,,outl9es  ,,(  ,,dairy ,,bact]iology   
,a ,,concise ,,manual ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( 
,,/ud5ts ,,9 ,,dairy+  ,,by  ,h4 ,l4    
,,russell  ,dean ( ! ,college (         
,agriculture ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9  ,,&
  ,e4 ,g4 ,,ha/+s  ,pr(essor (          
,agricultural ,bact]iology ,univ]sity ( 
,wiscons9  ,,t5? ,,edition  ,,madison1  
,,wiscons9 ,h4 ,l4 ,,russell #aiad      
,copyright #aiad  ,,by  ,h4 ,l4         
,,russell ,,& ,e4 ,g4 ,,ha/+s           
,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,t5? ,,edition4     
,?is text 0 orig9ally ! outgr[? ( a     
s]ies ( lectures on ! subject ( dairy   
bact]iology to practical /ud5ts 9 ! w9t]
 ,dairy ,c\rse 9 ! ,univ]sity (         
,wiscons94 ,! importance ( bact]iology 9
 dairy processes has n[ come to be s    
widely recogniz$ t no /ud5t ( dairy+    
reg>ds 8 tra9+ z complete until he has  
_h ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ?is subject4
  ,! aim ( ?is volume is n to furni% an 
exhau/ive treatise ( ! subject1 b an    
outl9e & suffici5t detail to enable !   
g5]al /ud5t ( dairy+ to obta9 z         

compreh5sive an idea ( ! bact]ia & _!   
effects on milk & o!r dairy products z  
may be possible )\t ! aid ( laboratory  
practice4 ,:5 possible ! dairy /ud5t is 
urg$ to secure a laboratory k ( ^!      
organisms1 b lack+ ?is1 ! /ud5t & g5]al 
read] %\ld secure a g5]al survey ( !    
field ( bact]iology 9 relation to       
dairy+4  ,9 ?is1 ! t5? edition1 ! ef=t  
has be5 made to include all ( ! rec5t   
developm5ts ( ! subject4 ,especially is 
?is true 9 reg>d to ! subject ( m>ket   
milk1 a phase ( dairy+ t has ga9$       
greatly 9 importance 9 ! la/ few ye>s4  
,! *anges 9 ! me?ods ( h&l+ m>ket milk h
 be5 m>k$4 ,! results ( ^! *anges 9     
influ5c+ ! quality ( milk (f]$ to !     
consum] are fully discuss$4   ,h4 ,l4   
,r4  ,e4 ,g4 ,h4     ,,cont5ts          
,/ructure1 ,gr[? & ,di/ribution (       
,bact]ia                      #g        
,me?ods ( ,/udy+ ,bact]ia               
#bj  ,contam9ation ( ,milk              
#bh  ,infection ( ,milk ) ,pa?og5ic     
,bact]ia                         #fb    

,f]m5tations ( ,milk                    
#hb  ,pres]vation ( ,milk               
#aac  ,bact]ia & ,butt] ,mak+           
#acf  ,bact]ia & ,*eese ,mak+           
#afa  ,bact]ia 9 ,m>ket ,milk           
#ahi     ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,/ructure1 ,,gr[?
 ,,& ,,di/ribution4   ,relation (       
bact]iology to dairy+4 ,! arts :i* h be5
 develop$ by mank9d h be5 ! outgr[? (   
exp]i5ce4 ,man fir/ le>n$ by do+1 h[ to 
p]=m ^! v>i\s activities1 & a sci5tific 
k ( ! und]ly+ pr9ciples :i* gov]n ^!    
processes 0 lat] develop$4  ,! art (    
dairy+ has be5 practic$ f "t immemorial1
 b a correct und]/&+ ( ! fundam5tal     
pr9ciples on :i* ! practice ( dairy+    
re/s is ( rec5t orig94 ,9 work+ out ^!  
pr9ciples1 *emi/ry has be5 ( great      
s]vice1 b 9 lat] ye>s1 bact]iology has  
also be5 mo/ successfully appli$ to !   
problems ( mod]n dairy+4 ,inde$1 x may  
be said t ! sci5ce ( dairy+1 z relat$ to
 ! problems ( dairy manufacture is1 9   
l>ge degree1 dep5d5t ^u an und]/&+ (    
bact]iological pr9ciples4 ,x is !re=e   

ess5tial t ! /ud5t ( dairy+1 ev5 ?\gh he
 is conc]n$ 9 l>ge measure ) ! practical
 aspects ( ! subject1 %\ld acquire z    
complete an und]/&+ ( ^! pr9ciples z    
possible4  ,:ile bact]iology is conc]n$ 
prim>ily ) ! activities ( ^? microscopic
 =ms ( plant life kn[n z ! bact]ia1 yet 
! g5]al pr9ciples gov]n+ ! life ( ?is   
p>ticul> class ( organisms are          
suffici5tly simil> to ^? gov]n+ ! molds 
& o!r types ( microscopic life t affect 
milk & its products to make x possible  
to include all ( ^! types 9 a g5]al     
consid]ation ( ! subject4  ,nature (    
bact]ia4 ,! vegetable k+dom to :i* !    
bact]ia belong consi/s ( plants ( ! mo/ 
v>y+ size & nature4 ,^? ( mo/ common    
acqua9tance are ! gre5 plants v>y+ 9    
size f ^? n visible to ! nak$ eye to !  
l>ge/ trees4 ,ano!r class ( plants kn[n 
z fungi or fung\s plants d n conta9     
*lorophyll1 ! gre5 color+ matt]1 b are  
usually colorless &1 z a rule1 ( small  
size2 among !m are includ$ su* =ms z !  
mu%rooms1 smuts1 ru/s & mildews1 z well 

z ! molds & yea/s4 ,! bact]ia are       
closely alli$ to ?is latt] class4 ,:5   
fir/ discov]$ !y 7 ?\ght to be animals  
because ( ! ability ( "s =ms to move    
ab\t 9 liquids4  ,! bact]ia1 l o!r k9ds 
( liv+ organisms1 possess a def9ite =m &
 %ape4 ,!y are ! simple/ 9 /ructure (   
all ! plants1 ! individual organism     
consi/+ ( a s+le cell4 ,! l>g] & m      
highly organiz$ =ms ( life are made up (
 _m microscopic cells1 & ! life ( !     
individual consi/s ( ! "w ( all ! cells4
 ,! bact]ia are v comp>able to ! s+le   
cells ( ! high] plants & animals1 b 9 ! 
case ( ! bact]ia ! s+le cell is able to 
exi/ ap>t f all o!r cells & to c>ry out 
all ( its life processes includ+        
reproduction4  ,=ms ( bact]ia4 ,) !     
multicellul> organisms mu* v>iation 9 =m
 is possible1 b ) ^! s+le-cell$         
organisms ! possible v>iation 9 =m is   
greatly limit$4 ,?ree well m>k$ types   
occur among ! bact]ia3 ! r\nd or coccus 
=m 7plural cocci72 ! rod-%ap$ or        
bacillus 7plural bacilli72 & ! twi/$ or 

spirillum type 7plural spirilla74 ,mo/  
organisms ( special significance 9      
dairy+ belong to ! coccus or bacillus   
gr\p4  ,size ( bact]ia4 ,! bact]ia1 z a 
class1 are among ! smalle/ ( liv+       
objects4 ,none ( !m are individually    
visible to ! nak$ eye1 & !y c be s se5  
only :5 clumps or masses are =m$ 9 !    
process ( gr[?4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#a4--;,=ms ( ,bact]ia4 ,a1 coccus2 ,b1  
bacillus2 ,c1 spirillum4  ,:ile !re is  
consid]able relative v>iation 9 size1   
yet 9 actual dim5sions1 ?is diff]5ce is 
s small z to make c>eful microscopic    
det]m9ations necess>y4 ,an av]age       
diamet] may be tak5 z ab\t "o           
?irty-?\s&? ( an in*1 :ile ! l5g? v>ies 
naturally sev]al fold1 dep5d+ ^u :e!r ! 
type "u obs]vation is a coccus or a     
bacillus4  ,x is v difficult to conceive
 ( ! m9ut5ess ( ! bact]ia2 ! foll[+ may 
give "s idea ( _! size4 ,9 a drop (     
cream ready = *urn+ may be f\nd z _m z  
#aj1jjj1jjj & 9 a piece ( fre% *eese z  
l>ge z a *]ry !re may be z _m liv+      

bact]ia z !re are p on our e>?4 ,:ile ! 
bact]ia are v m9ute1 ! effect :i* !y    
ex]t 9 milk & o!r dairy products is     
great on acc\nt ( _! enorm\s numb]s4    
,mann] ( gr[?4 ,! cells ( :i* all plants
 & animals consi/ increase 9 numb]s by !
 division ( ea* cell into two cells     
?r\gh ! =mation ( a division wall across
 ! cell4 ,! new cells divide & ! plant  
or animal cont9ues to gr[4 ,! same cell 
division occurs 9 ! bact]ia b s9ce !    
bact]ia are s+le cell$1 division ( !    
cells means an increase 9 numb]s r ?an  
gr[? z 9 ! high] =ms ( life4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,division (   
,bact]ia4  ,! bact]ia increase 9 numb]s 
by ! division ( ea* cell into two cells4
 7,aft] ,novy47  ,9 ! case ( ^? bact]ia 
t h a great] l5g? ?an diamet]1 ! new    
wall is =m$ at "r angles to ! long axis 
( ! cell4 ,z soon z ! division is       
complete ea* cell is a complete         
individual1 capable ( c>ry+ on all ( its
 life processes4 ,! cells may1 h[ev]1   
coh]e & ?us =m di/9ctive gr\p+s t may   

s]ve to id5tify c]ta9 types4 ,"s ( !    
cocci =m long *a9s & ! t]m /reptococcus 
is appli$ to su*4 ,o!r gr\p+s may be    
simil> to a bale ( tw9e or !y may be    
mass$ 9 clu/]s ) no regul>ity           
di/+ui%able4  ,spores4 ,j z ord9>y      
plants =m resi/ant /ructures1 kn[n z    
se$s1 capable ( reta9+ vitality "u      
conditions unfavorable = gr[? !reby     
p]petuat+ ! species1 s ) c]ta9 ( !      
bact]ia1 def9ite /ructures1 kn[n z      
spores1 t are analog\s 9 "s respects to 
! se$s ( ! high] plants1 are produc$ )9 
! "m cell4 ,! spores are exce$+ly       
resi/ant to ! influ5ce ( an unfavorable 
environm5t1 su* z heat1 cold1 dry+1 &   
ev5 *emical ag5ts4 ,x is ?is prop]ty ( !
 spores :i* makes x s difficult to      
de/roy ! bact]ial life 9 ! process (    
/]iliz+ milk4 ,! prop]ty ( spore-=mation
 is =tunately conf9$ to a comp>atively  
small numb] ( diff]5t species ( bacilli4
  ,movem5t4 ,_m ( ! bact]ia are provid$ 
) vibratory organs ( locomotion1 kn[n z 
cilia 7s+ul> cilium7 :i* are v>i\sly    

di/ribut$ on ! surface ( ! cell4 ,by !  
movem5t ( ^! relatively long1 ?read-l   
app5dages ! individual cell is able to  
move 9 liquids4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 :5  
^! mov+ cells are obs]v$ "u !           
microscope1 t _! app>5t rate ( movem5t  
is magnifi$ relatively z mu* z _! size4 
,conditions = gr[?4 ,all k9ds ( liv+ ?+s
 ne$ c]ta9 conditions = gr[? su* z food1
 moi/ure1 air & a favorable temp]ature4 
,! bact]ia pref] z food su* organic     
matt] z milk1 meat1 & vegetable         
infusions4 ,^? liv+ on dead organic     
matt] are kn[n z saprophytes1 :ile ^?   
:i* are capable ( ?riv+ 9 ! tissues ( ! 
liv+ plant or animal are kn[n z         
p>asites4 ,c]ta9 ( ! p>asitic =ms are   
capable ( caus+ disease 9 plants &      
animals4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p are embrac$ mo/ 
( ! bact]ia t are able to develop 9 milk
 or its products1 su* z ^? =ms conc]n$ 9
 ! spoil+ ( milk or its f]m5tation4 ,x  
is true t milk may conta9               
disease-produc+ bact]ia com+ ei!r f a   
diseas$ animal or f a diseas$ human be+4

 ,x is also true t "s ( su* h>mful =ms  
are able to gr[ 9 milk1 su* z !         
organisms caus+ typhoid fev] & diph!ria4
  ,food4 ,! bact]ia l all o!r plants mu/
 h _! food 9 solution4 ,:]e !y app>5tly 
live on solids1 su* z meats1 fruits1    
etc41 !y dissolve ! food sub/ances be=e 
utiliz+ ! same4 ,if ! solutions are     
highly conc5trat$1 z 9 ! case ( syrups1 
pres]ves & cond5s$ milk1 ! bact]ia _c   
readily gr[1 al?\gh all ( ! necess>y    
food +r$i5ts are pres5t4 ,:5 su*        
conc5trat$ solutions are dilut$1        
bact]ial gr[? w take place & ! solutions
 w spoil4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4          
#c4--,photomicrograph ( ,lactic ,acid   
,bact]ia4  ,ea* cell is an individual   
organism1 magnifi$ #abej diamet]s4      
,g5]ally speak+ ! bact]ia gr[ be/ 9 a   
neutral or slightly alkal9e solution r  
?an 9 acid liquids4  ,temp]ature4 ,"o ( 
! mo/ important conditions influ5c+ !   
rate ( gr[? ( bact]ia is ! temp]ature4  
,ea* =m has a m9imum temp]ature bel[ :i*
 gr[? c n take place2 also a maximum    

above :i* gr[? is aga9 impossible4 ,= ! 
majority ( species ! m9imum temp]ature  
ranges f #dj to #de ,f4 ! maximum f #aje
 to #aaj ,f4 ,gr[? takes place mo/      
rapidly at ! optimum temp]ature1 :i*1 = 
ea* species1 lies close to ! maximum    
temp]ature at :i* gr[? c occur4 ,mo/ ( !
 bact]ia ( importance 9 ! dairy gr[ well
 at f #gj to #ajj ,f4  ,!re are =ms t c 
gr[ bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( wat] :5 !y are 
9 solutions t d n freeze at ?is         
temp]ature4 ,!re are /ill o!r bact]ia t 
c gr[ at #adj ,f4 a temp]ature t is     
quickly fatal to mo/ =ms4 ,^! are (     
importance 9 ! dairy s9ce !y limit !    
temp]atures at :i* milk c be /or$ = long
 p]iods ( "t4  ,air supply4 ,liv+       
organisms1 bo? plant & animal1 require  
air or oxyg5 = ! combu/ion ( _! food & =
 ! production ( en]gy4 ,mo/ bact]ia use1
 z d ! gre5 plants & animals1 ! free    
oxyg5 ( ! air = _! respiration4 ,su*    
organisms are call$ a]obic or air-liv+4 
,a mu* small] gr\p possess ! p[] ( tak+ 
oxyg5 f organic comp\nds su* z sug> & ! 

l & !re=e are able to live "u conditions
 :]e air is exclud$4 ,^! are call$      
ana]obic bact]ia4 ,a l>ge numb] (       
bact]ia are able to live ei!r 9 !       
pres5ce or 9 ! abs5ce ( free oxyg54 ,mo/
 ( ! bact]ia ( importance 9 ! dairy are 
( ?is nature4  ,rate ( gr[?4 ,:5 !re is 
an abundant supply ( food & :5 !        
temp]ature conditions are favorable1 !  
bact]ia increase 9 numb]s ) a/\nd+      
rapidity4 ,x has be5 det]m9$ by actual  
exp]im5t t ! process ( cell division "u 
favorable conditions takes place 9 a few
 mom5ts4 ,b>b] has %[n t "o ( ! =ms (   
bact]ia con/antly f\nd 9 milk w divide 9
 #ag m9utes at #ih ,f4 & t a s+le       
organism kept at ?is temp]ature = t5    
h\rs w\ld increase to #a1bdj1jjj1jjj4   
,if ! temp]ature is r$uc$ to #ej ,f41 ! 
"t requir$ = division is increas$ to    
sev]al h\rs4 ,! explanation = ! rapid   
spoil+ ( milk t is n well cool$ is ?us  
app>5t4 ,! initial rapid rate ( increase
 _c be ma9ta9$ = any l5g? ( "t z !      
conditions become m & m unfavorable z   

gr[? cont9ues1 due to ! accumulation ( !
 by-products ( ! cell activity4 ,?us1 ! 
gr[? ( acid-=m+ organisms 9 milk becomes
 *eck$ by ! =mation ( acid f !          
f]m5tation ( ! sug>4  ,detrim5tal effect
 ( ext]nal conditions4 ,environm5tal    
conditions ( a detrim5tal "* are        
con/antly at "w t5d+ to repress !       
activity ( bact]ia or to de/roy !m4 ,^! 
act m readily on ! vegetat+ cells ?an on
 ! m resi/ant spores4 ,x is ( ! utmo/   
importance t ^? engag$ 9 dairy "w be    
famili> ) ^! antagoni/ic =ces s9ce x is 
con/antly necess>y to repress or to kill
 outright ! bact]ia 9 milk & o!r dairy  
products4 ,9 _m l9es ( dairy "w x is    
likewise important to be famili> ) !    
conditions favorable = bact]ial gr[?4   
,effect ( cold4 ,:ile x is true t *ill+ 
l>gely prev5ts f]m5tative action1 &     
actual freez+ /ops all gr[? processes1  
/ill x does n foll[ t exposure to l[    
temp]atures w effectually de/roy !      
vitality ( bact]ia1 ev5 9 ! gr[+        
condition4 ,num]\s non-spore-be>+       

species rema9 alive 9 ice = a prolong$  
p]iod1 & exp]im5ts ) liquid air %[ t ev5
 a temp]ature (-#caj ,f4 ma9ta9$ = h\rs 
does n kill all expos$ cells4  ,effect (
 heat4 ,high temp]atures1 on ! o!r h&1 w
 de/roy any =m ( life1 :e!r 9 !         
vegetative or lat5t spore /age4 ,!      
temp]ature at :i* ! vitality ( ! cell is
 lo/ is kn[n z ! !rmal dea? po9t4 ,?is  
limit is dep5d5t n only ^u ! nature ( ! 
organism1 b ^u ! "t ( exposure & !      
condition 9 :i* ! heat is appli$4 ,9 a  
moi/ atmosph]e1 ! p5etrat+ p[] ( heat is
 great1 consequ5tly cell dea? occurs at 
a l[] temp]ature ?an 9 a dry atmosph]e4 
,an increase 9 "t ( exposure l[]s !     
temp]ature po9t at :i* dea? occurs4  ,= 
gr[+ organisms1 ! !rmal dea? po9t ( mo/ 
species ranges f #acj to #adj ,f4 = t5  
m9utes4 ,:5 spores are pres5t1 resi/ance
 is greatly increas$1 "s =ms be+ able to
 )/& /eam at #bab ,f4 f "o to ?ree h\rs4
 ,9 ! /]ilization ( milk1 x is (t5      
necess>y to heat = sev]al h\rs1 :]e a   
s+le exposure is made1 to de/roy !      

resi/ant spores1 t seem to be m abundant
 "u summ] ?an w9t] conditions4 ,/eam "u 
pressure is a mu* m effective ag5t1 z ! 
temp]ature is ?us rais$ consid]ably     
beyond #bab ,f4 ,an exposure ( tw5ty    
m9utes1 at a temp]ature ( #bcj to #bdj  
,f4 w kill all spores4 ,:]e heat is us$ 
9 a dry /ate1 x is mu* less effective1 a
 bak+ temp]ature ( #bfj to #cjj ,f4 = an
 h\r be+ necess>y to kill spores4 ,?is  
condition is ( ! utmo/ importance 9 !   
de/ruction ( bact]ia 9 ! dairy &        
cream]y4  ,effect ( dry+4 ,! spore-be>+ 
bact]ia )/& effects ( desiccation )\t   
s]i\s injury1 & _m ( ! non-spore-produc+
 types reta9 _! vitality = "s mon?s4 ,! 
bact]ia f\nd 9 ! air are practically all
 d]iv$ f ! soil1 & exi/ 9 ! air 9 a dri$
 condition1 9 :i* !y are able to rema9  
alive = consid]able p]iods ( "t4 ,9 a   
dri$ condition1 active cell gr[? is n   
possible1 b :5 o!r conditions1 su* z    
moi/ure & food supply are pres5t1       
resumption ( gr[? quickly beg9s4 ,?is   
prop]ty is also ( importance 9 ! dairy z

 9 ! prep>ation ( dry />t]s = cream]ies 
& *eese factories4  ,effect ( light4    
,bright sunlight ex]ts a m>k$ly injuri\s
 effect on bact]ial life1 bo? 9 a spore 
& 9 a gr[+ condition4 ,:]e ! direct     
sunlight /rikes1 m or less complete     
dis9fection results 9 ! c\rse ( a few   
h\rs1 ! effect be+ produc$ by ! *emical 
or violet rays1 & n by ! heat or r$ rays
 ( ! spectrum4 ,?is action1 h[ev]1 does 
n p5etrate opaque objects1 & is !re=e   
conf9$ to ! surface4 ,9 diffus$ light1 !
 effect is mu* less5$1 al?\gh x is ex]t$
 to "s ext5t4 ,sunlight ex]ts a         
b5eficial effect on ! g5]al heal? &     
well-be+ ( animal life1 & is a matt] (  
importance to be tak5 into consid]ation 
9 ! erection ( build+s = animals z well 
z = p4  ,effect ( *emicals4 ,a great _m 
*emical sub/ances ex]t a m or less      
p[]ful toxic action on v>i\s k9ds (     
life4 ,_m ( ^! are ( great s]vice 9     
de/roy+ bact]ia or hold+ !m 9 *eck4 ,^? 
t are toxic & result 9 ! dea? ( ! cell  
are kn[n z dis9fectants2 ^? t m]ely     

inhibit1 or ret>d gr[? are kn[n z       
antiseptics4 ,all dis9fectants mu/ (    
necessity be antiseptic 9 _! action1 b n
 all antiseptics are dis9fectants1 ev5  
:5 us$ 9 l>ge am\nts4 ,dis9fectants h no
 place 9 dairy "w1 except to de/roy     
disease-produc+ bact]ia1 or to pres]ve  
milk = analytical purposes4 ,! s-call$  
*emical pres]vatives us$ to keep milk   
dep5d = _! effect on ! inhibition (     
bact]ial gr[?4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 mo/ /ates 
prohibit ! use ( ^! sub/ances 9 milk4   
,_! only function 9 ! dairy %\ld be to  
*eck f]m5tative & putrefactive processes
 outside ( milk & s keep ! air free f   
ta9ts4  ,products ( gr[?4 ,all bact]ia1 
z a result ( _! gr[? 9 food sub/ances1  
=m m or less *>act]i/ic comp\nds t are  
kn[n z by-products4 ,! *anges br\ght    
ab\t are ^? ( decomposition & are       
collectively kn[n z f]m5tations2 !y are 
*>act]iz$ by ! production ( a l>ge am\nt
 ( by-products z ! result ( ! developm5t
 ( a relatively small am\nt ( cell life4
 ,! s\r+ ( milk1 ! rott+ ( eggs1 !      

spoil+ ( meats1 ! mak+ ( v9eg> f cid]   
are examples ( f]m5tations caus$ by     
diff]5t bact]ia4  ,if ! sub/ances       
decompos$ conta9 b little sug>1 z d     
animal tissues1 ! conditions are        
favorable = ! gr[? ( ! putrefactive     
bact]ia1 & f\l-smell+ gases are =m$4 ,:5
 sug>s are pres5t1 z 9 milk1 !          
environm5tal conditions are mo/         
favorable = ! acid-=m+ bact]ia t d n z a
 rule produce (f5sive odors4  ,_m ( !   
bact]ia =m sub/ances kn[n z enzymes :i* 
are able to produce c]ta9 decomposition 
*anges 9 ! abs5ce ( ! liv+ cells1 & x is
 by virtue ( ^! enzymes t ! organisms   
are able to break d[n su* enorm\s       
quantities ( organic matt]4 ,mo/ ( ^!   
enzymes react t[>d heat1 cold1 & *emical
 poisons 9 a mann] q simil> to ! liv+   
cells4 ,9 "o respect1 !y are readily    
diff]5tiat$1 & t is1 t practically all (
 !m are capable ( produc+ _! *>act]i/ic 
*emical trans=mations "u conditions :]e 
! activity ( ! cell is :olly susp5d$ z 9
 a saturat$ e!r or *lor(orm atmosph]e4  

,! production ( enzymes is n conf9$ to  
bact]ia1 b !y are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! animal 
& plant _w1 especially 9 ^? processes t 
are conc]n$ 9 dige/ion4 ,r5net1 us$ 9   
*eese mak+1 is an example ( an animal   
enzyme4  ,di/ribution ( bact]ia4 ,z     
bact]ia possess great] p[]s ( resi/ance 
?an almo/ any o!r =m ( life1 !y are f\nd
 v widely di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( !   
e>?4 ,9 soil !y are abundant1 because ( 
! fact t all ( ! conditions necess>y =  
gr[? are "h be/ satisfi$4 ,!y are1      
h[ev]1 di/ribut$ ) ref]5ce to ! lay]s ( 
! soil2 ! soil prop]1 i4e41 t turn$ ov] 
by ! pl[1 is extremely ri* 9 !m on      
acc\nt ( ! abundance ( organic matt]4 ,b
 at ! dep? ( a few feet !y decrease     
rapidly 9 numb]s1 & 9 ! deep] lay]s1 f  
six to t5 feet1 or m1 !y are normally n 
pres5t1 because ( ! lack ( prop] food   
supply & oxyg54 ,! f]tility ( ! soil is 
closely associat$ ) _! pres5ce4  ,!     
bact]ia are f\nd 9 ! air because ( _!   
developm5t 9 ! soil bel[4 ,!y are unable
 to gr[ ev5 9 a moi/ atmosph]e1 b are s 

readily dislodg$ by w9d curr5ts f ! soil
 t ov] l& areas ! l[] /rata ( ! air     
always conta9 !m4 ,!y are m num]\s 9    
summ] ?an 9 w9t]2 city air conta9s l>g] 
numb]s ?an c\ntry air4 ,:]ev] dri$ fecal
 matt] is pres5t1 z 9 b>ns1 ! air       
conta9s _m =ms4  ,wat] g5]ally conta9s  
en\gh organic matt] 9 solution1 s t     
c]ta9 types ( bact]ial life f9d         
favorable gr[? conditions4 ,wat] 9      
contact ) ! soil surface takes up _m    
impurities1 & is ( necessity ri* 9      
bact]ia4 ,z ! ra9 wat] p]colates into ! 
soil1 x loses its g]m cont5t1 s t !     
normal gr\nd wat]1 l ! deep] soil lay]s1
 conta9s practically no bact]ial life4  
,spr+s1 !re=e1 are relatively defici5t 9
 g]m life1 except z !y become contam9at$
 ) soil organisms1 z ! wat] issues f !  
gr\nd4 ,wells v>y 9 _! g]m cont5t1      
dep5d+ ^u mann] ( con/ruction1 ease (   
contam9ation at surface1 etc4 ,wells are
 too frequ5tly insuffici5tly protect$ f 
surface lea*+s1 & consequ5tly may conta9
 all k9ds ( organisms f\nd 9 ! surface  

soil4 ,typhoid fev] is v frequ5tly      
dissem9at$ 9 ?is way1 z is *ol]a & a    
numb] ( animal maladies4  ,:ile ! inn]  
tissues ( heal?y animals are free f     
bact]ia1 ! natural passages1 z !        
respiratory & dige/ive tracts1 be+ 9 m  
direct contact ) ! ext]ior1 become      
readily infect$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true
 ) ref]5ce to ! inte/9al tract1 & 9 !   
undige/$ residue ( ! food1 bact]ial     
activity is at a maximum4 ,! result is t
 fecal matt] ( all k9ds conta9s enorm\s 
numb]s ( organisms s t ! pollution ( any
 food m$ium1 su* z milk1 ) su* mat]ial  
is sure to introduce elem5ts t s]i\sly  
affect its quality4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4   
,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,bact]ia4         
,necessity ( artificial cultivation4 ,! 
bact]ia are s extremely small1 t x is   
impossible to /udy individual g]ms      
sep>ately )\t ! aid ( p[]ful            
microscopes4 ,little advance 0 made 9 ! 
k ( ^! l[] =ms ( plant life until !     
introduction ( culture me?ods1 :]eby a  
s+le organism c\ld be cultivat$1 & !    

prog5y ( ?is cell increas$ to su* an    
ext5t 9 a %ort c\rse ( "t t ! result+   
mass ( cells w\ld be visible to ! unaid$
 eye4 ,?is is done by gr[+ ! bact]ia on 
v>i\s k9ds ( nutri5t m$ia t are prep>$ =
 ! purpose1 b inasmu* z bact]ia are s   
univ]sally di/ribut$1 x becomes an      
impossibility to cultivate any special  
=m alone1 unless ! m$ium 9 :i* !y are   
gr[n is fir/ fre$ f all pre-exi/+ =ms ( 
g]m life4  ,food mat]ials4 ,_m k9ds (   
food sub/ances are us$ = ! cultivation (
 bact]ia 9 ! laboratory4 ,9 fact1       
bact]ia w gr[ on almo/ any organic      
sub/ance1 :e!r x is solid or liquid1    
provid$ ! o!r ess5tial conditions ( gr[?
 are furni%$4 ,! food sub/ances t are   
us$ = culture purposes are divid$ into  
two classes1--solids & liquids4  ,solid 
culture m$ia may be ei!r p]man5tly      
solid1 l potatoes & coagulat$ egg1 or !y
 may reta9 _! solid prop]ties only at   
c]ta9 temp]atures1 l gelat9 or ag>4 ,!  
latt] two1 :i* 7 devis$ by ,rob]t ,ko*1 
are ( utmo/ importance 9 bact]iological 

rese>*1 = _! use p]mits ! sep>ation ( ! 
diff]5t =ms ( bact]ia t may happ5 to be 
9 any mixture4 ,gelat9 is advantage\sly 
us$1 because ! majority ( bact]ia pres5t
 wid] diff]5ces1 due to gr[? ^u ?is     
m$ium1 ?an ^u any o!r4 ,x rema9s solid  
at ord9>y temp]atures1 becom+ liquid at 
ab\t #hj ,f4 ,ag>1 a gelat9\s product   
d]iv$ f a ,japanese seawe$1 has a mu*   
high] melt+ po9t1 & is us$ especially ) 
^? organisms ^: optimum temp]ature =    
gr[? is above ! melt+ po9t ( gelat94    
,besides ^! solid culture m$ia1 diff]5t 
liquid sub/ances are ext5sively us$1 su*
 z beef bro?1 milk & infusions ( v>i\s  
vegetable & animal tissues4 ,skim milk  
is ( especial value 9 /udy+ ! milk      
bact]ia1 & may be us$ 9 its natural     
condition1 or a few drops ( litmus      
solution may be add$1 9 ord] to detect  
any *ange 9 its *emical reaction due to 
! bact]ia4  ,/]ilization4 ,! v>i\s      
+r$i5ts t are us$ 9 ! prep>ation (      
culture m$ia are n free f               
micro-organisms1 h5ce ! m$ia w\ld soon  

spoil if !y 7 n de/roy$1 & ! m$ia       
subsequ5tly protect$ f contam9ation f ! 
air1 etc4 ,! process ( r5d]+ ! m$ia free
 f liv+ micro-organisms is kn[n z       
/]ilization4 ,x may be accompli%$ 9 a   
numb] ( ways1 b mo/ (t5 is done by ! use
 ( heat4 ,= culture mat]ial1 :i* is     
always organic 9 "*1 moi/ heat is       
employ$4 ,! v>i\s culture m$ia1 9       
appropriate conta9]s1 are subject$ to a 
?or\gh /eam+ 9 a /eam cook]4 ,?is       
de/roys all ( ! vegetat+ cells b n !    
resi/ant spores t may be pres5t4 ,! m$ia
 are !n /or$1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 at      
temp]atures favorable = ! g]m9ation ( ! 
spores & are !n aga9 heat$4 ,?ree su*   
applications on successive days are     
usually suffici5t to free ! m$ia f all  
liv+ g]ms1 s9ce betwe5 ! heat+ p]iods ! 
spores g]m9ate & ! result+ vegetative   
cells are m easily de/roy$4 ,! /]ile    
m$ia w keep = an indef9ite p]iod 9 a    
moi/ place4  ,! m$ia are usually plac$ 9
 glass conta9]s :i* may be /]iliz$ be=e 
use by heat+ !m 9 an ov51 x be+ possible

 to ?us secure a mu* high] temp]ature   
?an ) /ream+ /eam4 ,all glass or metal  
articles may be /]iliz$ by ! use ( dry  
heat b = organic m$ia1 to avoid burn+1  
moi/ heat mu/ be us$4  ,all k9ds (      
mat]ials may be /]iliz$ by treatm5t )   
/eam "u pressure4 ,an exposure = a few  
mom5ts at #bej ,f41 a temp]ature atta9$ 
) #ae p\nds /eam pressure1 w de/roy all 
k9ds ( bact]ia & _! spores4 ,?is me?od (
 /]ilization is us$ 9 ! cann+ ( meats & 
vegetables & 9 ! prep>ation ( evaporat$ 
milk4 ,to avoid contam9ation ( ! m$ia   
aft] /]ilization1 ! flasks & tubes are1 
aft] be+ fill$1 /opp]$ ) plugs (        
cotton-wool1 :i* effectually filt] out  
all bact]ia & mold spores f ! air1 & yet
 all[ ! air to pass freely 9 & out ( !  
conta9]s4  ,me?ods ( det]m9+ ! numb] (  
bact]ia4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! numb] &   
k9ds ( bact]ia 9 any sub/ance c be      
illu/rat$ by ! process z appli$ to milk4
 ,= ?is purpose ! me?od ( proc$ure is z 
foll[s3 ,/]ile gelat9 9 glass tubes is  
melt$ & !n cool$ until x is b>ely w>m4  

,to ?is melt$ gelat9 a def9ite quantity 
( milk is add$4 ,! m$ium is g5tly %ak51 
s z to ?or\ghly mix ! milk & gelat9e1 & 
! mixture !n p\r$ into a /]ile1 flat1   
glass di%1 & quickly cov]$1 :]e x is    
all[$ to cool until ! gelat9 h>d5s4     
,aft] ! culture plate has be5 left =    
tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs at ! prop]  
temp]ature1 t9y spots w beg9 to appe> on
 ! surface1 or 9 ! dep? ( !             
culture-m$ium4 ,^! spots are call$      
colonies1 & are compos$ ( an almo/      
inf9ite numb] ( individual cells1 !     
result ( ! cont9u$ gr[? ( a s+le        
organism t 0 9 ! drop ( milk & :i* 0    
firmly held 9 place :5 ! gelat9         
solidifi$4 ,! numb] ( ^! colonies       
repres5ts approximately ! numb] ( liv+  
bact]ia t 7 pres5t 9 ! am\nt ( milk add$
 to ! tube ( gelat94 ,if ! plate is n   
too ?ickly s[n ) ! bact]ia1 ! colonies w
 cont9ue to gr[ & increase 9 size1 & z  
!y d1 m9ute diff]5ces w beg9 to appe>4  
,^! diff]5ces may be 9 ! color1 !       
cont\r1 & ! texture ( ! colony1 or !    

mann] 9 :i* x acts t[>d gelat94         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,plate         
,culture4  ,ea* ( ! dots is a colony t  
has be5 =m$ by ! gr[? ( an organism     
emb$d$ 9 ! solid culture-m$ium4 ,by     
c\nt+ ! colonies1 ! numb] ( liv+ bact]ia
 9 ! am\nt ( milk add$ to ! culture is  
det]m9$4  ,9 ord] to make sure t ! numb]
 ( colonies is n s num]\s z to prev5t   
c\nt+ & fur!r /udy ( _! *>act]i/ics1 a  
s]ies ( plate cultures is usually made 9
 :i* v>y+ am\nts ( milk are add$ to !   
tubes ( gelat9e4 ,?is is atta9$ by add+ 
a def9ite am\nt ( ! milk or o!r sub/ance
 to be exam9$ to a measur$ am\nt ( /]ile
 wat]1 e4g41 "o cubic c5timet] ( milk to
 n9ety-n9e cubic c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,"o  
cubic c5timet] ( ?is mixture may be us$ 
= ! inoculation ( ! plate culture4 ,?is 
dilution may be c>ri$ on to any desir$  
ext5t2 9 ! exam9ation ( _m dairy        
products1 x is necess>y to use v m9ute  
quantities ( mat]ial1 (t5 only "o       
"o-million? ( a cubic c5timet]4  ,to    
/udy fur!r ! peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t   

bact]ia1 small portions ( ! individual  
colonies are transf]r$ to tubes ( /]ile 
culture-m$ia4 ,9 ord] to d ?is ! colony 
is t\*$ ) a piece ( plat9um wire2 !     
m9ute am\nt ( gr[? t adh]es to ! wire is
 suffici5t to se$ ! tube ( fre%         
culture-m$ium4 ,! inoculat+ ne$le mu/   
always be /]iliz$ be=e use by pass+ x   
?r\gh a gas flame4  ,a culture ?us      
obta9$ is call$ a pure culture s9ce x   
conta9s b a s+le k9d ( an organism1 z ! 
colony is ! result ( ! gr[? ( a s+le    
cell4 ,^! cultures !n s]ve z a basis =  
cont9u$ /udy1 & mu/ be plant$ & gr[n ^u 
! diff]5t k9ds ( m$ia t are obta9able4  
,9 ?is way ! slighte/ v>iations 9 ! gr[?
 ( diff]5t =ms are detect$1 & ! peculi> 
*>act]i/ics are det]m9$1 s t ! /ud5t is 
able to recognize ?is =m :5 he meets x  
aga94  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4              
#e4--;,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,bact]ia ,gr[+ 9 
,gelat94  ,a1 meag] gr[?1 no            
liquefaction or surface gr[?2 ,b1 pr(use
 surface gr[?1 radiat+ filam5ts f ! gr[?
 bel[ ! surface2 ,c1 a rapid liquefy+   

=m2 ,d1 a gas produc] t gr[s equally    
well 9 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( air2 ,e1 =m
 t gr[s only 9 ! abs5ce ( air1 an       
ana]ob4  ,^! culture me?ods are (       
ess5tial importance 9 bact]iology1 z x  
is ! only way 9 :i* x is possible to    
secure a quantity ( g]ms 9 a pure /ate4 
,! microscope 9 bact]ial inve/igations4 
,9 ord] to v]ify ! purity ( ! cultures1 
! microscope is 9 con/ant dem& ?r\gh\t  
all ! diff]5t /ages ( ! isolat+ process4
 ,= ?is purpose x is ess5tial t !       
in/rum5t us$ %all be "o ( high magnify+ 
p[]s 7#fjj to #hjj diamet]s71 comb9$ )  
%>p def9ition4  ,! microscopical        
exam9ation ( any g]m is q z ess5tial z !
 det]m9ation ( culture *>act]i/ics1 9   
fact1 ! two mu/ g h& 9 h&4 ,! exam9ation
 reveals n only ! =m & size ( !         
individual g]ms b ! mann] 9 :i* !y are  
unit$ ) ea* o!r1 z well z any           
peculi>ities ( movem5t t !y may possess4
  ,9 c>ry+ out ! microscopical "p ( !   
"w1 n only is ! organism exam9$ 9 a liv+
 condition1 b color$ prep>ations are    

made by us+ solutions ( anil9 dyes z    
/a9+ ag5ts4 ,^! are ( great s]vice 9    
br++ out almo/ imp]ceptible diff]5ces4  
,! art ( /a9+ has be5 c>ri$ to ! highe/ 
degree ( p]fection 9 bact]iology1       
especially 9 ! detection ( g]ms t are   
f\nd 9 diseas$ tissues 9 ! animal or    
human body4  ,9 /udy+ ! peculi>ities (  
any special organism1 n only is x       
necess>y t ^! cultural & microscopical  
*>act]s %\ld be closely obs]v$1 b       
special exp]im5ts mu/ be made 9 diff]5t 
ways1 9 ord] to det]m9e any special     
prop]ties t ! g]m may possess4 ,?us1 !  
ability ( any =m to act z a f]m5tative  
organism c be te/$ by f]m5tation        
exp]im5ts2 ! prop]ty ( caus+ disease1   
/udi$ by ! inoculation ( pure cultures  
into exp]im5tal animals1 l rabbits1     
gu9ea pigs & :ite mice4  ,! me?ods ( !  
bact]iologi/ 9 8 laboratory are 9 _!    
effect n dissimil> to ^? :i* ! f>m]     
employs 9 secur+ 8 crop ( pure-br$ gra94
 ,! laboratory f>m] kills ! we$ se$s 9 8
 culture field by ! application ( heat4 

,8 field1 :i* is embrac$ 9 8 culture    
di%1 has be5 f]tiliz$ & prep>$ by !     
addition ( c]ta9 favorable +r$i5ts4 ,:5 
he has g>n]$ 8 crop1 he ma9ta9s its     
purity by keep+ 8 select$ se$1 ! pure   
culture1 free f all contam9ation4 ,!    
dairyman1 ev5 ?\gh he may n expect to   
c>ry on ! detail$ op]ations ( !         
laboratory1 w und]/& ! reason = !       
directions :i* he is (t5 requir$ to     
foll[ mu* bett] if he kn[s h[ ! simple  
op]ations ( ! laboratory are c>ri$ out4 
,= a full] k ( ^! matt]s1 ! read] is    
ref]r$ to ! special texts on            
bact]iology4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4         
,,contam9ation ,,( ,,milk4   ,spoil+ (  
milk4 ,mat]ials ( animal orig9 are      
peculi>ly prone to und]go *anges1 r5d]+ 
!m unfit = use1 & ( ^!1 milk is exce$+ly
 susceptible to su* *anges4 ,?is is due 
to ! fact t ! composition ( milk is     
especially adapt$ to bact]ial gr[?1 & t 
! opportunity = entrance ( su* organisms
 is likewise su* z to p]mit ( abundant  
contam9ation4 ,! consequ5ce is t milk   

readily und]goes f]m5tative *anges1 due 
to ! developm5t ( "o or ano!r type (    
micro-organism4  ,milk1 a suitable      
bact]ial food4 ,:ile milk is design$ by 
nature = ! n\ri%m5t ( mammalian life1 x 
is1 curi\sly en\gh1 equally well adapt$ 
to ! gr[? ( ^! l[e/ =ms ( vegetable     
life4 ,! nutritive sub/ances requir$ by 
bact]ia are "h suffici5tly dilute to    
make possible rapid gr[?4  ,milk also   
conta9s all ! necess>y *emical sub/ances
 to make a suitable bact]ial food       
supply4 ,( ! nitrog5\s comp\nds1 album5 
is 9 a readily assimilable =m4 ,case91 !
 pr9cipal nitrog5\s con/itu5t ( milk1   
exi/s 9 an insoluble condition1 & _c be 
directly utiliz$1 until x is act$ ^u by 
dige/+ enzymes4 ,! fat 9 milk does n    
readily decompose1 & :ile !re are a few 
bact]ia capable ( splitt+ ?is sub/ance1 
! majority ( organisms are unable to    
utilize x4 ,milk sug>1 on ! o!r h&1 is  
an excell5t food = mo/ species4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,fat ,globules
 & ,bact]ia4  ,note ! relative size ( ! 

fat globules ( milk & ! lactic acid     
bact]ia4  ,s\rces ( contam9ation4       
,inasmu* z milk is especially expos$ to 
! inroads ( bact]ial gr[?1 & because ( !
 fact t mu* ( ! contam9ation c easily be
 prev5t$1 x is highly important t ! milk
 produc] & deal] %\ld be ?or\ghly       
cognizant ( ! v>i\s s\rces (            
contam9ation4 ,! diff]5t factors conc]n$
 9 contam9ation may be gr\p$ z foll[s3 !
 int]ior ( ! udd]2 ut5sils1 includ+ all 
app>atus ) :i* ! milk is br\ght 9       
contact subsequ5t to )drawal f ! animal2
 infection com+ f ! animal h]self1 f !  
milk]1 & ! surr\nd+ air4  ,condition (  
milk :5 secret$4 ,imm$iately aft]       
)drawal f ! udd]1 milk always conta9s   
bact]ia1 yet 9 ! secret+ cells ( ! udd] 
( a heal?y c[1 g]m life does n seem to  
be pres5t4 ,only :5 ! gl& is diseas$ are
 bact]ia f\nd 9 any abundance4 ,9 !     
passage ( ! milk f ! secret+ cells to ! 
outside1 x receives its fir/ infection1 
s t :5 drawn f ! animal x g5]ally       
conta9s a consid]able numb] ( organisms4

  ,a /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! udd] %[s !   
mann] 9 :i* su* infection occurs4       
,/ructure ( ! udd]4 ,! udd] is compos$ (
 secret+ tissue 7gl& cells7 t is        
support$ by fibr\s connective tissue4 ,!
 milk is elaborat$ 9 ^! cells & is      
dis*>g$ into microscopic cavities1 f    
:5ce x fl[s ?r\gh ! num]\s *annels 7milk
 s9uses7 t ramify ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( !  
udd]1 until f9ally x is convey$ into !  
milk ci/]n1 a common receptacle hold+   
ab\t "o half p9t t is locat$ j above !  
teat4 ,?is cavity is connect$ ) !       
outside by a direct op5+ 7milk duct7    
?r\gh ! teat4 ,dur+ ! process ( milk+1 !
 milk is elaborat$ rapidly 9 ! gl&      
cells1 & _! cont5ts ^u rupture ( ! milk 
cells1 fl[ d[n into ! ci/]n4 ,! normal  
contraction ( ! muscles at ! l[] op5+ ( 
! out] duct prev5ts ! milk f pass+ out  
except :5 pressure is appli$1 z 9 milk+4
 ,! inn] walls ( ! milk duct & ci/]n are
 always m or less moi/1 & !re=e af=d a  
suitable place = bact]ia to develop1 if 
infection once occurs1 & conditions are 

favorable = gr[?4  ,mann] ( invasion4   
,two possible s\rces ( invasion ( ! udd]
 by bact]ia may exi/4 ,if bact]ia are   
pres5t 9 ! circulat+ blood1 !re is !    
possibility ( organisms pass+ directly  
?r\gh ! tissues into ! milk-secret+     
cells4 ,! o!r alt]native is ! possible  
direct contam9ation f ! outside by      
organisms pass+ up ?r\gh ! milk duct1 & 
s spread+ ?r\gh ! op5 *annels 9 ! udd]4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,sectional     
,view ( ,udd]4  ,teat ) milk duct       
connect+ ! ext]ior ) ! milk ci/]n4 ,milk
 s9uses :i* conduct ! milk f ! secret+  
tissue to ! milk ci/]n4 7,aft] ,moore   
,w>d47  ,numb] ( bact]ia 9 =e-milk4 ,if 
a bact]iological exam9ation is made ( ! 
milk drawn f ea* teat at diff]5t p]iods 
dur+ ! milk+ process1 x w be f\nd t !   
=e-milk1 i4e41 ! fir/ few /reams1       
conta9s1 z a rule1 _m m organisms p]    
cubic c5timet] ?an t remov$ lat]4 ,n    
infrequ5tly ?\s&s ( organisms p] cubic  
c5timet] may be f\nd 9 ! fir/ /reams    
:ile ! middle milk1 or /ripp+s1 w conta9

 mu* small] numb]s4  ,di/ribution &     
nature ( bact]ia 9 udd]4 ,if ! udd]     
itself is c>efully exam9$ z to its      
bact]ial cont5t1 x appe>s t ! majority (
 organisms f\nd is conf9$ to ! l[]      
portion ( ?is organ1 9 ! teat1          
milk-ci/]n & l>ge milk-ducts2 :ile      
bact]ia occur 9 contact ) ! secret+     
tissue1 !y are relatively less abundant4
 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ! m       
probable mode ( infection is ?r\gh ! op5
 teat4  ,:ile !re is no con/ant type (  
bact]ia f\nd 9 ! =e-milk1 yet x is      
notewor?y t ne>ly all obs]v]s agree t ! 
organisms mo/ commonly f\nd are n       
usually ! acid-produc+1 or gas-g5]at+   
type1 s abundant on ! sk9 or hairy coat 
( ! udd] & :i* pr$om9ate 9 ord9>y milks4
 ,coccus =ms1 belong+ to bo? liquefy+ & 
non-liquefy+ types are mo/ g5]ally      
pres5t4 ,_m ( ^! produce acid sl[ly & 9 
small quantities4  ,! bact]ia com+ f !  
int]ior ( ! udd] are ( small practical  
significance s9ce !y d n gr[ rapidly at 
! temp]atures at :i* milk is /or$4 ,if !

 milk is protect$ f contam9ation f o!r  
s\rces1 ! bact]ia f ! udd] w ultimately 
cause x to spoil1 b "u ord9>y conditions
 o!r =ms are pres5t 9 su* great] numb]s1
 & gr[ s mu* m rapidly 9 milk1 t ! udd] 
=ms h small opportunity to ex]t any     
effect4  ,x is int]e/+ to note t !      
bact]ia f\nd 9 ! udd] are simil> to ^? t
 seem to be mo/ abundant 9 su* gl&ul>   
tissues z ! liv] & sple54 ,?is fact     
increases ! probability t ^!            
comp>atively in]t coccus =ms ( ! udd]   
may orig9ate directly f ! blood /ream4  
,! organisms t normally are f\nd 9 !    
udd] ex]t no h>mful effects on ! gl&4 ,x
 might be ?\ght t due to ! pres5ce (    
abundant food & a favorable temp]ature t
 gr[? w\ld be abundant1 b su* is n !    
case4 ,at times ! udd] may be invad$ by 
=ms t are n held 9 *eck by ! natural    
factors & an inflammation ( ! udd] is   
likely to result4  ,g]micidal prop]ty ( 
milk4 ,x has be5 claim$ t fre%ly drawn  
milk1 l o!r body fluids1 possesses      
g]micidal prop]ties1 i4e41 ! p[] (      

de/roy+ bact]ia ) :i* x may be br\ght 9 
contact4 ,if milk is c>efully exam9$    
bact]iologically1 h\r by h\r1 aft] x is 
)drawn f ! udd]1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t  
!re is at fir/ n only no increase 9     
numb] ( organisms dur+ a long] or %ort] 
p]iod :5 x is kept at temp]atures v>y+ f
 #dj to #gj ,f41 b t an actual r$uction 
n infrequ5tly takes place4 ,:5 cultures 
( bact]ia1 su* z ,b4 prodigiosus1 a r$  
organism1 lactic acid organisms1 & ev5 !
 yell[1 liquefy+ coccus1 s commonly f\nd
 9 ! =e-milk1 are artificially introduc$
 into ! udd]1 x has be5 f\nd t no gr[?  
occurs & t 9 ! c\rse ( a few days !     
introduc$ organisms actually disappe>4  
,:e!r ?is failure to colonize c be      
reg>d$ z evid5ce ( a g]micidal prop]ty  
or n is que/ionable4 ,9 fact1 ?is "q is 
a matt] ( b little practical importance 
9 ! h&l+ ( milk s9ce1 "u ! be/ (        
conditions1 ! keep+ quality ( ! milk is 
n mat]ially enhanc$4 ,x may be (        
importance 9 inhibit+ gr[? 9 ! udd]4    
,rejection ( =e-milk4 ,! fact t !       

=e-milk conta9s p] cubic c5timet] s mu* 
m g]m life ?an ! rema9d] ( ! milk has l$
 "s to advocate its rejection :5 a      
sanit>y milk supply is "u consid]ation4 
,:ile f a purely quantitative po9t (    
view1 ?is cu/om may be consid]$         
advantage\s1 9 practice1 h[ev]1 x is    
h>dly wor? :ile s9ce x is n at all c]ta9
 t ! rejection w h any effect on ! keep+
 quality or heal?fulness ( milk4 ,?is is
 especially true if ! ends ( ! teats are
 ?or\ghly clean$ be=e milk+4 ,x is true 
t ! =e-milk is relatively defici5t 9 fat
 s t ! loss ( butt] fat occasion$ by !  
rejection ( ! fir/ few /reams is        
comp>atively slight4  ,contam9ation f   
ut5sils4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important phases ( 
contam9ation is t :i* comes f ! ut5sils 
us$ to hold ! milk f ! "t x is drawn    
until x is utiliz$4 ,n only is ?is      
important because x is a lead+ factor 9 
! infection ( milk1 b because mu*       
improvem5t c be secur$ ) b little       
tr\ble1 & x is especially necess>y t !  
dairy /ud5t %\ld be made famili> ) !    

v>i\s conditions t obta94 ,pails & cans 
us$ to hold milk may be app>5tly clean  
to ! eye1 & yet contribute mat]ially to 
! g]m cont5t ( ! milk plac$ 9 !m4 ,n    
only does mu* dep5d ^u _! condition1 b x
 is equally important to take into      
consid]ation _! mann] ( con/ruction4    
,dairy ut5sils %\ld be simple 9         
con/ruction1 r ?an complex4 ,!y %\ld be 
made s t !y c be readily & easily       
clean$1 or o!rwise ! clean+ process is  
apt to be neglect$4  ,( fir/ importance 
are ^? ut5sils t are us$ to collect !   
milk & 9 :i* x is h&l$ :ile on ! f>m4 ,!
 w>m milk is fir/ receiv$ 9 pails1 &    
unless ^! are scrupul\sly clean$1 an    
important initial contam9ation !n       
occurs4 ,z ord9>ily wa%$1 ! process     
falls f> %ort ( ridd+ ! ut5sils ( !     
bact]ial life t is adh]5t to ! inn]     
surface ( ! pail4 ,!n1 too1 all angles  
or crevices af=d an excell5t hid+ place 
= bact]ia1 & x is v important to see t  
all seams are well sold]$4 ,r\nd corn]s 
& angles flu%$ ) sold] greatly          

facilitate ?or\gh clean+ ( ut5sils4 ,t9 
ut5sils are recogniz$ z mo/             
satisfactory4  ,%ipp+ cans are likely to
 s]ve z great] infect+ ag5ts ?an pails =
 !y are subject to m we> & te> & are    
h>d] to clean4 ,z long z ! surface is   
bright & smoo?1 x may be easily clean$1 
b l>ge ut5sils1 su* z cans1 are likely  
to become d5t$ & ru/y 9 spots on ! inn] 
side4 ,! /orage ( milk 9 su* ut5sils    
results 9 its rapid det]ioration4 ,!    
action ( r5net has be5 f\nd to be       
greatly ret>d$ :]e milk comes 9 contact 
) a ru/y iron surface4 ,x is also       
probable t "s ( ! abnormal flavors 9    
butt] are due to ! action ( acid cream  
on iron or copp] surfaces f :i* ! t9 has
 be5 worn4 ,x is equally important t    
att5tion be paid to ! c>e ( /ra9]s1     
cool]s1 & ! small ut5sils4 ,clo? /ra9]s 
are m or less ( a hotb$ = bact]ial gr[?1
 = unless !y are boil$1 & !n dri$       
quickly & ?or\ghly1 g]m gr[? w cont9ue  
apace 9 !m1 z long z !y conta9 any      
moi/ure4  ,milk+ ma*9es & f>m sep>ators4

 ,! introduction ( ^! special types (   
dairy ma*9]y 9 ! h&l+ ( milk on ! f>m   
has mat]ially complicat$ ! "q ( ! c>e ( 
milk4 ,bo? ( ^! types ( app>atus are mu*
 m complicat$ ?an ! usual milk ut5sil2  
consequ5tly1 ! dang] ( imp]fect clean+  
is !reby increas$4 ,?is is /ill fur!r   
acc5tuat$ by ! fact t cleans+ ( ut5sils 
on ! f>m c nev] be done s well z at !   
factory or milk depot :]e /eam is       
available4 ,! milk+ ma*9e may be easily 
kept 9 a comp>atively g]m-free          
condition1 b unless ?is is done1 x      
contributes its quota ( g]m life to !   
milk4  ,! f>m sep>ator is m widely us$  
?an ! milk+ ma*9e & 9 actual practice ! 
grosse/ c>elessness prevails 9 ! matt] (
 its c>e4 ,frequ5tly x is n tak5 ap>t & 
?or\ghly cleans$1 b is r9s$ out by pass+
 wat] ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,x is impossible by
 su* a treatm5t to remove ! slime t     
collects on ! wall ( ! b[l2 ! ma*9e     
rema9s moi/ & bact]ial gr[? c g on4 ,su*
 a ma*9e repres5ts a mo/ important s\rce
 ( contam9ation ( milk & cream & x is   

probable t ! widespread introduction ( !
 h& sep>ator has contribut$ m to l[] !  
quality ( cream deliv]$ at ! factory ?an
 any o!r s+le factor4  ,contam9ation f  
factory by-products4 ,! cu/om ( return+ 
factory by-products 9 ! same set ( cans 
t is us$ to br+ fre% milk is a prom95t  
cause ( bad milk4 ,:ey & skim milk are  
ri* 9 bact]ial life1 & n infrequ5tly are
 s h&l$ z to become a f\l1 f]m5t+ mass4 
,if ! cans us$ to transport ?is mat]ial 
are n scrupul\sly clean$ on ! f>m1      
transf] ( h>mful bact]ia to ! milk is   
made possible4 ,9 ?is way ! c>elessness 
( a s+le patron may be ! means ( se$+ ! 
:ole factory supply4 ,?is cu/om is n    
only liable to produce a poor quality ( 
milk1 b x is m or less ( a m5ace to all 
! patrons ( a factory1 inasmu* z !      
opportunity always obta9s t             
disease-produc+ organisms may ?us be    
introduc$ into ! supply4 ,n infrequ5tly 
is tub]culosis ?us spread ?r\gh ! m$ium 
( factory by-products4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #h4--,:ey ,disposal4  ,:ey b>rels 

at a ,wiscons9 ,swiss *eese factory4    
,ea* patron's %>e is plac$ 9 a b>rel :i*
 is s situat$ t x is impossible to empty
 x completely2 ?us x is n clean$ dur+ ! 
season4  ,! manufacture ( ,swiss *eese  
pres5ts a /rik+ example ( ! disreg>d :i*
 factory op]ators %[ t[>d ! employm5t ( 
bact]iological pr9ciples4 ,9 ^!         
factories1 ! cu/om is widely practic$ ( 
apportion+ ! patrons' allotm5t ( :ey    
into individual b>rels :i* are suppos$  
to be empti$ ea* day4 ,z ^! b>rels are1 
h[ev]1 r>ely ev] clean$ f ! beg9n+ to ! 
end ( ! season1 !y become v f\l1 & ! :ey
 plac$ 9 !m f day to day highly pollut$4
 ,x is ?is mat]ial :i* is tak5 back to !
 f>ms 9 ! same set ( cans t is us$ = !  
fre% milk4 ,:5 "o recalls t ! v be/ type
 ( milk is ess5tial = ! mak+ ( a prime  
quality ( ,swiss *eese1 & t to secure   
su*1 ! mak] insi/s t ! patron br+ !     
product to ! factory twice daily1 ! be=e
 m5tion$ practice appe>s some:at        
inconsi/5t4  ,treatm5t ( factory        
by-products4 ,to ov]come ! dang] (      

infect+ milk f factory by-products )    
ei!r undesirable f]m5tative organisms1  
or disease-produc+ bact]ia1 ! mo/       
feasible process is to de/roy ^!        
organisms by ! application ( heat4 ,9   
,d5m>k1 "s portions ( ,g]many1 & 9 "s ( 
! /ates 9 ?is c\ntry1 laws exi/ :i*     
require ! heat+ ( all skim milk be=e x  
is return$ to ! f>m4 ,?is is done by !  
direct use ( exhau/ /eam1 or runn+ !    
product ?r\gh heat]s4  ,! treatm5t ( :ey
 9 *eese factory practice is especially 
important s9ce ! w>m :ey mu/ be /or$ = a
 numb] ( h\rs be=e x is return$ to !    
f>ms4 ,ev5 "u ! be/ ( conditions ! :ey  
is c]ta9 to be 9 an advanc$ /ate (      
f]m5tation :5 plac$ 9 ! milk cans1 & x  
only ne$s ! infection ( ! :ey tank )    
h>mful bact]ia to cause great loss on   
acc\nt ( ! injury ( ! product by ^!     
bact]ia4 ,among ,canadian factories !   
cu/om ( heat+ ! :ey z x passes f ! *eese
 vat to :ey tank has be5 introduc$1 &   
:]e ev] adopt$ has be5 reta9$1 because1 
x has result$ 9 su* an improvem5t ( !   

*eese t ! ga9 0 mu* great] ?an ! co/1   
:i* is e/imat$ at n ov] fifty c5ts p]   
ton ( *eese4 ,! :ey is heat$ n to exce$ 
#aee ,f42 ! hot :ey s]ves to scald ! :ey
 tank & z ! mass ( :ey is usually q     
l>ge1 x does n cool to a po9t :]e       
bact]ial gr[? c take place = a numb] (  
h\rs4 ,! :ey is ?us q sweet :5 return$  
to ! f>m & has great] fe$+ value4 ,!    
heat+ also prev5ts ! cream+ ( ! :ey 9 ! 
tank & ?us avoids ! soil+ ( ! cans )    
grease :i* is mo/ difficult to remove4  
,:]e compulsory legislation is 9 =ce x  
is g5]ally requir$ t ^! by-products be  
heat$ to a temp]ature ( at lea/ #agf ,f4
 ,?is is done s z to de/roy effectually 
! organisms ( tub]culosis1 & especially 
to p]mit ( ! utilization ( ! s-call$    
,/or* te/1#a :i* enables a p]son to     
det]m9e quickly :e!r milk or :ey has be5
 heat$ or n4      #a ,/or* 7#dj ,rept4  
,expt4 ,/at41 ,cop5hag51 #ahih7 has     
devis$     a te/ :]eby x c be det]m9$   
:e!r ?is treatm5t has     be5 c>ri$ out 
or n2 milk conta9s a soluble enzyme kn[n

 z     p]oxidase :i* has ! prop]ty (    
decompos+ hydrog5     p]oxid4 ,if milk  
is heat$ to #agf ,f41 7#hj ,c47 or      
above1 ?is     enzyme is de/roy$1 s t ! 
above reaction no long] takes     place4
 ,if potassium iodide & />* are add$ to 
unheat$ milk     & ! same treat$ )      
hydrog5 p]oxid1 ! decomposition (     ! 
latt] ag5t releases oxyg5 :i* acts on ! 
potassium     salt1 :i* 9 turn gives (f 
free iod9e t turns ! />*     blue4      
,clean+ ut5sils4 ,v>i\s processes are   
appli$ to dairy ut5sils to cleanse !m4  
,9 remov+ visible dirt & =eign matt]1   
mu* ( ! bact]ial life is me*anically    
elim9at$1 b mo/ ( ! clean+ processes    
fail to de/roy ! g]m life 9 ^! ut5sils4 
,9 r9s+1 wa%+1 or ev5 scald+1 ! wat] is 
n appli$ at a suffici5tly high          
temp]ature to de/roy effectively !      
bact]ia4 ,^! processes are prim>ily us$ 
= ! removal ( dirt & o!r matt]4 ,to     
facilitate su* removal1 wa%+ p[d]s (    
v>i\s k9ds are frequ5tly employ$2 "s (  
^! possess consid]able dis9fect+ action4

 ,all ut5sils aft] cleans+ %\ld be      
?or\ghly r9s$ 9 clean1 hot wat]4 ,ev5   
:]e no fur!r treatm5t is giv51 a c>eful 
clean+ may s r$uce ! g]m cont5t on !    
inn] surface ( ut5sil z to r5d]         
contam9ation !refrom relatively         
unimportant4 ,mo/ ( ! contam9ation 9 a  
well clean$ ut5sil comes f ! cracks &   
angles1 :i* p]mit ( ! collection ( !    
dirt4 ,if ^! are prop]ly att5d$ to1     
?or\gh clean+ & r9s+ alone w accompli%  
mu*4  ,to ex]t an actual g]m-de/roy+    
effect on ! bact]ial cont5t ( ! ut5sil1 
resort mu/ be _h to boil+ or /eam+4 ,to 
treat ut5sils s z to r5d] !m :olly      
g]m-free w\ld be impractical "u ord9>y  
comm]cial conditions1 z x w\ld consume  
too mu* "t1 al?\gh ) prop] app>atus1 ?is
 process is n impossible1 b x is well )9
 ! limits ( practicability 9 factory    
treatm5t to apply /eam = a %ort p]iod ( 
"t4 ,:]e cans1 pails & su* ut5sils1 are 
/eam$ = a m9ute or s aft] be+ ?or\ghly  
clean$1 ! g]m cont5t is greatly r$uc$4  
,9 a s]ies ( te/s by ,h>rison1 ! g]m    

cont5t ( a set ( cans clean$ 9 an ord9>y
 way 0 #ddb1jjj bact]ia p] cubic        
c5timet] 9 #ajj cubic c5timet]s ( wa%   
wat]2 9 a set wa%$ 9 tepid wat] & !n    
scald$--! be/ f>m practice--x 0 #ed1jjj 
p] cubic c5timet]1 :ile 9 cans c>efully 
wa%$ & !n /eam$ = #e m9utes1 x 0 r$uc$  
to #hhj p] cubic c5timet]4 ,x w\ld n be 
wor? :ile to in/itute measures t w\ld   
accompli% ! de/ruction ( ?is small      
residual cont5t4  ,! use ( /eam1 !re=e1 
is ( great s]vice 9 elim9at+ bact]ial   
life 9 all ut5sils4 ,9 app>atus ( at all
 complicat$ design1 x is absolutely     
necess>y4 ,( c\rse1 ord9>ily1 /eam c be 
appli$ only at ! factory1 z ! f>m does n
 usually af=d facilities = its easy     
g5]ation4 ,?is fact has l$ 9 "s cases to
 ! adoption ( ! me?od ( clean+ & /]iliz+
 ! cans at ! factory r ?an to await _!  
arrival at ! f>m4 ,?is cu/om is mo/     
frequ5tly foll[$ 9 milk supply plants4  
,x is also v important 9 clean+ dairy   
ut5sils to see t !y are rapidly &       
?or\ghly dri$ aft] be+ wa%$ & /eam$4 ,z 

po9t$ out above1 ! %ort p]iod ( /eam+ t 
c be foll[$ 9 practice does n kill all !
 bact]ia4 ,if moi/ure is reta9$1        
conditions p]mit ( ! gr[? ( ! unde/roy$ 
organisms4 ,te/s made on glass milk     
bottles %[$ t consid]able gr[? occurr$ 9
 ! cond5sation wat] ev5 aft] q ?or\gh   
/]ilization4 ,"s ( ! devices us$ = !    
/]ilization ( su* ut5sils z milk cans   
are s arrang$ t1 aft] /eam has be5      
introduc$1 hot air is pass$ into ! c    
until x is ?or\ghly dri$4 ,o!r ut5sils  
su* z clo? /ra9]s become s\rces (       
contam9ation unless ! articles are      
?or\ghly & quickly dri$ aft] clean+4  ,9
 a g5]al way1 x may be said t :5ev] a   
ut5sil is s con/ruct$ & 9 su* a         
condition t e portion ( its surface c be
 rea*$ by a clo? or a bru%1 x c be kept 
9 a sanit>y condition4 ,b :5ev] any     
portion _c be ?us rea*$1 :e!r x is an   
angle or a seam 9 a pail or c1 ! int]ior
 ( ! sep>ator b[l1 or 9 ! pipes us$ =   
conduct+ milk1 contam9ation is c]ta9 to 
result f su* places1 unless extreme c>e 

is tak5 to de/roy ! bact]ia !re9 by     
/eam+4  ,contam9ation f ! animal4 ,9 !  
process ( milk+1 ! bact]ial cont5t ( !  
milk is mat]ially increas$4 ,9 "p ?is   
comes f ! ut5sils into :i* ! milk is    
drawn1 b ! animal h]self1 ! milk]1 z    
well z ! surr\nd+ air1 also contribute  
to a v>y+ ext5t4 ,( ^! factors1 ! "o    
fraught by f> ) ! mo/ consequ5ce1 is !  
influ5ce ( ! animal h]self4 ,x is a     
popul> belief t ! organisms f\nd 9 milk 
are d]iv$ f ! fe$ & wat] :i* ! animal   
consumes1 b "u normal conditions1 !     
bact]ia consum$ 9 food pass ?r\gh !     
inte/9al canal & d n appe> 9 !          
circulation4 ,x mu/ n be assum$1 h[ev]1 
t ! "* ( fe$ & wat] supply is ( no      
mom5t4 ,/ock %\ld be giv5 pure &        
:olesome wat] & no decompos$ or spoil$  
food %\ld be us$4  ,! infection         
traceable directly to ! c[ is modifi$   
mat]ially by ! conditions "u :i* !      
animal is kept & ! "* ( ! fe$ consum$4  
,! nature ( ! fecal matt] is 9 "p       
dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( ! food4 ,! m nitrog5\s

 ! ration f$1 ! s(t] are ! fecal        
dis*>ges1 produc+ a condition :i* is m  
likely to soil ! coat ( ! animal unless 
c>e is tak54 ,! same is true ) animals  
kept on pa/ure 9 comp>ison ) ^? f$ dry  
fodd]4  ,/all-f$ animals1 h[ev]1 are m  
likely to h _! flanks f\l$1 unless      
special att5tion is paid to ! removal ( 
! manure4 ,all dairy /alls %\ld be      
provid$ ) a manure drop :i* %\ld be     
clean$ z frequ5tly z circum/ances w     
p]mit4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#i4--;,bact]ia on ,hairs4  ,ea* colony  
on ! hair repres5ts "o or m bact]ia t 7 
adh]5t to ! hair :5 x 0 plac$ on !      
surface ( ! solid culture-m$ium4  ,!    
animal contributes mat]ially to ! quota 
( g]m life f9d+ its way into ! milk     
?r\gh ! dislodgm5t ( du/ & fil? p>ticles
 adh]+ to its hairy coat4 ,! nature (   
?is coat is su* z to favor ! ret5tion ( 
^! p>ticles4 ,unless c>e is tak51 !     
flanks & udd] become pollut$ ) fecal    
matt]1 :i* ^u dry+ is displac$ ) e      
movem5t ( ! animal4 ,e hair or dirt     

p>ticle s dislodg$ & f9d+ its way into !
 milk-pail adds its quota ( organisms to
 ! liquid4 ,?is c be readily demon/rat$ 
by plac+ c['s hairs on ! moi/ surface ( 
gelat9 culture plates4 ,almo/ inv>iably 
bact]ia w be f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s  
adh]+ to su* hairs1 z is indicat$ 9     
,fig4 #i4  ,dirt p>ticles are ev5 ri*] 9
 g]m life4 ,n only is !re ! dislodgm5t (
 hairs1 epi!lial scales1 & masses ( dirt
 & fil?1 b dur+ ! milk+ process1 z at   
all o!r times1 e motion ( ! animal is   
accompani$ by a %[] ( invisible         
p>ticles1 m or less teem+ ) bact]ial    
life4 ,all ( ?is mat]ial conta9s        
organisms t are m or less undesirable 9 
milk4 ,bact]ia conc]n$ 9 gassy          
f]m5tations & ^? capable ( produc+      
obnoxi\s ta9ts are p>ticul>ly common1 s 
t ?is type ( pollution is especially    
undesirable 9 milk4  ,am\nt ( dirt 9    
milk4 ,:5 "o rememb]s t ! l>g] "p ( fre%
 manure is ( su* a nature t x does n    
appe> z s$im5t1 ! pres5ce ( evid5t fil? 
9 milk mu/ bespeak c>eless me?ods (     

h&l+4  ,! s$im5t or dirt te/ is us$ q   
ext5sively to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( dirt    
milk may conta94 ,by means ( a cotton   
filt]1 ! insoluble residue is remov$ &  
is made evid5t ^u a lay] ( absorb5t     
cotton4 ,milk t w\ld %[ ) difficulty any
 evid5ce ( dirt ^u ord9>y exam9ation    
reveals su* defects v readily 9 ?is te/4
  ,exclusion ( dirt4 ,x is bett] to keep
 bact]ia out ( milk1 s f> z practicable1
 r ?an to attempt to remove !m aft] !y h
 once ga9$ entrance4 ,z is usual1       
prev5tion ( tr\ble is mu* m easily      
accompli%$ ?an remov+ ! difficulty aft] 
x once occurs4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#aj4--;,dirt f ,milk4  ,! dirt adh]5t to
 ea* ( ! filt]s 0 obta9$ f "o p9t (     
milk4 ,! milks te/$ 7 produc$ on diff]5t
 f>ms4  ,mu* r$uction z to ! am\nt (    
dirt t f9ds its way into milk may be    
accompli%$ by improv$ /able environm5t4 
,! f\l+ ( ! udd] & flanks comes f wad+ 9
 dirty wat]1 muddy y>ds1 & f improp]    
type ( /alls4 ,b>ny>ds are (t5 a        
disgrace ?r\gh ! accumulation ( manure &

 seepage4 ,c[s wad+ 9 su* mire _c b     
accumulate mud & fil? to a mat]ial      
degree on ! teats & udd]4 ,great] c>e z 
to dra9age ( ! b>ny>d & ! pav+ ( same ) 
gravel1 c9d]s1 etc41 w p]mit ( its be+  
kept clean1 & s prev5t ! f\l+ ( animals4
 ,b m important ?an ! y>d is ! /all :i* 
! animal occupies 9 ! /able4 ,! ess5tial
 feature is to h a /all ( su*           
con/ruction z to keep ! animal out ( h] 
own manure :5 %e lies d[n4 ,to accompli%
 ?is1 x is necess>y to h a manure drop  
beh9d ! /all prop] s t ! feces & ur9e   
are kept out ( ! b$ ( ! /all z mu* z    
possible4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,! 
,model ,/all4  ,a /all ( ?is type keeps 
! animals clean1 & ?us aids greatly 9   
produc+ good milk4  ,mo/ ( ! /alls      
widely adv]tis$ 9 ! f>m press seek to   
accompli% ?is 9 "o way or ano!r1 usually
 by "s arrangem5t by :i* ! c[ is =c$    
back :5 /&+ & drawn =w>d on ly+ d[n4 ,9 
,fig4 #aa a type ( /all is illu/rat$ t  
accompli%es ?is mo/ successfully2 !     
ess5tial feature be+ a #bc-;in* wood    

/rip nail$ to ! /all floor imm$iately 9 
front ( ! h9d feet ( ! animal :5 9 a /&+
 position4 ,:5 ! animal lies d[n1 %e    
cr[ds =w>d to avoid ly+ on ?is /rip1 &  
?us is out ( contact ) ! manure1 except 
su* z is c>ri$ onto ! b$d+ by ! h9d     
feet4 ,by ! use ( ?is /all x is possible
 to keep ! animals free f all           
accumulations ( manure4  ,ef=t %\ld be  
made to prev5t f\l+ ( ! animals r ?an 9 
clean+ !m aft] once soil$4 ,x is v      
evid5t t :]e ! cattle come to ! milk] ) 
muddy udd]s1 !y w n be s clean$ be=e    
milk+ z to prev5t a l>ge am\nt ( su*    
dirt f ent]+ ! milk4 ,h[ev]1 :5 all t c 
be done t[>ds keep+ ! c[s clean has be5 
accompli%$1 a small am\nt ( groom+ w    
greatly r$uce ! contam9ation com+ f !m4 
,! k9d ( b$d+ us$ 9 ! /alls may h a m>k$
 influ5ce on ! contam9ation com+ f !    
animal4 ,if ! /raw is du/y1 p>tially    
rott5 & moldy1 ! bact]ia & molds adh]e  
to ! coat ( ! animal & are ?us introduc$
 into ! milk4 ,9 ! case ( cattle on     
pa/ure1 no visible evid5ces ( dirt are  

usually pres5t b ! hair is cov]$ ) ! du/
 com+ f ! soil4 ,!re is v good reason to
 believe t ! quality ( milk is influ5c$ 
by ! type ( pa/ure on :i* ! c[s graze1  
due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! types ( bact]ia 9 
! surface soil4 ,! milk f animals on l[ 
l& is m likely to %[ undesirable        
f]m5tations ?an t f ^? graz+ on high]   
l&s4 ,?is is n due to ! influ5ce ( ! fe$
 z is (t5 suppos$ b r to ! dirt f ! coat
 ( ! animal4  ,wa%+ ! udd]4 ,if a       
surface is moi/1 du/ & ! adh]5t bact]ia 
_c be easily dislodg$4 ,! air ov]       
sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s or ov] oceans is      
relatively free f bact]ia4 ,! udd] &    
flanks ( ! animals c be c>d$ to remove !
 loose hairs & ! evid5t dirt2 ! f9e du/ 
c n[ be remov$ by wip+ ) a clean damp   
clo? j be=e ! milk+ process4 ,! actual  
wa%+ & wip+ ( ! udd] & flanks /ill fur!r
 r$uces ! contam9ation com+ f ! animal2 
exp]im5ts %[ a r$uction ( fully         
?ree-f\r?s ( total contam9ation4 ,clipp+
 ! udd] & flanks also aids 9 keep+ !    
animal clean4  ,x is (t5 ass]t$ t !     

treatm5t ( ! animals 9 ^! ways r$uces ! 
yield ( milk4 ,x is c]ta9 t su* an      
effect w p]si/ = only a %ort "t & !re is
 reason to believe t groom+ increases ! 
yield4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#ab4--,sanit>y ,milk ,pails4  ,! small  
op5+ is v effici5t 9 keep+ ! dirt out ( 
milk4  ,sanit>y milk pails4 ,! entrance 
( organisms into ! milk c be greatly    
r$uc$ by less5+ ! area ( ! milk pail    
expos$ to ! du/ %[]4 ,to accompli% ?is  
purpose a numb] ( s-call$ sanit>y or    
hygi5ic milk pails h be5 devis$4 ,9 "s  
cases1 ^! are ! regul> type ( pail      
provid$ ) a cov] hav+ a small op5+ ?r\gh
 :i* ! milk is receiv$4 ,9 o!r cases1 a 
/ra9] is int]pos$ s z to remove m       
effectually ! co>se p>ticles4 ,:ile     
pails ( ?is type are successful 9 !     
removal ( a l>ge "p ( ! dirt1 &         
consequ5tly r$uce mat]ially ! bact]ial  
cont5t ( ! milk1 yet !y mu/ be ( simple 
con/ruction1 s t !y c be kept 9 a clean 
condition 9 ord] to adapt !m = g5]al    
practical use4 ,! use ( su* a ut5sil    

increases mat]ially ! keep+ quality ( ! 
milk4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4              
#ac4--,sanit>y ,milk ,pails4  ,!        
,/adtmuell] pail & ! ,truman pail1 two (
 ! mo/ practical ( ! small-topp$ pails4 
,/ock+ has %[n t "u ord9>y b>n          
conditions1 ! use ( small-topp$ pails   
r$uc$ ! numb] ( bact]ia #ie p] c5t2 )   
dirty c[s ! r$uction 9 bact]ia am\nt$ to
 #ig p] c5t4 ,a six-in* op5+ pres5ts    
only "o-f\r? z l>ge an exposure z a     
twelve in*1 s t ! r$uction 9 bact]ial   
cont5t is great] ?an ! less5+ 9 ! size (
 ! op5+s ( ! pails4 ,! ord9>y pail      
receives du/ n only f ! udd]1 b also f !
 flank :i* is usually a m important     
s\rce ( contam9ation ?an ! udd] itself1 
:ile ! small-topp$ pail receives only t 
f ! udd]4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--use
 ( ,sanit>y ,milk ,pails4  ,! op5 pail  
is fully expos$ to ! fall+ du/ :ile !   
hood$ pail excludes mu* ( ! du/ & dirt  
com+ f ! animal4  ,milk+ ma*9es4 ,:]e ! 
milk is remov$ f ! udd] by ma*9e me?ods1
 in/ead ( by h&1 x is possible to       

elim9ate ne>ly all ext]nal contam9ation 
f ! animal & h] surr\nd+s4 ,! only      
opportunity = infection is !n ?r\gh !   
leakage ( air ar\nd ! teat cups4 ,c>e   
%\ld be tak5 to see t ! teats are 9 a   
clean condition be=e apply+ ! suction   
cups4 ,! ma9 problem 9 ! use ( a milk+  
ma*9e is to keep ! app>atus 9 an aseptic
 condition4 ,imm]sion ( ! teat cups & ! 
rubb] connections 9 lime wat]1 br9e     
solution1 or o!r mild antiseptics1      
prev5ts bact]ial developm5t4 ,ha/+s has 
f\nd t milk hav+ a g]m cont5t ( less ?an
 #aj1jjj bact]ia p] cubic c5timet] may  
be produc$ by ! use ( a prop]ly h&l$    
milk+ ma*9e4  ,contam9ation f ! milk]4  
,:ile ! milk] is a small factor 9       
comp>ison ) ! animal 9 ! matt] (        
contam9ation1 yet he c n be neglect$1 z 
x is )9 8 p[] to affect pr(\ndly !      
quality ( ! milk4 ,8 p]sonal habits z to
 cleanl9ess & 8 appreciation ( !        
precautions necess>y 9 ! production (   
clean milk h mu* to d ) ! contam9ation (
 ! milk4 ,! milk+ %\ld be done ) dry    

h&s1 al?\gh a little vasel9e may be us$ 
) effect4 ,! h&s %\ld be wa%$ be=e milk+
 z milk is c]ta9 to come 9 contact ) !m 
to "s ext5t4 ,! milk+ %\ld be done ) !  
:ole h& r ?an /ripp+ betwe5 ! ?umb &    
f+]2 ! clo?+ %\ld be cov]$ ) clean      
ov]alls & jump]1 or at lea/ a clean     
apron %\ld be worn dur+ ! milk+4 ,if ^! 
are ( :ite mat]ial1 m frequ5t laund]+ is
 likely to result4  ,contam9ation f air4
 ,x is difficult to disassociate !      
contam9ation aris+ f ! condition ( ! air
 f t d]iv$ directly f ! animal4 ,b>n    
op]ations ( v>i\s k9ds result 9 !       
production ( du/1 p>ticul>ly :]e dry    
=age1 su* z hay or /raw1 is h&l$4 ,:]e  
manure is giv5 an opportunity to dry1   
du/ is readily produc$1 & su* mat]ial is
 p>ticul>ly replete ) bact]ial life4 ,"s
 k9ds ( du/1 su* z t orig9at+ f gr\nd   
gra9s1 or %av+s t may be us$ = b$d+1    
conta9 a small am\nt ( bact]ial life 9  
comp>ison ) ! du/ f hay1 or o!r dry     
fodd]4 ,9 a dri$ condition1 ! slighte/  
movem5t is apt to dislodge ^! f9e       

p>ticles1 & !y float 9 ! air =          
consid]able p]iods ( "t4 ,if milk is    
drawn & expos$ to ! air ( ! b>n dur+ !  
fe$+ op]ations1 x is subject to ! du/   
%[] t is pres5t4 ,:]e ! /orage c is     
all[$ to /& 9 ! /able dur+ ! milk+1 ev5 
?\gh x is cov]$ ) a /ra9]1 ?is          
accumulation ( microscopic p>ticles is  
add$ to ! milk1 z !y readily pass !     
me%es ( ! f9e/ /ra9]4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ae4--;contam9ation ,f ! ,air4    
,?is culture plate1 ?ree in*es 9        
diamet]1 0 expos$ = #cj seconds 9 ! b>n 
dur+ fe$+ ( dry fodd]4 ,a #ab-;in* pail 
exposes ov] #ah times ! surface ( ?is   
plate4  ,removal ( dirt aft]            
introduction4 ,! m primitive me?od (    
improv+ ! quality ( milk1 s f> z its    
dirt cont5t is conc]n$1 is to attempt to
 remove ! gross] p>ticles ( contam9ation
 aft] entrance4 ,9 ! case ( /ra9+1 !    
me?od is usually appli$ at ! "t ( milk+1
 b 9 ! case ( filt]+ & cl>ify+1 x is    
c>ri$ out at ! milk /ation1 9 an ef=t to
 improve ! appe>ance ( milk & ov]come ! 

influ5ce ( c>eless me?ods ( ! produc]4  
,by ! use ( /ra9]s1 ei!r metallic or    
clo?1 x is possible to remove p>ticles (
 hair1 undissolv$ dirt & manure1 b x mu/
 be rememb]$ t ^! gross] visible        
p>ticles ( pollution are n really !     
cause ( ! tr\bles :i* may ensue 9       
improp]ly h&l$ milk4 ,! bact]ia :i* are 
adh]5t to ^! =eign p>ticles are 9 l>ge  
measure wa%$ (f 9 ! process ( /ra9+1 &  
pass ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! f9e/ /ra9]4 ,!   
ma9 s]vice1 !re=e1 ( /ra9+ is to improve
 ! appe>ance ( ! milk1 & x has no effect
 on ! quality 9 any way4  ,production ( 
clean milk4 ,! problem ( clean milk is  
important1 :atev] may be ! use to :i*   
milk may be put4 ,x is important 9 !    
manufacture ( butt]1 b ow+ to ! fact t !
 fat is n readily act$ ^u by bact]ia1 x 
is n s s5sitive to bact]ial conditions1 
z :5 ! milk is made into *eese4 ,9 ?is  
product1 ! bact]ial condition ( ! milk  
is a matt] ( prime importance4 ,9 milk  
de/9$ = direct consumption1 ! exclusion 
( ! bact]ia becomes yet m important4    

,:ile x is impossible to exclude bact]ia
 s completely t milk w n und]go         
f]m5tative *anges1 yet = dome/ic        
consumption x is pref]able to h milk ) z
 l[ bact]ial cont5t z c readily be      
secur$4 ,! highe/ type ( m>ket milk1 t  
kn[n z sanit>y1 or c]tifi$1 is produc$  
"u su* extreme conditions ( c>e z to    
conta9 ! m9imum g]m cont5t4 ,to         
accompli% ^! results requires su* /r+5t 
control z to increase greatly ! co/ ( ! 
product4 ,pure1 clean milk c be produc$ 
at a v slight increase 9 co/ ov] !      
regul> exp5se ( milk production1 if ! "r
 k9d ( att5tion is giv5 to c]ta9 details
 ( a practical "*4 ,improvem5t 9 our    
milk supplies mu/ l>gely come f ?is     
s\rce1 = any improvem5t to be p]man5t   
mu/ be made to pay1 & x requires        
consid]able education to secure !       
co-op]ation ( consum]s & _! will+ness to
 pay = any mat]ial increase 9 ! quality 
( ! product4  ,9 ! =ego+ factors conc]n$
 9 ! contam9ation ( milk1 x is ( c\rse  
impossible to measure accurately !      

influ5ce ( ! diff]5t s\rces ( infection1
 z ^! are cont9ually subject to v>iation
 9 e case4 ,z a rule1 ! mo/ important   
factors are ^? p]ta9+ to ! ut5sils & !  
condition ( ! animal h]self4 ,if ^! two 
factors are br\ght "u reasonable        
control1 ! major portion ( contam9ation 
t ord9>ily obta9s is done away )4 ,!    
application ( ! rem$ial or prev5tive    
measures h]et(ore m5tion$ w greatly     
r$uce ! g]m cont5t ( ! milk4  ,cool+ (  
milk on f>m4 ,bact]ial gr[? is directly 
relat$ to temp]ature conditions1 & )    
summ] temp]atures1 su* developm5t goes  
on apace1 unless x is *eck$ by e>ly     
cool+4 ,! l>g] portion ( bact]ia t f9d  
_! way into milk1 especially ^? t are   
previ\sly 9 contact ) ! air1 are 9 a    
dormant condition1 & are !re=e n        
/imulat$ into imm$iate gr[?1 unless     
reasonably high temp]atures prevail4 ,9 
milk1 :i* comes f ! animal at blood     
heat1 ?is gr[? is greatly /imulat$4 ,to 
c\nt]act ?is effect1 milk %\ld be *ill$ 
z soon aft] milk+ z possible4 ,if !     

temp]ature is imm$iately l[]$ to #ej    
,f41 or l[]1 actual cell developm5t is  
greatly ret>d$1 & ! rate ( s\r+1 & o!r  
f]m5tative *anges !reby dim9i%$4 ,9 ?is 
c\ntry ice is lib]ally us$ 9 accompli%+ 
?is result4 ,9 ,europe1 ! use ( ice is  
mu* less common4 ,! employm5t ( su*     
artificial means ( refrig]ation makes   
possible ! %ipm5t ( milk = long di/ances
 by rail4 ,new ,york city n[ receives   
milk t is produc$ 9 ,canada & nor!a/]n  
,ohio4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4             
#af4--;,effect ( ,cool+ ,milk4  ,a]ation
 ( milk4 ,! cu/om has be5 ext5sively    
recomm5d$ ( subject+ milk to ! influ5ce 
( air 9 ! belief t su* exposure p]mits (
 ! int]*ange ( gases t w\ld improve !   
quality4 ,9 practice1 ?is process1 kn[n 
z a]ation1 is c>ri$ on 9 diff]5t ways4  
,9 "s cases1 air is =c$ into ! milk2 9  
o!rs1 ! milk is all[$ to di/ribute      
itself 9 a ?9 %eet ov] a broad surface1 
fall+ 9 drops or t9y /reams ?r\gh ! air4
 ,:5ev] ?is process is c>ri$ on at a    
temp]ature l[] ?an t ( ! milk1 x results

 9 m or less rapid cool+4  ,9 e>li]     
times1 a]ation 0 g5]ally recomm5d$ &    
practic$1 especially 9 connection ) !   
*eese indu/ry1 b c>efully controll$     
exp]im5ts fail to %[ t ! process ex]ts  
any mat]ial influ5ce on ! rate ( g]m    
developm5t4 ,if x is c>ri$ out 9 an     
atmosph]e m or less *>g$ ) bact]ia1 z 9 
! b>n or /able1 x is m ?an likely to add
 to ! bact]ial cont5t ( ! milk4 ,:ile to
 "s ext5t odors may be elim9at$ by !    
process1 ! cu/om is n foll[$ s g5]ally  
n[ z x us$ to be "s ye>s ago4           
,absorption ( ta9ts4 ,a ta9t$ condition 
9 milk may result f ! developm5t (      
bact]ia1 act+ ^u v>i\s con/itu5ts ( !   
milk1 & trans=m+ ^! 9 su* a way1 z to   
produce by-products t impair ! flavor or
 appe>ance ( ! liquid2 or x may be      
produc$ by ! milk be+ br\ght 9 contact )
 any odorif]\s or aromatic sub/ance1 "u 
conditions t p]mit ( ! direct absorption
 ( su* odors4  ,?is latt] class ( ta9ts 
is entirely indep5d5t ( bact]ial action1
 & is l>gely attributable to ! physical 

prop]ty :i* milk possesses ( absorb+    
volatile odors4 ,?is direct absorption  
may occur be=e ! milk is )drawn f !     
animal1 or aft]w>ds if expos$ to /rong  
odors4  ,x is n uncommon = ! milk (     
animals advanc$ 9 lactation to h a m or 
less /rongly m>k$ odor & ta/e2 sometimes
 x is apt to be bitt]1 at o!r times     
salty to ! ta/e4 ,x is a defect t is    
peculi> to individual animals1 & is     
liable to recur at approximately ! same 
p]iod 9 lactation4 ,! peculi> c[y or    
animal odor ( fre% milk is an inh]5t    
peculi>ity t is due to ! direct         
absorption ( volatile elem5ts f ! animal
 h]self4  ,_m k9ds ( fe$ consum$ by !   
animal produce a m or less pron\nc$ ta9t
 or flavor 9 ! milk4 ,) "s plants1 su* z
 g>lic1 leeks1 turnips1 & cabbage1 !    
odor is s pron\nc$ z to r5d] ! milk q   
unfit = use4 ,9 "s /ates along !        
,atlantic seabo>d1 wild plants ( ?is "* 
9 woodl& pa/ures may be s abundant z to 
make x impossible to pa/ure mil*        
animals4 ,! difficulty 9 su* cases is   

due to absorption ( ! volatile pr9ciples
 into ! circulation ( ! animal1 & if su*
 fe$ is consum$ %ortly be=e milk+1 !    
*>act]i/ic odors appe> 9 ! milk4 ,if    
consum$ imm$iately aft] ! milk is )drawn
 f ! animal1 suffici5t "t may elapse s t
 ! peculi> odors are dissipat$ be=e !   
milk is aga9 secret$4 ,! same pr9ciple  
applies 9 a less] degree to ! use (     
c]ta9 gre5 fodd]s t are m suitable =    
fe$1 su* z rape1 gre5 rye1 or ev5       
silage4 ,silage produces a di/9ct1 b n  
unpleasant odor 9 milk1 b newly pa/ur$  
rye (t5 conf]s s /rong an odor z to r5d]
 ! milk unusable4  ,:]e c]ta9 drugs are 
employ$ 9 ! treatm5t ( animals1 su* z   
belladonna1 ca/or oil1 sulfur1 or       
turp5t9e1 ! peculi> odors may reappe> 9 
! milk4 ,su* m9]al poisons z ars5ic h   
be5 kn[n to p]si/ = a p]iod ( ?ree weeks
 be=e elim9ation4  ,on acc\nt ( !       
elim9ation ( _m drugs1 un*ang$1 f !     
animal 9 ! milk1 ! milk ( any animal t  
is receiv+ m$ic9e %\ld n be us$ = human 
food4 ,:5 su* milk is mix$ ) t ( a numb]

 ( o!r animals & :5 x is us$ by adults1 
no h>m is likely to result1 b :5 !      
dilution is n great & ! milk is us$ = "y
 *ildr5 x may affect !m ?r\gh its cont5t
 ( ! drug4 ,! fe$ may n only affect !   
quality ( milk b its value z food4 ,"o (
 ! mo/ prom95t ( ,am]ican dairym51 :o   
has = _m ye>s produc$ milk especially = 
*ildr5's use1 has said t he c\ld fe$ 8  
c[s s z to make ill e *ild receiv+ !    
milk4  ,absorption ( odors aft] milk+4  
,if milk is br\ght 9 contact ) /rong    
odors aft] be+ drawn f ! animal1 x w    
absorb !m readily1 z 9 ! b>n1 :]e       
frequ5tly x is expos$ to ! odor ( manure
 & o!r f]m5t+ organic matt]4  ,x has    
long be5 a popul> belief t milk evolves 
odors & _c absorb !m s long z x is w>m] 
?an ! surr\nd+ air1 b f exp]im5ts ( "o (
 u 7,r71 x has be5 def9itely %[n t !    
direct absorption ( odors takes place   
mu* m rapidly :5 ! milk is w>m ?an :5   
cold1 al?\gh "u ei!r condition1 x       
absorbs volatile sub/ances q rapidly4   
,! cu/om ( /ra9+ ! milk 9 ! b>n has long

 be5 deprecat$ z inconsi/5t ) prop]     
dairy practice1 & 9 ! light ( ! above   
exp]im5ts1 an additional reason is      
evid5t :y ?is %\ld n be done4  ,ev5 aft]
 milk is ?or\ghly cool$1 x may absorb   
odors1 z is not$ :]e ! same is /or$ 9 a 
refrig]ator ) c]ta9 fruits1 meats1 fi%1 
etc4  ,di/+ui%+ bact]ial f o!r ta9ts4 ,9
 p]fectly fre% milk x is relatively easy
 to di/+ui% betwe5 ta9ts caus$ by ! gr[?
 ( bact]ia & ^? attributable to direct  
absorption4 ,if ! ta9t is evid5t at "t (
 milk+1 x is 9 all probability due to "*
 ( fe$ consum$1 or possibly to m$ic9es4 
,if1 h[ev]1 ! int5sity ( ! ta9t gr[s m  
pron\nc$ z ! milk becomes old]1 !n x is 
probably due to liv+ organisms :i*      
require a c]ta9 p]iod ( incubation be=e 
_! by-products are mo/ evid5t4          
,moreov]1 if ! difficulty is ( bact]ial 
orig91 x c be frequ5tly produc$ 9 ano!r 
lot ( milk 7heat$ or /]iliz$ is         
pref]able7 by inoculat+ ! same ) "s ( ! 
orig9al milk4 ,n all abnormal           
f]m5tations are able1 ?\gh1 to compete )

 ! lactic acid bact]ia1 & h5ce outbreaks
 ( ?is sort soon die out by !           
re-e/abli%m5t ( m normal conditions4    
,factory contam9ation4 ,z ! "t elem5t is
 ( importance 9 ! production ( tr\bles  
due to bact]ia1 x foll[s t infection (  
milk on ! f>m is fraught ) m consequ5ce 
?an factory contam9ation1 z ! organisms 
introduc$ w\ld h a long] p]iod (        
developm5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! conditions 9 !
 factory are by no means to be ignor$1 z
 !y n infrequ5tly p]mit ! milk to become
 se$$ ) highly undesirable types4 ,a mu*
 m rigid control c be ex]cis$ 9 !       
factory1 :]e /eam is at h& z an aid 9 ! 
de/ruction ( organisms4 ,9 ! clean+ (   
pumps & pipes1 /eam is absolutely       
necess>y to keep su* app>atus 9 a       
sanit>y condition4  ,! wat] supply ( !  
factory is a matt] ( prime importance1 z
 wat] is us$ s ext5sively 9 all factory 
op]ations4 ,:5 tak5 f a %all[ well1     
especially if surface dra9age f !       
factory is possible1 ! wat] may be      
contam9at$ to su* an ext5t z to         

introduce undesirable bact]ia 9 su*     
numb]s t ! normal c\rse ( f]m5tation may
 be *ang$4 ,! quality ( ! wat]1 aside f 
flavor1 c be/ be det]m9$ by mak+ a curd 
te/ 7p4 #ii7 :i* is done by add+ "s ( ! 
wat] to boil$ milk1 & incubat+ ! same4  
,if gassy f]m5tations occur1 x signifies
 an abnormal condition4 ,9 deep wells1  
pump$ z ?or\ghly z is g5]ally ! case )  
factory wells1 ! g]m cont5t %\ld be v   
l[1 rang+ f a few score to a few hundr$ 
bact]ia p] cubic c5timet] at mo/4 ,!    
dang] f ice is mu* less1 = ! reason t   
good daily practice does n sanction us+ 
ice directly 9 contact ) milk or cream4 
,!n1 too1 wat] is l>gely purifi$ 9 !    
process ( freez+1 al?\gh if secur$ f a  
pollut$ s\rce1 reliance %\ld n be plac$ 
9 ?is me?od ( purification1 = ev5 freez+
 does n de/roy all vegetat+ bact]ia4  ,!
 ord9>y h\se fly is an important s\rce (
 contam9ation 9 cream]ies1 *eese        
factories & city milk plants4 ,!y are ( 
importance n only 9 increas+ ! numb] (  
f]m5tative bact]ia 9 milk b !y may s]ve 

to contam9ate x ) disease-produc+       
organisms4 ,! w9d[s ( all places :]e    
milk is h&l$1 :e!r on ! f>m or else:]e  
%\ld be scre5$4  ,x %\ld be kept 9 m9d 9
 ! h&l+ ( milk & o!r dairy products t   
human food is be+ prep>$ & t cleanl9ess 
is desirable f e po9t ( view1 & t !     
me?ods ( h&l+ & production %\ld comp>e )
 ^? us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( foods :i* l    
milk _c be clean$ :5 once pollut$4      
,desirability1 keep+ quality1           
heal?fulness & ! value ( e product made 
f milk dep5ds ^u ! ext5t & am\nt (      
contam9ation4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4         
,,infection ,,( ,,milk ,,) ,,pa?og5ic   
,,bact]ia4   ,t ! disease-produc+1 or   
pa?og5ic bact]ia1 are able to infect    
milk supplies is %[n by ! fact t num]\s 
epidemics ( contagi\s disease h be5     
directly trac$ to milk infection4 ,milk 
is g5]ally consum$ 9 a raw /ate1 & z a  
consid]able numb] ( ?is class (         
organisms are able n only to live b     
actually gr[ 9 milk1 :i* is su* an ideal
 culture-m$ium = ! developm5t ( mo/     

bact]ia1 x is n surpris+ t disease      
processes %\ld be trac$ to ?is s\rce4 ,!
 organisms 9 milk capable ( caus+       
disease d n alt] or *ange its physical  
prop]ties suffici5tly to enable _!      
pres5ce to be detect$ by a physical     
exam9ation4  ,orig9 ( pa?og5ic bact]ia 9
 milk4 ,disease-produc+ bact]ia may be  
gr\p$1 ) ref]5ce to _! relation t[>d    
milk1 into two classes1 dep5d+ ^u !     
mann] 9 :i* infection occurs3  ,class   
,i4 ,disease-produc+ bact]ia capable (  
be+ transmitt$ directly f a diseas$     
animal to man ?r\gh ! m$ium ( infect$   
milk4  ,class ,,ii4 ,bact]ia pa?og5ic = 
man b n = cattle1 :i* are capable (     
?riv+ 9 milk aft] x is drawn f ! animal4
  ,9 ! fir/ gr\p1 ! disease produc$ by !
 specific organism mu/ be common to bo? 
cattle & man4 ,! organism mu/ live a    
p>asitic life 9 ! animal1 develop+ 9 !  
udd]1 & s infect ! udd]4 ,x may1 (      
c\rse1 happ5 t diseases t[>d :i* dome/ic
 animals alone are susceptible may be   
spread f "o animal to ano!r 9 ?is way   

)\t affect+ human be+s4  ,9 ! second    
gr\p ! bact]ial species live a          
saprophytic exi/5ce1 gr[+ 9 milk1 z 9   
any o!r nutri5t m$ium1 if x happ5s to   
f9d its way !re94 ,9 su* cases1 milk    
indirectly s]ves z an ag5t 9 !          
dissem9ation ( disease1 by giv+         
conditions favorable to ! gr[? ( !      
disease g]m4  ,by f> ! mo/ important (  
diseases t may be transmitt$ directly f 
animal to man ?r\gh a milk supply is    
tub]culosis1 b 9 addition to ?is1 foot &
 m\? disease 7aph?\s fev] 9 *ildr571    
,malta fev]1 & acute ent]ic tr\bles h   
also be5 trac$ to a simil> s\rce (      
infection4  ,! mo/ important specific   
diseases t are dissem9at$ ?r\gh         
subsequ5t infection ( ! milk are typhoid
 fev]1 diph!ria1 sc>let fev]1 & *ol]a1  
b1 ( c\rse1 ! possibility exi/s t any   
disease g]m capable ( liv+ & ?riv+ 9    
milk may be spread 9 ?is way4 ,9        
addition to ^! diseases t are caus$ by !
 introduction ( specific organisms 7!   
causal organism ( sc>let fev] has n yet 

be5 def9itely det]m9$71 !re are a l>ge  
numb] ( m or less illy def9$ tr\bles (  
an inte/9al "* t occur especially 9     
infants & "y *ildr5 t are und\bt$ly     
attributable to ! activity (            
micro-organisms t ga9 access to milk    
dur+ & subsequ5t to ! milk+1 & :i*      
produce *anges 9 milk be=e or aft] its  
+e/ion t result 9 ! =mation ( toxic     
products4  ,tub]culosis4 ,?is disease is
 by f> ! mo/ important bact]ial malady t
 affects man & bea/4 ,9 man1 x assumes a
 wide v>iety ( phases1 rang+ f          
consumption1 tub]culosis ( ! lungs1 :i* 
is by f> ! mo/ common type1 to scr(ul\s 
gl&s 9 ! neck1 cold abscesses1 hip-jo9t1
 & bone diseases1 z well z affection ( !
 b[els4 ,^! v>i\s manife/ations are all 
produc$ by ! inroads ( ! specific       
organism1 ,bacillus tub]culosis4 ,!     
bov9e1 z well z sw9e1 f[ls1 & o!r       
w>m-blood$ animals1 are also affect$ )  
simil> diseases4 ,9 man1 ! importance ( 
! malady is recogniz$ :5 x appe>s t     
fully "o-sev5? ( ! human race die ( ?is 

sc\rge4 ,9 cattle1 ! disease is equally 
widespread1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? c\ntries :]e
 live /ock has be5 int5sively develop$4 
,9 ! nor!rn c\ntries ( ,europe1 su* z   
,d5m>k1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & !   
,ne!rl&s1 z well z 9 ,canada1 & ?is     
c\ntry1 ?is disease has be5 mo/ widely  
dissem9at$4 ,?is has be5 occasion$1 9   
l>ge measure1 because ( ! exce$+ly      
insidi\s nature ( ! disease 9 cattle1   
!reby p]mitt+ int]*ange ( su* diseas$   
/ock )\t ! disease be+ recogniz$4       
,tub]culosis is f\nd m abundantly 9 ?is 
c\ntry 9 dairy ?an 9 beef /ock4 ,dairy  
cattle are1 h[ev]1 n m susceptible1 b ! 
clos] environm5t 9 :i* mil* cattle are  
kept1 & ! fact t !re has be5 great]     
activity 9 ! matt] ( introduc+ improv$  
/ra9s1 acc\nts = ! l>g] p]c5tage (      
affect$ animals4  ,x has be5 a disput$  
"q = "s ye>s :e!r ! organisms produc+   
bov9e & human tub]culosis are id5tical  
or f ! practical /&po9t1 :e!r ! bov9e   
type ( disease is transmitt$ "u natural 
conditions to man4 ,! bact]iologi/ c    

readily detect diff]5ces 9 appe>ance1 9 
gr[? ( cultures1 & 9 disease-produc+    
prop]ties betwe5 ! two /ra9s4 ,( ! two1 
! bov9e is mu* ! m virul5t :5 inoculat$ 
into exp]im5tal animals4 ,9 a           
consid]able numb] ( cases1 record (     
accid5tal infection f cattle to man has 
be5 obs]v$4 ,^! h occurr$ 9 p]sons mak+ 
po/mortem exam9ation on tub]cul\s       
animals1 & ! tub]cul> nature ( ! w\nd   
prov5 by excision & inoculation4  ,m    
rec5tly1 s9ce ! agitation by ,rob]t ,ko*
 ( ,g]many1 a numb] ( sci5tific         
commissions h /udi$ p>ticul>ly ! problem
 ( transmission4 ,x is n[ e/imat$ t     
p]haps sev5 p] c5t ( ! tub]culosis 9 man
 is ( bov9e orig94 ,?is is almo/ :olly  
conf9$ to *ildr54 ,! portions ( ! body t
 become diseas$1 :5 ! infection has     
result$ f ! use ( milk1 are ! gl&s ( !  
neck & ( ! abdom54  ,mann] ( infection 9
 man4 ,9 ! ma91 ! s\rce ( ! malady may  
be trac$ ei!r to air infection or to !  
food1 if "o disreg>ds ! comp>atively    
small numb] ( cases ( w\nd infection4   

,air is frequ5tly a m$ium by :i* ! g]m  
is transf]r$ f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,!    
sputum is exce$+ly ri* 9 tub]cle bacilli
 & s9ce ?is mat]ial is c>elessly        
di/ribut$ by tub]cul> p1 ! air ( !      
cities1 villages & public build+s w     
frequ5tly conta9 tub]cle organisms4 ,"s 
( ! organisms 9 ! air f9d _! way into ! 
lungs1 !re to develop & produce         
consumption4 ,! organisms 9 ! air may be
 deposit$ 9 ! nasal passages & ?roat1 & 
ultimately f9d _! way into ! tissues ( !
 body by p5etrat+ ! walls ( ! ?roat or (
 ! inte/9e4 ,x is probable t ! tub]cle  
bacilli ?us introduc$ may f9d _! way to 
! lungs & !re develop )\t leav+ any     
trace ( _! pa?4  ,food may also possibly
 s]ve z a m$ium ( infection4 ,!         
contam9ation ( solid food f flies & o!r 
s\rces is1 ( c\rse1 a possibility1 b    
tub]cul\s meat f cattle & sw9e is mu* m 
likely to occur1 al?\gh x mu/ be said t 
! processes ( prep>+ su* food = use     
7roa/+1 fry+1 & boil+7 are suffici5t to 
de/roy ! vitality ( ! causal organism4  

,! fact t mo/ food products ( ?is "* are
 n[ inspect$ r5d]s ?is possibility less 
likely to occur4  ,unque/ionably1 !     
likelihood ( +e/+ tub]cle organisms is  
mu* great] ) milk ?an ) any o!r food    
supply1 z milk is consum$ usually 9 an  
uncook$ /ate1 & z microscopic &         
physiologic te/s indicate t n           
infrequ5tly milk f tub]cul\s animals    
conta9s ^! organisms4  ,di/ribution ( ! 
disease 9 animals4 ,z practically any   
organ ( ! body may be affect$ )         
tub]culosis1 x naturally foll[s t !     
lesions ( ?is disease are widely        
di/ribut$4 ,! disease g]m is introduc$1 
9 ! ma91 ?r\gh ! lymph & n ! blood      
sy/em2 consequ5tly1 9 ! initial /ages ! 
evid5ce ( tub]culosis is (t5            
comp>atively slight1 & ! lesion is      
re/rict$ 9 its developm5t4 ,:]e su* a   
condition obta9s1 x is kn[n z clos$1 9  
contradi/9ction to op5 tub]culosis1 :]e 
! diseas$ tissue is m or less brok5 d[n 
& is dis*>g+ into ! circulation1 or     
else:]e4 ,manife/ly1 ! dang] ( spread+ n

 only 9 ! affect$ animal itself1 b to ! 
outside1 is mu* great] 9 ! case ( ! op5 
lesion4 ,especially is ?is true :]e !   
disease is pres5t 9 ! lungs or organs t 
h an ext]ior op5+ s t ! mat]ial conta9+ 
! organisms is dis*>g$ f ! body 9 !     
sputum1 manure1 ur9e or milk4 ,!        
inte/9es !mselves are r>ely affect$1 b !
 lymph gl&s associat$ ) ! inte/9al tract
 are n infrequ5tly involv$4  ,infection 
( milk ) tub]cle bacilli4 ,9 a small    
p]c5tage ( cases1 ! udd] itself becomes 
involv$4 ,:]e ?is condition obta9s1 "o  
or m h>d lumps are =m$1 :i* sl[ly       
increase 9 size1 usually be+ re/rict$ to
 "o qu>t] ( ! udd]4 ,sometimes ! affect$
 qu>t] may develop to an enorm\s size1  
produc+ a h>d1 pa9less tumor4 ,n (t5    
does ! affect$ tissue break d[n into    
pus2 consequ5tly1 no abnormal appe>ance 
is to be not$ 9 ! milk secretion until !
 disease has made v ext5d$ progress1 9  
:i* case ! p]c5tage ( fat g5]ally       
dim9i%es4 ,:5ev] ! udd] %[s physical    
manife/ation ( ?is disease1 ! milk almo/

 inv>iably is ri* 9 tub]cle bacilli4    
,tub]cle organisms may also appe> 9 milk
 ( animals 9 :i* no physical symptoms ( 
! disease are to be f\nd4 ,?is fact has 
be5 demon/rat$ by microscopic & animal  
exp]im5ts1 b x is also abundantly       
confirm$ by ! frequ5t contraction ( !   
disease by calves & hogs :5 f$ on       
factory by-products4 ,?is latt] class ( 
animals is p>ticul>ly dang]\s1 because  
!re is no way 9 :i* ! dang] c be        
recogniz$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;a
 ,tub]cul\s ,animal4  ,! animal appe>s  
p]fectly heal?y al?\gh %e has _h !      
disease = five ye>s4  ,x has also be5   
prov5 t milk may become infect$ ?r\gh ! 
feces4 ,9 c\gh+ up mat]ial f ! lungs &  
associat$ gl&s1 ! matt] is swall[$1     
in/ead ( expectorat$1 z 9 man4 ,!       
organisms reta9 _! vitality 9 ! inte/9e1
 & are void$ 9 ! feces4 ,"u ord9>y      
conditions1 ! flanks & udd] become m or 
less pollut$ ) su* fil?1 & ! evid5ce is 
conclusive t infection ( milk is n      
infrequ5tly occasion$ 9 ?is way4 ,! fact

 t hogs foll[+ tub]cul\s /e]s 9 ! fe$+  
lots are v likely to acquire ! disease  
is expla9$ by ! pres5ce ( tub]cle       
organisms 9 ! manure ( su* animals4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;a ,tub]cul\s 
,animal4  ,! la/ /ages ( g5]aliz$       
tub]culosis4 ,note ! emaciat$ condition4
  ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t _m animals may 
be infect$ ) tub]cle bacilli & !re=e h  
tub]culosis 9 ! incipi5t /ages1 )\t _!  
be+ able to dissem9ate ! disease to     
o!rs4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages1 !y are           
bacillus-c>ri]s )\t be+ necess>ily      
dang]\s at t p>ticul> "t1 b !           
possibility always exi/s1 z ! disease   
develops 9 ! sy/em1 t ! tr\ble may      
assume a m =midable "*1 & t sl[ly       
develop+ *ronic lesions may become      
acute1 & op51 9 :i* case1 ! affect$     
animal becomes a positive m5ace to !    
h]d4 ,z ! "t :5 ! lesions *ange f !     
clos$ to ! op5 type & ! animal becomes a
 s\rce ( dang] _c be det]m9$1 ! only    
safe way to d is to exclude ! milk ( all
 tub]cul\s animals f ! g5]al supply1    

:e!r = direct consumption1 or =         
manufacture into dairy products & to    
look ^u e diseas$ animal z a m5ace to ! 
h]d4 ,?is is r5d]$ all ! m necess>y :5 !
 milk is us$ = ! fe$+ ( *ildr51 :o are  
relatively m susceptible to inte/9al    
infection ?an ! adult4 ,! e>ly /ages ( !
 disease 9 cattle are1 h[ev]1 s insidi\s
 t no reliance c be plac$ ^u ! detection
 ( ! malady by physical means4          
,=tunately1 9 ! tub]cul9 te/1 a me?od is
 at h&1 :i* 9 a simple1 b effective     
mann]1 enables ! disease to be di/+ui%$ 
9 ev5 ! e>ly /ages1 long be=e           
recognition is possible 9 any o!r way4  
,tub]cle bacilli 9 dairy products4 ,:5  
infect$ milk is us$ = ! prep>ation (    
butt] & *eese1 ! organisms inevitably   
are incorporat$ 9 !m4 ,9 ! sep>ation (  
milk a relatively l>ge "p ( ! tub]cle   
organisms 9 ! milk appe> 9 ! cream4 ,9 !
 mak+ ( *eese ev5 m ( ! organisms are   
held 9 ! curd4 ,9 butt] & *eese1 z 9    
milk1 no gr[? ( ! organism c take place2
 h[ev]1 ! vitality ( ! organism is      

reta9$ = a consid]able numb] ( mon?s4 ,x
 is n believ$ t ^! products are ( mu*   
importance 9 ! spread ( tub]culosis 9 ! 
human family1 s9ce !y are n consum$ by  
*ildr5 to any ext5t4 ,cream is to be    
consid]$ z a means ( di/ribution s9ce x 
is (t5 us$ by *ildr54  ,treatm5t (      
tub]cul\s milk4 ,x is easily possible to
 treat milk or factory by-products s z  
to r5d] !m positively safe4 ,! process (
 pa/eurization or /]ilization is        
applicable to :ole milk1 & :5           
effectively done de/roys entirely !     
vitality ( any tub]cle bacilli4 ,9 mak+ 
su* exposure1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t
 ! =mation ( ! scald$ lay]1 z !         
resi/ance ( ! organism t[>d heat is     
greatly increas$ "u ^! conditions4 ,9 a 
clos$ receptacle1 #adj ,f4 = #ae to #bj 
m9utes has be5 f\nd ?or\ghly effective 9
 de/roy+ ?is organism4 ,a mom5t>y       
exposure at #agf ,f4 is likewise        
suffici5t4 ,?is is ! me?od t is almo/   
univ]sally us$ 9 ,d5m>k 9 ! manufacture 
( ! f9e/ butt]4  ,9 ! treatm5t ( factory

 by-products1 heat %\ld also be employ$4
 ,9 ,d5m>k1 compulsory pa/eurization at 
n less ?an #agf ,f4 is requir$4 ,?is    
treatm5t prev5ts n only ! dissem9ation (
 tub]culosis among hogs & "y cattle1 b  
is equally efficaci\s 9 prev5t+ ! spread
 ( foot & m\? disease4  ,! p] c5t (     
tub]cul\s mil* c[s v>ies widely 9       
diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry1 be+ greate/
 9 ! old] dairy sections1 & 9 ^? supply+
 milk to ! cities1 on acc\nt ( ! con/ant
 buy+ & sell+ ( animals1 ?us giv+ m     
frequ5t opportunity ( introduc+ !       
disease into ! h]ds4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\ntry  
at l>ge1 probably less ?an t5 p] c5t ( !
 c[s are tub]cul\s1 & x is e/imat$ t at 
lea/ "o p] c5t ( ! diseas$ animals h    
tub]cul\s udd]s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! 
dilution ( ! milk ( su* animals ) t (   
heal?y c[s w\ld remove a great "p ( !   
dang] f milk4 ,9 ! case :]e ! milk ( a  
l>ge numb] ( h]ds is mix$1 ?is may be ( 
"s importance1 b 9 no case is x safe to 
assume t dilution ( ! milk ( tub]cul\s  
c[s is any gu>antee ( safety4  ,x has   

be5 %[n t milk1 p]fectly normal 9       
appe>ance1 com+ f a tub]cul\s udd] c\ld 
be dilut$ a million times & /ill produce
 ! disease on inoculation into          
exp]im5tal animals4 ,9 ! case ( sw9e1 ! 
susceptibility is s great t a s+le fe$+ 
( infect$ milk1 ev5 9 a v dilute        
condition1 causes ) c]ta9ty ! production
 ( ! disease4  ,"s obs]v]s ma9ta9 t !   
contam9ation ( ! milk ) ! manure (      
tub]cul\s animals is ( great] hygi5ic   
importance1 ?an t com+ f diseas$ udd]s1 
s9ce ! numb] ( animals hav+ tub]culosis 
( ! lungs & inte/9es is f> great] ?an ^?
 ) diseas$ udd]s4  ,economic aspects (  
bov9e tub]culosis4 ,n only is ?is       
disease inve/$ ) mu* importance because 
( its int]-relation ) ! human1 b f an   
economic po9t ( view alone1 x is        
und\bt$ly ! greate/ sc\rge t affects !  
dairyman4 ,its insidi\sness makes x     
exce$+ly difficult to recognize4 ,!     
consequ5ce is t _m f9e h]ds become      
s]i\sly involv$ be=e its pres5ce is     
recogniz$4 ,9 ! ma91 ! disease is       

introduc$ into a h]d by pur*ase1 (t5 by 
buy+ 9 pure-br$ /ock to improve !       
quality ( ! h]d4 ,:]e ! disease has be5 
e/abli%$ 9 a region = "s "t1 !re is also
 dang] t unheat$ factory by-products1 z 
skim milk & :ey1 may function 9 its     
spread4 ,:]e su* conditions prevail1 !  
spread ( ! disease 9 ! cream]y di/rict  
is exce$+ly rapid4 ,:5 once introduc$   
into a h]d1 ! disease soon] or lat]     
spreads f ! orig9ally affect$ animal to 
o!rs 9 ! h]d4 ,close contact1 & close   
conf9em5t 9 ill v5tilat$ /ables         
facilitate ! spread ( ! disease1 & soon]
 or lat]1 o!r animals acquire ! tr\ble4 
,?is may all occur :ile all animals     
appe> 9 a heal?y condition4  ,! symptoms
 ( ! disease 9 ! e>li] /ages are q      
indef9ite4 ,z ! disease progresses1 !   
nutritive functions appe> to be di/urb$1
 & soon] or lat]1 ! body weight beg9s to
 decl9e1 & f9ally m>k$ emaciation       
ensues4 ,accompany+ ?is condition1      
especially :5 ! disease is 9 ! lungs1 is
 a c\gh1 :i* is g5]ally aggravat$ )     

active ex]cise4 ,:ile ! run-d[n         
condition p]mits frequ5tly ( ! detection
 ( ! disease 9 ! advanc$ /ages1 x is    
:olly impossible ) any accuracy to      
diagnose ! tr\ble 9 ! incipi5t /ages4 ,x
 is at ?is /age t ! tub]cul9 te/ comes  
to ! aid ( ! /ockman4  ,tub]cul9 te/4   
,?is te/ is made by ! inject+ b5ea? !   
sk9 ( ! animal a small quantity 7ab\t #b
 c4 c47 ( tub]cul91 & not+ ! temp]ature 
( ! animal1 be=e & aft] ! injection4    
,tub]cul91 a product ( ! gr[? ( !       
tub]cle bacillus1 :5 inject$ into ! body
 causes a m>k$ rise 9 temp]ature1 9 !   
case ( an animal affect$ ) ! disease1 & 
no su* elevation 9 ! case ( a heal?y    
animal4 ,! process ( prep>+ tub]cul9    
makes x absolutely free f dang]1 s f> z 
liability ( produc+ ! disease1 or 9 any 
way injur+ ! animal1 is conc]n$4 ,fig4  
#ai %[s ! temp]ature range ( bo? react+ 
& non-react+ animals4 ,:ile ! te/ is n  
absolutely infallible1 x is s f> sup]ior
 to any & all o!r me?ods ( diagnosis t x
 %\ld take prec$5ce ov] !m4             

,miscellane\s diseases4 ,!re are a numb]
 ( diseases t affect bo? human be+s &   
cattle1 ! causal organisms ( :i* may be 
transmitt$ ?r\gh ! milk4 ,foot & m\?    
disease is "o wide spread 9 ,european   
c\ntries b :i* has n yet ga9$ a p]man5t 
foo?old 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! +e/ion ( !     
milk1 :i* always conta9s ! causal       
organism1 produces ! disease 9 bo?      
humans & cattle4 ,9 ! human ! disease is
 v simil> to t 9 cattle2 x may end 9    
dea?4 ,vesicles are produc$ 9 ! m\?1 on 
! lips1 nose & f+]s4 ,! causal organism1
 :i* has n yet be5 demon/rat$1 may occur
 9 butt] or *eese4 ,x is easily de/roy$ 
by pa/euriz+ ! milk4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #ai4--,temp]ature ,curves4  #a1 ! 
temp]ature curve ( a heal?y animal aft] 
injection ) tub]cul92 #b & #c1 !        
temp]ature curves ( tub]cul\s animals   
aft] injection ) tub]cul94 7,aft]       
,moore47  ,an?rax1 act9omycosis 7lumpy  
jaw71 rabies1 & malta fev] are diseases 
! organisms ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! milk ( 
affect$ animals4 ,9 case ( ! fir/ ?ree1 

:ile ! possibility exi/s ( ! infection (
 human be+s by milk1 x is improbable t  
su* infection does normally occur4      
,malta fev] is becom+ an important      
disease 9 portions ( s\!rn ,europe4 ,x  
is produc$ 9 man by ! use ( milk ( goats
 suff]+ f ! disease4  ,! organism caus+ 
contagi\s abortion 9 cattle is kn[n to  
be pres5t 9 ! milk ( ! infect$ animal at
 ! "t ( its )drawal f ! udd]4 ,x is n   
probable t ! organism is ( any sanit>y  
significance z f> z man is conc]n$4 ,x  
has be5 %[n t ! organism is able to     
produce a disease 9 gu9ea pigs on       
artificial inoculation t is v simil>1 s 
f> z ! lesions are conc]n$1 to          
tub]culosis4 ,x is also probable t !    
by-products ( cream]ies & *eese         
factories may s]ve to spread ! disease f
 "o h]d to ano!r4  ,inflammation ( !    
udd] 7g>get7 is a frequ5t tr\ble 9 e    
h]d4 ,x is m>k$ by ! swell+ ( "o or m   
qu>t]s1 by ! appe>ance ( fev] & *anges 9
 ! appe>ance & composition ( ! milk4 ,! 
inflammation may be caus$ by cold or    

injury1 or by ! invasion ( ! udd] )     
pus-=m+ bact]ia4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! tr\ble
 is n likely to p]si/ = any l5g? ( "t1 &
 does n spread to o!r memb]s ( ! h]d4 ,!
 milk may be m or less /r+y1 & may %[ a 
slimy floccul5t s$im5t4 ,x _c be ass]t$ 
t su* milk is h>mful to man b x %\ld be 
reject$ on g5]al sanit>y gr\nds1 &      
because x _c always be diff]5tiat$ f t  
com+ f an udd] 9 :i* ! inflammation is  
produc$ by bact]ia4  ,inflammation caus$
 by ! invasion ( ! udd] ) specific      
bact]ia is usually ( great] sev]ity1 !  
entire gl& (t5 becom+ involv$4 ,!       
secretion ( milk may cease & ! function 
( ! diseas$ qu>t]s may nev] be re/or$4  
,! milk 9 ! less sev]e cases may n be   
abnormal 9 appe>ance1 b ) increas+      
sev]ity1 ! nature ( ! milk *anges1 until
 x may be a wat]y liquid4 ,! milk ( any 
animal suff]+ f any =m ( g>get %\ld be  
reject$1 z x may cause tr\ble1          
especially 9 *ildr54 ,!re is "s reason  
to believe t organisms com+ f cases (   
g>get h be5 responsible = ! ext5sive    

outbreaks ( septic sore ?roat t h       
occurr$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4  ,! milk (
 animals suff]+ f indige/ion1 di>rhea1  
abscesses on any "p ( ! body1 z f ^? :i*
 h reta9$ ! aft]bir? %\ld be likewise   
reject$4 ,9 %ort only ! milk ( heal?y   
animals %\ld be us$ = human food2 t f   
any animal suff]+ f any disease or :i*  
is receiv+ m$ical treatm5t %\ld n be s  
us$4  ,typhoid fev]4 ,! mo/ important   
disease g]m1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! m$ium (  
milk1 t is unable to produce a diseas$  
condition 9 ! c[ is ! organism ( typhoid
 fev]4 ,?is malady is an inte/9al       
affliction ( man1 & ! g]m caus+ ! same  
is f\nd abundantly 9 ! dejecta1 bo?     
solid & liquid1 z well z 9 ! blood 9    
c]ta9 /ages ( ! disease4 ,:ile ! causal 
organism does n leave ! body ?r\gh !    
expir$ air1 x is f\nd abundantly 9 bo? !
 ur9e & feces4 ,!re=e1 ! dejecta1 & any 
articles t may be soil$ ) ! same become 
a positive m5ace4  ,_m diff]5t me?ods ( 
transmitt+ ! contagion exi/1 su* z wat]1
 food infect$ 9 v>i\s ways1 contact )   

infect$ p]sons1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( milk4 
,milk is n s frequ5tly ! cause (        
dissem9ation z ! o!r factors1 b :]e milk
 supplies become contam9at$1 epidemics (
 consid]able magnitude are wont to      
occur4 ,! dang] f milk is also aggravat$
 by ! fact t ! typhoid bacillus is      
capable ( )/&+ consid]able am\nts (     
acid1 & consequ5tly f9ds1 ev5 9 raw milk
 conta9+ ! normal lactic acid bact]ia1  
conditions favorable = its gr[?4 ,9 a   
consid]able p]c5tage ( cases1 ! disease 
is n suffici5tly sev]e to cause ! pati5t
 to take to 8 b$4 ,^! s-call$ walk+     
typhoid cases are p>ticul>ly dang]\s1   
because !y s]ve to spread ! disease     
organism m widely4  ,a v consid]able    
proportion ( ! p t recov] f typhoid fev]
 /ill cont9ue to h>bor ! typhoid        
bacillus 9 _! ur9>y & gall bladd]s4 ,?is
 condition may obta9 = ye>s1 & s9ce su* 
individuals are 9 p]fect heal? & are    
ignorant ( _! own condition1 & s9ce !y  
give (f ! organisms m or less con/antly1
 !y are (t5 ! cause ( ext5sive milk     

borne epidemics4 ,su* p]sons are kn[n z 
typhoid c>ri]s & con/itute "o ( ! grave/
 problems ! public (ficial has to cont5d
 ) 9 8 /ruggle to prev5t ! spread (     
typhoid fev]4  ,:]e outbreaks are caus$ 
by milk1 !y c readily be trac$ by means 
( ! milk r\te1 z !re are always a       
suffici5t numb] ( susceptible p]sons1 s 
t outbreaks ( epidemic proportions      
develop4 ,9 ! ,/am=d1 ,conn41 outbreak 9
 #ahie1 #chf cases develop$ on "o milk  
r\te4 ,9 ?is case x 0 %[n t ! c>ry+ cans
 7 ?or\ghly wa%$1 b 7 lat] r9s$ out )   
cold wat] f a pollut$ %all[ well4  ,!   
mode ( infection ( milk v>ies1 b 9      
g5]al1 ! orig9al pollution is occasion$ 
by ! use ( infect$ wat] 9 wa%+ !        
ut5sils1 or a case ( walk+ typhoid or   
bacillus c>ri]1 :o directly infects !   
milk4 ,9 case ( sickness 9 rural        
families1 "s memb] ( ! h\sehold may s]ve
 9 ! dual capacity ( nurse & milkmaid1  
?us e/abli%+ ! necess>y connection4     
,busey & ,kob] report tw5ty-"o          
outbreaks1 9 :i* dairy employees also   

act$ 9 ! capacity ( nurses4 ,! fact t ! 
ur9e ( a convalesc5t may reta9 ! typhoid
 g]m 9 l>ge numb]s = "s weeks r5d]s !   
dang] f ?is s\rce 9 reality great] ?an f
 feces1 z1 naturally1 mu* less c>e is   
ex]cis$ 9 ! disposition ( ! ur9e4  ,!   
h\se fly is n[ reg>d$ z "o ( ! important
 means ( spread+ typhoid fev]1 inde$ x  
is (t5 call$ ! typhoid fly4 ,! infecti\s
 mat]ial deposit$ 9 an op5 vault may    
s]ve z a s\rce f :i* ! fly c>ries !     
organisms to milk & o!r foods 9 ! h\se  
or else:]e4 ,! protection ( vaults & !  
scre5+ ( e place :]e human food is h&l$ 
or prep>$ is ! only protection4  ,x %\ld
 be emphasiz$ t 9 ! case ( ! tub]cle    
organism1 no gr[? ev] occurs 9 milk1 b )
 ! typhoid bacillus gr[? is possible4 ,x
 ?us ne$s b ! contam9ation ( ! milk ) ! 
smalle/ p>ticle ( mat]ial conta9+ !m to 
se$ ! milk4 ,by ! "t x is consum$ x may 
conta9 myriads ( ! disease-produc+      
organisms4  ,diph!ria4 ,?is is a highly 
infecti\s disease1 affect+ *ildr5       
prim>ily & is *>act]iz$ by ! =mation (  

membran\s exudates 9 ! ?roat & air      
passages1 :i* are teem+ ) ! causal      
organism1 ! diph!ria bacillus4 ,?is     
organism is capable ( =m+ highly toxic  
products1 & x is to ! effect ( ^!       
poisons t its fatal result is g5]ally   
due4 ,! organism is ?r[n out f ! body1 9
 ! ma91 ?r\gh ! m\?1 ! surr\nd+s ( !    
pati5t be+ infect$ directly f ! air1 &  
indirectly1 by contact ) pollut$ h&s1   
lips1 etc4 ,?us1 ! g]m deposit$ f ! lips
 ( a case ( ! disease1 on ! common dr9k+
 cup1 slate1 lead p5cils1 toys1 & ! l1  
may easily pass f *ild to *ild4 ,n      
infrequ5tly1 ! causal organism p]si/s 9 
! ?roat long aft] all evid5ce (         
membran\s gr[? has subsid$1 & s ! *ild  
itself may act z a bacillus c>ri]4  ,n s
 _m epidemics ( diph!ria z ( typhoid h  
be5 trac$ to milk1 b ! evid5ce is       
suffici5t to indict milk z a dissem9ator
 ( contagion4 ,9 sev]al cases1 !        
diph!ria g]m has actually be5 isolat$ f 
infect$ milk supplies4 ,actual gr[? ( ! 
diph!ria g]m is said to take place 9 raw

 milk m rapidly ?an 9 /]iliz$4  ,sc>let 
fev]4 ,:ile ! g]m ( sc>let fev] has n   
yet be5 isolat$1 & !re=e its life hi/ory
 9 relation to milk _c be depict$ s     
accurately1 yet milk-borne epidemics (  
?is disease are suffici5tly abundant to 
leave no d\bt b t ?is food m$ium may    
sometimes s]ve z a means ( dissem9at+   
su* tr\bles4 ,infection ( ! milk        
d\btless comes 9 ! case ( ?is disease f 
direct contact ) a p]son suff]+ f !     
malady4  ,*ol]a4 ,:ile ?is disease is ( 
no practical importance 9 ,am]ica1 ow+  
to its relative infrequ5cy1 yet         
outbreaks ( *ol]a h be5 trac$ to milk1 9
 spite ( ! fact t ! causal organism is m
 s5sitive to ! action ( acids ?an mo/   
disease-produc+ bact]ia4 ,9 sev]al      
outbreaks 9 ,india1 milk has be5 ! m$ium
 ?r\gh :i* ! disease 0 spread4 ,g5]ally1
 infection ( ! milk has be5 trac$ to !  
use ( pollut$ wat]4  ,*ildr5's diseases4
 ,an exce$+ly high mortality exi/s among
 infants & "y *ildr5 9 ! m conge/$      
c5t]s1 especially dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,9

 ! ma91 ! cause ( ^! tr\bles is due to  
inte/9al di/urbances1 & unque/ionably1 !
 "* ( ! food ent]s l>gely into !        
problem4 ,z milk con/itutes su* a l>ge  
proportion ( ! diet ( ! "y1 & is s      
susceptible to bact]ial invasion1 x w\ld
 appe> probable t mu* ( ! tr\ble ( ?is  
"* is due to ! condition ( ?is food     
supply4 ,?is is r5d]$ m probable :5 x is
 rememb]$ t bottle-f$ infants suff] a   
mu* high] mortality ?an brea/-f$ *ildr51
 due probably to ! fact t ! l5g!n$ p]iod
 betwe5 ! "t ! milk is drawn & consum$  
p]mits ( abundant bact]ial gr[?4 ,mu*   
c>elessness also prevails among ! poor 9
 cities1 relative to ! c>e ( ut5sils us$
 9 fe$+ *ildr54 ,nurs+ bottles (t5 s]ve 
to infect ! milk4 ,:]e milk is          
pa/euriz$1 or prop]ly heat$1 x has be5  
f\nd t ! mortality rate has be5 greatly 
r$uc$1 ?us indicat+ t ! condition ( !   
milk 0 directly responsible = ! dea?    
rate4 ,9 fact1 ! mortality f ^!         
indef9ite inte/9al tr\bles probably     
exce$s t f all ( ! specific infecti\s   

diseases comb9$4 ,improv$ c>e 9 h&l+ ?is
 s5sitive food supply w d mu* to bett]  
conditions 9 ?is direction4  ,ptoma9e   
poison+4 ,acute poison+ affect+ adults z
 well z *ildr51 n infrequ5tly occurs f !
 use ( foods ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,cases (     
poison+ aris+ f ! use ( %ell fi%1 cann$ 
meats1 ice cream1 *eese1 & o!r dairy    
products1 are f "t to "t report$4 ,^!   
tr\bles are due to ! production ( toxic 
comp\nds1 9 ! ma91 probably caus$ by    
bact]ial decompositions4 ,(t5 su*       
tr\bles may affect a numb] ( p]sons1 z  
at banquets & su* ga!r+s1 !reby giv+ !  
semblance ( an epidemic4 ,:ile su*      
tr\bles are d\btless to be ascrib$ to   
bact]ial activity1 !y are n             
transmissible f p]son to p]son4  ,9 !   
case ( tr\bles aris+ f ice cream & su*  
confections1 ! probable cause is due to 
! /orage ( milk or cream "u refrig]ator 
conditions1 :]e g]m gr[? c g on 9 !     
product1 & yet ! temp]ature be          
suffici5tly l[ to prev5t ! usual acid   
f]m5tations4     ,,*apt] ,v4            

,,f]m5tations ,,( ,,milk4   ,milk1 "u   
normal conditions1 is always contam9at$ 
) bact]ia com+ f ! mo/ v>i$ s\rces4 ,if 
x is produc$ "u clean conditions1 !     
numb] ( bact]ia w be small1 b 9 any     
case1 ! numb] ( k9ds ( bact]ia t f9d _! 
way into milk w be l>ge4 ,_m ( !m f9d 9 
milk at ord9>y temp]atures suitable     
conditions = gr[?2 !y use a portion ( "s
 ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! milk z food1 produc+
 c]ta9 o!r comp\nds t are kn[n z        
by-products4 ,^! by-products imp>t to   
milk a ta/e & odor t is n f\nd 9 fre%   
milk4 ,! effect ( ! action ( bact]ia may
 also be made evid5t by ! *ange 9 !     
appe>ance ( ! milk4 ,:5 ^! v>i\s *anges 
become evid5t to ! s5ses1 ei!r by ta/e1 
smell or sight1 ! milk usually is s     
modifi$ z to be unfit = _m ord9>y       
purposes4 ,! pres]vation ( milk1 a      
subject to be treat$ lat]1 is a /udy ( !
 ways ( prev5t+ or ret>d+ ! gr[? (      
bact]ia 9 milk1 & ?us delay+ ! "t :5    
evid5ces ( _! action fir/ become app>5t4
  ,ea* class ( bact]ia produces m or    

less specific *anges 9 ! milk z a result
 ( _! gr[?4 ,c]ta9 bact]ia are ( !      
greate/ b5efit to ! butt] & *eese mak]1 
:ile o!rs are di/9ctly h>mful to !      
manufactur] ( dairy products4 ,! *anges 
produc$ by ! diff]5t bact]ia are call$  
f]m5tations ( milk1 ea* be+ mo/ commonly
 nam$ f ! mo/ important by-product =m$4 
,acid f]m5tation ( milk4 ,fre% milk has 
a sweet ta/e & little or no odor1 b if x
 is all[$ to /& at ord9>y temp]atures1 x
 s\rs2 ! ta/e is no long] sweet because 
! sweetness ( ! sug> ( ! milk is mask$  
by ! acid produc$ f ! decomposition ( a 
portion ( ! sug> by ! bact]ia4 ,! *ange 
9 odor & ta/e ( milk is app>5t long be=e
 ! appe>ance is alt]$ & increases 9     
int5sity z ! acid-f]m5tation progresses4
 ,! fir/ alt]ation 9 appe>ance is mo/   
usually "o ( consi/5cy2 ! liquid milk is
 trans=m$ into a semi-solid mass4 ,!    
t]ms curdl+ & s\r are usually synonym\s4
 ,milk is1 h[ev]1 (t5 said to be s\r z  
soon z ! acid f]m5tation has progress$  
to a po9t :]e x is evid5t to ta/e or    

smell4 ,?is process ( s\r+1 or ! acid   
f]m5tation is s common a *ange t raw    
milk :i* does n %[ ?is type ( f]m5tation
 is look$ ^u ) suspicion1 &1 usually1   
ju/ly s4 ,! process 9 ! pa/ 0 ?\ght to  
be some?+ inh]5t 9 ! milk1 a natural &  
inevitable *ange4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ?is is
 n s1 b t x is due to c]ta9 k9ds (      
bact]ia1 & t if ^! are prev5t$ f gett+  
into milk1 x w n s\r1 b w und]go "s o!r 
less desirable type ( decomposition4  ,!
 acid-=m+ bact]ia comprise b a v small  
"p ( ! total numb] ( organisms t f9d _! 
way into ! milk dur+ its production on !
 f>m1 yet 9 s\r milk sc>cely any o!r    
k9ds ( bact]ia c be f\nd4 ,at ord9>y air
 temp]atures1 ! acid-=m+ bact]ia gr[ m  
rapidly 9 milk ?an d any o!r =ms1 & !   
acid produc$ by !m r5d]s ! milk an      
unfavorable m$ium = ! gr[? ( o!r        
bact]ia4 ,?is is ! reason :y milk       
practically always und]goes ! acid      
f]m5tation1 al?\gh x is contam9at$ ) a  
ho/ ( o!r k9ds ( bact]ia4 ,if a mixture 
( se$s is s[n on l[ wet gr\nd1 c]ta9    

k9ds w gr[ be/2 if ! same mixture is s[n
 on dri] l&1 o!r types w f9d mo/        
favorable conditions = gr[?1 & ! plants 
:i* appe>$ on ! l[ l& w n appe>4 ,! same
 condition is f\nd 9 milk :]e !         
environm5t is mo/ favorable = ! acid-=m+
 bact]ia4  ,am\nt ( acid =m$ 9 milk4 ,9 
?is c\ntry ! acidity ( milk is express$ 
z s _m p] c5t ( lactic acid4 ,a milk t  
%[s an acidity ( "o p] c5t %\ld1        
!oretically1 conta9 "o p\nd ( lactic    
acid 9 ea* "o hundr$ p\nds ( milk4 ,!   
acid det]m9$ does n actually repres5t   
lactic acid1 z !re are o!r sub/ances 9  
milk :i* act z acids1 ) ! reag5ts us$ 9 
! pres5t me?ods ( det]m9+ ! acidity (   
milk4 ,= in/ance1 p]fectly fre% milk has
 an app>5t acidity ( #j4ac to #j4ah p]  
c5t1 al?\gh no f]m5tation has occurr$4  
,o!r acids ?an lactic are =m$ 9 ! acid  
f]m5tation1 b ! entire acid cont5t is   
ref]r$ to z lactic :5 speak+ ( ! acidity
 ( milk4 ,:5 ! develop+ acidity ( milk  
rea*es #j4be to #j4c p] c5t1 a s\r ta/e 
becomes evid5t & ! milk w curdle on     

heat+4 ,:5 ! acidity increases to #j4f  
to #j4g p] c5t1 ! milk curdles at ord9>y
 temp]atures4 ,! acidity cont9ues1      
h[ev]1 to increase until x rea*es ab\t  
#a p] c5t1 :i* is ! maximum am\nt t w be
 produc$ 9 milk by ! ord9>y acid-=m+    
bact]ia4 ,milk conta9s ab\t #d p] c5t ( 
milk sug>1 all ( :i* is f]m5table4 ,if  
?is 7 all decompos$ by bact]ia1 !       
acidity ( ! milk w\ld actually exce$ #d 
p] c5t4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! reason :y m
 acid is n =m$ 9 milk is n because ( any
 lack ( sug>4 ,! bact]ia1 l all o!r k9ds
 ( liv+ ?+s1 are injur$ by _! own       
by-products1 unless ^! are con/antly    
remov$ 9 "s way2 9 milk ! bact]ia _c    
escape ! action ( ! acid :i* !y !mselves
 h =m$1 consequ5tly gr[? ceases4 ,!     
am\nt ( acid =m$ is dep5d5t on ! k9d (  
bact]ia pres5t & on ! composition ( !   
milk4 ,c]ta9 bact]ia w n produce en\gh  
acid to cause ! curdl+ ( ! milk2 /ill   
o!rs w =m #b or ev5 #c p] c5t4 ,^!      
types1 h[ev]1 d n play any important "p 
9 ! spontane\s s\r+ ( milk4  ,9 milk !  

acid fir/ =m$ comb9es ) ! a% con/itu5ts 
& ! case9 to =m salts :i* d n s]i\sly   
affect ! gr[? ( ! bact]ia4 ,ultimately1 
! limit ( ! a% & case9 to take up acid  
is rea*$1 & free lactic acid :i* is     
h>mful to bact]ial gr[? appe>s4 ,if !   
cont5t ( case9 & a% con/itu5ts is high1 
a high] degree ( acidity w be rea*$ ?an 
9 a milk ) a l[] cont5t4 ,if a l>ge "p (
 ! volume ( ! milk is made up ( a       
comp\nd t has no role :atev] 9 ! acid   
f]m5tation1 su* z ! butt] fat 9 cream1 !
 am\nt ( acid =m$ p] unit volume ( milk 
w be r$uc$1 s9ce 9 det]m9+ ! acidity1 a 
def9ite volume ( milk is tak51 & !      
acidity is express$1 z su* a p] c5t (   
?is am\nt4  ,types ( acid-=m+ bact]ia4  
,:5 sub/ances und]go decomposition1 x is
 a common belief t comp\nds (f5sive to !
 odor & ta/e are =m$2 b su* is n        
necess>ily ! case4 ,! products ( !      
decomposition may be z agreeable & z    
h>mless z ! comp\nds decompos$4 ,:e!r ! 
decomposition products ( any sub/ance   
are (f5sive or n is dep5d5t on ! k9ds ( 

micro-organisms act+ on x4 ,!re are =ms 
( acid-produc+ bact]ia t *ange milk 9   
odor1 ta/e1 & appe>ance1 yet ! s\r milk 
is n (f5sive 9 any s5se ( ! ^w4 ,o!r    
bact]ia also s\r ! milk1 b produce      
(f5sive odors & a disagreeable ta/e4    
,?us1 ! acid-=m+ bact]ia may be divid$  
into two ma9 gr\ps1 :i* may be designat$
 z desirable & undesirable4 ,?is        
division is ( importance to ! butt] &   
*eese mak] & to ! consum] ( milk4       
,desirable acid-=m+ bact]ia4 ,if milk is
 produc$ "u clean conditions1 x is n    
likely to h a disagreeable odor or ta/e 
at any "t1 ev5 :5 x is s\r2 r ! ta/e is 
agreeable l t ( good butt] milk4 ,! curd
 is p]fectly homog5e\s1 %[+ no holes or 
r5ts1 due to ! developm5t ( gas1 & !re  
is b little t5d5cy = ! :ey to be        
express$ f ! curd4 ,?is type (          
f]m5tation is l>gely produc$ by ! gr\p (
 bact]ia to :i* has be5 giv5 ! "n1      
,bacillus lactis acidi4  ,! ma9         
by-product ( ?is gr\p ( bact]ia is      
lactic acid2 small am\nts ( acetic acid 

& alcohol1 ) traces ( o!r comp\nds1 are 
also =m$4 ,! agreeable odor & to "s     
ext5t ! flavor ( milk f]m5t$ by ^!      
bact]ia is due to o!r by-products ?an   
lactic acid1 = ?is has no odor & only a 
s\r ta/e4 ,! acid f]m5tation ( milk is  
(t5 call$ ! lactic acid f]m5tation4 ,9  
reality only ! f]m5tation produc$ by !  
desirable gr\p 9 :i* lactic acid is !   
mo/ evid5t by-product %\ld be ?us call$4
  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,diff]5t   
,types ( ,curds4  ,on ! left a solid1   
homog5e\s curd produc$ by desirable     
bact]ia2 on ! "r1 ! curd produc$ by     
h>mful bact]ia4 ,note ! gas holes & free
 :ey4  ,! bact]ia ( ?is gr\p may ent] ! 
milk f ! du/ com+ f ! coat ( ! c[4 ,!y  
are also f\nd 9 ! b>n du/ & on cultivat$
 plants4 ,"u ord9>y f>m conditions1 !   
l>g] "p ( ^? f\nd 9 milk come directly f
 ! ut5sils4 ,if ! milk is drawn "u      
extremely clean conditions & c>e is tak5
 to /]ilize ! ut5sils1 b few acid-=m+   
bact]ia ( any k9d w ent] ! milk2 "u su* 
conditions mo/ ( ! acid-=m+ bact]ia w   

belong to ! gr\p 9 "q4 ,!y f9d1 h[ev]1  
su* favorable conditions = gr[? 9 milk t
 !y develop m rapidly ?an mo/ o!r types 
) :i* milk becomes se$$2 consequ5tly "u 
normal conditions1 !y ga9 ! asc5d5cy & s
 control ! type ( f]m5tation4  ,!       
desirable type ( acid-=m+ bact]ia d n =m
 spores2 h5ce1 are easily kill$ by heat+
 ! milk4 ,!y c gr[ 9 ! pres5ce or 9 !   
abs5ce ( free oxyg54 ,9 ! bottom ( a c (
 milk or 9 ! middle ( a *eese1 !re is no
 air1 yet ^! bact]ia gr[ z well "u ^!   
conditions1 z 9 milk expos$ to ! air4 ,!
 range ( temp]ature = gr[? v>ies f #ej  
to #ajj ,f4 b developm5t is mo/ rapid at
 #ij to #ie ,f4 & ab\t #a p] c5t ( acid 
is =m$4  ,ano!r gr\p ( bact]ia :i* may  
be class$ among ! desirable acid-=m+    
organisms is con/antly f\nd 9 milk4 ,!y 
h little to d ) ! ord9>y acid f]m5tation
 z !y gr[ v sl[ly at ord9>y temp]atures4
 ,if a sample ( raw milk is plac$ at !  
temp]ature ( ! animal body1 ! acidity w 
rea* #a p] c5t 9 a few h\rs4 ,!reaft] ! 
acidity w increase sl[ly & may rea* ?ree

 p] c5t or above4 ,! cont9u$ increase 9 
acid is due to ! gr[? ( long rods ( !   
,bacillus ,bulg>icus type1 :i* app>5tly 
ent] ! milk ) ! fecal matt]4 ,! nature (
 ! *ange produc$ by !m 9 milk is v      
simil> to t caus$ by ,bact4 lactis acidi
 9 t lactic acid is ! *ief product2 no  
gas is produc$ & h5ce ! curd is uni=m 9 
appe>ance4 ,temp]atures f #ajj to #aaj  
,f4 favor _! developm5t4 ,organisms     
belong+ to ?is gr\p are us$ 9 !         
prep>ation ( ! f]m5t$ milks n[ s widely 
sold 9 ! cities4  ,^! desirable1        
acid-=m+ bact]ia are ( ! greate/ s]vice 
9 e bran* ( ! dairy indu/ry1 :e!r 9     
butt] or 9 *eese mak+1 or 9 ! sale (    
milk 9 ! city4 ,! dairy indu/ry is      
dep5d5t ^u f]m5tative activity1 z mu* z 
! manufacture ( be] or w9e1 & ! ma9     
basis ( ?is is ! acid f]m5tation ( !    
milk by ^! desirable types ( bact]ia4   
,al?\gh milk conta9s a l>ge am\nt (     
nitrog5\s sub/ances 7case9 & album571 x 
does n und]go putrid decomposition1 z d 
meat & eggs1 n because x is n fitt$ = ! 

gr[? ( ! bact]ia caus+ t type ( *ange1 b
 because ! acid =m$ 9 x /ops ! gr[? ( ! 
putrefactive bact]ia4 ,if a sample (    
milk is plac$ 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 x w h  
mu* ! same ta/e & odor at ! end ( sev]al
 mon?s z at ! end ( a few days4 ,! acid 
acts z a pres]vative1 l ! v9eg> 9       
pickles1 or ! acid 9 silage & 9         
sau]kraut4 ,meat plac$ 9 a /opp]$ bottle
 :i* is !n fill$ ) milk w be pres]v$4   
,! products =m$ 9 ! decomposition ( meat
 & eggs are n only (f5sive b may also be
 injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! consum]4 ,milk 
t has be5 f]m5t$ by ! desirable k9ds (  
acid-=m+ bact]ia is n h>mful4 ,x is     
consum$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms 7butt]milk1    
cottage *eese7 z a common article ( food
 & its use is rapidly increas+4 ,!      
prep>ation ( ! pure culture butt]milks  
or artificially s\r$ milks t are n[ s   
frequ5tly recomm5d$ = dige/ive tr\bles  
re/s ^u an acid f]m5tation ( ?is type4  
,undesirable acid-=m+ bact]ia4 ,o!r     
types ( bact]ia capable ( =m+ sub/ances 
t imp>t to milk an (f5sive odor & a     

disagreeable ta/e n infrequ5tly appe>   
in/ead ( ! desirable gr\p4 ,in/ead (    
produc+ f ! sug> ( milk l>ge quantities 
( lactic acid1 ^! types g5]ate o!r      
acids1 su* z acetic & =mic1 :i* imp>t a 
%>p ta/e to ! milk4 ,besides ! acids !  
bact]ia ( ?is gr\p =m gases f ! sug> ( !
 milk4 ,"s produce small am\nts ( gas2  
o!rs s mu* t ! curd w be spongy & w     
float on ! surface ( ! :ey4 ,!          
f]m5tation caus$ by !m is (t5 call$ a   
gassy f]m5tation & is dread$ by butt] & 
*eese mak]s s9ce ! gas is indicative (  
bad flavors t w appe> 9 ! product4 ,gas 
may also be produc$ 9 o!r types (       
f]m5tations to be discuss$ lat]4  ,?is  
class ( bact]ia ent]s ! milk ) ! du/1   
dirt1 & manure1 9 :i* mat]ials !y are   
especially abundant4 ,no spores are =m$2
 h5ce !y are easily kill$ by heat+ !    
milk4 ,!y gr[ bo? 9 ! pres5ce & 9 !     
abs5ce ( free oxyg54 ,high temp]atures  
favor _! gr[?1 mo/ rapid developm5t tak+
 place at #ajj to #ajc ,f4  ,spontane\s 
f]m5tation ( milk4 ,! normal s\r+ ( milk

 is due to a mixture ( ^! two gr\ps (   
bact]ia4 ,! relative proportions exi/+  
betwe5 ! two 9 any sample ( milk is     
dep5d5t on a numb] ( factors1 mo/       
important ( :i* is ! degree ( cleanl9ess
 ex]cis$ 9 ! production ( ! milk4 ,:]e  
c>eless conditions obta9 "u :i* du/ &   
manure p>ticles f9d _! way into milk1 x 
becomes m abundantly se$$ ) gas-g5]at+  
bact]ia1 & consequ5tly1 ! type (        
f]m5tation is undesirable4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !
 milk is drawn into clean ut5sils & c>e 
is tak5 to exclude dirt1 ! pure lactic  
acid types are able to control ! "* ( ! 
*anges produc$1 & a clean1 pleasant ta/+
 liquid results4 ,x w be se5 t ?+s are  
well arrang$ by nature2 "o ( ! mo/      
important food products und]goes a type 
( decomposition t is n (f5sive & :5     
produc$ "u clean conditions1 ! s\r milk 
is z heal?ful a food z is ! fre%        
product4 ,?us !re is e reason =         
cleanl9ess 9 ! production ( milk1 =     
cleanl9ess' sake & because clean milk   
means bett] products1 & great] returns  

to ev]yone1 produc] & deal]4  ,!re are  
o!r k9ds ( acid-=m+ bact]ia 9 milk b !y 
are ( small importance comp>$ ) ^? j    
discuss$4 ,"s ( ! bact]ia d]iv$ f !     
inside ( ! udd] ( ! c[ =m acid1 b ^! =ms
 gr[ v sl[ly 9 milk at ord9>y           
temp]atures1 & h no influ5ce on ! keep+ 
quality4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#ba4--;,diff]5t ,types ( ,curds4  ,!    
flask on ! left %[s ! s(t curd produc$  
by ! bact]ia t curdle ! milk )\t !      
production ( acid4 ,! flask on ! "r %[s 
! gassy curd =m$ by butyric acid bact]ia
 9 heat$ milk4  ,sweet curdl+ f]m5tation
 ( milk4 ,samples ( milk are sometimes  
f\nd t are curdl$1 b :i* d n ta/e s\r1  
or h ! normal odor ( s\r milk4 ,! curd  
is usually s(t & ! ta/e bitt]4 ,x is    
evid5t t ! curdl+ _c be due to ! same   
factors z 9 ! normal s\r+ ( milk4 ,su* a
 *ange is simil> to ! action ( r5net :i*
 is us$ to curdle ! milk 9 *eese mak+4  
,?is f]m5t w curdle p]fectly sweet milk1
 produc+ a curd t looks l t =m$ 9 ! acid
 f]m5tation ( milk4 ,! cause ( ^! sweet 

curdl+ milks1 :i* appe> f "t to "t1 is  
due to ! introduction ( c]ta9 bact]ia   
:i* h ! p[] ( secret+ an enzyme resembl+
 t f\nd 9 r5net4 ,9 su* cases ! milks   
curdle prematurely especially :5 w>m$4  
,! curd may gradually disappe>1 = !     
bact]ia also produce ano!r enzyme t     
dige/s ! curd1 & ?us r5d]s x soluble4   
,:5 ?is advanc$ phase becomes evid5t1 x 
is (t5 call$ ! dige/ive f]m5tation (    
milk4 ,?is *ange is produc$ l>gely by   
putrefactive bact]ia ( v>i\s k9ds t f9d 
_! way into milk ) du/ & dirt4 ,_m ( !m 
are spore =m]s2 h5ce1 are n kill$ :5    
milk is heat$1 z 9 pa/eurization1 :ile !
 acid-=m]s are de/roy$4 ,pa/euriz$ milk 
is ?us likely to und]go ! sweet-curdl+  
f]m5tation1 if x is kept = any l5g? (   
"t4 ,raw milk r>ely und]goes ?is type ( 
decomposition1 s9ce ! r5net-=m+ bact]ia 
"u ord9>y conditions are unable to      
develop 9 competition ) ! acid-=m+      
bact]ia4  ,butyric acid f]m5tation (    
milk4 ,a f]m5tation t is mu* less       
frequ5tly not$ ?an ! two previ\sly      

discuss$ is kn[n z ! butyric f]m5tation1
 s9ce butyric acid is ! pr9cipal        
by-product4 ,! causal bact]ia _c compete
 ) ! ord9>y acid-=m+ bact]ia 9 raw milk2
 h5ce x is mo/ frequ5tly not$ 9         
pa/euriz$ milk1 s9ce ! organisms produce
 spores & are n kill$ by ! heat+4       
,pa/euriz$ milk "u ! action ( ! butyric 
acid bact]ia und]goes a gassy           
f]m5tation1 develop+ a pron\nc$ acidity 
& ! disagreeable odor ( butyric acid1   
:i* resembles t ( rancid butt]4 ,!      
butyric acid bact]ia are ana]obic1 & ?us
 c gr[ 9 butt] & *eese away f ! air4    
,slimy or ropy f]m5tation ( milk4 ,a    
slimy or ropy condition ( milk is       
frequ5tly not$ on ! f>m & 9 ! dairy4    
,sev]al causes = ?is abnormal condition 
exi/4 ,sometimes ! milk may be slimy :5 
milk$ f ! c[4 ,?is occurs mo/ frequ5tly 
9 ! case ( inflammation ( ! udd] :i* may
 or may n be due to bact]ia4 ,! direct  
cause ( ! abnormal condition 9 milk is !
 pres5ce ( fibr9 & :ite corpuscles f !  
blood :i* =m masses ( slimy mat]ial2 9  

su* cases ! tr\ble does n increase 9    
int5sity ) age1 nor c x be propogat$ by 
transf]5ce to ano!r sample ( fre% milk4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,slimy ,milk4 
,x does n mix ) wat] :5 p\r$ into x4    
,ano!r type ( slimy milk is produc$ by !
 gr[? ( c]ta9 types ( bact]ia :i* ent] !
 milk aft] x is drawn f ! udd]4 ,^! may 
come f v>i\s s\rces4 ,! bact]ia conc]n$ 
belong to two gr\ps3 7#a7 ^? t gr[ be/ 9
 ! air & d n =m acid2 7#b7 ^? t gr[ 9 ! 
abs5ce ( air1 ?r\gh\t ! entire mass (   
milk & :i* =m acid4 ,! slimy condition  
is not$ 9 ! milk only aft] ! milk has   
be5 /or$ = "s "t2 x usually increases ) 
! age ( ! milk & c be produc$ 9 a second
 sample by transf]r+ a little ( ! slimy 
milk to x4  ,! f]m5tation produc$ by !  
a]obic bact]ia is mo/ (t5 met 9 bottl$  
milk & cream dur+ ! w>m] times ( ! ye>4 
,on acc\nt ( _! relation to oxyg51 !    
gr[? is conf9$ to ! surface ( ! milk &  
only ! upp] lay] becomes slimy2 ?us :5 !
 cream is remov$1 ! abnormal condition  
is not$4 ,! slim9ess is due to ! mass ( 

bact]ial gr[? r ?an to ! production (   
any specific sub/ance 9 ! milk4 ,?is    
tr\ble may be ( consid]able economic    
importance to ! deal]1 z su* abnormal   
milk is objectionable = ord9>y use1 b z 
f> z is kn[n1 x is incapable ( affect+ !
 heal? ( ! consum]4  ,9 num]\s outbreaks
 ( ?is tr\ble ! s\rce ( contam9ation has
 be5 trac$ to infection f well wat] or a
 /ream1 z ! organisms caus+ ! tr\ble are
 f\nd naturally 9 wat]4 ,keep+ ! milk 9 
a tank 9 ! pump h\se sometimes p]mits ( 
tr\bles ( ?is sort1 ! wat] us$ = cool+  
giv+ opportunity = contam9ation4 ,cattle
 wad+ 9 a /ream sometimes pollute _!    
udd]s & s indirectly infect ! milk4 ,su*
 outbreaks r>ely p]si/ = any consid]able
 l5g? ( "t z ! common acid organisms    
soon rega9 ! asc5d5cy4  ,cream]ies &    
*eese factories are sometimes tr\bl$ )  
slim9ess 9 />t]s4 ,?is seems to be due  
to "s *ange :i* ! ord9>y lactic acid    
bact]ia und]go on long propagation r ?an
 to contam9ation ( ! />t]4 ,!re are1    
h[ev]1 types ( acid-produc+ bact]ia t   

are able to =m specific sub/ances 9 milk
 t are slimy 9 "*4 ,two ( ^! =ms ( slimy
 milk are ( economic importance4 ,!     
slimy :ey 7lange ,wei7 ( ,holl& is add$ 
to milk 9 ! manufacture ( ,edam *eese1  
app>5tly s]v+ ! same purpose z !        
addition ( ! pure culture />t] 9 *$d>   
*eese mak+4 ,9 ,norway1 a s\r1 slimy    
milk 7taettemjolk7 is us$ z food4 ,x is 
produc$ by ! addition ( "s previ\sly    
f]m5t$ milk4 ,?is bev]age is also us$ 9 
"s ( ! ,norwegian settlem5ts (          
,wiscons91 ! orig9al se$ hav+ be5 br\ght
 f ,norway1 & ! bact]ia ma9ta9$ by      
con/ant propagation f "o sample ( milk  
to ano!r4 ,! milk has ! odor & ta/e (   
butt] milk1 b is n especially appetiz+ 9
 appe>ance to any "o n accu/om$ to x2 x 
is1 h[ev]1 z h>mless to heal? z is any  
o!r =m ( s\r milk4 ,x is n kn[n t any ( 
^! =ms ( slimy milk are di/9ctly h>mful 
to ! quality ( butt] or *eese4          
,alcoholic f]m5tation ( milk4 ,! bact]ia
 z a class are incapable ( produc+      
alcohol 9 appreciable am\nts4 ,!        

alcoholic bev]ages1 be]1 w9e1 & cid]1   
are produc$ by ! gr[? ( yea/1 9 su* sug>
 conta9+ liquids z fruit juices1        
extracts ( gra9s1 etc4 ,! common types (
 yea/s are incapable ( act+ on milk     
sug>1 b !y c f]m5t glucose1 maltose1 &  
cane sug>1 =m+ equal am\nts ( alcohol & 
c>bonic acid gas1 :i* causes !          
eff]vesc5ce ( f]m5t$ & c>bonat$ dr9ks4  
,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s types ( yea/s f\nd 9
 milk & its products t are able to f]m5t
 milk sug>4  ,all yea/s gr[ be/ 9 an    
acid m$ium1 h5ce ^? f]m5t+ milk sug> f9d
 suitable conditions = gr[? 9 s\r milk  
or :ey4 ,!y may at times become (       
economic importance 9 ! *eese indu/ry1  
because ( ! contam9ation ( ! milk ) l>ge
 numb]s ( !m4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! :ey vat 
is (t5 su* t x _c be completely empti$ &
 clean$2 ! s\r :ey ?us pres5ts favorable
 conditions = ! gr[? ( ! lactose-f]m5t+ 
yea/s4 ,! return ( ! :ey to ! f>m 9 !   
milk c t is (t5 imp]fectly clean$ may   
s]ve to contam9ate ! milk ) ! yea/4 ,9 !
 mak+ ( ,swiss *eese ! :ey is (t5 s h&l$

 z to favor especially ! gr[? ( su*     
yea/s1 & s9ce ?is type ( *eese is prep>$
 f sweet milk1 ! competition betwe5 !   
yea/ & ! acid-=m+ bact]ia is n s %>p z 9
 ! mak+ ( *$d> *eese4 ,! writ]s h f\nd  
sev]al in/ances :]e consid]able loss 0  
occasion$ 9 ! ,swiss *eese indu/ry ?r\gh
 ! developm5t ( gassy *eese due to ?is  
type ( f]m5tation4  ,! yea/y or         
alcoholic f]m5tation may also be (      
importance 9 butt] mak+4 ,9 _m sections 
( ! c\ntry ! milk is sep>at$ on ! f>m & 
! cream is =w>d$ to ! cream]y at m or   
less infrequ5t int]vals4 ,x becomes s\r 
& if x has become contam9at$ ) yea/s1 !y
 w f9d favorable conditions = gr[? 9 !  
acid m$ium4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( c>bon       
dioxide gas is produc$4 ,cans ( ga!r$   
cream (t5 foam to su* an ext5t z to run 
ov]1 & 9 "s cases actual explosions h   
occurr$ on acc\nt ( ! great pressure    
caus$ by ! gas4  ,bitt] f]m5tation (    
milk4 ,bitt]ness 9 milk may be due to   
bact]ia t ent] ! milk aft] x is drawn f 
! c[1 or x may be caus$ by ! fe$ consum$

 by ! animal4 ,x has be5 previ\sly %[n t
 c]ta9 specific sub/ances conta9$ 9 !   
food may be absorb$ & reappe> 9 ! milk4 
,if ! animal eats ragwe$1 lup9es1 or o!r
 plants conta9+ bitt] sub/ances1 ! milk 
is likely to h a bitt] ta/e1 :i* w be   
noticeable at ! "t ! milk is drawn4 ,!  
milk ( c[s at c]ta9 advanc$ /ages (     
lactation may %[ a bitt] ta/e1 due to a 
*ange 9 ! a% con/itu5ts ( ! milk 9 :i* !
 lime salts are l>gely replac$ by salts 
( sodium4  ,!re are _m bact]ia t w imp>t
 to milk a bitt] ta/e4 ,milk t has      
und]gone ! sweet-curdl+ f]m5tation is   
likely to be bitt]1 z is ! ease )       
pa/euriz$ milk4 ,"s ( ! acid-=m+ bact]ia
 are able to develop a bitt] pr9ciple1 !
 milk reta9+ a pleasant odor & hav+ !   
normal am\nt ( acid1 :ile ! ta/e is     
int5sely bitt]4 ,"o ( ! au?ors 7,h7 f\nd
 9 ! case ( a ,wiscons9 brick *eese     
factory1 t ! usual acid organism 0 almo/
 :olly replac$ by a bitt] type4  ,/orage
 ( milk at v l[ temp]atures is conducive
 to ! appe>ance ( a bitt] ta/e 9 milk1 !

 explanation 9 ?is case be+ t ! acid-=m+
 bact]ia are unable to gr[ at a l[      
temp]ature1 :ile "s ( ! putrefactive =ms
 c multiply & develop ^! a/r+5t or bitt]
 by-products4  ,miscellane\s f]m5tations
 ( milk4 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r abnormal
 f]m5tations 9 milk t occur s r>ely z to
 be ( b little economic importance4 ,"s1
 z ! color$ milks1 are h[ev]1 q /rik+1 &
 on ?is acc\nt h _h mu* att5tion direct$
 to !m 9 ! pa/4 ,!re are bact]ia t are  
able to produce v>i\s color$ sub/ances1 
su* z r$1 yell[1 & blue4 ,9 case milk   
becomes se$$ ) l>ge numb]s ( any ( ^!   
k9ds1 x is v likely to be color$ by !   
gr[?4 ,r$ milk may be due to bact]ia1 b 
m frequ5tly is caus$ by ! actual pres5ce
 ( blood 9 ! milk1 due to a w\nd 9 !    
udd]1 or ! effect ( a sev]e case (      
inflammation ( ?is gl&4 ,su* a condition
 may be readily di/+ui%$ by all[+ ! milk
 to /& = a %ort "t1 9 :i* case1 if due  
to blood1 ! r$ corpuscles w soon settle 
to ! bottom ( ! conta9]1 :ile bact]ial  
tr\bles produc+ a r$ coloration are m   

evid5t on ! surface4  ,x is also claim$ 
t c]ta9 bact]ia may imp>t a soapy ta/e  
or turnip flavor to milk4  ,cycle (     
f]m5tations 9 milk4 ,if a sample ( milk 
is all[$ to /&1 x w und]go a c]ta9      
sequ5ce ( f]m5tations t well illu/rates 
! pr9ciple t "o type ( organisms is     
dep5d5t on "s o!r type to furni%        
suitable conditions = its developm5t4   
,?is cycle ( *anges t normally occurs 9 
milk is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! bact]ia t come
 f ! int]ior ( ! udd] are ! fir/ to     
develop1 b usually ! *ange !y produce is
 n evid5t4  7#b7 ,( ! types t ga9       
admission1 subsequ5t to ! milk+1 !      
acid-produc+ species are able to adju/  
!mselves mo/ p]fectly to ! conditions t 
obta9 9 milk4 ,)9 a few h\rs !y greatly 
pr$om9ate & soon ! milk curdles "u !    
production ( acid4 ,_! gr[?1 h[ev]1 is  
soon /opp$ by ! accumulation ( _! own   
by-products4  7#c7 ,! semi-solid curdl$ 
milk1 on acc\nt ( its acid reaction !n  
becomes a favorable m$ium = ! gr[? (    
molds2 a preval5t =m1 kn[n z ,oidium    

lactis usually develops z a :ite velvety
 lay]4 ,! molds 9 _! gr[? =m alkal9e    
by-products1 :i* t5d to neutralize !    
acid reaction1 s t 9 ! c\rse ( two to   
?ree weeks1 if ! lay] ( ! milk is n too 
deep 7an in* or less71 ! *emical        
reaction ( ! milk becomes neutral or    
alkal9e4  7#d7 ,! putrefactive bact]ia  
:i* f\nd _! way into milk :5 x 0 fir/   
drawn1 & :i* h rema9$ dormant 9 ! s\r   
milk1 n[ f9d favorable conditions =     
gr[?4 ,z a result ( _! activity1 ! milk 
soon und]goes a putrid decomposition1   
:i* is m>k$ by (f5sive odors4  ,if !    
milk is plac$ "u su* conditions z w     
exclude ! gr[? ( ! mold1 su* z :]e ! air
 is exclud$ f ! surface1 ! s\r milk w   
rema9 9 t condition = an indef9ite      
p]iod1 s9ce ! putrefactive bact]ia are  
inhibit$ 9 _! developm5t by ! acid1 9 a 
mann] comp>able to ! pres]vation (      
pickles 9 v9eg>1 or ! keep+ ( silage    
because ( ! acid t is produc$ z a result
 ( ! *anges t ! plant tissue und]goes :5
 exclud$ f ! air4 ,! pres]vative effect 

( acids is ( mu* importance 9 ! case (  
c]ta9 dairy products 7see ,*apt]        
,,viii74  ,f]m5t$ dr9ks f milk4 ,)9 !   
la/ few ye>s a great deal ( att5tion has
 be5 direct$ t[>d ! prep>ation ( v>i\s  
k9ds ( dr9ks f milk4 ,! use ( su*       
bev]ages has rapidly increas$4 ,butt]   
milk is "o :i* meets ) ! greate/        
approval4 ,! true butt] milk f cream t  
has be5 s\r$ by ! desirable acid-=m+    
bact]ia has a mild agreeable acid ta/e1 
:olly free f any %>pness t is (t5 not$ 9
 butt] milk made f cream 9 :i*          
consid]able numb]s ( ! undesirable      
acid-=m+ bact]ia h gr[n4 ,butt] milk    
made f pa/euriz$ cream s\r$ ) pure      
cultures w h good keep+ qualities & is a
 mo/ heal?ful dr9k = all classes ( p1   
ev5 = "y *ildr54  ,butt] milk is also   
prep>$ by all[+ milk to s\r & !n break+ 
up ! curd by /irr+4 ,if ! type (        
f]m5tation is controll$ z may be done   
7see ,*apt] ,,vii71 su* a =m ( f]m5t$   
milk is a mo/ desirable dr9k4 ,x is     
probably z heal?ful & has all !         

!rapeutic prop]ties t are ascrib$ to o!r
 =ms ( f]m5t$ milks su* z ! ,bulg>ian   
,yoghurt4  ,?is type ( f]m5t$ milk is   
produc$ by an acid-=m+ organism t c =m  
l>ge am\nts ( acid1 #b4j or #c4j p] c5t4
 ,! case9 is dissolv$ to "s ext5t & !   
rema9d] s *ang$1 t x w rema9 9 susp5sion
 = a long "t 9 a f9ely divid$ =m1 aft] !
 curd has be5 brok5 up4 ,su* milk is    
sold "u v>i\s names at home & abroad4   
,"o ( ! au?ors 7,h7 has f\nd su*        
organisms 9 practically all milks       
exam9$4 ,if raw milk is kept w>m 7#ih to
 #ajj ,f47 9 a /opp]$ bottle :i* is     
fill$ full1 ! acidity w be f\nd to      
increase sl[ly f day to day1 rea*+ a    
maximum 9 t5 to f\rte5 days4 ,if ! milk 
is !n exam9$1 x w be f\nd to conta9 l>ge
 numb]s ( an acid-=m+ organism v diff]5t
 9 appe>ance f ! bact]ia caus+ ! rapid  
s\r+ ( milk at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,?is 
organism is v simil> if n id5tical ) !  
"o f\nd 9 ! ,bulg>ian milk to :i* ! "n  
,b4 ,bulg>icus has be5 giv54 ,! use ( ! 
milk f]m5t$ by ?is organism has spread  

rapidly because x is claim$ by c]ta9    
,european bact]iologi/s t x has a       
favorable effect on ! heal? ( p1        
especially ^? suff]+ f inte/9al tr\bles4
 ,x is n at all c]ta9 t ord9>y s\r milk 
or butt] milk w n h ! same effect2 9    
fact 9 _m ( ! f]m5t$ milks sold 9       
,europe1 ,b4 ,bulg>icus has n be5 f\nd1 
b only ! ord9>y lactic acid bact]ia4    
,sev]al alcoholic dr9ks made f milk1 su*
 z kefir & k\miss1 h be5 orig9at$ among 
! nomadic tribes ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,kefir 
is prep>$ f c['s milk by add+ ! kefir   
f]m5t 9 ! =m ( gra9s :i* conta9 a numb] 
( k9ds ( bact]ia & a yea/4 ,! acid-=m+  
bact]ia imp>t a s\r ta/e to ! f]m5t$    
milk1 :ile ! yea/ =ms c>bon dioxide &   
ab\t two p] c5t ( alcohol4 ,if ! milk is
 all[$ to f]m5t 9 /opp]$ bottles1 !     
result+ product w be an acid eff]vesc+  
dr9k1 :i* is claim$ to be m easily      
dige/$ ?an sweet milk4 ,?is dr9k is us$ 
frequ5tly 9 ! treatm5t ( invalids b x is
 improbable t x is m easily dige/$ ?an  
ord9>y s\r$ milk or butt] milk4 ,! gra9s

 are remov$ f ! f]m5t$ milk1 & are !n   
add$ to a quantity ( fre% milk1 or !y   
may be dri$ & kept = future use4 ,:5    
ne$$ aga91 !y are soak$ 9 wat]1 !n add$ 
to ! milk4  ,k\miss is made 9 ,russia f 
m>e's milk & has mu* ! same composition 
z kefir4 ,9 ,am]ica & ,europe x is made 
f c['s milk1 by add+ cane sug> &        
compress$ yea/4 ,! yea/ f]m5ts ! cane   
sug> :ile ! acid-=m+ bact]ia f]m5t !    
milk sug>4 ,!re is ?us obta9$ a dr9k t  
is simil> 9 composition to ! real       
k\miss1 9 :i* bo? ! acid & ! alcohol    
come f ! f]m5tation ( ! milk sug>4 ,9   
k\miss & kefir ! curd is v f9ely divid$ 
& w rema9 9 susp5sion = a long "t z )   
butt] milk4  ,det]m9ation ( ! cause (   
ta9ts 9 milk4 ,x is (t5 ( ! greate/     
importance to be able to locate ! cause 
( abnormal odors or ta/es 9 milk1 s9ce  
me?ods = ov]com+ ! tr\ble c be          
intellig5tly appli$ only :5 ! actual    
cause is kn[n4 ,an abnormal condition   
may be caus$ ei!r by ! direct absorption
 ( odors be=e or aft] ! milk is drawn f 

! animal1 or x may be due to bact]ia4   
,if ! milk appe>s bad-flavor$ :5 fir/   
drawn1 & if su* ta9t becomes less       
pron\nc$ z ! milk becomes old]1 x is    
likely t ! tr\ble is due to "s          
*>act]i/ic ( ! fe$4 ,c]ta9 fe$s1 l gre5 
rye1 rape1 cabbage1 & c]ta9 ( ! root    
crops1 l turnips1 imp>t a /rong odor to 
milk1 if ! same are f$ %ortly be=e      
milk+4 ,if ! ta9t$ condition appe>s only
 "s "t aft] ! milk is drawn1 x may be   
due to ! direct absorption ( ta9ts f !  
surr\nd+s 9 :i* ! milk is kept1 or x may
 be caus$ by bact]ia4 ,^! causes c (t5  
be diff]5tiat$1 by not+ :e!r ! ta9t t5ds
 to increase 9 int5sity ) age4 ,if su*  
is ! case1 x is likely t ! cause is (   
g]m orig91 b if ! rev]se is true1 x _c  
be ascrib$ ) c]ta9ty to bact]ia &       
rec\rse mu/ be _h to o!r me?ods1 su* z !
 transf] ( a small quantity ( ! ta9t$   
milk to a sample ( p]fectly fre% milk1  
or pref]ably to "s milk t has be5 heat$ 
to ! boil+ po9t & !n cool$4 ,9 ! case ( 
an odor due to direct physical          

absorption1 x w n appe> 9 ! inoculat$   
sample1 s9ce ! small am\nt transf]r$ is 
n suffici5t to be not$4 ,if x is due to 
liv+ organisms1 ! inoculation ( !       
smalle/ quantity into a fre% sample is  
likely to reproduce ! same *ange z      
orig9ally not$4  ,te/s = !              
bact]iological condition ( milk4 ,)9    
c]ta9 limits milk c be indirectly exam9$
 z to its bact]ial cont5t )\t any       
special equipm5t4 ,milk :5 drawn f ! c[ 
has an app>5t acidity rang+ f #j4af to  
#j4ah p] c5t4 ,by ! use ( any ( ! me?ods
 ( det]m9+ acidity 9 milk1 mu* c be told
 conc]n+ ! numb] ( bact]ia 9 ! milk1 &  
h5ce conc]n+ its keep+ quality4 ,milk t 
has an acidity ( ov] #j4b p] c5t is     
c]ta9 to conta9 _m bact]ia1 &           
consequ5tly w keep poorly4 ,su* milk is 
( l[ value = m>ket milk1 b may n be     
objectionable = butt] or *eese mak+4 ,if
 ! acidity is bel[ #j4b p] c5t1 b little
 c be told z to ! numb]s ( bact]ia1 s9ce
 any increase 9 acid is always prec$$ by
 an enorm\s increase 9 ! numb]s (       

acid-=m+ bact]ia4  ,a m important te/   
?an ! acid te/1 f ! /&po9t ( ! butt] &  
*eese mak]1 & ev5 ! milk deal]1 is !    
f]m5tation te/4 ,9 its simple/ =m1 x    
consi/s 9 plac+ a sample ( ! milk to be 
te/$ 9 a w>m place & not+ ! "t requir$  
to curdle & ! type ( curd =m$4 ,9 ?is   
c\ntry ! f]m5tation te/ has be5 l>gely  
supplant$ by ! ,wiscons9 curd te/ :i*   
possesses ! advantage ( detect+ !       
pres5ce ( bact]ia h>mful 9 *eese mak+1  
especially ! gas =m+ bact]ia4  ,! curd  
te/ is helpful 9 detect+ ! s\rce ( an   
abnormal condition 9 a milk supply com+ 
f div]se s\rces4 ,! milk furni%$ by ea* 
patron c be te/$ sep>ately & ! tr\ble   
locat$1 p]haps 9 an individual h]d2 !   
(f5d+ h]d det]m9$1 ! te/ may !n be us$  
on ! milk ( individual c[s4 ,! *eese    
mak] & ! milk deal] %\ld be able n only 
to detect :i* ( ! patrons furni% him    
poor milk1 b he %\ld be able to give !  
patron def9ite in/ructions h[ to avoid !
 s\rces ( su* tr\ble4 ,?is in=mation c  
be giv5 only :5 ! s\rce is positively   

kn[n4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,curd 
,te/4  ,a good curd obta9$ f milk       
conta9+ no h>mful bact]ia b _m desirable
 acid-=m+ organisms4  ,! ,wiscons9 curd 
te/ is made z foll[s3 ,samples ( ! milk 
to be te/$ are plac$ 9 /]ile p9t fruit  
j>s4 ,! milk is w>m$ to #ij ,f41 t5     
drops ( r5net are add$ to ea* sample1 & 
z soon z ! curd is solid1 x is cut into 
small pieces ) a case knife s z to      
facilitate ! expulsion ( ! :ey4 ,z !    
curd settles to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 !  
:ey is p\r$ (f at int]vals s t a pat (  
firm curd is left4 ,z ! milk curdles !  
bact]ia are enme%$ & are c>ri$ ) ! curd4
 ,! j>s are kept at a temp]ature ( #ajj 
to #aje ,f41 s9ce ?is temp]ature is     
favorable to gr[? ( ! bact]ia t are     
s\ght1 ! gas-=m+ organisms4 ,at ! end ( 
t5 to twelve h\rs1 ! j>s are exam9$2 if 
! curd is solid1 ! texture firm1 n mu%y 
or slimy on ! surface1 if ! odor is     
agreeable1 x indicates t ! milk conta9s 
few or none ( ! undesirable =ms (       
bact]ia4 ,if ! curd is full ( gas holes1

 x is app>5t t undesirable bact]ia are  
pres5t & "u su* circum/ances ! curd w n 
h an agreeable odor4 ,if ! gas-=m+      
bact]ia are num]\s1 ! curd may ev5 be   
spongy f ! abundance ( gas holes1 & !   
undesirable odor m pron\nc$4 ,su* curds 
are t\gh & rubb]y4 ,9 "s cases a bad    
flavor or odor is app>5t ev5 ?\gh !     
texture ( ! curd is n op5 & full (      
holes4 ,! curd1 ! surface ( :i* is slimy
 indicates undesirable organisms4 ,a    
solid curd ( agreeable odor is          
indicative ( ! pres5ce ( ! desirable    
acid-=m+ bact]ia4 ,su* a milk is        
excell5t f ! /&po9t ( ! butt] or *eese  
mak]1 b may n be s desirable f ! /&po9t 
( ! milk deal] on acc\nt ( its poor     
keep+ qualities4 ,on ! o!r h& a milk    
suitable f ! /&po9t ( ! milk deal]1 on  
acc\nt ( its l[ g]m cont5t1 & h5ce good 
keep+ quality1 may give a poor curd te/4
 ,x is c]ta9 to conta9 "s bact]ia1      
especially ^? f ! int]ior ( ! udd] :ile 
x may conta9 none ( ! desirable acid-=m+
 organisms )\t :i* a curd ( good texture

 & flavor c n be obta9$4 ,! bact]ia 9 ! 
clean milk w gr[ rapidly at ! high      
temp]atures at :i* ! curds are kept & ! 
*anges !y w produce z to flavor & odor  
may be undesirable4 ,! milk might be    
judg$ z poor :5 9 reality x might be a  
mo/ excell5t sample1 & if kept at !     
ord9>y /orage temp]atures1 x might keep 
= days4 ,! te/ :5 us$ = m>ket milk %\ld 
be int]pret$ ) ?is 9 m9d4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #bd4--;,curd ,te/4  ,! curd      
obta9$ f milk conta9+ _m gas-=m+        
bact]ia4 ,! irregul>1 angul> holes are  
me*anical1 due to ! imp]fect fusion ( ! 
pieces ( curd4  ,if ! results are to be 
( any value1 ! te/ mu/ be made ) c>e to 
avoid all s\rces ( error2 ! te/] mu/ "k 
t ! bact]ia caus+ ! gas & bad flavors 9 
! sample 7 orig9ally pres5t 9 ! milk at 
! "t ! sample 0 tak51 & t !y h n come f 
! conta9]s us$ or f o!r s\rces4 ,to     
insure ^! conditions ! j>s mu/ be       
?or\ghly clean$ & !n /]iliz$ j be=e use 
by plac+ !m 9 cold wat] & br++ !m to !  
boil+ po9t1 or /]iliz$ by a ?or\gh      

/eam+4 ,! sample ( milk ( a patron mu/  
be tak5 s z to avoid contam9ation f !   
milk ( ! o!r patrons4 ,?is c be/ be done
 by fill+ ! j>s z ! milk is p\r$ f !    
patron's c into ! weigh c4 ,9 cutt+ !   
curds1 ! knife us$ mu/ be dipp$ 9 hot   
wat] betwe5 ea* te/ to cleanse ! same4  
,9 %ort1 ! te/ %\ld be c>ri$ out ) great
 c>e s t ! te/] is c]ta9 ( ! results    
obta9$4  ,o!r te/s = ! bact]iological   
condition ( milk w be describ$ 9 ,*apt] 
,,ix4  ,ov]com+ abnormal f]m5tations4 ,!
 lactic acid bact]ia are (t5 look$ ^u z 
normal to milk1 & x is c]ta9 t !y are to
 be class$ z h>mful1 only z !y injure ! 
keep+ qualities ( milk4 ,9 milk design$ 
= butt] & *eese _! pres5ce is necess>y4 
,at times ^! desirable =ms ( bact]ia may
 disappe>1 & be replac$ by less         
desirable types4 ,9 "o case x 0 obs]v$ t
 ! usual lactic bact]ia _h be5 replac$ 9
 a *eese factory supply by an acid-=m+  
organism t produc$ an int5sely bitt]    
ta/e 9 ! milk1 ?us r5d]+ ! *eese ( no   
value4 ,:5 su* h>mful =ms appe>1 !y mu/ 

be ov]come1 & ! normal types ( bact]ia  
replac$4 ,a ?or\gh clean+ ( ! milk      
ut5sils1 att5tion to ! cattle & all     
places f :i* su* bact]ia may f9d _! way 
into ! milk is (t5 suffici5t to cause a 
disappe>ance ( ! tr\ble4 ,if ! acid-=m+ 
bact]ia h disappe>$1 ! inoculation ( !  
milk ) cultures 9 ways lat] to be       
discuss$ is (t5 ( advantage4 ,at times m
 /r+5t measures mu/ be employ$ 9 ord] to
 de/roy ! h>mful bact]ia1 su* z ! use ( 
/rong dis9fectants4  ,dis9fection &     
dis9fectants4 ,if any build+ or room    
becomes infect$ ) disease-produc+       
bact]ia1 or if organisms caus+ abnormal 
f]m5tations become e/abli%$ 9 a factory1
 ! use ( a dis9fectant t w de/roy )     
great rapidity ! life ( bact]ia is      
necess>y4 ,! dis9fection ( all types (  
dairy app>atus & ut5sils c be accompli%$
 by ?or\gh cleans+1 & by ! use ( /eam or
 boil+ wat]4 ,! dis9fection ( rooms &   
/ables _c be s readily accompli%$4      
,consid]ation mu/ always be giv5 to !   
resi/ance ( ! organism x is desir$ to   

de/roy4 ,^? t =m spores are v resi/ant  
t[>d all *emical ag5ts1 :ile ^? t d n   
produce ^! resi/ant bodies are easily   
kill$4 ,9 ! dairy & factory1 x is (t5   
necess>y to de/roy ! organisms t develop
 9 decompos+ organic matt]4 ,"h1 z 9 all
 dis9fection1 a ?or\gh clean+ %\ld      
prec$e ! application ( any dis9fectant4 
,"s *emicals act z deodorants1 i4e41    
de/roy ! (f5sive odor1 )\t remov+ !     
cause4 ,x is impossible effectually to  
de/roy bact]ia emb$d$ 9 a mass ( organic
 matt]1 & ?r\gh ! removal ( ! mat]ial   
itself1 ! l>g] "p ( ! bact]ia w be      
remov$4 ,! dis9fectant !n comes 9 direct
 contact ) ! surface to be dis9fect$1   
consequ5tly de/roys ! bact]ia n remov$ 9
 ! clean+4  ,all places 9 :i* dairy "w (
 any k9d is done %\ld be provid$ ) an   
abundance ( light & air4 ,! direct rays 
( ! sun h a p[]ful dis9fect+ action1 &  
light makes evid5t accumulations ( dirt 
t 9 a d>k] room w\ld be unnotic$4       
,v5tilation keeps ! rooms dry & ?us     
prev5ts ! gr[? ( mold & ! developm5t ( a

 mu/y odor4  ,dis9fectants are divid$   
into two classes3 7#a7 solid mat]ials   
us$ 9 susp5sion1 or 9 wat]y solutions2  
7#b7 gase\s sub/ances4 ,! latt] are     
pref]able = room dis9fection :5 _! use  
is p]missible1 = ! gas p5etrates to e "p
 ( ! space1 ev5 into ! cracks4 ,gase\s  
dis9fectants c only be us$ :5 ! space is
 tightly clos$1 = ! gas mu/ be conf9$ = 
sev]al h\rs 9 ! room1 9 ord] to make !  
process effective4 ,su* dis9fectants c  
(t5 be us$ to advantage 9 ! treatm5t (  
refrig]ators & *eese rooms to de/roy    
mold spores4 ,9 less tightly clos$      
spaces1 reliance mu/ be plac$ on ! use (
 ! solid or liquid dis9fectants4  ,lime4
 ,quick lime or /one lime has a         
consid]able dis9fect+ action4 ,on       
exposure to ! air1 quick lime becomes   
air slak$1 & !n has no dis9fect+ action 
:atev]4 ,wat]-slak$ lime us$ 9 ! =m (   
:ite wa%1 lime wat]1 or ! p[d] is       
effective4 ,air-slak$ & wat]-slak$ lime 
are simil> 9 appe>ance1 b a diff]5ce c  
be not$ by plac+ a p>ticle ( ea* on !   

tongue2 ! air-slak$ ta/es l *alk :ile ! 
wat]-slak$ mat]ial causes ! tongue to   
burn4  ,:ite wa% is "o ( ! mo/ effective
 ag5ts t c be us$ 9 ! dis9fection (     
b>ns1 milkrooms1 etc4 ,besides be+ a    
fairly /rong dis9fectant1 x has a t5d5cy
 to absorb odor1 x encru/s ! walls &    
light5s ! int]ior ( rooms4 ,x c be      
appli$ ) a bru% or ) a spray pump4      
,c>bolic acid & cresol comp\nds4 ,^!    
sub/ances are among ! *eape/ & be/      
dis9fectants1 b _! use 9 ! dairy is n   
advisable1 on acc\nt ( ! p5etrat+ & la/+
 odor4 ,!y c be us$ to advantage on !   
f>m4 ,"s ( ! propriet>y comp\nds1 z     
,z5oleum1 ,kresol1 etc41 are easily     
appli$1 s9ce !y mix readily ) wat] 9 all
 proportions1 =m+ a milky-:ite emulsion 
t c be easily appli$4 ,!y are less      
cau/ic & less poison\s ?an c>bolic acid4
  ,corrosive sublimate4 ,corrosive      
sublimate is ! mo/ effici5t dis9fectant 
"u ord9>y conditions4 ,x is su* an      
int5se poison t x mu/ be us$ ) caution 9
 places to :i* /ock h access1 or 9 !    

dairy4 ,a solution ( "o "p ( ! salt to a
 ?\s& p>ts ( wat] 7half ounce to #d     
gallons ( wat]7 is ! /&>d g5]ally us$4  
,= gutt]s1 dra9s1 & wa/e pipes 9        
factories1 f]r\s sulphate 7gre5         
vitriol71 & copp] sulphate 7blue        
vitriol71 c be us$ to advantage4 ,!y are
 to be class$ z deodorants r ?an z true 
dis9fectants4 ,s9ce !y h no odor ( _!   
own1 !y c be us$ 9 any am\nt 9 ! dairy4 
,sulphur c be us$ to advantage 9 !      
de/ruction ( mold spores 9 *eese rooms1 
b ! effect ( ! vapors ( burn+ sulphur on
 g]m life is relatively slight1 unless  
!re is an abundant supply ( moi/ure 9 ! 
air ( ! enclos$ space1 9 :i* case       
sulphur\s acid is =m$ :i* has a mu*     
great] effect4 ,to h ! desir$ effect    
sulphur %\ld be burn$ at ! rate ( ?ree  
p\nds to ea* "o ?\s& cubic feet ( space1
 & ! room kept seal$ = at lea/ twelve   
h\rs4 ,if ! sulphur is plac$ 9 an iron  
kettle :i* is set 9 a vessel ( wat]1    
dang] f fire w be avoid$1 & ! heat      
g5]at$ by ! burn+ sulphur w evaporate   

suffici5t wat] to increase ! effect ( ! 
fumes4  ,=mal94 ,ano!r dis9fectant t may
 be us$ z a liquid or z a gas is =mal91 
:i* is a wat]y solution ( ! gas1        
=maldehyde4 ,x is mu* m p[]ful 9 its    
action ?an sulphur1 & has a great       
advantage ov] corrosive sublimate & o!r 
/rong dis9fectants 9 t x is n s poison\s
 to animals z x is to bact]ia & fungi4  
,x c be us$ z a solution 7"o to five p] 
c5t7 = ! wa%+ ( woodwork1 or = !        
treatm5t ( any object1 s9ce x has no    
corrosive action4 ,x c also be employ$ z
 a gase\s dis9fectant = ! treatm5t (    
rooms4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5tly appli$ by   
susp5d+ l>ge clo?s 9 ! room & spray+ !m 
) ! solution1 !n clos+ ! room = a numb] 
( h\rs4  ,blea*+ p[d]4 ,*loride ( lime1 
or blea*+ p[d] z x is (t5 call$1 is a   
good dis9fectant1 z well z a deodorant4 
,x is us$ z a wa% 9 ! proportion ( f\r  
to six ounces to a gallon ( wat]4 ,x mu/
 be us$ ) c>e 9 factories s9ce ! free   
*lor9e t is giv5 (f has a p5etrat+ odor4
     ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,pres]vation ,,(   

,,milk4   ,x has be5 %[n 9 a previ\s    
*apt] t milk becomes contam9at$ ) a     
multitude ( bact]ia n only on ! f>m :]e 
x is produc$1 b dur+ ! v>i\s /ages prior
 to its use4 ,_m ( ! bact]ia :i* f9d _! 
way into milk are readily able to       
develop1 & by _! gr[?1 r5d] ! milk      
unfit1 or ev5 h>mful = human food4 ,) ! 
mo/ /r+5t precautions t c reasonably be 
tak51 x is impossible to avoid all      
contam9ation2 h5ce1 all grades ( milk w 
soon spoil1 unless "s means (           
pres]vation is employ$4 ,inde$1 ( all ! 
foods class$ z p]i%able1 milk is ! "o t 
mo/ rapidly det]iorates4 ,produc$ "u    
ord9>y conditions1 x is unfit = ord9>y  
use 9 a few h\rs if kept at #gj ,f4     
,!re are ?ree possible ways by :i* milk 
may be pres]v$3 7#a7 ,! removal (       
bact]ia t h ga9$ entrance to x2 7#b7 ,! 
prev5tion ( gr[? ( ! conta9$ bact]ia2   
7#c7 ,! de/ruction ( ! conta9$          
organisms4 ,9 practice at lea/ two &    
sometimes all ( ^! me?ods are employ$4  
,! prev5tion ( contam9ation1 a subject  

discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii is 9 reality "o 
( ! mo/ effici5t means ( pres]v+ milk4  
,9 milk production1 z else:]e1 prev5tion
 is pref]able to cure4 ,milk produc$ "u 
su* conditions t its g]m cont5t is b a  
few ?\s& p] cubic c5timet] w keep mu*   
long] ?an t h&l$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4  ,x  
might naturally be suppos$ t any me?od  
by :i* dirt is remov$ f milk w\ld       
improve ! keep+ quality ( milk1 due to !
 r$uction ( bact]ia1 yet :ile ! /ra9+ ( 
! milk at ! "t ( milk+ removes dirt (   
v>i\s k9ds1 x does n appreciably enhance
 ! keep+ quality1 ow+ to ! fact t !     
bact]ia adh]5t to ! dirt p>ticles are   
wa%$ (f 9 /ra9+1 & pass ?r\gh ! pores ( 
! /ra9]4  ,filtration ( milk4 ,x is     
possible to remove all bact]ia f wat] & 
o!r fluids & ?us r5d] !m /]ile by pass+ 
?r\gh filt]s ( unglaz$ porcela94 ,?is   
process c n be us$ ) milk = ! fat       
globules are l>g] ?an ! bact]ia 7see    
,fig4 #f7 & any process t w\ld remove ! 
latt] w\ld also remove ! =m]4 ,! t]m    
filtration is appli$ to a process us$ 9 

"s ,european cities = ! removal ( !     
insoluble dirt t has be5 introduc$ into 
! milk4 ,suitable conta9]s are fill$ )  
lay]s ( co>se s& at ! bottom & ) f9] s& 
at ! top4 ,! milk is introduc$ at !     
bottom & is =c$ upw>d ?r\gh ! s&4 ,su* a
 filt]+ process is a v effici5t means ( 
remov+ ! dirt2 b unless ! filt]s are    
kept scrupul\sly clean1 ! bact]ia are   
likely to gr[ 9 ! filt]+ mat]ial1 s t ! 
numb] ( organisms 9 ! milk may actually 
be increas$ by ! filt]+ process4 ,x is  
necess>y to remove ! s& daily & ?or\ghly
 wa% & /]ilize ! same4 ,! extra c>e     
requir$ 9 keep+ ^! s& filt]s 9 sanit>y  
condition has be5 ! great objection to  
_! employm5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,filt]s ( o!r
 mat]ial su* z cellulose h be5 employ$ b
 ) no m>k$ success4  ,cl>ify+ milk4 ,a  
mu* m effici5t & less tr\blesome means (
 remov+ ! insoluble =eign p>ticles f    
milk is to pass x ?r\gh a cream         
sep>ator1 all[+ ! cream & skim milk to  
mix 9 ! same conta9]4 ,! slime t        
collects on ! wall ( ! sep>ator b[l is  

made up ( dirt1 case91 bact]ia1 & !     
cellul> debris f ! int]ior ( ! udd]4 ,! 
bact]ia are heavi] ?an ! milk s]um1 &   
w\ld1 !re=e1 be deposit$ on ! wall ( !  
b[l 7 x n = o!r factors t 9 a measure   
prev5t ?is4 ,! movem5t ( ! fat t[>d !   
c5t] ( ! b[l c>ries into ! cream a      
consid]able proportion ( ! bact]ia 9 !  
milk4 ,! slime w always conta9 _m m     
bact]ia ?an ! milk1 b ! p] c5t ( bact]ia
 ?us remov$ is relatively l[1 due to !  
small am\nt ( slime obta9$ f ! milk1 s t
 ! actual effect ( cl>ification on !    
keep+ quality ( milk is insignificant4  
,! complete removal ( all insoluble &   
!re=e visible dirt is1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ (  
suffici5t value to w>rant ! use4        
,ma*9es design$ especially = !          
cl>ification ( milk are n[ widely us$4  
,!y diff] f ! cream sep>ator 9 t ! milk 
is introduc$ at ! outside ( ! b[l & h5ce
 !re is no sep>ation ( ! fat f ! s]um4  
,x is claim$ t ! removal ( ! dirt1 cells
 f ! int]ior ( ! udd] & bact]ia is z    
effici5tly done z :5 ! sep>ator is us$4 

,! advantages claim$ = ! ma*9e are t x  
has no effect on ! subsequ5t gravity    
cream+ ( ! milk & t less p[] is dem&$   
?an = ! sep>ator4  ,f ! /&po9t ( !      
consum]1 all processes by :i* dirt is   
remov$ f milk are objectionable1 s9ce !y
 make ! milk appe> clean] & bett] ?an x 
really is1 ! h>m hav+ be5 done :5 ! dirt
 ) ! adh]5t bact]ia f\nd its way into ! 
milk4 ,! removal ( ! =eign matt] t has  
be5 introduc$ into ! milk w h b little  
effect 9 r$uc+ ! numb] ( bact]ia1 s9ce a
 l>ge "p ( ! organisms w h be5 wa%$ (f !
 insoluble mat]ial4 ,all ( ^! processes 
improve ! appe>ance ( ! milk b h little 
or no influ5ce 9 increas+ its keep+     
quality or its heal?fulness4            
,pres]vation by cold4 ,! only legitimate
 way ( prev5t+ ! gr[? ( bact]ia 9 milk  
is by hold+ x at temp]atures at :i* !   
ord9>y =ms ( bact]ia _c ?rive4 ,bact]ial
 gr[? is greatly *eck$ at temp]atures   
approximat+ #ej ,f41 or bel[1 al?\gh    
c]ta9 types multiply at ! freez+ po9t or
 slightly above4 ,if food products are  

actually congeal$1 no g]m gr[? occurs1 &
 !y may be kept q indef9itely1 b ?is    
process _c be successfully appli$ to    
milk1 z ! fat & case9 are physically    
*ang$1 s t a normal emulsion c n aga9 be
 made :5 ! froz5 milk is melt$4 ,! fat  
sep>ates 9 visible masses z ?\gh ! milk 
_h be5 p>tially *urn$4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is 
fact milk mu/ be /or$ at temp]atures    
above ! freez+ po9t4 ,9 ,d5m>k ef=ts h  
be5 made to pres]ve milk1 t is to be    
%ipp$ long di/ances1 by freez+ a portion
 ( ! milk1 & plac+ a block ( ! froz5    
milk 9 ea* c aft] cool+ ! ma9 mass (    
milk ne>ly to ! freez+ po9t4 ,ev5 ?is   
me?od has n prov5 practical1 & at pres5t
 reliance is plac$ on ?or\gh *ill+ ( !  
milk4 ,at #cb ,f41 ! lactic bact]ia _c  
gr[1 b o!r types1 su* z c]ta9 ( !       
putrefactive =ms gr[ sl[ly2 ! milk may1 
!re=e1 h no objectionable odor or ta/e &
 yet be sw>m+ ) bact]ia4 ,9 cities !    
practice is foll[$ ( plac+ cream 9      
cold-/orage dur+ ! cool] p]iods ( summ] 
9 prep>ation = an increas$ dem&1 dur+   

hot wea!r or on holidays4 ,x seems      
probable t poison+ f ice cream may1 at  
times1 be due to ! use ( su* cream4     
,pres]vation by ! use ( antiseptics4 ,_m
 *emical sub/ances prev5t ! gr[? (      
bact]ia :5 add$ to food supplies2 su*   
sub/ances ?us us$ are call$             
pres]vatives4 ,9 ! pa/ "s ( ^! h be5 us$
 9 milk to a great ext5t1 b at pres5t1  
on acc\nt ( /r+5t pure food laws1 !y are
 employ$ only to a slight ext5t4 ,!re is
 a great temptation = ! small milk deal]
 9 ! city to employ !m to pres]ve !     
excess ( milk f day to day1 z ?r\gh !   
use ( a few c5ts wor? ( "s prep>ation1  
_m doll>s wor? ( milk may be kept f     
spoil+ until x c be sold to ! unsuspect+
 consum]4  ,=mal9 has be5 mo/ widely us$
 9 milk because x is a mo/ effici5t     
pres]vative2 x is *eap & _c be detect$  
by ! consum]1 al?\gh x injures !        
dige/ibility ( ! case94 ,"o ounce w keep
 "o ?\s& p\nds ( milk sweet = tw5ty-f\r 
to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,borax1 boric acid1 &
 salicylic acid h also be5 us$1 b ^!    

sub/ances mu/ be employ$ 9 mu* l>g]     
quantities ?an =mal94 ,bic>bonate ( soda
 has sometimes be5 us$ al?\gh x is n a  
true pres]vative4 ,its effect is bas$ ^u
 ! neutralization ( ! acid produc$ by   
bact]ial gr[?4 ,! treat$ milk does n    
ta/e s\r s quickly1 & ! curdl+ ( ! milk 
is also delay$4  ,_m propriet>y comp\nds
 = milk pres]vation h be5 plac$ on !    
m>ket 9 ! pa/1 b ! use ( all ( ^! is    
illegal 9 mo/ /ates4 ,! f$]al law also  
prohibits _! use 9 all dairy products t 
pass into int]/ate comm]ce4  ,)9 rec5t  
ye>s a me?od = ! pres]vation ( milk 0   
introduc$ by a ,dani% eng9e]1 ,budde1   
:i* consi/s ( add+ to milk a v small    
am\nt ( p]oxid ( hydrog5 :i* is a v     
effici5t antiseptic4 ,! p]oxid is       
decompos$ by "s sub/ance 9 ! milk2 !    
products ( decomposition be+ wat] & free
 oxyg54 ,! p]oxid toge!r ) ! application
 ( heat at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature 
7#abb ,f47 is suffici5t to de/roy ! l>g]
 "p ( ! bact]ia 9 ! milk4 ,practical    
difficulties are enc\nt]$ 9 ! comm]cial 

application1 s t x is probable ! process
 w nev] be a comm]cial success4  ,= !   
pres]vation ( composite samples ( milk =
 analytical purposes1 su* z ! ,babcock  
te/1 /rong dis9fectants1 z corrosive    
sublimate1 are employ$4 ,?is mat]ial is 
v poison\s1 & leaves ! milk un*ang$ 9   
appe>ance4 ,"s color+ matt] is !re=e    
usually mix$ ) ! sublimate 9 mak+ !     
pres]vative tablets1 s z to r5d] _! use 
m conspicu\s4 ,corrosive sublimate n    
only /ops all bact]ial gr[?1 b quickly  
de/roys ! life ( ! cells4 ,bi*romate (  
pota% is g5]ally employ$ 9 ! pres]vation
 ( composite samples = ! ,h>t case9 te/4
  ,de/ruction ( bact]ia 9 milk4 ,actual 
de/ruction ( ! life ( bact]ial cells by 
heat is "o ( ! mo/ important ways =     
pres]v+ milk4 ,heat easily de/roys !    
vegetat+1 gr[+ bact]ia1 :ile ! spores1 (
 :i* !re are always a numb] 9 milk1 are 
v resi/ant4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! gr[+ organisms
 are de/roy$1 ! milk w keep mu* long]   
?an if x _h n be5 s treat$4  ,! process 
( pa/eurization 0 fir/ us$ by ! ,fr5*   

bact]iologi/1 ,pa/eur1 = ! treatm5t ( ! 
w9es ( 8 native di/rict :i* 7 likely to 
und]go undesirable types ( f]m5tations  
due to bact]ia4 ,f ! w9e indu/ry x 0    
appli$ 9 ! brew+ indu/ry1 & 0 lat] f\nd 
to be ( ! greate/ s]vice 9 ! dairy      
indu/ry4 ,! process ( pa/eurization may 
be briefly def9$1 z ! heat+ ( milk to   
temp]atures1 v>y+ f #adj ,f4 & upw>d = a
 long] or %ort] "t1 & subsequ5tly cool+ 
to a l[ temp]ature1 s z to prev5t !     
g]m9ation ( ! spores t are n de/roy$ by 
! heat+4  ,effect ( heat on milk4 ,:5   
milk is heat$ x und]goes m or less      
pr(\nd *anges1 dep5d+ on ! temp]ature & 
"t ( heat+4 ,"s ( ^! *anges are (       
practical importance1 s9ce !y are m or  
less evid5t1 & objectionable to !       
consum]4  ,9 raw milk ! fat globules are
 l>gely f\nd 9 l>g] or small]           
aggregates1 r ?an uni=mly di/ribut$     
?r\gh\t ! s]um4 ,! surface ( a mass (   
fat globules is small] 9 proportion to !
 volume ( ! mass ?an is ! case ) s+le   
globules1 h5ce globule clu/]s enc\nt]   

less resi/ance 9 _! passage ?r\gh !     
s]um1 ei!r z !y rise to ! surface 9     
gravity cream+1 or 9 ! sep>ator b[l4 ,if
 ^! clu/]s are brok5 up1 s t ! globules 
are uni=mly di/ribut$1 ! milk w cream   
mu* less rapidly & completely4 ,9 !     
process kn[n z homog5ization ( milk1 !  
individual fat globules are brok5 into  
su* small globules1 t !y _c ov]come !   
viscosity ( ! s]um1 & !y rema9 di/ribut$
 ?r\gh\t ! milk4 ,9 su* cases1 no cream 
rises1 & ev5 ! cream sep>ator is unable 
to remove ! fat f su* milk4  ,9 sell+   
bottl$ milk1 x is highly desirable t !  
cream l9e %\ld %[ di/9ctly4 ,9 normal   
milk1 ?is l9e =ms 9 a few h\rs1 b :]e   
milk is heat$ to a high temp]ature1 &   
agitat$ at ! same "t1 ! clu/]s ( fat    
globules are brok5 ap>t & ! cream+ p[]  
injur$4 ,?is physical *ange is dep5d5t n
 only on ! temp]ature1 b also on ! "t ( 
exposure4 ,a mom5t>y exposure at #afj   
,f41 or = #bj m9utes at #ade ,f41 is    
ab\t ! maximum limit :i* c be appli$ to 
milk )\t mat]ial injury to ! cream+     

prop]ty4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#be4--;,fat ,globules 9 ,raw ,milk4  ,9 
raw milk ! fat globules are 9 masses (  
v>y+ sizes4 ,^! rise to ! surface       
quickly 9 gravity cream+4  ,! body or   
consi/5cy ( pa/euriz$ cream may be      
re/or$ by all[+ ! cream to /& = sev]al  
days at l[ temp]atures1 or by ! addition
 ( a small am\nt ( sucrate ( lime4 ,?is 
sub/ance1 kn[n to ! dairy trade z       
viscog51 is made by add+ to a ?ick      
solution ( cane sug>1 "s fre%ly slak$   
lime4 ,! sug> solution p]mits ( !       
dissolv+ ( a mu* l>g] am\nt ( ! lime ?an
 is possible 9 wat]4 ,:5 ! liquid is    
all[$ to settle1 ! cle> solution is !n  
decant$ (f & is us$ at ! rate ( ab\t "o 
"p to #ajj to #aej p>ts ( cream4 ,! fat 
globules are1 by its action1 br\ght into
 aggregates & ! body ( ! cream ?us      
re/or$4 ,viscog5 conta9s no?+ t is at   
all h>mful1 b milk & cream to :i* x is  
add$ mu/ be sold "u "s di/9ctive "n z   
visco-cream1 s9ce ! laws ( practically  
all /ates d n all[ ! addition ( any     

sub/ance :atev] to milk or cream4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,fat         
,globules 9 ,heat$ ,milk4  ,:5 milk is  
heat$ ! masses ( globules are brok5 up &
 fat globules are uni=mly di/ribut$     
?r\gh\t ! milk4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#bg4--;,cream+ ( ,milk4  ,! cyl9d] on ! 
left conta9s raw milk2 t 9 ! c5t]1 milk 
heat$ to #adj ,f4 = tw5ty m9utes2 on !  
"r1 milk heat$ to #afj ,f4 = tw5ty      
m9utes4 ,! d>k l9e indicates ! dep? ( ! 
cream aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! break+ up 
( ! fat globule clu/]s delays greatly ! 
ris+ ( ! cream4  ,heat$ milk has a ta/e 
unlike t ( raw milk2 to "o n accu/om$ to
 x ! ta/e is objectionable4 ,?is *ange  
is due to "s ext5t to ! expulsion ( !   
c>bon dioxide f ! milk4 ,! insipid ta/e 
( boil$ wat] is1 9 "p1 due to its fre$om
 f c>bon dioxide4 ,! production ( ?is   
cook$ flavor is dep5d5t ^u ! "t &       
temp]ature ( exposure4 ,x has be5 claim$
 t heat$ milk is less dige/ible ?an raw1
 & a consid]able am\nt ( exp]im5tal "w  
has be5 done1 bo? on animals & *ildr51 9

 ord] to det]m9e ! relative dige/ibility
 ( heat$ & raw milk4 ,! results obta9$ h
 be5 contradictory4 ,x is claim$ t heat$
 milk causes su* diseases z rickets1    
scurvy & m>asmus 9 *ildr54 ,x is        
probably true t milk heat$ to ! boil+   
po9t is less fitt$ z food = ! "y *ild   
?an raw milk1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x has n   
be5 prov5 t prop]ly pa/euriz$ milk is an
 unsuitable food = *ildr54 ,! be/       
evid5ce has be5 accumulat$ 9 rec5t ye>s1
 9 _m ( ! l>ge cities ( ?is c\ntry & (  
,europe1 :]e pa/euriz$ milk has be5 us$ 
) ! greate/ success 9 ! fe$+ ( *ildr5 ( 
all ages4  ,! heat$ milk does n curdle  
readily :5 r5net is add$ due to !       
precipitation ( ! lime salts by heat4 ,!
 curdl+ p[] c be re/or$ by ! addition ( 
soluble lime salts or ( acids4  ,purpose
 ( pa/eurization4 ,!re are two reasons =
 ! pa/eurization ( milk3 7#a7 ,to       
improve ! keep+ quality2 7#b7 ,to de/roy
 any pa?og5ic bact]ia x may conta94 ,!  
fir/ may be call$ ! economic reason2 !  
second1 ! hygi5ic reason fur            

pa/eurization4 ,9 ! selection ( a prop] 
pa/euriz+ temp]ature1 two factors mu/ be
 tak5 into acc\nt3 ,fir/1 ! effect (    
heat on milk1 & second1 ! temp]ature    
necess>y to de/roy ^? =ms ( bact]ia t   
are ( ! greate/ importance1 z f> z !    
keep+ prop]ties are conc]n$1 & !        
pa?og5ic bact]ia t might possibly be    
pres5t 9 ! milk4 ,! lactic acid bact]ia 
are non-spore-be>+ & are n resi/ant to  
heat4 ,mo/ ( !m are de/roy$ :5 ! milk is
 heat$ to #adj ,f4 = fifte5 m9utes or to
 #afj ,f4 = a mom5t4 ,to insure prop]   
keep+ quality1 some:at high] temp]atures
 mu/ be employ$1 su* z #ade to #aej ,f4 
= fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4  ,milk        
pa/euriz$ at ^! temp]atures w1 z a rule1
 und]go an acid f]m5tation 9 mu* ! same 
mann] z w raw milk4 ,! rate ) :i* ! acid
 develops is ( c\rse mu* sl[] ?an 9 !   
raw milk1 due to ! de/ruction ( #ie to  
#ii p] c5t ( ! acid-=m+ bact]ia4 ,if !  
milk has be5 pa/euriz$ at high]         
temp]atures1 ! acid f]m5tation may n    
appe>4 ,! spores ( ! spore-be>+         

organisms w be left2 ^! may g]m9ate &   
cause _! *>act]i/ic *ange 9 milk1 :i*1 z
 previ\sly not$1 is usually a           
sweet-curdl+ or a dige/+ f]m5tation4    
,s9ce ! *anges !y produce 9 ! milk are n
 evid5t at fir/1 x might be us$ z food  
ev5 ?\gh x 0 s f> advanc$ 9             
decomposition z to be undesirable or ev5
 h>mful z food4 ,inde$ "o ( ! objections
 urg$ aga9/ pa/eurization is t x de/roys
 ! natural safe gu>d1 ! acid-=m+        
bact]ia4 ,_m p are s accu/om$ to use ?is
 z ! indication ( spoil$ milk t !y w use
 milk long aft] x %\ld be us$ if x does 
n %[ an acid f]m5tation4  ,! butyric    
acid organisms are spore =m+ & may at   
times produce _! *>act]i/ic f]m5tation 9
 pa/euriz$ milk4 ,! milk %[s gas =mation
 & develops an objectionable odor4  ,!  
pa?og5ic bact]ia mo/ likely to be pres5t
 9 ! milk are ! typhoid & ! tub]cle     
organisms4 ,! typhoid bacillus is no m  
resi/ant to heat ?an ! ord9>y acid-=m+  
bact]ia1 & all milk t has be5 heat$1 s z
 to imp>t to x satisfactory keep+       

prop]ties1 w c]ta9ly be free f typhoid  
bacilli4 ,x has sometimes be5 ass]t$ t !
 tub]cle bacillus is v resi/ant to heat2
 "s claim+ t x is necess>y to heat milk 
to #bjj ,f4 9 ord] to de/roy x4 ,o!r    
exp]im5t]s h ass]t$ t l[] temp]atures   
w\ld suffice1 b ! temp]atures 7 /ill    
above ^? at :i* ! milk is physically &  
*emically *ang$ by ! heat+ process4 ,m  
rec5t "w has %[n t n all s\rces ( error 
7 avoid$ 9 ! e>li] attempts to det]m9e !
 !rmal dea? po9t ( ! tub]cle bacillus1  
z1 = example1 x has be5 %[n by ! au?ors 
t ! scald$ film t =ms on ! surface (    
milk :5 heat$ 9 an op5 vessel w protect 
! bact]ia imb$d$ 9 x4 ,x has also be5   
%[n by ! au?ors t a temp]ature ( #adj   
,f41 = tw5ty m9utes or #afj ,f4 = "o    
m9ute w de/roy ! tub]cle bacilli 9 milk1
 9 case ! heat+ is done ) suffici5t     
?or\ghness to insure all p>ticles ( !   
milk be+ heat$ to ! same temp]ature = ^!
 p]iods ( "t4  ,! pa/eurization ( milk c
 be done 9 su* a mann] z to imp>t to x  
good keep+ qualities & to insure its    

fre$om f pa?og5ic bact]ia1 & yet n      
impair its physical & *emical prop]ties1
 b mu* ( ! s-call$ pa/euriz$ milk plac$ 
on ! m>ket is n treat$ 9 accordance )   
prop] hygi5ic me?ods4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #bh4--,! ,pott's ,discont9u\s     
,pa/euriz]4  ,! milk is plac$ 9 ! inn]  
comp>tm5t4 ,= heat+ & cool+1 hot or cold
 wat] is pass$ betwe5 ! jackets4        
,me?ods ( pa/eurization4 ,9 ord] to     
de/roy ! bact]ia 9 milk1 x is necess>y t
 ! milk be heat$ = a v>y+ "t dep5d5t ^u 
! temp]ature employ$4 ,a l[] temp]ature 
= a consid]able p]iod may ex]t ! same   
effect on ! bact]ia z a high] temp]ature
 = a %ort] "t4 ,9 practice1 two types ( 
pa/euriz+ ma*9es are employ$1 dep5d+ on 
! temp]ature at :i* ! milk is to be     
treat$4 ,! discont9u\s ma*9es or        
int]mitt5tly op]at$ pa/euriz]s are ^? 9 
:i* ! milk is heat$ = any desir$ "t at  
any temp]ature4 ,su* ma*9es consi/ (    
jacket$ conta9]s ! inn] receptacle be+  
fill$ ) milk1 :ile ! out] space betwe5 !
 walls is fill$ ) circulat+ hot wat] or 

/eam4 ,! milk is kept agitat$ by !      
rotation ( ! ma*9e4 ,aft] x is heat$1 x 
is cool$ 9 ! same conta9] by replac+ !  
hot wat] fir/ ) cold wat]1 !n ice wat]4 
,! disadvantage ( ?is process is t !    
capacity ( ! ma*9e is limit$ :i*        
precludes its use 9 places :]e l>ge     
quantities ( milk or cream are h&l$2 = !
 pa/eurization ( limit$ quantities1 x is
 v successful1 z e p>ticle ( milk or    
cream is "u ! direct control ( ! op]ator
 & may be ?or\ghly & effici5tly treat$4 
,z pa/eurization 0 introduc$ = !        
treatm5t ( m>ket milk1 & = ! prep>ation 
( cream = butt]1 ma*9es h be5 devis$ :i*
 p]mit l>ge quantities1 z ?\s&s ( p\nds1
 to be h&l$ p] h\r4 ,x is evid5t "u ^!  
conditions t ! milk mu/ be heat$ = only 
a %ort "t1 & h5ce a high] temp]ature mu/
 be employ$4 ,^! ma*9es are call$       
cont9u\s fl[ pa/euriz]s s9ce ! milk     
passes ?r\gh !m 9 a con/ant /ream4 ,!   
p]iod ( exposure is v %ort1 9 "s only a 
few seconds2 h5ce1 !y are sometimes     
call$ fla% pa/euriz]s4  ,illu/ration3   

,fig4 #bi4--;,a ,cont9u\s ,pa/euriz]4   
,! milk is expos$ b a %ort "t s9ce x    
fl[s ?r\gh ! heat] 9 a con/ant /ream4   
,all ma*9es ( ?is type possess ! obvi\s 
disadvantage t x is impossible to heat  
all ( ! milk = a uni=m p]iod4 ,! milk 9 
contact ) ! walls ( ! ma*9e fl[s mu* m  
sl[ly ?an 9 ! middle ( ! /ream1 j z !   
curr5t ne> ! bank is less rapid ?an 9   
mid-/ream4 ,9 none ( ! ma*9es yet devis$
 h ! design]s be5 able to ov]come ?is   
disadvantage4 ,9 a te/ ( "o ( ! mo/     
widely us$ pa/euriz]s ( ?is type1 x 0   
f\nd t "s ( ! milk pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e 9
 #ae seconds1 :ile ! l>g] "p ( x 0 held 
= ab\t #cj seconds1 & "s z long z       
=ty-five to sixty seconds4 ,if !        
temp]ature employ$ _h be5 su* z to      
de/roy ! bact]ia 9 t "p ( ! milk heat$ =
 ! m9imum "t1 hygi5ic safety w\ld be    
assur$1 b 9 ord] to avoid injur+ !      
physical prop]ties ( ! milk1 ! t5d5cy is
 to use z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 s 
t ! milk heat$ = ! m9imum "t may (t5    
conta9 organisms t h pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e

 un9jur$4  ,_m devices h be5 propos$ = !
 heat+ & cool+ ( ! milk4 ,9 _m ( !      
pa/euriz]s1 ! milk fl[s 9 a ?9 /ream ov]
 a metal surface1 on ! opposite side (  
:i* is ! heat+ ag5t1 usually /eam2 :ile 
9 o!rs1 ! milk is all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh a  
vat 9 :i* revolve a s]ies ( discs into  
:i* /eam is pass$4 ,! discs are (       
consid]able size2 ?us1 mak+ a l>ge heat+
 surface2 ! milk is ?us heat$ quickly1 &
 is con/antly /irr$ by ! rotation ( !   
heat+ discs4 ,9 o!r types ! milk passes 
into ! bottom ( a *amb] 9 :i* a da%]    
revolves at a rapid rate4 ,?is cat*es ! 
milk1 ?r[+ x 9 a ?9 film onto ! wall ( !
 *amb]1 :i* is heat$ ) /eam on !        
opposite side4 ,f su* ma*9es1 ( :i* !   
,fjord1 ! ,j5s51 & ! ,reid ma*9es are   
types1 ! milk may be =c$ to a           
consid]able height4 ,^! are widely us$ 9
 ?is c\ntry = ! pa/eurization ( milk &  
cream = butt] mak+4  ,milk t has be5    
heat$ mu/ be cool$ at once by ! use (   
cold wat] & ice4 ,9 ord] to economize 9 
! use ( bo? /eam & cool+ ag5ts1 !       

s-call$ reg5]ative ma*9es 7 devis$4 ,!  
ess5tial feature ( ^! ma*9es lies 9 !   
fact t ! cold milk inlet & ! hot milk   
outlet are on opposite sides ( a s+le   
p>tition2 ?us ! infl[+ cold milk is     
p>tially heat$ by means ( ! already     
treat$ hot milk :i* x is desir$ to cool4
  ,9 ord] to avoid ! disadvantages ( !  
cont9u\s ma*9es1 viz41 lack ( control1  
an app>atus has rec5tly be5 devis$ :i* c
 h&le l>ge quantities ( milk1 heat+ !   
same to any temp]ature = any desir$ "t4 
,9 su* a ma*9e ! milk is fir/ heat$ 9 a 
cont9u\s heat]1 & is !n pass$ into l>ge 
tanks 9 :i* x is all[$ to rema9 = !     
desir$ "t1 & f :i* x fl[s ov] ! cool]s4 
,su* an app>atus is call$ a hold+ ma*9e1
 & is probably ! mo/ feasible type (    
pa/euriz] n[ on ! m>ket1 :5 all factors 
are consid]$4 ,9 "s ( ! cont9u\s ma*9es1
 an attempt is made to accompli% ! same 
result1 by build+ ! ma*9e s t ! milk    
requires fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes =       
passage ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 b 9 all su* cases
 ! same disadvantage ( v>iation 9 rate (

 fl[1 z 9 o!r cont9u\s fl[ type ( ma*9es
 obta9s4  ,te/s ( pa/euriz+ ma*9es4 ,x  
is possible = ! op]ator to te/ ! rate ( 
fl[ 9 a ma*9e1 s z to det]m9e :e!r all (
 ! milk is heat$ = a uni=m "t4 ,?is is  
done mo/ easily 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!    
ma*9e is fir/ fill$ ) wat]1 heat+ ! same
 to ! desir$ temp]ature1 & regulat+ !   
rate ( fl[ z x w\ld be if milk 0 us$4 ,!
 fl[ ( wat] is !n turn$ (f1 & a /ream ( 
milk conta9+ a kn[n p] c5t ( fat admitt$
 to ! ma*9e4 ,! "t elaps+ betwe5 !      
admission ( milk to ! ma*9e1 & t at :i* 
! fir/ sign ( turbidity is not$ at !    
outlet1 w be ! m9imum p]iod necess>y =  
any portion ( ! milk to fl[ ?r\gh !     
ma*9e4 ,at frequ5t int]vals !reaft]1    
samples ( ! outfl[+ liquid may be       
collect$1 not+ ! "t at :i* ea* sample is
 tak54 ,! p]c5tage ( fat 9 ! v>i\s      
samples is det]m9$ by ! ,babcock te/2 at
 ! mom5t :5 all ( ! wat] has be5 remov$1
 ! sample tak5 w %[ ! same fat cont5t z 
! milk us$4 ,! samples tak5 previ\s to  
?is w %[ a l[] fat te/1 dep5d5t ^u !    

relative am\nt ( wat] & milk4 ,9 ?is    
mann]1 ! m9imum1 ! maximum1 & ! av]age  
p]iod ( exposure ( milk 9 ! ma*9e te/$1 
c be det]m9$ ) exactness4  ,! accompany+
 table gives results t 7 obta9$ 9 ! te/+
 ( "o ( ! cont9u\s types ( ma*9es4 ,!   
ma*9e 9 "q requir$ ab\t ?ree hundr$     
p\nds ( milk to fill x & 0 suppos$ to   
h&le #a1jjj p\nds p] h\r4 ,?us          
!oretically x %\ld require tw5ty m9utes 
= any portion ( ! milk to pass ?r\gh !  
ma*9e4 ,z w be se5 f ! data1 "s ( ! milk
 pass$ ?r\gh )9 sev5 m9utes aft] ! wat] 
0 %ut (f & ! milk turn$ on4 ,! figures  
also %[ t n all ( ! wat] _h be5 replac$ 
by ! milk 9 ev5 #de m9utes4 ,9 actual   
practice l results w be obta9$1 & a     
portion ( ! milk w be heat$ to !        
temp]ature employ$ b a %ort "t4 ,9 ?is1 
! vegetat+ bact]ia w n be :olly de/roy$4
        ,trial          ,p] c5t ( fat 9 
milk com+ f                       ma*9e 
at foll[+ times           ,p]           
c5t-------------------------------------
--             ( fat           ,,m9utes 

9                                       
milk------------------------------------
---                     #g  #aa  #ae    
#ai  #bc  #bg  #cf  #dg                 
----------------------------------------
--------   ,no4 ,i      #d4j   #j4b #j4h
 #a4f #b4j #b4d #b4f       ,no4 ,,ii    
#c4h   #j4b #j4f #a4e #a4h #b4b #b4f    
#c4j #c4d   ,no4 ,,iii    #c4e   #j4g   
#a4i #b4d #b4h #b4h #c4j #c4d #c4d      
,pa/eurization ( small quantities (     
milk4 ,x is (t5 desirable to treat a    
small quantity ( milk = home use1 9 :i* 
case ! comm]cial types ( pa/euriz]s are 
out ( ! "q4 ,?is treatm5t c be done 9 a 
numb] ( ways1 consid]ation always be+   
paid to ! mann] ( heat+ :i* %\ld be done
 "u su* conditions1 z h be5 %[n to be   
necess>y = effici5t pa/eurization4 ,milk
 may be heat$ 9 tall1 n>r[ cans :i* are 
plac$ 9 hot wat]4 ,9 ! h\sehold1 milk   
may be treat$ by plac+ ! fill$ bottle 9 
a pail hav+ a false bottom s ! bottle   
%all n be brok5 :5 ! pail is plac$ on ! 
/ove4 ,! pail %\ld be fill$ ) wat] s t  

its level is ab\t ! same z t ( ! milk4  
,! wat] is !n heat$ to ! desir$         
temp]ature1 ma9ta9$ = ! requisite p]iod 
( "t1 & is !n cool$ z rapidly z         
possible4 ,dur+ ! heat+1 ! m\? ( !      
bottle %\ld be cov]$1 ei!r ) an inv]t$  
glass tumbl]1 or ! pap] cap may be left 
9 place1 simply pun*+ a small hole ?r\gh
 x s z to p]mit ( ! ins]tion ( a        
!rmomet]4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,a
 ,pa/euriz] = ,use 9 ! ,home4  ,a milk  
bottle ) a tumbl] = a cov]4 ,! cov]     
prev5ts ! =mation ( ! scald$ lay] on !  
milk dur+ ! heat+ & also protects ! m\? 
( ! bottle f du/4  ,effici5cy (         
pa/euriz+4 ,x is easy to de/roy ov] #ii 
p] c5t ( ! bact]ia pres5t by ! use ( any
 ( ! mod]n types ( ma*9es4 ,! numb]     
rema9+ aft] treatm5t w be l>gely        
dep5d5t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ^u ! numb] (
 bact]ia be=e pa/eurization4 ,!         
pa/euriz+ process is n "o by :i* poor   
milk c be *ang$ into good milk1 nor is x
 legitimate to use ! process 9 place (  
cleanl9ess1 z is sometimes done4 ,!re is

 a legitimate field = ! process 9 ! h&l+
 ( m>ket milk1 z well z 9 ! cream]y2 b x
 %\ld be us$ to improve ! keep+ quality1
 & to insure ! fre$om ( ! milk f        
pa?og5ic bact]ia1 :5 o!r protective     
measures h be5 c>ri$ z f> z possible "u 
! prevail+ conditions4  ,details (      
process4 ,if ! process is to be         
successful1 due att5tion mu/ be giv5 to 
c]ta9 details4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( m>ket    
milk1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to use only t 9  
:i* ! acidity has n mat]ially increas$4 
,a fair /&>d is ab\t #j4b p] c5t4 ,high 
acid milk usually means old milk or     
dirty milk1 ei!r ( :i* is v likely to   
conta9 _m m spore-be>+ bact]ia ?an      
clean1 fre% milk4 ,! great] ! numb] (   
spores1 ! m rapidly w ! pa/euriz$ milk  
spoil4 ,if x is possible to ex]cise any 
selection ( milk prior to pa/eurization1
 ! rapid te/ = det]m9ation ( acidity w  
prove ( great advantage4  ,c>e %\ld be  
tak5 to prev5t fluctuations 9 !         
temp]ature to :i* ! milk is heat$4 ,)   
v>y+ /eam pressure & v>iations 9 ! rate 

( fl[ ( milk1 ^! fluctuations may be v  
consid]able4 ,regulators are n[ made t w
 control ! temp]ature )9 n>r[ limits4   
,9 all pa/euriz$ milk z x fl[s f !      
ma*9e1 !re w rema9 "s liv+ bact]ia4 ,!  
spores w n be de/roy$ by any pa/euriz+  
process1 & "u comm]cial conditions1     
vegetat+ bact]ia are also pres5t4 ,if ! 
milk is n quickly *ill$ aft] heat+1 ^!  
=ms w gr[1 & _! developm5t is p>ticul>ly
 ha/5$ by ! de/ruction ( ! lactic       
bact]ia1 ! acid ( :i* w\ld o!rwise hold 
!m 9 *eck4 ,! result is t1 unless       
imm$iately *ill$1 pa/euriz$ milk spoils 
almo/ z rapidly z ?\gh x _h n be5 heat$ 
at all4 ,effici5t & rapid cool+ are1    
!re=e1 z ess5tial a portion ( ! process 
z ! heat+ itself4  ,c>e %\ld also be    
tak5 to protect ! milk f contam9ation   
aft] treatm5t4 ,e ut5sil ) :i* x comes 9
 contact %\ld be /]iliz$4 ,! bottles    
%\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$ & /]iliz$ &       
subsequ5tly protect$ f du/ until us$4   
,/]ilization ( milk4 ,x is possible to  
r5d] milk /]ile by ! use ( temp]atures  

above ! boil+ po9t ( wat]1 :]e x is     
heat$ 9 a clos$ vessel1 9 :i* /eam "u   
pressure is g5]at$4 ,su* milk is (t5    
f\nd 9 ! ,european m>kets4 ,9 our own   
c\ntry1 ! only milk ( ?is k9d is !      
s-call$ evaporat$ milk4 ,9 ?is process  
sweet fre% milk is evaporat$ 9 vacuum   
pans to ab\t "o-?ird ( ! orig9al volume4
 ,?is is !n plac$ 9 t9 cans1 :i* are    
treat$1 z 9 ! cann+ ( su* vegetables z  
peas & corn1 by heat+ ! milk to #bcj or 
#bdj ,f4 = a few m9utes4 ,9 ?is process1
 ! bact]ia 7spores z well z vegetat+    
=ms7 are completely kill$1 & ! milk     
acquires a br[ni% t9t1 due to !         
c>amelization ( ! sug>4 ,! appe>ance ( !
 product is v simil> to cream1 & previ\s
 to ! passage ( ! pure food law1 x 0    
sold z evaporat$ cream4  ,cond5s$ milk  
is n :olly free f bact]ia1 b is         
suffici5tly ?ick1 by reason ( its       
treatm5t s t ! conta9$ bact]ia _c gr[4  
,!y rema9 dormant 9 ! milk1 b z soon z x
 is dilut$ to a normal consi/5cy1 gr[?  
takes place1 & ! milk rapidly spoils4   

,cond5s$ milk is prep>$ by add+ cane    
sug> to fre% sweet milk1 !n evaporat+ ! 
mixture to "o-?ird ! orig9al volume1 =m+
 a semi-solid product4 ,syrups owe _!   
keep+ qualities to ! same factor1 z     
cond5s$ milk1 i4e41 ! high consi/5cy4   
,milk is also pres]v$ by :olly evaporat+
 ! wat]1 ?us leav+ a dry p[d]1 :i* on   
be+ mix$ ) wat] aga9 w h mu* ! same     
prop]ties z ! orig9al milk4 ,v>i\s      
me?ods h be5 devis$ = ! prep>ation ( ^! 
milk p[d]s1 all ( :i* h be5 pat5t$ by ! 
inv5tors4 ,if ! p[d] is to be kept =    
long p]iods1 skim milk mu/ be us$1 s9ce 
! fat sl[ly und]goes *anges :i* cause x 
to h a rancid odor4 ,^! dry prep>ations 
are l>gely us$ by bak]s 9 place ( fre%  
milk4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,bact]ia ,,& 
,,butt] ,,mak+4   ,9 ! mak+ ( butt] x is
 necess>y to conc5trate ! milk fat into 
a small volume4 ,?is process1 kn[n z    
cream+1 may be accompli%$ by gravity1 if
 ! milk is all[$ to /& undi/urb$1 ! fat 
globules ris+ sl[ly to ! surface4 ,mu* m
 rapid sep>ation may be secur$1 by plac+

 ! milk 9 a rapidly revolv+ conta9] 9   
:i* x is subject$ to c5trifugal =ce1 :i*
 causes ! heavi] p>ts ( ! milk to pass  
to ! outside ( ! b[l1 :ile ! light] "p1 
! fat1 collects at ! c5t] ( ! revolv+   
b[l4 ,!re is an enorm\s numb] ( fat     
globules 9 milk1 ov] #e1jjj1jjj1jjj 9   
ea* cubic c5timet]1 & z ^! move ?r\gh ! 
milk s]um1 !y c>ry ) !m _m ( ! bact]ia4 
,! cream is ?us mu* ri*] 9 bact]ia ?an  
is ! skim milk1 or ev5 ! milk be=e      
sep>ation4 ,besides ! me*anical         
sep>ation 9 ! mann] describ$1 ! me?od ( 
cream+ is ( importance1 9 det]m9+ n only
 ! numb] b also ! k9d ( bact]ia 9 !     
cream4  ,me?ods ( cream+4 ,9 ! %all[-pan
 me?od ( cream+1 ! milk is kept at      
ord9>y room temp]atures4 ,^! temp]atures
 favor especially ! gr[? ( ! acid-=m+   
bact]ia4 ,! milk is usually s\r by ! "t 
! cream is remov$ f x2 consequ5tly1 !   
bact]ial cont5t ( ! cream is high4      
,moreov]1 ! cream is expos$ to air      
contam9ation1 & is ?us se$$ ) molds1 &  
^? =ms ( bact]ia t are always f\nd 9 !  

air4 ,! cream obta9$ 9 ?is mann] is     
likely to conta9 n only num]\s bact]ia1 
b a great v>iety ( =ms1 "s ( :i*        
und\bt$ly are ! cause ( ! poor keep+    
qualities ( butt] made f su* cream4  ,9 
! m mod]n me?od ( gravity cream+1 9 :i* 
! milk is plac$ 9 deep n>r[ cans kept 9 
cold wat]1 ! conditions are n favorable 
= ! gr[? ( acid-=m+ bact]ia4 ,if ! milk 
is produc$ "u clean conditions1 & is    
plac$ 9 cold wat] at once1 ! bact]ial   
cont5t ( ! cream w be l[1 & x w be less 
likely to conta9 undesirable =ms ?an !  
cream :i* is obta9$ f ! %all[ pans4  ,9 
sep>ator cream ! bact]ia w be repres5t$ 
by ! k9ds pres5t 9 ! milk at "t (       
sep>ation4 ,if ?is milk is q old1 !     
cream w conta9 l>ge numb]s ( bact]ia2   
if1 h[ev]1 e>ly sep>ation is made & !   
milk is clean1 ! bact]ial cont5t ( !    
cream w be l[4  ,types ( butt]4 ,butt]  
may be divid$ into two types--acid or   
s\r-cream1 & sweet-cream1 dep5d+ ^u :e!r
 ! cream is all[$ to und]go ! acid      
f]m5tation or n be=e x is *urn$4 ,9     

s\!rn ,europe1 x is ! cu/om to *urn !   
cream z sweet z possible1 & ! result+   
product possesses only ! natural1 or    
prim>y milk flavor4 ,to "o accu/om$ to  
butt] made f s\r or rip5$ cream1 ?is    
ta/e is flat1 & if ! butt] is free f    
salt1 may rem9d "o ( grease4            
,sweet-cream butt] has a delicate flavor
 :5 x is made f good milk1 & ! ta/e = x 
is rapidly acquir$4 ,9 "s c5t]s1 z 9    
,p>is1 ! m>ket dem&s ?is type ( butt] q 
exclusively4  ,if ! cream is all[$ to   
und]go ! acid f]m5tation be=e *urn+1 !  
butt] has a mu* high] degree ( flavor & 
"o t diff]s mat]ially 9 k9d4 ,"u        
primitive me?ods1 x 0 difficult to keep 
! cream sweet until x c\ld be *urn$4 ,on
 ! small f>m ) gravity cream+ 9 %all[   
vessels & infrequ5t *urn+1 ! cream 0    
c]ta9 to be s\r :5 *urn$4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! 
mak+ ( butt] f s\r cream came into use  
because ( its great] conv5i5ce2 p became
 accu/om$ to s\r-cream butt]1 & at !    
pres5t "t x is us$ 9 ! great] "p ( ! _w1
 & is ! type made 9 all ( ! great dairy 

c\ntries4  ,rip5+ ( cream4 ,9 mod]n     
dairy practice ! s\r+ ( ! cream is call$
 ! rip5+ process1 & is1 :]e ! be/ me?ods
 are employ$1 l>gely "u ! control ( !   
butt] mak]4 ,! *anges t g on 9 ! rip5+  
process are ! same z h be5 discuss$ 9 ! 
acid f]m5tation ( milk4 ,! increase 9   
acid is accompani$ by an enorm\s        
increase 9 ! numb] ( bact]ia2 ! ripe    
cream w conta9 hundr$s ( millions (     
bact]ia 9 ea* cubic c5timet]4 ,! effect 
( ?is g]m life is to improve or injure !
 butt]1 dep5d+ ^u ! class ( bact]ia to  
:i* x belongs4 ,! problem ( ! mod]n     
butt] mak] is to control ! k9ds (       
bact]ia gr[+ 9 ! cream4  ,! temp]ature  
at :i* cream is held dur+ ! rip5+       
process is favorable to ! gr[? ( !      
acid-=m+ bact]ia2 h5ce1 9 ripe cream1 !y
 are practically ! only k9d ( bact]ia to
 be f\nd4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ h[ev]1 t   
!re are diff]5t classes ( acid-=m+      
organisms1 "s ( :i* produce desirable   
flavors1 :ile o!rs are di/9ctly h>mful4 
,! int5sity ( flavor ( butt] is1 9 a    

g5]al way1 directly relat$ to ! am\nt ( 
acid t is =m$ 9 ! cream4 ,a l[ acidity  
at "t ( *urn+ is usually associat$ ) a  
mild flavor1 :ile a high] degree (      
acidity1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 imp>ts a m 
pron\nc$ flavor to ! product4 ,if cream 
is ov]-rip5$1 ! quality ( ! flavor is   
s]i\sly impair$4  ,9 det]m9+ ! acidity (
 cream1 a def9ite volume is tak51 & !   
acidity det]m9$ by titration1 express+ !
 results z su* a p] c5t ( lactic acid4  
,manife/ly1 ! am\nt ( fat 9 ! cream     
influ5ces ! app>5t p] c5t ( acidity4 ,! 
acidity w n usually exce$ #j4e to #j4g  
p] c5t1 b 9 reality ! s]um w conta9 m   
?an ?is1 z ! acid is =m$ 9 ! s]um1 !    
butt] fat hav+ no role :atev]4 ,9 a v   
ri* cream1 #dj to #ej p] c5t fat1 x is  
impossible to develop m ?an #j4d to #j4e
 p] c5t ( acidity1 & ! flavor ( ! butt] 
w be l[1 because ( ! relation betwe5 !  
am\nt ( acid & fat1 :ile 9 a ?9 cream   
hav+ ! same acidity1 ! ratio betwe5 !   
am\nts ( fat & acid w be v diff]5t4 ,=  
example1 9 "o hundr$ p\nds ( #ej p] c5t 

cream ( #j4e p] c5t acidity !re w be    
"o-half p\nd ( acid & fifty p\nds ( fat2
 9 ! same quantity ( cream conta9+ #bj  
p] c5t ( fat & hav+ an acidity ( #j4e p]
 c5t !re w be "o-half p\nd ( acid to    
tw5ty p\nds ( fat4 ,! flavor ( ! butt] f
 ! ri* cream w be q diff]5t 9 int5sity f
 t made f ! ?9n] cream4  ,! acidity (   
cream _c be det]m9$ ) any degree (      
accuracy by ! ta/e or odor4 ,e butt]    
mak] %\ld h "s me?od ( det]m9+ ! degree 
( acidity 9 8 cream1 s t he may bett]   
control ! flavor ( 8 product4 ,sev]al   
me?ods h be5 devis$ = ?is purpose & !   
necess>y app>atus is sold by all dairy  
supply h\ses4  ,! effect ( ! rip5+ ( !  
cream is %[n n only 9 ! flavor ( !      
product1 b 9 a numb] ( o!r ways4 ,s\r   
cream *urns m easily1 & m exhau/ively   
?an does sweet cream4 ,x is suppos$ t ! 
fat globules are surr\nd$ by a film (   
album9\s mat]ial :i* prev5ts _! coalesc+
 readily4 ,dur+ ! rip5+ process1 !      
action ( ! acid app>5tly dissolves ?is  
envelop+ sub/ance1 & ! globules coh]e m 

easily 9 ! *urn+ process4  ,:5 raw cream
 is us$ ! rip5$-cream butt] keeps bett] 
?an t made f sweet cream4 ,9 sweet cream
 !re are few lactic bact]ia1 ! majority 
( ! bact]ia pres5t be+ ( v>i\s k9ds1 _m 
( :i* may be injuri\s1 s f> z ! keep+   
quality is conc]n$4 ,9 s\r-cream butt] !
 lactic bact]ia make up ov] #ii p] c5t (
 ! bact]ia pres5t1 & _! pres5ce t5ds to 
prev5t ! developm5t ( undesirable       
non-acid =ms4  ,s\rce ( butt] flavor4 ,!
 flavor ( rip5$-cream butt] has be5 %[n 
to be directly connect$ ) !             
acid-f]m5tation ( ! cream4 ,! am\nt (   
lactic acid =m$ f ! sug> f]m5t$ is      
dep5d5t ^u ! k9d ( bact]ia pres5t4 ,!   
acid-produc+ organisms t are desirable f
 ! /&po9t ( ! butt] mak] =m comp>atively
 small am\nts ( o!r by-products1 b ^!   
und\bt$ly affect ! flavor ( ! butt]4 ,z 
fats h ! p[] ( absorb+ odors1 ! butt]   
fat absorbs "s ( ! by-products ( ! acid 
f]m5tation1 ?us acquir+ a c]ta9 aroma & 
flavor4  ,x is n necess>y t ! cream be  
rip5$1 9 ord] to h ! fat acquire a      

flavor1 = if sweet cream is *urn$ ) a   
consid]able proportion ( s\r milk1 !    
butt] w h mu* ! same flavor1 bo? z to   
int5sity & k9d1 z ?\gh ! cream _h be5   
all[$ to s\r naturally4 ,a process (    
butt] mak+ kn[n z ! ,le,clair me?od is  
bas$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! flavor-produc+ 
sub/ances c also be absorb$ by ! butt]  
aft] x is *urn$1 by work+ ! butt] 9     
contact ) s\r milk4 ,attempts h be5 made
 to add pure lactic acid to ! cream1    
in/ead ( all[+ ! acid to be =m$ by !    
bact]ia1 b :ile ! physical effect on !  
cream is ! same1 ! flavor & aroma ( !   
butt] are defici5t1 because ! acid      
itself does n supply ! necess>y aromatic
 products4 ,?is emphasizes ! importance 
( ! by-products ( ! acid f]m5tation o!r 
?an ! lactic-acid4  ,9 ! pa/ num]\s     
attempts h be5 made to f9d organisms t  
might be add$ to ! cream1 9 ord] to     
produce ! delicate flavor *>act]i/ic ( !
 be/ type ( butt]4 ,"s bact]iologi/s h  
claim$ t ! s\rce ( ! flavor-giv+        
sub/ance 0 to be f\nd 9 ! decomposition 

products ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( !   
milk4 ,none ( ^! attempts h /ood ! te/ (
 practical use 9 cream]ies1 & x has be5 
demon/rat$ t ! f9e/ type ( butt] c be   
made by ! use ( lactic bact]ia alone4   
,=m]ly1 :5 butt] 0 made :olly f cream   
s\r$ "u natural conditions1 a mu* high] 
degree ( flavor 0 develop$4 ,"u pres5t  
m>ket dem&s1 a less pron\nc$ flavor is  
desir$1 a condition m readily met by !  
use ( mod]n me?ods4  ,importance ( butt]
 flavor4 ,! importance ( flavor 9       
det]m9+ ! comm]cial value ( butt] is    
evid5c$ by ! relatively high value plac$
 ^u ?is factor 9 scor+1 viz41 flavor1   
#de po9ts2 body or texture1 #be po9ts2  
color #ae2 salt #aj2 & package #e po9ts4
 ,! factors on :i* butt] is judg$1 are )
 ! exception ( flavor1 :olly "u !       
control ( ! mak]1 b z ! production (    
flavor is dep5d5t on ! k9d ( bact]ia    
pres5t 9 ! cream1 x is a f> m difficult 
matt] to control1 & yet x is ( ! utmo/  
importance 9 det]m9+ ! value ( !        
product4  ,! flavor ( ! butt] is dep5d5t

 on ! quality ( ! cream4 ,if ?is is     
dirty & s\r1 ! mak] has little control  
ov] ! type ( f]m5tation1 & h5ce1 little 
control ( ! flavor ( ! butt]4 ,?is has  
l$ 9 "s cases to ! grad+ ( ! cream1 bas+
 ! division on ! acidity1 flavor1 & fat 
cont5t4 ,su* practice is entirely       
ju/ifiable1 z a bett] quality ( butt] c 
be made f fre%1 sweet cream ?an f t     
already f]m5t$4 ,x is notewor?y t !     
quality ( butt] has n improv$ s9ce !    
introduction ( ! c5traliz] sy/em1 9 :i* 
cream is %ipp$ = long di/ances4         
,control ( ! type ( f]m5tation4 ,9 !    
old] me?ods ( butt] mak+1 !re 0 little  
or no control ( ! type ( f]m5tation t   
took place 9 ! cream4 ,:]e milk is      
produc$ "u clean conditions1 & kept at  
ord9>y temp]atures1 x w g5]ally und]go  
f]m5tation *anges1 due to ! desirable   
type ( acid-=m+ organisms4 ,9 milk1 :i* 
is less c>efully h&l$1 ! undesirable    
bact]ia are m abundant & ! quality ( !  
butt] ( l[] grade4 ,:5 butt] 0 made on !
 f>m1 be=e ! developm5t ( ! factory     

sy/em1 x 0 n a "q ( vital importance    
:e!r ! product 0 uni=m f day to day1 b )
 ! adv5t ( ! mod]n cream]y1 turn+ out   
?\s&s ( p\nds ( butt] p] day1 & ) !     
ext5sion ( ! m>kets = ! product1 ! "q ( 
uni=mity came to be ( mu* importance4 ,a
 uni=m product c be secur$ only by !    
control ( ! type ( f]m5tation 9 ! cream1
 or by ! control ( ! k9ds ( bact]ia t   
cause ! s\r+ ( ! cream4 ,mod]n me?ods ( 
butt] mak+ h be5 devis$ on ! basis ( an 
improvem5t 9 ! rip5+ process4  ,/>t]s4  
,f ! e>lie/ practice ( all[+ ! cream to 
/& until suffici5t quantity _h          
accumulat$ = *urn+1 x 0 only a /ep1 b a 
mo/ important "o1 to ! addition ( s\r   
milk1 s\r cream1 or butt] milk1 to ha/5 
! rip5+ process4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( !    
mod]n />t]4 ,exp]i5ce demon/rat$ t !    
addition ( ^! already f]m5t$ liquids    
ex]cis$ a desirable effect ^u !         
production ( butt] flavor1 ev5 ?\gh1 at 
t "t1 ! ph5om5on ( milk f]m5tation 0 n  
satisfactorily und]/ood1 & ! relation ( 
bact]ial by-products to ! production (  

flavor 9 butt] 0 n recogniz$4  ,z a     
result ( exp]i5ce alone1 improvem5ts 9 !
 developm5t ( ! home made />t] took     
place4 ,by c>eful selection ( clean     
milk1 & ! natural f]m5tation ( ?is "u   
c>efully controll$ conditions1 z well z 
! control ( ! temp]ature ( ! cream dur+ 
! rip5+1 improvem5t 9 ! te*nique ( cream
 rip5+ gradually develop$4 ,m & m       
att5tion 0 giv5 to ! prep>ation ( !     
/>t]1 & its propagation f day to day1 "u
 conditions :i* w\ld prev5t its         
det]ioration4 ,?is me?od ( utiliz+      
naturally f]m5t$ milk or cream 0        
gradually ext5d$1 until x became almo/  
univ]sal 9 ! l>g] butt]-produc+         
di/ricts4  ,9 #ahij a m ref9$ &         
sci5tific process 0 introduc$ by !      
,dani% bact]iologi/1 ,/or*4 ,recogniz+ !
 fact t butt] flavor 0 attributable to !
 developm5t ( ! bact]ia pres5t 9 ! rip5+
 cream1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( isolat+ !  
v>i\s types ( organisms f\nd 9 milk &   
te/+ !m z to _! effect on ! quality (   
flavor4 ,selection 0 !n made ( ! mo/    

favorable flavor-produc+ types1 & ^! 7  
propagat$ 9 suitable culture m$ia1 su* z
 skim milk1 :i* 0 r5d]$ m or less       
p]fectly /]ile by pa/eurization or      
/]ilization4 ,"u su* conditions !       
addition ( a select$ f]m5t c\ld be made 
to ! fre% cream1 & s control ! type (   
f]m5tation :i* occurr$ !re94 ,an        
ess5tial requisite 9 any organism us$ = 
?is purpose mu/ be ! ability to produce 
relatively l>ge am\nts ( acid rapidly at
 ord9>y rip5+ temp]atures1 & also to =m 
suffici5t quantities ( ! prop]          
flavor-produc+ sub/ances to imp>t a     
suitable flavor to ! butt] fat4 ,su*    
/>t]s are kn[n z pure culture or        
comm]cial />t]s1 & are prep>$ 9 bo?     
liquid & dry =m4 ,at pres5t !y are us$  
to a great] or less ext5t 9 all ( !     
lead+ dairy di/ricts4  ,liquid />t]s    
consi/ ( a mass ( /]ile nutri5t m$ium1  
milk or beef bro?1 inoculat$ ) ! pure   
culture4 ,! dry />t]s are made by add+  
liquid cultures1 conta9+ ! gr[+ bact]ia1
 to "s absorb+ mat]ial1 su* z milk sug>1

 milk p[d]1 or />*1 ! :ole mass be+ dri$
 at l[ temp]atures1 s z n to injure !   
bact]ia4 ,"u su* conditions ! bact]ia1  
exi/ 9 a dormant /ate1 & are protect$ f 
_! own by-products1 to :i* !y w\ld be   
expos$ if ma9ta9$ 9 liquid cultures4 ,! 
keep+ quality1 !re=e1 ( dry cultures1 is
 mu* bett] ?an t ( liquid cultures4  ,by
 ! use ( ! pure-culture />t]s1 ! butt]  
mak] is able to add to 8 cream ! same   
k9d ( bact]ia f day to day1 & ! butt] w 
be m uni=m ?an :5 ! less con/ant        
home-made />t] is employ$4 ,9 cream to  
:i* ! />t] is add$1 !re are pres5t a    
great] or less numb] ( acid-=m+ bact]ia1
 dep5d+ ^u ! age ( ! cream1 & ^u !      
condition "u :i* x 0 produc$4 ,^! w gr[ 
dur+ ! rip5+ process1 & ! flavor ( !    
product w be ! result ( ! mixture ( !   
bact]ia 9 ! cream4 ,! mak] c n1 !re=e1  
be c]ta9 t ! addition ( a pure culture  
to raw cream w effectively control !    
type ( f]m5tation4 ,?is c be secur$ only
 by fir/ de/roy+ ! exi/+ bact]ia 9 !    
cream1 be=e ! select$ culture is add$4  

,heat+ ! cream accompli%es ?is2 & 9     
cream ?us fre$ f ! v>i\s k9ds ( bact]ia1
 ! butt] mak] c insure ! dom9ance ( !   
desirable types1 conta9$ 9 !            
pure-culture />t]4 ,if ! cream c be     
obta9$ 9 a sweet condition1 ! mak] ?r\gh
 ?is process ( pa/eurization1 & ! use ( 
pure cultures1 secures almo/ p]fect     
control ov] ! type ( f]m5tation t occurs
 9 ! cream1 & ?us ex]cises control ov] !
 degree & k9d ( flavor ( ! product4 ,?is
 mo/ sci5tific type ( butt] mak+ is n[  
us$ by ! mo/ progressive butt] mak]s 9 !
 lead+ butt]-produc+ regions ( ! _w4    
,pa/eurization ( ! cream also di/9ctly  
improves ! keep+ quality ( butt]1 a     
condition d\btless due to ! fre$om ( !  
same f organisms o!r ?an ! lactic       
bact]ia4 ,?is is a factor ( z mu*       
importance z uni=mity1 because "u mod]n 
bus9ess conditions1 ! surplus production
 mu/ be kept 9 /orage1 & x is ess5tial t
 ! quality %\ld n det]iorate mat]ially  
dur+ ?is "t4  ,process ( pa/eurization =
 butt] mak+4 ,9 ! pa/eurization ( m>ket 

milk1 x is necess>y to take into acc\nt 
! effect ( heat+ on ! physical & *emical
 prop]ties ( ! milk1 & ! degree ( heat t
 c be employ$ is limit$4 ,9 pa/euriz+   
cream = butt]1 !re is no su* limitation1
 & ! cream may be heat$ to any          
temp]ature desir$4 ,9 ,d5m>k :]e !      
process ( pa/eurization has be5 us$ mo/ 
ext5sively1 temp]atures rang+ f #agf ,f4
 to #aij ,f4 are us$4 ,! ma*9es are ( ! 
cont9u\s fl[ type1 & ! cream r ?an !    
:ole milk is treat$4 ,to prev5t ! spread
 ( tub]culosis & o!r diseases1 ! ,dani% 
gov]nm5t requires t all cream & milk be 
heat$ to #agf ,f41 be=e ! skim milk or  
butt] milk is return$ to ! f>ms4  ,!    
heat+ ( ! butt] fat to high temp]atures 
has an injuri\s effect on ! texture ( ! 
butt]1 unless ! cream is cool$ to #ej   
,f41 = a p]iod ( at lea/ two h\rs       
previ\s to *urn+4  ,propagation ( />t]s4
 ,z has be5 previ\sly %[n1 ! quality (  
butt] dep5ds on ! k9d ( bact]ia 9 !     
cream or 9 ! />t] add$4 ,! comm]cial    
/>t]s conta9 lactic acid bact]ia t h be5

 select$ ) especial c>e2 mo/ ( ! />t]s  
n[ sold conta9 b a s+le k9d ( bact]ia2  
h5ce1 are (t5 call$ pure-culture />t]s4 
,! package pur*as$ conta9s b a small    
quantity1 & be=e ! />t] c be us$ 9 !    
rip5+ ( cream1 x mu/ be increas$ 9      
am\nt4 ,x mu/ also be propagat$ f day to
 day s t a fre% />t] %all be available  
daily = addition to ! cream4 ,!         
propagation ( ! />t] mu/ be done )      
especial ref]5ce to keep+ x 9 good      
condition & 9 z high a /ate ( purity z  
possible4  ,9 ! pa/ ! />t] 0 propagat$1 
by add+ ! cont5ts ( ! bottle pur*as$ to 
a small am\nt ( milk t _h be5 heat$ &   
cool$2 ?is1 if kept 9 a w>m place1 w\ld 
be curdl$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & c\ld be   
us$ = ! inoculation ( a l>ge mass (     
milk1 t _h be5 treat$ 9 a l mann]1 &    
:i*1 :5 curdl$1 0 add$ to ! cream2 a    
small am\nt 0 sav$ = ! purpose ( aga9   
inoculat+ a mass ( milk t _h be5 heat$ &
 cool$4 ,foll[+ ?is me?od x 0 v         
difficult to keep ! culture f becom+    
contam9at$ ) o!r =ms ( bact]ia4 ,m      

rec5tly ! mo/ successful butt] mak]s h  
propagat$ ! s-call$ "m />t]s 9 small    
vessels1 & h us$ ! l>g] mass ( />t] = ! 
inoculation ( ! cream alone4  ,glass    
vessels are pref]able = ! propagation ( 
! "m />t]s s9ce !y are imp]vi\s & ?r\gh 
! transp>5t wall ! condition ( ! rip5$  
/>t] c be m easily det]m9$ ?an 9 a metal
 or e>!nw>e vessel4 ,an ord9>y milk     
bottle ) an inv]t$ tumbl] = a cov]1 to  
protect ! />t] f contam9ation f ! air1  
is a mo/ conv5i5t vessel4  ,! />t]s may 
be propagat$ ei!r 9 :ole or skim milk2 !
 =m] is pref]able s9ce1 9 mo/ cream]ies1
 x c be m easily select$4 ,! quality ( !
 milk us$ has mu* to d ) ! quality ( !  
/>t]2 x %\ld be z fre% & clean z x is   
possible to obta94 ,! clean bottle %\ld 
be fill$ half to two-?irds full1 cov]$ &
 heat$ 9 "s mann] s t ! milk %all be at 
a temp]ature close to ! boil+ po9t =    
fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4 ,! heat+ may be 
done by plac+ ! bottles 9 wat]1 :i* is  
heat$ on a /ove or by /eam1 or ! bottles
 may be subject$ to /ream+ /eam4 ,! milk

 is cool$ quickly & ! cont5ts ( !       
package pur*as$ add$ & well mix$ ) !    
milk4 ,9 ! case ( ! dry />t]s1 ! mix+   
%\ld be done ) especial c>e4 ,! bottle  
is kept 9 a w>m place & 9 tw5ty-f\r to  
?irty-six h\rs1 ! milk %\ld be curdl$4  
,a second bottle mu/ be treat$ z be=e & 
inoculat$ f ! fir/1 & ! process repeat$ 
daily s9ce ! bact]ia mu/ h fre% food1 if
 !y are to be ma9ta9$ 9 good condition4 
,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 ! mak] mu/ be 
able to ma9ta9 con/ant conditions f day 
to day1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! am\nt 
( ! rip5$ />t] t is transf]r$ to ! fre% 
bottle ( milk1 & ! temp]ature at :i* !  
bottles are kept4 ,a spoon1 arrang$ z   
%[n 9 ,fig4 #ca1 enables "o to c>ry a   
def9ite am\nt ( ! rip5$ />t] to ! bottle
 ( milk to be inoculat$ & a con/ant     
temp]ature box 7,fig4 #cb7 p]mits ( !   
ma9t5ance ( ! same temp]ature f day to  
day4 ,?r\gh c>eful sup]vision ( ^!      
po9ts1 & by tak+ c>e at e /ep to avoid !
 introduction ( contam9at+ organisms1 ! 
purity ( ! culture c be ma9ta9$1 & !    

bact]ia kept 9 a heal?y condition4  ,!  
/>t] is us$ because ( ! acid-=m+ bact]ia
 x conta9s2 x is said to be ripe & 9 !  
be/ condition = use at ! "t x conta9s ! 
greate/ numb] ( liv+ bact]ia4 ,x has be5
 f\nd by exp]im5t t ?is is at ! "t !    
milk curdles at ord9>y temp]ature1 or :5
 ! acidity is ab\t #j4f-j4g p] c5t4 ,if 
! acidity is all[$ to increase to #j4h  
or #j4i p] c5t1 ! numb] ( bact]ia w be  
less & a l>g] am\nt ( ! />t] mu/ be us$ 
9 ord] to rip5 a def9ite am\nt ( cream 9
 ! desir$ "t4 ,! use ( an ov]ripe />t]  
may also h an injuri\s effect on !      
flavor4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#ca4--;,bottle = ,"m ,/>t]s4  ,a milk   
bottle ) a tumbl] = a cov] & a spoon =  
inoculat+ ! o!r bottles enables ! butt] 
mak] to propagate ! />t]s )\t           
contam9ation4  ,! rip5$ />t] %\ld be    
p]fectly homog5e\s1 %[+ no bubbles ( gas
 or free :ey2 ! odor %\ld be agreeable &
 ! acid ta/e mild2 on %ak+1 ! curd %\ld 
break up into a smoo?1 creamy liquid    
free f lumps4 ,?is is especially        

important 9 ! />t] t is to be add$ to ! 
cream1 s9ce o!rwise ! />t] _c be uni=mly
 mix$ ) x & :ite specks ( curdl$ case9 w
 be not$ 9 ! butt]4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #cb4--;,an ,incubat+ ,*amb] = ,/>t]s4  
,! inn] comp>tm5t w hold a pail ( wat] &
 ! bottles = ! "m />t]s4 ,! temp]ature c
 be kept at any desir$ po9t by ! use (  
w>m or cold wat]4 ,! f\r-in* space      
betwe5 ! walls is fill$ ) hay or m9]al  
wool4  ,! firmness ( ! curd is n s      
dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( acid =m$ z ^u o!r  
factors4 ,if ! curd %r9ks to any ext5t &
 ! :ey is express$1 x is c]ta9 to       
produce a />t] t w conta9 lumps t _c be 
brok5 up4 ,) a pure culture ( lactic    
bact]ia1 !re is little difficulty 9 ?is 
reg>d1 b z soon z gas-=m+ bact]ia are   
introduc$1 tr\ble is likely to result4  
,9 ! propagation ( />t]s1 x is always to
 be rememb]$ t ! bact]ia1 al?\gh        
invisible to ! eye1 are liv+ ?+s1 &     
unless conditions are favorable 9 e     
p>ticul>1 x is impossible to keep !m 9 a
 heal?y condition1 s t gr[? 9 ! cream is

 rapid1 produc+ ! acid dem&$ = *urn+1 & 
imp>t+ to ! butt] ! desir$ flavor1 bo? z
 to degree & k9d4 ,no "p ( ! daily r\t9e
 ( ! butt] mak] %\ld be p]=m$ ) m c>e   
?an ! prep>ation ( ! />t]s1 bo? ! "m    
/>t]s1 & ! l>g] "o = addition to !      
cream4 ,! latt] c be/ be made 9 "o ( !  
_m =ms ( />t] cans n[ on ! m>ket1 s9ce  
by _! use1 ! mak] c heat & cool ! milk )
 little tr\ble1 & c ma9ta9 ! />t] at any
 desir$ temp]ature4 ,bett] />t]s _c be  
made 9 !m ?an by ! use ( simple &       
improvis$ app>atus1 b bett] results c be
 obta9$ ) ! same exp5diture ( "t &      
labor4  ,9 ! h&l+ ( ! l>ge />t]1 c>e    
%\ld be us$ n to ov]rip51 s9ce ! l>g]   
quantity is m likely to :ey (f ?an is ! 
small] />t]4 ,skim milk r ?an :ole %\ld 
be us$ = ?is4 ,x %\ld be select$ ) c>e &
 heat$ to #bjj ,f4 = ?irty m9utes4 ,:5 x
 is impossible to secure fre% milk =    
/>t] mak+ purposes1 ei!r cond5s$ skim   
milk or milk p[d] may be us$4 ,! cond5s$
 milk is dilut$ ) wat] until its volume 
is ab\t ! same z ! milk be=e            

conc5tration2 ! mixture is !n treat$ !  
same z fre% milk1 be+ heat$ & cool$ be=e
 inoculation4 ,9 ! case ( milk p[d]1 "o 
"p ( ! p[d] is add$ to t5 or twelve p>ts
 ( wat]1 all[$ to dissolve z f> z       
possible1 & ! mixture heat$ & cool$4    
,ei!r ( ^! liquids w give satisfactory  
/>t]s2 ! co/ h[ev] is high1 & 9 mo/     
places milk c be obta9$ m *eaply4 ,!    
inoculation & ! temp]ature %\ld be s    
controll$1 z to rip5 ! />t] at ! "t x is
 to be ne$$4 ,^! conditions mu/ be      
det]m9$ by ! mak] = himself4 ,x %\ld be 
rememb]$ t ! bact]ia gr[ mu* m rapidly1 
z ! temp]ature is increas$2 & h5ce1 !   
am\nt ( inoculation is dep5d5t on !     
temp]ature at :i* ! />t] is to be kept4 
,:5 ! />t] is propagat$ "u practical    
conditions1 x soon] or lat] det]iorates1
 ei!r 9 acid production1 or 9 flavor1 & 
a new pure culture mu/ be procur$ f !   
manufactur]4 ,x is impossible to give a 
h>d & fa/ rule z to ! l5g? ( "t a />t] c
 be kept 9 good condition4 ,x w dep5d on
 h[ well ! mak] satisfies ! conditions  

necess>y = ma9ta9+ its purity & /r5g?4  
,! use ( imp]fectly /]iliz$ milk1 or    
dirty ut5sils soon contam9ates x2       
ov]rip5+ is likely to injure ! flavor4  
,"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t tr\bles enc\nt]$ is 
! appe>ance ( a slimy or ropy condition 
9 ! />t]1 al?\gh ! acidity develop$ may 
be normal & ! flavor desirable4 ,x has  
be5 f\nd t ?is condition is n necess>ily
 due to contam9ation1 z 0 consid]$ true 
9 ! pa/1 b r to "s *ange 9 ! lactic     
bact]ia !mselves4 ,if ! propagation is  
cont9u$1 ! slimy condition w (t5        
disappe>4  ,/>t]s 9 process butt] &     
oleom>g>9e4 ,! advance :i* has rec5tly  
be5 made 9 ! sci5ce & practice ( cream  
rip5+ & butt] production is utiliz$ mo/ 
effectively 9 ! treatm5t ( cream 9 !    
r5ovat+ process4 ,old1 s\r$1 & /ale     
cream is r$uc$ 9 acidity by ! addition (
 lime4 ,! cream is !n pa/euriz$ & a]at$ 
to expel ! odors z mu* z possible4 ,a   
l>ge am\nt ( />t] is !n add$ & ! cream  
imm$iately *urn$4 ,"u ^! conditions1 !  
bad flavors are mat]ially r$uc$ 9       

int5sity1 & desirable flavors absorb$ by
 ! fat f ! select$ />t] us$4 ,x is ?us  
possible to produce butt] ( good quality
 f cream t w\ld at fir/ be reg>d$ z q   
unsuitable = butt] production4  ,9 !    
manufacture ( oleom>g>9e ! same pr9ciple
 is utiliz$4 ,! butt] aroma & flavor is 
imp>t$ to ! neutral oils & ta/eless fats
 by mix+ ! same ) a prop]ly prep>$ />t]4
 ,r5ovat$ or process butt] is giv5 a    
desirable flavor 9 ! same way4  ,wa%    
wat]4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! purity ( !    
wat] us$ 9 wa%+ ! granul> butt] has a   
m>k$ influ5ce on ! keep+ quality4 ,if ! 
wat] is f a %all[ well into :i* surface 
wat] f9ds its way1 x is c]ta9 to conta9 
l>ge numb]s ( ^? types ( bact]ia t are  
f\nd 9 ! soil1 :ile if x comes f a deep 
well t is prop]ly protect$ f surface    
contam9ation1 ! bact]ial cont5t ( ! wat]
 w be l[ & no injuri\s effect on ! butt]
 w be not$4 ,:5 x is impossible to obta9
 pure wat] = wa%+ purposes1 a prop]     
supply may be secur$ by /]iliz+ ! wat]4 
,! mo/ conv5i5t way ( heat+ ! wat] is by

 ! direct injection ( /eam4 ,x is       
necess>y to use t com+ directly f !     
boil]s & n ! exhau/ f ! eng9e1 s9ce !   
latt] is likely to conta9 small am\nts (
 oil t w imp>t to ! butt] an            
objectionable flavor4 ,aft] cool+1 !    
wat] is ready = use4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! 
co/ ( treat+ an impure wat] is m ?an    
cov]$ by ! increas$ returns f ! product4
  ,a pure & heal?ful wat] supply %\ld be
 "o ( ! ess5tial ?+s ( e dairy1 cream]y1
 & *eese factory1 n only = ! sake ( !   
quality ( ! product1 b also to avoid    
contam9ation ( products )               
disease-produc+ bact]ia4  ,bact]ia 9    
butt]4 ,! g]m cont5t ( butt] w dep5d on 
! type ( cream4 ,sweet-cream butt]      
conta9s b few bact]ia4 ,9 s\r-cream     
butt] ! cont5t 9 bact]ia w be greatly   
increas$1 especially z to lactic        
organisms4 ,(t51 x may am\nt to sev]al  
millions ( organisms p] gram4 ,! g]m    
cont5t ( butt] is said to be great] on !
 outside ( a package ?an )9 ! mass1 due 
d\btless to ! free access ( air1 ?us    

favor+ ! gr[? ( ! a]obic =ms4  ,!       
composition ( normal butt] does n favor 
! gr[? ( ! majority ( k9ds ( bact]ia t  
are conta9$ 9 x4 ,! wa%+ process removes
 mu* ( ! mat]ial suitable z food = !    
bact]ia1 su* z sug> & album54 ,if       
consid]able butt] milk is left 9 !      
butt]1 ! gr[? ( bact]ia w be q rapid1 at
 fir/1 b does n cont9ue = any           
consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,! addition (    
salt also t5ds to re/ra9 ! gr[? ( mo/   
k9ds ( bact]ia4  ,butt] is at its be/ :5
 x is p]fectly fre%4 ,det]ioration beg9s
 )9 a %ort "t & ! rapidity ) :i* !      
*anges g on is dep5d5t on ! temp]ature  
at :i* ! butt] is /or$4 ,! temp]ature ( 
! butt] rooms 9 ! l>ge cold /orage      
plants is kept bel[ #j ,f4 ,! butt] 9   
su* rooms w det]iorate v sl[ly1 b on    
removal f ! cold rooms & 9 /orage at    
ord9>y temp]atures det]ioration goes on 
m rapidly ?an w\ld h be5 ! case :5 !    
butt] 0 fre%4 ,at ! temp]ature ( an     
ord9>y refrig]ator ! *anges g on mu* m  
rapidly4 ,?is fact has (t5 be5 look$ on 

z indicat+ t ! factors caus+ ! *anges   
are biological ones4 ,! influ5ce (      
temp]ature 9 accel]at+ ! *anges w\ld be 
! same if no biological factor 7 active4
  ,t biological factors are ( importance
 is indicat$ by ! fact t ! keep+ quality
 ( ! product is pr(\ndly affect$ by !   
quality ( ! cream4 ,butt] made f sweet1 
fre% cream1 t has be5 ?or\ghly          
pa/euriz$1 has ! be/ keep+ quality1 :ile
 butt] made f su* cream1 b n pa/euriz$1 
has ! poore/ keep+ quality1 especially  
:5 no salt is add$4 ,e process by :i* ! 
desirable lactic bact]ia are increas$ 9 
proportion to o!r k9ds has a m>k$ effect
 9 enhanc+ ! keep+ quality ( ! butt]4   
,?us1 ! use ( pure cultures 9 raw cream1
 & pa/eurization toge!r ) ! pure        
cultures1 h a m>k$ b5eficial effect4  ,!
 addition ( pres]vatives ex]ts an effect
 on keep+ quality4 ,borax is ! *emical  
mo/ frequ5tly employ$ = ?is purpose4    
,its use is all[$ 9 ,au/ralia & ,new    
,zeal& 9 butt] t is %ipp$ to ,engl&1 b !
 use ( all pres]vatives is =bidd5 9 !   

,unit$ ,/ates4  ,! size ( ! package also
 has an effect on ! keep+ quality2 !    
small] ! package1 ! great] is ! surface 
expos$ to ! air & ! m rapidly ! butt]   
det]iorates4 ,butt] us$ 9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates ,navy is pack$ 9 h]metically     
seal$ cans s z to exclude ! air z f> z  
possible4  ,f ! fact t any condition :i*
 re/ra9s or inhibits ! gr[? (           
micro-organisms has a t5d5cy to improve 
! keep+ quality ( butt]1 x w\ld appe> t 
! detrim5tal *anges 9 ! quality ( butt] 
are due to biological causes4 ,! mo/    
common defect kn[n is t usually ref]r$  
to z rancidity4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 diff]5t
 types ( *anges t are probably includ$  
"u ?is head & x is v probable t diff]5t 
causes are op]ative 9 _! production4    
,true rancidity is probably due to      
biological causes2 ! s-call$ tall[y     
*ange1 9 :i* ! butt] acquires ! odor (  
tall[ is probably due to ! comb9$ action
 ( light & air on ! fat4  ,bact]ial     
defects 9 butt]4 ,!re are a numb] (     
defects 9 butt] t are positively kn[n to

 be due to ! gr[? ( bact]ia 9 ! milk or 
cream1 or 9 ! butt] itself4 ,! lack (   
flavor is look$ ^u z a defect 9 ! case (
 rip5$-cream butt]4 ,x may be due to    
insuffici5t rip5+ ( ! cream1 or to !    
lack ( acid-=m+ bact]ia t produce !     
desirable flavor-=m+ comp\nds4 ,n all   
acid-=m+ bact]ia are able to produce    
favorable1 flavor-giv+ comp\nds2 h5ce1  
s\r cream butt] may sometimes be        
defici5t 9 flavor by reason ( ?is fact4 
,putrid butt]4 ,?is specific butt]      
tr\ble has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,d5m>k1 :]e x 0 
fir/ /udi$ by ,j5s54 ,butt] affect$ by x
 rapidly acquires a peculi> putrid odor 
t ru9s x = table use4 ,sometimes ?is    
flavor may be develop$ 9 ! cream previ\s
 to *urn+4 ,x may be caus$ by a numb] ( 
bact]ia4  ,turnip flavor$ butt]4 ,butt] 
sometimes acquires a flavor resembl+    
turnips4 ,?is tr\ble may be due to !    
fe$+ ( su* roots1 ! aromatic sub/ances  
peculi> to !m be+ absorb$ directly by ! 
milk & ?us transf]r$ to ! butt]4        
,weigmann trac$ a simil> flavor to c]ta9

 bact]ia t ent]$ ! milk f b>n fil?4     
,c[y odor 9 butt]4 ,!re is sometimes to 
be not$ an odor 9 butt] z 9 milk t      
resembles t ( ! c[ /able4 ,usually ?is  
defect has be5 ascrib$ to ! absorption (
 ^! odors directly by ! milk4 ,organisms
 h also be5 describ$ t imp>t to ! butt] 
a v simil> odor4 ,bitt] butt] may be due
 to ! fe$ t is consum$ by ! c[1 or x may
 be due to ^? =ms ( bact]ia t produce a 
bitt] f]m5tation ( ! milk4  ,o!r        
abnormal flavors4 ,among ! num]\s       
abnormal flavors t h be5 not$ 9 butt] is
 "o ( q frequ5t appe>ance1 ! s call$    
fi%y flavor4 ,x is n[ believ$ by _m t   
?is flavor is due to ! pres5ce ( small  
am\nts ( iron or copp] salts t h be5    
introduc$ into ! milk f ut5sils f :i* ! 
protective coat+ ( t9 has be5 worn4 ,if 
! milk or cream /or$ 9 su* ut5sils      
develops any m>k$ degree ( acidity1 !   
acid w dissolve a small am\nt ( ! iron  
or copp]4 ,! fi%y flavor has n be5 f\nd 
9 sweet-cream butt] z w\ld be expect$ f 
! above explanation4 ,9 fre% butt] a    

metallic ta/e is sometimes pres5t4 ,x is
 believ$ by "s t on /orage ?is flavor   
*anges to ! fi%y flavor4  ,all ut5sils  
us$ = ! /orage ( milk & cream %\ld be   
kept 9 good condition s z to prev5t !   
acid milk or cream f com+ 9 contact )   
iron or copp]4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#cc4--,moldy ,butt]4  ,! mold gr[s on ! 
pap] 9 :i* ! butt] is wrapp$ r ?an on ! 
butt]4 ,! pr9t on ! left 0 wrapp$ 9 !   
same pap] z ! pr9t on ! "r except t !   
p>*m5t cov] _h be5 /eam$ = a few mom5ts4
  ,moldy butt]4 ,a defect t causes a    
great am\nt ( loss is ! developm5t (    
mold on ! surface ( ! butt]1 ei!r 9 tubs
 or 9 pr9ts4 ,?is tr\ble is easily      
prev5t$4 ,butt] is n well suit$ to !    
gr[? ( mold1 b ! pap] us$ = l9+ ! tubs1 
or wrapp+ ! pr9ts is an excell5t m$ium =
 mold gr[?4 ,! wood ( ! tub also        
furni%es ample food = ?is type ( life1  
especially :]e ! wood conta9s any sap4  
,"o o!r ess5tial condition = mold gr[?  
is a supply ( oxyg54 ,! mold spores are 
widely dissem9at$1 & are always to be   

f\nd on ! butt] tubs & on ! pap]4 ,!    
numb] is n likely to be suffici5t to    
cause tr\ble unless ! tubs & pap] h be5 
kept "u su* conditions1 z to all[ gr[?  
to take place on !m be=e use4 ,dur+     
damp1 hot wea!r1 ! am\nt ( moi/ure      
absorb$ by ^! mat]ials is (t5 suffici5t 
to all[ molds to gr[ on !m4 ,?is tr\ble 
c be prev5t$ by ! /orage ( tubs & pap] 9
 a clean dry place1 or by a dis9fect+   
treatm5t :i* w de/roy ! mold spores4 ,! 
mo/ successful me?od ( treatm5t ( tubs  
is to apply p>aff9 to ! inn] surface1   
:i* c be easily done by ! use ( "s "o ( 
! v>i\s ma*9es n[ on ! m>ket4 ,! ?9 lay]
 ( p>aff9 excludes ! moi/ure f ! wood1 &
 also prev5ts ! mold f obta9+ a supply (
 oxyg5 = its gr[?4 ,! tubs may be /eam$1
 treat$ ) hot wat]1 or fill$ ) a dilute 
solution ( =maldehyde1 & all[$ to /&    
ov]night4 ,soak+ 9 br9e z is usually    
done 9 ! cream]ies is ( "s effect1 b w n
 completely kill mold spores4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,moldy ,butt]4
  ,! butt] 0 plac$ 9 a p>aff9$ tub1 b ! 

pap] 0 n treat$ s z to de/roy ! mold    
spores !reon4  ,butt] may mold :]e !    
tubs h be5 ?or\ghly treat$1 because ( ! 
mold spores on ! pap] us$ = ! l9+4 ,"o (
 ! black molds is able to ?rive on      
p>*m5t pap] :5ev] ! air is damp4 ,9 !   
pa/ b little att5tion has be5 paid to ! 
pap] z a s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,x is c]ta9 t x
 is (t5 at fault1 & t z mu* att5tion    
%\ld be paid to ! pap] z to ! tub4 ,a   
mo/ effici5t way ( treat+ pap]1 ei!r =  
tub l9]s or pr9t wrapp]s is to place    
same 9 boil+ wat] = a few m9utes4       
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,bact]ia ,,& ,,*eese  
,,mak+4   ,butt]1 su* z t ( !           
sweet-cream type t is highly e/eem$ 9 _m
 p>ts ( ! _w1 may be made )\t ! aid (   
bact]ia1 b no important k9d ( *eese c be
 made "u comm]cial conditions )\t !m4   
,types ( *eese4 ,*eese consi/s ( ! fat &
 ! precipitat$ case9 ( milk1 toge!r ) a 
l>ge am\nt ( wat] & ! salts f\nd 9 milk4
 ,! num]\s types ( *eese may be divid$  
into two gr\ps1 dep5d+ on ! mann] 9 :i* 
! curdl+ ( ! milk is br\ght ab\t4       

,s\r-milk *eese is made f curd1 =m$ z a 
result ( ! acid f]m5tation ( ! milk4    
,?us1 at ! v fir/ /age 9 ! mak+ ( ?is   
type1 ! importance ( bact]ia is app>5t4 
,! second type is t made f curd1 :i* is 
precipitat$ by ! addition ( r5net to !  
milk4 ,?is type may also be divid$ into 
two gr\ps1 dep5d+ ^u _! texture2 ! h>d  
*eese1 & ! s(t *eese4 ,! ord9>y *$d>1 ! 
common ,am]ican type1 is ! mo/ important
 example ( ! h>d *eese2 ,limburg]1 ( !  
s(t *eese4 ,*eese are designat$ z h>d or
 s(t1 dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( :ey t is      
reta9$ 9 !m dur+ ! mak+ process4 ,!     
moi/ure cont5t has an important influ5ce
 on ! type & am\nt ( life t develops on 
& 9 ! curd mass1 & z w be se51 ! rip5+ &
 flavor ( ! *eese are dep5d5t ^u ^!     
biological factors4  ,! two gr\ps ( h>d 
& s(t *eese h no %>ply def9$ limits1 b  
m]ge into ea* o!r4 ,! extreme types ( ! 
h>d *eese are s dry & firm t !y c be cut
 only ) difficulty4 ,su* *eese are us$  
prim>ily z condim5ts to imp>t a flavor  
to c]ta9 di%es1 z mac>oni1 & = ?is      

purpose are grat$4 ,! extreme type ( s(t
 *eese is a s(t1 pa/y mass & c be easily
 spread ) a knife4  ,h>d *eese1 because 
! rip5+ process goes on uni=mly ?r\gh\t 
! entire mass ( *eese1 may be made ( any
 size :i* p]mits ( comm]cial h&l+4 ,!y c
 also be kept = long p]iods & pres]ve _!
 good qualities4 ,s(t *eese are made 9  
small sizes1 s9ce on acc\nt ( _!        
consi/5cy1 !y c\ld n o!rwise be h&l$1 & 
also because ( ! mann] ( rip5+4 ,! rip5+
 is due to ! action ( organisms develop+
 on ! surface1 ! by-products ( :i*      
diffuse into ! curd4 ,if ! *eese are too
 l>ge1 ! out] lay]s become ov]ripe1 :ile
 ! int]ior rema9s m or less un*ang$1 or 
insuffici5tly *ang$4 ,s(t *eese mature  
mu* m rapidly ?an h>d *eese2 consequ5tly
 !y are %ort liv$4  ,al?\gh made f !    
same sub/ance1 milk1 x is notewor?y t   
!re are ov] f\r hundr$ v>ieties ( *eese 
produc$4 ,mo/ ( ^! f9d only a local     
m>ket :]e made4 ,less ?an a doz5        
v>ieties are to be reg>d$ z g5]al       
articles ( comm]ce4  ,quality ( milk4 ,9

 ! mak+ ( butt] !re are a numb] (       
processes t ! mak] c use :5 he f9ds     
himself oblig$ to utilize poor milk4 ,! 
milk c be pa/euriz$ & ! h>mful bact]ia  
?us de/roy$2 desirable k9ds c !n be add$
 9 ! =m ( a pure-culture />t]4          
,pa/eurization also drives (f "s ( !    
volatile by-products ( ! fir/ acid      
f]m5tation4 ,by ! use ( ^! means1 ! mak]
 c prep>e a v good product f poor       
mat]ial4  ,9 ! mak+ ( mo/ k9ds ( *eese1 
especially ^? ( ! greate/ comm]cial     
importance1 ! *eese mak] c call to 8    
help no su* aids1 b mu/ use ! milk z x  
is br\ght to him4 ,x is possible to     
prep>e c]ta9 k9ds ( s(t *eese f         
pa/euriz$ milk t diff] 9 no ess5tial    
po9t f ! same *eese made f raw milk4    
,h>d *eese are also made f pa/euriz$    
milk1 b 9 mo/ cases su* *eese diff]1    
especially 9 ! degree ( flavor1 f t made
 f unheat$ milk4 ,x is q probable t1 z !
 factors conc]n$ 9 ! rip5+ ( *eese      
become bett] kn[n1 me?ods w be evolv$ = 
! successful production ( _m k9ds (     

*eese f pa/euriz$ milk4  ,x has be5 %[n 
t ! quality ( milk is almo/ :olly       
dep5d5t ^u ! numb] & k9ds ( bact]ia x   
conta9s4 ,^! bact]ia pass into ! *eese1 
& !re produce ! same products z !y w\ld 
h done 9 ! milk itself4 ,9 butt] mak+1  
practically all processes are "u !      
control ( ! mak]1 until ! product is    
ready = ! m>ket2 b *eese1 on ! o!r h&1  
passes ?r\gh a complicat$ s]ies ( *anges
 aft] x has left ! mak]'s control4 ,dur+
 ! manipulation ( ! milk & ! curd 9 !   
vat1 he c ex]t "s influ5ce on ! quality 
( ! product1 b he is mu* m dep5d5t on ! 
quality ( ! milk ?an is ! case 9 butt]  
mak+4  ,e ef=t %\ld !re=e be made to    
furni% to ! *eese mak] ! quality ( milk 
f :i* he c prep>e f9e *eese4 ,9 o!r     
words1 ! milk %\ld be produc$ "u clean  
conditions & c>efully cool$ & h&l$ until
 deliv]$ to ! mak]4 ,poor milk f a s+le 
f>m may h su* an effect ^u ! *eese made 
f ! milk ( tw5ty f>ms z to depreciate ! 
sell+ value ( ! entire product sev]al   
c5ts p] p\nd4  ,! te/s t h be5 previ\sly

 describ$ 7p4 #aje7 h be5 devis$        
especially = te/+ ! quality ( ! milk =  
*eese mak+ purposes1 & are ( ! greate/  
s]vice to ! mak] 9 trac+ ! s\rce ( poor 
milk4  ,*$d> *eese4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! mak+
 ( *$d> *eese is ! rip5+ ( ! milk1 or ! 
developm5t ( a small am\nt ( acid4 ,9   
?is f]m5tation1 ! developm5t ( acid is  
prec$$ by an enorm\s increase 9 ! numb] 
( acid-=m+ bact]ia4 ,milk = *eese mak+  
%\ld %[ an acidity ( ab\t #j4b p] c5t or
 slightly m ?an 9 fre% milk4 ,9 o!r     
words1 ! mak] wi%es ! milk to be 9 su*  
condition1 bact]iologically1 t if kept  
at a temp]ature favorable = ! gr[? ( !  
acid-=m+ bact]ia1 ! acidity w increase  
rapidly4  ,! curdl+ ( ! milk to         
precipitate ! *eese solids is produc$ by
 ! addition ( r5net1 :i* is obta9$ by   
extract+ ! f\r? /oma* ( ! "y calf ) a   
solution ( common salt4 ,9 ! pa/ ! mak] 
prep>$ 8 own r5net solution f ! dri$    
/oma*s 7r5nets71 b at pres5t1 ! extract 
is prep>$ comm]cially1 9 a mu* m uni=m  
mann]4 ,! rapidity ( ! curdl+ is dep5d5t

 ^u ! acidity ( ! milk4 ,9 ord] to      
secure prop] r5net action1 a slight     
increase ( acid ov] t f\nd 9 fre% milk  
is usually necess>y2 ?us at ! v beg9n+ (
 ! process ( mak+ *$d> *eese1 ! bact]ia 
are ( importance4  ,z ! milk curdles1 ! 
bact]ia are enclos$ 9 ! curd z are ! fat
 globules4 ,! curd is cut into small    
fragm5ts by means ( a curd knife1 & z ! 
mass is w>m$1 ! acid develops1 caus+ !  
curd p>ticles to %r9k1 ?us express+ !   
:ey4 ,)9 a %ort "t1 ! volume ( ! curd is
 n m ?an "o-eigh? t ( ! milk1 b 9 ! curd
 are held ov] #ge p] c5t ( ! bact]ia ( !
 milk4 ,to secure rapid curdl+ 9 ! vat1 
! milk is w>m$ to #he to #ij ,f41 a     
temp]ature t is mo/ favorable = ! gr[? (
 ! lactic bact]ia4 ,s9ce !re is a l>ge  
numb] ( bact]ia conc5trat$ 9 a small    
volume1 & ! temp]ature1 z well z all o!r
 conditions1 is favorable to gr[?1      
multiplication ( ! bact]ia goes on      
rapidly1 & z a consequ5ce1 acid is =m$ 9
 l>ge am\nts1 z is %[n by ! foll[+      
figures giv5 by ,publ[ = ! manufacture (

 ! export type ( *$d> *eese3    ,acidity
 ( milk be=e add+ r5net                 
4#b  to 4#ba p] c5t   ,acidity ( :ey    
be=e heat+ curd                4#ad to  
4#ade       ,acidity ( :ey be=e remov+ f
 curd          4#af to 4#ah             
,acidity ( :ey com+ f ! curd aft]       
removal ( :ey & curd is pack$           
4#bd to 4#cj        ,acidity ( :ey com+ 
f curd be=e mill+    4#fe to 4#ge       
,acidity ( :ey com+ f curd be=e salt+   
4#ij to #a4aj      ,if ! milk _h be5    
kept at ! same temp]ature z ! curd1 !   
acidity w\ld h increas$ mu* m sl[ly s9ce
 ! acid w\ld h be5 di/ribut$ ?r\gh a    
l>g] volume4 ,9 ! *eese curd ! same     
am\nt ( acid is probably =m$1 z w\ld h  
be5 produc$ 9 ! total am\nt ( milk dur+ 
! same int]val4  ,! acid produc$ by ?is 
bact]ial activity has a mo/ m>k$ effect 
on ! curd4 ,at fir/ ! curd masses are   
t\gh & firm1 ! p>ticles %[+ no t5d5cy to
 adh]e to ea* o!r4 ,z ! acid increases 9
 am\nt1 ! curd becomes pla/ic1 ! out]   
surface ( ! p>ticles adh]+ or matt+1 z !

 mak] expresses x4 ,! result is a solid 
coalesc5t mass ( curd1 :i* is cut into  
small pieces1 i4e41 mill$1 be=e x is put
 to press4 ,! acid all[s ! bl5d+ ( !    
pieces "u ! influ5ce ( ! pressure s t a 
*eese is "o s+le mass4 ,"u c]ta9        
abnormal conditions1 ! developm5t ( acid
 may be int]f]$ ) & ! p>ticles ( curd   
fail to mat1 9 :i* case1 ! *eese w be   
crumbly :5 x is cut4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! 
prop] "t = press+ is made by !          
application ( :at is kn[n z ! hot iron  
te/4 ,?is is made by det]m9+ ! l5g? ( ! 
/r+s or ?reads :i* c be drawn f a mass (
 curd :5 x is br\ght 9 contact ) a hot  
iron at a *]ry r$ heat1 ! l5g? ( ! curd 
?reads be+ a measure ( ! am\nt ( acid t 
has be5 =m$ 9 ! curd4  ,! rate ( acid   
=mation )9 ! curd p>ticles is also      
measur$ by det]m9+ ! acidity ( ! :ey z x
 comes f ! curd at diff]5t /ages 9 !    
mak+4 ,?is te/1 :i* is (t5 us$ 9 place (
 ! hot iron te/ is c>ri$ out 9 ! same   
mann]1 z 9 det]m9+ ! acidity ( milk or  
cream4 ,! quality ( ! *eese1 bo? z to   

texture & flavor1 is dep5d5t to a great 
degree ^u ! am\nt ( acid t is =m$ dur+ !
 v>i\s /ages 9 mak+2 h5ce1 ! successful 
mak] mu/ foll[ closely by "s means !    
acid =mation 9 ! curd until x is put to 
press4  ,x is v necess>y t ! milk %all  
conta9 a suffici5t numb] ( acid-=m+     
bact]ia to produce ! requir$ am\nt (    
acid4 ,if a suffici5t numb] ( bact]ia   
are n pres5t 9 ! milk z x is receiv$1 z 
is ! case ) v sweet milk1 !y mu/ be add$
 by ! mak] 9 ! =m ( a />t]1 or ! process
 ( mak+ w be mu* prolong$4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--;,bact]ia 9   
,*eese4  ,a photomicrograph ( curd j    
aft] curdl+ has tak5 place4 ,note ! few 
lactic acid bact]ia emb$d$ 9 ! curd4    
,/>t]s 9 *eese mak+4 ,! />t]s us$ 9     
*eese mak+1 are id5tical ) ^? employ$ 9 
butt] mak+ & ! same precautions %\ld be 
obs]v$ 9 _! propagation4 ,x is important
 t ! />t]s %\ld n be su* z to =m a h>d  
curd t _c be mix$ uni=mly ) ! milk1 s9ce
 ! curd p>ticles w\ld appe> z :ite      
specks 9 ! *eese4 ,! />t] %\ld be add$  

to ! milk ?r\gh a hair sieve1 & well    
mix$ ) ! milk1 s z to di/ribute !       
bact]ia uni=mly4 ,am\nts v>y+ f #j4e to 
#b p] c5t are us$4 ,9 butt] mak+1 x is  
ess5tial t ! bact]ia ( ! />t] be able to
 =m n only acid1 b suffici5t flavor-=m+ 
sub/ances to imp>t to ! butt] a         
desirable flavor4 ,9 *eese mak+ x is n  
probable t ?is latt] *>act]i/ic is ( any
 p>ticul> importance4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #cf4--;,bact]ia 9 ,*eese4  ,a     
photomicrograph ( curd at ! "t ! salt is
 add$4 ,! lactic acid bact]ia h increas$
 mat]ially 9 numb]s4  ,x is desirable t 
! process ( *eese mak+ %all con=m z     
closely z possible to t :i* exp]i5ce has
 %[n to give ! be/ results4 ,! rate at  
:i* acid is develop$ 9 ! curd & !       
rapidity ) :i* ! :ey is expell$ !refrom 
%\ld be> a c]ta9 ratio to ea* o!r4 ,if !
 milk has too high a degree ( acidity1  
i4e41 is ov]ripe1 ! acidity develop$ 9 !
 curd w be too high be=e ! curd is      
suffici5tly firm2 ) a v sweet milk1 !   
rev]se may be true4 ,x is desirable = ! 

*eesemak] to obta9 z good an idea z     
possible ( ! condition ( ! milk )       
ref]5ce to its bact]ial cont5t1 s9ce ?is
 w det]m9e ! rate at :i* acid w be =m$ 9
 ! curd4 ,if ! milk is too sweet1 i4e41 
too l[ 9 acid-=m+ bact]ia1 a />t] %\ld  
be add$4 ,! only me?ods by :i* ?is      
in=mation c be obta9$ by ! mak] is by   
det]m9+ ! acidity by ! usual me?od or   
bett] by ! use ( ! r5net te/ by :i* is  
asc]ta9$ ! "t requir$ = a giv5 am\nt (  
r5net to curdle a def9ite quantity (    
milk at a /&>d temp]ature4 ,! v>y+      
factor 9 ! te/ w be ! acidity ( ! milk4 
,v slight diff]5ces influ5ce pr(\ndly ! 
"t ( curdl+4 ,if1 work+ "u /&>d         
conditions1 x is f\nd t ! "t ( curdl+ ( 
"o sample is #aj seconds & ( ano!r      
sample1 #bj seconds1 x is pro( t !      
acidity ( ! fir/ is high] ?an t ( !     
second1 t its bact]ial cont5t is great] 
& t acidity w develop 9 ! curd m        
rapidly4 ,! fir/ may ne$ a small am\nt (
 />t]1 ! second a l>g] quantity4 ,work+ 
) milk f ! same s\rce1 ! mak]1 f 8      

exp]i5ce1 w "k h[ mu* />t] %\ld be add$ 
to milk t has giv5 a c]ta9 result ) !   
r5net te/ 9 ord] t ! acid %all be       
develop$ 9 ! curd at a desir$ rate4     
,rip5+ ( *eese4 ,! curd at ! "t x is put
 to press is t\gh & rubb]y1 & has none (
 ! *>act]i/ic flavor ( *$d> *eese2 x is 
also q insoluble & indige/ible4 ,be=e ! 
*eese is fit to eat x mu/ pass ?r\gh a  
complex s]ies ( *anges :i* are          
collectively kn[n z rip5+4 ,9 ^! *anges 
!re is n only a break+ d[n ( ! case9    
into soluble comp\nds1 :i* process makes
 ! *eese s(t & pla/ic "u pressure1 b !  
*>act]i/ic flavor is develop$ 9 great]  
or less degree4 ,a v consid]able "p ( ! 
*eese ?us becomes soluble 9 wat]1 & x is
 mu* m easily dige/$ ?an 9 an unrip5$   
condition4  ,! diff]5t factors t are    
op]ative 9 ! rip5+ *anges are n yet     
fully kn[n1 b 9 rec5t ye>s z a result ( 
sci5tific /udy1 mat]ial progress 9 !    
/udy ( ! *anges has be5 made4  ,r5net4  
,! comm]cial r5net extract :5 9         
condition = use conta9s v few bact]ia4  

,a pres]vative1 boric acid1 is add$ by !
 manufactur] to re/ra9 ! bact]ia1       
o!rwise ! extract w\ld soon be unfit =  
use4 ,! bact]ia 9 ! comm]cial r5net     
extract are too few to be ( any         
importance :atev] 9 ! rip5+ process4    
,r5net extract conta9s an enzyme1 r5n91 
t causes ! milk to curdle2 also ano!r   
enzyme1 peps91 t ex]ts a dige/ive action
 on ! curdl$ case94 ,peps9 is always    
f\nd 9 ! /oma* juices ( all animals1 b  
no dige/ive action takes place1 unless !
 reaction is di/9ctly acid1 z is ! ease 
"u normal conditions1 s9ce hydro*loric  
acid is excret$ by ! walls ( ! /oma*4   
,outside ( ! /oma*1 ! same conditions   
mu/ obta9 ) ref]5ce to ! pres5ce ( acid1
 if peps9 is to ex]t a dige/ive effect4 
,9 ! *eese curd1 ! milk sug> is rapidly 
*ang$ into lactic acid by ! action ( !  
bact]ia4 ,?is gives ! prop] *emical     
reaction = peptic action1 & ! enzyme is 
!n able to act on ! p>acase91 !         
nitrog5\s "p ( ! *eese4 ,if milk conta9s
 no acid-=m+ bact]ia1 conditions w n    

p]mit ( peptic action1 & z a consequ5ce1
 ! rip5+ processes d n take place4 ,if !
 sug> is f]m5t$ by "s organism t does n 
=m acid1 z ! lactose-f]m5t+ yea/s1 !    
*eese does n rip54 ,! lactic bact]ia are
 !re=e an ess5tial factor 9 inaugurat+ !
 rip5+ *anges 9 all types ( r5net *eese4
  ,pres]vative action ( acid4 ,9 a      
previ\s *apt] x 0 %[n t raw milk does n 
und]go putrefaction because ( ! re/ra9+ 
effect ( ! acid =m$ by ! lactic bact]ia 
on ! putrefactive organisms4 ,?is same  
ph5om5on is not$ 9 *eese4 ,milk always  
conta9s putrefactive bact]ia :i* pass   
into ! *eese1 b !y _c gr[ !re9 because (
 ! high acidity4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( !        
acid-=m+ organisms 9 ! *eese1 ! *eese   
may rema9 t\gh & rubb]y1 on acc\nt ( !  
lack ( suitable conditions = ! action ( 
! peps9 ( ! r5net extract1 or :5 ! milk 
conta9s l>ge numb]s ( dige/+ organisms1 
! *eese may develop a putrefactive      
condition1 z not$ by ! (f5sive odor &   
s(t pa/y texture4  ,o!r factors conc]n$ 
9 *eese rip5+4 ,!re are o!r factors t   

are also conc]n$ 9 ! complex s]ies (    
rip5+ *anges not$ 9 *$d> *eese4 ,all    
animal fluids & tissues1 if kept "u     
p]fectly /]ile conditions at ord9>y     
temp]atures1 w und]go a c]ta9 am\nt (   
decomposition1 due app>5tly to _! cont5t
 9 enzymes t h a dige/ive action4 ,meat 
kept 9 /orage becomes m t5d] due to !   
s(t5+ ( ! connective tissue4 ,milk1     
d]iv$ z x is f actively secret+ cell    
tissue1 gives c]ta9 reactions t are     
common to liv+ mat]ial4 ,if *lor(orm1   
:i* re/ra9s ! action ( bact]ia1 b does n
 prev5t ! activity ( enzymes1 is add$ to
 x1 x w curdle 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks &
 w become p>tially dige/$4 ,?is dige/+  
f]m5t f\nd 9 milk is kn[n z galactase4  
,comp\nds are =m$ 9 milk ?us pres]v$ t  
are simil> to ^? f\nd 9 a ripe *$d>     
*eese4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made )       
pa/euriz$ milk1 b x has n be5 possible  
to produce typical1 normal *eese f      
?or\ghly pa/euriz$ milk4 ,su* *eese are 
m>k$ly defici5t 9 ! typical flavor (    
*$d> *eese4 ,f ?is fact x is believ$ t !

 inh]5t enzymes ( milk are a factor ( "s
 importance 9 ! rip5+ ( ?is type ( *eese
 at lea/1 if n ( all types4  ,9 ! pa/1  
o!r factors h be5 ?\ght to be (         
importance4 ,duclaux1 a ,fr5*           
bact]iologi/1 consid]$ t ! enzymes =m$  
by ! dige/+ bact]ia are responsible = ! 
rip5+4 ,x is n[ kn[n t !y c h b little  
if any "p 9 ! process1 s9ce !y are n    
pres5t 9 all *eese 9 suffici5t numb]s to
 h any m>k$ effect1 & s9ce ! acidity ( !
 *eese mass w n p]mit ( _! developm5t4  
,o!r types ( bact]ia h be5 consid]$ by  
bact]iologi/s to be ( importance 9 !    
rip5+ process1 b x is c]ta9 t ! purely  
dige/ive *ange 9 ! mass ( ! *eese c be  
acc\nt$ = ?r\gh ! action ( ! factors    
already not$4  ,flavor production4 ,!   
flavor ( any type ( *eese is ! mo/      
important *>act]i/ic1 j z x is 9 butt]1 
= x is l>gely ! flavor t det]m9es !     
sell+ value ( ! product1 & is ! mo/     
difficult ?+ to control4 ,x has be5     
?\ght t ! flavor-produc+ sub/ances 7    
d]iv$ f ! p>acase9 ( ! curd & 7 produc$ 

by ! factors t are conc]n$ 9 ! dige/ion 
( ! p>acase94 ,x has be5 %[n t a *eese  
may be ?or\ghly rip5$ z f> z its        
physical prop]ties are conc]n$2 t x may 
conta9 ! end products ( case9 dige/ion1 
& yet be l[ 9 flavor4 ,f rec5t rese>*es 
x seems probable t ! production ( flavor
 is connect$ ) ! *ange t ! sug> und]goes
 9 ! acid f]m5tation1 z volatile acids1 
acetic1 =mic1 etc41 z well z alcohols & 
e/]s are =m$ 9 increas+ am\nts z ! rip5+
 progresses4 ,^! may h come f !         
decomposition ( ! milk sug>1 or f a     
second>y *ange 9 ! products ( ! lactic  
f]m5tation4 ,!re are organisms 9 bo?    
milk & *eese t d n gr[ on ! ord9>y      
culture m$ia us$ by ! bact]iologi/1 & x 
may well be t "s ( ^! are ( importance 9
 flavor production4 ,_! de/ruction 9    
pa/eurization is likely to be "o ( !    
reasons = ! failure ( *eese made f      
pa/euriz$ milk to develop typical       
flavor4  ,effect ( temp]ature on rip5+4 
,! temp]ature at :i* ! rip5+ *eese is   
kept has be5 f\nd to be ( ! greate/     

importance 9 det]m9+ ! quality ( !      
product4 ,if ! *eese is kept at high    
temp]atures1 ! rip5+ proce$s rapidly2 ! 
*eese is %ort liv$1 & has a %>p1 /rong  
flavor1 & g5]ally a m or less op5       
texture4 ,unless ! *eese is made f ! be/
 quality ( milk1 x is likely to und]go  
undesirable f]m5tations :5 rip5$ at high
 temp]atures4  ,)9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 
f\nd possible to rip5 *eese at          
temp]atures t 7 previ\sly ?\ght to be   
c]ta9 to spoil ! product4 ,mu* ( ! *eese
 is n[ rip5$ at temp]atures bel[ #ej ,f4
 ,! rip5+ goes on m sl[ly ?an at high]  
temp]atures1 b ! flavor ( ! *eese is    
clean & entirely devoid ( ! %>p         
undesirable tang t is s frequ5tly not$ 9
 old *eese1 & ! texture is solid &      
meaty4 ,rip5+ at l[ temp]atures1 :5 !   
milk is n ( ! be/ quality1 is c]ta9 to  
result 9 a mu* bett] product ?an :5     
high] temp]atures are employ$4          
,abnormal f]m5tations 9 *eese4 ,z has   
be5 previ\sly %[n1 x is necess>y to h an
 abundant supply ( acid-=m+ bact]ia 9 ! 

milk f :i* *eese is to be made4 ,if ^!  
bact]ia are supplant$ by o!r k9ds1 !    
product w be m or less abnormal ei!r 9  
texture or 9 flavor1 or possibly 9 bo?4 
,_m ( ^! abnormal f]m5tations h be5     
/udi$ & ! organisms conc]n$ 9 ! *anges  
f\nd4  ,if ! milk is h&l$ c>elessly1 x w
 conta9 _m bact]ia able to =m acid &    
gas4 ,z not$ previ\sly1 ^! organisms =m 
products 9 milk t h an (f5sive odor & a 
disagreeable ta/e4 ,9 *eese ! gases     
cause ! =mation ( holes1 m or less      
num]\s1 dep5d+ on ! numb] ( ! gas-=m+   
bact]ia 9 ! milk4 ,:]e ^! bact]ia are   
abundant1 gas may appe> :ile ! curd is 9
 ! vat1 caus+ x to float 9 ! :ey1 :5 x  
is kn[n z a float]4 ,aga91 ! gas may n  
become evid5t until ! *eese is 9 ! press
 or on ! cur+ %elf1 :5 x becomes app>5t 
by ! swell+ or bulg+ ( ! *eese4 ,su*    
*eese is t]m$ huff$ or swell$4 ,!       
int]nal pressure may be s great z to    
cause ! *eese to crack & to =ce out "s (
 ! curd4 ,! pres5ce ( gas holes is      
indicative ( a poor *eese1 because !    

=mation ( gas is always accompani$ by ! 
pres5ce ( o!r undesirable comp\nds4     
,pure culture />t]s are (t5 us$ to      
ov]come gassy f]m5tations4 ,9 *eese a   
c]ta9 am\nt ( acid c be produc$ by !    
acid-=m+ bact]ia4 ,:5 ! pure lactic     
bact]ia alone are pres5t1 ! *eese is v  
likely to be ( good quality4 ,if ! sug> 
is f]m5t$ by gas-=m+ organisms1 ! curd w
 be full ( holes & ! flavor poor1 :ile  
if ! sug> is f]m5t$ by a mixture ( !    
desirable & undesirable bact]ia1 !      
quality ( ! product w dep5d on !        
relation ( ! two types4 ,if ?r\gh !     
addition ( a pure-culture />t]1 !       
proportion ( desirable bact]ia is       
increas$1 ! gas w be less5$ 9 am\nt & ! 
*eese improv$4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ t !   
lactic bact]ia _h an injuri\s effect on 
! gas-=m+ organisms4 ,!re is no good    
reason to believe t ?is is ! case1 b t  
bo? gr[ 9 ! milk & *eese1 b s9ce only a 
c]ta9 am\nt ( acid c be produc$1 x is   
important to h z mu* ( x =m$ by ! lactic
 bact]ia z possible1 s9ce ! am\nt (     

injuri\s products 9 ! *eese w ?us be    
limit$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4            
#cg4--;,gassy ,*eese4  ,su* a *eese is  
wor?less on acc\nt ( its poor flavor4 ,!
 irregul> holes are me*anical4 ,! crack 
on ! upp] side is due to ! pressure ( ! 
gas :i* has caus$ ! *eese to bulge at   
?is po9t4  ,! gas =m$ 9 ! curd be=e !   
*eese is put to press c be gott5 rid (  
by prop] manipulation ( ! curd4 ,:ile   
?is treatm5t may improve ! appe>ance ( !
 *eese1 x does n elim9ate ! sub/ances t 
imp>t to ! *eese undesirable qualities4 
,gassy curds h also be5 treat$ by wa%+ !
 curd ) cold wat]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9   
apply+ ?is me?od = ! removal ( too mu* (
 ! sug> & acid f ! curd by ! wa%+ w     
p]mit ! gr[? ( injuri\s =ms ( bact]ia4  
,! addition ( salt or ( saltpet] has    
also be5 made to ! milk 9 ord] to       
ov]come gassy conditions 9 ! milk4 ,9 ! 
h&l+ ( gassy milk1 ! usual practice has 
be5 to develop a l>g] am\nt ( acid be=e 
draw+ ! :ey ?an 9 ! case ( good milk4   
,?is 0 done ) ! idea t acid suppress$   

gas =mation4 ,x has be5 %[n previ\sly t 
?is is n ! case4 ,x has also be5 %[n by 
,doane t ! developm5t ( too mu* acid    
be=e draw+ ! :ey is likely to result 9  
undesirable flavors1 produc+ :at is kn[n
 z high-acid or s\r *eese4  ,! gas-=m+  
bact]ia gr[ be/ at high temp]atures2    
h5ce1 *eese kept "u ^! conditions are m 
likely to be affect$ by ?is tr\ble ?an  
are ^? kept at l[] temp]atures4  ,! mo/ 
successful me?od ( prev5t+ tr\ble )     
gassy milk 9 *eese mak+ is to elim9ate  
undesirable milk by frequ5t te/+ ( !    
supply ( ! diff]5t patrons by means ( ! 
,wiscons9 curd te/4  ,n only gas-=m+    
bact]ia may be ! cause ( gassy *eese1 b 
! lactose-f]m5t+ yea/s may cause simil> 
tr\ble4 ,if ^! are abundant 9 ! milk1 a 
consid]able "p ( ! sug> may be f]m5t$ by
 !m1 9 :i* case1 c>bon dioxide gas is   
abundantly =m$4 ,! *eese ?us r5d]$ gassy
 w pres5t ! same appe>ance to ! eye z   
:]e ! gas is =m$ by bact]ia1 b w h a    
diff]5t flavor4 ,! odor ( alcohol may be
 evid5t1 & if mo/ ( ! sug> has be5      

f]m5t$ by ! yea/1 ! acidity ( ! *eese   
may n be suffici5t = ! peps9 to ex]t its
 dige/ive action4  ,milk conta9+ _m     
gas-=m+ bact]ia occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9  
summ]4 ,x is claim$ by "s t ! milk (    
cattle pa/ur$ on l[ l&s is m likely to  
conta9 ! gas-=m+ organisms ?an t f      
cattle runn+ on high] l&s4 ,if ?is is   
true1 x mu/ be due to ! bact]ial cont5t 
( ! soil2 ! udd]s ( ! animals become    
soil$ z !y lie on ! gr\nd1 & dur+ !     
milk+1 ! du/ f9ds its way into ! pail4  
,_m *eese mak]s ?9k t ! milk f an animal
 suff]+ f a g>get may be ! cause ( !    
huff+ ( *eese4 ,?is belief is und\bt$ly 
well f\nd$1 z "s ( ! bact]ia kn[n to be 
! cause ( g>get are gas-=m+4  ,bitt]    
*eese4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ! bitt]       
f]m5tation ( milk has be5 discuss$4 ,if 
milk conta9+ l>ge numb]s ( su* organisms
 is made into *eese1 ! bitt]ness is v   
likely to be not$ 9 x4 ,*eese made f    
milk conta9+ few or no lactic bact]ia is
 likely to develop a bitt] ta/e1 due to 
! gr[? ( ! dige/ive bact]ia t are able  

to gr[ ?r\gh ! lack ( acid 9 ! *eese4   
,if ! milk conta9s consid]able numb]s ( 
yea/s1 a sweet or fruity flavor is apt  
to develop1 due to ! products ( !       
f]m5tation ( ! sug> by ! yea/4 ,?is     
flavor resembles t ( f]m5t$ fruit1 or ! 
b\quet ( c]ta9 k9ds ( w9e4  ,putrid     
*eese4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( acid-=m+ bact]ia1 !
 *eese may develop a putrid or rott5    
odor1 due to ! gr[? ( "s types (        
putrefactive or dige/+ bact]ia4 ,?is    
tr\ble is v infrequ5t 9 *$d> *eese1 s9ce
 ?is is made f rip5$ milk1 b occurs m   
frequ5tly 9 ^? types 9 :i* no acid is   
develop$4  ,bact]ia develop 9 ! *eese 9 
colonies or masses1 j z !y d 9 ! plate  
cultures ( ! bact]iologi/1 made )       
transp>5t m$ia1 su* z gelat94 ,*eese is 
opaque2 !re=e1 ! gr[+ colonies _c be    
readily discov]$1 b :5 pigm5t-=m+       
bact]ia gr[ 9 ! *eese1 _! pres5ce is    
likely to be not$1 because ( ! color$   
spots t are =m$4  ,ru/y spot4 ,! ru/y   
spot t has be5 enc\nt]$ 9 ,new ,york &  
,canada is due to "o ( ! color$ bact]ia 

:i* produces an orange or yell[i%-r$    
pigm5t4 ,v>i\s o!r pigm5t-=m+ organisms 
h be5 met 9 *eese1 ea* produc+ its      
color$ colony :i* diff]5tiates itself f 
! mass ( ! *eese4 ,if ! pigm5t is       
produc$ 9 consid]able quantities1 & is  
soluble 9 any ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! *eese1 
! color w n appe> 9 spots b w be m      
diffuse1 or may imp>t a color to !      
entire mass4  ,cases ( acute poison+    
aris+ f ! +e/ion ( *eese are n          
infrequ5tly report$2 simil> in/ances    
result f ! use ( ice cream4 ,9 bo? cases
 x is believ$ t poison\s products h be5 
=m$ by bact]ia1 probably by "s ( !      
putrefactive =ms4  ,f :at has be5 said )
 ref]5ce to ! abnormal f]m5tations (    
*eese1 x w be se5 t !y are always due to
 ! lack ( acid-=m+ bact]ia1 or to _!    
p>tial replacem5t by o!r types4 ,9 ord] 
to prev5t su* tr\bles1 x is necess>y to 
insure t ! milk has be5 produc$ "u clean
 conditions1 f heal?y c[s1 & has be5    
h&l$ 9 su* a mann] z to rea* ! mak] 9 z 
sweet & fre% condition z possible4 ,!   

mak] c1 by ! use ( prop] />t]s1 control 
! k9ds ( bact]ia ess5tial = ! rip5+     
process4 ,a well tra9$ mak] %\ld be able
 to prep>e f su* milk a uni=m product ( 
! highe/ quality4 ,! ef=t ( *eese mak]s 
at ! pres5t "t is to h&le milk ( m or   
less objectionable quality s z to secure
 f x z good *eese z is possible4 ,b     
*eese is s s5sitive z to "* ( milk us$ t
 great] ef=t %\ld be sp5t 9 secur+ an   
improv$ supply4  ,moldy *eese4 ,9 ! case
 ( ! *$d> *eese & o!r types ( h>d *eese1
 x is ess5tial t _! surfaces be kept    
clean1 & n discolor$ by ! gr[? ( molds1 
:i* f9d favorable conditions = gr[? on !
 surface ( ! *eese 9 ! moi/ atmosph]e ( 
! cur+ room4 ,! mold+ ( *$d> *eese c be 
prev5t$ by cov]+ ! *eese ) a lay] (     
p>aff9 :i* /ops ! developm5t ( ! mold   
spores1 by %utt+ (f ! necess>y supply ( 
oxyg54 ,= ?is purpose ! *eese are dipp$ 
9 melt$ p>aff9 :5 a few days old4  ,9 ! 
case ( types ( *eese :i* are salt$ by   
apply+ ! salt to ! surface1 or ) s(t    
*eese :i* rip5 f ! outside1 o!r me?ods (

 mold prev5tion are employ$1 su* z rubb+
 & wa%+ ! *eese4 ,! cur+ room itself may
 be fre$ f ! mold spores by ! use ( su* 
/&>d dis9fectants z =mal9 or sulphur4   
,swiss *eese4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important k9ds
 ( h>d *eese1 is ! ,swiss or ,emm5?al]1 
s nam$1 f ! c\ntry & valley 9 :i* !     
*eese 0 fir/ made4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ?is type 
0 introduc$ by ,swiss immigrants1 & is  
be+ made 9 con/antly increas+ quantities
 9 ,ohio & ,wiscons94  ,swiss *eese is a
 h>d firm type1 appe>+ 9 ! m>kets 9 ! =m
 ( ! flat circul> drum *eese1 two to    
?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & six to eight     
in*es ?ick1 or 9 ! small] block =m4 ,9  
?is c\ntry ! *eese is prep>$ twice a    
day1 s9ce x is necess>y to "w up ! milk 
:ile x is p]fectly sweet4 ,inde$1 ! milk
 is receiv$ at ! factories :ile x is    
/ill w>m1 & )9 five or six h\rs aft] x  
is drawn f ! c[ ! *eese is on ! press4  
,if ! attempt is made to prep>e ,swiss  
*eese f ! k9d ( milk t is be/ suit$ =   
*$d> purposes1 i4e41 milk 9 :i* !       
acidity has increas$ to "s ext5t1 !     

flavor ( ! result+ product is likely to 
approximate a *$d> *eese r ?an t ( a    
,swiss4  ,9 ! salt+ process1 ! salt is n
 mix$ ) ! curd be=e x is press$1 b is   
appli$ by imm]s+ ! *eese = a few days 9 
a saturat$ br9e1 & !n rubb+ salt ov] !  
surface ( ! *eese4 ,9 ?is way ! salt    
gradually diffuses q uni=mly ?r\gh !    
*eese4 ,! me?od ( salt+ has app>5tly a  
m>k$ influ5ce on ! rip5+ process1 s9ce  
if ! salt is add$ 9 ! same way1 & 9     
am\nts us$ 9 ! *$d> process1 ! flavor w 
n be t ( a ,swiss *eese b w resemble a  
*$d>4  ,9 *$d> *eese1 ! :ey is expell$ f
 ! curd by means ( ! acid :i* is        
develop$ 9 ! curd1 & by heat+ ! curd to 
a temp]ature ( #ie ,f4 to #ajj ,f4 ,9   
,swiss *eese ! developm5t ( acid dur+ ! 
mak+ process is prev5t$1 because ( !    
small] numb] ( acid-=m+ bact]ia 9 !     
milk2 o!r factors mu/ !re=e contribute  
to ! expulsion ( ! :ey to secure a firm 
curd4 ,?is is accompli%$ by cutt+ ! curd
 into v small pieces & by briskly /irr+ 
x dur+ ! mak+1 heat+ x dur+ ?is process 

= a p]iod ( #bj to #cj m9utes at #acj to
 #adj ,f4 ,x might be ?\ght t ?is high  
temp]ature1 :i* is approximately t us$ 9
 pa/eurization w\ld de/roy ! acid-=m+   
bact]ia1 b ^! are app>5tly protect$ z !y
 are )9 ! curd4 ,dur+ ! "t ! *eese is   
be+ press$1 ! conta9$ bact]ia beg9 to   
gr[ & ! :ey com+ f ! *eese t[>d ! end ( 
! press+ %[s a high acidity4 ,if x does 
n %[ su* a developm5t ( acid1 ! mak] has
 reason to believe t ! *eese may nev]   
rip5 9 a typical mann]4  ,x has be5     
m5tion$ t ! milk conta9s b few acid-=m+ 
bact]ia4 ,! mak]1 h[ev]1 attempts to    
insure ! pres5ce ( a suffici5t numb] by 
! use ( home-made r5net4 ,?is is prep>$ 
by plac+ a piece ( dri$ r5net1 i4e41 !  
/oma* ( ! calf1 9 :ey1 keep+ ! same 9 a 
w>m place = tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs4
 ,z ! r5net conta9s acid-=m+ organisms1 
^! gr[ rapidly 9 ! w>m :ey1 s t by add+ 
?is s\r :ey to ! milk1 ! mak] is n only 
add+ r5net1 t is to curdle ! milk1 b    
also a small />t] ( lactic bact]ia4 ,if 
! r5net ?us prep>$ conta9s no h>mful    

bact]ia & ! milk is ( good quality1 !   
*eese is likely to rip5 9 a normal      
mann]4 ,! r5net %\ld be prep>$ ) due    
reg>d to bact]iological pr9ciples1 a    
condition t is r>ely met 9 ,swiss       
factories 9 ?is c\ntry4  ,swiss *eese   
has two /rik+ *>act]i/ics1 ! flavor & ! 
pres5ce ( holes or eyes4 ,! flavor is   
sweeti% r ?an ! %>p & pung5t flavor (   
*$d> *eese4 ,! bact]ia conc]n$ 9 its    
production are n kn[n1 b x is c]ta9 t   
specific organisms play "s role1 s9ce if
 ! flora ( ! *eese is *ang$ by salt+ !  
curd or by ! use ( milk conta9+ l>ge    
numb]s ( lactic bact]ia1 ! flavor w also
 be *ang$4 ,?is role ( ! acid-=m+       
bact]ia 9 ,swiss is ! same z 9 *$d>1    
i4e41 ?r\gh ! acid1 conditions are      
e/abli%$ = peptic action1 ! curd be+    
p>tially dige/$ :ile at ! same "t ! curd
 mass is protect$ f putrefactive        
processes4  ,9 ,swiss *eese dur+ ! rip5+
 process1 holes ab\t ! size ( a l>ge    
*]ry develop :i* %\ld be q uni=mly      
di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! *eese4 ,! inn]      

surface ( ! hole is gli/5+ &1 9 a       
well-rip5$ *eese1 a small quantity (    
cle> br9e1 i4e41 te>s may be not$4 ,^!  
holes or eyes may be call$ ! trade m>k (
 ! ,swiss *eese1 s9ce )\t !m ! product  
has a less5$ comm]cial value1 ev5 if x  
possesses ! typical flavor4 ,! eyes are 
caus$ by bact]ia t f]m5t ! lactic acid  
produc$ by ! lactic bact]ia1 =m+ f x    
propionic acid & c>bon dioxide1 ! latt] 
gas be+ ! cause ( ! hole or eye4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,swiss ,*eese4
  ,normal developm5t ( eyes 9 a ,swiss  
*eese4 ,! eyes are g5]ally z l>ge z a   
*]ry4  ,! eye-=m+ organisms _c gr[ 9 !  
pres5ce ( any am\nt ( salt1 h5ce1 if    
salt is add$ directly to ! curd1 ! *eese
 is likely to be bl9d or free f holes4  
,! eyes are =m$ n at ! "t gas holes are 
produc$ 9 a *$d> *eese1 i4e41 e>ly 9 !  
rip5+ process1 b aft] a lapse ( ?ree or 
f\r weeks4 ,!y are mo/ abundant 9 !     
middle ( ! *eese s9ce ! mann] ( salt+ is
 su* z to inhibit _! =mation ne> !      
surface4 ,! eye-=m+ bact]ia may h "s    

effect on ! flavor ( ! *eese4  ,! ,swiss
 mak] enc\nt]s ! same tr\bles z does !  
*$d> mak]4 ,gassy *eese is m preval5t 9 
! ,swiss ?an 9 ! *$d> indu/ry1 s9ce !   
mak] _c call to 8 aid ! me?ods us$ by ! 
*$d> mak]1 viz41 ! addition ( a heavy   
/>t]1 ! wa%+ ( ! curd1 etc4 ,x is       
especially important t ! quality ( !    
milk be fir/ class 9 e respect1 & yet   
cu/oms prevail 9 ! ,swiss indu/ry t are 
directly inimical to ! production ( good
 milk4 ,! grosse/ c>elessness prevails  
at ! factories 9 ! matt] ( h&l+ ! :ey4  
,x is (t5 kept 9 individual b>rels = ea*
 patron4 7,see ,fig4 #h47 ,^! are n kept
 ?or\ghly clean & ! result is t ! :ey   
tak5 back to ! f>m 9 ! cans t are us$ to
 br+ ! fre% milk is (t5 9 an advanc$    
/age ( f]m5tation4  ,!re are _m o!r k9ds
 ( h>d *eese2 b 9 ea*1 s f> z is kn[n1 !
 role ( ! acid-=m+ bact]ia is id5tical )
 t not$ 9 *$d> & ,swiss *eese1 viz1 9   
prep>+ conditions favorable = peptic    
action1 & prev5t+ ! developm5t (        
putrefactive bact]ia pres5t 9 ! curd4   

,roque=t *eese4 ,among ! m important    
=eign types ( *eese t are *>act]iz$ by !
 developm5t ( mold is ,roque=t1 s nam$ f
 ! di/rict 9 ,france 9 :i* x is made4   
,?is *eese is made f %eep's milk1 9 mu* 
! same mann] z *$d>4 ,! *>act]i/ic      
process 9 its prep>ation is !           
inoculation ( ! curd1 at ! "t x is put  
to press1 ) ! spores ( a p>ticul> k9d ( 
mold1 a type closely relat$ to ! ord9>y 
gre5 mold ( bread & *eese4 ,! mold =    
inoculation is gr[n on bread1 ! :ole    
mass be+ dri$ s t x c be p[d]$2 !n !    
gr\nd-up mat]ial is spr9kl$ on ! curd z 
x is plac$ 9 ! press hoops4 ,! fir/ /age
 9 ! rip5+ ( ,roque=t is probably       
id5tical ) t ( ! types ( h>d *eeses     
already consid]$1 ! break+-d[n ( ! curd 
be+ due to ! peps9 ( ! r5net us$1 :i*   
action is made possible by ! acid =m$ by
 ! bact]ia4  ,! second /age 9 rip5+1 &  
"o 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic flavor ( ! *eese  
is develop$1 is due to ! gr[? ( ! mold )
 :i* ! *eese is se$$4 ,molds c gr[ only 
9 ! pres5ce ( air1 & 9 ord] to provide  

?is condition1 ! *eese are run ?r\gh a  
ma*9e hav+ a s]ies ( ne$le-l projections
 :i* fills ! *eese ) f9e holes4 ,?is    
all[s ! air to p5etrate ! *eese & ! mold
 to gr[1 ! fruit+ ( :i* develops !      
*>act]i/ic flavor4 ,! *anges produc$ by 
! mold are n well und]/ood1 b ! flavor  
is evid5tly connect$ ) its developm5t   
s9ce 9 ! abs5ce ( mold1 x does n appe>4 
,! *eese mu/ be cur$ "u c>efully        
controll$ conditions1 z to temp]ature & 
moi/ure2 9 ,france ^! are secur$ by cur+
 ! *eese 9 lime/one caves t are highly  
saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,attempts h be5 made
 to make ,roque=t *eese 9 o!r p>ts ( !  
_w1 b !y h nev] be5 successful1 due     
und\bt$ly to ! fact t ! prop] environm5t
 & conditions = ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s  
types ( organisms necess>y 9 ! rip5+    
process h n be5 met4 ,?is *eese is sold 
= #ej to #ge c5ts p] p\nd 9 ! m>kets ( !
 _w4  ,!re are two o!r k9ds ( *eese t   
are closely relat$ to ,roque=t1 z to !  
mann] ( rip5+1 viz41 ! ,gorgonzola (    
,italy & ! ,/ilton ( ,engl&1 bo? ( :i*  

possess _! *>act]i/ic flavors by reason 
( ! developm5t ( molds4 ,9 ,/ilton *eese
 ! mold is n int5tionally add$1 ! mak]  
rely+ on ! contam9ation t comes f !     
factory = ! usual se$+4 ,if ?is does n  
develop1 x is sometimes inoculat$ by    
ex*ang+ plugs ) a well-rip5$ ,/ilton4   
,?is me?od is n s c]ta9 z 9 !           
inoculation ( ,roque=t4  ,camemb]t      
*eese4 ,a typical example ( s(t *eese is
 "o ( ! ,fr5* types1 kn[n z ,camemb]t4  
,?is *eese is prep>$ f c['s milk :i* is 
curdl$ by r5net4 ,! curd is n cut b is  
dipp$ into ! =ms1 :i* condition1 tak5 ) 
! abs5ce ( pressure 9 =m+ ! *eese1      
acc\nts = ! l>ge quantity ( :ey 9 x4 ,! 
f9i%$ *eese are ab\t "o in* 9 ?ickness &
 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! rip5+1 !    
moi/ure & temp]ature ( ! cur+ room are v
 c>efully regulat$4  ,! fir/ /age 9 !   
rip5+ is due to ! r5net & ! lactic      
bact]ia4 ,lat] !re appe>s on ! surface (
 ! moi/ *eese1 a moldy gr[?4 ,9 ?is1 !re
 are at lea/ two k9ds ( molds1 ! ord9>y 
mold t appe>s on s\r milk1 ,oidium      

lactis1 & ano!r t is relat$ to ! bread  
mold b :i* has a :ite in/ead ( a gre5   
fruit+ /age4 ,^! molds are conf9$ to !  
surface ( ! *eese b ! enzymes :i* !y    
produce diffuse into ! sub/ance1 *ang+ !
 color f a dull1 opaque :ite to a       
transluc5t yell[4 ,! acid t has be5 =m$ 
by ! lactic bact]ia is gradually us$ up 
by ! gr[? ( ! mold1 & conditions !n     
become favorable = ! gr[? ( putrefactive
 bact]ia :i* dige/ ! curd4 ,! *eese is  
ready = use :5 ! action ( ! mold has    
p5etrat$ to ! c5t] ( ! *eese1 & be=e any
 pron\nc$ putrefaction has tak5 place4  
,! production ( ! typical flavor is     
dep5d5t ^u !re be+ a def9ite relation   
betwe5 ! gr[? ( ! molds & bact]ia4 ,?is 
relation is dep5d5t l>gely ^u ! moi/ure 
& temp]ature ( ! cur+ room4 ,^! _c      
always be regulat$ ) exactness2 & h5ce1 
mu* ( ?is type ( *eese is n ( fir/      
quality1 & mu/ be sold = a l[ price4    
,:ile su* fancy *eeses1 z ,camemb]t1 br+
 fifty c5ts & upw>d p] p\nd1 & ! yield f
 ! milk is mu* great] ?an ) ! h>d type (

 *eese1 yet ! difficulties ( successful 
manufacture are su* z to make success   
less easily atta9$ ?an ) ! o!r types4   
,!re are _m o!r k9ds ( s(t *eese t dep5d
 = _! rip5+ ^u factors simil> to ^?     
conc]n$ 9 ! rip5+ ( ,camemb]t2 mo/ ( !m 
are1 h[ev]1 ( small importance f a      
comm]cial /&po9t4  ,limburg] *eese4 ,a v
 fam\s *eese is "o orig9ally made 9     
,g]many to :i* ! "n ,limburg] is giv54  
,x is class$ z a s(t *eese al?\gh x is  
mu* firm] ?an ,camemb]t4 ,?is *eese is  
made f c['s milk & is press$ v lightly  
or n at all1 :i* condition acc\nts = its
 high p] c5t 7#ej p] c5t7 ( moi/ure4 ,! 
surface is kept moi/ by repeat$ wa%+ ( !
 *eese1 & by keep+ ! air ( ! cur+ room v
 moi/4 ,a yell[i%1 slimy1 bact]ial lay] 
soon develops on ! surface "u ^!        
conditions4 ,! enzymes produc$ by ?is   
ext]nal gr[? gradually diffuse to ! c5t]
 ( ! *eese1 :5 x is reg>d$ z ripe4 ,!   
odor ( ! matur$ product is some:at      
putrefactive1 b is n s (f5sive z is     
usually suppos$4  ,def9ite k conc]n+ !  

types ( organisms conc]n$ 9 ! surface   
lay] is v limit$4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r !  
same k9ds ( organisms mu/ always be     
pres5t4 ,limburg] is mu* easi] to make  
?an ,camemb]t1 due possibly to ! fact t 
!re are n ne$$ def9ite =ms ( life & t ! 
balance betwe5 !m is n s delicate4  ,a  
*eese kn[n z brick is closely relat$ to 
,limburg] 9 its me?od ( mak+ & ( rip5+ b
 is less pron\nc$ 9 flavor4  ,9 !       
manufacture ( all ( ^! types ( *eese1   
tr\bles are likely to develop1 due to an
 abnormal bact]ial condition ( ! milk4  
,x w be se5 f :at has be5 said t !      
bact]ia are ess5tial factors 9 *eese    
rip5+1 & t ! *eese indu/ry1 l ! butt]   
indu/ry1 may be call$ a true f]m5tation 
indu/ry4 ,close co-op]ation mu/ exi/    
betwe5 ! milk produc]1 & ! mak] s t !   
type ( f]m5tation t goes on 9 ! milk c  
be controll$4 ,a recognition ( !        
fundam5tal pr9ciples gov]n+ ^!          
f]m5tations1 bo? normal z well z        
abnormal1 is n[ reg>d$ z an ess5tial "p 
( ! tra9+ ( ! dairy manufactur] ( today4

     ,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,bact]ia ,,9       
,,m>ket ,,milk4   ,)9 ! la/ decade      
att5tion has be5 especially direct$ t[>d
 ! quality ( milk t is furni%$ to ! p 9 
! cities4 ,?is has come ab\t1 9 "p1 9   
connection ) ! dem&s made = bett] & pur]
 food ( e k9d4 ,^! dem&s are reflect$ 9 
! pure-food laws enact$ by ! f$]al      
gov]nm5t1 & by ! v>i\s /ates &          
municipalities4 ,ano!r factor t has     
focus$ att5tion on ! milk supplies has  
be5 ! belief t x plays an important role
 9 ! production & di/ribution ( disease1
 especially among *ildr54 ,! rapid gr[? 
( cities 9 all ( ! great c\ntries ( !   
_w1 ! high] /&>d ( liv+1 & ! great] dem&
 = milk & o!r dairy products1 has1 (    
necessity1 wid5$ ! zone f :i* ! milk    
supply ( any p>ticul> city mu/ be drawn4
 ,milk is n[ an article ( export & (    
import2 "s ( ! great cities draw a      
portion ( _! supply f f>ms hundr$s (    
miles away4 ,?is means t a long] "t mu/ 
elapse betwe5 ! "t ( production &       
consumption1 necessitat+ ! ex]cise (    

great] c>e 9 production & h&l+ 9 ord] to
 pres]ve ! milk until x rea*es !        
consum]4  ,9 ! pa/ 9 ! cities1 z 9 !    
small] t[ns at pres5t1 ! supply 0 l>gely
 furni%$ by ! produc] directly to !     
consum]4 ,?is direct contact af=d$ !    
consum] ! opportunity ( in=m+ himself ( 
! conditions "u :i* 8 milk supply 0     
produc$ if he desir$4 ,! adv5t ( !      
middleman 9 ! bus9ess1 & ! ga!r+ ( !    
milk f _m hundr$s ( f>ms1 & its         
r$i/ribution to ?\s&s ( homes has made x
 impossible = ! individual consum] to   
le>n any?+ ( ! conditions surr\nd+      
production4 ,:5 ! individual _c protect 
himself aga9/ fraud & unheal?ful        
conditions1 x is ! duty ( ! gov]nm5t to 
protect him4 ,?is is ! !ory und]ly+ !   
mod]n control ( food supplies1 wat]     
supplies1 & ( liv+ conditions 9 g5]al4  
,act+ on ?is basis ! cities are seek+ to
 control1 to an increas+ degree1 !      
heal?fulness & cleanl9ess ( ! milk      
supply4  ,=m]ly su* control z 0 giv5 0  
l>gely ) ref]5ce to ! composition ( !   

milk1 ! regulations provid+ t x %\ld    
conta9 n less ?an a m9imum am\nt ( fat &
 o!r solids1 & be free f pres]vatives4  
,! m mod]n regulations are mu* m complex
 & t\* e phase ( production & h&l+ t c1 
9 any way1 affect ! value ( ! milk z    
human food4  ,municipal regulations4 ,! 
diff]5t cities v>y widely 9 ! me?ods    
employ$ to secure a satisfactory milk   
supply4 ,rules & regulations are adopt$ 
to :i* ! produc] & deal] mu/ con=m4 ,9  
ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! regulations are  
be+ obey$1 two types ( exam9ations may  
be made3 fir/ ! inspection ( ! f>ms & ( 
! plants ( ! deal]s2 second ! exam9ation
 ( ! milk itself ) ref]5ce to its       
*emical composition1 bact]ial cont5t &  
temp]ature4  ,! city ( ,new ,york is do+
 m to safegu>d & to improve its milk    
supply ?an any o!r l>ge city 9 ?is      
c\ntry4 ,a brief summ>y ( its           
regulations & me?ods foll[4 ,a copy ( ! 
rules is furni%$ to ea* dairyman & is   
suppos$ to be po/$ 9 ! /able4   ,! ,c[s4
  #a4 ,! c[s mu/ be kept clean1 & manure

 mu/ n be p]mitt$ to collect ^u ! tail1 
sides1 udd] & belly ( any mil* c[4  #b4 
,! c[s %\ld be groom$ daily1 & all      
collections ( manure1 mud or o!r fil?   
mu/ n be all[$ to rema9 ^u _! flanks1   
udd]s or bellies dur+ milk+4  #c4 ,!    
clipp+ ( long hairs f ! udd] & flanks ( 
! c[s is ( assi/ance 9 prev5t+ !        
collection ( fil? :i* may drop into !   
milk4 ,! hair on ! tails %\ld be cut1 s 
t ! bru% w be well above ! gr\nd4  #d4  
,! udd]s & teats ( ! c[ %\ld be ?or\ghly
 clean$ be=e milk+2 ?is to be done by   
?or\gh bru%+ & ! use ( a clo? & w>m     
wat]4  #e4 ,to prev5t ! c[s f ly+ d[n & 
gett+ dirty betwe5 clean+ & milk+1 a    
?roat lat* ( rope or *a9 %\ld be fa/5$  
across ! /an*ions "u ! c['s neck4  #f4  
,only fe$ :i* is ( good quality & only  
gra9 & co>se fodd]s :i* are free f dirt 
& m\ld %\ld be us$4 ,di/ill]y wa/e or   
any sub/ance 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation or   
putrefaction mu/ n be f$4  #g4 ,c[s :i* 
are n 9 good fle% & condition %\ld be   
imm$iately remov$ & _! milk kept sep>ate

 until _! heal? has be5 pass$ ^u by a   
vet]9>ian4  #h4 ,an exam9ation by a     
vet]9>y surgeon %\ld be made at lea/    
once a ye>4   ,! ,/able4  #i4 ,no       
/agnant wat]1 hog-p51 privy or uncov]$  
cesspool or manure pit %\ld be ma9ta9$  
)9 #ajj feet ( ! c[ /able4  #aj4 ,! c[  
/able %\ld be provid$ ) "s adequate     
means ( v5tilation1 ei!r by !           
con/ruction ( suffici5t air *utes ext5d+
 f ! room 9 :i* ! c[s are kept to !     
outside air1 or by ! in/allation ( musl9
 /ret*$ ov] ! w9d[ op5+s4  #aa4 ,w9d[s  
%\ld be in/all$ 9 ! c[ b>n to provide   
suffici5t light 7#b sq4 feet ( w9d[     
light to ea* #fjj cubic feet ( air space
 ! m9imum7 & ! w9d[ panes be wa%$ & kept
 clean4  #ab4 ,!re %\ld be at lea/ #fjj 
cubic feet ( air space = ea* c[4  #ac4  
,mil* ,c[s %\ld be kept 9 a place :i* is
 us$ = no o!r purpose4  #ad4 ,/able     
floors %\ld be made wat]-tight1 be      
prop]ly grad$ & well dra9$1 & be ( "s   
non-absorb5t mat]ial4 ,cem5t or brick   
floors are ! be/1 z !y c be m easily    

kept clean ?an ^? ( wood or e>?4  #ae4  
,! fe$+ tr\ghs & plat=ms %\ld be well   
light$ & kept clean at all times4  #af4 
,! ceil+ %\ld be ?or\ghly swept d[n &   
kept free f hang+ /raw1 dirt & cobwebs4 
#ag4 ,! ceil+ mu/ be s con/ruct$ t du/ &
 dirt !refrom %all n readily fall to !  
floor or into ! milk4 ,if ! space ov] ! 
c[s is us$ = /orage ( hay1 ! ceil+ %\ld 
be made tight to prev5t *aff & du/ f    
fall+ ?r\gh4  #ah4 ,! walls & l$ges %\ld
 be ?or\ghly swept d[n & kept free f    
du/1 dirt1 manure or cobwebs1 & ! floors
 & premises be kept free f dirt1 rubbi% 
& decay+ animal or vegetable matt] at   
all times4  #ai4 ,! c[ b$s %\ld be s    
grad$ & kept t !y w be clean & sanit>y  
at all times4  #bj4 ,/ables %\ld be     
:itewa%$ at lea/ twice a ye> unless !   
walls are pa9t$ or are ( smoo? cem5t4   
#ba4 ,manure mu/ be remov$ f ! /alls &  
gutt]s at lea/ twice daily4 ,?is mu/ n  
be done dur+ milk+1 nor )9 "o h\r prior 
!reto4  #bb4 ,manure %\ld be tak5 f !   
b>n1 pref]ably drawn to ! field4 ,:5 !  

wea!r is su* t ?is _c be done1 x %\ld be
 /or$ n ne>] ?an #bjj ft4 f ! /able & ! 
manure pile %\ld be s locat$ t ! c[s _c 
get at x4  #bc4 ,! liquid matt] %\ld be 
absorb$ & remov$ daily & at no "t be    
all[$ to ov]fl[ or saturate ! gr\nd "u  
or ar\nd ! c[ b>n4  #bd4 ,manure gutt]s 
%\ld be f six to eight in*es deep1 &    
con/ruct$ ( concrete1 /one or "s        
non-absorb5t mat]ial4  #be4 ,! use ( l& 
pla/] or lime is recomm5d$ ^u ! floors &
 gutt]s4  #bf4 ,only b$d+ :i* is clean1 
dry & absorb5t %\ld be us$1 pref]ably   
sawdu/1 %av+s1 dri$ leaves or /raw4 ,no 
horse manure %\ld be us$ z b$d+4  #bg4  
,! floor+ :]e ! c[s /& %\ld be s        
con/ruct$ t all manure may drop into !  
gutt] & n ^u ! floor itself4  #bh4 ,!   
floor %\ld be swept daily4 ,?is mu/ n be
 done )9 "o h\r prior to milk+ "t4  #bi4
 ,if individual dr9k+ bas9s are us$ = ! 
c[s1 !y %\ld be frequ5tly dra9$ &       
clean$4  #cj4 ,all live /ock o!r ?an c[s
 %\ld be exclud$ f ! room 9 :i* ! mil*  
c[s are kept4 7,calf or bull p5s may be 

all[$ 9 ! same room if kept 9 ! same    
clean & sanit>y mann] z ! c[ b$s47  #ca4
 ,! b>ny>d %\ld be well dra9$ & dry1 &  
%\ld be z mu* %elt]$ z possible f ! w9d 
& cold4 ,manure %\ld n be all[$ to      
collect !re94  #cb4 ,a suitable place 9 
"s sep>ate build+ %\ld be provid$ = !   
use ( ! c[s :5 sick1 & sep>ate qu>t]s   
mu/ be provid$ = ! c[s :5 calv+4  #cc4  
,!re %\ld be no direct op5+ f any silo  
or gra9 pit into ! room 9 :i* ! mil* c[s
 are kept4   ,! ,milk ,h\se4  #cd4 ,a   
milk h\se mu/ be provid$ :i* is sep>at$ 
f ! /able & dwell+4 ,x %\ld be locat$ on
 elevat$ gr\nd1 ) no hog-p51 privy or   
manure pile )9 #ajj feet4  #ce4 ,x mu/  
be kept clean & n us$ = any purpose     
except ! h&l+ ( milk4  #cf4 ,! milk h\se
 %\ld be provid$ ) suffici5t light &    
v5tilation1 ) floors prop]ly grad$ &    
made wat]-tight4  #cg4 ,x %\ld be       
provid$ ) adju/able sa%es to furni%     
suffici5t light & "s prop] me?od (      
v5tilation %\ld be in/all$4  #ch4 ,!    
milk h\se %\ld be provid$ ) an ample    

supply ( clean wat] = cool+ ! milk1 & if
 x is n a runn+ supply1 ! wat] %\ld be  
*ang$ twice daily4 ,also a supply (     
clean ice %\ld be provid$ to be us$ =   
cool+ ! milk to #ej degrees )9 two h\rs 
aft] milk+4  #ci4 ,suitable means %\ld  
be provid$ )9 ! milk h\se1 to expose !  
milk pails1 cans & ut5sils to ! sun or  
to live /eam4  #dj4 ,facilities consi/+ 
( wa% bas9s1 soap & t[el %\ld be provid$
 = ! use ( milk]s be=e & dur+ milk+4    
,dur+ ! ,summ] ,mon?s ! ,milk ,h\se %\ld
 be prop]ly scre5$ to exclude flies4    
,! ,milk]s & ,milk+4  #da4 ,any p]son   
hav+ any communicable or infecti\s      
disease1 or "o c>+ = p]sons hav+ su*    
disease1 mu/ n be all[$ to h&le ! milk  
or milk ut5sils4  #db4 ,! h&s ( ! milk]s
 mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$ ) soap & wat]1 &  
c>efully dri$ on a clean t[el be=e      
milk+4  #dc4 ,clean ov]alls & jump]s    
%\ld be worn dur+ ! milk+ ( ! c[s4 ,!y  
%\ld be us$ = no o!r purpose1 & :5 n 9  
use %\ld be kept 9 a clean place        
protect$ f du/4  #dd4 ,! h&s & teats    

%\ld be kept dry dur+ milk+4 ,! practice
 ( moi/5+ ! h&s ) milk is to be         
condemn$4  #de4 ,! milk+ /ools %\ld be  
at all times kept clean1 & iron /ools   
are recomm5d$4  #df4 ,! fir/ /reams f   
ea* teat %\ld be reject$1 z ?is =e milk 
conta9s m bact]ia ?an ! re/ ( ! milk4   
#dg4 ,all milk drawn f ! c[s #ae days   
be=e1 or #e days aft] p>turition %\ld be
 reject$4  #dh4 ,! pails 9 :i* ! milk is
 drawn %\ld h z small an op5+ at ! top z
 c be us$ 9 milk+2 top op5+ pref]ably n 
to exce$ #h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is less5s
 ! contam9ation by du/ & dirt dur+      
milk+4  #di4 ,! milk+ %\ld be done      
rapidly & quietly1 & ! c[s %\ld be      
treat$ k9dly4  #ej4 ,dry fodd] %\ld n be
 f$ to ! c[s dur+ or j be=e milk+1 z du/
 !refrom may fall into ! milk4  #ea4    
,all milk ut5sils1 includ+ pails1 cans1 
/ra9]s1 & dipp]s1 mu/ be kept ?or\ghly  
clean & mu/ be wa%$ & scald$ aft] ea*   
us+1 & all seams 9 ^! ut5sils %\ld be   
clean$1 scrap$ & sold]$ flu%4   ,!      
,milk4  #eb4 ,milk f diseas$ c[s mu/ n  

be %ipp$4  #ec4 ,! milk mu/ n be 9 any  
way adult]at$4  #ed4 ,! milk z soon z   
drawn %\ld be remov$ to ! milk h\se &   
imm$iately /ra9$ & cool$ to ! prop]     
temp]ature4  #ee4 ,all milk mu/ be cool$
 to a temp]ature bel[ #ej degrees ,f41  
)9 two h\rs aft] be+ drawn1 & kept      
!reaft] bel[ t until deliv]$ to !       
cream]y4  #ef4 ,! milk %\ld be /ra9$    
into cans :i* are /&+ 9 ice wat] :i*    
rea*es ! neck ( ! c4 ,! m rapidly ! milk
 is cool$1 ! saf] x is1 & long] x w keep
 sweet4 ,ice %\ld be us$ 9 cool+ milk1 z
 v few spr+s are cold en\gh = ! purpose4
  #eg4 ,if a]ators are us$1 !y %\ld /&  
:]e ! air is free f du/ or odors1 & on  
no acc\nt %\ld !y be us$ 9 ! /able or   
out ( doors4  #eh4 ,milk /ra9]s %\ld be 
kept clean2 scald$ a second "t j be=e   
us+1 & if clo? /ra9]s are us$1 sev]al ( 
!m %\ld be provid$1 9 ord] t !y may be  
frequ5tly *ang$ dur+ ! /ra9+ ( ! milk4  
#ei4 ,! use ( any pres]vative or color+ 
matt] is adult]ation1 & its use by a    
produc] or %ipp] w be a suffici5t cause 

= ! exclusion ( 8 product f ! ,city (   
,new ,york4   ,wat] ,supply4  #fj4 ,!   
wat] supply us$ 9 ! dairy & = wa%+      
ut5sils %\ld be absolutely free f any   
contam9ation1 suffici5tly abundant = all
 purposes1 & easy to access4  #fa4 ,?is 
supply %\ld be protect$ aga9/ flood or  
surface dra9age4  #fb4 ,! privy %\ld be 
locat$ n ne>] ?an #ajj feet ( ! s\rce ( 
! wat] supply1 or else be provid$ ) a   
wat]-tight box t c be readily remov$ &  
clean$1 & s con/ruct$ t at no "t w !    
cont5ts ov]fl[ or saturate ! surr\nd+   
gr\nd4  #fc4 ,! s\rce ( ! wat] supply   
%\ld be r5d]$ safe aga9/ contam9ation by
 hav+ no /able1 b>ny>d1 pile ( manure or
 o!r s\rce ( contam9ation locat$ )9 #bjj
 feet ( x4  ,9 ord] t ! f>m inspection  
%all be z effective z possible1 & to    
make ! "w ( ! sev]al inspectors z uni=m 
z may be1 ! dairies are scor$4 ,a copy (
 ! score c>d foll[s4     ,,dep>tm5t ,,( 
,,heal?    ,! ,city ( ,new ,york        
,division ( ,g5]al   ,sanit>y           
,inspection                             

,dairy ,report        ,inspection ,no4  
444  ,"t444444 ,a4 ,p4 ,m4              
,date444444#aia44     #a                
,dairyman444444444444444444   ,own]     
444444444444444444444    #b ,p4 ,o4     
,address4444444444444   ,p4,o4          
,address4444444,/ate444    #c           
,c\nty44444 ,/ate44444     ,p>ty        
,int]view$444444444444    #d ,milk      
deliv]$ to ,cream]y at4444444444 ,=m]ly 
at444444444    #e ,op]at$               
by444444444444444444                    
,address44444444444444444444444    #f   
,di/ance ( f>m f ,cream]y44444 ,occupi$ 
f>m s9ce44444    #g ,no4 ,c[s4444444    
,no4 ,milk+444444 ,no4 ,qts4            
,produc$444444444    #h ,all p]sons 9 ! 
h\seholds ( ^? engag$ 9 produc+         
or h&l+ milk are444444444444free f all  
infecti\s        disease4 ,weekly       
reports are444444444444444444be+ fil$   
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444
444444444444444444    #i ,date & nature 
( la/ case on                           
f>m444444444444444444444444   #aj ,,wat]

 ,,supply = ut5sils is f                
a444444444444444 locat$       4444444444
 feet deep & app>5tly is444444444444    
pure &       :olesome444444444444  ,/ate
 any possible contam9ation       locat$ 
)9 #bjj feet ( s\rce ( wat] supply or   
if wat] supply is n protect$ aga9/      
surface dra9age                         
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444
4444444444444444444                     
4444444444444444444444444444444444444444
4444444444444444444   #aa ,wat] supply  
on ?is f>m analyz$4444 #aia44           
,result44444444   #ab ,/yle ( ,c[       
,b>n4444 ,l5g?4444 ft4   ,wid?4444 ft4  
,height        ( ceil+4444 ft4   #ac    
,dairy ,rules ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?    
are44444444 po/$                        
444444444444444444   #ad ,dairy ,h]d    
exam9$ by4444444444444 on44444444444444 
#aia44        ,report444444444444       
,p]fect ,all[                           
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
,,equipm5t                              

#ae ,,c[ ,,/able is4444444locat$ on     
elevat$                          gr\nd )
 no /agnant wat]1 hog-p51               
privy1 uncov]$ cesspool or manure pit   
)9 #ajj feet                            
#a    44444                             
#af ,,floors1 o!r ?an c[ b$s1 are       
( concrete or "s non-absorb5t mat]ial   
#b    44444                             
#ag ,floors are444prop]ly grad$ &       
wat]-tight     #b    44444              
#ah ,c[ b$s are444( concrete or planks  
laid on concrete                        
#b    44444                             
#ai ,,drops are44444con/ruct$ (         
concrete1                           /one
 or "s non-absorb5t mat]ial             
#b    44444                             
#bj ,drops are444444wat]-tight & space  
b5ea?                       is clean &  
dry4                               #b   
44444                                   
#ba ,,ceil+ is con/ruct$ (4444444& is   
tight & du/ pro(                        
#b    44444                             

#bb ,,w9d[s ,no4444444total squ>e feet  
!re is44444444444#b squ>e feet ( w9d[   
light = ea* #fjj cu4 ft4 air space 7#a  
sq4 ft4 p] ea* #fjj cu4 ft4--#a7        
#b    44444                             
#bc ,,v5tilation consi/s ( 444444sq4 ft4
 musl9                     9 ceil+      
or4444444444:i* is suffici5t            
#c1 fair #b1 poor #a1 insuffici5t #j    
#c    44444                             
#bd ,,air ,,space is444444cu4 ft4 p] c[ 
7#fjj &                       ov]--#c7  
7#ejj to #fjj--b7  7#djj to #ejj--a7    
7"u #djj--j7                            
#c    44444                             
#be ,,live ,,/ock1 o!r ?an c[s1         
are4444exclud$                     f    
rooms 9 :i* mil* c[s                    
are kept                                
#b    44444                             
#bf ,!re is4444444444direct op5+ f /able
                       into silo or gra9
 pit                          #a        
44444                                   
#bg ,sep>ate qu>t]s                     

are44444444444provid$ =                 
c[s :5 calv+ or sick                    
#a    44444                             
#bh ,,c[ ,,y>d is44444444444444prop]ly  
grad$ &                     dra9$       
#b    44444                             
#bi ,,wat] ,,supply = c[s               
is4444444444unpollut$                   
& pl5tiful                              
#a    44444                             
#cj ,,milk ,,h\se has44444444444direct  
op5+ into                     c[ b>n or 
o!r build+                      #a      
44444                                   
#ca ,milk h\se has4444444444suffici5t   
light &                       v5tilation
                                     #a 
44444                                   
#cb ,floor is44444444444444444prop]ly   
grad$ &                       wat]-tight
                                     #a 
44444                                   
#cc ,milk h\se is44444444444prop]ly     
scre5$ to                       exclude 
flies                                   

#a    44444                             
#cd ,milk pails are444444444444( smoo?ly
 t9n$                       metal 9 good
 repair                            #a   
44444                                   
#ce ,,milk ,,pails h44444444444all seams
 sold]$                     flu%        
#b    44444                             
#cf ,milk pails are4444444444( ! small  
m\!d                       design1 top  
op5+ n exce$+ #h in*es                  
9 diamet]4 ,diamet]                     
#b    44444                             
#cg ,racks are44444444provid$ to hold   
milk pails                     & cans :5
 n 9 use                        #b      
44444                                   
#ch ,special milk+ suits                
are444444provid$        #a    44444     
--------------                          
#dj                                     
,,me?ods                                
#ci ,,/able ,,int]ior pa9t$ or :itewa%$ 
on4444444:i* is satisfactory #c1 fair   
#b1                                     

unsatisfactory #a1 nev] #j              
#c    44444                             
#dj ,,fe$+ ,,tr\ghs1 plat=ms or cribs   
are                          444444well 
light$ & clean                    #a    
44444                                   
#da ,cell+ is4444444444free f hang+     
/raw1                     dirt or       
cobwebs                                 
#c    44444                             
#db ,w9d[ panes are4444444444444wa%$ &  
kept                     clean          
#a    44444                             
#dc ,,walls ,,& ,,l$ges                 
are444444444444444free f                
dirt1 du/1 manure or cobwebs            
#b    44444                             
#dd ,,floors ,,& ,,premises             
are4444444free f                        
f dirt1 rubbi% or decay$ animal or      
vegetable matt]                         
#b    44444                             
#de ,,c[ ,,b$s are444444444clean1 dry & 
no horse                     manure us$ 
!reon                             #b    

44444                                   
#df ,manure is4444444remov$ to field    
daily #d1                        to at  
lea/ #ajj feet f b>n #b1 /or$           
less ?an #ajj feet or :]e c[s c get     
at x #j                                 
#d    44444                             
#dg ,liquid ,matt] is4444444 all[$ to   
saturate                      gr\nd "u  
or ar\nd c[ b>n                 #b      
44444                                   
#dh ,milk+ /ools are4444444clean        
#a    44444                             
#di ,c[ ,y>d is4444444clean & free f    
manure                                  
#b    44444                             
#ej ,,c[s h444444be5 tub]cul9 te/$ &    
all tub]cul\s c[s remov$                
#g    44444                             
#ea ,c[s are44444all 9 good fle% &      
condition                       at "t ( 
inspection                           #b 
44444                                   
#eb ,c[s are44444all free f cl++        
manure & dirt4 7,no4 dirty444447        

#d    44444                             
#ec ,,long ,,hairs are44444kept %ort on 
belly1                          flanks1 
udd] & tail                          #a 
44444                                   
#ed ,,udd] ,,& ,,teats ( c[s are444444  
?or\ghly bru%$ & wip$ ) a               
clean damp clo? be=e milk+              
#c    44444                             
#ee ,,all ,,fe$ is44444( good quality & 
di/ill]y wa/e or any sub/ance 9 a /ate  
( putrefaction is444444f$               
#b    44444                             
#ef ,,milk+ is44444done ) dry h&s       
#b    44444                             
#eg ,,=e ,,milk or fir/ few /reams f ea*
                         teat           
is44444disc>d$                          
#b    44444                             
#eh ,clo?+ ( milk]s is44444clean        
#a    44444                             
#ei ,facilities = wa%+ h&s ( milk]s are 
444444provid$ 9 c[ b>n or milk          
h\se                                    
#b    44444                             

#fj ,milk is /ra9$ at44444&444449       
clean atmosph]e                         
#a    44444                             
#fa ,milk is44444cool$ )9 two h\rs aft] 
milk+ to #ej degrees ,f4 #c1 to #ee     
degrees                         ,f4 #b  
to #fj degrees ,f4 #a                   
#c    44444                             
#fb ,ice is44444us$ = cool+ milk        
#a    44444                             
#fc ,,milk ,,h\se is44444free f dirt1   
rubbi%                        & all     
mat]ial n us$ 9 !                       
h&l+ & /orage ( milk                    
#a    44444                             
#fd ,milk ut5sils are44444r9s$ ) cold   
wat] imm$iately aft] us+ & wa%$         
clean ) hot wat] & wa%+ solution        
#b    44444                             
#fe ,ut5sils are44444/]iliz$ by /eam or 
boil+ wat] aft] ea* us+                 
#b    44444                             
#ff ,privy is444449 sanit>y condition1 )
                         vault &        
seats44444cov]$ & protect$       #a     

44444                                   
--------------                          
#fj            ,rem>ks    ,equipm5t #dj 
p] c5t4 ,score          4444 p] c5t     
,me?ods #fj p] c5t4 ,score              
4444 p] c5t   ,p]fect ,dairy #ajj p]    
c5t4 ,score     4444 p] c5t   ,a copy ( 
! complet$ report is left ) ! dairyman4 
,be=e ! f>m inspection is c>ri$ out !   
cream]ies to :i* ! milk is deliv]$ by ! 
f>m]s are inspect$ at ! "t ! milk is be+
 deliv]$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! milk & its  
cleanl9ess are not$4 ,9 ! cream]y !     
/ra9+1 cool+ & h&l+ ( ! milk are obs]v$ 
z well z ! wa%+ ( ! milk cans & o!r     
ut5sils1 & ! con/ruction & condition ( !
 cream]y1 ! opportunity = ! wat] supply 
to become contam9at$1 & ! pres5ce (     
infecti\s diseases among ! employees4   
,grades ( milk4 ,?ree grades ( milk h   
be5 e/abli%$4 ,ea* deal] is requir$ to  
/ate :i* grade or grades he expects to  
h&le4 ,! specifications = ! diff]5t     
grades are z foll[s4  ,grade ,a4        
,gu>ante$ ,milk4 ,gu>ante$ milk is t    

produc$ at f>ms hold+ p]mits !re= f !   
,dep>tm5t ( ,heal? & produc$ & h&l$ 9   
accordance ) ! foll[+ m9imum            
requirem5ts1 rules & regulations3  #a4  
,only su* c[s %all be admitt$ to ! h]d z
 h n re-act$ to a diagno/ic injection ( 
tub]cul94  #b4 ,all c[s %all be annually
 te/$ ) tub]cul91 & all re-act+ animals 
%all be exclud$ f ! h]d4  #c4 ,no milk f
 re-act+ animals %all be %ipp$ to !     
,city ( ,new ,york = any purpose :atev]4
  #d4 ,! milk %all n conta9 m ?an       
#cj1jjj bact]ia p] c4 c4 :5 deliv]$ to !
 consum]1 or at any "t prior to su*     
deliv]y4  #e4 ,! milk %all be deliv]$ to
 ! consum] only 9 seal$ bottles1 :i* h  
be5 seal$ at ! dairy4  #f4 ,! milk %all 
be deliv]$ to ! consum] )9 #cj h\rs ( ! 
"t at :i* x 0 drawn4  ,grade ,a4        
,c]tifi$ ,milk4 ,c]tifi$ milk is milk   
c]tifi$ by a milk commission appo9t$ by 
! ,m$ical ,society ( ! ,c\nty ( ,new    
,york1 or ! ,m$ical ,society ( ! ,c\nty 
( ,k+s1 z be+ produc$ "u ! sup]vision & 
9 con=mity ) ! requirem5ts ( t          

commission z laid d[n = c]tifi$ milk1 & 
sold "u a p]mit !re= issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( 
,heal?4  ,no milk %all be held1 kept1   
(f]$ = sale1 or sold & deliv]$ z c]tifi$
 milk 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york :i* is     
produc$ "u requirem5ts less ?an ^? =    
gu>ante$ milk4  ,grade ,a4 ,inspect$    
,milk--,raw4 ,inspect$ milk 7raw7 is    
milk produc$ at f>ms hold+ p]mits !re= f
 ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 & produc$ & h&l$ 9   
accordance ) ! foll[+ m9imum            
requirem5ts1 rules & regulations3  #a4  
,only su* c[s %all be admitt$ to ! h]d z
 h n re-act$ to a diagno/ic injection ( 
tub]cul94  #b4 ,all c[s %all be te/$    
annually ) tub]cul91 & all re-act+      
animals %all be exclud$ f ! h]d4  #c4   
,no milk f re-act+ animals %all be %ipp$
 to ! ,city ( ,new ,york = any purpose  
:atsoev]4  #d4 ,! f>ms at :i* ! milk is 
produc$ mu/ obta9 at lea/ #ge po9ts 9 an
 (ficial score ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?4  
,^! #ge po9ts %all be made up z foll[s3 
,a m9imum ( #be po9ts = equipm5t1 & #ej 
po9ts = me?od4  #e4 ,! milk %all n      

conta9 m ?an an av]age ( #fj1jjj bact]ia
 p] c4 c4 :5 deliv]$ to ! consum]1 or at
 any "t prior !reto4  #f4 ,unless       
o!rwise specifi$ 9 ! p]mit1 ! milk %all 
be deliv]$ to ! consum] only 9 bottles4 
,grade ,a4 ,select$ ,milk--,pa/euriz$4  
,select$ milk 7pa/euriz$7 is milk       
produc$ at f>ms hold+ p]mits !re= f !   
,bo>d ( ,heal?1 & produc$ & h&l$ 9      
accordance ) ! foll[+ requirem5ts1 rules
 & regulations3  #a4 ,! f>ms at :i* !   
milk is produc$ mu/ obta9 at lea/ #fj   
po9ts 9 an (ficial score ( ! ,dep>tm5t (
 ,heal?4 ,( ^! #fj po9ts1 a m9imum ( #bj
 po9ts %all be requir$ = equipm5t & a   
m9imum ( #dj po9ts = me?od4  #b4 ,all   
milk ( ?is grade %all be pa/euriz$1 &   
said pa/eurization %all be c>ri$ on "u a
 special p]mit issu$ !re= by ! ,bo>d (  
,heal?1 9 addition to ! p]mit = ,select$
 ,milk 7,pa/euriz$47  #c4 ,! milk %all n
 conta9 m ?an an av]age ( #ej1jjj       
bact]ia p] c4 c4 :5 deliv]$ to !        
consum]1 or at any "t aft] pa/eurization
 & prior to su* deliv]y4  #d4 ,unless   

o!rwise specifi$ 9 ! p]mit1 ! milk %all 
be deliv]$ to ! consum] only 9 bottles4 
#e4 ,all conta9]s 9 :i* pa/euriz$ milk  
is deliv]$ to ! consum] %all be pla9ly  
label$ ,pa/euriz$4 ,labels mu/ also be> 
! date & h\r :5 pa/eurization 0         
complet$1 ! place :]e pa/eurization 0   
p]=m$1 & ! "n ( ! p]son1 firm or        
corporation p]=m+ ! pa/eurization4  #f4 
,! milk mu/ be deliv]$ to ! consum]s )9 
#cj h\rs aft] ! completion ( ! process (
 pa/eurization4  #g4 ,no milk %all be   
pa/euriz$ m ?an once4  #h4 ,no milk     
conta9+ 9 excess ( #bjj1jjj bact]ia p]  
c4 c4 %all be pa/euriz$4  ,g5]al        
,regulations = ,grade ,a--  #a4 ,! caps 
( all bottles conta9+ milk ( ,grade ,a  
%all be :ite1 & %all conta9 ! words     
,grade ,a 9 black lett]s1 9 l>ge type4  
#b4 ,if cans are us$ = ! deliv]y ( milk 
= ,grade ,a1 ! said cans %all h affix$  
to !m :ite tags1 ) ! words ,grade ,a    
pr9t$ !reon 9 black lett]s1 9 l>ge type1
 toge!r ) ! designation ,inspect$ ,milk 
7,raw7 or ,select$ ,milk 7,pa/euriz$71 z

 ! quality ( ! cont5ts may require4     
,grade ,b4 ,select$ ,milk--,raw4        
,select$ milk 7raw7 is milk produc$ at  
f>ms hold+ p]mits !re= f ! ,bo>d (      
,heal?1 & produc$ & h&l$ 9 accordance ) 
! foll[+ m9imum requirem5ts1 rules &    
regulations3  #a4 ,only su* c[s %all be 
admitt$ to ! h]d z h be5 physically     
exam9$ by a regul>ly qualifi$ vet]9>ian 
& decl>$ by him to be heal?y1 & free f  
tub]culosis 9 s f> z a physical         
exam9ation may det]m9e t fact4  #b4 ,!  
f>ms at :i* ! milk is produc$ mu/ obta9 
at lea/ #fh po9ts 9 an (ficial score ( !
 ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?4 ,^! #fh po9ts %all 
be made up z foll[s3 ,a m9imum ( #be    
po9ts = equipm5t1 & a m9imum ( #dc po9ts
 = me?od4  #c4 ,! milk %all n conta9 an 
excessive numb] ( bact]ia :5 deliv]$ to 
! consum]1 or at any "t prior !reto4    
,grade ,b4 ,pa/euriz$ ,milk4 ,pa/euriz$ 
milk 7,grade ,b7 is milk produc$ "u a   
p]mit issu$ !re= by ! ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 & 
produc$ & h&l$ 9 accordance ) ! foll[+  
m9imum requirem5ts1 rules & regulations 

& 9 fur!r accordance ) ! special rules &
 regulations relat+ to ! pa/eurization (
 milk4  #a4 ,! milk aft] pa/eurization  
mu/ be at once cool$ & plac$ 9 /]iliz$  
conta9]s1 & ! conta9]s imm$iately clos$4
  #b4 ,all conta9]s 9 :i* pa/euriz$ milk
 is deliv]$ to ! consum] %all be pla9ly 
label$ ,pa/euriz$4 ,labels mu/ also be> 
! date & h\r :5 ! pa/eurization 0       
complet$1 ! place :]e pa/eurization 0   
p]=m$1 & ! "n ( ! p]son1 firm or        
corporation p]=m+ ! pa/eurization4  #c4 
,! milk mu/ be deliv]$ to ! consum] )9  
#cf h\rs aft] ! completion ( ! process (
 pa/eurization4  #d4 ,no milk %all be   
pa/euriz$ m ?an once4  #e4 ,no milk     
conta9+ an excessive numb] ( bact]ia    
%all be pa/euriz$4  ,g5]al ,regulations 
= ,grade ,b--  #a4 ,caps ( bottles      
conta9+ milk ( grade ,b %all be :ite &  
m>k$ ,grade ,b 9 bright gre5 lett]s (   
l>ge type4  #b4 ,! necks & %\ld]s ( cans
 conta9+ grade ,b milk %all be pa9t$    
bright gre51 & a metal tag %all be      
atta*$ to ea* c ) ! words ,grade ,b 9   

l>ge type1 & ! words ( ! subdivision to 
:i* ! quality ( ! milk 9 said c con=ms4 
,grade ,c4 ,grade ,c is to be us$ =     
cook+ & manufactur+ purposes only4 ,x   
includes all raw milk t does n con=m to 
! requirem5ts ( any ( ! subdivisions (  
grade ,a or grade ,b4  #a4 ,! caps ( all
 bottles conta9+ milk ( grade ,c %all be
 :ite & %all conta9 9 r$ ! words ,grade 
,c 9 l>ge type & = cook+ 9 pla9ly       
visible type4  #b4 ,cans conta9+ milk ( 
grade ,c %all be pa9t$ r$ on necks &    
%\ld]s & %all h 9 r$ ! words ,grade ,c 9
 l>ge type & ! words = cook+ 9 pla9ly   
visible type affix$ to ea* c4  ,all     
cream]ies h&l+ milk ( diff]5t grades w  
be requir$ to demon/rate to ! ,dep>tm5t 
( ,heal? t !y are capable ( keep+ !     
grades sep>ate1 & mu/ keep records      
satisfactory to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?    
conc]n+ ! am\nt ( milk ( ea* grade h&l$ 
ea* day4  ,x is to be not$ t ! grades ( 
milk are bas$ on ! bact]ial cont5t ( !  
milk & on ! opportunity = ! milk to     
become contam9at$ ) pa?og5ic organisms4 

,f ! /atem5ts made 9 a previ\s *apt] x  
is evid5t t ! numb] ( bact]ia 9 any     
sample ( milk is dep5d5t ^u 7#a7 !      
orig9al am\nt ( contam9ation1 7#b7 ! age
 ( ! milk1 & 7#c7 ! temp]ature at :i* x 
has be5 held4 ,a high bact]ial cont5t is
 indicative ( poor milk1 :ile a l[      
bact]ial cont5t c be obta9$1 9 ! case ( 
raw milk1 only :]e due att5tion is paid 
to cleanl9ess & cool+4 ,?is relation    
betwe5 ! quality ( milk & its bact]ial  
cont5t has l$ _m cities to adopt        
num]ical bact]ial /&>ds1 ev5 :5 grades (
 milk h n be5 e/abli%$4 ,bo/on requires 
t ! milk %all n conta9 m ?an #ejj1jjj   
bact]ia p] cubic c5timet]4 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 
,y41 has a /&>d ( #ajj1jjj p] cubic     
c5timet]1 :ile ,*icago requires t ! milk
 on arrival 9 ! city %all n conta9 m ?an
 #a1jjj1jjj p] cubic c5timet] f ,may    
fir/ to ,septemb] ?irtie?1 & n ov]      
#ejj1jjj betwe5 ,octob] fir/ & ,april   
?irtie?4 ,! sale ( milk conta9+ m ?an   
#c1jjj1jjj bact]ia p] cubic c5timet] is 
prohibit$4  ,x has be5 urg$ t bact]ial  

/&>ds are n ( value s9ce ! heal?fulness 
( milk dep5ds on ! k9d ( bact]ia pres5t 
r ?an on ! numb]4 ,x is well recogniz$ t
 milk conta9+ millions ( acid-=m+       
organisms1 butt] milk1 is a heal?ful    
food1 :ile t conta9+ _m less bact]ia may
 conta9 "s disease-produc+ organisms4 ,x
 has be5 urg$ t a qualitative /&>d %\ld 
supplant ! quantitative4 ,! consum]     
desires milk t has be5 produc$ "u clean 
conditions1 & :i* has good keep+        
qualities4 ,! h>mless =ms ( bact]ia ex]t
 ! greate/ influ5ce on ! keep+ quality4 
,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! quantitative      
exam9ation ( ! milk supply z x comes f !
 f>m is ! mo/ feasible me?od ( det]m9+1 
9 ! laboratory1 :e!r ! f>m] has obey$ ! 
rules ) ref]5ce to cleanl9ess & cool+ ( 
! milk4 ,! bact]iological exam9ation    
also gives an indication z to :e!r !    
l>ge numb] ( bact]ia is due to gross    
contam9ation ( ! milk ) mud & manure1 or
 actual gr[? ( bact]ia z 9 old milk4 ,9 
! latt] case ! ord9>y acid-=m+ bact]ia w
 usually pr$om9ate 9 ! milk1 :ile 9 !   

=m]1 ! numb] ( k9ds ( bact]ia & !       
proportion betwe5 ! k9ds w be *ang$4 ,x 
is ( c\rse evid5t t ! quantitative /&>ds
 %\ld be appli$ ) judgm5t4  ,x is also  
claim$ t ! delay 9 secur+ ! results 9 ! 
quantitative exam9ation ( milk is an    
objection to ! bact]ial /&>d1 s9ce !    
milk is consum$ be=e ! laboratory f9d+s 
c be obta9$4 ,x is true t x does n      
protect ! community z f> z ! p>ticul>   
sample is conc]n$1 b x is also true t ! 
exam9ation is n made = ! purpose (      
det]m9+ ! condition ( ! p>ticul> sample1
 s mu* z x is to det]m9e ! me?ods t are 
employ$ on any p>ticul> f>m1 & ^! d n   
v>y widely f day to day4 ,?us1 if a     
numb] ( samples give high results1 x is 
evid5t t conditions surr\nd+ production 
ne$ inve/igation4  ,if ! milk is well   
cool$ on ! f>m1 & kept cold :ile be+    
%ipp$1 ! gr[? ( bact]ia w be sl[1 & !   
condition ( ! milk z f> z keep+ quality 
is conc]n$1 mu* bett] ?an if less c>e is
 us$4 ,"s cities h temp]ature /&>ds2    
,new ,york requires t ! milk %all be    

cool$ to #ej ,f4 on ! f>m1 & %all n be  
above #ej ,f4 on arrival 9 ! city4 ,o!rs
 require t x %all n be above #ej ,f4 on 
deliv]y to ! consum]4  ,c]tifi$ milk4 ,9
 _m cities ! ,m$ical ,societies h       
appo9t$ ,milk ,commissions1 t adopt     
rules & regulations1 conc]n+ !          
production ( milk t %all receive !      
c]tificate ( ! commission4 ,produc]s1 :o
 desire to h _! milk ?us c]tifi$1 mu/   
satisfy ! commission t !y are able to   
con=m to ! rules4 ,! commission appo9ts 
a physician to exam9e ! p]sonnel ( !    
f>m1 a vet]9>ian to make frequ5t        
exam9ations ( ! h]d1 a *emi/ to exam9e !
 milk z to its cont5ts 9 fat & o!r      
solids1 & a bact]iologi/ to det]m9e !   
bact]ial cont5t ( ! milk4 ,! rules are v
 /r+5t & cov] e po9t t may influ5ce1 9  
any way1 ! value ( ! milk z human food4 
,9 ord] to con=m to ^! requirem5ts1 a   
heavy exp5diture mu/ be incurr$1 & !    
bus9ess mu/ pay = su* exp]t s]vice2     
h5ce1 c]tifi$ milk mu/ be sold at high  
prices1 twelve to tw5ty-five c5ts p]    

qu>t4 ,?is price makes x a special      
product & its use is conf9$ ma9ly to    
infant fe$+4  ,! bact]ial /&>d = c]tifi$
 milk is usually #aj1jjj bact]ia p]     
cubic c5timet]4 ,x is only by ! ex]cise 
( ! greate/ c>e at e po9t t ! bact]ial  
cont5t c be kept bel[ ?is maximum4  ,!  
t]m c]tifi$ milk has be5 regi/]$ by ,mr4
 ,francisco ( ,new ,j]sey1 :o 0 ! fir/  
to engage 9 ! production ( su* milk "u !
 direction ( ! ,m$ical ,milk ,commission
 ( ,essex ,c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! use ( 
! t]m is all[$ :5 ! milk is produc$ "u !
 regulation ( any ,m$ical ,milk         
,commission4  ,mo/ c]tifi$ milk is n[   
produc$ on fancy dairy f>ms conduct$ by 
weal?y m54 ,! b>ns & o!r equipm5t are ! 
be/ t c be obta9$1 & ! me?ods employ$1 z
 f> z cleanl9ess is conc]n$1 are        
extreme4 ,9 "s ( ! dairies ! bact]ial   
cont5t is r$uc$ to a few hundr$ p] cubic
 c5timet]1 or to t :i* is d]iv$ f !     
int]ior ( ! udd]4 ,su* milk w1 :5 well  
refrig]at$1 keep = long p]iods ( "t4 ,x 
is a n uncommon ?+ = su* milk to keep   

p]fectly sweet = t5 to fifte5 days4     
,te/s = ! quality ( milk4 ,at ! milk    
depot & else:]e1 x is frequ5tly desir$  
to det]m9e ! bact]ial condition ( ! milk
 9 a less ref9$ mann] ?an by ! plate    
cultures ( ! bact]iologi/1 :i* require a
 l>ge am\nt ( "t = _! prep>ation & d n  
yield any positive in=mation = at lea/  
tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!re are a numb] ( su*  
te/s t may be appli$4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ci4--,s$im5t ,te/]s4  ,9 ! use ( 
! app>atus on ! "r1 increas$ air        
pressure is us$ to ha/5 ! filt]+        
process2 ! same is accompli%$ 9 !       
app>atus %[n 9 ! c5t] by w>m+ ! milk by 
! injection ( /eam betwe5 ! walls ( !   
d\ble jacket4  #a4 ,dirt or s$im5t te/4 
,?is is made by filt]+ a p9t ( ! mix$   
milk ?r\gh a small disc ( absorb5t      
cotton4 ,! insoluble dirt is reta9$ &   
imp>ts a color to ! cotton1 ! %ade ( :i*
 is dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( dirt 7,p4 #de74
 ,s9ce x is impossible to h dirt )\t    
bact]ia1 x is evid5t t milks conta9+ a  
l>ge am\nt ( dirt w be high 9 bact]ia4  

,! rev]se1 h[ev]1 is n necess>ily true4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,good ,milk4 
,a plate culture inoculat$ ) #a_/ajj ( a
 cubic c5timet] ( milk conta9+ #fg      
colonies1 :i* equals #f1gjj bact]ia p]  
cubic c5timet] ( milk4 ,su* milk w keep 
well4  #b4 ,acidity te/4 ,! acidity ( ! 
milk is also an indication ( its        
bact]ial cont5t4 ,if ! acidity has      
increas$1 above ! normal = fre% milk1 ! 
bact]ial cont5t is c]ta9 to be high1 & !
 keep+ quality poor4 ,an acidity above  
#j4b p] c5t 9 m>ket milk is to be       
avoid$1 z an increase 9 acidity is      
always prec$$ by a great increase (     
bact]ia4  ,:e!r ! acidity is above or   
bel[ ?is po9t c be rapidly & easily     
det]m9$ at ! receiv+ /ation by a        
modification ( ! ,f>r+ton acid te/4     
,dissolve "o alkal9e tablet 9 an ounce (
 wat]4 ,a unit volume ( ?is solution    
add$ to a unit volume ( milk is equal to
 #j4a p] c5t ( acidity4 ,if two measures
 are provid$1--"o = ! alkal9e solution  
hold+ j twice z mu* z t us$ = ! milk1 ! 

approximate acidity c be quickly det]m9$
 by mix+ a measure ( ea* 9 a common :ite
 cup4 ,if ! acidity is above #j4b p] c5t
 ! color w rema9 :ite2 if a p9k color   
develops1 x indicates an acidity less   
?an ?is am\nt4 ,?is te/ is also useful 9
 ! selection ( milk or cream t is to be 
us$ = special purposes1 su* z           
pa/eurization4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#da4--,poor ,milk4  ,a plate culture    
inoculat$ ) #a_/ajjj ( a cubic c5timet] 
( m>ket milk conta9+ #a1fhj colonies1   
:i* equals #a1fhj1jjj bact]ia p] cubic  
c5timet]4 ,su* milk has poor keep+      
qualities4  #c4 ,alcohol te/4 ,a te/    
giv+ simil> in=mation is made by add+   
two p>ts ( #gj p] c5t alcohol to "o "p (
 milk1 & not+ :e!r curdl+ occurs4  #d4  
,curd te/4 ,! curd te/ describ$ on p4   
#ajj gives no indication ( ! numb] (    
bact]ia pres5t1 only conc]n+ ! types    
pres5t4 ,x has be5 propos$ to comb9e !  
f]m5tation te/ ) ! r$uction te/ ref]r$  
to bel[ & ?us ga9 "s idea (1 n only !   
numb]1 b ! k9ds ( bact]ia pres5t4  #e4  

,r$uction te/4 ,! r$uction te/ is made  
by add+ to tw5ty cubic c5timet]s ( milk1
 "o-half cubic c5timet] ( a solution (  
me?yl5e blue1 a coal t> dye4 ,a saturat$
 solution ( ! dye is made 9 alcohol1 &  
#b4e p] c5t ( ?is solution add$ to wat]4
 ,! "t requir$ = ! r$uction ( ! dye or !
 *ange ( ! color f blue to :ite :5 !    
samples are plac$ 9 tubes & kept at #ih 
to #ajj ,f41 is dep5d5t ^u ! numb] (    
bact]ia pres5t4 ,by all[+ ! tubes to /& 
until curdl+ occurs1 & not+ ! nature ( !
 curd1 :e!r ! solid curd ( ! desirable  
acid-=m+ bact]ia or ! gassy curd ( !    
h>mful types is produc$1 k is ga9$ ( !  
k9ds ( bact]ia pres5t4  ,accord+ to     
,b>!l1 milks t r$uce ! me?yl5e blue )9  
fifte5 m9utes conta9 hundr$s ( ?\s&s (  
bact]ia p] cubic c5timet]4 ,^? t require
 f fifte5 m9utes to "o h\r = !          
disappe>ance ( ! color are also high 9  
bact]ia1 & are to be class$ z a poor    
grade ( m>ket milk4 ,if "o to ?ree h\rs 
is requir$1 ! milk is comp>atively l[ 9 
bact]ia1 & is to be class$ z a good     

grade ( m>ket milk4 ,:5 m ?an ?ree h\rs 
elapse be=e ! disappe>ance ( ! blue     
color1 ! bact]ial cont5t is l[ & ! milk 
is to be plac$ 9 ! highe/ grade4  ,! "t 
( r$uction is only a r\gh index ( !     
numb] ( bact]ia pres5t1 b x gives a good
 idea ( ! keep+ quality ( ! milk1 & ( ! 
conditions ( production & h&l+4 ,( !    
above te/s ! s$im5t & acid te/s are m   
frequ5tly us$4  ,exam9ation ( milk      
s$im5ts4 ,9 ! mod]n municipal           
laboratory1 ef=ts are made to det]m9e1 z
 f> z possible1 ! conditions (          
production on ! f>ms1 by an exam9ation (
 ! milk 9 ! laboratory4 ,! samples (    
milk are s$im5t$ 9 a small c5trifuge1 & 
an exam9ation ( ! s$im5t made ) !       
microscope4 ,! types ( bact]ia & ! numb]
 ( body cells f\nd is an indication z to
 :e!r any ( ! animals ( ! h]d are suff]+
 f inflammation ( ! udd]4 ,! te/ also   
gives in=mation simil> to ! dirt te/    
s9ce ! insoluble dirt w be ?r[n d[n & w 
imp>t a color to ! s$im5t4              
,pa/eurization ( m>ket milk44,! spread (

 ! pa/euriz+ process z appli$ to m>ket  
milk has be5 rapid4 ,?is has be5 due to 
! recognition ( ! fact t only by ?is    
process c a safe milk i4e41 "o free f   
pa?og5ic bact]ia1 be obta9$4 ,z         
previ\sly m5tion$ a small proportion (  
all human be+s t h suff]$ f typhoid fev]
 become bacillus c>ri]s4 ,x is          
impossible to exam9e all p]sons :o may  
be conc]n$ 9 ! h&l+ ( milk 9 ord] to    
asc]ta9 :e!r !y belong to ?is dang]\s & 
un=tunate class ( p4  ,! l>g] cities h  
also recogniz$ ! impossibility ( requir+
 ! tub]cul9 te/ ( all cattle furni%+    
milk4 ,pa/eurization rema9s ! only      
safegu>d1 & x is probable t )9 a %ort "t
 all ! l>g] cities w require !          
pa/eurization ( all milk1 except t      
produc$ "u /rict sup]vision4  ,z        
previ\sly m5tion$ heat+ causes c]ta9    
*anges 9 milk4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( m>ket    
milk x is desirable to use z l[         
temp]atures z w suffice to de/roy !     
disease-produc+ bact]ia4 ,x is =tunate t
 temp]atures t w insure ?is result h    

little effect on ! milk4 ,! temp]atures 
n[ recomm5d$ = pa/eurization are z      
foll[s3    #aeh degrees ,f4 = #c m9utes4
   #aee degrees ,f4 = #e m9utes4   #aeb 
degrees ,f4 = #aj m9utes4   #adh degrees
 ,f4 = #ae m9utes4   #ade degrees ,f4 = 
#ah m9utes4   #adj degrees ,f4 = #bj    
m9utes4  ,9 actual practice ! milk is   
heat$ to #ade degrees = #be to #cj      
m9utes4 ,! acid-=m+ bact]ia are n       
completely de/roy$ & ! pa/euriz$ milk z 
a rule w und]go ! same type ( f]m5tation
 z raw milk4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 deem$        
ess5tial t all pa/euriz$ milk be sold z 
su*2 t x be deliv]$ to ! consum] )9     
tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] pa/eurization & t no
 milk be pa/euriz$ a second "t4  ,!     
cont9u\s pa/euriz+ ma*9es h !           
disadvantage t a small portion ( ! milk 
passes ?r\gh s quickly t all pa?og5ic   
bact]ia !re9 might n be de/roy$1 7p4    
#aca74 ,?is has l$ to ! use ( ! hold+   
process 9 :i* ! milk is heat$ to !      
desir$ temp]ature & !n plac$ 9 tanks :]e
 x rema9s at ?is temp]ature = any desir$

 "t4 ,e portion is ?us treat$ 9 a uni=m 
mann]4  ,if ! milk is bottl$ aft]       
pa/eurization1 !re rema9s opportunity = 
re9fection1 possibly ) typhoid bacilli4 
,pa/eurization 9 ! f9al conta9]1 !      
bottle1 is be+ recomm5d$4 ,?is is       
possible only :5 a special bottle is us$
 ) a metal cap l9$ ) pap]4  ,milk       
di/ribution4 ,until )9 rec5t ye>s 9 !   
cities & at pres5t 9 small] t[ns1 milk  
is l>gely retail$ f cans :i* are c>ri$  
on ! wagons or are kept 9 /ores4 ,?is   
exposes ! milk to contam9ation f /reet  
du/ & f ! conta9] furni%$ by ! consum]4 
,x is well recogniz$ t e ut5sil ) :i*   
milk is br\ght 9 contact adds m or less 
bact]ia to x1 & ! less milk is h&l$1 !  
bett] w be its condition :5 x rea*es !  
consum]4 ,milk is n[ l>gely retail$ 9   
glass bottles :i* are clos$ ) pulp caps4
 ,9 "s cities ! bottl+ is ma9ly done 9 !
 c\ntry at ! bottl+ /ation to :i* ! milk
 is br\ght by ! f>m]s2 or x may be %ipp$
 by ! produc] to a di/ribut+ company1 & 
all subsequ5t treatm5t1 z pa/eurization 

& bottl+ done 9 ! city4  ,milk plants   
are n[ g5]ally equipp$ = ! rapid &      
economical h&l+ ( l>ge quantities ( milk
 9 a mo/ sanit>y mann]4 ,! bottles z !y 
are return$ f ! consum] are wa%$ 9 a    
cont9u\sly-act+ automatic wa%] :i*      
wa%es1 r9ses & /]ilizes ! bottles )\t _!
 be+ remov$ f ! cases 9 :i* !y are c>ri$
 on ! wagons4 ,^! ma*9es are effective1 
if n run at too rapid a rate1 s t !     
bottles are n expos$ = a suffici5tly    
long p]iod ( "t to /]ilize !m4 ,!       
bottles are !n fill$ & ! pap] caps      
ins]t$ by ma*9]y4 ,! caps c n[ be obta9$
 f ! manufactur]s 9 seal$ tubes 9 :i* !y
 h be5 /]iliz$ s t ! contam9ation f ?is 
s\rce is avoid$4 ,! %ipp+ cans are wa%$ 
& /]iliz$ ) live /eam1 & 9 _m plants are
 ?or\ghly dri$1 by pass+ hot air into   
!m4 ,"u ^! conditions !y !n rea* ! f>m] 
) none ( ! mu/y & disagreeable odor t   
frequ5tly is pres5t :5 ! c conta9s a    
small quantity ( wat]1 cond5s$ f /eam4  
,! top ( ! milk bottle ov] :i* ! milk is
 p\r$ is expos$ to contam9ation f ! h&s 

( ! deliv]yman4 ,tr\ble f ?is s\rce c be
 avoid$ if ! consum] cleans ! lip ( !   
bottle be=e remov+ ! cap4 ,! bett]      
grades ( milk are disp5s$ 9 bottles1 !  
top ( :i* is protect$ by an additional  
cov] ( pap] or t9 foil :i* rea*es to !  
neck ( ! bottle & is held 9 place by a  
crimp$ metal b&4  ,milk supply ( ! small
 cities4 ,x is true t ! quality ( milk  
suppli$ to ! l>ge cities by ! great milk
 companies is g5]ally mu* sup]ior to t  
sold 9 ! small] cities & villages4 ,_m (
 ! small] places are h[ev]1 attempt+ 9  
v>i\s ways to improve _! supply4 ,x is  
evid5t t me?ods w be successful "h t c n
 be employ$ 9 ! l>g] places4 ,a detail$ 
& c>eful f>m inspection by a tactful1   
capable inspector1 c\pl$ ) prop]        
publicity w d mu* to improve conditions4
 ,! publication ( ! scores ( ! diff]5t  
f>ms1 & ! demon/ration ( ! s$im5t te/ z 
appli$ to _! product attracts favorable 
att5tion to ! good dairies & unfavorable
 att5tion to ! poor4 ,?is usually has an
 effect on ! trade suffici5t to cause ! 

neglig5t produc] & deal] to improve4  ,x
 is also becom+ recogniz$ t high grade  
milk c be produc$ ) v simple equipm5t4  
,9 fact ! small f>m is (t5 m successful 
9 produc+ high grade milk ?an is ! l>ge 
f>m on :i* ! "w mu/ be done by hir$ help
 = "h ! p]sonality ( ! own] c n make    
itself felt z :]e ! produc] is do+ a    
portion ( ! "w ab\t ! b>n & dairy       
himself4 ,x is becom+ m & m evid5t t !  
*ief factor 9 ! production ( clean milk 
is ! p]sonality ( ! produc]2 he %\ld be 
"o :o gets enjoym5t out ( 8 clean /ables
 & c[s & 8 high grade product4  ,! man  
:o is produc+ milk = ! city m>ket is b  
"o ( _m & 8 individual ef=ts c n make   
!mselves felt4 ,! dairyman :o is m>ket+ 
8 own product is 9 a position :]e 8     
ef=ts to produce a f9e product %\ld     
prove ( di/9ct advantage to him 9 enabl+
 him to sell x = a high] price ?an t    
obta9$ = ord9>y milk4  ,x %\ld be       
rememb]$ t ! production ( clean1        
heal?ful milk is n a "q ( equipm5t1 b ( 
me?ods & ( additional "w4 ,! c[s mu/ be 

f$1 ! /ables mu/ be clean$1 ! c[s milk$1
 & ! milk deliv]$ to ! consum]4 ,if     
beyond ?is unavoidable labor a small    
additional am\nt is exp5d$1 ! improvem5t
 9 ! product w be great4 ,x is necess>y 
t ! additional "w be plac$ :]e x w d !  
mo/ good1 9 keep+ ! c[s clean bo? summ] 
& w9t] s t little ne$ be done 9 clean+  
!m be=e milk+1 ! pails & o!r ut5sils    
kept clean & /]iliz$1 & ! milk cool$ z  
soon z possible & kept cold until       
deliv]$ to ! consum]4 ,! deliv]y %\ld be
 made )9 ! %orte/ practicable "t aft] ! 
milk is drawn4 ,9 ord] t ! heal?fulness 
( ! milk may be beyond "q1 ! h]d mu/ be 
kept free f tub]culosis & "s att5tion   
%\ld be paid to ! heal? ( ! m51         
especially ) ref]5ce to :e!r !y may be  
typhoid c>ri]s or n4 ,! necess>y labor  
%\ld n increase ! co/ ( ! milk ov] "o   
c5t p] qu>t4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 _m cases t
 su* a product c be m>ket$ at a price t 
w m ?an comp5sate = ! additional co/4   
,clean1 fre%1 ri* milk is be+ sold 9    
villages & small cities locat$ 9 ! great

 butt] & *eese produc+ sections ( !     
c\ntry = eight to t5 c5ts p] qu>t4  ,!  
duty ( ! consum]4 ,! educational        
campaign t has be5 c>ri$ on by ! heal?  
dep>tm5ts ) ref]5ce to f>m conditions & 
me?ods ( h&l+ has be5 mo/ effective 9   
improv+ ! milk supply4 ,_m cities are n[
 ext5d+ ?is to ! consum]1 recogniz+ t z 
mu* h>m may be done 9 ! home z on ! f>m4
 ,! importance ( keep+ ! milk cold1 ( n 
all[+ x to /& expos$ 9 op5 vessels1 (   
?or\ghly clean+ ! vessel 9 :i* x is     
kept1 or ! milk bottle be=e return+ x to
 ! milkman are especially emphasiz$4    
,moreov]1 x mu/ be impress$ ^u ! consum]
 t all ( ^! improvem5ts1 n only on ! f>m
 :]e ! milk is produc$1 b 9 ! h&s ( !   
di/ribut+ companies 9 ! cities1 involve 
mu* exp5se1 & _c be c>ri$ out1 unless ! 
consum] is will+ to pay _! co/4 ,m      
objection seems to be rais$ ov] an      
increase 9 ! price ( milk ?an any o!r   
food /uff4 ,! consum] !re=e ne$s        
education along ! l9e ( high] prices =  
milk4 ,dairy products ( all types h     

increas$ mu* 9 value 9 rec5t ye>s1 s t  
at pres5t prices milk1 sold directly z  
milk1 is relatively *eap] ?an 9 any =m1 
:5 prevail+ prices are comp>$ ) ^? t    
obta9$ a decade ago4     ,,index4       
,abnormal f]m5tations1 ov]com+ (1 #ajh4 
,abortion1 contagi\s1 #ge4  ,acid1 am\nt
 ( =m$ 9 milk1 #hd4  ,acidity te/1 #baa4
  ,act9omycosis1 #ge4  ,a]ation ( milk1 
#ee4  ,a]obic bact]ia1 #ac4  ,air1      
contam9ation ( milk f1 #ea4  ,alcohol   
te/1 #bac4  ,alcoholic f]m5tation1 #if4 
,ana]obic bact]ia1 #ac4  ,animal1       
contam9ation ( milk f1 #db4  ,an?rax1   
#ge4  ,antiseptics1 #af1 #aag4   ,b4    
,bacillus ,bulg>icus1 #hi1 #aja4        
,bacillus lactis acidi1 #hf4  ,bact]ia1 
a]obic1 #ac2   ana]obic1 #ac2   culture 
m$ia =1 #bj2   desirable acid-=m+1 #hf2 
det]m9+ numb] (1 #bb2   di/ribution (1  
#ah2   effect ( cold on1 #ad2   effect (
 heat on1 #ae2   food (1 #ab2   =ms (1  
#h2   mann] ( gr[? (1 #i2   movem5t (1  
#aa2   nature (1 #h2   p>asitic1 #aa2   
products (1 #ag2   pure cultures (1 #be2

   rate ( gr[? (1 #ac2   relation to    
air1 #ac2   relation to *emicals1 #af2  
relation to dry+1 #ae2   relation to    
light1 #af2   relation to temp]ature1   
#ab2   size (1 #i2   saprophytic1 #aa2  
spores (1 #aj2   types ( acid-=m+1 #hf2 
undesirable acid-=m+1 #ij4  ,b$d+1 #dg4 
,bitt] f]m5tation1 #ig4  ,blea*+ p[d]1  
#aab4  ,bloody milk1 #ii4  ,butt]1      
bact]ia 91 #aed2   bact]ial defects 91  
#aef2   c[y odor 91 #aeg2   det]ioration
 (1 #aee2   fi%y1 #aeg2   metallic1     
#aeg2   mold+ (1 #aeg2   pres]vatives 91
 #aee2   putrid1 #aef2   s\rce ( flavor1
 #adj2   turnip flavor$1 #aef2   types  
(1 #acg4  ,butt]-milk1 #ajj4  ,butyric  
f]m5tation1 #ic4  ,boric acid1 #aag4    
,borax1 #aag4   ,c4  ,c>bolic acid1     
#aaa4  ,*eese1 abnormal f]m5tations (1  
#agd2   bitt]1 #agg2   ,camemb]t1 #ahf2 
,*$d>1 #afd2   color$1 #agh2   flavor   
production 91 #agb2   gassy1 #agd2      
,gorgonzola1 #ahe2   ,limburg]1 #ahg2   
moldy1 #agi2   pres]vation ( by acid1   
#aga2   putrid1 #agh2   quality ( milk  

=1 #afb2   rip5+ (1 #afi2   ,roque=t1   
#ahd2   ,/ilton1 #ahe2   ,swiss1 #ahj2  
temp]ature ( rip5+1 #agc2   types (1    
#afa4  ,*ildr51 diseases (1 #hj4        
,*loride ( lime1 #aab4  ,*ol]a1 #hj4    
,clean+ ut5sils1 #ci4  ,clean milk1     
production (1 #ec4  ,cold1 effect (1 on 
bact]ia1 #ad4  ,color$ milk1 #ih4       
,cond5s$ milk1 #ace4  ,contagi\s        
abortion1 #ge4  ,contam9ation ( milk1 f 
milk+ ma*9e1 #ej2   9 factory1 #ei4     
,cool+ ( milk1 #ed4  ,corrosive         
sublimate1 #aaa4  ,cream1 control (     
f]m5tation (1 #adb2   pa/eurization (1  
#adf2   rip5+ (1 #ach2   sep>ators1 #cf4
  ,cresol1 #aaa4  ,curd te/1 #ajd4      
,cycle ( f]m5tations1 #ii4   ,d4        
,deodorants1 #aji4  ,dige/ive           
f]m5tation1 #ic4  ,diph!ria1 #gi4       
,dirt1 exclusion (1 #dd2   removal ( f  
milk1 #ec4  ,dis9fectants1 #af1 #aji4   
,dis9fection1 #aji4  ,di/ribution (     
bact]ia1 #ah4  ,dri$ milk1 #ace4        
,drugs1 excretion ( 9 milk1 #eh4  ,dry+1
 effect ( on bact]ia1 #ae4   ,e4        

,emm5?al] *eese1 #ahj4  ,evaporat$ milk1
 #acd4   ,f4  ,factory by-products1 #cf2
   treatm5t (1 #ch4  ,fe$s1 effect ( on 
milk1 #eg4  ,f]m5tation te/1 #ajd4      
,f]m5t$ milks1 #ajj4  ,fly1 contam9ation
 ( milk by1 #fj2   means ( spread+      
typhoid fev]1 #gh4  ,foot & m\? disease1
 #gd4  ,=e milk1 #ca2 rejection (1 #cd4 
,=mal91 #aab4   ,g4  ,galactase1 #agb4  
,g>get1 #ge4  ,g]micidal action ( milk1 
#cc4  ,gorgonzola *eese1 #ahe4   ,h4    
,hairs1 bact]ia on1 #dc4  ,heat1 effect 
on bact]ia1 #ae4  ,heat$ milk1 detection
 (1 #ci4  ,hydrog5 p]oxide1 #aah4   ,k4 
,kefir1 #ajb4  ,k\miss1 #ajb4   ,l4     
,lange ,wei1 #ie4  ,light1 effect on    
bact]ia1 #af4  ,limburg] *eese1 #ahg4   
,lime1 #aaj4  ,lumpy jaw1 #ge4   ,m4    
,malta fev]1 #ge4  ,m>ket milk1         
municipal regulations conc]n+1 #aij2    
pa/eurization (1 #bad4  ,milk1 acid     
f]m5tation (1 #hc2   a]ation (1 #ee2    
affect$ by fe$1 #eg2   alcoholic        
f]m5tation (1 #if2   bact]ial /&>ds =1  
#bjf2   bitt] f]m5tation (1 #ic2        

c]tifi$1 #bjb2   butyric f]m5tation (1  
#ic2   c]tifi$1 #bjb1 #bjh2   cl>ify+ (1
 #aae2   condition ( :5 secret$1 #bi2   
contam9ation ( f animal1 #db2   f       
by-products1 #cf2   f ut5sils1 #cd2     
contam9ation ( ) tub]cle bacilli1 #fg2  
cool+ (1 #ed2   cream+ (1 #acf2         
culture m$ium = bact]ia1 #bh2   cycle ( 
f]m5tation 91 #ii2   di/ribution (1     
#baf2   dige/ive f]m5tation (1 #ic2     
dirt 91 #dd2   effect ( heat on1 #aai2  
filtration (1 #aad2   g]micidal action  
(1 #cc2   grades (1 #bja2   gu>ante$1   
#bja2   inspect$1 #bjb2   miscellane\s  
f]m5tations (1 #ih2   pa/eurization (1  
#abj2   pa/eurization ( 9 home1 #aca2   
pres]vation ( by antiseptics1 #aag2     
pres]vation ( by cold1 #aaf2   relation 
to *ildr5's diseases1 #hj2   ropy       
f]m5tation1 #id2   s$im5ts1 exam9ation  
(1 #bad2   select$1 #bjc2   slimy1 #id2 
spontane\s f]m5tation (1 #ia2           
/]ilization (1 #acd2   /ra9+ (1 #aec2   
supply ( small cities1 #bag2   sweet    
curdl+ f]m5tation (1 #ib2   ta9t$1 #ef1 

#eh2   temp]ature /&>ds =1 #bjh2   te/s 
= quality (1 #bji4  ,milk pails1        
sanit>y1 #dh2   small topp$1 #dh4       
,milk]1 factor 9 contam9ation ( milk1   
#ea4  ,milk+-ma*9es1 #cf1 #ej4  ,mold on
 butt]1 #agg2   on *eese1 #agi4   ,o4   
,odors1 absorption (1 #ef1 #eh4  ,oidium
 lactis1 #ahf4  ,oleom>g>9e1 #aeb4  ,p4 
,pa/eurization1 #abj2   effici5cy (1    
#acc2   purpose (1 #abc2   me?ods (1    
#abe4  ,pa/euriz$ milk1 f]m5tations 91  
#abd4  ,pa/euriz+ ma*9es1 te/s (1 #acj4 
,process butt]1 #aeb4  ,ptoma9e poison+1
 #ha4  ,pure cultures1 #be4   ,r4       
,rabies1 #ge4  ,r$uction te/1 #bac4     
,r5net1 #agj4  ,ropy f]m5tation1 #id4   
,roque=t *eese1 #ahd4  ,ru/y spot 9     
*eese1 #agh4   ,s4  ,salicylic acid1    
#aag4  ,sc>let fev]1 #gi4  ,score c>d = 
dairies1 #aih4  ,s$im5t te/1 #baj4      
,skim milk1 heat+ (1 #ch4  ,slimy       
f]m5tation1 #id4  ,spores ( bact]ia1    
#aj4  ,/alls1 #df4  ,/>t]s1 #adc2   =   
*eese1 #afg2   propagation (1 #adf4     
,/]ilization1 #ba1 #acd4  ,/ilton *eese1

 #ahe4  ,/or* te/1 #ci4  ,/ra9+ ( milk1 
#cc4  ,sulphur1 #aaa4  ,sweet curdl+ (  
milk1 #ib4  ,swiss *eese1 #ahj4   ,t4   
,ta9ts1 det]m9ation ( cause (1 #eh1     
#ajc4  ,temp]ature effect on gr[?1 #ab4 
,tub]cle bacilli1 de/ruction (1 #ga2   9
 butt]1 #gj2   9 *eese1 #gj2   9 milk1  
#fg4  ,tub]cul9 te/1 #gc4  ,tub]culosis1
 #fd2   clos$1 #gj2   di/ribution (     
disease 9 animal1 #ff2   economic       
aspects (1 #gb2   op51 #gj4  ,typhoid   
fev]1 #gf4   ,u4  ,udd]1 inflammation1  
#ge2   invasion ( by bact]ia1 #cj2      
numb] & k9d ( bact]ia f1 #cb2   /ructure
 (1 #cj2   wa%+ (1 #dg2   clean+ (1 #ci4
  ,ut5sils1 contam9ation f1 #cd4   ,w4  
,wat]1 effect on butt]1 #aec2   supply1 
#ei2   te/+ (1 #fj4  ,:ey1 heat+ (1 #ch4
  ,wiscons9 curd te/1 #ajd4   ,y4  ,yea/
 f]m5tation1 #if4  ,yoghurt1 #aja4