file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #cbbea-;h4htm or #cbbea-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#cbbea_/pg#cbbea-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#cb bea_/cbbea-;h4zip7 ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the original 7bold74 ,,applied ,,physiology ,including the ,effects of ,alcohol and ,narcotics by ,,frank ,,overton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,late ,house ,surgeon to the ,city ,hospital1 ,new ,york ,primary ,grade ,new ,york ,cincinnati ,chicago ,american ,book ,company ,copyright1 #ahih1 #aiaj1 by ,frank ,overton ,,ov4 ,,physiol4 7,,prim47 ,e-,p #db ,,preface ,this primary text-book of applied physiology follows a natural order of treatment4 ,in each subject elementary anatomical facts are presented in a manner which impresses function rather than form1 and from the form described derives the function4 ,the facts and principles are then applied to everyday life4 ,anatomy and pure physiology make clear and fix hygienic points1 while applied physiology lends interest to the otherwise dry facts of physiology and anatomy4 ,from the great range of the science there are included only those subjects which are directly concerned in the growth and development of children4 ,the value of a primary book depends largely upon the language used4 ,in bringing the truths within the comprehension of children1 the author has made sparing use of the complex sentence4 ,he has made the sentences short and simple in form1 and logical in arrangement4 ,a child grasps new ideas mainly as they appeal directly to the senses4 ,for this reason1 physiological demonstrations are indispensable4 ,subjects for demonstrations are not given1 because they cannot be performed by the children2 but the teacher should make free use of the series given in the author's advanced physiology4 ,cuts and diagrams are inserted where they are needed to explain the text4 ,they are taken from the author's ,applied ,physiology1 ,intermediate ,grade4 ,each was chosen1 not for artistic effect1 but because of its fitness to illustrate a point4 ,most of the cuts are adapted for reproduction on the blackboard4 ,the effects of alcohol and other narcotics are treated with special fulness4 ,the subject is given a fair and judicial discussion1 and those conclusions are presented which are universally accepted by the medical profession4 ,but while this most important form of intemperance is singled out1 it should be remembered that the breaking of any of nature's laws is also a form of intemperance1 and that the whole study of applied physiology is to encourage a more healthy and a more noble and self-denying mode of life4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,cells #g ,,ii4 ,,of ,,what ,,cells ,,are ,,made #aj ,,iii4 ,,digestion ,,of ,,food ,,in ,,the ,,mouth #ac ,,iv4 ,,digestion ,,of ,,food ,,in ,,the ,,stomach #ag ,v4 ,,foods #bc ,,vi4 ,,tobacco #ca ,,vii4 ,,fermentation #cg ,,viii4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,strong ,,drink #db ,,ix4 ,,the ,,blood #di ,x4 ,,breathing1 ,,heat1 ,,and ,,clothing #ei ,,xi4 ,,the ,,skin ,,and ,,kidneys #ge ,,xii4 ,,the ,,nerves1 ,,spinal ,,cord1 ,,and ,,brain #hd ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,senses #ajj ,,xiv4 ,,bones ,,and ,,joints #aji ,,xv4 ,,muscles #aae ,,xvi4 ,,disease ,,germs #abc ,,xvii4 ,,preventing ,,sickness #acb ,,index #aci ,,applied ,,physiology ,,chapter ,i ,,cells ,our body is made of many parts4 ,its head thinks4 ,its legs carry it1 and its arms and hands take hold of things4 ,the leg cannot do the work of the arm1 nor the head do the work of the hand2 but each part does only its own work4 #a4 ,the simplest animal4--,some animals have parts like a man's2 but these parts are fewer4 ,no animal has arms or hands like a man4 ,a fish has little fins in place of legs and arms1 while a worm has not even a head1 but only a body1 and yet it moves4 ,an oyster has only a body and cannot move4 ,the simplest of all animals is very small4 ,a thousand of them would not reach an inch4 ,yet each is a complete animal4 ,it is called the ameba4 ,it is only a lump of jelly4 ,it can put out any part of its body like an arm and take a lump of food4 ,this same arm can eat the food1 too4 ,it can also put out any part of its body like a leg and move by rolling the rest of its body into the leg4 ,it can do some things better than a man can do them1 for any part of its body can do all kinds of work4 ,so the ameba grows and moves and does as it likes4 ,illustration3 ,different forms of an ameba 7#djj74 ,illustration3 ,cells from the human body 7#bjj74 a ,a colored cell from the eye4 b ,a white blood cell4 c ,a connective tissue cell4 d ,a cell from the lining of the mouth4 e ,liver cells4 f ,a muscle cell from the intestine4 #b4 ,cells4--,a man's finger moves and grows something like a separate animal1 but it must keep with the rest of the body4 ,a little piece of a finger moves and grows1 too4 ,if you should look at a finger1 or any other part of your body1 through a microscope1 you would see that it is composed of little lumps of jelly4 ,each little lump looks like an ameba4 ,we call each lump a cell4 ,the cells make up the finger4 #c4 ,what cells do4--,each cell acts much as an ameba does4 ,from the blood it gets food and air and takes them in through any part of its body4 ,it also grows and moves4 ,but the cells are not free to do as they wish1 for they are all tied together in armies by very fine strings4 ,we call these strings connective tissue4 ,one army of cells makes the skin1 and other armies make the bones and flesh4 ,some armies make the fingers1 and some the legs4 ,every part of our body is made up of armies of separate cells4 #d4 ,the mind4--,the body is a home for the mind4 ,the cells obey the mind4 ,the mind pays the cells by feeding them and taking good care of them4 ,when an army of cells is hurt1 the body feels sick1 and then the mind tells the whole body to rest until the cells are well again4 ,when we study about a man's body1 we learn about the separate cells in his body4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,our body is made up of many small parts4 #b4 ,the smallest parts are each like a little animal1 and are called cells4 #c4 ,each cell eats and grows4 #d4 ,one army of cells makes a finger and another a leg1 and so on through the body4 #e4 ,the mind lives in the body4 #f4 ,the mind takes care of the cells4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,of ,,what ,,cells ,,are ,,made ,the cells of our body are made of five common things4 ,you would know all these things if you should see them4 #e4 ,water4--,the first thing in the cells is water4 ,water is everywhere in the body4 ,even the teeth have water4 ,most of our flesh is water4 ,without water we should soon shrink up4 ,our flesh would be stiff like bone and no one could live4 ,illustration3 ,the body is made of these five things4 ,illustration3 ,fat tissue 7#ajj74 ,the liquid fat is stored in living pockets4 #f4 ,albumin4--,second1 next to water1 something like the white of an egg makes the most of the body4 ,the white of an egg is albumin4 ,when dried it is like gelatine or glue4 ,albumin makes the most of the solid part of each cell4 ,lean meat and cheese are nearly all albumin4 ,when it is heated it becomes harder and turns white4 ,the word albumin means white4 ,dry albumin is hard and tough1 but in the living cells it is dissolved in water and is soft like meat4 ,it is the only living substance in the body1 and it alone gives it strength4 #g4 ,fat4--,third1 next to albumin1 the most of the body is fat4 ,fat does not grow inside the cells of the body1 but it fills little pockets between the cells4 ,fat does not give strength4 ,it makes the body round and handsome4 ,it also makes the cells warm and keeps them from getting hurt4 #h4 ,sugar4--,fourth1 sugar also is found in the body4 ,sugar is made out of starch4 ,when we eat starch it changes to sugar4 ,starch and sugar are much alike4 ,we eat a great deal of starch and sugar1 but they are soon used in warming the body4 ,only a little is in the body at once4 #i4 ,minerals4--,fifth1 there are also some minerals in the body4 ,when flesh is burned they are left as ashes4 ,salt1 lime1 iron1 soda1 and potash are all found in the body4 ,illustration3 ,starch grains 7#djj74 a1 of potato4 b1 of corn4 ,everything in the body is either water1 albumin1 fat1 sugar1 or minerals4 ,these things are also our food4 ,we eat them mixed together in bread1 meat1 eggs1 milk1 and other foods4 #aj4 ,life4--,our food is not alive1 but after we eat it the body makes it alive4 ,we do not know how it does it4 ,when the body dies we cannot put life into it again4 ,there is life in each cell4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,the body is made of five things3 water1 albumin1 fat1 sugar1 and minerals4 #b4 ,water is mixed with all parts of the body4 #c4 ,albumin makes the living part of each cell4 #d4 ,fat is in pockets between the cells4 ,it warms the cells and keeps them from being hurt4 #e4 ,sugar is made from starch4 ,it warms the body4 #f4 ,the minerals in the body are salt1 lime1 iron1 soda1 and potash4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,digestion ,,of ,,food ,,in ,,the ,,mouth #aa4 ,food of the cells4--,all the cells of the body work and wear out4 ,they must eat and keep growing4 ,the food of the cells is the blood4 ,water1 albumin1 fat1 sugar1 and minerals are in the blood4 ,the cells eat these things and grow4 ,all food must be one or more of these five things4 ,before they reach the blood1 they must all be changed to a liquid4 ,a few cells of the body are set aside to do this work of changing them4 ,changing food into blood is digestion4 #ab4 ,cooking4--,cooking begins digestion4 ,it softens and dissolves food4 ,it makes food taste better4 ,most food is unfit for use until it is cooked4 ,poor cooking often makes food still worse for use4 ,food should always be soft and taste good after cooking4 ,softening food by cooking saves the mouth and stomach a great deal of work4 ,the good taste of the food makes it pleasant for them to digest it4 ,we must cut our food into small pieces before we eat it4 ,if we eat only a small piece at a time we shall not eat too fast4 ,if we cut our food fine we can find any bones and other hard things1 and can keep them from getting inside the body4 #ac4 ,chewing4--,digestion goes on in the mouth4 ,the mouth does three things to food4 ,first1 it mixes and grinds it between the teeth4 ,second1 it pours water over the food through fine tubes4 ,the water of the mouth is called the saliva4 ,the saliva makes the food a thin paste4 ,third1 the saliva changes some of the starch to sugar4 ,starch must be all changed to sugar before it can feed the cells4 #ad4 ,too fast eating4--,some boys fill their mouths with food4 ,then they cannot chew their food and cannot mix saliva with it4 ,they swallow their food whole1 and then their stomachs have to grind it4 ,the saliva cannot mix with the food and so it is too dry in the stomach4 ,then their stomachs ache1 and they are sick4 ,eating too fast and too much makes children sick oftener than anything else4 ,birds swallow their food whole1 for they have no teeth4 ,instead1 a strong gizzard inside grinds the food4 ,we have no gizzards1 and so we must grind our food with our teeth4 #ae4 ,teeth4--,we have two kinds of teeth4 ,the front teeth are sharp and cut the food2 the back teeth are flat and rough and grind it4 ,if you bite nuts or other hard things you may break off a little piece of a tooth4 ,then the tooth may decay and ache4 ,after you eat1 some food will sometimes stick to the teeth4 ,then it may decay and make your breath smell bad4 ,after each meal always pick the teeth with a wooden toothpick4 ,your teeth will also get dirty and become stained unless you clean them4 ,always brush your teeth with water every morning4 ,this will also keep them from decaying4 ,illustration3 ,digestive organs of a bird4 a esophagus or swallowing tube4 b crop or bag for carrying food4 c stomach4 d intestine4 e gizzard or food grinder4 #af4 ,swallowing4--,when food has been chewed and mixed with saliva until it is a paste1 it is ready to be swallowed4 ,the tongue pushes the food into a bag just back of the mouth4 ,we call the bag the pharynx4 ,then the pharynx squeezes it down a long tube and into the stomach4 ,the nose and windpipe also open into this bag1 but both are closed by little doors while we swallow4 ,we cannot breathe while we swallow4 ,if the doors are not shut tightly1 some food gets into the windpipe and chokes us4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,we eat to feed the cells of the body4 #b4 ,all food must be made into blood4 #c4 ,changing food to blood is digestion4 #d4 ,cooking softens food and makes it taste good4 #e4 ,food is ground fine in the mouth1 and mixed with saliva to form a paste4 ,some of its starch is changed to sugar4 #f4 ,if food is only half chewed the stomach has to grind it4 #g4 ,when we swallow1 the tongue pushes the food into a bag back of the mouth and the bag squeezes it down a long tube to the stomach4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,digestion ,,in ,,the ,,stomach #ag4 ,the stomach4--,when food is swallowed it goes to the stomach4 ,the stomach is a thin bag4 ,in a man it holds about three pints4 ,like the mouth1 it does three things to the food4 ,illustration3 ,gastric glands in the stomach 7#bjj74 ,the cells a and b1 form the juice4 ,the fibers c1 bind the tubes in place4 ,first1 the stomach gently stirs and mixes the food4 ,second1 it pours a fluid over the food4 ,this fluid is called the gastric juice4 ,the gastric juice is sour and bitter4 ,third1 the gastric juice changes some of the albumin of food to a liquid form4 ,if the mouth has done its work well1 the stomach does its work easily and we do not know it4 ,but if the mouth has eaten food too fast and has not chewed it well1 then the stomach must do the work of the mouth too4 ,in that case it gets tired and aches4 #ah4 ,the intestine4--,the food stays in the stomach only a little while4 ,all the time a little keeps trickling into a long coil of tube4 ,this tube is called the intestine or the bowels4 ,three or four hours after a hearty meal the stomach is empty4 ,some of the food has been changed to a liquid1 but most of it has only been ground to smaller pieces1 and mixed with a great deal of water4 ,now it all must be changed to a liquid4 #ai4 ,what the intestine does4--,like the mouth and stomach1 the intestine does three things4 ,first1 it mixes the food and makes it pass down the tube4 ,second1 two sets of cells behind the stomach make two liquids and pour them into the intestine4 ,one set of cells is the sweetbread1 or pancreas1 and its liquid is the pancreatic juice4 ,the other is the liver and its fluid is the bile4 ,third1 the pancreatic juice makes three changes in food4 ,first1 like the mouth1 it changes starch to sugar4 ,second1 like the stomach1 it makes albumin a liquid4 ,third1 it divides fat into fine drops4 ,these drops then mix with water and do not float on its top4 #bj4 ,bile4--,the bile is yellow and bitter4 ,it helps the pancreatic juice do its work4 ,it also helps to keep the inside of the intestine clean4 #ba4 ,digestion of water and minerals4--,water and the mineral parts of food do not need to be changed at all1 but can become part of the blood just as they are4 ,seeds and husks and tough strings of flesh all pass the length of the intestine and are not changed4 #bb4 ,how food gets into the blood4--,by the time food is half way down the intestine it is mostly liquid and ready to become part of the blood4 ,this liquid soaks through the sides of the intestine and into the blood tubes4 ,at last the food reaches the end of the intestine4 ,most of its liquid has then soaked into the blood tubes and only some solid waste is left4 #bc4 ,work of the liver4--,the food is now in the blood1 but has not become a part of it4 ,it is carried to the liver4 ,there the liver changes the food to good blood1 and then the blood hurries on and feeds the cells of the body4 ,spoiled food may be swallowed and taken into the blood with the good food4 ,the liver takes out the poisons and sends them back again with the bile4 ,the liver keeps us from getting poisoned4 #bd4 ,bad food4--,sometimes the stomach and intestine cannot digest the food4 ,they cannot digest green apples1 but they try hard to do so4 ,they stir the apples faster and faster until there is a great pain4 ,sometimes the stomach throws up the food and then the pain and sickness stop4 ,spoiled food makes us sick in the same way4 #be4 ,too fast eating4--,when the food stays too long in the stomach or intestine it sours1 or decays1 just as it does outside of the body4 ,this makes us very sick4 ,when we eat too much1 or when we do not chew the food to small pieces1 the stomach may be a long time in digesting the food4 ,then it may become sour and make us sick4 #bf4 ,biliousness4--,when the food is poor or becomes sour1 it is poorly digested4 ,then the liver has more work to do1 and does not change the food to blood as it should4 ,it also lets some of the sour poisons pass by it4 ,these poison the whole body and make the head ache4 ,we call this biliousness4 ,the tongue is then covered with a white or yellow coat and the mouth tastes bad4 ,these are signs of sickness4 ,the stomach and liver are out of order4 #bg4 ,rules for eating4--,if we eat as we should1 our stomach will digest its food4 ,we must follow three rules4 ,first1 we must chew the food in the mouth until all the lumps are fine4 ,then the food will be ready for the stomach4 ,second1 we must eat slowly4 ,if we eat fast we cannot chew the food well4 ,the stomach cannot take care of food if it comes too fast4 ,we must swallow all of one mouthful before we put another into the mouth4 ,third1 we must eat only at meal times4 ,the stomach needs a rest4 ,even a little candy1 or apples1 or nuts will keep the stomach at work1 and tire it out4 ,a child needs to eat more often than his father4 ,so1 besides his meals1 he should have something to eat in the middle of the morning and some more in the afternoon4 ,but he should not be eating at all hours4 ,he ought not to eat little bits just before dinner1 for that spoils his meal4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,the stomach and intestine stir and rub the food1 and mix it with juices4 #b4 ,the juices change albumin to a liquid1 and starch to sugar4 ,they also change fat to the form of tiny drops4 #c4 ,the digested food soaks through the sides of the intestine into the blood tubes4 #d4 ,the blood carries the food to the liver4 #e4 ,the liver changes food to blood4 #f4 ,blood goes to all parts of the body and feeds the cells4 #g4 ,the liver keeps poisons from getting into the blood4 #h4 ,water and minerals become a part of the blood without being digested4 #i4 ,when food is not well digested1 the liver cannot make it into good blood4 ,this makes us bilious4 #aj4 ,if food is not soon digested it sours and decays4 ,this makes us sick4 #aa4 ,we can make food digest quickly by chewing it well and eating slowly4 ,,chapter ,v ,,foods #bh4 ,kinds of food4--,the cells of the body need water1 albumin1 fat1 sugar1 and minerals for food4 ,we sometimes eat sugar alone1 and we drink pure water4 ,but most of our food is a mixture of all five kinds of food4 ,food comes from animals and plants4 #bi4 ,milk4--,milk is the best food known4 ,it contains just enough water1 albumin1 fat1 sugar1 and minerals4 ,babies and young mammals live on milk alone4 ,a man can live upon four quarts of milk a day4 ,in sickness1 milk is the very best food for men1 as well as for babies4 ,the albumin of milk becomes hard when the milk sours4 ,this makes cheese4 ,the fat of milk rises to the top4 ,we call it cream4 ,when cream is churned1 the pure fat comes together in a lump4 ,pure fat of milk is called butter4 ,cheese and butter are both good foods4 #cj4 ,eggs4--,eggs are also good food4 ,the white of an egg is almost pure albumin4 ,the yolk is albumin and fat4 ,eggs have no starch or sugar4 ,they are not a perfect food1 for some sugar must be eaten4 ,but they can be quickly digested and they produce a great deal of strength4 #ca4 ,meat4--,meat contains albumin and fat1 but no sugar4 ,fish1 oysters1 and clams are like meat4 ,they all make good food4 ,boys and girls should eat milk1 eggs1 and meat4 ,these foods are the best to give strength to the body4 ,nearly all food from animals is more quickly digested and gives more strength than food from plants4 #cb4 ,bread4--,white bread is a food made from wheat4 ,the wheat is ground to flour4 ,flour is mixed with water1 and yeast is added4 ,the yeast makes a gas1 and the gas puffs up the wet flour and makes it full of holes4 ,the holes make the bread light4 ,then bread is baked4 ,rye or corn meal makes good bread4 ,cake1 biscuit1 and pancakes are much like bread4 ,sometimes in place of yeast1 baking powder is used to make the bread or cake light4 #cc4 ,meal4--,oatmeal1 corn meal1 and cracked wheat and rice are sometimes boiled1 and eaten with milk4 ,bread1 biscuit1 oatmeal1 and corn meal are made from grain4 ,all are very much alike4 ,the cooking makes them look and taste different1 but yet they are nearly the same4 #cd4 ,why we need grain food4--,all kinds of grain have much albumin1 but only a little fat4 ,but all have a great deal of starch4 ,by digestion the starch becomes sugar4 ,grain is a good food because it has starch or sugar4 ,animal foods have no sugar1 so we eat grain food with them4 ,the two together make the most nourishing food4 ,potatoes have a great deal of starch and only a little albumin4 ,they also are good food with meat4 ,illustration3 ,a healthy man needs as much food as this every day4 ,a person cannot live well upon plant food alone1 for it has too much starch and sugar1 and too little albumin and fat4 ,we need nearly equal parts of albumin1 fat1 and sugar4 ,a mixture of bread1 meat1 eggs1 vegetables1 and milk makes the best food4 #ce4 ,fruit4--,fruit1 like apples1 peaches1 and plums all have sugar4 ,they taste good1 and give us an appetite for other kinds of food4 ,they have little albumin or fat4 #cf4 ,salt4--,there is enough mineral matter in all food1 and we do not have to eat iron or lime or soda4 ,but we do need some more salt4 ,even animals need salt4 ,salt makes food taste good1 and helps its digestion4 ,illustration3 ,people are made sick by drinking water from such a well4 #cg4 ,water4--,water is also a food1 for it forms the most of our bodies4 ,all food has water4 ,even dry crackers contain it4 #ch4 ,pure water4--,water in a well runs through the dirty earth1 and yet is clear and pure4 ,this is because sand holds back the dirt4 ,but sometimes slops from the house1 and water from the barn yard1 soak through the soil until the sand is full4 ,then the well water will be dirty and poisonous4 ,people are often made sick by drinking such water4 ,in cities the dirt fills all the soil and spoils the water4 ,so the water must be brought from the country in large pipes4 ,water in lead pipes takes up some of the lead4 ,lead is a poison4 ,you should let the water run off from a pipe a little while before you use it4 ,good water is clear and has no smell or taste4 ,dirty or yellow water1 or water with a taste or smell1 is not fit for use4 #ci4 ,tea and coffee4--,tea and coffee are steeped in water and used as a drink4 ,the drink is the water4 ,the tea and coffee are neither food nor drink4 ,they cause the cells of the body to do more work1 and at the same time they take away the feeling of being tired4 ,they do not give strength to the body1 but are like a whip and make the body work harder4 #dj4 ,the appetite4--,when we have so many kinds of food1 what kind is best for us8 ,the taste of food tells us the kind of food to eat4 ,bread and meat1 and such plain foods1 always taste good1 and we never get tired of them4 ,sugar tastes good until we get enough4 ,any more makes us sick4 ,more than enough sugar or starch is found in bread and potatoes4 ,illustration3 ,one kind of intemperance4 ,if we can eat food day after day1 without getting tired of it1 the food is good for us4 ,if we get tired of its taste1 either the food is not good for us or we are eating too much4 ,bad tasting or bad smelling food is always dangerous4 ,we can tell how much food to eat by our hunger or appetite4 ,we can always feel when we have enough4 ,then is the time to stop4 ,sometimes we eat plain bread and meat until we have enough1 and then sweet cake or pie is brought in4 ,then we have a false appetite for sweet things4 ,if the sweet things had not made a false hunger1 we should have had enough to eat4 ,but the false appetite makes us want more1 and so we eat too much1 and sometimes get sick from it4 #da4 ,intemperance4--,eating for the sake of a false appetite is intemperance4 ,drinking strong drink for the sake of its taste is a common form of intemperance4 ,but eating too much preserves1 pie1 and candy is intemperance too1 and can do a great deal of harm4 ,a little pie1 or pudding1 or candy1 is good1 because we can eat our sugar as well that way as in bread4 ,but we should eat only a little4 #db4 ,food and ,diseases4--,if our food is dirty or is handled with dirty hands1 or is put into dirty dishes1 there may be disease germs in it4 ,our food should always be clean1 and we should have our hands clean when we handle it or eat it4 ,storekeepers sometimes keep fruit and vegetables out of doors where street dust may blow upon it4 ,this dust is often full of disease germs4 ,flies may also bring disease germs to the food4 ,if food is kept where dust and flies can get at it1 we ought not to buy it4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,food is a mixture of water1 albumin1 fat1 starch or sugar1 and minerals4 #b4 ,animal foods1 like milk1 eggs1 and meat1 have albumin and fat in the best form4 #c4 ,plant food has albumin and fat1 but it has very much starch or sugar4 ,so1 taken together with animal food1 it makes a complete food4 #d4 ,lime1 iron1 soda1 and salt are found in all foods1 but we must add a little more salt to food4 #e4 ,water is found in all food1 but we must drink some besides4 #f4 ,dirty water1 or water with a taste or smell1 is not fit for use4 #g4 ,taste tells us what kind of food to use4 #h4 ,hunger1 or the appetite1 tells us how much food to use4 #i4 ,there can be a false hunger for sweet things4 ,this may lead us to eat too much4 #aj4 ,eating too much of sweet things is one form of intemperance4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,tobacco #dc4 ,harmful eating4--,men often eat for the fun of eating1 and sometimes they eat harmful things4 ,they chew tobacco and drink strong drinks1 because they like their taste1 just as a child eats candy4 #dd4 ,tobacco4--,men have always drunk strong drink4 ,within the last four hundred years1 men have learned another way to please a wrong taste4 ,when ,columbus discovered ,america1 the ,indians were using tobacco4 ,they taught the ,spaniards how to smoke it1 and since then almost the whole world has used it4 ,tobacco is the leaf of a tall plant4 ,it needs a better soil than any other crop4 ,it takes the richness from the ground1 and spoils it for other crops4 #de4 ,nicotine4--,about #a_/cj of each tobacco leaf is a strong poison4 ,this poison is called nicotine4 ,a drop or two of it1 or as much of it as is in a strong cigar1 will kill a man4 ,it gives the tobacco its smell and taste4 ,men use tobacco for the sake of a poison4 #df4 ,why men use tobacco4--,men give queer reasons for using tobacco4 ,one smokes for its company1 another because he is with company4 ,one smokes to make his brain think better1 and another to keep himself from thinking4 ,some use tobacco to help digest their food1 and others use it to keep themselves from eating so much4 ,boys smoke to make themselves look like men4 ,the real reason for using tobacco is that men learn to like its taste1 and do not care if it harms them4 #dg4 ,spitting4--,tobacco in any form makes the saliva flow4 ,men do not dare swallow it1 for it makes them sick4 ,so they spit it out4 ,no one likes to see this4 ,it is a dirty and filthy habit4 ,besides1 the saliva is lost1 and cannot help digest food4 ,tobacco stains the teeth brown4 ,you can always tell a tobacco chewer by his teeth4 ,his breath will smell of tobacco1 and even his clothes are offensive to the nose4 #dh4 ,tobacco lessens strength4--,tobacco always makes a person sick at the stomach1 at first4 ,after a while1 he becomes used to it1 and an ordinary chew or smoke does not make him sick4 ,but a large chew or smoke will always make him sick again4 ,when a person is sick from tobacco he is very weak4 ,even if he is not sick1 the tobacco poisons his muscles and makes his strength less4 ,when a man trains for a hard race he never uses tobacco4 #di4 ,tobacco hinders digestion4--,tobacco and its smoke both have a burning taste4 ,this makes the throat sore1 and causes a cough4 ,tobacco does not help the stomach to digest food4 ,smokers and chewers often have headaches and coated tongues4 ,these are signs of a poor digestion4 #ej4 ,effect upon the young4--,tobacco is more harmful to boys than to men4 ,if boys smoke they cannot run fast or long4 ,they cannot work hard with their brains or hands4 ,they do not grow fast1 and are liable to have weak hearts4 #ea4 ,tobacco harms others4--,many persons do not like the smell of tobacco1 and no one likes the spit4 ,no one should use it in the presence of others4 ,the tobacco user's pleasure should not spoil the comfort and happiness of others4 #eb4 ,snuff4--,powdered tobacco is called snuff4 ,snuff causes sneezing4 ,no one should harm the nose and the whole body for the pleasure of a sneeze4 ,years ago snuff was used much more than it is now4 #ec4 ,chewing4--,chewing tobacco is the most poisonous way of using it1 for it keeps most of the nicotine in the mouth4 ,chewing will make any one very sick1 unless he spits out all the saliva4 #ed4 ,smoking4--,men smoke pipes1 cigars1 and cigarettes4 ,the smoke has nicotine1 and is poisonous4 ,pipe stems get dirty and full of nicotine4 ,after a while they smell bad and are very poisonous4 ,an old smoker's pipe will make a young smoker sick4 #ee4 ,cigarettes4--,cigars are not so poisonous as a pipe1 for more of the nicotine is burned up4 ,cigarettes are often made of weak tobacco4 ,a cigarette does not contain so much tobacco as a cigar4 ,hence a cigarette does not cost much4 ,it can be smoked in a hurry4 ,it does not make a boy so sick as cigars do4 ,boys and men use a great many cigarettes where they would not touch a cigar4 ,this makes the use of cigarettes the most dangerous form of smoking4 ,selling cigarettes to young boys is forbidden by law4 #ef4 ,habit4--,when men have used tobacco for some time1 they like it and feel bad without it4 ,so they get into the habit of using it1 and find it hard to stop4 ,the tobacco seems to help them1 but it does not do so4 ,it cheats men1 and they do not know it4 #eg4 ,chewing gum4--,chewing gum is made from pitch or paraffin1 for these substances will not dissolve in the mouth4 ,the gum is flavored with sugar and spices4 ,the gum and its flavors are not harmful in themselves1 and yet chewing them is harmful4 ,chewing makes a great deal of saliva flow4 ,all this saliva is wasted1 and when we eat our meals we may have too little4 ,then our food will not digest well1 but we shall have dyspepsia and headaches4 ,by pulling and handling the gum while chewing it1 you may get some poisonous dirt into your mouth1 and make yourself very sick4 ,even if your gum should not harm you1 there is a good reason for letting it alone4 ,when you are chewing gum1 you look as if you were chewing tobacco4 ,no one likes to see a boy or girl even appearing to chew tobacco4 ,if you form a habit of chewing gum you will be more likely to chew tobacco when you are grown4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,men use tobacco for the sake of its nicotine4 ,nicotine is a very strong poison4 #b4 ,tobacco causes a man to waste his saliva4 #c4 ,tobacco makes the mouth dry4 #d4 ,tobacco hinders digestion4 #e4 ,tobacco stains the teeth1 and makes the breath smell bad4 #f4 ,tobacco makes a person sick at the stomach4 #g4 ,tobacco weakens the muscles4 #h4 ,tobacco is more harmful to the young than to grown persons4 #i4 ,chewing is the worst form of using tobacco4 #aj4 ,smoking cigarettes is the worst form of smoking4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,fermentation #eh4 ,souring of fruit4--,when a little fruit is set away in a warm place for a day or two it sours or ferments4 ,anything sweet will do the same thing4 ,little bubbles rise up through the juice and a foam comes on top4 ,then the juice has a sharp taste or is sour4 ,canned and preserved fruit becomes sour soon after the jar is opened1 and cider soon turns to vinegar4 ,all fruit juice does this even in cold weather4 ,but in cold weather it keeps for a longer time4 ,illustration3 ,fermentation in a jar of cherries4 #ei4 ,preserving fruit4--,if your mother wishes to keep fruit all winter she boils it and at once puts it into tight jars4 ,this shuts out the air and then the fruit keeps good all winter4 ,boiling kills all living things1 and no more can get in through the tight jars4 ,does a living thing have anything to do with making the fruit juice turn sour8 #fj4 ,yeast4--,yeast will make all sweet things ferment4 ,bakers make yeast grow in bread sponge4 ,yeast is alive4 ,it is made of millions of tiny round cells4 ,new cells sprout out from the side of the old cells like young lilies on an old lily bulb4 ,soon each new cell breaks off and lives all by itself4 ,in a single night enough new cells will form to fill the whole loaf of bread4 ,illustration3 ,yeast plant cells 7#ejj74 #fa4 ,how yeast makes alcohol4--,yeast will grow only where sugar is4 ,when it has grown for some time there is no more sugar1 and instead of a sweet taste there is a sharp or sour taste4 ,the yeast has changed the sugar to alcohol4 ,all alcohol is made from sugar by yeast4 ,the seeds of the yeast plant are everywhere in the air4 ,some are on the skins of fruit and so are found in the juice when it is squeezed out4 ,there they begin to grow at once and soon change the sugar to alcohol4 ,they do this by taking a gas away from the sugar4 ,the gas rises in little bubbles1 and makes a froth upon the top of the juice4 ,boiling kills the yeast plant4 ,if the juice is at once put into tight jars no new yeast plants can get in1 and so the juice keeps4 #fb4 ,vinegar4--,sometimes fruit juice turns sour4 ,the sourness is due to vinegar4 ,besides yeast1 other little living plants fall into the juice and turn the sugar to vinegar4 ,but if there is much alcohol in the juice1 the vinegar plants will not grow4 #fc4 ,yeast in bread4--,growing yeast plants always make alcohol4 ,they change some of the sugar of bread dough to alcohol and a gas4 ,the gas bubbles through the bread and makes it light4 ,when bread is baked1 the heat of the oven drives off the alcohol1 and so we do not eat any in bread4 #fd4 ,alcohol4--,alcohol is a clear liquid and looks like water4 ,it has a sharp taste and smell4 ,it burns very easily and makes a very hot flame4 ,its smoke cannot be seen1 and its flame will not make anything black1 as a match flame will do4 #fe4 ,use of alcohol4--,alcohol will dissolve more things than water will dissolve4 ,it is used to dissolve drugs1 varnishes1 perfumery1 and many other things4 ,it will dissolve even oil and fat4 ,tailors clean grease spots from clothes with it4 ,it takes water away from flesh and makes it dry1 hard1 and tough4 ,it will keep anything from rotting4 ,in museums we pour alcohol over pieces of flesh or plants in glass jars4 ,then they will keep and we can look at them at any time4 ,thus alcohol is a very useful thing1 and we could hardly do without it4 #ff4 ,strong drink4--,some men use alcohol in a wrong way4 ,they swallow it as a drink4 ,but men cannot drink pure alcohol1 for it would burn their mouths4 ,they always drink it mixed with some water4 ,alcohol in water is called strong drink4 #fg4 ,why men use strong drink4--,some men take strong drink to make themselves warm1 and some to make themselves cool4 ,some drink to keep themselves awake1 and some to make themselves sleep4 ,some drink to keep themselves still1 and some to make themselves stir around faster4 ,men use strong drink really because it seems to make them feel strong for a while4 ,it does not make them stronger1 but it harms the body and the mind4 ,its alcohol does the harm4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,sugar in fruit or in water turns to alcohol or vinegar1 and a gas4 #b4 ,the change to alcohol is caused by the cells of the yeast plant4 #c4 ,the change to vinegar is caused by another small plant4 #d4 ,boiling fruit juice kills the yeast plants and then the juice will keep without change4 #e4 ,alcohol looks like water4 ,it has a sharp and burning taste4 #f4 ,alcohol takes water from flesh and hardens it4 #g4 ,alcohol burns with a great heat and no smoke4 #h4 ,alcohol is used to dissolve things1 and to keep things from spoiling4 #i4 ,alcohol in water forms strong drink4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,kinds ,,of ,,strong ,,drink #fh4 ,wine4--,all strong drink is alcohol and water4 ,there may be other things to give it taste1 but alcohol and water are always in it4 ,no strong drink is over one half alcohol4 ,illustration3 ,a glass of wine contains so much alcohol4 ,in olden times wine was the only strong drink4 ,men used to crush out the juice of grapes and let it ferment4 ,this made wine4 ,but very often they used the juice before it fermented4 ,then it had no alcohol and could do no harm1 but was a good food4 ,we read of wine in the ,bible4 ,some of it was fresh fruit juice4 ,in wine1 the sugar is changed to alcohol4 ,the rest of the juice stays the same4 ,all wine is made by the yeast plant growing in fruit juice4 ,no yeast is put in1 for there is always enough on the outside of the fruit4 ,wine is about one tenth alcohol4 #fi4 ,homemade wine4--,cider is a kind of wine4 ,it is made from apple juice4 ,it has alcohol a day or two after it is made4 ,all homemade wines have alcohol4 ,any of them can make a person drunk4 ,using weak homemade wine and cider often makes an appetite for stronger drinks4 ,the alcohol in any of them is enough to harm the body4 ,illustration3 ,a glass of beer contains so much alcohol4 #gj4 ,beer4--,after man had made wine for a long time1 some one found out how to cultivate yeast4 ,then men could make sugar and water ferment whenever they wanted to4 ,so men boiled grain to take out its sugar4 ,then they poured off the liquor and added yeast and let it ferment4 ,this made beer and ale4 ,now millions of bushels of grain are used every year in making beer4 ,men call beer a light drink4 ,but it has alcohol and is a strong drink1 and can make men drunk4 #ga4 ,root beer4--,some persons boil roots and herbs1 and add molasses and yeast4 ,then the liquid ferments and becomes root beer4 ,they say it has no alcohol1 for we made it4 ,but it does have alcohol1 for yeast always makes alcohol4 ,some ginger ale is made by putting yeast in sweetened ginger water4 ,it has alcohol1 too4 #gb4 ,distillation4--,boiling water turns to vapor or steam and goes off in the air4 ,when the vapor is cooled1 you can see the water again4 ,it often cools on the window and makes little streams of water4 ,you can catch the steam in a tube4 ,if you keep the tube cool1 the steam will turn to water in the tube4 ,this process is called distillation4 ,illustration3 ,a glass of whisky contains so much alcohol4 ,boiling alcohol also passes off into the air as vapor4 ,when the vapor is cooled1 it becomes liquid again4 ,alcohol boils with less heat than water4 ,when alcohol in water is heated1 the alcohol boils first4 ,so the vapor has more alcohol than the water4 ,when the vapor is cooled1 the liquid has more alcohol than it had at first4 ,when the liquid is distilled again it has more alcohol yet4 ,pure alcohol can be made in this way4 #gc4 ,whisky4--,distilling wine or strong beer makes whisky and brandy4 ,whisky is one half alcohol4 ,it is more harmful than wine or beer4 #gd4 ,habit4--,some strong drinks have only a little alcohol and some have a great deal4 ,no one begins to drink the strong liquors4 ,he begins with wine or beer4 ,when he has once learned1 he has a hard time to stop drinking4 ,it is dangerous to drink even weak drinks4 #ge4 ,strong drink and thirst4--,when a man is thirsty1 water will satisfy him but strong drink will not4 ,sometimes the mouth is dry and dirty and then a man feels thirsty4 ,rinsing the mouth with water1 and rubbing the tongue and teeth clean will help the dryness and stop the thirst4 ,at any rate1 strong drink will only make the mouth dryer4 ,some men drink only when they are tired4 ,then a cup of strong and hot tea or coffee will make them feel much better than a glass of strong drink1 and will not harm them so much4 ,when strong drink is swallowed1 its alcohol takes water from the mouth4 ,when your mouth is dry1 you feel thirsty4 ,strong drink makes the mouth dry1 and so a drink makes a man more thirsty4 ,the alcohol also makes the mouth smart4 ,men need another drink to cool the mouth after the first one4 ,so one drink leads to another4 ,all the while a person drinks water with the alcohol until he has too much water4 ,but his mouth is dry and he feels as thirsty as ever4 #gf4 ,effect of alcohol upon the stomach4--,when strong drink is swallowed it makes the stomach smart just as it does the mouth4 ,so the stomach feels warm1 but it is really no warmer4 ,this harms the stomach and keeps it from working well4 ,alcohol also keeps the gastric juice from changing albumin to a liquid4 ,alcohol keeps flesh from decaying in a museum4 ,in the same way it may hinder the digestion of food in the stomach4 ,when alcohol is used for only a short time1 the stomach can get well2 but if it is used for months and years1 the stomach will stay weak4 ,then the drinker can hardly eat at all4 #gg4 ,what becomes of alcohol4--,in the stomach a great deal of gastric juice is mixed with the alcohol4 ,so it is very weak when it reaches the intestine4 ,alcohol needs only a little digesting4 ,it soon soaks into the blood from the intestine along with the other food4 ,the blood flows fast and washes the alcohol away as soon as it leaves the intestine4 ,too little gets into the blood at once to harm it much4 ,alcohol goes to the liver1 and is there destroyed2 but it still does great harm4 ,the liver has to attend to the alcohol1 and so it does not change the food to good blood1 and it does not take all the poisons out of the blood4 ,then the whole body becomes weak and sick4 ,alcohol hurts the liver first1 and more than other parts of the body4 ,on this account1 drinkers often have bilious attacks and stomach troubles4 #gh4 ,bitters4--,many medicines are made by dissolving drugs in alcohol4 ,in taking a strong medicine1 we use only a few drops1 and so do not get much alcohol4 ,some kinds of medicines must be taken in large doses4 ,bitters are weak medicines1 and must be taken by the tablespoonful4 ,a tablespoonful of the medicine has more alcohol than a large drink of whisky4 ,the bitters seem to make a person feel well1 but it is because he is taking a large amount of strong drink4 ,jamaica ,ginger is only common ginger dissolved in alcohol4 ,it1 too1 is a form of strong drink4 #gi4 ,strong drink as medicine4--,people sometimes keep whisky or brandy in the house to give for colds or other slight forms of sickness4 ,a drink of hot coffee does more good than the strong drink1 and has none of its dangers4 ,by using whisky or brandy for medicine1 children learn to believe in strong drink1 and so they will be likely to use it when they grow up4 ,this reason alone ought to keep any one from giving it to a child4 #hj4 ,alcohol in cooking4--,in making bread1 alcohol is formed in the dough by the yeast4 ,when the bread is baked1 all the alcohol is driven off by the heat1 and so we do not eat any4 ,sometimes brandy or wine is put into desserts4 ,if it is put in after the dessert is cooked1 we shall get as much alcohol as if we had drunk it4 ,if the liquor is put in before cooking1 the heat will drive off the alcohol but the flavor of the liquor will remain4 ,the flavor will do no harm in itself1 but people will learn its taste1 and from it may learn to like the strong drink itself4 ,the alcohol in bread has no special flavor and does not leave any taste behind4 ,so we cannot learn to like strong drink by eating bread4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,fruit juice makes wine or cider4 #b4 ,all kinds of wine contain alcohol4 #c4 ,when the liquid from boiled grain has fermented1 it becomes beer1 or ale4 #d4 ,by boiling wine or beer1 and cooling the vapor1 distilled drinks like whisky are made4 ,they are one half alcohol4 #e4 ,water will satisfy a real thirst4 ,strong drink will not4 #f4 ,alcohol keeps the stomach from digesting food4 #g4 ,alcohol soaks into the blood tubes and goes to the liver4 #h4 ,the liver destroys the alcohol1 but is hurt in doing it4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,blood #ha4 ,blood4--,after food becomes blood1 it goes to every part of the body to feed the cells4 ,even a pin prick anywhere in the body draws blood4 ,the blood makes the skin pink4 ,there are five or six quarts of blood in a man's body4 ,this is about #a_/ac of his body4 ,illustration3 ,blood corpuscles 7#djj74 a a pile of red blood cells4 b red blood cells seen flatwise4 c red blood cells seen edgewise4 d white blood cells4 ,blood looks like a red liquid4 ,but if you look at it through a strong microscope1 it looks like water1 and millions of little red cells4 ,these cells carry air through the body4 ,they make the blood look red4 ,there are also a smaller number of white cells4 ,blood is made of red cells1 white cells1 and a liquid4 #hb4 ,the liquid in blood4--,the liquid part of the blood is albumin1 and water1 with a little fat1 sugar1 and minerals4 ,it is food and drink for the cells of the body4 ,when blood is drawn from the body it soon becomes like jelly4 ,we call the jelly a clot4 ,when you cut your finger1 a clot forms in the cut and plugs up the bleeding place4 ,if it did not1 the blood would all run out of the body and we should die4 ,illustration3 ,diagram of the heart while it is beating4 a vein entering the auricle4 b auricle4 c closed valve to keep blood from flowing back into the auricle4 d ventricle4 e artery4 f valve to keep blood from returning to the ventricle4 #hc4 ,the heart4--,the blood is held in tubes4 ,a pump inside the body keeps it always moving4 ,this pump is called the heart4 ,the heart is a bag of muscle with thick sides4 ,it is about as large as your fist4 ,when it is full1 it has the power to make itself smaller1 and so it squeezes the blood out through a tube4 ,we can feel each squeeze as a heart-beat4 ,you can find the heart-beat just to the left of the middle of the body about two hand-breadths below the neck4 #hd4 ,the heart-beat4--,a man's heart beats about seventy times each minute4 ,boys' and girls' hearts beat much faster4 ,running or hard work of any kind makes the heart beat faster yet4 ,your heart will keep on beating until you die4 ,it does not seem to rest at all1 yet it works only while you feel it beat4 ,between each beat it rests while the blood is filling it again4 ,so it really rests one half of the time4 #he4 ,arteries4--,the heart pumps the blood through a single tube4 ,this tube opens into smaller tubes4 ,these open into still smaller ones4 ,you must use a strong microscope to see the finest blood tubes4 ,the tubes reach every part of the body1 and carry blood to its cells4 ,they are called arteries4 ,at each heart-beat a wave of blood can be felt in an artery4 ,this wave is the pulse4 ,it can be felt in the wrist1 temples1 and other places4 ,by the pulse we can tell how often and how strongly the heart is beating4 ,illustration3 ,arrangement of capillaries4 a smallest artery4 b smallest vein4 c network of capillaries4 #hf4 ,capillaries4--,the smallest arteries divide into a fine network of small tubes4 ,these tubes are the capillaries4 ,they lie around every cell of the body4 ,their sides are very thin4 ,as the blood flows through them1 some of it soaks through the sides of the tubes4 ,blood contains all kinds of food for the cells4 ,each cell is always wet with food and can eat it at any time4 ,the cells are like the tiny animal1 the ameba1 and can take in the food by any part of their bodies4 ,the cells are better off than the ameba1 for their food is brought to them4 ,they pay the body for their food by working for it4 #hg4 ,veins4--,the capillaries come together again to form large tubes4 ,these tubes are called veins4 ,only a little of the blood goes through the sides of a capillary4 ,the rest flows on into the veins4 ,the veins unite to form two large tubes4 ,these two tubes open into the heart4 #hh4 ,how the blood flows4--,the blood is pumped out of the heart1 through the arteries to the capillaries4 ,there some goes out to the cells4 ,the rest flows into the veins and goes back to the heart4 ,all the blood in the body passes through the heart every two minutes4 ,it takes only twenty seconds for a drop of blood to go from the heart to the toes and back again4 ,the arteries are deep in the flesh1 but some of the large veins can be seen upon the back of the hands4 #hi4 ,bleeding4--,if a large artery or vein is cut there is a great deal of bleeding4 ,you can always stop a cut from bleeding by holding it fast between the hands4 ,do not be afraid of the blood when you see any one bleeding1 but hold the sides of the cut tightly with both of your hands4 ,this will stop any bleeding until help comes4 ,you may keep a person from bleeding to death by doing this when other persons are afraid of the blood4 #ij4 ,healing cuts4--,when your flesh is cut it soon grows together again4 ,the work of the little white cells in the blood is to help heal cuts and wounds and bruises4 ,these cells are like little amebas in the blood4 ,they keep moving around with the blood1 and now and then burrow outside the capillaries to see if all is well4 ,if they find a cut1 hundreds and thousands rush to the spot at once4 ,some eat up any specks of dirt on the cut4 ,others fit themselves into the sides of the cut and grow long and slender1 like strings1 and so bind the two edges of the cut together4 ,in this way all cuts are healed4 ,illustration3 ,bacteria growing in a kidney and producing an abscess 7#cjj74 a kidney tube4 b white blood cell attacking bacteria4 c bacteria4 d blood vessel of the kidney4 #ia4 ,the white blood cells kill disease germs4--,there are tiny living beings everywhere in the air1 and soil1 and water4 ,some of them can grow inside a man and make him sick4 ,these tiny things are called disease germs4 ,one kind gives a man typhoid fever1 and another diphtheria4 ,another kind grows on cuts1 and sometimes makes them very sore4 ,the white cells of the blood are always watching for these enemies1 like a cat hunting mice1 and when they find them they at once try to kill them4 ,but sometimes the white blood cells get killed4 ,then they look like cream in the cut4 ,we call this creamy liquid matter or pus1 and say ,we have caught cold in the cut4 ,in most pricks and cuts the white cells of the blood can kill all these enemies and also heal the cut4 #ib4 ,catching cold4--,sometimes the cold air blows on our head and hurts the cells of the nose4 ,if there are disease germs in the air1 they may grow in the injured part of the nose and make us have a cold in the head4 ,then the white blood cells gather at the spot so as to kill the disease germs4 ,also the arteries bring a great deal of blood to the nose so as to heal the injured parts4 ,some of the white blood cells and the liquid from the blood run out1 and we have to blow the nose4 ,the white blood cells help to make us well whenever we catch a cold or other kind of sickness4 #ic4 ,red blood cells4--,the red blood cells are like tiny flat plates4 ,they float in the liquid part of the blood and make the blood look red4 ,they carry air from the lungs to the cells of every part of the body1 and thus help all the cells to breathe4 #id4 ,why the heart beats hard when we run4--,when we work hard1 the cells of our bodies need a great deal of food4 ,so the heart beats much harder1 and sends them much more blood4 ,we can feel our heart beat when we run hard4 ,when the cells work they get more blood in another way4 ,the arteries become larger and hold more blood4 ,then the part looks red and feels warm4 ,thus your face gets red when you run hard4 ,this is because your heart and arteries bring more blood to feed the working cells4 #ie4 ,need of a strong heart4--,the heart must keep sending blood to feed the cells4 ,if it should stop for only a little while1 the cells would starve to death and we should die4 ,we need strong hearts4 ,when we work very hard for a long time1 the heart gets tired4 ,then the cells do not get enough food and we feel weak all over4 ,boys ought not to run and lift till they are tired out1 for this hurts their hearts4 #if4 ,what alcohol does to the blood4--,alcohol hinders the digestion of food4 ,then too little food will reach the blood1 and so the cells of the body will get too little4 ,alcohol does not add strength to the body1 but it takes it away4 ,it seems to make men stronger1 for it takes away their tired feelings4 ,but it makes them really weaker1 for it harms the blood4 #ig4 ,how alcohol affects the heart4--,alcohol at first makes the heart beat more strongly and quickly1 but it tires it out and makes it weaker4 ,then the heart pumps too little blood to the rest of the body1 and a man is weaker all over4 ,if a drinker tries to run or work hard1 his heart may not pump enough food to the working cells of his arms and legs4 ,strong drink takes away a man's strength and makes him less able to endure a long strain4 #ih4 ,how alcohol harms the arteries4--,alcohol causes the arteries to become larger and to carry more blood4 ,then the face will be red and the skin will become warm4 ,this makes a person feel well1 and he seems to be helped4 ,his blood seems to be flowing faster because his face is red4 ,but really it is flowing slower4 ,when the arteries have been made large very often1 they stay large all the time4 ,a drinker's nose is often red from this cause4 ,alcohol sometimes causes the arteries to become hard1 and even to change to a kind of bone4 ,then they cannot change their size to carry just so much blood as each part needs4 #ii4 ,how tobacco affects the heart4--,tobacco weakens all the body1 but it harms the heart more than the rest4 ,it often makes the heart beat slowly at one time and fast at another4 ,it weakens the heart and keeps it from working harder when the working cells need more food4 ,a smoker gets out of breath quickly4 ,he cannot run far or work very hard4 ,chewing is a still more harmful form of using tobacco4 ,when men train for a game or a race they never use tobacco4 ,boys are not so strong as men1 and so tobacco is more hurtful to them4 ,boys are harmed by tobacco far more than men4 ,cigarette smoke harms their stomachs and keeps food from their blood4 ,if boys smoke1 they become pale and weak4 ,the poisonous smoke weakens the heart1 and they cannot run or work so hard as they should4 ,even if a father uses tobacco1 he should not allow his boys to use it4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,blood is a liquid4 ,it contains many round red cells and a few white cells4 #b4 ,blood contains all kinds of food for the cells of the body4 #c4 ,the blood is kept moving by the heart4 #d4 ,the heart pumps or beats about seventy times a minute4 #e4 ,the blood flows through arteries to all parts of the body4 #f4 ,the arteries open into the capillaries4 ,capillaries make a network around each cell of the body4 #g4 ,some of the liquid parts of the blood go out through the sides of the capillaries and become food for the cells of the body4 #h4 ,from the capillaries the blood flows into the veins and back to the heart4 #i4 ,bleeding can be stopped by holding the cut tightly between the hands4 #aj4 ,the white blood cells grow into the sides of cuts1 and so heal them4 ,they also guard the body against the seeds of many diseases4 #aa4 ,the red blood cells carry air to the cells of the body4 #ab4 ,alcohol weakens the heart and arteries4 #ac4 ,tobacco harms the heart4 ,,chapter ,x ,,breathing1 ,,heat1 ,,and ,,clothing #ajj4 ,the lungs4--,our food becomes blood and feeds the cells of our body1 but we grow only a little heavier4 ,what becomes of the food8 ,illustration3 ,the air tubes and lung4 a larynx or voice box4 b trachea or windpipe4 d air sacs1 each like a tiny frog's lung4 ,besides food1 air is always getting into our bodies4 ,in breathing1 air passes through the nose into a tube in the neck4 ,this tube is called the windpipe4 ,you can feel it as a pile of hard rings in the front part of the neck4 ,the windpipe divides into many branches4 ,at the end of its smallest branches are little bags or sacs4 ,the branches and the sacs make the two lungs4 ,so a lung is a soft and spongy piece of flesh1 and can be blown up like a rubber bag4 ,a frog's lung is a single1 thin bag1 about half an inch across it4 ,each little sac of a man's lung is like a tiny frog's lung4 ,illustration3 ,a frog's lung 7#d74 #aja4 ,the diaphragm4--,the lungs fill the upper part of the body just below the neck4 ,they are covered by the bony ribs1 and rest upon a broad muscle4 ,this muscle is called the diaphragm4 ,it divides the inside of the body into two parts4 ,the upper part is the chest1 and holds the heart and lungs4 ,the lower part is the abdomen1 and holds the stomach1 intestine1 and liver1 and a few other parts4 ,illustration3 ,the parts inside the body4 a lungs4 b heart4 c diaphragm4 d stomach4 e liver4 f intestine4 #ajb4 ,breathing4--,when the diaphragm lowers itself1 or the ribs are raised1 the chest is made larger4 ,then the air rushes through the nose and swells out the lungs to the size of the chest4 ,this is taking a breath4 ,then the chest becomes smaller again1 and blows the air out4 ,a man breathes about eighteen times a minute4 ,he does not seem to rest in breathing1 but as he works only when he takes in breath1 he rests one half of the time4 #ajc4 ,how air gets into the blood4--,after the blood has been around the body through the arteries and capillaries and veins1 the heart sends every drop to the lungs before it sends it out to feed the cells again4 ,the blood flows through little capillaries upon the sides of the air sacs4 ,there the red blood cells take up some of the air1 and carry it with them4 ,when they have a load of air1 they become of a brighter red color4 ,the blood in the arteries on its way to the cells is bright red4 #ajd4 ,how the cells get air4--,when the blood reaches the capillaries around the cells of the body1 the red blood cells give up some of the air to the cells4 ,thus each cell of the body gets some air1 and so it breathes4 ,the cells cannot reach the air themselves1 and so the red blood cells bring it to them4 ,we breathe so as to supply the cells with air4 #aje4 ,what burning is4--,when meat is put into a hot stove it quickly burns1 and passes off in smoke1 and leaves only a little ashes4 ,the ashes are the mineral parts of the meat4 ,if the fire is very hot1 you cannot see the smoke4 ,the burning of the meat makes heat4 ,heat in a steam engine makes the machine do work4 ,every fire must have plenty of air4 ,if air is shut off1 the fire goes out4 ,when meat burns1 the air unites with the meat and makes smoke1 and ashes1 and gives out heat4 ,air unites with something in every fire4 #ajf4 ,burning inside the body4--,in every part of a man's body a very slow fire is always burning4 ,the blood brings to the cells food from the intestine1 and air from the lungs4 ,the food and air join in a burning4 ,the smoke goes back to the blood and is carried to the lungs1 and breathed out with the breath4 ,the ashes1 also1 go back to the blood1 and are carried away by the skin and kidneys4 ,the burning makes no flame or light for it goes on very slowly4 ,you cannot see the smoke1 but you can feel the warmth of the burning4 ,some of the heat is turned to power1 and gives the body strength to do work4 ,the body is like a steam engine4 ,it burns up all its food4 #ajg4 ,how the body is warmed4--,the body is warmed by the slow burning in the cells4 ,this burning keeps the body always at the same warmth4 ,on a hot summer's day you feel warmer than on a cold snowy morning4 ,but your body is no warmer4 ,only your skin is warmer4 ,if the skin is warm1 the whole body feels warm1 but if the skin is cold1 the whole body feels cold4 ,on a hot summer's day the heat is kept in the skin1 and we feel warm4 ,on a cold winter's day a great deal of heat passes off from the skin1 and we feel cold4 ,yet our bodies have the same warmth in winter as in summer4 #ajh4 ,how the sweat keeps us cool4--,when your hands or feet are wet1 they are cold4 ,on a hot summer's day1 your body becomes wet with sweat4 ,this cools the body as if water were poured over it4 ,so sweating keeps you from getting too warm1 and from being sunstruck4 ,we are sweating all the time1 but the sweat usually dries as fast as it forms4 ,when we are too warm it comes out faster than it dries4 ,on a winter's day we sweat only a little1 and so we save the heat4 ,but more heat passes off from the skin into the cold air1 and we do not grow warmer4 #aji4 ,clothes4--,we wear clothes to keep the heat in the body4 ,they do not make heat1 but they keep it from going off4 ,wool and flannel clothes keep the heat in better than cotton4 ,we wear woolen in the winter1 and cotton in the summer4 ,fur keeps in heat the best of all4 ,in very cold lands only fur is worn4 ,linen lets heat out easily4 ,it makes good summer clothes4 #aaj4 ,where to wear the most clothes4--,the face and hands are kept warm by the blood and we do not cover them except in the coldest weather4 ,our feet are more tender and need to be covered enough to keep them warm4 ,we ought to wear thick-soled shoes or rubbers in damp weather so as to keep the feet dry and warm4 ,we ought to dry the stockings every night1 for they will get wet with sweat4 ,the trunk of the body needs the most clothes4 ,the legs ought to be kept warm1 too4 ,if the dress reaches only to the knee1 thick underclothing is needed for the lower part of the leg4 ,do not keep one part of the body warm while another part remains cold4 ,it is wrong to bundle the neck or wear too much clothing over any part of the body4 ,it is also wrong to wear too little and be cold4 ,when you are moving about1 you need less clothing than when you are sitting still4 ,when you have worked until you are very warm1 it is wrong to stop to cool off4 ,when you stop1 you ought to put on a thick coat or else go into the house4 ,if you do not1 you may be chilled and made weak so that you can easily catch cold or some other disease4 #aaa4 ,heating houses4--,in winter our bodies cannot make heat fast enough to keep us warm unless we put on a great deal of clothing4 ,so we warm our houses4 ,our grandfathers used fireplaces1 but these did not give out much heat4 ,people now use stoves1 but some use a furnace in the cellar1 or heat the rooms by steam4 ,some use kerosene stoves1 but they are not so good1 for they make the air bad4 ,a room should feel neither too warm nor too cold4 ,it is of the right warmth when we do not notice either heat or cold4 #aab4 ,change of air4--,after air has been breathed it is no longer fit for use4 ,in an hour or two you would breathe all the air of a small room once if it were not changed4 ,when the air is partly used1 you feel dull and short of breath1 and your head aches4 ,as soon as you get out of doors1 you feel better4 ,foul air of houses and meeting places often contains disease germs4 ,it is necessary to change the air of all rooms often4 ,you can do this by opening a door or window4 ,it is a good plan to sleep with your bedroom window open1 so as to get good air all night4 ,air passes in and out of every crack in the windows and doors4 ,if only one person is in a room1 this may make enough change of air4 ,if many persons are in a room1 you will need to change the air in other ways4 ,you can do this by opening a door or window4 ,do not let the cold air blow upon any one1 for it may help to make him catch cold1 if the air of the room is impure4 ,if we lower a window from the top1 warm impure air may pass out above it without making a draft4 ,illustration3 ,diagram of the natural ventilation of a room4 ,the arrows show the direction of the air currents4 ,you need fresh air at night as much as in the daytime4 ,you need not be afraid of the night air1 for it is good and pure like the day air4 ,you ought to sleep with your window open a little4 ,you ought to open the windows wide every morning and air your bed well4 ,at night you ought to take off all your clothes and put on a night-dress4 ,then hang your clothes up to air and dry4 #aac4 ,when to air a room4--,when you first enter a room full of bad air it smells musty and unpleasant4 ,but after you have been in the room a while1 you get used to it4 ,if1 however1 you go out of doors a minute and then come back1 you will smell the bad air again4 ,if the air smells bad1 open a door or window until it is sweet again4 #aad4 ,how to breathe4--,when you run hard1 the cells of your body use up all the air1 and then you feel short of breath4 ,while you run1 burning goes on faster1 and you feel warmer4 ,you can work harder and longer if you can breathe in a great deal of air4 ,you will also feel better and stronger for it4 ,then if you are sick1 you will be able to get well more quickly4 ,you ought to know how to breathe right4 ,first1 you ought to breathe through your nose4 ,even when you run1 you ought to keep your mouth closed4 ,second1 you should try to breathe deeply4 ,you should take a very deep breath often1 and hold it as long as you can4 ,by practice you can learn to hold it a full minute4 ,third1 you ought to run1 or do some hard work1 every day4 ,when you get short of breath1 you will have to breathe more deeply4 ,after a while you may be able to run a half mile1 or even a mile1 without getting out of breath4 ,but do not get tired out in your run1 for this will harm you4 ,fourth1 you must sit and stand with your shoulders back1 and your chest thrown forward4 ,a round-shouldered boy cannot have large lungs or be long winded4 ,by breathing right1 you can make your lungs very much larger and stronger4 #aae4 ,the voice4--,we talk by means of the breath4 ,at the upper part of the windpipe is a small box4 ,its front corner can be felt in the neck1 just under the chin1 and is called the ,adam's apple4 ,two thin1 strong covers slide across the top of the box1 and can be made to meet in the middle4 ,the covers have sharp edges4 ,when they are near together1 and air is breathed out between them1 a sound is made4 ,this sound is the voice4 ,the tongue and lips change it to form words4 #aaf4 ,care of the voice4--,the voice shows our feelings1 even if we do not tell them in words4 ,we can form a habit of speaking in a loud and harsh tone1 as if we were always angry1 or we can speak gently and kindly4 ,we shall be more pleasant company to others if we are careful always to speak in gentle but distinct tones4 ,illustration3 ,top view of the larynx1 with the vocal cords closed1 as in speaking4 a epiglottis4 b vocal cords4 ,illustration3 ,top view of the larynx1 with the vocal cords open1 as in breathing4 a epiglottis4 b vocal cords4 ,shouting strains the voice and spoils its tone for singing4 ,reading until the throat is tired makes the voice weak4 ,singing or shouting in a cold or damp air is also bad for the voice4 ,breathing through the mouth is the worst of all for the voice4 #aag4 ,what becomes of alcohol in the body4--,when alcohol is taken up by the blood1 it is carried to the liver4 ,the liver tries to get rid of it by taking some air from the blood and burning it up1 just as it burns the real food of the body4 ,but this takes some air from the cells of the body4 ,then they do not burn as they should4 ,when a stove gets too little air through its draft1 it makes an unpleasant smoke1 and cools off4 ,just so1 when the cells of the body do not burn as they should1 they produce the wrong kind of smoke and ashes4 ,this poisons the body and makes men sick4 ,the most of the poisoning of alcohol is due to these new poisons4 ,when alcohol takes air from the cells of the body1 they do not get enough air4 ,then they are like a short-winded boy1 and do not do their work well4 ,in this way alcohol makes the body weak4 ,alcohol does not cease to be harmful because it is burned up in the body4 ,it is harmful just because it burns so quickly4 ,using alcohol in the body is like trying to burn kerosene in a coal stove4 ,the body is not made to burn alcohol any more than a coal stove is made to burn kerosene4 ,you can burn a little kerosene in a coal stove if you are very careful4 ,just so1 men can burn alcohol in their bodies4 ,but kerosene will always smoke and clog up the stove1 and may explode and kill some one4 ,so alcohol in the body burns quickly and forms poisons4 ,it always harms the body and may destroy life at once4 #aah4 ,alcohol and the lungs4--,if you run a long race1 your lungs will need a great deal of air4 ,if you take strong drink1 the alcohol will use up much of the air1 and you will not have enough to use on your run4 ,so you will feel short of breath1 and will surely lose the race4 ,you cannot drink and be long-winded4 ,two drinks of whisky will use up as much air as the body uses in an hour4 ,it would be easy to smother a person with strong drink4 ,drunken persons are really smothered2 they often die because of the failure of their breathing1 even while their heart is able to beat well4 ,alcohol often causes the lungs to become thickened4 ,then air cannot easily pass through their sides1 and a person suffers from shortness of breath4 ,sometimes these persons cannot lie down at all1 but must sit up to catch their breath4 #aai4 ,drinking and taking cold4--,a strong1 healthy man can stand a great deal of cold and wet4 ,if he breathes deeply in his work1 all the cells of his body get plenty of air1 and if he eats good food1 the cells get plenty to eat4 ,then it will take a great deal to harm them4 ,but alcohol hinders the digestion of their food1 and also takes away their air4 ,so the cells are both starved and smothered1 and are easily hurt4 ,then a little cold and wet may do great harm to his body1 for a drinker cannot stand bad weather or hard work so well as he could if he should leave drink alone4 ,men often drink to keep themselves from taking cold4 ,the alcohol really makes them more liable to take cold4 ,it causes the blood to flow near the surface of the skin2 there it is easily cooled1 and the drinker soon becomes chilled2 then he feels colder than ever4 ,the cold harms the cells of his body1 and then the white blood cells cannot easily fight disease germs4 ,for this reason a drinker easily takes cold and other diseases4 #abj4 ,alcohol lessens the warmth of the body4--,alcohol causes the blood tubes in the skin to become larger4 ,then more blood will touch the cool air1 and the body will become cooler4 ,but because more warm blood flows through the skin1 a man feels warmer4 ,but he is really colder4 ,alcohol makes men less able to stand the cold4 ,travelers in cold lands know this and do not use it4 #aba4 ,how tobacco affects breathing4--,we would not live in a room with a smoking stove4 ,but tobacco smoke is more harmful than smoke from a stove1 for it has nicotine in it4 ,tobacco smoke in a room may make a child sick4 ,cigarette smoking is very harmful to the lungs1 for the smoke is drawn deeply into them1 and more of the poison is likely to stay in the body4 ,the smoke of tobacco burns the throat and causes a cough4 ,this harms the voice4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,air is always being breathed into little sacs inside the body4 ,the sacs form the lungs4 #b4 ,the red blood cells pass through the lungs1 and take little loads of air4 ,they then carry the air through the arteries to the capillaries4 #c4 ,in the capillaries the air leaves the red blood cells1 and goes to the cells of the body4 #d4 ,the air unites with the cells1 and slowly burns them to smoke and ashes4 #e4 ,the smoke goes back to the blood1 and is carried to the lungs and given off by the breath4 ,the ashes go back to the blood and pass off through the skin and the kidneys4 #f4 ,the burning in the cells makes heat4 #g4 ,some of the heat is changed to power1 as it is in a steam engine4 #h4 ,the heat also warms the body4 ,it keeps it at the same warmth on a cold day as on a hot day4 #i4 ,we wear clothes to keep the heat in1 and so to keep us warm4 #aj4 ,the air of a room needs to be changed often4 ,it is made stuffy by our breath4 #aa4 ,the voice is made by the breath in a box in the neck4 #ab4 ,alcohol uses air belonging to the cells of the body4 #ac4 ,tobacco smoke has the same poisons as tobacco4 ,it can poison the whole body through the lungs4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,skin ,,and ,,kidneys #abb4 ,waste matters4--,the food is burned in the cells4 ,as this burning goes on1 the smoke goes off by the lungs and the unburned substances1 the ashes1 go off by the skin and kidneys4 ,the ashes are mostly the minerals of the cells1 but there are also some from the burned albumin4 ,all these go back to the blood and are carried to the skin and kidneys4 ,illustration3 ,the skin 7#ajj74 a1 b and c epidermis4 d and g tough and thick part of skin4 e sweat gland4 f blood tubes4 h fat pockets4 #abc4 ,the skin4--,the skin covers the whole body4 ,it is strong and keeps the body from being hurt4 #abd4 ,the epithelium4--,the skin is covered with a thin layer of cells like fine scales4 ,these scales are called epithelium1 or epidermis4 ,they have no blood tubes or nerves and so have no feeling4 ,you can run a pin under them without feeling pain4 ,they are always growing on their under side and wearing off on their upper side4 ,they keep the nerves and blood tubes of the skin from being hurt4 #abe4 ,the nails4--,the top scales of epithelium at the ends of the fingers become matted together to make the nails4 ,the nails keep the ends of the fingers from being hurt4 ,they can also be used to hold or cut small things4 ,the new parts of the nails form under the skin and push down the older parts4 ,so the nail grows farther than the end of the finger and needs to be cut off4 ,biting the nails leaves their ends rough4 ,then they may catch in the clothes and tear into the tender flesh4 ,we ought to keep the nails cut even with the ends of the fingers4 ,the nails are not poisonous1 but the dirt under them may be4 ,we ought to keep them clean4 ,clean nails are one mark of a careful boy or girl4 #abf4 ,hair4--,some of the scales of epithelium over some parts of the body dip into tiny holes in the skin4 ,in each hole they become matted together to form a hair4 ,fine short hair grows on almost every part of the body4 ,on the top of the head it grows long and thick4 ,when boys become men1 it also grows long upon their faces4 ,the skin pours out a kind of oil to keep the hair soft and glossy4 ,illustration3 ,a hair 7#bjj74 a the surface of the skin4 b a hair4 c an oil gland4 d a muscle to make the hair stand on end4 e and g1 the growing cells of the hair4 f fat in the skin4 #abg4 ,care of the hair4--,the hair may become dirty like any other part of the body4 ,brushing it takes out a great deal of dirt1 but you should also wash it once a week4 ,the oil in the skin ought to be enough for the hair4 ,hair oils do not do the hair any good4 ,if you wet the hair too often1 you may make it stiff and take away its gloss4 ,it is best to comb the hair dry4 ,brush it so as to spread the oil of the skin4 ,hair dyes are poisonous1 and ought not to be used4 #abh4 ,the sweat or perspiration4--,the scales of epithelium dip into the skin and there line tiny tubes4 ,the tubes form the sweat1 or perspiration1 out of the blood4 ,the tubes are too fine to be seen1 but they are upon almost every part of the body4 ,they take the ashes or other waste matter or poisons from the blood and wash them out of the tubes with the perspiration4 ,so the perspiration has two uses4 ,first1 it takes heat away from the body 7see #ajh74 ,second1 it gets rid of the waste matters or ashes of the body4 ,it has very little of these at any one time1 but in a day it gets rid of a great deal4 #abi4 ,the kidneys4--,the kidneys are close to the backbone1 below the heart4 ,they are made of tiny tubes much like the sweat tubes in the skin4 ,the tubes take ashes and other waste matters from the blood1 also a great deal of water4 ,they also take away poisons and disease germs when we are sick4 ,the kidneys take away about as much water as the skin1 but they get rid of very much more poisons and waste matters than the skin does4 ,if our kidneys should stop their work1 we should soon die4 #acj4 ,need of bathing4--,when the perspiration dries from the skin1 it leaves the waste and poisons behind4 ,we cannot always see the dried matters1 but they always have an unpleasant odor4 ,we should bathe often enough to keep our body from having an unpleasant smell4 ,we should wash the whole body with soap and hot water at least once a week in winter and more often than that in summer4 ,another reason for bathing is to wash disease germs from the body4 ,most dirt has disease germs in it4 ,disease germs also float in the dust of the air and stick to our skin when we go into a dusty room4 ,if our skin is dirty1 some of the germs may be carried into our flesh when our skin is pricked1 or scratched1 or cut4 ,we sometimes catch boils1 or erysipelas1 or lockjaw1 from very little wounds in a dirty skin4 ,cleanliness of our skin helps to keep us from catching diseases4 #aca4 ,cold baths4--,sometimes we bathe when we are clean so as to get refreshed4 ,if we bathe in cold water1 we feel cold at first4 ,in a little while we feel warm again4 ,then we feel stronger1 and refreshed for work4 ,if we stay in the bath too long1 we become cold again and feel weak4 ,when boys go in swimming1 they ought to come out before they begin to feel cold4 ,it is a good plan to take a cold bath every morning when you get up1 even if you use only a wash-bowl with a little water4 ,it will take only a few minutes1 but will keep you clean and make you feel more like doing your day's work4 #acb4 ,a fair skin4--,we must wash often1 to make the skin fair and smooth4 ,use enough good soap to keep the skin clean4 ,if you eat as you should1 and digest the food well1 your skin will have the least amount of waste to give off4 ,then it will look well4 ,a bad looking skin is due to bad food and to bad digestion4 ,if you do not digest your food well1 you cannot have a fair skin4 ,face paint and powder make the skin look worse1 for they hinder perspiration4 ,nothing of that sort will do the skin any good4 ,you must eat as you should1 and you must keep clean4 ,then your skin will be clear4 #acc4 ,washing clothes4--,our clothes rub off a great deal of the perspiration and waste4 ,they become soiled4 ,a great deal of dirt also gets upon the sheets of our beds4 ,our clothes need to be washed as well as our bodies when they are soiled4 ,air and the sun as well as water destroy the waste of the body4 ,our clothes need to be aired at night1 and the bed and bedroom should be aired through the day4 #acd4 ,slops4--,after water has been used to wash our body or our clothes it is dirty and is not fit to be used again4 ,it must not be thrown where it can run into a well4 ,if a person has typhoid fever or cholera or other catching disease1 the water may carry germs of the disease to the well1 and so other persons may get it4 ,slops from the house should not be poured out at the back door1 but they should be carried away from the house4 ,in cities the slops are poured into large pipes and tunnels underground4 ,these pipes are called sewers4 ,they empty outside the city4 #ace4 ,alcohol and the skin4--,alcohol interferes with digestion and causes biliousness4 ,this makes the skin rough and pimply4 ,a drinker seldom has a clear skin4 ,alcohol causes the arteries of the face to become enlarged4 ,then the face is red4 ,a red nose is one of the signs of drinking4 ,when a person uses strong drink he is often uncleanly4 ,he does not care for the bad looks of his clothes and skin1 and so he lets them stay dirty4 ,this harms the skin and makes it look bad4 ,the dirt also poisons the skin and may itself be a cause of sickness4 ,because alcohol poisons the whole body and often produces kidney diseases1 the drinker is apt to catch other diseases4 ,drinkers are the first to catch such diseases as smallpox and yellow fever4 ,where there are great numbers of cases1 the drinkers are the first and often the only persons to die4 ,this is because their skin and kidneys have been harmed by the alcohol and cannot throw off the poisons of the disease4 ,any kind of sickness will be worse in a drinker4 ,surgeons do not like to operate on drinkers1 for their wounds do not heal so quickly as in other people4 ,when there is too little air1 a fire burns slower1 and makes a blacker smoke and more ashes4 ,alcohol takes some air from the cells of the body4 ,so they burn with smoke and ashes of the wrong kind4 ,the skin has to work harder to get rid of these1 and sometimes it cannot do it well4 ,then the body is poisoned4 ,the alcohol is burned and cannot poison the body any more4 ,but it causes the body to make poisons1 and so it is to blame4 ,the poisons do great harm to the skin and kidneys4 ,alcohol causes more kidney disease than all other things put together4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,little tubes in the skin are always giving off ashes and waste matters in the perspiration4 #b4 ,perspiration dries on the skin4 ,so the skin must be washed often4 #c4 ,the kidneys get rid of more water and waste matter than the skin does4 #d4 ,perspiration also gets upon the clothes and bed sheets4 ,these must be washed too4 #e4 ,dirty water from washing should be thrown out where it cannot run into a well4 #f4 ,the skin is thick and strong and keeps the body from being hurt4 #g4 ,the skin is covered with a layer of scales4 ,the scales have no feeling4 #h4 ,the scales form the nails on the ends of the fingers4 #i4 ,the scales also form the hair4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,nerves1 ,,spinal ,,cord1 ,,and ,,brain #acf4 ,need of nerves4--,the cells of the mouth1 stomach1 and intestine digest food2 the cells of the liver change the food to blood2 the cells of the heart pump the blood to feed all the cells of the body2 the red blood cells carry air for the cells to breathe2 and the cells of the skin and kidneys carry away the waste of the rest of the cells4 ,each set of cells works for all the rest4 ,if the cells of the body were only tied together1 each one would do as it pleased1 and no two would work together4 ,but something tells each cell of the body to work with the others4 ,the cells all obey the mind4 ,a tiny thread goes to each cell of the body4 ,each thread is a nerve4 ,the mind and the cells signal to each other over the nerves4 ,by means of the nerves the mind makes the cells work together4 ,illustration3 ,a nerve thread 7#djj74 a central conducting fiber4 b covering of fat4 ,illustration3 ,a thin slice for the end of a cut nerve 7#bjj74 a nerve thread4 b connective tissue binding the threads into a cord4 #acg4 ,nerve messages4--,the nerve threads run in bundles and form nerves large enough to be seen4 ,the mind uses the nerves to tell the cells to do work4 ,it tells the muscles to move the arms and legs4 ,it tells the heart to beat and stomach to pour out gastric juice2 and it tells each of the cells to eat4 ,the cells also send word over the nerves to the mind4 ,they tell the mind when they are touching anything1 and whether it is hard1 or smooth1 or hot1 and many other things about it4 ,the cells also tell the mind if they need more food1 or are tired4 ,the nerves are always carrying messages to and from the cells4 ,the cells depend upon these messages to tell them when and how to work4 ,if the nerve of any part of the body is hurt or cut1 we cannot feel with the part or move it1 and its cells do not act in the right way4 ,we do not feel the nerves while they are carrying the messages4 ,we wish the cells of the arm to work1 and they work1 but we do not feel the message as it goes from the mind to the cells of the arm4 ,illustration3 ,a thin slice from the spinal cord with the cells and nerves magnified #bjj diameters4 a cells in the gray matter4 b fibers in the gray matter4 c nerve threads in the white matter4 #ach4 ,the spinal cord4--,the nerves start inside the backbone4 ,the backbone is hollow4 ,it has a soft1 white cord inside1 as thick as the little finger4 ,part of the mind lives in this cord4 ,the cord is called the spinal cord4 ,some of the nerves start from cells of the spinal cord4 ,these cells send word to the muscles to move and to all the cells of the body to eat and grow4 ,they also send word to the arteries to carry the right amount of blood to the cells4 ,from the nerves the spinal cord gets word when something hurts any part of the body4 ,you may put your finger on a sharp pin4 ,the spinal cord feels the prick1 and quickly sends word to snatch the finger away4 ,so the finger is taken away before you really feel the prick4 ,when some one sticks a pin into you1 you cannot help jumping4 ,this is because the spinal cord sends word for you to jump away from the pin before it can harm you much4 ,thus the spinal cord keeps the body from being hurt4 ,it acts while we are asleep as well as when we are awake4 #aci4 ,need of a spinal cord4--,we do not feel the spinal cord acting1 and we cannot keep it from acting4 ,it tells the cells when to eat and grow1 and it tells the heart and arteries how much blood to send to each cell4 ,if we had to think about feeding an arm or a leg1 we should sometimes forget it1 but the spinal cord keeps doing it without our thinking of it4 ,we put food into the body1 and the spinal cord tells the cells to use it4 ,if it stops acting for an instant1 the cells stop work and we die4 ,we cannot change its action by any amount of thinking4 ,illustration3 ,regions of the head and action of the different parts of the brain4 #adj4 ,the brain4--,the nerves of the body go to the brain as well as to the spinal cord4 ,the brain lies in the top of the head4 ,a hard cover of bone keeps it from getting hurt4 ,it is a soft white mass1 and weighs about three pounds4 ,its outside is made of cells1 while its inside is the very beginning of the nerves of the body4 #ada4 ,the mind4--,the mind is the real man4 ,it is the thinking part of himself4 ,it lives in the body and works by means of the cells of the brain4 ,if these cells are hurt or killed1 the body seems to have no mind1 but yet it may keep on living4 ,if all the mind leaves the body1 the body is dead4 ,by means of the mind we feel1 and know1 and think4 ,the mind uses each part of the brain for only one kind of work4 #adb4 ,the senses4--,the cells of the body send word to the brain over the nerves4 ,the eye tells of sight1 the ear of sounds1 the nose of odors1 the mouth of tastes1 and the skin of feelings4 ,all these messages go to the back part of the brain4 ,they tell the mind of the news outside of the body4 ,we get all our knowledge in this way4 ,the cells also tell of their need of food and drink by means of the feelings of hunger and thirst4 #adc4 ,motion4--,the mind in the cells of the top part of the head sends the orders for moving the different parts of the body4 ,when we wish to run1 the mind in the top of our head sends an order over our nerves to our legs1 and they carry the body where we wish4 ,if the top part of your brain is hurt1 as by a blow1 it cannot send orders to move1 but you will lie stunned4 #add4 ,memory4--,the mind lays away all its messages1 and often looks them over again4 ,these old messages are called memories4 ,they always stay with the brain1 and the mind can call them up at any time4 ,our memories make our knowledge4 ,every act of the mind leaves some mark on the memory4 ,we may not be able to bring it back when we want to1 but it will come back some time4 ,every bad word and evil deed will tend to come back and make us bad again4 ,every good work and word will leave its memory and make us better4 ,we ought to fill our minds with good memories4 #ade4 ,thinking4--,the brain also thinks4 ,thinking is different from feeling and from moving1 but we can think about our feelings and about our movements4 ,the brain just back of the forehead does all our thinking4 ,a dog has only a little forehead1 and cannot think much4 ,but the rest of its brain is large1 for it can see and hear and run as well as a man4 ,a baby can see and hear and move1 but it cannot think until it is taught how4 ,boys and girls go to school to learn to think4 ,thinking is work1 just as truly as running is work4 ,at school1 no one can learn to think without working4 ,looking at things and hearing some one talk about them will not make you a strong-minded man1 but thinking about these things will4 ,boys and girls should study and think1 as well as look around and listen4 #adf4 ,how thought rules the body4--,we are always feeling and moving4 ,we often do these things without trying1 but we must make ourselves think4 ,we can make our bodies move1 or keep still1 and we can keep from too much feeling4 ,our thoughts direct our natural desires to move and feel4 ,in an animal1 the feelings and movements direct the thoughts4 ,when men let their feelings rule their thoughts1 they are like animals4 ,when the thoughts control the feelings and acts1 we are men4 ,if you get angry and cry1 when you hurt your finger1 then you are like an animal2 but if you think about it and control your feelings1 you are behaving like a strong and noble man4 ,the thought part of the brain ought to rule all the rest4 #adg4 ,sleep4--,most of the brain does its work without our knowing it1 but we know when we think4 ,the thinking part of the brain gets tired1 like any other part of the body4 ,when it stops work1 we are asleep4 ,we must give the brain a rest in sleep1 just as we must rest an arm or a leg4 ,we ought to give it regular rest4 ,every night we ought to go to bed early4 ,then we shall be ready to get up early and shall feel like working4 ,boys and girls need nine or ten hours' sleep each day4 ,when they are grown1 they need seven or eight hours' sleep each day4 ,the spinal cord and some parts of the brain must always stay awake to make the cells of the body eat and grow4 ,when we are asleep1 they must be wide awake1 and must repair the worn-out parts4 ,they do not seem to rest at all4 ,if they rested for any length of time1 then the lungs1 heart1 stomach and all other parts of the body would stop work1 and we should die4 ,but they really rest a part of the time4 ,like the heart1 they act for a second1 and then stop for a second4 ,they seem to act all the time1 but in all they rest half the time4 #adh4 ,worry4--,the mind can do a great deal of work1 if it gets good sleep4 ,if a person gets enough sleep and rest1 he cannot harm his mind by hard work4 ,sometimes the mind is troubled and worried over a danger or a loss4 ,then it cannot rest1 but soon wears itself out4 ,worry is far more tiresome than hard work4 ,by an effort1 we can keep from worrying4 ,it never does us good to worry1 and we ought to keep from it4 #adi4 ,nervousness4--,the thoughts are able to rule all the rest of the mind4 ,they can keep us from feeling ill-tempered when we cannot have our own way4 ,sometimes a little unpleasant feeling makes us very unhappy1 and keeps us from thinking about our work4 ,a little noise or pain keeps some children from study1 while others can bear a great deal without being disturbed by it4 ,some persons jump at a little noise1 and are afraid of a tiny bug or mouse4 ,this is because their feelings rule their thoughts4 ,such persons are called nervous4 ,a nervous person is very uncomfortable and makes others so too4 ,yet any one can get over the habit of being nervous1 if he will try4 ,you ought not to laugh at a nervous person if he is afraid of some little thing while you are not4 ,you should help him to get over his nervousness and to become brave4 #aej4 ,fear4--,some persons are always brave4 ,in danger they calmly stop to think1 and then know how to save themselves4 ,a timid person does not think1 but rushes where his feelings lead4 ,when a crowd is in danger1 all will rush to do one thing4 ,all will run for a door1 and perhaps tread on one another4 ,then some one will surely be hurt4 ,at a fire1 or in any other danger1 you should always stop to think how to act4 ,if you rush with the crowd1 you may be hurt4 ,you will be more likely to be safe1 if you stay away from them4 ,then1 if help comes1 you will be able to receive it4 ,besides1 if you are cool and brave1 you will help others around you to be brave too4 #aea4 ,fire drill4--,in schools the children are taught how to go out of the building when there is a fire4 ,a bell is struck when the children do not expect it4 ,then every child must leave his seat at once and march out of the building4 ,the bell is struck every few days4 ,then1 when the bell really sounds for a fire1 the children know how to march out quickly1 and so they learn to be brave4 ,by training we can learn to be brave at all times4 ,we fear many harmless things1 and in many cases do not fear real dangers4 ,we are liable to be hurt at any time4 ,we are more liable to be hurt by a horse when we are out driving than we are by the dark4 ,yet we do not fear the horse1 while some do fear the dark4 ,we ought to learn to think1 so as to control our fear4 ,some are afraid of the dark1 some are frightened by ghost stories1 and others expect to see a wild animal jump from behind every bush4 ,no one fears these things unless he has been told about them4 ,we ought to be careful not to tell children of these things4 ,we ought to teach them to control their fear4 #aeb4 ,habit4--,after we have thought about a thing a few times1 its hold on our memory becomes strong1 and leads us to think about it often4 ,when we have done a thing a few times1 we are likely to do it again without knowing it4 ,we call this doing things over again habit4 ,when we once form a habit1 we find it very hard to break4 ,we can form habits of doing right or of doing wrong4 ,we can get into the habit of swearing or of drinking by doing these things a few times4 ,then we shall do these things when we do not want to4 ,when a drinker begins1 he does not expect to keep on drinking4 ,but his habit makes him drink1 and he cannot help it4 ,we should be careful not to do bad things1 for we easily form the habit of doing them4 #aec4 ,good habits4--,we can form habits of doing right4 ,we can speak kindly and be generous4 ,then we shall do these things as easily as others get cross4 ,after a person has tried to do good a few times1 he will find it much easier to do good4 ,then he will speak kindly and give generously just as easily as others get angry and keep their good things to themselves4 #aed4 ,alcohol takes away thought4--,alcohol affects and weakens the cells of the brain sooner than it does those of any other part of the body4 ,it first makes the thought cells weak4 ,then a person does not think how he acts4 ,he lights his pipe in the barn and throws the match in the hay4 ,he drives his horse on a run through a crowded street4 ,he swears and uses bad language4 ,he gets angry at little things and wants to fight4 ,he seems to think of himself1 and of no one else4 ,he is happy1 for he does not think of the bad effects of the drink4 ,he has a good time1 and does not care for its cost4 ,he likes to drink1 because it makes him feel happy4 #aee4 ,alcohol spoils motion4--,some cells of the brain cause the arms and legs1 and all other parts of the body1 to move4 ,alcohol next makes these weak4 ,then a person cannot move his legs right1 but he staggers when he walks4 ,he cannot carry a full cup to his lips4 ,his hands tremble1 and he cannot take care of himself4 ,he is now really drunk4 #aef4 ,alcohol takes away feeling4--,after a man is drunk1 he loses the sense of feeling4 ,he does not feel cuts and blows4 ,because he does not feel tired1 he feels very strong4 ,he often sees two things for one1 and hears strange noises4 ,the whole brain at last gets weak1 and cannot act4 ,then the drinker lies down in a drunken sleep1 and cannot be waked up4 ,some die in this state4 #aeg4 ,insanity4--,when the brain is misused by alcohol for some time1 it cannot get over it4 ,then the person becomes insane4 ,drink sends more persons to the insane asylum than all other causes put together4 #aeh4 ,delirium tremens4--,if a drinker gets hurt1 or becomes sick1 he sometimes has terrible dreams4 ,in them he sees dirty and savage animals coming to harm him4 ,these dreams seem very real to him1 and he cries out in his fright4 ,this is called delirium tremens4 ,a person is liable to die from it4 #aei4 ,alcohol harms a drinker's children4--,the children of drinkers are apt to be weak in body and mind4 ,a drinker hurts his children even more than he hurts himself4 ,they are liable to catch diseases1 and are often cross and nervous1 or weak-minded4 ,it is a terrible thing for a man to make his children weak and nervous4 #afj4 ,other bad things about drink4--,there are many other terrible things about drink1 besides the harm it does a man's body4 ,many a man has made himself drunk so as to steal or kill4 ,no man can drink long without becoming a worse man for it4 ,men will not trust him1 and he loses the respect of his friends4 ,making strong drink takes thousands of men away from good work4 ,they might work at building houses1 or raising grain1 or teaching school4 ,as it is1 their work is wasted4 ,a great deal of money is wasted on strong drink4 ,all the mines of the world cannot produce enough gold and silver to pay the drink bill4 ,the people of the ,united ,states pay more for strong drink than for bread4 ,the price of two or three drinks a day would amount to enough1 in ten years1 to buy a small home4 ,the cost of strong drink is made much greater if we count the cost of jails and insane asylums4 ,over one half of all crimes and cases of insanity are caused by strong drink4 ,we must also add the misery and suffering of most children of drunken fathers4 ,this loss cannot be counted in money4 ,numbers of children become truants from school and learn theft and falsehoods from lack of a father's care4 ,when all the cost is counted1 nothing will be found so expensive as strong drink4 ,on the other hand1 what do people get for their money and suffering8 ,they get only a little pleasure1 and then they are ashamed of it4 ,men use strong drink only because they like it more than they dislike its bad effects4 ,since drink does a great deal of harm1 with no good to any one1 it is right to make laws to control its sale4 #afa4 ,how tobacco affects the brain4--,some men smoke to make themselves think1 and some to keep themselves from thinking4 ,now1 smoking cannot do both things4 ,it really makes the brain less able to think1 for it weakens the whole body4 ,a school-boy's brain will surely be harmed if he uses tobacco at all4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,the mind makes all the cells of the body work together4 #b4 ,tiny nerve threads carry messages from the mind to the cells4 #c4 ,most of the nerves begin at the spinal cord in the backbone4 #d4 ,the mind in the spinal cord tells the cells to eat and grow4 ,it tells the arteries how much blood to carry to the cells4 #e4 ,the cells tell the spinal cord if they need food1 or if something suddenly hurts them4 ,the spinal cord sends word to snatch the part from danger4 #f4 ,nerves carry to the brain news of sight1 sound1 odor1 taste1 and touch4 #g4 ,the brain sends word to the muscles to move the arms1 the legs1 and the rest of the body4 #h4 ,the brain thinks4 #i4 ,the brain stores up all its messages2 these make memory and knowledge4 #aj4 ,the thought part of the brain can control the feelings and the movements of the body4 #aa4 ,alcohol is more harmful to the brain than to any other part of the body4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,senses #afb4 ,a man has five ways of knowing about things outside of the body4 ,he can feel1 see1 hear1 smell1 and taste4 #afc4 ,feeling4--,nerves go to nearly every cell in the body4 ,they carry news to the brain when anything touches them4 ,the news produces a feeling4 ,feelings are of three kinds3-- ,first1 when anything touches the cells without harming them1 we feel a touch4 ,we feel a touch by nerves in the skin4 ,those in the ends of the fingers and tongue can feel the best4 ,those upon the back give but little feeling4 ,touch tells whether anything is hard1 or rough1 or round1 or square1 or has other qualities and shapes4 ,second1 when anything touches the bare nerves or hurts the cells1 we feel a pain4 ,we can feel a pain anywhere in the body4 ,pain tells us if we are being harmed4 ,if we had no feeling of pain1 we might be killed before we could know of our danger4 ,pain warns us away from danger4 ,third1 we can feel heat and cold4 ,anything very hot or very cold1 however1 makes only a pain and gives no feeling either of cold or of heat4 #afd4 ,sight4--,we see with our eyes4 ,an eye is a hollow ball4 ,in its front is a clear window4 ,behind the window is a round curtain with a round hole in its middle4 ,when we speak of the color of the eye1 we mean the color of this curtain4 ,light passes through the hole in the curtain and falls upon some nerves in the back of the eyeballs4 ,there it forms a picture like a photograph4 ,the nerves carry this picture to the brain1 and we see it4 ,illustration3 ,the human eye4 a bony case of the eye4 b muscle to move the eye4 c and d coverings of the eye4 e lining or seeing part of the eye4 f eyelid4 g colored curtain or iris4 h and i clear windows of the eye4 #afe4 ,movements of the eyes4--,we can turn our eyes so as to look in any direction4 ,sometimes a person has one eye turned sidewise4 ,such a person is cross-eyed1 and sees well out of only one eye at a time4 ,glasses may help the eyes1 but sometimes a surgeon has to cut a tiny muscle4 #aff4 ,coverings of the eyes4--,the eyeballs lie in a bony case1 upon a soft bed of fat4 ,in front each is covered with two lids4 ,we can shut the lids to keep out dust and insects4 ,when we are sleepy1 they come together and cover the eyes4 ,little hairs at their edges help to keep out the dust4 ,sometimes a little dirt gets under the lids4 ,then the eye smarts or itches1 and we want to rub it2 but this may grind the dirt in deeper4 ,then you should get some one else to lift your eyelid and pick out the dust with a soft handkerchief4 ,if you cannot get help1 lift the lid by the eyelashes2 blow your nose hard1 and the tears may wash the dirt away4 ,dust and disease germs may get into our eyes and make them sore and red4 ,you should bathe your eyes well every time you wash your face4 ,you should use a clean towel1 for a dirty one may carry disease germs to your eyes4 ,some forms of sore eyes are catching4 ,if any one has sore eyes1 no one else should use his towels or handkerchiefs4 #afg4 ,tears4--,clear salt water is always running over the eyes and down a tube into the nose4 ,the use of this water is to bathe the eyes and keep them clean4 ,it sometimes runs over the lids in drops called tears4 #afh4 ,how to use the eyes4--,if using your eyes makes them painful or gives you a headache1 you are straining your eyes4 ,facing a bright light strains the eyes4 ,shade your eyes while you study4 ,a cap may be used as a shade if you cannot get anything else4 ,never try to look at the sun or a very bright light4 ,you should have the light at one side or behind you4 ,the light should be steady4 ,reading in a dim light will harm the eyes4 #afi4 ,near sight4--,if you cannot read without holding your book less than a foot from your eyes1 you are nearsighted1 and should wear glasses all the time4 ,if you do this1 your eyes may be strong1 and you may be able to see well4 #agj4 ,far sight4--,if you cannot read without holding your book at arm's length1 you are farsighted and need glasses4 ,most old persons are farsighted4 #aga4 ,alcohol and the eyes4--,alcohol makes the eyes red4 ,it weakens the eyes and may produce blindness4 ,a drunken person often sees double4 #agb4 ,tobacco causes dimness of sight and sometimes produces blindness4 #agc4 ,hearing4--,we hear with the ears4 ,sound is made by waves in the air4 ,the part of the ear on the outside of the head catches the air waves and throws them inside the ear4 ,these air waves strike against a little drum4 ,three little bones then carry the waves on to nerves farther inside the head4 ,animals can turn their ears and catch sound from any direction4 ,illustration3 ,diagram of the ear4 a outer ear4 b drum head4 c d and e bones to carry sound to inner ear4 f g and h inner ear4 i tube to the mouth4 j middle ear4 #agd4 ,ear wax4--,wax is formed just inside the ear4 ,it keeps flies and insects from crawling into the ear4 ,boys in swimming sometimes get cold water into their ears4 ,this may make them have an earache4 #age4 ,how the throat affects the ear4--,an air tube runs from the inside of the ear to the mouth4 ,sometimes when you blow your nose1 you blow air into the ear4 ,this makes you partly deaf and you hear a roaring in your ears4 ,sometimes when you have a cold in your throat1 this little tube is stopped4 ,then your ear may ache and may even discharge matter4 ,this may make you somewhat deaf4 ,earache and deafness are most often due to a cold in the throat and a stoppage of this tube4 ,many little boys and girls are deaf and do not know it4 ,they cannot hear the teacher well1 and sometimes the teacher thinks they are bad or careless because they do not answer4 #agf4 ,care of the ears4--,very loud noises may harm the ear and make you deaf4 ,when you expect a very loud noise1 put your fingers in your ears to shut out the sound4 ,boxing the ears may break their tiny drums and make you deaf4 ,do not get cold water in your ear4 ,this may cause an earache and make you deaf4 ,if you get water in your ear while you are in swimming1 turn your head to one side and shake it4 ,this will get the water out4 ,do not put cotton or anything else into your ears4 #agg4 ,smell4--,we smell with the nose4 ,some things give out a vapor to the air4 ,when we draw the air into the nose1 this vapor touches the nerves1 and we perceive a smell4 ,the nerves are high up in the nose4 ,in order to perceive smell clearly1 we sniff the air far up the nose4 #agh4 ,use of smell4--,bad air and spoiled food smell bad4 ,a bad smell is the sign of something spoiled4 ,the sense of smell tells us when food or air is unfit for use4 ,some people try to hide a bad smell with perfumery4 ,to do this only makes the danger greater1 for then the smell does not tell us of the danger of food or air4 ,some animals can smell much better than a man4 ,a dog will smell the track of a wild animal hours after it is made4 ,savages can smell much better than civilized men4 #agi4 ,taste4--,we taste with the tongue4 ,dry food has no taste1 but it must first dissolve in the mouth4 ,spoiled food tastes bad4 ,bad-tasting food is not fit to eat4 ,taste tells us whether food is good or bad4 ,we can learn to like the taste of harmful things4 ,at first no one likes tobacco or strong drink1 but the liking is formed the more one uses these4 ,we ought to be careful not to begin to use such things4 ,alcohol and tobacco burn the mouth and harm the taste4 ,food does not taste so good and we may eat spoiled food and not know it4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,we can feel in every part of the body1 but mostly in the ends of the fingers4 #b4 ,light makes a picture upon the nerves inside of the eye4 #c4 ,if the eyes ache1 the light should be softened or the position of the book or work changed1 or else the eyes should be rested4 #d4 ,sound in the air goes into the ear and strikes against a drum4 ,bones then carry the sound to the ear nerves4 #e4 ,air snuffed up the nose gives the sense of smell4 ,smell tells us if the air or food is fit for use4 #f4 ,taste tells us whether food is fit for use4 ,men can learn to like the taste of wrong things like tobacco or alcohol4 ,illustration3 ,the ,human ,skeleton1 showing position of bones4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,bones ,,and ,,joints #ahj4 ,bones make the body stiff and strong1 and give it shape4 ,long bones reach through the arms and legs1 and little bones reach down the fingers and toes4 ,rounded plates of bone form the head1 and a pile of bony rings makes up the backbone4 ,each bone is built to fit exactly into its own place and to do its own work4 ,in all there are over two hundred bones in the body4 ,they form one seventh of its weight4 #aha4 ,form of bones4--,a bone is not like a solid piece of timber1 but is hollow like the frame of a bicycle4 ,this makes it strong and light4 ,at its ends a bone is like a hard sponge covered with a firm shell4 ,this makes it too strong to be easily crushed1 and keeps it light4 ,a bone grows like any other part of the body4 ,it is made of living cells like woven threads4 ,lime is mixed among the cells1 and makes them stiff like starch among the threads of a linen collar4 ,blood tubes go through every part of the bone so as to feed the cells4 ,the living cells form one third of the bone1 while the lime forms two thirds4 #ahb4 ,broken bones4--,bones are very hard1 and yet they can bend a little without breaking4 ,most of them are curved a little1 and so they will spring instead of breaking when they are pressed hard4 ,but sometimes they break4 ,then a person must wear a splint and bandage to keep the bones in place until they grow together again4 ,the living cells will mend a bone in about a month4 ,an old person's bones are more tender than a child's1 and will not spring much without breaking4 ,an old man is afraid of falling and breaking his bones1 while a child falls a dozen times a day without danger4 ,the bones of some children bend too easily4 ,when they stand1 the bones of their legs bend a little4 ,after a while they grow in the crooked shape1 and the child is bow-legged4 #ahc4 ,joints4--,some bones are hinged upon each other4 ,a bone hinge is a joint4 ,the rings of the backbone are held together by very tough pads of flesh4 ,each pad lets the backbone bend only a little1 but altogether they let us bend our backs in any direction4 ,these pads are like rubber springs in a wagon1 and keep our bodies from being jarred too much4 ,the finger and toe joints1 the wrists and ankles1 the elbows and the knees1 bend back and forth like a hinge4 ,tough bands of flesh bind the bones together4 ,the ends of the bones are rounded and smooth4 ,they fit together and make perfect hinges4 ,the joints are oiled by a fluid like the white of an egg4 ,in old people this fluid sometimes dries up4 ,then the joints become stiff1 and creak like a squeaking hinge4 ,illustration3 ,hinge joint of the elbow4 #a humerus #b ulna ,the shoulders and hips can be moved in every direction4 ,the upper ends of the arm and leg bones are round like half a ball4 ,they fit into cups on the shoulder and hip bones4 ,they are very smooth1 and are oiled like the hinge joints4 ,the joints are made to work very smoothly and easily4 #ahd4 ,bones out of joint4--,when the ends of bones are torn away from each other1 the bone is out of joint4 ,then the bone cannot be moved without great pain4 ,it should be put back in place at once and kept there by splints and bandages4 ,a person is less liable to have his joints out of place than he is to have his bones broken4 #ahe4 ,sprains4--,sometimes a joint is turned too much4 ,this stretches the flesh around the joint1 and makes it very tender and painful4 ,this is a sprain4 ,when you sprain a joint1 you should put it in hot water for an hour or two4 ,then keep it still for a few days4 #ahf4 ,why bones and joints grow wrong4--,while bones and joints are growing they can be made to take any shape we please4 ,they cannot be bent all at once1 but if we hold them in one way much of the time1 they will keep that shape4 ,some boys and girls sit with their backs bent forward and lean against the desk as if they were too lazy to sit up4 ,when they grow up1 they will be bent and round-shouldered4 ,you should sit and stand straight4 ,then you will grow tall and straight and strong4 ,a soldier has square shoulders and walks erect because he is drilled until his bones and joints grow in the proper shape4 ,as you stand straight with your feet together1 your two big toes1 your two ankles1 and your two knees should touch each other4 ,if you wear tight shoes and press the toes out of shape1 they will soon grow so4 ,nearly every one's feet are out of shape from wearing short1 pointed shoes4 ,your toes should be straight and not cramped by the shoe4 ,if you wear narrow shoes1 you may harm your feet4 ,it is better to have one's feet useful1 even if they are large1 than to make them small and useless4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,bones make the body stiff1 and give it form4 #b4 ,some bones are long1 some round1 and some flat4 ,all are hard and springy4 #c4 ,some bones are hinged together4 ,the hinge is a joint4 #d4 ,the ends of bones in joints are rounded and smooth1 and are oiled with a liquid like the white of an egg4 #e4 ,some bones are bound together by springy pads1 as in the backbone4 #f4 ,bones can be broken4 ,they will grow together again themselves4 #g4 ,joints can be put out of place2 then we must put them back4 #h4 ,if joints or bones are kept in wrong positions they will grow into bad shapes4 ,tight shoes deform the feet4 ,illustration3 ,the muscular system4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,muscles #ahg4 ,shape of muscles4--,bones are covered with muscles4 ,muscles give shape to the body1 and move it about4 ,one half of the body consists of muscles4 ,these are arranged in bundles1 and each causes a bone to make one motion4 ,there are over four hundred separate bundles of muscle in the body4 ,one end of a muscle is large and round and is fast to a bone4 ,the other end tapers to a strong string or tendon4 ,the tendon passes over a joint1 and becomes fast to another bone4 ,you can easily feel the tendons in the wrist and behind the knee4 ,illustration3 ,muscle cells1 cut across 7#bjj74 a muscle cell4 b connective tissue binding the cells together4 ,a muscle is made of tiny strings4 ,you can pick them apart until they are too fine to be seen with the eye4 ,each string is a living muscle cell4 ,it is the largest kind of cell in the body4 ,you can see the fine strings in cooked meat4 ,illustration3 ,a thin slice of a voluntary muscle1 cut lengthwise 7#ajj74 a muscle cell4 b capillaries surrounding the cells4 c connective tissue binding the cells together4 #ahh4 ,how muscles act4--,a nerve runs from the brain1 and touches every cell of the muscle4 ,when we wish to move1 the brain sends an order down the nerve4 ,then each muscle cell makes itself thicker and shorter4 ,this pulls its ends together1 and bends the joint4 ,we can make muscle cells move when we wish to1 but we cannot make any other kind of cell move4 ,we make all our movements by means of our muscles4 #ahi4 ,where you can see muscles4--,in a butcher's shop you can see lean meat4 ,this is the animal's muscle4 ,white and tough flesh divides the tender red meat into bundles4 ,each red bundle is a muscle4 ,you will see how the muscle tapers to a string or tendon4 ,the butcher often hangs up the meat by the tendons4 ,you can see the muscles and tendons in a chicken's leg or wing when it is being dressed for dinner4 ,roll up your sleeve to see your own muscles4 ,shut your hand tight4 ,you will see little rolls under your skin1 just below the elbow4 ,each roll is a muscle4 ,you can feel them get hard when you shut your hand4 ,you can feel their tendons as they cross the wrist4 ,open your hand wide4 ,you can see and feel the tendons of the fingers upon the back of the hand4 ,these tendons come from muscles on the back of the arm4 ,you can feel the bundles of these muscles when they open the fingers4 ,there are no muscles in the fingers1 but all are in the hand or arm4 ,you cannot open your hand so strongly as you can close it4 #aij4 ,strength of muscle4--,by using a muscle you can make it grow larger and stronger4 ,if you do not use your muscles they will be small and weak4 ,children ought to use their muscles in some way1 but if they use them too much1 they will be tired out4 ,then they will grow weaker instead of stronger4 ,lifting heavy weights1 or running long distances1 tires out the muscles1 and makes them weaker4 ,small boys sometimes try to lift as much as the big boys4 ,this may do their muscles great harm4 #aia4 ,round shoulders4--,the muscles hold up the back and head1 and keep us straight when we sit or stand4 ,a lazy boy will not use his muscles to hold himself up1 but will lean against something4 ,he will let his shoulders fall1 and will sit down in a heap4 ,sometimes he is made to wear shoulder braces to keep his shoulders back4 ,this gives the muscles nothing to do1 and so they grow weaker than ever4 ,the best thing to do for round shoulders is to make the boy sit and stand straight1 like a soldier4 ,then he will use his muscles until they are strong enough to hold his shoulders back4 #aib4 ,how exercise makes the body healthy4--,when you use your muscles1 you become warmer4 ,your face will be red1 for the heart sends more blood to the working muscle cells4 ,you will be short of breath1 for the cells need more air4 ,you will eat more1 for your food is used up4 ,your muscles are like an engine4 ,they get their power from burning food in their own cells4 ,when they work they need to use more food and air4 ,so working a muscle makes us eat more and breathe deeper4 ,the blood flows faster1 and we feel better all over4 ,the muscle itself grows much larger and stronger4 ,if we sit still all day1 the fires in our bodies burn low and get clogged with ashes4 ,we feel dull and sleepy4 ,if we run about for a few minutes1 we shall breathe deeply4 ,the fires will burn brighter4 ,our brains will be clearer1 and we shall feel like work again4 ,boys and girls need to use their muscles when they go to school4 ,games and play will make you get your lessons sooner4 #aic4 ,how to use the muscles4--,you should use your muscles to make yourself healthy1 and not for the sake of growing strong4 ,some very strong men are not well1 and some men with small muscles are very healthy4 ,some boys have strong muscles because their fathers had strong muscles before them4 ,strength of muscle does not make a man4 ,you ought to have healthy muscles4 ,then your whole bodies will be healthy1 and you can do a great deal of work4 ,you ought to learn how to use your muscles rather than how to make them strong4 ,an awkward and bashful boy may be very strong1 but he cannot use his muscles4 ,a boy is graceful because he can use them4 ,the best way to use your muscles is in doing something useful4 ,you can help your mother in the house and your father at the barn4 ,you can run errands4 ,you can learn to use carpenter's tools or to plant a garden4 ,then you will get exercise and not know it4 ,you will also be learning something useful4 ,play is also needed4 ,work gets tiresome1 and you will not want to use your muscles4 ,play is bad when it takes you from your work or when you hurt yourself trying to beat somebody4 #aid4 ,alcohol and the muscles4--,men use alcohol to make themselves strong4 ,it dulls their weak feelings1 and then they think themselves strong4 ,they are really weaker4 ,the alcohol hinders digestion and keeps food from the cells4 ,then the fires in the body burn low1 and there is little strength4 ,alcohol sometimes causes muscle cells to change to fat4 ,this weakens the muscles4 ,men sometimes have to do hard work in cold countries2 and at other times they must make long marches across hot deserts4 ,neither the ,eskimos in the cold north1 nor the ,arabs in the hot desert1 use strong drink4 ,alcohol does not help a man in either place4 ,it really weakens the body4 ,the government used to give out liquor to its soldiers2 but soldiers can do more work and have better health without liquor and it is no longer given out4 ,a few years ago men were ashamed to refuse to drink4 ,even when a new church building was raised1 rum was bought by the church and given to the workmen4 ,farmers used to give their men a jug of rum when they went to work4 ,farm hands would not work without it4 ,now all this has changed4 ,men do not want drinkers to work for them4 ,a railroad company will discharge a man at once if he is known to drink at all4 ,a man can now refuse to drink anywhere and men will not think any less of him4 #aie4 ,tobacco poisons the muscle cells and makes them weak4 ,at first it makes boys too sick to move4 ,it always poisons the cells even if they do not feel sick4 #aif4 ,a long life4--,a man's body is built to last eighty years1 but only a few live so long4 ,if you are careful in your eating and drinking1 if you breathe pure air1 and if you use your muscles1 your body will be healthy and will last the eighty years and more4 ,all through your life you will be strong and able to do good work4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,muscles cover the bones and move the body4 #b4 ,muscle is lean meat4 ,it is made of bundles of cells like strings4 ,nerves from the brain touch each cell4 #c4 ,each muscle is fast to a bone4 ,it becomes a small string or tendon at the other end4 ,the tendon crosses a joint and is fast to another bone4 #d4 ,when we wish to move1 the brain sends an order to the muscle cells to make themselves thicker and shorter and so bend the joint4 #e4 ,you can feel the muscles and tendons in the arm and wrist4 #f4 ,muscle work makes us breathe deeper1 and eat more food4 ,it makes the blood flow faster4 ,so it makes our whole bodies more healthy4 #g4 ,every one ought to use his muscles some part of the day4 #h4 ,alcohol and tobacco lessen the strength of the muscles4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,disease ,,germs #aig4 ,catching diseases4--,our body may get out of order like a machine4 ,some parts of it may be cut1 or broken1 or worn out1 or hurt in other ways4 ,then we are sick until it is made whole again4 ,sickness always means that a part of the body is out of order4 ,some kinds of sickness are like a fire4 ,a small bit of something from a sick person may start a sickness in us1 just as a spark may set a house on fire4 ,then we may give the sickness to others1 just as a fire may spread to other houses4 ,if a person has measles1 we may catch the measles if we go near him2 but if a person has a toothache1 we cannot catch the toothache from him4 ,so we may catch some kinds of diseases1 but we cannot catch other kinds4 #aih4 ,bacteria and germs4--,every kind of catching sickness is caused by tiny living things growing in our flesh and blood4 ,some of them are tiny animals4 ,most of them are plants1 and are called bacteria or microbes4 ,a common name for all of them is germs4 ,the word germ means nearly the same as the word seed4 ,bacteria are so small that we cannot see them unless we look at them through a strong microscope4 ,then they look like little dots and lines 7p4 #ed74 ,a million of them could lie on a pin point2 but if they have a chance1 they may grow in numbers1 so that in two days they would fill a pint measure4 ,very many kinds of bacteria and other germs are found nearly everywhere4 ,they are in the soil and in water1 and some float in the air as dust4 ,when they fall on dead things1 they cause decay or rotting4 ,when we can fruit1 we kill the germs by boiling the fruit and the cans4 ,then we close the cans tightly so that no new germs can get into them4 ,the fruit will then keep fresh for years4 ,decay is nearly always a good thing1 for by it dead bodies and waste substances are destroyed and given back to the ground1 where plants feed upon them4 ,many plants would not grow if they could not feed upon decaying things4 ,so most bacteria and other germs are useful to us4 ,but some kinds of germs will grow only in our bodies1 and these kinds are the cause of most of our sickness4 #aii4 ,germs of sickness4--,we catch a sickness by taking a few of the germs of the sickness into our flesh4 ,there they grow quickly1 like weed seeds in the ground1 and form crops of new germs within a few hours4 ,after a few days the germs become millions in number1 and crowd the cells of our flesh1 just as weeds may crowd a potato plant 7p4 #ed74 ,disease germs in the body also form poisons1 just as some weeds in a field form poisons4 ,the poisons make us sick1 just as if we had swallowed the leaves of a poisonous weed4 #bjj4 ,fever4--,if a sickness is caused by disease germs1 the body is nearly always too warm4 ,then we say that the sick person has a fever4 ,almost the only cause for a fever is disease germs growing in the body4 ,we can make a person have any kind of fever by planting a few of the germs of the fever in the right part of his body4 ,we are made sick by the germs of fevers more often than by all other causes put together4 ,here is a list of common diseases caused by fever germs3--colds and sore throats1 most stomach aches1 blood poisoning in wounds1 boils and pimples1 tuberculosis1 whooping cough1 measles1 chicken pox1 diphtheria1 scarlet fever1 typhoid fever1 smallpox1 and malaria4 ,which of these kinds of sickness have you had8 ,what sickness have you had besides these8 #bja4 ,sickness and ,dirt4--,disease germs leave the body of a sick person in three ways3 first1 through the skin1 second1 through the kidneys and intestines1 and third1 through the nose and throat4 ,in these same ways our body gives off its waste matters4 ,if we did not take anything from another person's body into our own body we should not catch fevers4 ,whatever a feverish person soils may contain disease germs4 ,when a person has only a slight fever he often keeps at work1 and then he may scatter disease germs wherever he goes4 ,so disease germs are likely to be found wherever there is dirt or filth4 ,cleanliness means good health as well as good looks4 #bjb4 ,disease germs in the skin4--,disease germs may often be found in sores and pimples on the skin1 but they will not leave anybody's flesh and blood through sound and healthy skin4 ,if our skin is smooth and fair1 there will be few disease germs on it unless we rub against something dirty4 ,a dirty skin nearly always contains disease germs4 ,washing and bathing our body will take disease germs from our skin and help us to keep well4 #bjc4 ,disease germs in slops4--,a great many disease germs leave the body through the intestine and kidneys1 and may be found in the slops and waste water of our houses4 ,slops are dangerous to health1 for they may run into a well1 or spring1 or river1 and so carry disease germs into our drinking water 7p4 #bg74 ,also1 house flies may light on the pails or puddles and carry the germs to our food4 ,in these ways we catch typhoid fever1 stomach aches1 and other diseases of the intestines4 ,all slops and waste matters from the body should be put where they cannot reach our drinking water1 and where flies cannot crawl over them 7p4 #hj74 #bjd4 ,disease germs from the nose and throat4--,if a person is sick with a fever1 many of the germs are likely to be found in his nose and throat4 ,thousands of them are driven out with every drop of saliva and phlegm when he blows his nose1 or spits1 coughs1 or sneezes1 or talks4 ,if he puts anything into his mouth1 it will be covered with germs4 ,more diseases are spread from the nose and mouth than in any other way1 for we are always doing something to spread bits of saliva and phlegm4 #bje4 ,spitting4--,colds and consumption and other forms of sickness are often spread by sick persons spitting on the floor or pavement4 ,the germs become dried and are blown away as dust4 ,for this reason dust from the streets of cities and in crowded halls is often the cause of sickness4 ,in many places spitting on a floor or pavement is strictly forbidden by law4 #bjf4 ,putting things in the mouth4--,many persons have the habit of sucking their fingers1 or of touching a pencil to the tongue when they write or think1 or of wetting their fingers with their lips when they turn the leaves of a book4 ,in all these ways we may give a disease to others or may take a disease from some one else4 #bjg4 ,public drinking cup4--,when you touch your lips to a cup1 you leave some saliva and cells from your mouth on the cup4 ,if a cup is used by a number of persons1 some one is almost sure to leave germs of sickness on it1 and others are likely to take them into their own mouths when they drink4 ,so a public drinking cup is a dangerous thing4 ,each school child should have his own cup4 ,public drinking fountains should be so made that we may drink by putting our lips to a stream of running water4 ,illustration3 ,a safe drinking fountain4 ,a stream of water gushes up from the middle of the cup4 ,illustration3 ,an unsafe drinking place4 ,photograph taken in the basement of a schoolhouse4 #bjh4 ,sweeping4--,dusty air in a room is dangerous to health1 for disease germs are likely to be found in it4 ,we can get rid of dust by keeping our floors swept clean4 ,after sweeping we should wipe the dust from the tables and furniture4 ,a feather duster or dry cloth will only stir up the dust and make it float in the air again4 ,we should use either a damp cloth1 or a dry duster made of tufts of wool1 so that the dust will stick to the duster4 ,illustration3 ,house fly1 magnified4 ,the hairs on its body and legs catch dirt and disease germs4 #bji4 ,foul air4--,if we live in a closed room1 the air soon becomes foul and dusty1 and is likely to have disease germs in it4 ,foul air is one of the greatest of the causes of sickness4 ,we should change the air of a room often so as to keep it fresh and free from dust and disease germs 7pp4 #fe-fg74 #baj4 ,house flies4--,house flies come from garbage heaps and filth of all sorts4 ,so they carry disease germs on their bodies4 ,they light on our food and on our faces1 and so they often make us sick4 ,they are often the cause of typhoid fever1 stomach aches1 and stomach sickness in babies4 ,illustration3 ,life history of house flies4 ,flies are hatched in manure piles and garbage heaps4 ,at first they look like white worms1 and are called maggots4 ,every maggot is a young fly4 ,we can get rid of flies by cleaning up every garbage heap and manure pile4 ,illustration3 ,young mosquitoes hanging head downward in water4 #baa4 ,mosquitoes4--,mosquitoes carry malaria and yellow fever from sick persons to the well4 ,if there were no mosquitoes1 there would be no malaria or yellow fever4 ,mosquitoes are hatched in water1 and the young are called wigglers4 ,we may often see them in rain barrels4 ,we may get rid of mosquitoes by emptying all rain barrels and pails and cans of dirty water1 at least once a week1 and by drying up swamps and marshes4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,we catch a fever by taking disease germs into the body4 #b4 ,disease germs cannot be seen without a strong microscope4 #c4 ,the germs may be found in dust and dirt4 #d4 ,slops from our houses are often full of the germs4 #e4 ,you may take germs into your body by putting pencils and other things into your mouth1 and by drinking from a public drinking cup4 #f4 ,spitting on the floor or pavement may scatter disease germs4 #g4 ,house flies and mosquitoes often spread diseases4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,preventing ,,sickness #bab4 ,how our body kills disease germs4--,we take disease germs into the body in three ways3 first1 through the mouth1 second1 through the nose1 and third1 through the skin4 ,so we should watch the purity of our food1 drink1 and air1 and should be careful about putting things into the mouth1 and about the cleanliness of the skin4 ,we often take a few disease germs into the body without catching a disease4 ,this is because the white cells of our blood fight the germs and kill them 7p4 #ec74 ,if the body is hurt or weakened1 the white blood cells may also be weakened so that they cannot kill the germs4 ,we should take good care of the body so that every part of it may do its work well4 ,we need not be able to run fast1 or to lift heavy weights1 but the best sign that every part of the body is in good order is to feel bright and wide-awake4 ,then our white blood cells will also be in good order and able to fight disease germs4 #bac4 ,catching cold4--,when we catch a disease1 we often say that we have caught cold4 ,we used to think that cold air and dampness were almost the only causes of taking cold1 and this is the reason why we called many kinds of sickness by the name of colds4 ,now we know that we catch cold by taking disease germs into the body4 ,the germs will not be able to grow unless the body is weakened in some way1 as by cold and dampness4 ,yet if we are wet and cold1 we shall not catch cold unless we take disease germs into the body4 ,we do not get the germs from the outdoor air1 for very few germs are there4 ,we get them from the foul air of our houses when we come in to warm and dry ourselves4 ,if the air of our houses were always as clean and pure as the outdoor air1 we should hardly ever have colds4 ,we can safely let the cold air blow on us if we are out of doors1 but if we sit in a house1 a small draft sometimes seems to make us take cold4 ,this is because there are likely to be many disease germs in the house and few out of doors4 ,other things besides cold air and dampness may weaken the body1 and so help us to take cold4 ,if germs of colds are in a warm room1 we may sit there and take cold even if we are not wet or chilled at all4 ,the body may be weakened by poor food1 wrong eating1 or overwork1 so that disease germs will easily grow in it4 ,we take as many colds from these causes as from cold air and dampness4 #bad4 ,kinds of colds4--,a person takes most of the germs of colds through his nose and mouth4 ,if they grow only in his nose1 we say that he has a cold in his head4 ,if they grow in his throat1 he has a sore throat1 or tonsillitis4 ,if they reach as far as the upper part of his windpipe1 he is hoarse1 or has a cough1 or the croup4 ,if the germs are planted in his lungs1 he may have bronchitis or pneumonia4 ,all these kinds of sickness often spread from one person to another4 ,if one person in a family has a cold1 others in the family often catch cold from him4 #bae4 ,diseases like colds4--,diphtheria1 tuberculosis1 whooping cough1 and measles all begin like a common cold and often look like a cold during the whole sickness4 ,colds do not turn into any of these diseases1 for each of them comes from its own germ1 just as corn comes only from seed corn4 #baf4 ,curing a cold4--,if you have a cold1 you ought to stay at home and rest1 or lie in bed4 ,then your white blood cells can gain strength to fight the disease germs4 ,you ought to have plenty of fresh air in your room4 ,you ought not to eat much food for a few days1 so that your stomach and intestine and liver can use all their strength in throwing off the poisons of the germs4 ,but you ought to drink plenty of water1 so as to help wash away the poisons from your body4 #bag4 ,keeping colds from spreading4--,you should keep away from other persons while you have a cold1 or other catching disease1 so as to keep from spreading the sickness4 ,you ought not to go visiting1 or go to school1 or to church1 or to other meeting places4 ,when you cough or sneeze1 you should hold a handkerchief to your mouth1 so as to keep from blowing disease germs from your throat and nose4 ,you ought to sleep in a bed by yourself1 so that no one may take the disease germs from your bedclothes4 ,no one else should use your towel1 or handkerchief1 or knife1 or fork1 or spoon1 or dish1 until they have been washed in hot water1 so as to kill the disease germs on them4 #bah4 ,keeping from catching cold4--,you can keep yourself from catching cold by keeping your body strong and in good order4 ,you should keep your clothes dry1 eat good food1 breathe pure air1 get good rest and sleep1 and keep your body1 your clothes1 and your house clean4 ,you should also keep disease germs out of your body4 ,you should not form a habit of putting your fingers or a pencil to your mouth 7p4 #abg74 ,you should keep your nose1 your throat1 and your mouth clean4 #bai4 ,cleanliness of the nose4--,the inside of the nose is wet with a slippery liquid4 ,if you have a cold1 the liquid is thick and stops your nose1 and is called phlegm4 ,the liquid catches and holds dust and disease germs1 and keeps them from going into the windpipe4 ,it also kills many of the disease germs4 ,you should always carry a handkerchief and use it so as to blow the germs out of your nose4 ,you should have a clean handkerchief every day4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of model of the nose and throat4 ,a4 tonsil2 ,b4 adenoids2 ,c4 opening of ,eustachian tube4 #bbj4 ,adenoids and large tonsils4--,sometimes children have large tonsils growing in the back of the throat1 or soft bunches of flesh called adenoids back of the nose4 ,these children cannot breathe well through the nose1 but must breathe through the mouth4 ,then they take dust and disease germs deep into the body1 and so take colds and other sickness easily4 ,if a child has adenoids or large tonsils1 an operation should be done to take them out4 #bba4 ,cleanliness of the mouth4--,we often breathe dust and disease germs into the mouth or snuff them into the throat from the nose4 ,then they are caught between the teeth and in the folds of the cheeks and throat4 ,there they may grow1 and finally go deeper into the body and make us sick4 ,a dirty mouth is very often the cause of colds and other sickness4 ,we should keep our mouths clean by brushing our teeth with a toothbrush two or three times a day4 ,we should also rub the toothbrush over the tongue and around the back part of the throat so as to clean the germs from every part of the mouth4 ,each child should have a toothbrush of his own1 and should use it every day4 #bbb4 ,contagious diseases4--,diphtheria1 whooping cough1 measles1 scarlet fever1 and smallpox are all dangerous kinds of sickness1 and spread with great ease4 ,the germs may float in the air1 and we may take them into our bodies if we go into a room where any one has the sickness4 ,so we call these diseases contagious4 ,if a person has one of these diseases1 he should be made to stay in a house or room by himself until he is well4 ,keeping the sick away from well persons is called quarantine4 ,when the sickness is cured1 the sick room and everything in it should be cleaned and washed so as to kill the germs4 #bbc4 ,board of health4--,there is a board of health in every city and town4 ,the men on the board show persons how to keep diseases from spreading1 and make them obey the rules of health4 ,everybody in a town should help the board of health in every possible way4 ,,what ,,we ,,have ,,learned #a4 ,the white blood cells of our body kill disease germs4 #b4 ,we catch cold by taking disease germs into our body4 #c4 ,the germs of colds are not often found in the air out of doors4 ,they are often found in the foul air of houses4 #d4 ,if a person has a cold1 he should keep away from other persons1 so as to keep from spreading the sickness4 #e4 ,cleansing the nose helps us to keep from catching cold4 #f4 ,cleansing the teeth and the inside of the mouth removes many disease germs4 #g4 ,adenoids and large tonsils should be taken from the throat by an operation4 #h4 ,if a person has a dangerous contagious disease1 he should be quarantined4 #i4 ,boards of health have charge of the prevention of contagious diseases4 ,,index ,abdomen1 #fj4 ,adam's apple1 #fh4 ,adenoids1 #acf4 ,air1 #ei1 #fe1 #abi4 ,albumin1 #aj1 #ag1 #ah1 #di4 ,alcohol1 #ch4 ,alcohol and arteries1 #ef4 biliousness1 #df4 bitters1 #df4 blood1 #ee4 brain1 #ie4 breathing1 #gj4 burning1 #fi4 catching cold1 #ga4 character1 #ig4 cooking1 #dg4 delirium tremens1 #if4 digestion1 #df4 eyes1 #ajc4 feeling1 #ie4 habit1 #dd4 heart1 #ef4 heat1 #gb4 heredity1 #if4 insanity1 #if4 ,jamaica ginger1 #dg4 kidneys1 #ha4 liver1 #df4 lungs1 #gj4 medicine1 #dg4 money waste1 #ig4 motion1 #ie4 muscles1 #aai4 sickness1 #hb4 skin1 #ha4 stomach1 #de4 strength1 #ef1 #abj4 strong drink1 #dj4 suffering1 #ig4 taste1 #ajg4 thirst1 #dd4 thought1 #ie4 ,alcohol1 use of1 #ci4 ,ameba1 #g1 #eb4 ,appetite1 #bg4 ,arteries1 #ea1 #ee4 ,ashes1 #ab1 #fb1 #gh4 ,b ,bacteria1 #abc4 ,bathing1 #gh1 #abf4 ,beer1 #dc4 ,bile1 #ah4 ,biliousness1 #bj4 ,bitters1 #df4 ,bleeding1 #di1 #eb4 ,blood1 #ac1 #ai1 #di1 #fa4 ,board of ,health1 #acg4 ,bones1 #aji4 ,bowels1 #ah4 ,bowlegs1 #aaj4 ,brain1 #hh4 ,brandy1 #dd4 ,bread1 #bd1 #ch4 ,breathing1 #ei1 #fj1 #fg4 ,broken bones1 #aaj4 ,burning1 #fa1 #aah4 ,butter1 #bc4 ,c ,cake1 #bd1 #bi4 ,candy1 #bi4 ,canning fruit1 #cg1 #abd4 ,capillaries1 #ea1 #fa4 ,catching cold1 #ed1 #fe1 #gb1 #abe1 #acb4 ,cells1 #h4 ,cells1 blood tubes of1 #ea4 breathing of1 #fa4 burning of1 #fb4 composition of1 #aa4 food of1 #ac1 #ee4 messages of1 #he1 #ajj4 ,cells of blood1 #di1 #acb4 bone1 #aji4 brain1 #hh4 epithelium1 #gf4 muscle1 #aae4 skin1 #ge4 spinal cord1 #hf4 yeast plant1 #ch4 ,cheese1 #bc4 ,chest1 #fj4 ,chewing1 #ad4 ,chewing gum1 #cd4 ,chewing tobacco1 #cc4 ,cider1 #db4 ,cigarettes1 #cd4 ,cigars1 #cd4 ,clams1 #bd4 ,clot1 #di4 ,clothes1 #fc4 ,coated tongue1 #bj4 ,coffee1 #bg4 ,cold1 feelings of1 #aja4 ,colds1 #ed1 #fe1 #gb1 #abe1 #acb4 ,connective tissue1 #i4 ,contagious diseases1 #acg4 ,cooking1 #ac4 ,cotton1 #fc4 ,cream1 #bc4 ,cross-eyes1 #ajb4 ,cuts1 #ec4 ,d ,deafness1 #aje4 ,decay1 #abd4 ,delirium tremens1 #if4 ,diaphragm1 #fj4 ,digestion1 #ac4 ,diphtheria1 #ec1 #acd1 #acg4 ,dirt1 #abf4 ,dirt in eye1 #ajb4 ,disease germs1 #bi1 #ec1 #fe1 #gb1 #ha1 #abc4 ,distillation1 #dc4 ,drinking cup1 #abh4 ,e ,ear1 #ajd4 ,ear wax1 #ajd4 ,eating1 #bj4 ,egg1 #bc4 ,epidermis1 #gf4 ,epithelium1 #ge4 ,eustachian tube1 #aje1 #acf4 ,exercise1 #aah4 ,eye1 #aja4 ,eyeball1 #aja4 ,eyelids1 #ajb4 ,f ,far sight1 #ajc4 ,fat1 #aa1 #ah1 #be1 #di1 #ib4 ,fear1 #ib4 ,feeling1 #ajj4 ,fermentation1 #cg4 ,fever1 #abe4 ,fire drill1 #ic4 ,fish1 #bd4 ,flannel1 #fc4 ,flies1 #acj4 ,food1 #ab1 #ac1 #ai1 #bc4 ,fresh air1 #fg1 #abi4 ,fruit1 #be4 ,fur1 #fd4 ,g ,gastric juice1 #ag4 ,gelatine1 #aa4 ,germs1 #bi1 #ec1 #fe1 #gb1 #ha1 #abc4 ,gizzard1 #ad4 ,good habits1 #id4 ,grain1 #bd4 ,h ,habit1 #id1 #abg4 ,hair1 #gf4 ,hair dyes1 #gg4 ,hair oil1 #gg4 ,handkerchief1 #ace1 #acf4 ,healing1 #ec4 ,hearing1 #ajd4 ,heart1 #ej4 ,heart beat1 #ej1 #ee4 ,heat1 #fb1 #aja4 ,heating houses1 #fe4 ,house flies1 #abi4 ,hunger1 #bi4 ,i ,intemperance1 #bi4 ,intestine1 #ah4 ,iron1 #ab4 ,j ,jamaica ginger1 #dg4 ,joints1 #aaj4 ,k ,kidneys1 #fb1 #gh4 ,knowledge1 #hi4 ,l ,lead1 #bg4 ,life1 #ab4 ,lime1 #ab4 ,linen1 #fd4 ,liver1 #ah1 #ai4 ,lungs1 #fj4 ,m ,maggots1 #acj4 ,malaria1 #acj4 ,matter1 #ed4 ,meal1 #bd4 ,measles1 #acd1 #acg4 ,meat1 #bd1 #aaf4 ,memory1 #hi4 ,microbes1 #abc4 ,microscope1 #h4 ,milk1 #bc4 ,mind1 #i1 #hd1 #hh4 ,minerals1 #aa1 #ai1 #di4 ,mosquitoes1 #acj4 ,motion1 #hh4 ,motor nerves1 #he4 ,mouth1 #ad1 #abg1 #acg4 ,muscles1 #aae4 ,n ,nails1 #gf4 ,near sight1 #ajc4 ,nerve messages1 #he4 ,nerves1 #hd1 #aaf4 ,nervousness1 #ib4 ,nicotine1 #ca4 ,night air1 #fg4 ,nose1 #abg1 #ace4 ,o ,oatmeal1 #bd4 ,oysters1 #bd4 ,p ,pain1 #ajj4 ,pancakes1 #bd4 ,pancreatic juice1 #ah4 ,pencils1 #abg1 #ace4 ,perspiration1 #gh4 ,pie1 #bi4 ,pneumonia1 #acd4 ,poisons1 #ai4 ,potash1 #ab4 ,potatoes1 #be4 ,public drinking cup1 #abh4 ,pulse1 #ea4 ,pus1 #ed4 ,q ,quarantine1 #acg4 ,r ,red blood cells1 #di1 #ed1 #fa4 ,reflex action1 #hf4 ,root beer1 #dc4 ,round shoulders1 #aab1 #aag4 ,rubbers1 #fd4 ,s ,saliva1 #ad4 ,salt1 #ab1 #bf4 ,scarlet fever1 #acg4 ,senses1 #hh1 #ajj4 ,sensory nerves1 #he4 ,sewers1 #ha4 ,sick room1 #ff4 ,sight1 #aja4 ,skin1 #fc1 #ge1 #abf4 ,sleep1 #ij4 ,slops1 #hj1 #abf4 ,smallpox1 #acg4 ,smell1 #ajf4 ,smoke1 #fb4 ,smoking1 #cd4 ,snuff1 #cc4 ,soda1 #ab4 ,spinal cord1 #hf4 ,spitting1 #cb1 #abg4 ,sprains1 #aab4 ,starch1 #aa1 #ad1 #ah1 #be4 ,steam engine1 #fb4 ,stockings1 #fd4 ,stomach1 #ag4 ,strength1 #aag4 ,strong drink1 #dj4 ,sugar1 #aa1 #ad1 #ah1 #be1 #bh1 #ch1 #db1 #di4 ,swallowing1 #ae4 ,sweat1 #fc1 #gh4 ,sweeping1 #abi4 ,sweetbread1 #ah4 ,t ,taste1 #bh1 #ajf4 ,tea1 #bg4 ,tears1 #ajb4 ,teeth1 #ad1 #acg4 ,tendon1 #aae4 ,thinking1 #hi4 ,tight shoes1 #aab4 ,tobacco1 #ca4 ,tobacco and brain1 #ih4 breathing1 #gb4 chewing1 #cc4 children1 #cc4 digestion1 #cc4 eyes1 #ajd4 habit1 #cd4 heart1 #eg4 muscle1 #aba4 strength1 #cb4 taste1 #ajg4 teeth1 #cb4 ,tongue1 #ae4 ,tonsils1 #acd1 #acf4 ,toothpick1 #ae4 ,touch1 #ajj4 ,tuberculosis1 #acd4 ,typhoid fever1 #ec1 #abg4 ,v ,vegetables1 #be4 ,veins1 #eb4 ,ventilation1 #fe1 #abi4 ,vinegar1 #ci4 ,voice1 #fh4 ,w ,warmth1 feeling of1 #fc4 ,washing clothes1 #hj4 ,waste of body1 #ge1 #gh4 ,water1 #aj1 #ai1 #bf1 #di1 #abg4 ,wells1 #bf1 #ha4 ,whisky1 #dd1 #ga4 ,white blood cells1 #di1 #ec1 #acb4 ,whooping cough1 #acd1 #acg4 ,wigglers1 #aca4 ,windpipe1 #ae1 #ei4 ,wine1 #db4 ,wool1 #fc4 ,words1 #fh4 ,working of fruit1 #cg4 ,worry1 #ia4 ,y ,yeast1 #bd1 #ch1 #db4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,pg #acg ,added period after #bbc in #bbc ,board of health4 ,pg #ada ,replaced a comma with a period after #aja in ,eye1 #aja4