,,contributions ,,f ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,te*nology3 ,,pap] #bc ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,meteorological ,,in/rum5ts ,rob]t ,p4 ,mul?auf ,,! ,,fir/ ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,in/rum5ts #ii ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,sy/ems #aje ,,conclusions #aad ,! ,introduction ( ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,meteorological ,,in/rum5ts ,rob]t ,p4 ,mul?auf ,! developm5t ( self-regi/]+ meteorological in/rum5ts began v %ortly aft] t ( sci5tific meteorological obs]vation itself4 ,yet x 0 n until ! #ahfj's1 two c5turies aft] ! beg9n+ ( sci5tific obs]vation1 t ! self-regi/]+ in/rum5t became a factor 9 meteorology4 ,?is "t delay is attributable less to defici5cies 9 ! te*niques ( in/rum5t-mak+ ?an to defici5cies 9 ! organisation ( meteorology itself4 ,! critical factor 0 ! e/abli%m5t 9 ! #ahfj's ( well-f9anc$ & compet5tly direct$ meteorological obs]vatories1 mo/ ( :i* 7 creat$ z adjuncts to a/ronomical obs]vatories4 ,,! ,,au?or3 ,rob]t ,p4 ,mul?auf is head curator ( ! dep>tm5t ( sci5ce & te*nology 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,! fl[]+ ( sci5ce 9 ! #ag? c5tury 0 accompani$ by an effloresc5ce ( in/rum5t inv5tion z luxuri\s z t ( sci5ce itself4 ,al?\gh !re 7 =e%ad[+ ev5ts1 ?is fl[]+ seems to h ow$ mu* to ,galileo1 ^: int]e/ 9 ! measurem5t ( natural ph5om5a is well kn[n1 & :o is himself cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! !rmomet] & ! hydro/atic balance1 bo? ( :i* he devis$ 9 connection ) exp]im5tation on specific sci5tific problems4 ,_m1 if n mo/1 ( ! o!r ,italian in/rum5t inv5tors ( ! e>ly #ag? c5tury 7 8 disciples4 ,b5$etto ,ca/elli1 be+ int]e/$ 9 ! effect ( ra9fall on ! level ( a lake1 con/ruct$ a ra9 gauge ab\t #afbh4 ,santorio1 well kn[n z a pione] 9 ! quantification ( animal physiology1 is cr$it$ ) obs]vations1 ab\t #afbf1 t l$ to ! developm5t ( ! hygromet]4 ,bo? ( ^! contempor>ies 7 int]e/$ 9 ,galileo's mo/ fam\s inv5tion1 ! !rmoscope--=]unn] ( ! !rmomet]--:i* he develop$ ab\t #aeig z a me?od ( obta9+ comp>isons ( temp]ature4 ,! utility ( ! in/rum5t 0 imm$iately recogniz$ by physici/s 7n by *emi/s1 oddly en\gh71 & mu* +5uity 0 exp5d$ on its p]fection ov] a #ej-ye> p]iod1 9 nor!rn ,europe z well z 9 ,italy4 ,! conv]sion ( ?is op51 air-expansion !rmoscope into ! mod]n !rmomet] 0 accompli%$ by ! ,flor5t9e ,accademia del ,cim5to ab\t #affj4 ,galileo also inspir$ ! b>omet]1 ?r\gh 8 speculations on ! vacuum1 :i*1 9 #afdc1 l$ 8 disciple ,torricelli to exp]im5ts prov+ ! limitation to nature's horror ( a vacuum4 ,torricelli's app>atus1 unlike ,galileo's !rmoscope1 repres5t$ ! b>omet] 9 ess5tially its classical =m4 ,9 8 e>lie/ exp]im5ts1 ,torricelli obs]v$ t ! air t5d$ to become ?ick] & ?9n]2 z a consequ5ce1 we f9d ! b>omet] 9 use 7) ! !rmomet]7 = meteorological obs]vation z e>ly z #afdi4a ,! meet+s ( ! ,accademia t]m9at$ 9 #affg1 b ! #e-ye>-old ,royal ,society ( ,london _h already become z fruitful a s\rce ( new in/rum5ts1 l>gely ?r\gh ! abilities ( its demon/rator1 ,rob]t ,hooke1 ^: task x 0 to ent]ta9 & in/ruct ! memb]s ) exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! c\rse ( devis+ ^! exp]im5ts ,hooke became p]haps ! mo/ prolific in/rum5t inv5tor ( all "t4 ,he seems to h inv5t$ ! fir/ w9d pressure gauge1 z an aid to seam51 & he improv$ ! ba?omet]1 hygromet]1 hydromet]1 & b>omet]1 z well z in/rum5ts n directly involv$ 9 measurem5t su* z ! vacuum pump & sea-wat] sampl+ devices4 ,z 9 ,flor5ce1 ^! in/rum5ts 7 imm$iately br\ght to be> on ! obs]vation ( nature4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t we w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! rise ( sci5tific meteorology 0 inspir$ by ! inv5tion ( in/rum5ts1 = meteorology _h begun to free itself ( ! traditional wea!r-lore & demonology e>ly 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! ,l&graf ( ,hesse describ$ "s simultane\s wea!r obs]vations1 made )\t in/rum5ts1 9 #afcg4 ,francis ,bacon's ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,w9d1 consid]$ ! fir/ special "w ( ?is k9d to atta9 g5]al circulation1 appe>$ 9 #afbb4b ,x seems likely t ! rise ( sci5tific meteorology 0 an aspect ( ! g5]al rationalization ( nature /udy :i* occurr$ at ?is "t1 & t ! initial impetus = su* progress 0 ga9$ n f ! inv5tion ( in/rum5ts b f ! ne$ ( navigators = w9d data at a "t :5 long voyages out ( sight ( l& 7 becom+ commonplace4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,a set ( typical ,smi?sonian meteorological in/rum5ts z recomm5d$ 9 in/ructions to obs]v]s issu$ by ! ,in/itution 9 ! #ahej's4 ,top 7f left73 maximum-m9imum !rmomet] ( ,pr(essor ,phillips1 dry-bulb & wet-bulb !rmomet]s1 & m]curial b>omet] by ,gre5 ( ,new ,york4 ,l[] left3 ra9 gauge4 ,! wet-bulb !rmomet]1 al?\gh typical1 is actually a lat] in/rum5t4 ,! ra9 gauge is a replica4 7,smi?sonian photo #dfgdj47 ,x %\ld be not$ 9 ?is connection t ! two mo/ important in/rum5ts1 ! !rmomet] & b>omet]1 7 9 no way inspir$ by an int]e/ 9 meteorology4 ,b ! obs]vation made e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! b>omet] t ! atmosph]ic pressure v>i$ 9 "s relation%ip to visible *anges 9 ! wea!r soon br\ght t in/rum5t into use z a wea!r glass4 ,9 p>ticul>1 w9ds 7 attribut$ to di/urbances ( b>ometric equilibrium1 & w9d-b>ometric /udies 7 made by ,evangeli/a ,torricelli1 ,edm ,m>iotte1 & ,edmund ,halley1 ! latt] publi%+ ! fir/ meteorological *>t4 ,9 #afgh-afgi ,gottfri$ ,leibniz endeavor$ to enc\rage obs]vations to te/ ! capacity ( ! b>omet] = =etell+ ! wea!r4#c ,o!r que/ions ( a quasi-meteorological nature int]e/$ ! sci5ti/s ( ?is p]iod1 & br\ght o!r in/rum5ts into use4 ,obs]vations ( ra9fall & evaporation 7 made 9 pursuit ( ! anci5t "q ( ! s\rces ( t]re/rial wat]1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! levels ( seas1 etc4 ,physicians br\ght in/rum5ts to be> on ! "q ( ! relation%ip betwe5 wea!r & ! incid5ce ( disease4 ,! int]relation%ip betwe5 ^! v>i\s meteorological ent]prises 0 n long 9 becom+ app>5t4 ,soon aft] its f\nd+ 9 #afeg ! ,flor5t9e academy und]took1 ?r\gh ! di/ribution ( !rmomet]s1 b>omet]s1 hygromet]s1 & ra9 gauges1 ! e/abli%m5t ( an int]national network ( meteorological obs]vation /ations1 a network :i* did n survive ! demise ( ! ,accademia itself t5 ye>s lat]4 ,n = ov] a c5tury 0 ! fir/ ?or\ghgo+ attempt made at sy/ematic obs]vation4 ,!re 0 a meteorological section 9 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,mannheim f #agfc1 & subsequ5tly a sep>ate society = meteorology4 ,9 #aghc1 ! ,academy publi%$ obs]vations f #ci /ations1 ^? f ! c5tral /ation compris+ data f ! hygromet]1 w9d vane 7b n anemomet]71 ra9 gauge1 evaporimet]1 & app>atus = geomagnetism & atmosph]ic electricity1 z well z data f ! !rmomet] & b>omet]4 ,! ,mannheim sy/em 0 also %ort-liv$1 be+ t]m9at$ by ! ,napoleonic invasion1 b sy/ems ( comp>able scope 7 attempt$ ?r\gh\t ,europe & ,am]ica dur+ ! next g5]ation4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! (fice ( ! ,surgeon ,g5]al1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 began ! fir/ sy/ematic obs]vation 9 #ahai1 us+ only ! !rmomet] & w9d vane1 to :i* 7 add$ ! b>omet] & hygromet] 9 #ahdj-ahda & ! w9d =ce anemomet]1 ra9 gauge1 & wet bulb !rmomet] 9 #ahdc4 ,/ate wea!r obs]vation sy/ems mean:ile _h be5 inaugurat$ 9 ,new ,york 7#ahbe71 ,p5nsylvania 7#ahcf71 & ,ohio 7#ahdb74d ,ne>ly #bjj ye>s ( obs]vation _h n1 h[ev]1 noticeably improv$ ! wea!r1 & ! naive fai? 9 ! p[] ( in/rum5ts to reveal its my/]ies1 :i* _h possess$ _m an e>ly meteorologi/1 no long] *>m$ ! sci5ti/ ( ! e>ly #ai? c5tury4 ,9 ! fir/ publi%$ report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 #ahcc1 ,j4 ,d4 ,=bes call$ = a reorganization ( proc$ures3 ,9 ! sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy1 = example1 z 9 t ( ,optics1 ! great g5]al tru?s :i* em]ge 9 ! progress ( discov]y1 ?\gh dep5d+ = _! e/abli%m5t ^u a multitude ( indep5d5t facts & obs]vations1 possess suffici5t unity to connect 9 ! m9d ! be>+ ( ! :ole2 & ! m p]fectly und]/ood connexion ( p>ts invites to fur!r g5]alization4 ,v diff]5t is ! position ( an infant sci5ce l ,meteorology4 ,! unity ( ! :ole 444 is n always kept 9 view1 ev5 z f> z our pres5t v limit$ g5]al conceptions w admit (3 & z few p]sons h devot$ _! :ole att5tion to ?is sci5ce alone 444 no wond] t we f9d /rew$ ov] its irregul> & f>-spread surface1 pat*es ( cultivation ^u spots *os5 )\t discrim9ation & treat$ on no common pr9ciple1 :i* defy ! improv] to inclose1 & ! surveyor to e/imate & connect !m4 ,meteorological in/rum5ts h be5 = ! mo/ "p treat$ l toys1 & mu* "t & labor h be5 lo/ 9 mak+ & record+ obs]vations utt]ly useless = any sci5tific purpose4 ,ev5 ! num]\s regi/]s ( a r sup]ior class 444 h>dly conta9 "o jot ( in=mation ready = incorporation 9 a ,report on ! progress ( ,meteorology4444 ,! mo/ g5]al mi/ake probably consi/s 9 ! idea t ,meteorology1 z a sci5ce1 has no o!r object b an exp]im5tal acqua9tance ) ! condition ( ^? v>iable elem5ts :i* f day to day con/itute ! g5]al & vague result ( ! /ate ( ! wea!r at any giv5 spot2 n consid]+ t 444 :5 gr\p$ toge!r ) o!rs ( ! same "*1 !y may af=d ! mo/ valuable aid to sci5tific g5]alization4#e ,=bes goes on to call = a great] emphasis on !ory1 & ! replacem5t ( ! _m small-scale obs]vatories ) a few great ,regi/]s to be adequately ma9ta9$ by great ,societies or by ! gov]nm5t4 ,he sugge/s t ! "t = pursuit ( !ory might be ga9$ f ! vague me*anical task to :i* at pres5t !y g5]ally devote _! "t1 namely ! se>* = great num]ical accuracy1 to a sup]fluity ( decimal places exce$+ ! compass ( ! in/rum5t to v]ify4 ,f its f\nd+ ! ,briti% ,association sponsor$ sy/ematic obs]vation at v>i\s places4 ,9 #ahdb x initiat$ obs]vations at ! ,kew ,obs]vatory1 :i* has cont9u$ until today to be ! premi] meteorological obs]vatory 9 ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,! ,am]ican sci5ti/ ,joseph ,h5ry obs]v$ ! function+ ( an obs]vatory ma9ta9$ by ! ,briti% ,association at ,plym\? 9 #ahcg1 & :5 he became ,secret>y ( ! new ,smi?sonian ,in/itution a few ye>s lat] he made ! fur!rance ( meteorology "o ( its fir/ objectives4 ,! ,kew ,obs]vatory set a patt]n = sy/ematic obs]vation 9 ,engl& z1 f #ahee1 did ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ diff]$ little f ^? 9 use at ,mannheim ov] half a c5tury e>li]#f 7fig4 #a74 ,!y 7 und\bt$ly m accurate1 b ?is %\ld n be ov]/ress$4 ,=bes _h not$ 9 8 report ( #ahcb t "s sci5ti/s 7 !n call+ = a return to ,torricelli1 = ! con/ruction ( a tempor>y b>omet] on ! site 9 pref]5ce to reliance on ! !n exi/+ manufactur$ in/rum5ts4 ,! ,fir/ ,self-,regi/]+ ,in/rum5ts ,f ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury meteorological obs]vations 7 record$ 9 manuscript books kn[n z regi/]s1 _m ( :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! e>ly sci5tific j\rnals4 ,! mo/ effective utilization ( ^! obs]vations 0 9 ! compilation ( ! hi/ory ( p>ticul> /orms1 b :]e a l>g] syn!sis 0 conc]n$ !y t5d$1 z ,=bes has %[n1 to %[ !mselves unsy/ematic & non-comp>able4 ,! pr9cipal problems ( meteorological obs]vation h be5 f ! outset ! con/ruction ( precisely comp>able in/rum5ts & _! use to produce comp>able records4 ,! =m] problem has be5 frequ5tly discuss$1 & p]haps1 z ,=bes sugge/s1 ov]emphasiz$4 ,x is ! latt] problem ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,! idea ( me*aniz+ ! process ( obs]vation1 n yet accompli%$ 9 ,=bes' "t1 _h be5 put =w>d )9 a little ov] a decade ( ! fir/ use ( ! !rmomet] & b>omet] 9 meteorology4 ,on ,decemb] #i1 #affc1 ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 pres5t$ ! ,royal ,society ) a design = a wea!r clock1 ( :i* a draw+ is extant4#g ,?is draw+ 7fig4 #b7 %[s an ord9>y clock to :i* is atta*$ a p5cil-c>ry+ rack1 ge>$ to ! h\r p9ion4 ,a discussion ( ! clock's r$uction to practice began ! involvem5t ( ,rob]t ,hooke1 :o 0 in/ruct$ 9 ,septemb] #affd to make a p5dulum clock applicable to ! obs]v+ ( ! *anges 9 ! wea!r4#h ,?is tribute to ,hooke's reputation--& to ! v]satility ( ! me*anic arts at ?is "t--0 slightly ov]optimi/ic1 z #ae ye>s ensu$ be=e ! clock made its appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,a contempor>y draw+ ( ,wr5's wea!r clock4 7,photo c\rtesy ,royal ,society ( ,london47 ,ref]5ces to ?is clock are frequ5t 9 ! records ( ! ,royal ,society--be+ ma9ly p]iodic injunctions to ,hooke to get on ) ! "w--until its completion 9 ,may #afgi4 ,! description :i* ,hooke 0 ask$ to supply 0 subsequ5tly f\nd among 8 pap]s & pr9t$ by ,william ,d]ham z foll[s3#i ,! wea!r-clock consi/s ( two p>ts2 fir/1 t :i* measures ! "t1 :i* is a /rong & l>ge p5dulum-clock1 :i* moves a week1 ) once w9d+ up1 & is suffici5t to turn a cyl9d] 7^u :i* ! pap] is roll$7 twice r\nd 9 a day1 & also to lift a hamm] = /rik+ ! pun*es1 once e qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,secondly1 ( sev]al in/rum5ts = measur+ ! degrees ( alt]ation1 9 ! sev]al ?+s1 to be obs]v$4 ,! fir/ is1 ! b>omet]1 :i* moves ! fir/ pun*1 an in* & half1 s]v+ to %ew ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! greate/ & ! lea/ pressure ( ! air4 ,! second is1 ! !rmomet]1 :i* moves ! pun* t %ews ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! greate/ heat 9 summ]1 & ! lea/ 9 w9t]4 ,! ?ird is1 ! hygroscope1 mov+ ! pun*1 :i* %ews ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! moi/e/ & drie/ airs4 ,! f\r? is1 ! ra9-bucket1 s]v+ to %ew ! quantity ( ra9 t falls2 ?is ha? two p>ts or pun*es2 ! fir/1 to %ew :at "p ( ! bucket is fill'd1 :5 !re falls n en\gh to make x empty itself2 ! second1 to %ew h[ _m full buckets h be5 empti$4 ,! fif? is ! w9d vane2 ?is ha? also two p>ts2 ! fir/ to %ew ! /r5g? ( ! w9d1 :i* is obs]v$ by ! numb] ( revolutions 9 ! vane-mill1 & m>k$ by ?ree pun*es2 ! fir/ m>ks e #aj1jjj revolutions1 ! second e #a1jjj1 & ! ?ird e #ajj3 ,! second1 to %ew ! qu>t]s ( ! w9d1 ?is ha? f\r pun*es2 ! fir/ ) "o po9t1 m>k+ ! ,nor? qu>t]s1 viz4 ,n43 ,n4 by ,e43 ,n4 by ,w43 ,,nne43 ,,nnw43 ,,ne4 by ,n4 & ,n4,w4 by ,n43 ,,ne4 & ,n4,w4 ,! second ha? two po9ts1 m>k+ ! ,ea/ & its qu>t]s4 ,! ?ird ha? ?ree po9ts1 m>k+ ! ,s\? & its qu>t]s4 ,! f\r? ha? f\r po9ts1 m>k+ ! ,we/ & its qu>t]s4 ,"s ( ^! pun*es give "o m>k1 e #ajj revolutions ( ! vane-mill4 ,! /ations or places ( ! fir/ f\r pun*es are m>k$ on a scr[l ( pap]1 by ! clock-hamm]1 fall+ e qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! pun*es1 belong+ to ! fif?1 are m>k$ on ! said scr[l1 by ! revolutions ( ! vane1 :i* are acc\nt$ by a small num]ator1 /&+ at ! top ( ! clock-case1 :i* is mov$ by ! vane-mill4 ,:at1 exactly1 7 ! in/rum5ts appli$ by ,hooke to 8 wea!r clock8 ,x is n always easy ev5 to guess1 because x appe>s t ,wr5 0 actually ! fir/ to contrive su* a device & seems to h develop$ ne>ly z _m in/rum5ts z ,hooke4 ,x might be suppos$ t ,hooke w\ld h adapt$ to ! wea!r clock 8 :eel-b>omet]1 introduc$ 9 #affg1 b x also appe>s t ,wr5 _h describ$ 7& p]haps built7 a balance b>omet] be=e #affg4aj ,z to ! !rmomet]1 we h no evid5ce ( orig9al "w by ,hooke1 b we d h a description ( ,wr5's self-regi/]+ !rmomet]1 a circul>1 m]cury-fill$ tube 9 :i* *anges 9 temp]ature move ! :ole in/rum5t1 l a :eel on its axis4#aa ,! hygroscope 7hygromet]7 probably exi/$ 9 m v]sions ?an any o!r in/rum5t1 al?\gh we "k no?+ ( any v]sions by ,wr54 ,hooke may h us$ 8 own oat-be>d in/rum5t4#ab ,d]ham foll[s 8 description ( ! clock--:i* has be5 quot$ above--) a detail$ description ( a tipp+-bucket ra9 gauge inv5t$ by ,hooke & us$ ) ! clock4 ,he also notes t 9 #afgj ,hooke _h describ$ two o!r types ( ra9 gauge 9 :i* a bucket 0 c\nt]balanc$ 9 "o case by a /r+ ( bullets & 9 ano!r by an imm]s$ weight4 ,b "h aga91 ,sprat records ! inv5tion ( a tipp+-bucket gauge by ,wr5 be=e #affg4 ,hooke has be5 g5]ally reg>d$ z ! fir/ inv5tor ( an anemomet]1 9 #affb4ac ,b ?is inv5tion 0 a pressure-plate gauge--t is1 a metal plate held ) its face aga9/ ! w9d--:]eas ! gauge us$ ) ! wea!r clock is cle>ly a w9dmill type1 ( :i* type ?is may be ! fir/4 ,wr5 also _h an anemomet]1 b we h no description ( x4 ,hooke's acc\nt does n ref] to o!r in/rum5ts :i* ! wea!r clock is suppos$ to h _h1 accord+ to a description quot$ by ,gun!r1 :i* concludes ! enum]ation ( ! elem5ts record$ ) sun%9e1 etc4#ad ,"o c only wi% = fur!r in=mation on ! me*anism by :i* ! pun*es--or 9 ,wr5's clock1 ! p5cils--7 mov$4 ,b x is app>5t t ,hooke's clock 0 actually us$ = "s "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--;,doll&'s atmosph]ic record]3 #a1 siphon & float b>omet]2 #b1 balance 787 !rmomet]2 #c1 hygromet]2 #d1 electromet]2 #e1 float ra9 gauge2 #f1 float evaporimet]2 #g1 susp5d$-weight w9d =ce indicator2 #h1 w9d direction indicator2 #i1 clock2 #aj1 receiv]s = ra9 gauge & evaporimet]4 7,f ,(ficial 444 ,catalogue ( ! ,great ,exhibition1 #ahea1 ,london1 #ahea1 pt4 #b74 ,! #ag? c5tury 0 n entirely unprep>$ = ! idea ( su* a self-regi/]+ in/rum5t4 ,wat] clocks & o!r devices 9 :i* natural =ces gov]n$ a po9t] 7 kn[n 9 antiquity1 z 7 c\nt]s ( ! type ( ! odomet]4 ,a wat] clock describ$ 9 ,italy 9 #aebd 0 ess5tially an inv]sion ( "o ( ,hooke's ra9 gauges1 t 9 :i* a bucket 0 balanc$ aga9/ a /r+ ( bullets4#ae ,! me*anical clock also _h a consid]able hi/ory 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 & _h long s9ce be5 appli$ to ! op]ations ( figures ?r\gh cams1 z 0 almo/ c]ta9ly ! case ) ! pun*es 9 ,hooke's clock4 ,/ill1 ! comb9ation ( an in/rum5t-actuat$ po9t] ) a clock-actuat$ "t-scale & a means ( obta9+ a p]man5t record repres5t a gr\p ( innovations :i* c]ta9ly ranks among ! greate/ 9 ! hi/ory ( in/rum5tation4 ,x appe>s t we owe ^! innovations to ,wr5 & ,hooke4 ,hooke's clock contribut$ no?+ to ! sy/ematization ( meteorological obs]vation1 & ! la/ record ( x appe>s to h be5 a note on its re-fitt+ 9 #afij4 ,its complexity is suffici5t reason = its ephem]al hi/ory1 b complexity 9 ma*9e design 0 ! fa%ion ( ! "t & ,hooke may h int5d$ no m ?an a me*ani/ic t\r de =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he may h recogniz$ ! desid]atum to :i* lat] meteorologi/s frequ5tly return$--! ne$ = simultane\s obs]vations ( sev]al in/rum5ts on ! same regi/]4 ,9 any case1 no in/rum5t s compreh5sive seems to h be5 attempt$ aga9 until ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 :5 ,george ,doll& exhibit$ "o at ! ,great ,exhibition 9 ,london 7see fig4 #c74 ,! wea!r elem5ts record$ by ,doll&'s in/rum5t 7 ! same z ^? record$ by ,hooke's1 except t atmosph]ic electricity 7unkn[n 9 ,hooke's "t7 0 record$ & sun%9e 0 n record$4 ,/rik+ hamm]s 7 us$ by ,doll& = "s ( ! in/rum5ts & ev] po9t$ p5cils = ! o!rs4 ,doll&'s b>omet] 0 a :eel in/rum5t controll+ a hamm]4 ,8 !rmometric elem5t consi/$ ( #ab balanc$ m]cury !rmomet]s4 ,its mode ( op]ation is n cle>1 b x probably 0 simil> to t ( ! !rmomet] develop$ by ,k>l ,kreil 9 ,prague ab\t ! same "t 7fig4 #d74 ,doll&'s w9d =ce indicator consi/$ ( a pressure plate c\nt]balanc$ by a /r+ ( susp5d$ weights4 ,altoge!r1 x is n cle> t ,doll&'s in/rum5t 0 sup]ior to ,hooke's1 or t its c>e] 0 long]4#af ,! #aga ye>s betwe5 ^! two in/rum5ts 7 n lack+ 9 inv5tiv5ess 9 ?is field1 b ev5 ?\gh inv5tors set ! m mode/ aim ( a self-record+ in/rum5t = a s+le piece ( meteorological data1 _! bra9 *ildr5 7 uni=mly /ill-born4 ,!n1 dur+ ! p]iod #ahdj-ahej1 we see ! appe>ance ( a s]ies ( self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts :i* 7 actually us$1 :i* 7 widely adopt$ by obs]vatories1 & :i* 7 sup]s$$ by sup]ior in/rum5ts r ?an ab&on$4 ,?is developm5t 0 und\bt$ly a consequ5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t at t "t ( p]man5t obs]vatories "u compet5t sci5tific direction4 ,long exp]i5ce _h demon/rat$ to ! meteorologi/s ( ! #ahdj's t ! pr9cipal ob/acle to ! success ( self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts 0 friction4 ,=bes _h indicat$ t ! mo/ urg5t ne$ 0 = automatic regi/ration ( w9d data1 z ! erratic fluctuation ( ! w9d dem&$ m frequ5t obs]vation ?an any manual sy/em c\ld accompli%4 ,two ( ! ,briti% ,association's obs]v]s produc$ sep>ate record+ in/rum5ts = w9d direction & =ce 9 ! late #ahcj's1 a prompt response :i* sugge/s t x 0 n ! idea :i* 0 lack+4 ,"o ( ^! in/rum5ts--design$ by ,william ,:ewell--conta9$ ge>+1 ! friction ( :i* vitiat$ its utility z x _h t ( a numb] ( pr$ecessors4 ,! o!r1 design$ by ,a4 ,follet ,osl]1 0 free ( ge>+2 x sep>ately record$ w9d pressure & direction on a %eet ( pap] mov$ lat]ally by clockwork4 ,! pressure elem5t 0 a spr+-load$ pressure plate c>ri$ ar\nd by ! vane to face ! w9d4 ,bo? ?is plate & ! vane itself 7 made to move p5cils ?r\gh l9kages ( *a9s & pulleys4#ag ,osl]'s anemomet] 7fig4 #e7 des]ves to be call$ ! fir/ successful self-regi/]+ meteorological in/rum5t2 x 0 /&>d equipm5t 9 ,briti% obs]vatories until ! latt] "p ( ! #ai? c5tury :5 x 0 replac$ by ! cup-anemomet] ( ,rob9son4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,kreil's balance !rmomet]1 #ahdc4 7,f ,k>l ,kreil1 ,magnetis*e und meteorologis*e ,beoba*tung5 zu ,prag1 ,prague1 #ahdc1 vol4 #c1 fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,osl]'s self-regi/]+ pressure plate anemomet]1 #ahcg4 ,! in/rum5t is %[n ) a tipp+-bucket ra9 gauge4 7,f ,abbe1 op4 cit4 footnote #ag47 ,self-record+ b>omet]s & !rmomet]s 7 m vuln]able to ! influ5ce ( friction ?an 7 w9d in/rum5ts1 b =tunately pressure & temp]ature 7 also less subject to sudd5 fluctuation1 & s self-regi/ration 0 less necess>y4 ,nev]!less1 two ev5ts occurr$ 9 ! #ahdj's :i* l$ to ! developm5t ( self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts4 ,"o ev5t 0 ! developm5t ( ! geomagnetic obs]vatory1 :i* us$ ! magnetomet]1 an in/rum5t z delicate z ! b>omet] & !rmomet]1 & 7z x !n seem$71 z subject to fluctuation z ! w9d vane4 ,! o!r ev5t 0 ! developm5t ( photography1 mak+ possible a record+ me?od free ( friction4 ,9 #ahde ,francis ,ronalds at ,kew ,obs]vatory & ,*>les ,brooke at ,gre5wi* und]took to develop app>atus to regi/] ! magnetomet]1 electromet]1 !rmomet]1 & b>omet] by photography4#ah ,?is 0 six ye>s aft] ,dagu]re's discov]y ( ! photographic process4 ,! magnetomet]s ( bo? inve/igators 7 put into use 9 #ahdg1 & ! b>omet]s & !rmomet]s %ortly aft]4 ,!y 7 bas$ on ! deflection--by a mirror 9 ! case ( ! magnetomet] & electromet] & by ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] & !rmomet]--( a beam ( light direct$ aga9/ a photographic plate4 ,brooke exhibit$ 8 in/rum5ts at ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahej1 & !y subsequ5tly became items ( comm]ce & /&>d appurt5ances ( ! major obs]vatory until ne>ly ! end ( ! c5tury 7fig4 #f74 ,_! advantages 9 accuracy 7 f9ally insuffici5t to (fset ! inconv5i5ce to :i* a photographic in/rum5t 0 subject4 ,be=e #ahej ! ,briti% obs]vatories at ,kew & ,gre5wi* 7! latt] an a/ronomical obs]vatory ) auxili>y meteorological activity7 _h self-regi/]+ app>atus 9 use = mo/ ( ! elem5ts obs]v$4 ,self-,regi/]+ ,sy/ems ,9 #ahgj ! ,signal ,corps1 ,u4,s4 ,army1 took on ! burd5 ( (ficial meteorology 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ! result ( a jo9t resolution ( ! ,congress & 9 accordance ) ,joseph ,h5ry's dictum t ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution %\ld n become ! p]man5t ag5cy = su* sci5tific "w once its p]man5cy _h be5 decid$ ^u4 ,smi?sonian meteorology _h n involv$ self-record+ in/rum5ts1 & nei!r did t ( ! ,signal ,corps at ! outset because ( ! exp5se ( ! app>atus1 & because no?+ ( t k9d 0 at t "t manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4#ai ,b almo/ imm$iately aft] #ahgj ! ,signal ,corps und]took an evid5tly well-f9anc$ program = ! introduction ( self-regi/ration4 ,complete outfits 7 pur*as$1 repres5t+ ,wild's sy/em1 ! ,kew sy/em z made by ,beckley1 ,hipp's sy/em 7fig4 #h71 ,secci's meteorograph 7figs4 #i1 #aj71 ,drap]'s sy/em1 & ,h\gh's pr9t+ b>ograph & !rmograph4 ,( ^! only ! ,kew sy/em1 ! photographic sy/em already m5tion$1 c\ld h be5 obta9$ be=e #ahfg4 ,illu/ration3 ,scale ab\t #a-af?4 ,,b>ograph1 ,,or ,,self-,,record+ ,,m]curial ,,b>omet]1 #fh4 ,figure #f4--,photographic regi/]+ m]curial b>omet]1 typical comm]cial v]sion4 7,f ,j4 ,j4 ,hicks1 ,catalogue ( 444 ,meteorological ,in/rum5ts1 ,london1 n4d41 ab\t #ahgj47 ,l ,kew1 ,daniel ,drap]'s obs]vatory 9 ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york ,city1 0 e/abli%$ prim>ily = meteorological obs]vation4#bj ,drap] 0 "o ( ! sons ( ! prom95t sci5ti/ ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]4 ,hipp 0 an in/rum5t-mak] ( ,neu*tel :o specializ$ 9 precision clocks4#ba ,! o!rs aft] :om ^! sy/ems 7 nam$ 7 directors ( a/ronomical obs]vatories1 :i* 71 at ?is "t1 ! mo/ active c5t]s ( meteorological obs]vation4 ,wild 0 at ! ,b]n ,obs]vatory1#bb ,secci at ! ,papal ,obs]vatory1 ,rome1#bc & ,george ,h\gh at ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory1 ,albany1 ,new ,york4#bd ,:ile ! ,signal ,corps seems to h acquir$ all ( ! pr9cipal sy/ems1 "s int]e/+ in/rum5ts 7 develop$ at /ill o!r obs]vatories1 notably by ,kreil at ! a/ronomical obs]vatory 9 ,prague4#be ,! pr9cipal impetus = ?is full-scale me*anization ( obs]vation und\bt$ly came f ! directors ( a/ronomical obs]vatories4 ,?us )9 little m ?an ! decade ( ! #ahfj's 7 develop$ five new sy/ems ( meteorological self-regi/ry t 7 suffici5tly well ?\ght ( to be adopt$ or copi$ by obs]vatories outside _! places ( orig94 ,wild & ,drap] tell u t x 0 decid$ :5 _! respective obs]vatories 7 e/abli%$--9 #ahfj & #ahfh--t all in/rum5ts %\ld be self-regi/]+4 ,ea* 0 oblig$ to design 8 own1 be+ dissatisfi$ ) ! photographic regi/]s comm]cially available4 ,! developm5t ( ^! sy/ems w\ld !re=e appe> to h be5 due1 9 "p1 to ! g5]al spread ( a conviction t satisfactory in/rum5ts 7 atta9able4 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 is ! ,vane4 ,b1 is ! ,p]p5dicul> ,%aft4 ,c1 is a ,horizontal ,circul> ,plate ( light mat]ial atta*$ to ! %aft4 ,e & ,f1 two ,roll]s communicat+ motion to ! ,apron ,e ,f f left to "r4 #a1 #b1 #c1 c41 are m9ute ,c>ds1 plac$ ^u ! ,apron4 ,g1 is a ,clock t regulates ! motion ( ! ,roll] ,e1 & consequ5tly t ( ! apron & c>ds4 ,d1 is a small weight to relieve ! ,clock4 ,n1 ,,ne1 ,e1 c41 are pap] boxes plac$ ^u ! circul> plate1 to receive ! c>ds1 z !y fall f ! apron at ,e4 ,figure #g4--;,9 #ahch ! pione] ,am]ican meteorologi/ ,james ,h4 ,c(f9 7#ahjf-ahgc7 devis$ a self-regi/]+ w9d direction indicator2 9 #ahdi he improv$ x z %[n "h4 ,! b&1 mov$ by clockwork1 c>ries c>ds m>k$ ) ! day & h\r4 ,9 ,c(f9's e>li] in/rum5t1 a "p ( :i* is n[ 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ! vane c>ri$ a funnel = s&1 :i* ran into a circul> r[ ( bottles4 7,f ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahdi1 vol4 #b1 p4 #chh47 ,?is confid5ce 0 w>rant$1 = ! decade ( ! #ahej's _h se5 ! appe>ance ( major innovations 9 ! basic in/rum5ts--!rmomet]1 b>omet]1 & w9d velocity indicator--t made available in/rum5ts m adaptable to self-regi/ration4 ,x also saw ! developm5t ( a new me?od ( electrical regi/ration d]iv$ f ! telegraph4 ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one initiat$ ?is small revolution 9 #ahdc :5 he report$ to ! ,briti% ,association t he _h con/ruct$ an electromagnetic meteorological regi/] :i* records ! indications ( ! b>omet]1 !rmomet] & ! psy*romet] mean+ wet-bulb !rmomet] e half h\r 444 & pr9ts ! results on a %eet ( pap] 9 figures1 runn+ a week unatt5d$4 ,! work+ ( ?is regi/] involv$ ! ins]tion ( a conductor 9 ! tubes to make a circuit1 ! !rmomet]s hav+ op5 tops4#bf ,?is 0 t5 ye>s aft] ! developm5t ( ! electromagnetic relay & six ye>s aft] ,:eat/one's introduction ( 8 own telegraph4 ,:eat/one's in/rum5t left a v ephem]al record 9 ! meteorological lit]ature1 & appe>s to h be5 defective or out ( fa%ion ) its "t1 :i* 0 conc]n$ ) ! introduction ( photographic in/rum5ts4 ,:eat/one's "w 0 r$iscov]$1 along ) t ( sev]al o!r mu* e>li] inv5tors1 by ! det]m9$ obs]vatory directors ( ! #ahfj's4 ,( ! five sy/ems develop$ at t "t1 f\r us$ electromagnetic regi/ration1 only ,drap] adh]+ to a me*anical sy/em 7see fig4 #aa74 ,= temp]ature measurem5t ,secci & ,h\gh us$ ,:eat/one's electrical sy/em ) a m]curial !rmomet] 7fig4 #ab71 b ! o!r f\r utiliz$ a physical pr9ciple :i* _h be5 propos$ p]iodically = at lea/ a c5tury--! unequal !rmal expansion ( a bimetallic /rip4 ,?is pr9ciple _h be5 utiliz$ by wat*mak]s = a q diff]5t purpose--! temp]ature comp5sation ( ! wat* p5dulum--b its possibilities z a !rmomet] _h be5 kn[n long be=e ! mid-#ai? c5tury4#bg ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,hipp's regi/]+ an]oid b>omet]1 ) a telegraphic pr9t]4 7,,usnm #cadedd2 ,smi?sonian photo #dfgdj-;,d47 ,= ! measurem5t ( pressure1 ,secci1 ,wild1 & ,drap] adopt$1 or r$iscov]$1 ! balance b>omet] devis$ by ,wr5 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,9 ?is type ( in/rum5t 7see figs4 #ac1 #ae7 ei!r ! tube or ! res]voir ( ! b>omet] is atta*$ to "o arm ( a balance1 ! equilibrium ( :i* is di/urb$ by ! movem5t ( ! m]cury 9 ! in/rum5t4#bh ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--;,front & re> views ( ,secci's meteorograph1 #ahfg4 7,f ,lacroix1 op4 cit4 footnote #bb47 ,h\gh's b>omet] 0 an adaptation ( ! electrical contact !rmomet]4 ,! movem5t ( ! m]cury ov] a c]ta9 m9ute di/ance )9 ! tube s]v$ z a swit* to en]gize an electrical record+ sy/em4 ,hipp1 :o 0 p]haps ! late/ ( ?is gr\p1 fir/ appli$ ! an]oid b>omet] 7fig4 #h7 to self-regi/ration4 ,! idea ( ! an]oid--an air-tight bell[s aga9/ :i* ! atmosph]ic pressure w\ld act--_h be5 advanc$ by ,leibniz 9 ! #ag? c5tury & _h be5 ! subject ( a few abortive exp]im5ts 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,n until #ahdh 0 an in/rum5t produc$ t 0 acceptable to us]s ( ! b>omet]4#bi ,z a w9d velocity in/rum5t all six sy/ems us$ ! cup-anemomet] develop$ by ,rob9son 9 #ahdf1 an in/rum5t ^: *ief virtue 0 ! c>e :i* its inv5tor _h tak5 to "w out ! relation%ip betwe5 its movem5t & ! actual velocity ( ! w9d4#cj ,beckley & ,drap] caus$ x to move a p5cil ?r\gh ge>+2 ! o!rs us$ ) x electromagnetic c\nt]s actuat$ by rotat+ contacts4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--;,*>t f ,secci's meteorograph4 7,f ,lacroix1 op4 cit4 footnote #bb47 ,z has be5 indicat$1 ! ,signal ,corps us$ all six sy/ems1 a panoply ( gadgetry :i* mu/ h be5 wondr\s to behold4 ,its ,secci meteorograph1 :i* _h attract$ mu* att5tion at ,p>is1 0 e/imat$ to h co/ #ae1jjj francs4 ,abbe report$ 9 #ahid t ! in/rum5ts 7 long kept 9 ! app>atus room z a fasc9at+ %[ to visitors & a /imulation to ! /aff 9 ! inv5tion ( o!r in/rum5ts4#ca ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--;,drap]'s me*anical regi/]+ b>omet]1 z us$ 9 ! ,lick ,obs]vatory4 7,photo c\rtesy ,lick ,obs]vatory47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--;,h\gh's electrome*anical regi/]+ b>omet]1 ab\t #ahga4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--;,fuess' balance b>omet] aft] ,samuel ,morl&1 #ahhj4 ,wr5 probably 0 ! orig9ator ( ?is type ( in/rum5t4 7,f ,loew5h]z1 op4 cit4 footnote #bh47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--,m>v9's me*anical regi/]+ b>omet]1 #aije4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau4 7,,usnm #cafejj2 ,smi?sonian photo #dfgdj-;,e47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--,/eely>d b>omet] z %[n 9 ,*>les ,hutton's ,ma!matical & ,philosophical ,diction>y 7,london1 #agif1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ahh74 ,hutton makes no ref]5ce to ! orig9ator ( ?is in/rum5t2 he attributes ! ,diagonal 7or incl9$7 b>omet] to ,samuel ,morl&4 ,f #ahge ! "q 0 no long] "o ( ! introduction ( self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts to major obs]vatories b _! complete me*anization & ! ext5sion ( regi/ration to sub/ations4 ,hav+ accept$ self-regi/ration1 meteorologi/s turn$ _! att5tion to ! simplification ( in/rum5ts4 ,9 #aijd ,*>les ,m>v91 ( :at is n[ ! ,u4,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 br\ght ! self-regi/]+ b>omet] into some?+ ( a full circle by produc+ an in/rum5t 7fig4 #ad7 t 0 no?+ m ?an ,hooke's :eel b>omet] directly adapt$ to record+4#cb ,b ?is process ( simplification _h be5 accompli%$ at a /roke1 ab\t #ahhj1 ) ! introduction by ! ,p>isian in/rum5t-mak] ,jules ,ri*>d ( a self-regi/]+ b>omet] & a !rmomet] comb9+ ! simple/ =m ( in/rum5t ) ! simple/ =m ( regi/ration 7see fig4 #af74 ,?is innovation1 :i* fix$ ! =m ( ! conv5tional regi/]+ in/rum5t until ! adv5t ( ! radiosonde1 seems to h /emm$ f a s\rce q outside meteorology--! te*nology ( ! /eam gauge4 ,ri*>d's !rmometric elem5t 0 ! curv$ metal tube ( elliptical cross-section t ,b\rdon _h develop$ sev]al decades e>li] z a /eam gauge4 ,pressure )9 su* a tube causes x to /raight51 & ?us to move a po9t] atta*$ to "o end4 ,b\rdon _h op5$ x to ! /eam s\rce4 ,ri*>d fill$ x ) alcohol1 clos$ x1 & f\nd t ! expansion ( ! alcohol on heat+ caus$ a simil> /raight5+4 ,8 b>ometric elem5t 0 a type ( an]oid1 :i* ,hipp _h already us$ b :i* ,ri*>d may h also adopt$ f a type ( /eam gauge4 ,= a record+ me*anism1 ,ri*>d 0 able to use a simple direct lev] connection1 z ! =ces involv$ 9 8 in/rum5ts1 be+ conc5trat$1 7 n greatly hamp]$ by friction4#cc ,by #aijj ^! simple & inexp5sive in/rum5ts _h relegat$ to ! scrap pile1 un=tunately lit]ally1 ! elegant products ( ! mass attack ( obs]vatory directors 9 ! #ahfj's on ! problem ( ! self-regi/]+ !rmomet] & b>omet]4#cd ,conclusions ,9 view ( ! r>ity ( special /udies on ! hi/ory ( meteorological in/rum5ts1 x is impossible to claim t ?is brief review has neglect$ no important in/rum5ts1 & conclusions z to ! l9eage ( ! late #ai? c5tury in/rum5ts c only be t5tatively drawn4 ,! conclusion is inescapable1 h[ev]1 t ! majority ( ! in/rum5ts ^u :i* ! self-regi/]+ sy/ems ( ! late #ai? c5tury 7 bas$ _h be5 propos$ &1 9 mo/ cases1 actually con/ruct$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,x is also evid5t t 9 ! #ag? c5tury at lea/ "o attempt 0 made at a sy/em z compreh5sive z any accompli%$ 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--,ri*>d's regi/]+ an]oid b>omet]1 an in/rum5t us$ at ! ,u4,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau ab\t #ahhh4 ,! ,ri*>d regi/]+ !rmomet] is simil>1 ! an]oid be+ replac$ by an alcohol-fill$ ,b\rdon tube4 7,,usnm #bebiha2 ,smi?sonian photo #dfgdj-;,c47 ,to attribute ! success ( self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts 9 ! late #ai? c5tury to ! unque/ionable improvem5ts 9 ! te*niques ( ! in/rum5t-mak] is to beg ! "q1 = x is by no means cle> t ! te*niques ( ! #ag?-c5tury in/rum5t-mak] 7 unequal to ! task4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t ! photographic & electromagnetic sy/ems ( ! #ai? c5tury seem to h be5 some?+ ( an int]lude1 = "s ( ! late/ & mo/ durable 7all ( ,drap]'s & ,ri*>d's in/rum5ts & ,m>v9's b>ograph7 7 purely me*anical in/rum5ts1 z _h be5 ^? ( ,hooke & ,wr54 ,if we conclude t ! #ai?-c5tury in/rum5ts 7 m accurate1 we %\ld also recall ,=bes' comm5ts ^u ! "q ( in/rum5tal accuracy4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! #ag? & #ai? c5turies t made possible ! developm5t ( ! self-regi/]+ obs]vatory8 ,x w\ld appe> to h be5 a diff]5ce ( degree--! maturation 9 ! #ai? c5tury ( c]ta9 features ( ! #ag?4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! features 7 ! spread ?r\gh\t ! we/]n _w ( ! _s t _h animat$ ! sci5tific societies ( ,flor5ce & ,london1 ! cont9u$ popul>ity ( ! a/ronomical obs]vatory z an object ( ! philan?ropy ( an afflu5t society1 & ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! nonspecializ$ sci5ti/4 ,"u ^! circum/ances su* nonmeteorologi/s z ,:eat/one1 ,h5ry1 ,h\gh1 ,wild1 & ,secci _h ! tem]ity to range ov] ! :ole ( ! n yet comp>tm5t$ bran*es ( sci5ce & te*nology1 fully confid5t t !y 7 capable ( f9d+ !reby a solution to any problem important en\gh to w>rant _! att5tion4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,on e>ly meteorological in/rum5ts see ,a4 ,wolf1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 ,te*nology & ,philosophy 9 ! ,sixte5? & ,sev5te5? ,c5turies1 ,new ,york1 #aice1 & ,e4 ,g]l& & ,f4 ,traumll]1 ,ges*i*te d] physikalis*5 ,exp]im5ti]kun/1 ,leipzig1 #ahii4 ,on ! recognition ( ! meteorological significance ( ! b>omet] by ,torricelli & its meteorological use 9 #afdi see ,k4 ,s*neid]-,c>ius1 ,wett]kunde ,wett]=s*ung1 ,freiburg & ,muni*1 #aiee1 pp4 #fb1 #ga4 #b ,bacon's book emphasizes direct & indirect exp]im5ts1 & calls = ! sy/ematization ( obs]vation1 b x does n m5tion in/rum5ts4 ,x is repr9t$ 9 ,basil ,montagu's ,! ,works ( ,francis ,bacon1 ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&1 ,london1 #ahbe1 vols4 #aj & #ad4 #c ,wolf1 op4 cit4 7footnote #a71 pp4 #cab1 #caf-cbj4 ,! int]e/ ( ! ,royal ,society 9 ! b>omet] seems to h be5 initiat$ by ,desc>tes' !ory t ! in/rum5t's v>iation 0 caus$ by ! pressure ( ! moon4 #d ,on e>ly meteorology 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates see ! report ( ,joseph ,h5ry 9 ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 ,agriculture1 = ! ,ye> #ahee1 #ahef1 p4 #ceg;ff42 also1 ,army ,meteorological ,regi/] = ,twelve ,ye>s1 #ahdc-ahed1 #ahee1 introduction4 #e ,j4 ,d4 ,=bes1 ,report ^u ! ,rec5t ,progress & ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,meteorology1 ,report ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,meet+s ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahca & #ahcb1 #ahcc1 pp4 #aif-aig4 #f ,on ! in/rum5ts us$ at ,mannheim see ,g]l& & ,traumll]1 op4 cit4 footnote #a1 p4 #cdi;ff4 ,! ,pr9ceton physici/ ,arnold ,guyot prep>$ a set ( in/ructions = obs]v]s t 0 publi%$ 9 ,t5? ,annual ,report 444 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #ahef1 p4 #bae;ff4 ,x appe>s f ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advance ( ,sci5ce 9 ! #ahcj's t ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,engl& 7 ne>ly ! same z ^? lat] adopt$ by ! ,smi?sonian1 al?\gh ,briti% obs]vatories 7 beg9n+ to exp]im5t ) ! self-regi/]+ anemomet] at t "t4 ,a typical set ( ! ,smi?sonian in/rum5ts is %[n 9 figure #a4 #g ,h4 ,alan ,lloyd1 ,horology & ,meteorology1 ,j\rnal ,suisse d',horlog]ie1 ,novemb]-,decemb]1 #aiec1 nos4 #aa1 #ab1 p4 #cgb1 fig4 #a4 #h ,r4 ,t4 ,gun!r1 ,e>ly ,sci5ce 9 ,ox=d1 vol4 #f1 ,! ,life & ,"w ( ,rob]t ,hooke1 pt4 #a1 ,ox=d1 #aicj1 p4 #aif4 ,9 #afgj1 ,hooke's propos$ clock 0 ref]r$ to z su* a "o1 z ,dr4 ,wr5 _h =m]ly contriv$ 7,gun!r1 p4 #cfe74 #i ,william ,d]ham1 ,philosophical ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations ( 444 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,hooke1 ,london1 #agbf1 pp4 #da-db 7repr9t$ 9 ,gun!r1 op4 cit4 footnote #h1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #eai-ebj74 ,?is description1 dat$ ,decemb] #e1 #afgh1 pr$ates ! ,royal ,society's reque/ = a description 7,gun!r1 op4 cit4 footnote #h1 p4 #fef7 by f\r mon?s1 b ! ,society no long] has any description ( ! clock4 ,z to ! actual completion ( ! clock1 ! presid5t ( ! ,society visit$ ,mr4 ,hooke's turret to see x 9 ,janu>y ( #afgh_/gi b x 0 n report$ ready to be %[n until ! foll[+ ,may 7,gun!r1 pp4 #ejf1 #eah74 #aj ,wr5's clock & its w9d vane & anemomet]1 !rmomet]1 b>omet]1 & ra9 gauge are describ$ by ,t4 ,sprat1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society4441 ,london1 #affg1 pp4 #cab-cac4 ,on ! balance-b>omet]1 see also footnote #bh1 bel[1 & figure #d4 #aa ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 additional in=mation on ?is clock has be5 publi%$ by ,h4 ,e4 ,h(f & ,l4 ,a4 ,g$des1 ,graphic ,record+ be=e ,c>l ,ludwig3 ,an ,hi/orical ,summ>y1 ,ar*ives ,int]nationales d',hi/oire des ,sci5ces1 #aiei1 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #a-be4 ,h(f & ,g$des call att5tion to a report on ! clock by ,monconys1 :o saw ! in/rum5t 9 #affc & publi%$ a brief description & crude sket* 7,bal?as> ,monconys1 ,les ,voyages de ,bal?as> de ,monconys2 ,docum5ts p\r l',hi/oire de la ,sci5ce1 avec une ,introduction p> ,m4 ,*>les ,h5ry1 ,p>is1 #ahhg74 ,monconys says t ! !rmomet] causes a tablet to rise & fall :ile a p5cil be>s aga9/ x4 ,! in/rum5t %[n 9 8 sket* resembles a ,galilean !rmoscope4 #ab ,hooke's oat-be>d hygromet] 0 describ$ 9 #affg1 b ,torricelli seems to h inv5t$ ! same ?+ 9 #afdf1 accord+ to ,e4 ,g]l&1 ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ,in/rum5tal ,meteorology1 9 ,report ( ! ,int]national ,meteorological ,congress ,held at ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,augu/ #ba-bd1 #ahic1 ,o4 ,l4 ,fassig1 ed41 ,u4,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau ,bullet9 ,no4 #aa1 pt4 #c1 #ahif1 pp4 #fhg-fii4 #ac ,b a ,dut* pat5t 0 aw>d$ to "o ,william ,d\glas 9 #afbg = ! det]m9ation ( w9d pressure 7,g4 ,doorman1 ,pat5ts = ,inv5tions 9 ! ,ne!rl&s dur+ ! #af?1 #ag? & #ah? ,c5turies1 ,! ,hague1 #aidb1 p4 #abg71 & ,leon>do da ,v9ci left a sket* ( bo? a w9d pressure met] & a hygromet] 7,codex ,atlanticus1 #bdi va & #h vb74 #ad ,gun!r1 op4 cit4 7footnote #h71 pp4 #dcc1 #ejb4 #ae ,batti/a della ,valle1 ,vallo ,libro ,cont95te ,app]t9i5te ad ,capitanii1 ,ret5]e & ,=tific>e una ,citta4441 ,v5etia1 #aebc 7report$ "u ! date #aebd 9 ,g4 ,h4 ,baillie1 ,clocks & ,wat*es1 an ,hi/orical ,bibliography1 ,london1 #aiea74 #af ,doll&'s in/rum5t1 call$ an atmosph]ic record]1 is describ$ 9 ! ,(ficial1 ,descriptive & ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue to ! ,great ,exhibition1 #ahea1 ,london1 #ahea1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #dad-dae4 ,z ! ,george ,doll& :o jo9$ ! fam\s ,doll& firm 9 #ahjd w\ld h be5 ab\t #hj ye>s ( age 9 #ahej1 ! ,george ,doll& :o exhibit$ ?is in/rum5t may h be5 a y\ng] relative4 #ag ,! ,osl] anemomet] & mo/ ( ! o!r self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts m5tion$ 9 ?is pap] are describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,c4 ,abbe1 ,treatise on ,meteorological ,app>atus & ,me?ods1 ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,signal ,(fic] = #ahhg1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhh4 ,! use ( ! ,osl] in/rum5t at ! ,briti% ,association's obs]vatory at ,plym\? is m5tion$ 9 ! ,association's annual reports f #ahch4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( e>li] self-regi/]+ anemomet]s1 b no evid5ce ( _! ext5d$ use4 ,see ,j4 ,k4 ,laughton1 ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ,anemometry & ,anemomet]s1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,meteorological ,society1 #ahhb1 vol4 #h1 pp4 #afa-ahh4 #ah ,on ,ronalds' "w see reports ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 f #ahdf to #ahej4 ,on ,brooke's "w see ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #ahdg1 vol4 #acg1 pp4 #ei-fh4 #ai ,c4 ,abbe1 ,! ,meteorological ,"w ( ! ,u4,s4 ,signal ,s]vice1 #ahgj to #ahga1 9 ,fassig1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ab71 pt4 #b1 #ahie1 p4 #bfc4 #bj ,annual ,report ( ! ,director ( ! ,meteorological ,obs]vatory1 ,c5tral ,p>k1 ,new ,york1 #ahga1 p4 #a;ff4 #ba ,oe/]rei*is*e ,gesells*aft fr ,meteorologie1 ,zeits*rift1 #ahga1 vol4 #f1 pp4 #ajd1 #aag4 #bb ,p4 ,h4 ,c>l1 ,rep]torium fr physikalis*e ,te*nik1 ,muni*1 #ahfg1 p4 #afb;ff4 #bc ,e4 ,lacroix1 tudes sur l',exposition de #ahfg1 ,p>is1 #ahfg1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cac;ff4 ,see also1 ,reports ( ! ,u4,s4 ,commission]s to ! ,p>is ,univ]sal ,exposition1 #ahfg1 vol4 #c1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahgj1 p4 #egj;ff4 #bd ,annals ( ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory1 #ahga1 vol4 #b1 p4 vii ff4 #be ,k>l ,kreil1 ,entwurf e9es meteorologis*5 ,beoba*tungs-,sy/ems fr die /]rei*is*e ,mon>*ie1 ,vi5na1 #ahej4 #bf ,report ( ! #ac? ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahdc1 #ahdd1 p4 xi ff4 ,i h f\nd no o!r ref]5ce to ?is in/rum5t4 ,consid]able att5tion 0 giv5 to ! !rmomet]1 h[ev]1 = ,:eat/one propos$ to s5d x al(t 9 a balloon = ! measurem5t ( temp]atures at high altitudes4 ,a small clock caus$ a v]tical rack to asc5d & desc5d once 9 six m9utes4 ,! rack c>ri$ a plat9um wire :i* mov$ )9 ! !rmomet] ov] #bh degrees4 ,f a galvanic batt]y & a galvanomet] on ! gr\nd two insulat$ copp] wires 7 to ext5d to ! balloon1 "o connect$ to ! m]cury & ! o!r to ! clock frame4 ,! deflection ( ! galvanomet] 0 to be tim$ ) a second clock on ! gr\nd4 7,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 ,report on ! ,electro-,magnetic ,meteorological ,regi/]1 ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ,london1 #ahdc1 vol4 #ci1 p4 #bjd74 #bg ,9 #affb ,hooke _h propos$ ! use ( a bimetallic p5dulum = ! temp]ature comp5sation ( clocks4 ,!rmomet]s on ?is pr9ciple 7 describ$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #agdh & 9 #agfj 7,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #agdh1 vol4 #de1 p4 #abh2 #agfj1 vol4 #ea1 p4 #hbc74 ,"s sy/ems us$ a bimetallic !rmomet] 9 ! sun & a m]curial in/rum5t 9 ! %ade4 #bh ,?is in/rum5t has be5 p]si/5tly associat$ ) ,sir ,samuel ,morl& 7#afbe-afie74 ,= example1 ,a4 ,sprung ( ! ,deuts*e ,seew>te describ$ 8 own balance-b>omet] z a ,wageb>ograph na* ,samuel ,morl& 79 ,l4 ,loew5h]z1 ,b]i*t b] die wiss5s*aftli*5 ,in/rum5te auf d] ,b]l9] ,gew]beaus/ellung im ,jahre #ahgi1 ,b]l91 #ahhj1 p4 #bcj;ff74 ,sprat 7op4 cit4 footnote #aj1 p4 #cac7 report$ t ,wr5 _h propos$ balances to %ew ! weight ( ! air by _! spontane\s incl9ation4 ,?is mu/1 !re=e1 be ,wr5's inv5tion1 unless he got x f ,morl&1 :o does n seem to h publi%$ any?+ ab\t ! b>omet] b only to h describ$ "s ideas to a fri5d4 ,b ,morl&'s 0 probably ! incl9$ & n ! balance b>omet]4 7,see "u b>omet] 9 ,*>les ,hutton1 ,ma!matical & ,philosophical ,diction>y1 ,london1 #agif1 vol4 #a2 also ,j4 ,k4 ,fis*]1 ,physikalis*es ,wrt]bu*1 ,gtt+51 #agih74 #bi ,leibniz1 9 sev]al lett]s--beg9n+ ) "o to ,d5ys ,pap9 on ,june #ba1 #afig--propos$ ! mak+ ( a b>omet] on ! model ( a bell[s4 ,( subsequ5t v]sions ( su* a b>omet]1 t ( ,vidi 7describ$ by ,pogg5dorff1 ,annal5 d] ,physik und ,*emie1 #ahdh1 ,b& #gc1 p4 #fbj7 is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! fir/ practical an]oid 7see also ,g]l& & ,traumll]1 op4 cit4 footnote #a1 pp4 #bci1 #cbc74 #cj ,t4 ,r4 ,rob9son1 ,modification ( ,dr4 ,:ewell's ,anemomet] = ,measur+ ! ,velocity ( ! ,w9d1 ,report ( ! #af? ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahdf1 #ahdg1 pt4 #b1 p4 #aaa4 #ca ,abbe1 op4 cit4 7footnote #ai71 pp4 #bfc-bfd4 #cb ,because ( its sup]ior accuracy to ! an]oid b>ograph1 ,m>v9's b>omet] 0 9 use ?r\gh ! #aidj's4 ,see ,r4 ,n4 ,cov]t1 ,meteorological ,in/rum5ts & ,app>atus ,employ$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,optical ,society ( ,am]ica1 #aibe1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #cbb4 #cc ,bo? ( ,ri*>d's in/rum5ts 7describ$ 9 ,bullet9 ,m5suel de la ,socit d',enc\ragem5t p\r l',indu/rie ,nationale1 ,novemb] #ahhb1 s]4 #c1 vol4 #i1 pp4 #eca-edc7 7 9 use at ,kew by #ahhe & at ! ,u4,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau by #ahhh4 ,! firm ( ,ri*>d ,fr]es claim$ 9 #ahhi to h made #g1jjj regi/]+ in/rum5ts1 ( :i* ! majority 7 probably !rmographs & b>ographs4 ,at t "t1 c]ta9ly no o!r mak] _h made m ?an a small fraction ( ?is numb] ( self-regi/]+ in/rum5ts4 ,! orig9 ( ,ri*>d's !rmograph seems to h be5 ! ela/ic manomet] describ$ by ,e4 ,b\rdon 9 #ahea 7,bullet9 de la ,socit d',enc\ragem5t p\r l',indu/rie ,nationale1 #ahea1 no4 #efb1 p4 #aig74 ,:ile attempt+ to re/ore a flatt5$ /ill-pipe1 ,b\rdon _h discov]$ ! prop]ty ( tubes to *ange %ape "u fluid pressure4 ,! in/rum5t he develop$ 9 consequ5ce became ! /&>d /eam pressure gauge4 #cd ,a few ( ^! in/rum5ts1 su* z ! ,m>v9 b>ograph1 surviv$ = "s "t because ( _! sup]ior accuracy4 ,ev5 z museum pieces1 only a few exi/ today4 ,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice1 #aifa4 ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4,c4 - ,price #be c5ts ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or errors 9 punctuation h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,! foll[+ typographical errors 9 ! orig9al h be5 correct$3 ,p4 #aaj3 'a panopoly ( gadgetry'3 correct$ to panoply ,p4 #aac1 caption to ,figure #ac3 ',feuss'3 correct$ to ,fuess ,footnote #bh3 ',gew]beau/ellung'3 correct$ to ,gew]beaus/ellung ,footnote #bh3 ',physikalis*es ,wort]bu*'3 correct$ to ,wrt]bu* ,footnote #bi3 'see also ,g]l& & ,tramull]'3 correct$ to ,traumll]