,,the ,,intelligence ,,of ,,woman ,,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,george ,illustration ,,boston ,,little1 ,,brown1 ,,and ,,company #aiaf ,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,george4 ,all rights reserved ,published1 ,november1 #aiaf ,norwood ,press ,set up and electrotyped by ,j4 ,s4 ,cushing ,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,presswork by ,s4 ,j4 ,parkhill ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i ,,the ,,intelligence ,,of ,,woman #a ,,ii ,,feminist ,,intentions #fa ,,iii ,,uniforms ,,for ,,women #id ,,iv ,,woman ,,and ,,the ,,paint ,,pot #aai ,v ,,the ,,downfall ,,of ,,the ,,home #acj ,,vi ,,the ,,break-,,up ,,of ,,the ,,family #afe ,,vii ,,some ,,notes ,,on ,,marriage #bjd ,i ,,the ,,intelligence ,,of ,,woman #a ,men have been found to deny woman an intellect2 they have credited her with instinct1 with intuition1 with a capacity to correlate cause and effect much as a dog connects its collar with a walk4 ,but intellect in its broadest sense1 the capacity consecutively to plan and steadfastly to execute1 they have often denied her4 ,the days are not now so dark4 ,woman has a place in the state1 a place under1 but still a place4 ,man has recognized her value without coming to understand her much better1 and so we are faced with a paradox3 while man accords woman an improved social position1 he continues to describe her as illogical1 petty1 jealous1 vain1 untruthful1 disloyal to her own sex2 quite as frequently he charges her with being over-loyal to her own sex3 there is no pleasing him4 ,also he discerns in this unsatisfactory creature extreme unselfishness1 purity1 capacity for self-sacrifice4 ,it seems that the intelligence of man cannot solve the problem of woman1 which is a bad sign in a superior intelligence4 ,the trouble lies in this3 man assumes too readily that woman essentially differs from man4 ,hardly a man has lived who did not so exaggerate4 ,nietzsche1 ,schopenhauer1 agreed to despise women2 ,napoleon seemed to view them as engines of pleasure2 for ,shakespeare they may well have embodied a romantic ideal1 qualified by sportive wantonness4 ,in ,walter ,scott1 women appear as romance in a cheap edition2 ,byron in their regard is a beast of prey1 ,doctor ,johnson a pompous brute and a puritanical sensualist4 ,cervantes mixed in his romantic outlook a sort of suspicious hatred1 while ,alexandre ,dumas thought them born only to lay laurel wreaths and orange blossoms 7together with coronets7 on the heads of musketeers4 ,all1 all--from ,thackeray1 who never laid his hand upon a woman save in the way of patronage1 to ,goethe1 to ,dante1 to ,montaigne1 to ,wellington--all harbored this curious idea3 in one way or another woman differs from man4 ,and to-day1 whether we read ,mr4 ,bernard ,shaw1 ,mr4 ,george ,moore1 ,m4 ,paul ,bourget1 or ,mr4 ,hall ,caine1 we find that there still persists a belief in ,byron's lines3-- ,what a strange thing is man6 ,and what a stranger ,is woman6 ,almost every man1 except the professional ,lovelace 7and he knows nothing71 believes in the mystery of woman4 ,i do not4 ,for men are also mysterious to women2 women are quite as puzzled by our stupidity as by our subtlety4 ,i do not believe that there is either a male or a female mystery2 there is only the mystery of mankind4 ,there are to-day differences between the male and the female intellect2 we have to ask ourselves whether they are absolute or only apparent1 or whether they are absolute but removable by education and time1 assuming this to be desirable4 ,i believe that these differences are superficial1 temporary1 traceable to hereditary and local influences4 ,i believe that they will not endure forever1 that they will tend to vanish as environment is modified1 as old suggestions cease to be made4 ,this leads us to consider present idiosyncrasies in woman as a sex1 her apparently low and apparently high impulses1 her exaltations1 and1 in the light of her achievements1 her future4 ,i do not want to generalize hastily4 ,the subject is too complex and too obscure for me to venture so to do1 and ,i would ask my readers to remember throughout this chapter that ,i am not laying down the law1 but trying only to arrive at the greatest possible frequency of truth4 ,this is a short research of tendencies4 ,there are human tendencies1 such as belief in a divine spirit1 painting pictures1 making war1 composing songs4 ,are there any special female tendencies8 ,given that we glimpse what distinguishes man from the beast1 is there anything that distinguishes woman from man8 ,in the small space at my disposal ,i cannot pretend to deal extensively with the topic4 ,one reason is the difficulty of securing true evidence4 ,questions addressed to women do not always yield the truth2 nor do questions addressed to men2 for a desire to please1 vanity1 modesty1 interfere4 ,but the same question addressed to a woman may1 according to circumstances1 be sincerely answered in four ways1-- #a4 ,truthfully1 with a defensive touch1 if she is alone with another woman4 #b4 ,with intent to cause male rivalry if she is with two men4 #c4 ,with false modesty and seductive evasiveness if she is with one man and one woman4 #d4 ,with a clear intention to repel or attract if she is with a man alone4 ,and there are variations of these four cases6 ,a man investigating woman's points of view often finds the response more emotional than intellectual4 ,owing to the system under which we live1 where man is a valuable prey1 woman has contracted the habit of trying to attract4 ,even aggressive insolence on her part may conceal the desire to attract by exasperating4 ,these notes must1 therefore1 be taken only as hints1 and the reader may be interested to know that they are based on the observation of sixty-five women1 subdivided as follows3 ,intimate acquaintance1 five2 adequate acquaintance1 nineteen2 slight acquaintance1 forty-one2 married1 thirty-nine2 status uncertain1 eight2 celibate1 eighteen4 ,ages1 seventeen to sixty-eight 7average age1 about thirty-five74 #b ,it is most difficult to deduce the quality of woman's intellect from her conduct1 because her impulses are frequently obscured by her policy4 ,the physical circumstances of her life predispose her to an interest in sex more dominant than is the case with man4 ,as intellect flies out through the window when emotion comes in at the door1 this is a source of complications4 ,the intervention of love is a difficulty1 for love1 though blind1 is unfortunately not dumb1 and habitually uses speech for the concealment of truth4 ,it does this with the best of intentions1 and the best of intentions generally yield the worst of results4 ,it should be said that sheer intellect is very seldom displayed by man4 ,intellect is the ideal skeleton of a man's mental power4 ,it may be defined as an aspiration toward material advantage1 absolute truth1 or achievement1 combined with a capacity for taking steps toward successful achievement or attaining truth4 ,from this point of view such men as ,napoleon1 ,machiavelli1 ,epictetus1 ,leo ,,xiii1 ,bismarck1 ,voltaire1 ,anatole ,france1 are typical intellectuals4 ,they are not perfect3 all1 so far as we can tell1 are tainted with moral feeling or emotion1--a frailty which probably explains why there has never been a ,british or ,american intellectual of the first rank4 ,huxley1 ,spencer1 ,darwin1 ,cromwell1 all alike suffered grievously from good intentions4 ,the ,british and ,american mind has long been honeycombed with moral impulse1 at any rate since the ,reformation2 it is very much what the ,german mind was up to the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,intellect1 as ,i conceive it1 is seeing life sanely and seeing it whole1 without much pity1 without love2 seeing life as separate from man1 whose pains and delights are only phenomena2 seeing love as a reaction to certain stimuli4 ,in this sense it can probably be said that no woman has ever been an intellectual4 ,a few may have pretensions1 as1 for instance1 ,vernon ,lee1 ,mrs4 ,sidney ,webb1 ,mrs4 ,wharton1 perhaps ,mrs4 ,hetty ,green4 ,i do not know1 for these women can be judged only by their works4 ,the greatest women in history--,catherine of ,russia1 ,joan of ,arc1 ,sappho1 ,queen ,elizabeth--appear to have been swayed largely by their passions1 physical or religious4 ,i do not suppose that this will always be the case4 ,for reasons which ,i shall indicate further on in this chapter1 ,i believe that woman's intellect will tend toward approximation with that of man4 ,but meanwhile it would be futile not to recognize that there exist to-day between man and woman some sharp intellectual divergences4 ,one of the sharpest lies in woman's logical faculty4 ,this may be due to her education 7which is seldom mathematical or scientific72 it may proceed from a habit of mind2 it may be the result of a secular withdrawal from responsibilities other than domestic4 ,whatever the cause1 it must be acknowledged that1 with certain trained exceptions1 woman has not of logic the same conception as man4 ,i have devoted particular care to this issue1 and have collected a number of cases where the feminine conception of logic clashes with that of man4 ,here are a few transcribed from my notebook3 ,case #cc ,my remark3 ,most people practice a religion because they are too cowardly to face the idea of annihilation4 ,case #cc3 ,i don't see that they are any more cowardly than you4 ,it doesn't matter whether you have a faith or not1 it will be all the same in the end4 ,the reader will observe that ,case #cc evades the original proposition2 in her reply she ignores the set question1 namely why people practice a religion4 ,case #ag ,votes for ,women1 of ,january #bb1 #aiae1 prints a parallel1 presumably drawn by a woman1 between two police-court cases4 ,in the first a man1 charged with having struck his wife1 is discharged because his wife intercedes for him4 ,in the second a woman1 charged with theft1 is sent to prison in spite of her husband's plea4 ,the writer appears to think that these cases are parallel2 the difference of treatment of the two offenders offends her logic4 ,from a masculine point of view two points differentiate the cases3 ,in the first case the person who may be sent to prison is the bread-winner2 in the second case it is the housekeeper1 which is inconvenient but less serious4 ,in the first case the person who intercedes1 the wife1 is the one who has suffered2 in the second case the person who intercedes1 the husband1 has not suffered injury4 ,the person who has suffered injury is the one who lost the goods4 ,case #ea ,this case is peculiar as it consists in frequent confusion of words4 ,the woman here instanced referred to a very ugly man as looking ,semitic4 ,she was corrected and asked whether she did not mean simian1 that is1 like a monkey4 ,she said1 ,yes1 but that ,semitic meant looking like a monkey4 ,when confronted with the dictionary1 she was compelled to acknowledge that the two words were not the same1 but persisted in calling the man ,semitic1 and seriously explained this by asserting that ,jews look like monkeys4 ,case #ea1 in another conversation1 referred to a man who had left the ,church of ,england for the ,church of ,rome as a pervert4 ,she was asked whether she did not mean convert4 ,she said1 ,no1 because to become a ,roman ,catholic is the act of a pervert4 ,as ,i thought that this might come from religious animus1 ,i asked whether a ,roman ,catholic who entered a ,protestant church was also a pervert4 ,case #ea replied1 ,yes4 ,case #ea therefore assumes that any change from an original state is abnormal4 ,the application to the charge of bad logic consists in this further test3 ,i asked ,case #ea whether a man originally brought up in ,conservative views would be a pervert if he became a ,liberal4 ,case #ea replied1 ,no4 ,on another occasion ,case #ea referred to exaggerated praise showered upon a popular hero1 and said that the newspapers were belittling him4 ,i pointed out that they were doing the very contrary2 that indeed they were exaggerating his prowess4 ,confronted with the dictionary1 and the meaning of belittle1 which is to cheapen with intent1 she insisted that belittling was the correct word because the result of this exaggerated praise was to make the man smaller in her own mind4#a #a ,the notes as to ,case #ea have not an absolute bearing upon logic in general1 but the reasons put forth in her defense by ,case #ea are indicative of a certain kind of logic which is not masculine4 ,i must add that ,case #ea is a woman of very good education1 with many general interests4--,,the ,,author4 ,case #fc ,in the course of a discussion on the war in which ,case #fc has given vent to moral and religious views1 she remarks1 ,thou shalt not kill4 ,i3 ,then do you accept war8 ,case #fc3 ,war ought to be done away with4 ,i 7attempting to get a straight answer73 ,do you accept war8 ,case #fc3 ,one must defend one's self4 ,upon this follows a long argument in which ,i attempt to prove to ,case #fc that one defends1 not one's self but the nation4 ,when in difficulties she repeats1 ,one must defend one's self4 ,she refuses to face the fact that if nobody offered any resistance1 nobody would be killed2 she completely confuses the defense of self against a burglar with that of a nation against an invader4 ,finally she assumes that the defense of one's country is legitimate1 and yet insists on maintaining with the ,bible that one may not kill6 ,case #cc ,case #cc3 ,why didn't ,america interfere with regard to ,german atrocities in ,belgium8 ,i3 ,why should she8 ,case #cc3 ,america did protest when her trade was menaced4 ,i3 ,yes4 ,america wanted to protect her interests1 but does it follow that she should protest against atrocities which do not menace her interests8 ,case #cc3 ,but her interests are menaced4 ,look at the trade complications2 they've all come out of that4 ,case #cc has confused trade interests with moral duty2 she has confused two issues3 atrocities against neutrals and destruction of ,american property4 ,when ,i tell her this1 she states that there is a connection3 that if ,america had protested against atrocities1 the war would have proceeded on better lines because the ,germans would have been frightened4 ,i3 ,how would this have affected the trade question8 ,case #cc does not explain but draws me into a morass of moral indignation because ,america protested against trade interference and not against atrocities4 ,she finally says ,america had no right to do the one without the other1 which logically is chaos4 ,she also demands to be told what was the use of ,america's signing the ,geneva ,convention and the ,hague ,convention4 ,she ignores the fact that these conventions do not bind anybody to fight in their defense but merely to observe their provisions4 ,i would add that ,case #cc is a well-educated woman1 independent in views1 and with a bias toward social questions4 ,naturally1 where there is a question of love1 feminine logic reaches the zenith of topsy-turvy-dom4 ,here is a dialogue which took place in my presence4 ,case #h ,case #h1 who was about to be married1 attacked a man who had had a pronounced flirtation with her because he suddenly announced that he was engaged4 ,case #h3 ,how can you be so mean8 ,the man3 ,but ,i don't understand4 ,you're going to be married4 ,what objection can you have to my getting engaged8 ,case #h3 ,it's quite different4 ,nothing could move ,case #h from that point of view4#b #b ,probably owing to woman's having for centuries been taught to regard the vain aspirations of the male as her perquisites4--,,the ,,author4 ,i do not contend that bad logic is the monopoly of woman1 for man is also disposed to believe what he chooses in matters such as politics1 wars1 and so forth1 and then to try to prove it4 ,englishmen as well as ,englishwomen find victory in the capture of a ,german trench1 insignificance in the loss of a ,british trench2 man1 as well as woman1 is quite capable of saying that it always rains when the ,republicans are in power1 should he happen to be a ,democrat2 man also is capable of tracing to a dinner with twelve guests the breaking of a leg1 while forgetting the scores of occasions on which he dined in a restaurant with twelve other people and suffered no harm4 ,man is capable of every unreasonable deduction1 but he is more inclined to justify himself by close reasoning4 ,in matters of argument1 man is like the ,italian brigand who robs the friar1 then confesses and asks him for absolution2 woman is the burglar unrepentant4 ,this may be due to woman as a rule having few guiding principles or intellectual criteria4 ,she often holds so many moral principles that intellectual argument with her irritates the crisper male mind4 ,but she finds it difficult to retain a grasp upon a central idea1 to clear away the side issues which obscure it4 ,she can seldom carry an idea to its logical conclusion1 passing from term to term2 somewhere there is a solution of continuity4 ,for this reason arguments with women1 which have begun with the latest musical play1 easily pass on1 from its alleged artistic merit1 to its costumes1 their scantiness1 their undesirable scantiness1 the need for inspection1 inspectors of theaters1 and1 little by little1 other inspectors1 until one gets to mining inspectors and possibly to mining in general4 ,the reader will observe that these ideas are fairly well linked4 ,all that happens is that the woman1 tiring of the central argument1 has pursued each side issue as it offered itself4 ,this comes from a lack of concentration which indisposes a woman to penetrate deeply into a subject2 she is not used to concentration1 she does not like it4 ,it might lead her to disagreeable discoveries4 ,it is for this reason--because she needs to defend purely emotional positions against man1 who uses intellectual weapons--that woman is so much more easily than man attracted by new religions and new philosophies--by ,christian ,science1 by ,higher ,thought1 by ,theosophy1 by ,eucken1 by ,bergson4 ,those religions are no longer spiritual2 they have an intellectual basis2 they are not ideal religions like ,christianity and ,mohammedanism and the like1 which frankly ask you to make an act of faith2 what they do is to attempt to seduce the alleged soul through the intellect4 ,that is exactly what the aspiring woman demands3 emotional satisfaction and intellectual concession4 ,particularly in ,america1 one discovers her intellectual fog in the continual use of such words as mental1 elemental1 cosmic1 universality1 social harmony1 essential cosmos1 and other similar ornaments of the modern logomachy4 ,case #af ,case #af told me that my mind did not functionalize properly4 ,and gave me as an authority for the statement ,aristotle1 before whom1 of course1 ,i bow4 ,a singular and suggestive fact is that woman generally displays pitiless logic when she is dealing with things that she knows well4 ,an expert housekeeper is the type1 and there are no lapses in her argument with a tradesman4 ,it is a platitude to mention the business capacity of the ,frenchwoman1 and many women are expert in the investment of money1 in the administration of detail1 in hospital management1 in the rotation of servants' holidays 7which1 in large households1 is most complex74 ,it would appear that woman is unconcentrated and inconsequent only where she has not been properly educated1 and this has a profound bearing on her future development4 ,there is a growing class1 of which ,mrs4 ,fawcett1 ,mrs4 ,havelock ,ellis1 the ,countess of ,warwick1 ,miss ,jane ,addams1 are typical1 who have bent their minds upon intellectual problems2 women like ,miss ,emma ,goldman2 like ,miss ,mary ,mc,arthur1 whose grasp of industrial questions is as good as any man's4 ,they differ profoundly from the average feminine literary artist1 who is almost invariably unable to write of anything except love4 ,i can think of only one modern exception1--,miss ,amber ,reeves2 among her seniors1 ,mrs4 ,humphry ,ward is the most notable exception1 but not quite notable enough4 ,this tendency is1 ,i believe1 entirely due to woman having always been divorced from business and politics1 to her having been until recently encouraged to delight in small material possessions1 while discouraged from focusing on anything non-material except religion1 and from considering general ideas4 ,particularly as regards general ideas woman has lived in a bad atmosphere4 ,the ,french king who said to his queen1 ,madam1 we have taken you to give us children and not to give us advice1 was blowing a chill breath upon the tender shoot of woman's intelligence4 ,neither he nor other men wished women to conceive general ideas3 women became incapable of conceiving or understanding them4 ,thence sprang generalization1 the tendency in woman to make sweeping statements1 such as ,all men are deceivers1 or ,men can do what they like in the world1 or ,men cannot feel as women do4 ,it is not that they dislike general questions1 but that they have been thrust back from general questions1 so that they cannot hold them4 ,here is a case3 ,case #b ,with the object of entertaining an elderly lady1 who is an invalid1 ,i explain1 in response to her own request1 the case that ,germany makes for having declared war4 ,she asks one or two questions1 and then suddenly interrupts me to ask what ,i have been doing with myself lately in the evenings4 ,this is a case of interest in the particular as opposed to the general4 ,it is an instance of what ,i want to show1--that woman drifts toward the particular because she has been driven away from the general4 ,to concentrate too long upon the general is to her merely fatiguing4 ,doubtless because of this1 many middle-aged women become exceedingly dull to men4 ,so long as they are young all is well1 for few men care what folly issues from rosy lips4 ,but once the lips are no longer rosy1 then man fails to find the companion he needs1 because companionship1 as differentiated from love1 can rest only on mental sympathy4 ,middle-aged man is often dull too2 while the middle-aged woman may concern herself overmuch with the indigestion of her pet dog1 the middle-aged man is often unduly moved by his own indigestion4 ,but1 broadly speaking1 a greater percentage of middle-aged and elderly men than of such women are interested in political and philosophical questions4 ,these men are often dull for another reason3 they are more conventional4 ,the reader may differ from me1 but ,i believe that woman is much less conventional than man4 ,she does all the conventional things and attacks other women savagely for breaches of convention4 ,but you will generally find that where a man may with impunity break a convention he will not do so1 while1 if secrecy is guaranteed1 a woman will please herself first and repent only if necessary4 ,it follows that a man is conventional because he respects convention2 woman conventional because she is afraid of what may happen if she does not obey convention4 ,i submit that this shows a greater degree of conventionality in man4 ,the typical ,englishman of the world1 wrecked on a desert island1 would get into his evening clothes as long as his shirts lasted2 ,i do not think his wife1 alone in such circumstances1 would wear a low-cut dress to take her meal of cocoanuts1 even if her frock did up in front4 ,it is this unconventionality that precipitates woman into the so-called new movements in art or philosophy4 ,she reacts against what is1 seeking a new freedom2 even if she is only seeking a new excitement1 a new color1 a new god1 unconsciously she seeks a more liberal atmosphere1 while man is nearly always contented with the atmosphere that is4 ,when he rebels1 his tendency is to destroy the old sanctuary1 hers to build a new sanctuary4 ,that is a form of idealism1--not a very high idealism1 for woman seldom strains toward the impossible4 ,in literature ,i cannot call to mind that woman has ever conceived a ,utopia such as those imagined by ,bellamy1 ,samuel ,butler1 ,william ,morris1 and ,h4 ,g4 ,wells4 ,the only woman who voiced ideas of this kind was ,mary ,wollstonecraft1 and her views were hardly utopian4 ,nothings1 such as ,utopias1 have been always too airy for woman4 ,the heroes in the novels she has written1 until recently and with one or two exceptions1--such as some of the heroes of ,george ,eliot1--are either stagey or sweet4 ,mr4 ,rochester is stagey1 ,grandcourt is stagey1 while the hero of ,under ,two ,flags is merely ,turkish ,delight4 #c ,a quality which singularly contrasts with woman's vague idealism is the accuracy she displays in business4 ,this is due to her being fundamentally inaccurate4 ,it is not the accurate people who are always accurate2 it is the inaccurate people on their guard4#c ,woman's interest in the particular predisposes her to the exact1 for accuracy may be defined as a continuous interest in the particular4 ,i suspect that it indicates a probability that by education1 and especially encouragement1 woman may develop a far higher degree of concentration than she has hitherto done4 ,in her way stands a fatal facility1 that of grasping ideas before they are half-expressed4 ,it is a quality of imagination1 natural rather than induced4 ,any schoolteacher will confirm the statement that in a mixed class1 aged eleven to twelve1 the essays of the girls are better than those of the boys4 ,this is not so in a mixed university4 ,i suspect that this latter is quite as much due to the academic judgment1 which does not recognize imagination1 as to the fact that in the later years of their lives the energies of girls are diverted from intellectual concentration 7and also expression7 toward the artistic and the social4 ,this untrained concentration produces a certain superficiality and an impetuousness which harmonize with the intrusion of side issues1--to which ,i have referred1--and with the burgeoning of side issues on the general idea4 #c ,i have observed for two years the steady growth in the accuracy of the work of ,case #cc1 due to her having concentrated upon her instinctive inaccuracy4--,,the ,,author4 ,nowhere is this better shown than in the postscript habit4 ,men do not1 as a rule1 use postscripts1 and it is significant that artists and persons inclined toward the arts are much more given to postscripts than other kinds of men4 ,one might almost say that women correspond by postscript2 some of them put the subject of the letter in the postscript1 as the scorpion keeps his poison in his tail4 ,i have before me letters from ,case #eh1 with two postscripts1 and one extraordinary letter from ,case #aa1 with four postscripts and a sentence written outside the envelope4 ,this is the apogee of superficiality4 ,the writers have run on1 seduced by irrelevance1 and have not been able to stop to consider in all its bearings the subject of the letter4 ,each postscript represents a development or qualification1 which must indicate the waste by bad education of what may be a very good mind4 ,i would say in passing that we should not attach undue importance to woman's physical disabilities4 ,it is true that woman is more conscious of her body than is man4 ,so long as he is fed1 sufficiently busy1 in good general health1 he is normal4 ,but woman is far more often in an unbalanced physical condition4 ,there is a great deal to be said for the ,hindu philosophical point of view1 that the body needs to be just so satisfied as to become imperceptible to the consciousness1 as opposed to the point of view of the ,christian ascetics1 who unfortunately carried their ideas so far that they ended by thinking more of their hair shirt than of ,him for whose sake they wore it4 ,in this sense woman is intellectually handicapped because her body obtrudes itself upon her4 ,it is a subject of brooding and agitation4 ,i suspect that this is largely remediable1 for ,i am not convinced that it is woman's peculiar physical conditions that occasionally warp her intellect2 it is equally possible that a warped intellect produces unsatisfactory physical conditions4 ,therefore1 if1 as ,i firmly believe that we can1 we develop this intellect1 profound changes may with time appear in these physical conditions4 #d ,the further qualification of woman's intellect is in her moral attitude4 ,i would ask the reader to divest himself of the idea that moral refers only to matters of sex4 ,morality is the rule of conduct of each human being in his relations with other human beings1 and this covers all relations4 ,because in some senses the morality of woman is not the morality of man1 we are not entitled to say with ,pope that ,woman's at best a contradiction still4 ,she is a contradiction4 ,man is a contradiction1 apparently of a different kind1 and that is all4 ,thence spring misunderstandings and sometimes dislike1 as between people of different nations4 ,i do not want to labor the point1 but ,i would suggest that in a very minor degree the apparent difference between man and woman may be paralleled by the apparent difference between the ,italian and the ,swede1 who1 within two generations1 produce very similar ,american children4 ,but man1 who generalizes quite as wildly as woman when he does not understand1 is determined to emphasize the difference in every relation of life4 ,for instance1 it is commonly said that woman cannot keep her promise4 ,this seems to me entirely untrue2 given that as a rule woman's intellect is not sufficiently educated to enable her to find a good reason for breaking her promise1 it is much more difficult for her to do so4 ,for we are all moral creatures1 and if a man must steal the crown jewels1 he is happier if he can discover a high motive for so doing4 ,man has a definite advantage where a loophole has to be found1 and ,i have known few women capable of standing up in argument against a trained lawyer who has acquired the usual dexterity in misrepresentation4 ,in love and marriage1 particularly1 woman will keep plighted troth more closely than man2 there is no male equivalent of jilt1 but the male does jilt on peculiar lines2 while a woman who knows that her youth1 her beauty are going must bring things to a head by jilting1 the male is never in a hurry1 for his attractions wane so very slowly4 ,why should he jilt the woman1--make a stir8 ,so he just goes on4 ,in due course she tires and releases him1 when he goes to another woman4 ,that is jilting by inches1 and as regards faithfulness a pledged woman is more difficult to win away than a pledged man4 7,to be just1 it should be said that unfaithfulness is in the eyes of most men a small matter1 in the eyes of most women a serious matter47 ,a pledged woman will remain faithful long after love has flown2 the promise is a mystic bond2 none but a tall flame can hide the ashes of the dead love4 ,and so1 when ,shakespeare asserts1-- ,frailty1 thy name is woman1 he is delivering one of the hasty judgments that abound in his solemn romanticism4 ,this applies in realms divorced from love1--in questions of money1 such as debts or bets4 ,women do run up milliners' bills1 but men boast of never paying their tailors4 ,and if sometimes women do not discharge the lost bet1 it is largely because a tradition of protection and patronage has laid down that women need not pay their bets4 ,besides1 women usually pay their losses1 while several men have not yet discharged their debts of honor to me4 ,it is a matter of honesty1 and ,i think the criminal returns for the ,united ,states would produce the same evidence as those for ,england and ,wales4 ,in #aiac there were tried at ,assizes for offences against property #afaf men and #abb women4 ,the records of ,quarter ,sessions and of the courts of ,summary ,jurisdiction yield the same result1 an enormous majority of male offenders1--though there be more women than men in ,england and ,wales6 ,and yet1 in the face of such official figures1 of the evidence of every employer1 man cherishes a belief in woman's dishonesty6 ,one reason1 no doubt1 is that woman's emotional nature leads her1 when she is criminal1 to criminality of an aggravated kind4 ,she then justifies ,pope's misogynist lines3 ,o woman1 woman6 ,when to ill thy mind ,is bent1 all hell contains no fouler fiend4 ,most men1 however1 have abandoned the case against woman's dishonesty and confine themselves to describing her as a liar1 forgetting that they generally dislike the truth when it comes from a woman's lips1 and always when it reflects upon their own conduct4 ,for centuries man has asked that woman should flatter1 but also that she should tell the truth3 such a confusion of demands leads the impartial mind to the conclusion that vanity cannot be a monopoly of the female4 ,but it is quite true that woman does not always cherish truth so well as man4 ,the desire for truth is intellectual1 not emotional4 ,truth is a cold bed-fellow1 as might be expected of one who rose from a well4 ,and among women cases of disinterested lying are not uncommon4 ,here is ,case #af3 ,an elderly woman talked at length about not having received insurance papers1 and made a great disturbance4 ,it later appeared that she had not insured4 ,on another occasion she informed the household that her son-in-law had been cabled to from ,south ,africa to come and visit his dying mother4 ,it was proved that no cable had been sent4 ,i have a number of cases of this kind1 but this is the most curious4 ,i suspect that this sort of lying is traceable to a need for romance and drama in a colorless life4 ,it springs from the wish to create a romantic atmosphere round one's self and to increase one's personal importance4 ,because men hold out hands less greedy toward drama and romance they are less afflicted1 but they do not entirely escape1 and we have all observed the new importance of the man whose brother has been photographed in a newspaper or1 better still1 killed in a railway accident4 ,if he has been burned in a theater1 the grief of his male relatives is subtly tinged with excited delight4 ,romance1 the wage of lies1 is woman's compensation for a dull life4 #e ,vanity is as old as the mammoth4 ,romantic lying1 obviously connected with vanity1 is justly alleged to be developed in woman4 ,no doubt woman's chief desire has been to appear beautiful1 and it is quite open to question whether the leaves that clothed our earliest ancestress were gathered in a spirit of modesty rather than in response to a desire for adornment4 ,but it should not be too readily assumed that vanity is purely a feminine characteristic4 ,it is a human characteristic1 and the favor of any male savage can be bought at the price of a necklace of beads or of an admiral's cocked hat4 ,the modern man is modish too1 as much as he dares4 ,at ,newport as at ,brighton the dandy is supreme4 ,it would be inaccurate1 however1 to limit vanity to clothes4 ,vanity is more subtle1 and ,i would ask the reader which of the three principal motives that animate man--love1 ambition1 and gold lust--is the strongest4 ,the desire to shine in the eyes of one's fellows has produced much in art and political service2 it has produced much that is foolish and ignoble4 ,it has led to political competition1 to a wild race for ill-remunerated offices1 governorships1 memberships of ,parliament4 ,representatives of the people often wish to serve the people2 they also like to be marked out as the people's men4 ,there are no limits to masculine desire for honors2 seldom in ,england does a man refuse a peerage2 ,frenchmen are martyrs to their love of ribbons1 and not a year passes without a scandal because an official has been bribed to obtain the ,lgion d',honneur for somebody1 or1 funnier still1 because an adventurer has blacked his face1 set up in a small flat1 impersonated a negro potentate1 and distributed for value received grand crosses of fantastic kingdoms4 ,even democratic ,americans have been known to seek titled husbands for their daughters1 and a few have become ,papal barons or counts4 ,male vanity differs from female1 but both are vanity4 ,the two sexes even share that curious form of vanity which in man consists in his calling himself a plain man1 bragging of having come to ,new ,york without shoes and with a dime in his pocket2 which1 in woman1 consists in neglecting her appearance4 ,both sexes convey more or less3 ,i am what ,i am1 a humble person 444 but quite good enough4 ,the arrogance of humility is simply repulsive4 ,ideas such as the foregoing may proceed from a certain simplicity4 ,woman is much less complex than the poets believe4 ,for instance1 many men hold that woman's lack of self-consciousness1 as exemplified by disturbances in shops1 has its roots in some intricate reasoning process4 ,one must not be carried away3 the truth is that woman1 having so long been dependent upon man1 has an exaggerated idea of the importance of small sums4 ,man has earned money2 woman has been taught only to save it4 ,thus she has been poor1 and poverty has caused her to shrink from expenditure2 often she has become mean and1 paradoxically enough1 she has at the same time become extravagant4 ,poverty has taught her to respect the penny1 while it has taught her nothing about the pound4 ,if woman finds it quite easy to spend one tenth of the household income on dress1 and even more1#d it is because her education makes it as difficult for her to conceive a thousand dollars as it is for a man to conceive a million4 ,it is merely a question of familiarity with money4 #d ,see ,uniforms for ,women1 and observe extreme figures and details of feminine expenditure on clothes4 ,besides1 foolish economy and reckless expenditure are indications of an elementary quality4 ,in that sense woman is still something of a savage4 ,she is still less civilized than man1 largely because she has not been educated4 ,this may be a very good thing1 and it certainly is an agreeable one from the masculine point of view4 ,whether we consider woman's attitude to the law1 to social service1 or to war1 it is the same thing4 ,in most cases she is lawless2 she will obey the law because she is afraid of it1 but she will not respect it4 ,for her it is always sic volo1 sic jubeo4 ,i suspect that if she had had a share in making the law she would not have been like this1 for she would have become aware of the relation between law and life4 ,roughly she tends to look upon the law as tyrannous if she does not like it1 as protective if she does like it4 ,probably there is little relation between her own moral impulse1 which is generous1 and the law1 which is only just4 7,that is1 just in intention47 ,this is qualified by the moral spirit in woman1 which increasingly leads her to the view that certain things should be done and others not be done4 ,but even then it is likely that at heart woman does not respect the law2 she may respect what it represents1--strength1--but not what it implies1--equity4 ,she is infinitely more rebellious than man1 and where she has power she inflames the world in protest4 ,i do not refer to the militant suffragists1 but to woman's general attitude4 ,for instance1 when it is proposed to compel women to insure their servants1 to pay employer's compensation for accident1 to restrict married women's control of their property1 to establish laws regulating the social evil1 we find female opposition very violent4 ,i do not mean material opposition1 although that does occur1 but mental hostility4 ,woman surrenders because she must1 man because he ought to4 ,that is an attitude of barbarism4 ,it is a changing attitude2 the ranks of social service have1 during the last half-century1 been disproportionately swollen by woman4 ,our most active worker in the causes of factory inspection1 child protection1 anti-sweating1 is to-day woman4 ,woman is emerging swiftly from the barbarous state in which she was long maintained4 ,she will change yet more1--and further on in this chapter ,i will attempt to show how1--but to-day it must be granted that there runs in her veins much vigorous barbarian blood4 ,her attitude to war is significant4 ,during the past months ,i have met many women who were inflamed by the idea of blood2 so long as they were not losing relatives or friends themselves1 they tended to look upon the war as the most exciting serial they had ever read4 ,heat and heroism1 what could be more romantic8 ,every woman to whom ,i told this said it was untrue1 but in no country have the women's unions struck against war2 the suffragettes have organized1 not only hospitals1 but kitchens1 recreation rooms1 canteens for the use of soldiers2 many have clamored to be allowed to make shells2 some1 especially in ,russia1 have carried rifles4 ,in ,england1 thirteen thousand women volunteered to make war material2 women filled the ,german factories4 ,of course1 ,i recognize that this is partly economic3 women must live in wartime even at the price of men's lives1 and ,i am aware that a great many women have done all they could to arrest the spread of war4 ,in ,england many have prevented their men from volunteering2 in ,america1 ,i am told1 women have been solid against war with ,germany4 ,but let the reader not be deceived4 ,a subtle point arises which is often ignored4 ,if women went to war instead of men1 their attitude might be different4 ,consider1 indeed1 these two paragraphs1 fictitious descriptions of a battlefield3-- ,before the trenches lay heaped hundreds of young men1 with torn bodies1 their faces pale in the moonlight4 ,the rays lit up the face of one that lay near1 made a glitter upon his little golden moustache4 ,before the trenches lay heaped hundreds of young girls4 ,the moonlight streamed upon their torn bodies and their fair skins4 ,the rays fell upon one that lay near1 drawing a glow from the masses of her golden hair4 ,let the masculine reader honestly read these two paragraphs 7which ,i do not put forward as literature74 ,the first will pain him2 the second will hurt him more4 ,that men should be slaughtered--how hateful6 ,that girls should be slaughtered--it is unbearable4 ,here1 ,i submit1 is part of woman's opposition to war1 of the exaggerated idea people have of her humanitarian attitude4 ,i will not press the point that as a savage she may like blood better than man2 ,i will confine myself to suggesting that a large portion of her opposition to war comes out of a sexual consciousness2 it seems horrible to her that young men should be killed1 just as horrible as my paragraph on the dead girls may seem to the male reader4 ,some men have seen women as barbarous and dangerous only1 have based their attitude upon the words of ,thomas ,otway3 ,she betrayed the ,capitol1 lost ,mark ,antony to the world1 laid old ,troy in ashes4 ,this is absurd2 if man cannot resist the temptation of woman1 he can surely claim no greater nobility4 ,mark ,antony lost ,cleopatra by wretched suicide as much as she lost him4 ,if because of ,helen old ,troy was laid in ashes1 at least another woman1 guiltless ,andromache1 paid the price4 ,to represent woman so1 to suggest that there were only two people in ,eden1 ,adam and the ,serpent1 is as ridiculous as making a woman into a goddess4 ,it is the hope of the future that woman shall be realized as neither diabolical nor divine1 but as merely human4 #f ,we must recognize that the emotional quality in woman is not a characteristic of sex2 it is merely the exaggeration of a human characteristic4 ,for instance1 it is currently said that women make trouble on committees4 ,they do2 ,i have sat with women on committees and will do it again as seldom as possible3 their frequent inability to understand an obvious syllogism1 their passion for side issues1 their generalizations1 and their particularism whenever emotion is aroused1 make committee work very difficult4 ,but every committee has its male member who cannot escape from his egotism or from his own conversation4 ,what woman does man does1 only he does it less4 ,the difference is one of degree1 not of quality4 ,where the emotionalism of women grows more pronounced is in matters of religion and love4 ,there is a vague correspondence between her attitude to the one and to the other1 in outwardly ,christian countries1 ,i mean4 ,she often finds in religion a curious philter1 both a sedative and a stimulant4 ,religion is often for women an allotrope of romance2 blind as an earthworm she seeks the stars1 and it is curious that religion should make so powerful an appeal to woman1 considering how she has been treated by the faiths4 ,the ,moslem faith has made of her a toy and a reward2 the ,jewish1 a submissive beast of burden2 the ,christian1 a danger1 a vessel of impurity4 ,i mean the actual faiths1 not their original theory2 one must take a faith as one finds it1 not as it is supposed to be1 and in the case of woman the ,christian religion is but little in accord with the view of ,him who forgave the woman taken in adultery4 ,the ,christian religion has done everything it could to heap ignominy upon woman3 head-coverings in church1 practical tolerance of male infidelity1 kingly repudiation of queens1 compulsory child-bearing1 and a multiplicity of other injustices4 ,the ,proverbs and the ,bible in general are filled with strictures on a brawling woman1 a contentious woman2 when man is referred to1 mankind is really implied4 ,yet woman has kissed the religious rods4 ,one might think that indeed she was seduced and held only by cruelty and contempt4 ,she is now1 in a measure1 turning against the faiths1 but still she clings to them more closely than man because she is more capable of making an act of faith1 of believing that which she knows to be impossible4 ,the appeal of religion to woman is the appeal of self-surrender1--that is1 ostensibly4 ,in the case of love it is the same appeal1 ostensibly2 though ,i suspect that intuition has told many a woman who gave herself to a lover or to a god that she was absorbing more than she gave3 in love using the man for nature whom she represents1 in faith performing a pantheistic prodigy1 the enclosing of ,nirvana within her own bosom4 ,but speculation as to the impulse of sex in relation to religion1 in ,greece1 in ,egypt1 in ,latin countries1 would draw me too far4 ,i can record only that to all appearances a portion of the religious instinct of woman is derived from the love instinct1 which many believe to be woman's first and only motive4 ,it is significant that among the sixty-five cases upon which this article is based there are several deeply religious single women1 while not one of the married women shows signs of more than conventional devotion4 ,i incline to believe that woman is firstly animal1 secondly1 intellectual2 while man appears to be occasionally animal and primarily intellectual4 ,observe indeed the varying age at which paternal and maternal instincts manifest themselves4 ,a woman's passion for her child generally awakes at birth1 and there are many cases where an unfortunate girl1 intending to murder her child1 as soon as it is born discovers that she loves it4 ,on the other hand1 a great many men are indifferent to their children in infancy and are drawn to them only as they develop intellectual quality4 ,this is just the time when woman drifts from them4 ,qualified by civilized custom1 the attitude of woman toward her child is very much that of the cat toward her kitten2 as soon as the kitten is a few weeks old1 the mother neglects it4 ,a few months later she will not know it4 ,her part is played4 ,so it is not uncommon to find a woman who has been enthralled by her baby giving it over entirely to hired help3 the baby is growing intellectualized2 it needs her no more except as a kindly but calm critic4 ,and frequently at that time the father begins to intervene1 to control the education1 to prepare for the future4 ,whether in the mental field this means much more than the difference in temperament between red hair and black hair 7if that means anything71 ,i do not know2 but it is singular that so often the mother should drift away from her child just at the moment when the father thinks of teaching it to ride and shoot and tell the truth4 ,possibly by that time her critical work is done4 ,indicative of the influence of the emotions is the peculiar intensification of love in moments of crisis1 such as war1 revolution1 or accident4 ,men do not escape this any more than women3 the ,german atrocities1 for instance1 largely proceed from extreme excitement4 ,but men have but slender bonds to break1 being nearly all ready to take their pleasure where they can1 while women are more fastidious4 ,woman needs a more highly charged atmosphere1 the whips of fear or grief1 the intoxication of glory4 ,when these are given her1 her emotions more readily break down her reserves2 and it is not remarkable that in times of war there should be an increase in illegitimate births as well as an increase in marriages4 ,woman's intellect under those pressures gives way4 ,a number of the marriages contracted by ,british soldiers about to leave for the front are simple manifestations of hysteria4 ,as for caprice1 it has long been regarded as woman's privilege1 part of her charm4 ,man was the hunter1 and his prey must run4 ,only he is annoyed when it runs too fast4 ,he is ever asking woman to charm him by elusiveness and then complaining because she eludes him4 ,there is hardly a man who would not to-day echo ,sir ,walter ,scott's familiar lines1-- ,o ,woman6 in our hours of ease ,uncertain1 coy1 and hard to please1 ,and variable as the shade ,by the light quivering aspen made4 ,it is not woman's fault4 ,the poetry of the world is filled with the words to win and to woo2 one cannot win or woo one who does not baffle2 one can only take her1 and men are not satisfied to do only that4 ,man loves sincerity until he finds it2 he can live neither with it nor without it2 this is true most notably in the lists of love4 ,he is for falsehood1 for affectation1 lest the prize should too easily be won4 ,both sexes are equally guilty1 if guilt there be4 ,more true is it that many women lie and curvet as a policy because they believe thus best to manage men4 ,they generally believe that they can manage men4 ,they look upon them as poor dears4 ,they honestly believe that the poor dears cannot cook1 or run houses1 or trim hats1 ignoring the fact that the poor dears do these things better than anybody1 in kitchens1 in hotels1 and in hat shops4 ,especially they believe that they can outwit them in the game of love4 ,this curious idea is due to woman's consciousness of having been sought after in the past and told that she did not seek man but was sought by him4 ,centuries of thraldom and centuries of flattery have caused her to believe this--the poor dear6 ,in ordinary times1 when no world-movements stimulate1 the chief exasperation of woman resides in jealousy4 ,it differs from male jealousy1 for the male is generally possessive1 the female competitive4 ,i suspect that ,euripides was generalizing rashly when he said that woman is woman's natural ally4 ,she is too sex-conscious for that1 and many of us have observed the annoyance of a mother when her son weds4 ,competition is always violent1 so much so that woman is generally mocking or angry if a man praises ever so slightly another woman4 ,if she is young and able to make a claim on all men1 she tends to be still more virulent because her claim is on all men4 ,this is partly due to the marriage market and its restrictions1 but it is also partly natural4 ,no doubt because it is natural1 woman attempts to conceal that jealousy1 nature being generally considered ignoble by the civilized world4 ,in this respect we must accept that an assumption of coldness is considered a means of enticing man4 ,it may well be that1 where woman does not exhibit jealousy1 she is with masterly skill suggesting to the man a problem3 why is she not jealous8 ,on which follows the desire to make her jealous1 and entanglement4 ,because of these powerful preoccupations1 when woman adopts a career she has hitherto frequently allowed herself to be diverted therefrom by love4 ,up to the end of the nineteenth century it was very common for a woman to abandon the stage1 the concert platform1 and so forth1 when she married4 ,a change has come about1 and there is a growing tendency in women1 whether or not at the expense of love ,i do not know1 to retain their occupations when they marry4 ,but the tendency of woman still is to revert to the instinctive function4 ,in days to come1 when we have developed the individual and broken up the socialized society in which we live1 when the home has been swept away and the family destroyed1 ,i do not believe that this factor will operate so powerfully4 ,in the way of change stand the remnants of woman's slavish habit4 ,no longer a slave1 she tends to follow1 to submit1 to adjust her conduct to the wish of man1 and it is significant that a powerful man is seldom henpecked4 ,the henpecked deserve to be henpecked1 and ,i would point out that there is no intention in these notes to attempt to substitute henpecked husbands for cockpecked wives4 ,the tendency is all the other way1 for woman tends to mould herself to man4 ,a number of cases lie before me3 ,case #fa married a barrister4 ,before her marriage she lived in a commercial atmosphere2 after marriage she grew violently legal in her conversation4 ,her husband developed a passion for motoring2 so did ,case #fa4 ,observe that during a previous attachment to a doctor1 ,case #fa had manifested a growing interest in medicine4 ,case #ah comes from a hunting family1 married a literary man1 and within a few years has ceased to take any exercise and mixes exclusively with literary people4 ,case #ch1 on becoming engaged to a member of the ,indian ,civil ,service1 became a sedulous student of ,indian literature and religion4 ,on her husband's appointment to a ,european post1 her interest did not diminish4 ,she has paid a lengthy visit to ,india4 ,there are compensating cases among men3 ,i have two4 ,in one case a soldier who married a literary woman has turned into a scholar4 ,in the other a commercial man1 who married a popular actress1 has been completely absorbed by the theater1 and is now writing successful plays4 ,it would appear from these rather disjointed notes that the emotional quality in woman is more or less at war with her intellectual aims4 ,indeed it is sometimes suggested that where woman appears1 narrowness follows2 that books by women are mostly confined to love1 are not cosmic in feeling4 ,this is generally true1 for reasons which ,i hope to indicate a little farther on2 but it is not true that books where women are the chief characters are narrow4 ,such novels as ,anna ,karenina1 ,madame ,bovary1 ,une ,vie1 ,tess of the ,d',urbervilles make that point obvious4 ,as a rule1 books about men1 touching as they do1 not only upon love1 but upon art1 politics1 business1 are more powerful than books about women4 ,but one should not forget that books written round women are mostly written by women4 ,as women are far less powerful in literature than men1 we must not conclude that books about women are naturally lesser than books about men4 ,the greatest books about women have been written by men4 ,but few men are sufficiently unprejudiced to grasp women2 only a genius can do so1 and that is why few books about women exist that deserve the epithet great4 ,it remains to be seen whether an increased understanding of the affairs of the world will develop among women a literary power which1 together with the world1 will embrace herself4 #g ,in the attempt to indicate what the future may reserve for woman1 it is important to consider what she has done1 because she has achieved much in the face of conservatism1 of male egotism1 of male jealousy1 of poverty1 of ignorance1 and of prejudice4 ,these chains are weaker to-day1 and the goodwill that shall not die will break them yet2 but many women1 a few of whose names follow1 gave while enslaved an idea of woman's quality4 ,examine indeed this short list3#e #e ,i associate the arts with intellectual quality4 7,see ,woman and the ,paintpot47 ,broadly1 ,i believe that all achievements1 artistic or otherwise1 proceed from intellect4 ,painting3 ,angelica ,kauffmann1 ,madame ,vige le ,brun1 ,rosa ,bonheur4 ,music and drama3 ,rachel1 ,siddons1 ,ellen ,terry1 ,sarah ,bernhardt1 ,teresa ,carreo1 ,sadayacco4 ,literature3 ,george ,eliot1 ,jane ,austen1 the ,bronts1 ,madame de ,stal1 ,madame de ,svign1 ,christina ,rossetti1 ,elizabeth ,browning4 ,more recent1 ,mrs4 ,alice ,meynell1 ,miss ,may ,sinclair1 ,lucas ,malet1 ,mrs4 ,edith ,wharton1 ,vernon ,lee4 ,social service and politics3 ,mrs4 ,charlotte ,perkins ,gilman1 ,miss ,jane ,addams1 ,madame ,montessori1 ,mrs4 ,fawcett1 ,mrs4 ,ennis ,richmond1 ,mrs4 ,beecher ,stowe1 ,florence ,nightingale1 ,mrs4 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,mrs4 ,sidney ,webb1 ,miss ,clementina ,black1 ,josephine ,butler1 ,mrs4 ,pankhurst1 ,elizabeth ,fry4 ,observe the curious case of ,mrs4 ,hetty ,green1 financier4 ,this list could be enormously increased1 and1 as it is1 it is a random list1 omitting women of distinction and including women of lesser distinction4 ,but still it contains no unknown names1 and1 though ,i do not pretend that it compares with a similar list of men1 it is an indication4 ,i am anxious that the reader should not think that ,i want to compare ,angelica ,kauffmann with ,leonardo1 or ,jane ,austen with ,shakespeare4 ,in every walk of life since history began there have been a score of men of talent for every woman of talent1 and there has never been a female genius4 ,that should not impress us3 genius is an accident2 it may be a disease4 ,it may be that mankind has produced only two or three geniuses1 and that one or two women in days to come may redress the balance1 and it may be that several women have been mute inglorious ,miltons4 ,we do not know4 ,but in the matter of talent1 notably in the arts1 ,i submit that woman can be hopeful1 particularly because most of the names ,i give are those of women of the nineteenth century4 ,the nineteenth century was better for woman than the eighteenth1 the eighteenth better than the seventeenth3 what could be more significant8 ,in the arts ,i feel that woman has never had her opportunity4 ,she has been hailed as an executive artist1 actress1 singer1 pianist2 but as a creator1 novelist1 poet1 painter1 she has been steadfastly discounted1--told that what she did was very pretty1 until she grew unable to do anything but the pretty-pretty4 ,she has grown up in an atmosphere of patronage and roses1 deferential1 subservient4 ,she has persistently been told that certain subjects were not fit for nice young ladies2 she has been shut away from the expression of life4 ,here is a typical masculine attitude1 that of ,mr4 ,george ,moore1 in ,a ,modern ,lover4 ,mr4 ,george ,moore1 who seems to know a great deal about females but less about women1 causes in this book ,harding1 the novelist1 who generally expresses him1 to criticize ,george ,sand1 ,george ,eliot1 and ,rosa ,bonheur3 ,if they have created anything new1 how is it that their art is exactly like our own8 ,i defy any one to say that ,george ,eliot's novels are a woman's writing1 or that ,the ,horse ,fair was not painted by a man4 ,i defy you to show me a trace of feminality in anything they ever did2 that is the point ,i raise4 ,i say that women as yet have not been able to transfuse into art a trace of their sex2 in other words1 unable to assume a point of view of their own1 they have adopted ours4 ,this is cool6 ,i have read a great deal of ,mr4 ,george ,moore's art criticism3 when it deals with the work of a man he never seeks the masculine touch4 ,he judges a man's work as art2 he will not judge a woman's work as art4 ,he starts from the assumption that man's art is art1 while woman's art is--well1 woman's art4 ,that is the sort of thing which has discouraged woman2 that is the atmosphere of tolerance and good-conduct prizes which she has breathed1 and that is the stifling stupidity through which she is breaking4 ,she will break through1 for ,i believe that she loves the arts better than does man4 ,she is better ground for the development of a great artist1 for she approaches art with sympathy1 while the great bulk of men approach it with fear and dislike1 shrinking from the idea that it may disturb their self-complacency4 ,the prejudice goes so far that1 while women are attracted to artists as lovers1 men are generally afraid of women who practice the arts1 or they dislike them4 ,it is not a question of sex2 it is a question of art4 ,all that is part of sexual heredity1 of which ,i must say a few words4 ,but1 before doing so1 let me waste a few lines on the male conception of love1 which has influenced woman because love is still her chief business4 ,to this day1 though it dies slowly1 the male attitude is still the attitude to a toy4 ,it is the attitude of ,nietzsche when saying1 ,man is for war1 woman for the recreation of the warrior4 ,this idea is so prevalent that ,great ,britain1 in its alleged struggle against ,nietzschean ideas1 is making abundant use of the ,nietzschean point of view4 ,no wonder1 for the idea runs not only through men but through ,englishmen3 woman is the reward of war1--that is a prevalent idea1 notably among men who make war in the neighborhood of waste-paper baskets4 ,it has been exemplified by the ,british war propaganda in every newspaper and in every music hall1 begging women to refuse to be seen with a man unless he is in khaki4 ,it has had government recognition in the shape of recruiting posters1 asking women whether their best boy is in khaki4 ,it has been popularly formulated on picture postcards touchingly inscribed1 ,no gun1 no girl4 ,all that--woman as the prize 7a theory repudiated in the case of ,belgian atrocities7--is an idea deeply rooted in man4 ,in the eighteen-sixties the customary proposal was1 ,will you be mine8 ,very faintly signs are showing that men will yet say1 ,may ,i be yours8 ,it will take time1 for the possessive1 the dominating instinct in man1 is still strong2 and long may it live1 for that is the vigor of the race4 ,only we do not want that instinct to carry man away1 any more than we want a well-bred horse to clench its teeth upon the bit and bolt4 ,we want to do everything we can to get rid of what may be called the creed of the man of the world1 which is suggested as repulsively as anywhere in ,mr4 ,rudyard ,kipling's ,departmental ,ditties3 ,my ,son1 if a maiden deny thee and scufflingly bid thee give o'er1 ,yet lip meets with lip at the lastward--get out6 ,she has been there before4 ,they are pecked on the ear and the chin and the nose who are lacking in lore4 ,pleasant the snaffle of ,courtship1 improving the manners and carriage2 ,but the colt who is wise will abstain from the terrible thornbit of ,marriage4 ,blister we not for bursati8 ,so when the heart is vext1 ,the pain of one maiden's refusal is drowned in the pain of the next4 ,there is a great deal of this sort of thing in ,molire1 in ,thackeray1 in ,casanova4 ,the old idea of woman eluding and lying2 of woman stigmatized if she has been there before1 while man may brag of having been there before as often as possible2 of man lovelacing for his credit's sake and woman adventuring at her peril4 #h ,i submit that each man and woman has two heredities3 one the ordinary heredity from two parents and their forbears1 the other more complex and purely mental--the tradition of sex4 ,heredity through sex may be defined as the resultant of consecutive environments4 ,i mean that a woman1 for instance1 is considerably influenced by the ideas and attitudes of her mother1 grandmothers1 and all female ascendants4 ,they had a tradition1 and it is the basis of her outlook4 ,any boy born in a slum can1 as he grows educated1 realize that the world lies before him2 literature and history soon show him that many as lowly as he have risen to fame1 as artists1 scientists1 statesmen2 he may even dream of becoming a king1 like ,bonaparte4 ,to the boy nothing is impossible2 if he is brave1 there is nothing he may not tear from the world4 ,he knows it1 and it strengthens him2 it gives him confidence4 ,what his fathers did1 he may do2 the male sexual heredity is a proud heritage1 and only yesterday a man said to me1 ,thank ,god1 ,i am a man4 ,contrast with this the corresponding type of heredity in woman4 ,woman carries in her the slave tradition of her maternal forbears1 of people who never did anything because they were never allowed to2 who were told that they could do nothing but please1 until they at last believed it1 until by believing they lost the power of action2 who were never taught1 and because uneducated were ashamed2 who were never helped to understand the work of the world1 political1 financial1 scientific1 and1 therefore1 grew to believe that such realms were not for them4 ,i need not labor the comparison3 obviously any woman1 inspired by centuries of dependence1 instinctively feels that1 while everything is open to man1 very little is open to her4 ,she comes into the arena with a leaden sword2 in most cases she hardly has energy to struggle4 ,a little while ago1 when ,britain was floating a large war loan1 one woman told me that she could not understand its terms4 ,we went into them together1 and she found that she understood perfectly4 ,she was surprised4 ,she had always assumed that she did not understand finance1 and the assumption had kept her down1 prevented her from understanding it4 ,likewise1 and until they try1 many women think they cannot read maps and time-tables4 ,with that heredity environment has coalesced1 and ,i think no one will deny that a continuous suggestion of helplessness and mental inferiority must affect woman4 ,it means most during youth1 when one is easily snubbed1 when one looks up to one's elders4 ,by the time one has found out one's elders1 it is generally too late2 the imprint is made1 and woman1 looking upon herself as inferior1 hands on to her daughters the old slavery that was in her forbears' blood4 ,to me this seems foolish1 and during the past thirty or forty years a great many have come to think so too2 they have shown it by opening wide to woman the doors of colleges1 many occupations and professions4 ,many are to-day impatient because woman has not done enough1 has not justified this new freedom4 ,i think they are unjust2 they do not understand that a generation of training and of relative liberty is not enough to undo evils neolithic in origin4 ,all that we are doing to-day by opening gates to women is to counter-influence the old tradition1 to implant in the woman of to-morrow the new faith that nothing is beyond her powers4 ,it lies with the woman of to-day to make that faith so strong as to move mountains4 ,i think she will succeed1 for ,i doubt whether any mental power is inherent in sex4 ,there are differences of degree1 differences of quality2 but ,i suspect that they are mainly due to sexual heredity1 to environment1 to suggestion1 and that indeed1 if ,i may trench upon biology1 human creatures are never entirely male or entirely female2 there are no men1 there are no women1 but only sexual majorities4 ,the evolution of woman toward mental assimilation with man1 though particularly swift in the past half-century1 has been steady since the ,renaissance4 ,roughly1 one might say that the woman of the year #adej had no education at all2 in this she was more like man than she ever was later1 for the knights could not read1 and learning existed only among the priests4 ,the time had not yet come for the learned nobleman2 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 the ,earl of ,surrey1 the ,euphuists1 had not yet dispelled the medival fogs1 and few among the laymen1 save ,cheke and ,ascham1 had any learning at all4 ,in those days woman sang songs and brought up babies4 ,two hundred and fifty years later the well-to-do woman had become somebody2 she could even read1 though she mainly read tales such as ,the ,miraculous ,love of ,prince ,alzamore4 ,she was growing significant in the backstairs of politics4 ,sometimes she took a bath4 ,round about #ahej she turned into the perfect lady who kept an album bound in morocco leather4 ,she wrote verses that embodied yearnings4 ,often she had a ,turkish parlor1 and usually as many babies as she could4 ,but already the ,bronts and ,george ,eliot had come to knock at the door2 ,miss ,braddon was promising to be1 if not a glory1 at least a power1 and before twenty years were out1 ,john ,stuart ,mill was to lead the first suffragettes to the ,house of ,commons4 ,to-day it is another picture3 woman in every trade except those in which she intends to be2 woman demanding and using political power2 woman governing her own property2 woman senior to man in the civil service4 ,she has not yet her charter1 and still suffers much from the tradition of inferiority1 from her lack of confidence in herself4 ,but many women are all ambition1 and within the last year two young women novelists have convinced me that the thing they most desire is to be great in their art4 ,whether they will succeed does not matter much2 what does matter is that they should harbor such a wish4 ,whether woman's physical disabilities1 her present bias toward unduly moral and inadequately intellectual judgments1 will forever hamper her1 ,i do not know2 but ,i do not think so4 ,whether the influence of woman1 more inherently lawless1 more anarchic than man1 will result in the breaking down of conventions and the despising of the law1 ,i do not know either4 ,but if the world is to be remoulded1 ,i think it much more likely to be remoulded by woman than by man1 simply because that as a sex he is in power1 and the people who are in power never want to alter anything4 ,woman's rebellion is everywhere indicated3 her brilliance1 her failings1 her unreasonableness1 all these are excellent signs of her revolt4 ,she is even revolting against her own beauty2 often she neglects her clothes1 her hair1 her complexion1 her teeth4 ,this is a pity1 but it must not be taken too seriously3 men on active service grow beards1 and woman in her emancipation campaign is still too busy to think of the art of charming4 ,i suspect that as time passes and she suffers less intolerably from a sense of injustice1 she will revert to the old graces4 ,the art of charming was a response to convention2 and of late years unconventionality1 a great deal of which is ridiculous1 has grown much more among women than among men4 ,that is not wonderful1 for there were so many things woman might not do4 ,almost any movement would bring her up against a barrier2 that is why it seems that she does nothing in the world except break barriers4 ,how genuine woman's rebellion is1 no man can say4 ,it may be that woman's impulse toward male occupations and rights is only a reaction against the growing difficulty of gaining a mate1 children1 and a home4 ,but ,i very much more believe that woman is straining toward a new order1 that the swift evolution of her mind is leading her to contest more and more violently the assumption that there are ineradicable differences between the male and the female mind4 ,as she grows more capable of grasping at education1 she will become more worthy of it2 her intellect will harden1 tend to resemble that of man2 and so1 having escaped from the emptiness of the past into the special fields which have been conceded her1 she will make for broader fields1 fields so vast that they will embrace the world4 ,,ii ,,feminist ,,intentions #a ,the ,feminist propaganda--which should not be confounded with the ,suffrage agitation--rests upon a revolutionary biological principle4 ,substantially1 the ,feminists argue that there are no men and that there are no women2 there are only sexual majorities4 ,to put the matter less obscurely1 the ,feminists base themselves on ,weininger's theory1 according to which the male principle may be found in woman1 and the female principle in man4 ,it follows that they recognize no masculine or feminine spheres1 and that they propose to identify absolutely the conditions of the sexes4 ,now there are two kinds of people who labor under illusions as regards the ,feminist movement1 its opponents and its supporters3 both sides tend to limit the area of its influence2 in few cases does either realize the movement as revolutionary4 ,the methods are to have revolutionary results1 are destined to be revolutionary2 as a convinced but cautious ,feminist1 ,i do not think it honest or advisable to conceal this fact4 ,i have myself been charged by a very well-known ,english author 7whose name ,i may not give1 as the charge was contained in a private letter7 with having let the cat out of the bag in my little book1 ,woman and ,to-morrow4 ,well1 ,i do not think it right that the cat should be kept in the bag4 ,feminists should not want to triumph by fraud4 ,as promoters of a sex war1 they should not hesitate to declare it1 and ,i have little sympathy with the pretenses of those who contend that one may alter everything while leaving everything unaltered4 ,an essential difference between ,feminism and ,suffragism is that the ,suffrage is but part of the greater propaganda2 while ,suffragism desires to remove an inequality1 ,feminism purports to alter radically the mental attitudes of men and women4 ,the sexes are to be induced to recognize each other's status1 and to bring this recognition to such a point that equality will not even be challenged4 ,thus ,feminists are interested rather in ideas than in facts2 if1 for instance1 they wish to make accessible to women the profession of barrister1 it is not because they wish women to practice as barristers1 but because they want men to view without surprise the fact that women may be barristers4 ,and they have no use for knightliness and chivalry4 ,therein lies the mental revolution3 while the ,suffragists are content to attain immediate ends1 the ,feminists are aiming at ultimate ends4 ,they contend that it is unhealthy for the race that man should not recognize woman as his equal2 that this makes him intolerant1 brutal1 selfish1 and sentimentally insincere4 ,they believe likewise that the race suffers because women do not look upon men as their peers2 that this makes them servile1 untruthful1 deceitful1 narrow1 and in every sense inferior4 ,more particularly concerned with women1 it is naturally upon them and their problems that they are bringing their first attention to bear4 ,the word inferior at once arouses comment1 for here the ,feminist often distinguishes himself from the ,suffragist4 ,he frequently accepts woman's present inferiority1 but he believes this inferiority to be transient1 not permanent4 ,he considers that by removing the handicaps imposed upon women1 they will be able to win an adequate proportion of races4 ,his case against the treatment of women covers every form of human relation3 the arts1 the home1 the trades1 and marriage4 ,in every one of these directions he proposes to make revolutionary changes4 ,the question of the arts need not long detain us4 ,it is perfectly clear that woman has had in the past neither the necessary artistic training1 nor the necessary atmosphere of encouragement2 that families have been reluctant to spend money on their daughter's music1 her painting1 her literary education1 with the lavishness demanded of them by their son's professional or business career4 ,feminists believe that when men and women have been leveled1 this state of things will cease to prevail4 ,in the trades1 ,english ,feminists resent the fact that women are excluded from the law1 generally speaking1 the ministry1 the higher ranks of business and of the ,civil ,service and so forth1 and practically from hospital appointments2 also that women are paid low wages for work similar to that of men4 ,they complain too that the home demands of woman too great an expenditure of energy1 too much time1 too much labor2 that the concentration of her mind upon the continual purchasing and cooking of food1 on cleaning1 on the care of the child1 is unnecessarily developed2 they doubt if the home can be maintained as it is if woman is to develop as a free personality4 ,with marriage1 lastly1 they are perhaps most concerned4 ,though they are not in the main prepared to advocate free union1 they are emphatically arrayed against modern marriage1 which they look upon as slave union4 ,the somewhat ridiculous modifications of the marriage service introduced by a few couples in ,america and by one in ,england1 in which the word obey was deleted from the bride's pledge1 can be taken as indicative of the ,feminist attitude4 ,their grievances against the home1 against the treatment of women in the trades1 are closely connected with the marriage question1 for they believe that the desire of man to have a housekeeper1 of woman to have a protector1 deeply influence the complexion of unions which they would base exclusively upon love1 and it follows that they do not accept as effective marriage any union where the attitudes of love do not exist4 ,for them who favor absolute equality1 partnership1 sharing of responsibilities and privileges1 modern marriage represents a condition of sex-slavery into which woman is frequently compelled to enter because she needs to live1 and in which she must often remain1 however abominable the conditions under which the union is maintained1 because man1 master of the purse1 is master of the woman4 ,generally1 then1 the ,feminists are in opposition to most of the world institutions4 ,for them the universe is based upon the subjection of woman3 subjection by law1 and subjection by convention4 ,before considering what modifications the ,feminists wish to introduce into the social system1 a few words must be said as to this distinction between convention and the law4 #b ,convention1 which is nothing but petrified habit1 has lain upon woman perhaps more heavily than any law1 for the law can be eluded with comparative ease1 and she who eludes it may very well become a heroine1 merely because we are mostly anarchists and dislike the law4 ,every man is in himself a minority1 and is opposed to the law because the law is the expression of the will of the majority1 that is to say1 the will of the vulgar1 of the norm4 ,but convention is far more subtle3 it is the result of the common agreement of wills4 ,therefore1 as it is a product of unanimity1 the penalties which follow on the infractions of its behests are terrible2 she who infringes it becomes1 not a heroine1 but an outcast4 ,the law is1 then1 nothing by the side of etiquette4 ,hence ,feminist propaganda4 ,while the ,suffragists wish to alter the law1 the ,feminists wish to alter also the conventions4 ,it may not be too much to say that they would almost be content with existing laws if they could change the point of view of man1 make him take for granted that women may smoke1 or ride astride1 or fight2 cease to be surprised because ,madame ,dieulafoy chooses to wear trousers2 briefly1 renounce the subjective fetich of sex4 ,still1 as they realize that states become more socialistic every day1 they realize also that through the law only can they hope to change manners4 ,the mental revolution which they intend to effect must therefore be prefaced by a legal revolution4 ,the first ,feminist intention is economic1--proceeds on two lines3 #a4 ,they intend to open every occupation to women4 #b4 ,they intend to level the wages of women and men4 ,as regards the first point1 they are not as a rule unreasonable4 ,if they demand that women should practice the law as they do in ,france1 preach the ,gospel as they do in the ,united ,states of ,america1 bear arms1 as in ,dahomey1 it is not because they attach any great value to these occupations1 but because they consider that any limitation put upon woman's activities is intrinsically degrading2 so keenly do they feel this1 that some serious ,feminists took part some years ago in the controversy on1 ,are there female angels8 ,the second point is more important4 ,it is a well-established fact that women are paid less than men for the same work3 for instance1 in ,england1 women begin at wages which are less than those of men as teachers1 post-office and other civil servants4 ,the ,feminists are not prepared to agree that this condition is due to some inherent inferiority of woman3 in their view her inferiority is transitory1 is due to her inferior position4 ,one ,feminist1 ,c4 ,gascoigne ,hartley1 in ,the ,truth ,about ,women1 outlines a bold hypothesis3 ,what1 then1 is the real cause of the lowness of remuneration offered to women for work when compared with men8 ,thousands of women and girls receive wages that are insufficient to support life4 ,they do not die1 they live2 but how8 ,the answer is plain4 ,woman possesses a marketable value attached to her personality which man has not got4 ,the woman's sex is a saleable thing4 ,briefly1 if a woman works less well than a man1 less fast1 less continuously1 it is because she is inadequately rewarded4 ,they reverse the common position that woman is not well paid because woman is not competent1 basing themselves on the parallel that liberty alone fits men for liberty4 ,they argue that woman is not competent because she is not well paid2 consequently1 those ,feminists who are inclined toward ,radicalism in politics demand a minimum wage in all trades1 which shall be the same for women and men4 ,the economic change will be brought about by revolutionary methods1 by sex strikes and sex wars4 ,the gaining of the vote is1 in the ,feminist's view1 nothing but an affair of outposts4 ,conscious propagandists do not intend to allow the female vote to be split as it might recently have been between ,mr4 ,roosevelt1 ,mr4 ,wilson1 and ,mr4 ,taft4 ,they intend to use the vote to make women vote as women1 and not as citizens2 that is to say1 they propose to sell the female vote en bloc to the party that bids highest for it in the economic field4 ,to the party that will1 as a preliminary1 pledge itself to level male and female wages in government employ1 will be given the ,feminist vote2 and if no party will bid1 then it is the ,feminist intention to run special candidates for all offices1 to split the male parties1 and to involve them in consecutive disasters such as the one which befell the ,republican party in the last presidential election in the ,united ,states4 ,side by side with this purely political action1 ,feminists intend to use industrial strikes in exactly the same manner as do the ,syndicalist railwaymen1 miners1 and postmen of ,europe2 well aware that they have captured a number of trades1 such as millinery1 domestic service1 restaurant attendance1 and so forth1 and large portions of other trades1 such as cotton-spinning in ,lancashire1 they propose to use as a basis the vote and the political education that follows thereon1 to induce women to group themselves in women's trade-unions1 by means of which they will hold up trades1 and when they are strong enough1 hold up society itself4 ,i enunciate these views with full sympathy1 which can hardly be refused when one realizes that the sweated trades are almost entirely in the hands of women1--laundry1 box-making1 toys1 artificial flowers1 and the like4 ,the fact that the underpaid trades are women's trades1 and that the ,british ,government has been compelled to institute wage-boards to bring up women's pay from four cents an hour to the imposing figure of six cents1 and the recent white-slavery investigations in ,america1 are evidence enough that public opinion should hesitate before blaming any industrial steps women may choose to take4 ,for it should not be forgotten that woman risks more than comfort and health1 and that the underpayment of her sex often forces her to degradation4 ,conscious of the temporary inferiority of woman1 an inferiority traceable to centuries of neglect and belittling patronage1 the ,feminists propose to increase woman's power by making her fitter for power4 ,they are well aware that the enormous majority of women receive but an inferior education1 that in their own homes1 especially in the ,south of ,england1 they are not encouraged to read the newspaper 7which ,i believe to be a more powerful instrument of intellectual development than the average serious book71 and that any attempt on their part to acquire more information1 to attend lectures1 to join debating clubs1 tends to lower their charm value in the eyes of men4 ,that point of view they are determined to alter in the male4 ,they propose to kill the prejudice by the homoeopathic method3 that is to say1 to educate woman more because man thinks she is already too educated4 ,briefly1 to kill poison by more poison4 ,for this purpose they intend to throw open education of all grades to women as well as to men1 to remove such differences as exist in ,england1 where a woman cannot obtain an ,oxford or ,cambridge degree4 ,they propose to raise the school age of both sexes1 and to not less than sixteen4 ,the object of this1 so far as women are concerned1 is to prevent the exploitation of little girls of fourteen1 notably as domestic servants4 ,some ,feminists favor co-education1 on the plea that it enables the sexes to understand each other1 and these build principally on the success of ,american schools4 ,a more violent section1 however1 desires to place the education of girls entirely in the hands of women1 partly because they wish to enhance the sex war1 and partly because they consider that continual intercourse between the sexes tends to deprive ultimate love of its mystery and its charm4 ,but both sections fully agree that the broadest possible education must be given to every woman1 so as to fit her for contest with every man4 #c ,so much1 then1 for the mental revolution and its eventual effects on the position of women in the arts1 the trades1 and the schools4 ,in the industrial section1 especially1 we have already had an indication of the main line of the ,feminist attitude1 a claim to a right to choose4 ,this right is indeed the only one for which the ,feminists are struggling1 and they struggle for those obscure reasons which lie at the root of our wish to live and to perpetuate the race4 ,it is no wonder1 then1 that the ,feminists should have designs upon the most fundamental of human institutions1 marriage and motherhood4 ,in the main1 ,feminists are opposed to indissoluble ,christian marriage4 ,some satisfaction has been given to them in a great many states by the extension of divorce facilities1 but they are not content with piecemeal reform such as has been carried out in the ,united ,states1 for they realize quite well that divorce cuts both ways1 and that it is not satisfactory for a wife to be married in one state1 and divorced under a slack law in another4 ,indeed ,i believe that one of the first ,feminist demands in ,america would be for a federal marriage law4 ,but alterations in the law are minor points by the side of the emotional revolution that is to be engineered4 ,roughly speaking1 we have to-day reasonable men and instinctive women4 ,such notably was ,ibsen's view3 ,woman cannot escape her primitive emotions4 ,but he thought she should control these inevitables so far as possible3 ,as soon as woman no longer dominates her passions1 she fails to achieve her objects4#f ,the distinction between reason and instinct1 however1 is not so wide as it seems2 for reason is merely the conscious use of observation1 while instinct is the unconscious use of the same faculty2 but as the trend of ,feminism is to make woman self-conscious and sex-conscious1 the ,feminists can be said broadly to be warring against instinct1 and on the side of reason4 ,they look upon instinct as indicative of a low mentality4 ,for instance1 the horse is less instinctive than the zebra1 and a curious instance of this was yielded by certain horses in the ,south ,african war1 which were unable to crop the grass because they had always eaten from mangers4 ,civilization1 we may say1 had caused the horses to degenerate1 but nobody will contend that the horse is not more intelligent than the zebra1 more capable of love1 even of thought4 ,briefly1 the horse approximates more closely to a reasonable being than does the instinctive wild beast4 #f ,la ,femme dans le ,thtre d',ibsen1 by ,,friedericke ,,boettcher4--,,the ,,author4 ,the ,feminists therefore propose1 by training woman's reason1 to place her beyond the scope of mere emotion and mere prejudice1 to enable her to judge1 to select a mate for herself and a father for her children1--a double and necessary process4 ,there is a flavor of eugenics about these ideas3 the right to choose means that women wish to be placed in such a position that1 being economically independent to the extent of having equal opportunities1 they will not be compelled to sell themselves in marriage as they now very often do4 ,i do not refer to entirely loveless marriages1 for these are not very common in ,anglo-,saxon states1 but to marriages dictated by the desire of woman to escape the authority of her parents1 and to gain the dignity of a wife1 the possession of a home and of money to spend4 ,in the ,feminist view1 these are bad unions because love does not play the major part in them1 and often plays hardly any part at all4 ,the ,feminists believe that the educated woman1 informed on the subject of sex-relations1 able to earn her own living1 to maintain a political argument1 will not fall an easy prey to the offer held out to her by a man who will be her master1 because he will have bought her on a truck system4 ,under ,feminist rule1 women will be able to select1 because they will be able to sweep out of their minds the monetary consideration2 therefore they will love better1 and unless they love1 they will not marry at all4 ,it is therefore probable that they will raise the standard of masculine attractiveness by demanding physical and mental beauty in those whom they choose2 that they will apply personal eugenics4 ,the men whom they do not choose will find themselves in exactly the same position as the old maids of modern times3 that is to say1 these men1 if they are unwed1 will be unwed because they have chosen to remain so1 or because they were not sought in marriage4 ,the eugenic characteristic appears1 in that women will no longer consent to accept as husbands the old1 the vicious1 the unpleasant4 ,they will tend to choose the finest of the species1 and those likely to improve the race4 ,as the ,feminist revolution implies a social revolution1 notably proper work for proper pay1 it follows that marriage will be easy1 and that those women who wish to mate will not be compelled to wait indefinitely for the consummation of their loves4 ,incidentally1 also1 the ,feminists point out that their proposals hold forth to men a far greater chance of happiness than they have had hitherto1 for they will be sure that the women who select them do so because they love them1 and not because they need to be supported4 ,this does not mean that ,feminism is entirely a creed of reason2 indeed a number of militant ,feminists who collected round the ,english paper1 ,the ,freewoman1 have as an article of their faith that one of the chief natural needs of woman and society is not less passion1 but more4 ,if they wish to raise women's wages1 to give them security1 education1 opportunity1 it is because they want to place them beyond material temptations1 to make them independent of a protector1 so that nothing may stand in the way of the passionate development of their faculties4 ,to this effect1 of course1 they propose to introduce profound changes in the conception of marriage itself4 ,without committing themselves to free union1 the ,feminists wish to loosen the marriage tie1 and they might not be averse to making marriage less easy1 to raising1 for instance1 the marriage age for both sexes2 but as they are well aware that1 in the present state of human passions1 impediments to marriage would lead merely to an increase in irregular alliances1 they lay no stress upon that point4 ,moreover1 as they are not prepared to admit that any moral damage ensues when woman contracts more than one alliance in the course of her life1--which view is accepted very largely in the ,united ,states1 and in all countries with regard to widows1--they incline rather to repair the effects of bad marriages1 than to prevent their occurrence4 ,plainly speaking1 the ,feminists desire simpler divorce4 ,they are to a certain extent ready to surround divorce with safeguards1 so as to prevent the young from rushing into matrimony2 indeed they might steep up the law of the ,divorce ,states4 ,on the other hand1 they would introduce new causes for divorce where they do not already exist1 and they would make them the same for women and men4 ,for instance1 in ,great ,britain a divorce can be granted to a man on account of the infidelity of his wife1 while it can be granted to a woman only if to infidelity the husband adds cruelty or desertion4 ,such a difference the ,feminists would sweep away1 and they would probably add to the existing causes certain others1 such as infectious and incurable diseases1 chronic drunkenness1 insanity1 habitual cruelty1 and lengthy desertion4 ,it should be observed that the campaign is thus as favorable to men as it is to women1 for many men who have now no relief would gain it under the new laws4 ,as ,feminism is international1 the programme of course includes the introduction of divorce where it does not exist1--in ,austria1 ,spain1 ,south ,american states1 and so forth4 ,what exact form the new divorce laws would take1 ,i cannot at present say1 for ,feminism is as evolutionary as it is revolutionary1 and ,feminists are prepared to accept transitory measures of reform4 ,thus1 in the existing circumstances1 they would accept a partial extension of divorce facilities1 subject to an adequate provision for all children4 ,in the ultimate condition1 to which ,i refer later on1 this might not be necessary1 but as a temporary expedient1 ,feminists desire to protect woman while she is developing from the chattel condition to the free-woman condition4 ,until she is fit for her new liberty1 it is necessary that she should be enabled to use this liberty without paying too heavy a price therefor4 ,indeed this clash between the transitory and the ultimate is one of the difficulties of ,feminism4 ,the rebels must accept situations such as the financial responsibility of man1 while they struggle to make woman financially independent of man1 and it is for this reason that different proposals appear in the works of ,ellen ,key1 ,rosa ,mayreder1 ,charlotte ,gilman1 ,olive ,schreiner1 and others1 but these divergences need not trouble us1 for ,feminism is an inspiration rather than a gospel1 and if it lays down a programme1 it is a temporary programme4 ,personally1 ,i am inclined to believe that the ultimate aim of ,feminism with regard to marriage is the practical suppression of marriage and the institution of free alliance4 ,it may be that thus only can woman develop her own personality1 but society itself must so greatly alter1 do so very much more than equalize wages and provide work for all1 that these ultimate ends seem very distant4 ,they lie beyond the decease of ,capitalism itself1 for they imply a change in the nature of the human being which is not impossible when we consider that man has changed a great deal since the ,stone ,age1 but is still inconceivably radical4 ,ultimate ends of ,feminism will be attained only when socialization shall have been so complete that the human being will no longer require the law1 but will be able to obey some obscure but noble categorical imperative2 when men and women can associate voluntarily1 without thrall of the ,state1 for the production and enjoyment of the goods of life4 ,how this will be achieved1 by what propaganda1 by what struggles and by what battles1 is difficult to say2 but in common with many ,feminists ,i incline to place a good deal of reliance on the ennobling of the nature of the male4 ,that there is a sex war1 and will be a sex war1 ,i do not deny1 but the entry of women into the modern world of art and business shows that an immense enlightenment has come over the male1 that he no longer wishes to crush as much as he did1 and therefore that he is loving better and more sanely4 ,therein lies a profound lesson3 if men do not make war upon women1 women will not make war upon men4 ,i have spoken of sex war1 but it takes two sides to make a war1 and ,i do not see that in the event of conflict the ,feminists can alone be guilty4 ,one feature manifests itself1 and that is a change of attitude in woman with regard to the child4 ,indications in modern novels and modern conversation are not wanting to show that a type of woman is arising who believes in a new kind of matriarchate1 that is to say1 in a state of society where man will not figure in the life of woman except as the father of her child4 ,two cases have come to my knowledge where ,english women have been prepared to contract alliances with men with whom they did not intend to pass their lives1--this because they desired a child4 ,they consider that the child is the expression of the feminine personality1 while after the child's birth1 the husband becomes a mere excrescence4 ,they believe that the ,wife should die in childbirth1 and the ,mother rise from her ashes4 ,there is nothing utopian about this point of view1 if we agree that ,feminists can so rearrange society as to provide every woman with an independent living2 and ,i do not say that this is the prevalent view4 ,it is merely one view1 and ,i do not believe it will be carried to the extreme1 for the association of human beings in couples appears to respond to some deep need2 still1 it should be taken into account as an indication of sex revolt4 ,that part of the programme belongs to the ultimates4 ,among the transitory ideas1 that is1 the ideas which are to fit ,feminism into the modern ,state1 are the endowment of motherhood and the lien on wages4 ,the ,feminists do not commit themselves to a view on the broad social question whether it is desirable to encourage or discourage births4 ,taking births as they happen1 they lay down that a woman being incapacitated from work for a period of weeks or months while she is giving birth to a child1 her liberty can be secured only if the fact of the birth gives her a call upon the ,state4 ,failing this1 she must have a male protector in whose favor she must abdicate her rights because he is her protector4 ,as man is not handicapped in his work by becoming a father1 they propose to remove the disability that lies upon woman by supplying her with the means of livelihood for a period surrounding the birth1 of not less than six weeks1 which some place at three months4 ,there is nothing wild in this scheme1 for the ,british ,insurance ,act 7#aiab7 gives a maternity endowment of seven dollars and fifty cents whether a mother be married or single4 ,the justice of the proposal may be doubted by some1 but ,i do not think its expediency will be questioned4 ,on mere grounds of humanity1 it is barbarous to compel a woman to labor while she is with child2 on social grounds it is not advantageous for the race to allow her to do so3 premature births1 child-murder1 child-neglect by working mothers1 all these facts point to the social value of the endowment4 #d ,the last of the transitory measures is the lien on wages4 ,in the present state of things1 women who work in the home depend for money on husbands or fathers4 ,the fact of having to ask is1 in the ,feminists' view1 a degradation4 ,they suggest that the housekeeper should be entitled to a proportion of the man's income or salary1 and one of them1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,h4 ,wood1 picturesquely illustrates her case by saying that she hopes to do away with pocket-searching while the man is asleep4 ,mrs4 ,wood's ideas certainly deserve sympathy2 though many men pay their wives a great deal more than they are worth and are shamefully exploited--a common modern position--it is also quite true that many others expect their wives to run their household on inadequate allowances1 and to come to them for clothes or pleasure in a manner which establishes the man as a pasha4 ,when women have grown economically independent1 no lien on wages will be required1 but meanwhile it is interesting to observe that there has recently been formed in ,england a society called ,the ,home-makers' ,trade ,union1 one of whose specific objects is1 ,to insist as a right on a proper proportion of men's earnings being paid to wives for the support of the home4 ,generally speaking1 then1 it is clear that women are greatly concerned with the race1 for all these demands--support of the mother1 support of the child1 rights of the household--are definitely directed toward the benevolent control by the woman of her home and her child4 ,i have alluded above to these ,feminist intentions3 they affect the immediate conditions as well as the ultimate4 ,among the ultimates is a logical consequence of the right of woman to be represented by women4 ,so long as ,parliamentary ,government endures1 or any form of authority endures1 the ,feminists will demand a share in this authority4 ,it has been the custom during the ,suffrage campaign to pretend that women demand merely the vote4 ,the object of this is to avoid frightening the men1 and it may well be that a number of ,suffragists honestly believe that they are asking for no more than the vote1 while a few1 who confess that they want more1 add that it is not advisable to say so2 they are afraid to let the cat out of the bag1 but they will not rest until all ,parliaments1 all ,cabinets1 all ,boards are open to women1 until the ,presidential chair is as accessible to them as is the ,english throne4 ,already in ,norway women have entered the ,national ,assembly3 they propose to do so everywhere4 ,they will not hesitate to claim women's votes for women candidates until they have secured the representation which they think is their right1 that is1 one half4 ,these are the bases1 roughly outlined1 on which can be established a lasting peace4 ,i do not want to exaggerate the difficulties and perils which are bound up in this revolutionary movement1 but it is abundantly clear that it presupposes profound changes in the nature of women and of men4 ,while man will be asked for more liberalism and be expected to develop his sense of justice 7which has too long lain at the mercy of his erratic and sentimental generosity71 woman will have to modify her outlook4 ,she is now too often vain1 untruthful1 disloyal1 avaricious1 vampiric2 briefly she has the characteristics of the slave4 ,she will have to slough off these characteristics while she is becoming free1 she will have to justify by her mental ascent the increase in her power4 ,feminists are not blind to this1 and that is why they lay such stress upon education and propaganda4 ,one of the most profound changes will1 ,i think1 appear in sex relations4 ,the ,new ,woman1 as we know her to-day1 a woman who is not so new as the woman who will be born of her1 is a very unpleasant product2 armed with a little knowledge1 she tends to be dogmatic in her views and offensive in argument4 ,she tends to hate men1 and to look upon ,feminism as a revenge2 she adopts mannish ways1 tends to shout1 to contradict1 to flout principles because they are principles2 also she affects a contempt for marriage which is the natural result of her hatred of man4 ,the ,new ,woman has not the support of the saner ,feminists4 ,says ,ellen ,key1 in ,the ,woman ,movement1 ,these cerebral1 amaternal women must obviously be accorded the freedom of finding the domestic life1 with its limited but intensive exercise of power1 meagre beside the feeling of power which they enjoy as public personalities1 as consummate women of the world1 as talented professionals4 ,but they have not the right to falsify life values in their own favor so that they themselves shall represent the highest form of life1 the 'human personality'1 in comparison with which the 'instinctive feminine' signifies a lower stage of development1 a poorer type of life4 ,if this were the ultimate type1 very few men would be found in the ,feminist camp1 for the coming of the ,new ,woman would mean the death of love4 ,if the death of love had to be the price of woman's emancipation1 ,i1 for one1 would support the institution of the zenana and the repression of woman by brute force2 but ,i do not think we need be anxious4 ,if the ,new ,woman is so aggressive1 it is because she must be aggressive if she is to win her battle4 ,we cannot expect people who are laboring under a sense of intolerable injury to set politely about the righting of that injury3 when woman has entered her kingdom she will no longer have to resort to political nagging2 her true nature will affirm itself for the first time1 for it is difficult to believe that it has been able to affirm itself under the entirely artificial conditions of androcracy4 ,already some women to whom a profession or mental eminence has given exceptional freedom show us in society that women can be free and yet be sweet4 ,indeed they almost demonstrate the ,feminist contention that women must be free before they are sweet1 for are not these women--of whom all of us can name a few--the noblest and most desirable of their kind8 ,the ,new ,woman is like a freshly painted railing3 whoever touches it will stain his hands1 but the railing will dry in time4 ,there is one type of woman1 however1 whom ,i venture to call ,old ,woman1 who is probably a bitterer foe of ,feminism than any man1 and that is the super-feminine type1 the woman for whom nothing exists except her sex1 who has no interests except the decking of her body and the quest of men4 ,this woman1 who once dominated her own species1 still represents the majority of her sex4 ,it is still true that the majority of women are concerned with little save the fashions1 novels1 plays1 and vaudeville turns4 ,these women want to have a good time and want nothing more2 they are ready to prey upon men by flattering them2 they encourage their own weakness1 which they call charm1 and generally aim at being pampered slaves1 because1 from their point of view1 it pays better than being working partners4 ,evidence of this is to be found in women's shops1 in the continual change in fashions1 each of which is a signal to the male1 and in the continual increase in the sums spent on adornment3 it is not uncommon for a rich woman to spend five hundred dollars on a frock2 two hundred and fifty dollars has been given for a hat2 and twenty-five thousand dollars for a set of furs4 ,as ,miss ,beatrice ,tina very well says1 ,woman is woman's worst enemy1 though she is not referring to this type4 ,so long as woman maintains this attitude1 compels men to forget her soul in the contemplation of her body1 so long will she remain a slave1 for this preoccupation goes further than clothes4 ,in a book recently published1#g an account is given of the late ,empress of ,austria1 who was evidently one of the lowest of the slave type4 ,it is noteworthy that she had no love for her children because their coming had impaired her beauty4 ,now ,i do not suggest that ,feminists are arrayed against the care of the body2 far from it1 for the campaign has many associates among those who support physical culture1 the fresh-air movement1 ancient costume revival1 and the like2 but ,feminists are well aware that concentration on adornment diverts woman from the development of her brain and her soul1 and enhances in her the characteristics of the harem favorite4 ,one tentative suggestion is being made1 and that is a uniform for women4 ,the interested parties point out that men practically wear uniform1 that there is hardly any change from year to year in their costume1 and that any undue adornment of the male is looked upon as bad form4 ,thus1 while few men can with impunity spend more than five hundred dollars a year on their clothes1 many women do not consider themselves happy unless they can dispose of anything between five and twenty times that amount4 ,this1 while involving the household in difficulties1 lowers the status of woman by lowering her mentality4 #g ,my ,past1 by ,,countess ,,marie ,,larisch4 ,feminists do not ask for sumptuary laws1 having very little respect for the law1 but for a new vision1 which is this3 ,man1 intellectually developed1 decks himself in no finery1 because it is not essential to his success2 woman must likewise abandon frippery if she is to have energy enough to reach his plane4 ,they propose to attain their object by the force of their example1 and ,i have received several letters on the subject1 which show that the idea of fixing the fashions is not entirely wild1 for fashion consists after all in wearing what everybody wears1 and if an influential movement is started to maintain the costume of women on a very simple basis1 it may very well prevail and kill much of their purely imitative vanity by showing them that undue devotion to self-adornment is very much worse than immoral3 in other words1 that it is in bad taste4 ,incidentally the ,feminists believe that the downfall of many women is procured by the offer of fine clothes4 ,they hope1 therefore1 to derive some side-profits from the simplification of woman's dress4 ,the question also arises as to whether woman can become intellectually independent1 whether she does not naturally depend upon the opinion of man4 ,it is suggested that not even rich women are actually independent1 that women place marriage above their art1 their work2 but ,i do not think this is a very solid objection1 for the vaunted independence of men is not so very common2 they currently take many of their opinions from their reading in newspapers and books1 and must often subordinate their views and their conduct to the will of their employer4 ,the main answer to this suggestion is that we must not consider woman as she was1 but woman as she is becoming1 as a creature of infinite potentialities1 as virgin ground4 ,it may be petitio principii to say that1 as woman has produced so much that is fine1 she would have produced very much more if she had not been hampered by law and custom1 derided by the male1 but bad logic is often good sense4 ,this should commend itself to men who are no longer willing to support the idea that women are inherently inferior to them1 but who are willing to give them an opportunity to develop in every field of human activity4 ,thus and thus only1 if man will readjust his views1 expel vir and enthrone homo1 can woman cease to appear before him as a rival and a foe1 realize herself in her natural and predestined role1 that of partner and mate4#h #h ,note3 ,this chapter should be taken as the summary of an intellectual position4 ,its points are considered in detail in the four chapters that follow4 ,,iii ,,uniforms ,,for ,,women #a ,the change which has come over politics reflects closely enough the change which has come about in the direction of man's desire4 ,in times of peace1 diplomacy and the affairs of kings have given place to wages and the housing of the poor2 that which was serious has become pompous2 that which was of no account now stands in the foreground4 ,and so it is not absurd to suggest that one of those things which once made jests for the comic paper and the ,victorian paterfamilias has1 little by little1 with the spread of wealth1 become a problem of the day1 a problem profound and menacing1 full of intimations of social decay1 not far remote in its reactions from the spread of a disease4 ,that problem is the problem of women's dress1 or rather it is the problem of the fashions in women's dress4 ,women have never been content merely to clothe themselves1 nor1 for the matter of that1 until very recently1 have men2 but men have grown a new sanity1 while women1 if we read aright the signs of the times1 have grown naught save a new insanity4 ,we have come to a point where1 for a great number of women1 the fashions have become the motive power of life1 and where1 for almost every woman1 they have acquired great importance4 ,women classify each other according to their clothes2 they have corrupted the drama into a showroom2 they have completely ruined the more expensive parts of the opera house2 they have invaded the newspapers in myriad paragraphs1 in fashion-pages1 and do not spare even the august columns of the most dignified papers4 ,this preoccupation does not exist among men4 ,we have had our dandies and we still have our nuts and dudes2 but it never served a man very well to be a dandy or a beau1 and most of us to-day suspect that if the nut were broken1 he would be found to contain no kernel4 ,men have escaped the fashions and therewith they have spared themselves much loss of energy and money4 ,for it is not only the fashions that matter3 it is the cost of women's clothes1 the intrinsic cost2 it is their continual changes for no reason1 changes which sometimes produce1 and sometimes destroy1 beauty2 sometimes promote comfort1 and often cause torture4 ,but always by their drafts upon its wealth1 women lead humanity nearer to poverty1 envy1 discontent1 frivolity1 starvation1 prostitution1--to general social degradation4 ,nothing can mitigate these evils until woman is induced to view clothing as does the modern man1 until1 namely1 she decides to wear a uniform4 #b ,the costliness of women's clothes would not be so serious if the fashions did not change at so bewildering a speed4 ,we have come to a point where women have not time to wear out their clothes1 flimsy though they be2 where we ought to welcome the adulteration of silk and wool2 where we ought to hope that every material may get shoddier and more worthless1 so that the new model may have a chance to justify its short life by the badness of the stuff4 ,to-day women will quite openly say1 ,i won't buy that4 ,i couldn't wear it out4 ,they actually want to wear out their clothes6 ,the causes of this are obvious enough4 ,we are told that there are rings in ,paris1 ,london1 and ,vienna which decree every few months that the clothes of yesterday have become a social stigma2 this is true1 but much truer is the view that women are in the grasp of a new hysteria2 that1 lacking the old occupations of brewing1 baking1 child-rearing1 spinning1 they are desperately looking for something to do4 ,they have found it3 they are undoing the social system4 ,it was not always so4 ,it is true that all through history1 even in biblical times1 moralists and preachers inveighed against the gewgaws that woman loves4 ,they cried out before they were hurt2 if he were alive to-day1 ,bossuet might1 for the first time1 fail to find words4 ,to the old curse of cost we have added change1 as any student of costume will confirm2 for in past ages the clothing of women did not change very rapidly4 ,there is hardly any difference between the costume of #agee and that which ,queen ,marie ,leszczynska wore ten years later2 in ,greece1 between ,b4,c4 #ejj and #djj1 the ,ionic chiton and himation varied but little2 the ,doric chiton did not vary at all2 the variations in the over-mantle were not considerable4 ,any examination of early sculpture1 of ,attic vases1 or of terra cottas1 will show that this is true4 ,the ladies of ,queen ,elizabeth's court1 together with their royal mistress1 wore the same kind of clothes through their adult years4 ,their clothes were sometimes costly1 but when bought they were bought1 and until worn out were not discarded4 ,and our grandmothers had that famous black-silk dress1 so sturdy that it stood up by itself1 very like a ,victorian virtue2 it lasted a lifetime1 sometimes became an heirloom4 ,there was no question then of fashion following on fashion at a whirling pace4 ,women were clothed1 sometimes beautifully1 sometimes hideously1 but at any rate they scrapped their gowns only when they were worn out2 now they scrap them as soon as they have been worn4 ,the results of this ,i deal with further on1 but here already ,i can suggest these results by quoting a few facts4 ,before me lies one of ,messrs4 ,barker's advertisements2 it seems that there are reception gowns1 restaurant gowns2 that there are coats for the races1 and coats for the car1 wraps for one thing1 and wraps for another--and the advertisement adds that these are the latest novelties for the coming season1 and that all this is for the spring4 ,and then there is an advertisement of ,messrs4 ,tudor ,brothers1 who have gowns for ,ascot1 and--this is quite true--gowns for ,alexandra ,day4 ,i have looked in vain for gowns for ,july #bc1 for gowns to be worn between a quarter past eleven and half-past twelve in the morning1 and for special mourning gowns for a cousin's stepfather4 ,some occasions are shamefully disregarded4 ,they are not disregarded by everybody2 at least ,i presume that the lady quoted by ,mrs4 ,cobden-,sanderson in her lecture in ,march1 who possessed one hundred and ten nightdresses1 could cope with any eventuality2 there is also the lady1 mentioned to me by a friend who made some ,american investigations for me1 who possesses one hundred and fifty pairs of slippers4 ,there is1 too1 the ,bon ,march in ,paris1 where1 out of a staff of six thousand to seven thousand1 are employed fifteen hundred dressmakers1 and where there is a special workroom for the creation of models4 ,as all these people must find something to do1 they create1 unless they merely steal from the dead2 but one thing they always do1 and that is destroy yesterday4 ,out of their activities comes a continual stream of new colors and new combinations of colors1 of high heels and low heels1 gilt heels and jeweled heels2 they give us the spat that is to keep out the wet and then the spat that does not keep out the eye4 ,before me lies a picture of a spat made of lace2 another of a skirt slit so high as to reveal a jeweled garter4 ,that is creation1 and ,i suppose ,i shall be told that that is art4 ,it is art sometimes1 and very beautiful1 but beauty does not make it live2 in fact beauty causes the creation to die more swiftly1 because the more appealing it is1 the more it is worn3 as soon as it is worn by the many1 the furious craving for distinction sweeps down upon it and slays it4 ,there are several mad women in the ,st4 ,anne asylum in ,paris whose peculiar disease is that they cannot retain the same idea for more than a few seconds2 they ring the changes on a few hundreds of ideas4 ,properly governed1 their inspirations might be valuable in ,grafton ,street4 ,i do not think the end is near2 indeed1 fashions will be more extreme to-morrow than they are to-day4 ,the continual growth of wealth1 and the difficulty of spending it when it clots in a few hands1 will make for a greater desire to spend more1 more quickly1 more continually1 and in wilder and wilder forms4 ,the women are to-day having individual orgies2 to-morrow will come the saturnalia4 #c ,there is a clear difference between the cost of women's clothes and of men's4 ,it is absolutely impossible to dress a woman of the comfortable classes for the same amount per annum that will serve her husband well4 ,i must quote a few figures taken from ,boston1 ,new ,york1 and ,london4 ,boston4--,persons considered3 those having #dejj to #gejj a year4 ,average price of a suit 7coat and skirt71 #dj ready to wear2 made by a dressmaker of slight pretensions1 #abe to #bbe4 ,afternoon dresses1 ready to wear1 #abe to #bbe4 ,evening dresses1 absolute minimum1 #ej2 fashionable frocks1 #bjj to #cej4 ,on an income of #gejj a woman's hat will cost #be2 variation1 #bj to #de2 hats easily attain #abe4 ,veils attain #e4 ,opera cloaks in stores1 #ij to #bej4 ,dressmakers charge #dej to #fjj4 ,new ,york4--,winter street dress1 #bbe4 ,skunk muff and stole1 #bjj4 ,hats for the year1 at least #bej to #cjj4 ,footwear1 #bej per annum4 ,i am informed that a lady in active society can manage with care on #bejj1 but really needs #dejj to #ejjj4 ,a moderate wardrobe allows for extremely simple gowns costing #abe each2 the lady in question requires at least six new evening dresses and six remodeled1 per annum4 ,she wore an average set of furs1 price #aejj4 ,london4--,debenham ,freebody blouse1 #aj4 ,ponting's ,leghorn hat1 #h4 ,gorringe straws1 #ab to #ad4 ,i am informed that where the household income is #cejj to #gejj a year the ordinary prices are as follows3 ,coats and skirts1 #ej to #ge4 ,evening dresses1 #ge to #abj4 ,hats1 #g4ej to #bj4 ,silk stockings are cheap at #a4ej1 and veils at #a4ej4 ,now these are all moderate figures and will shock nobody1 but if they are compared with the prices paid by men1 they are1 without any question of fashion1 outrageous4 ,i believe they are high because it is men and not women who pay1 because the dressmaker trades on man's sex-enslavement4 ,but ,i am concerned just now less with causes than with facts1 and would rather ask how the modest #ajj evening gown compares with the man's #fc dress suit 7by a good tailor74 ,how does the #fc coat and skirt compare with a man's lounge suit1 price #cf by anybody save ,poole1 and by him only #eb4ej8 ,no man has1 ,i believe1 paid more than #i for a silk hat1 while his wife pays at least #bj4 ,the point is not worth laboring1 it is obvious2 while every man knows that a good cut does not account for the discrepancy1 as he too pays1 but pays moderately1 for the art of a good tailor4 ,and1 mark you1 apart from cost1 men's clothes last indefinitely1 while women's1 if they have the misfortune to last1 must be given away4 ,the prices ,i have quoted are moderate prices1 and ,i cannot resist the temptation to give some others which are not unusual4 ,i am informed that #djj can easily be charged for an afternoon dress1 #ajjj for an evening dress1 #bjj for a coat and skirt2 that it is quite easy to spend #ejjj a year on underclothes and #bej on an aigrette4 ,i observe a ,maison ,lewis ,ascot hat1 price #dgg4 ,yantorny will not make a shoe under #fj2 a pair of his shoes made of feathers is priced by him at #bdjj4 ,as for totals3 ,i have private information of an expenditure of #cj1jjj a year on dress2 one of #gj1jjj is reported to me from ,america4 ,i have seen a bill for dress and lingerie alone1 incurred at one shop1 for #ce1jjj in twelve months4 #d ,it might be thought that this ghastly picture speaks for itself1 but evidently it does not1 as hardly anybody takes any notice of the question4 ,i will venture to draw attention to the results of what is happening1 ignoring the abnormal figures1 because ,i wish to reason from what happens all the time rather than from what happens now and then1 to figure the position in which the world finds itself because women do not hesitate to spend upon their clothes a full ten per cent of the household income4 ,this figure is correct3 such inquiries as ,i have been able to make among women of my acquaintance prove it4 ,out of a joint income of #ab1ejj a year one woman spends #acej a year on clothes2 another1 out of #egej a year1 last year #fee2 a third1 out of #hjjj a year #gjj1 but she is a dowdy4 ,in households of moderate means1 where a certain social status is kept up1 where1 for instance1 a woman takes #ejj a year out of #ejjj1 while her husband dresses well on #bjj1 when all expenses have been paid1 there is money for little else2 fixed charges1 children1 service1 taxes1 swallow up the rest4 ,there is hardly anything left for books1 barely for a circulating library2 there is very little for the theater and for games2 holidays are taken in hideous lodgings at the seaside because a comfortable bungalow costs too much4 ,the money that should have provided the most important thing in human life1 namely pleasure1 is on the woman's back4 ,in the lower classes the case is1 in a way1 still worse4 ,i do not mean workmen's wives1 for any old rag will serve the slaves1--but their daughters6 ,recently a coroner's inquest in ,soho showed that a girl had practically starved herself to death to buy fine clothes1 and it is not an isolated case4 ,for the last eight years ,i have been investigating the condition of workwomen1 and1 so far as typists1 manicurists1 and tea-shop girls are concerned1 ,i assert that their main object in leaving the homes where they are kept is to have money for smart clothes2 they flood the labor market at blackleg prices1 to buy finery and for no other reason4 ,they go further3 while making the necessary inquiries for my novel1 ,a ,bed of ,roses1 ,i scheduled the cases of about forty ,london prostitutes4 ,in about twenty-five per cent of the cases the original cause1 direct or contributory1 was a desire for luxury which took the form of fine clothes4 ,now these women tell one what they think one would like to hear1 and1 where they scent sympathy1 as much as possible attribute their fall to man's deceit4 ,but acumen develops in the investigator2 the figure of twenty-five per cent is correct or may even be an underestimate4 ,the conclusion is that from fifteen thousand to twenty-five thousand women now on the streets of ,london have been brought there by a desire for self-adornment4 ,meanwhile there is no labor available for the poor consumer1 because the energy of the dressmaker is diverted toward the rich2 while ,miss ,so-and-,so is paid #djjj a year to design hats1 the workwoman wears a man's cap rescued from the refuse heap4 ,i shall be told that the rich are not responsible for the luxurious desires of the poor2 but that is evidently nonsense3 the rich themselves are not innocent of prostitution4 ,i have had reported the case of a well-paid ,russian dancer whose dress bills are paid by two financiers2 that of a ,french actress who calmly states that she needs three lovers1 one for her hats1 one for her lingerie1 and one for her gowns2 and a close inquiry into the bridge losses which occasionally provoke the fall of rich men's daughters will show that these are dressmakers' bills4 ,all this is not without its effect upon the poor4 ,the girl of the lower classes1 hypnotized by fashion plates1 compelled to witness at the doors of fashionable churches1 in the street1 at the music halls1 and even at the picture palaces1 the continuous streaming past of the fashion pageant1 develops an intolerable desire for finery4 ,you may say that she is wrong1 that she should practice self-denial1 but this is not an age of self-denial2 luxury is in the air1 we despair of happiness and take to pleasure1 we feel the future life too far ahead1 we want to enjoy4 ,it is natural enough1 especially for girls who are young and who feel unfairly outclassed by richer women who are neither as young nor as beautiful2 but still it is base4 ,if baseness is to go1 the lesson must come from the top2 if there is to be self-denial1 then que messieurs les assassins commencent6 ,until the rich woman realizes that her example is her responsibility it will be fair to say that the ,albemarle ,street #ejj gown has its consequence in a prostitute on the ,tottenham ,court ,road4 ,the rich woman herself does not escape scot free4 ,it is obvious that the woman chiefly occupied with thoughts of dress develops a peculiar kind of frivolity1 that she becomes unfit to think of art1 the public interest1 perhaps of love4 ,she is the worst social product1 a parasite1 and she is not even always beautiful4 ,sometimes she is insane3 the investigations of ,doctor ,bernard ,holz and of ,doctor ,rudolf ,foerster connect the mania for fashion with paranoia1 and have elicited extraordinary facts1 such as the collection of clothes by insane women1 and such as cases of pyromania which coincided with a craze for dress4 ,it is1 indeed1 quite possible that some women might go mad if they permanently felt themselves less well-dressed than their fellows2 and that is the crux of the fashion idea4 ,woman does not desire to be beautifully dressed3 she desires to be more beautifully dressed than her fellows4 ,she wishes to insult and humiliate her sisters1 and1 as modern clothes are costly1 she does not hesitate to give full play to human cruelty1 to use all the resources of the rich husband on whom she preys to satisfy her pride and to apply her arrogant ingenuity to the torture of her sisters4 ,and ,i said1 ,she wants to be more beautiful4 ,is that quite right8 ,partly1 though what woman mainly seeks is not to be beautiful but to be fashionable2 the words have become synonymous4 ,yet the fashions are not always beautiful2 sometimes they are hideous1 break every line of the body1 make it awkward1 hamper its movements4 ,if women truly wanted to be beautiful they would not follow the fashions3 our little dark1 sloe-eyed women would dress rather like the ,japanese1 and our big1 ox-eyed beauties would appear as ,greeks2 but no1 ,juno1 ,carmen1 and ,dante's ,beatrice1 all together and all in turn1 don first the crinoline and then the hobble skirt4 ,nor do they want to attract men4 ,they think they do but they do not1 for they know perfectly well that few men realize what they wear1 that all they observe is something blue or an effect they call very doggy2 they know also that men do not wed the dangerous smart1 but the modest2 that men fear the implication that smart women are unvirtuous1 and that they certainly fear their dressmakers' bills4 ,nor is it even true that women want many new clothes so as to be clean3 if that were true1 men in their well-worn suits could not be touched with a pitchfork4 ,the truth is that changes in fashion are a habit and a hysteria1 an advertisement1 an insult offered by wealth to poverty1 a degradation of women's qualities which carries its own penalty in the form of growing mental baseness4 #e ,well1 what shall we do8 ,women must wear a uniform4 ,strictly1 they already do wear a uniform1 for what is a fashion but a uniform8 ,some years ago when musquash coats 7and cheaper velveteen7 were in1 and hats were very small1 there were in ,london scores of thousands of young women so exactly alike that considerable confusion was caused at tube stations and such other places where lovers meet2 this simplifies the problem of choosing the new uniform4 ,let it not be thought that ,i wish women to dress in sackcloth1 though they will certainly dress in sackcloth if ever sackcloth comes in2 ,i do not care what they wear1 provided they do not continually alter its form1 and provided it is not too dear4 ,the way in which old and young1 tall and short1 fat and thin1 force themselves into the same color and the same shape is sheer socialism2 ,i merely want to carry the uniform idea a little further1 to make it a permanent uniform4 ,we already have uniforms for women1 apart from the fashions1 uniforms which never change3 those of the nurse1 the nun1 the parlor-maid1 the tea-girl4 ,we have national costumes1 ,dutch1 ,swiss1 ,irish1 ,japanese1 ,italian2 we have drill suits and sports dresses4 ,and they are not ugly4 ,all these uniformed women have as good a chance of marriage as any others1 and her ladyship gains as many proposals on the golf links as at night on the terrace4 ,i would suggest that women should have two or three uniforms of a kind to be decided1 which would never change1 and1 ,i repeat1 they need not be ugly uniforms4 ,men's uniforms are not ugly2 ,i would any day exchange my lounge suit for the uniform of a guardsman--if ,i might wear it4 ,in this if is the essence of the whole idea1 the whole practicability of it4 ,men wear uniform1 that is to say lounge suits in certain circumstances1 morning coats in others1 evening clothes in yet others4 ,they never vary4 ,we are told that they vary4 ,tailors show new suitings1 the papers print articles about men's fashions1 and perhaps a button is added or a lapel is lengthened1 and that is all4 ,nobody cares4 ,men follow no fashions so far as the fable of men's fashions is true2 they dare not do so1 because to do so serves them ill in society4 ,a man who dares to break through the uniform idea of his sex is generally dubbed a bounder2 if he is one of the very young1 fancy-socked1 extreme-collared kind1 people smile and say1 ,it'll wear off with time4 ,and women1 who tolerate the dandies at tea-time1 love the others4 ,the uniform would have to be brought in by a group of leaders of fashion determined to abolish fashion4 ,i could sketch a dozen uniforms1 but women would make a great to-do1 forgetting that most fashions are created by men1 so ,i will confine myself to timid suggestions4 #a4 ,for general outdoor wear the coat and skirt is the best1 together with a blouse4 ,lace and insertion should be abandoned1 and ,i feel that the skirt is too long for walking2 sometimes it is certainly too tight to enable a woman to get into an omnibus or railway carriage gracefully4 ,probable price1 complete1 #ej4 #b4 ,for summer wear1 a plain blouse and skirt2 not the atrocious blouse ending at the belt1 but the beautiful tunic-blouse that falls over the hips4 ,both blouse and skirt would need to be made of a permanently fixed1 plain1 and uni-colored material4 ,total cost1 #be4 #c4 ,if the skirt were shortened1 leggings1 gaiters1 and stockings would have to be standardized2 the shoe buckle1 being too costly1 would disappear4 #d4 ,a fixed type of hat1 without feathers or aigrettes1 made in straw and trimmed with flowers2 produced in scores of thousands1 it ought not to cost more than #b4ej4 #e4 ,a fixed type of evening gown1 price #bd or #cb1 without any lace or trimmings1 sequins1 paillettes2 without overlays of flimsies of any kind2 no voile1 no chiffon1 no tulle1 no muslin1 but a stuff of good quality1 hanging in straight folds4 ,jewelry to be banned4 #f4 ,the afternoon dress should be completely suppressed2 it responds to no need4 #g4 ,the total annual cost would be about #aej4 ,i shall be asked whether this can be done4 ,i think it can4 ,recently the ,queen of ,italy created a vogue for coral ornaments among the ,roman ladies so as to restore their livelihood to the fishermen of ,torre del ,greco4 ,that points the way2 we do not need sumptuary laws1 though1 in times to come1 when capitalism is nothing but a historical incident1 we may have passed through such laws into a fuller freedom4 ,it is enough to decree that any variation from the new standard is bad form4 ,human beings will break all laws1 but they shrink if you tell them that they are infringing the rules of etiquette4 ,there are many men to-day who would like to wear satin and velvet3 they dare not because it is bad form4 ,if1 therefore1 a permanent clothing scheme were established by strong patrons1 if it were agreeable to the eye1 which is easy to arrange1 ,i believe that fashions could be fixed because it would be known that a woman who went beyond the uniform must either be disreputable or suffer from bad taste4 #f ,i shall be told that ,i am warring against art4 ,that is not true3 some fashions are beautiful1 some are hideous4 ,who would to-day wear the crinoline8 ,who would wear the gigot sleeve8 ,they are ugly--but1 stay6 ,are they8 ,will they not be worn in an adapted form some time within the next generation8 ,they will1 because fashions are not works of art2 they are only fashions4 ,women do not adapt the fashions to themselves1 they adapt themselves to the fashions1 and it is a current joke that even woman's anatomy is adjusted to suit the clothes of the day4 ,doubtless ,i shall be challenged on this1 and told that woman's individuality expresses itself in her clothes4 ,that again is not true2 the girl with a face like a ,madonna will wear a ballet skirt if it comes in1 and if she has to adapt the ballet skirt to the ,madonna idea ,i should like to know how it is going to be done4 ,indeed the one thing woman avoids doing is expressing her individuality2 she wants what ,oscar ,wilde called the holy calm of feeling perfectly dressed1 that is1 like everybody else1 and a little more expensively4 ,it may be retorted1 however1 that uniform is not cheap4 ,that again is untrue4 ,when a uniform is standardized1 turned out in quantities and never varied1 it can be made very cheaply4 ,men's clothing1 which is not fully standardized1 is such that no man need spend more than #bej a year4 ,that is the condition ,i want for women4 ,of course it will make unemployed1 and our sympathy will be invoked for dressmakers thrown out of work3 that is the old argument against railways on behalf of coaches1 against the mule-jenny1 against every engine of human progress1 and it is sheer barbarism4 ,labor redistributes itself2 money wasted on women's clothes will be used in other trades which will reabsorb the labor and make it useful instead of sterile4 ,an apparently more powerful argument is that uniform would deprive women of their individuality3 it cannot be much of an individuality that depends upon a frock1 and ,i am reduced to wonder whether some women lose their personality once their frock is taken off4 ,still1 there is a little force in the argument1 for it seems to lead to the conclusion that beautiful women will enjoy undue advantage when dressed as are the ill-favored4 ,but this is not a true conclusion2 it is not even true to say that one cannot be distinctive in uniform1 as anybody will realize who compares a smart soldier with an untidy one4 ,i have myself worn a soldier's coat and know what care may make of it4 ,nor do ,i believe that the beautiful would win2 by winning is meant winning men1 but we know perfectly well that it is not body which wins men3 it wins them only to lose them after a while4 ,it is something else which wins men3 individuality1 wit1 gaiety1 cleverness1 or cleverness clever enough to appear foolish4 ,and we men who wear uniform1 does not our individuality manage to attract8 ,it does2 and indeed ,i go further3 ,i assert that fashions smother individuality because they are tyrannical and much more obtrusive than uniforms4 ,woman's charms are to-day dwarfed because men are dazzled and misled by the meretricious paraphernalia which clothe woman2 the true charms have to struggle for life4 ,i want to give them full play1 to enable men to choose better and more sanely1 no longer the empty odalisque but the woman whose personality is such that it can dominate her uniform4 ,that will be a true race and a finer than the game of sex-temptation which women think they are playing4 ,it may be said that uniform will do away with class distinctions1 that one will no longer be able to tell a lady from one who is not4 ,that is not true4 ,what one will no longer be able to tell is a rich woman from a poor one2 and who is to complain of that8 ,surely it will not be men1 for it is not true1 ,i repeat1 that men admire extravagant clothes2 nor are they tempted by them2 nor do women dress to tempt them3 at any rate1 the seduction of ,adam was not compassed in that way4 ,besides1 women give away their own case3 if their clothes were intended to attract men1 then surely married women would cease to follow the fashions unless1 which ,i am reluctant to conclude1 they still desire to pursue after marriage their nefarious1 heart-breaking career4 ,the last suggestion is that women would not wear the uniform4 ,not follow a fashion8 ,this has never happened before4 ,i adhere therefore to my general view that if woman is to be diverted from the path that leads straight toward a greater degradation of her faculties2 if household budgets are to be relieved so as to leave money for pleasure and for culture2 if true beauty is to take the place of tinsel1 feathers1 frills1 ruffles1 poudre de riz2 if middle-class women are to cease to live in bitterness because they cannot keep up with the rich2 if the daughters of the poor are no longer to be stimulated and corrupted by example into poverty and prostitution1 it will be necessary for the few who lead the many to realize that simplicity1 modesty1 moderation1 and grace are the only things which will enable women to gain for themselves1 and for men1 peace and satisfaction out of a civilization every day more hectic4 ,,iv ,,woman ,,and ,,the ,,paint ,,pot ,it is in a shrinking spirit that ,i venture to suggest that woman has so far entirely failed to affirm her capacity in the pictorial arts1 for ,i address myself to an audience which contains many sculptors and pictorial artists1 an audience of serious and enthusiastic people to whom art matters as much and perhaps more than life4 ,but it is of no use maintaining illusions2 woman has exhibited1 and is exhibiting1 very great artistic capacities in the histrionic art1 in dancing1 in executive music1 and in literature4 ,there is1 therefore1 no case for those who argue that woman has no artistic capacity4 ,she has4 ,i select but a few out of the many when ,i quote the actresses1 ,siddons1 ,rachel1 ,la ,duse1 ,sarah ,bernhardt1 ,ellen ,terry2 the dancers1 ,la ,duncan1 ,pavlova1 ,gene2 the literary women1 the ,bronts1 ,madame de ,stal1 ,george ,eliot1 ,sappho1 ,christina ,rossetti2 among the more modern1 ,may ,sinclair and ,lucas ,malet4 ,at first sight1 however1 it is curious that ,i should be able to quote no composers and no dramatists2 it is impossible to take ,guy d',hardelot and ,theresa del ,riego seriously4 ,and the women dramatists1 taken as a whole1 hardly exist4 ,this would go to show that there is some strength in the contention that woman is purely executive and uncreative2 but this cannot be true1 for the list of writers ,i have given1 which is very far from being exhaustive1 and which is being augmented every day by promising girl writers1 shows that woman has creative capacity1 creative in the sense that she can evolve character and scene1 and treat relations in that way which can be described as art4 ,if1 therefore1 there have been no women painters of note1 it cannot be because woman has no creative capacity4 ,it may be suggested that those women who have creative capacity turn to literature1 but that is a very rash assumption4 ,for creative men turn to any one of the half-dozen forms of art1 and are not monopolized by literature2 there is no reason1 mental or physical1 why the female genius should be capable of traveling only along one line4 ,the problem is a problem of direction1 a problem of medium4 ,my potential opponents will probably deny that there have been1 and are1 no women painters4 ,they will quote the names of ,angelica ,kaufmann1 of ,vige-,lebrun1 of ,rosa ,bonheur1 of ,berthe ,morisot1 of ,elizabeth ,butler2 the more modern will mention ,ella ,bedford1 ,lucy ,kemp-,welch2 the most modern will put forward ,anne ,estelle ,rice2 and one or two may shyly whisper ,maude ,goodman4 ,but1 honestly1 does this amount to anything8 ,i do not suppose that ,lady ,elizabeth ,butler's ,inkermann or ,floreat ,etona will outlive the works of ,detaille or of ,meissonier1 however doubtful be the value of these men2 the fame of ,angelica ,kaufmann1 though enhanced by the patronage of kings1 has not been perpetuated by ,bartolozzi1 in spite of that etcher's inflated reputation4 ,rosa ,bonheur's ,horse ,fair hangs in the ,national ,gallery1 and another of her works in the ,luxembourg1 but merits which balance those of ,landseer are not enough2 and ,berthe ,morisot walked1 it is true1 in the footprints of ,manet1 but did her feet fill them8 ,the truth of the matter is that there has not been a woman ,velasquez1 a woman ,rembrandt4 ,now1 as some of my readers may know1 ,i do not make a habit of belittling woman and her work4 ,my writings show that ,i am one of the most extreme feminists of the day1 and ,i am well aware that woman must not be judged upon her past1 that it is perhaps not enough to judge her on her present position1 and that imagination1 the only spirit with which criticism should be informed if it is to have any creative value1 should take note of the potentialities of woman4 ,but still1 though we may write off much of the past and flout the record of insult and outrage which is the history of woman under the government of man1 we cannot entirely ignore the present3 the present may not be the father of the future1 but it is certainly one of its ancestors4 ,we have to-day a number of women who paint--the great majority1 such as ,mrs4 ,von ,glehn1 ,ella ,bedford1 ,lucy ,kemp-,welch1 and others who are hung a little higher over the line1 are rendering ,nature and persons with inspired and photographic zeal2 others1 such as ,anne ,estelle ,rice1 ,jessie ,dismorr1 ,georges ,banks1 are inclined to fling their paint pot into the faces of the public4 ,some do not abhor ,herkomer1 others are banded with ,matisse2 but though to be ,herkomer may not be supreme1 and though to be ,matisse may perhaps be insane1 it must regretfully be conceded that the heights of the ,royal ,academy and of ,parnassus 7or whatever the painter's mountain may be7 are not haunted by the woman painter4 ,without being carried away by the author of ,bubbles1 ,i am not inclined to be carried away by ,maude ,goodman and the splendours of ,taller ,than ,mother4 ,lucy ,kemp-,welch's ,new ,forest ponies are ponies1 but ,i do not suppose that they will be trotting in the next century2 they do not balance even the work of ,furse4 ,let me not be reproached because ,i use the low standard of the ,royal ,academy1 for if woman has a case at all she must prove herself on all planes2 it is as important that she should equal the second-rate people as that she should shine among the first-rate4 ,i do not look for a time to come when woman will be superior to man1 but to a time1 quite remote enough for my speculations1 when she will be his equal1 when she will be able to keep up with all his activities4 ,curiously enough1 the advanced female painters are not so inferior to the advanced men painters as are the stereotyped women to their masculine rivals4 ,there is excellence in the work of ,anne ,estelle ,rice and ,georges ,banks1 though they perhaps do not equal ,fergusson2 but they are less remote from him in spirit and realization than are the lesser women from the lesser men4 ,that is a fact of immense importance1 for it is evident that nothing is so hopeful as this reduction in the inferiority of female painting4 ,it may be that masculine painting is decaying1 which would facilitate woman's victory1 but ,i do not think so2 modern masculine painting has never been so vigorous1 so inspired by an idea since the great religious uprush of the ,primitives4 ,women are striving to conform not to a lower but to a higher standard1 a standard where the sensuality of art is informed by intellect4 ,if1 therefore1 they conform more closely to the standard which men are establishing1 they are more than holding their own2 they are gaining ground4 ,yet they are still1 in numbers and in quality1 much inferior to the men4 ,anne ,estelle ,rice alone cannot tilt in the ring against ,fergusson1 ,gaugin1 ,matisse1 ,picasso4 ,and it is not true that they have been entirely deprived of opportunity4 ,up to the 'seventies or 'eighties1 woman was certainly very much hampered by public opinion4 ,for some centuries it had been held that she should paint flowers1 but not bodies2 nowadays1 dizzily soaring1 she has begun to paint cranes and gasometers4 ,the result of the old attitude was that the work of women was mainly futile because it was expected to be futile2 though painters were not always gentlemen1 female painters seemed to have to be ladies1 but times changed4 ,there came the djibbah1 ,bernard ,shaw1 and the cigarette2 women began to flock into ,colarossi's and the ,slade1 into the minor schools where1 ,i regret to say1 the new spirit has yet to blow and to do away with the interesting practice of the life class where the male model wears bathing drawers4 ,woman has had her opportunity1 and any morning on the ,boulevard ,montparnasse you can see her carrying her paraphernalia towards the ,grande ,chaumire and the other studios4 ,she is suffering a good deal from the effects of past neglect1 but much of that neglect is so far away that we must ask ourselves why woman has not yet responded to the more tender attitude of modern days4 ,for she has not entirely responded2 she is still either a little afraid of novelty or inclined to hug it1 to affront the notorious perils of love at first sight4 ,i believe that the causes of women's failure in painting are twofold--manual and mental4 ,though disinclined to generalize upon the female temperament1 because such generalizations generally lead to the discovery of a paradox1 ,i am conscious in woman of a quality of impatience4 ,while woman will exhibit infinite patience1 infinite obstinacy1 in the pursuit of an end1 she is often inclined to leap too quickly towards that end4 ,to use a metaphor1 she may spend her whole life in trying to cut down a tree without taking the preliminary trouble to have her ax sharpened2 she does unwillingly the immense labor on the antique1 she neglects her anatomy1 she sacrifices line to color4 ,this is natural enough1 for she has a keen sense of color4 ,as witness her clothes4 ,when clothes are the work of woman they are generally beautiful in color2 when they are beautiful in line they are generally by ,poiret4 ,for line tends to be pure and cold1 and ,i hope ,i will shock nobody when ,i suggest that purity and coldness are masculine rather than feminine4 ,color is the expression of passion1 line is the expression of intellect1 or rather of that curious combination of intellect and passion1 of intellect directing passion1 and of passion inflaming intellect1 which is art as understood by man4 ,it is to this second group of causes1 those ,i have called mental1 that the inferiority of the woman painter is traceable4 ,there is a lack of intellect in her work4 ,it is true that the male painter is often just a painter1 and that ,i can think of no case to-day which reproduces the engineering capacities of ,leonardo da ,vinci1 but ,i refer rather to a general intellectual sweep than to a specialized capacity4 ,men do not hold themselves so far aloof from politics1 business and philosophy as do women2 too many of the latter read nothing whatever4 ,for some painters a novel is too much1 while their selection among the contents of the newspaper might be improved upon by a domestic servant4 ,there is a lack of depth1 a lack of intellectual quality1 of that general quality which1 directed into other channels1 produces the engineer1 the business man and the politician4 ,i do not believe in artistic capacity1 scientific capacity1 business capacity2 there is nothing but capacity which takes varying forms1 just as there is red hair and black hair1 but always hair4 ,in male painting intellect sometimes stands behind passion2 in female painting the attitude is purely sensuous1 and that is not to be wondered at3 from the days of the anthropoid ape to this one we have developed nothing in woman but the passionate quality2 we have taught her to charm1 to smile1 and to lie until she thinks she can do nothing but charm1 and believes in her own lies4 ,we have refused her education1 we have made her into a slave4 ,thus1 while many of the male painters are not intellectuals1 they have been able to draw upon the higher average quality of the male mind1 while woman to-day1 desirous of so doing1 will find very little to the credit of the account of her sex4 ,what is the conclusion to be drawn8 ,it is to my mind obvious enough4 ,if woman is producing inferior work it is because she is still an inferior creature1 but ,i do not think she will remain one4 ,her progress during the last thirty years has been staggering2 she has forced herself into the trades1 into professions1 into politics2 she has produced standard works2 in one or two cases she has been creative in science2 and ,i believe1 therefore1 that her intellect is on the up grade1 and that her sex is accumulating those resources which will serve as a background to the artistic development of her passionate faculty4 ,woman is about to gain political power4 ,she will use it to improve the education of her sex1 to broaden its opportunities4 ,she is coming out into the world in coperation and in conflict with man2 she will become more self-conscious1 and gain a solidarity of sex upon which will follow mutual mental stimulation and specialized sex development4 ,for that reason ,i believe woman's progress will not be less in the pictorial arts than in other fields if she develops in herself the fullness of life and its implications4 ,she will inevitably wage the sex war3 she will gain her artistic deserts after the sex peace4 ,v ,,the ,,downfall ,,of ,,the ,,home ,there is something the matter with the home4 ,it may be merely the subtle decay which1 in birth beginning and in death persisting1 escorts all things human and perchance divine4 ,it may be decay assisted by the violence of a time unborn and striving through novelty toward its own end1 or toward an endlessness of change4 ,but1 whatever the causes1 which interest little a hasty generation1 signs written in brick and mortar and social custom1 in rebellion and in aspiration1 are not wanting to show that the home1 so long the center of ,anglo-,saxon and ,american society1 is doomed4 ,and1 as is usual in the twentieth century1 as has been usual since the middle of the nineteenth1 woman is at the bottom of the change4 ,it is women who now make revolutions4 ,a hundred years ago it was men who made revolutions2 nowadays they content themselves with resolutions4 ,so it has been left for woman1 more animal1 more radical1 more divinely endowed with the faculty of seeing only her own side1 to sap the foundations of what was supposed to be her shelter4 ,i do not suppose that the household has ever been quite as much of a shelter for women as the ,victorian philosophers said1 and possibly believed2 an elementary study of the feminist question will certainly incline the unprejudiced to see that the home1 which has for so long masqueraded in the guise of woman's friend1 has on the whole been her enemy2 that instead of being her protector it has been her oppressor2 that it has not been her fortress1 but her jail4 ,woman has felt in the home much as a workman might feel if he were given the ,white ,house as a present1 told to live in it and keep it clean without help on two dollars a week4 ,if the home be a precious possession1 it may very well be a possession bought at too high a price--at the price of youth1 of energy1 and of enlightenment4 ,the whole attitude of woman toward the home is one of rebellion--not of all women1 of course1 for most of them still accept that1 though all that is may not be good1 all that is must be made to do4 ,resignation1 humility1 and self-sacrifice have for a thousand generations been the worst vices of woman1 but it is apparent that at last aggressiveness and selfishness are developing her toward nobility4 ,she is growing aware that she is a human being1 a discovery which the centuries had not made1 and naturally she hates her gilded cage4 ,woman is tired of a home that is too large1 where the third floor gets dirty while she is cleaning the first2 of a home that cannot be left lest it should be burglared2 of a home where there is always a slate wrong1 or a broken window1 or a shortage of coal4 ,she is tired of being immolated on the domestic hearth4 ,one of them1 neither advanced nor protesting1 gave me a little while ago an account of what she called a characteristic day4 ,i reproduce it untouched3 ,,the ,,day ,,of ,a ,,really ,,nice ,,englishwoman #h ,a4,m4--,early tea2 rise2 no bath4 ,the husband has the only bath1 and the boiler cannot make another until ten4 #i ,a4,m4--,breakfast4 ,the husband takes the only newspaper away to the office4 #i4cj ,a4,m4--,conversation with the cook3 hardness of the butcher's meat2 difficulty because there are only three eatable animals2 degeneration of the butter2 grocery and milk problems4 ,telephone4--,a social engagement is made4 ,conversation with the cook resumed3 report on a mysterious disease of the kitchen boiler2 report on the oil-man2 report on the plumber4 ,correspondence begun and interrupted by the parlor-maid1 who demands a new stock of glass4 ,correspondence resumed2 interrupted by the parlor-maid's demand for change with which to pay the cleaner4 ,rush up-stairs to show which covers are to go4 ,correspondence resumed1 and interrupted by the telephone3 the green-grocer states that some of the vegetables she wants cannot be procured4 ,correspondence resumed2 interrupted by the nurse1 who wishes to change the baby's milk4 ,three telephone calls4 ,correspondence resumed1 and interrupted by the housemaid1 who wants new brooms4 #aa ,a4,m4--,the children have gone2 the servants are at work4 ,therefore3 #aa-aa4ae ,a4,m4--,breathing space4 #aa4ae-aa4de ,a4,m4--,paying bills--electricity1 gas1 clothes2 checking the weekly books1 reading laundry circulars4 #ab ,m4--,goes out4 ,it is probably wet this being ,england1 so1 not being very well off1 she flounders through mud4 ,interview with the plumber as to the boiler2 shoes for ,gladys2 glass for the parlor-maid2 brooms for the housemaid2 forgets various things she ought to have done2 these worry her during lunch4 #a4cj ,p4,m4--,lunch4 #b4cj ,p4,m4--,fagged out1 lies down1 but-- #b4de ,p4,m4--,the husband telephones to tell her to go to the library and get him a book4 #c4ae ,p4,m4--,is fitted by the dressmaker4 ,feels better4 #d4cj ,p4,m4--,charming at tea4 #e4de ,p4,m4--,compulsory games with the children4 #f4ae ,p4,m4--,ultimatum from the servants3 the puppy must be killed for reasons which cannot be specified in an ,american magazine4 #f4cj-f4ce ,p4,m4--,literature1 art1 music1 and science4 ,then dress for dinner4 #g4cj ,p4,m4--,charming at dinner4 ,grand fantasia to entertain the male after a strenuous day in the city4 ,conversation3 golf1 business1 cutting remarks about other people1 and no contradicting4 #h4de-i4ae ,p4,m4--,literature1 art1 music1 and science4 ,last post3 ,circulars1 bills1 invitations to be answered2 request from a brother in ,india to send jam which can be bought only in a suburb fourteen miles distant4 #aj4cj ,p4,m4--,attempted bath1 but the plumber has not mended the boiler1 after all4 #aa ,p4,m4--,sleep 444 up to the beginning of another nice ,englishwoman's day4 ,she may exaggerate1 but ,i do not think so1 for as ,i write these lines three stories of a house hang over my head1 and ,i hear culinary noises below4 ,being a man1 ,i am supposed to rule all this1 but1 fortunately1 not to govern it4 ,and ,i am moved to interest when ,i reflect that in this street of sixty houses1 that which is going on in my house is probably multiplied by sixty4 ,i have a vision of those sixty houses1 each with its dining room and drawing-room1 its four to eight bedrooms1 and its basement4 ,there are sixty drawing-rooms in this street1 and at #aa ,a4,m4 there is not a single human being in them2 and at #c ,p4,m4 there is nobody in the sixty dining rooms1 except on ,sunday1 when a few men are asleep in them4 ,and ,i have horrid visions of our sixty kitchens1 our sixty sculleries1 our sixty pantries2 of our one hundred and fifty servants1 and our sixty cooks 7and cooks so hard to get and to bear with when you've got them674 ,and ,i think of all our dinner sets1 of the twelve thousand pieces of crockery which we need in our little street4 ,to think of twelve thousand articles of crockery is to realize our remoteness from the monkey4 ,and the nurses1 as they pass1 fill me with wonder1 for some of them attend one child1 some two1 while sometimes three children have two nurses--until ,i wonder what percentage of nurse is really required to keep in order an obviously unruly generation4 ,complex1 enormous1 it is not even cheap4 ,privacy1 the purest jewel humanity can find1 seems to be the dearest4 ,this inflated individual home1 it is marvelous how it has survived6 ,like most human institutions1 it has probably survived because it was there4 ,it has taken woman's time2 it has taken much of her energy1 much of her health and looks4 ,worst of all1 it seems to have taken from her some of the consideration to which as a human being she was entitled4 ,let there be no mistake about that4 ,in spite of proclamations as to the sacredness of the home and the dignity of labor1 the fact remains that the domestic man1 the kind that can hang a picture straight1 is generally treated by male acquaintances with sorrowful tolerance2 should he attempt to wash the baby1 he becomes the kind of man about whom the comic songs are written4 7,i may seem rather violent1 but ,i once tried to wash a baby47 ,so that apparently the dignified occupations of the household are not deemed dignified by man4 ,this is evident enough1 for office-cleaners1 laundresses1 step-girls1 are never replaced by men4 ,these are the feminine occupations1 the coarse occupations1 requiring no special intelligence4 ,the truth is that the status of domestic labor is low4 ,an exception is made in favor of the cook1 but only by people who know what cooking is1 which excludes the majority of the world4 ,it is true that of late years attempts have been made to raise the capacity of the domestic laborer by inducing her to attend classes on cooking1 on child nurture1 etc41 but1 in the main1 in ninety-nine per cent of bourgeois marriages1 it is assumed that any fool can run a house4 ,it matters very little whether a fool can run a house or not2 what does matter from the woman's point of view is that she is given no credit for efficient household management1 and that is one reason why she has rebelled4 ,it does not matter whether you are a solicitor1 an archbishop1 or a burglar1 the savor goes out of your profession if it is not publicly esteemed at its true worth4 ,we have heard of celebrated impostors1 of celebrated politicians1 but who has ever heard of a celebrated housekeeper8 ,the modern complaint of woman is that the care of the house has divorced her from growing interests1 from literature and1 what is more important1 from the newspaper1 partly from music1 entirely from politics4 ,it is a purely material question2 there are only twenty-four hours in every day1 and there are some things one cannot hustle4 ,one can no more hustle the ,english joint than the decrees of the ,supreme ,court4 ,moreover1 and this is a collateral fact1 an emptiness has formed around woman2 while on the one side she was being tempted by the professions that opened to her1 by the interests ready to her hand1 the old demands of less organized homes were falling away from her4 ,once upon a time she was a slave2 now she is a half-timer1 and the taste of liberty that has come to her has made her more intolerant of the old laws than she was in the ancient days of her serfdom4 ,not much more than seventy years ago it was still the custom in lower middle-class homes for the woman to sew and bake and brew4 ,these occupations were relinquished1 for the distribution of labor made it possible to have them better done at a lower cost4 ,in the 'fifties and the 'sixties the great shops began to grow1 stores to rise of the type of ,whiteley and ,wanamaker4 ,woman ceased to be industrial1 and became commercial2 her chief occupation was now shopping1 and if she were intelligent and painstaking she could make a better bargain with ,jones1 in ,queen's ,road1 than with ,smith1 in ,portchester ,street4 ,but of late years even that has begun to go2 the great stores dominate the retail trade1 and now1 qualities being equal1 there is hardly anything to pick between universal provider ,number #a1 at one end of the town1 and ,number #b1 equally universal1 at the other4 ,also the stores sell everything2 they facilitate purchases2 the housekeeper need not go to ten shops1 for at a single one she can buy cheese1 bicycles1 and elephants4 ,that is only an indication of the movement2 the time will come1 probably within our lifetime1 when the great stores of the towns will have crushed the small traders and turned them into branch managers2 when all the prices will be alike1 all the goods alike2 when food will be so graded that it will no longer be worth the housekeeper's while to try and discover a particularly good sirloin--instead she will telephone for seven pounds of quality ,,af1 ,number #ad1fib4 ,then1 having less to do1 woman will want to do still less1 and the modern rebellion against house and home will find in her restlessness a greater impetus4 ,when did the rebellion begin8 ,almost1 it might be said1 it began in the beginning1 and no doubt before the matriarchate period women were striving toward liberty1 only to lose it after having for a while dominated man4 ,in later years women such as ,mary ,wollstonecraft1 but more obscure1 strove to emancipate themselves from the thralldom of the household4 ,the aspiration of woman1 whether ,greek courtesan1 ,french worldling1 or ,english factory inspector1 has always been toward equality with man1 perhaps toward mastery4 ,and man has always stood in her path to restrict her1 to arrest her development for his pleasure1 as does to-day the ,japanese to the little tree which he plants in a pot4 ,the clamor of to-day against the emancipated woman is as old as the rebukes of ,st4 ,paul2 ,molire gave it tongue in ,les ,femmes ,savantes1 when he made the bourgeois say to his would-be learned wife3 ,former aux bonnes moeurs l'esprit de ses enfants1 ,faire aller son mnage1 avoir l'oeil sur ses gens ,et rgler la dpense avec conomie ,doit tre son tude et sa philosophie4 ,man has laid down only three occupations3 kirche1 kche1 kinder4 ,hence the revolt4 ,if man had not so much desired that woman should be housekeeper and courtesan1 she would not so violently have rebelled against him1 for why should one rebel until somebody says1 ,thou shalt6 ,at the words ,thou shalt1 rebellion becomes automatic1 and1 so long as woman has virility in her1 so will it be4 ,still1 leaving origins alone1 and considering only the last fifty or sixty years of our history1 it might be said that they are divided into three periods3 7a7 ,the shiny nose and virtue period4 7b7 ,the powder-puff and possible virtue period4 7c7 ,the ,russian ballet and leopard-skin period4 ,there are exceptions1 qualifications1 occasional retrogressions1 but1 taking it roughly1 that is the history of ,english womanhood from wax fruit to ,bakst designs4 ,there were crises1 such as the early 'eighties1 when bloomers came in and women essayed cigarettes1 and felt very advanced and sick2 when they joined ,ibsen clubs and took up ,bernard ,shaw1 and wore eyeglasses and generally tried to be men without succeeding in being gentlemen4 ,there was another crisis about #aijf1 when suffrage put forward in ,england its first violent claims4 ,that1 too1 was abortive in a sense1 as is ironically recorded in a comic song popular at the time3 ,back1 back to the office she went3 ,the secretary was a perfect gent4 ,but still1 in a rough and general way1 there has been a continual and growing discontent with the heavy weight of the household1 the complications of its administration4 ,there has been a drive toward freedom which has affected even that most conservative of all animals1 the male4 ,there have been conscious rebellions as expressed1 for instance1 by ,nora who slammed the door2 by the many girls who decide to live their own lives1 as life was expounded in the yellow-backs of the 'nineties2 by the growing demand for entry into the professions2 for votes2 for admission to the legislatures4 ,there is nothing irrelevant in this2 given that by the nature of her position in society and of the duties intrusted to her in the household1 she was cut off from all other fields of human activity1 it may be said that every attempt that woman has made to share in any activity that lay beyond her front door has been revolutionary and directed at the foundations of the ,english household system4 ,whether this has also been the case in ,america1 where a curious type of woman has been evolved--pampered1 selfish1 intelligent1 domineering1 and wildly pleasure-loving--,i cannot tell4 ,nor is it my business2 like other men1 the ,americans have the wives they deserve4 ,but behind the conscious rebellions are the subtle and1 in a way1 infinitely more powerful unconscious rebellions1 the dull discontents of overworked and over-preoccupied women2 the weariness1 the desire for pleasure and travel1 for change1 for time to play and to love1 and--what is more pathetic--for time just to sit and rest4 ,the epitaph of the charwoman-- ,weep for me not1 weep for me never1 ,i'm going to do nothing1 nothing forever-- embodies pains deep-buried in millions of women's hearts4 ,most people do not know that1 because women never smile so brightly as when they are unhappy4 ,sometimes ,i suspect that public pronouncements and suffrage manifestoes have had very much less to do with modern upheavals than these slumberous protests against the multiplicity of errands and the intricacies of the kitchen range4 ,even man has been affected by the change1 has begun to realize that it is quite impossible to alter custom while leaving custom unaltered1 which1 as anybody knows who reads parliamentary debates1 is mankind's dearest desire4 ,changes in his habits and in his surroundings1 such as the weekend1 the servant problem1 the restaurant1 the hotel2 all these have been separate disruptive factors1 have begun to bring about the downfall of the ,english household4 ,i do not know that one can assign a predominant place to any one of these factors2 they are each one as the drop of water that1 joined with its fellows1 wears away stone4 ,moreover1 in socio-psychologic investigation it is often found that what appears to be a cause is an effect1 and vice versa4 ,for instance1 with regard to restaurant dining1 it may be that people frequent restaurants because the home cooking is bad1 and1 on the other hand1 it may be that home cooking has become bad because people have neglected it as they found it easier to go to the restaurant4 ,this attitude of mind must qualify the conclusion at which ,i arrive1 and it is an attitude which must be sedulously cultivated by any one who wants to know the truth instead of wishing merely to have his prejudices confirmed4 ,but1 all allowances made1 it is perfectly clear that the first group of disruptive factors1 such as the restaurant dinner1 the week-end1 the long and frequent holidays1 the motor car1 the spread of golf1 is inimical to the home idea and1 therefore1 to the house idea4 7,home means house1 and does not mean flat1 for which see further on47 ,the home idea is complex2 it embraces privacy1 possession2 it implies a place where one can retreat1 be master1 be powerful in a small sphere1 take off one's boots1 be sulky or pleasant1 as one likes4 ,it involves1 above all1 a place where one does not hear the neighbor's piano1 or the neighbor's baby1 or1 with luck1 the neighbor's cat2 but where1 on the other hand1 one's own piano1 one's own baby1 and one's own cat are raised to a high and personal pitch of importance4 ,it involves everything that is individual--one's own stationery block1 one's crest1 or1 if one is not so fortunate1 one's monogram upon the plate4 ,if the ,s4,p4,c4,a4 did not intervene1 ,i think one might often see in the front garden a cat branded with a hot iron3 ,thomas ,jones4 ,his ,cat4 ,it is the rallying-point of domestic virtue1 the origin of domestic tyranny4 ,it is the place where public opinion cannot see you and where1 therefore1 you may behave badly4 ,most wife beaters live in houses2 in flats they would be afraid of the opinion of the hall porter4 ,and yet the home is not without its charm and its nobility1 for its bricks and mortar enshrine a spirit that is worshiped and for which much may be sacrificed4 ,cigars have been given up so that the home might have a new coat of paint2 amusements1 holidays1 food sometimes--all these have been sacrificed so that1 well railed off from the outside world by a front garden1 if possible by a back garden1 too--or1 still more delightful1 far from the next house--a little social cosmos might be maintained4 ,so far has this gone in the north of ,england that many people who could well afford servants will not have them because1 as they say1 they cannot bear strangers in the house4 ,and very desirable houses in the suburbs of ,london1 with old1 walled gardens1 have been given up because it was unbearable to take tea under the eyes of passengers on the top of the motor busses4 ,the home spirit1 however1 is not content merely with coats of paint and doilies2 it demands mental as well as material worship4 ,it demands importance2 it insists that it is home1 sweet home1 and that there is no place like it 7which is one comfort72 that it is the last thought of the drowning sailor2 that the trapper1 lost in the deepest forests of ,canada1 sees rising in the smoke of his lonely camp fire a delicious vision of ,aunt ,maria's magenta curtains4 ,it lays down that it is wrong to leave it1 quite apart from the question of burglars2 it has invented scores of phrases to justify otherwise unpleasant husbands who had given a good home to their wives2 phrases to censure revolting daughters who had good homes1 and what more could they want8 ,it has frowned upon everything that was outside itself1 for it could not see anything that was not itself4 ,it has hated theaters1 concerts1 dances1 lectures1 every form of amusement2 and1 as it has to bear them1 likes to refer to them archly as debauches1 or going on the razzle-dazzle1 or the ran-dan1 according to period4 ,it has powerfully allied itself with the pulpit and1 in impious circles1 with fancy work and crochet2 it has enlisted a considerable portion of the ,royal ,academy to depict it in various scenes for which the recipe is3 ,one tired man with a sunny smile returning to his home2 one delighted wife2 suitable number of ebullient children and1 inevitably1 a dog4 ,the dog varies4 ,in ,england they generally put in a terrier1 in war time a bulldog2 in ,germany it may be a dachshund2 and in other countries it is another kind of dog1 but it is always the same idea4 ,and so it is not wonderful that the home has looked censoriously upon everything that took people away from its orbit4 ,likewise it is not wonderful that people have fled to anything available so as to escape the charmed circle4 ,the week-end is in general a very over-rated amusement1 for it consists mainly in packing and preparing to catch a train1 then thinking of packing and catching a train1 then packing and catching a train2 but still the week-end amounts to a desertion1 and hardly a month passes without a divine laying of savage hands upon the excursion4 ,there was a time when holidays themselves were looked upon as audacious breaches of the conventions4 ,in the early nineteenth century nobody went to ,brighton except the ,regent and the smart set2 even in the ,thackerayan period people did not think it necessary to leave ,london in ,august1 and when they took the ,grand ,tour they were bent on improving their minds4 ,the ,kickleburys could not go up the ,rhine without a powerful feeling of self-consciousness2 ,i think they felt that they were outraging the ,victorian virtues1 so they had to make up for it by taking a guide1 who for four or five weeks lectured them day and night upon the ruins of ,godesberg4 ,all this was opposed to the spirit of the home1 just as anything which is outside the home is opposed to the spirit of the home1 as was1 for instance1 every dance that has ever been known4 ,in the ,observer1 in #ahbj1 appeared a poem expressing horror and disgust of the waltz1 and1 curiously enough1 very much in the same terms as the diatribes in the ,american papers of #aiad against the turkey trot and the bunny hug4 ,when the polka came in1 in the middle of the nineteenth century1 good people clustered to see it danced1 just like the more recent tango1 and it was considered very fast4 ,all this may appear somewhat irrelevant1 but my case is mainly that the old attitude1 now decaying1 is that anything that happened outside the home1 whether sport or amusement1 was anything between faintly and violently evil4 ,the old ideal of home was concentrated in ,sunday3 a long night2 heavy breakfast2 church2 walk in the park2 heavy dinner1 including roast beef2 profound sleep in the dining room2 heavy tea2 then nothing whatever2 church2 heavy supper2 nothing whatever2 then sleep4 ,there is not much of this left1 and from the moment when ,sunday concerts began and the picture galleries were opened1 when chess was played and the newspaper read1 the old solidities of the home trembled1 for the home was an edifice from which one could not take one stone4 ,in chorus with the cry for new pleasures1 the reaction against the old discomfort1 came a more powerful influence still1 because it was direct--the servant problem4 ,the ,americans know this question1 ,i think1 better even than the ,british1 for in their country a violent democracy rejects domestic service and compels1 ,i believe1 the use of recent emigrants from old enslaved ,europe who have not yet breathed the aggressive and ambitious air that has touched the ,stars and ,stripes4 ,in ,great ,britain the crisis is not yet1 and it may never come1 for this is not the ,english way4 ,in ,england we are aware of a crisis only fifty years later1 because for that half-century we have successfully pretended that there was no crisis4 ,so we come in just in time for the reaction1 and say3 ,there you are4 ,i told you nothing was changed4 ,yet1 so persistent is the servant problem that even ,england has had to take some notice of it4 ,as ,mr4 ,wells said1 the supply of rough1 hardworking girls began to shrink4 ,it shrank because so many opportunities for the employment of women were offered by the factories which arose in ,england in the 'forties and the 'fifties1 by the demand for waitresses1 for shorthand writers1 typists1 shopgirls1 elementary schoolmistresses1 etc4 ,the ,education ,act of #ahgj gave the young ,english girls of that day a violent shock1 for it informed them of the existence of ,paris1 assisted them toward the piano4 ,and then came the development of the factory system1 the spread of cheapness2 with the rise in wages came a rising desire for pretty1 cheap things almost as pretty as the dear ones2 substitutes for costly stuffs were found2 compositions replaced ivory1 mercerized cotton rivaled silk1 and little by little the young girl of the people discovered that with a little cleverness she could look quite as well as the one whom her mother called ,madam2 so she ceased to call her ,madam4 ,labor daily grows more truculent1 so there is no knowing what she will call the ex-,madam next2 but one thing is certain1 and that is that she will not serve her4 ,she will not1 because she looks upon service as ignominious2 she has her own pride2 she will not tell you that she is in a shop1 but that she is in business2 if she is in service1 often she will say nothing about it at all1 for the other girls1 who work their eleven hours a day for a few shillings a week1 despise her4 ,they at least have fixed hours and they do not live in2 when they have done their work they are free4 ,they may have had less to eat that day than the comfortable parlor-maid1 and maybe they have less in their pockets1 but they are free1 and they do not hesitate to show their contempt to the helot4 ,i think that new pride has done as much as anything to crush the old1 large1 unwieldy home1 for its four stories and its vast basement needed many steady1 hardworking slaves1 who only spoke when they were spoken to and always obeyed4 ,it is not that mistresses were bad2 some were and some were not1 but from the modern girl's point of view they were all bad because they had power at any time of day or night to demand service1 to impose tasks that were not contracted for1 to forbid the house to the servant's friends1 to make her loves difficult1 to forbid her even to speak to a man4 ,whether the mistress so behaved did not matter2 she had the power1 and in a society growingly individual1 growingly democratic1 that was bound to become a heavy yoke4 ,and so1 very slowly1 the modern evolution began4 ,the first to go were the immense houses of ,kensington1 ,paddington1 ,bayswater1 ,bloomsbury1--those old houses within hail of ,hyde ,park1--which once held large families1 all of them anxious to live not too far from the ,court4 ,they fell because it was almost impossible to afford enough servants to keep in order their three or four reception rooms1 and their eight1 ten1 twelve bedrooms2 they fell because the birth rate shrank1 and the large families of the early nineteenth century became exceptional2 they fell also because the old rigidity1 or rather the stateliness1 of the home was vanishing2 because the lady of the house ventured to have tea in her drawing-room when there were no callers1 and little by little came to leave newspapers about in it and to smoke in it4 ,with the difficulties of the old houses came a demand for something smaller1 requiring less labor4 ,this accounts for the villas1 of which some four hundred thousand have been built in the suburbs of ,london1 in the villages ,london has absorbed4 ,they are atrocious imitations of the most debased ,elizabethan style2 they show concrete where they should use stone1 but1 as their predecessors showed stucco1 they are not much worse4 ,they exhibit painted black stripes where there should be beams2 they have sloping roofs1 gables1 dormer windows1 everything cunningly arranged to make as many corners as possible where no chair can stand4 ,they have horrid little gardens where the builder has buried many broken bricks1 sardine tins1 and old hats2 they represent the taste of the twentieth century2 they are quite abominable4 ,but still the fact remains that they are infinitely smaller1 more manageable1 more intelligently planned than the spacious old houses of the past1 where every black cupboard bred the cockroach and the mouse4 ,they are easy to warm and easy to clean2 their windows are not limited by the old window tax2 they have bathrooms even when their rent is only one hundred and fifty dollars a year2 and especially they have no basement4 ,the disappearance of the basement is one of the most significant aspects of the downfall of the old household1 for it was essentially the servants' floor1 where they could be kept apart from their masters1 maintaining their own sports and the mysterious customs of a strange people2 when the door of the kitchen stairs was shut1 one would keep out everything connected with the servants1 except perhaps the smell of the roast leg of mutton4 ,that did not matter1 for that was homelike4 ,the basement was a vestige of feudal ,english society2 it was brother to the servants' quarters and the servants' hall4 ,now it is gone4 ,in many places the tradesmen's entrance has vanished1 and the cabbage comes to the front door4 ,the sacred suppressions are no more1 and in a developing democracy the master and mistress of the house stately dine1 while on the other side of a wall about an inch thick ,jane can be heard conversing with the policeman4 ,the growth of the small house has never stopped during the last forty or fifty years4 ,a builder in the southwest of ,london1 of whom ,i made inquiries1 told me that he had erected four hundred and twenty houses1 and that not one of them had a basement2 this form of architecture had not even occurred to him4 ,i have also visited very many homes in the suburbs of ,london1 and ,i have looked in vain for the old precincts of the serving maid4 ,the small house has powerfully affected the old individual attitude of home1 for the hostile dignity of the past cannot survive when one man mows the lawn and the other clips the roses1 each in his own garden1 separated only by three sticks and some barbed wire4 ,in detached houses it is worse1 for they are now so close together that in certain architectural conditions preliminaries are required before one can take a private bath4 ,the whole direction of domestic architecture is against the individual and for the group4 ,the modern home takes away even the old stores2 there are no more pickle cupboards and jam cupboards1 and hardly linen cupboards4 ,why should there be when jam and pickles come from the grocer1 and few men have more than twelve shirts8 ,there is not even a store for coal4 ,some years ago ,i lived in a house that was built in #ahbj1 and its coal cellar held eight tons2 ,i now inhabit one1 built in #ahfj1 in which ,i can accommodate four tons2 the house now being built in the suburbs cannot receive more than one ton4 ,the evolution of the coal cellar is a little the evolution of ,english society from the time when every man had to live a good deal for himself1 until slightly better distribution made it possible for him to combine with his fellows4 ,he need not now store coal1 for there is a service of coal to his doorstep4 ,besides1 the offspring of coal are expelling their ancestor2 gas and electricity1 both centrally supplied from a single source1 are sapping the old hearthstone that was fed by one small family1 and for that family alone glowed4 ,a continual socialization has come about1 and it is not going to stop4 ,what is done in common is on the whole better done1 more cheaply done4 ,but what is done in common is hostile to the old home spirit1 because the principle of the home spirit is that anything done in common is--well1 common6 ,as for the old houses of fifteen to sixteen rooms1 they have had to accommodate themselves to the new conditions4 ,first they tried to maintain themselves by reducing their rents4 ,i know of a case1 in ,courtfield ,gardens1 where a house leased twenty-six years ago at one thousand dollars a year1 was leased again about ten years ago at seven hundred and fifty dollars a year1 and is now being offered at five hundred dollars a year4 ,the owner does not want his premises turned into a boarding house1 but he cannot find a private tenant1 because hardly anybody nowadays can manage five floors and a basement4 ,in my own district1 where the houses tower up to heaven1 ,i see the process at work1--rents falling1 pitiful attempts of the landlords to prevent their houses from turning into maisonnettes and boarding houses1 to prevent the general decay4 ,but they are beaten4 ,the vast ,victorian houses within three miles of ,charing ,cross are1 one by one1 being cut up into flats2 in the unfashionable districts they are being used for tenements2 and there are splendid old houses in the neighborhood of ,bloomsbury1 where in the day of ,dickens lived the fashionables1 which now house half a dozen workingclass families and their lodgers4 ,there is one of these old glories near ,lamb's ,conduit ,street1 where a ,polish furrier and his six unwashed assistants work under a ceiling sown with sprawling nymphs1 while melancholic and chipped golden lions' heads look down from either side of a once splendid ,georgian mantelpiece4 ,it is very reactionary of me1 ,i am afraid1 but ,i cannot help feeling it a pity that this old house1 where would suitably walk the ghost of ,brinsley ,sheridan1 must be one of the eggs broken to make the omelette of the future4 ,but these old houses must go4 ,why should one preserve an old house8 ,one does not preserve one's old boots4 ,the old houses have been seized by the current of revolt against the home2 they have mostly become boarding and apartment houses4 ,this is not only because their owners do not know what to do with them2 one does not run a boarding house unless it pays1 and so evidently there has been a growing demand for the boarding house4 ,boarding houses fail1 but for every one that fails two rise up1 and there is hardly a street in ,london that has not its boarding house1 or at least its apartment house4 ,there are several in ,park ,lane itself2 there is even one whose lodgers may look into the gardens of ,buckingham ,palace4 ,i do not know how many boarding houses there are in ,london1 for no statistics distinguish properly between the boarding house1 the apartment house1 the private hotel1 the hotel1 and the tavern4 ,but1 evidently1 the increase is continuous1 and part of the explanation is to be found elsewhere than in the traveler4 ,of course1 the traveler has enormously increased1 but he alone cannot account for the scores of thousands of people who pass their years in apartment and boarding houses4 ,they live there for various reasons--because they cling to the old family idea and think to find a home from home2 because they cannot afford to run separate establishments2 and very many because they are tired of running them1 tired of the plumber1 tired of the housemaid4 ,there are thousands of families in ,london1 quite well-to-do1 who prefer to live in boarding houses2 they hate the boarding house1 but they hate it less than home4 ,they feel less tied2 they have less furniture2 they like to feel that their furniture is in store where they can forget all about it4 ,they have lost part of their old love for ,aunt ,maria's magenta curtains--the home idea has become less significant to them4 ,and this applies also to hotels4 ,the increase of hotels in ,london1 in every provincial city1 all over the world1 is not entirely explained by the traveler1 though1 by the way1 the increase in traveling is a sign of the decay of the home4 ,the old idea1 ,you've got a good home and you've got to stay there1 suffers whenever a member of the home leaves it for any reason other than the virtuous pursuit of his business4 ,all over the center of ,london1 in ,piccadilly1 along ,hyde ,park1 in ,bloomsbury1 hotels have risen--the ,piccadilly1 the new ,ritz1 the ,park ,view1 the ,coburg1 the ,cadogan1 the ,waldorf1 the ,jermyn ,court1 the ,marble ,arch1 so many that in some places they are beginning to form a row4 ,and still they rise4 ,an enormous hotel is being built opposite ,green ,park2 another is projected at ,hyde ,park ,corner2 the ,strand ,palace is open1 and at the ,regent ,palace there are1 ,i understand1 fourteen hundred bedrooms4 ,the position is that a proportion of ,london's population is beginning to live in these hotels without servants of their own1 without furniture of their own1 without houses of their own4 ,a more detached1 a freer spirit is invading them1 and a desire to get all they can out of life while they can1 instead of solemnly worshiping the ,englishman's castle4 ,it does not come easily1 and it does not come quickly4 ,during the last twenty-five years most of the blocks of flats to be found in ,london have risen1 with their villainously convenient lifts for passengers and their new-fangled lifts for dust bins and coal1 with their electricity and their white paint1 and other signs of emancipation4 ,they were not popular when they came1 and they are disliked by the older generation2 it is still a little vicious to live in a ,west ,end flat4 ,and when the younger generation points out that flats are so convenient because you can leave them1 the older generation shakes its head and wonders why one should want to4 ,in a future1 which ,i glimpse clearly enough1 ,i see many more causes of disquiet for the older generation1 and ,i wonder with a certain fear whether ,i1 too1 shall not be dismayed when ,i become the older generation4 ,for the destruction of the old home is extending now much farther than bricks and mortar4 ,it is touching the center of human life1 the kitchen4 ,there are now in ,london quite a number of flats1 such as1 ,i think1 ,queen ,anne's ,mansions1 ,st4 ,james's ,court1 ,artillery ,mansions1 where the tenants live in agreeable suites and either take their meals in the public restaurant or have them brought up to their flat4 ,the difficulty of service is being reduced4 ,the sixty households are beginning to do without the sixty cooks1 and never use more than a few dozen at a time of their two hundred pieces of crockery4 ,there are no more tradesmen1 nor is there any ordering2 there is a menu and a telephone4 ,there are no more heated interviews with the cook1 and no more notices given ten minutes before the party1 but a chat with a manager who has the manners and the tact of an ambassador4 ,there is no more home work in these places4 ,i think these blocks of flats point the way to the future much more clearly than the hotels and the boarding houses1 for those are only makeshifts4 ,generally speaking1 boarding houses are bad and uncomfortable1 for the landlady is sometimes drunk and generally ill-tempered1 the servants are usually dirty and always overworked2 the furniture clamors for destruction by the city council4 ,the new system--blocks of flats with a central restaurant--will probably1 in a more or less modified form1 be the home of new ,british generations4 ,i conceive the future homes of the people as separate communities1 say blocks of a hundred flats or perhaps more1 standing in a common garden which will be kept up by the estate4 ,each flat will probably have one room for each inhabitant1 so as to secure the privacy which is very necessary even to those who no longer believe in the home idea2 it will also have a common room where privacy can be dispensed with4 ,its furniture will be partly personal1 but not very1 for a movement which is developing in ,america will extend1 and we too in ,england may be provided1 as are to-day the more fortunate ,americans1 with an abundance of cupboards and dressers ready fixed to the walls4 ,there will be no coal1 but only electricity and gas1 run from the central plant4 ,there will be no kitchens1 but one central kitchen1 and a central dining room1 run--and this is very important--by a committee of tenants4 ,that committee will appoint and control cooks and all servants2 it will buy all provisions1 and it will buy them cheaply1 for it will purchase by the hundredweight4 ,it will control the central laundry1 and a paid laundry maid will check the lists--there will no longer be1 as once upon a time on ,saturday evenings1 a hundred persons checking a hundred lists4 ,it is even quite possible that the central organization may darn socks4 ,the servants will no longer be slaves1 personally attached to a few persons1 their chattel2 they will be day workers1 laboring eight hours1 without any master save their duty4 ,the whole system of the household will be grouped for the purpose of buying and distributing everything that is needed at any hour4 ,there will be no more personal shopping2 the wholesale cleaner will call on certain days without being told to2 the communistic window cleaners will dispose of every window on a given day2 there may even be in the garden a communistic system of dog kennels4 ,i have no proposal for controlling cats1 for ,i understand that no man can do that 444 but then there will be no mice in those days4 ,i think ,i will close upon that phrase3 ,there will be no mice in those days4 ,for somehow the industrious mouse1 scuffling behind the loose wainscoting over the rotten boards1 is to me curiously significant of the old1 hostile order1 when every man jealously held what was his own and determined that it should so remain--dirty1 insanitary1 tiresome1 labor-making1 dull1 inexpressibly ugly1 inexpressibly inimical to anything fresh and free1 providing that it was wholly and sacredly his own4 ,,vi ,,the ,,break-,,up ,,of ,,the ,,family #a ,as with the home1 so with the family4 ,it would be strange indeed if a stained shell were to hold a sound nut4 ,all the events of the last century--the development of the factory system1 the ,married ,women's ,property ,act1 the birth of ,mr4 ,bernard ,shaw1 the entry of woman into professions1 the discovery of co-education and of education itself1 eugenics1 ,christian ,science1 new music halls and halfpenny papers1 the ,russian ballet1 cheap travel1 woman suffrage1 apartment houses--all this change and stress has lowered the status of one whom ,pliny admired--the father of a family4 ,the family itself tends to disappear1 and it is many years since letters appeared in ,the ,times over the signature1 ,mother of ,six4 ,the family is smaller1 and1 strangely enough1 it is sweeter tempered3 would it be fair to conclude1 as might an ,irishman1 that it would agree perfectly if it disappeared8 ,i do not think that the family will completely disappear any more than scarlet fever or the tax collector4 ,but certainly it will change in character1 and its evolution already points toward its new form4 ,the old-fashioned family sickened because it was a compulsory grouping4 ,the wife cleaved unto her husband because he paid the bills2 the children cleaved unto their parents because they must cleave unto something4 ,there was no chance of getting out1 for there was nothing to get out to4 ,for the girl1 especially1 some fifty years ago1 to escape from the family into the world was much the same thing as burgling a penitentiary2 so she stayed1 compulsorily grouped4 ,personally1 ,i think all kinds of compulsory groupings bad4 ,if one is compelled to do a thing1 one hates it2 possibly the dead warriors in the ,elysian ,fields have by this time taken a violent dislike to compulsory chariot races1 and absolutely detest their endless rest on moss-grown banks and their diet of honey4 ,i do not want to stress the idea too far1 but ,i doubt whether the denizens of the ,elysian ,fields1 after so many centuries1 can tolerate one another any more1 for they are compelled to live all together in this ,paradise1 and nothing conceivable will ever get them out4 ,some groupings are worse than others1 and ,i incline to think that difference of age has most to do with the chafe of family life4 ,for man is a sociable animal2 he loves his fellows1 and so one wonders why he should so generally detest his relations4 ,there are minor reasons4 ,relationship amounts to a license to be rude1 to the right to exact respect from the young and service from the old2 there is the fact that1 however high you may rise in the world1 your aunt will never see it4 ,there is also the fact that if your aunt does see it1 she brags of it behind your back and insults you about it to your face4 ,there is all that1 but still ,i believe that one could to a certain extent agree with one's relations if one met only those who are of one's own age1 for compulsory groupings of people of the same age are not always unpleasant2 boys are happiest at school1 and there is fine fellowship and much merriment in armies4 ,on the other hand1 there often reigns a peculiar dislike in offices4 ,i do not want to conclude too rashly1 but ,i cannot help being struck by the fact that in a school or in an army the differences of age are very small1 while in an office or a family they are considerable4 ,add on to the difference of age compulsory intercourse1 and you have the seeds of hatred4 ,this applies particularly where the units of a family are adult4 ,the child loves the grown-ups because he admires them2 a little later he finds them out2 still a little later1 he lets them see that he has found them out1 and then family life begins4 ,in many cases it is a quite terrible life1 and the more united the family is the more it resembles the union between the shirt of ,nessus and ,hercules's back4 ,but it must be endured because we have no alternative4 ,i think of cases3 of such a one as that of a father and mother1 respectively sixty-five and sixty1 who have two sons1 one of whom ran away to ,australia with a barmaid1 while the other lived on his sisters' patrimony and regrettably stayed at home2 they have four daughters1 two of whom have revolted to the extent of earning their living1 but spend the whole of their holidays with the old people2 the other two are unmarried because the father1 imbued with the view that his daughters were too good for any man1 refused to have any man in the house4 ,there is another couple in my mind1 who have five children1 four of whom live at home4 ,i think ,i will describe this family by quoting one of the father's pronouncements3 ,there's only one opinion in this house1 and that's mine6 ,i think of other cases1 of three sisters who have each an income of two hundred dollars a year on which they would1 of course1 find it very difficult to live separately4 ,the total income of six hundred dollars a year enables them to live--but together4 ,the eldest loves cats2 the next hates cats1 but loves dogs2 this zological quarrel is the chief occupation of the household2 the third sister's duty is to keep the cats and dogs apart4 ,here we have the compulsory grouping2 ,i believe that this lies at the root of disunion in that united family4 ,the age problem is twofold4 ,it must not be thought that ,i hold a brief against old age1 though1 being myself young1 ,i tend to dislike old age as ,i shall probably dislike youth by and by4 ,on the whole1 the attitude of old age is tyrannical4 ,i have heard dicta as interesting as the one which ,i quote a few lines above4 ,i have heard say a mother to a young man1 ,you ought to feel affection for me2 another1 ,it should be enough for you that this is my wish4 ,that is natural enough4 ,it is the tradition of the elders1 the ,biblical1 ,greek1 ,roman1 savage hierarchies which1 in their time1 were sound because1 lacking education of any kind1 communities could resort only to the experience of the aged4 ,but a thing that is natural is not always convenient1 and1 after all1 the chief mission of the civilizer is to bottle up ,nature until she is wanted4 ,this tyranny breeds in youth a quite horrible hatred1 while it hardens the old1 makes them incapable of seeing the point of view of youth because it is too long since they held it4 ,they insist upon the society of the young2 they take them out to call on old people2 they drive them round and round the park in broughams1 and then round again2 they deprive them of entertainments because they themselves cannot bear noise and late hours1 or because they have come to fear expense1 or because they feel weak and are ill4 ,it is tragic to think that so few of us can hope to die gracefully4 ,the trouble does not lie entirely with the old2 indeed1 ,i think it lies more with the young1 who1 crossed and irritated1 are given to badgering the old people because they are slow1 because they do not understand the problems of ,lord ,kitchener and are still thinking of the problems of ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,they are harsh because the old are forgetful1 because their faded memories are sweet1 because they will always prefer the late ,sir ,henry ,irving to ,mr4 ,charles ,hawtrey4 ,the young are cruel when the old people refuse to send a letter without sealing it1 or when they insist upon buying their hats from the milliner who made them in #ahij and makes them still in the same fashion4 ,they are even harsh to them when they are deaf or short-sighted and fumbling2 they come to think that a wise child should learn from his sire's errors4 ,it is a pity1 but thus it is2 so what is the use of thinking that the modern family must endure8 ,it is no use to say that the old are right or that the young are right2 they disagree4 ,it is nobody's fault1 and it is everybody's misfortune4 ,they disagree largely because there is too much propinquity4 ,it is propinquity that brings one to think there is something rather repulsive in blood relations4 ,it is propinquity that brings one to love and then later to dislike4 ,mr4 ,george ,moore has put the case ideally in his ,memoirs of ,my ,dead ,life1 where ,doris1 the girl who has escaped from her family with the hero says3 ,this is the first time ,i have ever lived alone1 that ,i have ever been free from questions4 ,it was a pleasure to remember suddenly1 as ,i was dressing1 that no one would ask me where ,i was going2 that ,i was just like a bird myself1 free to spring off the branch and to fly4 ,at home there are always people round one2 somebody is in the dining room1 somebody is in the drawing-room2 and if one goes down the passage with one's hat on1 there is always somebody to ask where one is going1 and if you say you don't know1 they say3 ',are you going to the right or to the left8 ,because1 if you are going to the left1 ,i should like you to stop at the apothecary's and to ask4444' ,yes1 that is what happens4 ,that is the tragedy of the family2 it lives on top of itself4 ,the daughters go too much with their mothers to shop2 there are too many joint holidays1 too many compulsory rejoicings at ,christmas or on birthdays4 ,there are not enough private places in the house4 ,i have heard one young suffragist1 sentenced to fourteen days for breaking windows1 say that1 quite apart from having struck a blow for the ,cause1 it was the first peaceful fortnight she had ever known4 ,this should not be confounded with the misunderstood offer of a wellknown leader of the suffrage cause who offered a pound to the funds of the movement for every day that his wife was kept in jail4 ,in a family1 friendships are difficult1 for ,maude does not always like ,arabella's dearest friend2 or1 which is worse1 ,maude will stand ,arabella's dearest friend1 whom she detests1 so that next day she may have the privilege of forcing upon ,arabella her own1 whom ,arabella cannot bear4 ,that sort of thing is called tolerance and self-sacrifice2 in reality it is mutual tyranny1 and amounts to the passing on of pinches1 as it were1 from boy to boy on the benches of schools4 ,in a developing generation this cannot endure2 youthful egotism will not forever tolerate youthful arrogance4 ,as for the old1 they cannot indefinitely remain with the young1 for1 after all1 there are only two things to talk of with any intensity--the future and the past2 they are the topics of different generations4 ,still1 for various reasons1 this condition is endured4 ,it is cheaper to live together2 it is more convenient socially2 it is customary1 which1 especially in ,england1 is most important4 ,but it demands an impossible and unwilling tolerance1 sometimes fraudulent exhibitions of love1 sometimes sham charity4 ,it is not pleasant to hear ,arabella1 returning from a walk with her father1 say to ,maude3 ,thank ,heaven1 that's over6 ,your turn to-morrow4 ,perhaps it would not be so if the father did not by threat or by prayer practically compel his daughters to take duty4 ,there are alleviations--games1 small social pleasures1 dances--but there is no freedom4 ,a little for the sons1 perhaps1 but even they are limited in their comings and goings if they live in their father's house4 ,as for the girls1 they are driven to find the illusion of freedom in wage labor1 unless they marry and develop1 as they grow older1 the same problem4 #b ,fortunately1 and this may save something of the family spirit1 times are changing4 ,it must not be imagined from the foregoing that ,i am a resolute enemy of any grouping between men and women1 that ,i view with hatred the family in a box at the theater or round the ,sunday joint4 ,i am not attracted by the idea of family2 a large family collected together makes me think a little of a rabbit hutch4 ,but ,i recognize that couples will to the end want to live together1 that they will be fond of their children1 and that their children will be fond of them2 also that it is not socially convenient for husband and wife to live in separate blocks of flats and to hand over their children to the county council4 ,there are a great many children to-day who would be happier in the workhouse than in their homes1 but there exists in the human mind a prejudice against the workhouse1 and social psychology must take it into account4 ,all ,i ask is that members of a family should not scourge one another with whips and occasionally with scorpions1 and ,i conceive that nothing could be more delightful than a group of people1 not too far removed from one another by age1 banded together for mutual recreation and support4 ,so anything that tends to liberalize the family1 to exorcise the ghost of the old patriarch1 is agreeable4 ,patriarch6 ,what a word--the father as master6 ,he will not be master very long1 and ,i do not think that he will want to remain master1 for his attitude is changing1 not as swiftly as that of his children1 but still changing4 ,he is not so sure of himself now when he doubts the advisability of pulling down the shed at the back of the garden1 and his youngest daughter quotes from ,nietzsche that to build a sanctuary you must first destroy a sanctuary4 ,and1 though he is rather uncomfortable1 he does not say much when in the evening his wife appears dressed in a ,russian ballet frock or even a little less4 ,he is growing used to education1 and he fears it less than he did4 ,in fact1 he is beginning to appreciate it4 ,his wife is more suspicious1 for she belongs to a generation of women that was ignorant and reveled in its ignorance and called it charm1 a generation when all women were fools except the spitfires and the wits4 ,she tends to think that she was finished as a lady2 her daughters consider that she was done for4 ,the grandmother is a little jealous1 but the mother of to-day1 the formed woman of about thirty-five1 has made a great leap and resembles her children much more than she does her mother4 ,her offspring do not say3 ,what is home without a mother8 ,peace1 perfect peace4 ,she is a little too conscientious1 perhaps2 she has turned her back rather rudely upon her mother's pursuits1 such as tea and scandal1 and has taken too virulently to lectures or evolution and proteid4 ,she is too vivid1 like a newly painted railing1 but1 like the railing1 she will tone down4 ,she pretends to be very socialistic or very fast2 on the whole she affects rather the fast style4 ,we must not complain4 ,is not brown paint in the dining room worse than pink paint on the face8 ,whatever may be said about revolting daughters1 ,i suspect that the change in the parent has been greater than that in the child1 because the child in #ahcj did not differ so much from the child of to-day as might appear4 ,youth then was restless and insurgent1 just as it is to-day2 only it was more effectively kept down4 ,if to-day it is less kept down1 this is partly for reasons ,i will indicate1 but largely because the adult has changed4 ,the patriarch is nearly dead2 he is no longer the polygamous brute who ruled his wives with rods1 murdered his infant sons1 and sold his infant daughters2 his successor1 the knight of the ,middle ,ages1 who locked up his wife in a tower for seven years while he crusaded in the ,holy ,land--he1 too1 has gone4 ,and the merchant in broadcloth of ,victorian days1 who slept vigorously in the dining room on ,sunday afternoon1 has been replaced by a man who says he is sorry if told he snores4 ,he is more liberal2 he believes in reason now rather than in force1 and generally would not contradict ,milton's lines-- ,who overcomes by force ,hath overcome but half his foe4 ,he has come to desire love rather than power1 and1 little by little--thanks mainly to the yellow press--has acquired a chastened liking for new ideas4 ,the spread of pleasure all round him1 the vaudeville1 the theaters1 moving-picture shows1 excursions to the seaside--all these have taught him that gaiety may not clash with respectability4 ,especially1 he is more ready to argue1 for a peaceful century has taught him that a word is better than a blow4 ,there may be a change in his psychology after this war1 for he is being educated by the million in the point of view that a loaded rifle is worth half a dozen scraps of paper2 it is quite possible that he will carry this view into his social life4 ,there may1 therefore1 be a reaction for thirty years or so1 but thirty years is a trifle in questions such as these4 ,naturally1 women have in this direction developed further than men1 for they had more leeway to make up4 ,man has so long been the educated animal that he did not need so much liberalizing4 ,i do not refer to the ,middle ,ages1 when learning was entirely prempted by the male 7with the exception of poetry and music71 for in those days there was no education save among the priests4 ,i mean rather that the great development of elementary learning1 which took place in the middle of the nineteenth century1 affected men for about a generation before it affected women4 ,in ,england1 at least1 university education for women is very recent1 for ,girton was opened only in #ahgc1 ,newnham1 at ,cambridge1 in #ahge2 ,miss ,beale made ,cheltenham ,college a power only a little later1 and indeed it may be said that formal education developed only about #ahij4 ,both in ,england and in the ,united ,states women have not had much more than a generation to make up the leeway of sixty centuries4 ,it has benefited them as mothers because they did not start with the prejudices left in the male mind by the slow evolution from one form of learning to another2 women did not have to live down ,plato1 ,descartes1 or ,adam ,smith2 they began on ,haeckel and ,h4 ,g4 ,wells4 ,the mothers of to-day have been flung neck and crop into ,paradise2 they came in for the new times1 which are always better than the old times and inferior only to to-morrow4 ,they were made to understand a possible democracy in the nursery because all round them1 even in ,russia1 even in ,turkey1 democracy was growing1 some say as a rose1 some say as a weed1 but anyhow irrepressibly4 ,who could be a queen by the cradle when more august thrones were tottering8 ,so woman quite suddenly became more than a pretty foil to the educated man1 she became something like his superior and his elder2 little by little she has begun to teach him who once was her master and still in fond delusion believes he is4 ,it cannot be said that the mother has until very recently liked education4 ,she has suffered from the prejudice that afflicted her own mother1 who thought that because she had worked samplers all girls must work samplers2 the old woman's daughter1 because she went to ,cheltenham1 tends to think that her little girl ought to go to ,cheltenham4 ,it is human rather than feminine1 for generations follow one another at ,eton and at ,harvard4 ,but more than feminine1 ,i think it is masculine because1 until very recently1 woman has disliked education1 while man has treated it with respect2 he has not loved it for its own sake1 but because he thought that nam et ipsa scientia potestas est4 ,not a very high motive1 but still the future will preoccupy itself very little with the reasons for which we did things2 it will be glad enough if we do them4 ,perhaps we may yet turn the edges of swords on the blasts of rhetoric4 ,an immediate consequence of the growth of education has been a change in the status of the child4 ,it is no longer property1 for how can one prevent a child from pulling down the window sash at night when it knows something of ventilation8 ,or give it an iron tonic when it realizes that full-blooded people cannot take iron8 ,the child has changed2 it is no longer the creature that1 pointing to an animal in the field1 said1 ,what's that8 and the reply being1 ,a cow1 asked ,why8 ,the child is perilously close to asking whether the animal is carnivorous or herbivorous4 ,that makes coercion very difficult4 ,but ,i do not think that the modern parent desires to coerce as much as did his forbear4 ,rather he desires to develop the child's personality1 and in its early years this leads to horrid results1 to children being taught to see the beautiful or being made to realize the duties of a citizen4 ,we are in for a generation made up half of bulbous-headed1 bespectacled precocities1 and half of barbarians who are realizing their personality by the continual use of shall and shan't4 ,this will pass as all things pass1 the old child and the rude child1 just like the weak parent after the brute parent1 and it is enough that the new generation points to another generation1 for there seldom was a time that was not better than its father and the herald of a finer son4 ,generally the parent will help1 for his new attitude can be expressed in a phrase4 ,he does not say1 ,i am master1 but1 ,i am responsible4 ,he has begun to realize that the child is not a regrettable accident or a little present from ,providence2 he is beginning to look upon the care of the child as a duty4 ,he has extended the ideal of citizenship1 born in the middle of the nineteenth century1 which was to leave the world a little better than he found it2 he has passed on to wanting his son to be a little richer than he was1 and a little more learned2 he is coming to want his son to be a finer and bolder man2 he will come in time to want his daughter to be a finer and bolder woman1 which just now he bears pretty well4 ,his wife is helping him a great deal because she is escaping from her home ties to the open trades and professions1 to the entertainments of psychic1 political1 and artistic lectures which make of her head a waste paper basket of intellect1 but still create in that head a disturbance far better than the ancient and cow-like placidity4 ,the modern mother is often too much inclined to weigh the baby four times a day1 to feed it on ozoneid1 or something equally funny1 to expose as much of its person as possible1 to make it gaze at ,botticelli prints when in its bath4 ,she will no doubt want it to mate eugenically1 in which she will probably be disappointed1 for love laughs at ,galtons2 but still1 in her struggle against disease and wooden thinking1 she will have helped the child by giving it something to discard better than the old respects and fears4 ,the modern mother has begun to consider herself as a human being as well as a mother2 she no longer thinks that ,a mother is a mother still1 ,the holiest thing alive4 ,she is coming to look upon herself as a sort of sthetic school inspector4 ,she lives round her children rather than in them2 she is less animal4 ,above all1 she is more critical4 ,having more opportunity of mixing with people1 she ceases to see her child as marvelous because it is her child4 ,she is losing something of her conceit and has learned to say1 the baby instead of my baby4 ,it is a revolutionary atmosphere1 and the developing child has something to push against when it wants to earn its parents' approval1 for modern parents are fair judges of excellence2 they are educated4 ,the old-time father was nonplussed by his son1 and could not help him in his delectus1 but the modern father is not so puzzled when his son wishes to converse of railway finance4 ,the parent1 more capable of comradeship1 has come to want to be a comrade4 ,he is no longer addressed as sir2 he is often addressed as old chap4 ,that is fine1 but it is in dead opposition to the close1 hard family idea4 ,likewise1 man and wife have come to look upon each other rather differently2 not differently enough1 but then humanity never does anything enough2 when it comes near to anything drastic it grows afraid4 ,man still thinks that whoso findeth a wife findeth a good thing1 but he is no longer finding the one he sought not so long ago4 ,she is no longer his property1 and it would not occur to the roughest among us to offer a wife for sale for five shillings in ,smithfield market1 as was done now and then as late as the early nineteenth century4 ,woman is no longer property2 she has been freed2 in ,england she has even been allowed1 by the ,married ,women's ,property ,act1 to hold that which was her own4 ,the ,married ,women's ,property ,act has modified the attitude of the mother to her child and to her husband4 ,she is less linked when she has property1 for she can go4 ,if every woman had means1 or a trade of her own1 we should have achieved something like free alliance2 woman would be in the position of the woman in ,pygmalion1 whom her man could not beat because1 she not being married to him1 if he beat her she might leave him--in its way a very strong argument against marriage4 ,but most women have no property1 and yet1 somehow1 by the slow loosening of family links1 they have gained some independence4 ,i am not talking of ,america1 where men have deposited their liberty and their fortunes into the prettiest1 the greediest1 the most ruthless hands in the world2 but rather of ,england1 where for a long time a man set up in life with a dog as a friend1 a wife to exercise it1 and a cat to catch the mice4 ,until recently the householder kept a tight hand upon domestic expenditure2 he paid all the bills1 inspected the weekly accounts with a fierce air and an internal hope that he understood them2 rent1 taxes1 heat1 light1 furniture1 repairs1 servants' wages1 school fees--he saw to it that every penny was accounted for and then1 when pleased1 gave his wife a tip to go and buy herself a ribbon with4 7,there are still a great many men who cannot think of anything a woman may want except a ribbon2 in #ahfj it was a shawl47 ,when a woman had property1 even for some time after the ,act1 she was not considered fit to administer it4 ,she was not fit1 but she should have been allowed to administer it so as to learn from experience how not to be swindled4 ,anyhow1 the money was taken from her1 and ,i know of three cases in a single large family where the wife meekly indorses her dividend warrant so that the husband may pay it into his banking account4 ,that spirit survives1 but every day it decays2 man1 finding his wife competent1 tends to make her an allowance1 to let her have her own banking account1 and never to ask for the pass book4 ,he has thrown upon her the responsibility for all the household and its finance2 by realizing that she was capable he has made her capable4 ,though she be educated1 he loves her not less2 perhaps he loves her more4 ,it is no longer true to say with ,lord ,lyttleton that the lover in the husband may be lost4 ,formerly the lover was generally lost1 for after she had had six children before she was thirty the mother used to put on a cap and retire4 ,now she does not retire2 indeed1 she hides his bedroom slippers and puts out his pumps1 for life is more vivid and exterior now2 this is the cinema age4 ,finding her responsible1 amusing1 capable of looking after herself1 man is developing a still stranger liberalism2 he has recognized that he may not be enough to fill a woman's life1 that she may care for pleasures other than his society1 and indeed for that of other men4 ,he has not abandoned his physical jealousy and will not so long as he is a man1 but he is slowly beginning to view without dismay his wife's companionship with other men4 ,she may be seen with them2 she may lunch with them2 she may not1 as a rule1 dine with them1 but that is an evolution to come4 ,this springs from the deep realization that there are between men and women relations other than the passionate4 ,it is still true that between every man and every woman there is a flicker of love1 just a shadow1 perhaps2 but not so long ago between men and women there was only yes or no1 and to-day there are also common tastes and common interests4 ,this is fine1 this is necessary1 but it is not good for the old ,british household where husband and wife must cleave unto each other alone2 where1 as in the story books1 they lived happy ever after4 ,as with the home1 so with the family2 neither can survive when it suffers comparison1 for it derives all its strength from its exclusivism4 ,as soon as a woman begins to realize that there is charm in the society of men other than her uncles1 her brothers1 and her cousins1 the solid1 four-square attitude of the family is menaced4 ,welcome the stranger1 and legal hymen is abashed4 ,all this springs from woman's new estate--that of human being4 ,she must be considered almost as much as a man4 ,where there is wealth her tastes must be consulted1 and more than one man has been sentenced by a tyrannous wife to wear blue coats and blue ties all his life4 ,she is coming to consider that the husband who dresses in his wife's bedroom should be flogged1 while the one who shaves there should be electrocuted4 ,and she defends her view with entirely one-sided logic and an extended vocabulary4 ,here again is a good1 a necessary thing2 but where is the old family where a husband could in safety1 when slightly overcome1 retire to bed with his boots on8 ,he is no longer king of the castle1 but a menaced viceroy in an insurgent land4 ,all through society this loosening of the marriage bond is operative4 ,by being freer within matrimony men and women view more tolerantly breaches of the matrimonial code4 ,there was a time when a male co-respondent was not received3 that is over4 ,in those days a divorce was not received either1 even when the divorce was pronounced in her favor4 ,nowadays1 in most social circles1 the decree absolute is coming to be looked upon as an absolution4 ,i do not refer to the ,united ,states1 where 7,i judge only from your novels7 divorce outlaws nobody1 but to steady old ,england1 who still pretends that she frowns on the rebels and finally takes them back with a sigh and wonders what she is coming to4 ,what ,england is coming to is to a lesser regard for the marriage bond1 to a recognition that people have the right to rebel against their yoke4 ,there totters the family--for marriage is its base1 and the more ,english society receives in its ranks those who have flouted it1 the more it will be shaken by the new spirit which bids human creatures live together1 but also with the rest of the world4 ,woman was kept within the family by threats1 by banishment1 by ostracism1 but now she easily earns forgiveness4 ,at least ,english society is deciding to forget if it cannot forgive the guilt--a truly ,british expedient4 ,at the root is a decaying respect for the marriage bond1 a growing respect for rebellion4 ,that tendency is everywhere1 and it is becoming more and more common for husband and wife to take separate holidays2 there are even some who leave behind them merely a slip3 ,gone away1 address unknown4 ,they are cutting the wire entanglements behind which lie dangers and freedoms4 ,all this again comes from mutual respect with mutual realization1 from education1 and especially from late marriages4 ,late marriages are one of the most potent causes of the break-up of the family1 for now women are no longer caught and crushed young2 they are no longer burdened matrons at thirty4 ,the whole point of view has changed4 ,i remember reading in an early-,victorian novel this phrase3 ,she was past the first bloom of her youth2 she was twenty-three4 ,the phrase is not without its meaning2 it meant that the male was seeking not a wife1 but a courtesan who1 her courtesanship done1 could become a perfect housekeeper4 ,now men prefer women of twenty-seven or twenty-eight1 forsake the backfisch for her mother1 because the mother has personality1 experience1 can stimulate1 amuse1 and accompany4 ,only the older and more formed woman is no longer willing to enter the family as a jail2 she will enter it only as a hotel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,meanwhile1 from child to parent erosion also operates4 ,i do not think that the modern child honors its father and its mother unless it thinks them worthy of honor4 ,there is a slump in respect1 as outside the family there is a slump in reverence4 ,as in the outer world a man began by being a worthy1 then a member of ,parliament1 then a minister1 finally was granted a pension and later a statue2 and as now a man is first a journalist1 then a member of ,parliament1 a minister1 and in due course a scoundrel1 so inside the family does a father become an equal instead of a tyrant1 and a good sort instead of an old fogy4 ,for respect1 ,i believe1 was mainly fear and greed4 ,the respect of the child for its father was very like the respect that ,riquet1 the little dog1 felt for ,monsieur ,bergeret4 ,anatole ,france has expressed it ideally3 ,oh1 my master1 ,bergeret1 ,god of ,slaughter1 ,i worship thee6 ,hail1 oh ,god of wrath6 ,hail1 oh bountiful ,god6 ,i lie at thy feet1 ,i lick thy hand4 ,thou art great and beautiful when at the laden board thou devourest abundant meats4 ,thou art great and beautiful when1 from a thin strip of wood causing flame to spring1 thou dost of night make day4444 ,that was a little the child's cosmogony4 ,then the child became educated1 capable of argument4 ,in contact with more reasonable parents it grew more reasonable4 ,the parent1 confronted with the question1 ,why must ,i do what you order8 ceased to say1 ,because ,i say so4 ,that reply did not seem good enough to the parent1 and it ceased to be good enough for the child4 ,if the child rebelled1 the only thing to do was to strike it1 and striking is no longer done2 the parent prefers argument because the child is capable of understanding argument4 ,the child is more lawful1 more sensitive2 it is unready to obey blindly1 and it is no longer required to obey blindly1 because1 while the parent has begun to doubt his own infallibility1 the child has been doing so1 too4 ,the child is more ready and more able to criticize its parents2 indeed1 the whole generation is critical1 has acquired the habit of introspection4 ,the child is a little like the supersoul of ,mr4 ,stephen ,leacock1 and is developing thoughts like1 ,why am ,i8 ,why am ,i what ,i am8 ,how8 and why how8 ,obviously1 such questions1 when directed at one's father and mother1 are a little shattering4 ,it is true that once upon a time the child readily obeyed2 now and then it criticized1 but still it obeyed1 for it had been told that its duty was to execute1 as was its parents' to command4 ,but duty is in a bad way1 and ,i1 for one1 think that we should be well rid of duty1 for it appears to me to be merely an excuse for acting without considering whether the deed is worthy4 ,the man who dies for his country because he loves it is an idealist and a hero2 the man who does that because he thinks it his duty is a fool4 ,the conception of duty has suffered2 from the child's point of view1 it is almost extinct2 it has been turned upside down1 and there is a growth of opinion that the parent should have the duties and the child the privileges4 ,it is the theory of ,la ,course du ,flambeau1 where ,hervieu shows us each generation using and bleeding the elder generation4 ,or perhaps it is a more subtle conception4 ,it may be that the eugenic idea is vaguely forming in the young generation1 and that1 in an unperceived return to nature1 they are deciding to eat their grandfathers1 a primitive taste which ,i have never been able to understand4 ,youth1 feeling that the world is its orange to suck1 is inclined to consider that the elder generation1 being responsible for its presence1 should look after it and serve it4 ,that is not at all illogical2 it is borne out by ,chinese law1 where1 if you save a man from suicide1 you must feed him for the rest of his life4 ,or perhaps it is a broader view1 a more socialized one4 ,very young1 the child is acquiring a vague sense of its responsibility to the race1 is very early becoming a citizen4 ,it is directed that way2 it hears that liberty consists in doing what you like1 providing you injure no other man4 ,its personality being encouraged to develop1 the child acquires a higher opinion of itself1 considers that it owes something to itself1 that it has rights4 ,sacrifice is still inculcated in the child1 but not so much because it is a moral duty as because it is mental discipline4 ,the little boy is not told to give the chocolates to his little sister because she is a dear little thing1 and he must not be cruel to her and make her cry2 he is told that he must give her the chocolates because it is good for him to learn to give up something4 ,that impulse is the impulse of ,polycrates1 who threw his ring into the sea4 ,but1 then1 ,polycrates had no luck4 ,the child1 more fortunate1 is tending to realize itself as a person1 and so1 as it becomes more responsible1 acquires tolerance2 it makes allowances for its parents1 it is kind1 it realizes that its parents have not had its advantages4 ,all that is very swollen-headed and unpleasant1 but still ,i prefer it to the old attitude1 to the time when voices were hushed and footsteps slowed when father's latchkey was heard in the lock4 ,to the child the parent is becoming a person instead of the ,god of ,wrath2 a person with rights1 but not a person to whom everything must be given up4 ,sacrifice is out of date1 and in the child as well as in the elders there is a denial of the dream of ,ellen ,sturges ,cooper1 for few wake up and find that life is duty4 ,my life1 my personality--all that has sprung from ,stirner1 from ,nietzsche1 from the great modern reaction against socialism and uniformity2 it is the assertion of the individual4 ,it is often harsh2 the daughter who used to take her father for a walk now sends the dog4 ,but still it is necessary2 old hens make good soup4 ,i do not think that this has killed love1 for love can coexist with mutual forbearance1 however much ,doctor ,johnson may have doubted it4 ,doctor ,johnson was the bad old man of the ,english family1 and ,i do not suppose that anybody will agree that ,if the man who turnips cries ,cry not when his father dies1 ',tis a proof that he had rather ,have a turnip than his father4 ,a possible sentiment in an older generation1 but sentiments1 like generations1 grow out of date2 they are swept out by new ideas and new rejections--rejection of religion1 rejection of morals4 ,we tend toward an agnostic world1 with a high philosophical morality2 we have attained as yet neither agnosticism nor high morality1 but the child is shaking off the ready-made precepts of the faiths and the ,smilesian theories4 ,it is unwillingly bound by the ordinances of a forgotten alien race2 as a puling child1 carried in a basket by an eagle1 like the tiny builders of ,ecbatana1 it calls for bricks and mortar with which to build the airy castle of the future4 #c ,as a house divided against itself1 the family falls4 ,it protests1 it hugs that from which it suffered2 it protests in speech1 in the newspapers1 that still it is united4 ,the clan is dead1 and blood is not as thick as marmalade4 ,there are countries where the link is strong1 as in ,france1 for instance4 ,i quote from a recent and realistic novel the words of a mother speaking of her young married daughter3 ,every ,tuesday we dine at my mother's1 and every ,thursday at my mother-in-law's4 ,of course1 now1 at least once a week we go to ,madame de ,castelac2 later on ,i shall expect ,pauline and her husband every ,wednesday4 ,that is a pity1 said ,sorel4 ,that leaves three days4 ,oh1 there are other calls4 ,every week my mother comes to us the same evening as does my father-in-law1 but that is quite informal4 ,family dinners are rare in ,england4 ,they flourish only at weddings and at funerals1 especially at funerals1 for mankind collected enjoys woe4 ,but other occasions--birthdays1 ,christmas--are shunned2 ,christmas especially1 in spite of ,dickens and ,mr4 ,chesterton1 is not what it was1 for its quondam victims1 having fewer children1 and being less bound to their aunts' apron strings1 go away to the seaside1 or stay at home and hide4 ,that is a general change1 and many modern factors1 such as travel1 intercourse with strangers1 emigration1 have shown the family that there are other places than home1 until some of them have begun to think that ,east or ,west1 home's worst4 ,there is a frigidity among the relations in the home1 a disinclination to call one's mother-in-law ,mother4 ,indeed1 relations-in-law are no longer relatives2 the two families do not immediately after the wedding call one another ,kitty or ,tom4 ,the acquired family is merely a sub-family1 and often the grouping resembles that of the ,montagues and the ,capulets1 if ,romeo and ,juliet had married4 ,mrs4 ,herbert said1 charmingly1 in ,garden ,oats1 ,our in-laws are our strained relations4 ,with the closeness of the family goes the regard for the name1 once so strong4 ,i feel sure that in all seriousness1 round about #ahej1 a father may have said to his son that he was disgracing the name of ,smith4 ,now he may almost disgrace the name of ,fitz,arundel for all anybody cares4 ,there was a time when it was thought criminal that a man should become a bankrupt1 but few families will now mortgage their estate to prevent a distant member's appearance before the official receiver4 ,the name of the family is now merely generic1 and the bold young girl of to-morrow will say1 ,my father began life as a forger and was ultimately hanged1 but that shouldn't bother you1 should it8 ,much of that deliquescence is due to the factory system1 for it opened opportunities to all1 which many took1 raised men high in the scale of wealth2 one brother might be a millionaire in ,manchester1 while another tended a bar in ,liverpool4 ,sometimes the rich member of the family came back1 such as the uncle who returned from ,america with a fortune1 in a state of sentimental generosity1 but most of the time it has meant that the family split into those who keep their carriage and those who take the tram4 ,perhaps ,cervantes did not exaggerate when saying that there are only two families3 ,have-,much and ,have-,little4 #d ,what the future reserves ,i disincline to prophesy4 ,it is enough to point to tendencies1 and to say1 ,along this road we go1 we know not whither4 ,but of one thing ,i feel certain3 the family will not become closer1 for the individualistic tendency of man leads to instinctive rebellion2 his latent anarchism to isolate him from his fellows4 ,there is a growing rebellion among women against the thrall of motherhood1 which1 however delightful it may be1 is a thrall--the velvet-coated yoke is a yoke still4 ,i do not suppose that the mothers of the future will unanimously deposit their babies in the municipal crche4 ,but ,i do believe that with the growth of coperative households1 and especially of that quite new class1 the skilled ,princess ,christian or ,norland nurses1 there will be a delegation of responsibility from the mother to the expert4 ,it will go down to the poor as well as to the rich4 ,already we have district nurses for the poor1 and ,i do not see why1 as we realize more and more the value of young life1 there should not be district kindergartens4 ,they would remove the child still more from its home2 they would throw it in contact with creatures of its own age in its very earliest years1 prepare it for school1 place it in an atmosphere where it must stand by itself among others who will praise or blame without special consideration1 for they are strangers to it and do not bear its name4 ,i suspect1 too1 that marriage will be freer2 it will not be made more easy or more difficult1 but greater facilities will be given for divorce so that human beings may no longer be bound together in dislike1 because they once committed the crime of loving unwisely4 ,this1 too1 must loosen the family link1 to-day still strong because people know that it is so hard to break it4 ,it will be a conditional link when it can easily be done away with1 a link that will be maintained only on terms of good behavior on both sides4 ,the marriage service will need a new clause2 we shall have to swear to be agreeable4 ,the relation between husband and wife must change more4 ,conjugal tyranny still exists in a country such as ,england where the wife is not co-guardian of the child1 for during his wife's lifetime a husband may remove her child into another country1 refuse her access save at the price of a costly and uncertain legal action4 ,the child itself must have rights4 ,at present1 all the rights it has are to such food as its parents will give it2 it needs very gross cruelty before a man can be convicted of starving or neglecting his child4 ,and when that child is what they call grown up--that is to say1 sixteen--in practice it loses all its rights1 must come out and fend for itself4 ,i suspect that that will not last indefinitely1 and that the new race will have upon the old race the claim that owing to the old race it was born4 ,a socialized life is coming where there will be less freedom for those who are unfit to be free1 those who do not feel categorical impulses1 the impulse to treat wife and child gently and procure their happiness4 ,men will not indefinitely draw their pay on a ,friday and drink half of it by ,sunday night4 ,their wages will be subject to liens corresponding to the number of their children4 ,these liens may not be light1 and may extend long beyond the nominal majority of the child4 ,i suspect that after sixteen1 or some other early age1 children will1 if they choose1 be entitled to leave home for some municipal hostel where for a while their parents will be compelled to pay for their support4 ,it will be asked1 ,why should a parent pay for the support of a child who will not live in his house8 ,it seems to me that the chief reply is1 ,why did you have that child8 ,there is another1 too3 ,by what right should this creature for whom you are responsible be tied to a house into which it has been called unconsulted8 ,why should it submit to your moral and religious views8 to your friends8 to your wall-paper8 ,it is a strong case1 and ,i believe that1 as time goes on and the law is strengthened1 the young will more and more tend to leave their homes4 ,in good1 liberal homes they will stay1 but the others they will abandon1 and ,i believe that no social philosopher will regret that children should leave homes where they stay only because they are fed and not because they love4 ,so1 flying apart by a sort of centrifugal force1 the family will become looser and looser1 until it exists only for those who care for one another enough to maintain the association4 ,it cannot remain as it is1 with its right of insult1 its claim to society2 we can have no more slave daughters and slave wives1 nor shall we chain together people who spy out one another's loves and crush one another's youth4 ,the family is immortal1 but the immortals have many incarnations--from ,pan and ,bacchus sprang ,lucifer1 ,son of the ,morning4 ,there is a time to come--better than this because it is to come--when the family1 humanized1 will be human4 ,,vii ,,some ,,notes ,,on ,,marriage #a ,the questioning mind1 sole apparatus of the socio-psychologist1 has of late years often concerned itself with marriage4 ,marriage always was discussed1 long before ,mrs4 ,mona ,caird suggested in the respectable 'eighties that it might be a failure1 but it is certain that with the coming of ,mr4 ,bernard ,shaw the institution which was questioned grew almost questionable4 ,indeed1 marriage was so much attacked that it almost became popular1 and some believe that the war may cut it free from the stake of martyrdom4 ,perhaps1 but setting aside all prophecies1 revolts and sermons1 one thing does appear3 marriage is on its trial before a hesitating jury4 ,the judge has set this jury several questions3 ,is marriage a normal institution8 ,is it so normal as to deserve to continue in a state of civilization8 given that civilization's function is to crush nature4 ,a thing is not necessarily good because it exists1 for scarlet fever1 nationality1 art critics1 and black beetles exist1 yet all will be rooted out in the course of enlightenment4 ,marriage may be an invention of the male to secure himself a woman freehold1 or1 at least1 in fee simple4 ,it may be an invention of the female designed to secure a somewhat tyrannical protection and a precarious sustenance4 ,marriage may be afflicted with inherent diseases1 with antiquity1 with spiritual indigestion1 or starvation3 among these confusions the socio-psychologist1 swaying between the solidities of polygamy and the shadows of theosophical union1 loses all idea of the norm4 ,there may be no norm1 either in ,christian marriage1 polygamy1 ,meredithian marriage leases2 there may be a norm only in the human aspiration to utility and to happiness4 ,for we know very little save the aimlessness of a life that may be paradise1 or its vestibule1 or an instalment of some other region4 ,still there is a key1 no doubt3 the will to happiness1 which1 alas6 opens doors most often into empty rooms4 ,it is the search for happiness that has envenomed marriage and made it so difficult to bear1 because in the first rapture it is so hard to realize that there are no ways of living1 but only ways of dying more or less agreeably4 ,personally1 ,i believe that with all its faults1 with its crudity1 its stupidity shot with pain1 marriage responds to a human need to live together and to foster the species1 and that though we will make it easier and approach free union1 we shall always have something of the sort4 ,and so1 because ,i believe it eternal1 ,i think it necessary4 ,but why does it fare so ill8 ,why is it that when we see in a restaurant a middle-aged couple1 mutually interested and gay1 we say3 ,i wonder if they are married8 ,why do so many marriages persist when the love knot slips1 and bandages fall away from the eyes8 ,strange cases come to my mind3 ,m #f and ,m #bb1 always apart1 except to quarrel1 meanly jealous1 jealously mean1 yet full of affability--to strangers2 ,m #d and many others1 all poor1 where at once the wife has decayed2 when you see youth struggling in vain on the features under the cheap hat1 you need not look at the left hand3 she is married4 ,it is true that however much they may decay in pride of body and pride of life1 when all allowances are made for outer gaiety and grace1 the married of forty are a sounder1 deeper folk than their celibate contemporaries4 ,often bled white by self-sacrifice1 they have always learnt a little of the world's lesson1 which is to know how to live without happiness4 ,they may have been vampires1 but they have not gone to sleep in the cotton wool of their celibacy4 ,even hateful1 the other sex has meant something to them4 ,it has meant that the woman must hush the children because father has come home1 but it has also meant that she must change her frock1 because even father is a man4 ,it has taught the man that there are flowers in the world1 which so few bachelors know2 it has taught the woman to interest herself in something more than a fried egg1 if only to win the favor of her lord4 ,marriage may not teach the wish to please1 but it teaches the avoidance of offence1 which1 in a civilization governed by negative commandments1 is the root of private citizenship4 #b ,for the closer examination of the marriage problem1 ,i am considering altogether one hundred and fifty cases2 my acquaintance with them varies between intimate and slight4 ,i have thrown out one hundred and sixteen cases where the evidence is inadequate3 the following are therefore not loose generalizations1 but one thing ,i assert3 those one hundred and sixteen cases do not contain a successful marriage4 ,out of the remaining thirty-four1 the following results arise3 ,apparently successful #i ,husband unfaithful #e ,wife unfaithful #aj ,husband dislikes wife #c ,wife dislikes husband #g ,success is a vague word1 and ,i attempt no definition1 but we know a happy marriage when we see it1 as we do a work of art4 ,it should be observed that when one or both parties are unfaithful1 the marriage is not always unsuccessful1 but it generally is2 moreover1 there are difficulties in establishing proportion1 for women are infinitely more confidential on this subject than are men2 they also frequently exaggerate dislike1 which men cloak in indifference4 ,still1 making all these allowances1 ,i am unable to find more than nine cases of success1 say six per cent4 ,this percentage gives rise to platitudinous thoughts on the horrid gamble of life4 ,two main conclusions appear to follow3 that more wives than husbands break their marriage vows1 and 7this may be a cause as well as an effect7 that more wives than husbands are disappointed in their hopes4 ,this is natural enough1 as nearly all women come ignorant to a state requiring cool knowledge and armored only with illusion against truth1 while men enter it with experience1 if not with tolerance born of disappointment4 ,i realize that these two conclusions are opposed to the popular belief that a good home and a child or two are enough to make a woman content4 7,a bad home and a child or nine is not considered by the popular mind47 ,there is no male clamor against marriage1 from which one might conclude that man is fairly well served4 ,no doubt he attaches less weight to the link2 even love matters to him less than to women4 ,i do not want to exaggerate1 for ,romeo is a peer to ,juliet1 but it is possible to conceive ,romeo on the ,stock ,exchange1 very busy in pursuit of money and rank1 while ,juliet would remain merely ,juliet4 ,juliet is not on the ,stock ,exchange4 ,if business is good1 she has nothing to do1 and if ,satan does not turn her hands to evil works1 he may turn them to good ones1 which will not improve matters very much4 ,juliet1 idle1 can do nothing but seek a deep and satisfying love3 mostly it is a lifelong occupation4 ,all this makes ,juliet very difficult1 and no astronomer will give her the moon4 ,romeo is in better plight1 for he makes less demands4 ,let ,juliet be a good housekeeper1 fairly good looking and good tempered2 not too stupid1 so as to understand him2 not too clever1 so that he may understand her2 such that he may think her as good as other men's wives1 and he is satisfied4 ,the sentimental business is done2 it is ,farewell6 ,farewell6 ye lovely young girls1 we're off to ,rio ,bay4 ,so to work--to money--to ambition--to sport--to anything--but ,juliet4 ,while he forgets her1 the modern woman grows every day more attractive1 more intellectually vivid4 ,she demands of her partner that he should give her stimulants1 and he gives her soporifics4 ,she asks him for far too much2 she is cruel1 she is unjust1 and she is magnificent4 ,she has not the many children on whom in simpler days her mother used to vent an exacting affection1 so she vents it on her husband4 ,yet it is not at first sight evident why so easily in ,england a lover turns into a husband1 that is to say1 into a vaguely disagreeable person who can be coaxed into paying bills4 ,i suspect there are many influences corrupting marriage1 and most of them are mutual in their action2 they are of the essence of the contract2 they are the mental reservations of the marriage oath4 ,so far as ,i can see1 they fall into sixteen classes3-- #a4 ,the waning of physical attraction4 #b4 ,diverging tastes4 #c4 ,being too much together4 #d4 ,being too much apart4 7,there is no pleasing this institution47 #e4 ,the sense of mutual property4 #f4 ,the sense of the irremediable4 #g4 ,children4 #h4 ,the cost of living4 #i4 ,rivalry4 #aj4 ,polygamy in men and second blooming in women4 #aa4 ,coarseness and talkativeness4 #ab4 ,sulkiness4 #ac4 ,dull lives4 #ad4 ,petty intolerance4 #ae4 ,stupidity4 #af4 ,humour and aggressiveness4 ,there are other influences1 but they are not easily ascertained2 sometimes they are subtle4 ,m #bh said to me3 ,my husband's grievance against me is that ,i have a cook who can't cook2 my grievance against him is that he married me4 ,indeed1 sentiment and the scullery painfully represent the divergence of the two sexes4 ,one should not exaggerate the scullery2 the philosopher who said ,feed the brute was not entirely wrong1 but it is quite easy for a woman to ignore the emotional pabulum that many a man requires4 ,it is quite true that the lover in the husband may be lost1 but very few women realize that the wife can blot out the mistress4 ,case ,m #ai confessed that she always wore out her old clothes at home1 and she was surprised when ,i suggested that though her husband was no critic of clothes1 he might often wonder why she did not look as well as other women4 ,many modern wives know this2 in them the desire to please never quite dies2 between lovers1 it is violent and continuous2 between husband and wife1 it is sometimes maintained only by shame and self-respect3 there are old slippers that one can't wear1 even before one's husband4 ,the problem arises very early with the waning of physical attraction4 ,i am not thinking only of the bad and hasty marriages so frequent in young ,america1 but of the ,english marriages1 where both parties come together in a state of sentimental excitement born of ignorance and rather puritanical restraint4 ,europeans wed less wisely than the ,hindoo and the ,turk1 for these realize their wives as ,woman4 ,generally they have never seen a woman of their own class1 and so she is a revelation1 she is indeed the bulbul1 while he1 being the first1 is the ,king of men4 ,but the ,europeans have mixed too freely1 they have skimmed1 they have flirted1 they have been so ashamed of true emotion that they have made the ,song of ,solomon into a vaudeville ditty4 ,they have watered the wine of life4 ,so when at last the wine of life is poured out1 the draught is not new1 for they have quaffed before many an adulterated potion and have long pretended that the wine of life is milk4 ,for a moment there is a difference1 and they recognize that the incredible can happen2 each thinks the time has come3 ,wenn ich dem ,augenblick werd sagen3 ,verweile doch1 du bist so schn 4 4 4 ,then the false exaltation subsides3 not even a saint could stand a daily revelation2 the revelation becomes a sacramental service1 the sacramental service a routine1 and then1 little by little1 there is nothing4 ,but nature1 as usual abhorring a vacuum1 does not allow the newly opened eyes to dwell upon a void2 it leaves them clear1 it allows them to compare4 ,one day two demi-gods gaze into the eyes of two mortals and resent their fugitive quality4 ,another day two mortals gaze into the eyes of two others1 whom suddenly they discover to be demi-gods4 ,some resist the trickery of nature1 some succumb1 some are fortunate1 some are strong4 ,but the two who once were united are divorced by the three judges of the ,human ,supreme ,court3 ,contrast1 ,habit1 and ,change4 ,time cures no ills2 sometimes it provides poultices1 often salt1 for wounds4 ,time gives man his work1 which he always had1 but did not realize in the days of his enchantment2 but to woman time seldom offers anything except her old drug1 love4 ,oh6 there are other things1 children1 visiting cards1 frocks1 skating rinks1 ,christian ,science teas1 and ,saturday anagrams1 but all these are but froth4 ,brilliant1 worldly1 hard-eyed1 urgent1 pleasure-drugged1 she still believes there is an exquisite reply to the question3 ,will the love you are so rich in ,light a fire in the kitchen1 ,and will the little ,god of ,love turn the spit1 spit1 spit8 ,only the little ,god of ,love does not call1 and the butcher does4 ,it is her own fault4 ,it is always one's own fault when one has illusions1 though it is1 in a way1 one's privilege4 ,she is attracted to a strange man because he is tall and beautiful1 or short and ugly and has a clever head1 or looks like a barber2 he comes of different stock1 from another country1 out of another class--and these two strangers suddenly attempt to blend a total of1 say1 fifty-five years of different lives into a single one6 ,gold will melt1 but it needs a very fierce fire1 and as soon as the fire is withdrawn1 it hardens again4 ,seldom is there anything to make it fluid once more1 for the attraction1 once primary1 grows with habit commonplace1 with contrast unsatisfactory1 with growth unsuitable4 ,the lovers are twenty1 then in love1 then old4 ,it is true that habit affects man not in the same way as it does woman2 after conquest man seems to grow indifferent1 while1 curiously enough1 habit often binds woman closer to man1 breeds in her one single fierce desire3 to make him love her more4 ,man buys cash down1 woman on the instalment plan1 horribly suspecting now and then that she is really buying on the hire system4 ,a rather literary case1 ,case ,m #aa1 said to me3 ,i am much more in love with him than ,i was in the beginning2 he seemed so strange and hard then4 ,now ,i love him1 but 444 he seems tired of me2 he knows me too well4 ,i wonder whether we only fall in love with men just about the time that they get sick of us4 ,her surmise may be correct3 there is no record of the after-life of ,perseus and ,andromeda1 and it is more romantic not to delve into it4 ,neither they nor any other lovers could hope to maintain the early exaltations4 ,i am reminded of a well-known picture by ,mr4 ,charles ,dana ,gibson1 showing two lovers in the snow by the sea4 ,they are gazing into each other's eyes2 below is written3 ,they began saying good-by last summer4 ,does any one doubt that a visit to the minister1 say1 in the autumn1 might have altered the complexion of things8 ,and no wonder1 for they were the unknown1 and through marriage would become the known4 ,it is only the unknown that tempts1 until one realizes that the unknown and the known are the same thing1 as ,socrates realized that life and death are the same thing1 mere converses of a single proposition4 ,it is the unknown makes strange associates1 attracts men to ugly women1 slatterns to dandies4 ,it is not only contrast1 it is the suspicion that the unexpected outside must conceal something4 ,the breaking down of that concealment is conquest1 and after marriage there is no conquest2 there is only security3 who could live dangerously in ,brooklyn8 ,once licensed1 love is official2 its gifts are doled out as sugar by a grocer1 and sometimes short weighed4 ,men suffer from this and many go dully wondering what it is they miss that once they had2 they go rather heavy1 rather dense1 cumbrously gallant1 asking to be understood1 and whimpering about it in a way that would be ridiculous if it were not a little pathetic4 ,meanwhile1 their wives wonder why all is not as it was4 ,it is no use telling them that nothing can ever be as it was1 that as mankind by living decays1 the emotions and outlook must change2 to have had a delight is a deadly thing1 for one wants it again1 just as it was1 as a child demands always the same story4 ,it must be the same delight1 and none who feel emotion will ever understand that the race of delights is short and pleasures have mutable faces4 ,it is true that early joys may unite1 especially if one can believe that there is only one fountain of joy4 ,i think of many cases1--,m #e1 ,m #cc1--where there is only one cry3 ,it is cruel to have had delights1 for the glamour of the past makes the day darker4 ,they will live to see the past differently when they are older and the present matters less4 ,but until then1 the dead joy poisons the animate present2 the man must drift away to his occupation1 for there is nothing else1 and the woman must harden by wanting what she cannot have4 ,she will part herself from him more thoroughly by hardening1 for one cannot count upon a woman's softness2 it can swiftly be transmuted into malicious hatred4 #c ,this picture of pain is the rule where two strangers wed1 but there are some who1 taking a partner discover a friend1 many who develop agreeable acquaintanceship4 ,passion may be diverted into a common interest1 say in conchology2 if people are not too stupid1 not too egotistic1 they very soon discover in each other a little of the human good will that will not die4 ,they must1 or they fail4 ,for whereas in the beginning foolish lips may be kissed1 a little later they must learn to speak some wisdom4 ,in this men are most exacting2 they are most inclined to demand that women should hold up to their faces the mirror of flattery1 while women seem more tolerant1 often because they do not understand1 very often because they do not care1 and echo the last words of ,mr4 ,bernard ,shaw's ,ann3 ,never mind her1 dear1 go on talking2 perhaps because they have had to tolerate so much in the centuries that they have grown expert4 ,one may1 however1 tolerate whilst strongly disapproving1 and one must disapprove when one's egotism is continually insulted by the other party's egotism4 ,there is very little room for twice ,i in what ought to have been ,we1 and we nearly all feel that the axis of the earth passes through our bodies4 ,so the common interests of two egotisms can alone make of these one egotism4 ,the veriest trifle will serve1 and pray do not smile at ,case ,m #d1 who forgive each other all wrongs when they find for dinner a risotto la ,milanaise4 ,a slightly spasmodic interest1 and one not to be compared with a common taste for golf1 or motoring1 or entertaining1 but still it is not to be despised4 ,it is so difficult to pick a double interest from the welter of things that people do alone2 it is so difficult for wives truly to sympathize with games1 business1 politics1 newspapers1 inventions2 most women hate all that4 ,and it is still more difficult1 just because man is man and master1 for him really to care for the fashions1 for gossip1 for his wife's school friends1 and especially her relations1 for tea parties1 tennis tournaments at the ,rectory1 lectures at the ,mutual ,improvement ,association1 servants' misdeeds1 and growths in the garden4 ,most men hate all that4 ,people hold amazing conversations3 ,she3 ,do you know1 dear1 ,i saw ,mrs4 ,johnson again to-day with that man4 ,he3 7,trying hard7 ,oh6 yes1 the actor fellow1 you mean4 ,she3 7,reproachfully7 ,no1 of course not1 ,i never said he was an actor4 ,he's the new engineer at the mine1 the one who came from ,mexico4 ,he3 ,oh6 yes1 that reminds me1 did you go to the library and get me ,roosevelt's book on the ,amazon8 ,she3 ,no dear1 ,i'm sorry ,i forgot4 ,you see ,i had such a busy day1 and ,i couldn't make up my mind between those two hats4 ,the very big one and the very small one4 ,you know4 ,now tell me what you really think-- and so on4 ,it is exactly like a ,tchekoff play4 ,they make desperate efforts to be interested in each other's affairs1 and sometimes they succeed1 for they manage to stand each other's dullness4 ,they assert their egotism in turns4 ,he tells the same stories several times4 ,he takes her for a country walk and forgets to give her tea1 and she never remembers that he hates her dearest friend ,mabel4 ,where the rift grows more profound is when trifles such as these are overlooked1 and particularly where a man has work that he loves1 or to which he is used1 which is much the same thing4 ,in early days the woman's attitude to a man's work varies a good deal1 but she generally suspects it a little4 ,she may tolerate it because she loves him1 and all that is his is noble4 ,later1 if this work is very profitable1 or if it is work which leads to honour1 she may take a pride in it1 but even then she will generally grudge it the time and the energy it costs4 ,she loves him1 not his work4 ,she will seldom confess this1 even to herself1 but she will generally lay down two commandments3 #a4 ,thou shalt love me4 #b4 ,thou shalt succeed so that ,i may love thee4 ,all this is not manifest1 but it is there4 ,it is there even in the days of courtship1 when a man's work1 a man's clothes1 a man's views on bimetallism are sacred2 in those days1 the woman must kowtow to the man's work1 just as he must keep on good terms with her pet dog4 ,but the time almost invariably comes when the man kicks the pet dog1 because pet dogs are madly irritating sometimes--and so is a man's work4 ,there is something self-protective in this1 for work is so domineering4 ,i should not be at all surprised to hear that ,galatea saw to it that ,pygmalion never made another statue4 7,on second thoughts it strikes me that there might be other reasons for that47 ,it is true that ,pygmalion was an artist1 and these are proverbially difficult husbands3 after an hour's work an artist will sneer1 backbite and speak daggers4 ,art is a vampire1 and it will gladly gobble up a wife as well as a husband1 but the wife must not do any gobbling4 ,she does not always try to1 and there are many in ,london who follow their artist husbands rather like sandwichmen between two boards1 but they are of a trampled breed1 indigenous1 ,i suspect1 to ,england4 ,i think they arise but little in ,america1 where1 as an ,american said to me1 women labor to advance themselves along a road paved with discarded husbands4 7,this is an ,american's statement1 not mine1 so ,i ask the ,reverend ,john ,bootfeller1 ,president of the ,kansas and ,nevada ,society for the ,propagation of the ,intellect1 to spare me his denunciations47 ,but leaving aside such important things as personal pettinesses1 which too few think important1 it must be acknowledged that women seldom conceive the passion for art that can inflame a man4 ,they very seldom conceive a passion for anything except passion1--an admirable tendency for which they blush as one does for all one's natural manifestations4 ,they hardly ever care for philosophy2 they generally hate politics1 but they nearly always love votes4 ,they are quite as irritating in that way as men1 who almost invariably adore politics and detest realities1 sometimes love science and generally prefer record railway runs4 ,but where such an interest as a science or an art has reigned supreme in a man1 and reasserts itself after marriage1 she recognizes her enemy1 the serpent1 for is he not the symbol of wisdom8 ,invariably he rears his head when the love fever has subsided4 ,woman's impulse is more artistic than man's1 but it seldom touches art2 her artistic impulse is not yet one of high grade2 she is the flower arranger rather than the flower painter1 the flower painter rather than just the painter4 ,but this instinct that is in all women and in so few men avails just enough to make them discontented1 while the great instinct that is in a few men is always enough to make them wretched4 ,it would not be so bad if they had not to live together1 but social custom has decided that couples must forsake their separate ways and evermore follow the same4 ,most follow the common path easily enough1 because most follow the first path that offers1 but many grumble and cast longing eyes at side tracks or would return to the place whence they came4 ,they cannot do so because it is not done1 because other feet have not broken paths so wide that they shall seem legitimate4 ,when husband and wife care no longer for their common life1 the only remedy is to part3 then the contradictory strain that is in all of us will reassert itself and make them rebound towards each other4 ,if the law were to edict that man and wife should never be together for more than six months in the year1 it would be broken every day1 and men and women would stand hunger and stripes to come together for twelve months in twelve4 ,if love of home were made a crime1 a family life would arise more touching than anything ,queen ,victoria ever dreamed4 ,but from the point of view of a barbarous present1 this would never do1 for the very worst that can happen to two people is to reach the fullness of their desire4 ,the young man who raves at the young woman's feet3 ,oh6 that ,i were by your side day and night6 ,oh6 that ever ,i could watch you move6 ,i grudge the night the eight hours in which you sleep6-- ,well1 that young man is generally successful in his wooing and gets what he wants2 a little later he gets a little more4 ,for proximity is a dangerous thing2 it enables one to know another rather well3 full knowledge of mankind is seldom edifying4 ,one sees too much1 one sees too close2 a professional ,don ,juan who honors me with his friendship told me that he has an infallible remedy against falling in love more often than three times a day3 ,stand as close to your charmer as you can1 look at her well1 very well1 at every feature2 watch her attitudes1 listen to every tone of her voice2 then you will discover something unpleasant1 and you will be saved4 ,that is a little what happens in marriage2 for ever and ever people are together1 hearing each other1 watching each other4 ,listen to ,m #ad3 ,i really was very much in love with him and only just at the end of the engagement did ,i notice how hard he blew his nose4 ,after we were married1 ,i thought3 ',oh6 don't be so silly and notice such little things1 he's such a splendid fellow4' ,a little later--',oh6 ,i do wish he wouldn't blow his nose like that1 it drives me mad4' ,now ,i find myself listening and telling myself with an awful feeling of doom3 ',he's going to blow his nose6' 7,she never tells him that he trumpets like an elephant4 ,she fears to offend him4 ,she prefers to stand there1 exasperated and chafed4 ,one day he will trumpet down the walls of her ,jericho47 ,there are awful little things between two people4 ,here are some of them3 ,m #dc4 ,when tired1 the wife has a peculiar yawn1 roughly3 ,hoo-hoo6 ,hoo-hoo6 ,the husband hears it coming1 and something curls within him4 ,m #ih4 ,every morning in his bath the husband sings3 ,there is a fountain fill'd with blood drawn from ,emmanuel's veins1 always the same4 ,m #abd4 ,the wife buys shoes a quarter size too small and always slips them off under the table at dinner4 ,then she loses them and develops great agitation4 ,this fills her husband with an unaccountable rage4 ,m #fh4 ,the wife is afflicted with the clich habit and can generally sum up a situation by phrases such as3 ,all is not gold that glitters4 ,or1 ,such is life4 ,or1 ,well1 well1 it's a weary world4 ,the husband can hear them coming4 ,there are scores of these little cruel things which wear away love as surely as trickling water will wear away a stone4 7,observe how contagious clichs are67 ,the dilemma is horrible2 if the offended party speaks out1 he or she may speak out much too forcibly and raise this sort of train of thought3 ,he didn't seem to mind when we were engaged4 ,he loved me then1 and little things didn't matter4 ,he doesn't love me now4 ,i wonder whether he is in love with some one else4 ,oh6 ,i'm so unhappy4 ,if1 on the other hand1 one does not speak out forcibly1 or does not speak at all1 the offender goes on doing it for the rest of his or her life1 and there is nothing to do except to wait until one has got used to it and has ceased to care4 ,but by that time one has generally ceased to care for the offender4 ,there are ideal marriages where both parties aim at perfection and are willing to accept mutual criticism4 ,but there is something a little callous in this form of self-improvement society4 ,people who are too much together are always making notes1 adding up in their hearts bitter little adverse balances with which they will one day confront the fallen lover4 ,some slight offense will bring up the bill of arrears4 ,a quarrel about a forgotten ticket will give life to the cruel thing he said seven years before about her mother's bonnets1 or her sudden dismissal of the cook1 or the dreadful day when he sat on the eggs in the train4 7,clumsy brute67 ,all these things pile up and pile up until they form a terrible1 towering cairn made up of tiny stones1 but of great total weight1 just as an avalanche rests securely upon a crest until a whisper releases it4 ,nearly all marriages are in a state of permanent mobilization4 ,there is only one thing to do1 to remember all the time that one could not hope to meet one quite great enough to be one's mate1 and that this is the best the world can do4 ,the thought that nobody can quite understand one or quite appreciate one arouses a delicious sorrow and an enormous pride4 #d ,too much together is bad1 and too much apart may be worse4 ,as ,i suggested before1 there is no pleasing this institution4 ,it is easier to live too separate than too close1 for one comes together freshly1 and marriage feels less irremediable when it hardly exists4 ,there really are couples who care for each other very well1 who meet in a country house and say3 ,what6 you here6 ,how jolly6 ,that is an extreme case4 ,in practice1 separateness means conjugal acquaintanceship4 ,different pleasures1 different friends1 perhaps different worlds2 indeed1 one is mutually fresh1 but traveling different roads1 one may find that there is nothing in common4 ,of two evils1 it is better perhaps to be too intimate than too distant1 because there are many irritating things that with reminiscence become delightful4 ,the dreadful day when he sat on the eggs in the train is not entirely dreadful1 for he looked so silly when he stood up1 removing the eggs1 and though one was angry1 one vaguely loved him for having made a fool of himself4 7,there are nine and sixty ways of gaining affection1 and one of them is to be a good-tempered butt47 ,separateness1 naturally1 cannot coincide with the sense of mutual property4 ,this is perhaps the cause of the greatest unhappiness in marriage1 for so many forget that to be married is not to be one4 ,they do not understand that however much they may love1 whatever delights they may share1 whatever common ambitions they may harbor1 whatever they hope1 or endeavor1 or pray1 two people are still two people4 ,or if they know it1 they say1 ,he is mine4 ,she is mine4 ,if one could give oneself entirely1 it would be well enough1 but however much one may want to do so one cannot1 just because one is the axis of the earth4 ,because one cannot1 one will not1 and he that would absorb will never forgive4 ,he will be jealous1 he will be suspicious1 tyrannical1 he will watch and lay traps1 he will court injury1 he will air grievances1 because the next best thing to complete possession is railing at his impotency to conquer4 ,that jealousy is turned against everything1 against work1 against art1 against relatives1 friends1 dead loves1 little children1 toy dogs3 ,thou shalt have none other gods but me is a human commandment4 ,men do not1 as a rule1 suffer very much from this desire to possess1 because they are so sure that they do possess1 because they find it so difficult to conceive that their wife can find any other man attractive4 ,they are too well accustomed to being courted1 even if they are old and repulsive1 because they have power and money2 only they think it is because they are men4 ,beyond a jealous care for their wives' fidelity1 which ,i suspect arises mainly from the feeling that an unfaithful wife is a criticism1 they do not ask very much4 ,but women suffer more deeply because they know that man has lavished on them for centuries a condescending admiration1 that the king who lays his crown at their feet knows that his is the crown to give4 ,while men possess by right of possession1 women possess only by right of precarious conquest4 ,they feel it very bitterly1 this fugitive empire1 and their greatest tragedy is to find themselves growing a little older1 uncertain of their power1 for they know they have only one power2 they are afraid1 as age comes1 of losing their man1 while ,i have never heard of a husband afraid of losing his wife1 or able to repress his surprise if she forsook him4 ,it would not matter so much if the feeling of property were that of a good landlord1 who likes to see his property develop and grow beautiful1 but mutual property is the feeling of the slave owner4 ,sometimes both parties suffer so1 and by asking too much lose all4 ,man seldom asks much3 if only a wife will not compromise his reputation for attractiveness while maintaining her own by flirtation1 if she will accept his political views1 acquire a taste for his favorite holiday resorts1 and generally say1 ,yes1 darling1 or ,no1 darling1 opportunely1 she need do nothing1 she has only beautifully to be4 ,he is not so fortunate1 however1 when she wants to possess him1 for she demands that he should be active1 that the pretty words1 caresses1 the anxious inquiries after health1 the presents of flowers and of stalls should continue4 ,it is not enough that he should love her2 he must still be her lover4 ,when she is not sure that he still is her lover1 a madness of unrest comes over her2 she will lacerate him1 she will invent wishes so that he may thwart them1 she will demand his society when she knows it is mortgaged to another occupation1 so that she may suffer his refusal1 exaggerate his indifference4 ,here are cases3 ,m #ba4 ,she3 ,he used to take me to dances4 ,the other day he wouldn't come1 he said he was tired4 ,he wasn't tired when we were engaged4 ,the ,investigator3 ,but why should he go if he didn't want to8 ,she3 ,because ,i wanted to4 ,the ,investigator3 ,but he didn't want to4 ,she3 ,he ought to take pleasure in pleasing me4 7,the conversation here degenerates into a discussion on duty and becomes uninteresting47 ,m #d4 ,the husband is a doctor with a very extended city practice4 ,he is busy eleven hours a day and has night calls4 ,his marriage has been spoilt because in the first years the wife1 who is young and gay1 could not understand that the man1 who was always surrounded by people1 in houses1 streets1 conveyances1 should not desire society4 ,she resented his wish to be alone for some hours1 to shut himself up4 ,there were tears1 and like most people she looked ugly when she cried4 ,she was lonely1 and when one is lonely1 it is difficult to realize that other people may be too much surrounded4 #e ,a great deal of all this1 however1 might pass away if one could feel that it would not last4 ,nothing matters that does not last4 ,only one must be conscious of it1 and in marriage many people are dully aware that they have settled down1 that they have drawn the one and only ticket they can ever hope to draw1 unless merciful death steps in4 ,there will be no more adventures1 no more excitements1 no more marsh fires1 which one knows deceptive yet loves to follow4 ,it will be difficult to move to other towns or countries1 to change one's occupation2 it will even be difficult to adopt new poses1 for the other will not be taken in4 ,one will be for evermore what one is4 ,true there is elopement1 divorce2 in matters of art1 there is the artist courage that enables a man to see another suffer for the sake of his desire4 ,but all this is very difficult1 and few of us have courage enough to make others suffer2 if one had the courage to do no harm at all1 it might not be so bad1 but not many can follow ,mr4 ,bernard ,shaw3 ,if you injure your neighbor1 let it not be by halves4 ,they almost invariably do injure by halves3 he that will not kill1 scratches4 ,there is no refuge from a world of rates1 and taxes1 and bills1 and houses overcrowded by children1 and old clothes1 dull leaders in the papers1 stupid plays1 the morning train1 the unvarying ,sunday dinner4 ,it is so bad sometimes that it causes willful revolt4 ,i sincerely believe that a great many men would be model husbands if only they were not married4 ,only when everything is respectable and nice there is a terrible temptation to introduce a change2 the wild animal in man1 that is in a few a lion1 in most a weasel1 reacts against the definite1 the irremediable1 the assured4 ,he must do something4 ,he must break through4 ,he must prove to himself that he has not really sentenced himself to penal servitude for life4 ,that is why so few of the respectable are respectable1 and why reformed rakes do make good husbands4 7,generally1 that is1 for a few rakes feel that they must keep up their reputation2 on the other hand1 a really respectable man knows no shame47 ,curiously enough1 children seem to act both against and in favor of these disruptive factors4 ,it is difficult to deprive children of influence2 they must part1 or they must unite4 ,they are somebody in the house2 they make a noise1 and it depends upon temperament whether the noise exasperates or delights4 ,parents are divided into those who love them1 and those who bear their children2 generally1 men dislike little babies1 unless they are rather strong men whom weakness attracts1 or unless they feel pride of race1 while women1 excepting those who live only for light pleasures1 give them a quite unreasoning affection4 ,children are a frequent source of trouble1 for the tired man's nerves are horribly frayed by screams and exuberances4 ,he shouts3 ,stop that child howling6 and if his wife assumes a saintly air and says that she would rather hear a child cry than a man swear1 the door opens towards the club or public house4 ,likewise1 a man who has given so many jewels that the mother of the ,gracchi might be jealous1 will never understand the appalling weariness that can come over the mother in the evening1 when she has administered1 say1 twelve meals1 four or eight baths1 and answered several hundreds of questions varying between the existence of ,god and the esoterics of the steam engine4 ,loving the children too much to blame them1 she must blame some one1 and blames him4 ,people do not confess these things1 but the socio-psychologist must remember that when a man quietly picks up a flower pot and hurls it through the window1 the original cause may be found in the behavior of the departmental manager six hours before4 ,the irritation of children can envenom two lives1 for it seems almost inevitable that each party should think the other spoils or tyrannizes4 ,it is not always so1 and sometimes children unite by the bond of a common love2 very much more often they unite by the burden of a common responsibility4 ,indeed1 it is this financial responsibility that draws two people close1 because tied together they must swim together or sink together1 until they are so concerned individually with their salvation that they think they are concerned with the salvation of the other4 ,that bond of union is dangerous1 because marriage is expensive1 and because one tends to remember the time when bread was not so dear and flesh and blood so cheap4 ,there is affluence in bachelordom2 there is atrocious discomfort too1 but when one thinks of the good old times1 one generally forgets all except the affluence4 ,of the present1 one sees only that one cannot take the whole family to ,yellowstone2 of the past1 one does not see the sitting room1 or the hangings on which the landlady merely blew4 ,the wife thinks of her frocks1 garlands of the sacrificial heifer1 the husband of the days when he could afford to be one of the boys4 ,and1 as soon as the past grows glamorous1 the present day grows dull2 always because one must blame something1 one blames the other4 ,it is so much more agreeable to spend a thousand dollars than to spend a hundred1 even if one gets nothing for it4 ,it is power4 ,it is excitement4 ,one thinks of money until one may come to think of nothing but money1 until1 as suggested before1 a husband turns into a vaguely disagreeable person who can be coaxed into paying bills4 ,in the working class especially there is bitterness among the women1 who before their marriage knew the taste of independence and of earned money in their purses4 ,it is a great love that can compensate a woman for the loss of freedom after she has enjoyed it4 ,nothing indeed can compensate a woman for this1 except a lover1 that is to say1 a return to an older state4 ,that is to what she turns1 for strange as it may seem1 marriage does not vaccinate against the temptations of love4 ,she does not easily love again1 for she has been married1 and while it is easy to love again when one has been atrociously betrayed1 just because one invests the new with everything that the old held back1 it is difficult to love again when the promised love turned merely to dullness4 ,there is nothing to strike against4 ,there is no contrast1 and so women slip into relationships that are silly1 because there is nothing real behind them4 ,boredom is the root of all evil1 and ,i doubt whether busy and happy women seek adventure1 for few of them want it for adventure's sake3 they seek only satisfaction4 ,that is what most men cruelly misunderstand2 they blame woman instead of searching out their own remissness4 ,sins of omission matter more than sins of commission1 more even than infidelities1 for love1 which is all a woman's life1 is only a momentous incident in that of a man4 ,love may be the discovery of a happiness1 but man remains conscious of many other delights4 ,woman is seldom like that4 ,you will imagine a man and a woman who have blundered upon mutual understanding standing upon the hill from which ,moses saw ,canaan4 ,the woman would fill her eyes with ,canaan1 and could see nought else1 while the man gazing at the promised land would still be conscious of other countries4 ,in the heart of a man who is worth anything at all1 love must have rivals1--art1 science1 ambition1--and it is a delight to woman that there should be rivals to overcome1 even though it be a poor slave she tie to her chariot wheels4 ,marriage does not always suffer when people drift away from their allegiance2 in countries such as ,france notably1 where many husbands and wives do not think it necessary to trust1 or tactful to watch each other1 the problem does not set itself so sharply4 ,it is mainly in ,anglo-,saxon countries where the little blue flower has its altars that the trouble begins4 ,a rather fascinating foreigner said to me once3 ,englishwomen are very troublesome2 they are either so light that they do not understand you when you tell them you love them1 or so deep that you must elope every time4 ,this is a difficult country4 ,i do not want to seem cynical1 but the polygamous nature of man is so ill-recognized and the boredom of woman such a national institution that when it is too late to pretend that that which has happened has not happened1 most of the mischief has already been done4 ,why a husband or wife who has found attraction in another should immediately treat his partner abominably is not easily understood1 for falling in love with the present victim need not make him rude or remiss to the rest of the world4 ,but the ,british are a strange and savage people4 ,also1 when in doubt they get drunk1 so ,i fear ,i must leave a clearer recognition of polygamous instincts to the slow-growing enlightenment of the mind of man4 ,he is growing enlightened2 at least he is infinitely more educated than he was1 for he has begun to recognize that woman is to a certain extent a human being1 a savage1 a barbarian1 but entitled to the consideration generally given to the ,hottentot4 ,i do not think woman will always be savage1 though ,i hope she will not turn into the clear-eyed1 weather-beaten mate that ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells likes to think of--for the future4 ,she has come to look upon man as an equation that can be solved4 ,he1 too1 in a sense1 and both are to-day much less inclined than they were fifty years ago to overlook a chance of pleasing4 ,it is certain that men and women to-day dress more deliberately for each other than they ever did before1 that they lead each other1 sometimes with dutiful unwillingness1 to the theatre or the country2 it is very painful sometimes1 this organization of pleasure1 but it is necessary because dull lives are bad lives1 and better fall into the river than never go to the river at all4 ,it is dangerous and vain to take up the attitude1 ,i alone am enough4 ,yet many do3 as one walks along a suburban street1 where every window is shut1 where every dining room has its aspidistra in a pot1 one realizes that scores of people are busily heaping ash upon the once warm fire of their love4 ,the stranger is the alternative2 he obscures small quarrels2 if the stranger is beautiful1 he urges to competition2 if he is inferior1 he soothes pride4 ,but above all1 the stranger is change1 therefore hope4 ,the stranger is an insurance against loss of personal pride2 he compels adornment1 for what is good enough for my husband is not good enough for the lady over the way4 ,the stranger serves the pleasure lust1 this violent passion of man1 and cannot harm him because the lust for pleasure1 within the limits of hysteria1 involves a desire for good looks1 for elegance1 for gaiety2 above all1 love of pleasure was reviled of our fathers1 and whatever our fathers thought bad is become a good thing4 ,our fathers did not understand certain forms of pride3 there is more than pride of body in good looks1 good clothes1 and showing off before acquaintances3 there is achievement1 which means pride of conquest4 ,i imagine that the happiest couple in the world is the one where each lives in perpetual fear that somebody will run away with the other4 ,looking at it broadly1 ,i see marriage as a ,chinese puzzle1 almost1 but not quite1 insoluble4 ,spoilt by coldness1 spoilt by ardour1 spoilt by excess1 spoilt by indifference1 spoilt by obedience1 by stupidity1 by self-assertion1 spoilt by familiarity1 spoilt by ignorance4 ,spoilt in every possible way that man can invent4 ,spoilt by every ounce of influence a jealous or ironical world can muster1 spoilt by habit1 by contrast1 by obtuseness quite as much as by overclose understanding4 ,and yet it stands4 ,it stands because there is nothing much to put into its place1 because marriage is the only road that leads a man away from his dinner when he is forty-five1 or teaches a woman to preserve her complexion4 ,it stands like most human things1 because it is the better of two bad alternatives4 ,only because it stands we must not think that it will never change4 ,all things change1 otherwise one could not bear them4 ,i suspect that marriage1 that was once upon a time the taking of a woman by a man1 which has now grown legalized1 and may become courteous1 will turn into a very skilled occupation4 ,it will be recognized still more than now that all freedom need not be lost after putting on the wedding ring4 ,as legal right and privilege grow1 as women develop private earnings1 a consciousness of worth must arise4 ,already women realize their value and demand its recognition4 ,if they demand it long enough1 they will get it4 ,i suspect that the economic problem is at the root of the marriage problem1 for people are not indiscriminate in their relationships1 and even ,don ,juan1 after a while1 longs to be faithful1 if only somebody could teach him how to be it4 ,marriage can be made close only by making divorce easy1 by extending female labor4 ,for labor makes woman less attractive and to be attractive is rather a trap3 how much higher can a woman rise8 ,but the economic freedom of woman will mean that she need not bind herself2 she will be able to break away1 and in those days she will be most completely bound1 for who would run away from a jail if the door were always left open8 ,i detest ,utopia1 and these things seem so far away that ,i am more content to take marriage as it is in the hope that unhealthy novels1 unnecessary discussions1 unwholesome views1 and unnatural feelings may little by little reform mankind4 ,meanwhile1 ,i hold fast to the private maxim that hardly anything is unendurable if one sets up that all mankind could not give one a quite worthy mate4 ,but there is another alleviation3 understanding not only that one is married to somebody else1 but also that somebody else is married to yourself1 and that it is quite as hard for the other party4 ,there are many excellent things to be done2 here are a few3 7#a7 ,do not open each other's letters4 7,for one reason you might not like the contents47 ,and try not to look liberal if you don't even glance at the address or the postmark4 7#b7 ,vary your pursuits1 your conversation1 and your clothes4 ,if required1 vary your hair4 7#c7 ,if you absolutely must be sincere1 let it be in private4 7#d7 7,especially for wives47 ,find out on the honeymoon whether crying or swearing is the more effective4 7#e7 ,once a day say to a wife3 ,i love you2 to a husband3 ,how strong you are6 ,if the latter remark is ridiculous1 say3 ,how clever you are6 for everybody believes that4 7#f7 ,forgive your partner seventy times seven4 ,then burn the ledger4 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,by the author of ,the ,second ,blooming ,,the ,,strangers' ,,wedding ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,george #abmo4 ,cloth4 #dej pages4 #a4ce net4 ,readers of ,the ,second ,blooming1 one of the most discussed novels of #aiae1 will welcome the announcement of another novel of married life by this talented ,english author4 ,the ,strangers' ,wedding is the story of ,roger ,huncote1 a young man of the upper classes who1 inflamed with philanthropic ideals1 joins a settlement to work among the poor4 ,he is speedily undeceived as to the usefulness of the movement and the worthiness of those who control it1 and conceiving an unreasonable disgust of his own class1 marries the daughter of a washerwoman4 ,realizing that there may be little difficulties1 he believes that when two people care deeply for each other nothing else can matter4 ,but ,huncote has much to learn2 and most of the story is concerned with the pitiful misunderstandings between the young husband and the young wife1 both of whom are charming but as unable to meet as east and west4 ,mr4 ,george indicates with much psychological subtlety the reversion of the strangers to their own class1 which ultimately leads them to a happy ending4 ,this novel is throughout pathetic1 but it contains a great deal of broad humor and deserves its sub-title1 ,the ,comedy of a ,romantic4 ,by the ,author of ,the ,stranger's ,wedding ,,the ,,second ,,blooming ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,george #abmo4 #dch pages4 #a4ce net4 ,a strong and thoughtful story4--,new ,york ,world4 ,a story of amazing power and insight4--,washington ,evening ,star4 ,mr4 ,george is one of the ,englishmen to be reckoned with4 ,one now says ,wells1 ,galsworthy1 ,bennett--and ,w4 ,l4 ,george4--,new ,york ,globe4 ,this writer has entered with more courage and intensity into the inner sanctuaries of life than ,mr4 ,howells and ,mr4 ,bennett have cared to do4--,chicago ,tribune4 ,mr4 ,george follows a vein of literary brilliancy that is all his own1 and his study of feminine maturity will find ample vindication the round world over4--,philadelphia ,north ,american4 ,it is a book which is bound to appeal to women1 for it is so extraordinarily true to life2 so many women have passed and are passing through remarkably similar experiences4--,london ,evening ,standard4 ,it is perhaps the biggest piece of fiction that the present season has known4 ,the present reviewer may frankly say1 without exaggeration1 that he has not had a treat of similar order since the still memorable day when he first made the acquaintance of ,mr4 ,galsworthy's ,man of ,property4--,frederic ,t4 ,cooper in the ,bookman 7,n4 ,y474 ,the ,racial ,characteristics of ,french and ,english ,,the ,,little ,,beloved ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,george #abmo4 ,cloth4 #a4ce net ,not since ,thackeray1 indeed1 has any ,english novelist done a more impressive study of the typical ,englishman4 ,it is not only a good story2 it is a notable study of national character4--,baltimore ,sun4 ,not merely a splendid opportunity for contrast between the temperamental differences of ,french and ,english1 but a narrative of earnest merit4 ,we are met by a full world of ,english characters4--,new ,york ,post4 ,first and last1 interesting4 ,it is crowded with impressions1 glimpses1 and opinions4 ,there are many characters and they are all living4444 ,reading his book is a real adventure1 by no means to be missed4--,new ,york ,times4 ,a vigorous novel based upon the process--constructive and destructive--whereby a typical ,french youth1 mercurial1 passionate1 spectacular1 is transformed into a staid and stolid ,english householder and husband4--,chicago ,herald4 ,mr4 ,george1 one of the most promising of the younger ,english writers1 has shown the process of naturalization from a more striking viewpoint1 in this story of the changing of a ,frenchman into an ,english citizen4 ,with this purpose and his nervous1 irritable nature trouble is sure to ensue1 and he has adventures in plenty4--,boston ,transcript4 ,once read1 will not quickly be forgotten4--,providence ,journal4 ,,until ,,the ,,day ,,break ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,,george #abmo4 ,cloth4 #a4ce net4 ,mr4 ,george's study of the evolution of this ,israel ,kalisch is a remarkable work in realistic fiction4--,new ,york ,world4 ,a novel of more than usual value4444 ,it is a life-drama1 such as is going on continually in ,london and ,new ,york4--,hearst's ,magazine4 ,the story contains a very pretty love element4444 ,such an objective picture as is here presented will do more than sermons to reveal the futility of the sacrifice which anarchy sometimes makes of noble minds4--,new ,york ,post4 ,mr4 ,george unquestionably has the gift of description1 not only of places but of men4 ,kalisch1 egotistic1 self-confident1 fearless1 making his way from ,gallicia through ,hungary to starve and fight in ,new ,york1 is an impressive conception4--,the ,bookman4 ,israel1 ,warsch1 ,leimeritz1 the various women who successively love ,israel1 they are so true1 so vital that we can almost see and hear them speak and breathe4 ,yes1 this is a great novel1 even though it alternately fires and freezes the very marrow of the soul4--,chicago ,herald4 ,,little1 ,,brown ,,co41 ,,publishers #cd ,,beacon ,,street1 ,,boston