,libraries47 ,,notes ,,on ,,stable ,,management4 ,,notes ,,on ,,stable ,,management ,,in ,,india ,,and ,,the ,,colonies4 ,,by ,,vety4-,,capt4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,nunn1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,c4,i4,e41 ,d4,s4,o41 ,,army ,,veterinary ,,department1 ,,late ,,principal ,,lahore ,,veterinary ,,college4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged1 ,,with ,a ,,glossary4 ,,london3 ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 #b1 ,,creed ,,lane4 ,,calcutta3 ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co4 #ahig4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,stamford ,,street ,,and ,,charing ,,cross4 ,,preface4 ,the first edition of these notes1 which was written in ,india1 having been sold out in a much shorter space of time than ,i ever anticipated when ,i wrote it1 ,i am induced to offer this to the public4 ,the scope of the original pamphlet has been adhered to1 and all that is aimed at is to give the new arrival in the ,east some idea as to the management of his horses1 especially those who are setting up a stable for the first time4 ,the first edition was written in ,india for ,anglo-,indians1 who are familiar with native terms2 but to this1 being published in ,england1 ,i have added a glossary of the more ordinary ,hindustani words likely to be of use4 ,the spelling of these will be probably found fault with by the ,oriental scholar2 but ,i have endeavoured to bring it as near the sound as possible1 as it is only intended for persons in absolute ignorance of the vernacular4 ,there appearing to be a demand for the book in the colonies1 at the suggestion of the publishers ,i have added a few remarks on ,australia and ,south ,africa4 ,the entire work has been rewritten1 and the matter contained is the result of my own personal observations during eighteen years' service in ,india and the colonies at both military and civil duties4 ,,joshua ,a4 ,,nunn4 ,,london1 ,march1 #ahig4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,edition4 ,the following notes on ,stable ,management were originally delivered in a lecture to the ,officers1 ,non-,commissioned ,officers1 and ,troopers of the ,punjab ,light ,horse1 and as they were considered by the members of the corps to be useful1 at their request ,i have put them on paper4 ,there is no attempt at anything beyond the most elementary rudiments of horse-keeping in ,india1 and all they are intended for is to give volunteers of mounted corps1 who have not previously owned horses1 some slight idea as to what should be done for the care of their chargers1 and not leave them entirely in the hands of native syces and horse-keepers4 ,,joshua ,a4 ,,nunn4 ,,lahore1 ,december1 #ahie4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,food4 ,gram #a ,barley #f ,bran #g ,bran ,mash #i ,oats #i ,maize #aa ,wheat #ac ,rice #ad ,millet #ae ,pulses #ae ,linseed #af ,linseed ,cake #ag ,black ,gram #ah ,preparation of ,food #ah ,horses refusing ,food #ai ,times of ,feeding #bj ,bolting ,food #ba ,spilling ,food on ,ground #bb ,grass #bb ,churrie #be ,bhoosa #be ,bamboo ,leaves #bg ,oat ,hay ,forage #bh ,hay #bi ,green ,food #cb ,green ,gram #cc ,carrots #cd ,lucerne #cd ,guinea ,grass #ch ,sugar ,cane #ch ,turnips #ci ,salt #ci ,tonics #dj ,horses not ,feeding #da ,damaged ,food #db ,irregular ,teeth #db ,young ,horses ,cutting ,teeth #dd ,quidding #dd ,indigestion #de ,lampas #de ,nose-bags #df ,mangers #dg ,worms #dh ,rubbing the ,tail #di ,scouring #di ,,water4 ,water #ea ,times of ,watering #eb ,watering ,troughs #ec ,watering on a ,journey #ec ,watering after a ,journey #ed ,watering ,bridles #ed ,leeches #ee ,wells #ef ,,air ,,and ,,ventilation4 ,stables #eh ,chicks #fj ,stable ,floors #fa ,charcoal #fb ,picketing #fb ,bedding #fc ,sawdust #fd ,shavings #fe ,sand #fe ,horses eating ,bedding #fe ,exercise #ff ,,grooming1 ,,stable ,,gear1 ,,etc4 ,heel ,ropes #fi ,head ,ropes #gb ,fetlock ,picketing #gc ,picketing ,posts #gc ,ringing #gd ,rheims #ge ,knee-haltering #ge ,shackles #ge ,picketing-pegs #gf ,leading-ropes #gg ,brushes and ,gear #gh ,curry-combs #gh ,buckets #gi ,dusters #gi ,hoof-picker #hj ,clothing #hj ,hoods #ha ,body-rollers #hb ,bandages #hc ,summer ,clothing #hd ,eye ,fringes #hd ,fly ,whisks #he ,cleaning ,horse ,clothing1 and ,storing it in the ,summer #he ,numdahs #hf ,grooming #hg ,wisps and ,grooming ,pads #hi ,hand-rubbing #ij ,washing #ia ,uneven ,manes #ia ,hogged ,manes #ib ,ragged ,legs #ic ,trimming ,tails #id ,clipping #id ,cleaning the ,sheath #ie ,lights in ,stable #if ,fires in ,verandahs #if ,,saddlery1 ,,harness1 ,,carriages ,,and ,,servants4 ,saddles and ,harness #ig ,saddle ,covers #ih ,bridles #ii ,harness #ii ,carriages #ajj ,servants #aja ,,shoeing #ajf ,,stable ,,management4 ,,food4 ,gram 7chunnah74 ,in the north of ,india the chief food on which horses are fed is gram1 the seed of one of the pea tribe of plants4 ,it is a crop that ripens in the beginning of the summer1 when it is harvested1 and the grain thrashed out by driving cattle over it in a circle4 ,the dry stalks1 that are broken up into small pieces1 are used for feeding cattle on1 and are known as missa bhoosa1 in contradistinction to the stalks of the wheat when submitted to the same process1 and which is known as suffaid1 or white bhoosa4 ,the price of gram varies very greatly1 according to the locality and season1 and is a subject of much speculation and gambling amongst the native community4 ,i have known it as high as #g seers 7#ad lbs4 weight71 and as low as a maund 7#hj lbs4 weight71 per rupee4 ,it also varies greatly in quality1 depending on the locality in which it is grown and the conditions under which it has been harvested1 and is by native grain-sellers known as first and second class gram4 ,good gram1 when a small quantity is taken up and examined in the palm of the hand1 should be free from sand1 dirt1 small pieces of stick1 straws1 or other sorts of seeds2 in fact1 it should1 what is known in the trade1 run clean4 ,each individual grain should be round and plump1 as if the husk was well filled4 ,it should not be shrivelled up and wrinkled1 and be free from worm or weevil marks1 which can be told by there being a small round hole in it1 and the grain1 when cracked1 being found hollowed out and eaten away4 ,generally the weevil 7kirim7 will be found in the cavity1 but if not1 it will be full of a fine powder4 ,weevil-eaten gram cannot be mistaken1 and denotes that the grain is old1 and has been badly stored4 ,in most samples of gram1 unless quite new1 a small proportion of worm-eaten grains will be found1 and this is not of any consequence2 but if there are a large number1 there will be a larger proportion of husk 7which has no nourishing properties7 than grain1 and a larger quantity will have to be given4 ,when a grain of gram is crushed between the teeth it should impart the taste of a dry pea in the mouth1 and be devoid of all mustiness1 which is present if it has got wet or mouldy1 as it is very apt to do4 ,in new gram the husk at the point is of a slightly greenish shade1 that disappears with keeping4 ,it is generally supposed that new gram is not so good as when it is a few months old2 but myself1 ,i have never seen any ill effects from its use4 ,the only thing to be careful about is that it is perfectly ripe1 for natives have a great trick of cutting and plucking every grain1 fruit1 and vegetable before they have arrived at full maturity4 ,gram should be crushed or bruised1 not ground1 so as to break the outer husk and allow the juices of the stomach to act on the kernel4 ,it should be crushed or bruised only1 as if ground into a fine powder a good deal goes to waste4 ,it is sufficient if each seed is so crushed that it is split in two4 ,gram1 wheat1 and all other grains in the ,east are ground by the women of the family between two stones1 one of which revolves on the top of the other by means of a wooden handle fixed in it4 ,to crush gram the stones require to be sharper set than if they are to grind any other grain into flour4 ,gram can be got ready crushed from the corn-dealer 7baniah7 at a small increased charge per maund 7#hj lbs471 or what ,i generally do is to pay my head groom 7syce7 the regular bazaar rate 7nirrick71 and get the women of his family to crush it1 they providing their own mill 7chuckie74 ,the only disadvantage of this plan is that it is necessary to weigh the grain a second time after it has been crushed1 otherwise it will be short1 as natives eat it themselves4 ,but ,i found in the long run the syces would not steal it2 natives are sharp enough to see when any profit can be made1 and it was not to their advantage to give back short weight4 ,excellent gram-crushing machines1 working with fluted rollers1 are sold by several firms in ,india1 and are adjustable so as to take any grain4 ,they are made to fit into a box for travelling1 which1 when in use1 forms a stand for the crusher to work on4 ,they are1 however1 somewhat expensive1 and although admirable for a large stud of horses1 are hardly required for a private stable4 ,if1 however1 expense is no object1 they are certainly preferable to the native mill1 as they are cleaner1 bits of grit not coming off the stone1 and each individual grain being crushed1 which even the best native mills will not do4 ,crushed grain is much quicker digested than whole1 particularly by old horses whose teeth are not in good order1 and who cannot masticate their food properly4 ,it is a common mistake to give too much gram or other grain1 there being a prevailing idea that the more that is given the more work the horse will do4 ,there is no greater error2 it is like putting more coal into the furnace of an engine that can only consume a certain amount2 the extra quantity only goes to waste1 and upsets the digestive functions of the stomach4 ,what is required is a judicious admixture of food given at a proper time2 not a large quantity improperly given of an improper quality4 ,gram should be given in the proportion of one part of bran to two of gram2 or what is better1 one part each of bran 7choker71 gram1 and parched barley 7adarwah71 or oats 7jai71 by weight4 ,these can be purchased separately from the corn-dealer and mixed together1 and thus cannot be eaten by any of the servants1 like pure gram can be4 ,if the horse is not digesting his food properly1 whole grains will be found in his droppings that have passed through the bowels unaltered4 ,there will be always a few of these found1 especially if the horse is getting parched barley or oats1 as the husks of both these grains are very indigestible4 ,if the horse begins to get thin1 and fall away in condition as well1 it is then time to take some measures to remedy matters1 otherwise no notice need be taken4 ,barley 7jow74 ,in many parts of ,northern ,india1 especially on the ,afghan frontier1 whole1 uncrushed barley is used4 ,it does not seem to hurt country-breds1 but with old animals that are not used to it1 and particularly ,australians1 the practice is dangerous4 ,during the ,afghan ,war1 on one occasion there being no other grain available1 whole barley was supplied to the horses of the battery of artillery to which ,i then belonged4 ,a number of them were attacked with colic1 and several died from the irritation caused by the pointed awns or ends of the beards to the bowels4 ,no doubt horses1 and particularly young ones1 will get used to feeding on most grains if the change is brought about gradually1 but a sudden change from any one to another is dangerous4 ,at the best1 whole barley is not an economical food4 ,the husk resists the digestive action of the stomach and intestines1 and a quantity is always passed out of the body whole4 ,barley ought certainly always to be crushed1 or1 better still1 parched1 and turned into adarwah4 ,this is done by professional grain parchers in the bazaar2 but sometimes1 though rarely1 some of the women of the servants' families can do it4 ,it consists of half filling a wide shallow iron pan with sand1 and placing it over a fire till nearly red hot4 ,a couple of handfuls of the grain is then thrown into the sand with a peculiar turn of the wrist which scatters it over the hot surface1 about which it is stirred for a few seconds with an iron spoon or small shovel pierced with holes like a fish-ladle4 ,the grain is partially baked1 swells up and becomes brittle1 the husk cracking1 when it is scraped up and lifted out with the ladle1 the sand being riddled through back into the pan4 ,a good parcher will turn out a maund 7#hj lbs47 in a wonderfully short space of time1 the whole process being gone through with a dexterity only acquired by long practice4 ,in ,india barley usually runs very light1 there being a great deal of husk4 ,boiled barley is a most useful diet for a sick horse4 ,it requires well boiling for at least half an hour1 and the water then drained off4 ,i have known horses drink this barley-water when they won't look at anything else4 ,bran 7choker74 ,in most of the large stations in ,india there are flour-mills in which wheat is ground with the latest machinery1 and when obtained from them1 bran differs but little from what is seen in ,england2 but in smaller places wheat is ground by native mills1 and then the bran is not so clean4 ,when native-made bran is run over the hand1 it will be seen that there is a large amount of flour in it1 which adheres to the skin like a white powder1 and which makes it much more nourishing than the cleaner prepared article4 ,the scales also of native-made bran are much more irregular in size than the ,european manufactured article4 ,bran should have a clean1 fresh smell about it1 and the newer it is the better2 if kept long it is likely to get mouldy4 ,this is particularly the case during the rainy season1 when the atmosphere being saturated with moisture1 a good deal is absorbed by the bran1 and if kept in this state for any time will get mouldy4 ,on this account1 if it is necessary to store bran during the rainy season1 it should be kept in tin boxes4 ,the inside lining of old packing cases1 in which perishable goods are brought out from ,england1 do well for this purpose1 and plenty can be got for a small sum in the bazaar shops2 or1 if not1 any native tinsmith will make a box out of old kerosine oil tins for a small sum4 ,bran ,mash4 ,it is a good plan1 particularly in warm weather1 in any country to give horses a bran mash once a week1 and if one particular evening is fixed upon1 syces get into the habit of giving it regularly without special orders4 ,i generally used to give a standing order to give it on ,saturday night1 for1 as a rule1 the horses are not required on ,sunday4 ,bran has a slightly relaxing effect1 that in warm climates is particularly beneficial4 ,bran mash is made by simply putting the necessary quantity of bran into a bucket1 pouring boiling water gradually on to it1 at the same time stirring it round with a stick until the whole is moist and mixed together4 ,the bran should only be damped sufficiently to make it stick together1 and should not be sloppy and wet4 ,some horses at first will not eat bran1 but they can be tempted to by mixing a handful of whatever grain they have been used to with it4 ,oats 7jai74 ,oats are now largely grown over the ,punjab1 ,northern ,india1 and in ,tirhoot1 and are sold at nearly the same price as barley4 ,in the seaport towns ,australian oats can usually be obtained2 and as good oats are grown in the colonies as any part of the world4 ,they are more expensive than the native article1 and are generally only used for training race-horses on4 ,the ,indian oat1 compared with the ,english1 ,australian1 or ,south ,african1 is a poor article1 running very light1 with a great amount of husk2 but if properly crushed1 and mixed with gram and bran in proportions of one part of each1 they are greatly superior to barley4 ,the oat in ,india is a winter crop1 and is harvested in the spring4 ,both colonial and ,indian oats are always white4 ,i have never seen the black or tawny variety which is so common in ,ireland4 ,a demand having arisen for them by ,europeans1 it is sometimes possible in ,northern ,india to buy them in the bazaar2 but generally it is necessary to make a special arrangement with the grower1 as natives do not use them as a feeding grain for their own animals4 ,they grow the crop round the wells1 and cut it green in the straw as forage for the well and plough bullocks in the spring1 when they are working hard4 ,arrangements can generally be made with the cultivator to purchase so much from him by weight1 thrashed and delivered at your own stable1 or else to purchase so many acres of the standing crop as it is growing2 but the former plan is the most satisfactory1 as it is astonishing the heavy crop that will be produced2 and1 on the contrary1 you will be equally astonished to find with the other plan how light it is4 ,the negotiations for the supply of oats should be entered into in good time in the spring--say about the beginning of ,march--as it is astonishing how slow such matters progress in the ,east1 and they had better be left in the hands of your head syce4 ,no doubt you will be cheated out of a small amount1 but you must make up your mind for this before arriving in the ,east2 but you will have the satisfaction of knowing that if you tried to carry on negotiations yourself you would be cheated out of more4 ,i have tried both plans1 and found that the syce could drive a better bargain for both of us than when ,i attempted to deal direct with the cultivator4 ,maize 7makkai74 ,although grown all over ,india1 maize is not much used for feeding horses2 but in ,south ,africa1 where it is known as mealies1 it is the staple food grain for both man and beast4 ,in ,india it is said to make horses fat and soft1 but no animal in the world does harder work than a ,south ,african post-cart horse4 ,in all probability the reason they do well on maize is that in the oat-hay forage they get there is a considerable quantity of grain2 and although ,i have never seen it used1 the experiment of feeding on oats and maize would be worth while trying in ,india4 ,in ,south ,africa maize is usually given whole1 but in any of the towns it can be obtained crushed1 and it is better to give it in this state4 ,during the ,afghan ,war maize was plentiful in some parts of the country1 and ,i gave it to some of the horses that ,i had charge of4 ,i had it parched on hot sand1 in the same way as barley 7adarwah7 is parched1 making it into ,american pop-corn4 ,with certain somewhat thin and debilitated animals it had a marked effect in getting flesh on them1 and all horses eat it greedily4 ,in ,india maize is a summer crop1 ripening in the autumn1 when the ears or cobs are picked off the stalks4 ,it is stored in the cob1 and the individual grains knocked off as required by rapping them against a stick2 but they must be turned over in the heap occasionally1 as rats and mice are likely to cause damage1 particularly the musk rat1 that taints everything it comes into contact with4 ,horses have frequently been brought to me1 said to be off their feed1 and on inquiry ,i have found this only to be caused by the grain being tainted by musk rats1 and that when a clean feed is offered to them they devour it ravenously4 ,there are in ,south ,africa and ,america a number of varieties of maize1 but in ,india ,i only know of two sorts1 in one of which the seeds are white and the other yellow1 or a deep red colour4 ,i don't think that there is much difference in them as far as horse food goes1 but each individual grain should be plump1 and fill out the husk well2 they should be free from weevils1 worms1 or the marks of attacks from rats and mice4 ,the husk should be well filled out1 and have a shining1 pearl-like1 glistening appearance1 and when let fall on a stone or other hard substance give off a metallic sound4 ,when broken open1 the grain inside should be of a pure white colour1 and of a pleasant1 mealy smell1 like fresh flour4 ,if it is discoloured1 it denotes that it has been wet and fermented4 ,maize can be crushed by most grain-crushing machines1 also in the native mill 7chuckie7 if the stones are properly set2 but both in ,south ,africa and ,india the natives pound it in a large wooden mortar made out of the trunk of a tree4 ,wheat 7ghehun74 ,although it is not to be recommended as a food1 still ,i have seen wheat used when no other grain could be obtained1 and it was a choice of it or nothing at all2 and in parts of ,australia1 and1 ,i believe1 ,america1 it is regularly used as a horse food4 ,it is commonly supposed that wheat is almost a rank poison to horses1 and will cause fever in the feet2 and no doubt with stabled animals in ,england it will do so1 especially as the majority of cases of this nature are from accidents--horses getting loose and gorging themselves with wheat during the night1 or when unobserved4 ,with animals standing out in the open and working hard1 as they do in ,india and the colonies1 it is not so dangerous4 ,i should not suddenly change a horse's feed from oats or gram to a full ration of wheat2 but when nothing else can be got1 it can be given in a small quantity without much fear of danger2 but as soon as any other grain could be obtained1 it should be used4 ,rice 7dhan74 ,in ,eastern ,bengal and ,assam horses are fed on unhusked rice and will do well on it4 ,during the expedition into the ,lushai ,hills in #ahgi-hj1 in many places nothing else could be got to feed the transport mules on4 ,gram is not grown in that part of the country1 and what little there is has to be imported1 and is at a prohibitive price4 ,i found that animals did well enough on an equal mixture of gram and rice1 although at first some of them refused it4 ,in ,japan rice is the only grain horses get1 and the pack ponies of that country are hardy beasts1 and appear to work well on it4 ,if the rice can be crushed1 it is all the better2 and in ,bengal and ,assam there is no difficulty in getting this done1 as it is the food of the people1 and they grind it for their own use4 ,millet 7bajara74 ,the various millets1 known in ,south ,africa as ,kaffir-corn1 are not often used in ,india as horse food1 but in the ,cape it sometimes is4 ,in ,india the millet is a summer crop harvested in the autumn4 ,the seeds are small1 and of a dark or greyish colour4 ,it requires to be crushed before use1 as the husk is very hard4 ,pulses 7dhal74 ,the various species of pulse grains enter largely into the food of the natives of ,india4 ,two1 known as mung and mote1 or moat1 are excellent for getting flesh on thin1 debilitated animals4 ,they are both small oblong seeds of an olive green colour1 with a very hard husk1 and can be obtained in any bazaar4 ,i prefer the mote to the mung4 ,they both require to be well boiled to the consistency of a jelly before use1 and then being well mixed in with the food1 about a pound in weight of the raw seed being enough for each feed1 so that the horse gets three pounds daily1 a corresponding quantity of the other grain being withdrawn4 ,i have seen most excellent results in weak animals recovering from a debilitating illness from its use1 but great care must be taken that it is boiled properly4 ,linseed 7ulsie74 ,linseed can be obtained all over ,india4 ,in fact1 a good deal of what is on the ,english market comes from the ,east4 ,under certain conditions it is useful in putting on flesh1 and as a diet for convalescents2 but care must be exercised in its use1 as it contains a great deal of oil1 and in cases of sickness with liver complications1 which are common in a hot climate1 especially in ,english and ,australian horses1 it is to be avoided4 ,it has to be boiled to a jelly before use1 or1 better still1 soak it in cold water for some hours until soft1 and then boil it4 ,in the hot weather1 however1 ,i prefer to use either the mote or mung to linseed4 ,linseed ,cake 7rhal or khal74 ,linseed cake can be obtained in nearly every large town1 and is the residue left after the oil is expressed2 but as this process is imperfectly performed1 a good deal of oil is left--much more than in the steam-pressed ,english cake4 ,it is sold by the seer 7#b lbs4 weight71 but in irregular lumps1 not moulded into cakes as in ,europe4 ,care must be taken in buying it1 as it is very likely to be musty1 and adulterated with mustard or rape seed4 ,both these can be easily detected by the taste or smell1 leaving a pungent odour and a sharp burning taste behind4 ,the best plan is to crush a small quantity of the cake and drop it into some boiling water1 when the sharp smell and taste characteristic of the mustard and rape oil will be given off4 ,a small quantity of linseed cake in the food will fatten horses tremendously1 but makes them soft in condition4 ,it is one of the articles used by native dealers to fatten horses for sale1 and at this they are most expert4 ,when crushed it can be mixed with the food1 or boiled to make linseed tea for sick horses2 and for this latter purpose ,i prefer it to linseed1 as there is less oil in it1 the smell of which sometimes nauseates an animal and causes him to refuse it4 ,black ,gram 7cooltee74 ,in the ,madras ,presidency and ,southern ,india black gram is used1 the ,bengal white gram not being grown there4 ,this has to be boiled before use4 ,military horses are fed on it1 but it is said that it makes them soft4 ,i have1 however1 no personal experience of black gram4 ,preparation of ,food4 ,in ,india it is the custom to damp the food before it is given4 ,it should not be saturated so as to turn it into a sloppy paste1 but just damped sufficiently to make the particles stick together4 ,grooms 7syces7 generally deal out each feed into a bucket dry from the corn-bin1 and then damp it2 but a better plan is to weigh out the whole of the amount required for all the horses1 and put it into a wide-mouthed earthen bowl called a naund1 that can be purchased for a few pence1 or a box1 such as an old wine case1 and damp the whole amount together1 then portioning it out for each animal4 ,the reason of this is that1 if the grain is damped in the buckets1 they are at once taken away1 and1 the probabilities are1 never cleaned2 but if they have to be brought forward for each feed to be put into them1 and the owner takes the trouble now and again to inspect them1 syces1 who are creatures of habit1 get into the way of cleaning them before they bring them forward4 ,the box1 or naund1 in which the grain is damped being stationary1 can be looked at any time4 ,it is necessary to be very careful about this1 as the particles of food left very quickly ferment in a hot climate1 and get sour1 and quickly taint all the rest4 ,as a rule1 about ten minutes is long enough to damp grain2 and this should be done as soon before feeding as possible1 otherwise1 if left long standing1 it will get sour4 ,if a horse refuses his feed1 it should be at once thrown away1 and on no account be kept till the next meal1 by which time it is pretty certain to have fermented4 ,horses refusing ,food4 ,some horses are delicate feeders naturally1 and take a long time in eating1 or refuse their food altogether4 ,in the case of a delicate or slow feeder1 the food should be given in small quantities and often1 rather than in the usual somewhat rather large feeds three times a day2 and the horse should be fed by himself4 ,this is easily done in ,india1 as nearly all stables are loose boxes2 but if the animal is picketed out with others that are likely to teaze him1 he should be taken away and fed out of a bucket in the compound 7garden or enclosure round the house74 ,syces1 like all natives of ,india1 have no idea of the value of time2 and if he has his hooka 7pipe71 and a friend to talk to about the price of food-stuffs1 rates of wages1 and other such-like interesting bazaar topics1 he is perfectly content to sit holding the bucket before the horse all day long1 if necessary4 ,if the animal refuses his food altogether1 then it should be taken away1 for if left standing in front of him he breathes on it1 and if it remains any considerable time it becomes sour and fermented1 and he gets disgusted with it2 whereas1 if taken away and nothing more given till next feeding-time1 the appetite often returns1 and the food is consumed with a relish2 especially in the warm weather1 if he is first led out and exercised1 or picketed out under a tree4 ,on no account should the feed that has been refused be kept over till the next feeding-time2 a fresh one should be prepared1 as in a hot climate wet grain ferments and turns sour in a very short space of time4 ,times of ,feeding4 ,the stomach of the horse is very small in proportion to the size of his body1 and he requires to be fed often1 and in small quantities4 ,in ,england hunters are fed four1 or even five1 times a day4 ,in ,india it is the usual custom to feed three times1 and perhaps it is often enough4 ,in all military stations a gun is fired at noon1 and the midday feed is given at that hour2 but the morning and evening one varies with the season of the year4 ,i usually give only half a feed in the evening about five o'clock1 and the remainder the last thing at night1 about eight or nine1 according to the season of the year2 but1 unless carefully watched1 syces will not do this1 as it is the custom only to feed three times daily1 and dastour 7custom7 is a thing it is impossible to make a native break through4 ,bolting ,food4 ,some horses have a trick of bolting their food without masticating it properly1 especially if another is being fed in their company4 ,it is a good plan to feed such horses apart from any others1 which can easily be done in an ,indian stable1 as they are all loose boxes1 or1 if picketed out in the open1 by moving him a short distance away from the others4 ,a small quantity of chaff1 grass1 straw1 or what is known as bhoosa1 which is wheat straw that is crushed and broken into small pieces in the process of treading out the grain by bullocks1 mixed in with the feed1 will usually make them masticate it properly4 ,spilling ,food on ,ground4 ,horses have also a trick sometimes of throwing their food out of the bucket or manger1 and spilling a quantity on the ground4 ,not only is a large amount wasted1 but when the animal has finished what is left1 and tries at his leisure to gather up what is on the ground1 he eats a large amount of earth and dirt with it1 which is injurious4 ,the best way ,i know to prevent this is to feed the horse on a cloth on the ground2 any bit of old sacking about four feet square will answer for the purpose4 ,grass4 ,in ,india hay is not often seen1 and horses are fed on grass2 even race-horses are trained on it4 ,this may at first sound strange1 but ,indian grass is very different to ,english meadow grass1 and chiefly consists of the roots and runners1 the actual blade of grass not being more than about an inch long4 ,the best grass is what is known as dhoob4 ,it is a short grass1 with long roots and suckers1 which is dug up out of the ground with a short iron hoe or trowel1 called a kurpa1 which is used with a scraping motion of the hand1 the process being called cheeling4 ,a considerable quantity of earth is taken up with it1 which ought to be knocked off against the hoe2 but as the grass is sold by weight1 and the usual quantity a private grass-cutter is supposed to bring in daily is #bj seers 7#dj lbs4 weight71 it is not to his advantage to clean it4 ,if horses eat dirty grass for any length of time1 the sand and dirt1 besides damaging the teeth1 is likely to accumulate in the intestines and give rise to what is known as sand colic4 ,when the grass-cutter brings in his bundle of grass that he has collected1 which he generally does at midday1 it should be spread out and cleaned2 sticks and thorns should be picked out1 as they are likely to lodge in the horse's throat and choke him1 and it should be well beaten with a stick to get rid of the sand and dirt4 ,a good plan is to fasten a net between the wooden framework of a charpoy1 or native bedstead1 lay the grass on it1 and beat it there with a stick1 and it is surprising what a quantity of rubbish will fall through4 ,an old lawn tennis net1 if the meshes are not too big1 answers well for this purpose4 ,grass-cutters are fond of wetting the grass to make it weigh4 ,if it is brought in fresh1 and damped with clean water beyond the actual loss in weight1 ,i do not know that it does much harm2 but it is exceedingly likely that the water has been obtained from some stagnant dirty puddle1 and the bundle has been left standing for some time so that fermentation has set in1 giving it an unpleasant smell4 ,it is therefore best to have the bundles at once opened out and spread in the sun to dry as soon as they are brought in1 and not allow the grass-cutters to take them away to their own houses4 ,in parts of the foot hills of the ,himalayas 7hurriarie1 or hurrialie7 grass is obtained4 ,it is not found in the plains1 or in the very high mountains where it is cold4 ,it is a long grass1 running to about three feet high1 and is cut with a curved sickle4 ,when young and green it is a capital fodder grass2 but when the seed is shed1 and it gets dry1 it is unfit for any other purpose than bedding1 as the stalks get very hard and brittle1 and so dry that there is little or no nourishment in it4 ,it should not then be allowed into the stable for any other purpose than bedding2 but being much easier to collect than dhoob grass1 the grass-cutters will bring it as long as they are allowed to1 even when it resembles nothing more than a bundle of sticks4 ,i have frequently heard owners of horses in the hills complain of their animals getting thin and out of condition1 the cause of which on inquiry was simply due to the bad dry hurrialie grass that was brought for them to eat4 ,churrie4 ,this is the dried stalk of one of the shorgum tribe of plants1 which is also known as the ,chinese sugar-cane4 ,it is a summer crop cut in the autumn4 ,it grows to five or six feet high1 and is cut and stored by the natives as a fodder for the cattle4 ,it would to the new-comer appear to be a most unsuitable article of food1 but is full of saccharine matter1 tasting quite sweet when chewed in the mouth1 so much so that in parts a rough sugar is extracted from it1 but to look at is like a bundle of dried reeds4 ,animals of all sorts are very fond of it1 and ,i have frequently fed my horses on it for days together in out-of-the-way places where no grass was to be obtained4 ,it is not used as a regular horse fodder1 but it does well for it on a pinch4 ,bhoosa4 ,in the ,east all grain is threshed out by the primitive process of putting it in a circle and driving bullocks round on it1 and in this process the grain is trodden out of the ear1 the straw being split and broken up by the animals' feet into small fragments from one-eighth to two or three inches in length1 which is called bhoosa4 ,this is the staple food of the working cattle1 and is also used for horses4 ,it is a most important item of the crop1 and in the rural economy of an ,indian village almost as much is thought of it as the grain itself4 ,wheat and barley straw makes what is called white bhoosa1 and gram and the various pulses missa bhoosa4 ,both these can be used as horse food2 in fact1 on the ,afghan frontier they get nothing else1 and many natives feed their animals entirely on it1 never giving them grass2 but although they will eat it1 and for a time keep condition1 it is not to be recommended4 ,if it has to be used1 and it is possible to obtain any grass1 they should be mixed together4 ,a small quantity of bhoosa mixed in the feed will make a greedy feeder masticate it4 ,white bhoosa looks like badly chopped straw-chaff4 ,missa bhoosa is of a dark colour1 the particles not being straight-like sticks1 but bent about1 and frequently there are a quantity of the leaves of the plant mixed with it4 ,care should be taken that both sorts are not mouldy1 which is very apt to be the case1 as the native farmers store it in large quantities during the winter1 and when the new crop comes on1 if there is any of last year's left1 it is what they try and sell4 ,being stacked in the open1 it is exceedingly likely to get damaged by the rain4 ,bhoosa should have a clean1 fresh smell like sweet straw1 not be discoloured or have any patches of mould about it1 and be free from impurities such as sticks1 thorns1 or pieces of mud or stones4 ,bamboo ,leaves 7bans74 ,in ,eastern ,bengal1 ,assam1 and parts of ,burma1 the green leaves and young shoots of the bamboo are used for forage4 ,during the ,chin-,lushai ,expedition in #ahhi-ij1 the animals with the force got nothing else for nearly eight months4 ,i had three ponies of my own that were worked moderately hard the whole time1 and they remained in good condition4 ,the transport mules1 which were worked very hard indeed in a very trying climate1 did not fall away nearly as much as ,i expected4 ,the young shoots and leaves are cut with a sort of a billhook1 called a dah1 and care must be taken that only the young green leaves and soft tender shoots are given1 the old leaves and the edges of the dry stumps of the bamboo cutting like a razor4 ,i have seen some bad wounds on the lips1 tongue1 and angles of the mouth from this cause4 ,it is best to make the syces and grass-cutters pluck the leaves off the branches altogether1 and not leave them about the stable1 for fear of wounding the horses4 ,this they will readily do1 as they use the dbris for fuel4 ,i have seen some bad cuts and injuries in both men and animals from the edges of the split bamboo1 which are very sharp--so much so that the savage tribes on the eastern frontier use a properly split piece of bamboo for a knife in skinning animals2 and the sap of the green bamboo appears to have a peculiarly irritating or poisonous action1 a wound caused by it festering and suppurating in both man and beast1 whereas one inflicted with a dry bamboo will heal up healthy4 ,horses require a larger amount of bamboo leaves than grass4 ,if an animal is getting #bj lbs4 of green dhoob grass daily1 he will require #cj lbs4 of bamboo leaves to keep him in condition4 ,although at first horses may refuse them1 they take to them kindly after a little while4 ,oat ,hay ,forage4 ,in the ,south ,african colonies grass hay is almost unknown4 ,the oat is cut when about half ripe1 dried1 and given in the straw1 in which condition it is known as forage1 and is excellent feeding4 ,it is usually sold in bundles1 wholesale at so much per hundred1 and retail at hotels and livery stables at so many bundles for a shilling4 ,some years ago1 when ,i was travelling in the ,dutch part of ,south ,africa1 in the more out-of-the-way parts of which there are no hotels1 it was the custom to ask the owner of the farmhouse where you arrived permission to off-saddle if you were riding1 or out-span if driving1 for the night or a couple of hours1 as the case might be4 ,this was a roundabout way of asking if he could put you and your animals up for the night4 ,when leaving in the morning1 it would have been a great breach of good manners to ask for your bill1 but you inquired what you were indebted to his head-boy for the forage your horses had consumed--a polite way of asking for your account2 the number of bundles per shilling varying according to the time you remained1 and the accommodation you had received2 but1 notwithstanding this fiction1 ,i did not1 as a rule1 find the total any less than in a regular hotel where you get your bill4 ,hay4 ,hay1 as is known in ,europe and ,australia1 is never seen in ,india4 ,in some parts1 what is called hay can be obtained2 but1 compared to ,english meadow hay1 it is at the best but poor stuff4 ,no doubt hay of a very tolerable quality can be made in ,india2 in fact1 ,i have done so1 but usually the grass is cut after the plant has flowered1 the seed ripened and shed1 when it is what is known as the sap being down1 and then it is dry and with little nourishment in it4 ,it is generally also allowed to lie out too long after it has been cut in a hot1 powerful sun1 which utterly bakes it up4 ,the grass should be cut when the seed is green and the sap well up in it1 and should not be allowed to remain too long drying4 ,i have generally found that from eight to ten hours of the ,indian sun was enough1 so that grass cut in the morning should be stacked at night2 it will then not be utterly dried up1 and in the stack will undergo the process of fermentation that gives the characteristic smell to ,english hay4 ,there is a certain amount of difficulty in doing this4 ,the grass flowers and seeds at the end of the hot weather1 about ,september1 when the monsoon rains are on1 and these sometimes last for days together4 ,it is1 therefore1 sometimes difficult to get a fine day to cut and save the hay in before the seed is shed2 and before the dry weather again sets in the sap has gone down1 and there is but little nutriment left in the grass4 ,it is not a bad plan to sprinkle some salt over each layer of hay as the stack is made up2 horses eat this cured hay with great relish4 ,in making up the stack1 a bundle or two of straw1 put on end from the bottom upwards1 should be built into the centre of it as it is being raised up1 to act as a chimney or ventilator to carry off the heat while the stack is fermenting4 ,if this is not done1 there is danger of its catching fire2 and even if it should not heat to such a degree1 part is likely to get discoloured--what is termed mow-burned4 ,this chimney can be made with bundles of sticks1 boards1 or even stones2 but sick horses will often eat the straw from the centre of a haystack when they won't look at anything else1 and it sometimes comes in useful1 and in any event1 is not wasted4 ,the stack should be built on a foundation of brambles1 stones1 or a mud platform--the latter being the best--to raise it and protect it from damage by the rains1 which at times come in a regular flood1 and also to keep out rats1 mice1 and other vermin4 ,when the stack gets down to the bottom1 care should be exercised in handling it1 as it is a great refuge for snakes1 and ,i have seen one fatal accident from snake bite from this cause4 ,it1 then1 is a good plan to make the men remove the hay in small quantities at a time with a hay-fork1 which is easily made by fastening a couple of short sticks converging from each other on to a long bamboo2 but natives are such fatalists that1 no matter how much warned of the danger they are incurring1 they will not take the commonest precautions as to their safety if it gives them a little extra trouble4 ,a somewhat larger quantity of dry grass is required than green dhoob by weight1 the proportion being about #ae to #bj lbs4 respectively4 ,green ,food 7khawid1 or khasil74 ,in the spring of the year in ,india it is common to give horses green wheat1 oats1 or barley4 ,this is cut in the straw from the time it is about a foot high until the grain begins to ripen1 a period that lasts about a month or six weeks in the ,punjab--from the middle of ,february till the end of ,march4 ,this green food is called by the natives khawid1 or khasil4 ,it has an excellent effect on the system1 and is what is used by the native dealers to get their horses into condition for sale4 ,too large a quantity should not be given at first1 as it is likely to cause diarrhoea2 about #d lbs4 daily being sufficient at first1 but it may be increased up to double this amount if it agrees with the animal4 ,care should be taken that the green food is only given when young and the straw tender1 for when it gets ripe1 and the straw woody and hard1 it is very indigestible1 and a common cause of intestinal obstruction and colic4 ,in some parts green barley is given in the same manner1 and when it is young it is as good as wheat or oats2 but when it begins to ripen it should be stopped1 as the awns or beards begin to get hard1 and not only are they likely to choke the horse1 but to cause dangerous intestinal obstruction4 ,oats can be given much longer than barley or wheat2 in fact1 as ,i have said1 ripe oats are cut in the straw1 and used as hay in many parts of the world4 ,the green crop must be purchased standing from a cultivator1 and this is best arranged through your head syce4 ,it is sold by measurement1 a patch in the field being marked out2 or else the grass-cutters go and cut as much as is required daily1 the whole amount used being afterwards measured up and paid for at the fixed bazaar rate1 or1 as it is termed1 the nirrick4 ,green ,gram4 ,natives are very fond of giving horses green gram1 but it is a most dangerous custom4 ,it is most indigestible1 the stalk when green being full of a strong tough fibre4 ,the sap and leaves have a peculiar irritating or almost corrosive property1 and in the spring of the year many fatal cases of intestinal disease are caused by it4 ,carrots 7gajar74 ,carrots are plentiful all over ,northern ,india4 ,they come on in the spring1 and are an excellent green food4 ,they can be bought very cheaply1 and if kept in a cool1 dry place1 can be stored for a considerable time2 but they require to be turned almost daily1 or they will get rotten4 ,when used they should either be washed to remove the earth1 or1 as in the ,east this is quite dry1 knocked with a stick to remove it4 ,they should be given whole1 or else cut into long slices1 not across into lumps4 ,this latter practice is dangerous1 as horses are thus inclined to bolt them whole1 and the short round lump is likely to stick in the throat and cause choking4 ,lucerne4 ,lucerne grows well all over ,northern ,india1 and although not cultivated by the natives for their own use1 they know perfectly well what it is1 and call it by the ,english name4 ,in most of the towns where there are any ,europeans collected together1 it is usual to grow it in the ,government or station garden1 from where it can be purchased retail4 ,some native corps1 who remain some time in the one place1 also grow it for the benefit of the regiment1 and sometimes it is possible to obtain some from them2 but as a rule they only have enough for their own use4 ,round the large military cantonments in some places1 the neighbouring farmers1 finding that there is a demand for it1 have taken to growing it for sale1 and it can be bought in the bazaar2 but as the supply is not certain1 it is better to enter into a contract with one of the growers to supply the quantity by weight daily required4 ,in making this bargain it is best to use the agency of the head syce1 as if it falls short1 or is not forthcoming1 he can be made responsible2 and natives being erratic creatures1 it is quite possible that some morning you may be told that there is no more1 or that the grower has sold his crop to some one else1 perhaps at even a smaller price than you are giving4 ,whenever there is a well in the compound1 and ,i have been long enough in one place1 ,i have always grown as much as ,i could for myself4 ,it is easily done1 and there is no more useful crop in connection with an ,indian stable4 ,in the dry1 hot weather the difference in the condition of horses that are getting a fairly liberal supply of green food1 and those that are only getting the burned-up grass that is then procurable1 is most marked4 ,the only difficulty about growing lucerne is that at first a large supply of water is necessary until the roots strike4 ,if you have a garden1 then1 of course1 you have to keep a pair of bullocks to raise water from the well for irrigation purposes2 but if you do not run to this luxury1 then a pair of bullocks can be hired for two or three days in the week4 ,the landlord of the house has to keep the well and the ,persian wheel1 by which the water is raised1 in order1 and find the first pair of ropes for it4 ,the tenant has to find the earthen pots1 or chatties1 that are fastened on to it1 by which the water is raised up4 ,these chatties are cheap things enough1 but they are easily broken4 ,i always found that the best plan was to provide the first lot myself1 and then give a small sum monthly to the gardener to keep them going2 and it saved money in the end1 as ,i found that not nearly so many were smashed under this system as when ,i paid for what were required4 ,if a gardener is regularly employed1 it is1 of course1 part of his business to look after the lucerne bed2 but for an ordinary stable of1 say1 four or five animals1 an acre of lucerne will be ample1 and a man exclusively for this is not necessary4 ,a gardener can be got for about ,rs4 #aj a month1 but a man can be got to come two or three times a week and look after it for half this4 ,i found1 however1 that if ,i gave it to one of the syces1 that the women and children of his family would attend to it1 as1 when once started1 it only requires weeding1 and that the work was better done than by a professional gardener1 unless one was regularly employed4 ,the best seed is the acclimatized ,english1 or the ,cabul brought down from ,afghanistan4 ,the ,english seed can be obtained from any seedsman1 or the ,government ,horticultural ,gardens at ,lahore or ,saharunpore1 at about a rupee a pound1 and this is enough to sow about an acre with1 which should be done at the end of the cold weather4 ,if only a small quantity is grown1 it is best to sow it on ridges1 as it then1 no doubt1 can be kept free from weeds1 and the cost of weeding1 on an acre or two1 is but trifling2 but it is an error to suppose that lucerne cannot be sown broadcast4 ,at the cattle farm at ,hissar1 in the ,punjab1 several hundred acres were grown in this way1 as the cost of making ridges on such a large quantity of land would have been prohibitive4 ,of course1 this lucerne was not so clean as if it had been grown on ridges1 but the cattle picked it out from the weeds when it was put before them4 ,fresh seed will have to be sown about every three years1 and the crop may be cut about five or six times during the season4 ,about #d lbs4 is enough for a horse1 but it is best to begin with half this quantity and gradually increase it1 as if too large an amount is given at once it is likely to cause colic4 ,guinea ,grass4 ,some years ago this was a very favourite grass forage to grow for horses1 but lately lucerne has supplanted it1 and1 ,i think1 rightly4 ,the advantage of guinea grass is that it lasts through the hottest months of the year1 which lucerne does not1 but it requires a great deal of water4 ,it grows in separate tufts1 and they should be planted some distance apart1 or otherwise they will crowd each other out4 ,sugar ,cane 7gunna74 ,sugar cane is not often used as an actual food1 but horses are very fond of it1 and on my visits to the stable ,i usually had some pieces carried after me in a basket when it was in season4 ,it ripens at the end of the summer1 and lasts into the winter4 ,it is sold in long sticks1 and should be chopped up into pieces2 but the servants will steal it1 as they eat it themselves as a sweetmeat4 ,turnips 7shalgham74 ,the ordinary white turnip grows all over the ,punjab in the winter1 and when carrots are not to be procured1 ,i have used them in their place1 preparing them in the same manner4 ,horses soon learn to eat and relish them4 ,salt 7nimmuk74 ,salt is required by all animals in a certain quantity in their food to keep them in health4 ,there are three different varieties sold in the native shops4 ,rock salt 7putter ke nimmuk72 ordinary salt1 which is merely the rock salt crushed and powdered2 and black salt 7kali nimmuk74 ,on the coast sea salt can also be obtained1 but it is not to be found far inland4 ,the common custom in ,india is to give powdered salt in the food1 the usual daily allowance being about an ounce4 ,i prefer to leave a lump of rock salt in the manger for the horse to lick when he likes4 ,some owners have a lump of it hung by a string to the wall1 but ,i do not think this is advisable1 as ,i have known more than one horse turn a wind-sucker from getting into the habit of licking and playing with it4 ,tonics4 ,it is a common supposition1 deeply rooted in the minds of horsemen1 that1 when a horse loses condition1 he at once requires a tonic2 and an immense number of these and condition powders are advertised4 ,there is no better paying speculation in the world than the sale of these articles1 as the majority of them consist of a few cheap and simple ingredients1 that are retailed to the public at a hundred per cent4 their original cost2 and the best that can be said about these nostrums is that some of them are innocent and do no harm1 while they serve to amuse the owner4 ,the action of a tonic is to stimulate the appetite1 and if the horse is feeding well they are certainly useless1 if not actually harmful4 ,if the horse feeds1 and continues to fall off in condition1 the chances are that there is something wrong in the stable management1 which should be carefully inquired into4 ,if this only occurs once with one animal1 the inference is that medical advice is required1 but if several are in the same state1 or it is a matter of constant occurrence1 then in most cases a change of syce is required1 and it will be usually found better and cheaper than having recourse to any of these various advertised cure-alls4 ,horses not ,feeding4 ,horses refuse their food from a variety of causes4 ,it is usually the first symptom noticed in the majority of attacks of illness1 and ,i cannot too strongly urge that in such cases the sooner professional advice is obtained the better1 there being nothing in which the old proverb1 a stitch in time saves nine1 more applies to4 ,on the other hand1 horse owners are inclined to get very anxious without cause about horses not feeding1 and to imagine that because he refuses to feed1 or does not finish it up with a good appetite1 that the animal is in a dangerous state4 ,horses are much like ourselves1 and we all know that we sometimes do not feel inclined to do justice to a square meal1 and that if we dine off a plate of soup we feel ready for a good breakfast in the morning4 ,if the horse refuses his feed1 or only plays about with it1 have it at once removed2 at the next only give him a little hay or grass1 and the probabilities are that at the next he will eat up his grain with a hearty appetite4 ,if he does not1 then the sooner professional advice is called in the better1 as you may be certain that something is wrong4 ,damaged ,food4 ,damaged1 mouldy1 or sour food1 the horse1 of course1 will not eat unless he is very hungry1 and then only sufficient to stay his appetite4 ,damaged grain there is no excuse for1 and can only be given through carelessness or indifference on the part of the owner or his servants4 ,sour food1 or food that has fermented1 is1 with the best intentions1 likely to be placed before the animal1 as it is surprising how soon fermentation will set up in damp grain in a hot climate4 ,the food should not be damped more than twenty minutes or half an hour at the most before it is given1 and a dirty bucket will easily contaminate it4 ,in the hot weather in ,india1 particularly during the rains1 when both man and beast are down below par1 very little will put both off their feed4 ,if the food1 however1 is at all sour it ought to be at once detected1 as the smell is unmistakable4 ,irregular ,teeth4 ,in old horses the back teeth get irregular and worn in such a fashion that the food cannot be masticated and crushed1 and is not then properly digested4 ,the upper jaw of the horse is wider than the lower one1 so that the upper teeth overlap the lower ones at the outside1 and the lower ones the upper at the inside4 ,by continually wearing1 the upper back teeth get worn down more on the inside than the outside1 and the lower ones more on the outside than the inside1 or1 in other words1 the grinding surface of the teeth1 instead of being horizontal1 is at an angle or slope4 ,the horse masticates his food with a sideways motion of the jaws1 crushing the food between the back teeth like mill-stones1 so that if the grinding surfaces of the teeth are not level1 but sloped at an angle1 they become locked1 and prevent sufficient sideways play of the jaws4 ,if this is suspected1 the back teeth can be easily inspected by turning the horse with his tail to the sun1 grasping the tongue with the left hand and opening the mouth1 while the light is reflected into it by a small looking-glass held in the right4 ,they can also be felt by putting one's hand on the outside of the cheek1 where the outer edge of the upper teeth can be easily felt1 and pushing the finger inwards and upwards1 so as to get on the grinding surface when the horse opens his mouth1 and the angle they are at can be at once detected through the cheek4 ,this is1 of course1 only a rough method of examination1 but it gives one a fair idea of the state the molars are in4 ,if a tooth is broken or deficient1 the corresponding one in the other jaw from not being worn down will become over-grown and fill up the vacant space1 even growing so long as to damage the gum or bone in the jaw above or below it1 as the case may be1 and preventing the horse feeding4 ,if it is one of the front molars1 it is possible that the growth may be detected from outside1 but the probabilities are that a more careful examination will be necessary1 and1 at all events1 professional skill required to set matters right4 ,horses also suffer from decayed teeth2 and1 in fact1 the whole matter of equine dentistry is much more important than is usually supposed1 many animals remaining poor and thin simply because their teeth are not properly attended to4 ,young ,horses ,cutting ,teeth4 ,young horses sometimes have great trouble when cutting their teeth1 and if they go off their feed they should be attended to2 but this requires professional skill4 ,quidding4 ,when young horses begin to what is called quid their food1 it is almost a certain indication that there is something wrong with the mouth4 ,quidding is gathering up a mouthful of hay or grass1 rolling it about in the mouth1 and half masticating it till it gets into a lump or ball1 and then spitting it out without swallowing it4 ,sometimes a dozen or more of these quids will be found in the manger or on the stable floor4 ,indigestion 7bud hazmie74 ,indigestion1 or dyspepsia1 which horses suffer from more commonly than the public imagine1 will put them off their feed2 but this is a matter for professional advice and treatment1 and it is exceedingly dangerous for the owner to go trying domestic remedies4 ,i have had many fatal cases of bowel diseases brought to me that have arisen solely from this cause4 ,lampas4 ,this is a disorder that is firmly fixed in every groom's mind1 both ,european and native1 and is supposed to consist of a swelling or inflammation of the palate1 or barbs1 just behind the upper incisor teeth4 ,i do not deny for a moment the existence of such a thing1 but what ,i do maintain is that in #ge per cent4 of the cases brought to one1 it exists only in the imagination of the attendant4 ,the popular remedy some years ago was to cauterize the part with a hot iron1 and ,i have no hesitation in saying that any one doing this should be indicted for cruelty to animals4 ,lately1 the popular treatment has been more merciful in having the part scarified with a lancet1 but even this is useless4 ,where lampas does exist1 there is more or less enlargement and swelling of the membrane of the entire alimentary canal1 but the barbs of the mouth being the only part visible1 it is popularly supposed to be a local affection4 ,under these conditions1 it will be readily understood how utterly useless lancing or scarifying one small part of the affected canal will be4 ,a small dose of aperient medicine1 or even putting the horse on a laxative diet of bran mash for a few days1 will do all that is required1 without having recourse to heroic measures4 ,nose-bags 7tobra74 ,nose-bags are sadly neglected by syces1 and unless looked after by the owner1 they never dream of cleaning them1 so that1 particularly with leather ones1 they get into a very filthy condition1 and frequently horses refuse to eat out of such dirty things4 ,both mangers and nose-bags should frequently be washed and scrubbed out with soap1 or sand and water4 ,nose-bags are1 at the best1 a necessary evil1 and if they have to be used at all1 canvas ones are better than leather1 being more easily cleaned4 ,i only allowed nose-bags to be used when on the march1 or out in camp2 when in the stable the horses were fed out of an ordinary bucket1 or else a manger1 and even then they were not fastened on the head1 but held on the ground4 ,mangers 7kurlie74 ,in the stable a manger should be used4 ,in an ,indian stable one is easily made out of a shallow1 wide-mouthed earthen vessel 7gumalo71 built up with mud1 about three feet high1 in the corner4 ,the syces can do this themselves1 and the gumalo only costs a few pence in the bazaar4 ,i always had two built in opposite corners1 one for food and the other for water4 ,if for any reason the manger cannot be built1 or there is not one in the stable1 then the horse should be fed out of a tin or zinc bucket1 or else off a feeding-sheet4 ,an old gunney-bag1 spread out opened at the seams1 answers admirably4 ,the syce should hold the bucket or sheet while he is feeding1 or the horse is very likely to knock the first over1 or tear the sheet1 by pawing at it with his fore feet4 ,worms 7kirim74 ,parasites1 or worms1 in the intestines cause horses to lose condition very quickly4 ,the most common are long white ones1 like ordinary earthworms1 about five to eight inches long2 and small1 very thin thread-like ones1 about three inches long4 ,they cause the horse to become very unthrifty and thin1 the coat being dull1 without the natural gloss that is seen in health1 or as it is termed1 hide-bound4 ,the horse is also apt to back up against any projection1 or into a corner1 and rub his tail against the wall1 breaking off the hair1 and giving it an unsightly appearance4 ,if worms are suspected1 the syce should be instructed to look for them in the horse's droppings in the morning1 where the long ones are most likely to be found2 also to examine under his dock1 where the small ones will leave a yellowish incrustation under the root of the tail4 ,an enema of common salt and water1 made by dissolving about a table-spoonful of salt in a quart of luke-warm water1 generally suffices to get rid of the small ones4 ,the large ones1 however1 require medical treatment1 which should be left in professional hands4 ,if there are any worms passed1 the litter1 droppings1 etc41 should be carefully burned1 and the floor of the stable scraped and the dbris burned1 and a new floor laid down4 ,rubbing the ,tail4 ,although commonly due to parasites in the intestines1 particularly the small thread-worms1 with some horses it is a trick2 neglect also1 and the irritation caused by dirt1 will often cause it4 ,in ,india it is more often seen in coarse-bred horses1 such as many ,australians are1 than in country-breds and ,arabs4 ,if it is from dirt1 washing the tail well with soap and water will stop it2 if it is a trick1 keeping the tail in a tail-case1 which is merely a piece of leather1 with buckles and straps to fasten it on with2 or an ordinary roller bandage put round from the tip to the root will generally stop it4 ,scouring 7dast74 ,scouring1 or diarrhoea1 is usually seen in nervous horses when they get excited1 and1 as a rule1 disappears when they get quiet again4 ,it is more commonly seen in light-coloured1 or what the horseman calls washey1 chestnuts and blacks1 than any other colour4 ,some horses will always scour after a draught of cold water1 and with such the chill should be taken off either by adding a little warm water1 or standing the bucket out in the sun for a couple of hours before it is used4 ,if the scouring persists1 after returning to the stable1 let the next feed consist of dry bran1 not bran mash1 and this generally stops it4 ,if a horse that is not in the habit of doing so suddenly begins scouring1 it is a mistake to try and stop it too suddenly1 as frequently it is an effort of nature to throw off something deleterious to the system4 ,if1 however1 the diarrhoea should continue persistent1 then professional advice should be obtained4 ,,water4 ,water 7pani74 ,horses prefer soft to hard water1 and are particularly partial to rain-water4 ,many horses refuse to drink at all from a running stream1 unless very thirsty1 and even then will not take as much as is necessary4 ,mules1 which in other respects are hardy animals1 are very dainty and particular about their water4 ,such horses should be watered either out of a bucket or a still pool4 ,in mountain and quick running streams there is often a large quantity of sand and small gravel held in suspension1 that sinks to the bottom in places where the current runs slow4 ,i have seen more than one death caused by constantly watering horses in such streams1 by the animal swallowing a quantity of such sand2 it accumulates in large masses in the intestines1 and causes sand colic4 ,if it is necessary to water horses from such places for any length of time1 if a suitable pool cannot be found where the water is still and the sand and gravel can settle1 one should be made by building a dam4 ,times of ,watering4 ,horses should be watered half an hour before feeding1 or1 if this cannot be managed1 at least two hours should elapse after the feed before he is allowed to drink his fill4 ,the reason of this is that the hard grain the horse eats is only partly crushed and broken by the teeth1 and it is in the stomach where it is principally softened before passing on into the intestines4 ,if1 when the stomach is full of partly digested food1 a large quantity of water is given1 some of it will be washed into the intestine1 and1 being hard1 and not properly softened1 irritate it and set up colic4 ,the best plan is to always have water in front of the horse1 so that he can drink when he likes1 and ,i have found that they take much less this way than when watered at regular times4 ,in ,india this can be easily done by building up in mud a wide-mouthed1 shallow1 earthen vessel1 called a gumalo1 in one corner of the stable1 in the same way that a manger is made4 ,it should be high enough for the horse to conveniently reach it1 and be kept constantly full4 ,watering ,troughs4 ,when horses are watered at a trough or stream1 as is necessarily the case with military animals1 if they are thirsty they push their noses deep into it and drink greedily4 ,they then lift their heads and look round them1 and many persons think they have finished4 ,this is not the case1 as the horse is merely recovering his breath after his draught1 and he should not be taken away until he either turns round and will drink no more1 or until he begins to splash the water about with his nose and play with it1 which shows he does not want any more4 ,watering on a ,journey4 ,it is commonly supposed that when on a journey horses should not be watered1 but1 in a warm climate1 as long as only a steady pace is maintained and only a moderate quantity given1 it does not do any harm1 and1 to judge from one's own experiences1 certainly is refreshing4 ,of course1 this must be done in moderation1 like everything2 and it undoubtedly would be dangerous to allow a horse to drink his fill and then give him a hard gallop directly afterwards2 but1 in both the ,south ,african and ,australian colonies1 ,i have travelled some hundreds of miles in post-carts and coaches1 and the drivers at pretty nearly every stream they cross pull up and allow the horses to drink a few mouthfuls4 ,i have never heard of any harm coming from this practice1 and at the end of the journey they drink far less water than if they had been deprived of it while at work4 ,in ,norway1 the carriole drivers water their ponies in the same way1 and it is icy-cold coming from the glaciers4 ,watering after a ,journey4 ,when the journey is completed1 it is advisable to walk the horse about for a short time1 to allow him to get cool before watering2 or1 better still1 and what every practical horseman will do1 is to pull up and allow him to walk the last mile1 so that he arrives at his stable fairly cool1 and not reeking with perspiration4 ,grooming also will be greatly facilitated by this4 ,watering ,bridles 7kazai74 ,watering bridles are generally very much neglected1 syces 7grooms7 never seeming to think that they require any care or attention4 ,they are generally a mass of rust and dirt1 and having one of these filthy things put into the mouth1 is a much more common cause of horses going off their feed than is generally supposed4 ,they are frequently thrown out on the heap of bedding1 and left in the sun all day1 and when put into the horse's mouth the iron of the bit is burning hot4 ,i consider that this is one of the chief reasons of the sores that so frequently form at the angles of the mouth in the summer months1 and which are most troublesome to cure4 ,the bit of the watering bridle should be scrubbed daily with sand until it is polished1 and the leather-work cleaned with soap 7sabon7 or dubbing 7momrogan72 if this is not done1 it very soon perishes with the heat and becomes rotten1 and if a horse is at all fresh and plays about1 it breaks1 the animal gets loose1 and a serious accident is the result of the want of a little forethought4 ,leeches 7jonk74 ,in ,india leeches frequently get into the nose while the horse is drinking1 especially out of ponds and streams1 and although they are not absolutely dangerous1 they cause troublesome bleeding1 and make the animal cough and sneeze4 ,they are sometimes very difficult to get rid off1 and the best plan is to place some water in a bucket before the horse and splash it about4 ,the leech is attracted by this1 and comes down the nostril1 when it can be caught if the operator is quick enough4 ,a handkerchief is necessary1 as the leech is too slippery to hold in the fingers4 ,it is generally best to let one of the syces do this1 promising him a small reward when the nuisance is got rid of1 as some of them are wonderfully expert at it1 and have untiring patience4 ,wells4 ,in some ,indian towns there is a water supply laid on to the houses by pipes1 but in the majority it is obtained from a well 7khua7 in the compound4 ,in these cases a water-carrier 7bheestie7 has to be kept to draw and carry water for the household and stables1 which he brings in a leather bag2 mussuk1 the small leather bucket that he uses to fill the bag with1 being called a dholl4 ,these water-bags should be renewed twice a year1 as they get very foul inside if kept much longer1 and they are only worth about ,rs4 #b each4 ,very few people ever think of cleaning out the well1 but it should be done at least once a year1 as it is surprising the amount of rubbish1 such as dead leaves and vegetation1 gets into it4 ,the landlord of the house should undertake this1 but it is generally difficult to get him to do it without the tenant threatening to do it himself and deduct the cost out of the rent4 ,there are professional well-cleaners in ,northern ,india1 who will do the work by contract4 ,as a rule1 it takes about three days1 as the well has to be pumped dry by working the lifting wheel with relays of bullocks day and night1 when a man goes down and removes the accumulation of rubbish from the bottom4 ,care should be taken to first lower down a lighted candle1 or throw a bundle of lighted straw down before any one is allowed to descend1 as there is frequently an accumulation of foul gas at the bottom1 and ,i have known more than one accident from neglect of this precaution4 ,unless ,i had very good reason for knowing that the well had been lately cleaned1 ,i always had this done on going into a new house4 ,if this is neglected1 the water during the rainy season is apt to get very foul1 and ,i have known severe outbreaks of illness from this cause both in men and animals4 ,,air ,,and ,,ventilation4 ,stables4 ,nothing is worse for horses than close1 ill-ventilated stables1 and in ,india1 where they are made out of such cheap material as mud and sun-dried brick1 there is no excuse for their being too small4 ,in some of the newer houses1 stables are made out of burned brick2 but ,i prefer the older ones of mud or sun-dried brick1 as the walls are generally thicker1 and this makes them cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter4 ,it is also of importance that they should not be too low1 but of the two evils ,i should prefer a small stable with a lofty roof to a larger one with a low one1 provided there was ventilation in the top4 ,every stable should have a good deep verandah round it2 it not only keeps off the sun in the summer1 but is useful to put bedding1 etc41 in during the rain4 ,if there is no verandah1 one can be easily made with the flat straw screens used by natives1 called jamps1 and bamboo supports4 ,the doorways should be high and wide1 so that there is no danger of the horse hitting his hips or head against it in going in and out4 ,a fractured hip-bone is frequently caused by horses rushing through narrow doorways1 and a troublesome disease known as poll evil is generally caused by striking the head against too low a one4 ,it is also well to have the sides of the door-posts rounded off1 not left at an angle4 ,if there is no window at the back of the stable1 opposite the door1 one should be made above the horse's head1 and another smaller one on a level with the floor1 so as to allow the air to circulate freely4 ,if possible1 avoid a draught1 but always remember that it is better to have plenty of fresh air and a draught than a stuffy stable without one1 as the horse can always be kept warm with extra clothing1 bandages1 and bedding4 ,thatched roofs are much cooler in summer and warmer in winter than the flat earthen ones that are generally used in ,northern ,india4 ,indian stables are almost always divided off into loose boxes1 the partition walls being continued up to the roof4 ,i think they should be only built high enough to prevent the horses teasing each other over them1 as if continued right up they interfere with the free circulation of the air4 ,if this cannot be done1 on account of the partitions helping to support the roof1 a window should be knocked through in each4 ,in ,south ,africa stables are usually simply a long shed with a manger running down the back wall1 without any partitions between the standings1 and the horses are simply tied up to a ring in the manger with the head rope4 ,cape horses are1 however1 exceedingly quiet1 and will stand still all day long4 ,they never seem to think of kicking or biting at each other like the ,indian country-bred does4 ,chicks4 ,the plague of flies in the ,east1 particularly during the rains1 cannot be realized in ,england1 and if not protected against them1 they will almost worry horses to death4 ,for this reason the doors and windows of the stable should be fitted with chicks1 or mats1 made out of split bamboos or reeds1 with interspaces between them1 which allow of light and air passing through1 but which will keep the flies out4 ,they are not very costly articles1 and add most materially to the comfort of the horse4 ,if carefully looked after1 and not let flap about in the wind1 they will last for years with a very small annual expenditure for repairs4 ,stable ,floors4 ,the stable floor should be made of wet clay beaten down1 and left to thoroughly dry4 ,this can be carried out by the syces1 and if thoroughly done1 they will last a good many months4 ,i always make it a practice to dig up the floors of stables in a new house1 before they are occupied1 a foot and a half deep1 and thoroughly renew it1 and usually it is astounding the amount of foul earth that has to be removed4 ,i also have the whole of the floor picked up and renewed once a year--for choice1 at the end of ,september or beginning of ,october1 after the rains have stopped4 ,any moisture should be at once removed1 before it has time to soak into the floor2 or1 if it has1 the moist earth should be swept away with a broom 7jaru71 made out of a number of pliable twigs tied together1 and fresh dry earth sprinkled over the top of it4 ,a supply of dry powdered earth should be kept outside each stable door in a box ready for use when required4 ,the ordinary earth that is in the compound will not do to make floors out of1 although syces will use it if allowed1 as it is less trouble to get than clay 7kicher ke muttee71 but it will not bind1 and when trodden on breaks up and wears into dust4 ,charcoal 7khoalie74 ,although it looks dirty1 powdered charcoal sprinkled over the floor has a powerful effect as a deodorizer4 ,the ashes of a wood fire do nearly as well as charcoal for this purpose1 and can be obtained anywhere1 as wood is universally used for fuel all over ,india4 ,in some stables earthenware vessels 7chatties7 are buried under the floor to catch the urine4 ,this is an abominable1 filthy custom1 and should never be permitted1 as there is no more certain cause of disease4 ,diseases of the feet1 such as foul smelling1 suppurating frogs1 thrush1 and canker1 are in the majority of cases caused by horses standing on wet1 filthy floors4 ,picketing4 ,in the hot season horses should1 if possible1 be picketed out at night as soon as it gets cool in the evening4 ,it is the greatest relief to an animal to be brought out of a hot stable into the open air1 even if the actual temperature is no less than indoors4 ,if the flies or mosquitos are troublesome1 the nets sold for the purpose will keep them off4 ,if the net is not sufficient1 a fire made out of the stable litter on the windward side will drive them away1 and horses do not mind smoke4 ,it is as well to have a regular standing made with mud1 in the same way as the stable flooring1 as otherwise the ground soon gets broken up and foul4 ,the standing should be swept clean every morning1 and mended in the same way as the stable floors are4 ,bedding 7bechalie74 ,there is nothing better than clean straw for bedding1 and it is a great mistake to stint horses in it4 ,if a good deep bed is given1 they will lie down and rest themselves1 whereas1 if there is not enough1 and the floor feels hard through it1 they will walk about over it1 and far more will be wasted than if the horse was lying down on it4 ,the bedding should be taken up every morning1 and any soiled straw removed4 ,it should be well shaken up and spread out in the sun to dry and air1 and at night1 when again put down for use1 a small quantity of fresh straw added to it4 ,in wet weather the bedding can be aired and dried in the verandah4 ,all soiled straw and droppings should be at once removed in a basket 7tokrie71 which should be provided for the purpose2 and it is wonderful1 if this plan is adopted1 how little fresh straw is required to keep the horse constantly supplied with a good bed2 and nothing is more saving to the wear and tear of the legs and feet than to get the animal to lie down at night4 ,in ,australia and ,south ,africa wheat or oat straw can be obtained1 but in ,india rice straw is generally used1 or else the long elephant grass that grows on the banks of rivers and swampy places4 ,both are good enough for the purpose1 only they are brittle1 and more is required than when wheat straw is used1 as they quickly break up4 ,sawdust 7burradah74 ,in the north of ,india the deodar1 or ,himalayan cedar sawdust1 can always be obtained from any of the timber depts on the banks of the large rivers1 almost for the expense of carting it away4 ,it makes a good bed if straw cannot be obtained1 but is liable to stick to the horse and get in under his coat if at all long1 and gives much more work grooming4 ,it is also more troublesome to remove in the morning to air1 and if any wind is blowing a good deal gets wasted4 ,if used1 it is best to have it spread out in one stall and leave it there1 only using it at night1 putting the horse into another during the daytime4 ,any sawdust that gets damp or soiled should be at once removed1 as it very soon begins to smell badly4 ,shavings4 ,shavings of deodar or pine can also be obtained1 but they require to be carefully sorted out1 as there are likely to be splinters in them1 and in lying down the horse may give himself a bad wound4 ,sand 7ret74 ,sand can be obtained anywhere along the banks of the rivers2 but it is hard1 and does not form a very yielding bed1 and ,i should not use it if anything else could be got4 ,it requires to be sifted1 to get rid of the pebbles and stones it contains4 ,if straw is scarce and sand has to be used1 the best plan is to put a layer of about a foot of sand over the floor1 and a thin layer of straw over it2 this will make a much softer bed than the sand alone4 ,horses eating ,bedding4 ,this is a trick some horses have1 and from which they seldom can be cured4 ,it is generally the custom to put a muzzle 7chik-na7 on them at night2 but this1 of course1 stops their feeding at all4 ,i prefer to bed them down with sand1 sawdust1 or shavings1 and leave them free to feed at night4 ,if a muzzle is used1 it should be a wire one1 not leather1 as these get very foul and dirty1 and interfere with the horse's breathing1 which the wire one does not4 ,exercise4 ,in ,india it is usual to exercise ordinary hacks1 polo ponies1 and harness horses1 not doing any special work1 twice a day--morning and evening4 ,the length of time they are out1 and the amount of ground they cover1 is very variable--in most cases depending on whether the syce is in a mood to take exercise or not himself4 ,they usually take horses out on the road to the bazaar1 or some favourite meeting-place2 and it is not an uncommon thing to see a couple of dozen horses1 belonging to various people1 standing about1 while their respective syces are sitting about1 smoking and discussing their masters and various bazaar topics of interest4 ,under these circumstances the horses do not get much exercise2 and many a mysterious injury1 that cannot be accounted for1 is inflicted by their kicking at each other while standing about in this manner4 ,if the compound is large enough1 it is a good plan to make a ring with the stable litter and have the horses exercised round it4 ,you can then be certain they are getting a fair amount of work2 but a large ring is necessary1 and if there is a garden it spoils the compound4 ,furthermore1 horses get into a very careless1 slovenly way of walking when led round and round in this monotonous fashion daily4 ,syces generally lead horses at exercise1 and most horse-owners will not allow them to ride2 but ,i think this is a mistake1 and if they can ride1 ,i always allow them to do so4 ,if they lead the horse1 he will go along in a listless fashion1 and walk with his head down1 stumbling at every step2 whereas1 if he is ridden1 he will carry his head up and go in a much more lively and collected fashion1 and it being much pleasanter for the syce to ride than walk1 the full amount of exercise is more likely to be taken4 ,syces nearly always ride at exercise bare-backed2 but they should be made use a folded blanket as a pad1 kept in its place by a body-roller1 as the anatomy of the native of ,india is such that1 without any protection1 he is likely to give the horse a sore back4 ,they should also only be let use a snaffle bridle1 as few know how to handle a double one4 ,when at exercise knee-caps should be worn4 ,these should be bought from a ,european saddler1 and care be taken that the top strap is fitted with a piece of indiarubber in the middle1 to allow of its giving with the motion of the limb4 ,if there is not this indiarubber spring1 when the top strap is buckled tight enough to prevent the cap slipping down1 the motion will cause it to rub the skin at the back of the knee2 and ,i have seen some bad abrasions1 that caused temporary lameness1 from this cause4 ,if the top strap is buckled loose enough to avoid this chafing1 then the knee-cap won't stay up in its proper place1 if it has no spring4 ,the country-made knee-caps sold by the native saddlers seldom are fitted with it2 and if they are they cannot be relied on1 as generally the indiarubber is bad and perished4 ,the lower strap of the knee-cap should be buckled quite loose1 it being only required to keep it down and prevent it flapping about2 but syces are very apt to draw it tight also1 and if they do1 it is pretty certain to cut the skin4 ,,grooming1 ,,stable ,,gear1 ,etc4 ,heel ,ropes 7pecharie74 ,if possible1 horses should be left loose1 which generally can be done in ,india1 as most of the stables are loose boxes4 ,sometimes it is necessary to fasten them up1 such as when picketed out at night in the hot weather or on the march4 ,there are several plans of picketing1 each having its advantages and disadvantages2 but as these generally apply to military animals1 ,i will merely mention those commonly used in private stables4 ,the most common plan is to fasten the horse up with head and heel ropes1 to wooden pegs driven into the ground4 ,heel ropes 7pecharie7 consist of either two ropes about twelve feet long1 ending in a single one1 so as to be ,y-shaped1 the single one being fastened to a wooden peg 7make7 driven into the ground1 and the two arms to the horse's hind fetlocks by means of leather straps1 called muzzumas4 ,these straps are loops of rope covered with leather1 to one end of which the heel rope is tied1 and into which the hind foot is slipped1 being secured by a flat leather thong wound round the middle of it behind the fetlock joint to prevent its slipping off4 ,the strap is then of a fig4 #h1 or hour-glass shape1 the heel rope being tied in one loop1 the foot placed in the other1 the thong forming the neck or constriction4 ,these1 ,i think1 are the best form of leather foot strap2 but in buying them care should be taken that the stitching of the leather is on the outside1 as if it is on the inside1 where natives often put it1 it is very likely to rub the skin and cause a bad cracked heel4 ,another form of muzzuma is made out of stiff flat leather lined with felt4 ,this has a slip loop going round it1 with a buckle on one side and a strap on the other1 that runs along the centre4 ,the heel rope is tied to one end1 the foot put into the other1 and when the strap is buckled tightly1 the running loop is drawn close up to the heel1 so as to keep the whole arrangement in its place4 ,this form of muzzuma is the usual kind sold2 but it is objectionable1 as the edges get stiff and hard1 and are likely to cut the heel1 which the round ones do not4 ,both sorts of leather muzzumas require to be kept soft and pliable with dubbing 7momrogan71 which syces never think necessary4 ,i1 however1 prefer those made out of plaited hemp or tow4 ,they are merely a band of loosely plaited tow1 about eighteen inches long1 the heel rope being fastened to one end1 and secured by a string or tape just behind the fetlock2 they are much softer than the leather ones1 and quite as strong4 ,the disadvantage1 however1 is that they soon wear out1 but they are very cheap2 in fact1 the syces can make them themselves out of the raw hemp or tow 7sun74 ,they are used by many of the native cavalry regiments in ,india in preference to the leather ones4 ,the heel ropes can be made out of one long rope doubled1 a muzzuma fastened to each free end1 and the doubled portion to a tent-peg4 ,when heel ropes are used1 one should be put on each hind leg2 it is dangerous to only put on one1 and ,i have seen more than one fractured thigh caused by this4 ,if the heel ropes are on both hind legs1 and the horse kicks1 he has to do so straight into the air1 as there is equal restraint on both2 but if there is only one1 the unequal check of the single rope is likely to cause a fracture4 ,if allowed1 syces will always pull the heel ropes so tight as to stretch the horse out2 they should be loose enough to allow him to stand in a natural position4 ,head ,ropes 7aghari74 ,head ropes should be fastened to the ring on the head collar 7nukta7 under the chin4 ,there should either be two separate ropes1 one end of each fastened to the ring1 or one long one doubled in the middle1 the central portion fastened to the ring1 and the two ends to two wooden pegs driven into the ground about three or four feet on each side of the horse's head4 ,if only a single rope is used1 it must1 naturally1 be fastened to a peg straight in front1 and1 to allow the horse to move his head up and down1 must be loose4 ,when fastened in this way he is exceedingly likely to get his fore leg over the rope and get hung up in it1 a nasty wound in the heel or at the back of the knee being the result1 if nothing worse2 whereas1 if the ropes are pegged out on each side1 he can move about freely1 and it would be difficult for him to get his leg over them4 ,both head and heel ropes should be made of hemp2 the cotton rope used in ,india for most purposes is not strong enough1 and soon breaks and wears out4 ,in ,peshawur and along the north-west frontier1 a rope is made of goat hair that is very strong1 and is excellent for this purpose4 ,it is somewhat more expensive than ordinary rope1 but with care will last a long time1 and will amply repay itself4 ,both head and heel ropes should be tied to the pegs in a slipknot1 so that with a single pull horses can be set free when necessary4 ,syces will usually tie them in a jam-knot1 and horses struggling to get loose when frightened very often badly injure themselves before they can be set free4 ,fetlock ,picketing4 ,a method of picketing horses was introduced into the ,indian army some years ago1 by dispensing with head ropes and using a short chain shackle about three feet long1 buckled round one of the fore fetlocks1 and fastened to a peg driven into the ground4 ,this was chiefly done with the object of reducing the weight carried1 and with animals used for military purposes1 doubtless fulfilled the purpose1 but in a private stable ,i fail to see its advantages over the other plan4 ,picketing ,posts4 ,when horses are picketed outside the stable1 and there is space enough1 picketing posts are the most preferable method1 as they allow greater freedom than any other4 ,a stout smooth post1 about five or six inches in diameter1 is driven several feet into the ground1 so that it is five or six feet above the surface1 a strong iron ring is slipped over it1 and to this the head rope is made fast2 no heel ropes are used1 and the horse can move round it as he pleases4 ,the post must be smooth1 so that there is nothing for the ring to catch in1 and when put into the ground the point should be put into the fire and charred1 or covered with kerosene oil1 to keep off the white ants4 ,it will also have to be examined occasionally to see that it is not damaged or rotten4 ,the only drawback to this plan is that1 if there are several horses1 a considerable space is necessary1 as they must be far enough apart to prevent their kicking at each other4 ,ringing4 ,in ,south ,africa and the colonies horses are picketed by the method known as ringing1 the head rope of one being fastened to the head collar of the next1 and so on1 till the head rope of the last is in its turn fastened to the head collar of the first1 their heads forming a ring looking inwards4 ,colonial horses will stand like this for hours together2 but they are very quiet1 and behave in a different way to the ,indian country-bred4 ,i have seen the same plan used in a cavalry regiment of the ,italian army on the march near ,milan4 ,rheims4 ,in ,south ,africa head ropes are made of prepared raw hide called rheims4 ,they are prepared by the ,kaffir women out of raw ox hide1 and are very strong and supple1 and are excellent for the purpose4 ,knee-haltering4 ,knee-haltering is also a ,south ,african plan of securing horses when turned out to graze4 ,the fore leg is lifted up1 so that the forearm from the elbow to the knee is parallel to the ground4 ,the head rope1 or rheim1 is then fastened above the knee1 the head being pulled a little downwards4 ,the horse is then turned out to graze on the veldt1 and when his head is down feeding he can use his limbs and walk about as he likes1 but as soon as he puts up his head to trot or gallop the fore leg is pulled up1 and he has only three to go on1 and can easily be caught4 ,shackles 7bheri74 ,the natives of ,india use iron shackles1 much like handcuffs1 to fasten with a key round both fore fetlocks of horses when turned out loose2 but they are not a desirable invention1 and in young animals are very likely to cause ringbones4 ,but this1 ,i think1 is on account of their clumsy shape and being constantly worn1 as ,i believe shackles made out of round iron that shut with a spring were used by the ,canadian mounted police at one time when turning their horses out1 and they found they did not chafe and rub so much as leather ones did4 ,it was found that even moving through the wet grass the steel hobbles were polished1 kept bright1 and required no attention1 whereas the leather ones perished and became hard1 and gave constant trouble unless carefully looked after4 ,i have never tried this plan myself1 for ,i have found the ,cape system of knee-haltering when turning animals out to graze the best ,i have yet come across4 ,picketing-pegs 7make74 ,picketing-pegs should be made out of hard wood about eighteen inches to two feet long2 iron ones are dangerous4 ,they should be driven into the ground in a slanting direction1 the point towards and the head away from the animal1 to resist the strain on it4 ,if there are no tent-pegs1 or the ground is so soft that there is no holding for them1 a hole a couple of feet deep can be dug1 and a bundle of straw or a couple of tent-pegs tied crossways buried in it1 the earth trodden down1 and the rope brought out at the surface4 ,this will give ample holding1 and may be practically tested1 for although a vertical pull will easily bring it up1 the strongest man will fail to move it if the strain is horizontal4 ,leading-ropes 7bagh durie74 ,leading-ropes are things that ruin half the horses' mouths in ,india1 and ,i never let such a thing into the stable4 ,if they are used as they were originally intended to be1 that is1 buckled into the ring of the snaffle or watering bridle to lead the horse with1 they do no harm2 but it is impossible to prevent syces from passing them over the head and then back through both rings1 so as to form a gag1 and this they hang on to4 ,i always make them use a leading-chain1 which is a leather strap with about a foot of chain and a snap-hook at the end of it4 ,the hook fastens into the ring of the snaffle1 and they cannot well pass the strap over the head to turn it into a gag4 ,it seems impossible to teach a syce how to lead a horse in a watering bridle1 and ,i find these chains the best compromise4 ,brushes and ,gear4 ,the grooming utensils required in an ,indian stable are very simple3 a horse-brush1 curry-comb1 bucket1 some dusters1 and a hoof-picker1 being the sum total2 but only one of these last is required among five or six horses4 ,it is best to get ,english bristle brushes1 they last out two of the native fibre ones1 and are very little more expensive4 ,good horse-brushes are made by several firms in ,cawnpore1 and1 of course1 when a large number are used1 the saving is considerable if the country-made article is bought1 but where only a small number are required1 this is a false economy4 ,curry-combs4 ,these an ,indian syce cannot get on without1 and although he only uses it to wear out the brush1 still1 after all1 it does not do so very much harm2 but a bad1 lazy man1 if he is not prevented1 will use it to scrape the dirt off the horse with4 ,country-breds are generally very thin-skinned1 and feel the comb very much if scarified with it1 as the syce is very fond of doing2 and ,i am positive that this practice in many cases has to account for much of the proverbial bad temper of these animals4 ,the curry-comb should never be put on the horse's body at all1 and in reality it is useless4 ,if it can be managed1 it is best not to give the syces such things1 the only use of them being to clean the brush with1 and this can be done just as well with the palm of the left hand1 and the brush does not wear out so quickly2 but it is the custom to use the comb1 and it is hard to prevent it4 ,buckets 7balti74 ,buckets can be bought anywhere4 ,zinc ones are better than tin1 although perhaps a little more expensive2 one should be provided for each horse4 ,dusters 7jharans74 ,dusters are things that native servants of every sort seem to consume in enormous quantities1 and unless some check is put on it1 the number used at the end of the month will be astonishing4 ,either the old one should be produced before another is given1 or else some contract be given to them to provide them for themselves2 but the former plan is the best2 if the contract system is adopted1 filthy rags will be used4 ,they are luckily exceedingly cheap1 and are made nearly everywhere4 ,hoof-picker 7sum khodna74 ,a hoof-picker can be made out of almost any piece of rod-iron1 and one should be hung up in every stable4 ,one for every four or five horses is enough4 ,clothing 7gurdaine74 ,in ,northern ,india1 if horses are not clipped they require in the winter at least two thick rugs1 and if they are clipped an extra one1 as the climate from ,november to the end of ,february is bitterly cold4 ,the ordinary country clothing1 made out of mundah1 and sold in the bazaars1 called jhools1 keeps horses warm and answers its purpose1 and is cheap--a rug of this material costing about ,rs4 #c2 but ,i think myself that it is false economy to get it1 and that the horse-clothing made at the ,muir or ,elgin mills at ,cawnpore1 or the ,egerton mills at ,dhariwal1 in the ,punjab1 although perhaps at first somewhat more expensive1 will in the end be found the cheapest1 as with care one suit of this will last many years1 whereas the country clothing is seldom much good after a second winter's wear4 ,this clothing is made in all sorts of colours1 and turned out in suits1 and is every bit as good as ,english manufactured4 ,country blankets 7kumbal7 can also be got2 and the condemned soldiers' blankets1 that are periodically sold by the military authorities1 make excellent horse-rugs4 ,i always think it best to get regular horse-clothing shaped and pieced out at the neck to buckle across the chest1 or1 at all events1 to have one rug like this1 even if the rest are ordinary square blankets1 as the shaped clothing protects the front of the chest1 which the square blanket will not do4 ,the blanket can be used in the daytime1 and the rug on the top at night1 buckling across the chest1 as leaving this part of the body exposed is a fruitful source of coughs and colds4 ,aprons1 breast-pieces1 and quarter-cords are seldom seen in ,india1 except on race horses1 and then only as a fancy matter4 ,hoods 7khansilla74 ,hoods with hacks1 harness horses1 and polo ponies are not often required2 but if horses are sensitive to cold1 particularly if they are standing out at night1 they are no doubt a great protection4 ,they are made up of the same material as the country jhool1 and they also can be got to match the clothing made at any of the woollen mills4 ,in any case it is a good thing to have a spare hood in the stable1 even if it is not habitually used1 as when a horse begins to cough if at once put on a severe cold is often averted4 ,body-rollers 7paities1 or farakis74 ,body-rollers are sold in the bazaar shops of native manufacture1 but are most flimsy1 and ,i strongly advise that either ,english ones1 or else those made by any of the manufacturers of leather goods at ,cawnpore1 which are nearly as good as ,english ones1 be used1 although they may at first be a little more expensive4 ,the common country rollers are always breaking1 and never being properly stuffed1 the webbing in the centre of the two pads presses on the ridge of the spine when the roller is buckled up4 ,there is no more fruitful cause of sore backs than this1 especially if horses are at all thin and standing out in the open4 ,syces have a trick of pulling up the straps of the roller as tight as possible1 and if it gets wet with the dew or rain it shrinks up1 and the tight webbing cuts and pinches the skin over the backbone1 causing a sore back4 ,with a properly made roller the pressure is taken on the sides of the back by the two pads1 and the webbing does not come in contact with the skin at all4 ,in any case1 if the horses are standing out in the open at night1 it is always advisable to go round the last thing and let the roller out a hole or two4 ,if country rollers are used1 direct pressure of the webbing on the spine can be taken off by putting a folded up duster or a handful of straw under it4 ,if the back has been pinched or rubbed the roller should be left off1 and the blankets or clothing kept in their place by a couple of tapes or pieces of string stitched to the edge of each and tied under the body4 ,bandages 7puttie74 ,woollen bandages on the legs greatly add to the horse's comfort when standing out on a cold night4 ,the ordinary ones sold in the bazaar answer well enough1 only they are generally a little too wide and not long enough4 ,the bandage should be put on commencing from below and finishing under the knee or hock1 and not in the reverse direction1 commencing above1 as is often done4 ,the tapes should be tied in a bow outside4 ,what is known as the ,newmarket bandage1 made out of a semi-elastic woollen material1 is an excellent one4 ,it stretches somewhat when put on the leg1 and gives it support4 ,they1 however1 are somewhat expensive--about ,rs4 #d a set--but with ordinary care will outlast several pairs of country ones4 ,a good bandage is made by the ,muir ,mills ,company at ,cawnpore out of the cotton webbing called newar2 they are very cheap and good1 but are not so warm as the cotton ones4 ,summer ,clothing4 ,this is rather a superfluity1 and1 unless with race horses1 is not usually indulged in1 for at the time it could be worn it generally is so hot that the less the horse has on him the better4 ,usually one of the blankets used in the winter is kept to throw over him when standing about1 or when walking back from work4 ,drill summer clothing can be obtained at any of the woollen mills in ,india in a variety of patterns1 or a native tailor 7durzie7 will make it up in your own verandah if you give him a pattern4 ,at least two suits per horse are required1 as it very soon gets dirty in the warm season and requires washing4 ,eye ,fringes 7makieara74 ,eye fringes are absolutely necessary in ,india1 and are used in parts of ,australia to protect the eyes from the flies4 ,they are fastened on to the cheek strap of the head collar with a small tab and button-hole in place of a brow band1 and have a fringe of either leather or cotton cords that hang down over the eyes halfway to the nose4 ,i prefer the cord ones2 the fringes are always flat and in contact with the face1 whereas the leather ones are liable to curl up at the ends and allow the flies to get underneath4 ,the cotton ones are easier mended than the leather4 ,fly ,whisks 7chaurie74 ,i always give each syce a fly whisk to keep flies off the horse while at exercise1 or when he is holding him anywhere4 ,they are very cheap1 last a long time1 and if not provided1 the syce will arm himself with a dirty duster or rag of some sort for the purpose4 ,i may1 perhaps1 be too sensitive on this point1 but to see a dirty rag flourished about an otherwise well-turned-out animal is to me a great eyesore4 ,cleaning ,horse ,clothing1 and ,storing it in the ,summer4 ,it never enters the head of a syce that clothing requires to be cleaned4 ,it should be frequently hung out in the sun and well beaten with a stick1 like a carpet is1 and then well brushed on both sides with a stiff clothes-brush4 ,if necessary1 it should be laid out flat and scrubbed with a brush and soap and water1 rinsed out with cold water1 as hot will make it shrink1 and then1 when dry again1 beaten and brushed4 ,the straps on pieced rugs should have some dubbing 7momrogan7 now and again rubbed into them1 to prevent their getting hard and the leather perishing4 ,summer clothing should be sent to the washerman 7dhobie7 to be washed4 ,during the summer months woollen clothing should be first cleaned1 and then folded up and put away1 some camphor1 pepper1 and leaves of the neem tree1 that grows in every garden in ,northern ,india1 being placed between the folds to keep off the moths4 ,they should be folded away on the top of a box1 board1 or table1 or somewhere raised off the ground1 to be out of the way of the white ants1 and once a week be unfolded and hung out in the sun to air for a few hours1 folded up1 and stored away again4 ,there is no occasion to waste the spices that are with them2 if they are carefully unfolded over some newspapers1 the whole can be collected and used again4 ,numdahs4 ,if used at all1 felt numdahs should have a plain edge1 and not be bound with coloured tape1 as they so often are2 particularly the cheaper ones1 that are sold by native saddlers4 ,i have frequently seen sore backs caused by this tape binding1 as well as the hair in white horses discoloured by the edge4 ,when put on1 the numdah should be well pulled up into the arch of the saddle1 particularly in front4 ,the common practice is to put the numdah flat on the back1 and then the saddle on the top of it1 so that when the weight comes on it1 the numdah gets tight and is stretched1 and is a common cause of sore backs and galled withers4 ,when taken off the horse's back1 the numdah should be spread out in the sun to dry2 it should then be beaten with a stick and brushed with a hard brush to get the dry caked perspiration out of it1 and to bring the nap of the felt up again4 ,if this is not done it will get as hard as a board1 and neglected numdahs are certain to give sore backs4 ,if the saddle is properly stuffed and fitted to the horse's back1 a numdah is not required1 the only use of it being to save the lining of the saddle1 and for this purpose ,i prefer a leather one4 ,grooming 7malish74 ,grooming is an art that native grooms excel in4 ,they have infinite patience1 and their long supple fingers are peculiarly adapted for the work4 ,they1 furthermore1 are used to it1 for every ,oriental is an adept at shampooing or massage1 constantly doing it to their own limbs and those of their friends4 ,when the horse comes in from work the bridle should be taken off him1 hung up on a peg1 and a watering bridle put into his mouth1 the stirrup irons run up to the top of the leathers1 and the girths slackened4 ,if there is a breast-plate it can be taken off1 but the saddle should not be removed till the back gets cool4 ,according to the season of the year1 a light or warm rug should be thrown over the quarters1 and the horse walked about till he gets cool4 ,if there is much mud sticking on him1 it can be rubbed off with a wisp of straw before the brush is used4 ,horses should not be washed1 or1 if they are1 only under very exceptional circumstances1 when specially ordered4 ,it is1 however1 a favourite practice among syces1 as it saves a good deal of trouble2 and it is much easier to wash off mud and dirt than to remove it with the brush1 as ought to be done2 they are also very apt to use the curry-comb for this purpose4 ,when the horse is cool he should be gone over with the brush1 to remove what dirt is remaining1 and when this is finished the process should be repeated with the hands1 the palm and bend of the wrist being used for this purpose4 ,if it is the hot weather1 the grooming had best be done out-of-doors2 but in winter it is best to do it in the stable1 as in ,northern ,india there is a cold wind blowing even in the middle of the day1 and if exposed to it horses are liable to catch cold4 ,as soon as the grooming is finished1 which with a clipped horse can be done in about half an hour1 the clothing and bandages should be put on1 and1 if it is evening1 the bed put down4 ,even if not worked1 this process of grooming should take place twice a day--before the morning and evening feed4 ,wisps and ,grooming ,pads4 ,straw wisps or leather pads are particularly useful in developing the muscle of a thin animal1 or bringing the skin into order when it has been neglected4 ,the wisps are made by twisting some of the bedding straw together into a rope about three feet long4 ,this is then doubled in the middle and again twisted1 so as to form a flat pad4 ,two of these wisps are used1 one in each hand1 and they are alternately brought down with a slight slap and drawing motion in the direction of the hair1 the whole body being massaged with them4 ,it is sometimes a good plan1 if there is much dirt in the coat1 to cover the pad with a damp duster2 the dirt seems to stick to it4 ,this is particularly useful when horses are changing their coats2 the hair sticks to the damp cloth1 and the old coat is brought out quicker than it otherwise would be4 ,the grooming pads are used in the same way4 ,they are two circles of leather about four or five inches in diameter1 joined together with a strip of chamois leather about three inches wide1 so as to form a pad or cushion1 that is stuffed with tow4 ,on one side a piece of leather or webbing is stitched at each end1 sufficiently loose to allow the hand to be slipped under it in the same way as the horse brush4 ,two of these pads are used1 and the skin beaten or massaged by each hand alternately4 ,although1 perhaps1 at first horses are fidgety1 when they get used to it they appear to enjoy it2 and it has the advantage of letting the owner know1 if he is not in sight1 that the syce is working by the noise he makes4 ,hand-rubbing4 ,if horses are inclined to get filled on swollen legs1 the tendons should be well hand-rubbed for five minutes at each grooming hour4 ,this hand-rubbing should commence from the lower portion of the limb and be continued upwards1 not in the reverse direction1 which is the usual practice4 ,the limb should be lifted up1 and the fingers worked with a kneading motion behind the tendons4 ,washing4 ,the feet1 mane and tail are the only parts that should ever be washed1 unless specially ordered1 and then as seldom as possible4 ,when the feet are washed1 great care should be taken that they are carefully dried afterwards1 and bandages put on1 as leaving the legs wet is one of the chief causes of cracked heels1 more especially in the winter months1 if there is a dry cold wind blowing4 ,if soap is used1 it should be soft-soap2 or1 better still1 the soap nut1 or reita4 ,this is a berry1 the shell or outer covering of which1 when soaked in water1 swells up into a sticky mass1 that lathers like soap1 and by natives of ,india is used for washing purposes4 ,uneven ,manes4 ,when the mane gets ragged and uneven1 it should be carefully brushed down four or five times a day with a damp water brush1 to make it lie flat4 ,the long hairs on the under side next the neck should be pulled out1 so that the mane is thinned1 and the lower part lies in a perfect curve along the neck4 ,some horses object1 and are a little troublesome during this process2 but1 if it is done gradually1 it can be easily accomplished4 ,the long hairs in the mane should never be cut1 unless it is intended to clip it off altogether1 and make it into a hogged mane4 ,if the mane will not lie down flat with an even sweep1 it can be covered with a cake of mud for four or five days1 when it should be removed1 and renewed if necessary4 ,being dry1 it will crack1 and the pieces can be easily knocked off1 and the dust brushed out4 ,the mud cake generally has the desired effect after having been applied four or five times4 ,hogged ,manes4 ,the manes of polo ponies and cobs it is the fashion to hog1 or cut off close to the neck4 ,it is best to leave the forelock1 as it gives a certain protection against the flies and glare of the sun2 also1 to leave a lock of hair on the wither1 to grasp with the hand when mounting4 ,the best implement to hog a mane with is a pair of ordinary horse-clippers1 but don't use a new pair1 or they will get spoiled2 old ones that are no use for the rest of the body1 do well enough4 ,it is best to sit on the animal's back when the mane is being hogged1 and to cut forwards2 the hair will be cut much smoother1 and a neater job made of it than when standing on the ground at the side4 ,ragged ,legs4 ,if the horse is not clipped1 the long hairs at the back of the legs look very unsightly4 ,they should be pulled out1 not cut off4 ,if a little powdered resin is rubbed on the finger and thumb1 the hair will stick to it1 and come out much more easily1 and the legs will have a smooth1 even appearance1 which can never be attained if they are cut off with scissors1 no matter how carefully this is done2 there will always be jagged ridges left4 ,the long hairs under the jowl can be singed off by passing a lighted candle under the jaw once or twice4 ,if the horse is at all frightened at the candle1 he can be blindfolded2 but the operation is so quick1 that generally it is all over before he is aware of what is being done4 ,the long hairs on the muzzle and chin can be clipped off with a pair of ordinary scissors4 ,if the horse is not clipped all over1 attention to these one or two little details make all the difference in his appearance1 and in his being turned out smart1 or the reverse4 ,trimming ,tails4 ,the tail should be grasped close to the root with one hand1 which is run down so that the hairs are all gathered together1 and a string or tape tied round below the fleshy part at the tip4 ,the tail should then be drawn out straight1 and the hair cut off with a single sweep of a sharp knife just below where the string is tied4 ,the blade of the knife must be long enough to give a drawing sweep1 which an ordinary pocket-knife will not do4 ,there is nothing better for this than a sharp native sword1 or tulwar1 as it is long enough to cut through all the hair at one stroke2 or1 failing a sword1 a sharp carving-knife will do1 the longer in the blade the better4 ,any uneven ends of hair that remain can afterwards be trimmed off with a pair of scissors2 or1 better still1 by a pair of sheep shears4 ,tail-cutting machines are sold with an arrangement to fix the hair of the tail with a clamp1 on which there is a sliding cutting-blade4 ,these cut the hair off very smoothly and evenly2 the only drawback is that they are somewhat expensive1 costing about ,rs4 #af in ,calcutta or ,bombay4 ,clipping4 ,arabs and many country-breds carry such fine coats that they do not require clipping1 but most ,australians and colonials do2 and if the coat is at all inclined to get long and thick1 it certainly should be taken off1 for horse-clothing is so cheap that an extra rug can always be got4 ,horses should not be clipped till the coat has set1 i4e4 till the long winter coat has grown1 and no more hairs will come off when the hand is rubbed over the skin4 ,this is generally about the beginning of ,october in ,northern ,india4 ,they will generally require clipping twice or three times during the winter1 or up to the middle of ,march4 ,there are generally some professional clippers in every station1 who bring their own clipping-machines1 and charge about two or three rupees for a pony1 and an extra rupee for a horse each time2 or1 if there is not such an individual about1 permission can generally be obtained to have it done by any of the cavalry regiments in the station4 ,it should be remembered that horses having just lost their coats will require an extra rug that night4 ,cleaning the ,sheath4 ,the owner must himself occasionally see that the horse's sheath is washed out4 ,syces never think this necessary1 and the part gets into a filthy1 dirty state1 that in the summer months is likely to give rise to a troublesome sore1 called a bursattee ulcer4 ,some horses are very troublesome to do this with1 and it may be necessary to put on a twitch 7kinch mhal72 but this should always be done in the owner's presence4 ,light in ,stables4 ,with a new-comer1 syces usually ask for oil to burn in a native earthenware lamp 7charragh7 at night1 but it is a thing ,i never allow4 ,in the first place1 even if the lamp was kept burning1 it is not required2 horses rest better in the dark4 ,in the second1 it is dangerous with so much inflammable material about4 ,in the third1 the lamp will not be used in the stable1 but the syce's own house4 ,if a light is ever required1 which is only on rare occasions1 it is better to bring a lantern out of the house2 and in ,india there is always a hurricane-lantern to be found in every house4 ,fires in ,verandahs4 ,syces are very fond of lighting fires and making cooking places in the verandah of the stable1 but this ,i never allow1 as it litters the place up with cooking pots1 and makes a great mess2 also1 it is dangerous4 ,i always make them carry on their cooking operations in the verandahs of their own houses4 ,,saddlery1 ,,harness1 ,,carriages1 ,,and ,,servants4 ,saddles 7zin7 and ,harness 7saz74 ,saddles1 harness1 and all leatherwork requires a good deal more care and attention in ,india than in ,england1 especially during the hot season1 when the fierce dry heat will dry up and perish all sorts of leather2 and in the rains1 especially in ,southern ,india1 where the atmosphere is so loaded with moisture that leather1 put on one side and neglected for a very few days1 soon becomes covered with mildew4 ,there are no saddle rooms in ,indian stables1 and it is usual to keep them in a corner of a room in the house on a wooden saddle-stand1 called by natives a ghorra horse4 ,in the rains1 a pan or brazier of burning charcoal should be kept in the room for a few hours daily1 if there is not a fire-place4 ,saddles are cleaned in the same way as in ,england1 and excellent saddle soap and dubbing is made by the ,north-west ,province ,soap ,works at ,meerut1 and can be obtained almost anywhere4 ,if this is not used1 the syces can always make up dubbing of their own1 called momrogan4 ,some people give their head syce a monthly allowance to provide dubbing1 soap1 bathbrick1 oil1 etc42 but as they frequently put lime and bleaching materials with it1 ,i prefer to buy it myself1 and let them get the other articles4 ,they require a chamoise leather and a burnisher for steel-work1 but one of each will do for a stable of half a dozen horses1 and very good country-made leathers 7sabur7 can be got for from one to one and a half rupees4 ,the soap is put on to and rubbed into leather-work with the hands2 but the great fault they have is that they will put on too much1 and won't work it in enough1 and one's breeches and hands will get into a great mess4 ,saddle ,covers 7buk bund74 ,a sheet1 made out of a description of coarse country cloth 7karwah71 is necessary for each saddle or set of harness1 to wrap it up in1 and keep the dust and dirt off4 ,it should be sufficiently large to wrap the saddle up in completely1 and in the summer the syce can bring it with him to act as a horse-cloth to throw over the quarters when standing about4 ,these saddle-sheets can be made by any tailor in a few hours4 ,bridles4 ,bridles1 double 7dahna71 snaffle 7kazai71 can be hung up on the walls1 but a piece of cloth or a few sheets of paper should be fastened up behind them2 and they should be frequently taken down if not in daily use1 as the white ants are most destructive4 ,it is best to have one or two extra saddle-stands made with pegs on them1 and to hang the bridles on them in the middle of the room1 away from the walls4 ,this may be a little more expensive1 but a saddle-stand can be brought for ,rs4 #e that will hold a couple of dozen bridles1 worth ,rs4 #bj apiece4 ,at one time plated bits were used in ,india1 but ,i think steel ones are the best4 ,syces never can tell the difference1 and ,i have more than once found a plated bit being industriously scrubbed and polished with sand4 ,harness4 ,unless particularly desired1 brown harness with brass mounts is the best--for ,india1 at all events--for pony-harness1 and it is this class of animal that is generally used in an up-country station4 ,not one syce in a hundred knows how to clean black harness properly1 and if this is not done nothing looks worse1 whereas almost any native can clean brown leather after a fashion1 and even if it does not stand close inspection1 it will pass muster at a little distance4 ,fairly good brown harness is made out of country leather1 and it does well enough for rough work1 but it never has the finish of ,english4 ,country leather reins and country bits should never be used2 they are not reliable1 and are most dangerous2 these should always be ,english4 ,carriages4 ,the ordinary two-wheeled pony-trap or dogcart1 used in an up-country ,indian station1 is best varnished1 not painted4 ,the hot weather ruins paint1 and1 unless in some of the very large towns1 it is nearly impossible to get them properly repainted again4 ,any native workman can1 however1 varnish a trap with white or copal varnish4 ,before allowing new varnish to be put on1 the trap should be produced for inspection with the old scraped off1 as it is a favourite trick to daub new varnish over the old1 when it cannot properly set1 and the first hot sun cracks and blisters it4 ,in the hot weather a large earthen basin1 called a naund1 should be kept full of water under the carriage in the coach-house2 the evaporation of the water will keep the woodwork moist1 and prevent its cracking with the heat4 ,a matting made of the fibres of the khus khus1 or lemon grass1 should also be put round the nave of the wheel1 and kept wet1 for the same purpose1 as it is exceedingly likely to crack with the heat4 ,the shafts of the trap should not be left resting on the ground1 as they will warp and bend2 they should be supported either by a wooden trestle1 or else by a couple of ropes from the beams of the roof4 ,the whip1 when not in use1 should be hung by a string at the upper part to a nail in the wall1 and a weight1 such as a brick1 tied to the butt end to keep it straight2 otherwise1 in a very short time1 it will get crooked4 ,servants4 ,indian syces are different to ,english grooms1 as the new arrival will soon find4 ,they have peculiar customs of their own1 which1 like all ,orientals1 they cling to tenaciously1 and will not give up4 ,if they are understood they are easily managed1 and work well2 but if not1 the horse-owner's life is a burden to him1 for no ,european can overcome the passive resistance of the ,oriental4 ,in the first place1 ,i never let any of the house servants interfere with the stable4 ,many persons1 particularly those new to the country1 do everything through their head servant1 or bearer2 but ,i make him stick to his own work1 which is the control of the house and the house servants4 ,i pick out one of the best and sharpest of the syces1 changing him till ,i get a good man1 making him the head or jemedar syce1 and paying him a rupee a month more wages than the rest2 and he is responsible for everything connected with the horses1 and any small bills ,i pay to him1 and him alone4 ,the wages ,i pay myself to each man regularly on the seventh of the month1 for the month previously4 ,i never lift my hand to a servant1 or fine him under any pretext1 as the fine will only be made up out of the horse's grain1 but1 if fault has to be found1 ,i do so in the presence of the head man2 on the second occasion a warning is given1 and on the third the offender is dismissed on the spot4 ,i always keep a syce and a grass-cutter for each horse4 ,it is possible to get a syce and two grass-cutters to look after two horses1 by paying the syce a rupee a month more2 but the arrangement is not satisfactory1 although many do it4 ,if the syce gets ill1 which they often do1 there is no one to do his work1 whereas1 if there is a man to each horse1 they will arrange the extra work among themselves4 ,in ,northern ,india syces and grass-cutters should be provided with warm woollen clothes in the winter4 ,an excellent cloth for the purpose is made by the various woollen mills1 and at most of them servant's clothes can be bought ready made up2 but it is best to give the men the materials and let them get them made up themselves1 otherwise there is certain to be something wrong with them4 ,a syce's coat costs about ,rs4 #d1 and a grass-cutter's1 which is made out of a coarse blanketing1 ,rs4 #c2 and these coats should last for two winters' wear4 ,in addition1 ,i used to give each man a coolie blanket that cost ,rs4 #c1 and which would last three winters2 and1 if they had to go out much into camp1 such as taking horses out to meet me on shooting or pig-sticking expeditions1 a pair of woollen leg-bandages1 or putties4 ,it is a mistake not to give servants warm clothes1 and a false economy1 as1 if they are not properly protected against the cold1 which is very severe in ,northern ,india1 they are everlastingly getting fever2 and ,i know no greater nuisance than having your head man laid up for two or three days at a stretch4 ,in the second place1 if they have not warm clothes themselves1 you can never tell if in the night they will not take the clothing off the horses to wrap themselves up in4 ,a constant source of squabbling amongst ,indian servants is the allotment of their huts or houses4 ,in the older ,indian bungalows there is usually enough of both these and stabling1 but in the newer ones there is not4 ,it is best1 however1 not to listen to any such complaints1 and somehow the disputants settle the knotty point themselves4 ,every now and again it is advisable to see who is living in your compound1 as a most enormous number of relations will turn up1 who are known as brothers 7bhai72 and if you don't look out1 you will find you are giving shelter on your premises to several hundred individuals4 ,indian servants are always asking leave to attend weddings1 funerals1 and religious ceremonies2 and ,i always allow them to go1 provided some arrangement is made to carry on their work4 ,they are clannish in the extreme1 and a substitute was always forthcoming4 ,in the hills grass-cutters are not required1 as grass can be bought in the bazaars4 ,the country people look on the sale of this as a vested right1 and naturally resent any outsider cutting it or interfering with them2 and1 if they do1 there is pretty certain to be a disturbance and unpleasantness4 ,if grass-cutters are preferred to purchasing the daily supply1 local hillmen should be employed1 who will arrange the matter with their neighbours1 and not men brought up from the plains of ,india4 ,in most hill stations passes or licences have to be obtained to cut grass4 ,in every ,indian station there is an official price-list of country produce published1 and should any dispute arise as to the rates charged1 it is as well to obtain it from the native magistrate 7tehsildar71 whose decision in such matters is usually accepted as final1 and which generally saves an immense amount of trouble4 ,,shoeing4 ,shoeing 7nal bundie74 ,shoeing is a subject on which a volume might be written of itself1 far beyond the scope of this little work1 and for further information on the art ,i would refer the reader to the treatises by ,dr4 ,flemming and ,w4 ,hunting1 ,esq42 but as both these deal with ,european practice1 ,i will only mention a few differences in the art as performed by the native smith1 or nal bund4 ,in most large military stations where there are ,european troops1 permission can generally be obtained to have horses shod at the regimental forge1 but in out-of-the-way places the native artist has to be employed4 ,all horses require shoeing at least once a month1 and some oftener1 as with some the horn grows quicker than others1 and the hoof requires to be shortened oftener4 ,in these cases1 if the shoe is not worn out at the toe1 it can be replaced after the foot is shortened2 this is what the ,english smith calls a remove1 the native khol bundi4 ,it is advisable after work to lift up the foot and look if the shoes 7nal7 have shifted or not1 also to examine the clench or point of the nail 7preg7 where it has been turned over1 as it sometimes gets turned up and sticks out4 ,if this happens on the inside of the hoof it is likely to cut the opposite fetlock 7mawah lagna71 and make a bad wound that may leave a permanent scar or blemish4 ,some horses1 from bad formation1 move their limbs so closely together that they always rub the fetlock joints when they move4 ,this sometimes can be corrected by what is known as a brushing shoe2 but some badly-shaped animals will always do it1 no matter what sort of shoe is put on4 ,various forms of pads or brushing boots are sold to prevent this and protect the part2 but1 in my opinion1 what is known as the ,irish boot is the best4 ,it consists of a thick piece of blanket1 or mundah1 about six inches wide and the length of the circumference of the leg4 ,this is fastened round the fetlock with a tape or string so that the ends are in the middle line of the leg behind1 the upper half being doubled over the string so that there are two thicknesses to protect the fetlock joint4 ,i have found this far better than the more elaborate contrivances sold2 it is cheap--any one can make one in a few minutes--it does not collect mud and dirt like the others do1 and it does not become hard like those boots made out of leather1 which1 unless carefully looked to and kept soft with soap 7sabon7 or dubbing 7momrogan71 are liable to cut horses badly4 ,the only care required in putting on the ,irish boot is not to tie it too tight1 or the tapes may cut the skin4 ,some pieces of horn hanging loose1 that are being cast off from the sole and frog in the natural process of growth1 are often seen4 ,these are very likely to collect dirt and moisture1 and if they do they should be removed1 but otherwise be left alone4 ,they can generally be pulled off with the fingers1 a piece of stick1 or the hoof-picker4 ,as a rule1 in the plains of ,india the majority of horses do not require shoes on their hind feet1 unless the roads are mended with stone1 or the climate is very damp and the horn gets soft4 ,in the rainy season1 if much work is being done1 they perhaps then require shoeing behind1 but in the dry season the majority go just as well without4 ,in the hills1 where the paths are rocky and stony1 horses1 of course1 require shoeing behind4 ,unlike the ,european1 the native smith shoes what is called cold1 that is1 he has a number of shoes in sizes from which he selects one as near a fit as possible1 which he hammers into shape on a small anvil without heating it4 ,native shoes are generally perfectly plain1 i4e4 flat on both sides1 and1 unless specially made1 are never seated1 i4e4 sloped on the foot surface1 or bevelled1 i4e4 sloped on the ground surface4 ,as a rule1 the nail-holes are what the smith calls too fine1 i4e4 they are too near the outer rim of the iron1 and to get a hold the shoe has to be brought back so that the horn projects over the iron4 ,to obviate this the smith removes the toe with the rasp1 thus weakening the horn at the very place where it is required to be strong4 ,the shoes are generally somewhat too small also1 and to get the nail to take hold they have to be set back in the same way as when the nail-holes are too fine4 ,a native smith1 unless he has been shown how1 never knows how to turn down the point of the nail after it has been driven through the hoof to form the clench2 he never cuts off the superfluous part1 but turns it round in a curl with the pincers1 and1 needless to say1 this is exceedingly likely to cause brushing4 ,another great fault is his fondness of pairing and slicing away the frog and sole1 which he will have to be stopped in doing4 ,i have seldom seen a horse pricked in shoeing by a native1 but if left to themselves they never get the bearing true1 and as a result corns are of common occurrence4 ,of course1 such light shoes as those of native manufacture have not a great lot of wear in them1 and in heavy1 holding ground would pull off1 but on the hard level plains of ,india they last well enough1 and the native smith1 if his faults are known and corrected1 is not a bad workman after his own lights4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,hindustani ,,words4 ,,adarwah1 parched barley4 ,,aghari1 a head rope4 ,,akh-,,ta1 a gelding4 ,,bad ,,hazmie1 indigestion1 dyspepsia4 ,,bagh1 rein4 ,,bagh ,,dorie1 leading-rope4 ,,bajara1 millet seed4 ,,balti1 bucket4 ,,baniah1 corn-dealer4 ,,bans1 bamboo4 ,,bhai1 brother1 relative4 ,,bherie1 iron shackles for horse's legs4 ,,bhestie1 water carrier4 ,,bichalie1 bedding straw4 ,,buk ,,bund1 saddle sheet4 ,,burradah1 sawdust4 ,,charpoy1 native bedstead4 ,,charragh1 native oil lamp4 ,,chattie1 earthen pot4 ,,chaurie1 fly-whisk4 ,,cheil1 to dig up grass4 ,,chick1 split bamboo window blind4 ,,chick-,,na1 muzzle4 ,,choker1 bran4 ,,chuckie1 hand-mill4 ,,chunna1 gram4 ,,churrie1 dried shorgum stalk used for cattle fodder4 ,,compound1 enclosure round an ,indian house4 ,,cultee1 the black gram used as horse food in ,madras4 ,,dah1 a bill-hook4 ,,dah-,,na1 a double bridle4 ,,dast1 diarrhoea4 ,,dastour1 custom1 percentage1 perquisites4 ,,dhan1 unhusked rice4 ,,dha ,,nah1 grain4 ,,dhoob1 an ,indian grass on which horses are fed4 ,,dhool1 a small leather bucket used for drawing water4 ,,durzie1 a tailor4 ,,farakie1 body-roller4 ,,gajar1 carrots4 ,,gehun1 wheat4 ,,ghorra1 horse4 ,,ghorrie1 mare4 ,,gudda1 donkey4 ,,gumalo1 earthen vessel shaped like a milk pan1 holding about a gallon4 ,,gunna1 sugar-cane4 ,,gurdaine1 horse-rug4 ,,hawah1 air4 ,,hookha1 a pipe4 ,,hurrialie1 a species of grass4 ,,jai1 oats4 ,,jamp1 a straw screen4 ,,jaru1 a broom4 ,,jharan1 duster4 ,,jhool1 country horse clothing made out of felt4 ,,jonk1 leech4 ,,jow1 barley4 ,,kali ,,nimuk1 black salt4 ,,kar ,,wah1 a sort of cotton cloth4 ,,kazai1 watering or snaffle bridle4 ,,khal1 linseed cake4 ,,khansilla1 hood4 ,,khasil1 green food4 ,,khawid1 green food4 ,,khoalie1 charcoal4 ,,khol ,,bundie1 a remove in horse shoeing4 ,,khua1 a well4 ,,khus ,,khus1 lemon grass4 ,,kicher ,,ke ,,muttee1 clay4 ,,kinch ,,mhal1 twitch4 ,,kirim1 worm1 weevil4 ,,kumbal1 blanket4 ,,kurlie1 manger4 ,,kurpa1 a short iron hoe1 used to dig grass with4 ,,kutcher1 mule4 ,,malish1 grooming4 ,,make1 a wooden tent-peg4 ,,makie-,,ara1 eye-fringe to keep off flies4 ,,maund1 #hj lbs4 weight4 ,,mawah ,,lagna1 brushing of the fetlocks4 ,,missa ,,bhoosa1 grain stalks crushed in thrashing4 ,,moat1 pulse grain4 ,,momrogan1 dubbing4 ,,mote1 pulse grain4 ,,mung1 pulse grain4 ,,mussuk1 leather water-bag4 ,,muttie1 earth4 ,,muzzuma1 leather heel-strap4 ,,nal1 a horseshoe4 ,,nal ,,bund1 a shoeing-smith4 ,,naund1 a large wide-mouthed earthen vessel holding several gallons4 ,,newar1 cotton webbing4 ,,nimmuk1 salt4 ,,nirrick1 the official price list4 ,,nukta1 head stall4 ,,numdah1 felt pad for putting under a saddle4 ,,paite1 body-roller4 ,,pani1 water4 ,,pecharie1 heel ropes4 ,,preg1 nail4 ,,putter ,,ke ,,nimmuk1 rock salt4 ,,puttie1 a roller bandage4 ,,ret1 sand4 ,,reita1 soap nuts4 ,,rhal1 linseed cake4 ,,roll ,,kerna1 to exercise4 ,,sabon1 soap4 ,,sabur1 chamois leather4 ,,san1 a stallion4 ,,saz1 harness4 ,,seer1 a two-pound weight4 ,,shalgham1 turnip4 ,,suffaid ,,bhoosa1 wheat straw that has been crushed and broken in thrashing4 ,,sum ,,khodna1 hoof-picker4 ,,sun1 tow or hemp4 ,,syce1 a groom4 ,,tobra1 a nose-bag4 ,,tokar1 to trip or stumble4 ,,tokrie1 a basket4 ,,tulwar1 a curved native sword4 ,,ulsie1 linseed4 ,,zin1 a saddle4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,stamford ,,street ,,and ,,charing ,,cross4 ,no4 #gh4 ,telegrams3 ,,mofussil1 ,,london4 ,established #ahai4 ,a ,,selection ,,from ,,the ,,publications ,,of ,w4 ,,thacker ,,co41 #b1 ,,creed ,,lane1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,and ,,thacker1 ,,spink ,,co41 ,,calcutta4 #ahig4 ,,shaw1 ,,vero4 ,how to ,choose a ,dog1 and ,how to ,select a ,puppy4 ,with ,notes on the ,peculiarities and ,characteristics of each ,breed4 ,by ,,vero ,,shaw1 ,author of ,the ,illustrated ,book of the ,dog1 late ,kennel ,editor of the ,field4 ,crown #hvo41 sewed1 #as4 #f;d4 ,the ,stock ,keeper4--,the price is within everybody's means1 and needless to say the work is not of a pretentious nature4 ,on the other hand1 the text keeps the promise of the title1 and the advice that is given is good4 ,each breed of dog has a chapter to itself1 which opens with a few introductory remarks of a general nature3 then follow the points briefly and plainly2 next come average of the pup from six weeks old until he attains maturity4 ,a couple of pages at the end of the work are devoted to the relation1 and a few useful hints on buying1 feeding1 and breeding4 ,needless to add that like all ,mr4 ,vero ,shaw's writings on canine subjects the information is founded on practical experience and imparted in easy excellent ,english4 ,,nunn1 ,,vety4 ,,capt4 ,j4 ,a4 ,notes on ,stable ,management in ,india and the ,colonies4 ,second ,edition1 revised and enlarged1 with a ,glossary4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,contents4--,food1 ,water1 ,air1 and ,ventilation4 ,grooming1 ,gear1 etc4 ,,thomas1 ,,henry ,,sullivan1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,the ,rod in ,india3 being ,hints how to obtain ,sport1 with remarks on the ,natural ,history of ,fish and their ,culture4 ,by ,,henry ,,sullivan ,,thomas1 ,f4,l4,s4 7,madras ,civil ,service1 retired71 ,author of ,tank ,angling in ,india4 ,third ,edition4 ,demy #hvo41 cloth4 ,in the ,press4 ,land and ,water4--,a book to read for pleasure at home1 as well as to use as a handbook of exceeding value to the angler who may be already there1 or intending to visit ,india4 ,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes' ,,books ,,on ,,horses4 ,,hayes1 ,,capt4 ,m4 ,,horace1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,veterinary ,notes for ,horse-,owners4 ,an ,illustrated ,manual of ,horse ,medicine and ,surgery1 written in simple language4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,this ,edition is revised throughout1 considerably enlarged1 and incorporates the substance of the ,author's ,soundness and ,age of ,horses4 ,thick crown #hvo41 buckram1 #aes4 ,saturday ,review4--,captain ,hayes' work is a valuable addition to our stable literature2 and the illustrations1 tolerably numerous1 are excellent beyond the reach of criticism4 ,times4--,a necessary guide for horse-owners1 especially those who are far removed from immediate professional assistance4 ,field4--,of the many popular veterinary books which have come under our notice1 this is certainly one of the most scientific and reliable4 ,if some painstaking student would give us works of equal merit to this on the diseases of the other domestic animals1 we should possess a very complete veterinary library in a very small compass4 ,illustrated ,sporting and ,dramatic ,news4--,simplicity is one of the most commendable features in the book4 ,what ,captain ,hayes has to say he says in plain terms1 and the book is a very useful one for everybody who is concerned with horses4 ,lancet4--,the usefulness of the manual is testified to by its popularity1 and each edition has given evidence of increasing care on the part of the author to render it more complete and trustworthy as a book of reference for amateurs4 ,,hayes1 ,,capt4 ,m4 ,,horace1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,indian ,racing ,reminiscences4 ,profusely ,illustrated4 ,impl4 #afmo41 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hayes1 ,,capt4 ,m4 ,,horace1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,points of the ,horse4 ,a familiar ,treatise on ,equine ,conformation4 ,second ,edition4 ,revised and enlarged4 ,this edition has been thoroughly revised and contains numerous additions1 including specially written ,chapters on the ,breeds of ,english and ,foreign ,horses4 ,illustrated by #bjj reproductions of ,photographs of ,typical ,points and ,horses1 and #bje ,drawings by ,j4 ,h4 ,,oswald ,,brown4 ,super-royal #hvo41 cloth1 gilt top1 #cds4 ,also a ,,large ,,paper ,,edition1 strictly limited to ,one ,hundred and ,fifty ,copies for ,england and the ,colonies1 numbered and signed by the ,author4 ,demy #dto41 art cloth1 top edges gilt1 uncut1 #fcs4 net4 ,nearly all sold4 ,press ,opinions on the ,second ,edition4 ,times1 ,feb41 #ahig4--,the intrinsic value of the book1 and high professional reputation of its author1 should ensure this new edition a cordial welcome from ,sportsmen and all lovers of the horse4 ,field4--,a year or two ago we had to speak in terms of praise of the first edition of this book1 and we welcome the second and more complete issue4 ,the first edition was out of print in six months1 but1 instead of reprinting it1 ,capt4 ,hayes thought it better to wait until he had enough material in hand to enable him to make to the second edition those additions and improvements he had proposed to himself to add4 ,the result is in every way satisfactory1 and in this handsome book the searcher after sound information on the make and shape of the horse will find what will be of the utmost use to him4 ,those who have been1 or who contemplate being at no distant date1 in the position of judges at horse shows1 will derive great benefit from a careful perusal of ,capt4 ,hayes's pages4 ,,hayes1 ,,capt4 ,m4 ,,horace1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,illustrated ,horsebreaking4 ,second ,edition4 ,this ,edition has been entirely re-written2 the amount of the letterpress more than doubled1 and #ge reproductions of ,photographs have been added4 ,impl4 #afmo41 buckram1 #bas4 ,field4--,it is a characteristic of all ,captain ,hayes' books on horses that they are eminently practical1 and the present one is no exception to the rule4 ,a work which is entitled to high praise as being far and away the best reasoned-out one on breaking under a new system we have seen4 ,veterinary ,journal4--,the work is eminently practical and readable4 ,,hayes1 ,,capt4 ,m4 ,,horace1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,riding3 on the ,flat and ,across ,country4 ,a ,guide to ,practical ,horsemanship4 ,impl4 #afmo41 cloth gilt41 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,times4--,captain ,hayes' hints and instructions are useful aids1 even to experienced riders1 while for those less accustomed to the saddle1 his instructions are simply invaluable4 ,standard4--,captain ,hayes is not only a master of his subject1 but he knows how to aid others in gaming such a mastery as may be obtained by the study of a book4 ,field4--,we are not in the least surprised that a third edition of this useful and eminently practical book should be called for4 ,on former occasions we were able to speak of it in terms of commendation1 and this edition is worthy of equal praise4 ,baily's ,magazine4--,an eminently practical teacher1 whose theories are the outcome of experience1 learned not in the study1 but on the road1 in the hunting field1 and on the racecourse4 ,,hayes1 ,,capt4 ,m4 ,,horace1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,training and ,horse ,management in ,india4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,saturday ,review4--,a useful guide in regard to horses anywhere4 ,concise1 practical1 and portable4 ,veterinary ,journal4--,we entertain a very high opinion of ,captain ,hayes' book on ',horse ,training and ,management in ,india1' and are of opinion that no better guide could be placed in the hands of either amateur horseman or veterinary surgeon newly arrived in that important division of our empire4 ,field4--,we have always been able to commend ,captain ,hayes' books as being essentially practical and written in understandable language4 ,as trainer1 owner1 and rider of horses on the flat and over country1 the author has had a wide experience1 and when to this is added competent veterinary knowledge1 it is clear that ,captain ,hayes is entitled to attention when he speaks4 ,,hayes1 ,mrs4 ,edited by ,,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes4 ,the ,horsewoman4 ,a ,practical ,guide to ,side-,saddle ,riding4 ,with #d ,collotypes from ,instantaneous ,photographs1 and #dh ,drawings after ,photographs1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,,oswald ,,brown4 ,square #hvo41 cloth gilt1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,times4--,a large amount of sound1 practical instruction1 very judiciously and pleasantly imparted4 ,field4--,this is the first occasion on which a practical horseman and a practical horsewoman have collaborated in bringing out a book on riding for ladies4 ,the result is in every way satisfactory1 and1 no matter how well a lady may ride1 she will gain much valuable information from a perusal of ',the ,horsewoman4' ,the book is happily free from self-laudatory passages4 ,the ,queen4--,a most useful and practical book on side-saddle riding1 which may be read with real interest by all lady riders4 ,,miller1 ,e4 ,d4 ,edited by ,,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes4 ,modern ,polo4 ,a ,practical ,guide to the ,science of the ,game1 ,training of ,ponies1 ,rules1 etc4 ,by ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,,miller1 late #agth ,lancers4 ,edited by ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,with ,sixty-four ,illustrations from ,photographs4 ,impl4 #afmo41 cloth extra1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a practical and exhaustive description of the ,science of the game1 duties of players1 selection1 breaking1 training1 and management of ponies1 various breeds of ponies in all parts of the world4 ,polo in ,india2 ,hurlingham1 ,indian1 and ,american ,rules1 etc4 ,beautifully illustrated with sixty-four reproductions of ,photographs showing the various points of the game1 famous ponies1 players1 etc4 ,,contents4--,chapter ,i4 ,first ,steps at ,polo4--,chapter ,,ii4 ,theory and ,practice of ,polo4--,chapter ,,iii4 ,polo ,appliances4--,chapter ,,iv4 ,choosing a ,polo ,pony4--,chapter ,v4 ,training the ,polo ,pony4--,chapter ,,vi4 ,polo ,pony ,gear4--,chapter ,,vii4 ,polo ,pony ,management4--,chapter ,,viii4 ,various ,breeds of ,polo ,ponies4--,chapter ,,ix4 ,polo in ,india4--,chapter ,x4 ,polo ,pony ,breeding4--,chapter ,,xi4 ,veterinary ,advice to ,polo ,players4--,appendix4 ,tournaments1 ,laws and ,bye-,laws1 etc4 ,,hayes1 ,,capt4 ,m4 ,,horace1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,friedberger and ,froehner's ,veterinary ,pathology4 ,translated from the original ,german of the recently published ,fourth ,edition1 and ,annotated4 ,in the press4 ,,forthcoming ,,works4 ,dairy ,cows4 ,a ,practical ,guide in the ,choice and ,management of ,dairy ,cattle1 etc4 ,by ,,harold ,,leeney1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,the ,best ,breeds of ,british ,stock4 ,edited by ,,john ,,watson1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,thacker's ,veterinary ,year ,book4 ,,contents4--,events of the ,year--,list of ,officers--,president and ,council--,new ,members ,qualified during the ,year--,privileges of ,members--,students who have passed ,a and ,b ,classes--,the ,number of ,rejections in ,england and ,scotland--,a ,review of all the ,veterinary ,medical ,societies--,digest of ,papers ,read1 with ,names of ,speakers and ,extracts--,horse ,fairs and ,markets--,auction ,sales and ,laws--,new ,instruments--,new ,drugs--,new ,shoes--,posological ,tables--,original ,articles by well-known ,authors1 etc4 ,it has long been felt that a ,veterinary ,year ,book was needed for use by the large and increasing profession of ,veterinary ,surgeons1 and it is hoped that this work will meet the necessary requirements4 ,,hayes1 ,,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,friedberger and ,froehner's ,veterinary ,pathology4 ,translated from the original ,german of the recently published ,fourth ,edition1 and ,annotated by ,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,hayes1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,author of ,points of the ,horse1 etc4 ,royal #hvo41 cloth4 ,,hayes1 ,,capt4 ,m4 ,h4 ,stable ,management in ,england4 ,,printed ,,by ,,william ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,limited1 ,,london and ,,beccles4