file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cbcib-;h4htm or #cbcib-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cbcib_/pg#cbcib-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cbci b_/cbcib-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/noteso nagricultu#jj;bev>i* ,,notes ,,on ,,agriculture ,,9 ,,cyprus ,,& ,,its ,,products by ,w4 ,,bevan ,director ( ,agriculture1 ,cyprus #aiai ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,cont5ts ,,introduction #a ,i4 ,,g5]al #c ,geographical ,features1 #c2 ,climate & ,ra9fall1 #d2 ,adm9i/ration1 #e2 ,weights1 ,measures & ,curr5cy1 #e ,,ii4 ,,agricultural ,,conditions #f ,g5]al1 #f2 ,l& ,t5ure & ,lab\r1 #f2 ,ti!s & ,taxation1 #g2 ,cr$it & ,agricultural ,societies1 #h2 ,irrigation1 #h2 ,agricultural ,implem5ts1 #aj2 ,! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 #ab2 ,fungoid ,diseases & ,insect ,pe/s1 #ad ,,iii4 ,,live ,,/ock #af ,cattle1 #af2 ,%eep1 #ag2 ,goats1 #ah2 ,pigs1 #ai2 ,camels1 #bj2 ,horses1 #bj2 ,donkeys1 #bj2 ,j5nets & ,mules1 #ba2 ,p\ltry1 #bb2 ,pres]v$ ,meats1 etc41 #bc ,,iv4 ,,dairy ,,produce #bc ,milk1 #bc2 ,*eese1 #bd2 ,butt]1 #bg2 ,xynogala or ,ya\rti1 #bg2 ,tra*anas1 #bh2 ,kaimaki or ,tsippa1 #bh ,v4 ,,crops ,,& ,,o!r ,,produce ,,( ,,! ,,l& #bh ,,c]eals #bh ,:eat1 #ca2 ,b>ley1 #cb2 ,oats1 #cd2 ,rye1 #ce2 ,maize 7,indian ,corn71 #ce2 ,d>i or ,millet 7,sorghum vulg>e71 #ce ,,fruits #ce ,v9es & ,w9es1 #cf2 ,citrus fruits1 #dc2 ,fig 7,ficus ,c>ica71 #dd2 ,*]ries1 #de2 ,banana1 #df2 ,az>ol ,haw?orn1 #df2 ,melons1 #dg2 ,date ,palm1 #dg ,,nuts #dh ,hazelnuts & ,cobnuts or ,filb]ts1 #dh2 ,walnuts1 #di2 ,almonds1 #di2 ,spani% ,*e/nut1 #ej2 ,pi/acia spp41 #ej ,,vegetables #eb ,beans & ,peas1 #ec2 ,potatoes1 #ee2 ,kolakas 7,colocasia antiquorum71 #ef2 ,onions1 #ef ,,fodd]s ,,& ,,fe$+ ,,/uffs #eg ,c>ob ,tree1 #eg2 ,luc]ne 7,m$icago sativa71 #fa2 ,vet* 7,vicia ,ervilia71 #fb2 ,*ickl+ ,vet* 7,la?yrus sativus71 #fb2 ,vet* 7,vicia sativa71 #fb2 ,t>es 7,vicia t5uifolia v>4 /5ophylla71 #fc2 ,milk ,vet* 7,a/ragalus71 #fc2 ,moha1 ,sulla 7,h$ys>um71 #fc2 ,teos9te 7,reana luxurians71 #fd2 ,sudan-grass1 #fd2 ,teff-grass 7,eragro/is abyss9ica71 #fd2 ,mangold ,wurzel1 #fd2 ,prickly ,pe> 7,opuntia71 #fe ,,spices #fe ,cori&] ,se$1 #fe2 ,anise$1 #ff2 ,:ite ,cum9 ,se$1 #ff2 ,black ,cum9 ,se$1 #fg ,,ess5tial ,,oils ,,& ,,p]fumes #fg ,origanum ,oil1 #fg2 ,m>joram ,oil1 #fi2 ,laurel ,oil1 #fi2 ,otto ( ,roses1 #fi2 ,acacia ,f>nesiana1 #gj ,,oils ,,& ,,oil ,,se$s #ga ,olives1 #ga2 ,sesame ,se$1 #gd2 ,gr\nd ,nut1 ,peanut or ,monkey ,nut 7,ara*is hypoga71 #ge12 ,ca/or-oil ,se$1 #gf ,,fibres #gg ,cotton1 #gg2 ,flax & ,l9se$1 #hb2 ,wool1 #hc2 ,hemp1 #hd2 ,silk1 #he2 ,mulb]ry1 #ia2 ,agaves & ,aloes1 #ia2 ,broom ,corn1 #ib ,,tobacco #ib ,,tann+ ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,dye-,,/uffs #if ,suma*1 #ig2 ,valonea1 #ih2 ,acacia ,b>ks1 #ih2 ,madd]1 #ii ,,drugs ,,& ,,o!r ,,products #ii ,liquorice ,root1 #ii2 ,pyre?rum1 #ajj2 ,squill1 #aja2 ,colocyn?1 #aja2 ,asphodel1 #ajb ,,vi4 ,,m9or ,,agricultural ,,indu/ries #ajb ,bee-keep+1 #ajb2 ,basket-mak+1 #ajd2 ,fruit & ,vegetable ,pres]v+1 #ajd ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,sket* ,,map ,,( ,,cyprus1 ,,%[+ ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,crops ,,& ,,=e/s #b ,,plate ,i4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,pl\gh+ ,,on ,a ,,m\nta9-,,side ,,) ,,native ,,pl\gh #aj ,i4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,newly-,,prep>$ ,,b$s ,,9 ,,exp]im5tal ,,g>d5s #aj ,,ii4 ,,agricultural ,,implem5ts #ab ,,iii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,native ,,bull #af ,,iii4 #b4 ,,native ,,ram #af ,,iv4 #a4 ,,cyprus ,,pony #bj ,,iv4 #b4 ,,cyprus ,,donkeys #bj ,v4 #a4 ,,c>t+ ,,corn #bi ,v4 #b4 ,,?re%+ ,,corn ,,) ,,native ,,?re%+ ,,bo>d #bi ,,vi4 ,,prun$ ,,olive-,,trees ,,at ,,meto*i ,,( ,,kykos #gb ,,vii4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,cypriot ,,e>!nw>e ,,beehives #ajc ,,vii4 #b4 ,,%ipp+ ,,fruit ,,at ,,l>naca #ajc ,,notes ,,on ,,agriculture ,,9 ,,cyprus ,,& ,,its ,,products#a ,,by ,w4 ,,bevan ,director ( ,agriculture1 ,cyprus ,! int5tion ( ^! notes is to make available to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! agriculture ( ,cyprus "s ( ! in=mation scatt]$ 9 v>i\s reports1 leaflets & correspond5ce n readily accessible to ! g5]al public4 ,x has long be5 a matt] ( regret to ! writ] t ! valuable /ores ( in=mation collect$ ) s mu* c>e & ability by ! late ,mr4 ,panayiotis ,g5nadius1 =m]ly ,director ( ,agriculture 9 ,cyprus1 ?r\gh hav+ be5 publi%$ 9 ,greek only1 h rema9$ beyond ! rea* ( _m :o might o!rwise h d]iv$ b5efit f a /udy ( 8 works4 ,8 writ+s on ! g5]al agriculture ( ! ,ne> ,ea/ are volum9\s & compreh5sive1 & %[ an intimate k ( ! subject z well z ( ! practices & cu/oms ( agriculturi/s 9 ^! regions4 ,! results ( 8 lab\rs are ma9ly embodi$ 9 8 ,hell5iki ,georgia & 8 ,phytologikon ,lexicon1 bo? ( :i* are works ( recognis$ au?ority4 ,dur+ 8 eight ye>s 7#ahif-aijc7 sp5t 9 ,cyprus ,mr4 ,g5nadius devot$ himself specially to a /udy ( ! agricultural conditions & ne$s ( ! ,isl&1 & ! notes & reports made by him h be51 to a l>ge ext5t1 tak5 z ! basis ( ! pres5t ,notes4 ,dur+ ! sixte5 ye>s s9ce he left ! ,isl& _m *anges h tak5 place1 & ! m receptive & enlight5$ attitude ( ! ris+ g5]ation ( f>m]s has help$ to br+ ab\t v>i\s improvem5ts1 & a great] read9ess has be5 %[n to adopt mod]n me?ods4 ,9 compil+ ! pres5t ,notes ,i h drawn freely f ! articles :i* h appe>$ = _m ye>s 9 ! ,cyprus ,agricultural ,j\rnal 7=m]ly ,cyprus ,j\rnal71 ! (ficial publication ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 & :i* ,i h edit$2 ,i h also tak5 advantage ( ! v admirable & reliable in=mation conta9$ 9 ! ,h&book ( ,cyprus1 edit$ by ,messrs4 ,luka* & ,j>d9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,map ,( ,,cyprus ,,%[+ ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,crops ,,=e/s ,i am greatly indebt$ to ! will+ assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,procopios ,symeonides1 ,inspector ( ,agriculture1 ^: ?or\gh acqua9tance ) local conditions & usages has enabl$ him to contribute mu* useful & in=mative mat]ial4 ,i h also to (f] my ackn[l$gm5ts to ,messrs4 ,m4 ,g4 ,d]vi%ian1 ,c4 ,pelaghias1 ,z4 ,solomides1 ,g4 ,frangos1 ,a4 ,klok>is1 ,a4 ,pan>etos & o!rs :o h k9dly suppli$ me ) data ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,x w sc>cely be necess>y to add t little m ?an a summ>y ( ! agricultural practice & res\rces ( ! ,isl& has "h be5 attempt$1 & 9 no s5se does x pret5d to be any?+ m4 ,! aim has be5 to give ! read] a g5]al idea ( :at ,cypriot agriculture is &1 to "s ext5t1 :at x is capable ( do+4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,repr9t$ f ! ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 #aiai4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,geographical ,features ,! ,isl& ( ,cyprus is situat$ 9 ! inn]mo/ bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea2 ab\t #dj miles di/ant f ! ,asia ,m9or coa/ on ! nor?1 & ab\t #fj miles f ,syria on ! ea/1 & #bch miles f ,port ,said to ! s\?4 ,x is ! ?ird l>ge/ isl& 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 rank+ next to ,sicily & ,s>d9ia4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! ,isl& is 9 ! =m ( an irregul> p>allelogram1 #ajj miles long & f #cj to #fj miles broad2 :ile on ! nor? ! ea/]n extremity runs out beyond ?is into a p59sula #dj miles long by #e to #f miles broad4 ,! total area is #c1ehd sq4 miles4 ,! ma9 topographical features are ! nor!rn & s\!rn m\nta9 ranges runn+ ea/ & we/ & enclos+ ! great pla9 ( ! ,messaoria4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! nor!rn range are ( an altitude rang+ f #b1jjj ft4 to ov] #c1jjj ft41 ! highe/ po9t be+ ,buffav5to1 #c1ace ft42 ^? ( ! s\!rn range are m l(ty & culm9ate 9 ,mt4 ,olympus1 #f1djf ft4 above sea-level4 ,! riv]s are ne>ly all m\nta9 torr5ts1 & are dry f ab\t ,july to ,novemb] or ,decemb]4 ,! area ( cultivat$ l& is approximately #a1bjj1jjj acres1 & t ( ! uncultivat$ l& #a1jic1gfj acres1 ( :i* ab\t #dej1jjj are =e/ l& & #cbj1jjj are susceptible ( cultivation4 ,! ,messaoria pla9 is ! great corn-gr[+ area4 ,climate & ,ra9fall ,!re are consid]able extremes ( temp]ature 9 ! pla9s4 ,9 summ] x is v hot & dry ) temp]ature rang+ dur+ ,june to ,septemb] f #hj to #aaj ,fahr41 :ile 9 w9t] slight fro/s n infrequ5tly occur4 ,! climate is m equable1 b also m humid1 along ! coa/s4 ,9 ! pla9s !re is1 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 a m>k$ v>iation betwe5 ! day & night temp]atures4 ,(ficial records %[ t = a p]iod ( ?irty-two ye>s up to #aiae ! av]age ra9fall = hill & pla9 = ! :ole ,isl& approximat$ to #bj in*es4 ,up to #aijb records 7 kept only 9 ! six di/rict t[ns1 b s9ce !n !re h be5 "s fifty record+ /ations4 ,! mean ra9fall dur+ ! w9t] mon?s = ! twelve ye>s end$ #aiad 0 #ah4ee in*es4 ,t = ! :ole ye> dur+ ! latt] p]iod 0 #ba4ah in*es4 ,! incid5ce ( ra9fall1 ap>t f its volume1 is ( importance4 ,x is on ! ra9fall ( ! six w9t] mon?s1 ,octob] to ,m>*1 t ! prosp]ity ( ! ,isl& dep5ds1 & any %ortage dur+ ?is p]iod _c be balanc$ by heavi] summ] ra9s1 :i* are m liable to cause h>m ?an good1 by damag+ ! corn ly+ on ! ?re%+-floors & by caus+ sudd5 floods4 ,mu* importance atta*es to ! ra9s 9 ,m>*1 )\t :i* ! gra9 crop1 h[ev] ample ! e>li] ra9s may h be51 w n be satisfactory1 z describ$ 9 a maxim :i* ,i h attempt$ to r5d] 9 ,engli%4 ,if twice 9 ,m>* x *ance to ra91 ,9 ,april once1 a %[] 9 ,may1 ,9 weight 9 gold ( man & wa91 ,! f>m]'s crops are sure to pay4 ,if roads are dry at ,*ri/mas "t1 ,b ,epiphany f9ds bo? mud & slime1 ,& at ,c>nival !y /ill hold _m a pool1 ,! f>m] f9ds 8 b>ns q full4 ,adm9i/ration ,! ,isl& is adm9i/]$ by a ,high ,commission]4 ,!re is an ,executive ,c\ncil & a ,legislative ,c\ncil consi/+ ( six (ficial memb]s & twelve elect$ memb]s1 ( :om ?ree are elect$ by ! ,moslem & n9e by ! non-,moslem inhabitants4 ,! ,isl& is divid$ into six di/ricts1 9 ea* ( :i* ! ,executive ,gov]nm5t is repres5t$ by a ,commission]4 ,weights1 ,measures & ,curr5cy ,ne>ly ev]y?+ except corn1 w9e1 oil1 c>obs1 cotton & wool is sold by ! oke4 ,an oke1 dry measure1 equals #djj drams1 or #b-d_/e lb4 ,! liquid oke is reckon$ z equival5t to a qu>t4 ,gra9 is measur$ by ! kil1 reg>d$ z equal to a bu%el4 ,wool1 cotton & oil are sold by ! litre ( #b-d_/e okes1 b commonly reckon$ z #b-a_/b okes4 ,c>obs are sold by ! ,aleppo cant> ( #ahj okes4 ,?is cant> is fur!r divid$ into #ajj litres ( #a oke & #cbj drams ea*4 ,w9e is sold by ! k>tos #d okes1 ! k\za #h okes1 & ! gom>i #abh okes4 #a kil ( :eat weighs #bj to #bb okes4 #a kil ( b>ley weighs #ad to #ah okes4 #a kil ( oats weighs #ac to #ad okes4 #a kil ( vet*es weighs #bc to #bd okes4 #a sack ( /raw weighs ab\t #dj okes4 #a camel-load ( /raw weighs ab\t #bjj okes1 consi/+ ( #b sacks1 ea* weigh+ ab\t #ajj okes4 ,measures ( ,l5g? ,metron or metre4 ,y>da or y>d4 ,pic #b ft4 or two-?irds ( a y>d4 ,in* ,engli% measure4 ,! l& measure is ! donum 7call$ by ! villag]s scala71 b x is v unc]ta91 & v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,isl&4 ,z recognis$ by law1 #a donum1 call$ tappoo donum1 equals #fj pics #dj y>ds squ>e #a1fjj squ>e y>ds1 or #ad1djj sq4 ft42 #c4jbe ( ^! donums g to ! acre4 ,!re is also a f>m]'s1 or re%p] donum1 :i* is commonly us$ by agriculturi/s & is equal to ab\t #a-a_/b ,gov]nm5t donums4 ,= g5]al purposes a legal donum is ab\t "o-?ird & a ,cypriot f>m]'s donum ab\t "o-half ( an acre4 ,/remma is also a synonym = ! f>m]'s donum1 or scala1 al?\gh its actual measure is v mu* less4 ,curr5cy #a #bj %ill+s or #ahj copp] pia/res4 #a %ill+ #i copp] pia/res4 #a cp4 7copp] pia/re7 #dj p>as4 ,,ii4 ,,agricultural ,,conditions ,g5]al ,agriculture is ! ma9 indu/ry ( ! ,isl&1 :i* is fav\rably situat$ = ! m>kets ( ,egypt1 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 al?\gh ! =m] is practically ! only buy] ( its p]i%able produce4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ! ,cypriot agriculturi/ has come to realise m & m ! value ( ! ,egyptian m>ket & a consid]able trade ) t c\ntry has gr[n up4 ,l& ,t5ure & ,lab\r ,! small f>m] mo/ly cultivates 8 own l&1 :]eas ! l>ge l&[n] r>ely does4 ,! metay]1 or metairie1 sy/em is fairly common1 & has mu* to recomm5d x :5 hon\rably c>ri$ out by bo? p>ties1 b x is op5 to v s]i\s abuse4 ,"u ?is sy/em ! "o p>ty1 or contractor1 gives ! se$ & (t5 l5ds ! cattle4 ,a valuation ( ! latt] is made at ! "t ( ent]+ into ! agreem5t1 & a re-valuation is made on t]m9ation1 any depreciation be+ made good by ! o!r p>ty1 or metay]4 ,! latt] f9ds ! necess>y lab\r & fe$s ! animals & pays an agre$ rate = _! hire4 ,! crops1 aft] d$uction ( ,gov]nm5t ti!1 are usually divid$ equally betwe5 bo? p>ties1 b ! conditions v>y accord+ to circum/ances & ! nature ( ! crops gr[n4 ,if cultivat$ l& be giv5 to ! p>tn]1 su* l& mu/ be return$ to ! contractor 9 ! same /ate ( cultivation z receiv$1 or ! contractor1 at 8 option1 may claim ! return ( ! se$ 8 p>tn] receiv$ ) x4 ,!re are also a consid]able numb] ( leasehold]s pay+ a fix$ r5t4 ,! mona/]ies are ! l>ge/ l&[n]s1 & bo? cultivate _! own l& & let out portions to ! monks or to private f>m]s4 ,mu* l& is also held by ! ,*ur*1 & ?is is frequ5tly let out on a ye>ly lease1 ) ! result t x is badly f>m$ & spe$ily work$ out4 ,! c\ntry is r sp>sely populat$ by ab\t #bge1jjj inhabitants1 & al?\gh ! cultivators are labori\s :5 work+ = !mselves & :5 free f ! h&s ( ! usur]s1 !y are /ill v backw>d 9 _! me?ods & appliances4 ,a less cons]vative attitude has ( late be5 obs]v$1 & a great] read9ess has be5 manife/$ 9 seek+ & foll[+ ! advice ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t4 ,!re is a great am\nt ( indebt$ness among ! peasantry & usuri\s practices ab\nd4 ,?is und\bt$ly *ecks progress1 z few ( ! small] f>m]s are free ag5ts4 ,! matt] has lately be5 ! subject ( a special ,commission appo9t$ by ,gov]nm5t4 ,laws h ?is ye> 7#aiai7 be5 pass$ by ! ,legislative ,c\ncil deal+ ) usury & indebt$ness4 ,ti!s & ,taxation ,! ti!1 :i* =ms ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ,gov]nm5t rev5ue1 is "o-t5? ( ! produce ( ! l& on :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 vet*es1 rye & favetta1 measur$ on ! ?re%+-floors & deliv]$ 9 k9d at ! ,gov]nm5t ,gra9 ,/ores4 ,c]ta9 all[ances are made to ! ti!-pay]s = transport4 ,9 ! case ( c>obs1 :i* are also subject to ?is tax1 ! ti! is tak5 9 money f export]s at ! ,cu/om ,h\se at ! rate ( #i cp4 7#as47 p] cant> f ! di/ricts ( ,nicosia1 ,l>naca & ,limassol1 & #h cp4 p] cant> f ! o!r ?ree di/ricts4 ,!re are c]ta9 export dues1 9 lieu ( ti!1 payable on ! foll[+ commodities3 ,anise$ #cc cp41 cotton #ee cp41 l9se$ #ah cp41 mavrokokko 7black cumm97 #g cp41 & rais9s #aj cp4 p] #ajj okes2 silk cocoons #f-c_/d cp41 w\nd silk #ah cp41 silk manufactur$ by o!r ?an h& looms #ah cp4 p] oke4 ,an annual tax is levi$ ( #c-c_/d cp4 p] head on e %eep & ( #e cp4 p] head on e goat "o ye> old & upw>ds1 & ( #d-a_/b cp4 p] head on e pig ov] ?ree mon?s old4 ,cr$it & ,agricultural ,societies ,! _s ( co-op]ation has hi!rto be5 s+ul>ly lack+1 b !re are signs t a *ange is 9 progress & t1 ) prop] guidance1 ! cultivators w ere long come to realise ! advantages ( comb9$ ef=t 9 ! production & di/ribution ( _! crops4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( village co-op]ative ,cr$it ,societies has long be5 advocat$1 b al?\gh a law 0 pass$ 9 #aiac = ?is purpose1 !re has s f> be5 little practical outcome4 ,co-op]ation 9 its full mod]n significance is n yet und]/ood2 b "o or two little village co-op]ative banks h nev]!less be5 />t$ & %[ enc\rag+ results4 ,!re are also a few small village agricultural societies spr++ up1 :i*1 if prop]ly conduct$1 may prove ! pione]s ( a g5]al movem5t 9 ?is direction4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* societies w\ld greatly facilitate ! "w ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 :i* w\ld be able to influ5ce & assi/ f>m]s ?r\gh _! societies1 :]eas n[ x is (t5 n possible to rea* !m individually4 ,irrigation ,! mo/ common me?od ( rais+ wat] is by means ( primitive wat]-:eels or alakatia1 (t5 describ$ z ,p]sian :eels & resembl+ ! sakia ( ,egypt4 ,by ^! ! wat] is c>ri$ 9 e>!nw>e cups atta*$ to ! rim ( a l>ge v]tical wood5 :eel fix$ 9 ! m\? ( a well & made to revolve by a mule or donkey by means ( a horizontal :eel & beam1 or by mod]n air-motor4 ,myrtle bran*es are mo/ly employ$ = atta*+ ! cups to ! :eels1 z ^! are pliable & resi/ ! action ( wat]4 ,^! alakatia 7 =m]ly made entirely ( wood1 b 9 ! n9eties1 iron ones 7noria7 7 introduc$ f ,greece1 & ^! h become fairly g5]al1 & are gradually supplant+ ! old] types4 ,!y h ! advantage ( be+ m durable & light] to "w4 ,good iron :eel wells are n[ locally made4 ,wat]-:eels ( ?is description _c be us$ = rais+ wat] f a dep? ( m ?an t5 fa?oms bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,( late ye>s a l>ge numb] ( air-motors ( ,canadian patt]n h be5 introduc$ & are f\nd satisfactory4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! rema9s ( old disus$ ,v5etian wells & ci/]ns t 9 pre-,turki% times1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 f> m d5sely populat$ ?an at pres5t1 a l>g] quantity ( und]gr\nd wat] 0 utilis$ ?an n[4 ,abundant subt]ranean wat] = agricultural & g>d5+ purposes is to be f\nd 9 almo/ all ! coa/ l&s z well z 9 _m p>ts ( ! int]ior4 ,su* wat]s are ei!r br\ght to ! surface along subt]ranean *annels or by means ( wells1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 h _! orig9 9 ! m\nta9 ranges1 specially 9 ! s\!rn range1 :i* is ! ra9y region ( ! ,isl&4 ,artesian well-bor+ exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,isl&1 b )\t sub/antial results4 ,9 ! ,famagu/a di/rict l>ge res]voirs 7 con/ruct$ sev]al ye>s ago = imp\nd+ ! surplus wat] ( ! riv]s ( ,p$ias & ,ialias1 b ^! h only be5 v p>tially successful z ! wat] is mo/ly lo/ be=e x rea*es !m4 ,a satisfactory solution ( ! wat] problem is ( supreme importance to ! ,isl&4 ,!re are l>ge f]tile areas :i* e ye> rema9 fall[1 b :i*1 if capable ( irrigation1 w\ld gr[ excell5t cotton & o!r summ] crops1 ?us provid+ a bett] sy/em ( rotation4 ,vegetable gr[+ & fruit culture c\ld !n also be v greatly ext5d$4 ,agricultural ,implem5ts ,pl\ghs4--,! old wood5 pl\gh ( ! ,ea/ is /ill ! common pl\gh ( ! c\ntry 7see ,plate ,i1 fig4 #a74 ,ef=ts 7 made f #aj to #ae ye>s ago to introduce iron pl\ghs by sell+ !m ?r\gh ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t at half ! co/ price & ev5 less4 ,high-wat] m>k 0 rea*$ 9 #aijh :5 #ajb ( ^! pl\ghs 7 s sold4 ,^! 7 mu* approv$ (1 & ! fur!r sale 0 !n left 9 ! h&s ( m]*ants4 ,! dem& at once fell (f & s9ce !n only a few h be5 introduc$4 ,= a ye> or two a c]ta9 numb] ( iron pl\ghs ( ,russian make 7 import$ & sold ?r\gh ! ,jewi% settlem5t at ,m>go4 ,!re is n[ a consid]able dem& :i* x may be possible to satisfy :5 normal conditions are resum$4 ,!re is "s prejudice aga9/ ,engli%-made pl\ghs on ! score ( weight1 z !y are mo/ly heavi] ?an ^? ( ,fr5*1 ,russian1 ,greek & ,am]ican make4 ,h>r[4--,! native h>r[1 s>aclo1 is a wood5 beam ab\t #aj ft4 long by #ab to #ah 94 broad & #c 94 ?ick1 on :i* ! lab\r] /&s z x is drawn ov] ! newly s[n l&4 ,x is ineffective inasmu* z x does n break ! clods1 b m]ely presses !m into ! gr\nd4 ,iron-too!d h>r[s & spr+-too!d h>r[s h be5 l5t by ! ,dep>tm5t = demon/ration purposes to diff]5t p]sons1 & ^!1 p>ticul>ly ! second k9d1 h f\nd fav\r & are likely to be 9 dem& = cov]+ ! s[n se$4 ,! usual me?od is to cov] ! se$ ) ! native pl\gh1 b ! ,european h>r[ is se5 to d ! "w m effectively & ) a great economy ( "t4 ,among ! m common agricultural tools ( native patt]n are ! foll[+ 7see ,plate ,,ii73 ,tsappa 7hoe74--,! wid] tool1 #e 94 to #f 941 is mo/ly = g>d5 use2 ! n>r[ tsappa1 ab\t #c 94 wide1 is = field "w4 ,skali/iri4--,a k9d ( small tsappa1 #b 94 wide1 hav+ two prongs #d 94 to #e 94 long at ! opposite end4 ,x is mo/ly us$ = hoe+ vegetables4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4--,pl\gh+ on a ,m\nta9-side ) ,native ,pl\gh4 ,fig4 #b4--,newly-prep>$ ,b$s 9 ,exp]im5tal ,g>d5s4 ,x9>i 7axe or hat*et74--,"o end ( ! implem5t is a sort ( hoe1 & ! o!r end is %ap$ l a mattock4 ,us$ = clean+ (f we$s1 %rubs1 etc41 f ! fields2 also = cutt+ or splitt+ wood4 ,k\spos4--,^! are ( two k9ds4 ,! l>g] is us$ l a tsappa1 b 9 /ony or rocky places2 ! small] is ! tool us$ by well-s9k]s4 ,x c be conv5i5tly h&l$ 9 a conf9$ space4 ,k>etta or ,c>t4--,?is has almo/ entirely sup]s$$ ! old ,cypriot type ( c>t1 b ! latt] may yet be se5 v occasionally 9 ! ,k>pas & possibly 9 ! ,paphos di/rict4 ,x is /ill 9 use 9 "s p>ts ( ,anatolia4 ,9 its con/ruction no iron nails are ne$$4 ,d\kani4--,! common ?re%+-bo>d 7see "u ,c]eals1 p4 #bi74 ,?is is ! primitive implem5t h&$ d[n f classic times & g5]ally se5 ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ 7see ,plate ,v1 fig4 #b74 ,!rnat*94--,a wood5 %ovel us$ = w9n[+ gra94 ,x is deeply s]rat$1 or divid$1 into #e or #f triangul>-%ap$ tee?4 ,arval94--,a corn sieve4 ,a goat's or %eep's sk91 p]=at$ ) holes1 is /ret*$ across a r\nd wood5 frame1 #ab 94 to #ah 94 9 diamet]4 ,in/ead ( a sk91 lea!r ?ongs or gut are /ret*$1 crosswise on ! frame4 ,p]=at$ t9 is n[ sometimes employ$4 ,^! sieves are us$ = clean+ gra9 aft] w9n[+4 ,arkon4--,ano!r k9d ( sieve1 simil> to ! above1 b ) small] holes = sift+ f9e se$s1 du/1 etc4 ,mo/ly made ( sk91 b n[ t9 is be+ us$4 ,pat\r94--,a simil> sieve1 us$ = /ill f9] "w4 ,skala4--,an iron dibb]1 fitt$ ) two wood5 h&les1 us$ = plant+ v9e cutt+s4 ,"s advance has be5 made ( late 9 clean+ ! l&1 b f\l l& is pretty g5]al4 ,squills1 ?i/les1 ?orny bu%es1 & s =? ab\nd2 ^! are mo/ly deeply root$1 dr\ght-resi/ant plants1 & ! lab\r requir$ = uproot+ !m is n =?com+4 ,!re are a fair numb] ( reap+ ma*9es n[ 9 use1 b little c>e is be/[$ on !m1 & :5 slightly out ( ord] !y are (t5 put aside z useless4 ,m enlight5$ ideas are n[ prevail+1 & ! abundant crops ( ! la/ few ye>s h creat$ a /rong desire = m reap]s & also = ?re%+ ma*9es1 ( :i* !re are at pres5t b>ely half a doz5 9 ! ,isl&4 ,! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t ,! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t 0 e/abli%$ on a small scale 9 #ahif1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,p4 ,g5nadius4 ,x cont9u$ mu* on its orig9al l9es until #aiab1 :5 its e/abli%m5t 0 enl>g$1 & ! ,gov]nm5t ,f>m & ! ,vet]9>y ,bran* 7 atta*$ to ! ,dep>tm5t1 & aga9 9 #aiad x und]w5t a fur!r slight ext5sion :i* 0 necess>ily *eck$ by ! w>4 ,!re is n[ a /aff ( inspectors1 di/rict ov]se]s & agricultural demon/rators :o are occupi$ 9 cont9ually travell+ 9 ! c\ntry1 advis+ & giv+ practical assi/ance to cultivators1 lectur+ on village w9e-mak+1 p\ltry-keep+1 bee-keep+1 on ! action to be tak5 aga9/ v>i\s pe/s & s =?4 ,!re are "s eight ,gov]nm5t ,nurs]y ,g>d5s 9 ! di/ricts f :i* l>ge numb]s ( trees1 plants & se$s are issu$4 ,a sy/em ( ,model ,or*>ds & ,v9ey>ds1 newly />t$1 is giv+ satisfactory results4 ,^! are int5d$ to assi/ ^? engag$ 9 ! production ( fruit & vegetables1 = :i* an unlimit$ m>ket is close at h& 9 ,egypt4 ,sev5ty ,s*ool ,g>d5s are 9 exi/5ce ?r\gh\t ! ,isl& "u ! guidance & control ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,by _! means _m "y fruit trees & o!r plants & se$s are annually di/ribut$ at l[ rates1 bett] me?ods ( cultivation & new k9ds ( vegetable & fodd] plants are be+ made kn[n1 & ! village boys are be+ taught some?+ ab\t ! "w on :i* !y w lat] dep5d = _! livelihood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,agricultural ,implem5ts4 #a1 ,arval9 = b>ley & oats4 #b1 ,arval9 = :eat & vet*es4 #c1 ,%ovel = w9n[+4 #d1 ,!rnat*94 #e1 ,arkon4 #f1 ,pat\r94 #g1 ,tsappa1 n>r[1 = field use4 #h1 ,tsappa1 wide1 = g>d5 use4 #i1 ,x9>i4 #aj1 ,k\spos4 #aa1 ,skali/iri4 ,an ,agricultural ,s*ool = ! sons ( f>m]s 0 op5$ at ,nicosia 9 #aiac "u ! direction ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t4 ,"s tw5ty to tw5ty-five lads betwe5 sixte5 & tw5ty ye>s ( age1 bo? ,greeks & ,moslems1 receive a two-ye> c\rse ( in/ruction ) a view to fitt+ !m to cultivate _! own prop]ties lat]4 ,a few ( ! m promis+ /ud5ts h be5 reta9$ z /ud5t-lab\r]s 9 ! ,dep>tm5t1 aft] ! t]m9ation ( _! s*ool c\rse1 & ( ^! aga9 a few h be5 giv5 m9or appo9tm5ts 9 ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,a s*eme = tra9+ "y ,cypriots abroad1 :i* 0 9 abeyance dur+ ! w>1 makes x possible to give ! m capable ( ^! "s fur!r tra9+ 9 ,europe 9 ! high] bran*es ( agriculture4 ,x is hop$1 by ?is means1 to =m a gr\p ( native exp]ts f among :om ! te*nical /aff ( ! ,dep>tm5t c be recruit$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,f>m1 ,a?alassa1 ?\gh some:at ill-plac$ = purposes ( education & demon/ration1 has done good "w 9 improv+ ! live /ock ( ! c\ntry1 z evid5c$ at ! ,animal ,%[s held e ye>4 ,p]iodical auction sales ( ,a?alassa /ock take place 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ye>s #aiae-ah1 !re 7 re>$ at ! ,f>m & di/ribut$ #da cattle1 #bfd %eep1 #h donkeys1 #ccb pigs & #b mules1 besides a consid]able head ( p\ltry4 ,! total value ( ! live & dead /ock 0 e/imat$ on ,m>* #ca1 #aiah1 at #c1abh4 ,= bre$+ purposes !re 7 #f /allion horses1 #h jack donkeys1 #h bulls & #g bo>s 9 #aiag-ah /ation$ ei!r at ,a?alassa or at ! /ud /ables :i* h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! di/ricts4 ,"s #cj ca/ army m>es h be5 obta9$ free ( co/ f ! ,rem\nt ,dep>tm5t1 ,egypt1 & h be5 l5t out on contract to f>m]s = mule bre$+4 ,dur+ #aiag-ah ! ,f>m produc$ #afi *eeses & #a1jcf-a_/b lb4 ( butt]4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #aiag-ah "s #cad donums ( l& 7 "u cultivation1 ! *ief crops be+ b>ley1 oats1 :eat & gavetta 7,la?yrus sativus74 ,! ,vet]9>y ,e/abli%m5t provides = #a ,vet]9>y ,surgeon1 #b ,/ock ,inspectors & #a ,vet]9>y ,comp\nd]4 ,!re is a good deal ( endemic contagi\s disease among ! flocks & h]ds ( ! ,isl&1 ma9ly an?rax & goat- & %eep-pox1 & ! ,vet]9>y /aff is kept busy4 ,cattle plague is unkn[n 9 ! ,isl&4 ,cattle bre$+ %\ld become a pay+ indu/ry :5 once ! lesson ( prop] fe$+ & managem5t has be5 le>nt 7hi!rto sadly neglect$ by ! ,cypriot f>m]71 s9ce ,egypt provides a ready & remun]ative m>ket4 ,p]haps no "w is ( m importance ?an t ( combat+ ! num]\s insect & o!r pe/s :i* e ye> cause heavy loss to ! agricultural community4 ,! addition ( an ,entomological ,laboratory & ! appo9tm5t ( an ,entomologi/ h enabl$ ! ,dep>tm5t to af=d relief to _m cultivators1 & a small b active entomological /aff are con/antly engag$ on v>i\s pe/ campaigns4 ,! ,dep>tm5t possesses a small b well-equipp$ ,*emical ,laboratory "u ! *>ge ( an ,agricultural ,*emi/4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any law1 ! ,dep>tm5t has1 9 ! int]e/s ( import]s & agriculturi/s alike1 (f]$ its s]vices = analys+ & report+ ^u samples1 seal+ bags & giv+ advice z to ! use ( ! diff]5t types1 & ?is action has be5 readily avail$ (4 ,?is 9 itself1 h[ev]1 is n en\gh to *eck malpractices or safegu>d ! cultivators4 ,= ! la/ f\r ye>s ! ,dep>tm5t has _h trial plots 9 :i* new v>ieties ( c]eals & fodd] plants h be5 exp]im5tally gr[n 7see ,plate ,i1 fig4 #b74 ,! se$ has be5 obta9$ f ,engl&1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,india & ,au/ralia1 b s f> none ( ! v>ieties h be5 f\nd 9 any m>k$ degree sup]ior to ! native k9ds4 ,"o or two v>ieties introduc$ two ye>s ago are promis+1 & :5 fully acclimatis$ may be wor? ! att5tion ( f>m]s4 ,exp]im5tal s[+s are (t5 made 9 ! villages :5 x is desir$ to br+ any p>ticul> crop to ! notice ( ! agricultural classes4 ,! ,cyprus ,agricultural ,j\rnal1 publi%$ qu>t]ly 9 ,engli%1 ,greek & ,turki%1 is ! (ficial organ ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t4 ,fungoid ,diseases & ,insect ,pe/s ,! ,cypriot agriculturi/ has to cont5d aga9/ ! attacks ( _m species ( insects & a numb] ( fungoid pe/s4 ,little c\ld be done to br+ ^! "u control until1 9 #aiad1 an ,entomological ,bran* ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t 0 e/abli%$4 ,mu* valuable rese>* & descriptive "w _h be5 c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,g5nadius1 b no organis$ field "w c\ld be und]tak5 until ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,a detail$ description ( ! num]\s pe/s _c "h be giv51 b ! m important ones are enum]at$ bel[4 ,happily ,cyprus is "o ( ! few ,m$it]ranean c\ntries :i* has n be5 invad$ by ,phyllox]a4 ,c]eals4--cophora temp]atella 7,limassol di/rict only71 smut & ru/1 hessian fly 7occasionally71 gra9 weevils 7,cal&ra gran>ia71 gra9 mo? 7,sitotroga c]ealella74 ,c>obs4--,cecidomyia c]atoni1 scale 7,aspidiotus c]atoni7 ,myelois c]atoni1 bor] 7,cossus l9ip]da71 ,oidium c]atoni4 ,olives4--,capnodium1 scale 7,lecanium ole & ,aspidiotus ole71 aphis 7,psylla ole71 olive fly 7,dacus sp471 ,t9ea oleela & v>i\s bor]s4 ,citrus & o!r ,fruit ,trees4--,gummosis 7,citrus & all /one fruits72 scale 7all72 erm9 mo? 7apples1 pe>s & plums72 d[ny plant l\se1 ,s*izoneura lanig]a 7apples72 aphides 7almond1 pea*1 plum & apricot72 ,t+is pyri 7pe>s & apples72 codl9 mo?1 ,c>pocapsa pomonella 7apples1 pe>s1 qu9ces & walnuts72 pea* leaf curl1 ,exoascus de=mans 7pea*es72 black aphis 7pea*es72 ,m$it]ranean fruit fly1 ,c]atitis capitata 7all72 mites1 ,ac>us sp4 7all72 v>i\s bor]s1 ?rips1 & b>kbeetle 7,scolytids74 ,v9es4--,oidium ,tuck]i1 ,p]onospora1 an?racnose1 ,cladosporium1 root rot1 ,zygna ampelophaga1 ?rips1 ,co*ylis1 ,lita solanella4 ,vegetables4--,p]onospora infe/ans 7potatoes71 ,cladosporium1 ,altica1 aphides1 mole crickets4 ,mu* damage is done to c>obs by ! l>ge rat1 ,mus ,alex&r9us4 ,! l>ge fruit-eat+ bat is a great pe/4 ,hornets attack all k9ds ( fruits & cause mu* loss4 ,! *ief cotton enemies are ! cotton boll worm 7,e>ias insulana71 aphides & ,capnodium4 ,locu/s are no long] ! =midable plague !y 7 9 ! eighties4 ,!y are limit$ almo/ to ! ,famagu/a di/rict1 :]e !y annually bre$ & d a c]ta9 am\nt ( damage to e>ly cotton & to vegetable crops4 ,if n vigilantly kept "u control !y w\ld quickly multiply & become a s]i\s dang]4 ,,iii4 ,,live ,,/ock ,cattle ,! cattle ( ! c\ntry h be5 br$1 until ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 exclusively = draught purposes4 ,cattle bre$+ z a bus9ess is unkn[n4 ,f>m]s1 z a rule1 aim only at rais+ a calf or two e ye> 9 ord] to ma9ta9 "o or m yokes ( ox54 ,"s ( ! draught animals are v f9e 7see ,plate ,,iii1 fig4 #a1 & ,plate ,v1 fig4 #a74 ,^! belong mo/ly to ! mona/]ies2 "o animal exhibit$ at a rec5t %[ measur$ ov] #ag h&s4 ,! race is presumably ! result ( _m cross+s ) import$ bre$s1 b has acquir$ a def9ite type4 ,! c[s are 9 col\r & con=mation n unlike ,j]seys1 b l>g] & )\t ! udd] developm5t ( t bre$4 ,! ox5 h mo/ly a m or less pron\nc$ hump1 possibly acquir$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations ( prog5itors us$ exclusively = draught purposes4 ,9 "s ( ! be/ bulls ?is hump is p>ticul>ly m>k$4 ,9 #aiab "s ,devon bulls & c[s 7 import$ & a h]d ( ?is bre$ 0 />t$ at ! ,gov]nm5t ,f>m1 ,a?alassa4 ,an impetus 0 ?us giv5 to bre$+ dairy c[s1 & a numb] ( half- & ?ree-qu>t]-br$ c[s are n[ to be f\nd1 :i* comm& high prices = milk+ purposes4 ,! ,devon bulls1 h[ev]1 h nev] come into fav\r among f>m]s = rais+ draught cattle4 ,!re 0 a fair export ( cattle to ,egypt be=e ! w>1 a good proportion ( ! animals be+ consign$ to ! ,s]um ,in/itute1 ,cairo1 z ,cyprus cattle1 alone among ! cattle 9 ?is "p ( ! ,levant1 h s f> be5 free f plague4 ,! numb] ( horn$ cattle 9 #aiag is (ficially giv5 z #dh1gfa4 ,! exports = ! five ye>s prec$+ ! w> 73 ,ye>4 ,numb]4 ,value4 #aiji #b1ceg #aa1cad #aiaj #d1bdj #bj1bah #aiaa #i1ffd #dd1hga #aiab #e1gea #cd1cjc #aiac #c1jag #bj1aaj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #a4--,native ,bull4 ,fig4 #b4--,native ,ram4 ,!re c be no "q t if m att5tion 7 paid to gr[+ fodd] crops1 cattle bre$+ c\ld be greatly increas$1 & a good trade ) ,egypt might be done4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,a?alassa ,/ock ,f>m has _h a mo/ useful influ5ce on ! improvem5t ( ! live /ock ( ! ,isl&4 ,beef has only lately become an article ( food = ! c\ntry p1 & is /ill s only on a small scale4 ,! t[nspeople1 hav+ become ,europeanis$ to a great] degree ?an =m]ly1 are n[ becom+ beef consum]s1 & ! high price ( beef has _h a /imulat+ effect ^u bre$+ = ! but*]s4 ,be=e ! ,briti% occupation ! kill+ ( an ox = eat+ purposes 0 consid]$ by _m villag]s an act ( sacrilege4 ,%eep ,%eep re>+ is an important indu/ry 9 ,cyprus4 ,! %eep are ( ! fat-tail$ species & are alli$1 ?\gh sup]ior to1 ! ,afrik&] %eep4 ,! total numb] ( %eep 9 ! ,isl& 9 #aiag 0 #bee1aej4 ,!y fe$ almo/ entirely by graz+1 & w&]1 "u ! *>ge ( %eph]ds1 ov] consid]able areas 9 se>* ( food1 frequ5tly 9 company ) goats4 ,!y are valu$ *iefly = _! milk & meat2 _! wool1 ?\gh ( mod]ate quality1 is small 9 quantity4 7,see also "u ,dairy ,produce1 p4 #bc47 ,l>ge numb]s ( %eep are kill$ annually = local consumption1 & !re is a regul> export to ,egypt1 z %[n by ! foll[+ pre-w> figures3 ,ye>4 ,numb]4 ,value4 #aijd #ac1ibc #aj1edd #aije #h1haf #g1egb #aijf #e1dbg #e1dgj #aijg #b1hei #b1fii #aijh #hdi #hce #aiji #igf #gaf #aiaj #c1ije #c1jfd #aiaa #ah1adc #ab1caa #aiab #ag1faa #ac1gca #aiac #g1ibj #f1gbd ,%eep-fold+ is practically unkn[n1 & no crops are specially gr[n z food = %eep4 ,occasionally !y may get a little rovi 7vet*71 rovi /raw1 l5til /raw1 favetta1 pea-haulm or 79 ! hills7 mavra*]o 7t>es74 ,!y suff] 9 ye>s ( dr\ght1 b on ! :ole ?rive wond]fully well on v scanty pa/urage4 ,good "w has be5 done ( late ye>s 9 ! improvem5t ( ,cyprus %eep at ! ,gov]nm5t ,a?alassa ,f>m1 & ewes & rams f ! f>m flock are mu* s\ght aft] by %eep-own]s1 _m ( :om are mak+ ef=ts to ameliorate ! bre$4 ,! "q ( provid+ suitable =age also is n be+ lo/ sight (4 ,goats ,! goat has be5 a cause ( mu* controv]sy = _m ye>s & a s\rce ( discord betwe5 f>m] & %eph]d4 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( f>m b\nd>ies ! h]ds ( goats 7& %eep7 cont9ually trespass on ! cultivat$ areas1 & ! %eph]ds are at little pa9s to re/ra9 !m :5 !re is a *ance ( ! animals gett+ a good meal4 ,l>ge sums 9 ! aggregate are paid by way ( f9es & damages1 b ! %eph]ds evid5tly f9d t ev5 s x is pr(itable to cont9ue su* practices4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! s]i\s h>m done e ye> 9 ! ,/ate =e/s by ^! animals1 a law ,= ! gradual exclusion ( goats f ! ,isl& 0 pass$ 9 #aiac & came into op]ation on ,augu/ #a t ye>4 ,z ! subjo9$ table %[s1 ! numb] ( goats has decreas$1 b x is d\btful h[ f> ?is is due to ! law1 & h[ f> to ! losses f goat-pox1 :i* is v preval5t1 & to ! %ipm5ts = milit>y purposes dur+ ! w>3 ,ye>4 ,head4 #ahhj #baj1gcf #ahij #bcg1dge #aijj #bdc1cig #aiaj #bgf1gid #aiac 7:5 ! law 0 pass$7 #bdb1ebd #aiah #aia1jag ,! goat is 9 _m respects well suit$ to ! ,isl&1 & provides ! villag] ) milk1 *eese1 meat1 boots & manure4 ,! animals co/ v little to keep--ev5 ap>t f _! depr$ations--& ?rive1 especially 9 ! hills1 "u conditions unsuit$ to %eep & cattle4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 great enemies to agriculture & =e/ry1 & if !y are to be pres]v$ 9 ! ,isl&1 x is ess5tial t bo? !y & ! %eph]ds be br\ght "u /rict control4 ,9 ,cyprus mo/ ( ! goats h v %ort hair1 :i* _c be %orn4 ,f ?is fact1 & f ! ext]nal %ape ( ! animal1 "o may inf] t x is ei!r a v>iety ( ! ,anatolian bre$ modifi$ by local influ5ces1 or a hybrid ( ! ,numidic & ,anatolian bre$s 7see ,plate ,,iii1 fig4 #b74 ,! ,anatolian goat has long & m or less ?ick hair1 especially on ! %\ld]s1 sides & ?ighs1 :i*1 clipp$ 9 ! spr+1 yields a n insignificant income = ! goat-bre$] 7,g5nadius74 ,! ,cyprus goat gives on an av]age #aej drams ( milk p] day dur+ a p]iod ( say #aej days1 or say1 #ej to #fj okes p] annum4 ,a good proportion h kids twice a ye>1 & _m give bir? to tw9s4 ,! price ( a goat v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 & be=e ! w> 0 f ab\t #hs4 to #bjs4 or #bes4 ,pigs ,! ,paphos di/rict & ! ,k>pas end ( ! ,famagu/a di/rict are specially giv5 to pig rais+2 b ?is animal is to be f\nd fairly well di/ribut$ all ov] ! ,isl&4 ,! native pig is ( inf]ior quality1 b a noticeable improvem5t1 n only 9 pig bre$+ b 9 pig re>+1 has result$ f ! introduction by ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,l>ge ,black bre$ f ,engl& 9 #aijg4 ,?is bre$ has become well e/abli%$ at ! ,gov]nm5t ,f>m1 ,a?alassa1 & ! prog5y is n[ well spread ov] ! ,isl&4 ,! improvem5t result+ f cross+ ) ,gov]nm5t /ock has be5 s unmi/akable t !re is n[ great competition = !m at all auction sales & high prices are giv54 ,?is increase 9 outlay on ! "p ( f>m]s has l$ to great] c>e 9 ! fe$+ & managem5t4 ,!y f9d t well-br$ pigs come m quickly to maturity1 & t x pays to fe$ !m well & n leave !m to =age = !mselves z =m]ly4 ,excell5t pork & bacon are n[ procurable dur+ ! w9t]1 & x may be hop$ t pig bre$+ 9 ,cyprus has a good future be=e x4 ,! numb] ( pigs c\nt$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiad 0 #ch1hej1 ! ?ird highe/ numb] on record4 ,s9ce !n1 ow+ to ! prohibition ( export1 bre$+ has be5 *eck$ & ! numb] decl9$1 b n[ x appe>s to be aga9 on ! upw>d grade4 ,be=e ! w> !re 0 an av]age annual export ( ab\t #b1jjj animals2 b !re is n[ a bett] local m>ket ?an =m]ly4 ,camels ,camels are /ill us$ to a fair ext5t1 & ! bre$ is good1 b ow+ to ! improvem5t 9 ! roads & increas$ facilities = m rapid transport1 ^! animals are less 9 dem& ?an =m]ly4 ,horses ,! native bre$ ( horse is be/ se5 9 ! ,paphos pony1 :i* ?\gh small1 ab\t #ac h&s1 is rem>kably /rong & h>dy 7see ,plate ,,iv1 fig4 #a74 ,x is said t "s eighty ye>s or s ago ! bre$ 0 improv$ by ! introduction ( two ,arab /allions f ,turkey4 ,a useful /amp ( pony m>e is also to be f\nd 9 ! ,k>pas4 ,a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! local horses took place f ! importation1 "s ye>s ago1 ( ,engli% pony /allions2 & m rec5tly a fur!r advance has result$ f ! addition to ! ,gov]nm5t /ud ( ! two fam\s ,engli% ?or\ghbr$ /allions ,tmraire1 by ,greyleg out ( ,t]eska by ,isonomy out ( ,violetta by ,h]mit1 & ,huckle-my-buff1 by ,is+lass out ( ,snip by ,donovan out ( ,isabel 7dam ( ,/4 ,frusqu974 ,donkeys ,! ,cyprian donkey at its be/ is a f9e animal 7see ,plate ,,iv1 fig4 #b74 ,x is ! common bea/ ( burd5 ( ! villag]1 & is capable ( c>ry+ a load ( f #afj to #bbd lb4 ,a l>ge numb] ( donkey /allions h be5 export$ to ,india1 ,ug&a1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,syria & ,egypt f "t to "t1 & ! local bre$ has no d\bt suff]$ ow+ to ! be/ jacks hav+ left ! c\ntry4 ,al?\gh ! villag]s dep5d s mu* ^u ^! animals1 v little c>e is tak5 by !m1 ei!r 9 ! matt] ( bre$+1 fe$+ or prop] managem5t4 ,! animals are mo/ly work$ f> too e>ly1 & und]f$1 & ! majority are consequ5tly und]siz$ & ( poor quality4 ,:]e good jacks are us$1 ! prog5y is g5]ally satisfactory1 & at %[s & fairs "s f9e specim5s are usually br\ght 94 ,ow+ to ! increas+ dem& = j5nets1 ! village bre$] is incl9$ to put 8 %e-donkey to a pony /allion r ?an to a jack-donkey4 ,! donkey m>es range f #ac to #ac4b h&s1 ) gir? measurem5t ( #eh 94 to #fj 94 & %ank #f-a_/b 94 ,!y h great room1 & are well %ap$ ) a /raight back & good qu>t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #a4--;,cyprus ,pony4 ,fig4 #b4--;,cyprus ,donkeys4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ t e enc\ragem5t %\ld be giv5 to ! production ( good donkeys1 f :i* ! be/ m>es c\ld be select$ = mat+ ) suitable pony /allions1 su* z ! ,exmoor & ,wel% cob1 = ! bre$+ ( j5nets2 & at ! same "t an improvem5t 9 ! jacks w\ld naturally foll[4 ,j5nets & ,mules ,ow+ to ! excell5ce ( ! ,cyprus donkeys & ! poor class ( ,cyprus horses1 ! sup]iority ( ! 'j5net' 7! result ( mat+ ! pony /allion ) ! donkey m>e7 is v pat5t ov] ! 'mule' 7! product ( ! donkey jack & ! pony m>e74 ,! j5net ( f #ac4a h&s to #ad4a is d\btless ! mo/ pay+ animal t ! ,cyprus villag] or l&[n] c produce1 & its excell5ce = army or g5]al pack purposes _c be surpass$ 9 any c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,!re=e1 9 my op9ion1 x is to ?is class ( animal t ! mo/ enc\ragem5t 9 bre$+ %\ld be giv54 ,to ma9ta9 ! excell5ce ( ! ,cyprus j5net e help %\ld be giv5 to ! bre$+ ( big donkeys1 s t ! pl5tiful supply ( donkey m>es ( f #ab4c to #ac4c h&s is available = mat+ ) suitable import$ pony /allions1 :i* %\ld be plac$ by ! ,gov]nm5t at ! bre$]s' disposal4#b ,bo? j5nets & mules1 indiscrim9ately call$ mul>ia1 are l>gely us$ = transport purposes ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&1 & p]=m practically all ! c>t+ "w ( ! c\ntry1 b1 z expla9$1 ! j5net is reg>d$ z greatly ! sup]ior animal4 ,p\ltry ,! ord9>y b>n-door f[l is met ) 9 ,cyprus1 z ev]y:]e else4 ,! local bre$ is a mixture ( all ! v>i\s races :i* h be5 import$ by private p]sons = _m ye>s pa/4 ,! mo/ g5]al types met ) resemble ! ,leghorn & ,ancona bre$s4 ,! ,isl&1 ow+ to its climate & its corn production1 is admirably suit$ to ! p\ltry indu/ry1 & a sure & pr(itable m>ket 9 ,egypt c always be reli$ on4 ,some?+ has be5 done ( late ye>s by ! introduction ( ,wy&ottes1 ,lang%ans & ,orp+tons :i* h be5 br$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t4 ,prop] p\ltry managem5t among ! villag]s is practically unkn[n1 & until regulations c be made en=ceable by law = ! control ( p\ltry diseases & = ! disposal ( diseas$ c>cases1 p\ltry keep]s w cont9ue to suff] heavy losses & ! indu/ry w n prosp]4#c ,lectures on p\ltry-keep+ h be5 in/itut$ 9 ! di/ricts by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 & x is hop$ t ^! may ar\se "s int]e/ & lead to improvem5t4 ,giv5 ! necess>y guidance & control1 ! indu/ry %\ld h a good future be=e x4 ,turkeys are v pl5tiful &1 except 9 ! hills1 are se5 9 ne>ly e village4 ,!re are ?ree v>ieties--! bronze1 by f> ! mo/ g5]al1 ! :ite1 & a d>k br[n k9d :i* is n common4 ,ducks & geese d well at ,ky?rea1 b else:]e are little se54 ,at ?is village1 h[ev]1 !y are l>gely br$4 ,pigeons also are fairly abundant1 & z !y mo/ly fe$ on a neighb\r's corn1 !y are consid]$ pr(itable birds to keep4 ,pres]v$ ,meats1 etc4 ,a good deal ( meat & fat is pickl$1 dri$ & smok$ = consumption by ! native population4 ,hams & sausages are mu* eat51 ! latt] especially 9 ! ,k>pas4 ,among ! v>i\s k9ds ( pres]v$ meats may be specially m5tion$ t kn[n z apokti4 ,?is is ! salt$ & dri$ fle% ( ! he-goat1 :i*1 :5 cook$1 is mu* appreciat$ by ! villag]s4 ,! meat is sometimes m9c$1 & aft] ! addition ( gr\nd origanum leaves & spe>m9t1 is plac$ 9 j>s & sl[ly cook$4 ,x is said t f #c1jjj to #e1jjj he-goats are annually slaught]$ = mak+ apokti4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #b3 ,report by ,capta9 ,good*ild1 ,rem\nt ,dep>tm5t1 ,e4,e4,f41 :5 visit+ ,cyprus 9 #aiaf & #aiag to pur*ase mules & donkeys = army purposes4 ,footnote #c3 ,legislation 9 ?is direction has be5 effect$ dur+ ! session ( ! ,legislative ,c\ncil j end$4 7,law ,no4 ,,vii ( #aiai47 ,,iv4 ,,dairy ,,produce ,milk ,%eep & goats' milk is pr9cipally us$ = *eese & butt] mak+4 ,fre% milk ( any k9d is n mu* consum$ by ! native population1 al?\gh )9 ! la/ few ye>s ! m well-to-d t[nspeople h tak5 to dr9k+ c[s' milk1 :5 obta9able1 & x is 9 gr[+ dem& 9 "s c\ntry p>ts = invalids :5 prescrib$ by ! local doctor4 ,! flav\r ( %eep & goats' milk is a good deal affect$ by ! h]bage or %rubs on :i* !y fe$1 & ?us v>ies accord+ to locality4 ,a *>act]i/ic od\r is imp>t$1 = in/ance1 by ! alnifolia oak 7,qu]cus alnifolia7 & ! ci/us1 :i* are common 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,isl&1 & ! *eese & butt] produc$ f su* milk are 9 bett] dem& 9 ! local m>kets4 ,! places 9 :i* ?is quality ( milk is *iefly produc$ are ! ,paphos ,di/rict1 ! neighb\rhood ( ,kykko & ,troditissa 9 ! ,trodos m\nta9s1 & ,akan?\ to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! ,isl&4 ,a consid]able impetus has be5 giv5 to ! production & consumption ( fre% c[s' milk by ! e/abli%m5t ( a h]d ( ,devon dairy c[s at ! ,gov]nm5t ,f>m1 ,a?alassa4 ,c[s ( ,a?alassa /ra9 fet* high prices1 z mu* z #hj hav+ be5 giv5 rec5tly = a c[ & sev]al o!rs h *ang$ h&s at #ej to #fj4 ,*eese ,! ,cypriot is a great *eese eat]4 ,! mo/ popul> & commonly made *eese 9 ,cyprus is t kn[n z ,hall\mi2 ! next 9 ord] be+ ! ,paphos & ,akan?\ *eeses1 & !n1 9 imitation ( ! ,greek *eeses1 ! ,agrafa1 ,kefalotyri & ,kaskaval1 all ( :i* are ( a h>d k9d1 :ile !re is a small production ( ! ,greek s(t *eeses ,fetta & ,telems4 ,!re are no /ati/ics z to production2 ! export figures 9 rec5t ye>s z giv5 9 ! (ficial trade returns are z foll[s3 ,ye>4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ,cwts4 #aijd #e1fjf #h1jdj #aije #d1gje #g1bde #aijf #b1eaa #d1bch #aijg #b1bjj #d1eei #aijh #b1ghf #e1hbd #aiji #b1cfg #d1ibg #aiaj #c1cde #f1efd #aiaa #c1fdg #f1fbd #aiab #c1cce #g1bjc #aiac #c1fii #i1bfh #aiad #d1ehb #aj1acb ,hall\mi4--,?is *eese1 ?\gh r insipid1 is v popul>1 & =ms a l>ge "p ( ! diet>y ( e h\sehold4 ,x is easy to make1 ne$s no special appliances1 & is almo/ entirely made by ! %eph]ds !mselves4 ,x is made ei!r f %eep's milk only1 or1 9 ! hills :]e goats are num]\s1 f %eep & goats' milk mix$1 or 9 "s places f goats' milk only2 especially is ?is s 9 ! m\nta9s :]e %eep are n f\nd4 ,! two k9ds ( *eese1 i4e4 t made f %eep's milk & t f goats' milk1 are easily di/+ui%$1 z ! =m] is r s(t & crumbly1 :ile ! o!r is h>d & sep>ates out into flakes4 ,?is *eese z x comes f ! m\ld is 9 ! =m ( a slab call$ kefali4 ,?is is !n divid$ into f\r or m pieces4 ,!re are two k9ds ( hall\mi3 "o call$ mona 7s+le71 ! o!r dipla 7d\ble74 ,! latt] is mo/ 9 dem&4 ,x diff]s f ! fir/ 9 be+ f9i%$ (f by be+ well h&-press$1 & !n d\bl$ or fold$ ov]1 salt & spe>m9t be+ spr9kl$ betwe5 ! fold4 ,myzi?ra1 or1 z x is m commonly call$1 an>i1 is a s(t *eese produc$ by boil+ ! :ey1 :]eby all album9oid sub/ances n previ\sly coagulat$ are n[ coagulat$ & rise to ! surface toge!r ) any pieces ( curd /ill rema9+ 9 ! :ey4 ,a good quantity ( fat is also enclos$ 9 ! coagulat$ mass1 :i* is plac$ 9 ru% m\lds or 9 clo?s & press$ s z to squeeze out ! :ey4 ,an>i ?us made is specially kn[n z ba/>d1 & is an excell5t s(t *eese1 v popul> among ! ,european resid5ts z well z among ! native inhabitants4 ,a r f9] an>i ) slightly diff]5t flav\r is made by add+ #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( pure milk4 ,?is add$ milk is kn[n z prosgalo4 ,bo? k9ds are dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,f an>i is made a k9d ( fat us$ z cook+ butt]1 by cru%+ & rubb+ x betwe5 ! h&s 9 w>m wat]4 ,a ?9 pa/e is ?us =m$ f :i* a fat sep>ates1 :i* rises to ! surface1 & is !n collect$4 ,paphos & ,akan?\ ,*eeses4--,^! are prep>$ 9 mu* ! same way z hall\mi1 b are made 9 small]1 b>rel-%ap$ m\lds1 & are /eep$ long] 9 ! :ey1 :i* produces a r9d & r5d]s !m t\gh] & less liable to crack4 ,!y are well rubb$ ) salt4 ,_! *>act]i/ic flav\r is d\btless due to "s ext5t to ! milk ( ^? di/ricts1 z expla9$ above4 ,ow+ to _! small size !y become v h>d4 ,kefalotyri4--,! be/ *eeses ( ?is type are made ) %eep's milk1 :i* is coagulat$ at its natural temp]ature imm$iately aft] milk+4 ,r5net is add$ s z to produce coagulation )9 an h\r4 ,! *eeses are plac$ 9 m\lds1 press$ & salt$4 ,!y are turn$ & salt$ e day = a week2 & ?is cont9ues = two or ?ree weeks1 until ! *eeses _c absorb m salt4 ,fetta4--,! process = mak+ ?is *eese is mu* ! same z = ,paphos *eeses1 b diff]s 9 reg>d to temp]ature4 ,x is plac$ 9 bags & hung up1 or left 9 *eese clo?s on ! table to dra94 ,x is made up 9 #ajj or #bjj dram pieces1 & turn$ & lightly salt$ = ?ree days2 !n plac$ 9 b>rels fill$ ) br9e4 ,?is *eese rip5s 9 a few days4 ,x is s(t1 & has a %>p1 pung5t flav\r4 ,x is ! fir/ to come on ! m>ket4 ,x is n consum$ 9 ,cyprus1 b made entirely = ! ,egyptian m>ket1 :]e x is mu* lik$4 ,be+ s(t1 x does n keep well1 & %\ld always be kept cov]$ 9 br9e4 ,= ^! reasons x is export$ 9 small b>rels ( a gross weight ( #dj to #ej okes4 ,if c>e is tak5 9 ?is respect1 if all leaky b>rels are kept refill$ & cool /orage provid$1 x may be pres]v$ = a ye>2 b ^! conditions are r>ely fulfill$ 9 ,cyprus4 ,telems4--,?is is ano!r s(t *eese1 prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] to fetta1 b x is cut into squ>e blocks & plac$ n 9 b>rels or vats1 b 9 t9s :i*1 :5 completely fill$ ) *eese & br9e1 are sold]$ d[n4 ,?is *eese is also made entirely = ! ,egyptian m>ket4 ,kaskaval or ,kaskavalli4--,?is is mo/ly made by *eese-mak]s :o come ov] f ,greece or ,turkey dur+ ! *eese-mak+ season4 ,! curd1 aft] ! :ey is dra9$ (f1 is call$ phlongos1 & x is almo/ always b\ght f ! %eph]ds1 ea* %eph]d prep>+ x 9 8 own way4 ,x is transport$ 9 baskets1 sometimes a good di/ance1 to ! *eese factory1 or kass>ia1 & ^! drawbacks1 add$ to lack ( cleanl9ess1 are ! cause ( mu* *eese ( inf]ior quality be+ produc$ :i* has no keep+ prop]ties & mu/ be quickly consum$4 ,hav+ rea*$ a pa/y condition1 ! *eese is plac$ 9 re$ or will[ baskets & imm]s$ 9 ei!r boil+ :ey or clean wat] & /irr$ until ! :ole mass is trans=m$ into kossim>i2 x is !n cut into pieces weigh+ "o or two okes1 & m\ld$ by h& into a globul> =m1 leav+ "o slight depression call$ ! omphalos or navel4 ,if n prop]ly /or$1 ?is *eese soon dries & becomes rancid or ta/eless4 ,agrafa ,*eese4--,?is is made entirely f %eep's milk4 ,coagulation %\ld be complet$ 9 #be to #cj m9utes4 ,! *eese rema9s #bj h\rs 9 ! press4 ,salt+ la/s f #dj to #fj days1 & ! *eeses rip5 9 f\r mon?s4 ,if well /or$1 ! *eese may keep = two ye>s4 ,butt] ,butt] mak+ is c>ri$ on to only a limit$ ext5t 9 ,cyprus1 & ) two or ?ree exceptions is 9 ! h&s ( %eph]ds1 :o use a primitive conical-%ap$ *urn1 some?+ aft] ! ,dani% patt]n4 ,*urn+ consi/s 9 beat+ up ! cont5ts ( ! *urn ) a /ick1 to ! end ( :i* is fix$ a r\nd wood5 disc #f to #aj 94 9 diamet]1 n unlike a pi/on 9 its action4 ,%eep's milk is mo/ly us$ &1 ) a mod]n *urn1 ?is w yield #i to #ab p] c5t4 ( fre% butt]4 ,goats' milk gives ab\t #e to #f p] c5t4 ,ab\t half ! above quantities may be obta9$ ) ! old]1 native *urn4 ,9 ! ,ne> ,ea/ 7,greece1 ,turkey1 etc47 fre% butt] is n us$ 9 cook+1 z almo/ all cook$ food is fri$ & butt] conta9+ ! lea/ wat] & case9 _c s]ve ! purpose4 ,! pure fat mu/ !re=e be extract$4 ,two me?ods are appli$4 ,! be/ is t ( plung+ ! t9s conta9+ ! fre% butt] into hot wat] :i* heats ! butt] & s5ds ! fat to ! surface4 ,x is !n collect$ & slightly salt$4 ,?is has a good flav\r & keeps well4 ,! second me?od is to place ! fre% butt]1 or ! residue f ! =m] process1 into t9 pans & boil until ! wat] is evaporat$1 :5 ! album9oids solidify at ! bottom ( ! pans4 ,! fat :i* is !n on ! surface is ladl$ out4 ,?is is inf]ior 9 quality1 & has a disagreeable smell imp>t$ by ! album9oids :i* come 9 contact ) ! hot pan4 ,xynogala or ,ya\rti ,! =m] is ! ,greek1 ! latt] ! ,turki% "n = ?is prep>ation ( s\r milk4 ,unlike fre% butt]1 x =ms1 9 season1 "p ( ! diet ( almo/ e ,cypriot h\sehold4 ,x is n[ made 9 ,engl& & sold z ,bulg>ian milk or ya\rti4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( clott$ cream1 b if plac$ 9 a bag ( f9e clo? & if ! :ey is left to dra9 (f1 x =ms a ?ick pa/e1 & has an excell5t creamy flav\r1 & is eat5 9 bo? cases ei!r alone or1 l ,devon%ire cream1 ) /ew$ fruits1 etc4 ,tra*anas ,?is is ano!r fav\rite milk prep>ation1 be+ a mixture ( ya\rti & gr\nd :eat made into a ?ick pa/e4 ,?is is sun-dri$ & makes an excell5t s\p4 ,kaimaki or ,tsippa ,?is mu* resembles ,devon%ire clott$ cream4 ,x is ! natural cream =m$ aft] boil+ ! milk ov]night & sett+ x 9 %all[ pans to cool4 ,if ! boil$ milk is p\r$ into ! pans f a height1 s z to make a foam1 a bett] result is obta9$4 ,v4 ,,crops ,,& ,,o!r ,,produce ,,( ,,! ,,l& ,,c]eals ,! ,messaoria pla9 is ! pr9cipal corn-produc+ area ( ! isl&4 ,:eat1 b>ley & oats are ! *ief c]eals gr[n1 & !y are s[n m or less ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,cyprus1 ne>ly up to ! summit ( ,trodos1 to an altitude ( ab\t #d1ejj ft4 ,indian corn has be5 cultivat$ = t5 ye>s or s1 & is becom+ m g5]al bo? = gre5 food & = se$1 & rye has begun to make its appe>ance dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,d>i is becom+ m kn[n4 ,! prep>ation ( ! l& = c]eals is z foll[s3 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,janu>y1 :5 ! l& is soak$ ) ra91 ! fall[ field 7,greek3 neasma or ,greek3 neatos7 is brok5 up1 & 9 "s cases s[n ) a gre5 fall[1 & 9 ,m>* or ,april x is cross pl\gh$ 7,greek3 dibolo74 ,if ! autumn ra9s are e>ly1 ! field is pl\gh$ = a ?ird "t 7,greek3 anakomma71 aft] :i* ! crop is s[n2 b if ! ra9s are late1 ! s[+ is done on fields :i* h be5 cross pl\gh$ only4 ,z a rule s[+ beg9s aft] ! autumn ra9s1 & may g on until ,janu>y4 ,b if ra9 does n come be=e ! end ( ,octob]1 _m s[ be=e ! ra92 & 9 _m places f>m]s s[ regul>ly be=e1 i4e4 )\t wait+ = ! autumn ra9s4 ,?is s[+ is call$ ,greek3 x]obola4 ,l&s flood$ by a riv] or o!r runn+ wat] are call$ ,greek3 potima 7,h&book ( ,cyprus1 p4 #aed74 ,! s[+ is done broadca/2 ! drill is n us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #a4--;,c>t+ ,corn4 ,fig4 #b4--,?re%+ ,corn ) ,native ,?re%+ ,bo>d4 ,(t51 ow+ to want ( suffici5t h&s & %ortness ( "t or o!r reasons1 l& :i* has be5 fall[$ is s[n )\t be+ fir/ pl\gh$ up4 ,?is is call$ ,greek3 eis to prospon1 i4e4 on ! surface1 or face ( ! field4 ,aga91 a field :i* has _h a corn crop is s[n ! next autumn )\t pl\gh+2 & ?is is locally call$ on ! /ubble4 ,x is n uncommon = ! same l& to be s[n ye> aft] ye> ) a corn crop1 ) no rotation4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! deep soils 9 ! pla9s1 kn[n z kambos1 z contra/$ ) ! %all[1 rocky soils call$ tra*onas4 ,at ! "t ( h>ve/ numb]s ( lab\r]s1 m5 & wom51 usually arrive f ,anatolia & ,syria & f9d employm5t 9 ! fields4 ,! ?re%+-floors are practically id5tical ) ^? ( ,biblical times4 ,!y are frequ5tly pav$ ) flag-/ones1 b z (t5 z n are m]ely levell$ pieces ( gr\nd4 ,on ^! ! %eaves are op5$ & spread out = ! ?re%+4 ,! ?re%+-bo>d 7,greek3 d\kani or ,greek3 d\kanais7 is t ref]r$ to by ,virgil z tribulum 7,georg4 ,bk4 #a7 & is m]ely a /\t bo>d1 /udd$ on ! und]side ) %>p fl9t /ones 7see ,plate ,v1 fig4 #b74 ,?is is drawn r\nd & r\nd ov] ! spread-out %eaves by mules1 donkeys or ox51 & af=ds a pa/ime to old & "y dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,dur+ ! process ! gra9 is sep>at$ f ! /raw1 & ! latt] is bruis$ & p>tly %r$d$1 & x is ! root$ belief ( ! ,cypriot f>m] t only 9 t condition w x be reli%$ by & b5efit ! animals :i* fe$ on x4 ,! /raw is !n gradually cle>$ away & ! gra9 is w9n[$ by be+ ?r[n up 9 ! w9d ) wood5 %ovels4 ,! gra9 is !n heap$ up & left until measur$ by ! ti! (ficial4 ,) ! gra9 is also collect$ ! sweep+s ( ! ?re%+-floor1 & ! p]c5tage ( ! =eign sub/ances mix$ ) ! gra9 v>ies f #e to #ae p] c5t4 ,!re are a few w9n[+ ma*9es & x is hop$ t !y w come into m g5]al use z soon z !y c be import$4 ,at ,a?alassa all c]eal crops are reap$ & ?re%$ by ma*9]y4 ,a good _m reap+ ma*9es 7 import$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t "s ye>s ago = resale to ! f>m]s1 & !re is a v fair dem&4 ,?is proc$ure has n be5 p]mitt$ = "s ye>s1 & ! "w fell into ! h&s ( an ,engli% m]*ant :o has succe$$ 9 plac+ a few ma*9es e ye>4 ,! c\ntry is ready to employ ^! & o!r agricultural ma*9es1 b ! f>m]s ne$ guidance 9 ! *oice ( a ma*9e & are reluctant to place ord]s ?r\gh native m]*ants1 :o may n "k ! be/ types to supply & ^: pr(its !y fe> to be exorbitant4 ,if !y c\ld procure ^! ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t !y w\ld be enc\rag$ to make consid]able pur*ases4 ,! loss ( gra9 on ! aloni alone may be gaug$ by ! curr5t op9ion t ea* pair ( ox5 consumes1 :ile ?re%+1 "o kil ( gra9 p] day4 ,mu* damage is (t5 caus$ by hot we/]ly w9ds at ! "t :5 ! gra9 is j =m+4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any law to prev5t ! adult]ation ( c]eals1 di%one/ practices are v frequ5t4 ,a common me?od ( adult]ation is to mix ) ! gra9 ! jo9ts ( ! /raw :i* are cut dur+ ! process ( ?re%+ & sep>at$ :5 w9n[+4 ,^! are (t5 spray$ ) wat] 9 ord] to increase bo? bulk & weight4 ,! moi/ure is absorb$ by ! gra91 :i* !reby swells & is made to look bigg]4 ,"u ! ,se$ ,corn ,law ( #ahih ! ,gov]nm5t make advances ( se$ :eat1 b>ley1 oats & vet*es to cultivators "u an agreem5t to repay 9 k9d aft] h>ve/ a quantity ( gra9 equival5t to ! am\nt ( se$ s advanc$1 toge!r ) an addition ( "o-f\r? ( ! quantity s advanc$1 by way ( int]e/4 ,?is b5efit is v g5]ally avail$ ( by small] cultivators4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd possible = ,gov]nm5t to keep sep>ately ! v>i\s k9ds & qualities ( ti! corn1 f :i* ^! advances are made1 & f>m]s frequ5tly compla9 t ! se$1 s issu$ promiscu\sly1 is unsuitable to ! l&1 aspect1 or special conditions on individual f>ms4 ,weevill$ gra9 also is a s\rce ( tr\ble1 & f>m]s obta9+ su* se$ advances mu/ be prep>$ to run risk ( failure f ?is cause4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t cultivators (t5 sell _! se$ corn s advanc$ !m1 9 ord] to buy "s o!r corn kn[n to !m z m suit$ to _! l&1 & !y are (t5 ju/ifi$1 p]haps1 9 s do+4 ,! issues are made by ,di/rict ,commission]s to select$ applicants :o are believ$ to be unable to buy se$ = ca%4 ,! av]age annual issues1 = ! la/ five ye>s1 h be53 :eat1 #ch1jac kils2 b>ley1 #ca1dgi kils4 ,:eat ,9 anci5t times1 :5 ! population numb]$ ab\t #a1ajj1jjj1 ! ,isl& 0 said to be self-support+ 9 ! matt] ( :eat4 ,tak+ ! annual consumption ( :eat p] head ( population at #h bu%els 7,g5nadius's ,report on ! ,agriculture ( ,cyprus1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #h7 & aft] mak+ an all[ance = se$1 ! annual production w\ld !n h be5 ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj bu%els4 ,f ,briti% ,consul> ,reports x appe>s t 9 #ahfc ! av]age produce 0 reckon$ at #fdj1jjj bu%els4 ,! av]age annual production ( :eat = ! t5 ye>s end$ #aiac1 z %[n 9 ,blue ,book ,returns1 0 #b1bib1hbg kils4 ,= lat] ye>s ! figures are3 ,ye>4 ,kils4 #aiad #a1ibd1ccf #aiae #a1gfa1eja #aiaf #a1ebd1dhd #aiag #a1ghb1hjj #aiah #b1dbd1egj ,:eat is s[n at ! rate ( #a kil p] donum4 ,! av]age yield p] donum is #f to #aj kils1 & v>ies betwe5 #c to #d kils on dry l& 9 a poor ye>1 to #af to #bj on ! be/ l&s 9 a good ye>4 ,:5 ra9s are v late & spr+ wea!r is unfav\rable1 a f>m] (t5 fails to recov] ev5 ! se$4 ,mu* might be done to increase ! yield by bett] me?ods ( husb&ry1 by ! use ( improv$ implem5ts = cultivat+ & reap+1 & by ! use ( ?re%+ ma*9es4 ,an imm5se quantity ( gra9 is consum$ by birds 7l>ks1 sp>r[s1 doves1 etc471 :i* at times lit]ally /rip ! fields & cont9ue _! depr$ations on ! ?re%+-floors4 ,:eat is s[n f ,octob] to ,decemb]2 a field :i* has _h a w9t] crop is pa/ur$ aft] ! h>ve/ until ,janu>y2 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y x is brok5 up & cross pl\gh$ & s[n imm$iately aft] ) a spr+ or summ] crop4 ,! crop is cut ab\t ,may-,june4 ,x is cut ) a sickle 7,greek3 drepani71 ti$ into %eaves1 & c>ri$ on donkeys or small c>ts to ! ?re%+-floors4 ,! sickle is l>g] ?an ! ,european "o1 & is (t5 provid$ ) bells 7k\d\nia or s\s\n>ia7 to fright5 ! snakes1 & ! h&les are ornam5t$ ) lea!r tassels4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( :eat are gr[n 9 ! ,isl&1 mo/ly ( ! h>d k9ds1 ^! be+ pref]r$ by mill]s4 ,! foll[+ ,engli% v>ieties h be5 import$ & tri$ dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s3 ,improv$ ,treasure1 ,:ite ,/& ,up1 & ,improv$ ,r$ ,fife4 ,! two =m] fail$1 be+ too late 9 matur+2 ! latt] is /ill "u trial1 b x is n v attractive1 be+ a late v>iety1 & x gives a small] yield ?an ! native k9ds4 ,! same rem>ks apply to sev]al :eats obta9$ f ,india & ,s\? ,africa & :i* are /ill "u trial4 ,b>ley ,?is crop is s[n ab\t ! same "t z :eat1 if any?+ slightly e>li]2 & x is ready = ! sickle ?ree or f\r weeks be=e :eat4 ,:5 ! /raw is %ort ! plant is uproot$1 n cut4 ,x is s[n at ! rate ( #a to #a-a_/b kils to ! donum1 & may be expect$ to yield f #aj to #ae kils2 b #cj kils is n uncommon 9 ! pla9s1 & ev5 mu* l>g] yields h be5 record$ f "t to "t4 ,!re are ?ree native v>ieties1 viz4 ! common #d-r[1 ! ord9>y #f-r[ & ! ,paphos #f-r[ b>ley1 also gr[n ar\nd ,davlos 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ! ,isl&4 ,! la/-nam$ is heavi] ?an ! two =m] k9ds4 ,little success has att5d$ ! introduction by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t ( ,prize ,prolific1 ,gold ,?orpe & ,*evali]1 :i* h be5 exp]im5tally gr[n = ! la/ ?ree ye>s4 ,!y mature late & h n resi/$ sev]e dr\ght4 ,_! yield is small comp>$ ) native b>leys1 al?\gh ?is may improve :5 !y are fully acclimatis$4 ,b>ley is ! /aple food = all k9ds ( animals1 pigs & p\ltry 9 ,cyprus1 & x is (t5 us$ = bread-mak+ 9 ye>s ( :eat %ortage4 ,! ti! is ma9ly export$ to ,engl&1 :]e x has a good "n = malt+ purposes1 especially t produc$ 9 ! ,paphos di/rict4 ,x has fail$ to atta9 ! place x des]ves on ! ,engli% m>ket ow+ to ! high p]c5tage ( dirt1 etc41 x mo/ly conta9s4 ,a sample ( ,cyprus b>ley exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 9 #aiad prov$ to be ( good malt+ quality1 & simil> mat]ial if m>ket$ 9 comm]cial quantities w\ld be readily saleable 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xii4 #aiad1 p4 #eeb74 ,a sample ( nak$ or sk9less b>ley f ,cyprus has also be5 report$ on by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 ,?is type ( b>ley _c be employ$ = malt+ = ord9>y brew+ purposes1 b x 0 consid]$ t ! ,cyprus mat]ial might be us$ by di/ill]s 7:o only require a p>tially malt$ b>ley71 & 9 any case ! sample w\ld rank z a good class fe$+ b>ley 7ibid4 vol4 xiv1 #aiaf1 p4 #aei74 ,! av]age annual production ( b>ley1 z %[n by ! ,blue ,book returns1 = ! t5 ye>s end$ #aiac 0 #b1ddi1bhe kils4 ,= lat] ye>s ! figures are3 ,ye>4 ,kils4 #aiad #a1ieg1idd #aiae #a1iab1caf #aiaf #a1iec1fbh #aiag #b1ejh1hhj #aiah #c1jhj1gaj ,^! figures %\ld be contra/$ ) ,briti% consul> e/imat$ av]age 9 ! sixties ( #ifj1jjj bu%els4 ,oats ,9 ,cyprus1 oats are us$ on a f> small] scale ?an b>ley z food = cattle1 & !y are unkn[n1 except to a few t[nsfolk1 z a food = human be+s4 ,! cultivation ( ?is crop is re/rict$1 p>tly because x rip5s late & ne$s late ra9s1 & p>tly because x %$s its ripe gra9 too quickly = ! ord9>y easy-go+ f>m]1 :o frequ5tly f9ds 8 next ye>'s crop smo!r$ ) self-s[n oats4 ,x is also commonly held t ! crop exhau/s ! soil4 ,!re are two native v>ieties1 bo? :ite4 ,! "o is gr[n mu* m ?an ! o!r1 call$ anoyira1 :i*1 al?\gh incomp>ably sup]ior1 is little cultivat$ outside ! ,limassol di/rict4 ,! se$ is s[n at ! rate ( #b to #b-a_/b kils to ! donum1 & a yield ( f #bj to #cj kils is obta9$4 ,! av]age annual production = ! t5 ye>s end$ #aiac1 z %[n by ,blue ,book returns1 0 #cid1fie kils4 ,= lat] ye>s ! figures are3 ,ye>4 ,kils4 #aiad #djd1iag #aiae #cgh1gbd #aiaf #ddf1dfi #aiag #cjf1jaj #aiah #cac1bfj ,besides ,black ,t>t>1 :i* has be5 regul>ly gr[n at ,a?alassa = sev]al ye>s1 ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t has introduc$ ( late ye>s ,black ,clu/]1 ,:ite ,clu/] & ,supreme4 ,all ^! rip5 late & ne$ late ra9s1 & !y h n giv5 any promise ( success4 ,a black v>iety import$ f ,greece "s ye>s ago has prov$ mu* sup]ior to ! two native v>ieties1 b its cultivation is /ill limit$4 ,reports on oats f ,cyprus & on oat1 /raw & kyko oat plant 7,av5a sativa v>4 obtusata7 are giv5 9 ! ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute 7vol4 xv4 #aiag1 pp4 #cjh-aj74 ,rye ,rye has only lately be5 introduc$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 b already its cultivation1 ?\gh v small1 is ext5d+4 ,! d>k col\r ( ! rye loaf creates "s prejudice aga9/ x1 b its value 9 cases ( diabetes1 a common compla9t 9 ,cyprus1 is greatly 9 its fav\r4 ,! se$ is s[n & cultivat$ "h 9 ! same mann] z :eat1 b at ! same "t or ev5 e>li] ?an b>ley4 ,x is h>ve/$ by be+ cut & is ?re%$ on ! ?re%+-floor4 ,! /raw is f$ to animals1 b :5 ?re%+ ma*9es become m g5]al ! long /raw w become available = o!r purposes ?an cattle food1 e4g4 9 ! manufacture ( ! native saddles 7/ratura71 native /raw trays & native /raw hats4 ,rye is also gr[n = gre5 food1 9 ! same way z b>ley grass4 ,maize 7,indian ,corn7 ,?is crop 0 fir/ introduc$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t 9 #aijb4 ,its cultivation is gov]n$ by ! wat]-supply4 ,x is gr[n mo/ly = gre5 food1 & is met ) v g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&1 be+ s[n among ! gr[+ crops1 e4g4 l\vi1 sesame1 cotton1 etc41 z a w9d-break or to af=d %ade4 ,!re 0 a good dem& = ! gra9 = gr9d+ dur+ ! w> & ! meal is f\nd to be a useful +r$i5t 9 ! ord9>y loaf4 ,! /ems & leaves provide a welcome *ange ( food = cattle :5 exhau/$ f ?re%+ & dur+ ! dry season ( ! ye>4 ,at ! ,gov]nm5t ,f>m at ,a?alassa ! /ems & leaves are made into ensilage4 ,d>i or ,millet 7,sorghum vulg>e7 ,?is crop is little gr[n1 & is mo/ly f\nd 9 ! ,mess>ia & also at ,paleo*ori1 almo/ exclusively 9 places irrigat$ by riv] floods4 ,! gra9 is us$ = mak+ fl\r & ! fre% /alks are f$ to cattle4 ,,fruits ,cyprus produces a consid]able v>iety ( fruits1 ! *ief ones export$ be+ rais9s1 pomegranates1 oranges & lemons1 & grapes4 ,!re is a consid]able & exp&+ export trade 9 ! fruits enum]at$1 z %[n by ,blue ,book returns z "u3 ,ye>4 4 #aijd #bi1gjf #aije #bi1bfe #aijf #da1gaf #aijg #cf1jji #aijh #ce1jbg #aiji #bi1hij #aiaj #eb1bfg #aiaa #eg1cic #aiab #ei1hhg #aiac #fi1jig ,! pomegranate ( ,famagu/a is fam\s1 & ! annual export ( ?is fruit alone dur+ ! five ye>s end$ #aiac av]ag$ #ad1fhb4 ,among ! m\nta9 villages apples1 pe>s1 & plums are ext5sively gr[n2 ! latt] specially be+ 9 good dem& 9 ,egypt4 ,apricots & kai%a trees are gr[n g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&1 & _! fruits are p>ticul>ly good & pl5tiful4 ,! la/-nam$ is a delici\s v>iety ) a delicate flav\r & ext]nally some:at resembles ! nect>9e4 ,pea*es are mo/ly graft$ on almond /ocks1 z ^! are h>dy & good dr\ght-resi/]s1 b !re are a fair numb] ( ,european v>ieties4 ,almond trees ab\nd 9 all p>ts & d extremely well if prop]ly cultivat$4 ,o!r fairly common fruit trees are ! qu9ce & loquat1 or ,japanese m$l>4 ,= sev]al ye>s *oice k9ds ( fruit trees h be5 import$ f ,engl&1 & _m ?\s&s ( trees ( diff]5t k9ds ?r\gh\t ! ,isl& h be5 graft$ & are n[ beg9n+ to produce fruit ( excell5t quality4 ,good "w has be5 done by ! ,p]ap$hi ,w9e ,association1 ^: g>d5 has be5 a c5tre = ! dissem9ation ( *oice grafts4 ,unhappily ! village gr[]s h be5 v reluctant to apply prop] cultivation or to c>ry out advice 9 treat+ _! trees1 :i* h become ! ho/s ( all k9ds ( diseases & insect pe/s4 ,a bett] _s is n[ be+ %[n 9 ?is direction4 ,v9es & ,w9es ,writ+ 9 #ahif1 ,g5nadius describ$ ! indu/ry & p]sev]ance ( ! peasants1 :o ) mo/ imp]fect implem5ts1 by break+ up ! h>d rock & build+ up ! scanty soil1 =m$ v9ey>ds on ! /eep m\nta9 sides1 & (t5 up to _! v summits4 ,^! v9ey>ds1 he says1 hav+ be5 mo/ly plant$ 9 ha/e 9 ! happy days ( ! dem& = w9es 7:5 ,fr5* v9ey>ds 7 de/roy$ by phyllox]a71 7 =m$ by ! p]sonal lab\r ( ! peasant ek$ out by ! help ( loans4 ,s9ce !n ! w9e trade has pass$ ?r\gh critical times & prices h (t5 be5 greatly depreciat$4 ,! small v9e-gr[]s1 :o are also = ! mo/ "p w9e-produc]s1 fell on evil times & became heavily indebt$4 ,!y h rema9$ s until ! la/ ye> or two1 :51 ow+ to ! l>ge dem& & ! high prices ( w9es 9 ,egypt1 !y h be5 able to free !mselves4 ,g5nadius reg>d$ ! cultivation ( ! v9e 9 ,cyprus z indisputably unpr(itable1 & 0 9 fav\r ( *eck+ its ext5sion1 & ev5 advocat$ ! imposition ( a special tax on new plantations4 ,at ! "t he wrote !re 0 an ov]production1 & ! value ( w9e _h greatly fall51 & ! rev5ue :i* ,cypriot w9e-mak]s c\ld ga9 !refrom w\ld h>dly suffice to cov] ! exp5ses ( its transport to ! m>ket1 ! annual int]e/ on _! debts1 & ! taxes !y _h to meet4 ,! village-made w9e is usually cl>ifi$ by means ( gypsum4 ,x is c>ri$ d[n f ! m\nta9 villages 9 goat-sk9s 7askos or a%ia7 on pack animals1 & !n sold to ! ,limassol m]*ants1 :o %ip ! great] "p to ,egypt4 ,! production ( w9e z c>ri$ out 9 ,cyprus leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,m4 ,m\illef]t1 :o visit$ ,cyprus 9 #ahib to report on ! w9e indu/ry1 says3 ,! v9tage is (t5 ga!r$ too late4 ,insuffici5t c>e is giv5 to ! pick+ ( ! grapes & diseas$1 rott51 mildewy or unripe grapes are (t5 us$ :i* detract f ! quality ( ! w9e4 ,! grapes are trodd5 & ! f]m5tation takes place 9 j>s & *atties ( por\s e>?1 ( a capacity ( #b or #c hectolitres1 :i* are t>r$ inside to c\nt]act _! porosity4 ,! h\ses 9 :i* ! f]m5tation takes place are ( almo/ ! same temp]ature z ! surr\nd+ air1 ) ! result t 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ,isl& f]m5tation at fir/ is g5]ally rapid or di/urb$1 & ! temp]ature ( ! mu/ becomes excessive4 ,9 ! cold] p>ts1 on ! contr>y1 ! opposite takes place & ! result+ w9e is r\gh & %>p4 ,! use ( gypsum z a pres]vative is un=tunately v common4 ,! t>r+ ( ! goat-sk9s & j>s imp>ts a flav\r :i* is v unsuit$ to ! ,european ta/e4 ,m4 ,m\illef]t made ! foll[+ recomm5dations3 ,t>r$ j>s = f]m5tation %\ld be replac$ by wood5 vats1 or1 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ,isl&1 by tuns simil> to ^? us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,s\? ( ,france & 9 ,alg]ia4 ,presses less primitive ?an ^? 9 use %\ld be employ$ s9ce ^! leave 9 ! lees a v l>ge quantity ( w9e4 ,! w9e :5 drawn (f f ! lees %\ld be kept 9 tuns or 9 small wood5 casks4 ,9 %ort1 he says1 to speak q pla9ly1 no good w9e de/9$ = ord9>y consumption c be obta9$ ) j>s4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s ago an ,engli% ,w9e ,company 0 e/abli%$ at ,p]ap$hi &1 until ! w>1 c>ri$ on a successful trade & produc$ "s good w9es manufactur$ on mod]n l9es4 ,! factory 0 well equipp$ ) up-to-date plant1 & its w9e ( port type 0 especially popul>4 ,x 0 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ?is "t own$ by ! firm ( ,w4 ,h4 ,*apl9 ,co41 ,london1 b s9ce ! w> x has be5 clos$ d[n4 ,! excell5t br&y ( ,messrs4 ,hadji ,pavlo ,co4 has f\nd = "s "t a /eady m>ket 9 ,engl&1 & !re are o!r well-equipp$ w9e & _s factories at ,limassol1 notably ^? ( ! ,limassol ,w9e ,_s ,co41 ,ltd41 ( ,mr4 ,m4 ,mi*aelides & ( ,mr4 ,n4 ,joannides4 ,! firm ( ,messrs4 ,hadji ,pavlo ,co4 has c>ri$ out s9ce #ahgb ! manufacture ( spirits1 & = tw5ty-five ye>s !y h be5 engag$ 9 produc+ _! ,zanatz9 br& ( w9es4 ,_! ,v4,o4 cognac & ?ree-/> br&y are bo? excell5t4 ,v>i\s liqueurs1 made f local products1 anise$1 k]nels ( apricots & o!r /one fruit1 etc41 are made by ?is & o!r firms1 & sold "u ! "n ,zucki4 ,! pr9cipal w9es1 spirits1 liqueurs & o!r alcoholic liquors produc$ are3 ,! ord9>y black w9e ( ! c\ntry1 or krasi4 ,! ord9>y :ite w9e ( ! c\ntry1 or asprokrasi4 ,comm&>ia4 ,br&y4 ,fir/ & second quality sold 9 b>rels2 "o-/>1 two-/>1 ?ree-/> & ,v4,o4 sold 9 bottles4 ,ma/ic1 sold 9 f\r qualities2 ,zucki1 sold 9 two qualities4 ,rum & ,am] ,pigon4 ,alcohol4 #ie ,c4 & #cf ,c4 ,v>i\s spirits1 liqueurs & syrups3 :isky1 v]mu?1 ama?us1 banana1 m5?a1 m&>9i1 triantaphyllo1 kitro1 p]gamotto1 vanilla1 violetta1 anana1 b5$ict9e4 ,eau de ,cologne4 ,comm&>ia is "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ fam\s sweet dess]t w9es4 ,x is held inde$ to h be5 ! nect> ( ! gods4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,knights ,templ> x acquir$ great fame4 ,exi/+ /ocks are annually add$ to1 ! orig9al v9tage hav+ 9 "s cases a great age1 s mu* s t1 ?r\gh evaporation1 ! w9e becomes a syrup or pulp1 :i* imp>ts a b\quet to ! fre% comm&>ia :i* is add$ to x4 ,9 mak+ comm&>ia ! grapes are left on ! v9es until ov]ripe &1 aft] pick+1 are spread out 9 ! sun = fur!r evaporation1 :5 !y und]go ! usual process ( w9e-mak+4 ,9 ?is way a sweet w9e1 ri* 9 sug> & alcohol1 & hav+ a *>act]i/ic flav\r1 is produc$4 ,a limit$ quantity only is made e ye>1 & ( ?is a c]ta9 quantity is export$ & fet*es a high price1 z a speciality1 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,a r$ ma/ic is made at ! ,kykko ,mona/]y :i* has acquir$ local fame4 ,! situation at ! pres5t "t is g5]ally improv$1 & al?\gh ,cyprus w9es c nev] =m m ?an an insignificant proportion ( ! _w's supply1 & c\ld n create any special m>ket )\t consid]able *ange ( sy/em & l>ge exp5diture 9 adv]tis+1 !y may yet1 by simple improv$ me?ods1 by means ( co-op]ative /orage & ! application ( s\nd elem5t>y pr9ciples1 be able to secure a m recognis$ position & a remun]ative1 ?\gh p]haps limit$1 dem&1 at any rate = "s ( ! special br&s4 ,= ! b5efit ( village produc]s practical lectures1 ) ! help ( special app>atus1 are n[ be+ giv5 9 ! w9e villages dur+ ! v9tage season1 by (ficials ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t4 ,! export ( w9es 7includ+ comm&>ia7 & spirits dur+ ! t5 ye>s end$ #aiac 7 ( a total value ( #cac1ibj & #ee1cfd respectively4 ,! l[e/ & highe/ figures 7 #bj1bgd 9 #aiji & #eb1cea 9 #aiaa = w9es & #c1iia 9 #aijf & #h1ahg 9 #aiac = spirits4 ,= ! la/ f\r ye>s ! exports h be53 ,ye>4 ,w9es 7includ+ ,spirits4 ,comm&>ia74 #aiad #bi1dje #d1cif #aiae #ch1aeh #e1dca #aiaf #hj1afe #f1hfe #aiag #gh1dea #bb1agc ,!re is an export duty on w9e at ! rate ( #h p>as p] gallon1 on all _s ( #bj p>as p] gallon & on all v9eg> ( #e p>as p] gallon4 ,"s sev5te5 v>ieties ( ,vitis v9if]a h = a long "t be5 gr[n 9 ,cyprus2 ! mo/ l>gely cultivat$ be+ ! foll[+3 ,mavro 7black74 ,! commone/ v>iety1 m$ium-siz$ bun*1 ) d>k1 l>ge1 oval-%ap$ grapes4 ,x9i/]i 7:ite74 ,common v>iety1 ) m$ium-siz$ bun*1 :ite r\ndi% grapes1 ?9 sk94 ,^! are suit$ to a ri* moi/ soil4 ,vooph?almo 7ox-eye74 ,equally common v>iety4 ,r small bun*1 ) black1 r\nd & r small grapes4 ,suit$ to a dry1 calc>e\s soil4 ,! ,muscat comes next1 be+ mo/ly gr[n at ,omodhos4 ,x is ! common e>ly muscatel ( ! ,ea/4 ,! rema9+ k9ds are locally kn[n z ,ba/>dico 7ba/>d71 ,m>a!ftico or ,kraseti1 ,morokanali or ,sp\rta 7flabby-b]ri$71 ,prom>i or ,glycopromo 7e>ly or e>ly-sweet71 ,xan?o1 ,axan?i or ,ph9ikoto1 ,k\phorrhovo or ,kat9-p>mak1 ,v]ico1 ,sultana1 ,razaki1 ,cor9?iaki 7currant71 ,malaga 7,alex&ria ,muscatel71 ,rhodities4 ,( ^!1 sev]al are only to be f\nd "h & !re 9 private g>d5s4 ,five ye>s ago sev]al ?\s& ,sultana v9es 7 import$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t f ,crete1 & ^! h n[ become fairly well di/ribut$ ov] ! ,isl& & ! produce is beg9n+ to appe> 9 ! m>ket4 ,^! dri$ sultanas 9 #aiah sold = z mu* z #ds4 p] oke4 ,?ree ye>s ago ! foll[+ v>ieties ( table v9es 7 import$ f ,engl& by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t3 ,black ,hamburg ,alicante or ,black ,tokay ,canon ,hall ,muscat ,lady ,ha/+s ,royal ,muscad9e ,muscat ( ,alex&ria ,^! are n[ be+ acclimatis$1 & x is hop$ gradually to di/ribute a l>ge numb] ( grafts4 ,v9e cultivation cov]s an area ( ab\t #adj1jjj donums & is 9 ! h&s ( "s #ae1gjj v9e gr[]s4 ,ow+ to defects ( plant+ ! v9es ( ,cyprus d n 9 mo/ cases beg9 to be> fruit be=e ! ?ird or f\r? ye>1 :ile1 if mod]n me?ods 7 adopt$1 !y w\ld be> fruit 9 _! second ye> & atta9 _! full gr[? 9 _! f\r? ye>4 ,:at is kn[n z ! will[-head sy/em ( prun+ has be5 v g5]al1 ) consequ5tly poor results4 ,bett] me?ods h long be5 inculcat$ & are n[ be+ m & m adopt$4 ,manur+ is b r>ely practis$ & pl\gh+ is conf9$ to lightly turn+ ! surface soil ) a wood5 pl\gh1 & ?is n e ye>4 ,on ! high] slopes ( ! m\nta9s t]rac+ is common & necess>y4 ,grape mildew 7,oidium ,tuck]i7 is preval5t 9 ne>ly all ! v9e areas4 ,o!r diseases & pe/s ( ! v9e met ) are an?racnose1 p\rridi1 ,septosporium ,fuckelii1 cuscute1 ,co*ylis1 ,zygna ampelophaga & ,pyralis4 ,happily ! /r+5t regulations :i* = _m ye>s h be5 9 =ce prohibit+ ! importation ( any k9d ( liv+ plant h result$ 9 keep+ ! ,cypriot v9ey>ds free f ! sc\rge ( phyllox]a4 ,sulphur+ has become m g5]al ( late ye>s4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has done mu* to br+ ?is ab\t1 & = fifte5 ye>s or m has import$ suffici5t sulphur f ,sicily1 :i* has be5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( village /ore-keep]s & sold at a fix$ price by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t4 ,?is has nev] m ?an exce$$ ! b>e co/ & m (t5 has be5 issu$ at half co/ & 9 times ( di/ress ev5 gratis4 ,! v9e-own]s h be5 /imulat$ by ! rec5t high prices = w9es to exp5d m "t & money on ?is op]ation4 ,! ignorant prejudice aga9/ ! effectiv5ess ( sulphur z a cure = grape mildew has to a great ext5t di$ out4 ,false ideas ( economy alone prev5t its g5]al use4 ,fre% grapes are l>gely consum$ locally1 & consid]able quantities are export$ to ,egypt1 z %[n by ! foll[+ table3 ,ye>4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ,cwts4 #aijd #ab1jbe #a1hed #aije #h1fjg #a1bjh #aijf #i1efc #a1dhg #aijg #g1cii #a1afa #aijh #f1hjg #a1cca #aiji #g1jgh #a1jid #aiaj #g1ehh #a1baf #aiaa #aa1eig #a1hfe #aiab #ab1efe #b1jbh #aiac #aj1cjc #a1dhg ,! av]age annual export ( rais9s = ! t5 ye>s end$ #aiac 0 #ed1jjg cwts4 valu$ at #bd1aij4 ,! l[e/ price 0 #es4 #d;cp4 p] cwt4 9 #aiji & ! highe/ #aas4 #d-a_/b;cp4 9 #aiaa4 ,dur+ ! w> ! exports h be53 #aiad1 #af1cie cwts41 #g1dai2 #aiae1 #ed1ahi cwts41 #cd1dfg2 #aiaf1 #cd1cfa cwts41 #ch1ahh2 & #aiag1 #gj1fbd cwts41 #ij1jdj4 ,! annual prices 9 ^! ye>s 7 respectively #is41 #abs4 #f-a_/b;cp41 #bbs4 #b;cp4 & #bes4 #d-a_/b;cp4 p] cwt4 ,up to #aije1 inclusive1 by f> ! greate/ quantity ( rais9s _h be5 %ipp$ e ye> to ,au/ria2 ,rumania1 ,turkey & ,egypt com+ next 9 ord]4 ,s9ce t date ,rumania has easily tak5 ! fir/ place1 be+ foll[$ at a di/ance by ,au/ria1 ,turkey & ,egypt4 ,s9ce ! w> ! bulk has be5 %ipp$ = milit>y requirem5ts & to ,france1 ,egypt1 ,malta & ,engl& = eat+ & = use 9 confection]y1 & ! indu/ry has gr[n4 ,a m>k$ improvem5t has tak5 place 9 ! prep>ation ( ! rais9s2 & specially qualifi$ (ficials ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t e ye> give practical in/ruction on ?is subject 9 ! v9e villages4 ,citrus ,fruits ,oranges & lemons are v ext5sively gr[n 9 ,cyprus1 :il/ m&>9es1 citrons 7kitria7 & sweet limes 7glykolemonia7 are also f\nd 9 e "p ( ! ,isl&4 ,9 addition1 ! %addock 7phrappa7 & ! b]gamot orange are cultivat$ 9 ! ,isl&4 ,! be/ & mo/ common v>iety ( ! sweet orange is ! oval 7sometimes r\nd7 ,jaffa1 gr[n ev]y:]e1 b specially at ,famagu/a1 :]e !re are num]\s orange groves4 ,ano!r v>iety ( good quality is gr[n at ,lefka4 ,! trees ( bo? v>ieties produce l>ge1 firm1 ?ick-fle%$ fruit4 ,bitt] oranges are l>gely gr[n f se$ = /ock on :i* ! bett] k9ds are graft$4 ,_m ?\s&s ( ^!1 & also ( ! graft$ plants1 are annually issu$ f ! ,gov]nm5t ,nurs]ies4 ,mu* loss has be5 su/a9$ f "t to "t ?r\gh disease1 & 9 #ahii :ole orange groves at ,famagu/a1 ,lefka & ,ky?rea 7 uproot$ or cut "r back4 ,) ! expansion ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t & a small qualifi$ /aff x has become possible to br+ ^! diseases some:at "u control1 & ! orange & lemon production has mu* increas$1 ?\gh gummosis & scale disease /ill play mu* havoc4 ,9 ! ,v>o%a orange groves ! trees are gr[n 9 light1 s&y soil1 :i* is bank$ up r\nd ! trunk4 ,!y are irrigat$ by means ( ! native alakati1 or noria1 or m (t5 by air-motors1 :i* 9 ?is locality are mu* 9 vogue4 ,! two mo/ common causes ( failure are ! p]si/5t plant+ ( trees too close toge!r & ov]-wat]+4 ,gr[]s turn a deaf e> to all advice aim$ at *ang+ ^! two bad habits4 ,! native agriculturi/ is conv9c$1 beyond ! rea* ( argum5t1 t ! great] ! numb] ( trees on a giv5 area ! great] w be ! pr(it4 ,9 a l& :]e wat] is s preci\s ! deep-root$ op9ion is held t ! m wat] a plant receives ! bett] x w ?rive1 & too frequ5t irrigation acc\nts to a l>ge ext5t = ! widespread damage caus$ by gummosis4 ,until lately prun+ 0 sc>cely practis$ at all4 ,?anks to a sy/em ( model or*>ds lately in/itut$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 bett] me?ods are at la/ be+ introduc$1 & fruit-gr[]s are able to model _! practice ^u ! "w c>ri$ out on ! specim5 trees1 alongside _! own1 res]v$ by ! ,dep>tm5t = su* demon/rations4 ,lemons are l>gely consum$ by natives ) _! food4 ,! produce is ( l>ge size1 ?ick-sk9n$ & juicy4 ,until "s twelve ye>s or s ago ! fruit 0 l>gely sold on ! trees = %ipm5t to ,russia & ,rumania1 b ^? m>kets fail$1 ow+ to ! preval5ce 9 ,cyprus ( scale disease & p>tly to loss ?r\gh rott+ 9 transport4 ,! export ( oranges & lemons has ( late ye>s be5 conf9$ almo/ entirely to ,egypt4 ,fig 7,ficus ,c>ica7 ,?is tree ?rives ev]y:]e1 & is p>ticul>ly cultivat$ at ,livadhia & ,lefk>a 7,l>naca di/rict71 9 ,paphos & at ! ,tylliria1 :]e ! small1 sweet1 :ite v>iety1 locally call$ antel\nika1 is gr[n4 ,!re are b few true ,smyrna figs1 b ?is v>iety is be+ multipli$ by cutt+s & also by graft+4 ,o!r good k9ds are ! s>ilop & b>dajik1 ( :i* !re are a few private specim5s only1 & ! v>dika :i* is m or less common1 p>ticul>ly at ,morph\4 ,! ,lefk>a figs some:at resemble ^? ( ,tylliria &1 l ! latt]1 mature naturally2 !y are consid]$ v good & are divid$ into two v>ieties1 ! malantzana & ! k\rtziatika4 ,! figs ( ,ktema 9 ,paphos are ! common violet-col\r$ v>iety1 b are l>g]1 & are mo/ly rip5$ artificially4 ,cyprus figs are only ( mod]ate quality1 ?\gh d\btless susceptible ( improvem5t4 ,!y resi/ dr\ght & g5]ally yield good crops e ye>4 ,! native dri$ fig is mu* eat51 & is also us$ z an adult]ant (1 if n a sub/itute =1 c(fee1 & makes a good bev]age1 l ! well-kn[n ,au/rian feig5 caf4 ,dri$ figs are also made into a pa/e & mix$ ) fl\r to make fig pies 7sykopit74 ,! me?od ( oil+1 t is1 sme>+ ) oil ! orifice on ! top ( ! fig :ile /ill unripe1 is appli$ to ^? v>ieties :i* rip5 sl[ly4 ,x is ^! v>ieties :i* are especially gr[n 9 ,cyprus4 ,! fruit s treat$ is r ta/eless & insipid1 b z x comes e>ly to m>ket x fet*es a good price4 ,! reason = ha/5+ ! rip5+ process by oil+ is t ! fruit may become ready = pick+ be=e sp>r[s & hornets get x1 z !y w\ld o!rwise d at t season4 ,! lat] crop is m or less immune f _! attacks1 z ripe corn is !n abundant 9 ! field or on ! ?re%+-floor4 ,figs fir/ appe> on ! m>ket 9 ,may4 ,?is e>ly fruit is call$ magiles 7possibly f ,maios-gilia ,may production74 ,! fruit is produc$ on ! wood ( ! prec$+ ye>1 f a bud :i* has rema9$ dormant4 ,! next crop appe>s ab\t mid-,july1 & !n ! fruit is call$ by its prop] "n syka4 ,*]ries ,! pr9cipal & almo/ ! only *]ry-gr[+ village 9 ! ,isl& is ,p$\las1 9 ! ,m>a?assa valley4 ,?is village is ab\t #c1fjj ft4 above ! sea-level4 ,! trees at t village d rem>kably well1 & !y br+ 9 a good rev5ue4 ,!y are mo/ly wild trees :i* h be5 graft$2 b !re are also a small numb] :i* h be5 rais$ f import$ ,malaheb se$4 ,f "t to "t good k9ds ( "y graft$ *]ry trees h be5 import$ f ,engl& by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t & grafts f ^! h be5 freely suppli$ to ! village4 ,!re are two native v>ieties1 "o 7k]asi7 :i* is almo/ exclusively gr[n at ,p$\las1 ! o!r 7vys9o7 :i* is f\nd fairly well di/ribut$ ov] ! ,isl&4 ,! =m] is pale yell[ & p9k1 ! latt] is slightly small] & less sweet & ( a d>ki%-r$ col\r1 & is us$ mo/ly 9 mak+ jam & pres]ves1 :ile ! k]asi is m = table purposes4 ,m graft$ trees are n[ com+ into be>+ & ,:ite-he>ts are n[ sold 9 ! baza> at ab\t #ab cps4 p] oke4 ,black-he>ts are also beg9n+ to make an appe>ance4 ,ef=ts are be+ made to introduce ! *]ry tree to o!r hill villages1 & !re seems no reason :y its cultivation %\ld n become g5]al 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! ,isl&4 ,?is fruit travels well & a f9e m>ket awaits x 9 ,egypt4 ,ow+ to ! prohibition ( fruit exports dur+ ! w>1 a small indu/ry has gr[n up = dry+ ! k]asi4 ,banana ,! local "n ( ! banana is ,sykiton ,adam 7,adam's fig71 f ! belief t ,adam made an apron ( ! leaves4 ,!re is "s hope t ! cultivation ( ?is delici\s fruit may become m tak5 up 9 ,cyprus ?an has hi!rto be5 ?\ght possible4 ,paphos has = sev]al ye>s _h ! reputation ( possess+ fruit-yield+ trees ( good quality4 ,(f%oots f "s ( ^! h be5 transplant$ to ,l>naca1 & !re are n[ sev]al g>d5s 9 :i* a fair quantity ( fruit rip5s ea* ye>4 ,at ,kyr5ia & ,lapi?os !re are also a good numb] ( trees4 ,! fruit is ( a diff]5t v>iety f t ( ,paphos & ,l>naca1 ! %ape be+ longitud9ally angul>1 :]eas ! latt] k9d is longitud9ally r\nd & l>g]4 ,five ye>s ago ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t obta9$ "s special v>ieties f ,zanzib>4 ,^! are n[ beg9n+ to yield fruit1 & (f%oots are be+ di/ribut$ 9 ! ,isl&4 ,az>ol ,haw?orn ,?is haw?orn 7,cratgus ,az>olus71 kn[n locally z mosphilia1 gr[s wild scatt]$ ab\t ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! fruit makes an excell5t jelly4 ,! tree is an excell5t /ock on :i* to graft ! pe> tree4 ,9 ! high] regions ano!r species1 ,c4 monogyna1 is f\nd4 ,melons ,! we/]n end ( ! ,messaoria pla9 is not$ = its wat]-melons & sweet-melons4 ,^! are gr[n 9 po/ania1 a corruption ( ! ,p]sian ^w bu/an1 a g>d54 ,!y are cultivat$ only on irrigable l&4 ,at ,a%a1 :]e1 p]haps1 ! be/ fruits are gr[n1 ! l& is flood$ by ! riv] & no lat] wat]+1 z a rule1 takes place4 ,?r\gh a well-gr\nd$ fe> ( !ft1 ! gr[] & 8 family live 9 _! po/ania dur+ ! season ( m>ket+4 ,re$ %elt]s are erect$1 & ! roll$-up b$s & b$d+ ) _! :ite cov]lets pres5t a /range appe>ance4 ,!re is always a big local dem& & a good yield is g5]ally obta9$ f ^! po/ania4 ,high prices are paid = suitable melonl&4 ,! local names = ! wat]-melons are k>p\sia or pati*a1 & = ! sweet-melons piponia or tamb\res4 ,! cultivation ( ?is fruit is g5]al ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&4 ,date ,palm ,?is tree gr[s promiscu\sly ?r\gh\t ! pla9s1 produc$ mo/ly by accid5tal se$+4 ,v little actual s[+ takes place4 ,! be/ groves are r\nd ab\t ,nicosia4 ,! trunk-wood1 be+ v h>d & fibr\s1 is us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! old type ( wat]:eel 7alakati7 & = beams 9 h\ses4 ,x is also utilis$ z fuel 9 ,turki% ba?s z x burns sl[ly & gives out great heat4 ,palm leaves are 9 dem& = mak+ v>i\s native baskets1 specially ! zimpilia = hold+ se$ :5 s[+ broadca/4 ,hats are made f !m 9 a few villages4 ,! native v>ieties ( date palm are n ( high quality4 ,!y are3 ,balt*ik1 ! fruit ( :i* rip5s on ! tree2 ,ph\nt\k 7hazelnut72 ,k\rm\z\ 7r$72 & ,s>aih 7yell[74 ,! la/ ?ree are artificially rip5$ :5 pick$1 by spray+ !m ) a mixture ( syrup & v9eg>4 ,! ,balt*ik produces fruits suitable = fre% consumption4 ,! ,ph\nt\k is some:at inf]ior4 ,! o!r two h l>ge fruits :i* are specially suit$ = pres]v+4 ,two ye>s ago ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t import$ f ,sudan ! foll[+ v>ieties3 ,condeila1 ,b]tam\ta & ,b>akawi4 ,!y suff]$ mu* on ! j\rney & x is d\btful if m ?an two or ?ree specim5s w survive4 ,z a rule dates rip5 well 9 ,cyprus2 ga!r+ takes place f ,octob] to ,decemb]4 ,! clu/]s mu/ g5]ally be cov]$ ) sack+ to protect !m f birds4 ,,nuts ,hazelnuts & ,cobnuts or ,filb]ts ,^! nuts are collectively kn[n 9 comm]ce z small nuts4 ,!y are all1 h[ev]1 ! produce ( a species ( ,corylus1 ! diff]5t k9ds be+ di/+ui%$ by trade names accord+ to _! c\ntry ( orig9 7see an article on ,s\rces ( ,supply ( ,hazelnuts 9 ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xiv4 #aiaf1 pp4 #bfa-g74 ,9 ,cyprus ^! are gr[n almo/ exclusively ar\nd a well-def9$ gr\p ( villages ( ! ,pitsillia1 notably ,alona1 ,pal*ori1 ,askas1 ,platani/assa1 ,pht]ik\di1 ,livadhia1 ,agros1 ,ali?9\1 ,s>anti1 ,poly/ipos4 ,9 ?is locality ! plantations are ?ickly gr[n & good yields are obta9$4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !re are o!r p>ts ( ! ,isl& equally well suit$ to ?is tree4 ,hazelnuts1 besides _! use = dess]t purposes & 9 ! prep>ation ( v>i\s nut foods1 are employ$ l>gely z a *eap sub/itute = almonds1 & 9 ye>s :5 ! latt] are sc>ce1 hazelnuts are 9 especially good dem&4 ,! ,cyprus nuts are outw>dly ( good size & appe>ance & are v attractive 9 ! ,engli% m>ket1 b un=tunately !y are usually pick$ be=e rea*+ full maturity1 & consequ5tly ! k]nels are frequ5tly small & soon become rancid4 ,be+ ga!r$ :5 unripe !y lose greatly 9 weight1 :i* means loss ( money to ! export]s4 ,! flav\r is also impair$ by premature pick+ & on ?is acc\nt ,cyprus nuts comp>e unfav\rably 9 ?is respect ) ^? f ,spa91 & ,trebizond & o!r p>ts on ! ,black ,sea1 ) :i* !y h to compete4 ,if gr[]s w\ld pay m att5tion to ?is po9t1 ,cyprus hazelnuts w\ld1 ow+ to _! size1 hold a mu* bett] place ?an !y d 9 ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,! export ( hazelnuts is n sep>ately record$1 b ! annual av]age production is /at$ to be approximately #abj1jjj okes4 ,walnuts ,"s f9e specim5s ( walnut trees are to be se5 9 ! ,m>a?assa valley & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,palo*ori1 & ne> m\nta9 /reams 9 sev]al places among ! slopes ( ! hills4 ,^! yield excell5t fruit & are pr(itable to _! own]s1 b un=tunately _m trees h succumb$ to ! attacks ( ! ,codl9 mo?4 ,special action has be5 tak5 dur+ ! la/ two ye>s to deal ) ?is pe/4 ,!re has be5 a m>k$ increase ( late 9 ! plant+ ( "y walnut trees4 ,almonds ,! cultivation ( ?is tree has greatly ext5d$ ( late4 ,its dr\ght-resi/+ prop]ties enable x to )/& ! climate ( ! pla9s & on ! level slopes ( bo? ranges x gr[s well4 ,!re are sev]al l>ge plantations1 notably at ,psevdhas1 ,l>naca di/rict1 :]e ! fam\s ,jordan v>iety is f\nd1 & z ! tree seems indiff]5t to soil1 & ?rives p>ticul>ly well on ! lime/one :i* is s g5]al ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&1 x may be hop$ t x w be greatly multipli$4 ,bo? ! s(t- & ! h>d-%ell$ v>ieties are gr[n4 ,mu* good "w has lately be5 done 9 ,s*ool ,g>d5s1 "u exp]t advice1 9 g]m9at+ ! se$ 9 damp s&4 ,! villag]s1 f9d+ ! se$l+s already to h& = plant+1 h be5 induc$ to plant !m out4 ,almonds are us$ z /ocks on :i* to graft pea*es1 kai%as1 apricots & plums 7mirabelles74 ,spani% ,*e/nut ,"s ye>s ago good numb]s ( ! edible *e/nut 7 rais$ at ,p$\las by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t & di/ribut$ to villag]s = gr[+ 9 ! hills4 ,x is fe>$ t ! great] "p ( ^! trees1 ?r\gh want ( att5tion1 unsuitability ( soil or climate1 lack ( moi/ure1 & especially damage by goats1 h be5 lo/1 b "s rema9 & well-gr[n "y trees may be f\nd 9 c]ta9 localities & 9 mod]ate numb]s among ! m\nta9s4 ,z soon z adequate protection f goats c be giv51 ?is tree might be well wor? m ext5sive cultivation4 ,x prosp]s well :5 prop]ly c>$ =1 b w n ?rive 9 soils conta9+ m ?an ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( lime or at an elevation bel[ ab\t #a1jjj ft4 ,! tree has be5 propagat$ almo/ entirely f se$1 :i* mu/ be z fre% z possible4 ,no d\bt "o reason = ! lack ( int]e/ hi!rto %[n 9 ?is tree by villag]s is t x does n beg9 to fruit1 z a rule1 until ab\t its tw5tie? ye>4 ,pi/acia ,sev]al species ( ,pi/acia occur 9 ,cyprus1 & al?\gh !y yield products ( diff]5t k9ds1 x w be conv5i5t to deal ) !m toge!r 9 ! pres5t section4 ,! pi/a*io nut 7,pi/acia v]a71 locally call$ ,aleppo pi/a*io1 is a native ( ,p]sia & ,arabia & x 0 ?\ght1 until a few ye>s ago1 t x w\ld n ?rive 9 ,cyprus4 ,t is1 h[ev]1 a fallacy1 :i* is r confirm$ by ! fact t ! ,p4 ,t]eb9?us & ! ,p4 ,l5tiscus are indig5\s to ! ,isl&4 ,x is consid]$ t ! be/ me?od ( cultivation is to bud ,p4 v]a on ,p4 ,t]eb9?us4 ,?\gh !y gr[ m sl[ly1 ^! budd$ trees are m robu/ & bett] resi/ dr\ght1 cold & moi/ure4 ,! trees %\ld yield fruit 9 five ye>s f ! "t ( graft+4 ,a fair numb] ( ^! trees h n[ be5 di/ribut$ f ! ,gov]nm5t ,nurs]y ,g>d5s4 ,?is tree provides ! pi/a*io nuts :i* are n[ import$ f ,syria & ,*ios4 ,male trees d n usually fl[] at ! same "t z female2 consequ5tly !re has be5 difficulty 9 gett+ fruit ) se$s1 & rec\rse mu/ 9 t case be _h to artificial f]tilisation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,pale/9e or turp5t9e tree 7,p4 pal/9a71 local "n trmi?os1 gr[s 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,isl&1 b is se5 at its be/ 9 ! ,paphos di/rict1 especially 9 & ar\nd ! t[n ( ,ktima4 ,! fruit is eat5 fre% or salt$ & dri$4 ,x yields #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( edible oil :i* has a c]ta9 local dem&4 ,a m$ium-siz$ tree may produce up to #fj to #hj okes ( fruit4 ,aft] cru%+ & expression1 ! residue toge!r ) ! se$ is f\nd to be a good food = pigs4 ,a small consignm5t ( bo? ! dri$ & salt$ fruit & ( ! residue 0 sold 9 ,egypt 9 #aiaf & realis$ #e to #f cp4 p] oke = ! =m]1 & #cs4 to #ds4 p] kil = ! latt]4 ,by mak+ incisions 9 ! trunks ( bo? ! male & ! female trees a gum or turp5t9e kn[n z ,paphos t> is obta9$1 :i* fet*es z mu* z #hs4 to #ajs4 p] oke4 ,x is us$ locally = *ew+4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ trees 9 ! ,isl& & is ( h&some %ape4 ,x is decidu\s & "s f9e specim5s are met )4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pi/acia ,l5tiscus1 locally kn[n z %9ia1 or %9ia bu%1 ab\nds all along ! coa/s ( ! ,isl&4 ,f ! se$s ( ?is %rub an oil is express$ :i* is us$ = cul9>y purposes1 p>ticul>ly = fry+ fi%4 ,! oil is also 9 good local dem& = soap mak+1 & a v fair soap is produc$1 especially at ,akan?\1 9 :i* ! oil is ! *ief +r$i5t4 ,! leaves ( ?is %rub are l>gely us$ = tann+ purposes & 7 at "o "t regul>ly export$ to ,engl&1 ?\gh 9 small quantities4 ,! pr9cipal m>ket = %9ia leaves is ,pal]mo4 ,!y are employ$ to no small ext5t = ! adult]ation ( suma*1 = :i* ,pal]mo is also ! lead+ m>ket4 ,%9ia leaves 7 also 9 dem& at ,lyons z a dye+ mat]ial = silk /uffs4 ,!re are also a few specim5s ( a v>iety ( ,p4 ,l5tiscus 7ma/ic tree7 f :i* 9 ! ,isl& ( ,*ios ! fam\s ,*ios ma/ic is obta9$ by incisions made 9 ! trunks ( ! male /ocks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! t]eb9? tree 7,p4 ,t]eb9?us71 locally call$ tremi?ia1 is a bu% v widely gr[n ?r\gh\t ! high] regions4 ,x is us$ z a /ock on :i* to graft ,p4 v]a4 ,! b]ries are us$ = extraction ( oil :i* has a value = cul9>y purposes4 ,!y are also made into a cake call$ tremi?opites4 ,! b]ries are mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! ,p4 pal/9a4 ,,vegetables ,! cultivation ( vegetables has consid]ably ext5d$ ( late4 ,good m>ket g>d5s h exi/$ 9 & ar\nd ! pr9cipal t[ns = _m ye>s1 b m att5tion is n[ be+ paid to ?is indu/ry 9 ! villages1 :]ev] wat] is available1 & a consid]able am\nt ( skill is %[n 9 production4 ,among ! be/ & mo/ g5]ally gr[n vegetables are sp9a*1 caulifl[]s1 cabbages1 egg-plants1 lady's f+]s1 leeks1 arti*okes1 broad beans 7also gr[n z a field crop71 radi%es1 cel]y1 beet-root1 pumpk9s1 m>r[s1 cucumb]s1 lettuces1 tomatoes1 l5tils1 kohl-rabi 7k\l\mbra71 kidney beans 7phas\lia71 peas1 kolokas1 onions & potatoes4 ,!re is a consid]able dem& 9 ,egypt = fre% vegetables1 & to meet ?is ! l& ar\nd ! ports ( ,famagu/a1 ,l>naca & ,limassol has be5 = "s ye>s specially devot$ to _! cultivation4 ,9 ! m\nta9 valleys a cont9u\s s]ies ( small vegetable g>d5s may be se5 flank+ ! sides ( ! riv]-banks4 ,! exports ( vegetables to ,egypt 9 rec5t ye>s are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,beans & ,o!r ,ye>4 ,onions4 ,peas4 ,vegetables4 ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ,cwts4 #aiji #f1ffd #a1gbi #di #aiaj #c1hjg #heh #fj #aiaa #e1eab #b1cdf #abb #aiab #c1fei #b1ehc #ace #aiac #b1hed #a1fgj #cb ,beans & ,peas ,beans are gr[n = m>ket ma9ly at ,m>a?assa & ,pitsillia & g5]ally 9 ! high] regions1 b only to a small ext5t 9 ! pla9s4 ,be=e ! w> !re 0 a comp>atively l>ge importation ( beans f ,anatolia4 ,?is hav+ /opp$1 local prices rose & /imulat$ production 9 ! ,isl&4 ,! ,cypriot is a lov] ( dri$ vegetables1 & !re might well be an ext5sion 9 ! cultivation ( beans1 simil> to t :i* has lately tak5 place 9 ! case ( gre5 peas4 ,except 9 "o or two places1 ^! 7 n s[n by ! villag]s until ab\t f\r ye>s ago1 b s valuable h !y be5 f\nd1 especially 9 rec5t ye>s ( sc>city & high co/ ( o!r food/uffs1 t n[ :ole di/ricts are be+ devot$ to _! cultivation4 ,! ,fr5* or kidney bean 7,phaseolus vulg>is7 is locally kn[n "u ! g5]al t]m l\via4 ,?is "n is appli$ bo? to ,phaseolus vulg>is & to ,doli*os melanoph?almus 7,vigna ,catjang v>4 s95sis74 ,to di/+ui% ! two k9ds ! ,cypriot describes ! ,p4 vulg>is z l\via glia/ra 7i4e4 lu/r\s1 ow+ to its %9y appe>ance71 or l\via p]atica 7i4e4 =eign71 z ,d4 melanoph?almus 0 introduc$ & _h become acclimatis$ "s "t be=e4 ,g5nadius1 h[ev]1 describes ! l\via p]atica z ,doli*os ,lablab or lablab bean4 ,bo? ! dw>f 7k\ts\lia7 & ! climb+ 7makrya or an>i*om5a7 v>ieties ( ,p4 vulg>is are gr[n4 ,!re are two :ite k9ds1 ! l>ge 7adra7 & ! small 7ps9tra74 ,beans ( v>i\s col\rs are gr[n "h & !re1 & "o spott$ v>iety 7patsal\dhia7 m]its great] att5tion ?an x receives at pres5t1 bo? on acc\nt ( its great] productiv5ess & = its excell5t flav\r4 ,two ( ^! are /r+less1 b a drawback to !m is t !y discol\r ! wat] 9 :i* !y are boil$4 ,!re are sev]al newly import$ k9ds :i* are privately gr[n1 & ^! are gradually com+ into ! local m>kets4 ,! lubia or c[-pea 7,doli*os melanoph?almus ,vigna ,catjang v>4 s95sis71 be+ a good dr\ght-resi/]1 is gr[n m or less ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&4 ,x is frequ5tly s[n 9 mix$ crop ) cotton1 sesame1 ,indian corn1 etc4 ,two k9ds are cultivat$--! l>g]1 lubia melissomatia 7hav+ ! eye l a bee71 & ! small]1 lubia mavromat\dhia 7d>k-ey$74 ,! dri$ pods ( ,phaseolus & ,doli*os are f$ to animals & are also us$ = /uff+ mattresses4 ,! broad bean 7,vicia ,faba7 has be5 gr[n = "s ye>s on irrigat$ l& 9 ! pla9s1 :]e x takes a recognis$ place 9 ! rotation4 ,its cultivation is n[ spread+ to ! high] p>ts4 ,! soy bean 0 introduc$ a few ye>s ago by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 b has fail$ hi!rto to attract att5tion4 ,villag]s f9d x requires diff]5t cook+ f :at !y are accu/om$ to1 & local deal]s are n yet prep>$ to deal 9 x4 ,x has be5 f\nd resi/ant to disease1 & fur!r ef=ts are be+ made to br+ x into popul> fav\r4 ,! ,o*rus vet* 7,la?yrus ,o*rus71 locally kn[n z l\vana1 is a fairly common spr+ crop1 be+ gr[n = ! sake ( ! se$ :i* provides a fav\rite ,cypriot di%4 ,! leaves are also us$ z a salad4 ,?is crop is s[n 9 ! pla9s 9 ,janu>y1 b 9 ! ,k>pas & "s o!r p>ts x is s[n 9 ! autumn4 ,*ick-peas 7,cic] ariet9um71 locally call$ revi?ia1 gr[ well & are cultivat$ to a mod]ate ext5t4 ,samples exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute prov$ to be ( normal composition4 ,two firms ( produce brok]s 9 ,london /at$ t if quantities ( ab\t #e tons at a "t c\ld be deliv]$ 9 ,engl& 9 z good a condition z ! sample !y c\ld be sold = human consumption & w\ld be wor? 7#aiag7 #bj to #bd p] ton c4i4f41 ,unit$ ,k+dom ports4 ,if ( inf]ior quality to ! sample !y w\ld be fit only = cattle food & fet* consid]ably less 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xv4 #aiag1 p4 #cjg74 ,*ick-peas :5 roa/$ are locally call$ k\dames & are eat5 9 ! same way z gr\nd-nuts1 :i* !y mu* resemble 9 flav\r4 ,!y are little1 if at all1 us$ 9 ,cyprus z a cattle food4 ,potatoes ,! potato-gr[+ indu/ry 9 ,cyprus has develop$ consid]ably 9 rec5t ye>s1 z w be se5 f ! subjo9$ table ( exports3 ,ye>4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ,cwts4 #aiji #ab1ehf #c1aje #aiaj #ad1ihc #c1hci #aiaa #cf1bga #h1dgb #aiab #de1ccf #aj1cdh #aiac #ca1caj #g1jjc #aiad #ed1bjc #aa1gda #aiae #hb1cjd #bh1eac #aiaf #acf1jbg #gd1fcb #aiag #bbd1dec #aja1abj ,^! figures1 h[ev]1 are a v inadequate indication ( ! actual increase ( production1 inasmu* z ! local consumption ( ?is vegetable be=e ! w> 0 conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! well-to-d resid5ts 9 ! t[ns1 :]eas n[ x is rapidly becom+ a /aple food ( ! p4 ,?is unasc]ta9able b l>ge local consumption mu/ be add$ to ! late/ export returns 9 ord] to arrive at an e/imate ( pres5t production4 ,! mo/ fav\r$ v>iety 0 at fir/1 & ) _m gr[]s /ill is1 :at is kn[n z ! ,fr5* potato1 ! orig9al se$ hav+ be5 br\ght f ,france4 ,iri% potatoes 7locally call$ pittak\ra7 h n[ l>gely displac$ ^!1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 on acc\nt ( ! great] facility ( obta9+ ! latt] se$ dur+ ! w>4 ,a native v>iety ( potato1 believ$ to h be5 import$ by ,syrian ,arabs 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 is /ill gr[n on a small scale 9 ! ,m>a?assa valley4 ,?is potato has deep-set eyes & a luxuriant gr[? above gr\nd & possesses a *>act]i/ic sweet ta/e4 ,great progress has be5 made )9 ! la/ few ye>s 9 ! matt] ( cultivation1 & ! old practice ( plant+ broadca/ on ! flat has giv5 way to ridge plant+ at prop] di/ances ap>t4 ,! practice =m]ly 0 to drop ! potatoes into ! pl\gh furr[4 ,^! 7 cov]$ ov] by ! return pl\gh2 e ?ird furr[ 0 s[n4 ,! ,egyptian dem& & ! pur*ases made = milit>y purposes h greatly /imulat$ production4 ,! good prices obta9$ h l$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,famagu/a di/rict & 9 :at are call$ ! r$ e>? villages1 to mu* activity & no small outlay 9 ! matt] ( wat]-supply & di/ribution1 & 9 ! use ( *emical manures4 ,! cu/om has gr[n up = import]s to s5d _! se$ potatoes = plant+ 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! ,isl&4 ,! produce !refrom is ex*ang$ ) gr[]s 9 ! pla9s1 :o s5d up _! pla9-gr[n tub]s z se$ to ! cultivators 9 ! hills4 ,m]*ants (t5 /ipulate ) ! hill-gr[]s t !y %all h _! crop at an agre$1 & g5]ally a fairly high1 figure4 ,9 ?is mann] deg5]ation ( ! se$ has be5 ret>d$2 b ow+ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ se$ f outside dur+ ! w> a c]ta9 am\nt ( deg5]ation has tak5 place4 ,only "o crop c be gr[n 9 ! hills dur+ ! ye>1 b 9 ! pla9s two crops are obta9$4 ,! "o is plant$ 9 ,janu>y & is dug 9 ,may-,june2 ! o!r is plant$ 9 ,july & dug 9 ,novemb]4 ,x is f\nd t ! tub]s lift$ 9 ! summ] suff] greatly f ! heat1 & heavy losses occur f rot1 :e!r ! tub]s rema9 9 ! gr\nd or if !y are dug & /or$2 & x is a "q :e!r1 :5 ^! losses are tak5 into acc\nt1 ! summ] crop is really pr(itable4 ,! av]age yield is sometimes put at #b1jjj okes p] donum1 b #a1fjj okes1 or #b tons1 is probably a m accurate figure4 ,kolokas 7,colocasia antiquorum7 ,?is is a fav\rite food ( ! villag]1 b c only be gr[n :]e !re is an ample wat]-supply & on heavy l& t holds ! wat]4 ,x is an exhau/+ crop4 ,! root only is eat54 ,x is s[n 9 ,m>*-,april & dug ab\t ,octob]-,novemb]4 ,onions ,^! are g5]ally gr[n1 especially 9 ! ,paphos di/rict2 ,famagu/a & ,limassol foll[+ 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,! ,paphos onions are suppos$ to h p>ticul>ly good keep+ qualities4 ,bo? r\nd 7/rongyla7 & long v>ieties 7tolmalikia7 are gr[n2 ! latt] h less fle%y scales ?an ! =m]4 ,onions are gr[n ei!r 9 irrigat$ g>d5s or 9 livadhia1 or l[-ly+ l&s :i* reta9 _! moi/ure1 no irrigation be+ ne$$4 ,!y are propagat$ by means ( kon>i or bulblets4 ,lapi?os 9 ! ,kyr5ia di/rict makes a speciality ( produc+ ^! f se$ & supply+ !m to ! :ole ,isl&1 al?\gh onions are gr[n = m>ket only on a limit$ scale 9 t area4 ,! me?od is to plant out ! full-gr[n onions 7locally call$ mammes7 & leave !m to rip5 _! se$4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 ,febru>y-,m>*1 at ! rate ( #bj-be okes p] donum1 f :i* "s #c1jjj okes ( kon>i are rais$4 ,^! are !n sold = plant+ out 9 ,octob]-,novemb]-,decemb] at ! rate ( #dj-ej okes p] donum4 ,onions are gr[n ei!r 9 r[s or broadca/4 ,! native v>iety has ! out] scales ( a r$di% col\r1 b ^! h l>gely giv5 way to sup]ior import$ k9ds4 ,,fodd]s ,,& ,,fe$+ ,,/uffs ,c>ob ,tree ,! c>ob 7,c]atonia siliqua7 is indig5\s 9 ,syria1 & probably also 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries ( ,africa1 :5ce x presumably spread to c]ta9 p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 to ,greece1 ! ,greek ,isl&s & ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,at ! "t ( ,*ri/1 & = "s c5turies lat]1 ?is tree 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks by ! "n ( k]onia or k]atea1 be+ ! ,greek = horns1 & is giv5 to ! locu/ or c>ob bean f its suppos$ resemblance to goats' horns4 ,x is also kn[n 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,cyprus "u ! foll[+ names2 t]atsia 7a corruption ( k]atea71 xylok]atea1 k\nt\r\dia1 k\ts\pia & *>\pia4 ,! la/ nam$ is ( ,arabic orig9 7kh>r\b7 & ! same root ( ! ^w is common all ov] ,europe4 ,moreov]1 ! fruit v>ies slightly accord+ to locality1 & develops local *>act]i/ics :i* h acquir$ = x di/9ctive local names2 ?us 9 ,kyr5ia ,di/rict we h templiotik & kyrionitik1 9 ! ,k>pas !re is ! s>ak9e 7introduc$ by ,s>ac5s87 & else:]e ! vaklitik & kombot4 ,?is bean or pod1 :i* :5 ripe is ( a *ocolate col\r1 conta9s f #f to #aj h>d se$s1 emb$d$ 9 a sweet1 pi?y1 honey-l sub/ance :i* imp>ts ! flav\r s mu* appreciat$ by animals4 ,! c>ob tree belongs to ! natural ord] ,legum9os1 sub-ord] ,caesalp91 & is ! only species ( ! g5us ,c]atonia4 ,x is an ev]gre51 long-liv$ tree1 gr[+ to a height ( #cj ft4 & sometimes ev5 to #ej & #fj ft4 ,x ?rives 9 mo/ k9ds ( soil1 especially 9 por\s1 m>ly & ev5 volcanic soils1 b n 9 m>%y l&s4 ,ow+ to its long tap root x resi/s dr\ght well1 & is to be f\nd gr[+ well 9 rocky l& su* z is common 9 _m ( ! c>ob areas ( ,cyprus4 ,x is v g5]ally f\nd int]mix$ ) ! olive tree & up to ab\t ! same altitude4 ,a succession ( fl[]s is produc$ f ,july to ,septemb] or ,octob]1 & 9 fav\rable ye>s up to ,decemb] & ev5 lat]1 & 9 ,july-,augu/ ! tree be>s bo? fl[]s & ripe fruit4 ,! collection ( ! latt] comm5ces ab\t mid-,augu/1 ! exact date be+ annually fix$ sep>ately 9 ea* di/rict by ! ,commission]4 ,?is is done 9 ord] to prev5t ! fruit f be+ /ol54 ,rec5t inve/igations made by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t g to prove t ! fruit-produc+ c>ob tree ( ,cyprus is really h]maphrodite1 ?\gh !re yet rema9s mu* room = inve/igation & ! po9t is n f9ally settl$4 ,! o!rs are true male trees4 ,! h]maphrodite c>ob trees :i* =m practically ! :ole ( ! fruit-produc+ trees ( ! ,isl& are clei/ogam\s 7i4e4 self-f]tilis$ be=e ! calyx op5s7 & %ort-/am5$4 ,!re are also c]ta9 trees self-produc$ f se$ :i* are sup]ior to ! ord9>y s-call$ wild tree4 ,^! be> fruit :i* is /raight & %ort b m or less m>ketable1 & ^! are kn[n z k\nt\ra 7%ort7 or apo/oliki1 z ?\gh s5t by *ance or by ,provid5ce4 ,! ^w apo/oliki is appli$ 9 ,cyprus to o!r k9ds ( trees or fruit %[+ simil> ph5om5a4 ,!re are sev]al millions ( ^! trees 9 ! ,/ate =e/s1 & yet m privately own$4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t1 ow+ to ! wide p[]s ( te/am5t>y disposition1 a s+le tree passes by inh]itance to sev]al heirs4 ,_m ?\s&s ( c>ob plants are annually rais$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t g>d5s & issu$ at a trifl+ *>ge4 ,! common me?od ( propagation has be5 to s[ ! se$s 9 pots1 & :5 ! plant is f #ah 94 to #b ft4 high x is ready = transplant+4 ,! se$1 :i* is v h>d1 is s(t5$ by plac+ x 9 a cauldron or saucepan ( cold wat]4 ,! wat] is !n br\ght to ! boil4 ,on arriv+ at boil+-po9t ! wat] is cool$ & %\ld !n be *ang$ & ! se$ left to /eep = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ow+ to ! long tap root1 s[+ 9 ord9>y nurs]y b$s has n be5 satisfactory1 z ! plants1 :i* c]ta9ly make bett] gr[? ?an 9 pots1 d n transplant well4 ,! =ego+ me?ods h to a great ext5t be5 sup]s$$ by t ( g]m9at+ ! se$ 9 damp s& & s[+ direct 9 ! field 9 prop]ly prep>$ holes4 ,little wat]+ is ne$$ if ! holes are deep & ! soil kept friable4 ,a top mul* is useful to cons]ve ! moi/ure4 ,transplant+ f pots or b$s is be/ done :5 ! plants are twelve mon?s old & ab\t #ab 94 high1 aft] t x is prec>i\s4 ,graft+ may be done z soon z ! /em is ?ick en\gh to take a graft1 ei!r be=e or aft] transplant+4 ,! tree is liable to attack by insects & o!r pe/s4 ,scale 7,aspidiotus c]atoni7 is v common2 b ! greate/ damage ( late ye>s has be5 caus$ by ! fly ,cecidomyia c]atoni1 :i* lays its eggs on ! fl[]s or newly-set fruit1 & ! grub fe$s on ! bean1 caus+ x to become /unt$ & ( no comm]cial value4 ,?is /unt$ condition is locally kn[n z bra*yc>pia & has be5 ! subject ( c>eful sci5tific /udy & practical treatm5t by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,v satisfactory results h be5 record$ f ! campaigns1 :i* h s f> be5 limit$ to ! ,kyr5ia ,di/rict1 & ^! h ju/ifi$ ! ext5sion ( compulsory treatm5t to o!r infect$ areas4 ,?is & o!r pe/s1 su* z ,myelois c]atoni1 ,cossus l9ip]da 7a lepidopt]\s bor+ insect71 a species ( ,mycetiasis1 & a small hym5opt]\s fly :i* has lately appe>$ & is n[ "u inve/igation1 h1 no d\bt1 *eck$ production4 ,! attacks ( ,cecidomyia1 :5 s]i\s1 r$uce ! yield by #hj p] c5t4 or ov]1 & normally may less5 x by #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ,mu* damage is also caus$ by rats 7,mus alex&r9us71 :i* gnaw ! b>k ( ! bran*es1 caus+ !m to dry up4 ,_! de/ruction is enc\rag$ by ,gov]nm5t by ! paym5t ( #a cp4 p] tail4 ,c>ob ga!r+ comm5ces ab\t mid-,augu/ & la/s = ab\t a mon?4 ,! beans are knock$ d[n ) long /icks1 put into sacks & br\ght into /ore1 or heap$ up 9 ! op5 air1 :]e !y (t5 rema9 = sev]al weeks4 ,?is is a safe proc$ure1 z !re is little ra9fall at t season1 & :at might fall w\ld n h>m ! beans1 :i* w\ld quickly dry aga94 ,x is n easy to e/imate ! yield p] donum ( c>ob trees1 b assum+ t ! trees 7 plant$ #cj ft4 ap>t1 & !re 7 #af m$ium-siz$ trees to ! donum1 ! yield w\ld av]age some:]e ab\t #a1bfj okes to ! donum4 ,! yield v>ies f ye> to ye>1 a good ye> g5]ally be+ foll[$ by a mod]ate ye>4 ,! fruit may be de/roy$ by fro/ 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 knock$ (f by hail-/ones 9 ,m>* & ,april or scor*$ by hot w9ds 9 ,may or ,june4 ,a full-siz$1 well-cultivat$ tree c give up to #gbj okes4 ,tak+ good & bad ye>s1 ! value ( ! annual produce ( a m$ium-siz$ tree is #es4 ,c>obs are sold by ! ,aleppo cant> ( #ahj okes1 & ! normal price may be put at f #acs4 to #ags4 p] cant> deliv]$ into /ore4 ,c>obs are weigh$ on export & ! ti! is tak5 9 money f export]s at ! ,cu/oms ,h\se4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! export ( c>obs dur+ ! t5 ye>s end+ #aiac-ad3 ,ye>4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ,tons4 #aijd-je #ca1hhg #ajd1cja #aije-jf #bf1ahg #he1aje #aijf-jg #dd1ife #aeg1deb #aijg-jh #db1cha #aea1faj #aijh-ji #eg1jaj #ahh1hda #aiji-aj #dd1jei #aeg1igb #aiaj-aa #cg1dhe #ade1eij #aiaa-ab #ea1cei #ahb1hhc #aiab-ac #fc1feh #bea1gej #aiac-ad #dd1ihi #agi1jbg ,! fall+-(f 9 #aiac-ad 0 ma9ly due to ! losses caus$ by ! fly ,cecidomyia c]atoni4 ,! fruit ( ! c>ob is export$ mo/ly to ,engl&1 b also to ,france & ,egypt1 & m rec5tly1 be=e ! w>1 to ,g]many4 ,gaudry m5tions t ab\t ! middle ( la/ c5tury x 0 export$ to ,russia1 ,s>d9ia & ,au/ria4 ,"s is us$1 9 ,egypt & ! ,levant especially1 z food = ! poor] classes & = mak+ sweets & %]bets4 ,its *ief use 9 ,we/]n ,europe is z food = animals1 bov9e & equ9e1 = :i* purpose x is gr\nd up & made into ei!r meal or cattle cakes4 ,x is also said to be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( *ocolate & _s1 & !re is a dem& = ! se$ = use 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 gums4 ,! juice ( ! bean1 c>ob honey1 locally call$ mavromelos1 t]atsomelo or betmezi1 is consum$ z a sub/itute = bee-honey or jam & also z a flav\r+ = cul9>y purposes4 ,f ! c>ob honey is also made ! sweetmeat pa/elli4 ,at "o "t c>obs 7 us$ 9 ,cyprus = fatt5+ mules & o!r animals1 b1 un=tunately1 ?is practice di$ out4 ,ef=ts are n[ be+ made to revive x1 & ! advantages ( ?is local product are aga9 becom+ recognis$4 ,! c>ob conta9s "s #ej p] c5t4 ( sac*>9e matt] & ! int]e/+ "q has be5 rais$ 9 rec5t ye>s z to :e!r ! bean might n become a new s\rce ( sug> production4 ,luc]ne 7,m$icago sativa7 ,?is plant 0 introduc$ ab\t eighte5 ye>s ago1 b 9 spite ( its und\bt$ success :5 prop]ly gr[n on suitable soil1 ! ,cypriot f>m] 0 = _m ye>s v sl[ to make use ( x4 ,e ef=t has be5 made ( late ye>s to enc\rage its cultivation & dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s !re has be5 a /eadily increas$ dem& = se$4 ,irrigation is necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 a satisfactory yield1 b !re are _m f>ms :]e x might be gr[n ) great advantage4 ,its value = cattle food is g5]ally recognis$1 & n[ t great] att5tion is be+ giv5 to dairy cattle1 luc]ne w\ld seem to h an assur$ future4 ,vet* 7,vicia ,ervilia7 ,?is plant1 kn[n locally z rovi1 is und\bt$ly ! mo/ widely gr[n ( ! fodd] crops4 ,be+ a legum9\s plant1 x has a re/orative action on ! soil1 al?\gh ! av]age ,cypriot f>m] /ill consid]s x to be exhau/ive4 ,9 ! pla9s s[+ beg9s 9 ,janu>y1 :]eas 9 ! ,pitsillia1 & ev5 9 ! ,morph\1 ,solea & ,tylliria di/ricts :i* are only at ! foo?ills1 x is s[n 9 ,octob]-,novemb]1 i4e4 be=e ! c]eals4 ,rovi is almo/ ! only food 9 ! =m ( se$ giv5 to pl\gh+ ox5 ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,x is reg>d$ z heat-giv+ & /r5g!n+1 & is !re=e f$ specially 9 w9t]4 ,x is sometimes giv5 un?re%$ ) ! /raw4 ,x is h>ve/$ 9 ,may1 :5 x is uproot$1 made into little bundles1 :i* are /ack$ toge!r 9 small heaps 9 ! field1 until !y turn yell[1 :5 !y are remov$ to ! native ?re%+-floor & ?re%$ 9 ! cu/om>y mann]4 ,! dry /ems1 etc41 are eag]ly eat5 by cattle & %eep4 ,! av]age yield is v little1 f #b to #d or #e kils p] donum4 ,x is subject to ti!4 ,*ickl+ ,vet* 7,la?yrus sativus7 ,! *ickl+ vet*1 kn[n locally z favetta or *avetta1 has come r m into prom95ce ( late ye>s1 displac+ ! vet* 7,vicia ,ervilia7 to "s ext5t1 z x gives a heavi] yield4 ,x is subject to ti!4 ,vet* 7,vicia sativa7 ,?is crop1 call$ locally vicos1 0 introduc$ f ,crete 9 #aiac & has be5 f\nd excell5tly suit$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,x is mo/ useful 9 any rotation1 & has to "s ext5t supplant$ rovi 7,vicia ,ervilia7 z x gives a l>g] yield4 ,x is a mo/ nutriti\s cattle food1 = :i* purpose x is gr[n4 ,:5 cru%$ & mix$ ) *opp$ /raw x is readily eat5 by cattle & %eep4 ,! plant se$s itself v freely4 ,x is s[n ab\t ,novemb]-,decemb] & is ready = h>ve/+ 9 ab\t ,april4 ,se$ is s[n at ! rate ( #e to #f okes p] donum & ! yield is normally f #h to #ab kils p] donum4 ,x is a good dr\ght-resi/] & ne$s no irrigation1 & be+ a legum9\s plant %\ld be cut & n pull$ up1 z ! roots left 9 ! soil s]ve to increase ! am\nt ( nitrog5\s salts4 ,be+ a vet* x is subject to ti!4 ,t>es 7,vicia t5uifolia v>4 /5ophylla7 ,?is plant1 locally call$ mavra*]on or phaka*]on1 gr[s wild 9 ! ,pitsillia di/rict among ! v9ey>ds & o!r cultivat$ z well z uncultivat$ l&s4 ,x is ( value 9 ^? remote localities :]e gra9 & /raw are little gr[n & difficult to procure1 z x provides a :olesome fodd] = cattle4 ,! villag]s h n[ tak5 to cultivat+ ! plant4 ,x is cut be=e ! se$s are fully matur$ to prev5t loss ( se$ ?r\gh %$d+4 ,! se$s & *aff are mix$ toge!r :5 f$ to cattle4 ,milk ,vet* 7,a/ragalus7 ,?is plant1 locally call$ arkok\tsia1 gr[s wild 9 "s abundance among ! hills4 ,:5 x appe>s above gr\nd x is readily eat5 by animals1 especially %eep2 b at ?is /age x is apt to cause hov54 ,z ! plant h>d5s ! animals d n t\* x1 except :5 fully ripe1 & !n x is gre$ily eat54 ,z soon z x blossoms1 b be=e ! fruit is set1 ! plant is ga!r$ & ti$ into bundles or small %eaves & /or$ 9 a heap4 ,:51 aft] a few mon?s1 x is q dry1 & at a "t :5 o!r foods are sc>ce1 x =ms an important "p ( an animal's ration4 ,! plants are sometimes all[$ to mature _! se$s1 & ^!1 aft] be+ /eep$ 9 wat] = two or ?ree days to remove acidity1 are giv5 to pigs1 & are consid]$ a n\ri%+ & palatable food4 ,moha1 ,sulla 7,h$ys>um7 ,^! h be5 tri$ = "s ye>s ) success & are gradually becom+ kn[n & exp]im5tally gr[n by f>m]s4 ,teos9te 7,reana luxurians7 ,?is grass is "o ( ! mo/ valuable fodd] plants ) :i* ! ,new ,_w has enri*$ ! ,old4 ,x is a native ( ,guatemala & is also l>gely gr[n 9 ,au/ralia4 ,se$ 0 fir/ import$ into ,cyprus by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t 9 #ahig1 & s9ce !n ! plant has be5 cont9u\sly gr[n 9 ! ,gov]nm5t g>d5s ) m>k$ success4 ,x is s[n 9 ,m>*-,april 9 ! same mann] z ,indian corn1 to :i* x is alli$4 ,if irrigat$1 ?ree or f\r cutt+s may be obta9$ dur+ ! summ]1 yield+ #be to #cj tons ( gre5 food p] scala4 ,x is gre$ily eat5 by cattle4 ,"s plants gr[n by ! ,dep>tm5t atta9$ a height ( #aa ft4 #c 94 & ( o!rs :i* 7 left to rip5 _! se$1 "o _h #ic /ems & weigh$ #bf okes1 ?\gh ! leaves _h begun to %rivel & _h lo/ weight4 ,?is plant is gradually becom+ kn[n & may be f\nd gr[+ on "s ( ! m progressive f>ms4 ,sudan-grass ,se$ ( ?is fodd] grass 0 import$ 9 #aiae & v satisfactory crops h be5 obta9$ ea* ye> s9ce !n f ! exp]im5tal plots4 ,! grass seems well suit$ to ,cyprus & gives a useful yield ev5 :5 unirrigat$4 ,occasional irrigation produces a valuable crop4 ,trial s[+s are n[ be+ made on a few private f>ms4 ,teff-grass 7,eragro/is abyss9ica7 ,?is has also be5 tri$ exp]im5tally ) good results & x is hop$ t its cultivation w ext5d z x becomes m kn[n4 ,mangold ,wurzel ,?is crop has be5 gr[n = sev]al ye>s at ! ,gov]nm5t ,f>m1 ,a?alassa1 :]e x has done well & =ms an important "p ( ! c[s' rations4 ,x has be5 gr[n successfully on a small scale 9 "s ( ! ,nurs]y ,g>d5s4 ,z irrigation1 deep pl\gh+1 ?or\gh cultivation ( ! soil & special cultural op]ations are ne$$1 ?is crop _c be g5]ally recomm5d$ to f>m]s1 b x is be+ gr[n by a few progressive /ock own]s "u ,dep>tm5tal advice4 ,! wild beet 7,beta vulg>is7 is a native ( ! seacoa/s ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,europe1 & ! g>d5 beet-root is mu* gr[n 9 ,cyprus 9 c]ta9 localities1 s1 if c>efully cultivat$1 mangold wurzel1 :i* is a v>iety ( ,b4 vulg>is1 might also d well 9 _m p>ts & be ( great advantage to /ock own]s4 ,prickly ,pe> 7,opuntia7 ,! prickly pe> gr[s wild z a h$ge plant 9 ,cyprus4 ,! fruit is eat5 to "s ext5t by villag]s1 b no attempt has yet be5 made to use ! /ems z food = animals4 ,9 ,sicily v l>ge quantities are s utilis$1 & n[ t mil* c[s are com+ m into dem& 9 ,cyprus ! value ( ! plant = fodd] may become recognis$4 ,successful exp]im5ts h be5 made by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t 9 mix+ ! juice ( ! /ems ) lime = giv+ brilliance & p]man5ce to ord9>y :itewa%4 ,!re has be5 an occasional export ( ! fruit to ,egypt = consumption by ,arabs4 ,,spices ,cori&] ,se$ ,cori&] se$ is ! product ( ,cori&rum sativum1 ,l9n41 an annual h]b belong+ to ! natural ord] ,umbellif]4 ,! se$1 or m /rictly fruit1 ( ! plant is employ$ 9 confection]y 9 mak+ bonbons1 9 ! prep>ation ( c]ta9 liqueurs & z an +r$i5t = disguis+ ! ta/e ( m$ic9es4 ,9 ,cyprus x is commonly us$ z a flav\r+ 9 cook+4 ,a sample s5t to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 9 #aiag 0 exam9$ z a s\rce ( volatile oil1 & ! residue rema9+ aft] di/illation 0 analys$ z a fe$+-/uff4 ,on /eam di/illation ! gr\nd se$ yield$ #j4dh p] c5t4 ( an almo/ col\rless volatile oil ) ! *>act]i/ic & pleasant od\r ( cori&]4 ,?is yield is bel[ t furni%$ by ,russian & ,g]man cori&]1 b is ab\t equal to t obta9$ f ,morocco se$4 ,! results ( ! exam9ation indicate t ! residue has a fairly high fe$+-value1 & x w\ld be q suitable = ! ord9>y use ( cori&] residue1 i4e4 z a cattle food4 ,a sample ( ! se$s 0 submitt$ to brok]s 9 ,london1 :o report$ t !y 7 v /alky1 b t _! value w\ld be f #ejs4 to #fjs4 p] cwt4 7,janu>y #aiag7 z comp>$ ) #ajs4 to #aes4 p] cwt4 be=e ! w>4 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xv4 #aiag1 p4 #cja74 ,anise$ ,anise$1 ! fruit ( an umbellif]\s h]b 7,pimp9ella ,anisum1 ,l9n471 is gr[n on a comp>atively small scale 9 ,cyprus1 ! exports 9 rec5t ye>s v>y+ f #a1jjj to #b1jjj cwts4 p] annum4 ,9 #aiag1 #a1jae cwts41 valu$ at #c1afd1 7 export$1 all ( :i* w5t to ,egypt4 ,se$ s5t = exam9ation to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 0 report$ to consi/ ( anise$ 9 good condition & practically free f extrane\s matt]4 ,a sample ( ! se$ 0 submitt$ to brok]s 9 ,london1 :o /at$ t at t "t 7,janu>y #aiag7 /ocks ( anise$ 7 q exhau/$1 & ! prices !re=e mu* inflat$1 small /ocks ( ,spani% anise$ hav+ *ang$ h&s 9 ,london at #aajs4 p] cwt4 ,su* price c\ld n be secur$ if any quantity ( anise$ 7 plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,! value ( ! ,cyprus sample be=e ! w> w\ld h be5 ab\t #bgs4 #f;d4 p] cwt4 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xv4 #aiag1 p4 #cjj74 ,:ite ,cum9 ,se$ ,:ite cum9 is also an umbellif]\s h]b 7,cum9um ,cym9um1 ,l9n472 an acc\nt ( ! cultivation & uses ( ?is & o!r spices is giv5 9 ! ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xi4 #aiac1 pp4 #aca-acf4 ,a sample ( ! se$ s5t to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 0 submitt$ to brok]s 9 ,london1 :o /at$ t x 0 r small & /alky1 b t x w\ld probably be wor? betwe5 #gjs4 & #hjs4 p] cwt4 7,janu>y #aiag71 al?\gh !y 7 ( op9ion t its pre-w> value w\ld n h be5 mu* ov] #bjs4 p] cwt4 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xv4 #aiag1 p4 #cjb74 ,black ,cum9 ,se$ ,^! se$s1 sometimes kn[n z f5nel-fl[] se$s1 are ! product ( ,nigella sativa1 ,l9n4 7,nat4 ,ord4 ,ranunculace74 ,! plant is an annual1 native to ! ,m$it]ranean region1 & ! se$s1 :i* are us$ 9 ! ,ea/ = flav\r+ curries1 etc41 & 9 ,egypt z comfits on cakes1 h an aromatic f5nel-l od\r :5 fre% & a slightly acrid ta/e4 ,!re is a small export ( black cum9 se$ f ,cyprus4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b little dem& = ?is se$ 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xv4 #aiag1 p4 #cjd74 ,,ess5tial ,,oils ,,& ,,p]fumes ,origanum ,oil ,diff]5t op9ions h be5 held z to ! botanical id5tification ( ! plant f :i* ! ,cyprus origanum oil is produc$4 ,an int]e/+ s]ies ( articles on ?is subject by ,e4 ,m4 ,holmes appe>s 9 ! ,p]fum]y & ,ess5tial ,oil ,record1 #aiac1 f :i* x w\ld seem t ?is oil is d]iv$ f ,origanum majoranoides1 ,wild42 :ile ,dr4 ,/apf1 ( ,kew1 reg>ds ! plant z ,o4 dubium1 ,boiss4 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xi4 #aiac1 p4 #ej74 ,o!r v>ieties gr[+ wild 9 ,cyprus are ,o4 ,onites1 ,o4 hirtum1 bo? ( :i* are locally call$ rigani1 ,o4 ,bevani 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xv4 #aiag1 p4 #cje7 & ,o4 majorana4 ,9 its wild /ate ! plant f :i* origanum oil is di/ill$ is a small p]5nial %rub1 b1 if cultivat$1 its size may be d\bl$ or ev5 trebl$4 ,! fir/ crop1 consi/+ ( %oots & fl[]s1 may give f #cjj to #ejj okes p] donum2 9 subsequ5t ye>s up to #a1jjj-a1ejj okes p] donum4 ,! latt] quantity w\ld produce #dj to #fj okes ( origanum oil1 :i* is l>gely us$ 9 ,engl& = p]fum+ soap & o!r purposes4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ! di/illation ( origanum oil has be5 made "u ,gov]nm5t control4 ,! indu/ry 0 />t$ 9 #ahii &1 ?\gh n l>ge1 has /eadily gr[n4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! ,cyprus origanum oil is exceptionally ri* 9 c>vacrol 7ov] #hj p] c5t471 a p[]ful antiseptic1 & to ?is sub/ance ! oil owes ma9ly its *>act]i/ic ?yme-l od\r4 ,frequ5t analyses h %[n t ! ,cyprus origanum oil is rem>kably con/ant 9 "*4 ,?is oil has ! slight disadvantage ( d>k5+ consid]ably on exposure to light & air1 :i* r5d]s x unsuitable = use 9 light-col\r$ soaps1 b a me?od has be5 work$ out at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute ( ref9+ ! oil s z to yield a product :i* w rema9 practically col\rless = long p]iods4 ,a report furni%$ by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 7,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 iv4 #aijf1 p4 #bii71 aft] giv+ a detail$ description ( ! oil1 /ates3 ,! =ego+ results %[ t ?is oil sells readily 9 ?is c\ntry at prices :i* %\ld be fairly remun]ative to produc]s 9 ,cyprus4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t ! dem& = ?is oil is some:at limit$1 & t x competes ) ! ?yme oil produc$ 9 ,france & ,spa91 & ) ! 'origanum oil' produc$ 9 ,smyrna1 & t consequ5tly a sudd5 increase 9 production 9 ,cyprus might lead to a consid]able fall 9 price4 ,! ,cyprus oil has1 h[ev]1 ! advantage t x is v ri* 9 ! odor\s & antiseptic con/itu5t c>vacrol1 & x is probably due to its ri*ness 9 ?is con/itu5t1 z reveal$ by ! analyses made at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 t ! comp>atively high prices realis$ = ^! consignm5ts 7 obta9$ at a "t :5 'r$ ?yme oils' 7 sell+ at l[] rates4 ,x w\ld be advantage\s if a ref9$ :ite oil c\ld be prep>$ by "s simple me?od f ?is mat]ial1 z ?is probably w\ld fet* an enhanc$ price1 & be applicable to o!r purposes = :i* ! 'r$ oil' is unsuitable4 ,until #aiaj ! di/illation 0 made by ! ,dep>tm5t1 b s9ce !n x has be5 und]tak5 by private contract1 p]mission be+ giv5 to collect ! wild plant f ! =e/4 ,! annual production is n[ ab\t #b1gej lb41 & ! price has /eadily ris5 f ab\t #cs4 p] lb4 to #hs4 #f;d4 p] lb4 at ! pres5t "t4 ,b :]eas ! co/ ( transport to ,london be=e ! w> 0 #h p] ton1 x has ris5 to ! prohibitive rate ( #bjj p] ton1 & ! #aiag oil /ill rema9s 9 /ore at ,alex&ria4 ,! supply ( ! wild plant is limit$ & its cultivation is "u consid]ation4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! exports ( origanum oil 9 rec5t ye>s3 ,ye>4 ,quantity4 lb4 #aijb #b1jib #aijc ,no di/illation #aijd #b1daj #aije #a1dfc #aijf #b1bjj #aijg #a1gde #aijh #b1jea #aiji #a1ecjd #aiaj #b1hdb #aiaa #b1bgf #aiab #b1bcj #aiac #b1dee #aiad #c1ggf #aiae #c1gji #aiaf #b1gef #aiag #b1fif #aiah #b1jff ,m>joram ,oil ,?is is n yet a regul> product1 b samples ( locally produc$ oil h be5 exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute & pron\nc$ to be sup]ior to ,european m>joram oil & ab\t equal 9 value to sweet f5nel oil 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xi4 #aiac1 p4 #ej74 ,x is di/ill$ f a plant :i* is abundant 9 ! =e/s ( ,kyr5ia & ,paphos1 & :i* has be5 ref]r$ by ,dr4 ,/apf to ,o4 majoranoides1 ,wild41 & by ,mr4 ,holmes to ,o4 ,m>u1 ,l9n4 ,! m>ket is1 h[ev]1 re/rict$4 ,laurel ,oil ,samples ( oil di/ill$ f ! leaves ( ,laurus nobilis :i* 7 exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 7 f\nd to h an aroma inf]ior to t ( ! oils usually met ) 9 comm]ce 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xi4 #aiac1 p4 #dcj74 ,! dem& = ! oil is said to be small4 ,otto ( ,roses ,?is has be5 prep>$ s9ce #ahig 9 a v small way ) native /ills at ! village ( ,milik\ri1 :]e ! ,damask rose is abundant4 ,! cultivation ( ?is rose has n[ spread to o!r hill villages4 ,! clos+ ( ! m>ket = ,bulg>ian otto ( roses ow+ to ! w> has giv5 an impetus to ! indu/ry 9 ,cyprus4 ,! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t has = two ye>s s5t qualifi$ (fic]s to sup]9t5d ! "w at ,milik\ri & to c>ry out an exp]im5tal di/illation4 ,a report f ! ,director1 ,imp]ial ,in/itute1 ^u samples ( ! #aiag di/illation /ates t ! con/ants ( ! ,cyprus oil agree closely ) ^? record$ = ,bulg>ian otto ( roses4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! od\r ( ! ,cyprus oil 0 fairly good1 b r weak4 ,! otto sold at #gjs4 p] ounce1 less #b-a_/b p] c5t41 :i* 9 view ( ! v small quantity mu/ be consid]$ satisfactory4 ,at ! "t ( sale ,fr5* otto 0 quot$ at #ghs4 to #hes4 p] ounce4 ,acacia ,f>nesiana ,?is tree is b sp>sely repres5t$ 9 ,cyprus1 b :]ev] f\nd x is vigor\s & heal?y4 ,x belongs to ! ,mimosa tribe ( ! ord] ,legum9os &1 z o!r species are common 9 ! ,isl& & ?rive rem>kably well1 !re w\ld seem no reason :y ?is species also %\ld n become m g5]al4 ,x is kn[n else:]e "u diff]5t names2 t ( sweet bri> 79 ,b>bados7 on acc\nt ( its num]\s ?orns & ! exquisite sc5t ( its fl[]s1 & /9k+ cossie 79 ,antigua7 ow+ to ! highly disagreeable smell ( its wood4 ,! ^w cossie may be a corruption ( acacia4 ,its fl[]s are l>gely us$ 9 p]fum]y1 & ! annual crop ( ! fl[]s ( ?is plant 9 ,france is /at$ to be wor? ?\s&s ( francs1 & a p>ticul>ly delicate fragrant p]fume is extract$ f !m4 ,! pods are said to yield a fair am\nt ( tann91 :ile f ! cracks 9 ! b>k ( ! trunk & bran*es !re exudes a gum v l ! true gum arabic & is utilis$ = ! same purpose4 ,! wood makes good *>coal4 ,x is locally kn[n z sk\r\pa?os or sk\r\pa?ia1 & is closely alli$ to ! extremely common we$ ( t "n :i* is f\nd abundantly 9 ne>ly e field 9 ! pla9s dur+ summ]1 b :i*1 ow+ to its deep-root$ sy/em1 ! natives d n tr\ble to eradicate4 ,x is also alli$ to ,prosopis juliflora or alg>oba tree1 ( :i* !re are a few specim5s 9 ! ,isl&4 ,,oils ,,& ,,oil ,,se$s ,olives ,! olive tree gr[s wild 9 ,cyprus1 b ! wild fruit is small & bitt] & yields an inf]ior oil4 ,! cultivat$ trees are ^? :i* h be5 graft$4 ,ow+ to ! /r+5t regulations :i* h prohibit$ ! introduction ( liv+ plants f abroad1 x has n be5 possible to obta9 f else:]e good grafts ( new v>ieties4 ,^! regulations h lately be5 modifi$ to all[ ( importations by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t "u special re/rictions1 & n[ t ! w> has end$ x is hop$ to obta9 ^! mu*-ne$$ olive grafts4 ,?is tree ?rives well1 almo/ all ov] ! ,isl&1 up to an altitude ( ab\t #b1cjj ft41 & numb]s ( vigor\s wild olive trees are to be met )1 :i* only ne$ clean+ & graft+ 9 ord] to be> fruit4 ,cyprus olives are divid$ into two classes1 locally kn[n z 7a7 adr\ppes or dr\ppes1 :i* are eat5 9 ! gre5 or black /age1 & 7b7 ladoelies1 :i* are suitable bo? = eat+ & = oil extraction4 ,( ! =m]1 or adr\ppes1 "o k9d is r l>ge1 ) r\gh sk91 hav+ a r\gh1 big /one1 ! o!r is long] b ( less diamet]1 & has a v ?91 smoo? sk9 & ! /one is smoo?1 curv$ & small]4 ,! latt] has a bett] ta/e & resembles ! well-kn[n ,greek olive ( ,calamata4 ,bo? ^! adr\ppes are prep>$ = ! table :ile /ill gre51 & are kn[n z kolymbates1 or sometimes !y are call$ tsakki/es1 ow+ to ! /one be+ slightly cru%$ 9 ! process ( prep>ation4 ,! ladoelies are ( two di/9ct v>ieties1 ! l>g] ( :i* is mo/ly reg>d$ z an edible olive1 & conta9s a less p]c5tage ( oil1 :ile ! o!r1 or small] k9d1 is ri*] 9 oil cont5ts1 & is ma9ly us$ = oil production1 ?\gh x is sometimes eat54 ,a few import$ v>ieties1 includ+ "o or two specim5s ( ,spani% & ,greek olive trees1 are to be f\nd "h & !re 9 private g>d5s4 ,if ! l& 7 manur$ & pl\gh$ ! trees w\ld1 especially on ! *alky soils1 yield abundant fruit & oil ( excell5t quality4 ,un=tunately ?is is n done1 & x has be5 f\nd v difficult to induce ! peasants to adopt any k9d ( cultivation4 ,!y pl\gh ! l& only :5 !y int5d to s[ corn or o!r crops betwe5 ! trees1 a proc$ure :i* t5ds to less5 ! productiv5ess ( ! trees4 ,! sy/em ( irrigation appli$ is also v defective4 ,irrigation1 :ile improv+ ! quality & quantity ( edible olives1 is n desirable 9 ! case ( press olives4 ,z to prun+1 ,cypriots w\ld h none ( x until )9 ! la/ five ye>s4 ,by d9t ( pati5t & con/ant p]suasion1 "s few ( ! l>g] own]s 7 induc$ to let _! trees be prun$ by a /aff ( prun]s "u ! direction ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t 7see ,plate ,,vi74 ,mu* ridicule--& at times ?reats--0 hurl$ at bo? ! prun]s & ! tree own]s1 :o 7 assur$ by ! villag]s t = _! folly !y w\ld und\bt$ly lose _! trees4 ,! results beli$ all ^! fe>s1 & n[ )9 ! space ( "s f\r to five ye>s ! practice ( prun+ has become fairly g5]al1 & a good numb] ( villag]s h qualifi$ !mselves z exp]t prun]s & are kept regul>ly employ$ by private p]sons4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is a great amelioration is noticeable 9 ! olive trees 9 _m p>ts & ! yield & quality ( olives h be5 improv$4 ,! me?od ( ga!r+ olives by beat+1 h[ev]1 cont9ues4 ,! fruit s knock$ to ! gr\nd becomes dirty & bruis$1 & quickly f]m5ts1 :5 /or$1 to ! detrim5t ( ! oil4 ,?is mode ( ga!r+ by beat+ damages ! "y twigs & bran*es1 ^: be>+ capacity ! foll[+ ye> is ?us impair$4 ,little c>e is tak5 9 select+ ! olives = oil4 ,n only are !y dirty & bruis$1 b unripe or diseas$ fruit1 z well z ov]ripe fruit t has fall5 f ! tree1 is collect$ toge!r indiscrim9ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,prun$ ,olive-trees at ,meto*i ( ,kykos4 ,! usual practice is to spread out ! olives z receiv$1 & unsalt$1 on ! mud ro(s ( h\ses 9 ord] to give (f a "p ( _! wat] be=e gr9d+4 ,! proc$ure is !n z foll[s3 ,!y are fir/ ( all tak5 to ! cru%] or gr9d+ mill4 ,?is consi/s n ( two /ones1 z 9 ,greece1 b ( "o /one1 drawn by pony1 mule or donkey4 ,= ! fir/ quality ( oil ! olive /ones %\ld n be brok51 b g5]ally speak+1 insuffici5t c>e is paid to ?is & ! /ones are1 = ! mo/ "p1 cru%$4 ,! cru%$ olives 7zim>i1 pa/e7 are !n remov$ to ! press1 :i* is work$ by h&1 ) "o exception ( an hydraulic press at ,akan?\4 ,at ?is village1 :]e ! be/ olive oil is produc$1 ! olives are br\ght direct f ! trees to ! mill1 :]eas else:]e ! practice is to leave !m 9 a heap to f]m5t & !y (t5 become f\l & cov]$ ) du/ & dirt4 ,9 press+ ) wood5 presses1 ! zim>i or cru%$ olives are plac$ 9 r\nd bags made ( plait$ ru%es4 ,sev5 to t5 ( ^! are plac$ "o on top ( ano!r 9 ! press & ! oil obta9$ is virg9 oil 7huile vi]ge74 ,! bags are !n remov$ & squeez$ s z to *ange ! position ( ! cont5ts4 ,!y are !n replac$ 9 ! press & hot wat] is p\r$ into ea* bag4 ,! oil obta9$ is ( second quality4 ,a ?ird press+ is sometimes giv54 ,! yield is calculat$ at ! rate ( #a oke ( oil to #d okes ( olives4 ,9 ! ,paphos di/rict is produc$ a black oil ) a v di/9ct flav\r4 ,?is is due to ! cu/om ( boil+ ! olives be=e gr9d+4 ,! dem& = ?is inf]ior oil is conf9$ to t di/rict4 ,9 =m] days x 0 usual = ! mills & presses to be work$ 9 ! op54 ,?is is n[ r>ely ! case1 b may /ill be occasionally se5 9 p>ts ( ! ,paphos di/rict & else:]e4 ,:e!r outdoors or indoors ^! mills & presses are soon all[$ to become v unclean1 & ! rancid flav\r :i* cl+s to ! wood is quickly imp>t$ to ! oil1 :i* possesses1 = any b ,cypriots1 a /rong & unpleasant smell & flav\r4 ,!re is a consid]able residue or wa/e1 :i*1 if x c\ld be utilis$1 w\ld g f> to meet ! defici5cy 9 ! requirem5ts = local consumption4 ,!re are a few good iron presses n[ 9 use4 ,_! sup]iority is g5]ally recognis$ &1 no d\bt1 n[ t ! w> is ov]1 !y w be import$ 9 great] numb]s4 ,small inexp5sive1 cottage filt]s h be5 design$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t & ^! are be+ adopt$1 ?\gh v gradually4 ,! oil s filt]$ is greatly sup]ior1 b hav+ acquir$ a m delicate flav\r1 x is n s mu* appreciat$ by ! native consum]s4 ,l>ge numb]s ( "y wild olive trees are issu$ on p]mit f ! ,/ate =e/s = private cultivation & _m ?\s&s ( two- & ?ree-ye>-old plants rais$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,nurs]ies are also di/ribut$ e ye>4 ,) ! gradual improvem5t 9 cultivation & 9 ! prep>ation ( ! oil1 ! production %\ld increase enorm\sly4 ,! local production ( olive oil is insuffici5t = ! requirem5ts ( ! ,isl&1 b !re is no reason :y1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! l>ge numb] ( trees newly plant$ & annually on ! increase1 come into be>+1 a valuable export trade %\ld n result4 ,! figures ( production1 giv5 9 ! table bel[1 are /rik+ly fluctuat+1 & indicate ! irregul>ity ( ! annual yield & ! m>k$ v>iation 9 price3 ,ye>4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ,cwts4 #aijd #d1bid #f1dfg #aije #e1bia #h1ejd #aijf #g1hde #ab1fjb #aijg #h1iha #af1ibb #aijh #ghh #a1dei #aiji #c1hea #h1hfd #aiaj #g1eej #ag1bcb #aiaa #fjh #a1dae #aiab #dh #hh #aiac #iaa #b1jeb #aiad #b1aig #d1hcg #aiae #f1jjc #ae1adf #aiaf #d1iff #af1jce #aiag #bij #a1bbe ,sesame ,se$ ,! annual production 9 ,cyprus ( sesame se$ 7,sesamum indicum7 is said to be ab\t #aie1jjj okes4 ,x is "o ( ! recognis$ summ] crops 9 ! pla9s1 & is frequ5tly s[n toge!r 9 ! same field ) cotton1 maize1 etc41 & 9 ! v9e villages x is s[n 9 ! newly plant$ v9ey>ds1 :]e x does well4 ,9 su* cases ! prep>ation ( ! soil is done on ! same l9es z = cotton1 maize1 v9es1 etc4 ,! se$ is us$ ma9ly = ! extraction ( ! oil1 :i* is l>gely employ$ 9 cook+1 & x is also us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( sweetmeats2 x is add$ sometimes z a condim5t 9 bread-mak+4 ,!re is a small export1 pr9cipally ?r\gh ,egypt4 ,! p]c5tage ( oil extract$ v>ies accord+ to ! locality :]e ! se$ has be5 produc$4 ,( ! local product1 t f ,paphos gives ! highe/ yield1 viz4 #cj to #ce p] c5t42 b ?is is inf]ior to ! ,egyptian product1 :i* is to "s ext5t import$ & yields #dj to #de p] c5t4 ( oil1 ?is be+ probably due to ! ?9n] sk94 ,! crop is unc]ta94 ,! plant is readily affect$ by ! hot we/ w9d 7,greek3 libas7 :i* n infrequ5tly bl[s dur+ its p]iod ( gr[?4 ,! developm5t ( ! se$ is !reby *eck$ & x rema9s ?9 & small 7,greek3 psalios71 & naturally ! oil yield is dim9i%$4 ,gr\nd ,nut1 ,peanut or ,monkey ,nut 7,ara*is hypoga7 ,?is nut is fairly popul> among all classes & is import$ ?r\gh ,egypt 9 mod]ate quantities4 ,!re is no reason :y 9 c]ta9 localities ?is plant %\ld n be gr[n successfully1 m especially 9 ! light s&y soils ar\nd ,v>o%a & at ,syriano*ori4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to induce cultivators to gr[ ?is crop1 b s f> x has n comm5d$ itself4 ,x calls = some?+ a little out ( ! ord9>y 9 ! way ( cultivation1 z ! plants mature _! fruits "u ! soil2 ! pr(it to be d]iv$ f ! crop is unc]ta91 & is ?\ght1 ?\gh )\t suffici5t pro(1 to comp>e unfav\rably ) rival crops4 ,gr[]s h be5 some:at det]r$ by ! ease ) :i* ! fruit c be /ol54 ,z ?is is hidd5 "u ! soil1 a !ft is n at once detect$4 ,^! drawbacks probably expla9 its re/rict$ cultivation4 ,%\ld oil-extract+ ma*9]y be introduc$1 ^! nuts might well be gr[n = _! oil1 bo? = cul9>y purposes & = use 9 soap-mak+4 ,! residuum1 aft] extraction ( ! oil1 & ! haulm are nutriti\s cattle foods4 ,! importation ( ^! nuts 0 rec5tly prohibit$ except 9 a roa/$ condition1 ow+ to ! risk ( _! introduc+ plant pe/s :5 9 ! raw1 e>?-encru/$ condition4 ,?is has t5d$ to *eck importation1 & may p]haps give an impetus to local production4 ,gr\nd nuts c be gr[n1 ( c\rse1 only :]e irrigation is possible4 ,! quantity ( gr\nd nuts import$ 9 #aiag 0 #a1ecb cwts41 valu$ at #b1ddh4 ,previ\s to t ye> !y 7 n sep>ately enum]at$4 ,ca/or-oil ,se$ ,! ca/or-oil plant 7,ric9us communis7 is only gr[n to a small ext5t1 b ! tree usually ?rives well & its cultivation might be ext5d$ ) advantage4 ,accord+ to ,g5nadius1 ,dioscorides claim$ t x us$ to be call$ ,seseli ( ,cyprus1 f :i* ! inf]5ce may be drawn t ! plant has long be5 among ! flora ( ! ,isl&1 :]e x is n[ kn[n z a p]5nial4 ,x gr[s v freely f se$ & rapidly atta9s a height ( #ae or #af ft42 b x quickly dies back aft] a slight fro/1 ?\gh x recov]s aga9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,x appe>s to d well 9 mo/ soils1 b ?rives be/ 9 light loam ) mod]ate moi/ure4 ,ow+ to ! dem& = ! oil1 "o or two plantations h lately be5 made by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t4 ,! v>ieties locally gr[n include plants produc+ l>ge1 m$ium & small-siz$ se$4 ,trial cultivations are be+ made to asc]ta9 _! relative values4 ,x is f\nd t a heavi] yield ( bett] quality is usually obta9$ :]e ! plant is treat$ z an annual & n z a p]5nial4 ,f\r samples ( ca/or se$ exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 7 f\nd to conta9 normal am\nts ( oil1 & simil> se$ w\ld be readily saleable 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom if (f]$ 9 comm]cial quantities 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xvii4 #aiai1 p4 #dib74 ,,fibres ,cotton ,dur+ ! "t ( ! ,v5etian occupation 7#adhi-aegj7 ,cyprus export$ annually f sev5 to fifte5 million p\nds ( raw cotton4 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies ! ,engli% ,levant ,company s5t l>ge quantities f ,cyprus to ,engl&4 ,:5 ! sc>city ( cotton occasion$ by ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> gave a /imulus to its gr[? ,cyprus took "p 9 meet+ ! dem&1 & 9 #ahff ov] #b1jjj1jjj lb4 7 export$4 ,s9ce !n ! production has decl9$4 ,9 =m] times1 !n1 ! production ( ,cyprus cotton mu/ h be5 v l>ge1 z cotton manufactures 9 ! ,isl& 71 z 9 mo/ cotton-produc+ c\ntries 9 ! ,ea/ at t p]iod1 bo? consid]able & ( *oice quality4 ,cyprus 0 always di/+ui%$ = its cotton sp9n+4 ,g5nadius sugge/s t ! ,k>pas1 :i* is "o ( ! c5tres ( ! ,cyprus cotton manufacture1 d]iv$ its "n f ! anci5t k>pasos1 a f9e cotton clo? :i* came f ,india4 ,!re is an old ,hebrew ^w k>pas f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & d]iv$ f ! ,sanscrit k>pasa1 cotton1 or k>pasum1 cotton clo?4 ,dur+ ! ,turki% ,adm9i/ration cotton cultivation decl9$1 ow+ to ! de/ruction ( aqu$ucts1 ,v5etian wells1 etc41 & to ! practice ( tax+ ! cotton crop 9 ! field be=e x 0 pick$--a cause ( consid]able delay & detrim5t to ! crop4 ,c>eless cultivation & consequ5t det]ioration ( ! fibre z well z ! g5]al fall 9 value contribut$ to ! decay ( ! indu/ry4 ,tax+ ! crop 9 ! field 0 ab&on$ 9 #ahij1 & a ti! 0 levi$ on export$ cotton only 7,h&book ( ,cyprus74 ,! species ( cotton pr9cipally cultivat$ 9 ! ,isl& is ,gossypium h]baceum4 ,am]ican ,new ,orleans se$ 0 introduc$ "s tw5ty ye>s or s ago1 & ?is has n[ l>gely displac$ ! orig9al native k9d2 9 fact ! native k9d has almo/ entirely disappe>$1 & :at little is gr[n is mo/ly us$ = /uff+ ! native b$-quilt or paploma4 ,cotton gr[n )\t irrigation is kn[n z dry cotton4 ,x is gr[n *iefly 9 ! ,messaorian pla9 & 9 ! ,k>pas2 x is h>% to ! t\* & %ort 9 /aple1 b ( satisfactory col\r4 ,wet cotton is gr[n on irrigat$ l&2 x is usually ( l>g] /aple & ( f9] quality ?an ! dry cotton & comm&s a high] price4 ,?is is gr[n ma9ly r\nd ab\t ,ky?rea1 ,nis\1 ,dali1 ,lapi?os & 9 ! ,solea valley4 ,native cotton is always gr[n dry2 ! ord9>y ,am]ican v>iety is gr[n bo? wet & dry4 ,! ,k>pas cotton1 :i* is dry gr[n1 is inf]ior n only on acc\nt ( its %ort] /aple1 b on acc\nt ( ! me?od ( pick+4 ,9 "s places ( ,messaoria1 at ,dali1 ,nis\1 etc41 ! dry & sometimes ! wet cotton is pick$ 9 ! morn+ be=e ! dew has q evaporat$1 & x is pick$ direct f ! gr[+ plant4 ,b ! mo/ g5]al practice is = ! villag]s to cut ! bolls e>ly 9 ! morn+ be=e ! dew is evaporat$ 7,greek3 porn71 transport !m to ! h\ses & !n remove ! l9t at _! leisure4 ,9 ?is way ! bolls are m or less cru%$ & ! l9t :5 remov$ conta9s a mixture ( husk1 leaves1 etc4 ,9 ! case ( native & o!r v>ieties ! l9t ( :i* adh]es to ! boll1 ! husks1 leaves1 etc41 are remov$ f ! bolls 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! bolls are spread out on mats to dry 9 ! sun2 :5 suffici5tly dry ! bolls are put 9 a rot>y sieve made ( re$s & /icks1 simil> 9 make to ! ord9>y re$ baskets ( ! c\ntry4 ,ea* end ( ! sieve is clos$1 b x has an op5+ 9 ! middle1 ab\t #a by #a-a_/b to #b ft41 :i* is clos$ by a small re$ mat4 ,! sieve is ab\t #e to #f ft4 long & #b to #b-a_/b ft4 9 diamet]4 ,! bolls are dropp$ into ! sieve ?r\gh ! op5+ & x is !n revolv$ by h& by means ( an axle :i* passes ?r\gh x longitud9ally4 ,by ?is means mo/ ( ! cru%$ husks & leaves fall ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! sieve4 ,! native se$ is usually gr[n on dry l&s z x )/&s dr\ght4 ,! wet cotton is mo/ly ( ! ,am]ican v>iety4 ,pr(essor ,wyndham ,dun/an1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 8 ,report on ! ,agricultural ,res\rces ( ,cyprus 7#aije71 ref]r$ to ! successful trials made ) ,sea ,isl&1 ,pet]k91 ,truitt's ,big ,boll1 ,culpepp] ,big ,boll1 & ,all5's ,long ,/aple4 ,s9ce !n o!r v>ieties h be5 tri$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 & :ile ,all5's & ,truitt's h cont9u$ to d well1 good results h be5 obta9$ f ,triumph & ,durango1 bo? ( :i* are e>ly k9ds & are !re=e v suitable to ! ,isl&4 ,a report by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute on samples ( ,all5's ,improv$1 ,mebane's ,e>ly ,triumph & ,sakell>idis cottons gr[n exp]im5tally 9 ,cyprus 9 #aiae w be f\nd 9 ! ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute 7vol4 xv4 #aiag1 p4 #bih74 ,ow+ to fe> ( locu/s1 late s[+ 7ab\t ,may-,june7 became r g5]al4 ,?is is a dang]\s practice z ! bolls rip5 late & mu* cotton is spoilt by ! e>ly autumn ra9s4 ,x is mo/ly s[n broadca/ or 9 tr5*es2 on irrigat$ l& x is mo/ly s[n 9 ! ridges1 b ! old] practice ( s[+ broadca/ /ill1 un=tunately1 cont9ues4 ,dry cotton is usually s[n ei!r on l& :i* c be irrigat$ by a riv] :5 9 flood1 or 9 livadhia or l[-ly+ l&s :i* reta9 _! moi/ure a long "t4 ,9 ! =m] case ! se$ is s[n ab\t ,m>*-,april1 :ile ! soil is /ill damp f ra9 wat] or f riv] ov]fl[4 ,x is g5]ally expect$ t :5 ! "y plants are fairly e/abli%$ a second irrigation f flood-wat] may occur4 ,9 ! livadhia ! se$ is s[n lat]4 ,wet cotton is wat]$ ab\t e =tnight4 ,! crop beg9s to be collect$ 9 mid-,septemb] & cont9ues up till ! end ( ,octob]4 ,dry cotton is r>ely manur$2 wet cotton occasionally4 ,! use ( *emical manures is com+ into practice4 ,!re are sev]al g9n+ ma*9es 9 ! ,isl&1 b bal+ by hydraulic presses is done almo/ exclusively at ,l>naca4 ,9 ! ,isl& ! cotton se$ is us$ = s[+ & = fe$+ cattle4 ,! exports ( cotton se$ h be53 ,ye>4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ,cwts4 #aiji #b1gjh #gfi #aiaj #c1jff #igj #aiaa #c1bde #hcj #aiab #ae1hgd #d1ece #aiac #ac1icc #c1gej ,! exports repres5t ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! total production4 ,!re %\ld be a good op5+ = ma*9]y = extract+ ! oil4 ,! cotton is locally grad$ into 7#a7 be/1 7#b7 m$ium1 & 7#c7 poor1 all be+ ,am]ican v>ieties4 ,! fir/ quality is ! wet or irrigat$ cotton4 ,! second quality is gr[n mo/ly 9 ! ,messaoria pla9 & at ,dali1 ,nis\1 ,potamia1 ,ky?rea1 :]e x is p>tly irrigat$ by riv] floods4 ,! ?ird quality is dry & comes pr9cipally f ! ,k>pas4 ,on ! ,m>seilles m>ket ! second quality has a value #c to #d p] c5t41 & ! ?ird quality #h to #aj p] c5t4 less ?an ! fir/ quality4 ,! fir/ quality ranks 9 price at ,m>seilles on ab\t a level ) ,am]ican cotton4 ,= "s t5 ye>s ,greece has tak5 ! lead+ place z an import]4 ,be=e ! w>1 ,cyprus cotton w5t *iefly to ,m>seilles & ,greece1 "s also to ,trie/e4 ,only a v insignificant quantity goes to ,engl&4 ,! freight to ,m>seilles 0 ab\t #bes4 p] ton1 to ,trie/e ab\t #aes4 p] ton1 :ile to ,engl& x av]ag$ #ejs4 p] ton4 ,! m>ket prices at ,m>seilles & ,trie/e 7 approximately ! same1 b at ,m>seilles !y 7 subject to a disc\nt ( #a-a_/b p] c5t41 :]eas at ,trie/e a disc\nt ( #c to #d p] c5t4 0 made4 ,! ,trie/e m>ket1 be+ small1 0 subject to sudd5 fluctuations & 0 !re=e risky & less fav\r$ by ,cypriot export]s4 ,= sev]al reasons ! ,liv]pool m>ket has n be5 s attractive z t ( ,m>seilles4 ,at ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] quantities ( n less ?an1 say1 #ajj bales are pref]r$1 :]eas ,m>seilles w\ld take small] consignm5ts ( #bj or #dj bales4 ,uni=mity ( type is requir$ by ,man*e/] sp9n]s1 :]eas ! ,fr5* factories are m ready to h&le diff]5t types1 includ+ ! %ort] /aples4 ,cyprus m]*ants make no di/9ction z reg>ds ! v>ieties ( cotton1 :e!r ,orleans1 ,sea ,isl& or o!r k9ds1 & inde$ !y are sc>cely compet5t to d s1 z ?is requires special k & exp]i5ce4 ,!y buy 9 small quantities f _m peasant gr[]s & mix ! produce 9 ord] to make up a fair consignm5t4 ,9 normal times !re 0 always ! fur!r difficulty ( obta9+ direct transport to ,engl&1 :]eas to ,m>seilles1 ,trie/e & also to ,greece ! opportunities 7 m frequ5t4 ,s9ce ! w> ,greece has become mu* ! l>ge/ buy]4 ,ow+ to %ortage ( cotton on ! ,greek m>ket ?is commodity 0 pur*as$ f ,cyprus r ?an f ,liv]pool1 z ! freight 0 l[] & w> risks mu* less2 ap>t f ! almo/ impossibility ( obta9+ tonnage4 ,x 0 ! practice be=e ! w> = ,cypriot m]*ants to sell c4i4f4 ,piru1 b !y c\ld n cont9ue ?is "u rec5t conditions & n[ sell f4o4b4 ,cyprus1 & ?is practice is likely to cont9ue4 ,?is f4o4b4 ,cyprus price has lately be5 ab\t ! same z w\ld ord9>ily be obta9$ = c4i4f4 ,liv]pool4 ,greece has _m small filatures will+ to take consignm5ts ( ev5 #aj bales1 & ! %ipm5t direct or via ,alex&ria is easi]4 ,a ,cyprus bale weighs ab\t #aej okes4 ,! foll[+ figures1 %[+ av]age annual exports ( raw cotton at v>i\s pre-w> p]iods1 indicate ! c\rse ( ! cultivation3 ,p]iod4 ,av]age ,quantity4 ,av]age ,value4 ,cwts4 #ahhj-hi 4 4 4 #fh1daj #adg1fhc #ahij-ii 4 4 4 #eg1bia #ia1hab #aijj-ji 4 4 4 #da1aba #ib1ici #aiaj-ag 4 4 4 #fh1chd #bac1bge ,prices h v>i$1 z is %[n by ! values ( ! foll[+ record ye>s3 ,quantity4 ,value4 ,av]age price4 ,cwts4 #ahhe 7highe/ export on record7 #ad1bgf #bi1efg #b #a #e #ahhf 7#bnd ditto7 4 4 4 #ac1hhg #bf1ece #a #af #aa #aiab 7#crd ditto7 4 4 4 #ac1hjh #dj1jhe #b #ah #j #aiac 7#d? ditto7 4 4 4 #ac1ddd #dj1fic #c #j #f #ahhd 7#e? ditto7 4 4 4 #ab1bbg #bf1hgd #b #c #a ,9 #aiag !re 7 #ac1fhe donums "u cotton cultivation4 ,x is usual 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,isl&1 especially 9 ! ,kyr5ia di/rict1 to leave ! crop 9 ! gr\nd = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,?is me?od ( cropp+ is locally kn[n z palia or old4 ,x is f\nd pr(itable to leave ! cotton plants two or ?ree ye>s on irrigat$ l&4 ,! second-ye> crop usually gives ! heavie/ yield4 ,! av]age yield ( ung9n$ cotton on irrigat$ l& is ab\t #abj okes 7#c cwts47 p] scala2 b z mu* z #bej okes c be obta9$4 ,wet cotton1 be/ quality1 yields #a oke ( l9t f #c okes ( ung9n$ cotton1 & dry cotton yields ab\t #a oke ( l9t f #c-a_/c okes ( ung9n$ cotton4 ,!re is mu* l& well suit$ to cotton :i* = lack ( wat] _c be utilis$4 ,if artesian wat] c\ld be f\nd1 !re w\ld be a v consid]able ext5sion ( ?is cultivation4 ,!re is a well-equipp$ little cotton factory at ,famagu/a1 & excell5t cotton fabrics are made1 especially 9 ,nicosia neighb\rhood1 ,lapi?os & ,k>avas1 ,lefkonico & ,gypsos & 9 ! ,k>pas4 ,^! are kn[n "u ! names ( alaja & dimita4 ,!y are mo/ly ( good patt]ns1 ! mat]ial is /rong & we>s well1 & is be+ l>gely us$1 n only by ! peasantry1 b also = mak+ m5's suits & ladies' skirts & clo?s4 ,an int]e/+ article on ! ,cyprus ,cotton ,indu/ry is to be f\nd 9 ! ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 iii4 #aije1 pp4 #cbg-ccd4 ,flax & ,l9se$ ,! cultivation ( flax 7,l9um usitatissimum71 :i* began to develop "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 has decl9$ dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s or s4 ,! reasons = ?is are t x is consid]$ to exhau/ ! soil1 ! lat] h&l+ ( ! crop = fibre is tr\blesome & ! m>ket is liable to r viol5t fluctuations4 ,x gr[s well 9 ! ,messaoria pla91 & :5 *emical manures are m g5]ally us$ x may come m into fav\r4 ,attempts h be5 made to improve ! quality by ! introduction ( ,riga flax se$1 b s f> )\t success4 ,!re is a small export ( l9se$1 b ow+ to ! primitive me?ods ( w9n[+ & clean+ x does n fet* ! be/ price4 ,! quality ( ! clean$ se$ is excell5t4 ,k & c>e are ne$$ 9 pick+ ! crop at exactly ! "r "t4 ,! imp]fect me?ods ( g5]al cultivation prev5t ! uni=m rip5+ ( ! se$1 & ?is means an unev5 & unsatisfactory sample4 ,defective scre5+ acc\nts = ! pres5ce 9 excess ( =eign sub/ances1 we$ se$s1 etc4 ,^! difficulties are capable ( rem$y1 & x may reasonably be hop$ t :5 once ov]come ! cultivation w be ext5d$4 ,9 ,cyprus ! cultivation is ! same :e!r int5d$ = se$ or fibre1 & consequ5tly ! latt] is ( an inf]ior quality1 z is indicat$ 9 a report on ,cyprus flax publi%$ 9 ! ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute 7vol4 vi4 #aijh1 p4 #d74 ,se$ is s[n 9 ,novemb]-,decemb] at ! rate ( #ag to #bb okes p] donum4 ,rett+ is done by /eep+ 9 ! l>ge /one irrigation tanks :i* are a feature on mo/ f>ms4 ,9 ! ,messaoria1 ab\t ,ano & ,kato ,zodia1 :]e flax is commonly gr[n1 ! plant is rett$ 9 ! riv] ,ovgos1 :i* reta9s suffici5t wat] usually until ,augu/4 ,! yield p] donum v>ies f #ajj to #cjj okes ( se$1 #hj to #ajj okes ( fibre & #ej to #gj okes ( t[4 ,wool ,! exports ( wool = ! ?ree la/ pre-w> ye>s 7 z foll[s3 ,ye>4 ,quantity4 ,value4 ,cwts4 #aiaa 4 4 4 4 #e1ece #ac1deb #aiab 4 4 4 4 #d1fbg #aa1cfb #aiac 4 4 4 4 #d1gjg #ab1aha ,?is w5t *iefly to ,france1 & next1 ?\gh 9 mu* small] quantities1 to ,italy4 ,! wool is ( mod]ate quality2 ?is is p>tly due to ! bre$ ( %eep & p>tly to ! conditions "u :i* !y are kept4 ,attempts h be5 made by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t to impress on ! native bre$]s ! necessity ( keep+ ! %eep well f$1 & exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out at ! ,a?alassa ,exp]im5tal ,f>m = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ ! advantages ( c>eful re>+4 ,two fleeces f ! ,a?alassa ,f>m 7 s5t to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 9 ,may #aiab1 = exam9ation & comm]cial valuation4 ,"o 0 ! fleece ( a ye>l+ ram4 ,?is 0 clean1 fairly s(t & almo/ :ite4 ,! o!r 0 ! fleece ( a ye>l+ ewe4 ,?is 0 clean1 slightly h>% & almo/ :ite1 b 0 slightly co>s] ?an t ( ! ram4 ,^! fleeces 7 consid]$ by a firm ( ,london brok]s z an excell5t class ( c>pet wool & likely to meet always ) a ready sale 9 ! ,london m>ket 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 x4 #aiab1 p4 #ecg74 ,a simil> op9ion 0 express$ imm$iately be=e ! w> 7,july #aiad7 by a ,london firm to :om two bales ( ,cyprus wool _h be5 s5t1 ( :i* a "p _h be5 pur*as$ 9 ! baza> & wa%$ & trimm$ by ! ,dep>tm5t & "p came f ! ,a?alassa 7,gov]nm5t7 flock4 ,x 0 consid]$ z an ideal wool = c>pet mak+ or = blankets1 b defici5t 9 lu/re = braids4 ,! actual yield p] %eep1 viz4 #c to #c-a_/b lb41 comp>es unfav\rably ) t ( ,l9colns1 :i* !y mo/ closely resemble4 ,?is is due p>tly to bre$1 b l>gely also to ! conditions "u :i* ! %eep are kept 7see p4 #ag74 ,hemp ,! cultivation ( hemp 7,cannabis sativa7 is practically conf9$ to ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,paphos di/rict1 & !re only 9 places :]e ! wat]-supply is ample4 ,! plant is gr[n only = fibre1 :i* is exclusively us$ = rope-mak+1 :i* is c>ri$ out by h& by ! villag]s r\nd ab\t ,ktima4 ,x w\ld be ( advantage to h a rope-mak+ ma*9e at "w at a spot c5trally situat$ 9 ! area ( production4 ,a simple h&-work$ ma*9e is n[ be+ exp]im5tally us$ & w1 x is believ$1 turn out a bett] class ( rope4 ,! plant gr[s well on f]tile & irrigat$ l&s4 ,f>my>d manure1 & specially %eep manure1 are g5]ally appli$1 & *emical f]tilis]s are n[ also com+ into use4 ,h>ve/+ takes place :5 ! plants beg9 to turn pale4 ,! plants are uproot$1 n cut1 & are made up into %eaves ti$ toge!r at ! butt end only4 ,! bundles are n m ?an #b-a_/b spans r\nd1 & ( equal size4 ,:5 fir/ uproot$ ! %eaves are plac$ flat on ! field 9 r[s to dry & 9 su* zig-zag fa%ion t ! top end ( "o %eaf is always made to re/ on ! butt end ( ano!r1 & ?us does n come into contact ) ! gr\nd3 ?is ensures ! circulation ( air & ha/5s ! dry+ process4 ,! %eaves are tak5 lat] to ! ?re%+-floors1 :]e !y are /ood upright until !y are dry4 ,! se$ is sep>at$ by beat+4 ,! %eaves are expos$ to ! sun until ! leaves are %$1 & :5 ! /ems are entirely dry ! bundles are ti$ up at bo? ends & are tak5 to ! rett+-place1 :i* is usually ! common /one tank or ci/]n ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re !y are /eep$ 9 wat] = six to n9e days4 ,! bundles are g5]ally cov]$ by ab\t "o foot ( wat]4 ,on ! six? day ! fibre is te/$4 ,if x sep>ates easily ! bundles are remov$1 if n !y rema9 = ano!r two or ?ree days4 ,?is requires mu* c>e & exp]i5ce1 z ! quality dep5ds l>gely ^u effective rett+4 ,!n !y are tak5 out ( ! wat] & sun-dri$1 be+ pil$ up into po9t$ %ooks1 left holl[ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! fibre is sep>at$ by means ( a wood5 implem5t locally call$ melidjia4 ,?is consi/s ( a wood5 tr\gh plac$ on two legs :i* are fix$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,a w$ge-%ap$ piece ( wood :i* is h+$ to ! tr\gh at "o end is us$ z ! beat]4 ,! hemp /alks1 aft] ! butts are cut (f1 are plac$ 9 ! tr\gh & ! beat] work$ up & d[n s z to split ! /alks & lay b>e ! fibre4 ,! av]age production ( fibre p] scala is #fj to #hj okes1 b :]e conditions are all fav\rable x may rea* #afj to #bjj okes & ! se$ yield may be any?+ f #hj to #bjj okes p] scala4 ,silk ,! silkworm 7,bombyx mori7 f9ds 9 ,cyprus a climate exceptionally fav\rable to its developm5t1 & ,cyprus silks h be5 fam\s = _! quality ?r\gh\t ! middle ages & z f> back z ! six? c5tury ,a4,d41 :5 ,greek monks fir/ introduc$ silkworms f ,*9a4 ,9 ! fateful ye> #ahde1 :5 ! disease pebr9e ne>ly de/roy$ ! silk indu/ry ( ,europe1 ! anxi\s se>* = heal?y silkworm eggs t !n ensu$ l$ ,arabs f ,syria to visit ,cyprus & buy l>ge quantities ( silk cocoons f :i* !y rais$ & export$ ! eggs4 ,at t "t1 !re=e1 x is evid5t t ,cypriot mo?s 7 well ?\ght (4 ,pebr9e soon rea*$ ,cyprus & almo/ br\ght ! ,isl& bre$ to an end4 ,?anks1 h[ev]1 to ! ,pa/eur sy/em1 :]eby pebr9e & o!r silkworm diseases h be5 br\ght "u complete control1 ! indu/ry bo? "h & else:]e 0 n only sav$ b has be5 consid]ably develop$4 ,writ+ 9 #ahif ,mr4 ,p4 ,g5nadius1 late ,director ( ,agriculture1 ,cyprus1 /at$ t ! local production ( silkworm eggs 0 s small t x c\ld n be tak5 into consid]ation1 & f ! figures !n giv5 ! total av]age annual production at t "t is e/imat$ to h be5 #ce1jjj okes ( dry cocoons4 ,?is repres5t$ an av]age yield ( only #c-a_/b okes ( dry cocoons1 equal to #ae-a_/b kilograms ( fre% cocoons1 p] ounce ( silkworm eggs4 ,?is comp>$ v unfav\rably ) ! av]age annual production ( fre% cocoons 9 ,france & ,italy at t "t1 :i* 0 #ce kilograms & #cj kilograms respectively p] ounce ( silkworm eggs4 ,moreov]1 ?is ratio _h be51 up to t p]iod1 on a desc5d+ scale4 ,9 a report publi%$ 9 #ahig ,mr4 ,g5nadius attribut$ ?is unsatisfactory /ate ( ?+s to ! foll[+ causes3 #a4 ,! importation ( *eap silkworm eggs ( inf]ior quality2 ! av]age price paid by m]*ants 0 #b to #b-a_/b francs p] ounce1 :ile ! price 9 ,france rang$ f #i to #ab francs4 #b4 ,! action ( m]*ants :o import$ l>g] quantities ( eggs ?an !y c\ld prop]ly dispose (4 #c4 ,! ignorance & folly ( re>]s :o und]took to re> f> m worms ?an !y c\ld prop]ly educate1 hav+ reg>d to space1 leaves & lab\r4 ,9 #aijh ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture set to "w1 ) "s success1 to improve ! me?ods ( re>+ up to t "t 9 vogue1 & dur+ ! six ye>s end+ #aiac 7inclusive7 ! av]age annual quantity ( eggs hat*$ out 0 #ab1cai oz41 ! av]age annual export ( dry cocoons 0 #de1eea okes1 & ! av]age annual e/imat$ local consumption #d1ddi okes1 mak+ a total annual production ( #ej1jjj okes1 z aga9/ #ce1jjj okes 9 #ahif4 ,! =m] total repres5ts an av]age yield ( ab\t #d okes ( dry cocoons1 equal to ab\t #ah kilograms ( fre% cocoons p] ounce ( se$1 & m>ks a slight improvem5t ^u ! ratio ( eighte5 ye>s previ\sly4 ,s9ce #aiad ?is bran* ( "w has receiv$ a l>g] %>e ( att5tion f ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,five s]icultural /ations h be5 e/abli%$1 regulations h be5 issu$1 inspections by qualifi$ p]sons h be5 sy/ematically made1 practical advice has be5 giv5 to re>]s 9 ! matt] ( cleanl9ess1 dis9fection & s =?1 ! grant+ ( lic5ces to egg-rais]s has be5 put on a bett] foot+ & ! :ole indu/ry has be5 br\ght m "u obs]vation & control4 ,num]\s sugge/ions h be5 made f "t to "t = insur+ t only a good quality ( egg %all be import$4 ,z an effective--p]haps ! mo/ effective--means to ?is end1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has set itself to improve ! production ( local eggs & ?us indirectly disc\rage _! importation3 hold]s ( lic5ces to raise eggs are requir$ to pass p]iodical exam9ations2 sev]al h 9 consequ5ce _h _! lic5ces cancell$1 new lic5sees h be5 add$1 & _m unlic5s$ p]sons h be5 prosecut$ & convict$ = illegally rais+ eggs4 ,! common me?od ( hat*+ practis$ by villag]s1 by plac+ ! eggs ti$ 9 clo? ) a little cotton-wool 9 _! b$s or by c>ry+ !m on _! p]sons1 /ill prevails1 b x is gradually yield+ to a bett] sy/em ( incubation4 ,! ,dep>tm5t has design$ a simple1 inexp5sive hat*+-box1 & ^! are n[ be+ us$ ) good results4 ,until ab\t ?ree ye>s ago probably #be p] c5t4 ( ! local re>]s 7 produc+ _! own se$ )\t any microscopical exam9ation at all4 ,bad fe$+1 bad v5tilation1 ill-adapt$ premises 7 g5]al4 ,z a consequ5ce pebr9e & fla*]ie play$ su* havoc t _m p 7 beg9n+ to ab&on silkworm re>+ & uproot _! mulb]ry trees4 ,! expansion & increas$ res\rces ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t happily came j 9 "t to *eck ?is backw>d move4 ,silk reel+ is un=tunately done 9 ! mo/ primitive mann] ) wood5 appliances & hot wat] by village h& lab\r4 ,! locally reel$ silk is us$ only = ,isl& consumption & ! great bulk ( cocoons is export$ 9 ! raw /ate1 mo/ly to ,lyons & ,milan4 ,! burd5 ( freight on ?is bulky c>go is naturally a heavy h&icap & ! local silkworm re>]s h consequ5tly to be cont5t ) v l[ & inadequate prices = _! cocoons4 ,dur+ ! reel+ process #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( ! silk is lo/1 & a fur!r loss is incurr$ dur+ weav+ ow+ to ! num]\s knots hav+ to be cut away & ! silk ?reads rejo9$4 ,a consid]able loss is said to take place 9 sell+ cocoons 9 ! ,european m>kets4 ,! cocoons on arrival at ,m>seilles are subject$ to (ficial te/s & sold accord+ to ! reports made by ! (ficial te/]s4 ,x is ( advantage to ! buy]s t ! report %\ld be made z unfav\rable z possible z ! price is l[]$ proportionately1 & x is felt t ! cocoons export$ are ?us plac$ too mu* at ! m]cy ( ! te/+ (ficials4 ,^! ,cyprus cocoons are reel$ 9 ,france & ,italy & ! silk is l>gely sold to ,engl&4 ,x w\ld be to ! mutual b5efit ( ,engl& & ,cyprus if a direct dem& = ,cyprus reel$ silk c\ld be creat$ & mod]n reel+ plant introduc$ into ! ,isl&4 ,a l>ge sum ( money1 n[ annually paid = freight1 w\ld ?us be sav$ to ! ,cypriot produc]s1 :i* w\ld /imulate ! local indu/ry & t5d to increase greatly ! annual production & improve ! local weav+ ( silk /uffs1 an indu/ry :i* has already ga9$ consid]able fame & at :i* ! ,cypriot wom5 are adepts4 ,z ! foll[+ table %[s1 ! am\nt ( raw silk export$ is a negligible quantity1 b a fairly l>ge quantity is locally reel$ & is us$ 9 mak+ ! silk /uffs :i* are s mu* s\ght aft] 9 ! local baza>s3 ,export ( cocoons4 ,export ( ,export ( raw silk cocoons wa/e4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,ye>4,okes4,c\ntry4,okes4,c\ntry4,okes4, c\ntry4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #aiji #da1jac ,france #b1abj ,france #f ,turkey #aiaj #dd1eej #a1aje #bei #aeg ,egypt #aiaa #eg1dbb #b1gjd #bdf ,turkey #gj ,egypt #aiab #dc1aif #b1ega #ij ,turkey #gj ,turkey #c ,greece #aiac #dh1hhd #b1ejb ,france #aah ,turkey ,ef=ts h be5 made by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t to improve ! ,cypriot race ( silkworms4 ,two races ( :ite col\r1 ! ,japanese & ! ,baghdad1 h be5 sep>ately cross$ ) ! yell[ race ( ,baghdad4 ,^! cross+s began 9 #aiab-ac & h be5 cont9u$ up to ! pres5t4 ,! objects aim$ at are to e/abli% a new ,cypriot race 7a7 giv+ good cocoons ( a f9e /ructure & l>g] 9 size ?an ! ,fr5* v>iety & yield+ a maximum quantity ( silk2 7b7 produc+ cocoons ( a uni=m col\r & 9 dem& 9 ! ,european m>ket & 7c7 ) ^! *>act]i/ics con/ant4 ,! results obta9$ s f> are promis+1 b uni=mity ( col\r has n yet be5 atta9$1 ?\gh x is hop$ t1 by c>eful selection1 ?is w become m fix$ e ye>4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t ! fam\s ,fr5* cream-col\r$ race took sev5ty-five ye>s to become fully e/abli%$ ow+ to ! widespread damage caus$ by pebr9e &1 to a less] ext5t1 by fla*]ie4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t silkworm eggs locally produc$ by qualifi$ lic5sees are decid$ly m immune to disease & less affect$ by adv]se atmosph]ic conditions ?an import$ se$4 ,! local conditions ( s]iculture 9 ,cyprus h und]gone a *ange ( late ye>s4 ,=m]ly ,nicosia & ,famagu/a 7 ! di/ricts :]e ?is indu/ry 0 *iefly c>ri$ on2 b latt]ly :ole mulb]ry groves h be5 uproot$ & replac$ by fruit trees :i* are consid]$ to be m pr(itable4 ,?is 0 ! inevitable result ( ! ignorant me?ods "u :i* ! silkworm-re>+ indu/ry 0 conduct$ & ! use ( bad se$ p]mitt$1 :]eby disease 0 spread & annual loss incurr$4 ,x is hop$ t ! indu/ry is n[ aga9 on ! upw>d grade4 ,"o indication ( ?is is t :]eas a few ye>s ago #a1jjj to #a1hjj cocoons w5t to an oke1 n[ ! figure may be put at #ejj to #a1jjj4 ,aga91 ! wa/e due to excess ( floss is mu* less ?an =m]ly1 & if only reel+ by ma*9]y c be introduc$ a v mu* bett] return w result to ! cocoon produc]4 ,9 ! ,k>pas & 9 & ar\nd ,nicosia a bi-volt9e race is re>$4 ,! results are poor1 b ! two re>+s are made because 9 ^! localities !re is an ample supply ( leaves4 ,f ?is race are produc$ small cocoons locally call$ ,confetti4 ,!y are only us$ = local silk manufacture4 ,an inf]ior silk call$ ,k\k\l>ika is made f ! cocoons ( ! ord9>y or univolt9e race1 bo? ^? :i* h be5 /ov$ & ^? :i* h be5 badly /a9$ :5 ! mo?s em]g$4 ,^! cocoons1 :i*1 dur+ ! process ( boil+ 9 lye1 h be5 blea*$1 are turn$ inside-out & ! excrem5t ( ! l>va remov$4 ,! silk is !n spun by h& ) ! atra*tos4 ,^! cocoons are mo/ly f lagg>d worms & ( inf]ior quality4 ,! silk indu/ry has suff]$ greatly f unscrupul\s deal+ on ! "p ( ! deal]s 9 eggs4 ,x is a common cu/om = ^! p]sons to sell import$ se$ at #bs4 & ev5 less p] ounce1 al?\gh ! law requires all su* se$ to be accompani$ by a ,consul> c]tificate & affidavit %[+ t ! price paid 0 n less ?an #ds4 p] ounce1 exclusive ( freight1 c>riage or insurance4 ,secret disc\nts1 presumably1 r5d] ?is practice possible4 ,! deal] does n ask = paym5t 9 ca%1 b requires x 9 k9d at ! rate ( #a oke 9 e #d okes ( cocoons rais$4 ,if #bh okes ( cocoons are obta9$ f #a ounce ( se$ ! deal] w\ld get #g okes1 valu$ at say #bs4 #f;d4 p] oke #ags4 #f;d4 = ea* ounce ( se$4 ,! deal] mo/ly gives a ca% advance ( #ajs4 or #a ) ! se$1 /ipulat+ t ! crop is to be sold exclusively to him1 ! price be+ left op54 ,! un=tunate produc] is !re=e 9 8 toils4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( small ,s]icultural ,societies w\ld d mu*1 bo? to enc\rage & *eap5 ! co/ ( gr[+ mulb]ry trees & assi/ ! indu/ry4 ,a few su* societies h lately be5 =m$4 ,mulb]ry ,?is tree 7,morus alba7 is gr[n ext5sively = silkworm fe$+ & is mo/ly f\nd 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,isl& 9 :i* ! silk indu/ry is c5tr$1 viz4 9 ! ,m>a?assa valley & 9 ! ,k>pas1 fairly g5]ally 9 & ar\nd ,nicosia1 ,kyr5ia & 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,paphos di/rict4 ,little c>e is giv5 to its cultivation4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 9 all ! old] plantations1 ! trees are set too close toge!r4 ,?is is less noticeable 9 ! new] plantations4 ,prun+1 :]e giv51 is defective & s is ! me?od ( ga!r+ ! leaves4 ,! usual me?od is to cut (f1 e ye>1 ! %oots ) ! leaves on !m1 f ab\t "o foot above ! ma9 bran*es4 ,two reasons are giv5 = ?is by villag]s4 7#a7 ,x is quick] & easi] to cut (f ^! %oots ?an to pick (f ! leaves :ile /ill on ! tree4 ,! %oots are br\ght into ! magnan]ie & !re plac$ upright 9 wat] & ! leaves c !n be remov$ m conv5i5tly & at leisure4 ,9 ?is way ! leaves rema9 fre% two days4 7#b7 ,by cutt+ ^! %oots 9 ! spr+1 i4e4 dur+ ! silkworm-re>+ season1 :i* beg9s 9 e>ly ,april1 fre% %oots are =m$ :i* be> leaves 9 late summ] & autumn4 ,! latt] af=d v welcome gre5 food = cattle & %eep4 ,^! leaves are /ripp$ direct f ! gr[+ tree4 ,! effect ( ?is second ga!r+ is prejudicial to ! tree1 :i* is !reby exhau/$4 ,! leaves produc$ ! foll[+ spr+ are fle%y & wat]y & 9 ! unc]ta9 wea!r ( spr+ are apt to induce fla*]ie4 ,agaves & ,aloes ,agave am]icana1 ,a4 rigida v>4 sisalana1 ,furcra gigantea1 ,aloe ciliata & ,a4 frutesc5s all gr[ well &1 if prop]ly cultivat$ & h&l$1 might be wor? m att5tion ?an !y at pres5t receive4 ,9 #aiac a ,cypriot f ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa :o _h be5 engag$ 9 ! production ( ,sisal hemp !re 0 /ruck by ! few excell5t plants he f\nd gr[+ 9 ,cyprus1 &1 _h suffici5t suitable l& be5 !n obta9able1 ) transport facilities1 0 desir\s ( und]tak+ cultivation on a comm]cial basis4 ,samples ( fibre prep>$ f ! leaves ( ! abovem5tion$ plants 7 report$ on by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 9 #aiab1 b z ! leaves _h be5 rett$1 & n scrap$ or scut*$1 _! value 0 depreciat$1 & ?is 0 e/imat$ at f #ad to #ah p] ton ) be/ ,mexican ,sisal hemp at #be p] ton4 ,! outlay = f5c+ aga9/ w&]+ flocks ( goats & = decorticat+ ma*9]y & o!r exp5ses w\ld det] ! ord9>y cultivator f plant+1 & ?is c\ld only be pr(itably und]tak5 if ample capital 7 =?com+4 ,broom ,corn ,until ! end ( la/ c5tury all brooms ( ,european type 7 import$4 ,se$ ( broom corn 7,sorghum vulg>e71 kn[n locally z t*ihri or sk\pa1 0 !n introduc$1 & gradually ! cultivation has ext5d$ & a good numb] ( brooms ( v fair quality are n[ locally made4 ,! process ( broom-mak+ is v simple & ! high price ( ! import$ article dur+ ! w> has l$ to a m>k$ ext5sion ( ! indu/ry4 ,! plant gr[s well1 especially on irrigat$ l&4 ,! se$ provides a good food = *ick5s & ! /alks & leaves c be us$ z fodd]4 ,x is a pr(itable crop1 especially :5 ! cultivator makes & sells ! brooms himself1 & is pr9cipally gr[n 9 ! ,k>pas & at ,a?i5\4 ,,tobacco ,9 ,turki% times tobacco 0 gr[n 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,isl&1 ?\gh n to any l>ge ext5t4 ,= c5turies x 0 produc$ 9 _m di/ricts ( ! ,isl&1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,k>pas1 ne> ,kilani1 ,omodhos & ,paphos1 b f ! "t x became an article ( monopoly its production 0 subject$ to rigor\s re/rictions1 & its cultivation has be5 entirely ab&on$4 7,reports1 pt4 ii4 7#ahif71 ,p4 ,g5nadius74 ,! quantity gr[n be=e ! occupation appe>s to h be5 v fluctuat+ & to h av]ag$ ab\t #ef1jjj lb4 annually1 & ! ,gov]nm5t rev5ue1 accord+ to ,briti% ,consul> reports1 w\ld n h be5 m ?an #cjj to #djj p] annum4 ,! ,rgie 0 introduc$ 9 #ahgd1 b ow+ to ! hamp]+ re/rictions ! indu/ry _h be5 pretty well cru%$ out by ! "t ( ,briti% occupation 9 #ahgh4 ,mean:ile ! rev5ue f tobacco1 import$ ma9ly f ,volo & ,salonica1 increas$ greatly4 ,! monopoly ceas$ at ! ,briti% occupation1 b ! regulations & impo/s rema9$4 ,^? responsible = controll+ ! indu/ry1 collect+ dues1 & *eck+ illicit consumption _h a tr\blesome task1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! cultivator became av]se to engag+ 9 a cultivation :i* 0 h$g$ r\nd ) s _m re/rictions & =malities4 ,^! exi/ at ! pres5t "t & may "h be quot$3 ,! gr[] has to notify ! ,cu/oms au?orities ( 8 int5tion to s[1 giv+ ! locality & area4 ,be=e pick+ he mu/ aga9 notify ! ,cu/oms1 s t a ,cu/oms (fic] may be pres5t at ! pick+ & weigh ! fre%ly pick$ leaves4 ,aft] /or+1 b be=e deliv]+ ! tobacco to ! factory1 ! ,cu/oms (fic] mu/ aga9 weigh ! n[ dry leaves4 ,! excise duties leviable are3 ,tobacco leaf1 #d-a_/b;cp4 p] oke1 payable on transf] ( leaf f gr[] to :olesale deal]4 ,tobacco manufactur$ 9 ,cyprus1 :e!r made into cig>ettes or o!rwise1 9 addition to ! import duty or transport duty1 pays a b&]olle duty ( #cs4 #f-a_/b;cp4 p] oke4 ,^! regulations are a relic ( ! ,turki% times1 z 9 ^? days ! ,/ate receiv$ a def9ite due call$ ,city ,toll by *>g+ ! tobacco cutt]s & tobacco sell]s ) a trade tax4 ,!y appe> to h be5 adm9i/]$ ) m laxity 9 ,turki% ?an 9 po/-occupation times1 & x is said t ! ab&onm5t ( tobacco cultivation 0 ma9ly due to ! sev]ity ) :i* ^! r vexati\s & irritat+ regulations 7 en=c$4 ,= _m ye>s ! tobacco import$ by local cig>ette manufactur]s came almo/ entirely f ,mac$onia4 ,?is tobacco 0 ( v sup]ior quality & *eap1 & locally gr[n tobacco c\ld n compete ) x4 ,( late ye>s ! price ( ,mac$onian tobacco has ris5 consid]ably & ! manufactur]s h !re=e be5 induc$ to import ,!ssalian tobacco in/ead1 :i* is n ( s f9e a flav\r & approximates m closely to ,cyprus produce4 ,cypriot smok]s h ?us _h _! palates prep>$ = ! flav\r ( ! locally gr[n tobacco4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aiab1 :5 ,h\ry's ,cyprus ,tobacco ,association1 ,ltd41 0 =m$1 a revival 9 ! indu/ry set 94 ,?is has s9ce receiv$ consid]able impetus f ! w>1 :i*1 tempor>ily1 has ?ru/ ,mac$onian tobacco out ( ! m>ket4 ,! prim>y object ( ! ,association 0 to manufacture tobacco & cig>ettes f ,cyprus-gr[n tobacco1 al?\gh =eign tobacco c\ld also be us$4 ,tobacco !n began to be regul>ly gr[n by ! ,association at a ,*iftlik ne> ,limassol & else:]e1 & cig>ettes made !refrom h _h a fair local sale4 ,! arrival ( well-to-d refugees f ,latakia & o!r p>ts ( ,syria1 skill$ 9 tobacco cultivation1 l$ to great ext5sion ( ?is crop4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! produce 0 at fir/ conv]t$ into ,latakia tobacco4 ,ow+ possibly to ! lack ( c>e & skill on ! "p ( native lab\r1 p>tly p]haps to ! unsuitability ( ! h]bs & bru%wood us$ 9 ! fum+1 ! m>ket 0 n f\nd suffici5tly enc\rag+ & ! ,latakia1 = :i* at be/ !re is a v re/rict$ m>ket1 has almo/ ceas$ to be produc$4 ,tobacco = cig>ettes1 h[ev]1 cont9ues to be gr[n on a fairly l>ge scale1 b 9 ord] t l& suitable = corn & o!r food/uffs %\ld n be sacrific$ to tobacco1 ! cultivation ( ! latt] is p]mitt$ only by special lic5ce4 ,9 #aiaf & #aiag ! indu/ry fell almo/ entirely into ! h&s ( ! ri*] refugees1 :o 7 exp]t gr[]s1 & !y contract$ ) ! small f>m]s & peasants4 ,a numb] ( speculative gr[]s1 pr(essional m51 m]*ants1 etc41 7 tempt$ by ! prevail+ high prices to emb>k 9 ! indu/ry1 b ! lic5s+ sy/em has t5d$ to ?r[ x m into ! h&s ( ! bona-fide f>m]s1 :o are all[$ only to cultivate small areas :i* c be look$ aft] ma9ly by _! own families4 ,9 #aiaf ! total production 0 #hi1jfe okes1 & ! e/imat$ yield = #aiag is #dhg1fgd okes4 ,! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t has = "s five ye>s c>ri$ out exp]im5tal gr[+s 9 v>i\s di/ricts1 & samples ( tobacco s gr[n h be5 submitt$ to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xiii4 #aiae1 pp4 #edg-eej74 ,! two be/ samples report$ on 7 gr[n 9 ! ,nicosia pla94 ,!y 7 said to con=m ) ! ,turki% tobacco z reg>ds size ( leaf1 b conta9$ too mu* moi/ure = ! ,engli% m>ket4 ,! tobacco 0 f\nd to smoke r hot & 0 only mildly aromatic1 b x 0 believ$ t ^! defects w\ld probably disappe> ) m exp]i5ce 9 ! cur+4 ,! samples ref]r$ to 7 incompletely cur$1 hav+ be5 submitt$ quickly 9 ord] to r\ghly asc]ta9 _! quality4 ,! report on ! :ole 0 mod]ately enc\rag+1 & x is hop$ t lat] samples :i* h be5 bett] cur$ w be f\nd sup]ior4 ,! tobacco gr[n 9 ,cyprus is mo/ly ( ! ,sams\n1 ,trebizond1 ,kavalla & ,hassan ,keff v>ieties4 ,! normal importation ( tobacco into ,cyprus is ab\t #ahj1jjj okes1 :i* produces an import duty ( #d1ejj a ye>1 at ! rate ( #d-a_/b;cp4 p] oke4 ,! av]age am\nt paid = b&]olles on tobacco :5 issu$ f factories = consumption is ab\t #cj1jjj a ye>1 :i* at ! rate ( #cs4 #f-a_/b;cp4 p] oke equals a b&]olle duty on #afa1jjj okes2 ! diff]5ce ( ab\t #bj1jjj okes w\ld be cig>ettes export$ on :i* no b&]olle duty is paid4 ,if1 !n1 no tobacco 7 gr[n & none import$ ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld lose #ce1jjj rev5ue annually4 ,x w\ld appe> to be immat]ial f a rev5ue po9t ( view :e!r tobacco 7 import$ or gr[n 9 ! ,isl&1 s9ce ! impo/s are ! same1 viz4 on imports #d-a_/b;cp4 p] oke import duty & #cs4 #f-a_/b;cp4 p] oke b&]olle duty2 on locally gr[n tobacco #d-a_/b;cp4 p] oke transport duty & #cs4 #f-a_/b;cp4 p] oke b&]olle duty4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce1 t ! money leaves ! ,isl& :5 ! tobacco is import$ & rema9s & fructifies :5 x is locally gr[n4 ,tobacco cultivation is 9 _m ways well suit$ to ?is ,isl&1 z a great "p ( its cultivation z well z ! ga!r+ may be done by wom5 & *ildr54 ,x ne$ n !re=e make any s]i\s dem& ^u man lab\r1 :i* is already insuffici5t1 & mu* ( ! "w c be p]=m$ by ^? :o are unfit = heavy field "w4 ,x is a summ] crop1 :i* is greatly 9 its fav\r1 ! quality :5 gr[n dry be+ mu* f9] ?an :5 irrigat$4 ,its introduction broad5s ! basis ( cultivation1 provides a rev5ue f l& t w\ld o!rwise lie fall[ & is a useful elem5t 9 any sy/em ( rotation4 ,z x calls = c>eful prep>ation & ?or\gh cultivation ( ! soil x has a great educative influ5ce on a p prone to slov5ly1 primitive husb&ry1 & corn crops foll[+ tobacco h frequ5tly giv5 a l>g]1 m uni=m yield4 ,at ! same "t x is an op5 "q :e!r ! crop c be gr[n & ! leaf cur$ by ! ,cypriot f>m] to produce a tobacco :i*1 "u normal conditions1 w successfully compete 9 quality & price ) ! ,mac$onian tobacco4 ,,tann+ ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,dye-,,/uffs ,tann]ies are fairly num]\s & l>ge quantities ( sk9s are tann$ & sold to native boot-mak]s4 ,be=e ! w>1 goat- & %eep-sk9s & ox-hides 7 practically ! only k9ds h&l$1 ! two =m] be+ ma9ly us$ = ! upp]s ( boots4 ,! top-boots worn by villag]s are ne>ly all made f goat-sk91 locally call$ totm>ia4 ,s9ce ! w> pig-sk9s & dog-sk9s h be5 also us$4 ,camel-sk9s are (t5 employ$ = mak+ soles4 ,p9e b>k & suma* are ! native tann+ sub/ances *iefly us$ 9 ! local tann]ies4 ,! p9e is "o ( ! commone/ =e/ trees ( ! ,isl&4 ,%9ia leaves 7,pi/acia ,l5tiscus7 are also us$ 7see p4 #ea74 ,suma* ,! ,sicilian1 elm-leav$ or tann]'s suma* 7,rhus ,cori>ia7 is a %rub :i* gr[s wild ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ! ,isl&1 be+ pr9cipally f\nd among ! v9ey>ds on ! slopes ( ! s\!rn range ( hills4 ,! leaves are l>gely us$ 9 ! lea!r tann+ indu/ry1 & a consid]able export might h be5 e/abli%$ to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom _h x n be5 = dissatisfaction caus$ by ! excessive pres5ce ( impurities1 su* z l5tisc leaves & du/1 :i* 7 usually f\nd 9 ! consignm5ts s5t4 ,"o sample 0 s5t by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t to ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 9 #aiji4 ,?is 0 f\nd to consi/ :olly ( suma* & no l5tisc or o!r leaves1 & gave on exam9ation ! foll[+ results3 ,moi/ure1 #aj4a2 a%1 #i4h2 tann9 7by hide-p[] me?od71 #bf4i2 extractive matt] 7non-tann971 #af4g p] c5t4 ,! report %[$ t ! leaves produc$ a good lea!r1 simil> 9 texture & col\r to t obta9$ ) ,sicilian suma*1 & 0 consid]$ likely to fet* ab\t ! same price z a m$ium quality ( ,sicilian suma*1 :i* conta9s f #be to #cj p] c5t4 ( tann9 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 x4 #aiab1 p4 #de74 ,two fur!r samples 7 s5t 9 #aiaf4 ,! fir/ sample consi/$ ( a f9ely-gr\nd yell[i%-gre5 p[d]1 conta9+ a quantity ( s&1 small /ones & iron du/4 ,! second sample consi/$ ( a co>sely-gr\nd1 yell[i%-gre5 p[d]1 conta9+ a quantity ( p9ki% ungr\nd twigs1 s& & small /ones1 toge!r ) "s iron du/4 ,! results ( exam9ation 7 z foll[s3 ,,no4 #a4 ,,no4 #b4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,moi/ure #i4c #i4b ,insoluble matt]s #ec4f #eg4h ,extractive matt]s 7non-tann97 #ad4f #ac4j ,tann9 #bb4e #bj4j ,a% #h4e #ab4c ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,t9tomet] read+s--,r$ #j4g #a4b ,yell[ #b4a #b4e ,bo? samples 7 l[ 9 tann91 comp>$ ) ! ,sicilian p]c5tage ( #be to #cj4 ,sample ,no4 #a 0 valu$ at #ac1 & ,no4 #b at #ab1 p] ton1 ) ,sicilian suma* at #ae p] ton2 ! l[] value be+ due to ! l[] tann9 cont5ts1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( s&1 dirt1 etc4 ,x may be assum$ t if m c>e 9 prep>+ clean samples 7 tak51 ,cyprus suma* w\ld greatly improve its m>ket value4 ,valonea ,!re are a few well-gr[n specim5s ( valonea oak 7,qu]cus gilops7 to be se51 b be+ a sl[ gr[] & z x takes _m ye>s to rea* ! /age :5 x yields a pr(it1 x does n comm5d itself to ! ,cypriot tree plant]4 ,x pref]s deep soil & requires artificial irrigation or a great] ra9fall ?an we h 9 ,cyprus4 ,x has be5 tri$ at ,salamis & fail$1 & also at ,ma*a]a ) ! same result4 ,x has be5 gr[n also on ,trodos1 b aft] six ye>s' gr[? atta9$ a height ( only #a foot4 ,only an insignificant quantity ( ,valonea cups are locally produc$4 ,^! come f ! ,paphos di/rict & are said to be r poor 9 tann94 ,! bulk comes f ,anatolia4 ,! pre-w> price = ! latt] 0 #es4 p] cant> ( #dd okes1 t = ! locally gr[n 0 #bj p>as p] oke on ! spot1 transport *>ges br++ up ! price to ab\t #a copp] pia/re p] oke deliv]$4 ,acacia ,b>ks ,acacia pycnan?a has be5 gr[n 9 ,cyprus1 b does n acclimatise well1 & nei!r ! soil nor climate seems fav\rable4 ,a4 mollissima also has n %[n any v successful gr[?4 ,a4 cyanophylla & ,a4 longifolia1 on ! o!r h&1 ?rive excell5tly4 ,!y are great dr\ght-resi/]s & gr[ on almo/ any soil4 ,!y h be5 v ext5sively gr[n by ! ,=e/ ,dep>tm5t 9 e di/rict = fuel & along ! coa/ ^u s& dunes4 ,!y h n be5 utilis$ s f> = ! extraction ( tann+1 except exp]im5tally4 ,samples ( ! b>ks ( ! two la/-nam$ species 7 f\nd on exam9ation at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute to be too poor 9 tann9 to be wor? export+1 b !y %\ld be q suitable = use 9 ,cyprus 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xi4 #aiac1 pp4 #dab-dad74 ,madd] ,9 =m] ye>s1 & )9 ! p]iod ( ! ,briti% occupation1 ! cultivation ( madd] 7,rubia t9ctorum7 0 fairly fl\ri%+ 9 ,cyprus4 ,! old madd] gr\nds c /ill be di/+ui%$1 & are mo/ly to be se5 ne> ,morph\1 ,ayia ,ir9i1 ,sotira1 ,ayios ,s]ghios1 ,famagu/a & ,l>naca4 ,^! madd] gr\nds 7 excavations made 9 ord] to expose ! soil ly+ b5ea? #aj to #cj ft4 ( drift-s&2 & !y =m1 z x 71 a s]ies ( tanks along ! %ore4 ,! r$ dye obta9$ f ! dri$ & gr\nd madd] roots con/itut$ at "o "t "o ( ! mo/ valu$ ( dye-/uffs1 & 0 9 special dem& = milit>y uni=ms2 b ?is has be5 entirely sup]s$$ by artificial coal-t> d]ivatives &1 z ,g5nadius says3 ,! happy days ( ! cultivation ( ?is plant are pa/1 nev] to return4 ,x is propagat$ mo/ly by root cutt+s4 ,! leaf beg9s to dry at ab\t ! six? mon?4 ,!re is no fur!r gr[? above gr\nd1 b ! roots cont9ue to increase & %oot d[nw>ds till moi/ure affects !m4 ,:5 !y get too wet1 !y become black or rot4 ,9 ,cyprus ?is rott+ w\ld (t5 beg9 aft] ab\t eighte5 mon?s1 :ile 9 sup]ior soils ! roots w\ld cont9ue to improve dur+ ?irty-six mon?s1 & !y w\ld be kn[n 9 ! trade z eighte5 mon?s & ?irty-six mon?s roots4 ,9 ,famagu/a di/rict !y rema9 mo/ly eighte5 mon?s1 :ile at ,morph\ !y w\ld cont9ue fully ?irty-six mon?s1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t ! surface gr\nd %\ld be kept free ( we$s4 ,aft] ! root is lift$ x is g5]ally dri$2 if pack$ be=e q dry1 x f]m5ts & det]iorates4 ,two & a half tons ( dri$ roots w\ld be produc$ f an acre ( good gr\nd1 & ! madd] gr\nds us$ to fet* a v high price4 ,,drugs ,,& ,,o!r ,,products ,liquorice ,root ,! liquorice plant 7,glycyrrhiza glabra1 ,l9n47 gr[s ma9ly 9 ! ,famagu/a & ,kyr5ia di/ricts1 & ! roots are collect$ & export$ f "t to "t4 ,two samples 7 report$ ^u 9 #aiag by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xv4 #aiag1 p4 #cab7 & ! foll[+ op9ions ( two ,london firms ( brok]s 7 elicit$4 7a7 ,"o firm describ$ ! ,lapi?os 7,kyr5ia di/rict7 roots z m$ium to bold unpeel$ roots ( good flav\r1 fairly well clean$ & v well dri$2 & valu$ !m at f #ejs4 to #ees4 p] cwt4 ex :>f1 ,london 7,febru>y #aiag74 ,! firm describ$ ! ,famagu/a roots z ?9n] ?an ! ,lapi?os sample & n s well fre$ f smoo? valueless pieces1 b m5tion$ t !y _h app>5tly be5 wa%$4 ,!y valu$ ^! roots at #ejs4 p] cwt4 ex :>f1 ,london 7,febru>y #aiag74 ,! firm add$ t bo? samples 7 exceptionally dry1 & t x seem$ d\btful if ! mat]ial 9 ! bulk w\ld be z dry4 7b7 ,a second firm consid]$ ! roots to be r mix$1 inf]ior quality1 & wor? at t "t ab\t #des4 p] cwt4 9 ,london 7,febru>y #aiag74 ,pyre?rum ,pyre?rum 7,*rysan!mum7 c9]>ifolium gr[s well f se$ & is an attractive g>d5 plant ) pretty1 m>gu]ite-l fl[]s4 ,^! yield ! pyre?rum ( comm]ce s l>gely us$ z an insecticide1 & :i* is said to =m ! *ief +r$i5ts 9 v>i\s flea p[d]s4 ,^! fl[]s1 :5 dri$ & gr\nd to du/1 are employ$ = ?is purpose by ! natives4 ,! orig9al pyre?rum p[d] came f plants gr[+ 9 ,dalmatia4 ,! plant 0 introduc$ into ! ,cyprus ,gov]nm5t ,g>d5s "s tw5ty ye>s ago & has s9ce spread m or less ?r\gh\t ! ,isl&4 ,x is p]5nial & dr\ght-resi/ant1 & w also /& sev]al degrees ( fro/ & seems indiff]5t to soil1 provid$ x is n too damp4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 ,septemb] & ! se$l+s are transplant$ 9 ,april or ,may1 b x multiplies itself readily by suck]s4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* are ab\t ?ree times ! size ( ! ,*amomile 7,matric>ia ,*amomilla71 :i* !y closely resemble1 are ga!r$ z soon z !y are fully op51 & are !n dri$ 9 a well-v5tilat$ room4 ,!y are usually sold 9 bales ( #ej to #ajj kilogrammes4 ,"o donum may produce ab\t #ajj okes ( fl[]s annually4 ,squill ,bulbs ( ! local squill 7 submitt$ 9 #aiag to ,kew & provisionally id5tifi$ z ,urg9ea ,scilla4 ,l ! asphodel1 ?is root is f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,if slic$ & plac$ ab\t ! h\se !y are said to drive away mice4 ,x 0 int5d$ by ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t to make an attempt to f9d a m>ket = ^! roots1 9 ! hope t if !y c\ld obta9 a small paym5t = !m f>m]s might be induc$ to collect !m (f _! l&s1 b ! project _h to be ab&on$ = ! "t ow+ to ! w>4 ,!re is a small dem& = ^! roots1 if slic$ & dri$1 9 ,europe = m$ic9al purposes4 ,squill bulbs f ,cyprus 7 exam9$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute 9 #aiaf 7see ,,bullet9 ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,in/itute1 vol4 xv4 #aiag1 p4 #caa74 ,! samples1 :i* 7 submitt$ to a firm ( drug manufactur]s1 7 object$ to on acc\nt ( _! d>k col\r1 & 7 valu$ at ab\t #f;d4 p] lb4 z aga9/ a pre-w> value ( #c;d4 p] lb4 ,accord+ to ! report by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute !re are two v>ieties ( ,urg9ea ,scilla1 :ite & r$1 ! scales ( ! =m] be+ yell[i%-:ite & ^? ( ! latt] hav+ a r$di% t9t1 & !re are also _m int]m$iate =ms4 ,?\gh ! r$ & ! :ite v>ieties h be5 /at$ to possess equal m$ic9al value1 ! :ite v>iety is pref]r$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 mak+ /one irrigation *annels :i* are l9$ ) a coat+ ( lime & s& or e>?1 local masons sometimes rub ov] ?is l9+ ) a slic$ squill :i* has be5 dipp$ 9 oil4 ,x is f\nd t ?is t5ds to h>d5 & glaze ! l9+ & prev5t x f crack+4 ,colocyn? or ,bitt] ,apple ,! colocyn? 7,citrullus ,colocyn?is71 locally call$ pikrank\ra or petrank\ra1 gr[s wild 9 "s p>ts ( ! pla9s4 ,! r\nd yell[i%-gre5 fruit1 ab\t ! size ( an orange or small melon1 rip5s 9 ,july to ,septemb] &1 aft] be+ ga!r$1 is sk9n$ & dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,x is us$ by druggi/s z a purgative4 ,until ab\t t5 ye>s ago x 0 cultivat$ on a small scale & an annual export ( ab\t #djj 9 value took place1 *iefly to ,engl& & ,au/ria4 ,x 0 !n 9 dem&1 x is said1 z an adult]ant ( qu99e4 ,! fruit is locally ?\ght to be a rem$y = rheumatism4 ,= ?is purpose ! fruits are pick$ & put 9 a saucepan & cov]$ ) olive oil4 ,aft] cook+ = six h\rs ! pulp or o9tm5t is rubb$ into ! affect$ "p4 ,! ,european dem& hav+ ceas$1 ! plant is n[ only f\nd 9 a wild /ate4 ,asphodel ,! asphodel 7,asphodelus ramosus71 locally kn[n z sp\rdellos or sp\rt\lla1 is a tr\blesome & abundant we$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,isl&1 up to an altitude ( ab\t #d1jjj ft4 ,! peasant f>m] r>ely attempts to remove x1 ?\gh x occupies a l>ge proportion ( 8 l& to ! detrim5t ( ! crops4 ,9 ! hills ! villag]s dry ! bulbs & fe$ !m to _! %eep1 cattle & donkeys4 ,a pa/e is also made f ! roots :i* is us$ by boot-mak]s to /ick ! lea!rs toge!r4 ,to make ?is pa/e ! roots are dri$ 9 ! ov5 & gr\nd1 & !n mix$ ) gr\nd vet*es or maize & made into ! gum or pa/e locally kn[n z tsiri*i4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #d3 ,a quantity ( /or$ plant 0 de/roy$ by fire1 r$uc+ ! output4 ,,vi4 ,,m9or ,,agricultural ,,indu/ries ,bee-keep+ ,al?\gh ,cyprus bees are _w-fam$1 bee-keep+ 9 ! ,isl& is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,! native hive is g5]ally an e>!nw>e cyl9d] or pipe ab\t #b ft4 #f 94 long & #i 94 9 diamet] 7see ,plate ,,vii1 fig4 #a74 ,hives are also made ( a mixture ( e>? & *opp$ /raw1 simil> to native mud-bricks4 ,^! hives are also cyl9drical1 ab\t #ah 94 long & #aj to #ab 94 9 diamet] ) a #c-;94 ?ickness ( wall4 ,^! are cool] 9 summ] & w>m] 9 w9t]1 & produce /rong] colonies ?an ! e>!nw>e ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #a4--;,cypriot ,e>!nw>e ,beehives4 ,fig4 #b4--,%ipp+ ,fruit at ,l>naca4 ,( late ye>s ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t has introduc$ mod]n hives ) movable frames1 & _h x n be5 = ! high co/ ( timb] s9ce ! w>1 ! numb] ( ^! w\ld h increas$ rapidly4 ,! difficulty is to get ! local c>p5t]s to con/ruct !m prop]ly & ) f9i%4 ,practical hive con/ruction is taught at ! ,agricultural ,s*ool4 ,cyprian bees are1 p> excell5ce1 ! yell[ race ( ! _w4 ,!y are ( uni=m col\r1 size & "*1 slightly small] ?an ! ,italians & ! blacks4 ,!y h great p[] ( flight1 are v prolific & vigor\s & good honey-ga!r]s4 ,!y are by _m consid]$ vici\s & ill-temp]$4 ,?is is possibly due to ! con/ant w> !y h to wage aga9/ hornets1 :i* 9 ?is c\ntry are a real plague & frequ5tly ext]m9ate :ole colonies & sometimes :ole api>ies4 ,v>i\s devices are employ$ = ! protection ( bees 9 or ne> ! hives4 ,a good numb] ( ,cyprian que5 bees h be5 import$ into ,europe & ,am]ica1 & are v highly reg>d$ :]ev] !y h be5 e/abli%$4 ,9 ! eighties ,cyprian que5s 7 sold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica at #b ea*4 ,?is high price *eck$ ! importation & ! cross+ ( ,cyprians ) ,italians & blacks took place1 ! hybrid (fspr+ be+ sold by deal]s z ,cyprians4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 did n possess ! be/ *>act]i/ics ( ,cyprians1 & = a "t !y br\ght ab\t a reaction 9 fav\r ( o!r bre$s4 ,cyprus possesses excell5t honey-produc+ plants 9 ! eucalyptus trees1 orange groves1 ?r\mbia or wild ?yme1 & o!r aromatic plants4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( orange groves a compet5t bee-keep] c obta9 an av]age ( #ej lb4 ( honey p] colony2 al?\gh un=tunately ! ord9>y village bee-keep] gets little m ?an #f to #aj lb4 ,locally produc$ beeswax is ( f9e quality ) delici\s aroma & ( a bright yell[ col\r1 said to be sup]ior to t import$ f ,asia ,m9or & ,egypt4 ,! indu/ry is susceptible ( consid]able developm5t &1 :5 br\ght "u m complete control1 %\ld be capable ( e/abli%+ a good export trade ( honey & possibly ( beeswax4 ,basket-mak+ ,basket-mak+ is a consid]able indu/ry1 z all fruit & mu* o!r produce is transport$ 9 baskets mo/ly design$ = ! backs ( donkeys or mules4 ,! export trade ( fruit & vegetables creates a con/ant dem& 7see ,plate ,,vii1 fig4 #b74 ,! bulk ( ^! baskets are made ( re$s 7,arundo7 :i* gr[ luxuriantly by ! side ( wat] *annels or :]ev] moi/ soil is f\nd4 ,?is mat]ial is n an ideal "o = ! purpose1 z ! baskets are easily cru%$ & lose %ape1 to ! detrim5t ( ! cont5ts4 ,! re$s are !re=e (t5 /iff5$ by ! introduction ( an occasional bread? ( "s o!r mat]ial1 e4g4 %9ia 7,pi/acia ,l5tiscus71 tremi?ia or myrtle4 ,all ^! are mu* us$ 9 basket-mak+1 ?\gh ! latt] is heavy4 ,!re is a native will[ 7,salix alba7 & also ! weep+ will[ 7,s4 babylonica74 ,^! h n be5 us$ until rec5tly :51 by ! ef=ts ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t1 a numb] ( ^! trees h be5 poll>d$ & ! new %oots h be5 f\nd q satisfactory = ! purpose4 ,six ye>s ago a numb] ( osi] cutt+s 7 import$ f ,engl&1 b un=tunately !y h n succe$$ s f> ow+ to a succession ( dry ye>s4 ,! surviv+ plants 7 ?is autumn remov$ to a m suitable site1 b aft] suff]+ f dr\ght !y h n[ be5 almo/ de/roy$ by heavy floods4 ,9 ord] to enc\rage ! manufacture ( bett] baskets = ! fruit trade betwe5 ,cyprus & ,egypt ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t provides practical in/ruction 9 basket-mak+1 & a qualifi$ tea*] pays occasional visits to basket-mak+ villages & demon/rates ! "w & tea*es improv$ patt]ns to ! villag]s & s*ool boys4 ,fruit & ,vegetable ,pres]v+ ,!re is little d\bt t ! e/abli%m5t ( small factories = cann+ or bottl+ fruits & vegetables w\ld be a pr(itable und]tak+4 ,ow+ to ! sudd5ness ) :i*1 9 ! heat ( summ]1 ! fruits rip5 9 ,cyprus1 & ! consequ5t glut t (t5 ensues1 m>ket prices fall to a po9t at :i* x does n pay to pick & h&le4 ,transport difficulties also make x prec>i\s1 9 ! case ( s(t fruits1 to attempt a sale outside ! imm$iate place ( production4 ,increas$ cultivation is ?us disc\rag$4 ,9 gr[+ fruits or vegetables = cann+ or bottl+ a man is indep5d5t ( m>ket fluctuations1 :]eas at pres5t bo? produc]s & consum]s are 9 ! h&s ( ! local %opkeep]s1 :o h ! =m] entirely at _! m]cy4 ,! ,egyptian fruit & vegetable trade is v well wor? cultivat+1 b until bett] measures c be en=c$ 9 ! matt] ( transport by sea z well z l&1 %ipp]s run ! risk ( heavy losses1 :i*1 no d\bt1 recoil ^u ! unlucky produc]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,specim5s ( mo/ ( ! products ref]r$ to 9 ^! notes may be se5 9 ! ,cyprus ,c\rt 9 ! ,public ,exhibition ,gall]ies ( ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute4 ,pr9t$ by ,hazell1 ,watson ,v9ey1 ,ld41 ,london & ,aylesbury1 ,engl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 ! orig9al1 illu/rations 7 m>k$ z 'fac+ page4' ,t has n be5 reproduc$ 9 ?is e-book4