,transcriber's note3 ,the original text was published in #ahgc4 ,the contents of this text may be dated4 ,if in doubt1 consult a ,canine care professional4 ,illustration3 ,,setter ,,and ,,woodcock4 ,,the ,,dog4 ,,by ,,dinks1 ,,mayhew1 ,,and ,,hutchinson4 ,,compiled1 ,,abridged1 ,,edited1 ,,and ,,illustrated ,,by ,,frank ,,forester1 ,,author ,,of ,,field ,,sports1 ,,fish ,,and ,,fishing1 ,,horses ,,and ,,horsemanship ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,and ,,british ,,provinces1 ,,the ,,complete ,,manual ,,for ,,young ,,sportsmen1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,complete and ,revised ,edition4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,woodward1 #aia ,,broadway4 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgc1 ,,by ,,george ,e4 ,,woodward1 ,in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington4 ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,in offering to the ,american public a new edition of ,,dinks and ,,mayhew on the ,dog1 which1 ,i am happy to find1 is largely called for1 ,i have been induced to make a further addition1 which will1 ,i think1 render this the most perfect and comprehensive work in existence for the dog fancier and dog lover4 ,for myself ,i claim no merit1 since1 with the exception of one or two trivial changes in unimportant recipes in ,,dinks1 and some abridgment of the last admirable work of ,col4 ,,hutchinson on ,dog ,breaking1 which is now included in this volume1 ,i have found occasion to make no alterations whatever1 and1 save a few notes1 no additions4 ,i will add1 in brief1 that while ,i believe the little manual of ,dinks to be the best short and brief compendium on the ,dog1 particularly as regards his breeding1 conditioning1 kennel and field management1 and general specialities1 there can be no possible doubt that ,mayhew's pages are the ne plus ultra of canine pathology4 ,there is nothing comparable to his treatment of all diseases for gentleness1 simplicity1 mercy to the animal1 and effect4 ,i have no hesitation in saying1 that any person with sufficient intelligence to make a diagnosis according to his showing of the symptoms1 and patience to exhibit his remedies1 precisely according to his directions1 cannot fail of success4 ,i have this year treated1 myself1 two very unusually severe cases of distemper1 one of acute dysentery1 one of chronic diarrhoea1 and one of most aggravated mange1 implicitly after his instructions1 and that with perfect1 and1 in three instances1 most unexpected1 success4 ,the cases of distemper were got rid of with less suffering to the animals1 and with less--in fact1 no--prostration or emaciation than ,i have ever before witnessed4 ,i shall never attempt any practice other than that of ,mayhew1 for distemper2 and1 as he says1 ,i am satisfied it is true1 that no dog1 taken in time1 and treated by his rules1 need die of this disease4 ,colonel ,hutchinson's volume1 which is to dog-breaking1 what ,mayhew's is to dog-medicining--science1 experience1 patience1 temper1 gentleness1 and judgment1 against brute force and unreasoning ignorance--,i have so far abridged as to omit1 while retaining all the rules and precepts1 such anecdotes of the habits1 tricks1 faults1 and perfections of individual animals1 and the discursive matter relative to ,indian field sports1 and general education of animals1 as1 however interesting in themselves1 have no particular utility to the dog-breaker or sportsman in ,america4 ,beyond this ,i have done no more than to change the word ,september to the more general term of ,autumn1 in the heading of the chapters1 and to add a few short notes1 explanatory of the differences and comparative relations of ,english and ,american game4 ,i will conclude by observing1 that although this work is exclusively on breaking for ,english shooting1 there is not one word in it1 which is not applicable to this country4 ,the methods of woodcock and snipe shooting are exactly the same in both countries1 excepting only that in ,england there is no summer-cock shooting4 ,otherwise1 the practice1 the rules1 and the qualifications of dogs are identical4 ,the partridge1 in ,england1 varies in few of its habits from our quail--,i might almost say in none--unless that it prefers turnip fields1 potatoe fields1 long clover1 standing beans1 and the like1 to bushy coverts and underwood among tall timber1 and that it never takes to the tree4 ,like our quail1 it must be hunted for and found in the open1 and marked into1 and followed up in1 its covert1 whatever that may be4 ,in like manner1 ,english and ,american grouse-shooting may be regarded as identical1 except that the former is practised on heathery mountains1 the latter on grassy plains2 and that pointers are preferable on the latter1 owing to the drought and want of water1 and to a particular kind of prickly burr1 which terribly afflicts the long-haired setter4 ,the same qualities and performances constitute the excellence of dogs for either sport1 and1 as there the moors1 so here the prairies1 are1 beyond all doubt1 the true field for carrying the art of dog-breaking to perfection4 ,to pheasant shooting we have nothing perfectly analogous4 ,indeed1 the only sport in ,north ,america which at all resembles it1 is ruffed-grouse shooting1 where they abound sufficiently to make it worth the sportsman's while to pursue them alone4 ,where they do so1 there is no difference in the mode of pursuing the two birds1 however dissimilar they may be in their other habits and peculiarities4 ,bearing these facts in mind1 the ,american sportsman will have no difficulty in applying all the rules given in the admirable work in question2 and the ,american dog-breaker can by no other means produce so perfect an animal for his pains1 with so little distress to himself or his pupil4 ,the greatest drawback to the pleasures of dog-keeping and sporting1 are the occasional sufferings of the animals1 when diseased1 which the owner cannot relieve1 and the occasional severity with which he believes himself at times compelled to punish his friend and servant4 ,it may be said that1 for the careful student of this volume1 as it is now given entire1 in its three separate parts1 who has time1 temper1 patience1 and firmness1 to follow out its precepts to the letter1 this drawback is abolished4 ,the writers are--all the three--good friends to that best of the friends of man1 the faithful dog2 and ,i feel some claim to a share in their well-doing1 and to the gratitude of the good animal1 and of those who love him1 in bringing them thus together1 in an easy compass1 and a form attainable to all who love the sports of the field1 and yet love mercy more4 ,,frank ,,forester4 ,,the ,,cedars1 ,,newark1 ,n4,j41 ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,setter and ,woodcock1 ,frontispiece ,beagles1 ,to face page #ej ,group of ,dogs1 #gc ,the ,pointer1 #bda ,cockers--,butler and ,frisk1 #dfc ,setters--,bob and ,dinks1 #egi ,the ,wolf1 ,page #gd ,the ,jackal1 #ge ,the ,mastiff1 #ajd ,cuts ,illustrating the ,administration of ,medicine to ,dogs1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac ,a ,dog under the ,influence of an ,emetic1 #aah ,head of a ,dog1 #aba ,brush for ,cleaning the ,teeth of a ,dog1 #ahh ,a ,scotch ,terrier1 #aig ,a ,dog ,suffering from ,inflammation of the ,lung1 #baa ,a ,dog with ,asthma1 #bai ,chronic ,hepatitis1 #bba ,gastritis1 #bcc ,colic1 #beb ,superpurgation1 #bfc ,acute ,rheumatism1 #bgd ,a ,rabid ,dog1 #cjj ,a ,mad ,dog on the ,march1 #cjd ,head of a full-sized ,pug ,bitch1 #cdh ,the ,blood ,hound1 #cdi ,the ,beagle1 #cej ,the ,gravid ,uterus1 #cgb ,parturition ,instrument1 #cha ,the ,crochet1 #chd ,the ,bull-,dog1 #djd ,dog with a ,canker-cap on1 #dbc ,a ,dog ,taped or ,muzzled for ,operation1 #dbh ,bandages for ,fractured ,legs1 #dde ,,the ,,sportsman',s ,,vade ,,mecum4 ,,by ,,dinks4 ,,containing ,,full ,,instructions ,,in ,,all ,,that ,,relates ,,to ,,the ,,breeding1 ,,rearing1 ,,breaking1 ,,kennelling1 ,,and ,,conditioning ,,of ,,dogs4 ,,together ,,with ,,numerous ,,valuable ,,recipes ,,for ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,the ,,various ,,diseases ,,to ,,which ,,the ,,canine ,,race ,,is ,,subject4 ,,as ,,also ,a ,,few ,,remarks ,,on ,,guns1 ,,their ,,loading ,,and ,,carriage1 ,,designed ,,expressly ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,young ,,sportsmen4 ,,to ,,the ,,reader4 ,no one work that ,i am aware of contains the information that is proposed for this little treatise1 which does not aspire to any great originality of idea2 but the author having experienced in his early days very great difficulty in finding to his hand a concise treatise1 was induced to cull1 from various authors what he found most beneficial in practice1 into manuscript1 and this collection he is induced to make public1 in the hopes that any one who runs may read1 and1 without searching through many and various voluminous authors1 may find the cream1 leaving the skim milk behind4 ,wherever any known quotation is made1 credit has been given to the proper persons1 but it may be as well to state that most if not all of the ,receipts are copies1 though from what book is in a great measure unknown to the author1 who extracted them in bygone days for his own use4 ,with this admission1 he trusts that his readers will rest satisfied with the little volume which he offers to their indulgent criticism4 ,,dinks4 ,fort ,malden ,canada ,west ,,contents ,,of ,,dinks' ,,vade ,,mecum4 ,page ,breeding of ,dogs in general1 #ae ,setter1 #ah ,setter1 ,russian1 #ai ,spaniel1 #bj ,spaniel and ,cocker1 #bj ,retriever1 #ba ,beagles1 #ba ,breeding1 #ba ,bitch in ,use1 #bd ,bitches in ,pup1 #bf ,feeding ,pups and ,weaning4--,lice4--,teats ,rubbed1 #bg ,pointer and ,setter1 #bh ,breaking1 #bi ,ranging1 how taught1 #cj ,quartering1 #cc ,feeding1 #dj ,condition1 #db ,kennel1 #dd ,credit given for ,recipes1 #di ,recipes1 #ej ,general ,remarks about ,dogs in ,physic1 #ej ,recipes for ,diseases incident to ,dogs1 #ea ,distemper1 #eh ,tabular ,form of ,game ,book1 #fh ,,the ,,sportsman',s ,,vade ,,mecum ,,breeding ,,of ,,dogs ,,in ,,general4 ,before commencing to treat of the most correct methods to be observed in the breeding1 it will be as well to mention the different varieties of sporting dogs1 and also the various sub-genera of each species1 of which every one who knows anything of the subject need not be informed2 but as this work affects to be a ,vade ,mecum for sportsmen1 young far more than old1 it is as well to put before the young idea certain established rules1 not to be violated with impunity1 and without following which no kennel can be great or glorious4 ,a run of luck may perhaps happen1 to set at naught all well defined rules1 but breeding will tell sooner or later2 and1 therefore1 it behoves any person who prides himself on his kennel1 to study well the qualities of his dog or bitch1 his or her failings and good qualities1 and so to cross with another kennel as to blend the two1 and form one perfect dog4 ,this is the great art in breeding1 requiring great tact and judgment4 ,,pointers4 ,the breed of ,pointers1 as now generally to be met with1 is called the ,english1 distinguished by the lightness of limb1 fineness of coat1 and rattishness of tail4 ,fifteen or twenty years ago this style of dog was seldom seen2 but1 in place of it1 you had a much heavier animal--heavy limbs1 heavy head1 deep flew-jaws1 long falling ears4 ,which of these breeds was the best 'tis hard to say1 but for ,america ,i certainly should prefer the old1 heavy1 ,english ,pointer4 ,too much1 ,i think1 has been sacrificed to lightness1 rendering him too fine for long and continued exertion1 too susceptible to cold and wet1 too tender skinned to bear contact with briers and thorns1 in fact1 far too highly bred4 ,not that for a moment ,i am going to admit that ,american ,pointers are too highly bred2 far from it1 for there is hardly one that1 if his or her pedigree be carefully traced up1 will not be found to have some admixture of blood very far from ,pointer in its veins4 ,now this mongrel breeding will not end well1 no matter how an odd cross may succeed1 and the plan to be adopted is never to breed except from the most perfect and best bitches1 always having in view the making of strong1 well formed1 tractable dogs1 bearing in mind that the bitches take after the dog1 and the dog pups after the dam1 that temper1 ill condition1 and most bad qualities are just as inherent in some breeds as good qualities are in others4 ,here1 then1 to begin with1 you have a difficult problem to solve2 for1 in addition to the defects of your own animal1 you have to make yourself acquainted with those of the one you purpose putting to it4 ,is your dog too timid--copulate with one of high courage4 ,but don't misunderstand me4 ,in this there is as much difference between a high couraged and a headstrong dog as between a well bred dog and a cur4 ,is your dog faulty in ranging1 may be too high1 or may be no ranger at all1 mate with the reverse1 selecting your pups according to what has been stated above4 ,if possible1 always avoid crossing colors4 ,it is a bad plan1 but cannot always be avoided1 for oftentimes you may see in an animal qualities so good1 that it would be wrong to let him go past you4 ,but1 then1 in the offspring1 keep to your color4 ,from this general statement it will be easy to see1 that in breeding dogs there is more science and skill required1 more attention to minuti necessary1 than at first sight appears to be the case4 ,long and deep study alone enables a person to tell whether any or what cross may be judicious1 how to recover any fading excellence in his breed1 or how best to acquire that of some one else4 ,we will endeavor to give the experience of some fifteen years--devoted to this subject--to our readers1 merely resting on our oars1 to describe the various breeds of sporting dogs most desirable for him to possess1 together with certain data on which to pin his faith in making a selection from a dealer1 though as the eye may deceive1 it is always as well to call in the ear as consulting physician1 and by diligent inquiry endeavor to ascertain particulars4 ,the characteristics of a well bred ,pointer may be summed up as follows3 and any great deviation from them makes at once an ill bred1 or1 at all events1 a deformed dog4 ,to commence1 then1 at the head3--the head should be broad at top1 long and tapering1 the poll rising to a point2 his nose open and large2 his ears tolerably long1 slightly erect1 and falling between the neck and jaw bone1 slightly pointed at the tip2 eyes clear and bright2 neck and head set on straight2 his chest should be broad and deep--the contrary clearly shows want of speed and stamina2 legs and arms strong1 muscular1 and straight2 elbows well in2 feet small and hard2 body not over long1 and well ribbed up--if not1 he will be weak1 and incapable of doing a day's work2 loins broad at top1 but thin downwards2 hind quarters broad2 hind legs strong and large2 tail long1 fine1 and tapering2 hair short1 sleek1 and close4 ,here you have the pure ,english ,pointer1 and as that is the best type of the dog1 we shall not attempt to describe the ,spanish one1 which is not by any means equal to the ,english1 and is1 moreover1 so quarrelsome1 that he cannot be kennelled with other dogs4 ,good dogs are of any colors1 but the most favorite ones are liver and white1 white and fawn1 pure black1 and pure liver4 ,the two first1 however1 are better adapted for this country1 being more easily seen in cover4 ,,setter4 ,we next come to the ,setter4 ,his head1 like the ,pointer should be broad at the top between the eyes2 the muzzle though1 must be longer and more tapering1 and not over thick4 ,towards the eyes he must have a deepish indenture1 and on the top of his skull a highish bony ridge4 ,his ears should be long1 pendulous1 and slightly rounded4 ,the eyes rather dark and full4 ,his nose soft1 moist1 and large4 ,some breeds and breeders affect black noses and palates2 but ,i must say that there are full as many good without the black as with it4 ,i rather incline to the opinion that they are the best notwithstanding4 ,body like the ,pointer1 only deeper and broader1 if anything2 legs long to knee1 short thence downwards2 feet small1 close1 and thickly clothed with hair between the toes1 ball and toe tufts they are termed2 tail long1 fine1 and tapering1 thickly feathered with long1 soft1 wavy hair2 stern and legs down to feet also feathered4 ,his body and feet also should be clothed with long1 soft1 silky hair1 wavy1 but no curl in it4 ,this last smells badly of water spaniel4 ,colors1 black and white1 red and white1 black and tan4 ,these last ,i consider the finest bred ones4 ,roan also is good4 ,the ,irish setter is red1 red and white1 white and yellow spotted4 ,the nose1 lips1 and palate always black4 ,he is also rather more bony and muscular than the ,english breed1 and ten times as headstrong and enduring4 ,he requires constant and severe work1 under most rigid discipline1 to keep in anything like decent subjection4 ,,setter1 ,,russian4 ,the ,russian ,setter is as distinct from either of the above varieties as bulldog from greyhound4 ,it is covered more profusely with long1 thick1 curly1 soft1 and silky hair1 well on to the top of the head and over the eyes4 ,he is also more bony and muscular1 with a much shorter and broader head4 ,what he wants in dash and ranging propensities1 he makes up for in unwearied assiduity1 extreme carefulness1 and extraordinary scenting powers4 ,the cross between this and either of the other setters is much valued by some breeders4 ,,spaniel4 ,of ,spaniels there are several varieties1 but of these the ,suffolk ,cocker is the only one deserving a notice4 ,all the others are too noisy1 too heedless1 and too quick on their legs4 ,it is almost impossible to keep any one of them steady1 and1 therefore1 in this country at least1 they are totally useless1 since you would not see them from the beginning to the end of the day4 ,yaff6 yaff6 half a mile off1 all the time putting up the birds1 and you unable to stop them4 ,the ,suffolk ,cocker1 on the contrary1 is extremely docile1 can be easily broken1 and kept in order4 ,they are extremely valuable1 thirty-five guineas being a low price for a brace of pure bred and well broken ones in ,england4 ,the right sort are scarce1 even there4 ,here1 with two exceptions1 ,i fancy they are not4 ,,spaniel ,,and ,,cocker4 ,in appearance they are much like a raseed setter4 ,the head and muzzle is much the same length and size2 ears rather more rounded1 but not so long2 body deep1 broad1 and long2 hair long and stiffish2 legs and feet remarkably short1 amounting almost to a deformity1 and extraordinarily strong2 tail short and bushy2 it is usually curtailed a couple of joints4 ,the purest colors are liver and white1 fawn and white1 and yellow and white4 ,these dogs are slow and sure1 remarkably close hunters1 and obedient2 just the things for cock shooting here4 ,too much cannot be said in their favor4 ,they are easily taught to retrieve4 ,,retriever4 ,a ,retriever is a cross breed dog4 ,there is no true type of them4 ,every person has a peculiar fancy regarding them4 ,the great object is to have them tolerably small1 compatible with endurance4 ,the best ,i have seen were of a cross between the ,labrador and water spaniel1 or the pure ,labrador dog4 ,,beagles4 ,in some parts of the ,states ,beagles are used1 and it may be as well to point out the characteristics of them4 ,first1 then1 a beagle ought not to exceed fourteen inches in height2 its head ought to be long and fine2 its ears long1 fine also1 beautifully round1 thin1 and pendulous1 rather far set back2 body not too long2 chest broad and deep2 loins broad at top1 but narrow downwards2 legs strong1 but short2 feet small and close2 hair short and close2 tails curved upwards and tapering1 but not too fine4 ,there is also another sort of beagles1 wire-haired1 flew-jawed1 heavy hung1 deep-mouthed4 ,they are very true hunters1 seldom leaving the trail till dead1 or run to ground4 ,,breeding4 ,it is needless to say that at certain indefinite periods of the year a bitch comes into use1 as the term is--generally twice a year1 and still more generally speaking1 during the time you most require her services1 that is1 ,april and ,september1 spring snipe and grouse shooting1 in consequence of which you must either sacrifice your pups or your sport4 ,now ,i am aware that in the ,states1 for this reason1 a bitch is seldom kept4 ,for my part1 ,i do not object to them1 for from experience ,i can so regulate their failings as to prevent their family cares from interfering with their hunting4 ,the knowledge of this enables me to have my pups when ,i want them1 to get the cover of a dog ,i fancy1 when a strange one comes my way also4 ,the best time1 then1 to put the bitch to the dog is early in ,january4 ,by this means you have your pups ready to wean by the middle of ,april4 ,they have all summer to grow in1 get strong1 and large1 and are fit to break in ,october on snipe first1 and then quail1 finishing off on snipe the following spring4 ,after this litter1 the bitch probably comes into use again in the end of ,july or in ,august4 ,young ones are not so fond of it as old ones1 and1 consequently1 for quail shooting1 your bitch is all correct and well behaved1 so far as regards the dam4 ,i look upon the breeding of dogs from any except the best and most perfectly formed of their species1 as an act of great folly4 ,there are times when it must be done to keep up the breed1 or to acquire one2 for no one drafts his best bitches unless he is an ass4 ,for my part1 ,i keep five or six constantly1 and draft yearly all my dog pups but two or three1 say one pointer1 setter1 and cocker4 ,by this means ,i have the pick out of a large number of well bred ones for myself1 while the drafts pay the expenses of keep and breaking4 ,this is impossible for every one to do1 and they must pick up their dogs the best way they can4 ,it is my intention for the future to draft my setters to ,new ,york and my pointers westward4 ,my cockers1 ,i fear1 will not go off yet1 my imported dog having taken it into his head to die1 and1 until he is replaced from ,england--,i have no stock for breed4 ,i could only get a chance of four while last there out of many valuable kennels4 ,however1 ,i have promises of drafts from two or three parties1 and ere summer cock come in1 doubtless a brace or so will dare the perils of the sea for me2 ,i have no hesitation in saying that1 unless most amply remunerated1 ,i would as soon sell my nose as the best pup in the litter1 if ,i wanted it1 nor would ,i advise any one else to do it4 ,if done1 you have to put up with inferior dogs4 ,no2 ,i breed to put a brace or so of the best young dogs yearly into my kennel1 for my own use1 and1 while doing this1 ,i also have1 probably1 ten good1 well formed dogs to pick from1 any one of which were one in want1 would gladden the heart to get hold of4 ,sir ,william ,stanley used to breed some fifty pointers yearly4 ,out of this lot1 two brace were culled for his use4 ,the rest were sold4 ,they paid expenses4 ,many were excellent dogs1 but he got the tip-top ones1 and so he ought4 ,this is the way a man who cannot afford to give great prices for good dogs must do1 if he is much addicted to shooting4 ,it requires two brace of dogs to do a day's shooting as it ought to be done4 ,each dog at full gallop the whole time1 except1 of course1 when on birds2 and to do this he must be shut off work about noon4 ,few dogs can go from morn till night without extreme fatigue4 ,i never yet saw the dog that ,i could not hunt off his legs in a fortnight's hunt1 taking him out every second day only1 and feeding him on the best and strongest food4 ,however1 for general purposes1 three brace of dogs are sufficient1 and1 when not often used1 two are plenty2 but no one ought ever to have less than two brace4 ,it may be managed by always going out with a friend1 he keeping one brace1 you the other2 he shooting to your dogs1 you to his4 ,for my part1 give me three brace of my own1 and let those be the best shaped1 strongest1 best bred1 and best workers there can be4 ,that is my weakness1 and to achieve this ,i yearly sink a sufficient number of dollars to keep a poor man4 ,but all this is digressing most fearfully from the nursery of young pointers and setters4 ,,bitch ,,in ,,use4 ,by receipt on a subsequent page1 you will see how your bitch is to be brought into use4 ,we will suppose her well formed and well bred4 ,if faultless1 put her to a dog nearly equal1 if you cannot get one equal4 ,save the dog pups which will take after the dam4 ,it is well understood that by breeding from young bitches you have faster and higher rangers2 and this also reminds me to say that no bitch ought to be bred from till she is full grown1 that is to say1 till she is two years old4 ,many people breed at twelve months1 but it is wrong4 ,the bitch is not full grown1 and1 consequently1 the puppies are poor1 weak1 and miserable4 ,if the bitch has faults1 find a dog of the same appearance as her1 while he excels in those points she is deficient in4 ,the bitches are partakers of his qualities4 ,are you short of bone1 nose1 size1 form1 temper1 look for the excess of these4 ,the cross1 or1 at all events1 the next remove from it1 will be just as you wish4 ,any peculiarity may be made inherent in a breed by sedulously cultivating that peculiarity4 ,avoid above all things breeding in and in brother and sister1 mother and son1 father and daughter--all bad1 but the first far worse than either of the others1 since the blood of each is the same4 ,the other two are only half so4 ,to perfect form should be added high ranging qualities1 high courage1 great docility1 keen nose1 and great endurance4 ,that is the acme of breeding4 ,a few judicious crosses will enable you to acquire it for your kennel4 ,to the inattention and carelessness of sportsmen to these points are to be attributed the innumerable curs we nowadays see in comparison to well bred dogs4 ,anything that will find a bird will do4 ,far otherwise1 to my mind4 ,nothing is worth doing at all if it is not to be well done1 and ,i would as soon pot a bevy of quail on the ground1 as think of following an ill bred1 ill broken1 obstinate cur4 ,it may perhaps be as well to state1 that when ,i spoke of crosses1 ,i had not the slightest intention of recommending a cross of pointer and setter or bull dog4 ,far otherwise4 ,let each breed be distinct1 but cultivate a cross1 be they pointer or spaniel1 from another kennel of another breed of the same class of dogs4 ,with regard to setters1 a little separate talk is necessary1 for we have three sorts1 ,english1 ,irish1 and ,russian4 ,the cross of ,english and ,irish may and does often benefit both races4 ,so also does the ,russian1 but ,i would be extremely careful how ,i put him to one or the other4 ,extreme cases may and do justify the admixture1 but the old blood ought to be got back as soon as possible4 ,he is of quite a different species to the other1 though with the same types or characteristics1 yet this cross is rather approaching to mongrel4 ,having descanted somewhat largely on the preliminary portion1 we will pass on to the rearing of the progeny4 ,,bitches ,,in ,,pup4 ,bitches in pup ought to be well fed1 and suffered to run at large1 and ,i am rather of opinion that by hunting them occasionally1 or rather1 by letting them see game while in this state1 does not set the young back any4 ,every one is aware of the sympathy between the mother and the unborn foetus1 and ,i for one rather do think it of use4 ,few bitches can rear more than six pups1 many only four1 and do them justice4 ,cull out1 therefore1 the ill colored1 ugly marked bitches first1 and if you find too many left1 after a few days you must exercise your judgment on the dogs4 ,i don't like1 however1 this murdering1 and prefer1 by extra feeding while suckling1 and afterwards1 to make up for pulling the mother down1 which having to nurse six or seven pups does terribly4 ,my idea always is in the matter1 that the pup ,i drown is to be1 or rather would be1 the best in the litter4 ,it is humbug1 ,i know1 but ,i cannot help it4 ,at that age all else but color and markings is a lottery4 ,oft have ,i seen the poor1 miserable little one turn out not only the best1 but biggest dog4 ,therefore1 ,i recommend the keeping of as many as possible4 ,let the bitch have a warm kennel1 with plenty of straw and shavings1 or shavings alone4 ,let her be loose1 free to go or come4 ,feed her well with boiled oatmeal in preference to corn meal--more of this anon in the feeding department1 mixed in good rich broth1 just lukewarm1 twice a day2 ,about the ninth day the pups begin to see1 and at a month old they will lap milk4 ,this they ought to be encouraged to do as soon as possible1 as it saves the mother vastly4 ,at six weeks1 or at most seven1 they are fit to wean4 ,,feeding ,,pups ,,and ,,weaning4--,,lice4--,,teats ,,rubbed4 ,feed them entirely on bread and milk1 boiled together to pulp4 ,shut them in a warm place1 the spare stall of a stable1 boarded up at the end4 ,examine them to see whether they are lousy1 as they almost always are4 ,a decoction of tobacco water 7vide receipt7 kills them off4 ,rub the bitch's teats with warm vinegar twice a day till they are dried up4 ,if this be not done1 there is great danger of their becoming caked1 besides causing her to suffer severely4 ,she must have a mild dose of salts1 say half an ounce1 repeated after the third day4 ,when the weather is fine1 the young pups should be turned out of doors to run about4 ,knock out the head of a barrel1 in which put a little straw1 so that they may retire to sleep when they feel disposed4 ,feed them three times a day1 and encourage them to run about as much as possible4 ,nothing produces crooked legs more than confinement1 nothing ill grown weeds more than starvation2 so that air1 liberty1 exercise1 and plenty of food are all equally essential to the successful rearing of fine1 handsome dogs4 ,above all things1 never frighten1 nor yet take undue notice of one over the rest4 ,accustom them to yourself and strangers4 ,this gives them courage and confidence4 ,remember1 if you ever should have to select a pup in this early stage1 to get them all together1 fondle them a little2 the one that does not skulk will be the highest couraged dog1 the rest much in the same proportion1 as they display fear or not4 ,this ,i have invariably noticed is the case1 and on this ,i invariably act when ,i have to select a pup1 provided always he is not mis-formed4 ,we have now brought our pups on till they can take care of themselves1 and while they grow and prosper and get over the distemper1 we will hark back a little1 and say why we object to fall puppies1--simply because they are generally stunted by the cold1 unless they are house-reared4 ,they come in better1 certainly1 for breaking1 but it is not so good to have them after ,september at the latest1 unless it be down ,south1 where1 ,i fancy1 the order of things would1 or rather should1 be reversed4 ,,pointer ,,and ,,setter4 ,hitherto ,i have omitted to compare the respective merits of pointer and setter4 ,this ,i had intended to have done altogether1 but fearful lest fault should be found with me for doing so1 ,i state it as my deliberate opinion1 that there is nothing to choose between them year in and year out4 ,a setter may stand the cold better and may stand the briers better1 but the heat and want of water he cannot stand4 ,a pointer1 ,i admit1 cannot quite stand cold so well1 but he will face thorns quite as well1 if he be the right sort1 and pure bred1 but he don't come out quite so well from it as the setter does4 ,the one does it because it don't hurt him1 the other does it because he is told so to do1 and his pluck1 his high moral courage won't let him say no4 ,for heat and drought he don't care a rush1 comparatively1 and will kill a setter dead1 were he to attempt to follow him4 ,westward1 in the neighborhood of ,detroit1 the pros and cons are pretty equal4 ,i hunt both indiscriminately1 and see no difference either in their powers of endurance1 see exceptions above1 or hunting qualifications4 ,for the prairies1 however1 ,i should say the pointer was infinitely superior1 for there the shooting--of prairie hen--is in the two hottest months of the year1 and the ground almost1 if not quite1 devoid of water4 ,therefore1 the pointer there is the dog1 and if well and purely bred1 he is as gallant a ranger as the setter4 ,eastward1 in ,new ,jersey and ,maryland1 ,i am led to believe that setters may be the best there4 ,except summer cock1 all the shooting is in spring or late fall4 ,westward1 we commence quail shooting on ,september the first4 ,there1 ,i believe1 not until ,november the first4 ,here we have few or no briers or thorned things1 save and except an odd blackberry or raspberry bush4 ,there they have these and cat briers also1 and that infernal young locust tree almost would skin a pointer4 ,therefore1 for those regions1 a setter is more preferable4 ,still more so the real springer4 ,,breaking4 ,we will now pass on to the breaking of our young dogs4 ,this may be begun when they are four or five months old1 to a certain extent ,they may be taught to charge and obey a trifle1 but it must be done so discreetly that it were almost better left alone4 ,nevertheless1 ,i generally teach them some little1 taking care never to cow them1 one by one4 ,this down-charging must be taught them in a room or any convenient place4 ,put them into the proper position1 hind legs under the body1 nose on the ground between their fore-paws4 ,retaining them so with one hand on their head1 your feet one on each side their hind quarters1 with the other hand pat and encourage them4 ,do not persist at this early age more than a few minutes at a time1 and after it is over1 play with and fondle them4 ,at this time also teach them to fetch and carry2 to know their names4 ,recollect that any name ending in o1 as ,ponto1 ,cato1 c41 very common ones by the way1 is bad4 ,the only word ending in o ought to be ,toho1 often abbreviated into ho4 ,this objection will be evident to any person who reflects for a moment1 and a dog will answer to any other short two syllable word equally as well4 ,these two lessons1 and answering to the whistle1 are about all that can or should be taught them4 ,,ranging1 ,,how ,,taught4 ,nine months1 or better1 twelve1 is soon enough to enter into the serious part of breaking4 ,this is more to be effected by kind determination than by brute force4 ,avoid the use of the whip4 ,indeed1 it never in my opinion ought to be seen1 except in real shooting1 instead of which we would use a cord about five or ten yards long4 ,fasten one end round the dog's neck1 the other to a peg firmly staked in the ground2 before doing this1 however1 your young dogs should1 along with a high ranging dog1 be taken out into a field where there is no game1 and suffered to run at large without control until they are well practised in ranging4 ,too much stress cannot be laid on this point1 as on this first step in a great measure depends the future ranging propensities of the dog4 ,where a youngster sees the old one galloping about as hard as he can1 he soon takes the hint and follows4 ,after a few days1 the old one may be left behind1 when the pups will gallop about equally as well4 ,these lessons should never be too long as to time1 else the effect is lost4 ,another good plan also is to accustom them to follow you on horseback at a good rate4 ,they will learn by this to gallop1 not to trot1 than which nothing is more disgusting in a dog4 ,when you have your pup well confirmed in ranging1 take the cord1 as above directed1 peg him down4 ,probably he will attempt to follow you as you leave him1 in which case the cord will check him with more or less force1 according to the pace he goes at4 ,the more he resists the more he punishes himself4 ,at last he finds that by being still he is best off4 ,generally he lies down4 ,at all events1 he stands still4 ,this is just what you desire4 ,without your intervention he punishes himself1 and learns a lesson of great value1 without attributing it to you1 and consequently fearing you1 to wit3--that he is not to have his own way always4 ,after repeating this lesson a few times1 you may take him to the peg1 and down or charge1 as you like the term best1 close to the peg in the proper position4 ,move away1 but if he stirs one single inch1 check him by the cord and drag him back1 crying down or charge4 ,for the future ,i shall use the word down4 ,you can in practice which you please4 ,leave him again1 checking him when he moves1 or letting him do it for himself when he gets to the end of it1 always bringing him1 however1 back to the peg1 jerking the cord with more or less severity4 ,do this for eight or ten times1 and he will not stir4 ,you must now walk quite out of sight1 round him1 run at him1 in fact1 do anything you can to make him move1 when1 if he moves1 he must be checked as before1 until he is perfectly steady4 ,it is essential in this system of breaking that this first lesson should be so effectually taught that nothing shall induce the dog to move1 and one quarter of an hour will generally effect this4 ,in all probability1 the dog will be much cowed by this treatment4 ,go up to him1 pat him1 lift him up1 caress him1 and take him home for that day4 ,half an hour per day for each dog will soon get over a long list of them4 ,there is no more severe1 ,i may as well remark here1 or more gentle method of breaking than this2 more or less vim being put into the check1 according to the nature of the beast4 ,i never saw it fail to daunt the most resolute1 audacious devil1 nor yet to cow the most timid after the first or second attempt1 for it is essential in the first instance that ,,they ,,should ,,obey4 ,the next day1 and for many days1 you commence as at first4 ,peg him down1 c41 and after he does this properly lift him up and walk him about1 holding on to the cord still pegged in the ground1 suddenly cry ,down6 accompanying the word with a check more or less severe1 as requisite1 till he does go down4 ,leave him as before4 ,if he don't move1 go up to him1 pat him--a young dog ought never to move while breaking until he is touched--lift him up1 if necessary1 lead him about1 again cry down1 and check him until he falls instantly at the word4 ,this will do for lesson ,no4 #b4 ,the next day commence at the beginning1 following up with lesson #b1 making him steady at each4 ,before proceeding to the next step1 release the one end of the cord from the peg1 take it in your hand1 cry down2 if he goes down1 well2 if not1 check him1 pat him1 loose the end of cord in the hand1 let him run about1 occasionally crying down1 sometimes when he is close at hand1 at other times further off1 visiting any disobedience with a check1 until he will drop at the word anywhere immediately4 ,at these times his lesson may last for an hour twice a day4 ,he will get steady more quickly and better4 ,,quartering4 ,his next step is to learn to quarter his ground thoroughly and properly4 ,it is the most difficult to teach1 and requires more care and ability1 than any other part of his acquirements1 on the part of the preceptor4 ,for this purpose select a moderately sized field1 say one hundred or two hundred yards wide1 where you are certain there is no game4 ,cast him off at the word hold up to the right or left1 up wind4 ,this is essential1 to prevent their turning inwards1 and so going over the same ground twice4 7,i forgot to say that a cord fifteen feet is long enough now2 it does not impede his ranging1 and he is nearly as much at command with it as with one twice as long47 ,if a dog is inclined to this fault of turning inwards1 you must get before him up wind1 and whistle him just before he turns4 ,this will in the end break him of that habit4 ,if he takes too much ground up wind1 call down1 and start him off1 after you get to him1 in the way he should go4 ,you ought also yourself to walk on a line with the direction the dog is going4 ,this will accustom him to take his beat right through to the fence1 and not in irregular zigzags1 as he otherwise would do4 ,he must now be kept at these lessons in down1 charging1 and quartering1 till he is quite perfect and confirmed1 setting him off indiscriminately to the right or left1 so that when you hunt with another1 both may not start one way4 ,much time will be gained1 and the dog rendered by far more perfect by continuing this practice for some time4 ,it is far better to render him au fait at his work by slight punishments1 frequently repeated1 and by that means more strongly impressed on his memory1 than by a severe cowhiding4 ,this latter process is apt to make him cowed1 than which there is nothing worse4 ,many a fine dog is ruined by it4 ,the punishment of the check is severe1 and1 as ,i said before1 whilst it never fails to daunt the most resolute1 so also it can be so administered as not in the end to cow the most timid4 ,here it is you are to use your discretion so to temper justice and mercy that you cause yourself to be obeyed without spoiling your creature4 ,for full a month this ought daily to be done1 if fine4 ,it is a good plan to feed your young dogs at this stage all together1 with a cord round each of their necks1 making them down several times between the trough and their kennel4 ,pat one dog1 and let him feed awhile4 ,the rest being down1 call him back and make him down also1 checking him if he does not instantly obey4 ,pat another now1 and let him feed awhile1 and so on all through one day1 sending one first then another4 ,they learn by this a daily lesson of obedience1 and also to let another dog pass them when at point4 ,after your dog is perfectly steady1 take him out as before1 and when he has run off what is termed the wire edge1 introduce him to where there are birds4 ,set him off up wind1 and most probably he will spring the first bird1 and chase4 ,follow him1 crying down4 ,this1 in the first ardor of the moment1 he is not expected to do1 but sooner or later he will4 ,you must now pull him back to where he sprung the birds4 ,by repeatedly doing this1 he will chase less and less1 always pulling him back to where the bird rises1 crying down4 ,gradually1 by this1 he will learn to drop at the rise of the bird1 and ultimately to make a point2 though most well bred dogs do this the first time4 ,when they do so1 cry down1 very slightly checking them if they do not4 ,great caution is necessary here to prevent their blinking4 ,it is always advisable to teach all young dogs to down when they point4 ,when once down1 they will lie there as long as you please1 and are less likely to blink1 run in1 chase4 ,you ought1 if possible1 to get before the dog when you cry down4 ,it is less likely also to make him blink4 ,every dog1 old or young1 ought to be broken to drop when a bird rises1 not at the report of the gun4 ,it renders them far more steady4 ,a young dog ought to be hunted alone till he is perfectly confirmed in these points4 ,it is a very absurd idea to suppose that killing birds prevents their chasing1 quite au contraire4 ,seeing the bird fall in its flight encourages them to chase4 ,it is far better to get a bird and peg it down so as to flutter and run about before the dog when he is down4 ,this persisted in soon brings them steady4 ,the other plan takes a much longer time to accomplish4 ,a young dog may easily be taught to back4 ,make one dog down1 and then cry down to him1 checking him if he does not1 and pulling him to where he ought to drop4 ,in the field1 after a time1 you use the word toho1 at which also he drops or points4 ,a young dog ought never to be hunted with an old one4 ,the latter always has tricks2 in fact1 is cunning2 and at that age a bad fault is easily learnt1 but not so easily forgotten4 ,this is ,lloyd's art of breaking4 ,a more sensible one ,i have never seen1 nor do ,i believe is4 ,i have broken many dogs on it1 and never saw it fail4 ,patience1 practice1 and temper are all that is required1 for dogs can only be taught by lessons frequently repeated4 ,when first you shoot over a young dog1 an assistant should hold the end of the long line to check him1 should he attempt to run in when the bird falls4 ,lloyd says further1 ,i never use a whip on any occasion whatever4 ,he trusts to the cord4 ,this is all right while breaking and finishing off a dog1 but after that one cannot be expected to lug fifteen feet of cord in one's pocket1 though1 doubtless1 it is very true that it is more efficacious than the whip1 and does not make them so apt to blink4 ,some will sneak away1 and are not easily caught1 after committing a fault1 and others are so shy1 that they would not bear a lash1 and yet are readily broken with the cord4 ,by this means also dogs are broken to fetch a soft substance1 for instance1 a glove stuffed with wool is put in their mouths1 checking them till they hold it1 calling them to you1 checking them if they drop it4 ,by degrees you get them not only to hold and bring1 but also to fetch it4 ,practice and patience only are required4 ,any one possessing them1 and with but a slight knowledge of sporting matters1 by following the above plain and precise rules1 may break his own dogs4 ,i have much pleasure in making it known to the ,american public4 ,where the article is taken from ,i cannot say4 ,i got it a few years ago in manuscript1 and ,lloyd1 ,sir ,j4 ,sebright's keeper1 is the author1 and very creditable it is to him4 ,the springer is broken by this equally well with the pointer or setter1 omitting the pointing part2 teaching1 however1 the quartering and down1 in the open1 most perfectly and thoroughly before ever he goes into covert--till steady on birds1 dropping the moment a bird rises and a gun is fired--observing1 though1 to teach him to take his quarters much closer and shorter4 ,the cocker ought never to be fifteen yards from the shooter1 and when two are shooting1 should take his quarters from one to the other1 turning at the whistle1 and only gaining a few yards each turn4 ,for beagles1 kennel discipline is of more avail than out-door teaching4 ,they must be taught to come and go1 when called4 ,to such perfection is this kennel discipline carried in ,england1 that ,i have seen fifty couples of hounds waiting in a yard to be fed2 the door open1 each one coming when called by name2 leaving his food when ordered to bed or kennel4 ,dogs come over1 all the dogs coming over ,bitches come over1 when all the bitches come4 ,to do this requires time and patience4 ,out doors they are taught to follow the huntsman to cover1 receiving a hearty cut of the whip if they lag or loiter by the way1 whipped up if they neglect to come to the pipe of the horn1 if they run to heel1 hang too long on the scent1 follow false scent1 fox1 rabbit1 or anything else they be not hunted to4 ,with them the whip is used1 and severely too1 sometimes4 ,and now ,i have done with the training of dogs1 all but the retriever4 ,the cord will apply for him1 though in addition to this he must be taught to seek lost in any direction you wave your hand4 ,his lessons1 however1 will extend over a far greater length of time than the others4 ,age only increases his abilities4 ,the more of a companion you make of him1 the more tricks in seeking lost you teach him1 the more valuable he becomes4 ,my brother has one that can be sent miles to the house for any article almost1 and he brings it4 ,last winter he sent him for the roast before the fire1 and after a tussle with the cook it came sure enough4 ,he is one of the most knowing dogs ,i ever saw4 ,a large black fellow1 of what breed ,i know not1 ,newfoundland and setter though1 ,i fancy4 ,four pounds was his price4 ,he is well worth five times four4 ,for wounded birds he is invaluable1 and has only one fault2 he does not charge1 which all retrievers1 as well as every other sporting dog1 should do2 else while you are loading1 and they rushing about like mad1 the birds get up1 and you lose a chance1 from either not being ready1 or your gun being empty4 ,before concluding1 ,i will state all the words and motions requisite to teach your pointers and setters4 ,down1 ,hold up1 ,toho4 ,holding up your hand open means down1 or ,toho1 where another dog is pointing4 ,a whistle solus to come in to heel--that word for them to get behind you2 a whistle and a wave of the hand to the right for them to quarter that way2 ditto whistle and wave to the left to quarter to the left4 ,avoid shouting as much as possible4 ,nothing is more disgusting than to be bawling all the time4 ,if your dog don't heed your whistle1 get him to heel as fast and as quietly as possible1 and administer a little strap1 whistling to them sharply to impress it on their mind4 ,never pass by a single fault without either rating or flogging4 ,always make your dogs point a dead bird before retrieving it2 and nothing is more insane than to loo on your dogs1 after a wing-tipped bird4 ,hunt it quietly and deliberately4 ,i know it is difficult to restrain yourself sometimes4 ,how much more difficult1 then1 to restrain your dogs4 ,far better to lose a bird1 a thing ,i detest doing1 than run the chance of spoiling a young dog4 ,never take a liberty with him1 however you may do so with an old one1 though even he can and will be made unsteady1 by letting him chase or have his own way4 ,one thing leads to another4 ,i thought ,i had got through1 but methinks it is as well to state the best plan to find a dead bird in cover1 or out also1 for that matter4 ,walk as nearly as possible to where you fancy the bird fell2 there stand1 nor move a step1 making the dogs circle round you till they find it4 ,practise them at this as much as any other part of their education1 calling them constantly back if they move off4 ,should you find a dog going off1 notice the direction1 but call him back4 ,if he should still return there1 you may presume it is a runner4 ,let him try to puzzle it out1 while you keep the other dog at work close to you4 ,by this plan it is extraordinary what few birds you will lose in a season4 ,always hunt a brace of dogs4 ,more are too many2 one is just one too few4 ,it is too pot-hunterish1 too slow4 ,you lose half the beauties of the sport seeing your dogs quartering their fields1 crossing one another in the centre1 or thereby1 without jealousy1 backing one another's points--both dropping to shot as if shot4 ,you get over twice as much ground in a day4 ,this1 in a thinly sprinkled game country1 is something4 ,where very plentiful1 you find them all the quicker4 ,,feeding4 ,with regard to the feeding of dogs1 some few words are necessary1 and we will endeavor to point out the best way to manage them properly1 and with a due regard to economy4 ,where only one or two dogs are kept1 it is presumed that the refuse of the house is ample for them4 ,it will keep them in good order and condition2 but where more are kept1 it will be necessary to look further for their supplies4 ,we will therefore treat them as one would a kennel1 distinguishing town from country2 for in the one what would be extremely cheap1 in the other would be dear4 ,for ordinary feeding1 then1 in town1 purchase beef heads1 sheep ditto1 offal1 i4e4 feet1 bellies1 c41 which clean4 ,chop them up and boil to rags in a copper1 filling up your copper as the water boils away4 ,you may add to this a little salt1 cabbage1 parsnips1 potatoes1 carrots1 turnips1 or any other cheap vegetable4 ,put this soup aside1 and then boil old ,indian meal till it is quite stiff4 ,let it also get cold4 ,take of the boiled meal as much as you think requisite1 adding sufficient of the broth to liquefy it4 ,this is the cheapest town food4 ,in the country during the summer1 skimmed milk1 sour milk1 buttermilk1 or whey1 may be used in place of the soup4 ,in the winter1 it is as well to give soup occasionally for a change4 ,never use new ,indian flour4 ,it scours the dogs dreadfully4 ,old does not4 ,the plan ,i adopt is1 to buy ,indian corn this year for use next1 store it1 and send it to grind as ,i require it2 and as the millers have no object in boning the old meal1 returning new for it1 ,i insure by this means no illness from feeding in my kennel4 ,although ,indian corn has not either so much albumen or saccharine matter in it as oats1 it does tolerably well with broth2 but when the greatest amount of work is required in a certain given time from a certain quantity of dogs1 as in a week's1 fortnight's1 or month's shooting excursion1 ,i always use oatmeal1 for two reasons3--#ast1 it is far more nourishing in itself1 a less bulk of it going further than corn meal3--#bnd1 you cannot depend on getting old meal in the country1 nor yet meat always to make soup4 ,the dogs fed on oatmeal porridge and milk1 which you always can get1 do a vast deal of work1 and have good scenting powers4 ,using these different articles1 ,i calculate each dog to cost me one shilling ,york currency per week1 and ,i pay fifty cents per bushel for ,indian corn1 six dollars per barrel for oatmeal 7old71 one ,york shilling for beef head1 milk three cents per quart for new1 probably1 one and a half for skim4 ,in a house there are always bones1 potatoe peelings1 and pot liquor4 ,by cleaning the potatoes before peeling1 and popping all into the dog pot1 a considerable saving is effected in a year1 and the dogs are benefited thereby4 ,mangel ,wurtzel and ,ruta ,bagas1 ,i believe they call them this side the water1 are easily grown1 and are good food1 boiled up with soup4 ,,condition4 ,this brings me on to what is termed condition1 in other words1 that form of body best adapted to undergo long and continued exertion4 ,it is equally certain that a dog too fat1 as well as one all skin and bone1 is not in this state4 ,these are the two forms from which different people start to bring their animals to the mark4 ,of the two1 ,i certainly prefer the fat one4 ,during the summer time1 dogs should have plenty of air1 water1 and exercise4 ,this is easily managed by taking them out whenever you go walking or riding1 or letting them be loose all day1 kennelling at night1 and when this is done1 by a mild dose of physic a fortnight before the season1 and additional exercise along a hard road to harden their feet1 say two or three hours daily1 you have your dogs in fair working order4 ,when you have a dog too fat1 you must purge him1 and put him through a course of long but slow exercise at first1 quickening by degrees1 till you work off the fat1 and leave substance and muscle in its place4 ,with a lean dog you have a far harder job to manage1 and one which takes a long time to accomplish4 ,a mild dose to put him in form first1 then the best1 strongest1 and most nutritious food you can get4 ,oatmeal and strong broth1 gentle and slow exercise1 this is the plan to put beef on his bones without fat4 ,as he grows in substance1 increase and quicken his work4 ,any person living in the country does or ought to take his dogs out when he rides or drives4 ,the pace is fast and severe enough for them1 and generally lasts sufficiently long4 ,my dogs are exercised this way every time the horses go out1 and are kept in fine order1 if anything too fine1 perhaps2 but1 then1 what there is1 is all muscle and hard flesh4 ,during the shooting season1 always feed your dogs with warm meals4 ,three o'clock is the best time at that season of the year1 and a separate mess kept warm for your brace at work1 when they return4 ,nothing conduces more to the keeping your dogs in condition than regular feeding hours and regular work4 ,one meal a day is sufficient4 ,three o'clock is the best hour1 as the dogs have tolerably emptied themselves by the next morning4 ,i omitted to mention in the proper place to accustom your pups to the same food as when kennelled they will get4 ,for this purpose1 as soon as they feed well1 give them regular kennel food1 except that they must have three feeds a day for some six months1 and after that two1 till they are full grown4 ,use as little medicine as possible4 ,always feed your worked dogs immediately they get home4 ,if you wait awhile1 and they are tired1 they curl themselves up1 get stiff1 and don't feed properly2 and if they so refuse their food1 and are by any accident to be out next day1 they will not be up to the work4 ,no dogs1 however1 can stand daily work properly for more than three days1 and even that is more than enough for them1 but they will stand every second day1 if well attended to1 for a considerable time4 ,always see your dogs fed yourself4 ,no servant will do it as it should be done4 ,ten minutes or a quarter of an hour devoted to this as soon as you return from the field1 will be more than repaid when next you use them4 ,if you ride1 or rather drive to your ground1 as is best to do when more than a mile away1 ride your dogs also2 ditto as you return4 ,every little helps1 and this short ride wonderfully saves your animals4 ,i invariably do this4 ,but when ,i drive1 say twenty miles or so1 to a shooting station1 ,i generally run one brace or so the whole way1 and the other brace perhaps ten miles1 taking out next day that brace which only ran the short distance4 ,always on a trip of this kind take a bag of meal with you also4 ,you are then safe4 ,the neglect of this precaution in one or two instances has obliged me to use boiled beef alone1 to the very great detriment of the olfactory senses of my dogs4 ,their noses1 on this kind of food1 completely fail them4 ,greasy substances also are objectionable for the same cause1 unless very well incorporated with meal4 ,for this reason ,i object to tallow scrap or chandlers' graves2 but this ,i sometimes use in summer4 ,regular work1 correct feeding1 and regular hours1 that is the great secret of one man's dogs standing harder work than others4 ,a little attention to the subject will enable any one to keep his animals pretty near the mark4 ,amongst the receipts will be found one used in ,england for feeding greyhounds when in training1 if any one likes to go to the expense of it4 ,,kennel4 ,this treatise would not be complete without making some remarks on that very essential thing1 the kennel4 ,where only a brace of dogs are kept1 the common movable box kennel is sufficient4 ,this should be large enough to hold the two comfortably1 with a sharp pitch to the roof and projecting front2 but ,i should recommend one for each dog slightly raised from the ground1 sufficiently high for the dog to stand up in1 and wide enough for him to turn round in4 ,the entrance had better be boarded up1 except a hole for him to enter and get out by4 ,but where a large number of dogs are kept1 this plan of separate houses is expensive1 and in their place ,i would recommend a brick building sixteen feet long by five feet wide and six feet high1 or1 if brick be not get-at-able1 a boarded house will do2 but it ought to be lined and boarded outside1 the space between the two filled up with sawdust1 and weather-boarded4 ,besides1 this sixteen feet must be divided into three compartments right up to the top1 one eight feet for the dogs1 one five for the bitches1 and one three feet for the worked dogs4 ,the doors should be large enough to admit a man to clean4 ,the beds ought to be raised on a bench from the floor1 this bench movable on hinges at the back1 so that it can be hoisted up1 and cleaning done below4 ,the dogs ought to be prevented getting under their beds1 by a board reaching from the outside edge of the bench to the floor4 ,six or eight inches is sufficient raise4 ,the floor of this kennel should slope outwards1 to carry off wet4 ,the door should have a small hole in it1 with a swing door1 so that by pushing against it1 the dogs can get either in or out4 ,in front of these two1 that is to say1 the dog and bitch departments1 a court-yard1 either paved or flagged1 both preferable to brick1 since they dry quicker1 and consequently there is less fear of kennel lameness1 caused by paddling on a damp floor4 ,these courts ought to run out at least ten or fifteen feet to the front1 and of course the partition kept up between the two4 ,this outside court may be palisaded1 but it should be at least ten feet high1 else the dogs are liable to break kennel2 and the front of the house also at the top should be fortified1 to prevent their eloping that way4 ,if possible1 a stream of running water should be conducted through the yards2 it aids its daily washing1 as well as enabling the dogs to get as much pure water as they choose4 ,when this cannot be had1 a trough must be daily filled for their use4 ,clean wheat straw1 removed twice a week1 or shavings of pine or cedar when to be had are better1 must be used for their beds4 ,always feed your dogs together in a ,v shaped trough1 raised slightly from the ground1 taking care to restrain the greedy and encourage the shy feeders4 ,in a building of this sort1 they will be perfectly warm and comfortable4 ,every portion of it must be daily cleaned out1 and the rubbish carried away4 ,twice a year it should be whitewashed inside and out1 and fumigated with sulphur1 tobacco1 c4 ,this considerably helps to destroy vermin4 ,nothing conduces more to disease than a filthy kennel1 nothing vitiates a dog's nose more than foetid smells4 ,in the rear of this kennel should be your boiling house1 if your establishment requires one4 ,all that is required is a copper1 set in brick1 with a chimney1 to boil mush and meat in1 a barrel to hold soup1 and a ledge or tray1 three or four inches deep1 to pour the mush in to cool and set2 a chopping block1 knife1 ladle1 with long wooden handle1 to stir and empty the copper with1 a few hooks to hang flesh on1 when you use horse-flesh1 c41 in place of heads--equally good1 by the way1 when you can get it--shovel1 broom1 and buckets4 ,i believe all in this department is now complete and requisite1 when you keep six or more dogs4 ,the spare place is good for breeding bitches1 when you do not require it for your tired dogs1 as also for sick ones4 ,in fact1 you cannot well do without it4 ,and now methinks ,i may safely add a few words on guns4 ,this1 of course1 especially to the rising generation4 ,i need not tell you not to put the shot all in one barrel and the powder in the other1 though ,i have frequently seen it done1 aye1 and done it myself1 when in a mooning fit2 but ,i will say1 never carry your gun at full cock or with the hammers down1 than which last there cannot be anything more dangerous4 ,the slightest pull upon the cock is sufficient to cause it to fall so smartly on the cone or nipple as to explode the cap4 ,positively1 ,i would not shoot a day1 no1 nor an hour1 with a man that so carried his gun4 ,at half cock there is no danger4 ,by pulling ever so hard at the trigger1 you cannot get it off2 and if you raise the cock ever so little1 it falls back to half cock1 or1 at the worst1 catches at full cock4 ,never overcharge your gun4 ,two to two and a half drachms of powder1 and one ounce to one and a quarter of shot1 is about the load4 ,for summer shooting1 still less4 ,never take out a dirty gun1 not even if only once fired out of1 even if you have to clean it yourself4 ,after cleaning with soap rubbed on the tow in warm1 or better1 cold water1 without the soap1 if not over dirty1 remove the tow1 put on clean1 and pump out remaining dirt in clean warm water1 rinsing out the third time in other clean warm water4 ,invert the barrels1 muzzle downwards1 while you refix your dry tow on the rod4 ,work them out successively with several changes of tow1 till they burn again4 ,drop a few drops of animal oil--refined by putting shot into the bottle2 neat's foot oil is best for this--on to the tow1 and rub out the inside of barrels with it well4 ,wipe the outside with oil rag1 cleaning around the nipples with a hard brush and a stick2 ditto hammers and the steel furniture4 ,use boiled oil to rub off the stock1 but it must be well rubbed in4 ,before using next day1 rub over every part with a clean dry rag4 ,nothing is more disgusting than an oily gun1 and yet nothing is more requisite than to keep it so when out of use4 ,in receipts you will find a composition to prevent water penetrating to the locks1 which ought to be as seldom removed as possible4 ,i shall not tell you how to do this1 for if you do know the how1 where is the necessity1 and if you don't1 in all probability you would break a scear or mainspring in the attempt1 as ,i did1 when first ,i essayed1 and after that had to get the gamekeeper to put it together4 ,so your best plan in this latter case is to watch the method for a time or two1 when you will know as much of the matter as ,i do4 ,the finest barrels are rusted the most easily1 and suffer the more detriment by rusting4 ,of course the fouler the gun the greater the evil that arises from its being left foul4 ,in hot weather1 barrels suffer infinitely more than in cold2 and in wet1 than in dry4 ,when dampness and heat are combined1 the mischief is yet augmented2 and1 probably1 the worst conditions that can be supposed are when1 to dampness and heat1 a salt atmosphere is superadded4 ,no man who owns a fine gun1 which he values1 ought ever to put it aside after use without cleaning1 even if he have fired but a single shot4 ,again1 every man who loves his gun1 should make it a point to clean it with his own hands4 ,it may do in ,europe1 where one has a game-keeper at his elbow who knows how to clean a gun better than he does himself1 and who takes as much pride in having it clean as he4 ,use strong and clean shooting powders4 ,don't use too large1 nor yet too small shot4 ,six1 seven1 and eight are about your mark for ordinary work2 for duck1 from common gun1 number four4 ,never leave your dog whip at home3 you always want it most on those occasions4 ,a gun thirty-one inch barrel1 fourteen gauge1 and eight pounds weight1 is as useful an article as you can have4 ,never poke at a bird1 that is1 try to see him along the barrels4 ,if you do1 you never can be a good or a quick shot4 ,fix your eye or eyes on the bird1 lift up your gun1 and fire the moment it touches your shoulder4 ,practise this a little1 and believe me you will give the pokers the go by in a short time4 ,it is the only way to be a sharp shot4 ,and now ,i will have done1 trusting ,i have not wasted your time in reading so far to no purpose4 ,,credit ,,given ,,for ,,receipts4 ,in the following receipts you will find those of ,blaine ,youatt1 ,myres1 ,herbert1 and several other people1 but as ,i really don't know to whom the credit is due for each individual one1 ,i trust to be forgiven4 ,this much1 however1 ,i can say1 there are not more than one or two of my own4 ,i have tried most1 if not all1 and found them good4 ,some are not quite as in the original1 having been amended by a sporting medical man1 a friend of mine1 to suit the new fashion of preparing medicines4 ,,receipts4 ,we will commence these by directions to give a dog physic4 ,if he is not over large1 you can manage by your self4 ,invert a bucket1 and sit on it4 ,set the dog down on his haunches between your legs1 holding him up with your knees4 ,tie a cloth round his neck2 this falling over his fore-paws is pressed against his ribs by your knees4 ,his fore-legs by this dodge are hors du combat4 ,with the finger and thumb of one hand force open his jaws1 elevating his head at the same time with the same hand4 ,if a bolus1 with the other hand pass it over the root of the tongue1 and give it a sharp poke downwards4 ,close the mouth1 still holding up the head1 till you see it swallowed4 ,if a draught1 give a mouthful1 close the mouth1 hold up the head1 and stop the nostrils4 ,repeat this1 if the draught is too large to be taken at once4 ,if the dog is very large1 you must have an assistant1 else in his struggles he will upset physic and yourself into the bargain4 ,,general ,,remarks ,,about ,,dogs ,,in ,,physic4 ,keep them dry and warm1 especially when you use calomel or any mercurial preparation4 ,always remove them from the kennel1 and put them into an hospital apart from the rest1 to prevent infection1 as well as to insure the poor brutes quietness4 ,study the appearance of the eyes1 feet1 nose1 extremities1 pulse1 c4 ,illustration3 ,,beagles4 ,to make a bitch inclined to copulate4--,seven drops ,tincture of ,cantharides twice a day till effect is produced--about six days1 probably4 ,mange4--,caused by dirty kennels1 neglect1 want of nourishing1 or improper1 food4 ,cure--#a oz4 salts1 if dog of moderate size4 ,rub every third day well into the skin quantum suf4 of the following mixture3-- ,train oil--tanner's will do--one quart2 spirits turpentine one large wineglass full2 sulphur sufficient to let it just run off a stick4 ,mix well4 ,three applications are generally sufficient4 ,let it stay on the animal for a fortnight1 when wash well with soap and water4 ,remember1 it takes nearly two hours to well scrub the above into the skin4 ,smearing over the hair is no use4 ,it must get well into the skin2 and if neatly and properly done1 the dog scarcely shows the application4 ,worms4--,rx ,cowhage1 half a drachm2 tin filings1 very fine1 four drachms4 ,make into four or six balls1 according to size of dog4 ,one daily1 and a few hours afterwards a purge of salts or aloes4 ,powdered glass1 as much as will lie on a shilling1 i4e4 a quarter dollar1 new coin1 in lard4 ,repeat once or twice alternate days4 ,finish off with one to two drachms ,socotrine ,aloes1 rolled up in tissue paper4 ,mind1 the glass must be ground into the finest kind of powder1 else it will injure the coats of the stomach4 ,to make a dog fine in his coat4--,a tablespoonful of tar in oatmeal4 ,make bolus4 ,distemper4--,distemper is caused by low keep1 neglect1 and changes of atmosphere4 ,symptoms of the disease are as follows3--,loss of spirit1 activity1 and appetite1 drowsiness1 dulness of the eyes1 lying at length with nose to the ground1 coldness of extremities1 legs1 ears1 and lips1 heat in head and body1 running at the nose and eyes1 accompanied by sneezing1 emaciation1 and weakness1 dragging of hinder quarters1 flanks drawn in1 diarrhoea1 sometimes vomiting4 ,there are several receipts for this1 the worst and most fatal of all diseases4 ,one is better than another1 according to the various stages4 ,this first1 if commenced at an early stage1 seldom fails4 ,half an ounce of salts in warm water1 when the dog is first taken ill2 thirty-six hours afterwards1 ten grains compound ,powder of ,ipecacuanha in warm water4 ,if in two days he is no better1 take sixteen grains ,antimonial ,powder1 made into four boluses2 one night and morning for two days4 ,if no improvement visible1 continue these pills1 unless diarrhoea comes on1 in which case you must use the ipecacuanha day about with the pills4 ,if the animal is much weakened by this1 give him one teaspoonful ,huxam's ,tincture of ,bark three times a day4 ,keep warm1 and feed on rich broth4 ,james's ,powder is also almost a certain remedy ,dose four grains2 or ,antimonial ,powder and ,calomel1 three parts of first to one of latter1 from eight to fifteen grains2 or1 after the salts1 ,ant4 ,powder1 two1 three1 or four grains1 ,nitrate ,potash1 five1 ten1 or fifteen grains2 ,ipecacuanha1 two1 three1 or four4 ,make into ball1 and give twice or three times a day1 according to appearances4 ,repeat the purge or emetics every fourth day1 but avoid too great looseness of bowels4 ,diarrhoea sometimes supervenes1 in which case give ,compound ,powder of ,chalk1 with ,opium1 ten grains4 ,in case of fits coming on1 destroy the animal4 ,the same may be said of paralysis4 ,if this disease is taken in its early stage1 and attended to1 and the dog kept warm1 there is not much danger4 ,otherwise it is very fatal4 ,wounds4--,poultice for a day or two2 then apply ,friar's ,balsam1 covering up the place4 ,for a ,green ,wound4--,hog's lard1 turpentine1 bees' wax1 equal parts2 verdigris1 one fourth part4 ,simmer over a slow fire till they are well mixed4 ,purgative ,medicines4--,salts1 one ounce2 ,calomel1 five grains2 or ,socotrine ,aloes1 two drachms for moderate sized dog4 ,stripping ,feet4--,wash in bran and warm water1 with a little vinegar2 after apply ,tincture of ,myrrh4 ,apply sweet oil before he goes out4 ,if his feet are tender1 wash them in brine1 to harden them4 ,when actually sore1 buttermilk1 greasy pot liquor1 or water gruel1 are best4 ,brine inflames4 ,the dog should be kept at home till feet are healed4 ,then apply the brine and vinegar4 ,canker in the ,ear4--,wash well with soap and warm water2 fill up the ear with finely powdered charcoal or powdered borax4 ,clean out daily with sponge on stick and warm water1 and repeat the dusting till it heals4 ,or1 perhaps1 the best receipt is1--clean out ear with sponge fastened on a pliable stick1 using warm soap and water4 ,when quite clean1 dip the sponge in ,sulphate of ,copper-water1 turning it gently round4 ,put seton in the neck just under the ear4 ,oak ,bark1 one pound1 chopped fine1 and well boiled in soft water4 ,when cold1 take of the ,decoction of ,bark four ounces1 ,sugar of ,lead1 half a drachm4 ,put a teaspoonful into the ear night and morning1 rubbing the root of ear well1 to cause it to get well into the cavities4 ,this is one of the best receipts in this book4 ,to make ,sulphate of ,copper ,water4--,sulphate of ,copper half a drachm1 water one ounce4 ,mix well and keep corked4 ,external ,canker of ,ear4--,butter of ,antimony1 diluted in milk to the thickness of cream1 will cure it2 or ,red ,precipitate of ,mercury1 half an ounce1 with two ounces of hog's lard1 mixed well4 ,to make a ,seton4--,take a dozen or two strands of a horse's tail2 plait them2 rub blistering ointment on them4 ,pass it through two or three inches of the skin with a curved surgical needle4 ,tie the two ends together4 ,move daily4 ,bleeding4--,you may readily bleed a dog in the jugular vein by holding up his head1 stopping the circulation at the base of the neck4 ,part the hair1 and with the lancet make an incision1 taking care not to stick him too deeply4 ,if the animal rejoices in a heavy coat1 it may be necessary to shave away the hair4 ,from one to eight ounces are the quantities2 but in this1 as in most prescriptions1 the old proverb is the safest--,keep between the banks4 ,for a ,strain4--,use ,bertine's ,liniment2 or one ounce ,turpentine1 half a pint of old beer1 half a pint of brine2 bathe the part and repeat2 or ,sal ,ammonia1 one ounce1 vinegar one pint4 ,bruises or ,strains of long standing4--,gall1 ,opodeldoc1 excellent4 ,shaved ,camphor two ounces1 ,spirits of ,wine three quarters of a pint4 ,shake well1 and cork close1 placing it near the fire till the camphor dissolves4 ,then add a bullock's gall4 ,shake well together4 ,apply1 rubbing it well into the part affected till it lathers4 ,dog ,poisoned4--,give teacupful of castor oil4 ,after he has vomited well1 continue to pour olive oil down his throat and rub his belly4 ,staggers and ,fits4--,this generally happens in warm weather4 ,throw water on them1 if convenient4 ,if not1 bleed in neck1 if you have lancets4 ,if not1 with your knife slit the ears1 which you can cause to adhere together again2 or run your knife across two or three bars next the teeth4 ,bitches coming off heat are more subject to this than dogs in good health4 ,to reduce the time a bitch is in heat4--,give her a little ,nitre in water1 and a dose of ,calomel1 four grains or thereabouts1 followed by salts or aloes4 ,bilious ,fever4--,is caused by want of exercise and too high feeding4 ,calomel1 six or eight grains2 or1 in an obstinate case1 ,turpeth ,mineral or ,yellow ,mercury1 six to twelve grains in a bolus4 ,to destroy ,lice4--,sometimes the receipt below for fleas will prove efficacious1 but not always2 but a small quantity of ,mercurial ,ointment1 reduced by adding hog's lard to it1 say an equal quantity1 rubbed along the top of the dog's back never fails4 ,the greatest care must be taken to keep the animal warm4 ,fleas4--,scotch snuff steeped in gin is infallible2 but must be used with great care1 and not above a teaspoonful of snuff to a pint of gin1--as the cure1 if overdone1 is a deadly poison4 ,torn ,ears4--,laudanum and brandy1 equal parts4 ,mix well4 ,apply alternately with sweet oil4 ,feed for ,greyhounds in training4--,wheat flour and oatmeal1 old1 equal parts4 ,liquorice1 aniseed1 and white of eggs4 ,make into a paste4 ,make loaves4 ,bake them4 ,break up into very rich broth4 ,swelled ,teats4--,make pomade of ,camphorated ,spirit1 or brandy1 and goose grease1 two or three times a day4 ,inflammation of the ,bowels4--,symptoms3 ,dulness of appearance and eyes2 loss of appetite2 lying on the belly1 with outstretched legs2 pulse much quickened2 scratching up of the bed into a heap1 and pressing the belly on it2 desire to swallow stones1 coal1 or any cold substance not voidable2 inclination to hide away4 ,it is very dangerous2 requires active treatment4 ,bleed most freely1 till the dog faints away4 ,clap a blister on the pit of the stomach4 ,give ,aloes1 fifteen grains1 and ,opium1 half a grain4 ,repeat dose three times a day4 ,bleed after twelve hours1 if pulse rises again1 and continue dosing and bleeding till either the dog or inflammation gives in4 ,no half measures do in this disease4 ,after determining that it is inflammation of bowels1 set to work to get the upper hand4 ,when that is done1 there is no trouble4 ,otherwise it is fatal4 ,feed low1 and attend carefully to prevent relapse4 ,films over the ,eyes4--,blue stone or ,lunar ,caustic1 eight grains1 spring water1 one ounce4 ,wash the eyes with it1 letting a little pass in4 ,repeat this daily1 and you will soon cure it4 ,films caused by ,thorn ,wounds4--,rest the dog till perfectly healed over1 washing with rose water4 ,if much inflammation1 bleed1 and foment with hot water1 with a few drops of laudanum in it--about forty drops of laudanum to one ounce of water2 or two grains of opium to one ounce of water--one as good as the other4 ,then apply four or five times a day the following wash3--,superacetate of ,lead1 half a drachm1 ,rose ,water1 six ounces4 ,to extract ,thorns4--,cobbler's wax bound on to the place1 or black pitch plaster or a poultice1 are equally good4 ,to preserve ,gun ,barrels from rust of salt water4--,black lead1 three ounces2 hog's lard1 eight ounces2 camphor1 quarter ounce2 boiled together over a slow fire2 the barrels to be rubbed with this mixture1 which after three days must be wiped off clean4 ,this need not be repeated above twice in the winter4 ,bite of a ,snake4--,olive oil1 well rubbed in before a fire1 and a copious drench of it also4 ,to render ,boots or ,shoes ,water-proof4--,beef suet1 quarter of a pound2 bees' wax1 half a pound2 rosin1 quarter of a pound4 ,stir well together over a slow fire4 ,melt the mixture1 and rub well into the articles daily with a hard brush before the fire4 ,to ,soften ,boots4--,use hog's lard1 half a pound2 mutton suet1 quarter of a pound2 and bees' wax1 quarter of a pound4 ,melt well1 and rub well in before the fire2 or currier's oil is as good1 barring the smell4 ,water-proofing for ,gun ,locks4--,make a saturated solution of ,naphtha and ,india rubber4 ,add to this three times the quantity of ,copal ,varnish4 ,apply with a fine1 small brush along the edges of the lock and stock4 ,,distemper4 ,how best to convey to my readers a clear1 and at the same time succinct account of this disease1 has much troubled me4 ,this is now the third attempt made to set before my brother sportsmen1 who have had little or no experience1 in the plainest terms1 the symptoms and features of the disease1 as well as the best remedies to be applied to its various stages and ever varying types4 ,after considerable doubts on the subject1 ,i fancy that by setting before you a series of cases which have come under my own treatment1 the peculiar features of each case1 the remedies prescribed1 and the termination1 whether fatal or otherwise1 ,i shall best serve the interests of my readers4 ,i beg expressly to state1 that with one or two exceptions--the cases of the older dogs--of which ,i write from recollection1 after a lapse of several years1 and consequently cannot be so positive about1 the others have all recently passed through my hands1 and the course of treatment1 c41 has been especially noted1 and here recorded with minute exactness4 ,the range of cases are1 ,i believe1 sufficiently numerous to meet any form and stage of the disease1 from the most simple to the most complicated and fatal4 ,with the sole exception of chorea or paralysis1 a case of which ,i have never fairly seen through1 one or two cases are noted1 in which this would have been the termination1 but for the remedies applied4 ,the system pursued has been a combination of a great many various receipts1 adapted to each peculiar case2 and through the very severe cases that this year have depopulated my kennel1 ,i have been under great obligations to a very talented medical man1 whose advice ,i ever found of great service1 and whose professional knowledge enabled him so to vary the quantities and forms of the medicines as best to overcome some particular form or other4 ,every keeper or sportsman has1 or professes to have1 some never-failing nostrum or other4 ,believe me1 this is all stuff4 ,there have been1 are1 and ever will be1 cases incurable2 but ,i will venture to say1 that ninety-nine out of a hundred who know anything of the subject will admit that these remedies contain some one or more of the following medicines1 all of which are of value3--,epsom ,salts1 ,calomel1 ,jalap1 ,tartar ,emetic1 as purgatives or vomits2 ,antimony1 ,nitre1 ,james' ,powder1 ,ipecacuanha1 as sudorifics1 diaphoretics1 or febrifuges4 ,from these medicines1 the most used1 it is evident to see what tendency the course of treatment is designed to have1 and when it fails1 extra means must be employed till that is effected4 ,here it is that study1 practice1 and an intimate knowledge of medicines and their combinations prove of great advantage4 ,at this stage more dogs are lost for want of knowledge what next to do than in any other way2 for they are either getting worse or better1 never standing still1 and each day's illness tells much against the recovery1 from the great emaciation and weakness which commences from the first1 and keeps increasing daily4 ,never was there a more appropriate quotation than ,opus est consulto1 sed ubi consulueris mature facto4 ,it were idle to speculate on the origin of the disease4 ,suffice for us that we have it1 and that we consider it an affection of the mucous membrane1 solely1 in the earlier stages1 but ultimately combining itself with general mucous affections4 ,but it will not be foreign to our purpose to state several influences which are supposed1 if not actually to cause1 at all events1 greatly to increase its virulence4 ,they are these3--,low ,diet1 ,dirt1 ,confinement in close1 unhealthy1 damp kennels1 too great a quantity of raw1 or even boiled flesh1 too little exercise1 sudden changes in the atmosphere1 and contagion4 ,it cannot be called endemic1 since it exists everywhere4 ,neither is it exactly an epidemic1 though some years it does assume that form1 while at other times it does not4 ,bleeding we see recommended in the ,field ,sports4 ,some practitioners are very fond of the lancet4 ,we confess quite a contrary penchant1 and hold that bleeding is seldom or ever justifiable1 except in cases of violent inflammations4 ,in distemper1 we would not draw blood1 once in a hundred times2 for the usual course of the disease is so enervating1 that in ordinary circumstances nature is reduced far more than agreeable2 and as purgatives must be used under any circumstances1 they will in general be sufficient to reduce any fever4 ,we will now mention the ordinary symptoms whence we determine this complaint4 ,lowness of spirit1 drowsiness1 dimness of the eyes1 staring of the coat1 loss of appetite1 may be noticed1 and frequently disregarded4 ,here we will remark that a mild dose of ,epsom salts1 according to age--vide prescriptions at the end1 ,no4 one1--will suffice4 ,in a day or two1 however1 if neglected1 sometimes a running at the nose will be seen2 or the ears and feet will be cold1 while the head and body will be feverish2 the nose will be hard1 dry1 and cracked4 ,by degrees1 if neglected1 the nose will discharge a thick purulent matter1 the belly become hotter and distended1 the dog will lie full stretch1 belly to the ground1 the hind legs begin to fail4 ,he may also have spasmodic and convulsive twitchings1 giddiness1 foaming at the mouth1 epileptic fits4 ,now he will ravenously eat anything cold1 drink any quantity of water4 ,,first ,,case4 ,three ,setter pups1 two to three months old4 ,appearance1 c4--,slight drowsiness1 dimness of eyes1 staring of coat1 fces hard4 ,gave two teaspoonfuls ,no4 one1 and repeated next day4 ,intermitted a day4 ,repeated dose to make sure4 ,all well4 ,,second ,,case4 ,three ,setter puppies1 same age at the same time4--,symptoms same1 and also heat in body and head2 coldness of extremities2 bodies inclined to hardness2 fces dark and irregular4 ,gave four teaspoonfuls ,no4 one4 ,next morning1 if anything worse1 belly still hard and swelling1 gave each half a grain of ,calomel1 half a grain of ,tartar ,emetic4 ,after an hour1 no vomit having been attained1 repeated the dose4 ,at night gave each a pill--,antimony1 two grains1 ,nitre1 ten grains1 ,ipecacuanha1 three grains4 ,third day4--,saw pups about eight ,a4,m4 ,one had had a fit1 another had one while we were present1 and the third seemed likely to have one4 ,its eyes looked wild2 it was unnaturally brisk1 and running about2 the nose discharged more freely1 but not yet any foul matter4 ,gave all three ,calomel and ,tartar ,emetic as before1 and repeated1 it not having produced any effect4 ,between the doses1 the two had each a fit1 and several1 we may as well mention1 through the day1 the earlier ones being the most severe4 ,about one hour after the vomit1 gave each one tablespoonful ,castor oil4 ,fed them with bread and milk4 ,at night gave pill to each--,antimony1 three grains1 ,nitre1 ten grains1 ,ipecacuanha1 two grains4 ,next morning two pups were better4 ,gave them ,no4 one1 two teaspoonfuls1 pill as before1 night and morning1 for two days4 ,no4 one the third day4 ,sent them to kennel4 ,the third of this lot we found not to have had fits2 but his bowels were hard1 and his secretions black and improper4 ,gave him ,calomel and ,tartar ,emetic as before1 with ,no4 one1 usual dose1 and pills as above4 ,gradually he got weaker and weaker1 and at last he died4 ,the error here was undoubtedly in not increasing the calomel1 and leaving out emetic1 so as to endeavor to alter the secretions4 ,a pill1 for instance1 in this form1 would have better met the case4 ,calomel1 one grain1 ,antimony1 two grains1 ,nitre1 five grains1 followed up in three hours by one teaspoonful ,no4 two4 ,,third ,,case4 ,two ,setter pups1 same age as the last4--,case very bad4 ,fits had taken place more than once4 ,bodies hard1 tumid head and belly hot1 evidently much pain in body2 ears and feet icy cold2 nose hard and thick1 pus in it2 fces not noticed4 ,gave instantly1 vomit as before2 ,calomel and ,tartar ,emetic1 half a grain4 ,repeated in one hour1 not having operated4 ,half an hour after this had taken place1 gave two teaspoonfuls ,no4 two to each4 ,this purged very quickly4 ,one of the puppies appeared to be in much pain4 ,gave it a saltspoonful of mustard in a little milk4 ,fits constantly occurring1 with intervals of one or two hours1 repeated the mustard1 and gave ,spirits of ,hartshorn1 six drops1 ,camphor water1 sixty drops1 ,sweet ,spirits ,nitre1 twenty drops1 ,laudanum1 six drops4 ,repeated this dose in six hours' time4 ,kept them all night by the kitchen stove4 ,slightly better next morning4 ,gave pill--,antimony1 three grains1 ,calomel1 one grain1 ,nitre1 ten grains4 ,three hours after1 two teaspoonfuls ,no4 two4 ,fits had ceased before night4 ,gave pill--,antimony1 two grains1 ,ipecacuanha1 three grains1 ,nitre1 ten grains1 each night and next morning4 ,next day improvement visible4 ,wildness of the eye abated2 fever in body and coldness of extremities much diminished3 secretions1 however1 still irregular2 nose dry and hard4 ,at night gave pill--,ipecacuanha1 three grains1 ,nitre1 ten grains1 ,ginger ,essence1 five drops4 ,next morning gave two teaspoonfuls ,no4 two4 ,at night1 half teaspoonful diluted ,quinine ,mixture4 ,next day gave ,quinine twice4 ,day after1 two teaspoonfuls ,no4 one4 ,sent well to kennel4 ,these were the worst cases of epileptic fits we ever saw4 ,the pair could not have had less than twenty fits each1 which lasted from a quarter to half an hour1 during which they uttered most piercing howlings4 ,,fourth ,,case4 ,pointer puppy ten months old4--,brought in from kennel3 food chiefly raw flesh4 ,condition high4 ,appearance--,eyes very dull2 drowsy2 nose hard1 dry1 with thick mucous effusion2 evacuations very offensive4 ,should consider this the putrid type4 ,gave half an ounce of salts in warm water4 ,two days after1 gave ten grains ,compound ,powder of ,ipecacuanha4 ,no better3 nose running a thick1 heavy matter2 fces very offensive4 ,two days after giving last medicine1 gave four grains ,antimonial ,powder1 night and morning1 for two days4 ,dog died4 ,remarks4--,this case happened years ago1 when we were young4 ,our treatment was bad from the commencement1 but the case was a vile one also4 ,the following formul would have been more befitting3--,calomel1 half a grain1 ,tartar ,emetic1 half a grain1 repeated with intermissions of an hour1 till a vomit was secured4 ,wineglassful of ,no4 two in an hour afterwards4 ,at night1 ,antimony1 four grains1 ,nitre1 ten grains1 repeated next morning4 ,if secretions then offensive1 ,calomel1 two grains1 followed by wineglass ,no4 two1 in three hours4 ,then use ,antimony1 ,nitre1 and ,ipecacuanha1 more or less1 according as you wish to act on the skin1 or on the lungs or kidneys4 ,if the cough is bad1 increase the ,ipecacuanha4 ,if fever prevails1 add to the ,antimony4 ,nitre acts on the bladder4 ,,fifth ,,case4 ,a ,terrier bitch in very low condition1 pups having been lately weaned4 ,age1 two or three years4--,symptoms very mild4 ,gave half an ounce of salts1 and two days after1 ten grains ,ipecacuanha1 followed up by four grains ,antimonial ,powder1 for two days4 ,results3 bitch was cured of distemper1 but so dreadfully weak1 could not feed itself4 ,gave one teaspoonful of ,huxam's ,tincture of ,bark1 three times a day4 ,hand-fed her frequently with rich beef soup1 milk1 and bread4 ,after a very hard fight1 brought her round4 ,remarks4--,could not have done better much1 except would have given a combination of ,antimony1 ,ipecacuanha1 and ,nitre at first1 i4e4 after purging with salts4 ,got great credit at the time for the cure1 more deserved for nursing well4 ,from these cases you will be able to see1 that for a simple purgative we prefer salts1 as being a very cooling dose1 and suiting a dog's constitution well4 ,in the earlier stages1 it sometimes effects a cure4 ,where there is a discharge of the nose1 you must1 after purging1 work on the lungs4 ,where there is fever1 you must double your purging1 i4e4 clean them out front and rear as quickly as possible4 ,where to this is added a visible disorganization of the secretions1 you ought to call in ,calomel in large doses1 one or two grains1 repeated1 and this you may continue with ,antimony1 and so at the same time subdue the inflammation of the lungs4 ,in the earlier part of spring and in fall1 there is little fear of diarrhoea supervening4 ,a slight attack of it will not be of much consequence provided you take care to keep it well in hand4 ,opium must be used with great caution2 it rather tends to epileptic fits1 which1 by the way1 we consider to result from an almost stoppage of the bowels4 ,compound ,powder of ,chalk1 ,quinine ,mixture1 ,rhubarb1 ,catechu1 will generally be sufficient4 ,in the ,field ,sports is the following receipt1 and as we have invariably found ,blaine and ,youatt's horse and dog receipts the most reliable1 we quote it4 ,it is new to us1 and so is a violent case of diarrhoea1 for that matter4 ,rx ,magnesia1 one drachm2 powdered ,alum1 two scruples2 ,powdered ,calumba1#a one drachm2 ,p4 ,gum ,arabic1 two drachms4 ,mix with six ounces boiled starch1 and give a dessert or table spoonful every four or six hours1 pro re nat4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,catechu1 one drachm1 will be better than the ,calumba4 ,it is far more efficacious4--,dinks4 ,,case4 ,we will now suppose a case1 for our practice of late years has been confined to young puppies4 ,ears and feet cold2 body and head very hot2 body hard and distended2 nose hard1 dry1 and almost stopped up with thick matter2 dry1 husky cough2 fces1 hard2 pulse rapid1 evidencing much fever4 ,give instantly1 ,calomel and ,tartar ,emetic1 half a grain each1 repeating it with intermissions of an hour1 till you get a vomit4 ,one hour after1 give wine glass ,no4 two4 ,twelve hours after1 if fever has not abated1 give three grains ,calomel1 followed in three hours by wine glass of ,no4 two4 ,if the next day you find any fever still lingering1 give ,calomel1 three grains1 as before1 ,antimonial ,powder1 eight grains4 ,this will1 with1 in three hours1 the usual quantity of ,no4 two1 be pretty sure to be successful4 ,you must now address yourself to the cold and other symptoms2 and you may give large doses of ,ipecacuanha and ,nitre4 ,keep the bowels open1 but avoid active purging1 except in cases of fever4 ,if you find at any time the body getting hard and distended1 administer the emetic4 ,let the dog out into the air whenever it is fine and warm1 keep his nose well cleaned out1 and change his bed daily4 ,encourage him to drink fresh water1 if he will4 ,the receipts alluded to in the previous pages are as follows3-- ,no4 #a4--;,for young pups up to six months old4--,of ,epsom salts1 take two ounces2 of water1 one quart4 ,mix well1 and keep close corked4 ,no4 #b4--;,eight ounces of ,saturated ,solution of ,epsom salts1 in water2 thirty drops ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,mix well1 and cork close4 ,antimony is preferable1 when there is fever4 ,it is an antiphlogistic4 ,ipecacuanha1 when there is much debility4 ,the last also affects the lungs1 and is more efficient in removing cold4 ,half an ounce of salts is a fair dose for a dog from nine months to any age4 ,no4 #b is particularly recommended1 whenever an early action is required4 ,it is essentially short1 sharp and decisive4 ,,form ,,of ,,game ,,book4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total ,date4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,deer4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,turkey4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,ruffed ,grouse4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,pinnated ,grouse4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,quail4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,snipe4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,woodcock4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,duck4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,teal4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,rail4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,plover4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,guns4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,shots4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,place where shooting4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,no4 of ,head to own ,gun4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,this will be found as convenient a form as any for recording the season's bag1 and ,i would suggest as a means to accurately determine the number of shots1 to put a given number1 say #ej or #hj caps1 into your cap pocket every day on going out1 deducting any miss-fired and wasted ones from the balance left on returning4 ,this will give you an exact idea of your average shootings1 which will be found not to exceed three out of five shots4 ,in the column of remarks you can state your companion1 quantity of game seen1 c42 in fact1 any point worthy of notice1 and to which afterwards you can refer4 ,the writer's book dates back to #ahde1 and records every head of game killed while he was out1 by his own1 as also his friend's gun1 remarks on the weather1 curious ornithological observations1 c4 ,,dogs1 ,,and ,,their ,,management2 ,,being ,a ,,new ,,plan ,,for ,,treating ,,the ,,animal1 ,,based ,,upon ,a ,,consideration ,,of ,,his ,,natural ,,temperament4 ,illustrated by numerous ,engravings1 ,,depicting ,,the ,,character ,,and ,,position ,,of ,,the ,,dog ,,when ,,suffering ,,disease4 ,,by ,,edward ,,mayhew1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,,second ,,american ,,edition4 ,,preface4 ,in the following pages is laid before the public the result of several years' study4 ,the ,author hopes to be able1 ultimately1 to perfect a system of treatment which shall change only with the progress of the science1 of which it can be no more than an offshoot4 ,saying this1 the writer cannot be accused of self-glorification1 since there is in the field no living author over whom he might appear to triumph4 ,the book was also written with the hope of inducing the gentlemen of the ,author's profession to study more carefully the ,pathology of the ,dog4 ,this is at present not properly taught1 nor is it rightly understood by the ,veterinarians who profess to alleviate canine afflictions4 ,of all the persons who accept such offices1 there is but one who1 to the ,author's knowledge1 devotes the time1 attention1 or care which disease in every shape demands2 and the individual thus honorably distinguished1 is ,,mr4 ,,gowing of ,camden ,town4 ,,contents ,,of ,,mayhew',s ,,management4 ,page ,general ,remarks1 #gc ,distemper1 #abj ,mouth1 ,teeth1 ,tongue1 ,gullet1 c41 #agi ,bronchocele1 #aih ,respiratory ,organs1 #bjj ,hepatitis1 #bba ,indigestion1 #bbg ,gastritis1 #bcc ,st4 ,vitus's ,dance1 #bdj ,bowel ,diseases1 #bdf ,paralysis of the ,hind ,extremities1 #bgj ,rheumatism1 #bgd ,the ,rectum1 #bgh ,fits1 #bie ,rabies1 #bii ,generative ,organs--,male1 #cac ,female1 #ccg ,skin ,diseases1 #daj ,canker within and without the ,ear1 #dai ,the ,eye1 #dbi ,diseases of the ,limbs1 #dcg ,fractures1 #ddd ,operations1 #dej ,illustration ,,dogs3 ,,their ,,management4 ,,general ,,remarks4 ,there is no animal so widely distributed as the dog4 ,the like assertion could not be made of any other domesticated creature4 ,in countries subjected to the extremes of heat or cold1 in the centre of ,africa1 and at the ,northern ,pole1 the horse is absent2 but wherever man is able to exist1 there1 in some shape or other1 the dog is represented4 ,various have been the speculations as to its original4 ,there is no animal in any way approaching in outward appearance to the ,canine ,species 7properly so called71 but has been assumed to be the original parent of the family4 ,some have even fancied the fox was father to all the dogs that trot by the side of man2 but this idea seems too preposterous to be maintained4 ,others1 with more reason1 have supposed the prototype of the dog was discovered in the wolf4 ,there are1 however1 many differences to reconcile before this hypothesis can be received4 ,the formation of the two animals is distinct1--their anatomy presents positive differences1--their time of breeding does not agree1--their habits are opposite1 and their outward and inward character is entirely dissimilar4 ,the above engraving is the portrait of the wolf4 ,is the reader in any danger of mistaking it for that of a dog8 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,wolf4 ,thus the apparent separation of the two species appears to be so wide1 that a child could point it out1 and none but a philosopher could confound it4 ,others1 again1 have gone to warmer climates for the founder of the kind1 which they have1 to their own satisfaction1 discovered in the jackal3 but there are very many obstacles to be surmounted1 before this supposition can be acknowledged4 ,in the first place1 although the dog is to be found in warm climates1 he thrives least in those to which the jackal is entirely confined4 ,then all that has been urged against the fancy which conceived the prototype of the dog was to be found in the wolf1 applies with even greater force to the jackal4 ,however1 to settle the dispute1 we here give the likeness of the beast1 and leave to the reader to point out the particular breed of dogs to which it belongs4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,jackal4 ,beyond the circumstance of the habitats of the animals being distinct1 is the well-known fact that all domesticated animals have a disposition to return to their original formation2 but who ever heard of a dog1 however neglected1 or however wild1 becoming either a wolf or a jackal8 ,the dog is spread all over the world1 and not only is the animal thus widely distributed over the face of the earth1 but there is no creature that is permitted with such perfect safety to the human race to have such continual and intimate intercourse with mankind4 ,it is found in every abode3 the palace1 the warehouse1 the mansion1 and the cottage1 equally afford it shelter4 ,no condition of life is there with which the dog is not connected4 ,the playmate of the infant1 the favorite of the woman1 the servant of the man1 and the companion of the aged1 it is seen in and around every home4 ,thus brought into intimate connexion with the human race1 and continually subject to observation1 it is not a little strange that the dog should be universally misunderstood4 ,there is no quadruped which is more abused2 whether treated kindly or otherwise1 the dog is equally made to suffer2 and probably the consequences of over indulgence are more cruel in their result than is the opposite course of treatment4 ,the health of the beast is perhaps best preserved when neglect deprives it of man's attention2 then it may suffer from want1 but it escapes many of the diseases which caprice or ignorance entail upon the generality of the tribe4 ,there exists no creature more liable to disorder1 and in which disease is prone to assume a more virulent or a more complicated form4 ,to minister to its afflictions1 therefore1 demands no inconsiderable skill2 and it becomes the more difficult to alleviate them1 since canine pathology is not fully comprehended1 nor the action of the various medicines upon the poor beast clearly understood2 yet there are few persons who in their own estimation are not able to vanquish the many diseases to which the dog is liable4 ,about every stable are to be met crowds of uneducated loiterers1 possessors of recipes and owners of specifics1 eager to advise and confident of success4 ,i seldom send a diseased dog into the park for exercise1 that my servant does not return to me with messages which strangers have volunteered how to cure the animal4 ,i hear of medicines that never fail1 and of processes that always afford relief4 ,persons often of the upper rank honor me with secret communications which in their opinion are of inestimable value2 ladies frequently entreat me to try particular nostrums1 and sportsmen not seldom command me to do things which ,i am obliged to decline4 ,in fact1 the man who shall attempt to treat the diseases of the dog1 will have no little annoyance to surmount4 ,he will soon discover that science unfortunately can afford him but partial help1 while prejudice on every side increases the difficulties with which he will have to contend4 ,happily1 however1 the majority of pretended cures are harmless4 ,a roll of sulphur in the animal's water may be permitted1 since it amuses the proprietor while it does not injure his dog4 ,some of these domestic recipes1 nevertheless1 are far from harmless1 and they are the more to be deprecated1 because those which most people would imagine to be safe are the very ones which are attended with the greatest danger4 ,common salt is a poison to the dog2 tobacco is the source of many a death in the kennel2 castor oil often does the ill which months of care are needed to efface1 even if the life be not destroyed4 ,in the majority of cases vomits are far from beneficial2 bleeding is very seldom required1 and the warm bath has sealed the doom of innumerable animals4 ,the foregoing observations will have informed the reader of the reasons that prompt the publication of the present work1 which is put forth only as a step towards the point the author does not yet pretend to have fully attained4 ,the study of years will be required to perfect that which is now commenced1 and further experience will probably demand the retraction of many of the opinions herein advanced4 ,the reader will understand1 the author in the present work asserts only that which he now believes4 ,it must not be imagined1 however positive may read the language in which his sentiments are expressed1 that the writer is pledged to uphold any of the conclusions at which he may have arrived2 knowledge is in its nature progressive1 and canine pathology is not yet clearly made out4 ,the advantages which accompany the study of anatomy1 physiology1 and therapeutics have yet to be more largely applied to the diseases of the dog1 and until this has been accomplished1 science1 not reposing upon truth1 will be constantly subjected to change4 ,the present work1 therefore1 will be accepted only as a contribution to veterinary literature1 and its contents will be viewed as doing nothing more than declaring the temporary convictions of one1 who1 desirous of truth1 does not conceal that his mind is oppressed by many doubts4 ,in the following pages advantage will be freely taken of the labours of those authors who have written upon the subject2 nor must it be supposed1 because the writer may feel himself obliged to dissent from1 he therefore undervalues the genius of ,blaine or ,youatt4 ,before ,blaine collected and arranged the knowledge which existed concerning the diseases of the dog1 canine pathology1 as a separate or distinct branch of veterinary science1 hardly existed4 ,the task he accomplished2 but if after the lapse of years some of his opinions are found to be unsound1 and some of his statements discovered to require correction1 these circumstances may be regarded as the natural consequences of progression1 while they in no way deteriorate from the honor due to his name4 ,youatt enlarged and softened the teaching of his master1 and by the liberality of his communications1 and the gentleness of his example1 improved and adorned the science to which he was attached4 ,to others than these two great men ,i have no obligations to acknowledge4 ,for their memories ,i take the opportunity of expressing the highest respect1 and confess that to their instruction is fairly due any novelty which the present pages may contain2 since but for those advantages their teaching afforded1 it is more than doubtful if ,i had perceived the facts herein made known4 ,before any mention is made of the diseases of the dog1 it will be proper to take some notice of the temperament of the animal1 as without regarding this the best selected medicines1 or the most assiduous attention1 may be of no avail4 ,any one who will observe the animal will soon be made aware of its excessive irritability4 ,the nervous system in this creature is largely developed1 and1 exerting an influence over all its actions1 gives character to the beast4 ,the brain of the dog is seldom in repose1 for even when asleep the twitching of the legs and the suppressed sounds which it emits inform us that it is dreaming4 ,no animal is more actuated by the power of imagination4 ,who is there that has not seen the dog mistake objects during the dusk of the evening8 ,delirium usually precedes its death1 and nervous excitability is the common accompaniment of most of its disorders4 ,to diseases of a cerebral or spinal character it is more liable than is any other domesticated animal4 ,its very bark is symbolical of its temperament1 and its mode of attack energetically declares the excitability of its nature4 ,the most fearful of all the diseases to which it is exposed 7rabies71 is essentially of a nervous character1 and there are few of its disorders which do not terminate with symptoms indicative of cranial disturbance4 ,this tendency to cerebral affections will1 if properly considered1 suggest those casual and appropriate acts which the dog in affliction may require1 and which it would be impossible for any author fully to describe4 ,gentleness should at all times be practised2 but to be truly gentle the reader must understand it is imperative to be firm4 ,hesitation1 to an irritable being1 is1 or soon becomes1 positive torture4 ,he who would attend upon the dog must be able to command his feeling1 and1 whatever fear he may be conscious of1 he must have power to conceal his emotion4 ,the hand slowly and cautiously advanced1 to be hastily retracted1 is nearly certain to be bitten4 ,whatever therefore is attempted should be done with at least the appearance of confidence1 and the determination of the man will1 in the generality of cases1 check the disposition of the beast4 ,there should be no wrestling or fighting4 ,the practitioner should so prepare his acts as to prevent the dog in the first instance from effectually resisting1 and the animal mastered at the commencement is usually afterwards submissive4 ,if1 however1 from any cause1 the primary attempt should not be effective1 the attendant1 rather than provoke a contest which can be productive of no beneficial result1 should for a brief period retire1 and after a little time he may with better success renew his purpose4 ,strange dogs are not easily examined in their own homes1 especially if they be favorites and their indulgent owners are present4 ,like spoiled children1 the beasts seem to be aware of all the advantages which the affections of their master give to their humors4 ,they will assume so much1 and play such antics1 as renders it impossible to arrive at any just conclusion as to the actual state of their health4 ,dogs in fact are great impostors1 and he who has had much to do with them soon learns how cunningly the pampered toy of the drawing-room can sham4 ,for deception1 consequently1 it is necessary to be prepared1 and practice quickly teaches us to distinguish between what is real and that which is assumed4 ,the exertion1 however1 required to feign disturbs the system1 and the struggle which always accompanies the act renders it frequently impossible to make the necessary observation with requisite nicety4 ,petted dogs are1 therefore1 best examined away from their homes1 and in the absence of any one who has been in the habit of caressing them4 ,frequently ,i have found it of no avail to attempt the examination of these creatures at the residences of their owners2 but the same animals brought to my surgery have1 without a struggle1 allowed me to take what liberties ,i pleased4 ,i usually carry such dogs into a room by myself1 and commence by quickly but gently lifting them off their legs and throwing them upon their backs4 ,this appears to take the creatures by surprise1 and a little assurance soon allays any fear which the action may have excited4 ,the dog seldom after resists1 but permits itself to be freely handled4 ,should1 however1 any disposition to bite be exhibited1 the hand ought immediately to grasp the throat1 nor should the hold be relinquished until the creature is fully convinced of the inutility of its malice1 and thoroughly assured that no injury is intended towards it4 ,a few kind words1 and the absence of anything approaching to severity1 will generally accomplish the latter object in a short period1 and confidence being gained1 the brute seldom violates the contract4 ,dogs are intelligent and honorable creatures1 and no man will have reason to regret who teaches himself to trust in their better qualities4 ,i have hitherto1 in a great measure1 escaped their teeth1 and being slow and infirm1 my good fortune certainly cannot be attributed to my activity4 ,kindness and consideration work upon animals2 nor do ,i believe there are many of the lower creatures that will not appreciate such appeals4 ,it is better1 therefore1 to work upon the sympathetic nature of the brute1 than to compete with it in strength1 or endeavor to outvie it in agility4 ,manual dexterity will often fail1 and is seldom employed save when danger is present4 ,mental supremacy appealing to the source of action ensures safety1 by subduing1 not the resistance1 but the desire to resist4 ,it is easy to ascertain when the dog has regained that tranquillity which would allow of its being trusted with security4 ,the eye need alone be consulted1 and a little observation will speedily instruct any one to read its meaning correctly4 ,when the creature is irritated1 the pupil invariably dilates1 and by singly marking this circumstance1 the temper of the beast may be correctly ascertained4 ,nor should caution be discarded until the contracted circle assures that the agitation has passed away4 ,with the smaller kind of spaniels and the generality of petted animals1 the indications of the eye may be depended upon2 but with the more robust and less familiarized species it is safest to take some precaution1 even1 while the sign of sagacity is exhibited4 ,certain dogs1 those of coarse breeds and large size1 are exceedingly treacherous1 and sometimes are not safe even to their masters4 ,creatures of this kind are1 however1 usually as devoid of courage as they are deficient of magnanimity2 and by the display of resolution are to be readily subdued4 ,when1 however1 really sick1 there are few dogs which may not be approached4 ,under such circumstances1 the utmost gentleness should be employed4 ,the stranger should advance quietly1 and not bustle rudely up to the animal4 ,he should speak to it in accents of commiseration1 which will be better comprehended than the majority of reasonable beings may be willing to admit4 ,the hand after a little while should be quietly offered to the dog to smell1 and that ceremony being ended1 the pulse may be taken1 or any other necessary observation made1 without dread of danger4 ,every consideration1 however1 ought to be given to the condition of the beast4 ,no violence on any account should be indulged2 it is better to be ignorant of symptoms than to aggravate the disorder by attempting to ascertain their existence4 ,if the brain should be affected1 or the nervous system sympathetically involved1 silence is absolutely imperative4 ,no chirping or loud talking ought under such circumstances to be allowed1 and the animal should not be carried into the light for the purpose of inspecting it4 ,the real condition of the patient1 and the extent or nature of its disease1 will be best discovered by silently watching the animal for some time1 and attentively noting those actions which rarely fail to point out the true seat of the disorder4 ,consequently manual interference is the less needed1 and in numerous instances ,i have1 when the creature has appeared to be particularly sensitive to being handled1 trusted to visible indications1 and done so with perfect success4 ,the hand certainly can confirm the eye1 but the mind1 properly directed1 can often read sufficient without the aid of a single sense4 ,having made the foregoing remarks1 which the intelligence of the reader will readily enlarge1 it will next be necessary to describe in what way the dog should be examined4 ,simple as this operation may appear1 it is one which few persons properly comprehend2 and as upon it everything depends1 it will not be out of place to devote a few lines to its explanation4 ,the dog1 in the first place1 should be permitted to run about1 released from every restraint1 or only so far confined as is necessary to prevent his escape from the limits of observation4 ,no attempt should be made to attract the animal's attention1 but the practitioner1 seating himself in one corner1 ought to be perfectly still and silent4 ,the way in which the creature moves2 whether it roams about1 stands motionless1 appears restless or indifferent1 avoids the light1 seems desirous of companionship1 or huddles itself into some place as far as possible removed from inspection2 whether it crouches down1 curls itself round1 sits upon its haunches1 turns round and round trying to bite its tail1 drags itself along the floor1 or lies stretched out either upon its side or belly2 in what manner the head is carried1 and to what part it is directed2 if any particular place is licked1 bitten1 or scratched2 if thirst is great1 or the dog by scenting about shows an inclination for food2 the nature of the breathing1 the expression of the countenance1 the appearance of the coat1 and the general condition of the body1 should all be noted down4 ,when such points have been observed1 the animal is addressed by name1 and attempts may be made to approach and to caress it2 the way in which it responds1 submits to1 or resents such advances being carefully remarked4 ,the dog may then be handled4 ,the eyes and their membrane are inspected1 to see if the one be dull or moistened by any discharge1 and if the other be reddened1 pallid1 yellow1 or discolored4 ,the ears are next felt around1 their edges lifted to discover if any blackened wax or soreness be present in their convolutions1 and slightly squeezed to ascertain if any crackling sensation is communicated to the fingers1 or sign of pain evinced by the animal4 ,the nose is now to be remarked4 ,if it be moist or dry2 and if dry1 whether it is at all encrusted4 ,the back of the hand or side of the cheek should be applied to the part to ascertain its temperature4 ,the lips should next be raised1 and the state of their lining membrane1 with the condition of the teeth1 observed4 ,the jaws should then be separated1 that the tongue may be seen sufficiently to note its color1 and the breath smelt4 ,the hand should subsequently be passed over the head and along the back1 to feel the hair1 and discover whether there exist any sore places or tumors concealed beneath it4 ,the coat may now be generally examined1 to find whether in any part the covering is thin or deficient4 ,its firmness should afterwards be tried1 and the itchiness of the skin tested by the nails1 as well as its thickness and pliancy ascertained between the fingers4 ,the hand should also be applied to the throat1 and carried along the course of the windpipe1 feeling for any swelling of the salivary glands1 or enlargement of the thyroid4 ,it is next passed to the abdomen1 and the inferior part of the cavity is gently pressed upwards1 to ascertain if the rectus abdominis muscle be contracted1 or the animal shows symptoms of tenderness4 ,the abdomen may subsequently be kneaded between the fingers4 ,the amount of fat should not be unnoticed1 nor should the firmness of the muscles pass unobserved4 ,when all this is accomplished1 the dog is laid upon its side or back1 and the tail being elevated1 the anus is inspected and felt1 to see whether it be inflamed or protruded1 and to feel if it be indurated or thickened4 ,the feet are now taken up1 and the length and shape of the nails1 with the condition of the dew claws1 inspected1 to see whether they are growing into the flesh1 or by their shortness indicate the animal has been accustomed to healthful exercise4 ,the pad and web also receive a glance4 ,if the animal be a male1 the prepuce is first pressed and then withdrawn1 to perceive if any discharge be present1 or if the lining membrane be inflamed or ulcerated4 ,should it be a bitch1 the vulva are inspected1 to observe if they are moistened by any exudation1 or if they are swollen and excited by the touch4 ,they are separated to observe the color of the lining membrane4 ,the mamm are then felt1 to know if the animal has ever borne pups1 or if any of them are hardened4 ,at the same time the parts are squeezed1 to discover whether or not they contain milk4 ,such is a general description of the manner of proceeding1 but there are many possibilities which the above directions1 lengthy and minute as they may read1 do not include4 ,such1 for instance1 as hernia1 and disease of the testicle or scrotum4 ,all1 however1 it would not be necessary to describe at length1 and the foregoing instructions will lead the eye to any extraordinary appearances should they exist4 ,the experienced practitioner probably will do less than is here set down1 being educated to a promptitude which enables him to leap as it were at once to those parts which deserve his attention4 ,for such the above is not intended2 but he who has not made the dog his special study1 will certainly find his advantage in going through the whole ceremony2 nor will the most experienced practitioner habitually neglect any portion of it1 without having cause to lament his inattention4 ,to examine the dog properly1 is perhaps even more difficult than to perform the same office upon the horse1 and certainly it is a duty which there are few persons qualified to discharge4 ,having spoken of the proper manner of examining the animal1 before ,i proceed to describe its diseases1 ,i shall touch upon some of those matters which are essential to its health4 ,it will1 however1 be understood that ,i do not here pretend to treat of hounds1 which for the most part are well attended to1 and fed1 exercised1 c41 according to the judgment of the individual entrusted with the superintendence of the kennel4 ,little probably could be written which would materially amend the condition of these creatures2 but petted and housed dogs are commonly treated after a fashion with which judgment has nothing to do4 ,persons are indulgent to their animals1 and imagine that they are also kind1 when too often they oppose the dictates of their reason to gratify the weakness of their momentary impulses4 ,a little reflection will convince such people that humanity does not consist in the yielding to every expression of desire4 ,the dog1 in a state of nature1 being carnivorous1 and obliged to hunt for its food1 in all probability would not feed every day2 certainly it would seldom make more than one meal in twenty-four hours4 ,when the prey was caught1 it would be torn to pieces1 and with the flesh much earth would be swallowed4 ,the animal1 however1 is now to be regarded as subjected to man2 but while so viewing it1 nothing will be lost by keeping in sight its primitive habits4 ,the dog can fast for a great number of days4 ,abstinence for forty-eight hours seldom injures it2 but it is a practice which ought not to be too frequently adopted1 as by its repetition the digestion is weakened4 ,one meal1 however1 is sufficient1 in every case1 for the twenty-four hours4 ,animals not worked1 but kept as favourites1 or allowed only to range at pleasure1 should not have any meat1 nor be permitted to consume any large quantity of fatty substances4 ,butter1 fat1 or grease1 soon renders the skin of the dog diseased and its body gross4 ,milk1 fine bread1 cakes1 or sugar1 are better far for children1 and can be on the human race bestowed with advantage2 while given to the brute they are apt to generate disorders1 which a long course of medicine will not in every case eradicate4 ,beer1 wine1 or spirits1 all of which the dog can be induced to drink1 show rather the master's ignorance than the creature's liking4 ,nice food1 or that which a human being would so consider1 is in fact not fitted to support the dog in health4 ,it may appear offensive to ladies when they behold their favourites gorge rankly1 but ,nature has wisely ordained that her numerous children should1 by their difference of appetite1 consume the produce of earth4 ,the dog1 therefore1 can enjoy and thrive upon that which man thinks of with disgust2 but our reason sees in this circumstance no facts worthy of our exclamation4 ,the animal seeking the provender its ,creator formed its appetite to relish1 is not necessarily filthy or unclean2 but could dogs write books1 probably the opinions of these beasts upon many of the made dishes and tit-bits of the fashionable circles1 would be opposed to the ideas which delicate epicures entertain concerning such luxurious fare4 ,the spaniel which1 bloated with sweets1 escapes from the drawing-room to amuse itself with a blackened bone picked from a dung-hill1 follows but the inclination of its kind2 and while tearing with its teeth the dirt-begrimed morsels1 it is1 according to its nature1 daintily employed4 ,could we read its thoughts1 probably the perverse little pet1 even while it is provoking its mistress's horror1 is reflecting upon the nasty trash which the human stomach can endure1 and upon the tempting relishes which mankind know not1 like dogs1 how to appreciate4 ,an occasional bone and a little dirt are beneficial to the canine race1 while food nicely minced and served on plates is calculated to do harm4 ,such keep fattens to excess1 destroys activity1 renders the bowels costive1 and causes the teeth to be encrusted with tartar4 ,a bone is of great service to the animal1 which cannot employ a tooth-brush2 and the larger it be and the less meat upon it1 the better it will prove for little high-fed favorites4 ,a dog in strong health may digest an occasional meal of bones2 but the pet has generally a weak and often a diseased stomach1 which would be irritated by what would otherwise do it no harm4 ,the animal1 nevertheless1 true to its instinct1 has always an inclination to swallow such substances1 provided its teeth can break off a piece of a size fitted for deglutition4 ,game and chicken-bones1 which are readily crushed1 should therefore be withheld1 for not infrequently is choking caused by pieces sticking in the oesophagus2 though more often is vomiting induced by irritation of the stomach1 or serious impactment of the posterior intestine ensues upon the feebleness of the digestion4 ,the bone1 therefore1 should be large1 and on it there should be nothing which the knife can remove4 ,it ought to be thrown upon the earth1 and the animal should be allowed to gnaw it at leisure4 ,during the act1 a considerable quantity of earth and saliva will be swallowed1 and little actual food be added to an already loaded stomach4 ,in all points of view the animal is benefited4 ,the soil is always slightly alkaline1 and so is the saliva2 any undue acidity is by both in some measure counteracted2 but the earth is also of further service4 ,food too highly or purely nutritive will not support life2 but to render it healthy1 a certain quantity of indigestible or refuse matter is imperative4 ,the latter portion acts mechanically as a stimulant to the intestines1 and hence1 gentlemen by choice consume bread in which a portion of the husk is mingled1 finding it prevents the costiveness that the baker's best induces4 ,dogs are here very like men1 but they require more of the mixture than the human being could bear4 ,the animals1 therefore1 should not be fed off plates4 ,the better practice is to take the day's allowance and throw it upon the ground1 letting the beast eat it with what addition it may please4 ,neither should the nature of the food itself be disregarded4 ,oatmeal or ship-biscuit ought always to be given1 if alone the better1 else rice upon which gravy has been poured4 ,meat1 when allowed1 should be lean1 and the coarser the better4 ,paunch or tripe is excellent food for dogs1 and for a continuance ,i have found nothing agree so well4 ,horse-flesh or any such filth is never to be allowed2 this kind of food being very apt to generate diseases of the skin4 ,dogs will thrive on liver1 but it is too valuable an article of diet for these creatures to be regularly given4 ,when only occasionally administered it has a well-marked laxative property1 and on this account will often be of service in rendering needless the use of medicinal agents4 ,in the raw state1 if the animal will take it1 its action is more powerful2 but after it has been boiled it generally is sufficiently operative4 ,the meat1 whatever it may be1 should1 for animals not in work1 be boiled1 raw flesh being more stimulative than their comparatively idle pursuits demand4 ,such animals1 in fact1 may be said to lead sedentary lives1 and their diet must be lowered to suit their habits4 ,for the pointer1 c41 during the season1 raw flesh is actually to be preferred1 nor should the quantity be limited4 ,the exertion is great1 and the utmost indulgence in this respect will seldom do harm2 but my own experience teaches me that the sporting dog is often crippled by being under-fed4 ,it cannot consume too much1 neither can that much be too nourishing1 especially if the country to be shot over is of a hilly nature4 ,it is one of the prejudices of most men to believe that a feed of oats to the horse1 or a meal of flesh to the dog1 just before starting1 gives strength for the labor which is to be endured4 ,we cannot1 however1 make strength as beds are made1 at any moment1 but the invigoration of a living body must be the result of a slow and a long process4 ,on the day of work it is of less consequence what food is given than is the diet which has been allowed the many previous weeks4 ,regularity in the hour of feeding should equally be observed2 and if this matter be generally attended to1 there will be no danger of its being forgotten1 since dogs' stomachs are excellent time-keepers1 and the brutes are not by any delicacy of feeling restrained from asking4 ,the hour1 after a little while1 will always for the sake of peace be kept1 and the animals will soon learn the rules to which they are subjected4 ,for home-kept dogs there is no possibility of stating the quantity of food that ought to be allowed4 ,no two animals in this respect are alike4 ,one eats much1 and its fellow consumes but little2 yet the small feeder in most cases thrives the best even where neither is stinted4 ,the quantity1 therefore1 cannot be measured4 ,the only rule to be observed is1 that there be enough placed before the animal at a stated hour4 ,let him eat of this till the slackening of the jaws' movement and the raising of the head indicate that hunger has been for the present appeased4 ,so soon as this is remarked the food ought to be withdrawn4 ,on no account should the creature be allowed to gorge to repletion1 or eat after its healthy craving has been satisfied4 ,while the dog eats it should therefore be watched2 and this custom works well1 as the failure of the appetite often gives to the attendant the earliest indication of disease4 ,the dog that neglects its day's allowance should not be coaxed to feed1 but ought to be left alone for some minutes1 or until its companions have finished their meal4 ,it should then be examined1 and if nothing can be detected1 perhaps the abstinence of a day may restore it4 ,until the proper hour arrives on the following day1 nothing ought to be given to the animal1 nor should any inclination on its part for food be noticed4 ,where eating is concerned1 dogs have lively sympathies4 ,the animal which at its own kennel has feasted to satiety1 will wake from its digestive slumber to taste anything of which it sees its master partaking4 ,these creatures are so peculiarly sensitive in this respect1 that they will do violence to their feelings rather than be left out when eating is going forward4 ,dogs moreover are most pertinacious beggars1 and they soon learn the cunning of the trade4 ,on no account should they be permitted to frequent the kitchen4 ,if properly reared1 they will be rigidly honest1 but1 like the audacious cats1 they offer a ready excuse to dishonest kitchen-maids1 who will sometimes do injury by subjecting the animal to undeserved chastisement4 ,where the servants are trustworthy this danger will not arise2 but good servants mostly have tender hearts1 and dogs have a peculiar tact in appealing to female weaknesses4 ,however strict may be the orders1 and however sincere may be the disposition to observe them1 bits will fall1--scraps will be thrown down1--dishes will be placed upon the ground1 and sometimes affection will venture to offer just the little piece1 which no one could call feeding4 ,it is astonishing how much will in this way be picked up1 for the dog that lies most before the kitchen fire is generally the fattest1 laziest1 and at feeding time the best behaved of his company4 ,consequently no dog should be allowed to enter the kitchen1 for their arts in working upon mortal frailty can only be met by insisting on their absence4 ,the dog that is well fed and not crammed1 should not refuse bread when it is offered4 ,if this be rejected1 while sugar is eagerly snapped up1 it will be pretty certain that the animal is either too much indulged1 or that its health requires attention4 ,some writers recommend pot-liquor for dogs4 ,it is not advisable to use this4 ,the water in which salt meat has been boiled ought never to be employed4 ,greens are not nutritious1 but they often purge2 and if the animal will eat them1 they can sometimes be given when liver cannot be obtained4 ,potatoes will1 with other substances1 agree with animals not required for work1 but the rice ,i have recommended will be found for general purposes the best1 and not the most expensive food upon which the animal can be sustained4 ,persons having lap-dogs will moreover find the keep upon rice1 properly seasoned1 or soaked in gravy1 less liable to render these creatures strong or tainted than the provender which is choicely selected from the joint provided for the family dinner4 ,the warm meat too often presented to these creatures is apt to enfeeble their digestions2 for their stomachs are soon deranged1 and they never should be allowed to taste any kind of food which is not perfectly cold4 ,the food for diseased dogs should be prepared with extreme care1 and no disregard of cleanliness2 in fact1 it should in every respect be such as a human being could partake of1 provided the ingredients were not repugnant to his taste4 ,sickness cannot be relieved without trouble1 and in many cases an animal requires as much attention as a child4 ,to gain success1 neither time1 labor1 nor expense must be begrudged2 but the attendant must be assiduous and the cook skilful4 ,nothing smoked or burnt1 no refuse or tainted flesh1 must on any account be made use of4 ,the meat may be coarse1 but it should be fresh and wholesome4 ,dirty saucepans or dishes ought not to be employed2 and so very important are these circumstances1 that the practitioner who engages in dog practice will often surprise his acquaintances by being seen at market1 or busied over the fire4 ,beef tea is one of the articles which in extreme cases is of great service4 ,few servants1 however1 make it properly1 and when a dog is concerned there are fewer still who will credit that any pains should be bestowed upon the decoction4 ,i generally either prepare it myself or superintend the person who undertakes that office1 and not unfrequently give serious offence by my officiousness2 or1 spite of studious attention1 fail in procuring that which ,i desire4 ,still1 as in the last extremity food is even of more importance than medicine1 my anxiety cannot be conquered by such schooling1 and ,i am therefore content to bear the sneers of those who cannot understand my motives4 ,to make beef-tea properly1 take a pound and a half of coarse1 lean beef3 that cut from the neck or round is best4 ,the leg does not answer so well1 however excellent it may be for soup4 ,the rump steak is good for the purpose1 but no better than other and cheaper parts2 though ,i often use it when nothing else can be obtained so well suited for this beverage4 ,let the flesh be carefully separated from every portion of skin or fat1 and chopped as fine as for sausage meat--the smaller the better--it cannot be too minutely minced4 ,without washing it1 put the flesh into a clean saucepan1 with a pint of water1 and so place it upon the fire that it will be half an hour at least before it boils4 ,when it boils1 allow it to remain in that state for ten minutes1 and then remove it1 pouring off the liquor1 which should be set aside to cool4 ,when cold1 any fat upon the surface should be removed1 and1 no salt or seasoning of any kind being added1 the beef-tea is fit for use4 ,to the meat1 which has been drained of moisture1 the skin and fat may now be added and a pint and a half of water1 which should be allowed to boil till it is reduced to a pint4 ,this being set aside and afterwards cleared of fat1 will be of some service if used instead of water when the next potion is required2 and there is no limitation in the quantity which may be needed4 ,besides beef-tea1 wheaten flour1 oatmeal1 arrow-root1 starch1 biscuit powdered1 and ground rice are also to be employed4 ,these are to be mixed with water1 or more often with beef-tea1 and boiled2 but for sick animals the compound should not be made too thick4 ,the ordinary consistence of gruel will be about the proper substance1 and a little only should be administered every hour or half-hour1 as the case may require4 ,from half a pint to a quart1 divided so as to allow of a portion being given at the stated periods1 will be sufficient for a large or small animal1 the quantity being proportioned to the size4 ,when the creature is so far exhausted that it is no longer willing or able to lap1 the nourishment should be administered by means of a tube passed down the throat or into the oesophagus2 for if given with a spoon1 as the breathing is always disturbed1 the consequence may be fatal1 from the fluid being drawn into the lungs4 ,the food should always be made fresh every morning2 and none left from the previous day ought on any account to be mixed with it1 more especially if the weather be at all warm4 ,these directions may to some appear needlessly particular2 but so rapid are the terminations of canine diseases1 and so acute are they in their development1 that while the tax upon the patience is not likely to be of long duration1 the care demanded during their existence must be unremitting4 ,exercise is next to food1 and if of one dogs generally have too much1 of the other few have enough4 ,in towns1 if dogs are kept1 a chain and collar should always be at hand4 ,the servants should be ordered to take the creatures out whenever they go upon their errands1 and an occasional free journey with the master will be a treat which will be the more enjoyed because of the habit thus enforced4 ,washing dogs is not a custom deserving of half the consideration which is bestowed upon it4 ,the operation is not so necessary as it is generally imagined4 ,soap and water make the hair look white2 but the coat usually becomes soiled the quicker because of their employment4 ,the use of alkalies1 soda1 or potash1 in the water1 renders the immediate effects more conspicuous2 but unfortunately these substances also make the after-consequences more vexatious4 ,they take the sebaceous or unctuous secretion from the coat4 ,the skin is deprived of its natural protector in this animal2 the cuticle grows weak and dry4 ,the hair is rendered rough2 is prepared to catch the dirt2 and not unfrequently the skin itself1 by nature striving to counteract the effect of its deprivation1 pours forth a secretion that aids in causing it to appear foul4 ,above all1 the warmth1 so repeatedly and often inhumanly applied to the entire surface of the body1 debilitates the system of the creature1 and generates in the long run certain disease1 even if by the drying immediate disorder be not engendered4 ,the warm-bath to the dog is peculiarly debilitating1 and the heat which the hand of a cook would endure with a sense of comfort1 will sometimes cause the dog to faint4 ,panting is a sign of sensible weakness in this animal1 and few of these creatures are washed without exhibiting it4 ,if washing is insisted upon1 the water should never be warm1 and in cold weather only should the chill be taken off4 ,the soap ought to be of the mildest quality2 but the yelk of an egg is much to be preferred1 and in its effects is every way more beneficial where the hair1 either of man or beast must be cleansed4 ,a small dog will require the yelk of one egg2 and a ,newfoundland the yelks of a dozen eggs4 ,the yelks are to be separated from the whites and smeared well into the hair4 ,a little water is then to be poured upon the back1 and the hand is to be rubbed upon the coat till a lather covers the body1 after which the hair may be cleared by copious ablutions4 ,this process is much to be preferred1 and the dog dislikes it far less than when soaps are employed4 ,his eyes are not made to smart1 or his skin to burn1 and if he tastes the substance he does not therefore sicken4 ,moreover1 when the business is ended1 even if some portion of the egg should cling to his hair he will not on that account neglect his personal appearance4 ,the coat will be found to look bright1 and to remain clean for a longer period than after the adoption of the customary thoughtless process4 ,washing1 however1 is not constantly required1 if a dog be kept combed and brushed every morning1 and does not reside in a very filthy locality4 ,a little dirt after a walk is easily removed1 if it be allowed to dry perfectly1 and the hair is then rubbed and picked by the hand of its attendant1 when the comb will complete the proceeding4 ,a bath every morning does the generality of dogs good2 but it should be cold1 and the animal ought not to be punished by having its head submerged4 ,it should be plunged up to the neck1 the head being held above the surface4 ,while in the water the coat should be well rubbed with the hand1 that every portion of the hair may become thoroughly soaked4 ,this over1 no attempt should be made to dry the dog1 for that is not by any industry to be perfectly accomplished4 ,neither ought the dog to be wrapped up1 placed before the fire1 or suffered to lie about1 which it is always by a sense of discomfort induced to do1 if not made to move4 ,the animal ought immediately to be started for a scamper1 and never allowed to remain quiescent until its activity has driven every trace of moisture from its body4 ,not until this is thoroughly effected should the creature be brought in-doors1 or be suffered to rest for a moment4 ,if healthy it will require little exertion on its attendant's part to make it jump and run about2 but some of these little animals have to carry a burthen of fat which no sense of uneasiness can provoke them to move under of their free wills4 ,an active lad with a chain may1 in these last cases1 be of much use2 but he should be told to exercise his charge in some spot open to the master's eye1 else the boy may play while the animal shivers4 ,some dogs show a great dislike to1 strenuously fighting with1 the collar and chain2 others will exhibit the most piteous distress1 by squatting upon their hocks1 and whining1 while they pant vehemently1 and look imploringly up to the face of their leader4 ,the first are probably not aware of the intention of the bonds to which they are subjected1 and should not be harshly rebuked4 ,the voice ought to assure them1 and means be resorted to calculated to allay their fears4 ,gentleness and firmness will in two or three days render such animals perfectly submissive for ever after4 ,the last kind are rank impostors4 ,no one not familiar with these animals would credit the arts which they can with such excellent effect and apparent genuineness practise to gain their ends4 ,they have been used to be carried1 and they prefer riding in the arms of a human being4 ,their insinuating tricks ought to be rewarded only by laughter1 accompanied with an admonition4 ,dogs are very intelligent4 ,they understand much more than men choose to give them credit for4 ,their pride is enormous1 and through this feeling they are easily moved4 ,laughter1 when directed against himself1 no dog can endure1 and the slightest reprimand is always answered by an immediate change of aspect4 ,rather than have their dignity offended1 dogs will quickly become honest1 especially when deceit is experienced to be of no avail4 ,people who are physiognomists may detect this sentiment impressed upon the countenance4 ,upon the next page is a portrait of a ,mastiff4 ,mark the absolute ,asiatic dignity1 only outwardly slurred over by a heedlessness of behaviour4 ,does it not seem as though the creature1 through very pride reposing upon strength1 was above forms8 ,who could think of laughing at such gravity8 ,would it not be like ridiculing nature to insult one who has such outward claims to our respect8 ,sporting dogs will always take the exercise that is beneficial1 and for such the cold bath is much to be recommended4 ,only in skin diseases should the tepid bath be resorted to4 ,it is of much service when the skin is hot and inflamed1 but after it1 exercise ought not to be neglected4 ,for healthy animals the hot or warm bath should never be employed2 but the sea is frequently as beneficial to dogs as to their owners2 only always bearing in mind that the head should be preserved dry4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,mastiff4 ,vermin often are very troublesome to dogs1 and ,i have known these animals destroyed because their owners were ignorant of the process by which the annoyance might have been readily conquered4 ,there are many powerful drugs recommended by different writers to effect this end2 but though all of them are sufficiently potent to annihilate the parasite1 most of them are also strong enough to kill the dog4 ,when fleas are numerous1 the dog must be taken from the place where it has been accustomed to sleep4 ,the bed must be entirely removed1 and the kennel sluiced--not merely washed--with boiling water1 after which it ought to be painted over with spirits of turpentine4 ,the dog itself ought to be washed with eggs and water1 as before directed2 but with the yelk of every egg a teaspoonful of spirits of turpentine should be blended4 ,after this1 the animal should have pine shavings to sleep upon1 and if these are frequently renewed1 the annoyance will seldom be again complained of4 ,as1 however1 exceptional cases will always start up1 should the tribe not be entirely dispersed1 the washing must be repeated2 or if from want of time or other cause it be inconvenient to renew that operation1 a little powdered camphor rubbed into the coat will mostly abate and often eradicate the nuisance4 ,lice often cover the body of the dog1 and especially crowd upon its head around the eyes and lips4 ,there need be no dread of their presence1 since these vermin will not live upon the human being1 though similar to the kind which will4 ,when they are perceived1 the dog should be carried into some place in which grease stains are not of much consequence4 ,it ought then to be covered with castor oil till the hair is completely saturated4 ,in this state it should be allowed to remain at least twelve hours1 at the expiration of which time the oil may be removed with yelk of eggs and water3 only an additional number of eggs will be required4 ,as to the quantity of castor oil which may be necessary1 a moderate-sized dog with a long coat will require about a pound1 and a large ,newfoundland four times that amount4 ,the process1 as might be anticipated1 operates upon the bowels2 but ,i have never found it to do so with any dangerous power2 on the contrary1 the laxative effect is generally in these cases beneficial4 ,medicine to the dog requires to be administered with caution4 ,the nostrums which are so particularly recommended by grooms and farriers ought never to be made use of4 ,the veterinary surgeon is less likely to commit error2 but there are1 however1 few of the profession who devote attention to the dog with the zeal which the comprehension of its diseases and their treatment demand4 ,huntsmen and gamekeepers are generally from practical experience not altogether inapt dog doctors1 where the larger and more robust kind of animal is to be treated1 but for the smaller and petted species these persons ought not to be consulted4 ,many of their receipts are harsh--not a few of them inoperative--and some even dangerous2 while all for the most part are pushed down at random1 or in total ignorance of any effect the agents employed may induce beyond the intended one of doing good or working a certain cure4 ,nevertheless1 with the kind of animals generally entrusted to their charge1 such persons are so far successful that1 in the absence of better advice1 they deserve to be consulted for the larger species of dogs4 ,the human physician will also1 on occasions1 be enabled to prescribe advantageously for the canine race2 but not knowing the treatment of the diseases1 and the symptoms being too often deceptive1 the highest opinions are by no means to be absolutely relied upon4 ,dog-doctoring is1 in fact1 a separate branch of science so intricate as to call for intense study strengthened by constant observation4 ,no one not attached to the animal should attempt to master it1 for success in such a case would be hopeless4 ,the annoyances are so great that the patience is continually being tried2 and the facts on which reliance can be placed are so few1 that he who is content to depend upon the received assertions will never be able to realize his expectation4 ,nothing is more erroneous than to believe that there is any close analogy between man and the dog in the operation of medicinal substances4 ,aloes1 rhubarb1 c41 are not purgatives to the dog2 but castor oil1 which to the human being is a gentle laxative1 to the dog is an active purge2 while ,epsom salts are a violent hydragogue to the canine patient1 producing copious and watery stools4 ,common salt is in large doses a poison1 and in apparent small quantities is so strong an emetic as to be dangerous4 ,salivation speedily ensues upon the use of minute quantities of mercury1 which therefore cannot be considered safe in the hands of the general practitioner4 ,secale cornutum has little specific action beyond that of inducing vomiting2 and strychnia cannot be with security administered1 on account of its poisonous operation upon the animal4 ,other instances1 casting more than suspicion upon the inferences which every writer upon ,materia ,medica draws from the action of drugs given to dogs1 could easily be quoted1 but they would here be somewhat out of place2 and probably sufficient has been said to check a dangerous reliance upon results that admit of no positive deduction4 ,it is painful to peruse the experiments made especially by the ,french authors4 ,we read that so much of some particular agent caused death to a dog in such a period2 but he must be wise indeed who learns anything from statements of this kind4 ,the word dog represents animals of various sizes and very diverse constitutions2 therefore no conclusion can be drawn from an assertion that does not embrace every particular4 ,unfortunately1 however1 the operators think it no disgrace to their scientific attainments to put forth such loose and idle assertions2 nor do they seem to hold it derogatory to their intelligence that they assume to reach a show of certainty by experimentalising upon a creature about which1 as their reports bear witness1 they literally know nothing4 ,equally unsatisfactory are the surgical and physiological experiments made upon these creatures4 ,no results deduced from such acts can be of the slightest importance4 ,the anatomy of the dog is not by them generally understood4 ,there is no book upon this subject that is deserving of commendation2 and1 to instance the ignorance which prevails even in places where a superficial knowledge ought to exist1 ,i will mention but one circumstance4 ,at the ,royal ,veterinary ,college there is a professor of ,particular ,anatomy1 whose duty it is specially to instruct the pupils concerning the dog4 ,the lectures1 however1 embrace but little1 and that little is principally devoted to wandering remarks upon the osseous structure4 ,of the value of such teaching some opinion may be formed when the skeleton at the ,college actually exhibits the bones placed in wrong or unnatural situations4 ,after the proof thereby afforded1 with what reliance can any sane mind accept the awful declarations of those anatomists who1 upon the living bodies of these creatures1 have1 according to their own accounts1 exhibited a nicety and certainty of skill which the profoundest acquaintance with the various structures and parts would still leave incomprehensible8 ,such reports evidence only the presumptuous folly of individuals--the publication of such records testifies no more than the ignorance of the age4 ,to give medicine to the ,dog often creates more bustle than the magnitude of the creature appears to justify4 ,moreover1 if the parties concerned in the undertaking are not quite up to their business1 the animal1 which1 between its gasping1 howling1 and struggling1 will find time to bite1 increases the activity by provoking human exclamations4 ,i have known this species of confusion to have been continued for half an hour2 during which work was stopped in a forge1 and three brawny smiths joined a veterinary surgeon's efforts to give a pill to a little spaniel that could not have weighed above eight pounds4 ,the dog was beaten and hands were bitten1 but after all no pill was swallowed4 ,the result was the natural consequence of the manner of proceeding4 ,no man should contend with an animal1 and especially with a dog1 whose excitement soon renders it incapable of obedience4 ,with brutes of every kind1 if the mastery cannot1 by a bold stratagem1 be gained at once1 it should be only established through the confidence of the animal1 which a few acts of kindness will1 in the majority of cases1 easily win4 ,i have had dogs brought to me which seemed disposed rather to part with life than permit their jaws to be handled4 ,the poor beasts had been harshly used by the persons who had previously undertaken to treat them4 ,these creatures have remained with me1 and in a little time have grown so submissive that my shop-boy could with ease give any kind of physic which ,i ordered to be prepared4 ,firmness and kindness were the only stratagems ,i employed4 ,i took care never to give the dog a chance of mastery1 but while ensuring my victory1 ,i was careful that the conquest caused no sense of pain4 ,a few pats1 with a kind word1 and an occasional reward in the shape of a bit of meat1 induced the creature more willingly to submit when the next dose came round4 ,a small dog should be taken into the lap1 the person who is to give the physic being seated4 ,if the animal has learned to fight with its claws1 an assistant must kneel at the side of the chair and tightly hold them when the dog has been cast upon its back4 ,the left hand is then made to grasp the skull1 the thumb and fore finger being pressed against the cheeks so as to force them between the posterior molar teeth4 ,a firm hold of the head will thus be gained1 and the jaws are prevented from being closed by the pain which every effort to shut the mouth produces4 ,no time should be lost1 but the pill ought to be dropped as far as possible into the mouth1 and with the finger of the right hand it ought to be pushed the entire length down the throat4 ,this will not inconvenience the dog4 ,the epiglottis is of such a size that the finger does not excite a desire to vomit2 and the pharynx and oesophagus are so lax that the passage presents no obstruction4 ,illustration ,illustration ,when the finger is withdrawn1 the jaws ought to be clapped together1 and the attention of the creature diverted4 ,the tongue being protruded to lick the nose and lips will certify that the substance has been swallowed1 and after a caress or two the dog may be released4 ,large brutes1 however1 are not thus easily mastered4 ,creatures of this description must be cheated1 and they fortunately are not so naturally suspicious as those of the smaller kind4 ,for months ,i have thus deceived a huge1 ferocious1 but noble guardian of a yard1 who appeared incapable of conceiving that deception was being practised4 ,the dog bolts its food1 and1 unless the piece be of unusual size1 it is rarely masticated4 ,the more tempting the morsel1 the more eagerly is it gorged2 and a bit of juicy or fat meat1 cut so as to contain and cover the pill1 ensures its being swallowed4 ,medicine1 however1 which in this manner is to be administered1 ought to be perfectly devoid of smell1 or for a certainty the trick will be discovered4 ,indeed1 there are but few drugs possessed of odour which can be long used in dog practice1 and even those that are endowed with much taste cannot be continuously employed4 ,when the dog is very ill1 the intelligent beast becomes conscious of its danger1 and almost any kind or any form of medicine will be accepted4 ,there is no difficulty generally then2 but in chronic diseases1 that only vex the temper and scarcely lower the spirit1 the ingenuity will mostly need to be exerted4 ,some medicines1 however1 can be dissolved in the water2 others may be smeared upon the food2 and fortunately the majority of those drugs appropriate to slow and inveterate disorders admit of being thus exhibited4 ,fluids are perhaps more readily than solids given to dogs1 by the generality of inexperienced persons4 ,to administer liquids1 the jaws should not be forced open and the bottle emptied into the mouth1 as when this method is pursued the greater portion will be lost4 ,the animal's head being gently raised1 the corner of the mouth should be drawn aside1 so as to pull the cheek from the teeth4 ,a kind of funnel will thus be formed1 and into this a quantity of the medicine equal to its capacity should be poured4 ,after a little while the fluid will1 by its own gravity1 trickle into the pharynx1 and oblige the dog1 however unwilling it may be1 to swallow4 ,a second portion should then be given in the like way1 and thus1 little by little1 till the full dose is consumed4 ,often dogs treated in this fashion swallow a draught very expeditiously2 but others will remain a considerable time before they deglutate4 ,some1 spite of every precaution1 will manage to reject the greater part1 and others will not waste a drop4 ,the dexterity of the practitioner makes some difference2 but no skill can ensure the drink being taken4 ,patience1 however1 is here of most avail2 but when the mouth is full of fluid1 by gently separating the jaws the animal may be caused to deglutate4 ,illustration ,two pieces of tape1 one passed behind the canine teeth or tusks of the upper1 and the other in like manner upon the lower jaw1 have been recommended4 ,the tapes are given to an assistant1 who1 pulling at them1 forces the mouth open1 and holds it in that position4 ,in certain cases this may be adopted for pills2 indeed every stratagem will be needed to meet the multifarious circumstances that will arise4 ,for ordinary occurrences1 however1 the practice is not to be commended1 and should never be embraced when drinks have to be given3 the animal cannot swallow while the jaws are held asunder2 but for solids this plan answers better4 ,there are several objections1 however1 to be urged against its constant use4 ,the operation is violent1 and the restraint it necessitates not alone prevents the poor animal deglutating fluids1 but also terrifies the brute1 who1 on the next occasion1 naturally is the more resistful4 ,difficulties1 therefore1 increase1 and the dog generally is not long before it learns to baffle the attempt to confine it4 ,moreover1 unless the assistant be very well up to his business1 his steadiness cannot be depended upon1 and the hand often is wounded by the teeth of the patient4 ,i therefore do not1 as a general custom1 resort to the tapes1 and ,i advise others only to employ them upon necessity4 ,there are some creatures so artful and so resolute that any attempt to give them physic is certain to be frustrated4 ,these are mostly small dogs that have been tutored by severity1 and such animals are not subdued by any amount of suffering4 ,the poor beasts fear the doctor more than the disease2 and1 though gentle in their dispositions1 are resolute in their resistance4 ,for such cases ,i employ the stomach pump1 and by its aid introduce a dose of sulphate of magnesia2 for in general it is only purgatives that require to be given in bulk4 ,other drugs may be either disguised1 or exhibited by injection4 ,enemata are of great service to this animal1 and ,i make much use of them4 ,in their exhibition1 care should always be taken to introduce the pipe without any force2 having previously greased the tube to ensure its passing the more readily4 ,while the instrument is in the rectum the dog should be firmly held1 else1 in its struggles1 the intestine may be injured4 ,the fluid should be gently thrown up1 even when a large quantity is employed4 ,for those injections1 however1 which it is desirable to have retained1 from an ounce to a quarter of a pound will be sufficient4 ,warm water ought not to be used as an injection1 since it washes away the mucus1 renders the intestinal surface harsh1 and prevents the passage of the foeces4 ,linseed tea or any mucilaginous fluid answers the purpose better1 and a solution of soap is excellent in many cases1 when only a laxative effect is desired4 ,the form1 however1 as will in the course of this work be explained1 must be repeatedly varied1 since this agent may be rendered medicinal or nutritive4 ,purgatives are most valuable1 but are not free from danger4 ,the digestive canal of the dog is peculiarly irritable1 and no less sensitive to the action of medicine4 ,there are few diseases in which the stomach and intestines are not involved1 and very many in which purgatives are directly contra-indicated4 ,no one should get into the habit of thrusting physic of this nature down the throats of his animals2 and sportsmen may rest assured that1 to the dog at all events1 preparatory doses are not necessary to condition4 ,those1 however1 who persist in using such stuffs will do well not to employ the compounds in general use4 ,the mixture of poppies1 buckthorn1 and castor oil is a filthy mess2 and ,i do not understand the principles upon which the abomination is based4 ,a better and more cleanly mixture is thus made3-- ,ol3 ,ricini #d parts4 ,ol3 ,oliv #b ,ol3 ,anisi ,q4 s4 ,mix4 ,a little pounded sugar added to this will often render it palatable1 which1 being of a fluid consistency1 is without difficulty exhibited4 ,the compound1 however1 flows the more readily if it be slightly warmed1 and in winter it even requires to be thus prepared4 ,sulphate of magnesia ,i rarely employ2 and1 as a general purgative1 it is not suited to the dog1 though in exceptional cases it will be seen ,i recommend it4 ,should pills be preferred1 the following will be found to answer every purpose3-- ,ext3 ,col3 ,half a scruple4 ,pulv3 ,colch3 ,six grains4 ,pil3 ,hydrarg3 ,five grains4 ,this is for one pill1 which is a dose for a small dog of seven or eight pounds weight4 ,three times the quantity would be required for a ,newfoundland4 ,it is not very powerful in its action2 its effect upon the system being quite as much alterative as laxative4 ,the animal under its operation is evidently nauseated1 and refuses food for about twelve hours2 at the expiration of which time relief is afforded by a not very copious1 but bilious evacuation4 ,it is1 however1 important that1 after the administration of a purgative1 the dog should be permitted to remain perfectly quiet2 since1 if put to exercise1 or much excited1 the medicine will in all probability be ejected4 ,emetics are shamefully abused1 being so universally employed by the owners of dogs1 and so strenuously recommended by writers upon their treatment1 that one might think these agents were held to possess some charmed power over the health of the animal4 ,lecturers are marvellously fluent upon the subject of the dog's vomiting1 which they dwell upon with such delight that their auditors must suppose the act of revulsion in the canine species is a pleasurable performance4 ,let any one1 however1 possessed of sense and reason1 observe the creature in the act of being sick4 ,the attitude is not characterised by ease2 but the body is drawn up preparatory for some unusual effort4 ,the countenance does not bespeak tranquillity2 but the face is expressive of inward oppression4 ,the animal's frame is shaken by convulsive spasms1 each throe being announced by a deep pectoral sound1 and only after this has repeatedly been heard is the stomach able to cast off its contents4 ,illustration ,the description denotes nothing calculated to suggest that the organ whose derangement is so marked should be rudely tampered with4 ,it is true the dog can readily be made to vomit4 ,no creature is more easily moved in that way2 but in such a circumstance reason should perceive no license to thrust emetics down the animal's throat4 ,the organ which is so readily excited1 by the fact asserts its sensibility1 and on that very account ought to be the more respected4 ,i have found oftener difficulty to check this tendency than reason to provoke it4 ,repeatedly are tonics rejected1 and only by the reduction of the dose can the dog's stomach be made to retain the medicine4 ,the emetics in common use are1 moreover1 far too violent4 ,antimonial wine1 from half a teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful1 is much preferable to tartar emetic and calomel4 ,on no account should such doses as ,blaine prescribes ever be exhibited4 ,youatt in his recommendation is much better1 but even the amount he orders is too great4 ,a quarter of a grain of tartar emetic in solution is sufficient for a middling sized dog2 and four grains of ipecacuanha is equally effective4 ,if in two hours 7which rarely happens7 no effect is produced1 it is better to repeat the dose1 and continue even to do so1 than to commence with a larger quantity in the first instance4 ,these animals in their constitutions are so various1 and the practitioner has so little to guide his judgment1 that the utmost caution will not in every instance protect him from self-reproach2 and in no case is he warranted in closing his mind against the suggestions of prudence4 ,it is true the primary effects of an emetic are generally gratifying1 but the after consequences1 if carefully traced1 will not be found to be equally satisfactory4 ,often the purge and the vomit1 with which every dabbler commences his treatment of a dog-case1 appear to give relief2 but1 commonly1 when the immediate excitation which their first operation naturally calls forth passes away1 debility ensues1 and the termination is not in harmony with the beginning4 ,i once was very partial to emetics4 ,i now rarely make use of them1 and have no reason to lament my change of practice4 ,no notice will be bestowed upon those mysterious compounds known as alteratives1 sedatives1 c41 which are given merely because habit has sanctioned their administration4 ,names are in medicine dangerous things1 and give a currency to error which1 to man and beast alike1 has proved fatal4 ,neither will any attempt be made to classify diseases2 which custom1 though it has some advantages1 is likely to mislead1 by setting up a system where no positive connexion can be demonstrated4 ,the disorders of the dog in this work will be treated of after no formal plan2 but the index must supply that want of arrangement1 the absence of pretence to which probably will give offence to regular students4 ,,distemper4 ,of all the diseases to which the dog is subject1 this one is the most dreaded4 ,writers have agreed it is the scourge of the canine race4 ,blaine and ,youatt speak of it as capricious and untractable2 the ,french regard it as incurable4 ,the owners of dogs1 despairing of benefit from regular means1 have for a long time been content to trust in charms and specifics4 ,folly and cruelty have been embraced to accomplish that which kindness and science appear unequal to perform2 and one general feeling seems to be entertained with regard to the distemper--most persons being agreed that the disorder is not to be subdued by medicine1 and that its fatality is independent of the best efforts of man to check it4 ,my experience does not corroborate these various but harmonious accounts and opinions4 ,in my conviction1 the disorder is feared only because it is not understood1 and is rendered worse by the injudicious attempts to relieve it4 ,i find it tractable1 easily mastered1 and when submitted to me before the system is exhausted1 ,i am very seldom disappointed by the result of my treatment4 ,it has for some time been my custom to tell those who bring me an animal affected with this complaint1 that if my directions are strictly followed1 the creature shall not die4 ,when saying this1 ,i pretend not to have life or death at my command1 and the mildest affections will sometimes terminate fatally2 but ,i merely mean to imply1 that when proper measures are adopted1 distemper is less likely to destroy than the majority of those diseases to which the dog is liable4 ,illustration ,distemper has been hitherto regarded as an inflammatory disorder1 which was to be conquered only by antiphlogistic remedies4 ,bleeding1 purging1 vomiting1 sedatives1 blisters1 and setons were employed2 and the more acute the attack1 the more violent were the means resorted to for the purpose of its conquest4 ,under such treatment ,i do not wonder at the evil character which the malady has obtained2 for in proportion as the efforts made were great1 so would be the probability of the disease proving destructive4 ,there can be no doubt that more dogs have been killed for the distemper than would have died from it if nature had been suffered to take her course2 and yet there is no disease that more requires help1 or rewards the practitioner more largely for the assistance he affords4 ,the reader is entreated to dismiss from his mind all he may have read1 or heard1 or thought of this affection4 ,let the many tales about never-failing receipts1 and the only proper modes of treatment1 be for a time at all events forgotten1 that the author1 who undertakes to oppose prejudice and to contradict authority1 may at least have a patient hearing4 ,there is no reason to doubt that many cases which have been called distemper have1 to all appearance1 been saved by each of the reputed methods of cure4 ,a pillet of tobacco1 a tea-spoonful of salt1 a dose of castor oil1 an emetic1 rubbing the nose with syrup of buckthorn1 c41 c41 or anything that is famed for the purpose1 may have often seemed to check the disease2 but no one who has been accustomed to depend on these charms can deny he has frequently witnessed their failure4 ,that they should sometimes have seemed to do good is easily explained4 ,in the first place1 there are very few persons who know how to recognise the early symptoms of the malady2 but it is usual for every young dog that is a little poorly to be pronounced sick with the distemper4 ,the unfounded belief that all of these animals must have the disease makes every one anticipate its advent1 and tempts them to call every ailment by the name suggested by their expectations4 ,two-thirds1 at least1 of the cases which are so quickly cured by nostrums and specifics would on inquiry prove to have been mistaken2 and as1 in the instances where a single dose is depended upon1 nature is pretty much left to herself1 the chances are that a fair share of the rest would get well of themselves4 ,the recovery1 however1 could in no way be expedited by that which is credited for its accomplishment2 since the little done is mostly calculated to aggravate and not to alleviate the symptoms1 while there is no possibility it should eradicate the disorder4 ,in its character1 distemper approaches very near to continued fever in the human subject2 the chief difference being consequent upon the more delicate constitution and more irritable temperament of the dog1 which prevents the two diseases from appearing exactly the same4 ,it consists in a general fever1 which produces a morbid excitement of all the mucous membranes4 ,the digestive track is the principal seat of the disease1 but of course its presence is most easily recognised at those parts which are most exposed to view4 ,thus the membrane of the eye1 being a comparatively large surface1 and by its delicacy well calculated to denote every variation of the system1 is usually the first observed1 and often the only place inspected4 ,if this be cloudy or watery1 the nature of the malady is at once concluded2 the membrane of the nose also1 though less palpable1 is under observation2 and if its secretion be copious and opaque1 the fact is generally imagined to be established4 ,the alterations1 however1 exhibited by these membranes are no more than sympathetic derangements1 they being continuous with the more important organs2 and when proofs are found in the eyes or nose1 the disorder is generally confirmed1 or has taken hold of the system4 ,some have supposed the disease originated in the nose1 and thence extended to other parts2 now ,i shall not stop here to consider so groundless an hypothesis4 ,it essentially is fever affecting the entire of the mucous surfaces1 but especially those of the alimentary canal4 ,the causes cannot be well ascertained4 ,contagion has been by the majority of writers supposed to be its principal source1 but ,i cannot say my experience has corroborated that opinion4 ,my own little cur never had the distemper1 and yet she lived where the disease was scarcely ever absent4 ,animals virulently affected were daily brought to me1 and not a few were left in my charge4 ,from these she was not kept separate2 they were her acquaintances and companions2 she played with them1 and often by choice shared their beds2 and nevertheless she died without exhibiting the disease4 ,i do not generally put those dogs by themselves which are affected with distemper2 yet ,i cannot bring to mind the instance of an animal while under my care having caught the disorder4 ,i doubt whether there is any justice in the general opinion4 ,it would be hard to prove the prevailing notion was a prejudice1 yet there can be no doubt that it is much more insisted upon than it deserves to be4 ,with regard to other causes1 ,i know of none4 ,i have not been able to observe that any circumstance can induce the disease1 though at particular ages the animals are predisposed to its exhibition4 ,during the latter period of dentition--that is1 when the second set of incisors are well up1 and the permanent tusks are about half-grown1 the temporary ones being still retained--is the time when pups are most disposed to display this disorder4 ,i cannot state the precise age1 because mouths are not regular in their appearances even as to mouths2 but the aspect of the teeth will sufficiently mark the period when an individual may be expected to be attacked4 ,the season certainly1 in no little degree1 influences the disease4 ,in winter it is not usually seen2 in the spring it is more common2 in summer is rare1 but less so than in winter4 ,during the autumn1 however1 especially if much rain should fall1 it is very frequent1 and always more prevalent than at any other periods4 ,spring and autumn1 therefore1 are the times when it is to be looked for1 but in the latter it is to be anticipated4 ,when treating of a subject like the present1 there would seem to be a disposition to string together a number of words which do duty for information4 ,cold1 wet1 bad food1 foul air1 excessive exertion1 fear1 c41 are grouped together1 and put forth for almost every ill that flesh is heir to2 but ,i have to learn that these accepted terms have any connexion with the development of this disorder4 ,dogs that are starved1 neglected1 and cruelly tortured--animals that are judiciously fed1 properly housed1 and sensibly treated--as well as favorites that are crammed1 nursed1 and humored--all equally are its victims2 and those which are most cared for fall most frequently1 while those which are least prized more generally survive4 ,if1 therefore1 privation or exposure be of any importance1 the facts seem to infer their tendencies are either to check or mitigate the attack4 ,exercise and food1 however1 do influence the complaint4 ,the dog that is free suffers much less severely than the one that is confined4 ,the animal that never tastes flesh has a much lighter attack than the one which subsists entirely upon meat4 ,this last fact ,i have often proved4 ,when the distemper has made its appearance1 the opportunity for changing the diet has passed away4 ,we have1 then1 only a choice of dangers4 ,to remove the flesh to which the animal is accustomed is to cause it to pine and to weaken the strength1 at a time when vigor is of every importance2 whereas to continue the meat is mostly certain death2 in this position ,i generally take away the flesh1 for by so doing ,i give the patient a chance of recovery2 and however desperate that chance may be1 nevertheless it is to be much preferred to no chance at all4 ,the symptoms in the very early stage are not well marked or by any means distinguished for their regularity4 ,they may assume almost any form2 dulness and loss of appetite1 purging1 or vomiting1 are very frequently the first indications4 ,the more than usual moisture of the eyes1 and a short cough1 are often the earliest signs that attract attention4 ,in the bitch a desire for copulation1 with a disinclination to accept the dog1 is to be regarded with suspicion2 as is also a display of peevishness and a wish to be undisturbed in full-grown animals4 ,these things denote no more than the derangement of the system2 but if1 conjoined with them1 the inner surface of the lower eyelid should appear to be more red than usual1 and the pulse should be increased in number without being materially altered in character--ranging from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty in puppies1 and in dogs from one hundred and ten to one hundred and twenty-five--the probability of distemper making its appearance is the greater1 though even then by no means certain4 ,the period of the year1 however1 will also have to be taken into consideration2 and inquiry should always be made whether any animals in the immediate neighborhood are known to have exhibited the disorder2 because the disease is then proved to be in the locality4 ,at this stage the practitioner is always more or less in the dark2 and therefore he contents himself with such measures as he concludes are adapted to the symptoms1 and waits for further instructions which nature will speedily develope4 ,when the disease is established1 the animal is sensitive to cold4 ,it seeks warmth1 and is constantly shivering2 when taken hold of1 it is felt to tremble violently1 so much so that the pulse cannot be accurately counted4 ,the bowels are generally constipated4 ,a thick purulent discharge flows from the eyes2 and the white around the eye1 if the upper lid be retracted1 will be seen covered with numerous small and bright red vessels1 giving to the part the appearance of acute inflammation4 ,the vessels now spoken of are not to be confounded with the veins which are natural to this organ4 ,these last are large1 and of a purple hue1 while their course is in the direction of the circumference of the cornea4 ,the small vessels1 indicative of distemper1 are fine1 bright in color1 and their course is towards the centre1 or in a line directly the opposite to that indicated by the veins4 ,they are never present during health1 though they are often to be witnessed in other diseases besides that which is here treated of4 ,a glairy mucus1 or yellow fluid1 moistens the nostrils1 and if the ear be applied to the head1 the breathing will be discovered to be accompanied with an unusual sound4 ,the cough is often severe and frequent2 it is sometimes spasmodic--the fits being almost convulsive1 and terminating with the ejection of a small quantity of yellow frothy liquid1 which is thrown off by the stomach4 ,the digestion is always impaired1 and sickness is not unusual2 the matter vomited having an offensive smell1 and never being again consumed by the animal1 as is generally the case when the creature is in health4 ,the nose is dry and harsh2 the coat staring and devoid of gloss3 the skin hotter than is customary1 and the paws warm4 ,the pulse is perhaps quicker by twenty beats than during the prior stage1 but less full--the artery feeling sharp1 short1 and thin under the finger4 ,when the symptoms described are apparent1 the distemper is easily recognised1 but it is not likely to continue stationary for any long period4 ,in the course of a week it generally changes its character1 and sometimes appears to subside altogether2 the cases in which the disease steadily progresses1 becoming day by day more severe1 being comparatively rare4 ,when no abatement is witnessed1 the case is not to be despaired of1 but it requires to be anxiously watched2 for often it will take a sudden turn1 sometimes favorable1 but more frequently demanding immediate assistance to prevent a fatal termination4 ,the symptoms become aggravated4 ,the eyes are clogged by a thick matter which glues the lids together1 especially in the morning4 ,the nostrils are plugged up by an accumulation of tenacious discharge1 which becomes encrusted over the lips and nose1 and impedes the breathing4 ,the body rapidly wastes1 though the appetite may return1 and even be voracious4 ,the shivering is constant4 ,the dog seeks repose and is disinclined to move2 though at times it may be playful1 and in some instances will never exhibit any diminution of spirit4 ,the cough may continue2 but it more often ceases1 or is only heard at irregular and distant intervals4 ,the animal makes repeated and desperate efforts to expel the accumulated matter from the nose1 and uses its paws evidently with an intention to remove the annoyance4 ,day by day1 if not attended to1 these signs grow more aggravated2 the breath becomes very offensive2 ulcers appear on the lips2 the eyes become white2 the discharge from the nostrils changes its color1 and is mingled with blood and scabs1 having an offensive odor4 ,the creature at last begins to yap1 or utter short sharp cries4 ,it becomes more weak1 till at length it cannot walk1 but lies upon its side2 the noise being continued for hours1 and then ceasing only to be again commenced4 ,constipation has usually been present1 but at last diarrhoea sets in2 the fces have that peculiar smell which in the dog is characteristic of the latest stage of all2 and gradually death1 without a seeming struggle1 closes the scene of suffering4 ,more frequently--indeed1 in the majority of cases--the distemper is hardly well developed before it all at once seems to disappear4 ,this peculiarity in the disorder has no doubt given strength to the general faith in specifics for this disease4 ,the animal suddenly so far recovers1 or appears to recover1 after having been seriously affected1 that the inexperienced naturally conclude the dog is either quite well1 or evidently so far cured that the efficacy of the remedy administered is not to be disputed4 ,for two or three weeks this deceptive appearance may continue1 and in some cases no return of the symptoms may be witnessed2 but in the majority of instances the disorder is only dormant1 and again starts up as if it had been strengthened by its treacherous repose4 ,the running from the nose comes back in excessive quantities1 and either the bowels are singly inflamed1 or with them the brain is involved1 and fits or diarrhoea1 or both united1 speedily terminate in death1 to arrest which medicine has seldom the power4 ,the loss is on these occasions rarely attributed to distemper1 which is thought to have been subdued2 but death is commonly set down to fits1 or to poison1 or to inflammation of the bowels1 or to anything else which the imagination of the proprietor may conceive4 ,hence we get an insight into the value of a large number1 and perhaps into all1 of the reputed nostrums2 and hence it is the more necessary the reader should be made aware of those indications which denote the virus is not eradicated1 but only latent as it were1 lurking1 to spring with greater certainty upon its victim4 ,no one must conclude the distemper is mastered if the dog continues to lose flesh1 or if the animal does not rapidly repair the waste consequent upon the earlier stages of the disorder4 ,this tendency to stand still or decline should be carefully observed1 and it will seldom deceive4 ,when it is remarked1 or even suspected1 let the owner be upon his guard4 ,when the distemper is actually overcome1 there is a marked disposition to fatten2 indeed1 so strong is it at this time that1 should it not be evident1 there can be no doubt as to the cause1 especially if a short and slight attack of the disorder has been known to have occurred a little time before4 ,a warning1 equally clear to those who will look for and can read it1 is to be obtained from the eyes4 ,these may be bright1 and even peculiarly transparent2 the face have a more animated expression than it displayed during previous health2 but if the eyelids are retracted1 the membranes will be found red1 and the vessels before observed upon will be seen running over the white of the eye4 ,when these things are present1 although the coat may be beautifully smooth1 the discharge dried up1 the shivering gone1 the appetite strong1 and the spirits boisterous1 still there is in the system the seeds of a disease which at no distant period will reappear in its most dangerous form4 ,commonly1 after the second stage1 there is an abatement of the symptoms1 without any actual cessation in the discharges4 ,the dog is concluded to be better1 and thought to be doing well1 but it will not be long before something to excite alarm is witnessed4 ,the eyes or nerves1 or lungs or liver1 or stomach or intestines may be attacked2 or a pustular eruption1 or actual mange1 or a disposition in the animal to eat its own flesh1 or choroea1 or paralysis may appear1 and all of these possible varieties require to be separately dwelt upon4 ,the eyes lose their transparency1 the surface is white and opaque1 the sight is impaired1 and the lids are nearly constantly closed4 ,one or both of the organs of vision may be thus affected2 usually the two are simultaneously affected1 but seldom with the like intensity4 ,after a few days1 and sometimes at the commencement1 a small circular depression is to be seen upon the very centre of the eyeball4 ,it is round1 and varies in size from that of a pin's head to that of a small pea1 but rarely becomes larger4 ,the depression1 if nothing be done to check it1 deepens till a little shallow pit is exhibited4 ,at other times the hole grows larger and deeper1 till the outer covering of the eye is absorbed1 or1 in common phrase1 is eaten through1 and the water escapes3 this gives relief4 ,if1 however1 the animal survives1 the eye is often perfectly restored1 though very frequently a white speck marks the spot which was ulcerated2 or the dog is left with weakened eyes1 and has a tendency to cataract1 which may ultimately render it blind4 ,the affection of the lungs is denoted by the dog breathing more quickly1 and often making a small plaintive or whistling noise during respiration4 ,though cough is quite as often absent as present2 but if present it is usually severe2 the pulse is increased1 but small and thready1 and the appetite may not be impaired4 ,the animal is1 however1 disinclined to move1 if put down at liberty1 it always gets into some place where it hopes to be allowed to remain undisturbed4 ,as the symptoms become more intense1 the animal constantly sits upon its haunches2 but ,i have not seen it carry the head erect1 although authors state this to be one of the indications4 ,there is a desire for fresh air1 and the dog will always leave the house1 or get to the window or door1 if he have an opportunity of so doing4 ,these signs are hardly to be mistaken1 but they are easily confirmed4 ,if the ear be applied to the side of a healthy dog's chest1 no sound can be detected2 but when the lungs are diseased1 a very plain noise is readily heard4 ,the presence1 therefore1 of any murmur1 or of anything like air escaping over a dry rough surface1 is indicative of disease1 and the certainty that the lungs are involved is confirmed4 ,dogs of late years have not commonly died of pneumonia during the distemper2 but authors speak of the pulmonary form of the disorder as having formerly been a common cause of death4 ,i know it only as a mild variation of the ordinary symptoms4 ,it has not in any case under my observation proved fatal1 but has readily yielded to gentle measures1 aided by attention to simple diet4 ,the liver is generally involved4 ,after the termination of a fatal case1 this gland is found either soft or more brittle than it ought to be1 else it is discovered much enlarged4 ,i never saw it of less than its natural size4 ,generally it is discolored1 mostly of a pale tint2 which sometimes exists all over the organ1 though the pendulous edges of the lobes are very generally seen of the bright red1 suggestive of inflammation4 ,the gall-bladder is always distended with a thin dark-green fluid or impure bile2 and a large quantity of the same secretion1 but of greater consistency1 is distributed over the lining membrane of the anterior intestines4 ,the liver obviously is the cause of the yellow distemper1 which is no more than jaundice added to the original and pre-existing disease4 ,yellow distemper is by writers treated of as a distinct disorder1 but ,i have not yet met with it in that form4 ,when it has come under my notice1 it has been no more than one of the many complications which the symptoms are liable to assume4 ,the dog has been ill before his skin became discolored2 but the eyes not exhibiting that ordinary discharge which denotes the true character of the affection under which he labored1 the distemper was not detected4 ,everything concerning distemper is by the generality of the public misunderstood4 ,most people imagine a dog can have the distemper but once in its life2 whereas ,i had a patient that underwent three distinct attacks in one autumn1 that of #ahdi4 ,the majority of persons who profess an intimate knowledge of the dog will tell you distemper is a disorder peculiar to the young2 whereas ,i know of no age that is exempt from its attack4 ,i have known dogs1 high-bred favorites1 to be left with men selected because of their supposed familiarity with dog diseases2 and these very men have brought to me the animals in the fits which are the wind-up of distemper1 yet notwithstanding have been ignorant that their charges had any disease whatever4 ,all the stages and symptoms of ordinary distemper may appear and depart unnoticed2 but it is widely different with yellow distemper1 for when the yellowness appears1 it is so marked that no description of a peculiar symptom need be inserted1 since it cannot be overlooked or mistaken4 ,it is attended with excessive debility1 and1 unless properly combated1 is rapidly fatal4 ,the stomach and intestines are always involved2 ,i have never known a case in which either escaped4 ,the affection of the first is generally shown by sickness during the earliest stage2 when also the derangement of the last is denoted by either costiveness or relaxation1 the bowels never being perfectly regular2 towards the latter stages1 or about the third or fourth week1 the appetite sometimes becomes enormous2 the craving for food is then unnatural1 and is so intense that no quantity can appease the hunger4 ,the animal will eat anything2 dry bread is taken with avidity1 and stones1 cinders1 straw1 and every species of filth are eaten with apparent relish4 ,such1 however1 is not always the case1 since it is not unusual for the appetite entirely to fail4 ,in either instance the dog rapidly wastes2 the flesh seems to melt as it were away1 and the change produced by a few days is startling2 from having been fat1 a thinness which exposes every bone is witnessed in a shorter time than would be supposed possible4 ,at this period vomiting may come on2 but when the animal is morbidly ravenous1 the stomach does not generally reject its contents4 ,after death ,i have found it loaded with the most irritating substances1 and always acutely inflamed2 but no sickness in any instance of this kind has been observed4 ,vomiting is most generally absent1 but the protruded and reddened appearance of the anus will give a clue to the actual condition of the alimentary tube4 ,the stomach is inflamed1 not throughout1 but in various parts which are in different stages of disease4 ,the pyloric orifice is always more affected than the cardiac2 the duodenum1 jejunum1 and ileum1 are inflamed2 the ccum is enlarged1 inflamed1 and generally impacted4 ,the rectum1 however1 suffers most severely2 it is much reddened and thickened1 often to an extraordinary degree4 ,i have known blood to be exuded from the surface of this bowel in such quantities as to destroy the life from actual hemorrhage4 ,in one case1 however1 a spaniel vomited more than half-a-pint of blood previous to its death1 which took place two hours afterwards4 ,a small quantity of blood is ordinarily passed with the fces toward the latter stage2 but in several cases a large amount of pure blood1 partly coagulated and unmingled with any fcal matter1 has flowed from the body in a continued stream1 to which there will be cessation only as death approaches4 ,the possibility of this occurring will give the reader some idea of the extent and degree in which the bowels are or may be diseased2 the symptoms1 nevertheless1 are not such as would suggest the danger which may be shortly violently exemplified4 ,irregularity of the intestines may be remarked2 but it is not so characterised as to force itself upon the attention4 ,the belly during distemper mostly appears tucked up and small2 the intestines1 even when costiveness exists1 are seldom loaded1 but all except the rectum may feel empty4 ,the animal is always bound when the bowels are acutely attacked4 ,the first indication we get of this is often colic4 ,the cries are high and yet full at first2 but they only occur at periods1 between which the dog seems easy and inclined to sleep2 gradually the exclamations become more sharp and short1 a quantity of dark-coloured fces are voided1 and relief is for a time experienced2 the cries1 however1 return and become continuous2 diarrhoea sets in2 the excretions become more and more liquid1 by degrees mixed with blood1 and of a lighter color4 ,whenever they are discharged1 pain is expressed2 but as the animal sinks the cries grow less frequent1 till at last the excrements pass involuntarily1 and death soon takes place4 ,the cries1 however1 are not heard in every instance even of this kind1 and the abdomen is not generally sensitive to pressure4 ,when the belly is handled1 the dog1 by contracting the muscles covering the parts1 may denote some small degree of resistance2 but ,i have never known it to struggle during the operation4 ,the curving of the spine1 the occasional looks towards the seat of agony1 and the efforts made to press or draw the belly upon the ground1 will indicate the inflammatory character and the locality of the disease4 ,the pulse does not materially aid the judgment2 it becomes quicker and more sharp1 but hardly to such an extent that dependence can be placed on its indications4 ,the discharges often cease when the disease1 in an acute form1 becomes concentrated upon the contents of the abdomen2 but the nose is almost always hot and harsh1 though in a few cases ,i have known the part remain cold and moist even to the last4 ,as the close draws near1 a very peculiar smell1 not absolutely powerful1 but more sickly than offensive1 is emitted4 ,this odor is consequent upon the fces1 and when it is detected the animal seldom or never survives4 ,the brain1 both ,blaine and ,youatt speak of as subject to inflammation during the latter stage of distemper4 ,as diseases are peculiarly liable to change1 and the appearances assumed at different times are by no means uniform1 ,i may not say those estimable writers never beheld it in such a state2 but ,i am certain ,i have never seen it in a similar condition2 ,i have found it congested1 but far oftener have ,i discovered it perfectly healthy4 ,one of its coverings 7the dura mater7 has exhibited a few spots of congestion1 but these have been small1 each not larger than the head of a moderate sized pin1 and in number about ten or twelve2 generally they are situated towards the anterior of the cranium 7on either side or falx71 and near to the crista galli4 ,the bones forming the roof of the skull have1 however1 been highly vascular--loaded with dark blood--so that if dried they become of almost a black hue2 and without disputing the accuracy of either of the authorities ,i have mentioned1 these appearances to my mind account more satisfactorily for symptoms which no one asserts ever border upon phrenitis4 ,the brain seems to me to be only sympathetically affected1 not absolutely involved in this disease4 ,when this is threatened1 there is generally some notice given before the fits1 succeeded by stupor1 are displayed4 ,the eye will sometimes brighten1 and the discharge from the nose will cease4 ,this1 however1 is by no means constant2 as it is not rare for both to continue1 or even to become more copious2 but if one only should remain1 the nose is certain to be the part whence the deflexion will issue4 ,no positive dependence1 therefore1 can be placed upon the discharges from the eye or nose4 ,the eye1 nevertheless1 is certain to denote that which is on the eve of happening4 ,the pupil may be small2 and when it is so1 its decrease of size will be marked1 and it will have little disposition to enlarge4 ,this1 however1 is rarely witnessed4 ,generally the pupil is much enlarged1 so much as to conceal the iris1 and alter the character of the organ4 ,the eye is moreover retracted1 and the dog has a very peculiar expression of mingled pain and stupidity4 ,if the hand be placed upon the head1 it will be sensibly hot4 ,no matter how thick the coat may be1 the heat will be apparent1 and the carotid arteries will sensibly throb4 ,the coat feels dry and is warm1 although the animal may be trembling to such a degree as prevents the pulse being counted4 ,yet the dog seems lively2 it is active now1 though perhaps a little while ago it was dull2 every trivial circumstance now attracts its notice4 ,the appetite is generally ravenous4 ,the dog which only the day before was disinclined to feed1 is suddenly disposed to eat more than it ever was known to consume2 and it will gnaw and swallow the hardest wood for want of better provender4 ,the amended appetite is mostly one of the symptoms1 but it is not invariably witnessed2 for occasionally increased activity1 and the strange appearance of the eye1 are all that indicate the approach of fits4 ,it will not be long1 however1 before something shall be added which is more definite in its meaning4 ,the dog which was running about suddenly stands still1 and begins to smack its lips and champ its jaw4 ,it keeps stationary while doing this1 and continues so until a quantity of froth and thick saliva falls from the mouth1 drops upon the ground1 and then the action ceases4 ,the animal looks around with a vacant stare1 evidently not conscious where it is1 and starts away1 hitting itself perhaps against anything which may oppose its progress4 ,if caught it struggles to get loose1 and may even bite the hand which1 when conscious1 it would perish to defend4 ,almost immediately1 however1 it regains its faculties1 and then seems quite as well as it appeared to be before the attack came on4 ,it may continue subject to be thus seized for several days2 or soon after the first attack1 fits or convulsions may start up4 ,during the champing colic may set in1 which will only yield when the fits are established4 ,the duration of the champing is not regular2 it may be only for a few moments1 or for several minutes4 ,the attacks may be no more than one or two in the day1 or twenty may occur in a single hour4 ,generally they remain about three days1 but here also there is no rule4 ,i have known them to be present for a week1 and also to exist only for a few hours4 ,in these latter cases the condition of the dog is generally not understood4 ,it is taken out for a long walk1 or it is indulged with a hearty meal2 and in the middle of the one1 or shortly after the other1 it begins to champ1 utters a loud sharp cry1 which is suddenly cut short as if the animal was choked4 ,the eyes glare1 the mouth is open1 and before perfect insensibility ensues1 the dog bites at every object near it1 then falls down convulsed1 the limbs stiffen1 the head is drawn back or twisted to one side1 the urine and dung are voided2 and a slate of unconsciousness1 which may cease in a few minutes1 or continue for hours1 during which the body is in contortions1 and the saliva flows freely from the mouth1 stretches the poor brute upon the earth4 ,when this is over1 the dog recovers as from a trance1 being always disposed to ramble1 and should its strength permit1 will start away at its utmost speed4 ,there is neither to the number nor duration of these fits any limit2 they may be few or frequent1 and long or short4 ,the second may end the life2 or every five minutes1 nay oftener1 they may occur1 and the animal survive for days4 ,any excitement will bring them on1 and the passage of the fces invariably is accompanied by an attack4 ,diarrhoea always begins when they commence1 and the dog soon loses strength1 and lies upon its side unconscious and incapable of motion2 the pulse is not to be felt1 and gradually without a struggle it expires4 ,let no man1 however1 be hasty in saying positively when death has taken place4 ,often has the life seemed gone1 for the heart has been still2 but minutes afterwards the animal has gasped1 and then began to breathe once more4 ,death1 however1 comes at last1 for if the dog sinks to such a state1 ,i have never known it to revive4 ,a pustular eruption is often witnessed during the existence of distemper1 and ,i have not seen the same phenomenon distinct from the disease4 ,the two appear to be united1 and yet we do not know the manner in which they are connected4 ,the other symptoms are not mitigated when the pustules are matured1 nor does their appearance denote any particular crisis or stage of the disorder4 ,i have1 however1 most frequently seen them towards the latter or confirmed stages of distemper1 and often they have immediately preceded the fits4 ,the first indication given is a little redness1 which is strictly local or confined to a particular spot4 ,this place is not very red1 but1 nevertheless1 it is obviously inflamed and tender2 there is not much swelling1 but a slight hardness can be detected4 ,a day or two afterwards the redness dies away1 and a globular eminence1 perfectly round1 and generally about the size of a split pea1 is beheld4 ,if it be opened1 a proportionate quantity of thick pus of a healthy character escapes1 and a comparatively large incrustation forms over the part2 if not opened1 the pustule bursts and the scab follows1 but larger than in the previous case4 ,mostly the eruption appears on the belly and inside of the thighs1 but it is seldom strictly confined to those parts4 ,often it affects the trunk and tail1 but does not usually attack the head and fore-limbs4 ,there is no proof that any benefit attends its development1 or any known reason for attributing it to any cause2 save only such as can be drawn from the statement1 that ,i have commonly observed it in pups of a weakly constitution and emaciated condition4 ,the disposition to eat or gnaw some part of the body is often shown to an alarming degree1 but is seldom exhibited save in the latter stage of the disease4 ,the dog is observed to lick one of its paws1 or mumble at its tail1 for some days4 ,the part is always one of the extremities1 and is evidently tormented with a violent itching which cannot be allayed4 ,the animal at length1 irritated by the torture1 attacks the member with its teeth4 ,the skin is first removed1 and then the flesh4 ,the mouth may be covered with blood1 the teeth clogged with hair1 and the very bones attacked2 but the pain which the sight of the mangled surface suggests to the spectator seems not to be felt by the dog1 which appears desirous only of destroying its own body4 ,i have known two of the toes of one fore-paw to be thus consumed1 so that amputation was afterward imperative1 portions of the metacarpal bones being laid bare4 ,in several instances the root of the tail has been eaten1 until the sacrum and first tail bones1 with the nerves1 were exposed4 ,the rage cannot be overcome1 and1 unless the disposition be prevented by mechanical means1 the consequence will be fatal4 ,no author that ,i am acquainted with has noticed this peculiarity2 and in general it is attributed to other causes than distemper1 which is either not observed1 or is supposed to have been got over4 ,tumors on various parts of the body1 and of different kinds1 sometimes but not usually accompany the disease2 but as ,i have not been able to satisfy myself they are peculiar to the disorder1 or induced by any other cause than the debility attendant on distemper1 there is in this place no occasion to more than point out the possibility of their appearance4 ,they are unfavorable as indications of general weakness1 but they do not seem to possess any further or direct influence over the course of the affection4 ,the genital organs rarely escape altogether4 ,a thick purulent discharge1 or one of a glairy nature1 is often present in the male throughout the attack1 and nearly always during recovery4 ,in both sexes the bladder in the latter stages is apt to be paralysed1 and the accumulation of the urine then becomes a prominent symptom4 ,the recovery often commences after relief has been obtained1 but if the necessity be overlooked1 death generally ensues4 ,paralysis of the hind extremities is occasionally witnessed1 and when seen is generally sudden in its appearance4 ,sometimes1 however1 the loss of power is gradual1 and when such is the case the hopes of a cure are always diminished4 ,if the power of motion be lost suddenly1 costiveness mostly exists2 and if1 on the other hand1 it should be gradual1 there may be diarrhoea1 which will terminate in death4 ,twitches1 chora1 or ,saint ,vitus's dance1 are not very usual1 and may continue for months after every other symptom has subsided4 ,all four limbs are sometimes violently agitated1 and even during sleep are not quiescent4 ,the motion is incessant1 and when this is the case the animal dies1 worn out by the want of bodily rest4 ,in the majority of instances only one limb is affected2 and a species of independence of volition1 or incapability of controlling its movements1 accompanies the affection4 ,though never still1 the leg is comparatively useless1 and is carried in a manner which denotes this fact4 ,the muscles of the trunk are less commonly attacked1 but they do not always escape4 ,when the legs have not been thus affected1 ,i have known the abdominal and thoracic muscles to be troubled by continuous twitchings2 which1 however1 have been for the most part slight1 and have subsided more quickly than have those of the extremities1 when they have been diseased4 ,cholera comes on gradually2 its commencement is hardly to be perceived1 and it is seldom observed before the distemper is fully developed--even sometimes only when the disorder appears to be subsiding4 ,it is not rare for it to start up while the animal is apparently recovering2 and when it does so1 it is always most difficult to remove4 ,no pain is felt in the affected limb2 the part rather seems to lose some portion of its sensibility4 ,when the hind parts are paralysed1 feeling may be entirely gone2 so that a pin thrust into the flesh of those parts does not even attract the notice of the dog4 ,this does not occur in chora1 but the consciousness is dulled by that affection4 ,the convulsed limb may be more roughly handled than the healthy ones2 but violence will excite those answers which truly indicate that insensibility is not established in it4 ,if nothing be done for the twitchings1 the limb will waste2 at last the general system will be sympathetically involved1 and the body will grow thin4 ,this1 however1 may not happen until long after all signs of distemper have disappeared2 for chora1 though well known to be often fatal1 is always slow in its progress1 and never attended with immediate danger4 ,such is an outline of the leading symptoms2 and it now remains only to more particularly point out those which indicate death and denote recovery4 ,the third or fourth week is the time when the dog mostly dies1 if the disorder terminates fatally2 and six weeks is the average continuance of the attack4 ,rapid loss of flesh is always a bad sign1 and it is worse in proportion as the appetite is good1 because then nature has lost the power of appropriation4 ,the presence of vermin is likewise a circumstance which in some measure is deserving of notice4 ,if a dog becomes1 during the existence of this disorder1 unusually infested with fleas1 or more especially if lice all at once cover its coat1--as these parasites ever abound where the body is debilitated and the system unhealthy1--they are at such a period particularly ominous4 ,the coat cannot1 while the disease prevails1 be expected to look sleek2 but when it becomes more than usually harsh1 and is decidedly foul1 having a peculiar smell1 which is communicated to the hand when it is passed over the body1 the anticipations are not bright4 ,the most marked indication is1 however1 given by the tongue4 ,when this is only a little whiter than it was in health1 we may hope for recovery2 but if it becomes coated1 discolored1 and red and dry at its tip and edges1 the worst may be foretold4 ,the warning is the more decided if the breath be hot and tainted1 and the belly and feet cold to the touch4 ,while the dog can stand and walk1 however feebly1 there is no reason to despair2 but when it falls down1 and lies upon its side1 rarely is medicine of much avail4 ,even then1 however1 it will sometimes recover2 but if1 while in this state1 injections are returned as soon as they are administered1 the chance that it can survive is indeed remote4 ,recovery1 in extreme cases1 usually commences after diarrhoea which had set in has subsided1 rather than during its attack4 ,this is the only semblance to anything approaching a crisis which has come hither under my observation4 ,if simultaneously the eyes lose their red and glassy aspect1 and the cough returns1 the danger may be supposed to have been passed4 ,for weeks1 however1 the animal will require attention2 for the convalescence is often more difficult to master than the disease itself is to cure2 and relapses1 always more dangerous than the original attack1 are by no means unusual4 ,the recovery may not be perfect before one or even two months have expired2 but usually it is rapid1 and the health is better than it was previous to the disease4 ,a dog which would before never make flesh1 having had the distemper1 will often become fat4 ,i once tried all in my power to relieve a ,newfoundland dog of worms1 but though ,i persisted for months1 ,i was at last reluctantly obliged to admit the case was beyond any treatment ,i dared employ4 ,a fortnight after ,i had given it up1 the same animal was brought to me1 suffering under evident distemper4 ,i was not displeased to see it in that state1 for ,i felt ,i could overcome the disease2 and ,i told the proprietor that with the distemper the worms would depart4 ,so it proved1 and the dog has not since been subject to the annoyance4 ,when the violence of the disorder has declined1 the skin generally peels1 the cuticle is cut off1 and the hair is scurfy4 ,i have even known the soles of the feet to cast their outer covering1 and in one case three of the nails were shed4 ,the teeth1 also1 are coated with a thick fur1 and the breath is offensive2 but as the strength returns at the same time1 these circumstances are not to be viewed in a serious light4 ,in one or two instances1 where the system seemed to be so shaken that it retained no strength to cast off the lingering remnant of the distemper1 mange has burst forth1 and proceeded very rapidly2 but it yielded with equal speed to mild external remedies1 and is therefore only to be feared inasmuch as it disfigures the dog for a time1 retarding the ultimate restoration to health by further taxing the enfeebled body4 ,during the recovery from distemper1 small and delicate animals--terriers and spaniels--are very liable to faint2 the dog is lively1 perhaps excited1 when suddenly it falls upon its side1 and all its limbs stiffen4 ,a series of these attacks may follow one another1 though generally one only occurs2 when numerous and rapid1 there is some danger1 but1 as a general rule1 little apprehension need be entertained4 ,the fainting fits are of some consequence1 if they exist during a sickening for1 or maturing of1 distemper4 ,in pups that have not passed the climax of the disease1 they are not unseldom the cause of death2 but1 even in that case1 ,i have never been convinced that the measures adopted for the relief did not kill quite as much or even more than the affection4 ,when the symptom is mistaken1 and wrong remedies are resorted to1 the fainting fit will often continue for hours1 or never be overcome4 ,when let alone1 the attack mostly does not last longer than a quarter of an hour1 and under judicious treatment the consciousness almost immediately returns4 ,when the fainting fits occur during the progress or advance of the disease--that is1 before the symptoms have begun to amend--it is usually preceded by signs of aggravation4 ,for twelve or twenty-four hours previously the dog is perceptibly worse2 it may moan or cry1 and yet no organ seems to be decidedly affected more seriously than it was before4 ,i attribute the sounds made to headache2 and1 confirming this opinion1 there is always some heat at the scalp4 ,the animal is dull1 but immediately before the collapse it attempts to wander1 and has begun to move1 probably panting at the same time1 when it falls without a cry1 and stiffens4 ,in this state--the rigidity occasionally being less1 but the unconsciousness continuing unchanged--it will remain2 the eyes are turned upward or into the skull1 the gums and tongue are pallid1 the legs and belly cold3 the appearances are those of approaching death1 which1 unless relief is afforded1 may in a short time take place4 ,when the fainting occurs after convalescence is established1 the attack is sudden1 the symptoms are less violent1 and the coma of shorter duration4 ,in this last case there is generally little danger1 but there is always sufficient reason for alarm1 and help ought never to be delayed4 ,these attacks are commonly confounded with true distemper fits1 from which they are altogether distinct2 and from which they may be readily distinguished by the absence of the champing of the jaw1 the want of any disposition to bite1 the immediate insensibility which ensues1 the shrieks not being heard1 and the urine or fces not being voided4 ,nevertheless1 the two are usually confounded1 and hence many persons are found asserting that distemper fits are easily cured2 and several dogs have been shown to me at different times1 which their owners were confident had been attacked by distemper fits1 and radically cured by the most simple1 and often ridiculous specifics4 ,i have sometimes in despair--even against my reason--tried these boasted remedies1 but in no instance has the result rewarded me4 ,where there was real occasion for a potent medicine1 and little hope that any drug could benefit1 the nostrums have1 without a single exception1 belied the confident recommendations with which they were offered1 and either have done harm or proved inoperative4 ,the symptoms of distemper1 as the reader will1 after wading through the foregoing description1 have perceived1 are numerous and complicated2 they admit of no positive arrangement1 being both eccentric in their order and appearances4 ,redness of the eyes1 with discharge from both eyes and nose1 accompanied with ordinary signs of illness1 are the early indications2 but even these are not to be sought for1 or to be expected in any single form4 ,the judgment must be exercised1 and study strengthened by experience will alone enable any man to pronounce the presence of distemper in many cases2 while1 perhaps1 without knowledge or practice any person may recognise it in the generality of instances4 ,the treatment is rendered the more difficult because of the insidious nature of the disorder1 and the uncertain character of its symptoms2 under such circumstances1 it is no easy task to make perfectly clear those instructions ,i am about to give4 ,i am in possession of no specific2 ,i do not pretend to teach how to conjure2 ,i am going only to lay down certain rules which1 if judiciously applied1 will tend to take from this disease that fatal reputation which it has hitherto acquired4 ,i shall be obliged1 however1 to leave much to the discretion of the reader2 for it would employ too great a space1 did ,i attempt to make provision for all possible accidents and probable combinations4 ,the diet is of all importance2 it must be strictly attended to4 ,in the first place1 meat or flesh must be withheld4 ,boiled rice1 with a little broth from which the fat has been removed1 may be the food of a weakly animal1 but for the majority bread and milk will be sufficient2 whichever is employed must be given perfectly cold4 ,sugar1 butter1 sweet biscuits1 meat1 gravy1 greens1 tea or pot liquor--either luxuries or trash--must be scrupulously denied in any quantity1 however small4 ,skim-milk1 if perfectly sweet1 is to be preferred1 and coarse bread or ship biscuits are better than the same articles of a finer quality4 ,these will form the diet1 when the dog can be brought to accept them2 and to rice1 the favorite--however great may be the pity he elicits1 or however urgent may be his solicitations for a more liberal fare--must be rigidly confined4 ,if1 after a few trials1 the dog stubbornly refuses such provender1 meat must of necessity be given1 but it should be of the very best description1 and rather underdone4 ,of this kind1 it ought to be minced1 and mixed with so much rice or ship biscuit as the animal can at first be made to eat with it2 the rice or biscuit may then be gradually increased2 and in the end the vegetable substance will constitute1 at all events1 the major part of the support4 ,water1 constantly changed--a circumstance too little attended to where dogs are concerned--must be the only drink2 the bed must be warm and dry1 but airy4 ,cleanliness cannot be carried to too nice an extent2 here the most fastidious attention is not out of place4 ,let the kennel be daily cleared1 and the bed regularly changed at least thrice-a-week2 straw or hay is better for the dog to sleep upon than cushions or blankets1 which1 being more expensive1 are not so frequently replaced4 ,too much hay or straw cannot be allowed1 but1 on the other hand1 it is difficult to regulate the quantity of the finer articles4 ,in the last kind of bed the animal is often almost smothered1 or else he scrapes them into a lump1 and lies shivering on the top2 whereas1 when he has straw to lie upon1 he can either creep beneath it1 and shelter himself when sensible of cold1 or expose himself to the air when oppressed by the fever4 ,the sensations being the only guide1 it is best to leave the dog1 as much as possible1 capable of obeying its instinct2 but always let the bed be ample1 as during the night the shivering generally prevails1 and the cold fit is entirely independent of the heat to be felt at the skin1 or the temperature of the season4 ,let the dog be kept away from the fire1 for1 if permitted1 it will creep to the hearth1 and may be injured by the falling cinders1 when the burn will not perhaps readily heal4 ,a cold or rather cool place is to be selected--one protected from wet1 free from damp1 and not exposed to wind or draughts4 ,the kennel1 if properly constructed1 is the better house1 for dogs do best in the open air2 the only objection to which is1 the chance it offers of the animal being drenched with rain4 ,if the kennel can be placed under an open outhouse1 ,i should always have it put there2 and what else ,i would recommend is1 of course1 told by the line of conduct which ,i pursue4 ,medicinal measures are not to be so quickly settled4 ,a constant change of the agents employed will be imperative1 and the practitioner must be prepared to meet every symptom as it appears4 ,the treatment is almost wholly regulated by the symptoms1 and as the last are various1 of course the mode of vanquishing them cannot be uniform4 ,to guide us1 however1 there is the well-known fact1 the disease we have to subdue is of a febrile kind1 and has a decided tendency to assume a typhoid character2 therefore1 whatever is done must be of a description not likely to exhaust1--depletion is altogether out of the question4 ,the object we have to keep in view is the support of nature1 and the husbanding of those powers which the malady is certain to prey upon3 in proportion as this is done1 so will be the issue4 ,in the very early stage1 purgatives or emetics are admissible4 ,if a dog is brought to me with reddened eyes1 but no discharge1 and the owner does no more with regard to the animal than complain of dulness1 a want of appetite1 and a desire to creep to the warmth1 then ,i give a mild emetic such as is directed1 page #aai2 and this ,i repeat for three successive mornings2 on the fourth day administering a gentle purge1 as ordered1 page #aaf4 ,the tartar emetic solution and purgative pills ,i employ for these purposes1 in preference to castor oil or ipecacuanha1 and during the same time ,i prescribe the following pills3-- ,ext4 belladonna ,six to twenty-four grains4 ,nitre ,one to four scruples4 ,extract of gentian ,one to four drachms4 ,powdered quassia ,a sufficiency4 ,make into twenty-four pills1 and give three daily2 choosing the lowest amount specified1 or the intermediate quantities1 according to the size of the animal4 ,often under this treatment the disease will appear to be suddenly cut short4 ,with the action of the purgative1 or even before it has acted1 all the symptoms will disappear1 and nothing remains which seems to say any further treatment is required4 ,i never rest here1 for experience has taught me that these appearances are deceptive1 and the disorder has a disposition to return4 ,consequently strict injunctions are given as to diet1 and a course of tonics is adopted3-- ,disulphate of quinine ,one to four scruples4 ,sulphate of iron ,one to four scruples4 ,extract of gentian ,two to eight drachms4 ,powdered quassia ,a sufficiency4 ,make into twenty pills1 and give three daily4 ,at the same time ,i give the liquor arsenicalis1 which ,i prepare not exactly as is directed to be made by the ,london pharmacopoeia1 but after the following method3-- ,take any quantity of arsenious acid1 and adding to it so much distilled water as will constitute one ounce of the fluid to every four grains of the substance1 put the two into a glass vessel4 ,to these put a quantity of carbonate of potash equal to that of the acid1 and let the whole boil until the liquid is perfectly clear4 ,the strength is the same as the preparation used in human practice2 the only difference is1 the coloring and flavoring ingredients are omitted1 because they render the medicine distasteful to the dog4 ,the dose for the dog is from one drop to three drops2 it may be carried higher1 but should not be used in greater strength1 when a tonic or febrifuge effect only is desired4 ,of the liquor arsenicalis ,i take ten or twenty drops1 and adding one ounce of distilled water1 mingled with a little simple syrup1 ,i order a teaspoonful to be given thrice daily with the pills1 or in a little milk1 or in any fluid the creature is fond of4 ,the taste being pleasant1 the dog does not object to this physic1 and it is of all importance that it should be annoyed at this time as little as may be possible4 ,numerous are the cases which have thus been shortened by this method2 and the advantage gained by this mode of treatment is1 that if the measures employed be not absolutely necessary1 they do no harm1 and if required1 they are those which are calculated to mitigate the violence of the disease2 so for three or four weeks ,i pursue this course1 and should all then appear well1 ,i dismiss the case4 ,most generally1 however1 the dogs brought to us with the distemper have the disease fairly established before we see them4 ,then ,i never purge or vomit3 the time when such agents could be remedial has passed1 and if now used1 though they will seem to do some immediate good1 the after consequences are always to be regretted4 ,the action of the purgative has scarcely subsided before the distemper assumes a more virulent form1 and the probability of the termination is rendered more dark4 ,during the distemper ,i pay little attention to the bowels2 and1 however great may be the costiveness1 ,i never venture to resort even to a laxative1 though1 should ,i discover the rectum to be impacted with hard fces1 an enema may be employed4 ,that which ,i use on these occasions is composed of gruel1 to which some sulphuric ether and laudanum has been added4 ,take of cold gruel ,one quart4 ,sulphuric ether ,four drachms4 ,laudanum ,one scruple4 ,the above quantity will be ample for the largest dog--one-eighth will be enough for a small animal--and for a mere pup1 an ounce of the fluid is often sufficient4 ,in these cases1 however1 ,i always continue the injection until it is returned1 the object not being to have it retained2 but simply to lubricate the part1 and thereby facilitate the passage of the fces1 while by distending the rectum1 that intestine is stimulated to expel its contents4 ,the ether and laudanum are introduced to guard against the possibility of irritation4 ,if a more than usual disposition to costiveness be observed1 twice a week a meal of liver1 chopped very fine1 is allowed2 but even this should be given only after there is absolute proof of its necessity4 ,of the cough1 however distressing it may be1 ,i take no notice4 ,i do nothing for its relief1 but persevere in the tonic treatment1 and become more strict in my directions concerning diet4 ,the cough is only one of the symptoms attendant on the disorder1 and the measures likely to mitigate its severity will aggravate the disease2 while by attacking the disorder1 we destroy the cause1 and with that the effect also disappears4 ,the eyes ,i treat1 or rather refuse to treat1 upon the same principle4 ,whatever may be the appearance they present--even though the animal should be actually blind1 the eye of a dull thick white color on its entire surface1 and the centre of the cornea ulcerated--nevertheless ,i let them alone1 and turn a deaf ear to the entreaties which call on me to relieve so terrible an affliction3 ,i forbid even the discharge to be washed off4 ,nothing must go near them2 but the treatment must be pursued as though we were ignorant that the parts were affected4 ,any excessive accumulation may be gently picked off with the fingers once a-day2 but even this must be performed with the utmost caution1 and in most instances had better be let alone4 ,it can only be necessary in dogs that have very long hair which becomes matted and glued together upon the cheeks2 for other animals it is not imperative4 ,if the lids should be stuck together1 the fastening substance may be removed2 but it should not be too quickly done even then4 ,all water1 either warm1 tepid1 or cold--every kind of lotion1 or any sort of salve or powder--will do harm1 by either weakening or irritating the organs4 ,as to bleeding1 blistering1 and setoning1 which have been advised1 they are contrary to the dictates of humanity1 and as a necessary consequence1 are injurious4 ,in medicine1 at least with the dog1 that which is not kind is not good4 ,with these animals the feelings are much safer than the reason2 and a lady1 consulting the impulses of her heart1 would be more likely to save her favorite than a veterinary surgeon1 who proceeded upon the practice of that which he supposed was his science4 ,let the eyes of the sufferer alone--we cannot alleviate the pain1 or shorten its duration4 ,the disease regulates the torture1 and to that we must give attention4 ,if the distemper is conquered1 the sight will mostly be restored2 but if the eyes are tampered with1 consequences may ensue which are not natural to the disease1 but are induced by the crude and cruel prejudices of the doctor4 ,the man who1 during distemper1 seeing an ulcer upon the cornea1 under the imagination that by so doing he will set up a healthy action1 presumes to touch it with lunar caustic1 will in the resistance of the poor patient be rebuked1 and1 by the humour of the eye squirting into his face1 probably be informed that he has accomplished the very object he intended to prevent1 while a fungoid mass will spring up to commemorate his achievement4 ,when the lungs are attacked1 all kinds of mistaken cruelties have been perpetrated4 ,no wonder the disease has been so fatal1 when it has been so little understood4 ,i cannot conceive that any dog could survive the measures ,i was by my college tutor taught to pursue1 or the plan which books told me to adopt4 ,needlessly severe1 calculated to strengthen the disease1 and to decrease the power of the animal to survive1 as the general practice decidedly is1 ,i entreat the reader to reject it4 ,in truth1 the involvement of the lungs is in distemper a very slight affair2 no symptom yields more quickly or to milder means4 ,do not forget the diet1 but let it be both low and small4 ,the system cannot endure depletion1 therefore we must gain whatever we can through abstinence4 ,do not starve1 but be cautious not to cram the animal2 only keep it so short that it remains always hungry4 ,the meal must now never be full1 or sufficient to satisfy the appetite1 which is usually large4 ,a loaded stomach would do much injury1 therefore little and often is the rule4 ,the amount for the day must be cut off in the morning2 and during the day1 at as many times as the owner pleases1 it may little by little be offered1 but no more must be allowed4 ,if the dog should not be inclined to eat1 which is not often the case at this particular period1 the circumstance is hardly to be regretted2 he is not1 save under the direction of one qualified to give such an order1 to be enticed or forced4 ,as for medicine1 let the following pill be given thrice daily3-- ,extract of belladonna ,one to four grains4 ,nitre ,three to eight grains4 ,james's powder ,one to four grains4 ,conserve of roses ,a sufficiency4 ,this will be the quantity for one pill2 but a better effect is produced if the medicine be administered in smaller doses1 and at shorter intervals4 ,if the dog can be constantly attended to1 and does not resist the exhibition of pills1 or will swallow them readily when concealed in a bit of meat1 the following may be given every hour3-- ,extract of belladonna ,a quarter grain to one grain4 ,nitre ,one to four grains4 ,james's powder ,a quarter grain to one grain4 ,conserve of roses ,a sufficiency4 ,with these a very little of the tincture of aconite may be also blended1 not more than one drop to four pills4 ,the tonics ought during the time to be discontinued1 and the chest should be daily auscultated to learn when the symptoms subside4 ,so soon as a marked change is observed1 the tonic treatment must be resumed1 nor need we wait until all signs of chest affection have disappeared4 ,when the more active stage is mastered by strengthening the system1 the cure is often hastened2 but the animal should be watched1 as sometimes the affection will return4 ,more frequently1 however1 while the lungs engross attention1 the eyes become disordered4 ,when such is the case1 the tonics may be at once resorted to2 for then there is little fear but the disease is leaving the chest to involve other structures4 ,diarrhoea may next start up4 ,if it appears1 let ether and laudanum be immediately administered1 both by the mouth and by injection4 ,to one pint of gruel add two ounces of sulphuric ether1 and four scruples of the tincture of opium2 shake them well together4 ,from half an ounce to a quarter of a pint of this may be employed as an enema1 which should be administered with great gentleness1 as the desire is that it should be retained4 ,this should be repeated every third hour1 or oftener if the symptoms seem urgent1 and there is much straining after the motions4 ,from a tablespoonful to four times that quantity of the ether and laudanum mixture1 in a small quantity of simple syrup1 may be given every second hour by the mouth2 but if there is any indication of colic1 the dose may be repeated every hour or half hour2 and ,i have occasionally given a second dose when only ten minutes have elapsed4 ,should the purgation continue1 and the pain subside1 from five to twenty drops of liquor potass may be added to every dose of ether given by the mouth2 which1 when there is no colic1 should be once in three hours1 and the pills directed below may be exhibited at the same time3-- ,prepared chalk ,five grains to one scruple4 ,powdered ginger ,three to ten grains4 ,powdered carraways ,three to ten grains4 ,powdered capsicums ,one to four grains4 ,confection of roses ,a sufficiency4 ,to the foregoing1 from two to eight grains of powdered catechu may be added should it seem to be required1 but it is not generally needed4 ,opium more than has been recommended1 in this stage1 is not usually beneficial2 and1 save in conjunction with ether1 which appears to deprive it of its injurious property1 ,i am not in the habit of employing it4 ,i have been more full in my directions for diarrhoea than was perhaps required by the majority of cases4 ,under the administration of the ether only ,i am1 therefore1 never in a hurry to resort even to the liquor potass1 which1 however1 ,i use some time before ,i employ the astringent pills1 and during the whole period ,i persevere with the tonic4 ,the diet ,i restrict to strong beef tea1 thickened with ground rice1 and nothing of a solid nature is allowed4 ,should these measures not arrest the purgation1 but the fces become offensive1 chloride of zinc is introduced into the injection1 and also into the ether given by the mouth4 ,with the first1 from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of the solution is combined1 and with the last half those quantities is blended4 ,a wash1 composed of two ounces of the solution of the chloride to a pint of cold water1 is also made use of to cleanse the anus1 about which1 and the root of the tail1 the fces have a tendency to accumulate4 ,warm turpentine ,i have sometimes with advantage had repeatedly held to the abdomen1 by means of flannels heated and then dipt into the oil1 which is afterwards wrung out4 ,this1 however1 is apt to be energetic in its action2 but that circumstance offers no objection to its employment4 ,when it causes much pain1 it may be discontinued1 and with the less regret1 as the necessity is the less in proportion as the sensibility is the greater4 ,should it even produce no indication of uneasiness1 it must nevertheless not be carried too far1 since on the dog it will cause serious irritation if injudiciously employed2 and we may then have the consequences of the application to contend with added to the effects of the disease4 ,when it produces violent irritation1 a wash made of a drachm of the carbonate of ammonia to half a pint of water may be applied to the surface2 and when the inflammation subsides1 the part may be dressed with spermaceti ointment4 ,the fits are more to be dreaded than any other symptom2 when fairly established1 they are seldom mastered4 ,i have no occasion to boast of the success of my treatment of these fits4 ,all ,i can advance in favor of my practice is1 that it does sometimes save the life1 and certainly alleviates the sufferings of the patient2 while of that plan of treatment which is generally recommended and pursued1 ,i can confidently assert it always destroys1 adding torture to the pains of death4 ,in my hands not more than one in ten are relieved1 but when ,i followed the custom of ,blaine none ever lived1--the fate was sealed1 and its horrors were increased by the folly and ignorance of him who was employed to watch over1 and was supposed to be able to control4 ,let the owners of dogs1 when these animals have true distemper fits1 rather cut short their lives than allow the creatures to be tampered with for no earthly prospect4 ,i have no hesitation when saying this2 the doom of the dog with distemper fits may be regarded as sealed2 and medicine1 which will seldom save1 should be studied chiefly as a means of lessening the last agonies4 ,in this light alone can ,i recommend the practice ,i am in the habit of adopting4 ,when under it any animal recovers1 the result is rather to be attributed to the powers of nature than to be ascribed to the virtues of medicine2 which by the frequency of its failure shows that its potency is subservient to many circumstances4 ,blaine and ,youatt1 both by the terms in which they speak of1 and the directions they lay down for1 the cure of distemper fits1 evidently did not understand the pathology of this form of the disease4 ,these authors seem to argue that the fits are a separate disease1 and not the symptoms only of an existing disorder4 ,the treatment they order is depletive1 whereas1 the attacks appearing only after the distemper has exhausted the strength1 a little reflection convinces us the fits are the results of weakness4 ,their views are mistaken1 and their remedies are prejudicial4 ,they speak of distemper being sometimes ushered in by a fit1 and their language implies that the convulsions1 sometimes seen at the first period1 are identical with those witnessed only during the latest stages4 ,this is not the fact4 ,a fit may be observed before the appearance of the distemper2 and anything which1 like a fit1 shows the system to be deranged1 may predispose the animal to be affected2 but1 between fits of any kind1 and the termination of the affection in relation to distemper1 there is no reason to imagine there is an absolute connexion4 ,the true distemper fit is never observed early--at least1 ,i have never beheld it--before the expiration of the third week2 and ,i am happy in being able to add1 that when my directions have from the first been followed1 ,i have never known an instance in which the fits have started up4 ,therefore1 if seldom to be cured1 ,i have cause to think they may be generally prevented4 ,when the symptoms denote the probable appearance of fits1 although the appetite should be craving1 the food must be light and spare4 ,at the ,veterinary ,college1 the pupils are taught that the increase of the appetite at this particular period is a benevolent provision to strengthen the body for the approaching trial4 ,nature1 foreseeing the struggle her creature is doomed to undergo--the teacher used to say--gives a desire for food1 that the body may have vigor to endure it2 and the young gentlemen are advised1 therefore1 to gratify the cravings of the dog4 ,this is sad nonsense1 which pretends to comprehend those motives that are far beyond mortal recognition4 ,we cannot read the intentions of every human mind1 and it displays presumption when we pretend to understand the designs of ,providence4 ,there are subjects upon which prudence would enjoin silence4 ,the voracity is excessive1 but it is a morbid prompting4 ,when the fits are threatened1 the stomach is either acutely inflamed1 or in places actually sore1 the cuticle being removed1 and the surface raw4 ,after a full meal at such a period1 a fit may follow1 or continuous cries may evidence the pain which it inflicts4 ,nothing solid should be allowed2 the strongest animal jelly1 in which arrowroot or ground rice is mixed1 must constitute the diet2 and this must be perfectly cold before the dog is permitted to touch it3 the quantity may be large1 but the amount given at one time must be small4 ,a little pup should have the essence of at least a pound of beef in the course of the day1 and a ,newfoundland or mastiff would require eight times that weight of nutriment3 this should be given little by little1 a portion every hour1 and nothing more save water must be placed within the animal's reach4 ,the bed must not be hay or straw1 nor must any wooden utensil be at hand2 for there is a disposition to eat such things4 ,a strong canvas bag1 lightly filled with sweet hay1 answers the purpose best2 but if the slightest inclination to gnaw is observed1 a bare floor is preferable4 ,the muzzle does not answer2 for it irritates the temper which sickness has rendered sensitive4 ,therefore no restraint1 or as little as is consonant with the circumstances1 must be enforced4 ,emetics are not indicated4 ,could we know with certainty that the stomach was loaded with foreign matters1 necessity would oblige their use2 but there can be no knowledge of this fact--and of themselves these agents are at this time most injurious4 ,purgatives are poisons now4 ,there is always apparent constipation2 but it is confined only to the posterior intestine1 and is only mechanical4 ,diarrhoea is certain to commence when the rectum is unloaded1 and nothing likely to irritate the intestines is admissible4 ,the fluid food will have all the aperient effect that can be desired4 ,as to setons1 they are useless during the active stage2 and if continued after it has passed1 they annoy and weaken the poor patient3 in fact1 nothing must be done which has not hitherto been proposed4 ,when signs indicative of approaching fits are remarked1 small doses of mercury and ipecacuanha should be administered4 ,grey powder ,five grains to one scruple4 ,ipecacuanha ,one to four grains4 ,give the above thrice daily2 but if it produces sickness1 let the quantity at the next dose be one-half4 ,tincture of hyoscyamus ,one part4 ,sulphuric ether ,three parts4 ,this should be mixed with cold soup1 ten ounces of which should be mingled with one ounce of the medicine4 ,give an ounce every hour to a small dog1 and four ounces to the largest animal4 ,a full enema of the solution of soap should be thrown up2 and the rectum having been emptied1 an ounce or four ounces of the sulphuric ether and hyoscyamus mixture ought to be injected every hour4 ,over the anterior part of the forehead1 from one to four leeches may be applied4 ,to do this the hair must be cut close1 and the parts shaved2 then1 with a pair of scissors1 the skin must be snipped through1 and the leech put to the wound3 after tasting the blood it will take hold4 ,to the nape of the neck a small blister may be applied2 and if it rises1 the hope will mount with it4 ,a blister is altogether preferable to a seton2 the one acts as a derivative1 by drawing the blood immediately to the surface without producing absolute inflammation1 which the other as a foreign body violently excites4 ,the effects of vesicants are speedy1 those of setons are remote2 and ,i have seen fearful spectacles induced by their employment4 ,with dogs setons are never safe2 for these animals1 with their teeth or claws1 are nearly certain to tear them out4 ,in cases of fits1 if the seton causes much discharge1 it is debilitating and also offensive to the dog1 and the ends of the tape are to him an incessant annoyance4 ,it is not my practice to employ setons1 being convinced that those agents are not beneficial to the canine race2 but to blisters1 which on these animals are seldom used1 ,i have little objection4 ,with the ammonia and cantharides1 turpentine and mustard1 we have so much variety1 both as to strength and speed of action1 that we can suit the remedy to the circumstances1 which1 in the instance of a creature so sensitive and irritable as the dog1 is of all importance4 ,the blister which ,i employ in distemper fits is composed of equal parts of liquor ammoni and camphorated spirits4 ,i saturate a piece of sponge or piline with this compound2 and having removed the hair1 ,i apply it to the nape of the neck1 where it is retained from five to fifteen minutes1 according to the effect it appears to produce4 ,great relief is often obtained by this practice2 and should it be necessary1 ,i sometimes repeat the application a little lower down towards the shoulders1 but never on the same place2 for even though no apparent rubefaction may be discerned1 the deeper seated structures are apt to be affected1 and should the animal survive1 serious sloughing may follow1 if the blister be repeated too quickly on one part4 ,the directions given above apply to that stage when the eye and other symptoms indicate the approach of fits1 or when the champing has commenced4 ,the tonic pills and liquor arsenicalis may also then be continued2 but when the fits have positively occurred1 other measures must be adopted4 ,if colic should attack the animal1 laudanum must be administered1 and in small but repeated doses1 until the pain is dismissed4 ,opium is of itself objectionable2 but the drug does less injury than does the suffering1 and1 therefore1 we choose between the two evils4 ,from five to twenty drops of the tincture1 combined with half-a-drachm to two drachms of sulphuric ether1 may be given every half-hour during the paroxysm2 and either the dose diminished or the intervals increased as the agony lessens1 the animal being at the same time constantly watched4 ,the ethereal enemas should be simultaneously exhibited1 and repeated every half-hour4 ,when a fit occurs1 nothing should during its existence be given by the mouth1 except with the stomach-pump1 or by means of a large-sized catheter introduced into the pharynx4 ,unless this precaution be taken1 there is much danger of the fluid being carried into the lungs4 ,ether by injection1 however1 is of every service1 and where the proper instruments are at hand1 it ought also to be given by the mouth4 ,the doses have been described4 ,to the liquor arsenicalis1 from half a drop to two drops of the tincture of aconite may with every dose be blended2 and the solution of the chloride of lime should be mingled with the injections1 as ordered for diarrhoea1 which1 if not present1 is certain to be near at hand4 ,the following may also be exhibited1 either as a soft mass or as a fluid mixture3-- ,chlorate of potash ,one to four grains4 ,aromatic powder ,half-a-drachm to two drachms4 ,or1 ,carbonate of ammonia ,five grains to a scruple4 ,chalk ,one to four scruples4 ,aromatic confection ,one to four scruples4 ,either of the above may be tried every third hour1 but on no account ought the warm bath to be used4 ,an embrocation1 as directed for rheumatism1 may be employed to the feet and legs1 and warm turpentine may1 as described in diarrhoea1 be used to the abdomen4 ,cold or evaporating lotions to the head are of service1 but unless they can be continuously applied1 they do harm4 ,their action must be prolonged and kept up night and day1 or they had better not be employed1 as the reaction they provoke is excessive4 ,cold water dashed upon the head during the fit does no good1 but rather seems to produce evil4 ,the shock often aggravates the convulsions2 and the wet which soon dries upon the skull is followed by a marked increase of temperature2 while1 remaining upon other parts1 and chilling these1 it drives the blood to the head4 ,from the foregoing1 it will have been seen that my efforts are chiefly directed to strengthening the system1 and1 so far as possible1 avoiding anything that might add to the irritability4 ,on these principles ,i have sometimes succeeded1 and most often when the fits have been caused by some foreign substance in the stomach or intestines4 ,when such is the case1 the fits are mostly short and frequent4 ,one dog that had one of these attacks1 which did not last above forty seconds every five minutes1 and was very noisy1 lived in pain for two days1 and then passed a peach-stone1 from which moment it began to recover1 and is now alive4 ,in another case1 a nail was vomited1 and the animal from that time commenced improving4 ,in this instance an emetic would have been of benefit2 but such occurrences are rare1 and the emetic does not1 even when required1 do the same good as is produced by the natural ejection of the offending agent4 ,perhaps1 where nature possesses the strength to cast off the cause of the distress1 there is more power indicated2 but after an emetic1 ,i have known a dog fall upon its side1 and never rise again4 ,during fits the dog should be confined1 to prevent its exhausting itself by wandering about4 ,a large basket is best suited for this purpose4 ,it should be so large as not to incommode the animal1 and high enough to allow the dog to stand up without hitting its head4 ,a box is too close2 and1 besides the objection it presents with regard to air1 it does not allow the liquids ejected to drain off4 ,for the pustular eruption peculiar to distemper1 ,i apply no remedy4 ,when the pustules are matured ,i open them1 but ,i am not certain any great benefit results from this practice4 ,if the disorder terminates favorably the symptom disappears2 and1 beyond giving a little additional food1 perhaps allowing one meal of meat1 from one ounce to six ounces1 ,i positively do nothing in these cases4 ,i must confess ,i do not understand this eruption2 and in medicine1 if you are not certain what you should do1 it is always safest to do nothing4 ,the disposition to eat or gnaw any part of the body must be counteracted by mechanical measures4 ,the limb or tail must be encased with leather or gutta percha4 ,no application containing aloes1 or any drug the dog distastes1 will be of any avail4 ,when the flesh is not sensitive1 the palate is not nice1 and the dog will eat away in spite of any seasoning4 ,a mechanical obstruction is the only check that can be depended upon4 ,a muzzle must be employed1 if nothing else can be used2 but generally a leather boot1 or gutta percha case moulded to the part1 has answered admirably4 ,to the immediate place ,i apply a piece of wet lint1 over which is put some oil silk1 and the rag is kept constantly moist4 ,the dose of the liquor arsenicalis is increased by one-fourth or one-half1 and in a few days the morbid desire to injure itself ceases4 ,after this the dressings are continued2 and only when the recovery is perfect do ,i attempt to operate1 no matter how serious may be the wound1 or how terrible1 short of mortifying1 it may appear4 ,tumors must be treated upon general principles3 and only regarded as reasons for supporting the strength4 ,they require no special directions at this place1 but the reader is referred to that portion of the work in which they are dwelt upon4 ,to the genital organs of the male1 when the discharge is abundant1 a wash consisting of a drachm of the solution of the chloride of zinc to an ounce of water1 gently applied once or twice daily1 is all that will be necessary4 ,the paralysis of the bladder requires immediate attention4 ,in the last stage1 when exhaustion sets in1 it is nearly always paralysed4 ,sometimes the retention of urine constitutes the leading and most serious symptom2 and after the water has been once drawn off1 the bladder may regain its tone--another operation rarely being needed4 ,a professional friend1 formerly my pupil1 brought to me a dog which exhibited symptoms he could not interpret2 it was in the advanced stage of distemper4 ,it was disinclined to move1 and appeared almost as if its hind legs were partially paralysed4 ,i detected the bladder was distended1 and though the animal did not weigh more than eight pounds1 nine ounces and a half of urine were taken away by means of the catheter4 ,from that time it improved1 and is now well4 ,there can be no doubt that a few hours' delay in that case would have sealed the fate of the dog4 ,for the manner of introducing the catheter1 and the way to discover when the urine is retained1 the reader is referred to that part of the present work which treats especially on this subject4 ,paralysis and chora will be here dismissed with a like remark4 ,to those diseases the reader must turn for their treatment2 but ,i must here state1 that before any measures specially intended to relieve either are adopted1 the original disease should be first subdued1 as1 in many cases1 with the last the chora will disappear2 while in some the twitching will remain through life4 ,all that may be attempted during the existence of distemper1 will consist in the addition of from a quarter of a grain to a grain and a half of powdered nux vomica to the tonic pills2 and1 in severe paralysis1 the use of a little friction1 with a mild embrocation to the loins4 ,the treatment during convalescence is by no means to be despised1 for here we have to restore the strength1 and1 while we do so1 to guard against a relapse4 ,one circumstance must not be lost sight of2 namely1 that nature is1 after the disease has spent its violence1 always anxious to repair the damage it may have inflicted4 ,bearing this in mind1 much of our labor will be lightened1 and more than ever shall we be satisfied to play second in the business4 ,the less we do the better2 but1 nevertheless1 there remains something which will not let us continue perfectly idle4 ,never1 after danger has seemingly passed1 permit the animal to return all at once to flesh food4 ,for some time1 after all signs of the disease have entirely disappeared1 let vegetables form a part1 and a good part of the diet4 ,do not let the animal gorge itself4 ,however lively it may seem to be1 and however eager may be its hunger1 let the quantity be proportioned to the requirements independent of the voracity4 ,above all1 do not tempt and coax the dog to eat1 under the foolish idea that the body will strengthen or fatten1 because a great deal is taken into the stomach4 ,we are not nourished by what we swallow1 but by that which we digest2 and too much1 by distending the stomach and loading the intestines1 retards the natural powers of appropriation2 just as a man may be prevented from walking by a weight which1 nevertheless1 he may be able to support4 ,give enough1 but divide it into at least three meals--four or five will be better--and let the animal have them at stated periods2 taking care that it never at one time has as much as it can eat3 and by degrees return to the ordinary mode of feeding4 ,the fainting fits create great alarm1 but1 if properly treated1 they are very trivial affairs4 ,an ethereal enema1 and a dose or two of the medicine1 will generally restore the animal4 ,no other physic is needed1 but greater attention to the feeding is required4 ,excessive exercise will cause them1 and the want of exercise will also bring them on4 ,the open air is of every service1 and will do more for the perfect recovery than almost anything else4 ,when the scarf-skin peels off1 a cold bath with plenty of friction1 and a walk afterwards1 is frequently highly beneficial2 but there are dogs with which it does not agree1 and1 consequently1 the action must be watched4 ,never persevere with anything that seems to be injurious4 ,if the mange breaks out1 a simple dressing as directed for that disease will remove it1 no internal remedies being in such a case required4 ,i cannot close my account of distemper without cautioning the reader against the too long use of quinine4 ,it is a most valuable medicine1 and1 as a general rule1 no less safe than useful4 ,i do not know that it can act as a poison1 or destroy the life2 but it can produce evils hardly less1 and more difficult to cure1 than those it was employed to eradicate4 ,the most certain and most potent febrifuge1 and the most active tonic1 it can also induce blindness and deafness2 and by the too long or too large employment of quinine a fever is induced1 which hangs upon the dog1 and keeps him thin for many a month4 ,therefore1 when the more violent stages of the disease have been conquered1 it should no longer be employed4 ,other tonics will then do quite as well1 and a change of medicine often performs that which no one1 if persevered with1 will accomplish4 ,all writers1 when treating of distemper1 speak of worms1 and give directions for their removal during the existence of the disease4 ,i know they are too often present1 and ,i am afraid they too often aggravate the symptoms2 but it is no easy matter to judge precisely when they do or when they do not exist4 ,the remedies most to be depended upon for their destruction1 are not such as can be beneficial to the animal laboring under this disorder2 but1 on the other hand1 the tonic course of treatment ,i propose is very likely to be destructive to the worms4 ,therefore1 rather than risk the possibility of doing harm1 ,i rely upon the tonics1 and have no reason to repent the confidence evinced in this particular4 ,the treatment of distemper consists in avoiding all and everything which can debilitate2 it is1 simply1 strengthening by medicine aided by good nursing4 ,it is neither mysterious nor complex1 but is both clear and simple when once understood4 ,it was ignorance alone which induced men to resort to filth and cruelty for the relief of that which is not difficult to cure4 ,in animals1 ,i am certain1 kindness is ninety-nine parts of what passes for wisdom2 and1 in man1 ,i do not think the proportion is much less2 for how often does the mother's love preserve the life which science abandons6 ,to dogs we may be a little experimental2 and with these creatures1 therefore1 there is no objection to trying the effects of those gentler feelings1 which the very philosophical sneer at as the indications of weakness4 ,when ,i am called to see a dog1 if there be a lady for its nurse1 ,i am always more certain as to the result2 for the medicines ,i send then seem to have twice the effect4 ,,mouth1 ,,teeth1 ,,tongue1 ,,gullet1 ,,etc4 ,the mouth of the dog is not subject to many diseases2 but it sometimes occasions misery to the animal4 ,much of such suffering is consequent upon the folly and thoughtlessness of people1 who1 having power given them over life1 act as though the highest gift of ,god could be rendered secondary to the momentary pleasure of man4 ,no matter in what form vitality may appear--for itself it is sacred2 it has claims and rights1 which it is equally idle and ridiculous to deny or to dispute4 ,the law of the land may declare and make man to have a possession in a beast2 but no act of parliament ever yet enacted has placed health and life among human property4 ,the body may be the master's2 but the spirit that supports and animates it is reserved to another4 ,disease and death will resent torture1 and rescue the afflicted2 he who undertakes the custody of an animal is morally and religiously answerable for its happiness4 ,to make happy becomes then a duty2 and to care for the welfare is an obligation4 ,too little is thought of this2 and the fact is not yet credited4 ,the gentleman will sport with the agony of animals2 and to speak of consideration for the brute1 is regarded either as an eccentricity or an affectation4 ,this is the case generally at the present time2 and it is strange it should be so1 since ,providence1 from the creation of the earth1 has been striving to woo and to teach us to entertain gentler sentiments4 ,no one ever played with cruelty but he lost by the game1 and still the sport is fashionable4 ,no one ever spared or relieved the meanest creature but in his feelings he was rewarded2 and yet are there comparatively few who will seek such pleasure4 ,neither through our sensibilities nor our interests are we quick to learn that which ,heaven itself is constantly striving to impress4 ,the dog is our companion1 our servant1 and our friend4 ,with more than matrimonial faith does the honorable beast wed itself to man4 ,in sickness and in health1 literally does it obey1 serve1 love1 and honor4 ,absolutely does it cleave only unto one1 forsaking all others--for even from its own species does it separate itself1 devoting its heart to man4 ,in the very spirit and to the letter of the contract does it yield itself1 accepting its life's load for better1 for worse--for richer1 for poorer--in sickness and in health--to love1 cherish1 and to obey till death4 ,the name of the animal may be a reproach1 but the affection of the dog realizes the ideal of conjugal fidelity4 ,nevertheless1 with all its estimable qualities1 it is despised1 and we know not how to prize1 or in what way to treat it4 ,it is the inmate of our homes1 and the associate of our leisure3 and yet its requirements are not recognised1 nor its necessities appreciated4 ,its docility and intelligence are employed to undermine its health2 and its willingness to learn and to obey is converted into a reason for destroying its constitution4 ,what it can do we are content to assume it was intended to perform2 and that which it will eat we are satisfied to assert was destined to be its food4 ,bones1 stones1 and bricks1 are not beneficial to dogs4 ,the animals may be tutored to carry the two last1 and impelled by hunger they will eat the first4 ,hard substances and heavy weights1 however1 when firmly grasped1 of course wear the teeth2 and the organs of mastication are even more valuable to the meanest cur than to the wealthiest dame4 ,if the mouth of the human being be toothless1 the cook can be told to provide for the occasion1 or the dentist will in a great measure supply the loss4 ,but the toothless dog must eat its customary food2 and it must do this1 although the last stump or remaining fang be excoriating the lips1 and ulcerating the gums4 ,the ability to crush1 and the power to digest bones1 is thought to be a proof that dogs were made to thrive upon such diet2 and ,blaine speaks of a meal of bones as a wholesome canine dish4 ,i beg the owners of dogs not to be led away by so unfounded an opinion4 ,a bone to a dog is a treat1 and one which should not be denied2 but it should come in only as a kind of dessert after a hearty meal4 ,then the creature will not strain to break and strive to swallow it2 but it will amuse itself picking off little bits1 and at the same time benefit itself by cleaning its teeth4 ,much more ingenuity than force will be employed1 and the mouth will not be injured4 ,in a state of nature this would be the regular course4 ,the dog when wild hunts its prey2 and1 having caught1 proceeds to feast upon the flesh1 which it tears off2 this1 being soft1 does not severely tax the masticating members4 ,when the stomach is filled1 the skeleton may be polished2 but hungry dogs never take to bones when there is a choice of meat4 ,it is a mistaken charity which throws a bone to a starving hound4 ,equally injurious to the teeth1 are luxuries which disorder the digestion4 ,high breeding likewise will render the mouth toothless at a very early age2 but of all things the very worst is salivation1 which1 by the ignorant people who undertake to cure the diseases of these sensitive and delicate animals1 is often induced though seldom recognised1 and if recognised1 always left to take its course4 ,the mouth of the dog is therefore exposed to several evils2 and there are not many of these animals which retain their teeth even at the middle age4 ,high-bred spaniels are the soonest toothless2 hard or luxurious feeding rapidly makes bare the gums4 ,stones1 bones1 c41 wear down the teeth2 but the stumps become sources of irritation1 and often cause disease4 ,salivation may1 according to its violence1 either remove all the teeth1 or discolor any that may be retained4 ,the hale dog's teeth1 if properly cared for1 will generally last during the creature's life2 and continue white almost to the remotest period of its existence4 ,i have seen very aged animals with beautiful mouths2 but such sights1 for the reasons which have been pointed out1 are unfortunately rare4 ,the teeth of the dog1 however1 may be perfectly clean and entire even at the twelfth year2 and it is no more than folly to pretend that these organs are in any way indicative of the age of this animal4 ,they are of no further importance to a purchaser than as signs which denote the state of the system1 and show the uses to which the animal has been subjected4 ,the primary teeth are cut sometimes as early as the third week2 but1 in the same litter1 one pup may not show more than the point of an incisor when it is six weeks old2 while another may display all those teeth well up4 ,as a general rule1 the permanent incisors begin to come up about the fourth month2 but ,i have known a dog to be ten months old1 and1 nevertheless1 to have all the temporary teeth in its head4 ,the deviations1 consequently1 are so great that no rule can be laid down2 and every person who pretends to judge of the dog's age by the teeth is either deceived himself1 or practising upon the ignorance of others4 ,strong pups require no attention during dentition2 but high-bred and weakly animals should be constantly watched during this period4 ,when a tooth is loose1 it should be drawn at once1 and never suffered to remain a useless source of irritation4 ,if suffered to continue in the mouth1 it will ultimately become tightened2 and the food or portions of hair getting and lodging between it and the permanent teeth1 will inflame the gum1 and cause the beast considerable suffering4 ,the extraction at first is so slight an operation1 that when undertaken by a person having the proper instruments1 and knowing how to use them1 the pup does not even vent a single cry4 ,the temporary tusks of small dogs are very commonly retained after the permanent ones are fully up1 and if not removed1 will remain perhaps during the life2 they become firm and fixed1 the necks being united to the bone4 ,this is more common in the upper than in the lower jaw1 but ,i have seen it in both4 ,diminutive high-bred animals rarely shed the primary tusks naturally2 therefore1 when the incisors have been cut1 and the permanent fang teeth begin to make their appearance through the gums1 the temporary ones ought1 as frequently as possible1 to be moved backward and forward with the finger1 in order to loosen them4 ,when that is accomplished1 they should be extracted1 which if not done at this time will afterwards be difficult4 ,as the tooth becomes again fixed1 filth of various kinds accumulates between it and the permanent tusk2 the animal feeds in pain1 the gum swells and ulcerates1 and sometimes the permanent tusk falls out1 but the cause of the injury never naturally comes away4 ,to extract a temporary tusk after it has reset is somewhat difficult1 and is not to be undertaken by every bungler4 ,the gum must be deeply lanced2 and a small scalpel made for the purpose answers better than the ordinary gum lancet4 ,the instrument having been passed all round the neck of the tooth1 the gum is with the forceps to be driven or pushed away1 and the hold to be taken as high as possible2 firm traction is then to be made1 the hand of the operator being steadied by the thumb placed against the point of the permanent tusk4 ,as the temporary teeth are almost as brittle as glass1 and as the animal invariably moves its head about1 endeavoring to escape1 some care must be exercised to prevent the tooth being broken4 ,however1 if it is thoroughly set1 we must not expect to draw it with the fang entire1 for that has become absorbed1 and the neck is united to the jawbone4 ,the object1 therefore1 in such cases1 is to grasp the tooth as high up as possible1 and break it off so that the gum may close over any small remainder of the fang which shall be left in the mouth4 ,the operator1 therefore1 makes his pull with this intention2 and when the tooth gives way1 he feels1 to discover if his object has been accomplished4 ,should any projecting portion of tooth1 or little point of dislodged bone be felt1 these must be removed2 and in less than a day the wound shows a disposition to heal2 but it should afterwards be inspected occasionally1 in case of accidents4 ,when foulness of the mouth is the consequence of the system of breeding1 the constitution must be invigorated by the employment of such medicines as the symptoms indicate3 and the teeth no further interfered with than may be required either for the health1 ease1 or cleanliness of the animal4 ,from age1 improper food1 and disease conjoined1 the dog's mouth is frequently a torture to the beast1 and a nuisance to all about it4 ,the teeth grow black from an incrustation of tartar2 the insides of the lips ulcerate2 the gums bleed at the slightest touch1 and the breath stinks most intolerably4 ,the dog will not eat1 and sometimes is afraid even to drink2 the throat is sore1 and saliva dribbles from the mouth2 the animal loses flesh1 and is a picture of misery4 ,when such is the case1 the cure must be undertaken with all regard to the dog's condition2 harm only will follow brutality or haste4 ,the animal must be humored1 and the business must be got through little by little4 ,in some very bad cases of this description ,i have had no less than three visits before my patient was entirely cleansed4 ,at the first sitting ,i examine the mouth1 and with a small probe seek for every remnant of a stump1 trying the firmness of every remaining tooth4 ,all that are quite loose are extracted first1 and then the stumps are drawn1 the gums being lanced where it is necessary4 ,this over1 ,i employ a weak solution of the chloride of zinc--a grain to an ounce of sweetened water--as a lotion1 and send the dog home1 ordering the mouth1 gums1 teeth1 and lips to be well washed with it1 at least three times in the course of a day4 ,in four days the animal is brought to me again1 and then ,i scale the teeth with instruments similar to those employed by the human dentist1 only of a small size4 ,the dog resists this operation more stoutly than it generally does the extraction1 and patience is imperative4 ,the operation will be the more quickly got over by taking time1 and exerting firmness without severity4 ,a loud word or a box on the ear may on some occasions be required2 but on no account should a blow he given1 or anything done to provoke the anger of the animal4 ,the mistress or master should never be present2 for the cunning brute will take advantage of their fondness1 and sham so artfully that it will be useless to attempt to proceed4 ,i usually have no assistance1 but carry the dog into a room by itself2 and having spoken to it1 or taken such little liberties as denote my authority1 ,i commence the more serious part of the business4 ,amidst remonstrance and expostulation1 caresses and scolding1 the work then is got over2 but seldom so thoroughly that a little further attention is not needed1 which is given on the following day4 ,the incrustation on the dog's teeth1 more especially on the fangs1 is often very thick4 ,it is best removed by getting the instrument between the substance and the gum2 then with a kind of wrenching action snapping it away1 when frequently it will shell off in large flakes2 the remaining portions should be scraped1 and the tooth should afterwards look white1 or nearly so4 ,the instrument may be used without any fear of injuring the enamel1 which is so hard that steel can make no impression on it2 but there is always danger of hurting the gums1 and as the resistance of the dog increases this1 the practitioner must exert himself to guard against it4 ,some precaution also will be necessary to thwart occasional attempts to bite2 but a little practice will give all the needful protection1 and those who are not accustomed to such operations will best save themselves by not hitting the dog2 for the teeth are almost certain to mark the hand that strikes4 ,firmness will gain submission2 cruelty will only get up a quarrel1 in which the dog will conquer1 and the man1 even if he prove victorious1 can win nothing4 ,he who is cleaning canine teeth must not expect to earn the love of his patient2 the liberty taken is so great that it is never afterwards pardoned4 ,i scarcely ever yet have known the dog to which ,i was not subsequently an object of dread and hatred4 ,grateful and intelligent as these creatures are1 ,i have not found one simple or noble-minded enough to appreciate a dentist4 ,illustration ,the only direction ,i have to add to the above1 concerns the means necessary to guard against a relapse1 and to afford general relief to the constitution4 ,to effect the first object1 prepare a weak solution of chloride of zinc--one grain to the ounce--and flavor the liquid with oil of aniseed4 ,this give to your employer1 together with a small stencilling1 or poonah painting brush1 which is a stiff brush used in certain mechanical pursuits of art2 desire him to saturate the brush in the liquid1 and with it to clean the dog's teeth every morning2 which1 if done as directed1 will prevent fresh tartar accumulating1 and in time remove any portion that may have escaped the eye of the operator1 sweetening the animal's breath4 ,with regard to that medicine the constitution may require1 it is impossible to say what the different kinds of dogs affected may necessitate--none can be named here2 the symptoms must be observed1 and according to these should be the treatment2 which must be studied from the principles inculcated throughout this work4 ,most usually1 however1 tonics1 stimulants1 and alteratives will be required1 and their operation will be gratifying4 ,the dog1 which before was offensive and miserable1 may speedily become comfortable and happy2 and should the errors which induced its misfortune be afterwards avoided1 it may continue to enjoy its brief life up to the latest moment2 therefore the teeth should never be neglected2 but if any further reason be required to enforce the necessity of attending to the mouth1 surely it might be found in the frightful disease to which it is occasionally subject4 ,when the teeth1 either by decay or from excessive wear1 have been reduced to mere stumps1 their vitality often is lost4 ,they then act as foreign bodies1 and inflame the parts adjacent to them4 ,should that inflammation not be attended to1 it extends1 first involving the bones of the lower jaw1 and afterwards the gums1 and ,,canker ,,of ,,the ,,mouth is established4 ,such is the course of the disease1 the symptoms of which are redness and swelling during the commencement4 ,suppuration from time to time appears2 but as the animal with its tongue removes the pus1 this last effect may not be observed4 ,the enlargement increases1 till at last a hard body seems to be formed on the jaw1 immediately beneath the skin4 ,the surface of the gums may be tender1 and bleed on being touched1 but the tumor itself is not painful when it first appears1 and throughout its course is not highly sensitive4 ,at length it discharges a thin fluid1 which is sometimes mingled with pus1 and generally with more or less blood4 ,the stench which ultimately is given off becomes powerful2 and a mass of proud flesh grows upon the part1 while sinuses form in various directions4 ,hemorrhage now is frequent and profuse1 and we have to deal with a cancerous affection1 which probably it may not be in our power to alleviate4 ,the dog1 which does not appear to suffer1 by its actions encourages the belief that it endures no acute pain--and for a length of time maintains its condition2 but1 in the end1 the flesh wastes and the strength gives way2 the sore enlarges1 and the animal may die of any disease to which its state predisposes it to be attacked4 ,the treatment consists in searching for any stump or portion of tooth that may be retained4 ,all such must be extracted1 and also all the molars on the diseased side1 without any regard to the few which may be left in the jaw4 ,this done1 the constitution must be strengthened1 and pills1 as directed1 with the liquor arsenicalis1 should be employed for that purpose4 ,iodide of iron ,one to four grains4 ,powdered nux vomica ,a quarter of a grain to one grain4 ,salicine ,one to four grains4 ,extract of gentian ,three to twelve grains4 ,powdered quassia ,as much as may be required4 ,the above forms one pill1 three or four of which should be given daily1 with any other medicine which the case may require4 ,to the part itself a weak solution of the chloride of zinc may be used2 but nothing further should be done until the system has been invigorated1 and the health1 as far as possible1 restored4 ,that being accomplished1 if the tumor is still perfect1 it should be cut down upon and removed4 ,if any part of the bone is diseased1 so much should be taken away as will leave a healthy surface4 ,however1 before the dog is brought to the veterinary surgeon for treatment1 very often the tumor has lost its integrity1 and there is a running sore to be healed4 ,to this probably some ignorant persons have been applying caustics and erodents1 which have done much harm1 and caused it to increase4 ,in such a case we strengthen the constitution by all possible means1 and to the part order fomentations of a decoction of poppy-heads1 containing chloride of zinc in minute quantities4 ,other anodyne applications may also be employed2 the object being to allay any existing irritation1 for the chloride is merely added to correct the fetor1 which at this period is never absent4 ,after some days we strive to ascertain what action the internal remedies have had upon the cancer2 for by this circumstance the surgeon will decide whether he is justified in hazarding an operation4 ,if the health has improved1 but simultaneously the affected part has become worse1 then the inference is unfavorable2 for the disease is no longer to be regarded as local4 ,the constitution is involved1 and an operation would produce no benefit1 but hasten the death1 while it added to the suffering of the beast4 ,the growth would be reproduced1 and its effects would be more violent2 consequently nothing further can be done beyond supporting the system1 and alleviating any torture the animal may endure4 ,but if the body has improved1 and the tumor has remained stationary1 or is suspected to be a little better1 the knife may be resorted to2 although the chance of cure is rather against success4 ,the age of the animal1 and the predisposition to throw out tumors of this nature1 are against the result2 for too frequently1 after the jaw has healed1 some distant part is attacked with a disease of a similar character4 ,,worming1 as it is generally called1 is often-practised upon dogs1 and both ,blaine and ,youatt give directions for its performance4 ,i shall not follow their examples4 ,it is a needless1 and therefore a cruel operation2 and though often requested to do so1 ,i never will worm a dog4 ,several persons1 some high in rank1 have been offended by my refusal2 but my profession has obligations which may not be infringed for the gratification of individuals4 ,people who talk of a worm in the tongue of a dog1 only show their ignorance1 and by requesting it should be removed1 expose their want of feeling4 ,pups1 when about half-grown1 are sometimes seized with an inclination to destroy all kinds of property4 ,ladies are often vexed by discovering the havoc which their little favorites have made with articles of millinery2 gloves1 shawls1 and bonnets1 are pulled to pieces with a seeming zest for mischief1 and the culprit is found wagging its tail for joy among the wreck it has occasioned4 ,great distress is created by this propensity1 and a means to check it is naturally sought for4 ,mangling the tongue will not have the desired effect4 ,for a few days pain may make the animal disinclined to use its mouth2 but when this ceases1 the teeth will be employed as ingeniously as before4 ,some good is accomplished by clipping the temporary fangs3 these are very brittle1 and easily cut through4 ,the excision causes no pain1 but the point being gone1 the dog's pleasure is destroyed2 and1 as these teeth will naturally be soon shed1 no injury of any consequence is inflicted4 ,by such a simple measure1 more benefit than worming ever produced is secured2 for in the last case1 almost in every instance1 the obnoxious habit entirely ceases4 ,as to worming being of any1 even the slightest1 protection1 in case rabies should attack the dog1 the idea is so preposterous1 that ,i shall not here stay to notice it4 ,the tongue of the high-bred spaniel is often subject to partial paralysis of one side4 ,when such is the case1 the muscles of the healthy side draw the tongue in that direction2 and the member hangs out of the mouth1 rendering the appearance somewhat unsightly4 ,the organ from exposure becomes dry and hard2 and not being properly used to cleanse the nose1 this last becomes harsh and encrusted upon such portion of its surface as the disabled tongue cannot reach4 ,the dog is disfigured1 but it manages to live1 and seems to endure more inconvenience than positive pain4 ,the muscles on the paralysed side do not appear to be entirely deprived of nervous power4 ,i infer this to be the case because they do not waste1 and therefore attribute the affection to loss of tone rather than to actual palsy4 ,the cause is not known4 ,some dogs are pupped in this condition2 others are only affected in this way when age has far advanced4 ,in the latter case the symptom is sudden1 and nothing previous has been observed which would denote the probability of the attack2 but1 arguing from the description of animals which are subject to this affection1 and the periods when it mostly is exhibited1 we may attribute it to weakness of the constitution4 ,for the disease nothing of a local nature can be done4 ,i have been induced to try various topical remedies1 but not with any satisfactory result2 and ,i am not very hopeful as to future experiments in the same direction4 ,constitutional remedies have more power2 and by these1 if we cannot cure1 we may limit the evil4 ,for pups1 good nursing--not petting or pampering1 but whatever can invigorate--wholesome diet1 airy lodging1 and sufficient exercise1 will do much4 ,for older animals1 the same measures1 combined with such medicines as correct the digestion and give tone to the system1 will be proper4 ,an operation of dividing the muscles of that side on which the tongue protruded was once successful2 but on three subsequent occasions it failed1 and ,i have therefore relinquished it2 for it is not quite safe1 and puts the animal to a great deal of suffering4 ,dog fanciers sometimes cut off the exposed portion of the tongue1 and thereby conceal the defect2 but this is a brutal custom1 and should not be adopted4 ,the animal so mutilated drinks with difficulty1 and the nose ultimately becomes even more unsightly than was the appearance of the hanging tongue4 ,the tongue is sometimes injured by the teeth1 especially during fits4 ,in such cases the wounds generally heal quickly1 and require no special attention4 ,should the sores not mend1 the fault is in the system4 ,to that1 and not to the part1 medicines should be directed1 and the matter will be quickly settled4 ,salivation should never be produced upon the dog4 ,the largest and strongest of these animals can but ill sustain the constitutional effects of mercury2 while to those of a delicate kind it is nearly certain death4 ,it may be induced by inunction1 or rubbing in of ointment1 as surely as by calomel internally administered4 ,chemists mix up various ointments that are called black1 blue1 red1 white1 or yellow2 and sell these as specifics for skin diseases1 which are in the dog all denominated mange4 ,such things are applied to the entire surface of the body2 and as they mostly contain either ,turpeth or ,ethiop's mineral calomel1 or one of the preparations of mercury1 no great time is required to produce their fullest effect4 ,the operation of the metal is too frequently mistaken for an aggravation of the disorder2 and when the chemist is next visited1 he is told to make the stuff stronger1 because the other made the dog worse4 ,no warning nature can give will stop the proceeding4 ,night and day the dog is rubbed with the poison1 till its gums are sore1 or its teeth fall out2 the saliva dribbles from the mouth2 the glands enlarge1 the dog refusing to eat1 and is so weak that it can hardly stand2 then1 fearing death1 a doubt is for the first time entertained1 and a veterinary surgeon is requested to look at the animal1 and say what it wants4 ,chemists are not qualified to administer the drugs they sell to human beings2 but they are fairly the murderers of a fourth part of the dogs they physic4 ,they know nothing about these animals1 and dispense poison under the name of medicine when they presume to treat them4 ,i have had creatures brought to me in the most terrible condition2 and when they have been under domestic treatment--that is1 when the chemist has been consulted--,i always look to find symptoms of salivation4 ,the signs are not obscure2 the gums are either soft1 tender1 and inflamed1 or else very much retracted2 the teeth are of a yellow or brownish color1 loose and mottled on their surfaces1 but not covered with tartar2 the breath has a peculiar fetor1 and the saliva flows from the lips1 while the glands at the jaw are hard2 the weakness is excessive1 and the appearance dejected4 ,purgation may be present1 and in some instances the whole of the hair has fallen off4 ,one dog1 a ,scotch terrier1 lost every portion of its coat1 and was nearly a year before it regained the covering4 ,here is a portrait of a ,scotch terrier1 and the reader will perceive the coat is by the artist truthfully depicted as remarkably long1 full1 and hairy4 ,illustration ,the imagination can1 from this likeness of the animal in health1 conjure up the resemblance such an object as the poor dog must have presented without its coat4 ,nor was the loss of the hair the worst part of the business2 it never afterwards grew to its proper length4 ,the other symptoms which have been described were present4 ,fever also existed1 though the debility in a great measure concealed it2 nor was the issue of the case by any means certain for a week or even longer4 ,the health may be restored1 but the teeth will never regain their whiteness1 nor the breath recover its natural odor4 ,a mild acidulated drink1 made of sulphuric acid and sweetened water1 will be the most proper remedy4 ,it should be made pleasant1 and tasted before given to the dog1 which will prevent its being administered of too great a potency4 ,of this as much as can be conveniently got down may be given1 from a quarter of a pint to a quart daily2 and with it the sulphate of iron1 the disulphate of quinine1 and vegetable bitters1 made into pills1 may be joined4 ,if the bowels are costive1 injections of the sulphate of magnesia1 or small doses of the salt1 may be employed1 while the food should be nourishing4 ,sulphuric acid and the sulphates1 with generous diet1 will constitute the treatment2 and if the case be not too far advanced1 these will ultimately restore the strength4 ,,bronchocele4 ,this disease is usually seen in greatest severity in pups4 ,it consists in an enlargement of the thyroid body1 which increases so much as to destroy the life4 ,in old dogs it is commonly stationary1 or of a fixed size4 ,spaniels and terriers1 are much exposed to it2 and of the last-mentioned breed1 probably bull-terriers are1 of all animals1 the most liable to be attacked4 ,in pups1 the thyroid body greatly and quickly enlarges1 so as to cut short the life by when the sixth week is attained4 ,the disease of itself1 in old dogs1 is rather annoying than fatal2 but the manner in which it destroys the animal when very young1 is by impeding the circulation and respiration4 ,the enlarged thyroid body presses upon the trachea and jugular veins4 ,the blood which should return from the brain and head is thereby prevented descending1 and hindered from reaching the heart in a full current4 ,the vessels enlarge so as to become obvious to the most indifferent observer4 ,the veins not only look swelled1 but they feel turgid1 and cannot be compressed2 the little beast is dull2 the breathing is very laborious2 the animal sleeps much1 and at last dies without a struggle1 casting off life as it were but a troubled dream4 ,it never has perfectly enjoyed existence1 and its departure is not to be regretted4 ,with the older animals1 so far as my experience at present teaches me1 the thyroid body1 when enlarged1 has not suddenly increased2 yet this fact by no means proves that the diseased part is always quiescent1 and cannot increase in size4 ,because of this possibility1 and the safety of the process1 the disease should be eradicated4 ,this is to be done by administering iodine by the mouth1 and painting over the enlargement 7having the hair first closely shaved off the part7 with some of the tincture of the same drug1 applied by means of a camel's hair brush4 ,as iodine soon separates and is thrown down to the bottom1 all the preparations of it should be used as freshly made as may be convenient4 ,the mixture of which iodine is the active ingredient1 and which is a week old1 may be confidently said to have lost the major part of its virtue4 ,every three or four days this medicine should be concocted2 for even when put into pills1 iodine1 being very volatile1 will evaporate4 ,the quantity to be given to the dog varies1 from a quarter of a grain four times a day to the smallest pup1 to two grains four times daily to the largest dog4 ,the tincture used for painting the throat is made with spirits of wine1 an ounce2 iodide of potassium1 a drachm4 ,,respiratory ,,organs4 ,the ,larynx of the dog is affected in various ways4 ,it is called a little box1 and the projecting part of this organ is1 in the throat of man1 spoken of as ,adam's apple4 ,it opens at the back part of the mouth1 and is placed at the beginning of the windpipe4 ,all the air that inflates the lungs must pass through it1 but it will permit nothing else to enter with impunity4 ,a drop of saliva1 or the smallest particle of salt1 will be sufficient to call forth the most painful irritability4 ,in fact the lining membrane of the larynx is the most tender or sensitive structure in the body2 and1 as parts are exposed to suffering just in proportion as they are endowed with sensation1 of course1 the organ so finely gifted is often the seat of disease4 ,the dog's larynx has many peculiarities4 ,it is very complicated1 and exquisitely constructed4 ,few persons have1 perhaps1 much attended to the notes of the animal's voice2 but those who will observe the sounds may find these take a range far more wide than is generally imagined4 ,the dog's voice is remarkably expressive1 and to my ear speaks very intelligible music4 ,the deep growl is not without variety2 for by the feeling of the animal that emits it the note is always modulated4 ,the rumble of expostulation the favorite gives utterance to when the master pretends to take away its bone does not resemble the rattle of joy with which the child's playmate accompanies a game of romps4 ,both1 however1 are distinct from the suppressed warning with which the watchdog announces the advancing stranger1 or the sharp defiance by which he signifies his determination to attack4 ,the bark also is not by any means monotonous1 but is capable of infinite variety4 ,the cries of the animal are remarkably modulated2 but the soft and gentle sounds it can emit when inclined to coax its master1 or answering to the excess of pleasure which his caresses create1 are full of natural music4 ,the dog's voice is not to my ear less beautiful than the song of a bird2 but more delightful1 because it is more full of meaning4 ,the nightingale has but one song1 which it constantly repeats4 ,the cur has many tuneful notes1 with which it responds to my attentions4 ,music has been recognised in the tongues of the pack1 but ,i have heard harmony more delightful from the hound in my home4 ,i like to hear the dog's voice1 especially when not too loud1 and having studied it1 ,i have often wondered the animal did not speak4 ,there can be little doubt it would be able to frame words if it possessed the power to comprehend their meaning2 but the high intelligence of the creature unfits it for parrot-like mimicry4 ,the dog is1 in all it does1 guided by its reason1 and it performs no act without a reasonable motive4 ,if any physical incapacity exist1 it is to be found rather in the formation of the mouth than in the construction of the larynx1 which presents no explanation of the dog's inability to frame definite sounds like words4 ,the part is rarely the seat of acute disease4 ,in rabies1 especially of the dumb kind1 it is acutely affected2 but of that form of disorder the writer will have to speak in another place4 ,of acute laryngitis1 as met with commonly in the horse1 ,i have not seen an example in the dog1 and therefore ,i shall not here say anything about it4 ,of chronic disease of the larynx there is no lack of instances4 ,these are brought to us frequently1 and generally are submitted to our notice as cases of continued or confirmed cough4 ,cough1 however1 is but a symptom2 and may be no more than a sympathetic effect induced by the derangement of a distant structure4 ,when it is caused by the condition of the larynx1 it has a deep sound1 which is never entirely changed in character1 however much pain induces the animal to suppress it4 ,it is essentially the same in every stage1 though it may be more or less full or loud1 according to the state of the air passage4 ,this cough may start up from sympathy2 but then it is always less sonorous1 harsh1 and grating4 ,it is also less spasmodic1 and likewise less the consequence of particular causes4 ,when the larynx is the seat of the affection1 the cough1 should it once begin1 continues for a considerable time2 and cold air or excitement will invariably induce it4 ,in bad cases every act of inspiration is followed by a kind of noise intermediate between a grunt and a cough4 ,sometimes the breathing is accompanied by a species of roaring2 and ,i have seen one case in which a blood-hound had every symptom of laryngismus stridulus1 or the crowing disease of the human infant4 ,laryngeal disorders are seldom brought under our notice until they are confirmed1 and they are difficult to cure in proportion to the length of time they have existed4 ,the food in every case must be rigidly regulated1 and no solid flesh should be allowed2 but if the animal be very old or weak1 beef tea or gravy may be added to the rice or biscuit which constitutes the chief portion of the diet4 ,the condition of the stomach must so far as possible be ascertained1 and the medicines necessary to correct its disease should be administered4 ,the exercise must not be stinted1 neither should confinement within doors be insisted upon4 ,all must be done to assist the digestion and invigorate the health2 such precautions being adopted as prevent the aggravation of the disease4 ,sudden changes of atmosphere1 as from a warm room to a frosty air during the depth of winter1 should obviously be avoided2 neither would it be prudent to race the animal about1 or induce it to perform any action calculated to accelerate the breathing4 ,at the commencement a gentle emetic given every other morning until six or seven have been administered1 with a laxative occasionally if the bowels are torpid1 is often productive of speedy benefit4 ,a mustard poultice to the throat is also to be recommended1 but he who applies it must be attentive to remove it when it appears to seriously pain the animal4 ,it may be repeated on each successive night1 or even oftener1 but should never be reapplied before the skin on which it was previously placed has ceased to be tender4 ,leeches to the throat are often of service1 as also are small blisters to the chest4 ,i found great improvement result from wearing a very wide bandage1 which was kept wet1 and covered with oil silk1 round the neck4 ,this is easily made1 and strips of gutta percha1 or stout leather1 will prevent it being doubled up by the motions of the head2 and it is scarcely a disfigurement1 since it only looks like a large collar4 ,a seton in the throat may be tried1 but though often beneficial1 it ought only to be inserted by a person acquainted with the anatomy of the dog2 for the jugular veins in this animal are connected by several large branches1 which run just where the seton would be introduced4 ,these could not be pierced with impunity1 nor ought the seton to be left in so long as might induce sloughing1 when the vessels probably would be opened2 for as the dog badly sustains the loss of blood1 the result would surely be fatal4 ,internal medicines are not to be neglected4 ,all sedatives1 balsams1 expectorants1 and peppers1 with some alkalies and stimulants1 may be tried1 and even alterative doses of mercury with caution resorted to4 ,dogs are more peculiar with respect to the medicines that act upon individuals than any other animals ,i am acquainted with4 ,that which touches one will be inoperative upon another2 and what violently affects one1 will on a second1 apparently of the same bulk1 strength1 age1 and character1 be actually powerless4 ,this renders dog-practice so difficult1 and makes the explanation of any decided mode of treatment almost impossible4 ,a great deal must necessarily be left to the discretion of the practitioner1 who1 despite his utmost care1 will often have reason for regret1 if he do not in every new instance proceed with caution4 ,the following pills are likely to do good3-- ,barbadoes tar ,half a drachm to two drachms4 ,powdered squills ,a drachm to four drachms4 ,extract of belladonna ,half a scruple to four scruples4 ,liquorice powder ,a sufficiency4 ,beat into a mass1 and make into twenty pills2 give four daily4 ,or1 ,james's powder ,one grain to four grains4 ,dover's powder ,six grains to a scruple4 ,balsam of ,peru ,a sufficiency4 ,make into one pill and give as before4 ,or1 ,extract of hyoscyamus ,one to four grains4 ,powdered ammoniacum1 ,four to twelve grains4 and cubebs1 of each ,venice turpentine ,a sufficiency4 ,powdered capsicums and cantharides have also seemed to touch the disease2 but no one medicine has to me appeared to have any specific influence over it4 ,in these cases mere formul could be extended almost indefinitely2 but the reason must be exerted1 and the prescription must be dictated by the symptoms4 ,thus1 when there is much nervous excitability accompanied with gastric derangement1 ,prussic acid of ,scheele's strength1 in doses of half a drop to two drops1 may be exhibited2 and if the mouth be dry1 and the disposition irritable1 from five to twenty drops of the tincture of ,indian tobacco may be administered4 ,if the throat is very sore1 the mouth may be held open1 and ten grains of powdered alum mixed with four times its weight of fine sugar may be blown into it1 or in severe instances1 the fauces may be mopped out by means of a piece of soft sponge tied to the end of a probe1 and saturated with a solution containing six grains of nitrate of silver dissolved in an ounce of water4 ,ulceration of the interior of the larynx is to be dreaded if the symptoms do not yield4 ,this will be denoted by the cough becoming weaker1 less loud1 more short1 and also more frequent4 ,prior to it there are always intervals during which the animal enjoys repose2 but after ulceration of the larynx is established every inhalation provokes the irritability of the organ4 ,with it the constitutional symptoms become more serious1 and little can then by medicine be accomplished2 for the passage of the air which is necessary to life causes the affection we desire to cure to spread4 ,tracheotomy might be performed1 though the dog is so very expert with its claws1 and any tape around the neck would be probably so injurious1 that hitherto ,i have not ventured to hazard the experiment4 ,humanity has1 in such cases1 forced me to recommend the destruction of the life which ,i entertained no hope of comforting4 ,cough is much more frequently a symptom than a disease4 ,it1 in fat dogs1 usually proceeds from disordered digestion2 and then to remove it the cause must be attacked4 ,it accompanies worms2 and if these are expelled1 it will subside4 ,it may1 however1 exist by itself1 for the larynx of the dog early becomes ossified or converted into bone2 and being then less yielding1 the violent vibrations it is subjected to during the act of barking have a natural tendency to injure the delicate lining membrane4 ,its irritability is excited1 and cough is the consequence4 ,the disposition of the creature to give tongue ought1 therefore1 to be as much as possible checked1 and a mustard poultice applied to the throat1 while the pills first recommended on page #bje1 are given2 but if these fail1 the others may be employed4 ,the general measures would be pretty much the same1 only the more severe need not be resorted to4 ,quiet1 mild food1 and a little care1 will often1 without medicine1 remove the annoyance2 but it is never well to trust too long to such dubious aids1 when timely assistance will procure speedy relief1 and delay may lead to further evil4 ,,snoring is often a heavy accusation brought against the dog4 ,it may proceed from weakness2 though1 in ninety-nine cases out of every hundred1 it results from that debility which accompanies accumulated fat and sloth4 ,in the one case we apply the means advised to restore the strength1--in the other1 we stint the food1 enforce a vegetable diet1 and see that sufficient exercise be taken4 ,,snorting is another unpleasantness which the canine race display4 ,the animals stand with their heads erect1 and1 drawing the air through the nostrils1 produce a series of harsh loud sounds1 which are sometimes continued till the dog falls from actual exhaustion4 ,this is the result of irritability1 in a low form1 of the lining membrane of the nasal chambers4 ,the sensation is probably that of itching1 and the dog endeavors1 by drawing the air quickly through the nostrils and energetically expelling it1 to relieve the annoyance4 ,the treatment is not to be laid down2 attention to the food1 and medicines of an alterative nature calculated to affect or improve the secretions1 are most likely to be of service4 ,worms may possibly be the provocative1 and in that case of course they should be removed4 ,the measures1 therefore1 are not to be arbitrarily pointed out4 ,the judgment must be employed to discover in what particular the system is unsound1 and the agents used must be selected with a view to the general health4 ,local applications have been tried without advantage1 but there do not appear to be any specifics for the complaint4 ,the snorting is to be regarded merely as an effect of some deep-seated derangement1 and the remedies are to be such as the appearance of the animal suggests4 ,i have generally been successful in these cases1 but ,i remember no two of them which ,i have treated exactly in the same manner4 ,patience and perseverance are mostly required1 but sometimes the affection will not yield to any remedy4 ,when it appears to be obstinate1 the use of medicine should not be pushed too far4 ,the constitution of the dog is so easily injured1 and with so much difficulty restored1 that where a mere unpleasantness is apparently all that exists1 it is better to permit that to continue than hazard the health of the animal by over-strenuous attempts to get rid of it4 ,,cold or ,,coriza is not frequent in the dog1 but it will occasionally be seen4 ,it comes on gradually1 and often passes off without any assistance being given4 ,in pups it is apt to pass first into bronchitis1 and then change into distemper1 which in such instances1 spite of our best endeavors1 will often terminate in fits4 ,it springs from various causes1 but neglect and improper lodging are generally those to which it may be traced4 ,in adult animals it is not to be greatly feared1 but in the young it requires immediate attention4 ,the kennel must be looked to2 the food and exercise be strictly watched4 ,tonics1 into which cayenne pepper1 cubebs1 or balsam of pepper enter1 are to be tried1 and cod-liver oil also is worth an experiment4 ,the iodide of potassium is also not to be rejected2 but the condition of the patient must decide which is the most likely to be of service in the case4 ,when undertaken early1 the symptoms yield in the majority of instances4 ,the discharge1 which at the commencement is thin1 becomes more copious1 grows thicker1 and at last ceases4 ,the sneezing stops and the spirits return2 but should the disorder not be checked1 the larynx becomes involved1 and cough appears4 ,if no relief be now sought1 and the disease spreads1 the breathing grows quick at first1 and then laborious4 ,the pup may even at this stage be eager to feed1 and when its attention is excited1 be as playful as in health2 but if watched it will be seen1 when alone1 to be oppressed and languid4 ,in such cases1 belladonna1 combined with ,james's powder1 an equal amount of each1 should be administered4 ,the dose should be exhibited every hour1 for here the wish is to obtain the speedy effect of the drug without allowing its sedative property to seriously affect the strength4 ,to a young pup1 a quarter of a grain will be the proper quantity2 and for a full-grown large-sized dog1 two grains of the extract may be employed4 ,the action1 however1 must be observed1 and when a marked disinclination for food or drink1 with a seeming wish for both1 and signs of inconvenience in the throat are seen1 the belladonna must be withheld4 ,on the third day1 if the cure be not complete1 it may be a second time employed2 and1 after a like period1 even a further trial may be made4 ,at the same time1 a little soap liniment may be rubbed into the throat1 along the course of the windpipe1 and over the chest4 ,the bowels also should be regulated2 but purgation is not to be desired4 ,should the liver be sluggish1 mild alterative doses of the grey powder may be sprinkled upon the food1 and will thus be taken without the necessity of forcing the animal4 ,when the measures recommended do not succeed1 the appearance of the patient must direct those which are next to be adopted4 ,where weakness prevails1 and shivering denotes the presence of fever1 quinine and the sulphate of iron are required4 ,small blisters1 or mustard poultices1 to the chest1 may with due caution be applied4 ,an emetic may even be administered2 but1 if repeated at all1 it must be only after two or three days have elapsed4 ,where the system is vigorous1 expectorants and sedatives1 with leeches to the chest1 may be used4 ,turpentine liniment to the sides1 throat1 and under the jaws1 may also be freely rubbed in1 and the diet in quantity restricted4 ,tartar emetic in very minute doses may be exhibited three times daily4 ,illustration3 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4 ,the chest of the dog is not in any remarkable degree the seat of disease4 ,the ribs of the animal being constructed for easy motion1 and the muscles which move them being strong and large in proportion to the size of the bones1 the lungs1 therefore1 are in general properly expanded2 and this circumstance tends to preserve them in a healthy condition4 ,they do not1 however1 always escape1 but are subject to the same inflammations as those of the horse1 though1 from the causes stated1 more rarely attacked4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,lungs is denoted by a quickened pulse and breathing1 preceded by shivering fits4 ,the appetite does not always fail2 in one or two instances ,i have seen it increased2 but it is most often diminished4 ,the animal is averse to motion2 but when the affection is established1 the dog sits upon its hocks1 and wherever it is placed1 speedily assumes that position4 ,as the disorder becomes worse1 the difficulty of breathing is more marked4 ,the creature also shows a disposition to quit the house1 and if there be an open window it will thrust its head through the aperture4 ,the sense of suffocation is obviously present1 and at length this becomes more and more obvious4 ,the dog in the very last stage refuses to sit1 but obstinately stands4 ,one of the legs swells1 and1 on being felt1 it is ascertained to be enlarged by fluid4 ,there is dropsy of the chest1 and the limb has sympathized in the disposition to effusion4 ,the pulse denotes the weakness of the body2 but the excitement of disease in a great measure disguises the other symptoms4 ,the dog may even1 to an unpractised eye1 seem to possess considerable strength2 for it resists1 with all its remaining power1 any attempt to move it1 and its last energies are exerted to support the attitude that affords the most relief to the respiration4 ,at length the poor brute stubbornly stands until forced to stir1 when it drops suddenly1 and for several moments lies as if the life had departed4 ,again it falls1 but again revives2 and always with the return of consciousness gets upon its legs2 but at last it sinks1 and without a struggle dies4 ,the lungs have been1 in the first instance1 inflamed1 but the pleura or membrane covering the lungs1 and also lining the chest1 has likewise become by the progress of the disease involved4 ,the cavity has become full of water1 or rather serum1 and by the pressure of the fluid the organs of respiration are compressed4 ,it is seldom that both sides are gorged to an equal degree2 but one cavity may be quite full while the other is only partially so4 ,one lung1 therefore1 in part remains to perform the function on which the continuance of life depends2 and if1 by any movement1 the weight of fluid is brought to bear upon the little left to continue respiration1 the animal is literally asphyxiated4 ,it drops1 in fact1 strangled1 or more correctly1 suffocated2 and as the vital energy is strong or weak1 so may the dog more or less frequently recover for a time4 ,in the end1 however1 the tax upon the strength exhausts the power1 and the accumulation of the fluid diminishes the source by which the life was sustained4 ,after death1 ,i have taken from the body of a full-sized ,newfoundland one lung1 which lay with ease upon my extended hand2 while the two held together afforded a surface sufficient to support the other4 ,the condensation was so great that the part was literally consolidated1 and the fluid which exuded on cutting into the substance was small in quantity4 ,the blood-vessels were1 with the air-cells1 compressed1 and while the arterialization of the blood was imperfect1 the circulation was also impeded4 ,the causes usually assigned to account for inflammation of the lungs will not1 in the dog1 explain its origin4 ,i have usually met it where the animal had not been exposed to wet or cold2 where it had not undergone excessive exertion1 or been subjected to violence4 ,extraordinary care as rather seemed to induce1 than the neglect of the creature appeared to provoke the attack4 ,it is1 however1 easy to trace causes when we have a wish to explain a particular effect2 but where the lungs have been inflamed ,i have never1 to my entire satisfaction1 been able to ascertain that the animal had been exposed to hardship1 or subjected to labor which it had not previously sustained1 and which1 if the health had been good1 it might not have endured4 ,disease of the lungs is1 in the early stage1 very readily subdued2 but1 if allowed to establish itself1 it is rarely that medicine can eradicate it4 ,the majority of persons who profess to know anything about the diseases of dogs1 look upon the nose as an indication of the health4 ,while the appetite is good1 or the nose is cold and moist1 such people are confident no fear need be entertained4 ,of the uncertainty that attends the disposition to feed mention has been already made2 but with regard to the condition of a part1 the persons who assume to teach us are likely to be in such cases entirely deceived4 ,i have known dogs with violent inflammation of the lungs2 ,i have seen them die from dropsy of the chest2 and their noses have been wet and cold1 even as though the animals had iced the organs4 ,from this mistaken notion1 therefore1 no doubt1 are to be traced the numerous instances of dogs brought for treatment when no remedies can be of avail4 ,they are submitted to our notice only that we may be pained to look upon their deaths2 and often have my endeavors been thus limited to simple palliative measures1 when an earlier application would have enabled me to employ medicine with a reasonable prospect of success4 ,in the commencement1 when the breathing is simply increased and the pulse slightly accelerated1 then if you place the ear to the side1 there is merely a small increase of sound2 and the animal exhibits no obstinate1 or more properly1 unconquerable disposition to sit upon the hocks2 small quantities of belladonna1 combined with ,james's powder1 will generally put an end to the disease4 ,the belladonna1 in doses of from one to four grains1 may be given three times a day2 but where trouble is not objected to1 and regularity can be depended upon1 ,i prefer administering it in doses of a quarter of a grain to a grain every hour4 ,by the last practice ,i think ,i have obtained results more satisfactory2 but it is not always that a plan necessitating almost constant attention can be enforced1 or that the animal to be treated will allow of such repeated interference4 ,the following formula will serve the purpose1 and the reader can divide it if the method ,i recommend can be pursued4 ,extract of belladonna ,one to four grains4 ,james's powder ,two to eight grains4 ,nitrate of potash ,four to sixteen grains4 ,extract of gentian ,a sufficiency for one pill4 ,if1 on the second day1 no marked improvement is perceptible1 small doses of antimonial wine may be tried2 from fifteen minims to half-a-drachm may be given every fourth hour1 unless vomiting be speedily induced2 when the next dose must1 at the stated period1 be reduced five or ten minims1 and even further diminished if the lessened quantity should have an emetic effect4 ,the object in giving the antimonial wine is to create nausea1 and not to excite sickness2 and we endeavor to keep up the action in order to affect the system4 ,this is frequently very decisive in the reduction of the symptoms2 but1 even after the danger has been dispelled1 the pills before recommended must be persevered with1 and every means adopted to prevent a relapse4 ,sometimes1 however1 the disorder commences with a violence that1 from the very beginning of the attack1 calls for the most energetic measures4 ,if the breathing be very quick1 short1 and catching2 the position constant2 the pulse full and strong2 the jugular vein may be opened1 and from one ounce to eight ounces of blood extracted2 or leeches may be applied to the sides2 or an ammoniacal blister may be employed4 ,this is done by saturating a piece of rag1 folded three or four times1 with a solution composed of liquor ammoniaca fort41 one part2 distilled water1 three parts2 and1 having placed it upon the place from which the hair has been previously cut off1 holding over it a dry cloth to prevent evaporization of the volatile vesicant4 ,a quarter of an hour will serve to raise the cuticle2 but frequently that object is accomplished in less time2 therefore1 during its operation1 the agent must be watched1 or else the effect may be greater than we desire1 and sloughing may ensue4 ,a dose of castor oil may also be administered1 and the food should be composed entirely of vegetables1 if the animal can be induced to eat this kind of diet4 ,exertion should be prevented1 and quiet as much as possible enjoined4 ,the tincture of aconite1 it is said1 sometimes does wonders in inflammation of the lungs2 but in my hands its operation has been uncertain1 though the homoeopathists trust greatly to its action in this disease4 ,they give it singly1 but ,i have not reaped from its use on the dog those advantages which tempt me to depend solely on its influence4 ,when employed1 it may be given in doses of from half a drop to two drops of the tincture1 in any pleasant vehicle1 every hour4 ,after dropsy of the chest has been established1 the chance of cure is certainly remote2 but tapping at all events renders the last moments of life more easy4 ,it is both simple and safe1 and does not seem to occasion any pain2 but1 on the contrary1 to afford immediate relief4 ,the skin should be first punctured1 and then drawn forward so as to bring the incision over the spot where the instrument is to be inserted4 ,the place where the trocar should be introduced is between the seventh and eighth ribs1 nearer to the last than to the first1 and rather close to the breast-bone4 ,the point being selected1 the instrument is pushed gently into the flesh2 and when the operator feels no resistance is offered to the progress of the tube1 he knows the cavity has been pierced4 ,the stilet is then withdrawn1 and the fluid will pour forth4 ,unless the dog shows signs of faintness1 as much of the water as possible ought to be taken away2 but if symptoms of syncope appear1 the operation must be stopped1 and after a little time1 when the strength has been regained1 resumed4 ,when this has been done1 tonics must be freely resorted to4 ,the following pill may be administered three or four times a day2 and the diet should be confined to flesh1 for everything depends on the invigoration of the body1 and the inflammation is either gone1 or it has become of secondary importance4 ,iodide of iron ,one to four grains4 ,sulphate of iron ,two to eight grains4 ,extract of gentian ,ten grains to half a drachm4 ,powdered capsicums ,two to eight grains4 ,powdered quassia ,a sufficiency4 ,the above will make two pills2 and it is better to make these the more frequently1 as they speedily harden1 and we now desire their quickest effect1 which is sooner obtained if they are soft or recently compounded4 ,during recovery the food must be mild1 and tonics must be administered4 ,exercise should be allowed with the greatest caution1 and all excitement ought to be avoided4 ,the dog must be watched and nursed1 being provided with a sheltered lodging and an ample bed in a situation perfectly protected from winds or draughts1 but at the same time cool and airy4 ,,asthma is a frequent disease in old and petted dogs4 ,it comes on by fits1 and1 through the severity of the attack1 often seems to threaten suffocation2 but ,i have not known a single case in which it has proved fatal4 ,the cause is generally attributable to inordinate feeding1 for the animals thus afflicted are always gross and fat4 ,the disorder comes on gradually in most instances1 though the fit is usually sudden4 ,the appetite is not affected1 or rather it is increased often to an extraordinary degree4 ,the craving is great1 and flesh is always preferred1 while sweet and seasoned articles are much relished4 ,on examination1 the signs denoting the digestion to be deranged will be discovered4 ,piles are nearly constantly met with2 the coat is generally in a bad condition1 and the hair off in places4 ,the nose may be dry2 the membrane of the eyes congested2 the teeth covered with tartar1 and the breath offensive4 ,the dog is slothful1 and exertion is followed by distress4 ,cough may or may not exist2 but it usually appears towards the latter period of the attack4 ,illustration3 ,,asthma4 ,asthma is spasm of the bronchial tubes1 and when it is thoroughly established it is seldom to be cured4 ,all medicine can accomplish is the relief of the more violent symptoms4 ,the fits may be rendered comparatively less frequent and less severe2 but the agents that best operate to that result are likely in the end to destroy the general health4 ,between two evils1 therefore1 the proprietor has to make his choice2 but if he resolves to treat the disorder1 he must do so knowing the drugs he makes use of are not entirely harmless4 ,food is of all importance4 ,it must be proportioned to the size of the patient1 and be rather spare than full in quantity4 ,flesh should be denied1 and coarse vegetable diet alone allowed4 ,the digestion must also be attended to1 and every means taken to invigorate the system4 ,exercise must be enforced1 even though the animal appear to suffer in consequence of being made to walk4 ,the skin should be daily brushed1 and the bed should not be too luxurious4 ,sedatives are of service2 and as no one of these agents will answer in every case1 a constant change will be needed1 that1 by watching their action1 the one which produces the best effect may be discovered4 ,opium1 belladonna1 hyoscyamus1 assafoetida1 and the rest1 may be thus tried in succession2 and often small doses produce those effects which the larger one seems to conceal4 ,a pill containing any sedative1 with an alterative quantity of some expectorant1 may be given three times daily2 but when the fit is on1 ,i have gained the most immediate benefit by the administration of ether and opium4 ,from one to four leeches to the chest1 sometimes1 are of service2 but small ammoniacal blisters applied to the sides1 and frequently repeated1 are more to be depended upon4 ,trivial doses of antimonial wine or ipecacuanha wine1 with an occasional emetic1 will sometimes give temporary ease2 but the last-named medicines are to be resorted to only after due consideration1 as they greatly lower the strength4 ,stomachics and mild tonics at the same time are to be employed2 but a cure is not to be expected4 ,the treatment cannot be absolutely laid down2 but the judgment must be exercised1 and whenever the slightest improvement is remarked every effort must be made to prevent a relapse4 ,,hepatitis4 ,illustration3 ,,chronic ,,hepatitis4 ,,liver complaints were once fashionable4 ,a few years ago the mind of ,great ,britain was in distress about its bile1 and blue pill with black draught literally became a part of the national diet4 ,at present nervous and urinary diseases appear to be in vogue2 but1 with dogs1 hepatic disorders are as prevalent as ever4 ,the canine liver is peculiarly susceptible to disease4 ,very seldom have ,i dipped into the mysteries of their bodies but ,i have found the biliary gland of these animals deranged2 sometimes inflamed--sometimes in an opposite condition--often enlarged--seldom diminished--rarely of uniform color--occasionally tuberculated--and not unfrequently as fat with disease as those are which have obtained for ,strasburg geese a morbid celebrity4 ,it is1 however1 somewhat strange that1 notwithstanding the almost universality of liver disease among petted dogs1 the symptoms which denote its existence are in these creatures so obscure and undefined as rarely to be recognised4 ,very few dogs have healthy livers1 and yet seldom is the disordered condition of this important gland suspected4 ,various are the causes which different authors1 ,english and foreign1 have asserted produced this effect4 ,i shall only allude to such as ,i can on my own experience corroborate1 and here ,i shall have but little to refer to4 ,over-feeding and excessive indulgence are the sources to which ,i have always traced it4 ,in the half-starved or well-worked dog ,i have seen the liver involved2 but have never beheld it in such a state as led me to conclude it was the principal or original seat of the affection which ended in death4 ,on the other hand1 in fatted and petted animals1 ,i have seen the gland in a condition that warranted no doubt as to what part the fatal attack had commenced in4 ,when death has been the consequence of hepatic disorder1 the symptoms have in every instance been chronic4 ,i am not aware that ,i have been called upon to treat a case of an acute description1 excepting as a phase of distemper4 ,it would be too much to say such a form of disease does not exist in a carnivorous animal2 but ,i have hitherto not met with it4 ,neither have ,i seen it as the effect of inveterate mange2 though ,i have beheld obstinate skin disease the common1 but far from invariable1 result of chronic hepatitis4 ,i have also known cerebral symptoms to be produced by the derangement of this gland1 which1 in the dog1 may be the cause of almost any possible symptom1 and still give so little indication of its actual condition as almost to set our reason at defiance4 ,when the animal is fat1 the visible mucous membranes may be pallid2 the tongue white2 the pulse full and quick2 the spirits slothful3 the appetite good2 the foeces natural3 the bowels irregular2 the breath offensive2 the anus enlarged1 and the rump denuded of hair1 the naked skin being covered with a scaly cuticle1 thickened and partially insensible4 ,when the animal is thin1 almost all of the foregoing signs may be wanting4 ,the dog may be only emaciated--a living skeleton1 with an enlarged belly4 ,it is dull1 and has a sleepy look when undisturbed2 but when its attention is attracted1 the expression of its countenance is half vacant and half wild4 ,the pupil of the eye is dilated1 and the visual organs stare as though the power of recognition were enfeebled4 ,the appetite is good and the manner gentle4 ,the tongue is white1 and occasionally reddish towards the circumference4 ,the membranes of the eye are very pale1 but not yellow4 ,the lining of the mouth is of a faint dull tint1 and often it feels cold to the touch4 ,the coat looks not positively bad2 but rather like a skin which had been well dressed by a furrier1 than one which was still upon a living body4 ,the history in these cases invariably informs us that the animal has been fat--very fat--about six or twelve months ago4 ,it fell away all at once1 though no change was made in the diet2 and yet we learn it has been physicked4 ,no restraint has been put upon buckthorn1 castor oil1 aloes1 sulphur1 and antimony1 but yet the belly will not go down--it keeps getting bigger2 and now we are told the animal has a dropsy which wants to be cured4 ,it is natural the figure and condition should suggest the idea of ascites2 but the hair does not pull out--none of the legs are swollen--the shape of the abdomen wants the appearance of gravitation1 and if the patient be placed upon its back the form of the rotundity is not altered by the position of the body4 ,moreover1 the breathing is tolerably easy3 and1 though if one hand be placed against the side of the belly1 and the part opposite be struck with the other1 there will be a marked sense of fluctuation2 still we cannot accept so dubious a test against the mass of evidence that declares dropsy is not the name of the disease4 ,to make sure1 we feel the abdomen near to the line of the false ribs4 ,this gives no pain1 so we press a little hard1 and in two or three places on either side1 on the right1 or may be the left1 high up or low down2 for in abnormal growths there can be no rule--in two or three places we can detect hard1 solid1 but smooth lumps within the cavity4 ,this last discovery leaves no room for further doubt1 so we pronounce the liver to be the organ that is principally affected4 ,in chronic cases1 especially after the dog has begun to waste1 enlargement nearly always may be felt1 not invariably hard1 yet often so1 but never soft or so soft as the other parts2 and this proof should1 therefore1 in every instance of the kind be sought for4 ,with regard to treatment1 the food must not be suddenly reduced to the starvation point4 ,whether the dog be fat or lean1 let the quality be nutritious1 and the quantity sufficient2 from a quarter of a pound to a pound and a half of paunch1 divided into four meals1 will be enough for a single day2 but nothing more than this must be given4 ,tonics1 to strengthen the system generally1 should be employed2 and an occasional dose of the cathartic pills administered1 providing the condition is such as justifies the use of purgatives4 ,frequent small blisters1 applied over the region of the liver1 may do good2 but they should not be larger than two or four inches across1 and they should be repeated one every three or four days4 ,leeches put upon the places where hardness can be felt1 also are beneficial2 but depletion must be regulated by the ability of the animal to sustain it4 ,a long course of iodide of potassium in solution1 combined with the liquor potass1 will1 however1 constitute the principal dependence4 ,iodide of potassium ,two drachms two scruples4 ,liquor potass ,one ounce and a half4 ,simple syrup ,six ounces4 ,water ,twelve ounces and a half4 ,give from half a teaspoonful to a teaspoonful three times a day4 ,the above must be persevered in for a couple of months before any effect can be anticipated4 ,mercury ,i have not found of any service1 though ,blaine speaks highly of it1 and ,youatt quotes his opinion4 ,perhaps ,i have not employed it rightly1 or ventured to push it far enough4 ,under the treatment recommended1 the dog may be preserved from speedy death2 but the structures have been so much changed that medicine cannot be expected to restore them4 ,the pet may be saved to its indulgent mistress1 and again perhaps exhibit all the charms for which it was ever prized2 but the sporting-dog will never be made capable of doing work1 and certainly it is not to be selected to breed from after it has sustained an attack of hepatitis4 ,sometimes1 during the existence of hepatitis1 the animal will be seized with fits of pain1 which appear to render it frantic4 ,these ,i always attribute to the passage of gall stones1 which ,i have taken in comparative large quantities from the gall-bladders of dogs4 ,the cries and struggles create alarm1 but the attack is seldom fatal4 ,a brisk purgative1 a warm bath1 and free use of laudanum and ether1 afford relief2 for when the animal dies of chronic hepatitis1 it perishes gradually from utter exhaustion4 ,the post-mortem examination generally presents that which much surprises the proprietor2 one lobe of the gland is very greatly enlarged2 it evidently contains fluid4 ,it has under disease become a vast cyst1 from which1 in a setter1 ,i have actually extracted more than two gallons of serum3 from a small spaniel ,i have taken this organ so increased in size that it positively weighed one half the amount of the body from which it was removed4 ,the wonder is that the apparently weak covering to the liver could bear so great a pressure without bursting4 ,,indigestion4 ,things must seem to have come to a pretty pass when a book is gravely written upon dyspepsia in dogs4 ,nevertheless1 ,i am in earnest when ,i treat upon that subject2 and could the animals concerned bear witness1 they would testify it was indeed no joke4 ,the ,lord ,mayor of ,london does not retire from office with a stomach more deranged than the majority of the canine race1 shielded by his worshipful authority1 could exhibit4 ,the cause in both instances is the same4 ,dogs as they increase in years seem to degenerate sadly2 till at length they mumble dainties and relish flavors with the gusto of an alderman4 ,pups even are not worthy of unlimited confidence4 ,the little animals will show much ingenuity in procuring substances that make the belly ache2 and1 with infantine perversity1 will1 of their own accord1 gobble things which1 if administered1 would excite shrieks of resistance4 ,a litter of high-bred pups is a source of no less constant annoyance1 nor does it require less incessant watching1 than a nursery of children4 ,there is so much similarity between man and dog that1 from fear of too strongly wounding the self-love of my reader1 ,i must drop the subject4 ,indigestion in dogs assumes various forms1 and is the source of numerous diseases4 ,most skin affections may be attributed to it4 ,the inflammation of the gums1 the foulness of the teeth1 and the offensiveness of the breath1 are produced by it4 ,excessive fatness1 with its attendant asthma and hollow cough1 are to be directly traced to a disordered digestion4 ,in the long run1 half of the petted animals die from diseases originating in this cause2 and in nearly every instance the fault lies far more with the weakness of the master than with the corruptness of the beast4 ,he who is invested with authority has more sins1 than those he piously acknowledges his own1 to answer for4 ,the symptoms are not obscure4 ,a dislike for wholesome food1 and a craving for hotly spiced or highly sweetened diet1 is an indication4 ,thirst and sickness are more marked4 ,a love for eating string1 wood1 thread1 and paper1 denotes the fact2 and is wrongly put down to the prompting of a mere mischievous instinct3 any want of natural appetite1 or any evidence of morbid desire in the case of food1 declares the stomach to be disordered4 ,the dog that1 when offered a piece of bread1 smells it with a sleepy eye1 and without taking it licks the fingers that present it1 has an impaired digestion4 ,such an animal will perhaps only take the morsel when it is about to be withdrawn2 and1 having got it1 does not swallow it1 but places it on the ground1 and stands over it with an expression of peevish disgust4 ,a healthy dog is always decided4 ,no animal can be more so4 ,it will often take that which it cannot eat1 but1 having done so1 it either throws the needless possession away or lies down1 and with a determined air watches the property4 ,there is no vexation in its looks1 no captiousness in its manner4 ,it acts with decision1 and there is purpose in what it does4 ,the reverse is the case with dogs suffering from indigestion4 ,they are peevish and irresolute4 ,they take only because another shall not have4 ,they will perhaps eat greedily what they do not want if the cat looks longfully at that which had lain before them for many minutes1 and which no coaxing could induce them to swallow4 ,they are1 in their foibles1 very like the higher animal4 ,the treatment is simple4 ,the dog must be put upon1 and strictly kept upon1 an allowance4 ,some persons1 when these animals are sent to them1 because the creatures are fat and sickly1 shut the dogs up for two or four days1 and allow them during the period to taste nothing but water4 ,the trick often succeeds1 but it is dangerous in severe cases1 and needless in mild ones4 ,this is a heartless practice1 which ignorance only would resort to2 but such conduct is very general1 and the people who follow it boast laughingly of its effect4 ,they do not care for its consequences4 ,a weakly stomach cannot be benefited by a prolonged abstinence4 ,i have kept a dog four-and-twenty hours without food1 but never longer1 and then only when the animal has been brought to me with a tale about its not eating4 ,the report1 then1 is assurance that food has been offered1 and the inference is that the stomach is loaded4 ,a little rest enables it to get rid of its contents1 and in some measure to recover its tone4 ,the dog1 as a general rule1 does well on one meal a day2 afterward1 the food is regularly weighed1 and nothing more than the quantity is permitted4 ,this quantity may be divided into three or four meals1 and given at stated periods1 so that the last is eaten at night4 ,when thus treated1 animals1 which ,i am assured would touch nothing1 have soon become possessors of vigorous appetites4 ,at the same time1 exercise and the cold bath every morning is ordered2 and either tonic or gentle sedatives1 with alkalies and vegetable bitters1 are administered4 ,the following are the ordinary stomach-pills1 and do very well for the generality of cases3-- ,extract of hyoscyamus ,sixteen grains4 ,sod carb4 ,half an ounce4 ,extract of gentian ,half an ounce4 ,ferri carb4 ,half an ounce4 ,make into sixteen1 thirty1 or eight pills1 and give two daily4 ,the reader1 however1 will not depend upon any one compound1 for stomach disease is remarkably capricious4 ,sometimes one thing and sometimes another does a great deal of good2 but the same thing is seldom equally good in any two cases4 ,stimulants1 as nitrate of silver1 trisnitrate of bismuth1 or nux vomica1 are occasionally of great service2 and so also are purgatives and emetics1 but these last1 when they do no benefit1 always do much injury4 ,they should1 therefore1 be tried last1 and then with caution1 the order being thus3--,tonics1 sedatives1 and alkalies1 either singly or in combination1 and frequently changed4 ,stimulants and excitants in small doses1 gradually increased4 ,emetics and purgatives1 mingled with any of the foregoing4 ,the food and exercise1 after all1 will do more for the restoration than the medicine1 which must be so long continued that the mind doubts whether it is of any decided advantage4 ,the affection is always chronic1 and time is therefore imperative for its cure4 ,dogs are afflicted with a disease of the stomach1 which is very like to water-brash1 pyrosis1 or cardialgia1 in the human being4 ,the animals thus tormented are generally fully grown and weakly3 a peculiarity in the walk shows the strength is feeble4 ,the chief symptom is1 however1 not to be mistaken4 ,the creature is dull just before the attack3 it gets by itself1 and remains quiet4 ,all at once it rises2 and without an effort1 no premonitory sounds being heard1 a quantity of fluid is ejected from the mouth1 and by the shaking of the head scattered about4 ,this appears to afford relief1 but the same thing may occur frequently during the day4 ,this disease of itself is not dangerous2 but it is troublesome1 and will make any other disorder the more likely to terminate fatally2 it should1 therefore1 be always attended to4 ,the food must not be neglected1 and either a solution of the iodide of potassium with liquor potass1 or pills of trisnitrate of bismuth1 must be given4 ,the preparations of iron are sometimes of use2 and a leech or two1 after a small blister to the side1 has also seemed to be beneficial4 ,when some ground has been gained1 the treatment recommended for indigestion generally must be adopted1 the choice of remedies being guided by the symptoms4 ,the practitioner1 however1 must not forget that the mode of feeding has probably been the cause2 and1 therefore1 it must ever after be an object of especial care4 ,the cold bath and exercise1 proportioned to the strength1 are equally to be esteemed4 ,very old dogs often die from indigestion1 and in such cases the stomach will become inflated to an extent that would hardly be credited4 ,these animals ,i have not observed to be subject to flatulent colic2 when1 therefore1 the abdomen becomes suddenly tympanitic the gas is usually contained in the stomach4 ,fits and diarrhoea may accompany or precede the attack1 which in the first instance yields to treatment2 but in a month more or less returns1 and is far more stubborn4 ,ether and laudanum1 by mouth and enema1 are at first to be employed2 and1 generally1 they are successful4 ,the liquor potass1 chloride of lime in solution1 and aromatics with chalk1 may also be tried1 the food being strengthening but entirely fluid4 ,the warm bath is here highly injurious2 and bleeding or purging out of the question4 ,when the distension of the stomach is so great as to threaten suffocation1 the tube of the stomach-pump may be introduced2 but1 unless danger be present1 the practitioner ought to depend upon the efforts of nature1 to support which all his measures should be directed4 ,after recovery1 meat scraped as for potting1 without any admixture of vegetables1 must constitute the diet2 and while a sufficiency is given1 a very little only must be allowed at a time4 ,with these precautions the life may be prolonged1 but the restoration of health is not to be expected4 ,,gastritis ,illustration ,dogs are abused for their depraved tastes1 and reproached for the filth they eat2 but if one of them1 being of a particular disposition in the article of food1 takes to killing his own mutton1 he is knocked on the head as too luxurious4 ,it is a very vulgar mistake to imagine the canine race have no preferences4 ,they have their likes and dislikes quite as strong and as capricious as other animals4 ,man himself does not more frequently impair his digestion by over indulgence than does the dog4 ,in both cases the punishment is the same1 but the brute having the more delicate digestion suffers most severely4 ,the dog's stomach is so subject to be deranged that few of these creatures can afford to gormandize2 to which failing1 however1 they are much inclined4 ,the consequence is soon shown4 ,a healthy dog can make a hearty meal and sleep soundly after it4 ,the petted favorite is often pained by a moderate quantity of food1 and frequent are the housemaid's regrets that his digestion is not more retentive4 ,he spoils other things besides victuals2 and the more daintily he lives the more generally is he troublesome4 ,it is the variety that diseases him4 ,he grows to be omnivorous4 ,he learns to relish that which nature did not fit him to consume1 and as a consequence he pays for his bad habits4 ,the dog in extreme cases can digest even bones2 a banquet of tainted flesh will not disorder him2 but he cannot subsist in health on his lady's diet4 ,his stomach was formed to receive and assimilate certain substances1 and to deny these is not to be generous or kind4 ,gastritis is very common with ladies' favorites4 ,its symptoms are well marked4 ,frequent sickness is the first indication4 ,this is taken little notice of4 ,the mess is cleared up1 and the matter is forgotten4 ,thirst is constant1 and the lapping is long2 but no further notice is taken of this circumstance1 than to remark the animal has grown very fond of water4 ,at last the thirst has increased1 and no sooner is the draught swallowed than it is ejected4 ,the appetite which may have been ravenous a little time before1 now grows bad1 and whatever is eaten is immediately returned4 ,the animal is evidently ill4 ,the nose is dry1 and the breathing quick4 ,it avoids warmth1 and lies and pants1 away from the hearthrug4 ,it dislikes motion and stretches itself out1 either upon its chest or on its belly4 ,sometimes it moans1 and more rarely cries4 ,the stomach is now inflamed2 and if the symptoms could have been earlier understood1 frequently has the animal been seen1 prior to this stage of attack1 licking the polished steel fire-irons4 ,it has been horrifying its mistress's propriety1 by its instinctive desire to touch something cold with its burning tongue2 and the poor little beast perhaps has been chastised for seeking a momentary relief to its affliction4 ,dogs that are properly treated rarely have gastritis4 ,when they do1 it is generally induced by some unwholesome food4 ,i have known it to be caused by graves more often than by anything else they are accustomed to eat4 ,i never recommend this stuff to be given to dogs4 ,meal and skim milk is far better1 and that can always be procured where flesh is scarce4 ,the entrails of sheep1 c41 if washed and boiled with a large quantity of any kind of meal1 are nutritious and wholesome2 nay1 even when a little tainted1 they will not be refused4 ,if1 however1 they were hung up in a strong draught1 they would soon dry2 and in that state might be preserved for use any length of time2 all they afterwards require would be boiling4 ,the paunch can be prepared in the same manner2 and it would be worth some little trouble to avoid a mixture which contains nothing strengthening1 and too often a great deal that is injurious4 ,the treatment of gastritis is simple4 ,it is generally accompanied by more or less diarrhoea2 but the violence of the leading symptom renders that of comparatively little consequence4 ,the degree of sickness will always indicate whether the stomach is the principal seat of disease4 ,as nothing is retained1 it would be a needless trouble to give many solids or fluids1 by the mouth4 ,from half a grain to a grain and a half of calomel1 thoroughly mixed with the same quantities of powdered opium1 may be sprinkled upon the tongue2 and from one drachm to four drachms of sulphuric ether may be given in as much water as will dissolve it twenty minutes afterwards4 ,the medicine will most probably be ejected2 but1 as it is very volatile1 it may be retained sufficient time to have some influence in quieting the spasmodic irritability of the stomach4 ,ethereal injections should be administered every hour1 and no food of any kind allowed4 ,besides this1 from a quarter of a grain to a grain of opium may be sprinkled on the tongue every hour2 and the ether draught continued until the sickness ceases1 or the animal displays signs of being narcotised4 ,an ammoniacal blister1 if the symptoms are urgent1 may be applied to the left side2 but in mild cases1 a strong embrocation will answer every purpose4 ,except the constitution be vigorous1 and the pulse very strong1 it will not be advisable to bleed1 but from two to twelve leeches may be applied to the lower part of the chest4 ,cold water may be allowed in any quantity1 but nothing warm should be given4 ,the colder the water1 the better1 and the more grateful it will be to the animal4 ,where it can be obtained1 a large lump of ice may be placed in the water1 for the dog often will lick this1 and sometimes even gnaw it4 ,small lumps of ice may be forced down as pills1 and a cold bath may be given1 the animal being well wrapped up afterwards1 that it may become warm1 and the blood1 by the natural reaction1 be determined to the skin4 ,when the sickness is conquered1 the following should be administered3-- ,powdered nux vomica ,a quarter of a grain to a grain4 ,sulphate of iron ,one grain to four grains4 ,extract of gentian ,sufficient to make a pill4 ,the above may be repeated every four hours until the stomach is quiet2 but it is not always tranquillized2 sickness may return1 and the pills may possibly seem to aggravate it4 ,if such should appear to be the case1 try the next3-- ,acid hydrocyanic1 ,l4,p4 ,one drop to four drops4 ,carbonate of soda ,three grains to twelve grains4 ,water ,a sufficiency4 ,the ether and opium must also he persevered with1 regulating the last of course by the action which it induces4 ,food should consist of cold broth1 slightly thickened with ground rice1 arrowroot1 starch1 or flour1 and for some days it must be composed of nothing more2 but by degrees the thickness may be increased1 and a little bread and milk introduced4 ,after a time a small portion of minced underdone meat1 without skin or fat1 may be allowed2 but the quantity must be small1 and the quality unexceptionable4 ,the second day generally sees an abatement of the more urgent symptoms1 and then the draught may be composed of five minims of laudanum to every drachm of ether1 and ten drachms of water4 ,this to be given both by mouth and injection six times daily4 ,the former pills were intended only to allay the primary violence of the disease1 and when that object is attained1 the following remedy may be employed3-- ,extract of hyoscyamus ,one grain to four grains4 ,carbonate of soda ,three grains to twelve grains4 ,carbonate of ammonia ,half a grain to two grains4 ,extract of gentian ,five grains to a scruple4 ,powdered quassia ,a sufficiency4 ,the above is for one pill1 which should be repeated four times daily1 and continued for some days2 when1 if the dog seems quite recovered1 a course of the quinine tonic pills1 as recommended for distemper1 will be of use2 but should any suspicion be created of the disorder not being entirely removed1 the animal may be treated as advised for indigestion4 ,sporting dogs are frequently sent to me suffering under what the proprietors are pleased to term ,foul4 ,the history of these cases is soon known4 ,they have been withdrawn from the field at the close of the season1 and have ever since been shut up in close confinement1 while the working diet has been persevered with4 ,the poor beast is supposed capable of vegetating until the return of the period for shooting requires his services4 ,he remains chained up till he acquires every outward disease to which his kind are liable2 and then1 when he stinks the place out1 his owner is surprised at his condition1 pronouncing his misused animal to be very foul4 ,foul is not one disease1 but an accumulation of disorders brought on by the absence of exercise with a stimulating diet4 ,the sporting dog1 when really at work1 may have all the flesh it can consume2 but at the termination of that period its food should consist wholly of vegetable substances1 while a little exercise daily is necessary1 not to health1 but absolutely for life4 ,the dog with foul requires each seat of disease to be treated separately2 beginning of course with the dressing for mange or for lice1 one or the other of which the animal is certain to display4 ,,diseases ,,dependent ,,on ,,an ,,internal ,,organ4 ,,stomach4--,,st4 ,,vitus',s ,,dance4 ,this disease generally is assumed to be a nervous disorder1 and so the symptoms declare it to be2 but on post mortem examinations no lesion is found either upon the brain1 spinal marrow1 or the nerves themselves4 ,this last circumstance1 however1 proves nothing2 for the same thing may be said of tetanus in the human being1 and of stringhalt in the horse2 both of them being well-marked nervous affections4 ,i append ,st4 ,vitus's ,dance to the stomach1 not because of that which ,i have not beheld1 but because of that which ,i have positively seen4 ,it follows upon distemper4 ,i do not know it as a distinct disorder1 though it is asserted to exist as such when the greater or leading disease is unobserved4 ,it then follows up the affection which primarily involves the stomach and intestines1 and to which indications all other symptoms are secondary4 ,on every post mortem which ,i have made of this disorder1 ,i have discovered the stomach inflamed2 and1 therefore1 not because the nerves or their centres are blank1 but because on one important viscus ,i have found well marked signs to impress my reason1 ,i propose to treat of this disorder as connected with the stomach4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,pointer4 ,the signs to which ,i allude1 consists of patches of well-defined inflammation2 and hence1 knowing how distemper has the power to involve other organs1 ,i conclude it has caused the spinal marrow to be sympathetically affected4 ,the symptoms of the disease are well marked4 ,the poor beast1 whether he be standing up or lying down1 is constantly worried with a catching of the limb or limbs--for only one may be affected1 or all four may be attacked4 ,sleeping or waking1 the annoyance continues4 ,the dog cannot obtain a moment's rest from its tormentor4 ,day and night the movement remains2 no act1 no position the poor brute is capable of1 can bring to the animal an instant's downright repose4 ,its sleep is troubled and broken2 its waking moments are rendered miserable by this terrible infliction4 ,the worst of the matter is1 that the dog in every other respect appears to be well4 ,its spirits are good1 and it is alive for happiness4 ,if it were released from its constant affliction1 it is eager to enjoy its brief lease of life as in the time of perfect health4 ,plaintive and piteous are its looks as1 lying asleep before the fire1 it is aroused by a sudden pain2 wakes1 turns round1 and mutely appeals to its master for an explanation or a removal of the nuisance4 ,when stricken down at last1 as1 unable to stand1 it lies upon its straw1 most sad is it to see the poor head raised1 and to hear the tail in motion welcoming any one who may enter the place in which it is a helpless but a necessary prisoner4 ,in this disorder the best thing is to pay every attention to the food4 ,the wretched animal generally has an enormous appetite1 and1 when it is unable to stand1 will continue feeding to the last4 ,this morbid hunger must not be indulged4 ,one pound of good rice may be boiled or cooked in a sufficiency of carefully made beef-tea1 every particle of meat or bone being removed4 ,this will constitute the provender for one day necessary to sustain the largest dog1 and a quarter the amount will be sufficient for one of the average size4 ,where good rice is not to be obtained1 oatmeal or bread1 allowing for the moisture which the last contains1 may be substituted4 ,no bones1 nor substances likely1 when swallowed1 to irritate the stomach1 must on any account be allowed4 ,the quantity given at one time must ever be small2 and every sort of provender offered should be soft and soothing to the internal parts2 though the poor dog will be eager to eat that which will be injurious4 ,water should be placed within its reach1 and offered during the day1 the head being held while the incapacitated animal drinks4 ,when a dog is prostrated by this affliction1 it must on no account be suffered to remain on the floor1 where its limbs would speedily become excoriated1 being forcibly moved upon the boards2 anything placed beneath the animal to save the limbs1 would be saturated with the urine and fces the poor beast is necessitated to pass4 ,the best bed in such cases is made of a slanting piece of woodwork1 of sufficient size to allow the animal to lie with ease at full length4 ,the planks composing the wooden stage must be placed apart1 be pierced with numerous holes1 have the edges rounded1 and be elevated at one end so as to allow all moisture readily to run off4 ,the wood must be covered with a quantity of straw2 which sort of bedding is convenient1 not only because it allows the water to speedily percolate through it1 but because it is warm1 and being cheap1 permits of repeated change4 ,physic is not of much avail in this disorder2 kind nursing and mild food will do more towards recovery4 ,still1 medicine1 as an accessory1 may be of considerable service1 and in a secondary view deserves honorable mention4 ,alkalies1 sedatives1 and vegetable bitters1 may be combined in various forms4 ,the author's favorite sedative in stomach diseases is hyoscyamus1 and alkali potash4 ,for a bitter1 quassia is a very good one2 better than gentian1 a small amount of the extract of which1 however1 may be used to make up the pill4 ,when speaking of the pill1 the most important ingredient must not be forgotten--,i mean nux vomica4 ,some people employ strychnia1 but such persons more often kill than cure their patients4 ,strychnia in any doses1 however minute1 is a violent poison to the dog4 ,while at college ,i beheld animals killed with it2 and there does not live the person who knows how to render this agent safe to the dog4 ,nux vomica1 even1 must be used in very minute doses1 to be entirely safe--from a quarter of a grain to a small pup1 to two grains to the largest animal4 ,that quantity must be continued for a week1 four pills being given daily2 then add a quarter of a grain daily to the four larger pills1 and a quarter of a grain every four days to all the smaller ones2 keep on increasing the amount1 till the physiological effects of the drug1 as they are called1 become developed4 ,these consist in the beast having that which uninformed people term a fit4 ,he lies upon the ground1 uttering rather loud cries1 whilst every muscle of his body is in motion4 ,thus he continues scratching1 as if it was his desire to be up and off at a hundred miles an hour4 ,no sooner is he rid of one attack than he has another4 ,he retains his consciousness1 but is unable to give any sign of recognition4 ,it is useless to crowd round the animal in this state2 the drug must perform its office1 and will do so1 in spite of human effort4 ,the very best thing that can be done1 is to let the animal alone until the attack is over1 when writers on ,materia ,medica tell us improvement is perceptible4 ,i wish it was so in dogs4 ,i have beheld the physiological effect of nux vomica repeatedly1 but cannot recollect many instances in which ,i could date amendment from its appearance4 ,the following is the formula for the pill recently alluded to3-- ,potash ,two to seven grains4 ,extract of hyoscyamus ,half a grain to four grains4 ,quassia powder ,three to sixteen grains4 ,nux vomica ,a quarter of a grain to two grains4 ,extract of gentian ,a sufficiency4 ,the above quantities are sufficient for one pill1 four of which are to be given daily for a week1 at the expiration of which period the increase may begin4 ,if the above1 after a fair test has been made of it1 does not succeed1 trial may be instituted of the nitrate of silver1 the trisnitrate of bismuth1 or any of the various drugs said to be beneficial in the disease1 or of service in stomach complaints4 ,in this disorder the same drug never appears to act twice alike1 therefore a change is warranted and desirable4 ,hopes of restoration may be entertained if the animal can only be kept alive to recover strength2 then confident expectation can be expressed that the dog will outgrow the disease4 ,the first signs perceptible which denote recovery are these3--,the provender the beast consumes is evidently not thrown away4 ,instead of eating much1 and ungratefully becoming thinner and thinner upon that which it consumes1 the animal displays a disposition to thrive upon its victuals4 ,it does not get fat on what it eats1 but it evidently loses no flesh4 ,it grows no thinner2 and if the strength be not recruited1 it obviously is not diminished4 ,the animal does not gorge much wholesome diet daily1 to exhibit more and more the signs of debility and starvation4 ,if only a suspicion can be felt that the poor dog does not sink1 then hope of ultimate success may warm the heart of a kind master2 but when the reverse is obvious1 though killing a dog is next to killing a child--and he who for pleasure can do the one1 is not far off from doing the other--yet it is mercy then to destroy that existence which must else be miserably worn away4 ,when there is no chance left for expectation to cling to1 it becomes real charity to do violence to our feelings1 in order that we may spare a suffering creature pain2 but when there is a prospect1 however remote1 of recovery1 ,i hope there is no veterinary surgeon who would touch the life4 ,when the animal can stand1 we may anticipate good2 and whatever is left of the complaint1 we may assure our employers will vanish as the age increases2 for ,st4 ,vitus's ,dance is essentially the disease of young dogs4 ,but as recovery progresses1 we must be cautious to do nothing to fling the animal back4 ,no walks must be enforced1 under the pretence of administering exercise4 ,the animal has enough of that in its ever-jerking limbs2 and however well it may grow to be while the disease lasts1 we may rest assured the dog suffering its attack stands in need of repose4 ,,bowel ,,diseases4 ,continuous with the stomach are the intestines1 which are equally subject to disease1 and more exposed to it in an acute form than even the former viscus4 ,the dog will fill its belly with almost anything1 but there is little that positively agrees with it4 ,boiled rice or lean meat1 c41 and coarse biscuit1 are the best general food2 but without exercise1 even these will not support health4 ,the dog requires constant care if it is deprived of liberty3 and those who keep these animals as pets1 must submit to trouble1 for though art may do much1 it cannot conquer ,nature4 ,the intestines of the dog are peculiar4 ,in the first place1 it has no colon1 and all the guts are nearly of one size from the commencement to the termination2 the duodenum and the most posterior portion of the rectum being the largest1 though not so much so as materially to destroy the appearance of uniformity4 ,the ccum is no more than a small appendage--a little sac attached to the main tube2 it has but one opening1 and that is very diminutive4 ,i think all the food1 as in other animals1 passes into and out of this intestine2 which1 because of its peculiar formation1 is therefore particularly liable to be disordered4 ,in the dog which has died of intestinal disease1 the ccum is almost invariably found enlarged and inflamed4 ,in it1 ,i imagine1 the majority of bowel affections have their origin4 ,the gut is first loaded1 and the consequence of this is1 it loses its natural function4 ,the contents become irritants from being retained1 and the whole process of digestion is deranged2 other parts are involved1 and inflammation is induced4 ,writers do not notice the tendency of the ccum to be diseased1 or remark upon its disposition to exhibit signs of alteration2 but the fact being so obvious1 ,i wonder it should have escaped observation4 ,,costiveness is1 in some measure1 natural to the dog1 and in that animal is hardly to be viewed as a disease4 ,in health1 the fces are not expelled without considerable straining1 and the matter voided ought to be of a solid character4 ,it nevertheless should not be absolutely hard1 or positively dry1 for in that case the want of moisture shows the natural secretion of the rectum is deficient2 the hardness proving prolonged detention1 denoting the intestines have lost their activity4 ,both ,blaine and ,youatt were educated in the old school of medicine1 which taught them to regard purgatives as the surgeon's best friends1 and the sheet-anchors of his practice4 ,they prescribe them in almost every case1 and almost on every occasion2 but ,i rarely give these agents4 ,in the dog ,i am convinced they are not safe1 and their constant use is by no means imperative4 ,should an animal be supposed not to have been relieved for a week1 this fact is no proof that a purgative is required4 ,the animal may have eluded observation1 and it cannot inform us if such has been the case4 ,the intestines may be slow1 or the digestion may be more than usually active4 ,it is foolish to lay down rules for ,nature1 and punish her creatures if these laws are not obeyed4 ,there are1 however1 means of ascertaining when a purgative is needed2 and these1 if employed1 will very rarely deceive4 ,the muscles covering the abdomen of the dog are very thin1 and through them the contents of the cavity may be plainly felt4 ,by squeezing these together1 the fingers will detect whether the rectum1 which lies near to the spine1 and of course backward or towards the tail1 contains any substance4 ,should the presence of any solid body be ascertained1 its character ought to be noted4 ,if round and comparatively soft1 a little exercise will cause it to be expelled2 but if hard-pointed in places1 and uneven1 assistance should be afforded4 ,an enema1 of the solution of soap--or of ,epsom salts1 from half an ounce to a quarter of a pound1 in a quarter of a pint to a quart of water--may be administered4 ,a more active injection will be1 from half a drachm to four drachms of turpentine1 beaten up with the yolks of so many eggs as there are drachms of the oil1 and mixed with the quantity of water just named4 ,either of these will relieve the bowel2 but the condition of one part justifies an inference as to the state of another1 and the enema probably will not unload the ccum1 which there is reason to suppose is also clogged4 ,a gentle dose of castor-oil1 or of the pills directed on page #aaf1 will accomplish this intention2 and1 afterwards1 measures must be adopted to regulate the digestion1 either by tonics or such medicines as the symptoms suggest1 but not by the constant repetition of laxatives4 ,costiveness will sometimes produce such violent pain that alarm is created1 and dogs have been destroyed under the idea that they were rabid4 ,to guard against so fatal a mistake1 ,i shall only here say1 that rabies does not come on suddenly1 or1 save in the latest stage1 appear to influence the consciousness1 which it never entirely overpowers4 ,the agony caused by costiveness is greater than in any other affection to which the dog is liable4 ,apparently well1 and perhaps at play1 a cry breaks forth1 which is the next instant a shriek1 expressive of the acutest torture4 ,the animal takes to running1 and is not aware of surrounding objects2 it can recognise nothing1 but will bite its master if he attempts to catch it1 and hit itself against anything that may be in its way2 it scampers from room to room1 or hurries from place to place2 it is unable to be still or silent2 and perhaps getting into a corner1 it makes continuous efforts as though it wished to scramble up the wall1 remaining there jumping with all its strength1 and at the same time yelling at the top of its voice4 ,this excitement may last for an hour or more1 and then cease only to be renewed3 till at length the powers fail1 and in half a day the animal may be dead4 ,just prior to death1 a mass of compact fces is usually passed2 and blood1 with dysentery1 is generally witnessed for the short period the animal survives4 ,after death1 general inflammation of the intestines is discovered1 and the dog is reported to have perished from an attack of enteritis which no medicine could subdue4 ,in such cases1 the first examination should be directed to the rectum2 the finger1 moistened or oiled1 ought to be inserted1 and the intestine explored as thoroughly as possible4 ,this operation is1 however1 not of further use than to confirm the opinion of the practitioner2 and ,i1 knowing the cause1 therefore dispense with it4 ,a copious enema should be immediately exhibited4 ,one containing turpentine is the most effective2 but1 on account of its activity1 it is only safe in the beginning of the attack4 ,a warm bath is of service1 but it takes up time which may be better employed1 and does not do sufficient good to recompense for the delay4 ,a full dose of sulphuric ether and laudanum should be given to allay the pain1 and it may with this intention be repeated every ten or twenty minutes4 ,if1 from the enema1 nothing follows1 the finger should then certainly be introduced1 and perhaps a compact mass may be felt firmly grasped by the intestine4 ,slowly1 and with great caution1 this must be broken up1 and brought away bit by bit4 ,the handle of a spoon has been recommended for this purpose1 but ,i entreat my readers not to use it4 ,where pain is present1 and life or death hang on the issue1 there is no right to be any delicacy4 ,an instrument of any kind introduced into such a part1 and employed while the body is writhing about in agony1 cannot be free from danger1 and scarcely can be so used as to be effective4 ,the finger is the quickest1 the most safe1 and the most effectual instrument2 for we have it under our command1 can guide it at our will1 and with it take cognisance of all the circumstances presented4 ,even that must be employed gently1 and this will be best done by the avoidance of haste4 ,the surgeon is bound to be skilful1 but he ought never to be in a hurry4 ,let all the time that can be occupied on such a matter be freely taken1 and during the process1 let the cries of the animal be attended to2 any change of note will contain a warning which must not be disregarded4 ,without attending to that1 the intestine might be ruptured1 and death would then be certain4 ,when the obstruction has been overcome1 let a few ethereal enemas be administered to allay any local irritability2 and a dose of the purgative pills--followed1 six hours afterwards1 should they not have operated1 by one of castor-oil mixture1 blended with half a scruple of chloroform--being given to unload the ccum4 ,the medicine having acted freely1 the food must be amended1 the treatment altered1 and such other measures taken as the digestion may require for its restoration4 ,illustration ,,colic4--,this is an affection to which dogs are very subject4 ,the human infant is not more liable to be griped than are the young of the canine species4 ,the idea of a cur with a belly-ache may1 to some persons1 seem to be suggestive of fun2 but to the creature that suffers1 it is indeed a serious business4 ,a duchess with the spasms does not endure so much1 and is not in half the danger1 that a dog is exposed to during a fit of gripes4 ,the animal must be relieved1 or inflammation will speedily ensue1 and death will follow4 ,in some cases1 the appearance of colic is almost a certain indication that the poor beast will die4 ,when it comes on a week or two prior to pupping1 we may cure it2 but during1 or soon after parturition1 the bitch generally perishes4 ,when it starts up in the later or more virulent stage of distemper1 especially at the time when the champing of the jaw denotes the approach of fits1 the chance of a favorable termination to the disease is materially diminished4 ,when in a violent form it attacks a litter of puppies1 either simultaneously or consecutively1 it is always attended with danger4 ,at no season1 and under no circumstances1 is it trivial1 and never ought it to be neglected4 ,the cries and distress of the suffering animal will1 when it is fully established1 enforce attention2 but too often it has then proceeded so far that much medicine will not check what in the first instance a single dose might have entirely banished4 ,the symptoms of colic have been much confused by ,blaine1 who1 when describing them1 evidently alludes to many forms of disease with which abdominal spasm has no connexion4 ,youatt is far more clear2 but he is too concise1 and omits so much that the reader does not properly appreciate the importance of that affection which is thus slightly mentioned4 ,neither of the two authors seems to have carefully studied the subject2 for in their writings is not to be found any account of those early symptoms which most readily yield to treatment4 ,prior to evincing any sign of colic1 the dog appears well2 healthy in its body and easy in its mind4 ,the appetite is good1 or may be better than usual4 ,the food has been eaten and relished2 then the animal instinctively lies down to sleep and aid digestion4 ,a moan is heard2 the sound is half suppressed1 and the dog that utters it appears to sleep4 ,another cry1 as feeble1 but of greater length1 is noticed2 and now the animal that made it changes its position4 ,the next time it may rise1 look round1 and seek another place2 which having found1 it appears to settle itself and to go to sleep4 ,the rest once more is broken1 the voice grows more full and loud2 the dog jumps up and runs about for a little while1 then selects a spot where it curls its body tightly up1 as if resolved to have out its nap4 ,the interruption1 however1 constantly recurs2 and at each return the exclamation is more emphatic--the starting more energetic--the movement more abrupt--and1 contrasting these1 the determination or desire to repose becomes more strong4 ,thus endeavoring to sleep1 and being constantly disturbed by some sharp and shooting pain1 the dog may continue for a day1 or two1 or three1 its cries1 during the whole period1 offending a neighborhood4 ,during the continuance of colic1 the general appearance of the animal may be but little affected4 ,the eye is not injected1 but the pupil may be slightly enlarged4 ,the nose is cool and moist1 but towards the end1 irritation may render the part hot or dry4 ,the appetite is generally slight--sometimes lost2 and fluids are more readily accepted than solids4 ,the cry1 however1 should be remarked2 because1 with the pulse1 it gives the earliest notice when inflammation is commencing4 ,while colic alone exists1 the pulse may1 from pain1 be accelerated1 and rendered more full1 as well as strong1 though not always to any marked extent4 ,in inflammation1 the pulse is greatly quickened1 the artery becomes smaller1 and its beat more jerking or wiry4 ,during simple spasm the voice is natural1 rich1 sonorous1 and almost musical2 but in inflammation it is short1 harsh1 high1 and broken1 the exclamations not being continuous1 but consisting of a series of disconnected yaps4 ,for the treatment1 in the first instance1 a turpentine enema will frequently cut short the attack4 ,should it fail to so1 injections of ether and laudanum should succeed1 and doses of the mixture should also be given every half hour2 the first three being exhibited at intervals only of a quarter of an hour each4 ,the cathartic pills should be administered2 and in three hours1 if the bowels have not been acted upon1 a dose of castor-oil should be resorted to2 but where the cathartic has been responded to1 the castor-oil should be delayed for eight or twelve hours4 ,when the pain ceases1 the ether and laudanum should not be immediately discontinued2 but they may be employed at longer intervals1 and gradually reduced in quantity1 until the bowels are thoroughly opened1 when they may be withheld4 ,under this treatment1 the affection is rarely fatal1 and never so if taken in time4 ,an injection of ether and laudanum should always be given to any pup that exhibits even the slightest symptom of uneasiness4 ,i have never known it to do harm1 but ,i am convinced it has often prevented danger4 ,in those cases where purging and other indications denote the coats of the bowels to be already involved1 and spasm co-exists with enteritis1 ether and laudanum must enter into all the remedies employed4 ,on the dog their action is1 in my opinion1 always beneficial2 and were they not directly so1 the influence they possess in deadening pain would be sufficient reason to justify their adoption4 ,the other measures consist of such as will be found mentioned under the head of enteritis2 but it is essential to observe any fces which may be ejected by the animal that has suffered colic2 for by these we may sometimes guess the cause of the attack1 and more often learn the means through which a return may be prevented4 ,as to the causes which induce colic1 ,i can of my own knowledge offer no information4 ,it has to me seemed to be regulated by none of those circumstances to which it is generally attributed2 at all events1 ,i think ,i have witnessed it in animals which have not been exposed to any of the causes that teachers and writers assert induce it4 ,dogs are1 however1 brought to us only when the cause has ceased2 for we are sought for only to treat the effect4 ,the declarations of authors may therefore be correct1 although ,i am unable to corroborate them2 and these gentlemen say colic is produced by cold1 acrid food1 chills1 worms1 hard water1 c4 ,in cases of this kind1 therefore1 it may be well to inquire if the dog has been exposed1 or badly fed1 or is in any way unhealthy2 and1 so far as possible1 to rectify these matters2 for1 even though they may not have provoked the spasm1 nevertheless we shall do good by attending to the health1 diet1 and comfort of the animal4 ,,enteritis4--,the doom of the dog which is really afflicted with this disease1 is generally sealed4 ,it is a painful and a fatal disorder--equally rapid and stubborn4 ,i fear it more than any other affection to which the animal is subject1 and more frequently than any other has it set my best endeavors at defiance4 ,in the dog1 however1 enteritis is rarely seen in a pure form4 ,the mucous membrane of the intestines is mostly inflamed1 but the serous covering1 as a general rule1 is in no degree involved4 ,the stomach1 however1 is almost in every instance more or less implicated2 its inner surface being inflamed1 and its muscular coat so contracted1 that the lining membrane is corrugated1 and remains in that condition after death4 ,the incentives are1 unwholesome food1 which is the most frequent of the causes2 exposure1 especially after a dog has been in winter fantastically deprived of its long hair over the loins2 and over-exertion1 to which the dog is often exposed1 no attention being paid to its condition4 ,anything which disorders the digestion1 or violently shakes the constitution1 will induce it2 for in the dog every species of revulsion has a tendency to attack the bowels4 ,mange improperly treated has produced it2 and this may be said of almost any skin disease2 so that it has been caused not by true mange or itch alone but by a skin disease having been1 under the pretence of working an immediate cure1 driven into the system4 ,neglected impactments1 or colic1 are among its most frequent immediate causes2 for at least three parts of those cases of enteritis submitted to my notice1 have been clearly traced to have commenced with something of that kind4 ,of the symptoms of enteritis1 colic and constipation1 with a hard thin pulse1 are the most prominent4 ,sickness is not present1 or rather ,i have not witnessed it1 at the commencement of the disorder4 ,the extremities are cold--the eye has a stupid expression1 the pupil being much dilated--the breath is hot1 and the nose dry4 ,the tail is drawn firmly downward1 and pressed upon the anus2 the urine is sometimes scanty1 always high-colored2 the tongue is rough and clammy1 the thirst strong1 and the appetite lost4 ,the dog seeks darkness and privacy1 and does not ramble during the early stage2 it will stretch itself out either upon its belly or on its side1 and ,i have not seen it sit upon its haunches4 ,the abdomen is only of the heat of the body1 which is generally of an increased temperature4 ,pressure appears to cause no pain1 and the animal rather seems grateful for friction than to resist it4 ,as the disease proceeds1 diarrhoea ensues1 and with it the signs of exhaustion and death generally are exhibited4 ,throughout the attack there is a marked disinclination to take any remedy2 which is not always displayed by these creatures1 and in no other disease is so violently exhibited4 ,dogs often become attached to those who minister to their complaints2 many of them will appear to understand and appreciate the motives of him who attempts their relief4 ,the poor things will frequently submit to operations1 and lick the hand which has performed them4 ,eloquent are the appeals which they sometimes make to the feelings of one in whom they have placed their confidence2 often staggering to meet him when he enters2 looking upward into his face1 and uttering low cries1 which are more expressive than words could possibly be rendered4 ,he who has had much to do with dogs must1 if he be not insensible1 grow to like them1 and gradually learn to think these creatures possess both knowledge and reason4 ,they will sometimes1 without a struggle1 swallow the most pungent and nauseous drinks2 but such is not the case during enteritis4 ,the brain in that disease is always sympathetically affected1 the state of the eye1 its peculiar expression and dilated pupil1 denote the fact2 and the manner of the dog would1 without these indications1 lead us to surmise the circumstance4 ,the treatment must be energetic4 ,the sharp1 short cries1 characteristic of enteritis1 as pointed out in the preceding description of colic1 will be sufficient warning of the danger1 and ample intimation that there is no time to be lost4 ,a turpentine enema should be injected4 ,the treatment ought always to begin with this1 for to unload the rectum is of all importance4 ,afterwards1 from one to four grains of calomel1 with from half a grain to two grains of opium1 should be shaken upon the tongue2 and when ten minutes have elapsed1 a draught of ether and laudanum and water1 with an injection of the same composition1 ought to be exhibited4 ,while the cries last1 the ether may be continued1 and when the strength appears to fail1 it may also be employed4 ,two hours subsequent to the calomel being given1 from half an ounce to three ounces of castor-oil1 diluted with half the quantity of olive-oil1 should be used as a drench2 and thrice during the day the following may be administered either as a pill or draught1 in thick gruel1 soup1 or mucilage1 at the option of the practitioner2 who will1 of course1 be guided by the disposition of the patient1 which in every particular must be considered3-- ,grey powder ,five grains to a scruple4 ,powdered ipecacuanha ,half a grain to four grains4 ,extract of hyoscyamus ,one to eight grains4 ,bleeding is of some service1 but the dog so quickly sinks1 that it must be practised with caution4 ,on this account1 as well as for other reasons1 leeches are to be preferred4 ,if the patient be a male1 they may be applied to the belly2 but if a female1 the side of the abdomen must be shaven1 and that part selected4 ,from four to twenty-four leeches will be sufficient2 and half that number may be again used if no change for the better is observed1 and the strength does not fail4 ,stimulating applications are likewise beneficial4 ,a large mustard poultice has appeared to be more operative than more violent agents4 ,after it has been removed1 warm fomentations of water1 with occasional ones of hot turpentine1 may be employed4 ,in the early stage1 a warm bath of #ij degrees1 for half an hour1 has been used with advantage2 but the animal1 when removed from it1 must be wrapped well up in several hot blankets1 and kept in them until it is perfectly dry4 ,on the second day from two to ten drops of the tincture of arnica1 with half a drachm of the solution of the chloride of zinc1 may be added to the ethereal drinks and injections1 if the disorder has not been checked2 and beef-tea1 thickened with rice1 may also be frequently administered1 using it instead of water1 both in the draughts and injections4 ,no other food is admissible1 and the return to solids must1 if the animal survives1 be very gradual4 ,,dysentery ,,and ,,diarrhoea4--,these diseases1 which in works on human pathology are advantageously separated1 ,i cannot here treat of as distinct disorders4 ,in the dog they are so connected and blended that the line which divides them cannot be discovered2 and for every practical purpose1 they may be here considered as one and the same affection4 ,the young and the old are most liable to these complaints4 ,puppies are very subject1 as also are aged gross favorites2 things so fat that it becomes hard work to live are very generally attacked with diarrhoea4 ,the pup1 however1 usually exhibits it in the acute form1 whereas in the other description of animal it mostly appears in the chronic type4 ,when acute1 colic may accompany or precede it4 ,in proportion to the spasm will be the violence and the danger of the disorder4 ,sickness is mostly witnessed a little time prior to the attack1 and the matter vomited has a peculiarly disagreeable and acrid odor4 ,the dog does not again consume that which the stomach has thrown off1 but sneaks away dejected1 and afterwards seems dull4 ,sickness will occasionally continue throughout the complaint1 but in general it departs as the disease appears4 ,thirst1 however1 is always present2 and there is also a disposition to seek cold things and places4 ,the pulse is quicker1 but not stronger1 and hardly at first less thin than during health4 ,there is no pain on pressure being applied to the abdomen4 ,the membranes of the eye are not injected2 they may be a little deeper in color than is strictly natural1 but occasionally they are the reverse4 ,if1 however1 the anus be gently forced open1 so as to expose the terminating surface of the rectum1 the membrane there will be found more red1 and perhaps less clear in tint1 than it ought to be2 and the presence of purgation1 attended with a violent resistance to the administration of clysters1 will leave no doubt as to the character of the affection4 ,in the chronic form1 the membrane of the eye is pallid2 the nose often moist2 the breath offensive2 the appetite ravenous2 the pulse quick and weak2 the anus inflamed2 mostly protruding1 and usually disfigured by piles2 the fces liquid1 and of various hues2 sometimes black1 occasionally lighter than usual1 very generally mixed with much mucus and a small quantity of blood1 so that the leading symptoms are those of weakness1 accompanied with purgation4 ,illustration3 ,,superpurgation4 ,acute diarrhoea may terminate in twenty-four hours2 the chronic may continue as many days4 ,the first sometimes closes with hemorrhage1 blood in large quantities being ejected1 either from the mouth or from the anus2 but more generally death ensues from apparent exhaustion1 which is announced by coldness of the belly and mouth1 attended with a peculiar faint and sickly fetor and perfect insensibility4 ,the chronic more rarely1 ends with excessive bleeding1 but almost always gradually wears out the animal1 which for days previous may be paralysed in the hind extremities1 lying with its back arched and its feet approximated1 though consciousness is retained almost to the last moment4 ,in either case1 however1 the characteristic stench prevails1 and the lower surface of the abdomen1 as a general rule1 feels hard1 presenting to the touch two distinct lines1 which run in the course of the spine4 ,these lines1 which ,youatt mentions as cords1 are the recti muscles1 which in the dog are composed of continuous fibre1 and consequently1 when contracted under the stimulus of pain or disease1 become very apparent4 ,on examination after death1 the stomach1 especially towards the pyloric orifice1 is inflamed1 as are the intestines1 which1 however1 towards the middle of the track1 are less violently affected than at other parts4 ,the ccum is enlarged1 and may even1 while all the other guts are empty1 contain hard solid fces4 ,the rectum is generally black with inflammation1 and seems most to suffer in these disorders4 ,occasionally its interior is ulcerated1 and such is nearly always its condition towards the anus4 ,signs of colic are distributed along the entire length of the alimentary tubes4 ,in the acute disease1 the case in the first instance should be treated as directed for colic1 with turpentine enema and ether1 laudanum and water1 followed by mild doses of grey powder and ipecacuanha1 or chalk1 catechu and aromatics1 in the proportions directed below3-- ,powdered opium ,half a grain to two grains4 ,powdered prepared chalk ,five grains to a scruple4 ,catechu ,two grains to half a scruple4 ,liquor potass ,half-a-drachm to two drachms4 ,powdered ginger ,three to twelve grains4 ,powdered caraways ,three to twelve grains4 ,powdered capsicums ,one to four grains4 ,this may be given every second hour4 ,the carbonate of ammonia1 from two to eight grains1 is also deserving of a trial1 as are the chlorides and chlorates when the odor is perceived4 ,applications1 as before directed1 to the abdomen are also beneficial2 but frequent use of the warm bath should be forbidden1 for its action is far too debilitating4 ,the ether1 laudanum1 and water should be persisted with throughout the treatment1 and hope may be indulged so long as the injections are retained2 but when these are cast back1 or flow out as soon as the pipe is removed1 the case may be pronounced a desperate one4 ,in the chronic form of diarrhoea there is always greater prospect of success4 ,ether1 laudanum1 and water will often master it1 without the addition of any other medicine2 but the liquor potass and the chalk preparation are valuable adjuncts4 ,to the anus an ointment will be useful2 and it should not only be smeared well over the part1 but1 by means of a penholder or the little finger1 a small quantity should thrice in the course of the day be introduced up the rectum4 ,for this purpose the following will be found to answer much better than any of those which ,blaine orders to be employed on similar occasions3-- ,camphor powdered ,mercurial ointment ,of each equal parts4 ,elder ointment ,cleanliness is of the utmost importance4 ,thrice daily1 or oftener if necessary1 the anus and root of the tail should be thoroughly cleansed1 with a wash consisting of an ounce of the solution of chloride of zinc to a pint of distilled water4 ,the food should be generous2 but fluid beef tea1 thickened with rice1 will constitute the most proper diet during the existence of diarrhoea4 ,a little gravy and rice with scraped meat may be gradually introduced2 but the dog must be drenched with the liquid rather than indulged with solids at too early a period4 ,all the other measures necessary have been indicated when treating of previous abdominal diseases1 and such rules as are therein laid down must1 according to the circumstances1 be applied4 ,,peritonitis4--,in the acute form this disease is rarely witnessed1 save as accompanying or following parturition4 ,its symptoms are1 panting2 restlessness2 occasional cries2 a desire for cold2 constant stretching forth at full length upon the side2 dry mouth and nose2 thirst2 constipation2 hard quick pulse2 catching breathing1 and--contrary as it may be to all reasonable expectation--seldom any pain on pressure to the abdomen1 toward which1 however1 the animal constantly inclines the head4 ,the treatment consists in bleeding from the jugular1 from three to twelve ounces being taken2 but a pup1 not having all its permanent teeth1 supposing such an animal could be affected1 should not lose more than from half-an-ounce to two ounces4 ,stimulating applications to the abdomen should be employed1 an ammoniacal blister1 from its speedy action1 being to be preferred4 ,ether1 laudanum1 and water ought to be given1 to allay the pain1 with calomel in small but repeated doses1 combined with one-fourth its weight of opium1 in order to subdue the inflammation4 ,a turpentine enema to unload the rectum1 and a full dose of castor oil to relieve the bowels1 should be administered early in the disease4 ,the warm bath1 if the animal is after it well wrapped up1 may also be resorted to4 ,a second bleeding may be necessary1 but it should always be by means of leeches1 and should only be practised upon conviction of its necessity1 for no animal is less tolerant of blood-letting than the dog4 ,during peritonitis1 the chief aim of all the measures adopted is to reduce the inflammation2 but while this is kept in view1 it must not be forgotten that of equal1 or perhaps of even more1 importance1 is it to subdue the pain and lessen the constitutional irritation which adds to the energy of the disorder1 thus rendering nature the less capable of sustaining it4 ,with this object ,i have often carried ether1 laudanum1 and water1 so far as to narcotise the animal2 and ,i have kept the dog under the action of these medicines for twelve hours1 and then have not entirely relinquished them4 ,the consequence has not always been success1 but ,i have not seen any reason to imagine that the life has not been lengthened by the practice2 and sometimes when the narcotism has ceased1 the disease has exhibited so marked an improvement1 that ,i have dated the recovery from that period4 ,,strangulation4--,this consists in the intestines being twisted or tied together1 and it is caused by sudden emotion or violent exertion4 ,from it the dog is almost exempt1 though to it some other animals are much exposed4 ,the symptoms are sudden pain1 resembling acute enteritis1 accompanied with sickness and constipation1 and terminating in the lethargic ease which characterises mortification4 ,no treatment can save the life1 and all the measures justifiable are such as would alleviate the sufferings of the animal2 but as1 in the majority of these cases1 the fact is only ascertained after death1 the practitioner must in a great measure be guided by the symptoms4 ,,introsusception4--,this is when a portion of intestine slips into another part of the alimentary tube1 and there becomes fixed4 ,colic always precedes this1 for the accident could not occur unless the bowel was in places spasmodically contracted4 ,the symptoms are--colic1 in the first instance1 speedily followed by enteritis1 accompanied by a seeming constipation1 that resists all purgatives1 and prevails up to the moment of death4 ,the measures would be the same as were alluded to when writing of strangulation4 ,,stoppage4--,to this the dog is much exposed4 ,these animals are taught to run after sticks or stones1 and to bring them to their masters4 ,when this trick has been learnt1 the creatures are very fond of displaying their accomplishment4 ,they engage in the game with more than pleasure2 and as no living being is half so enthusiastic as dogs1 they throw their souls into the simple sport4 ,delighted to please their lords1 the animals are in a fever of excitement2 they back and run about--their eyes on fire1 and every muscle of their frames in motion4 ,the stone is flung1 and away goes the dog at its topmost speed1 so happy that it has lost its self-command4 ,if the missile should be small1 the poor animal1 in its eagerness to seize1 may unfortunately swallow it1 and when that happens1 the faithful brute nearly always dies4 ,the oesophagus or gullet of the dog is larger than its intestines1 and consequently the substance which can pass down the throat may in the guts become impacted4 ,such too frequently follows when stones are gulped2 for hard things of this kind1 though they should be small enough to pass through the alimentary tube1 nevertheless would cause a stoppage2 for a foreign body of any size1 by irritating the intestine1 would provoke it to contract1 or induce spasm2 and the bowel thus excited would close upon the substance1 retaining it with a force which could not be overcome4 ,persons1 therefore1 who like their dogs to fetch and carry1 should never use for this purpose any pebble so small as to be dangerous1 or rather1 they should never use stones of any kind for this purpose4 ,the animal taught to indulge in this amusement seriously injures its teeth1 which during the excitement are employed with imprudent violence1 and the mouth sustains more injury than the game can recompense4 ,if a dog should swallow a stone1 let the animal be immediately fed largely2 half-an-hour afterwards let thrice the ordinary dose of antimonial wine be administered1 and the animal directly afterwards be exercised4 ,probably the pebble may be returned with the food when the emetic acts4 ,should such not be the case1 as the dog will not eat again1 all the thick gruel it can be made to swallow must be forced upon it1 and perhaps the stone may come away when this is vomited4 ,every effort must be used to cause the substance to be ejected before it has reached the bowels1 since if it enters these1 the doom is sealed4 ,however1 should such be the case1 the most violent and potent antispasmodics may be tried2 and under their influence ,i have known comparatively large bodies to pass4 ,no attempt must be made to quicken the passage by moulding or kneading the belly2 much less must any effort be used intended to push the substance onward4 ,the convolutions of the alimentary track are numerous1 and the bowels are not stationary2 therefore we have no certainty1 even if the violence should do no injury1 that our interference would be properly directed4 ,hope must depend upon antispasmodics2 while every measure is taken to anticipate the irritation which is almost certain to follow4 ,stoppage may be caused by other things besides stones4 ,corks1 pins1 nails1 skewers1 sharp pieces of bone1 particularly portions of game and poultry bones1 have produced death2 and this fact will serve to enforce the warning which was given in the earlier portion of this work4 ,,paralysis ,,of ,,the ,,hind ,,extremities4 ,it appears odd to speak of such an affliction as loss of all motor power in the hind extremities1 connected with deranged bowels4 ,what can the stomach have to do with the legs8 ,why1 all and everything4 ,that which is put into the stomach1 nourishes the legs1 and that which enters the same receptacle1 may surely disease the like parts4 ,that which nurtures health1 and that which generates sickness1 are more closely allied than we are willing to allow4 ,thus1 a moderate meal nourishes and refreshes2 but the same food taken in too great abundance1 as surely will bring disease2 and it is of too much food that ,i have to complain1 when ,i speak of the bowels as associated with paralysis4 ,dogs will become great gluttons4 ,they like to do what they see their master doing2 but as a dog's repast comes round but once a day1 and a human being eats three or four times in the twenty-four hours1 so has the animal kept within doors so many additional opportunities of over-gorging itself4 ,nor is this all4 ,the canine appetite is soon satisfied2 the meal is soon devoured4 ,but it is far otherwise with the human repast4 ,the dog may consume enough provender in a few minutes to last till the following day comes round2 whereas the man cannot get through the food which is to support him for six hours1 in less than half a division of the time here enumerated4 ,supposing one or two persons to be seated at table1 it is very hard to withstand a pair of large1 eloquent1 and imploring eyes1 watching every mouthful the fork lifts from the plate4 ,for a minute or two it may be borne2 but to hold out an entire hour is more than human fortitude is capable of4 ,a bit is thrown to the poor dog that looks so very hungry2 it is eaten quickly1 and then the eyes are at work again4 ,perhaps the other end of the board is tried1 and the appeal is enforced with the supplicatory whine that seldom fails4 ,piece after piece is thereby extracted2 and dogs fed in this fashion will eat much more than if the whole were placed before them at one time4 ,the animal becomes enormously fat1 and then one day is found by the mistress with its legs dragging after it4 ,the lady inquires which of the servants have been squeezing the dog in the door4 ,all deny that they have been so amusing themselves1 and every one protests that she had not heard poor ,fanny cry4 ,the mistress' wrath is by no means allayed4 ,servants are so careless--such abominable liars--and the poor dog was no favorite down stairs4 ,thereupon ,fanny is wrapped in a couple of shawls1 and despatched to the nearest veterinary surgeon4 ,if the gentleman who may be consulted knows his business1 he returns for answer1 ,the dog is too fat1 and must for the future be fed more sparingly--that it has been squeezed in no door--that none of the vertebr are injured1 but the animal is suffering from an attack of paralysis4 ,he sends some physic to be given1 and some embrocation to rub on the back4 ,the mistress is by no means satisfied4 ,she protests the man's a fool--declares she alone knows the truth--but1 despite her knowledge1 does as the veterinary surgeon ordered4 ,under the treatment the dog recovers2 after which every one feeds it1 and everybody accuses the other of doing that which the doctor said was not to be done4 ,at length the animal has a second visitation1 which is more slowly removed than was the first2 but it at last yields2 till the third attack comes1 with which the poor beast is generally destroyed as incurable4 ,these dogs1 when brought to us1 usually appear easy and well to do in the world4 ,the coats are sleek2 their eyes are placid2 and the extremities alone want motion1 which rather seems to surprise the animal than to occasion it any immediate suffering4 ,they have no other obvious disease2 but the malignity of their ailments seems fixed or concentrated on the affection which is present4 ,the first attack is soon conquered4 ,a few cathartic pills1 followed by castor-oil1 prepared as recommended in this work 7page #aaf71 will soon unload the bowels1 and clear out the digestive canal4 ,they must be continued until1 and after1 the paralysis has departed4 ,at the same time1 some stimulating embrocation must be employed to the back1 belly1 and hind-legs1 which must be well rubbed with it four times daily1 or the oftener the better4 ,soap liniment1 as used by ,veterinarians1 rendered more stimulating by an additional quantity of liquor ammoni1 will answer very well2 more good being done by the friction than by the agent employed4 ,the chief benefit sought by the rubbing1 is to restore the circulation1 and so bring back feeling with motion1 for both are lost2 a pin run into the legs produces no effort to retract the limb1 nor any sign of pain4 ,the cure is certain1--and so is the second attack1 if the feeding be persisted in2 unless nature seeks and finds relief in skin disease1 canker1 piles1 or one of the many consequences induced by over-feeding4 ,the second attack mostly yields to treatment4 ,the third is less certain1 and so is each following visitation2 the chances of restoration being remote1 just in proportion as the assault is removed from the original affliction4 ,,diseases ,,attendant ,,on ,,disordered ,,bowels4 ,,rheumatism4 ,illustration3 ,,acute ,,rheumatism4 ,it appears almost laughable to talk about a rheumatic dog2 but1 in fact1 the animal suffers quite as1 or even more acutely than the human patient1 and both from the same cause--over-indulgence2 still with this difference--the man usually suffers from attachment to the bottle2 the dog endures its misery from devotion to roaming under the table4 ,it is not an uncommon sight to behold an animal so fat that it can hardly waddle1 without scruple enjoying its five meals a day2 which it takes with a bloated mistress1 who1 according to her own account1 is kept alive with the utmost difficulty by eating little and often4 ,the dog1 ,i say1 looks for its lady's tray with regularity1 besides having its own personal meal1 and a bone or two to indulge any odd craving between whiles4 ,these spoiled animals are1 for the most part1 old and bad tempered4 ,they would bite1 but they have no teeth1 and yet they will wrathfully mumble the hand they are unable to injure2 while the doting mistress1 in alarm for her favorite1 sits upon the sofa entreating the beast may not be hurt3 begging for pity1 as though it were for her own life she were pleading4 ,the animal during this is being followed from under table to chair1 growling and barking all the time2 and showing every disposition1 if it had but ability1 to do you some grievous bodily harm4 ,at length1 after a chase that has nearly caused the fond mistress to faint and you to exhaust all patience1 the poor brute is overtaken and caught2 but no sooner does your hand touch the miserable beast1 than it sets up a howl fit to alarm the neighborhood4 ,on this the hand is moved from the neck to the belly1 intending to raise the dog from the ground2 but the howl thereon is changed to a positive scream1 when the mistress starts up1 declaring she can bear no more4 ,on this you desist1 to ask a few questions3 ,the dog has often called out in that manner8 ,o yes4 ,and has done so1 no one being near or touching it8 ,o yes1 when quite alone4 ,thereupon you request the mistress to call the animal to her2 and it waddles across the carpet1 every member stiff1 its back arched1 and its neck set1 but the eye fixed upon the person who has been called in4 ,you get the mistress to take the favorite upon her lap1 and request she will oblige you by pinching the skin4 ,oh1 harder2 pray1 a little harder1 madam6 ,nevertheless1 all your entreaties cannot move the kind mistress to do that which she fears will pain her pet2 whereon you request permission to be permitted to make a trial2 and it being granted1 you seize the coat1 and give the animal one of the hardest pinches of which your fore-finger and thumb1 compressed with all your might1 are capable4 ,the animal turns its head round and licks your hand1 to reward the polite attention1 and solicits a continuance of your favors4 ,the skin is thick and insensible4 ,what teeth remain1 are covered with tartar1 and the breath smells like a pestilence4 ,the dog is taken home1 and an allowance of wholesome rice and gravy placed before it1 with one ounce of meat by weight4 ,the flesh is greedily devoured1 but the other mess remains untouched4 ,the next day the untouched portion is removed1 and fresh supplied2 also the same meat as before1 which is consumed ere the hand which presented the morsel is retracted1 the head being raised to ask for more4 ,the second day1 however1 the gravy and rice are eaten1 and the meat on the morrow is deficient2 gravy and rice for the future constituting the animal's fare4 ,then1 for physic1 an embrocation containing one-third of turpentine is used thrice daily1 to rub the animal's back1 neck1 and belly with4 ,some of the cathartic pills are given over night1 with the castor-oil mixture in the morning4 ,constant purgation is judiciously kept up1 and before the first fortnight expires1 the dog ceases to howl4 ,then the pills and mixture are given every other night1 and the quantity of turpentine in the embrocation increased to one-half1 the other ingredients being of the same amount4 ,this rubbed in as before1 evidently annoys the animal1 and on that account is used only twice a-day4 ,when all signs of pain are gone1 the turpentine is then lowered to one-third1 the embrocation being applied only once a-day1 because it now gives actual pain4 ,some liniment1 however1 is continued1 generally making the poor beast howl whenever it is administered4 ,at the expiration of a month1 all treatment is abandoned for a week1 that the skin may get rid of its scurf1 and you may perceive the effect of the treatment you have pursued4 ,if the skin then appears thin1 especially on the neck and near the tail1 being also sensitive1 clean the teeth1 and send the dog home with a bottle of cleansing fluid1 a tooth-brush1 7as before explained17 and strict injunctions with regard to diet4 ,,embrocation 7,,first ,,strength7 ,,for ,,rheumatism4 ,turpentine ,laudanum ,one part of each4 ,soap liniment ,tincture of capsicums ,a little4 ,the subsequent strength is made by increasing the quantity of turpentine4 ,,the ,,rectum4 ,,piles4--,the dog is very subject to these annoyances in all their various forms2 for the posterior intestine of the animal seems to be peculiarly susceptible of disease4 ,when enteritis exists the rectum never escapes1 but is very frequently the seat of the most virulent malice of the disorder4 ,there are reasons why such should be the case4 ,the dog has but a small apology for what should be a ccum1 and the colon ,i assume to be entirely wanting4 ,the guts1 which in the horse are largest1 in the canine species are not characterised by any difference of bulk2 and however compact may be the food on which the dog subsists1 nevertheless a proportionate quantity of its substance must be voided4 ,if the excrement be less than in beasts of herbivorous natures1 yet there being but one small receptacle in which it can be retained1 the effects upon that receptacle are more concentrated1 and the consequences therefore are very much more violent4 ,the dung of the horse and ox is naturally moist1 and only during disease is it ever in a contrary condition4 ,costiveness is nearly always in some degree present in the dog4 ,during health the animal's bowels are never relaxed2 but the violent straining it habitually employs to expel its fces would alone suggest the injury to which the rectum is exposed1 even if the inclination to swallow substances which in their passage are likely to cause excoriation did not exist4 ,the grit1 dirt1 bone1 and filth that dogs will1 spite of every precaution1 manage to obtain1 must be frequent sources of piles1 which without such instigation would frequently appear4 ,bones1 which people carelessly conclude the dog should consume1 it can in some measure digest2 but it can do this only partially when in vigorous health4 ,should the body be delicate1 such substances pass through it hardly affected by the powers of assimilation2 they become sharp and hard projections when surrounded by1 and fixed in the firm mass1 which is characteristic of the excrement of the dog4 ,a pointed piece of bone1 projecting from an almost solid body1 is nearly certain to lacerate the tender and soft membrane over which it would have to be propelled2 and though1 as ,i have said1 strong and vigorous dogs can eat almost with impunity1 and extract considerable nourishment from bones1 nevertheless they do not constitute a proper food for these animals at any time4 ,when the system is debilitated1 the digestion is always feeble2 and1 under some conditions of disease1 ,i have taken from the stomachs of dogs after death1 in an unaltered state1 meat1 which had been swallowed two days prior to death4 ,it had been eaten and had been retained for at least forty-eight hours1 but all the functions had been paralyzed1 and it continued unchanged4 ,if such a thing be possible under any circumstances1 then in the fact there is sufficient reason why people should be more cautious in the mode of feeding these creatures2 for ,i have extracted from the rectums of dogs large quantities of trash1 such as hardened masses of comminuted bones and of cocoanut1 which1 because the animal would eat it1 the owners thought it to be incapable of doing harm4 ,nature has not fitted the dog to thrive upon many substances2 certain vegetables afford it wholesome nourishment1 but a large share of that which is either wantonly or ignorantly given as food1 is neither nutritive nor harmless4 ,whatever injures the digestion1 from the disposition of the rectum to sympathise in all disorders of the great mucous track1 is likely to induce piles2 and the anus of the animal is often as indicative of the general state of the body as is the tongue of man4 ,in perfect health the anus should be small1 firm1 close1 and entirely retracted2 especially should it be cleanly4 ,any soil upon the part1 or any excrement adhering to the hair about its margin1 is indicative of derangement4 ,if the fundament protrudes1 so that it can be grasped by the finger and thumb1 or if it presents a sensible projection to the touch1 the digestion is not sound4 ,the indication is still worse when the orifice is enlarged--the edges not being inflamed1 which indeed they seldom are1 but swollen1 loose1 coarse1 creased1 and unsightly4 ,this state will not continue long before cracks and ulcers may be detected upon the borders of the opening1 which ultimately is constantly moistened by an unctuous and peculiarly fetid discharge4 ,if the lips of the orifice be gently pulled aside1 the more inward portion of the membrane will frequently be seen of a bright scarlet color1 and wet with a watery fluid1 but the anus is rarely of so deep a tint1 the hue being1 even in aggravated cases1 only a pale reddish brown4 ,to correct this state of disease1 the first thing to be attended to is the food4 ,the diet must be strictly regulated2 it should not be too much reduced either in quantity or quality1 for dogs in this state are generally old1 and always weakly4 ,enough of good food should be allowed1 but nothing more ought to be given4 ,meat1 lean1 and from a healthy animal1 as constituting the lightest and most nourishing diet1 will here be best1 and from two ounces to two pounds may be divided into four meals1 and given in the course of the day4 ,plenty of exercise and a daily cold bath will likewise be beneficial4 ,medicine must be employed for two purposes2 the first1 to alleviate the pain and act locally on the disease2 and the second1 to amend the general health1 checking the constitutional disposition to be affected4 ,as a local application1 ,mr4 ,blaine recommends an ointment2 which ,i object to1 because ,i have found it aggravate the suffering without conferring any compensating benefit4 ,astringents1 such as the acetate of lead1 are not curative2 but the following ointment has done so much good in these cases that ,i can most confidently submit it to the public3-- ,camphor ,two drachms4 ,strong mercurial ointment ,one drachm4 ,elder ointment ,one ounce4 ,the only addition ,i make to the above is occasionally a drachm of powdered opium4 ,this is smeared over the exterior of1 and also inserted up1 the rectum1 thrice in the day4 ,a piece of wood nicely rounded1 or a penholder if the animal be small1 answers very well to introduce the salve into the gut2 and of course it should be done with every consideration1 for the pain it will at first produce4 ,the resistance is often strong1 and the cries violent2 for in some cases the rectum is so sensitive that the mere lifting of the tail cannot be silently endured4 ,the poor dog seems in constant agony2 for ,i have known the exclamations to be provoked by simply looking at the part1 and the animal evidently shrieked from the idea of it being touched4 ,all possible tenderness1 therefore1 is required2 and the dog should be very firmly held1 to prevent its contortions from adding to its anguish4 ,when the ointment is regularly and properly employed1 the relief is generally speedy2 and after the third day the dog1 which had been so energetically resistful1 often submits to be dressed without a murmur4 ,the cessation of the howling will indicate the progress of the cure1 but the application should be used for some days after the animal becomes silent4 ,if much stench is present1 the fundament may be at each dressing moistened with very dilute solution of the chloride of zinc1 and a small quantity may be administered as an injection1 after the grease has been introduced4 ,the constitutional remedies must be regulated by the symptoms1 and nothing absolute can be said on this subject2 but in the great majority of instances tonics will be required4 ,purgatives are not often needed1 but a day's feed of liver once or twice a week will do no harm4 ,should it not have the desired effect1 a little olive oil may be given2 but nothing stronger ought to be risked1 and above all1 no preparation of mercury--which1 in the dog1 specially acts upon the rectum--ought on any account to be permitted4 ,piles1 if not attended to1 become causes of further disease1 which may in some cases prove fatal1 though in the larger number of instances they are far more distressing than dangerous4 ,a sero-sanguineous abscess1 that is1 a tumor consisting of a single sac or numerous small bladders1 containing a thin and bloody fluid1 is by no means a rare accompaniment of long-continued piles4 ,these mostly appear rather to one side of1 and more below than above1 the opening1 the verge of which they always involve4 ,they occasion little pain1 and often grow to a comparatively enormous size2 when they may burst and leave a ragged ulcer1 which has little disposition to heal1 and is not improved by the dog's drawing it along the ground4 ,when these are observed1 the knife should not be too quickly resorted to4 ,the abscess should be allowed to progress until it is fully matured1 the dog being in the meantime treated for simple piles4 ,when the tumor perceptibly fluctuates1 it should be freely opened1 the incision being made along its entire length4 ,this is best done with one of ,liston's knives1 which should be thrust fairly through the swelling1 entering at the top and coming out at the lowest part1 when with one movement of the wrist the substance is divided4 ,the operation thus performed is much quicker1 less painful1 and more safe than it can possibly be rendered if the tumor be punctured and slit up with repeated thrusts of an ordinary lancet4 ,i have frequently opened these sacs without the animal uttering even a moan1 and mercy is wisdom where surgery is employed4 ,dogs will not bear torture1 and soon become blindly infuriated if subjected to pain4 ,the animal is naturally so sensitive and excitable that the brutality or suffering a horse can sustain1 these animals would perish under4 ,he1 therefore1 who undertakes to treat the diseases of the canine race1 if the amiable qualities of the brute or his own feelings have no influence1 will in the success of his practice discover ample reason for the exercise of a little humanity4 ,after the sac is opened a portion of lint should be used1 to render the part perfectly dry1 which may then be lightly pencilled over with lunar caustic1 or moistened with some caustic solution4 ,fomentations of warm water to keep the wound free from dirt1 and with no other object1 are all that subsequently will be required4 ,tumors of a solid nature also form about the anus1 and are likewise consequent upon neglected piles4 ,these generally appear at the root of the tail superior to the opening4 ,they feel hard2 are glistening2 not very tender2 but highly vascular1 and in some cases pulsate strongly4 ,the dog is generally loaded with fat1 perhaps slightly mangy2 nearly always old1 gross and weak4 ,the quantity of blood that at various intervals is lost from this tumor1 which at length ulcerates and bleeds at the slightest touch1 or without any apparent cause1 is often very great2 but it does not1 save in the very latest stage1 induce obvious emaciation4 ,the health is not good1 of course1 but to the casual observer the disease does not appear to affect the system4 ,the spirits under excitement are1 to all appearances1 undiminished1 and the appetite is in these cases ravenous4 ,if1 however1 the dog had to do work1 the truth would be soon discovered4 ,after a short space the strength would fail1 and no correction could keep the poor animal to its duty4 ,the treatment must commence with constitutional remedies1 if the state of the part permits of the requisite delay4 ,the digestion should be amended1 and the piles1 which are certain to be present1 attended to4 ,after a fortnight1 more or less1 has been devoted to such measures1 a strong ligature should be tied as tight up as possible around the base of the growth1 and a fresh one should be applied every second day4 ,there must be no forbearance in the application of the ligature1 but the degree of tension must be regulated only by the strength of the operator4 ,this is far more severe than the removal would be if the knife were employed1 but ,i have not seen a case which ,i dared venture to excise4 ,i do not like the ligature2 it is long and torturing in its action2 but here there will be no chance1 for the vessels are too numerous and large to admit of the speedier process being resorted to4 ,where it is possible1 it is well1 however1 to cut through the skin before applying the cord2 for the operation is expedited considerably1 and an important deduction made from the animal's agony4 ,when the tumor drops off1 the surface may be sprinkled thrice a day with the following powder3-- ,camphor in powder1 ,opium in powder1 ,grey powder1 ,powdered galls1 of each an equal quantity4 ,or a little of the ointment recommended for piles may be smeared upon the wound in lieu of the above4 ,an unguent is perhaps to be preferred1 as giving better protection to the sore1 over which the fces must pass1 and also as being more grateful to the feelings of the patient4 ,powder and ointment may be changed and varied according to the judgment of the attendant3 thus1 to render the last more stimulating1 ,i mix creosote with it occasionally2 or to give it an astringent property ,i add a portion of galls1 catechu1 or kino2 but these ,i never pass into the rectum4 ,astringents introduced upon the sore and ulcerated surface of the intestine of course render it harsh1 dry1 and corrugated2 and as during the exercise of its function the part is necessarily dilated1 the animal is1 by the pain produced from the stretching of the constringed membrane1 indisposed for the performance of that act1 on the regular discharge of which its health in no little measure depends4 ,astringents1 moreover1 heat and irritate the part2 and the sensations induced make the dog draw its anus along the ground1 thereby adding greatly to the evil it is the intention of the application to remove4 ,therefore prudence will approve what humanity suggests2 and those who in kindly feeling can discover no motive1 will in the colder reason find every inducement for the adoption of the gentler measure4 ,protrusion of the rectum is also sometimes a consequence of gross feeding1 starting up piles in the first instance1 and then1 from more intense digestive derangement1 causing purgation1 accompanied with violent straining4 ,the tone of the intestine is destroyed4 ,it becomes lax1 and its muscular power is lost4 ,the gut is at first only a little exposed during the act1 and when that is over1 it is retracted2 but after some time1 the limit of which is uncertain1 it remains constantly protruded4 ,it is not so violently inflamed as might be expected1 but it soon gets dry and harsh2 cracks appear upon its surface2 and the pressure of the muscle which closes the anus preventing the free circulation of the blood1 renders it black from congestion4 ,if taken early1 the treatment recommended for piles will generally effect a cure2 but if nothing be done in the first instance1 the disease when established is apt to prove intractable4 ,the intestine should be sopped with cold water until every particle of dirt is removed4 ,it should then be dried with a soft cloth1 and afterwards returned4 ,there is never much difficulty in replacing the gut2 but there is always considerable difficulty to get it to be retained4 ,so soon as it is restored to its situation1 a human stomach pump should be inserted up the rectum1 and a full stream of the coldest spring water should be thrown into the bowel for ten minutes4 ,the fluid will be returned so fast as it enters1 and it must be allowed to do so1 the fingers of one hand being employed against the anus to prevent the disordered rectum being ejected with the water4 ,cold injection in less quantity must be administered several times during the day1 and with each a little of the tincture of galls1 or of nux vomica1 in the proportion of a drachm to a pint1 may be united4 ,the ointment recommended for piles may also be employed1 but without opium1 for no application of a sedative nature must be used4 ,the constitutional measures will consist of tonics into which nux vomica enters4 ,the food must be light and nourishing1 and purgatives on no account must be administered4 ,cold will do good by invigorating the system1 and should always be recommended4 ,some persons1 unable by sedatives and purgatives1 which are injurious1 to obtain relief1 have gone so far as to cut off the projecting bowel1 and they have thereby certainly ended the case2 for the dog dies whenever this is done4 ,i remember at the ,veterinary ,college1 ,professor ,simonds killed a fine animal by attempting this operation2 for he took a heated spatula to remove the part1 and carried the incision so high up that he opened the abdomen1 and the bowels protruded from the anus4 ,amputation of any portion of the rectum is not to be thought of2 but an operation of a less heroic description will sometimes accomplish what the previous measures failed to effect4 ,with a knife1 having not too sharp but a coarse edge1 a circular portion of the exposed lining membrane1 of a width proportioned to the size of the animal1 may be scraped off1 so as to induce a cicatrix2 or1 if the dog be very tractable1 and the operator skilful1 a piece of it may partially be dissected off2 but the knife1 when employed in the last method1 is apt to cause alarming hemorrhage4 ,when this is done1 as the wound heals the edges come together1 and the gut is so far shortened as to be thereby retracted4 ,there is1 however1 some danger of stricture being afterwards established2 wherefore this operation1 however satisfactory it may seem to be in the first instance1 is not so certain in the benefit of its results that it should be resorted to1 save in extreme cases when every other means have failed1 and the choice at last hangs between relief and destruction4 ,another affection of the part1 to which ,scotch terriers of great size are particularly subject1 begins with an enlargement below the anus1 extending either quite or almost to the testicles2 for males are more frequently attacked by this form of disease than females4 ,the dog is generally old1 and a favorite with an indulgent mistress1 having much to eat1 and little or no work to do4 ,the swelling is soft and attended with no pain4 ,on pressure and on percussion it is ascertained to hold fluid1 and in fact it arises from dropsy of the perinum4 ,the health may appear to be good1 but on examination debility will be found to be present4 ,the anus also protrudes1 and the orifice is thickened2 while1 possibly1 a marked tendency to piles may at the same time be displayed4 ,should no attention be paid to the case1 the swelling will continue without sensibly enlarging2 but after a period1 hard substances may with the fingers be detected beneath it4 ,these hard bodies are fces1 which accumulate within the rectum1 and often in so great a quantity as to seriously inconvenience the animal1 rendering it dull and indisposed to feed4 ,before attempting to direct the treatment for these cases1 it is necessary the nature of the affection should be fully explained4 ,the enlargement1 to which attention is at first solely directed1 is always of secondary consideration4 ,the dropsy is merely a symptom indicative of the loss of tone of the adjacent parts1 of which the rectum is by far the most important4 ,if this circumstance be not observed1 but the swelling be treated as if it was all the practitioner had to contend with1 he will in the end learn his mistake4 ,the intestine loses its tonicity2 it no longer has power to contract upon or to expel its contents2 it becomes paralysed1 and the dung consequently accumulates within it1 distending it1 and adding to its weakness by constant tension4 ,the rectum at length retains no ability to perform its function2 but the sphincter of the anus1 or the circular muscle that closes the opening1 appears to gain the strength of which the intestine is deprived4 ,it contracts1 and thus shuts up the fces which the rectum cannot make an effort to dislodge2 and in this circumstance the physiologist sees evidence of the sources whence the different parts derive their contractility4 ,the rectum1 like the other intestines1 gains its vital power from the sympathetic nerve1 or that nerve of nutrition and secretion which presides over organic life4 ,the muscle of the anus1 on the other hand1 is influenced by nerves derived from the spinal column2 and thus1 understanding the two parts obtain their motor power from different sources1 the reader will comprehend how one can be incapable of motion while the other is unaffected1 or rather excited2 for the presence of the retained dung acts as an irritant1 and provokes the anus to contract with more than usual vigor4 ,if nothing be done to restore the balance of power1 the rectum speedily is so much distended that its walls become attenuated1 and then a cure is hopeless2 a sac is formed1 and the gut is not only much stretched or enlarged1 but it is also1 by the excessive bulk of its contents1 forced from its natural position1 being carried either to one side or the other1 but always to where the dropsy is most conspicuous4 ,in such cases1 when the dropsy is first observed1 our care must be to invigorate the system4 ,small doses of nux vomica1 with iron1 gentian and capsicums1 made into a pill1 will generally do this1 and the following form may be employed3-- ,nux vomica1 in powder ,five grains to a scruple4 ,capsicums1 in powder ,ten grains to two scruples4 ,sulphate of iron ,one to four scruples4 ,extract of gentian ,two drachms to one ounce4 ,cinchona powder ,a sufficiency4 ,make into twenty pills1 and give four in the course of the day4 ,the liver is too often at this time unhealthy1 and to correct it the subjoined may be administered3-- ,iodide of potassium ,one drachm4 ,liquor potass ,two ounces4 ,simple syrup ,five ounces4 ,water ,a pint4 ,dose1 from a tea-spoon to a table-spoonful three times a day4 ,the food should be chiefly vegetables1 or at all events only so much meat should be allowed as is required to induce the dog to eat the mess of boiled rice4 ,exercise is also essential1 and a daily cold bath with a brisk run afterwards1 will be of service4 ,the dog will likewise be benefited if his skin be well brushed every morning2 and perhaps it is hardly necessary to state that any symptoms denoting mange or skin disease1 canker1 c41 should be specially counteracted4 ,hitherto1 however1 nothing has been said about any treatment of the part which is the immediate seat of the disease4 ,if the fluid poured into the perinum be excessive1 the part must be laid freely open by two or three incisions being made along the entire length of the swelling4 ,after this has been done1 the liquid will not escape as from an abscess2 for being held within the cells of the membrane that lies immediately under the skin1 comparatively little of it is released from the knife4 ,a fine pair of scissors will be required to snip the separate bags or bladders2 but that operation must be performed with caution1 else injury may possibly be done4 ,the business being concluded1 let the parts be afterwards dressed with the tincture of iodine1 or a tincture of the iodide of potassium1 of the strength of a drachm to the ounce of proof spirit2 this being preferable to water for a solution in these cases4 ,into the rectum also injections should be thrown at least three times a day1 and all of these ought to be of a tonic and stimulating kind1 being used perfectly cold4 ,either of the following may be administered3-- #a4 ,tincture of cantharides ,one drachm4 ,camphor mixture ,one pint4 #b4 ,tincture of nux vomica ,one drachm4 ,tincture of tolu ,one drachm4 ,water ,one pint4 #c4 ,tincture of cubebs ,one drachm4 ,liquor potass ,one drachm4 ,camphor mixture ,one pint4 #d4 ,solution of nitrate of silver ,one drachm4 ,distilled water ,one pint4 ,any of the above may be employed1 from a tablespoonful to a common wine-glass full being used for a dose4 ,the pile ointment will likewise be beneficial1 by facilitating the passage of the fces1 allaying local irritability1 and correcting that tendency to piles which is generally attendant upon1 if not the original cause of the affection4 ,from what has been described1 the reader will have seen that the diseases of the dog's rectum are neither few nor insignificant4 ,fistula in ano is said to be often beheld2 but ,i have never seen a case in which it assumed in the dog that serious form which characterises it in man4 ,in the canine race ,i have mostly let it alone1 and hitherto ,i have had no reason to repent my forbearance4 ,blaine and ,youatt both speak of the affection1 and give directions for its treatment by operation4 ,the most active remedy ,i have found it necessary to resort to has been an astringent or mildly caustic injection2 the solution of the chloride of zinc ,i prefer to every other1 but the sulphates are also not to be despised4 ,injections1 when not designed to be immediately operative1 or meant to distend the gut and to act through being ejected1 are best given by means of the ,india-rubber bladder1 which allows the fluid to be more gently and silently thrown up4 ,the less noise or force attending the operation the less likely is the animal to be alarmed or excited1 and the probability is the enema will be retained4 ,small quantities are to be administered when the fluid is wished to remain2 and by attracting the attention of the dog at the time1 and amusing him after the business is finished1 the object in view is considerably favored4 ,the administration of an injection is in the first instance almost certain to alarm the animal1 who can neither understand nor passively sanction the strange liberty the operation implies4 ,a little soothing1 however1 will restore his confidence1 and he who has gained the trust of a dog1 may subsequently do as he pleases with the body of the generous and confiding beast4 ,,nervous ,,diseases4--,,fits ,,in ,,the ,,dog4 ,youatt speaks of fits as particularly fatal to the dog1 saying they kill more than all the other diseases put together4 ,the experience of this esteemed authority is in direct variance with my own--save from distemper4 ,when the fits occur in that disease they are mostly fatal1 being the wind-up of all the many evils which the malady in its most intense and malignant form can accumulate on one doomed life--,i have not otherwise found them especially troublesome4 ,fainting fits require little attention2 if the dog be left quiet1 it will in due time often recover without medicine4 ,puerperal1 or rather pupping fits1 are treated of in their fitting place1 and1 if properly administered to1 are by no means dangerous4 ,fits par excellence are witnessed when a dog is taking a long walk with its master2 the animal at first lingers behind1 or gets a long distance before the proprietor1 who notices the fact1 but contents himself with whistling and walking forward4 ,the dog does not obey the mandate2 it is standing still as if stupefied2 suddenly it emits a strange1 loud1 guttural sound1 and then falls upon its side1 continuing to cry1 but more feebly and more naturally2 its fces and urine may be discharged involuntarily2 it will bite any one who1 during the existence of the attack1 incautiously attempts to lay hold of it2 its limbs1 at first stretched rigidly out1 are ultimately1 with returning volition1 put into violent motion2 the eye is protruded and foam covers the mouth4 ,when the convulsion has subsided1 the dog raises its head and stares about2 after which it would1 if left alone1 start at its utmost pace1 and run heaven only knows where4 ,should idle men and foolish boys behold a dog wildly run onward after having come out of a fit1 and raise the cry of mad dog1 the fate of the poor animal is then sealed1 as fear is devoid of discrimination or pity4 ,half the dogs killed as rabid are those in this condition1 scampering under the impulse of returning sensation4 ,the first thing any person is to do when out with a dog which has a fit is to secure the animal1 and to prevent its running away when the fit has passed4 ,the second thing is stubbornly to close his ears to the crowd who are certain to surround him4 ,no matter what advice may be given1 he is to do nothing but get the animal home as quickly as possible4 ,he is neither to lance the mouth1 slit the ear1 nor cut a piece of the tail off4 ,he is on no account to administer a full dose of salt and water1 a lump of tobacco1 or to throw the animal into an adjacent pond2 and of all things he is to allow no man more acquainted with dogs than the other spectators to bleed the creature4 ,any offer to rub the nose with syrup of buckthorn1 however confidently he who makes the proposal may recommend that energetic mode of treatment1 is to be unhesitatingly declined4 ,the friendly desire of any one who may express his willingness to ram a secret and choice specific down the prostrate animal's throat1 must be refused with firmness4 ,the attendant must however take advantage of the time the dog is on the ground to pass a handkerchief round the neck or through the collar4 ,this done1 he must wait patiently till the dog gets upon its legs1 when he must1 amidst its struggles to be free1 caress it and call it kindly by its name4 ,that part of the business over1 he must take the creature in his arms1 and seeking the nearest cab-stand1 carry the poor animal with all expedition homeward4 ,i have known a dog to have a succession of fits which lasted more than an hour2 and yet this creature1 by the treatment ,i shall presently describe1 was the next day upon its legs1 and to all appearance as well as ever4 ,the dog being brought home1 if the fit continues1 give nothing by the mouth2 because the animal being insensible cannot swallow2 and the breathing being laborious1 anything administered is more likely to be drawn on to the lungs1 and so to suffocate the creature1 than to pass into the stomach1 and thus 7if it have any curative properties7 effect a restoration4 ,on this account the very best physic ever invented would be dangerous1 and should be withheld4 ,enemas are the only things in these cases to be depended upon2 and the best the author is at present acquainted with1 is made of #a1 #b1 or #c drachms of sulphuric ther1 and #b1 #d1 or #f scruples of laudanum to #a1 #c1 or #d ounces of the very coldest spring water that can be obtained4 ,the above injection having been administered1 the dog is left entirely by itself1 and1 as far as possible1 in absolute silence for an hour2 at the expiration of which time1 in whatever state the animal may be in1 another dose is given in the same manner as before4 ,there is no limitation to the quantity which may be administered2 the only sign the attendant accepts that the creature has received sufficient is the sight of it coiled up as though it were composing itself to sleep1 when he gives one more injection1 and leaves the dog to recover at leisure1 but in perfect stillness4 ,so valuable is this medicine in cases of fits that ,i have known it to cut them short as with a knife2 literally to let the first part of the fit be heard1 but to check the attack before the last and worst portion could put in an appearance4 ,armed with this medicine ,i fearlessly face the disorder1 which other veterinary surgeons dread2 and1 whether it be my good luck or no1 cannot be decided1 but ,i have not1 under its operation1 lost a single case4 ,fits in my opinion are1 in the great majority of cases1 to be traced to the quantity or quality of the food consumed4 ,in proof of this1 dogs have had fits whenever flesh has been given2 which ceased on this kind of diet being withheld1 and medicine calculated to restore the tone of the stomach being ordered4 ,in every case of fits1 when the attack is over1 ,i attend to the stomach2 at the same time1 ordering that the dog is to go short distances1 and never to leave the house without a chain and collar4 ,the object of this last injunction is to prevent the animal running about1 and thus heating itself1 or causing a flow of blood to the brain4 ,it is to be lamented that the crowd of people prevents an injection being administered out of doors in ,london3 but the same objection does not apply to the country2 and as the effects of the ther are more marked in proportion as it is quickly exhibited1 persons in the country1 when1 during the hot months of summer1 they take dogs for an airing1 should be provided with the materials necessary to render fits1 if not harmless1 at all events less fatal4 ,,nervous ,,system4--,,rabies4 ,the dog is naturally the most nervous of all the dumb tribe4 ,his intense affection1 his ever-watchful jealousy1 his method of attack1 the blindness of his rage1 and his insensibility to consequences1 all bespeak a creature whose nervous system is developed in the highest possible degree4 ,i myself once had a little cur1 who1 as ,i sat reading1 would enter the apartment1 jump upon my knee1 uttering a low whimper all the time1 creep along my waistcoat1 rub his little body against my head and face1 lick the hand lifted up to return his caresses1 and then scamper off1 and perhaps not come near me again the whole of that afternoon4 ,what was this but an affectionate impulse seeking a nervous development8 ,the way to manage an animal of this description is1 to respect his evident excitability4 ,the instant a dog appears to be getting excited1 there should be a sign given1 commanding a stop to be put to all further proceedings4 ,if the respect of the animal be habitual1 the person who mildly enforces it may enter a room1 where the same dog is in a rabid state1 and come forth unscathed4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,rabid ,,dog4 ,i have hitherto been much among dogs1 and1 nevertheless1 have almost escaped being bitten4 ,the reason is1 that ,i understand and respect the innate nervousness of the animal4 ,when ,i go into a room1 if there be a dog there and he growl1 ,i speak kindly to him1 and then seat myself1 and bestow on him none of my attention for some time4 ,my request to his master or mistress is1 that he or she will not check or seek to stop the symptom of his wrath2 but allow him to vent his rage until he is ashamed of it1 and from a feeling of remorse is silent4 ,when this takes place1 and a sufficient time has passed to confirm him in the new mood into which he has recently entered1 ,i approach him with my hand extended and open2 this ,i bring near to him by degrees1 avoiding all sudden movements or anything that might provoke his natural disposition4 ,generally he crouches1 then ,i speak to him in tones of encouragement4 ,if he display a return of his warlike propensity1 ,i still bring the hand nearer and nearer to him1 telling him to bite it if he pleases1 if he is not ashamed to injure that which means to do him good4 ,then1 perhaps1 he will make a snap at my extended hand1 which is not upon this withdrawn1 or the jaws would close with nervous violence1 but allowed to remain1 and the teeth are felt to touch the skin without wounding it4 ,i allow him to hold the hand for any length of time he pleases1 telling him he would lose his character if he were to harm it4 ,that he is a courageous dog1 and means no hurt2 he would be ashamed to bite4 ,and with this kind of speech1 which the animal may not literally understand1 but the sense and purpose of which it nevertheless appears to comprehend1 ,i seldom fail of getting my hand safe and sound from the creature's jaws4 ,after that ,i may pat him1 for an intimacy has begun4 ,he allows me to drag him forth1 take him on my knees1 and permits me any liberty ,i please to take4 ,i do not attribute my escape to any charm that ,i possess2 but account for it simply by my knowing and respecting the natural temperament of the beast with which ,i have to interfere4 ,this natural respect for the feelings of a most affectionate creature1 with such a power of observation as will enable the individual to recognise the presence of lamentable sickness in an animal that has with truth been called the companion of the home1 shall at all times enable the uneducated in such matters to recognise a mad dog1 and1 unless luck be dead against the individual1 save him from being bitten4 ,it is no pleasure to a dog to go mad4 ,quite the reverse4 ,dreadful as hydrophobia may be to the human being1 rabies is worse to the dog4 ,it makes its approach more gradually4 ,it lasts longer1 and it is more intense while it endures4 ,the dog that is going mad1 feels unwell for a long time prior to the full development of the disease4 ,he is very ill1 but he does not know what ails him4 ,he feels nasty2 dissatisfied with everything2 vexed without a reason2 and1 greatly against his better nature1 very snappish4 ,feeling thus1 he longs to avoid all annoyance by being alone4 ,this makes him seem strange to those who are most accustomed to him4 ,the sensation induces him to seek solitude4 ,but there is another reason which decides his choice of a resting-place4 ,the light inflicts upon him intense agony4 ,the sun is to him an instrument of torture1 which he therefore studies to avoid1 for his brain aches and feels as it were a trembling jelly4 ,this induces the poor brute to find out the holes and corners where he is least likely to be noticed1 and into which the light is unable to enter4 ,in solitude and darkness he passes his day4 ,if his retreat be discovered and the master's voice bids him to come forth1 the affectionate creature's countenance brightens2 his tail beats the ground1 and he leaves his hiding-place1 anxious to obey the loved authority2 but before he has gone half the distance1 a kind of sensation comes over him1 which produces an instantaneous change in his whole appearance4 ,he seems to say to himself1 ,why cannot you let me alone8 ,go away4 ,do go away4 ,you trouble1 you pain me4 ,and thereon he suddenly turns tail and darts back into his dark corner4 ,if let alone1 there he will remain2 perhaps frothing a little at the mouth1 and drinking a great deal of water1 but not issuing from his hiding-place to seek after food4 ,his appetites are altered1 hair1 straw1 dirt1 filth1 excrement1 rags1 tin shavings1 stones1 the most noisome and unnatural substances are then the delicacies for which the poor dog1 changed by disease1 longs1 and swallows1 in hope to ease a burning stomach4 ,so anxious is he for liquids1 and so depraved are his appetites1 that no sooner has he passed a little urine than he turns round to lick it up4 ,he is now altogether changed4 ,still he does not desire to bite mankind2 he rather endeavors to avoid society2 he takes long journeys of thirty or forty miles in extent1 and lengthened by all kinds of accidents1 to vent his restless desire for motion4 ,when on these journeys he does not walk4 ,this would be too formal and measured a pace for an animal whose whole frame quivers with excitement4 ,he does not run4 ,that would be too great an exertion for an animal whose body is the abode of a deadly sickness4 ,he proceeds in a slouching manner1 in a kind of trot2 a movement neither run nor walk1 and his aspect is dejected4 ,his eyes do not glare and stare1 but they are dull and retracted4 ,his appearance is very characteristic1 and if once seen1 can never afterwards be mistaken4 ,in this state he will travel the most dusty roads1 his tongue hanging dry from his open mouth1 from which1 however1 there drops no foam4 ,his course is not straight4 ,how could it be1 since it is doubtful whether at this period he sees at all8 ,his desire is to journey unnoticed4 ,if no one notices him1 he gladly passes by them4 ,he is very ill4 ,he cannot stay to bite4 ,if1 nevertheless1 anything oppose his progress1 he will1 as if by impulse1 snap--as a man in a similar state might strike1 and tell the person to get out of the way4 ,he may take his road across a field in which there are a flock of sheep4 ,could these creatures only make room for him1 and stand motionless1 the dog would pass on and leave them behind uninjured4 ,but they begin1 to run1 and at the sound1 the dog pricks up4 ,his entire aspect changes4 ,rage takes possession of him4 ,what made that noise8 ,he pursues it with all the energy of madness4 ,he flies at one1 then at another4 ,he does not mangle1 nor is his bite1 simply considered1 terrible4 ,he cannot pause to tear the creature he has caught4 ,he snaps and then rushes onward1 till1 fairly exhausted and unable longer to follow1 he sinks down1 and the sheep pass forward to be no more molested4 ,he may have bitten twenty or thirty in his mad onslaught2 and would have worried more had his strength lasted1 for the furor of madness then had possession of him4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,mad ,,dog ,,on ,,the ,,march4 ,he may be slain while on these excursions2 but if he escapes he returns home and seeks the darkness and quiet of his former abode4 ,his thirst increases2 but with it comes the swelling of the throat4 ,he will plunge his head into water1 so ravenous is his desire2 but not a drop of the liquid can he swallow1 though its surface is covered with bubbles in consequence of the efforts he makes to gulp the smallest quantity4 ,the throat is enlarged to that extent which will permit nothing to pass4 ,he is the victim of the most horrible inflammation of the stomach1 and the most intense inflammation of the bowels4 ,his state of suffering is most pitiable4 ,he has lost all self-reliance2 even feeling is gone4 ,he flies at and pulls to pieces anything that is within his reach4 ,one animal in this condition1 being confined near a fire1 flew at the burning mass1 pulled out the live coals1 and in his fury scrunched them4 ,he emits the most hideous cries4 ,the noise he makes is incessant and peculiar4 ,it begins as a bark1 which sound1 being too torturing to be continued1 is quickly changed to a howl1 which is suddenly cut short in the middle2 and so the poor wretch at last falls1 fairly worn out by a terrible disease4 ,but now comes the question1 ,how do we know that rabies is a nervous disease8 ,why1 the whole course of the disorder declares it1 or if that be not thought sufficient1 the dog at one stage very distinctly announces it4 ,he may be sitting down1 an unwilling listener to his master's voice1 when the brute's eyes will wander2 and at length fix themselves upon some object at a distance1 which it will keep watching1 crouching down as the horror seems1 to the excited brain of the poor beast1 to draw near2 till1 having apparently come within bounds1 the hateful presence is no longer to be endured1 and the vision-haunted animal dashes forward with a howl of execration1 as if to seize and tear the terrible spectre4 ,this action being performed1 and the dog biting the air1 he stands for a moment1 shivers1 looks stupidly around him1 and slinks back4 ,what is this but a power of seeing visions depending on a disordered brain1 or positive delirium exemplified by a dumb creature8 ,and the same piece of pantomime the dog may go through fifty times in an hour4 ,no disappointment can teach him2 and experience is lost upon the animal that in his sane state was so quick to learn4 ,youatt mentions as a symptom1 that the dog in all he does is instigated by the spirit of mischief or of malice1--that he desires to do injury1 and is prompted by malice in all his acts4 ,this1 to an outward observer1 will appear a correct judgment2 but it is essentially wrong4 ,it is the conclusion reached by one who judges mainly of exteriors2 it can be true only to those who are willing to look no deeper than the surface4 ,there can be no malice in a raging fever1 which vents itself on every object within its reach1 animate or inanimate4 ,mischief is too playful a term to apply to a consuming wrath that ultimately destroys the life4 ,all pain is lost2 as a consequence all fear is gone4 ,the poor beast is urged by some power too mighty for its control1 which lashes it on beyond all earthly restraint to pull to pieces1 to gnaw1 and to attempt to eat every object it can get at2 but how far it is urged by malice or mischief1 the following anecdote will serve to show3-- ,a butcher had a large bull mastiff of which he was very fond2 but1 observing something very strange in his pet's behavior1 he came to consult the author about the dog4 ,the man was told to bring the animal for inspection early the same evening4 ,this order was given from no suspicion of the truth1 for the owner's description was too confused to be rightly interpreted4 ,the animal was accordingly brought punctual to time1 led through the streets by a silk handkerchief carelessly tied round the neck of the beast4 ,the author being at the exact moment of the dog's arrival1 fortunately1 engaged1 the butcher had to wait some few minutes1 during which time the writer's eyes were kept upon the huge creature4 ,it was remarked to look round in a strange manner4 ,the eye was retracted and the nose dry4 ,it was at length seen to put its mouth against its master's boot1 continue in that position uttering a strange noise1 and to move its jaws as if biting at some substance4 ,the butcher all this time stood perfectly still1 allowing his favorite to follow the bent of its inclination without rebuke or opposition4 ,when the mastiff's head was removed1 the boot it had apparently been biting was perfectly dry4 ,the author observed nothing more than this2 but1 afraid to confess his dread1 lest the cry of mad dog should be raised1 and do more1 much more1 harm than good1 he called to the butcher1 telling him he was going abroad shortly1 and would call upon him4 ,in the mean time1 he was to take the dog home1 place it where it could do no injury1 and in a place whence there was no possibility of escape4 ,the man touched his hair and retired4 ,no time elapsed before the author paid his promised visit2 and when he did so1 he was pleased to hear the dog was securely confined in that which ought to have been the front kitchen of the house in which the butcher resided4 ,to this spot the man led the way1 and was about fearlessly to open the door1 when he was entreated to stay his hand4 ,the author listened at the closed entrance1 and from the interior there soon came forth sounds that left no doubt of the poor creature's real condition4 ,the butcher was thereupon informed that his dog was mad4 ,the man was at first wholly incredulous2 whereon the writer requested him to look through a chink1 and say how the animal was employed4 ,he is tearing a piece of wood to pieces1 and munching it as though he were very hungry4 ,poor thing1 ,i must go to him6 ,he has taken no victuals or drink these three days4 ,the author interposed1 to prevent the master from fulfilling his humane suggestion4 ,with much difficulty he was persuaded to wait the turn of events1 and not to unloose the door that night4 ,the next morning the butcher was thoroughly convinced4 ,neither he nor his family had been able to get any rest on account of the dog's cries2 and before that day expired1 to anticipate the poor animal's fate1 the unfortunate beast was shot4 ,in this case the dog exhibited no malice1 neither did he appear to be prompted solely by mischief4 ,when the muzzle was first lowered to the master's boot1 the poor animal doubtless was moved to that action by the irresistible desire natural to the disease4 ,the longing was to bite something1 no matter what2 any object must be cooler than the heat that burnt within the wretched creature's throat and stomach4 ,the teeth were impulsively prepared to bite1 but between the desire and its consummation1 reflection came4 ,the affection natural to the dog acted as a restraint4 ,it was unable entirely to destroy the prompting of disease1 but it turned the bite which it was prepared to give into a mumble1 and the loved master escaped unhurt4 ,there is also something which must not be quite overlooked in the habitual wanderings that1 as the disease grows in virulence beyond the dog's control1 causes the animal constantly to leave the home within which its attachment resides4 ,there is something likewise in the disposition1 which causes the poor beast to quit the society of all it loves2 and to leave the house in which those for whom its life would cheerfully be sacrificed dwell1 to inhabit a dark and noisome corner4 ,it is not mischief which makes the creature respond to its master's voice so long as memory has power--even after rabies has set in4 ,there is no malice in the end of the disease2 it is blind and indiscriminate fury1 which would much rather vent itself on things than upon beings--even finding an unholy pleasure in injuring itself by gnawing1 biting1 and tearing its own flesh2 and so truly is the fury blind1 that most frequently the eyes ulcerate1 the humors escape1 and the rabid dog becomes actually sightless4 ,of the causes or treatment of this disorder we know nothing2 neither are we likely to learn1 when the nature of the disease is considered4 ,the danger of the study must excuse our ignorance2 nor is this much to be regretted1 since it is highly improbable that medicine could cure what is so deeply seated and universally present4 ,the entire glandular structure seems to be in the highest degree inflamed2 and besides these1 the brain1 the organs of mastication1 deglutition1 digestion1 nutrition1 generation1 and occasionally of respiration1 are acutely involved4 ,the entire animal is inflamed4 ,some except from this category the muscular system2 but such persons forget that paralysis of the hind extremities is often present during rabies4 ,the body seems to be yielded up to the fury of the disease1 and it obviously would be folly trying to cure a malady which has so many and such various organs for its prey4 ,neither are we better informed with regard to the causes which generate the disease4 ,hot weather has been imagined to influence its development2 but this belief is denied1 by the fact that mad dogs are quite as1 if not more1 frequent in winter than in summer4 ,abstinence from fluids has been thought to provoke it2 but this circumstance will hardly account for its absence in the arid ,east1 and its presence in a country so well watered as ,england1 especially when the unscrupulous nature of the dog's appetite is considered4 ,the ,french have been supposed to set this latter question at rest by a cruelty1 miscalled an experiment4 ,they obtained forty dogs1 and withheld all drink from the unhappy beasts till they died4 ,not one of them1 however1 exhibited rabies1 and by this the ,french philosophers think that they have demonstrated that the disorder is not caused by want of water4 ,no such thing2 they have proved only their want of feeling1 and show nothing more than that one out of every forty dogs is not liable to be attacked with rabies4 ,they have demonstrated that the utmost malice of the human being can be vented upon his poor dumb slave without exciting rabies4 ,they have made plain that the poor dog can endure the most hellish torments the mind of man can invent without displaying rabies4 ,they have held themselves up to the world1 and in their book have duly reported themselves as capable of perverting science to the most hideous abuses1 and under its name contemplating acts and beholding sufferings at which the feelings of humanity recoil with disgust4 ,it is rarely that more than one mad dog appears at a time in ,england2 so1 to perfect their experiment1 it would be requisite for the ,french philosophers to procure all the specimens of the canine species in this island1 and doom them to torture2 since1 of the predisposing disposition or circumstances necessary to the development of this disease1 man knows nothing4 ,ignorance is not to be concealed under the practices of barbarity4 ,irritation or teazing1 by exciting the nervous irritability of the dog1 appears more likely than any physical want to excite rabies4 ,,tetanus4--,i have witnessed no case of this description in the dog4 ,both ,blaine and ,youatt speak of tetanus as extremely rare in that animal2 but both mention having encountered it1 and that it was in every instance fatal4 ,since such is its termination1 ,i am in no hurry to meet with it1 and care not how long it remains a stranger to me4 ,if any of my readers were to have a dog subject to this disease1 the best treatment would be the application of ether internally as medicine1 with slops or light puddings as food4 ,the effects of the ether ought to be kept up for a considerable period at one time1 and recommenced so soon as the slightest trace of the disorder reappears4 ,,generative ,,organs4--,,male4 ,these parts in the dogs are liable to various diseases1 among the most common of which is a thick discharge1 either of pus or of impure mucus4 ,petted animals are very frequently thus affected1 and are a source of annoyance to those who lap them4 ,in this condition they also offend the ideas of propriety1 by paying certain lingual attentions to themselves without regard to privacy4 ,the favourite is for these things repeatedly chid and thrust from the knee2 but it cannot be instructed to forego the impulses of its nature1 or of itself to restrain the symptoms of its affliction4 ,indeed1 the dog is not to blame2 the fault lies with the owner4 ,the generative organs1 in the male of the canine species1 are peculiarly sympathetic with the digestive functions4 ,this is so with man1 but in the dog it is much more strongly marked4 ,if a dog become from bad food affected with mange1 canker1 sore feet1 c41 the part is never cleanly4 ,when1 however1 the animal is fat and gross1 though neither mange1 canker1 nor other disease be present1 the organ may1 nevertheless1 be a source of painful irritation1 and beyond a little thin fluid about the opening of the prepuce1 there will be nothing to attract attention4 ,in such a case the discharge originally is thick and mattery4 ,it accumulates upon the few hairs that fringe the urinal orifice1 and sometimes almost impedes the passage of the water4 ,the symptom being neglected1 the running becomes less consistent4 ,the part is frequently erect1 and the animal persists in licking it4 ,the organ is now painful1 and should be without delay attended to4 ,if1 however1 no heed be taken of the creature's necessity1 to which its instinct directs the proprietor's eye1 swellings appear about the sheath1 and blood is mingled with the exudation4 ,sores then appear externally1 and the member becomes a mass of acute disease1 often of a frightful character4 ,if1 when the discharge first appears1 the dog be taken on the knee1 and its back being slightly bent1 so as to bring the hind-legs forward--if1 having the animal in this position1 the sheath be retracted1 so as to expose the glans1 it is generally found to be inflamed4 ,when the case is slight1 the inflammation is confined to the base of the member1 just around that part where the lining membrane is reflected upon the inner surface of the prepuce4 ,as far back1 therefore1 as it can be exposed1 a little redness may be discovered2 but this will be so distributed as to convince us that the interior of the sheath is also involved4 ,all the inflammation that can be detected will not be sufficient to account for the quantity of pus that is thrown out2 and some persons have therefore allowed the disease to progress1 imagining there was nothing present requiring to be treated4 ,this is always a mistake4 ,the lining membrane of the prepuce in these animals cannot be readily laid bare1 and that part is always the most seriously attacked4 ,the penis during health ought to be moist and of a delicate flesh color2 it should not be wet1 neither should it be in any degree red4 ,the appearance ought to suggest the secluded situation to which the part is by nature assigned1 and the sensitiveness with which it is endued4 ,it should not denote uncleanliness or anger2 but convey an idea of delicacy1 and even beauty1 to those who have good sense enough to appreciate nature's provisions4 ,when the want of early attention has allowed the structures to be seriously implicated1 ulcers appear1 which enlarge1 and ultimately by uniting form a mass of sores4 ,there is then often resistance exhibited when the part is touched1 and cries declare the pain which pulling back the sheath occasions4 ,the prepuce sometimes is not to be withdrawn1 and the struggles of the animal are excessive when its retraction is attempted4 ,there are then fungoid growths within1 and the heat and tenderness denote the condition of the surface1 which cannot without much violence be beheld4 ,all this suffering is to be traced to the misplaced kindness of the owner4 ,over-feeding is the cause2 and1 so far as ,i know1 the single cause which gives rise to the serious aspect of this form of disease4 ,should it accompany debility1 it is mild in its character1 and as the strength returns it will disappear4 ,even in this last case1 however1 it would be more certainly1 and with more speed removed1 by a few simple measures which necessitate no vast trouble4 ,in its mildest shape1 any astringent eye-lotion will generally answer2 but the strength may with safety and advantage be increased4 #a4 ,sulphate of copper or zinc ,five grains4 ,distilled water ,one ounce4 #b4 ,liquor plumbi ,one drachm4 ,distilled water ,one ounce4 #c4 ,alum ,half a scruple4 ,rose water ,one ounce4 ,either of the foregoing will be of service2 but before any of them1 ,i prefer the subjoined3-- ,chloride of zinc ,one grain4 ,distilled water ,one ounce4 ,whichever of the lotions the practitioner may prefer1 should be used at least thrice daily1 and if more frequently employed1 no injury will be done4 ,the mode of applying the lotion is extremely simple4 ,the seat of the disease being exposed1 with a piece of lint or soft rag the fluid is passed over the surface4 ,no friction is resorted to2 but a simple bathing1 in the gentlest possible manner1 is all that can be required4 ,in a few days the effect will be perceived1 for by such means the affection can be cured2 but unless the food is improved1 and the digestion relieved1 there can be no security against its speedy return4 ,under its more virulent form it is not to be thus easily got rid of1 though even then it is to be subdued4 ,if there be much pain1 ,i inject the lotion up the sheath1 and by closing the orifice around the point of the syringe1 endeavor to pass the fluid over the whole of the interior4 ,sometimes the pain or irritation is excessive3 ,i then combine sedatives with the lotions1 and their strength ,i increase as the occasion warrants2 but the non-professional person had better use none more potent than one drachm of tincture of opium to every ounce of lotion4 ,when the pain1 decreasing1 allows the penis to be protruded1 if any sprouting fungus or proud flesh is upon it1 a pair of scissors should be used to snip it off4 ,some bleeding will ensue1 but a little burnt alum will generally stay it2 though1 if allowed to continue1 ,i have thought the local depletion was beneficial1 and it has never to my knowledge been attended with danger4 ,the burnt alum ,i use in powder1 and ,i prefer it in these cases to the lunar caustic2 which gives more pain2 acts less immediately as a styptic1 and is not so satisfactory in its subsequent effects1 and1 as the animal can hardly be kept from licking the place1 it may possibly be objectionable on that account4 ,such treatment usually is beneficial2 and the only further direction to be added concerns such minor points as reason probably would not need to have specially pointed out4 ,when the hairs at the orifice are matted together1 it is best to snip them away1 which will not only remove a present inconvenience1 but effectually prevent its recurrence4 ,the wounds which occasionally cover the exterior of the sheath are of no vast importance1 or1 at all events1 they are of secondary consideration4 ,with the healing of the inward sores they mostly depart2 but their disappearance will be hastened1 and the comfort of the animal improved1 if1 when the injection is used1 they are at the same time smeared with some mild ointment4 ,that composed of camphor1 c41 and to be found described at page #bfe1 does very well for such a purpose2 but any other of a gentle nature would probably answer as well4 ,soreness of the scrotum is very common1 and ,i have seen it in every description of dog4 ,i attribute it to derangement of the digestion2 never having witnessed it in animals that were not thus affected1 and not having been able to discover it had any more immediate origin4 ,it mostly appears first as a redness1 which soon becomes covered with small pimples1 that break and discharge a thin watery fluid4 ,the fluid coagulates1 and a thin scab covers the surface4 ,the scab is generally detached1 being retained only by the straggling hairs that grow upon the bag4 ,the scab being removed1 shows a moist and unhealthy patch1 the margin of which is of a faint dirty red color4 ,this condition of the scrotum yields1 in the first instance1 to simple applications2 but1 should nothing be done1 it will continue bad for some period1 and may involve the whole of the bag4 ,it will1 in most instances1 so far as the outward and more acute symptom is concerned2 that is1 the discharge will cease1 the scab fall off1 and nothing be left for the eye to dwell upon4 ,with the seeming cessation1 however1 other and more deep-seated structures become involved4 ,the disease leaves the surface only1 and its virulence fixes upon the internal parts4 ,the skin at the place thickens1 becomes hard and gristly4 ,there is no pain2 but the sensation is diminished1 which1 to the surgeon1 is a far worse sign than is a little anguish4 ,the thickening is sometimes stationary2 and the animal dies without any further evil afflicting him4 ,there is1 however1 no security that it will remain thus passive2 for occasionally it increases in size1 inflames1 gets hurt or rubbed1 and ulcerates3 in fact1 cancer of the scrotum is established2 and as this mostly comes on when the constitution is weakened1 little relief and no promise of cure can generally be afforded4 ,these cancers do not appear to burst of themselves4 ,they get sensation as they inflame2 but in every instance that has fallen under my notice1 before ulceration has taken place1 they have been slightly wounded2 either by the dog's dragging himself upon the earth1 or otherwise4 ,the smallest injury1 however1 is sufficient to provoke the action1 which when once excited is not afterwards to be subdued4 ,the ulcer being established1 enlarges2 and the humanity of the owner does not allow the lingering and disgusting disease to take its course1 but the poor dog is destroyed to spare its suffering4 ,at the commencement the diet must be changed1 for the manner of feeding is at fault4 ,the remedies proper to improve the general health must be employed1 and everything done to restore the system4 ,to the scrotum a mild ointment will be sufficient4 ,should that not succeed1 some of those recommended for mange may be tried2 or the surface may be lightly passed over once with a stick of lunar caustic1 care being taken to tie the head of the dog up afterwards to prevent it licking the part4 ,the measures already spoken of apply only to mild and recent cases4 ,when the disease has probably existed for years1 such remedies will be of little service4 ,the skin being unnaturally hard and thick1 feeling like cartilage1 and giving the idea that a firm or resistant tumor is connected with the integument2 such being the condition of the part1 the surgeon pauses before he advises it should be interfered with4 ,as it seems to be possessed of small sensibility1 and appears to have assumed a form in which there is a probability of its remaining1 the less done to the local affection the better4 ,the relief should be directed wholly to keep the cancer1 for such it is1 in a passive or quiescent state4 ,there is no hope that nature will remove it2 and every effort must be made to prevent its malignant character being by accident or otherwise provoked4 ,with a little care the dog may die of old age1 and the disease may even at the time of death be dormant4 ,a very mild mercurial ointment may be daily applied to the surface4 ,this will remove scurf1 allay irritability1 and prevent the itching1 which might induce the animal to injure the part4 ,the food must be good1 proportioned to the work the creature has to perform1--sufficiently nutritive1 but easy of digestion1 and by no means heating4 ,the stomach must be strengthened by tonics and vegetable bitters1 combined with alkalies4 ,sedatives are sometimes required1 and hyosciamus is in that case to be preferred4 ,a course of iodide of potassium is likewise frequently beneficial2 but it must be employed only in alterative doses1 and persevered with for a considerable period4 ,the eighth of a grain or half-a-grain may be given three times a day for six months2 and on the first indication of irritability appearing1 the medicine must be resumed4 ,should the symptoms of activity be such as to excite alarm1 the iodide must be administered in quantities likely to affect the system4 ,this is to be done with safety1 by dissolving two drachms of the salt in two ounces of water1 every drop of which will then hold in solution the eighth of a grain of the medicine4 ,from two to ten drops may be given at the commencement1 and every day afterwards one drop may be added to the dose1 which should be regularly administered thrice in the twenty-four hours4 ,the physic should thus be gradually increased until the appetite fails2 or the eyes become inflamed2 or the animal is in an obvious degree dull4 ,when that result is obtained1 the dose ought to be withheld for a time1 or to be diminished three or twelve drops1 and the lessened quantity only given until the symptoms have subsided4 ,the spirits1 or appetite1 having returned1 and sufficient time having been allowed to make certain of the fact1 the dose may once more be increased2 and thus by degrees be augmented1 until it is worked up to from fifty to a hundred drops three times a day1 beyond which it ought not to be pushed4 ,even while this is being done1 it is well to give tonic and strengthening pills2 but purgatives are to be used with extreme caution4 ,too frequently our assistance is not sought until the disease has assumed its worst aspect4 ,there is then an open cancer1 and we are asked to cure it4 ,there is in medicine no known means of performing so desirable an object2 physic can1 in such a case1 only be palliative--whatever hope then remains must rest upon the employment of the knife4 ,the surgeon1 however1 must well examine the part before he consents to operate4 ,entreaties will not unfrequently be urgent2 and where the life of an animal only is involved in the result1 it is hard to say no to supplications which may be accompanied with tears4 ,the professional man1 however1 must consult his judgment1 and by its dictates resolutely abide2 for those who are most eager in their requests are always most sanguine in their hopes4 ,the issue1 if unsuccessful1 will not do otherwise than expose the surgeon to reproaches1 perhaps more bitter than the supplications to which he yielded were imploring4 ,even should the proprietor be silent1 the reputation of the operator will be injured2 for1 when the knife is resorted to1 mankind will not tolerate failure4 ,therefore it is prudent1 and also humane1 to consider how far surgery can eradicate the affection ere excision is employed to add to the immediate suffering1 and perhaps hasten the consequence it was designed to prevent4 ,the tumor should be circumscribed1 or1 at all events1 there should be around it a fair proportion of healthy skin whenever its removal is attempted4 ,when such exists1 the operation is justifiable2 but without such being present1 it is to be condemned4 ,the skin is wanted to close the orifice1 and it must be healthy1 in order that it may properly unite4 ,in extreme cases1 where the life of the animal depends upon activity1 it may be proper to remove both testicles2 but this should1 if possible1 be avoided4 ,castration in the dog is not of itself dangerous2 but it renders the animal disposed to accumulate fat1 and destroys many of those qualities for which it is esteemed4 ,the creature afterwards becomes lethargic1 and its spirits never are recovered4 ,it is best performed by cutting through the spermatic nerve1 and scraping the artery1 so as to separate it2 taking care to do this sufficiently high up to prevent the cord from being exposed4 ,when the operator has decided to take away the spermatic glands1 he does so at the commencement of the operation4 ,with one cut he lays the scrotum open1 and pulling forth the testicle1 divides the nerve2 then with the edge of a blunt but coarse knife1 scrapes it as the cords lie upon his finger4 ,having done this on one or both sides1 as the case may require1 he inspects the tumor1 the substance of which is now exposed to view4 ,by the aspect of the growth he decides upon the course he will next adopt2 or rather shapes the manner he had proposed to proceed4 ,seldom will it occasion him to change his plan2 but he must be prepared to do so1 if the appearances should be contrary to his anticipations4 ,the skin is here of primary importance2 wherever it is not involved1 it is dissected back1 and every portion of hard or gristly matter scrupulously sought for and cut away4 ,all such substance being excised1 care is then directed to bring the edges together4 ,a pair of scissors may be required to make them exactly even1 but the less snipping there may be the better4 ,to retain the lips of the wound in the places desired1 collodium will be found far superior to sutures or plasters4 ,it is with a camel's hair pencil laid in bands along the parts1 which are held in their intended situations while it dries4 ,a few threads of linen are embedded in it while it is in a liquid state1 so as to increase its strength2 and layer after layer is added until the mind is assured the purpose is obtained4 ,the application must on no account be made in one continuous sheet2 for before union can take place suppuration must be established1 and spaces are necessary to allow the matter to escape4 ,therefore1 in several fine strips stretching over the wound1 and holding its edges close1 the collodium is to be employed2 and this being ended1 subsequent attention is generally required only to regulate the health1 on which the healing process will greatly depend4 ,to stone in the bladder the dog is liable4 ,the cause cannot be directly traced1 but the symptoms are not obscure2 the animal is constantly voiding its urine1 which1 though small in quantity1 is not of a healthy character4 ,a few drops of blood occasionally are passed2 and1 in attempting to go down stairs1 sudden cries are often emitted4 ,fits of pain and seasons of illness are frequent1 and the point of the penis is protruded from the sheath1 never being withdrawn4 ,the leg is not raised to void the urine2 but the creature strains when the act has either been accomplished1 or there is no power to perform it4 ,if the dog be taken on the knee1 and one knowing the situation of the contents gently manipulates the abdomen1 the body may be felt within the bladder1 which will mostly be contracted and empty4 ,the nature of the disease having been ascertained1 little can be done beyond relieving the immediate distress4 ,some writers have given directions for operating under such circumstances2 but none of them tell us they have successfully performed lithotomy upon the animal4 ,in every case of the kind upon which ,i have been consulted1 the idea of such a measure was not for an instant to be countenanced4 ,dogs thus afflicted1 are mostly small1 and the calculus is generally of great proportional size1 prior to our attention being directed to it4 ,in a creature so very delicate as the dog1 every operation requires to be well considered before it is resorted to2 and though the cutler might make knives sufficiently diminutive for the occasion1 it may be doubted if our hands are sufficiently nice to employ them4 ,the stones ,i have met with were of a size ,i would not have liked to have drawn through the urethra2 and therefore1 though ,i will not assert lithotomy cannot be performed upon the dog1 ,i must confess ,i have not performed it1 and must say ,i should require strong inducements to attempt it upon the animal4 ,all ,i aim at is to limit the increase of the deposit1 and to alleviate the painful symptoms it gives rise to4 ,a strictly vegetable diet best accomplishes the first object1 and doses of ether and laudanum1 repeatedly administered by mouth and injection1 most speedily secure the second4 ,pills of henbane are likewise of service2 and with them small quantities of the balsams may be combined1 though the last should not be continued if they have any marked diuretic action4 ,the peppers1 especially cubebs1 ,i have thought serviceable1 and very minute doses of cantharides have seemed to be attended with benefit4 ,here1 however1 ,i speak with doubt2 for the agents have by me been employed only in homoeopathic quantities1 and ,i have not the means of saying they had very decided action4 ,they appeared to do good1 since under their use the animals improved2 and that is all ,i can state in their behalf4 ,proprietors1 however1 when the pressing annoyance is allayed1 being told there is no prospect of a radical cure1 do not generally afford us much opportunity to watch the action of medicines4 ,hmaturia or bloody urine is met with in the dog2 and ,i 7having been unfortunate in those cases where ,i employed acetate of lead7 adopted small doses of cantharides1 and with these to my surprise succeeded2 for which reason ,i have persevered in my homoeopathic treatment4 ,the quantity of tincture of cantharides ,i employ is three minims to two ounces of water1 and to my wonder1 this appears to answer every purpose2 the only fault1 indeed1 that a general practitioner might find with it being that it did its work too quickly4 ,swelling of the glans penis is not uncommon4 ,it comes on suddenly1 and the dog is by it rendered offensive to the owner's sight4 ,the membrane is in a state of erection1 and being so1 is of course protruded2 and while thus exposed1 the end of it loses its mild red color1 becoming of a paler hue1 and at the same time enlarging4 ,its size increases to such an extent1 that when the erection subsides1 it cannot be retracted4 ,this generally happens to animals that are weakly2 such being of what are called high breeds1 or having recovered from some dangerous disorder4 ,it is not a dangerous affection1 and if taken early is very easily subdued4 ,with a silk handkerchief1 the exposed part should be grasped by the left hand2 and while every means is employed to push the gland back1 the fingers of the right hand ought to be used1 to draw the prepuce over it4 ,a little time and care will1 in most instances1 do what is desired2 and there is no need of haste1 or justification for violence4 ,oil is not required1 as the parts are sufficiently lubricated by their own secretion2 and still less are those practices some persons have advocated1 admissible4 ,the scarification of the glans1 or the slitting of the prepuce1 should not ever be allowed1 save the absolute failure of all other measures has demonstrated relief is not otherwise to be procured4 ,before these severe resorts are sanctioned1 the effects of cold and stimulants1 locally applied1 ought to be fully and patiently tried4 ,a lotion containing ether1 in such proportions as water will dissolve it1 should be applied to the part2 and spirit of nitric ether1 to which double its amount of proof spirit has been added1 may be with a camel's hair pencil painted over its surface4 ,ice is even better1 but both1 according as they can be readily obtained1 are beneficial4 ,gentle manipulations will also be of benefit1 and if the patience of the practitioner be not too easily exhausted1 he will rarely need more to bring about that which is desired4 ,retention of urine1 though not very common in the dog1 is1 however1 encountered too frequently to be termed a rare affection4 ,it mostly accompanies debility1 during the last stage of distemper1 and is sometimes present in paralysis of the hind extremities4 ,i have not seen a case in which it took the acute form1 though obviously it may do so4 ,the symptoms generally are obscure2 for in the majority of instances the distension of the bladder will simply aggravate the general uneasiness4 ,the condition of the part1 therefore1 may not be suspected1 but in such cases it is to be ascertained by manipulation4 ,by taking the animal1 and gently pressing its abdomen1 if the bladder be empty1 the intestines will be felt2 but if the viscus be full1 there will be a soft and pulpy mass under the fingers4 ,the sensation imparted by it conveys the idea that it is fluid1 and the greatest care will in it detect nothing denoting substance or form4 ,the proof thus obtained is positive1 and will not deceive him who has accepted it4 ,all pretending to administer to canine disease should be able to read this indication1 but sometimes others direct attention to its presence4 ,the dog having the bladder gorged1 and not so debilitated as to be deprived of power to move1 or by paralysis disabled1 mostly lies1 but even then it is never at rest4 ,the position is constantly shifted4 ,food and drink are refused1 great dulness is exhibited1 and a low plaintive moan is from time to time emitted4 ,if made to walk1 the animal straddles the hind-legs1 and its gait is peculiar4 ,the spine is arched1 but the posterior limbs are not drawn or carried forward4 ,if pressure is made upon the belly1 it provokes resistance2 and any attempt to raise the dog from the ground induces it to struggle4 ,relief should without loss of time be afforded by the use of the catheter4 ,when ,i was a pupil at the college1 the professor used to assert that the introduction of such an instrument was in the dog a physical impossibility4 ,the bone found in the penis of this animal1 the gentleman instructed his pupils to believe1 opposed an obstacle which could not be overcome4 ,my former teacher1 however1 was in error4 ,he had either never made the trial1 or he had not judgment sufficient to conduct an operation which1 when properly undertaken1 is remarkably easy and simple4 ,i believe ,i was the first practitioner in ,england who used the catheter for the dog1 though prior to my doing so1 reports were published of the instrument having been employed in ,france4 ,on the ,continent1 however1 ,i have heard of no one who had thought of introducing a catheter into the bladder of the bitch4 ,that also ,i have done2 and find the operation to be unattended with danger or difficulty4 ,the method of operating upon the female will be explained in another place4 ,here ,i have to speak of the mode in which the male is to be relieved4 ,let the dog be placed upon its side1 and by means of a handkerchief the penis be drawn4 ,a catheter of proportionate size must be selected4 ,metallic tubes will not do2 but the gum elastic are to be employed4 ,before one of these is introduced1 the wire must be taken out1 and the outer surface moistened with olive oil4 ,the human catheters answer admirably for small dogs2 but these are not made long enough to be of service to animals of the larger kinds4 ,for a dog of middle height1 an instrument twice the length of those employed on man ought to be at hand2 and for a huge ,newfoundland1 one thrice as long will be useful4 ,the shorter catheters may be of the sizes sold as ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c2 the middle length1 #d and #e2 the longest1 ,nos4 #f1 #g1 and #h4 ,the dog being placed upon its side1 and retained there in a position such as the operator may think most advantageous to his movements1 the catheter is introduced with one hand while the penis is held by the other4 ,the meatus being found--there is no great ingenuity required to discover it--the instrument is inserted and pushed gently onward4 ,at first its passage is easy1 but it has not gone far before a check is felt4 ,the stoppage arises from the spasmodic contraction of the canal1 caused by the point of the instrument having reached the bone of the penis4 ,for a period the passage is effectually closed2 but no force must be employed to overcome the obstacle4 ,gentle but steady pressure is kept up2 and under this it is rarely longer than a few minutes before the spasm yields4 ,the catheter then glides forward1 and the operator1 resigning the hold of the penis to his assistant1 passes his free hand to the perinum4 ,when he feels the point of the tube below the anus1 he uses his fingers to direct its course1--for at this part the canal curves1 taking a direction forward1--and after a little further way has been made1 another check is experienced4 ,this last springs from the contraction of the neck of the bladder2 and once more gentle1 but steady pressure must he employed to overcome the spasm4 ,it rarely resists long2 but the sudden absence of all opposition1 and the flow of urine1 shows that the object of the operation has been obtained4 ,the dog offers no resistance to the passage of the instrument4 ,i have never known one to cry1 or seen one exhibit a struggle4 ,i could not account for this by attributing it to any fondness for the necessary restraint1 under which the creature is temporarily placed4 ,during the flowing of the urine1 the dog invariably remains perfectly quiet2 and the relief afforded seems to dispose it almost to sleep2 for after it is over1 the animal lies in a kind of happy lethargy4 ,the fluid1 however1 does not jet forth or empty quickly4 ,the operator must not be impatient1 for the stream is perfectly passive2 since1 in consequence of the distension1 the bladder has lost its contractive power4 ,to obtain the whole of the contents1 has sometimes required a quarter of an hour1 and the quantity procured has frequently been quite disproportioned to the size of the patient4 ,from a small petted spaniel1 brought under my notice by my friend1 ,mr4 ,henderson1 ,i extracted very nearly half a pint of urine1 and the animal from that period began to get well4 ,from a very small dog1 the property of a lady of fortune1 ,i for several days1 every night and morning1 withdrew about four ounces of the excretion with marked benefit to the animal4 ,the operation is tedious1 but it repays us for the time it occupies4 ,towards the conclusion the stream is frequently interrupted4 ,it stops1 then recommences2 ceases1 and then begins again2 and the last portions are often ejected with a force which the first did not display4 ,a little straining may attend the closing of the operation4 ,for this the operator must be prepared1 and immediately withdraw the catheter2 lest the bladder1 energetically contracting upon it1 should cause the point to pierce the sides of the viscus4 ,the instrument is no longer required when straining is excited2 for then the contractive function has been resumed1 and nature will subsequently perform her office without assistance4 ,the bladder that has been relieved1 may require the care of the surgeon a second time2 but no officiousness should be indulged in that respect4 ,let the necessity be present before the operation is resorted to2 and the need for its adoption can be so accurately ascertained1 that there is no excuse whatever for needless interference4 ,the operation is attended with no immediate danger or subsequent ill consequences1 that ,i am aware of2 but it is particularly recommended by the fact1 that in the dog it is not accompanied with that pain1 which in man usually provokes exclamation1 sometimes causes fainting1 and not unfrequently induces irritability of the membrane lining the canal4 ,the testicles are occasionally the sources of annoyance to the proprietor4 ,in one instance a high-bred dog was sold1 the person who bought the animal making the purchase with a view to breeding from it4 ,disappointment followed1 for no sexual desire could be excited2 and as a stock-dog1 the beast was useless4 ,an examination was then made1 and the scrotum was discovered to contain no glands4 ,a most infamous fraud was now accused against him who had sold the dog2 and as dog-dealers are not so respectable1 and are almost as little credited as horse-dealers1 any charge imputing dishonesty required no evidence to substantiate it4 ,an infamous villain was convicted of having castrated the dog before he parted with it1 in order that a valuable strain might not be rendered common4 ,this same dog was brought to me4 ,i could detect no testicles1 and ,i could perceive no cicatrix4 ,the body was fat and the disposition sluggish1 but the frame well developed4 ,it was possible the scar1 if the operation had been performed early1 should have disappeared3 and there are means practised by which the testicles can be in a great measure destroyed without making an incision4 ,here1 however1 there was nothing to denote they had been present2 or evidence to show they had been removed4 ,i could by manipulation discover no bodies in the inguinal canals4 ,under the circumstances1 ,i was unable to give a positive opinion2 but ,i leant to the idea that the appearances resulted from defective conformation4 ,my indecision exposed me to some remarks at the time2 for the veterinary surgeon is never permitted to doubt4 ,ignorance is the only reason the majority of his patrons can conceive to account for his deliberation4 ,a year subsequent1 however1 the dog died2 and the body was then brought to me1 in order that the point might be decided4 ,i found both glands1 which were not larger than they should have been at birth1 within the abdomen1 whence they never had descended4 ,it is very common to find small dogs1 especially spaniels and terriers1 with only one testicle in the scrotum2 but in the larger number of such cases the other can be detected1 though it will be of small size1 within the canal4 ,animals in this condition are quite capable of being used as stock-dogs1 and are for such purposes as certain1 as those more perfectly formed4 ,of this ,i have had repeated proofs2 and1 consequently1 the absence of one gland is not to be viewed as a serious defect2 though ,i do not know that it can be regarded in the light of a recommendation4 ,speaking from observation1 and bringing the results of positive experience to bear upon my opinion1 ,i may assert1 that in diminutive dogs--animals intended only to be esteemed as toys1--the absence of one testicle is not of the slightest import2 though1 in the larger breeds intended for actual work1 ,i should by no means be inclined so to regard it4 ,the testicles are also subject to enlarge and become hard1 more than is natural4 ,in that state they most frequently are devoid of sensation2 though sometimes1 but rarely1 they are unnaturally tender4 ,the size and degree of feeling may be the only indications2 but generally the scrotum is at the same time thickened1 and exhibits an alteration in structure4 ,blaine speaks of castration under such circumstances4 ,i have hitherto abstained from direct interference4 ,notwithstanding the alteration1 which has been obvious1 ,i have1 beyond daily rubbing in the ointment1 containing camphor and mercury1 resorted to no topical application4 ,in one instance ,i employed an unguent1 containing iodine2 but it was ultimately discontinued1 from a conviction that it was in its operation injurious1 seeming to produce effects the opposite of those desired4 ,the food1 however1 ,i alter2 and by gentle aperients ,i endeavor to regulate the bowels4 ,a course of the iodide of potassium ,i have likewise adopted1 and can with confidence recommend4 ,alterative doses only should be administered2 and the drug ought to be continued for three months at least4 ,if prepared in the following form1 it will not perhaps be readily swallowed up1 but the animal will very seldom violently resist its administration3-- ,simple syrup ,two ounces4 ,water ,six ounces4 ,iodide of potassium ,fifteen grains to one drachm4 ,dose1 one drachm1 or a teaspoonful thrice daily ,the quantity ordered contains from a quarter of a grain to a grain of the iodide2 and1 if there be motive for desiring it should be exhibited in substance1 the like amounts may be made into pills with conserve of roses1 and a little powdered liquorice4 ,the form is of little importance2 but ,i prefer the fluid1 because ,i have found that the animal can1 with no great trouble or vast tax upon ingenuity1 be brought to accept it readily2 and with dogs1 as with children1 we gain by convincing them we are practising no deception4 ,these creatures possess remarkable discernment3 it is astonishing how long the doubt1 when once excited1 will act upon the canine mind4 ,a pill1 for this reason1 is better pushed down the throat than presented in meat2 for the imposition1 being once detected1 will for a long time subsequent to it be suspected4 ,it is1 therefore1 best to proceed openly and without fear4 ,so strong is my impression that dogs have a general comprehension of the meaning of sounds1 that when ,i have medicines to give1 ,i always address them1 saying1 ,come and take your physic4 ,some will do as they are ordered2 but others are less obedient4 ,i have met with none 7save clump-headed spaniels--which of all dogs are the very worst behaved7 that were not to be subjected4 ,frankness and determination operate wonderfully on these occasions4 ,the animal soon learns it must submit1 and quickly ascertains you have no desire to hurt it4 ,the natural and beautiful confidence the brute reposes in man is thus appealed to1 and it is surely wise not to tamper with so noble a feeling4 ,with dogs be resolute and straightforward2 have no sense of fear1 and have no desire for deceit4 ,call upon the innate submissiveness of the creature1 and claim its obedience as a right4 ,the amiable brute will respond to such appeals2 as the struggles which result from weakness operating upon sensibility will originate confusion1 and provoke those bites which are not maliciously aimed1 but intended for self-defence4 ,,generative ,,organs4--,,female4 ,the ignorant are always inclined to be officious where procreation is concerned4 ,the knowledge they pretend to1 concerning such matters1 however1 consists of mingled indecency and mystery2 and1 when exposed1 only commands contempt4 ,the poor dog1 nevertheless1 suffers cruelly through the practices which such persons subject it to2 and great as may be the ignorance of the parties who go about the country under various assumed denominations1 to torture the canine race1 surely1 they who pay such fellows1 or allow their animals to be abused by these pretenders1 display a want of sense even more deplorable8 ,still this is done every day4 ,the nobility continue to be the profitable dupes of a host of confident impostors2 and strangely seem to be infatuated with the belief that the man who sells a dog can likewise administer to the diseases of the creatures in which he trades4 ,the bitch is most unfortunate in the variety of severities she is compelled to undergo4 ,some foolish persons have imagined they can at will induce the periodical desire for offspring in the animal4 ,to do this1 violent stimulants are employed2 being often given by the mouth1 but more frequently injected up the passage4 ,i have no proof that such means are ever successful2 and were they capable of doing all they are employed to accomplish1 ,i would certainly refuse to make use of them4 ,nature cannot be coerced to man's profit2 and any interference with her laws is always dangerous4 ,the consequences may not be so immediate that in every instance the effect is traced to the cause2 but the major portion of the affections of which the female generative organs of the dog are too commonly the seat1 may be attributed to the carelessness1 or cruelty of the owner1 or of those by whom he is surrounded4 ,various morbid growths are apt to appear upon or within the parts when old age advances4 ,these have been generally produced by violence endured at a period long prior to the development of the disease4 ,potent injections may have been employed to bring on the condition called heat2 or undue force may have been exerted to drag away the pups when the bitch was in labor2 or brutality may have been resorted to1 to tear apart the animals during the performance of the act of impregnation4 ,other sources of accident and injury may likewise operate in disposing the delicate membrane of the vagina to exhibit disease2 for boys1 and others also1 are cruelly inquisitive1 and the dumb creature cannot complain4 ,the growths that appear upon the parts are not peculiar to its locality4 ,they are only such as may be present on similar structures4 ,they assume one of three forms1 viz4 either that of tumor1 fungus1 or polypus4 ,the tumor may be of any shape or size2 and it may be very hard or comparatively soft4 ,its consistence and dimension will depend upon its character2 and this is seldom in two cases exactly alike4 ,mostly it is confined to the more external parts of the passage2 but so deep-rooted is it that it cannot be conveniently dissected away4 ,it may have a broad base or widely spreading attachment2 and those ,i have examined after death most frequently were mixed up with the structures on which they seemed to repose4 ,when such is the case1 nothing can be done beyond attending to the general health2 as by supporting the constitution1 the tendency to disease is likely to be checked4 ,to the part no local application should be used2 and every care is required to prevent the animal from injuring it4 ,when more externally situated1 a careful examination must be made1 to decide whether there is a fair hope of the growth being successfully excised4 ,if it is hard and circumscribed1 an operation is justifiable2 but the skin should be healthy4 ,all the integument must be preserved1 and the entire bulk of the morbid body cleanly taken away4 ,the parts are not so sensitive as to render the operation exceedingly severe2 however large the wound may be1 it generally heals rapidly4 ,after the operation no dressing will be required1 unless some untoward circumstance should arise1 when1 of course1 the remedies needed to counteract it must be resorted to4 ,fungus is invariably preceded by a purulent discharge1 which1 when the growth is developed1 is mingled with blood4 ,the system is feverish1 and the parts are hot1 irritable1 and painful4 ,the animal is continually licking itself1 and is disinclined for motion or food4 ,in the first instance the cure is speedy2 but if allowed to proceed1 the affection is troublesome1 and may be difficult to eradicate4 ,when any unnatural discharge exudes1 a mild tepid lotion should be injected4 ,it should be of an astringent nature1 and an infusion of green tea or any of the eye-washes recommended will be of service4 ,the strength should likewise be supported1 and the cold bath given daily1 while exercise is particularly attended to4 ,when blood mingles with the exudation1 a careful examination1 with a speculum1 if required1 must be made2 and the diseased surface should be touched with lunar caustic1 or sulphate of copper4 ,after this1 an injection of the chloride of zinc1 one grain to distilled water one ounce1 should be employed thrice daily4 ,should1 however1 the growth be of any size1 it should be snipped off with a pair of probe-pointed scissors2 and the lunar caustic ought then to be applied and repeated when the bleeding has entirely ceased4 ,if the bleeding be excessive1 cold water may be thrown up1 or a pair of bellows1 to drive a current of air upon the place1 supposing it to be situated where it can be thus acted upon1 may be made use of4 ,too frequently1 however1 the affection is deeply located1 and then injections are alone to be resorted to1 though1 at the same time1 constitutional measures may be employed4 ,the case is not to be despaired of1 but the prospect of success may not be satisfactory4 ,polypus is a round pear-shaped body1 generally hanging by a pedicle1 or neck1 like to the stalk of the fruit4 ,it is smooth1 also moist1 and highly vascular1 having a red and shining appearance4 ,when present1 its attachment is commonly rather backward1 or pretty deep within the passage4 ,a small glairy discharge is at first observed4 ,the fluid emitted is simply mucous1 caused by the increased secretion of the membrane1 which is irritated by the presence of a foreign growth4 ,the parts subsequently seem to be swollen1 and the animal does not appear otherwise affected4 ,at length something red and glistening is remarked to protrude4 ,it is seen occasionally1 and then withdrawn2 but most generally it appears subsequent to the urine having been voided4 ,ultimately1 however1 it constantly hangs out2 and as1 when exposed1 it annoys the animal1 it may be injured1 and bleed freely4 ,the practitioner must cautiously examine the part4 ,before he makes up his mind concerning the nature of that which is presented1 he must assure himself that the womb has not become inverted4 ,i was once requested by a veterinary surgeon to see him remove a polypus from the vagina of a bitch1 as he had determined to excise it4 ,luckily ,i went1 and saved him from cutting away the animal's uterus1 which would assuredly have destroyed her4 ,a contrary course was pursued1 and that dog1 in three days afterwards1 was returned to its master well4 ,the following particulars will enable him who may be in such a difficulty to discriminate the uterus from a polypus4 ,the uterus is soft1 but rough when exposed2 no vessels are to be seen upon its surface2 it does not shine2 it is not round or pear-shaped2 it feels like a thick empty sac1 and never appears upon pressure to contain any substance2 it cannot be traced to any stalk-like attachment1 and1 if returned1 the situation it will occupy denotes the position it was ordained to hold4 ,a polypus is smooth1 glistening1 and on its surface generally exhibits vessels4 ,its covering is always tense1 and contains a semi-solid substance2 it is often sensitive1 and1 if the space allows of the passage of the finger1 the neck or point of attachment can be felt2 it cannot1 like the womb1 or the bladder when inverted1 be forced inward1 or made to take the situation which either of them would occupy4 ,moreover1 the appearance of a polypus is an affair which must have attracted notice some months prior to its occurrence2 whereas1 the inversion of the bladder or the womb1 occupies but an instant1 and is commonly preceded by no symptoms4 ,being assured there is a polypus1 if a fine silk can be passed round the neck or stalk and be tied tight1 so as to cut off the circulation of blood to the part1 the growth will drop off in two days1 supposing the operation to have been effectively performed4 ,when a ligature cannot be applied1 the body should be seized with a proper pair of forceps1 and it should then be turned round and round several times4 ,the object in doing this is to twist the stalk1 so as to strangulate the vessels within it2 and this sometimes answers quite as well as the ligature itself1 but the last is best1 as being more sure and less likely to be attended with accident4 ,when neither can be accomplished1 the polypus may be forcibly dragged away1 or literally torn out2 but the pain of this is very great1 and the operation has nothing to recommend it but its absolute necessity4 ,the polypus being removed1 perfectly cold1 mild1 astringent injections1 to act as healing and cleansing lotions1 should be used2 or if any portion of the stalk remain1 to that caustic may be applied4 ,authors speak of cancer of the vagina4 ,i have seen nothing yet in the animal that ,i may designate by such a term4 ,i have1 it is true1 met with serious wounds and grievous sores2 but all of these have yielded to treatment1 and ,i am not aware that1 if their nature had been malignant1 they could have been subdued by any medicinal measures4 ,dropsy of the uterus ,i have encountered1 though1 as no teacher or work speaks of such an affection in the dog1 it was some time before ,i was able to recognise the disease4 ,the bitch thus afflicted is generally petted into ill-health4 ,she is fat1 slothful1 and weakly4 ,all the various symptoms show the digestion to be deranged2 and in most cases she eventually perishes of abdominal disease1 which is in its termination independent of the condition of the uterus4 ,the only marked symptom directing attention to the womb1 is the cessation of every sign indicating sexual desire4 ,for years there may be no appearance of heat2 but otherwise the bitch shall be regarded only as delicate1 and not be esteemed to be decidedly unwell4 ,if1 however1 the body of the animal be examined after death1 the body and horns of the uterus will be found distended with a thin aqueous fluid2 and the walls of the organ will be seen to be very attenuated1 and much wanting in vascularity4 ,there is no precise limit to the size the uterus may attain2 but1 in consequence of its increased volume1 it occupies another situation to that it naturally holds in the abdomen of the bitch4 ,generally1 when dropsical to any extent1 it will repose immediately upon the linea alba2 and it is apt to be injured if care be not taken when the post mortem examination is made4 ,for dropsy of the uterus1 general measures must alone be employed1 and these must be of a tonic character2 for1 however much the dog may be petted1 or however fat its body may be1 the disease is always consequent upon debility4 ,among the tonics are several which have a stimulating action upon the uterus1 and where it is suspected to be affected the following medicines may be administered3-- ,powdered cinnamon ,one scruple to one and a half drachm4 ,powdered borate of soda ,ten grains to two scruples4 ,powdered secale cornutum ,one to six grains4 ,extract of gentian ,one drachm to half an ounce4 ,powdered quassia ,a sufficiency4 ,make in twenty-four pills1 and give three daily4 ,iodide of iron ,ten grains to one scruple4 ,powdered cinchona bark ,one drachm to half an ounce4 ,extract of gentian ,one drachm to half an ounce4 ,make as in the previous prescription4 ,iodide of potassium ,ten grains to one drachm4 ,tincture of cantharides ,five drops to one scruple4 ,simple syrup ,one drachm4 ,water ,two ounces4 ,let a tea-spoonful be given three times a day4 ,in some cases the pills first recommended may be given with the drops last proposed2 but the action must be watched1 and either the dose diminished or the medicine withheld1 if it appears to have any violent effect4 ,the intent is to work gently and gradually upon the system1 and no immediate result should be expected or desired4 ,,parturition1 ,,or ,,pupping4--,this is a very serious branch of the present subject2 for1 through the inability to bring forth their young1 many a valuable bitch is annually lost2 and1 by the injudicious measures intended to relieve them1 many more are yearly sacrificed4 ,i know of no book that gives proper directions for the guidance of the practitioner2 indeed1 the rules laid down by both ,blaine and ,youatt are calculated to do mischief whenever they shall be put into practice4 ,the reader must1 therefore1 be content to accept that which will be submitted to his consideration on this topic1 as the result of the experience of an individual whose observations have been made only during a comparatively short period1 and whose opinions consequently are not to be regarded as confirmed4 ,while directing attention to what has been declared rejected1 the author solicits no confidence in his judgment1 beyond that which results shall sanction1 and reason approve4 ,illustration ,little gentlemen are said to incline towards what are termed fine women2 and many persons will remember the caricature1 in which a strapping ,life-guards-man was depicted1 stooping to salute a lady who scarcely reached the top of his boots4 ,the like admiration for bulk appears to be entertained by the members of the canine race4 ,small curs are much disposed to bestow their affections upon huge ,newfoundlands2 and diminutive bitches1 if followed by a host of suitors1 will give the preference to the largest of the group4 ,all descriptions of dogs will freely have intercourse with one another2 and as these animals are of such various proportions1 the female is frequently unable to give birth to the progeny of a gigantic sire4 ,care consequently should be taken to provide suitable males when pups are desired2 and in all cases the dog should be smaller than the bitch4 ,it is not1 however1 a sufficient precaution that the dog be of less size2 for it1 or the bitch herself1 may be the dwarf of a large stock1 and being so1 may be capable of getting or gestating offspring as huge as the race from which either of them sprung4 ,it is possible1 therefore1 for a small dog to be quite as dangerous as one of great weight2 and ,i knew an animal of this kind which had been the cause of many deaths on that account4 ,the animal alluded to was the property of a gentleman 7now deceased7 who had long graced the bench4 ,the dog was a handsome ,scotch terrier2 and1 being small1 it was frequently solicited as a stock-dog4 ,it was1 however1 very deceptive2 for a bitch twice its own size could with difficulty survive the consequences of its embraces4 ,it is a diminutive example of a naturally large race2 and in its offspring there is a disposition to return to the original size4 ,therefore1 not only must the dog be small1 but1 if possible1 it must have been derived from a small stock4 ,the giant's dwarf may beget a giant2 and how frequently do parents of short stature have children who can at maturity look literally over their heads6 ,certainly more important1 however1 than the size of the dog1 is the magnitude of the stock whence the bitch is derived4 ,a full-sized pug bitch1 whose portrait is given beneath1 had connexion with a setter dog4 ,she was sent to me to be delivered2 but with little assistance the affair was accomplished4 ,a small mongrel bitch1 but a great favorite with its master1 broke loose during his absence1 and had connexion with a dog at least four times its size4 ,the animal was brought to me to ascertain what could be done1 her death being expected when the nine weeks expired4 ,at the proper period1 however1 she brought forth four pups without any assistance4 ,on the opposite side numerous instances might be quoted3 but1 on this topic1 enough has been said to warn the reader that the dog1 however small1 should not be permitted to approach the bitch whose mother was large1 or whose brothers and sisters stand much higher than herself4 ,let the reader look at the two portraits that follow4 ,they are evidently of one and the same family4 ,they both had a common progenitor4 ,the beagle is the blood-hound1 only of smaller size2 and often these beautiful diminutive creatures suffer in parturition1 or throw pups whose size takes from them all value4 ,however1 for the chance of security1 if for no more tangible object2 let the dog1 in every instance1 be smaller than the bitch2 and let it also have no disease1 but be in perfect health1 strong and lively4 ,a dog in any way deformed or affected with any disorder ought to be avoided4 ,blindness1 skin eruptions1 piles1 paralysis of the tongue1 and a host of other annoyances1 ,i more than suspect to be hereditary4 ,the mental qualities are transmitted1 as well as physical beauties and defects4 ,sagacity1 health1 and beauty are to be sought for1 and if all cannot be obtained1 those most desired must be selected4 ,where shape is wanted1 let the dog possess such form as the bitch is deficient in2 thus the female having a long-nose or legs1 may be put to a male short in these respects2 and the rule may be applied in other instances4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,blood-,,hound4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,beagle4 ,judgment is needed2 and1 of course1 the choice is to be in some measure regulated by the kind of stock the dog has been known to get4 ,all dogs kept as stock-dogs have reputations for the qualities of their offspring2 and these1 sometimes1 are better guides than the appearances of the animals themselves2 for it does occur that the pups procured by a diminutive dog1 do occasionally prove the very reverse of what might be anticipated4 ,the bitch1 for breeding1 should be rather long in the back2 and it is scarcely possible for her to be made too wide in the hind-quarters4 ,she should be strong1 and rather large than small of her breed2 and where a diminution of size is desired1 it is better to obtain it through the father than the mother4 ,when the last method is adopted there is no danger of the bitch bearing pups of gigantic proportions1 and which she may not be capable of bringing forth4 ,the breed1 also1 should be as pure as possible2 for there is a disposition in these animals to throw back1 as it is termed2 that is1 supposing a bitch to be of spaniel breed1 to that degree which allows of no cross being detected2 nevertheless if there should be a stain of cur or terrier in her pedigree1 one or more of every litter she bears1 may prominently exhibit it4 ,it is often long before this natural proof of a degraded family can be entirely eradicated2 and it is very common for persons to express surprise at the pups born resembling neither of the parents they were derived from4 ,another caution not to be neglected is1 to keep the bitch from all communication with dogs it is wished her progeny should in no way resemble4 ,a low-bred playmate may not appear to be of much consequence2 and the proprietor may imagine1 if actual connexion is provided against1 no further precaution can be required4 ,the females of the canine race1 however1 are able to bestow their affections2 and tender recollections are as potent over them as they are known to be in other cases1 where higher animals are concerned4 ,bitches are not always prudent in their loves1 but are apt to fling themselves away on curs of low degree4 ,if reared with a companion of vulgar appearance1 there often springs up between the pair a devotion which no time can afterwards subdue4 ,the passion1 for such it really is1 becomes of a more than romantic endurance4 ,the loved one's image grows to be so impressed upon the mind--so much so1 that all the fruits of the body afterwards bear its likeness4 ,there may have been no intercourse between the pair1 but to animals of her breed1 the bitch may1 contrary to her longings1 have been devoted3 and yet1 in the offspring she brings forth the object of her affections will be represented4 ,this1 however1 is very likely to be the case1 when the first male accepted is by accident or neglect of impure origin4 ,there have been several well-marked cases illustrative of this fact1 and probably many which have never been properly observed4 ,the peculiarity of a high-bred bitch bringing forth a blemished litter1 would be set down to her throwing back2 but perhaps a fair proportion of the cases thus accounted for1 might with justice be attributed to the mental influence which has been pointed out4 ,the first indication of a bitch approaching to desire1 is a slight enlargement of the teats4 ,this may be observed for a week1 more or less1 before the parts show any signs of change4 ,these last1 however1 soon begin to swell1 and a thick glairy discharge of simple mucus drains from them in small quantities4 ,the secretion becomes more copious1 and thinner1 gradually changing its character to that of blood2 and as that alteration in the fluid is remarked1 the labia grow larger1 redder1 and more hot4 ,the animal has then heat1 or oestrum1 upon her1 and her system is generally excited4 ,she is more lively1 and should any other dogs be with her1 she indulges in a variety of coquettish antics4 ,her attitudes when thus excited are very picturesque1 and the beauty of the animal is never exhibited to greater advantage4 ,a lively grace animates her whole frame2 and she is now the creature a painter should study1 or a poet describe4 ,she will not immediately accept the male1 whose passion she evidently practises all her arts to excite4 ,for a few days1 perhaps1 a romping courtship may go forward before union is actually permitted4 ,dog fanciers almost universally attach importance to the appearance of the discharge4 ,some say the dog should not be offered before the bleeding begins to diminish4 ,if these rules are not attended to1 ,i have been most confidently assured the evil consequences of the neglect are certain to be present in the pups4 ,the litter prematurely begotten1 it is foretold1 must be bad in some way2 though why this should be the case1 or how the cause produces such effects1 none of the dog fanciers have been able to explain4 ,as by attempting to obey these injunctions ,i have known many disappointments to be produced1 there was every inducement1 even had ,i not been inquisitive from professional motives1 to set me testing the truth of these assertions2 for ,i am not inclined to sneer at every opinion announced by persons devoid of education4 ,a power to observe is by no means regulated by an ability to read or write2 and as the dog fanciers bred much more largely than ,i possibly could do1 their experience entitled their opinions to attention4 ,nevertheless1 ignorance is so exposed to misconception1 that its declarations at all times should be examined1 and ,i resolved to test the truth of the rule which so many announced to be established4 ,the result has not confirmed the belief generally entertained2 but it has induced me to conclude that the dog may be allowed whenever the bitch will permit him4 ,nature1 ,i have found1 regulates the matter1 so as not to necessitate man's supervision4 ,the bitch will1 by her instinct1 decide the question2 and she may1 without any dread of mysterious consequences1 be left to its direction4 ,in support of this conclusion1 a large number of animals can readily be adduced4 ,the numerous bitches1 especially in the country1 that are placed under no restraint1 but are left free to gratify their impulses1 afford obvious demonstration of the fact4 ,these creatures have litters that are much stronger and healthier than those which are more tenderly guarded4 ,the fatality that attends the offspring of very choice breeds1 does not infer that the customs they are subjected to conduce materially to their benefit2 and my experience1 so far as it has been carried1 supports the conclusion which this circumstance would seem to countenance4 ,let the bitch therefore follow her inclinations2 but it is not unusual for force to be employed on such occasions4 ,this should never be allowed4 ,the female ought on no account to be compelled2 but it is a common practice to employ restraint when she is unwilling4 ,some assistance may occasionally be needed1 particularly with the smaller breeds1 which are apt to be physically disabled2 but it should be limited to such offices as favor the desires of the parties principally concerned4 ,whenever man's aid goes beyond that1 it is likely to be injurious2 for if ,nature orders an animal to decline the gratification of its instinct1 we may rest assured there is good reason why such a phenomenon is exhibited1 although we may not possess the acumen to rightly interpret its indication4 ,some people permit the dog and bitch to remain together for several hours2 but with favorite stock-dogs1 it is customary to present the female twice4 ,i have found the second visit to be needless2 and a single occasion has never yet failed to procure me three or four pups1 which is quite as many as the majority of bitches are able to rear4 ,the ordinary practice1 however1 appears to do no harm1 so far as ,i am aware of its consequences4 ,i do not1 therefore1 object to it2 but ,i know it is not imperative1 and it is well to be convinced on such a point4 ,after the bitch has been lined1 she should be most carefully watched4 ,her desire rather increases than diminishes1 and she will be most anxious to escape in search of new admirers4 ,her appetite renders her ingenious2 and the owner is often vexed to find she conquers at this time those bounds which at other periods confined her4 ,let her be securely housed1 or kept under the eye of her master1 who must not forget her propensity to rove4 ,when the discharge ceases1 and the local swelling subsides1 the necessity for vigilance is at an end4 ,the animal has then returned to chastity1 and will be as obedient as before her passions were inflamed4 ,during the nine weeks of gestation1 she demands no special care4 ,she thrives best if left to take her chance1 and does better in proportion as she is not pampered4 ,her food should be wholesome1 and her exercise rather increased than diminished4 ,she should not be made fat1 neither ought she to be suddenly reduced4 ,the safest course is to take no notice of the particular condition of the animal1 but to let her ordinary treatment be continued without any change4 ,the bitch will return to her usual manners and appearance1 nor will there be for some time anything to denote her having conceived4 ,in the middle of the fourth week1 however1 the presence of the young within the abdomen may1 by skilful manipulation1 be detected4 ,i know of no one who has before made the observation1 but ,i am confident as to the correctness of the statement2 since ,i have frequently been enabled to inform parties that their dogs were in pup1 when the circumstance was not suspected4 ,in many instances1 ,i have been able to ascertain before the expiration of the first month the number of young that would be born2 but of course these matters are not always to be told with equal certainty4 ,they can1 however1 be generally ascertained with tolerable accuracy2 but where there is only one sense to guide the knowledge1 and that one is not quite unobstructed1 the judgment is liable to be mistaken with regard to particulars1 though it may be assured concerning the main point4 ,to discover whether a bitch is in pup1 let her be placed upon a table1 and her fears or excitability banished by caresses4 ,then lay her upon her side1 and with the fingers gently manipulate the intestines4 ,if the womb is impregnated1 the person1 directing his attention first to the situation the uterus occupies1 near to the rim of the pelvis1 and inferior to the rectum1 will there detect round smooth bodies1 like little eggs4 ,these may not be perceptible if the bladder be loaded2 but if the catheter be employed to draw off the urine1 they will surely be felt4 ,if the rectum be full of foeces1 it serves as an admirable guide to the position of the uterus2 though he who is acquainted with anatomy needs no such assistance4 ,some globular substance being detected1 the fingers are advanced1 and if more than one pup be conceived1 another similar to it will speedily impinge upon the touch2 then another1 and so on1 until the whole of the promised family have been thus announced4 ,the last is the most difficult to discover3 for should there be more than two or three1 it may1 and will1 generally occupy the extremity of a horn2 and1 in that situation1 may escape observation4 ,there are to the womb of this animal a pair of horns1 which are long1 and extend to the region of the kidneys4 ,both cannot be traced at the same time1 and there is a chance of the two being confounded4 ,therefore it is well not to be positive as to the precise number of young the bitch will bring forth2 and ,i never presume to speak confidently upon the point2 for though1 in the majority of cases1 my opinion may have been corroborated1 nevertheless1 ,i have often known a pup more than ,i supposed the uterus contained to have been delivered4 ,from the end of the fourth week1 the litter1 as it were1 go away1 or are lost2 but when the seventh week arrives1 the contents of the abdomen may be plainly detected2 and if the bitch be taken upon the lap1 and her belly supported with the hand1 they at this period will be felt to move1 and the motion even of their limbs is clearly recognised4 ,milk appears in the teats about the middle of the ninth week1 and the presence of the fluid declares the event is near at hand4 ,the following day1 or the one succeeding1 is marked by a mucous discharge from the vagina2 and when that is witnessed1 parturition is seldom delayed beyond a day or two at most4 ,the exact period is announced by the animal being disinclined for food and desirous of solitude4 ,some bitches do not wish for seclusion2 but others are very anxious to obtain it2 and in either case the disposition should be gratified4 ,all that is necessary for the comfort of the creature should be provided2 but if the accommodation designed for her be rejected1 she should as far as possible be allowed to indulge her own liking for another spot4 ,as the time of parturition draws near--that is1 when the increase of mucus is remarked--a daily meal of boiled liver should be given2 but nothing stronger1 of a laxative nature1 ought to be administered1 unless the absolute necessity of such relief as aperients afford is ascertained4 ,many persons are in the habit of giving buckthorn or castor oil at this season2 but the dog is naturally very delicate2 and nothing calculated to detract from the strength which the coming effort must severely tax1 should be heedlessly resorted to4 ,when the bitch retires1 let her wish for privacy be respected4 ,for three or four hours allow her to be undisturbed2 but at the expiration of that time1 the person who most enjoys her confidence1 may approach her4 ,after an exchange of recognitions1 the animal may be examined4 ,if nothing extraordinary can be remarked1 nothing should be done beyond offering food and water2 neither of which1 however1 need be pressed upon her4 ,a day possibly may thus pass1 without any sign of decided progress being made2 nevertheless1 the owner's patience must not be alarmed1 for the greatest danger springs from premature assistance4 ,the first pup is often long before it is delivered2 so that the cries be not sharp1 loud1 and frequent1 the delay need not generate fear4 ,four-and-twenty hours having elapsed1 and the indication of suffering with constant straining being present1 the help which man can give should not be pressed upon the animal4 ,the throes must cease1 or the bitch appear exhausted by lying on its side1 and emitting low moans before any aid is offered4 ,then the little finger1 well greased1 may be passed gently up the vagina1 to learn if anything be within the passage2 and if a pup be felt1 instruments1 as hereafter described1 may be employed2 but1 on no account1 need the finger be pushed beyond the os uteri4 ,if the mouth of the womb be well opened1 free1 and the passage clear1 the attention must be bestowed upon the bitch1 and every means employed to revive the strength and bring back the pains4 ,some unusual circumstance is needed to justify manual interference--such as a pup with its side presented1 or the os uteri well expanded1 and the head of a dead pup filling up the space4 ,to such an extent have ,i practically followed out the measures here recommended1 that under my care the labor-pains of a ,scotch terrier ceased without anything being born4 ,the bitch returned to her customary habits1 but appeared dull1 while a dark discharge was emitted4 ,i told the proprietor the bitch had a dead pup within her1 and entreated him to give the animal time4 ,he consented to do this2 and on the fourth day from that of the unsuccessful labor1 the animal was delivered of a dead pup1 with perfect ease4 ,the presence of straining alone should never be regarded as a symptom of pupping being actually at hand4 ,the bitch1 like other animals1 is subject to spasms1 called false labor-pains4 ,these are in appearance highly deceptive1 for they are generally accompanied with plaintive cries4 ,to distinguish their true character1 let the hands embrace the abdomen2 and at the time when spasm seizes her1 let gentle pressure be made upon its sides4 ,if the pains be false1 the convulsion will be felt to render turgid the muscles of the abdomen1 but nothing within it will at the same time feel hard4 ,should1 however1 the labor have commenced1 other signs than these will then declare the fact4 ,when the throes come on1 the uterus will contract2 and beneath the hands it will be then felt a hard1 harsh1 and solid body4 ,its character1 when naturally excited1 is not to be mistaken2 but is so well and strongly marked1 that there is no excuse for not detecting its indication4 ,for false pains nothing need be done for some time2 but if they continue1 and seem to distress the animal1 ether and opium may be freely given by the mouth2 this will have the effect of quieting the spasm without injuring the pups4 ,the existence of true labor being ascertained1 should there be sufficient cause to suspect obstruction to be present1 then let the finger be oiled and introduced up the passage with caution as directed4 ,some persons when called to a bitch in pup1 always begin at once doing this1 but it should not be done unless there be some reason for the practice4 ,i have known fellows poke the poor animals about1 as though to do so was an important duty1 which they were bound incessantly to perform4 ,the introduction of the finger cannot do otherwise than remove the mucus which ,nature provides to lubricate the passage and facilitate the egress of the pup4 ,it is the mildest and best moisture the membrane can receive1 and its removal is not to be slightly thought of4 ,the finger1 moreover1 by the friction it occasions1 irritates the parts2 and however gently it may be introduced1 it cannot otherwise than in some degree have this effect4 ,the less it is used1 therefore1 the better2 and when it is inserted1 the attention should be alive to note every circumstance the touch can acquaint us with4 ,other parties1 when the labor is difficult or tedious1 think it advisable to place the bitch in a hot bath4 ,all the authors ,i know of1 recommend this measure2 but ,i must1 without reservation1 in the strongest possible terms1 condemn it4 ,in obedience with the directions of those who wrote or lectured on this subject1 ,i originally followed the practice2 but it was not long before ,i was apprised of its evil effects2 and my wonder now is1 how so injurious a custom ever came into general favor4 ,i have known the bitch1 when the throes were energetic1 to be placed in the warm bath2 and under its action to have indeed been quieted1 for the pains never subsequently returned4 ,the efforts1 upon the vigor of which the delivery depended1 have1 to my knowledge1 been more than once1 twice1 or thrice1 dispersed1 by the warmth which at such a time is a poison2 for ,i can recollect but few cases where the bitch was taken from the water to survive4 ,still1 as the assertions of an individual cannot be supposed of sufficient force to overthrow an established habit1 let me here1 at the hazard of wearying the reader1 venture to reason upon the matter4 ,the uterus is principally composed of white muscular fibre1 upon which structure heat has a sedative and cold has a stimulative action4 ,the members of our profession well know this fact2 and the reader1 who can hardly be unacquainted with the colic1 may in that affection find a proof to convince him of its truth4 ,cold water will bring on the belly-ache4 ,this is occasioned by a chill to the intestines1 causing their muscular fibre1 which resembles that of the womb1 to spasmodically contract4 ,the vitality of the muscles of the intestines is excited2 and to allay the pain1 that excitability must be destroyed4 ,heat will effectually do this2 and hot clothes1 bags of sand1 or bottles1 are placed against the belly for that purpose4 ,when the suffering depends on cold alone1 the relief is speedy2 and when it is dependent on other causes1 the sense of comfort imparted testifies to the effect of the application4 ,the heat allays the spasm1 which the cold provoked4 ,warmth1 therefore1 is a sedative to organic muscular fibre2 and now1 let it be asked1 if during labor we should seek to dispel the contraction of the womb8 ,during gestation the muscular coat of the uterus is passive2 but when that function has been perfected1 ,nature endues it with energy to expel the foetus4 ,upon the violence of its contractions the performance of this important office is wholly and entirely dependent4 ,without it the young cannot be borne2 and however painful may be its force1 nevertheless1 such pain is to be welcomed1 and regarded thankfully4 ,the throes may be agonizing1 but it is more cruel to check than to promote them2 for the temporary relief we obtain by causing them to cease1 will certainly be purchased with the life of the animal that enjoys so dearly-bought a repose4 ,the shriek of the bitch during the time when a pup probably is being forced into the world1 may harrow the heart of an affectionate master1 and his sympathies may be wrought upon by beholding the convulsion which stretches every fibre of her frame4 ,the sounds may grate upon the ear1 and the spectacle may be terrible to look upon--for in dogs ,i have seen misery so powerfully exemplified1 that ,i do no wrong to any man1 when ,i suppose the picture would be piteous to his humanity--but it is not charity which would put a termination to the pangs4 ,place the bitch1 then1 in a warm bath1 and the appearances almost instantaneously are changed4 ,the animal rejoices in the ease which a cessation of torture produces4 ,no doubt she1 for the time1 luxuriates1 and her face expresses the sense of happiness she then enjoys4 ,but her fate is with the pleasure sealed2 and she obtains a momentary ease to meet with a lingering1 or perhaps a frightful death1 for ,i have known inflammation of the womb to follow the use of the warm bath4 ,the use of the warm bath is1 during labor1 at best a mistake generated by ignorance2 and unfortunately it is one of those errors which can rarely be afterwards redeemed2 for the weakness it induces is so great1 that the tonicity required in parturition is destroyed2 and this no medicine can restore4 ,another common failing in veterinary practitioners is1 a belief that the ergot of rye1 or secale cornutum1 acts upon the dog as a direct uterine excitant1 and thus promotes the parturitive function4 ,in this belief1 however1 they are not single4 ,many writers speak with confidence of its operation upon the animal4 ,the accounts are positive2 and ,i would not lightly place my unsupported testimony to the fact against a host of authors who can be suspected of no motive to misstate4 ,the gentlemen alluded to are authorities of such weight that a strong conviction of the truth is required to make me advance1 against such and so many witnesses1 my single word4 ,the reader must1 however1 take both for what they are worth2 and remember the truth is not the less true because there may be but one humble individual ranged upon its side4 ,it is not my intention to say the authors who speak decidedly concerning the action of the ergot on the bitch had no grounds for the statements they advance4 ,i should not be justified in making so gross an assertion2 on the contrary1 ,i believe sincerely they saw all which they narrate2 but1 nevertheless1 ,i am prepared to maintain that secale cornutum is not an excitant to the uterus of the dog in that sense which would warrant the veterinary practitioner in regarding it as a lawful agent4 ,to be so esteemed by such persons1 it should be both safe and certain in its operation4 ,it should not only possess a chance of doing good in one direction1 but it ought to be attended with no probability of doing harm in another way4 ,it may1 in the hands of others1 have caused the uterus to contract1 and thus have favored parturition1 or have brought about abortion4 ,i have seen it do neither1 but ,i cannot say it has never thus acted2 ,i am in no position to prove the negative4 ,when ,i have given it to the animal1 it has disordered the stomach and induced vomition4 ,the dogs ,i tried its action upon might possibly have been bad subjects for experiment1 but ,i am not aware that they presented any peculiarity4 ,in every case that has passed under my observation1 secale cornutum has been injurious2 and ,i fear lest it may be so1 when employed by others2 ,i1 therefore1 discountenance its use1 declaring the custom of exhibiting it with a view to quicken labor to be dangerous4 ,i have used it as an emetic1 though1 rarely2 as1 for ordinary circumstances1 there are preferable agents at command2 but for some time ,i have abandoned its employment as a parturient for the bitch4 ,to reconcile1 in some measure1 the opposite opinions1 and explain the probable source of difference1 let the reader consider the possible conditions of the animals ,i and others have subjected to observation4 ,the medical man1 when experimentalising upon a dog1 generally buys the animal2 and as he merely wants a life to practise upon1 he does not give money to procure beauty or high breed2 cheapness is an object with him2 and any unfortunate straggling brute1 that can with impunity be trapped1 is sufficient for his purpose4 ,such unhappy creatures are to be caught roaming about the country2 perhaps poorly fed1 but strong and low-bred curs4 ,the dogs ,i am called to are not of this kind4 ,they have been tenderly fostered1 and generally their health has been deteriorated by the excess of care bestowed upon them4 ,they are high-bred animals1 and their sensibility is equal to their caste4 ,my object1 also1 is not to play with life1 but to save it2 and that at which the medical man would laugh1 ,i have reasons to regard with a serious countenance4 ,therefore1 the accident which to me would be most important1 might to others be so trivial as to deserve no notice1 and even to excite no remark4 ,however1 supposing no accident to occur1 the vigorous and low-bred mongrel might well endure that which a delicate and high-bred pet could not sustain4 ,the stomach of the one being strong1 would retain that which should induce violent spasm in the morbidly sensitive organ of the other4 ,dogs1 it is true1 are but dogs2 yet1 as a group1 they present such varieties that there can be many things asserted of them which shall be true or untrue as applied to individuals4 ,consequently1 when ,i1 writing of medicines as applied to certain descriptions of dogs1 assert a particular agent is not in its action such as various writers have described1 it is just possible ,i may not contradict the declarations previously made4 ,we may probably be both speaking of our knowledge only of really different things4 ,nominally the creatures we each observed were dogs2 but though they were the same in race1 in capabilities and bulk1 they were perfectly distinct4 ,the dog of the pharmacologist is a kind of beast ,i know nothing of2 ,i am ignorant--entirely and totally ignorant--of the creature that ,magendie and other respectabilities report of4 ,as to the tales told by the ,french physiologists1 ,i confess an inability to credit one-third of them2 and from the list of those narrated by ,english physicians1 ,i am obliged to make a very wide selection4 ,my unfortunate capacity for incredulity in this matter has been educated by a professional acquaintance with the animal2 and gentlemen must pardon me if ,i am disposed to think1 they who are not ashamed to publish their wanton disregard for life would not be very tender with respect to a mere report about the creature whose suffering they despised4 ,where sympathy is dead1 the conscience cannot be very acute4 ,i have yet another custom here to deprecate2 and ,i am sorry to add1 it is one which books and teachers equally countenance4 ,i allude to the employment of instruments in parturition1 without any rule being pointed out as to the time when such aids are necessary4 ,hundreds of bitches are murdered by the misdirected efforts of ,veterinarians2 and of the brutalities resorted to by other persons1 ,i designedly take no notice4 ,such fellows--mere pretenders--are below the contempt of every honest mind2 and my indignation passes over them to face the persons by whom their interference is permitted4 ,it is horrible to think of the amount of torture which man's favorite animal is hourly subjected to1 through the culpability or weakness of those who should1 in gratitude for the poor beast's affections1 be cautious to protect it4 ,poetical as the dog is at all times1 ,i know of no circumstance that develops more pathetically the disposition of the creature than that of pupping4 ,at such a time1 the bitch in her agony seems to trust more confidently in mankind4 ,animals that at other periods have allowed no one to approach them1 at such moments have seemed to welcome me1 and have appeared to comprehend the motive which brought me to their sides4 ,to be examined they submit2 and the pain it will often occasion may cause the animal to cry1 but it draws forth no sign of resentment4 ,the eyes are fixed upon the operator1 as if to tell him of the suffering1 and entreat for his sympathy4 ,the expression of the face is mild and even plaintive2 but1 if possible1 still more appealing are the endeavors the creature almost invariably makes to assist her attendant's designs4 ,she seems1 by some process that ,i cannot otherwise than consider to be a mental one1 to comprehend human motives1 and to more than appreciate our intentions4 ,her gratitude now would appear to be intense1 and her confidence to be boundless4 ,where ,i have reluctantly been necessitated to resort to force1 the dragging of a dead pup through a swollen passage has produced the pain which brought a sharp shriek from the animal2 the agony has been such that even the fortitude of the canine parent could not silently sustain2 and under its almost maddening influence1 the head has been turned instinctively to bite4 ,the natural impulse1 however1 was never fully gratified2 the nose has touched my hand1 but the jaws have closed before they grasped it4 ,i have then distinctly felt the snapping motion1 and plainly heard the teeth rattle as they quickly hit against each other1 but they have never injured me4 ,the dog could not repress the natural instinct2 but though the hand was against its mouth1 the noble beast has bitten the air4 ,if men knew more of dogs1 the animal would be more esteemed4 ,the persons who pretend to dislike them are always ignorant of the creatures4 ,it is impossible for human beings to see much of1 and be acquainted with1 these despised brutes1 without becoming their admirers4 ,to like dogs denotes no peculiarity of taste or strangeness of disposition2 for he must be incapable of appreciating natural goodness1 who can observe these animals and not grow fond of them4 ,there is no mental sympathy between a shrub and ourselves2 yet a passion for flowers is pretended to by many who cultivate a horror of the canine race4 ,both feelings are affections1 and a person of good sense would be ashamed to acknowledge either4 ,flowers are sweet and pretty1 but man cannot love such things2 whereas1 between us and dogs there can be a positive bond of affection4 ,in this world no one should be proud of disliking anything it is possible for him to love1 or indulge a hatred towards any life that can adore him4 ,i have too many reasons to be grateful for the generosity of the brute1 not to feel warmly toward it4 ,there is no day my hands are not spared1 for they are constantly exposed1 and never protected2 and ,i should long ago have been torn to pieces if the canine race were legitimate objects of dread4 ,therefore ,i merely discharge a debt1 when ,i assert the magnanimity of the creature2 and it is a duty on my part to do all in my power to benefit the despised brute4 ,with that object ,i speak most unreservedly1 in condemnation of the way in which instruments are employed during parturition4 ,many various inventions are sold in shops2 and of these1 the great majority are very dangerous4 ,of themselves1 very few indeed are safe1 with any skill2 and most are seldom needed4 ,in the mode of employing them1 they are almost sure to do injury2 for in ninety-nine cases out of every hundred1 they are introduced much too early1 and in the hundredth they are used with unnecessary violence4 ,before any instrument is employed1 the pup should be within the pelvis4 ,the forceps sold in shops are made with the intention of dragging the foetus from the womb2 and one of the difficulties the practitioner is supposed to encounter in parturition of the bitch1 is taught to be the impossibility of hauling the foetus from the horn of the uterus4 ,one pup generally occupies the body of the womb1 and the rest of the litter are located in the horns4 ,that is their natural situation2 and as in the gravid state the length of the horns is greatly extended1 of course some occupy a place far within the abdomen4 ,the length of the horns1 however1 though supposed to constitute the only obstacle1 is not the single cause which prevents the pup being reached by instruments4 ,the horns1 in consequence of their greater length1 become bent1 or folded upon themselves2 so that an instrument which should drag the pups to light1 where more than two or three are present1 should be made to pass forward in the first instance1 and then be constructed to take a backward direction4 ,those who invented these instruments to deliver bitches with1 would seem to have been ignorant of this necessity2 and ,i here mention it to prove how perfectly inadequate such things are for the purpose intended4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,gravid ,,uterus4 ,before any instrument is employed1 the pup should be within the vagina4 ,this is a rule that can hardly be with impunity violated by the generality of practitioners4 ,simple and brief as may be the direction1 it is one that only on rare occasions may be safely disregarded2 and of the exceptional case1 mention will be made hereafter4 ,the pup must be within the passage2 and not only there1 but so there1 as to seem impacted1 before assistance by means of instruments is necessary4 ,the largest foetus can1 in almost every case1 proceed thus far2 and where it is of too great a size to come so low1 any interference would be desperate2 for then it must be of such a magnitude as to destroy the probability of delivery being accomplished4 ,when the pup has not entered the pelvis1 the practitioner may be assured the obstacle is not created by the disproportioned size of the young4 ,the labor either has not proceeded far enough1 and time is required for its completion2 or the uterus is feeble1 and stimulants are wanted to invigorate it4 ,the largest foetus can be moved by the womb2 so the size must be an impediment only to its passage through the vagina4 ,there is therefore no mechanical hindrance before that part has been reached1 and no mechanical assistance at an earlier period is imperative4 ,when the veterinarian is called to a labor that has already commenced1 and perhaps been some time about1 he directs his first attention to the orifice4 ,if the perineum looks unnaturally distended1 so large as to be remarkable1 the presence of a pup in the vagina may be concluded2 and here he must know how to act with decision4 ,if the throes are on1 and strong1 though evidence of pain be heard1 we must not be too quick to interfere4 ,if there be anything like a bladder protruding from the vulva1 nothing whatever must be done4 ,in easy births the pups invariably come into the world enveloped in their membranes1 and thereby their egress seems to be greatly accelerated4 ,if these burst1 or are broken1 the delivery is thereby rendered more difficult4 ,the membranes consequently1 if protruding1 should not be touched4 ,some persons1 ,i know1 seize them under an idea1 that by pulling at these1 or at the cord1 the foetus can be brought away4 ,the notion is fallacious4 ,with the first or second pup the membrane may be visible2 and1 nevertheless1 the labor may not then have proceeded far enough to detach all the placenta4 ,the entirety of the caul1 or water-bag1 denotes that the foetus is alive2 and it also shows that ,nature is proceeding to accomplish1 in due time1 her offices4 ,the position which the bitch assumes during labor also deserves to be noted4 ,while she remains within her bed1 and continues lying upon her side1 however tedious may be the labor1 there is little reason for apprehension4 ,a few cries vented when the throes are present1 or a moan or two emitted when they are coming on1 may be expected1 and deserve little observation2 but when the bitch gives forth sharp1 short exclamations1 leaves her house or basket1 and places herself in the attitude she takes when voiding her fces1 there is cause to conclude something wrong1 and requiring immediate help1 has taken place4 ,most authorities make mention of what are called wrong presentations2 and such are very commonly met with in the cow1 mare1 and the larger animals2 but ,i have never known a case of false presentation in the bitch2 and ,i am led to conclude that the authors who narrated such cases1 drew upon their experience in other directions1 describing imaginative possibilities as circumstances that had actually occurred4 ,i do not well comprehend how a false presentation could take place in this animal1 and ,i can grant the possibility of its ever having been witnessed to the first pup alone4 ,it is remotely possible that this one should be presented sideways1 though highly improbable it could take such a position4 ,after the womb has expelled the first of the litter1 the body of the generative organ contracts2 and all the others must pass through it in a line favorable to the birth4 ,it is of little consequence1 in the young of the dog1 whether the head or tail be first born4 ,examples in both directions are always witnessed in every puppying4 ,so likewise is it of small importance how the legs are placed1 though of course delivery is favored by their being properly arranged4 ,at the time of birth1 however1 the bones of the pup are but partially consolidated2 and that circumstance causes them not to offer those serious obstructions which they are found to present in other creatures4 ,the gelatinous mass readily takes the form required for its expulsion2 and the practitioner has little reason to perplex himself concerning those particulars which in the calf or foal he knows to be of vital import4 ,the principal obstruction to birth in the bitch springs from the weakness of the creature4 ,to this its sufferings1 and the too frequent tediousness of its labor1 are to be mostly attributed4 ,when there are evident signs of debility--shown by the throes having subsided1 and further evidenced by no symptom of their reappearance being witnessed after three or four hours' watching--from a teaspoonful to a table-spoonful of brandy1 mixed with sugar and cold water1 may be administered2 and in half an hour repeated1 if it should have no effect4 ,this ,i have seldom found to fail1 and never have ,i known it to do injury2 wherefore ,i prefer it to the ergot of rye1 which in my hands has been uncertain and injurious4 ,patience1 however1 is more often needed1 than stimulants required2 and before the latter are resorted to1 the symptoms of debility ought to be recognised2 for without these be perceived1 the passive condition of the uterus deserves no immediate attention4 ,when the throes are on1 the efforts may be assisted4 ,this is best done by placing the hands under the abdomen1 and with them making pressure whenever the straining appears4 ,the hands1 however1 must not be held so long as will let them get hot2 for1 by communicating warmth1 more harm is done than the benefit afforded is likely to compensate4 ,the object in placing the hands under the belly is1 to brace and give support to the abdominal muscles2 which1 in the dog1 are naturally weak1 and in the bitch during gestation always become attenuated4 ,cold cloths to the abdomen will also in some cases--but not in all--excite the uterus1 and bring on vigorous throes4 ,the coldest water ,i could procure is that of the temperature employed by me2 and it has seldom1 to my knowledge1 been otherwise than beneficial4 ,when the birth is long delayed1 the bladder and rectum should be examined and emptied of their contents by means of the injection-pipe and catheter4 ,to draw off the urine of the bitch is not difficult or dangerous4 ,a knowledge of the situation of the meatus1 or termination of the urethra1 is necessary to the operation2 and this is best obtained by dissection4 ,it lies within the pelvis1 a short way anterior to the brim1 and above the symphysis of the ischium4 ,i know that while endeavoring to explain1 ,i am here making use of words which will to the majority of readers convey no meaning2 nevertheless1 ,i cannot be more clear4 ,i have1 however1 in a communication to the ,veterinarian1 entered into this matter2 and ,i here extract from that journal part of a paper published in the number for ,january1 #ahdi3-- ,with regard to the bitch1 ,i always let the animal stand upon her legs1 simply having an assistant to hold the head and engage the attention of the creature4 ,the meatus lies about half an inch or two inches within the pelvis1 the distance varying with the size of the dog4 ,the line of the urethra is rather forward than downward1 though1 of course1 in both directions4 ,after having once or twice passed the instrument1 it is surprising how very readily this conjectured impossibility is performed4 ,i think so little of the difficulties1 that ,i have no inclination to dilate upon the few precautions which are required to remove them4 ,i may1 however1 here state1 that1 when grasping the penis of the dog1 a handkerchief or a portion of tow will be required to render the hold secure2 and the wire should1 before the catheter is introduced1 be withdrawn1 while it ought to be moistened with olive oil to facilitate its passage1 as the canal is not unfrequently devoid of mucus4 ,when the pup is partly born1 and its passage appears to be delayed1 either through the feebleness of the throes or some mechanical impediment1 assistance should be afforded4 ,the restlessness of the bitch will1 perhaps1 be the most proper indication2 and it is the more necessary to be cautious in our interference1 as1 on account of the size of the animal1 the aid we can afford is limited4 ,when a paw is to be seen1 this may be laid hold of2 but not without the fingers being covered2 for1 as the limb is slippery1 the force intended to secure it would hardly render the grasp confirmed1 and might crush the member4 ,the osseous structure in the pup at birth1 as ,i have already stated1 is not consolidated2 and all other components of the body are in a condition proportionally immatured4 ,the tiny being1 when first brought into the world1 is little better than a living mass of pulp2 and on that account1 it must be gently handled4 ,far less violence than might be supposed requisite to do so1 will dismember it2 and no vast force is needed to pull even the head from the trunk4 ,aware of this1 the efforts intended for the delivery must be regulated by the power of the substance to endure them4 ,the practitioner must take a thin1 soft cloth1 or what is better1 his silk pocket-handkerchief1 and with this lay hold of any part that can be grasped4 ,if but one leg can be got hold of1 that must be secured1 and an attempt made to bring forward the other4 ,the two being obtained1 gentle force or traction may be through them applied while the throes are on4 ,the dragging must not be strong1 as1 if the pup be alive1 it will be injured2 or1 alive or dead1 it may be torn to pieces4 ,a broken pup1 as the foetus is called when any part of it has been pulled off1 is always more dangerous to the life of the bitch1 and much more difficult to get away1 than one that is entire4 ,the impediment bears relation to the extent of the mutilation4 ,thus the separation of the head is more serious than the deprivation of a limb2 for1 let not the reader imagine that in the dog1 as in the cow or mare1 embryotomy by means of a knife can be successfully resorted to4 ,i have endeavored sometimes to perform craniotomy1 or to remove the brains of the foetus1 hoping by so reducing the bulk of the head to facilitate the delivery2 but the result has displeased me1 and ,i no longer follow the practice4 ,the pup1 if to be got away at all1 will be most easily removed entire2 and that it may not have its integrity destroyed1 the assistance given to the mother must be temperate4 ,every little aid is a help to the labor2 and knowing that1 we must be content if we are denied to accomplish all4 ,the traction1 assisted by a secure grasp1 should be steady2 and the lips of the part should at the same time be as much as possible pulled open with the fingers of the free hand4 ,mild1 soothing1 and encouraging words will1 during the operation1 be of every consequence2 and it is of importance that1 in every particular1 the animal should be humored to the extent of possibility4 ,restraint should be enforced only where absolutely necessary2 and when it is so1 the creature will strangely comprehend the reason that compels1 and patiently1 or at least without resentment1 submit to its endurance4 ,a harsh word1 however1 or a blow1 or both together1 too frequently gratify the impatience of the practitioner1 and1 at this time1 often dispel the throes on which the birth depends4 ,the dog is ever sensitive to correction2 no living being more acutely feels rebuke or praise2 and its excitable nature1 lighted up by the pains of labor1 cannot then endure unkindness1 and should receive our sympathy4 ,good language1 no hurry1 and a rejection of all violence1 will do more for a desperate case than all the drugs in the pharmacy1 or all the tact which ingenuity is possessed of4 ,to secure the legs1 when they can be felt1 ,blaine recommends a skein of worsted4 ,i have not found that article of any use whatever4 ,if introduced into the vagina1 it soon becomes moist1 adheres to the finger1 and cannot be detached from it4 ,if1 however1 applied in a loop or slip-knot round a paw1 ,i have known it cut through the bone2 and its only advantage lies in the fact of its little tendency to come off when once fixed4 ,even in that respect1 however1 it sometimes disappoints1 and ,i consequently no longer use it4 ,to supply its place1 ,i had the following very simple instrument made2 and it answers every intention1 although it is but seldom required3-- ,illustration3 ,,parturition ,,instrument4 ,a tube of polished metal is at one end curved to suit the line of the pelvis1 and at the other it is grooved1 and also has a small cross-bar4 ,into the tube a piece of zinc wire is introduced1 so as to double and form a loop at the bent extremity1 the ends of the wire coming forth at the other4 ,one of the ends of the wire is twisted into the groove1 so as to render it fast2 and that being done1 the instrument is prepared for use4 ,when required1 it is introduced with the loop of wire upon the point of the finger1 and the paw it is desired to fix being felt1 the finger is withdrawn1 and the instrument moved forward4 ,the free end of the wire is then pulled to render the hold secure2 when it is twisted round the projecting bar and made secure4 ,by employing a pliable wire1 we gain those advantages which arise from its not becoming flabby and adherent when the part is moist2 but it retains its form1 and is therefore more readily directed4 ,the tube assists us in guiding the loop1 which1 being once fixed1 can be made secure1 so that traction does not afterwards further tighten it4 ,the danger1 however1 is not entirely removed2 for1 if undue force be used1 the wire may do injury as well as the worsted2 and for that reason ,i seldom resort to it1 unless assured the pup is dead1 when the pains are generally slight1 and additional force is often necessitated4 ,when the pup dies before birth1 the membranes in which it is enveloped generally rupture2 and by introducing the finger1 the foetus is to be felt without these interposing4 ,the mere rupture of the membranes1 and the emission of the meconium--a dark1 greenish1 semi-fluid substance--will not alone convince us of the fact2 but1 if the labor has been prolonged1 if the throes are almost lost1 and if no motion can be detected in the pup1 we may conclude the life has departed4 ,dead pups are more difficult to deliver1 and stimulants are generally needed to promote their expulsion2 but manual help is to be given with caution4 ,youatt speaks of working hard1 till his nail was soft and his finger sore1 for two hours at a time2 and that author tells us the passage was1 by his industry and frequent examinations1 so much swollen1 that only with considerable difficulty could the finger be passed4 ,the humanity which shines in every wish that writer ever penned1 and the purpose of all his teaching1 assures us he thought such a proceeding was not only imperative but praiseworthy4 ,he was1 however1 a good man actuated by an imperfect knowledge4 ,let no one follow his example2 but be passive till the time for action is ascertained--and it is of no use to grope for it4 ,frequent examinations are injurious2 the more seldom they are made the better2 for1 if undertaken only when the judgment sees a chance of hope1 no harm will be occasioned4 ,under every delay1 therefore1 have patience2 for often the pup which originally would resist every attempt to bring it forth1 will1 after it has been dead a few hours1 be delivered with a facility we could not anticipate4 ,if the parts are not irritated and rendered dry1 there is little to be apprehended2 but if this be done1 inflammation of the uterus is apt to be induced1 and should that occur1 it is of little consequence to the life of the bitch whether the pup be delivered or not delivered4 ,from the pup1 whether it be dead or alive1 we are not to look for those signs which denote there is a pressing necessity to accomplish the delivery without delay4 ,i have known a foetus1 after being ascertained to be dead1 to be retained four days1 and the bitch to survive4 ,instances of the dead pup remaining in the womb a day or two are very common2 and1 if we had no other proofs1 these would be sufficient to convince us there need be no immediate hurry4 ,when1 however1 the bitch becomes restless1 gets in and out of her bed1 pants1 staggers1 refuses food1 drinks largely1 and is shortly afterwards sick2 when the tongue becomes dry1 and the pulse grows quick and thin1 or unnaturally hard and strong1 there is danger1 and at every hazard delivery must be accomplished4 ,there will1 however1 then only be a distant chance of success2 and where these indications have been remarked1 the life of the mother has generally been lost4 ,if a portion of the litter has been born1 and1 on the appearance of the symptoms just described1 the pups refuse to suck1 and when placed to the teats turn from them1 the termination will be fatal4 ,the milk seems to have lost its inviting properties1 and to be rendered disgusting by the approach of death2 and the sign is as conclusive as the departure of vermin from the carcase of an animal4 ,forcible delivery is to be accomplished by every means in our power2 for it is undertaken only when hope by ordinary process is despaired of4 ,forceps of any kind1 however1 are to be employed with extreme care4 ,these instruments are always dangerous in the bitch2 as we cannot see1 and can but imperfectly feel1 so there is little guide to their proper use4 ,the crochet1 a blunt hook--and for the dog it can hardly be too blunt--is to be preferred4 ,as ,i have before submitted to the public my opinion of this instrument1 ,i here extract from a paper which appeared in ,the ,veterinarian for ,february1 #ahdg3-- ,illustration3 ,,the ,,crochet4 ,i was obliged to meet my pupils in the evening1 and was not sorry to leave a case which had now1 in my mind1 become hopeless2 but as ,i walked1 ,i could not forbear thinking of that which had occupied most of my attention during the day4 ,the different instruments employed to facilitate the labors of different animals passed in review before me2 but some were not applicable to the dog1 and others could not be manufactured with sufficient speed to benefit my present patient4 ,the crochet1 used with such power by the human practitioner1 seemed the one most likely to avail2 indeed1 it had often before occurred to me1 that an adaptation of this instrument would1 in our hands1 be of infinite service2 and1 after ,i had dismissed my class1 ,i hurried to procure what ,i had conceived would be useful4 ,mr4 ,perry1 to whom ,i applied1 had a human crotchet in his shop1 and this he consented to alter according to my directions4 ,i stayed till the alterations were completed1 and by eleven at night reached home1 to put the adaptation of the crotchet to the test4 ,it answered beyond my utmost expectation1 and ,i was enabled to bring away the whole of the contents of the womb with comparative ease4 ,four pups were extracted2 and while ,i compared them with the little animal from which they had been removed1 it required the evidence of my senses to convince me that the disproportioned mass had been forced through the narrow passage of the ,italian greyhound's vagina4 ,the pups were all dead4 ,each bore the well-marked character of the ,russian1 and by their size indicated their sire3 nor was that size decreased by their having been retained a week beyond their usual period4 ,so far my labor was accomplished2 but the appearance of the bitch indicated that all had been done to little purpose4 ,the pulse began to decrease in number1 and1 nevertheless1 continued hard and jerking--the eyes became fixed--the jaw closed--the head pendulous--and all the symptoms of approaching death were exhibited4 ,i tried to support the system2 but the poor animal died in spite of every attention1 and the examination after death showed the womb to be intensely inflamed4 ,it was with some anxiety that ,i looked for injuries and abrasions1 scarcely deeming it possible the violence ,i had necessarily employed had not lacerated the delicate structure with which the instrument had been in contact4 ,not a mark which ,i could attribute to the crotchet was to be discovered4 ,i have seen fearful wounds made by the forceps used to deliver the bitch2 but here1 in the most desperate case of the kind which ,i had ever undertaken1 was not a scratch or a bruise to be detected4 ,i have since confirmed the indications of utility which were given by the crotchet on the first occasion of its employment2 and had ,i not received such proofs in its favor as appeared to be conclusive1 ,i should1 perhaps1 on the results of a few cases only1 have hesitated to introduce it to general notice4 ,besides the instances before alluded to1 ,i have employed the instrument on four occasions--three times in my own practice1 and once at the request of a practitioner1 whose name it is desired ,i should conceal4 ,two of the cases were successful1 so far as the bitches were concerned2 one1 which was evidently sinking when brought to me1 was delivered of a pup in a decomposed state1 and died five hours afterwards1 the post-mortem displaying acute peritonitis2 the other1 which ,i attended to yesterday1 was alive when ,i last saw it2 but ,i am of opinion its hours are numbered4 ,the pulse is hard1 but not quick--the animal restless--and the eye dull3 worse symptoms can hardly be present4 ,the poor beast had been left too long unassisted for help of any kind to be of much avail4 ,of the pups brought forth by the aid of the crotchet1 the majority were dead2 indeed1 though safe to the mother1 the instrument is apt to be fatal to the offspring4 ,the numbers stand thus3--,dead when extracted1 #g2 mutilated when brought forth1 and immediately destroyed1 #a2 alive1 #a4 ,thus the proportions are as #h to #a against the probability of saving the pups2 but it must be remembered that the calculation is made from the cases of which the majority were1 by previous delay1 rendered hopeless1 and under fairer circumstances the result might have been different4 ,i will now proceed to describe the crotchet1 and explain the manner in which ,i have employed that instrument4 ,it has been long known to the human accoucheur1 but by him is not employed save under certain conditions4 ,a piece of stout steel wire constitutes its substance4 ,the wire1 about twelve inches long1 is flattened at one extremity1 and both ends crooked and made perfectly smooth or blunt1 the flattened hook being the larger of the two4 ,for the dog1 the instrument must1 of course1 be proportioned to the passage into which it is to be introduced2 and as the pup1 in consequence of the weakness of the abdominal parietes in the bitch1 often is felt lying below the level of the symphysis1 a dip or lateral bend is given to the hooks4 ,so simple is the crotchet1 which ought to be highly polished1 in order to secure its being perfectly smooth4 ,it is first warmed and greased1 then introduced with the index finger of one hand1 while the other guides the instrument into the womb4 ,the foetus is to be first felt1 and this is the more readily done if an assistant supports and compresses the abdomen4 ,when the finger has ascertained that the pup is favorably placed1 the hook 7and ,i generally use the flattened extremity of the instrument7 is to be pushed forward and then retracted1 until the operator is aware that a firm hold has been obtained4 ,the purchase being secure1 the finger is to be employed to keep the foetus from escaping1 by pushing it against or towards the point of the crotchet1 and holding it there4 ,traction is now made steadily and in the proper direction2 and the assistant at the same time1 by manipulating the belly1 facilitates the delivery of the bitch1 which should be in a standing position--not upon its back4 ,the directions are not very complex1 but they must not on that account be disregarded4 ,by introducing the finger1 and taking care that its extremity corresponds with the point of the instrument1 a great object is gained by securing the pup more firmly3 yet there are other advantages also obtained by this mode of operating4 ,the head of the foetus is generally too large for the vagina1 and hence the difficulty of its expulsion2 but by the employment of an instrument which is simultaneously to pass1 we appear to be increasing the obstruction3 however1 by compressing the head with the end of the finger1 it is in some degree forced to conform to the diameter of the passage1 which the gelatinous development of the pup at the time of birth readily enables it to do4 ,moreover1 the hazard of injury being done1 if the instrument should lose its hold1 is guarded against2 for should the hook slip1 the point would be received upon the end of the finger before it could catch the soft parts4 ,however1 the operator will feel the hold giving way long before it is entirely lost1 and will be enabled to rectify the occurrence in the majority of cases before there is a chance of accident4 ,the finger1 therefore1 becomes a sensible guide to the operator1 and by its employment the traction is rendered more firm and steady4 ,but above all1 care should be taken to have the instrument perfectly blunt1 and the beaks of the hooks not too long4 ,a sharp point might1 at the first glance1 seem more likely to answer the purpose in view2 but its employment would be attended with danger1 and on being tested1 it would be found more apt to tear away4 ,in fact1 the sharper the point1 the less firm would be the hold1 since the substance to be secured is somewhat of a pulpy nature2 whereas1 by using as broad and flat a point as possible1 the force is exerted on a larger surface1 and the grasp is proportionably the more likely to be retained2 the object being not to rend the foetus1 or tear it away1 but to gently pull it through the vagina1 using only so much violence as the judgment assures us is imperative for the accomplishment of the purpose4 ,on reflection1 ,i am inclined to think the measures adopted in the case narrated above were somewhat more precipitate than they ought to have been4 ,now1 ,i should have taken more time2 and the success does not assure me that the haste exhibited was fully warranted4 ,it is not always easy to ascertain when the whole of the pups have been removed4 ,the last in the womb1 always occupying the extremity of one of the horns of the uterus1 may by an inexperienced practitioner be overlooked4 ,most persons seek to learn whether the labor has been perfected1 by inserting the finger up the vagina2 and they who base their opinions upon an examination of that description will often be deceived4 ,external manipulation will best lead us to the knowledge we desire to gain2 and when the hand is properly directed1 an approach to certainty can be obtained4 ,the pup to be felt through the walls of the abdomen is an uneven body2 the inequalities caused by the limbs being detected4 ,after parturition there is generally one thing that may be mistaken1 which is the contraction of the body of the uterus4 ,the first pup born occupied that situation1 and on its expulsion the part of the womb it filled narrows1 becoming thick and somewhat hard4 ,under the fingers1 it conveys the idea of a solid substance1 and it may be imagined to be another foetus4 ,it is too frequently seized when the forceps are ignorantly and violently employed4 ,the womb has been repeatedly forcibly dragged forth1 and its integrity destroyed4 ,a mistake of this kind is fatal4 ,the rupture of the uterus is followed by sickness and a cessation of the throes2 while the hemorrhage from the laceration induces inflammation that destroys the life2 therefore1 when forcible means are determined upon1 extreme care is required1 and forceps1 as a general rule1 had better be dispensed with4 ,as regards other means--such as the tube and wire1 the crotchet1 the supports to the abdomen1 and the employment of stimulants--these must be regulated by the circumstances of the case4 ,the appearance of the bitch will generally denote when the births are completed4 ,she1 after the last of the litter has been born1 seems to be much rejoiced1 and by her manner indicates she has no more business at present to transact4 ,she curls herself round1 draws her puppies close to her1 makes the bed comfortable1 sees that all her family are in order1 and then composes herself for a comfortable sleep4 ,the meaning of her actions is at this time so conspicuous1 that ,i have repeatedly lingered to watch them2 and he who has never witnessed her conduct on such occasions1 might be entertained by observing it4 ,the animal subsequently requires little attention1 beyond a change of bed and a fair supply of nutritive food4 ,she does best when least noticed2 but it is well to see that she takes a sufficiency of exercise4 ,on the following day she should be taken out2 and on every day after that she ought to be about pretty much as before4 ,some bitches1 however1 are such devoted mothers as to sacrifice health1 and occasionally life itself1 to enjoy the pleasure of being with their young ones4 ,this excess of affection must be controlled2 for if not checked it will seriously injure both parent and offspring4 ,all animals1 however1 are not thus distinguished4 ,some bitches cannot be induced to suckle the pups they have given birth to2 and others1 though less frequent1 will eat their progeny4 ,the disposition to desert or destroy their young seems to prevail among the parentage of this world4 ,in the female of the dog the maternal instinct is most powerful2 but under certain conditions of the animal's body1 the natural impulse seems to be perverted1 and she takes the life she would else have perished to preserve4 ,it is painful1 knowing this1 to reflect that on his own species man inflicts the highest punishment1 for an act that possibly may be1 in the human being as in brutes1 the consequence of a mental excitement accompanying the period of parturition4 ,women1 when not in distress and otherwise afflicted1 rarely indeed are guilty of infanticide2 and ,i have observed annoyance or ill health proceed or accompany the like act in animals4 ,if the rabbit be looked at1 her alarm seems to change her nature2 and the bitch that devours her pups will1 upon inquiry1 be generally found to have suffered some species of persecution4 ,that the brain is affected there can be no doubt4 ,the unnatural propensity is of itself a proof2 but the strange appearance1 and the altered looks of the creature1 sufficiently denote her state4 ,she is not then savage2 her ferocity has been gratified2 and she seems rather to be afflicted with a remembrance of the act she was unable to resist4 ,she is the picture of shame2 she slinks away at our approach1 and her eye no longer confidently seeks that of her master2 her aspect is dejected1 but ,i think more with sorrow than with crime4 ,i would not plead for sin2 but what ,i have beheld in dogs inclines me to think the majority of those who have been hung for infanticide were legally murdered4 ,there is danger in admitting such an opinion2 but seeing all animals at certain periods exhibit a particular propensity1 it is very doubtful whether the morbid feeling1 as exemplified in the human race1 is really one that calls for mortal punishment4 ,when a bitch has devoured her young1 let an emetic be administered2 and should the bowels be costive1 an aperient be exhibited4 ,a little fever medicine may follow2 but if its effects are not immediately witnessed1 tonics1 without loss of time1 should be resorted to4 ,the food must be mild2 and everything should be done to guard against excitement4 ,the system requires to be soothed2 for the act is always attended with general disturbance2 and attention must be paid to prevent the milk from accumulating in the glands4 ,some persons entertain a notion that the bitch which has once devoured her litter1 will ever after retain the disposition4 ,this is a false idea4 ,on the next occasion1 if properly treated--that is1 if not persecuted1 chastised1 alarmed1 and annoyed1 but properly dieted--she may prove1 and most likely will prove1 an excellent mother2 the very excitability which1 when over-stimulated1 induced her unnatural impulse1 making her1 when tranquil1 the more alive to the instincts of her nature4 ,i once saw this in a very remarkable manner illustrated by a rabbit4 ,the doe was sold to me very cheap1 and was in litter at the time of purchase4 ,a week after she came into my possession1 she plucked her fur and made her bed4 ,one morning ,i distinctly saw a nest full of young2 but looking again at noon1 not a single one of the progeny was to be beheld4 ,some little blood and a mangled leg told their history2 and the animal a fortnight afterwards was again put to the buck4 ,i by chance discovered1 while the doe was breeding1 that she had an inordinate thirst4 ,at first it amused me to see the creature lap the water ,i presented to her2 but at last ,i placed within her hutch a cup1 and had it kept constantly filled4 ,her desire for liquid was not speedily quenched2 and it became to me a source of some pain when ,i reflected how much agony the craving must have caused prior to my being conscious of its existence4 ,the next litter was not eaten by the mother4 ,she brought them up1 and they likewise did well1 drinking as much as they pleased4 ,the disposition of the doe appeared to undergo a change4 ,from having been savage1 that is1 from always endeavoring to bite and scratch the hand that cleaned her residence1 or even supplied her table1 she became gentle and familiar1 allowing her person to be caressed1 and letting her progeny be looked at4 ,she was at last as good as she was beautiful2 and ,i parted with her for a sum exactly four times that which she had cost me4 ,after a bitch has pupped1 there always is from the vagina a discharge1 which rarely ceases before a week expires1 and sometimes flows forth for a longer period4 ,some gentlemen of the fancy1 as the dog breeders term themselves1 boast they know how to check it2 and to what extent their knowledge may reach ,i cannot pretend to say4 ,i have been requested to perform such an office1 but hitherto ,i have not attempted to fulfil it2 and ,i should be very sorry to do so1 even if ,i were certain there existed the means to arrest the exudation4 ,it is natural2 if the animal be left alone1 she will be sure to perform the offices of cleanliness1 and to do everything her state requires4 ,for the first week the bitch is very attentive to her family2 and as it gives her pain when one is taken up1 it is better not to handle the pups more than is absolutely necessary4 ,she should be well fed2 not crammed1 but nourished2 and she will require more food than formerly1 for there are many mouths to feed through hers4 ,the quantity of support she needs may be conjectured from the rapid growth of the pups4 ,a small bitch of my own had a litter of four4 ,the mother weighed seven pounds six ounces2 and between the second and fourth weeks the young ones daily added one ounce and a half each to their bulk4 ,it would require some amount of milk to supply such a quantity of flesh2 and we have also to remember that1 during the rapid growth1 the process of consolidation is simultaneously going forward4 ,good nourishing food1 sufficient in bulk1 is absolutely imperative2 for if the pups be stinted1 the dogs will assuredly be weak4 ,a strong bitch may be able to bring up as many young as she can produce at a litter2 but the animals of the smaller or more choice breeds are seldom possessed of such capabilities4 ,the very diminutive will not generally rear two pups without suffering2 and four are a very heavy drag upon the majority of the animals kept as pets1 even though they be in no way remarkable on account of size4 ,three1 perhaps1 is the average number the larger favorites can nurture4 ,when1 through a desire to get as many specimens of a particular breed as possible1 a delicate bitch is allowed to suckle all the members of a heavy litter1 fits are the too probable consequence4 ,the animal becomes so much weakened by the continual drain upon her1 that the whole system is debilitated1 and the brain shares the general disorder4 ,previous to this being perceptible1 the animal may be observed to pant violently when her young are sucking2 and instead of cuddling to them in a manner expressive of her delight1 she stretches herself out1 and frequently exhibits uneasiness by shifting her position4 ,at length she breaks away from her offspring1 which appear to be dissatisfied with her departure4 ,she does not continue quiet after her escape1 but seeks ease in vain1 has a vacant expression of countenance4 ,affection1 however1 impels her to return2 and the same scene is exhibited1 the pups seizing upon her1 and having no regard for her exhaustion4 ,the little things are hungry1 for the source of their nourishment is failing2 and thus the demand is the greater1 just as the supply becomes the less4 ,at length the poor bitch pants1 staggers1 falls1 and writhes in convulsions1 which on an average continue about five minutes4 ,the struggle subsides1 to leave the animal in a sad state of weakness4 ,the pulse then is quick and feeble2 the pupil of the eye is dilated2 and if the teats be tried1 the milk they ought to contain will be found absent4 ,for the fit itself little need be done4 ,while they are violent1 an injection of ether and laudanum may be thrown up2 and when the consciousness is in some degree recovered1 a dose of the same1 with from a quarter of an ounce to an ounce of sherry may be administered4 ,afterwards a few tonics may be given2 but the mother must never be permitted to visit her young ones as before4 ,either a foster-parent must be found 7and a cat will rear a small pup very tenderly71 or the litter must in part be brought up by hand4 ,this last is more troublesome than difficult to do4 ,the pups want to be fed early and late2 consequently1 they must be taken into the bed-room2 and when the feeding time arrives1 the soundest sleeper will be reminded of his duty4 ,a bottle1 such as is used for infants of the human kind1 must have a sort of nipple made of wash-leather fitted to it4 ,the leather is to be pricked all over with a fine needle1 and within it is to be placed a small piece of sponge to give substance and form to it4 ,there is need to do that1 because the pup when it sucks wraps the tongue round the teat2 and unless the body it thus grasps has bulk1 it cannot extract the liquid4 ,this1 therefore1 being attended to1 the little creatures very soon learn their lesson1 and all that is subsequently to be done will be to hold them to the bottle1 and the bottle to them4 ,each pup occupies from ten to fifteen minutes at a meal2 and they may be allowed to decide the quantity that will do them good1 unless one should obviously be morbidly gluttonous1 when the indulgence of its appetite should be restrained4 ,during the night the bitch must be kept away from her hungry tormentors2 but in the day-time she may be allowed to go to them every time after they have been fed2 and she may remain to enjoy their society for half-an-hour on each occasion4 ,the small gluttons1 though full of cow's juice1 will nevertheless find appetite for such a luxury as mother's milk2 but their energies being blunted1 they will have power to do no more than to prevent an accumulation within the glands4 ,the little1 however1 which they can swallow seems to do them much good2 for after this manner ,i have brought up many pups1 though1 when ,i have attempted to rear them wholly upon cow's milk1 success has not always rewarded my care4 ,there is only one circumstance needed to be pointed out when pups are brought up by hand4 ,the sponge and leather of the false nipple is apt to become sour2 and therefore1 after they have been used1 they should be kept in water rendered slightly alkaline with the carbonate of soda4 ,at three weeks old1 puppies may be brought to lap a little2 and they not only learn quickly where their bellies are concerned1 but they never1 like other children1 forget what they once acquire4 ,after a month a little scraped meat or boiled rice may be added to their diet2 and by five weeks old they will feed themselves4 ,therefore1 if the trouble be great it does not last long2 and to those who can make an amusement of the business1 the pleasure repays the labor4 ,i do not know whether feeding pups is quite as agreeable a pastime as killing birds2 but ,i am sure it is far less dangerous to him who follows it2 though the difference of name given to such recreations may1 to weak eyes1 invest them with very opposite attractions4 ,at this place it is not intended to enter at length into the plan to be pursued in rearing the pups2 but the method in which they ought to be weaned must be pointed out4 ,some persons remove the entire litter at a stated period2 various dates being fixed by different individuals when the young ones can do for themselves4 ,a pup can survive if taken from the mother at the expiration of the third week2 but it must be a strong animal1 or it will feel such an early separation from the source of its natural nourishment4 ,the stronger the pup1 the more attached is the bitch to it2 and ,i have known these animals to pine and neglect the rest1 when the favorite has been taken from her4 ,if1 however1 the healthy are beloved1 the weakly1 in almost a stronger degree1 are the objects of dislike4 ,in many breeds where the value is regulated by the lightness of the weight1 the one most prized by the owner is the one that too frequently dies4 ,the causes of this disappointment are many4 ,pups have neither politeness nor generosity4 ,they scramble at their meals2 and the one that is not able to contest for his share is certain to get the least4 ,thus the debilitated hope of particular litters comes but badly off4 ,it is pushed aside by its brothers and sisters1 whose vigorous greediness appears to endear them to their mother4 ,for the boisterous gluttons she will accommodate her position1 and fondly lick them in return for their energetic appetites2 but to the poor sickly thing she has given life to1 she lends no assistance1 and bestows no attention upon4 ,she seems to be ashamed of1 and disgusted with1 its degeneracy and while the others grow fat and sleek from positive repletion1 it becomes thin and dirty from actual starvation4 ,where1 therefore1 it is desirable to rear the smallest of the litter1 the proprietor must take care to see it properly fed4 ,the bitch may need to be held1 in order that the little one may suck her2 and often have ,i placed her under such restraint4 ,in order that the small one may be nurtured1 some persons have taken away from the mother the rest of the family2 but this practice1 though successful with regard to the life1 generally disappoints with respect to the diminutiveness1 which made the existence precious4 ,upon the abundance which such single blessedness secures1 the growth is generally rapid2 and it is not very long before ,nature makes up for her previous stint4 ,the better method is1 to let the companions continue2 care being exercised only to see that at meal-times all share alike4 ,the bitch1 also1 requires our attention to observe that all the glands are properly emptied4 ,puppies1 like children1 are apt to be fanciful where plenty prevails2 and it is no very rare occurrence for a litter to combine in refusing to draw the most forward of the teats4 ,these are situated under the sternum or breast-bone2 and repeatedly have animals with young ones recently born been brought to me1 because their owners perceived symptoms which could not be interpreted4 ,the animal is restless2 the nose is dry2 the tongue hot2 the appetite is either lost1 feeble1 or capricious2 and the dog is disinclined to move1 often crying out when obliged to walk4 ,if the teats are examined1 all those posteriorly situated will be found fairly drawn4 ,on these the pups can take a firm hold2 and as they are the most capacious1 no doubt they present temptations against which the lesser glands anteriorly placed cannot compete4 ,the smaller are therefore rejected2 and will be found to be distended with their secretion4 ,if this is removed1 and1 as necessity arises1 afterwards withdrawn1 no more need be done1 but the symptoms will subside4 ,to milk the bitch requires only a little patience4 ,the gland should be taken between the finger and thumb1 when any degree of pressure1 not designed to create pain1 may be made1 and the fluid squeezed out4 ,the animal submits with pleasure to have this operation performed1 and seldom moves before it is perfectly accomplished4 ,where any appearance of hardness is detected1 the place should be kneaded between the finger and thumb2 for pains should be taken to remove the coagulated milk1 which is generally the cause of the induration4 ,frequent and thorough milking will do more good in these cases than any of the active remedies sold by chemists and dog-fanciers1 for the purpose of immediately curing them4 ,to dry up the milk of a bitch is a duty we are often called upon to perform2 but it is one ,i invariably decline to accept4 ,the animal will always soon cease to yield its secretion if it be let alone2 for if dog's milk were valuable1 we should in vain use our utmost art to prolong its continuance4 ,when the pups are removed1 ,nature takes away that which is no longer required2 but if the litter be suddenly separated from the mother1 or all the young should be born dead1 ,nature may not immediately accommodate herself to the circumstances4 ,in such cases1 the milk should be withdrawn three times daily2 a dose of opening medicine should be administered1 and the food should be spare4 ,a few days' attention will be required2 but the matter1 if neglected1 causes much suffering1 and very frequently lays the foundation for future evil4 ,falling of the vagina1 or membrane lining the passage to the womb1 is sometimes witnessed in animals that are much confined1 and consequently of a debilitated habit4 ,creatures so savage as to be dangerous1 and which1 therefore1 cannot be properly exercised1 are most subject to it2 and ,i have in the greater number of instances met with it in high-bred bull-bitches of that disposition4 ,the reason of this is1 the bull-dog ranks as an entirely artificial creation4 ,in proof of this stands the well-known fact1 that unless the breed be sedulously kept up1 it is apt to degenerate1 or to become extinct4 ,old breeders even now say1 the ancient kind of ,english bull-dog is nowhere to be found4 ,but take another proof4 ,we want no anatomical knowledge or prejudice3 in him formation is to be judged4 ,let the reader look at the head of the animal depicted on page #djd4 ,is not the cranium a malformation8 ,do not the habits of the animal prove it to be a pampered creation8 ,it is not generally known1 that the disposition of the genuine bull-dog is too fond4 ,it will fondle upon any stranger2 and yet1 contrary to the general custom of its race1 it displays small preference for its master4 ,it will fondle a human being as though its heart would burst with affection2 but upon the slightest excitement--often upon a sudden sound--it will fly at and mangle the hand that was caressing it4 ,then the hold taken by this animal is more retentive than is strictly natural4 ,it will fix upon an object1 and frequently suffer itself to be dismembered before it will let go its hold1 although its master's voice be energetically raised to command it4 ,do not these traits bespeak the being formed rather by man's malice1 than created by ,nature's goodness8 ,look at the likeness of the beast1 and say how far it resembles the mild1 graceful1 and generous race to which it outwardly belongs4 ,it is the high1 or rather perverted1 state in which the breed is kept1 that subjects them to accidents2 it is the pampered condition in which these antipodes to beauty are reared that renders them so liable to afflictions that do not affect the ordinary run of their kind--such as falling of the vagina4 ,it comes on generally when heat is present1 and mostly disappears when the excitement subsides4 ,a red bag is seen to be pendulous from the orifice of the part2 and if no care be taken to prevent it1 this by exposure gets injured2 becomes hard2 bleeds freely1 and is difficult to return4 ,it often presents a pitiable aspect2 but however painful it may be to look at1 there seems to be but little suffering attending it4 ,the animal permits it to be freely handled1 and does not resist even when sharp dressings are applied4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bull-,,dog4 ,in such cases cleanliness is to be strictly observed4 ,if the protruded membrane should be thickened and excoriated1 it must be well washed with a sponge and warm water4 ,afterwards it may be bathed with a lotion1 7made of nitric acid one drachm1 to proof-spirit one ounce17 and then returned4 ,a cold injection1 composed of alum one drachm1 dissolved in spring water one pint1 may be used thrice daily2 and from a quarter of a grain to a grain of powdered gallic acid may be given three times a-day4 ,the inversion of the womb is more serious2 but it is generally more speedily restored4 ,in the larger animals1 that produce one or two young at a time1 the uterus is commonly inverted subsequent to parturition2 but in the dog ,i have known it only when the womb had for some period been unimpregnated4 ,blows may cause it2 so also may excessive weakness2 and the earlier it is attended to1 the more readily will it be restored4 ,the treatment is described in the following narrative1 which was published by me in the ,veterinarian4 ,i began by having a soft clean cloth spread upon a table1 and1 placing the dog on this1 with a sponge the uterus was gently moistened4 ,no friction was employed1 but with tepid water the part was carefully sopped4 ,this process was not quick4 ,an hour and a half expired before all the extraneous matter was by it removed4 ,this accomplished1 with a pair of scissors the fibrinous tumors were snipped off4 ,the hemorrhage was trivial2 but there yet remained marks of bruises and signs of laceration which could not be cut away4 ,to these a spirituous solution of nitric acid--a drachm to the ounce--was applied1 and the entire of the exposed surface dressed with it4 ,knowing the peculiar form of the passage1 ,i was able to return the womb1 and met with little obstruction4 ,up to this point ,i had succeeded better than at first ,i hoped2 but here came the difficulty4 ,the uterus was replaced1 but how was it to be retained8 ,the irritability of the system would have a natural tendency to reject the viscus1 and the lotion ,i had used was not of a soothing quality4 ,to render the case more desperate1 there was the knowledge of the temperament and habits of the animal--its manner of sitting--its mode of curving the spine to void its fces--the marked excitability of its generative organs--and its peculiar sensitiveness to suffering4 ,to own the truth1 ,i had done so much more than1 seeing the hardened and lacerated condition of the parts1 ,i had in the first instance anticipated was possible1 that ,i was not exactly prepared for my good fortune4 ,i remained for some time thinking--and1 really puzzled1 requested those present not to speak4 ,i wanted some combination of medicine which ,i could not satisfactorily procure4 ,a sedative to the general system was required1 but not one that should depress2 as1 after operations of this description1 the vital powers are disposed to sink1 and therefore generally require to be stimulated4 ,i moreover wanted an excitant to the uterus4 ,many things were hastily thought of1 and as quickly rejected2 and1 in my difficulty1 ,i was at last obliged to ask advice of those about me4 ,a bandage or harness to pass over the parts was suggested2 but the almost impossibility of fixing it properly1 and the mischievous ingenuity the dog exhibits with its teeth1 rendered this plan obviously inappropriate4 ,one person proposed to adopt the custom--sometimes1 ,i am sorry to say1 followed by cow-leeches--of passing stitches through the labia4 ,the brutal and unjustifiable practice was of course rejected1 and1 ,i trust1 by the members of the veterinary profession1 it is never embraced4 ,fairly at my wits' end1 ,i suddenly determined to try how the injection of cold water into the uterus would act4 ,i knew of no case in which this agent had been employed1 and could not feel confidence concerning the consequences of the experiment2 but1 in despair1 ,i resolved to hazard it4 ,a quantity fresh from the pump was therefore obtained1 and it was thrown up1 being allowed to flow back4 ,a stream of cold water was thus made to pass over the interior of the uterus1 and about two quarts had been used before the animal appeared to be at all affected1 excepting that the injection seemed to induce a sensation of discomfort4 ,at last a feeble moan was uttered1 which1 when another pint or thereabouts had been injected1 burst into something approaching to a cry4 ,i then desisted4 ,the tube was withdrawn1 and1 hoping that the symptom of pain resulted from the contraction of the organic fibre under the stimulating effects of the cold1 the animal was ordered to be placed where nothing could disturb it4 ,having passed an hour in the company of my friend1 when about to leave ,i requested to see the dog once more4 ,the animal had been put into a hayloft1 and ,i was pleasantly surprised to hear it give tongue on our approach3 it came to meet us1 and the change was such as ,i could not have anticipated4 ,the parts had regained almost their natural appearance2 certainly they presented nothing to indicate the aspect they had exhibited only a few hours before4 ,a mild aperient was given4 ,the animal had no other medicine1 neither was any local application used4 ,for three days a slight discharge of a blackish color ensued2 but when this stopped1 the animal was returned to its owner cured4 ,hardened swellings1 or indurated tumors in the teats1 are very common in the bitch4 ,they are caused by the milk being allowed to accumulate in the glands1 and there to curdle or act as a foreign body on the parts immediately around it4 ,the bitch will secrete milk1 although she has had no pups2 and a virgin bitch will do so quite as actively as one that has been a mother4 ,when heat has subsided1 although no intercourse has been permitted at the period1 when the birth would have taken place the glands will swell2 and on squeezing them1 a full stream of thick milk will flow forth4 ,nine weeks1 therefore1 after oestrum1 whether the desire has been gratified or denied1 the teats should be examined and relieved4 ,if this should not be done1 small lumps will appear4 ,these are round1 not sensitive2 but generally roll under the fingers1 and appear at first to be perfectly detached1 though more or less deep seated4 ,no time should be lost in removing them2 for if allowed to remain they rapidly increase1 and often become of an enormous size4 ,others also appear until the whole of the glands are involved2 and the extent of the implication renders an operation1 which in the first instance would have been both simple and safe1 so complicated and hazardous as not to be risked4 ,the tumors1 moreover1 as they enlarge1 by their weight and size1 become exposed to numerous accidents2 either they are excoriated by the movements of the legs1 hurt by blows1 or lacerated by being dragged along the ground4 ,anything that interferes with their integrity seems to change their character4 ,from having been dormant they start into activity1 and the slightest wound degenerates into a wide-spreading ulcer4 ,when this last appearance is established1 no treatment ,i know of can effect a cure4 ,if there be a hope1 it lies solely in the skilful use of the knife2 but generally the constitution is so much exhausted1 and the disease so firmly established1 that surgery is but a desperate resort4 ,when taken in time1 the situation of the tumor being ascertained1 the skin is divided and the growth dissected out4 ,this is easily done1 and it is seldom that a vessel requiring ligature is divided4 ,the care required is to spare the skin1 no portion of which1 unless it should be implicated1 ought to be excised4 ,neither plaster nor suture will afterwards be wanted4 ,the bitch would with her teeth remove either2 and as the healing process is established1 the integument will contract and unite4 ,when there is more than a single tumor to take away1 or one of large dimensions to remove1 though there may be no important vessels to ligature1 the oozing of blood is sometimes greater than may with safety be disregarded4 ,in such cases1 the application of cold water1 or of oil of turpentine1 or the tincture of ergot of rye1 or blowing upon the part by means of a pair of bellows1 will be of service1 and may each be tried2 but the actual cautery1 though held in high esteem by veterinarians1 is not suited to these instances4 ,after the tumor or tumors are cleanly removed1 a course of iodine should be enforced2 and it should be persevered with for several months1 nor given up simply because all present symptoms have disappeared4 ,the tendency has been exhibited1 and the medicine is now employed to prevent its development for the future2 and1 by the continued use of the agent1 we hope to accomplish that intention4 ,,skin ,,diseases4 ,every affection of the skin in the dog is termed mange4 ,this is very wrong2 and receipts for the cure of mange are all nonsense1 unless we can imagine that one physic is good for various disorders4 ,the dog is very subject to mange2 that is1 the animal's system can hardly suffer without the derangement flying to and developing itself externally1 or upon the skin4 ,true mange is chiefly caught1 being mainly dependent upon contagion2 but all the other varieties have the seats internally1 and are chiefly owing to the keep or lodging4 ,too close a kennel will give rise to mange1 as will too spare or too full a diet2 too much flesh or unwholesome food2 too hard or too luxurious a bed4 ,in fact1 there is hardly a circumstance to which the animal is exposed which will not cause this malady to be developed4 ,peculiar kinds of bedding1 as barley straw1 will give rise to it2 and particular kinds of diet1 as subsisting entirely upon flesh food1 will produce it4 ,in short1 ,i know a few1 and only a few1 of those things which will cause it2 and my time has been so taken up that ,i have been able to observe but five distinct varieties2 though my reason informs me there are many more than ,i here describe4 ,however1 as1 in describing five kinds of mange1 ,i do more than either of my predecessors1 the public must be content with the moiety for the present2 and wait till either ,i find time to accurately note1 if possible1 the different forms which mange in the dog will assume1 or some more close observer comes forth to take the task from before me4 ,true mange is dependent1 as in the horse1 upon an insect2 and though not commonly met with1 is known by the same symptoms1 as the similar affection in the more valuable animal4 ,the skin is partially denuded of hair1 but never perfectly so2 for in the most bare place1 hairs1 either single or in small and distinct patches1 will be seen adhering to the surface of the body3 these remaining hairs are very firmly planted in the skin1 have a coarse or unnatural feel1 and look all awry and unthrifty4 ,the skin appears very dry and scaly2 it is corrugated1 or thrown into ridges4 ,the parts chiefly affected have been the back1 eyes1 neck1 c42 though no part of the body is exempt1 for ,i have seen it virulent upon the feet1 and the rest of the body comparatively untouched4 ,the animal appears dejected1 though at seasons he may assume his usual liveliness2 but when nothing attracts his attention1 his time is nearly consumed in scratching himself violently4 ,his appetite generally remains good1 notwithstanding the torture he endures2 but the heat of the body denotes fever1 and his thirst may be excessive4 ,the treatment consists in rubbing the body over with some of the various dressings for mange2 some of which1 however1 are compounded for the horse1 and do not very well suit the canine race4 ,care should be taken that the dressing1 of whatever nature it may be1 reaches and is expended upon the skin1 as simply anointing the dog or smearing the salve upon the hair is of no earthly use4 ,the unguent which ,i have employed1 and with such success as emboldens me to recommend it1 is composed of-- ,ung4 resini ,as much as you please to take4 ,sulph4 sub ,a sufficiency to make the rosin ointment very thick4 ,ol4 junip4 ,enough to make the unguent of a proper consistency1 but not too thin4 ,this is to be applied one day2 washed off the next2 and then the dressing repeated until the dog has been dressed three times1 and washed thrice2 after which the ointment may be discontinued2 but again had recourse to if the animal exhibits the slightest signs of uneasiness2 when the entire process may be gone through once more4 ,mercurial ointments are the most certain remedies for this disorder2 but then they are not safe1 and should always be avoided where the dog is concerned4 ,the second kind of mange is where hair partially falls off2 and this kind of disorder is well marked by bare patches of small dimensions1 showing themselves on the point of the elbow and any part which is prominent1 and which the animal might be supposed to have rubbed as he lay in his kennel4 ,the patches are small and free from hair2 but at the same time the skin exposed is rough1 scaly1 thickened1 and corrugated4 ,the itching is intense2 but it does not particularly affect the exposed part2 it rather seems to reside in those portions of the body which are well covered with hair4 ,for this form of disease the cure begins with tonic medicine2 and after this has been administered a week or a fortnight1 as the strength may appear to require restoration1 it is suddenly left off2 and liquor arsenicalis in gradually increasing doses is administered4 ,if it be a little dog1 let the first day's dose consist of half-a-drop each time2 and if for a large animal1 of two drops each dose2 three doses in either case to be given in the course of the day4 ,in the former case1 the quantity of arsenicalis is to be increased half-a-drop each day1 and in the latter instance one drop daily is to be the advance2 the quantity in both cases to be distributed over three doses1 one to be given in the morning1 one at noon1 and the last at night4 ,the medicine is to be kept on increasing each day1 until the dog loathes his food2 has a running from the eyes2 a scarlet conjunctiva2 or exhibits some symptom that denotes the physic has hold of his system2 when the arsenicalis is to be discontinued for three days1 and then steadily persevered with at the dose which preceded the derangement4 ,thus1 supposing it requires three and a half drops to throw the small dog off his appetite1 the quantity to resume with will in that case be three drops4 ,there is no power ,i possess which can predicate the quantity of the liquor arsenicalis which an animal will bear2 its effects on different creatures of the same species are so various1 that what one can gorge with impunity would kill his companion4 ,on this account no fixed quantity of the medicine can be recommended2 but the practitioner must be satisfied to watch the symptoms induced1 and be content to be guided by these4 ,so soon as the physiological symptom is beheld1 the good results of the medicine may be anticipated2 and no compound in the pharmacopoeia works with greater certainty4 ,the disease will begin to decline2 and in a month1 six weeks1 or two months at furthest1 will be thoroughly eradicated4 ,in the course of that period1 however1 it may be as well to give ,nature a jolt every now and then1 by occasionally increasing the dose1 being always prepared to diminish it on the symptoms giving the slightest hint that it is prudent so to do4 ,the arsenicalis should be used simply diluted with water2 and during the period occupied by the cure1 no other medicine whatever will be required4 ,the next form of mange attacks very fat and cruelly overfed animals4 ,the poor dog is very foul4 ,he1 as it were1 smells aloud2 and his hide is enormously thickened1 being everywhere devoid of sensation4 ,pinch it as hard as you can--even until the moisture be forced through the pores by the pressure--and the operation which should inflict pain1 will only communicate pleasure4 ,the animal1 instead of crying out or endeavoring to snap1 will stand altogether quiet1 the expression of the face announcing the perfect delight it experiences2 or the head turns round to lick the hand of the pincher1 thereby entreating him to continue the delicate recreation4 ,the hair is generally more or less removed from the back2 and the thickest portions of the skin are either above the neck1 or just before the tail4 ,the animal is the whole day dull1 never being alive except at meal-times1 when it is all activity2 the rest of the day is passed in sleeping1 licking1 scratching1 biting1 and gnawing its person--to the infinite annoyance of an indulgent master1 who looks on the mass of disease before him1 and with regret pictures the animated creature which it once was4 ,here the mode of feeding must be changed4 ,flesh must be strictly prohibited4 ,boiled rice forms the most wholesome diet2 but even rice milk will not be touched4 ,neither will be eaten at first2 but this does not much signify1 as a day or two of abstinence rather does good than injury4 ,if1 however1 the refusal to feed be exhibited beyond the third day1 one1 two1 or three ounces of meat1 according to the size1 may be allowed2 which quantity1 though insufficient to satisfy the desires1 is sufficient to keep a dog alive and hungry for an almost indefinite period4 ,fresh vegetable diet should be presented every day2 and if declined1 it should immediately be withdrawn4 ,on no account should it be allowed to remain about1 and the animal to blow upon it till it either becomes stale or noisome in the creature's eyes4 ,fresh clean rice should be boiled1 and presented every morning2 and this should be offered and withdrawn1 as though it were too choice a luxury to be twice refused4 ,the animal1 tired out1 and despairing of gaining anything better to eat through resistance1 will fall to the loathed dish at last2 and afterward swallow it without any coaxing1 although the preference for flesh as food will be cherished to the death4 ,the food being managed as directed1 the dog may also have first a mild emetic1 to be followed by three doses1 on three different days1 of castor-oil prepared as recommended1 p4 #aaf4 ,to these is to succeed a course of pretty strong tonics1 to keep up the general tone of the body1 invigorate the appetite1 and to support the strength4 ,likewise a cold bath every morning may be added1 and plenty of exercise in the course of the day4 ,so soon as the appetite is subdued1 stimulating dressings are applied down the back1 where the hair is wanting2 and1 for a beginning1 the common mange liniment answers very well4 ,it is thus prepared3-- ,ol4 tereb ,ol4 picis ,of each equal parts4 ,mix4 ,ol4 nucis ,this may at first attract no notice2 after it has been submitted to for a week1 add to every three pints an extra pint of turpentine1 which will soon banish all the philosophy the strongest-minded dog may have at his command4 ,even subsequent to the period when the application of the liniment is received with the acutest and most piteous cries1 the torture must be continued until the skin1 being reduced to its natural thickness1 announces that its office is perfected2 only1 with the production of this last effect1 the agent that gives such pain should be used less lavishly4 ,during the application of the liniment1 some diluted liquor arsenicalis may also be administered1 and even the pills containing iodide of sulphur exhibited4 ,the fourth kind of mange is where the hair falls suddenly off in circular patches4 ,for this any simple ointment1 as the ung4 cest4 or no application at all is sufficient4 ,the fifth kind is the worst1 especially where it attacks young pups4 ,almost all the hair falls off2 and the poor little creature is thin1 and nearly naked1 while the surface of the body is covered with dark patches1 and comparatively large pustules4 ,if the dark patches be punctured1 a quantity of venous and grumous blood exudes2 but the wound soon heals4 ,in full-grown dogs1 the same form of disease seldom involves more than the top of the head1 neck1 and the entire length of the back2 but it is precisely of the self-same character as in the more juvenile animal4 ,in both cases the treatment is the same4 ,the dark pustules are to be cut into1 which produces no pain2 and the pustules are to be freely opened1 which operation is attended with no apparent effects4 ,the bare skin is to be then washed tenderly with warm water and a soft sponge1 after which the body may be lightly smeared over with the ointment of camphor and mercury2 see p4 #bfe4 ,this operation must be repeated daily4 ,the liquor arsenicalis may be administered as drops1 and pills of the iodide of sulphur likewise exhibited4 ,where the dog is old1 a cure invariably results2 but it takes time to bring it about4 ,perhaps months may be thus consumed2 and the practitioner will require a goodly stock of patience before he undertake the treatment of such a case4 ,the proprietor1 therefore1 must be endowed with some esteem for the animal1 before he can be induced to pay for all the physic it will consume4 ,i cannot account for so virulent a form of skin disease affecting pups2 but certain it is1 that they have scarcely left the dam before its signs are to be detected4 ,probably it may be owing to their being weaned upon garbage or putrid flesh4 ,certain it is that the cure of creatures at this tender age greatly depends upon their previous keep4 ,if it has for any known length of time been good and generous1 the practitioner may undertake the case without fear2 but if1 on the other hand1 the pup1 though of a valuable breed1 had lived in filth1 never enjoyed exercise1 and been badly nurtured1 no entreaties should tempt the veterinarian to promise a restoration4 ,it will certainly perish1 not perhaps of the skin disease1 but of debility4 ,here ,i may for the present conclude my imperfect account of mange2 again insisting that in every form of the disorder the food is to consist of vegetables1 and every kind of flesh is to be scrupulously withheld1 unless to pups in a very weakly condition4 ,blaine and ,youatt speak of alteratives as necessary towards the perfection of a cure2 but as ,i am simply here recording my experience1 all ,i can say is1 ,i have not found them to be required4 ,cleanliness--the bed being repeatedly changed--free exercise--wholesome1 not stimulating food--and fresh water--are essential towards recovery4 ,in no case should the dog suffering under these complaints be allowed to gorge or cram itself2 but the victuals must be withdrawn the instant it has swallowed sufficient to support nature4 ,,canker ,,within ,,and ,,without ,,the ,,ear4 ,blaine treats of these two as different diseases4 ,youatt speaks of them as the same disease situated on different parts4 ,as they differ in their origin and in their effects1 however closely they may be united1 ,i hold ,blaine's arrangement to be the soundest1 and therefore to that ,i shall adhere4 ,water-dogs are said to be the most liable to attacks of these disorders2 but ,i have not found such to be the case4 ,at the mouth of the river ,ex1 near ,exeter1 ,devonshire1 for instance1 there are numerous dogs kept for the purpose of recovering the wild fowl1 by shooting of which their masters exist during winter4 ,here is rather a wide field for observation2 but among the many water-dogs there to be found1 the canker both internal and external is unknown2 whereas there is scarcely a dog kept in town1 especially of the larger size1 that does not present a well-marked case of canker4 ,the ,london dog is1 for the most part1 over-fed on stimulating diet 7flesh71 and kept chained up1 generally in a filthy state4 ,the country dog gets plenty of exercise1 being allowed to sleep in the open air where he pleases outside of his master's cottage1 and has but little food1 and very seldom any flesh4 ,i scarcely ever have a sporting dog sent to me1 on the approach of autumn1 suffering from what their masters are pleased to term foul1 but canker within and without the ear are found to be included in the so-called disorder4 ,often am ,i desired to look at both long-haired and short-haired dogs1 and find both kinds victims to these diseases2 but canker without the ear1 or on the flap of the ear1 ,i never see without canker within the ear being also present4 ,canker on the flap of the ear1 it is true1 becomes the worst in short-haired dogs1 because these animals have this part by nature more exposed to injury4 ,long-haired dogs1 on the other hand1 have the disease within the organ worst1 because the warmth of their coats serves to keep hot and to encourage the disorder4 ,therefore1 we find on inquiry that neither breed of dogs is more liable or more subject to be attacked by a particular kind of canker2 though in each kind there exist circumstances calculated to give a direction to the disease when once established4 ,authors speak of rounding the ear for external canker2 that is1 of taking a portion of the border away1 so as to leave the flap of the ear the less for the operation2 and fox-hounds are said to have the ears rounded to escape the ravages of the disorder4 ,there are said to have been poor dogs subjected to a second and third rounding2 till at length the entire ear has been rounded away1 and the wretched beast has been at last destroyed2 because man first fed it till it was diseased1 and then was too heartless properly to study the nature of the affection which tormented the animal4 ,let those who may feel disposed to question this view of external canker1 ask themselves what it is which induces the dog to shake his head violently at first8 ,for the brute must shake the head violently and frequently1 before canker in the flap can be established4 ,the disease is1 in the first instance1 thus mechanically induced4 ,it has its origin in the violent action of the beast2 and that action is the very one which ensues upon the animal being attacked by internal canker4 ,the dog shakes his head long before the eye can detect anything within the ear4 ,by that action1 in nine cases out of ten1 we are led to inspect the part4 ,the action is symptomatic of the disorder1 and it is the earliest sign displayed4 ,in the dog whose coat does not favor internal canker1 it may1 however1 establish the external form of the disease2 which being once set up1 may afterwards even act as a derivative to the original disorder4 ,external canker is nothing more in the first stage than a sore established around the edge of the ear1 in consequence of the dog violently shaking the head1 and thereby hitting the flap of the ear with force against the collar1 chain1 neck1 c4 ,shaking1 however1 does not cure the annoyance4 ,an itching within the ear still remains2 which the dog1 doubtless imagining it to be caused by some foreign body1 endeavors to shake out4 ,in consequence of the continued action1 the sore is beaten more and more1 till an ulcer is established2 the ulcer extends1 involves the cartilage which gives substance to the flap of the ear1 and thus is created a new source of increased itching4 ,the ulcer enlarges1 becomes offensive2 and he who is consulted1 instead of seeking for the cause1 begins by attending to the effect4 ,various remedies are employed to cure the flap of the ear2 and each and all of these failing1 the poor animal is at length rounded1 and as books and teachers advise1 rounded high enough up4 ,all the diseased parts are carefully cut away2 but the disease appears again1 and the wretched beast is rounded a second time4 ,on this occasion the rounding is carried still deeper1 the operator being resolved the knife this time shall take effect4 ,the dog has little ear left when the disease appears again2 and the master saying he wants his dog for the field--to shoot over1 and not to look at--the remaining portion of the ear is removed1 hoping for better luck this time4 ,however1 chances are now against them2 they have cut beyond mere skin and cartilage1 into the seat of flesh in goodly substance4 ,spite of the brutal use of the red-hot iron1 the hemorrhage is great1 and ulcers appear before the cicatrix is perfected4 ,the miserable animal having nothing more that can be cut away1 is then killed1 being said to be incurably affected4 ,this is a true history1 and can be substantiated by reference to all the authors who have hitherto written about the dog4 ,it does not1 therefore1 depend solely upon the testimony of the present writer2 but sad is the reflection1 that all the pain and suffering thus occasioned was unnecessary4 ,canker without the ear cannot be established unless canker within the ear1 in the first instance1 exists4 ,it may not be violent2 it may be present only in an incipient stage1 and never get beyond it2 but in this state it is sufficient to annoy the animal1 and make it shake its head4 ,doing this1 however1 it does enough to mislead the practitioner1 and cause the death of the unfortunate animal4 ,illustration3 ,,dog ,,with ,a ,,canker ,,cap ,,on4 ,when a dog is brought with canker in the flap1 the first thing ,i order is a calico cap1 to keep the animal from shaking the ear4 ,i then give the person accompanying the creature a box of the mercurial and camphor ointment1 ordering it to be well applied to the external ear thrice daily1 with the intention of cooling the part4 ,i do nothing absolutely to heal the ulcers beyond keeping the part from being shaken2 for ,i have not yet met with a case in which the cartilage has been positively involved1 however much authors may write about such a texture having suffered4 ,i direct my chief attention to the healing of the internal ear1 from which ,i trace all the evil to have sprung4 ,for this purpose ,i give a bottle of the canker-wash1 described a little further on1 ordering it to be applied thrice daily1 and rest contented as to the result4 ,with regard to internal canker1 how virulent was the disorder1 and to what lengths it used to progress1 may be imagined from reading ,blaine and ,youatt2 both of whom speak with terror of its effects1 advising the use of agents for the recommendation of which ,i cannot account1 excepting by the supposition that they were selected under the influence of fear4 ,most of the solutions advised are painful2 but how far they were effective we may conjecture from the descriptions they have left us of the disease4 ,they tell us that1 as the disorder proceeds1 it eats into the brain2 either causing the dog to be destroyed1 or driving it phrenetic4 ,the poor animal1 we are informed1 leans the head upon the fore-feet1 the diseased ear being pressed downwards1 and continually utters a low moan1 which at length rises into one prolonged howl4 ,of all this ,i know nothing2 but ,i remember at college1 when going the rounds with the ,professor ,simonds1 on a ,sunday morning1 hearing one of those huge howls which are uttered by large dogs when enduring excessive torture4 ,on my asking whence the sound proceeded1 ,i was coolly informed by my teacher that he supposed ,sam 7the head groom7 had been pouring some dressing into the ear of a dog that had got canker4 ,of what the dressing that had occasioned such pain was composed1 ,i never inquired2 but we may judge of its power to destroy the bone1 from the extent of the agony which it produced4 ,no wonder1 when such powerful agents were employed1 the bone1 the brain1 or any other part1 was affected4 ,thank heaven6 there is one good custom prevalent in this disease--dogs affected with it are brought to us early4 ,often1 when the animal is only observed to be constantly shaking and scratching the ear1 the proprietors bring the dog for us1 to remove something from the interior of the organ4 ,at other times1 and with the most careless or unobservant masters1 the dog is brought under our notice with a blackened discharge within the convolutions of the ear1 and a slight smell1 like decayed cheese1 proceeding from it4 ,a crackling sensation is then imparted to the fingers when the base of the ear below the flap is manipulated2 the necessary pressure sometimes drawing forth an expression of pain4 ,a worse case than this ,i have not encountered2 though how common canker has been in my practice may be conjectured from my keeping a two-gallon stock-bottle of the wash in my surgery1 and a label1 for the bottles in which it is sent out1 within my drawers4 ,the mode of administering this wash is admirably described by ,youatt1 from whose pages ,i transcribe it3-- ,some attention should be paid to the method of applying these lotions4 ,two persons will be required in order to accomplish the operation4 ,the surgeon must hold the muzzle of the dog with one hand1 and have the root of the ear in the hollow of the other1 and between the first finger and the thumb4 ,the assistant must then pour the liquid into the ear2 half a tea-spoonful will usually be sufficient4 ,the surgeon1 without quitting the dog1 will then close the ear1 and mould it gently until the liquid has insinuated itself as deeply as possible into the passages of the ear4 ,the warming of the fluid ,i find to be unnecessary2 and there is something to be added to the above direction1 when the wash ,i advise is employed4 ,after one ear is done1 let it be covered closely with the flap1 and the other side of the head turned upward without releasing the dog4 ,when both are finished1 take a firm hold of the dog1 and fling him away to any distance the strength you possess is capable of sending the animal2 for the instant the dog is loose1 it will begin shaking its head1 and1 as the canker-wash ,i employ contains lead1 wherever a drop falls1 a white mark or spot1 as the liquid dries1 will be left behind4 ,,canker ,,wash4 ,liquor plumbi ,of both equal parts4 ,aqua distil ,youatt speaks of the liquor plumbi as a dangerous agent to the dog1 and advises for canker that a scruple be mixed with an ounce of water2 but in opposition to that esteemed author's recommendation1 ,i have employed the liquor plumbi pure1 with the best effect1 in extreme cases2 though1 in ordinary disease1 the above is sufficiently strong2 and in medicine it is a maxim that a sufficiency is enough4 ,i give to the animal1 as a general rule1 no medicine to take2 but invariably recommend the dog to be kept on vegetable diet2 for1 inasmuch as meat is the sole cause of the disorder1 however potent may be the drugs employed for the cure1 it is imperative for its eradication that the cause be removed4 ,sometimes1 in consequence of the violent shaking of the head1 serous abscesses of considerable size form inside the flaps of the ears4 ,this mostly happens with large dogs1 and the abscesses are hot and soft1 being excessively tender4 ,the animal does not like them to be touched1 or even looked at1 but is frequently shaking the head1 and howling or whining afterwards4 ,the remedy in these cases is equally simple and efficient4 ,the person who undertakes to remedy the evil1 first1 by way of precaution1 tapes the animal2 that is1 he forms a temporary muzzle1 by binding a piece of tape thrice firmly round the creature's mouth4 ,he then places the dog between his knees1 and turning up the ear1 with a small lancet makes quickly an opening in what then is the superior part of the sac in the inverted ear4 ,this is necessary1 because1 if the opening were made inferiorly1 all the fluid would escape1 and the side of the emptied sac would collapse4 ,if the point of the knife even could be introduced into an incision made upon the lower part of the ear1 it would not be so easy to cut speedily from below upward1 as to push the blade from above downwards4 ,well1 the opening being made with the lancet1 a little fluid escapes2 but no pressure being put on the sac1 the major portion is retained4 ,the operator then takes a straight probe-pointed bistoury1 and having introduced it into the orifice1 by making only pressure1 instantly divides the sac4 ,frequently considerable fluid escapes2 the beast operated upon makes up its mind for a good howl2 but1 finding the affair over before its mouth was moulded to emit the sound1 the cry is cut short1 and the dog returns to have the tape removed1 that it may lick the hand that pained it4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,dog ,,taped ,,or ,,muzzled ,,for ,,operation4 ,after the enlargement is slit up1 nothing more is required than to fill the sac for a day or two with lint soaked in the healing fluid2 and when suppuration is established the lint may be withdrawn1 and the wound1 if kept clean1 left to nature4 ,,the ,,eye4 ,most writers describe a regular series of disorders associated with the eye of the dog4 ,i must be permitted to recite only those which ,i have witnessed2 and surely1 if the diseases which the writers alluded to above have mentioned do exist1 ,i must have encountered some solitary instance of each of them2 instead of which1 ,i have been honored by the confidence of all classes1 and have after all to confess ,i have not witnessed a specimen of genuine ophthalmia in this animal4 ,,cataract4--,this derangement of the visual organ is very common with the dog4 ,every old animal that has lost his eyesight is nearly certain to be blind from cataract4 ,the optic nerve appears to have retained its health long after the crystalline lens has parted with its transparency4 ,the latter becomes opaque1 while circumstances allow us to infer the former is yet in vigor2 for certainly dogs do see through lenses1 the milky or chalky aspect of which would justify us in pronouncing the sight quite gone4 ,there is no precise time when cataract makes its appearance4 ,it may come on at any period or at any age4 ,it may be rapid or slow in its formation2 but from its generally known habit1 we should be inclined to say it was rather slow than otherwise2 though upon this point the author can speak with no certainty4 ,no breed appears to be specially liable to it1 but all seem to be exposed to it alike4 ,the small-bred1 house-kept1 high-fed dogs1 however1 are those most subject to be attacked by it2 for1 in these kinds of animals1 on account of the derangement of the digestive organs1 the eyes seem to be disposed to show cataract earlier than in the more robust creatures of the same breed4 ,the cause of this affection is1 in the horse1 usually put down to blows2 but1 in the dog1 we dare not say the disorder is thus produced4 ,the dog is more exposed to the kicks and cuffs of domestics than is the horse2 the violence done upon the first-named animal being less thought about1 and therefore less likely to be observed4 ,but that the disease takes its origin in any such inhumanity the author has no proof1 and no intention of insinuating an accusation against a class1 who being generally ignorant1 have therefore the less chance of a reply4 ,the disease seems to be the natural termination of the animal's eyesight2 and1 though the author has seen the iris ragged-looking1 as though acute ophthalmia had loosed its ravages upon the delicate structures of the eye1 nevertheless he has in vain endeavored to detect the presence of that disease4 ,were ophthalmia common enough to have produced one-half of the cataracts which are to be witnessed by him who administers to the affections of the canine species1 surely ,i must have met with it2 as not being a very brief disorder1 but one which by its symptoms is sure to make itself known1 ,i must have encountered it in one of its numerous stages4 ,however1 not having seen it1 and still being anxious of tracing cataract to its source1 the author has been induced to attribute it to the influences of old age1 high breeding1 or too stimulating a diet4 ,medicine having appeared to do injury rather than to produce benefit1 the author has generally abandoned it in these cases2 whereas those measures which are within the reach of every proprietor1 such as change of abode1 attention to necessary cleanliness without caudling in the bed1 wholesome food1 and a total abstinence from flesh1 added to the daily use of the cold bath with a long run1 and constant employment of a penetrative hair-brush to the skin afterwards1 have seemed to stay the ravages of the disorder2 and on these1 therefore1 the author is inclined to place his entire dependence4 ,,gutta ,,serena4--,the author has seen one or two cases of this affection4 ,one was present with disease of the brain1 to the increase of which it was clearly traceable4 ,the other was attributable to no known cause2 but as blows on the head are beyond all doubt ascertained to produce this affliction1 the author in his own mind has no doubt of its origin4 ,a temporary affection of this nature is also constantly witnessed when the dog falls down in a fit1 or rather faints from weakness2 as when a female is rearing an undue number of pups1 or when a dog has been too largely bled1 or retained too long in the warm bath4 ,in the last cases1 the gutta serena departs as the animal recovers2 but in the first-named1 sometimes it is constant1 and no medicine appears to affect it for good or for evil4 ,the author1 therefore1 does nothing in such cases beyond giving general directions1 as in the instance of cataract4 ,gutta serena is known by the organ being perfectly clear1 but the iris remaining permanently fixed4 ,the introduction of sudden light produces no effect on it2 neither1 unless the current of air be agitated1 does the eyelid move4 ,towards the latter stage the eye changes color2 but when it first occurs1 a person without experience would prefer the eye in this state1 because it looks so thoroughly bright and transparent4 ,the aspect of these eyes is known to those who are much among animals1 and the carriage of the body is recognised as altered when a creature becomes blind2 besides which1 trust him alone1 and his running against different obstacles1 as well as his manner of walking1 will declare the truth4 ,,simple ,,ophthalmia4--,to this disorder of the eye the dog is very susceptible4 ,it may be caused by dust1 dirt1 thorns1 or portions of leaves getting into the eyes2 the symptoms are1 constant closing of the lid1 and perpetual flowing of the tears4 ,though the eye be closed1 the lid is never quiet2 but is being1 during the entire period1 spasmodically1 though partially1 raised to be shut again1 or in perpetual movement4 ,if the lids are forced asunder1 the conjunctiva or mucous membrane forming the inner lining of the lid is seen to be inflamed2 while the same membrane covering the ball of the eye is perceived to be of a white color1 and perfectly opaque4 ,the cure in this instance is always1 first1 to remove the cause of the injury1 and then to apply some of the remedies in the manner mentioned hereafter4 ,the conjunctiva in the dog is very sympathetic with the mucous membrane lining the stomach4 ,the interior of the stomach may be inflamed1 and the eye sometimes exhibits no sign of sympathy2 but more often1 as in distemper or rabies1 it will denote the existence of some serious disorder4 ,so if the animal's digestive powers are weakened by an undue quantity of purgative medicine1 the eyes will assume all the symptoms of distemper1 even to the circular ulcer in the centre of the organ4 ,however1 in instances of this kind nothing need be done for cure2 the major disorder being subdued1 the minor one subsides4 ,no matter how virulent the disease of the eye may appear to be--even though it should become perfectly opaque--let it alone3 any meddling does injury4 ,no bathing or medicaments can hasten the cure4 ,although it should ulcerate in the centre1 and the terrible appearance of the eye be seconded by the entreaties of the proprietor1 still ,i caution you to continue quite passive4 ,touch the ulcer with nitrate of silver1 as is the common practice1 and the eye will most likely burst4 ,the aqueous humor will escape1 and a large bunch of fungus will start up in the place of the ulcer occupied4 ,this fungus1 if let alone1 may fade away as the stomach returns to health2 but a white spot is established in its place to remind you of your officiousness4 ,nevertheless1 simple ophthalmia occasionally will appear when nothing can be detected to affect the stomach2 probably owing to large dogs chasing through brush-wood1 or those of the smaller breeds hunting through long grass4 ,then a square of soft lint1 formed by doubling a large piece several times1 is laid upon the painful organ1 and kept wet with the following lotion3-- 7#a47 ,,lotion ,,for ,,the ,,eye4 ,tinct4 arnic4 mont4 ,three drops4 ,tinct4 opii ,six drops4 ,mist4 camph4 ,one ounce4 ,the first symptoms having subsided--that is1 the dog being capable of raising the lid1 and the flow of tears having in some measure stopped--the previous lotion may be changed for the following wash3-- 7#b47 ,,eye ,,wash4 ,arg4 nit4 ,one grain4 ,mist4 camph41 or ,aq4 dist4 ,one ounce4 ,the proper manner of applying these preparations to the eye deserves notice4 ,let the owner buy a large-sized1 long-haired1 camel's-hair painting brush2 pour a little of the liquid into a saucer2 saturate the brush in the fluid2 pull the lids gently asunder1 being careful not to call forth resistance by frightening a timid animal with any exhibition of haste or violence2 then1 having the eye exposed1 draw the brush quickly across it1 and the business is over4 ,the author is frequently consulted by ladies1 because their favorites' eyes run water4 ,such is a consequence of high breeding in some of the canine species2 and being so1 medicines of various kinds1 by drying up the secretion of the lachrymal gland1 may at first appear to do good1 but must ultimately be fruitful of the most serious injury4 ,,ejection ,,of ,,the ,,eye4--,the eye of the dog is rather curiously situated1 which1 as the writer knows of no author who has remarked on its position1 he may as well refer to in this place4 ,the eye of man is situated within a bony orbit1 from which it cannot in the course of nature protrude4 ,the eye of the dog1 also1 has an orbit partly formed of bone2 but as regards the ridge1 which in man supports and gives prominence to the eyebrow1 in the dog it is composed of ligament1 as with animals of the cat1 pig1 and other species4 ,the reason of this arrangement--the cause for composing part of the orbit of ligament--is to allow the eye to protrude or to take its place without and before the orbit4 ,this position of the eye is easily perceived1 when a live specimen which has confidence in man is examined upon the knee1 and at the same time the skull is inspected4 ,the cause of this peculiar situation of so important an organ1 is to allow the eye to possess telescopic properties2 because the dog has the faculty of withdrawing the eye within1 or rather quite to the back of the orbit2 as any who have beheld the animal in some stages of brain disease1 or the last stage of distemper1 must1 with their attention directed to the fact1 be convinced4 ,the dog in its wild state lives by the chase1 and therefore has ,providence endowed his visual organ with peculiarities which best enable it to discover its prey2 at the same time1 also1 affording extra scope of vision1 or power of seeing around it1 to the eye of the animal4 ,owing to this peculiarity1 the eye in consequence of a bite may be forced out upon the cheek2 or1 as once happened in my own experience1 the use of tapes for the purpose of giving medicine may be the cause of the injury4 ,whenever this happens1 procure a glass of clean milk-warm water1 and a piece of soft lint2 then wash the eye2 when obtain a soft napkin2 let the eye be well greased with any mild and perfectly sweet ointment2 wrap the napkin about the right hand1 and with the fingers thus encased1 gently take hold of the ejected ball of the eye1 while the fingers of the left hand are employed in raising the lid of the emptied orbit2 then applying gentle but adequate force1 and at the same time giving to the wrist of the right hand a rotatory motion1 the eye will at once assume its proper place4 ,the use of the eye lotion and wash will perform all that the after symptoms may require4 ,dogs are often brought to us because the animal has been taking liberties with the cat2 which mistress puss has turned to resent1 and her paw--the claws in the moment of irritation being out--has unfortunately scratched the dog's eye4 ,when consulted on such a subject1 the eye lotion ,no4 #a is in most instances all that is required2 for the coverings of the eye are endowed with great powers of self-reparation4 ,if1 however1 the application recommended does not perform everything to the proprietor's satisfaction1 the eye wash ,no4 #b will perfect the cure4 ,accidents of this description are apt to leave scars in the shape of white marks across the eye1 which time must be allowed to remove2 and this in general is performed1 while all the appliances of art in the writer's hand have been useless for hastening this object4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,limbs4 ,,the ,,dew-,,claws4--,the dew-claws1 as they are termed1 grow high upon the inner side of the leg1 nearer to the foot than to the elbow4 ,they are frequently removed while the dog is very young1 being then merely cut off with a pair of scissors4 ,this1 however1 is a very primitive way of operating2 and it is best done with a knife1 first reflecting back sufficient skin to cover the wound which the removal will occasion4 ,the excision1 moreover1 is only justifiable when the dew-claw hangs from the leg attached to it merely by integument2 when it is regularly formed1 united to the leg by means of continuous bone1 it may be allowed to remain2 for in that case there is little more danger of its being torn off as the dog grows up and hunts game1 than any other of the claws appended to the extremity of the foot4 ,,the ,,claws4--,these frequently1 especially in petted dogs that pass their days parading about on ,turkey carpets1 become of extraordinary length2 in some cases1 turning round and forming a complete circle1 so as to penetrate the little pad at the base of the last joint of the toe4 ,in this case they cause swelling1 inflammation1 and suppuration1 accompanied by such intense pain1 that in extreme cases it may be necessary to take away the toe of the foot itself1 although in general it is sufficient to clip the offending claw4 ,however1 to do this nicely1 with expedition1 and without giving great pain to the patient1 is to be desired4 ,blaine recommends a small saw1 such as is employed to cut off cocks' spurs with2 but the dog must have excessive patience and extraordinary powers of endurance1 who could allow this to be moved quickly backwards and forwards on a claw1 one end of which rests on an inflamed and highly sensitive surface4 ,besides1 it is not one claw we are generally required to remove1 but sixteen2 and long before the first had been fairly taken off by the method advised by ,blaine1 the cries of the poor animal would say1 ,hold1 enough6 ,moreover1 favorites of the class ,i have mentioned are generally brought by their mistresses1 who cannot endure their pets to suffer1 and rightly refuse to leave them to the mercy of a veterinary surgeon4 ,this last circumstance requires a speedier instrument than the one proposed by ,blaine1 to be discovered4 ,the rowelling bistoury1 employed for the horses1 answers better than the saw2 but even it occasions so much pain as to cause serious annoyance and obstruction4 ,i have found nothing answer so well as a pair of wire nippers2 which1 provided they be in good condition1 will take off the whole of a dog's claws1 although for the operation the animal never quits its mistress's arms4 ,they are quick and effective1 cutting through the strongest claw on the instant2 giving no pain2 often removing the nail without the knowledge of the patient1 who provokes laughter rather than commiseration by frequently shamming the agony he does not feel--venting heart-rending cries1 but invariably in the wrong place4 ,for the performance of the operation there is but one caution necessary1 and that is1 to leave the root of the claw long enough1 or not to attempt cutting it too short2 because the unnatural life the animal lives causes small arteries to extend even into the growth of horn1 and a little blood is a terrible loss in a lady's eyes4 ,however1 beyond causing the mistress distress1 the practitioner need be in no fear about dividing one of these abnormal vessels1 for the eccentric growth of which the most experienced practitioner cannot at all times be prepared4 ,,falling ,,off ,,of ,,the ,,claw4--,there is another injury to which the claws of the dog are exposed1 and the cause of which in no instance have ,i been able to trace4 ,the toe becomes hot1 swollen1 and inflamed2 the animal walks lame1 or upon three legs4 ,whenever the particular claw in fault is touched1 the cries of the dog sufficiently testify that the seat of the disease has been found4 ,a simple treatment1 such as bathing the claw and placing the foot frequently in warm water1 will occasion the horny covering to be cast off in a few days2 after which all that is required will be to wrap the part up in soft lint for a short period1 and to deprive the animal of its accustomed exercise for a day or two4 ,,sinuses ,,up ,,the ,,claw4--,these are of frequent existence1 and are commonly found where their presence was not suspected4 ,the dog walks lame1 and its master's sagacity cannot discover the cause4 ,the animal is accordingly submitted to our inspection4 ,to pinch the claw in this case is of no use2 it can only mislead the judgment4 ,the better plan1 after having ascertained none of the claws are loose1 is to make the dog stand upon the lame foot on a piece of blotting paper4 ,if the slightest moisture be left thereon1 throw the animal on his back1 and minutely examine the lower surface of each claw4 ,on one will be seen a small hole1 not larger than the point of a pin1 from which exudes a thin watery discharge4 ,soak the foot in warm water2 then with a sharp knife pare off the superficial horn2 then soak and pare again2 and so on till the entire claw is removed2 when slit up1 making a free wound of any sinuous opening that may exist in the ball of the toe4 ,dress the interior of the sinus with a small portion of sulphate of copper2 afterwards with the healing lotion previously recommended2 and all will do well3 but the claw once taken away1 either by nature or art1 is very seldom perfectly restored4 ,,foot-,,sore4--,men of robust habit1 who shoot over an immense tract of country1 and take a pleasure in lawfully finding the game they kill1 often have to complain that their dogs become foot-sore4 ,these animals have an elastic pad at the bottom of each foot1 on which1 conjointly with the nails of the toes1 the creatures walk4 ,the bottom of the dog's foot is covered with a thick cuticle1 which is rapidly reproduced in ordinary cases1 as soon as or before it has been worn down3 but the game dog is often kept inactive during the summer1 and then in autumn brought into sudden work4 ,the consequences of this foolish practice are1 that nature during the warm season supplies only a cuticle fitted to the wants of the animal1 which being suddenly forced to endure excessive exercise1 soon wears away1 and the foot thus left devoid of covering1 is raw1 and consequently tender4 ,for this state of the part1 ,blaine1 who is therein followed by ,youatt1 recommends pot liquor4 ,i do not know what pot liquor means4 ,cooks apply the name to various refuse waters1 in which different and opposite ingredients have been boiled4 ,if so1 the material with which it is made being dissimilar1 the product cannot be the same4 ,it appears to be a filth1 generally cast into the hog-tub2 and as such cannot be a proper medicine wherewith to cure a lame dog's foot4 ,i throw it into the receptacle for which it is intended2 and do so because ,i cannot understand it is possessed of any curative properties4 ,the mode ,i pursue in these cases is simply this3--,i get a basin of tepid water and a soft sponge2 and ,i then well wash the injured foot4 ,when every particle of grit or dirt is thoroughly removed1 ,i apply to the dried sore surface a lotion composed of two grains of chloride of zinc to one ounce of water1 with one or two drops of the essence of lemons4 ,having thoroughly washed the foot with the lotion1 ,i soak some rags in it1 which ,i wrap around the injured member1 fixing over all a leather or gutta-percha boot2 and when thus treated1 and the animal is subsequently brought into work with caution1 a few days ,i find generally settles the business4 ,,dog-,,carts4--,this appears to be the place to meet1 or rather answer1 the remarks which have appeared in ,youatt's work on this subject4 ,he argues1 because the dog is a beast of draught in northern climes1 it can be without violence1 and indeed was intended by ,providence to be used as such in temperate countries4 ,thus1 if this argument be of any value1 that which the dog can endure in a temperate climate1 it can likewise without injury undergo in a torrid zone4 ,the argument1 if of worth1 admits of this extension2 for1 if the subject of it is to be moved at all1 it is not for the reasoner to arrogate the power of saying at what point it shall stop4 ,however1 granting him to possess this right1 he will thereby gain nothing by it4 ,in the northern climes1 where the dog is employed as a beast of draught1 it is so used only for the winter season2 during which time the face of the landscape is covered by one sheet of snow4 ,is the poor dog in a cart1 as seen in this country1 only so employed8 ,is he not rather obliged to drag his heavy load1 to which the master's weight is often appended1 along dusty roads instead of snowy paths1 and at the top of his speed1 rather than at a pace which the poor creature can maintain for hours8 ,is it not worked in summer as well as winter8 ,does not mud cover the roadways in this country during the colder season for a far longer period than the snow8 ,the summer's toil must be most oppressive to this over-tasked animal2 for1 though the dog is naturalized close to the northern pole1 he becomes scarce for a long distance before the equator is reached4 ,it is the creature of a cold climate2 and what it can do in one country is by no means the measurement of that which it can perform in another2 as those who have been at the trouble and expense of exporting hunting-dogs from ,england to ,india can testify4 ,the foot1 moreover1 may travel over a sheet of snow with impunity1 which may be unsuited for journeying over artificial roads1 deep in mud or water2 or else hot1 dry1 and parched with a summer's sun4 ,the sportsman's dog is often sore-footed2 and do the approvers of dog-carts pretend that the wretched beast1 forced by an inhuman master to undue labor1 is of a different species8 ,if the animals are the same1 how can it be argued that the organ1 which when moving over soft ploughed or grassy fields often fails1 is all-sufficient for the longest and heaviest journey performed upon a hard artificially constructed road8 ,one grave senator in the ,house of ,lords used as an argument against the ,bill introduced to put down that abominable nuisance1 dog-carts1 in this country1 the pleasure he had experienced1 when a child1 while being drawn in a carriage pulled by a dog along the lawn attached to his father's residence4 ,there is no legislation required to meet such cases4 ,no doubt the pleasure felt by the delighted child was shared by the beast1 who wagged his tail1 and scarcely felt the tax imposed upon its huge strength4 ,had the cart been removed from the lawn to the road1 and been knocked up with rough wheels and without springs1 like the carts used by vagrant poor are1 the load of a child would not even then have made the cases similar4 ,to make the instances the same1 the cart must not only be of the rudest construction1 but it must be filled with weight limited solely by the master's capacity to buy2 while on the top of the burthen must be placed1 not a happy child1 but an idle full grown rascal4 ,and the vehicle thus encumbered must be dragged1 not along a soft lawn1 at a pace necessary to please the son and heir1 but along a hard road1 at a rate which alone can satisfy an impatient and brutal master4 ,in whichever way we regard this question1 reason proves against it1 and the dog subject to the most dreadful disease that is communicable to man should on no account1 in this densely populated country1 be subjected to usage best calculated to bring on the malady4 ,,fractures4 ,a fracture is technically called a solution of continuity2 but1 as the general reader will imagine the definition can hardly be correct1 with regard to a bone which may be broader than it is long1 ,i will here define it to be the violent division of a bone into two or more parts4 ,illustration ,fractures are divided into comminuted1 simple1 and compound4 ,the comminuted and compound1 for the present purpose1 may be regarded as one and the same2 since it is obviously impossible to restore the bone of a dog which has been crushed into innumerable pieces2 and such a state of the hard structure is scarcely possible to exist without the soft parts1 as flesh or muscle1 around the injury being involved1 or the lesion rendered compound as well as comminuted in its nature4 ,then it is simple fractures only that have to be dealt with in this place2 and a simple fracture exists when a bone is snapped across into two equal or unequal pieces4 ,it does not matter at what point the injury may occur2 so that the bone be broken only into two pieces1 and none of the flesh be torn1 or the joint involved1 the fracture is a simple one4 ,in the dog1 several simultaneous simple fractures may exist2 as where the animal breaks across the whole of the four metatarsal bones proceeding from the hock to the foot2 or snaps1 which is of more rare occurrence1 the entire number of metacarpal bones1 proceeding from the joint1 which is called the knee of the dog1 towards the foot of the animal4 ,the bones1 however1 most commonly fractured are the ulna and radius in the fore-limb1 and the tibia and fibula in the posterior extremity4 ,next to these in order are the femur or thigh-bone1 in the hind-leg1 and the humerus or arm-bone of the anterior limb4 ,then come the four metacarpal or metatarsal bones1 being the same in number in both legs4 ,these are all the author undertakes to treat4 ,the first and last he manages pretty successfully4 ,for the restoration of a fracture1 all that is necessary is to bring the ends which have been divided together1 and to keep them in the place into which your art has brought them4 ,to accomplish this end1 the author is accustomed to cut from a sheet of stout gutta percha three broad straight ribbons2 then to soak these in warm water till they are pliable1 having first cut in them several holes resembling button-holes1 by the aid of a punch and narrow chisel4 ,when they have lain in the warm water a sufficient time to soften1 and no more--for the water of too great a heat shrivels up as well as softens the gutta percha--he draws forth one ribbon1 and this he moulds to the front of the sound leg4 ,that done1 he takes another piece of the gutta percha1 and this he models to the hind part of the sound leg4 ,the remaining slip is fixed to the side of the limb4 ,after the pliable gutta percha has been forced to assume the shape desired1 it is the practice of the writer to cover it with a cloth saturated in cold spring water1 to hasten the setting of the material1 and thereby shorten a process which always renders the dog somewhat uneasy4 ,all this accomplished1 he next braces the splints together1 and fixes them upon the limb1 by means of a long piece of tape2 putting under them1 next to the skin of the animal1 a quantity of lint to prevent the gutta percha from irritating the flesh4 ,the tapes he also runs through the holes previously made1 and winds about the limb1 or over the splints--rather1 but not too tightly in the first instance--with the intent of arousing the restorative amount of inflammation4 ,this quantity of inflammation1 the reader may imagine1 would be certain to ensue on so violent an injury as the separation of the hard supports of the body2 but in this he is mistaken4 ,i have known a favorite hound to break at once the four metatarsal bones1 and though the splints necessary to promote a union were kept on above two months1 nothing of the kind took place2 at the end of which time all bandages were removed1 and his movements effected the cure which my appliances were unable to bring about4 ,some persons even advocate taking off all bandages from a broken leg1 and sending the dog for a walk1 where union is tardy2 but people who use such language talk about that1 concerning which they literally know nothing4 ,it is not one walk which will produce the desired effect2 but repeated walks are required to accomplish what appears to the ignorant so certain to occur4 ,thus1 to do nothing is far better in some cases than to perform much2 since the absence of remedies accomplishes that which all the paraphernalia of the surgery is unable to produce4 ,there are cases1 however1 which cannot get well of themselves1 unless deformity be esteemed of no consequence4 ,thus1 when the radius and ulna are snapped right across1 and the foot1 deprived of all support1 dangles at the end of the limb2 here the interposition of surgical agency is absolutely required2 for the fracture1 if left to itself without the aid of art1 would never assume its proper situation4 ,so when the humerus or femur are fractured1 the bones may unite of themselves2 but in that case shortening of the limb and incurable lameness is certain to ensue4 ,the practitioner aims not only to bring the separated ends of the bone together2 but he endeavors1 by the invention of various means1 to keep them there1 or to force the limb all the time of the cure to be and to remain at its fullest length4 ,to prevent the tendency to contract in the limb1 and consequently to shorten1 is one of the chief difficulties which we have to contend with in the treatment of fractures4 ,when a bone is broken1 the muscles which hold the parts together sooner or later contract1 and sometimes with such force as to draw the ends of the bone1 which were once continuous1 side by side2 thus rendering the limb shorter than it was previously4 ,this force is generally exerted immediately on the occurrence of the accident2 but in some petted animals where the system is slow1 it does not take place till some indefinite period has elapsed4 ,fortunate is the gentleman who is called on to treat a case before anything of the kind has occurred1 as his difficulties will thereby be at first materially lessened2 but when putting on the splints1 he must be careful that they are strong enough and his tapes tight enough to keep the leg extended1 or to resist the power which sooner or later he may rest assured will start up4 ,the bandages and splints having been on some time--the precise period of which cannot be estimated1--the leg will swell1 especially the foot1 and the tapes become so tight as to cut into the flesh4 ,the practitioner pays little attention to the primary indication of swelling being about to take place2 but when it has fairly set in1 and threatens to do injury to the limb1 he with caution loosens the tapes1 thus permitting the blood freely to circulate4 ,the after-treatment of a fracture is comparatively easy4 ,it consists merely in keeping the bowels open1 attending to the general health1 and in renewing the splints and bandages as often as may be necessary4 ,it is well to bathe the fractured limb1 splints and all1 in the following lotions3-- ,,lotion ,,for ,,the ,,leg ,,before ,,the ,,swelling ,,has ,,commenced4 ,tinct4 arnic4 mont4 ,one drachm4 ,aqua font4 ,one ounce4 ,ess4 limon ,a sufficiency4 ,to be applied frequently4 ,,lotion ,,to ,,be ,,used ,,when ,,swelling ,,is ,,present4 ,tinct4 aconit4 ,half-a-scruple4 ,aqua font4 ,one ounce4 ,ess4 anis4 ,a sufficiency4 ,,lotion ,,to ,,be ,,applied ,,after ,,the ,,swelling ,,has ,,subsided4 ,zinchi chlor4 ,one grain4 ,aqua font4 ,one ounce4 ,ess4 anis4 ,a sufficiency4 ,the other measures are dictated entirely by circumstances4 ,,operations4 ,there are very few of such offices to be performed on the dog4 ,among those1 however1 which do occur1 is the removal of the toe4 ,when a claw has grown completely round1 and by being pressed into the flesh appears1 in the judgment of the practitioner1 to have provoked such injury as decidedly and imperatively requires the removal of the part affected1 then the amputation of one toe may be undertaken4 ,when the dog1 to allay the itching of the extremities1 gnaws or eats his own flesh from the toes1 leaving black and ragged bones protruding1 amputation is necessary4 ,the member must in each case be amputated higher up than the injury4 ,there is no absolute necessity to muzzle the dog1 provided the master is present1 and will undertake the charge of the head4 ,when such has been the case1 and the master has engaged to keep the attention of the dog fixed upon himself1 ,i have removed a joint or two from the leg without the animal uttering a single cry2 although the master1 unused to such sights1 has been seized with sickness so as to require spirits for his restoration4 ,the master being at the head1 or an assistant on whom you can depend being at that post2 another placed to keep down the body2 and a third to lay hold of and extend the limb to be operated upon1 which must be uppermost2 the animal should be thrown on one side4 ,there it must be allowed to remain until sufficient time has elapsed to calm its natural fears4 ,the operator then takes one of ,liston's sharp-pointed knives1 and thrusts it quite through the flesh1 a short distance above the injury2 he then with a sawing motion cuts downward and outward till the knife is released4 ,he next impales the member on the other side1 keeping the back of the knife1 as on the former occasion1 as close to the bone as possible1 and draws it forth in the same manner4 ,he thus will have two flaps divided by a small notch1 which coincides with the breadth of the bone4 ,through this notch1 on the uppermost side1 he must pass his knife1 cutting upwards and inwards2 thus upon both sides1 till the lines made by the knife meet in a point4 ,he will then1 supposing the business to have been properly performed1 see a bright pink living piece of bone in the centre2 and to cut off so much1 or even a little more than is visible1 becomes his next object4 ,for this purpose a saw1 however fine1 is tedious2 because the bone to be cut through is not of sufficient body to allow the operator to put forth his strength1 and on that account also does not leave behind it a smooth surface4 ,the bone-nippers answer better4 ,without loss of time1 therefore1 the veterinary surgeon seizes a pair suited to the object in view1 and with these he gently pushes back the flesh on all sides2 he then1 suddenly closing the handles1 cuts short the protruding bone4 ,the flaps that have been made are then brought together1 when1 if there is any bleeding1 the raw surfaces are again exposed1 and a few puffs with a pair of bellows1 first having sprinkled the part with cold water1 usually stop it4 ,if that should not succeed1 a small quantity of the tincture of ergot of rye suffices for the purpose2 and all bleeding having ceased1 the flaps are finally placed together1 bound up in soft lint1 and a leather or gutta percha boot placed over all1 no dressing being applied or the boot removed for three days4 ,when the wound is inspected1 if1 as frequently happens1 the movements of the dog have disturbed the flaps1 provided they are not drawn too uneven1 the practitioner had better not touch them4 ,the rectifying powers of nature in such cases are wonderful2 and in those he had better trust rather than interfere with the process of healing1 which he may remain certain has already commenced4 ,in this fashion ,i have excised a dog's claw2 and three months after the operation a spectator would have to compare one foot with another to discover that either was deficient in the proper number of appendages4 ,,capped ,,hock ,,and ,,elbow4--,the first of these is more rare than the last2 but as1 on the point of the bone in each joint1 is situated a bursa or small sac1 containing an unctuous fluid intended to facilitate the movement of the bone under the skin1 they both are subject to injury2 when they swell to an enormous size1 and constitute a very unsightly deformity4 ,if seen early1 so soon as the tenderness has subsided1 an ounce of lard may be mixed with a drachm of the iodide of lead1 and the part well and frequently rubbed with the ointment4 ,if in spite of the use of this ointment1 which more often fails than succeeds1 the tumor grows larger and larger1 recourse must be had to an operation2 else the disfigurement may ultimately become sufficiently great and hard to seriously impede the animal's movements4 ,an operation being determined on1 the animal is best left standing2 though1 should it prove unruly1 assistance sufficient to lift it on to a table1 and thereon to lay it on its side1 must be at hand4 ,everything being ready1 and the dog in this case properly muzzled1 the operator1 with such a knife as he can work quickest with1 makes an incision the entire length of the swelling1 and even rather longer than shorter3 he next reflects back both portions of skin1 that is1 the skin on either side of the swelling2 and lastly1 separates the enlargement from its base4 ,this removal will leave a huge1 ugly1 gaping wound1 with a seeming superabundance of skin hanging from its side4 ,let him on no account remove a particle of that skin1 however much more than is necessary properly to cover the wound there may immediately after the operation seem to be4 ,inflammation will1 with the beginning of the healing process1 set in1 and the action of this inflammation contracts the hanging skin2 so that if a portion be removed1 there will remain an open wound to that extent2 and as skin is slowly reproduced1 the cure may be retarded for months4 ,the first part of the business being well concluded1 the dog must remain muzzled1 and be returned to its proprietor with a bottle of healing fluid1 the sore which has been made being left uncovered4 ,the healing fluid is to be used frequently2 and if the case be a good one1 the orifice quickly becomes small1 and heals4 ,in some animals1 however1 there is a disposition to gnaw or lick the part2 thus undoing everything the veterinary surgeon has been accomplishing4 ,to check this habit1 a cradle round the neck2 wide collars which prevent the head from being turned round2 and various splints which1 by keeping the limb extended1 thereby hinder the animal from touching the wound1 are employed4 ,any or all of these1 in untoward cases1 may be necessary2 and in very high-bred animals the healing powers of nature are frequently slow1 consequently in such the after-consequences of an operation are likely to prove very annoying4 ,illustration ,,dog ,,breaking3 ,,the ,,most ,,expeditious1 ,,easy1 ,,and ,,certain ,,method1 ,,whether ,,great ,,excellence ,,or ,,only ,,mediocrity ,,be ,,required4 ,,by ,,col4 ,w4,n4 ,,hutchinson1 ,,grenadier ,,guards4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4--#dfc4 ,,preliminary ,,observations4 ,,qualifications1 ,,in ,,breaker--,,in ,,dog4 #a4 ,dog-,breaking an ,art easily acquired4 #b4 ,most expeditious mode of imparting every ,degree of ,education4 ,time bestowed determines ,grade of ,education4 ,in note1 ,col4 ,hawker's opinion4 #c4 ,sportsmen recommended to break in their own ,dogs4 #d4 ,men of property too easily satisfied with badly-broken ,dogs4 ,keepers have no excuse for ,dogs being badly broken4 #e4 ,great ,experience in ,dog-breaking1 or ,excellence in ,shooting1 not necessary4 ,dispositions of ,dogs vary4 #f4 ,what is required in an instructor4 #g4 ,early in a ,season1 any ,dog will answer1 a good one necessary afterwards4 ,hallooing1 rating ,dogs1 and loud whistling spoils ,sport4 #h4 ,what a well-broken ,dog ought to do4 #i4 ,severity reprobated4 #aj4 ,astley's ,method of teaching his ,horses4 #aa4 ,initiatory ,lessons recommended--to be given when alone with ,dog--given fasting4 #ab4 ,success promised if rules be followed4 ,advantages of an expeditious ,education4 ,autumn shooting not sacrificed4 ,,chapter ,,ii4--#dgj4 ,,initiatory ,,lessons ,,within ,,doors4 ,,shooting ,,ponies4 #ac4 ,one ,instructor better than two4 #ad4 ,age at which ,education commences4 ,in-door breaking for hours1 better than ,out-door breaking for weeks4 #ae4 ,to obey all necessary ,words of ,command1 and all ,signals1 before shown ,game4 #af4 ,unreasonableness of not always giving ,initiatory ,lessons--leads to ,punishment--thence to ,blinking4 #ag4 ,dog to be your constant ,companion1 not another's4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 ,instruct when alone with him4 ,initiatory ,lessons in his ,whistle--in ,dead--,toho--,on4 #ba4 ,all ,commands and ,whistling to be given in a low tone4 #bb to #be4 ,lessons in ,drop4--,head between fore-legs--,setters crouch more than ,pointers4 #bf4 ,slovenly to employ right ,arm both for ,drop and ,toho4 #bg4 ,lessons in ,down-charge4--,taught at ,pigeon-match--,rewards taken from ,hand4 #bg4 ,cavalry ,horses fed at discharge of ,pistol--,same plan pursued with ,dogs4 #bh4 ,dog unusually ,timid to be coupled to another4 #bi4 ,lessons at ,feeding ,time1 with ,checkcords4 ,,chapter ,,iii4--#dhj4 ,,initiatory ,,lessons ,,continued4 ,,spaniels4 #cj1 #ca4 ,initiatory ,lessons in ,dead and ,seek1 continued4 #cb4 ,in ,signals to hunt to the right--left--forward4 #cc4 ,in the ,beckon4 ,woodcock ,shooting in ,america4 #cd4 ,in looking to you for instructions4 #ce4 ,in ,care4 #cf4 ,always give a reward4 #cg4 ,in ,up--saves using ,puzzle-peg4 #ch4 ,dog to carry ,nose high4 #ci4 ,initiatory ,lesson in ,footing a scent4 #dj4 ,in ,heel4 #da4 ,in ,gone or ,away4 #db4 ,in ,fence or ,ware-fence4 #dc4 ,no a better word than ,ware4 #dd4 ,accustomed to couples4 #de4 ,initiatory ,lesson in-doors with a ,companion--when one drops1 the other to drop4 #df4 ,makes ,backing quickly understood4 #dg4 ,initiatory ,lessons with a ,companion in the ,fields4 #dh4 ,initiatory ,lessons save time--make ,dogs fond of ,hunting4 #di4 ,checkcord described4 ,wildest ,dogs possess most energy4 #ej4 ,advantages of ,checkcord explained4 ,spaniels broken in by it4 #ea4 ,lad to act as ,whipper-in4 #eb4 ,retriever that acted as ,whipper-in4 #ec4 ,jealousy made him act the part4 ,might be taught to ,retrieve4 #ed4 ,instead of down charge1 coming to heel4 #ee4 ,as ,puppies kept close to you1 not to self-hunt--broke from hare4 #ef4 ,blacksmith straps ,horse's ,leg above ,hock--,dog's similarly confined--,shot-belt round the necks of wildest4 #eg4 ,hunted in ,gorse4 #eh4 ,age when shown ,game4 ,example of good ,spaniels advantageous4 #ei4 ,perfected in ,drop--taught to seek dead--to fetch--entered at ,hedge-rows and lightest ,covers4 ,bells to ,collars4 #fj4 ,to hunt farther side of ,hedge4 #fa4 ,how ,sportsmen may aid ,keeper4 #fb4 ,experienced ,spaniels slacken pace on ,game4 #fc4 ,difficult to work young ones in ,silence4 #fd4 ,spaniels that ,pointed4 #fe4 ,game first accustomed to1 most liked4 #ff4 ,principal requisites in ,spaniels4 #fg4 ,the signal to point with finger4 #fh4 ,following ,cockers a ,young ,man's work4 #fi4 ,education differs in different ,teams4 #gj4 ,one and a half couple of large ,spaniels sufficient4 ,one of the ,team to retrieve4 #ga4 ,clumbers procuring more shots in ,turnips than ,pointers4 #gb4 ,lord ,p----n's highly-broken ,team4 #gc4 ,of small ,cockers three couple a ,team4 ,what constitutes ,perfection4 #gd4 ,retriever with ,team4 ,duke of ,newcastle's ,keepers4 #ge4 ,some ,teams allowed to hunt flick4 #gf4 ,markers necessary with wild ,spaniels4 #gg4 ,old ,sportsmen prefer mute ,spaniels4 #gh4 ,handy old ,setters capital in light cover4 ,attention necessary when first entered4 #gi4 ,c----e's ,pointers as good in cover as on the stubble4 #hj4 ,pointer that ran to opposite side of ,thicket to flush ,game towards ,gun4 #ha4 ,water ,spaniels1 how broken4 #hb4 ,shepherd's ,forward ,signal best for ,water ,retrievers4 #hc4 ,wild ,fowl reconnoitred with ,telescope4 #hd4 ,qualities required in ,water ,retriever4 ,in ,note1 ,poachers in ,snow4 ,beast or ,man of one uniform color easily detected4 #he4 ,steady ,spaniels in ,rice ,lakes4 ,,chapter ,,iv4--#eaj4 ,,lessons ,,in ,,fetching4 ,,retrievers4 #hf4 ,lessons in fetching recommended4 ,dog1 not taught to retrieve1 bringing dead ,bird he had found4 #hg4 ,taught to deliver into your hand2 never pick up a ,bird yourself2 ,dog which often lost winged ,birds she had lifted4 #hh4 ,retrievers taught to carry something soft2 injudiciousness of employing a stone4 #hi4 ,how encouraged to plunge into ,water4 #ij4 ,diving1 how taught4 #ia4 ,fetching taught with a ,pincushion2 with a ,bunch of ,keys4 #ib4 ,made to deliver instantly4 #ic4 ,practised to carry things of the size and weight of a ,hare4 #id4 ,fetching1 how taught at commencement4 #ie4 ,regular ,retrievers taught to fetch ,birds2 to foot ,rabbits and ,winged ,game4 #if4 ,retriever observes when a ,bird is struck2 a quality particularly useful in a ,water ,retriever4 #ig4 ,pigeons and small ,birds shot to ,retrievers4 #ih4 ,injudiciousness of aiding a young ,dog when retrieving2 makes him rely on ,gun rather than his own ,nose4 #ii4 ,fatigue of carrying ,hare tempts young ,retriever to drop it2 taught to deliver quickly by rewards of hard boiled liver4 #ajj4 ,if he taste blood1 put on ,wire snaffle2 how made4 #aja4 ,retriever how taught to pursue faster2 should commence to road slowly1 but follow up rapidly4 #ajb4 ,why ,land ,retrievers should down charge4 #ajc4 ,some ,retrievers may run on shot1 but those for sale should down charge4 #ajd4 ,retrievers not to be of a heavy build1 yet strong and thick-coated4 #aje4 ,cross between ,newfoundland and ,setter makes best ,retriever2 the real ,newfoundland described4 #ajf4 ,cross from heavy ,setter best ,retriever4 #ajg4 ,most ,dogs can be taught more or less to ,retrieve4 #ajh4 ,young ,retriever to lift ,woodcock and ,landrail4 #aji4 ,retrievers never to kill ,rats1 lift vermin1 or wounded ,heron1 c4 ,,chapter ,v4--#ebg4 ,,initiatory ,,lessons ,,out ,,of ,,doors4 ,,tricks4 #aaj4 ,lessons in ,country ,walks4 #aaa4 ,instruction in quartering2 hunted where least likely to find ,game2 taught while young4 ,in ,note1 ,bitch shot over when seven months old4 #aab4 ,if unreasonably long before taking to hunting1 the remedy4 #aac4 ,utility of ,initiatory ,lessons2 taught without punishing4 #aad4 ,self-confidence of timid ,dogs increased4 #aae4 ,the more ,dogs learn1 the more readily they learn4 #aaf4 ,two superior ,dogs better than half-a-dozen of the ordinary sort2 ,action of ,dogs2 their ,feet2 ,loins2 dash of ,foxhound gives endurance2 cross with ,bull hunts with nose too low2 ,reliefs desirable2 best ,dog reserved for evening4 #aag4 ,memorandum1 never to ride through gate with gun athwart-ship2 instance of ,dog's behaving admirably the first day shown ,game4 #aah4 ,proves the value of ,initiatory ,lessons4 #aai4 ,summary of knowledge imparted by them4 #abj4 ,why to signal with right hand4 #aba4 ,one word only of command2 dogs attend to the general ,sound1 not to the several ,words4 #abb4 ,names of ,dogs not to end in ,o2 to be easily called2 to be dissimilar4 #abc4 ,drop better word of command than ,down2 use words of command least likely to be employed by others2 when purchasing a ,dog ascertain what words he is accustomed to4 ,,chapter ,,vi--#ecg4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,commenced4 ,,ranging4 #abd4 ,regular ,breakers make ,dogs point paired ,birds in ,spring1 tends to ,blinking4 #abe4 ,better not to see ,game until shot over2 taken out alone on a fine day in ,autumn4 #abf4 ,perpetually whistling to animate ,dogs1 injudicious4 #abg4 ,beat largest fields1 and where least likely to find ,game4 #abh4 ,commence from leeward2 scent bad in a calm or gale4 #abi to #acc4 ,instructions in ranging4 #acd4 ,kept from hedge2 ,range greater on moors than stubble4 #ace4 ,distance between ,parallels dependent on tenderness of nose4 #acf4 ,if the ,dog is to hunt with another1 the ,parallels to be farther apart4 #acg4 ,no interruption when winding ,birds1 yet not allowed to puzzle2 ,nose to gain ,experience4 #ach4 ,birds lie well to ,dog that winds1 not foots them4 #aci4 ,inattentive to ,whistle1 made to drop1 c42 when rating or punishing1 the disregarded order or signal to be often repeated2 ,whip to crack loudly4 ,the attainment of a scientific ,range difficult1 but of surpassing value2 the best ranger must in the end find most ,game4 ,,chapter ,,vii4--#edi4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,continued4 ,,caution4 #adj4 ,dog to be hunted alone4 #ada4 ,many ,breakers exactly reverse this4 #adb4 ,turnips1 ,potatoes1 c41 avoided2 ,range of dogs broken on moors most true4 #adc4 ,in ,turnips1 c41 young ,dogs get too close to ,birds4 #add4 ,cautious ,dogs may with advantage be as fast as wild ones2 the two contrasted4 ,in ,note1 injudiciousness of teaching a ,puppy to point ,chickens4 #ade1 #f4 ,a ,dog's nose cannot be improved1 but his caution can1 which is nearly tantamount2 how effected4 #adg4 ,how to make fast ,dogs cautious4 #adh1 #adi4 ,the cause why wild ,dogs ultimately turn out best4 #aej4 ,the day's ,beat commenced from the leeward4 #aea4 ,wonderful ,dogs1 which find ,game without hunting4 #aeb4 ,reason why ,dogs should be instructed separately1 and allowed ,time to work out a scent2 young ,dogs generally too much hurried4 ,,chapter ,,viii4--#eef4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,continued4 ,,cunning ,,of ,,age--,,range ,,of ,,from ,,two ,,to ,,six ,,dogs4 #aec4 ,your ,dog not to break fence2 how taught2 ,birds often sprung while you are scrambling over hedge4 #aed4 ,turning one's back upon a ,dog to bring him away2 stooping down1 c41 to make him hunt close4 #aee4 ,dog1 when fatigued1 not to be hunted2 leads to false points4 #aef4 ,sent home1 brushed1 and allowed a warm berth2 not to follow all day at heel4 #aeg to #aei4 ,beat of two ,dogs1 how regulated4 #afj4 ,whatever number hunted1 all should look to the ,gun for orders4 #afa4 ,mr4 ,herbert's opinion in his ,field ,sports in ,united ,states4 #afb1 #afc4 ,beat of three ,dogs4 #afd4 ,of four ,dogs4 #afe to #afg4 ,of five or six ,dogs4 #afh4 ,great precision impracticable1 but the necessity of a system maintained2 ,system particularly essential where ,game is scarce2 ,dogs to be brigaded1 not to be employed as a pack4 #afi4 ,when each keeper hunts a brace4 #agj4 ,a brigade of fine rangers worth from fifty to sixty guineas a brace4 #aga4 ,fastest walkers do not necessarily beat most country4 #agb4 ,nor do always the fastest ,dogs4 #agc4 ,how slow ,dogs may hunt more ground than faster4 ,,chapter ,,ix4--#efe ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,continued4 ,,point ,,not ,,relinquished ,,for ,,down ,,charge4 #agd4 ,affection makes ,dog anxious to please--when he rushes in to be dragged back4 #age4 ,rule pressed4 #agf4 ,reasons for ,rule--,experience anticipated4 #agg4 ,to stand far off4 #agh4 ,patience enjoined--,not to part as enemies4 #agi4 ,the first good point--,remain yourself stationary4 #ahj4 ,heading ,dog--,your circle to be wide4 ,the first ,bird killed4 #aha4 ,finding dead ,bird1 it being to leeward4 #ahb4 ,pointing it--,blinking it4 ,the cause4 #ahc4 ,bird killed1 the ,dog to go to heel4 #ahd4 ,supposed objection4 #ahd4 ,answered4 #ahe4 ,temptation to run after fallen ,bird greater than to run to heel4 #ahf4 ,dog pointing one ,bird1 and after down charge1 springing the others4 ,the cause4 #ahg4 ,the preventive4 ,dog never to discontinue his point in order to down charge4 ,how taught4 #ahh4 ,its advantages exemplified4 #ahi4 ,decide whether ,dog goes direct to ,bird1 or first to you4 #aij4 ,dog which performed well--,snipe shooting on banks of ,richelieu4 #aia4 ,coolness recommended--,inconsistency deprecated4 ,,chapter ,x4--#egi4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,continued4 ,,assistant #aib4 ,some ,dogs will not point readily4 ,breeding in and in1 error of4 #aic4 ,dogs more inclined to point at first than afterwards4 #aid4 ,checkcord employed--spike attached to it4 #aie4 ,with wild ,dog assistant useful--,signals to4 #aif4 ,how particularly useful with a badly-broken ,dog4 #aig4 ,heading ,dog at his point--not practised too often--,dog to acquire a knowledge of his distance from ,game4 #aih4 ,constantly ,heading ,dog may make him too immovable4 #aii4 ,a fault often caused by over-punishment4 #bjj4 ,false points caused by over-punishment--,self-confidence and experience only cures for over-caution4 #bja4 ,dog's manner shows position of ,birds4 ,,chapter ,,xi4--#ehe4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,concluded4 ,,bar4 ,,leg ,,strap4 ,,spike ,,collar4 #bjb4 ,bar cure for too high spirits4 ,a leg strapped up4 ,why these remedies are better than starvation and excessive work4 #bjc4 ,the regular ,spike ,collar described4 ,french ,spike ,collar4 #bjd4 ,one less objectionable4 #bje to #bjh4 ,how1 in extreme cases1 the ,spike ,collar may be employed4 #bji4 ,dog springing ,birds without noticing them2 how to be treated4 #baj4 ,the first ,birds fired at to be killed outright2 the search for winged ,birds1 ,dog being to leeward4 #baa4 ,had the ,dog seized4 ,firing at running ,bird4 #bab4 ,the search for winged ,bird1 ,dog being to windward4 #bac4 ,lifting a ,dog1 when recommended4 ,footing a scent4 ,in ,note1 ,speed of ,red-legged ,partridge4 #bad4 ,evil of a young ,sportsman always thinking his ,birds killed outright2 often calls away ,dog improperly4 #bae4 ,loss of dead ,bird discouraging to ,dog4 #baf4 ,perseverance in seeking1 how fostered4 #bag4 ,nosing ,bird allowed4 #bah4 ,error of picking up winged ,bird before loading4 ,in ,note1 ,ingenious argument in its favor2 ,bird picked up in the evening2 rejoins covey4 #bai4 ,if a winged ,bird be a fast runner1 and out of shot4 #bbj4 ,if ,dog rushes forward1 yet yields to menaces and stops4 #bba4 ,if he seizes the dead ,bird2 if he has torn it4--,how to administer ,punishment4 #bbb4 ,part good friends4 ,your own temper not to be ruffled4 #bbc4 ,your own temper not to be ruffled4 #bbd4 ,he is no ,breaker who cannot always get hold of ,dog4 #bbe4 ,be certain of ,dog's guilt before punishing4 #bbf4 ,dog's ears not to be pulled violently4 #bbg4 ,to drop whenever ,bird or ,hare rises4 #bbh4 ,lesson in ,turnips4 #bbi4 ,real ,lesson in ,gone or ,flown given after ,dog has had some experience2 reason why4 ,,chapter ,,xii4--#fjd4 ,,shooting ,,hares4 ,,courage ,,imparted4 ,,backing ,,taught4 #bcj4 ,shooting ,hares not recommended2 shooting ,rabbits strongly condemned4 ,in ,note1 why superior ,grouse-,dog better than superior ,partridge-,dog4 ,dog brought from strange country always hunts to disadvantage4 #bca4 ,put off killing ,hares as long as possible4 #bcb4 ,dogs not to quit faint scent of ,birds for strong scent of ,hare4 #bcc4 ,dog after ,hare2 no racing after ,dog2 ,puss gone down wind4 #bcd4 ,checkcord employed4 ,drive in spike on toho-ing ,hare4 #bce4 ,impropriety of firing at ,dog4 #bcf4 ,hares scarce1 visit ,rabbit-warren4 #bcg4 ,morning1 hunt where no ,hares2 evening1 where plentiful4 ,mountain ,hares4 #bch4 ,killing ,hare in its form4 #bci4 ,shooting ,bird on ground4 #bdj4 ,dog taught to pursue wounded ,hare4 #bda4 ,whip carried1 saves punishment4 ,detention of ,dog at crouching posture1 saves ,whip4 #bdb4 ,few cuts1 but severe ones4 #bdc4 ,instance of timidity cured4 ,range imparted by giving ,dog feet of ,partridge4 #bdd4 ,punishment1 not defective ,nose1 causes ,blinking4 #bde4 ,courage imparted to timid ,dogs4 #bdf4 ,dogs expect ,punishment for faults2 vexed when ,birds are not fired at4 #bdg4 ,what ,dog select to teach yours to ,back4 #bdh4 ,example has great influence4 #bdi4 ,backing old ,dog4 #bej4 ,finder to road to a rise2 his intrusive companion described4 #bea4 ,to back by ,eye1 not ,nose4 #beb4 ,encourage old ,dog before rating the other4 #bec4 ,finder not to advance1 even if passed by other ,dog4 #bed4 ,the ,backer should down charge4 #bee4 ,dog when pointing never to down charge2 how taught4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4--#fai4 ,,hints ,,to ,,purchasers4 ,,sheep ,,killing4 #bef4 ,the back being taught1 young ,dog again hunted alone4 #beg4 ,breakers hunt too many together4 ,why injudicious4 #beh4 ,one hour's instruction alone1 better than a day's in company4 #bei4 ,case in point4 #bfj4 ,rushing in to dead1 how cured4 #bfa4 ,dogs shot over single-handed4 ,jealousy decreases with intimacy4 ,independence and self-reliance1 how imparted4 #bfb4 ,best ,dogs2 summary of rules for making1 concisely given4 ,the best will make mistakes4 #bfc4 ,dog that always ran riot when out of sight4 #bfd4 ,killing sheep2 cure attempted4 #bfe4 ,another plan4 #bff1 #bfg4 ,third attempt at remedy4 #bfg4 ,muzzle ,dog likely to worry ,sheep4 #bfh4 ,killing ,fowls2 the cure4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4--#fbh4 ,,distinguishing ,,whistles4 ,,backing ,,the ,,gun4 ,,retreat ,,from ,,and ,,resumption ,,of ,,point4 ,,range ,,unaccompanied ,,by ,,gun4 ,,heading ,,running ,,birds4 #bga4 ,a distinguishing whistle for each ,dog2 disadvantage of employing but one whistle for several ,dogs2 supposed case4 #bgb4 ,another case4 #bgc4 ,third case4 #bgd4 ,dissimilar whistles1 or distinct notes on one whistle4 #bge4 ,general rule for whistling #bgf4 ,dog to back the ,gun2 how taught2 it creates caution4 #bgg4 ,advantage of ,dog backing the ,gun4 #bgh4 ,american ,wood-,duck4 #bgi4 ,dog to retreat from point and resume it4 #bhj4 ,how taught4 #bha4 ,shows ,dog object for which he is hunted4 #bhb4 ,not taught too early4 #bhc4 ,dog's consciousness of its object4 #bhd4 ,dog to hunt from leeward to windward1 unaccompanied by ,gun2 how taught4 #bhe4 ,a careful ,dog running down wind would not spring ,birds4 #bhf4 ,the great advantages of the accomplishment4 #bhg4 ,dog to head running ,birds2 could be taught4 #bhh4 ,how ,dog taught to hunt unaccompanied by ,gun4 #bhi4 ,the accomplishment taught by lifting2 not commenced first season4 #bij4 ,could be taught as easily as ,shepherds' collies are instructed4 #bia4 ,particularly useful where the red-legged ,partridge is found4 ,,chapter ,,xv4--#fch4 ,,setter ,,to ,,retrieve4 ,,bloodhounds4 ,,retrievers ,,to ,,beat4 ,,wounded ,,wild ,,fowl ,,retrieved ,,first4 #bib4 ,setter to retrieve2 obtain thereby in one ,dog the services of two2 necessity of having some ,dog that retrieves4 #bic4 ,predilection for ,setters confessed2 ,reasons given4 #bid4 ,one ,dog only to retrieve4 #bie4 ,let retrieving be done by ,finder4 #bif4 ,seeking ,dead with two ,dogs2 ,winged ,bird searched for in direction of covey's flight4 #big4 ,scent differs of wounded and unwounded ,birds4 #bih4 ,three dead ,snipe lifted in succession2 ,setter that stood fresh ,birds while carrying a dead one2 ,pointer that pointed ,partridge while carrying a ,hare2 ,retriever refusing to relinquish chase of wounded ,hare4 #bii4 ,injudiciousness of retrieving ,setter pointing dead4 #cjj4 ,argument against employing retrieving ,setters holds against using regular ,retrievers4 #cja4 ,regular ,retrievers to beat2 its advantages2 one ,dog does the duty of two4 #cjb4 ,water ,retrievers1 or ,water ,spaniels1 to retrieve crippled before picking up dead ,wild ,fowl2 how taught4 #cjc4 ,none of these accomplishments so difficult to teach as a good range4 #cjd4 ,might be taught by your ,gamekeeper1 but not to be expected of regular ,breaker4 ,illustration3 ,,cockers4--,,butler ,,and ,,brisk4 ,,dog-,,breaking4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,preliminary ,,observations4 ,,qualifications1 ,,in ,,breaker--,,in ,,dog4 #a4 ,dog-breaking1 so far from there being any mystery in it1 is an art easily acquired when it is commenced and continued on rational principles4 #b4 ,i think you will be convinced of this if you will have the patience to follow me1 whilst ,i endeavor to explain what1 ,i am satisfied1 is the most certain and rapid method of breaking in your dogs1 whether you require great proficiency in them1 or are contented with an inferior education4 ,no quicker system has yet been devised1 however humble the education may be4 ,the education in fact of the peasant1 and that of the future double-first collegian1 begin and proceed on the same principle4 ,you know your own circumstances1 and you must yourself determine what time you choose to devote to them2 and1 as a consequence1 the degree of excellence to which you aspire4 ,i can only assure you of my firm conviction1 that no other means will enable you to gain your object so quickly1 and ,i speak with a confidence derived from long experience in many parts of the world1 on a subject that was1 for several years1 my great hobby4#b #c4 ,every writer is presumed to take some interest in his reader2 ,i therefore feel privileged to address you as a friend1 and will commence my lecture by strongly recommending1 that1 if your occupations will allow it1 you take earnestly and heartily to educating your dogs yourself4 ,if you possess temper and some judgment1 and will implicitly attend to my advice1 ,i will go bail for your success1 and1 much as you may now love shooting1 you will then like it infinitely more4 ,try the plan ,i recommend1 and ,i will guarantee that the ,pointer or ,setter ,pup which ,i will1 for example sake1 suppose to be now in your kennel1 shall be a better dog by the end of next season--,i mean a more killing dog--than probably any you ever yet shot over4 #d4 ,possibly you will urge1 that you are unable to spare the time which ,i consider necessary for giving him a high education--brief as that time is1 compared with the many1 many months wasted in the tedious methods usually employed--and that you must1 perforce1 content yourself with humbler qualifications4 ,be it so1 ,i can only condole with you1 for in your case this may be partly true2 mind1 ,i only say partly true4 ,but how a man of property1 who keeps a regular gamekeeper1 can be satisfied with the disorderly1 disobedient troop to which he often shoots1 ,i cannot understand4 ,where the gamekeeper is permitted to accompany his master in the field1 and hunt the dogs himself1 there can be no valid excuse for the deficiency in their education4 ,the deficiency must arise either from the incapacity1 or from the idleness of the keeper4 #e4 ,unlike most other arts1 dog-breaking does not require much experience2 but such a knowledge of dogs1 as will enable you to discriminate between their different tempers and dispositions1 ,i had almost said characters--and they vary greatly--is very advantageous4 ,some require constant encouragement2 some you must never beat2 whilst1 to gain the required ascendancy over others1 the whip must be occasionally employed4 ,nor is it necessary that the instructor should be a very good shot2 which probably is a more fortunate circumstance for me than for you4 ,it should even be received as a principle that birds ought to be now and then missed to young dogs1 lest some day1 if your nerves happen to be out of order1 or a cockney companion be harmlessly blazing away1 your dog take it into his head and heels to run home in disgust1 as ,i have seen a bitch1 called ,countess1 do more than once1 in ,haddingtonshire4 #f4 ,the chief requisites in a breaker are3--,firstly1 command of temper1 that he may never be betrayed into giving one unnecessary blow1 for with dogs1 as with horses1 no work is so well done as that which is done cheerfully2 secondly1 consistency1 that in the exhilaration of his spirits1 or in his eagerness to secure a bird1 he may not permit a fault to pass unreproved1 ,i do not say unpunished1 which at a less exciting moment he would have noticed--and that1 on the other hand1 he may not correct a dog the more harshly because the shot has been missed1 or the game lost2 and lastly1 the exercise of a little reflection1 to enable him to judge what meaning an unreasonable animal is likely to attach to every word and sign1 nay to every look4 #g4 ,with the coarsest tackle1 and worst flies1 trout can be taken in unflogged waters1 while it requires much science1 and the finest gut1 to kill persecuted fish4 ,it is the same in shooting4 ,with almost any sporting-dog game can be killed early in the season1 when the birds lie like stones1 and the dog can get within a few yards of them2 but you will require one highly broken to obtain many shots when they are wild4 ,then any incautious approach of the dog1 or any noise1 would flush the game1 and your own experience will tell you that nothing so soon puts birds on the run1 and makes them so ready to take flight1 as the sound of the human voice1 especially now-a-days1 when farmers generally prefer the scythe to the sickle1 and clean husbandry1 large fields1 and trim narrow hedges--affording no shelter from wet--have forced the partridge--a short-winged#c bird--unwillingly to seek protection1 when arrived at maturity1 in ready flight rather than in concealment4 ,even the report of a gun does not so much alarm them as the command1 ,toho1 or ,down charge1 usually too1 as if to make matters worse1 hallooed to the extent of the breaker's lungs4 ,there are anglers who recommend silence as conducive to success1 and there are no experienced sportsmen who do not acknowledge its great value in shooting4 ,rate or beat a dog at one end of a field1 and the birds at the other will lift their heads1 become uneasy1 and be ready to take wing the moment you get near them4 ,penn1 in his clever maxims on ,angling and ,chess1 observes to this effect1 if you wish to see the fish1 do not let him see you2 and with respect to shooting1 we may as truly say1 if you wish birds to hear your gun1 do not let them hear your voice4 ,even a loud whistle disturbs them4 ,mr4 ,o----t of ,c----e says a gamekeeper's motto ought to be1--,no whistling--no whipping--no noise1 when master goes out for sport4 #h4 ,these observations lead unavoidably to the inference1 that no dog can be considered perfectly broken1 that does not make his point when first he feels assured of the presence of game1 and remain stationary where he makes it1 until urged on by you to draw nearer--that does not1 as a matter of course1 lie down without any word of command the moment you have fired1 and afterwards perseveringly seek for the dead bird in the direction you may point out--and all this without your once having occasion to speak1 more than to say in a low voice1 ,find1 when he gets near the dead bird1 as will be hereafter explained4 ,moreover1 it must be obvious that he risks leaving game behind him if he does not hunt every part of a field1 and1 on the other hand1 that he wastes your time and his strength1 if he travels twice over the same ground1 nay1 over any ground which his powers of scent have already reached4 ,of course ,i am now speaking of a dog hunted without a companion to share his labors4 #i4 ,you may say1 ,how is all this1 which sounds so well in theory1 to be obtained in practice without great severity8 ,believe me1 with severity it never can be attained4 ,if flogging would make a dog perfect1 few would be found unbroken in ,england or ,scotland1 and scarcely one in ,ireland4 #aj4 ,astley's method was to give each horse his preparatory lessons alone1 and when there was no noise or anything to divert his attention from his instructor4 ,if the horse was interrupted during the lesson1 or his attention in any way withdrawn1 he was dismissed for that day4 ,when perfect in certain lessons by himself1 he was associated with other horses whose education was further advanced4 ,and it was the practice of that great master to reward his horses with slices of carrot or apple when they performed well4 #aa4 ,astley may give us a useful hint in our far easier task of dog-breaking4 ,we see that he endeavored by kindness and patience to make the horse thoroughly comprehend the meaning of certain words and signals before he allowed him any companion4 ,so ought you1 by what may be termed initiatory lessons1 to make your young dog perfectly understand the meaning of certain words and signs before you hunt him in the company of another dog--nay1 before you hunt him at all2 and1 in pursuance of ,astley's plan1 you ought to give these lessons when you are alone with the dog1 and his attention is not likely to be withdrawn to other matters4 ,give them1 also1 when he is fasting1 as his faculties will then be clearer1 and he will be more eager to obtain any rewards of biscuit or other food4 #ab4 ,be assured that by a consistent adherence to the simple rules which ,i will explain1 you can obtain the perfection ,i have described1 #h1 with more ease and expedition than you probably imagine to be practicable2 and1 if you will zealously follow my advice1 ,i promise1 that1 instead of having to give up your shooting in ,september--for ,i am supposing you to be in ,england--while you break in your pup1 you shall then be able to take him into the field1 provided he is tolerably well bred and well disposed1 perfectly obedient2 and1 except that he will not have a well-confirmed1 judicious range1 almost perfectly made2 at least so far made1 that he will only commit such faults as naturally arise from want of experience4 ,let me remind you also that the keep of dogs is expensive1 and supplies an argument for making them earn their bread by hunting to a useful purpose so soon as they are of an age to work without injury to their constitution4 ,time1 moreover1 is valuable to us all1 or most of us fancy it is4 ,surely1 then1 that system of education is best which imparts the most expeditiously the required degree of knowledge4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,it may be satisfactory to others to know the opinion of so undeniable an authority as ,colonel ,hawker4 ,the ,colonel1 in the ,tenth ,edition of his invaluable ,book on ,shooting1 writes--page #bhe--,since the publication of the last edition1 ,lieut4-,col4 ,hutchinson's valuable work on ',dog-breaking' has appeared4 ,it is a perfect vade mecum for both ,sportsmen and ,keeper1 and ,i have great pleasure in giving a cordial welcome to a work which so ably supplies my own deficiencies4 #c ,the ,american ,quail so closely resembles the ,english partridge in all its habits1 except that it takes to covert in large woodlands1 and occasionally trees1 that all the rules of hunting and beating for it1 shooting it1 and breaking dogs for its pursuit1 are entirely identical4--,h4,w4,h4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,initiatory ,,lessons ,,within ,,doors4 ,,shooting ,,ponies4 #ac4 ,it is seldom of any advantage to a dog to have more than one instructor4 ,the methods of teaching may be the same2 but there will be a difference in the tone of voice and in the manner that will more or less puzzle the learner1 and retard rather than advance his education4 ,if1 therefore1 you resolve to break in your dog1 do it entirely yourself2 let no one interfere with you4 #ad4 ,as a general rule1 let his education begin when he is about six or seven months old#d--;although ,i allow that some dogs are more precocious than others1 and bitches always more forward than dogs--but it ought to be nearly completed before he is shown a bird 7#aaa74 ,a quarter of an hour's daily in-door training--called by the ,germans house-breaking--for three or four weeks will effect more than a month's constant hunting without preliminary tuition4 #ae4 ,never take your young dog out of doors for instruction1 until he has learnt to know and obey the several words of command which you intend to give him in the field1 and is well acquainted with all the signs which you will have occasion to make to him with your arms4 ,these are what may be called the initiatory lessons4 #af4 ,think a moment1 and you will see the importance of this preliminary instruction1 though rarely imparted4 ,why should it be imagined that at the precise moment when a young dog is enraptured with the first sniff of game1 he is1 by some mysterious unaccountable instinct1 to understand the meaning of the word ,toho8 ,why should he not conceive it to be a word of encouragement to rush in upon the game1 as he probably longs to do2 especially if it is a partridge fluttering before him1 in the sagacious endeavor to lure him from her brood1 or a hare enticingly cantering off from under his nose8 ,there are breakers who would correct him for not intuitively comprehending and obeying the ,toho1 roared out with stentorian lungs2 though1 it is obvious1 the youngster1 from having had no previous instruction1 could have no better reason for understanding its import than the watch-dog chained up in the adjacent farm-yard4 ,again he hears the word ,toho--again followed by another licking1 accompanied perhaps by the long lecture1 ,ware springing birds1 will you8 ,the word ,toho then begins to assume a most awful character2 he naturally connects it with the finding of game1 and not understanding a syllable of the lecture1 lest he should a third time hear it1 and get a third drubbing1 he judges it most prudent1 unless he is a dog of very high courage1 when next aware of the presence of birds1 to come in to heel2 and thus he commences to be a blinker1 thanks to the sagacity and intelligence of his tutor4 ,i do not speak of all professional dog-breakers1--far from it4 ,many are fully sensible that comprehension of orders must necessarily precede all but accidental obedience4 ,i am only thinking of some whom it has been my misfortune to see1 and who have many a time made my blood boil at their brutal usage of a fine high-couraged young dog4 ,men who had a strong arm and hard heart to punish--but no temper and no head to instruct4 #ag4 ,so long as you are a bachelor1 you can make a companion of your dog1 without incurring the danger of his being spoilt by your wife and children2 the more1 by-the-bye1 he is your own companion and nobody else's the better3 and it is a fact1 though you may smile at the assertion1 that all the initiatory lessons can be1 and can best be inculcated in your own breakfast-room4 #ah4 ,follow ,astley's plan4 ,let no one be present to distract the dog's attention4 ,call him to you by the whistle you propose always using in the field4 ,tie a slight cord a few yards long to his collar4 ,throw him a small piece of toast or meat1 saying at the time1 ,dead1 dead4 ,do this several times1 chucking it into different parts of the room1 and let him eat what he finds4 ,then throw a piece1 always as you do so saying1 ,dead1 and the moment he gets close to it1 check him by jerking the cord1 at the same time saying1 ,toho1 and lifting up your right arm almost perpendicularly4 ,by pressing on the cord with your foot1 you can restrain him as long as you please4 ,do not let him take what you have thrown until you give him the encouraging word1 ,on1 accompanied by a forward movement of the right arm and hand1 somewhat similar to the swing of an under-hand bowler at cricket4 #ai4 ,let all your commands be given in a low voice4 ,consider that in the field1 where you are anxious not to alarm the birds unnecessarily1 your words must reach your dogs' ears more or less softened by distance1 and1 if their influence depends on loudness1 they will have the least effect at the very moment when you wish them to have the most4 ,for the same reason1 in the initiatory lessons1 be careful not to whistle loudly4 #bj4 ,after a few trials with the checkcord1 you will find yourself enabled1 without touching it1 and merely by using the word ,toho1 to prevent his seizing the toast or meat1 until you say ,on1 or give him the forward signal4 ,when he gets yet more perfect in his lesson1 raising your right arm only1 without employing your voice1 will be sufficient1 especially if you have gradually accustomed him to hear you speak less and less loudly4 ,if he draw towards the bread before he has obtained leave1 jerk the cord1 and drag him back to the spot from which he stirred4 ,he is not to quit it until you order him1 occupy yourself as you may4 ,move about1 and occasionally go from him1 as far as you can1 before you give the command ,on4 ,this will make him less unwilling hereafter to continue steady at his point while you are taking a circuit to head him1 and so get wild birds between him and your gun1--#agi1 #aif4 ,the signal for his advancing1 when you are facing him1 is the beckon--see #cc4 #ba4 ,at odd times let him take the bread the moment you throw it1 that his eagerness to rush forward to seize it may be continued1 only to be instantly restrained at your command4 #bb4 ,your left arm raised perpendicularly1 in a similar manner1 should make the young dog lie down4 ,call out ,drop1 when so holding up the left hand1 and press him down with the other until he assumes a crouching position4 ,if you study beauty of attitude1 his fore-legs should be extended and his head rest between them4 ,make him lie well down1 occasionally walking round and round him1 gradually increasing the size of the circle--your eyes on his4 ,do not let him raise himself to a sitting posture4 ,if you do1 he will have the greater inclination hereafter to move about3 especially when you want to catch him in order to chide or correct him4 ,a stop is all you require for the ,toho1 and you would prefer his standing to his point1 rather than his lying down1#e as you then would run less risk of losing sight of him in cover1 heather1 or high turnips1 c4 ,setters1 however1 naturally crouch so much more than ,pointers1 that you will often not be able to prevent their falling when they are close to game4 ,indeed1 ,i have heard some sportsmen argue in favor of a dog's dropping1 that it rested him4 ,an advantage1 in my opinion1 in no way commensurate with the inconvenience that often attends the practice4 #bc4 ,if you are satisfied with teaching him in a slovenly manner1 you can employ your right arm both for the ,toho and ,drop2 but that is not quite correct1 for the former is a natural stop--being the pause to determine exactly where the game is lying1 preparatory to rushing in to seize it--which you prolong by art1#f whilst the other is wholly opposed to nature4 ,the one affords him great delight1 especially when1 from experience1 he has learnt well its object3 the latter is always irksome4 ,nevertheless1 it must be firmly established4 ,it is the triumph of your art4 ,it ensures future obedience4 ,but it cannot be effectually taught without creating more or less awe1 and it should create awe4 ,it is obvious1 therefore1 that it must be advantageous to make a distinction between the two signals--especially with a timid dog--for he will not then be so likely to blink on seeing you raise your right hand when he is drawing upon game4 ,nevertheless1 there are breakers so unreasonable as not only to make that one signal1 but the one word ,drop1 or rather ,down1 answer both for the order to point1 and the order to crouch6 ,how can such tuition serve to enlarge a dog's ideas8 #bd4 ,to perfect him in the ,down1 that difficult part of his education1--difficult1 because it is unnatural1--practise it in your walks4 ,at very uncertain1 unexpected times catch his eye1 having previously stealthily taken hold of the checkcord--a long1 light one1 or a whistle to call his attention1 and then hold up your left arm4 ,if he does not instantly drop1 jerk the checkcord violently1 and1 as before1 drag him back to the exact spot where he should have crouched down4 ,admit of no compromise4 ,you must have implicit1 unhesitating1 instant obedience4 ,when you quit him1 he must not be allowed to crawl an inch after you4 ,if he attempt it1 drive a spike into the ground1 and attach the end of the checkcord to it1 allowing the line to be slack2 then leave him quickly1 and on his running after you he will be brought up with a sudden jerk4 ,so much the better2 it will slightly alarm him4 ,as before1 take him back to the precise place he quitted--do this invariably1 though he may have scarcely moved4 ,there make him again ,drop--always observing to jerk the cord at the moment you give the command4 ,after a few trials of this tethering1 say less than a dozen1 he will be certain to lie down steadily1 until you give the proper order or a signal--#bj--let you run away1 or do what you may to excite him to move4 ,one great advantage of frequently repeating this lesson1 and thus teaching it thoroughly1 is that your dog will hereafter always feel1 more or less1 in subjection whenever the cord is fastened to his collar4 ,he must be brought to instantly obey the signal1 even at the extreme limit of his beat4 #be4 ,most probably he will not at first rise when he is desired4 ,there is no harm in that--a due sense of the inutility of non-compliance with the order of ,drop1 and a wholesome dread of the attendant penalty1 will be advantageous4 ,go up to him--pat him--and lead him for some paces1 making much of him1 as they say in the cavalry4 ,dogs which are over-headstrong and resolute can only be brought under satisfactory command by this lesson being indelibly implanted--and ,i think a master before he allows the keeper to take a pup into the field to show him game1 should insist upon having ocular demonstration that he is perfect in the ,drop4 #bf4 ,when he is well confirmed in this all-important lesson1 obeying implicitly1 yet cheerfully1 you may1 whilst he is lying down--in order to teach him the down charge--go through the motions of loading1 on no account permitting him to stir until you give him the forward signal1 or say1 ,on4 ,after a few times you may fire off a copper cap1 and then a little powder1 but be very careful not to alarm him4 ,until your dog is quite reconciled to the report of a gun1 never take him up to any one who may be firing4 ,i have1 however1 known of puppies being familiarized to the sound1 by being at first kept at a considerable distance from the party firing1 and then gradually and by slow degrees brought nearer4 ,this can easily be managed at a rifle or pigeon match1 and the companionship of a made-dog would much expedite matters4 ,whenever1 in the lessons1 your young dog has behaved steadily and well1 give him a reward4 ,do not throw it to him3 let him take it from your hands4 ,it will assist in making him tender-mouthed1 and in attaching him to you4 #bg4 ,in some cavalry regiments in ,india1 the feeding-time is denoted by the firing off of a pistol4 ,this soon changes a young horse's first dread of the report into eager1 joyous expectation4 ,you might1 if you did not dislike the trouble1 in a similar manner1 soon make your pup regard the report of a gun as the gratifying summons to his dinner1 but coupled with the understanding that1 as a preliminary step1 he is to crouch the instant he hears the sound4 ,after a little perseverance you would so well succeed1 that you would not be obliged even to raise your hand4 ,if habituated to wait patiently at the drop1 however hungry he may be1 before he is permitted to taste his food1 it is reasonable to think he will remain at the down charge1 yet more patiently before he is allowed to seek dead4 #bh4 ,if your pupil is unusually timid1 and you cannot banish his alarm on hearing the gun1 couple him to another dog which has no such foolish fears1 and will steadily down charge4 ,the confidence of the one will impart confidence to the other4 ,fear and joy are feelings yet more contagious in animals than in man4 ,it is the visible1 joyous animation of the old horses1 that so quickly reconciles the cavalry colt to the sound of the feeding-pistol4 #bi4 ,a keeper who had several dogs to break1 would find the advantage of pursuing the cavalry plan just noticed4 ,indeed1 he might extend it still further1 by having his principal in-door drill at feeding-time1 and by enforcing1 but in minuter details1 that kennel discipline which has brought many a pack of hounds to marvellous obedience4 ,he should place the food in different parts of the yard4 ,he should have a short checkcord on all his pupils2 and1 after going slowly through the motions of loading 7the dogs having regularly down-charged on the report of the gun71 he should call each separately by name1 and by signals of the hand send them successively to different1 but designated feeding-troughs4#g ,he might then call a dog to him which had commenced eating1 and after a short abstinence1 make him go to another trough4 ,he might bring two to his heels and make them change troughs1 and so vary the lesson1 that1 in a short time1 with the aid of the checkcords1 he would have them under such complete command that they would afterwards give him comparatively but little trouble in the field4 ,as they became more and more submissive he would gradually retire further and further1 so as1 at length1 to have his orders obeyed when at a considerable distance from his pupils4 ,the small portion of time these lessons would occupy compared with their valuable results should warn him most forcibly not to neglect them4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,but from his very infancy you ought not to have allowed him to be disobedient4 ,you should have made him know--which he will do nearly intuitively--that a whip can punish him1 though he ought never to have suffered from it4 ,i have heard of pups only four months old being made quite au fait to the preliminary drill here recommended4 ,this early exercise of their intelligence and observation must have benefited them4 ,the questionable point is the unnecessary consumption of the instructor's time4 #e ,this is one reason for giving initiatory lessons in the ,toho before the ,drop4 ,another is that the dog may acquire the ,toho before he has run the chance of being cowed in learning the ,drop4 ,if the latter were taught first1 he might confound the ,toho with it4 #f ,i know of a young man's reading the first edition of this book1 and taking it into his head to teach his ,terrier to point according to the method just recommended4 ,he succeeded perfectly4 ,some ,terriers have been made very useful for cover shooting4 #g ,there is often such a similarity in the names of hounds1 that a person cannot but be much struck1 who for the first time sees them go to their meals1 one by one as they are called4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,initiatory ,,lessons ,,continued4 ,,spaniels4 #cj4 ,when your young dog is tolerably well advanced in the lessons which you have been advised to practise1 hide a piece of bread or biscuit4 ,say ,dead1 dead4 ,call him to you4 7#dj47 ,let him remain by you for nearly a minute or two4 ,then say ,find1 or ,seek4 ,accompany him in his search4 ,by your actions and gestures make him fancy you are yourself looking about for something1 for dogs are observing1 one might say1 imitative1 creatures4#h ,stoop and move your right hand to and fro near the ground4 ,contrive that he shall come upon the bread1 and reward him by permitting him to eat it4 #ca4 ,after a little time--a few days ,i mean--he will show the greatest eagerness on your saying1 at any unexpected moment1 ,dead4 ,he will connect the word with the idea that there is something very desirable concealed near him1 and he will be all impatience to be off and find it2 but make him first come to you--for reason1 see #ahb4--,keep him half a minute4--,then say ,find1 and1 without your accompanying him1 he will search for what you have previously hidden4 ,always let him be encouraged to perseverance by discovering something acceptable4 #cb4 ,unseen by him1 place the rewards--one at a time--in different parts of the room1--under the rug or carpet1 and more frequently on a chair1 a table1 or a low shelf4 ,he will be at a loss in what part of the room to search4 ,assist him by a motion of your arm and hand4 ,a wave of the right arm and hand to the right1 will soon show him that he is to hunt to the right1 as he will find there4 ,the corresponding wave of the left hand and arm to the left1 will explain to him1 that he is to make a cast to the left4 ,the underhand bowler's swing of the right hand and arm1 will show that he is to hunt in a forward direction4#i ,your occasionally throwing the delicacy--in the direction you wish him to take1--whilst waving your hand1 will aid in making him comprehend the signal4 ,you may have noticed how well1 by watching the action of a boy's arm1 his little cur judges towards what point to run for the expected stone4 #cc4 ,when the hidden object is near you1 but between you and the dog1 make him come towards you to seek for it1 beckoning him with your right hand4 ,when he is at a distance at the ,drop1 if you are accustomed to recompense him for good behavior1 you can employ this signal to make him rise and run towards you for his reward--and according to my judgment he should always join you after the down charge1--#ahd4 ,by these means you will thus familiarize him with a very useful signal2 for that signal will cause him to approach you in the field1 when you have made a circuit to head him at his point--knowing that birds will then be lying somewhere between you and him--and want him to draw nearer to the birds and you1 to show you exactly where they are4 ,this some may call a superfluous refinement1 but ,i hope you will consider it a very killing accomplishment1 and1 being easily taught1 it were a pity to neglect it4 ,when a ,setter is employed in cock-shooting1 the advantage of using this signal is very apparent4 ,while the dog is steadily pointing1 it enables the sportsman to look for a favorable opening1 and1 when he has posted himself to his satisfaction1 to sign to the ,setter--or if out of sight to tell him--to advance and flush the bird3 when1 should the sportsman have selected his position with judgment1 he will generally get a shot4 ,i have seen this method very successfully adopted in ,america1 where the forests are usually so dense that cocks are only found on the outskirts in the underwood4 #cd4 ,after a little time he will regularly look to you for directions4 ,encourage him to do so2 it will make him hereafter1 when he is in the field1 desirous of hunting under your eye1 and induce him to look to you1 in a similar manner1 for instructions in what direction he is to search for game4 ,observe how a child watches its mother's eye2 so will a dog watch yours1 when he becomes interested in your movements1 and finds that you frequently notice him4 #ce4 ,occasionally1 when he approaches any of the spots where the bread lies hidden1 say ,care1 and slightly raise your right hand4 ,he will quickly consider this word1 or signal1 as an intimation that he is near the object of his search4 #cf4 ,never deceive him in any of these words and signs1 and never disappoint him of the expected reward4 ,praise and caress him for good conduct2 rate him for bad4 ,make it a rule throughout the whole course of his education1 out of doors as fully as within1 to act upon this system4 ,you will find that caresses and substantial rewards are far greater incentives to exertion than any fears of punishment4 #cg4 ,your pup having become a tolerable proficient in these lessons1 you may beneficially extend them by employing the word ,up1 as a command that he is to sniff high in the air to find the hidden bread or meat1 lying1 say on a shelf1 or on the back of a sofa4 ,he will1 comparatively speaking1 be some time in acquiring a knowledge of the meaning of the word1 and many would probably term it an over-refinement in canine education2 but ,i must own ,i think you will act judiciously if you teach it perfectly in the initiatory lessons2 for the word ,up1 if well understood1 will frequently save your putting on the puzzle-peg4 ,for this you might be tempted to employ1 should your dog be acquiring the execrable habit of raking1 as it is termed1 instead of searching for the delicious effluvia with his nose carried high in the air4 #ch4 ,whenever birds can be sought for in the wind1 the dog should thus hunt the field--and the higher he carries his nose the better--for1 independently of the far greater chance of finding them1 they will allow the dog to come much nearer than when he approaches them by the foot3 but of this more anon4 #ci4 ,setters and ,pointers naturally hunt with their noses sufficiently close to the ground--they want elevating rather than depressing4 ,notwithstanding1 you will do well to show your pupil a few times out of doors how to work out a scent1 by dragging a piece of bread unperceived by him down wind through grass1 and then letting him foot it out4 ,try him for a few yards at first2 you can gradually increase the length of the drag4 ,you must not1 however1 practise this initiatory lesson too frequently1 lest you give him the wretched custom of pottering4 #dj4 ,the word ,heel1 and a backward low wave of the right hand and arm to the rear--the reverse of the underhand cricket-bowler's swing--will1 after a few times1 bring the dog close behind you4 ,keep him there a while and pat him1 but do not otherwise reward him4 ,the object of the order was to make him instantly give up hunting1 and come to your heels4 ,this signal cannot be substituted for the beckon4 ,the one is an order always obeyed with reluctance--being a command to leave off hunting--whereas the beckon is merely an instruction in what direction to beat1 and will be attended to with delight4 ,the signal heel1 however1 when given immediately after loading1 is an exception2 for the instructions about ,dead in xi4 of #ada1 will show that without your speaking it may be made to impart the gratifying intelligence of your having killed4 ,see also #aij4 #da4 ,to teach him to attach a meaning to the word ,gone1 or ,away1 or ,flown1#aj--select which you will1 but do not ring the changes--you may now rub a piece of meat--if you have no one but your servant to scold you--in some place where the dog is accustomed frequently to find1 and when he is sniffing at the place say ,gone1 or ,away4 ,this he will1 after some trials1 perceive to be an intimation that it is of no use to continue hunting for it4 #db4 ,you will greatly facilitate his acquiring the meaning of the command ,fence1 or ,ware-fence1 if1 from time to time1 as he is quitting the room through the open door or garden window1 you restrain him by calling out that word4 #dc4 ,whenever1 indeed1 you wish him to desist from doing anything1 call out ,ware1--pronounced ,war--as it will expedite his hereafter understanding the terms ,ware sheep1 ,ware chase1 and ,ware lark4 ,the last expression to be used when he is wasting his time upon the scent of anything but game--a fault best cured by plenty of birds being killed to him4 ,however1 the simple word ,no1 omitting ,chase or ,fence1 might be substituted advantageously for ,ware4 ,all you want him to do is to desist from a wrong action4 ,that sharp sound--and when necessary it can be clearly thundered out--cannot be misunderstood4 #dd4 ,that your young dog may not hereafter resist the couples1 yoke him occasionally to a stronger dog1 and for the sake of peace1 and in the name of all that is gallant1 let it be to the one of the other sex who appears to be the greatest favorite4 #de4 ,when he is thus far advanced in his education1 and tolerably obedient1 which he will soon become if you are consistent1 and patient1 yet strict1 you can1 in further pursuance of ,astley's plan1 associate him in his lessons with a companion4 ,should you be breaking in another youngster--though one at a time you will probably find quite enough1 especially if it be your laudable wish to give him hereafter a well confirmed scientific range--they can now be brought together for instruction4 ,you must expect to witness the same jealousy which they would exhibit on the stubble4 ,both will be anxious to hunt for the bread1 and in restraining them alternately from so doing1 you exact the obedience which you will require hereafter in the field1 when in their natural eagerness they will endeavor1 unless you properly control them1 to take the point of birds from one another2 or1 in their rivalry1 run over the taint of a wounded bird1 instead of collectedly and perseveringly working out the scent4 ,you can throw a bit of toast1 and make them ,toho it1 and then let the dog you name take it4 ,in the same way you can let each alternately search for a hidden piece1 after both have come up to you1 on your saying ,dead4 ,i would also advise you to accustom each dog to drop1 without any command from you1 the moment he sees that the other is down4 #df4 ,those lessons will almost ensure their hereafter instantly obeying1 and nearly instantly comprehending the object of the signal to back any dog which may be pointing game4 #dg4 ,when you take out two youngsters for exercise1 while they are romping about1 suddenly call one into heel4 ,after a time again send him off on his gambols4 ,whistle to catch the eye of the other1 and signal to him to join you4 ,by working them thus alternately1 while they are fresh and full of spirits1 you will habituate them to implicit obedience4 ,when the birds are wild1 and you are anxious to send a basket of game to a friend1 it is very satisfactory to be able merely by a sign1 without uttering a word1 to bring the other dogs into heel1 leaving the ground to the careful favorite4 ,teach the present lesson well1 and you go far towards attaining the desired result4 #dh4 ,i trust you will not object to the minuti of these initiatory lessons1 and fancy you have not time to attend to them4 ,by teaching them well you will gain time1--much time1--and the time that is of most value to you as a sportsman2 for when your dog is regularly hunting to your gun his every faculty ought to be solely devoted to finding birds1 and his undisturbed intellects exclusively given to aid you in bagging them1 instead of being bewildered by an endeavor to comprehend novel signals or words of command4 ,i put it to you as a sportsman1 whether he will not have the more delight and ardor in hunting1 the more he feels that he understands your instructions8 and1 further1 ,i ask you1 whether he will not be the more sensitively alive to the faintest indication of a haunt1 and more readily follow it up to a sure find1 if he be unembarrassed by any anxiety to make out what you mean1 and be in no way alarmed at the consequences of not almost instinctively understanding your wishes8 #di4 ,in all these lessons1 and those which follow in the field1 the checkcord will wonderfully assist you4 ,indeed it may be regarded as the instructor's right hand4 ,it can be employed so mildly as not to intimidate the most gentle1 and it can1 without the aid of any whip1 be used with such severity1 or ,i should rather say perseverance1 as to conquer the most wild and headstrong1 and these are sure to be dogs of the greatest travel and endurance4 ,the cord may be from ten to twenty-five#aa yards long1 according to the animal's disposition1 and may be gradually shortened as he gets more and more under command4 ,even when it is first employed you can put on a shorter cord if you perceive that he is becoming tired4 ,in thick stubble1 especially if cut with a sickle1 the drag will be greater1 far greater than when the cord glides over heather4 ,the cord may be of the thickness of what some call strong lay-cord1 but made of twelve threads4 ,sailors would know it by the name of log-line or cod-line4 ,to save the end from fraying it can be whipped with thread1 which is better than tying a knot1 because it is thus less likely to become entangled4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,imitative creatures6 who can doubt it8 ,if you make an old dog perform a trick several times in the sight of a young one who is watching the proceedings1 you will be surprised to see how quickly the young one will learn the trick1 especially if he has seen that the old dog was always rewarded for his obedience4 #i ,obedience to all such signals will hereafter be taught out of doors at gradually increased distances2 and to confirm him in the habit of sniffing high in the air 7#cg7 for whatever you may then hide1 put the bread or meat on a stick or bush1 but never in a hedge4 ,with the view to his some day retrieving1 as instanced in #aij1 it will be your aim to get him not to seek immediately1 but to watch your signals1 until by obeying them you will have placed him close to where the object lies1 at which precise moment you will say energetically ,find1 and cease making any further signs4 #aj ,the least comprehensive and logical of the expressions1 yet one often used4 ,a dog being no critical grammarian1 understands it to apply to fur as well as feather4 #aa ,with a resolute1 reckless1 dashing dog you may advantageously employ a thinner cord of double that length1--whereas1 the shortest line will sometimes prevent a timid animal from ranging freely4 ,by-the-bye1 the thinner the cord the more readily does it become entangled--as a rule1 a checkcord cannot be too firmly twisted--a soft one quickly gets knotted and troublesome4 7,see note to #agg47 #ej4 ,hunted with such a cord1 the most indomitable dog1 when he is perfectly obedient to the drop1 is nearly as amenable to command as if the end of the line were in the breaker's hand4 ,by no other means can ,,spaniels be quickly broken in4 ,the general object of the trainer is to restrain them from ranging at a distance likely to spring game out of gun-shot1 and to make them perfect to the down charge4 ,if one of these high-spirited animals will not range close when called to by whistle or name1 the breaker gets hold of the cord and jerks it2 this makes the dog come in a few paces2 another jerk or two makes him approach closer1 and then the breaker1 by himself retiring with his face towards the spaniel1 calling out his name--or whistling1--and occasionally jerking the cord1 makes him quite submissive1 and more disposed to obey on future occasions4 #ea4 ,in training a large team it is of much advantage to the keeper to have a lad to rate1 and1 when necessary1 give the skirters a taste of the lash--in short1 to act as whipper-in4 ,the keeper need not then carry a whip1 or at least often use it1 which will make his spaniels all the more willing to hunt close to him4 #eb4 ,lord ,a----r's head gamekeeper was singularly aided--he possessed a four-legged whipper-in4 ,three years since while ,mr4 ,d----s--,m4,p4 for a ,south ,eastern ,county--was with a shooting party at his ,lordship's1 the keeper brought into the field a brace of powerful retrievers1 and a team of spaniels1 among which were two that had never been shot over4 ,on the first pheasant being killed all the old spaniels dropped to shot1 but one of the young ones rushed forward and mouthed the bird4 ,the person who had fired ran on to save the bird1 but the keeper called aloud1 and requested him not to move4 ,the man then made a signal to one of the retrievers to go4 ,he did so instantly1 but1 instead of meddling with the bird1 he seized the spaniel1 lifted him up1 and shook him well4 ,the moment the pup could escape he came howling to the heels of the keeper1 and lay down among his companions4 ,the keeper then confessed that a couple of the spaniels had never been shot to--but he confidently assured the sportsmen they would see before the day was over that the pups behaved fully as steadily as the old dogs1 and explained to the party how the retriever did all the disagreeable work1 and indeed nearly relieved him of every trouble in breaking in the youngsters4 ,on the next few shots this novel schoolmaster was again deputed to show his pupils that he would not allow his special duties as a retriever to be interfered with4 ,both the young dogs1 having been thus well chastised1 became more careful--made only partial rushes to the front1 when a recollection of their punishment and a dread of their four-footed tutor brought them slinking back to their older companions4 ,as the keeper had averred1 they soon learned their lesson completely--gave up all thought of chasing after shot1 and quietly crouched down with the other dogs4 #ec4 ,i can easily imagine that it was a feeling of jealousy which first prompted the retriever to thrash some spaniel who was endeavoring to carry off a bird1 and that the clever keeper encouraged him in doing so1 instantly perceiving the value of such assistance4 ,it is worth a consideration whether it would not be advisable to train the retriever employed with a team to give this assistance4 ,a dog of a quarrelsome disposition could be taught1 by your urging him1 to seize any spaniel who might be mouthing a bird1 in the same manner you would set on a young terrier to fly at a rat4 #ed4 ,doubtless it is the highest training to teach a team to down-charge1 but most breakers make their spaniels come into heel1 or rather gather close around them--by the word round--whenever a gun is discharged4 ,this plan1 though so injudicious in the case of pointers or setters1 is but little objectionable in the case of spaniels1 for spaniels in their small sweep inwards are not likely to spring game while the guns are unloaded4 ,it certainly possesses this merit1 that it is readily taught to puppies--with the aid of a whipper-in--by the trainer's giving them some delicacy on their rejoining him4 ,it may be urged too that the method much removes any necessity for noise in calling to a dog--whereas1 with a team trained to the down-charge1 however highly broken1 it will occasionally happen that the keeper--or assistant--has to rate some excited skirter for not instantly dropping4 ,moreover1 in thick cover1 an infraction of the irksome rule to down charge may sometimes escape detection1 which might lead to future acts of insubordination4 ,prince ,albert's team of ,clumbers down-charge1 but the greatest attention is paid to them4 ,they are admirably broken1 and ,i may add1 are shot over by a first-rate hand4 #ee4 ,when exercising young spaniels it is a good plan to habituate them1 even as puppies1 never to stray further from you than about twenty yards4 ,with them1 even more than with other kinds of dogs trained for the gun1 great pains should be taken to prevent their having the opportunity of self-hunting4 ,if it is wished to break from hare1 the method to be followed is mentioned in #bcc1 c41 for with spaniels as with setters--or pointers--it is always advisable to drag them back to the spot from which they started in pursuit4 #ef4 ,occasionally you may see a country blacksmith when preparing to shoe the hind legs of a cart horse that appears disposed to make a disagreeable use of his heels1 twist the long hair at the end of his tail1--raise the foot that is to be shod1--pass the twisted hair round the leg immediately above the hock1 and by these means press the tendon close to the bone4 ,the tail assists in retaining the leg in position1 and thus1 for the time1 the limb is rendered powerless4 ,acting much upon this coercive principle1 but discarding the aid of the tail1 some breakers slightly confine a hind-leg of their most unruly spaniels with a soft bandage1 shifting it from one leg to the other about every hour4 ,possibly a loop of vulcanized india-rubber1 being elastic1 would best answer the purpose4 ,restrained in this manner a dog is less likely to tumble about1 and become injured1 than if one of his fore legs had been passed through his collar4 ,other breakers1 when hunting many couple together1 fasten a belt with a few pounds of shot round the necks of the wildest4 ,but the sooner such adjuncts to discipline can be safely discarded the better2 for brushing a close cover is severe work4 ,gorse is the most trying#ab4 ,its prickles are so numerous and fine that the ears and eyes of every spaniel hunted in it ought to be separately examined on returning home1 and well bathed in warm water4 ,their eyes are peculiarly liable to be injured by dust and gravel from their hunting so close to the ground4 #eg4 ,to give young spaniels sufficient courage to face the most entangled cover1 a judicious trainer will occasionally introduce them to thick brakes1 or gorse1 early in the morning1 or in the evening1 when the noise of his approach will have made the pheasants feeding in the neighborhood run far into it for shelter4 ,the effluvia of the birds will then so excite the young dogs1 especially if cheered with good companionship--which always creates emulation--that they will utterly disregard the pricks and scratches of the strongest furze4 #eh4 ,if the time of year will permit1 they should be shown game when about nine or ten months old4 ,at a more advanced age they would be less amenable to control4 ,happily the example of a riotous pup will not be as detrimental to the discipline of the rest of the team as the example of an ill-conducted companion would be to a pointer--or setter--for the influence of thoroughly steady spaniels makes the pup curtail his range sooner than might be expected4 ,finding that he is not followed by his associates he soon rejoins them4 #ei4 ,a judicious breaker will regard perfection in the drop--#bb to #be--;as the main-spring of his educational system4 ,he will teach his young spaniels to seek dead--#cj1 #ca1 #ci--where directed by signs of the hand4 ,he will instruct them in fetching--#ib1 #id4 c4--with the view to some of them hereafter retrieving4 ,he will accustom them to hunt hedge-rows1 and light open copses--because always under his eye--before taking them into closer cover4 ,nor until they are under some command1 and well weaned from noticing vermin and small birds1 will he allow them to enter gorse or strong thickets1 and then he will never neglect--though probably he will have used them before--to attach bells of different sounds to the collars of his several pupils--one to each--so that his ear may at all times detect any truant straying beyond bounds1 and thus enable him to rate the delinquent by name4 ,in this manner he establishes the useful feeling elsewhere spoken of--#bfb--that whether he be within or out of sight he is equally aware of every impropriety that is committed4 #fj4 ,young spaniels1 when they have been steadily broken in not to hunt too far ahead on the instructor's side of the hedge1 may be permitted to beat on the other--and this when only one person is shooting is generally their most useful position1 for they are thus more likely to drive the game towards the gun4 #fa4 ,if a keeper is hunting the team1 while you and a friend are beating narrow belts or strips of wood1 should you and he be placed1 as is usual1 on the outside1 a little ahead of the keeper--one to his right1 the other to his left--you would much aid him in preventing the young spaniels from ranging wildly were you to turn your face towards him whenever you saw any of them getting too far in advance1 for they will watch the guns as much as they will him4 #fb4 ,among spaniels the great advantage of age and experience is more apparent than in partridge-dogs4 ,a young spaniel cannot keep to a pheasant's tail like an old one4 ,he may push the bird for forty or fifty yards if judiciously managed4 ,after that he is almost sure from impatience either to lose it1 or rush in and flush out of shot1 whereas an old cocker1 who has had much game shot over him1 is frequently knowing enough to slacken his pace1 instead of increasing it1 when he first touches on birds1 apparently quite sensible that he ought to give the gun time to approach before he presses to a flush4 #fc4 ,even good spaniels1 however well bred1 if they have not had great experience1 generally road too fast4 ,undeniably they are difficult animals to educate1 and it requires much watchfulness1 perseverance1 and attention at an early age1 so to break in a team of young ones that they shall keep within gun range without your being compelled to halloo or whistle to them4 ,but some few are yet more highly trained4 #fd4 ,mr4 ,n----n1 when in ,france1 had a lively1 intelligent1 liver and white cocker which would work busily all day long within gun-shot2 and which possessed the singular accomplishment of steadily pointing all game that lay well1 and of not rushing in until the sportsman had come close to him4 ,but this is a case of high breaking more curious than useful1 for spaniels are essentially springers1 not pointers1 and the little animal must frequently have been lost sight of in cover4 ,our grandfathers used to apply the term springers solely to large spaniels--never to the ,duke of ,marlborough's small breed1 which was greatly prized4 #fe4 ,a dog is generally most attached to that description of sport1 and soonest recognises the scent of that game1 to which he has principally been accustomed in youth4 ,he will through life hunt most diligently where he first had the delight of often finding4 ,the utility therefore is obvious of introducing spaniels at an early age to close covers and hedge-rows1 and setters and pointers to heather and stubble4 #ff4 ,in spaniels1 feathered sterns and long ears are much admired1 but obviously the latter must suffer in thick underwood4 ,the chief requisite in all kinds of spaniels1 is1 that they be good finders1 and have noses so true that they will never overrun a scent4 ,should they do so when footing an old cock#ac pheasant1 the chances are that he will double back on the exact line by which he came4 ,they should be high-mettled1--as regardless of the severest weather as of the most punishing cover1 and ever ready to spring into the closest thicket the moment a pointed finger gives the command4 #fg4 ,a comprehension of the signal made by the finger--which is far neater than the raising of the hand described in #cj1 but not so quickly understood--might with advantage be imparted to all dogs trained for the gun1 in order to make them hunt close exactly where directed4 ,it is usually taught by pointing with the fore-finger of the right hand to pieces of biscuit1 previously concealed1 near easily recognised tufts of grass1 weeds1 c4 ,it is beautiful to see how correctly1 promptly1 yet quietly1 some spaniels will work in every direction thus indicated4 #fh4 ,breasting a strong cover with cockers1 is more suited to young1 than to old men4 ,the gun must follow rapidly1 and stick close when a dog is on the road of feather4 ,a shot will then infallibly be obtained1 if a good dog be at work2 for the more closely a bird is pressed1 the hotter gets the scent4 ,if a pheasant found in thick cover on marshy ground near water--a locality they much like in hot weather--is not closely pushed1 he will so twist1 and turn1 and double upon old tracks that none but the most experienced dogs will be able to stick to him4 #fi4 ,the preceding observations respecting spaniels apply to all descriptions employed on land-service1 whether of the strong kind1 the ,sussex breed and the ,clumber1 or the smallest cockers1 ,blenheims and ,king ,charles'4 ,but whether they are to be trained not to hunt flick#ad--the most difficult part of their tuition1 and in which there is generally most failure1--and whether they shall be bred to give tongue1 or run mute1 will depend much upon the nature of the country to be hunted1 and yet more upon the taste of the proprietor4 ,no fixed rules can be given for a sport that varies so much as cover-shooting4 #gj4 ,of the large kind1 most sportsmen will think a couple and a half a sufficient number to hunt at a time4 ,certainly one of them should retrieve3 and they ought to be well broken in not to notice flick4 ,these dogs are most esteemed when they run mute4 ,if they do1 they must be hunted with bells in very thick cover2 but the less bells are employed the better1 for the tinkling sound1 in a greater or smaller degree1 annoys all game4 ,such dogs1 when good1 are very valuable4 #ga4 ,i once shot over a team of ,clumber spaniels belonging to ,mr4 ,d----z4#ae ,the breed--the ,duke of ,newcastle's1 taking their name from one of his seats--are mostly white with a little lemon color1 have large1 sensible heads1 thick1 short legs1 silky coats1 carry their sterns low1 and hunt perfectly mute4 ,the team kept within twenty or twenty-five yards of the keeper1 were trained to acknowledge rabbits1 as well as all kinds of game2 and in the country ,mr4 ,d----z was then shooting over afforded capital sport4 ,one of the spaniels was taught to retrieve4 ,he would follow to any distance1 and seldom failed to bring4 ,a regular retriever was1 however1 generally taken out with them4 ,mr4 ,d----z told me that they required very judicious management1 and encouragement rather than severity1 as undue whipping soon made them timid4 ,they are of a delicate constitution4 ,he rather surprised me by saying that his spaniels from working quietly and ranging close1--therefore1 alarming the birds less1--procured him far more shots in turnips than his pointers2 and he had three that looked of the right sort4 ,he explained matters1 however1 by telling me that it was his practice to make a circuit round the outskirts of a turnip or a potato field before hunting the inner parts4 ,this of course greatly tended to prevent the birds breaking4 ,a juvenile sportsman would rejoice in the services of the spaniels1 for many a rabbit would they procure for him without the aid of powder and shot4 #gb4 ,when ,colonel ,m----1 who died in ,syria1 was stationed with his troop of ,horse ,artillery at ,pontefract1 he was asked to shoot partridges at ,lord ,p----n's seat in ,yorkshire4 ,on meeting the gamekeeper1 according to appointment1 he found him surrounded by a team of ,clumber spaniels4 ,colonel ,m----1 in some surprise at seeing no setters or pointers1 remarked that he had expected some partridge shooting4 ,i know it1 answered the man1 and ,i hope to show you some sport4 ,to the inquiry why one of the spaniels was muzzled1 the keeper said that his master had threatened to shoot it should it again give tongue1 and1 as it possessed a particularly fine nose1 he--the keeper--was anxious not to lose it4 ,they walked on1 and soon the man told ,m---- to be prepared1 as the spaniels were feathering4 ,a covey rose4 ,the ,colonel1 who was a good shot1 killed right and left4 ,all the spaniels dropped instantly4 ,when he was reloading the keeper begged him to say which of the dogs should retrieve the game4 ,m---- pointed to a broad-headed dog lying in the middle1 when the keeper directed by name the spaniel so favored to be off4 ,it quickly fetched one of the birds4 ,the keeper then asked ,m---- to choose some other dog to bring the remaining bird--a runner4 ,he did so1 and the animal he selected to act as retriever performed the duty very cleverly2 the rest of the team remaining quite still1 until its return4 ,the ,colonel had capital sport1 killing nearly twenty brace1 and the dogs behaved beautifully throughout the day4 ,when afterwards relating the circumstances1 he observed that1 although an old sportsman1 he had seldom been so gratified1 as it was a novel scene to him1 who had not been accustomed to shoot over spaniels4 #gc4 ,of small cockers1 three couple appear ample to form a team4 ,some teams of small springers greatly exceed this number1 and many sportsmen shoot over more than a couple and a half of the larger spaniels2 but it is a question whether1 in the generality of cases1 the gun would not benefit by the number being diminished rather than increased4 ,the smaller in number the team1 the greater is the necessity that none of them should stick too close to heel4 ,the difficulty is to make them hunt far enough1 and yet not too far4 ,at least one of the number should retrieve well4 ,if they give tongue1 it ought to be in an intelligible manner2 softly1 when they first come on the haunt of a cock1 but making the cover ring again with their joyous melody1 when once the bird is flushed4 ,a first rate cocker will never deceive by opening upon an old haunt1 nor yet find the gun unprepared by delaying to give due warning before he flushes the bird4 ,when cocks are abundant1 some teams are broken1 not only to avoid flick1 but actually not to notice a pheasant1 or anything besides woodcock4 ,hardly any price would tempt a real lover of cock-shooting1 in a cocking country1 to part with such a team4 ,hawker terms the sport1 the fox-hunting of shooting4 ,some sportsmen kill water-hens to young spaniels to practise them in forcing their way through entangled covers1 and get them well in hand and steady against the all-important cocking season4 #gd4 ,when a regular retriever can be constantly employed with spaniels1 of course it will be unnecessary to make any of them fetch game--certainly never to lift anything which falls out of bounds--though all the team should be taught to seek dead4 ,this is the plan pursued by the ,duke of ,newcastle's keepers1 and obviously it is the soundest and easiest practice1 for it must always be more or less difficult to make a spaniel keep within his usual hunting limits1 who is occasionally encouraged to pursue wounded game1 at his best pace1 to a considerable distance4 #ge4 ,other teams are broken no more than to keep within range1 being allowed to hunt all kinds of game1 and also rabbits2 they1 however1 are restricted from pursuing wounded flick further than fifty or sixty yards4 ,where rabbits are abundant1 and outlying1 a team thus broken affords lively sport--nothing escapes them4 #gf4 ,wild spaniels1 though they may show you most cock1 will get you fewest shots1 unless you have well-placed markers4 ,there are sportsmen who like to take out one steady dog to range close to them1 and a couple of wild ones to hunt on the flanks1 one on each side1 expressly that the latter may put up birds for the markers to take note of4 #gg4 ,an old sportsman knows mute spaniels to be most killing3 a young one may prefer those which give tongue--if true from the beginning owning nothing but game1--because1 though undeniably greater disturbers of a cover1 they are more cheerful and animating4 ,the superiority of the former is1 however1 apparent on a still calm day1 when the least noise will make the game steal away long before the gun gets within shot4 ,but it is not so in all countries4 #gh4 ,in very thick covers it is obvious1 the height of setters being greatly against them1 that spaniels are far preferable3 but in light covers1 and when the leaves are off the trees1 handy old setters--if white1 all the better--that will readily confine themselves to a restricted range1 and will flush their game when ordered--,,iv4 and ,,vii4 of #aai and #aif--;afford quite as much sport1 if not more4 ,setters do not1 to the same degree1 alarm birds2 and there is1 also1 this advantage1 that they can be employed on all occasions1 excepting in low gorse or the closest thickets1 whereas spaniels1 from their contracted beat1 are nearly useless in the open when game is scarce4 ,you will be prepared1 when first you hunt a setter in cover1 to sacrifice much of your sport4 ,there must be noise2 for it is essential to make him at once thoroughly understand the very different beat required of him1 and this can only be effected by constantly checking and rating him1 whenever he ranges beyond the prescribed limits4 ,he should hunt slowly and carefully to the right and left1 and never be much in advance of the guns4 ,in a short time he will comprehend matters1 if you are so forbearing and judicious as invariably to call him away from every point made the least out of bounds4 ,a less severe test of your consistency will not suffice4 ,the few first days will either make or mar him as a cover-dog4 ,you must naturally expect that hunting him much in cover will injure his range in the open1 and make him too fond of hedge-rows4 #gi4 ,but there is a man in ,yorkshire1 who will not willingly admit this4#af ,c----e1 ,sir ,george ,a----e's gamekeeper--and a good one he is1 for he has a particularly difficult country to protect1 one intersected with rights of way in every direction--makes his pointers as freely hunt the cover as the open4 ,you never lose them1 for they are sure to make their appearance when they think they have given you ample time to go to them if you choose4 ,this cover work does not the least unsteady them1 but it is right to state that ,c---- is an unusually good breaker1 and works his dogs with singular temper and patience4 ,they are very attached to him1 and appear to listen anxiously to what he says when he talks to them--which1 ,i own1 he does more than ,i recommend4 #hj4 ,pointers1 however1 are manifestly out of place in strong cover1 though an unusually high-couraged one may occasionally be found1 who will dash forward in defiance of pricks and scratches2 but it is not fair to expect it4 ,in a very light cover ,i have often shot over one belonging to a relation of mine1 which was so clever1 that when ,i came close to her as she was pointing1 she would frequently run around to the other side of the thicket1 and then rush in to drive the game towards me4 ,this killing plan had in no way been taught her2 she adopted it solely of her own sagacity4 ,having been much hunted in cover when young1 she was so fond of it 7#fe7 as to be1 comparatively speaking1 quite unserviceable on the stubbles4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,there is no gorse in ,america4 ,it is a prickly shrub1 severe enough1 but nothing to compare to catbriars1 or even to the hollies of ,southern ,jersey4--,h4,w4,h4 #ac ,the only bird which we have in ,america1 at all analogous in habit to the pheasant1 though totally different in species and appearance1 is the ,ruffed ,grouse1 erroneously called ,pheasant in the ,south1 and ,partridge in the ,eastern ,states4 ,it is1 however1 for cock and quail shooting in covert1 that the ,spaniel would be of such inestimable service to sportsmen in ,north ,america4--,h4,w4,h4 #ad ,for the benefit of those who have the good fortune1 or the bad fortune1 as the case may be1 of always living within the sound of ,bow bells1 ,flick1 be it observed1 is a synonym for ,fur1 thereby meaning ,hare or ,rabbit4 #ae ,contrary to my usual system1 ,i preserve these anecdotes1 as relating to the ,clumber ,spaniels1 which are so little known1 and which ,i so much desire to see introduced in ,america4--,h4,w4,h4 #af ,i leave these two anecdotes1 contrary to my usual system1 as we use setters and pointers so generally in cover in ,america1 that the idea of their being utterly unfit for cover work seems strange4 ,yet such is the opinion in ,england1 and where they are chiefly used in the open it does operate to spoil their range4--,h4,w4,h4 ,,water ,,spaniels 7,,or ,,water ,,retrievers74 #ha4 ,a young water spaniel might1 with advantage1 occasionally be indulged with a duck hunt in warm weather4 ,it would tend to make him quick in the water1 and observant4 ,the finishing lessons might conclude with your shooting the bird and obliging him to retrieve it4 ,he should be made handy to your signals--,,iv4 to ,,vii4 and ,x4 of #aai--so as to hunt the fens and marshes1 and seek dead exactly where you may wish4 #hb4 ,this obedience to the hand is particularly required2 for when the spaniel is swimming he is on a level with the bird1 and therefore is not so likely to see it--especially if there is a ripple on the water--as you1 who probably are standing many feet above him on the shore4 ,as you may frequently1 while he is retrieving1 have occasion to direct his movements when at a considerable distance from him1 you probably would find it more advantageous to teach him the forward signal used by shepherds1 than the one described in ,,iv4 of #aai4 #hc4 ,a water spaniel should also be taught to fetch--#hf1 #hg1 #ia to #id--;be accustomed to follow quietly close to your heels1--be broken in1 not to the down charge--#bf--;but to the drop--#bb to #be--the instant you signal to him1 while you are noiselessly stalking the wild-fowl previously reconnoitred1 with the aid of your ,dollond1 from some neighboring height2 nor should he stir a limb1 however long he and you may have to await1 ensconced behind a favoring bush1 the right moment for the destructive raking discharge of your first barrel1 to be followed by the less murderous but still effective flying shot4 ,on hearing the report1 it is his duty to dash instantly into the water1 and secure the slain as rapidly as possible4 #hd4 ,a really good water retriever is a scarce and valuable animal4 ,he should be neither white nor black1 because the colors are too conspicuous1 especially the former--a hint by-the-bye for your own costume2#ag--;he should be perfectly mute2 of a patient disposition1 though active in the pursuit of birds2 of so hardy a constitution as not to mind the severest cold1--therefore no coddling while he is young near a fire1--and possess what many are deficient in1 viz4 a good nose3 consequently a cross that will improve his nose1 yet not decrease his steadiness1 is the great desideratum in breeding4 ,he should swim rapidly1 for wild fowl that are only winged1 will frequently escape from the quickest dog if they have plenty of sea-room and deep water--see also #if1 #cjb4 #he4 ,in the wild-rice lakes1 as they are commonly called1 of ,america1 a brace of highly-trained spaniels will sometimes1 on a windy day1 afford you magnificent sport4 ,the cover is so good that1 if it is not often beaten1 the birds will frequently get up singly1 or only a couple at a time4 ,the dogs should keep swimming about within gun shot1 while you are slowly and silently paddling1 or probably poling your canoe through the most likely spots4 ,relays of spaniels are requisite1 for it is fatiguing work4 ,if1 by any rare chance1 you are situated where you can get much of this delightful shooting1 and you are an enthusiast in training1 it may be worth your while to consider whether there would not be an advantage in making the dogs perfect in the down charge1 as they would then cease swimming the instant you fired4 ,but this long digression about spaniels has led us away from your pup1 which we assumed--#c--to be a pointer1 or setter4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,but when the moors are covered with snow1 poachers1 who emerge in bands from the mines1 often put a shirt over their clothes1 and manage to approach grouse at a time when a fair sportsman cannot get a shot2 but this is the only occasion on which one uniform color could be advantageous4 ,a mass of any single color always catches1 and arrests the eye4 ,nature tells us this2 animals that browse1 elephants1 buffaloes1 and large deer1 as well as those which can escape from their enemies by speed1 are mostly of one color4 ,on the contrary1 the tiger kind1 snakes1 and all that lie in wait for1 and seize their prey by stealth1 wear a garment of many colors1 so do the smaller animals and most birds1 which are saved from capture by the inability of their foes to distinguish them from the surrounding foliage or herbage4 ,the uniform of our rifle corps is too much of one hue4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,lessons ,,in ,,fetching4--,,retrievers4 #hf4 ,though you may not wish your young pointer 7or setter7 to perform the duties of a regular retriever 7#bib71 still you would do well to teach him1 whilst he is a puppy1 to fetch and deliver into your hand anything soft you may occasionally throw for him1 or leave behind you in some place where he will have observed you deposit it1 while he is following at your heels4 ,in a little time you can drop something without letting him see you1 and afterwards send him back for it4 ,a dog thus made1 who is your intimate companion1 becomes so conversant with every article of your apparel1 and with whatever you usually carry about you1 that1 should you accidentally drop anything1 the observant animal will be almost certain to recover it4 ,on receiving your order to be off and find he will accurately retrace your footsteps for miles and miles1 diligently hunting every yard of the ground4 ,of course the distances to which you at first send your dog will be inconsiderable1 and you should carefully avoid persevering too long a time1 lest he get sick of the lesson4 ,indeed1 in all his lessons--as well in-doors as out--but particularly in this1 let it be your aim to leave off at a moment when he has performed entirely to your satisfaction2 that you may part the best of friends1 and that the last impression made by the lesson may be pleasing as well as correct1 from a grateful recollection of the caresses which he has received4 ,in wild-duck shooting you may be in situations where you would be very glad if the dog would bring your bird2 and when it is an active runner in cover1 ,i fear you will be more anxious than ,i could wish--#bba--that the dog should fetch4 ,it is probable that he will thus assist you if he be practised as ,i have just advised2 and such instruction may lead1 years hence1 to his occasionally bringing you some dead bird which he may come across1 and which you otherwise might have imagined you had missed1 for its scent might be too cold1 and consequently too changed1 for the dog to have thought of regularly pointing it4 #hg4 ,mark my having said deliver into your hand1 that your young dog may not be satisfied with only dropping1 within your sight1 any bird he may lift1 and so1 perhaps1 leave it on the other side of a trout stream1 as ,i have seen dogs do more than once1 in spite of every persuasion and entreaty4 ,with a young dog1 who retrieves1 never pick up a bird yourself1 however close it may fall to you4 ,invariably1 make him either deliver it into your hand or lay it at your feet4 ,the former is by far the better plan4 ,if the dog has at one moment to drop the bird at your will1 he is likely to fancy himself privileged to drop it at another time for his own convenience4 ,in other respects1 too1 the former is the safest method4 ,i have a bitch now in my recollection1 who frequently lost her master slightly winged birds1--which she had admirably recovered--by dropping them too soon on hearing the report of a gun1 or coming on other game--for off they ran1 and fairly escaped1 it being impracticable1 by any encouragement1 to induce her to seek for a bird she had once lifted4 #hh4 ,i observed it was something soft which you should teach your dog to fetch4 ,probably you have seen a retriever taught to seek and bring a stone1 upon which1 in a delicate manner1 the tutor has spit4 ,does it not stand to reason that the stone must have tended to give his pupil a hard mouth8 ,and what may1 later in life1 cause him much misery1 in dashing at a bounding stone1 he may split a tooth4 ,dogs of an advanced age suffer more in their mouths than most of us suspect4 #hi4 ,should your pup be unwilling to enter water1 on no account push him in1 under the mistaken idea that it will reconcile him to the element--it will but augment his fears4 ,rather1 on a warm day1 throw some biscuit for him1 when he is hungry1 close to the edge of the bank1 where it is so shallow as merely to require his wading4 ,chuck the next piece a little further off1 and1 by degrees1 increase the distance until he gets beyond his depth1 and finds that nature has given him useful swimming powers4 ,on no occasion will the example of another dog more assist you4 ,your youngster's diving can never be of service2 therefore throw in only what will float4 ,otherwise he might have a plunge for nothing1 and so be discouraged2 and evidently it should be your constant aim to avoid doing anything likely to shake his confidence in you4 #ij4 ,if you ever have occasion to teach a dog to dive and retrieve1 first accustom him1 on land1 to fetch something heavy1 of a conspicuous color4 ,when he brings it eagerly1 commence your diving lesson by throwing it into the shallowest parts of the stream4 ,only by slow degrees get to deep water1 and let your lessons be very short4 ,never chuck in a stone4 ,the chances are twenty to one that there are several at the bottom not very dissimilar1 and the young dog ought not to be subjected to the temptation of picking up one of them in lieu of that he was sent for4 ,should he on any occasion do so1 neither scold nor caress him2 quietly take what he brings1 lay it at your feet1 to show him that you want it not1 and endeavor to make him renew his search for what you threw in2 do this by signs1 and by encouragement with your voice1 rather than by chucking stones in the right direction1 lest he should seek for them instead of searching for what you originally sent him4 #ia4 ,some teachers make a young dog fetch a round pin cushion1 or a cork ball1 in which needles are judiciously buried2 nor is it a bad plan1 and there need be no cruelty in it1 if well managed4 ,at least it can only be cruel once1 for the dog's recollection of his sufferings will prevent his picking up the offending object a second time4 ,others1 after he is well drilled into fetching1 and takes pleasure in it1 will make him bring a bunch of keys4 ,there are few things a dog is less willing to lift4 ,most probably they gave him some severe rebuffs when first heedlessly snatching at them2 and the caution thereby induced tends to give him a careful1 tender mouth4 ,a fencing master1 ,i knew in ,france1 had a spaniel1 singularly enough for a ,frenchman1 called ,waterloo1 that would take up the smallest needle4 #ib4 ,when your dog has picked up what you desired1 endeavor to make him run to you quickly4 ,many who teach a dog to fetch1 praise and encourage him while he is bringing what he was sent after4 ,clearly this is an error4 ,it induces the dog to loiter and play with it4 ,he thinks he is lauded for having it in his mouth and carrying it about4 ,reserve your encomiums and caresses until he has delivered it4 ,if you walk away1 the fear of your leaving him will induce him to hurry after you4 ,let a dog retrieve ever so carelessly1 still1 while on the move1 he will rarely drop a bird4 #ic4 ,dogs that retrieve should be gradually brought to lift heavy1 flexible things1 and such as require a large grasp1 that they may not be quite unprepared for the weight and size of a hare2 otherwise they may be inclined to drag it along by a slight hold of the skin1 instead of balancing it across their mouths4 ,thus capacious jaws are obviously an advantage in retrievers4 ,the ,french gamekeepers1 many of whom are capital hands at making a retriever--excepting that they do not teach the down charge1--stuff a hare or rabbit skin with straw1 and when the dog has learned to fetch it with eagerness1 they progressively increase its weight by burying larger and larger pieces of wood in the middle of the straw3 and to add to the difficulty of carrying it1 they often throw it to the other side of a hedge or thick copse4 ,if the dog shows any tendency to a hard mouth they mix thorns with the straw4 #id4 ,i ought to have mentioned sooner that you should commence teaching a puppy to fetch by shaking your glove--or anything soft--at him1 and encouraging him to seize and drag it from you4 ,then throw it a yard or two off1 gradually increasing the distance1 and the moment he delivers it to you1 give him something palatable4 ,should you1 contrary to every reasonable expectation1 from his having no inclination to romp or play with the glove1 not be able to persuade him to pick it up1 put it between his teeth--force him to grasp it by tightly pressing his jaws together1 speaking all the while impressively to him--scold him if he is obstinate and refuses to take hold of the glove4 ,after a little time retire a few paces1 keeping one hand under his mouth--to prevent his dropping the glove1--while you lead or drag him with the other4 ,when you halt1 be sure not to take the glove immediately from him--oblige him to continue holding it for at least a minute--lest he should learn to relinquish his grip too soon1--before you make him yield at the command give2 then bestow a reward4 ,should he drop it before he is ordered to deliver it1 replace it in his mouth and again retreat some steps before ordering him to give4 ,he will soon follow with it at your heels4 ,if you have sufficient perseverance you can thus make him earn all his daily food4 ,hunger will soon perfect him in the lesson4 ,observe that there are four distinct stages in this trick of carrying--the first1 making the dog grasp and retain--the second1 inducing him to bring1 following at your heels--the third1 teaching him not to quit his hold when you stop--the fourth1 getting him to deliver into your hands on your order4 ,the great advantage of a sporting dog's acquiring this trick is that it accustoms him to deliver into your hands2 and it often happens that you must thus teach a dog to carry as a preparative to teaching him to fetch4 ,it certainly will be judicious in you to do so1 if the dog is a lively1 riotous animal2 for the act of carrying the glove--or stick1 c4--quietly at your heels will sober him1 and make him less likely to run off with it instead of delivering it when you are teaching him to fetch4 ,as soon as he brings the glove tolerably well1 try him with a short stick4 ,you will wish him not to seize the end of it1 lest he should learn to drag instead of carry4 ,therefore fix pegs or wires into holes drilled at right angles to each other at the extremities of the stick4 ,he will then only grasp it near the middle4 #ie4 ,this drill should be further extended if a ,,regular ,,land ,,retriever be your pupil4 ,throw dead birds of any kind for him to bring--of course one at a time1--being on the alert to check him whenever he grips them too severely4 ,if he persists in disfiguring them1 pass a few blunted knitting needles through them at right angles to one another4 ,when he fetches with a tender mouth1 you will be able to follow up this method of training still further by letting him road--or foot1 as it is often termed--a rabbit in high stubble1 one--or both1 if a strong buck--of whose hind legs you will have previously bandaged in the manner described in #ef4 ,be careful not to let him see you turn it out1 lest he watch your proceedings and endeavor to hunt by eye4 ,indeed it might be better to employ another person to turn it out4 ,keep clear of woods for some time--the cross scents would puzzle him4 ,if by any chance you have a winged pheasant or partridge1 let him retrieve it4 ,you will not1 ,i presume1 at the commencement select a morning when there is a dry cold wind from the north-east1 but probably you will wish to conclude his initiatory lessons on days which you judge to possess least scent4 ,the more he has been practised as described in #ci1 the better will he work2 for he cannot keep his nose too perseveringly close to the ground4 ,with reference to the instructions in that paragraph1 ,i will here remark1 that before you let the dog stoop to hunt1 you should have placed him by signal 7#ca7 near the spot from which you had begun dragging the bread4 ,in paragraph #aij an instance is given of the manner in which a dog who retrieves should be put upon a scent2 and why that mode is adopted is explained in #ahd4 #if4 ,it is quite astonishing how well an old dog that retrieves knows when a bird is struck4 ,he instantly detects any hesitation or uncertainty of movement1 and for a length of time will watch its flight with the utmost eagerness1 and1 steadily keeping his eye on it1 will as surely as yourself mark its fall4 ,to induce a young dog to become thus observant1 always let him perceive that you watch a wounded bird with great eagerness2 his imitative instinct will soon lead him to do the same4 ,this faculty of observation is particularly serviceable in a water retriever4 ,it enables him to swim direct to the crippled bird1 and1 besides the saving of time1 the less he is in the water in severe weather1 the less likely is he to suffer from rheumatism4 #ig4 ,as an initiatory lesson in making him observant of the flight and fall of birds1 place a few pigeons1 or other birds1 during his absence1 each in a hole covered with a tile4 ,afterwards come upon these spots apparently unexpectedly1 and1 kicking away the tiles--or1 what is better1 dragging them off by a previously adjusted string1--shoot the birds for him to bring2 it being clearly understood that he has been previously tutored into having no dread of the gun4 ,as he will have been taught to search where bidden--,,iv4 to ,,viii4 of #aai1--nothing now remains but to take him out on a regular campaign1 when the fascinating scent of game will infallibly make him search--,i do not say deliver--with great eagerness4 ,when once he then touches upon a scent1 leave him entirely to himself--not a word1 not a sign4 ,possibly his nose may not be able to follow the bird1 but it is certain that yours cannot4 ,occasionally you may be able to help an old retriever 7#bif71 but rarely1 if ever1 a young one4 ,your interference1 nay1 probably your mere presence1 would so excite him as to make him overrun the scent4 ,remain1 therefore1 quietly where you are until he rejoins you4 #ih4 ,when we see a winged pheasant racing off1 most of us are too apt to assist a young dog1 forgetting that we thereby teach him1 instead of devoting his whole attention to work out the scent1 to turn to us for aid on occasions when it may be impossible to give it4 ,when a dog is hunting for birds1 he should frequently look to the gun for signals1 but when he is on them he should trust to nothing but his own scenting faculties4 #ii4 ,if1 from a judicious education1 a retriever pup has had a delight in fetching rapidly1 it is not likely he will loiter on the way to mouth his birds2 but the fatigue of carrying a hare a considerable distance may1 perhaps1 induce a young dog to drop it in order to take a moment's rest4 ,there is a risk that when doing so he may be tempted to lick the blood1 and1 finding it palatable1 be led to maul the carcase4 ,you see1 therefore1 the judiciousness of employing every means in your power to ensure his feeling anxious to deliver quickly1 and ,i know not what plan will answer better--though it sounds sadly unsentimental--than to have some pieces of hard boiled liver#ah at hand to bestow upon him the moment he surrenders his game1 until he is thoroughly confirmed in an expeditious delivery4 ,never give him a piece1 however diligently he may have searched1 unless he succeeds in bringing4 ,when you leave off these rewards do so gradually4 ,the invariable bestowal of such dainties during1 at least1 the retriever's first season1 will prevent his ever dropping a bird on hearing the report of a gun--as many do--in order to search for the later killed game4 #ajj4 ,should a young retriever evince any wish to assist the cook by plucking out the feathers of a bird2 or from natural vice or mismanagement before he came into your possession1#ai show any predisposition to taste blood1 take about two feet 7dependent upon the size of the dog's head7 of iron wire1 say the one-eighth of an inch in diameter1 sufficiently flexible for you1 but not for him to bend4 ,shape this much into the form of the letter ,u1 supposing the extremities to be joined by a straight line4 ,place the straight part in the dog's mouth1 and passing the other over his head and ears1 retain it in position by a light throat lash passed through a turn in the wire1 as here roughly represented4 ,the flexibility of the wire will enable you to adjust it with ease to the shape of his head4 ,when in the kennel he ought to be occasionally thus bitted1 that he may not fret when he is first hunted with it4 ,it will not injure his teeth or much annoy him if it lie on his grinders a little behind the tushes4 ,illustration #aja4 ,sometimes a retriever1 notwithstanding every encouragement1 will not pursue a winged bird with sufficient rapidity4 ,in this case associate him for a few days with a quicker dog1 whose example will to a certainty animate him and increase his pace4 ,it is true that when he is striving to hit off a scent he cannot work too patiently and perseveringly2 but1 on the other hand1 the moment he is satisfied he is on it1 he cannot follow too rapidly4 ,a winged bird1 when closely pressed1 seems1 through nervousness1 to emit an increasing stream of scent2 therefore1 though it may sound paradoxical1 the retriever's accelerated pace then makes him 7his nose being close to the ground7 the less likely to overrun it2 and the faster he pursues the less ground must he disturb1 for the shorter will be the chase4 #ajb4 ,retrievers are generally taught to rush in the instant a bird falls4 ,this plan1 like most other things1 has its advocates and its opponents4 ,i confess to being one of the latter1 for ,i cannot believe that in the long run it is the best way to fill the bag4 ,i think it certain that more game is lost by birds being flushed while the guns are unloaded1 than could be lost from the scent cooling during the short period the dog remains at the down charge4 ,unquestionably some retrievers have so good a nose1 that the delay would not lead to their missing any wounded game however slightly struck2 and the delay has this great advantage1 that it helps to keep the retriever under proper subjection1 and diminishes his anxiety to rush to every part of the line where a gun may be fired1 instead of remaining quietly at his master's heels until signalled to take up the scent4 ,moreover1 a retriever by neglecting the down charge1 sets an example to the pointers or setters who may be his companions1 which it is always more or less difficult to prevent the dogs1 if young1 from following4 ,but ,i once shot over a retriever which ,i could hardly wish not to have run on shot4 ,on a bird being hit he started off with the greatest impetuosity1 kept his eye immovably fixed on its flight1 and possessed such speed that a winged bird scarcely touched the ground ere it was pinned4 ,he would1 too1 often seize a slightly injured hare before it had acquired its best pace4 ,the pursuit so soon terminated that possibly less game escaped being fired at than if the retriever had not stirred until the guns were reloaded4 ,on a miss he was never allowed--indeed appeared little inclined--to quit heel4 ,of course a trainer's trouble is decreased by not breaking to the down charge1 which may induce some to recommend the plan2 though it is to be observed1 that this class of dogs is more easily than any other perfected in it1 because the breaker nearly always possesses the power of treading upon or seizing the checkcord the instant a bird is sprung4 #ajc4 ,the nature of your shooting will much influence you in deciding which of the two methods to adopt2 but should you select the one which the generality of good sportsmen consider to be most according to rule1 and to possess the greatest beauty1 viz41 the down charge1 rather lose any bird1 however valuable1 so long as your retriever remains young1 than put him on the foot a second before you have reloaded4 ,undoubtedly it ought to be taught to every dog broken for sale1 as the purchaser can always dispense with it should he judge it unnecessary--it can soon be untaught4 ,it is clear that not quitting heel until ordered is tantamount to the regular down charge1 but ,i think the last is the easiest to enforce constantly4 ,it is the more decided step4 #ajd4 ,large retrievers are less apt to mouth their game than small ones3 but very heavy dogs are not desirable1 for they soon tire4 ,and yet a certain medium is necessary1 for they ought to have sufficient strength to carry a hare with ease through a thicket1 when balanced in their jaws1 and be able to jump a fence with her4 ,they should run mute4 ,and they should be thick coated3 unless they are so1--,i do not say long coated1--they cannot be expected to dash into close cover1 or plunge into water after a duck or snipe when the thermometer is near zero4 #aje4 ,it is usually allowed that1 as a general rule1 the best land retrievers are bred from a cross between the setter and the ,newfoundland--or the strong spaniel and ,newfoundland4 ,i do not mean the heavy ,labrador1 whose weight and bulk is valued because it adds to his power of draught1 nor the ,newfoundland1 increased in size at ,halifax and ,st4 ,john's to suit the taste of the ,english purchaser1--but the far slighter dog reared by the settlers on the coast1--a dog that is quite as fond of water as of land1 and which in almost the severest part of a ,north ,american winter will remain on the edge of a rock for hours together1 watching intently for anything the passing waves may carry near him4 ,such a dog is highly prized4 ,without his aid the farmer would secure but few of the many wild ducks he shoots at certain seasons of the year4 ,the patience with which he waits for a shot on the top of a high cliff--until the numerous flock sail leisurely underneath--would be fruitless1 did not his noble dog fearlessly plunge in from the greatest height1 and successfully bring the slain to shore4 #ajf4 ,probably a cross from the heavy1 large headed setter1 who1 though so wanting in pace1 has an exquisite nose2 and the true ,newfoundland1 makes the best retriever4 ,nose is the first desideratum4 ,a breaker may doubt which of his pointers or setters possesses the greatest olfactory powers1 but a short trial tells him which of his retrievers has the finest nose4 #ajg4 ,making a first-rate retriever is a work of time1 but his being thoroughly grounded in the required initiatory lessons facilitates matters surprisingly4 ,indeed after having been taught the drop--#bb1 #bd1 #be1--to fetch--#ib to #id--;and seek dead in the precise direction he is ordered--,,xi of #aai1--;almost any kind of dog can be made to retrieve4 ,the better his nose is1 the better of course he will retrieve4 ,sagacity1 good temper1 quickness of comprehension1 a teachable disposition1 and all cultivated qualities are almost as visibly transmitted to offspring as shape and action2 therefore the stronger a dog's hereditary instincts lead him to retrieve1 the less will be the instructor's trouble2 and the more obedient he is made to the signals of the hand1 the more readily will he be put upon a scent4 ,dogs that are by nature quick rangers do not take instinctively to retrieving4 ,they have not naturally sufficient patience to work out a feeble scent4 ,they are apt to overrun it4 ,a really good retriever will pursue a wounded bird or hare as accurately as a bloodhound will a deer or man2 and if he is put on a false scent1 ,i mean a scent of uninjured flick or feather1 he will not follow it beyond a few steps--experience will have shown him the inutility of so doing4 7#big47 #ajh4 ,avail yourself of the first opportunity to make a young retriever lift a woodcock1 lest in after life1 from novel scent1 he decline touching it1 as many dogs have done to the great annoyance of their masters4 ,ditto1 with the delicate landrail4 #aji4 ,the directions given about fetching led me to talk of retrievers2 and1 having touched upon the subject1 ,i thought it right not to quit it1 until ,i had offered the best advice in my power4 ,i have but one more recommendation to add before ,i return to your setter--or pointer--pup3 carefully guard a young retriever--indeed any dog bred for the gun--from being ever allowed to join a rat-hunt4 ,rat-hunting would tend to destroy his tenderness of mouth1 nay1 possibly make him mangle his game4 ,but this is not all4 ,it has often gradually led good dogs to decline lifting hares or rabbits1 apparently regarding them more in the light of vermin than of game4 ,some dogs1 however1 that are not bad retrievers1 are capital ratters1 but they are exceptions to the general rule4 ,indeed1 you should never permit your dog to retrieve any kind of ground or winged vermin4 ,if the creature were only wounded it might turn upon him4 ,he in self-defence would give it a grip1 and he might thus be led to follow the practice on less pardonable occasions4 ,remember1 that a winged bittern or heron might peck out his eye4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,a drier and cleaner article than you may suppose1 and which can be carried not inconveniently in a ,mackintosh1 or oil-skin bag--a toilet sponge bag4 #ai ,if a retriever has the opportunity1 while prowling about1 of gnawing hare or rabbit-skins thrown aside by a slovenly cook1 it will not be unnatural in him1 when he is hungry1 to wish to appropriate to himself the hide1 if not the interior1 of the animals he is lifting4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,initiatory ,,lessons ,,out ,,of ,,doors4--,,tricks4 #aaj4 ,as ,i before observed1 you can practise most of the initiatory lessons in your country walks4 ,always put something alluring in your pocket to reward your pupil for prompt obedience4 ,do not take him out unnecessarily in bad weather4 ,on no account let him amuse himself by scraping acquaintance with every idle cur he meets on the way2 nor permit him to gambol about the lanes4 ,let him understand by your manner that there is business at hand4 ,never let him enter a field before you4 ,always keep him at your heels1 until you give him the order to be off4 ,you will find him disposed to presume and encroach4 ,according to the old adage1 ,give him an inch1 and he will take an ell4 ,he will be endeavoring to lead rather than to follow1 and1 if he fancies himself unobserved1 he will most perseveringly steal inch upon inch in advance4 ,be ever on the watch1 ready to check the beginning of every act of disobedience4 ,implicit obedience in trifles will insure it in things of more importance4 #aaa4 ,for some time1 but the period is uncertain--say from his being eight months old until double that age#bj--;he will merely gallop and frisk about1 and probably will take diligently to persecuting butterflies4 ,let him choose what he likes4 ,don't think he will prize small beer1 when he can get champagne4 ,he will leave off noticing inferior articles as he becomes conversant with the taste of game4 ,it is now your main object to get him to hunt2 no matter what1 so that he is not perpetually running to heel4 ,and the more timid he is the more you must let him chase1 and amuse himself as his fancy dictates4 ,when you see that he is really occupying himself with more serious hunting1 eagerly searching for small birds1 especially larks1 you must begin instructing him how to quarter his ground to the greatest advantage1 under your constant direction4 ,should any one join you1 or anything occur likely to prevent your giving him your strictest attention1 on no account permit him to range--keep him to heel until you are quite prepared to watch and control all his movements4 ,hunt him where he is least likely to find game1 for he will take to quartering his ground far more regularly1 under your guidance1 where his attention is least distracted by any scent4 ,the taint of partridge would be almost sure to make him deviate from the true line on which you are anxious he should work4 ,labor now diligently1 if possible daily1 though not for many hours a day2 for be assured a good method of ranging can only be implanted when he is young4 #aab4 ,should your pup be so long before taking to hunting that your patience becomes exhausted1 let an older dog accompany you a few times4 ,when he finds birds1 gradually bring the young one upon them from leeward1 and let him spring them4 ,encourage him to sniff the ground they have quitted1 and allow him to run riot on the haunt4 ,after that enjoyment1 the example of the old dog will most likely soon make him range1 and employ his nose in seeking a repetition of what has afforded him such unexpected delight4 ,if it does not1 and the old dog is steady and good-humored enough to bear the annoyance cheerfully1 couple the young one to him4 ,before this he should have learned to work kindly in couples--#dd4 ,but ,i am getting on too fast1 and swerving from the track ,i had marked for myself4 ,by-and-by ,i will tell you how ,i think you should instruct your youngster to quarter his ground to the best advantage--#abg1 c4 #aac4 ,common sense shows that you ought not to correct your dog for disobedience1 unless you are certain that he knows his fault4 ,now you will see that the initiatory lessons ,i recommend must give him that knowledge1 for they explain to him the meaning of almost all the signs and words of command you will have to employ when shooting4 ,that knowledge1 too1 is imparted by a system of rewards1 not punishments4 ,your object is not to break his spirit1 but his self-will4 ,with his obedience you gain his affection4 ,the greatest hardship admissible1 in this early stage of his education1 is a strong jerk of the checkcord1 and a sound rating1 given1 when necessary1 in the loudest tone and sternest manner2 and it is singular how soon he will discriminate between the reproving term bad--to which he will sensitively attach a feeling of shame--and the encouraging word good--expressions that will hereafter have a powerful influence over him1 especially if he be of a gentle1 timid disposition4 #aad4 ,in educating such a dog--and there are many of the kind1 likely to turn out well1 if they are judiciously managed1 often possessing noses so exquisite--perhaps ,i ought to say cautious--as nearly to make up for their general want of constitution and powers of endurance--it is satisfactory to think that all these lessons can be inculcated without in the slightest degree depressing his spirit4 ,on the contrary1 increasing observation and intelligence will gradually banish his shyness and distrust of his own powers2 for he will be sensible that he is becoming more and more capable of comprehending your wishes1 and therefore less likely to err and be punished 7#bde74 #aae4 ,i fear you may imagine that ,i am attributing too much reasoning power to him4 ,you would not think so if you had broken in two or three dogs4 ,what makes dog-teaching1 if not very attractive1 at least not laborious1 is the fact that the more you impart to a dog1 the more readily will he gain further knowledge4 ,after teaching a poodle or a terrier a few tricks1 you will be surprised to see with what increasing facility he will acquire each successive accomplishment4 ,it is this circumstance which1 ,i think1 should induce you not to regard as chimerical the perfection of which ,i purpose to speak by-and-by1 under the head of refinements in breaking4 ,indeed ,i only adopt this distinction in deference to what ,i cannot but consider popular prejudice2 for ,i well know many will regard such accomplishments as altogether superfluous4 ,it is sad to think that an art which might easily be made much more perfect1 is allowed1 almost by universal suffrance1 to stop short just at the point where excellence is within grasp4 #aaf4 ,far more dogs would be well-broken1 if men would but keep half the number they usually possess4 ,the owner of many dogs cannot shoot often enough over them1 to give them great experience4 #aag4 ,i am1 however1 wandering from our immediate subject4 ,let us return to the lecture1 and consider how much knowledge your pupil will have acquired by these preliminary instructions4 ,we shall find that1 with the exception of a systematically confirmed range1 really little remains to be learned1 save what his almost unaided instinct will tell him4 #aah4 ,for it is wonderful how much you can effect by initiatory instruction3 indeed1 afterwards1 you will have little else to do than teach and confirm your dog in a judicious range--his own sagacity and increasing experience will be his principal guides--for consider how much you will have taught him4 #aai4 ,he will know-- ,i4 ,that he is to pay attention to his whistle--the whistle that you design always to use to him4 ,i mean that1 when he hears one low blast on his whistle he is to look to you for orders1 but not necessarily run towards you1 unless he is out of sight1 or you continue whistling 7#ah74 ,,ii4 ,that ,toho1 or the right arm raised nearly perpendicularly1 means that he is to stand still 7#ai to #ba74 ,,iii4 ,that ,drop1 or the left arm raised nearly perpendicularly1 or the report of a gun1 means that he is to crouch down with his head close to the ground1 between his feet1 however far off he may be ranging4 ,greater relaxation in the position may be permitted after he has been a little time shot over 7#bb to #bf74 ,,iv4 ,that ,on1--the shortest word for hie-on1--or the forward underhand swing of the right hand1 signifies that he is to advance in a forward direction--the direction in which you are waving4 ,this signal is very useful4 ,it implies that you want the dog to hunt ahead of you4 ,yon employ it also when you are alongside of him at his point1 and are desirous of urging him to follow up the running bird or birds1 and press to a rise4 ,if he push on too eagerly1 you restrain him by slightly raising the right hand--,,xii4 of this paragraph 7#ah to #ba74 ,v4 ,that a wave of the right arm and hand--the arm being fully extended and well to the right--from left to right1 means that he is to hunt to the right4 ,some men wave the left hand across the body from left to right1 as a direction to the dog to hunt to the right2 but that signal is not so apparent at a distance as the one ,i have described 7#cb74 ,,vi4 ,that a wave of the left arm from right to left--the arm being fully extended and well to the left--means that he is to hunt to the left 7#cc74 ,,vii4 ,that the ,beckon1 the wave of the right hand towards you1 indicates that he is to hunt towards you 7#cc4 ,see also #fg74 ,,viii4 ,that the word ,heel1 or a wave of the right hand to the rear--the reverse of the underhand1 cricket-bowler's swing1--implies that he is to give up hunting1 and go directly close to your heels 7#dj74 ,,ix4 ,that ,fence means that he is not to leave the place where you are4 ,after being so checked a few times when he is endeavoring to quit the field1 he will understand the word to be an order not to break fence 7#db1 #dc74 ,x4 ,that ,find or ,seek means that he is to search for something which he will have great gratification in discovering4 ,when he is in the field he will quickly understand this to be game 7#cj1 #ca74 ,,xi4 ,that ,dead--which it would be well to accompany with the signal to ,heel1 means that there is something not far off1 which he would have great satisfaction in finding4 ,on hearing it1 he will come to you1 and await your signals instructing him in what direction he is to hunt for it4 ,when1 by signals1 you have put him as near as you can upon the spot where you think the bird has fallen1 you will say ,find2 for1 until you say that word1 he ought to be more occupied in attending to your signals than in searching for the bird4 ,when you have shot a good many birds to him1 if he is within sight1 in order to work more silently1 omit saying ,dead1 only signal to him to go to ,heel 7#ah1 #cj1 #ca1 #dj74 ,,xii4 ,that ,care means that he is near that for which he is hunting4 ,this word1 used with the right hand slightly raised--the signal for the ,toho1 only not exhibited nearly so energetically--will soon make him comprehend that game is near him1 and that he is therefore to hunt cautiously4 ,you will use it when your young dog is racing too fast among turnips or potatoes 7#ce74 ,,xiii4 ,that ,up means that he is to sniff with his nose high in the air for that of which he is in search 7#cg74 ,,xiv4 ,that ,away--or ,gone1 or ,flown--is an indication that the thing for which he was hunting and of which he smells the taint1 is no longer there4 ,this word is not to be used in the field until your young dog has gained some experience 7#da74 ,,xv4 ,that ,ware--pronounced ,war--is a general order to desist from whatever he may be doing4 ,no is perhaps a better word2 it can be pronounced more distinctly and energetically4 ,if the command is occasionally accompanied with the cracking of your whip1 its meaning will soon be understood 7#dc74 ,,xvi4 ,he will also know the distinction between the chiding term ,bad and the encouraging word ,good2 and1 moreover1 be sensible1 from your look and manner1 whether you are pleased or angry with him4 ,dogs1 like children1 are physiognomists 7#cf1 end of #ajd74 #abj4 ,you will perceive that you are advised to use the right hand more than the left4 ,this is only because the left hand is so generally employed in carrying the gun4 #aba4 ,you will also observe1 that when the voice is employed--and this should be done only when the dog will not obey your signals--,i have recommended you to make use of but one word4 ,why should you say ,come to heel1 ,ware breaking fence1 ,have a care8 ,if you speak in sentences1 you may at times unconsciously vary the words of the sentence1 or the emphasis on any word2 and as it is only by the sound that you should expect a dog to be guided1 the more defined and distinct in sound the several commands are the better4 #abb4 ,this consideration leads to the remark that1 as1 by nearly universal consent1 ,toho is the word employed to tell a dog to point1 the old rule is clearly a judicious one1 never to call him ,ponto1 ,sancho1 or by any name ending in o4 ,always1 too1 choose one that can be hallooed in a sharp1 loud1 high key4 ,you will find the advantage of this whenever you lose your dog1 and happen not to have a whistle4 ,observe1 also1 if you have several dogs1 to let their names be dissimilar in sound4 #abc4 ,i have suggested your employing the word ,drop instead of the usual word ,down1 because it is less likely to be uttered by any one on whom the dog might jump or fawn2 for1 on principle1 ,i strongly object to any order being given which is not strictly enforced4 ,it begets in a dog1 as much as in the nobler animal who walks on two legs1 habits of inattention to words of command1 and ultimately makes greater severity necessary4 ,if ,i felt certain ,i should never wish to part with a dog ,i was instructing1 ,i should carry this principle so far as to frame a novel vocabulary1 and never use any word ,i thought he would be likely to hear from others4 ,by the bye1 whenever you purchase a dog1 it would be advisable to ascertain what words of command and what signals he has been accustomed to4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,i once had a pointer pup whose dam was broken in 7after a fashion7 and regularly shot to when seven months old4 ,without injury to her constitution1 she could not have been hunted for more than an hour or two at a time4 ,she ought not to have been taken to the field for regular use until fully a year old4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,commenced4 ,,ranging4 #abd4 ,a keeper nearly always breaks in his young dogs to set1 if their ages permit it1 on favorable days in ,spring1 when the partridges have paired4#ba ,he gets plenty of points1 and the birds lie well4 ,but ,i cannot believe it is the best way to attain great excellence1 though the plan has many followers3 it does not cultivate the intelligence of his pupils1 nor enlarge their ideas by making them sensible of the object for which such pains are taken in hunting them4 ,moreover1 their natural ardor--a feeling that it should be his aim rather to increase than weaken--is more or less damped by having often to stand at game before they can be rewarded for their exertions by having it killed to them1--it prevents1 rather than imparts1 the zeal and perseverance for which ,irish dogs are so remarkable4 ,particularly ought a breaker1 whose pupil is of nervous temperament1 or of too gentle a disposition1 to consider well that the want of all recompense for finding paired birds must make a timid dog far more likely to become a blinker1 when he is checked for not pointing them1 than when he is checked for not pointing birds which his own impetuosity alone deprives him of every chance of rapturously touseling4 ,the very fact that the birds lie well frequently leads to mischief2 for1 if the instructor be not very watchful1 there is a fear that his youngsters may succeed in getting too close to their game before he forces them to come to a staunch point4 ,a keeper1 however1 has but little choice--and it is not a bad time to teach the back--if his master insists upon shooting over the animals the first day of the season1 and expects to find them what some call perfectly broken in4 ,but ,i trust some of my readers have nobler ends in view2 therefore1 #abe4 ,i will suppose your youngster to have been well grounded in his initiatory lessons1 and that you take him out when the crops are nearly off the ground--by which time there will be few squeakers--on a fine cool day in ,september1--alas6 that it cannot be an ,august day on the moors1--to show him birds for the first time4 ,as he is assumed to be highly bred1 you may start in the confident expectation of killing partridges over him1 especially if he is a pointer4 ,have his nose moist and healthy4 ,take him out when the birds are on the feed1 and of an afternoon in preference to the morning1--unless from an unusually dry season there be but little scent1--that he may not be attracted by the taint of hares or rabbits4 ,take him out alone1 if he evince any disposition to hunt1 which1 at the age we will presume him to have attained next season1 we must assume that he will do1 and with great zeal4 ,be much guided by his temper and character4 ,should he possess great courage and dash1 you cannot begin too soon to make him point4 ,you should always check a wild dog in racing after pigeons and small birds on their rising2 whereas you should encourage a timid dog--one who clings to heel--in such a fruitless but exciting chase4 ,the measures to be pursued with such an animal are fully detailed in #aaa1 #aab4 #abf4 ,i may as well caution you against adopting the foolish practice of attempting to cheer on your dog with a constant low whistle1 under the mistaken idea that it will animate him to increased zeal in hunting4 ,from perpetually hearing the monotonous sound1 it would prove as little of an incentive to exertion as a continued chirrup to a horse2 and yet if habituated to it1 your dog would greatly miss it whenever hunted by a stranger4 ,not unregarded1 however1 would it be by the birds1 to whom on a calm day it would act as a very useful warning4 #abg4 ,though you have not moors1 fortunately we can suppose your fields to be of a good size4 ,avoid all which have recently been manured4 ,select those that are large1 and in which you are the least likely to find birds1 until his spirits are somewhat sobered1 and he begins partly to comprehend your instructions respecting his range4 ,there is no reason why he should not have been taken out a few days before this1 not to show him birds1 but to have commenced teaching him how to traverse his ground4 ,indeed1 if we had supposed him of a sufficient age--#aaa--;he might by this time be somewhat advanced towards a systematic beat4 ,it is seeing birds early that is to be deprecated1 not his being taught how to range4 #abh4 ,be careful to enter every field at the leeward#bb side--about the middle1--that he may have the wind to work against4 ,choose a day when there is a breeze1 but not a boisterous one4 ,in a calm the scent is stationary1 and can hardly be found unless accidentally4 ,in a gale it is scattered to the four quarters4#bc ,you want not an undirected ramble1 but a judicious traversing beat under your own guidance1 which shall leave no ground unexplored1 and yet have none twice explored4 #abi4 ,suppose the form of the field1 as is usually the case1 to approach a parallelogram or square1 and that the wind blows in any direction but diagonally across it4 ,on entering at the leeward side send the dog from you by a wave of your hand or the word ,on4 ,you wish him1 while you are advancing up the middle of it1 to cross you at right angles1 say from right to left1--then to run up-wind for a little1 parallel to your own direction1 and afterwards to recross in front of you from left to right1 and so on until the whole field is regularly hunted4 ,to effect this1 notwithstanding your previous preparatory lessons1 you will have to show him the way1 as it were--setting him an example in your own person1--by running a few steps in the direction you wish him to go--say to the right1--cheering him on to take the lead4 ,as he gets near the extremity of his beat1 when he does not observe you1 he can steal a small advance in the true direction of your own beat1 which is directly up the middle of the field meeting the wind4 ,if perceiving your advance he turn towards you1 face him--wave your right hand to him1 and1 while he sees you1 run on a few paces in his direction--that is1 parallel to his true direction4 ,as he approaches the hedge--the one on your right hand1 but be careful that he does not get close to it1 lest1 from often finding game there1 he ultimately become a potterer and regular hedge hunter--face towards him1 and on catching his eye1 wave your left arm4 ,if you cannot succeed in catching his eye1 you must give one low whistle--the less you habituate yourself to use the whistle1 the less you will alarm the birds--study to do all1 as far as is practicable1 by signals4 ,you wish your wave of the left arm to make the dog turn to the left--his head to the wind1--and that he should run parallel to the side of the hedge for some yards--say from thirty to forty--before he makes his second turn to the left to cross the field2 but you must expect him to turn too directly towards you on your first signal to turn4 ,should he by any rare chance have made the turn--the first one--correctly1 and thus be hunting up-wind1 on no account interrupt him by making any signals until he has run up the distance you wish--the aforesaid thirty or forty yards1--then again catch his eye1 and1 as before--not now1 however1 faced towards him and the hedge1 but faced towards your true direction1--by a wave of the left arm endeavor to make him turn to the left--across the wind4 ,if1 contrary to what you have a right to suppose1 he will not turn towards you on your giving a whistle and wave of your hand1 stand still1 and continue whistling--eventually he will obey4 ,but you must not indulge in the faintest hope that all ,i have described will be done correctly2 be satisfied at first with an approach towards accuracy2 you will daily find an improvement1 if you persevere steadily4 ,when you see that there is but little chance of his turning the way you want1 at once use the signal more consonant to his views1 for it should be your constant endeavor to make him fancy that he is always ranging according to the directions of your hands4 ,be particular in attending to this hint4 #acj4 ,his past tuition--#cd--most probably will have accustomed him to watch your eye for directions1 therefore it is not likely1 even should he have made a wrong turn near the hedge--a turn down-wind instead of up-wind1 which would wholly have prevented the required advance parallel to the hedge1--that he will cross in rear of you4 ,should he1 however1 do so1 retreat a few steps1--or face about1 if he is far in the rear1--in order to impress him with the feeling that all his work must be performed under your eye4 ,animate him with an encouraging word as he passes4 ,when he gets near the edge to the left1 endeavor1 by signals--agreeably to the method just explained--#abi--to make him turn to the--his--right1 his head to the wind1 and run up alongside of it for thirty to forty yards1 if you can manage it1 before he begins to recross the field1 by making a second turn to the right4 ,if you could get him to do this1 he would cross well in advance of you4 #aca4 ,though most likely his turn--the first--the turn up-wind--will be too abrupt--too much of an acute angle instead of the required right angle1--and that consequently1 in order to get ahead of you1 he will have to traverse the field diagonally1 yet after a few trials it is probable he will do so rather than not get in front of you4 ,this would be better than the former attempt--not obliging you to face about--express your approval1 and the next turn near the hedge may be made with a bolder sweep4 ,remember your aim is1 that no part be unhunted1 and that none once commanded by his nose should be again hunted4 ,he ought to cross1 say thirty yards in front of you1 but much will depend upon his nose4 #acb4 ,nearly on every occasion of catching his eye1 except when he is running up-wind parallel to the hedge1 give him some kind of signal4 ,this will more and more confirm him in the habit of looking to you1 from time to time1 for orders1 and thus aid in insuring his constant obedience4 ,after a while1 judging by the way in which your face is turned1 he will know in what direction you propose advancing1 and will guide his own movements accordingly4 ,should he1 as most probably he will for some time1 turn too sharply towards you when getting near the hedge1 ,i mean at too acute an angle1 incline or rather face towards him4 ,this1 coupled with the natural wish to range unrestrained1 will make him hunt longer parallel to the hedge1 before he makes his second turn towards you4 #acc4 ,you may at first strive to correct your dog's turning too abruptly inwards--the first turn--by pushing on in your own person further ahead on your own beat2 but when he has acquired if merely the slightest idea of a correct range1 be most careful not to get in advance of the ground he is to hunt2 your doing so might habituate him to cross the field diagonally--thereby leaving much of the sides of the fields unhunted1--in order to get ahead of you2 and1 moreover1 you might spring birds you are anxious he should find4 ,should he1 on the other hand1 be inclined to work too far upward before making his turn to cross the field1 hang back in your own person4 #acd4 ,though you may be in an unenclosed country1 let him range at first to no more than from seventy to eighty yards on each side of you4 ,you can gradually extend these lateral beats as he becomes conversant with his business--indeed at the commencement rather diminish than increase the distances just named1 both for the length of the parallels and the space between them4 ,do not allow the alluring title a fine wide ranger to tempt you to let him out of leading strings4 ,if he be once permitted to imagine that he has a discretionary power respecting the best places to hunt1 and the direction and length of his beats1 you will find it extremely difficult to get him again well in hand4 ,on the moors his range must be far greater than on the stubbles1 but still the rudiments must be taught on this contracted scale or you will never get him to look to you for orders4 ,do you keep entire control over his beats2 let him have almost the sole management of his drawing upon birds1 provided he does not puzzle1 or run riot too long over an old haunt4 ,give him time1 and after a little experience his nose will tell him more surely than your judgment can1 whether he is working on the toe or heel of birds1 and whether he diverges from or approaches the strongest and most recent haunt--do not flurry or hurry him1 and he will soon acquire that knowledge4 #ace4 ,as the powers of scent vary greatly in different dogs1 the depth of their turns--or parallels--ought to vary also1 and it will be hereafter for you to judge what distance between the parallels it is most advantageous for your youngster ultimately to adopt in his general hunting4 ,the deeper its turns are1 of course1 the more ground you will beat within a specified time4 ,what you have to guard against is the possibility of their being so wide that birds may be passed by unnoticed4 ,i should not like to name the distance within which good cautious dogs that carry their heads high will wind game on a favorable day4 #acf4 ,if you design your pupil1 when broken in1 to hunt with a companion1 and wish both the dogs1 as is usual1 to cross you1 you will1 of course1 habituate him to make his sweeps--the space between the parallels--wider than if you had intended him to hunt without any one to share his labors4 #acg4 ,i need hardly warn you to be careful not to interrupt him whenever he appears to be winding birds4 ,however good his nose may be by nature1 it will not gain experience and discrimination unless you give him a certain time to determine for himself whether he has really touched upon a faint scent of birds1 and whether they are in his front or rear1 or gone away altogether4 ,like every other faculty1 his sense of smell will improve the more it is exercised4 ,but on the other hand1 as ,i observed before1 do not let him continue puzzling with his nose close to the ground1--urge him on1--make him increase his pace1--force him to search elsewhere1 and he will gradually elevate his head1 and1 catching the scent of other particles1 will follow up these with a nose borne aloft1 unless he is a brute not worth a twentieth part of the pains which you think of bestowing upon him2 for1 #ach4 ,besides the greatly decreased chance of finding them1 birds that to a certainty would become uneasy1 and make off if pursued by a dog tracking them1 will often lie well to one who finds them by the wind4 ,they are then not aware that they are discovered1 and the dog1 from the information his nose gives him1 can approach them either boldly or with great wariness1 according as he perceives them to be more or less shy4 #aci4 ,if1 being unable to catch the dog's eye1 you are forced to use the whistle frequently1 and he continues inattentive to it1 notwithstanding his previous tuition1 stand still--make him lie down--by the word drop1 if he will not obey your raised left arm--go up to him--take hold of his collar1 and rate him1 saying1 ,bad1 bad1 cracking your whip over him--let the whip be one that will crack loudly1 not for present purposes1 but that1 when occasion requires1 he may hear it at a distance--and whistling softly4 ,this will show him--should you beat him1 you would confuse his ideas--that he is chidden for not paying attention to the whistle4 ,indeed1 whenever you have occasion to scold or punish him1 make it a constant rule1 while you rate him1 to repeat many times the word of command1 or the signal which he has neglected to obey4 ,there is no other way by which you will make him understand you quickly4 ,you must expect that your young dog will for some time make sad mistakes in his range2--but be not discouraged4 ,doubtless there is no one thing1--,i was going to say1 that there are no dozen things1--in the whole art of dog-breaking1 which are so difficult to attain1 or which exact so much labor1 as a high1 well-confirmed1 systematic range4 ,nature will not assist you--you must do it all yourself2 but in recompense there is nothing so advantageous when it is at length acquired4 ,it will abundantly repay months of persevering exertion4 ,it constitutes the grand criterion of true excellence4 ,its attainment makes a dog of inferior nose and action far superior to one of much greater natural qualifications1 who may be tomfooling about1 galloping backwards and forwards1 sometimes over identically the same ground1 quite uselessly exerting his travelling powers2 now and then1 indeed1 arrested by the suspicion of a haunt1 which he is not experienced enough1 or sufficiently taught1 to turn to good account1--and occasionally brought to a stiff point on birds accidentally found right under his nose4 ,it is undeniable1 coeteris paribus1 that the dog who hunts his ground most according to rule must in the end find most game4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,in ordinary seasons immediately after ,st4 ,valentine's ,day--before the birds have made their nests4 ,the first of ,september is the commencement of partridge shooting in ,england1 as the #bfth of ,oct4 and the #ast of ,nov4 are generally in ,america for quail4 ,all the breaking for partridge in this work1 is applicable and must be referred to quail in ,america4 ,grouse shooting on the moors in ,england is applicable to our prairie shooting1 and pheasant shooting to our ruffed grouse shooting1 when that may be had4 ,the reader must1 therefore1 transfer the months and seasons accordingly4--,h4,w4,h4 #bb ,leeward--a nautical phrase--here meaning the side towards which the wind blows from the field4 ,if you entered elsewhere1 the dog while ranging would be tempted1 from the natural bearing of his nose towards the wind1 to come back upon you1 making his first turn inwards instead of outwards4 #bc ,but1 independently of these obvious reasons1 scent is affected by causes into the nature of which none of us can penetrate4 ,there is a contrariety in it that ever has puzzled1 and apparently ever will puzzle1 the most observant sportsman--whether a lover of the chase or gun1--and therefore1 in ignorance of the doubtless immutable1 though to us inexplicable1 laws by which it is regulated1 we are contented to call it capricious4 ,immediately before heavy rain there frequently is none4 ,it is undeniable that moisture will at one time destroy it--at another time bring it4 ,that on certain days--in slight frost1 for instance1--setters will recognise it better than pointers1 and1 on the other hand1 that the nose of the latter will prove far superior after a long continuance of dry weather1 and this even when the setter has been furnished with abundance of water--which circumstance pleads in favor of hunting pointers and setters together4 ,the argument against it1 is the usual inequality of their pace1 and1 to the eye of some sportsmen1 the want of harmony in their appearance4 ,should not this uncertainty respecting the recognition of scent teach us not to continue hunting a good dog who is frequently making mistakes1 but rather to keep him at heel for an hour or two8 ,he will consider it a kind of punishment1 and be doubly careful when next enlarged4 ,moreover1 he may be slightly feverish from overwork1 or he may have come in contact with some impurity1--in either of which cases his nose would be temporarily out of order4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,continued4 ,,caution4 #adj4 ,if it is your fixed determination to confirm your dog in the truly-killing range described in last ,chapter1 do not associate him for months in the field with another dog1 however highly broken4 ,it would be far better to devote but two hours per diem to your pupil exclusively1 than to hunt him the whole day with a companion4 #ada4 ,many breakers do exactly the reverse of this4 ,they take out an old steady ranger1 with the intention that he shall lead the young dog1 and that the latter1 from imitation and habit1 shall learn how to quarter his ground4 ,but what he gains by imitation will so little improve his intellects1 that1 when thrown upon his own resources1 he will prove a miserable finder4 ,on a hot1 dry day he will not be able to make out a feather1 nor on any day to foot a delicate scent4 ,i grant that the plan expedites matters1 and attains the end which most professional trainers seek2 but it will not give a dog self confidence and independence1 it will not impart to him an inquiring nose1 and make him rely on its sensitiveness to discover game1 rather than to his quickness of eye to detect when his friend touches upon a haunt2 nor will it instruct him to look from time to time towards the gun for directions4 ,it may teach him a range1 but not to hunt where he is ordered2 nor will it habituate him to vary the breadth of the parallels on which he works1 according as his master may judge it to be a good or bad scenting day4 #adb4 ,to establish the rare1 noble beat ,i am recommending1--one not hereafter to be deranged by the temptation1 of a furrow in turnips or potatoes1--you must have the philosophy not to hunt your dog in them until he is accustomed in his range to be guided entirely by the wind and your signals1 and is in no way influenced by the nature of the ground4 ,even then it would be better not to beat narrow strips across which it would be impossible for him to make his regular casts4 ,avoid1 too1 for some time1 if you can1 all small fields--which will only contract his range1--and all fields with trenches or furrows1 for he will but too naturally follow them instead of paying attention to his true beat4 ,have you never1 in low lands1 seen a young dog running down a potato or turnip trench1 out of which his master1 after much labor1 had no sooner extracted him than he dropped into the adjacent one8 ,it is the absence of artificial tracks which makes the range of nearly all dogs well broken on the moors1 so much truer than that of dogs hunted on cultivated lands4 #adc4 ,moreover1 in turnips1 potatoes1 clover1 and the like thick shelter1 birds will generally permit a dog to approach so closely1 that if he is much accustomed to hunt such places1 he will be sure to acquire the evil habit of pressing too near his game when finding on the stubbles--instead of being startled as it were into an instantaneous stop the moment he first winds game1--and thus raise many a bird out of gun-shot that a cautious dog--one who slackens his pace the instant he judges that he is beating a likely spot--would not have alarmed4 #add4 ,a cautious dog6 ,can there well be a more flattering epithet8#bd ,such a dog can hardly travel too fast#be in a tolerably open country1 where there is not a superabundance of game1 if he really hunt with an inquiring nose2--but to his master what an all-important if is this6 ,it marks the difference between the sagacious1 wary1 patient1 yet diligent animal1 whose every sense and every faculty is absorbed in his endeavor to make out birds1 not for himself but the gun1 and the wild harum-scarum who blunders up three-fourths of the birds he finds4 ,no6 not finds1 but frightens1--for he is not aware of their presence until they are on the wing1 and seldom points unless he gets some heedless bird right under his nose1 when an ignoramus1 in admiration of the beauty of the dog's sudden attitude1 will often forget the mischief which he has done4 #ade4 ,though you cannot improve a dog's nose1 you can do what is nearly tantamount to it--you can increase his caution4 ,by watching for the slightest token of his feathering1 and then calling out ,toho1 or making the signal1 you will gradually teach him to look out for the faintest indication of a scent1 and point the instant he winds it1 instead of heedlessly hunting on until he meets a more exciting effluvia4 ,see #agd to #agf1 and #bbh4 #adf4 ,if from a want of animation in his manner you are not able to judge of the moment when he first winds game1 and you thus are not able to call out ,toho until he gets close to birds1 quietly pull him back from his point dead to leeward for some paces1 and there make him resume his point4 ,perseverance in this plan will ultimately effect your wishes1 unless his nose is radically wrong4 ,a dog's pointing too near his game more frequently arises from want of caution--in other words1 from want of good instruction--than from a defective nose4 #adg4 ,slow dogs readily acquire this caution2 but fast dogs cannot be taught it without great labor4 ,you have to show them the necessity of diminishing their pace1 that their noses may have fair play4 ,if you have such a pupil to instruct1 when you get near birds you have marked down1 signal to him to come to heel ,whisper to him ,care1 and let him see by your light1 slow tread1 your anxiety not to alarm the birds4 ,if he has never shown any symptoms of blinking1 you may1 a few times1 thus spring the birds yourself while you keep him close to you4 ,on the next occasion of marking down birds1 or coming to a very likely spot1 bring him into heel1 and after an impressive injunction to take care1 give him two or three very limited casts to the right or left1 and let him find the birds while you instruct him as described in #bbh4 ,as there will be no fear of such a dog making false points1 take him often to the fields where he has most frequently met birds4 ,the expectation of again coming on them1 and the recollection of the lectures he there received1 will be likely to make him cautious on entering it4 ,i remember a particular spot in a certain field that early in the season constantly held birds4 ,a young dog ,i then possessed never approached it afterwards without drawing upon it most carefully1 though he had not found there for months4 ,at first ,i had some difficulty in preventing the draw from becoming a point4 #adh4 ,i have elsewhere observed that fast dogs1 which give most trouble in breaking1 usually turn out best3 now if you think for a moment you will see the reason plainly4 ,a young dog does not ultimately become first-rate because he is wild and headstrong1 and regardless of orders1 but because his speed and disobedience arise from his great energies1--from his fondness for the sport1 from his longing to inhale the exhilarating scent and pursue the flying game4 ,it is the possession of these qualities that makes him1 in his anxious state of excitement1 blind to your signals and deaf to your calls4 ,these obviously are qualities that1 under good management1#bf lead to great excellence and superiority1--that make one dog do the work of two4 ,but they are not qualities sought for by an idle or incompetent breaker4 #adi4 ,these valuable qualities in the fast dog1 must1 however1 be accompanied with a searching nose4 ,it is not enough that a dog be always apparently hunting1 that is to say1 always on the gallop--his nose should always be hunting4 ,when this is the case1 and you may be pretty certain it is if1 as he crosses the breeze1 his nose has intuitively a bearing to windward1 you need not fear that he will travel too fast1 or not repay you ultimately for the great extra trouble caused by his high spirits and ardor for the sport4 #aej4 ,you have been recommended invariably to enter every field by the leeward side4 ,this you can generally accomplish with ease1 if you commence your day's beat to leeward4 ,should circumstances oblige you to enter a field on the windward side1 make it a rule1 as long as your dog continues a youngster1 to call him to heel1 and walk down the field with him until you get to the opposite side--the leeward--then hunt him regularly up to windward4 #aea4 ,i have read wondrous accounts of dogs1 who1 without giving themselves the trouble of quartering their ground1 would walk straight up to the birds if there were any in the field4 ,it has never been my luck1 ,i do not say to have possessed such marvellous animals1 but even to have been favored with a sight of them4 ,i therefore am inclined to think1 let your means be what they may1 that you would find it better not to advertise for creatures undoubtedly most rare1 but to act upon the common belief that1 as the scent of birds1 more or less1 impregnates the air1 no dog1 let his nose be ever so fine1 can1 except accidentally1 wind game unless he seeks for the taint in the air--and that the dog who regularly crosses the wind must have a better chance of finding it than he who only works up wind--and that down wind he can have little other chance than by roading4 #aeb4 ,it is heedlessness--the exact opposite of this extreme caution--that makes young dogs so often disregard and overrun a slight scent2 and since they are more inclined to commit this error from the rivalry of companionship1 an additional argument is presented in favor of breaking them separately1 and giving them their own time1 leisurely and methodically1 to work out a scent1 provided the nose be carried high4 ,i am satisfied most of us hurry young dogs too much4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,provided always he be not perpetually pointing1 as occasionally will happen--and is the more likely to happen if he has been injudiciously taught as a puppy to set chickens1 and has thereby acquired the evil habit of standing by eye2 which1 however1 may have made him a first-rate hand at pointing crows4 #be ,with the understanding that the pace does not make him shut up before the day is over4 #bf ,the more resolute a dog is1 the more pains should be taken1 before he is shown game1 to perfect him in the instant drop--#be--;however far off he may be ranging4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,continued4 ,,cunning ,,of ,,age4 ,,range ,,of ,,from ,,two ,,to ,,six ,,dogs4 #aec4 ,of course you will not let your pupil break fence1 or get out of your sight4 ,be on the watch to whistle or call out ,fence1 the instant you perceive that he is thinking of quitting the field4 ,do not wait until he is out of sight2 check him by anticipating his intentions4 ,should he1 unperceived1 or in defiance of your orders1 get into a field before you1 call him back--by the same opening1 if practicable1 through which he passed1 the more clearly to show him his folly2--and do not proceed further until he has obeyed you4 ,a steady adherence to this rule will soon convince him of the inutility of not exercising more patience1 or at least forbearance2 then signal to him away in the direction you choose1 not in the direction he chooses4 ,it is essential that you should be the first over every fence4 ,in the scramble1 birds1 at which you ought to have a shot1 are frequently sprung4 ,if he is not obedient to your orders make him drop1 and rate him as described in #aci4 #aed4 ,a dog from his own observation so much feels1--and in a greater or less degree1 according to his education1--the necessity of watching in what direction you are walking1 that if he is habituated to work under your eye1--,i mean1 is never allowed to hunt behind you1--by turning your back upon him when he is paying no attention to your signals1 you will often be able to bring him away from a spot where he is ranging--perhaps down wind--against your wishes1 at a time when you are afraid to whistle1 lest you should alarm the birds4 ,waving your hand backwards and forwards near the ground1 and stooping low while walking slowly about1 as if in search of something1 will often attract the attention of an ill-taught1 self-willed dog2 and his anxiety to participate in the find1 and share the sport which he imagines you expect1 will frequently induce him to run up1 and hunt alongside of you for any close lying bird4 #aee4 ,never be induced to hunt your young dog1--nor indeed any dog1--when he is tired4 ,if you do1 you will give him a slovenly carriage and habits1 and lessen his zeal for the sport4 ,in order to come in for a sniff1 at a time when he is too fatigued to search for it himself1 he will crawl after his companion1 watching for any indication of his finding4 ,as they become wearied you will have a difficulty in keeping even old well-broken dogs separate--much more young ones1 however independently they may have ranged when fresh4 ,you may also1 to a certainty1 expect false points2 but what is of far more consequence1 by frequently overtasking your dog1 you will as effectually waste his constitution as you would your horse's by premature work4 #aef4 ,if he is very young when first entered1 two or three hours' work at a time will be sufficient4 ,when he is tired1 or rather before he is tired1 send him home with the man who brings you a relief4 ,do not fancy your dog will be getting a rest if he is allowed to follow at your heels for the remainder of the day1 coupled to a companion4 ,his fretting at not being allowed to share in the sport he sees1 will take nearly as much out of him as if you permitted him to hunt4 ,if you can persuade ,john always to rub him down1 and brush and dry him--nay even to let him enjoy an hour's basking in front of the fire--before he shuts him up in the kennel1 you will add years to his existence2 and remember that one old experienced dog1 whose constitution is uninjured1 is worth two young ones4 #aeg4 ,when you hunt a brace of dogs1 to speak theoretically1 they should traverse a field in opposite directions1 but along parallel lines1 and the distance between the lines should be regulated by you according as it is a good or a bad scenting day1 and according to the excellence of the dogs' noses4 ,mathematical accuracy is1 of course1 never to be attained1 but the closer you approach the better4 #aeh4 ,you should attempt it--on entering the field to leeward1 as before directed--by making one dog go straight ahead of you to the distance which you wish the parallel lines to be apart from each other1 before you cast him off--say--to the right2 then cast off his companion to the left4 ,if the dogs are nearly equal in pace1 the one ahead1 so long as he does not fancy he winds game1 should continue to work on a parallel more advanced than the other4 #aei4 ,should you not like to relinquish1 for the sake of this formal precision1 the chance of a find in the neglected right-hand corner of the field1 cast off one dog to the right and the other to the left1 on entering it1 and make the one that soonest approaches his hedge take the widest sweep--turn--and so be placed in the advanced1 parallel4 #afj4 ,with regard to hunting more than a brace--when your difficulties wonderfully multiply--your own judgment must determine in what manner to direct their travelling powers to the greatest advantage4 ,much will depend upon the different speed of the dogs2 the number you choose from whim1 or otherwise1 to hunt2 the kind of country you beat2 and the quantity and sort of game you expect to find4 ,it is1 however1 certain you must wish that each dog be observant of the direction in which your face is turned1 in order that he may guide his own movements by yours2--that he from time to time look towards you to see if you have any commands2 and that he be ever anxious to obey them4 #afa4 ,herbert writes as follows1 in his work on shooting in the ,united ,states3#bg his words ought to have influence1 for manifestly he is a good sportsman2 but ,i own ,i cannot quite agree with him as to the facility with which a range can be taught3 ,it is wonderful how easily dogs which are always shot over by the same man--he being one who knows his business--will learn to cross and re-quarter their ground1 turning to the slightest whistle1 and following the least gesture of the hand4 ,i have seen old dogs turn their heads to catch their master's eye1 if they thought the whistle too long deferred2 and ,i lately lost an old ,irish setter1 which had been stone deaf for his last two seasons1 but which ,i found no more difficulty in turning than any other dog1 so accurately did he know when to look for the signal4 #afb4 ,to beat your ground systematically with three dogs1 you should strive to make them cross and recross you each on a different parallel1 as just described for two dogs2 but each dog must make a proportionally bolder sweep--turn--or1 #afc4 ,if you have plenty of space1 you can make one dog take a distinct beat to the right1 another a separate beat to the left1 and direct the third--which ought to be the dog least confirmed in his range--to traverse the central part1--and so be the only one that shall cross and recross you4 ,if one of your dogs is a slow potterer1 and you prefer this method to the one named in #afb1 give him the middle beat1 and let his faster companions take the flanks4 ,in our small ,english fields you have not space enough1 but on our moors1 and in many parts of the ,continent1 it cannot be want of room that will prevent your accomplishing it4 ,to do this well1 however1 and not interfere with each other's ground1 how magnificently must your dogs be broken6 ,in directing their movements1 the assistance that would be given you by each dog's acknowledging his own particular whistle1 and no other--#bge--;is very apparent4 #afd4 ,it is difficult enough to make three dogs traverse across you on tolerably distinct parallels2 and at a judicious distance between the parallels you will find it hopeless to attempt it with more than three2 and one can hardly imagine a case in which it would be advantageous to uncouple a greater number of good rangers4 ,if1 however1 the scarcity of game1 and the extensiveness of your beat1 or any peculiar fancy1 induce you habitually to use four dogs1 hunt one brace to the right1 the other to the left2 and1 so far as you can1 let those which form a brace be of equal speed4#bh ,your task will be facilitated by your always keeping the same brace to one flank--,i mean1 by making one brace constantly hunt to your right hand2 the other brace to your left4 ,the same reasoning holds with regard to assigning to each dog a particular side when hunting three1 according to the mode described in last paragraph4 ,it should1 however1 be borne in mind1 that constantly hunting a dog in this manner on one and the same flank1 tends to make him range very disagreeably whenever employed single-handed4 #afe4 ,if you hunt five dogs1 four of them ought to work by braces to the right and left1 and the fifth--the dog whose rate of speed most varies from the others--should have a narrow beat assigned him directly in advance of you4 #aff4 ,if three brace are to be used1 let the third brace hunt the central ground1 as recommended for the fifth dog--or they could be worked in leashes1 one on the right of the gun1 the other on the left4 #afg4 ,these are the correct theoretical rules1 and the more closely you observe them1 the more truly and killingly will your ground be hunted4 #afh4 ,probably you will think that such niceties are utterly impracticable4 ,they must be impracticable if you look for mathematical precision2 but if you hope to shoot over more than mere rabble1 you should work upon system4 ,if you do not1 what can you expect but an unorganized mob8--an undrilled set1 perpetually running over each other's ground1--now grouped in this part1 now crowded in that1--a few likely spots being hunted by all 7especially if they are old dogs71 the rest of the field by none of them2 and to control whose unprofitable wanderings1 why not employ a regular huntsman and a well-mounted whip8 ,doubtless it would be absurd to hope for perfect accuracy in so difficult a matter as a systematic range in a brigade of dogs2 but that you may approach correctness1 take a true standard of excellence4 ,if you do not keep perfection in view1 you will never attain to more than mediocrity4 ,i earnestly hope1 however1 that it cannot be your wish to take out a host of dogs--but should you have such a singular hobby1 pray let them be regularly brigaded1 and not employed as a pack4 ,in my opinion1 under no circumstances can more than relays of leashes be desirable2 but ,i should be sorry in such matters to dispute any man's right to please himself2 ,i only wish him1 whatever he does1 to strive to do it correctly4 #afi4 ,some men who shoot on a grand scale make their keepers hunt each a distinct brace of dogs1--the gun going up to whatever dog points4 ,it is the most killing plan to adopt2 but that is not the matter we were considering4 ,the question was1 what method a man ought to pursue who had a fancy to himself hunt many dogs at a time4 #agj4 ,if a professional breaker could show you a brigade of dogs well trained to quarter their ground systematically1 and should ask from fifty to sixty guineas#bi a brace for them1 you ought not to be surprised4 ,what an extent of country they could sweep over in an hour and not leave a bird behind6 ,and consider what time and labor must have been spent in inculcating so noble a range4 ,he would have been far better paid if he had received less than half the money as soon as they pointed steadily1 both at the living and the dead2 down charged2 backed3 and were broken from chasing hare1 or noticing rabbits4 #aga4 ,some men fancy that the faster they walk1 the more country they hunt4 ,this is far from being always the case4 ,dogs travel at one rate1 whether you walk fast or slow1 and the distance between the parallels on which they work--being determined by the fineness of their noses1 and the goodness of the scent--ought not to be affected by your pace4 ,suppose1 therefore1 that you shoot in an unenclosed country1 whether you walk quickly1 or merely crawl along1 the only difference in the beat of your dogs ought to be that1 in the latter case1 they range further to the right and the left4 ,you thus make up in your breadth what you lose in your length of beat4 #agb4 ,nor do the fastest dogs1 however well they may be broken1 always truly hunt the most ground4 ,the slower dogs have frequently finer olfactory nerves than their fleeter rivals1--therefore the parallels on which the former work may correctly be much wider apart than the parallels of the latter4 ,the finer nose in this manner commands so much more ground that it beats the quicker heels out and out4 #agc4 ,you will see1 then1 how judicious it is to show forbearance and give encouragement to the timid1 but high-bred class#cj of dogs described in #aad2 for it is obvious that1 though they may travel slower1 yet they may really hunt properly1 within a specified time1 many more acres of ground than their hardier and faster competitors2 and it is certain that they will not so much alarm the birds4 ,dogs that are most active with their heels are generally least busy with their noses4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,entitled1 ,field ,sports in the ,united ,states and ,british ,provinces1 by ,frank ,forester4 #bh ,a rule to be followed whenever you employ relays of braces4 #bi #bej to #cjj dollars4 ,this would be by no means an extraordinary price here1 however extraordinary it might be to see dogs so qualified4--,h4,w4,h4 #cj ,it is admitted1 however1 that they are often difficult animals to manage2 for the least hastiness on the part of the instructor may create a distrust that he will find it very hard to remove4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,continued4 ,,point ,,not ,,relinquished ,,for ,,down ,,charge4 #agd4 ,to proceed1 however1 with our imaginary ,september day's work4 ,i will suppose that your young dog has got upon birds1 and that from his boldness and keenness in hunting you need not let him run riot on a haunt1 as you were recommended 7in #aaa7 when you wished to give courage and animation to a timid dog4 ,you must expect that his eagerness and delight will make him run in and flush them1 even though you should have called out ,toho when first you perceived his stern begin feathering1 and thence judged that his olfactory nerves were rejoicing in the luxurious taint of game4 ,hollo out ,drop most energetically4 ,if he does not immediately lie down1 crack your whip loudly to command greater attention4 ,when you have succeeded in making him lie down1 approach him quietly3 be not angry with him1 but yet be stern in manner4 ,grasping the skin of his neck1 or1 what is better1 putting your hand within his collar--for he ought to wear a light one--quietly drag him to the precise spot where you think he was first aware of the scent of the birds4 ,there make him stand--if stand he will1 instead of timidly crouching--with his head directed towards the place from which the birds took wing1 and by frequently repeating the word ,toho1 endeavor to make him understand that he ought to have pointed at that identical spot4 ,do not confuse him by even threatening to beat him4 ,the chances are twenty to one that he is anxious to please you1 but does not yet know what you wish4 ,i assume also that he is attached to you1 and his affection1 from constantly inducing him to exert himself to give satisfaction1 will greatly develope his observation and intelligence4 #age4 ,consider it a golden rule never to be departed from--for ,i must again impress upon you a matter of such importance--invariably to drag a dog who has put up birds incautiously1 or wilfully drawn too near them1 and so sprung them--or1 what is quite as bad1--though young sportsmen will not sufficiently think of it1--endangered their rising out of shot--to the exact spot at which you judge he ought to have pointed at first1 and awaited your instructions4 #agf4 ,think for one moment what could be the use of chiding--or beating1 as ,i have seen some 9999999999 do--the poor animal at the spot where he flushed the birds4 ,you are not displeased with him 7or ought not to be7 because the birds took wing1--for if they had remained stationary until he was within a yard of them1 his fault would have been the same3 nor are you angry with him because he did not catch them--which interpretation he might1 as naturally as any other1 put upon your rating him at the spot where he flushed them--you are displeased with him for not having pointed at them steadily the moment he became sensible of their presence4 ,this is what you wish him to understand1 and this you can only teach him by dragging him1 as has been so often said1 to the spot at which he ought to have toho-ed them4 ,your object is to give the young dog1 by instruction1 the caution that most old dogs have acquired by experience4 ,doubtless experience would in time convince him of the necessity of this caution2 but you wish to save time1--to anticipate that experience2 and by a judicious education impart to him knowledge which it would take him years to acquire otherwise4 ,what a dog gains by experience is not what you teach him1 but what he teaches himself4 #agg4 ,many carelessly-taught dogs will1 on first recognising a scent1 make a momentary point1 and then slowly crawl on until they get within a few yards of the game--if it be sufficiently complaisant to allow of such a near approach--and there set as steady as a rock by the hour together4 ,supposing1 however1 that the birds are in an unfriendly1 distant mood1 and not willing to remain on these neighborly terms1 your game is up1 both literally and metaphorically1--you have no chance of getting a shot4 ,this is a common fault among dogs hastily broken in the spring4 #agh4 ,but to resume our supposed lesson4 ,you must not be in a hurry--keep your dog for some time--for a long time1 where he should have pointed4 ,you may even sit down alongside him4 ,be patient2 you have not come out so much to shoot1 as to break in your dog4 ,when at length you give him the wave of the hand to hie him on to hunt1 you must not part as enemies1 though ,i do not say he is to be caressed4 ,he has committed a fault1 and he is to be made sensible of it by your altered manner4 ,suppose that1 after two or three such errors1 all treated in the way described1 he makes a satisfactory point4 ,hold up your right hand1 and the moment you catch his eye1 remain quite stationary1 still keeping your arm up4 ,dogs1 as has been already observed1 are very imitative2 and your standing stock still will1 more than anything else1 induce him to be patient and immovable at his point4 ,after a time--say five minutes1 if1 from the hour of the day and the dog's manner1 you are convinced that the birds are not stirring--endeavor to get up to him so quietly as not to excite him to move4 ,whenever you observe him inclined to advance1--of which his lifting a foot or even raising a shoulder1 or the agitation of his stern will be an indication1--stop for some seconds1 and when by your raised hand you have awed him into steadiness1 again creep on4 ,make your approaches within his sight1 so that he may be intimidated by your eye and hand4 ,if you succeed in getting near him without unsettling him1 actually stay by him1 as firm as a statue1 for a quarter of an hour by one of ,barwise's best chronometers4 ,let your manner1 which he will observe1 show great earnestness4 ,never mind the loss of time4 ,you are giving the dog a famous lesson1 and the birds are kindly aiding you by lying beautifully and not shifting their ground4 #agi4 ,now attempt a grand coup1 in which if you are successful1 you may almost consider your dog made staunch for ever4 ,keeping your eye on him1 and your hand up--of course the right one--make a circuit1 so that the birds shall be between him and you4 ,be certain that your circle is sufficiently wide--if it is not1 the birds may get up behind you1 and so perplex him that at his next find he will feel doubtful how to act4 ,fire at no skirter1 or chance shot4 ,reserve yourself for the bird or birds at which he points2 a caution more necessary on the moors than on the stubbles1 as grouse spread while feeding4 ,when you have well headed him1 walk towards him and spring the birds4 ,use straight shooting-powder4 ,take a cool aim well forward1 and knock down one4 ,do not flurry the dog by firing more than a single barrel1 or confuse him by killing more than one bird4 ,if you have been able to accomplish all this without his stirring--though1 to effect it1 you may have been obliged to use your voice--you have every right to hope1 from his previous education1 that he will readily down-charge on hearing the report of your gun4 ,do not hurry your loading3--indeed1 be unnecessarily long1 with the view of making him at all such times patient and steady4 ,if1 in spite of all your calls and signals1 he ever gives chase to the sprung birds1 make him drop1--instantly if possible--and proceed much as described in #agd1 dragging him back to the place where he should have down-charged4 #ahj4 ,when you have loaded1 say ,dead1#ca in a low voice1 and signalling to heel make him come up to you1 yourself keeping still4 ,by signs--,,xi4 of #aai--place him as near as you can1 but to leeward of the dead bird4 ,then1 and not till then1 say1 ,find2 give him no other assistance4 ,let him have plenty of time to make out the bird4 ,it is not to be find and grip1 but find and point1#cb therefore the moment you perceive he is aware that it is before him1 make him--by word of command--toho3--go up to him1 stay for a while alongside him1 then make a small circuit to head him1 and have the bird between you and him2 approach him4 ,if he attempt to dash in1 thunder out ,no1 and greet him with at least the sound of the whip3 slowly pick up the dead bird2 call the dog to you2 show him the bird2 but on no account throw it to him1 lest he snatch at it2 lay it on the ground1 encourage him to sniff it2 let him--for reason why see #baf--turn it over with his nose--teeth closed--say to him1 ,dead1 dead2 caress him2 sit down2 smoothe the feathers of the bird2 let him perceive that you attach much value to it2 and after a while loop it on the game bag1 allowing him all the time to see what you are doing4 ,after that1 make much of him for full five minutes3 indeed with some dogs it would be advisable to give a palatable reward1 but be not invariably very prodigal of these allurements2 you may have a pupil whose attention they might engross more than they ought4 ,then walk about a little time with him at your heels4 ,all this delay and caressing will serve to show him that the first tragedy is concluded1 and has been satisfactorily performed4 ,you may now hie him on to hunt for more birds4 #aha4 ,pray mind what is said about making your youngster point the dead bird staunchly1 the moment you perceive that he first scents it4 ,should he be allowed to approach so near as to be able to touch it--instead of being made to point the instant he finds1--the chances are1 that if hard-mouthed he will give it a crunch1 if tender-mouthed a fumbling of the feathers2 and either proceeding satisfying him1 that he will quit it1 and not further aid you in a search4 ,as pointing is only a natural pause--prolonged by art--to determine exactly where the game is lying1 preparatory to rushing forward to seize1 it would be unreasonable to expect him willingly to make a second point at game he has not only found but mouthed--the evil1 however1 does not rest here4 ,there is such a disagreeable thing as blinking a dead bird1 no less than blinking a sound one4 ,for mouthing the bird you may possibly beat the dog1 or for nosing it and not pointing you may rate him harshly1 either of which1 if he be not of a bold disposition1 may lead1 on the next occasion1 to his slinking off after merely obtaining a sniff4 ,you ought1 in fact1 to watch as carefully for your pupil's first feathering upon the dead bird1 as you did--#agd--upon his first coming upon the covey4 ,you see1 then1 that your teaching him to point dead is absolutely indispensable2 unless1 indeed1 you constantly shoot with a retriever4 ,pointing at a live bird or at a dead one should only differ in this1 that in the latter case the dog makes a nearer point4 ,begin correctly1 and you will not have any difficulty2 but you may expect the greatest if you let your dog go up to one or two birds and mouthe them1 before you commence making him point them4 ,the following season1 should you then permit him to lift his game1 it will be time enough to dispense with his pointing dead4 ,i dwell upon this subject because many excellent dogs1 from not having been properly taught to point dead1 often fail in securing the produce of a successful shot1 while1 on the contrary1 with judiciously educated dogs it rarely happens that any of the slain or wounded are left on the field4 ,moreover1 the protracted search and failure--as an instance see #bag--occasions a lamentable loss of time4 ,were a sportsman who shoots over dogs not well broken to point dead--or retrieve--to calculate accurately1 watch in hand1 he would1 ,i think1 be surprised to find how many of his best shooting hours are wasted in unprofitable searching for birds of the certainty of whose untimely fate his dogs had probably long before fully convinced themselves4 #ahb4 ,as to the word ,dead1 whether you choose to continue using it immediately after loading1 or1 as ,i have recommended--,,xi4 of #aai--;after a time omit it1 and merely let the signal to heel intimate that you have killed1 always make your dog go to you before you allow him to seek for the fallen bird4 #ahc4 ,some may say1 ,as a dog generally sees a bird fall1 what is the use of calling him to you before you let him seek8--and even if he does not see the bird1 why should any time be lost8 ,why should not you and he go as direct to it as you can8 #ahd4 ,provided you have no wish that the finder--see #bie--rather than any of his companions1 should be allowed the privilege of seeking dead1 ,i must admit that in the cultivated lands of ,england1 when a dog sees a bird fall1 he might in nine cases out of ten go direct to it without inconvenience4 ,even here1 however1 there are occasions when intervening obstacles may prevent you observing what the dog is about2 and in cover1 so far from being able to give him any assistance by signalling1 you may be ignorant whether or not he has seen the bird knocked over1 or is even aware of the general direction in which he ought to seek4 ,but in the oft-occurring cases in which he does not see the bird fall1 it is obvious--particularly when he happens to be at the extremity of his beat1--that you will far more quickly place him where you wish1 if you make him1 at first1 run up to you1 and then advance from you1 straight to the bird1 by your forward signal--#aij4 ,these good results at least will follow1 if you remain stationary1 and make him join you4 ,you do not lose sight of the spot where you marked that the bird or birds fell4 ,the foil is not interfered with by your walking over the ground--a matter of much importance1 especially on bad-scenting days4 ,the dog1 if habituated to seek without your companionship1 will readily hunt morasses and ravines1 where you might find it difficult to accompany him4 ,he will feel the less free to follow his own vagaries2 and this consciousness of subjection will dispose him to pay more watchful attention to your signals4 ,he will the more patiently wait at the down charge2 and when you are reloaded will not be so tempted to dash recklessly after the bird1 regardless whether or not he raises others on the way4 ,if he is dragging a cord1 you can the more easily take hold of its end1 in order to check him1 and make him point when he first winds the dead bird--and1 should you be shooting over several dogs1 by none of them being permitted to run direct to the fallen bird they will the less unwillingly allow you to select the one who is to approach close to you before seeking dead4 #ahe4 ,the opponents of this method argue1 that the practice may give the dog the bad habit of running immediately after the down charge to the gun1 instead of recommencing to hunt2 particularly if he is shot over by a first-rate performer4 ,granted2 but is not the temptation to bolt off in search of a dead bird still stronger8 ,to check the former evil1 endeavor to make the coming to heel an act of obedience rather than a voluntary act1 by never failing1 as soon as you are re-loaded1 to give the customary signal--,,viii4 of #aai--when you have killed1 or the signal to hie on should you have missed4 #ahf4 ,moreover1 you will sometimes meet with a dog who1 when a bird has been fired at1 though it be the first and only one sprung of a large covey1 commences seeking dead immediately after the down charge1 apparently considering that his first duty4 ,this sad1 sad fault--for it frequently leads to his raising the other birds out of shot--is generally attributable to the dog's having been allowed to rush at the fallen bird1 instead of being accustomed to the restraint of having first to run up to the gun4 #ahg4 ,to prevent your pupil ever behaving so badly1 often adopt the plan of not seeking dead immediately after loading1 especially if the birds are lying well4 ,mark accurately the spot where your victim lies1 and closely hunt for others1 endeavoring to instil great caution into the dog1 much in the manner--being guided by his disposition and character--described in #add1 #ade1 and #bbh4 ,as long as any of the covey remain unsprung1 you ought not to pick up one dead bird1 though you should have a dozen on the ground4 ,your dog ought not even to down charge after you have fired1 if he is fully aware that more birds are before him4 ,to impart to him the knowledge that1 however important is the down charge1 his continuing at his point is still more so1 you may1 when the birds are lying well and he is at a fixed point1 make your attendant discharge a gun at a little distance while you remain near the dog1 encouraging him to maintain his toho4 ,if you have no attendant1 and the birds lie like stones1 fire off a barrel yourself while the dog is steadily pointing4 ,he will fancy you see birds which he has not noticed1 and1 unless properly tutored and praised by you1 will be desirous to quit those he has found1 to search for the bird he conceives you have shot4 #ahh4 ,it is a fine display of intelligence in the dog1 and of judicious training in the breaker--may it be your desert and reward ere long to witness it in your pupil1--when a pointer--or setter--in goodly turnips or strong potatoes draws upon birds which obligingly rise one after the other1 while by continuing his eloquent attitude he assures you that some still remain unsprung1 to which he is prepared to lead you if you will but attend to them and him1 and1 instead of pot-hunting after those you have killed1 wait until his discriminating nose informs him that1 having no more strangers to introduce1 he is at liberty to assist you in your search4 #ahi4 ,to revert1 however1 to the point particularly under discussion1 viz41 whether you prefer that your dog go direct to the fallen bird1 or--as ,i strongly recommend--that he first join you1 pray be consistent1 exact which you will1 but always exact the same1 if you are anxious to obtain cheerful unhesitating obedience4 #aij4 ,i have seen the advantage of the latter method very strikingly exemplified in ,america1 in parts of which there is capital snipe-shooting4#cc ,in the high grass and rushes on the banks of the ,richelieu1 many a bird have ,i seen flushed and shot at1 of which the liver and white pointer1 ranging at a little distance1 has known nothing4 ,as he was well broken in1 on hearing the report of the gun1 he1 of course1 dropped instantly4 ,his master1 when he had reloaded1 if the bird had fallen1 used invariably to say ,dead1#cd in a low tone of voice1 on which the dog would go up to him2 and then his master1 without stirring from the spot where he had fired1 directed him by signals to the place where the bird had tumbled1 and in proceeding thither1 the dog often had to swim the stream4 ,his master then said ,find4 ,at that word1 and not before it1 his intelligent four-footed companion commenced the search for the bird1 nor did he ever fail to find and bring2 and so delicate was his mouth that ,i have often seen him deliver up a bird perfectly alive1 without having deranged a feather1 though1 very probably1 he had swam with it across one of the many creeks which intersect that part of the country4 ,if the shot was a miss1 his master's silence after reloading1 and a wave of his arm to continue hunting--or the command to ,hie on1 if the dog was hidden by the rushes--perhaps a low whistle would have been better1--fully informed his companion of the disappointment4 ,he was quite as good on the large quail1 and small wood-cock found in ,canada1 which latter makes a ringing noise on rising1 not unlike the sound of a distant soft bell2 but reminiscences of that capital old dog are leading me away from your young one4 #aia4 ,for some days you cannot shoot to your pupil too steadily and quietly--,i had well nigh said too slowly4 ,by being cool1 calm1 and collected yourself1 you will make him so4 ,i am most unwilling to think that you will be too severe1 but ,i confess ,i have my misgivings lest you should occasionally overlook some slight faults in the elation of a successful right and left4 ,filling the game-bag must be quite secondary to education4 ,never hesitate to give up any bird if its acquisition interfere with a lesson4 ,let all that you secure be done according to rule1 and in a sportsmanlike manner4 ,illustration3 ,,setters4--,,bob4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,as he acquires experience he will wish to rise the moment he observes that your loading is completed4 ,do not allow him to move1 however correctly he may have judged the time4 ,let his rising be always in obedience to signal or word4 ,you may make a mistake in charging1 or your friend may not load as expeditiously as yourself4 #cb ,never being allowed to grip conduces so much to making him tender-mouthed1 that1 should he hereafter be permitted to lift his game1 it is probable he will deliver it up perfectly uninjured4 #cc ,i reserve this anecdote on account of its interest and applicability to ,american readers4--,h4,w4,h4 #cd ,in order to work in silence1 ,i advised--,,xi4 of #aai--that the signal to heel whenever the dog could observe it1 should supersede the word dead4 ,it might be necessary to sing out with a boat-swain's voice should the dog be far off4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,continued4 ,,assistant4 #aib4 ,it is proper you should be warned that you must not always expect a dog will toho the first day as readily as ,i have described1 though most will1 and some--especially pointers--even more quickly1 if they have been previously well-drilled1 and have been bred for several generations from parents of pure blood4 ,i do not say bred in and in4 ,breeding in and in1 to a certainty1 would enfeeble their intellects as surely as their constitutions4 ,in this way has many a kennel been deprived of the energy and endurance so essential in a sportsman's dog4 #aic4 ,as in the present instance1 it often occurs that a dog is less inclined to dash in at first than when he is more acquainted with birds4 ,he is suddenly arrested by the novelty of the scent1 and it is not until he is fully assured from what it proceeds that he longs to rush forward and give chase4 ,in autumnal breaking the dog gets his bird--it is killed for him--he is satisfied--and therefore he has not the same temptation to rush in as when he is shown birds in the spring4 #aid4 ,if you find your dog1 from excess of delight and exuberance of spirits1 less under general command than from his initiatory education you had expected1 and that he will not toho steadily at the exact spot at which you order him1 at once attach a checkcord to his collar4 ,it will diminish his pace1 and make him more cautious and obedient4 ,the moment you next see him begin to feather1 get up quickly1 but without running1 to the end of the cord1 and check him with a sudden jerk1 if you are satisfied that game is before him and that he ought to be pointing4 ,if from his attitude and manner you are positive that there is game1 drive a spike--or peg--into the ground1 and tie the cord to it4 ,i only hope the birds will remain stationary4 ,if they do1 you can give him a capital lesson by remaining patiently alongside of him and then heading him and the birds in the manner before described--#agh1 #agi4 #aie4 ,as a general rule1 an attendant or any companion cannot be recommended1 because he would be likely to distract a young dog's attention2 but an intelligent fellow who would readily obey your signals1 and not presume to speak1 would doubtless1 with a very wild dog1 be an advantageous substitute for the spike4 ,you could then employ a longer and slighter cord than usual1 and1 on the man's getting hold of the end of it1 be at once free to head and awe the dog4 ,whenever you had occasion to stand still1 the man would1 of course1 be as immovable as yourself4 ,your signals to him might be3-- ,the gun held up1--,get near the dog4 ,your fist clenched1--,seize the rope4 ,your fist shaken1--,jerk the cord4 ,your hand spread open1--,let go the cord4 ,or any signs you pleased1 so that you understood each other without the necessity of speaking4 #aif4 ,should it ever be your misfortune to have to correct in a dog evil habits caused by past mismanagement1 such an attendant1 if an active1 observant fellow1 could give you valuable assistance1 for he sometimes would be able to seize the cord immediately the dog began feathering1 and generally would have hold of it before you could have occasion to fire4 ,but the fault most difficult to cure in an old dog is a bad habit of ranging4 ,if1 as a youngster1 he has been permitted to beat as his fancy dictated1 and has not been instructed in looking to the gun for orders1 you will have great1 very great difficulty in reclaiming him4 ,probably he will have adopted a habit of running for a considerable distance up wind1 his experience having shown him that it is one way of finding birds1 but not having taught him that to seek for them by crossing the wind would be a better method4 ,the great advantage of teaching a dog to point the instant he is sensible of the presence of birds--#age--;and of not creeping a foot further until he is directed by you1 is particularly apparent when birds are wild4 ,while he remains steady1 the direction of his nose will lead you to give a tolerable guess as to their whereabouts1 and you and your companion can keep quite wide of the dog--one on each side1--and so approach the birds from both flanks4 ,they1 meanwhile1 finding themselves thus intercepted in three directions1 will probably lie so close as to afford a fair shot to at least one gun1 for they will not fail to see the dog and be awed by his presence4 ,raise your feet well off the ground to avoid making a noise4 ,walk quickly1 but with no unnecessary flourish1 of arms or gun4 #aig4 ,you must not1 however1 too often try to work round and head your pupil when he is pointing4 ,judgment is required to know when to do it with advantage4 ,if the birds were running1 you would completely throw him out1 and greatly puzzle and discourage him1 for they probably would then rise out of shot1 behind you if they were feeding up wind1--behind him if they were feeding down wind4 ,far more frequently make him work out the scent by his own sagacity and nose1 and lead you up to the birds1 every moment bristling more and more1 at a pace entirely controlled and regulated by your signals4 ,these being given with your right hand will be more apparent to him if you place yourself on his left side4 ,it is in this manner that you give him a lesson which will hereafter greatly aid him in recovering slightly winged birds1--in pressing to a rise the slow-winged1 but nimble-heeled rail1--or in minutely following the devious mazes through which an old cock pheasant1 or yet more1 an old cock grouse1 may endeavor to mislead him4 ,and yet this lesson should not be given before he is tolerably confirmed at his point1 lest he should push too fast on the scent2 and make a rush more like the dash of a cocker than the sober1 convenient road of a setter4 ,as his experience increases he will thus acquire the valuable knowledge of the position of his game--he will lead you to the centre of a covey1 or what is of greater consequence--as grouse spread--to the centre of a pack1--instead of allowing himself to be attracted to a flank by some truant from the main body1--and thus get you a good double shot1 and enable you effectually to separate the birds--he will1 moreover1 become watchful1 and sensible of his distance from game--a knowledge all important1 and which1 be it remarked1 he never could gain in turnips1 or potatoes1 or any thick cover4 #aih4 ,there is another and yet stronger reason why you should not consider it a rule always to head your young dog at his point4 ,you may--although at first it seems an odd caution to give--make him too stanch4 ,this1 to be sure1 signifies less with partridges than with most birds2 but if you have ever seen your dog come to a fixed point1 and there1 in spite of all your efforts1 remain provokingly immovable--plainly telling you of the vicinity of birds1 but that you must find them out for yourself--your admiration of his steadiness has1 ,i think1 by no means reconciled you to the embarrassing position in which it has placed you4 ,i have often witnessed this vexatious display of stanchness1 although the owner cheered on the dog in a tone loud enough to alarm birds two fields off4 #aii4 ,a keeper will sometimes praise his dog for such stanchness2 but it is a great fault1 induced probably by over-severity for former rashness1--and the more difficult to be cured1 if the animal is a setter1 from the crouching position he often naturally assumes when pointing4 #bjj4 ,i here desire to warn you against the too common error of fancying that a young dog is making false points if birds do not get up directly4 ,they may have taken leg-bail1 and thus have puzzled him in his inexperience4 ,dogs not cowed by punishment will1 after a little hunting1 seldom make false points1 while they are unfatigued4 ,to a certainty they will not draw upon a false point for any distance3 therefore1 never punish what is solely occasioned by over-caution4 ,your doing so would but increase the evil4 ,self-confidence and experience are the only cures for a fault that would be a virtue if not carried to excess4 ,even a good dog will occasionally make a point at larks from over-caution when birds are wild2 but see the first note to #add4 #bja4 ,after you have shot over a dog a short time1 his manner and attitude will enable you to guess pretty accurately whether birds are really before him2 whether they are far off or near2 and whether or not they are on the move4 ,generally speaking1 the higher he carries his head1 and the less he stiffens his stern1 the further off are the birds4 ,if he begins to look nervous1 and become fidgety1 you will seldom be wrong in fancying they are on the run4 ,but various1 and at times most curious1 are the methods that dogs will adopt1 apparently with the wish to show you where the birds are1 and certainly with the desire to get you a shot4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,in ,,autumn ,,concluded4 ,,bar4 ,,leg ,,strap4 ,,spike ,,collar4 #bjb4 ,after a few trials you will1 ,i hope1 be able to dispense with the peg recommended in #aid1 and soon after with the checkcord also4 ,but if your dog possesses unusually high spirits1 or if he travels over the ground at a pace which obviously precludes his making a proper use of his nose1 it may be advisable to fasten to his collar a bar1 something like a diminutive splinter-bar1 that it may1 by occasional knocking against his shins1 feelingly admonish him to lessen his stride4 ,if he gets it between his legs and thus finds it no annoyance1 attach it to both sides of his collar from points near the extremities4 ,one of his forelegs might occasionally be passed through the collar2 but this plan is not so good as the other2 nor as the strap on the hind leg--#ef4 ,these means--to be discarded1 however1 as soon as obedience is established--are far better than the temporary ascendancy which some breakers establish by low diet and excessive work1 which would only weaken his spirits and his bodily powers1 without eradicating his self will1 or improving his intellect4 ,you want to force him1 when he is in the highest health and vigor1 to learn by experience the advantage of letting his nose dwell longer on a feeble scent4 #bjc4 ,i have made no mention of the spiked collar1 because it is a brutal instrument1 which none but the most ignorant or unthinking would employ4 ,it is a leather collar1 into which nails1 much longer than the thickness of the collar1 have been driven1 with their points projecting inwards4 ,the ,french spike-collar is nearly as severe4 ,it is formed of a series of wooden balls1--larger than marbles1--linked--about two and a half inches apart--into a chain by stiff wires bent into the form of hooks4 ,these sharp pointed hooks punish cruelly when the checkcord is jerked4 #bjd4 ,we have1 however1 a more modern description of collar1 which is far less inhuman than either of those ,i have mentioned1 but still ,i cannot recommend its adoption1 unless in extreme cases2 for though not so severely1 it1 likewise1 punishes the unfortunate dog1 more or less1 by the strain of the checkcord he drags along the ground3 and it ought to be the great object of a good breaker as little as is possible to fret or worry his pupil1 that all his ideas may be engaged in an anxious wish to wind birds4 ,on a leather strap1 which has a ring at one end1 four wooden balls--of about two inches in diameter--are threaded like beads1 at intervals from each other and the ring1 say1 of two inches--the exact distance being dependent on the size of the dog's throat4 ,into each of the balls sundry short pieces of thickish wire are driven1 leaving about one-sixth of an inch beyond the surface4 ,the other end of the strap--to which the checkcord is attached--is passed through the ring4 ,this ring being of somewhat less diameter than the balls1 it is clear1 however severely the breaker may pull1 he cannot compress the dog's throat beyond a certain point4 ,the effect of the short spikes is rather to crumple than penetrate the skin4 #bje4 ,i have long been sensible of the aid a spiked collar would afford in reclaiming headstrong1 badly educated dogs1 if it could be used at the moment--and only at the precise moment when punishment was required1--but not until lately did it strike me how the collar could be carried so that the attached cord should not constantly bear upon it1 and thereby worry1 if not pain the dog4 ,and had ,i again to deal with an old offender1 who incorrigibly crept in after pointing1 or obstinately rushed into dead1 ,i should feel much disposed to employ a slightly spiked collar in the following manner4 #bjf4 ,that the mere carrying the collar might not annoy the dog1 ,i would extract or flatten the nails fixed on the top of the collar1 on the part1 ,i mean1 that would lie on the animal's neck4 ,this collar ,i would place on his neck1 in front of his common light collar4 ,i would then firmly fasten the checkcord1 in the usual way1 to the spiked collar2 but1 to prevent any annoyance from dragging the checkcord1 at about five or six inches from the fastening just made ,i would attach it to the common collar1 with very slight twine--twine so slight that1 although it would not give way to the usual drag of the checkcord1 however long1 yet it would readily break on my having to pull strongly against the wilful rush of an obstinate dog1 when1 of course1 the spikes would punish him1 as the strain would then be borne by the spiked collar alone4 #bjg4 ,guided by circumstances1 ,i would afterwards either remove the spiked collar1 or1 if ,i conceived another bout necessary1 refasten the checkcord to the common collar with some of the thin twine1 leaving1 as before1 five or six inches of the checkcord loose between the two collars4 #bjh4 ,if you should ever consider yourself forced to employ a spiked collar1 do not thoughtlessly imagine that the same collar will suit all dogs4 ,the spikes for a thin coated pointer ought to be shorter than for a coarse haired setter6 ,you can easily construct one to punish with any degree of severity you please4 ,take a common leather collar2 lay its inner surface flat on a soft deal board3 through the leather drive with a hammer any number of tacks or flat-headed nails3 then get a cobbler to sew on another strap of leather at the back of the nails1 so as to retain them firmly in position4 #bji4 ,i have supposed that your dog has scented the birds before they rose1 but if he springs them without having previously noticed them--as in some rare cases happens even to well-bred dogs--you must bring him back to the spot at which you feel assured that he ought to have been sensible of their presence1 and there make him ,toho4 ,afterwards endeavor to make him aware of the haunt by encouraging him to sniff at the ground that the birds have just left4 ,the next time watch very carefully for the slightest indication of his feathering1 and then instantly call out ,toho4 ,after a few times he will1 to a certainty1 understand you4 #baj4 ,you should kill outright the few first birds at which you fire4 ,i would infinitely prefer that you should miss altogether than that one of the two or three first birds should be a runner4 ,afterwards you have full leave to merely wing a bird2 but still ,i should wish it not to be too nimble4 ,this is a good trial of your judgment as well as the dog's4 ,i hope he is to leeward of the bird1 and that it will not catch his eye4 ,see he touches on the haunt4 ,do not let him work with his nose to the ground4 ,up1 up1 must be your encouraging words1--or ,on1 on1 according to circumstances1--whilst with your right hand--,,iv4 of #aai--you are alternately urging and restraining him1 so as to make him advance at a suitable pace4 ,from his previous education1 not being flurried by any undue dread of the whip1 he will be enabled to give his undisturbed attention1 and devote all his faculties to follow unerringly the retreating bird4 ,but from inexperience he may wander from the haunt4 ,on perceiving this1 bring him1 by signals1 back to the spot where he was apparently last aware of the scent4 ,he will again hit it off4 ,if you view the bird ever so far ahead1 on no account run4 ,i hope you will at length observe it lie down4 ,head it1 if possible1 and strike it with your whip1 if you think you will be unable to seize it with your hand4 ,endeavor to prevent its fluttering away2--it is too soon to subject the youngster to such a severe trial of his nerves and steadiness4 ,then1--having put the poor creature out of its misery1 by piercing its skull1 or rapping its head against your gun1 as before--#ahj--show your dog the gratifying prize which your combined exertions have gained4 #baa4 ,should he unluckily have caught sight of the running bird1 and1 in spite of all your calls1 have rushed forward and seized it1 you ought to have proceeded as described in #bba4 ,clearly1 however1 you would not have dragged the dog back to the place where he down charged1 but merely to the spot from which he had made his unlawful rush4 ,if the bird had been very active1 it would have been far better to have fired at it a second time--while it was running--than to have incurred the risk of making your dog unsteady by a wild pursuit4 ,suppose that it was not winged1 but rose again on your approaching it1 and fluttered off1--a hard trial for the young dog1--you must1 however1 have made him bear it1 and obey your loud command to drop1--you would--or should--have taken another shot1 and have proceeded in exactly the same manner as if this had been your first find--#agi1 #ahj4 #bab4 ,as the wounded bird was to windward of the dog1 the course to follow was obvious1--it was plain sailing2 but the case would have varied greatly if the dog had been to windward4 ,had you pursued the usual plan1 he must have roaded the bird by the foot2 and the danger is1 that in allowing him to do so1 you may create in him the evil habit of hunting with his nose close to the ground1 which is1 above all things1 to be deprecated4 ,you have another mode--you can lift the dog--,i suppose you know the meaning of that hunting term1--and make him take a large circuit1 and so head the bird1 and then proceed as if it had fallen to windward4 #bac4 ,the latter plan would avoid all risk of your making him a potterer1 and it is1 ,i think1 to be recommended1 if you find him naturally inclined to hunt low4 ,but the former method1 as a lesson in footing1 must be often resorted to1 that he may learn unhesitatingly to distinguish the heel from the toe1 and how to push an old cock-grouse1 or to flush a pheasant running through cover1 or the red-legged1 ,i was nearly saying1 the everlasting-legged partridge2#ce and1 indeed1 generally1 how to draw upon his birds1 and with confidence lead you to a shot1 when they are upon the move and running down wind4--,see end of #ih2 and for further directions1 and for seeking dead with two dogs1 look at #bif4 ,the heavy ,spanish pointer1 from his plodding perseverance and great olfactory powers1 was an excellent hand at retrieving a slightly injured bird on a broiling1 bad scenting day4 #bad4 ,when ,i advised you--#ahj--to let the dog have plenty of time to make out the bird1 ,i spoke from personal experience1 and from a vivid recollection of errors committed in my novitiate4 ,a young hand is too apt to imagine that every bird which falls to his gun is killed outright1 and lying dead on the spot where it fell4 ,he will1 therefore1 often impatiently1 and most injudiciously1 call away the dog who1 at a little distance1 may have hit-off the trail of the winged bird1 and be footing it beautifully4 #bae4 ,if in these lessons you should lose one or two wounded birds1 though it might not be a matter of any moment to yourself personally1 it would be extremely vexatious on the dog's account1 because1 in this early stage of his education1 it would tend to discourage him4 ,the feeling which you must anxiously foster in him is this1 that after the word find#cf the search must never be relinquished1 even though he be constrained to hunt from morning till night4 ,and it is clear that to make an abiding1 valuable impression1 this lesson must be inculcated on the several first occasions with unremitting1 untiring diligence4 #baf4 ,persevere1 therefore1 for an hour1 rather than give up a wounded bird4 ,join in the search yourself4 ,even if you see where it lies1 do not pick it up hastily4 ,on the contrary1 leave it1 but mark well the spot4 ,keep on the move4 ,hold your gun as if in expectation of a rise4 ,pretend to seek for the bird in every direction1 even for a good half hour1 if you can encourage your dog to hunt so long4 ,if1 indeed1 you see him flag1 and get wearied and dispirited1 gradually bring him close1 but to leeward of the spot where the bird lies1 in order to make him point dead and be rewarded for all his diligence by finding it himself4 ,let him1 also1 have a good sniff at it and nose it--but let there be no biting or mouthing--before you put it into the bag4 ,otherwise1 what return has he for the pains he has taken8 #bag4 ,it is no conclusive argument against the practice of allowing him to nose1 that many first-rate dogs have never been so indulged4 ,it is certain that they would not have been worse if they had2 and many a dog1 that would otherwise have been extremely slack1 has been incited to hunt with eagerness from having been so rewarded4 ,there are dogs who1 from having been constantly denied all touseling1 will not even give themselves the trouble of searching for any bird which they have seen knocked over1 much less think of pointing it4 ,they seem satisfied with this ocular evidence of its death2 for1 odd to say1 these very dogs will often zealously obey the order to hunt for any bird whose fall they have not noticed2 but on winding it they will indulge in no more than a passing sniff1--which sniff1 unless you are watchful1 you may not observe1 and so lose your bird4 ,never fail1 therefore1 to let your pupil ruffle the feathers a little1 while you bestow on him a caress or kind word of approbation4 ,you then incite to perseverance1 by1 even with dogs1 a very abiding motive1--self-interest2 but mind the important rule1 that his nosing be only when the bird is in your possession1 not before it is in your possession4 ,if you wish to establish for ever a confirmed perseverance in seeking dead1 you must sacrifice hours--,i say it seriously--rather than give up any of the first wounded birds4 ,be persuaded that every half hour spent in an unremitting search for one bird1 if ultimately successful1 will more benefit the young dog than your killing a dozen to him1 should you bag them the moment you are reloaded4 ,of course you would not1 when you are giving such a lesson in perseverance1 fire at another bird1 even if it sprang at your feet1--for your doing so1 whether you missed or killed1 would unsettle the young dog1 and make him relinquish his search4 ,be stimulated to present exertion by the conviction1 that if he be not now well instructed1 you must expect him to lose1 season after season1 nearly every bird only slightly disabled by a merely tipped wing4 #bah4 ,i hope you will not say1 as would most of our neighbors#cg on the other side of the ,channel3 ,but if1 instead of waiting to load1 ,i had gone after the winged bird just as it fell1 when first ,i saw it start off running1 the evil you have now spoken of--#bae--;could not have occurred1 for there would have been but little risk of losing it4 ,probably not1 but you would almost have ruined your dog2 and to secure this one bird1 in all likelihood you would subsequently lose a hundred4#ch ,how could you with justice blame him if1 when next you killed1 he rushed headlong after the bird--instead of dropping patiently to the down charge--and so sprung a dozen birds while you were unloaded8 #bai4 ,perhaps you will say1 ,you tell me to fire at a running bird1 but when a winged cock-pheasant or red-legged partridge is racing off out of shot1 how am ,i to get it if ,i proceed in the slow1 methodical manner you advise8 ,may it not lead me an unsuccessful dance for an hour1 if ,i do not allow the dog to shoot ahead and seize8 ,it may--but ,i hope months will pass before you witness such agility--and this shows that those who do not employ a retriever1 and yet are sticklers for a setter's--or pointer's--never being permitted to touch a feather1 must on such occasions get into a dilemma2 and1 unless they are willing to lose the bird1 must plead guilty to the inconsistency of being pleased--however loudly they may roar out ,toho1 ware dead1--when they see their dog1 in defiance of all such calls1 disable it by a sudden grip4 ,this plan1 though frequently followed1 cannot be correct4 ,they blame the dog for doing what they really wish6 and if he be too tender-mouthed to injure the bird1 he keeps them at top speed1 while he is alternately picking up the unfortunate creature--acting on his natural impulses--and letting it fall1 on being rated4 ,i therefore repeat1 that even if you do not wish your dog constantly to retrieve--#bib--you would still act judiciously in teaching him as a puppy to fetch--#hf--;for then he will give chase to the winged bird1 and bring it to you on getting the order1 instead of permitting it to escape for a fresh burst1 or carrying it off1 as ,i have seen done4 ,you thus maintain discipline4 ,the dog will do what you wish1 in obedience to orders1--not in opposition to orders4 ,the sticklers for dogs never being allowed to nose a feather ought1 unless they are quite willing to give up slightly-winged birds1 not to shrink from the difficult task of teaching their pupils to stop and retain with their paws4 #bbj4 ,we have only spoken of instances #ahj1 #baj1 #bab1 in which all has gone on smoothly1 the dog most obediently dropping to shot and permitting you to take up the bird notwithstanding the poor creature's death-struggles4 ,suppose1 however1 and this may probably happen1 that he does not restrain himself at the down charge1 but1 in spite of all your calls and signals1 rushes forward1 yet yields to your menaces and halts in mid-career4 ,it is well--your course is clear2 you have to lug him back and threaten and lecture him4 ,but should he not check himself until he sniffs the game1 his stop then becomes a point2 and if he is of a timid disposition1 or has ever evinced any disposition to blink1 you dare not force him to retrace his steps lest he should mistake your motives1 and fancy himself encouraged to abandon his point4 ,if you merely make him down charge1 you violate the axiom named in #bee4 ,in short you are in a difficulty4 ,it is a nice case1 in which your own judgment of the dog's character can alone decide you4 #bba4 ,but1 if from inadequate initiatory instruction--for ,i will maintain that such marked rebellion can arise from no other cause--in the excitement of the moment he actually rushes in and seizes the bird1 he must be punished1 ,i am sorry to say it2 but however much we may deplore it1 he must2 for he has been guilty of great disobedience1 and he well knows that he has been disobedient4 ,but the temptation was strong1 perhaps too strong1 for canine nature--that is to say1 for canine nature not early taught obedience4 ,the wounded bird was fluttering within sight and hearing--it was1 too1 the first he had ever seen1--and this is almost his first glaring act of disobedience2 be therefore merciful1 though firm4 ,make him drop4 ,get up to him at once4 ,probably he will relinquish his grip of the bird2 if not1 make him give it up to you1 but do not pull it from him3 that would only increase the temptation to tear it4 ,lay it on the ground4 ,then drag him back to the spot from which he rushed2 there make him lie down4 ,rate him4 ,call out ,toho4#ci ,crack the whip over him--and1 ,i am pained to add1 make use of it--but moderately1 not severely4 ,three or four cuts will be enough1 provided he has not torn the bird2 if he has1 his chastisement must be greater4 ,let him now have one nibble without punishment1 and soon a whole carcase will not suffice for his morning's meal4 ,do not strike him across the body1 but lengthwise4 #bbb4 ,an ill-tempered dog might attempt to bite you4 ,prevent the possibility of his succeeding1 by grasping and twisting his collar with your left hand1 still keeping him at the down4 ,consider coolly whether you are flagellating a thick-coated dog1 or one with a skin not much coarser than your own4 ,pause between each cut2 and1 that he may comprehend why he is punished1 call out several times1 but not loudly1 ,toho--bad--toho1 and crack your whip4 ,let your last strokes be milder and milder1 until they fall in the gentlest manner--a manner more calculated to awaken reflection than give pain4 ,when the chastisement is over stand close in front of him1 the better to awe him1 and prevent his thinking of bolting4 ,put the whip quietly in your pocket1 but still remain where you are1 occasionally rating and scolding him while you are loading2 gradually1 however1 becoming milder in manner that he may be sensible that though your dissatisfaction at his conduct continues1 his punishment is over--#bda to #bdb4 ,indeed1 if you have any fear of his becoming too timid1 you may at length fondle him a little1 provided that while you so re-encourage him1 you continue to say ,toho--toho1 most impressively--then1 giving him the wind1 go up together to the bird and make him point dead close to it4 ,take it up1 and let him fumble the feathers before you loop it on the bag4 #bbc4 ,never let a dog whom you have been forced to chastise bolt or creep away until you order him4 ,if he is ever allowed to move off at his wish1 he will improve upon the idea1 and on the next occasion will far too soon anticipate yours4 ,and do not send him off until he has given some evidence of having forgiven you1 and of his desire to be reconciled1 by crawling towards you1 for instance1 or wagging his tail4 ,on no occasion--under circumstances of ever such great provocation--be so weak or irritable--but ,i hope you do not need the warning--as to give him a kick or a blow when he is going off4 ,he ought to have stood with reassured confidence alongside of you1 for perhaps a minute or so1 before you sanctioned his departure2 and the severer his punishment the longer should have been the detention4 ,you are always to part tolerable friends1 while he feels perfectly convinced that his chastisement is over4 ,if you do not1 you may find it rather difficult to catch him when he commits another fault4 ,it will be owing to your own injudiciousness if he ever becomes afraid of approaching you after making a blunder4 ,should he be so1 sit down4 ,he will gradually draw near you2 then quietly put your hand on his collar4 #bbd4 ,if a man cannot readily get hold of any dog under his tuition whom he desires to rate or punish1 you may be certain that he fails either in temper or judgment2 perhaps in both4 ,he may be an excellent man2 but he cannot be a good dog-breaker4 ,there are men who get quite enraged at a dog's not coming instantly to heel1 on being called4 ,when at length the poor brute does come within reach1 he gets a blow1 perhaps a licking--a blow or licking1 he has the sense to see he should have longer avoided had he stayed longer away4 ,thus the punishment increases instead of remedying the evil4 #bbe4 ,never correct or even rate a dog1 in the mere belief that he is in error2 be first convinced of his guilt4 ,if you have good reason to suspect that unseen by you he has wilfully sprung birds1 still rather give him an earnest caution than any severer rebuke4 ,it is not easy to repair the mischief occasioned by unjust punishment4 ,when from his sheepish look1 or any other cause1 you imagine that he has raised game1 either through heedlessness or from their being unusually wild1 be sure to give him a short lecture1 and accompany him to the haunt4 ,a lingering bird may occasionally reward you4 ,if his manner has led you to form an incorrect opinion1 your warning can have no other effect than to increase his caution--rarely an undesirable result2--and if you are right the admonition is obviously most judicious4 #bbf4 ,let me caution you against the too common error of punishing a dog by pulling his ears4 ,it has often occasioned bad canker4 ,some men are of opinion that it is frequently the cause of premature deafness4 ,when you rate him you may lay hold of an ear and shake it1 but not with violence4 #bbg4 ,i would strongly recommend you always to make your young dog drop for half-a-minute or so1 when he1 sees a hare2 or when he hears a bird rise4#dj ,to effect this1 stand still yourself4 ,after a few seconds you can either hie him on1 or1 which is yet better1 get close to him if you expect other birds to spring4 ,you will thus1 especially in potatoes or turnips1 often obtain shots at birds which would have made off1 had he continued to hunt1 and early in the season be frequently enabled to bag the tail-bird of a covey4 ,this plan will also tend to make him cautious1 and prevent his getting a habit of blundering-up birds1 and cunningly pretending not to have noticed their escape4 ,it will also make him less inclined to chase hares and rabbits1 or rush at a fallen bird4 #bbh4 ,on approaching a piece of turnips1 you may have heard1 ,let us couple up all the dogs excepting ,old ,don3 the veteran's experience having shown him1 that the only effect of his thundering through them would be to scare every bird and make it rise out of shot4 ,you1 on the contrary1 when your pupil is well confirmed in his range1 and has some knowledge of his distance from game1 ought to wish the other dogs kept to ,heel--especially when the seed has been broadcast1--that by the word ,care and the right hand slightly raised you may instil into him the necessary caution and so1 by judicious tuition1 give him the benefit of your own experience4 ,most probably you would be obliged to employ the checkcord1#da which ,i presume to be always at hand ready for occasional use4 ,or you might strap your shot-belt round his throat1 for it is essential that he traverse such ground slowly1 and greatly contract his range--see #ade4 ,the several cross scents he will encounter should afford him a valuable lesson in detecting the most recent1 and in discriminating between the heel and toe of a run4 ,be patient1--give him time to work1 and consider what he is about4 ,it is probable that he will frequently overrun the birds on their doubling back1 and imagine that they are gone4 ,should he do so1 bring him again on the spot where he appeared to lose the scent4 ,he now rushes up the adjacent drill4 ,slower1 slower1 signals your right arm2 go no faster than ,i can walk comfortably4 ,on the other hand1 the birds may lie like stones4 ,not until you have remained nearly a minute alongside of him let him urge them to rise2 and make him effect this1 not by a sudden dash1 but by steadily pressing on the scent4 ,bear in mind1 as before warned--#adc--that the confidence with which he can here creep on to a near find may lead1 if he is now mismanaged1 to his springing on future occasions1 from want of care1 many a bird at which he ought to get you a shot4 #bbi4 ,if you can contrive it1 let your pupil have some little experience in the field before you give him a real lesson in ,gone--or ,flown4 ,instead of being perplexed1 he will then comprehend you4 ,should you1 therefore1 during the first few days of hunting him1 see birds make off in lieu of taking him to the haunt--as many breakers erroneously do1--carefully keep him from the spot4 ,you cannot let him run riot over the reeking scent without expecting him to do the same when next he finds2 and if1 in compliance with your orders1 he points1 you are making a fool of him--there is nothing before him2 and if he does not fancy you as bewildered as himself1 he will imagine that the exhilarating effluvia he rejoices in is the sum total you both seek4 ,this advice1 at first sight1 may appear to contradict that given in #aaa and #bji2 but look again1 and you will find that those paragraphs referred to peculiar cases4 ,should your young dog be loitering and sniffing at a haunt which he has seen birds quit1 he cannot well mistake the meaning of your calling out1 ,gone1 gone4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,the speed with which one of these extremely beautiful1 but in every other respect far1 far inferior partridges will run1 when only slightly wounded1 is quite marvellous4 #cf ,the force of the word ,dead--preceding the command ,find--that joyous1 exciting note of triumph--ought never to be lessened by being employed1 as ,i have heard it1 to stimulate a dog to hunt when no bird is down2 or1 like the shepherd-boy's cry of ,wolf6 wolf6 it will have little influence at the moment when it should most animate to unremitting exertions4 #cg ,in favor of such unsportsman-like haste they ingeniously argue that a continued noise after firing makes birds lie1 from attracting their attention4 ,they say that a sudden change to quiet--and a great change it must be1 for a chasseur is always talking--alarms the birds4 ,as an evidence of this1 they adduce the well-known fact of its frequently happening that a partridge gets up the moment the guns have left the spot1 though no previous noise had induced it to stir4 #ch ,had you lost the bird from there being but little scent1 it is probable you might have found it by renewing your search on your return homewards in the evening4 ,if a runner1 it would most likely have rejoined the covey4 #ci ,toho1 rather than ,drop1--your object now being to make him stand at1 and prevent his mouthing game2 for you are satisfied that he would have down charged had the bird been missed4 #dj ,of course1 with the proviso that he is not pointing at another bird--#ahg4 #da ,lest the cord should cut the turnip-tops1 it might be better to employ the elastic band spoken of in #ef4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,shooting ,,hares4 ,,courage ,,imparted4--,,backing ,,taught4 #bcj4 ,probably you may be in a part of the country where you may wish to kill hares to your dog's point4 ,i will1 therefore1 speak about them1 though ,i confess ,i cannot do it with much enthusiasm4 ,ah6 my ,english friend1 what far happier autumns we should spend could we but pass them in the ,highlands6 ,then we should think little about those villanous hares4 ,we should direct the whole undivided faculties of our dogs1 to work out the haunt of the noble grouse4#db ,as for rabbits1 ,i beg we may have no further acquaintance1 if you ever even in imagination1 shoot them to your young dog4 ,should you be betrayed into so vile a practice1 you must resign all hope of establishing in him a confirmed systematic range4 ,he will degenerate into a low potterer1--a regular hedge-hunter4 ,in turnips he will always be thinking more of rabbits than birds4 ,it will be soon enough to shoot the little wretches to him when he is a venerable grandfather4 ,the youngster's noticing them--which he would be sure to do if you had ever killed one to him--might frequently lead to your mis-instructing him1 by earnestly enforcing ,care at a moment when you ought to rate him loudly with the command ,ware--or ,no4 ,but to our immediate subject4 #bca4 ,defer as long as possible the evil day of shooting a hare over him1 that he may not get too fond--#fe--of such vermin--,i beg pardon1 ,i mean game--and when you do kill one1 so manage that he may not see it put into the bag4 ,on no account let him mouthe it4 ,you want him to love the pursuit of feather more than of fur1 that he may never be taken off the faintest scent of birds by coming across the taint of a hare4 ,i therefore entreat you1 during his first season1 if you will shoot hares1 to fire only at those which you are likely to kill outright2 for the taint of a wounded hare is so strong that it would probably diminish his zeal1 and the sensitiveness of his nose1 in searching for a winged bird4 #bcb4 ,the temptation is always great to quit for a strong scent of hare--which any coarse-nosed dog can follow--a feeble one of birds2 therefore it is a very satisfactory test of good breaking to see a dog1 when he is drawing upon birds1 in no way interrupted by a hare having just crossed before him4 ,if you aim at such excellence1 and it is frequently attained in the ,highlands1 it is certain you must not shoot hares over your youngster4 #bcc4 ,i hope that he will not see a hare before you have shot a few birds over him4 ,the first that springs up near him will test the perfection to which he has attained in his initiatory lessons4 ,lose not a moment4 ,it is most essential to restrain instantaneously the naturally strong impulse of the dog to run after four-footed game4 ,halloo out ,drop to the extent of your voice1--raise your hand1--crack your whip1--do all you can to prevent his pursuing4 ,of course you will not move an inch4 ,should he commence running1 thunder out ,no1 no4 ,if1 in spite of everything1 he bolts after the hare1 you have nothing for it but patience4 ,it's no use to give yourself a fit of asthma by following him4 ,you have only half as many legs as he has--a deficiency you would do well to keep secret from him as long as possible4 ,wait quietly where you are--for an hour if necessary4 ,you have one consolation1--puss1 according to her usual custom1 has run down wind1--your dog has lost sight of her1 and is1 ,i see1 with his nose to the ground1 giving himself an admirable lesson in reading out a haunt4 ,after a time he will come back looking rather ashamed of himself1 conscious that he did wrong in disobeying1 and vexed with himself from having more than a suspicion forced upon him1 that he cannot run so fast as the hare4 ,when he has nearly reached you1 make him drop4 ,scold him severely1 saying1 ,ware chase--a command that applies to the chase of birds as well as of hares4--,pull him to the place where he was when first he got a view of the hare1--make him lie down--rate him well1--call out ,no1 or ,hare1 or ,ware chase1 or any word you choose1 provided you uniformly employ the same4 ,smack the whip and punish him with it1 but not so severely as you did when we assumed that he tore the bird--end of #bba4 ,you then flogged him for two offences3 first1 because he rushed in and seized the bird2 secondly1 because he tore it and tasted blood4 ,if you had not then punished him severely1 you could never have expected him to be tender-mouthed4 ,on the next occasion he might have swallowed the bird1 feathers and all4 #bcd4 ,should he persist in running after hares1 you must employ the checkcord4 ,if you see the hare1 at which he is pointing1 in its form1 drive a peg firmly into the ground1 and attach the cord to it1 giving him a few slack yards1 so that after starting off he may be arrested with a tremendous jerk4 ,fasten the line to the part of the spike close to the ground1 or he may pull it out4 #bce4 ,i have known a dog to be arrested in a headlong chase by a shot fired at him--an act which you will think yet more reprehensible than the previous mismanagement for which his owner apparently knew no other remedy than this hazardous severity4 #bcf4 ,when you are teaching your dog to refrain from chasing hares1 take him1 if you can1 where they are plentiful4 ,if they are scarce1 and you are in the neighborhood of a rabbit-warren1 visit it occasionally of an evening4 ,he will there get so accustomed to see the little animals running about unpursued by either of you1 that his natural anxiety to chase fur1 whether it grow on the back of hare or rabbit1 will be gradually diminished4 #bcg4 ,in ,scotland there are tracts of heather where one may hunt for weeks together and not find a hare2 indeed1 it is commonly observed1 that hares are always scarce on those hills where grouse most abound4 ,in other parts they are extremely numerous4 ,some sports men in the ,highlands avail themselves of this contrasted ground in order to break a young dog from chasing4 ,they hunt him1 as long as he continues fresh1 where there are no hares2 and when he becomes tired1 they take him to the ,lowlands1 where they are plentiful4 ,by then killing a good many over him1 and severely punishing him whenever he attempts to follow1 a cure is often effected in two or three days4 ,in the yet higher ranges1 the mountain-hares1 from possessing a peculiarly strong scent1 and not running to a distance1 are a severe trial to the steadiest dog4 #bch4 ,killing a sitting hare to your dog's point will wonderfully steady him from chasing2 but do not fire until he has remained stanch for a considerable time4 ,this will show him that puss is far more likely to be bagged by your firing than by his pursuing4 #bci4 ,for the same object1--,i mean to make your young dog stanch1--,i would recommend your killing a few birds on the ground to his point were it not that you rarely have the opportunity4 #bdj4 ,when you have made your dog perfectly steady from chasing you may--supposing you have no retriever at hand1--naturally enough1 inquire how you are to teach him to follow any hare you may be so unlucky as merely to wound4 ,i acknowledge that the task is difficult4 ,i would say1 at once resolve to give up every wounded hare during his first season4#dc ,the following year1 provided you find that he remains quite steady1 on your wounding an unfortunate wretch1 encourage your dog to pursue it by running yourself after it4 ,when he gets hold of it1 check him if he mauls it1 and take it from him as quickly as possible4 ,as ,i cannot suppose that you are anxious to slaughter every hare you see1 let the next two or three go off without a shot4 ,this forbearance will re-steady him1 and after a while his own sagacity and nose--#big--will show him that the established usage was departed from solely because puss was severely struck4 #bda4 ,as you wish to flog your dog as little as possible1 never go out without your whip1 paradoxical as this may appear4 ,the dog's salutary awe of the implement which he sees in your possession1 like a horse's consciousness of your heel being armed with a spur1 will tend to keep him in order4 ,if your dog is a keen ranger1 you may much spare the whip by making him crouch at your feet for several minutes after he has committed a fault4 ,the detention will be felt by him1 when he is all anxiety to be off hunting1 as a severe punishment4 ,if he is a mettlesome1 high-couraged animal1 he will regard as a yet severer punishment his being compelled to follow at your heels for half-an-hour1 while the other dogs are allowed the enjoyment of hunting4 #bdb4 ,excess of punishment has made many a dog of good promise a confirmed blinker2 and of far more has it quenched that keen ardor for the sport1 without which no dog can be first-rate4 ,for this reason1 if not from more humane motives1 make it a rule to give but few cuts2 let them1 however1 be tolerably severe4 ,your pupil's recollection of them1 when he hears the crack of the whip1 will prevent the necessity of their frequent repetition4 #bdc4 ,i knew of a young fellow's purchasing a pointer of an excellent breed from a gamekeeper for a few shillings merely1 as the animal had become so timid from over-chastisement1 that she not only blinked her game1 but seldom quitted the man's heels4 ,the lad had the good sense to treat the bitch1 at all times1 with the greatest kindness3 and in order to induce her to hunt1 he used to break off the feet of every bird he killed1 and give them to her to eat along with the sinews4 ,the plan succeeded so well that she eventually became an unusually keen and fast ranger4 ,this would be a hazardous step to take with a dog wanted to retrieve4 ,there are few1 if any dogs who may not be tempted by hunger to eat game4 ,a gentleman told me1 that1 to his great astonishment1 he one day saw an old tender-mouthed retriever1 that he had possessed for years1 deliberately swallow a partridge4 ,before he could get up to the dog even the tail-feathers had disappeared4 ,on inquiry it turned out that1 through some neglect1 the animal had not been fed4 #bdd4 ,some argue that blinking arises from a defective nose1 not from punishment2 but surely it is the injudicious chastisement following the blunders caused by a bad nose that makes a dog1 through fear1 go to heel when he winds birds4 ,a bad nose may lead to a dog's running up birds from not noticing them1 but it cannot naturally induce him to run away from them4 ,possibly he may be worthless from a deficiency in his olfactory powers2 but it is hard to conceive how these powers can be improved by a dread of doing mischief when he finds himself near game4 ,some dogs that have been unduly chastised do not even betray themselves by running to heel1 but cunningly slink away from their birds without giving you the slightest intimation of their vicinity4 ,i have seen such instances4 ,when a young dog1 who has betrayed symptoms of blinking1 draws upon birds1 head him1 if you can1 before you give him the order to toho3 he will then have such a large circuit to make1 that he will feel the less tempted to run to your heels4 #bde4 ,obedience and intelligence are1 as ,i have already remarked1 best secured by judicious ratings and encouragements--scoldings for bad conduct1--praise1 caresses1 and rewards for good4 ,never forget1 therefore1 to have some delicacy in your pocket to give the youngster whenever he may deserve it4 ,all dogs1 however1 even the most fearful1 ought to be made able to bear a little punishment4 ,if1 unfortunately1 your dog is constitutionally timid--,i cannot help saying unfortunately1 though so many of the sort have fine noses--the whip must be employed with the greatest gentleness1 the lash being rather laid on the back than used1 until such forbearance1 and many caresses before his dismissal1 have gradually banished the animal's alarm1 and ultimately enabled you to give him a very slight beating1 on his misconducting himself1 without any danger of making him blink4 ,by such means1 odd as it may sound1 you create courage1 and with it give him self-confidence and range4 #bdf4 ,a judiciously-educated dog will know as well as you do whether or not he has earned a chastisement1 and many a one is of so noble a nature that he will not wish to avoid it if he is conscious that he deserves it4 ,he will become as anxious for good sport as you are1 and feel that he ought to be punished1 if from his own misconduct he mars it4 ,indeed1 he will not have much opinion of your sagacity if you do not then give him a sound rating1 or let him have a taste of the lash1 though it matters not how slight4 ,clearly this feeling1 which it will be right to foster1 must have arisen from his belief that you are always conscious of his actions--#bfb--therefore never check him for coming towards you on his committing any unseen error4 ,moreover1 when he has been but a little shot to1 you will find that if you abstain from firing at a bird which through his fault he has improperly flushed1 although in its flight it affords you an excellent shot1 you will greatly vex him2 and this will tend to make him-more careful for the future4 #bdg4 ,when1 after a few weeks1 you perceive that the youngster has confidence in himself1 and is likely to hunt independently1 not deferentially following the footsteps of an older companion1 take out a well-broken dog with him1 that you may have the opportunity of teaching him to back4 ,be careful to choose one not given to make false points2 for if he commits such mistakes1 your pupil will soon utterly disregard his pointing4 ,select also one who draws upon his birds in a fine1 determined attitude2 not one to whose manner even you must be habituated to feel certain he is on game4 ,be watchful to prevent your dog ever hunting in the wake of the other1 which1 in the humility of canine youth1 he probably will1 unless you are on the alert to wave him in a different direction1 the moment you observe him inclined to seek the company of his more experienced associate4 ,by selecting a slow old dog you will probably diminish the wish of the young one to follow him2 for it is likely that the youngster's eagerness will make him push on faster1 and so take the lead4 #bdh4 ,the example for a few days--but only for a few days--of a good stanch dog who is not a hedge-hunter1--has no bad habits1 and does not require being called to--will be advantageous to your inexperienced animal4 #bdi4 ,on the old dog's pointing1 catch the eye of the young one4 ,if you cannot readily do so1 and are not afraid of too much alarming the birds1 call to the old fellow by name1 and desire him to toho4 ,the order will make the young one look round1 and awaken him to a suspicion of what is going forward4 ,hold up your right arm--stand still for a minute--and then1 carrying your gun as if you were prepared momentarily to fire1 retreat1 or move sideways in crab-like fashion towards the old dog1 continuing your signal to the other to remain steady1 and turning your face to him1 so that he may be restrained by the feeling that your eye is constantly fixed upon him4 ,he will soon remark the attitude of the old dog1 and almost intuitively guess its meaning4 ,should the old one draw upon his game1 still the other dog must remain stationary4 ,if he advance but an inch1 rate him4 ,should he rush up--which is hardly to be expected--at him at once2--having made him drop1 catch hold of him1 and drag him to the place at which he should have backed--there--if you judge such strong measures necessary--peg him down until after you have had your shot and are reloaded4 ,if by heading the birds you can drive them towards the young dog1 do so2 and aim at the one most likely to fall near him4 ,endeavor to make him comprehend that any sign or word to urge on or retard the leading dog in no way applies to him4 ,this he will soon understand1 if he has been properly instructed with an associate in the initiatory lesson described in #de4 ,after you have picked up the bird let him sniff at it4 #bej4 ,it is most important that the dog which first winds birds should be allowed to road them to a spring without being flurried1 or in any way interfered with by another dog4 ,few things are more trying to your temper as a sportsman1 than to see a self-sufficient cub1 especially when birds are wild1 creep up to the old dog whom he observes pointing at a distance1 or cautiously drawing upon a covey4 ,the young whipper-snapper pays no attention to your most energetic signals3 you are afraid to speak lest you should alarm the birds1 and before you can catch hold of the presumptuous jackanapes1 he not only steals close to the good old dog1 but actually ventures to head him2 nay1 possibly dares to crawl on yet nearer to the birds in the hope of enjoying a more intoxicating sniff4 #bea4 ,all dogs but the finder should stand wholly by sight1--just the reverse of pointing4 ,your dog's nose ought to have nothing to do with backing4 ,if you permit it1 he will get the abominable habit of creeping up to his companions in the manner just described--#bej--when he observes them to be winding birds2 and though he may not presume to take the lead1 nay1 even keep at so respectful a distance as in no way to annoy the finder1 yet a longing to inhale the grateful steam--as that good poet and capital sportsman1 ,somerville1 terms it--will make him constantly watch the other dogs1 instead of bestowing his undivided attention and faculties upon finding game for himself4 ,it is quite enough if he backs whenever you order him1 or he accidentally catches sight of another dog either pointing or roading2 and the less he is looking after his companions1 the more zealously will he attend to his own duties4 #beb4 ,if you have any fears that the old dog when he is on birds will not act steadily1 should you have occasion to chide the young one1 be careful to give the old dog a word expressive of your approval1 before you commence to rate the other4 #bec4 ,when your youngster is hereafter hunted in company1 should he make a point1 and any intrusive companion1 instead of properly backing him1 be impertinently pressing on1 the youngster should not be induced--however great may be the trial upon his patience and forbearance--to draw one foot nearer to the game than his own knowledge of distance tells him is correct2 not even if his friend1 or rather1 jealous rival1 boldly assumes the front rank4 ,your pupil will have a right to look to you for protection1 and to expect that the rash intruder1 however young1 be at the least well rated4 #bed4 ,it is a matter of little moment whether the backer attends to the down charge1 or continues to back as long as the other dog remains at his point4 ,it appears1 however1 best that he should drop1 unless he is so near that he winds the game1 when he would be rather pointing than backing--and should1 consequently1 behave as explained in #ahg2--;for the fewer exceptions there are to general rules the more readily are the rules observed4 #bee4 ,should both dogs make separate points at the same moment1 it is clear that neither can back the other4 ,they must act independently--each for himself4 ,moreover1 your firing over one should not induce the other to down charge1 or in any way divert his attention from his own birds4 ,he ought to remain as immovable as a statue4 ,some dogs1 whose high courage has not been damped by over-correction1 will do this from their own sagacity2 but to enable you to teach them to behave thus steadily1 game should be plentiful4 ,when you are lucky enough to observe both dogs pointing at the same time1 let your fellow-sportsman--or your attendant--flush and fire at the birds found by the older dog1 while you remain stationary near the young one1 quietly but earnestly cautioning him to continue firm4 ,when your companion has reloaded and picked up his game--and made the other dog back1--let him join you and knock over the bird at which your pupil is pointing4 ,it will not be long before he--your young dog--understands what is required of him1 if he has been practised--as recommended in #ahg--not to down charge when pointing unsprung birds4 ,in short1 it may be received as an axiom1 that nothing ought to make a dog voluntarily relinquish a point so long as he winds birds2 and nothing but the wish to continue his point should make him neglect the down charge the instant he hears the near report of a gun4 ,,footnotes3 #db ,a superior dog on grouse more easily becomes good on partridge than a superior partridge-dog becomes good on grouse4 ,grouse run so much1 both when they are pairing1 and after the first flight of the young pack1 that a dog broken on them has necessarily great practice in roading1--roading1 too1 with the nose carried high to avoid strong heather--a valuable instructor1--whereas the dog broken on partridge often becomes impatient1 and breaks away when he first finds grouse4 ,the former dog1 moreover1 will learn not to break fence1 and the necessity of moderating his pace when hunting stubbles and turnips1 sooner than the latter will acquire the extensive fast beat so desirable on heather1 where he can work for hours uninterrupted by hedge1 ditch1 or furrow2 making casts to the right and left a quarter of a mile in length4 ,first impressions are as strong in puppyhood as in childhood2 therefore the advantage of having such ground to commence on must be obvious4 ,there are1 however1 favored spots in ,perthshire1 c41 where game so abounds that close rangers are as necessary as when hunting in ,england4 ,alas6 even the grouse-dog will take far too quickly to hedge hunting2 and pottering when on the stubbles4 ,it is1 of course1 presumed that he is broken from chasing hare--a task his trainer must have found difficult--though none are ever shot to him--from the few that1 comparatively speaking1 his pupil could have seen4 ,independently1 however1 of want of pace and practice in roading1 it never would be fair to take a dog direct from the ,lowlands to contend on the ,highlands with one habituated to the latter1--and vice vers1 for the stranger would always be placed to great disadvantage4 ,a faint scent of game which the other would instantly recognise1 he would not acknowledge from being wholly unaccustomed to it4 ,sometimes1 however1 a grouse dog of a ticklish temper will not bear being constantly called to on breaking fence4 ,a fine1 free-ranging pointer1 belonging to one of the brothers ,hy1 when brought to an enclosed country1 became quite subdued and dispirited4 ,he could not stand the rating he received for bounding over the hedges1 and he evidently derived no enjoyment from the sport1 though there were plenty of birds4 ,on returning to the ,highlands1 he quite recovered his animation and perseverance4 ,he added another to the many evidences that dogs are most attached to1 and at home on1 the kind of country they first hunted4 ,this note is applicable to the pointer1 used to the pinnated grouse on the ,prairies1 when brought into close shooting on quail1 c4 ,h4,w4,h4 #dc ,this appears extremely cruel2 remember1 however1 that ,i entreated you to abstain entirely from shooting hares2 but if you would not make this sacrifice1 at least only to fire at those which you were likely to kill outright--#bca4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,hints ,,to ,,purchasers4 ,,sheep ,,killing4 #bef4 ,when your dog has been properly taught the back1 fail not to recommence hunting him alone1 if it is your object to establish a perfect range4 #beg4 ,professional dog-breakers1 ,i have remarked1 almost invariably hunt too many dogs together4 ,this arises1 ,i suppose1 from the number which they have to train2 but the consequence is1 that the younger dogs are spectators rather than actors1 and1 instead of ranging independently in search of game1 are watching the manoeuvres of their older associates4 #beh4 ,a glimmering of knowledge may be picked up in this way2 but no one will argue that it is likely to create great excellence4 ,doubtless the young ones will be good backers2 and to the inexperienced a troop of perhaps a dozen dogs1 all in chiselled form1 stanchly backing an old leader1 is a most imposing sight--but if the observer were to accompany the whole party for a few hours1 he would remark1 ,i will bet any money1 that the same veterans would over and over again find the birds1 and that the perfectly broken young ones in the rear would do nothing but back and down charge4 ,what can they know of judicious quartering8 ,of obeying the signals of the hand8 ,of gradually drawing upon the faintest token of a scent--only perceptible to a nose carried high in the air--until they arrive at a confident point8 ,of perseveringly working out the foil of a slightly-winged bird1 on a hot still day1 to a sure find8 ,nothing1 or next to nothing1--nearly all is to be taught2 and yet the breaker will show off those raw recruits as perfectly drilled soldiers4 ,would they not have had a much better chance of really being so1 if he had given a small portion of his time each day to each8 ,he well knows they would2 but the theatrical display would not be half so magnificent4 ,if he had truly wished to give his pupils a good systematic range1 without a doubt he would have devoted one hour in the field exclusively to each dog1 rather than many hours to several at once--and not have associated any together in the field until he had gained full command over each separately4 ,and this he would have done--because it would have tended to his interest1--had he supposed that his dog's qualifications would be investigated by judges--by those who would insist on seeing a dog hunted singly--in order to observe his method of ranging1--or with but one companion1 before they thought of definitively purchasing4 #bei4 ,at the beginning of a partridge season1 ,i unexpectedly wanted to purchase a dog4 ,an old gamekeeper--one on whose judgment ,i could rely1 and who1 ,i knew1 would not willingly deceive me1--saw a setter in the field that he thought would please1 and accordingly sent it to my kennel4 ,i greatly liked the looks of the animal4 ,he quartered his ground well--was obedient to the hand--carried a high and apparently tender nose--pointed1 backed1 and down-charged steadily4 ,unquestionably he had been well broken4 ,i thought myself in great luck1 and should not have hesitated to complete the purchase1 but that fortunately ,i had an opportunity of shooting a bird over him1 when to my horror he rushed at it with the speed of a greyhound4 ,as1 in spite of all my remonstrances1 shouted in the most determined manner1 he repeated this manoeuvre whenever a bird fell1 ,i returned him4 ,i afterwards heard he had just been shot over by a party on the moors1 who1 no doubt1 had spoilt him by their ignoble1 pot-hunting propensities4 #bfj4 ,had ,i chosen to sacrifice my shooting in order to reclaim him--which ,i must have done1 had ,i too hastily concluded the purchase1--,i ought to have sent home the other dogs1 and proceeded1 but with greater severity1 much in the manner described in #bbj and #bbb4 ,i ought not1 however1 to have gone after him when first he bolted2 ,i ought merely to have endeavored to check him with my voice1 for it would have been most important to set him a good example by remaining immovable myself1 and he might have misconstrued any hasty advance on my part into rivalship for possession of the bird2 in short1 into a repetition of one of the many scrambles to which he had recently been accustomed1 and in which ,i feel sure he must invariably have come off victorious4 ,i ought1 when loaded1 to have walked calmly up to him1 and1 without taking the slightest notice of the disfigured bird1 have dragged him back1 while loudly rating him1 to the spot where he should have down charged4 ,after a good flagellation--a protracted lecture--and a long delay1--the longer the better1--,i ought to have made him cautiously approach the bird2 and by a little scolding1 and by showing him the wounds he had inflicted1 have striven to make him sensible and ashamed of his enormities4 ,probably1 too1 had the birds lain well1 the moment he pointed ,i should have employed the checkcord#dd with a spike1 giving him a liberal allowance of slack line--#bcd4 ,had ,i thus treated him throughout the day1 ,i have little doubt but that he would have become a reformed character2 though an occasional outbreak might not unreasonably have been expected4 ,see #bje to #bjh4 #bfa4 ,to create a feeling of self-dependence1 obviously there is no better plan than for a considerable time to take out the dog by himself1 and thus force him to trust for sport to his own unaided powers2 and when he is at length hunted in company1 never to omit paying him the compliment of attending to every indication he evinces of being upon birds1 even occasionally to the unfair neglect of confirmed points made by the other dogs4 #bfb4 ,i conceive those dogs must be considered the best which procure a persevering sportsman most shots in a season and lose him fewest winged birds4#de ,if you are anxious for your pupil to attain this superlative excellence1--,i will repeat it1 at the risk of being accused of tautology1--you must be at all times consistently strict but never severe4 ,make him as much as you can1 your constant companion2 you will thereby much develope his intelligence1 and so render him a more efficient assistant in the field1 for he will understand your manner better and better1 and greatly increase in affection as well as observation4 ,many men would like so faithful an attendant4 ,teach obedience at home--to obtain it in the field4 ,consider the instantaneous drop1 the moment he gets the signal1 as all-important1--as the very key-stone of the arch that conducts to the glorious triumphs of due subordination4 ,notice every fault1 and check it by rating1 but never punish with the whip unless you judge it absolutely necessary4 ,on the other hand1 following ,astley's plan--#aj--reward1 or at least praise1 every instance of good behavior1 and you will be surprised how quickly your young dog will comprehend your wishes1 and how anxious he will be to comply with them4 ,remember that evil practices1 unchecked until they become confirmed habits1 or any errors in training committed at the commencement of his education1 cannot be repaired afterwards without tenfold--nay1 twentyfold--trouble4 ,never let him hunt from under your eye4 ,unceasingly endeavor to keep alive in him as long as possible his belief that you are intuitively aware as fully when he is out of sight as within sight of every fault he commits1 whether it arise from wilfulness or mere heedlessness4 ,this is a very important admonition4 ,remember1 however1 that the best dogs will occasionally make mistakes when they are running down wind--especially if it blows hard1--and that there are days when there is scarcely any scent4--,note to #abh4 #bfc4 ,attend most carefully to the injunction not to let your dog hunt out of sight4 ,it is essential that you do so4 #bfd4 ,notwithstanding ,beckford's capital story of the hounds making a dinner of the old ram which his lordship had left in their kennel to intimidate them1 if your dog be unhappily too fond of mutton or lamb of his own killing1 perhaps no better cure can be attempted1 provided you superintend the operation1 than that of muzzling him1 and letting a strong ram give him a butting at the time that you are administering the lash1 and hallooing out ,ware or ,sheep4 ,but1 unfortunately1 this too often fails4 #bfe4 ,if you do not succeed1 you must hang or drown him1--the latter is probably the less painful death1 but a charge of shot well lodged behind the ear in the direction of the brain would be yet better4 ,therefore you will not mind giving him another chance for his life1 though confessedly the measure proposed is most barbarous4 ,procure an ash-pole about five feet long4 ,tie one extremity of the pole to a strong ram1 by the part of the horns near the forehead4 ,to the opposite extremity of the pole attach a strong spiked collar1 and strap it round the dog's throat1 to the audible tune of ,ware or ,sheep4 ,to prevent the possibility of the cord slipping1 through each end of the pole burn a hole4 ,the continued efforts of the ram for some hours either to free himself from his strange companion1 or to attack him1 will possibly so worry and punish the dog as to give him a distaste ever afterwards for anything of a woolly nature4 ,the pole will so effectually separate these unwilling--but still too intimate--associates1 that you need not muzzle the dog4 #bff4 ,there is yet another remedy1 which ,i will name1 as it sounds reasonable1 though ,i cannot speak of its merits from personal observation1 never having seen it tried4 #bfg4 ,wrap a narrow strip of sheep-skin1 that has much wool on it1 round the dog's lower jaw1 the wool outwards1 and fasten it so that he cannot get rid of it4 ,put this on him for a few hours daily and there is a chance that he will become as thoroughly disgusted as even you could wish1 with every animal of the race whose coat furnished such odious mouthfuls2 but prevention being better than cure1 pay great attention to your dog's morals during the lambing season4 ,dogs not led away by evil companionship rarely commence their depredations upon sober full-grown sheep4 ,in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred1#df they have previously yielded to the great temptation of running down some frisking lamb1 whose animated gambols seemed to court pursuit4 #bfh4 ,if ever you have fears that you may be unable to prevent a dog's breaking away to worry sheep1 hunt him in a muzzle of a size that will not interfere with his breathing1 and yet effectually prevent the wide extension of his jaws4 #bfi4 ,the killing of fowls is more easily prevented4 ,the temptation1 though equally frequent1 is not so great--he will only have tasted blood1 not revelled in it4 ,take a dead fowl--one of his recent victims1 if you can procure it--and endeavor1 by pointing to it1 while you are scolding him1 to make him aware of the cause of your displeasure4 ,then secure him to a post1 and thrash him about the head with the bird1 occasionally favoring his hide with sundry applications of a whip1 and his ears with frequent repetitions of the scaring admonition1 ,ware fowl1 ,fowl--fowl--fowl4 ,whenever you afterwards catch him watching poultry1 be sure to rate him4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,i am glad to say ,i have never had occasion to adopt so severe a remedy as the following2 but ,i have heard of an otherwise incorrigible taste for blood being cured by a partridge pierced transversely with two knitting-pins being adroitly substituted for the fallen bird which the dog had been restrained by a checkcord from bolting4 ,the pins were cut to a length somewhat less than the diameter of its body1 and were fixed at right angles to one another4 ,several slight wires would1 ,i think1 have answered better4 #de ,and if hares are shot to him1 fewest wounded hares4 #df ,in the remaining odd case--one out of a hundred--the propensity may be traced to the animal's belonging to a vicious stock--in short1 to hereditary instinct4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,distinguishing ,,whistles4 ,,backing ,,the ,,gun4 ,,retreat ,,from ,,and ,,resumption ,,of ,,point4 ,,range ,,unaccompanied ,,by ,,gun4 ,,heading ,,running ,,birds4 ,a ,,distinguishing ,,whistle ,,for ,,each ,,dog4 #bga4 ,though you may have only begun to shoot last season1 have you not often wished to attract the attention of one of your two dogs1 and make him hunt in a particular part of the field1 but for fear of alarming the birds1 have been unwilling to call out his name1 and have felt loath to whistle to him1 lest you should bring away at the same time the other dog1 who was zealously hunting exactly where you considered him most likely to find birds8 #bgb4 ,again3 have the dogs never been hunting close together instead of pursuing distinct beats2 and has it not constantly happened1 on your whistling with the view to separate them1 that both have turned their heads in obedience to the whistle1 and both on your signal changed the direction of their beat1 but still the two together8 ,and have you not1 in despair of ever parting them by merely whistling and signalling1 given the lucky birds--apparently in the most handsome manner1 as if scorning to take any ungenerous advantage--fair notice of the approach of the guns by shouting out the name of one of the dogs4 #bgc4 ,or1 if one dog was attentive to the whistle1 did he not gradually learn to disregard it from observing that his companion was never chidden for neglecting to obey it8--and did not such laxity more and more confirm both in habits of disobedience8 #bgd4 ,i believe several of my readers will be constrained to answer these questions in the affirmative2 and1 further1 ,i think their own experience will remind them of many occasions1 both on moor and stubble when birds were wild1 on which they have wished to attract the notice of a particular dog--perhaps running along a hedge1 or pottering over a recent haunt2 or hunting down wind towards marked game--by whistling instead of calling out his name1 but have been unwilling to do so1 lest the other dogs should likewise obey the shrill sound to which all were equally accustomed4 #bge4 ,now1 in breaking young dogs1 you could1 by using whistles of dissimilar calls1 easily avoid the liability of these evils2 and by invariably employing a particular whistle for each dog to summon him separately to his food--#bi--;each would distinguish his own whistle as surely as every dog knows his own master's whistle1 and as hounds learn their names4 ,dogs not only know their own names1 but instantly know by the pronunciation when it is uttered by a stranger4 ,to prevent mistakes1 each dog's name might be marked on his own whistle4 ,you might have two whistles1 of very different sound1 on one short stock4 ,indeed1 one whistle would be sufficient for two dogs1 if you invariably sounded the same two or three sharp short notes for one dog1 and as invariably gave a sustained note for the other4 ,nay1 the calls could thus be so diversified1 that one whistle might be used for even more than two dogs4 ,but whatever whistle you choose to employ1 be sure1 both in and out of the field1 to sound it softly whenever the dog is near you4 ,indeed1 you would act judiciously to make it a constant rule1 wherever he may be1 never to whistle louder than is really requisite1 otherwise--as ,i think ,i before remarked--he will1 comparatively speaking1 pay little attention to its summons1 when1 being at a distance1 he hears it but faintly4 ,,to ,,back ,,the ,,gun4 #bgf4 ,in shooting1 especially late in the season1 you will often mark down a bird1 and feel assured that you stand a better chance of getting a shot at it if the dogs cease hunting whilst you approach it4 ,you can teach your dog to do this by holding up your right hand behind you when you mark down a bird1 saying at the same time1 ,toho1 in an earnest1 quiet voice1 and carrying your gun as if you were prepared to shoot4 ,he will soon begin1 ,i really must say it to back you1--for he actually will be backing you1 ludicrous as the expression may sound4 ,after a few times he will do so on the signal1 without your speaking at all2 and he will be as pleased1 as excited1 and as stanch1 as if he were backing an old dog4 ,making him drop will not effect your object1 for1 besides that it in no way increases his intelligence1 you may wish him to follow at a respectful distance1 while you are stealing along the banks of some stream1 c4 ,ere long he will become as sensible as yourself that any noise would alarm the birds1 and you will soon see him picking his steps to avoid the crisp leaves1 lest their rustling should betray him4 ,i have even heard of a dog whose admirable caution occasionally led him1 when satisfied that his point was observed1 to crawl behind a bush1 or some other shelter1 to screen himself from the notice of the birds4 #bgg4 ,the acquisition of this accomplishment--and it is easily taught to a young dog previously made steady in backing another--it should not be attempted before--will often secure you a duck1 or other wary bird1 which the dog would otherwise1 almost to a certainty1 spring out of gun-shot4 ,if you should toho a hare1 and wish to kill one1 you will have an excellent opportunity of practising this lesson4 #bgh4 ,in ,america there is a singular duck1 called1 from its often alighting on trees1 the ,wood-duck4 ,i have killed some of these beautiful1 fast-flying birds1 while they were seated on logs overhanging the water1 which ,i could not have approached within gun-shot had the dog not properly backed the gun when signalled to1 and cautiously crept after me1 still remaining far in the rear4 ,,to ,,retreat ,,from ,a ,,point ,,and ,,resume ,,it4 #bgi4 ,amidst coppices1 osiers1 or broom--indeed1 some times on a rough moor--you will occasionally lose sight of a dog1 and yet be unwilling to call him1 feeling assured that he is somewhere steadily pointing2 and being vexatiously certain that1 when he hears your whistle1 he will either leave his point1 not subsequently to resume it1 or--which is far more probable--amuse himself by raising the game before he joins you4 ,there are moments when you would give guineas if he would retreat from his point1 come to you on your whistling1 lead you towards the bird1 and there resume his point4 #bhj4 ,this accomplishment--and in many places abroad its value is almost inappreciable--can be taught him1 if he is under great command1 by your occasionally bringing him in to your heel from a point when he is within sight and near you1 and again putting him on his point4 ,you will begin your instruction in this accomplishment when the dog is pointing quite close to you4 ,on subsequent occasions1 you can gradually increase the distance1 until you arrive at such perfection that you can let him be out of sight when you call him4 ,when he is first allowed to be out of your sight1 he ought not to be far from you4 #bha4 ,you may1 for a moment1 think that what is here recommended contradicts the axiom laid down in #bee2 but it is there said1 that nothing ought to make a dog voluntarily leave his point4 ,indeed1 the possession of this accomplishment1 so far from being productive of any harm1 greatly awakens a dog's intelligence1 and makes him perceive1 more clearly than ever1 that the sole object for which he is taken to the field is to obtain shots for the gun that accompanies him4 ,when he is pointing on your side of a thick hedge1 it will make him understand why you call him off2--take him down wind1 and direct him to jump the fence3 he will at once go to the bird1 and1 on your encouraging him1 force it to rise on your side4 #bhb4 ,you will practise this lesson1 however1 with great caution1 and not before his education is nearly completed1 lest he imagine that you do not wish him always to remain stanch to his point4 ,indeed1 if you are precipitate1 or injudicious1 you may make him blink his game4 #bhc4 ,after a little experience1 he will very likely some day satisfactorily prove his consciousness of your object1 by voluntarily coming out of thick cover to show you where he is1 and again going in and resuming his point4 ,,to ,,hunt ,,regularly ,,from ,,leeward ,,to ,,windward ,,without ,,the ,,gun4 #bhd4 ,in paragraph #adg ,i observed1 that when you are obliged1 as occasionally must be the case1 to enter a field to windward with your pupil1 you ought to go down to the leeward side of it1 keeping him close to your heels1 before you commence to hunt4 ,after undeviatingly pursuing this plan for some time1 you can1 before you come quite to the bottom of the field1 send him ahead--by the underhand bowler's swing of the right-hand1 ,,iv4 of #aai1--;and1 when he has reached the bottom1 signal to him to hunt to the right--or left4 ,he will be so habituated to work under your eye--#acj--that you will find it necessary to walk backwards--up the middle of the field1--while instructing him4 ,as he becomes1 by degrees1 confirmed in this lesson1 you can sooner and sooner send him ahead--from your heel--but increase the distances very gradually1--until at length he will be so far perfected1 that you may venture to send him down wind to the extremity of the field--before he commences beating1--while you remain quietly at the top awaiting his return1 until he shall have hunted the whole ground1 as systematically and carefully as if you had accompanied him from the bottom4 ,by this method you will teach him1 on his gaining more experience1 invariably to run to leeward1 and hunt up to windward--crossing and recrossing the wind--whatever part of a field you and he may enter4 ,what a glorious consummation6 and it can be attained1 but only by great patience and perseverance4 ,the least reflection1 however1 will show you that you should not attempt it until the dog is perfected in his range4 #bhe4 ,a careful dog1 thus practised1 will seldom spring birds1 however directly he may be running down wind4 ,he will pull up at the faintest indication of a scent1 being at all times anxiously on the look-out for the coveted aroma4 #bhf4 ,not only to the idle or tired sportsman would it be a great benefit to have a field thus beaten1 but the keenest and most indefatigable shot would experience its advantages in the cold and windy weather customary in ,november1 when the tameness of partridge-shooting cannot be much complained of2 for the birds being then ever ready to take wing1 surely the best chance1 by fair means1 of getting near them would be to intercept them between the dog and yourself4 #bhg4 ,here the consideration naturally arises1 whether dogs could not be taught--when hunting in the ordinary manner with the gun in the rear-- ,,to ,,head ,,running ,,birds4 ,certainly it could be done4 ,there have been many instances of old dogs spontaneously galloping off1 and placing themselves on the other side of the covey--which they had pointed--as soon as they perceived that it was on the run1--and by good instruction you could develope or rather excite1 that exercise of sagacity4 #bhh4 ,if dogs are taught to hunt from leeward to windward without the gun1 they become habituated to seeing game intercepted between themselves and their masters1--and then their spontaneously heading running birds--though undeniably evincing great intelligence--would not be very remarkable4 ,they would but reverse matters by placing themselves to windward of the birds while the gun was to leeward4 ,this shows that the acquisition of that accomplishment would be a great step towards securing a knowledge of the one we are now considering4 ,indeed there seems to be a mutual relation between these two refinements in education1 for the possession of either would greatly conduce to the attainment of the other4 #bhi4 ,this accomplishment--and hardly any can be considered more useful--is not so difficult to teach an intelligent dog as one might at first imagine2 it is but to lift him1 and make him act on a larger scale1 much in the manner described in #bab and #bif4 ,like1 however1 everything else in canine education--indeed1 in all education--it must be effected gradually2 nor should it be commenced before the dog has had a season's steadying1 then practise him in heading every wounded bird1 and endeavor to make him do so at increased distances4 ,whenever1 also1 he comes upon the heel of a covey which is to leeward of him--instead of letting him foot it--oblige him to quit the scent and take a circuit--sinking the wind--so as to place himself to leeward of birds4 ,he will thereby head the covey1 and you will have every reason to hope that after a time his own observation and intellect will show him the advantage of thus intercepting birds and stopping them when they are on the run1 whether the manoeuvre places him to leeward or to windward of them4 #bij4 ,if you could succeed in teaching but one of your dogs thus to take a wide sweep when he is ordered1 and head a running covey before it gets to the extremity of the field--while the other dogs remain near you--you would be amply rewarded for months of extra trouble in training1 by obtaining shots on days when good sportsmen1 with fair average dogs1 would hardly pull a trigger4 ,and why should you not8 ,success would be next to certain if you could as readily place your dog exactly where you wish1 as shepherds do their collies4 ,and whose fault will it be if you cannot8 ,clearly not your dog's1 for he is as capable of receiving instruction as the shepherd's4 #bia4 ,manifestly it would be worth while to take great pains to teach this accomplishment1 for in all countries it would prove a most killing one when birds become wild2 and it would be found particularly useful wherever the red-legged partridge abounds1--which birds you will find do not lie badly when the coveys are1 by any means1 well headed and completely broken4 ,but there are other accomplishments nearly as useful as those already detailed2 the description of them1 however1 we will reserve for a separate ,chapter4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,setter ,,to ,,retrieve4 ,,bloodhounds4 ,,retrievers ,,to ,,beat4 ,,wounded ,,wild ,,fowl ,,retrieved ,,first4 ,,setter ,,to ,,retrieve4 #bib4 ,undeniably there is some value in the extra number of shots obtained by means of highly-broken dogs2 and nearly as undeniable is it that no man1 who is not over-rich1 will term that teaching superfluous which enables him to secure in one dog the services of two4 ,now1 ,i take it for granted--as ,i cannot suppose you are willing to lose many head of killed game--that you would be glad to be always accompanied in the field by a dog that retrieves4 ,unless you have such a companion1 there will be but little chance of your often securing a slightly winged bird in turnips4 ,indeed1 in all rough shooting1 the services of a dog so trained are desirable to prevent many an unfortunate hare and rabbit from getting away to die a painful1 lingering death2 and yet1 if the possession of a large kennel is ever likely to prove half as inconvenient to you as it would to me1 you would do well1 according to my idea of the matter1 to dispense with a regular retriever1 provided you have a highly-broken setter who retrieves well4 #bic4 ,i say setter rather than pointer1 not on account of his more affectionate1 and perhaps more docile disposition--for certainly he is less liable to sulk under punishment1--but because1 thanks to his long coat1 he will be able to work in any cover1 and that from nature he roads quicker4 ,i must1 however1 plead guilty--for many good sportsmen will think ,i evince bad taste--to a predilection for setters--meaning always cautious setters--a partiality1 perhaps1 attributable to having shot more over wild1 uncertain ground than in well-stocked preserves4 ,doubtless1 in a very inclosed country1 where game is abundant1 pointers are preferable1 far preferable1--more especially should there be a scarcity of water2 but for severe and fast work1 and as a servant of all work1 there is nothing1 ,i humbly conceive1 like the setter4 ,he may be1 and generally is1 the more difficult to break2 but1 when success has crowned your efforts1 what a noble1 enduring1 sociable1 attached animal you possess4 ,i greatly1 too1 admire his long1 stealthy1 blood-like action1--for ,i am not speaking of the large heavy sort before which in old days whole coveys used to be netted1--and the animated waving of his stern1 so strongly indicative of high breeding2 though strange to say1 in gracefulness of carriage1 the fox1 when hunting1 and actually on game1 far excels him4 ,but we are again getting astray beyond our proper limits2 let us keep to the subject of dog-breaking4 #bid4 ,as it will be your endeavor1 during your pupil's first season1 to make him thoroughly stanch and steady1 ,i cannot advise you1 as a general rule--liable1 of course1 to many exceptions--one of which is named in #bai--to let him retrieve--by retrieve ,i always mean fetch--until the following year4 ,there is another advantage in the delay4 ,his sagacity will have shown him that the design of every shot is to bag the game--when1 therefore1 he has once been permitted to pick up a bird1 he will be desirous of carrying it immediately to you1 and will resist the temptation to loiter with it1 mouthing and spoiling it2 and however keenly he may have heretofore sought dead1 he will henceforth search with redoubled zeal1 from the delight he will experience in being permitted to carry his game4 ,moreover1 the season's shooting1 without lifting1 will have so thoroughly confirmed him in the down charge1 that the increased#dg inclination to bolt off in search of a falling bird will be successfully resisted4 ,if he has been taught while young to fetch--#ib1 #id1 c41--he will be so anxious to take the birds to you1 that instead of there being any difficulty in teaching him this accomplishment1 you will often1 during his first season1 have to restrain him from lifting when he is pointing dead4 ,the least encouragement will make him gladly pick up the birds1 and give them1 as he ought1 to no one but yourself4 #bie4 ,you need hardly be cautioned not to let more than one dog retrieve the same bird4 ,with more dogs than one the bird would1 almost to a certainty1 be torn2 and if a dog once becomes sensible of the enjoyment he would derive in pulling out the feathers of a bird1 you will find it difficult to make him deliver it up before he has in some way disfigured it4 ,if you shoot with several dogs that retrieve1 be careful always to let the dog who finds the game be the one to bring it4 ,it is but fair that he should be so rewarded1 and thus all will be stimulated to hunt with increased diligence4 #bif4 ,if the dog that found the covey be not able to wind the bird you have shot1 make one of the other dogs take a large circuit4 ,the latter may thus1 without interfering with the first dog1 come upon the bird1 should it have run far4 ,send him in the direction the covey has taken--the chances are great that the bird is travelling towards the same point4 ,by pursuing this plan1 obviously there will be much less chance of your losing a bird than if you allow the dogs to keep close together while searching4--,see also #ih4 #big4 ,do not think that by making your setter lift--after his first season--instead of pointing dead1 there will be any increased risk of his raising unsprung birds4 ,the difference between the scent of dead or wounded game1 and that of game perfectly uninjured1 is so vast1 that no steady1 experienced dog will fail to point any fresh bird he may come across whilst seeking for that which is lost4 ,as a proof of this ,i may mention that1 #bih4 ,in ,north ,america ,i once saw1 lying on the ground1 three snipe1 which a pointer1 that retrieved1 had regularly set one after the other1 having found a couple on his way to retrieve the first1 and which he afterwards brought in succession to his master1 who had all the time governed the dog entirely by signs1 never having been obliged to use his voice beyond saying1 in a low tone1 ,dead1 or ,find4 ,i remember1 also1 hearing of a retrieving setter that on one occasion pointed a fresh bird1 still retaining in her mouth the winged partridge which she was carrying1--and of a pointer who did the same when he was bringing a hare2 there must1 too1 be few sportsmen who will not admit that they have found it more difficult to make a dog give up the pursuit of a wounded hare than of one perfectly uninjured4 ,i know of a sportsman's saying he felt certain that the hare his retriever was coursing over the moors must have been struck1 although the only person who had fired stoutly maintained that the shot was a regular miss4#dh ,the owner of the dog1 however1 averred that this was impossible1 as he never could get the discerning animal to follow any kind of unwounded game2 and1 on the other hand1 that no rating would make him quit the pursuit of injured running feather or fur4 ,the retriever's speedy return with puss1 conveniently balanced between his jaws1 bore satisfactory testimony to the accuracy of both his own and his master's judgment4 #bii4 ,some good sportsmen maintain that a retrieving setter--or pointer--on finding a dead bird ought to point it until desired to lift it4 ,this training they hold to be advisable1 on the ground that it conduces to the dog's steadiness by diminishing his wish to run forward on seeing a bird fall2 but the plan has necessarily this evil consequence1 that should the setter1 when searching for the dead bird1 come across and point1 as he ought1 any fresh game1 on your telling him to fetch it--as you naturally will--he must spring it if he attempt to obey you4 ,surely this would tend more to unsteady him than the habit of lifting his dead birds as soon as found8 ,your dog and you ought always to work in the greatest harmony--in the mutual confidence of your1 at all times1 thoroughly understanding each other--and you should carefully avoid the possibility of ever perplexing him by giving him any order it is out of his power to obey1 however much he may exert himself4 ,moreover1 if you teach your retrieving setter to point dead1 you at once relinquish--surely unnecessarily8--all hope of ever witnessing such a fine display of sagacity and steadiness as has just been related in the first part of #bih4 #cjj4 ,if you object to a setter's being taught to lift on the ground that it will make the other dogs jealous1 pray remember that the argument has equal force against the employment of a regular retriever in their presence4 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,increased3 the gratification of carrying being far greater than that of merely pointing dead4 #dh ,i retain this anecdote because every one of the occurrences related has happened to myself4 ,the first many times in the ,united ,states2 the second once in the ,united ,states when my dog ,chavee pointed a fresh woodcock with a dead bird in his mouth1 and a winged bird under his fore paw2 the last1 many times in ,england over an old ,russian setter1 ,charm4--,h4,w4,h4 ,,regular ,,retriever ,,to ,,beat4 #cja4 ,we all have our prejudices--every ,englishman has a right to many4 ,one of mine is to think a regular retriever positively not worth his keep for general shooting if one of your setting dogs will retrieve well4 ,however1 if you shoot much in cover1 ,i admit that a regular retriever which can be worked in perfect silence1 never refusing to come in when he is merely signalled to1 or1 if out of sight1 softly whistled to1 is better#di--particularly when you employ beaters#ej--;but even then he need not be the idle rascal that one generally sees--he might be broken in to hunt close to you1 and give you the same service as a mute spaniel4 ,i grant this is somewhat difficult to accomplish1 for it much tends to unsteady him1 but it can be effected--,i have seen it--and1 being practicable1 it is at least worth trying2 for if you succeed1 you1 as before--#bib--make one dog perform the work of two2 and1 besides its evident advantage in thick cover1 if he accompany you in your every-day shooting1 you will thus obtain1 in the course of a season1 many a shot which your other dogs1 especially in hot weather1 would pass over4 ,if1 too1 the retriever hunts quite close to you1 he can in no way annoy his companions1 or interfere with them1 for ,i take it for granted he will be so obedient as to come to heel the instant he gets your signal4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,of course1 a regular retriever is absolutely necessary when a team of spaniels is hunted1 none of which are accustomed to retrieve4 #ej ,regular retrievers are never used in ,america except on the ,chesapeake bay for fowl-shooting4--,h4,w4,h4 ,,water ,,retrievers--,,or ,,water ,,spaniels--,,to ,,retrieve ,,wounded ,,before ,,picking ,,up ,,dead ,,wild ,,fowl4 #cjb4 ,this a knowing old dog will often do of his own accord2 but you must not attempt to teach a young one this useful habit until you are satisfied that there is no risk of making him blink his birds4 ,you can then call him off when he is swimming towards dead birds1 and signal to him to follow those that are fluttering away4 ,if the water is not too deep1 rush in yourself1 and set him a good example by actively pursuing the runaways2 and until all the cripples that can be recovered are safely bagged1 do not let him lift one of those killed outright4 ,if very intelligent1 he will before long perceive the advantage of the system1 or at least find it the more exciting method1 and adhere to it without obliging you to continue your aquatic excursions4 ,for advice about water retrievers1 see #ha to #he4 ,i have placed this paragraph among the refinements in breaking2 but ,i ought1 perhaps1 to have entered it sooner2 for if you are fond of duck-shooting1 and live in a neighborhood where you have good opportunities of following it1 you should regard this accomplishment as a necessary part of your spaniel's education4 #cjc4 ,in your part of the country none of these extra1 or1 as some will say1 always superfluous accomplishments may be required2 but if you consider that a pupil of yours attaining any one of them would be serviceable1 be not deterred from teaching it by the idea that you would be undertaking a difficult task4 ,any one of them1 ,i was nearly saying all of them1 could be taught a dog with far greater ease1 and in a shorter time1 than a well-established1 judicious range4 #cjd4 ,it would be quite unreasonable to expect a regular breaker--mark ,i do not say your game-keeper--to teach your dog any of these accomplishments4 ,he may be fully aware of the judiciousness of the system1 and be sensible of its great advantages1 but the many imperious calls upon his time would preclude his pursuing it in all its details4 ,at the usual present prices1 it would not pay him to break in dogs so highly4 #cje4 ,in following ,beckford's advice respecting your making1 as far as is practicable1 your dog your constant companion1 do not1 however1 forget that you require him to evince great diligence and perseverance in the field2 and1 therefore1 that his highest enjoyment must consist in being allowed to hunt4 #cjf4 ,now1 it seems to be a principle of nature1--of canine as well as human nature1--to feel1 through life1 most attachment to that pursuit1 whatever it may be1 which is most followed in youth4 ,if a dog is permitted as a youngster to have the run of the kitchen1 he will be too fond of it when grown up4 ,if he is allowed to amuse himself in every way his fancy dictates1 he will think little of the privilege of hunting4 ,therefore1 the hours he cannot pass with you--after you have commenced his education1--,i am sorry to say it1 but ,i must do so1 he ought to be in his kennel--loose in his kennel1#ea not tied up2 for straining at his collar would throw out his elbows1 and so make him grow up bandy-legged4 ,if1 however1 he must be fastened1 let it be by a chain4 ,he would soon learn to gnaw through a cord1 especially if a young puppy1 who1 from nature1 is constantly using his teeth1 and thus acquire a trick that some day might prove very inconvenient were no chain at hand4 ,you would greatly consult his comfort by having the chain attached1 with a loose ring and swivel1 to a spike fixed a few paces in front of his kennel1 so that he could take some exercise by trotting round and round4 #cjg4 ,when your dog has attained some age1 and hunting has become with him a regular passion1 ,i believe you may give him as much liberty as you please without diminishing his zeal--but most carefully prevent his ever hunting alone1 technically called self-hunting4 ,at that advanced time of life1 too1 a few occasional irregularities in the field may be innocuously permitted4 ,the steadiest dogs will1 at times1 deviate from the usual routine of their business1 sagaciously thinking that such departure from rule must be acceptable if it tends to obtain the game2 and it will be advisable to leave an experienced dog to himself whenever he evinces great perseverance in spontaneously following some unusual plan4 ,you may have seen an old fellow1 instead of cautiously roading and pointing dead1 rush forward and seize an unfortunate winged bird1 while it was making the best use of its legs after the flight of the rest of the covey--some peculiarity in the scent emitted having probably betrayed to the dog's practised nose that the bird was injured4 ,when your pup arrives at such years of discrimination1 you need not so vigorously insist upon a patient down charge should you see a winged cock-pheasant running into cover4 ,your dog's habits of discipline would be1 ,i should hope1 too well confirmed by his previous course of long drill for such a temporary departure from rule to effect any permanent mischief2 but oh6 beware of any such laxity with a young pupil1 however strongly you may be tempted4 ,in five minutes you may wholly undo the labor of a month4 ,on days1 therefore1 when you are anxious1 cote qui cote1 to fill the game-bag1 pray leave him at home4 ,let him acquire any bad habit when you are thus pressed for birds1 and you will have more difficulty in eradicating it than you would have in teaching him almost any accomplishment4 ,this reason made me all along keep steadily in view the supposition1 that you had commenced with a dog unvitiated by evil associates1 either biped or quadruped2 for assuredly you would find it far easier to give a thoroughly good education to such a pupil1 than to complete the tuition 7particularly in his range7 of one usually considered broken1 and who must1 in the natural order of things1 have acquired some habits more or less opposed to your own system4 ,if1 as a puppy1 he had been allowed to self-hunt and chase1 your labor would be herculean4 ,and inevitably this would have been your task had you ever allowed him to associate with any dog who self-hunted4 ,the oldest friend in your kennel might be led astray by forming an intimacy with the veriest cur1 if a self-hunter4 ,there is a fascination in the vice--above all1 in killing young hares and rabbits--that the steadiest dog cannot resist when he has been persuaded to join in the sport by some vagabond of a poacher possessing a tolerable nose1 rendered keenly discerning by experience4 #cjh4 ,i hope that by this time we too well understand each other for you now to wonder why ,i think that you should not commence hunting your young dog where game is abundant4 ,professional breakers prefer such ground1 because1 from getting plenty of points1 it enables them to train their dogs more quickly1 and sufficiently well to ensure an early sale4 ,this is their object1 and they succeed4 ,my object is that you shall establish ultimately great perseverance and a fine range in your young dog1 let birds be ever so scarce4 ,if you show him too many at first1 he will subsequently become easily dispirited whenever he fails in getting a point4 #cji4 ,the good condition of a dog's nose is far from being an immaterial part of his conditioning1 for on the preservation of its sensitiveness chiefly depends your hope of sport4 ,if it be dry from being feverish1 or if it be habituated to the villanous smells of an impure kennel1 how are you to expect it to acknowledge the faintest taint of game--yet one that1 if followed up by olfactory nerves in high order1 would lead to a sure find8 ,sweetness of breath is a strong indication of health4 ,cleanliness is as essential as a judicious diet2 and you may be assured1 that if you look for excellence1 you must always have your youngster's kennel clean1 dry1 airy1 and yet sufficiently warm4 ,the more you attend to this1 the greater will be his bodily strength and the finer his nose4 ,in ,india the kennels are1 of course1 too hot2 but in the best constructed which fell under my observation1 the heat was much mitigated by the roofs being thickly thatched with grass4 ,in ,england1 however1 nearly all kennels--,i am not speaking of those for hounds--are far too cold in winter4 #caj4 ,there must be sufficient warmth4 ,observe how a petted dog1 especially after severe exercise1 lays himself down close to the fire1 and enjoys it4 ,do you not see that instinct teaches him to do this8 and must it not be of great service to him8 ,why1 therefore1 deny him in cold weather1 after a hard day's work1 a place on the hearth-rug8 ,it is the want of sufficient heat in the kennels1 and good drying and brushing after hard work1 that makes sporting dogs1 particularly if they are long-coated ones1 suffer from rheumatism1 blear eyes1 and many ills that generally1 but not necessarily1 attend them in old age4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,twice a day he should be allowed to run out1 that he may not be compelled to adopt habits wholly opposed to his natural propensities4 ,if he has acquired the disagreeable trick of howling when shut up1 put a muzzle on him4 ,,conclusion4 #caa4 ,gentle ,reader1 according to the courteous phraseology of old novels1 though most probably ,i ought to say ,brother ,sportsman2--,if you have had the patience to attend me1 through the preceding pages1 while ,i have been describing the educational course of a dog from almost his infancy1 up to maturity1 ,i will hope that ,i may construe that patience into an evidence that they have afforded you some amusement1 and perhaps1 some useful instruction4 #cab4 ,though ,i may have failed in persuading you to undertake the instruction of your dogs yourself1 yet ,i trust ,i have shown you how they ought to be broken in3 and if you are a novice in the field1 ,i hope ,i have clearly explained to you in what manner they ought to be shot over--a knowledge which no one can possess by intuition1 and which you will find nearly as essential to the preservation of the good qualities of well-tutored dogs as to the education of uninformed ones4 #cac4 ,i believe that all ,i have said is perfectly true1 and1 as the system which ,i have described advocates kind treatment of man's most faithful companion1 and his instruction with mildness rather than severity1 ,i trust that you will be induced to give it a fair trial1 and if you find it successful1 recommend its adoption4 #cad4 ,i dare not ask for the same favor at the hands of the generality of regular trainers--,i have no right to expect such liberality4 ,they1 naturally enough1 will not readily forgive my intruding upon what they consider exclusively their own domain1--and1 above all1 they will not easily pardon my urging every sportsman to break in his own dogs4 ,they will1 ,i know1 endeavor to persuade their employers that the finished education which ,i have described is useless1 or quite unattainable1 without a great sacrifice of time2 and that1 therefore1 the system which ,i advocate is a bad one4 ,they will wish it to be forgotten--that ,i advise a gradual advance1 step by step1 from the ,a1 ,b1 ,c2--that accomplishments have only been recommended after the acquisition of essentials--never at the expense of essentials2 that at any moment it is in the instructor's power to say1 ,i am now satisfied with the extent of my pupil's acquirements1 and have neither leisure nor inclination to teach him more2--and that they cannot suggest quicker means of imparting any grade of education1 however incomplete2 at least they do not--,i wish they would2 few would thank them more than myself4 #cae4 ,greatly vexed at the erroneous way in which ,i saw some dogs instructed in the north by one who from his profession should have known better1 ,i promised1 on the impulse of the moment1 to write4 ,if ,i could have purchased any work which treated the subject in what ,i considered a judicious and perspicuous manner1 and1 above all1 which taught by what means a finished education could be imparted1 ,i would gladly have recommended the study of it1--have spared myself the trouble of detailing the results of my own observations and experience1--and not have sought to impose on any one the task of reading them4 ,when ,i began the book1 and even when ,i had finished it1 ,i intended to put it forth without any token by which the writer might be discovered4 ,mr4 ,murray1 however1 forcibly represented that unless the public had some guarantee for the fidelity of the details there would be no chance of the little work being circulated1 or proving useful2 therefore1 having written solely from a desire to assist my brother sportsmen and to show the injudiciousness of severity1 with a wish that my readers might feel as keen a zest for shooting as ,i once possessed1 and with a charitable hope that they might not be compelled to seek it in as varied climates as was my lot1 ,i at once annexed my address and initials to the manuscript4 ,w4,n4,h4 ,united ,service ,club1 ,pall ,mall4 ,,editor',s ,,note4 ,in section #bii1 page #fdc1 ,col4 ,hutchinson argues against a retrieving ,pointer or ,setter1 pointing a dead bird when ordered find1 and not lifting it until ordered to fetch4 ,this is the single rule of breaking in which ,i wholly differ from the ,colonel2 but here ,i differ so widely1 that ,i would not own a dog which did not point until ordered to fetch2 and ,i consider that one which fetches without pointing1 when simply ordered to find1 is worthless4 ,col4 ,hutchinson argues that there is a difference in the scent of a wounded and an unwounded bird1 which enables a dog certainly to discriminate between the two1 so that he may be trusted to point all the live birds he may meet in the way to find his dead bird1 and yet to rush upon the latter and pick him up without making any pause4 ,on the other hand1 he argues as if there were no difference in the scent of the two1 when he says that if the dog be taught to point until ordered to fetch1 and chance to point a live bird before finding the dead1 he will flush the live bird on being ordered to fetch the dead4 ,i admit that there is a difference of scent at all times to the best nosed dogs1 but very faint1 even to the best1 in bad scenting weather2 but that difference will more easily make the dog refuse to flush a live bird1 if he do point before fetching1 than make him pause to point a live one1 if allowed to rush in upon dead ones4 ,the only rule that will keep a dog always up to his business is1 that he shall always point every game bird or animal he comes upon1 dead or living1 and always drop1 when it runs or rises1 whether a shot be fired or not4 ,i have always shot over dogs broken to point before fetching4 ,i have often been deceived in supposing a fresh bird newly pointed to be the killed one1 but have always found my dogs to hesitate so distinctly1 before obeying the order to fetch1 as to make it evident that ,i was in error1 and allow me to correct it4 ,for the better comprehension of the above admirable treatise on breaking1 ,i wish to add1 for the benefit of the ,american sportsmen1 that1 wherever ,col4 ,hutchinson speaks of the partridge1 it is the ,english bird which he intends1 which1 in its habits1 is closely analogous to our quail2 and that all his precepts as to breaking on partridge hold good precisely for the quail with us4 ,in the same way all his precepts for grouse-shooting apply1 letter for letter1 to our prairie-fowl-shooting2 and his precepts for pheasant-shooting to the hunting and shooting of our ruffed grouse1 called in the northern states the partridge1 and in the southern and western the pheasant4 ,when he speaks of the rabbit as distinct from the hare1 he alludes to a ,european animal which does not exist in ,america1 the original stock of the tame rabbit1 which has the habit of burrowing in the ground and dwelling in great communities1 known as warrens4 ,we have two kinds of hare1 the small one commonly known as the rabbit1 and the large ,canadian hare1 which turns white in winter2 but no genuine rabbit4 ,hutchinson's rules as to breaking1 in regard to the ,english hares and rabbits1 hold good of both our varieties4 ,i will only say farther1 that when he speaks of shooting in turnips or potatoes1 we may apply his rules to any tall-growing vegetable covert1 such as clover1 rag weed1 wild meadow-grass1 or the like1 those crops not being so extensively cultivated with us as to be haunted in general by game4 ,similarly1 when he mentions breaking spaniels to gorse1 we may substitute hollies1 black-brush1 cat-briers1 and any other thorny covert common in any section of the country2 but1 in fact1 no especial breaking is needed with us1 as we have no brake which exactly compares with furze4 ,h4,w4,h4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,abscess1 about the tail1 #bhc1 #bhd4 treatment of1 #bhd in the flap of the ear1 #dbg4 treatment of1 ib4 ,accomplishments or ,refinements-- distinguishing dog whistles1 #fbi4 dog to back the gun1 #fcj4 to head running birds1 #fce4 to hunt without gun1 #fcc4 to retreat and resume point1 #fcb4 regular retrievers to beat1 #fdd4 setter to retrieve1 #fch4 water retriever to fetch cripples1 #fde4 ,action of physic on dogs1 #ajg4 ,acute purgation1 #bfc4 treatment of1 #bfd4 rheumatism1 #bgd4 treatment of1 #bgf4 ,administration of medicine1 #ajf4 ,advice to practitioners1 #hj4 ,affection an incentive1 #efe4 ,after-discharge1 #cid4 ,age for education1 #dgj1 #die1 #ebg4 ,aids to promote labor1 #cgf4 ,assistance1 when to be afforded during pupping1 #cfj4 ,asthma1 #bah4 treatment of1 #bbj4 ,attention1 necessary1 for the sucking bitch1 #djj4 necessary1 to the teeth of the dog1 #ahc4 ,author's cause of writing1 #fec4 ,avoid having a battle with a dog1 #hb4 ,axioms1 #egf1 #fah4 ,b4 ,back1 turned brings dog away1 #eeg4 ,backing1 how taught1 #fad1 #fae4 initiatory lesson in1 #dhh4 the gun1 #fcj4 ,battle1 avoid having one with a dog1 #hb4 ,beagles1 #ba4 ,beat1 a range1 taught1 #ebg1 #ebi1 #ech1 #eda1 #edd4 bad1 hard to cure1 #eha4 ,beat1 good1 difficult but invaluable1 #edh ,herbert's opinion1 #efj4 without gun1 #fcc4 of five or six dogs1 #efb4 of four dogs1 #efa4 of three dogs1 #efj4 of two dogs1 #eeh4 taught following dog1 #edi4 ,beef-tea1 how to make1 #ig4 ,beckon1 why useful signal1 #dhb4 and ,heel differ1 #dhe4 ,bitch1 in use1 #bd4 in pup1 #bf4 ,bells put on dogs1 #dif4 ,best dogs err1 concise hints1 #fbc4 ,bird1 dead1 loss of discourages dog1 #eib dead1 seized and torn by dog1 #eig4 shot on ground steadies dog1 #faj4 shot1 search for1 #egj1 #ehi1 #eia1 #eic1 #eig1 #fda4 shot1 signal heel1 #egc4 winged1 shoot on ground1 #eia4 ,birds1 lie well1 dog winding them1 #edg4 wild1 intercepted1 #fce1 #fcf4 wounded1 scent differs1 #fda4 wounded1 first retrieved1 #fde4 wounded1 make for covey1 #fda4 wounded1 found evening1 #eie4 wounded1 the search for1 #egj4 wounded1 observed by dog1 #eah4 ,black too conspicuous a color1 #ejh4 ,blacksmith shoeing kicker1 #did4 ,blinking dead bird1 #ega4 from punishment1 #faa4 initiatory lessons prevent1 #dga4 ,bones of the dog not rightly placed in the skeleton at the ,london ,veterinary ,college1 #aji4 stones and bricks not good for dogs1 #ahe4 when large1 do not injure dogs1 #ia4 ,boots1 to render waterproof1 #eg4 ,bowel diseases1 #ef1 #bdf4 ,brace of dogs sufficient1 if good1 #acg4 ,breaking of young dogs1 #bi4 ,break in dogs yourself1 #dfd4 ,breaker1 qualifications required1 #dff4 one better than two1 #dgj4 ,breaker1 hunt too many1 #dge1 #fbj4 idle1 dislike bold dogs1 #eed4 ,breaking fence prevented1 #eef4 ,breeding in-and-in bad1 #egi4 ,breeding1 #ae1 #ba1 #be4 ,bronchocele1 #adh4 treatment of1 #aii4 ,bruises1 remedy for1 #ee4 ,bull-dogs1 remarks upon1 #djb4 ,c4 ,cancer of the scrotum1 #cai4 of the teats1 #djh4 of the vagina1 #cdd4 ,canker1 within and without the ear1 #ec1 #ed1 #dai4 causes1 ib4 external1 #dba4 treatment of1 #dbc4 internal1 #dbd4 former accounts of1 ib4 treatment of1 #dbc4 of the mouth1 #ahi4 treatment of1 #aij4 ,capped hock or elbow1 #deb4 treatment for1 #dec4 ,care1 necessary for the pups1 #cgh4 required after pupping1 #cia4 signal for1 #dhd4 ,carrots for horses1 #dfi4 ,carrying1 how taught1 #eaj4 ,carts1 dog1 #ddb4 ,cases1 details of various1 #fa ,castor oil1 #aaf4 ,castration1 #cbc4 ,cataract1 #dbi4 causes of1 #dcj4 ,catheter1 passing of the1 #cbi1 #cgg4 ,caution1 taught to fast dogs1 #eaf1 #eeb4 in excess1 #ehc4 cure for1 #ehd4 ,cautious and wild dog contrasted1 #eea4 dog rarely too fast1 #eea4 ,chain better than cord1 #fdg4 ,check cord1 #dhi1 #dij1 #eha1 #ehh4 spike to1 #dgf1 #ehj1 #fji4 ,chemists to be avoided as doctors for dogs1 #aif4 ,choice of a male1 #cdg4 ,chronic diarrhoea1 #bfe4 treatment of1 #bff4 ,chronic hepatitis1 #bba4 symptoms of1 #bbb4 treatment of1 #bbe4 ,circle wide when heading dog1 #efi4 ,claws1 #dcg4 to cut1 #dch4 dew1 #dcg4 falling off of the1 #dci4 sinuses up the1 #ddj4 ,clean1 to1 the dog's teeth1 #ahf4 ,clumber spaniels1 #ejb4 ,cock shooting1 #dhb4 ,cocker1 the1 #bj4 ,cold or coriza1 #bji4 ,colic1 #beb4 symptoms of1 #beh4 treatment of1 #bee4 ,collar and chain1 #ajb4 a light one on dog1 #efe4 ,colors for concealment1 #ejh4 ,commands1 given in a low tone1 #dgc4 understood before seeing game1 #dga4 ,comb and brush1 #aja4 ,companion1 dog to be yours1 #dgc4 initiatory lessons with1 #dhg1 #dhh4 ,condition1 #db4 ,confidence of the dog1 how to gain1 #hb4 ,consistency necessary1 #dff1 #egh4 ,coolness recommended1 #egh4 ,costiveness1 #bdg4 treatment of1 #bej4 ,cough1 #bjb4 treatment of1 #bjc4 ,couple to older dog1 #dgi4 ,couples1 accustomed to1 #dhg4 ,courage1 created1 #ecj1 #fad4 ,covert1 pointers in1 #ejf4 ,cripples1 first retrieved1 #fde4 ,crochet1 #chd4 ,d4 ,danger of domestic remedies1 #gg4 ,dead bird1 blinking of1 #ega4 lifted by you1 error of1 #eaa4 loss of1 discourages dog1 #eib4 rushing into1 #eig1 #fbb4 search for1 #fbf1 #fdg1 #fdi4 search for1 with two dogs1 #fda4 the first killed1 #efi4 to be pointed1 #ega4 but not by retrieving pointer1 c41 #fdc4 torn by dog1 #eig4 ,dead1 initiatory lesson in1 #dgc1 #dhj4 ,death of unborn pups1 sign of1 #chc4 ,dew-claws1 #dcg4 ,diarrhoea1 #bfa4 ,digestive discharge1 #cac4 symptoms of1 #cad4 treatment of1 #caf4 ,diseases dependent on internal organs1 #bdj4 of the limbs1 #dcg4 ,distance1 between parallels1 #edf4 dog's knowledge of1 #ehb4 ,distemper1 #df1 #eh1 #abj4 brain not subject to disease in1 #ach4 chorea in1 #ade4 disposition of dogs to gnaw their bodies in1 #adc4 dogs may have the 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dogs have most1 #dhi1 #eca4 ,enlargement of the testicle1 #cce4 treatment of1 ib4 ,enteritis1 #beg4 symptoms of1 #beh4 treatment of1 #bei4 ,ergot of rye not a good uterine excitant to the bitch1 #cfe4 ,examination of a dog1 how to conduct1 #ha4 ,example1 advantageous1 #fae4 especially to spaniels1 #die4 yours1 has influence1 #efi1 #fbb4 ,exercise1 #db1 #ij4 on the road1 #dic4 ,experiments1 #ajh4 ,external canker1 #dba4 treatment of1 #dbc4 ,eye1 the1 #dbi4 films over1 #ef4 ejection of1 #dce4 treatment for1 #dcf4 ,f4 ,falling off of the claw1 #dci4 of the vagina1 #djb4 ,fastest dogs not beating most1 #ejb4 walkers not beating most1 #efd4 ,fasting1 initiatory lessons in1 #dfi4 ,fatigued1 dog not hunted when1 #eeg4 ,faults1 punishment expected for1 #fad4 ,feeding time1 lessons at1 #dgi4 pistol fired at1 #dgh4 ,feet1 #ec4 ailments of1 #dcg-ddc4 of partridges given to dogs1 #fdb4 ,fence1 not to be broken1 #eef4 ware fence1 initiatory lesson in1 #dhf4 ,fetching1 evil of not1 #fch4 lessons in1 #eaj1 #eab4 ,fevers1 bilious1 #ee4 ,fields1 largest beat1 #eci4 ,films over the eyes1 #ef4 ,find1 initiatory lessons1 #dhj1 #dha4 ,finder not to advance1 #fag4 ,finder retrieves1 #fda4 ,fire1 dog to bask before1 #eeh4 ,first good point1 #efh4 bird killed1 #efi4 ,fits in the dog1 #ee1 #bie4 sucking1 #cif4 what to do when they occur1 #bif4 treatment of1 #big4 ,flap of the ear1 abscess in1 #dbg4 treatment of1 ib4 ,flapper shooting1 #fdg4 ,fleas1 remedy for1 #ef4 ,flogging1 how administered1 #eih4 reprobated1 #dfh1 #faa4 ,flown1 initiatory lesson1 #dhf4 real1 #fjc4 ,fluids1 to give1 #aah4 ,food for a diseased dog1 #if4 proper for dogs1 #dj1 #ij4 ,foot-sore1 #ec1 #ddj4 ,footing a scent1 #dhg1 #eaa1 #eha4 ,forceps ought not to be used during parturition1 #cga4 ,form desirable in a bitch for breeding1 #cdi4 ,forward initiatory lesson1 #dha4 ,foul1 #bci4 ,fowls1 killing of1 the cure1 #fbg4 ,fractures1 #ddd4 treatment for1 #ddf4 ,fungoid tumours1 #cdj4 ,g4 ,gain1 to1 the confidence of a dog1 #hb4 ,game book1 form of1 #fh4 lies too close in turnips1 #eea4 not shown too soon to dog1 #dga1 #ehh4 spring toward gun1 #dif1 #ejh4 ,gastritis1 #bcc4 what dogs most liable to1 #bcd4 treatment of1 #bcf4 ,generative organs1 female1 #ccg4 male1 #cac4 ,give1 to1 solids1 #aaa4 fluids #aac4 ,glans1 swelling of1 #cbg4 ,gone1 initiatory lesson1 #dhf4 real1 #fjc4 ,gorse1 spaniels to be habituated to1 #die4 ,greyhounds1 food for1 in training1 #ef4 ,growths1 morbid1 in the bitch1 #cch4 ,gun1 dog to back the1 #fcj4 first over fence1 not dog1 #eef4 game flushed toward the1 #dif1 #ejh1 #fjc4 ,guns1 a few words on1 #da4 to preserve the barrels from rust of salt water1 #eg4 water-proofing for the locks1 #eh4 ,gutta ,serena1 #dca4 causes1 ib4 ,h4 ,hmaturia1 #cbf4 ,hand1 bird delivered into1 #eaa4 ,hand1 rewards taken from1 #dgh4 ,hare1 chase of1 checked1 #fjg1 #fjh4 heavy1 tempts dog to drop1 #eai4 killed in form1 steadies dog1 #faj4 scent of strong1 #fjg4 shooting of condemned1 #fjd4 wounded1 dog 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points1 #fch4 ,pointing1 dog not soon1 #ebh1 #ehj1 #ehi4 dog when not to down1 #fah4 origin of1 #dgf4 ,poisoning1 what to do in case of1 #ee4 ,polypus1 #cda4 how to recognise1 #cdb4 ,pot-hunting sportsmen ruin dogs1 #fba4 ,preparatory lessons1 important1 #dfi1 #dga1 #ebi1 #ebb1 #efc4 ,presentations1 false1 rare in the bitch1 #cge4 ,pretenders are numerous in the cure of canine diseases1 #gf4 ,protrusion of the rectum1 #bhg4 treatment of1 ib4 ,punishment avoided by lessons1 #dga4 causes blinking1 #faa4 decreases1 whip carried1 #faa4 not shunned by dogs1 #fad4 how administered1 #eih4 making dogs too stanch1 #ehc4 not inflicted on suspicion1 #fja4 ,punishment1 reprobated1 #dfh1 #faa4 ,pupping1 #cdf4 ,pups1 when they may be felt in the mother1 #cef4 when broken difficult to bring away1 #cgi4 feeding and weaning1 #bg1 #cig4 ,purchasers of dogs1 hints to1 #ecf4 ,purgation1 acute1 #bfc4 treatment of1 #bfd4 ,purgatives1 #ec1 #aae4 ,puzzle-peg saved by the word up1 #dhd4 ,puzzling with nose to ground1 #edg4 ,q4 ,quail1 large in ,canada1 #egh4 ,qualities expected in good dog1 #dfh4 ,quarter ground1 see ,beat4 ,quartering1 how taught1 #cc4 ,r4 ,rabbit-shooting reprobated1 #fjd4 ,rabies1 #bii4 ,range1 see ,beat4 ,ranging1 how taught1 #cj4 ,receipts1 various1 #ej4 ,see the names of diseases for which remedies are sought4 ,rectum1 #bgh4 protrusion of1 #bhg4 treatment of1 ib4 ,refinements1 see ,accomplishments4 ,regularity essential in the feeding of dogs1 #id4 ,relays desirable1 not a pack1 #efc4 ,remedies1 domestic1 the danger of1 #gg4 ,requisites in a dog1 #dfg4 in a breaker1 #dff4 ,respiratory organs1 #bjj4 ,retention of urine1 #cbh4 ,retriever1 the1 #ba4 bit for one that mouths1 #eba4 evil of assisting1 #eai4 footing scent1 lesson in1 #eag4 for water1 qualities in1 #ejh4 made whipper in1 #dib4 observes struck bird1 #eah4 to down charge1 or not1 #eba4 ,retrievers1 shape1 c4 of1 #ebc4 to beat1 #fdd4 to fetch1 taught1 #ead4 to pursue faster1 #eba4 water1 to fetch cripples first1 #fde4 how fed1 #ebd4 ,retrieving1 not taught first season1 #fdj4 pointers or setters not to point dead1 #fdc1 #fed4 setters not pointers1 #fci4 ,rewards always given1 #dgh1 #dha4 ,rheumatism1 #bgd4 acute1 ib4 treatment of1 #bgf4 ,rice1 wild lakes1 duck-shooting in #eji4 ,right1 the signal to go toward1 #dhb4 hand for toho and drop1 #dgf4 signals more than left1 #ecf4 ,rounding dogs' ears1 #dbb4 ,rope to dog1 #fdg4 ,running bird1 firing at1 #eij4 ,rushing in to dead cured1 #fbb4 ,s4 ,saint ,vitus's dance1 #bdj4 symptoms of1 #bda4 treatment of1 #bdb4 ,scent bad in calm or gale1 #edj4 differently recognized by pointers or setters1 #eda4 of birds not left for hare1 #fjg4 footing1 an initiatory lesson in1 #dhe4 of wounded and unwounded birds differs1 #fda4 ,scrotum1 cancer of the1 #cai4 ,search1 dead1 #egj4 with two dogs1 #fda4 for wounded bird to leeward1 #ehi4 to windward1 #eia4 ,seeking dead1 how taught1 #eic4 ,self-hunting1 prevent1 #fdg4 ,servant useful in the field1 #ehj4 ,seton1 to make a1 #ed4 ,setter1 the1 #ah1 #be1 #bh4 the ,russian1 #aj4 to retrieve1 #fch4 ,setters crouch more than pointers1 #dge4 for covert shooting1 #ejf4 points in1 #fci4 ,shoes1 to render waterproof1 #eg4 ,shooting excellence in breaker1 not necessary1 #dfe4 ,shot-belt on spaniels and setters1 #dif1 #fjb4 ,shy birds to be intercepted1 #ehb1 #fce1 #fcf4 ,sight1 dog not to be out of1 #fbe4 ,sign when parturition is concluded1 #cij4 ,silence enjoined1 #dfg1 #eci4 ,simple ophthalmia1 #dcb4 symptoms of1 ib4 treatment for1 #dcc4 ,single-handed1 shot to1 #fbc4 ,sinuses up the claws1 #ddj4 ,skin diseases1 #daj4 ,slow dog associate for young one1 #fae4 hunting more than fast one1 #efd4 ,snake1 bite of a1 #eg4 ,snipes1 three lifted in succession1 #fdb4 ,snoring1 #bjg4 ,snorting1 ib4 ,spaniel1 #bj4 ,spaniels1 age when shown game1 #die4 hunted in gorse1 ib4 mute preferred1 #ejd4 numbers for a team1 #ejj1 #ejh4 ,spaniels1 requisites in1 #dih4 shot-belt on wildest1 #did4 that pointed1 #dih4 water1 how broken in1 #ejh4 ,spike-collar1 #ehf4 fastened to check-cord1 #ehj1 #fji4 ,sportsmen to break dogs1 #dfd4 ,spring1 dogs broken in1 #ecg4 ,springing the other birds after pointing one1 #ege4 ,staggers1 #ee4 ,stanch1 made too by heading1 #ehc4 ,stone1 error of retrieving with1 #eab4 in the bladder1 #cbe4 ,stoppage1 #bfh4 ,strain1 remedy for1 #ed4 ,strangulation1 #bfg4 ,substances fit for sick dogs1 #if4 ,summary imparted by lessons1 #ecb4 ,swelling of the glans1 #cbg4 ,t4 ,tape1 to make a muzzle of1 for operations1 #dbh4 ,tapes1 their use objected to when giving medicine1 #aad4 ,teats1 swelling1 #ef4 cancer of the1 #djh4 ,teeth of the dog are hurt by luxuries1 #ahb4 to clean the dog's1 #ahh4 nipping off the1 #aic4 ,temperament of the dog1 #gi4 ,temper1 hereditary1 #ebe4 in breaker necessary1 #dff4 ,temporary teeth1 how to extract them1 #ahd4 ,testicle1 the absence of1 #ccc4 enlargement of1 #cce4 treatment of1 ib4 ,thorns1 to extract1 #ea4 ,time proper for putting to the dog1 #cee4 given determines education1 #dfc4 saved by initiatory lessons1 #dhh4 ,timidity cured1 #ecj1 #fab1 #fac4 ,toho1 first good one in the field1 #efh4 initiatory lessons in1 #dgc1 #dgd1 #dgf4 ,tongue1 paralysis1 #aic4 injuries to1 #aie4 treatment of1 ib4 ,tooth-brush1 #ahh ,to tell when the bitch is in pup1 #ceg4 ,tranquillity1 how to ascertain when the dog has recovered it1 #hc4 ,tumours1 fungoid1 #cdj4 ,turning back brings dog away1 #egg4 ,two dogs1 beat of1 #eeh1 #eei4 ,u4 ,up1 signal for1 initiatory lesson1 #dhd4 ,uterus1 dropsy of1 #cde4 form of the1 #cgb4 ,v4 ,vagina1 cancer of the1 #cdd4 falling of the1 #djb4 ,vermin1 #ajd4 ,w4 ,walkers1 fastest1 not beating most1 #efd4 ,ware not so good a word as ,no1 #dhg4 ,warmth necessary for dog1 #cah4 ,water-brash1 #bca4 spaniels1 #ejg4 retrievers1 how broken1 #ejh4 observe struck bird1 #eah4 qualities in1 #ejh4 dog taught to plunge in1 #eab4 ,whip carried saves punishment1 #faa4 to crack loudly1 #edh4 ,whistle1 low1 #dgc1 #fcj4 dissimilar notes on one1 #fbi4 distinguishing for each dog1 #fbh4 inattentive to1 how to punish1 #edh4 initiatory lesson in1 #dgc4 ,whistling1 to animate1 injudicious1 #dff1 #eci4 ,white too conspicuous a color1 #ejh4 ,wild birds intercepted1 #ehb1 #fce1 #fcf4 ,wild dog compared with cautious1 #eea4 dogs turning out best1 #eec4 ,wild fowl1 wounded1 retrieved first1 #fde reconnoitred with glass1 #ejh4 ,winged birds1 see ,bird winged4 ,womb1 shape of1 #cgb inversion of1 #djd4 treatment for1 #dje ,worming1 #aib4 ,worms1 #ea4 ,wounds1 #ec4 ,wounded birds1 see ,bird wounded4 ,y4 ,youth1 game followed in1 liked1 #dih4 occupation followed in1 liked #fdg4 ,transcriber's notes ,the following typographical errors have been corrected as noted below4 ,page #eg headed corrected to healed ,page #ff ,rhubard corrected to ,rhubarb ,page #hg membrance corrected to membrane ,page #ij greese corrected to grease ,page #bdc vonica corrected to vomica ,page #cid pleaseed corrected to pleased ,page #deg ,,shooitng corrected to ,,shooting ,page #feh ,crotchet corrected to ,crochet ,page #ffj ,hane corrected to ,hand ,errors in ,table of contents and ,list of ,illustration descriptions have not been corrected4