produc$ f images available at ! ,digital ,multim$ia ,c5t]1 ,mi*igan ,/ate ,univ]sity ,libr>ies47 ,,h[ ,,to ,,see ,a ,,play ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,burton ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiad ,n[ "h are tw5ty criticks 444 & yet e "o is a critick aft] 8 own way2 t is1 su* a play is be/ because ,i l x4 ,a v famili> argum5t1 me?9ks1 to prove ! excell5ce ( a play1 & to :i* an au?or w\ld be v unwill+ to appeal = 8 success4 --,f ,f>quh>'s ,a ,disc\rse ,^u ,com$y4 ,,copyright1 #aiad ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,set up & ,electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aiad ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york--,,bo/on--,,*icago ,,dallas--,,atlanta--,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london--,,bombay--,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto 99 99 99 ,,preface ,*apt]3 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,viii1 ,,ix1 ,x1 ,,xi ,,notes 99 99 99 ,,preface ,?is book is aim$ squ>ely at ! !at]-go]4 ,x hopes to (f] a concise g5]al treatm5t ^u ! use ( ! !at]1 s t ! p]son 9 ! seat may get ! mo/ = 8 money2 may *oose 8 ent]ta9m5t wisely1 avoid t :i* is n wor? :ile1 & appreciate ! values arti/ic & intellectual ( :at he is see+ & he>+4 ,?is purpose %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 9 read+ ! book1 = :ile ,i tru/ ! critic & ! playwright may f9d ! discussion n )\t int]e/ & sane 9 pr9ciple1 ! desire is prim>ily to put into ! h&s ( ! _m :o att5d ! playh\se a manual t w prove helpful &1 s f> z x goes1 be an influ5ce t[>d creat+ 9 ?is c\ntry t body ( al]t !at] auditors )\t :i* good drama w n fl\ri%4 ,! obligation ( ! !at]-go] to insi/ on s\nd plays is "o too long ov]look$2 & j 9 s f> z he does insi/ 9 ev]-gr[+ numb]s ^u drama t has te*nical skill1 lit]>y quality & int]pretive insight into life1 w t bett] !at] come :i* mu/ be ! hope ( all :o realize ! great social & educative p[]s ( ! playh\se4 ,! words ( t vet]an actor-manag] & playwright ( ! pa/1 ,colley ,cibb]1 are apposite "h3 ,x is n to ! actor !re=e1 b to ! vitiat$ & l[ ta/e ( ! spectator1 t ! corruptions ( ! /age 7( :at k9d soev]7 h be5 ow+4 ,if ! publick1 by :om !y mu/ live1 _h _s en\gh to disc\nt5ance & decl>e aga9/ all ! tra% & fopp]ies !y h be5 s frequ5tly fond (1 bo? ! actors & ! au?ors1 to ! be/ ( _! p[]1 mu/ naturally h s]v$ _! daily table ) s\nd & :olesome diet4 ,& aga9 he rem>ks3 ,= z _! he>]s are1 s w actors be2 worse or bett]1 z ! false or true ta/e applauds or discomm5ds !m4 ,h5ce only c our !at]s improve1 or mu/ deg5]ate4 ,n = a mom5t is x impli$ t ?is book1 or any book ( ! k9d1 c make playwrights4 ,playwrights z well z actors are born1 n made--at lea/1 9 ! s5se t see+ life dramatically & hav+ a feel+ = situation & climax is a gift & no?+ else4 ,! wise ,cibb] may be he>d also ^u ?is4 ,to excel 9 ei!r art1 he decl>es1 is a self-born happ9ess1 :i* some?+ m ?an good s5se mu/ be "m (4 ,b ?is may be grant$1 :ile x is ma9ta9$ /\tly t !re rema9s to ! dramati/ a te*nic to be acquir$1 & t practice !re9 & reflection ^u x makes p]fect4 ,! w\ld-be playwright c le>n 8 trade1 ev5 z ano!r1 & mu/1 to succe$4 ,& ! spectator 7our ma9 po9t ( attack1 z 0 said71 ! necess>y coadjutor ) play] & playwright 9 !at] success1 c also become an adept 9 8 "p ( ?is cooep]ative result4 ,?is book is writt5 to assi/ him 9 su* cooep]ation4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,see ,a ,,play ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,play1 ,a ,,=m ,,( ,,/ory ,,tell+ ,! play is a =m ( /ory tell+1 among sev]al su* =ms3 ! %ort /ory1 or tale2 ! novel2 & 9 v]se1 ! epic & t abbreviat$ v]sion ( x call$ ! ballad4 ,all ( !m1 ea* 9 its own fa%ion1 is try+ to d pretty mu* ! same ?+1 to tell a /ory4 ,& by /ory1 z ! ^w is us$ 9 ?is book1 x w be well to say t ,i mean su* a manipulation ( human happ5+s z to give a s5se ( unity & gr[? to a def9ite end4 ,a /ory implies a connection ( *>act]s & ev5ts s z to sugge/ a r\nd+ out & completion1 :i*1 look$ back ^u1 %all satisfy man's desire to discov] "s mean+ & significance 9 :at is call$ ,life4 ,a *ild begg+ at ! "m's knee = ! end ( ! /ory1 be=e b$time1 really repres5ts ! race2 ! in/9ct beh9d ! reque/ is a s\nd "o4 ,a /ory1 !n1 has a beg9n+1 middle & end1 & 9 ! "r h&s is se5 to h proportion1 organic cohesion & developm5t4 ,its p>ts dovetail1 & :at at fir/ appe>$ to lack direction & connective significance f9ally is se5 to possess t :ol5ess :i* makes x a "w ( art4 ,a /ory1 !re=e1 is n a *ance m$ley ( incid5ts & *>act]s2 b an arti/ic texture s wov5 z to quick5 our feel+ t a univ]se :i* (t5 seems disord]$ & *ance-wise is 9 reality ord]$ & pre-arrang$4 ,art 9 its /ory-mak+ does ?is s]vice = life1 ev5 if life does n d x = u4 ,& h]e9 lies "o ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 art & life2 art1 z x 71 go+ life "o bett] 9 ?is re>rangem5t ( mat]ial4 ,( ! v>i\s ways ref]r$ to ( tell+ a /ory1 ! play has its di/9ctive me?od & *>act]i/ics1 to sep>ate x f ! o!rs4 ,! /ory is told on a /age1 ?r\gh ! imp]sonation ( "* by human be+s2 9 ^w & action1 assi/$ by sc5]y1 ! /ory is unfold$4 ,! drama 7a t]m us$ d\bly to mean plays 9 g5]al or "s p>ticul> play7 is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r =ms m5tion$ 9 sub/itut+ dialogue & direct visualiz$ action = ! indirect n>ration ( fiction4 ,a play :5 pr9t$ diff]s also 9 c]ta9 ways2 ! p]sons ( ! play are nam$ ap>t f ! text2 ! speak]s are indicat$ by writ+ _! names be=e ! spee*es2 ! action is indicat$ 9 p>5!ses1 ! "n bus9ess be+ giv5 to ?is supplem5t>y in=mation1 ! same t]m t is us$ on ! /age = all t lies outside dialogue & sc5]y4 ,& ! :ole play1 z a rule1 is sub-divid$ into acts & (t51 especially 9 e>li] drama1 into sc5es1 less] divisions )9 ! acts2 ^! divisions be+ us$ = purposes ( bett] h&l+ ( ! plot & exig5cies ( sc5e %ift+1 z well z = agreeable brea?+ spaces = ! audi5ce4 ,! ^w sc5e1 x may be add$ "h1 is us$ 9 ,engli%-speak+ l&s to indicate a *ange ( sc5e1 :]eas 9 =eign drama x m]ely ref]s to ! exit or entrance ( a "*1 s t a diff]5t numb] ( p]sons is on ! /age4 ,b !re are1 ( c\rse1 deep]1 m organic qualities ?an ^! ext]nal attributes ( a play4 ,! /]n limits ( "t 9 ! repres5tation ( ! /age /ory--little m ?an two h\rs1 ! two h\rs traffic ( ! /age m5tion$ by ,%akespe>e--necessitates tell+ ! /ory ) emphasis ^u its sali5t po9ts2 only ! high lights ( "* & ev5t c be advantage\sly %[n )9 su* limits4 ,h5ce ! dramatic /ory1 z ! adjective has come to %[1 indicates a /ory pres5t+ 9 a t]se & tell+ fa%ion only ! mo/ important & excit+ ?+s4 ,to be dramatic is ?us to be /rik+1 to produce effects by omission1 compression1 /ress & cresc5do4 ,to be sure1 rec5t mod]n plays c be nam$ 9 pl5ty :i* seem to violate ?is pr9ciple2 b !y d s at _! p]il1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( drama no?+ is pla9] ?an t ! ess5ce ( good play-mak+ lies 9 ! p[] to seize ! significant mom5ts ( ! /age /ory & s pres5t !m z to grip ! int]e/ & hold x ) increas+ t5sion up to a culm9at+ mom5t call$ ! climax4 ,c]ta9 advantages & c]ta9 limitations foll[ f ^! *>act]i/ics ( a play4 ,= "o ?+1 ! drama is able to focus on ! really int]e/+1 excit+1 en?rall+ mom5ts ( human do+s1 :]e a novel1 = example1 :i* has s mu* m leisure to accompli% its purpose to give a picture ( life1 c af=d to take its "t & becomes sl[]1 & (t51 z a result1 comp>atively prolix & indirect4 ,?is may n be advisable 9 a piece ( fiction1 b x is (t5 f\nd1 & ma/]pieces bo? ( ! pa/ & pres5t illu/rate ! possibility2 ! "w ( a ,ri*>dson1 a ,h5ry ,james1 a ,b5nett4 ,b = a play ?is w\ld be simply suicide2 = ! drama mu/ be m direct1 cond5s$ & rapid4 ,& j 9 proportion z a novel adopts ! me?od ( ! play d we call x dramatic & does x w9 a g5]al audi5ce2 ! /ory ( a ,/ev5son or a ,kipl+4 ,aga91 hav+ 9 m9d ! advantages ( ! play1 ! /age /ory is bo? he>d & se51 & important results issue f ?is fact4 ,! play-/ory is actually se5 in/ead ( se5 by ! eye ( ! imag9ation ?r\gh ! appeal ( ! pr9t$ page2 or indirectly aga91 if "o he>s a n>rative recit$4 ,& ?is actual see+ on ! /age br+s conviction1 s9ce see+ is believ+1 by ! old saw4 ,sc5]y1 too1 necessitates a c]ta9 tru?fulness 9 ! reproduc+ ( life by ^w & act & sc5e1 because ! spectator1 :o is able to judge x all by ! te/ ( life1 w m readily comp>e ! mimic repres5tation ) ! actuality ?an if he 7 read+ ! words ( a "* 9 a book1 or be+ told1 n>rative fa%ion1 ( ! "*'s action4 ,9 ?is way ! /age /ory seems ne>] life4 ,moreov]1 ! see+ is =tifi$ by he>+2 ! spectator is also ! auditor4 ,& "h is ano!r te/ ( reality4 ,if ! intonation or acc5t or tone ( voice ( ! actor is n life-l & 9 consonance ) ! "* portray$1 ! audi5ce w in/antly be quick] to detect x & to criticize ?an if ! same "* 7 %[n 9 fiction2 see+1 ! spectator insi/s t dress & c>riage1 & sc5]y1 :i* furni%es a congru\s backgr\nd1 %all be plausible2 & he>+1 ! auditor insi/s ^u ! spee* be+ true to type4 ,! play has an imm5se sup]iority also ov] all pr9t$ lit]ature 9 t1 mak+ its appeal directly ?r\gh eye & e>1 x is n lit]>y at all2 ,i mean1 ! /ory 9 ?is =m c be und]/ood & enjoy$ by c\ntless :o read b little or ev5 _c read4 ,lit]ature1 9 ! conv5tional s5se1 may be a clos$ book to innum]able !at]-go]s :o nev]!less c witness a drama & react to its exhibition ( life4 ,! ^w1 :i* 9 pr9t$ lett]s is s all-important1 on ! /age becomes second>y to action & sc5e1 = ! /ory c be1 & sometimes is1 enact$ 9 pantomime1 )\t a s+le ^w be+ spok54 ,9 ess5ce1 !re=e1 a play may be call$ unlit]>y1 & ?us x makes a wid]1 m democratic appeal ?an any?+ 9 pr9t c4 ,yet1 by an int]e/+ p>adox1 :5 ! words ( ! play are writt5 by ma/]s l ,cald]on1 ,%akespe>e1 ,moli]e or ,ibs51 ! drama becomes ! *ief lit]>y glory ( ,spa91 ,engl&1 ,france & ,norway4 ,= 9 ! f9al reckon+ only ! language t is fit & f9e pres]ves ! drama ( ! _w 9 books & classifies x ) creative lit]ature4 ,?us ! play c be all ?+s to all m52 at once unlit]>y 9 its appeal1 & yet1 9 ! f9e/ examples1 an important contribution to lett]s4 ,a peculi> advantage ( ! play ov] ! o!r /ory-tell+ =ms is f\nd 9 ! fact t :ile "o reads ! pr9t$ /ory1 %ort or long1 ! epic or ballad1 by oneself 9 ! quiet enjoym5t ( ! libr>y1 "o witnesses ! drama 9 company ) _m o!r human be+s--unless ! play be a dire failure & ! h\se empty4 ,& ?is association1 ?\gh x may remove "s ( ! m ref9$ & ari/ocratic exp]i5ces ( ! read]1 has a def9ite effect ^u individual pleasure 9 ! way ( enri*m5t1 & ev5 reacts ^u ! play itself to %ape its nature4 ,a curi\s sort ( sympa?y is set up ?r\gh\t an audi5ce z x receives ! skillful /ory ( ! playwright2 common or cr[d emotions are ar\s$1 p]sonal v>iations are subm]g$ 9 a g5]al associative feel+ & ! individual does n s mu* laugh1 cry & wond] by himself z d ^! ?+s sympa!tically 9 conjunction ) o!rs4 ,he becomes a simpl]1 less complex p]son ^: emotions dom9ate ! analytic processes ( ! individual bra94 ,he is a m pla/ic receptive creature ?an he w\ld be alone4 ,any "o c te/ ?is = himself by ask+ if he w\ld h laugh$ s upro>i\sly at a c]ta9 humor\s spee* _h x be5 (f]$ him deta*$ f ! "t & place4 ,! *ances are t1 by & 9 itself1 x might n seem funny at all4 ,& ! read9ess ) :i* he fell into cordial conv]sation ) ! /rang] 9 ! next seat is also a h9t z to 8 magnetiz$ mood :5 ?us subject$ to ! pot5t influ5ce ( mob psy*ology4 ,= ?is reason1 !n1 among o!rs1 a drama he>d & se5 "u ! usual conditions secures unique effects ( response 9 contra/ ) ! o!r si/] =ms ( tell+ /ories4 ,a height5+ ( effect ^u auditor & spectator is ga9$--to m5tion "o o!r advantage--by ! fact t ! /ory :i* 9 a "w ( fiction may ext5d to a l5g? preclud+ ! possibility ( its reception at "o sitt+1 may 9 ! !at] be br\ght )9 ! compass ( an ev5+1 9 ! "t betwe5 d9n] & b$4 ,?is secures a unity ( impression :]eby ! play is a ga9] ov] ! novel4 ,a great piece ( fiction l ,david ,copp]field1 or ,tom ,jones1 or ,a ,mod]n ,in/ance1 or ,alice = ,%ort _c be read 9 a day1 except z a feat ( endurance & "u unusual privileges ( "t to sp>e4 ,b a great play--,%akespe>e's ,hamlet or ,ibs5's ,a ,doll's ,h\se--c be absorb$ 9 its entirety 9 less ?an ?ree h\rs1 & :ile ! he>] has p]haps n left 8 seat4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 & :atev] ! losses1 ?is e/abli%es a sup]iority = ! play4 ,a coh]5t section ( life1 :i* is :at ! /ory %\ld be1 convey$ 9 ! :ole by ?is brevity ( execution1 s t ! recipi5t may get a full s5se ( its organic unity1 _c b be m impressive ?an any m$ium ( /ory tell+ :]e ?is is out ( ! "q4 ,! m]it ( ! novel1 !re=e1 supreme 9 its way1 is ano!r m]it2 "o /> diff]e? f ano!r 9 glory4 ,x w be recall$ t ,poe1 ) ?is matt] ( brevity ( "t & unity ( impression 9 m9d1 decl>$ t !re 0 no su* ?+ z a long poem2 mean+ t only ! %ort poem :i* c\ld be read ?r\gh at "o sitt+ c\ld atta9 to ! highe/ effects4 ,b along ) ^! advantages g c]ta9 limitations1 too1 9 ?is =m ( /ory tell+2 limitations :i* w>n ! play n to encroa* ^u ! doma9 ( fiction1 & :i* h mu* to d ) mak+ ! =m :at x is4 ,f its v nature ! novel c be m ?or\gh-go+ 9 ! del9eation ( "*4 ,! drama1 z we h se51 mu/1 "u its /]n re/rictions ( "t1 seize ^u out/&+ traits & assume t mu* ( ! developm5t has tak5 place be=e ! rise ( ! fir/ curta94 ,! novel %[s "* 9 process ( developm5t2 ! play %[s :at "*1 develop$ to ! po9t ( te/1 w d :5 ! te/ comes4 ,its me?od1 especially 9 ! h&s ( mod]n playwrights l ,ibs5 & ,%aw1 is to exhibit a human be+ act$ ^u sudd5ly by a situation :i* exposes ! hidd5 spr+s ( action & is a culm9ation ( a long evolution prior to ! plot t falls )9 ! play prop]4 ,9 ! drama *>act]s mu/ = ! mo/ "p be display$ 9 ext]nal acts1 s9ce action is ( ! v ess5ce ( a play2 9 a novel1 sl[ly & ?r\gh long /ret*es ( "t1 n ! acts alone b ! ?\ghts1 motives & desires ( ! "* may be reveal$4 ,obvi\sly1 9 ! drama ?is _c be done1 9 any l measure1 9 spite ( ! fact t "s ( ! late psy*ologi/s ( ! drama1 l ,galswor?y1 ,b5nett & o!rs1 h tri$ to introduce a m c>eful psy*ology into _! play-mak+4 ,at ! be/1 only an approximation to ! subtlety & p5etration ( fiction c be ?us atta9$4 ,x 7 wis] to recognize ! limitation & be satisfi$ ) ! comp5sat+ ga9 ( ! m vivid1 compell+ effect secur$ ?r\gh ! me?od ( pres5t+ human be+s1 natural to ! playh\se4 ,!re are also arbitr>y & artificial conv5tions ( ! /age condition+ ! /ory :i* may p]haps be reg>d$ z drawbacks :]e ! /ory 9 fiction is fre] 9 ^! respects4 ,bo? =ms ( /ory tell+ /rive--nev] s eag]ly z to-day--= a tru?ful repres5tation ( life4 ,! /age1 traditionally1 9 its depiction ( "* ?r\gh ^w & action1 has n be5 s close to life z fiction2 ! dialogue has be5 fur!r remov$ f ! actual idiom ( human spee*4 ,x is only ( late t /age talk 9 naturalness has begun to rival ! v]isimilitude ( dialogue 9 ! be/ fiction4 ,?is may well be = ! reason 7already t\*$ ^u7 t ! pres5ce ( ! speak]s on ! /age has 9 itself a reality :i* corrects ! artificiality ( ! words spok54 ,i did n "k1 ! !at] auditor might be imag9$ z say+1 t p talk$ l t2 b !re !y are1 talk+2 x mu/ be s4 ,! drama 9 all l&s is try+ z nev] be=e to repres5t life 9 spee* z well z act2 & ! /ra9 hi!rto put ^u ! actor1 :o 9 ! pa/ _h z "p ( 8 function to make ! artificial & unreal plausible & arti/ic1 has be5 s f> remov$ z to enable him to give 8 ma9 /r5g? to g5u9e int]pretation4 ,! "t values on ! /age are a limitation :i* makes = artificiality2 actual "t mu/ ( necessity be %ort5$1 = if true *ronology 7 pres]v$ ! play w\ld be utt]ly balk$ 9 its purpose ( pres5t+ a complete /ory t1 h[ev] brief1 mu/ cov] m "t ?an is involv$ 9 :at is %[n ^u ! bo>ds ( a !at]4 ,z a result all "t values und]go a proportionate %r9kage4 ,?is c be e/imat$ by ! way meals are eat5 on ! /age4 ,9 actual life tw5ty m9utes are allott$ = ! scamp$ eat+ "t ( ! railway /ation1 & we all feel x z a grievance4 ,half an h\r is scant dec5cy = ! unpret5ti\s private meal2 & z x becomes m =mal an h\r is bett]1 & sev]al h\rs m likely4 ,yet no play c\ld af=d to all[ tw5ty m9utes = ?is function1 ev5 7 x a meal ( /ate2 x w\ld consume half an act1 or !reab\ts4 ,consequ5tly1 on ! /age1 ! effect ( long] "t is produc$ by lett+ ! audi5ce see ! g5]al details ( ! fea/2 food eat51 w9e drunk1 s]vants wait+1 & conv]sation int]polat$4 ,x is "o ( ! dem&s made ^u ! actor's skill to make all ^! cond5s$ & select$ m9utiae ( a meal /& = ! real ?+2 once m art is re>rang+ life1 "u sev]e pressure4 ,if ^? int]e/$ w te/ ) wat* 9 h& ! actual "t all[$ = ! banquet 9 ,a ,p>isian ,romance1 s admirably envisag$ by ! late ,ri*>d ,mansfield1 or ! fam\s ,?anksgiv+ d9n] sc5e 9 ,%ore ,acres1 fragrantly associat$ ) ! memory ( ! late ,james ,a4 ,h]ne1 !y w possibly be surpris$ at ! brevity ( su* repres5tations4 ,because ( ?is necess>y compression1 a scale ( "t has to be adopt$ :i* %all secure an effect ( actualness by a cunn+ obeyance ( proportion2 ! r$uction ( scale is skillful1 & s ! result is congru\s4 ,& x is pla9 t fiction may take m "t if x s desires 9 su* sc5es2 al?\gh ev5 9 ! novel ! actual "t consum$ by a =mal d9n] w\ld be reproduc$ by ! noveli/ at great risk ( bor+ 8 read]4 ,aga91 ) disadvantages 9 m9d1 x might be ass]t$ t ! /age /ory suff]s 9 t "s ( ! happ5+s involv$ 9 ! plot mu/ p]=ce transpire (f /age2 & :5 ?is is s !re is an inevitable loss ( effect1 inasmu* z x is ( ! nature ( drama1 z has be5 not$1 to %[ ev5ts1 & ! indirect n>rative me?od is to be avoid$ z undramatic4 ,tyros 9 play-writ+ fail to make ?is di/9ction2 & z a g5]alization x may be /at$ t :5ev] possible a play %\ld %[ a ?+1 r t /ate x4 ,see+ is believ+1 to repeat ! axiom4 ,yet a qualifi] may "h be made1 = 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( drama or :5 a c]ta9 effect is /riv5 = ! indirect me?od may be p[]fully effective4 ,! murd] 9 ,macbe? ga9s r ?an loses because x takes place outside ! sc5e2 ,maet]l9ck 9 8 e>li] ,plays = ,m>ionettes1 s call$1 secur$ rem>kable effects ( susp5se & t5sion by sy/ematically us+ ! pr9ciple ( indirection2 z :]e 9 ,! ,sev5 ,pr9cesses ! pr9cesses :o are ! p>ticul> excit+ cause ( ! play are n se5 at all by ! audi5ce2 ! impression !y make1 a great "o1 comes ?r\gh _! effect ^u c]ta9 *>act]s on ! /age & ?is height5s imm5sely ! dramatic value ( ! unse5 figures4 ,we may po9t to ! ,greeks1 too1 9 illu/ration1 :o 9 _! great folk dramas ( leg5d regul>ly made use ( ! pr9ciple ( indirect n>ration :5 ! aim 0 to put be=e ! va/ audi5ces ! t]rible occurr5ces ( ! fable1 n coram populo1 z ,horace has x1 n 9 ! pres5ce ( ! audi5ce1 b r (f /age4 ,nev]!less1 ^! exceptions c be expla9$ )\t violat+ ! g5]al pr9ciple t 9 a /age /ory x is always dang]\s n to exhibit any action t is vital to ! play4 ,& ?is compulsion1 x w be evid5t1 is a re/riction :i* may at times cripple ! scope ( ! dramati/1 :ile yet x /imulates 8 skill to ov]come ! difficulty4 ,summ>iz+ ! diff]5ces :i* g to make drama di/9ctive z a /ory-tell+ =m & di/+ui% x f o!r /ory molds3 a play 9 contra/ ) fiction tells its tale by ^w1 act & sc5e 9 a ris+ scale ( importance1 & )9 brief] "t limits1 necessitat+ a f> m c>eful selection ( mat]ial1 & a great] emphasis ^u sali5t mom5ts 9 ! h&l+ ( plot2 & because ( ! device ( act divisions1 ) c]ta9 mom5ts ( height5$ int]e/ culm9at+ 9 a c5tral sc5e & ?us ga9+ 9 t5sion & int5sity by ?is en=c$ me?od ( compression & /ress2 :ile los+ ! opportunity to amplify & m c>efully to del9eate "*4 ,x ga9s z well because ! /ory comes by ! d\ble receipt ( ! eye & e> to a !at] audi5ce "s ( :om at lea/1 ?r\gh illit]acy1 might be unable to appreciate ! /ory pr9t$ 9 a book4 ,! play ?us is ! mo/ democratic & popul> =m ( /ory tell+1 & at ! same "t is capable ( embody+1 inde$ has embodi$1 ! greate/ creative lit]ature ( v>i\s nations4 ,& = a g5]ation n[1 increas+ly1 9 ! ,european c\ntries & 9 ,engli%-speak+ l&s1 ! play has begun to come into its own z an art =m ) unique advantages 9 ! way ( wide appeal & cultural possibilities4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,play1 ,a ,,cultural ,,opportunity ,c]ta9 rem>ks at ! close ( ! prec$+ *apt] h9t at :at is 9 m9d 9 giv+ a title to ! pres5t "o4 ,! play1 ?is democratic mode ( /ory tell+1 attract+ va/ numb]s ( he>]s & univ]sally popul> because man is ev] avid ( amusem5t & turns hungrily to su* a m$ium z ! !at] to satisfy a deeply implant$ in/9ct = pleasure1 c be made an exp]i5ce to ! auditor prop]ly to be includ$ 9 :at he w\ld call 8 cultural opportunity4 ,t is to say1 x c take its place among ^? civiliz+ ag5cies furni%$ by ! arts & lett]s1 travel & ! high] aspects ( social life4 ,a drama1 z ?is book seeks to %[1 is 9 its f9e/ e/ate a "w ( art comp>able ) su* o!r works ( art z pictures1 /atu>y1 musical compositions & ! a*ievem5ts ( ! book _w4 ,i %all endeavor lat] to %[ a little m 9 detail :]e9 lie ! arti/ic requirem5ts & successes ( ! play2 & a sugge/ion ( ?is has be5 already made 9 *apt] "o4 ,b ?is ?\ght ( ! play z a "w ( art has h>dly be5 9 ! m9ds ( folk ( our race & spee* until ! rec5t awak5+ ( an enlight5$ int]e/ 9 ?+s dramatic2 a movem5t s brief z to be embrac$ by ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,! !at] has be5 reg>d$ c>elessly1 ?\ghtlessly1 m]ely z a place ( idle amusem5t1 or worse2 ignorant prejudice aga9/ x has be5 rife1 ) a natural reaction = ! worse ^u ! in/itution itself4 ,! play has nei!r be5 associat$ ) a s]i\s treatm5t ( life nor ) ! ref9$ pleasure d]ivable f contact ) art4 ,nor1 al?\gh ! p]sonality ( actors has always be5 acclaim$1 & an inf9ite am\nt ( silly *att] ab\t _! private lives be5 con/ant1 h !at]-go]s z a class realiz$ ! di/+ui%$ skill ( ! dramati/ 9 ! h&l+ ( a v difficult & delicate art1 nor done ju/ice to ! art :i* ! actor repres5ts1 nor to 8 own arti/ry 9 x4 ,b n[ a *ange has come1 happily4 ,! ,engli%-speak+ l&s h begun at lea/ to get into l9e ) o!r enlight5$ c\ntries1 to compreh5d ! educational value ( ! playh\se1 & ! consequ5t importance ( ! play4 ,! rapid gr[? to-day 9 :at may be call$ social consci\sness has quick5$ our s5se ( ! social significance ( an in/itution t1 :atev] its e/hetic & intellectual /atus1 is an enorm\s influ5ce 9 ! daily life ( ! multitude4 ,gradually ^? :o ?9k h come to see t ! !at]1 ?is p's pleasure1 %\ld (f] drama t is rational1 :olesome amusem5t2 t society 9 g5]al has a vital /ake 9 ! nature ( an ent]ta9m5t s widely diffus$1 s imp]atively dem&$ & s surely effective 9 %ap+ ! ideals ( ! p at l>ge4 ,! f9al *apt] w enl>ge ^u ?is sugge/ion4 ,& ?is idea has gr[n along ) ! n[ v evid5t re-bir? ( a drama :i*1 :ile practical /age mat]ial1 has tak5 on ! lit]>y graces & makes s /rong an appeal z lit]ature t mu* ( our be/ 9 lett]s is n[ 9 dramatic =m3 ! play be+ ! mo/ notable contribution1 aft] ! novel1 ( our "t4 ,lead+ writ]s ev]y:]e are practical dramati/s2 m5 ( lett]s1 yet also m5 ( ! !at]1 :o write plays n only to be read b to be act$1 & :o h conqu]$ ! difficult te*nic ( ! drama s z to kill two birds ) ! "o /one4 ,! /ud5t ( hi/orical drama w p]ceive t ?is welcome *ange is b a return to e>li] & bett] conditions :5 ! mighty play-mak]s ( ! pa/--,cald]on1 ,moli]e1 ,%akespe>e & _! compe]s--7 also mak]s ( lit]ature :i* we /ill read ) delight4 ,&1 )\t ref]r+ to ! pa/1 a glance at =eign l&s w reveal ! fact t o!r c\ntries1 if n our own1 h always recogniz$ ?is cultural value ( ! /age & h5ce giv5 ! !at] importance 9 ! civic or national life1 (t5 sp5d+ public moneys = its ma9t5ance & us+ x 7(t5 9 close association ) music7 z a c5tral factor 9 national culture4 ,! travel] to-day 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,russia & ! ,sc&9avian l&s _c b be impress$ ) ?is fact1 & w br+ home to ,am]ica "s sugge/ive lessons = patriotic native appreciation4 ,9 ! mod]n educational s*eme1 !n1 room %\ld be made = "s tra9+ 9 intellig5t play-go+4 ,s f> f !re be+ any?+ ,quixotic 9 ! notion1 all ! signs are 9 its favor4 ,! feel+ is spread+ fa/ t s*ool & college mu/ include !at] culture 9 ! curriculum & p at l>ge are seek+ to "k some?+ ( ! significance ( ! !at] 9 its long evolution f its bir? to ! pres5t1 ( ! hi/ory ( ! drama itself1 ( ! nature ( a play reg>d$ z a "w ( art2 ( ! specific values1 too1 ( ! relat$ art ( ! actor :o alone makes ! drama vital2 & ( ! relative excell5cies1 9 ! actual playh\ses ( our "t1 ( plays1 play]s & playwrights2 toge!r ) "s idea ( ! rapidly *ang+ pres5t-day conditions4 ,su* *anges include ! com+ ( ! "o-act play1 ! />tl+ developm5t ( ! mov+ picture1 ! gr[? ( ! ,little ,!at]1 ! rise ( ! masque & pageant1 & s on ) o!r manife/ations yet4 ,surely1 "s k 9 a field s broad & humanly appeal+1 bo? = legitimate enjoym5t ( ! individual & 9 view ( 8 obligations to fell[ man1 is ( equal mom5t to a k ( ! *emical effect ( hydro*loric acid ^u m>ble1 or ( ! work+ ( a table ( log>i?ms4 ,^! la/ are less involv$ 9 ! liv+ ( a normal human be+4 ,"h are signs ( ! "t1 :i* m>k a revolution 9 ?\ght4 ,9 ! light ( su* facts1 x is curi\s to reflect ^u ! neglect ( ! !at] hi!rto = c5turies z an in/itution & ! refusal to ?9k ( ! play z wor?y until x 0 (f]$ ^u ! pr9t$ page4 ,! v fact t x 0 exhibit$ on ! /age seem$ to /amp x z bel[ s]i\s consid]ation4 ,& t1 too1 :5 ! v ^w play implies t x is some?+ to be play$4 ,! tak+ ov] ( ! !at]s by un$ucat$ p]sons to :om su* a place 01 l a dep>tm5t /ore1 simply an emporium ( desir$ commodities1 toge!r ) ! ,puritanic feel+ t ! playh\se1 z su*1 0 an evil ?+ fr[n$ ^u by ,god & injuri\s to man1 comb9$ to set ?is =m ( ent]ta9m5t 9 ill repute4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 9 t brilliant little play1 ,! ,d>k ,lady ( ! ,sonnets1 sets c]ta9 %rewd words 9 ! m\?s ( ,%akespe>e & ,que5 ,elizabe? p]t95t to ?is ?\ght3 ,,%akespe>e3 ,( late1 z y "k1 ! ,*ur* taught ! p by means ( plays2 b ! p flock$ only to su* z 7 full ( sup]/iti\s miracles & bloody m>tyrdoms2 & s ! ,*ur*1 :i* also 0 j !n br\ght into /raits by ! policy ( y\r royal fa!r1 did ab&on & disc\nt5ance play+2 & ?us x fell into ! h&s ( poor play]s & gre$y m]*ants t _h _! pockets to look to & n ! greatness ( y\r k+dom4 ,,elizabe?3 ,ma/] ,%akespe>e1 y speak soo?2 ,i _c 9 anywise am5d x4 ,i d>e n (f5d my unruly ,puritans by mak+ s lewd a place z ! playh\se a public *>ge2 & !re be a ?\s& ?+s to be done 9 ?is ,london ( m9e be=e y\r poetry c h its p5ny f ! g5]al purse4 ,i tell !e1 ,ma/] ,w1 x w be ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e my subjects le>n t man _c live by bread alone1 b by e ^w t come? f ! m\? ( ^? :om ,god inspires4 ,! height ( ! incongru\s absurdity 0 illu/rat$ 9 ! =m] tea*+ ( ,%akespe>e4 ,"h 0 a writ] incessantly hail$ z ! ma/] poet ( ! race2 he bulk$ l>ge 9 s*ool & college1 p]=ce4 ,yet ! tea*] 0 confront$ by ! emb>rass+ fact t ,%akespe>e 0 also an actor3 a pr(ession giv5 ov] to ! sons ( ,belial2 & a playwright :o actually wrote 8 immortal poetry 9 ! %ape ( !at] plays4 ,?is 0 sad1 inde$6 ,! result 0 t 9 bo? ! old] tea*+ & academic criticism emphasis 0 always plac$ ^u ,%akespe>e ! poet1 ! great m9d2 & ,%akespe>e ! playwright 0 h>dly expla9$ at all2 or if expla9$ ! illum9ation 0 m l d>kness visible1 because ^? 9 ! seats ( judgm5t 7 s ignorant ( play te*nic & ! requirem5ts ( ! !at] z to make _! attempts well-nigh useless4 ,x rema9$ = our own "t & s*ol>s l ,george ,p4 ,bak] & ,br&] ,mat!ws1 ) intellig5t1 sympa!tic compreh5sion ( ! play z a =m ( art & ! playh\se z condition+ x1 to /udy ! ,/rat=d b>d prim>ily z playwright & s give u a new & m accurate portrait ( him z man & creative work]4 ,i hope x is beg9n+ to be app>5t t intellig5t play-go+ />ts long be=e "o goes to ! !at]4 ,x means1 = "o ?+1 "s acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( drama1 & ! !at] :i* is its home1 bo? 9 ! developm5t ( ,engli% culture & t ( o!r important nations ^: dramatic contribution has be5 l>ge4 ,?is aspect ( culture w be enl>g$ ^u 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,mu* c be done--f> m ?an has be5 done--9 ?is hi/orical survey 9 s*ool & college to prep>e ,am]ican citiz5s = rational !at] enjoym5t4 ,!re is no?+ p$antic 9 su* prep>ation4 ,nobody objects to be+ suffici5tly tra9$ 9 art to di/+ui% a *romo f an oil ma/]piece or to "k ! diff]5ce 9 music betwe5 a *eap organ-gr9d] j+le & ! rhy?mic m>vels ( a ,*op94 ,x is equally fooli% to be unable to give a reason = ! pref]5ce = a play by ,%aw or ,b>rie ov] ! mean+less co>se f>ce by "s /age hack4 ,x is all 9 ! day's culture & :5 once ! idea t ! !at] is an art has be5 firmly seiz$ & communicat$ to _m all t seems biz>re 9 su* a ?\ght w disappe>--& good riddance6 ,! fir/ & fundam5tal duty to ! !at] is to att5d ! play wor?y ( patronage4 ,if "o be a !at]-go]1 yet has nev] tak5 ! tr\ble to see a c]ta9 drama t adorns ! playh\se1 "o is op5 to criticism4 ,! ab/5tion1 :5 ! *ance 0 (f]$1 mu/ 9 fact ei!r be a criticism ( ! play or ( ! p]son himself because he refra9$ f support+ x4 ,b let x be assum$ t our !at]-go] is 9 8 seat1 ready to d 8 "p 9 ! patronage ( a good play4 ,h[1 once !re1 %all he %[ ! approval1 or at lea/ int]e/1 8 pres5ce implies8 ,by mak+ himself a "p ( ! sympa!tic psy*ology ( ! audi5ce1 z a :ole2 n resi/+ ! effect by a position ( intellectual alo(ness natural to a human be+ burd5$ ) ! self-consci\sness t he is a critic2 b gladly recogniz+ ! human & arti/ic qualities ( ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,next1 by giv+ ext]nal sign ( ?is sympa!tic approval by applause4 ,applause 9 ?is c\ntry g5]ally means ! clapp+ ( ! h&s2 only exceptionally1 & 9 l>ge cities1 d we he> ! bravos cu/om>y 9 ,europe4 ,b suppose ! play m]it n approval b ! rev]se2 :at !n8 ,! gall]y gods1 ^? di/hron$ deities1 7 wont m rudely to supplem5t ?is manual te/imony by ! use ( _! o!r extremities1 ! feet4 ,! effect1 h[ev]1 is n desirable4 ,yet1 9 respect ( ?is matt] ( disapproval1 x w\ld seem z if ! ,briti% 9 _! frank boo+ ( a piece :i* does n meet _! wi%es 7 ex]cis+ a valuable *eck ^u bad drama4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we signify positive approval1 b n its negation4 ,! result is t ! *eap] elem5t ( an audi5ce may applaud & s help ! fate ( a poor play1 :ile ! ho/ility ( ^? bett] fitt$ to judge is unkn[n to all conc]n$ ) ! =tunes ( ! drama1 because x is ?us sil5t4 ,a fre] use ( ! hiss1 he>d ) u only "u r>e circum/ances ( provocation1 might be a salut>y ?+1 = ?is reason4 ,an audible expression ( repro( w\ld be ( value 9 ! case ( _m unwor?y plays4 ,b p]haps 9 ! end ! rebuke ( non-att5dance & ! influ5ce ( ! m9atory ^w pass$ on to o!rs mo/ assi/s ! failure ( ! play t ought to fail4 ,if ! fooli% auditor approve :]e he %\ld condemn1 & s keep ! bad play alive by 8 back+1 ! bett] view has a way ( w9n+ at ! la/4 ,c]ta9ly1 = conspicu\s success "s qualities ( excell5ce1 if n all ( !m1 mu/ be pres5t4 ,b intellig5t play-go+ means also a p]ception ( ! art ( act+1 s t ! te*nic ( ! play]1 n 8 p]sonality1 w comm& ! auditor's tra9$ att5tion & he w approve skill & fr[n ^u its abs5ce4 ,& :ile x is und\bt$ly m difficult to convey ?is in=mation educationally1 ! ideal way be+ to see ! be/ act+ e>ly & late & to reflect ^u x 9 ! light ( ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples1 some?+ c c]ta9ly be done to prep>e prospective !at]-go]s = appreciation ( ! pr(ession ( ! play]2 sub/itut+ = ! bl9d1 "t-honor$ ,i "k :at ,i l1 ! m civiliz$3 ,i approve x = ! foll[+ good & suffici5t reasons4 ,ev5 9 s*ool1 & /ill m 9 college1 ! tea*] c cooep]ate ) ! taught by sugge/+ ! plays to be se51 amateur z well z pr(essional2 & by classroom discussion aft]w>d1 n only ( ! plays b conc]n+ _! r5dition4 ,/ud5ts are quick to respond :5 ?is is done1 = ! vital object lesson ( curr5t drama always appeals to !m1 & !y are glad to obs]ve a connection betwe5 _! amusem5t & _! culture4 ,at pres5t1 or at lea/ up to a v rec5t "t1 ! ecc5tricity ( su* a proc$ure w\ld all b h endang]$ ! position ( ! tea*] s foolh>dy z to act ^u ! assumption t ! drama se5 ! night be=e c\ld be 9 any way us$ to imp>t p]man5t lessons conc]n+ a great art to ! m9ds ( ! pupils4 ,luckily1 a m lib]al view is tak+ ! place ( ?is crass ,phili/9ism4 ,9 a prop] appreciation ( ! actor ! he>] w look beyond ! pul*ritude ( an actress or ! fit ( an actor's clo!s2 he w judge ,miss ,e!l ,b>rymore by h] p[] ( envisag+ ! "p %e assumes1 & n be ov]ly int]e/$ 9 an argum5t z to h] increase ( avoirdupois ( late ye>s4 ,he w n all[ himself to consume "t ov] ! "q :e!r ,mr4 ,william ,gillette 9 private life is addict$ to *loral because ,%]lock ,holmes is a victim ( t mo/ repreh5sible habit4 ,& above all he w con/antly rem9d himself t act+ is ! art ( imp]sonation1 exactly t2 &1 !re=e1 j z high praise goes to ! play] :o admirably portrays a disagreeable "p z to "o 9 ^: m\? ! playwright has set l9es :i* make him belov$ f curta9 to curta94 ,yet ! majority ( p]sons 9 a typical ,am]ican !at] audi5ce hopefully confuse ! "p ) ! play]1 & aw>d praise or blame accord+ z !y l or dislike ! "p itself4 ,! intellig5t auditor w also give approval to ! /age arti/ :o1 in/ead ( draw+ att5tion to himself by ! use ( exagg]at$ me?ods1 quietly does 8 "w1 keeps always )9 ! /age picture1 & tru/s to 8 tru?ful repres5tation to secure conviction & rew>d4 ,h[ common is x to see "s play] ov]/ress+ 8 "p1 :o1 in/ead ( be+ booh$ & hiss$ z he des]ves & z he infallibly w\ld be 9 "s c\ntries1 receives b ! m applause = 8 inexcusable ov]/epp+ ( ! mode/y ( 8 art4 ,x becomes "p ( ! duty ( our intellig5t play-go] to tea* su* pseudo-arti/s _! place1 = z long z !y w9 ! me$ ( ill-tim$ & ignorant approval1 s long w !y fl\ri%4 ,nor w ! critic ( ! acceptable actor fail to obs]ve t ! latt] pref]s work+ = ! ensemble--team "w1 9 ! sport+ phrase--to t p]sonal display disproportionate to ! g5]al effect :i* w always make ! judici\s grieve4 ,9 !atrical p>lance1 hogg+ ! /age has fl\ri%$ simply = ! reason t x deceives a suffici5t numb] 9 ! seats to secure applause & s ?r[s du/ 9 ! eyes ( ! g5]al public z to its true iniquity4 ,! actor is prop]ly to be judg$1 n by 8 "w deta*$ f t ( 8 fell[s1 b ev] 9 relation to ! totality ( impression :i* means a play in/ead ( a p]sonal exhibition4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to cooep]ate ) o!rs 9 a s+le effect 9 :i* ea* is a factor 9 ! exact measure ( ! importance ( 8 "p z conceiv$ by ! dramati/4 ,:]e a m9or "p becomes a major "o ?r\gh ! ability ( a play]1 z 9 ! fam\s case ( ! eld] ,so!rn's ,"l ,dundre>y1 x is at ! exp5se ( ! play2 ,our ,am]ican ,c\s9 0 negligible z drama1 & h5ce x did n matt]4 ,b if ! drama is wor? :ile1 s]i\s injury to dramatic art may foll[4 ,aga91 ! intellig5t play-go] w c>efully di/+ui% 9 8 m9d betwe5 actor & playwright4 ,realiz+ t ! play's ! ?+1 he w dem& t ev5 ! s-call$ /> 7too (t5 an actor foi/$ into prom95ce = a non-arti/ic reason7 %all obey ! laws ( 8 art & ^? ( drama1 & n unduly m9imize = p]sonal reasons ! "w ( 8 coadjutors 9 ! play1 nor t ( ! playwright :o int5d$ him to g s f> & no fur!r4 ,! actor :o1 :atev] 8 fame1 & no matt] h[ mu* an un?9k+ audi5ce is complaisant :5 he does x1 makes a practice ( giv+ himself a c5t]-(-!-/age prom95ce beyond :at ! drama calls =1 is no arti/1 b a %[ man1 nei!r m nor less1 :o des]ves to be rat$ ) ! m\ntebanks r ?an ) ! arti/s ( 8 pr(ession4 ,b x may be fe>$ t />s w cont9ue to seek ! /age c5t] & cr[d o!rs ( ! ca/ out ( ! "r focus1 to say no?+ ( di/ort+ ! "w ( ! dramati/1 "u ! goad ( megalomania1 s long z a goodly numb] ( un9tellig5t spectators egg him on4 ,8 favorite l9e ( poetry w be t ( ,wordswor?3 ,fair z a /> :5 only "o is %9+ 9 ! sky4 ,x is to help ! p]sonnel ( su* an audi5ce t our !at]-go] ne$s 8 tra9+4 ,a g5]al realization ( all ?is w def9itely affect "o's !at] habit & make = ! good ( all t conc]ns ! art ( ! playh\se4 ,x w lead ! prop]ly prep>$ p]son to see a good play compet5tly done1 b ) no supreme or f>-fam$ actor 9 ! company1 9 pref]5ce to a fooli% play1 or worse1 c>ri$ by a />2 or a play negligible z art or hopelessly passe z art or int]pretation ( life = :i* an all-/> ca/ has be5 provid$1 z if to take ! eye ( ! spectator (f ! weaknesses ( ! drama4 ,(t5 a /&>d play reviv$ by "o ( ^! ha/ily ga!r$ companies ( not$ play]s resolves itself into an int]e/ 9 individual p]=mances :i* mu/ lack t organic unity :i* comes ( long] association4 ,! opportunity af=d$ to get a true idea ( ! play is made q second>y1 & sometimes entirely lo/ sight (4 ,nor w ! tra9$ obs]v] 9 ! !at] be *eat$ by ! doll> m>k 9 8 !atrical ent]ta9m5t4 ,he w come to feel t an adequate /ock company1 play+ ! be/ plays ( ! day1 may af=d him m ( drama culture = an exp5diture ( fifty c5ts = an excell5t seat ?an w "s second-rate travel+ company :i* pres5ts a drama t is a little m rec5t b f> less wor?y1 to see :i* ! *>ge is ?ree or f\r times t mode/ sum4 ,all ov] ! l& to-day nom9ally cultivat$ folk w turn scornfully away f a fifty-c5t %[1 z !y call x1 only because x is *eap 9 ! lit]al s5se1 :]eas ! high-pric$ (f]+ is *eap 9 e o!r s5se b ! co/ ( ! seat4 ,su* p ov]look ! nature ( ! play pres5t$1 ! playwright's reputation1 & ! quality ( ! p]=mance2 incapable ( judg+ by ! real te/s1 !y /& confess$ z vulg>ians & ignoramuses ( art4 ,we %all n h intellig5t audi5ces 9 ,am]ican !at]s1 speak+ by & l>ge1 until !at]-go]s le>n to judge dramatic w>es by "s o!r te/ ?an :at x co/s to buy !m4 ,su* a te/ is a crude "o1 9 art1 h[ev] infallible x may be 9 purely mat]ial commodities2 inde$1 is x n ! wise worldl+ 9 o!r fields :o becomes aw>e 9 8 g5]al b>t]+ t x is unsafe to e/imate 8 pur*ase exclusively by ! price tag8 ,to "o :o 9 ?is way makes ! ef=t to in=m himself ) reg>d to ! ?+s ( ! !at]--plays1 play]s & playwrights--conc]n+ dramatic hi/ory bo? z x app]ta9s to ! drama & ! !at]2 & conc]n+ ! intellectual z well z e/hetical & human values ( ! !at]-go+ exp]i5ce1 x w soon become app>5t t x (f]s him cultural opportunity t is ri*1 wide & ( ev] deep5+ enjoym5t4 ,& tak+ advantage ( x1 he w dignify "o ( ! mo/ appeal+ pleasures ( civilization by mak+ x a "p ( 8 p]man5t equipm5t = satisfactory liv+4 ,o!r aspects ( ?is ?\ght may n[ be exp\nd$1 beg9n+ ) a review ( ! play 9 its hi/ory2 "s k ( :i* is obvi\sly an elem5t 9 ! complete appreciation ( a !at] ev5+4 ,= ! prop] view+ ( a giv5 play "o %\ld h review$ plays 9 g5]al1 z !y con/itute ! body ( a wor?y dramatic lit]ature4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,up ,,to ,,%akespe>e ,! rec5t vogue ( plays l ,! ,s]vant 9 ! ,h\se1 ,! ,pass+ ( ! ,?ird ,floor ,back1 ,! ,dawn ( ,to-morr[1 & ,ev]ywoman s5ds ! m9d back to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,engli% drama & is full ( in/ruction4 ,su* drama is a rev]sion to type1 x sugge/s ! orig9 ( all drama 9 religion4 ,x raises ! int]e/+ "q :e!r ! blase mod]n !at] _w w n respond1 ev5 z did ! primitive audi5ces ( ! middle ages1 to plays ( spiritual appeal1 ev5 ( di/9ct didactic purpose4 ,& ! sugge/ion is /r5g!n$ :5 ! popul>ity is recall$ ( ! morality play ( ,ev]yman a few ye>s s9ce1 t be+ a revival ( a typical m$iaeval drama ( ! k9d4 ,x almo/ looks z if we _h fail$ to take into acc\nt ! ready response ( mod]n m5 & wom5 to ! high] motives on ! /age2 h fail$ to cr$it ! sub/ratum ( s]i\sness 9 t *ance collection ( human be+s :i* con/itutes a !at] audi5ce4 ,aft] all1 !y are v mu* l *ildr51 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( mob psy*ology2 s5sitive1 pla/ic to ! l(ty & noble z !y are to ! bas] sugge/ions t come to !m across ! footlights4 ,9 any case1 ^! late exp]i5ces1 :i* came by way ( surprise to ! pr(essional purveyors ( !atrical ent]ta9m5t1 give add$ emphasis to ! /atem5t t ! /age is ! *ild ( "m *ur*1 & t ! orig9 ( drama 9 ! c\ntries :]e( we h record is always religi\s4 ,! m$iaeval beg9n+s 9 ,europe & ,engl& h be5 describ$ 9 _! details by _m s*ol>s4 ,suffice x "h to say t ! play's bir?place is at ! alt> end ( ! ca!dral1 an ext5sion ( ! regul> s]vice4 ,! actors 7 prie/s1 ! audi5ce ! va/ hu%$ ?rongs mov$ ^u by inc5se1 lights1 music1 & ! inton$ sacr$ words1 &1 = ! t\* ( ! dramatic :i* 0 to be ! se$ ( a wond]ful developm5t1 we may add "s portion ( ! sacr$ /ory act$ out by ! /ol$ play]s & envisag$ 9 ! sc5ic pomp ( ! place4 ,! lesson ( ! holy day 0 ?us br\ght home to ! multitude z x nev] w\ld h be5 by ! m]e recital ( ! ,lat9 words2 sc5e & action l5t _! p]suasive p[] to ! natural associations ( ! *ur*4 ,su* is ! s\rce ( mod]n drama2 :at 0 9 ! c\rse ( "t to become m]e amusem5t1 9 ! fooli% phrase1 began z wor%ip2 & if we g f> back into ! ,ori5t1 or to ! s\?-ly+ l&s on ! ,m$it]ranean1 we f9d 9 ,india & ,greece alike ?is union ( art & wor%ip1 :e!r ! play began )9 *ur* or temple or be=e ,dionysian alt>s re>$ ^u ! gre5 sw>d4 ,! good & ! beautiful1 ! e/hetic & ! spiritual1 ev] int]tw9$ 9 ! /ory ( primitive culture4 ,& ! gradual gr[? f ?is m$iaeval beg9n+ is cle>4 ,fir/1 a sc5ic elaboration ( "p ( ! s]vice1 c5t]+ 9 "s portion ( ! life & dea? ( ,*ri/2 !n1 z ! sc5ic side grew m complex1 a removal to ! gr\nds outside ! ca!dral2 an ext5sion ( ! subject-matt] to include a rev]5t treatm5t ( o!r portions ( ! ,bible n>rative2 next1 ! tak+ ov] ( biblical drama by ! guilds1 or crafts1 "u ! auspices ( ! patron sa9ts ( ! v>i\s organizations1 z :51 on ,corpus ,*ri/i day1 "o ( ! great sa9ts' days ( ! ye>1 a cycle ( plays 0 pres5t$ 9 a t[n ) ! populace agog to witness x1 & ! movable vans foll[$ ea* o!r at ! /reet corn]s1 pres5t+ sc5e aft] sc5e ( ! /ory4 ,!n a fur!r ext5sion ( motives :i* admitt$ ! use ( ! lives ( ! sa9ts :o presid$ ov] ! guilds2 & f9ally ! fur!r enl>gem5t ( !me due to ! writ+ ( drama ( :i* ! p]sonages 7 ab/ract moral qualities1 giv+ ! "n ( ,morality to ?is k9d ( play4 ,su*1 describ$ ) utt] simplicity & brevity1 0 ! int]e/+ evolution4 ,aside f all te*nicalities1 & /ripp$ ( mu* ( mom5t to ! speciali/1 we h 9 ?is orig9 & e>ly developm5t a bl5d ( amusem5t & in/ruction2 a religi\s purpose l9k$ ) a frank recognition ( ! fact t if y make wor%ip attractive y /r5g!n its hold ^u mank9d--a tru? sadly lo/ sight ( by ! lat] ,puritans4 ,! *ur* 0 wise1 inde$1 to unite ^! elem5ts ( life1 to seize ^u ! psy*ology ( ! %[ & to use x = ! purpose ( sav+ s\ls4 ,x 0 n until ! sixte5? c5tury & ! imm$iate pr$ecessors ( ,%akespe>e t ! play1 "u ! influ5ce ( r5aissance culture & ! inevitable secul>ization ( ! !at] 9 antagonism to ! ,puritan view ( amusem5t1 wax$ worldly1 & little by little lo/ ! e>-m>ks ( its holy bir? & upbr++4 ,! day :5 ! prie/s1 /ill ! actors ( ! play1 walk$ d[n ! nave & issu$ f ! great we/]n door ( ! ca!dral1 to cont9ue ! dramatic repres5tations "u ! op5 sky1 0 truly a memorable "o 9 dramatic hi/ory4 ,! fir/ in/9ct 0 n t ( secul>ization1 b r ! desire = fre] opportunity to enact ! sacr$ /ories2 a l>g] /age1 m scope = dramatic action4 ,yet1 al?\gh = g5]ations ! play rema9$ religi\s 9 subject-matt] & int5t1 x 0 inevitable t 9 "t x %\ld come to realize t its function 0 to body =? human life1 unb\nd$ by ,bible !mes3 all t c happ5 to human be+s on e>? & betwe5 heav5 & hell & beyond !m1 be+ fit mat]ial = treatm5t1 s9ce all ! _w's a /age1 & fle% & blood ( m vital int]e/ to humanity at l>ge ?an aught else4 ,! rapid humanization ( ! religi\s mat]ial c be easily trac$ 9 ! co>se satire & broad humor introduc$ into ! ,bible n>ratives3 a free & easy h&l+ ( sacr$ sc5e & "* natural to a m naive "t & by no means imply+ irrev]5ce4 ,?us1 9 ! ,noah /ory1 ,mrs4 ,noah becomes a /\t %rew ^: unwill+ness to come 9 out ( ! wet & be/[ h]self 9 dry qu>t]s 9 ! ,ark mu/ h be5 hugely enjoy$ by ! fifte5? c5tury populace4 ,& ! ,vice ( ! morality play deg5]ates into ! cl[n ( ! p]=mance1 :ile ev5 ! ,devil himself is made a cause = laught]4 ,ano!r significant /ep 9 ! advance ( ! drama 0 made :5 ! crafts took ov] ! repres5tations2 = x democratiz$ ! %[1 )\t *eap5+ x or los+ sight ( its in/ructional nature4 ,:5 ! boo?s1 or pageants z !y 7 call$1 drew up at ! cross+ ( ! ways & p]=m$ _! "p 9 "s /ory ( didactic purport & broadly human1 he>ty1 ,engli% atmosph]e1 ) an outdoor flavor & decorative features ( masque & pageantry1 ! spectators saw ! prototype ( ! hi/oric pageants :i* j n[ are com+ aga9 into favor4 ,! drama ( ! future 0 %ap+ 9 a matrix :i* 0 ! be/ possible to assure a long life1 "u popul>1 natural conditions4 ,^! conditions 7 to be modifi$ & di/ort$ by o!r1 lat] additions f ! cultural influ5ce ( ! pa/ & "u ! dom9ation ( lit]>y traditions2 b "h 0 ! orig9al mold4 ,! me?od ( pres5tation1 too1 _h its sure effect ^u ! !at] :i* 0 to foll[ ?is popul> folk beg9n+4 ,! movable van1 set ^u :eels1 ) its space b5ea? :]e beh9d a curta9 ! actors *ang$ _! co/umes1 sugge/s 9 =m & upfitt+ ! fir/ primitive /ages ( ! playh\ses erect$ 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,s9ce b "o episode or act ( ! play 0 to be giv51 !re 0 no ne$ ( a *ange ( sc5e1 & ! /age c\ld be simple accord+ly4 ,contempor>y cuts %[ u ! limit$ dim5sions1 ! %all[ dep? & ! b>5ess ( accessories typical ( ?is e>lie/ ( ! h\s+s ( ! drama1 = su* x might fairly be call$4 ,obvi\sly1 on su* a /age1 ! mann] & me?od ( portrayal are /rictly def9$3 done out ( doors1 be=e a %ift+ multitude ( all classes1 ) no close cohesion or unity1 s9ce ano!r "p ( ! /ory 0 told 9 ano!r spot1 ! play1 to get across--n ! footlights1 = !re 7 none--b ! int]v5+ space :i* sep>at$ actors & audi5ce1 mu/ be convey$ 9 broad simple outl9e & 9 graphic episodes1 ! v attributes :i* to-day1 despite all subtleties & f9esse1 c be reli$ ^u to br+ response f ! spectators 9 a !at]4 ,x mu/ h be5 a great ev5t :51 9 "s quiet ,engli% t[n ^u a day significant 9 *ur* annals1 ! play]s' boo?s began _! cycle1 & ! motley cr[d ga!r$ to he> ! ,bible n>ratives famili> to ea* & all1 ev5 z ! ,greek my?s :i* are ! /ock mat]ial ( ! ,greek drama 7 kn[n to ! va/ conc\rse 9 ! hillside !at] ( t day4 ,9 effect ! circus _h come to t[n1 & we may be sure e ur*9 knew x & c\ld be f\nd op5-m\!d 9 ! front r[ ( spectators4 ,no possibility "h ( subtlety & less ( psy*ologic morbidity4 ,! beat ( ! ann\nc+ drum1 ! eag] murmur ( ! multitude1 ! gay co/umes & colorful boo?1 all m9i/]$ to ! natural delight ( ! populace 9 %[ & /ory4 ,! fun reliev$ ! s]i\s matt]1 & ! s]i\s matt] made ! fun acceptable4 ,) no %ift ( sc5]y1 ! broade/ lib]ty1 n to say lic5se1 9 ! p>ticul>s ( "t & place 7 practic$2 ! classic unities 7 = a lat] & m sophi/icate drama4 ,!re 0 no curta9 & !re=e no entr'act to int]rupt ! two h\rs' traffic ( ! /age2 ! play 0 cont9u\s 9 a s5se o!r ?an ! mod]n4 ,z a result ( ^! e>ly conditions1 ! ,engli% play 0 to %[ ?r\gh its hi/ory a fluidity1 a pla/ic adaptation ( mat]ial to end1 9 %>p contra/ ) o!r nations1 ! ,fr5*1 = "o1 ^: fir/ drama 0 enact$ 9 a t5nis c\rt ( fix$ location1 deep p]spective & /atic sc5]y4 ,on ! holy days :i*1 z ! etymology %[s1 7 also holidays f ! po9t ( view ( ! cr[d1 drama 0 vigor\sly purvey$ :i* made ! primitive appeals ( pa?os1 melodrama1 f>ce & com$y4 ,! actors became secul>1 b = long !y mu/ h be5 inspir$ ) a s5se ( moral obligation 9 _! "w2 a beautiful survival ( :i* is to be se5 at ,ob]amm]gau to-day4 ,& ! play itself rema9$ religi\s 9 cont5t & int5tion = g5]ations aft] x _h walk$ out ( ! *ur* door4 ,! *ur* took al>m at la/1 aw>e t an in/rum5t ( mighty pot5cy _h be5 tak5 out ( its h&s4 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d v>i\s popes pass+ edicts aga9/ ?is new & gr[+ly influ5tial =m ( public ent]ta9m5t4 ,x seem$ to be on ! way to become a rival4 ,?is may well h _h its effect 9 ! rapid tak+ ov] ( ! drama by ! guilds1 z lat] x 0 adopt$ by /ill m worldly organizations4 ,x 0 n f ! p t ! *ange to complete secul>ization ( subject-matt] & treatm5t came2 b f high] cultural s\rces3 f ! s*ools & univ]sities1 t\*$ by r5aissance influ5ces2 z :]e ,bi%op ,/ill produc$ ,gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le = s*ool use1 ! fir/ ,engli% com$y2 or f c\rt folk1 z :5 ,"l ,buckhur/ ) 8 associate1 ,sackville1 wrote ! frigid ,gorbudoc bas$ on ! ,s5ecan model & honorable hi/orically because x is ! fir/ ,engli% trag$y4 ,! play ( ,plautian d]ivation1 ,ralph ,roi/] ,doi/]1 our fir/ com$y ( intrigue1 is ano!r example ( cultural influ5ces :i* came 9 to modify ! ma9 /ream ( developm5t f ! folk plays4 ,?is 0 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b = ov] two c5turies ! g5u9e ,engli% play _h be5 =m+ itself 9 ! religi\s nurs]y1 z we saw4 ,n[ ^! o!r exotic & lit]>y influ5ces began to bl5d ) ! native1 & ! /ory ( ! drama becomes !re=e m complex4 ,! s*ool & ! c\rt1 classic lit]ature & t ( m$iaeval ,europe1 :i* repres5t$ ! humanism x begot1 fa/ qualifi$ ! product4 ,b ! /raighte/1 mo/ natural issue f ! naive morality & miracle g5re is ! robu/i\s melodrama illu/rat$ by su* plays z ,kyd's ,spani% ,trag$y & ,m>l[e's ,edw>d ,,ii2 :i* 9 turn lead directly on to ,%akespe>e's ,titus ,&ronicus1 ,hamlet & *ronicle hi/ory drama l ,ri*>d ,,iii2 & on ! side ( f>ce1 ,gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le1 s broadly ,engli% 9 its fun1 is 9 ! l9e ( desc5t4 ,& 9 proportion z ! popul> elem5ts ( rhetoric1 %[ & moraliz+ 7 reta9$1 0 ! appeal to ! g5]al audi5ce made1 & ! drama g5u9ely ,engli%4 ,up to #aegf we are conc]n$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! drama & !re is no public !at] 9 ! s5se ( a build+ erect$ = !atrical p]=mances4 ,aft] ! /roll+ play]s ) _! boo?s1 plays 7 giv5 9 s*ola/ic halls1 9 s*ools & 9 private resid5ces2 :ile ! m democratic & direct desc5dant ( ! pageants is to be se5 9 ! inn y>ds :]e ! /able end ( ! c\rty>d1 inclos$ on ?ree sides by its p>allelogram ( gall]ies1 is ! rudim5t>y plan = ! ,elizabe?an playh\se1 :5 x comes1 t[>d ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,b ) ! ye> #aegf & ! erection 9 ,%or$it* ( ! fir/ ,!at] on ,engli% soil--s call$1 because x _h no rivals & ! "n 0 !re=e di/9ctive--! prop] hi/ory ( ! in/itution beg9s4 ,x m>ks a mo/ important =w>d /ep 9 dramatic progress4 ,!re is significance 9 ! phrase descriptive ( ?is fir/ build+2 x 0 set up 9 ! fields1 z ! words run3 :i* means1 beyond city limits1 = ! city fa!rs1 increas+ly ,puritan 9 feel+1 look$ dubi\sly ^u an amusem5t already s mu* a favorite ) all classes2 x might prove a moral z well z physical plague spot by its cr[d+ toge!r ( a het]og5e\s multitude )9 p5t qu>t]s4 ,once />t$1 ! !at] idea met ) su* hospitable reception t ^! h\ses 7 rapidly increas$1 until by ! c5tury's end half a doz5 ( ! curi\s wood5 hexagonal /ructures c\ld be se5 on ! s\?w>d bank ( ! ,?ames1 ne> ! wat]1 c5tral 9 int]e/ z we n[ look back ^u !m be+ ,! ,globe1 built 9 #aeii f ! mat]ial ( ! demoli%$ ,%or$it* playh\se1 & fam$ =ev] z ,%akespe>e's own h\se4 ,"h at ?ree o'clock ( ! aft]noon ^u a /age op5 to ! sky & ) ! common run ( spectators /&+ 9 ! pit :]e n[ l\nge ! luxuriant occupants ( or*e/ra seats1 :ile ^? ( ! bett] sort sat on ! /age or 9 ! boxes :i* flank$ ! sides ( ! h\se & sugge/$ ! inn gall]ies ( ! e>li] arrangem5t1 7 fir/ se5 ! robu/ pr$ecessors ( ,%akespe>e1 ,m>l[e1 & ,kyd & ,peele & ,na%2 & lat]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 ,b5 ,jonson & ! o!r immortals ^: names are names to conjure )1 ev5 to ?is day4 ,play$ 9 ! daylight1 & mo/ crudely light$1 ! play 0 depriv$ ( ! illusion produc$ by mod]n artificial light1 & ! /age1 project+ f> d[n into ! audi5ce1 made equally impossible ! illusion ( ! prosc5ium ar*1 a picture /age set ap>t f life & con/itut+ a _w ( its own = ! repres5tation ( ! mimic /ory4 ,!re 0 small ne$ = make-up on ! "p ( ! actors1 s9ce ! g>i% light ( day is a sad reveal] ( grease pa9t & p[d]2 & ! fl>+ cressets ( oil t did s]vice z footlights mu/1 x w\ld seem1 h made d>kness visible1 :5 set beside ! mod]n devices4 ,x is pla9 en\gh t "u ^! conditions a p]=mance ( a play 9 ! p>ticul>s ( see+ & he>+ mu/ h be5 s]i\sly limit$ 9 effect4 ,to rea* ! audi5ce mu/ h meant an appeal t 0 broadly human1 & ess5tially dramatic4 ,f9e language 0 indisp5sable2 & a language drama is exactly :at ! ,elizabe?an !at] gives u4 ,compell+ int]e/ ( /ory1 skillful m\?+ ( spl5did poetry1 virile situations t conta9$ ! blood & ?und] elem5ts always de> to ! he>t ( ! gr\ndl+s1 ^! ! play ( t p]iod _h to h to hold ! audi5ces4 ,impud5t break+s 9 f ! g5tles :o l\ng$ on ! /age & blew tobacco smoke f _! pipes into ! faces p]*ance ( ,burbage & ,%akespe>e himself2 vulg> int]polations ( "s cl[n :ile ! /age wait$ ! entrance ( a play] delay$ 9 ! tir+ room mu/ h be5 daily occurr5ces4 ,& yet1 f su* a /age1 conf9$ 9 ext5t & meag] 9 fitt+s1 & "u su* physical limitations ( com=t & conv5i5ce1 7 ! glories ( ! ma/] poet giv5 =? to ! _w4 ,our s5se ( ! wond] ( 8 "w is greatly increas$ :5 we get a visualiz$ compreh5sion ( ! conditions "u :i* he accompli%$ x4 ,x is well to add t "o ( ! mo/ fruitful phases ( contempor>y s*ol>%ip is t :i* has ?r[n s mu* light ^u ! /ructure ( ! fir/ ,engli% !at]s4 ,we n[ realize z nev] be=e ! limits ( ! sc5ic repres5tation & ! necess>y re/riction consequ5t ^u ! /yle ( drama giv54 ,ano!r int]e/+ & important consid]ation %\ld also be not$ "h2 & "o too g5]ally ov]look$4 ,! gr\ndl+s 9 ! pit1 albeit expos$ to w9d & wea!r & depriv$ ( ! seats :i* m9i/] to man's ease & presumably dispose him to a bett] reception ( ! piece1 7 yet 9 a position to witness ! play z a play sup]ior to t ( ! m ari/ocratic portions ( ! assemblage4 ,h[ev] *>m+ x may h be5 = ! sprigs ( ! nobility to t\* elb[s ) ,%akespe>e on ! bo>ds z he deliv]$ ! t5d] l9es ( old ,adam 9 ,z ,y ,l ,x1 or to ex*ange a ^w aside ) ,burbage j be=e he began ! immortal soliloquy1 ,to be or n to be1 x is c]ta9 t ^! g5try 7 n s advantage\sly plac$ to enjoy ! r5dition z a :ole z 7 ma/] ,but*] or ,bak] at ! front4 ,& x w\ld seem reasonable to believe t ! nature ( ! ,elizabe?an play1 s broadly humor\s1 s ri*ly romantic1 s l>ge & obvi\s 9 its values & languag$ 9 a sort ( surplusage ( exub]ance1 is expla9$ by ! fact t x 0 ! common h]d to :om 9 p>ticul> ! play 0 address$ 9 ^! e>ly playh\ses3 n ! lit]ature 9 :i* x 0 writt5 s mu* z ! unfold+ /ory & ! t\t ensemble :i* !y 7 9 a favorable position to take 94 ,to ! upp]-class att5dant at ! play ! unity ( ! piece mu/ h be5 less dom9ant4 ,& surely ?is mu/ h t5d$ to %ape ! play1 to make x a democratic p's product4 ,= x is an axiom t ! dom9ant elem5t 9 an audi5ce settles ! fate ( a play4 ,b ?is new play?+1 ! !at]1 0 n only ! physical embodim5t ( ! drama1 x became a social in/itution z well4 ,nor 0 x )\t its evils4 ,! spl5dors ( ,elizabe?an lit]ature h (t5 bl9d$ criticism to ! m sleazy aspects ( ! problem4 ,b inve/igation has made app>5t en\gh t ! ,puritan attitude t[>d ! new in/itution 0 n )\t its excuse4 ,z we h se51 f ! v fir/ a respectable middle class elem5t ( society look$ askance at ! playh\se1 & :ile ?is view became exagg]at$ ) ! gr[? ( ,puritanism 9 ,engl&1 !re is no?+ to be ga9$ 9 idealiz+ ! /age conditions ( t "t1 nor1 m broadly1 to d5y t ! mann] ( life involv$ & 9 "s reg>ds ! nature ( ! appeal at any p]iod c>ry ) !m ! likelihood ( lic5se & ( dissipation4 ,! actor be=e ,%akespe>e's day _h little social or legal /atus2 & despite all ! level+ up ( ! pr(ession due to him & 8 associates1 ! /roll+ play] _h to wait long be=e he became ! self-respect+ & c\rt$ individuality ( our own day4 ,wom5 did n act dur+ ! ,elizabe?an p]iod1 nor until ! ,re/oration2 s t "o ( ! pres5t possibilities ( corruption 0 n pres5t4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! /age 0 )\t ! re/ra9+1 ref9+ influ5ce ( _! pres5ce2 a co>s] tone c\ld & did prevail z a result4 ,! fact t ladies ( bre$+ wore masks at ! !at] & cont9u$ to d s into ! eighte5? c5tury speaks volumes = ! public op9ion ( its morals2 & ! s*ol> :o kn[s ! weal? ( idiomatic f\lness 9 ! be/ plays ( ,%akespe>e1 luckily hidd5 f ! layman 9 l>ge measure1 does n ne$ to be told ( ! lic5se & lewdness preval5t at ! "t4 ,! ,puritans are not$ = _! repressive attitude t[>d worldly pleasures & no d\bt "p ( _! antagonism to ! playh\se 0 due to ! g5]al feel+ t x is a s9 to enjoy oneself1 & t any in/itution :i* 0 ?rong$ by society = av[$ purposes ( ent]ta9m5t mu/ d]ive f ! devil4 ,b docum5t>y evid5ce exi/s to %[ t an in/itution :i* 9 ,engl& made possible ! drama ( ,%akespe>e1 ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 ,web/]1 ,=d1 ,jonson & ,dekk>1 writ+s :i* we /ill po9t to ) pride z our *ief contribution to ! creative lit]ature ( ! _w1 c\ld include abuses s flagrant z to call =? ! /]n d5unciations ( a ,cromwell1 & lat] ev5 %ock ! decid$ly easy /&>ds ( a ,pepys4 ,! religi\s elem5t 9 society 01 at int]vals1 to break out aga9/ ! /age f pulpit or ?r\gh ! p51 9 hi/orical it]ation ( ?is e>ly attitude2 z ) ,colli] 9 8 fam$ attack ^u its immorality at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & num]\s m mod]n diatribes f su* cl]gym5 z ,spurgeon & ,buckley4 ,& 9 ord] to und]/& ! peculi> relation ( ! respectable classes 9 ,am]ica to ! !at]1 x is necess>y to realize t ^? *]i%+ ?is antipa?y 7 our =efa!rs1 ! ,puritan settl]s4 ,! attitude 0 inimical1 & ( c\rse ! circum/ances 7 all aga9/ a prop] developm5t ( ! function ( ! playh\se4 ,art & lett]s ^u ,am]ican soil1 =soo?1 _h to await _! day 9 ! sev5te5? & foll[+ c5turies1 :5 our ance/ors _h to give _! full /r5g? to m utilit>ian matt]s1 or to ! grave dem&s ( ! future life4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon notion t ! !at] is evil is to be trac$ directly to ^! hi/oric causes2 & transplant$ to s favorable a soil z ,am]ica1 x has produc$ mo/ un=tunate results 9 our dramatic hi/ory1 ! wor/ ( all be+ ! g5]al un5light5$ view respect+ ! use & usufruct ( an in/itution 9 its nature capable ( s mu* good alike to ! masses & ! classes4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,gr[? ,,to ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,prep>$ness 9 ! appreciation ( a mod]n play presupposes a k ( ! orig9 & e>ly developm5t ( ,engli% drama1 z briefly sket*$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,x also1 & m obvi\sly1 involves "s acqua9tance ) ! ma/] dramati/s :o l$ up to or fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,elizabe?an p]iod1 ) ,%akespe>e z ! c5tral figure2 x mu/1 too1 be cognizant ( ! gradual det]ioration ( ! product 9 ! po/-,elizabe?an "t2 ( ! tempor>y close ( ! public !at]s "u ,puritan influ5ce dur+ ! ,commonweal?2 & ( ! sub/itution = ! mighty poetry ( ,%akespe>e & 8 mates ( ! corrupt ,re/oration com$y :i* 0 introduc$ into ,engl& ) ! return ( ! second ,/u>t to ! ?rone 9 #affj4 ,?is brilliant ?\gh brutally indec5t com$y ( mann]s1 ) ,congreve1 ,wy*]ley1 ,e!rage1 ,vanbrugh & ,f>quh> z *ief playwrights1 :ile x repres5ts 9 lit]ature ! moral nadir ( ! polite section ( ,engli% society1 is ( decid$ importance 9 our dramatic hi/ory1 because x reflect$ ! mann]s & morals ( ! "t1 & q z mu* because x is conspicu\s = skillful *>act]ization1 effective dialogue & a feel+ = sc5e & situation--all elem5ts 9 good dramaturgy4 ,?is intellig5t attempt to "k :at lies hi/orically beh9d pres5t drama w also make itself aw>e ( ! fall+ away e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 favor ( ! new lit]>y =m1 ! ,novel2 & ! all too brief fla%+ =? ( ano!r com$y ( mann]s ) ,%]idan & ,goldsmi?1 :i* reta9$ ! sp>kle1 wit & lit]>y flavor ( ! ,re/oration1 ) a lat] dec5cy & a :olesom] social view2 to be foll[$ aga9 by a well-nigh complete divorce ( lit]ature & ! /age until well pa/ ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 began ! gradual re-bir? ( a drama :i* once m took on ! quality ( lett]s & made a s]i\s appeal z an e/hetic art & a wor?y int]pretation ( life3 :at may be call$ ! mod]n s*ool initiat$ by ,ibs54 ,all ?is int]e/+ gr[? & wond]fully v>i$ accompli%m5t may be b lightly t\*$ ^u "h1 = admirable /udies ( ! diff]5t p]iods & s*ools by _m s*ol>s are at h& & ! e>ne/ !at] /ud5t may be direct$ !reto = fur!r read+4 ,! "w ( ,pr(essor ,s*ell+ on ,elizabe?an drama is ?or\gh & au?oritative4 ,! mod]n view ( ,%akespe>e & 8 contribution 7ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,iii7 w be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,bak]'s ,developm5t ( ,%akespe>e z a ,dramati/ & ,pr(essor ,mat!ws' ,%akespe>e z a ,playwright4 ,! g5]al read] w f9d 9 ,! ,m]maid ,s]ies ( plays good critical treatm5t ( ! ma9 ,elizabe?an & po/-,elizabe?an plays1 toge!r ) ! texts1 s t a practical acqua9tance ) ! product may be ga9$4 ,! s]ies also includes ! ,re/oration dramas 9 _! be/ examples4 ,= ! ,%]idan-,goldsmi? plays a conv5i5t edition is t 9 ! ,drama section ( ! ,belles ,lettres s]ies ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 :]e ! repres5tative plays ( an au?or are pr9t$ ) enlight5+ introductions & o!r critical app>atus4 ,9 becom+ famili> ) ^! aids ! read] w receive ! necess>y h9ts to a fur!r acqua9tance ) ! m te*nical books :i* /udy ! e>li]1 m difficult "p ( dramatic evolution1 & give att5tion to ! complex /ory ( ! developm5t ( ! !at] z an in/itution4 ,a few ?+s /& out = special emphasis "h 9 reg>d to ?is developm5tal "t4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ! /ory ( ,engli% drama 9 its unfold+ %\ld be view$ 9 tw9 aspects3 ! gr[? ( ! play "u *ang+ conditions2 & ! gr[? ( ! playh\se :i* makes x possible4 ,:at has be5 said already ( ! physical framework ( ! e>ly ,engli% !at] ?r[s light at once1 z we saw1 ^u ! nature ( ! play4 ,& 9 fact1 ?r\gh\t ! developm5t1 ! play has *ang$ its =m 9 direct relation to ! *ange 9 ! nature ( ! /age ^u :i* ! play has be5 pres5t$4 ,! old] type is a /age suitable = ! f9e-languag$1 boldly *>act]$1 /eadily pres5t$ play ( ,%akespe>e act$ on a jutt+ plat=m :]e ! individual actor inevitably is ( m prom95ce1 & s poorly light$ & scantily provid$ ) sc5]y t words p]=ce & robu/i\s effects ( act+ 7 necessitat$1 in/ead ( ! sc5ic appeals1 subtl] hi/rionism & pla/ic face & body "w ( ! mod]n /age :i* has %runk back to become a fram$-9 picture beh9d ! prosc5ium ar*4 ,z ! read] makes himself famili> ) ,m>l[e1 :o l$ on to ,%akespe>e1 ) ! com$y & masque ( ,b5 ,jonson1 ) ! romantic & social plays ( ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 ! lurid tragic writ+ ( ,web/]1 ! s(t] trag$y ( ,=d & ! rollick+ folk com$y1 pa/oral poetry or s]i\s social /udies ( ,dekk> & ,heywood1 he w come to realize t on ! "o h& :at he suppos$ to be ! sole t\* ( ,%akespe>e 9 poetic expression 0 l>gely a g5]al gift ( ! spaci\s days ( ,elizabe?1 poetry1 z x 71 be+ 9 ! v air m5 brea!d,a2 & yet w recognize t ! ,/rat=d man walk$ commonly on ! heights only n[ & aga9 t\*$ by ! o!rs4 ,& z he reads fur!r ! plays ( dramati/s l ,mass+]1 ,t\rneur1 ,%irley1 & ,otway he w f9d1 along ) gleams & glimpses ( ! gr& mann]1 a /eady deg5]ation f high poetry & tragic s]i\sness to rant1 bomba/1 & ! pseudo-poetry t is rhetoric1 ) ! decl5sion ( trag$y into melodrama4 ,high poetry gradually dis9tegrates1 & ! way is prep>$ = ! ,re/oration com$y4 ,9 reflect+ ^u ! effect ( a clos+ ( ! public !at]s = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s 7#afdb-affj7 ! /ud5t w appreciate :at a body bl[ ?is mu/ h be5 to ! true int]e/s ( ! /age2 & f9d 9 x at lea/ a p>tial explanation ( ! reb\nd to ! vigor\s indec5cies ( ,congreve & 8 associates 7,wy*]ley1 ,e!rage1 ,vanbrugh1 ,f>quh>7 :5 ! ban 0 remov$2 human nature1 pu%$ too f>1 ev] express+ itself by reactions4 ,! in]adicable & und5iable lit]>y virtues ( ! ,re/oration writ]s & _! te*nical advancem5t ( ! play z a =m & a fai?ful mirror ( "o phase ( ,engli% society w reconcile ! inve/igator to a picture ( life 9 :i* e man is a rake or cuckold & e woman a light o' love2 a sort ( b\doir atmosph]e t has a ta9t$ p]fume remov+ x f> f ! morn+ fre%ness ( ! ,elizabe?ans4 ,& consequ5tly he w exp]i5ce all ! m gratitude 9 rea*+ ! eighte5? c5tury plays3 ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al1 ,! ,rivals1 & ,%e ,/oops to ,conqu]1 :5 !y came a g5]ation lat]4 ,:ile reta9+ ! poli% & ! easy c>riage ( good society1 ^! dramas got rid ( ! smut & ! smir*1 & add$ a flavor ( he>ty ,engli% fun & a san] conception ( social life2 a drama root$ firmly 9 ! fidelities in/ead ( ! unfai?fulnesses ( human "*4 ,^! eighte5? c5tury plays1 l ^? ( ! ,re/oration--,! ,pla9 ,deal]1 ,! ,way ( ! ,_w1 ,! ,man ( ,mode1 ,! ,relapse1 & ,! ,beaux ,/ratagem--7 /ill play$ 9 ! old-fa%ion$ playh\ses1 l ,drury ,lane1 or ,cov5t ,g>d51 ) ! /age protrud+ into ! auditorium & ! classic ar*itecture ill adapt$ to ac\/ics1 & ! boxes s arrang$ z to favor ari/ocratic occupants r ?an 9 ! int]e/s ( ! play itself4 ,! frequ5t *ange ( sc5e1 ! five-act division ( =m1 ! prologue & epilogue & ! free use ( su* devices z ! soliloquy & aside rem9d u ( ! subsequ5t advance 9 te*nic4 ,^! m>ks ( a by-gone fa%ion we are glad to ov]look or accept1 9 view ( ! ess5tial dramatic values & p]man5t contribution to lett]s :i* ,%]idan & ,goldsmi? made to ,engli% com$y4 ,b at ! same "t x is only common s5se to felicitate ourselves t ^! me?ods ( ! pa/ h be5 outgr[n1 & bett] me?ods sub/itut$4 ,& we %all nev] appreciate eighte5? c5tury play-mak+ to ! full until we und]/& t ! au?ors wrote 9 prote/ aga9/ a sickly sort ( unnatural s5tim5tality1 mawki% & untrue to life1 :i* _h become fa%ionable on ! ,engli% /age 9 ! h&s ( ,foote1 ,colman & o!rs4 ,%]idan br\ght back common s5se & ,goldsmi? d>$ to introduce l[ *>act]s & laugh$ out ( acceptance ! conv5tional sep>ation ( ! socially high & humble 9 ,engli% life4 ,8 preface to ,! ,good ,natur$ ,man w be f\nd in/ructive read+ 9 relation to ?is s]vice4 ,f #agge to #ahfj ! ,engli% /age1 look$ back ^u f ! vantage po9t ( our "t1 appe>s empty1 inde$4 ,x did n look s b>r51 we may believe1 to contempor>ies4 ,%akespe>e 0 doctor$ to suit a false ta/e2 s great an actor-manag] z ,g>rick complac5tly play+ 9 a v]sion ( ,le> 9 :i* ! ru9$ k+ does n die & ,cordelia m>ries ,edg>2 an incr$ible prettification & falsification ( ! mighty trag$y6 ,jonson writes = ! /age1 ?\gh ! la/ man :o %\ld h done s4 ,%]idan ,kn[les1 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 gives u ,virg9ius1 :i* is /ill occasionally he>d1 p]si/+ because ( a c]ta9 vigor & effectiv5ess ( *>act]ization1 ?\gh hopelessly old-fa%ion$ 9 its rhetoric & its =mal obeyance ( outworn conv5tions1 bo? arti/ic & intellectual4 ,! same au?or's ,! ,honeymoon is also pres]v$ = u ?r\gh possess+ a good "p = ! accompli%$ actress4 ,lat] ,bulw]1 ^: feel+ = ! /age _c be d5i$1 9 ,money1 ,ri*elieu1 & ,! ,lady ( ,lyons1 %[s h[ a c]ta9 gift = ! !atrical1 c\pl$ ) less critical /&>ds1 w comb9e to pres]ve dramas ^: defects are n[ only too app>5t4 ,z ! n9ete5? c5tury advances ! fiction ( ,reade & ,dick5s is (t5 fitt$ to ! bo>ds & ! fact t ! latt] 0 a natural !at] man gave & /ill gives 8 product a frequ5t he>+ on ! /age4 ,to meet ! belov$ *>act]s ( ?is mo/ widely read ( all ,engli% fictioni/s is 9 itself a pleasure suffici5t to comm& g5]\s audi5ces4 ,b\cicault's ,london ,assurance is good /age mat]ial r ?an lit]ature4 ,tom ,taylor produc$ among _m /age pieces a few ( di/9ct m]it2 8 ,new ,m5 & ,old ,acres is /ill he>d1 9 ! h&s ( exp]im5tal amateurs1 & reveals /]l+ qualities ( *>act]ization & /ructure4 ,b ! fact rema9s1 h>dly modifi$ by ! sporadic manife/ations1 t ! ,engli% /age 0 frankly sep>at+ itself f ,engli% lit]ature1 & by #ahfj ! divorce 0 practically complete4 ,!re 0 a w(ul lack ( public consid]ation = its high] int]e/s on ! "o h&1 & no def9ite arti/ic endeavor to produce wor?y /age lit]ature on ! o!r4 ,au?ors :o wrote = ! /age got no enc\ragem5t to pr9t _! dramas & s make ! lit]>y appeal2 !re 0 among !m no esprit de corps1 b9d+ !m toge!r = a self-consci\s ef=t to make ! !at] a place :]e lit]ature ?rove & art ma9ta9$ its sov]eignty4 ,no lead+ or repres5tative writ]s 7 dramati/s fir/ ( all4 ,if su* wrote plays1 !y did x half he>t$ly1 & z an ex]cise r ?an a practical aim4 ,x is curi\s to ask ourselves if ?is fall+ away ( ! /age might n h be5 *eck$ _h ,dick5s giv5 himself m def9itely to dramatic writ+4 ,8 bias 9 t direction is well kn[n4 ,he wrote plays 9 8 y\ng] days & 0 ?r\gh\t 8 life a f9e amateur actor3 ! dramatic & (t5 !atric "* ( 8 fiction is famili>4 ,x 0 8 int5tion z a y\? to g on ! /age4 ,b he *ose ! novel & p]haps 9 s do+ deplet$ dramatic hi/ory4 ,lit]ature & ! /age1 !n1 _h at ! be/ a m]e b[+ acqua9tance4 ,br[n+1 :o "u "r conditions ( enc\ragem5t might h tra9$ himself to be a !at] poet1 0 *agr9$ by 8 exp]i5ce ) ,! ,blot on ! ',scut*eon & !reaft] wrote closet plays r ?an act+ drama4 ,sw9burne1 ma/] ( music & mage ( imag9ation1 0 9 no s5se a practical dramati/4 ,%elley's dramas are also = book read+ r ?an /age pres5tation1 9 spite ( ! fact t 8 ,c5ci has !at] possibilities to make "o regret all ! m 8 lack ( /age k & aim4 ,bailey's ,fe/us is n an act+ play1 ?\gh x 0 act$2 ! sporadic drama1 9 fact1 betwe5 #ahej & #ahgj1 light or s]i\s1 0 frankly lit]>y 9 ! academic s5se & n adapt$ to /age ne$s2 or else consi/$ ( book dramatizations f ,reade & ,dick5s2 or simply repres5t$ ! j\rneym5 "w ( prolific au?ors ) little or no claim to lit]>y pret5sions4 ,! practical pro( ( all ?is c be f\nd 9 ! abs5ce ( drama ( ! p]iod 9 book =m1 except = ! act+ v]sions1 badly pr9t$ & *eaply b\nd1 :i* did n make ! lit]>y appeal at all4 ,:]e to-day our lead+ dramati/s publi% _! "w z a matt] ( c\rse1 (f]+ x z !y w\ld fiction or any o!r =m ( lit]ature1 ! read+ public ( ! middle c5tury nei!r expect$ nor receiv$ plays z "p ( _! m5tal pabulum1 & an elem5t 9 ! contempor>y lett]s4 ,! drama _h n only ceas$ to be a recogniz$ section ( curr5t lit]ature1 b 0 also no long] an expression ( national life4 ,! fir/ fa9t gleam ( bett] ?+s came :5 ,t4 ,w4 ,rob]tson's g5teel light com$ies began to be produc$ at ! ,c\rt ,!at] 9 #ahfh4 ,z we read or see ,ca/e or ,society to-day !y seem some:at flimsy mat]ial1 to speak ! tru?2 & _! te*nic1 aft] ! rapid developm5t ( a g5]ation1 has a me*anical creak = tra9$ e>s4 ,b we mu/ take !m at ! psy*ologic mom5t ( _! appe>ance1 & recognize t !y 7 a v great advance on :at _h gone be=e4 ,!y br\ght contempor>y social life ^u ! /age z did ,congreve 9 #afhj1 ,%]idan 9 #agfe2 & !y made t life int]e/+ to l>ge numb]s ( !at]-go]s :o hi!rto _h ab/a9$ f play act+4 ,& s ,ca/e & its companion plays1 ( :i* x is ! be/1 drew cr[d$ h\ses & ! /age became once m an amusem5t to reckon ) 9 polite circles4 ,! royal box 0 once m occupi$1 ! playh\se became fa%ionable1 no long] q negligible z a =m ( art4 ,to be sure1 ?is 0 a t[n drama1 & = ! upp] classes1 z 0 ! ,re/oration ,com$y & t ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 n a p's !at]1 ! ,!at] ,rob]tson1 b x _h ! prime m]it ( a m tru?ful repres5tation ( c]ta9 phases ( ! life ( its day4 ,& h5ce ,rob]tson w always be treat$ z a figure ( "s hi/orical importance 9 ! ,briti% drama1 ?\gh n a great dramati/4 ,9 ! eighte5 eighties ano!r influ5ce began to be felt1 t ( ,ibs54 ,! great dramati/ f ! ,nor? 0 made kn[n to ,engli% read]s by ! criticism & translations ( ,gosse & ,ar*]2 & v]sions ( 8 plays 7 giv51 t5tatively & occasionally1 9 ,engl&1 z 9 o!r l&s4 ,?us read]s & audi5ces alike gradually came to get a s5se ( a new =ce 9 ! !at]3 an uncompromis+ly tru?ful1 /]n portrayal ( mod]n social conditions1 ! /ory told ) consummate craftsman%ip1 & ! national note s\nd+ b5ea? ! app>5t pessimism4 ,"h 71 x 0 evid5t1 new mat]ial1 new me?od & a new insi/5ce ^u intellectual values 9 ! !at]4 ,x c n[ be se5 pla9ly en\gh t ,ibs5's influ5ce ^u ! drama ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is comm5surate 9 revolution>y results ) t ( ,%akespe>e 9 ! sixte5?4 ,he gave ! play a new & improv$ =mula = play-writ+2 & he %[$ t ! !at] c\ld be us$ z an ar5a = ! discussion ( vital que/ions ( ! day4 ,ev5 9 ,france1 ! "o c\ntry :]e dramatic developm5t has be5 /eadily important = ne>ly ?ree c5turies1 8 influ5ce has be5 consid]able2 9 o!r ,european l&s1 z 9 ,engl&1 8 g5ius has be5 a p]vasive =ce4 ,:e!r he w or no1 ! typical mod]n dramati/ is a son ( ,ibs51 9 t he has adopt$ ! ,norwegian's te*nic & tak5 ! function ( playwright m s]i\sly ?an be=e4 ,bo? ) reg>d to intellectual values & te*nic1 !n1 x is no exagg]ation to speak ( ! mod]n drama1 al?\gh x be an expression ( ! _s ( ! "t 9 reflect+ social evolution1 z be>+ ! special hallm>k ( ,ibs5's influ5ce4 ,a ^w foll[s on ! v>i$ & vital accompli%m5t ( ! pres5t p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,mod]n ,,s*ool ,we h not$ t ,ibs5's plays began to get a he>+ 9 ,engl& 9 ! eighte5 n9eties4 ,9 fact1 x 0 9 #ahhi t ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,gre9 _h ! tem]ity to produce at 8 ,indep5d5t ,!at] 9 ,london ,a ,doll's ,h\se1 & foll[$ x %ortly aft]w>d by ! m dra/ic ,gho/s4 ,! influ5ce 9 ar\s+ an int]e/ 9 & k ( a k9d ( drama :i* ent]$ ! ar5a = ! purpose ( social *all5ge & s]i\s satiric attack 0 incalculable4 ,bo? ,jones & ,p9]o1 honorable pione]s 9 ! mak+ ( ! new ,engli% drama1 & /ill actively engag$ 9 _! pr(ession1 _h begun to write plays "s ye>s be=e ?is date2 b x may be believ$ t ! example ( ,ibs51 if n orig9at+ _! impulse1 0 "p ( ! enc\ragem5t to let _! own "w reflect m tru?fully ! social "t _s & to /udy mod]n "* types ) clos] obs]vation1 all[+ _! /ories to be %ap$ n s mu* by !atric conv5tion z by hone/ psy*ologic necessity4 ,jones began ) melodrama1 ( :i* ,! ,silv] ,k+ 7#ahhb71 ,sa9ts & ,s9n]s 7#ahhd7 & ,! ,middle ,man 7#ahhi7 are examples2 ,p9]o ) +5i\s f>ces happily associat$ ) ! =tunes ( ,sir ,squire ,bancr(t & 8 wife1 ,! ,magi/rate 7#ahhe7 be+ an excell5t illu/ration ( ! type4 ,! dates are significant 9 %[+ ! turn+ ( ^! skillful playwrights to play-mak+ t 0 m s]i\s 9 ! h&l+ ( life & m arti/ic 9 con/ructive values2 !y are practically syn*ron\s ) ! introduction ( ,ibs5 into ,engl&4 ,bo? au?ors h n[ long li/s ( plays to _! cr$it1 ) ackn[l$g$ ma/]pieces among !m4 ,p9]o's e>li] romantic /yle may be se5 9 ! enorm\sly successful ,sweet ,lav5d]1 a /yle repeat$ t5 ye>s lat] 9 ,trelawney ( ! ,wells2 8 m mature mann] be+ repres5t$ 9 ,! ,second ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay1 ! be/ ( a numb] ( plays :i* c5t] 9 ! woman :o is a social rebel1 ! dramati/'s tone be+ almo/ au/]ely grim 9 c>ry+ ! /udy to its logical conclusion4 ,= a "t ,sir ,ar?ur seem$ to be preoccupi$ ) ! soil$ dove z dramatic inspiration2 b s f9e a rec5t play z ,! ,?und]bolt %[s he c get away f x4 ,jones' late/ & be/ "w z well has a t5d5cy to ! s]i\s satiric %[+-up ( ! fail+s ( prosp]\s middle-class ,engli% society2 ?is1 h[ev]1 9 ! ma91 kept 9 abeyance to /ory int]e/ & con/ructive skill 9 its h&l+3 ,mrs4 ,dane's ,def5se1 ,! ,case ( ,rebelli\s ,susan1 ,! ,li>s1 ,! ,rogue's ,com$y1 ,! ,hypocrites1 & ,mi*ael & ,8 ,lo/ ,angel /& = admirably able p]=mances 9 diff]5t ways4 ,at ! "t :5 ^! two dramati/s 7 beg9n+ to produce "w t 0 to *ange ! ,engli% !at] ,b]n>d ,%aw1 aft] writ+ sev]al pieces ( fiction1 _h begun to give 8 att5tion to plays s advanc$ 9 te*nic & tea*+ t he 0 =c$ to wait m ?an a decade to get a wide he>+ 9 ! !at]4 ,8 debt to ! ,norwegian has be5 h&somely ackn[l$g$ by ! ,iri% dramati/1 wit & philosoph] :o 0 to become ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5on ( ! ,engli% !at]3 ) all ! diff]5ces1 an ,engli% ,ibs54 ,a little lat]1 9 ! e>ly eighte5 n9eties1 ano!r brilliant ,iri%man1 ,osc> ,wilde1 wrote a numb] ( social com$ies ^: play+ value to-day te/ifies to 8 gift 9 tell+ a /age /ory1 :ile 8 epigrammatic wit & lit]>y poli% gave !m ! lit]>y excell5ce likely to p]petuate 8 "n4 ,= ! com$y ( mann]s1 light1 easy1 elegant1 ke51 & ) satiric po9t 9 its reflection ( society1 no?+ ( ! "t surpasses su* dramas z ,lady ,w9d]m]e's ,fan & ,a ,woman ( ,no ,importance4 ,! au?or's f>ce--f>ce1 yet m ?an f>ce 9 dialogue & *>act]ization--,! ,importance ( ,be+ ,e>ne/1 is also a g5u9e contribution 9 its k9d4 ,& ! /range1 somb]1 int5sely poetic ,salome is a rem>kable t\r de =ce 9 an unusual field4 ,! t5d5cy to turn f fiction to ! drama z ano!r =m ( /ory tell+ fa/ com+ into vogue is /rik+ly set =? & embelli%$ 9 ! case ( ,sir ,james ,b>rie1 :o1 aft] _m successes 9 novel & %ort /ory1 became a dramati/ "s tw5ty ye>s ago & is n[ "o ( ! few m5 ( g5ius writ+ = ! /age4 ,8 ,pet] ,pan1 ,! ,little ,m9i/]1 ,! ,admirable ,cri*ton1 & ,:at ,e ,woman ,kn[s are f\r ( ov] a doz5 dramas :i* h giv5 him _w fame4 ,uniquely1 among ,engli% writ]s ^: "w is ( unque/ionable lit]>y quality1 he refra9s f ! publication ( plays2 a v regrettable matt] to c\ntless :o appreciate 8 r>e quality4 ,he is 9 8 droll way ( :imsy a social critic b5ea? ! irresponsible play ( a poet's fancy & an ideali/'s vision4 ,8 ke5 yet g5tle int]pretations ( "* are solidly bas$ on tru? to ! ev]la/+ human traits1 & 8 poetry is all ! bett] = its f\ndation ( sanity & its salt ( wit4 ,"o has an impulse to call him ! ,puck ( ! ,engli% !at]2 !n feels compell$ to add a ^w :i* recognizes ! lov+ wisdom m+l+ ) ! pagan *>m4 ,sir ,james is z unusual 9 8 way z ,%aw 9 84 ,( late he has %[n an incl9ation to write brief1 "o-act pieces1 !reby add+ to our int]e/ 9 a =m ( drama evid5tly j beg9n+ to come into great] reg>d4 ,= d>+ orig9ality bo? ( =m & cont5t ,b]n>d ,%aw is easily ! fir/ liv+ dramati/ ( ,engl&4 ,he is a true son ( ,ibs51 9 t he insi/s on ?9k+ 9 ! !at]1 z well z 9 ! exp]im5tal nature ( 8 te*nic1 :i* has l$ him to %ape = himself ! drama ( "* & !sis he has *os5 to write4 ,to ! ?\s&s :o "k 8 "n ?r\gh newspap] publicity or ! vogue ( "s piece ( 8 9 ! playh\se1 ,%aw is simply a witty ,iri%man1 deal] 9 p>adox & wield] ( a %illelah swung to break ! heads ( ,phili/9es = ! %e] ,celtic love ( a r[4 ,to ! few1 h[ev]1 an honorable m9ority n[ rapidly increas+1 he is a deeply e>ne/1 con/ructive social /ud5t & philosoph]1 :o uses a popul> amusem5t z a vehicle = ! wid] dissem9ation ( p]fectly s]i\s views3 a sociali/1 a my/ic :o believes 9 ! ,life ,=ce sweep+ man on 7if man b w7 to a high de/9y1 & a lov] ( fell[ man :o 9 8 own words reg>ds 8 life z belong+ to ! community & wi%es to s]ve x1 9 ord] t he may be ?or\ghly us$ up :5 he comes to die4 ,he has conqu]$ z a playwright because b5ea? ! sp>kl+ sally1 ! />tl+ juxtaposition ( "* & ! app>5t irrev]5ce !re hides a g5u9ely religi\s nature4 ,%aw %[s himself an immorali/ only 9 ! s5se t he attacks jejune1 vici\s pseudo-morals n[ exi/5t4 ,= %e] act+ values 9 ! p>ticul>s ( dialogue1 "*1 sc5ic effectiv5ess1 feel+ = climax & unity ( aim su* plays z ,c&ida1 ,arms & ! ,man1 ,capta9 ,brassb\nd's ,pr(ession1 ,! ,devil's ,disciple1 ,john ,bull's ,o!r ,isl&1 ,man & ,sup]man1 ,! ,%[+ ,up ( ,blanco ,posnett1 & o!rs yet1 are additions to ! s]i\s com$y ( ,engl& likely to be ( la/+ lu/]1 s f> z contempor>y vision c p5etrate4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ developm5ts ( rec5t ye>s has be5 ! ,iri% !at] movem5t1 9 itself "p ( ! g5]al rehabilitation ( ! high] imag9ative life ( t rem>kable p4 ,! drama ( ! g5tle ideali/ poet ,yeats1 ( ! %rewdly obs]vant ,lady ,gregory & ( ! grimly reali/ic yet ri*ly romantic ,synge has c>ri$ f> beyond _! little c\ntry1 s t plays l ,yeats' ,! ,l& ( ,he>t's ,desire & ,! ,h\r ,glass1 ,lady ,gregory's ,spread+ ! ,news & ,synge's ,rid]s to ! ,sea & ,! ,playboy ( ! ,we/]n ,_w are he>d :]ev] ! ,engli% language is und]/ood1 ?is /age lit]ature be+ aid$ 9 its travels by ! excell5t company ( ,iri% ,play]s f\nd$ to exploit x & giv+ ! _w a f9e example ( ! success t may come f a s+le-ey$ devotion to an ideal3 namely1 ! pres5tation = its own sake ( ! simple typical native life ( ! l&4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t :ile ^! ?ree lead]s are be/ kn[n1 half a doz5 o!r able ,iri% dramati/s are associat$ ) !m1 & do+ mu* to int]pret ! f>m] or city folk3 writ]s l ,mayne1 ,boyle1 ,mc,comas1 ,murray1 & ,rob9son4 ,"u ! /imulus ( ,%aw 9 8 reaction aga9/ ! ma*9e-made piece & ! tiresome reit]ation ( sex motives1 !re has sprung up a y\ng] s*ool :i* has /riv5 to introduce m v>i$ subject-matt] & a broad] view1 also great] tru? & subtl] me?ods 9 play-mak+4 ,"h belong ,granville ,b>k]1 ) 8 ,voysey ,inh]itance 78 be/ piece71 notewor?y also z actor-manag] & produc]2 ! noveli/s1 ,galswor?y & ,b5nett2 & ,masefield1 ^: ,trag$y ( ,nan conta9s imag9ative poetry m+l$ ) melodrama2 & /ill lat] figures1 conspicu\s among !m ! late ,/anley ,h\ghton1 ^: ,h9dle ,wakes won critical & popul> praise2 o!rs be+ ,mc,donald ,ha/+s ) ,! ,new ,s92 ,gi?a ,s[]by1 au?or ( ! grim1 effective play1 ,ru!r=d & ,son2 ,elizabe? ,bak]1 ) ,*a9s to h] cr$it2 ,wilfr$ ,gibson1 :o writes brief poignant /udies ( ea/ ,london 9 v]se t 9 =m is d>+ly reali/ic2 ,cosmo ,hamilton1 :o made u ?9k 9 8 attractive ,! ,bl9dness ( ,virtue2 & ,j4 ,o4 ,francis1 ^: ,wel% play1 ,*ange1 0 recogniz$ z do+ = t c\ntry ! same s]vice z ! gr\p l$ by ,yeats & ,synge has p]=m$ = ,irel&4 ,a lat] ,synge seems to h aris5 9 ,"l ,dunsany1 ^: dramas 9 book =m h *all5g$ admiration2 & s9ce 8 e>ly dea? ,/4 ,john ,hank9's dramatic "w is com+ into importance z a ma/]ly contribution to light com$y1 ! sort ( drama t1 aft] ! ,wilde fa%ion1 laughs at folly1 satirizes weakness1 refra9s f tak+ sides1 & nev] =gets t ! !at] %\ld (f] amusem5t4 ,( all ^! playwrights1 ris+ or ris51 :o h got a he>+ aft] ! vet]ans fir/ m5tion$1 ,galswor?y seems mo/ significant = ! pr(\nd social e>ne/ness ( 8 ?\ght1 ! great dignity ( 8 art & ! fact t he r>ely fails to respect ! /age dem& = objective int]e/ & /ory appeal4 ,"s ( ^! new dramati/s g too f> 9 reject+ almo/ scornfully ! legitimate !at] mood ( amusem5t & ! necessity ( a me?od diff]+ f ! m analytic way ( fiction4 ,mr4 ,galswor?y1 h[ev]1 ?\gh sev]e to au/]ity 9 8 conceptions & no?+ if n s]i\s 9 treatm5t1 c]ta9ly puts ^u u some?+ ( ! compell+ grip ( ! true dramati/ 9 su* plays z ,! ,silv] ,box1 ,/rife &1 /ronge/ ( !m all & "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( mod]n trag$y1 ,ju/ice1 :]e ! !mes are s h&l$ z to increase _! intr9sic value4 ,?is able & high-aim+ noveli/1 :5 he turns to ano!r te*nic1 takes ! tr\ble to acquire x & becomes a /age influ5ce to reckon )4 ,! ,pigeon1 ! mo/ g5ial outcome ( 8 dramatic art1 is a delightful play3 & ,! ,elde/ ,son1 ,! ,fugitive & ,! ,mob1 if none ( !m h be5 /age successes1 /& = "w ( praisewor?y /r5g?4 ,on ! side ( poetry1 & com+ a little be=e ! ,iri% drama attract$ g5]al att5tion1 ,/eph5 ,phillips prov$ t a poet c\ld le>n ! te*nic ( ! !at] & satisfy ! dem&s ( read] & play-go]4 ,saturat$ ) lit]>y traditions1 frankly turn+ to hi/ory1 leg5d1 & lit]ature itself = 8 inspiration1 ,mr4 ,phillips has writt5 a numb] ( act+ dramas1 all ( !m possess+ /age value1 :ile rema9+ real poetry4 ,8 be/ ?+s are ,paolo & ,francesca & ,h]od1 ! =m] a play ( lovely lyric quality & g5u9ely dramatic mom5ts ( susp5se & climax2 ! latt] a p[]ful h&l+ ( ! ,bible motive4 ,v f9e too 9 its c5tral "* is ,n]o2 & ,ulysses1 :ile less suit$ to ! /age1 :]e x seems spectacle r ?an drama1 is fill$ ) noble poetry & has a la/ act t is a little play 9 itself4 ,sev]al ( ,mr4 ,phillips' be/ plays h be5 elaborately /ag$ & successfully produc$ by repres5tative actor-manag]s l ,sir ,h]b]t ,be]bohm ,tree & ,sir ,george ,alex&]4 ,/ill ) poetry 9 m9d1 x may be add$ t ,lawr5ce ,b9yon has giv5 evid5ce ( di/9ct p[] 9 dramatic poetry 9 8 ,attila1 & ! delicate ,pi]rot play1 ,prunella1 by ,messrs4 ,h\sman & ,granville ,b>k] is a success 9 q ano!r g5re4 ,israel ,zangwill has turn$1 l ,b>rie1 ,galswor?y & ,b5nett1 f fiction to ! play1 & ,! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,ghetto1 ,m]ely ,m>y ,ann1 ,! ,melt+ ,pot1 ,! ,w> ,god & ,! ,next ,religion %[ progressively a firm] te*nic & ! use ( l>g] !mes4 ,o!r playwrights l ,alfr$ ,sutro1 ,sidney ,grundy1 ,w4 ,s4 ,maugham1 ,hub]t ,davies1 & ,capta9 ,m>%all h a skillful h&1 & 9 ! cases ( ,maugham & ,davies1 especially ! latt]1 clev] social satire has come f _! p5s4 ,l\is ,r4 ,p>k] has %[n 8 range & skill 9 successful dramas s widely div]g5t z ,rosem>y1 ,pom&] ,walk & ,disraeli4 ,x may be se5 f ?is category1 sugge/ive r ?an complete1 t !re is 9 ,engl& ample evid5ce = ! /atem5t t drama is n[ be+ vigor\sly produc$ & mu/ be reckon$ ) z an appreciable & welcome "p ( contempor>y lett]s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s f>1 ! %[+ is slight] & less impressive4 ,yet x is )9 ! facts to say t ! native play-mak+ has wax$ m s]i\s-m9d$ & skillful 7?is especially 9 ! la/ few ye>s7 & s has become a def9ite adjunct to ! g5]al movem5t t[>d ! re9ve/iture ( drama4 ,9 ! prose drama :i* attempts hone/ly to reproduce ,am]ican social conditions1 eld] m5 l ,h[>d & ,h]ne1 & lat] ones l ,?omas1 ,gillette & ,clyde ,fit*1 h done wor?y pione] "w4 ,among _m y\ng] playwrights :o are fa/ press+ to ! front1 ,eug5e ,walt]1 :o 9 ,! ,easie/ ,way wrote "o ( ! be/ reali/ic plays ( ! day1 ,edw>d ,%eldon1 ) a doz5 int]e/+ dramas to 8 cr$it1 notably ,! ,nigg] & ,romance2 & ,william ,vaughan ,moody1 ^: mat]ial 9 bo? ,! ,great ,divide & ,! ,fai? ,heal] is heal?fully ,am]ican & tru?ful1 al?\gh ! h&l+ is romantic & t ( ! poet1 des]ve fir/ m5tion4 ,wom5 are increas+ly prom95t 9 ?is rec5t activity & 9 su* h&s z ^? ( ,ra*el ,cro!rs1 ,ann ,flexn]1 ,m>gu]ite ,m]r+ton1 ,m>g>et ,mayo & ,eleanor ,gates our social life is likely to be exploit$ 9 a way to h9t at its problems1 & tru?fully & amus+ly set =? its types4 ,moody1 ?\gh he wrote 8 /age plays 9 prose1 0 ess5tially ! poet 9 viewpo9t & imag9ation4 ,a poet too1 despite ! fact t m ?an half 8 "w is 9 prose1 is ,p]cy ,mackaye1 ! son ( a di/+ui%$ e>li] playwright & !at] re=m]1 au?or ( ,hazel ,kirke & ,paul ,kauv>4 ,mr4 ,mackaye's prose com$y ,mat]1 high com$y 9 ! be/ s5se1 & 8 satiric burlesque1 ,anti-,matrimony1 toge!r ) ! ?\ghtful drama ,tomorr[1 :i* seeks to incorporate ! new conception ( eug5ics 9 a vital /ory ( ! day1 are good examples ( "o aspect ( 8 "w2 & ,jeanne d',arc1 ,sapho & ,phaon1 v]se plays1 & ! romantic spectacle play1 ,a ,?\s& ,ye>s ,ago1 illu/rate 8 poetic endeavor4 ,tak+ a h9t f a %ort /ory by ,haw?orne1 he has writt5 9 ,! ,sc>ecr[ "o ( ! /ronge/ & noble/ s]i\s dramas yet wr\ght by an ,am]ican4 ,he has also done mu* = ! pageant & outdoor masque1 z 8 ,! ,cant]bury ,pilgrims1 ,sanctu>y & ,/4 ,l\is1 ,a ,civic ,masque1 pres5t$ 9 ,may ( #aiad on an h]oic scale 9 t city1 te/ify4 ,a poet1 :e!r 9 lyric or dramatic expression1 is ,joseph9e ,pre/on ,peabody4 ,h] lovely re%ap+ ( ! famili> leg5d kn[n be/ 9 ! h&s ( ,br[n+1 ,! ,pip]1 took ! prize at ! ,/rat=d on ,avon spr+ ,%akespe>e fe/ival "s ye>s ago1 & has be5 successful s9ce bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,h] o!r dramatic writ+ has n z yet met s well ! /age dem&s1 b is conspicu\s = *>m & ideality4 ,9 ! imag9ative field ( romance1 poetry & allegory we may also place ! ,am]icaniz$ ,engli%man1 ,*>les ,rann ,k5n$y1 :o has put ! t\* ( ! poet & prophet ^u homely mod]n mat]ial4 ,8 beautiful morality play1 ,! ,s]vant 9 ! ,h\se1 secur$ 8 reputation & lat] plays f ,! ,w9t] ,fea/ to ,! ,idol ,break]1 inclusive ( sev]al %ort] pieces1 ! "o act =m be+ def9itely practic$ by ?is au?or1 h be5 int]e/+ "w1 skillful ( te*nic & sur*>g$ ) social sympa?y & significance4 ,edw>d ,knoblau*1 ! au?or ( ,! ,faun1 ( ,mile/ones 9 collaboration ) ,mr4 ,b5nett1 & ( ! fanta/ic ori5tal div]tissem5t1 ,kismet2 & ,au/9 ,/rong1 :o wrote ,! ,toymak] ( ,nuremb]g1 are among ! y\ng] dramati/s f :om mu* may yet be expect$4 ,9 ?is enum]ation1 all too scant to d ju/ice to new] drama 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially 9 ! field ( reali/ic satire & humor\s p]ception ( ! l>ge-scal$ cla%es ( our social life1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ,i p]=ce omit to m5tion fully two score able & e>ne/ "y work]s :o are %[+ a mo/ cr$itable desire to depict ,am]ican conditions & h le>n$1 or are rapidly le>n+1 ! use ( _! /age tools4 ,! purpose "h is to "n en\gh ( p]sonal accompli%m5t to buttress ! claim t a promis+ s*ool has aris5 on ! native soil ) aims & me?ods simil> to ^? abroad4 ,& all ?is "w1 ,engli% or ,am]ican1 %[s c]ta9 e>-m>ks to b9d x toge!r & decl>e x ( our day 9 comp>ison ) ! pa/4 ,:at are ^! di/9ctive features8 ,on ! side ( te*nic1 a great] & great] insi/5ce on tell+ ! /ory dramatically1 ) m ( tru?1 to ! exclusion ( all t is non-dramatic1 al?\gh pres]v$ 9 ! conv5tions ( ! !at] = p]haps c5turies2 ! elim9ation ( subplot & ( subsidi>y *>act]s :i* 7 ( old deem$ necess>y = purposes ( exposition2 ! avoidance ( ! prologue & su* anci5t & useful devices z ! aside & ! soliloquy2 & su* simplification ( =m t ! typical play %all r$uce itself mo/ likely to ?ree acts1 & is almo/ always less ?an five2 a play t (t5 has b "o sc5e :]e ! action is compress$ )9 ! "t limits ( a few h\rs1 or1 at ! mo/1 a day or two4 ,all ?is is ! outcome ( ! influ5ce ( ,ibs5 ) its subtlety1 expository me?ods & its int5s] psy*ology4 ,9 ^w1 dress1 action & sc5e1 too1 ?is mod]n type ( drama approximates clos] to life2 & incl9es to m9imize sc5]y save z congru\s backgr\nd1 ?us imply+ a di/9ct rebellion f ! /upidly lit]al sc5ic envisagem5t = :i* ! influ5ce ( a ,belasco is responsible4 ,! new te*nic also has1 9 its seek+ = an effect ( v]isimilitude1 adopt$ ! naturali/ic key ( life 9 its act+ values & has built small !at]s bett] adapt$ to ?is quiet]1 m p5etrat+ pres5tation4 ,9 reg>d to subject matt]1 & ! au?or's attitude to 8 "w1 a m>k$ t5d5cy may be se5 to emphasize p]sonality 9 ! "* draw+1 to make x ( c5tral int]e/ 7contra/$ ) plot7 & a bold attempt to pres5t x 9 ! m m9ute v>iations ( motive & act r ?an 9 ^? m obvi\s reactions to life :i* h hi!rto *>act]iz$ /age treatm5t2 & equally noticeable if n ! dom9ant note ( ?is latt]-day drama1 has be5 ! social sympa?y express$ 9 x & mak+ x fairly resonant ) k9dly human values3 ! au?or's desire to see ju/ice done to ! "u-dog 9 ! social /ruggle2 to ext5d a frat]nal h& to ! d]elicts ( ! e>?1 to und]/& ! poor & /rive to help ^? :o are weak or lo/2 all ! und]l+s & incompet5ts & ill-do]s ( e>? f9d _! expla9]s & def5d]s 9 ^! writ]s4 ,?is is ! note :i* s\nds 9 ! frat]nalism ( ,k5n$y's ,! ,s]vant 9 ! ,h\se1 ! arraignm5t ( society 9 ,walt]'s ,! ,easie/ ,way & ,pat]son's ,rebellion1 ! contra/ ( ! ideals ( ea/ & we/ 9 ,moody's ,! ,great ,divide1 & ! democratic fell[%ip ( ,%eldon's ,salvation ,nell4 ,x is ! note abroad :i* gives mean+ to ,hauptmann's ,! ,weav]s1 ,galswor?y's ,ju/ice & ,w$ek9d's ,! ,awak5+ ( ,spr+1 diff]5t z !y are f ea* o!r4 ,x /&s = a tol]ant1 ev5 lov+ compreh5sion ( ! o!r fell['s case4 ,!re is 9 x a belief 9 ! age1 too1 & 9 mod]n man2 a fai? 9 democracy & an aspiration to see e/abli%$ on ! e>? a social condition :i* w make democracy a fact1 n m]ely a conv5i5t political cat*-^w4 ,"s au?ors1 9 _! obsession ) tru? on ! /age1 h too mu* neglect$ ! fundam5tal dem&s ( ! !at] & s sacrific$ ! crisp cresc5do treatm5t ( crisis 9 climax z to indulge 9 a tame1 undramatic & baffl+ly subtle manipulation ( ! /ory2 a rem>k applicable1 = example1 to a writ] l ,granville ,b>k]4 ,b ! gr[? & ga9s 9 bo? c\ntries1 ) ,am]ica mode/ly second1 are enc\rag+4 ,9 ^! mod]n h&s ! play has be5 simplifi$1 deep5$1 made m tru?ful1 m sympa!tic2 & is n[ be+ giv5 ! expressional =m t means lit]ature4 ,! bad1 ! *eap1 ! flimsy are /ill be+ produc$1 ( c\rse1 9 pl5ty2 s has x always be51 s ev] w be4 ,b ! drama t is wor?y1 skillful1 refre%+ 9 ^! diff]5t k9ds--f>ce1 com$y light1 polite1 or satiric2 broad com$y or high1 melodrama1 trag$y1 romance & morality--is n[ (f]$1 /eadily1 g5]\sly1 & x dep5ds ^u ! !at]-go] :o has tra9$ himself to "k1 to reject & accept rightly1 to appreciate & s make secure ! life ( all drama t is wor? pres]vation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is survey ( ! ,engli% !at] & ! drama :i* has be5 produc$ 9 x f ! beg9n+--a survey ! brevity ( :i* w n detract1 x may be hop$1 f its cle>ness1 may s]ve to place our play-go] 9 a position ! bett] to appreciate ! pres5t conditions2 & to give him m respect = a =m ( lit]ature :i* he turns to to-day = intellig5t recreation1 deem+ x a helpfully /imulat+ =m ( art4 ,f ?is vantage-po9t1 he may n[ approa* a consid]ation ( ! drama z an arti/ic problem4 ,he w be readi] ?an be=e1 p]haps1 to realize t ! playwright1 ) ?is hi/ory beh9d him1 is ! creature ( a long & important developm5t1 9 a d\ble s5se3 9 8 treatm5t ( life1 & 9 ! mann] ( t treatm5t4 ,naturally1 ! !at]-go] w n /op ) ! ,engli% product4 ,! necessity alone ( und]/&+ ,ibs51 z ! ma9 figure 9 ?is complex mod]n movem5t1 w lead him to a /udy ( ! au?or ( ,a ,doll's ,h\se4 ,&1 work+ f c5t] to circumf]5ce1 he w ) ev] increas+ /imulation & delight become famili> ) _m o!r =eign dramati/s ( national or int]national importance4 ,he w give att5tion to ^? o!r ,sc&9avians1 ,/r9db]g1 ,dra*man & ,bjo]nson2 to ! ,russians1 ,tol/oy1 ,t*ek(f & ,gorky2 to ,fr5*m5 l ,ro/& & ,maet]l9ck1 ,becque1 ,h]vieu1 ,lav$an1 ,donnay & ,brieux2 to ! ,g]mans & ,au/rians1 ,hauptmann1 ,sud]mann1 ,w$ek9d1 ,h(man/hal & ,s*nitzl]2 to ! ,italian1 ,d',annunzio1 & ! ,spani% ,e*g]agay1--to m5tion b a few4 ,x may ev5 be t1 once ar\s$ to ! value ( ! expression ( ! ,pres5t 9 ^! repres5tative writ]s = ! /age1 he w wi% to trace ! dramatic hi/ory beh9d !m 9 _! respective c\ntries1 z he has 7suppos$ly7 already done ) ! dramati/s ( 8 own tongue4 ,if he d s1 ! play-go] w surely add greatly n only to 8 g5]al lit]>y culture b to 8 p[] ( true appreciation ( ! play ( ! mom5t he may be witness+4 ,= all ?is read+ & reflection & comp>ison w t5d to make him a critic-9-!-seat :o settles ! fate ( plays to-day because he kn[s ! plays ( ye/]day & ye/]ye>4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,play ,,z ,,!me ,,& ,,p]sonal ,,view ,we may n[ come directly to a consid]ation ( ! play reg>d$ z a "w ( art & a piece ( life4 ,aft] all1 ?is is ! c5tral aim 9 ! attempt to become intellig5t 9 our play-go+4 ,a play may prop]ly be ?\ght ( z a !me2 x has a def9ite subject1 :i* involves a p]sonal op9ion ab\t life on ! au?or's "p2 a view ( human be+s 9 _! complex int]relations ! sum ( :i* make up man's exi/5ce on ?is globe4 ,! play has a /ory1 ( c\rse1 & t /ory is s h&l$ z to con/itute a plot3 mean+ a tangle ( circum/ances 9 :i* ! fates ( a h&ful ( human be+s are involv$1 a tangle to :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ! plot to give mean+ & direction4 ,b back ( ! /ory1 9 any drama t rises to "s wor?1 !re is a !me1 9 a s5se4 ,?us1 ! !me ( ,macbe? is ! deg5]at+ effect ( s9 ^u ! natures ( ! k+ & 8 sp\se2 & ! !me ( ,ibs5's ,a ,doll's ,h\se is ! evil results ( treat+ a gr[n-up woman z if %e 7 a m]e puppet ) little or no relation to life's s]i\s realities4 ,! ?+ t gives dignity & value to any play is to be f\nd j "h3 a di/9ctive !me1 :i* is ov] & above ! int]e/ ( /ory-plot1 s9ks into ! consci\sness ( ! spectator or read]1 & gives him /imulat+ ?\ghts ab\t life & liv+ long aft] he may h q =gott5 ! fable :i* made ! framework = ?is sugge/ive impulse ( ! dramati/4 ,give ! /atem5t a practical te/4 ,pl5ty ( plays suffice well en\gh p]haps to fill an ev5+ pleasantly1 yet h no !me at all1 no idea :i* "o c take ) him f ! playh\se & rum9ate at leisure4 ,=1 al?\gh ! /ory may be skillfully h&l$ & ! te*nic ( ! piece be satisfy+1 if x is n ab\t any?+1 ! rational auditor is vaguely dissatisfi$ & f9ds 9 ! f9al e/imate t all su* plays fall bel[ ^? t really h a !me4 ,to illu/rate3 ,mr4 ,augu/us ,?omas's f9e play1 ,! ,wit*+ ,h\r1 has a !me emb$d$ 9 a good1 old-fa%ion$ melodramatic /ory2 & ?is is "o ( ! reasons = its great success4 ,b ! same au?or's ,mrs4 ,leff+well's ,boots1 ?\gh execut$ ) practic$ skill1 has no !me at all & !re=e is at ! be/ an empty1 if amus+1 trifle1 f> bel[ ! dramati/'s full p[]s4 ,frankly1 x is a pot boil]4 ,&1 simil>ly1 ,mr4 ,?omas's capital we/]n ,am]ican drama1 ,arizona1 :ile prim>ily & app>5tly /ory = its own sake1 takes on an add$ virtue because x illu/rates1 9 a /ory-sett+1 c]ta9 typical & wor?y ,am]ican traits to be f\nd at ! "t & "u ^? conditions 9 ! f> we/4 ,to h a !me is n to be didactic1 nei!r to argue = a !sis nor moot a problem4 ,x is simply to h an op9ion ab\t life involv$ 9 & ris+ naturally out ( ! /ory1 & nev]1 nev] lugg$ 9 by ! heels4 ,! true dramati/ does n tell a /ory because he has a !me he wi%es to impose ^u ! audi5ce2 on ! contr>y1 he tells 8 /ory because he sees life t way1 9 t]ms ( plot1 ( drama1 & 9 its c\rse1 & 9 spite ( himself1 a c]ta9 notion or view ab\t sublun>y ?+s ent]s into ! /ructure ( ! :ole creation1 & emanates f x l an atmosph]e4 ,"o ( ! v be/ com$ies ( mod]n times is ! late ,sidney ,grundy's ,a ,pair ( ,spectacles4 ,x has s\nd te*nic1 delightful *>act]ization1 & a simple1 plausible1 coh]5t & int]e/+ fable4 ,b1 beyond ?is1 x has a !me1 a he>t-w>m+ "o3 namely1 t "o :o sees life ?r\gh ! k9dly l5ses ( ! optimi/ is n only happi]1 b gets ! be/ results f 8 fell[ be+s2 9 %ort1 is ne>] ! tru?4 ,& no "o %\ld d\bt t ?is !me goes f> t[>d expla9+ ! rem>kable vogue ( ?is admirable com$y4 ,)\t a !me s cle>1 agreeable & int]pretive1 a play equally skillful w\ld nev] h _h l =tune4 ,& ?is !me 9 a play1 z 0 h9t$1 mu/1 to be acceptable1 express ! au?or's p]sonal op9ion1 hone/ly1 fe>lessly put =?4 ,if x be m]ely :at he ought to ?9k 9 ! premises1 :at o!rs conv5tionally ?9k1 :at x w1 9 8 op9ion1 or t ( ! produc] ( ! play1 pay to ?9k1 ! drama w n r+ true1 & w be likely to fail1 ev5 if ! te*nic ( a lifetime bol/] x up4 ,x mu/ embody a tru? relative to ! writ]1 a fact ab\t life z he sees x1 & no?+ else4 ,a !me 9 a play _c be ab/ract tru?1 = to tell u ( ab/ract tru? is ! meti] ( ! philosoph]1 & h]e9 lies 8 diff]5ce f ! /age /ory-tell]4 ,relative tru? is ! play-mak]'s aim & ! p>am\nt dem& ^u him is t he be s9c]e4 ,he mu/ give a view ( life 9 8 /ory :i* is an hone/ /atem5t ( :at human be+s & human happ5+s really are 9 8 exp]i5ce4 ,if 8 exp]i5ce has be5 s peculi> or unique z to make 8 !mes absurd & impossible to p 9 g5]al1 !n 8 play w pretty surely fail4 ,he pays ! p5alty ( 8 w>p$1 or too limit$ or deg5]ate exp]i5ce4 ,no matt]3 %[ ! ?+ z he sees x & kn[s x1 t he mu/2 & !n take 8 *ances4 ,& s conv9c+1 s w9n+ is s9c]ity1 t ev5 :5 ! view t lies at ! he>t ( ! !me appe>s mon/r\s & out ( all belief1 yet x w /& a bett] *ance ( acceptance ?an if ! au?or _h trimm$ 8 sails to e w9d ( favor t bl[s4 ,mr4 ,k5n$y wrote an odd drama a few ye>s ago call$ ,! ,s]vant 9 ! ,h\se1 9 :i* he did a mo/ unconv5tional ?+ 9 ! way ( introduc+ a my/ic /rang] out ( ! ,ea/ into ! mid/ ( an ord9>y mundane ,engli% h\sehold4 ,anybody exam9+ su* a play 9 advance1 & aw>e ( :at sort ( drama 0 typical ( our day1 might h be5 =giv5 _h he absolutely refus$ to h fai? 9 su* a "w4 ,b ! au?or 0 "o p]son :o did h fai? 9 x2 he _h a f9e !me3 ! idea t ! ,*ri/ ideal1 :5 project$ into daily life--in/ead ( cri$ up once a week 9 *ur*--& !re act$ on1 is efficaci\s4 ,he _h an un%ak5 belief 9 ?is idea4 ,& he conqu]$1 because he d>$ to sub/itute = ! conv5tional & suppos$ inevitable dem& an app>5tly unpopul> p]sonal conviction4 ,he f\nd1 z m5 :o d>e commonly d1 t ! assum$ p]sonal view 0 ! g5]al view :i* no "o _h _h ! c\rage be=e to express4 ,9 ! same way1 ,m4 ,maet]l9ck1 ano!r ideali/ ( ! day1 wrote ,! ,blue ,bird4 ,x is safe to say t ^? 9 a position to be wise 9 matt]s dramatic w\ld nev] h pr$ict$ ! enorm\s success ( ?is simple *ild play 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,b ! writ] d>$ to v5t 8 ideas & feel+s ) reg>d to *ildhood & conc]n+ ! spiritual aspirations ( all mank9d2 9 o!r words1 he *ose a !me = "s o!r reason ?an because x 0 good1 tri$ !at] mat]ial2 & ! _w kn[s ! result4 ,x may be said )\t hesitation t m plays fail 9 ! attempt to modify view 9 favor ( ! suppos$ view ( o!rs--! audi5ce1 ! manag] or somebody else--?an fail because ! dramati/ has /urdily /uck to 8 po9t ( view & hone/ly set d[n 9 8 /ory 8 own private reaction to ! wond]ful ?+ call$ life2 a g5]al possession & yet n "o ?+1 b hav+ z _m sides z !re are p]sons 9 ! _w to live x4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! numb] ( dramas t1 in/ead ( c>ry+ ?r\gh ! !me consi/5tly to ! end1 are deflect$ f _! prop] c\rse ?r\gh ! playwright's desire 7m (t5 x is an unwill+ concession to o!rs' desire7 to furni% t tradition-condim5t1 a pleasant end+4 ,n[ ev]ybody normal w\ld r h a play end well ?an n2 he :o c\rts mis]y = its own sake is a fool4 ,b1 if n a fool1 he does n wi% ! pleasantness at ! exp5se ( tru?1 because !n ! pleasantness is no long] pleasant to ! educat$ ta/e1 & s defeats its own end4 ,& x is an obs]v$ fact t "s /ories1 :e!r fiction or drama1 beg9 to end well1 z ,/ev5son express$ x2 :ile o!rs1 j z truly1 beg9 to end ill4 ,h5ce1 :5 su* !mes are manh&l$ by ! *eap1 di%one/ wre/+ ( ev5ts or *>act]s or bo?1 s z presumably to s5d ! audi5ce home happy1 we get a wret*$ malv]sion ( art1--& )\t at all atta9+ ! object 9 view4 ,= ev5 ! av]age1 or g>d5-v>iety1 ( audi5ce is uneasy at ! insult (f]$ its intellig5ce 9 su* a nef>i\s transaction4 ,x has be5 ask$ to witness a piece ( real life1 =1 te/imony to ! contr>y not)/&+1 t is :at an audi5ce takes e play to be4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ?is pres5tation ( life is conv9c+2 !n1 = ! sake ( leav+ an impression t all is well because two p]sons are unit$ :o nev] %\ld be1 or because ! h]o didn't die :5 he really did1 or because co9cid5ce is pil$ on co9cid5ce to make a fairy tale situation at :i* a fairly intellig5t c[ w\ld rebel1 pre/o1 a lie has to be told t w\ld n deceive ! v *ildr5 9 ! seats4 ,x is pleasant to record tru?fully t ?is mis]able & mi/ak5 dem& on ! "p ( ! %ort-sight$ purveyors ( comm]cializ$ dramatic w>es is yield+ gradually to ! m enlight5$ notion t any audi5ce wants a play to be consi/5t ) itself1 & feels t too high a price c be paid ev5 = ! good end+ ^: false deification has play$ havoc ) true dramatic int]e/s4 ,ano!r mode ( di%one/y1 9 :i* ! writ] ( a play fails 9 !me1 is to be f\nd :5ev]1 in/ead ( /ick+ to 8 subject matt] & giv+ x ! unity ( 8 ma9 int]e/ & ! :ol5ess ( effect d]iv$ f pay+ x undivid$ att5tion1 extrane\s matt] is introduc$ = ! sake ( tempor>y alleviation4 ,n to /ick to y\r !me is almo/ z bad at times z to h none4 ,no d\bt ! temptation comes to all practical playwrights & is a consid]able "o4 ,b x mu/ be resi/$ if !y are to rema9 self-respect+ arti/s4 ,! late ,clyde ,fit*1 skill$ man ( ! !at] ?\gh he 01 s9n$ n seldom 9 ?is respect4 ,he sometimes introduc$ sc5es effective = novelty & tru? ( local color1 b s little relat$ to ! :ole t ! tra9$ auditor might well h met him ) ! fam\s "q ask$ by ! ,greek audi5ces ( _! dramati/s :o /ray$ f _! !me3 ,:at has ?is to d ) ,apollo8 ,! rem>k applies to ! dra/ically p[]ful sc5e 9 8 po/hum\s play ,! ,city1 :]e ! !me :i* 0 pla9ly ann\nc$ 9 ! fir/ act is lo/ sight ( 9 ! dramati/'s desire to use mat]ial well adapt$ to secure a s5sational effect 9 8 climax4 ,x is only fair to say t1 _h ?is drama receiv$ ! f9al mold+ at ! au?or's h&s1 x might h be5 modifi$ to "s ext5t4 ,b !re is no "q t ?is 0 a t5d5cy ) ,fit*4 ,! late ,osc> ,wilde _h an almo/ unp>allel$ gift = witty epigrammatic dialogue4 ,9 8 two clev] com$ies1 ,lady ,w9d]m]e's ,fan & ,a ,woman ( ,no ,importance1 he all[$ ?is gift to run away ) him to su* an ext5t t ! op5+ acts ( bo? pieces conta9 _m spee*es lift$ f 8 notebooks1 seem+ly1 & plac$ arbitr>ily 9 ! m\?s ( sundry p]sons ( ! play3 "s ( ! spee*es c\ld q z well h be5 spok5 by o!rs4 ,?is con/itut$ a defect :i* might h s]i\sly militat$ aga9/ ! success ( ^? dramas _h !y n possess$ 9 full measure brilliant qualities ( g5u9e con/ructive play-mak+4 ,! !me1 aft] all1 0 !re1 once x 0 />t$2 & s 0 ! deft h&l+4 ,b dialogue n motivat$ by "* or necessitat$ by /ory is always an injury1 & mu* drama to-day suff]s f ?is fault4 ,! produc] ( ! play decl>es t its tone is too /eadily s]i\s & dem&s ! ins]tion ( "s humor to light5 x1 & ! playwright1 poor1 helpless wight1 yields1 ?\gh he kn[s he is s9n+ aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ ( 8 art4 ,or p]haps ! play is too %ort to fill ! requir$ "t & s padd+ is deem$ necess>y2,b or x may be t ! ignorance or %ort-sight$ness ( ^? produc+ ! play w lead !m to confuse ! int]e/s ( ! *ief play] ) t ( ! piece itself2 & s a dep>ture f !me foll[s1 & unity be sacrific$4 ,t is :at unity means3 /ick+ to !me4 ,& unity ( /ory1 be sure1 waits on unity ( !me4 ,?is insi/5ce ^u s+l5ess ( purpose 9 a play1 cl++ to x aga9/ all allurem5ts1 does n imply t :at is kn[n z a subplot may n be all[$ 9 a drama4 ,x 0 common 9 ! pa/ & c /ill be se5 to-day1 ?\gh ! t5d5cy ( mod]n te*nic is to ab&on x = ! sake ( great] emphasis ^u ! ma9 plot & ! result+ tight5+ ( ! texture1 avoid+ any risk ( a splitt+ ( int]e/4 ,h[ev]1 a second>y or subplot 9 ! "r h&s--z we see x 9 ,%akespe>e's ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 or1 = a mod]n in/ance1 9 ,p9]o's ,sweet ,lav5d]--is legitimate en\gh4 ,^? :o manipulate x ) success w be c>eful to see t ! m9or plot %all nev] appe> = a mom5t to be major2 & t bo? /r&s %all be int]wov5 into an ess5tial unity ( design1 :i* is admirably illu/rat$ 9 ,%akespe>e's com$y j m5tion$4 ,h a !me !n1 let x be q y\r own1 & /ick to x1 is a succ9ct injunction :i* e dramati/ w d well to he$ & ! critic 9 ! seat w d well to dem&4 ,nei!r "o nor ! o!r %\ld ev] =get t ! "o & only fundam5tal unity 9 drama1 pa/1 pres5t & to come1 is unity ( idea1 & ! unity ( action :i* ga!rs ab\t t idea z surely z iron fil+s ar\nd ! magnetiz$ c5t]4 ,! unities ( "t & place are conditional ^u ! k9d ( drama aim$ at1 & ! temporal & physical *>act]i/ic ( ! !at]2 ! ,greeks obey$ !m = reasons peculi> to ! ,greeks1 & _m l&s1 beg9n+ ) ! ,romans1 h imitat$ ^! s-call$ laws s9ce4 ,b ,%akespe>e de/roy$ !m = ,engl&1 & to-day1 if unity ( "t & place are to be se5 9 an ,ibs5 play1 x simply means t1 9 ! psy*ological drama he writes1 "t & place are naturally re/rict$4 ,b 9 ! unity ( action :i* means unity ( !me we h a pr9ciple :i* looks to ! con/itution ( ! human m9d2 = ! sake ( t ease ( att5tion :i* helps to hold int]e/ & produce pleasure1 su* unity !re mu/ be2 ! m9d ( man 7:5 he has "o7 is made t way4 ,!re is a special reason :y ! intellig5t play-go] mu/ insi/ ^u ?is fundam5tal unity3 because mu* 9 our pres5t imag9ative lit]ature is1 z to =m1 9 direct conflict ) t appeal to a su/a9$ effect ( unity (f]$ by a well-wr\ght drama4 ,! %ort /ory t is all too brief1 ! vaudeville turn1 ! magaz9e habit ( read+ a ho/ ( unrelat$ scamp$ trifles1 all militate aga9/ ! habit ( conc5trat$ att5tion2 all ! m reason :y x %\ld be cultivat$4 ,let me return to ! ?\ght t ! dramati/1 9 mak+ ! !me 8 own1 may be tempt$ to pres5t a view ( life n only p]sonal b ecc5tric & vag>i\s to ! po9t ( insanity4 ,8 view1 to put x bluntly1 may repres5t a crack-bra9$ di/ortion ( life r ?an life z x is exp]i5c$ by m5 9 g5]al4 ,9 su* a case1 & obvi\sly1 8 drama w be ineffective & objectionable1 9 ! exact degree t x dep>ts f :at may be call$ broadly ! normal & ! possible4 ,z ,i h already ass]t$1 di/ortion = di/ortion1 ev5 a crazy h&l+ ( !me t is hone/ is to be pref]r$ to "o consci\sly a deflection f belief4 ,b ! =m] is n "r because ! latt] is wrong4 ,bo? %\ld be avoid$1 & w be if ! play-mak] be at ! same "t s9c]e & heal?ily repres5tative 9 8 reaction to life ( humanity at l>ge4 ,! really great plays1 & ! good plays t h %[n a la/+ quality1 h s9n$ 9 nei!r ( ^! p>ticul>s4 ,x is especially ( import t our critic-9-!-seat %\ld insi/ on ?is matt] ( normal appeal1 because ours happ5s to be a day :5 p]sonal vag>ies1 extravagant !ories & lawless imag9+s are grant$ a fre$om 9 lit]>y & o!r art 9 g5]al su* z an e>li] day h>dly conceiv$ (4 ,! abuses "u ! mighty "n ( ,art are _m & flagrant4 ,all ! m ne$ = ! kn[+ spectator 9 ! !at]1 or he :o reads ! play at home1 to be prep>$ = 8 function1 quick to reprim& alike tame subs]vi5cy or ! abnormalities ( unre/ra9$ g5ius4 ,x is fair to say t absolute hone/y on ! dramati/'s "p 9 ! conception & pres5tation ( !me w meet all legitimate criticisms ( 8 "w4 ,)9 8 limitations1 we %all get ! be/ t is 9 him1 if he w only %[ u life z he sees x1 & h ! c\rage ( 8 convictions1 all[+ no son ( man to w>p 8 "w f t purpose4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,me?od ,,& ,,/ructure ,i ,s f> we h consid]$ ! mat]ial ( ! dramati/1 8 !me & subject matt]1 & 8 attitude t[>d x4 ,b 8 me?od 9 conceiv+ ?is mat]ial & ( h&l+ x is ( great importance & we may n[ exam9e ?is a little 9 detail1 to realize ! peculi> problem t confronts him4 ,at ! beg9n+ let x be und]/ood t ! dramati/ mu/ see 8 subject dramatically4 ,e /age /ory %\ld be se5 or conceiv$ 9 a c5tral mom5t :i* is ! explanation ( ! :ole play1 its reason = be+4 ,)\t t mom5t1 ! drama c\ld n exi/2 if ! /ory 7 told1 ! plot unfold$ )\t pres5t+ t sc5e1 ! play w\ld fall flat1 nay1 !re w\ld1 /rictly speak+1 be no play !re4 ,t is :y ! ,fr5* 7lead]s 9 nom5clature1 z 9 all else dramatic7 call x ! sc5e a faire1 ! sc5e t "o mu/ d2 or1 to adopt ! ,engli% equival5t (f]$ by ,mr4 ,ar*] 9 8 int]e/+ & able manual ( /agecraft entitl$ ,playmak+1 ! obligatory sc5e3 t is1 ! sc5e "o is oblig$ to %[4 ,?is mom5t 9 ! /ory is a climax1 because x is ! cr[n+ result ( all ! prec$+ gr[? ( ! drama up to a po9t :]e ! /eadily increas+ int]e/ has rea*$ its height & an electric effect ( susp5se & excitem5t results4 ,?is susp5sive excitem5t dep5ds ^u ! cla% ( human wills aga9/ ea* o!r or aga9/ circum/ances2 ev5ts are s tangl$ t !y c be no fur!r involv$ & some?+ mu/ happ5 9 ! way ( cutt+ ! knot2 ! fates ( ! p]sons are s implicat$ t _! lives mu/ be ei!r sav$ or de/roy$1 9 ord] to break ! deadlock4 ,?us along ) ! cla% goes a crisis pres5t$ 9 a brea?less climactic effect :i* is ! c5tral & imp]ative sc5e ( ! piece1 ! backbone ( e good play4 ,if ?is obligatory sc5e be abs5t1 y may at once suspect ! dramati/2 :atev] 8 o!r virtues 7f9e dialogue1 excell5t *>act]ization1 or /ill o!r m]its71 x is probable he is n "o g5u9ely call$ to tell a /ory 9 ! mann] ( drama )9 /age limitations4 ,x is sometimes said t a play is writt5 backw>d4 ,! rem>k has 9 m9d ?is fundam5tal fact ( ! climax2 all t goes be=e leads up to x1 is prep>ation = x1 & might conceivably be writt5 aft] ! obligatory sc5e has be5 conceiv$ & %ap$2 all t comes aft] x is an attempt to retire gracefully f ! great mom5t1 r\nd+ x out1 %[+ its results1 & conduct+ ! spectator back to ! common light ( day 9 su* a way z n to be dull1 or conv5tional or anti-climactic4 ,:at foll[s ?is inevitable sc5e is 7h[ev] disguis$7 at bottom a sort ( bridge convey+ ! auditor f ! supreme pleasure ( ! !at] back to ! r humdrum exp]i5ce ( actual life2 x is an exp]im5t 9 gradation4 ,& ! prep>$ play-go] w d5y ! covet$ aw>d ( well done to any play1 albeit f fam\s h&s & by no means want+ 9 good qualities1 :i* nev]!less fails 9 ?is prime requisite ( good drama3 ! c5tral1 dynamic sc5e illum9at+ all t goes be=e & foll[s aft]1 )\t :i* ! play1 aft] all1 has no "r to exi/5ce4 ,) ! com+ ( ! mod]n psy*ologic s*ool ( :i* ,galswor?y1 ,b>k] & ,b5nett are exempl>s1 !re is a di/9ct t5d5cy to m9imize or ev5 to elim9ate ?is obligatory sc5e2 an ef=t :i* %\ld be c>efully wat*$ & remon/rat$ aga9/2 s9ce x is ! lay+ ( an axe at ! roots ( dramatic writ+4 ,x may be confess$ t 9 "s in/ances ! results ( ?is violation ( a c>d9al pr9ciple are s *>m+ z to bl9d ! onlook] p]haps to ! dang]2 z 9 ! case ( ,mile/ones by ,messrs4 ,b5nett & ,knoblau*1 or ,! ,pigeon by ,galswor?y1 or ,l\is ,p>k]'s ,georgian picture1 ,pom&] ,walk4 ,b ?is only confuses ! issue4 ,su* drama may prove delightful = o!r reasons2 ! ?+ to be> 9 m9d is t !y are su* 9 spite ( ! giv+ up ( ! peculi>1 qu9tess5tial m]it ( drama 9 its full s5se4 ,_! virtues are non-dramatic virtues1 & !y succe$1 9 s f> z success awaits !m1 9 spite ( ! violation ( a pr9ciple1 n because ( x4 ,!y c be1 & %\ld be1 he>tily enjoy$1 s long z ?is is pla9ly und]/ood & ! two accompli%m5ts are p]ceiv$ z sep>ate4 ,= x may be readily grant$ t a pleasant & pr(itable ev5+ at ! !at] may be sp5t1 )\t ! v p>ticul> appeal :i* is dramatic com+ into ! exp]i5ce at all4 ,!re are m ?+s 9 ! mod]n !at] ?an drama2 :i* is well1 if we b make ! discrim9ation4 ,b = ! purposes ( intellig5t compreh5sion ( :at is drama1 j t & naught else1 ! !at]-go] w f9d x n amiss to hold fa/ to ! idea t a play )\t its c5tral sc5e h]e9be=e describ$ is n a play 9 ! exact def9ition ( t =m ( art1 albeit ev] s enjoyable ent]ta9m5t4 ,! hi/ory ( drama 9 its failures & successes be>s out ! /atem5t4 ,& ( all nations1 ,france c be /udi$ mo/ pr(itably ) ?is 9 m9d1 s9ce ! ,fr5* h always be5 pa/ ma/]s 9 ! feel+ = ! ess5tially dramatic1 & c5turies ago develop$ ! skill to produce x4 ,! fact t we get su* a t]m z ! sc5e a faire f !m po9ts to ?is tru?4 ,accept+ ! fact1 !n1 t a play s\nd 9 conception & con/ruction has & mu/ h a c5tral sc5e :i* acts z a c5tripetal =ce ^u ! :ole drama1 unify+ & solidify+ x1 ! next matt] to consid] is ! subdivision ( ! play into acts & sc5es4 ,s9ce ! :ole /ory is %[n be=e ! footlights1 sc5es & acts are su* divisions z %all be/ m>k (f & prop]ly acc5tuate ! /ages ( ! /ory1 z x is unfold$4 ,conv5tion has _h some?+ to d ) ?is arrangem5t & numb]1 z we le>n f a glance at ! developm5t ( ! /age /ory4 ,! e>li] ,engli% drama accept$ ! five-act division "u classic influ5ce1 ?\gh ! greate/ dramati/ ( ! pa/1 ,%akespe>e1 did s only half-he>t$ly1 z may be realiz$ by look+ at ! fir/ complete edition ( 8 plays1 ! ,fir/ ,folio ( #afba4 ,hamlet1 = in/ance1 z !re pr9t$1 gives ! fir/ two acts1 & !reaft] is innoc5t ( any act division2 & ,romeo & ,juliet has no su* division at all4 ,b ) lat] editors1 ! classic tradition became m & m a conv5tion & ! /ud5t ) ! mod]niz$ text 9 h& has no reason to suspect ! orig9al facts4 ,an old-fa%ion$ "w l ,freitag's ,te*nique ( ! ,drama assumes ?is =m z f9al & endeavors to /udy dramatic con/ruction on t assumption4 ,! sc5es1 too1 7 _m 9 ! ,elizabe?an p]iod1 = ! reason t !re 0 no sc5e %ift+ 9 ! mod]n s5se2 z _m sc5es might !re=e be imag9$ z 7 desirable dur+ ! cont9u\s p]=mance4 ,x has rema9$ = mod]n te*nic to discov] t !re 0 no?+ irrevocable ab\t ?is fivefold division ( acts2 & t1 9 ! attempt at a g5]al simplification ( play /ructure1 we c d bett] by a r$uction ( !m to ?ree or f\r4 ,h5ce1 five acts h %runk to f\r or ?ree2 s t to-day ! =m pref]r$ by ! be/ dramatic arti/s1 look+ to ,ibs5 = lead]%ip1 is ! ?ree-act play1 ?\gh ! nature ( ! /ory (t5 makes f\r desirable4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! be/ plays )9 a decade w s]ve to %[ t ?is is def9itely ! t5d5cy4 ,! ?ree-act play1 ) its recognition t e art /ructure %\ld h a beg9n+1 middle & end--,ari/otle's simple b pr(\nd obs]vation on ! trag$y ( 8 day--might seem to be t :i* m>ks ! ultimate te*nic ( drama2 yet x w\ld be p$antic & fooli% to d5y t ! simplification may proce$ fur!r /ill & two acts succe$ ?ree1 or1 fur!r /ill1 "o act embrace ! complete drama1 ?us return+ to ! sc5e individable ( ! ,greeks & ,%akespe>e4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! :ole evolution ( =m po9ts t way4 ,b1 :atev] ! f9al simplification1 ! play z a :ole w pres5t c]ta9 con/ructive problems2 problems :i* confront ! aim ev] to secure1 mo/ economically & effectively1 ! desir$ dramatic result4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! problem ( ! op5+ act1 :i* we may n[ exam9e 9 p>ticul>4 ,,ii ,! fir/ act has a def9ite aim & difficulties t belong to itself alone4 ,broadly speak+1 its bus9ess is s to op5 ! /ory z to leave ! audi5ce at ! fall ( ! fir/ curta9 ) a cle> idea ( :at x is ab\t2 n kn[+ too mu*1 wi%+ to "k m1 & hav+ well 9 m9d ! antec$5t conditions :i* made ! /ory at its beg9n+ possible4 ,if1 at ! act's end1 too mu* has be5 reveal$1 ! int]e/ project$ =w>d sags2 if too little1 ! audi5ce fails to get ! idea ar\nd :i* ! /ory revolves1 & s is n pleasurably anxi\s = its cont9uance4 ,if ! antec$5t conditions h n cle>ly be5 made manife/1 "s omitt$ l9k may ?r[ confusion ^u all t foll[s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if too mu* "t has be5 exp5d$ 9 sett+ =? ! ev5ts t lead up to ! /ory's />t on ! /age1 ) ! rise ( ! curta91 n en\gh "t may be left1 )9 act limits1 to hold ! att5tion & fix int]e/ s x may su/a9 ! entr'act break & fa/5 ^u ! next act4 ,?us x w be se5 t a successful op5+ act is a consid]able te/ ( ! dramati/'s skill4 ,ano!r drawback complicates ! matt]4 ,! playwright has at 8 disposal 9 ! fir/ act f half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r 9 :i* to effect 8 purpose4 ,b he mu/ lose f five to t5 m9utes ( ?is preci\s "t allotm5t1 at ! be/ v %ort1 because1 accord+ to ! dete/able ,anglo-,saxon conv5tion1 ! audi5ce is n fairly seat$ :5 ! play beg9s1 & g5]al att5tion !re=e n rivet$ ^u ! /age action4 ,"u ideal conditions1 & !y h nev] exi/$ 9 all respects 9 any "t or c\ntry1 ! audi5ce w be 9 place at ! curta9's rise1 al]t to cat* e ^w & movem5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is practically nev] occurs2 p>ticul>ly 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! drama has nev] be5 tak5 s s]i\sly z an art z music2 = "s "t n[ p h n be5 all[$1 9 a hall devot$ to t g5tle si/] art1 to /raggle 9 dur+ ! p]=mance ( a composition1 or ! self-exploitation ( a s+]1 !reby di/urb+ ! m enlight5$ he>]s :o h come on "t1 & reg>d x1 v prop]ly1 z "p ( _! bre$+ to d s4 ,b 9 ! !at]1 z we all "k1 ! b>b>\s cu/om obta9s ( admitt+ late com]s1 s t = ! fir/ few m9utes ( ! p]=mance a /eady insult is ?us (f]$ to ! play1 ! play]s1 & ! portion ( ! audi5ce already 9 _! seats4 ,x may be hop$1 p>5!tically1 t z our !at] gradually becomes civiliz$ ?is survival ( ! mann]s ( bu%m5 may become purely hi/oric4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! practical playwright accepts ! exi/+ conditions1 z p]=ce he mu/1 & writes 8 play accord+ly4 ,& s ! fir/ few m9utes ( a well-con/ruct$ drama1 x may be notic$1 are g5]ally devot$ to "s incid5t1 int]e/+ or amus+ 9 itself1 pref]ably ext]nal s z to cat* ! eye1 b n too vital1 & involv+1 z a rule1 m9or *>act]s1 )\t reveal+ any?+ really crucial 9 ! action4 ,! matt] pres5t$ ?us is n s mu* important z action t leads up to :at is important2 & its lack ( importance mu/ n be impli$ 9 too b>efac$ a way1 le/ att5tion be drawn to x4 ,?is "p ( ! play m>ks "t1 & yet is by way ( prep>ation = ! entrance ( ! ma9 "* or *>act]s4 ,mu* skill is ne$$1 & has be5 develop$1 9 reg>d to ! m>%al+ ( ! prec$5t conditions3 to :i* ! ^w exposition has be5 by common cons5t giv54 ,exposition to-day is by no means :at x 0 9 ,%akespe>e's2 inde$1 x has be5 greatly ref9$ & improv$ ^u4 ,9 ! e>li] te*nic ?is prefatory mat]ial 0 introduc$ m frankly & op5ly 9 ! %ape ( a prologue2 or if ! prologue 0 n us$1 at lea/ ! in=mation 0 convey$ directly & at once to ! audi5ce by means ( m9or *>act]s1 /ock figures l ! s]vant or confidante1 (t5 employ$ ma9ly1 or ev5 solely1 = t purpose4 ,?is made ! device too obvi\s = mod]n ta/e1 & su* z to injure ! illusion2 ! play lo/ its effect ( pres5t+ tru?fully a piece ( life1 j :5 x 0 p>ticul>ly important to seem su*2 t is1 at ! beg9n+4 ,= ) ! com+ ( ! subtl] me?ods culm9at+ 9 ! deft te*nic ( an ,ibs51 :i* aims to draw ev] clos] to a real pres5tation ( life on ! /age1 & s /rove to f9d me?ods ( depiction :i* %\ld n obtrude artifice except :5 unavoidable1 ! /age arti/ has le>n$ to int]weave ^! antec$5t circum/ances ) ! /ory %[n on ! /age be=e ! audi5ce4 ,& ! result is t to-day ! exposition ( an ,ibs51 a ,%aw1 a ,wilde1 a ,p9]o or a ,jones is s manag$ z h>dly to be detect$ save by ! exp]t 9 /age me*anics4 ,! intellig5t play-go] w d]ive pleasure & pr(it f a /udy ( ,ibs5's gr[? 9 ?is respect2 obs]v+1 = example1 h[ mu* m deftly exposition is hidd5 9 a late "w l ,h$da ,gabl] ?an 9 a comp>atively e>ly "o l ,pill>s ( ,society2 &1 aga91 h[ bald & obvi\s 0 ?is ma/]'s te*nic 9 ?is respect :5 he began 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to write 8 hi/orical plays4 ,9 g5]al1 x is well wor? :ile to wat* ! h&l+ ( ! fir/ act on ! "p ( ackn[l$g$ craftsm5 ) respect to ! important matt] ( introduc+ into ! framework ( a two h\rs' spectacle all t has transpir$ be=e ! picture is exhibit$ to ! spectators4 ,"o ( ! def9ite dang]s ( ! fir/ act is t ( giv+ an audi5ce a false lead z to "* or turn ( /ory4 ,by "s bit ( dialogue1 or ev5 by an int]polat$ ge/ure on ! "p ( an actor :o transc5ds 8 rights 7a mislead+ ?+1 z likely z n to be *>g$ to ! playwright71 ! auditor is put on a wrong sc5t1 or !re is ar\s$ 9 him an expectation nev] to be realiz$4 ,?us ! real issue is obscur$1 & lat] tr\ble foll[s z ! true mean+ is divulg$4 ,a ,fr5* critic1 comm5t+ on ! p]=mance 9 ,p>is ( a play by ,b]n>d ,%aw1 says t its mean+ 0 greatly confus$ because two ( ! *>act]s took ! unw>rant$ lib]ty ( ex*ang+ a kiss1 = :i*1 ( c\rse1 !re 0 no ju/ification 9 ! /age bus9ess z indicat$ by ! au?or4 ,all :o "k ,%aw "k t he has v little int]e/ 9 /age kisses4 ,closely associat$ ) ?is mi/ake1 & f> m disa/r\s1 is su* a treatm5t ( act "o z to sugge/ a !me full ( int]e/ & !re=e welcome1 :i* is !n n c>ri$ ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! drama4 ,fit*'s ,! ,city has be5 already ref]r$ to ) ?is 9 m9d4 ,a m rec5t example may be f\nd 9 ,veill]'s popul> melodrama1 ,)9 ! ,law4 ,! extraord9>y vogue ( ?is melodrama is suffici5t pro( t x possesses "s ( ! ma9 qualities ( skillful !at] craft3 a /rong1 int]e/+ fable1 vital *>act]ization1 & consid]able feel+ = /age situation & climax1 ) ! =?right h& ( execution4 ,nev]!less1 x di/9ctly fails to keep ! promise ( ! fir/ act1 :]e1 at ! fall ( ! curta91 ! audi5ce has become p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 a sociological problem1 only to be ask$ 9 ! succe$+ acts to =get x 9 favor ( a conv5tional treatm5t ( /ock melodramatic mat]ial1 ) ! usual ?ieves1 detectives pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & gunplay = ! c5tral sc5e ( surprise & capture4 ,t su* curr5t plays z ,! ,city & ,)9 ! ,law c get an unusual he>+1 9 spite ( ^! defects1 sugge/s ! uncritical nature ( ,am]ican audi5ces2 b q z truly implies t drama may be v good1 inde$1 9 mo/ respects :ile fall+ %ort ( ! calib] we dem& ( ma/]pieces4 ,) ! op5+ act1 !n1 s h&l$ z to avoid ^! pitfalls1 ! dramati/ is ready to g on ) 8 task4 ,he has suffici5tly ar\s$ ! int]e/ ( 8 audi5ce to give x a pleasurable s5se ( ent]ta9m5t ahead1 )\t imp>t+ s mu* k z to leave too little = guesswork & less5 ! curiosity necess>y = "o :o mu/ /ill sp5d an h\r & a half 9 a place ( bad air & too heat$ temp]ature4 ,he has awak5$ att5tion & direct$ x ^u a !me & /ory1 yet left x tantaliz+ly b n confus+ly incomplete4 ,n[ he has be=e him ! problem ( unfold+ 8 play & mak+ x c5t] 9 ! climactic sc5e :i* w make or m> ! piece4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 !n1 h[ he develops 8 /ory 9 t "p ( ! play int]m$iate betwe5 ! introduction & ! crisis2 ! second act ( a ?ree-act drama or ! ?ird if ! f\r-act =m be *os54 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,developm5t ,! /ory be+ prop]ly />t$1 x becomes ! dramati/'s bus9ess1 z we saw1 s to advance x t x w develop naturally & ) su* increase ( int]e/ z to tight5 ! hold ^u ! audi5ce z ! plot rea*es its crucial po9t1 ! obligatory sc5e4 ,?is c only be done by ! /]ne/ selection ( ^? elem5ts ( /ory :i* c be fitly %[n on ! /age1 or )\t a loss ( int]e/ be inf]r$ cle>ly f (f-/age occurr5ces4 ,s9ce action is ( ! ess5ce ( drama1 all n>rative mu/ be %unn$ t deals ) matt]s :i*1 be+ vital to ! play & naturally dramatic mat]ial1 c be pres5t$ directly to ! eye & e>4 ,& "* mu/ be economically h&l$1 s t z x is reveal$ ! revelation at ! same "t fur!rs ! /ory1 pu%+ x =w>d in/ead ( hold+ x /atic :ile ! "* is be+ unfold$4 ,dialogue %\ld always d "o ( ^! two ?+s & ! be/ dialogue w d bo?3 develop plot 9 ! v mom5t t x exhibits ! unfold+ psy*ology ( ! dramatis p]sonae4 ,! fact t 9 ! be/ mod]n "w plot is = ! sake ( "* r ?an ! rev]se does n violate ?is pr9ciple2 x simply r$i/ributes emphasis4 ,"* )\t plot may possibly be attractive 9 ! h&s ( a ,galswor?y or ,b>k]2 b ! result is extremely likely to be tame & inconclusive4 ,&1 contr>iwise1 plot )\t "*1 t is1 ) "* t lacks individuality & mean+ & m]ely (f]s a peg ^u :i* to hang a s]ies ( happ5+s1 results 9 primitive drama t1 be+ de/itute ( psy*ology1 falls %ort ( ! f9e/ & mo/ s]i\s possibilities ( ! /age4 ,?is portion ( ! play1 !n1 int]m$iate betwe5 introduction & climax1 is v important & tries ! dramati/'s s\l1 9 a way1 q z truly z d beg9n+ & end4 ,9 a ?ree-act play--:i* we may assume z normal1 )\t =gett+ t f\r are (t5 necess>y to ! be/ tell+ ( ! /ory1 & t five acts are /ill f\nd conv5i5t "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 z 9 ,ro/&'s ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac & ,%aw's ,pygmalion--! "w ( developm5t falls on ! second act1 9 ! ma94 ,! climax ( action is likely to be at ! end ( ! act1 al?\gh plays c be m5tion$1 & good ones1 :]e ! playwright has se5 fit to place 8 crucial sc5e well on into act ?ree4 ,9 ?is matt] he is betwe5 two dang]s & mu/ /e] 8 c\rse wisely to avoid ! rocks ( 8 ,scylla & ,*>ybdis4 ,if 8 climax come too soon1 an effect ( anti-climax is likely to be made1 9 an act too long :5 ! ma9 /ress is ov]4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he put 8 /ronge/ effect at ! end ( ! piece or close to x1 :ile ! result is admirable 9 su/a9+ int]e/ & sav+ ! be/ = ! la/1 ! close is apt to be too abrupt & unf9i%$ = ! purposes ( art2 s5d+ ! audi5ce out into ! /reet1 daz$ aft] ! %ock ( ! obligatory sc5e4 ,!re=e1 ! skillful playwright incl9es to leave suffici5t ( ! play aft] ! climax to make an agreeable r\nd+ out ( ! fable1 tie up loose ends & secure an arti/ic effect ( complet+ ! :ole /ructure )\t t$ium or anti-climax4 ,he ?us pres]ves unity1 yet escapes an impression ( loose texture 9 ! conclud+ "p ( 8 play4 ,x may be se5 t ?is makes ! f9al act a v special problem 9 itself1 a fact we %all consid] 9 ! lat] treatm5t4 ,& n[1 ) ! second-act portion ( ! play 9 m9d1 /&+ = gr[?1 increas$ t5sion1 & an ev]-great] int]e/1 a peculi>ity ( ! play :i* diff]5tiates x f ! fiction-/ory c be m5tion$4 ,x ref]s to ! nature ( ! int]e/ & ! attitude ( ! auditor t[>d ! /ory4 ,9 fiction1 int]e/ dep5ds l>gely ^u susp5se due to ! unc]ta9ty ( ! happ5+s2 ! read]1 unaw>e ( ! outcome ( ev5ts1 has a pleas+ s5se ( curiosity & a /imulat+ desire to "k ! end4 ,he reads on1 "u ! prick ( ?is desire4 ,! noveli/ keeps him m or less 9 ! d>k1 & 9 s do+ fans ! flame ( int]e/4 ,:at w be ! fate ( ! h]o8 ,w ! h]o9e escape f ! imp5d+ doom8 ,w ! two be mat$ be=e ! ,f9is is writt58 ,su* are ! natural que/ions 9 a good novel1 9 spite ( all our mod]n ov]lay+ ( fiction ) subtl] psy*ologic sugge/ions4 ,b ! /age /ory is diff]5t4 ,! audi5ce f ! />t is tak5 into ! dramati/'s confid5ce2 x is all[$ to "k some?+ t is n kn[n to ! dramatis p]sonae !mselves2 or1 at lea/1 n kn[n to c]ta9 v important p]sons ( ! /ory1 let u say1 ! h]o & h]o9e1 to give !m ! simple old-fa%ion$ description4 ,& ! audi5ce1 tak5 9 ?is flatt]+ way into ! playwright's secret1 f9ds its p>ticul> pleasure 9 see+ h[ ! bl9d puppets up on ! /age act 9 an ignorance :i* if %>$ by ! spectators w\ld qualify1 if n de/roy1 ! special k9d ( excitem5t !y are enjoy+4 ,j :y ?is diff]5ce betwe5 play & novel exi/s is a nice "q n s easily answ]$2 t x does exi/1 nobody :o has ?\ght ^u ! subject c d\bt4 ,occasionally1 x is true1 successful plays are writt5 9 app>5t violation ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,t em95tly skillful & effective piece ( !at] "w1 ,b]n/e9's ,! ,?ief1 is an example2 a l>ge "p ( ! :ole fir/ act1 if n all ( x1 takes place )\t ! spectator suspect+ t ! "y wife1 :o is ! real ?ief1 is implicat$ 9 ! crime4 ,nev]!less1 su* dramas are ! exception4 ,broadly speak+1 s\nd dramaturgy makes use ( ! pr9ciple ( kn[+ cooep]ation ( ! audi5ce 9 ! plot1 & always w2 if = no o!r reason1 because ! direct /age me?od ( %[+ a /ory makes x impracticable to hoodw9k ^? 9 ! auditorium & also p]haps because ! necess>y compression ( ev5ts 9 a play w\ld make ! sudd5ness ( ! discov]y on ! "p ( ! audi5ce t !y _h be5 fool$ unpleasant3 an unpleasantness1 x may be surmis$1 int5sifi$ by ! additional fact t ! fool+ has be5 done 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs--_! fell[ !at]-go]s4 ,! quickness ( ! effects possible to ! /age & inability ( ! playwright to use repetition no d\bt also ent] 9 ! result4 ,! noveli/ c return1 expla91 dwell ^u ! causes ( ! read]'s readju/m5t to *ang$ *>act]s or surpris+ turns ( circum/ance2 ! dramati/ mu/ g =?right on & make 8 /rokes tell = once & = all4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! !at] /ory1 z a rule1 by a tradition :i* 9 all probability roots 9 an in/9ct & a necessity1 invites ! li/5] to be a sort ( eavesdropp]1 to come into a secret & f ?is vantage po9t wat* ! p]turbations ( a gr\p ( less-kn[+ creatures %[n beh9d ! footlights3 he n only sees1 b ov]sees4 ,z an outcome ( ?is trait1 results foll[ :i* also set ! play 9 contra/ ) ! o!r ways ( /ory tell+4 ,! playwright %\ld n deceive 8 audi5ce ei!r 9 ! manipulation ( *>act]s or occurr5ces4 ,pleasurable z ?is may be 9 fiction1 9 ! !at] x is disa/r\s4 ,! audi5ce1 di/urb$ 9 its sup]ior s5se ( k1 sitt+ z x 7 l ! gods ap>t & ask$ sudd5ly1 p]emptorily1 to recon/ruct its suppositions1 is baffl$ & !n irritat$4 ,?is is "o ( sev]al reasons :y1 9 ! del9eation ( "* on ! /age1 x is ( v dubi\s desirability to spr+ a surprise2 mak+ ! seem+ h]o turn out a villa9 or ! presumptive villa9 blossom into a p>agon ( all ! virtues3 z ,dick5s does 9 ,our ,mutual ,fri5d2 9 t case1 to ! add$ ze/ ( ! read]4 ,! risk 9 subtiliz+ /age "* lies j "h4 ,p]sons %[n s fleet+ly 9 a few select$ mom5ts ( _! :ole lives1 aft] ! /age fa%ion1 mu/ be se5 9 high relief1 if !y are to be cle>ly grasp$ by ! onlook]s4 ,conc$+ t 9 actual life folk 9 g5]al are an indet]m9ate gray r ?an />k black & :ite1 x is none ! less necess>y to use prim>y colors1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 pa9t+ !m1 9 ord] t !y may be realiz$4 ,"h aga9 we enc\nt] ! limitations ( art 9 depict+ life1 & its diff]5ce !refrom4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 !re=e1 /age *>act]s mu/ be m primitive1 m elem5tal1 z well z elem5t>y1 ?an ! *>act]s 9 novels1 a ?\ght we %all h occasion to come back to1 f ano!r angle1 lat] on4 ,equally is x true t good te*nic =bids ! false lead3 any h9t or sugge/ion :i* has ! appe>ance ( conduct+ on to some?+ to come lat] 9 ! play1 :i* %all v]ify & =tify ! previ\s allusion or implication4 ,e ^w spok5 is ?us1 besides its imm$iate significance1 a prep>ation = some?+ ahead4 ,x is a cont9ual temptation to a dramati/ ) a feel+ = "* 7a gift mo/ admirable 9 itself7 to d bru%work on "s p]son ( 8 play1 :i*1 :ile x may illum9ate ! "* z su*1 may involve episodic treatm5t t w entirely mislead an audi5ce into suppos+ t ! au?or has f> m mean+ 9 ! action %[n ?an he int5d$4 ,^! false leads are ( c\rse always ! enemies ( unity & to be all ! m c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ 9 proportion to _! attraction4 ,s attractive1 inde$1 is ?is lure into by-pa?s away f ! ma9 pa? ( progress t x is fairly a/oni%+ to see h[ (t5 ev5 vet]an playwrights fall 9 love ) "s "*1 disproportionately h&le x1 & inv5t unnecess>y tang5tial incid5ts 9 ord] to exhibit x4 ,&1 r disc\rag+ly1 an audi5ce =gives episodic treatm5t & ov]-emphasis 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! "*1 z su*2 will+ to let ! drama suff] = ! sake ( a welcome detail4 ,9 develop+ 8 /ory 9 ?is int]m$iate "p ( x1 a m insidi\s1 all-p]vasive lure is to be se5 9 ! *ange 9 ! v type ( drama int5d$ at fir/1 or cle>ly promis$ 9 act "o4 ,! play may />t out to be a com$y ( "* & !n be deflect$ into "o :]e "* is lo/ sight ( 9 ! int]e/ ( plot2 or a play f>cical 9 ! conditions giv5 may turn s]i\s on ! dramati/'s h&s4 ,or1 worse yet1 t :i* is a com$y 9 feel+ & drift1 may 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t become tragic 9 conclusion4 ,or1 once m1 :at beg9s = trag$y1 ) its impli$ s]i\sness ( int]e/ 9 "* & philosophy ( life1 may resolve itself1 "u ! fasc9ation ( plot & ( hi/rionic effectivism1 into melodrama1 ) its undue emphasis ^u ext]nal s5sation & its correlative loss 9 dep? & arti/ry4 ,all ^! & /ill o!r p]mutations a play suff]s 9 ! s9 committ$ :5ev] ! real type or g5re ( a drama1 impli$ at ! />t1 is violat$ 9 ! lat] h&l+4 ,! hi/ory ( ! /age (f]s _m illu/rations4 ,9 a play n f>1 ev]y?+ consid]$1 f be+ ! greate/ 9 ! tongue1 ,%akespe>e's ,hamlet1 x may be que/ion$ if !re be n a dep>ture 9 ! f9al act f ! emphasis plac$ ^u psy*ology 9 ! acts t lead up to x4 ,! "* ( ! melan*oly pr9ce is ! ma9 ?+1 ! pivot ( int]e/1 up to t po9t2 b 9 ! fif? act ! ext]nal me?od ( complet+ ! /ory1 :i* involves ! elim9ation ( s _m ( ! p]sons ( ! play1 has some:at ! effect ( a *ange ( k9d1 an abrupt & incongru\s cutt+ ( ! ,gordian knot4 ,d\btless1 ! facts z to ! composite nature ( ?is play view$ 9 its total hi/ory may h mu* to d ) su* an effect1 if x be set d[n "h aright4,c ,9 any case1 x is c]ta9 t e week dur+ ! dramatic season 9 ,new ,york new plays are to be se5 :i*1 by ?is m+l+ ( g5res1 fall %ort ( ! symmetry ( true art4 ,"o o!r requirem5t 9 ! h&l+ ( ! play 9 ! section betwe5 introduction & climax3 ! playwright mu/ n l+] too long ov] x1 nor yet %ort5 x 9 8 eag]ness to rea* ! sc5e :i* is ! cr[n & culm9ation ( all 8 labors4 ,probably ! exp]i5c$ craftsman is likely to make ! second mi/ake r ?an ! fir/1 ?\gh bo? are (t5 to be not$4 ,he fails sometimes to realize ! increase 9 :at ,i may call rev]b]atory p[] :i* is ga9$ by a sl[] approa* to ! great mom5t ?r\gh a s]ies ( deft sugge/ions ( :at is to come2 appetiz+ h9ts & )drawals1 reconnaitres be=e ! actual engagem5t1 all ( x prep>atory to ! real /ruggle t is p5d+4 ,x is a law ( ! !at]1 apply+ to dialogue1 "* & sc5e1 t twice-told is always an advantage4 ,"o di/+ui%$ playwright r cynically decl>$ t y mu/ tell an audi5ce y are go+ to d x1 are do+ x1 & h done x4 ,examples 9 e aspect ( !at] "w ab\nd4 ,! cat* phrase put 9 ! m\? ( ! comic "* is only mildly amus+ at fir/2 x ga9s /eadily ) repetition until1 introduc$ at j ! "r mom5t1 ! h\se rocks ) laught]4 ,(t5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a deta*$ witticism1 l "o ( ,osc> ,wilde's mots1 & a bit ( g5u9e dramatic humor re/s 9 ! fact t ! fun lies 9 ! sett+3 x is a mot de situation1 to borr[ ! ,fr5* expression1 n a m]e mot d'esprit4 ,by appe>+ to be ne> a crisis1 & !n introduc+ a b>ri] f :i* x is necess>y to draw back & approa* once m ov] ! same gr\nd1 t5sion is increas$ & t5fold ! effect secur$ :5 at la/ ! mat* is laid to ! fire4 ,pl5ty ( plays fail ( _! full effect because ! climax is come at be=e e ounce ( value has be5 wrung out ( prec$+ ev5ts4 ,if ! scre5 sc5e 9 ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al be /udi$ ) ?is pr9ciple 9 m9d1 ! /ud5t w h z good an object lesson z ,engli% drama c %[ ( skill$ lead+ up to a climax by s _m little /eps ( c>efully calculat$ effect t ! f9al fall ( ! scre5 rema9s "o ( ! great mom5ts 9 ! !at]1 despite ! mundane nature ( ! !me & ! limit$ appeal to ! deep] qualities ( human nature4 ,)9 its limitations 7& !at] art1 z any o!r1 is to be judg$ by success "u accept$ conditions7 ,%]idan's "w 9 ?is place & play is a p]man5t ma/]-/roke ( brilliant te*nic1 z well z "o explanation ( ! p]si/5ce ( t delightful eighte5? c5tury com$y4 ,b ! dramati/1 z ,i h said1 may also err 9 delay+ s long 9 8 prep>ation & gr[?1 t ! audi5ce1 be+ ready = ! climax be=e x arrives1 w be cold :5 x comes1 & s ! effect w hang fire4 ,x is safe to say t 9 a ?ree-act play1 :]e ! fir/ act has consum$ ?irty-five to =ty m9utes1 & ! climax is to occur at ! fall ( ! second curta91 x is well if ! int]m$iate act does n la/ mu* above ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,( c\rse1 ! nature ( ! /ory & ! dem&s x makes w modify ! /atem5t2 b x applies broadly to ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,! fir/ act1 = reasons already expla9$1 is apt to be ! longe/ ( ! ?ree1 z ! la/ act is ! %orte/1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,if ! fir/ act1 !re=e1 run fifty m9utes1 =ty to =ty-five1 or ev5 ?irty-five1 w\ld be %apely = act two2 :i*1 ) tw5ty to tw5ty-five m9utes giv5 to ! f9al act1 w\ld allot to ! entire play ab\t two h\rs & t5 m9utes1 :i* is close to an ideal play+ "t = a drama "u mod]n conditions4 ,?is "t all[ance1 ) ! add$ fraction ( m9utes giv5 to ! entr'acts ?r[n 91 w\ld1 = a play :i* began at #h3ae1 drop ! f9al curta9 at ab\t #aj3cj4 ,9 case ! climax1 z has be5 assum$ ( a ?ree-act play1 be plac$ at ! end ( ! second act1 ! ?ird act w obvi\sly be %ort]4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! gr[? be project$ into ! ?ird act1 & ! climax be sprung at a po9t )9 ?is act--beyond ! middle1 let u say--!n ! f9al act is l5g!n$ & act two %ort5$ 9 proportion4 ,! pr9ciple is t1 ) ! ma9 int]e/ ov]1 x is h>d to hold ! auditor's att5tion2 :]eas if ! be/ c>d is /ill up ! sleeve we may assume will+ness to prolong ! game4 ,) ! %ift ( climax f an e>li] to a lat] place 9 ! piece1 ! te*nic ( ! h&l+ is *ang$ only accord+ to ^! commons5se dem&s4 ,a k ( ! psy*ology ( human be+s br\ght toge!r = ! purpose ( ent]ta9m5t w g f> t[>d settl+ ! "q4 ,& :e!r ! playwright place 8 culm9at+ effect 9 act two or ?ree1 or :e!r = good & suffici5t reasons ( /ory complication ! ?ree acts become f\r or ev5 five1 ! pr9ciples set =? 9 ! above pages apply ) only su* modifications z are made necess>y by ! *ange4 ,! !at]-go]1 seek+ to pass an intellig5t op9ion ^u a drama z a :ole1 w dur+ ?is p]iod ( gr[? ask ( ! playwright t he keep ! auditor's int]e/ & increase x symmetrically2 t he %[ ! plot unfold+ 9 action1 in/ead ( talk+ ab\t x2 t he d n rea* ! eag]ly expect$ conflagration too soon1 nor delay x too long2 & t he make m & m app>5t ! mean+ ( ! *>act]s 9 _! relations to ea* o!r & to ! plot4 ,if ! spectator be confus$1 baffl$1 irritat$ or bor$1 or any or all ( ^!1 he has a legitimate compla9t aga9/ ! dramati/4 ,& be x not$ t :ile ! majority ( a !at] audi5ce may n ) self-consci\s analysis "k :y !y are dissatisfi$1 "u ^! conditions1 ! dissatisfaction is !re1 j ! same1 & ?us d !y become critics1 ?\gh !y "k x n1 ev5 z ,m4 ,j\rda9 talk$ prose all 8 days )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,climax ,) ! play prop]ly introduc$ 9 act "o1 & ! developm5t c>ri$ =w>d ^u t firm f\ndation 9 ! foll[+ act or acts1 ! playwright approa*es t "p ( 8 play :i* w1 m ?an any?+ else1 settle ! fate ( 8 "w4 ,z we h not$1 if he h no su* sc5e1 he w n h a play at all4 ,if on arrival x fail to seem indisp5sable & to be ( dynamic quality1 ! play w be brok5-w+$1 at be/4 ,! pro( t he is a g5u9e playwright by rightful call+ & n a lit]>y p]son1 produc+ books = closet read+1 lies j "h4 ,! mom5t has come :51 ) 8 complication br\ght to ! po9t :]e x mu/ be solv$1 & all t has gone be=e wait+ ^u t solution1 he mu/ produce an effect ) "o skillful "r-arm /roke :i* %all make ! spectators a unit 9 ! feel+ t ! ev5+ has be5 well sp5t & 8 drama is true to ! be/ tradition ( ! /age4 ,! /ress has /eadily increas$ to a degree at :i* x mu/ be reliev$4 ,! /ra9 is at ! break+ po9t4 ,! cla% ( *>act]s or ( circum/ances op]at+ ^u *>act]s is su* t a crisis is at h&4 ,by "s +5i\s int]play ( ^w1 action & sc5e1 by an emotional cresc5do cry/alliz+ 9 a /age picture1 by "s unexpect$ rev]sion ( incid5t or ( human psy*ology 7kn[n 9 /age te*nic z p]ipety7 or by an un=ese5 accid5t 9 ! fall ( ev5ts1 an electric *ange is exhibit$1 ) ! emotions ( ! dramatis p]sonae at :ite heat & ! consequ5t en?raldom ( ! audi5ce4 ,( all ! v>i$ pleasures ( ! playh\se1 ?is mom5t1 sc5e1 turn ( /ory1 is t :i* appeals to ! l>ge/ numb] & has made ! !at] mo/ di/9ctive4 ,?is is n to say t a pr(\nd revelation ( "*1 or a pung5t reflection on life1 made concrete 9 a situation1 may n be a f9] ?+ to d4 ,x is m]ely to recognize a c]ta9 unique ?+ ! /age c d 9 /ory tell+1 z aga9/ o!r =ms1 & to confess its univ]sal attraction4 ,:ile !re is mu* 9 latt] day play-mak+ t seems to dead5 ! ?rill ( ! obligatory sc5e1 a cle> compreh5sion ( its c5tral importance is basal 9 appreciation ( ! drama4 ,a play may succe$ )\t x1 & a tempor>y s*ool ( psy*ologues may ev5 pret5d to pooh-pooh x z an outworn mode ( *eap !atrics4 ,! influ5ce ( ,ibs51 & !re is none m pot5t1 has be5 cit$ z aga9/ ! sc5e a faire1 9 ! ,fr5* s5se2 & x is true t 8 curta9s are less obvi\sly /ress$ & appe> to aim n s mu* at ! palpably height5$ effects traditional ( ! developm5t 9 ,fr5* h&s1--! mo/ skillful h&s 9 ! _w4 ,b x rema9s true t ?is c5tral & dom9ant sc5e is inh]5t 9 ! v /ructure ( dramatic writ+4 ,to repeat :at 0 said be=e1 ! play t ab&ons climax may be good ent]ta9m5t1 b is by s mu* poor] drama4 ,! be/ & mo/ successful dramaturgy ( our day !re=e w seek to pres]ve ! obligatory sc5e1 b hide "u m subtle te*nic ! ways & means by :i* x is secur$4 ,! ways ( ! pa/ became s op5 9 ! attempt to rea* ! result z to produce 9 _m cases a feel+ ( bald artifice4 ,?is ! lat] te*nic w d all 9 its p[] to avoid1 :ile cl++ p]si/5tly to ! pr9ciple ( climax1 a pr9ciple ( life j z truly z a pr9ciple ( art4 ,physicians speak 9 a physiological s5se ( ! gr& climact]ic ( a man's age4 ,a te/ ( any play may be f\nd 9 ! read9ess ) :i* x l5ds itself to a simple ?reefold /atem5t ( its /ory2 ! proposition1 z x is call$ by te*nicians4 ,?is tabloid summ>y ( ! ess5ce ( ! play is valuable 9 t x reveals pla9ly two ?+s3 :e!r !re is a play 9 h&1 & :at & :]e is its obligatory sc5e4 ,all :o wi% to tra9 !mselves to be critical r ?an capti\s or silly 9 _! e/imate ( drama1 _c be too /rongly urg$ to practice ?is ex]cise ( r$uc+ a play to its l[e/ t]ms1 its ess5tial elem5ts4 ,x w s]ve to cl>ify mu* t might rema9 o!rwise a muddle4 ,& "o ( ! sure te/s ( a good play may be f\nd "h2 if x is n a workable drama1 ei!r x w n readily r$uce to a proposition or else _c be /at$ propositionally at all4 ,fur!r1 a play t is a real play 9 sub/ance1 & n a hopelessly undramatic piece ( writ+ arbitr>ily cut up into sc5es or acts1 & express$ 9 dialogue 7l "s ( ! dramas ( ! ,b5galese ,taghore71 c be /at$ cle>ly & simply 9 a brief p>agraph4 ,?is matt] ( r$uction to a skeleton :i* is /ructurally a s9e qua non may be illu/rat$4 ,a proposition1 to def9e x a little m c>efully1 is a ?reefold /atem5t ( ! ess5ce ( a play1 s organically relat$ t ea* successive "p dep5ds ^u & issues f ! o!r4 ,x conta9s a condition 7or situation71 an action1 & a result4 ,= in/ance1 ! proposition ( ,macbe? may be express$ z foll[s3 ,i4 ,a man1 ambiti\s to be k+1 abett$ by 8 wife1 ga9s ! ?rone ?r\gh murd]4 ,,ii4 ,remorse visits !m bo?4 ,,iii4 ,:at w be ! effect ^u ! pair8 ,reflection ^u ?is s*ematic summ>y w %[ t ! int]e/ ( ,%akespe>e's great drama is n prim>ily a /ory int]e/2 plot is n ! *ief ?+1 b "*4 ,! ess5tial crux lies 9 ! pa9ful spectacle ( ! moral deg5]ation ( husb& & wife1 s9 work+ ^u ea* accord+ to _! contra/$ natures4 ,bo? h too mu* ( ! nobl] elem5ts 9 !m n to exp]i5ce regret & ! prick ( consci5ce4 ,?is makes ! drama call$ ,macbe? a f9e example ( psy*ologic trag$y 9 ! true s5se4 ,or take a well-kn[n mod]n play1 ,camille3 ,i4 ,a "y man loves & lives ) a memb] ( ! demi-monde4 ,,ii4 ,8 fa!r pleads ) h] to give him up1 = 8 own sake4 ,,iii4 ,:at w %e d8 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! way ! lady ( ! camellias answ]s ! "q is ! revelation ( h] "*2 s t ! play aga91 al?\gh its /ory int]e/ is suffici5t1 is prim>ily a "* /udy1 surr\nd$ by ,dumas fils ) a ri* atmosph]e ( und]/&+ sympa?y & ) s5tim5t t to a lat] ta/e becomes s5tim5tality4 ,! ,s*ool = ,sc&al might be /at$ 9 ?is way3 ,i4 ,an old husb& br+s 8 gay b well-mean+ wife to t[n4 ,,ii4 ,h] innoc5t love ( fun involves h] 9 sc&al4 ,,iii4 ,w ! two be reconcil$1 & h[8 ,ibs5's ,a ,doll's ,h\se may be ?us express$ 9 a proposition3 ,i4 ,a "y wife has be5 babifi$ by h] husb&4 ,,ii4 ,exp]i5ces op5 h] eyes to ! fact t %e is n educat$ to be ei!r wife or "m4 ,,iii4 ,%e leaves h] husb& until he c see :at a woman %\ld be 9 ! home3 a human be+1 n a doll4 ,^! examples w s]ve to %[ :at is meant by proposition & indicate m def9itely ! c5tral purpose ( ! dramatic au?or & ! te*nical dem& made ^u him4 ,be assur$ t "u :atev] v>i$ g>b ( attraction 9 incid5t1 sc5e & "*1 ?is und]ly+ /]n ar*itectural necessity abides1 & a drama's inability to r$uce itself ?us to a =mula is a confession t 9 ! /ructural s5se ! build+ is lop-sid$ & insecure1 or1 worse1 t !re is no /ructure !re at all3 no?+1 s to put x1 b a front elevation1 a m]e ar*itect's sugge/ion4 ,z ! spectator brea?lessly enjoys ! climax & wat*es to see t unknott+ ( ! knot :i* gives ! ,fr5* ^w d5\em5t 7unknott+7 its mean+1 he w notice t ! int5sity ( ! climactic effect is n d]iv$ alone f action & ^w2 b t l>gely effective 9 ! total result is ! picture made ^u ! /age1 9 front ( ! backgr\nd ( sett+ :i* 9 itself has pictorial quality1 by ! gr\p$ *>act]s z ! curta9 falls4 ,?is effect1 conv5tionally call$ a situation1 is = ! eye z well z = ! e> & ! bra91--bett]1 ! he>t4 ,x w\ld be an un=tunate limitation to our !at] culture if we did n compreh5d to ! full h[ l>ge a "p ( ! effect ( a good play is due to ! ev]-*ang+ s]ies ( arti/ic /age pictures furni%$ by ! dramati/ 9 collaboration ) ! actors & ! /age manag]4 ,?is pr9ciple is important ?r\gh\t a play1 b gets its mo/ vivid illu/ration 9 ! climax2 h5ce1 ,i enl>ge ^u x at ?is po9t4 ,among ! mo/ novel1 fruitful & int]e/+ exp]im5ts n[ be+ made 9 ! !at] "h & abroad may be m5tion$ ! attempts to introduce m subtle & imag9ative treatm5t ( ! possibilities ( color & =m 9 /age sett+ ?an h hi!rto obta9$4 ,! reaction influ5c$ by famili>ity ) ! unadorn$ simplicity ( ! ,elizabe?ans1 ! ,gordon ,craig symbolism1 ! frank attempt to sub/itute arti/ic sugge/ion = ! /upid & exp5sive reproduction on ! /age ( :at is call$ real life1 are phases ( ?is movem5t1 9 :i* ,g]many & ,russia h be5 prom95t4 ,! /age manag] & sc5e devis] are daily becom+ m important factors 9 ! production ( a play2 & along ) ?is goes a cle>] p]ception ( ! values ( gr\p+ & regr\p+ on ! "p ( ! pla/ic elem5ts beh9d ! footlights4,d ,_m a sc5ic mom5t1 _m a climax1 may be mat]ially damag$ by a failure to place ! *>act]s 9 su* relative positions z %all visualize ! dramatic feel+ ( ! sc5e & reveal 9 t]ms ( picture ! dramati/'s mean+4 ,aft] all1 ! "t-honor$ conv5tion t ! ma9 "*1 or *>act]s1 %\ld1 at ! mom5t :5 !y are dom9ant 9 ! /ory1 take ! c5t] ( ! /age1 is no empty conv5tion2 x is bas$ on logic & geometry4 ,!re is a direct correspond5ce betwe5 ! unity ( emotion conc5trat$ 9 a gr\p ( p]sons & ! eye effect :i* reports t fact4 ,i h se5 s f9e a climax z t 9 ,jones's ,! ,hypocrites--"o ( ! v be/ 9 ! mod]n rep]tory--well nigh ru9$ by a /ock company1 :51 ow+ to ! purely arbitr>y dem& t ! lead+ man %\ld h ! c5t] at a crucial mom5t1 al?\gh 9 ! logic ( ! action he did n belong !re1 ! two "y lov]s :o 7 dramatically c5tral 9 ! sc5e 7 %unt$ (f to ! side1 & ! lead+ man1 ^: true position 0 9 ! deep backgr\nd1 deliv]$ 8 curta9 spee* close up to ! footlights on a spot ma!matically exact 9 its hi/oric significance4 ,true dramatic relations 7 sacrific$ to relative sal>ies1 &1 z a result1 a sc5e :i* naturally receives half a doz5 curta9 calls1 w5t (f ) comp>ative tam5ess4 ,x 0 a /rik+ demon/ration ( ! importance ( picture on ! /age z an ext]nalization ( dramatic facts4 ,if ! !at]-go] w keep an eye ^u ?is aspect ( ! drama1 he w add mu* ( int]e/ to ! cont5t ( 8 pleasure & d ju/ice to a v important & easily ov]look$ phase ( te*nic4 ,x is common 9 criticism1 (t5 pr(essional1 to sne] at ! t5d5cy ( mod]n actors1 "u ! /age manag]'s guidance1 cont9ually to %ift positions :ile ! dialogue is "u way2 ?us produc+ an unnecess>ily uneasy effect ( mean+less action4 ,z a g5]alization1 x may be said t ?is is done 7?\gh at times no d\bt1 ov]done7 on a pr9ciple t is entirely s\nd3 x expresses ! desire = a new picture1 a recognition ( ! law t1 9 drama1 composition to ! eye is z truly a pr9ciple z x is 9 pa9t+4 ,& ) t consid]ation goes ! additional fact t motion implies emotion2 ?an :i* !re is no sur] law 9 psy*o-physics4 ,abuse ( ! law1 on ! /age1 is beyond "q possible1 & frequ5tly met4 ,b a r$i/ribution ( ! positions ( actors on ! bo>ds1 :5 n abus$1 means !y h mov$ "u ! compulsion ( "s /ress ( feel+ & !n ! movem5t is an ext]nal symbol ( an int]nal /ate ( m9d4 ,! drama mu/ express ! ?+s )9 by ?+s )\t1 9 ?is way2 t is its me?od4 ,! audi5ce is only prop]ly irritat$ :5 a /age mom5t :i*1 f ! nature ( its psy*ology1 calls = ! /atic1 is injur$ by an unrelat$1 fussy1 bodily activity4 ,motion 9 su* a case becomes z fooli% z ! sc5e %ift+ 9 "o ( ! highe/ color$ & mo/ phantasmagoric ( our dreams4 ,! wise /age director w n call = a *ange ( picture unless x repres5ts a psy*ologic fact4 ,two m5 conv]se at a table2 "o communicates to ! o!r1 quietly & 9 conv]sational tone1 a fact ( al>m+ nature4 ,! o!r leaps to 8 feet ) an exclamation & paces ! floor z he talks ab\t x2 no?+ is m fitt+1 because no?+ is tru] to life4 ,! repressive /yle ( act+ to-day1 :i* might try to express ?is situation purely by facial "w1 goes too f> 9 ab&on+ ! legitimate tools ( ! craft4 ,let me repeat t1 despite all ! ref9+ ^u old]1 m viol5t & crudely expressive me?ods ( te*nic1 ! /age mu/1 f its v nature1 indicate ! emotions ( human be+s by objective1 concrete bodily reaction4 ,! ,greek ^w = drama means do+4 ,to exhibit feel+ is to d some?+4 ,or let u take a m composite gr\p3 t :i* is se5 9 a draw+ room1 ) v>i\s knots ( p talk+ toge!r j be=e d9n] is ann\nc$4 ,a %ift 9 ! gr\ps1 besides effect+ ! d\ble purpose ( pleas+ ! eye & all[+ c]ta9 portions ( ! dialogue to come =w>d & get ! e> ( ! audi5ce1 also incid5tally tells ! tru?3 ^! gr\ps 9 reality w\ld %ift & *ange m or less by ! law ( social conv5i5ce4 ,! g5]al greet+s ( su* an occasion w\ld call = x4 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 ! /age is1 among o!r ?+s1 a pla/ic repres5tation ( life1 =ev] mak+ an appeal to ! eye4 ,! application ( ?is to ! climax %[s h[ va/ly important its pictorial side may be4 ,! climax t is prolong$ is always 9 dang]4 ,lead up to x sl[ly & surely1 secure ! effect1 & !n get away f x in/antly by l[]+ ! curta94 ,d n fumble ) x1 or succumb to ! ins9uat+ temptation ( cl++ to :at is s effective4 ,! dramati/ "h is l a fond fa!r loa? to say f>ewell to 8 favorite *ild4 ,b say ! p>t+ ^w he mu/1 if he w\ld h 8 (fspr+ prosp] & n1 l _m a fa!r ere ?is1 keep ! *ild ) him to its detrim5t4 ,a second too mu*1 & ! :ole ?+ w he imp]il$4 ,at ! d5\em5t1 e syllable mu/ be weigh$1 nor f\nd want+2 e extrane\s ^w ru?lessly cut out1 ! feats ( f9e language s welcome 9 o!r =ms ( lit]>y composition %unn$ z an ar* enemy4 ,colloquialism1 in/ead ( lit]>y spee*1 ev5 bad gramm> :]e m =mal book-spee* seems to damp5 ! fire1 mu/ be in/9ctively s\ght4 ,& :5ev] ! action itself1 back$ by ! sc5]y1 c convey :at is aim$ at1 sil5ce is be/ ( all2 = !n1 if ev]1 sil5ce is inde$ gold54 ,all ?is ! spectator w quietly note1 sitt+ 9 8 seat ( judgm5t1 ready to %[ 8 pleasure or displeasure1 accord+ to :at is done4 ,a difficulty t blocks ! pa? ( e dramati/ 9 proportion z its removal improves 8 piece1 is t ( graduat+ 8 e>li] curta9s s t ! climax 7?ird act or f\r?1 z x may7 is obvi\sly ! out/&+1 ov]-p[]+ effect ( ! :ole play4 ,! curta9 ( ! fir/ act w d well to possess at lea/ "s slight height5+ ( ! int]e/ ma9ta9$ progressively f ! op5+ ( ! drama2 an add$ crispness p]ceptible to all :o look & li/54 ,& ! crisis ( ! second act mu/ be diff]5tiat$ f t ( ! fir/ 9 t x has a t5s] emotional value1 :ile yet x is di/9ctly bel[ t ( ! climax1 if ! obligatory sc5e is to come lat]4 ,sad inde$ ! result if any curta9 effect 9 appeal & p[] usurp ! royal place ( ! climactic sc5e6 ,& ?is skillful gradation ( effects ^u a ris+ scale ( int]e/1 :ile always aim$ at1 is by no means always secur$4 ,?is may happ5 because ! dramati/1 ) mu* good mat]ial 9 8 h&s1 has believ$ he c\ld use x prodigally1 & be5 l$ to ov]look ! pr9ciple ( relative values 9 8 art4 ,a ?ird act climax may secure a trem5d\s s5sation by ! device ( keep+ ! e>li] effects lead+ up to x comp>atively l[-key$ & quiet4 ,! tempe/ may be1 9 ! ab/ract1 only "o 9 a teapot2 b a tempe/ 9 effect x is1 all ! same4 ,ibs5's plays (t5 illu/rate & ju/ify ?is /atem5t1 z d ! plays ( ! y\ng] ,briti% s*ool1 ,b>k]1 ,bak]1 ,mc,donald1 ,h\ghton1 ,hank94 ,& ! rev]se is equally true3 a really f9e climax may be made pale & ineffective by too mu* ( s5sational mat]ial introduc$ e>li] 9 ! play4 ,! climax ( ! drama is also ! be/ place to illu/rate ! fact t ! /age appeal is prim>ily emotional4 ,if ?is c5tral sc5e be n ( emotional value1 x is safe to say t ! play is doom$2 or w at ! mo/ h a langui%+ life 9 special p]=mances & be *]i%$ by ! elite4 ,! /age /ory1 we h se51 comes to ! auditor w>m & vibrant 9 t]ms ( feel+4 ,! idea :i* %\ld be !re1 z we saw1 mu/ come by way ( ! he>t1 :5ce1 z ,george ,m]$i? decl>es1 all great ?\ghts come4 ,h]e9 lies ano!r privilege & pitfall ( ! dramati/4 ,privilege1 because tea*+ by emotion w always be mo/ popul>2 yet a pitfall1 because x sets up a temptation to play ^u ! un?9k+ emotions :i*1 once ar\s$1 sweep conviction along to a goal p]haps speci\s & undesirable4 ,to say t ! !at] is a place = ! ex]cise ( ! emotions1 is n to say or mean t x is well = x to be a place = ! display & influ5ce ( ! unregulat$ emotions4 ,legitimate drama takes an idea ( ! bra91 or an inspiration ( ! imag9ative faculties1 & conveys x by ! ruddy road ( ! feel+s to ! /irr$ he>t ( ! audi5ce2 x %\ld be1 & is 9 its f9e/ examples1 ! happy union ( ! head & he>t1 s bl5d$ z be/ to cons]ve ! purpose ( ent]ta9m5t & popul> in/ruction2 popul>1 = ! reason t x is emotional1 concrete1 vital2 & in/ructive1 because x s9ks deep] 9 & /ays long] 7be+ m ke5ly felt7 ?an any m]e ex]cise ( ! intellect 9 ! _w4 ,! /ud5t1 :e!r at home ) ! book ( ! play 9 h& or 9 8 seat at ! !at]1 w scrut9ize ! skill$ effects ( climax1 seek+ pr9ciples & und]/&+ m cle>ly 8 pleasure !re94 ,9 read+ ,%akespe>e1 = example1 he w see t ! obligatory sc5e ( ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice is ! trial sc5e & ! exact mom5t :5 ! height is rea*$ & ! fall away f x beg9s1 t :]e ,portia tells ! ,jew to take 8 p\nd ( fle% )\t ! lett+ ( blood4 ,9 mod]n drama1 he w ?9k ( ! sc5e 9 ,sudemann's p[]ful drama1 ,magda1 9 :i* ,magda's pa/ is reveal$ to h] f9e old fa!r z ! climax ( ! action2 & 9 ,p9]o's /ronge/ piece1 ,! ,second ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay1 w put 8 f+] on ! sc5e ( ! return ( ,paula's lov] z ! crucial ?+ to %[4 ,& s ) ! sc5e ( ! cross-exam9ation ( ! woman 9 ,jones's ,mrs4 ,dane's ,def5se1 & ! sc5e 9 ,"l ,d>l+ton's rooms 9 ,wilde's ,lady ,w9d]m]e's ,fan1 & ! f9al sc5e 9 ,%aw's ,c&ida1 :]e ! playwright ?r[s =w>d ! sc5e a faire to ! end1 & makes 8 h]o9e *oose betwe5 husb& & lov]4 ,^!1 & _m l !m1 w furni% ample food = reflection & prove helpful 9 cl>ify+ ! m9d 9 ! ess5tials ( ?is mo/ important ( all ! ph5om5a ( play-build+4 ,x is ) ! climax1 z ) ev]y?+ else 9 art or 9 life3 hone/y ( purpose is at ! bottom ( ! success t is admirable4 ,m]e effectivism is to be avoid$1 because x is ins9c]e4 ,9 its place mu/ be effectiv5ess1 :i* is at once s9c]e & dramatic4 ,! climax1 let x be n[ assum$1 has be5 successfully br\ght (f4 ,! curta9 falls on ! famili> & pleasant buzz ( conv]sation :i* is ! sign infallible t ! dramati/'s de>e/ ambition has be5 atta9$4 ,c\ld we b li/5 to ! _m deta*$ bits ( talk t fly ab\t ! h\se1 or are he>d 9 ! lobby1 we might haz>d a %rewd guess at ! success ( ! piece4 ,if ! talk be favorable1 & ! imm$iate reception ( ! obligatory sc5e has be5 he>ty1 x w\ld appe> z if ! playwright's tr\bles 7 ov]4 ,b h>dly s4 ,ev5 ) 8 climax a success1 he is n q out ( ! woods4 ,a task1 difficult & h$g$ 9 ) ! possibilities ( mi/ake1 awaits him2 = ! la/ act is j ahead1 & x may dim9i%1 ev5 nullify ! favorable impression he has j won by 8 manipulation ( ! sc5e a faire4 ,& s1 gird+ himself = ! la/ battle1 he ent]s ! ar5a1 :]e _m a good man be=e him has unexpect$ly fall5 be=e ! enemy4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,end+ ,,! ,,play ,to "o :o is wat*ful 9 8 !at] seat1 x mu/ h become evid5t t _m plays1 :i* 9 ! ma9 give pleasure & seem successful1 h some?+ wrong ) ! la/ act4 ,! play-go] may feel ?is1 al?\gh he nev] has analyz$ ! cause or m ?an dimly be5 aw>e ( ! arti/ic problem involv$4 ,an effect ( anti-climax is produc$ by x1 int]e/ flags or utt]ly disappe>s2 ! f9al act seems to lag sup]flu\s on ! /age1 l ,johnson's play]4 ,sev]al reasons comb9e to make ?is no uncommon exp]i5ce4 ,"o may h em]g$ f ! discussion ( ! climax4 ,x is ! h>d =tune ( ! la/ act to foll[ ! great sc5e & to suff] by contra/2 ev5 if ! la/ "p ( ! play be all t su* an act %\ld be1 !re is 9 ! nature ( ! case a likelihood t ! auditor1 react+ f 8 excitem5t1 may f9d ?is conclud+ section ( ! drama /ale1 flat & unpr(itable4 ,to ov]come ?is disadvantage1 to make ! la/ act palatable )\t giv+ x s mu* attraction z to detract f ! sc5e a faire & ?r[ ! latt] out ( its due position 9 ! c5t] ( int]e/1 (f]s ! playwright a v def9ite labor & taxes 8 +5uity to ! utmo/4 ,! pro( ( ?is is t s _m dramas1 up to ! f9al act complete successes & excell5t examples ( s\nd te*nic1 g to pieces "h4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t 9 no "o p>ticul> ( con/ruction d plays ) matt] 9 !m & "s "r ( exi/5ce come to grief m frequ5tly ?an 9 ?is successful h&l+ ( ! act :i* closes ! drama4 ,x may ev5 be d\bt$ if ! inexp]i5c$ dramati/ has s mu* tr\ble ) 8 climax z ) ?is f9al problem4 ,if he _h no sc5e a faire he w\ld h>dly h writt5 a play at all4 ,b ?is tricky ultimate portion ( ! drama1 seem+ly s m9or1 may prove t :i* w trip him 9 ! full flu% ( 8 victory ) ! obligatory sc5e4 ,at fir/ blu%1 x w\ld seem z if1 ) ! big sc5e ov]1 little rema9$ to be done ) ! play1 s f> z /ory is conc]n$4 ,9 a s5se ?is is true4 ,! important elem5ts are resolv$2 ! ma9 *>act]s are def9$ = good or bad2 ! ob/acles :i* h comb9$ to make ! plot tangle h be5 remov$ or prov$ insurm\ntable4 ,! play has1 ) an increas+ s5se ( /ruggle1 gr[n to its height2 x mu/ n[ fall f t height by a plausible & m g5tle desc5t4 ,if x be a trag$y1 ! fall spells cata/rophe1 & is m abrupt & eye-compell+4 ,if com$y be ! =m1 !n ! unknott+ means a happy solution ( all difficulties4 ,b 9 ei!r case1 ! *ief bus9ess ( ?is f9al "p ( ! play w\ld appe> to be ! r\nd+ out ( ! fable1 ! smoo?+ (f ( corn]s1 & ! production ( an arti/ic effect ( f9i% & f9ality4 ,if any "p ( ! /ory be incomplete 9 plot1 x w be 9 all probability t :i* has to d ) ! subplot1 if !re be "o1 or ) ! fates ( subsidi>y *>act]s4 ,if ! playwright1 wi%+ to make 8 la/ act ( int]e/1 & 9 ord] to ju/ify ! ret5tion ( ! audi5ce 9 ! !at] = tw5ty m9utes to half an h\r m1 %\ld leave some:at ( ! ma9 /ory to be cle>$ up 9 ! la/ act1 he has probably weak5$ 8 obligatory sc5e & made a /rategic mi/ake4 ,& s 8 in/9ct is g5]ally "r :5 he pref]s to get all possible dramatic satisfaction into ! sc5e a faire1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( :at is to foll[4 ,a numb] ( ?+s ?is act c1 h[ev]1 accompli%4 ,x c1 ) ! *ief /ress & /ra9 ov]1 exhibit *>act]s 9 :om ! audi5ce has come to h a w>m int]e/ 9 "s fur!r pleasant manife/ation ( _! p]sonality1 ?us (f]+ incid5tal ent]ta9m5t4 ,! int]e/ 9 su* /age p]sons mu/ be v /rong to make ?is a suffici5t reason = prolong+ a play4 ,or1 if ! drama be tragic 9 its nature1 "s light] turn ( ev5ts1 or "s bright] display ( psy*ology1 may be pres5t$ to mitigate pa9 & s(t5 ! awe & t]ror inspir$ by ! ma9 !me2 z1 = in/ance1 ,%akespe>e alleviates ! dea?s ( ! lov]s 9 ,romeo & ,juliet by ! reconciliation ( ! e/rang$ families ov] _! fair "y bodies4 ,a bett] mood = leav+ ! playh\se is ?us creat$1 )\t any ly+ ab\t life4 ,! ,greeks did ?is by ! use ( lyric song at ! end ( _! trag$ies2 melodrama does x by an (t5 viol5t wre/+ ( ev5ts to smoo? out ! tr\ble1 z well z by less5+ our int]e/ 9 "* z su*4 ,also1 & "h is1 ,i believe1 its prime function1 ! la/ act c %[ ! logical outfl[ ( ! situation already laid d[n & br\ght to its issue 9 ! prec$+ acts ( ! drama4 ,ano!r dang] lurks 9 ?is = ! te*nician1 z may be %[n4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem t1 9 view ( ! l>gely sup]]ogatory "* ( ?is f9al act1 inasmu* z ! play seems practically ov] ) ! sc5e a faire1 x might be be/ hone/ly to end ! piece ) its mo/ excit+1 arre/+ sc5e & cut out ! f9al half h\r altoge!r4 ,b !re is an arti/ic reason = keep+ x z a feature ( good play-mak+ to ! end ( ! ye>s2 ,i h j ref]r$ to x4 ,i mean ! in/9ctive desire on ! "p ( ! dramatic arti/ & 8 cooep]ative auditors s to h&le ! cross-section ( life :i* has be5 exhibit$ ^u ! /age z to make ! transition f /age sc5e to real life s gradual1 s plausible1 z to be pleasant to "o's s5se ( e/hetic vraisemblance4 ,to see h[ true ?is is1 wat* ! effect ^u y\rself made by a play :i* r+s d[n ! la/ curta9 ^u a s5sational mom5t1 leav+ y daz$ & dumb z ! lights g up & ! or*e/ra r5d]s its f9al banality4 ,someh[1 y feel t ?is sudd51 viol5t *ange f life fictive & imag9ative to ! life actual ( g>i% /reets1 clang+ trolleys1 toot+ motor c>s & !at] supp]s is j>r+ & wrong4 ,art1 y :isp] to y\rself1 %\ld n be s completely at v>iance ) life2 ! good arti/ %\ld f9d "s o!r bett] way to dismiss y4 ,! ,greeks1 z ,i said1 s5sitive to ?is dem&1 mitigat$ ! t]rible happ5+s ( _! colossal leg5d>y trag$ies by clos+ ) l(ty lyric *oruses4 ,turn to ! la/ pages ( ,sophocles's ,o,edipus ,tyrannus1 p]haps ! mo/ dra/ic ( !m all1 = an example4 ,i %\ld v5ture to g s f> z to sugge/ x z possible t 9 an app>5t exception l ,o!llo1 :]e ! drama closes h>%ly ^u ! murd] ( ! ewe lamb ( a wife1 ,%akespe>e might h introduc$ ! alleviation ( a f9al sc5e1 _h he ev] prep>$ ?is play1 or 8 plays 9 g5]al1 aft] ! mod]n me?od ( revision & f9al =m1 = ! ,argus-ey$ scrut9y !y 7 to receive 9 aft]-"t4 ,h[ev]1 t 8 in/9ct 9 ?is matt]1 9 g5]al1 l$ him to seek ! arti/ic consolation :i* removes ! spectator f too close & unreliev$ proximity to ! horrible is beyond cavil4 ,if he d furni% a tragic sc5e1 !re goes ) x a passage1 a /ra9 ( music1 an un=gettable phrase1 :i*1 beauty be+ its own excuse = be+1 is z balm to ! s\l h>r[$ up by ! agony ( a protagoni/4 ,horatio1 ov] ! body ( 8 de> fri5d1 speaks words s lovely t !y seem ! "o rubric = sorr[ s9ce4 ,&1 /ill fur!r remov+ u f ! solemn sadness ( ! mom5t1 ent]s ,=t9bras1 to take ov] ! c>es ( k+dom &1 9 s do+1 to rem9d u t beyond ! individual fate ( ,hamlet lies ! great out] _w ( :i*1 aft] all1 he is b a small "p2 & t ! ord]$ cosmos mu/ g on1 ?\gh ! ,ophelias & ,hamlets ( ! _w die4 ,! m]e horrible1 ) ?is alleviation ( beauty1 becomes a v diff]5t ?+1 ! t]rible2 ! t]rible is ! horrible1 plus beauty1 & ! t]rible lifts u to a l(ty mood ( se>*+ s]i\sness t has its pleasure1 :]e ! horrible repels & dispirits4 ,?us1 ! sympa!tic recipi5t gets a c]ta9 au/]e satisfaction1 yes1 :y n call x pleasure1 f noble trag$y4 ,b he asks t ! la/ act p\r ! oil ( peace1 ( beauty & ( philosophic vision ^u ! tr\bl$ wat]s ( life4 ,!re is !n an arti/ic ju/ification1 if ,i am "r1 = ! act foll[+ ! climax1 q aside f ! conv5tional dem& = x z a "t fill]1 & its conv5i5ce too 9 ! way ( b9d+ up loose ends4 ,z ! function ( ! great sc5e is to develop & br+ to a head ! pr9cipal ?+s ( ! play1 s t ( ?is f9al act w\ld seem to be ! tak+ c>e ( ! less] ?+s1 to an effect ( h>moni\s arti/ry4 ,& :5ev] a playwright1 confront+ ^! difficulties & dang]s1 triumphs ov] !m1 :5ev] y\r comm5t is to ! effect t1 s9ce x all appe>s to be ov]1 x is h>d to see :at a la/ act c (f] to ju/ify x1 & yet if t act prove int]e/+1 fre%ly inv5t$1 unexpect$ly wor? :ile1 y w1 if y c>e to d y\r "p 9 ! ,triple ,alliance made up ( actors1 playwright & audi5ce1 express a s5tim5t ( gratitude1 & admiration z well1 = ! !at] arti/ :o has manipulat$ 8 mat]ial to su* good result4 ,! la/ act ( ,?omas's ,! ,wit*+ ,h\r c be /udi$ ) mu* pr(it ) ?is 9 m9d4 ,x is a ma/]ly example ( add$ int]e/ :5 ! ?+s vital to ! /ory h be5 tak5 c>e (4 ,ano!r1 & v diff]5t1 example is ,l\is ,p>k]'s *>m+ play1 ,rosem>y1 :]e at ! climax a middle-ag$ man p>ts f ! "y girl :o loves him & :om he loves1 because he does n realize %e returns ! feel+1 &1 moreov]1 %e is engag$ to ano!r1 &1 f ! conv5tions ( age1 ! mat* is n desirable4 ,! /ory is ov]1 surely1 & x is a sad end+2 no?+ c ev] *ange t1 unless ! dramati/ tells "s awful lies ab\t life4 ,_h he viol5tly twi/$ ! drama into a pleasant end+ 9 ! la/ act he w\ld h giv5 u an example ( an outrage\s di/urbance ( key & ru9$ 8 piece4 ,:at does he d1 inde$1 :at c he d8 ,by a bold /roke ( ! imag9ation1 he projects ! f9al sc5e fifty ye>s =w>d1 & %[s ! man ( =ty an old man ( n9ety4 ,he le>ns1 by ! f9d+ ( ! girl's di>y1 t %e lov$ him2 &1 z ! curta9 desc5ds1 he ?anks ,god = a beautiful memory4 ,"t has pluck$ out ! /+ & left only ! fl[]-l fragrance4 ,?is is a f9e illu/ration ( an add5dum t is congru\s4 ,x lifts ! play to a high] category4 ,i believe x is true to say t ?is unusual la/ act 0 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,murray ,c>son1 ,mr4 ,p>k]'s collaborator 9 ! play4 ,"o m example may be giv51 = ^! illu/rations w br+ out m cle>ly a phase ( dramatic writ+ :i* has n receiv$ ov]mu* att5tion 9 criticism4 ,! rec5t clev] com$y1 ,ye>s ( ,discretion1 by ! ,hattons1 conducts ! /ory to a conv5tional end1 :5 ! middle-ag$ lov]s1 :o h flirt$1 danc$ & motor$ !mselves into an engagem5t & m>riage1 are on ! eve ( _! w$d+ t\r4 ,if ! /ory be a love /ory1 & x is 9 ess5ce1 x ought to be ov]4 ,! /aid ,bo/on wid[ has be5 metamorphos$ by gay ,new ,york1 h] maneuv]s h result$ 9 ! traditional end2 %e has got h] man4 ,:at else c be (f]$ to hold ! int]e/8 ,& j "h is :]e ! au?ors h be5 able1 pass+ beyond ! conv5tional limits ( /ory1 to introduce1 9 a lightly t\*$1 pleas+ fa%ion1 a bit ( philosophy t und]lies ! drama & gives x an enjoyable fillip at ! close4 ,we see ! newly w$ pair1 fac+ t w$d+ t\r at fifty1 & secretly long+ to give x up & settle d[n com=tably at home4 ,!y h be5 play+ "y dur+ ! ,new ,york :irl1 :y n be natural n[ & enjoy life 9 ! decade to :i* !y belong8 ,s1 9 ! *>m+ g>d5 sc5e !y confess1 & agree to gr[ old gracefully toge!r4 ,x is excell5t com$y & s\nd psy*ology2 to "s1 ! la/ act is ! be/ ( all4 ,yet1 reg>d$ f ! act prec$+1 x seem$ sup]flu\s4 ,/ill ano!r tr\ble confronts ! playwright z he comes at grapples ) ! f9al act4 ,he falls "u ! temptation to make a conv5tionally desirable conclusion1 ! pleasant end+ already animadv]t$ aga9/1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! con/ant petition ( ! !at] ,phili/9e4 ,"h1 x w be obs]v$1 ! pleasant end+ becomes "p ( ! con/ructive problem4 ,%all ! playwright c>ry out ! /ory 9 a way to make x h>moni\s ) :at has gone be=e1 bo? psy*ologically & 9 ! logic ( ev5ts8 ,%all he make ! conclusion congru\s ) ! climax1 a prop]ly d$uc$ result f ! situation !re9 %[n8 ,if he d1 8 play w be a "w ( art1 tonal 9 a totality ^: respective p>ts are key$ to ?is effect4 ,or %all he1 adopt+ ! tag l9e famili> to u 9 fairy tales1 & s !y liv$ happily ev] aft]1 wre/ & di/ort 8 mat]ial 9 ord] to give ?is suppos$-to-be-pray$-= condim5t t ! gr[n-up babes 9 front are cry+ =8 ,e dramati/ meets ?is "q face to face 9 8 la/ act1 unless 8 plan has be5 to ?r[ 8 mo/ dramatic mom5t at ! play's v end4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( all dramas weak5 or spoil ! effect by ?is h&l+ ( ! la/ "p ( ! play4 ,! end+ ei!r is ineffective because unbelievable2 or unnecess>y1 because :at x %[s _h bett] be left to ! imag9ation4 ,an attractive & des]v$ly successful drama by ,mr4 ,zangwill1 ,m]ely ,m>y ,ann1 may be cit$ to illu/rate ! fir/ mi/ake4 ,up to ! la/ act its h&l+ ( ! relation ( ! g5tleman lodg] & ! qua9t little slavey is pit*$ 9 ! key ( tru? & has a ,dick5s-l sympa?y 9 x :i* is ! ma9 elem5t 9 its *>m4 ,b 9 ! f9al sc5e1 :]e ,m>y ,ann has become a fa%ionable "y woman1 meets h] :ilom man fri5d1 & a mat* results1 ! improbability is su* 7to say no?+ ab\t ! impossibility7 z to de/roy ! previ\s illusion ( reality2 ! auditor1 if intellig5t1 feels t he has paid too high a price = su* a union4 ,i am n argu+ t ! improbable may n be legitimate on ! /age2 b only try+ to po9t out t1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! key ( ! play1 e/abli%$ 9 previ\s acts1 is ! key ( probability2 & h5ce ! *ange is a s9 aga9/ arti/ic probity4 ,! key ( improbability1 z 9 "s excell5t f>ces1 ,baby ,m9e1 ,sev5 ,days1 ,sev5 ,keys to ,baldpate1 & _! k9d--:]e x is basal t we grant c]ta9 conditions or happ5+s n at all likely 9 life--is q ano!r matt] & n ( necessity repreh5sible 9 ! lea/4 ,b ,m]ely ,m>y ,ann is too true 9 its homely fa%ion to fob u (f ) lies at ! end2 we believ$ x at fir/ & s are %ock$ at its m5dacity4 ,"o ( ! be/ melodramas ( rec5t ye>s is ,mr4 ,mc,lellan's ,leah ,kles*na4 ,its psy*ology1 f\nd$ on ! assumption t a woman ^: high] nature is appeal$ to1 w respond to ! appeal1 is z s\nd z x is f9e & enc\rag+4 ,%e is a crim9al :o is caught op5+ a safe by ! ,fr5* /atesman ^: h\se %e has ent]$4 ,8 conv]sation ) h] is s effective t %e breaks ) h] fell[ ?ieves & />ts 9 on ano!r & bett] life 9 a =eign c\ntry1 :]e ! /atesman secures = h] hone/ employm5t4 ,x is 9 ! la/ act t ! playwright gets into tr\ble1 & illu/rates ! second possibility j m5tion$2 unnecess>y in=mation :i* c readily be fill$ 9 by ! spectator1 )\t ! addition ( a sup]flu\s act to %[ x4 ,! woman has brok5 ) h] gang1 %e is sav$2 arrangem5t has be5 made = h] to g to ,au/ria 7if my memory locates ! l&71 !re to "w out h] *ange ( he>t4 ,really1 !re is no?+ else to tell4 ,! ess5tial int]e/ ( ! play lay 9 ! reclaim+ ( ,leah2 %e is reclaim$6 ,:y n dismiss ! audi5ce8 ,b ! au?or1 p]haps l$ a/ray by ! pr9ciple ( %[+ ?+s on ! /age1 ev5 if ! ?+s %[n lie beyond ! limits ( ! /ory prop]1 exhibits ! girl 9 h] new qu>t]s1 aid$ & abett$ by ! sc5e pa9t] :o places beh9d h] a v exp5sive backgr\nd ( ,nature2 & !n caps 8 unnecess>y "w by br++ ! /atesman on a visit to see h[ 8 protegee is gett+ along4 ,mean:ile1 ! kn[+ spectator murmurs 9 8 seat 7let u hope7 & kicks aga9/ ! pricks ( conv5tion4 ,^! examples indicate "s ( ! problems c5t]+ 9 an act :i* = ! v reason t x is1 or seems1 comp>atively unimportant1 is all ! m likely to trip up a dramati/ :o1 buoy$ up by 8 victory 9 a f9e & effective sc5e ( climactic =ce1 comes to ! f9al act 9 a /ate ( reaction1 & =getful ( ! fact t pride goe? be=e a fall--! fall ( ! curta96 ,no wond] t1 9 ord] to dodge all su* difficulties1 playwrights sometimes project _! climax =w>d into ! la/ act & s %ort5 :at is left to d !reaft]2 or1 go+ fur!r1 place x at ! play's t]m9al po9t4 ,b ! arti/ic objections to ?is h be5 expla9$4 ,"s treatm5t ( ! fall+ action aft] ! climax1 long] or %ort]1 is advisable2 & ! dramati/ mu/ %>p5 8 wits ^u ?is te*nical dem& & make x "p ( ! satisfaction ( 8 art to meet x4 ,! fundam5tal bus9ess ( ! la/ act ( a play1 let x be repeat$1 is to %[ ! g5]al results ( a situation pres5t$ 9 ! crucial sc5e1 9 s f> z ^? results are p]t95t to a satisfactory grasp ( /ory & idea on ! "p ( ! auditor4 ,^! results mu/ be 9 h>mony ) ! beg9n+1 gr[? & crisis ( ! /ory & mu/ ei!r be dem&$ 9 advance by ! audi5ce1 or gladly receiv$ z pleasant & helpful1 :5 pres5t$4 ,! citation ( su* plays z ,rosem>y & ,ye>s ( ,discretion raises ! int]e/+ "q :e!r a peculi> function ( ! f9al act may n lie 9 n only r\nd+ out ! /ory z su*1 b 9 br++ home ! und]ly+ idea ( ! piece to ! audi5ce4 ,surely a ri* opportunity1 z yet b little utiliz$1 is "h4 ,yet aga9 dang] lurks 9 ! opportunity4 ,! la/ act might take on ! nature ( a philosophic tag1 a prea*m5t n organically relat$ to ! prec$+ p>ts4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be a sad misuse ( ! *ance to give ! drama a wid] application & f9] bloom4 ,b if ! playwright h ! skill & inv5tive p[] to m]ge ! two elem5ts ( /ory & idea 9 a f9al act :i* adds /imulat+ mat]ial :ile x br+s out cle>ly ! und]ly+ !me1 !n he w h p]=m$ a k9d ( d\ble function ( ! drama4 ,9 ! new te*nic ( to-day & to-morr[ ?is may come to be1 m & m1 ! accept$ aim ( ! res\rceful1 ?\ghtful mak] ( plays4 ,! intellig5t auditor 9 ! playh\se ) ?is aspect ( te*nic be=e him w be able to assi/ 9 8 cooep]ation ) wor?y plays by notic+ p>ticul>ly if ! clos+ treatm5t ( ! mat]ial 9 h& seem g]mane to ! subject2 if x avoid anti-climax & keep ! key2 & if x demon/rates skill 9 ov]com+ su* ob/acles z h be5 indicat$4 ,su* a play-go] w n slight ! f9al act z ( only te*nical importance1 b w be al]tly on ! wat* to see if 8 fri5d ! playwright successfully grapples ) ! la/ ( ! successive problems :i* arise dur+ ! complex & v difficult bus9ess ( tell+ a /age /ory ) cle>ness1 effectiv5ess & *>m4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,social ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,play ,we h n[ survey$ ! *ief elem5ts involv$ 9 ! mak+ ( a play & sugge/$ an intellig5t attitude on ! "p ( ! play-go] t[>d !m4 ,prim>ily ! aim has be5 to broad5 & %>p5 ! appreciation ( a delightful exp]i5ce2 = ! sake ( p]sonal culture4 ,b1 z 0 briefly sugge/$ 9 ! *apt] on ! play z a cultural possibility1 !re is ano!r reason :y ! /ud5t & !at] att5dant %\ld realize t ! drama 9 its possibilities is a "w ( art1 & ! !at]1 ! place :]e x is exhibit$1 c be a temple ( art4 ,?is o!r reason looks to ! social significance ( ! playh\se z a great1 democratic p's amusem5t :]e /ories c be he>d & se5 m effectively1 z to influ5ce1 ?an any:]e else or "u any o!r imag9able conditions4 ,x is a place :]e ! great lessons ( life c be emotionally receiv$ & s s9k deep into ! consci\sness & consci5ce ( folk at l>ge4 ,& s ! "q ( ! !at] becomes m ?an ! "q ( private culture1 important z t is2 be+1 inde$1 a matt] ( social welf>e4 ,?is fact is n[ com+ to be recogniz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z x has long be5 recogniz$ abroad4 ,we see m pla9ly ?an we did t :5 /ates l ,france & ,g]many or ! cities ( su* c\ntries grant subv5tions to _! !at]s & make !at] directors high (ficials ( ! gov]nm5t !y d s n only f ! conviction t ! !at] /&s = culture 7a good ?+ = any c\ntry to possess7 b t !y feel x to h a direct & vital influ5ce ^u ! life ( ! citiz5s 9 g5]al1 ^u ! civilization ( ! day4 ,!y assume t ! playh\se1 along ) ! s*ool1 libr>y1 newspap] & *ur*1 is "o ( ! five mighty social =ces 9 sugge/+ ideas to a nation & creat+ ideals4 ,! intellig5t !at]-go] to-day1 z nev] be=e1 w !re=e note ) int]e/ ! *ange 9 ! notions conc]n+ ?is popul> amusem5t t is yet s mu* m1 bas$ ^u mu* t has happ5$ )9 our "t2 ! com+ back ( plays into lit]>y significance & acceptance1 s t lead]s 9 lett]s ev]y:]e are likely to be playwrights2 ! publication ( contempor>y drama1 =eign & dome/ic1 enabl+ ! !at]-go] to /udy ! play he is to see or has se52 & ! recognition ( ano!r aim 9 conduct+ ?is in/itution ?an a comm]cial "o look+ to private pr(it3 ! aim ( ma9ta9+ a h\se ( art1 n\ri%$ by all conc]n$ ) ! pride 9 & love ( art :i* t implies1 = ! good ( ! p4 ,! obs]v] we h 9 m9d & are try+ to help a little w be int]e/$ 9 all su* exp]im5ts z t ( ! ,little ,!at]s 9 v>i\s cities1 9 ! *ildr5's !at]s 9 ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton1 9 ! fa/-gr[+ use ( ! pageant to illum9ate local hi/ory1 9 ! attempts to e/abli% municipal /ock companies1 or compet5t rep]tory companies by enlight5$ private munific5ce4 ,& h[ev] successful or unsuccessful ! p>ticul> v5tures may be1 he w see t _! significance lies 9 _! mean+ a new1 ?\ghtful reg>d = an in/itution :i* prop]ly conduct$ c cons]ve ! g5]al social welf>e4 ,he w f9d 9 ! gr[? )9 a v few ye>s ( an organization l ! ,drama ,league ( ,am]ica a sign ( ! times 9 its te/imony to an int]e/1 z wide z ! c\ntry1 & wid]1 9 ! developm5t & ma9t5ance ( a s\nd & wor?y drama4 ,& he w be will+ z lov] ( fell[-man z well z !at] lov] to d 8 %>e 9 ! movem5t--x is no hyp]bole to call x su*--t[>d socializ+ ! playh\se1 s t x may gradually become an ent]prise conduct$ by ! p & 9 ! int]e/s ( ! p1 born ( _! life & *]i%$ by _! love4 ,nor w he be indiff]5t to ! ?\ght t1 ?us direct$ & enjoy$1 x may 9 "t come to be "o ( ! pr\de/ ( national assets1 z x has be5 be=e 9 m ?an "o l& & p]iod4 ,& ) ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! p 9 m9d1 our op5-ey$ obs]v] w be especially quick to approve any exp]im5t t[>d br++ ! /imulat+ life ( ! !at] to communities or sections ( ! city :i* hi!rto h be5 depriv$ ( amusem5t t :ile amus+ m9i/]s to ! m9d & emotions ( ! he>]s 9 a way to give pr(it ) ! pleasure4 ,ca?olic 9 8 view1 he w j z w>mly welcome a p's !at] 9 ,s\? ,bo/on or on ! ,ea/ ,side 9 ,new ,york1 or at ,hull ,h\se 9 ,*icago1 z he w a ,new ,!at] 9 upp] ,new ,york1 or a ,f9e ,arts ,!at] 9 ,*icago1 or a ,toy ,!at] 9 ,bo/on2 believ+ t s9ce ! playh\se is 9 ess5ce & by ! nature ( its appeal democratic1 x mu/ neglect no class ( society 9 its s]vice4 ,he w prick up 8 e>s & become al]t 9 he>+ ( ! ,m9nesota exp]im5t1 :]e a rural play1 writt5 by a memb] ( ! agricultural s*ool1 0 giv5 "u univ]sity auspices fifty times 9 "o season1 ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,he w rejoice at ! action ( ,d>tm\? ,college 9 accept+ a #ajj1jjj beque/ = ! erection & conductm5t ( a !at] 9 ! college community & s]v+ ! int]e/s ( bo? academic & t[n life4 ,& he w also be glad to note t ! ,c>negie ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 9 ,pittsburgh1 has initiat$ a ,s*ool ( ,drama z an organic "p ( ! educational life4 ,he w see 9 su* ?+s a recognition among educators t ! !at] %\ld be relat$ to educational life4 ,&1 mus+ happily ^u su* matt]s1 x w come to him aga9 & aga9 t x is rational to /rive = a p's price = a p's ent]ta9m5t1 in/ead ( a price = ! be/ (f]+s prohibitive to f\r-fif?s ( all ,am]icans4 ,& 9 ?is fact he w see ! explanation = ! enorm\s gr[? ( ! mov+ picture type ( amusem5t1 realiz+ x to be inevitable "u pres5t conditions1 because a =m ( ent]ta9m5t popul> 9 price z well z 9 nature1 & h5ce popul\sly frequ5t$4 ,& s our !at]-go]1 :o has n[ s long li/5$ ) at lea/ hypo!tic pati5ce to exposition & argum5t1 w be will+1 inde$1 w wi%1 z "p ( 8 wat*ful cann9ess ) respect to ! plays he sees & reads1 to judge ! playwright1 among o!r ?+s1 accord+ to 8 int]pretation ( life2 & especially ! mod]n social life ( 8 own day & c\ntry4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! ne$ to h an idea 9 drama2 a c5traliz+ op9ion ab\t life or a p]sonal reaction to x--some?+ q di/9ct f ! !sis or propag&a :i* might *ange a "w ( art into a diss]tation4 ,let x n[ be add$ t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a play to-day w repres5t its "t & be vital 9 proportion z x deals ) life 9 t]ms ( social int]e/4 ,to put x ano!r way1 a drama to reflect our age mu/ be aw>e ( ! int5se & practically univ]sal t5d5cy to /udy society z an organism1 ) ! altrui/ic purpose ( see+ ju/ice prevail4 ,! ri* are attack$1 ! poor def5d$2 comb9ations ( bus9ess are assail$1 & crim9als treat$ z our sick bro!rs2 labor & capital conte/ on a gigantic scale1 & woman looms up z a c5tral & mo/ agitat+ problem4 ,all ?is & m1 aris+ f ! same int]e/1 (f]s a va/ range ( subject-matt] to drama & a new _s 9 treat+ x on ! /age4 ,)9 ! la/ half c5tury ! two great *anges t h come 9 human life are ! gr[? 9 ! democratic ideal1 ) all t x sugge/s1 & ! revolution>y conception ( :at life is "u ! dom9ation ( sci5tific k4 ,all art =ms1 includ+ ?is ( ! !at]1 h respond$ to ^! tw9 factors ( influ5ce4 ,9 art x means sympa?y 9 /udy+ fell[-man & an attempt to tell ! tru? ab\t him 9 all arti/ic depictions4 ,!re=e1 9 ! drama to-day likely to make ! /ronge/ claim on ! att5tion ( ! intellig5t play-go]s1 we %all get ! fulle/ recognition ( ?is _s & ! franke/ use ( x z typical ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,?is is :at gives sub/ance1 mean+ & bite to ! plays ( ,%aw1 ,galswor?y1 & ,b>k]1 ( ,h\ghton1 & ,francis & ,s[]by1 ( ,moody & ,k5n$y & ,zangwill1 at _! be/4 ,to ackn[l$ge ?is is n to d5y t enjoyable f>ce1 /irr+ melodrama & romantic extravaganza are n welcome2 ! sort ( play :i* simply furni%es amusem5t 9 t]ms ( good /ory tell+1 cont5t to d ?is & no m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to rem9d ! read] t to be mo/ repres5tative ( ! day ! drama mu/ d some?+ beyond ?is2 mu/ mirror ! "t & probe x too2 yes1 mu/1 l a wise physician1 feel ! pulse ( man to-day & diagnose 8 deepe/ ne$s & fail+s & desires2 9 a ^w1 mu/ be a social drama1 s9ce t is ! keynote ( ! pres5t4 ,x w be f\nd t ev5 9 ! light] =ms ( drama :i* we accept z typical & satisfactory ?is social flavor may be detect$1 giv+ x body1 b n detract+ f its pleasurabl5ess4 ,miss ,cro!r's ,"y ,wisdom has ! light t\* & ! framework ( f>ce1 yet x deals ) a def9ite aspect ( fem9ism4 ,mr4 ,knoblau*'s ,! ,faun is a romantic fantasia1 b is n )\t its ke5 social satire4 ,mr4 ,%eldon's ,! ,havoc seems also f>cical 9 its type2 nev]!less x is a s]i\s satiric ?ru/ at c]ta9 extreme conceptions ( m>ital relations4 ,& num]\s dramas1 melodramatic 9 =m & int5tion1 deal+ ) ! d>k] economic & sociological aspects ( our life--! ov]work$ crime play ( ! day--indef9itely swell ! li/4 ,& s ) _m m plays1 pleasant or unpleasant1 :i*1 :ile cl++ close to ! notion ( good ent]ta9m5t1 d n refra9 f social comm5t or criticism4 ,! idea t criticism ( life 9 a /age /ory mu/ ( necessity be heavy1 dull & polemic is an irritat+ "o1 ( :i* ! ,anglo-,saxon is /rangely fond4 ,! ,fr5*1 to m5tion "o o!r nation1 h con/antly %[n ! _w t to be intellectually ke5 & sugge/ive x is n necess>y to be solemn or opaque2 9 fact1 t "o is sure to be all ! m /imulat+ because ( ! light t\* & ! s5se = social adaptability4 ,?is view w 9 "t1 no d\bt1 p]colate ?r\gh ! some:at ob/9ate lay]s ( ! ,anglo-,saxon m9d4 ,f ^! consid]ations x may foll[ t our !at]-go]1 :ile g5]ally receptive & broad-m9d$ 9 8 seat to ! p>ticul> type ( drama ! playwright %all (f]1 w incl9e to pref] ^? plays :i* on ! :ole seem 9 "s "o ( v>i\s possible ways to express ! "t2 :i* drama t has surviv$ has always done4 ,he w c>e mo/ = ! home-made play z aga9/ ! =eign1 if equally well made1 s9ce its problem is m likely to be 8 own1 or "o he c bett] und]/&4 ,b he w n turn a cold %\ld] to "s ,european drama by a ,d',annunzio1 a ,sud]mann1 a ,maet]l9ck or a ,tol/oy1 if x be a great "w ( art & deal ) life 9 su* univ]sal applications & relations z to make x q indep5d5t ( national bord]s4 ,"o ( ! socializ+ & civiliz+ functions ( ! !at] is ?us to draw ! peoples toge!r into a common bond ( int]e/1 a unit 9 t va/ community :i* signifies ! all-embrac+ exp]i5ce ( be+ a human creature4 ,yet ! !at]-go] w h b a ,laodicean reg>d = plays :i* pres5t div]g5t national or te*nically local conditions ( life practically incompreh5sible to ,am]icans at l>ge2 "s ( ! ,gallic discussions ( ! ,fr5* m5age1 = in/ance4 ,t]5ce taught u wisely t no?+ human %\ld be ali5 f our int]e/2 true en\gh4 ,!re is h[ev] no good reason :y int]e/ %\ld n gr[ z ! matt] 9 h& comes clos] to u 9 "t & space4 ,& /ill m vigor\sly w he prote/ aga9/ any & all ( ! wret*$ attempts to *ange =eign mat]ial = dome/ic use to be not$ :5 ! ,am]ican produc] 7or traduc]7 feels he mu/ remove f su* a play ! atmosph]ic color :i* is ( its v life1 transf]r+ a rural sett+ ( old ,engl& to a simil> sett+ 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,%ort ( ! drama ( op5 evil tea*+1 no?+ is worse ?an ^! absurd & abortive mak+s ov] ( drama f abroad4 ,! result is nei!r fi%1 fle% nor good r$ h]r+4 ,!y de/roy e object ( !at] enjoym5t & culture1 ly+ ab\t life & los+ :atev] grip ^u cr$5ce !y may h orig9ally possess$4 ,happily1 _! day is on ! wane4 ,ev5 !at]-go]s ( ! c>eless k9d h little or no use = !m4 ,t ! /age ( our day1 a /age ^u :i* x has be5 possible to atta9 success ) su* dramas z ,! ,blue ,bird1 ,! ,s]vant 9 ! ,h\se1 ,! ,poor ,little ,ri* ,girl1 ,! ,wit*+ ,h\r1 ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac1 ,c&ida1 ,:at ,e ,woman ,kn[s1 ,! ,great ,divide & ,! ,easie/ ,way 7! enum]ation is made to imply ! greate/ div]sity ( type7 is "o ( ca?olic receptivity & "s discrim9at+ patronage1 %\ld appe> to anyone :o has tak5 ! tr\ble to foll[ ! discussion up to ?is po9t1 & ^: !at] exp]i5ce has be5 fairly l>ge4 ,!re is no long] any reason :y our drama-go+ %\ld n be "o ( ! factors :i* m9i/] to rational pleasure1 quick5 ! s5se ( art & invite u fruitfully to p>ticipate 9 t free & desirable ex*ange ( ideas :i* ,mat!w ,arnold decl>$ to be ! true aim ( civilization4 ,let u grant readily t ! /age /ory :i* %[s )9 !at] re/rictions ! life ( a l& & ! outly+ life ( ! _w ( m5 has its def9ite dem>cations2 t x may n to advantage p]=m c]ta9 s]vices m natural1 = example to ! *ur*1 or ! s*ool4 ,x mu/ appeal ^u ! basis ( ! bosom int]e/s & passions ( mank9d & its common d5om9ator is t ( ! g5]al emotions4 ,conc$e t x %\ld n debate a philosophical "q ) ! aim ( ! ?9k]1 nor a legal "q z if ! ma9 purpose 7 to settle a matt] ( law2 nor a religi\s "q ) ! purposeful f9ality ( ! !ologian1 or ! didactic eloqu5ce ( ! pulpit4 ,b x c & %\ld deal ) any "q p]t95t to m51 vital to ! broad int]e/s ( human be+s1 9 ! _s ( ! humanities & ) ! re/ra9ts ( its p>ticul> art4 ,x %\ld be sugge/ive1 ar\s+1 n demon/rative or dogmatic4 ,its great out/&+ advantage lies 9 its emotional sugge/ibility4 ,to p]=m ?is s]vice1 & x is a mighty "o1 is to h an intellig5t !at]1 a self-respect+ !at]1 a !at] t %all purvey rational amusem5t to ! few & ! _m4 ,& :5ev] !at]-go]s1 by majority vote1 elect x1 x w arrive4 ,x 0 sugge/$ on an e>li] page & may n[ be /ill m evid5t t intellig5t !at]-go+ beg9s long be=e "o goes to ! !at]4 ,x dep5ds ^u prep>ation ( v>i\s k9ds2 ^u a s5se ( ! !at] z a social in/itution1 & ( ! r5ew$ lit]>y quality ( ! drama to-day2 ^u a k ( ! specific problems ( ! play] & playwright1 & ( ! aids to ?is k furni%$ by ! be/ dramatic criticism2 ^u famili>ity too ) ! pr9t$ drama1 pa/ & pres5t1 9 a fa/ multiply+ libr>y t deals ) ! /age & dramatic writ+4 ,! la/ /atem5t may be amplifi$ "h4 ,a few ye>s ago1 !re 0 h>dly a s]i\s publication ei!r 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica devot$ to ! legitimate int]e/s ( ! /age f ! po9t ( view ( ! patron ( ! !at]1 ! critic-9-!-seat :om we h s /eadily _h 9 m9d4 ,su* p]iodicals z exi/$ 7 produc$ r 9 ! int]e/s ( ! /age p1 actors1 produc]s1 & ! l4 ,?is has n[ *ang$ v mu* = ! bett]4 ,conf9+ ! survey to ?is c\ntry1 ! mon?ly call$ ,! ,!at] has "s value 9 mak+ ! read] aw>e ( curr5t activities4 ,! two mon?lies1 ,! ,am]ican ,playwright & ,! ,dramati/1 edit$ respectively by ,william ,t4 ,price & ,lu!r ,b4 ,an?ony1 are giv5 to ! te*nical consid]ation ( contempor>y drama 9 ! light ( p]man5t pr9ciples1 & are v useful4 ,! qu>t]ly1 ,! ,drama1 edit$ & publi%$ "u ! auspices ( ,! ,drama ,league ( ,am]ica1 is a dignifi$ & e>ne/ attempt to repres5t ! cultural "w ( all t has to d ) ! /age2 & a feature ( x is ! regul> appe>ance ( a complete play n hi!rto 9 pr9t4 ,ano!r qu>t]ly1 ,poet ,lore1 al?\gh n giv5 ov] exclusively to matt]s dramatic1 has be5 honorably conspicu\s = _m ye>s = its able critical treatm5t ( ! !at] & play2 & especially = its translations ( =eign dramas1 mu* ( ! be/ mat]ial f abroad be+ fir/ giv5 ,engli% =m 9 its columns4 ,at ,madison1 ,wiscons91 ,! ,play ,book is a mon?ly also edit$ by !at] speciali/s & (t5 conta9+ illum9at+ articles & reviews4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 9 ! bett] class p]iodicals1 mon?ly & weekly1 pap]s 9 ?is field are appe>+ n[adays ) increas+ frequ5cy1 a te/imonial to ! g5]al gr[? ( int]e/4 ,critics ( ! drama l ,w4 ,p4 ,eaton1 ,clayton ,hamilton1 ,ar?ur ,ruhl1 ,norman ,hapgood1 ,william ,w9t]1 ,montrose ,j4 ,moses1 ,*ann+ ,pollock1 ,james ,o',donnell ,b5nett1 ,james ,s4 ,metcalf1 & ,james ,hunek] are to be read 9 ! daily press1 9 p]iodicals1 or 9 collect$ book =m4 ,advanc$ movem5ts abroad are *ronicl$ 9 ,! ,mask1 ! publication f\nd$ by ,gordon ,craig2 & 9 ,poetry & ,drama4 ,x is reasonable to believe t1 ) ! r5ew$ appreciation ( ! !at]1 ! "w ( ! dramatic critic z su* w be felt to be m & m important & 8 function w assume its significance 9 ! eyes ( ! community4 ,a vigor\s dramatic p]iod implies wor?y criticism to self-reveal x & to e/abli% & ma9ta9 "r /&>ds4 ,signs are n want+ t we %all gradually tra9 & make necess>y 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a class ( critic repres5t$ 9 ,engl& by ,william ,ar*] & ,a4 ,b4 ,walkley4 ,among ! publi%]s :o h l$ 9 ! movem5t to place good drama 9 p]man5t =m 9 ! h&s ( read]s ! firms ( ,macmillan1 ,scribn]1 ,mit*ell ,k5n]ley1 ,h5ry ,holt1 ,john ,w4 ,luce1 ,h>p] & ,bro!rs1 ,b4 ,w4 ,huebs* & ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,company h be5 & are honorably to ! =e4 ,9 ! way ( critical books :i* /udy ! _m aspects ( ! subject1 !y are n[ be+ pr9t$ s con/antly z pla9ly to te/ify to ! new attitude & int]e/4 ,! /ud5t ( te*nic c ) pr(it turn to ! manuals ( ,william ,ar*]1 ,br&] ,mat!ws1 & ,william ,t4 ,price2 ! /udies ( ,clayton ,hamilton1 ,w4 ,p4 ,eaton1 ,norman ,hapgood1 ,b>rett ,cl>k1 & o!rs4 ,= ! civic idea appli$ to ! !at]1 & ! developm5t ( ! pageant1 he w read ,p]cy ,mackaye4 ,& :5 x comes to plays !mselves1 z we h se51 h>dly a week goes by )\t ! appe>ance ( "s important =eign ma/]piece 9 ,engli%1 or "s important drama ( ,engli% spee*1 (t5 9 advance ( or co9cid5t ) /age production4 ,! be/ "w ( ! day is n[ readily accessible1 :]e1 only a little :ile ago1 book publication ( drama 7save ! /&>d ?+s ( ! pa/7 0 next to unkn[n4 ,x is wor? kn[+ t ,! ,drama ,league ( ,am]ica is publi%+1 ) ! cooep]ation ( ,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,company1 an attractive s]ies ( ,drama ,league ,plays1 9 :i* good drama ( ! day1 native & =eign1 is (f]$ ! public at a co/ :i* cuts 9 two ! previ\s exp5se4 ,& ! ,drama ,league's selective ,li/ ( essays & books ab\t ! !atre1 ) :i* is incorporat$ a complete li/ ( plays pr9t$ 9 ,engli%1 c be procur$ = a nom9al sum & w give ! seek] aft] light a ?or\gh survey ( :at is "h t\*$ ^u 9 b a few sali5t p>ticul>s4 ,9 %ort1 !re is no long] mu* excuse = plead+ ignorance on ! gr\nd ( inadequate aid1 if ! desire be to in=m oneself ^u ! drama & matt]s p]ta9+ to ! !at]4 ,! fact t our contempor>y body ( drama is mak+ ! lit]>y appeal by appe>+ 9 book =m is ( special be>+ ^u ! culture ( ! !at]-go]4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,jones1 ! ,engli% playwright1 has rec5tly decl>$ t he deem$ ?is ! factor above all o!rs :i* %\ld bre$ an enlight5$ attitude t[>d ! playh\se4 ,9 tru?1 we c h>dly h a self-respect+ !at] )\t ! publication ( ! drama !re9 to be se54 ,pr9t$ plays mean a claim to lit]>y pret5sions4 ,plays become lit]ature only :5 !y are pres]v$ 9 pr9t4 ,&1 equally important1 :5 ! spectator may read ! play be=e see+ x1 or1 bett] yet1 hav+ enjoy$ ! play 9 ! playh\se1 c /udy x 9 a book ) ?is advantage1 a process ( revaluation & en=cem5t ( effect1 he w appreciate a drama 9 all its possibilities z 9 no o!r way4 ,deta*$ f mob influ5ce1 ) no confusion ( play ) play]s1 he c atta9 t quiet]1 m compreh5sive judgm5t :i*1 c\pl$ ) ! in/9ctive decision 9 ! !at]1 comb9es to make a critic ( him 9 ! full s5se4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! well wi%] ( ! !at] welcomes z mo/ helpful & enc\rag+ ! n[ e/abli%$ habit ( ! prompt pr9t+ ( curr5t plays4 ,x is no long] a reproa* f ! view ( lit]ature to h y\r play act$2 x may ev5 be t soon x w be a reproa* n to h ! pr9t$ play pres5t$ on ! bo>ds4 ,! "y ,am]ican man ( lett]s1 l 8 fell[ 9 ,france1 may feel t a lit]>y debut is n truly made until 8 drama has be5 se5 & he>d1 z well z read4 ,:ile s*ol>s are rak+ ov] ! pa/ ) a f9e-too? comb1 & publi%+ special editions ( second & ?ird-rate dramati/s ( e>li] times1 x is a good ?+ t mod]n plays1 ^: only dem]it may be _! contemporaneity1 are receiv+ l honor1 & t ! dramas ( ,p9]o1 ,jones1 ,wilde1 ,%aw1 ,galswor?y1 ,synge1 ,yeats1 ,lady ,gregory1 ,zangwill1 ,dusany1 ,h\ghton1 ,hank91 ,hamilton1 ,s[]by1 ,gibson1 act$ ,briti% playwrights2 & ( ,gillette1 ,?omas1 ,moody1 ,mackaye1 ,peabody1 ,walt]1 ,%eldon1 ,t>k+ton1 ,davis1 ,patt]son1 ,middleton1 & ,k5n$y1 act$ ,am]ican playwrights 7two doz5 to /& = two score & m7 c be _h 9 pr9t = ! ask+4 ,x is good te/imony t we are really com+ to h a liv+ !at] & n a m]e academic k[-t[+ to by-gone alt>s ^: sacrificial smoke has dimm$ our eyes sometimes to ! cle> daylight ( ! ,pres5t4 ,prep>ation = ! use ( ! !at] looks be=e & aft]4 ,at home & at s*ool ! tra9+ c be "u way2 mu* happy prelim9>y read+ & reflection introduce x4 ,by mak+ oneself aw>e ( ! be/ t has be5 ?\ght & said on ! subject2 by becom+ conv]sant ) ! hi/ory1 !ory & practice ( ! playh\se1 consci\sly includ+ ?is z "p ( education2 &1 = good citiz5%ip's sake1 by reg>d+ s\nd !at] ent]ta9m5t z a ne$ & !re=e a "r ( ! p2 9 a ^w1 by tak+ "o's play-go+ ) good s5se1 tra9$ ta/e & "r feel+1 a p]son f9ds himself becom+ a broad] & bett] human be+4 ,he w be quick] 9 8 sympa?ies1 m compreh5sive 9 8 outlook1 & w react m satisfactorily to life 9 g5]al4 ,all ?is may happ51 al?\gh 9 turn+ to ! !at] 8 prim>y purpose may be to seek amusem5t4 ,is x a c\nsel ( p]fection to ask = ?is8 ,h>dly1 :5 s mu* has already occurr$ po9t+ out ! bett] way4 ,! civiliz$ !at] has begun to come2 ! prepot5t influ5ce ( ! audi5ce is recogniz$4 ,surely ! ga9 made1 & ! imp]fections t /ill exi/1 are /imulants to t fur!r bett]+ ( conditions ^: famili> "n is ,progress4 ,9 all consid]ations ( ! !at]1 x w\ld be a good ?+ to all[ ! un=tunate ^w elevate to drop f ! vocabul>y4 ,x misleads & antagonizes4 ,x is bett] to say t ! view pres5t$ 9 ?is book is "o t wi%es to make ! playh\se innoc5tly pleasant1 rational1 & s\nd z art4 ,if by elevate we mean ^! ?+s1 well & good4 ,b !re is no reason :y to elevate ! /age %\ld be to depress ! box (fice--except a lack ( und]/&+ betwe5 ! two4 ,unit+ 9 ! correct view1 ! two %\ld rise & fall toge!r4 ,9 fact1 t\*+ audi5ce1 actors1 playwrights1 produc]s1 & ! society t is beh9d !m all1 intellig5t cooep]ation is ! op5 sesame4 ,) t = a bann] cry1 m\nta9s may be mov$4 ,,notes3 ,a ,a fact humor\sly yet ke5ly sugge/$ 9 ,b]n>d ,%aw's clev] piece1 ,! ,d>k ,lady ( ! ,sonnets4 ,b ,:5 our !at] has become ?or\ghly arti/ic1 plays w n1 z at pres5t1 be /ret*$ out beyond ! natural size1 b w be conf9$ to a %ort] play+ "t & ! ev5+ fill$ out ) a curta9 rais] or aft] piece1 z is n[ s common abroad4 ,c ,= a good discussion ( ?is1 see ,! ,g5esis ( ,hamlet1 by ,*>lton ,m4 ,lewis 7,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,company74 ,d ,gordon ,craig's book on ,! ,art ( ,! ,!atre may be consult$ = fur!r light ^u a movem5t t is v significant & likely to be f>-rea*+ 9 "t1 9 its influ5ce ^u future /age & dramatic conditions4 99 99 99 99 99 etext transcrib]'s note3 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$ 444 dep>ture f !me foll[ dep>ture f !me foll[s x is well if ! int]m$iate act d n x is well if ! int]m$iate act does n d$eliv]$ 8 curta9 spee* deliv]$ 8 curta9 spee* leigitimate legitimate