state4 ,opening the ,bible1 we find severe penalties attached to sexual inversion by the ,mosaic law1 in the interests of population and in harmony with the ,jewish theory of abominations4 ,the lesson is driven home by the legend of two cities1 ,sodom and ,gomorrah1 overwhelmed with fire because of their addiction to abnormal sexual indulgences4 ,here the vindices flamm of the ,roman code appear for the first time--the stake and the flames1 which medival legislation appointed for offenders of this sort4 ,st4 ,paul1 penetrated with ,hebrew ethics1 denounced the corruption of the ,gentiles in these words3 ,for this cause ,god gave them up into vile affections3 for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature3 and likewise also the men1 leaving the natural use of the woman1 burned in their lust one toward another2 men with men working that which is unseemly1 and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet4 ,christ uttered no opinion upon what we now call sexual inversion4 ,neither light nor leading comes from ,him1 except such as may be indirectly derived from his treatment of the woman taken in adultery4 ,when the ,empire adopted ,christianity1 it had therefore the traditions of the ,mosaic law and the first chapter of the ,epistle to the ,romans to guide its legislators on this topic4 ,the ,emperors felt obscurely that the main pulses of human energy were slackening2 population all tended to dwindle2 the territory of the empire shrank slowly year by year before their eyes4 ,as the depositaries of a higher religion and a nobler morality1 they felt it their duty to stamp out pagan customs1 and to unfurl the banner of social purity4 ,the corruption of the ,roman cities had become abominable4 ,the laziness and cowardice of ,roman citizens threatened the commonwealth with ruin4 ,to repress sexual appetites was not the ruler's object4 ,it was only too apparent that these natural desires no longer prompted the people to sufficient procreation or fertility4 ,the brood begotten upon ,roman soil was inadequate to cope with the inrushing tide of barbarians4 ,wisdom lay in attempting to rehabilitate marriage1 the family domestic life4 ,meanwhile a certain vice ran riot through society1 a vice for which ,jehovah had rained fire and brimstone upon ,sodom1 a vice which the ,mosaic code punished with death1 a vice threatened by ,st4 ,paul with that recompence of their error which was meet4 ,justinian1 in #ech ,a4,d41 seems to have been terrified by famines1 earthquakes and pestilences4 ,he saw1 or professed to see1 in these visitations the avenging hand of ,jehovah1 the recompence which was meet mysteriously prophesied by ,st4 ,paul4 ,thereupon he fulminated his edict against unnatural sinners1 whereby they were condemned to torments and the supreme penalty of death4 ,the preamble to his famous ,novella #gg sets forth the principles on which it has been framed3 ,lest as the result of these impious acts whole cities should perish together with their inhabitants2 for we are taught by ,holy ,scripture1 to wit that through these acts cities have perished with the men in them4444 ,it is on account of such crimes that famines and earthquakes take place1 and also pestilences4 ,before ,justinian1 both ,constantine and ,theodosius passed laws against sexual inversion1 committing the offenders to avenging flames4 ,but these statutes were not rigidly enforced1 and modern opinion on the subject may be said to flow from ,justinian's legislation4 ,opinion1 in matters of custom and manners1 always follows law4 ,though ,imperial edicts could not eradicate a passion which is inherent in human nature1 they had the effect of stereotyping extreme punishments in all the codes of ,christian nations1 and of creating a permanent social antipathy4 ,,ii4 ,,vulgar ,,errors4 ,gibbon's remarks upon the legislation of ,constantine1 ,theodosius1 and ,justinian supply a fair example of the way in which men of learning and open mind have hitherto regarded what1 after all1 is a phenomenon worthy of cold and calm consideration4 ,i touch1 he says1 with reluctance1 and despatch with impatience1 a more odious vice1 of which modesty rejects the name1 and nature abominates the idea4 ,after briefly alluding to the morals of ,etruria1 ,greece1 and ,rome1 he proceeds to the enactments of ,constantine3 ,adultery was first declared to be a capital offence 444 the same penalties were inflicted on the passive and active guilt of pderasty2 and all criminals1 of free or servile condition1 were either drowned1 or beheaded1 or cast alive into the avenging flames4#a ,then1 without further comment1 he observes3 ,the adulterers were spared by the common sympathy of mankind2 but the lovers of their own sex were pursued by general and pious indignation4 ,justinian relaxed the punishment at least of female infidelity3 the guilty spouse was only condemned to solitude and penance1 and at the end of two years she might be recalled to the arms of a forgiving husband4 ,but the same ,emperor declared himself the implacable enemy of unmanly lust1 and the cruelty of his persecution can scarcely be excused by the purity of his motives4 ,in defiance of every principle of justice he stretched to past as well as future offences the operations of his edicts1 with the previous allowance of a short respite for confession and pardon4 ,a painful death was inflicted by the amputation of the sinful instrument1 or the insertion of sharp reeds into the pores and tubes of most exquisite sensibility4 ,one consequence of such legislation may be easily foreseen4 ,a sentence of death and infamy was often founded on the slight and suspicious evidence of a child or a servant3 the guilt of the green faction1 of the rich1 and of the enemies of ,theodora1 was presumed by the judges1 and pderasty became the crime of those to whom no crime could be imputed4 ,this state of things has prevailed wherever the edicts of ,justinian have been adopted into the laws of nations4 ,the ,cathari1 the ,paterini1 the heretics of ,provence1 the ,templars1 the ,fraticelli1 were all accused of unnatural crimes1 tortured into confession1 and put to death4 ,where nothing else could be adduced against an unpopular sect1 a political antagonist1 a wealthy corporation1 a rival in literature1 a powerful party-leader1 unnatural crime was insinuated1 and a cry of ,down with the pests of society prepared the populace for a crusade4 ,it is the common belief that all subjects of sexual inversion have originally loved women1 but that1 through monstrous debauchery and superfluity of naughtiness1 tiring of normal pleasure1 they have wilfully turned their appetites into other channels4 ,this is true about a certain number4 ,but the sequel of this ,essay will prove that it does not meet by far the larger proportion of cases1 in whom such instincts are inborn1 and a considerable percentage in whom they are also inconvertible4 ,medical jurists and physicians have recently agreed to accept this as a fact4 ,it is the common belief that a male who loves his own sex must be despicable1 degraded1 depraved1 vicious1 and incapable of humane or generous sentiments4 ,if ,greek history did not contradict this supposition1 a little patient enquiry into contemporary manners would suffice to remove it4 ,but people will not take this trouble about a matter1 which1 like ,gibbon1 they touch with reluctance and despatch with impatience4 ,those who are obliged to do so find to their surprise that among the men who are subject to this deplorable vice there are even quite intelligent1 talented1 and highly-placed persons1 of excellent and even noble character4#b ,the vulgar expect to discover the objects of their outraged animosity in the scum of humanity4 ,but these may be met with every day in drawing-rooms1 law-courts1 banks1 universities1 mess-rooms2 on the bench1 the throne1 the chair of the professor2 under the blouse of the workman1 the cassock of the priest1 the epaulettes of the officer1 the smock-frock of the ploughman1 the wig of the barrister1 the mantle of the peer1 the costume of the actor1 the tights of the athlete1 the gown of the academician4 ,it is the common belief that one1 and only one1 unmentionable act is what the lovers seek as the source of their unnatural gratification1 and that this produces spinal disease1 epilepsy1 consumption1 dropsy1 and the like4#c ,nothing can be more mistaken1 as the scientifically reported cases of avowed and adult sinners amply demonstrate4 ,neither do they invariably or even usually prefer the aversa ,venus2 nor1 when this happens1 do they exhibit peculiar signs of suffering in health4#d ,excess in any venereal pleasure will produce diseases of nervous exhaustion and imperfect nutrition4 ,but the indulgence of inverted sexual instincts within due limits1 cannot be proved to be especially pernicious4 ,were it so1 the ,dorians and ,athenians1 including ,sophocles1 ,pindar1 schines1 ,epaminondas1 all the ,spartan kings and generals1 the ,theban legion1 ,pheidias1 ,plato1 would have been one nation of rickety1 phthisical1 dropsical paralytics4 ,the grain of truth contained in this vulgar error is that1 under the prevalent laws and hostilities of modern society1 the inverted passion has to be indulged furtively1 spasmodically1 hysterically2 that the repression of it through fear and shame frequently leads to habits of self-abuse2 and that its unconquerable solicitations sometimes convert it from a healthy outlet of the sexual nature into a morbid monomania4#e ,it is also true that professional male prostitutes1 like their female counterparts1 suffer from local and constitutional disorders1 as is only natural4#f ,it is the common belief that boys under age are specially liable to corruption4 ,this error need not be confuted here4 ,anyone who chooses to read the cases recorded by ,casper-,liman1 ,casper in his ,novellen1 ,krafft-,ebing1 and ,ulrichs1 or to follow the developments of the present treatise1 or to watch the manners of ,london after dark1 will be convicted of its absurdity4 ,young boys are less exposed to dangers from abnormal than young girls from normal voluptuaries4 ,it is the common belief that all subjects from inverted instinct carry their lusts written in their faces2 that they are pale1 languid1 scented1 effeminate1 painted1 timid1 oblique in expression4 ,this vulgar error rests upon imperfect observation4 ,a certain class of such people are undoubtedly feminine4 ,from their earliest youth they have shown marked inclination for the habits and the dress of women2 and when they are adult1 they do everything in their power to obliterate their manhood4 ,it is equally true that such unsexed males possess a strong attraction for some abnormal individuals4 ,but it is a gross mistake to suppose that all the tribe betray these attributes4 ,the majority differ in no detail of their outward appearance1 their physique1 or their dress from normal men4 ,they are athletic1 masculine in habits1 frank in manner1 passing through society year after year without arousing a suspicion of their inner temperament4 ,were it not so1 society would long ago have had its eyes opened to the amount of perverted sexuality it harbours4 ,the upshot of this discourse on vulgar errors is that popular opinion is made up of a number of contradictory misconceptions and confusions4 ,moreover1 it has been taken for granted that to investigate the depraved instincts of humanity is unprofitable and disgusting4 ,consequently the subject has been imperfectly studied2 and individuals belonging to radically different species are confounded in one vague sentiment of reprobation4 ,assuming that they are all abominable1 society is content to punish them indiscriminately4 ,the depraved debauchee who abuses boys receives the same treatment as the young man who loves a comrade4 ,the male prostitute who earns his money by extortion is scarcely more contemned than a man of birth and breeding who has been seen walking with soldiers4 ,,iii4 ,,literature--,,descriptive4 ,sexual inversion can boast a voluminous modern literature1 little known to general readers4 ,a considerable part of this is pornographic1 and need not arrest our attention4#g ,a good deal is descriptive1 scientific1 historical1 anthropological1 apologetical and polemical4 ,with a few books in each of these kinds ,i propose to deal now4 ,the first which falls under my hand is written by a ,french official1 who was formerly ,chief of the ,police ,department for ,morals in ,paris4#h ,m4 ,carlier1 during ten years1 had excellent opportunities for studying the habits of professional male prostitutes and their frequenters4 ,he had condensed the results of his experience in seven very disagreeable chapters1 which offer a revolting picture of vice and systematised extortion in the great metropolis4 ,in the numerous books1 says ,m4 ,carlier1 which treat of prostitution1 the antiphysical passions have hitherto been always deliberately omitted4 ,officially1 public opinion does not recognise them1 the legislature will take no notice of them4 ,the police are left alone to react against them2 and the unequal combat may some day cease1 since it is supported by no text of the code and no regulation of the state4 ,when that happens1 pderasty will become a calamity far more dangerous1 more scandalous1 than female prostitution1 the organisation of which it shares in full4 ,a magistrate once declared that 'in ,paris it is the school where the cleverest and boldest criminals are formed2 and as a matter of fact1 it produces associations of special scoundrels1 who use it as the means of theft and chantage1 not stopping short of murder in the execution of their plots4' ,it will be seen from this exordium that ,m4 ,carlier regards the subject wholly from the point of view of prostitution4 ,he has proved abundantly that male prostitution is organised in ,paris upon the same system as its female counterpart1 and he has demonstrated that this system is attended with the same dangers to society4 ,a violent animus against antiphysical passions makes him exaggerate these dangers1 for it is clear that normal vice is no less free from sordid demoralisation and crimes of violence than its abnormal twin-brother4 ,both are fornication2 and everywhere1 in ,corinth as in ,sodom1 the prostitute goes hand in hand with the bully1 the robber1 and the cut-throat4 ,with reference to the legal position of these passions in ,france1 he says3 ,pderasty is not punished by our laws4 ,it can only come within the reach of the code by virtue of circumstances under which it may be practised4 ,if the facts take place in the presence of witnesses1 or in a place open to public observation1 there will be an outrage to decency4 ,if minors are seduced1 there may be proof of the habitual incitement of minors to debauch1 corruption1 or even rape4 ,but the passion itself is not subject to penalty2 it is only a vice arising from one of the seven deadly sins4 ,we have no intention of analysing this perverted instinct4 ,since the law does not regard it1 we will do like the law4 ,we will pass in silence all its private details1 occupying ourselves only with what meets the eye1 with what may be called a veritable prostitution4 ,m4 ,carlier proceeds to describe the two main classes1 which in ,france are known as tantes and amateurs4 ,the former are subdivided into minor branches1 under the names of jsus1 petits jsus1 corvettes 7naval71 soldiers4 ,the latter1 called also rivettes1 are distinguished by their tastes for different sorts of tantes4 ,those who are interested in such matters may turn to ,m4 ,carlier's pages for minute information regarding the habits1 coteries1 houses of debauch1 bullies1 earnings1 methods of extortion1 dwellings1 balls1 banquets1 and even wedding-parties of these people4 ,a peculiar world of clandestine vice in a great city is revealed2 and the authentic documents1 abundantly presented1 render the picture vivid in its details4 ,from the official papers which passed through ,m4 ,carlier's bureau during ten years 7#ahfj-gj71 he compiles a list of #f1cdb pderasts who came within the cognisance of the police3 #b1jdi ,parisians1 #c1gji provincials1 #dhd foreigners4 ,of these #c1ecb1 or more than the half1 could not be convicted of illegal acts4 ,while devoting most of his attention to professionals who dress like women1 and have become exactly similar to the effeminated youth described in ,monsieur ,vnus1#i ,carlier gives some curious details about the ,french army4 ,soldiers are no less sought after in ,france than in ,england or in ,germany1 and special houses exist for military prostitution both in ,paris and the garrison towns4#aj ,upon this point it should be remarked that ,carlier expresses a very strong opinion regarding the contagiousness of antiphysical passion4 ,and certainly many facts known about the ,french army go to prove that these habits have been contracted in ,algeria1 and have spread to a formidable extent through whole regiments4#aa ,in conclusion1 ,m4 ,carlier1 though he so strongly deplores the impunity extended by ,french law to sexual inversion1 admits that this has not augmented the evil4 ,speaking about ,england1 where legal penalties are heavy enough1 he says2 ,though they call it the nameless crime there1 it has in ,england at least as many votaries as in ,france1 and they are quite as depraved4#ab ,,iv4 ,,literature--,,medico-,,forensic4 ,carlier's book deals with the external aspects of inverted sexuality1 as this exists in ,paris under the special form of prostitution4 ,the author professes to know nothing more about the subject than what came beneath his notice in the daily practice of his trade as a policeman4 ,he writes with excusable animosity4 ,we see at once that he is neither a philosopher by nature1 nor a man of science1 but only a citizen1 endowed with the normal citizen's antipathy for passions alien to his own4 ,placed at the head of the ,bureau of ,morals1 ,carlier was brought into collision with a tribe of people whom he could not legally arrest1 but whom he cordially hated4 ,they were patently vicious2 and 7what was peculiarly odious to the normal man7 these degraded beings were all males4 ,he saw that the public intolerance of antiphysical passions1 which he warmly shared1 encouraged an organised system of chantage4 ,without entertaining the question whether public opinion might be modified1 he denounced the noxious gang as pests of society4 ,the fact that ,england1 with her legal prohibitions1 suffered to the same extent as ,france from the curse of pderasty1 did not make him pause4 ,consequently1 the light which he has thrown upon the subject of this treatise only illuminates the dark dens of male vice in a big city4 ,he leaves us where we were about the psychological and ethical problem4 ,he shows what deep roots the passion strikes in the centres of modern civilisation1 and how it thrives under conditions at once painful to its victims and embarrassing to an agent of police4 ,writers on forensic medicine take the next place in the row of literary witnesses4 ,it is not their business to investigate the psychological condition of persons submitted to the action of the laws4 ,they are concerned with the law itself1 and with those physical circumstances which may bring the accused within its operation1 or may dismiss him free from punishment4 ,yet their function1 by importing the quality of the physician into the sphere of jurisprudence1 renders them more apprehensive of the underlying problem than a mere agent of police4 ,we expect impartial scientific scrutiny in such authorities1 and to some extent we find it4 ,the leading writers on forensic medicine at the present time in ,europe are ,casper 7edited by ,liman7 for ,germany1 ,tardieu for ,france1 and ,taylor for ,england4 ,taylor is so reticent upon the subject of unnatural crime that his handbook on ,the ,principles and ,practice of ,medical ,jurisprudence does not demand minute examination4 ,it may1 however1 be remarked that he believes false accusations to be even commoner in this matter than in the case of rape1 since they are only too frequently made the means of blackmailing4 ,for this reason he leaves the investigation of such crimes to the lawyers4 ,both ,casper and ,tardieu discuss the topic of sexual inversion with antipathy4 ,but there are notable points of difference in the method and in the conclusions of the two authors4 ,tardieu1 perhaps because he is a ,frenchman1 educated in the school of ,paris1 which we have learned to know from ,carlier1 assumes that all subjects of the passion are criminal or vicious4 ,he draws no psychological distinction between pderast and pderast4 ,he finds no other name for them1 and looks upon the whole class as voluntarily degraded beings who1 for the gratification of monstrous desires1 have unsexed themselves4 ,a large part of his work is devoted to describing what he believes to be the signs of active and passive immorality in the bodies of persons addicted to these habits4#ac ,it is evident that imagination has acted powerfully in the formation of his theories4 ,but this is not the place to discuss their details4#ad ,casper and ,liman approach the subject with almost equal disgust1 but with more regard for scientific truth than ,tardieu4 ,they point out that the term pderast is wholly inadequate to describe the several classes of male persons afflicted with sexual inversion4 ,they clearly expect1 in course of time1 a general mitigation of the penalties in force against such individuals4 ,according to them1 the penal laws of ,north ,germany1 on the occasion of their last revision1 would probably have been altered1 had not the jurists felt that the popular belief in the criminality of pderasts ought to be considered4#ae ,consequently1 a large number of irresponsible persons1 in the opinion of experts like ,casper and ,liman1 are still exposed to punishment by laws enacted under the influence of vulgar errors4 ,these writers are not concerned with the framing of codes1 nor again with the psychological diagnosis of accused persons4 ,it is their business to lay down rules whereby a medical authority1 consulted in a doubtful case1 may form his own view as to the guilt or innocence of the accused4 ,their attention is therefore mainly directed to the detection of signs upon the bodies of incriminated individuals4 ,this question of physical diagnosis leads them into a severe critique of ,tardieu4 ,their polemic attacks each of the points which he attempted to establish4 ,i must content myself by referring to the passage of their work which deals with the important topic4#af ,suffice it here to say that they reject all signs as worse than doubtful1 except a certain deformation of one part of the body1 which may possibly be taken as the proof of habitual prostitution1 when it occurs in quite young persons4 ,of course they admit that wounds1 violent abrasions of the skin1 in certain places1 and some syphilitic affections strongly favour the presumption of a criminal act4 ,finally1 after insisting on the insecurity of ,tardieu's alleged signs1 and pointing out the responsibility assumed by physicians who base a judgment on them1 the two ,germans sum up their conclusions in the following words 7p4 #agh73 ,it is extremely remarkable that while ,tardieu mentions #bjf cases1 and communicates a select list of #ai1 which appear to him to exhibit these peculiar conformations of the organs1 he can only produce one single instance where the formation seemed indubitable4 ,let anyone peruse his #ai cases1 and he will be horrified at the unhesitating condemnations pronounced by ,tardieu4 ,the two notes of exclamation which close this sentence in the original are fully justified4 ,it is indeed horrifying to think that a person1 implicated in some foul accusation1 may have his doom fixed by a doctrinaire like ,tardieu4 ,antipathy and ignorance in judges and the public1 combined with erroneous canons of evidence in the expert1 cannot fail to lead in such cases to some serious miscarriage of justice4 ,passing from the problem of diagnosis and the polemic against ,tardieu1 it must be remarked that ,casper was the first writer of this class to lay down the distinction between inborn and acquired perversion of the sexual instinct4 ,the law does not recognise this distinction4 ,if a criminal act be proved1 the psychological condition of the agent is legally indifferent--unless it can be shown that he was clearly mad and irresponsible1 in which case he may be consigned to a lunatic asylum instead of a jail4 ,but ,casper and ,liman1 having studied the question of sexual maladies in general1 and given due weight to the works of ,ulrichs1 call attention to the broad differences which exist between persons in whom abnormal appetites are innate and those in whom they are acquired4 ,their companion sketches of the two types deserve to be translated and presented in a somewhat condensed form4#ag ,in the majority of persons who are subject to this vice1 it is congenital2 or at any rate the sexual inclination can be followed back into the years of childhood1 like a kind of physical hermaphroditism4 ,sexual contact with a woman inspires them with real disgust4 ,their imagination delights in handsome young men1 and statues or pictures of the same4 ,in the case of this numerous class of pderasts there is therefore no depraved fancy at work1 no demoralisation through satiety of natural sexual appetite1#ah ,their congenital impulse explains the fact1 moreover1 that very many pderasts are addicted to what may be termed a ,platonic voluptuousness1 and feel themselves drawn towards the objects of their desire with a warmth of passion more fervent than is common in the relations of the opposed sexes2 that1 in other cases again1 they are satisfied with embracements1 from which they derive a mutual pleasure4 ,westphal maintains that this anomalous direction of the sexual appetite is more often the symptom of a psychopathical1 neuropathical condition than people commonly suppose4#ai ,in the case of another class of men1 upon the contrary1 the taste for this vice has been acquired in life1 and is the result of over-satiety with natural pleasures4 ,people of this stamp sometimes indulge their gross appetites alternately with either sex4 ,i once observed a man1 after contracting a venereal disease with women1 adopt pderasty out of fear of another infection2 but he was1 it must be admitted1 a weak-minded individual4 ,in all the great towns of ,europe the vice goes creeping around1 unobserved by the uninitiated4 ,it appears that there is no inhabited spot of the globe where it may not be discovered4 ,i said1 unobserved by the uninitiated1 advisedly4 ,in antiquity the members of the sect had their own means of mutual recognition4 ,and at the present time1 these men know each other at first sight2 moreover1 they are found everywhere1 in every station of society1 without a single exception4 ',we recognise each other at once1' says the writer of a report which ,i shall communicate below3 ',a mere glance of the eye suffices2 and ,i have never been deceived4 ,on the ,rigi1 at ,palermo1 in the ,louvre1 in the ,highlands of ,scotland1 in ,petersburg1 on disembarking at the port of ,barcelona1 ,i have found people1 never seen by me before1 and whom ,i discriminated in a second4' ,several men of this sort whom ,i have known 7continues ,casper7 are certainly accustomed to dress and adorn themselves in a rather feminine way4 ,nevertheless1 there are indisputable pderasts1 who present an entirely different aspect1 some of them elderly and negligent in their attire1 and people of the lower classes1 distinguished by absolutely nothing in their exterior from other persons of the same rank4 ,medico-juristic science made a considerable step when ,casper adopted this distinction of two types of sexual inversion4 ,but1 as is always the case in the analysis of hitherto neglected phenomena1 his classification falls far short of the necessities of the problem4 ,while treating of acquired sexual inversion1 he only thinks of debauchees4 ,he does not seem to have considered a deeper question--deeper in its bearing upon the way in which society will have to deal with the whole problem--the question of how far these instincts are capable of being communicated by contagion to persons in their fullest exercise of sexual vigour4 ,taste1 fashion1 preference1 as factors in the dissemination of anomalous passions1 he has left out of his account4 ,it is also1 but this is a minor matter1 singular that he should have restricted his observations on the freemasonry among pderasts to those in whom the instinct is acquired4 ,that exists quite as much or even more among those in whom it is congenital4 ,the upshot of the whole matter1 however1 is that the best book on medical jurisprudence now extant repudiates the enormities of ,tardieu's method1 and lays it down for proved that the majority of persons who are subject to sexual inversion come into the world1 or issue from the cradle1 with their inclination clearly marked4 ,v4 ,,literature--,,medicine4 ,medical writers upon this subject are comparatively numerous in ,french and ,german literature1 and they have been multiplying rapidly of late years4 ,the phenomenon of sexual inversion is usually regarded in these books from the point of view of psychopathic or neuropathic derangement1 inherited from morbid ancestors1 and developed in the patient by early habits of self-abuse4 ,what is the exact distinction between psychopathic and neuropathic ,i do not know4 ,the former term seems intelligible in the theologian's mouth1 the latter in a physician's4 ,but ,i cannot understand both being used together to indicate different kinds of pathological diathesis4 ,what is the soul1 what are the nerves8 ,we have probably to take the two terms as indicating two ways of considering the same phenomenon2 the one subjective1 the other objective2 psychopathic pointing to the derangement as observed in the mind emotions of its subject2 neuropathic to the derangement as observed in anomalies of the nervous system4 ,it would be impossible1 in an essay of this kind1 to review the whole mass of medical observation1 inference and speculation which we have at our command4 ,nor is a layman1 perhaps1 well qualified for the task of criticism and comparison in a matter of delicacy where doctors differ as to details4 ,i shall therefore content myself with giving an account of four of the most recent1 most authoritative1 and1 as it seems to me1 upon the whole most sensible studies4 ,moreau1 ,tarnowsky1 ,krafft-,ebing and ,lombroso take very nearly similar views of the phenomenon2 and between them they are gradually forming a theory which is likely to become widely accepted4 ,des ,aberrations du ,sens ,gnsique1 par le ,dr4 ,paul ,moreau1 #dth edition1 #ahhg4 ,moreau starts with the proposition that there is a sixth sense1 le sens gnital1 which1 like other senses1 can be injured psychically and physically without the mental functions1 whether affective or intellectual1 suffering thereby4 ,his book is therefore a treatise on the diseases of the sexual sense4 ,these diseases are by no means of recent origin1 he says4 ,they have always and everywhere existed4 ,he begins with a historical survey1 which1 so far as antiquity is concerned1 is very defective4 ,having quoted with approval the following passage about ,greek society3-- ,la sodomie se rpand dans toute la ,grce2 les coles des philosophes deviennent des maisons de dbauche1 et les grands exemples d'amiti lgus par le paganisme ne sont1 pour la plupart1 qu'une infme turpitude voile par une sainte apparence3 having quoted these words of ,dr4 ,descuret1 ,moreau leaves ,greece alone1 and goes on to ,rome4 ,the state of morals in ,rome under the empire he describes as une dpravation maladive1 devenue par la force des choses hrditaire1 endmique1 pidmique4 ,then follows a short account of the emperors and their female relatives4 ,cet rthisme gnsique qui1 pendant prs de deux sicles1 rgna a l'tat pidmique dans ,rome he ascribes mainly to heredity4 ,of ,julia1 the daughter of ,augustus1 he says1 ,peut-on lutter contre un tat morbide hrditaire8 ,the union of unrestrained debauchery and ferocity with great mental gifts strikes him as a note of disease2 and he winds up with this sentence3 ,parmi les causes les plus frquentes des aberrations du sens gnital1 l'hrdit tient la premire place4 ,then he passes to the middle ages1 and dwells upon the popular belief in incubi and succubi4 ,it is curious to find him placing ,leo ,x41 ,franois ,i41 ,henri ,,iv41 ,louis ,,xiv41 among the neuropathics4 ,when it comes to this1 everybody with strong sexual instincts1 and the opportunity of indulging them1 is a nervous invalid4 ,modern times are illustrated by the debaucheries of the ,regency1 the reign of ,louis ,,xv41 ,russian ladies1 the ,marquis de ,sade4 ,the ,house of ,orleans seems in truth to have been tainted with hereditary impudicity of a morbid kind4 ,but if it was so at the end of the last century1 it has since the ,revolution remarkably recovered health--by what miracle8 ,moreau now formulates the thesis he wishes to prove3 ,l'aberration pathologique des sentiments gnsiques doit tre assimile compltement une nvrose1 et1 comme telle1 son existence est compatible avec les plus hautes intelligences4 ,he discovers hereditary taint universally present in these cases4 ,hrdit directe1 hrdit indirecte1 hrdit transforme1 se trouve chez les gnsiaques4 ,passing to etiology1 he rests mainly upon an organism predisposed by ancestry1 and placed in a milieu favourable to its morbid development4 ,provocative causes are not sufficient to awake the aberration in healthy organisms1 but the least thing will set a predisposed organism on the track4 ,this1 ,i may observe1 seems to preclude simple imitation1 upon which ,moreau afterwards lays considerable stress2 for if none but the already tainted can be influenced by their milieu1 none but the tainted will imitate4 ,what he calls ,general ,physical ,causes are 7#a7 ,extreme ,poverty1 7#b7 ,age1 7#c7 ,constitution1 7#d7 ,temperament1 7#e7 ,seasons of the ,year1 7#f7 ,climate1 7#g7 ,food4 ,extreme poverty leads to indiscriminate vice1 incest1 sodomy1 c4 ,that is true1 and we know that our city poor and the peasants of some countries are habitually immoral4 ,yet ,moreau proves too much here4 ,for1 according to his principles1 hereditary neurosis ought by this time to have become chronic1 epidemic1 endemic1 in all the city poor and in all the peasants of all countries2 which is notably not the fact4 ,puberty and the approach of senility are pointed out as times when genesiac symptoms manifest themselves4 ,his observations upon the other points are commonplace enough2 and he repeats the current notion that inhabitants of hot climates are more lascivious than those of the ,north4 ,among ,individual ,physical ,causes1 ,moreau treats of malformation of the sexual organs1 diseases of those organs1 injuries to the organism by wounds1 blows1 poisons1 masturbation1 excessive indulgence in venery1 and exaggerated continence4 ,when we come to ,general ,moral ,causes1 heredity plays the first part4 ,this may be direct1 i4e41 the son of a genesiac will have the same tastes as his father1 or transformed2 what is phthisis in one generation assuming the form of sexual aberration in another4 ,bad education and exposure to bad examples1 together with imitation1 are insisted on more vaguely4 ,the ,individual ,moral ,causes include impressions received in early youth1 on which ,i think perhaps ,moreau does not lay sufficient stress1 and certain tendencies to subjective preoccupations with ideal ideas1 certain abnormal physical conditions which disturb the whole moral sensibility4 ,passing to ,pathological ,anatomy1 ,moreau declares that it is as yet impossible to localise the sexual sense4 ,the brain1 the cerebellum1 the spinal marrow8 ,we do not know4 ,he seems to incline toward the cerebellum4 ,it is not necessary to follow ,moreau in his otherwise interesting account of the various manifestations of sexual disease4 ,the greater part of these have no relation to the subject of my work4 ,but what he says in passing about pderasts1 sodomites1 saphists1 has to be resumed4 ,he reckons them among ,a class of individuals who cannot and ought not to be confounded either with men enjoying the fulness of their intellectual faculties1 or yet with madmen properly so called4 ,they form an intermediate class1 a mixed class1 constituting a real link of union between reason and madness1 the nature and existence of which can most frequently be explained only by one word3 ,heredity 7p4 #aei74 ,it is surprising1 after this announcement1 to discover that what he has to say about sexual inversion is limited to ,europe and its moral system1 having nothing to do with the morals of other countries where pderasty is accepted and admitted 7p4 #agb1 note74 ,literally1 then1 he regards sexual inversion in modern ,christian ,europe as a form of hereditary neuropathy1 a link between reason and madness2 but in ancient ,greece1 in modern ,persia and ,turkey1 he regards the same psychological anomaly from the point of view1 not of disease1 but of custom4 ,in other words1 an ,englishman or a ,frenchman who loves the male sex must be diagnosed as tainted with disease2 while ,sophocles1 ,pindar1 ,pheidias1 ,epaminondas1 ,plato1 are credited with yielding to an instinct which was healthy in their times because society accepted it4 ,the inefficiency of this distinction in a treatise of analytical science ought to be indicated4 ,the bare fact that ancient ,greece tolerated1 and that modern ,europe refuses to tolerate sexual inversion1 can have nothing to do with the etiology1 the pathology1 the psychological definition of the phenomenon in its essence4 ,what has to be faced is that a certain type of passion flourished under the light of day and bore good fruits for society in ,hellas2 that the same type of passion flourishes in the shade and is the source of misery and shame in ,europe4 ,the passion has not altered2 but the way of regarding it morally and legally is changed4 ,a scientific investigator ought not to take changes of public opinion into account when he is analysing a psychological peculiarity4 ,this point on which ,i am insisting--namely1 that it is illogical to treat sexual inversion among the modern ,european races as a malady1 when you refer its prevalence among ,oriental peoples and the ancient ,hellenes to custom--is so important that ,i shall illustrate it by a passage from one of ,dr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,huggard's ,essays4#bj ,it may be said that the difference between the delusion of the overpowering impulse in the ,fijian and in the insane ,englishman is that1 in the savage1 the mental characters are due to education and surroundings2 while1 in the lunatic they are due to disease4 ,in a twofold manner1 however1 would this explanation fail4 ,on the one hand1 even if in the ,fijian there were disease1 the question of insanity could not arise in regard to a matter considered by his society to be one of indifference4 ,it would be absurd to talk of homicidal mania1 of nymphomania1 and of kleptomania1 as forms of insanity1 where murder1 promiscuous intercourse1 and stealing are not condemned4 ,on the other hand1 the assumption that insanity is always due to disease is not merely an unproved1 but an improbable supposition4 ,there must1 of course1 be some defect of organism2 but there is every reason to think that1 in many cases1 the defect is of the nature of a congenital lack of balance between structures themselves healthy2 and that many cases of insanity might properly be regarded as a kind of 'throwback' to a type of organisation now common among the lower races of mankind4 ,substitute any term to indicate sexual inversion for nymphomania in this paragraph1 and the reasoning precisely suits my argument4 ,it is interesting1 by the way1 to find this writer agreeing with ,ulrichs in his suggestion of a congenital lack of balance between structures themselves healthy1 and with ,lombroso in his supposition of atavistic reversion to savagery4 ,lombroso1 we shall see1 ultimately identifies congenital criminality 7one form of which is sexual aberration in this theory7 with moral insanity2 and here ,dr4 ,huggard is1 unconsciously perhaps1 in agreement with him2 for he defines insanity to be any mental defect that renders a person unable 7and not capable of being made able by punishment7 to conform to the requirements of society--a definition which is no less applicable to the born criminal than to the madman4 ,how little ,dr4 ,moreau has weighed the importance of ancient ,greece in his discussion of this topic1 appears from the omission of all facts supplied by ,greek literature and history in the introduction to his ,essay4 ,he dilates upon the legends recorded by the ,roman ,emperors1 because these seem to support his theory of hereditary malady4 ,he uses ,juvenal1 ,tacitus1 ,suetonius1 and the ,augustan ,histories to support his position1 although they form part of the annals of a people among whom pderasty was accepted and admitted4 ,he ignores the biographies of the ,spartan kings1 the institutions of ,crete1 the ,theban ,sacred ,band1 the dialogues of ,plato1 the anecdotes related about ,pheidias1 ,sophocles1 ,pindar1 ,demosthenes1 ,alcibiades1 and so forth4 ,does he perhaps do so because they cannot in any way be made to square with his theory of morbidity8 ,the truth is that ancient ,greece offers insuperable difficulties to theorists who treat sexual inversion exclusively from the points of view of neuropathy1 tainted heredity1 and masturbation4 ,and how incompetent ,dr4 ,moreau is to deal with ,greek matters may be seen in the grotesque synonym he has invented for pderasty-philopodie 7p4 #agc74 ,properly the word is compounded of ,greek3 philein and ,greek3 pous2 but ,i suppose it is meant to suggest ,greek3 philein and podex4 ,in a chapter on ,legal ,medicine1 ,moreau starts by observing that ,the facts are so monstrous1 so tainted with aberration1 and yet their agents offer so strong an appearance of sound reason1 occupy such respectable positions in the world1 are reputed to enjoy such probity1 such honourable sentiments1 c41 that one hesitates to utter an opinion4 ,proceeding further1 he considers it sufficiently established that3 ,not unfrequently1 under the influence of some vice of organism1 generally of heredity1 the moral faculties may undergo alterations1 which1 if they do not actually destroy the social relations of the individual1 as happens in cases of declared insanity1 yet modify them to a remarkable degree1 and certainly demand to be taken into account1 when we have to estimate the morality of these acts 7p4 #cja74 ,his conclusion1 therefore1 is that the aberrations of the sexual sense1 including its inversion1 are matters for the physician rather than the judge1 for therapeutics rather than punishment1 and that representatives of the medical faculty ought to sit upon the bench as advisers or assessors when persons accused of outrages against decency come to trial4 ,while we blame and stigmatise these crimes with reason1 the horrified intellect seeks an explanation and a moral excuse 7nothing more7 for such odious acts4 ,it insists on asking what can have brought a man honourably known in society1 enjoying 7apparently at least7 the fulness of his mental faculties1 to these base and shameful self-indulgences4 ,we answer3 ,such men for the most part are abnormal intelligences1 veritable candidates for lunacy1 and1 what is more1 they are the subjects of hereditary maladies4 ,but let us cast a veil over a subject so humiliating to the honour of humanity6 7p4 #agg74 ,as the final result of this analysis1 ,moreau classifies sexual inversion with erotomania1 nymphomania1 satyriasis1 bestiality1 rape1 profanation of corpses1 c41 as the symptom of a grave lesion of the procreative sense4 ,he seeks to save its victims from the prison by delivering them over to the asylum4 ,his moral sentiments are so revolted that he does not even entertain the question whether their instincts are natural and healthy though abnormal4 ,lastly1 he refuses to face the aspects of this psychological anomaly which are forced upon the student of ancient ,hellas4 ,he does not even take into account the fact1 patent to experienced observers1 that simple folk not unfrequently display no greater disgust for the abnormalities of sexual appetite than they do for its normal manifestations4#ba ,die krankhaften ,erscheinungen des ,geschlechtssinnes4 ,b4 ,tarnowsky4 ,berlin1 ,hirschwald1 #ahhf4 ,this is avowedly an attempt to distinguish the morbid kinds of sexual perversion from the merely vicious1 and to enforce the necessity of treating the former not as criminal but as pathological4 ,the forensic physician discerns corruption1 oversatiated sensuality1 deep-rooted vice1 perverse will1 c41 where the clinical observer recognises with certainty a morbid condition of the patient marked by typical steps of development and termination4 ,where the one wishes to punish immorality1 the other pleads for the necessity of methodical therapeutic treatment4 ,the author is a ,russian1 whose practice in ,st4 ,petersburg has brought him into close professional relations with the male prostitutes and habitual pderasts of that capital4 ,he is able therefore to speak with authority1 on the ground of a quite exceptional knowledge of the moral and physical disturbances connected with sodomy4 ,i cannot but think that the very peculiarities of his experience have led him to form incomplete theories4 ,he is too familiar with venal pathics1 pdicators1 and effeminates who prostitute their bodies in the grossest way1 to be able to appreciate the subtler bearings of the problem4 ,tarnowsky makes two broad divisions of sexual inversion4 ,the first kind is inborn1 dependent upon hereditary taint and neuropathic diathesis4 ,he distinguishes three sorts of inborn perversity4 ,in the most marked of its forms it is chronic and persistent1 appearing with the earliest dawn of puberty1 unmodified by education1 attaining to its maximum of intensity in manhood1 manifesting1 in fact1 all the signs of ordinary sexual inclination4 ,in a second form it is not chronic and persistent1 but periodical4 ,the patient is subject to occasional disturbances of the nervous centres1 which express themselves in violent and irresistible attacks of the perverted instinct4 ,the third form is epileptical4 ,with regard to acquired sexual inversion1 he dwells upon the influence of bad example1 the power of imitation1 fashion1 corrupt literature1 curiosity in persons jaded with normal excesses4 ,extraordinary details are given concerning the state of schools in ,russia 7pp4 #fc-fe72 and a particular case is mentioned1 in which ,tarnowsky himself identified twenty-nine passive pderasts1 between the ages of nine and fifteen1 in a single school4 ,he had been called in to pronounce upon the causes of an outbreak of syphilis among the pupils4 ,interesting information is also communicated regarding the prevalence of abnormal vice in ,st4 ,petersburg1 where it appears that bath-men1 cab-drivers1 care-takers of houses1 and artisans are particularly in request 7pp4 #ih-aja74 ,the ,russian people show no repugnance for what they call gentlemen's tricks4 ,tarnowsky calls attention to ships1 garrisons1 prisons1 as milieux well calculated for the development of this vice1 when it had once been introduced by some one tainted with it4 ,his view about nations like the ,greeks1 the ,persians1 and the ,afghans is that1 through imitation1 fashion1 and social toleration1 it has become endemic4 ,but all the sorts of abnormality included under the title of acquired ,tarnowsky regards as criminal4 ,the individual ought1 he thinks1 to be punished by the law4 ,he naturally includes under this category of acquired perversion the vices of old debauchees4 ,at this point1 however1 his classification becomes confused2 for he shows how senile tendencies to sodomitic passion are frequently the symptom of approaching brain disease1 to which the reason and the constitution of the patient will succumb4 ,french physicians call this la pdrastie des ramollis4 ,returning to what ,tarnowsky says about the inborn species of sexual inversion1 ,i may call attention to an admirable description of the type in general 7pp4 #aa-ae7 ,i think1 however1 that he lays too great stress upon the passivity of the emotions in these persons1 their effeminacy of press1 habits1 inclinations4 ,he is clearly speaking from large experience4 ,so it must be supposed that he has not come across frequent instances of men who feel1 look1 and act like men1 the only difference between them and normal males being that they love their own sex4 ,in describing a second degree of the aberration 7pp4 #af1 #ag71 he still accentuates effeminacy in dress and habits beyond the point which general observation would justify4 ,careful study of the cases adduced in ,krafft-,ebing's ,psychopathia supplies a just measure for the criticism of ,tarnowsky upon this head4 ,from them we learn that effeminacy of physique and habit is by no means a distinctive mark of the born pderast4 ,next it may be noticed that ,tarnowsky believes even innate and hereditary tendencies can be modified and overcome by proper moral1 and physique discipline in youth1 and that the subjects of them will even be brought to marry in some cases 7pp4 #ag1 #ah74 ,it would not serve any purpose of utility here to follow ,tarnowsky into further details regarding the particular forms assumed by perverted appetite4 ,but attention must be directed to his definition of hereditary predisposition 7pp4 #cc-ce74 ,this is extraordinarily wide4 ,he regards every disturbance of the nervous system in an ancestor as sufficient2 epilepsy1 brain disease1 hysteria1 insanity4 ,he includes alcoholism1 syphilitic affections1 pneumonia1 typhus1 physical exhaustion1 excessive anmia1 debauchery1 anything in short which is sufficient to enfeeble the nervous system and the sexual potency of the parent4 ,at this point he remarks that long residence at high altitudes tends to weaken the sexual activity and to develop perversity1 adducing an old belief of the ,persians that pderastia originated in the high plateau of ,armenia 7p4 #ce74 ,it need hardly1 ,i think1 be said that these theories are contradicted to the fullest extent by the experience of those who have lived with the mountaineers of ,central ,europe4 ,they are indeed capable of continence to a remarkable degree1 but they are also vigorously procreative and remarkably free from sexual inversion4 ,finally1 it must be observed that ,tarnowsky discusses the physical signs of active and passive sodomy at some length 7#ajh-ace74 ,his opportunities of physical observation in medical practice as the trusted physician of the ,st4 ,petersburg pderasts gives him the right to speak with authority4 ,the most decisive thing he says is that ,casper1 through want of familiarity with the phenomena1 is too contemptuous toward one point in ,tardieu's theory4 ,in short1 ,tarnowsky feels sure that a habitual passive pderast will show something like the sign in question1 if examined by an expert in the proper position4 ,but that is the only deformation of the body on which he relies4 ,psychopathia ,sexualis1 mit besonderer ,bercksichtigung der ,contrren ,sexualempfindung4 ,von ,dr4 ,r4 v4 ,krafft-,ebing4 ,stuttgart1 ,enke1 #ahhi4 ,krafft-,ebing took the problem of sexual inversion up when it had been already investigated by a number of pioneers and predecessors4 ,they mapped the ground out1 and established a kind of psychical chart4 ,we have seen the medical system growing in the works of ,moreau and ,tarnowsky4 ,if anything1 ,krafft-,ebing's treatment suffers from too much subdivision and parade of classification4 ,it is only1 however1 by following the author in his differentiation of the several species that we can form a conception of his general theory1 and of the extent of the observations upon which this is based4 ,he starts with 7,a7 ,sexual ,inversion as an acquired morbid phenomenon4 ,then he reviews 7,b7 ,sexual ,inversion as an inborn morbid phenomenon4 7,a7 ,sexual feeling and sexual instinct1 he begins1 remain latent1 except in obscure foreshadowings and impulses1 until the time when the organs of procreation come to be developed4 ,during the period of latency1 when sex has not arrived at consciousness1 is only potentially existent1 and has no powerful organic bias1 influences may operate1 injurious to its normal and natural evolution4 ,in that case the germinating sexual sensibility runs a risk of being both qualitatively and quantitatively impaired1 and under certain circumstances may even be perverted into a false channel4 ,tarnowsky has already published this experience4 ,i can thoroughly confirm it1 and am prepared to define the conditions of this acquired1 or1 in other words1 this cultivated perversion of the sexual instinct in the following terms4 ,the fundamental or ground predisposition is a neuropathic hereditary bias4 ,the exciting or efficient cause is sexual abuse1 and more particularly onanism4 ,the etiological centre of gravity has to be sought in hereditary disease2 and ,i think it is questionable whether an untainted individual is capable of homosexual feelings at all4#bb ,krafft-,ebing's theory seems then to be that all cases of acquired sexual inversion may be ascribed in the first place to morbid predispositions inherited by the patient 7,belastung71 and in the second place to onanism as the exciting cause of the latent neuropathic ailment4 ,he excludes the hypothesis of a physiological and healthy deflection from the normal rule of sex4 ,i think it questionable1 he says1 whether the untainted individual 7das unbelastete ,individuum7 is capable of homosexual feelings at all4 ,the importance of this sentence will be apparent when we come to deal with ,krafft-,ebing's account of congenital sexual inversion1 which he establishes upon a large induction of cases observed in his own practice4 ,for the present we have the right to assume that ,krafft-,ebing regards sexual inversion1 whether acquired or congenital1 as a form of inherited neuropathy 7,belastung74 ,in cases where it seems to be acquired1 he lays stress upon the habit of self-pollution4 ,this is how he states his theory of onanism as an exciting cause of inherited neuropathy1 resulting in sexual inversion4 ,the habit of self-abuse prepares the patient for abnormal appetites by weakening his nervous force1 degrading his sexual imagination1 and inducing hyper-sensibility in his sexual apparatus4 ,partial impotence is not unfrequently exhibited4 ,in consequence of this sophistication of his nature1 the victim of inherited neuropathy and onanism feels shy with women1 and finds it convenient to frequent persons of his own sex4 ,in other words1 it is supposed to be easier for an individual thus broken down at the centres of his life to defy the law and to demand sexual gratification from men than to consort with venal women in a brothel4 ,krafft-,ebing assumes that males who have been born with neuropathic ailments of an indefinite kind will masturbate1 destroy their virility1 and then embark upon a course of vice which offers incalculable dangers1 inconceivable difficulties1 and inexpressible repugnances4 ,that is the theory4 ,but whence1 if not from some overwhelming appetite1 do the demoralised victims of self-abuse derive courage for facing the obstacles which a career of sexual inversion carries with it in our civilisation8 ,one would have thought that such people1 if they could not approach a prostitute in a brothel1 would have been unable to solicit a healthy man upon the streets4 ,the theory seems to be constructed in order to elude the fact that the persons designated are driven by a natural impulse into paths far more beset with difficulties than those of normal libertines4 ,krafft-,ebing gives the details of five cases of acquired sexual inversion4 ,three of these were the children of afflicted parents4 ,one had no morbid strain in his ancestry1 except pulmonary consumption4 ,the fifth sprang from a strong father and a healthy mother4 ,masturbation entered into the history of all4 ,it must be observed1 in criticising ,krafft-,ebing's theory1 that it is so constructed as to render controversy almost impossible4 ,if we point out that a large percentage of males who practise onanism in their adolescence do not acquire sexual inversion1 he will answer that these were not tainted with hereditary disease4 ,the autobiographies of onanists and passionate woman-lovers 7,j4 ,j4 ,rousseau1 for example1 who evinced a perfect horror of homosexual indulgence1 and ,j4 ,j4 ,bouchard1 whose disgusting excentricities were directed toward females even in the period of his total impotence7 will be dismissed with the remark that the ancestors of these writers must have shown a clean record4 ,it is difficult to square ,krafft-,ebing's theory with the phenomena presented by schools1 both public and private1 in all parts of ,europe4 ,in these institutions not only is masturbation practised to a formidable extent1 but it is also everywhere connected with some form of sexual inversion1 either passionately ,platonic or grossly sensual4 ,nevertheless1 we know that few of the boys addicted to these practices remain abnormal after they have begun to frequent women4 ,the same may be said about convict establishments1 military prisons1 and the like4#bc ,with such a body of facts staring us in the face1 it cannot be contended that only tainted individuals are capable of homosexual feelings4 ,where females are absent or forbidden1 males turn for sexual gratification to males4 ,and in certain conditions of society sexual inversion may become permanently established1 recognised1 all but universal4 ,it would be absurd to maintain that all the boy-lovers of ancient ,greece owed their instincts to hereditary neuropathy complicated with onanism4 ,the invocation of heredity in problems of this kind is always hazardous4 ,we only throw the difficulty of explanation further back4 ,at what point of the world's history was the morbid taste acquired8 ,if none but tainted individuals are capable of homosexual feelings1 how did these feelings first come into existence8 ,on the supposition that neuropathy forms a necessary condition of abnormal instinct1 is it generic neuropathy or a specific type of that disorder8 ,if generic1 can valid reasons be adduced for regarding nervous malady in any of its aspects 7hysteria is the mother1 insanity is the father7 as the cause of so peculiarly differentiated an affection of the sexual appetite8 ,if specific1 that is1 if the ancestors of the patient must have been afflicted with sexual inversion1 in what way did they acquire it1 supposing all untainted individuals to be incapable of the feeling8 ,at this moment of history there is probably no individual in ,europe who has not inherited some portion of a neuropathic stain4 ,if that be granted1 everybody is liable to sexual inversion1 and the principle of heredity becomes purely theoretical4 ,that sexual inversion may be and actually is transmitted1 like any other quality1 appears to be proved by the history of well-known families both in ,england and in ,germany4 ,that it is not unfrequently exhibited by persons who have a bad ancestral record1 may be taken for demonstrated4 ,in certain cases we are justified1 then1 in regarding it as the sign or concomitant of nervous maladies4 ,but the evidence of ancient ,greece or ,rome1 of what ,burton calls the sotadic races at the present time1 of ,european schools and prisons1 ought to make us hesitate before we commit ourselves to ,krafft-,ebing's theory that hereditary affliction is a necessary predisposing cause4#bd ,in like manner1 masturbation may be credited with certain cases of acquired homosexual feeling4 ,undoubtedly the instinct is occasionally evoked in some obscure way by the depraved habit of inordinate self-abuse4 ,yet the autobiographies of avowed ,urnings do not corroborate the view that they were originally more addicted to onanism than normal males4 ,ulrichs has successfully combated the theory advanced by ,tarnowsky1 ,prager1 and ,krafft-,ebing1 if considered as a complete explanation of the problem4#be ,on the other hand1 common experience shows beyond all doubt1 that young men between #af and #bj give themselves up to daily self-abuse without weakening their appetite for women4 ,they love boys and practice mutual self-abuse with persons of their own sex2 yet they crave all the while for women4 ,of the many who live thus during the years of adolescence1 some have undoubtedly as bad a family record as the worst of ,krafft-,ebing's cases show4 ,finally1 as regards the onanism which is a marked characteristic of some adult ,urnings1 this must be ascribed in most cases to the repression of their abnormal instincts4 ,they adopt the habit1 as ,krafft-,ebing himself says1 faute de mieux4#bf ,in justice to the theory ,i am criticising1 it ought to be remarked that ,krafft-,ebing does not contend that wherever hereditary taint and onanism concur1 the result will be sexual inversion2 but rather that wherever we have diagnosed an acquired form of sexual inversion1 we shall discover hereditary taint and onanism4 ,considering the frequency of both hereditary taint and onanism in our civilisation1 this is not risking much4 ,those factors are discoverable in a large percentage of male persons4 ,what seems unwarranted by facts is the suggestion that inherited neuropathy is an indispensable condition and the fundamental cause of homosexual instincts4 ,the evidence of ancient ,greece1 schools1 prisons1 and sotadic races1 compels us to believe that normally healthy people are often born with these instincts or else acquire them by the way of custom4 ,again1 his insinuation that onanism1 regarded as the main exciting cause1 is more frequent among young people of abnormal inclinations than among their normal brethren1 will not bear the test of common observation and of facts communicated in the autobiographies of professed onanists and confessed ,urnings4 ,the problem is too delicate1 too complicated1 also too natural and simple1 to be solved by hereditary disease and self-abuse4 ,when we shift the ground of argument from acquired to inborn sexual inversion1 its puzzling character will become still more apparent4 ,we shall hardly be able to resist the conclusion that theories of disease are incompetent to explain the phenomenon in modern ,europe4 ,medical writers abandon the phenomenon in savage races1 in classical antiquity1 and in the sotadic zone4 ,they strive to isolate it as an abnormal and specifically morbid exception in our civilisation4 ,but facts tend to show that it is a recurring impulse of humanity1 natural to some people1 adopted by others1 and in the majority of cases compatible with an otherwise normal and healthy temperament4 ,krafft-,ebing calls attention to the phenomenon of permanent effeminatio1 in males unsexed by constant riding and the exhaustion of their virility by friction of the genitals--a phenomenon observed by ,herodotus among ,scythians1 and prevalent among some nomadic races of the ,caucasus at the present day4#bg ,he claims this in support of his theory of masturbation2 and within due limits1 he has the right to do so4 ,the destruction of the male apparatus for reproduction1 whether it be by castration after puberty1 or by an accident to the parts1 or by a lesion of the spine1 or by excessive equitation1 as appears proved from the history of nomad tribes1 causes men to approximate physically to the female type1 and to affect feminine occupations and habits4 ,in proportion as the masculine functions are interfered with1 masculine characteristics tend to disappear2 and it is curious to notice that the same result is reached upon so many divers ways4 ,next he discusses a few cases in which it seems that sexual inversion displays itself episodically under the conditions of a psychopathical disturbance4#bh ,that is to say1 three persons1 two women and one man1 have been observed by him1 under conditions approaching mental alienation1 to exchange their normal sexual inclination for abnormal appetite4 ,in the analysis of the problem these cases cannot be regarded as wholly insignificant4 ,the details show that the subjects were clearly morbid4 ,therefore they have their value for the building up of a theory of sexual inversion upon the basis of inherited and active disease4 7,b7 ,ultimately1 ,krafft-,ebing attacks the problem of what he calls the innate morbid phenomenon of sexual inversion4#bi ,while giving a general description of the subjects of this class1 he remarks that the males display a pronounced sexual antipathy for women1 and a strongly accentuated sympathy for men4 ,their reproductive organs are perfectly differentiated on the masculine type2 but they desire men instinctively1 and are inclined to express their bias by assuming characters of femininity4 ,women infected by a like inversion1 exhibit corresponding anomalies4 ,casper1 continues ,krafft-,ebing1 thoroughly diagnosed the phenomenon4 ,griesinger referred it to hereditary affliction4 ,westphal defined it as a congenital inversion of the sexual feeling1 together with a consciousness of its morbidity4 ,ulrichs explained it by the presence of a feminine soul in a male body1 and gave the name ,urning#cj to its subjects4 ,gley suggested that a female brain was combined with masculine glands of sex4 ,magnan hypothesised a woman's brain in a man's body4 ,krafft-,ebing asserts that hardly any of these ,urnings are conscious of morbidity4 ,they look upon themselves as unfortunate mainly because law and social prejudices stand in the way of their natural indulgence4#ca ,he also takes for proved1 together with all the authorities he cites1 that the abnormal sexual appetite is constitutional and inborn4 ,krafft-,ebing1 as might have been expected1 refers the phenomenon to functional degeneration1 dependent upon neuropathical conditions in the patient1 which are mainly derived from hereditary affliction4 ,he confirms the account reported above from ,casper as to the platonic or semi-platonic relations of the ,urning with the men he likes1 his abhorrence of coition1 and his sexual gratification through acts of mutual embracement4 ,the number of ,urnings in the world1 he says1 is far greater than we can form the least conception of from present means of calculation4 ,at this point he begins to subdivide the subjects of congenital inversion4 ,the first class he constitutes are called by him ,psychical ,hermaphrodites4 ,born with a predominant inclination towards persons of their own sex1 they possess rudimentary feelings of a semi-sexual nature for the opposite4 ,these people not unfrequently marry2 and ,krafft-,ebing supposes that many cases of frigidity in matrimony1 unhappy unions1 and so forth1 are attributable to the peculiar diathesis of the male--or it may be1 of the female--in these marriages4 ,they are distinguished from his previous class of acquired inversion by the fact that the latter start with instincts for the other sex1 which are gradually obliterated2 whereas the psychical hermaphrodites commence life with an attraction towards their own sex1 which they attempt to overcome by making demands upon their rudimentary normal instincts4 ,five cases are given of such persons4#cb ,in the next place he comes to true homosexual individuals1 or ,urnings in the strict sense of that phrase4 ,with them there is no rudimentary appetite for the other sex apparent4 ,they present a grotesque parallel to normal men and women1 inverting or caricaturing natural appetites4 ,the male of this class shrinks from the female1 and the female from the male4#cc ,each is vehemently attracted from earliest childhood to persons of the same sex4 ,but they1 in their turn1 have to be subdivided into two sub-species4 ,in the first of these1 the sexual life alone is implicate2 the persons who compose it do not differ in any marked or external characteristics from the type of their own sex2 their habits and outward appearance remain unchanged4 ,with the second sub-species the case is different4 ,here the character1 the mental constitution1 the habits1 and the occupations of the subject have been altered by his or her predominant sexual inversion2 so that a male addicts himself to a woman's work1 assumes female clothes1 acquires a shriller key of voice1 and expresses the inversion of his sexual instinct in every act and gesture of his daily life4 ,it appears from ,krafft-,ebing's recorded cases that the first of these sub-species yields nearly the largest number of individuals4 ,he presents eleven detailed autobiographies of male ,urnings1 in whom the vita sexualis alone is abnormal1 and who are differentiated to common observation from normal men by nothing but the nature of their amorous proclivities4 ,the class includes powerfully developed masculine beings1 who are unsexed in no particular except that they possess an inordinate appetite for males1 and will not look at females4 ,as regards the family history of the eleven selected cases1 five could show a clear bill of health1 some were decidedly bad1 a small minority were uncertain4 ,one of these ,urnings1 a physician1 informed ,krafft-,ebing that he had consorted with at least six hundred men of his own stamp2 many of them in high positions of respectability4 ,in none had he observed an abnormal formation of the sexual organs2 but frequently some approximation to the feminine type of body--hair sparingly distributed#cd1 tender complexion1 and high tone of voice4 ,about ten per cent4 eventually adopted love for women4 ,not ten per cent4 exhibited any sign of the habitus muliebris in their occupations1 dress1 and so forth4 ,a large majority felt like men in their relations to men1 and were even inclined toward active pderasty4 ,from the unmentionable act they were deterred by sthetical repulsion and fear of the law4 ,the second of these sub-species embraces the individuals with whom the reader of ,carlier is familiar1 and whom ,ulrichs calls ,weiblinge4 ,in their boyhood they exhibited a marked disinclination for the games of their school-fellows1 and preferred to consort with girls4 ,they helped their mothers in the household1 learned to sew and knit1 caught at every opportunity of dressing up in female clothes4 ,later on1 they began to call themselves by names of women1 avoided the society of normal comrades1 hated sport and physical exercise1 were averse to smoking and drinking1 could not whistle4 ,whether they refrained from swearing is not recorded4 ,many of them developed a taste for music1 and prided themselves upon their culture4 ,eventually1 when they became unclassed1 they occupied themselves with toilette1 scandal1 tea1 and talk about their lovers--dressed as far as possible in female clothes1 painted1 perfumed and curled their hair--addressed each other in the feminine gender1 adopted pseudonyms of ,countess or of ,princess1 and lived the life of women of a dubious demi-monde4#ce ,yet they remained in their physical configuration males4 ,unlike the preceding sub-species1 they did not feel as men feel towards their sweethearts1 but on the contrary like women4 ,they had no impulse toward active pderasty1 no inclination for blooming adolescents4 ,what they wanted was a robust adult2 and to him they submitted themselves with self-abandonment4 ,like all ,urnings1 they shrank from the act of coition for the most part1 and preferred embracements which produced a brief and pleasurable orgasm4 ,but some developed a peculiar liking for the passive act of sodomy or the anomalous act of fellatio4 ,in this characterisation ,i have overpassed the limits of the fifteen cases presented by ,krafft-,ebing4 ,in order to constitute the type1 ,i have drawn upon one reliable1 because sympathetic1 source in ,ulrichs1 and on another reliable1 because antipathetic1 source in ,carlier4 ,sexual inversion1 in persons of the third main species1 has reached its final development4 ,descending1 if we follow ,krafft-,ebing's categories1 from acquired to innate inversion1 dividing the latter into psychopathic hermaphrodites and ,urnings1 subdividing ,urnings into those who retain their masculine habit and those who develop a habit analogous to that of females1 we come in this last class to the most striking phenomenon of inverted sex4 ,here the soul which is doomed to love a man1 and is nevertheless imprisoned in a male body1 strives to convert that body to feminine uses so entirely that the marks of sex1 except in the determined organs of sex1 shall be obliterated4 ,and sometimes it appears that the singular operation of nature1 with which we are occupied in this ,essay1 goes even further4 ,the inverted bias given to the sexual appetite1 as part of the spiritual nature of the man1 can never quite transmute male organs into female organs of procreation4 ,but it modifies the bony structure of the body1 the form of the face1 the fleshly and muscular integuments to such an obvious extent that ,krafft-,ebing thinks himself justified in placing a separate class of androgynous beings 7with their gynandrous correspondents7 at the end of the extraordinary process4 ,at this point it will be well to present a scheme of his analysis under the form of a table4 ,persistent4 ,acquired ,episodical4 ,sexual ,inversion ,psychopathic ,hemaphrodites4 ,male ,habitus 7,mannlinge74 ,congenital ,urnings ,female ,habitus 7,weiblinge74 ,androgyni4 ,what is the rational explanation of the facts presented to us by the analysis which ,i have formulated in this table cannot as yet be thoroughly determined4 ,we do not know enough about the law of sex in human beings to advance a theory4 ,krafft-,ebing and writers of his school are at present inclined to refer them all to diseases of the nervous centres1 inherited1 congenital1 excited by early habits of self-abuse4 ,the inadequacy of this method ,i have already attempted to set forth2 and ,i have also called attention to the fact that it does not sufficiently account for phenomena known to us through history and through every-day experience4 ,presently we shall be introduced to a theory 7that of ,ulrichs7 which is based upon a somewhat grotesque and metaphysical conception of nature1 and which dispenses with the hypothesis of hereditary disease4 ,i am not sure whether this theory1 unsound as it may seem to medical specialists1 does not square better with ascertained facts than that of inherited disorder in the nervous centres4 ,however that may be1 the physicians1 as represented by ,krafft-,ebing1 absolve all subjects of inverted sexuality from crime4 ,they represent them to us as the subjects of ancestral malady4 ,and this alters their position face to face with vulgar error1 theological rancour1 and the stringent indifference of legislators4 ,a strong claim has been advanced for their treatment henceforth1 not as delinquents1 but as subjects of congenital depravity in the brain centres1 over which they have no adequate control4 ,the fourth medical author1 with whom we are about to be occupied1 includes sexual inversion in his general survey of human crime1 and connects it less with anomalies of the nervous centres than with atavistic reversion to the state of nature and savagery4 ,in the end1 it will be seen1 he accepts a concordat with the hypothesis of moral insanity4 ,cesare ,lombroso4 ,der ,verbrecher in ,anthropologischer1 ,aerztlicher und ,juristischer ,beziehung4 ,this famous book1 which has contributed no little to a revolution of opinion regarding crime and its punishment in ,italy1 contains a searching inquiry into the psychological nature1 physical peculiarities1 habits1 and previous history of criminals4#cf ,it is1 in fact1 a study of the criminal temperament4 ,lombroso deals in the main1 as is natural1 with murder1 theft1 rape1 cruelty1 and their allied species4 ,but he includes sexual inversion in the category of crimes1 and regards the abnormal appetites as signs of that morbid condition into which he eventually revolves the criminal impulse4 ,wishing to base his doctrine on a sound foundation1 ,lombroso begins with what may be termed the embryology of crime4 ,he finds unnatural vices frequent among horses1 donkeys1 cattle1 insects1 fowls1 dogs1 ants4 ,the phenomenon1 he says1 is usually observable in cases where the male animal has been excluded from intercourse with females4 ,having established his general position that what we call crimes of violence1 robbery1 murder1 cruelty1 blood-thirst1 cannibalism1 unnatural lust1 and so forth1 exist among the brutes--in fact1 that most of these crimes form the rule and not the exception in their lives--he passes on to the consideration of the savage man4 ,in following his analysis1 ,i shall confine myself to what he says about abnormal sexual passion4 ,he points out that in ,new ,caledonia the male savages meet together at night in huts for the purpose of promiscuous intercourse 7p4 #db74 ,the same occurs in ,tahiti1 where the practice is placed under the protection of a god4 ,next he alludes to the ancient ,mexicans2 and then proceeds to ,hellas and ,rome1 where this phase of savage immorality survived and became a recognised factor in social life 7p4 #dc74 ,at ,rome1 he says1 the ,venus of the sodomites received the title of ,castina 7p4 #ch74 ,lombroso's treatment of sexual inversion regarded as a survival from prehistoric times is by no means exhaustive4 ,it might be supplemented and confirmed by what we know about the manners of the ,kelts1 as reported by ,aristotle 7,pol4 ii4 #f4 #e47--,tartars1 ,persians1 ,afghans1 ,north ,american ,indians1 c4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 writing upon the morals of the ,gauls1 deserves attention in this respect4#cg ,it is also singular to find that the ,norman marauders of the tenth century carried unnatural vices wherever they appeared in ,europe4#ch ,the ,abbot of ,clairvaux1 as quoted by ,lombroso 7p4 #dc71 accused them of spreading their brutal habits through society4 ,people accustomed to look upon these vices as a form of corruption in great cities will perhaps be surprised to find them prevalent among nomadic and warlike tribes4 ,but1 in addition to survival from half-savage periods of social life1 the necessities of warriors thrown together with an insufficiency of women must be considered4 ,i have already suggested that ,greek love grew into a custom during the ,dorian migration and the conquest of ,crete and ,peloponnesus by bands of soldiers4 ,cannibalism1 ,lombroso points out 7p4 #fh71 originated in necessity1 became consecrated by religion1 and finally remained as custom and a form of gluttony4 ,the same process of reasoning1 when applied to sexual aberrations1 helps us to understand how a non-ethical habit1 based on scarcity of women1 survived as a social and chivalrous institution among the civilised ,hellenes4 ,lombroso traces the growth of justice in criminal affairs1 and the establishment of pains and penalties1 up to the instinct of revenge and the despotic selfishness of chiefs in whom the whole property of savage tribes1 including women1 was vested4 ,this section of his work concludes with the following remarkable sentence 7p4 #if73 ,the universal diffusion of crime which we have demonstrated at a certain remote epoch1 and its gradual disappearance as a consequence of new crimes springing up1 traces of which are still discoverable in our penal codes he means revenge1 the egotism of princes1 and ecclesiastical rapacity1 are calculated even more than the criminality of brutes to make us doubt of what metaphysicians call eternal justice1 and indicate the real cause of the perpetual reappearance of crime among civilised races1 namely atavism4 ,having established this principle1 ,lombroso proceeds to trace the atavism of criminality in children4 ,he shows that just as the human embryo passes through all forms of lower lives1 so men and women in their infancy exactly reproduce the moral type of savages4 ,ungovernable rage1 revengeful instincts1 jealousy1 envy1 lying1 stealing1 cruelty1 laziness1 vanity1 sexual proclivities1 imperfect family affections1 a general bluntness of the ethical sense1 are common qualities of children1 which the parent and the teacher strive to control or to eradicate by training4 ,the child1 considered as a human being devoid of moral sense1 presents a perfect picture of what doctors call moral insanity1 and ,i prefer to classify as inborn crime 7p4 #ig74 ,all species of anomalous sexual appetite1 with the exception of those dependent upon senile decadence1 make their appearance in childhood1 together with the other criminal tendencies 7p4 #aag74 ,lombroso arrives1 then1 at the conclusion that what civilised humanity calls crime and punishes1 is the law of nature in brutes1 persists as a normal condition among savages1 and displays itself in the habits and instincts of children4 ,the moral instinct is therefore slowly elaborated out of crime in the course of generations by whole races1 and in the course of infancy and adolescence in the individual4 ,the habitual criminal1 who remains a criminal in his maturity1 in whom crime is inborn and ineradicable1 who cannot develop a moral sense1 he explains at first by atavism4 ,a large section of his volume 7pp4 #abd-acf1 #acg-bec7 is devoted to anthropometrical observations upon the physical structure1 the cranial and cerebral development1 and the physiognomy of such criminals4 ,into this part of his work we need not enter4 ,nor is it necessary to follow his interesting researches in the biology and psychology of born criminals--chapters on tattooing1 ways of thinking and feeling1 passions1 tendencies to suicide1 religious sentiment1 intelligence and culture1 capacity of self-control1 liability to relapse1 and so forth4 ,many curious facts relating to sexual inversion are treated in the course of these enquiries2 and one passage describing the general characteristics of pderasts 7p4 #cgf7 ought to be alluded to4 ,considering this subject solely as a phase of crime1 ,lombroso reveals a superficial conception of its perplexity4 ,it is more important to reflect upon his theory of crime in general4 ,having started with the hypothesis of atavism1 and adopted the term born criminal1 he later on identifies innate crime with moral insanity1 and illustrates both by the phenomena of epilepsy4#ci ,this introduces a certain confusion and incoherence into his speculative system2 for he frankly admits that he has only gradually and tardily been led to recognise the identity of what is called crime and what is called moral insanity4 ,criminal atavism might be defined as the sporadic reversion to savagery in certain individuals4 ,it has nothing logically to connect it with distortion or disease--unless we assume that all our savage ancestors were malformed or diseased1 and that the ,greeks1 in whom one form of ,lombroso's criminal atavism became established1 were as a nation morally insane4 ,the appearance of structural defects in habitual criminals points less to atavistic reversion than to radical divergence from the normal type of humanity4 ,in like manner the invocation of heredity as a principle 7p4 #ace7 involves a similar confusion4 ,hereditary taint is a thing different not in degree but in kind from savage atavism prolonged from childhood into manhood4 ,be this as it may1 whether we regard offenders against law and ethic as born criminals1 or as morally insane1 or whether we transcend the distinction implied in these two terms1 ,lombroso maintains that there is no good in trying to deal with them by punishment4 ,they ought to be treated with life-long sequestration in asylums 7p4 #ace71 and rigidly forbidden to perpetuate the species4 ,that is the conclusion to which the whole of his long argument is carried4 ,he contends that the prevalent juristic conception of crime rests upon ignorance of nature1 brute-life1 savagery1 and the gradual emergence of morality4 ,so radical a revolution in ideas1 which gives new meaning to the words sin and conscience1 which removes moral responsibility1 and which substitutes the anthropologist and the physician for the judge and jury1 cannot be carried out1 even by its fervent apostle1 without some want of severe logic4 ,thus we find ,lombroso frequently drawing distinctions between habitual or born criminals and what he calls occasional criminals1 without explaining the phenomenon of occasional crime1 and saying how he thinks this ought to be regarded by society4 ,moreover1 he almost wholly ignores the possibility of correcting criminal tendencies by appeal to reason1 by establishing habits of self-restraint1 and by the employment of such means as hypnotic suggestion4#dj ,yet experience and the common practice of the world prove that these remedies are not wholly inefficacious2 and indeed the passage from childish savagery to moralised manhood1 on which he lays so great a stress1 is daily effected by the employment of such measures in combination with the fear of punishment and the desire to win esteem4 ,the final word upon ,lombroso's book is this3 ,having started with the natural history of crime1 as a prime constituent in nature and humanity1 which only becomes crime through the development of social morality1 and which survives atavistically in persons ill adapted to their civilised environment1 he suddenly turns round and identifies the crime thus analysed with morbid nerve-conditions1 malformations and moral insanity4 ,logically1 it is impossible to effect this coalition of two radically different conceptions4 ,if crime was not crime but nature in the earlier stages1 and only appeared as crime under the conditions of advancing culture1 its manifestation as a survival in certain individuals ought to be referred to nature1 and cannot be relegated to the category of physical or mental disease4 ,savages are savages1 but not lunatics or epileptics4 ,,note ,,to ,,the ,,foregoing ,,section4 ,at the close of this enquiry into medical theories of sexual inversion1 all of which assume that the phenomenon is morbid1 it may not be superfluous to append the protest of an ,urning against that solution of the problem4 ,i translate it from the original document published by ,krafft-,ebing 7pp4 #baf-bai74 ,he says that the writer is a man of high position in ,london2 but whether the communication was made in ,german or in ,english1 does not appear4 ,you have no conception what sustained and difficult struggles we all of us 7the thoughtful and refined among us most of all7 have to carry on1 and how terribly we are forced to suffer under the false opinions which still prevail regarding us and our so-called immorality4 ,your view that1 in most cases1 the phenomenon in question has to be ascribed to congenital morbidity1 offers perhaps the easiest way of overcoming popular prejudices1 and awakening sympathy instead of horror and contempt for us poor 'afflicted' creatures4 ,still1 while ,i believe that this view is the most favourable for us in the present state of things1 ,i am unable in the interest of science to accept the term morbid without qualification1 and venture to suggest some further distinctions bearing on the central difficulties of the problem4 ,the phenomenon is certainly anomalous2 but the term morbid carries a meaning which seems to me inapplicable to the subject1 or at all events to very many cases which have come under my cognisance4 ,i will concede priori that a far larger proportion of mental disturbance1 nervous hyper-sensibility1 c41 can be proved in ,urnings than in normal men4 ,but ought this excess of nervous erethism to be referred necessarily to the peculiar nature of the ,urning8 ,is not this the true explanation1 in a vast majority of cases1 that the ,urning1 owing to present laws and social prejudices1 cannot like other men obtain a simple and easy satisfaction of his inborn sexual desires8 ,to begin with the years of boyhood3 an ,urning1 when he first becomes aware of sexual stirrings in his nature1 and innocently speaks about them to his comrades1 soon finds that he is unintelligible4 ,so he wraps himself within his own thoughts4 ,or should he attempt to tell a teacher or his parents about these feelings1 the inclination1 which for him is as natural as swimming to a fish1 will be treated by them as corrupt and sinful2 he is exhorted at any cost to overcome and trample on it4 ,then there begins in him a hidden conflict1 a forcible suppression of the sexual impulse2 and in proportion as the natural satisfaction of his craving is denied1 fancy works with still more lively efforts1 conjuring up those seductive pictures which he would fain expel from his imagination4 ,the more energetic is the youth who has to fight this inner battle1 the more seriously must his whole nervous system suffer from it4 ,it is this forcible suppression of an instinct so deeply rooted in our nature1 it is this1 in my humble opinion1 which first originates the morbid symptoms1 that may often be observed in ,urnings4 ,but such consequences have nothing in themselves to do with the sexual inversion proper to the ,urning4 ,well then2 some persons prolong this never-ending inner conflict1 and ruin their constitutions in course of time2 others arrive eventually at the conviction that an inborn impulse1 which exists in them so powerfully1 cannot possibly be sinful--so they abandon the impossible task of suppressing it4 ,but just at this point begins in real earnest the ,iliad of their sufferings and constant nervous excitations4 ,the normal man1 if he looks for means to satisfy his sexual inclinations1 knows always where to find that without trouble4 ,not so the ,urning4 ,he sees the men who attract him2 he dares not utter1 nay1 dares not even let it be perceived1 what stirs him4 ,he imagines that he alone of all the people in the world is the subject of emotions so eccentric4 ,naturally1 he cultivates the society of young men1 but does not venture to confide in them4 ,so at last he is driven to seek some relief in himself1 some makeshift for the satisfaction he cannot obtain4 ,this results in masturbation1 probably excessive1 with its usual pernicious consequences to health4 ,when1 after the lapse of a certain time1 his nervous system is gravely compromised1 this morbid phenomenon ought not to be ascribed to sexual inversion in itself2 far rather we have to regard it as the logical issue of the ,urning's position1 driven as he is by dominant opinion to forego the gratification which for him is natural and normal1 and to betake himself to onanism4 ,but let us now suppose that the ,urning has enjoyed the exceptional good-fortune of finding upon his path in life a soul who feels the same as he does1 or else that he has been early introduced by some initiated friend into the circles of the ,urning-world4 ,in this case1 it is possible that he will have escaped many painful conflicts2 yet a long series of exciting cares and anxieties attend on every step he takes4 ,he knows indeed now that he is by no means the only individual in the world who harbours these abnormal emotions2 he opens his eyes1 and marvels to discover how numerous are his comrades in all social spheres and every class of industry2 he also soon perceives that ,urnings1 no less than normal men and women1 have developed prostitution1 and that male strumpets can be bought for money just as easily as females4 ,accordingly1 there is no longer any difficulty for him in gratifying his sexual impulse4 ,but how differently do things develop themselves in his case6 ,how far less fortunate is he than normal man6 ,let us assume the luckiest case that can befall him4 ,the sympathetic friend1 for whom he has been sighing all his life1 is found4 ,yet he cannot openly give himself up to this connection1 as a young fellow does with the girl he loves4 ,both of the comrades are continually forced to hide their liaison2 their anxiety on this point is incessant2 anything like an excessive intimacy1 which could arouse suspicion 7especially when they are not of the same age1 or do not belong to the same class in society71 has to be concealed from the external world4 ,in this way1 the very commencement of the relation sets a whole chain of exciting incidents in motion3 and the dread lest the secret should be betrayed or divined1 prevents the unfortunate lover from ever arriving at a simple happiness4 ,trifling circumstances1 which would have no importance for another sort of man1 make him tremble3 lest suspicion should awake1 his secret be discovered1 and he become a social outcast1 lose his official appointment1 be excluded from his profession4 ,is it conceivable that this incessant anxiety and care should pass over him without a trace1 and not react upon his nervous system8 ,another individual1 less lucky1 has not found a sympathetic comrade1 but has fallen into the hands of some pretty fellow1 who at the outset readily responded to his wishes1 till he drew the very deepest secret of his nature forth4 ,at that point the subtlest methods of blackmailing begin to be employed4 ,the miserable persecuted wretch1 placed between the alternative of paying money down or of becoming socially impossible1 losing a valued position1 seeing dishonour bursting upon himself and family1 pays1 and still the more he pays1 the greedier becomes the vampire who sucks his life-blood1 until at last there lies nothing else before him except total financial ruin or disgrace4 ,who will be astonished if the nerves of an individual in this position are not equal to the horrid strain8 ,in some cases the nerves give way altogether3 mental alienation sets in2 at last the wretch finds in a madhouse that repose which life would not afford him4 ,others terminate their unendurable situation by the desperate act of suicide4 ,how many unexplained cases of suicide in young men ought to be ascribed to this cause6 ,i do not think ,i am far wrong when ,i maintain that at least half of the suicides of young men are due to this one circumstance4 ,even in cases where no merciless blackmailer persecutes the ,urning1 but a connection has existed which lasted satisfactorily on both sides1 still in these cases even discovery1 or the dread of discovery1 leads only too often to suicide4 ,how many officers1 who have had connection with their subordinates1 how many soldiers1 who have lived in such relation with a comrade1 when they thought they were about to be discovered1 have put a bullet through their brains to avoid the coming disgrace6 ,and the same thing might be said about all the other callings in life4 ,in consequence of all this1 it seems clear that if1 as a matter of fact1 mental abnormalities and real disturbances of the intellect are commoner with ,urnings than in the case of other men1 this does not establish an inevitable connection between the mental eccentricity and the ,urning's specific temperament1 or prove that the latter causes the former4 ,according to my firm conviction1 mental disturbances and morbid symptoms which may be observed in ,urnings ought in the large majority of instances not to be referred to their sexual anomaly2 the real fact is that they are educed in them by the prevalent false theory of sexual inversion1 together with the legislation in force against ,urnings and the reigning tone of public opinion4 ,it is only one who has some approximate notion of the mental and moral sufferings1 of the anxieties and perturbations1 to which an ,urning is exposed1 who knows the never-ending hypocrisies and concealments he must practise in order to cloak his indwelling inclination1 who comprehends the infinite difficulties which oppose the natural satisfaction of his sexual desire--it is only such a one1 ,i say1 who is able properly to wonder at the comparative rarity of mental aberrations and nervous ailments in the class of ,urnings4 ,the larger proportion of these morbid circumstances would certainly not be developed if the ,urning1 like the normal man1 could obtain a simple and facile gratification of his sexual appetite1 and if he were not everlastingly exposed to the torturing anxieties ,i have attempted to describe4 ,this is powerfully and temperately written4 ,it confirms what ,i have attempted to establish while criticising the medical hypothesis2 and raises the further question whether the phenomenon of sexual inversion ought not to be approached from the point of view of embryology rather than of psychical pathology4 ,in other words1 is not the true ,urning to be regarded as a person born with sexual instincts improperly correlated to his sexual organs8 ,this he can be without any inherited or latent morbidity2 and the nervous anomalies discovered in him when he falls at last beneath the observation of physicians1 may be not the evidence of an originally tainted constitution1 but the consequence of unnatural conditions to which he has been exposed from the age of puberty4 ,,vi4 ,,literature--,,historical1 ,,anthropological4 ,no one has yet attempted a complete history of inverted sexuality in all ages and in all races4 ,this would be well worth doing4 ,materials1 though not extremely plentiful1 lie to hand in the religious books and codes of ancient nations1 in mythology and poetry and literature1 in narratives of travel1 and the reports of observant explorers4 ,gibbon once suggested that3 ,a curious dissertation might be formed on the introduction of pderasty after the time of ,homer1 its progress among the ,greeks of ,asia and ,europe1 the vehemence of their passions1 and the thin device of virtue and friendship which amused the philosophers of ,athens4 ,but1 adds the prurient prude1 ,scelera ostendi oportet dum puniunter1 abscondi flagitia4 ,two scholars responded to this call4 ,the result is that the chapter on ,greek love has been very fairly written by equally impartial1 equally learned1 and independent authors1 who approached the subject from somewhat different points of view1 but who arrived in the main at similar conclusions4 ,the first of these histories is ,m4 ,h4 ,e4 ,meier's article on ,pderastie in ,ersch and ,gruber's ,allgemeine ,encyklopdie3 ,leipzig1 ,brockhaus1 #ahcg4 ,the second is a treatise entitled ,a ,problem in ,greek ,ethics1 composed by an ,englishman in ,english4 ,the anonymous author was not acquainted with ,meier's article before he wrote1 and only came across it long after he had printed his own essay4 ,this work is extremely rare1 ten copies only having been impressed for private use4 ,enquirers into the psychology and morality of sexual inversion should not fail to study one or other of these treatises4 ,it will surprise many a well-read scholar1 when he sees the whole list of ,greek authorities and passages collected and co-ordinated1 to find how thoroughly the manners and the literature of that great people were penetrated with pderastia4 ,the myths and heroic legends of prehistoric ,hellas1 the educational institutions of the ,dorian state1 the dialogues of ,plato1 the history of the ,theban army1 the biographies of innumerable eminent citizens--lawgivers and thinkers1 governors and generals1 founders of colonies and philosophers1 poets and sculptors--render it impossible to maintain that this passion was either a degraded vice or a form of inherited neuropathy in the race to whom we owe so much of our intellectual heritage4 ,having surveyed the picture1 we may turn aside to wonder whether modern ,european nations1 imbued with the opinions ,i have described above in the section on ,vulgar ,errors1 are wise in making ,greek literature a staple of the higher education4 ,their motto is rasez l'infme6 ,here the infamous thing clothes itself like an angel of light1 and raises its forehead unabashed to heaven among the marble peristyles and olive-groves of an unrivalled civilization4 ,another book1 written from a medical point of view1 is valuable upon the pathology of sexual inversion and cognate aberrations among the nations of antiquity4 ,it bears the title ,geschichte der ,lustseuche im ,alterthume1 and is composed by ,dr4 ,julius ,rosenbaum4#da ,rosenbaum attempts to solve the problem of the existence of syphilis and other venereal diseases in the remote past4 ,this enquiry leads him to investigate the whole of ,greek and ,latin literature in its bearing upon sexual vice4 ,students will therefore expect from his pages no profound psychological speculations and no idealistic presentation of an eminently repulsive subject4 ,one of the most interesting chapters of his work is devoted to what ,herodotus called ,greek3 ,nousos phleia among the ,scythians1 a wide-spread effemination prevailing in a wild warlike and nomadic race4 ,we have already alluded to ,krafft-,ebing's remarks on this disease1 which has curious points of resemblance with some of the facts of male prostitution in modern cities4#db ,professed anthropologists have dealt with the subject1 collecting evidence from many quarters1 and in some cases attempting to draw general conclusions4 ,bastian's ,der ,mensch der ,geschichte#dc and ,herbert ,spencer's ,tables deserve special mention for their encyclopdic fulness of information regarding the distribution of abnormal sexuality and the customs of savage tribes4 ,in ,england an ,essay appended to the last volume of ,sir ,richard ,burton's ,arabian ,nights made a considerable stir upon its first appearance4#dd ,the author endeavoured to co-ordinate a large amount of miscellaneous matter1 and to frame a general theory regarding the origin and prevalence of homosexual passions4 ,his erudition1 however1 is incomplete2 and though he possesses a copious store of anthropological details1 he is not at the proper point of view for discussing the topic philosophically4#de ,for example1 he takes for granted that ,pederasty1 as he calls it1 is everywhere and always what the vulgar think it4 ,he seems to have no notion of the complicated psychology of ,urnings1 revealed to us by their recently published confessions in ,french and ,german medical and legal works4 ,still his views deserve consideration4 ,burton regards the phenomenon as geographical and climatic1 not racial4 ,he summarises the result of his investigations in the following five conclusions4#df 7#a7 ,there exists what ,i shall call a ',sotadic ,zone1' bounded westwards by the northern shores of the ,mediterranean 7,n4 lat4 #dc7 and by the southern 7,n4 lat4 #cj74 ,thus the depth would be #ghj to #hjj miles1 including meridional ,france1 the ,iberian ,peninsula1 ,italy and ,greece1 with the coast-regions of ,africa from ,morocco to ,egypt4 7#b7 ,running eastward the ,sotadic ,zone narrows1 embracing ,asia ,minor1 ,mesopotamia and ,chalda1 ,afghanistan1 ,sind1 the ,punjab1 and ,kashmir4 7#c7 ,in ,indo-,china the belt begins to broaden1 enfolding ,china1 ,japan1 and ,turkistan4 7#d7 ,it then embraces the ,south ,sea ,islands and the ,new ,world1 where1 at the time of its discovery1 ,sotadic love was1 with some exceptions1 an established racial institution4 7#e7 ,within the ,sotadic ,zone the vice is popular and endemic1 held at the worst to be a mere peccadillo1 whilst the races to the ,north and ,south of the limits here defined practise it only sporadically1 amid the opprobrium of their fellows1 who1 as a rule1 are physically incapable of performing the operation1 and look upon it with the liveliest disgust4 ,this is a curious and interesting generalisation1 though it does not account for what history has transmitted regarding the customs of the ,kelts1 ,scythians1 ,bulgars1 ,tartars1 ,normans1 and for the acknowledged leniency of modern ,slavs to this form of vice4 ,burton advances an explanation of its origin4 ,the only physical cause for the practice which suggests itself to me1 and that must be owned to be purely conjectural1 is that within the ,sotadic ,zone there is a blending of the masculine and feminine temperament1 a crasis which elsewhere occurs only sporadically4#dg ,so far as it goes1 this suggestion rests upon ground admitted to be empirically sound by the medical writers we have already examined1 and vehemently declared to be indisputable as a fact of physiology by ,ulrichs1 whom ,i shall presently introduce to my readers4 ,but ,burton makes no effort to account for the occurrence of this crasis of masculine and feminine temperaments in the ,sotadic ,zone at large1 and for its sporadic appearance in other regions4 ,would it not be more philosophical to conjecture that the crasis1 if that exists at all1 takes place universally2 but that the consequences are only tolerated in certain parts of the globe1 which he defines as the ,sotadic ,zone8 ,ancient ,greece and ,rome permitted them4 ,modern ,greece and ,italy have excluded them to the same extent as ,northern ,european nations4 ,north and ,south ,america1 before the ,conquest1 saw no harm in them4 ,since its colonisation by ,europeans they have been discountenanced4 ,the phenomenon cannot therefore be regarded as specifically geographical and climatic4 ,besides1 there is one fact mentioned by ,burton which ought to make him doubt his geographical theory4 ,he says that1 after the conquest of ,algiers1 the ,french troops were infected to an enormous extent by the habits they had acquired there1 and from them it spread so far and wide into civilian society that the vice may be said to have been democratised in cities and large towns4#dh ,this surely proves that north of the ,sotadic ,zone males are neither physically incapable of the acts involved in abnormal passion1 nor gifted with an insuperable disgust for them4 ,law1 and the public opinion generated by law and religious teaching1 have been deterrent causes in those regions4 ,the problem is therefore not geographical and climatic1 but social4 ,again1 may it not be suggested that the absence of the ,vice among the negroes and negroid races of ,south ,africa1 noticed by ,burton1#di is due to their excellent customs of sexual initiation and education at the age of puberty--customs which it is the shame of modern civilisation to have left unimitated8 ,however this may be1 ,burton regards the instinct as natural1 not contre nature1 and says that its patients deserve1 not prosecution but the pitiful care of the physician and the study of the psychologist4#ej ,another distinguished anthropologist1 ,paolo ,mantegazza1 has devoted special attention to the physiology and psychology of what he calls ,i pervertimenti dell'amore4#ea ,starting with the vulgar error that all sexual inversion implies the unmentionable act of coition 7for which1 by the way1 he is severely rebuked by ,krafft-,ebing1 ,psy4 ,sex41 p4 #ib71 he explains anomalous passions by supposing that the nerves of pleasurable sensation1 which ought to be carried to the genital organs1 are in some cases carried to the rectum4#eb ,this malformation makes its subject desire coitum per anum4 ,that an intimate connection exists between the nerves of the reproductive organs and the nerves of the rectum is known to anatomists and is felt by everybody4 ,probably some cindi are excited voluptuously in the mode suggested4 ,seneca1 in his ,epistles1 records such cases2 and it is difficult in any other way to account for the transports felt by male prostitutes of the ,weibling type4 ,finally1 writers upon female prostitution mention women who are incapable of deriving pleasure from any sexual act except aversa venus4 ,mantegazza's observation deserves to be remembered1 and ought to be tested by investigation4 ,but1 it is obvious1 he pushes the corollary he draws from it1 as to the prevalence of sexual inversion1 too far4 ,he distinguishes three classes of sodomy3 7#a7 ,perpheric or anatomical1 caused by an unusual distribution of the nerves passing from the spine to the reproductive organs and the rectum2 7#b7 psychical1 which he describes as specific to intelligent men1 cultivated1 and frequently neurotic1 but which he does not attempt to elucidate1 though he calls it not a vice1 but a passion2 7#c7 luxurious or lustful1 when the aversa venus is deliberately chosen on account of what ,mantegazza terms la desolante larghezza of the female4#ec ,mantegazza winds up1 like ,burton1 by observing that sodomy1 studied with the pitying and indulgent eye of the physician and the physiologist1 is consequently a disease which claims to be cured1 and can in many cases be cured4#ed ,after perusing what physicians1 historians1 and anthropologists have to say about sexual inversion1 there is good reason for us to feel uneasy as to the present condition of our laws4 ,and yet it might be argued that anomalous desires are not always maladies1 not always congenital1 not always psychical passions4 ,in some cases they must surely be vices deliberately adopted out of lustfulness1 wanton curiosity1 and seeking after sensual refinements4 ,the difficult question still remains then--how to repress vice1 without acting unjustly toward the naturally abnormal1 the unfortunate1 and the irresponsible4 ,i pass now to the polemical writings of a man who maintains that homosexual passions1 even in their vicious aspects1 ought not to be punished except in the same degree and under the same conditions as the normal passions of the majority4 ,,vii4 ,,literature--,,polemical4 ,it can hardly be said that inverted sexuality received a serious and sympathetic treatment until a ,german jurist1 named ,karl ,heinrich ,ulrichs1 began his long warfare against what he considered to be prejudice and ignorance upon a topic of the greatest moment to himself4 ,a native of ,hanover1 and writing at first under the assumed name of ,numa ,numantius1 he kept pouring out a series of polemical1 analytical1 theoretical1 and apologetical pamphlets between the years #ahfd and #ahgj4 ,the most important of these works is a lengthy and comprehensive ,essay entitled ,memnon4 ,die ,geschlechtsnatur des mannliebenden ,urnings4 ,eine naturwissenschaftliche ,darstellung4 ,schleiz1 #ahfh4 ,memnon may be used as the text-book of its author's theories2 but it is also necessary to study earlier and later treatises--,inclusa1 ,formatrix1 ,vindex1 ,ara ,spei1 ,gladius ,furens1 ,incubus1 ,argonauticus1 ,prometheus1 ,araxes1 ,kritische ,pfeile--in order to obtain a complete knowledge of his opinions1 and to master the whole mass of information he has brought together4 ,the object of ,ulrichs in these miscellaneous writings is twofold4 ,he seeks to establish a theory of sexual inversion upon the basis of natural science1 proving that abnormal instincts are inborn and healthy in a considerable percentage of human beings2 that they do not owe their origin to bad habits of any kind1 to hereditary disease1 or to wilful depravity2 that they are incapable in the majority of cases of being extirpated or converted into normal channels2 and that the men subject to them are neither physically1 intellectually1 nor morally inferior to normally constituted individuals4 ,having demonstrated these points to his own satisfaction1 and supported his views with a large induction of instances and a respectable show of erudition1 he proceeds to argue that the present state of the law in many states of ,europe is flagrantly unjust to a class of innocent persons1 who may indeed be regarded as unfortunate and inconvenient1 but who are guilty of nothing which deserves reprobation and punishment4 ,in this second and polemical branch of his exposition1 ,ulrichs assumes1 for his juristic starting-point1 that each human being is born with natural rights which legislation ought not to infringe but protect4 ,he does not attempt to confute the utilitarian theory of jurisprudence1 which regards laws as regulations made by the majority in the supposed interests of society4 ,yet a large amount of his reasoning is designed to invalidate utilitarian arguments in favour of repression1 by showing that no social evil ensues in those countries which have placed abnormal sexuality upon the same footing as the normal1 and that the toleration of inverted passion threatens no danger to the well-being of nations4 ,after this prelude1 an abstract of ,ulrichs' theory and his pleading may be given1 deduced from the comparative study of his numerous essays4 ,the right key to the solution of the problem is to be found in physiology1 in that obscure department of natural science which deals with the evolution of sex4 ,the embryo1 as we are now aware1 contains an undetermined element of sex during the first months of pregnancy4 ,this is gradually worked up into male and female organs of procreation2 and these1 when the age of puberty arrives1 are generally accompanied by corresponding male and female appetites4 ,that is to say1 the man in an immense majority of cases desires the woman1 and the woman desires the man4 ,nature1 so to speak1 aims at differentiating the undecided foetus into a human being of one or the other sex1 the propagation of the species being the main object of life4 ,still1 as ,aristotle puts it1 and as we observe in many of her operations1 ,nature wishes1 but has not always the power3 ,greek3 h physis bouletai men all' ou dynatai4 ,consequently in respect of physical structure1 there come to light imperfect individuals1 so-called hermaphrodites1 whose sexual apparatus is so far undetermined that many a real male has passed a portion of his life under a mistake1 has worn female clothes1 and has cohabited by preference with men4 ,likewise1 in respect of spiritual nature1 there appear males who1 notwithstanding their marked masculine organisation1 feel from the earliest childhood a sexual proclivity toward men1 with a corresponding indifference for women4 ,in some of these abnormal1 but natural1 beings1 the appetite for men resembles the normal appetite of men for women2 in others it resembles the normal appetite of women for men4 ,that is to say1 some prefer effeminate males1 dressed in feminine clothes and addicted to female occupations4 ,others prefer powerful adults of an ultra-masculine stamp4 ,a third class manifest their predilection for healthy young men in the bloom of adolescence1 between nineteen and twenty4 ,the attitude of such persons towards women also varies4 ,in genuine cases of inborn sexual inversion a positive horror is felt when the woman has to be carnally known2 and this horror is of the same sort as that which normal men experience when they think of cohabitation with a male4#ee ,in others the disinclination does not amount to repugnance2 but the abnormal man finds considerable difficulty in stimulating himself to the sexual act with females1 and derives a very imperfect satisfaction from the same4 ,a certain type of man1 in the last place1 seems to be indifferent1 desiring males at one time and females at another4 ,in order to gain clearness in his exposition1 ,ulrichs has invented names for these several species4 ,the so-called hermaphrodite he dismisses with the ,german designation of ,zwitter4 ,imperfect individuals of this type are not to be considered1 because it is well known that the male or female organs are never developed in one and the same body4 ,it is also1 as we shall presently discover1 an essential part of his theory to regard the problem of inversion psychologically4 ,the normal man he calls ,dioning1 the abnormal man ,urning4 ,among ,urnings1 those who prefer effeminate males are christened by the name of ,mannling2 those who prefer powerful and masculine adults receive the name of ,weibling2 the ,urning who cares for adolescents is styled a ,zwischen-,urning4 ,men who seemed to be indifferently attracted by both sexes1 he calls ,uranodioninge4 ,a genuine ,dioning1 who1 from lack of women1 or under the influence of special circumstances1 consorts with persons of his own sex1 is denominated ,uraniaster4 ,a genuine ,urning1 who has put restraint upon his inborn impulse1 who has forced himself to cohabit with women1 or has perhaps contracted marriage1 is said to be ,virilisirt--a virilised ,urning4 ,these outlandish names1 though seemingly pedantic and superfluous1 have their technical value1 and are necessary to the understanding of ,ulrichs' system4 ,he is dealing exclusively with individuals classified by common parlance as males without distinction4 ,ulrichs believes that he can establish a real natural division between men proper1 whom he calls ,dioninge1 and males of an anomalous sexual development1 whom he calls ,urninge4 ,having proceeded so far1 he finds the necessity of distinguishing three broad types of the ,urning1 and of making out the crosses between ,urning and ,dioning1 of which he also find three species4 ,it will appear in the sequel that whatever may be thought about his psychological hypothesis1 the nomenclature he has adopted is useful in discussion1 and corresponds to well-defined phenomena1 of which we have abundant information4 ,the following table will make his analysis sufficiently plain3-- 7#a7 ,man or ,dioning 444 ,uraniaster1 when he has acquired the tastes of the ,urning4 ,the ,mannling4 ,human 7#b7 ,urning ,weibling4 ,male ,zwischen-,urning4 ,virilised ,urning4 7#c7 ,uranodioning4 7#d7 ,hermaphrodite4 ,broadly speaking1 the male includes two main species3 ,dioning and ,urning1 men with normal and men with abnormal instincts4 ,what1 then1 constitutes the distinction between them8 ,how are we justified in regarding them as radically divergent8 ,ulrichs replies that the phenomenon of sexual inversion is to be explained by physiology1 and particularly by the evolution of the embryo4#ef ,nature fails to complete her work regularly and in every instance4 ,having succeeded in differentiating a male with full-formed sexual organs from the undecided foetus1 she does not always effect the proper differentiation of that portion of the psychical being in which resides the sexual appetite4 ,there remains a female soul in a male body4 ,anima muliebris virili corpore inclusa1 is the formula adopted by ,ulrichs2 and he quotes a passage from the ,vestiges of ,creation1 which suggests that a male is a more advanced product of sexual evolution than the female4 ,the male instinct of sex is a more advanced product than the female instinct4 ,consequently men appear whose body has been differentiated as masculine1 but whose sexual instinct has not progressed beyond the feminine stage4 ,ulrichs' own words ought to be cited upon this fundamental part of his hypothesis1 since he does not adopt the opinion that the ,urning is a ,dioning arrested at a certain point of development2 but rather that there is an element of uncertainty attending the simultaneous evolution of physical and psychical factors from the indeterminate ground-stuff4 ,sex1 says he1 is only an affair of development4 ,up to a certain stage of embryonic existence all living mammals are hermaphroditic4 ,a certain number of them advance to the condition of what ,i call man 7,doining71 others to what ,i call woman 7,dioningin71 a third class become what ,i call ,urning 7including ,urningin74 ,it ensues therefrom that between these three sexes there are no primary1 but only secondary differences4 ,and yet true differences1 constituting sexual species1 exist as facts4#eg ,man1 ,woman1 and ,urning--the third being either a male or a female in whom we observe a real and inborn1 not an acquired or a spurious1 inversion of appetite--are consequently regarded by him as the three main divisions of humanity viewed from the point of view of sex4 ,the embryonic ground-stuff in the case of each was homologous2 but while the two former1 ,man and ,woman1 have been normally differentiated1 the ,urning's sexual instinct1 owing to some imperfection in the process of development1 does not correspond to his or her sexual organs4 ,the line of division between the sexes1 even in adult life1 is a subtle one2 and the physical structure of men and women yields indubitable signs of their emergence from a common ground-stuff4 ,perfect men have rudimentary breasts4 ,perfect women carry a rudimentary penis in their clitoris4 ,the raph of the scrotum shows where the aperture1 common at first to masculine and feminine beings1 but afterwards only retained in the female vulva1 was closed up to form a male4 ,other anatomical details of the same sort might be adduced4 ,but these will suffice to make thinking persons reflect upon the mysterious dubiety of what we call sex4 ,that gradual development1 which ends in normal differentiation1 goes on very slowly4 ,it is only at the age of puberty that a boy distinguishes himself abruptly from a girl1 by changing his voice and growing hair on parts of the body where it is not usually found in women4 ,this being so1 it is surely not surprising that the sexual appetite should sometimes fail to be normally determined1 or in other words should be inverted4 ,ulrichs maintains that the body of an ,urning is masculine1 his soul feminine1 so far as sex is concerned4 ,accordingly1 though physically unfitted for coition with men1 he is imperatively drawn towards them by a natural impulse4 ,opponents meet him with this objection3 ,your position is untenable4 ,body and soul constitute one inseparable entity4 ,so they do1 replies ,ulrichs2 but the way in which these factors of the person are combined in human beings differs extremely1 as ,i can prove by indisputable facts4 ,the body of a male is visible to the eyes1 is mensurable and ponderable1 is clearly marked in its specific organs4 ,but what we call his soul--his passions1 inclinations1 sensibilities1 emotional characteristics1 sexual desires--eludes the observation of the senses4 ,this second factor1 like the first1 existed in the undetermined stages of the foetus4 ,and when ,i find that the soul1 this element of instinct and emotion and desire existing in a male1 had been directed in its sexual appetite from earliest boyhood towards persons of the male sex1 ,i have the right to qualify it with the attribute of femininity4 ,you assume that soul-sex is indissolubly connected and inevitably derived from body-sex4 ,the facts contradict you1 as ,i can prove by referring to the veracious autobiographies of ,urnings and to known phenomena regarding them4 ,such is the theory of ,ulrichs2 and though we may not incline to his peculiar mode of explaining the want of harmony between sexual organs and sexual appetite in ,urnings1 there can be no doubt that in some way or other their eccentric diathesis must be referred to the obscure process of sexual differentiation4#eh ,perhaps he antedates the moment at which the aberration sometimes takes its origin1 not accounting sufficiently for imperative impressions made on the imagination or the senses of boys during the years which precede puberty4 ,however this may be1 the tendency to such inversion is certainly inborn in an extremely large percentage of cases4 ,that can be demonstrated from the reports of persons whose instincts were directed to the male before they knew what sex meant4 ,it is worth extracting passages from these confessions4#ei 7#a7 ,as a schoolboy of eight years1 ,i sat near a comrade rather older than myself2 and how happy was ,i1 when he touched me4 ,that was the first indefinite perception of an inclination which remained a secret for me till my nineteenth year4 7#b7 ,going back to my seventh year1 ,i had a lively feeling for a schoolfellow1 two years older than myself2 ,i was happy when ,i could be as close as possible to him1 and in our games could place my head near to his private parts4 7#c7 ,at ten years of age he had a romantic attachment for a comrade2 and the passion for people of his own sex became always more and more marked4 7#d7 ,another confessed that already at the age of four he used to dream of handsome grooms4 7#e7 ,a fifth said3 ,my passion for people of my own sex awoke at the age of eight4 ,i used to enjoy my brother's nakedness2 while bathing with other children1 ,i took no interest at all in girls1 but felt the liveliest attraction toward boys4 7#f7 ,a sixth dates his experience from his sixth or seventh year4 7#g7 ,a seventh remembers that while yet a boy1 before the age of puberty1 sleeping in the company of a male agitated him to such an extent that he lay for hours awake4 7#h7 ,an eighth relates that while three years old1 ,i got possession of a fashion book1 cut out the pictures of men1 and kissed them to tatters4 ,the pictures of women ,i did not care to look at4 7#i7 ,a ninth goes back to his thirteenth year1 and a school friendship4 7#aj7 ,a tenth records the same about his seventh year4 7#aa7 ,an eleventh says that his inverted instincts awoke in early childhood1 and that from his ninth year onward he fell over and over again in love with adult men4 7#ab7 ,a twelfth spoke as follows3 ,so far back as ,i can remember1 ,i was always subject to this passion4 ,quite as a child1 young men made deeper impression on me than women or girls4 ,the earliest sensual perturbation of which ,i have any recollection was excited by a tutor1 when ,i was nine or ten1 and my greatest pleasure was to be allowed to ride astride upon his leg4 7#ac7 ,a thirteenth3 ,from the earliest childhood ,i have been haunted by visions of men1 and only of men2 never has a woman exercised the least influence over me4 ,at school ,i kept these instincts to myself1 and lived quite retired4 7#ad7 ,a fourteenth can recollect receiving a distinctly sensual impression at the age of four1 when the man-servants caressed him4 7#ae7 ,a fifteenth says that at the age of thirteen1 together with puberty1 the inversion of appetite awoke in him4 7#af7 ,a sixteenth confesses that he felt an unconquerable desire for soldiers in his thirteenth year4 7#ag7 ,a seventeenth remembers having always dreamed only of men2 and at school1 he says1 when my comrades looked at pretty girls and criticised them during our daily promenades1 ,i could not comprehend how they found anything to admire in such creatures4 ,on the other hand1 the sight and touch of soldiers and strong fellows excited him enormously4 7#ah7 ,an eighteenth dates the awakening of passion in him at the age of eleven1 when he saw a handsome man in church2 and from that time forward his instinct never altered4 7#ai7 ,a nineteenth fell in love with an officer at the age of thirteen1 and since then always desired vigorous adult males4 7#bj7 ,a twentieth confessed to have begun to love boys of his own age1 sensually1 while only eight years of age4 7#ba7 ,a twenty-first records that1 when he was eight1 he began to crave after the sight of naked men4 ,in addition to these cases a great many might be culled from the writings of ,ulrichs1 who has published a full account from his own early experience4#fj ,i was fifteen years and ten and a half months old1 he says1 when the first erotic dream announced the arrival of puberty4 ,never before that period had ,i known sexual gratification of any kind whatever4 ,the occurrence was therefore wholly normal4 ,from a much earlier time1 however1 ,i had been subject to emotions1 partly romantic1 partly sensual1 without any definite desire1 and never for one and the same young man4 ,these aimless yearnings of the senses plagued me in my solitary hours1 and ,i could not overcome them4 ,during my fifteenth year1 while at school at ,detmold1 the vague longing took a twofold shape4 ,first1 ,i came across ,norman's ',sulenordnungen1' and there ,i was vehemently attracted by the figure of a ,greek god or hero1 standing in naked beauty4 ,secondly1 while studying in my little room1 or before going to sleep1 the thought used suddenly and irresistibly to rise up in my mind--,if only a soldier would clamber through the window and come into my room6 ,i then painted in my fancy the picture of a splendid soldier of twenty to twenty-two years old4 ,and yet ,i had no definite idea of why ,i wanted him2 nor had ,i ever come in contact with soldiers4 ,about two years after this1 ,i happened to sit next a soldier in a post-carriage4 ,the contact with his thigh excited me to the highest degree4 ,ulrichs also relates that in his tenth year he conceived an enthusiastic and romantic friendship for a boy two years his senior4 ,that experiences of the kind are very common1 every one who has at all conversed with ,urnings knows well4 ,from private sources of unquestionable veracity1 these may be added4 ,a relates that1 before eight years old1 reverie occurred to him during the day1 and dreams at night1 of naked sailors4 ,when he began to study ,latin and ,greek1 he dreamed of young gods1 and at the age of fourteen1 became deeply enamoured of the photograph of the ,praxitelian ,ers in the ,vatican4 ,he had a great dislike for physical contact with girls2 and with boys was shy and reserved1 indulging in no acts of sense4 ,b says that during his tenderest boyhood1 long before the age of puberty1 he fell in love with a young shepherd on one of his father's farms1 for whom he was so enthusiastic that the man had to be sent to a distant moor4 ,c at the same early age1 conceived a violent affection for a footman2 ,d for an officer1 who came to stay at his home2 ,e for the bridegroom of his eldest sister4 ,in nearly all the cases here cited1 the inverted sexual instinct sprang up spontaneously4 ,only a few of the autobiographies record seduction by an elder man as the origin of the affection4 ,in none of them was it ever wholly overcome4 ,only five out of the twenty-seven men married4 ,twenty declare that1 tortured by the sense of their dissimilarity to other males1 haunted by shame and fear1 they forced themselves to frequent public women soon after the age of puberty4 ,some found themselves impotent4 ,others succeeded in accomplishing their object with difficulty1 or by means of evoking the images of men on whom their affections were set4 ,all1 except one1 concur in emphatically asserting the superior attraction which men have always exercised for them over women4 ,women leave them1 if not altogether disgusted1 yet cold and indifferent4 ,men rouse their strongest sympathies and instincts4 ,the one exception just alluded to is what ,ulrichs would call an ,uranodioning4 ,the others are capable of friendship with women1 some even of sthetic admiration1 and the tenderest regard for them1 but not of genuine sexual desire4 ,their case is literally an inversion of the ordinary4 ,some observations may be made on ,ulrichs' theory4 ,it is now recognised by the leading authorities1 medical and medico-juristic1 in ,germany1 by writers like ,casper-,liman and ,krafft-,ebing1 that sexual inversion is more often than not innate4 ,so far1 without discussing the physiological or metaphysical explanations of this phenomenon1 without considering whether ,ulrichs is right in his theory of anima muliebris inclusa in corpore virili1 or whether heredity1 insanity1 and similar general conditions are to be held responsible for the fact1 it may be taken as admitted on all sides that the sexual diathesis in question is in a very large number of instances congenital4 ,but ,ulrichs seems to claim too much for the position he has won4 ,he ignores the frequency of acquired habits4 ,he shuts his eyes to the force of fashion and depravity4 ,he reckons men like ,horace and ,ovid and ,catullus1 among the ancients1 who were clearly indifferent in their tastes 7as indifferent as the modern ,turks7 to the account of ,uranodionings4 ,in one word1 he is so enthusiastic for his physiological theory that he overlooks all other aspects of the question4 ,nevertheless1 he has acquired the right to an impartial hearing1 while pleading in defence of those who are acknowledged by all investigators of the problem to be the subjects of an inborn misplacement of the sexual appetite4 ,let us turn1 then1 to the consideration of his arguments in favour of freeing ,urnings from the terrible legal penalties to which they are at present subject1 and1 if this were possible1 from the no less terrible social condemnation to which they are exposed by the repugnance they engender in the normally constituted majority4 ,dealing with these exceptions to the kindly race of men and women1 these unfortunates who have no family ties knotted by bonds by mutual love1 no children to expect1 no reciprocity of passion to enjoy1 mankind1 says ,ulrichs1 has hitherto acted just in the same way as a herd of deer acts when it drives the sickly and the weakly out to die in solitude2 burdened with contumely1 and cut off from common sympathy4 ,from the point of view of morality and law1 he argues1 it does not signify whether we regard the sexual inversion of an ,urning as morbid or as natural4 ,he has become what he is in the dawn and first emergence of emotional existence4 ,you may contend1 that he derives perverted instincts from his ancestry1 that he is the subject of a psychical disorder1 that from the cradle he is predestined by atavism or disease to misery4 ,i maintain that he is one of nature's sports1 a creature healthy and well organised1 evolved in her superb indifference to aberrations from the normal type4 ,we need not quarrel over our solutions of the problem4 ,the fact that he is there1 among us1 and that he constitutes an ever-present factor in our social system1 has to be faced4 ,how are we to deal with him8 ,has society the right to punish individuals sent into the world with homosexual instincts8 ,putting the question at its lowest point1 admitting that these persons are the victims of congenital morbidity1 ought they to be treated as criminals8 ,it is established that their appetites1 being innate1 are to them at least natural and undepraved2 the common appetites1 being excluded from their sexual scheme1 are to them unnatural and abhorrent4 ,ought not such beings1 instead of being hunted down and persecuted by legal bloodhounds1 to be regarded with pitying solicitude as among the most unfortunate of human beings1 doomed as they are to inextinguishable longings and life-long deprivation of that which is the chief prize of man's existence on this planet1 a reciprocated love8 ,as your laws at present stand1 you include all cases of sexual inversion under the one domination of crime4 ,you make exceptions in some special instances1 and treat the men involved as lunatics4 ,but the ,urning is neither criminal nor insane4 ,he is only less fortunate than you are1 through an accident of birth1 which is at present obscure to our imperfect science of sexual determination4 ,so far ,ulrichs is justified in his pleading4 ,when it has been admitted that sexual inversion is usually a fact of congenital diathesis1 the criminal law stands in no logical relation to the phenomenon4 ,it is monstrous to punish people as wilfully wicked because1 having been born with the same organs and the same appetites as their neighbours1 they are doomed to suffer under the frightful disability of not being able to use their organs or to gratify their appetites in the ordinary way4 ,but here arises a difficulty1 which cannot be ignored1 since upon it is based the only valid excuse for the position taken up by society in dealing with this matter4 ,not all men and women possessed by abnormal sexual desires can claim that these are innate4 ,it is certain that the habits of sodomy are frequently acquired under conditions of exclusion from the company of persons of the other sex--as in public schools1 barracks1 prisons1 convents1 ships4 ,in some cases they are deliberately adopted by natures tired of normal sexual pleasure4 ,they may even become fashionable and epidemic4 ,lastly1 it is probable that curiosity and imitation communicate them to otherwise normal individuals at a susceptible moment of development4 ,therefore society has the right to say3 ,those who are the unfortunate subjects of inborn sexual inversion shall not be allowed to indulge their passions1 lest the mischief should spread1 and a vicious habit should contaminate our youth4 ,from the utilitarian point of view1 society is justified in protecting itself against a minority of exceptional beings whom it regards as pernicious to the general welfare4 ,from any point of view1 the majority is strong enough to coerce to inborn instincts and to trample on the anguish of a few unfortunates4 ,but1 asks ,ulrichs1 is this consistent with humanity1 is it consistent with the august ideal of impartial equity8 ,are people1 sound in body1 vigorous in mind1 wholesome in habit1 capable of generous affections1 good servants of the state1 trustworthy in all the ordinary relations of life1 to be condemned at law as criminals because they cannot feel sexually as the majority feel1 because they find some satisfaction for their inborn want in ways which the majority dislike8 ,seeking a solution of the difficulty stated in the foregoing paragraph1 ,ulrichs finds it in fact and history4 ,his answer is that if society leaves nature to take her course1 with the abnormal as well as with the normal subjects of sexual inclination1 society will not suffer4 ,in countries where legal penalties have been removed from inverted sexuality1 where this is placed upon the same footing as the normal--in ,france1 ,bavaria 7871 the ,netherlands 787--no inconvenience has hitherto arisen4#fa ,there has ensued no sudden and flagrant outburst of a depraved habit1 no dissemination of a spreading moral poison4 ,on the other hand1 in countries where these penalties exist and are enforced--in ,england1 for example1 and in the metropolis of ,england1 ,london--inverted sexuality runs riot1 despite of legal prohibitions1 despite of threats of prison1 dread of exposure1 and the intolerable pest of organised chantage4 ,in the eyes of ,ulrichs1 society is engaged in sitting on a safety-valve1 which if nature were allowed to operate unhindered would do society no harm1 but rather good4 ,the majority1 he thinks1 are not going to become ,urnings1 for the simple reason that they have not the unhappy constitution of the ,urning4 ,cease to persecute ,urnings1 accept them as inconsiderable1 yet real1 factors1 in the social commonwealth1 leave them to themselves1 and you will not be the worse for it1 and will also not carry on your conscience the burden of intolerant vindictiveness4 ,substantiating this position1 ,ulrichs demonstrates that acquired habits of sexual inversion are almost invariably thrown off by normal natures4 ,your boys at public schools1 he says1 behave as though they were ,urnings4 ,in the lack of women1 at the time when their passions are predominant1 they yield themselves up together to mutual indulgences which would bring your laws down with terrible effect upon adults4 ,you are aware of this4 ,you send your sons to ,eton and to ,harrow1 and you know very well what goes on there4 ,yet you remain untroubled in your minds4 ,and why8 ,because you feel convinced that they will return to their congenital instincts4 ,when the school1 the barrack1 the prison1 the ship has been abandoned1 the male reverts to the female4 ,this is the truth about ,dionings4 ,the large majority of men and women remain normal1 simply because they were made normal4 ,they cannot find the satisfaction of their nature in those inverted practices to which they yielded for a time through want of normal outlet4 ,society risks little by the occasional caprice of the school1 the barrack1 the prison1 and the ship4 ,some genuine ,urnings may1 indeed1 discover their inborn inclination by means of the process to which you subject them4 ,but you are quite right in supposing that a ,dioning1 though you have forced him to become for a time an ,uraniaster1 will never in the long run appear as an ,urning4 ,the extensive experience which ,english people possess regarding such matters1 owing to the notorious condition of their public schools1 goes to confirm ,ulrichs' position4 ,headmasters know how many ,uraniasters they have dealt with1 what excellent ,dionings they become1 and how comparatively rare1 and yet how incorrigibly steadfast1 are the genuine ,urnings in their flock4 ,the upshot of this matter is that we are continually forcing our young men into conditions under which1 if sexual inversion were an acquired attribute1 it would become stereotyped in their natures4 ,yet it does not do so4 ,provisionally1 because they are shut off from girls1 because they find no other outlet for their sex at the moment of its most imperious claims1 they turn toward males1 and treat their younger school-fellows in ways which would consign an adult to penal servitude4 ,they are ,uraniasters by necessity and faute de mieux4 ,but no sooner are they let loose upon the world than the majority revert to normal channels4 ,they pick up women in the streets1 and form connections1 as the phrase goes4 ,some undoubtedly1 in this fiery furnace through which they have been passed1 discover their inborn sexual inversion4 ,then1 when they cannot resist the ply of their proclivity1 you condemn them as criminals in their later years4 ,is that just8 ,would it not be better to revert from our civilisation to the manners of the savage man--to initiate youths into the mysteries of sex1 and to give each in his turn the chance of developing a normal instinct by putting him during his time of puberty freely and frankly to the female8 ,if you abhor ,urnings1 as you surely do1 you are at least responsible for their mishap by the extraordinary way in which you bring them up4 ,at all events1 when they develop into the eccentric beings which they are1 you are the last people in the world who have any right to punish them with legal penalties and social obloquy4 ,considering the present state of the law in most countries to be inequitable toward a respectable minority of citizens1 ,ulrichs proposes that ,urnings should be placed upon the same footing as other men4 ,that is to say1 sexual relations between males and males should not be treated as criminal1 unless they be attended with violence 7as in the case of rape71 or be carried on in such a way as to offend the public sense of decency 7in places of general resort or on the open street71 or thirdly be entertained between an adult and a boy under age 7the protected age to be decided as in the case of girls74 ,what he demands is that when an adult male1 freely and of his own consent1 complies with the proposals of an adult person of his own sex1 and their intercourse takes place with due regard for public decency1 neither party shall be liable to prosecution and punishment at law4 ,in fact he would be satisfied with the same conditions as those prevalent in ,france1 and since ,june1 #ahhi1 in ,italy4 ,if so much were conceded by the majority of normal people to the abnormal minority1 continues ,ulrichs1 an immense amount of misery and furtive vice would be at once abolished4 ,and it is difficult to conceive what evil results would follow4 ,a defender of the present laws of ,england1 ,prussia1 c41 might indeed reply3 ,this is opening a free way to the seduction and corruption of young men4 ,but young men are surely at least as capable of defending themselves against seduction and corruption as young women are4 ,nay1 they are far more able1 not merely because they are stronger1 but because they are not usually weakened by an overpowering sexual instinct on which the seducer plays4 ,yet the seduction and corruption of young women is tolerated1 in spite of the attendant consequences of illegitimate childbirth1 and all which that involves4 ,this toleration of the seduction of women by men springs from the assumption that only the normal sexual appetite is natural4 ,the seduction of a man by a male passes for criminal1 because the inverted sexual instinct is regarded as unnatural1 depraved1 and wilfully perverse4 ,on the hypothesis that individuals subject to perverted instincts can suppress them at pleasure or convert them into normal appetite1 it is argued that they must be punished4 ,but when the real facts come to be studied1 it will be found3 first1 that these instincts are inborn in ,urnings1 and are therefore in their case natural2 secondly1 that the suppression of them is tantamount to life-long abstinence under the constant torture of sexual solicitation2 thirdly1 that the conversion of them into normal channels is in a large percentage of cases totally impossible1 in nearly all where it has been attempted is only partially successful1 and where marriage ensues has generally ended in misery for both parties4 ,ulrichs1 it will be noticed1 does not distinguish between ,urnings1 in whom the inversion is admitted to be congenital1 and ,uraniasters1 in whom it has been acquired or deliberately adopted4 ,and it would be very difficult to frame laws which should take cognisance of these two classes4 ,the ,code ,napoleon legalises the position of both1 theoretically at any rate4 ,the ,english code treats both as criminal1 doing thereby1 it must be admitted1 marked injustice to recognised ,urnings1 who at the worst are morbid or insane1 or sexually deformed1 through no fault of their own4 ,in the present state of things1 adds ,ulrichs1 the men who yield their bodies to abnormal lovers1 do not merely do so out of compliance1 sympathy1 or the desire for reasonable reward4 ,too often they speculate upon the illegality of the connection1 and have their main object in the extortion of money by threats of exposure4 ,thus the very basest of all trades1 that of chantage1 is encouraged by the law4 ,alter the law1 and instead of increasing vice1 you will diminish it2 for a man who should then meet the advances of an ,urning1 would do so out of compliance1 or1 as is the case with female prostitutes1 upon the expectation of a reasonable gain4 ,the temptation to ply a disgraceful profession with the object of extorting money would be removed4 ,moreover1 as regards individuals alike abnormally constituted1 voluntary and mutually satisfying relations1 free from degrading risks1 and possibly permanent1 might be formed between responsible agents4 ,finally1 if it be feared that the removal of legal disabilities would turn the whole male population into ,urnings1 consider whether ,london is now so much purer in this respect than ,paris8 ,one serious objection to recognising and tolerating sexual inversion has always been that it tends to check the population4 ,this was a sound political and social argument in the time of ,moses1 when a small and militant tribe needed to multiply to the full extent of its procreative capacity4 ,it is by no means so valid in our age1 when the habitable portions of the globe are rapidly becoming overcrowded4#fb ,moreover1 we must bear in mind that society1 under the existing order1 sanctions female prostitution1 whereby men and women1 the normally procreative1 are sterilised to an indefinite extent4 ,logic1 in these circumstances1 renders it equitable and ridiculous to deny a sterile exercise of sex to abnormal men and women1 who are by instinct and congenital diathesis non-procreative4 ,as the result of these considerations1 ,ulrichs concludes that there is no real ground for the persecution of ,urnings except as may be found in the repugnance by the vast numerical majority for an insignificant minority4 ,the majority encourages matrimony1 condones seduction1 sanctions prostitution1 legalises divorce in the interests of its own sexual proclivities4 ,it makes temporary or permanent unions illegal for the minority whose inversion of instinct it abhors4 ,and this persecution1 in the popular mind at any rate1 is justified1 like many other inequitable acts of prejudice or ignorance1 by theological assumptions and the so-called mandates of revelation4 ,in the next place it is objected that inversed sexuality is demoralising to the manhood of a nation1 that it degrades the dignity of a man1 and that it is incapable of moral elevation4 ,each of these points may be taken separately4 ,they are all of them at once and together contradicted by the history of ancient ,greece4 ,there the most warlike sections of the race1 the ,dorians of ,crete and ,sparta1 and the ,thebans1 organised the love of male for male because of the social and military advantages they found in it4 ,their annals abound in eminent instances of heroic enthusiasm1 patriotic devotion1 and high living1 inspired by homosexual passion4 ,the fighting peoples of the world1 ,kelts in ancient story1 ,normans1 ,turks1 ,afghans1 ,albanians1 ,tartars1 have been distinguished by the frequency among them of what popular prejudice regards as an effeminate vice4 ,with regard to the dignity of man1 is there1 asks ,ulrichs1 anything more degrading to humanity in sexual acts performed between male and male than in similar acts performed between male and female4 ,in a certain sense all sex has an element of grossness which inspires repugnance4 ,the gods1 says ,swinburne1 ,have strewed one marriage-bed with tears and fire1 ,for extreme loathing and supreme desire4 ,it would not be easy to maintain that a curate begetting his fourteenth baby on the body of a worn-out wife is a more elevating object of mental contemplation than ,harmodius in the embrace of ,aristogeiton1 or that a young man sleeping with a prostitute picked up in the ,haymarket is cleaner than his brother sleeping with a soldier picked up in the ,park4 ,much of this talk about the dignity of man1 says ,ulrichs1 proceeds from a vulgar misconception as to the nature of inverted sexual desire4 ,people assume that ,urnings seek their pleasure only or mainly in an act of unmentionable indecency4 ,the exact opposite1 he assures them1 is the truth4 ,the act in question is no commoner between men and men than it is between men and women4 ,ulrichs1 upon this point1 may be suspected1 perhaps1 as an untrustworthy witness4 ,his testimony1 however1 is confirmed by ,krafft-,ebing1 who1 as we have seen1 has studied sexual inversion long and minutely from the point of view of psychical pathology4 ,as regards the nature of their sexual gratification1 he writes1 it must be established at the outset that the majority of them are contented with reciprocal embraces2 the act commonly ascribed to them they generally abhor as much as normal men do2 and1 inasmuch as they always prefer adults1 they are in no sense specially dangerous to boys4#fc ,this author proceeds to draw a distinction between ,urnings in whom sexual inversion is congenital1 and old debauchees or half-idiotic individuals1 who are in the habit of misusing boys4 ,the vulgar have confounded two different classes2 and everybody who studies the psychology of ,urnings is aware that this involves a grave injustice to the latter4 ,but1 after all1 continues the objector1 you cannot show that inverted sexuality is capable of any moral elevation4 ,without appealing to antiquity1 the records of which confute this objection overwhelmingly1 one might refer to the numerous passages in ,ulrich's writings where he relates the fidelity1 loyalty1 self-sacrifice1 and romantic enthusiasm which frequently accompany such loves1 and raises them above baseness4 ,but1 since here again he may be considered a suspicious witness1 it will suffice1 as before1 to translate a brief passage from ,krafft-,ebing4 ,the ,urning loves1 idolizes his friend1 quite as much as the normal man loves and idolizes his girl4 ,he is capable of making for him the greatest sacrifices4 ,he suffers the pangs of unhappy1 often unreturned1 affection2 feels jealousy1 mourns under the fear of his friend's infidelity4#fd ,when the time comes for speaking about ,walt ,whitman's treatment of this topic1 it will appear that the passion of a man for his comrade has been idealised in fact and deed1 as well as in poetry4 ,for the present it is enough to remark that a kind of love1 however spontaneous and powerful1 which is scouted1 despised1 tabooed1 banned1 punished1 relegated to holes and corners1 cannot be expected to show its best side to the world4 ,the sense of sin and crime and danger1 the humiliation and repression and distress to which the unfortunate pariahs of inverted sexuality are daily and hourly exposed must inevitably deteriorate the nobler elements in their emotion4 ,give abnormal love the same chance as normal love1 subject it to the wholesome control of public opinion1 allow it to be self-respecting1 draw it from dark slums into the light of day1 strike off its chains and set it free--and ,i am confident says ,ulrichs1 that it will exhibit analogous virtues1 checkered1 of course1 by analogous vices1 to those with which you are familiar in the mutual love of male and female4 ,the slave has of necessity a slavish soul4 ,the way to elevate is to emancipate him4 ,all that may be true1 replies the objector3 it is even possible that society will take the hard case of your ,urnings into consideration1 and listen to their bitter cry4 ,but1 in the meanwhile1 supposing these inverted instincts to be inborn1 supposing them to be irrepressible and inconvertible1 supposing them to be less dirty and nasty than they are commonly considered1 is it not the plain duty of the individual to suppress them1 so long as the law of his country condemns them8 ,no1 rejoins ,ulrichs1 a thousand times no6 ,it is only the ignorant antipathy of the majority which renders such law as you speak of possible4 ,go to the best books of medical jurisprudence1 go to the best authorities on psychical deviations from the normal type4 ,you will find that these support me in my main contention4 ,these1 though hostile in their sentiments and chilled by natural repugnance1 have a respect for science1 and they agree with me in saying that the ,urning came into this world an ,urning1 and must remain till the end of his life an ,urning still4 ,to deal with him according to your code is no less monstrous than if you were to punish the colour-blind1 or the deaf and dumb1 or albinoes1 or crooked-back cripples4 ,very well1 answers the objector3 ,but ,i will quote the words of an eloquent living writer1 and appeal to your generous instincts and your patriotism4 ,professor ,dowden observes that 'self-surrender is at times sternly enjoined1 and if the egoistic desires are brought into conflict with social duties1 the individual life and joy within us1 at whatever cost of personal suffering1 must be sacrificed to the just claims of our fellows4'#fe ,what have you to say to that8 ,in the first place1 replies ,ulrichs1 ,i demur in this case to the phrases egoistic desires1 social duties1 just claims of our fellows4 ,i maintain that in trying to rehabilitate men of my own stamp and to justify their natural right to toleration ,i am not egoistic4 ,it is begging the question to stigmatise their inborn desire as selfish4 ,the social duties of which you speak are not duties1 but compliances to law framed in blindness and prejudice4 ,the claims of our fellows1 to which you appeal1 are not just1 but cruelly inequitous4 ,my insurgence against all these things makes me act indeed as an innovator2 and ,i may be condemned1 as a consequence of my rashness1 to persecution1 exile1 defamation1 proscription4 ,but let me remind you that ,christ was crucified1 and that he is now regarded as a benefactor4 ,stop1 breaks in the objector3 ,we need not bring most sacred names into this discussion4 ,i admit that innovators have done the greatest service to society4 ,but you have not proved that you are working for the salvation of humanity at large4 ,would it not be better to remain quiet1 and to sacrifice your life and joy1 the life and joy of an avowed minority1 for the sake of the immense majority who cannot tolerate you1 and who dread your innovation8 ,the ,catholic priesthood is vowed to celibacy2 and unquestionably there are some adult men in that order who have trampled out the imperious appetite of the male for the female4 ,what they do for the sake of their vow will not you accomplish1 when you have so much of good to gain1 of evil to escape8 ,what good1 what evil8 rejoins ,ulrichs4 ,you are again begging the question2 and now you are making appeals to my selfishness1 my personal desire for tranquillity1 my wish to avoid persecution and shame4 ,i have taken no vow of celibacy4 ,if ,i have taken any vow at all1 it is to fight for the rights of an innocent1 harmless1 downtrodden group of outraged personalities4 ,the cross of a ,crusade is sewn upon the sleeve of my right arm4 ,to expect from me and from my fellows the renouncement voluntarily undertaken by a ,catholic priest is an absurdity1 when we join no order1 have no faith to uphold1 no ecclesiastical system to support4 ,we maintain that we have the right to exist after the fashion in which nature made us4 ,and if we cannot alter your laws1 we shall go on breaking them4 ,you may condemn us to infamy1 exile1 prison--as you formerly burned witches4 ,you may degrade our emotional instincts and drive us into vice and misery4 ,but you will not eradicate inverted sexuality4 ,expel nature with a fork1 and you know what happens4 ,that is enough1 says the objector3 ,we had better close this conversation4 ,i am sorry for you1 sorry that you will not yield to sense and force4 ,the ,urning must be punished4 ,,viii4 ,,literature--,,idealistic4 ,to speak of ,walt ,whitman at all in connection with ,ulrichs and sexual inversion seems paradoxical4 ,at the outset it must be definitely stated that he has nothing to do with anomalous1 abnormal1 vicious1 or diseased forms of the emotion which males entertain for males4 ,yet no man in the modern world has expressed so strong a conviction that manly attachment1 athletic love1 the high towering love of comrades1 is a main factor in human life1 a virtue upon which society will have to rest1 and a passion equal in its permanence and intensity to sexual affection4 ,he assumes1 without raising the question1 that the love of man for man co-exists with the love of man for woman in one and the same individual4 ,the relation of the two modes of feeling is clearly stated in this poem3-- ,fast-anchored1 eternal1 ,o love6 ,o woman ,i love6 ,o bride6 ,o wife6 ,more resistless than ,i can tell1 the thought of you ,then separate1 as disembodied1 or another born1 ,ethereal1 the last athletic reality1 my consolation2 ,i ascend--,i float in the regions of your love1 ,o man1 ,o sharer of my roving life4 ,neuropathical ,urnings are not hinted at in any passage of his works4 ,as his friend and commentator ,mr4 ,burroughs puts it3 ,the sentiment is primitive1 athletic1 taking form in all manner of large and homely out-of-door images1 and springs1 as anyone may see1 directly from the heart and experience of the poet4 ,this being so1 ,whitman never suggests that comradeship may occasion the development of physical desires4 ,but then he does not in set terms condemn these desires1 or warn his disciples against them4 ,to a ,western boy he says3-- ,if you be not silently selected by lovers1 and do not silently seek lovers1 ,of what use is it that you seek to become eleve of mine4 ,like ,plato1 in the ,phdrus1 ,whitman describes an enthusiastic type of masculine emotion1 leaving its private details to the moral sense and special inclination of the person concerned4#ff ,the language of ,calamus 7that section of ,leaves of ,grass which is devoted to the gospel of comradeship7 has a passionate glow1 a warmth of emotional tone1 beyond anything to which the modern world is used in the celebration of the love of friends4 ,it recalls to our mind the early ,greek enthusiasm--that fellowship in arms which flourished among ,dorian tribes1 and made a chivalry for prehistoric ,hellas4 ,nor does the poet himself appear to be unconscious that there are dangers and difficulties involved in the highly-pitched emotions he is praising4 ,the whole tenor of two mysterious compositions1 entitled ,whoever you are1 ,holding me now in ,hand1 and ,trickle1 ,drops1 suggests an underlying sense of spiritual conflict4 ,the following poem1 again1 is sufficiently significant and typical to call for literal transcription3-- ,earth1 my likeness6 ,though you look so impressive1 ample and spheric here1 ,i now suspect that is not all2 ,i now suspect there is something fierce in you1 eligible to burst forth2 ,for an athletic is enamoured of me--and ,i of him1 ,but toward him there is something fierce and terrible in me1 eligible to burst forth1 ,i dare not tell it in words--not even in these songs4 ,the reality of ,whitman's feeling1 the intense delight which he derives from the personal presence and physical contact of a beloved man1 find expression in ,a ,glimpse1 ,recorders ages hence1 ,when ,i heard at the ,close of ,day1 ,i saw in ,louisiana a ,live ,oak growing1 ,long ,i thought that ,knowledge alone would content me1#fg ,o ,tan-faced ,prairie ,boy1 and ,vigil ,strange ,i kept on the ,field one ,night4#fh ,it is clear1 then1 that in his treatment of comradeship1 or the impassioned love of man for man1 ,whitman has struck a keynote1 to the emotional intensity of which the modern world is unaccustomed4 ,it therefore becomes of much importance to discover the poet-prophet's ,stimmung--his radical instinct with regard to the moral quality of the feeling he encourages4 ,studying his works by their own light1 and by the light of their author's character1 interpreting each part by reference to the whole and in the spirit of the whole1 an impartial critic will1 ,i think1 be drawn to the conclusion that what he calls the adhesiveness of comradeship is meant to have no interblending with the amativeness of sexual love4 ,personally1 it is undeniable that ,whitman possesses a specially keen sense of the fine restraint and continence1 the cleanliness and chastity1 that are inseparable from the perfectly virile and physically complete nature of healthy manhood4 ,still1 we may predicate the same ground-qualities in the early ,dorians1 those martial founders of the institution of ,greek ,love2 and it is notorious to students of ,greek civilisation that the lofty sentiment of their chivalry was intertwined with singular anomalies in its historical development4 ,to remove all doubt about ,whitman's own intentions when he composed ,calamus1 and promulgated his doctrine of impassioned comradeship1 ,i wrote to him1 frankly posing the questions which perplexed my mind4 ,the answer ,i received1 dated ,camden1 ,new ,jersey1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,august #ai1 #ahij1 and which he permits me to make use of1 puts the matter beyond all debate1 and confirms the conclusions to which ,i had been led by criticism4 ,he writes as follows3 ,about the questions on ',calamus1' c41 they quite daze me4 ',leaves of ,grass' is only to be rightly construed by and within its own atmosphere and essential character--all its pages and pieces so coming strictly under4 ,that the ,calamus part has ever allowed the possibility of such construction as mentioned is terrible4 ,i am fain to hope the pages themselves are not to be even mentioned for such gratuitous and quite at the time undreamed and unwished possibility of morbid inferences--which are disavowed by me and seem damnable4 ,no one who knows anything about ,walt ,whitman will for a moment doubt his candour and sincerity4 ,therefore the man who wrote ,calamus1 and preached the gospel of comradeship1 entertains feelings at least as hostile to sexual inversion as any law-abiding humdrum ,anglo-,saxon could desire4 ,it is obvious that he has not even taken the phenomena of abnormal instinct into account4 ,else he must have foreseen that1 human nature being what it is1 we cannot expect to eliminate all sexual alloy from emotions raised to a high pitch of passionate intensity1 and that permanent elements within the midst of our society will emperil the absolute purity of the ideal he attempts to establish4 ,these considerations do not1 however1 affect the spiritual nature of that ideal4 ,after acknowledging1 what ,whitman has omitted to perceive1 that there are inevitable points of contact between sexual inversion and his doctrine of comradeship1 the question now remains whether he has not suggested the way whereby abnormal instincts may be moralised and raised to higher value4 ,in other words1 are those instincts provided in ,calamus with the means of their salvation from the filth and mire of brutal appetite8 ,it is difficult to answer this question2 for the issue involved is nothing less momentous than the possibility of evoking a new chivalrous enthusiasm1 analogous to that of primitive ,hellenic society1 from emotions which are at present classified among the turpitudes of human nature4 ,let us look a little closer at the expression which ,whitman has given to his own feelings about friendship4 ,the first thing that strikes us is the mystic emblem he has chosen for masculine love4 ,that is the water-plant1 or scented rush1 called ,calamus1 which springs in wild places1 in paths untrodden1 in the growth by margins of pond-waters ,he has chosen these emblematic and capricious blades because of their shyness1 their aromatic perfume1 their aloofness from the patent life of the world4 ,he calls them sweet leaves1 pink-tinged roots1 timid leaves1 scented herbage of my breast4 ,finally1 he says3--#fi ,here my last words1 and the most baffling1 ,here the frailest leaves of me1 and yet my strongest-lasting1 ,here ,i shade down and hide my thoughts--,i do not expose them1 ,and yet they expose me more than all my other poems4 ,the manliness of the emotion1 which is thus so shyly1 mystically indicated1 appears in the magnificent address to soldiers at the close of the great war3 ,over the ,carnage rose ,prophetic a ,voice4#gj ,its tenderness emerges in the elegy on a slain comrade--3#ga ,vigil for boy of responding kisses 7never again on earth responding71 ,vigil for comrade swiftly slain--vigil ,i never forget1 how as day brightened1 ,i rose from the chill ground1 and folded my soldier well in his blanket1 ,and buried him where he fell4 ,its pathos and clinging intensity transpire through the first lines of the following piece1 which may have been suggested by the legends of ,david and ,jonathan1 ,achilles and ,patroclus1 ,oretes and ,pylades3--#gb ,when ,i pursue the conquered fame of heroes1 and the victories of mighty generals1 ,i do not envy the generals1 ,nor the president in his ,presidency1 nor the rich in his great house2 ,but when ,i read of the brotherhood of lovers1 how it was with them1 ,how through life1 through dangers1 odium1 unchanging1 long and long1 ,through youth1 and through middle and old age1 how unfaltering1 how affectionate and faithful they were1 ,then ,i am pensive--,i hastily put down the book1 and walk away1 filled with the bitterest envy4 ,but ,whitman does not conceive of comradeship as a merely personal possession1 delightful to the friends it links in bonds of amity4 ,he regards it essentially as a social and political virtue4 ,this human emotion is destined to cement society and to render commonwealths inviolable4 ,reading some of his poems1 we are carried back to ancient ,greece--to ,plato's ,symposium1 to ,philip gazing on the ,sacred ,band of ,thebans after the fight at ,chronea4#gc ,i dream'd in a dream1 ,i saw a city invincible to the attacks of the whole of the rest of the earth2 ,i dream'd that was the new ,city of ,friends2 ,nothing was greater there than the quality of robust love--it led the rest2 ,it was seen every hour in the actions of the men of that city1 ,and in all their looks and words4 ,and again3#gd ,i believe the main purport of these ,states is to found a superb friendship1 exalt1 previously unknown1 ,because ,i perceive it waits1 and has been always waiting1 latent in all men4 ,and once again3--#ge ,come1 ,i will make the continent indissoluble2 ,i will make the most splendid race the sun ever yet shone upon2 ,i will make divine magnetic lands1 ,with the love of comrades1 ,with the life-long love of comrades4 ,i will plant companionship thick as trees all along the shores of ,america1 and along the shores of the great lakes1 and all over the prairies2 ,i will make inseparable cities1 with their arms about each other's necks2 ,by the love of comrades1 ,by the manly love of comrades4 ,for you these from me1 ,o ,democracy1 to serve you ma femme6 ,for you1 for you ,i am thrilling these songs4 ,in the company of ,walt ,whitman we are very far away from ,gibbon and ,carlier1 from ,tardieux and ,casper-,liman1 from ,krafft-,ebing and ,ulrichs4 ,what indeed has this superb friendship1 exalt1 previously unknown1 which waits1 and has been always waiting1 latent in all men1 that something fierce in me1 eligible to burst forth1 ethereal comradeship1 the last athletic reality--what has all this in common with the painful topic of the preceding sections of my ,essay8 ,it has this in common with it4 ,whitman recognises among the sacred emotions and social virtues1 destined to regenerate political life and to cement nations1 an intense1 jealous1 throbbing1 sensitive1 expectant love of man for man3 a love which yearns in absence1 droops under the sense of neglect1 revives at the return of the beloved2 a love that finds honest delight in hand-touch1 meeting lips1 hours of privacy1 close personal contact4 ,he proclaims this love to be not only a daily fact in the present1 but also a saving and ennobling aspiration4 ,while he expressly repudiates1 disowns1 and brands as damnable all morbid inferences which may be drawn by malevolence or vicious cunning from his doctrine1 he is prepared to extend the gospel of comradeship to the whole human race4 ,he expects ,democracy1 the new social and political medium1 the new religious ideal of mankind1 to develop and extend that fervid comradeship1 and by its means to counterbalance and to spiritualise what is vulgar and materialistic in the modern world4 ,democracy1 he maintains1 infers such loving comradeship1 as its most inevitable twin or counterpart1 without which it will be incomplete1 in vain1 and incapable of perpetuating itself4#gf ,if this be not a dream1 if he is right in believing that threads of manly friendship1 fond and loving1 pure and sweet1 strong and life-long1 carried to degrees hitherto unknown1 will penetrate the organism of society1 not only giving tone to individual character1 and making it unprecedentedly emotional1 muscular1 heroic1 and refined1 but having deepest relations to general politics--then are we perhaps justified in foreseeing here the advent of an enthusiasm which shall rehabilitate those outcast instincts1 by giving them a spiritual atmosphere1 an environment of recognised and healthy emotions1 wherein to expand at liberty and purge away the grossness and the madness of their pariahdom8 ,this prospect1 like all ideals1 until they are realised in experience1 may seem fantastically visionary4 ,moreover1 the substance of human nature is so mixed that it would perhaps be fanatical to expect from ,whitman's chivalry of adhesiveness a more immaculate purity than was attained by the medival chivalry of amativeness4 ,still that medival chivalry1 the great emotional product of feudalism1 though it fell short of its own aspiration1 bequeathed incalculable good to modern society by refining and clarifying the crudest of male appetites4 ,in like manner1 the democratic chivalry1 announced by ,whitman1 may be destined to absorb1 control1 and elevate those darker1 more mysterious1 apparently abnormal appetites1 which we have seen to be widely diffused and ineradicable in the ground-work of human nature4 ,returning from the dream1 the vision of a future possibility1 it will at any rate be conceded that ,whitman has founded comradeship1 the enthusiasm which binds man to man in fervent love1 upon a natural basis4 ,eliminating classical associations of corruption1 ignoring the perplexed questions of a guilty passion doomed by law and popular antipathy to failure1 he begins anew with sound and primitive humanity4 ,there he discovers a superb friendship1 exalt1 previously unknown4 ,he perceives that it waits1 and has been always waiting1 latent in all men4 ,his method of treatment1 fearless and uncowed by any thought of evil1 his touch upon the matter1 chaste and wholesome and aspiring1 reveal the possibility of restoring in all innocence to human life a portion of its alienated or unclaimed moral birthright4 ,the aberrations we have been discussing in this treatise are perhaps the morbid symptoms of suppression1 of hypertrophy1 of ignorant misregulation1 in a genuine emotion capable of being raised to good by sympathetic treatment4 ,it were well to close upon this note4 ,the half1 as the ,greeks said1 is more than the whole2 and the time has not yet come to raise the question whether the love of man for man shall be elevated through a hitherto unapprehended chivalry to nobler powers1 even as the barbarous love of man for woman once was4 ,this question at the present moment is deficient in actuality4 ,the world cannot be invited to entertain it4#gg ,,ix4 ,,epilogue4 ,the conclusions to which ,i am led by this enquiry into sexual inversion are that its several manifestations may be classified under the following categories3 7#a7 ,forced abstinence from intercourse with females1 or faute de mieux2 7#b7 ,wantonness and curious seeking after novel pleasure2 7#c7 ,pronounced morbidity2 7#d7 ,inborn instinctive preference for the male and indifference to the female sex2 7#e7 ,epochs of history when the habit has become established and endemic in whole nations4 ,under the first category we group the phenomena presented by schools1 prisons1 convents1 ships1 garrisons in solitary stations1 nomadic tribes of marauding conquerors4#gh ,to the second belong those individuals who amuse themselves with experiments in sensual pleasure1 men jaded with ordinary sexual indulgence1 and indifferent voluptuaries4 ,it is possible that something morbid or abnormal usually marks this class4 ,to the third we assign clear cases of hereditary malady1 in which a want of self-control is prominent1 together with sufferers from nervous lesion1 wounds1 epilepsy1 senile brain-softening1 in so far as these physical disturbances are complicated with abnormal passions4#gi ,the fourth includes the whole class of ,urnings1 who have been hitherto ignored by medical investigators1 and on whose numerical importance ,ulrichs has perhaps laid exaggerated stress4 ,these individuals behave precisely like persons of normal sexual proclivities1 display no signs of insanity1 and have no morbid constitutional diathesis to account for their peculiarity4 ,under the existing conditions of ,european ,society1 these four categories exist sporadically4 ,that is to say1 the members of them are found scattered through all communities1 but are nowhere recognised except by the penal code and the medical profession4 ,in the fifth category we are brought face to face with the problem offered by ancient ,hellas1 by ,persia1 by ,afghan1 by the peoples of what ,burton calls the ,sotadic ,zone4 ,however we may account for the origin of sexual inversion1 the instinct has through usage1 tradition1 and social toleration passed here into the nature of the race2 so that the four previous categories are confounded1 or1 if distinguished1 are only separable in the same way as the vicious and morbid affections of the ordinary sexual appetite may be differentiated from its healthier manifestations4 ,returning to the first four categories1 which alone have any importance for a modern ,european1 we perceive that only one of them1 the third1 is positively morbid1 and only one1 the second1 is ipso facto vicious4 ,the first is immoral in the same sense as all incontinence1 including self-abuse1 fornication1 and so forth1 practised faute de mieux1 is immoral2 but it cannot be called either morbid or positively vicious1 because the habit in question springs up under extra-social circumstances4 ,the members of the fourth category are abnormal through their constitution4 ,whether we refer that abnormality to atavism1 or to some hitherto unapprehended deviation from the rule in their sexual conformation1 there is no proof that they are the subjects of disease4 ,at the same time it is certain that they are not deliberately vicious4 ,the treatment of sexual inversion by society and legislation follows the view taken of its origin and nature4 ,ever since the age of ,justinian1 it has been regarded as an unqualified crime against ,god1 the order of the world1 and the ,state4 ,this opinion1 which has been incorporated in the codes of all the ,occidental races1 sprang originally from the conviction that sterile passions are injurious to the tribe by checking propagation4 ,religion adopted this view1 and1 through the legend of ,sodom and ,gomorrah1 taught that ,god was ready to punish whole nations with violent destruction if they practised the unmentionable vice4 ,advancing civilisation1 at the same time1 sought in every way to limit and regulate the sexual appetite2 and while doing so1 it naturally excluded those forms which were not agreeable to the majority1 which possessed no obvious utility1 and which prima facie seemed to violate the cardinal laws of human nature4 ,social feeling1 moulded by religion1 by legislation1 by civility1 and by the persistent antipathies of the majority regards sexual inversion with immitigable abhorrence4 ,it does not distinguish between the categories ,i have indicated1 but includes all species under the common condemnation of crime4 ,meanwhile1 of late years1 we have come to perceive that the phenomena presented by sexual inversion1 cannot be so roughly dealt with4 ,two great nations1 the ,french and the ,italian1 by the ,code ,napoleon and the ,codice ,penale of #ahhi1 remove these phenomena from the category of crime into that of immorality at worst4 ,that is to say1 they place the intercourse of males with males upon the same legal ground as the normal sexual relation4 ,they punish violence1 protect minors1 and provide for the maintenance of public decency4 ,within these limitations1 they recognise the right of adults to deal as they choose with their persons4 ,the new school of anthropologists and psychological physicians study sexual inversion partly on the lines of historical evolution1 and partly from the point of view of disease4 ,mixing up atavism and heredity with nervous malady in the individual1 they wish to substitute medical treatment for punishment1 life-long sequestration in asylums for terms of imprisonment differing in duration according to the offence4 ,neither society nor science entertains the notion that those instincts which the laws of ,france and ,italy tolerate1 under certain restrictions1 can be simply natural in a certain percentage of male persons4 ,up to the present time the ,urning has not been considered as a sport of nature in her attempt to differentiate the sexes4 ,ulrichs is the only ,european who has maintained this view in a long series of polemical and imperfectly scientific works4 ,yet facts brought daily beneath the notice of open-eyed observers prove that ,ulrichs is justified in his main contention4 ,society lies under the spell of ancient terrorism and coagulated errors4 ,science is either wilfully hypocritical or radically misinformed4 ,walt ,whitman1 in ,america1 regards what he calls manly love as destined to be a leading virtue of democratic nations1 and the source of a new chivalry4 ,but he does not define what he means by manly love4 ,and he emphatically disavows any morbid inferences from his doctrine as damnable4 ,this is how the matter stands now4 ,the one thing which seems clear is that sexual inversion is no subject for legislation1 and that the example of ,france and ,italy might well be followed by other nations4 ,the problem ought to be left to the physician1 the moralist1 the educator1 and finally to the operation of social opinion4 ,x4 ,,suggestions ,,on ,,the ,,subject ,,of ,,sexual ,,inversion ,,in ,,relation ,,to ,,law ,,and ,,education4 ,i4 ,the laws in force against what are called unnatural offences derive from an edict of ,justinian1 ,a4,d4 #ech4 ,the ,emperor treated these offences as criminal1 on the ground that they brought plagues1 famines1 earthquakes1 and the destruction of whole cities1 together with their inhabitants1 upon the nations who tolerated them4 ,,ii4 ,a belief that sexual inversion is a crime against ,god1 nature1 and the ,state pervades all subsequent legislation on the subject4 ,this belief rests on 7#a7 theological conceptions derived from the ,scriptures2 7#b7 a dread of decreasing the population2 7#c7 the antipathy of the majority for the tastes of the minority2 7#d7 the vulgar error that antiphysical desires are invariably voluntary1 and the result either of inordinate lust or of satiated appetites4 ,,iii4 ,scientific investigation has proved in recent years that a very large proportion of persons in whom abnormal sexual inclinations are manifested possess them from their earliest childhood1 that they cannot divert them into normal channels1 and that they are powerless to get rid of them4 ,in these cases1 then1 legislation is interfering with the liberty of individuals1 under a certain misconception regarding the nature of their offence4 ,,iv4 ,those who support the present laws are therefore bound to prove that the coercion1 punishment1 and defamation of such persons are justified either 7#a7 by any injury which these persons suffer in health of body or mind1 or 7#b7 by any serious danger arising from them to the social organism4 ,v4 ,experience1 confirmed by scientific observation1 proves that the temperate indulgence of abnormal sexuality is no more injurious to the individual than a similar indulgence of normal sexuality4 ,,vi4 ,in the present state of over-population1 it is not to be apprehended that a small minority of men exercising sterile and abnormal sexual inclinations should seriously injure society by limiting the increase of the human race4 ,,vii4 ,legislation does not interfere with various forms of sterile intercourse between men and women3 7#a7 prostitution1 7#b7 cohabitation in marriage during the period of pregnancy1 7#c7 artificial precautions against impregnation1 and 7#d7 some abnormal modes of congress with the consent of the female4 ,it is therefore in an illogical position1 when it interferes with the action of those who are naturally sterile1 on the ground of maintaining the numerical standard of the population4 ,,viii4 ,the danger that unnatural vices1 if tolerated by the law1 would increase until whole nations acquired them1 does not seem to be formidable4 ,the position of women in our civilisation renders sexual relations among us occidentals different from those of any country--ancient ,greece and ,rome1 modern ,turkey and ,persia--where antiphysical habits have hitherto become endemic4 ,,ix4 ,in modern ,france1 since the promulgation of the ,code ,napoleon1 sexual inversion has been tolerated under the same restrictions as normal sexuality4 ,that is to say1 violence and outrages to public decency are punished1 and minors are protected1 but adults are allowed to dispose as they like of their own persons4 ,the experience of nearly a century shows that in ,france1 where sexual inversion is not criminal per se1 there has been no extension of it through society4 ,competent observers1 like agents of police1 declare that ,london1 in spite of our penal legislation1 is no less notorious for abnormal vice than ,paris4 ,x4 ,italy1 by the ,penal ,code of #ahhi1 adopted the principles of the ,code ,napoleon on this point4 ,it would be interesting to know what led to this alteration of the ,italian law4 ,but it cannot be supposed that the results of the ,code ,napoleon in ,france were not fully considered4 ,,xi4 ,the severity of the ,english statutes render them almost incapable of being put in force4 ,in consequence of this the law is not unfrequently evaded1 and crimes are winked at4 ,,xii4 ,at the same time our laws encourage blackmailing upon false accusation2 and the presumed evasion of their execution places from time to time a vile weapon in the hands of unscrupulous politicians1 to attack the ,government in office4 ,examples3 the ,dublin ,castle ,scandals of #ahhd1 the ,cleveland ,street ,scandals of #ahhi4 ,,xiii4 ,those who hold that our penal laws are required by the interests of society must turn their attention to the higher education4 ,this still rests on the study of the ,greek and ,latin classics1 a literature impregnated with pderastia4 ,it is carried on at public schools1 where young men are kept apart from females1 and where homosexual vices are frequent4 ,the best minds of our youth are therefore exposed to the influences of a pderastic literature at the same time that they acquire the knowledge and experience of unnatural practices4 ,nor is any trouble taken to correct these adverse influences by physiological instruction in the laws of sex4 ,,xiv4 ,the points suggested for consideration are whether ,england is still justified in restricting the freedom of adult persons1 and rendering certain abnormal forms of sexuality criminal1 by any real dangers to society3 after it has been shown 7#a7 that abnormal inclinations are congenital1 natural1 and ineradicable in a large percentage of individuals2 7#b7 that we tolerate sterile intercourse of various types between the two sexes2 7#c7 that our legislation has not suppressed the immorality in question2 7#d7 that the operation of the ,code ,napoleon for nearly a century has not increased this immorality in ,france2 7#e7 that ,italy1 with the experience of the ,code ,napoleon to guide her1 adopted its principles in #ahhi2 7#f7 that the ,english penalties are rarely inflicted to their full extent2 7#g7 that their existence encourages blackmailing1 and their non-enforcement gives occasion for base political agitation2 7#h7 that our higher education is in open contradiction to the spirit of our laws4#hj ,,finis4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,vindices ,flamm4 #b ,stieber1 ,practisches ,lehrbuch der ,criminal-,polizei1 #ahfj1 cap4 #ai1 quoted by ,ulrichs1 ,araxes1 p4 #i4 ,it is not necessary to multiply evidences upon a point so patent to every man of the world4 ,but ,i will nevertheless translate a striking passage from ,mantegazza 7op4 cit41 p4 #adh74 ,nor is this infamous abomination confined to the vilest classes of our society4 ,it soars into the highest spheres of wealth and intelligence4 ,within the narrow range of my own experience ,i have known among the most scandalous sodomites a ,french journalist1 a ,german poet1 an ,italian statesman1 and a ,spanish jurist2 all of these men of exquisite taste and profound culture6 ,it would not be difficult to draw up a list of ,english kings1 bishops1 deans1 nobles of the highest rank1 poets1 historians1 dramatists1 officers in the army and navy1 civil servants1 schoolmasters in the most fashionable schools1 physicians1 members of ,parliament1 journalists1 barristers1 who in their lifetime were1 as ,dante says1 d'un medesmo peccato al mondo lerci4 ,many belonging to the past are notorious2 and no good could come of mentioning the names of the living4 #c ,this accusation against men who feel a sexual inclination for males loses some of its significance when we consider how common the practice of ,venus aversa is among libertines who love women4 ,parent-,duchatelet asserts that no prostitute after a certain age has escaped it4 ,coffignon1 in his book on1 ,la ,corruption ,paris 7p4 #cbd71 says3 ,chaque anne1 il passe en tratement a l'hpital de ,lourcine une centaine de femmes sodomistes4444 ,je suis persuad qu' l'hpital de ,st4 ,lazare la proportion des sodomistes est encore beaucoup plus grande4444 ,les matresses de maison1 professant cet odieux principe que la clientle doit tre satisfaite1 ne permettent pas une fille de se refuser une acte de sodomie4 ,tardieu 7,attentats1 c41 p4 #aih7 observes3 ,chose singulire6 c'est principalement des rapports conjugaux que se sont produits les faits de cette nature4 #d ,see ,casper-,liman1 vol4 i41 p4 #ahb1 at the end of ,case #ga4 #e ,while studying what ,germans call the ,casuistik of this question in medical1 forensic1 and anthropological works1 we often meet with cases where inverted sexuality exhibits extraordinary symptoms of apparent craziness--strange partialities for particular kinds of dress1 occupations in the beloved object1 nastinesses1 and so forth4 ,but it must be remarked first that the same symptoms are exhibited by sexually normal natures 7,krafft-,ebing1 ,observations #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 and the cases recorded in footnote to page #ij72 and1 secondly1 that if they should appear to be more frequent in the abnormal1 this can in a great measure be ascribed to the fact that these latter cases only come under the observation of medical men and judges when the patients have already for many years been suffering from all the pangs of a coerced and defrauded instinct4 ,there is nothing in the copious history of ,greece and ,rome upon this subject to lead us to suppose that in a society which tolerated sexual inversion1 its subjects were more conspicuous for filthy and degrading or insane proclivities than ordinary men and women were4 ,those who can bring themselves to enquire into such matters may convince themselves by reading ,forberg's annotations to ,hermaphroditus1 ,rosenbaum's ,lustseuche1 the pseudo-,meursius1 and the pornographical dialogues of ,aretino4 ,it will appear conclusively that both in ancient and in modern times the normal sexual instinct has been subject to the wildest freaks and aberrations2 not in actually diseased persons1 but simply in lustful wantons and the epicures of new sensations4 ,the curious things we know about flagellation and cruelty in connection with the ordinary appetite should also be remembered4 ,as a final note on this topic1 ,i will refer to a passage quoted by ,tarnowsky from a work of ,taxil1 describing a peculiarly repulsive class of fashionable libertines in ,paris called les stercoraires 7op4 cit41 p4 #gj74 ,compare what ,mantegazza reports of a gentile ufficiale francese 7,gli amore degli uomini1 vol4 i4 p4 #aag74 #f ,see upon this point ,tardieu1 ,attentats aux ,moeurs1 ,rosenbaum1 ,die ,lustseuche4 #g ,ancient literature abounds in prose and poetry which are both of them concerned with homosexual love4 ,only a portion of this can be called pornographic3 among the ,greeks1 the ,greek3 ,mousa ,paidik1 parts of ,lucian1 and occasional hints in ,athenus and ,aristophanes perhaps deserve the name2 among the ,romans1 the ,priapeia1 the ,satyricon of ,petronius1 some elegies and satires1 certainly do so4 ,italian literature can show the ,rime ,burlesche1 ,beccadelli's ,hermaphroditus1 the ,canti ,carnascialeschi1 the maccaronic poems of ,fidentius1 and the remarkably outspoken romance entitled ,alcibiade fanciullo a scolla4 ,balzac has treated the theme1 but with reserve and delicacy4 ,mirabeau's ,erotika ,biblion is a kind of classic on the subject4 ,in ,english literature1 if we except ,shakespeare's ,sonnets1 ,george ,barnfield's ,poems1 parts of ,marlowe1 ,roderick ,random1 ,churchill's ,satire ,the ,times1 homosexual passions have been rarely handled1 and none of these works are pornographic4 ,in ,germany1 ,count von ,platen1 ,heine's victim1 was certainly an ,urning2 but his homosexual imitations of ,persian poetry are pure1 though passionate4 ,i am not acquainted with more than the titles of some distinctly pornographic ,german books4 ,the following appears to be of this sort3 ,mannesliebe1 oder drei ,jahre aus dem ,leben eines jungen ,mannes4 #h ,les ,deux ,prostitutions1 par ,f4 ,carlier1 ,ancien ,chef du ,service actif des ,moeurs la ,prfecture de ,police4 ,paris4 ,dentu4 #ahhi4 #i ,paris1 ,brossier1 #ahhi4 #aj ,in the recently published military novel ,sous ,offs4 7by ,lucien ,descaves1 ,paris1 ,tresse et ,stock1 #ahij7 some details are given regarding establishments of this nature4 ,see pp4 #cbb1 #dab1 #dag1 for a description of the drinking-shop called ,aux ,amis de l',arme1 where a few maids were kept for show1 and also of its frequenters1 including in particular the adjutant ,laprvotte 7cp4 #dd74 #aa ,on the morals of the ,foreign ,legions1 see ,ulrichs1 ,ara ,spei1 p4 #bj2 ,memnon1 p4 #bg4 ,also ,general ,brossier's report1 quoted by ,burton1 ,arabian ,nights1 vol4 x4 p4 #bea #ab ,p4 #dei4 #ac ,tardieu1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bac-bee4 #ad ,in dealing with ,tardieu1 ,casper-,liman1 and ,tarnowsky1 ,i have directed the reader to passages in the works of the three medical authorities who have spoken most decidedly upon this topic4 ,after comparing their evidence1 the case seems to me to stand thus4 ,both male and female prostitutes are exposed to considerable risks of physical deformation in the exercise of their illicit trade4 ,but males and females1 if they keep their vicious propensities within the bounds of temperance1 offer no physical deformations to observation4 ,only those men who for years have practised promiscuous prostitution earn epithets like the ,greek slang ,greek3 euryprktos1 or the ,italian culo rotto4 #ae ,casper-,liman1 op4 cit41 vol4 i4 p4 #afd4 #af ,casper-,liman1 op4 cit41 vol4 i4 pp4 #agd-aha4 #ag ,op4 cit41 vol4 i4 pp4 #afd-aff4 #ah ,having criticised ,tardieu for his use of the phrase pderast1 ,casper and ,liman can find no better4 #ai ,westphal3 ,die ,contrre ,sexualempfindung4 ,archiv fr ,psychatrie1 vol4 ii4 ,i4 #bj ,the ,standard of ,sanity1 ,br4 ,med4 ,journal1 ,nov4 #bh1 #ahhe4 #ba ,see ,tarnowsky about the opinion of the lower classes in ,st4 ,petersburg1 op4 cit41 p4 #ii4 ,ueberhaupt verhalten sich die gemeinen ungebildeten ,leute1 dem ,ausspruch aller mir bekannten ,pderasten gemss1 usserat nachsichtig gegen unzchtige ,antrge--'herrschaft-liche ,spielerei1' wie sie es nennen4 ,this is true not only of ,russia1 but of countries where we should least expect to find the compliance in question4 #bb ,p4 #gc4 ,the italics are the translator's4 ,the adjective homosexual1 though ill-compounded of a ,greek and a ,latin word1 is useful1 and has been adopted by medical writers on this topic4 ,unisexual would perhaps be better4 #bc ,a note upon this subject has to be written2 and it may be introduced here as well as elsewhere4 ,balzac1 in ,une dernire incarnation de ,vautrin1 describes the morals of the ,french bagnes4 ,dostoieffsky1 in ,prison ,life in ,siberia1 touches on the same topic4 ,see his portrait of ,sirotkin1 p4 #eb1 et seq41 p4 #abj 7edn4 ,j4 ,r4 ,maxwell1 ,london74 ,we may compare ,carlier1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cjj1 #cja1 for an account of the violence of homosexual passions in ,french prisons4 ,the initiated are familiar with the facts in ,english prisons4 ,there is a military prison on the ,lido at ,venice1 where incorrigible lovers of their own sex1 amongst other culprits1 are confined4 ,a man here said3 ,all our loves in this place are breech-loaders4 ,bouchard1 in his ,confessions 7,paris1 ,liseux1 #ahha71 describes the convict station at ,marseilles in #afcj4 ,the men used to be allowed to bring women on board the galleys4 ,at that epoch they les besognoient avant tout le monde1 les couchant sous le banc sur leur 'capot4 ,mais depuis quelques annes en ca1 le general a defendu entre aux femmes4 ,de sorte qu'il ne se pche plus maintenant l-dedans qu'en sodomie1 mollesse1 irrumation1 et autres pareilles tendresses 7p4 #aea74 ,the same ,frenchman1 speaking of the ,duc d',orlans' pages at ,paris1 says that this was a cour extrmemen impie et dbauche1 surtout pour les garons1 ,m4 d',orlans deffendoit ses pages de se besogner ni branler la pique2 leur donnant au reste cong de voir les femmes tant qu'ils voudroient1 et quelquefois venant de nuict heurter la porte de leur chambre1 avec cinq ou six garses1 qu'il enfermoit avec eux une heure deux 7p4 #hh74 ,this prince was of the same mind as ,campanella1 who1 in the ,citt del ,sole1 laid it down that young men ought to be freely admitted to women1 for the avoidance of sexual aberrations4 ,aretino and ,berni enable us to comprehend the sexual immorality of males congregated together in the courts of ,roman prelates4 ,as regards military service1 the facts related by ,ulrichs about the ,french ,foreign ,legion in ,algeria1 on the testimony of a credible witness1 who had been a pathic in his regiment1 deserve attention 7,ara ,spei1 p4 #bj2 ,memnon1 p4 #bg74 ,this man1 who was a ,german1 told ,ulrichs that the ,spanish1 ,french1 and ,italian soldiers were the lovers1 the ,swiss and ,german their beloved4 ,see ,general ,brossier1 cited above1 p4 #ai4 ,ulrichs reports that in the ,austrian army lectures on homosexual vices are regularly given to cadets and conscripts 7,memnon1 p4 #bj74 #bd ,see above1 p4 #cc1 my criticism of ,moreau upon this point1 with special reference to ,greece4 #be ,prometheus1 pp4 #bj-bf1 et seq4 #bf ,without having recourse to ,ulrichs1 it may be demonstrated from ,krafft-,ebing's own cases of genuine ,urnings that early onanism is by no means more frequent among them than among normal males4 ,five marked specimens showed no inclination for self-abuse4 ,the first 7p4 #abh7 says3 ,as ,i never masturbated and felt no inclination for it1 ,i sometimes had a nocturnal pollution4 ,the second 7p4 #aee73 ,you will be surprised to hear that before my twenty-eighth year ,i never had any ejaculation of semen1 either by nocturnal emissions1 or by masturbation1 or by contact with a man4 ,the third 7p4 #agb73 ,onanism is a miserable makeshift1 and pernicious1 whereas homosexual love elevates the moral and strengthens the physical nature4 ,the fourth 7p4 #afc73 ,i had an internal horror of onanism1 although from the very first appearance of puberty ,i was sensually very excitable and troubled with persistent erections4 ,the fifth 7p4 #adb7 is not so clear2 but it is obvious from his remarks that the first ejaculation of semen which happened to him did so at the sight of a handsome soldier3 feeling my parts moistened1 ,i was horribly frightened and thought it was a hmorrhage4 ,some of the cases do not mention the subject at all4 ,a good many seem to have begun to masturbate early2 but the proportion is not excessive to the whole number4 ,one ,urning explains the faute de mieux system 7p4 #aae73 ,if we have no friend1 whose sexual company has become needful to the preservation of our health1 and if we abandon ourselves at last to masturbation alone with our imagination1 then indeed do we become ill4 ,another speaks as follows 7p4 #aea73 ,homosexual indulgence with a man gave me enjoyment and a consequent feeling of well-being1 whereas onanism faute de mieux produced an opposite result4 #bg ,p4 #hb4 ,herodotus called it the female disease4 #bh ,p4 #hf1 et seq4 #bi ,p4 #hh1 et seq4 #cj ,henceforward we may use the word ,urning without apology2 for however the jurists and men of science repudiate ,ulrichs' doctrine1 they have adopted his designation for a puzzling and still unclassified member of the human race4 ,a ,dr4 ,kaserer1 of ,vienna1 is said to have invented the term ,urning4 #ca ,this is a hit at ,westphal1 ,krafft-,ebing's predecessor1 who laid down the doctrine that ,urnings are conscious of their own morbidity4 ,of course1 both authorities are equally right4 ,approach an ,urning with terrors of social opinion and law2 and he will confess his dreadful apprehensions4 ,approach him from the point of view of science2 and he will declare that1 within four closed walls1 he has no thought of guilt4 #cb ,pp4 #ig-ajf4 #cc ,the physical repugnance of true ,urnings for women may be illustrated by passages from three of ,krafft-,ebing's cases 7pp4 #aag1 #abc1 #afc71 which ,i will translate4 7#a7 ,i had observed that a girl was madly in love with me1 and longed intensely to yield herself up to me4 ,i gave her an assignation in my house1 hoping that ,i should succeed better with a girl who sought me out of love than ,i had with public women4 ,after her first fiery caresses1 ,i did indeed feel a little less frigid2 but when it came to thinking about copulation1 all was over--the same stark frost set in1 and my part was played out4 ,i sent her away1 deeply excited1 with some moral remarks2 and ,i have never tried the like experiments again4 ,on all these occasions the specific odour of the female added to my horror4 7#b7 ,the proximity of wenches aroused in me qualms and nausea2 in particular ,i could not bear to smell them4 7#c7 ,it seems to me absurd to set up the female form as the prototype of human beauty4 ,i regard a woman's person as displeasing1 the formation of her hips as ugly and unsthetic4 ,dancing is therefore an abomination to me4 ,i loathe the odour which the so-called fair sex exhales when heated by the dance4 ,the disgust inspired in these three ,urnings by the smell of the female is highly significant2 since we know that the sense of smell acts powerfully upon the sexual appetite of normal individuals4 ,it may be remarked that in all the instances of pronounced ,urnings1 sexual congress with women seems to have been followed with disgust1 nervous exhaustion1 and the sense of an unnatural act performed without pleasure4 ,this is true even of those who have brought themselves to marriage4 #cd ,a sign1 by the way1 which may be observed in the most masculine of athletes4 ,this is very noticeable in the nude photographs of ,sandow4 #ce ,englishmen know the type as ,mariannes1 and had occasion to study their habits in the ,boulton and ,park trial4 ,for the type in ,paris1 consult ,carlier1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cbc-cbf1 #cci-cea1 #dfc4 #cf ,i have used the ,german version of ,lombroso's work1 because of the translator's preface and occasional annotations4 #cg ,see ,dufour1 ,histoire de la ,prostitution1 vol4 iii4 7,france1 ch4 i47 p4 #aic4 #ch ,see ,dufour1 ,histoire de la ,prostitution1 7,france1 chs4 #f and #g74 #ci ,see above1 p4 #ce1 for an ingenious definition by ,dr4 ,huggard1 which covers both classes as born criminals and moral madmen4 #dj ,his ,german translator calls attention to this omission2 p4 #aec footnote4 #da ,third edition4 ,halle a4 ,s41 #ahhb4 #db ,psych4 ,sex41 p4 #hb4 #dc ,leipzig1 ,wigand1 #ahfj4 #dd ,arabian ,nights1 #ahhe1 vol4 x41 pp4 #bje-bed4 #de ,burton's acquaintance with what he called le ,vice was principally confined to ,oriental nations4 ,he started on his enquiries1 imbued with vulgar errors2 and he never weighed the psychical theories examined by me in the foregoing section of this ,essay4 ,nevertheless1 he was led to surmise a crasis of the two sexes in persons subject to sexual inversion4 ,thus he came to speak of the third sex4 ,during conversations ,i had with him less than three months before his death1 he told me that he had begun a general history of le ,vice2 and at my suggestion he studied ,ulrichs and ,krafft-,ebing4 ,it is to be lamented that life failed before he could apply his virile and candid criticism to those theories1 and compare them with the facts and observations he had independently collected4 #df ,i give the author's own text1 p4 #bjf4 #dg ,p4 #bjh4 #dh ,p4 #bea4 #di ,p4 #bbb4 #ej ,pp4 #bjd1 #bji4 #ea ,gli amori degli ,uomini1 ,milano1 #ahhf1 vol4 i4 cap4 #e4 #eb ,ibid41 p4 #adi4 #ec ,pp4 #adh-aed4 #ed ,p4 #aed4 #ee ,see above1 p4 #ee1 note4 #ef ,the notion that human beings were originally hermaphrodite is both ancient and wide-spread4 ,we find it in the ,book of ,genesis1 unless1 indeed1 there be a confusion here between two separate theories of creation4 ,god is said to have first made man in his own image1 male and female in one body1 and to have bidden them multiply4 ,later on he created the woman out of part of the primitive man4 ,the myth related by ,aristophanes in ,plato's ,symposium has a curious bearing upon ,ulrichs' speculations4 ,there were originally human beings of three sexes3 men1 the children of the sun2 women1 the children of the earth2 and hermaphrodites1 the children of the moon4 ,they were round1 with two faces1 four hands1 four feet and two sets of reproductive organs apiece4 ,in the case of the third sex1 one set was male1 the other female4 ,zeus1 on account of their strength and insolence1 sliced them into halves4 ,since that time the halves of each sort have always striven to unite with their corresponding halves1 and have found some satisfaction in carnal congress--males with males1 females with females1 and males and females with each other3 ,they who are a section of the male follow the male1 and while they are young1 being slices of the original man1 they hang about men and embrace them1 and they are themselves the best of boys and youths1 because they have the most manly nature4 ,and when they reach manhood1 they are lovers of youth1 and are not naturally inclined to marry or beget children1 which they do1 if at all1 only in obedience to the law1 but they are satisfied if they may be allowed to live with one another unwedded2 and such a nature is prone to love and ready to return love1 always embracing that which is akin to him4 7,symp4 #aia-b1 ,jowett's translation47 ,then follows a glowing description of ,greek ,love1 the whole reminding us very closely of the confessions made by ,urnings in modern times1 and preserved by medical or forensic writers on sexual inversion4 #eg ,memnon1 section xix4 #eh ,see above1 p4 #cf1 the suggestion quoted from ,dr4 ,huggard of a congenital lack of balance between structures themselves healthy4 ,it might be queried whether this imperfect sexual differentiation1 or this congenital lack of balance between structures themselves healthy1 is not the result of an evolutionary process arriving through heredity and casual selection at an abnormal1 but not of necessity a morbid1 phenomenon in certain individuals4 #ei ,the first two from ,casper-,liman1 ,handbuch der gerichtlichen ,medicin1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aff-afi4 ,the others from ,krafft-,ebing1 ,psychopathia ,sexualis4 #fj ,memnon1 section lxxiii4 p4 #ed4 #fa ,since ,ulrichs left off writing1 ,italy 7by the ,nuovo ,codice ,penale of #ahhi7 has adopted the principles of the ,code ,napoleon1 and has placed sexual inversion under the same legal limitations as the normal sexual instinct4 #fb ,dr4 ,w4 ,ogle1 on the #ahth ,march1 #ahij1 read a paper before the ,statistical ,society upon ,marriage ,rates and ,ages4 ,the conclusion he arrived at1 with regard to the rapidly-advancing over-population of ,england1 was that1 in order to equalise the death-rate with the birth-rate 7or in other words1 to maintain the population at its present level71 we must look forward either to 7#a7 an increase of emigration which would involve social revolution1 or 7#b7 to the advance of the average age at which women marry to the point of thirty years1 or 7#c7 to an exclusion of #de per cent4 of those who now marry from matrimony at any period of life4 ,in the face of these calculations1 after admitting their possible exaggeration1 it seems illogical to punish with severe legal penalties those members of the male sex who do not want to marry1 and who can satisfy their natural desires in ways which involve no detriment to the ,state and no violation of the rights of individuals4 #fc ,psych4 ,sex41 p4 #ajh4 ,i have condensed the sense of four short paragraphs1 to translate which in full would have involved a disagreeable use of medical language4 #fd ,psych4 ,sex41 p4 #ajg4 #fe ,studies in ,literature1 p4 #aai4 #ff ,in this relation it is curious to note what one of ,casper-,liman's correspondents says about the morals of ,north ,america 7op4 cit41 vol4 i4 p4 #agc74 ,half a year after my return ,i went to ,north ,america1 to try my fortune4 ,there the unnatural vice in question is more ordinary than it is here2 and ,i was able to indulge my passions with less fear of punishment or persecution4 ,the ,american's tastes in this matter resemble my own2 and ,i discovered1 in the ,united ,states1 that ,i was always immediately recognised as a member of the confraternity4 ,the date of this man's visit to ,america was the year #ahga-gb4 ,he had just returned from serving as a volunteer in the great ,franco-,german war of #ahgj-ga4 #fg ,not included in the ,complete ,poems and ,prose4 ,it will be found in ,leaves of ,grass1 ,boston1 #ahfj-ahfa4 #fh ,the two last are from ,drum-,taps4 #fi ,this ,i cannot find in ,complete ,poems and ,prose4 ,it is included in the ,boston edition1 #ahfj-fa1 and the ,camden edition1 #ahgf4 #gj ,drum-,taps4 ,complete ,poems1 p4 #bdg4 #ga ,ibid41 p1 #bch4 #gb ,leaves of ,grass4 ,complete ,poems1 p4 #ajg4 #gc ,complete ,poems1 p4 #aji4 ,compare1 ,i hear it was charged against me1 ibid41 p4 #ajg4 #gd ,complete ,poems1 p4 #aaj4 #ge ,camden edition1 #ahgf1 p4 #abg4 ,complete ,poems1 p4 #ii4 ,compare ,democratic ,vistas1 ,complete ,prose1 p4 #bdg1 note4 #gf ,these prose passages are taken from ,democratic ,vistas1 cited above1 p4 #aai1 note4 #gg ,while these sheets were going through the press1 ,i communicated ,whitman's reply to a judicious friend1 whose remarks upon it express my own opinion more clearly and succinctly than ,i have done above3 ,i do not feel that this answer throws light on the really interesting question2 does the sentiment of ',calamus' represent1 in its own way1 the ideal which we should aim at impressing on passionate affections between men1 as certainly liable to take other objectionable forms8 ,is there sufficient affinity between the actual and the ideal for this to be practicable8 ,that is what ,i have never felt sure about when we have discussed these matters4 ,but ,i do not feel that my doubts have been resolved in any negative direction by ,walt ,whitman4 #gh ,kelts1 ,scythians1 ,dorians1 ,tartars1 ,normans4 #gi ,it ought to be borne in mind that they are by no means invariably complicated with abnormal sexuality1 but quite as often with normal sexuality in some extravagant shape1 as well as with other kinds of moral aberration4 #hj ,it may not be superfluous to recapitulate the main points of ,english legislation on this topic4 7#a7 ,sodomy is a felony1 defined as the carnal knowledge 7per anum7 of any man or of any woman by a male person2 punishable with penal servitude for life as a maximum1 for ten years as a minimum4 7#b7 ,the attempt to commit sodomy is punishable with ten years' penal servitude as a maximum4 7#c7 ,the commission1 in public or private1 by any male person with another male person1 of any act of gross indecency1 is punishable with two years' imprisonment and hard labour4