,transcrib]'s note3    ,! foll[+        
typographical errors h be5 correct$3    
,page #hf3 ,we br+ ourselves1 by its    
help1 to face petty details t     are   
we>isome1 & heavy tasks t are almo/     
appall+4     'appall+' am5d$ f 'appal+'4
    ,page #aec3 ,t :i* is truly1 &      
deeply1 & s]i\sly an injury     to our  
intellectual life1 is ! fooli%ness ( !  
too common     vanity4 'too' am5d$ f    
'two'4    ,page #afa3 ! *ild _h !       
defects ( *ildr51 b ( *ildr5     born 9 
! diff]5t c\ntries :]e he liv$4 'liv$'  
am5d$ f     'live'4    ,page #bid3 ,!   
girl 0 un$ucat$3 x seems hopeless to try
 to     educate ! woman4 'educate' am5d$
 f 'educat$'4    ,page #cfd3 ,i am sure 
t my mod]n artill]y capta91     not)/&+ 
8 bad mann]s4 'not)/&+' am5d$ f         
'not)/&'4    ,page #cgg3 ,i "k a        
di/+ui%$ ,engli%man :o is q rem>kable   
= ! tal5t ) :i* he arranges 8           
intellectual fri5d%ips1     s z nev] to 
be dep5d5t on any "o4 'intellectual'    
am5d$ f     'in9tellectual'4    ,page   

#chc3 ,! tru? is1 t to succe$ well 9    
fa%ionable society     ! high]          
intellectual atta9m5ts are n s useful z 
di/+ui%$ skill 9 ^? amusem5ts :i* are ! 
real bus9ess     ( ! fa%ionable _w4     
'bus9ess (' am5d$ f 'busi('4    ,page   
#chg3 ,to me x appe>s ! p]fect type ( t 
preoccupation     ab\t appe>ances :i*   
bl9ds ! g5teel vulg> to ! true          
nobility ( life4 'preoccupation' am5d$ f
 'pre-occupation'4    ,page #dag3 ,%e   
moves2 movem5t is ! law ( h] life2 yet  
%e is z     tranquil 9 h] little cab9 z 
any goodwife on %ore4 '%e' am5d$     f  
'see'4    ,page #dhi3 ,i c]ta9ly ?9k t  
if a good cur has an exceptional        
g5ius = sanctity4 'sanctity' am5d$ f    
'sancitity'4    ,page #eeh 7index73     
,dullness ( g5]al conv]sation4          
',dullness'     am5d$ f ',dulness'4     
,,!    ,,intellectual ,,life1           
,,by    ,,philip ,,gilb]t ,,ham]ton1    
,,au?or ,,( ,a ,,pa9t]',s ,,camp1       
,,?\ghts ,,ab\t ,,art1 ,,! ,,unkn[n     
,,riv]1 ,,etc4     ,,new ,,york         

,,hur/  ,,company    ,,publi%]s     ,,to
 ,,eug,,nie ,h4   ,we h %>$ toge!r _m   
h\rs ( /udy1 & y h be5 will+1 at ! co/ (
 mu* pati5t labor1 to *e] ! difficult   
pa?s ( intellectual toil by ! unfail+   
sweetness ( y\r belov$ companion%ip4 ,x 
seems to me t all ^? ?+s :i* we h le>n$ 
toge!r are d\bly my own2 :il/ ^? o!r    
/udies :i* ,i h pursu$ 9 solitude h nev]
 yield$ me m ?an a maim$ & imp]fect     
satisfaction4 ,! dream ( my life w\ld be
 to associate y ) all ,i d if t 7       
possible2 b s9ce ! ideal c nev] be :olly
 realiz$1 let me at lea/ rejoice t we h 
be5 s little sep>at$1 & t ! subtle      
influ5ce ( y\r f9] ta/e & m delicate    
p]ception is ev]1 l "s p5etrat+ p]fume1 
9 ! :ole atmosph]e ar\nd me4            
,,preface4   ,i propose1 9 ! foll[+     
pages1 to consid] ! possibilities ( a   
satisfactory intellectual life "u v>i\s 
conditions ( ord9>y human exi/5ce4 ,x w 
=m a "p ( my plan to take into acc\nt   
favorable & unfavorable influ5ces ( _m  
k9ds2 & my *ief purpose1 s f> z any     

effect ^u o!rs may be hop$ =1 w be to   
gu>d "s :o may read ! book alike aga9/ !
 loss ( "t caus$ by unnecess>y          
disc\ragem5t1 & ! wa/e ( ef=t :i* is !  
consequ5ce ( misdirect$ en]gies4  ,i h  
adopt$ ! =m ( lett]s address$ to p]sons 
( v diff]5t position 9 ord] t e read]   
may h a *ance ( f9d+ :at conc]ns him4 ,!
 lett]s1 x is unnecess>y to obs]ve1 are 
9 "o s5se z fictiti\s z ^? we f9d 9     
novels1 = !y h nev] be5 s5t to anybody  
by ! po/1 yet ! p]sons to :om !y are    
address$ are n imag9>y4 ,i made x a     
rule1 f ! beg9n+1 to ?9k ( a real p]son 
:5 writ+1 f an appreh5sion t by dwell+ 9
 a _w too exclusively ideal ,i might    
lose sight ( _m imp$im5ts :i* beset all 
actual lives1 ev5 ! mo/ exceptional &   
=tunate4  ,! ess5ce ( ! book may be     
express$ 9 a few s5t5ces1 ! re/ be+     
little m ?an evid5ce or illu/ration4    
,fir/1 x appe>s t all :o are born )     
consid]able intellectual faculties are  
urg$ t[>ds ! intellectual life by       
irresi/ible in/9cts1 z wat]-f[l are urg$

 to an aquatic life2 b ! l[] animals h  
?is advantage ov] man1 t z _! purposes  
are simpl]1 s !y atta9 !m m completely  
?an he does4 ,! life ( a wild duck is 9 
p]fect accordance ) its in/9cts1 b !    
life ( an intellectual man is nev] on   
all po9ts p]fectly 9 accordance ) 8     
in/9cts4 ,_m ( ! be/ intellectual lives 
kn[n to u h be5 hamp]$ by vexati\s      
imp$im5ts ( ! mo/ v>i\s & complicat$    
k9ds2 & :5 we come to h accurate &      
intimate k ( ! lives l$ by our          
intellectual contempor>ies1 we are      
always q sure to f9d t ea* ( !m has "s  
great ?w>t+ difficulty to cont5d aga9/4 
,nor is x too mu* to say t if a man 7 s 
plac$ & end[$ 9 e way t all 8 "w %\ld be
 made z easy z ! ignorant imag9e x to   
be1 t man w\ld f9d 9 t v facility itself
 a condition mo/ unfavorable to 8       
intellectual gr[?4 ,s t1 h[ev]          
circum/ances may help u or h9d] u1 !    
intellectual life is always a conte/ or 
a discipl9e1 & ! art or skill ( liv+    
intellectually does n s mu* consi/ 9    

surr\nd+ ourselves ) :at is reput$ to be
 advantage\s z 9 compell+ e circum/ance 
& condition ( our lives to yield u "s   
tribute ( intellectual b5efit & =ce4 ,! 
ne$s ( ! intellect are z v>i\s z        
intellects !mselves are v>i\s3 & if a   
man has got high m5tal culture dur+ 8   
passage ?r\gh life x is ( little        
consequ5ce :]e he acquir$ x1 or h[4 ,!  
s*ool ( ! intellectual man is ! place   
:]e he happ5s to be1 & 8 tea*]s are ! p1
 books1 animals1 plants1 /ones1 & e>?   
r\nd ab\t him4 ,! feel+ almo/ always    
pr$om9ant 9 ! m9ds ( intellectual m5 z  
!y gr[ old]1 is n s mu* "o ( regret t _!
 opportunities 7 n m abundant1 z (      
regret t !y s (t5 miss$ opportunities   
:i* !y might h turn$ to bett] acc\nt4   
,i h writt5 = all classes1 9 !          
conviction t ! intellectual life is     
really )9 ! rea* ( e "o :o e>ne/ly      
desires x4 ,! highe/ culture c nev] be  
)9 ! rea* ( ^? :o _c give ! ye>s ( labor
 :i* x co/s2 & if we cultivate ourselves
 to %9e 9 ! eyes ( o!rs1 to become fam\s

 9 lit]ature or sci5ce1 !n ( c\rse we   
mu/ give _m m h\rs ( labor ?an c be sp>$
 f a life ( practical indu/ry4 ,b ,i am 
fully conv9c$ ( ?is1 conv9c$ by !       
obs]vation ( liv+ in/ances 9 all        
classes1 t any man or woman ( l>ge      
natural capacity may rea* ! tone ( ?9k+ 
:i* may ju/ly be call$ intellectual1 ev5
 ?\gh t ?9k+ may n be express$ 9 ! mo/  
p]fect language4 ,! ess5ce (            
intellectual liv+ does n reside 9 ext5t 
( sci5ce or 9 p]fection ( expression1 b 
9 a con/ant pref]5ce = high] ?\ghts ov] 
l[] ?\ghts1 & ?is pref]5ce may be !     
habit ( a m9d :i* has n any v           
consid]able am\nt ( in=mation4 ,?is may 
be v easily demon/rat$ by a ref]5ce to  
m5 :o liv$ intellectually 9 ages :5     
sci5ce _h sc>cely begun to exi/1 & :5   
!re 0 b little lit]ature t c\ld be ( use
 z an aid to culture4 ,! humble/        
subscrib] to a me*anics' in/itute has   
easi] access to s\nd le>n+ ?an _h ei!r  
,solomon or ,ari/otle1 yet bo? ,solomon 
& ,ari/otle liv$ ! intellectual life4   

,:oev] reads ,engli% is ri*] 9 ! aids to
 culture ?an ,plato 01 yet ,plato ?\ght 
intellectually4 ,x is n erudition t     
makes ! intellectual man1 b a sort (    
virtue :i* delights 9 vigor\s &         
beautiful ?9k+1 j z moral virtue        
delights 9 vigor\s & beautiful conduct4 
,intellectual liv+ is n s mu* an        
accompli%m5t z a /ate or condition ( !  
m9d 9 :i* x seeks e>ne/ly = ! highe/ &  
pure/ tru?4 ,x is ! cont9ual ex]cise ( a
 firmly noble *oice betwe5 ! l>g] tru? &
 ! less]1 betwe5 t :i* is p]fectly j & t
 :i* falls a little %ort ( ju/ice4 ,!   
ideal life w\ld be to *oose ?us firmly &
 delicately always1 yet if we (t5 blund]
 & fail = want ( p]fect wisdom & cle>   
light1 h we n ! inw>d assurance t our   
aspiration has n be5 all 9 va91 t x has 
br\ght u a little ne>] to ! ,supreme    
,intellect ^: effulg5ce draws u :il/ x  
dazzles8 ,"h is ! true secret ( t       
fasc9ation :i* belongs to intellectual  
pursuits1 t !y reveal to u a little m1 &
 yet a little m1 ( ! et]nal ord] ( !    

,univ]se1 e/abli%+ u s firmly 9 :at is  
kn[n1 t we acquire an un%akable         
confid5ce 9 ! laws :i* gov]n :at is n1 &
 nev] c be1 kn[n4     ,,cont5ts4   ,,"p 
,i4  ,,! ,,physical ,,basis4    ,,lett] 
,,page     ,i4 ,to a "y man ( lett]s :o 
work$ excessively               #ag     
,,ii4 ,to ! same                        
#bb    ,,iii4 ,to a /ud5t 9 unc]ta9     
heal?                               #bg 
,,iv4 ,to a muscul> ,*ri/ian            
#db      ,v4 ,to a /ud5t :o neglect$    
bodily ex]cise                     #dg  
,,vi4 ,to an au?or 9 mortal disease     
#ec    ,,vii4 ,to a "y man ( brilliant  
ability1 :o _h j tak5 8          degree 
#eg   ,,"p ,,ii4  ,,! ,,moral ,,basis4  
,i4 ,to a morali/ :o _h said t !re 0 a  
want ( moral          fibre 9 !         
intellectual1 especially 9 poets &      
arti/s   #fg     ,,ii4 ,to an           
undiscipl9$ writ]                       
#hj    ,,iii4 ,to a fri5d :o sugge/$ !  
speculation :i* ( ! moral               
virtues 0 mo/ ess5tial to ! intellectual

 life         #ia     ,,iv4 ,to a       
morali/ :o said t intellectual culture 0
 n          conducive to sexual morality
                                 #ih    
,,"p ,,iii4  ,,( ,,education4      ,i4  
,to a fri5d :o recomm5d$ ! au?or to le>n
 ?is ?+          & t                    
#ajd     ,,ii4 ,to a fri5d :o /udi$ _m  
?+s                           #aaj      
,,iii4 ,to ! same                       
#abj     ,,iv4 ,to a /ud5t ( lit]ature  
#acj      ,v4 ,to a c\ntry g5tleman :o  
regrett$ t 8 son _h !           t5d5cies
 ( a dilettant                          
#acd     ,,vi4 ,to ! pr9cipal ( a ,fr5* 
college                          #acg   
,,vii4 ,to ! same                       
#adc   ,,viii4 ,to a /ud5t ( mod]n      
languages                               
#adi     ,,ix4 ,to ! same               
#aec      ,x4 ,to a /ud5t :o lam5t$ 8   
defective memory                #afe    
,,xi4 ,to a ma/] ( arts :o said t a     
c]ta9 di/+ui%$          pa9t] 0         
half-educat$                            

#agj   ,,"p ,,iv4  ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,"t4  
,i4 ,to a man ( leisure :o compla9$ (   
want ( "t            #agf     ,,ii4 ,to 
a "y man ( great tal5t & en]gy :o _h    
magnific5t plans = ! future             
#ahe    ,,iii4 ,to a man ( bus9ess :o   
desir$ to make himself bett]            
acqua9t$ ) lit]ature1 b ^: "t = read+   
0 limit$                                
#bjj     ,,iv4 ,to a /ud5t :o felt      
hurri$ & driv5                      #bjg
      ,v4 ,to a fri5d :o1 ?\gh he _h no 
pr(ession1 c\ld n          f9d "t = 8   
v>i\s intellectual pursuits             
#bab   ,,"p ,v4  ,,! ,,influ5ces ,,(    
,,money4      ,i4 ,to a v ri* /ud5t     
#baf     ,,ii4 ,to a g5ius c>eless 9    
money matt]s                            
#bbd    ,,iii4 ,to a /ud5t 9 great      
pov]ty                                  
#bci   ,,"p ,,vi4  ,,cu/om ,,&          
,,tradition4      ,i4 ,to a "y g5tleman 
:o _h firmly resolv$ nev] to we>        
any?+ b a gray coat                     
#bdf     ,,ii4 ,to a cons]vative :o _h  

accus$ ! au?or ( a want (               
respect = tradition                     
#bed    ,,iii4 ,to a lady :o lam5t$ t h]
 son _h intellectual d\bts              
conc]n+ ! dogmas ( ! *ur*               
#bfc     ,,iv4 ,to ! son ( ! lady to :om
 ! prec$+ lett] 0          address$     
#bfi      ,v4 ,to a fri5d :o seem$ to   
take cr$it to himself1                  
intellectually1 f ! nature ( 8 religi\s 
belief     #bgf     ,,vi4 ,to a ,roman  
,ca?olic fri5d :o accus$ ! intellectual 
class ( a want ( rev]5ce = au?ority     
#bhj   ,,"p ,,vii4  ,,wom5 ,,&          
,,m>riage4      ,i4 ,to a "y g5tleman ( 
intellectual ta/es1 :o1 )\t             
hav+ z yet any   p>ticul> lady 9 view1  
_h          express$1 9 a g5]al way1 8  
det]m9ation to get          m>ri$       
#bhe     ,,ii4 ,to a "y g5tleman :o     
contemplat$ m>riage                #bia 
,,iii4 ,to ! same                       
#bii     ,,iv4 ,to ! same               
#cjf      ,v4 ,to ! same                
#cab     ,,vi4 ,to a solit>y /ud5t      

#cbb    ,,vii4 ,to a lady ( high culture
 :o f\nd x difficult to associate       
) p]sons ( h] own sex                   
#cbe   ,,viii4 ,to a lady ( high culture
                                        
#ccj     ,,ix4 ,to a "y man ( ! middle  
class1 well educat$1 :o                 
compla9$ t x 0 difficult = him to live  
agreeably          ) 8 "m1 a p]son (    
some:at au?oritative                    
disposition1 b un$ucat$                 
#ccc   ,,"p ,,viii4  ,,ari/ocracy ,,&   
,,democracy4      ,i4 ,to a "y ,engli%  
nobleman                                
#cda     ,,ii4 ,to an ,engli% democrat  
#ceh   ,,"p ,,ix4  ,,society ,,&        
,,solitude4      ,i4 ,to a lady :o d\bt$
 ! reality ( intellectual               
fri5d%ips                               
#cgd     ,,ii4 ,to a "y g5tleman :o liv$
 mu* 9 fa%ionable society    #cgi       
,,iii4 ,to ! same                       
#chd     ,,iv4 ,to ! same               
#cia      ,v4 ,to a "y g5tleman :o kept 
entirely out ( company         #cig     

,,vi4 ,to a fri5d :o k9dly w>n$ ! au?or 
( ! bad effects         ( solitude      
#djb  ,,"p ,x4  ,,intellectual          
,,hygi5ics4      ,i4 ,to a "y au?or :il/
 he 0 writ+ 8 fir/ book        #dae     
,,ii4 ,to a /ud5t 9 ! fir/ ardor (      
intellectual ambition      #dbb         
,,iii4 ,to an intellectual man :o desir$
 an  outlet = 8          en]gies        
#dca     ,,iv4 ,to ! fri5d ( a man (    
high culture  :o produc$ no?+  #dda     
,v4 ,to a /ud5t :o felt hurri$ & driv5  
#ddf     ,,vi4 ,to an ard5t fri5d :o    
took no re/                             
#dea    ,,vii4 ,to ! same               
#def   ,,viii4 ,to a fri5d 7highly      
cultivat$7 :o congratulat$  himself     
on hav+ entirely  ab&on$ ! habit ( read+
           newspap]s                    
#dff     ,,ix4 ,to an au?or :o          
appreciat$ contempor>y lit]ature        
#dgj      ,x4 ,to an au?or :o kept v    
irregul> h\rs                    #dgf   
,,"p ,,xi4  ,,trades ,,& ,,pr(essions4  
,i4 ,to a "y g5tleman ( ability &       

culture :o _h n          decid$ ab\t 8  
pr(ession                               
#dhh     ,,ii4 ,to a "y g5tleman :o _h  
lit]>y & arti/ic ta/es1          b no   
pr(ession                               
#dii    ,,iii4 ,to a "y g5tleman :o wi%$
 to devote himself to          lit]ature
 z a pr(ession                          
#ejd     ,,iv4 ,to an en]getic &        
successful cotton manufactur]           
#eac      ,v4 ,to a "y ,etonian :o ?\ght
 ( becom+ a cotton-sp9n]   #ebb   ,,"p  
,,xii4  ,,surr\nd+s4      ,i4 ,to a     
fri5d :o (t5 *ang$ 8 place ( resid5ce   
#ecj     ,,ii4 ,to a fri5d :o ma9ta9$ t 
surr\nd+s  7 a matt]          (         
indiff]5ce to a ?or\ghly occupi$ m9d    
#eci    ,,iii4 ,to an arti/ :o 0 fitt+  
up a magnific5t new /udio      #edf     
,,! ,,intellectual ,,life4     ,,"p ,i4 
,,! ,,physical ,,basis4   ,,lett] ,i4   
,,to ,a ,,"y ,,man ,,( ,,lett]s ,,:o    
,,work$ ,,excessively4    ,m5tal labor  
believ$ to be innocu\s to heal?y        
p]sons--,difficulty   ( te/+ ?is--,case 

( ! poet ,wordswor?--,case ( an em95t   
liv+ au?or--,case ( a lit]>y            
cl]gyman--,case ( an en]getic           
tradesman--,in/ances ( two ,london]s :o 
wrote   pr(essionally--,scott's         
p>alysis--,byron's dea?--,all           
intellectual   labor proce$s on a       
physical basis4  ,s little is really    
kn[n ab\t ! action ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 t to
 g into ! subject f ! physiological po9t
 ( view w\ld be to und]take a mo/       
difficult inve/igation1 entirely beyond 
! compet5ce ( an unsci5tific p]son l y\r
 pres5t correspond5t4 ,y w1 !re=e1 p]mit
 me1 9 ref]5ce to ?is1 to leave y to !  
tea*+ ( ! mo/ advanc$ physiologi/s ( !  
"t2 b ,i may be able to (f] a few       
practical sugge/ions1 bas$ on ! exp]i5ce
 ( intellectual work]s1 :i* may be ( use
 to a man ^: c>e] is likely to be "o (  
sev]e & almo/ un9t]rupt$ intellectual   
labor4  ,a pap] 0 read sev]al ye>s ago  
be=e ! memb]s ( a society 9 ,london1 9  
:i* ! au?or ma9ta9$ t m5tal labor 0 nev]
 injuri\s to a p]fectly heal?y human    

organization1 & t ! num]\s cases (      
break-d[n1 :i* are commonly attribut$ to
 excessive bra9-"w1 are due1 9 reality1 
to ! previ\s op]ation ( disease4  ,?is  
is "o ( ^? ass]tions :i* _c be answ]$ 9 
a s5t5ce4 ,conc5trat$ )9 ! briefe/      
expression x comes to ?is1 t m5tal labor
 _c produce disease1 b may aggravate !  
consequ5ces ( disease :i* already exi/s4
  ,! difficulty ( te/+ ?is is obvi\s2 = 
s long z heal? rema9s q p]fect1 x rema9s
 p]fect1 ( c\rse1 :e!r ! bra9 is us$ or 
n2 & :5 failure ( heal? becomes manife/1
 x is n always easy to decide 9 :at     
degree m5tal labor may h be5 ! cause (  
x4 ,aga91 ! accuracy ( s g5]al a /atem5t
 _c be prov$ by any numb] ( in/ances 9  
its favor1 s9ce x is univ]sally admitt$ 
t bra9-"w is n ! only cause ( disease1 &
 no "o affirms t x is m ?an "o among/ _m
 causes :i* may imp$e ! bodily          
functions4  ,:5 ! poet ,wordswor? 0     
engag$ 9 compos+ ! ,:ite ,doe (         
,ryl/one1 he receiv$ a w\nd 9 8 foot1 & 
he obs]v$ t ! cont9uation ( ! lit]>y    

labor increas$ ! irritation ( ! w\nd2   
:]eas by susp5d+ 8 "w he c\ld dim9i% x1 
& absolute m5tal re/ produc$ a p]fect   
cure4 ,9 connection ) ?is incid5t he    
rem>k$ t poetic excitem5t1 accompani$ by
 protract$ labor 9 composition1 always  
br\ght on m or less ( bodily d]angem5t4 
,he pres]v$ himself f p]man5tly injuri\s
 consequ5ces by 8 excell5t habits (     
life4  ,a v em95t liv+ au?or1 ^: "n ,i d
 n feel at lib]ty to m5tion1 is always  
pro/rat$ by sev]e illness at !          
conclusion ( ea* ( 8 works2 ano!r is    
unwell e ,sunday1 because he does n     
write on t day1 & ! recoil aft] ! m5tal 
/ret* ( ! week is too mu* = him4  ,9 !  
case ( ,wordswor?1 ! physical           
con/itution is believ$ to h be5 s\nd4 ,8
 heal? at sev5ty-two 0 excell5t2 ! two  
o!r in/ances are m d\btful 9 ?is        
respect1 yet bo? ^! writ]s enjoy v fair 
heal?1 aft] ! pressure ( bra9-"w has be5
 remov$ = any consid]able "t4 ,a        
cl]gyman ( robu/ organization1 :o does a
 good deal ( lit]>y "w at int]vals1 told

 me t1 :5ev] he _h attempt$ to make x   
regul>1 ! consequ5ce _h always be5      
di/ress+ n]v\s s5sations1 f :i* at o!r  
times he 0 p]fectly free4 ,a tradesman1 
^: bus9ess af=ds an excell5t outlet =   
en]getic bodily activity1 told me t hav+
 attempt$1 9 addition to 8 ord9>y "w1 to
 acquire a =eign language :i* seem$     
likely to be useful to him1 he _h be5   
oblig$ to ab&on x on acc\nt ( al>m+     
c]ebral symptoms4 ,?is man has imm5se   
vigor & en]gy1 b ! dige/ive functions1 9
 ?is in/ance1 are sluggi%4 ,h[ev]1 :5 he
 ab&on$ /udy1 ! c]ebral inconv5i5ces    
disappe>$1 & h nev] return$ s9ce4  ,two 
,london]s :o foll[$ lit]ature z a       
pr(ession1 & :o bo? work$ to excess1 _h 
c]ebral attacks ( a /ill m decid$ k9d4  
,"o ( !m1 aft] 8 recov]y1 resolv$ to    
regulate 8 "w 9 future1 s t x might nev]
 pass ! limits ( mod]ation4 ,he is n[   
liv+1 & 9 possession ( a rem>kably cle> 
& ri*ly furni%$ intellect4 ,! o!r1 :o   
return$ to 8 old habits1 di$ 9 two ye>s 
f s(t5+ ( ! bra94 ,i am n aw>e t 9 ^!   

cases !re 0 any o!r disease ?an t       
produc$ by an immod]ate use ( ! m5tal   
p[]s4  ,! heal? ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott--we
 h ?is on 8 own te/imony--0 uncommonly  
robu/1 & !re is e reason to believe t 8 
p>alysis 0 br\ght on by ! excessive     
labor :i* result$ f 8 pecuni>y          
emb>rassm5ts1 & t )\t su* excessive     
m5tal labor & anxiety he w\ld h pres]v$ 
8 heal? mu* long]4 ,! dea? ( ,byron 0   
due1 no d\bt1 q z mu* to habits (       
dissipation z to poetical excitem5t2    
/ill x is probable t he w\ld h borne    
ei!r ( ^! evil influ5ces if x _h n be5  
accompani$ by ! o!r2 & t to a man ^: way
 ( life 0 s exhau/+ z ,byron's 01 !     
addition ( con/ant poetical excitem5t & 
h>d "w 9 production1 may be said )\t    
exagg]ation to h kill$ him4 ,we "k t    
,scott1 ) all 8 facility1 _h a dread ( t
 k9d ( excitem5t1 & )drew f ! poetical  
ar5a to avoid x4 ,we "k1 too1 t ! bra9 (
 ,s\!y prov$ ultimately unable to endure
 ! burd5 ( ! tasks he laid ^u x4        
,difficult z x may be 9 "s in/ances to  

asc]ta9 q accurately :e!r an ov]work$   
man _h p]fectly s\nd bodily heal? to    
beg9 )1 obvi\s z x may be t 9 _m        
breakd[ns ! f9al failure has be5        
accel]at$ by diseases indep5d5t ( m5tal 
"w1 ! facts rema91 t ! excessive ex]cise
 ( ! m5tal p[]s is injuri\s to bodily   
heal? & t all intellectual labor proce$s
 ^u a physical basis4 ,no man c safely  
=get ?is1 & act z if he 7 a pure _s1    
sup]ior to physical consid]ations4 ,let 
me !n1 9 o!r lett]s on ?is subject1     
direct y\r att5tion to ! close          
connection :i* exi/s betwe5 intellectual
 production & ! /ate ( ! body & ! bra92 
n ) ! au?ority ( a physician1 b ) !     
sympa?y ( a fell[-labor]1 :o has le>n$  
some?+ f 8 own exp]i5ce1 & /ill m f ! m 
v>i$ exp]i5ce ( 8 fri5ds4   ,,lett]     
,,ii4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,man ,,( ,,lett]s  
,,:o ,,work$ ,,excessively4    ,m5tal   
labor r>ely compatible ) ! be/ physical 
conditions--,wordswor?'s mann] (        
composition--,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,a4           
,delane--,george ,s& work+ "u           

pressure--,sir ,walt] ,scott's          
field-sports--,physical ex]cise ! be/   
tranquilliz] ( ! n]v\s   sy/em--,eugne  
,sue--,%elley's love ( boat+--,n]v\sness
 !   affliction ( bra9-work]s--,nature's
 k9dly w>n+--,work+ by                  
spurts--,beck=d--,byron--,indol5ce ( m5 
( g5ius   =tunate--,di/ress+ nature (   
c]ebral fatigue4  ,x is possible t _m ( 
! wor/ results ( intellectual labor may 
be no?+ m ?an indirect results4 ,we may 
suff]1 n f ! "w itself1 b f s$5t>y      
conf9em5t1 f want ( ex]cise1 f          
insuffici5t v>iety & amusem5t4  ,m5tal  
labor is seldom compatible ) ! be/      
physical conditions2 x is s sometimes1  
h[ev]1 or may be made s by an ef=t ( w &
 resolution4 ,wordswor? compos$ 8 poetry
 9 ! op5 air1 z he walk$1 & s pres]v$   
himself f ! evil ( close conf9em5t to ! 
desk4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,a4 ,delane1 :o did s
 mu* = ! organization ( ! ,times        
newspap] :5 x 0 "u 8 managem5t1 began by
 do+ law reports = t pap]1 9 ,london &  
on circuit4 ,8 appe>ance ( rude heal?   

surpris$ o!r memb]s ( 8 pr(ession1 b he 
acc\nt$ = x by ! c>e he took to         
comp5sate = ! bad air & s$5t>y labor 9 !
 c\rts ( law by travell+ betwe5 ! assize
 t[ns on horseback1 & also by a m ?an   
commonly temp]ate way ( life1 s9ce he   
c>efully avoid$ ! b> d9n]s1 eat+ & dr9k+
 = heal? alone4 ,x is possible to endure
 ! mo/ unheal?y labor :5 !re are frequ5t
 int]vals ( invigorat+ ex]cise1         
accompani$ by habits ( /rict sobriety4  
,! plan1 s commonly resort$ to1 ( try+  
to get heal? 9 /ock = ! re/ ( ! ye> by a
 =tnight's hurri$ travell+ 9 ! autumn1  
is n s good z ,mr4 ,delane's way ( gett+
 ! week's supply ( heal? dur+ ! c\rse ( 
! week itself4  ,x happ5$ once t ,george
 ,s& 0 hurri$ by ! proprietor ( a       
newspap] :o want$ "o ( h] novels z a    
feuilleton4 ,%e has always be5 a c>eful 
& delib]ate work]1 v anxi\s to give all 
necess>y labor 9 prep>ation1 &1 l all   
su* consci5ti\s labor]s1 %e c sc>cely   
endure to be pu%$4 ,h[ev]1 on ?is       
occasion %e work$ ov]time1 z !y say 9   

,lanca%ire1 & to enable h]self to be> ! 
extra pressure %e did "p ( ! "w at night
 9 ord] to keep sev]al h\rs ( daylight  
cle> = h] walks 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e %e liv$4
 ,_m writ]s1 9 ! same situation1 w\ld h 
tempor>ily ab&on$ ex]cise1 b ,george ,s&
 clung to x all ! m at a "t :5 x 0      
especially necess>y t %e %\ld be well4  
,9 ! same way ,sir ,walt] ,scott        
c\nt]balanc$ ! effects ( s$5t>y         
occupation by 8 he>ty enjoym5t (        
field-sports4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t 8    
outdoor ex]cise1 :i* to weak] p]sons    
appe>s excessive1 may h help$ to br+ on 
! /roke ( p>alysis :i* f9ally disabl$   
him2 b ! fact is1 t :5 ! /roke arriv$   
,sir ,walt] _h alt]$ 8 habits ( life 9  
ob$i5ce to :at he believ$ to be 8 duty1 
& _h ab&on$1 or ne>ly s1 ! active       
amusem5ts ( 8 happi] ye>s4 ,i believe r 
t :il/ he took s mu* ex]cise 8 robu/    
con/itution n only enabl$ him to endure 
x )\t injury1 b requir$ x to keep !     
n]v\s sy/em heal?y1 9 spite ( 8 h>d "w 9
 lit]>y composition4 ,physical ex]cise1 

:5 ! con/itution is /rong en\gh to      
endure x1 is by f> ! be/ tranquilliz] ( 
! n]v\s sy/em :i* has yet be5 discov]$1 
& ,sir ,walt]'s life at ,abbots=d 01 9  
?is respect at lea/1 gr\nd$ on ! true   
philosophy ( conduct4 ,! ,fr5* romanc]1 
,eug5e ,sue1 wrote till t5 o'clock e    
morn+1 & pass$ ! re/ ( ! day1 :5 at 8   
c\ntry h\se1 ei!r 9 horse-ex]cise1 or   
field-sports1 or g>d5+1 = all ( :i* he  
_h a lik+ :i* am\nt$ to passion4        
,%elley's delight 0 boat+1 :i* at once  
ex]cis$ 8 muscles & reliev$ 8 m9d f !   
we>9ess ( incessant inv5tion or         
speculation4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd1 t    
:5ev] a man ( mu* intellectual di/9ction
 has ma9ta9$ 8 p[]s 9 full activity1 x  
has be5 by avoid+ ! bad effects ( an    
entirely s$5t>y life4  ,i well believe t
 a p]son naturally robu/1 ) a cle> &    
p[]ful bra91 c\ld be> twelve or f\rte5  
h\rs' "w e day = ye>s toge!r s f> z ! "w
 itself is conc]n$1 if only s l>ge an   
exp5diture ( "t left a suffici5t m>g9 = 
amusem5t1 & ex]cise1 & sleep4 ,b !      

privation ( ex]cise1 by weak5+ !        
dige/ive & assimilative p[]s1 r$uces !  
fl[ ( heal?y & ri* blood to ! bra9--!   
bra9 requires an enorm\s quantity (     
blood1 especially :5 ! c]ebral matt] is 
rapidly de/roy$ by intellectual labor--&
 usually br+s on n]v\sness1 ! peculi>   
affliction ( ! ov]-driv5 m5tal labor]4  
,?is n]v\sness is ,nature's k9dly w>n+1 
pres]v+ u1 if we att5d to x 9 "t1 f mu* 
m s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,! be/ prev5tive ( 
x1 & (t5 ! only cure1 is pl5ty ( mod]ate
 ex]cise4 ,! cu/oms ( ! upp] classes 9  
,engl& happily provide ?is 9 ! be/ %ape1
 t ( amusem5t enjoy$ 9 society1 b our   
middle classes 9 l>ge t[ns d n get ne>ly
 en\gh ( x1 & ! mo/ /udi\s are always   
/rongly tempt$ to neglect x altoge!r4   
,m5 ( great imag9ative p[] are commonly 
addict$ to a habit :i* is peculi>ly     
dang]\s4 ,!y "w z race-horses "w1 ) !   
utmo/ int5sity ( ef=t dur+ %ort spaces (
 "t1 tax+ all _! p[]s :il/ ! brilliant  
ef=t la/s4 ,:5 ,beck=d wrote ! wond]ful 
tale ,va!k 9 8 tw5tie? ye>1 he did x at 

a s+le sitt+1 :i* la/$ = ?ree days & two
 nights1 & x co/ him a s]i\s illness4   
,sev]al ( ! be/ poems by ,byron 7       
writt51 if n q ) equal rapidity1 /ill on
 ! same pr9ciple ( composition at :ite  
heat4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 ,nature       
provides h] own rem$y 9 ! indol5ce ( !  
imag9ative temp]am5t1 :i* leaves l>ge   
spaces ( "t = ! action ( ! recup]ative  
processes4 ,! same law gov]ns ! physical
 en]gies ( ! c>nivora1 :i* ma9ta91 or   
recov]1 _! capacity = extraord9>y ef=t  
by int]vals ( absolute repose4 ,9 its   
long spaces ( m5tal re/ ! imag9ative    
temp]am5t recruits itself by amusem5t1  
:i* 9 ,engl& usually includes physical  
ex]cise ( "s k9d4  ,?is =tunate indol5ce
 ( m5 ( g5ius w\ld 9 mo/ in/ances ensure
 _! safety if !y 7 n impell$ by         
necessity to labor beyond ! sugge/ions (
 incl9ation4 ,! exhau/$ bra9 nev] (     
itself seeks ! additional exhau/ion (   
h>d "w4 ,y "k v well :5 y are tir$1 & at
 su* times ! natural man 9 y asks pla9ly
 en\gh = re/ & recreation4 ,! art is s  

to arrange our lives t ! natural man may
 sometimes h 8 way1 & =get1 if only = a 
"t1 ! labors :i* lead to we>9ess--n to t
 pleasant we>9ess ( ! body :i* promises 
s\nde/ sleep1 b ! di/ress+ fatigue ( !  
exhau/$ _s :i* is tortur$ by !          
importunity ( ideas :i* x is unable to  
express1 & appreh5sions t x _c dismiss1 
:i* fights ?r\gh ! sleepless night !    
phantoms ( unconqu]able horror4         
,,note4--,! bad effect ( lit]>y         
composition on ! physical /ate   :i* 0  
obs]v$ by ,wordswor? 9 8 own case 0 also
 notic$ by   ,%elley dur+ ! composition 
( ! ,c5ci1 :i*1 he said1 _h   be5 a f9e 
antidote to n]v\s m$ic9es1 & kept1 he   
believ$1 !   pa9 9 8 side z /icks d a   
fire4 ,^! influ5ces are be/   obs]v$ 9 p
 ^: heal? is delicate4 ,al?\gh ,j\b]t1 =
   example1 _h an extremely cle>        
intellect1 he c\ld sc>cely write at     
all on acc\nt ( ! physical consequ5ces4 
,i h come to !   conclusion t lit]>y "w 
acts simply z a /rong /imulant4 ,9      
mod]ate quantities x is n only innoc5t1 

b decid$ly b5eficial2   9 excess x acts 
l poison on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,:at         
con/itutes   excess e man has to f9d out
 by 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,a page 0   excess  
to ,j\b]t1 a *apt] 0 mod]ation to       
,alex&re ,dumas4   ,,lett] ,,iii4  ,,to 
,a ,,/ud5t ,,9 ,,unc]ta9 ,,heal?4       
,habits ( ,kant1 !                      
philosoph]--,objection to an ov]-m9ute  
regul>ity ( habit--,value ( indep5d5ce (
 "*--,case ( an   ,engli% au?or--,case (
 an ,engli% resid5t 9 ,p>is--,scott an  
abundant eat] & dr9k]--,goe! also--,an  
em95t ,fr5*                             
publi%]--,turgot--,importance ( good    
cook]y--,w9e dr9k+--,ale--,!   aid (    
/imulants trea*]\s--,! v>i\s effects (  
tobacco--,tea &   c(fee--,case ( an     
,engli% cl]gyman--,balzac--,! ,arabia   
cu/om (   c(fee-dr9k+--,wisdom (        
occasionally us+ /imulants4  ,,immanuel 
,,kant1 :o 0 a ma/] 9 ! art ( tak+ c>e (
 himself1 _h by practice acquir$ a      
dext]\s mode ( fold+ himself up 9 !     
b$-clo!s1 by pass+ !m ov] & "u 8 %\ld]s1

 s t1 :5 ! op]ation 0 complete1 he 0 %ut
 up l ! silkworm 9 8 cocoon4 ,:5 ,i am  
?us snugly fold$ up 9 my b$1 he w\ld say
 to 8 fri5ds1 ,i say to myself1 c any   
man be 9 bett] heal? ?an ,i am8  ,!re is
 no?+ 9 ! lives ( philosoph]s m         
satisfactory ?an ?is little passage4 ,if
 ,kant _h said to himself1 ,c anybody be
 wis]1 m le>n$1 m ju/ly des]v+ (        
immortal fame ?an ,i am8 we %\ld h felt1
 t h[ev] agreeable ?is op9ion might h   
be5 to ! philosoph] :o held x1 8 private
 satisfaction /ood 9 ne$ ( confirmation 
f )\t2 & ev5 if he _h really be5 all    
?is1 we might h reflect$ t wisdom &     
le>n+ /ill leave _! possessor expos$ to 
! acute/ k9ds ( suff]+4 ,b :5 a         
philosoph] rolls himself up at night1 & 
congratulates himself on ! possession ( 
p]fect heal?1 we only ?9k :at a happy   
man he 0 to possess t fir/ ( bless+s1 & 
:at a s5sible man to "k ! value ( x6 ,& 
,kant _h a deep] happ9ess 9 ?is         
reflection ?an any :i* c\ld spr+ f ! m]e
 consci\sness ( possess+ "o ( ! une>n$  

gifts ( nature4 ,! excell5ce ( 8 heal? 0
 due 9 "p to a suffici5tly good         
con/itution1 b x 0 due also to 8 own    
extreme c>efulness ab\t 8 habits4 ,by an
 unceas+ obs]vation ( 8 own bodily life1
 z f> z possible remov$ f ! anxiety (   
hypo*ondriacs1 he manag$ to keep !      
physical ma*9e 9 su* regul> ord]1 t = m 
?an ?irty ye>s he always rose precisely 
at ! same m9ute4 ,if 8 object _h be5    
heal? = heal?'s sake1 ! result w\ld /ill
 h be5 well wor? any sacrifices (       
mom5t>y incl9ation t x co/ him2 b ,kant 
_h a high] purpose4 ,he well knew t !   
regul>ity ( ! intellectual life dep5d$  
entirely on ! regul>ity ( ! bodily      
functions1 &1 unlike ! fooli% m5 allud$ 
to by ,goe! :o pass ! day 9 compla9+ (  
heada*e1 & ! night 9 dr9k+ ! w9e t      
produces x1 ,kant n only knew t regul>  
heal? 0 necess>y to 8 "w z a philosoph]1
 b did ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to pres]ve x4 ,few
 intellectual labor]s h 9 ?is respect   
giv5 evid5ce ( su* p]si/5t /r5g? ( w4   
,9 8 mann] ( liv+ he did n consult      

cu/om1 b ! ne$s ( 8 individual nature4  
,x is n always easy = great bra9-work]s 
to foll[ ) p]fect fidelity ! cu/oms ( ! 
p ab\t !m4 ,^! usages h be5 gradually   
=m$ by ! majority to suit ! ne$s ( !    
majority2 b !re are cases :]e a close   
adh]5ce to !m w\ld be a s]i\s h9drance  
to ! highe/ & be/ activity4 ,a good     
example ( ?is is ,kant's int5se antipa?y
 to be]4 ,x did n suit him1 & he 0 "r 9 
8 non-con=mity to ,g]man usage on ?is   
po9t1 b he 0 mi/ak5 9 believ+ be] to be 
univ]sally injuri\s4 ,!re is a v g5]al  
belief 9 ,engl& t :at is call$ a good   
breakfa/ is ! f\ndation ( ! labor ( !   
day4 ,kant's breakfa/1 :i* he took at   
five 9 ! morn+ at all seasons ( ! ye>1  
consi/$ ( a cup ( tea & a pipe (        
tobacco4 ,on ?is he work$ eight h\rs1   
ei!r 9 lectur+ or writ+--a long /ret* ( 
un9t]rupt$ labor4 ,he d9$ at "o1 & ?is 0
 8 only meal1 = he _h no supp]4 ,! s+le 
repa/ 0 a deviation f ord9>y usage1 b   
,kant f\nd t x suit$ him1 probably      
because he read 9 ! ev5+ f six till a   

qu>t] to t51 & a second meal might h    
int]f]$ ) ?is by dim9i%+ 8 p[] (        
att5tion4 ,!re exi/s a /rong m$ical     
objection to ?is habit ( tak+ only "o   
meal 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :i* inde$ is     
almo/ unkn[n 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh n extremely 
r>e on ! ,cont95t4 ,i "k an old g5tleman
 :o = =ty ye>s has liv$ z ,kant did1 &  
enjoys excell5t heal? & uncommon m5tal  
cle>ness4  ,a detail :i* illu/rates     
,kant's att5tion to :atev] c\ld affect 8
 physical life1 is 8 rule to )draw 8 m9d
 f ev]y?+ requir+ ef=t fifte5 m9utes    
be=e he w5t to b$4 ,8 !ory1 :i* is fully
 confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 01 t !re
 0 a risk ( miss+ sleep if ! bra9 0 n   
tranquilliz$ be=e b$-"t4 ,he knew t !   
intellectual life ( ! day dep5d$ on !   
night's re/1 & he took ?is precaution to
 secure x4 ,! regul>ity ( 8 daily walk1 
tak5 dur+ ! aft]noon 9 all wea!rs1 & !  
/rict limitation ( ! h\rs ( re/1 also   
help$ ! s\ndness ( 8 sleep4  ,he w\ld n 
walk out 9 company1 = ! :imsical reason 
t if he op5$ 8 m\? a cold] air w\ld rea*

 8 lungs ?an t :i* pass$ ?r\gh !        
no/rils2 & he w\ld n eat alone1 b always
 _h gue/s to d9n]4 ,!re are good        
physiological reasons 9 favor ( pleasant
 society at table1 &1 besides ^!1 !re   
are good intellectual reasons also4  ,by
 att5tion to ^! rules ( 81 ,kant manag$ 
to keep bo? body & m9d 9 a work+ ord]1 m
 un9t]rupt$ ?an is usual ) m5 :o g ?r\gh
 mu* intellectual labor4 ,! solit>y     
objection to 8 sy/em is ! excessive     
regul>ity ( habit to :i* x b\nd him by  
*a9s ( 8 own =g+4 ,he f\nd a quiet      
happ9ess 9 ?is regul>ity2 inde$1        
happ9ess is said to be m commonly f\nd 9
 habit t 9 any?+ else1 s deeply does x  
satisfy a great p]man5t in/9ct ( our    
nature4 ,b a m9ute regul>ity ( habit is 
objectionable1 because x c only be      
practicable at home1 & is compatible    
only ) an exi/5ce ( ! mo/ absolute      
tranquillity4 ,kant did n travel1 & nev]
 c\ld h travell$4 ,he 0 a ba*elor1 &    
c\ld n h ceas$ to be a ba*elor1 )\t a   
di/urbance t w\ld h be5 intol]able to   

him4 ,he enjoy$ ! full b5efits ( 8 sy/em
 )\t exp]i5c+ its disadvantages1 b any  
consid]able *ange ( situation w\ld h    
made ! disadvantages app>5t4 ,few lives 
c be s m9utely regulat$ )\t risk (      
future inconv5i5ce4  ,kant's example is 
a good "o s f> z ?is1 t x prov$ a sort (
 indep5d5ce ( "* :i* w\ld be valuable to
 e /ud5t4 ,all :o ne$ to keep _! m9ds 9 
! be/ possible condition ought to h     
resolution en\gh to regulate _! liv+ 9 a
 mann] :i* exp]i5ce1 9 _! case1 proves  
to be mo/ favorable4 ,:atev] may be !   
au?ority ( cu/om1 a wise man makes      
himself indep5d5t ( usages :i* are      
imp$im5ts to 8 be/ activity4 ,i "k an   
au?or :o 0 always unwell ab\t elev5     
o'clock 9 ! morn+--s unwell t he c\ld d 
no?+ b lam5t 8 mis]able fate4 ,kn[+ by  
exp]i5ce ! p[]ful effect ( regim51 ,i   
inquir$ :e!r he enjoy$ 8 breakfa/4 ,no1 
he did n4 ,!n :y did he attempt to eat  
any breakfa/8 ,x turn$ out t ?is fooli% 
man swall[$ e morn+ two cups ( bad c(fee
 & a quantity ( greasy food1 f a        

patriotic def]5ce to ! cu/oms ( 8       
c\ntry4 ,he 0 p]suad$ to ab&on ?is      
unsuitable habit & to eat no?+ till     
half-pa/ t51 :5 8 advis] prescrib$ a    
well-cook$ little djeun]  la f\r*ette1  
accompani$ by half a bottle ( s\nd      
,bordeaux4 ,! effect 0 magical4 ,my     
fri5d felt light & *e]ful be=e djeun]1 &
 work$ q happily & well1 :il/ aft]      
djeun] he felt l a horse t has eat5 8   
corn4 ,nor 0 ! good effect a transitory 
"o2 ! bad symptoms nev] return$ & he    
/ill adh]es to 8 new arrangem5t4 ,?is   
little re=m made a wret*$ exi/5ce happy1
 & has _h = its result an increase 9    
production ) a dim9ution ( fatigue4 ,!  
explanation is t ! /oma* did n ask = !  
e>ly breakfa/1 & _h a h>d fight to      
ov]come x1 aft] :i* came exhau/ion & a  
di/a/e bo? = food & "w4 ,!re are cases  
:]e an opposite rule is ! "r "o4 ,an    
,engli%man liv+ 9 ,p>is f\nd ! ,fr5*    
djeun] unsuitable = him1 & discov]$ t he
 work$ be/ on a sub/antial ,engli%      
breakfa/1 ) /rong tea1 at eight 9 !     

morn+1 aft] :i* he w5t on work+ all day 
)\t any fur!r n\ri%m5t till d9n] at six 
9 ! ev5+4 ,a fri5d ( ,sir ,walt]        
,scott's1 :o _h /ay$ ) him at ,abbots=d1
 told me t ,sir ,walt] ate & drank l    
ev]ybody else z to times & seasons1 b   
mu* m abundantly ?an p ( less vigor\s   
organization4 ,goe! us$ to "w till elev5
 )\t tak+ any?+1 !n he drank a cup (    
*ocolate & work$ till "o4 ,at two he    
d9$4 ,?is meal 0 ! important meal ( !   
day4 ,8 appetite 0 imm5se4 ,ev5 on !    
days :5 he compla9$ ( n be+ hungry he   
ate mu* m ?an mo/ m54 ,pudd+s1 sweets1 &
 cakes 7 always welcome4 ,he sat a long 
:ile ov] 8 w9e4 ,he 0 fond ( w9e1 &     
drank daily 8 two or ?ree bottles4 ,an  
em95t ,fr5* publi%]1 "o ( ! mo/         
cle>-head$ & h>d-work+ m5 ( 8 g5]ation1 
nev] t\*$ food or dr9k till six 9 !     
ev5+1 :5 he ate an excell5t d9n] ) 8    
gue/s4 ,he f\nd ?is sy/em favorable to 8
 "w1 b a man ( less robu/ con/itution   
w\ld h felt exhau/$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! day4  
,turgot c\ld n "w well till aft] he _h  

d9$ copi\sly1 b _m m5 _c ?9k aft] a     
sub/antial meal2 & "h1 9 spite ( !      
example set by ,scott & ,goe!1 let me   
obs]ve t no?+ int]f]es s mu* ) bra9work 
z ov]-eat+4 ,! intellectual workman     
requires n\ri%m5t ( ! be/ possible      
quality1 b ! quantity ought always to be
 well )9 ! capacity ( 8 dige/ive p[]s4  
,! tru? appe>s to be1 t :il/ !          
intellectual life makes v l>ge dem&s ^u 
nutrition--= c]ebral activity _c g =w>d 
)\t con/ant supplies ( =ce1 :i* mu/ come
 ultimately f :at we h eat5--?is k9d (  
life1 be+ s$5t>y1 is unfavorable to ! "w
 ( dige/ion4 ,bra9-work]s _c eat l      
sportsm5 & f>m]s )\t los+ _m h\rs 9     
torpor1 & yet !y ne$ nutrition z mu* z  
if !y l$ active lives4 ,! only way out (
 ?is difficulty is to take c>e t ! food 
is good en\gh = a mod]ate quantity ( x  
to ma9ta9 ! physical & m5tal p[]s4 ,!   
importance ( sci5tific cook]y c h>dly be
 exagg]at$4 ,intellectual labor is1 9   
its orig91 z dep5d5t ^u ! art ( cook]y z
 ! dissem9ation ( its results is dep5d5t

 ^u pap]-mak+ & pr9t+4 ,?is is "o ( ^?  
matt]s :i* p _c be br\ght to consid]    
s]i\sly2 b cook]y 9 its p]fection--!    
great sci5ce ( prep>+ food 9 ! way be/  
suit$ to our use--is really ! mo/       
important ( all sci5ces1 & ! "m ( !     
arts4 ,! wond]ful !ory t ! mo/ ignorant 
cook]y is ! mo/ favorable to heal? is   
only fit = ! d>k ages4 ,x is grossly &  
/upidly untrue4 ,a sci5tific cook w keep
 y 9 regul> heal?1 :5 an ignorant "o w  
(f] y ! daily alt]native ( />v+ or      
indige/ion4  ,! great "q ( dr9ks is     
sc>cely less important4 ,s\nd natural   
w9es1 n /r5g!n$ by any addition (       
alcohol1 are kn[n to supply bo? /imulus 
& n\ri%m5t to ! bra94 ,goe!'s practice 0
 n irrational1 ?\gh he drank fifty ?\s& 
bottles 9 8 lifetime4 ,/ill x is n      
necess>y to imitate him to ?is ext5t4 ,!
 w9e-dr9k+ populations h ke5] & liveli] 
wits ?an ^? :o use o!r bev]ages4 ,x is  
prov$ by long exp]i5ce t ! pure juice ( 
! grape su/a9s ! =ce & activity ( !     
bra94 ,! poets :o f age to age h sung ! 

praise ( w9e 7 n :olly ei!r deceiv]s or 
deceiv$4 ,9 ! l&s ( ! v9e1 :]e ! plant  
is look$ ^u z a nurs+ "m1 m5 d n injure 
_! heal? by dr9k+2 b 9 ! cold] ,nor?1   
:]e ! grape c nev] rip51 ! dea?s f      
intemp]ance are frequ5t4 ,bread & w9e   
are almo/ pure gifts ( nature1 ?\gh bo? 
are prep>$ by man aft] ! old traditional
 ways4 ,^! are n poisons1 b g9 & abs9!  
are poisons1 madness p\r$ out f a       
bottle6 ,kant & ,goe! lov$ ! pure ,rh9e 
w9e1 & _! bra9s 7 cle> & vigor\s to !   
utmo/ span ( life4 ,x 0 n w9e t ru9$    
,burns & ,byron1 or ,baudelaire1 or     
,alfr$ de ,musset4  ,not)/&+ ,kant's    
horror ( be]1 t hone/ nor!rn dr9k       
des]ves our fri5dly recognition4 ,x has 
q a peculi> effect ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1    
giv+ a re/ & calm :i* no o!r dr9k c     
procure = x s safely4 ,x is said t be]  
dr9k]s are sl[1 & a little /upid2 t !y h
 an ox-l placidity n q favorable to any 
brilliant intellectual display4 ,b !re  
are times :5 ?is placidity is :at !     
labor+ bra9 mo/ ne$s4 ,aft] ! agitations

 ( too active ?9k+ !re is safety 9 a    
tank>d ( ale4 ,! w9e dr9k]s are agile1 b
 !y are excitable2 ! be] dr9k]s are     
heavy1 b 9 _! heav9ess !re is peace4 ,9 
t cle> gold5 dr9k :i* ,engl& has brew$ =
 m ?an a ?\s& ,octob]s1 & w brew = a    
?\s& m1 we may f9d p]haps "s explanation
 ( t abs5ce ( irritability :i* is !     
safe-gu>d ( ! national "*1 :i* makes x  
fai?ful 9 its affections1 easy to gov]n1
 n easy to excite to viol5ce4  ,if ,i h 
spok5 favorably ( be] & w9e z hav+ c]ta9
 intellectual uses1 please rememb] t ,i 
recomm5d only ! habitual use ( !m1 n mad
 rites ( ,bac*us1 & ev5 ! habitual use  
only j s f> z x may suit ! individual   
con/itution4 ,! lib]al regim5 ( ,scott &
 ,goe! w\ld n answ] 9 e case1 & !re are 
organizations1 (t5 v robu/1 9 :i*       
intoxicat+ dr9ks ( all k9ds1 ev5 9 ! mo/
 mod]ate quantity1 imp$e ! bra9's action
 in/ead ( aid+ x4 ,two ( ! mo/ able m5  
,i h ev] kn[n c\ld n dr9k pure w9e ( any
 k9d because x s5t ! blood to ! head1 ) 
consequ5t c]ebral oppression4 ,& :il/ on

 ?is subject ,i ought to obs]ve1 t ! aid
 :i* ^! /imulants af=d1 ev5 :5 ! body   
gratefully accepts !m1 is (t5 trea*]\s f
 its v acceptability4 ,m5 :o are        
ov]-driv5--& ! numb] ( su* m5 is        
unhappily v great 9 ^! days--say t )\t  
/imulants !y c\ld n get ?r\gh _! labor2 
b ! /imulants (t5 delude u z to ! limits
 ( our natural p[]s & enc\rage u to     
attempt too mu*4 ,! help !y give u is n 
altoge!r illusory2 "u c]ta9 limitations 
x is real1 b _m h gone f>!r ?an !       
reality ( ! assi/ance w>rant$4 ,! ally  
br+s to u an increase ( =ces1 b he comes
 ) appe>ances ( p[] surpass+ ! reality1 
& we und]take tasks beyond our /r5g?4 ,9
 dr9k+1 z 9 eat+1 ! be/ rule = !        
intellectual is mod]ation 9 quantity )  
good quality1 a s\nd w9e1 & n en\gh ( x 
to fo/] self-delusion4  ,! use ( tobacco
 has s mu* ext5d$ itself 9 ! pres5t     
g5]ation t we are all oblig$ to make a  
decision = ourselves on ! anci5t        
controv]sy betwe5 its fri5ds & enemies4 
,we _c =m a reasonable op9ion ab\t      

tobacco )\t be>+ 9 m9d t x produces1    
accord+ to circum/ances1 "o ( two       
entirely di/9ct & ev5 opposite classes (
 effects4 ,9 c]ta9 /ates ( ! body x acts
 z a /imulant1 9 o!r /ates z a n>cotic4 
,p :o h a dislike to smok+ affirm t x   
/upefies2 b ?is ass]tion1 at lea/ s f> z
 ! tempor>y consequ5ces are conc]n$1 is 
n support$ by exp]i5ce4 ,mo/ ( ! really 
brilliant conv]sations t ,i h li/5$ to h
 be5 accompani$ by cl\ds (              
tobacco-smoke2 & a great deal ( ! be/   
lit]>y composition t is produc$ by      
contempor>y au?ors is wr\ght by m5 :o   
are actually smok+ :il/ !y "w4 ,my own  
exp]i5ce is t v mod]ate smok+ acts z a  
pleasant /imulus ^u ! bra91 :il/ x      
produces a tempor>y lassitude ( !       
muscul> sy/em1 n p]ceptible 9 times (   
re/1 b an appreciable h9drance 9 times (
 muscul> ex]tion4 ,x is bett] !re=e = m5
 :o feel ^! effects f tobacco to avoid x
 :5 !y are 9 ex]cise1 & to use x only :5
 ! body re/s & ! m9d labors4 ,pray      
rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! exp]i5ce ( an

 exce$+ly mod]ate smok]1 :o has n yet   
got himself into ! g5]al condition (    
body :i* is br\ght on by a l>g]         
indulg5ce 9 tobacco4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is 
evid5t t m5 engag$ 9 physical labor f9d 
a muscul> /imulus 9 occasional smok+1 & 
n a tempor>y lassitude4 ,x is probable t
 ! effect v>ies ) individual cases1 & is
 nev] precisely :at our own exp]i5ce    
w\ld lead u to imag9e4 ,= excessive     
smok]s1 x appe>s to be little m ?an !   
tranquilliz+ ( a sort ( uneas9ess1 !    
cont9ual satisfaction ( a cont9ual      
crav+4 ,i h nev] be5 able to asc]ta9 t  
mod]ate smok+ dim9i%$ intellectual =ce2 
b ,i h obs]v$ 9 excessive smok]s a      
decid$ weak5+ ( ! w1 & a pref]5ce =     
talk+ ab\t "w to ! ef=t ( actual labor4 
,! op9ions ( m$ical m5 on ?is subject   
are s mu* at v>iance t _! sci5ce only   
adds to our unc]ta9ty4 ,"o doctor tells 
me t ! mo/ mod]ate smok+ is             
unque/ionably injuri\s1 :il/ o!rs affirm
 t x is innoc5t4 ,speak+ simply f       
self-obs]vation1 ,i f9d t 9 my own case 

tea & c(fee are f> m p]il\s ?an tobacco4
  ,almo/ all ,engli% p are habitual     
tea-dr9k]s1 & z ! tea !y dr9k is v      
/rong1 !y may be said to use x 9 excess4
 ,! unpleasant symptoms :i* tea-poison+ 
produces 9 a pati5t n inur$ by habit1   
disappe> 9 ! season$ tea-dr9k]1 leav+   
only a c]ta9 exhil>ation1 :i* appe>s to 
be p]fectly innocu\s4 ,if tea is a safe 
/imulant1 x is c]ta9ly an agreeable "o1 
& !re seems to be no valid reason :y    
bra9-work]s %\ld refuse !mselves t      
solace4 ,i knew a wor?y cl]gyman _m ye>s
 ago :o f ! mo/ consci5ti\s motives d5i$
 himself ale & w9e1 b f\nd a f\nta9 (   
consolation 9 ! tea-pot4 ,8 usual       
all[ance 0 sixte5 cups1 all ( h]oic     
/r5g?1 & ! effect ^u 8 bra9 seems to h  
be5 altoge!r favorable1 = 8 s]mons 7 bo?
 long & eloqu5t1 & to ?is day he is     
prea*+ /ill1 )\t any dim9ution ( 8 p[]s4
 ,fr5* p f9d 9 c(fee ! mo/ efficaci\s   
rem$y = ! tempor>y torpor ( ! m9d :i*   
results f ! processes ( dige/ion4       
,balzac drank great quantities ( c(fee  

:il/ he wrote2 & ?is1 x is believ$1     
br\ght on ! t]rible n]v\s disease t     
accel]at$ 8 end4 ,! be/ pro( t tea &    
c(fee are favorable to intellectual     
expression is t all nations use "o or ! 
o!r z aids to conv]sation4 ,9 ,mr4      
,palgrave's ,travels 9 ,arabia !re is   
nev] any talk )\t ! inevitable c(fee1 t 
fragrant ,arabian b]ry prep>$ ) su*     
delicate cunn+ t x yields ! p]fect      
aroma4  ,! wisdom ( occasionally us+ ^! 
v>i\s /imulants = intellectual purposes 
is prov$ by a s+le consid]ation4 ,ea* ( 
u has a little clev]ness & a great deal 
( sluggi% /upidity4 ,!re are c]ta9      
occasions :5 we absolutely ne$ ! little 
clev]ness t we possess4 ,! orator ne$s x
 :5 he speaks1 ! poet :5 he v]sifies1 b 
nei!r c>es h[ /upid he may become :5 !  
oration is deliv]$ & ! lyric set d[n on 
pap]4 ,! /imulant s]ves to br+ out !    
tal5t :5 x is want$1 l ! w9d 9 ! pipes (
 an organ4 ,:at w x matt] if ,i am ev5 a
 little dull] aft]w>ds8 says ! g5ius2 ,i
 c af=d to be dull :5 ,i h done4 ,b !   

tru? /ill rema9s t !re are /imulants &  
/imulants4 ,n ! nect> ( ! gods !mselves 
7 wor? ! da% ( a wave ^u ! bea*1 & !    
pure cool air ( ! morn+4                
,,note4--,:at is said 9 ! above lett]   
ab\t ! employm5t (   /imulants is int5d$
 to apply only to cases 9 :i* !re is no 
organic disease4 ,! h>m :i* diseas$     
p]sons d to !mselves by   con=m+ to     
cu/oms :i* are innoc5t = o!rs is z      
lam5table   z x is easily avoidable4    
,two bottles ( any natural w9e gr[n     
above   ! latitude ( ,lyons are a       
p]missible daily all[ance to a man ^:   
organs are all s\nd2 b ! doctors 9 ! w9e
 di/ricts   unanim\sly =bid pure w9e :5 
!re is a *ronic inflammatory   t5d5cy4  
,9 ^! cases ev5 ! mo/ hone/ ,bordeaux   
ought to be   dilut$ ) twice its volume 
( wat]4 ,!re are _m *ronic   diseases   
:i* tobacco irritates & accel]ates4 ,bo?
 w9e &   tobacco are injuri\s to weak   
eyes4   ,,lett] ,,iv4  ,,to ,a ,,muscul>
 ,,*ri/ian4    ,muscul> & intellectual  
t5d5cies 9 two boys--,difficulty (      

f9d+ "t to satisfy bo?--,plato on !     
influ5ces ( music &                     
gymna/ics--,somnol5ce &                 
dige/ion--,neglect ( lit]ature--,natural
   re/lessness ( ! active               
temp]am5t--,case ( a ,g>ibaldian        
(fic]--,difficulty ( tak+ a suffici5t   
int]e/ 9 ex]cise--,a   bo> hunt4  ,i "k 
two little boys1 sons ( a ne> neighbor1 
:o h f1 *ildhood exhibit$ opposite      
t5d5cies4 ,"o ( !m is incessantly       
active1 always out ( doors 9 any wea!r1 
busy ab\t horses1 & f>m+1 & game1       
he$less ( 8 books1 & /udy+ only "u      
positive compulsion4 ,! o!r sits at home
 ) 8 lessons or a /ory book1 & only goes
 out because he is incit$ by ! frat]nal 
example4 ,! two lads repres5t two di/9ct
 v>ieties ( human life1 ! active & !    
intellectual4 ,! eld] is happie/ dur+   
physical ex]tion2 ! y\ng] is happie/ :5 
8 bra9 is fully occupi$4 ,left entirely 
to !mselves1 )\t ! equaliz+ influ5ce ( !
 outside _w & ! ways ( liv+ :i* g5]al   
cu/om has e/abli%$1 !y w\ld lead ! mo/  

opposite lives4 ,! eld] w\ld inevitably 
become a f>m]1 t he might live 9 !      
c\ntry & take ex]cise all day long1 or  
else he w\ld seek adv5ture 9 wild       
travel1 or 9 romantic w>f>e2 b ! y\ng]  
w\ld v quickly be tak5 possession ( by  
"s engross+ intellectual pursuit1 & lead
 ! life ( a s$5t>y /ud5t4 ,! problem :i*
 ^! two "y lives h be=e !m is !         
reconciliation ( _! t5d5cies4 ,s9ce !y  
come ( cultivat$ p>5ts1 ! intellectual  
lad has ! bett] *ance ( foll[+ 8 own    
b5t4 ,bo? w h to take _! ,univ]sity     
degrees1 & ! y\ng] has ! advantage !re4 
,/ill !re are p[]ful influ5ces 9 favor (
 ! eld]4 ,8 activity w be enc\rag$ by ! 
admiration ( 8 companions1 & by !       
example ( ! c\ntry g5tlem5 :o are 8     
neighbors4 ,he c ride1 & r[1 & swim2 he 
is beg9n+ to %oot2 at tw5ty he w be a   
sportsman4 ,:5 once he has tak5 8       
degree1 ,i wond] :at w be ! advances 9 8
 intellectual culture4 ,frat]nal &      
social influ5ces w pres]ve ! y\ng] f    
absolute physical inaction2 b !re are n 

any influ5ces p[]ful en\gh to keep !    
eld] safe f intellectual ru/4  ,if y1 :o
 are a di/+ui%$ sportsman & a?lete1 w\ld
 k9dly in=m u ) p]fect frankness ( ! l9e
 :i* y\r /udies h foll[$ s9ce y quitt$  
,eton1 we %\ld be ! wis] = y\r exp]i5ce4
 ,h gymna/ic ex]cises h>d5$ y1 z ,plato 
said !y did1 :5 pursu$ excessively8 & d 
y ne$ ! musical /udies :i* he bo? valu$ 
& dread$ z ! mo/ p[]ful ( s(t5+         
influ5ces8 ,if y h en]gy en\gh to lead  
bo? lives1 pray h[ d y f9d ! "t8  ,z to 
,plato's musical influ5ce1 y invite x1 &
 yet y trea*]\sly elude its p[]4 ,aft]  
be+ out all day 9 ! pursuit ( sylvan    
pleasures 7if %oot+ on treeless wa/es c 
be call$ a sylvan pleasure71 y come home
 at nightfall rav5\s4 ,!n y d ample     
ju/ice to y\r d9n]1 & hav+ satisfi$ y\r 
faim de *asseur1 y g into ! draw+-room1 
& ask y\r wife to play & s+ to y4 ,if   
,plato c\ld witness t pretty sc5e1 he   
w\ld approve y\r ob$i5ce to 8 c\nsels4  
,he w\ld behold an a?letic ,engli%man   
/ret*+ 8 mighty limbs on a c\* ( s(t    

repose1 & lett+ 8 s\l gr[ t5d] z 8 e>s  
drank ravi%+ h>monies4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !    
anci5t sage1 delight$ ) s sweet a       
picture ( /r5g? ref9$ by song1 7 to     
dwell ^u ! sight z ,i h done1 he w\ld   
p]ceive too soon t1 al?\gh y\r body 0   
pres5t inde$1 y\r s\l _h become deaf 9  
sleep's oblivion4 ,s x happ5s to y night
 aft] night1 & ! music rea*es y no m ?an
 ! songs ( *ori/]s rea* ! dead 9 !      
graves bel[4  ,& ! elevat+ influ5ces (  
lit]ature8 ,y h books1 ( c\rse1 9       
abundance4 ,!re is a libr>y1 among/ o!r 
luxuries ( y\r home4 ,b ! lit]ature y\r 
intellect fe$s ^u is 9 ! columns ( !    
,field1 y\r newspap]4 ,yet ?is neglect (
 ! means ( culture is n due to any      
natural feebl5ess ( ! m9d4 ,y\r bra91 by
 its nature1 is z vigor\s z y\r vigor\s 
body4 ,x is sleep1 & we>9ess1 & ! great 
necess>y bus9ess ( dige/ion1 t dr[n y\r 
intellectual en]gies4 ,! "w ( repair+ s 
great a de/ruction ( muscle is nature's 
*ief conc]n4 ,s9ce y became ! mighty    
hunt] t y are1 ! we> & te> h be5        

enorm\s1 & ! necess>y rapidity (        
recon/ruction has absorb$ y\r ri*       
vitality4  ,i w n "q ! wisdom ( y\r     
*oice1 if !re has be5 any delib]ate     
*oice1 ?\gh p]haps ! life ( action t y  
lead may h gr[n r out ( circum/ances    
det]m9+ habit ?an f any consci\s        
resolution4 ,heal? is s mu* m necess>y  
to happ9ess ?an culture1 t few :o c\ld  
*oose betwe5 !m w\ld sacrifice x =      
le>n+1 unless !y 7 impell$ by           
irresi/ible in/9cts4 ,& beyond ! great  
delight ( heal? & /r5g? !re is a        
re/lessness 9 m5 born to be active :i*  
mu/ h its outlet 9 activity4 ,i knew a  
brave ,italian :o _h foll[$ ,g>ibaldi 9 
all 8 romantic ent]prises1 :o _h suff]$ 
f privation & f w\nds1 :o _h n only fac$
 dea? 9 ! wilde/ adv5tures1 b1 :at is   
ev5 m t]rible to ! active temp]am5t1 _h 
risk$ heal? f frequ5t exposure2 & :5 ,i 
ask$ him :e!r x 0 affection to 8 fam\s  
*ief1 or fai? 9 a political cre$1 or "s 
m p]sonal motive t _h l$ him to ?is     
scorn ( prud5ce1 he answ]$ t1 aft] hone/

 self-exam9ation1 he believ$ ! mo/      
p[]ful motive to be ! passion = an      
active life4 ,! active temp]am5t likes  
physical action = its own sake1 & n z a 
means ( heal?4 ,activity r5ews itself & 
claims l>g] & l>g] satisfaction1 till at
 la/ ! habit ( x absorbs ! :ole en]gy ( 
! man4  ,al?\gh su* a life z y\rs w\ld  
be incompatible ) ! "w ,i h to d1 x w\ld
 be an unmix$ b5efit to me to take a    
great] int]e/ 9 ex]cise4 ,if y c\ld b   
communicate t int]e/1 h[ will+ly w\ld ,i
 become y\r pupil6 ,! fatal law ( !     
/udi\s temp]am5t is1 t 9 ex]cise itself 
x mu/ f9d "s intellectual *>m1 s t we   
quit our books 9 ! libr>y only to g &   
read ! inf9ite book ( nature4 ,we _c g  
out 9 ! c\ntry )\t incessantly ?9k+ ab\t
 ei!r botany1 or geology1 or l&scape    
pa9t+1 & x is difficult = u to f9d a    
refuge f ! importunate habit (          
inve/igation4 ,sport is ! only refuge1 b
 ! difficulty is to c>e ab\t x          
suffici5tly to avoid ennui4 ,:5 y h n ! 
natural in/9ct1 h[ are y to supply its  

place by any make-believe excitem5t8    
,!re is no position 9 ! _w m we>isome   
?an t ( a man inw>dly indiff]5t to !    
amusem5t 9 :i* he is try+ to take "p4 ,y
 c wat* = game ) an inv9cible pati5ce1 =
 y h ! natural in/9ct1 b aft] ! fir/ t5 
m9utes on ! skirts ( ! wood ,i lay my   
gun d[n & beg9 to botanize4 ,la/ week a 
fri5dly neighbor invit$ me to a         
bo>-hunt4 ,! bo> 0 suppos$ to be 9 !    
middle ( a great imp5etrable plantation1
 & all ,i did dur+ ! :ole morn+ 0 to sit
 9 my saddle await+ ! exit ( ! bea/1    
cant]+ f "o po9t ( ! wood's circumf]5ce 
to ano!r1 z ! cry ( ! dogs guid$ me4 ,0 
x pleasure8 ,a true hunt] w\ld h f\nd   
int]e/ en\gh 9 expectation1 b ,i felt l 
a man on a railway-plat=m :o is wait+ = 
a tra9 t is late4   ,,lett] ,v4  ,,to ,a
 ,,/ud5t ,,:o ,,neglect$ ,,bodily       
,,ex]cise4    ,difficulty ( conciliat+ !
 animal & ! intellectual                
lives--,bodily activity sometimes       
pres]v$ by an ef=t ( !   w--,necessity (
 fai? 9 ex]cise--,incompatibility betwe5

 physical   & intellectual liv+         
disappe>s 9 l>ge spaces ( "t--,frankl9's
   !ory ab\t conc5tration 9 ex]cise--,"t
 an ess5tial   factor--,heal? ( a rural 
po/man--,p$e/rian habits (              
,wordswor?--,p$e/rian & eque/rian habits
 ( ,sir ,walt]   ,scott--,goe!'s wild   
delight 9 physical ex]cise--,alex&]     
,humboldt   combat$ e>ly delicacy by    
ex]cise--,intellectual utilities (      
physical action4  ,we h done ^? ?+s :i* 
we ought n to h done2 we h left undone  
^? ?+s :i* we ought to h done1 & !re is 
no heal? 9 u4  ,h[ applicable1 my de>   
bro!r1 are ^! words :i* ! ,*ur*1 9 h]   
wisdom1 has se5 to be adapt$ to all     
s9n]s--h[ applicable1 ,i say1 are !y to 
/ud5ts mo/ especially6 ,!y h q a p]sonal
 applicability to y & me4 ,we h read all
 day long1 & writt5 till ?ree o'clock 9 
! morn+2 we h tak5 no ex]cise = weeks1 &
 !re is no heal? 9 u4 ,! doctor         
scrut9izes our we>i$ eyes1 & kn[s t our 
bra9s are we>y4 ,little d we ne$ 8      
w>n+s1 = does n ,nature h]self rem9d u (

 our disob$i5ce1 & tell u 9 language n  
to be mis9t]pret$1 to am5d ! error ( our
 ways8 ,our dige/ion is sluggi% &       
imp]fect2 we are z n]v\s z delicate     
ladies1 & !re is no heal? 9 u4  ,h[ easy
 x is to foll[ "o ( ! two lives--!      
animal or ! intellectual6 h[ difficult  
to conciliate ! two6 ,9 e "o ( u !re    
exi/s an animal :i* might h be5 z       
vigor\s z wolves & foxes1 if x _h be5   
left to develop itself 9 fre$om4 ,b     
besides ! animal1 !re exi/$ also a m9d1 
& ! m5tal activity re/ra9$ ! bodily     
activity1 till at la/ !re is a s]i\s    
dang] ( putt+ an end to x altoge!r4  ,i 
"k two m51 ab\t fifty-five ye>s old bo? 
( !m1 & bo? ( !m admirably active4 ,!y  
tell me t _! bodily activity has be5    
pres]v$ by an ef=t ( ! w2 t if !y _h n  
resolutely kept up ! habit ( us+ legs & 
arms 9 daily "w or amusem5t _! limbs    
w\ld h /iff5$ into uselessness1 & _!    
con/itutions w\ld h be5 unable to be> ! 
call ( any sudd5 em]g5cy4 ,"o ( !m has  
f\r resid5ces 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same   

c\nty1 & yet he w n keep a c>riage1 b is
 a p$e/rian t]rible to 8 fri5ds2 ! o!r  
is at ! head ( a great bus9ess1 & gives 
an example ( physical activity to 8     
workpeople4 ,bo? h an absolute fai? 9   
habitual ex]cise2 & bo? affirm t if !   
habit 7 once brok5 !y c\ld nev] aft]w>ds
 resume x4  ,we ne$ ?is fai? 9          
ex]cise--?is firm conviction ( its      
necessity--! sort ( conviction t makes a
 man g out 9 all wea!rs1 & leave ! mo/  
urg5t intellectual labor = ! m]e        
discipl9e & h>d5+ ( ! body4 ,few /ud5ts 
possess ?is fai? 9 its purity4 ,x is h>d
 to believe t we %all get any good f    
ex]cise proportionate to ! sacrifice (  
"t4  ,! incompatibility betwe5 !        
physical & ! intellectual lives is (t5 v
 m>k$ if y look at small spaces ( "t    
only2 b if y consid] broad] spaces1 su* 
z a lifetime1 !n ! incompatibility is n 
s m>k$1 & gives place to a manife/      
conciliation4 ,! bra9 is cle>] 9 vigor\s
 heal? ?an x c be 9 ! gloom & mis]y (   
sickness2 & al?\gh heal? may la/ = a    

:ile )\t r5ewal f ex]cise1 s t if y are 
work+ "u pressure = a mon? ! "t giv5 to 
ex]cise is s mu* d$uct$ f ! result1 x is
 n s = ! life's p]=mance4 ,heal? su/a9$ 
= _m ye>s is s useful to ! realization (
 all consid]able intellectual und]tak+s1
 t ! sacrifice to ! bodily well-be+ is !
 be/ ( all possible inve/m5ts4          
,frankl9's !ory ab\t conc5trat+ 8       
ex]cise = ! economy ( "t 0 f\nd$ ^u a   
mi/ake4 ,viol5t ex]tion = m9utes is n   
equival5t to mod]ate ex]cise = h\rs4 ,! 
desire to conc5trate good ( v>i\s k9ds  
into ! smalle/ possible space is "o ( ! 
commone/ ( human wi%es1 b x is n        
enc\rag$ by ! broad] economy ( nature4  
,9 ! ex]cise ( ! m9d e tea*] is well    
aw>e t "t is an ess5tial factor4 ,x is  
necess>y to live ) a /udy = hundr$s or  
?\s&s ( h\rs be=e ! m9d c assimilate z  
mu* ( ! subject z x may ne$2 & s x is   
necess>y to live 9 ex]cise dur+ a ?\s&  
h\rs ( e ye> to make sure ( ! physical  
b5efits4 ,ev5 ! fre% air itself requires
 "t to r5ovate our blood4 ,! fre% air _c

 be conc5trat$2 & to brea! ! prodigi\s  
quantities ( x :i* are ne$$ = p]fect    
en]gy1 we mu/ be out 9 x frequ5tly &    
long4  ,! inhabitants ( great cities h  
rec\rse to gymna/ics z a sub/itute = !  
sports ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! ex]cises h "o    
advantage--!y c be direct$ sci5tifically
 s z to /r5g!n ! limbs t ne$ developm5t2
 b no city gymnasium c (f] ! invigorat+ 
breezes ( ! m\nta94 ,we require n only  
ex]cise b exposure--daily exposure to ! 
heal?-giv+ inclem5cies ( ! wea!r4 ,!    
po/man :o br+s my lett]s walks eight    
?\s& miles a ye>1 & enjoys ! mo/ p]fect 
regul>ity ( heal?4 ,!re are op]atives 9 
factories :o g ?r\gh q z mu* bodily     
ex]tion1 b !y h n 8 f9e condition4 ,he  
is z m]ry z a l>k1 & ann\nces himself e 
morn+ l a be>] ( joyful tid+s4 ,:at !   
po/man does f necessity an old g5tleman 
did z regul>ly1 ?\gh m mod]ately1 = !   
pres]vation ( 8 heal? & faculties4 ,he  
w5t out e day2 & z he nev] consult$ !   
wea!r1 s he nev] _h to consult !        
physicians4  ,no?+ 9 ! habits (         

,wordswor?--t model ( excell5t habits--c
 be bett] z an example to m5 ( lett]s   
?an 8 love ( p$e/rian excursions4 ,:]ev]
 he happ5$ to be1 he explor$ ! :ole     
neighborhood on foot1 look+ into e nook 
& cranny ( x2 & n m]ely ! imm$iate      
neighborhood1 b ext5d$ tracts ( c\ntry2 
& 9 ?is way he met ) mu* ( 8 be/        
mat]ial4 ,scott 0 bo? a p$e/rian & an   
eque/rian travell]1 hav+ (t51 z he tells
 u1 walk$ ?irty miles or ridd5 a hundr$ 
9 ^? ri* & beautiful di/ricts :i*       
aft]w>ds prov$ to him su* a m9e ( lit]>y
 weal?4 ,goe! took a wild delight 9 all 
sorts ( physical ex]cise--swimm+ 9 !    
,ilm by moonlight1 skat+ ) ! m]ry little
 ,weim> c\rt on ! ,s*wansee1 rid+ ab\t !
 c\ntry on horseback1 & becom+ at times 
q outrage\s 9 ! ri* exub]ance ( 8 en]gy4
 ,alex&] ,humboldt 0 delicate 9 8 y\?1 b
 ! long+ = great ent]prises made him    
dread ! h9drances ( physical            
insuffici5cy1 s he accu/om$ 8 body to   
ex]cise & fatigue1 & prep>$ himself = ^?
 wond]ful explorations :i* op5$ 8 great 

c>e]4 ,"h are intellectual lives :i* 7  
=w>d$ 9 _! special aims by habits (     
physical ex]cise2 &1 9 an e>li] age1 h  
we n also ! example ( ! greate/         
intellect ( a great epo*1 ! a/oni%+     
,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :o took su* a delight
 9 horseman%ip t al?\gh1 z ,vas>i tells 
u1 pov]ty visit$ him (t51 he nev] c\ld  
sell 8 horses or dismiss 8 grooms8  ,!  
physical & intellectual lives are n     
incompatible4 ,i may g f>!r1 & affirm t 
! physical activity ( m5 em95t 9        
lit]ature has add$ abundance to _!      
mat]ial & en]gy to _! /yle2 t ! activity
 ( sci5tific m5 has l$ !m to innum]able 
discov]ies2 & t ev5 ! m s5sitive &      
contemplative /udy ( ! f9e arts has be5 
c>ri$ to a high] p]fection by arti/s :o 
pa9t$ action 9 :i* !y _h _h _! "p1 or   
natural beauty1 :i* !y _h travell$ f> to
 see4 ,ev5 philosophy itself owes mu* to
 m]e physical c\rage & endurance4 ,h[   
mu* t is noble/ 9 anci5t ?9k+ may be due
 to ! h>dy heal? ( ,socrates6   ,,lett] 
,,vi4  ,,to ,,an ,,au?or ,,9 ,,mortal   

,,disease4    ,consid]+ dea? z a        
c]ta9ty--,! wisdom le>n$ f              
suff]+--,employm5t ( happi] int]vals--,!
 tea*+ ( !   diseas$ n to be            
reject$--,_! d\ble exp]i5ce--,ignorance 
(   ,nature's spoil$ *ildr5--,b5efit (  
dis9t]e/$ ?\ght--,reasons   = pursu+    
intellectual labors to ! la/--,ge(froy  
,sa9t-,hilaire4  ,:5 ,alex&re ,bixio lay
 on 8 dea?-b$1 8 fri5d ,labr\sse visit$ 
him1 & exclaim$ on ent]+ ! room1 ,h[    
well y are look+ to-day6 ,to ?is1       
,bixio1 :o 0 cle>ly aw>e ( 8 condition1 
answ]$ 9 ^! words3--,voyons1 mon pauvre 
,labr\sse2 tu vi5s voir un homme qui n'a
 plus qu'un qu>t d'heure a vivre1 et tu 
veux lui faire croire qu'il a bonne m9e2
 allons1 une poigne de ma91 cela vaut   
mieux p\r un homme que t\s ces petits   
m5songes-l4  ,i w vex y ) none ( ^!     
well-meant b we>isome little falsehoods4
 ,we bo? ( u "k y\r /ate2 we bo? "k t   
y\r malady1 ?\gh x may be alleviat$1 c  
nev] be cur$2 & t ! fatal t]m9ation ( x1
 ?\gh delay$ by all ! artifices (       

sci5ce1 w c]ta9ly arrive at la/4 ,!     
*e]ful c\rage :i* enables y to look ?is 
c]ta9ty 9 ! face has also enabl$ y to   
extract f ye>s ( suff]+ t pr(\nde/      
wisdom :i* 7z "o ( ! wise/ ( liv+       
,engli%m5 has told u7 c be le>n$ f      
suff]+ alone4 ,! admirable ela/icity (  
y\r intellectual & moral nature has     
enabl$ y1 9 ! int]vals ( physical       
uneas9ess or pa91 to ca/ aside e morbid 
?\ght1 to ent] q fully & he>tily into ! 
heal?y life ( o!rs1 & to enjoy !        
magnific5t spectacle ( ! univ]se )      
cont5t$ submission to its laws--^?      
b5efic5t yet rel5tless laws :i* to y br+
 debility & dea?4 ,y h cont9u$ to write 
not)/&+ ! progress ( y\r malady2 & yet1 
s9ce x has s pitilessly held y1 !re is  
no o!r *ange 9 ! _s ( y\r compositions  
?an ! deep5+ ( a grav] beauty1 !        
addition ( a sweet] s]i\sness4 ,n "o    
s5t5ce t y h writt5 betrays ei!r !      
inju/ice ( ! invalid1 or 8 irritability4
 ,y\r m9d is n cl\d$ by any mi/ f ! fev]
 m>%es1 b its sympa?ies are f> m active 

?an !y 74 ,y\r pa9 has taught y a t5d]  
pity = all ! pa9 t is outside ( y1 & a  
pati5t g5tl5ess :i* 0 want+ to y\r      
nature 9 its days ( b>b>ian heal?4      
,surely x w\ld be a lam5table error if  
mank9d 7 to c>ry out ! recomm5dation (  
c]ta9 ru?less philosoph]s1 & reject !   
help & tea*+ ( ! diseas$4 ,)\t und]valu+
 ! robu/ p]=mance ( heal?y natures1 &   
)\t enc\rag+ lit]ature t is morbid1 t is
 fev]$1 impati5t1 & p]v]se1 we may /ill 
prize ! noble tea*+ :i* is ! te/am5t (  
suff]]s to ! _w4 ,! diseas$ h a peculi> 
& my/]i\s exp]i5ce2 !y h kn[n !         
s5sations ( heal?1 & !n1 9 addition to  
?is k1 !y h ga9$ ano!r k :i* enables !m 
to ?9k m accurately ev5 ( heal? itself4 
,a life )\t suff]+ w\ld be l a picture  
)\t %ade4 ,! pets ( ,nature1 :o d n "k  
:at suff]+ is1 & _c realize x1 h always 
a c]ta9 rawness1 l fooli% l&sm5 :o laugh
 at ! t]rors ( ! ocean1 because !y h    
nei!r exp]i5ce en\gh to "k :at ^? t]rors
 are1 nor bra9s en\gh to imag9e !m4  ,y 
:o are borne along1 sl[ly b irresi/ibly1

 to t ,niag>a :i* plunges into ! gulf ( 
dea?1--y :o1 ) p]fect self-possession & 
h]oic *e]fulness1 are c\nt+ ! la/ miles 
( ! voyage1--f9d leisure to /udy & ?9k z
 ! boat glides onw>ds sil5tly to !      
inevitable end4 ,x is "o ( ! happie/    
privileges ( ! high intellectual life t 
x c elevate u--at lea/ 9 ! int]vals (   
relief f complete pro/ration or acute   
pa9--to regions ( dis9t]e/$ ?\ght1 :]e  
all p]sonal anxieties are =gott54 ,to   
feel t he is /ill able1 ev5 9 days (    
physical weakness & decl9e1 to add      
some?+ to ! _w's inh]itance ( k1 or to  
bequea? to x "s new & noble ?\ght 9 !   
pe>l ( complete expression1 is a pr(\nd 
satisfaction to ! active m9d t is lodg$ 
9 a p]i%+ body4 ,_m diseases =tunately  
p]mit ?is activity to ! la/2 & ,i d n   
hesitate to affirm1 t ! "w done 9 ! "t (
 physical decl9e has 9 n a few in/ances 
be5 ! mo/ p]fect & ! mo/ p]man5tly      
valuable4 ,x is n accurately true t !   
m9d & ! body inv>iably fail toge!r4     
,physicians :o "k h[ preval5t *ronic    

diseases are1 & h[ _m em95t m5 are      
physically inconv5i5c$ by !m1 "k also t 
m9ds ( great spiritual en]gy possess !  
wond]ful faculty ( indef9itely improv+  
!mselves :il/ ! body /eadily            
det]iorates4 ,nor is !re any?+          
irrational 9 ?is p]si/5t improvem5t ( ! 
m9d1 ev5 to ! extreme/ limit ( mat]ial  
decay2 = ! m9d ( e intellectual human   
be+ is "p & p>cel ( ! great p]man5t m9d 
( humanity2 & ev5 if its influ5ce soon  
ceases to be traceable--if ! spok5 words
 are =gott5--if ! writt5 volume is n    
repr9t$ or ev5 quot$1 x has n work$ 9   
va94 ,! intellectual light ( ,europe 9  
?is c5tury is n only due to great       
lum9>ies :om e "o c "n1 b to millions ( 
?\ghtful p]sons1 n[ utt]ly =gott51 :o 9 
_! "t lov$ ! light1 & gu>d$ x1 &        
increas$ x1 & c>ri$ x into _m l&s1 &    
bequea!d x z a sacr$ tru/4 ,he :o labors
 only = 8 p]sonal pleasure may well be  
disc\rag$ by ! %ortness & unc]ta9ty (   
life1 & cease f 8 selfi% toil on ! fir/ 
approa*es ( disease2 b :oev] has fully  

realiz$ ! gr& cont9uity ( intellectual  
tradition1 & tak5 8 own place 9 x betwe5
 ! future & ! pa/1 w "w till he c "w no 
m1 & !n gaze hopefully on ! _w's great  
future1 l ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 :5 8 
bl9d eyes beheld ! future ( zoology4    
,,lett] ,,vii4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,man ,,(  
,,brilliant ,,ability1 ,,:o ,,_h ,,j    
,,tak5 ,,8 ,,degree4    ,a dome/ic      
picture--,?\ghts sugge/$ by             
x--,importance ( ! s5ses   9            
intellectual pursuits--,importance (    
he>+ to ,madame de   ,/ael--,importance 
( see+ to ,mr4 ,busk9--,mr4 ,prescott1 !
   hi/orian--,h[ bl9dness ret>d$ 8      
"w--,value ( all ! five                 
s5ses--,self-gov]nm5t indisp5sable to _!
 p]fection--,great value   ( longevity  
to ! intellectual life4  ,x is always a 
great pleasure to me to pass an ev5+ at 
y\r fa!r's h\se2 b on ! la/ occasion t  
pleasure 0 v mu* enhanc$ because y 7    
once m ) u4 ,i wat*$ y\r "m's eyes z %e 
sat 9 h] place 9 ! draw+-room4 ,!y      
foll[$ y almo/ )\t ceas+1 & !re 0 !     

sweete/1 happie/ expression on h] de>   
face1 t betray$ h] t5d] mat]nal love = y
 & h] legitimate mat]nal pride4 ,y\r    
fa!r 0 equally happy 9 8 own way2 he 0  
mu* m gay & talkative ?an ,i h se5 him =
 two or ?ree anxi\s ye>s2 he told amus+ 
/ories2 he ent]$ playfully into ! je/s (
 o!rs2 he _h pleasant projects = !      
future1 & spoke ( !m ) faceti\s         
exagg]ation4 ,i sat quietly 9 my corn]1 
slyly obs]v+ my old fri5ds1 & amus+     
myself by discov]+ 7x did n ne$ mu*     
p]spicacity = t7 ! hidd5 s\rces ( !     
happ9ess t 0 s cle>ly visible4 ,!y 7    
gladd5$ by ! fir/ successes ( y\r       
manhood2 by ! evid5ce ( y\r /r5g?2 by ! 
realization ( hopes long *]i%$4  ,wat*+ 
?is *>m+ picture ) a p]fect sympa?y1 ,i 
began to h c]ta9 ?\ghts ( my own :i* x  
is my pres5t purpose to communicate to y
 )\t disguise4 ,i ?\ght1 fir/1 h[       
agreeable x 0 to be ! spectator ( s     
pretty a picture2 b !n my eyes w&]$ to a
 pa9t+ t hung ^u ! walls1 9 :i* also !re
 7 a "m & h] son1 & ?is l$ me a long    

way4 ,! pa9t+ 0 a hundr$ ye>s old2 b    
al?\gh ! colors 7 n q s fre% z :5 !y    
left ! palette ( ! arti/1 ! beautiful   
y\? :o /ood radiant l a "y ,apollo 9 !  
c5tre ( ! composition _h n lo/ "o ( !   
great gifts ) :i* 8 cunn+ human creator 
_h end[$ him4 ,! fire ( 8 eye _h n be5  
qu5*$ by "t2 ! bloom ( 8 *eek /ill flu%$
 ) fa9t v]milion2 8 lip 0 full &        
imp]i\s2 8 limbs a?letic2 8 be>+ haughty
 & dauntless4 ,all life seem$ spread    
be=e him l a beautiful ri* e/ate ( :i* e
 acre 0 8 own4 ,h[ easily w he conqu]   
fame6 h[ easily k9dle passion4 ,:o %all 
)/& ?is p9k & p]fection (               
ari/ocracy--?is ideal ( ! age ( f9e     
g5tlem51 ) all ! gifts ( nature help$ by
 all ! inv5tions ( art8  ,!n ,i ?\ght   
f>!r3 ,t spl5did "y nobleman 9 ! picture
 w look j z "y z he does n[ :5 we %all  
be ei!r sup]annuat$ or dead4 ,& ,i look$
 at y & y\r "m aga9 & ?\ght3 ,x is j    
five m9utes s9ce ,i saw ^! two liv+     
be+s1 & 9 ?is little space ( "t !y h bo?
 ( !m ag$ a little1 ?\gh no human obs]v]

 has en\gh delicacy ( p]ception to      
detect s inappreciable an alt]ation4 ,i 
w5t gradually on & on into ! future1    
try+ to imag9e ! *anges :i* w\ld come   
ov] y\rself m especially 7= x 0 y :o 7 !
 c5tre ( my rev]ie71 till at la/ ,i     
imag9$ pretty accurately :at y might be 
at sixty2 b !re x became necess>y to    
/op1 because x 0 too difficult to       
conceive ! processes ( decay4  ,aft]    
?is1 "o ?\ght grew ^u me & became       
dom9ant4 ,i ?\ght1 at pres5t he has all 
! s5ses 9 _! p]fection1 & !y s]ve him   
)\t a hit*4 ,he is an intellig5ce s]v$  
by organs1 & ! organs are all do+ _!    
duty z fai?fully z a po/man :o br+s     
lett]s4 ,:5 ! po/man becomes too infirm 
to d 8 "w he w retire on 8 little       
p5sion1 & ano!r w take 8 place & br+ !  
lett]s j z regul>ly2 b :5 ! human organs
 become infirm !y _c be tak5 out &      
replac$ by new ones1 s t we mu/ cont5t  
ourselves to ! end1 ) _! s]vice1 su* z x
 may be4 ,!n ,i reflect$ h[ useful !    
s5ses are to ! high intellectual life1 &

 h[ wise x is1 ev5 = intellectual       
purposes1 to pres]ve !m z long z        
possible 9 _! p]fection4  ,to be able to
 see & he> well--to feel heal?y         
s5sations--ev5 to ta/e & smell prop]ly1 
are mo/ important qualifications = !    
pursuit ( lit]ature1 & art1 & sci5ce4   
,if y read att5tively ! "w ( any truly  
illu/ri\s poet1 y w f9d t ! :ole ( !    
imag]y :i* gives p[] & spl5dor to 8 v]se
 is d]iv$ f nature ?r\gh "o or o!r ( ^! 
ord9>y *annels4 ,"s philosoph]s h gone  
mu* f>!r ?an ?is1 & h affirm$ t ! entire
 intellectual life is bas$ ultimately ^u
 rememb]$ physical s5sations2 t we h no 
m5tal conception t is really indep5d5t (
 s5su\s exp]i5ce2 & t ! mo/ ab/ract     
?\ght is only remov$ f s5sation by      
successive processes ( sub/itution1 ,i h
 n space to ent] into s great & my/]i\s 
a subject z ?is2 b ,i desire to draw y\r
 att5tion to a tru? v commonly ov]look$ 
by intellectual p1 :i* is ! enorm\s     
importance ( ! organs ( s5se 9 ! highe/ 
intellectual pursuits4 ,i w c\ple toge!r

 two names :i* h ow$ _! celebrity1 "o   
*iefly to ! use ( h] e>s1 ! o!r to ! use
 ( 8 eyes4 ,madame de ,/ael obta9$ h]   
lit]>y mat]ial almo/ exclusively by     
means ( conv]sation4 ,%e direct$1       
sy/ematically1 ! talk ( ! le>n$ &       
brilliant m5 among/ :om %e liv$ to !    
subject :i* = ! mom5t happ5$ to occupy  
h] ?\ghts4 ,h] lit]>y process 7:i* is   
kn[n to u 9 detail ?r\gh ! revelations (
 h] fri5ds7 0 purposely inv5t$ to cat*  
ev]y?+ t %e he>d1 z a net cat*es fi% 9 a
 riv]4 ,fir/1 %e ?rew d[n on pap] a v   
brief r\gh draft ( ! int5d$ lit]>y      
project4 ,?is %e %[$ to few1 b f x %e   
made a second /ate 7z an engrav] w\ld   
say71 :i* %e exhibit$ to "s ( h] tru/$  
fri5ds1 pr(it+ by _! h9ts & sugge/ions4 
,h] secret>y copi$ ! correct$           
manuscript1 incorporat+ ! new matt]1 on 
pap] ) a v broad m>g9 = f>!r additions4 
,dur+ all ! "t t x took to c>ry h] "w   
?r\gh ^! successive /ates1 t +5i\s woman
 made ! be/ possible use ( h] e>s1 :i* 7
 h] natural provid]s4 ,%e made ev]ybody 

talk :o 0 likely to be ( any use to h]1 
& !n imm$iately add$ :at %e _h caught on
 ! wide m>g9 res]v$ = t purpose4 ,%e us$
 h] eyes s little t %e might almo/ z    
well h be5 bl9d4 ,we h x on h] own      
au?ority1 t 7 x n out ( respect to      
cu/om1 %e w\ld n op5 h] w9d[ to see !   
,bay ( ,naples = ! fir/ "t1 :]eas %e    
w\ld travel five hundr$ leagues to talk 
) a clev] man :om %e _h nev] met4  ,n[  
s9ce ,madame de ,/ael's g5ius f$ itself 
exclusively ?r\gh ! faculty ( he>+1 :at 
an enorm\s diff]5ce x w\ld h made to h] 
if %e _h be5 deaf6 ,x is probable t !   
:ole ( h] lit]>y reputation 0 dep5d5t on
 ! condition ( h] e>s4 ,ev5 a v mod]ate 
degree ( deafness 7j en\gh to make li/5+
 irksome7 might h kept h] 9 p]petual    
obscurity4  ,! next in/ance ,i int5d to 
give is t ( a di/+ui%$ contempor>y1 ,mr4
 ,rusk94 ,8 peculi> position 9 lit]ature
 is due to 8 be+ able to see z cultivat$
 arti/s see4 ,ev]y?+ t is be/ & mo/     
orig9al 9 8 writ+s is inv>iably ei!r an 
acc\nt ( :at he has se5 9 8 own         

indep5d5t inimitable way1 or else a     
criticism ( ! accurate or defective     
sight ( o!rs4 ,8 me?od ( /udy1 by draw+ 
& tak+ writt5 memor&a ( :at he has se51 
is entirely diff]5t f ,madame de ,/ael's
 me?od1 b ref]s always1 z h]s did1 to ! 
te/imony ( ! pr$om9ant s5se4 ,e "o ^:   
att5tion has be5 attract$ to ! subject  
is aw>e t1 among/ p :o are commonly     
suppos$1 to see equally well1 & :o are n
 suspect$ ( any t5d5cy to bl9dness1 !   
degrees ( p]fection 9 ?is s5se v>y to   
inf9ity4 ,suppose t ,mr4 ,rusk9 7to our 
great mis=tune7 _h be5 end[$ ) no bett] 
eyes ?an _m p]sons :o see fairly well 9 
! ord9>y s5se1 8 enjoym5t & use ( sight 
w\ld h be5 s mu* dim9i%$ t he w\ld h _h 
little en?usiasm ab\t see+1 & yet t k9d 
( en?usiasm 0 q ess5tial to 8 "w4  ,!   
well-kn[n in/ance ( ,mr4 ,prescott1 !   
hi/orian1 is no d\bt a /rik+ pro( :at   
may be accompli%$ by a man ( rem>kable  
intellectual ability )\t ! help ( sight1
 or r help$ by ! sight ( o!rs4 ,we h    
also he>d ( a bl9d travell]1 & ev5 ( a  

bl9d entomologi/2 b 9 all cases ( ?is   
k9d !y are executive difficulties to be 
ov]come1 su* t only ! mo/ resolute      
natures w\ld ev] dream ( enc\nt]+ !m4   
,:5 ! mat]ials = ! ,reign ( ,f]d9& &    
,isabella arriv$ 9 ,prescott's h\se f   
,europe1 8 rema9+ eye _h j suff]$ f     
ov]-ex]tion to su* a degree t he c\ld n 
use x aga9 = ye>s4 ,i well rememb]1 he  
wrote 9 a lett] to a fri5d1 ! blank     
despair :i* ,i felt :5 my lit]>y        
treasures arriv$1 & ,i saw ! m9e ( weal?
 ly+ ar\nd me :i* ,i 0 =bidd5 to        
explore4 ,& al?\gh1 by a mo/ t$i\s      
process1 :i* w\ld h worn out ! pati5ce (
 any o!r au?or1 ,mr4 ,prescott did at   
la/ arrive at ! conclusion ( 8 "w1 x co/
 him t5 ye>s ( labor--probably ?rice z  
mu* "t z w\ld h be5 ne$$ by an au?or (  
equal intellectual ability )\t any      
infirmity ( sight4  ,al?\gh1 ( ! five   
s5ses :i* ,god has giv5 u1 sight & he>+ 
are ! mo/ necess>y to ! intellectual    
life1 x may easily be demon/rat$ t ! l[]
 ones are n )\t _! intellectual uses4   

,p]fect lit]ature & art c only he       
produc$ by m5 :o are p]fect 9 all _!    
natural faculties4 ,! great creative    
intellects h nev] be5 ascetics2 !y h be5
 rightly & heal?ily s5sitive to e k9d ( 
pleasure4 ,! ta/e ( fruits & w9es1 !    
p]fume ( fl[]s are a "p ( ! means by :i*
 ! _s ( ,nature influ5ces our mo/ secret
 ?\ghts1 & conveys to u sugge/ions1 or  
c>ries u into /ates ( feel+ :i* h an    
enorm\s effect ^u our ?9k+1 ?\gh ! mann]
 9 :i* ! effect is produc$ is "o ( !    
deepe/ my/]ies ( our my/]i\s be+4 ,:5 ! 
,caliph ,va!k add$ five w+s to ! palace 
( ,alkoremmi1 on ! hill ( ,pi$ ,horses1 
= ! p>ticul> gratification ( ea* ( 8    
five s5ses1 he only did on a uselessly  
l>ge scale :at e prop]ly-end[$ human be+
 does1 :5 he c af=d x1 on a small "o4   
,y w n suspect me ( prea*+ unlimit$     
indulg5ce4 ,! v object ( ?is lett] is to
 recomm5d1 = intellectual purposes1 !   
c>eful pres]vation ( ! s5ses 9 !        
fre%ness ( _! p]fection1 & ?is is       
altoge!r incompatible ) e species (     

excess4 ,if y are to see cle>ly all y\r 
life1 y mu/ n sacrifice eyesight by     
ov]-/ra9+ x2 & ! same law ( mod]ation is
 ! condition ( pres]v+ e o!r faculty4 ,i
 want y to "k ! exquisite ta/e ( common 
dry bread2 to enjoy ! p]fume ( a l>*    
wood at a di/ance2 to feel delight :5 a 
sea-wave da%es ov] y4 ,i want y\r eye to
 be s s5sitive t x %all disc]n ! fa9te/ 
tones ( a gray cl\d1 & yet s /rong t x  
%all be> to gaze on a :ite "o 9 ! dazzl+
 glory ( sun%9e4 ,i w\ld h y\r he>+ %>p 
en\gh to detect ! music ( ! sph]es1 if x
 7 b audible1 & yet y\r n]v\s sy/em     
robu/ en\gh to endure ! %ock ( ! guns on
 an ironclad4 ,to h & keep ^! p[]s we   
ne$ a firmness ( self-gov]nm5t t is r>e4
  ,"y m5 are c>eless ( longevity2 b h[  
preci\s are add$ ye>s to ! fulness ( !  
intellectual life6 ,!re are lives1 su* z
 t ( ,major ,p5d5nis1 :i* only dim9i% 9 
value z !y advance--:5 ! man ( fa%ion is
 no long] fa%ionable1 & ! sportsman c no
 long] /ride ov] ! pl\gh$ fields4 ,! old
 age ( ! ,major ,p5d5nises is assur$ly n

 to be envi$3 b h[ ri* is ! age ( !     
,hunboldts6 ,i comp>e ! life ( !        
intellectual to a long w$ge ( gold--! ?9
 end ( x beg9s at bir?1 & ! dep? & value
 ( x g on indef9itely increas+ till at  
la/ comes ,dea? 7a p]sonage = :om       
,na?aniel ,haw?orne _h a peculi>        
dislike1 = 8 unmann]ly habit (          
int]ruption71 :o /ops ! aurif]\s        
processes4 ,oh1 ! my/]y ( ! nameless    
ones :o h di$ :5 ! w$ge 0 ?9 & look$ s  
poor & light6 ,oh1 ! happ9ess ( !       
=tunate old m5 ^: ?\ghts w5t deep] &    
deep] l a wall t runs out into ! sea6   
,,note4--,"o ( ! mo/ pa9ful cases (     
int]ruption caus$ by dea?   is t (      
,cuvi]4 ,8 p>alysis came ^u him :il/ he 
0 /ill 9   full activity1 & dea? prev5t$
 him f arrang+ a great   accumulation ( 
sci5tific mat]ial4 ,he said to ,m4      
,pasqui]1 ,i _h   great ?+s /ill to d2  
all 0 ready 9 my head4 ,aft] ?irty ye>s 
( labor & rese>*1 !re rema9$ b to write1
 & n[ ! h&s   fail1 & c>ry ) !m ! head4 
,b ! mo/ lam5table in/ances   ( ?is k9d 

( int]ruption are1 f ! nature ( ?+s1    
unkn[n   to u4 ,ev5 ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$
 _c e/imate ! ext5t (   ! loss1 = a     
man's imm$iate neighbors are g5]ally ! v
 la/   p]sons to become aw>e ( ! nature 
( 8 p[]s or ! value (   8 acquirem5ts4  
,,"p ,,ii4  ,,! ,,moral ,,basis4        
,,lett] ,i4  ,,to ,a ,,morali/ ,,:o ,,_h
 ,,said ,,t ,,!re ,,0 ,a ,,want ,,(     
,,moral ,,fibre ,,9 ,,! ,,intellectual1 
,,especially ,,9 ,,poets ,,& ,,arti/s4  
,! love ( intellectual pleasure--,!     
seek+ = a   /imulus--,intoxication (    
poetry & oratory--,o!r m5tal            
intoxications--,! ,bi%op ( ,exet] on    
drudg]y--,! labor (   composition 9     
poetry--,wordswor?'s dread (            
x--,moore--,8 tr\ble   ) ,lalla         
,rookh--,8 pa9/ak+ 9                    
prep>ation--,necessity (   pati5t       
indu/ry 9 o!r arts--,john ,lewis1       
,meissoni]1   ,mulready--,drudg]y 9     
/ruggl+ aga9/ te*nical                  
difficulties--,wat]-color pa9t+1 et*+1  
oil-pa9t+1 fresco1   l9e-engrav+--,labor

 und]gone = m]e discipl9e--,moral /r5g? 
(   /ud5ts--,giordano ,bruno4  ,y told  
me ! o!r day t y believ$ ! inducem5t to 
:at ,i call$ intellectual liv+ to be    
m]ely ! love ( pleasure--pleasure ( a   
high] k9d1 no d\bt1 ?an t :i* we d]ive f
 w9e1 yet fairly comp>able to x4 ,y w5t 
on to say t y c\ld n1 f ! moral po9t (  
view1 disc]n any appreciable diff]5ce   
betwe5 intoxicat+ oneself by means (    
lit]ature or art & gett+ tipsy on port  
w9e or br&y2 t ! read+ ( poetry1 mo/    
especially 0 cle>ly self-intoxication--a
 s]vice ( ,v5us & ,bac*us1 9 :i* !      
sugge/ions ( artfully-ord]$ words 7 us$ 
z sub/itutes = ! h>em & ! w9e-flask4    
,complet+ ! expression ( ?is idea1 y    
said t ! excitem5t produc$ by oratory 0 
exactly ( ! same nature z ! excitem5t   
produc$ by g91 s t ,mr4 ,bright & ,m4   
,gambetta--nay1 ev5 a g5tleman s        
respectable z ! late ,"l ,d]by--belong$ 
/rictly to ! same pr(ession z !         
publicans1 be+ deal]s 9 /imulants1 & no 
m4 ,! habitual /ud5t 01 9 y\r view1 no?+

 bett] ?an ! helpless victim ( unresi/$ 
appetite1 to :om intellectual           
intoxication1 hav+ be5 at fir/ a        
pleasure1 _h f9ally become a necessity4 
,y add$ t any rational p]son :o f\nd    
himself s9k+ into su* a deplorable      
condition z ?is1 w\ld h rec\rse to "s   
sev]e discipl9e z a pres]vative--a      
discipl9e requir+ close att5tion to     
common ?+s1 & rigor\sly exclud+ e v>iety
 ( ?\ght :i* c\ld possibly be consid]$  
intellectual4  ,x is /rictly true t !   
?ree intellectual pursuits--lit]ature1  
sci5ce1 & ! f9e arts--are all ( !m /rong
 /imulants1 & t m5 are attract$ to !m by
 ! /imulus !y give4 ,b ^! occupations   
are morally mu* ne>] to ! common level (
 o!r occupations ?an y suppose4 ,!re is 
no d\bt a c]ta9 intoxication 9 poetry & 
pa9t+2 b ,i h se5 a tradesman f9d a     
fully equival5t intoxication 9 an       
addition ( figures %[+ a delightful     
balance at 8 bank]'s4 ,i h se5 a "y poet
 intoxicat$ ) ! love ( poetry2 b ,i h   
also se5 a "y me*anical g5ius on :om !  

sight ( a locomotive act$ exactly l a   
bottle ( *ampagne4 ,ev]y?+ t is capable 
( excit+ or mov+ man1 ev]y?+ t fires him
 ) en?usiasm1 ev]y?+ t su/a9s 8 en]gies 
above ! dead level ( m]ely animal       
exi/5ce1 may be comp>$1 & n v untruly1  
to ! action ( g5]\s w9e4 ,! two mo/     
p[]ful m5tal /imulants--s9ce !y ov]come 
ev5 ! fe> ( dea?--are unque/ionably     
religion & patriotism3 ard5t /ates (    
feel+ bo? ( !m :5 !y are g5u9e2 yet ?is 
ardor has a great utility4 ,x enables m5
 to be> mu*1 to p]=m mu* :i* w\ld be    
beyond _! natural =ce if x 7 n su/a9$ by
 p[]ful m5tal /imulants4 ,& s x is 9 !  
intellectual life4 ,x is because its    
labors are s sev]e t its pleasures are s
 glori\s4 ,! ,creator ( intellectual man
 set him ! mo/ ardu\s tasks--tasks t    
requir$ ! utmo/ possible pati5ce1       
c\rage1 self-discipl9e1 & :i* at ! same 
"t 7 = ! mo/ "p1 f _! v nature1 likely  
to receive only ! mo/ meagre & prec>i\s 
pecuni>y rew>d4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] t s poor 
& weak a creature might execute its     

gigantic works ) ! en]gy necess>y to _! 
p]man5ce1 ! labor itself 0 made int5sely
 attractive & int]e/+ to ! few :o 7     
fitt$ = x by _! con/itution4 ,s9ce _!   
c\rage c\ld n be ma9ta9$ by any ( !     
common motives :i* c>ry m5 ?r\gh ord9>y 
drudg]y--s9ce nei!r weal? nor worldly   
position 0 9 _! prospects1 ! drudg]y !y 
_h to g ?r\gh 0 to be rew>d$ by !       
triumphs ( sci5tific discov]y1 by !     
felicities ( arti/ic expression4 ,a     
div9e drunk5ness 0 giv5 to !m = _!      
enc\ragem5t1 surpass+ ! gift ( ! grape4 
,b n[ t ,i h ackn[l$g$1 n ungratefully1 
! necessity ( t noble excitem5t :i* is !
 life ( life1 x is "t = me to add t1 9 !
 daily labor ( all intellectual work]s1 
mu* has to be done :i* requires a       
robu/ness ( ! moral con/itution beyond  
:at y appe> to be aw>e (4 ,x is n long  
s9ce ! pres5t ,bi%op ( ,exet] truly     
affirm$1 9 an address to a body (       
/ud5ts1 t if !re 7 n we>9ess 9 "w1 t "w 
0 n s ?or\gh-go+ z x ought to be4 ,( all
 "w1 ! ,bi%op said1 t produces results1 

n9e-t5?s mu/ be drudg]y4 ,!re is no "w1 
f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 :i* c be done well
 by any man :o is unwill+ to make t     
sacrifice4 ,"p ( ! v nobility ( !       
devotion ( ! true workman to 8 "w       
consi/s 9 ! fact t a man is n daunt$ by 
f9d+ t drudg]y mu/ be done2 & no man c  
really succe$ 9 any walk ( life )\t a   
good deal ( :at 9 ord9>y ,engli% is     
call$ pluck4 ,t is ! condition ( all "w 
:atev]1 & x is ! condition ( all        
success4 ,& !re is no?+ :i* s truly     
repays itself z ?is v p]sev]ance aga9/  
we>9ess4  ,y und]/&1 no d\bt1 t !re is  
drudg]y 9 ! "w ( a lawy] or an          
acc\ntant1 b y imag9e t !re is no       
drudg]y 9 t ( an arti/1 or au?or1 or man
 ( sci5ce4 ,9 ^! cases y fancy t !re is 
no?+ b a pleasant intoxication1 l !     
puff+ ( tobacco or ! sipp+ ( cl>et aft] 
d9n]4 ,! ,bi%op sees m accurately4 ,he  
kn[s t ( all "w t produces results      
n9e-t5?s mu/ be drudg]y4 ,he makes no   
exceptions 9 favor ( ! arts & sci5ces2  
if he _h made any su* exceptions1 !y    

w\ld h prov$ ! abs5ce ( culture 9       
himself4 ,real "w ( all descriptions1   
ev5 includ+ ! composition ( poetry 7!   
mo/ intoxicat+ ( all human pursuits71   
conta9s drudg]y 9 s l>ge a proportion t 
consid]able moral c\rage is necess>y to 
c>ry x to a successful issue4 ,"s ( !   
mo/ popul> writ]s ( v]se h dread$ !     
labor ( composition4 ,wordswor? %rank f 
x mu* m s5sitively ?an he did f 8       
prosaic labors z a di/ributor ( /amps4  
,he _h t horreur de la plume :i* is a   
frequ5t malady among/ lit]>y m54 ,b we  
feel1 9 read+ ,wordswor?1 t composition 
0 a s]i\s toil to him--! drudg]y is (t5 
visible4 ,let me take1 !n1 ! case ( a   
writ] ( v]se di/+ui%$ especially =      
flu5cy & ease--! lighte/1 gaye/1        
app>5tly mo/ ?\ghtless ( mod]n          
m9/rels--! au?or ( ,! ,iri% ,melodies & 
,lalla ,rookh4 ,moore said--,i quote f  
memory & may n give ! precise words1 b  
!y 7 to ?is effect--t al?\gh ! fir/     
%ad[y imag9+ ( a new poem 0 a delici\s  
fool's p>adise1 ! labor ( actual        

composition 0 some?+ altoge!r diff]5t4  
,he did n1 ,i believe1 exactly use ! ^w 
drudg]y1 b 8 expression impli$ t !re 0  
pa9ful drudg]y 9 ! "w4 ,:5 he began to  
write ,lalla ,rookh ! task 0 any?+ b    
easy to him4 ,he said t he 0 at all     
times a f> m sl[ & pa9/ak+ workman ?an  
w\ld ev] be guess$ f ! result4 ,= a long
 "t aft] ! conclusion ( ! agreem5t )    
,messrs4 ,longman1 ?\gh g5]ally at "w ) 
a view to ?is task1 he made b v little  
real progress 9 x4 ,aft] _m             
unsatisfactory attempts1 f9d+ t 8       
subjects 7 s sl[ 9 k9dl+ 8 own          
sympa?ies1 he began to despair ( _! ev] 
t\*+ ! he>ts ( o!rs4 ,_h ?is s]ies (    
di%e>t5+ exp]im5ts be5 c>ri$ on mu*     
fur!r1 ,i mu/ h ?r[n aside ! "w 9       
despair4 ,he took ! greate/ pa9s 9 long 
& labori\sly prep>+ himself by read+4   
,to =m a /oreh\se1 z x 71 ( illu/rations
 purely ,ori5tal1 & s famili>ize myself 
) its v>i\s treasures t1 quick z ,fancy 
requir$ ! aid ( fact 9 h] spirit+s1 !   
memory 0 ready to furni% mat]ials = !   

spell-"w2 su* 01 = a long :ile1 ! sole  
object ( my /udies4 ,aft] quot+ "s      
op9ions favorable to ! tru? ( 8 ,ori5tal
 color+1 he says3 ,:atev] ( vanity !re  
may be 9 cit+ su* tributes1 !y %[1 at   
lea/1 ( :at great value1 ev5 9 poetry1  
is t prosaic quality1 indu/ry1 s9ce x 0 
9 a sl[ & labori\s collection ( small   
facts t ! fir/ f\ndations ( ?is fanciful
 romance 7 laid4  ,o!r f9e arts make    
equally l>ge claims ^u ! indu/ry ( _!   
pr(essors4 ,we see ! *>m+ result1 :i*   
looks z if x 7 no?+ b pleasure--! m]e   
s5su\s gratification ( an appetite =    
melody or color2 b no "o ev] em95tly    
succe$$ 9 music or pa9t+ )\t pati5t     
submission to a discipl9e f> f          
attractive or ent]ta9+4 ,an idea 0 v    
preval5t among/ ! upp] classes 9 ,engl&1
 betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty ye>s ago1 t art 0 
n a s]i\s pursuit1 & t ,fr5*m5 7 too    
frivol\s to apply !mselves s]i\sly to   
any?+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! diff]5t s*ools (   
art 9 ,europe came to be exhibit$       
toge!r1 ! tru? began to dawn ^u p's m9ds

 t ! ,fr5* & ,belgian s*ools ( pa9t+ _h 
a c]ta9 sup]iority ov] ! re/--a         
sup]iority ( q a peculi> sort2 & :5 !   
critics appli$ !mselves to discov] !    
hidd5 causes ( ?is g5]ally p]ceiv$      
sup]iority1 !y f\nd out t x 0 due 9     
great measure to ! pati5t drudg]y       
submitt$ to by ^? =eign arti/s 9 _! y\?4
 ,engli% pa9t]s :o h atta9$ di/9ction h 
gone ?r\gh a l drudg]y1 if n 9 ! public 
ateli] at lea/ 9 secrecy & solitude4    
,mr4 ,john ,lewis1 9 reply to an        
application = a draw+ to be reproduc$ by
 ! autotype process1 & publi%$ 9 !      
,portfolio1 said t 8 sket*es & /udies 7 
all 9 color1 b if we lik$ to exam9e !m  
we 7 welcome to select any?+ t might be 
successfully photograph$4 ,n be+ 9      
,london at ! "t1 ,i *>g$ an exp]i5c$    
fri5d to g & see if !re 7 any?+ t w\ld  
answ] our purpose4 ,soon aft]w>d he     
wrote3 ,i h j be5 to see ,john ,lewis1 &
 h come away a/\nd$4 ,he _h se5 ! va/   
f\ndations ( private indu/ry on :i* !   
arti/'s public "w _h be5                

erect$1--innum]able /udies 9 color1     
wr\ght ) ! mo/ p]fect c>e & f9i%1 & all 
= self-education m]ely1 n = any direct  
rew>d 9 fame4 ,we h all admir$ !        
extraord9>y p[] ( repres5tation 9 !     
little pictures ( ,meissoni]2 t p[] 0   
acquir$ by pa9t+ /udies life-size =     
self-in/ruction1 & ! arti/ has su/a9$ 8 
k by p]si/5ce 9 t practice4 ,mulready1  
betwe5 ! conception ( a new picture & ! 
execution ( x1 us$ to give himself a    
special tra9+ = ! int5d$ "w by pa9t+ a  
/udy 9 color ( e sep>ate ?+ t 0 to =m "p
 ( ! composition4 ,x is useless to g on 
multiply+ ^! examples1 s9ce all great   
arti/s1 )\t exception1 h be5 di/+ui%$ = 
_! firm fai? 9 /eady well-direct$ labor4
 ,?is fai? 0 s /rong 9 ,reynolds t x    
limit$ 8 reason+ p[]s1 & prev5t$ him f  
assign+ _! due importance to ! inborn   
natural gifts4  ,n only 9 _! prep>ations
 = "w1 b ev5 9 ! "w itself1 d arti/s    
und]go drudg]y4 ,x is ! peculi>ity ( _! 
"w t1 m ?an any o!r human "w1 x displays
 :atev] !re may be 9 x ( pleasure &     

felicity1 putt+ ! drudg]y z mu* out (   
sight z possible2 b all :o "k ! secrets 
( ! /udio are aw>e ( ! ceaseless        
/ruggles aga9/ te*nical difficulty :i*  
are ! price ( ! *>ms t pleasantly       
deceive u4 ,! amateur tries to pa9t 9   
wat]-color1 & f9ds t ! gradation ( 8 sky
 w n come "r2 in/ead ( be+ a s\nd       
gradation l t ( ! heav5ly blue1 x is all
 9 spots & pat*es4 ,!n he goes to "s    
clev] arti/ :o seems to get ! "r ?+ )   
enviable ease4 ,is my pap] good8 h my   
colors be5 prop]ly gr\nd8 ,! mat]ials   
are s\nd en\gh1 b ! arti/ confesses "o (
 ! disc\rag+ little secrets ( 8 craft4  
,! fact is1 he says1 ^? spots t y       
compla9 ( happ5 to all ( u1 & v         
tr\blesome !y are1 especially 9 d>k     
t9ts2 ! only way is to remove !m z      
pati5tly z we c1 & x sometimes takes    
sev]al days4 ,if "o or two ( !m rema9 9 
spite ( u1 we turn !m into birds4 ,9    
et*+1 ! mo/ fam\s practition]s get into 
messes ) ! trea*]\s *emi/ry ( _! acids1 
& ne$ an inv9cible pati5ce4 ,ev5 ,mryon 

0 always v anxi\s :5 ! "t came = confid+
 8 "w to :at he call$ ! traitresse      
liqueur2 & :5ev] ,i give a commission to
 an et*]1 ,i am always expect+ "s su*   
despat* z ! foll[+3 ,plate utt]ly ru9$ 9
 ! bit+4 ,v sorry4 ,w beg9 ano!r        
imm$iately4 ,we "k :at a dreadful s]ies 
( mi%aps att5d$ our fresco-pa9t]s at    
,we/m9/]1 & n[ ev5 ! promis+ wat]-glass 
process1 9 :i* ,maclise tru/$1 %[s !    
bloom ( premature decay4 ,! safe/ & be/ 
kn[n ( mod]n processes1 simple oil-pa9t+
 has its own dang]s also4 ,! colors s9k 
& alt]2 !y lose _! relative values2 !y  
lose _! pe>ly purity1 _! gl[+           
transp>5ce--!y turn to buff & black4 ,! 
f9e arts bri/le all ov] ) te*nical      
difficulties1 & are1 ,i w n say ! be/   
s*ool ( pati5ce 9 ! _w1 = _m o!r        
pursuits are also v good s*ools (       
pati5ce2 b ,i w say1 )\t mu* fe> (      
contradiction f anybody acqua9t$ ) !    
subject1 t ! f9e arts (f] drudg]y en\gh1
 & disappo9tm5t en\gh1 to be a tra9+ bo?
 9 pati5ce & 9 humility4  ,9 ! labor ( !

 l9e-engrav] bo? ^! qualities are       
develop$ to ! pit* ( p]fect h]oism4 ,he 
sits d[n to a great surface ( /eel or   
copp]1 & day by day1 week aft] week1    
mon? aft] mon?1 pl\ghs sl[ly 8 m>vell\s 
l9es4 ,sometimes ! picture be=e him is  
an agreeable companion2 he is 9 sympa?y 
) ! pa9t]2 he enjoys e t\* t he has to  
translate4 ,b sometimes1 on ! contr>y1  
he hates ! picture1 & engraves x z a    
pr(essional duty4 ,i happ5$ to call ^u a
 di/+ui%$ ,engli% engrav]--a man ( !    
greate/ ta/e & k1 a ref9$ & cultivat$   
critic--& ,i f\nd him seat$ at "w be=e a
 ?+ :i* _h no?+ to d ) f9e art--a m$ley 
( ugly portraits ( temp]ance celebrities
 on a plat=m4 ,ah6 he said to me sadly1 
y see ! d>k side ( our pr(ession2 fancy 
sitt+ d[n to a desk all day long = two  
ye>s toge!r ) t ?+ to occupy y\r ?\ghts6
 ,h[ mu* moral fibre 0 ne$$ to c>ry to a
 successful issue s repulsive a task z  
t6 ,y may answ] t a /one-break] on !    
roadside surpasses my l9e-engrav] bo? 9 
pati5ce & 9 humility2 b :]eas !         

s5sitiv5ess ( ! /one-break] has be5     
dead5$ by 8 mode ( life1 ! s5sitiv5ess (
 ! engrav] has be5 cont9ually fo/]$ &   
increas$4 ,an ugly picture 0 torture to 
8 cultivat$ eye1 & he _h to be> !       
torture all day long1 l ! pa9 ( an      
irritat+ disease4  ,/ill ev5 !          
l9e-engrav] has secret s\rces (         
ent]ta9m5t to relieve ! mortal t$ium ( 8
 task-"w4 ,! picture may be hide\s1 b ! 
engrav] has hidd5 consolations 9 !      
ex]cise ( 8 wond]ful art4 ,he c at lea/ 
ent]ta9 himself ) feats ( int]pretative 
skill1 ) ! g5tle trea*]ies ( improv+ "h 
& !re ^u ! hatefulness ( ! intol]able   
orig9al4 ,he may congratulate himself 9 
! ev5+1 t "o m frightful hat or coat has
 be5 got rid (2 t ! tiresome task has   
be5 r$uc$ by a space measurable 9 eights
 ( an in*4 ,! heavie/ "w :i* %[s        
progress is n )\t "o elem5t (           
*e]fulness4  ,!re is a great deal (     
intellectual labor1 und]gone simply =   
discipl9e1 :i* %[s no pres5t result t is
 appreciable1 & :i* !re=e requires1 9   

addition to pati5ce & humility1 "o ( !  
noble/ ( ! moral virtues1 fai?4 ,( all !
 toils 9 :i* m5 engage1 none are nobl] 9
 _! orig9 or _! aim ?an ^? by :i* !y    
endeavor to become m wise4 ,pray obs]ve 
t :5ev] ! desire = great] wisdom is     
e>ne/ en\gh to su/a9 m5 9 ^! high       
endeavors1 !re mu/ be bo? humility &    
fai?--! humility :i* ackn[l$ges pres5t  
insuffici5cy1 ! fai? t relies ^u !      
my/]i\s laws :i* gov]n our intellectual 
be+4 ,be sure t !re has be5 great moral 
/r5g? 9 all :o h come to intellectual   
greatness4 ,dur+ "s brief mom5ts (      
insight ! mi/ has roll$ away & !y h     
beheld1 l a cele/ial city1 ! home ( _!  
highe/ aspirations2 b ! cl\d has ga!r$  
r\nd !m aga91 & /ill 9 ! gloom !y h gone
 /eadily =w>ds1 /umbl+ (t51 yet ma9ta9+ 
_! unconqu]able resolution4 ,x is to ?is
 sublime p]si/5ce ( ! intellectual 9 o!r
 ages t ! _w owes ! treasures :i* !y    
won2 x is by a l p]si/5ce t we may hope 
to h& !m d[n1 augm5t$1 to ! future4 ,_! 
intellectual purposes did n weak5 _!    

moral nature1 b ex]cis$ & exalt$ x4 ,all
 t 0 be/ & highe/ 9 ! imp]fect moral    
nature ( ,giordano ,bruno _h its s\rce 9
 t noble passion = ,philosophy1 :i* made
 him decl>e t = h] sake x 0 easy to     
endure labor & pa9 & exile1 s9ce he _h  
f\nd 9 brevi labore diuturnam requiem1 9
 levi dolore imm5sum gaudium1 9 angu/o  
exilio patriam amplissimam4   ,,lett]   
,,ii4  ,,to ,,an ,,undiscipl9$ ,,writ]4 
,e>ly indocility ( great                
work]s--,ext]nal discipl9e only a       
sub/itute = inw>d discipl9e--,necessity 
= inw>d   discipl9e--,orig9 ( ! idea (  
discipl9e--,au?ors peculi>ly   liable to
 ov]look its uses--,good examples--,sir 
,ar?ur   ,helps--,sa9te-,beuve--,!      
c5tral au?ority 9 ! m9d--,locke's       
op9ion--,ev5 ! creative faculty may be  
comm&$--,*>les   ,baudelaire--,discipl9e
 9 common trades & pr(essions--,lawy]s &
   surgeons--,hall]--,m5tal refusals n  
to be altoge!r   disreg>d$--,! idea (   
discipl9e ! moral basis ( !             
intellectual life--,alex&] ,humboldt4   

,sir ,ar?ur ,helps1 9 t wise book ( 8   
,?\ghts ^u ,gov]nm5t1 says t mu* ( ! be/
 & greate/ "w 9 ! _w has be5 done by ^? 
:o 7 any?+ b docile 9 _! y\?4 ,he       
believes t ?is bold /atem5t applies n   
only to ! greate/ m5 9 ,sci5ce1         
,lit]ature1 & ,art1 b also to ! greate/ 
m5 9 (ficial life1 9 diplomacy1 & 9 !   
g5]al bus9ess ( ! _w4  ,_m ( u :o 7     
rem>kable = our indocility 9 boyhood1 & 
rem>kable = no?+ else1 h f\nd mu*       
consolation 9 ?is passage4 ,x is mo/    
agreeable to be told1 by a writ] v em95t
 bo? = wisdom & = culture1 t our        
unt[>dness 0 a hopeful sign4 ,ano!r     
popul> mod]n writ] has also enc\rag$ u  
by giv+ a long li/ ( dunces :o h become 
illu/ri\s4  ,yet1 h[ev] flatt]+ x may be
 to f9d ourselves 9 su* excell5t        
company1 at lea/ s f> z ! e>li] half (  
life may be conc]n$1 we _c q =get ! v   
num]\s in/ances ( di/+ui%$ p]sons :o    
began by submitt+ to ! discipl9e ( s*ool
 & college1 & ga9$ honors & reputation  
!re1 be=e enc\nt]+ ! competition ( ! _w4

  ,! ext]nal discipl9e appli$ by        
s*oolma/]s is a sub/itute = t inw>d     
discipl9e :i* we all s greatly ne$1 &   
:i* is absolutely indisp5sable to       
culture4 ,:e!r a boy happ5s to be a     
dunce at s*ool or a y\? ( brilliant     
promise1 8 future intellectual c>e] w   
dep5d v mu* on 8 moral =ce4 ,! di/+ui%$ 
m5 :o d]iv$ s little b5efit f e>ly      
discipl9e h inv>iably subject$ !mselves 
to a discipl9e ( ano!r k9d :i* prep>$ !m
 = ! labor ( _! manhood4 ,x may be a    
pure assumption to say ?is1 b !         
assumption is confirm$ by e in/ance t is
 kn[n to me4 ,_m em95t m5 h und]gone !  
discipl9e ( bus9ess1 _m l ,frankl9 h be5
 self-discipl9$1 b ,i h nev] he>d ( a   
p]son :o _h ris5 to intellectual em95ce 
)\t volunt>y submission to an           
intellectual discipl9e ( "s k9d4  ,!re  
are1 no d\bt1 great pleasures atta*$ to 
! intellectual life1 & q peculi> to x2 b
 ^! pleasures are ! support ( discipl9e 
& n its negation4 ,!y give u !          
*e]fulness necess>y = our "w1 b !y d n  

excuse u f ! "w4 ,!y are l ! cup ( c(fee
 s]v$ to a soldi] on duty1 n l ! opium  
:i* incapacitates = ev]y?+ b dream+4  ,i
 h be5 l$ into ^! obs]vations by a      
p]usal ( ! new book :i* y s5t me4 ,x has
 _m qualities :i* 9 a "y writ] are full 
( promise4 ,x is e>ne/1 & lively1 &     
exub]ant1 b at ! same "t x is           
undiscipl9$4  ,n[ ,i believe x may be   
affirm$1 t al?\gh !re has be5 mu*       
lit]ature 9 =m] ages :i* 0 bo? vigor\s &
 undiscipl9$1 /ill :5 an age pres5ts1 z 
ours does1 liv+ examples ( p]fect       
intellectual discipl9e1 :oev] falls bel[
 !m 9 ?is respect cont5ts himself ) ! v 
k9d ( inf]iority :i* ( all inf]iorities 
is ! easie/ to avoid4 ,y _c1 by an ef=t 
( ! w1 hope to rival ! brilliance ( a   
g5ius1 b y may q reasonably expect to   
obta9 z complete a control ov] y\r own  
faculties & y\r own "w z any o!r        
highly-cultivat$ p]son4  ,! orig9 (     
discipl9e is ! desire to d n m]ely our  
be/ ) ! degree ( p[] & k :i* at ! "t we 
d actually happ5 to possess1 b ) t :i*  

we might possess if we submitt$ to !    
necess>y tra9+4 ,! p[]s giv5 to u by    
,nature are little m ?an a p[] to       
become1 & ?is becom+ is always          
conditional on "s sort ( ex]cise--:at   
sort we h to discov] = ourselves4  ,no  
class ( p]sons are s liable to ov]look !
 uses ( discipl9e z au?ors are4 ,anybody
 c write a book1 ?\gh few c write t :i* 
des]ves ! "n ( lit]ature4 ,!re are great
 te*nical diff]5ces betwe5 lit]ature &  
book-mak+1 b few c cle>ly expla9 ^!     
diff]5ces1 or detect1 9 _! own case1 !  
abs5ce ( ! necess>y qualities4 ,9 pa9t+1
 ! mo/ p]fect f9i% is recogniz$ at a    
glance1 b ! m9d only c p]ceive x 9 !    
book4 ,x 0 an odd notion ( ! au?orities 
to exhibit lit]ature 9 ! int]national   
exhibitions2 b if !y c\ld h made p see !
 diff]5ce betwe5 s\nd & uns\nd          
workman%ip 9 ! lit]>y craft1 !y w\ld h  
r5d]$ a great s]vice to ! high]         
intellectual discipl9e4 ,sir ,ar?ur     
,helps might h s]v$ z an example to     
,engli% writ]s1 because he has c]ta9    

qualities 9 :i* we are griev\sly        
defici5t4 ,he c say a ?+ 9 ! words t are
 mo/ fit & necess>y1 & !n leave x4      
,sa9te-,beuve w\ld h be5 ano!r admirable
 example ( self-discipl9e1 especially to
 ,fr5*m51 :o w\ld d well to imitate him 
9 8 horror ( !  peu prs4 ,he nev] began 
to write ab\t any?+ until he _h cle>$ ! 
gr\nd well be=e him4 ,he nev] spoke ab\t
 any "* or doctr9e t he _h n bottom$ 7to
 use ,locke's ^w7 z f> z he 0 able4 ,he 
_h an extraord9>y aptitude = collect+   
exactly ! sort ( mat]ial t he ne$$1 =   
arrang+ & classify+ mat]ial1 = p]ceiv+  
its mutual relations4 ,v few ,fr5*m5 h  
_h ,sa9te-,beuve's int5se repugnance to 
insuffici5cy ( in=mation & inaccuracy ( 
language4 ,few inde$ are ! ,fr5*        
j\rnali/s ( :om x might be said1 z x may
 be truly said ( ,sa9te-,beuve1 t he    
nev] wrote ev5 an article = a newspap]  
)\t hav+ subject$ 8 m9d to a special    
tra9+ = t p>ticul> article4 ,!          
prep>ations = "o ( 8 ,lundis 7 ! s]i\s  
occupation ( sev]al labori\s days2 &    

be=e beg9n+ ! actual composition1 8 m9d 
_h be5 discipl9$ into a /ate ( ! mo/    
complete read9ess1 l ! f+]s ( a musician
 :o has be5 practis+ a piece be=e he    
executes x4  ,! object ( intellectual   
discipl9e is ! e/abli%m5t ( a /rong     
c5tral au?ority 9 ! m9d by :i* all its  
p[]s are regulat$ & direct$ z ! milit>y 
=ces ( a nation are direct$ by !        
/rategi/ :o arranges ! op]ations ( a w>4
 ,! pres5ce ( ?is /rong c5tral au?ority 
is made manife/ 9 ! unity & proportion (
 ! results2 :5 ?is au?ority is abs5t 7x 
is frequ5tly entirely abs5t f ! m9ds (  
undiscipl9$ p]sons1 especially ( !      
female sex71 y h a *aos ( complete      
confusion2 :5 ! au?ority )\t be+ abs5t  
is n /rong en\gh to regulate ! lively   
activity ( ! intellectual =ces1 y h too 
mu* en]gy 9 "o direction1 too little 9  
ano!r1 a brigade :]e a regim5t c\ld h   
done ! "w1 & light artill]y :]e y want  
guns ( ! heavie/ calibre4  ,to e/abli%  
?is c5tral au?ority x is only necess>y1 
9 any vigor\s & s\nd m9d1 to ex]cise x4 

,)\t su* a c5tral p[] !re is nei!r      
lib]ty ( action nor security (          
possession4 ,! m9d1 says ,locke1 %\ld   
always be free & ready to turn itself to
 ! v>iety ( objects t occur1 & all[ !m z
 mu* consid]ation z %all1 = t "t1 be    
?\ght fit4 ,to be engross$ s by "o      
subject z n to be prevail$ on to leave x
 = ano!r t we judge fitt] = our         
contemplation1 is to make x ( no use to 
u4 ,did ?is /ate ( m9d always rema9 s1 e
 "o w\ld1 )\t scruple1 give x ! "n (    
p]fect madness2 & :il/ x does la/1 at   
:atev] int]vals x returns1 su* a        
rotation ( ?\ghts ab\t ! same object no 
m c>ries u =w>d t[>d ! atta9m5t ( k1 ?an
 gett+ ^u a mill-horse :il/ he jogs on 8
 circul> track1 w\ld c>ry a man on a    
j\rney4  ,writ]s ( imag9ative lit]ature 
h f\nd 9 practice t ev5 ! creative      
faculty might be comm&$4 ,*>les         
,baudelaire1 :o _h ! poetical           
organization ) all its wor/             
inconv5i5cies1 said nev]!less t         
inspiration is decid$ly ! si/] ( daily  

labor4 ,^! two contr>ies d n exclude ea*
 o!r m ?an all ! o!r contr>ies :i*      
con/itute nature4 ,inspiration obeys l  
hung]1 l dige/ion1 l sleep4 ,!re is1 no 
d\bt1 9 ! m9d a sort ( cele/ial         
me*anism1 ( :i* we ne$ n be a%am$1 b we 
ought to make ! be/ use ( x4 ,if we w   
only live 9 a resolute contemplation (  
next day's "w1 ! daily labor w s]ve     
inspiration4 ,9 cases :]e discipl9e is  
felt to be v difficult1 x is g5]ally at 
! same "t felt to be v desirable4       
,george ,s& compla9s t al?\gh to ov]come
 ! indiscipl9e ( h] bra91 %e _h impos$  
^u h]self a regul> way ( liv+1 & a daily
 labor1 /ill tw5ty times out ( ?irty %e 
cat*es h]self read+ or dream+1 or writ+ 
some?+ entirely ap>t f ! "w 9 h&4 ,%e   
adds t )\t ?is frequ5t intellectual     
fln]ie1 %e w\ld h acquir$ in=mation :i* 
has be5 h] p]petual b unrealiz$ desire4 
,x is ! triumph ( discipl9e to ov]come  
bo? small & great repugnances4 ,we br+  
ourselves1 by its help1 to face petty   
details t are we>isome1 & heavy tasks t 

are almo/ appall+4 ,no?+ %[s ! p[] (    
discipl9e m ?an ! application ( ! m9d 9 
! common trades & pr(essions to subjects
 :i* h h>dly any int]e/ 9 !mselves4     
,lawy]s are especially admirable = ?is4 
,!y acquire ! faculty ( resolutely      
apply+ _! m9ds to ! drye/ docum5ts1 )   
t5acity en\gh to end 9 ! p]fect ma/]y ( 
_! cont5ts2 a feat :i* is utt]ly beyond 
! capacity ( any undiscipl9$ intellect1 
h[ev] gift$ by ,nature4 ,9 ! case (     
lawy]s !re are frequ5t intellectual     
repugnances to be ov]come2 b surgeons & 
o!r m5 ( sci5ce h to vanqui% a class (  
repugnances ev5 less )9 ! p[] ( ! w--!  
in/9ctive physical repugnances4 ,^! are 
(t5 s /rong z to seem app>5tly          
insurm\ntable1 b !y yield to p]sev]+    
discipl9e4 ,al?\gh ,hall] surpass$ 8    
contempor>ies 9 anatomy1 & publi%$      
sev]al important anatomical works1 he 0 
tr\bl$ at ! outset ) a horror (         
dissection beyond :at is usual ) !      
inexp]i5c$1 & x 0 only by firm          
self-discipl9e t he became an anatomi/  

at all4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o res]ve to be
 made ab\t discipl9e1 :i* is ?is3 ,we   
ought n to disreg>d altoge!r ! m9d's    
pref]5ces & refusals1 because 9 mo/     
cases !y are ! indication ( our natural 
p[]s4 ,!y are n s always2 _m h felt     
attract$ to pursuits = :i* !y _h no     
capacity 7?is happ5s cont9ually 9       
lit]ature & ! f9e arts71 :il/ o!rs h    
greatly di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 c>e]s :i* 7 
n ( _! own *oos+1 & = :i* !y felt no    
vocation 9 _! y\?4 ,/ill !re exi/s a    
c]ta9 relation betwe5 pref]5ce &        
capacity1 :i* may (t5 safely be reli$ ^u
 :5 !re are n extr9sic circum/ances to  
attract m5 or repel !m4 ,discipl9e      
becomes an evil1 & a v s]i\s evil1 caus+
 imm5se losses ( special tal5ts to !    
community1 :5 x ov]rides ! p]sonal      
pref]5ces entirely4 ,we are less 9 dang]
 ( ?is evil1 h[ev]1 f ! discipl9e :i* we
 impose ^u ourselves ?an f t :i* is     
impos$ ^u u by ! op9ion ( ! society 9   
:i* we live4 ,! intellectual life has   
?is rem>kable peculi>ity z to discipl9e1

 t :il/ v sev]e discipl9e is            
indisp5sable to x1 t :i* x really ne$s  
is ! ob$i5ce to an inw>d law1 an ob$i5ce
 :i* is n only compatible ) revolt aga9/
 o!r p's notions ( :at ! intellectual   
man ought to ?9k & d1 b :i* (t5 directly
 leads to su* revolt z its own          
inevitable result4  ,9 ! attempt to     
subject ourselves to ! inw>d law1 we may
 enc\nt] a class ( m5tal refusals :i*   
indicate no cong5ital incapacity1 b     
prove t ! m9d has be5 incapacitat$ by   
its acquir$ habits & its ord9>y         
occupations4 ,i ?9k t x is p>ticul>ly   
important to pay att5tion to ?is class (
 m5tal refusals1 & to give !m ! fulle/  
consid]ation4 ,suppose ! case ( a man :o
 has a f9e natural capacity = pa9t+1 b  
^: "t has be5 tak5 up by "s pr(ession   
:i* has =m$ 9 him m5tal habits entirely 
diff]5t f ! m5tal habits ( an arti/4 ,! 
inborn capacity = art might :isp] to ?is
 man1 ,:at if y 7 to ab&on y\r pr(ession
 & turn pa9t]8 ,b to ?is sugge/ion ( !  
inborn capacity ! acquir$ unfitness     

w\ld1 9 a man ( s5se1 mo/ probably      
reply1 ,no2 pa9t+ is an art bri/l+ all  
ov] ) ! mo/ al>m+ te*nical difficulties1
 :i* ,i am too lazy to ov]come2 let     
y\ng] m5 attack !m if !y l4 ,"h is a    
m5tal refusal ( a k9d :i* ! sev]e/      
self-discipl9>ian ought to li/5 to4 ,?is
 is ,nature's way ( keep+ u to our      
specialities2 %e protects u by means (  
:at sup]ficial morali/s condemn z "o ( !
 m9or vices--! dis9cl9ation to tr\ble   
ourselves )\t necessity1 :5 ! "w        
involves ! acquisition ( new habits4  ,!
 moral basis ( ! intellectual life      
appe>s to be ! idea ( discipl9e2 b !    
discipl9e is ( a v peculi> k9d1 & v>ies 
) e individual4 ,p ( orig9al p[] h to   
discov] ! orig9al discipl9e t !y ne$4   
,!y pass _! lives 9 ?\ghtfully alt]+ ?is
 private rule ( conduct z _! ne$s alt]1 
z ! legislature ( a progressive ,/ate   
makes unceas+ alt]ations 9 its laws4 ,:5
 we look back ^u ! ye>s t are gone1 ?is 
is our bitt]e/ regret1 t :il/ ! preci\s 
"t1 ! irrecov]able1 0 pass+ by s        

rapidly1 we 7 intellectually too        
undiscipl9$ to make ! be/ p]sonal use ( 
all ! opportunities t x br\ght4 ,^? m5  
may be truly e/eem$ happy & =tunate :o c
 say to !mselves 9 ! ev5+ ( _! days--,i 
_h s prep>$ myself = e successive       
ent]prise1 t :5 ! "t came = x to be     
c>ri$ into execution my tra9+ ensur$    
success4  ,i _h ?\ght ( "s examples1 &  
!re are sev]al great m5 :o h left u     
noble examples ( self-discipl9e2 b1 9 ! 
range & complet5ess ( t discipl9e1 9 !  
=esight to disc]n :at w\ld be want$1 9 !
 humility to p]ceive t x 0 want+1 9 !   
resolution t x %\ld n be want+ :5 ! "t  
came t su* k or faculty %\ld be call$ =1
 "o colossal figure s f> excels all o!rs
 t ,i _c write d[n _! names ) t (       
,alex&] ,humboldt4 ,! _w sees !         
intellectual greatness ( su* a man1 b   
does n see ! sub/antial moral basis on  
:i* ! t[]+ /ructure rose4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( 8
 noble dissatisfaction ) :at he knew2 8 
ceaseless eag]ness to "k m1 & "k x      
bett]2 ( ! r>e comb9ation ( tea*abl5ess 

t despis$ no help 7= he accept$ )\t     
jeal\sy ! aid ( ev]ybody :o c\ld assi/  
him71 ) self-reliance t kept him always 
calm & obs]vant 9 ! mid/ ( p]sonal      
dang]1 ,i "k n :i* is ! m magnific5t    
spectacle1 ! spl5dor ( intellectual     
light1 or ! beauty & solidity ( ! moral 
con/itution t su/a9$ x4   ,,lett] ,,iii4
  ,,to ,a ,,fri5d ,,:o ,,sugge/$ ,,!    
,,speculation ,,:i* ,,( ,,! ,,moral     
,,virtues ,,0 ,,mo/ ,,ess5tial ,,to ,,! 
,,intellectual ,,life4    ,! mo/        
ess5tial virtue is dis9t]e/$ness--,! o!r
 virtues   possess$ by ! oppon5ts (     
intellectual lib]ty--,! ,ultramontane   
p>ty--,difficulty ( ?9k+ dis9t]e/$ly ev5
 ab\t ! affairs   ( ano!r               
nation--,engli% newspap]s d n write     
dis9t]e/$ly   ab\t =eign                
affairs--,difficulty ( dis9t]e/$ness 9  
rec5t   hi/ory--,poets & _! read]s feel 
x--,f9e subjects = poetry 9   rec5t     
ev5ts n yet available--,ev5 hi/ory ( pa/
 times r>ely   dis9t]e/$--,advantages ( 
! /udy ( ! dead languages 9 ?is         

respect--,physicians d n tru/ _! own    
judgm5t ab\t _!   p]sonal heal?--,!     
virtue consi/s 9 endeavor+ to be        
dis9t]e/$4  ,i ?9k !re _c be a d\bt t ! 
mo/ ess5tial virtue is dis9t]e/$ness4   
,let me tell y1 aft] ?is decid$ answ]1  
:at are ! consid]ations :i* h l$ me to  
x4 ,i began by tak+ ! o!r important     
virtues "o by "o--indu/ry1 p]sev]ance1  
c\rage1 discipl9e1 humility1 & ! re/2 & 
!n ask$ myself :e!r any class ( p]sons  
possess$ & cultivat$ ^! virtues :o 7    
nev]!less oppos$ to intellectual lib]ty4
 ,! answ] came imm$iately1 t !re h 9 e  
age be5 m5 des]v$ly respect$ = ^!       
virtues :o did all 9 _! p[] to repress !
 free action ( ! intellect4 ,:at is     
call$ ! ,ultramontane p>ty 9 ! pres5t   
day includes great numb]s ( tal5t$      
adh]5ts :o are mo/ indu/ri\s1 mo/       
p]sev]+1 :o will+ly submit to ! sev]e/  
discipl9e--:o are le>n$1 self-d5y+1 &   
humble en\gh to accept ! mo/ obscure &  
ill-requit$ duties4 ,"s ( ^! m5 possess 
n9e-t5?s ( ! qualifications t are       

necess>y to ! highe/ intellectual       
life--!y h brilliant gifts ( nature2 !y 
are well-educat$2 !y take a delight 9 ! 
ex]cise ( noble faculties1 & yet in/ead 
( employ+ _! "t & tal5ts to help !      
intellectual advancem5t ( mank9d1 !y d  
all 9 _! p[] to ret>d x4 ,!y h _m mo/   
respectable virtues1 b "o is want+4 ,!y 
h indu/ry1 p]sev]ance1 discipl9e1 b !y h
 n dis9t]e/$ness4  ,i d n mean          
dis9t]e/$ness 9 its ord9>y s5se z !     
abs5ce ( selfi% c>e ab\t money4 ,! ,*ur*
 ( ,rome has ?\s&s ( devot$ s]vants :o  
are cont5t to labor 9 h] cause = /ip5ds 
s mis]able t x is cle> !y h no selfi%   
aim2 :il/ !y ab&on all ^? possibilities 
( =tune :i* exi/ = e active & ent]pris+ 
layman4 ,b _! ?9k+ c nev] be dis9t]e/$ s
 long z _! rul+ motive is devotion to ! 
int]e/s ( _! ,*ur*4 ,"s ( !m are        
p]sonally kn[n to me1 & we h discuss$   
toge!r _m ( ! greate/ que/ions :i*      
agitate ! cont95tal nations at ! pres5t 
"t4 ,!y h pl5ty ( intellectual acum52 b 
:5ev] ! discussion t\*es1 h[ev]         

remotely1 ! ecclesia/ical int]e/s t are 
de> to !m1 !y cease to be obs]v]s--!y   
become passionate advocates4 ,x is ?is  
habit ( advocacy :i* deb>s !m f all     
elevat$ speculation ab\t ! future ( !   
human race1 & :i* s (t5 induces !m to   
take a side ) incapable & retrograde    
gov]nm5ts1 too will+ly ov]look+ _!      
defici5cies 9 ! expectation ( s]vices to
 ! cause4 ,_! pr$ecessors h imp$$1 z f> 
z !y 7 able1 ! e>ly gr[? ( sci5ce--n =  
intellectual reasons1 b because !y      
in/9ctively felt t !re 0 some?+ 9 !     
sci5tific _s n favorable to ^? int]e/s  
:i* !y plac$ f> above ! k ( m]e matt]4  
,i h select$ ! ,ultramontane p>ty 9 !   
,*ur* ( ,rome z ! mo/ prom95t example ( 
a p>ty em95t = _m intellectual virtues1 
& yet oppos$ to ! intellectual life f   
its own want ( dis9t]e/$ness4 ,b ! same 
defect exi/s1 to "s degree1 9 e         
p>tisan--exi/s 9 y & me s f> z we are   
p>tisans4 ,let u suppose1 = example1 t  
we desir$ to f9d out ! tru? ab\t a "q   
mu* agitat$ 9 a neighbor+ c\ntry at !   

pres5t "t--! "q :e!r x w\ld be bett] = t
 c\ntry to attempt ! re/oration ( its   
anci5t ,mon>*y or to try to consolidate 
a ,republican =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,h[        
difficult x is to ?9k out su* a problem 
dis9t]e/$ly1 & yet h[ necess>y to !     
ju/ice ( our conclusions t we %\ld ?9k  
dis9t]e/$ly if we pret5d to ?9k at all6 
,x is true t we h "o circum/ance 9 our  
favor--we are n ,fr5* subjects1 & ?is is
 mu*4 ,/ill we are n dis9t]e/$1 s9ce we 
"k t ! settlem5t ( a great political    
problem su* z ?is1 ev5 ?\gh on =eign    
soil1 _c fail to h a p[]ful influ5ce on 
op9ion 9 our own c\ntry1 & consequ5tly  
^u ! in/itutions ( our native l&4 ,we   
are spectators only1 x is true2 b we are
 f> f be+ dis9t]e/$ spectators4 ,& if y 
desire to measure ! exact degree to :i* 
we are int]e/$ 9 ! result1 y ne$ only   
look at ! newspap]s4 ,! ,engli%         
newspap]s always treat ,fr5* affairs f !
 /&po9t ( _! own p>ty4 ,! ,cons]vative  
j\rnali/ 9 ,engl& is a ,mon>*i/ 9       
,france1 & has no hopes = ! ,republic2 !

 ,lib]al j\rnali/ 9 ,engl& believes t ! 
,fr5* dyna/ies are us$ up1 & sees no    
*ance ( tranquillity outside (          
republican in/itutions4 ,9 bo? cases !re
 is an imp$im5t to ! intellectual       
appreciation ( ! problem4  ,?is         
difficulty is s /rongly felt by ^? :o   
write & read ! sort ( lit]ature :i*     
aspires to p]man5ce1 & :i*1 !re=e1 ought
 to h a sub/antial intellectual basis1 t
 ei!r our di/+ui%$ poets *oose _!       
subjects 9 actions long pa/ &           
half-=gott51 or else1 :5 tempt$ by      
pres5t excitem5t1 !y produce "w :i* is  
arti/ically f> inf]ior to _! be/4 ,our  
own g5]ation has witness$ ?ree rem>kable
 ev5ts :i* are poetical 9 ! highe/      
degree4 ,! conque/ ( ! ,two ,sicilies by
 ,g>ibaldi is a mo/ p]fect subject = a  
h]oic poem2 ! ev5ts :i* l$ to !         
execution ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian &     
depriv$ 8 ,empress ( reason1 w\ld1 9 !  
h&s ( a great dramati/1 af=d ! f9e/     
possible mat]ial = a trag$y2 ! invasion 
( ,france by ! ,g]mans1 ! ov]?r[ (      

,napoleon ,,iii41 ! siege ( ,p>is1 are  
an epic ready to h& t only awaits its   
,hom]2 yet1 ) ! exception ( ,victor     
,hugo1 :o is f> gone 9 intellectual     
decad5ce1 no great poet has sung ( ^!   
?+s yet4 ,! subjects are z good z c be1 
b too ne>4 ,nei!r poet nor read] is     
dis9t]e/$ en\gh = ! intellectual        
enjoym5t ( ^! subjects3 ! poet w\ld n   
see 8 way cle>ly1 ! read] w\ld n foll[  
unres]v$ly4  ,x may be add$1 h[ev]1 9   
?is connection1 t ev5 pa/ hi/ory is     
h>dly ev] writt5 dis9t]e/$ly4 ,hi/orians
 write ) "o eye on ! pa/ & ! o!r on !   
pre-occupations ( ! pres5t4 ,s f> z !y d
 ?is !y fall %ort ( ! intellectual /&>d4
 ,an ideally p]fect hi/ory w\ld tell !  
pure tru?1 & all ! tru?1 s f> z x 0     
asc]ta9able4  ,arti/s are seldom good   
critics ( art1 because _! own practice  
biasses !m1 & !y are n dis9t]e/$4 ,! few
 arti/s :o h writt5 s\ndly ab\t art h   
succe$$ 9 ! difficult task ( deta*+ say+
 f do+2 !y h1 9 fact1 become two di/9ct 
p]sons1 ea* oblivi\s ( ! o!r4  ,!       

/ronge/ ( all ! reasons 9 favor ( ! /udy
 ( ! dead languages & ! lit]atures      
pres]v$ 9 !m1 has always appe>$ to me to
 consi/ 9 ! m p]fect dis9t]e/$ness ) :i*
 we mod]ns c approa* !m4 ,! m5 & ev5ts  
are sep>at$ f u by s wide an int]val1 n 
only ( "t & locality1 b especially (    
modes ( ?\ght1 t our passions are n (t5 
enli/$1 & ! intellect is suffici5tly    
free4  ,x may be not$ t m$ical m51 :o   
are a sci5tific class1 & !re=e m ?an    
commonly aw>e ( ! great importance (    
dis9t]e/$ness 9 intellectual action1    
nev] tru/ _! own judgm5t :5 !y feel !   
approa*es ( disease4 ,!y "k t x is      
difficult = a man1 h[ev] le>n$ 9 m$ic9e1
 to arrive at accurate conclusions ab\t 
! /ate ( a human body t conc]ns him s   
ne>ly z 8 own1 ev5 al?\gh ! p]son :o    
suff]s has ! advantage ( actually       
exp]i5c+ ! morbid s5sations4  ,to all   
?is y may answ] t intellectual          
dis9t]e/$ness seems m an accid5t (      
situation ?an a virtue4 ,! virtue is n  
to h x1 b to seek x 9 all e>ne/ness2 to 

be ready to accept ! tru? ev5 :5 x is   
mo/ unfavorable to ourselves4 ,i c      
illu/rate my mean+ by a ref]5ce to a    
matt] ( ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,!re are p :o 
_c be> to look into _! own acc\nts f a  
dread t ! cle> revelation ( figures may 
be less agreeable to !m ?an ! illusions 
:i* !y *]i%4 ,!re are o!rs :o possess a 
k9d ( virtue :i* enables !m to see _!   
own affairs z cle>ly z if !y _h no      
p]sonal int]e/ 9 !m4 ,! weakness ( !    
fir/ is "o ( ! mo/ fatal ( intellectual 
weaknesses2 ! m5tal indep5d5ce ( !      
second is "o ( ! mo/ desirable (        
intellectual qualities4 ,! endeavor to  
atta9 x1 or to /r5g!n x1 is a great     
virtue1 & ( all ! virtues ! "o mo/      
indisp5sable to ! nobility ( !          
intellectual life4    ,,note4--,! read] 
may feel "s surprise t ,i h n m5tion$   
hone/y z an important intellectual      
virtue4 ,hone/y is ( great   importance1
 no d\bt1 b x appe>s to be 7z to        
practical effects7   includ$ 9          
dis9t]e/$ness1 & to be less             

compreh5sively useful4   ,!re is no     
reason to suspect ! hone/y ( _m         
political &   !ological p>tisans1 yet _!
 hone/y does n pres]ve !m f   ! wor/    
intellectual habits1 su* z ! habit (    
begg+ !   "q1 ( misrepres5t+ ! argum5ts 
on ! opposite side1 (   %utt+ _! eyes to
 e fact :i* is n p]fectly agreeable to  
!m4 ,! tru? is1 t m]e hone/y1 ?\gh a mo/
 respectable &   necess>y virtue1 goes a
 v little way t[>d ! =m+ ( an           
effective intellectual "*4 ,x is        
valuable r 9 !   relations ( !          
intellectual man to ! out] _w ar\nd him1
 &   ev5 "h x is dang]\s unless temp]$  
by discretion4 ,a p]fect   dis9t]e/$ness
 w\ld ensure ! be/ effects ( hone/y1 &  
yet   avoid "s s]i\s evils1 aga9/ :i*   
hone/y is n1 9 itself1 a   safegu>d4    
,,lett] ,,iv4  ,,to ,a ,,morali/ ,,:o   
,,said ,,t ,,intellectual ,,culture ,,0 
,,n ,,conducive ,,to ,,sexual           
,,morality4    ,t ! ,au?or does n write 
9 ! _s ( advocacy--,two   diff]5t k9ds (
 immorality--,byron & ,%elley--,a       

peculi>   temptation = !                
intellectual--,a di/+ui%$ =eign         
writ]--,reaction to co>s5ess f          
ov]-ref9em5t--,dang] (   intellectual   
excesses--,moral utility ( culture--,!  
mo/ cultivat$   classes at ! same "t !  
mo/ moral--,t m5 ( high intellectual    
aims h an especially /rong reason =     
morality--,m4 ,ta9e's   op9ion4  ,a     
critic 9 "o ( ! qu>t]lies once treat$ me
 z a feeble def5d] ( my op9ions1 because
 ,i gave due consid]ation to bo? sides (
 a "q4 ,he said t1 l a wise comm&]1 ,i  
capitulat$ be=eh& 9 case my argum5ts did
 n come up = my relief2 nay1 m1 t ,i    
gave up my arms 9 unconditional surr5d]4
 ,to ?is let me answ]1 t ,i h no?+ to d 
) ! polemical me?od1 t ,i d n look ^u an
 oppon5t z an enemy to be repell$1 b z a
 tor*-be>] to be welcom$ = any light t  
he may br+2 t ,i def5d no?+1 b try to   
explore ev]y?+ t lies ne> en\gh4  ,y ne$
 n expect me1 !re=e1 to def5d v         
vigor\sly ! morality ( ! intellectual   
life4 ,an advocate c\ld d x brilliantly2

 !re are pl5ty ( mat]ials1 b s clumsy an
 advocate z y\r pres5t correspond5t w\ld
 damage ! be/ ( causes by unseasonable  
indiscretions4 ,s ,i beg9 by admitt+ t  
y\r accusations are mo/ ( !m well f\nd$4
 ,_m intellectual p h l$ immoral lives1 
o!rs h l$ lives :i*1 al?\gh 9 /rict     
con=mity to _! own !ories ( morality1 7 
9 opposition to ! morality ( _! c\ntry &
 _! age4 ,byron is a good in/ance ( !   
fir/1 & ,%elley ( ! second4 ,byron 0    
really & kn[+ly immoral2 ,%elley1 on !  
o!r h&1 hat$ :at he consid]$ to be      
immorality1 & liv$ a life z ne>ly z     
possible 9 accordance ) ! moral ideal 9 
8 own consci5ce2 /ill he did n respect !
 moral rule ( 8 c\ntry1 b liv$ ) ,m>y   
,godw91 :il/ ,h>riet1 8 fir/ wife1 0    
/ill alive4 ,!re is a cle> di/9ction    
betwe5 ! two cases2 yet bo? h ! defect t
 ! p]son takes 9 h& ! regulation ( 8 own
 morality1 :i* x is h>dly safe = any "o 
to d1 consid]+ ! prodigi\s =ce (        
passion4  ,i f9d ev5 9 ! lives (        
intellectual p a peculi> temptation to  

immorality f :i* o!rs are exempt4 ,x is 
9 _! nature to feel an eag] desire =    
intellectual companion%ip1 & yet at !   
same "t to exhau/ v rapidly :atev] is   
cong5ial to !m 9 ! intellect ( _!       
fri5ds4 ,!y feel a /rong intellectual   
attraction to p]sons ( ! opposite sex2 &
 ! idea ( liv+ ) a p]son ^: conv]sation 
is believ$ at ! "t to promise an        
increas+ int]e/1 is attractive 9 ways ( 
:i* ^? :o h no su* wants c sc>cely =m a 
conception4 ,a mo/ di/+ui%$ =eign writ]1
 ( ! female sex1 has made a succession (
 dome/ic arrangem5ts :i*1 if g5]ally    
imitat$ by o!rs1 w\ld be subv]sive ( any
 conceivable sy/em ( morality2 & yet x  
is cle> 9 ?is case t ! temptation 0     
*iefly1 if n entirely1 intellectual4 ,! 
successive companions ( ?is rem>kable   
woman 7 all ( !m m5 ( exceptional       
intellectual p[]1 & h] motive = *ang+ !m
 0 an unbridl$ intellectual curiosity4  
,?is is ! sort ( immorality to :i*      
cultivat$ p are mo/ expos$4 ,x is       
dang]\s to ! well-be+ ( a community     

because x de/roys ! s5se ( security on  
:i* ! idea ( ! family is f\nd$4 ,if we  
are to leave our wives :5 _! conv]sation
 ceases to be int]e/+1 ! f\ndations ( ! 
home w be unsafe4 ,if !y are to ab&on1 u
 :5 we are dull1 to g away ) "s liveli] 
& m talkative companion1 c we ev] hope  
to reta9 !m p]man5tly8  ,!re is ano!r   
dang] :i* mu/ be look$ fairly 9 ! face4 
,:5 ! lives ( m5 are ref9$ beyond ! real
 ne$s ( _! organization1 ,nature is v   
apt to br+ ab\t ! mo/ extraord9>y       
reactions4 ,?us ! mo/ exquisitely       
delicate arti/s 9 lit]ature & pa9t+ h   
frequ5tly _h reactions ( incr$ible      
co>s5ess4 ,)9 ! ,*teaubri& ( ,atala !re 
exi/$ an obsc5e ,*teaubri& t w\ld bur/  
=? occasionally 9 talk t no biograph]   
c\ld repeat4 ,i h he>d ! same ?+ ( !    
s5tim5tal ,lam>t9e4 ,we "k t ,turn]1    
dream] ( en*ant$ l&scapes1 took !       
pleasures ( a sailor on ! spree4 ,a     
fri5d said to me ( "o ( ! mo/ exquisite 
liv+ g5iuses3 ,y c h no conception ( !  
co>s5ess ( 8 ta/es2 he associates ) ! v 

l[e/ wom51 & enjoys _! r\gh brutality4  
,^! cases only prove1 :at ,i h always   
will+ly admitt$1 t ! intellectual life  
is n free f c]ta9 dang]s if we lead x   
too exclusively4 ,intellectual excesses1
 by ! excitem5t :i* !y communicate to ! 
:ole sy/em1 h a direct t5d5cy to drive  
m5 into o!r excesses1 & a too great     
ref9em5t 9 "o direction may produce     
degrad+ reactions 9 ano!r4 ,/ill !      
cultivation ( ! m9d1 reasonably pursu$1 
is1 on ! :ole1 decid$ly favorable to    
morality2 & we may easily und]/& t x    
%\ld be s1 :5 we rememb] t p h rec\rse  
to s5sual indulg5ces simply f a desire =
 excitem5t1 :il/ intellectual pursuits  
supply excitem5t ( a m innoc5t k9d & 9 !
 utmo/ v>iety & abundance4 ,if1 in/ead (
 tak+ a few individual in/ances1 y      
broadly obs]ve :ole classes1 y w        
recognize ! moral utility ( culture4 ,! 
mo/ cultivat$ classes 9 our own c\ntry  
are also ! mo/ moral1 & ^! classes h    
advanc$ 9 morality at ! same "t t !y h  
advanc$ 9 culture4 ,engli% g5tlem5 ( !  

pres5t day are sup]ior to _! =efa!rs :om
 ,field+ describ$2 !y are bett] educat$1
 & !y read m2 !y are at ! same "t bo? m 
sob] & m *a/e4  ,i may add t            
intellectual m5 h peculi> & mo/ p[]ful  
reasons = avoid+ ! excesses (           
immorality1 reasons :i* to any "o :o has
 a noble ambition are q en\gh to        
enc\rage him 9 self-control4 ,^?        
excesses are ! gradual self-de/ruction (
 ! intellectual =ces1 = !y weak5 ! spr+ 
( ! m9d1 n leav+ x well en\gh to face ! 
drudg]y t is inevitable 9 e c>e]4 ,ev5 9
 cases :]e !y d n imm$iately lead to    
visible imbecility1 !y make ! man less  
effici5t & less capable ?an he might h  
be52 & all exp]i5c$ wre/l]s ) fate &    
=tune "k well t success has (t51 at !   
critical "t1 dep5d$ ^u "s v trifl+      
advantage :i* ! slighte/ dim9ution ( p[]
 w\ld h lo/ to !m4 ,no "o kn[s ! full   
imm5sity ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 hav+ p[]   
en\gh to make a little headway aga9/    
ob/acles1 & j fall+ %ort ( ! p[] :i* is 
necess>y at ! "t4 ,9 e great            

intellectual c>e] !re are situations l t
 ( a /eam] ) a /orm-w9d directly aga9/  
h] & an iron-b\nd coa/ beh9d4 ,if !     
eng9es are /rong en\gh to ga9 an in* an 
h\r %e is safe1 b if !y lose !re is no  
hope4 ,intellectual successes are s     
rew>d+ t !y are wor? any sacrifice (    
pleasure2 ! s5se ( defeat is s humiliat+
 t fair ,v5us h]self c\ld n (f] a       
consolation = x4 ,an ambiti\s man w     
gov]n himself = ! sake ( 8 ambition1 &  
)/& ! s$uctions ( ! s5ses4 ,c he be ev] 
/rong en\gh1 c 8 bra9 ev] be lucid en\gh
 = ! imm5sity ( ! task be=e him8  ,le   
jeune homme1 says ,m4 ,ta9e1 ignore     
qu'il n'y a pas de pire dp]dition de    
=ces1 que de tels comm]ces abaiss5t le  
coeur1 qu'aprs dix ans d'une vie p>eille
 il aura p]du la moiti de sa volont1 que
 ses p5ses auront un arrire-gt habituel 
d'am]tume et de tri/esse1 que son       
ressort intrieur s]a amolli ou fauss4   
,il s'excuse  ses propres yeux1 en se   
disant qu'un homme doit t\t t\*] p\r t\t
 connatre4 ,de fait1 il appr5d la vie1  

mais bi5 s\v5t aussi il p]d l'n]gie1 la 
*aleur d'me1 la capacit d'agir1 et      
tr5te ans il n'e/ plus bon qu' faire un 
employ1 un dilettante1 ou un r5ti]4     
,,"p ,,iii4  ,,( ,,education4   ,,lett] 
,i4  ,,to ,a ,,fri5d ,,:o ,,recomm5d$   
,,! ,,au?or ,,to ,,le>n ,,?is ,,?+ ,,&  
,,t4    ,lesson le>n$ f a cook--,!      
+r$i5ts ( k--,importance   ( proportion 
9 ! +r$i5ts--,case ( an ,engli%         
au?or--,two   l&scape pa9t]s--,! unity &
 *>m ( "* (t5 dep5d5t   ^u ! limitations
 ( culture--,! burd5 ( k may dim9i%   ! 
en]gy ( action--,difficulty ( sugge/+ a 
safe rule = !   selection ( our k--,m5  
qualifi$ = _! "w by ignorance   z well z
 by k--,m5 rem>kable = ! ext5t ( _!     
/udies--,franz ,woepke--,goe!--,hebrew  
prov]b4  ,i happ5$ "o day to conv]se )  
an excell5t ,fr5* cook ab\t ! delicate  
art :i* he pr(ess$1 & he compris$ ! :ole
 ( x "u two heads--! k ( ! mutual       
influ5ces ( +r$i5ts1 & ! judici\s       
managem5t ( heat4 ,x /ruck me t !re     
exi/$ a v close analogy betwe5 cook]y & 

education2 &1 on foll[+ out ! subject 9 
my own way1 ,i f\nd t :at he told me    
sugge/$ sev]al consid]ations ( ! v      
highe/ importance 9 ! culture ( ! human 
intellect4  ,among/ ! di%es = :i* my    
fri5d _h a des]v$ reputation 0 a c]ta9  
gteau de foie :i* _h a v exquisite      
flavor4 ,! pr9cipal +r$i5t1 n 9 quantity
 hut 9 p[]1 0 ! liv] ( a f[l2 b !re 7   
sev]al o!r +r$i5ts also1 & among/ ^! a  
leaf or two ( p>sley4 ,he told me t !   
influ5ce ( ! p>sley 0 a good illu/ration
 ( 8 !ory ab\t 8 art4 ,if ! p>sley 7    
omitt$1 ! flavor he aim$ at 0 n produc$ 
at all2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! quantity ( 
p>sley 0 9 ! lea/ excessive1 !n ! gteau 
in/ead ( be+ a delicacy = g\rmets became
 an uneatable mess4 ,p]ceiv+ t ,i 0     
really int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 he k9dly    
promis$ a practical evid5ce ( 8 doctr9e1
 & ! next day int5tionally spoil$ 8 di% 
by a trifl+ addition ( p>sley4 ,he _h n 
exagg]at$ ! consequ5ces2 ! delicate     
flavor entirely dep>t$1 & left a nause\s
 bitt]ness 9 its place1 l ! remembrance 

( an ill-sp5t y\?4  ,& s x is1 ,i ?\ght1
 ) ! diff]5t +r$i5ts ( k :i* are s      
eag]ly & indiscrim9ately recomm5d$4 ,we 
are told t we ought to le>n ?is ?+ & t1 
z if e new +r$i5t did n affect ! :ole   
flavor ( ! m9d4 ,!re is a sort (        
intellectual *emi/ry :i* is q z m>vell\s
 z mat]ial *emi/ry1 & a ?\s& times m    
difficult to obs]ve4 ,"o g5]al tru? may1
 h[ev]1 be reli$ ^u z surely & p]man5tly
 our own4 ,x is true t ev]y?+ we le>n   
affects ! :ole "* ( ! m9d4  ,consid] h[ 
incalculably important becomes ! "q (   
proportion 9 our k1 & h[ t :i* we are is
 dep5d5t z mu* ^u our ignorance z our   
sci5ce4 ,:at we call ignorance is only a
 small] proportion--:at we call sci5ce  
only a l>g]4 ,! l>g] quantity is        
recomm5d$ z an unque/ionable good1 b !  
goodness ( x is entirely dep5d5t on !   
m5tal product t we want4 ,ari/ocracies h
 always in/9ctively felt ?is1 & h decid$
 t a g5tleman ought n to "k too mu* (   
c]ta9 arts & sci5ces4 ,! "* :i* !y _h   
accept$ z _! ideal w\ld h be5 de/roy$ by

 indiscrim9ate additions to ^? +r$i5ts (
 :i* long exp]i5ce _h fix$ ! exact      
proportions4 ,! same feel+ is /rong 9 ! 
v>i\s pr(essions3 !re is an appreh5sion 
t ! disproportionate k may de/roy !     
pr(essional nature4 ,! less intellig5t  
memb]s ( ! pr(ession w tell y t !y dread
 an unpr(essional use ( "t2 b ! m       
?\ghtful are n s appreh5sive ab\t h\rs &
 days1 !y dread t sure trans=mation ( ! 
:ole intellect :i* foll[s e increase (  
k4  ,i knew an ,engli% au?or :o by great
 c>e & labor _h succe$$ 9 =m+ a /yle :i*
 h>moniz$ q p]fectly ) ! "* ( 8 ?9k+1 & 
s]v$ z an unfail+ means ( communication 
) 8 read]s4 ,e "o recogniz$ its simple  
ease & *>m1 & he might h gone on writ+ )
 t enviable facility _h he n det]m9$ to 
/udy ,locke's philosophical             
compositions4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds my       
fri5d's /yle sudd5ly lo/ its grace2 he  
began to write ) difficulty1 & :at he   
wrote 0 unpleasantly difficult to read4 
,ev5 ! ?9k+ 0 no long] 8 own ?9k+4 ,hav+
 be5 9 too close communication ) a writ]

 :o 0 n a lit]>y arti/1 8 own art _h    
det]iorat$ 9 consequ5ce4  ,i c\ld m5tion
 an ,engli% l&scape pa9t] :o dim9i%$ !  
pictorial excell5ce ( 8 works by tak+   
too mu* int]e/ 9 geology4 ,8 l&scapes   
became geological illu/rations1 & no    
long] held toge!r pictorially4 ,ano!r   
l&scape pa9t]1 :o began by tak+ a heal?y
 delight 9 ! beauty ( natural sc5]y1    
became morbidly religi\s aft] an        
illness1 & !nce=? pass$ by ! lovelie/   
,european sc5]y z comp>atively unwor?y (
 8 att5tion1 to g & make ugly pictures (
 places t _h sacr$ associations4  ,= p  
:o produce no?+ ^! risks appe> to be    
less s]i\s2 & yet !re h be5 admirable   
*>act]s1 n productive1 ^: admirabl5ess  
might h be5 less5$ by ! addition ( c]ta9
 k9ds ( le>n+4 ,! la/ g5]ation ( !      
,engli% c\ntry ari/ocracy 0 p>ticul>ly  
ri* 9 *>act]s ^: unity & *>m 0 dep5d5t  
^u ! limitations ( _! culture1 & :i*    
w\ld h be5 entirely alt]$1 p]haps n = ! 
bett]1 by simply kn[+ a sci5ce or a     
lit]ature t 0 clos$ to !m4  ,abundant   

illu/rations might be collect$ 9 evid5ce
 ( ! well-kn[n tru? t ! burd5 ( k may   
dim9i% ! en]gy ( action2 b ?is is r     
outside ( :at we are consid]+1 :i* is ! 
influ5ce ( k ^u ! intellectual & n !    
active life4  ,i regret v mu* n to be   
able to sugge/ any?+ l a safe rule = !  
selection ( our k4 ,! mo/ rational "o   
:i* has be5 hit ^u z yet appe>s to be a 
simple confid5ce 9 ! feel+ t we inw>dly 
want to "k4 ,if ,i feel ! inw>d want = a
 c]ta9 k9d ( k1 x may p]haps be presum$ 
t x w\ld be good = me2 b ev5 ?is feel+  
is n p]fectly reliable1 s9ce p are (t5  
curi\s ab\t ?+s t d n closely conc]n !m1
 :il/ !y neglect :at x is mo/ important 
= !m to asc]ta94 ,all t ,i v5ture to    
insi/ ^u is1 t we _c le>n any new ?+ )\t
 *ang+ our :ole intellectual composition
 z a *emical comp\nd is *ang$ by ano!r  
+r$i5t2 t ! m]e addition ( k may be good
 = u or bad = u2 & t :e!r x w be good or
 bad is usually a m obscure problem ?an 
! en?usiasm ( educators w all[4 ,t      
dep5ds entirely on ! "w we h to d4 ,m5  

are qualifi$ = _! "w by k1 b !y are also
 negatively qualifi$ = x by _!          
ignorance4 ,nature h]self appe>s to take
 c>e t ! workman %all n "k too mu*--%e  
keeps him /eadily to 8 task2 fixes him 9
 "o place m5tally if n corporeally1 &   
conqu]s 8 re/lessness by fatigue4 ,z we 
are b\nd to a little planet1 & h9d]$ by 
impassable gulfs ( space f w&]+ 9 />s   
:]e we h no bus9ess1 s we are kept by ! 
=ce ( circum/ances to ! limit$ /udies t 
belong to u4 ,if we h any k9d (         
effici5cy1 v mu* ( x is ow+ to our      
n>r[ness1 :i* is favorable to a p[]ful  
individuality4  ,sometimes1 x is true1  
we meet ) in/ances ( m5 rem>kable = !   
ext5t ( _! /udies4 ,franz ,woepke1 :o   
di$ 9 #ahfd1 0 an extraord9>y example ( 
?is k9d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a %ort life he    
became1 al?\gh unkn[n1 a prodigy ( v>i\s
 le>n+4 ,8 fri5d ,m4 ,ta9e says t he 0  
erudite 9 _m eruditions4 ,8 favorite    
pursuit 0 ! hi/ory ( ma!matics1 b z     
auxili>ies he _h le>n$ ,arabic1 &       
,p]sian1 & ,sanskrit4 ,he 0 classically 

educat$1 he wrote & spoke ! pr9cipal    
mod]n languages easily & correctly2#a 8 
pr9t$ works are 9 ?ree languages4 ,he _h
 liv$ 9 sev]al nations1 & kn[n _! lead+ 
m5 ( sci5ce4 ,& yet ?is a/oni%+ li/ (   
acquirem5ts may be r$uc$ to ! ex]cise ( 
two decid$ & natural ta/es4 ,franz      
,woepke _h ! gift ( ! l+ui/ & an int]e/ 
9 ma!matics1 ! fir/ s]v+ z auxili>y to !
 second4  ,goe! said t a va/ abundance (
 objects mu/ lie be=e u ere we c ?9k ^u 
!m4 ,woepke felt ! ne$ ( ?is abundance1 
b he did n g out ( 8 way to f9d x4 ,!   
objectionable seek+ aft] k is ! seek+   
aft] ! k :i* does n belong to u4 ,9 va9 
y urge me to g 9 que/ ( sci5ces = :i* ,i
 h no natural aptitude4 ,w\ld y h me act
 l t fooli% camel 9 ! ,hebrew prov]b1   
:i* 9 go+ to seek horns lo/ 8 e>s8      
,,lett] ,,ii4  ,,to ,a ,,fri5d ,,:o     
,,/udi$ ,,_m ,,?+s4    ,m5 _c re/rict   
!mselves 9 le>n+--,description ( a ,lat9
   s*ol> ( two g5]ations s9ce--,:at is  
attempt$ by a cultivat$                 
contempor>y--,advantages ( a m re/rict$ 

field--,privilege (   in/ant            
admission--,_m pursuits _c be kept up   
simultane\sly--,!   det]ioration ( k    
?r\gh neglect--,:at x really is--,!     
only available k t :i* we habitually    
use--,difficulty 9   mod]n education--,t
 x is inevitably a beg9n+ ( _m ?+s &    
no m--,! simpl] education ( an anci5t   
,greek--,t (   ,alcibiades--,h[ !       
,romans 7 situat$ z to ?is--,! privilege
 (   limit$ /udies belongs to ! e>li]   
ages--,!y le>n$ & we   attempt to le>n4 
,x appe>s to be h5ce=? inevitable t m5  
%\ld be unable to re/rict !mselves to "o
 or two pursuits1 & y :o are 9 mo/      
respects a v p]fect specim5 ( :at ! age 
naturally produces 9 ! way ( culture1 h 
/udi$ subjects s _m & s v>i\s t a m]e   
catalogue ( !m w\ld a/oni% y\r gr&fa!r  
if 8 %ade c\ld revisit 8 old home4 ,&   
yet y\r gr&fa!r 0 consid]$ a v highly   
cultivat$ g5tleman accord+ to ! ideas & 
requirem5ts ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 an elegant    
s*ol>1 b 9 ,lat9 *iefly1 = he said t he 
nev] read ,greek easily1 & inde$ he     

ab&on$ t language entirely on leav+ !   
,univ]sity4 ,b 8 ,lat91 f daily use &   
practice 7= he let no day slip by )\t   
read+ "s anci5t au?or7 & f ! ?or\ghness 
& accuracy ( 8 s*ol>%ip1 0 always z     
ready = s]vice z ! saddl$ /e$s (        
,branksome4 ,i ?9k he got m culture1 m (
 ! be/ effects ( good lit]ature1 out ( t
 "o language ?an "s polyglots get out ( 
a doz54 ,he knew no mod]n tongue1 he _h 
n ev5 ! common pret5sion to read a      
little ,fr5*1 & 9 8 day h>dly anybody   
/udi$ ,g]man4 ,he _h no sci5tific tra9+ 
( any k9d except ma!matics1 9 :i* ,i h  
he>d him say t he _h nev] be5 pr(ici5t4 
,( ! f9e arts 8 ignorance 0 complete1 s 
complete t ,i d\bt if he c\ld h di/+ui%$
 ,rigaud f ,reynolds1 & he _h nev] play$
 ^u any musical in/rum5t4 ,! leisure :i*
 he enjoy$ dur+ a long & tranquil       
exi/5ce he gave entirely to ,lat9 &     
,engli% lit]ature1 b ( ! two he enjoy$  
,lat9 ! m1 n ) ! pref]5ce ( a p$ant1 b  
because x c>ri$ him m completely out ( !
 pres5t1 & gave him ! refre%m5t ( a m   

p]fect *ange4 ,he produc$ on all :o knew
 him ! impression ( a cultivat$         
g5tleman1 :i* he 04  ,!re is only an    
int]val ( "o g5]ation betwe5 y & t good 
,lat9i/1 b h[ wide is ! diff]5ce 9 y\r  
intellectual regim58 ,y h /udi$--well1  
"h is a little li/ ( :at y h /udi$1 &   
probably ev5 ?is is n complete3--       
,greek1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 
ma!matics1 *emi/ry1 m9]alogy1 geology1  
botany1 ! !ory ( music1 ! practice (    
music on two in/rum5ts1 mu* !ory ab\t   
pa9t+1 ! practice ( pa9t+ 9 oil &       
wat]-color1 photography1 et*+ on copp]1 
etc41 etc41 etc4  ,t is to say1 six     
lit]atures 7includ+ ,engli%71 six       
sci5ces 7c\nt+ m9]alogy & geology z "o71
 & five bran*es or dep>tm5ts ( ! f9e    
arts4  ,omitt+ ,engli% lit]ature f our  
total1 z t may be consid]$ to come by   
nature to an ,engli%man1 ?\gh any real  
pr(ici5cy 9 x co/s ! leisure ( ye>s1 we 
h "h no less ?an sixte5 diff]5t         
pursuits4 ,if y l to m]ge ! !ory ( music
 & pa9t+ 9 ! practice ( ^? arts1 ?\gh z 

a bran* ( /udy ! !ory is really di/9ct1 
we h /ill f\rte5 pursuits1 any "o ( :i* 
is en\gh to occupy ! :ole ( "o man's "t4
 ,if y gave "s "t daily to ea* ( ^!     
pursuits1 y c\ld sc>cely give m ?an half
 an h\r1 ev5 suppos+ t y _h no          
pr(essional occupation1 & t y _h no     
favorite /udy1 absorb+ "t to ! detrim5t 
( ! re/4  ,n[ y\r gr&fa!r1 ?\gh he w\ld 
be consid]$ q an ignorant c\ntry        
g5tleman 9 ^! days1 _h 9 reality c]ta9  
intellectual advantages ov] 8 m         
accompli%$ desc5dant4 ,9 ! fir/ place1  
he entirely escap$ ! s5se ( pressure1 ! 
feel+ ( n hav+ "t en\gh to d :at he     
want$ to d4 ,he accumulat$ 8 le>n+ z    
quietly z a /\t lady accumulates h] fat1
 by ! daily satisfaction ( 8 appetite4  
,& at ! same "t t he escap$ ! s5se (    
pressure1 he escap$ also ! mis]able s5se
 ( imp]fection4 ,( c\rse he did n "k    
,lat9 l an anci5t ,roman1 b !n he nev]  
met ) any anci5t ,romans to humiliate   
him by too rapid & half-intelligible    
conv]sation4 ,he met ! be/ ,lat9i/s ( 8 

day2 & felt himself a ma/] among/ ma/]s4
 ,e "t he w5t into 8 /udy1 to pass      
delightful h\rs ) ! noble au?ors t he   
lov$1 he knew t 8 admission into t augu/
 society w\ld be imm$iate & complete4   
,he _h to wait 9 no ante*amb] ( m]e     
l+ui/ic difficulty1 b pass$ at once into
 ! atmosph]e ( anci5t ?\ght1 & brea!d   
its delicate p]fume4 ,9 ?is great       
privilege ( in/ant admission ! man ( "o 
/udy has always ! advantage ( m5 m      
v>i\sly cultivat$4 ,_! mis=tune is to be
 p]petually wait+ 9 ante*amb]s1 & los+  
"t 9 !m4 ,gramm>s & diction>ies are     
ante*amb]s1 bad draw+ & bad color+ are  
ante*amb]s1 musical practice ) imp]fect 
intonation is an ante*amb]4 ,& ! wor/ is
 t ev5 :5 a man1 l y\rself = in/ance1 ( 
v v>i\s culture1 has at "o "t fairly    
p5etrat$ beyond ! ante*amb]1 he is n    
sure ( admittance a ye> h5ce1 because 9 
! mean "t ! door may h be5 clos$ aga9/  
him4 ,! rule ( ea* sep>ate hall or      
saloon ( k is t he alone is to be       
in/antly admitt$ :o calls !re e day4  ,!

 man ( v>i\s pursuits does n1 9 any     
case1 keep !m up simultane\sly2 he is l$
 by incl9ation or compell$ by necessity 
to give pr$om9ance to "o or ano!r4 ,if y
 h fifte5 diff]5t pursuits1 t5 ( !m1 at 
any giv5 "t1 w be ly+ by neglect$4 ,!   
metaphor commonly us$ 9 ref]5ce to      
neglect$ pursuits is borr[$ f !         
oxidation ( metal2 x is said t !y become
 ru/y4 ,?is metaphor is too mild to be  
exact4 ,ru/ on metal1 ev5 on poli%$     
/eel1 is easily gu>d$ aga9/ by c>e1 & a 
gun or a knife does n ne$ to be         
con/antly us$ to keep x f be+ pitt$4 ,! 
gunsmi? & ! cutl] "k h[ to keep ^! ?+s1 
9 great quantity1 )\t us+ !m at all4 ,b 
no "o c reta9 k )\t us+ x4 ,! metaphor  
fails /ill m s]i\sly 9 p]petuat+ a false
 conception ( ! det]ioration ( k ?r\gh  
neglect4 ,x is n simply a loss ( poli%  
:i* takes place1 n a loss ( m]e         
surface-beauty1 b absolute              
disorganization1 l ! disorganization ( a
 c>riage :5 ! axle-tree is tak5 away4 ,a
 ru/y ?+ may /ill be us$1 b a           

disorganiz$ ?+ _c be us$ until ! lo/    
organ has be5 replac$4 ,!re is no       
equival5t1 among/ ord9>y mat]ial losses1
 to ! intellectual loss t we incur by   
ceas+ f a pursuit4 ,b we may consid]    
neglect z an enemy :o c>ries away !     
gir?s f our saddles1 ! bits f our       
bridles1 ! o>s f our boats1 & "o :eel f 
ea* ( our c>riages1 leav+ u inde$ /ill  
nom9ally possessors ( all ^! aids to    
locomotion1 b practically 9 ! same      
position z if we 7 entirely )\t !m4 ,& z
 an enemy c\nts ^u ! delays caus$ by ^! 
vexations to execute 8 designs :il/ we  
are helpless1 s :il/ we are labor+ to   
replace ! lo/ p>ts ( our k ! occasion   
slips by :5 we mo/ ne$ x4 ,! only k :i* 
is available :5 x is want$ is t :i* we  
habitually use4 ,/udies :i* f _! nature 
_c be commonly us$ are always reta9$ )  
great difficulty4 ,! /udy ( anatomy is  
p]haps ! be/ in/ance ( ?is2 e "o :o has 
attempt$ x kn[s ) :at difficulty x is   
kept by ! memory4 ,anatomi/s say t x has
 to be le>n$ & =gott5 six times be=e x c

 be c\nt$ z a possession4 ,?is is       
because anatomy lies s mu* outside ( :at
 is ne$$ = ord9>y life t v few p are ev]
 call$ ^u to use x except dur+ ! h\rs :5
 !y are actually /udy+ x4 ,! few :o ne$ 
x e day rememb] is z easily z a man     
rememb]s ! language ( ! c\ntry :i* he   
inhabits4 ,! workm5 9 ! e/abli%m5t at   
,sa9t ,aub9 d'croville1 :]e ,dr4 ,auz\x 
manufactures 8 wond]ful anatomical      
models1 are z famili> ) anatomy z a     
pa9t] is ) ! colors on 8 palette4 ,!y   
nev] =get x4 ,_! k is nev] made         
practically valueless by "s yawn+       
hiatus1 caus+ tempor>y incompet5ce &    
delay4  ,to h "o favorite /udy & live 9 
x ) happy famili>ity1 & cultivate e     
portion ( x dilig5tly & lov+ly1 z a     
small yeoman proprietor cultivates 8 own
 l&1 ?is1 z to /udy1 at lea/1 is ! mo/  
enviable intellectual life4 ,b !re is   
ano!r side to ! "q :i* has to be        
consid]$4  ,! fir/ difficulty = u is 9  
our education4 ,mod]n education is a    
beg9n+ ( _m ?+s1 & x is little m ?an a  

beg9n+4 ,my notion ( educat+ my boy1    
said a ri* ,engli%man1 is n to make him 
p>ticul>ly clev] at any?+ dur+ 8        
m9ority1 b to make him ov]come !        
rudim5t>y difficulties ( _m ?+s1 s t :5 
he selects = himself 8 own l9e ( culture
 9 ! future1 x _c be altoge!r /range to 
him1 :atev] l9e he may happ5 to select4 
,a mod]n fa!r usually all[s 8 son to    
le>n _m ?+s f a feel+ ( timidity ab\t   
mak+ a *oice1 if only "o ?+ _h to be    
*os54 ,he might s easily make a wrong   
*oice6 ,:5 ! inh]itance ( ! human race 0
 less ri*1 !re 0 no emb>rassm5t ( t k9d4
 ,look at ! education ( an anci5t       
,greek1 at ! education ( "o ( ! mo/     
celebrat$ ,a!nians1 a man liv+ 9 ! mo/  
ref9$ & intellectual society1 himself   
m5tally & bodily ! p]fect type ( 8      
spl5did race1 an eloqu5t & p[]ful       
speak]1 a mo/ capable comm&] bo? by sea 
& l&--look at ! education ( ! brilliant 
,alcibiades6 ,:5 ,socrates gave ! li/ ( 
! ?+s t ,alcibiades _h le>n$1           
,alcibiades c\ld add to x no o!r ev5    

nom9al accompli%m5t1 & :at a meagre1    
%ort catalogue x 06 ,b inde$ ,i also    
pretty accurately "k :at ?\ ha/ le>n$2  
?\ wilt tell me if any?+ has escap$ my  
notice4 ,?\ ha/ le>n$ !n ?y lett]s      
7,greek3 grammata71 to play on ! ci?>a  
7,greek3 ki?>ize97 & to wre/le 7,greek3 
palaie971 = ?\ ha/ n c>$ to le>n to play
 ^u ! flute4 ,?is is all t ?\ ha/ le>n$1
 unless some?+ has escap$ me4 ,! ,greek3
 grammata :i* ,alcibiades _h le>n$ ) a  
ma/] meant read+ & writ+1 = he expressly
 says lat] on1 t z = speak+ ,greek1     
,greek3 hellnize91 he le>n$ t ( no o!r  
ma/] ?an ! p4 ,an ,engli% education     
equival5t to t ( ,alcibiades w\ld !re=e 
consi/ ( read+ & writ+1 wre/l+ &        
guit>-play+1 ! la/ accompli%m5t be+     
limit$ to v simple music4 ,su* an       
education 0 possible to an ,a!nian 7?\gh
 x is fair to add t ,socrates does n    
seem to h ?\ght mu* ( x7 because a man  
situat$ z ,alcibiades 0 situat$ 9 !     
intellectual hi/ory ( ! _w1 _h no pa/   
beh9d him :i* des]v$ 8 att5tion m ?an ! 

pres5t :i* surr\nd$ him4 ,simply to     
speak ,greek1 ,greek3 hellnize91 0      
really !n ! mo/ preci\s ( all           
accompli%m5ts1 & ! fact t ,alcibiades   
came by x easily does n less5 its value4
 ,among/ a p l ! ,a!nians1 fond (       
intellectual talk1 conv]sation 0 "o ( ! 
be/ & readie/ means ( in=m+ ! m9d1 &    
c]ta9ly ! v be/ means ( develop+ x4 ,x 0
 n a slight advantage to speak !        
language ( ,socrates1 & h him = a       
companion4  ,! clev]e/ & mo/ accompli%$ 
,romans 7 situat$ r m l ourselves1 or at
 lea/ z we %\ld be situat$ if we _h n to
 le>n ,lat9 & ,greek1 & if !re 7 no     
mod]n language wor? /udy+ except ,fr5*4 
,!y w5t to ,greece to p]fect !mselves 9 
,greek1 & improve _! acc5t1 j z our "y  
g5tlem5 g to ,p>is or ,t\ra9e4 ,/ill1 ! 
burd5 ( ! pa/ 0 comp>atively light ^u _!
 %\ld]s4 ,an ,engli%man :o _h attempt$  
no m ?an !y 7 b\nd to attempt might be a
 s*ol>1 b he w\ld n be consid]$ s ,he   
might be a ?or\gh s*ol> 9 ,fr5* &       
,engli%1--t is1 he might possess ! cream

 ( two great lit]atures1--b he w\ld be  
spok5 ( z a p]son ( defective education4
 ,x is ! fa%ion1 = example1 to speak (  
,sir ,walt] ,scott z a half-educat$ man1
 because he did n "k mu* ,greek1 yet    
,sir ,walt] _h /udi$ ,g]man ) success1 &
 ) 8 habit ( ext5sive read+1 & 8 imm5se 
memory1 c]ta9ly knew incomp>ably m ab\t 
! g5]ations :i* prec$$ him ?an ,horace  
knew ( ^? :i* prec$$ ! ,augu/an era4  ,!
 privilege ( limit+ _! /udies1 f !      
beg9n+1 to "o or two bran*es ( k1       
belong$ to e>li] ages1 & e successive   
accumulation ( ! _w's k has gradually   
less5$ x4 ,s*oolboys 9 our "t are       
expect$ to "k m1 or to h attempt$ to    
le>n m1 ?an ! mo/ brilliant intellectual
 lead]s ( =m] times4 ,:at ,engli% p>5t1 
9 easy circum/ances1 w\ld be cont5t t 8 
son %\ld h ! education ( ,alcibiades1 or
 an education accurately correspond+ to 
t ( ,horace1 or to t :i* suffic$ =      
,%akespe>e8 ,yet al?\gh ! burd5s laid ^u
 ! memory h be5 /eadily augm5t$1 its    
p[]s h n increas$4 ,our bra9s are n     

bett] con/itut$ ?an ^? ( our =efa!rs1   
al?\gh :]e !y le>n$ "o ?+ we attempt to 
le>n six4 ,!y le>n$ & we attempt to     
le>n4 ,! only hope = u is to make a     
selection f ! attempts ( our too heavily
 burd5$ y\?1 & 9 ^? select$ /udies to   
emulate 9 aft]-life ! ?or\ghness ( our  
=efa!rs4   ,,lett] ,,iii  ,,to ,a       
,,fri5d ,,:o ,,/udi$ ,,_m ,,?+s4    ,an 
idealiz$ portrait--,! s*ol>s ( ! sixte5?
 c5tury--,isolat$   /ud5ts--,fr5* /ud5ts
 ( ,engli% :5 isolat$ f   ,engli%m5--,h[
 "o ( !m read ,t5nyson--,importance (   
s\nds--,illusions (                     
s*ol>%ip--,difficulty ( appreciat+ !    
s5se--,t ,lat9 may /ill be made a spok5 
language--,! e>ly   education (         
,montaigne--,a contempor>y              
in/ance--,dream ( a ,lat9   isl&--,rapid
 corruption ( a language taught         
artificially4  ,9 y\r answ] to my lett] 
ab\t ! multiplicity ( mod]n /udies y    
tell me t my portrait ( y\r gr&fa!r is  
consid]ably idealiz$1 & t1 not)/&+ all !
 respect :i* y owe to 8 memory1 y h     

conv9c+ pro( 9 8 manuscript annotations 
to ,lat9 au?ors t 8 s*ol>%ip _c h be5 q 
s ?or\gh z ,i repres5t$ x4 ,y convey1   
moreov]1 ?\gh ) p]fect mode/y 9 =m1 !   
idea t y believe y\r own ,lat9 sup]ior  
to y\r gr&fa!r's1 not)/&+ ! f> great]   
v>iety ( y\r /udies4 ,let me confess t  
,i did some:at idealize t description ( 
y\r gr&fa!r's intellectual life4 ,i     
describ$ r a life :i* might h be5 ?an a 
life :i* actually 04 ,& ev5 ?is might h 
be5 is problematical4 ,x may be d\bt$   
:e!r any mod]n has ev] really ma/]$     
,lat94 ,! mo/ t c be said is t a man    
situat$ l y\r gr&fa!r1 )\t a pr(ession1 
)\t our pres5t temptation to scatt] ef=t
 9 _m pursuits1 & :o made ,lat9 s*ol>%ip
 8 unique intellectual purpose1 w\ld    
probably g ne>] to a satisfactory degree
 ( atta9m5t ?an we ^: "t & /r5g? h be5  
divid$ into s _m fragm5ts4 ,b ! picture 
( a p]fect mod]n ,lat9i/ is purely      
ideal1 & ! preval5t notion ( high       
atta9m5t 9 a dead language is n fix$    
en\gh to be a /&>d1 :il/ if x 7 fix$ x  

w\ld c]ta9ly be a v l[ /&>d4 ,! s*ol>s (
 ?is c5tury d n write ,lat9 except z a  
m]e ex]cise2 !y d n write books 9 ,lat91
 & !y nev] speak x at all4 ,!y d n use !
 language actively2 !y only read x1 :i* 
is n really us+ x1 b only see+ h[ o!r m5
 h us$ x4 ,!re is ! same diff]5ce betwe5
 read+ a language & writ+ or speak+ x t 
!re is betwe5 look+ at pictures         
intellig5tly & pa9t+ !m4 ,! s*ol>s ( !  
sixte5? c5tury spoke ,lat9 habitually1 &
 wrote x ) ease & flu5cy4 ,ni*olas      
,gr\*y1 says ,montaigne1 :o wrote a book
 de ,comitiis ,romanorum2 ,william      
,gu]5te1 :o has writt5 a comm5t>y ^u    
,ari/otle2 ,george ,bu*anan1 t great    
,scot* poet2 & ,m>c ,an?ony ,muret1 :om 
bo? ,france & ,italy h ackn[l$g$ = ! be/
 orator ( 8 "t1 my dome/ic tutors 7at   
college71 h all ( !m (t5 told me t ,i _h
 9 my infancy t language s v flu5t &    
ready t !y 7 afraid to ent] into        
disc\rse ) me4 ,?is passage is int]e/+ =
 two reasons2 x %[s t ! s*ol>s ( t age  
spoke ,lat92 b x proves at ! same "t t  

!y _c h be5 really ma/]s ( ! language1  
s9ce !y 7 afraid to ent] into disc\rse )
 a clev] *ild4 ,fancy an ,engli%man :o  
pr(ess$ to be a ,fr5* s*ol> & yet 0     
afraid to ent] into disc\rse ) a ,fr5*  
boy1 = fe> he %\ld speak too quickly6 ,!
 position ( ^! s*ol>s relatively to     
,lat9 0 9 fact too isolat$ = x to h be5 
possible t !y %\ld rea* ! po9t ( ma/]y4 
,suppose a society ( ,fr5*m51 9 "s      
seclud$ little ,fr5* village :]e no     
,engli%man ev] p5etrates1 & t ^! ,fr5*m5
 le>n ,engli% f diction>ies1 & set      
!mselves to speak ,engli% ) ea* o!r1 )\t
 anybody to tea* !m ! colloquial        
language or its pronunciation1 )\t ev]  
once he>+ ! s\nd ( x f ,engli% lips1 :at
 sort ( ,engli% w\ld !y create among/   
!mselves8 ,?is is a "q t ,i happ5 to be 
able to answ] v accurately1 because ,i h
 kn[n two ,fr5*m5 :o /udi$ ,engli%      
lit]ature j z ! ,fr5*m5 ( ! sixte5?     
c5tury /udi$ ! lit]ature ( anci5t ,rome4
 ,"o ( !m1 especially1 _h atta9$ :at    
w\ld c]ta9ly 9 ! case ( a dead language 

be consid]$ a v high degree ( s*ol>%ip  
inde$4 ,mo/ ( our great au?ors 7 kn[n to
 him1 ev5 d[n to ! close critical       
comp>ison ( diff]5t read+s4 ,aid$ by !  
mo/ p[]ful memory ,i ev] knew1 he _h    
amass$ su* /ores t ! acquisitions1 ev5 (
 cultivat$ ,engli%m51 w\ld 9 _m cases h 
appe>$ inconsid]able beside !m4 ,b he   
c\ld n write or speak ,engli% 9 a mann] 
tol]able to an ,engli%man2 & al?\gh he  
knew ne>ly all ! words 9 ! language1 x 0
 diction>y k1 & s diff]5t f an          
,engli%man's appreh5sion ( ! same words 
t x 0 only a sort ( pseudo-,engli% t he 
knew1 & n our liv+ tongue4 ,8           
appreciation ( our au?ors1 especially ( 
our poets1 diff]$ s widely f ,engli%    
criticism & ,engli% feel+ t x 0 evid5t  
he did n und]/& !m z we und]/& !m4 ,two 
?+s especially prov$ ?is3 he frequ5tly  
mi/ook declamatory v]sification ( ! mo/ 
m$iocre quality = poetry ( an elevat$   
ord]2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 8 e> fail$ to  
p]ceive ! music ( ! musical poets1 z    
,byron & ,t5nyson4 ,h[ c\ld he he> _!   

music1 he to :om our ,engli% s\nds 7 all
 unkn[n8 ,"h1 = example1 is ! way he    
read ,cl>ibel3--    ,at ev ze bittle    
bommess     ,azv>t ze zeeket lon   ,at  
none ze veeld be ommess     ,aboot ze   
mo/ ed/on   ,at me$neeg ze mon commess  
,an lokez dovn alon   ,ere songg ze     
l9tveet svelless   ,ze clirvoic-ed mavi 
dvelless     ,ze fl$gl+ sro/ lispess    
,ze slombroos vav ootvelless     ,ze    
babblang ronnel creespess   ,ze ollov   
grot replee-ess   ,v]e ,cl>ibel         
lovlee-ess4  ,?is1 z ne>ly z ,i h be5   
able to r5d] x 9 ,engli% spell+1 0 ! way
 9 :i* a ,fr5* g5tleman ( really high   
culture 0 accu/om$ to read ,engli%      
poetry to himself4 ,is x surpris+ t he  
%\ld h fail$ to appreciate ! music ( our
 musical v]se8 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 seem to
 be aw>e t !re exi/$ any ob/acle to !   
accuracy ( 8 decisions1 b gave 8 op9ion 
) a good deal ( au?ority1 :i* might h   
surpris$ me _h ,i n s frequ5tly he>d    
,lat9 s*ol>s d exactly ! same ?+4 ,my   
,fr5* fri5d read ,cl>ibel 9 a ridicul\s 

mann]2 b ,engli% s*ol>s all read ,lat9  
poetry 9 a mann] n less ridicul\s4 ,y   
laugh to he> ,cl>ibel read ) a =eign    
pronunciation1 & y see at once !        
absurdity ( affect+ to judge ( x z      
poetry be=e ! read] has le>n$ to        
pron\nce ! s\nds2 b y d n laugh to he>  
,lat9 poetry read ) a =eign             
pronunciation1 & y d n p]ceive t we are 
all ( u disqualifi$1 by our pr(\nd      
ignorance ( ! pronunciation ( ! anci5t  
,romans1 = any compet5t criticism ( _!  
v]se4 ,9 all poetry1 9 all oratory1 9   
mu* ( ! be/ & mo/ arti/ic prose-writ+   
also1 s\nd has a great influ5ce ^u s5se3
 a great deal is convey$ by x1          
especially 9 ! way ( feel+4 ,if we d n  
?or\ghly "k & practise ! "r             
pronunciation 7& by ! "r pronunciation  
,i mean t :i* ! au?or himself ?\ght 9   
:il/ he wrote71 we miss ^? delicate     
tones & cad5ces :i* are 9 lit]ature l ! 
modulations ( ! voice 9 spee*4 ,nor c we
 prop]ly appreciate ! arti/ic *oice (   
beautiful names = p]sons & places unless

 we "k ! s\nds ( !m q accurately1 & h   
already 9 our m9ds ! associations       
belong+ to ! s\nds4 ,names :i* are      
select$ ) ! greate/ c>e by our ,engli%  
poets1 & :i* hold _! place l jewels on !
 f9ely-wr\ght texture ( ! v]se1 lose all
 _! value :5 !y are read ) a vici\s     
=eign pronunciation4 ,s x mu/ be ) ,lat9
 poetry :5 read by an ,engli%man1 & x is
 probable t we are really q ins5sible to
 ! delicate art ( v]bal selection z x 0 
practis$ by ! mo/ consummate ma/]s (    
antiquity4  ,i "k t s*ol>s ?9k t !y he> 
! ,roman music /ill2 b ?is is "o ( !    
illusions ( s*ol>%ip4 ,9 ea* c\ntry     
,lat9 s*ol>s h adopt$ a conv5tional /yle
 ( read+1 & ! s\nds :i* are 9 con=mity )
 t /yle seem to !m to be musical1 :il/  
o!r ?an ! accept$ s\nds seem ridicul\s1 
& grate h>%ly on ! unaccu/om$ e>4 ,!    
music :i* ! ,engli%man he>s1 or imag9es 
t he he>s1 9 ! language ( anci5t ,rome1 
is c]ta9ly n ! music :i* ! ,roman au?ors
 int5d$ to note 9 words4 ,x is z if my  
,fr5*man1 hav+ read ,cl>ibel 9 8 own    

way1 _h affirm$ t he he>d ! music ( !   
v]se4 ,if he he>d music at all1 x 0 n   
,t5nyson's4  ,p]mit me to add a few     
obs]vations ab\t s5se4 ,my ,fr5* fri5d  
c]ta9ly und]/ood ,engli% 9 a v rem>kable
 mann] = a /ud5t :o _h nev] visit$ our  
c\ntry2 he knew ! diction>y mean+ ( e ^w
 he enc\nt]$1 & yet !re ev] rema9$      
betwe5 him & our ,engli% tongue a b>ri] 
or wall ( sep>ation1 h>d to def9e1 b    
easy to p]ceive4 ,9 ! true deep s5se he 
nev] und]/ood ! language4 ,he /udi$ x1  
laid regul> siege to x1 ma/]$ x to all  
appe>ance1 yet rema9$1 to ! end1 outside
 ( x4 ,8 obs]vations1 & especially 8    
unfavorable criticisms1 prov$ ?is q     
conclusively4 ,expressions (t5 appe>$ to
 him faulty1 9 :i* no ,engli% read] w\ld
 see any?+ to rem>k ^u2 x may be add$ t 
7by way ( comp5sation7 he 0 unable to   
appreciate ! oddity ( ^? int5tionally   
qua9t turns ( expression :i* are inv5t$ 
by ! craft ( humori/s4 ,x may ev5 be    
d\bt$ :e!r 8 ,engli% 0 ( any asc]ta9able
 use to him4 ,he might probably h come z

 ne> to an und]/&+ ( our au?ors by !    
help ( translations1 & he c\ld n conv]se
 9 ,engli%1 = ! spok5 language 0        
entirely un9telligible to him4 ,an      
acquisition ( ?is k9d seems sc>cely an  
adequate rew>d = ! labor t x co/s4      
,comp>$ ) liv+ ,engli%m5 my ,fr5* fri5d 
0 n[h]e1 b if ,engli% _h be5 a dead     
language1 he w\ld h be5 look$ up to z a 
v em95t s*ol>1 & w\ld h occupi$ a       
pr(essor's *air 9 ! univ]sity4  ,a      
little m life might be giv5 to ! /udy ( 
,lat9 by mak+ x a spok5 language4 ,boys 
might be taught to speak ,lat9 9 _!     
s*ooldays ) ! mod]n ,roman              
pronunciation1 :i*1 ?\gh probably a     
deviation f ! anci5t1 is c]ta9ly ne>] to
 x ?an our own4 ,if colloquial ,lat9 7  
made a subject ( special rese>*1 x is   
likely t a suffici5tly ri* phrase-book  
might be con/ruct$ f ! plays4 ,if ?is   
plan 7 pursu$ ?r\gh\t ,europe 7always   
adopt+ ! ,roman pronunciation7 all      
educat$ m5 w\ld possess a common tongue 
:i* might be enri*$ to suit mod]n       

requirem5ts )\t any s]i\s dep>ture f    
classical con/ruction4 ,! want ( su* a  
sy/em z ?is 0 pa9fully felt at ! c\ncil 
( ! ,vatican1 :]e ! assembl$ prelates   
discov]$ t _! ,lat9 0 ( no practical    
use1 al?\gh ! ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gy     
employ ,lat9 m habitually ?an any o!r   
body ( m5 9 ! _w4 ,t a mod]n may be     
taught to ?9k 9 ,lat91 is prov$ by !    
e>ly education ( ,montaigne1 & ,i may   
m5tion a mu* m rec5t in/ance4 ,my       
bro!r-9-law told me t1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahga1
 a fri5d ( 8 _h come to /ay ) him       
accompani$ by 8 little son1 a boy sev5  
ye>s old4 ,?is *ild spoke ,lat9 ) !     
utmo/ flu5cy1 & he spoke no?+ else4 ,:at
 ,i am go+ to sugge/ is a ,utopian      
dream1 b let u suppose t a hundr$ fa!rs 
c\ld be f\nd 9 ,europe1 all ( ?is way ( 
?9k+1 all resolv$ to submit to "s       
inconv5i5ce 9 ord] t _! sons might speak
 ,lat9 z a liv+ language4 ,a small isl& 
might be r5t$ ne> ! coa/ ( ,italy1 & 9 t
 isl& ,lat9 alone might be p]mitt$4 ,j z
 ! successive gov]nm5ts ( ,france ma9ta9

 ! e/abli%m5ts ( ,svres & ! ,gobel9s to 
keep ! manufactures ( porcela9 & tape/ry
 up to a recogniz$ high /&>d (          
excell5ce1 s ?is ,lat9 isl& might be    
ma9ta9$ to give m vivacity to s*ol>%ip4 
,if !re 7 b "o little corn] ( gr\nd on !
 wide e>? :]e pure ,lat9 0 con/antly    
spok51 our k ( ! classic writ]s w\ld    
become f> m sympa!tically intimate4     
,aft] liv+ 9 ! ,lat9 isl& we %\ld ?9k 9 
,lat9 z we read1 & read )\t translat+4  
,b ?is is dream+4 ,x is too c]ta9 t on  
return+ f ! ,lat9 isl& into ! atmosph]e 
( mod]n colleges an evil *ange w\ld come
 ov] our "y ,lat9i/s l t :i* came ^u !  
"y ,montaigne :5 8 fa!r s5t him to !    
college ( ,gui5ne1 at t "t ! be/ & mo/  
fl\ri%+ 9 ,france4 ,montaigne tells u t1
 not)/&+ all 8 fa!r's precautions1 !    
place 0 a college /ill4 ,my ,lat91 he   
adds1 imm$iately grew corrupt1 & by     
discont9uance ,i h s9ce lo/ all mann] ( 
use ( x4 ,if x 7 ! cu/om to speak ,lat91
 x w\ld be ! cu/om to speak x badly2 & a
 ma/] ( ! language w\ld h to con=m to ! 

evil usages ar\nd him4 ,our pres5t /ate 
( ignorance has ! *>m ( be+ sil5t1      
except :5 old-fa%ion$ g5tlem5 9 ! ,h\se 
( ,commons quote poetry :i* !y _c       
pron\nce to he>]s :o _c und]/& x4       
,,note4--,an ,engli% orator quot$ f     
,cic]o ! s5t5ce ,non   intelligunt      
hom9es quam magnum vectigal sit         
p>simonia4 ,he made !   second v[el 9   
vectigal %ort1 & ! ,h\se laugh$ at him2 
he   tri$ aga9 & pron\nc$ x ) ! long    
s\nd ( ! ,engli% i1   on :i* ! critical 
body he address$ 0 p]fectly satisfi$4 ,b
   if a ,roman _h be5 pres5t x is       
probable t1 ( ! two1 ! %ort   ,engli% i 
w\ld h a/oni%$ 8 e>s ! less1 = our %ort 
i   does be> "s resemblance to ! s\!rn i
 :]eas our long i   resembles no s+le   
lett] 9 any alphabet ( ! ,lat9 family ( 
languages4 ,we are scrupul\sly c>eful to
 avoid :at we call false   quantities1  
we are q utt]ly & ignorantly unscrupul\s
 ab\t   false s\nds4 ,"o ( ! be/        
in/ances is ! well-kn[n v5i1 vidi1      
vici1 :i* we pron\nce v mu* z if x _h   

be5 writt5 v9ai1   vaidai1 vaisai1 9    
,italian lett]s4   ,,lett] ,,iv4  ,,to  
,a ,,/ud5t ,,( ,,lit]ature4    ,/udies1 
:atev] !y may be1 always consid]$1 by "s
 a wa/e (   "t--,! classical            
languages--,! high] ma!matics--,!       
accompli%m5ts--,indirect uses ( diff]5t 
/udies--,influ5ce (   music--,/udies    
indirectly useful to au?ors--,:at induc$
 ,mr4 ,roscoe   to write ! lives (      
,lor5zo de' ,m$ici & ,leo ,x4  ,:atev] y
 /udy1 "s "o w consid] t p>ticul> /udy a
 fooli% wa/e ( "t4  ,if y 7 to ab&on    
successively e subject ( intellectual   
labor :i* _h1 9 its turn1 be5 condemn$  
by "s advis] z useless1 ! result w\ld be
 simple intellectual nak$ness4 ,!       
classical languages1 to beg9 )1 h long  
be5 consid]$ useless by ! majority (    
practical p--& pray1 :at to %opkeep]s1  
doctors1 attorneys1 arti/s1 c be ! use (
 ! high] ma!matics8 ,& if ^! /udies1 :i*
 h be5 conv5tionally class$ z s]i\s     
/udies1 are consid]$ unnecess>y not)/&+ 
! trem5d\s au?ority ( cu/om1 h[ mu* ! m 

are ^? /udies expos$ to a l contempt :i*
 belong to ! category ( accompli%m5ts6  
,:at is ! use ( draw+1 = x ends 9 a     
wor?less sket*8 ,:y %\ld we /udy music  
:5 aft] wa/+ a ?\s& h\rs ! amateur _c   
satisfy ! e>8 ,a quoi bon mod]n         
languages :5 ! accompli%m5t only enables
 u to call a wait] 9 ,fr5* or ,g]man :o 
is sure to answ] u 9 ,engli%8 ,& :at1 :5
 x is n y\r trade1 c be ! good (        
dissect+ animals or plants8  ,to all    
que/ion+s ( ?is k9d !re is b "o reply4  
,we "w = culture4 ,we "w to enl>ge !    
intellig5ce1 & to make x a bett] & m    
effective in/rum5t4 ,?is is our ma9     
purpose2 b x may be add$ t ev5 = our    
special labors x is always difficult to 
say be=eh& exactly :at w turn out 9 !   
end to be mo/ useful4 ,:at1 9 appe>ance1
 c be m entirely outside ! "w ( a       
l&scape pa9t] ?an ! /udy ( anci5t       
hi/ory8 & yet ,i c %[ y h[ an int]e/ 9  
anci5t hi/ory might indirectly be (     
great s]vice to a l&scape pa9t]4 ,x w\ld
 make him pr(\ndly feel ! human         

associations ( _m localities :i* to an  
ignorant man w\ld be devoid ( int]e/ or 
mean+2 & ?is human int]e/ 9 ! sc5es :]e 
great ev5ts h tak5 place1 or :i* h be5  
di/+ui%$ by ! habitation ( illu/ri\s m5 
9 o!r ages1 is 9 fact "o ( ! great      
fundam5tal motives ( l&scape pa9t+4 ,x  
has be5 v mu* que/ion$1 especially by   
=eign critics1 :e!r ! int]e/ 9 botany   
:i* is tak5 by "s ( ! m cultivat$       
,engli% l&scape pa9t]s is n = !m a false
 direction & wrong employm5t ( ! m9d2 b 
a l&scape pa9t] may feel 8 int]e/ 9     
vegetation inf9itely increas$ by !      
accurate k ( its laws1 & su* an increase
 ( int]e/ w\ld make him "w m zeal\sly1 &
 ) less dang] ( we>9ess & ennui1 besides
 be+ a v useful help to ! memory 9      
reta9+ ! au!ntic vegetable =ms4 ,x may  
seem m difficult to %[ ! possible       
utility ( a /udy app>5tly s entirely    
outside ( o!r /udies z music is3 & yet  
music has an important influ5ce on !    
:ole ( our emotional nature1 &          
indirectly ^u expression ( all k9ds4 ,he

 :o has once le>n$ ! self-control ( !   
musician1 ! use ( piano & =te1 ea* 9 its
 "r place1 :5 to be lightly swift or    
maje/ically sl[1 & especially h[ to keep
 to ! key once *os5 till ! "r "t has    
come = *ang+ x2 he :o has once le>n$ ?is
 kn[s ! secret ( ! arts4 ,no pa9t]1     
writ]1 orator1 :o _h ! p[] & judgm5t ( a
 ?or\ghly cultivat$ musician1 c\ld s9   
aga9/ ! broad pr9ciples ( ta/e4  ,m ?an 
all o!r m5 h au?ors reason to appreciate
 ! indirect utilities ( k t is app>5tly 
irrelevant4 ,:o c tell :at k w be ( mo/ 
use to !m8 ,ev5 ! v greate/ ( au?ors are
 indebt$ to miscellane\s read+1 (t5 9   
sev]al diff]5t languages1 = ! sugge/ion 
( _! mo/ orig9al works1 & = ! light :i* 
has k9dl$ _m a %9+ ?\ght ( _! own4 ,&   
au?ors :o seem to h less ne$ ?an o!rs ( 
an outw>d help1 poets ^: compositions   
might appe> to be *iefly inv5tive &     
emotional1 noveli/s :o are free f !     
re/ra9ts & ! rese>*es ( ! hi/orian1 "w  
up :at !y "k into :at !y write2 s t if y
 c\ld remove e l9e :i* is bas$ on /udies

 outside ! /rict limits ( _! art1 y w\ld
 blot out half _! compositions4 ,take ! 
antiqu>ian elem5t out ( ,scott1 & see h[
 _m ( 8 works c\ld nev] h be5 writt54   
,remove f ,goldsmi?'s bra9 !            
recollection ( 8 wayw>d /udies & /range 
exp]i5ces1 & y w\ld remove ! ri* mat]ial
 ( ! ,travell] & ! ,essays1 & mutilate  
ev5 ! immortal ,vic> ( ,wakefield4 ,)\t 
a classical education & =eign travel1   
,byron w\ld n h compos$ ,*ilde ,h>old2  
)\t ! mo/ ca?olic int]e/ 9 ! lit]ature (
 all ! ages1 & ( _m diff]5t peoples f ! 
,nor? ,sea to ! ,m$it]ranean1 our       
contempor>y ,william ,morris w\ld nev] h
 conceiv$1 & c\ld n h execut$1 t /rong  
"w ,! ,e>?ly ,p>adise4 ,x may n seem    
necess>y to le>n ,italian1 yet ,mr4     
,roscoe's celebrity z an au?or 0 due 9 !
 fir/ place to 8 private fondness =     
,italian lit]ature4 ,he did n le>n      
,italian 9 ord] t he might write 8      
biographies1 b he wrote ab\t ,lor5zo &  
,leo because he _h ma/]$ ,italian1 &    
because ! language l$ him to take an    

int]e/ 9 ! greate/ h\se ( ,flor5ce4 ,!  
way 9 :i* au?ors are l$ by _! favorite  
/udies indirectly to ! great p]=mance ( 
_! lives has nev] be5 m cle>ly illu/rat$
 ?an 9 ?is in/ance4  ,:5 ,william       
,roscoe 0 a "y man he _h = 8 fri5d      
,francis ,hold51 nephew ( ,mr4 ,ri*>d   
,hold51 a s*oolma/] 9 ,liv]pool4        
,francis ,hold5 0 a "y man ( uncommon   
culture1 hav+ at ! same "t really s\nd  
s*ol>%ip 9 sev]al languages1 & an ard5t 
en?usiasm = lit]ature4 ,he urg$ ,roscoe 
to /udy languages1 & us$ especially1 9  
_! ev5+ walks toge!r1 to repeat to him  
passages f ! noble/ poets ( ,italy4 ,9  
?is way ,roscoe 0 l$ to attempt         
,italian1 &1 hav+ once begun1 w5t on    
till he _h ma/]$ x4 ,x 0 9 ! c\rse ( ^! 
/udies1 says 8 biograph]1 t he fir/ =m$ 
! idea ( writ+ ! ,life ( ,lor5zo de'    
,m$ici4   ,,lett] ,v4  ,,to ,a ,,c\ntry 
,,g5tleman ,,:o ,,regrett$ ,,t ,,8 ,,son
 ,,_h ,,! ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,a ,,dilettant4
    ,inaccuracy ( ! common di/9ction    
betwe5 amateur pursuits & m   s]i\s     

/udies--,all ( u are amateurs 9 _m      
?+s--,pr9ce   ,alb]t--,! ,emp]or        
,napoleon ,,iii4--,contra/ betwe5 g5]al 
&   pr(essional education--,! price (   
high accompli%m5t4  ,i agree ) y t      
amateur%ip1 z g5]ally practis$1 may be a
 wa/e ( "t1 b ! common di/9ction betwe5 
amateur pursuits & s]i\s /udies is      
inconsi/5t4 ,a pa9t] ^: art is imp]fect 
& :o does n "w = money is call$ an      
amateur2 a s*ol> :o writes imp]fect     
,lat91 n = money1 escapes ! imputation (
 amateur%ip1 & is call$ a le>n$ man4    
,surely we h be5 bl9d$ by cu/om 9 ^!    
?+s4 ,ideas ( frivolity are atta*$ to   
imp]fect acquirem5t 9 c]ta9 directions1 
& ideas ( gravity to equally imp]fect   
acquirem5t 9 o!rs4 ,to write bad ,lat9  
poetry is n ?\ght to be frivol\s1 b x is
 consid]$ frivol\s to compose imp]fectly
 & unpr(essionally 9 o!r f9e arts4  ,yet
 are we n all ( u amateurs 9 ^? pursuits
 :i* con/itut$ our education--amateurs  
at ! be/1 if we lov$ !m1 & ev5 inf]ior  
to amateurs if we dislik$ !m8 ,we h n   

s\nd] k or m p]fect skill 9 ! anci5t    
languages ?an ,pr9ce ,alb]t _h 9 music4 
,we "k some?+ ( !m1 yet 9 comp>ison )   
p]fect ma/]y su* z t ( a cultivat$ old  
,greek or ,roman1 our s*ol>%ip is at !  
be/ on a level ) ! musical s*ol>%ip ( a 
cultivat$ amateur l ! ,pr9ce ,consort4  
,if ! ess5ce ( dilettantism is to be    
cont5t$ ) imp]fect atta9m5t1 ,i fe> t   
all educat$ p mu/ be consid]$           
dilettants4  ,x is n>rat$ ( ! ,emp]or   
,napoleon ,,iii4 t 9 answ] to "s "o :o  
inquir$ ( 8 ,maje/y :e!r ! ,pr9ce       
,imp]ial 0 a musician1 he repli$ t he   
disc\rag$ dilettantism1 & did n wi% 8   
son to be a ,coburg4 ,b ! ,emp]or       
himself 0 q z mu* a dilettant z ,pr9ce  
,alb]t2 ?\gh _! dilettantism did n lie 9
 ! same directions4 ,! ,pr9ce 0 an      
amateur musician & arti/2 ! ,emp]or 0 an
 amateur hi/orian1 an amateur s*ol>1 &  
antiqu>y4 ,x may be add$ t ,napoleon    
,,iii4 indulg$ 9 ano!r & m dang]\s k9d (
 amateur%ip4 ,he _h a ta/e = amateur    
g5]al%ip1 & ! consequ5ces ( 8 indulg5ce 

( ?is ta/e are kn[n to e "o4  ,! v>iety 
( mod]n education enc\rages a scatt]$   
dilettantism4 ,x is only 9 pr(essional  
life t ! en]gies ( "y m5 are p[]fully   
conc5trat$4 ,!re is a /eady+ effect 9   
?or\gh pr(essional tra9+ :i* s*ool      
education does n supply4 ,our boys      
receive praise & prizes = do+ _m ?+s mo/
 imp]fectly1 & x is n _! fault if !y    
rema9 ignorant ( :at p]fection really   
is1 & ( ! imm5sity ( ! labor :i* x co/s4
 ,i ?9k t y w\ld d well1 p]haps1 )\t    
disc\rag+ y\r son too mu* by *ill+ly    
accurate e/imates ( ! value ( :at he has
 done1 to make him on all prop]         
occasions feel & see ! diff]5ce betwe5  
half-k & ?or\gh ma/]y4 ,x w\ld be a good
 ?+ = a y\? to be made cle>ly aw>e h[   
enorm\s a price ( labor ,nature has set 
^u high accompli%m5t 9 ev]y?+ t is      
really wor?y ( 8 pursuit4 ,x is ?is     
p]suasion1 :i* m5 usually arrive at only
 9 _! maturity1 t op]ates z ! mo/       
effectual tranquilliz] ( frivol\s       
activities4   ,,lett] ,,vi4  ,,to ,,!   

,,pr9cipal ,,( ,a ,,fr5* ,,college4     
,! ,au?or's dread ( protection 9        
intellectual pursuits--,example   f !   
,f9e ,arts--,prize poems--,gov]nm5tal   
enc\ragem5t (   le>n+--,! bad effects ( 
x--,pet pursuits--,objection to !       
int]f]5ce ( ,m9i/]s--,a project =       
sep>ate exam9ations4  ,:at ,i am go+ to 
say w seem v /range to y1 & is n        
unlikely to ar\se z mu* pr(essional     
animosity z y are capable ( feel+ aga9/ 
an old fri5d4 ,y :o are a dignit>y ( !  
,univ]sity1 & h e>n$ y\r v>i\s titles 9 
a fair field1 z a soldi] w9s 8          
epaulettes be=e ! enemy1 are n !        
likelie/ p]son to he> ) pati5ce !       
unau?oriz$ !ories ( an innovator4 ,take 
!m1 !n1 z m]e speculations1 if y w--n   
altoge!r unwor?y ( consid]ation1 = !y   
are sugge/$ by a s9c]e anxiety = ! be/  
int]e/s ( le>n+1 & yet n v dang]\s to   
ve/$ int]e/s ( any k9d1 s9ce !y c h     
little influ5ce on ! practice or op9ion 
( ! _w4  ,i feel a great dread ( :at may
 be call$ protection 9 intellectual     

pursuits4 ,x seems to me t :5 !         
,gov]nm5t ( a c\ntry applies an         
artificial /imulus to c]ta9 bran*es (   
/udy = _! enc\ragem5t by ! (f] ( rew>ds 
9 honor or 9 money beyond ! rew>ds      
inh]5t 9 ! /udies !mselves1 or com+     
naturally f _! usefulness to mank9d1 !re
 is a great dang] t m5 may give a       
disproportionate att5tion to ^? favor$  
bran*es ( /udy4 ,let me take an example 
f ! practice ( ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,a         
,gov]nm5t1 by m$als & crosses1 or by    
money1 c easily create & fo/] a s*ool ( 
pa9t+ :i* is entirely out ( relation to 
! c5tury 9 :i* x exi/s1 & q incapable ( 
work+ h>moni\sly ) ! contempor>y        
national life4 ,?is has actually be5    
done to a consid]able ext5t 9 v>i\s     
c\ntries1 especially 9 ,france & 9      
,bav>ia4 ,a sort ( classicism :i* _h    
sc>cely any f\ndation 9 s9c]ity ( feel+ 
0 kept up artificially by a sy/em (     
enc\ragem5t :i* (f]$ inducem5ts outside 
! g5u9e ambition ( an arti/4 ,! true    
en?usiasm :i* is ! life ( art impels !  

arti/ to express 8 own feel+ = ! delight
 ( o!rs4 ,! (f] ( a m$al or a p5sion    
induces him to make ! sort ( picture :i*
 is likely to satisfy ! au?orities4 ,he 
fir/ asc]ta9s :at is accord+ to ! rule1 
& !n foll[s x z ne>ly z he is able4 ,he 
works 9 a temp] ( simple con=mity1      
remote inde$ f ! passionate en?usiasm ( 
creation4 ,x is s ) prize poems4 ,we all
 "k ! sort ( poetry :i* is compos$ 9    
ord] to ga9 prizes4 ,! anxiety ( !      
v]sifi] is to be safe3 he tries to      
compose :at w escape c5sure2 he dreads !
 orig9ality t may give (f5ce4 ,b all    
p[]ful pictures & poems h be5 wr\ght 9 !
 en]gy ( individual feel+1 n 9 con=mity 
to a patt]n4  ,n[1 suppose t1 in/ead (  
enc\rag+ poetry or pa9t+1 a ,gov]nm5t   
resolves to enc\rage le>n+4 ,x w        
patronize c]ta9 pursuits to ! neglect ( 
o!rs1 or x w enc\rage c]ta9 pursuits m  
lib]ally ?an o!rs4 ,! subjects ( su* a  
,gov]nm5t w n foll[ le>n+ exclusively = 
its delightfulness or its utility2 ano!r
 consid]ation w affect _! *oice4 ,!y w  

inquire :i* pursuits are rew>d$ by      
prizes 9 honor or money1 & !y w be      
/rongly tempt$ to select !m4 ,!re=e1    
unless ! ,gov]nm5t has ex]cis$          
extraord9>y wisdom1 m5 w le>n :at !y d n
 really c>e = & may nev] practically    
want1 m]ely 9 ord] to w9 "s academical  
grade4 ,s soon z ?is object has be5     
atta9$1 !y w imm$iately ab&on ! /udies  
by :i* !y atta9$ x4  ,c x be said t 9 ^!
 cases ! purposes ( ! ,gov]nm5t 7       
fulfill$8 ,cle>ly n1 if x desir$ to =m a
 p]man5t ta/e = le>n+4 ,b x may h done  
worse ?an fail 9 ?is m]ely negative way2
 x may h div]t$ its y\? f pursuits to   
:i* ,nature call$ !m1 & 9 :i* !y might h
 effectually aid$ ! advancem5t & !      
prosp]ity ( ! ,/ate4  ,let u suppose t a
 ,gov]nm5t 7 to h a pet /udy1 & (f]     
great artificial inducem5ts = success 9 
x4 ,suppose t ! pet /udy 7 entomology4  
,all ! mo/ promis+ y\? ( ! c\ntry w\ld  
sp5d t5 ye>s 9 emulat+ ,messrs4 ,kirby &
 ,sp5ce1 & take _! degrees z            
entomological ba*elors4 ,b might x n    

easily happ5 t to a majority ( ! "y     
g5tlem5 ?is pursuit w\ld h act$         
positively z a h9drance by keep+ !m f   
o!r pursuits m likely to help !m 9 _!   
pr(essions8 ,x w\ld n only co/ a great  
deal ( valuable "t1 x w\ld absorb a     
quantity ( y\?ful en]gy :i* ! c\ntry c  
ill af=d to lose4 ,! ,gov]nm5t w\ld     
probably affirm t entomology1 if n      
always practically useful 9 itself1 0 an
 invaluable intellectual tra9+2 b :at if
 ?is tra9+ us$ up ! e>ly vigor :i* might
 be ne$$ = o!r pursuits1 & ( :i* e human
 be+ has only a limit$ supply8 ,we %\ld 
be told1 no d\bt1 t ?is p[]ful          
enc\ragem5t 0 necess>y to ! advancem5t (
 sci5ce1 & x is true t "u su* a sy/em ! 
rudim5ts ( entomology w\ld be m g5]ally 
kn[n4 ,b ! vulg>ization ( rudim5ts is n 
! advancem5t ( k4 ,entomology has gone q
 z f> 9 discov]y1 ?\gh pursu$ simply =  
its own sake1 z x w\ld h gone if x _h   
be5 made necess>y to a ba*elor's degree4
  ,y w ask :e!r ,i w\ld g s f> z to     
aboli% degrees ( all k9ds1 ,c]ta9ly n2 t

 is n my project4 ,b ,i believe t no    
,gov]nm5t is compet5t to make a         
selection among/ intellectual pursuits &
 say1 ,?is or t pursuit %all be enc\rag$
 by univ]sity degrees1 :il/ o!r pursuits
 ( intellectual m5 %all h no enc\ragem5t
 :atev]4 ,i may m5tion by "n y\r pres5t 
autocrat ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ,jules  
,simon4 ,he is a lit]>y man ( "s em95ce2
 he has writt5 sev]al int]e/+ books1 &  
on ! :ole he is probably m compet5t to  
deal ) ^! que/ions ?an _m ( 8           
pr$ecessors4 ,b h[ev] capable a man may 
be1 he is sure to be biass$ by ! feel+  
common to all intellectual m5 :i*       
attributes a peculi> importance to _!   
own pursuits4 ,i d n l to see any       
,m9i/]1 or any ,cab9et ( ,m9i/]s1 settl+
 :at all ! "y m5 ( a c\ntry are to le>n 
"u p5alty ( exclusion f all ! lib]al    
pr(essions4  ,:at ,i %\ld ?9k m         
reasonable w\ld be "s su* arrangem5t z !
 foll[+4 ,!re might be a bo>d ( ?or\ghly
 compet5t exam9]s = ea* bran* ( /udy    
sep>ately1 au?oriz$ to conf] c]tificates

 ( compet5ce4 ,:5 a man believ$ himself 
to h ma/]$ a bran* ( /udy1 he w\ld g &  
try to get a c]tificate = t4 ,! v>i\s   
/udies w\ld !n be foll[$ accord+ to !   
public s5se ( _! importance1 & w\ld fall
 q naturally into ! rank :i* !y ought to
 occupy at any giv5 p]iod ( ! national  
hi/ory4 ,^! sep>ate exam9ations %\ld be 
sev]e en\gh to ensure a s]viceable      
degree ( pr(ici5cy4 ,nobody %\ld be     
all[$ to tea* any?+ :o _h n got a       
c]tificate = ! p>ticul> ?+ he int5d$ to 
pr(ess4 ,9 ! confusion ( y\r pres5t     
sy/em1 n only d y fail to insure !      
?or\ghness ( pupils1 b ! tea*]s !mselves
 are too frequ5tly incompet5t 9 "s      
speciality :i* accid5tally fails to _!  
%>e4 ,i ?9k t a ,greek ma/] ought to be 
a complete ,hell5i/1 b surely x is n    
necess>y t he %\ld be half a            
ma!matician4  ,to sum up4 ,x seems to me
 t a ,gov]nm5t has no bus9ess to favor  
"s intellectual pursuits m ?an o!rs1 b t
 x ought to recognize compet5t atta9m5t 
9 e "o ( !m by a sort ( diploma or      

c]tificate1 leav+ ! relative rank (     
diff]5t pursuits to be settl$ by public 
op9ion4 ,& z to ! educators !mselves1 ,i
 ?9k t :5 a man has prov$ 8 compet5ce 9 
"o ?+1 he ought to be all[$ to tea* t "o
 ?+ 9 ! ,univ]sity )\t be+ requir$ to   
pass an exam9ation 9 any o!r ?+4        
,,lett] ,,vii4  ,,to ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,( 
,a ,,fr5* ,,college4    ,loss ( "t to   
acquire an anci5t language too          
imp]fectly = x to   be useful--,dr4     
,arnold--,mature life leaves little "t =
   culture--,mod]n indiff]5ce to anci5t 
?9k+--,l>g] exp]i5ce (   ! mod]ns--,!   
mod]ns old] ?an ! anci5ts--,! ,au?or's  
regret   t ,lat9 has ceas$ to be a liv+ 
language--,! %orte/ way to   le>n to    
read a language--,! rec5t int]e/ 9 mod]n
 languages--,a   ,fr5* /ud5t ( ,hebrew4 
,i 0 happy to le>n y\r op9ion ( ! re=m s
 rec5tly introduc$ by ! ,m9i/] ( ,public
 ,in/ruction1 & ! m s t ,i 0 glad to f9d
 ! views ( s inexp]i5c$ a p]son z myself
 confirm$ by y\r wid] k4 ,y w5t ev5 f>!r
 ?an ,m4 ,jules ,simon1 = y op5ly       

express$ a desire = ! complete )drawal (
 ,greek f ! ord9>y s*ool curriculum4 ,n 
t y und]value ,greek1--no "o ( y\r      
s*ol>%ip w\ld be likely to und]value a  
great lit]ature1--b y ?\ght x a loss (  
"t to acquire a language s imp]fectly t 
! lit]ature /ill rema9$ practically     
clos$ :il/ ?\s&s ( valuable h\rs _h be5 
wa/$ on ! details ( gramm>4 ,! tru? is1 
t al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( beg9n+ _m ?+s 9   
s*ool education ) ! idea t ! pupil w 9  
matur] life pursue !m to full]          
accompli%m5t may 9 "s in/ances be       
ju/ifi$ by ! prolong$ /udies ( m5 :o h a
 natural ta/e = erudition1 x is idle to 
%ut "o's eyes to ! fact t mo/ m5 h no   
incl9ation = s*ool-"w aft] !y h left    
s*ool1 & if !y _h ! incl9ation !y h n ! 
"t4 ,our own ,dr4 ,arnold1 ! model      
,engli% s*oolma/]1 said1 ,x is s h>d to 
beg9 any?+ 9 aft]-life1 & s comp>atively
 easy to cont9ue :at has be5 begun1 t ,i
 ?9k we are b\nd to break gr\nd1 z x 71 
into sev]al ( ! m9es ( k ) our pupils2 t
 ! fir/ difficulties may be ov]come by  

!m :il/ !re is yet a p[] f )\t to aid _!
 own falt]+ resolution1 & t s !y may be 
enabl$1 if !y w1 to g on ) ! /udy       
h]eaft]4 ,! pr9ciple "h express$ is no  
d\bt "o ( ! important pr9ciples ( all   
e>ly education1 & yet ,i ?9k t x _c be  
safely foll[$ )\t tak+ acc\nt ( human   
nature1 su* z x is4 ,ev]y?+ hangs on t  
little p>5!sis if !y w4 ,& if !y w n1 h[
 !n8 ,! "t sp5t 9 break+ ! gr\nd has be5
 wa/$1 except s f> z ! ex]cise ( break+ 
! gr\nd may h be5 useful 9 m5tal        
gymna/ics4  ,mature life br+s s _m      
pr(essional or social duties t x leaves 
scant "t = culture2 & ^? :o c>e =       
culture mo/ e>ne/ly & s9c]ely1 are ! v  
p]sons :o w economize "t to ! utmo/4    
,n[1 to read a language t has be5 v     
imp]fectly ma/]$ is felt to be a bad    
economy ( "t4 ,suppose ! case ( a man   
occupi$ 9 bus9ess :o has /udi$ ,greek r 
assidu\sly 9 y\? & yet n en\gh to read x
 ) facility4 ,suppose t ?is man wants to
 get at ! m9d ( ,plato4 ,he c read !    
orig9al1 b he reads x s sl[ly t x w\ld  

co/ him m h\rs ?an he c sp>e1 & ?is is  
:y he has rec\rse to a translation4 ,9  
?is case !re is no indiff]5ce to ,greek 
culture2 on ! contr>y1 ! read] desires  
to assimilate :at he c ( x1 b ! v       
e>ne/ness ( 8 wi% to h free access to   
anci5t ?\ght makes him pref] x 9 mod]n  
language4  ,?is is ! mo/ favorable      
in/ance t c be imag9$1 except1 ( c\rse1 
^? exce$+ly r>e cases :]e a man has     
leisure en\gh1 & en?usiasm en\gh1 to    
become a ,hell5i/4 ,! great majority (  
our contempor>ies d n c>e = anci5t ?\ght
 at all1 x is s remote f !m1 x belongs  
to conditions ( civilization s diff]5t f
 _! own1 x is encumb]$ ) s _m l5g?y     
discussions ( que/ions :i* h be5 settl$ 
by ! subsequ5t exp]i5ce ( ! _w1 t !     
mod]n m9d pref]s to occupy itself ) its 
own anxieties & its own speculations4 ,x
 is a great error to suppose t          
indiff]5ce to anci5t ?9k+ is peculi> to 
! _s ( ,phili/9ism2 = ! mo/ cultivat$   
contempor>y intellects seek light f ea* 
o!r r ?an f ! anci5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/      

di/+ui%$ ( mod]n ?9k]s1 a s*ol> ( ! r>e/
 classical atta9m5ts1 said to me 9      
ref]5ce to "s s*eme ( m9e = r5ew+ my    
classical /udies1 t !y w\ld be ( no m   
use to me ?an numismatics4 ,x is ?is    
feel+1 ! feel+ t ,greek speculation is (
 less consequ5ce to ! mod]n _w ?an      
,g]man & ,fr5* speculation1 :i* causes s
 _m ( u1 rightly or wrongly1 to reg>d x 
z a palontological curiosity1 int]e/+ = 
^? :o are curi\s z to ! pa/ ( ! human   
m9d1 b n likely to be influ5tial ^u its 
future4  ,?is e/imate ( anci5t ?9k+ is n
 (t5 express$ q s op5ly z ,i h j        
express$ x1 & yet x is v g5]ally        
preval5t ev5 among/ ! mo/ ?\ghtful p1   
especially if mod]n sci5ce has _h any   
conspicu\s influ5ce 9 ! =mation ( _!    
m9ds4 ,?o tru? is1 z ,sydney ,smi?      
obs]v$ _m ye>s ago1 t !re is a confusion
 ( language 9 ! use ( ! ^w anci5t4 ,we  
say ! anci5ts1 z if !y 7 old] & m       
exp]i5c$ m5 ?an we are1 :]eas ! age &   
exp]i5ce are entirely on our side4 ,!y 7
 ! clev] *ildr51 & we only are !        

:ite-be>d$1 silv]-head$ anci5ts1 :o h   
treasur$ up1 & are prep>$ to pr(it by1  
all ! exp]i5ce :i* human life c supply4 
,! s5se ( our l>g] exp]i5ce1 z x gr[s 9 
u & becomes m di/9ctly consci\s1        
produces a correspond+ decl9e 9 our     
feel+s ( rev]5ce = classic times4 ,! pa/
 has bequea!d to u its results1 & we h  
incorporat$ !m into our own edifice1 b  
we h us$ !m r z mat]ials ?an z models4  
,9 y\r practical desire to reta9 9      
education only :at is likely to be us$1 
y are will+ to pres]ve ,lat94 ,m4 ,jules
 ,simon says t ,lat9 ought to be /udi$  
only to be read4 ,on ?is po9t p]mit me  
to (f] an obs]vation4 ,! "o ?+ ,i regret
 ab\t ,lat9 is t we h ceas$ to speak x4 
,! natural me?od1 & by f> ! mo/ rapid & 
sure me?od ( le>n+ a language1 is to    
beg9 by acquir+ words 9 ord] to use !m  
to ask = :at we want2 aft] t we acquire 
o!r words = n>ration & ! expression (   
our s5tim5ts4 ,by f> ! %orte/ way to    
le>n to read a language is to beg9 by   
speak+ x4 ,! colloquial tongue is !     

basis ( ! lit]>y tongue4 ,?is is s true 
t ) all ! pa9s & tr\ble y give to !     
,lat9 education ( y\r pupils1 y _c tea* 
!m z mu* ,lat91 = read+ only1 9 ! c\rse 
( t5 ye>s1 z a liv+ =eign] w give !m ( 8
 own language 9 t5 mon?s4 ,i s]i\sly    
believe t if y\r object is to make boys 
read ,lat9 easily1 y beg9 at ! wrong    
end4 ,x is deplorable t ! le>n$ %\ld ev]
 h all[$ ,lat9 to become a dead         
language1 s9ce 9 p]mitt+ ?is !y h       
enorm\sly increas$ ! difficulty (       
acquir+ x1 ev5 = ! purposes ( s*ol>%ip4 
,no =eign] :o kn[s ! ,fr5* p w          
disapprove ( ! novel desire to "k !     
mod]n languages1 :i* has be5 "o ( ! mo/ 
unexpect$ consequ5ces ( ! w>4 ,_!       
extreme ignorance ( ! lit]ature ( o!r   
nations has be5 ! cause ( enorm\s evils4
 ,not)/&+ h] c5tral position1 ,france   
has be5 a v isolat$ c\ntry              
intellectually1 mu* m isolat$ ?an       
,engl&1 m isolat$ ev5 ?an ,transylvania1
 :]e =eign lit]atures are famili> to !  
cultivat$ classes4 ,?is isolation has   

produc$ v lam5table effects1 n only on !
 national culture b mo/ especially on ! 
national "*4 ,no mod]n nation1 h[ev]    
important1 c safely rema9 9 ignorance ( 
its contempor>ies4 ,! ,fr5*man 0 l a    
g5tleman %ut up )9 8 own p>k-wall1 hav+ 
no int]c\rse ) 8 neighbors1 & read+ no?+
 b ! hi/ory ( 8 own ance/ors--= !       
,romans 7 y\r ance/ors1 intellectually4 
,x is only by ! /udy ( liv+ languages1 &
 _! cont9ual use1 t we c le>n our true  
place 9 ! _w4 ,a ,fr5*man 0 /udy+       
,hebrew2 ,i v5tur$ to sugge/ t ,g]man   
might possibly be m useful4 ,to ?is he  
answ]$1 t !re 0 no lit]ature 9 ,g]man4  
,v\s avez ,goe!1 v\s avez ,s*ill]1 et   
v\s avez ,less+1 mais en dehors de ces  
trois noms il n'y a ri54 ,?is meant     
simply t my /ud5t ( ,hebrew measur$     
,g]man lit]ature by 8 own k ( x4 ,?ree  
names _h rea*$ him1 only names1 & only  
?ree ( !m4 ,z to ! m5 :o 7 unkn[n to him
 he _h decid$ t !y did n exi/4 ,c]ta9ly 
if !re are _m ,fr5*m5 9 ?is condition1 x
 is "t t !y le>n$ a little ,g]man4      

,,lett] ,,viii4  ,,to ,a ,,/ud5t ,,(    
,,mod]n ,,languages4    ,/&>d ( atta9m5t
 9 liv+ languages high] ?an 9 anci5t    
ones--,difficulty ( ma9ta9+ high        
pret5sions--,preval5t illusion   ab\t ! 
facility ( mod]n languages--,easy to    
speak !m badly--,"s   propositions bas$ 
^u exp]i5ce--,expectations &            
disappo9tm5ts4  ,_h y\r ma9 purpose 9 ! 
education ( y\rself 7,i d n say         
self-education1 = y wisely accept all   
help f o!rs7 be5 ! atta9m5t ( classical 
s*ol>%ip1 ,i might h obs]v$ t z !       
receiv$ /&>d 9 t k9d ( le>n+ is n a v   
elevat$ "o1 y might reasonably hope to  
rea* x ) a c]ta9 calculable quantity (  
ef=t4 ,! classical /ud5t has only to    
cont5d aga9/ o!r /ud5ts :o are & h be5  
situat$ v mu* z he is situat$ himself4  
,!y h le>n$ ,lat9 & ,greek f gramm>s &  
diction>ies z he is le>n+ !m1 & ! only  
natural advantages :i* any ( 8          
pr$ecessors may h possess$ are          
sup]iorities ( memory :i* may be        
comp5sat$ by 8 great] p]sev]ance1 or    

sup]iorities ( sympa?y to :i* he may    
level up by t acquir$ & artificial      
int]e/ :i* comes f protract$            
application4 ,b ! /ud5t ( mod]n         
languages has to cont5d aga9/ advantages
 ( situation1 z ! g>d5]s ( an           
inhospitable climate cont5d aga9/ !     
natural sun%9e ( ! s\?4 ,h[ easy x is to
 h a fruitful date-tree 9 ,arabia1 h[   
difficult 9 ,engl&6 ,h[ easy = !        
,flor5t9e to speak ,italian1 h[         
difficult = u6 ,! mod]n l+ui/ c nev]    
f5ce himself beh9d t /ately             
unque/ionabl5ess :i* %ields ! classical 
s*ol>4 ,8 k may at any "t be put to !   
sev]e/ ( all te/s1 to a te/ incomp>ably 
m sev]e ?an ! /ricte/ univ]sity         
exam9ation4 ,! fir/ native t he meets is
 8 exam9]1 ! fir/ =eign city is 8 ,ox=d4
 ,& ?is is probably "o reason :y        
accompli%m5t 9 mod]n languages has be5 r
 a matt] ( utility ?an ( dignity1 = x is
 difficult to keep up great pret5sions 9
 ! face ( a multitude ( critics4 ,:at   
w\ld ! mo/ le>n$-look+ g[n avail1 if a  

malici\s =eign] 7 laugh+ at u8  ,b !re  
is a deep satisfaction 9 ! sev]ity ( !  
te/4 ,an hone/ & c\rage\s /ud5t likes to
 be cle>ly aw>e ( ! exact value ( 8     
acquisitions4 ,he takes 8 ,fr5* to ,p>is
 & has x te/$ !re z we take our plate to
 ! silv]smi?1 & aft] t he kn[s1 or may  
"k1 q accurately :at x is wor?4 ,he has 
n ! dignity ( s*ol>%ip1 he is n held to 
be a le>n$ man1 b he has acquir$ some?+ 
:i* may be ( daily use to him 9 society1
 or 9 comm]ce1 or 9 lit]ature2 & !re are
 ?\s&s ( educat$ natives :o c accurately
 e/imate 8 atta9m5t & help him to a     
high] p]fection4 ,all ?is is deeply     
satisfy+ to a lov] ( intellectual       
realities4 ,! mod]n l+ui/ is always on  
firm gr\nd1 & 9 broad daylight4 ,he may 
imp$e 8 own progress by ! illusions (   
solit>y self-conceit1 b ! atmosph]e     
outside is n favorable to su* illusions4
 ,x is well = him t ! temptations to    
*>latanism are s few1 t ! risks (       
exposure are s frequ5t4  ,/ill !re are  
illusions1 & ! commone/ ( !m is t a     

mod]n language may be v easily ma/]$4   
,!re is a popul> idea t ,fr5* is easy1 t
 ,italian is easy1 t ,g]man is m        
difficult1 yet by no means insup]ably   
difficult4 ,x is believ$ t :5 an        
,engli%man has sp5t all ! be/ ye>s ( 8  
y\? 9 attempt+ to le>n ,lat9 & ,greek1  
he may acquire "o or two mod]n languages
 ) little ef=t dur+ a brief resid5ce on 
! ,cont95t4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t we may 
le>n any numb] ( =eign languages s z to 
speak !m badly1 b x surely _c be easy to
 speak !m well4 ,x may be inf]r$ t ?is  
is n easy because ! accompli%m5t is s   
r>e4 ,! inducem5ts are common1 !        
accompli%m5t is r>e4 ,?\s&s ( ,engli% p 
h v /rong reasons = le>n+ ,fr5*1 ?\s&s (
 ,fr5* p c\ld improve _! position by    
le>n+ ,engli%2 b r>e inde$ are ! m5 &   
wom5 :o "k bo? languages ?or\ghly4  ,!  
foll[+ propositions1 bas$ on mu*        
obs]vation ( a k9d :olly unprejudic$ &  
te/$ by a n inconsid]able exp]i5ce w be 
f\nd1 ,i believe1 unassailable4  #a4    
,:5ev] a =eign language is p]fectly     

acquir$ !re are peculi> family          
conditions4 ,! p]son has ei!r m>ri$ a   
p]son ( ! o!r nation1 or is ( mix$      
blood4  #b4 ,:5 a =eign language has be5
 acquir$ 7!re are in/ances ( ?is7 9 q   
absolute p]fection1 !re is almo/ always 
"s loss 9 ! native tongue4 ,ei!r !      
native tongue is n spok5 correctly1 or x
 is n spok5 ) p]fect ease4  #c4 ,a man  
sometimes speaks two languages          
correctly1 8 fa!r's & 8 "m's1 or 8 own &
 8 wife's1 b nev] ?ree4  #d4 ,*ildr5 c  
speak sev]al languages exactly l        
natives1 b 9 succession1 nev]           
simultane\sly4 ,!y =get ! fir/ 9 acquir+
 ! second1 & s on4  #e4 ,a language _c  
be le>n$ by an adult )\t five ye>s'     
resid5ce 9 ! c\ntry :]e x is spok51 &   
)\t habits ( close obs]vation a resid5ce
 ( tw5ty ye>s is insuffici5t4  ,?is is n
 enc\rag+1 b x is ! tru?4 ,happily1 a k 
:i* falls f> %ort ( ma/]y may be ( mu*  
practical use 9 ! common affairs ( life1
 & may ev5 af=d "s initiation into =eign
 lit]atures4 ,i d n argue t because     

p]fection is d5i$ ( u by ! circum/ances 
( our lives or ! necessities ( our      
organization we are !re=e to ab&on !    
/udy to e language b ! "m tongue4 ,x may
 be ( use to u to "k sev]al languages   
imp]fectly1 if only we confess !        
hopelessness ( absolute atta9m5t4 ,t :i*
 is truly1 & deeply1 & s]i\sly an injury
 to our intellectual life1 is !         
fooli%ness ( ! too common vanity :i*    
fir/ deludes itself ) *ildi%            
expectations & !n tortures itself ) late
 regret = failure :i* might h be5 easily
 =ese54   ,,lett] ,,ix4  ,,to ,a ,,/ud5t
 ,,( ,,mod]n ,,languages4    ,cases kn[n
 to ! ,au?or--,op9ion ( an ,engli%      
l+ui/--,family   conditions--,an        
,engli%man :o liv$ =ty ye>s 9           
,france--,influ5ce   ( *ildr5--,an      
,italian 9 ,france--,displacem5t ( "o   
language by   ano!r4 ,engli% lady m>ri$ 
to a ,fr5*man--,an ,italian 9           
,g>ibaldi's army--,corruption (         
languages by ! un$ucat$ :5 !y   le>n m  
?an "o--,neapolitan s]vant ( an ,engli% 

g5tleman--,a   ,scot* s]vant-woman--,!  
au?or's elde/ boy--,sub/itution ( "o    
language = ano!r--,9 mature life we lose
 facility--,! resi/+   p[] (            
adults--,se5 9 int]national             
m>riages--,case ( a retir$   ,engli%    
(fic]--,two ,g]mans 9 ,france--,g]mans 9
 ,london--,!   innoc5ce ( !             
e>--,imp]fect atta9m5t ( little         
intellectual   use--,too _m languages   
attempt$ 9 education--,polyglot         
wait]s--,indirect b5efits4  ,my five    
propositions ab\t le>n+ mod]n languages 
appe> f y\r answ] to h r surpris$ y1 & y
 ask = "s in/ances 9 illu/ration4 ,i am 
aw>e t my la/ lett] 0 dogmatic1 s let me
 beg9 by begg+ y\r p>don = its          
dogmatism4 ,! pres5t communication may  
/e] cle> ( t rock ( (f5ce1 = x %all     
conf9e itself to an acc\nt ( cases t ,i 
h kn[n4  ,"o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ (       
,engli% l+ui/s rem>k$ to me t aft] mu*  
obs]vation ( ! labors ( o!rs1 & a fair  
e/imate ( 8 own1 he _h come to ! r      
disc\rag+ conclusion t x 0 n possible to

 le>n a =eign language4 ,he did n take  
acc\nt ( ! "o exceptional class ( cases 
:]e ! family conditions make ! use ( two
 languages habitual4 ,! mo/ favorable   
family conditions are n 9 !mselves      
suffici5t to ensure ! acquisition ( a   
language1 b :]ev] an in/ance ( p]fect   
acquisition is to be f\nd1 ^! family    
conditions are always f\nd along ) x4   
,my fri5d ,w41 an ,engli% arti/ liv+ 9  
,p>is1 speaks ,fr5* ) q absolute        
accuracy z to gramm> & *oice (          
expression1 & ) accuracy ( pronunciation
 s ne>ly absolute t ! be/ ,fr5* e>s c   
detect no?+ wrong b ! pronunciation ( ! 
lett] r4 ,he has liv$ 9 ,france = !     
space ( =ty ye>s1 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r 
9 =ty ye>s he c\ld h ma/]$ ! language z 
he has done if he _h n m>ri$ a native4  
,fr5* has be5 8 home language = #cj ye>s
 & m1 & ! p]fect ease & naturalness ( 8 
diction are due to ! p[]ful home        
influ5ces1 especially to ! influ5ce (   
*ildr54 ,a *ild is born t speaks ! =eign
 tongue f ! fir/ in>ticulate beg9n+s ,x 

makes its own *ild language1 & ! fa!r z 
he he>s x is born ov] aga9 9 ! =eign l& 
by t5d] pat]nal sympa?y4 ,gradually !   
sweet *ild-talk gives place to ! p]fect 
tongue & ! fa!r foll[s x by ins5sible   
gradations1 himself ! mo/ docile (      
pupils1 l$ onw>d r ?an in/ruct$ by !    
w9n+ & playful little ma/]1 incomp>ably 
! be/ ( ma/]s4 ,! process "h is nature's
 own inimitable process4 ,e new *ild t  
is born to a man s situat$ c>ries him   
?r\gh a repetition ( t m>vell\s c\rse ( 
tea*+4 ,! language gr[s 9 8 bra9 f !    
fir/ rudim5ts--! real natural rudim5ts1 
n ! h>d rudim5ts ( ! gramm>ian--j z     
plants gr[ naturally f _! se$s4 ,x has n
 be5 built by human processes ( piec+   
toge!r1 b has develop$ itself l a liv+  
creature4 ,?is way ( le>n+ a language   
possesses ov] ! diction>y process       
exactly ! k9d ( sup]iority :i* a liv+   
man1 develop$ naturally f ! foetus1     
possesses ov] ! ela/ic anatomical       
man-model ( ! +5i\s doctor ,auz\x4 ,!   
doctor's models are rem>kably p]fect 9  

con/ruction1 !y h all ! organs1 b !y h n
 life4  ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is natural process 
( gr[? is all[$ to g =w>d )\t wat*ful   
c>e1 x is likely to displace ! "m       
tongue4 ,x is sometimes affirm$ t !     
impressions ( *ildhood are nev] effac$1 
t ! "m tongue is nev] =gott54 ,x may be 
t x is nev] :olly =gott51 except 9 !    
case ( "y *ildr51 b x may become s      
imp]fect z to be practically ( little   
use4 ,i knew an ,italian :o came to     
,france z a "y man & le>n$ 8 pr(ession  
!re4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds naturaliz$1 m>ri$ a 
,fr5* lady1 _h sev]al *ildr51 pursu$ a v
 successful c>e] 9 ,p>is1 & became      
ultimately ,fr5* ,ambassador at ! c\rt (
 ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,8 ,fr5* 0 s p]fect 
t x 0 q impossible = any "o to detect ! 
usual ,italian acc5ts4 ,i us$ to c\nt   
him z a rem>kable & almo/ solit>y       
in/ance ( a man speak+ two languages 9  
_! p]fection1 b ,i le>n$ s9ce !n t 8    
,fr5* _h displac$ 8 ,italian1 & s       
completely t he 0 q unable to speak     
,italian correctly1 & made use ( ,fr5*  

inv>iably :5 9 ,italy4 ,! risk ( ?is    
displacem5t is always greate/ 9 cases   
:]e ! native tongue is n kept up by     
means ( lit]ature4 ,byron & ,%elley1 or 
our contempor>y ,*>les ,lev]1 w\ld run  
little risk ( los+ ,engli% by cont95tal 
resid5ce1 b p n accu/om$ to read+ &     
writ+ (t5 =get ! "m tongue 9 a few ye>s1
 ev5 :5 ! =eign "o :i* has displac$ x is
 /ill 9 a /ate ( imp]fection4 ,madame   
,l4 is an ,engli% lady :o m>ri$ a       
,fr5*man2 nei!r h] husb& nor h] *ildr5  
speak ,engli%1 & z h] relatives live 9  
"o ( our mo/ di/ant colonies1 %e has be5
 sep>at$ f !m = _m ye>s4 ,isolat$ ?us f 
,engli% society1 liv+ 9 a "p ( ,france  
r>ely visit$ by h] c\ntrym51 nev] read+ 
,engli%1 & writ+ x little & at long     
int]vals1 %e speaks x n[ ) mu*          
difficulty & diffid5ce4 ,h] ,fr5* is n  
grammatical1 ?\gh %e has liv$ = _m ye>s 
) p :o speak grammatically2 b !n h]     
,fr5* is flu5t & alive1 truly h] own    
liv+ language n[1 :il/ ,engli% is1 if n 
:olly =gott51 dead almo/ z our ,lat9 is 

dead4 ,%e & ,i always speak ,fr5* toge!r
 :5 we meet1 because x is easi] = h] ?an
 ,engli%1 & a m natural expression4 ,i h
 kn[n "s o!r cases ( displacem5t ( !    
native tongue1 & h lately _h !          
opportunity ( wat*+ a case ( su*        
displacem5t dur+ its progress4 ,a       
s]geant 9 ! ,italian army des]t$ to jo9 
,g>ibaldi 9 ! campaign ( #ahgj4 ,on !   
conclusion ( peace x 0 impossible = him 
to return to ,italy1 s he settl$ 9      
,france & m>ri$ !re4 ,i f\nd "s "w =    
him1 & = "s mon?s saw him frequ5tly4 ,up
 to ! date ( 8 m>riage he spoke no      
language b ,italian1 :i* he c\ld read & 
write correctly1 b aft] 8 m>riage !     
process ( displacem5t ( ! native tongue 
began imm$iately by ! corruption ( x4   
,he did n keep 8 ,italian safely by     
itself1 putt+ ! ,fr5* 9 a place ( its   
own z he gradually acquir$ x1 b he mix$ 
! two inextricably toge!r4 ,imag9e !    
case ( a man :o1 hav+ a bottle half full
 ( w9e1 gets "s be] giv5 him & p\rs x   
imm$iately into ! w9e-bottle4 ,! be] w  

nev] be pure be]1 b x w effectually     
spoil ! w9e4 ,?is process is n s mu* "o 
( displacem5t z ( corruption1 x takes   
place readily 9 uncultivat$ m9ds1 )     
feeble sep>at+ p[]s4 ,ano!r example (   
?is 0 a ,neapolitan s]vant ( an ,engli% 
g5tleman1 :o mix$ 8 ,italian twice1 fir/
 ) ,fr5* & aft]w>ds ) ,engli%1 produc+ a
 comp\nd intelligible to nobody b       
himself1 if inde$ he himself und]/ood x4
 ,at ! "t ,i knew him1 ! man _h no means
 ( communication ) 8 species4 ,:5 8 ma/]
 told him to d any?+1 he made a guess at
 :at 0 likely to be = ! mom5t 8 ma/]'s  
mo/ probable want1 & sometimes hit !    
m>k1 b m g5]ally miss$ x4 ,! man's "n 0 
,alb]9o1 & ,i rememb] on "o occasion    
pr(it+ by a mi/ak5 guess ( 84 ,aft] a   
visit to ,alb]9o's ma/]1 my s]vant      
br\ght =? a magnific5t basket ( tr\t1   
:i* surpris$ me1 z no?+ _h be5 said ab\t
 !m4 ,h[ev]1 we ate !m1 & only discov]$ 
aft]w>ds t ! pres5t 0 due to an illusion
 ( ,alb]9o's4 ,8 ma/] _h nev] told him  
to give me ! tr\t1 b he _h int]pret$ "s 

o!r ord] 9 t s5se4 ,:5 y ask$ him =     
mu/>d1 he w\ld fir/ t\* ! salt1 & !n !  
pepp]1 etc41 look+ at y inquir+ly till y
 nodd$ ass5t4 ,any attempt at           
conv]sation ) ,alb]9o 0 sure to lead to 
a p]fect com$y ( misund]/&+s4 ,he nev]  
_h ! remote/ idea ( :at 8 int]locutor 0 
talk+ ab\t2 b he pret5d$ to cat* y\r    
mean+1 & answ]$ at haphaz>d4 ,he _h a   
habit ( talk+ al\d to himself1 b 9 a    
tongue no man c\ld und]/&4  ,x is a law 
t cultivat$ p c keep languages ap>t1 & 9
 _! purity1 bett] ?an p]sons :o h n     
habits ( intellectual analysis4 ,:5 ,i  
liv$ 9 ,scotl& ?ree languages 7 spok5 9 
my h\se all day long1 & a h\semaid came 
to u f ! ,l[l&s :o spoke no?+ b ,l[l&   
,scot*4 ,%e us$ to ask :at 0 ! ,fr5* =  
?is ?+ or t1 & !n :at 0 ! ,gaelic = x4  
,hav+ be5 answ]$1 %e inv>iably ask$ !   
f>!r "q :i* ( ! ?ree words1 ,fr5*1      
,gaelic1 or ,engli%1 0 ! "r ^w4 ,%e     
rema9$1 to ! la/1 entirely incapable (  
conceiv+ h[ all ! ?ree c\ld be "r4 ,_h  
%e le>n$ ano!r language1 x mu/ h be5 by 

sub/itution = h] own4 ,?is is exactly ! 
natural process :i* takes place 9 !     
bra9s ( *ildr5 :o are transf]r$ f "o    
c\ntry to ano!r4 ,my elde/ boy spoke    
,engli% 9 *ildhood z well z any o!r     
,engli% *ild ( 8 age4 ,he 0 tak5 to !   
s\? ( ,france1 & 9 ?ree mon?s he replac$
 8 ,engli% ) ,prov5al1 :i* he le>n$ f ! 
s]vants ab\t him4 ,!re 7 two ladies 9 ! 
h\se :o spoke ,engli% well1 & did all 9 
_! p[]1 9 compliance ) my urg5t         
entreaties1 to pres]ve ! boy's native   
language2 b ! sub/itution took place too
 rapidly1 & 0 beyond control4 ,he began 
by an unwill+ness to use ,engli% words  
:5ev] he c\ld use ,prov5al in/ead1 & 9 a
 rem>kably %ort "t ?is unwill+ness 0    
succe$$ by inability4 ,! native language
 0 z completely tak5 out ( 8 bra9 z a   
viol9 is tak5 out ( its case3 no?+      
rema9$1 no?+1 n "o ^w1 n any e*o ( an   
acc5t4 ,& z a viol9i/ may put a new     
in/rum5t into ! case f :i* he has remov$
 ! old "o1 s ! new language occupi$ !   
:ole space :i* _h be5 occupi$ by        

,engli%4 ,:5 ,i saw ! *ild aga91 !re 0  
no means ( communication betwe5 u4      
,aft] t1 he 0 remov$ to ! nor? (        
,france1 & ! same process began aga94 ,z
 ,prov5al _h pu%$ out ,engli%1 s ,fr5*  
began to pu% out ,prov5al4 ,! process 0 
wond]fully rapid4 ,! *ild he>d p speak  
,fr5*1 & he began to speak ,fr5* l !m   
)\t any =mal tea*+4 ,he spoke ! language
 z he brea!d ! air4 ,9 a few weeks he   
did n reta9 ! lea/ remnant ( 8 ,prov5al2
 x 0 gone aft] 8 ,engli% into ! limbo ( 
! utt]ly =gott54  ,noveli/s h           
occasionally made use ( cases simil> to 
?is1 b !y speak ( ! =gott5 language z   
be+ =gott5 9 ! mann] t ,scott =got !    
manuscript ( ,wav]ley1 :i* he f\nd      
aft]w>ds 9 ! draw]s ( an old writ+-desk 
:5 he 0 seek+ = fi%+-tackle4 ,!y assume 
7conv5i5tly = ! purposes ( _! art7 t !  
fir/ language we le>n is nev] really    
lo/1 b may be z x 7 "u c]ta9            
circum/ances mislaid1 to be f\nd aga9 at
 "s future p]iod4 ,n[1 al?\gh some?+ (  
?is k9d may be possible :5 ! fir/       

language has be5 spok5 9 r advanc$      
boyhood1 ,i am conv9c$ t 9 *ildhood a   
consid]able numb] ( languages might     
succe$ ea* o!r )\t leav+ any trace      
:atev]4 ,i might h rem>k$ t 9 addition  
to ,engli%1 ,prov5al1 & ,fr5*1 my boy _h
 und]/ood ,gaelic 9 8 infancy1 at lea/  
to "s ext5t1 ?\gh he did n speak x4 ,!  
languages 9 8 case succe$$ ea* o!r )\t  
any co/ ( ef=t1 & )\t any appreciable   
effect on heal?4 ,! pronunciation ( ea* 
language 0 q faultless s f> z =eign     
acc5t w5t2 ! *ild _h ! defects ( *ildr51
 b ( *ildr5 born 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries   
:]e he liv$4  ,z we gr[ old] ?is        
facility ( acquisition gradually leaves 
u4 ,m4 ,phil>te ,*asles says t x is q   
impossible = any adult to le>n ,g]man3  
an adult may le>n ,g]man z ,dr4 ,arnold 
did = purposes ( erudition1 = :i* x is  
en\gh to "k a language z we "k ,lat91 b 
?is is n ma/]y4 ,y h met ) _m =eign     
resid5ts 9 ,engl&1 :o aft] /ay+ 9 !     
c\ntry = _m ye>s c b>ely make !mselves  
intelligible1 & mu/ c]ta9ly be incapable

 ( appreciat+ ^? beauties ( our         
lit]ature :i* are dep5d5t ^u arrangem5ts
 ( s\nd4 ,! resi/+ p[] ( ! adult bra9 is
 q z rem>kable z ! assimilat+ p[] ( !   
immature bra94 ,a *ild he>s a s\nd1 &   
repeats x ) p]fect accuracy2 a man he>s 
a s\nd1 & by way ( imitation utt]s      
some?+ altoge!r diff]5t1 be+ nev]!less  
p]suad$ t x is at lea/ a close &        
satisfactory approximation4 ,*ildr5     
imitate well1 b adults badly1 & !       
acquisition ( languages dep5ds ma9ly on 
imitation4 ,! resi/+ p[] ( adults is (t5
 se5 v rem>kably 9 int]national         
m>riages4 ,9 ^? classes ( society :]e   
!re is n mu* culture1 or leisure or     
disposition = culture1 ! "o w n le>n !  
o!r's language f opportunity or f       
affection1 b only "u absolute necessity4
 ,x seems z if two p liv+ always toge!r 
w\ld ga9 ea* o!r's languages z a matt] (
 c\rse1 b ! fact is t !y d n4 ,fr5* p :o
 m>ry =eign]s d n usually acquire !     
=eign language if ! pair rema9 9        
,france2 ,engli% p "u simil> conditions 

make ! attempt m frequ5tly1 b !y re/    
cont5t$ ) imp]fect atta9m5t4  ,if ! p[] 
( resi/ance is s great 9 p :o be+ w$d$  
toge!r = life h peculi>ly /rong         
inducem5ts = le>n+ ea* o!r's languages1 
x ne$ surprise u little to f9d a l p[] (
 resi/ance 9 cases :]e motives (        
affection are altoge!r abs5t4 ,engli%m5 
:o g to ,france z adults1 & settle !re1 
frequ5tly rema9 = _m ye>s 9 a /ate (    
half-k :i*1 ?\gh x may c>ry !m ?r\gh !  
little difficulties ( life at railway   
/ations & re/aurants1 is = any          
intellectual purpose ( no conceivable   
utility4 ,i knew a retir$ ,engli% (fic]1
 a ba*elor1 :o = _m ye>s _h liv$ 9 ,p>is
 )\t any int5tion ( return+ to ,engl&4  
,8 ,fr5* j b>ely c>ri$ him ?r\gh ! small
 transactions ( 8 daily life1 b 0 s     
limit$ & s incorrect t he c\ld n ma9ta9 
a conv]sation4 ,8 vocabul>y 0 v meagre2 
8 g5d]s 7 all wrong1 & he did n "k "o   
s+le v]b1 lit]ally n "o4 ,8             
pronunciation 0 s =eign z to be v ne>ly 
un9telligible1 & he hesitat$ s mu* t x 0

 pa9ful to h to li/5 to him4 ,i c\ld    
m5tion a celebrat$ ,g]man1 :o has liv$ 9
 or ne> ,p>is = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & :o c
 nei!r speak nor write ! language ) any 
approa* to accuracy4 ,ano!r ,g]man1 :o  
settl$ 9 ,france z a ma/] ( languages1  
wrote ,fr5* tol]ably1 b spoke x         
9tol]ably4 ,!re are ,g]mans 9 ,london1  
:o h liv$ !re long en\gh to h families &
 make =tunes1 yet :o cont9ue to repeat !
 ord9>y ,g]man faults ( pronunciation1 !
 same faults :i* !y committ$ ye>s ago1  
:5 fir/ !y l&$ on our %ores4  ,! *ild   
he>s & repeats ! true s\nd1 ! adult     
misleads himself by ! spell+4 ,seldom   
inde$ c ! adult recov] ! innoc5ce ( !   
e>4 ,x is l ! innoc5ce ( ! eye1 :i* has 
to be recov]$ be=e we c pa9t f nature1 &
 :i* belongs only to infancy & to art4  
,let me obs]ve1 9 conclusion1 t al?\gh  
to "k a =eign language p]fectly is a mo/
 valuable aid to ! intellectual life1 ,i
 h nev] kn[n an in/ance ( v imp]fect    
atta9m5t :i* seem$ to enri* ! /ud5t     
intellectually4 ,until y c really feel !

 ref9em5ts ( a language1 y\r m5tal      
culture c get little help or fur!rance f
 x ( any k9d1 no?+ b an int]m9able s]ies
 ( misund]/&+s4 ,i ?9k t 9 ! education (
 our boys too _m languages are attempt$1
 & t _! m9ds w\ld pr(it m by ! p]fect   
acquisition ( a s+le language 9 addition
 to ! native tongue4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is  
look+ at ! matt] simply f ! intellectual
 po9t ( view4 ,!re may be practical     
reasons = kn[+ sev]al languages         
imp]fectly4 ,x may be ( use to _m m5 9  
comm]cial situations to "k a little (   
sev]al languages1 ev5 a few words &     
phrases are valuable to a travell]1 b   
all intellectual labor ( ! high] k9d    
requires mu* m ?an t4 ,x is ( use to    
society t !re %\ld be polyglot wait]s :o
 c tell u :5 ! tra9 />ts 9 f\r or five  
languages2 b ! polyglot wait]s !mselves 
are n intellectually advanc$ by _!      
accompli%m5t2 =1 aft] all1 ! facts ( !  
railway "t-table are always ! same small
 facts1 9 h[ev] _m languages !y may be  
ann\nc$4 ,true culture ought to /r5g!n !

 faculty ( ?9k+1 & to provide ! mat]ial 
^u :i* t noble faculty may op]ate4 ,an  
accompli%m5t :i* does nei!r ( ^! two ?+s
 = u is useless = our culture1 ?\gh x   
may be ( consid]able practical conv5i5ce
 9 ! affairs ( ord9>y life4 ,x is "r to 
add1 h[ev]1 t !re is sometimes an       
indirect intellectual b5efit f su*      
accompli%m5ts4 ,to be able to ord] d9n] 
9 ,spani% is n 9 itself an intellectual 
advantage2 b if ! d9n]1 :5 y h eat5 x1  
enables y to visit a ca!dral ^:         
ar*itecture y are qualifi$ to           
appreciate1 !re is a cle> intellectual  
ga91 ?\gh an indirect "o4   ,,lett] ,x4 
,,to ,a ,,/ud5t ,,:o ,,lam5t$ ,,8       
,,defective ,,memory4    ,! au?or r     
incl9$ to congratulation ?an to         
condol5ce--,value   ( a select+         
memory--,/udies ( ! "y ,goe!--,8 great  
faculty   ( assimilation--,a good lit]>y
 memory l a well-edit$   p]iodical--,!  
select+ memory 9 art--,trea*]\s         
memories--,cures   sugge/$ = !m--,!     
mnemote*nic art contr>y to ! true       

discipl9e ( ! m9d--,two in/ances--,!    
memory safely aid$ only by   "r         
association4  ,s f> f writ+1 z y seem to
 expect me to d1 a lett] ( condol5ce on 
! subject ( :at y are pleas$ to call y\r
 mis]able memory1 ,i feel dispos$ r to  
indite a lett] ( congratulation4 ,x is  
possible t y may be bless$ ) a select+  
memory1 :i* is n only useful = :at x    
reta9s b = :at x rejects4 ,9 ! imm5se   
mass ( facts :i* come be=e y 9 lit]ature
 & 9 life1 x is well t y %\ld suff] f z 
little bewild]m5t z possible4 ,! nature 
( y\r memory saves y f ?is by           
unconsci\sly select+ :at has int]e/$ y1 
& lett+ ! re/ g by4 ,:at int]e/s y is   
:at conc]ns y4  ,9 say+ ?is ,i speak    
simply f ! intellectual po9t ( view1 &  
suppose y to be an intellectual man by !
 natural organization ( y\r bra91 to    
beg9 )4 ,9 say+ t :at int]e/s y is :at  
conc]ns y1 ,i mean intellectually1 n    
mat]ially4 ,x may conc]n y1 9 ! pecuni>y
 s5se1 to take an int]e/ 9 ! law2 yet   
y\r m9d1 left to itself1 w\ld take      

little or no int]e/ 9 law1 b an absorb+ 
int]e/ 9 botany4 ,! passionate /udies ( 
! "y ,goe!1 9 _m diff]5t directions1    
always 9 ob$i5ce to ! pr$om9ant int]e/s 
( ! mom5t1 are ! be/ example ( ! way 9  
:i* a great intellect1 ) rem>kable p[]s 
( acquisition & lib]ty to gr[ 9 free    
luxuriance1 s5ds its roots into v>i\s   
soils & draws f !m ! con/itu5ts ( its   
sap4 ,z a /ud5t ( law1 z a univ]sity    
/ud5t ev51 he 0 n ( ! type :i* p>5ts &  
pr(essors consid] satisfactory4 ,he     
neglect$ jurisprud5ce1 he neglect$ ev5 8
 college /udies1 b took an int]e/ 9 s _m
 o!r pursuits t 8 m9d became ri* inde$4 
,yet ! weal? :i* 8 m9d acquir$ seems to 
h be5 due to t lib]ty ( rang+ by :i* x 0
 p]mitt$ to him to seek 8 own ev]y:]e1  
accord+ to ! maxim ( ,fr5* law1 *acun   
pr5d son bi5 o il le tr\ve4 ,_h he be5 a
 poor /ud5t1 b\nd d[n to ! exclusively  
legal /udies1 :i* did n greatly int]e/  
him1 x is likely t no "o w\ld ev] h     
suspect$ 8 imm5se faculty (             
assimilation4 ,9 ?is way m5 :o are set  

by o!rs to load _! memories ) :at is n  
_! prop] intellectual food1 nev] get !  
cr$it ( hav+ any memory at all1 & end by
 !mselves believ+ t !y h none4 ,^! bad  
memories are (t5 ! be/1 !y are (t5 !    
select+ memories4 ,!y seldom w9         
di/9ction 9 exam9ations1 b 9 lit]ature &
 art4 ,!y are q incomp>ably sup]ior to !
 miscellane\s memories t receive only z 
boxes & draw]s receive :at is put into  
!m4 ,a good lit]>y or arti/ic memory is 
n l a po/-(fice t takes 9 ev]y?+1 b l a 
v well-edit$ p]iodical :i* pr9ts no?+ t 
does n h>monize ) its intellectual life4
 ,a well-kn[n au?or gave me ?is piece ( 
advice3 ,take z _m notes z y l1 b :5 y  
write d n look at !m--:at y rememb] is  
:at y mu/ write1 & y ought to give ?+s  
exactly ! degree ( relative importance t
 !y h 9 y\r memory4 ,if y =get mu*1 x is
 well1 x w only save be=eh& ! labor (   
erasure4 ,?is advice w\ld n be suitable 
to e au?or2 an au?or :o dealt mu* 9     
m9ute facts ought to be all[$ to ref] to
 8 memor&a2 b f ! arti/ic po9t ( view 9 

lit]ature ! advice 0 wise inde$4 ,9     
pa9t+1 our pref]5ces select :il/ we are 
9 ! pres5ce ( nature1 & our memory      
selects :5 we are away f nature4 ,! mo/ 
beautiful compositions are produc$ by ! 
select+ (fice ( ! memory1 :i* reta9s "s 
features1 & ev5 greatly exagg]ates !m1  
:il/ x dim9i%es o!rs & (t5 altoge!r     
omits !m4 ,an arti/ :o blam$ himself =  
^! exagg]ations & omissions w\ld blame  
himself = be+ an arti/4  ,let me add a  
prote/ aga9/ ! common me?ods ( cur+ :at 
are call$ trea*]\s memories4 ,!y are    
g5]ally f\nd$ ^u ! association ( ideas1 
:i* is s f> rational1 b !n ! sort (     
association :i* !y h rec\rse to is      
unnatural1 & produces precisely ! sort (
 disord] :i* w\ld be produc$ 9 dress if 
a man 7 insane en\gh to tie1 let u say1 
a fry+-pan to "o ( 8 coat-tails & a     
*ild's kite to ! o!r4 ,! true discipl9e 
( ! m9d is to be effect$ only by        
associat+ ^? ?+s toge!r :i* h a real    
relation ( "s k9d1 & ! pr(\nd] !        
relation1 ! m x is bas$ ^u ! natural    

con/itution ( ?+s1 & ! less x conc]ns   
trifl+ ext]nal details1 ! bett] w be !  
ord] ( ! intellect4 ,! mnemote*nic art  
:olly disreg>ds ?is1 & is !re=e unsuit$ 
= intellectual p]sons1 ?\gh x may be (  
"s practical use 9 ord9>y life4 ,a      
little book on memory1 ( :i* _m editions
 h be5 sold1 sugge/s to m5 :o =get _!   
umbrellas t !y ought always to associate
 ! image ( an umbrella ) t ( an op5     
door1 s t !y c\ld nev] leave any h\se   
)\t ?9k+ ( "o4 ,b w\ld x n be pref]able 
to lose two or ?ree gu9eas annually r   
?an see a spectral umbrella 9 e doorway8
 ,! same writ] sugge/s an idea :i*      
appe>s ev5 m objectionable4 ,because we 
are apt to lose "t1 we ought1 he says1  
to imag9e a skeleton clock-face on !    
visage ( e man we talk )2 t is to say1  
we ought sy/ematically to set ab\t      
produc+ 9 our bra9s an absurd           
association ( ideas1 :i* is q closely   
alli$ to "o ( ! mo/ common =ms (        
insanity4 ,x is bett] to =get umbrellas 
& lose h\rs ?an fill our m9ds )         

associations ( a k9d :i* e discipl9$    
intellect does all x c to get rid (4 ,! 
rational art ( memory is t us$ 9 natural
 sci5ce4 ,we rememb] anatomy & botany   
because1 al?\gh ! facts !y tea* are     
inf9itely num]\s1 !y are arrang$ accord+
 to ! con/ructive ord] ( nature4 ,unless
 !re 7 a cle> relation betwe5 ! anatomy 
( "o animal & t ( o!rs1 ! memory w\ld   
refuse to burd5 itself ) ! details ( _! 
/ructure4 ,s 9 ! /udy ( languages we    
le>n sev]al languages by p]ceiv+ _! true
 /ructural relations1 & rememb]+ ^!4    
,association ( ?is k9d1 & ! ma9t5ance ( 
ord] 9 ! m9d1 are ! only arts ( memory  
compatible ) ! "r gov]nm5t ( !          
intellect4 ,incongru\s1 & ev5 sup]ficial
 associations ought to be sy/ematically 
disc\rag$1 & we ought to value !        
negative or reject+ p[] ( ! memory4 ,!  
f9e/ intellects are z rem>kable = ! ease
 ) :i* !y resi/ & ?r[ (f :at does n     
conc]n !m z = ! p]man5ce ) :i* _! own   
tru?s engrave !mselves4 ,!y are l cle>  
glass1 :i* fluoric acid et*es indelibly1

 b :i* comes out ( vitriol intact4      
,,lett] ,,xi4  ,,to ,a ,,ma/] ,,( ,,arts
 ,,:o ,,said ,,t ,a ,,c]ta9 ,,di/+ui%$  
,,pa9t] ,,0 ,,half-,,educat$4           
,conv5tional idea ab\t ! complet5ess (  
education--,! e/imate (   a             
s*oolma/]--,no "o c be fully            
educat$--,ev5 ,leon>do da ,v9ci   fell  
%ort ( ! complete expression ( 8        
faculties--,! ^w   education us$ 9 two  
diff]5t s5ses--,! acquisition (   k--,:o
 are ! le>n$8--,quotation f ,sydney     
,smi?--,:at a   half-educat$ pa9t] _h   
le>n$--,:at faculties he _h develop$4   
,an intellig5t lady 0 lam5t+ to me ! o!r
 day t :5 %e he>d any?+ %e did n q agree
 )1 x only set h] ?9k+1 & did n sugge/  
any imm$iate reply4 ,?ree h\rs aft]w>ds1
 %e add$1 ,i arrive at ! answ] :i* ought
 to h be5 giv51 b !n x is exactly ?ree  
h\rs too late4  ,be+ afflict$ )         
precisely ! same pitiable infirmity1 ,i 
said no?+ 9 reply to a /atem5t y made   
ye/]day ev5+ at d9n]1 b x occupi$ me 9 !
 hansom z x roll$ betwe5 ! monoton\s    

l9es ( h\ses1 & foll[$ me ev5 into my   
b$-room4 ,i %\ld l to answ] x ?is morn+1
 z "o answ]s a lett]4  ,y said t our    
fri5d ! pa9t] 0 half-educat$4 ,?is made 
me try to und]/& :at x is to be         
?ree-qu>t]s educat$1 & sev5-eigh?s      
educat$1 & f9ally :at mu/ be t q p]fect 
/ate ( ! man :o is :ole-educat$4  ,i fe>
 t y mu/ h adopt$ "s conv5tional idea   
ab\t complet5ess ( education1 s9ce y    
believe t !re is any su* ?+ z           
complet5ess1 & t education c be measur$ 
by fractions1 l ! divisions ( a two-foot
 rule4  ,is n su* an idea j a little    
arbitr>y8 ,x seems to be ! idea ( a     
s*oolma/]1 ) 8 little li/ ( subjects & 8
 pr(essional habit ( e/imat+ ! progress 
( 8 boys by ! good m>ks !y are likely to
 obta9 f _! exam9]s4 ,! half-educat$    
s*oolboy w\ld be a s*oolboy half-way    
t[>ds 8 ba*elor's degree--is t x8  ,9 ! 
e/imates ( s*ool & college ?is may be s1
 & x may be well to keep up ! illusion1 
dur+ boyhood1 t !re is su* a ?+         
atta9able z ! complete education t y    

assume4 ,b ! wid] exp]i5ce ( manhood    
t5ds r to conv9ce u t no "o c be fully  
educat$1 & t ! m ri* & v>i\s ! natural  
tal5ts1 ! great] w be ! difficulty (    
educat+ ! :ole ( !m4 ,inde$ x does n    
appe> t 9 a /ate ( society s advanc$ 9 !
 diff]5t specialities z ours is1 m5 7   
ev] int5d$ to d m ?an develop by        
education a few ( _! natural gifts4 ,!  
only man :o came ne> to a complete      
education 0 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 b su* a  
p]sonage w\ld be impossible to-day4 ,no 
contempor>y ,leon>do c\ld be at ! same  
"t a lead] 9 f9e art1 a great milit>y & 
civil eng9e]1 & a discov]] 9 !oretical  
sci5ce2 ! speciali/s h gone too f> =    
him4 ,born 9 our day1 ,leon>do w\ld h   
be5 ei!r a speciali/ or an amateur4     
,situat$ ev5 z he 01 9 a "t & c\ntry s  
rem>kably favorable to ! g5]al          
developm5t ( a v>i\sly gift$ man1 he    
/ill fell %ort ( ! complete expansion ( 
all 8 extraord9>y faculties4 ,he 0 a    
great arti/1 & yet 8 arti/ic p[] 0 nev] 
develop$ beyond ! po9t ( elaborately    

c>eful labor2 he nev] atta9$ ! assur$   
manipulation ( ,titian & ,paul ,v]onese1
 n to m5tion ! free facility (          
,velasquez1 or ! spl5did audacity (     
,rub5s4 ,8 natural gifts 7 gr& en\gh to 
h tak5 him to a pit* ( ma/]y t he nev]  
rea*$1 b 8 me*anical & sci5tific        
t5d5cies w\ld h _! developm5t also1 &   
)drew s mu* "t f art t e r5ewal ( 8     
arti/ic labor 0 accompani$ by long &    
anxi\s reflection4  ,! ^w education is  
us$ 9 s5ses s diff]5t t confusion is n  
always avoid$4 ,"s p mean by x !        
acquisition ( k1 o!rs ! developm5t (    
faculty4 ,if y mean ! fir/1 !n !        
half-educat$ man w\ld be a man :o knew  
half :at he ought to "k1 or :o only half
 knew ! diff]5t sci5ces1 :i* ! :olly    
educat$ "k ?or\ghly4 ,:o is to fix !    
subjects8 ,is x ! op9ion ( ! le>n$8--if 
s1 :o are ! le>n$8 ,a le>n$ man6--a     
s*ol>6--a man ( erudition6 ,^u :om are  
^! epi!ts ( approbation be/[$8 ,are !y  
giv5 to m5 acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce (        
gov]nm5t8 ?or\ghly ma/]s ( !            

geographical & comm]cial relations (    
,europe8 to m5 :o "k ! prop]ties (      
bodies1 & _! action ^u ea* o!r8 ,no3 ?is
 is n le>n+2 x is *emi/ry1 or political 
economy1 n le>n+4 ,! di/+ui%+ ab/ract   
t]m1 ! epi!t ( ,s*ol>1 is res]v$ = him  
:o writes on ! olic r$uplication1 & is  
famili> ) ! ,sylburgian me?od ( arrang+ 
defectives 9 ,greek3  & ,greek3 mi4 ,!  
picture :i* a "y ,engli%man1 addict$ to 
! pursuit ( k1 draws--8 beau idal (     
human nature--8 top & consummation (    
man's p[]s--is a k ( ! ,greek language4 
,8 object is n to reason1 to imag9e1 or 
to inv5t2 b to conjugate1 decl9e1 &     
d]ive4 ,! situations ( imag9>y glory :i*
 he draws = himself1 are ! detection (  
an anap/ 9 ! wrong place1 or !          
re/oration ( a dative case :i* ,cranzius
 _h pass$ ov]1 & ! nev]-dy+ ,erne/i     
fail$ to obs]ve4  ,by ! help ( ! above  
passage f an article writt5 sixty-?ree  
ye>s ago by ,sydney ,smi?1 & by ! help (
 ano!r passage 9 ! same pap] :]e he     
tells u t ! ,engli% cl]gy br+ up ! fir/ 

"y m5 ( ! c\ntry z if !y 7 all to keep  
gramm> s*ools 9 little c\ntry t[ns1 ,i  
beg9 to und]/& :at y mean by a          
half-educat$ p]son4 ,y mean a p]son :o  
is only half qualifi$ = keep+ a gramm>  
s*ool4 ,9 ?is s5se x is v possible t our
 fri5d ! pa9t] possesses no?+ beyond a  
mis]able fraction ( education4 ,& yet he
 has pick$ up a good deal ( valuable k  
outside ! te*nical acquirem5t ( a mo/   
difficult pr(ession4 ,he /udi$ two ye>s 
9 ,p>is1 & f\r ye>s 9 ,flor5ce & ,rome4 
,he speaks ,fr5* & ,italian q flu5tly1 &
 ) a fair degree ( correctness4 ,8 k (  
^? two languages is incomp>ably m       
complete1 9 ! s5se ( practical          
possession1 ?an our fossiliz$ k ( ,lat91
 & he reads !m almo/ z we read ,engli%1 
curr5tly1 & )\t translat+4 ,he has !    
he>tie/ enjoym5t ( good lit]ature2 !re  
is evid5ce 9 8 pictures ( a mo/         
intellig5t sympa?y ) ! greate/ inv5tive 
writ]s4 ,)\t hav+ a sci5tific nature1 he
 kn[s a good deal ab\t anatomy4 ,he has 
n read ,greek poetry1 b he has /udi$ !  

old ,greek m9d 9 its ar*itecture &      
sculpture4 ,nature has also end[$ him ) 
a j appreciation ( music1 & he kn[s !   
immortal ma/]pieces ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s   
compos]s4 ,all ^! ?+s w\ld n qualify him
 to tea* a gramm> s*ool1 & yet :at      
,greek ( ! age ( ,p]icles ev] knew half 
s mu*8  ,?is = ! acquisition ( k2 n[ = !
 developm5t ( faculty4 ,9 ?is respect he
 excels u z p]=m+ a?letes excel ! p 9 ! 
/reets4 ,consid] ! m>vell\s accuracy ( 8
 eye1 ! precision ( 8 h&1 ! clos5ess ( 8
 obs]vation1 ! vigor ( 8 memory &       
inv5tion6 ,h[ clumsy & rude is ! mo/    
le>n$ p$ant 9 comp>ison ) ! ref9em5t (  
?is delicate organization6 ,try to      
imag9e :at a discipl9$ creature he has  
become1 h[ ob$i5t are all 8 faculties to
 ! comm&s ( ! c5tral w6 ,! bra9         
conceives "s image ( beauty or wit1 &   
imm$iately t cle> conception is         
telegraph$ to ! well-tra9$ f+]s4        
,surely1 if ! results ( education may be
 e/imat$ f ! evid5ces ( skill1 "h are "s
 ( ! mo/ wond]ful ( su* results4        

,,footnote3    #a ,accord+ to ,m4 ,ta9e4
 ,i h else:]e express$ a d\bt ab\t      
polyglots4     ,,"p ,,iv4  ,,! ,,p[] ,,(
 ,,"t4   ,,lett] ,i4  ,,to ,a ,,man ,,( 
,,leisure ,,:o ,,compla9$ ,,( ,,want ,,(
 ,,"t4    ,necessity = "t-?rift 9 all   
cases--,s]i\s m5 n mu* 9 dang]   f m]e  
frivolity--,great] dang] ( los+ "t 9 our
 s]i\s   pursuits !mselves--,"t ?r[n    
away :5 we d n atta9                    
pr(ici5cy--,s\ndness ( =m] s*ol>%ip a   
good   example--,br[n+'s ,gramm>ian--,k 
an organic :ole--,s\ndness   !          
possession ( ess5tial p>ts--,necessity (
 fix$ limits 9 our   projects (         
/udy--,limitation ( purpose 9 ! f9e     
arts--,9   languages--,in/ance ( ,m4    
,l\is nault--,9 music--,"t sav$ by      
foll[+ k9dr$ pursuits--,ord] &          
proportion ! true secrets (             
"t-?rift--,a wa/e ( "t to leave =tresses
 untak5 9 our re>4  ,y compla9 ( want ( 
"t--y1 ) y\r b\ndless leisure6  ,x is   
true t ! mo/ absolute ma/] ( 8 own h\rs 
/ill ne$s ?rift if he w\ld turn !m to   

acc\nt1 & t too _m nev] le>n ?is ?rift1 
:il/ o!rs le>n x late4 ,w y p]mit me to 
(f] briefly a few obs]vations on        
"t-?rift :i* h be5 sugge/$ to me by my  
own exp]i5ce & by ! exp]i5ce (          
intellectual fri5ds8  ,x may be accept$ 
= c]ta91 to beg9 )1 t m5 :o l y\rself   
s]i\sly c>e = culture1 & make x1 next to
 moral duty1 ! pr9cipal object ( _!     
lives1 are b little expos$ to wa/e "t 9 
d[nright frivolity ( any k9d4 ,y may be 
p]fectly idle at y\r own times1 &       
p]fectly frivol\s ev51 :5ev] y h a m9d  
to be frivol\s1 b !n y w be cle>ly aw>e 
h[ ! "t is pass+1 & y w ?r[ x away      
kn[+ly1 z ! mo/ c>eful ( money-economi/s
 w ?r[ away a few sov]eigns 9 a         
confess$ly fooli% amusem5t1 m]ely = !   
relief ( a break 9 ! habit ( 8 life4 ,to
 a man ( y\r ta/es & temp] !re is no    
dang] ( wa/+ too mu* "t s long z ! wa/e 
is int5tional2 b y are expos$ to        
"t-losses ( a mu* m insidi\s "*4  ,x is 
9 our pursuits !mselves t we ?r[ away   
our mo/ valuable "t4 ,few intellectual  

m5 h ! art ( economiz+ ! h\rs ( /udy4 ,!
 v necessity1 :i* e "o ackn[l$ges1 (    
giv+ va/ portions ( life to atta9       
pr(ici5cy 9 any?+ makes u prodigal :]e  
we ought to be p>simoni\s1 & c>eless :]e
 we h ne$ ( unceas+ vigilance4 ,! be/   
"t-sav]s are ! love ( s\ndness 9 all we 
le>n or d1 & a *e]ful acceptance (      
inevitable limitations4 ,!re is a c]ta9 
po9t ( pr(ici5cy at :i* an acquisition  
beg9s to be ( use1 & unless we h ! "t & 
resolution necess>y to rea* t po9t1 our 
labor is z completely ?r[n away z t ( a 
me*anic :o began to make an eng9e b nev]
 f9i%$ x4 ,ea* ( u has acquisitions :i* 
rema9 p]man5tly unavailable f _!        
uns\ndness1 a language or two t we c    
nei!r speak nor write1 a sci5ce ( :i* ! 
elem5ts h n be5 ma/]$1 an art :i* we _c 
practice ) satisfaction ei!r to o!rs or 
to ourselves4 ,n[ ! "t sp5t on ^! uns\nd
 accompli%m5ts has be5 9 great measure  
wa/$1 n q absolutely wa/$1 s9ce ! m]e   
labor ( try+ to le>n has be5 a discipl9e
 = ! m9d1 b wa/$ s f> z ! accompli%m5ts 

!mselves are conc]n$4 ,& ev5 ?is m5tal  
discipl9e1 on :i* s mu* /ress is laid by
 ^? ^: int]e/ x is to enc\rage uns\nd   
accompli%m5t1 might be obta9$ m p]fectly
 if ! subjects ( /udy 7 less num]\s & m 
?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,let u n !re=e 9 !   
/udies ( our maturity repeat ! error (  
our y\?4 ,let u det]m9e to h s\ndness1 t
 is1 accurately organiz$ k 9 ! /udies we
 cont9ue to pursue1 & let u resign      
ourselves to ! necessity = ab&on+ ^?    
pursuits 9 :i* s\ndness is n to be hop$ 
=4  ,! old-fa%ion$ idea ab\t s*ol>%ip 9 
,lat9 & ,greek1 t x ought to be bas$ ^u 
?or\gh grammatical k1 is a good example1
 s f> z x goes1 ( :at s\ndness really   
is4 ,t ideal ( s*ol>%ip fail$ only      
because x fell %ort ( s\ndness 9 o!r    
directions & 0 n consci\s ( its failure4
 ,b !re exi/$1 9 ! m9ds ( ! old s*ol>s1 
a f9e resolution to be accurate1 & a    
det]m9ation to give h[ev] mu* labor     
might be necess>y = ! atta9m5t (        
accuracy1 9 :i* !re 0 mu* gr&eur4 ,l    
,mr4 ,br[n+'s ,gramm>ian1 !y said--     

,let me "k all6 ,prate n ( mo/ or lea/  
,pa9ful or easy6  & s at lea/ !y came to
 "k ! anci5t tongues grammatically1 :i* 
few ( u d 9 ^! days4  ,i %\ld def9e ea* 
k9d ( k z an organic :ole & s\ndness z !
 complete possession ( all ! ess5tial   
p>ts4 ,= example1 s\ndness 9 viol9-play+
 consi/s 9 be+ able to play ! notes 9   
all ! positions1 9 tune1 & ) a pure     
intonation1 :atev] may be ! degree (    
rapidity indicat$ by ! musical compos]4 
,s\ndness 9 pa9t+ consi/s 9 be+ able to 
lay a pat* ( color hav+ exactly ! "r    
%ape & t9t4 ,s\ndness 9 ! use ( language
 consi/s 9 be+ able to put ! "r ^w 9 !  
"r place4 ,9 ea* ( ! sci5ces1 !re are   
c]ta9 elem5t>y notions )\t :i* s\nd k is
 n possible1 b ^! elem5t>y notions are m
 easily & rapidly acquir$ ?an !         
elaborate k or confirm$ skill necess>y  
to ! arti/ or ! l+ui/4 ,a man may be a  
s\nd botani/ )\t kn[+ a v great numb] ( 
plants1 & ! elem5ts ( s\nd botanical k  
may be pr9t$ 9 a portable volume4 ,& s x
 is ) all ! physical sci5ces2 ! elem5t>y

 notions :i* are necess>y to s\ndness ( 
k may be acquir$ rapidly & at any age4  
,h5ce x foll[s t all ^: leisure =       
culture is limit$1 & :o value s\ndness (
 k1 d wisely to pursue "s bran* (       
natural hi/ory r ?an languages or ! f9e 
arts4  ,x is well = e "o :o desires to  
atta9 a p]fect economy ( "t1 to make a  
li/ ( ! diff]5t pursuits to :i* he has  
devot$ himself1 & to put a note opposite
 to ea* ( !m indicat+ ! degree ( its    
uns\ndness ) z little self-delusion z   
may be4 ,aft] hav+ done ?is1 he may     
easily asc]ta9 9 h[ _m ( ^! pursuits a  
suffici5t degree ( s\ndness is atta9able
 = him1 & :5 ?is has be5 decid$ he may  
at once effect a great sav+ by ! total  
r5unciation ( ! re/4 ,) reg>d to ^? :i* 
rema91 & :i* are to be c>ri$ f>!r1 !    
next ?+ to be settl$ is ! exact limit ( 
_! cultivation4 ,no?+ is s favorable to 
s\nd culture z ! def9ite fix+ ( limits4 
,suppose1 = example1 t ! /ud5t said to  
himself ,i desire to "k ! flora ( !     
valley ,i live 91 & !n set to "w        

sy/ematically to make a h]b>ium         
illu/rat+ t flora1 x is probable t 8    
labor w\ld be m ?or\gh1 8 temp] m       
wat*ful & hopeful1 ?an if he set himself
 to ! b\ndless task ( ! illimitable     
flora ( ! _w4 ,or 9 ! pursuit ( f9e art1
 an amateur disc\rag$ by ! gl>+         
uns\ndness ( ! k9d ( art taught by      
ord9>y draw+-ma/]s1 w\ld f9d ! basis ( a
 m sub/antial sup]/ructure on a n>r[] b 
firm] gr\nd4 ,suppose t in/ead ( ! usual
 messes ( bad color & bad =m1 ! /ud5t   
produc$ "w hav+ "s def9ite & n          
unatta9able purpose1 w\ld !re n be1 "h  
also1 an assur$ economy ( "t8 ,accurate 
draw+ is ! basis ( s\ndness 9 ! f9e     
arts1 & an amateur1 by p]sev]ance1 may  
rea* accuracy 9 draw+2 ?is1 at lea/1 has
 be5 prov$ by "s examples--n by _m1     
c]ta9ly1 b by "s4 ,9 languages we may h 
a limit$ purpose also4 ,t *>m+ & mo/    
intellig5t travell]1 ,l\is nault1 tells 
u t he regul>ly gave a week to ! /udy ( 
ea* new language t he ne$$1 & f\nd t    
week suffici5t4 ,! ass]tion is n s      

presumptu\s z x appe>s4 ,= ! practical  
necessities ( travell+ ,m4 nault f\nd t 
he requir$ ab\t f\r hundr$ words1 & t1  
hav+ a good memory1 he 0 able to le>n   
ab\t sev5ty words a day4 ,! secret ( 8  
success 0 ! invaluable art ( selection1 
& ! /rict limitation ( ef=t 9 accordance
 ) a preconceiv$ design4 ,a travell] n s
 well skill$ 9 selection might h le>n$ a
 ?\s& words ) less advantage to 8       
travels1 & a travell] less decid$ 9     
purpose might h wa/$ sev]al mon?s on !  
fronti] ( e new c\ntry 9 hopeless ef=ts 
to ma/] ! intricacies ( grammatical =m4 
,x is evid5t t 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ,m4     
nault's k ( ,norwegian _c h be5 s\nd1   
s9ce he did n ma/] ! gramm>1 b x 0 s\nd 
9 its own /rictly limit$ way1 s9ce he   
got possession ( ! f\r hundr$ words :i* 
7 to s]ve him z curr5t co94 ,on ! same  
pr9ciple x is a good plan = /ud5ts (    
,lat9 & ,greek :o h n "t to rea* true   
s*ol>%ip 7half a lifetime is necess>y = 
t71 to propose to !mselves simply !     
read+ ( ! orig9al au?ors ) ! help ( a   

lit]al translation4 ,9 ?is way !y may   
atta9 a clos] acqua9tance ) anci5t      
lit]ature ?an w\ld be possible by       
translation alone1 :il/ on ! o!r h& _!  
read+ w be mu* m ext5sive on acc\nt (   
its great] rapidity4 ,x is1 = mo/ ( u1 a
 wa/e ( "t to read ,lat9 & ,greek )\t a 
translation1 on acc\nt ( ! comp>ative   
sl[ness ( ! process2 b x is always an   
advantage to "k :at 0 really said 9 !   
orig9al1 & to te/ ! exactness ( !       
translator by cont9ual ref]5ce to !     
ipsissima v]ba ( ! au?or4 ,:5 ! k ( !   
anci5t language is n suffici5t ev5 =    
?is1 x may /ill be ( use = occasional   
comp>ison1 ev5 ?\gh ! passage has to be 
f\ght ?r\gh  c\pes de dictionnaire4 ,:at
 mo/ ( u ne$ 9 ref]5ce to ! anci5t      
languages is a frank resignation to a   
re/riction ( "s k9d4 ,x is simply       
impossible = m5 occupi$ z mo/ ( u are 9 
o!r pursuits to rea* p]fect s*ol>%ip 9  
^? languages1 & if we rea*$ x we %\ld n 
h "t to ma9ta9 x4  ,9 mod]n languages x 
is n s easy to fix limits               

satisfactorily4 ,y may resolve to read  
,fr5* or ,g]man )\t ei!r writ+ or speak+
 !m1 & t w\ld be an effectual limit1    
c]ta9ly4 ,b 9 practice x is f\nd        
difficult to keep )9 t b\nd>y if ev] y  
travel or h int]c\rse ) =eign]s4 ,& :5  
once y beg9 to speak1 x is s humiliat+  
to speak badly1 t a lov] ( s\ndness 9   
accompli%m5t w nev] re/ p]fectly        
satisfi$ until he speaks l a cultivat$  
native1 :i* nobody ev] did except "u    
peculi> family conditions4  ,9 music !  
limits are f\nd m easily4 ,! amateur    
musician is frequ5tly n inf]ior 9 feel+ 
& ta/e to ! m accompli%$ pr(essional1 & 
by select+ ^? compositions :i* require  
mu* feel+ & ta/e = _! int]pretation1 b n
 s mu* manual skill1 he may rea* a      
suffici5t success4 ,! art is to *oose ! 
v simple/ music 7provid$ ( c\rse t x is 
beautiful1 :i* x frequ5tly is71 & to    
avoid all te*nical difficulties :i* are 
n really necess>y to ! expression (     
feel+4 ,! amateur ought also to select !
 easie/ in/rum5t1 an in/rum5t 9 :i* !   

notes are made = him already1 r ?an "o  
:i* compels him to fix ! notes z he is  
play+4 ,! viol9 tempts amateurs :o h a  
deep feel+ = music because x r5d]s feel+
 z no o!r in/rum5t c r5d] x1 b !        
difficulty ( j intonation is almo/      
insup]able unless ! :ole "t is giv5 to t
 "o in/rum5t4 ,x is a fatal error to    
p]=m on sev]al diff]5t in/rum5ts1 & an  
amateur :o has done s may f9d a         
desirable limitation 9 re/rict+ himself 
to "o4  ,mu* "t is sav$ by foll[+       
pursuits :i* help ea* o!r4 ,x is a great
 help to a l&scape pa9t] to "k ! botany 
( ! c\ntry he works 91 = botany gives ! 
greate/ possible di/9ctness to 8 memory 
( all k9ds ( vegetation4 ,!re=e1 if a   
l&scape pa9t] takes to ! /udy ( sci5ce  
at all1 he w\ld d well to /udy botany1  
:i* w\ld be ( use 9 8 pa9t+1 r ?an      
*emi/ry or ma!matics1 :i* w\ld be       
entirely disconnect$ f x4 ,! memory     
easily reta9s ! /udies :i* are auxili>y 
to ! *ief pursuit4 ,entomologi/s rememb]
 plants well1 ! reason be+ t !y f9d     

insects 9 !m1 j z ,leslie ! pa9t] _h an 
excell5t memory = h\ses :]e !re 7 any   
good pictures to be f\nd4  ,! secret (  
ord] & proportion 9 our /udies is ! true
 secret ( economy 9 "t4 ,to h "o ma9    
pursuit & sev]al auxili>ies1 b none t   
are n auxili>y1 is ! true pr9ciple (    
arrangem5t4 ,_m h>d work]s h foll[$     
pursuits z widely disconnect$ z         
possible1 b ?is 0 = ! refre%m5t (       
absolute *ange1 n = ! economy ( "t4     
,la/ly1 x is a deplorable wa/e ( "t to  
leave =tresses untak5 9 our re>4 ,:atev]
 has to be ma/]$ ought to be ma/]$ s    
?or\ghly t we %all n h to come back to x
 :5 we ought to be c>ry+ ! w> f> into ! 
enemy's c\ntry4 ,b to /udy on ?is s\nd  
pr9ciple1 we require n to be hurri$4 ,& 
?is is :y1 to a s9c]e /ud5t1 all ext]nal
 pressure1 :e!r ( exam9]s1 or pov]ty1 or
 bus9ess engagem5ts1 :i* causes him to  
leave "w beh9d him :i* 0 n done z x     
ought to h be5 done1 is s griev\sly1 s  
intol]ably vexati\s4   ,,lett] ,,ii4    
,,to ,a ,,"y ,,man ,,( ,,great ,,tal5t  

,,& ,,en]gy ,,:o ,,_h ,,magnific5t      
,,plans ,,= ,,! ,,future4    ,mi/ak5    
e/imates ab\t "t & occasion--,! ,unkn[n 
,elem5t--,procra/9ation (t5 "t's be/    
pres]v]--,napoleon's   advice to d no?+ 
at all--,use ( delib]ation & ( int]vals 
(   leisure--,arti/ic advantages (      
calculat+ "t--,preval5t   *ildi%ness    
ab\t "t--,illusions ab\t read+--,bad    
economy (   read+ 9 languages we h n    
ma/]$--,t we ought to be ?rifty   ( "t1 
b n av>ici\s--,"t necess>y 9            
production--,m5 :o   "w be/ "u ! s5se ( 
pressure--,ross9i--,t ^! cases prove    
no?+ aga9/ "t-?rift--,! wa/e ( tune f   
miscalculation--,p calculate accurately 
= %ort spaces1 b d   n calculate s well 
= long ones--,reason = ?is--,/upidity ( 
! ,phili/9es ab\t wa/$ "t--,tpff] &     
,claude   ,tilli]--,retrospective       
miscalculations1 & ! regrets t result   
f !m4  ,h y ev] obs]v$ t we pay mu* m   
att5tion to a wise passage :5 x is      
quot$1 ?an :5 we read x 9 ! orig9al     
au?or8 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 p w give a  

high] price to a picture-deal] ?an !y   
w\ld h giv5 to ! pa9t] himself4 ,!      
picture t has be5 once b\ght has a      
recomm5dation1 & ! quot$ passage is bo? 
recomm5d$ & isolat$ f ! context4  ,tru/+
 to ?is well-kn[n pr9ciple1 al?\gh ,i am
 aw>e t y h read ev]y?+ t ,sir ,ar?ur   
,helps has publi%$1 ,i proce$ to make ! 
foll[+ quotation f "o ( 8 wise/ books4  
,"t & occasion are ! two important      
circum/ances 9 human life1 z reg>ds :i* 
! mo/ mi/ak5 e/imates are made4 ,& !    
error is univ]sal4 ,x besets ev5 ! mo/  
/udi\s & philosophic m54 ,?is may       
notably be se5 9 ! pres5t day1 :5 _m mo/
 di/+ui%$ m5 h laid d[n projects =      
lit]ature & philosophy1 to be accompli%$
 by !m 9 _! own lifetime1 :i* w\ld      
require sev]al m5 & _m lifetimes to     
complete2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 if any     
p]son1 :o has pass$ ! m]idian ( life1   
looks back ^u 8 c>e]1 he w probably own 
t 8 greate/ errors h aris5 f 8 n hav+   
made suffici5t all[ance = ! l5g? ( "t   
:i* 8 v>i\s s*emes requir$ = _!         

fulfilm5t4  ,!re are _m traditional     
maxims ab\t "t :i* insi/ ^u its brevity1
 ^u ! necessity ( us+ x :il/ x is !re1  
^u ! impossibility ( recov]+ :at is lo/2
 b ! practical effect ( ^! maxims ^u    
conduct c sc>cely be said to answ] to _!
 und5iable importance4 ,! tru? is1 t    
al?\gh !y tell u to economize our "t1 !y
 _c1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 in/ruct u z to ! 
me?ods by :i* x is to be economiz$4     
,human life is s extremely v>i\s &      
complicat$1 :il/ x t5ds e day to /ill   
great] v>iety & complication1 t all     
maxims ( a g5]al nature require a f>    
high] degree ( intellig5ce 9 _!         
application to individual cases ?an x   
ev] co/ orig9ally to inv5t !m4 ,any     
p]son gift$ ) ord9>y common s5se c      
p]ceive t life is %ort1 t "t flies1 t we
 ought to make good use ( ! pres5t2 b x 
ne$s ! union ( mu* exp]i5ce1 ) ! mo/    
consummate wisdom1 to "k exactly :at    
ought to be done & :at ought to be left 
undone--! latt] be+ frequ5tly by f> ! m 
important ( ! two4  ,among/ ! favorable 

influ5ces ( my e>ly life 0 ! k9dness ( a
 v5]able c\ntry g5tleman1 :o _h se5 a   
great deal ( ! _w & pass$ _m ye>s1 be=e 
he inh]it$ 8 e/ates1 9 ! practice ( a   
labori\s pr(ession4 ,i rememb] a !ory ( 
81 t exp]i5ce 0 mu* less valuable ?an is
 g5]ally suppos$1 because1 except 9     
matt]s ( simple r\t9e1 ! problems t     
pres5t !mselves to u = solution are     
ne>ly always dang]\s f ! pres5ce ( "s   
unkn[n elem5t4 ,! unkn[n elem5t he      
reg>d$ z a hidd5 pitfall1 & he w>n$ me t
 9 my progress ?r\gh life ,i might      
always expect to tumble into x4 ,?is    
say+ ( 8 has be5 s (t5 confirm$ s9ce !n1
 t ,i n[ c\nt ^u ! pitfall q z a matt] (
 c]ta9ty4 ,v frequ5tly ,i h escap$ x1 b 
m by good luck ?an good managem5t4      
,sometimes ,i h tumbl$ into x1 & :5 ?is 
mis=tune occurr$ x has n unfrequ5tly be5
 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ act$ ^u ! advice ( 
"s v kn[+ & exp]i5c$ p]son inde$4 ,we h 
all read1 :5 we 7 boys1 ,capta9         
,m>ryat's ,mid%ipman ,easy4 ,!re is a   
passage 9 t /ory :i* may s]ve z an      

illu/ration ( :at is con/antly happ5+ 9 
actual life4 ,! boats ( ! ,h>py 7 ord]$ 
to bo>d "o ( ! enemy's vessels2 "y ,easy
 0 9 comm& ( "o ( ^! boats1 & z !y _h to
 wait he began to fi%4 ,aft] !y _h      
receiv$ ! ord] to advance1 he delay$ a  
little to cat* 8 fi%1 & ?is delay n only
 sav$ him f be+ sunk by ! enemy's       
broadside1 b enabl$ him to bo>d !       
,fr5*man4 ,"h ! pitfall 0 avoid$ by idl+
 away a m9ute ( "t on an occasion :5    
m9utes 7 l h\rs2 yet x 0 m]e luck1 n    
wisdom1 :i* l$ to ! good result4 ,!re 0 
a sad railway accid5t on "o ( !         
cont95tal l9es la/ autumn2 a notable    
p]sonage w\ld h be5 9 ! tra9 if he _h   
arriv$ 9 "t = x1 b 8 miscalculation sav$
 him4 ,9 matt]s :]e !re is no risk ( !  
loss ( life1 b only ( ! wa/e ( a portion
 ( x 9 unpr(itable employm5t1 x         
frequ5tly happ5s t procra/9ation1 :i* is
 reput$ to be ! ?ief ( "t1 becomes its  
be/ pres]v]4 ,suppose t y und]take an   
ent]prise1 b def] ! execution ( x f day 
to day3 x is q possible t 9 ! int]val "s

 fact may accid5tally come to y\r k :i* 
w\ld cause a great modification ( y\r   
plan1 or ev5 its complete ab&onm5t4 ,e  
?9k+ p]son is well aw>e t ! enorm\s loss
 ( "t caus$ by ! friction ( our         
legislative ma*9]y has pres]v$ ! c\ntry 
f a great deal ( crude & ill-dige/$     
legislation4 ,ev5 ,napoleon ! ,great :o 
_h a rapidity ( conception & ( action s 
f> surpass+ t ( o!r k+s & comm&]s t x   
seems to u almo/ sup]natural1 said t :5 
y did n q "k :at ought to be done x 0   
be/ to d no?+ at all4 ,"o ( ! mo/       
di/+ui%$ ( liv+ pa9t]s said exactly !   
same ?+ ) ref]5ce to ! practice ( 8 art1
 & add$ t v little "t w\ld be ne$$ = !  
actual execution ( a picture if only !  
arti/ knew be=eh& h[ & :]e to lay !     
color4 ,x s (t5 happ5s t m]e activity is
 a wa/e ( "t1 t p :o h a morbid habit ( 
be+ busy are (t5 t]rible "t-wa/]s1 :il/1
 on ! contr>y1 ^? :o are judici\sly     
delib]ate1 & all[ !mselves int]vals (   
leisure1 see ! way be=e !m 9 ^?         
int]vals1 & save "t by ! accuracy ( _!  

calculations4  ,a l>gely intellig5t     
?rift ( "t is necess>y to all great     
works--& _m works are v great inde$     
relatively to ! en]gies ( a s+le        
individual1 :i* pass unp]ceiv$ 9 !      
tumult ( ! _w4 ,! advantages ( calculat+
 "t are arti/ic z well z economical4 ,i 
?9k t1 9 ?is respect1 magnific5t z are !
 ca!drals :i* ! ,go?ic build]s h left u1
 !y committ$ an arti/ic error 9 ! v     
imm5sity ( _! plans4 ,!y d n appe> to h 
reflect$ t f ! cont9ual *anges ( fa%ion 
9 ar*itecture1 incongru\s "w w\ld be    
sure to intrude itself be=e _! gigantic 
projects c\ld be realiz$ by ! g5]ations 
t 7 to succe$ !m4 ,= a "w ( t k9d to    
possess arti/ic unity1 x ought to be    
completely realiz$ )9 ! space ( =ty     
ye>s4 ,h[ great is ! *>m ( ^? p]fect    
edifices :i*1 l ! ,sa9te ,*apelle1 are !
 realization ( "o sublime idea8 ,& ^?   
*anges 9 national ?\ght :i* h made ! old
 ca!drals a jumble ( incongru\s /yles1 h
 _! p>allel 9 ! life ( e individual     
workman4 ,we *ange f ye> to ye>1 & any  

"w :i* occupies u = v long w be want+ 9 
unity ( mann]4  ,m5 are apt en\gh (     
!mselves to fall into ! mo/ a/oni%+     
delusions ab\t ! opportunities :i* "t   
af=ds1 b !y are ev5 m delud$ by ! talk (
 ! p ab\t !m4 ,:5 *ildr5 he> t a new    
c>riage has be5 ord]$ ( ! build]1 !y    
expect to see x driv5 up to ! door 9 a  
=tnight1 ) ! pa9t q dry on ! panels4    
,all p are *ildr5 9 ?is respect1 except 
! workman1 :o kn[s ! endless details (  
production2 & ! workman himself1 not)/&+
 ! lessons ( exp]i5ce1 makes light ( !  
future task4 ,:at gigantic plans we     
s*eme1 & h[ little we advance 9 ! labor 
( a day6 ,?ree pages ( ! book 7to be    
half eras$ to-morr[71 a bit ( drap]y 9 !
 picture t w probably h to be done ov]  
aga91 ! imp]ceptible removal ( an ounce 
( m>ble-du/ f ! /atue t seems z if x    
nev] w\ld be f9i%$2 s mu* f dawn to     
twilight has be5 ! accompli%m5t ( !     
gold5 h\rs4 ,if !re is "o lesson :i*    
exp]i5ce tea*es1 surely x is ?is1 to    
make plans t are /rictly limit$1 & to   

arrange our "w 9 a practicable way )9 ! 
limits t we mu/ accept4 ,o!rs expect s  
mu* f u t x seems z if we _h accompli%$ 
no?+4 ,:at6 h y done only t8 !y say1 or 
we "k by _! looks t !y are ?9k+ x4  ,!  
mo/ illusory ( all ! "w t we propose to 
ourselves is read+4 ,x seems s easy to  
read1 t we int5d1 9 ! indef9ite future1 
to ma/] ! va/e/ lit]atures4 ,we _c br+  
ourselves to admit t ! libr>y we h      
collect$ is 9 great "p clos$ to u simply
 by want ( "t4 ,a de> fri5d ( m9e1 :o 0 
a solicitor ) a l>ge practice1 indulg$ 9
 wond]ful illusions ab\t read+1 &       
collect$ sev]al ?\s& volumes1 all f9e   
editions1 b he di$ )\t hav+ cut _!      
leaves4 ,i l ! univ]sity habit ( mak+   
read+ a bus9ess1 & e/imat+ ! ma/]y ( a  
few au?ors z a j title to consid]ation =
 s*ol>%ip4 ,i %\ld l v well to be %ut up
 9 a g>d5 = a :ole summ] ) no lit]ature 
b ! ,fary ,que5e1 & "o ye> ,i v ne>ly   
realiz$ t project1 b publi%]s & ! po/man
 int]f]$ ) x4 ,aft] all1 ?is bus9ess (  
read+ ought to be less illusory ?an mo/ 

o!rs1 = pr9t]s divide books into pages1 
:i* !y numb]1 s t1 ) a mod]ate skill 9  
ari?metic1 "o ought to be able to =esee 
! limits ( 8 possibilities4 ,!re is     
ano!r obs]vation :i* may be sugge/$1 & t
 is to take note ( ! "t requir$ = read+ 
diff]5t languages4 ,we read v sl[ly :5 !
 language is imp]fectly ma/]$1 & we ne$ 
! diction>y1 :]eas 9 ! native tongue we 
see ! :ole page almo/ at a glance1 z if 
x 7 a picture4 ,p ^: "t = read+ is      
limit$ ought n to wa/e x 9 gramm>s &    
diction>ies1 b to conf9e !mselves       
resolutely to a c\ple ( languages1 or   
?ree at ! v utmo/1 not)/&+ ! contempt ( 
polyglots1 :o e/imate y\r le>n+ by !    
v>iety ( y\r tongues4 ,x is a fe>ful    
?r[+ away ( "t1 f ! lit]>y po9t ( view1 
to beg9 m languages ?an y c ma/] or     
reta91 & to be always puzzl+ y\rself    
ab\t irregul> v]bs4  ,all plans = sp>+  
"t 9 intellectual matt]s ought1 h[ev]1  
to proce$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( ?rift1 & n ^u 
! pr9ciple ( av>ice4 ,! object ( !      
?rifty man 9 money matt]s is s to lay   

out 8 money z to get ! be/ possible     
result f 8 exp5diture2 ! object ( !     
av>ici\s man is to sp5d no m money ?an  
he c help4 ,an arti/ :o taught me pa9t+ 
(t5 repeat$ a piece ( advice :i* is     
valuable 9 o!r ?+s ?an art1 & :i* ,i try
 to rememb] :5ev] pati5ce fails4 ,he us$
 to say to me1 ,give x "t4 ,! m]e l5g? (
 "t t we be/[ ^u our "w is 9 itself a   
mo/ important elem5t ( success1 & if ,i 
object to ! use ( languages t we only   
half "k1 x is n because x takes u a long
 "t to get ?r\gh a *apt]1 b because we  
are compell$ to ?9k ab\t syntax &       
conjugations :i* did n 9 ! lea/ occupy !
 m9d ( ! au?or1 :5 we ought r to be ?9k+
 ab\t ^? ?+s :i* did occupy 8 m9d1 ab\t 
! ev5ts :i* he n>rat$1 or ! *>act]s t he
 imag9$ or describ$4 ,!re are1 9 tru?1  
only two ways ( impress+ any?+ on !     
memory1 ei!r int5sity or duration4 ,if y
 saw a man /ruck d[n by an assass91 y   
w\ld rememb] ! occurr5ce all y\r life2 b
 to rememb] ) equal vividness a picture 
( ! assass9ation1 y w\ld probably be    

oblig$ to sp5d a mon? or two 9 copy+ x4 
,! subjects ( our /udies r>ely produce  
an int5sity ( emotion suffici5t to      
ensure p]fect recollection )\t !        
exp5diture ( "t4 ,& :5 y\r object is n  
to le>n1 b to produce1 x is well to be> 
9 m9d t ev]y?+ requires a c]ta9 def9ite 
"t-outlay1 :i* _c be r$uc$ )\t an       
inevitable injury to quality4 ,a mo/    
exp]i5c$ arti/1 a man ( ! v r>e/        
executive ability1 wrote to me ! o!r day
 ab\t a set ( designs ,i _h sugge/$4 ,if
 ,i c\ld b get ! ,,"t1--! l>ge capitals 
are 8 own1--=1 someh[ or o!r1 let a     
design be nev] s /udi\sly simple 9 !    
masses1 x w fill itself z x goes on1 l !
 weasel 9 ! fable :o got into !         
meal-tub2 & :5 ! pleasure beg9s 9       
attempt+ tone & my/]y & intricacy1 away 
g ! h\rs at a gallop4 ,a well-kn[n & v  
successful ,engli% dramati/ wrote to me3
 ,:5 ,i am hurri$1 & h und]tak5 m "w ?an
 ,i c execute 9 ! "t at my disposal1 ,i 
am always p]fectly p>alyz$4  ,!re is    
ano!r side to ?is subject :i* des]ves   

att5tion4 ,"s m5 "w be/ "u ! s5se (     
pressure4 ,simple compression evolves   
heat f iron1 s t !re is a fla% ( fire :5
 a ball hits ! side ( an ironclad4 ,!   
same law seems to hold good 9 !         
intellectual life ( man1 :5ev] he ne$s !
 /imulus ( extraord9>y excitem5t4       
,ross9i positively advis$ a "y compos]  
nev] to write 8 ov]ture until ! ev5+    
be=e ! fir/ p]=mance4 ,no?+1 he said1   
excites inspiration l necessity2 !      
pres5ce ( a copyi/ wait+ = y\r "w1 & !  
view ( a manag] 9 despair te>+ out 8    
hair by h&fuls4 ,9 ,italy 9 my "t all ! 
manag]s 7 bald at ?irty4 ,i compos$ !   
ov]ture to ',o!llo' 9 a small room 9 !  
,b>baja ,palace1 :]e ! balde/ & mo/     
f]oci\s ( manag]s _h %ut me up by =ce ) 
no?+ b a di% ( macc>oni1 & ! ?reat t ,i 
%\ld n leave ! place alive until ,i _h  
writt5 ! la/ note4 ,i wrote ! ov]ture to
 ! ',gazza ,ladra' on ! day ( ! fir/    
p]=mance1 9 ! upp] l(t ( ! ,la ,scala1  
:]e ,i _h be5 conf9$ by ! manag]1 "u !  
gu>d ( f\r sc5e-%ift]s :o _h ord]s to   

?r[ my text out ( ! w9d[ bit by bit to  
copyi/s1 :o 7 wait+ bel[ to transcribe  
x4 ,9 default ( music ,i 0 to be ?r[n   
out myself4  ,i h quot$ ! be/ in/ance   
kn[n to me ( ?is volunt>y seek+ aft]    
pressure1 b /rik+ z x is1 ev5 ?is       
in/ance does n weak5 :at ,i said be=e4  
,= obs]ve1 t al?\gh ,ross9i def]r$ !    
composition ( 8 ov]ture till ! ev5+ be=e
 ! fir/ p]=mance1 he knew v well t he   
c\ld d x ?or\ghly 9 ! "t4 ,he 0 l a     
clev] s*oolboy :o kn[s t he c le>n 8    
lesson 9 ! qu>t] ( an h\r be=e ! class  
beg9s2 or he 0 l an orator :o kn[s t he 
c deliv] a passage & compose at ! same  
"t ! "o :i* is to foll[1 s t he pref]s  
to arrange 8 spee* 9 ! pres5ce ( 8      
audi5ce4 ,s9ce ,ross9i always all[$     
himself all ! "t t 0 necess>y = :at he  
_h to d1 x is cle> t he did n s9 aga9/ !
 great "t-necessity4 ,! express :i* c   
travel f ,london to ,ed9burgh 9 a night 
may leave ! ,engli% metropolis on       
,saturday ev5+ al?\gh x is due 9 ,scotl&
 on ,sunday1 & /ill act ) ! /ricte/     

consid]ation ab\t "t4 ,! blameable error
 lies 9 miscalculation1 & n 9 rapidity (
 p]=mance4  ,no?+ wa/es "t l            
miscalculation4 ,x negatives all        
results4 ,x is ! p>5t ( incomplet5ess1 !
 great au?or ( ! ,unf9i%$ & !           
,uns]viceable4 ,almo/ e intellectual man
 has laid out great masses ( "t on five 
or six diff]5t bran*es ( k :i* are n ( !
 lea/ use to him1 simply because he has 
n c>ri$ !m f> en\gh1 & c\ld n c>ry !m f>
 en\gh 9 ! "t he _h to give4 ,yet ?is   
might h be5 asc]ta9$ at ! beg9n+ by !   
simple/ ari?metical calculation4 ,!     
exp]i5ce ( /ud5ts 9 all dep>tm5ts ( k   
has q def9itely asc]ta9$ ! am\nt ( "t t 
is necess>y = success 9 !m1 & !         
successful /ud5t c at once in=m !       
aspirant h[ f> he is likely to travel   
along ! road4 ,:at is ! use1 to anybody1
 ( hav+ j en\gh skill to feel vex$ )    
himself t he has no m1 & yet angry at   
o!r p = n admir+ ! little t he          
possesses8  ,i wi% to direct y\r        
att5tion to a cause :i* m ?an any o!r   

produces disappo9tm5t 9 ord9>y          
intellectual pursuits4 ,x is ?is4 ,p c  
(t5 calculate ) ! utmo/ accuracy :at !y 
c accompli% 9 t5 m9utes or ev5 9 t5     
h\rs1 & yet ! v same p]sons w make ! mo/
 absurd miscalculations ab\t :at !y c   
accompli% 9 t5 ye>s4 ,!re is ( c\rse a  
reason = ?is3 if !re 7 n1 s _m s5sible p
 w\ld n suff] f ! delusion4 ,! reason   
is1 t ow+ to ! habits ( human life !re  
is a c]ta9 ela/icity 9 l>ge spaces ( "t 
t include nights1 & mealtimes1 &        
holidays4 ,we fancy t we %all be able1  
by work+ h>d] ?an we h be5 accu/om$ to  
"w1 & by /eal+ h\rs f all ! diff]5t k9ds
 ( re/ & amusem5t1 to accompli% f> m 9 !
 t5 ye>s t are to come ?an we h ev]     
actually accompli%$ 9 ! same space4 ,&  
to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is may be v true4 ,no 
d\bt a man ^: m9d has become s]i\sly    
aw>e ( ! va/ importance ( economiz+ 8 "t
 w economize x bett] ?an he did 9 ! days
 be=e ! new conviction came to him4 ,no 
d\bt1 aft] skill 9 our "w has be5       
confirm$1 we %all p]=m x ) increas$     

spe$4 ,b ! ela/icity ( "t is r t ( lea!r
 ?an t ( india-rubb]4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a 
degree ( ela/icity1 b ! degree is       
/rictly limit$4 ,! true ma/] ( "t-?rift 
w\ld be no m liable to illusion ab\t    
ye>s ?an ab\t h\rs1 & w\ld act z        
prud5tly :5 work+ = remote results z =  
ne> ones4  ,n t we ought to "w z if we 7
 always "u sev]e pressure4 ,little books
 are occasionally publi%$ 9 :i* we are  
told t x is a s9 to lose a m9ute4 ,f !  
intellectual po9t ( view ?is doctr9e is 
simply /upid4 ,:at ! ,phili/9es call    
wa/$ "t is (t5 ri* 9 ! mo/ v>i$ exp]i5ce
 to ! intellig5t4 ,if all t we h le>n$ 9
 idle mom5ts c\ld be sudd5ly expell$ f  
our m9ds by "s *emical process1 x is    
probable t !y w\ld be wor? v little     
aft]w>ds4 ,:at1 aft] su* a process1 w\ld
 h rema9$ to ,%akespe>e1 ,scott1        
,c]vantes1 ,?ack]ay1 ,dick5s1 ,hog>?1   
,goldsmi?1 ,molire8 ,:5 ^! great /ud5ts 
( human nature 7 le>n+ mo/1 ! sort ( p  
:o write ! fooli% little books j allud$ 
to w\ld h want$ to s5d !m home to !     

diction>y or ! desk4 ,tpff] & ,claude   
,tilli]1 bo? m5 ( delicate & obs]vant   
g5ius1 atta*$ ! greate/ importance to   
h\rs ( idl5ess4 ,tpff] said t a ye> (   
d[nright loit]+ 0 a desirable elem5t 9 a
 lib]al education2 :il/ ,claude ,tilli] 
w5t ev5 f>!r1 & boldly affirm$ t le     
temps le mieux employ e/ celui que l'on 
p]d4  ,let u n ?9k too contemptu\sly ( !
 miscalculators ( "t1 s9ce n "o ( u is  
exempt f _! folly4 ,we h all made       
miscalculations1 or m frequ5tly h simply
 omitt$ calculation altoge!r1 pref]r+   
*ildi% illusion to a manly exam9ation ( 
realities2 & aft]w>ds z life advances   
ano!r illusion /eals ov] u n less va9   
?an ! e>ly "o1 b bitt] z t 0 sweet4 ,we 
n[ beg9 to reproa* ourselves ) all !    
opportunities t h be5 neglect$1 & n[ our
 folly is to imag9e t we might h done   
impossible wond]s if we _h only ex]cis$ 
a little resolution4 ,we might h be5    
?or\gh classical s*ol>s1 & spok5 all !  
great mod]n languages1 & writt5 immortal
 books1 & made a colossal =tune4        

,miscalculations aga91 & ^! ! mo/       
imbecile ( all2 = ! y\? :o =gets to     
reason 9 ! gl[ ( happ9ess & hope1 is    
wis] ?an ! man :o ov]e/imates :at 0 once
 possible t he may embitt] ! days :i*   
rema9 to him4   ,,lett] ,,iii4  ,,to ,a 
,,man ,,( ,,bus9ess ,,:o ,,desir$ ,,to  
,,make ,,himself ,,bett] ,,acqua9t$ ,,) 
,,lit]ature1 ,,b ,,^: ,,"t ,,= ,,read+  
,,0 ,,limit$4    ,victor ,jacquemont on 
! intellectual labors ( !               
,g]mans--,bus9ess   may be set (f z !   
equival5t to "o ( _!                    
pursuits--,necessity   = regul>ity 9 !  
economy ( "t--,:at may be done 9 two    
h\rs a   day--,evils (                  
int]ruption--,flor5ce ,night+ale--,real 
nature (   int]ruption--,in/ance f !    
,apology ( ,socrates4  ,9 ! *>m+ &      
preci\s lett]s ( ,victor ,jacquemont1 a 
man ^: life 0 d$icat$ to culture1 & :o n
 only liv$ = x1 b di$ = x1 !re is a     
passage ab\t ! intellectual labors (    
,g]mans1 :i* takes due acc\nt ( !       
exp5diture ( "t4 ,comme j'tais tonn1 he 

says1 de la prodigieuse v>it et de      
l't5due de connaissances des ,allem&s1  
je dem&ai un j\r  l'un de mes amis1     
,saxon de naissance et l'un des premi]s 
gologues de l',europe1 comm5t ses       
compatriotes s'y pr5ai5t p\r savoir tant
 de *oses4 ,voici sa rponse1  peu prs3  
',un ,allem& 7moi except qui suis le    
plus p>esseux des hommes7 se lve de     
bonne heure1 t et hiv]1  c9q heures     
environ4 ,il travaille quatre heures    
avant le djeun]1 fumant quelquefois     
p5dant t\t ce temps1 sans que cela nuise
  son application4 ,son djeun] dure une 
demi-heure1 et il re/e1 aprs1 une autre 
demi-heure  caus] avec sa femme et      
faire j\] ses enfants4 ,il ret\rne au   
travail p\r six heures2 dne sans se     
press]2 fume une heure aprs le dn]1     
j\ant encore avec ses enfants2 et avant 
de se c\*] il travaille encore quatre   
heures4 ,il recomm5ce t\s les j\rs1 ne  
sortant jamais4--,voil1' me dit mon ami1
 'comm5t ,o]/$1 le plus gr& physici5 de 
l',allemagne1 en e/ aussi le plus gr&   

mdec92 voil comm5t ,kant le mtaphysici5 
tait un des plus savants a/ronomes de   
l',europe1 et comm5t ,goe!1 qui en e/   
actuellem5t le premi] littrateur1 dans  
presque t\s les g5res1 et le plus fcond1
 e/ excell5t botani/e1 m9ralogi/e1      
physici54'#b  ,"h is some?+ to enc\rage1
 & some?+ to disc\rage y at ! same "t4  
,! numb] ( h\rs :i* ^! m5 h giv5 9 ord] 
to become :at !y 71 is s great z to be  
pa/ all possibility ( imitation by a man
 occupi$ 9 bus9ess4 ,x is cle> t1 ) y\r 
c\nt+-h\se to occupy y dur+ ! be/ h\rs (
 e day1 y c nev] labor = y\r            
intellectual culture ) t unremitt+      
application :i* ^! m5 h giv5 = !irs4 ,b1
 on ! o!r h&1 y w p]ceive t ^!          
extraord9>y work]s h h>dly ev] be5 :olly
 d$icat$ to "o pursuit1 & ! reason = ?is
 9 mo/ cases is cle>4 ,m5 :o g ?r\gh a  
prodigi\s am\nt ( "w feel ! necessity = 
v>y+ x4 ,! greate/ intellectual work]s  
,i h kn[n p]sonally h v>i$ _! /udies z  
,kant & ,goe! did1 (t5 tak+ up subjects 
( ! mo/ opposite k9ds1 z = in/ance      

imag9ative lit]ature & ! high]          
ma!matics1 ! critical & practical /udy (
 f9e art & ! natural sci5ces1 music1 &  
political economy4 ,! class ( intellects
 :i* arrogate to !mselves ! epi!t       
practical1 b :i* we call ,phili/9e1     
always oppose ?is love ( v>iety1 & h an 
unaffect$ contempt = x1 b ^! are matt]s 
beyond _! p[] ( judgm5t4 ,!y _c "k !    
ne$s ( ! intellectual life1 because !y h
 nev] liv$ x4 ,! practice ( all !       
greate/ intellects has be5 to cultivate 
!mselves v>i\sly1 & if !y h always done 
s1 x mu/ be because !y h felt ! ne$ ( x4
  ,! enc\rag+ inf]5ce :i* y may draw f  
?is 9 ref]5ce to y\r own case is t1 s9ce
 all intellectual m5 h _h m ?an "o      
pursuit1 y may set (f y\r bus9ess aga9/ 
! mo/ absorb+ ( _! pursuits1 & = ! re/  
be /ill almo/ z ri* 9 "t z !y h be54 ,y 
may /udy lit]ature z "s pa9t]s h /udi$  
x1 or sci5ce z "s lit]>y m5 h /udi$ x4  
,! fir/ /ep is to e/abli% a regulat$    
economy ( y\r "t1 s t1 )\t int]f]+ ) a  
due att5tion to bus9ess & to heal?1 y   

may get two cle> h\rs e day = read+ ( ! 
be/ k9d4 ,x is n mu*1 "s m5 w\ld tell y 
t x is n en\gh1 b ,i purposely fix !    
exp5diture ( "t at a l[ figure because  
,i want x to be always practicable      
consi/5tly ) all ! duties & necess>y    
pleasures ( y\r life4 ,if ,i told y to  
read f\r h\rs e day1 ,i "k be=eh& :at   
w\ld be ! consequ5ce4 ,y w\ld keep !    
rule = ?ree days1 by an ef=t1 !n "s     
engagem5t w\ld occur to break x1 & y    
w\ld h no rule at all4 ,& please obs]ve 
t ! two h\rs are to be giv5 q regul>ly1 
because1 :5 ! "t giv5 is n mu*1         
regul>ity is q ess5tial4 ,two h\rs a    
day1 regul>ly1 make m ?an sev5 hundr$   
h\rs 9 a ye>1 & 9 sev5 hundr$ h\rs1     
wisely & un9t]rupt$ly occupi$1 mu* may  
be done 9 any?+4  ,p]mit me to insi/ ^u 
t ^w un9t]rupt$ly4 ,few p realize ! full
 evil ( an int]ruption1 few p "k all t  
is impli$ by x4 ,aft] w>n+ nurses aga9/ 
! evils ( int]ruption1 ,flor5ce         
,night+ale says3--  ,^! ?+s are n fancy4
 ,if we consid] t1 ) sick z ) well1 e   

?\ght decomposes "s n]v\s matt]--t      
decomposition z well z re-composition ( 
n]v\s matt] is always go+ on1 & m       
quickly ) ! sick ?an ) ! well1--t to    
obtrude ano!r ?\ght ^u ! bra9 :il/ x is 
9 ! act ( de/roy+ n]v\s matt] by ?9k+1  
is call+ ^u x to make a new ex]tion--if 
we consid] ^! ?+s1 :i* are facts1 n     
fancies1 we %all rememb] t we are do+   
positive injury by int]rupt+1 by />tl+ a
 'fanciful' p]son1 z x is call$4 ,alas1 
x is no fancy4  ,if ! invalid is =c$ by 
8 avocations to cont9ue occupations     
requir+ mu* ?9k+1 ! injury is d\bly     
great4 ,9 fe$+ a pati5t suff]+ "u       
delirium or /upor y may suffocate him by
 giv+ him 8 food sudd5ly1 b if y rub 8  
lips g5tly ) a spoon & ?us attract 8    
att5tion1 he w swall[ ! food            
unconsci\sly1 b ) p]fect safety4 ,?us x 
is ) ! bra94 ,if y (f] x a ?\ght1       
especially "o requir+ a decision1       
abruptly1 y d x a real1 n fanciful1     
injury4 ,nev] speak to a sick p]son     
sudd5ly2 b1 at ! same "t1 d n keep 8    

expectation on ! tiptoe4  ,to ?is y w   
already h answ]$1 m5tally1 t y are n a  
pati5t suff]+ "u ei!r delirium or /upor1
 & t nobody ne$s to rub y\r lips g5tly )
 a spoon4 ,b ,miss ,night+ale does n    
consid] int]ruption baneful to sick     
p]sons only4  ,?is rule inde$1 %e       
cont9ues1 applies to ! well q z mu* z to
 ! sick4 ,i h nev] kn[n p]sons :o expos$
 !mselves = ye>s to con/ant int]ruption 
:o did n muddle away _! intellects by x 
at la/4 ,! process1 ) !m1 may be        
accompli%$ )\t pa94 ,) ! sick1 pa9 gives
 w>n+ ( ! injury4  ,int]ruption is an   
evil to ! read] :i* mu/ be e/imat$ v    
diff]5tly f ord9>y bus9ess int]ruptions4
 ,! great "q ab\t int]ruption is n :e!r 
x compels y to div]t y\r att5tion to o!r
 facts1 b :e!r x compels y to tune y\r  
:ole m9d to ano!r diapason4 ,%opkeep]s  
are incessantly compell$ to *ange !     
subject2 a /ation] is ask$ = notepap] "o
 m9ute1 = seal+-wax ! next1 & imm$iately
 aft]w>ds = a p>ticul> sort ( /eel p54  
,! subjects ( 8 ?\ghts are *ang$ v      

rapidly1 b ! g5]al /ate ( 8 m9d is n    
*ang$2 he is always /rictly 9 8 %op1 z  
mu* m5tally z physically4 ,:5 an        
attorney is int]rupt$ 9 ! /udy ( a case 
by ! arrival ( a cli5t :o asks him      
que/ions ab\t ano!r case1 ! *ange is m  
difficult to be>2 yet ev5 "h ! g5]al    
/ate ( m9d1 ! legal /ate ( m9d1 is n    
int]f]$ )4 ,b n[ suppose a read]        
p]fectly absorb$ 9 8 au?or1 an au?or    
belong+ v likely to ano!r age & ano!r   
civilization entirely diff]5t f ours4   
,suppose t y are read+ ! ,def5ce (      
,socrates 9 ,plato1 & h ! :ole sc5e be=e
 y z 9 a picture3 ! tribunal ( ! ,five  
,hundr$1 ! pure ,greek ar*itecture1 !   
int]e/$ ,a!nian public1 ! odi\s         
,melitus1 ! envi\s enemies1 ! belov$ &  
griev+ fri5ds ^: names are de> to u1 &  
immortal2 & 9 ! c5tre y see "o figure   
drap$ l a poor man1 9 *eap & common     
clo?1 t he we>s w9t] & summ]1 ) a face  
pla9 to d[nright ugl9ess1 b an air ( su*
 g5u9e c\rage & self-possession t no    
act+ c\ld imitate x2 & y he> ! firm     

voice say+--    ,greek3 ,timatai d' oun 
moi hanr ?anat\   ,ei54#c  ,y are j     
beg9n+ ! spl5did p>agraph :]e ,socrates 
condemns himself to ma9t5ance 9 !       
,prytaneum1 & if y c only be safe f     
int]ruption till x is f9i%$1 y w h "o ( 
^? m9utes ( noble pleasure :i* are !    
rew>ds ( intellectual toil4 ,b if y are 
read+ 9 ! daytime 9 a h\se :]e !re are  
wom5 & *ildr51 or :]e p c fa/5 ^u y =   
pott]+ details ( bus9ess1 y may be sure 
t y w n be able to get to ! end ( !     
passage )\t 9 "s way or o!r be+ rudely  
awak5$ f y\r dream1 & sudd5ly br\ght    
back into ! common _w4 ,! loss          
intellectually is great] ?an any "o :o  
_h n suff]$ f x c\ld imag9e4 ,p ?9k t an
 int]ruption is m]ely ! unhook+ ( an    
electric *a91 & t ! curr5t w fl[1 :5 !  
*a9 is hook$ on aga91 j z x did be=e4   
,to ! intellectual & imag9ative /ud5t an
 int]ruption is n t2 x is ! de/ruction (
 a picture4   ,,lett] ,,iv4  ,,to ,a    
,,/ud5t ,,:o ,,felt ,,hurri$ ,,&        
,,driv54    ,p :o l to be               

hurri$--,sluggi% temp]am5ts ga9 vivacity
   "u pressure--,r\t9e "w may be done at
 increas$ spe$--,!   high] intellectual 
"w _c be done hurri$ly--,! art ( avoid+ 
hurry consi/s 9 ,selection--,h[ x 0     
practis$ by a good l&scape              
pa9t]--,selection 9 read+ & writ+--,"s  
/udies all[ ! play   ( selection m ?an  
o!rs d--,languages p]mit x less ?an     
natural sci5ces--,difficulty ( us+      
selection 9 ! fulfilm5t (   lit]>y      
engagem5ts4  ,s y h got y\rself into t  
pleasant condition :i* is ab\t z        
agreeable1 & z favorable to fruitful    
/udy & obs]vation1 z ! condition ( an   
ov]-driv5 cab-horse6  ,v indol5t m51 :o 
w n "w at all unless "u ! pressure (    
imm$iate urg5cy1 sometimes tell u t !y  
actually l to be hurri$2 b al?\gh c]ta9 
k9ds ( practical "w :i* h become        
p]fectly easy f habit may be got ?r\gh  
at a great pace :5 ! workman feels t !re
 is an imm$iate necessity = ef=t1 x is  
c]ta9ly n true t hurry is favorable to  
s\nd /udy ( any k9d4 ,"w :i* m]ely runs 

9 a fix$ groove may be urg$ on          
occasionally at express spe$ )\t any    
p]ceptible injury to ! quality ( x4 ,a  
clev] viol9i/ c play a passage          
pre/issimo z correctly z if he play$ x  
adagio2 a bank]'s cl]k c c\nt money v   
rapidly ) positively less risk ( error  
?an if he c\nt$ x z y & ,i d4 ,a p]son (
 sluggi% temp]am5t really ga9s 9        
vivacity :5 he is press$ = "t1 & becomes
 dur+ ^? mom5ts ( excit$ en]gy a        
cle>]-head$ & m able p]son ?an he is "u 
ord9>y circum/ances4 ,x is !re=e n      
surpris+ t he %\ld f9d himself able to  
accompli% m "u ! great /imulus ( an     
imm$iate necessity ?an he is able to d 9
 ! dulness ( 8 e-day exi/5ce4 ,great    
prodigies ( labor h be5 p]=m$ 9 ?is way 
to av]t imp5d+ calamity1 especially by  
milit>y (fic]s 9 critical times l ^? ( !
 ,sepoy rebellion2 & 9 ! obscur] lives (
 tradesm51 imm5se ex]tions are (t5 made 
to av]t ! dang] ( bankruptcy1 :5 )\t !  
excitem5t ( a s]i\s anxiety ( t k9d !   
tradesman w\ld n feel capable ( m ?an a 

mod]ate & reasonable degree ( att5tion  
to 8 affairs4 ,b not)/&+ ! _m in/ances (
 ?is k9d :i* might be cit$1 & ! _m m :i*
 might easily be collect$1 ! tru? rema9s
 t ! highe/ k9ds ( intellectual labor c 
h>dly ev] be prop]ly p]=m$ :5 ! degree (
 pressure is 9 ! lea/ excessive4 ,y may1
 = example1 if y h ! k9d ( ability :i*  
makes a good j\rnali/1 write an         
effective lead] ) y\r wat* ly+ on !     
table1 & f9i% x exactly :5 ! "t is up2 b
 if y _h ! k9d ( ability :i* makes a    
good poet1 y c\ld n write any?+ l       
highly-f9i%$ poetry aga9/ "t4 ,x is     
equally cle> t sci5tific discov]y1 :i*1 
?\gh x may fla% sudd5ly ^u ! m9d ( !    
discov]]1 is always ! result ( long     
brood+ ov] ! mo/ pati5t obs]vations1 mu/
 come at its own mom5ts1 & _c be comm&$4
 ,! activity ( poets & discov]]s w\ld be
 p>alyz$ by exig5cies :i* /imulate !    
activity ( soldi]s & m5 ( bus9ess4 ,!   
tru? is1 t intellig5ce & en]gy are      
b5eficially /imulat$ by pressure f )\t1 
:]eas ! work+ ( ! high] intellect is    

imp$$ by x1 & t to su* a degree t 9     
times ( ! greate/ pressure ! high       
intellectual life is altoge!r susp5d$1  
to leave free play to ! l[] b m         
imm$iately s]viceable intellig5ce4  ,?is
 be+ s1 x becomes a necess>y "p ( ! art 
( intellectual liv+ s to ord] our "w z  
to %ield ourselves if possible1 at lea/ 
dur+ a c]ta9 portion ( our "t1 f ! evil 
consequ5ces ( hurry4 ,! :ole secret lies
 9 a s+le ^w--,selection4  ,an excell5t 
l&scape pa9t] told me t :atev] he _h to 
d1 he always took ! greate/ pa9s to     
arrange 8 "w s z nev] to h 8            
tranquillity di/urb$ by ha/e4 ,8 sy/em1 
:i* is q applicable to _m o!r ?+s ?an   
l&scape pa9t+1 0 bas$ on ! pr9ciple (   
selection4 ,he always took c>e to       
det]m9e be=eh& h[ mu* "t he c\ld devote 
to ea* sket* or /udy1 & !n1 f ! mass (  
natural facts be=e him1 select$ ! mo/   
valuable facts :i* c\ld be record$ 9 !  
"t at 8 disposal4 ,b h[ev] %ort t "t    
might be1 he 0 always p]fectly cool &   
delib]ate 9 ! employm5t ( x4 ,inde$ ?is 

coolness & 8 skill 9 selection help$ ea*
 o!r mutually1 = he *ose wisely because 
he 0 cool1 & he _h "t to be cool by     
reason ( ! wisdom ( 8 selection4 ,9 8   
little memor&a1 done 9 five m9utes1 !   
l9es 7 laid j z delib]ately z ! t9ts on 
an elaborate picture2 ! diff]5ce be+ 9  
*oice only1 n 9 spe$4  ,n[ if we apply  
?is art ( selection to all our labors x 
w give u mu* ( t l&scape pa9t]'s        
enviable coolness1 & enable u to "w m   
satisfactorily4 ,suppose t in/ead (     
pa9t+ & sket*+ we h to d a great deal ( 
read+ & writ+3 ! art is to select !     
read+ :i* w be mo/ useful to our        
purpose1 &1 9 writ+1 to select ! words  
:i* w express our mean+ ) ! greate/     
cle>ness 9 a little space4 ,! art (     
read+ is to skip judici\sly4 ,:ole      
libr>ies may be skipp$ 9 ^! days1 :5 we 
h ! results ( !m 9 our mod]n culture )\t
 go+ ov] ! gr\nd aga94 ,& ev5 ( ! books 
we decide to read1 !re are almo/ always 
l>ge portions :i* d n conc]n u1 & :i* we
 are sure to =get ! day aft] we h read  

!m4 ,! art is to skip all t does n      
conc]n u1 :il/ miss+ no?+ t we really   
ne$4 ,no ext]nal guidance c tea* u ?is2 
= nobody b ourselves c guess :at ! ne$s 
( our intellect may be4 ,b let u select 
) decisive firmness1 indep5d5tly ( o!r  
p's advice1 indep5d5tly ( ! au?ority (  
cu/om4 ,9 e newspap] t comes to h& !re  
is a little bit t we ought to read2 !   
art is to f9d t little bit1 & wa/e no "t
 ov] ! re/4  ,"s /udies p]mit ! ex]cise 
( selection bett] ?an o!rs d4 ,a        
language1 once und]tak51 p]mits v little
 selection inde$1 s9ce y mu/ "k ! :ole  
vocabul>y1 or ne>ly s1 to be able to    
read & speak4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! natural   
sci5ces p]mit ! mo/ prud5t ex]cise (    
selection4 ,= example1 9 botany y may   
/udy z few plants z y *oose4  ,9 writ+1 
! art ( selection consi/s 9 giv+ ! utmo/
 effect to expression 9 ! fewe/ words2 b
 ( ?is art ,i say little1 = :o c cont5d 
aga9/ an inevitable trade-necessity8    
,almo/ e au?or ( ord9>y skill c\ld1 :5  
press$ = "t1 f9d a brief] expression = 8

 ?\ghts1 b ! real difficulty 9 fulfill+ 
lit]>y engagem5ts does n lie 9 !        
expression ( ! ?\ght1 x lies 9 !        
suffici5tly rapid production ( a c]ta9  
quantity ( copy4 ,= ?is purpose ,i fe> t
 selection w\ld be ( v little use--( no 
m use1 9 fact1 ?an 9 any o!r bran* (    
manufacture :]e 7if a c]ta9 /&>d is kept
 up to7 quantity 9 sale is m important  
?an quality ( mat]ial4   ,,lett] ,v4    
,,to ,a ,,fri5d ,,:o1 ,,?\gh ,,he ,,_h  
,,no ,,pr(ession1 ,,c\ld ,,n ,,f9d ,,"t 
,,= ,,8 ,,v>i\s ,,intellectual          
,,pursuits4    ,comp5sations result+ f !
 necessity = "t--,opportunity only      
exi/s = u s f> z we h "t to make use (  
x--,?is or   t1 n ?is & t--,dang] (     
app>5tly unlimit$   opportunities--,!   
intellectual tra9+ ( our                
ance/ors--,montaigne   !                
,essayi/--,reliance ^u ! comp5sations4  
,x has always seem$ to me t ! great &   
beautiful pr9ciple ( comp5sation is m   
cle>ly se5 9 ! di/ribution & effects (  
"t ?an 9 any?+ else )9 ! scope ( our    

exp]i5ce4 ,! good use ( "o opportunity v
 frequ5tly comp5sates u = ! abs5ce (    
ano!r1 & x does s because opportunity is
 itself s dep5d5t ^u "t t1 al?\gh ! be/ 
opportunities may app>5tly be pres5t$ to
 u1 we c make no use ( !m unless we are 
able to give !m ! "t t !y require4 ,y1  
:o h ! be/ possible opportunities =     
culture1 f9d a c]ta9 sadness &          
disappo9tm5t because y _c avail y\rself 
( all ( !m2 b ! tru? is1 t opportunity  
only exi/s = u j s f> z we are able to  
make use ( x1 & our p[] to d s is (t5   
no?+ b a "q ( "t4 ,if our days are well 
employ$ we are sure to h done "s good ?+
 :i* we %\ld h be5 compell$ to neglect  
if we _h be5 occupi$ ab\t any?+ else4   
,h5ce e g5u9e work] has ri* comp5sations
 :i* ought to console him amply = 8     
%ortcom+s1 & to enable him to meet      
comp>isons )\t fe>4  ,^? :o aspire to ! 
intellectual life1 b h no exp]i5ce ( its
 difficulties1 v frequ5tly envy m5 s    
favorably situat$ z y are4 ,x seems to  
!m t all ! _w's k is accessible to y1 & 

t y h simply to cull its fruits z we    
ga!r grapes 9 a v9ey>d4 ,!y =get ! p[] (
 ,"t1 & ! re/rictions :i* ,"t imposes4  
,?is or t1 n ?is & t1 is ! rule to :i*  
all ( u h to submit1 & x /rangely       
equalizes ! de/9ies ( m54 ,! "t giv5 to 
! /udy ( "o ?+ is )drawn f ! /udy (     
ano!r1 & ! h\rs ( ! day are limit$ alike
 = all ( u4 ,h[ difficult x is to       
reconcile ! int]e/s ( our diff]5t       
pursuits6 ,inde$ x seems l a sort (     
polygamy to h diff]5t pursuits4 ,x is   
natural to ?9k ( !m z jeal\s wives      
torm5t+ "s ,mormon prophet4  ,!re is    
great dang] 9 app>5tly unlimit$         
opportunities1 & a spl5did comp5sation =
 ^? :o are conf9$ by circum/ances to a  
n>r[ b fruitful field4 ,! ,engli%man    
gets m civilization out ( a f>m & a g>d5
 ?an ! ,r$ ,indian out ( ! space        
encircl$ by 8 horizon4 ,our culture ga9s
 9 ?or\ghness :at x loses 9 ext5t4  ,?is
 consid]ation goes f> to expla9 ! fact t
 al?\gh our ance/ors 7 s mu* less       
favorably situat$ ?an we are1 !y (t5 got

 z good an intellectual tra9+ f !       
lit]ature t 0 accessible to !m1 z we f  
our va/] /ores4 ,we live 9 an age (     
essayi/s1 & yet :at mod]n essayi/ writes
 bett] ?an old ,montaigne8 ,all t a     
?\ghtful & witty writ] ne$s = ! %>p5+ ( 
8 intellect1 ,montaigne f\nd 9 ! anci5t 
lit]ature t 0 accessible to him1 & 9 !  
life ( ! age he liv$ 94 ,born 9 our own 
c5tury1 he w\ld h le>n$ _m o!r ?+s1 no  
d\bt1 & read _m o!r books1 b ^! w\ld h  
absorb$ ! h\rs t he employ$ n less      
fruitfully ) ! au?ors t he lov$ 9 !     
little libr>y up 9 ! ?ird /ory ( 8 t[]1 
z he tells u1 :]e he c\ld see all 8     
books at once1 set ^u five r[s ( %elves 
r\nd ab\t him4 ,9 e>li] life he b\ght   
?is sort ( furniture = ornam5t & outw>d 
%[1 b aft]w>ds q ab&on$ t1 & procur$ su*
 volumes only z suppli$ 8 own ne$4  ,to 
supply our own ne$1 )9 ! n>r[ limits ( !
 few & transi5t h\rs t we c call our    
own1 is en\gh = ! wise ev]y:]e1 z x 0 = 
,montaigne 9 8 t[]4 ,let u resolve to d 
z mu* z t1 n m1 & !n rely ^u ! gold5    

comp5sations4    ,,note4--,suppos+ t !  
executive & critical p[]s always exi/   
9 "s correspond5t degree 9 ! same p]son1
 /ill !y _c be   cultivat$ to ! same    
ext5t4 ,! att5tion requir$ = !          
developm5t ( a !ory is necess>ily )drawn
 f ! design ( a   draw+1 & ! "t devot$  
to ! realization ( a =m is lo/ to   !   
solution ( a problem4--,,mr4 ,,rusk91 9 
! preface to ! ?ird   volume ( ,mod]n   
,pa9t]s4    ,9 ! case ( ,mr4 ,rusk91 9 t
 ( ,mr4 ,dante ,rossetti1 & 9 all       
cases :]e ! lit]>y & arti/ic gifts are  
naturally pretty   ev5ly balanc$1 !     
prepond]ance ( an h\r a day giv5 to "o  
or   ! o!r class ( /udies may h settl$ !
 "q :e!r !   /ud5t 0 to be *iefly arti/ 
or *iefly au?or4 ,! enorm\s   importance
 ( ! di/ribution ( "t is nev] m cle>ly  
manife/$ ?an 9 cases ( ?is k9d4 ,mr4    
,rusk9 might c]ta9ly h   atta9$ rank z a
 pa9t]1 ,rossetti might h be5 z prolific
 9   poetry z he is excell5t4 ,:at ^!   
gift$ m5 are n[ is n s   mu* a "q (     
tal5t z ( "t4 ,9 l mann] ! "q   :e!r    

,+res 0 to be kn[n z a pa9t] or z a     
viol9i/ 0   settl$ by ! employm5t ( h\rs
 r ?an by any prepond]ance (   faculty4 
,,footnotes3    #b ,be+ a/oni%$ at !    
prodigi\s v>iety & at ! ext5t (     k   
possess$ by ! ,g]mans1 ,i begg$ "o ( my 
fri5ds1 ,saxon     by bir?1 & "o ( !    
=emo/ geologi/s 9 ,europe1 to tell me   
h[ 8 c\ntrym5 manag$ to "k s _m ?+s4 ,"h
 is 8     answ]1 ne>ly 9 8 own          
words3--',a ,g]man 7except myself1 :o am
     ! idle/ ( m57 gets up e>ly1 summ] &
 w9t]1 at ab\t five     o'clock4 ,he    
works f\r h\rs be=e breakfa/1 sometimes 
smok+ all     ! "t1 :i* does n int]f]e )
 8 application4 ,8     breakfa/ la/s    
half an h\r1 & he rema9s1 aft]w>ds1     
ano!r     half-h\r talk+ ) 8 wife &     
play+ ) 8 *ildr54 ,he     returns to 8  
"w = six h\rs1 d9es )\t hurry+ himself1 
smokes an h\r aft] d9n]1 play+ aga9 ) 8 
*ildr51 &     be=e he goes to b$ he     
works f\r h\rs m4 ,he beg9s aga9 e      
day1 & nev] goes out4 ,?is is h[ x comes
 to pass t ,o]/$1     ! greate/ natural 

philosoph] 9 ,g]many1 is at ! same "t ! 
greate/ physician2 ?is is h[ ,kant !    
metaphysician 0 "o ( !     mo/ le>n$    
a/ronom]s 9 ,europe1 & h[ ,goe!1 :o is  
at pres5t     ! fir/ & mo/ f]tile au?or 
9 ,g]many 9 almo/ all k9ds (            
lit]ature1 is an excell5t botani/1      
m9]alogi/1 & natural     philosoph]4'   
#c ,! man1 !n1 judges me wor?y ( dea?4  
,be x s4     ,,"p ,v4  ,,! ,,influ5ces  
,,( ,,money4   ,,lett] ,i4  ,,to ,a ,,v 
,,ri* ,,/ud5t4    ,! au?or ( ,va!k--,!  
d\ble temptation ( weal?--,ri* m5       
tempt$ to foll[ occupations 9 :i* _!    
weal? is   useful--,pressure ( social   
duties on ! ri*--,! ,du*ess (           
,orleans--,! ri* man's "t n 8 own--,!   
ri* may help !   g5]al intellectual     
advancem5t by ! ex]cise (               
patronage--,dr4   ,c>p5t]--,franz       
,woepke4  ,x has always seem$ to me a v 
rem>kable & notewor?y circum/ance t     
al?\gh ,mr4 ,beck=d1 ! au?or ( ,va!k1   
produc$ 9 8 y\? a /ory :i* be>s all !   
signs ( true inv5tive g5ius1 he nev]    

produc$ any?+ 9 aft]-life :i* po/]ity   
c>es to pres]ve4 ,i read ,va!k aga9 q   
rec5tly1 to see h[ f> my e>ly en?usiasm 
= x might h be5 due to t passion =      
ori5talism :i* reign$ among/ u _m ye>s  
ago1 b ?is fre% p]usal left an          
impression :i* only g5ius leaves4       
,beck=d really _h inv5tion1 & an        
extraord9>y n>rative p[]4 ,t su*        
faculties1 aft] hav+ once reveal$       
!mselves1 %\ld cont5t$ly h rema9$       
dormant ev] aft]w>ds1 is "o ( ! mo/     
curi\s facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 &
 x is ! m curi\s t ,beck=d liv$ to a v  
advanc$ age4  ,beck=d's case appe>s to h
 be5 "o ( ^? 9 :i* great weal? dim9i%es 
or :olly p>alyzes ! highe/ en]gy ( !    
intellect1 leav+ ! l[] en]gies free to  
ex]t less noble k9ds ( activity4 ,a     
ref9$ self-indulg5ce became ! habit ( 8 
life1 & he develop$ simply into a       
dilettant4 ,ev5 8 love = ! f9e arts did 
n rise above ! indulg5ce ( an elegant & 
cultivat$ ta/e4 ,al?\gh he liv$ at ! v  
"t mo/ favorable to ! appe>ance ( a     

great critic 9 ar*itecture & pa9t+1 ! "t
 ( a great ar*itectural revival & ( !   
gr[? ( a vigor\s & indep5d5t s*ool (    
contempor>y art1 he ex]cis$ no influ5ce 
beyond t ( a weal?y virtuoso4 ,8 love ( 
! beautiful began & end$ 9 simple       
p]sonal gratification2 x l$ to no noble 
labor1 to no elevat+ sev]ity (          
discipl9e4 ,engli%man ?\gh he 01 he     
fill$ 8 ,ori5tal t[] ) ma/]pieces f     
,italy & ,holl&1 only to add =m & color 
to ! luxuries ( 8 rev]ie1 beh9d 8 gild$ 
lattices4  ,& :5 he rais$ t o!r t[] at  
,fon?ill1 & ! slaves ( ! lamp toil$ at x
 by tor*light to gratify 8 ,ori5tal     
impati5ce1 he ex]cis$ no influ5ce ^u !  
confusion ( 8 epo* m durable ?an t      
hundr$ y>ds ( masonry :i* sank into a   
%apeless heap :il/ z yet ,azrael sp>$   
its au?or4 ,he to :om ,nature & ,=tune  
_h be5 s prodigal ( _! gifts1 he :om    
,reynolds pa9t$ & ,moz>t in/ruct$1 :o   
knew ! poets ( sev5 lit]atures1 cull+ _!
 jewels l fl[]s 9 sev5 en*ant$ g>d5s--he
 to :om ! palaces ( k all op5$ _! gold5 

gates ev5 9 8 e>lie/ y\?1 to :om 7 also 
giv5 ri*es & l5g? ( days1 = :om a ?\s&  
craftsm5 toil$ 9 ,europe & a ?\s& slaves
 beyond ! sea1#d--:at has ?is gift$     
mortal left z ! te/imony ( 8 p[]1 z !   
trace ( 8 f\rscore ye>s ^u ! e>?8 ,only 
! rem9isc5ce ( a vague spl5dor1 l !     
fa/-fad+ recollection ( a cl\d t burn$  
at sunset1 & "o small gem ( intellectual
 creation t lives l a t9y />4  ,if weal?
 _h only pleasure to (f] z a temptation 
f intellectual labor1 its influ5ce w\ld 
be easi] to resi/4 ,m5 ( ! ,engli% race 
are (t5 gr&ly /rong 9 resi/ance to e =m 
( voluptu\sness2 ! race is fond ( com=t 
& conv5i5ce1 b x does n sacrifice its   
en]gy to en]vat+ self-indulg5ce4 ,!re   
is1 h[ev]1 ano!r ord] ( temptations 9   
great weal?1 to :i* ,engli%m5 n only    
yield1 b yield ) a satisfi$ consci5ce1  
ev5 ) a s5se ( ob$i5ce to duty4 ,weal?  
c>ries pleasure 9 h] left h&1 b 9 h] "r 
%e be>s honor & p[]4 ,! ri* man feels t 
he c d s mu* by ! m]e ex]cise ( 8 comm& 
ov] ! labor ( o!rs1 & s little by any   

unaid$ labor ( 8 own1 t he is always    
/rongly tempt$ to become1 n only        
physically b intellectually1 a director 
( "w r t a workman4 ,ev5 8 mode/y1 :5 he
 is mode/1 t5ds to fo/] 8 reliance on   
o!rs r ?an himself4 ,all t he tries to d
 is done s mu* bett] by ^? :o make x _! 
pr(ession1 t he is always tempt$ to fall
 back ^u 8 pay+ p[] z 8 mo/ satisfactory
 & effective =ce4 ,!re are cases 9 :i*  
?is temptation is glori\sly ov]come1 :]e
 m5 ( great weal? compel e "o to        
ackn[l$ge t _! money is no?+ m ?an a    
help to _! high] life1 l ! *>g] t bore  
,well+ton at ,wat]loo1 s]v+ him inde$   
usefully1 b n detract+ f ! honor :i* is 
8 due4 ,b 9 ^! cases ! life is usually  
active or adm9i/rative r ?an            
intellectual4 ,! ri* man does n g5]ally 
feel tempt$ to ent] ^u c>e]s 9 :i* 8    
comm& ov] labor is n an evid5t          
advantage1 & ?is because m5 naturally   
seek ^? fields 9 :i* all _! sup]iorities
 tell4 ,ev5 ! well kn[n in/ance ( ,"l   
,rosse c sc>cely be consid]$ an         

exception to ?is rule1 = al?\gh he 0    
em95t 9 a sci5ce :i* has be5 foll[$ by  
poor m5 ) great di/9ction1 8 weal? 0 (  
use 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 colossal        
telescope1 :i* gave him a cle> advantage
 ov] m]ely pr(essional contempor>ies4   
,besides ?is natural desire to pursue   
c>e]s 9 :i* _! money may less5 ! numb] (
 competitors1 ! ri* are (t5 div]t$ f    
purely intellectual pursuits by ! social
 duties ( _! /ation1 duties :i* x is    
impossible to avoid & difficult to keep 
)9 limits4 ,! ,du*ess ( ,orleans 7"m ( !
 pres5t ,c\nt ( ,p>is7 arrang$ h] "t ) !
 greate/ c>e s z to res]ve a little ( x 
= h] own culture 9 un9t]rupt$ solitude4 
,by an exact sy/em1 & ! ex]cise ( ! r>e/
 firmness1 %e contriv$ to /eal half an  
h\r "h & an h\r !re--en\gh no d\bt1 :5  
employ$ z %e employ$ !m1 to ma9ta9 h] "*
 z a v di/+ui%$ lady1 yet /ill f> f     
suffici5t = ! satisfactory pursuit ( any
 great art or sci5ce4 ,if x be difficult
 = ! ri* man to ent] into ! k+dom (     
heav51 x is also difficult = him to     

secure t fre$om f int]ruption :i* is    
necess>y to fit him = 8 entrance into ! 
,intellectual ,k+dom4 ,he c sc>cely all[
 himself to be absorb$ 9 any great /udy1
 :5 he reflects on all ! p[]ful means ( 
social influ5ce :i* he is suff]+ to lie 
idle4 ,he is sure to possess by         
inh]itance1 or to h acquir$ 9 ob$i5ce to
 cu/om1 a complicat$ & exp5sive ma*9]y =
 ! pleasures & purposes ( society4 ,!re 
is game to be %ot2 !re are hunt]s to be 
ex]cis$2 great h\ses to be fill$ )      
gue/s4 ,s mu* is expect$ ( ! ri* man1   
bo? 9 bus9ess & 9 pleasure1 t 8 "t is n 
8 own1 & he c\ld n quit 8 /ation if he  
w\ld4 ,& yet ! ,intellectual ,life1 9   
its fruitful p]fection1 requires1 ,i d n
 say ! complete ab&onm5t ( ! _w1 b x    
assur$ly requires free & frequ5t spaces 
( labor 9 tranquil solitude1 retreats l 
^? comm&$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 b ) m (   
/udy & less ( contemplation4  ,x w\ld be
 useless to ask y to abdicate y\r p[]1 &
 retreat into "s h]mitage ) a libr>y & a
 laboratory1 )\t a ?\ght ( return+ to   

y\r pleasant hall 9 ,york%ire & y\r h\se
 9 ,mayfair4 ,y w n sell all & foll[ !  
,light1 b !re is a life :i* y may       
p[]fully enc\rage1 yet only p>tially    
%>e4 ,not)/&+ ! increas$ facilities =   
e>n+ a liv+ :i* ?is age (f]s to !       
intellectual1 ! "t t !y are (t5 compell$
 to give to ! satisfaction ( common     
mat]ial necessities is s mu* "t )drawn f
 ! "w :i* !y alone c d4 ,x is a         
lam5table wa/e ( ! highe/ & r>e/ k9d (  
en]gy to compel m9ds t are capable (    
orig9al inve/igation1 ( discov]y1 to    
occupy !mselves 9 t m]e vulg>ization (  
k1 9 popul> lectur+ & lit]ature1 :i*    
c\ld be done j z effici5tly by m9ds ( a 
common ord]4 ,x is an error ( ! pres5t  
age to believe t ! "t = :at is call$    
patronage is altoge!r pass$ away4 ,let  
me m5tion two in/ances to ! contr>y3 "o 
9 :i* k9dly help w\ld h sav$ fifte5 ye>s
 ( a noble life2 ano!r 9 :i* t k9dly    
help did actually p]mit a man (         
exceptional end[m5t & equally           
exceptional indu/ry to pursue           

inve/igations = :i* no o!r human be+ 0 s
 well qualifi$1 & :i* 7 entirely        
incompatible ) ! e>n+ ( ! daily bread4  
,dr4 ,c>p5t] has lately told u t1 f9d+ x
 impossible to unite ! "w ( a g5]al     
practition] ) ! sci5tific rese>*es ^u   
:i* 8 he>t 0 set1 he gave up n9e-t5?s ( 
8 "t = tw5ty ye>s to popul> lectur+ &   
writ+1 9 ord] t he might exi/ & devote !
 o!r t5? to sci5ce4 ,j z he 0 break+ d[n
 f ! excessive /ra9 ^u m9d & body :i*   
?is life involv$1 an appo9tm5t 0 (f]$ to
 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] :i* gave him compet5ce &  
suffici5t leisure = ! inve/igations :i* 
he has conduct$ to su* important issues4
 ,suppose t dur+ ^? tw5ty ye>s ( /ruggle
 he _h brok5 d[n l _m ano!r only a      
little less robu/--:at !n8 ,a m9d lo/ to
 8 c\ntry & ! _w4 ,& w\ld x n h be5     
happi] = him & = u if "s ( ^? m5 7( :om 
!re are m 9 ,engl& ?an 9 any o!r l&71 :o
 are s weal?y t _! gold is positively a 
burd5 & an encumbrance1 l too _m coats 9
 summ]1 _h help$ ,dr4 ,c>p5t] at lea/ a 
few ye>s e>li]1 9 "s =m t a man ( high  

feel+ might honorably accept8 ,! o!r    
example t ,i %all m5tion is t ( ,franz  
,woepke1 ! ma!matician & ori5tali/4 ,a  
mode/ p5sion1 suppli$ by an ,italian    
pr9ce :o 0 int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory (         
ma!matics1 gave ,woepke t peace :i* is  
incompatible ) pov]ty1 & enabl$ him to  
live gr&ly 9 8 n>r[ lodg+ ! noble       
intellectual life4 ,0 n ?is rightly &   
well done1 & probably a mu* m effectual 
employm5t ( ! p[] ( gold ?an if t       
,italian pr9ce _h add$ "s r>e           
manuscripts to 8 own libr>y )\t hav+ "t 
or k to deciph] !m8 ,i _c b ?9k t ! ri* 
may s]ve ! cause ( culture be/ by a     
judici\s ex]cise ( patronage--unless1   
inde$1 !y h )9 !mselves ! s5se ( t      
irresi/ible vocation :i* made ,humboldt 
use 8 =tune z ! s]vant ( 8 high         
ambition4 ,! ,humboldts nev] are too    
ri*2 !y possess _! gold & are n possess$
 by x1 & !y are exempt f ! duty ( aid+  
o!rs because !y !mselves h a use = all  
_! p[]s4   ,,lett] ,,ii  ,,to ,a ,,g5ius
 ,,c>eless ,,9 ,,money ,,matt]s4        

,dang] ( c>elessness--,inconv5i5ces (   
pov]ty unfavorable to !   ,intellectual 
,life--,necessity advances m5 9         
indu/rial occupations1   b di/urbs &    
int]rupts ! high] intellectual          
life--,in/ances 9   sci5ce1 lit]ature1 &
 art--,c>e]s aid$ by weal?--,mr4        
,rusk9--,de   ,saussure--,"w spoil$ by  
pov]ty 9 ! do+--,! c5tral passion (   m5
 ( ability is to d _! "w well--,! want (
 money ! mo/   common h9drance to       
excell5ce ( "w--,de ,snanc\r--,bossuet--
   ,sa9te-,beuve--,%elley--             
,wordswor?--,scott--,kepl]--,ty*o       
,brahe--,s*ill]--,goe!--,case ( an em95t
 ,engli% philosoph]1 & (   a ,fr5* writ]
 ( s*ool-prim]s--,loss ( "t 9 mak+      
exp]im5ts   on public ta/e--,surt\t ne  
pas trop crire--,augu/e ,comte--,!      
reaction ( ! intellectual aga9/         
money-mak+--,money ! protector   ( !    
intellectual life4  ,i h be5 anxi\s = y 
lately1 & v5ture to write to y ab\t !   
reasons = ?is anxiety4  ,y are nei!r    
extravagant nor self-indulg5t1 yet x    

seems to me t y\r entire absorption 9 ! 
high] intellectual pursuits has produc$ 
9 y1 z x frequ5tly does1 a c>elessness  
ab\t mat]ial int]e/s ( all k9ds :i* is  
by f> ! mo/ dang]\s ( all temp]s to !   
pecuni>y well-be+ ( a man4 ,sydney ,smi?
 decl>$ t no =tune c\ld /& t temp] long1
 & t we are on ! high road to ru9 !     
mom5t we ?9k ourselves ri* en\gh to be  
c>eless4  ,let me obs]ve1 to beg9 )1 t  
al?\gh ! pursuit ( weal? is n favorable 
to ! intellectual life1 ! inconv5i5ces (
 pov]ty are ev5 less favorable to x4 ,we
 are sometimes lectur$ on ! great       
b5efits ( necessity z a /imulant to     
ex]tion1 & x is impli$ t com=table p    
w\ld g mu* f>!r on ! road to di/9ction  
if !y 7 made uncom=table by hav+ to ?9k 
p]petually ab\t money4 ,^? :o say ?is   
conf\nd toge!r ! indu/ry ( ! indu/rial &
 pr(essional classes1 & ! labors ( ! m  
purely intellectual4 ,x is cle> t :5 !  
labor a man does is ( su* a nature t he 
w be paid = x 9 /rict proportion to ! "t
 & ef=t he be/[s1 ! ne$ ( money w be a  

direct /imulus to ! be/ ex]tion he may  
be capable (4 ,9 all simple indu/rial   
occupations ! ne$ ( money does drive a  
man =w>ds1 & is (t51 :5 he feels x 9    
e>ly life1 ! v orig9 & f\ndation ( 8    
=tune4 ,!re exi/s1 9 su* occupations1 a 
p]fect h>mony betwe5 ! pres5t necessity 
& ! ultimate purpose ( ! life4 ,weal? is
 ! object ( indu/ry1 & ! fir/ /eps t[>ds
 ! possession ( x are /eps on ! *os5    
pa?4 ,! future capta9 ( indu/ry1 :o w   
employ ?\s&s ( workpeople & accumulate  
millions ( money1 is go+ /raight to 8   
spl5did future :5 he gets up at five 9 !
 morn+ to "w 9 ano!r p]son's factory4   
,to le>n to be a build] ( /eam-vessels1 
x is necess>y1 ev5 :5 y beg9 ) capital1 
to pass ?r\gh ! manual trades1 & y w    
only le>n !m ! bett] if ! wages are     
necess>y to y\r exi/5ce4 ,pov]ty 9 ^!   
cases only makes an intellig5t man gr\nd
 himself all ! bett] 9 t /]n practical  
tra9+ :i* is ! basis ( 8 future c>e]4   
,well1 !re=e1 may ^? :o h rea*$ di/+ui%$
 success 9 fields ( practical activity  

extol ! tea*+s ( adv]sity4 ,if x is a   
necess>y "p ( y\r education t y %\ld    
hamm] rivets inside a /eam-boil]1 x is z
 well t y\r e>ly habits %\ld n be       
ov]-da9ty4 ,s x is obs]v$ t horny h&s1 9
 ! colonies1 get gold into !m soon] ?an 
:ite ones4  ,ev5 9 ! lib]al pr(essions  
"y m5 get on all ! bett] = n be+ too    
com=tably (f4 ,if y h a com=table       
private income to beg9 )1 ! meagre e>ly 
rew>ds ( pr(essional life w seem too    
paltry to be wor? h>d /riv+1 & s y w v  
likely miss ! m ample rew>ds ( maturity1
 s9ce ! common road to success is no?+ b
 a gradual increase4 ,& y miss education
 at ! same "t1 = practice is ! be/ (    
pr(essional educators1 & _m successful  
lawy]s & arti/s h _h sc>cely any o!r    
tra9+4 ,! daily habit ( affairs tra9s m5
 = ! active bus9ess ( ! _w1 & if !      
purpose ( _! lives is m]ely to d :at !y 
are do+ or to comm& o!rs to d ! same    
?+s1 ! m closely circum/ances tie !m d[n
 to _! "w1 ! bett]4  ,b 9 ! high]       
intellectual pursuits ! necessity =     

imm$iate e>n+ has an entirely diff]5t   
result4 ,x comes1 n z an educator1 b z  
an int]ruption or susp5sion ( education4
 ,all intellectual lives1 h[ev] mu* !y  
may diff] 9 ! v>iety ( _! purposes1 h at
 lea/ ?is purpose 9 common1 t !y are    
ma9ly devot$ to self-education ( "o k9d 
or ano!r4 ,an intellectual man :o is =ty
 ye>s old is z mu* at s*ool z an        
,etonian ( f\rte51 & if y set him to e>n
 m money ?an t :i* comes to him )\t     
especial c>e ab\t x1 y int]rupt 8       
s*ool+1 exactly z selfi% p>5ts us$ to d 
:5 !y s5t _! "y *ildr5 to ! factory &   
prev5t$ !m f le>n+ to read4 ,! idea ( ! 
intellectual life is an exi/5ce pass$   
almo/ entirely 9 /udy1 yet pres]v+ !    
results ( its inve/igations4 ,a day's   
writ+ w usually suffice to record !     
outcome ( a mon?'s rese>*4  ,necessity1 
in/ead ( advanc+ y\r /udies1 /ops !m4   
,:5ev] h] h>% voice speaks x becomes y\r
 duty to %ut y\r books1 put aside y\r   
in/rum5ts1 & d some?+ t w fet* a price 9
 ! m>ket4 ,! man ( sci5ce has to ab&on !

 pursuit ( a discov]y to g & deliv] a   
popul> lecture a hundr$ miles (f1 = :i* 
he gets five p\nds & 8 railway f>e4 ,!  
/ud5t ( anci5t lit]ature has to read "s 
feeble novel1 & give ?ree days ( a      
valuable life to write an anonym\s      
review :i* w br+ him two p\nds t54 ,!   
arti/ has to leave 8 s]i\s picture to   
manufacture pot-boil]s1 :i* w tea* him  
no?+1 b only spoil 8 h&s & vitiate !    
public ta/e4 ,! poet susp5ds 8 poem 7:i*
 is promis$ to a publi%] = ,*ri/mas1 & w
 be spoil$ 9 consequ5ce by hurry at !   
la/7 9 ord] to write newspap] articles  
on subjects ( :i* he has little k & 9   
:i* he takes no int]e/4 ,& yet ^! are   
in/ances ( ^? comp>atively happy &      
=tunate ne$y :o are only compell$ to    
susp5d _! intellectual life1 & :o c *e] 
!mselves 9 _! en=c$ labor ) ! hope (    
%ortly r5ew+ x4 ,:at ( ^? o!rs :o are   
pu%$ out ( _! pa? =ev] by ! buffets (   
unk9dly =tune8 ,_m a f9e intellect has  
be5 driv5 into ! deep quagmire1 & has   
/ruggl$ 9 x va9ly till dea? came1 :i* b 

= t grim necessity might h scal$ !      
immortal m\nta9s4  ,?is metaphor ( !    
m\nta9s has l$ me1 by a natural         
association ( ideas1 to ?9k ( a writ] :o
 has add$ to our enjoym5t ( _! beauty1 &
 ,i ?9k ( him ! m readily t 8 c>e] w    
s]ve z an illu/ration--f> bett] ?an any 
imag9>y c>e]--( ! v subject :i* j n[    
occupies my m9d4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 is n only  
"o ( ! be/ in/ances1 b he is positively 
! v be/ in/ance except ! two ,humboldts1
 ( an intellectual c>e] :i* has be5     
greatly aid$ by mat]ial prosp]ity1 & :i*
 w\ld n h be5 possible )\t x4 ,?is does 
n 9 ! lea/ detract f ! m]it ( ! au?or ( 
,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 = x ne$$ a r>e =ce (    
resolution1 or a p[]ful in/9ct ( g5ius1 
to lead ! life ( a sev]e /ud5t "u e     
temptation to indol5ce4 ,/ill x is true 
t ,mr4 ,rusk9's c>e] w\ld h be5         
impossible = a poor man1 h[ev] gift$4 ,a
 poor man w\ld n h _h access to ,mr4    
,rusk9's mat]ials1 & "o ( 8 *ief        
sup]iorities has always be5 an abundant 
weal? ( mat]ial4 ,& if we g s f> z to   

suppose t ! poor man might h f\nd o!r   
mat]ials p]haps equival5t to ^!1 we "k t
 he c\ld n h turn$ !m to t noble use4 ,!
 poor critic w\ld be imm$iately absorb$ 
9 ! ocean ( anonym\s p]iodical          
lit]ature2 he c\ld n f9d "t = !         
incubation ( great works4 ,mod]n        
,pa9t]s1 ! result ( sev5te5 ye>s ( /udy1
 is n simply a "w ( g5ius b ( g5ius     
second$ by weal?4 ,close to x on my     
%elves /& f\r volumes :i* are ! monum5t 
( ano!r intellectual life devot$ to !   
inve/igation ( nature4 ,de ,saussure1   
:om ,mr4 ,rusk9 rev]5ces z "o ( 8 able/ 
tea*]s1 & :om all s9c]e /ud5ts ( nature 
reg>d z a model obs]v]1 pursu$ = _m     
labori\s ye>s a k9d ( life :i* 0 n1 &   
c\ld n be1 self-support+ 9 ! pecuni>y   
s5se4 ,_m o!r pati5t labor]s1 :o h n !  
celebrity ( ^!1 "w /eadily 9 ! same way1
 & are enabl$ to d s by ! possession (  
indep5d5t =tune4 ,i "k "o su* :o gives a
 :ole summ] to ! exam9ation ( ?ree or   
f\r acres ( m\nta9-gr\nd1 ! tangible    
result be+ compris$ 9 a few memor&a1    

:i*1 consid]$ z lit]>y mat]ial1 might 79
 ! h&s ( a skill$ pr(essional writ]7 j  
possibly be wor? five p\nds4  ,n only d 
n>r[ pecuni>y means (t5 r5d] high       
intellectual ent]prises absolutely      
impossible1 b !y d :at is frequ5tly ev5 
m try+ to ! heal? & "*1 !y p]mit y to   
und]take "w t w\ld be wor?y ( y if y    
might only h "t & mat]ials = ! execution
 ( x1 & !n spoil x 9 ! do+4 ,an         
intellectual labor] w be> any?+ except  
t4 ,y may take away ! v table he is     
writ+ ^u1 if y let him h a deal bo>d = 8
 books & pap]s2 y may take away all 8   
f9e editions1 if y leave him common     
copies t are legible2 y may remove 8 v  
c&le/ick1 if y leave him a bottle-neck  
to /ick 8 c&le 91 & he w g on work+     
*e]fully /ill4 ,b ! mom5t y d any?+ to  
spoil ! quality ( ! "w itself1 y make   
him irritable & mis]able4 ,y ?9k1 says  
,sir ,ar?ur ,helps1 to ga9 a good man to
 manage y\r affairs because he happ5s to
 h a small %>e 9 y\r und]tak+4 ,x is a  
great error4 ,y want him to d some?+    

well :i* y are go+ to tell him to d4 ,if
 he has be5 wisely *os51 & is an able   
man1 8 pecuni>y int]e/ 9 ! matt] w be   
m]e du/ 9 ! balance1 :5 comp>$ ) !      
desire :i* belongs to all su* m5 to d _!
 "w well4 ,yes1 ?is is ! c5tral passion 
( all m5 ( true ability1 to d _! "w     
well2 _! happ9ess lies 9 t1 & n 9 !     
am\nt ( _! pr(its1 or ev5 9 _!          
reputation4 ,b !n1 on ! o!r h&1 !y suff]
 indescribable m5tal mis]y :5           
circum/ances compel !m to d _! "w less  
well ?an !y "k t1 "u m favorable        
circum/ances1 !y w\ld be capable ( do+  
x4 ,! want ( money is1 9 ! high]        
intellectual pursuits1 ! mo/ common     
h9drance to ?or\ghness & excell5ce ( "w4
 ,de ,snanc\r1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( a     
/range concat5ation ( mis=tunes1 0 all 8
 life /ruggl+ 9 %all[s1 suff]$ n f !    
privations !mselves1 b f ! vague feel+ t
 !y /unt$ 8 intellectual gr[?2 & any    
exp]i5c$ /ud5t ( human nature mu/ be    
aw>e t ,de ,snanc\r 0 "r4 ,) l>g] means 
he w\ld h se5 m ( ! _w1 & kn[n x bett]1 

& writt5 ( x ) rip] wisdom4 ,he said t !
 man :o only saw 9 pov]ty ! direct      
effect ( ! money-privation1 & only      
comp>$1 = in/ance1 an eight-p5ny d9n] to
 "o t co/ t5 %ill+s1 w\ld h no          
conception ( ! true nature ( mis=tune1 =
 n to sp5d money is ! lea/ ( ! evils (  
pov]ty4 ,bossuet said t he _h no        
atta*m5t to ri*es1 & /ill if he _h only 
:at is b>ely necess>y1 if he felt       
himself n>r[$1 he w\ld lose m ?an half 8
 tal5ts4 ,sa9te-,beuve said1 ,only ?9k a
 little :at a diff]5ce !re is 9 ! />t+  
po9t & 9 ! employm5t ( ! faculties      
betwe5 a ,duc de ,luynes & a ,snanc\r4  
,h[ _m ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ au?ors h be5    
dep5d5t ^u private means1 n simply =    
physical su/5ance1 b = ! opportunities  
:i* !y af=d$ ( ga9+ t exp]i5ce ( life   
:i* 0 absolutely ess5tial to ! full gr[?
 ( _! m5tal faculties4 ,%elley's writ+s 
br\ght him no pr(it :atev]1 & )\t a     
private income he c\ld n h produc$ !m1 =
 he _h n a hundr$ buy]s4 ,yet 8 :ole "t 
0 employ$ 9 /udy or 9 travel1 :i* = him 

0 /udy ( ano!r k9d1 or else 9 ! actual  
labor ( composition4 ,wordswor? tri$ to 
become a ,london j\rnali/ & fail$4 ,a "y
 man call$ ,raisley ,calv]t di$ & left  
him #ijjl42 ?is sav$ ! poet 9           
,wordswor?1 z x kept him till !         
publication ( ! ,lyrical ,ballads1 &    
aft]w>ds o!r pieces ( good luck happ5$  
to him1 s t he c\ld ?9k & compose at    
leisure4 ,scott w\ld n v5ture to devote 
himself to lit]ature until he _h fir/   
secur$ a com=table income outside ( x4  
,poor ,kepl] /ruggl$ ) con/ant          
anxieties1 & told =tunes by a/rology = a
 livelihood1 say+ t a/rology z ! daught]
 ( a/ronomy ought to keep h] "m2 b fancy
 a man ( sci5ce wa/+ preci\s "t ov]     
horoscopes6 ,i supplicate y1 he writes  
to ,moe/l91 if !re is a situation vacant
 at ,tb+51 d :at y c to obta9 x = me1 & 
let me "k ! prices ( bread & w9e & o!r  
necess>ies ( life1 = my wife is n       
accu/om$ to live on beans4 ,he _h to    
accept all sorts ( jobs2 he made        
almanacs1 & s]v$ any "o :o w\ld pay him4

 ,8 only tranquil "t = /udy 0 :5 he liv$
 9 ,/yria1 on 8 wife's income1 a        
tranquillity t did n la/ = long1 & nev] 
return$4 ,h[ diff]5t is ?is f ! pr9cely 
ease ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 :o labor$ = sci5ce 
alone1 ) all ! help t ! +5uity ( 8 age  
c\ld furni%6 ,!re is ! same contra/1 9 a
 lat] g5]ation1 betwe5 ,s*ill] & ,goe!4 
,poor ,s*ill] wa/+ s mu* ( 8 preci\s    
life 9 lit]>y hack-"w1 translat+ ,fr5*  
books = a mis]able pittance2 ,goe!1     
=tunate 9 8 pecuni>y indep5d5ce z 9 all 
! o!r great circum/ances ( 8 life1 & ?is
 at a "t :5 ! pay ( au?ors 0 s mis]able 
t !y c\ld h>dly exi/ by ! p54 ,s*ill]   
got a %ill+ a page = 8 translations4    
,m]ck ! publi%] (f]$ ?ree p\nds /]l+ = a
 drama ( ,goe!4 ,if ,europe prais$ me1  
,goe! said1 :at has ,europe done = me8  
,no?+4 ,ev5 my works h be5 an exp5se to 
me4  ,! pecuni>y rew>ds :i* m5 receive =
 _! labor are s absurdly 7yet           
inevitably7 disproportionate to !       
intellectual p[] t is ne$$ = ! task1 &  
also to ! toil involv$1 t no "o c safely

 rely ^u ! high] intellectual pursuits z
 a protection f money-anxieties4 ,i w   
give y two in/ances ( ?is disproportion1
 real in/ances1 ( m5 :o are kn[n to me  
p]sonally4 ,"o ( !m is an em95t         
,engli%man ( mo/ rem>kable intellectual 
=ce1 :o = _m ye>s pa/ has occupi$ 8     
leisure 9 ! composition ( works t are   
valu$ by ! ?9k+ public to a degree :i* x
 w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate4 ,b ?is 
?9k+ public is n num]\s1 & s 9 ! ye>    
#ahff ?is em95t philosoph]1 unable to   
cont9ue los+ money 9 endeavor+ to       
enlight5 8 contempor>ies1 0 compell$ to 
ann\nce ! t]m9ation ( 8 s]ies4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 a ,fr5*man1 also kn[n to me        
p]sonally1 "o day conceiv$ ! =tunate    
idea t a new prim] might possibly be a  
saleable commodity4 ,s he compos$ a     
little prim]1 beg9n+ ) ! alphabet1      
advanc+ to a1 b1 ab2 b1 a1 ba2 & ev5 go+
 s f> 9 hi/ory z to affirm t ,adam 0 !  
fir/ man & ,abraham ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful4 
,he _h ! wisdom to keep ! copyright (   
?is little publication1 :i* employ$ 79 !

 easie/ ( all imag9able lit]>y labor7 ! 
ev5+s ( a s+le week4 ,x has br\ght him  
91 ev] s9ce1 a regul> income ( #abjl4 a 
ye>1 :i*1 s f> f %[+ any signs (        
dim9ution1 is positively improv+4 ,?is  
success enc\rag$ ! same intellig5t      
g5tleman to compose m lit]ature ( ! same
 ord]1 & he is n[ ! enviable own] (     
sev]al o!r su* copyrights1 all ( !m v   
valuable2 9 fact z good prop]ties z     
h\se-leases 9 ,london4 ,"h is an au?or  
:o1 f ! pecuni>y po9t ( view1 0         
incomp>ably m successful ?an ,milton1 or
 ,%elley1 or ,goe!4 ,if e intellectual  
man c\ld %ield 8 high] life by writ+    
prim]s = *ildr5 :i* %\ld be z good z    
h\se-leases1 if ! prov]b ,qui peut le   
plus peut le mo9s 7 a true prov]b1 :i* x
 is n1 !n ( c\rse all m5 ( culture w\ld 
be p]fectly safe1 s9ce !y all c]ta9ly "k
 ! cont5ts ( a prim]4 ,b y may be able  
to write ! mo/ le>n$ philosophical      
treatise & /ill n be able to e>n y\r    
daily bread4  ,consid]1 too1 ! lam5table
 loss ( "t :i* p ( high culture incur 9 

mak+ exp]im5ts on public ta/e1 :5 money 
becomes "o ( _! ma9 objects4 ,:il/ !y   
are writ+ /ories = *ildr51 or elem5t>y  
educational books :i* p ( f> inf]ior    
atta9m5t c\ld probably d mu* bett]1 _!  
own self-improvem5t comes to a /&/ill4  
,if x c\ld only be asc]ta9$ )\t delay   
:at sort ( "w w\ld br+ 9 ! money !y     
require1 !n !re w\ld be "s *ance (      
apportion+ "t s z to make res]ves =     
self-improvem5t2 b :5 !y h to write a   
score ( volumes m]ely to asc]ta9 ! humor
 ( ! public1 !re is little *ance (      
leisure4 ,! life ( ! pr(essional au?or  
:o has no reputation is mu* less        
favorable to high culture ?an ! life ( a
 tradesman 9 mod]ately easy circum/ances
 :o c res]ve an h\r or two e day = "s   
belov$ intellectual pursuit4            
,sa9te-,beuve tells u t dur+ c]ta9 ye>s 
( 8 life he _h endeavor$1 & _h be5 able1
 s to arrange 8 exi/5ce t x %\ld h bo?  
sweetness & dignity1 writ+ f "t to "t   
:at 0 agreeable1 read+ :at 0 bo?        
agreeable & s]i\s1 cultivat+ fri5d%ips1 

?r[+ mu* ( 8 m9d into ! intimate        
relations ( e day1 giv+ m to 8 fri5ds   
?an to ! public1 res]v+ :at 0 mo/ t5d] &
 delicate = ! inn] life1 enjoy+ )       
mod]ation2 su* = him 0 ! dream ( an     
intellectual exi/5ce 9 :i* ?+s truly    
preci\s 7 valu$ accord+ to _! wor?4 ,&  
above all1 he said1 above all 8 desire 0
 n to write too mu*1 surt\t ne pas trop 
crire4 ,& !n comes ! regret = ?is wise1 
well-ord]$ life enjoy$ by him only = a  
"t4 ,la ncessit depuis m'a saisi et m'a 
contra9t de r5onc]  ce que je considrais
 comme le seul bonheur ou la consolation
 exquise du mlancolique et du sage4     
,augu/e ,comte lam5t$ 9 l mann] ! evil  
intellectual consequ5ces ( anxieties    
ab\t mat]ial ne$s4 ,!re is no?+1 he     
said1 m mortal to my m9d ?an !          
necessity1 pu%$ to a c]ta9 degree1 to h 
to ?9k ea* day ab\t a provision = !     
next4 ,happily ,i ?9k little & r>ely    
ab\t all t2 b :5ev] ?is happ5s to me ,i 
pass ?r\gh mom5ts ( disc\ragem5t &      
positive despair1 :i* if ! influ5ce ( !m

 became habitual w\ld make me r5\nce all
 my labors1 all my philosophical        
projects1 to end my days l an ass4  ,!re
 are a hundr$ rules = gett+ ri*1 b !    
in/9ct ( accumulation is wor? all su*   
rules put toge!r4 ,?is in/9ct is r>ely  
f\nd 9 comb9ation ) high intellectual   
gifts1 & ! reason is evid5t4 ,to advance
 f a hundr$ p\nds to a ?\s& is n an     
intellectual advance1 & !re is no       
intellectual int]e/ 9 ! addition ( a    
ciph] at ! bank]s'4 ,simply to          
accumulate money t y are nev] to use is1
 f ! intellectual po9t ( view1 z /upid  
an op]ation z c be imag9$4 ,we obs]ve1  
too1 t ! great accumulators1 ! m5 :o are
 gift$ by nature ) ! true in/9ct1 are n 
usually su* p]sons z we feel any        
ambition to become4 ,_! faculties are   
conc5trat$ on "o po9t1 & t po9t1 z x    
seems to u1 ( inf9itely little          
importance4 ,we _c see t x signifies mu*
 to ! intellectual well-be+ ( humanity t
 ,john ,smi? %\ld be wor? 8 million :5  
he dies1 s9ce we "k q well t ,john      

,smi?'s m9d w be j z ill-furni%$ !n z x 
is n[4 ,9 places :]e mu* money is made  
we easily acquire a positive disgu/ = x1
 & ! curate seems ! mo/ di/+ui%$        
g5tleman 9 ! community1 ) 8 old black   
coat & 8 sev5ty p\nds a ye>4 ,we come to
 hate money-matt]s :5 we f9d t !y       
exclude all ?\ghtful & dis9t]e/$        
conv]sation1 & we fly to ! society ( p )
 fix$ incomes1 n l>ge en\gh = mu* sav+1 
to escape ! p]petual talk ab\t          
inve/m5ts4 ,our happie/ h\rs h be5 sp5t 
) poor s*ol>s1 & arti/s1 & m5 ( sci5ce1 
^: words rema9 9 ! memory & make u ri*  
inde$4 ,!n we dislike money because x   
rules & re/ra9s u1 & because x is       
un9tellig5t & seems ho/ile1 s f> z t :i*
 is un9tellig5t c be ho/ile4 ,& yet !   
real tru? is t money is ! /rong         
protector ( ! intellectual life4 ,!     
/ud5t sits & /udies1 too (t5 despis+ !  
p[] t %elt]s him f ! w9try night1 t     
gives him ro( & walls1 & lamp1 & books1 
& fire4 ,= money is simply ! accumulat$ 
labor ( ! pa/1 gu>d+ our peace z fleets 

& armies gu>d ! indu/ry ( ,engl&1 or l  
"s mighty =tress-wall )9 :i* m5 foll[ ! 
mo/ peaceful avocations4 ,! art is to   
use money s t x %all be ! protector & n 
! scatt]] ( our "t1 ! body-gu>d ( !     
sov]eign ,intellect & ,w4   ,,lett]     
,,iii4  ,,to ,a ,,/ud5t ,,9 ,,great     
,,pov]ty4    ,pov]ty really a great     
ob/acle--,diff]5ce betwe5 a ?\s& ri*    
m5 & a ?\s& poor m5 tak5 f p]sons (     
av]age natural   gifts--,! ,h\ses (     
,p>liam5t--,! ,engli% recognize !       
natural   connection betwe5 weal? &     
culture--,connection betwe5 ignorance   
& p>simony 9 exp5diture--,:at may be    
hone/ly said = !   enc\ragem5t ( a v    
poor /ud5t4  ,z x seems to me t to make 
light ( ! difficulties :i* lie 9 ! pa? (
 ano!r is n to %[ true sympa?y = him1   
ev5 ?\gh x is done sometimes out ( a    
sort ( awkw>d k9dness & = 8 enc\ragem5t1
 ,i w n beg9 by pret5d+ t pov]ty is n a 
great ob/acle to ! p]fection ( !        
intellectual life4 ,x is a great        
ob/acle2 x is "o ( ! v greate/ ( all    

ob/acles4 ,only obs]ve h[ ri*es & pov]ty
 op]ate ^u mank9d 9 ! mass4 ,"h & !re no
 d\bt a v poor man atta9s intellectual  
di/9ction :5 he has exceptional /r5g? ( 
w1 & heal? en\gh to be> a great /ra9 (  
extra labor t he imposes ^u himself1 &  
natural gifts s brilliant t he c le>n 9 
an h\r :at common m5 le>n 9 a day4 ,b   
consid] mank9d 9 ! mass4 ,look1 =       
in/ance1 at our two ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 
,!y are compos$ ( m5 tak5 f ! av]age run
 ( ,engli%m5 ) v little ref]5ce to      
ability1 b almo/ all ( !m are ri* m52 n 
"o ( !m is poor1 z y are poor2 n "o ( !m
 has to cont5d aga9/ ! /]n realities (  
pov]ty4 ,!n consid] ! v high g5]al level
 ( intellectual atta9m5t :i* di/+ui%es  
^? two assemblies1 & ask y\rself c&idly 
:e!r a ?\s& m5 tak5 f ! begg>s 9 !      
/reets1 or ev5 f ! f> sup]ior class (   
our manufactur+ op]atives1 w\ld be      
likely to und]/&1 z ! two ,h\ses (      
,p>liam5t und]/&1 ! _m complicat$       
que/ions ( legislation & ( policy :i*   
are cont9ually br\ght be=e !m4 ,we all  

"k t ! poor are too limit$ 9 k &        
exp]i5ce1 f ! want ( ! necess>y         
opportunities1 & too little accu/om$ to 
ex]cise _! m9ds 9 ! tranquil            
inve/igations ( great que/ions1 to be   
compet5t = ! "w ( ,p>liam5t4 ,x is      
sc>cely necess>y to insi/ ^u ?is fact to
 an ,engli%man1 because ! ,engli% h     
always recogniz$ ! natural connection   
betwe5 weal? & culture1 & h pref]r$ to  
be gov]n$ by ! ri* f ! belief t !y are  
likely to be bett] in=m$1 & bett]       
situat$ = intellectual activity ( a     
dis9t]e/$ k9d1 ?an ^? memb]s ( !        
community ^: "t & ?\ghts are almo/      
entirely occupi$ 9 w9n+ _! daily bread  
by ! incessant labor ( _! h&s4 ,& if y g
 out into ! _w1 if y mix ) m5 ( v       
diff]5t classes1 y w f9d t 9 a broad    
av]age way 7,i am n speak+ j n[ ( !     
exceptions7 ! ri*] classes are mu* m    
capable ( ent]+ into ! sort ( ?9k+ :i*  
may be call$ intellectual ?an ^? ^:     
money is less pl5tiful1 & ^:            
opportunities h !re=e be5 less abundant4

 ,inde$ x may be ass]t$1 r\ghly &       
g5]ally1 t ! n>r[ness ( m5's ideas is 9 
direct proportion to _! p>simony 9      
exp5diture4 ,i d n mean to affirm t all 
:o sp5d l>gely atta9 l>ge intellectual  
results1 = ( c\rse we "k t a man may    
sp5d va/ sums on pursuits :i* d n       
educate him 9 any?+ wor? kn[+1 b !      
advantage is t ) habits ( free          
exp5diture ! g]ms ( ?\ght are well till$
 & wat]$1 :]eas p>simony d5ies !m e     
ext]nal help4 ,! mo/ sp5d+ class 9      
,europe is ! ,engli% g5try1 x is also ! 
class mo/ /rik+ly *>act]iz$ by a high   
g5]al av]age ( in=mation2#e ! mo/       
p>simoni\s class 9 ,europe is ! ,fr5*   
peasantry2 x is also ! class mo/ /rik+ly
 *>act]iz$ by ignorance & intellectual  
apa?y4 ,! ,engli% g5tleman has cultivat$
 himself by v>i\s read+ & ext5sive      
travel1 b ! ,fr5* peasant w n g any:]e  
except to ! m>ket-t[n1 & c\ld n p>don ! 
extravagance ( buy+ a book1 or a c&le to
 read x by 9 ! ev5+4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes
 we h v>i\s grades ( ! middle classes 9 

:i* culture usually increases v mu* 9   
proportion to ! exp5diture4 ,! rule is n
 )\t its exceptions2 !re are ri* vulg> p
 :o sp5d a great deal )\t improv+       
!mselves at all--:o only1 by unlimit$   
self-indulg5ce1 succe$ 9 mak+ !mselves s
 uncom=tably s5sitive to e bodily       
inconv5i5ce t !y h no leisure1 ev5 9 !  
mid/ ( an unoccupi$ life1 to ?9k ( any?+
 b _! own bellies & _! own sk9s--p ^:   
p[] ( att5tion is s feeble t ! smalle/  
ext]nal incid5t di/racts x1 & :o rememb]
 no?+ ( _! travels b a catalogue (      
trivial annoyances4 ,b p ( ?is k9d d n  
g5]ally belong to families on :om weal? 
has _h "t to produce its be/ effects4   
,:at ,i mean is1 t a family :i* has be5 
= g5]ations 9 ! habit ( sp5d+ f\r ?\s& a
 ye> w usually be f\nd to h a m         
cultivat$ "o ?an "o t has only sp5t f\r 
hundr$4  ,i h come to ! recognition (   
?is tru? v reluctantly inde$1 n because 
,i dislike ri* p1 b m]ely because !y are
 necess>ily a v small m9ority1 & ,i %\ld
 l e human be+ to h ! be/ b5efits (     

culture if x 7 only possible4 ,! pla9   
liv+ & high ?9k+ t ,wordswor? s mu*     
valu$ is a *e]+ ideal1 = mo/ m5 h to    
live pla9ly1 & if !y c\ld only ?9k ) a  
c]ta9 elevation we might hope to solve !
 great problem ( human life1 !          
reconciliation ( pov]ty & ! s\l4 ,!re   
c]ta9ly is a sl[ movem5t 9 t direction1 
& ! %ort5+ ( ! h\rs ( labor may af=d "s 
m>g9 ( leisure2 b we :o "w = culture e  
day & all day long1 & /ill feel t we "k 
v little1 & h h>dly skill en\gh to make 
any effective use ( ! little t we "k1 c 
sc>cely indulge 9 v en?usia/ic          
anticipations ( ! future culture ( !    
poor4  ,/ill1 !re are "s ?+s t may be   
rationally & truly said to a poor man :o
 desires culture1 & :i* are n )\t a sort
 ( ,sp>tan enc\ragem5t4 ,y are re/rict$ 
by y\r pov]ty1 b x is n always a bad ?+ 
to be re/rict$1 ev5 f ! intellectual    
po9t ( view4 ,! intellectual p[]s (     
well-to-d p are v commonly made         
ineffective by ! enorm\s multiplicity ( 
objects t are pres5t$ to _! att5tion1 & 

:i* claim f !m a sort ( polite notice l 
! greet+ ( a great lady to ea* ( h] ?\s&
 gue/s4 ,x requires ! v r>e/ /r5g? (    
m9d1 9 a ri* man1 to conc5trate 8       
att5tion on any?+ !re are s _m ?+s t he 
is expect$ to make a pret5ce ( kn[+2 b  
nobody expects y to "k any?+1 & ?is is  
an incalculable advantage4 ,i ?9k t all 
poor m5 :o h ris5 to subsequ5t di/9ction
 h be5 greatly indebt$ to ?is indep5d5ce
 ( public op9ion z to :at !y ought to   
"k4 ,9 try+ to satisfy t public op9ion  
by gett+ up a pret5ce ( v>i\s sorts ( k1
 :i* is only a %am1 we sacrifice n only 
mu* preci\s "t1 b we blunt our natural  
int]e/ 9 ?+s4 ,t int]e/ y pres]ve 9 all 
its virg9 =ce1 & ?is =ce c>ries a man   
f>4 ,!n1 aga91 al?\gh ! opportunities ( 
ri* p are v sup]ior to y\rs1 !y are n   
altoge!r s sup]ior z !y seem4 ,!re exi/s
 a great equaliz+ p[]1 ! limitation (   
human en]gy4 ,a ri* man may sit d[n to  
an enorm\s banquet1 b he c only make a  
good use ( ! little t he is able to     
dige/4 ,s x is ) ! spl5did intellectual 

banquet t is spread be=e ! ri* man's    
eyes4 ,he c only possess :at he has     
en]gy to ma/]1 & too frequ5tly ! manife/
 impossibility ( ma/]+ ev]y?+ produces a
 feel+ ( disc\ragem5t t ends 9 8 ma/]+  
no?+4 ,a poor /ud5t1 especially if he   
lives 9 an out-(-!-way place :]e !re are
 no big libr>ies to bewild] him1 may    
apply 8 en]gy ) effect 9 ! /udy ( a few 
au?ors4  ,i us$ to believe a great deal 
m 9 opportunities & less 9 application  
?an ,i d n[4 ,"t & heal? are ne$$1 b )  
^! !re are always opportunities4 ,ri* p 
h a fancy = sp5d+ money v uselessly on  
_! culture because x seems to !m m      
valuable :5 x has be5 co/ly2 b ! tru?   
is1 t by ! bless+ ( good & *eap         
lit]ature1 intellectual light has become
 almo/ z accessible z daylight4 ,i h a  
ri* fri5d :o travels m1 & buys m co/ly  
?+s1 ?an ,i d1 b he does n really le>n m
 or advance f>!r 9 ! twelvemon?4 ,if my 
days are fully occupi$1 :at has he to   
set aga9/ !m8 only o!r well-occupi$     
days1 no m4 ,if he is gett+ b5efit at   

,/4 ,pet]sburg he is miss+ ! b5efit ,i  
am gett+ r\nd my h\se1 & 9 x4 ,! sum ( !
 ye>'s b5efit seems to be surpris+ly    
alike 9 bo? cases4 ,s if y are read+ a  
piece ( ?or\ghly good lit]ature1 ,b>on  
,ro?s*ild may possibly be z well occupi$
 z y--he is c]ta9ly n bett] occupi$4 ,:5
 ,i op5 a noble volume ,i say to myself1
 ,n[ ! only ,croesus t ,i envy is he :o 
is read+ a bett] book ?an ?is4          
,,footnotes3    #d ,?is s\nds l a       
poetical exagg]ation1 b x is less ?an ! 
b>e tru?4 ,!re 7 fifte5 hundr$ slaves on
 two ,we/ ,indian     e/ates t ,beck=d  
lo/ 9 a lawsuit4 ,x is q c]ta91         
consid]+ 8 lavi% exp5diture1 t fully a  
?\s& m5 mu/     h work$ = ! ma9t5ance ( 
8 luxury 9 ,europe4 ,s mu* =     8 comm&
 ( labor4    #e ,! read] w please to be>
 9 m9d t ,i am speak+ "h (     broad    
effects on great numb]s4 ,i d n ?9k t   
ari/ocracy1 9     its _s1 is q favorable
 to ! exceptionally highe/              
intellectual life4     ,,"p ,,vi4       
,,cu/om ,,& ,,tradition4   ,,lett] ,i4  

,,to ,a ,,"y ,,g5tleman ,,:o ,,_h       
,,firmly ,,resolv$ ,,nev] ,,to ,,we>    
,,any?+ ,,b ,a ,,gray ,,coat4#f         
,secret enjoym5t ( rebellion aga9/      
cu/om1 & ( ! disabilities   result+ f   
x--,p5alties impos$ by ,society & by    
,nature out (   proportion to !         
(f5ce--,in/ances--,:at we consid]       
p5alties n   really p5alties1 b only    
consequ5ces--,society likes h>mony1 & is
   (f5d$ by dissonance--,utility (      
rebels aga9/ cu/om--,t !y   ought to    
res]ve _! p[] ( rebellion = great       
occasions--,uses (   cu/om--,duty ( !   
intellectual class--,be/ way to procure 
!   abolition ( a cu/om we              
disapprove--,bad cu/oms--,ecc5tricity   
sometimes a duty4  ,:5 ,i _h ! pleasure 
( /ay+ at y\r fa!r's h\se1 y told me1 r 
to my surprise1 t x 0 impossible = y to 
g to balls & d9n]-p>ties because y did n
 possess su* a ?+ z a dress-coat4 ,!    
reason /ruck me z be+ sc>cely a valid   
"o1 consid]+ ! r high scale ( exp5diture
 adopt$ 9 ! pat]nal mansion4 ,x seem$   

cle> t ! elde/ son ( a family :i* liv$  
aft] ! lib]al fa%ion ( ,york%ire c\ntry 
g5tlem5 c\ld af=d himself a dress-coat  
if he lik$4 ,!n ,i wond]$ :e!r y dislik$
 dress-coats f a belief t !y 7 unbecom+ 
to y\r p]son2 b a v little obs]vation ( 
y\r "* conv9c$ me t1 :atev] might be y\r
 weaknesses 7= ev]ybody has "s          
weaknesses71 anxiety ab\t p]sonal       
appe>ance 0 n "o ( !m4  ,! tru? is1 t y 
secretly enjoy ?is little piece (       
disob$i5ce to cu/om1 & all !            
disabilities :i* result f x4 ,?is little
 rebellion is connect$ ) a l>g]         
rebellion1 & x is agreeable to y to     
demon/rate ! unreasonabl5ess ( society  
by incurr+ a v sev]e p5alty = a v trifl+
 (f5ce4 ,y are always dress$ dec5tly1 y 
(f5d aga9/ no moral rule1 y h cultivat$ 
y\r m9d by /udy & reflection1 & x r     
pleases y to ?9k t a "y g5tleman s well 
qualifi$ = society 9 ev]y?+ ( real      
importance %\ld be exclud$ f x because  
he has n pur*as$ a p]mission f 8 tailor4
  ,! p5alties impos$ by society = !     

infraction ( v trifl+ details ( cu/om   
are (t51 z x seems1 out ( all proportion
 to ! (f5ce2 b s are ! p5alties (       
nature4 ,only ?ree days be=e ! date (   
?is lett]1 an intimate fri5d ( m9e 0    
com+ home f a day's %oot+4 ,8 nephew1 a 
f9e "y man 9 ! full enjoym5t ( exi/5ce1 
0 walk+ t5 paces 9 advance4 ,a covey (  
p>tridges sudd5ly cross ! road3 my fri5d
 9 %\ld]+ 8 gun t\*es ! trigg] j a      
second too soon1 & kills 8 nephew4 ,n[1 
?9k ( ! long ye>s ( m5tal mis]y t w be !
 puni%m5t ( t v trifl+ piece (          
c>elessness6 ,my poor fri5d has pass$1 9
 ! space ( a s+le in/ant1 f a joy\s life
 to a life t is p]man5tly & irrem$iably 
sadd5$4 ,x is z if he _h left ! summ]   
sun%9e to ent] a gloomy dungeon & beg9 a
 p]petual imprisonm5t4 ,& = :at8 ,= hav+
 t\*$ a trigg]1 )\t evil int5tion1 a    
little too precipitately4 ,x seems h>d] 
/ill = ! victim1 :o is s5t out ( ! _w 9 
! bloom ( p]fect manhood because 8 uncle
 0 n q s cool z he ought to h be54      
,aga91 n f> f :]e ,i live1 ?irty-five m5

 7 kill$ la/ week 9 a coal-pit f an     
explosion ( fire-damp4 ,"o ( _! numb] _h
 /ruck a lucif] to light 8 pipe3 = do+  
?is 9 a place :]e he ought n to h done  
x1 ! man suff]s ! p5alty ( dea?1 &      
?irty-f\r o!rs ) him4 ,! fact is simply 
t ,nature w be obey$1 & makes no attempt
 to proportion puni%m5ts to (f5ces3     
inde$1 :at 9 our human way we call      
puni%m5ts are n puni%m5ts1 b simple     
consequ5ces4 ,s x is ) ! great social   
p5alties4 ,society w be obey$3 if y     
refuse ob$i5ce1 y mu/ take !            
consequ5ces4 ,society has only "o law1 &
 t is cu/om4 ,ev5 religion itself is    
socially p[]ful only j s f> z x has     
cu/om on its side4  ,nature does n      
desire t ?irty-five m5 %\ld be de/roy$  
because "o c\ld n resi/ ! temptation ( a
 pipe2 b fire-damp is highly            
inflammable1 & ! explosion is a simple  
consequ5ce4 ,society does n desire to   
exclude y because y w n we> ev5+ dress2 
b ! dress is cu/om>y1 & y\r exclusion is
 m]ely a consequ5ce ( y\r noncon=mity4  

,! view ( society goes no f>!r 9 ?is ?an
 ! arti/ic conception 7n v delicately   
arti/ic1 p]haps7 t x is pretti] to see  
m5 9 black coats regul>ly plac$ betwe5  
ladies r\nd a d9n]-table ?an m5 9 gray  
coats or br[n coats4 ,! uni=mity (      
co/ume appe>s to repres5t uni=mity (    
s5tim5t & to ensure a sort ( h>mony     
among/ ! convives4 ,:at society really  
c>es = is h>mony2 :at x dislikes is     
diss5t & noncon=mity4 ,x wants peace 9 !
 d9+-room1 peace 9 ! draw+-room1 peace  
ev]y:]e 9 its realm ( tranquil pleasure4
 ,y come 9 y\r %oot+-coat1 :i* 0 9 tune 
^u ! moors1 b is a dissonance among/    
ladies 9 full dress4 ,d y n p]ceive t   
fu/ian & velvete51 :i* 7 natural among/ 
gamekeep]s1 are n s natural on gild$    
*airs cov]$ ) silk1 ) lace & diamonds at
 a di/ance ( ?ree feet8 ,y don't p]ceive
 x8 ,v well3 society does n argue ! po9t
 ) y1 b only excludes y4  ,x has be5    
said t 9 ! life ( e intellectual man !re
 comes a "t :5 he que/ions cu/om at all 
po9ts4 ,?is seems to be a provision (   

nature = ! re=m & progress ( cu/om      
itself1 :i* )\t su* que/ion+ w\ld rema9 
absolutely /ation>y & irresi/ibly       
despotic4 ,y rebels aga9/ ! e/abli%$    
cu/om h y\r place 9 ! great "w (        
progressive civilization4 ,)\t y1 ,we/]n
 ,europe w\ld h be5 a second ,*9a4 ,x is
 to ! cont9ual rebellion ( su* p]sons z 
y\rself t we owe :atev] progress has be5
 accompli%$ s9ce ! times ( our remote/  
=efa!rs4 ,!re h be5 rebels always1 & !  
rebels h n be51 g5]ally speak+1 ! mo/   
/upid "p ( ! nation4  ,b :at is ! use ( 
wa/+ ?is b5eficial p[] ( rebellion on   
matt]s too trivial to be wor? att5tion8 
,does x hurt y\r consci5ce to appe> 9 a 
dress-coat8 ,c]ta9ly n1 & y w\ld be z   
good-look+ 9 x z y are 9 y\r velvete5   
%oot+-jacket ) ! po9t]s on ! bronze     
buttons4 ,let u con=m 9 ^! trivial      
matt]s1 :i* nobody except a tailor ought
 to consid] wor? a mom5t's att5tion1 9  
ord] to res]ve our /r5g? = ! protection 
( intellectual lib]ty4 ,let society     
arrange y\r dress = y 7x w save y       

inf9ite tr\ble71 b nev] p]mit x to /ifle
 ! expression ( y\r ?\ght4 ,y f9d x     
conv5i5t1 because y are timid1 to       
exclude y\rself f ! _w by refus+ to we> 
its co/ume2 b a bold] man w\ld let !    
tailor d 8 wor/1 & !n g into ! _w &     
c\rage\sly def5d !re ! p]sons & causes t
 are misund]/ood & sl&]\sly             
misrepres5t$4 ,! fables ( ,sp5s] are    
fables only 9 =m1 & a noble knight may  
at any "t g =?1 arm$ 9 ! panoply ( a    
tail-coat1 a dress wai/coat1 & a manly  
moral c\rage1 to d battle across !      
d9n]-table & 9 ! draw+-room = ^? :o h   
none to def5d !m4  ,x is unphilosophical
 to set ourselves ob/9ately aga9/ cu/om 
9 ! mass1 = x multiplies ! p[] ( m5 by  
settl+ useless discussion & cle>+ !     
gr\nd = our be/ & mo/ prolific activity4
 ,! bus9ess ( ! _w c\ld n be c>ri$ =w>d 
"o day )\t a mo/ complex code ( cu/oms2 
& law itself is little m ?an cu/om      
slightly improv$ ^u by m5 reflect+      
toge!r at _! leisure1 & r$uc$ to codes &
 sy/ems4 ,we ought to ?9k ( cu/om z a   

mo/ preci\s legacy ( ! pa/1 sav+ u      
inf9ite p]plexity1 yet n z an infallible
 rule4 ,! mo/ intellig5t community w\ld 
be cons]vative 9 its habits1 yet n      
ob/9ately cons]vative1 b will+ to he> & 
adopt ! sugge/ions ( advanc+ reason4 ,! 
great duty ( ! intellectual class1 & its
 especial function1 is to confirm :at is
 reasonable 9 ! cu/oms t h be5 h&$ d[n  
to u1 & s ma9ta9 _! au?ority1 yet at !  
same "t to %[ t cu/om is n f9al1 b m]ely
 a =m suit$ to ! _w's conv5i5ce4 ,&     
:5ev] y are conv9c$ t a cu/om is no     
long] s]viceable1 ! way to procure !    
abolition ( x is to lead m5 v gradually 
away f x1 by (f]+ a sub/itute at fir/ v 
slightly diff]5t f :at !y h be5 long us$
 to4 ,if ! ,engli% _h be5 9 ! habit (   
tattoo+1 ! be/ way to procure its       
abolition w\ld h be5 to admit t x 0 q   
necess>y to cov] ! face ) elaborate     
patt]ns1 yet g5tly to sugge/ t ^!       
patt]ns w\ld be /ill m elegant if       
delicately pa9t$ 9 wat]-colors4 ,!n y   
might h gone on argu+--/ill admitt+1 (  

c\rse1 ! absolute necessity = ornam5t ( 
"s k9d--t good ta/e dem&$ only a mod]ate
 am\nt ( x2 & s y w\ld h br\ght p       
gradually to a little fl\ri% on ! nose  
or =ehead1 :5 ! mo/ advanc$ re=m]s might
 h set ! example ( disp5s+ ) ornam5t    
altoge!r4 ,_m ( our contempor>ies h     
ab&on$ %av+ 9 ?is gradual way1 all[+ !  
:isk]s to encroa* imp]ceptibly1 till at 
la/ ! razor lay 9 ! dress+-case unus$4  
,! abom9able black cyl9d]s t cov]$ our  
heads a few ye>s ago 7 va9ly resi/$ by  
radicals 9 cu/om1 b ! mod]ate re=m]s    
gradually r$uc$ _! elevation1 & n[ !y   
are ?+s ( ! pa/4  ,?\gh ,i ?9k we ought 
to submit to cu/om 9 matt]s (           
indiff]5ce1 & to re=m x gradually1 :il/ 
affect+ submission 9 matt]s altoge!r    
indiff]5t1 /ill !re are o!r matt]s on   
:i* ! only attitude wor?y ( a man is !  
mo/ bold & op5 resi/ance to its         
dictates4 ,cu/om may h a "r to au?ority 
ov] y\r w>drobe1 b x _c h any "r to ru9 
y\r self-respect4 ,n only ! virtues mo/ 
advantage\s to well-be+1 b also ! mo/   

contemptible & degrad+ vices1 h at v>i\s
 p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory be5 su/a9$ by ! 
full au?ority ( cu/om4 ,!re are places  
:]e =ty ye>s ago drunk5ness 0 con=mity  
to cu/om1 & sobriety an ecc5tricity4    
,!re are societies1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1
 :]e lic5ti\sness is ! rule ( cu/om1 &  
*a/ity ! sign ( weakness or want ( _s4  
,!re are communities 7x _c be necess>y  
to "n !m7 9 :i* successful fraud1       
especially on a l>ge scale1 is respect$ 
z ! pro( ( sm>tness1 :il/ a man :o      
rema9s poor because he is hone/ is      
despis$ = sl[ness & incapacity4 ,!re are
 :ole nations 9 :i* religi\s hypocrisy  
is /rongly approv$ by cu/om1 & hone/y   
sev]ely condemn$4 ,! ,wahabee ,arabs may
 be m5tion$ z an in/ance ( ?is1 b !     
,wahabee ,arabs are n ! only p1 nor is  
,nej$ ! only place1 :]e x is held to be 
m virtu\s to lie on ! side ( cu/om ?an  
to be an honorable man 9 indep5d5ce ( x4
 ,9 all communities :]e vice & hypocrisy
 are su/a9$ by ! au?ority ( cu/om1      
ecc5tricity is a moral duty4 ,9 all     

communities :]e a l[ /&>d ( ?9k+ is     
receiv$ z infallible common s5se1       
ecc5tricity becomes an intellectual     
duty4 ,!re are hundr$s ( places 9 !     
prov9ces :]e x is impossible = any man  
to lead ! intellectual life )\t be+     
condemn$ z an ecc5tric4 ,x is ! duty (  
intellectual m5 :o are ?us isolat$ to   
set ! example ( t :i* _! neighbors call 
ecc5tricity1 b :i* may be m accurately  
describ$ z sup]iority4   ,,lett] ,,ii4  
,,to ,a ,,cons]vative ,,:o ,,_h ,,accus$
 ,,! ,,au?or ,,( ,a ,,want ,,( ,,respect
 ,,= ,,tradition4    ,transition f !    
ages ( tradition to t (                 
exp]im5t--,attraction ( !               
future--,j\b]t--,sa9t-,m>c              
,gir>d9--,solv$ & unsolv$ problems--,!  
introduction ( a new                    
elem5t--,inapplicability ( pa/          
exp]i5ce--,an argum5t aga9/             
,republics--,! lessons ( hi/ory--,mi/ak5
 pr$ictions t h be5   bas$ on           
!m--,morality & ecclesia/ical           
au?ority--,compatibility (   hopes = !  

future ) gratitude to ! pa/--,t we are m
   respectful to ! pa/ ?an previ\s ages 
h be5--,our feel+s   t[>ds              
tradition--,an incid5t at ,w>saw--,!    
recon/ruction ( !   navy4  ,! a/oni%+   
revolution 9 ?\ght & practice :i* is    
tak+ place among/ ! intellig5t          
,japanese1 ! ?r[+ away ( a traditional  
sy/em ( liv+ 9 ord] to e/abli% 9 its    
/ead a sy/em :i*1 = an ,asiatic p1 is   
no?+ m ?an a va/ exp]im5t1 has its      
c\nt]p>t 9 _m an individual life 9      
,europe4 ,we are l travell]s cross+ an  
i/hmus betwe5 two seas1 :o h left "o %ip
 beh9d !m1 :o h n yet se5 ! vessel t    
waits on ! di/ant %ore1 & :o exp]i5ce to
 ! full all ! discom=ts & inconv5i5ces (
 ! passage f "o sea to ! o!r4 ,!re is a 
break betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( our =efa!rs & t
 ( our po/]ity1 & x is we :o h !        
mis=tune to be situat$ exactly :]e !    
break occurs4 ,we are leav+ beh9d u !   
security1 ,i d n say ! safety1 b ! feel+
 ( tranquillity :i* belong$ to ! ages ( 
tradition2 we are ent]+ ^u ages ^: _s we

 =esee b dimly1 ^: in/itutions are !    
subject ( guesses & conjectures4 ,& yet 
?is future1 ( :i* we "k s little1       
attracts u m by ! v va/ness ( its enigma
 ?an ! ri* hi/ory ( ! pa/1 s full (     
v>i\s incid5t1 ( p[]ful p]sonages1 (    
gr&eur1 & suff]+1 & sorr[4 ,j\b]t       
already notic$ ?is =w>d-look+ ( ! mod]n 
m9d4 ,! anci5ts1 he obs]v$1 said1 ',our 
ance/ors2' we say1 ',po/]ity4' ,we d n  
love z !y did la patrie1 ! c\ntry & laws
 ( our =efa!rs2 we love r ! laws & !    
c\ntry ( our *ildr54 ,x is ! magic ( !  
future1 & n t ( ! pa/1 :i* s$uces u4    
,comm5t+ on ?is ?\ght ( ,j\b]t's1       
,sa9t-,m>c ,gir>d9 said t we lov$ !     
future because we lov$ ourselves1 &     
fa%ion$ ! future 9 our own image2 & he  
add$1 ) p>tial b n complete inju/ice1 t 
our ignorance ( ! pa/ 0 a cause ( ?is   
t5d5cy 9 our m9ds1 s9ce x is %ort] to   
despise ! pa/ ?an to /udy x4 ,^! critics
 & accus]s ( ! mod]n _s are n1 h[ev]1   
altoge!r fair to x4 ,if ! mod]n _s looks
 s mu* to ! future1 x is because !      

problems ( ! pa/ are solv$ problems1    
:il/ ^? ( ! future h ! int]e/ ( a game t
 is only j begun4 ,we "k :at became (   
feudalism1 we "k ! "w t x accompli%$ & !
 s]vices t x r5d]$1 b we d n yet "k :at 
w be ! effects ( mod]n democracy & ( !  
sci5tific & indu/rial _s4 ,x is !       
novelty ( ?is elem5t1 ! sci5tific _s & !
 indu/rial developm5t :i* is a "p 7b    
only a "p7 ( its results1 t makes ! pa/ 
s mu* less reliable z a guide ?an x w\ld
 h be5 if no new elem5t _h int]v5$1 &   
!re=e s mu* less int]e/+ = u4 ,z an     
example ( ! inapplicability ( pa/       
exp]i5ce1 ,i may m5tion an argum5t aga9/
 ,republics :i* has be5 mu* us$ ( late  
by ! p>tisans ( mon>*y 9 ,france4 ,!y h 
frequ5tly told u t ,republics _h only   
succe$$ 9 v small ,/ates1 & ?is is true 
( anci5t democracies2 b x is n less true
 t railways1 & telegraphs1 & ! newspap] 
press h made great c\ntries l ,france & 
! ,unit$ ,/ates j z capable ( feel+ &   
act+ simultane\sly z ! smalle/          
,republics ( antiquity4 ,! p>ties :i*   

rely on :at are call$ ! lessons ( hi/ory
 are cont9ually expos$ to great         
deceptions4 ,9 ,france1 :at may be call$
 ! hi/orical p>ty w\ld n believe 9 !    
possibility ( a unit$ ,g]many1 because  
fifty ye>s ago1 ) ! imp]fect means (    
communication :i* !n exi/$1 ,g]many 0 n 
& c\ld n be unit$4 ,! same hi/orical    
p>ty refus$ to believe t ! ,italian     
k+dom c\ld ev] hold toge!r4 ,9 ,engl&1 !
 hi/orical p>ty pr$ict$ ! dismemb]m5t ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 "s o!r c\ntries x  
has be5 a favorite article ( fai? t     
,engl& c\ld n keep h] possessions4 ,b   
!ories ( ?is k9d are always ( v d\btful 
applicability to ! pres5t1 & _!         
applicability to ! future is ev5 m      
d\btful /ill4 ,/eam & electricity h made
 great mod]n ,/ates practically l s _m  
great cities1 s t ,man*e/] is l a suburb
 ( ,london1 & ,havre ! ,piru ( ,p>is1   
:il/ ! mo/ trifl+ occasions br+ !       
,sov]eign ( ,italy to any ( ! ,italian  
capitals4  ,9 ! intellectual sph]e !    
exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ is at lea/ equally     

unreliable4 ,if ! p[] ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*
 _h be5 sudd5ly remov$ f ! ,europe ( !  
f\rte5? c5tury1 ! consequ5ce w\ld h be5 
a moral an>*y difficult to conceive2 b 9
 our own day ! real regulator ( morality
 is n ! ,*ur*1 b public op9ion1 9 !     
=mation ( :i* ! ,*ur* has a %>e1 b only 
a %>e4 ,x w\ld !re=e be unsafe to       
conclude t ! weak5+ ( ecclesia/ical     
au?ority mu/ ( necessity1 9 ! future1 be
 foll[$ by moral an>*y1 s9ce x is       
possible1 & ev5 probable1 t ! o!r great 
influ5ces ^u public op9ion may ga9 /r5g?
 z ?is decl9es4 ,& 9 po9t ( fact we h   
already liv$ long en\gh to witness a    
rem>kable decl9e ( ecclesia/ical        
au?ority1 :i* is prov$ by ! av[$        
indep5d5ce ( sci5tific writ]s & ?9k]s1 &
 by ! op5 opposition ( almo/ all !      
,european ,gov]nm5ts4 ,! secul> p[]     
resi/s ! ecclesia/ical 9 ,g]many &      
,spa94 ,9 ,france x e/abli%es a =m (    
gov]nm5t :i* ! ,*ur* dete/s4 ,9 ,irel& x
 dise/abli%es & dis5d[s a hi]>*y4 ,9    
,switz]l& x resi/s ! :ole p[] ( !       

,papacy4 ,9 ,italy x seizes ! sacr$     
t]ritory & plants itself )9 ! v walls ( 
,rome4 ,& yet ! "t :i* has witness$ ?is 
unprec$5t$ self-ass]tion ( ! laity has  
witness$ a positive increase 9 !        
morality ( public s5tim5t1 especially 9 
! love ( ju/ice & ! will+ness to he>    
tru?1 ev5 :5 tru? is n altoge!r         
agreeable to ! li/5]1 & 9 ! respect paid
 by oppon5ts to able & s9c]e m51 m]ely =
 _! ability & s9c]ity4 ,?is love (      
ju/ice1 ?is pati5t & tol]ant he>+ ( new 
tru?1 9 :i* our age immeasurably exce$s 
all ! ages t h prec$$ x1 are ! direct   
results ( ! sci5tific _s1 & are n only 9
 !mselves em95tly moral1 b conducive to 
moral heal? g5]ally4 ,& ?is advancem5t  
may be obs]v$ 9 c\ntries :i* 7 lea/     
suppos$ to be capable ( x4 ,ev5 ! ,fr5*1
 ( ^: immorality we h he>d s mu*1 h a   
public op9ion :i* is gradually ga9+ a   
salut>y /r5g?1 an increas+ dislike =    
b>b>ity & inju/ice1 & a m e>ne/ desire t
 no citiz51 except by 8 own fault1 %\ld 
be exclud$ f ! b5efits ( civilization4  

,! ?rone :i* has lately fall5 0 und]m9$ 
by ! curr5ts ( ?is public op9ion be=e x 
sank 9 milit>y disa/]4 ,aussi me        
cont5t]ai-je1 says ,littr1 d'appel]     
l'att5tion sur la gu]re1 dont l'op9ion  
publique ne tolre plus les antiques     
b>b>ies2 sur la magi/rature1 qui rpudie 
avec horreur les tortures et la "q2 sur 
la tolrance1 qui a banni les p]scutions 
religieuses2 sur l'q1 qui s\met t\t le  
monde aux *>ges communes2 sur le s5tim5t
 de solid>it qui du sort des classes    
pauvres fait le plus pressant et le plus
 noble problme du temps prs5t4 ,p\r moi1
 je ne sais c>actris] ce spectacle si   
hautem5t moral qu'en disant que         
l'humanit1 amliore1 accepte de plus en  
plus le devoir et la t*e d't5dre le     
doma9e de la ju/ice et de la bont4  ,yet
 ?is p>tial & comp>ative satisfaction t 
we f9d 9 ! pres5t1 & our l>g] hopes = ! 
future1 are q compatible ) gratitude to 
all :o 9 ! pa/ h r5d]$ su* improvem5t   
possible = u1 & ! high] improvem5t t we 
hope = possible to ^? :o w come aft] u4 

,i _c ?9k t ! pres5t age may be accus$ )
 ju/ice ( exceptional ignorance or scorn
 ( its pr$ecessors4 ,we h be5 told t we 
scorn our =efa!rs because old build+s   
are remov$ to suit mod]n conv5i5ces1    
because ! walls ( old ,york h be5 pi]c$ 
= ! railway1 & a t[] ( ,conway ,ca/le   
has be5 und]m9$ t ! ,holyhead mail may  
pass4 ,b ! tru? is1 t :il/ we c>e a     
little = our pr$ecessors1 !y c>$ /ill   
less = !irs4 ,! m$ival build]s n only   
us$ z qu>ries any ,roman rema9s t happ5$
 to come 9 _! way1 b !y spoil$ ! "w ( _!
 own fa!rs & gr&fa!rs by intrud+ _! new 
fa%ions on build+s orig9ally design$ 9 a
 diff]5t /yle ( art4 ,:5 an ar*itect 9 !
 pres5t day has to re/ore "s v5]able    
*ur*1 he endeavors to d s 9 h>mony ) !  
design ( ! fir/ build]2 b su* humility z
 ?is 0 utt]ly =eign to ! m$ival m9d1 :i*
 (t5 de/roy$ ! mo/ lovely & necess>y    
details to replace !m ) erections 9 !   
fa%ion ( ! day1 b arti/ically           
unsuitable4 ,! same disda9 = ! labors ( 
o!r ages has prevail$ until )9 ! memory 

( liv+ m51 & our age is really ! fir/ t 
has made any attempt to con=m itself1 9 
^! ?+s1 to ! int5tions ( ! dead4 ,i may 
also obs]ve1 t al?\gh hi/ory is less    
reli$ ^u z a guide to ! future ?an x 0  
=m]ly1 x is m c>efully & ?or\ghly       
inve/igat$ f an intellectual int]e/ 9   
itself4  ,to conclude4 ,x seems to me t 
tradition has mu* less influ5ce ( an    
au?oritative k9d ?an x _h =m]ly1 & t !  
au?ority :i* x /ill possesses is ev]y:]e
 /eadily decl9+2 t z a guide to ! future
 ( ! _w x is m likely to mislead ?an to 
enlight5 u1 & /ill t all intellectual & 
educat$ p mu/ always take a great int]e/
 9 tradition1 & h a c]ta9 s5tim5t (     
respect = x4 ,consid] :at our feel+s are
 t[>ds ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ! liv+ embodim5t
 ( tradition4 ,no well-in=m$ p]son c    
=get ! imm5se s]vices t 9 =m] ages %e   
has r5d]$ to ,european civilization1 &  
yet at ! same "t su* a p]son w\ld       
sc>cely wi% to place mod]n ?\ght "u h]  
direction1 nor w\ld he consult ! ,pope  
ab\t ! t5d5cies ( ! mod]n _w4 ,:5 9     

#ahbi ! city ( ,w>saw erect$ a monum5t  
to ,cop]nicus1 a sci5tific society !re  
wait$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,cross = a    
s]vice t 0 to h add$ solemnity to _!    
commemoration4 ,!y wait$ va9ly4 ,n a    
s+le prie/ appe>$4 ,! cl]gy did n feel  
au?oriz$ to c\nt5ance a sci5tific       
discov]y :i*1 9 a =m] age1 _h be5       
condemn$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is  
incid5t is delicately & accurately      
typical ( ! relation betwe5 ! mod]n & ! 
traditional _s4 ,! mod]n _s is n ho/ile 
to tradition1 & w\ld n object to receive
 any consecration :i* tradition might be
 able to conf]1 b !re are difficulties 9
 br++ ! two elem5ts toge!r4  ,we ne$ n1 
h[ev]1 g s f> z ,w>saw1 or back to ! ye>
 #ahbi1 = examples ( an unwill+ness on !
 "p ( ! mod]n m9d to break entirely ) ! 
traditional _s4 ,our own c\ntry is      
rem>kable bo? = ! /ead9ess ( its advance
 t[>ds a future widely diff]5t f ! pa/1 
& = an affectionate respect = ! ideas & 
in/itutions t x gradually ab&ons1 z x is
 =c$ out ( !m by new conditions (       

exi/5ce1 ,i may m5tion1 z "o example out
 ( v _m1 our feel+ ab\t ! recon/ruction 
( ! navy4 ,"h is a matt] 9 :i* sci5ce   
has compell$ u to break ) tradition     
absolutely & irrevocably2 we h done s1 b
 we h done s ) ! greate/ regret4 ,! %ips
 ( ! l9e t our he>ts & imag9ations love 
are ! %ips ( ,nelson & ,coll+wood &     
,co*rane4 ,we ?9k ( ! ,briti% fleets t  
bore d[n ^u ! enemy ) ! breeze 9 _! :ite
 sails2 we ?9k ( ! f9e qualities (      
seaman%ip t 7 fo/]$ 9 our ,agamemnons1 &
 ,victories1 & ,tmraires4 ,w ! navies ( 
! future ev] s clo! _! dreadful p[]s )  
beauty1 z did ! ord]$ columns ( ,nelson1
 :5 !y came ) a fair w9d & all sails    
set1 at elev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ into    
,trafalg> ,bay8 ,we see ! smoke ( _!    
broadsides ris+ up to _! sails l mi/s to
 ! sn[y ,alps1 & high above1 aga9/      
heav5's blue1 ! unconqu]$ flag ( ,engl&6
 ,nor d we p]ceive n[ = ! fir/ "t t !re 
0 poetry 9 ^? fleets ( old2 our =efa!rs 
felt x !n1 & express$ x 9 a ?\s&        
songs4#g   ,,lett] ,,iii4  ,,to ,a      

,,lady ,,:o ,,lam5t$ ,,t ,,h] ,,son ,,_h
 ,,intellectual ,,d\bts ,,conc]n+ ,,!   
,,dogmas ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4    ,! situation
 ( "m & son a v common "o--,pa9ful only 
:5   ! p>ties are 9 e>ne/--,! k ( !     
diff]5ce evid5ce   ( a deep]            
unity--,value ( hone/y--,evil ( a       
spl5did (ficial   religion n believ$ by 
m5 ( culture--,div]sity ( belief an     
evid5ce ( religi\s vitality--,criticism 
n to be ignor$--,desire   = ! highe/    
atta9able tru?--,lett] f ,lady ,we/morl&
 ab\t   h] son1 ,julian ,fane4  ,!      
diff]5ce :i* y describe z hav+ aris5    
betwe5 y\r son & y on ! mo/ grave &     
important subject :i* c occupy ! ?\ghts 
( m51 gives ! outl9e ( a situation      
pa9ful to bo? ! p>ties conc]n$1 & :i*   
lays on ea* ( !m new & delicate         
obligations4 ,y d n "k h[ common ?is    
situation is1 & h[ sadly x int]f]es ) ! 
happ9ess ( ! v be/ & mo/ pure-m9d$ s\ls 
alive4 ,= su* a situation produces pa9  
only :]e bo? p>ties are e>ne/ & s9c]e2 &
 ! m e>ne/ bo? are1 ! m pa9ful does !   

situation become4 ,if y & y\r son ?\ght 
( religion m]ely f ! conv5tional po9t ( 
view1 z ! _w does only too easily1 y    
w\ld meet on a common gr\nd1 & might    
pass ?r\gh life )\t ev] becom+ aw>e (   
any gulf ( sep>ation1 ev5 ?\gh !        
holl[ness ( y\r sev]al pr(essions 7 (   
widely diff]5t k9ds4 ,b z x happ5s1     
un=tunately = y\r peace 7yet w\ld y h x 
o!rwise871 t y are bo? 9 e>ne/1 bo?     
anxi\s to believe :at is true & d :at y 
believe to be "r1 y are likely to cause 
ea* o!r mu* suff]+ ( a k9d altoge!r     
unkn[n to less honorable & devot$       
natures4 ,!re are c]ta9 =ms ( suff]+ :i*
 affect only ! t5d]e/ & true/ he>ts2 !y 
h s _m privileges1 t ?is pa9 has be5    
impos$ ^u !m z ! %ad[ ( _! sun%9e4  ,let
 me sugge/1 z "s gr\nd ( consolation & (
 hope1 t y\r v k ( ! diff]5ce :i* pa9s y
 is 9 itself ! evid5ce ( a deep] unity4 
,if y\r son has told y ! full tru? ab\t 
! *anges 9 8 belief1 x is probably      
because y y\rself h educat$ him 9 !     
habit ( tru?fulness1 :i* is z mu* a law 

( religion z x is ( honor4 ,d y wi% ?is 
"p ( 8 education to be enfeebl$ or      
oblit]at$8 ,c\ld ! ,*ur* h]self         
reasonably or consi/5tly blame him =    
practis+ ! "o virtue :i*1 9 a peaceful &
 luxuri\s society1 dem&s a c]ta9 ex]cise
 ( c\rage8 ,our beliefs are indep5d5t ( 
our w1 b our hone/y is n2 & he :o keeps 
8 hone/y keeps "o ( ! mo/ preci\s       
possessions ( all true ,*ri/ians &      
g5tlem54 ,:at /ate ( society c be m     
repugnant to high religi\s feel+ ?an a  
/ate ( smoo? ext]nal unanimity comb9$ ) 
! indiff]5ce ( ! he>t1 a /ate 9 :i* "s  
spl5did (ficial religion p]=ms its daily
 c]emonies z ! co/lie/ function>y ( !   
,gov]nm5t1 :il/ ! m5 ( culture take a   
%>e 9 !m out ( con=mity to ! cu/oms (   
society1 )\t ei!r ! ass5t ( ! intellect 
or ! emotion ( ! s\l8 ,all p]iods (     
great religi\s vitality h be5 m>k$ by   
great & op5 div]sity ( belief2 & to ?is 
day ^? c\ntries :]e religion is mo/     
alive are ! f>!/ remov$ f unanimity 9 ! 
details ( religi\s doctr9e4 ,if y\r son 

?9ks ^! ?+s ( su* importance to 8       
consci5ce t he feels compell$ to inflict
 ^u y ! slighte/ pa9 on _! acc\nt1 y may
 re/ assur$ t 8 religi\s fibre is /ill  
full ( vitality4 ,if x 7 dead5$1 he w\ld
 argue v mu* z foll[s4 ,he w\ld say3 ,^!
 old doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* are n (         
suffici5t consequ5ce = me to di/urb my  
"m ab\t !m4 ,:at is ! use ( allud+ to !m
 ev]8 ,& !n y w\ld h no anxiety2 & he   
himself w\ld h ! feel+ ( settl$ peace   
:i* comes ov] a battle-field :5 ! dead  
are buri$ out ( sight4 ,x is !          
peculi>ity--"s w\ld say ! evil1 b ,i _c 
?9k x an evil--( an age ( great         
intellectual activity to produce an     
am\nt ( critical inquiry into religi\s  
doctr9e :i* is entirely unkn[n to times 
( simple tradition4 ,& 9 ^! days !      
critical t5d5cy has receiv$ a novel     
/imulus f ! successive sugge/ions (     
sci5tific discov]y4 ,no "o :o1 l y\r    
son1 fully %>es 9 ! intellectual life ( 
! times 9 :i* he lives1 c live z if ?is 
criticism did n exi/4 ,if he affect$ to 

ignore x1 z an objection already answ]$1
 !re w\ld be dis+5u\sness 9 !           
affectation4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 ev5 tw5ty 
or ?irty ye>s ago1 a highly intellectual
 "y man might h h>d5$ into ! fix$       
convictions ( middle age )\t any ext]nal
 di/urbance1 except su* z might h be5   
easily avoid$4 ,! criticism exi/$ !n1 9 
c]ta9 circles2 b x 0 n 9 ! air1 z x is  
n[4 ,! life ( mank9d resembles t ( a    
brook :i* has its times ( tranquillity1 
b f>!r on its times ( tr\ble & unre/4   
,our imm$iate =efa!rs _h ! peaceful "t =
 _! lot2 ^? :o w5t be=e !m _h pass$ ov] 
v r\gh gr\nd at ! ,re=mation4 ,= u1 9   
our turn1 comes ! recurr5t re/lessness1 
?\gh n 9 ! same place4 ,:at we are go+  
to1 :o c tell8 ,:at we suff] j n[1 y &  
_m o!rs "k too accurately4 ,!re are     
gulfs ( sep>ation 9 homes ( ! mo/ p]fect
 love4 ,our only hope ( pres]v+ :at is  
be/ 9 t pure/ ( e>?ly felicities lies 9 
! practice ( an imm5se *>ity1 a wide    
tol]ance1 a s9c]e respect = op9ions t   
are n ours1 & a deep tru/ t ! loyal     

pursuit ( tru? _c b be 9 p]fect         
accordance ) ! int5tions ( ! ,creator1  
:o end[$ ! noble/ races ( mank9d ) !    
indefatigable curiosity ( sci5ce4 ,n to 
inquire 0 possible = our =efa!rs1 b x is
 n possible = u4 ,) our intellectual    
gr[? has come an irrepressible anxiety  
to possess ! highe/ tru? atta9able by u4
 ,?is desire is n s9ful1 n presumptu\s1 
b really "o ( ! be/ & pure/ ( our       
in/9cts1 be+ no?+ else ?an ! /]l+ hone/y
 ( ! intellect1 seek+ ! h>mony (        
concordant tru?1 & utt]ly dis9t]e/$4  ,i
 may quote1 z an illu/ration ( !        
t5d5cies preval5t among/ ! noble/ & mo/ 
cultivat$ "y m51 a lett] f ,lady        
,we/morl& to ,mr4 ,rob]t ,lytton ab\t h]
 accompli%$ son1 ! n[ celebrat$ ,julian 
,fane4 ,we _h1 %e said1 sev]al          
conv]sations1 dur+ 8 la/ illness1 ^u    
religi\s subjects1 ab\t :i* he _h 8 own 
peculi> views4 ,! disputes & animosities
 betwe5 ,high & ,l[ ,*ur*1 & all ! feuds
 ( religi\s sect>ianism1 caus$ him !    
deepe/ disgu/4 ,i ?9k1 inde$1 t he c>ri$

 ?is feel+ too f>4 ,he _h a horror (    
cant1 :i* ,i also ?9k 0 exagg]at$2 = x  
gave him a repulsion = all outw>d %[ (  
religi\s obs]vances4 ,he (t5 told me t  
he nev] miss$ ! practice ( pray]1 at    
morn+ & ev5+1 & at o!r times4 ,b 8      
pray]s 7 8 own3 8 own ?\ghts 9 8 own    
words4 ,he said t he c\ld n pray 9 ! set
 words ( ano!r2 nor unless he 0 alone4  
,z to jo9+ 9 family pray]s1 or pray+ at 
*ur*1 he f\nd x impossible4 ,he         
con/antly read ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,he     
deprecat$ ! indiscrim9ate read+ ( !     
,bible4 ,he firmly believ$ 9 ! efficacy 
( s9c]e pray]2 & 0 always pleas$ :5 ,i  
told him ,i _h pray$ = him4  ,to ?is x  
may be add$1 t _m rec5t conv]sions to ! 
,*ur* ( ,rome1 ?\gh app>5tly ( an       
exactly opposite "*1 h 9 reality also   
be5 br\ght ab\t by ! sci5tific inquiries
 ( ! age4 ,! religi\s s5tim5t1 al>m$ at 
! prospect ( a possible tak+ away ( t   
:i* x fe$s ^u1 has s\ght 9 _m in/ances  
to pres]ve x p]man5tly "u ! gu>dian%ip (
 ! /ronge/ ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,9 an

 age ( less intellectual di/urbance ?is 
anxiety w\ld sc>cely h be5 felt2 & !    
degree ( au?ority claim$ by "o ( ! re=m$
 ,*ur*es w\ld h be5 accept$ z suffici5t4
 ,"h aga9 ! agitations ( ! mod]n        
intellect h caus$ division 9 families2 &
 z y are lam5t+ ! het]odoxy ( y\r son1 s
 o!r p>5ts regret ! ,roman or?odoxy (   
!irs4   ,,lett] ,,iv4  ,,to ,,! ,,son   
,,( ,,! ,,lady ,,to ,,:om ,,! ,,prec$+  
,,lett] ,,0 ,,address$4    ,difficulty (
 deta*+ intellectual f religi\s         
que/ions--,!   sac]dotal                
sy/em--,necess>y to asc]ta9 :at religion
   is--,intellectual religion really    
no?+ b philosophy--,! popul>            
in/9ct--,! te/ ( belief--,public        
wor%ip--,! intellect moral1 b   n       
religi\s--,intellectual activity        
sometimes 9 contradiction to            
dogma--,diff]5ces betwe5 ! intellectual 
& religi\s lives4  ,y\r reque/ is n s   
simple z x appe>s4 ,y ask me = a frank  
op9ion z to ! c\rse y\r m9d is tak+ 9   
ref]5ce to v important subjects2 b y    

desire only intellectual1 & n religi\s  
guidance4 ,! difficulty is to effect any
 cle> dem>cation betwe5 ! two4 ,c]ta9ly 
,i %\ld nev] take ^u myself to (f]      
religi\s advice to any "o2 x is         
difficult = ^? :o h n qualifi$ !mselves 
= ! prie/ly (fice to d t ) =ce & effect4
 ,! mann] 9 :i* a prie/ leads & manages 
a m9d t has f ! fir/ be5 m\ld$ 9 !      
beliefs & obs]vances ( 8 ,*ur*1 _c be   
imitat$ by a layman4 ,a prie/ />ts      
always f au?ority2 8 me?od1 :i* has be5 
9 use f ! e>lie/ ages1 consi/s fir/ 9   
claim+ y\r unque/ion+ ass5t to c]ta9    
doctr9es1 f :i* he imm$iately proce$s to
 d$uce ! inf]5ces t may affect y\r      
conduct or regulate y\r ?\ghts4 ,x is a 
me?od p]fectly adapt$ to its own ends4  
,x c deal ) all humanity1 & produce !   
mo/ imm$iate practical results4 ,s long 
z ! ass5t to ! doctr9es is s9c]e1 !     
sac]dotal sy/em may cont5d successfully 
aga9/ "s ( ! /ronge/ =ms ( evil2 b :5 ! 
ass5t to ! doctr9es has ceas$ to be     
complete1 :5 "s ( !m are half-believ$ & 

o!rs n believ$ at all1 ! sy/em loses mu*
 ( its primitive effici5cy4 ,x seems    
likely t y\r difficulty1 ! difficulty ( 
s _m intellectual m5 9 ^! days1 is to "k
 :]e ! intellectual que/ions end & !    
purely religi\s ones c be consid]$ to   
beg94 ,if y c\ld once asc]ta9 t1 9 a    
mann] def9itely satisfactory1 y w\ld    
take y\r religi\s que/ions to a cl]gyman
 & y\r intellectual ones to a man (     
sci5ce1 & s get ea* solv$ indep5d5tly4  
,)\t presum+ to (f] a solution ( s      
complex a difficulty z ?is1 ,i may      
sugge/ to y t x is ( "s importance to   
y\r intellectual life to asc]ta9 :at    
religion is4 ,a book 0 publi%$ _m ye>s  
ago by a v le>n$ au?or1 9 :i* he        
endeavor$ to %[ t :at is vulg>ly call$  
scepticism may be intellectual religion4
 ,n[1 al?\gh no?+ c be m di/a/eful to   
p]sons ( culture ?an ! bigotry :i*      
refuses ! "n ( religion to o!r p's      
op9ions1 m]ely because !y are o!r p's   
op9ions1 ,i suspect t ! popul> in/9ct is
 "r 9 d5y+ ! "n ( religion to ! inf]5ces

 ( ! intellect4 ,! description :i* !    
au?or j allud$ to gave ( :at he call$   
intellectual religion 0 9 fact simply a 
description ( philosophy1 & ( t         
discipl9e :i* ! be/ philosophy imposes  
^u ! he>t & ! passions4 ,on ! o!r h&1   
,dr4 ,arnold1 :5 he says t by religion  
he always und]/&s ,*ri/ianity1 n>r[s !  
^w z mu* z he w\ld h n>r[$ ! ^w         
patriotism _h he def9$ x to mean a      
devotion to ! int]e/s ( ,engl&4 ,i ?9k !
 popul> in/9ct1 ?\gh ( c\rse q unable to
 con/ruct a def9ition ( religion1 is 9  
its vague way v well aw>e ( ! peculi>   
nature ( religi\s ?\ght & feel+4 ,!     
popul> in/9ct w\ld c]ta9ly nev] conf\nd 
religion ) philosophy on ! "o h&1 nor1  
on ! o!r1 unless excit$ to opposition1  
w\ld x be likely to refuse ! "n (       
religion to ano!r wor%ip1 su* z         
,mahometanism1 = in/ance4  ,accord+ to !
 popul> in/9ct1 !n1 :i* on a subject (  
?is k9d appe>s ! safe/ ( all guides1 a  
religion involves fir/ a belief & next a
 public practice4 ,! nature ( ! belief  

is 9 ^! days :olly peculi> to religion2 
9 o!r times x 0 n s1 because !n p       
believ$ o!r ?+s mu* 9 ! same way4 ,b 9  
^! days ! te/ ( religi\s belief is t x  
%\ld make m5 accept z c]ta9 tru? :at !y 
w\ld disbelieve on any o!r au?ority4 ,= 
example1 a true ,roman ,ca?olic believes
 t ! consecrat$ ho/ is ! body ( ,*ri/1 &
 s long z he lives 9 ! purely religi\s  
_s he cont9ues to believe ?is2 b s soon 
z ! p[] ( 8 religi\s s5tim5t decl9es he 
ceases to believe x1 & ! waf] appe>s to 
him a waf]1 & no m4 ,& s among/         
,prote/ants ! truly religi\s believe _m 
?+s :i* no p]son n be+ "u ! au?ority (  
religion c\ld by any ef=t br+ himself to
 believe4 ,x is easy1 = example1 to     
believe t ,jo%ua arre/$ ! sun's app>5t  
motion1 s long z ! religi\s au?ority ( !
 ,bible rema9s p]fectly intact2 b no    
soon] does ! read] become critical ?an !
 miracle is disbeliev$4 ,9 all ages1 & 9
 all c\ntries1 religions h n>rat$       
m>vell\s ?+s1 & ! p h always affirm$ t n
 to believe ^! n>ratives con/itut$ !    

abs5ce ( religion1 or :at !y call$      
a!ism4 ,!y h equally1 9 all ages &      
c\ntries1 held ! public act (           
p>ticipation 9 religi\s wor%ip to be an 
ess5tial "p ( :at !y call$ religion4 ,!y
 d n admit ! suffici5cy ( secret pray]4 
,c ^! popul> in/9cts help u to a        
def9ition8 ,!y may help u at lea/ to m>k
 ! divid+ l9e betwe5 religion &         
morality1 betwe5 religion & philosophy4 
,no "o has ev] desir$1 m e>ne/ly &      
eag]ly ?an ,i1 to discov] ! f\ndations (
 ! intellectual religion2 no "o has ev] 
felt m *ill+ disappo9tm5t 9 ! p]ception 
( ! pla9 b>e fact t ! intellect gives   
morality1 philosophy1 preci\s ?+s inde$1
 b n religion4 ,x is l seek+ art by     
sci5ce4 ,?\s&s ( arti/s1 :ole s*ools f  
g5]ation to g5]ation1 h s\ght f9e art   
?r\gh anatomy & p]spective2 & al?\gh ^! 
sci5ces did n h9d] ! born arti/s f com+ 
to art at la/1 !y did n ensure _! safe  
arrival 9 ! art-p>adise2 9 _m in/ances  
!y ev5 l$ m5 away f art4 ,s x is ) !    
great mod]n se>* = ! intellectual       

religion2 ! idea ( x is sci5tific 9 its 
s\rce1 & ! result ( x1 ! la/ def9ite    
atta9m5t1 is simply intellectual        
morality1 n religion 9 ! s5se :i* all   
humanity has atta*$ to religion dur+ all
 ! ages t h prec$$ ours4 ,we may say t  
philosophy is ! religion ( !            
intellectual2 & if we g scrupul\sly to  
,lat9 d]ivations1 x is s4 ,b tak+       
frankly ! receiv$ mean+ ( ! ^w z x is   
us$ by mank9d ev]y:]e1 we mu/ admit t1  
al?\gh high intellect w\ld lead u       
inevitably to high & pure morality1 & to
 mo/ scrupul\sly beautiful conduct 9    
ev]y?+1 t[>ds m51 t[>ds wom51 t[>ds ev5 
! l[] & l[e/ animals1 /ill x does n lead
 u to t belief 9 ! o!rwise unbelievable1
 or to t detail$ cultus :i* is meant by 
religion 9 ! univ]sally accept$ s5se4 ,x
 is dis+5u\s to take a ^w popul>ly      
respect$ & attribute to x ano!r s5se4   
,su* a c\rse is n /rictly hone/1 & !re=e
 n purely intellectual2 = ! f\ndation ( 
! intellectual life is hone/y4  ,!      
difficulty ( ! intellectual life is1 t  

:il/ x c nev] assume a position (       
ho/ility to religion1 :i* x mu/ always  
recognize z ! greate/ natural =ce = !   
amelioration ( mank9d1 x is nev]!less   
compell$ to enunciate tru?s :i* may     
happ5 to be 9 contradiction ) dogmas    
receiv$ at ?is or t p>ticul> "t4 ,t y   
may n suspect me ( a disposition to     
dwell cont9ually on safe g5]alities & to
 avoid details out ( timidity1 let me   
m5tion two cases on :i* ! intellectual &
 sci5tific f9d !mselves at v>iance ) !  
cl]gy4 ,! cl]gy tell u t mank9d desc5d f
 a s+le pair1 & t 9 ! e>li] ages ! human
 race atta9$ a longevity c\nt$ n by     
decades b by c5turies4 ,alex&] ,humboldt
 disbelieves ! fir/ ( ^! propositions1  
,pr(essor ,ow5 disbelieves ! second4 ,m5
 ( sci5ce g5]ally are ( ! same op9ion4  
,few m5 ( sci5ce accept ,adam & ,eve1   
few accept ,me?uselah4 ,pr(essor ,ow5   
argues t1 s9ce ! olde/ skeletons kn[n h 
! same sy/em ( tee?+ t we h1 man c nev] 
h liv$ long en\gh to require n9e sets ( 
tee?4 ,9 reg>d to ^!1 & a hundr$ o!r    

po9ts on :i* sci5ce advances new views1 
! "q :i* conc]ns u is h[ we are to      
ma9ta9 ! integrity ( ! intellectual     
life4 ,! dang] is ! loss ( inw>d        
+5u\sness1 ! attempt to p]suade         
ourselves t we believe opposite         
/atem5ts4 ,if once we admit dis+5u\sness
 into ! m9d1 ! intellectual life is no  
long] s]5e & pure4 ,! pla9 c\rse = !    
pres]vation ( our hone/y1 :i* is ! basis
 ( truly intellectual ?9k+1 is to       
receive ! tru?1 :e!r agreeable or !     
contr>y1 ) all its tra9 ( consequ5ces1  
h[ev] repulsive or disc\rag+4 ,9        
attempt+ to reconcile sci5tific tru? ) !
 olde/ traditions ( humanity1 !re is b  
"o s]i\s dang]1 ! loss ( intellectual   
integrity4 ,( t possession mod]n society
 has little left to lose4  ,b let u     
und]/& t ! intellectual life & !        
religi\s life are z di/9ct z ! sci5tific
 & ! arti/ic lives4 ,!y may be l$ by !  
same p]son1 b by ! same p]son 9 diff]5t 
moods4 ,!y co9cide on "s po9ts1         
accid5tally4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! basis ( high   

?9k+ is p]fect hone/y1 & hone/y is a    
recogniz$ religi\s virtue4 ,:]e ! two   
m9ds diff] is on ! importance (         
au?ority4 ,! religi\s life is bas$ ^u   
au?ority1 ! intellectual life is bas$ ^u
 p]sonal inve/igation4 ,f ! intellectual
 po9t ( view ,i _c advise y to re/ra9 ! 
_s ( inve/igation1 :i* is ! sci5tific   
_s4 ,x may lead y v f>1 yet always to   
tru?1 ultimately1--y1 or ^? aft] y1 ^:  
pa? y may be de/9$ to prep>e4 ,sci5ce   
requires a c]ta9 inw>d heat & h]oism 9  
h] vot>ies1 not)/&+ ! app>5t coldness ( 
h] /atem5ts4 ,especially does %e require
 t intellectual fe>lessness :i* accepts 
a prov$ fact )\t ref]5ce to its p]sonal 
or its social consequ5ces4   ,,lett] ,v4
  ,,to ,a ,,fri5d ,,:o ,,seem$ ,,to     
,,take ,,cr$it ,,to ,,himself1          
,,intellectually1 ,,f ,,! ,,nature ,,(  
,,8 ,,religi\s ,,belief4    ,anecdote ( 
a ,swiss g5tleman--,religi\s belief     
protects traditions1   b does n weak5 ! 
critical faculty itself--,illu/ration f 
!   art ( et*+--,sydney ,smi?--,dr4     

,arnold--,e>ne/ religi\s belief (       
,ampre--,comte &                        
,sa9te-,beuve--,f>aday--,belief or      
unbelief proves   no?+ = or aga9/       
intellectual capacity4  ,i happ5$ once  
to be travell+ 9 ,switz]l& ) an em95t   
citiz5 ( t c\ntry1 & ,i rememb] h[ 9    
speak+ ( "s place we pass$ ?r\gh he     
associat$ toge!r ! ideas ( ,prote/antism
 & intellectual sup]iority 9 "s su*     
phrase z ?is3 ,! p "h are v sup]ior2 !y 
are ,prote/ants4 ,!re seem$ to exi/1 9  
my companion's m9d1 an assumption t     
,prote/ants w\ld be sup]ior p           
intellectually1 or t sup]ior p w\ld be  
,prote/ants2 & ?is set me ?9k+ :e!r1 9 !
 c\rse ( su* exp]i5ce z _h fall5 9 my   
way1 ,i _h f\nd t religi\s cre$ _h made 
mu* diff]5ce 9 ! matt] ( intellectual   
acum5 or culture4  ,! exact tru? appe>s 
to be ?is4 ,a religi\s belief protects  
?is or t subject aga9/ intellectual     
action1 b x does n affect ! en]gy ( !   
intellectual action ^u subjects :i* are 
n s protect$4 ,let me illu/rate ?is by a

 ref]5ce to "o ( ! f9e arts1 ! art (    
et*+4 ,! et*] protects a copp]-plate by 
means ( a waxy cov]+ call$ et*+-gr\nd1 &
 :]ev] ?is gr\nd is remov$ ! acid bites 
! copp]4 ,! waxy gr\nd does n 9 ! lea/  
affect ! /r5g? ( ! acid1 x only int]v5es
 betwe5 x & ! metal plate4 ,s x is 9 !  
m9d ( man ) reg>d to 8 intellectual     
acum5 & 8 religi\s cre$4 ,! cre$ may    
protect a tradition f ! op]ation ( !    
critical faculty1 b x does n weak5 !    
critical faculty itself4 ,9 ! ,engli%   
,*ur*1 = example1 ! ,bible is protect$  
aga9/ criticism2 b ?is does n weak5 !   
critical faculty ( ,engli% cl]gym5 )    
ref]5ce to o!r lit]ature1 & _m ( !m give
 evid5ce ( a /rong critical faculty 9   
all matt]s n protect$ by _! cre$4 ,?9k (
 ! vigor\s common s5se ( ,sydney ,smi?1 
expos+ s _m abuses at a "t :5 x ne$$ n  
only mu* c\rage b great orig9ality to   
expose !m6 ,rememb] ! intellectual =ce (
 ,arnold1 a great natural =ce if ev] !re
 0 "o--s direct 9 action1 s indep5d5t ( 
contempor>y op9ion6 ,intellectual =ces (

 ?is k9d act freely n only 9 ! ,*ur* (  
,engl&1 b 9 o!r ,*ur*es1 ev5 9 ! ,*ur* (
 ,rome4 ,:o among/ ! sci5tific m5 ( ?is 
c5tury has be5 m pr(\ndly sci5tific1 m  
capable ( orig9al sci5tific discov]y ?an
 ,ampre8 ,yet ,ampre 0 a ,roman         
,ca?olic1 & n a ,roman ,ca?olic 9 !     
conv5tional s5se m]ely1 l ! majority (  
educat$ ,fr5*m51 b a he>ty & en?usia/ic 
believ] 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 
,! belief 9 transub/antiation did n     
prev5t ,ampre f becom+ "o ( ! be/ *emi/s
 ( 8 "t1 j z ! belief 9 ! pl5>y         
inspiration ( ! ,new ,te/am5t does n    
prev5t a good ,prote/ant f becom+ an    
acute critic ( ,greek lit]ature g5]ally4
 ,a man may h ! f9e/ sci5tific faculty1 
! mo/ advanc$ sci5tific culture1 & /ill 
believe ! consecrat$ waf] to ! body (   
,jesus ,*ri/4 ,= s9ce he /ill believes x
 to be ! body ( ,*ri/ "u ! app>5t =m ( a
 waf]1 x is evid5t t ! waf] "u *emical  
analysis w\ld resolve itself into ! same
 elem5ts z be=e consecration2 !re=e :y  
consult *emi/ry8 ,:at has *emi/ry to say

 to a my/]y ( ?is k9d1 ! ess5ce ( :i* is
 ! complete disguise ( a human body "u a
 =m 9 all respects answ]+ ! mat]ial     
semblance ( a waf]8 ,ampre mu/ h =ese5 !
 c]ta9 results ( analysis z cle>ly z !  
be/ *emi/ educat$ 9 ! pr9ciples (       
,prote/antism1 b ?is did n prev5t him f 
ador+ ! consecrat$ ho/ 9 all ! s9c]ity (
 8 he>t4  ,i say t x does n foll[1      
because ,m4 or ,n4 happ5s to be a       
,prote/ant1 t he is intellectually      
sup]ior to ,ampre1 or because ,m4 or ,n4
 happ5s to be a ,unit>ian1 or a ,dei/1  
or a ,positivi/1 t he is intellectually 
sup]ior to ,dr4 ,arnold or ,sydney      
,smi?4 ,& on ! o!r side ( ?is "q x is   
equally unfair to conclude t because a  
man does n %>e :atev] may be our        
!ological beliefs on ! positive side1 he
 mu/ be less capable intellectually ?an 
we are4 ,two ( ! f9e/ & mo/ discipl9$   
mod]n intellects1 ,comte &              
,sa9te-,beuve1 7 nei!r ,ca?olics1 nor   
,prote/ants1 nor ,dei/s1 b conv9c$      
a!i/s2 yet ,comte until ! p]iod ( 8     

decl9e1 & ,sa9te-,beuve up to ! v h\r ( 
8 dea?1 7 q 9 ! highe/ rank ( mod]n     
sci5tific & lit]>y intellect4  ,!       
inf]5ce f ^! facts :i* conc]ns e "o ( u 
is1 t we are n to build up any edifice (
 intellectual self-satisfaction on !    
gr\nd t 9 !ological matt]s we believe or
 disbelieve ?is ?+ or t4 ,if ,ampre     
believ$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1   
:i* to u seem s incr$ible1 if ,f>aday   
rema9$ ?r\gh\t 8 brilliant intellectual 
c>e] 7c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ev]  
liv$ ?r\gh by a human be+7 a s9c]e memb]
 ( ! obscure sect ( ! ,s&emanians1 we   
are n w>rant$ 9 ! conclusion t we are   
intellectually _! bett]s because our    
!ology is m novel1 or m fa%ionable1 or m
 9 h>mony ) reason4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1  
does our or?odoxy prove any?+ 9 favor ( 
our m5tal =ce & culture4 ,:o1 among/ !  
mo/ or?odox writ]s1 has a m =cible &    
cultivat$ intellect ?an                 
,sa9te-,beuve8--:o c bett] give u ! tone
 ( p]fect culture1 ) its love ( ju/ice1 
its ?or\ghness 9 prep>ation1 its        

sup]iority to all crud5ess & viol5ce8   
,anglican or ,romani/1 diss5t] or       
h]etic1 may be our ma/] 9 ! intellectual
 sph]e1 f :i* no s9c]e & capable labor] 
is exclud$1 ei!r by 8 belief or by 8    
unbelief4   ,,lett] ,,vi4  ,,to ,a      
,,roman ,,ca?olic ,,fri5d ,,:o ,,accus$ 
,,! ,,intellectual ,,class ,,( ,a ,,want
 ,,( ,,rev]5ce ,,= ,,au?ority4          
,necessity = treat+ affirmations z if !y
 7 d\btful--,!   ,papal                 
,infallibility--,! ,infallibility ( !   
,sacr$   ,scriptures--,opposition (     
me?od betwe5 ,intellect &   ,fai?--,!   
p]fection ( ! intellectual life requires
 intellectual   me?ods--,inevitable     
action ( ! intellectual   =ces4  ,x is v
 mu* ! cu/om1 9 mod]n writ+ ab\t lib]ty 
( ?\ght1 to pass lightly ov] ! c5tral   
difficulty1 :i* soon] or lat] w h to be 
consid]$4 ,! difficulty is ?is1 t !     
fre$om ( ! intellectual life c nev] be  
secur$ except by treat+ z if !y 7       
d\btful sev]al affirmations :i* l>ge    
masses ( mank9d hold to be c]ta9ties z  

indisputable z ! facts ( sci5ce4 ,"o ( !
 mo/ rec5tly conspicu\s ( ^!            
affirmations is ! infallibility ( !     
,pope ( ,rome4 ,no?+ c be m c]ta9 9 !   
op9ion ( imm5se numb]s ( ,roman         
,ca?olics ?an ! infallible au?ority ( ! 
,supreme ,pontiff on all matt]s affect+ 
doctr9e4 ,b !n ! matt]s affect+ doctr9e 
include _m subjects :i* come )9 ! circle
 ( ! sci5ces4 ,hi/ory is "o ( ^?        
subjects :i* mod]n intellectual         
criticism takes leave to /udy aft] its  
own me?ods1 & yet c]ta9 preval5t views (
 hi/ory are (f5sive to ! ,pope &        
explicitly condemn$ by him4 ,!          
consequ5ce is1 t 9 ord] to /udy hi/ory )
 m5tal lib]ty1 we h to act practically z
 if !re exi/$ a d\bt ( ! ,papal         
infallibility4 ,! same difficulty occurs
 ) ref]5ce to ! great ,prote/ant doctr9e
 :i* attributes a simil> infallibility  
to ! v>i\s au?ors :o compos$ :at are n[ 
kn[n to u z ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,our m5
 ( sci5ce act1 & ! laws ( sci5tific     
inve/igation compel !m to act1 z if x 7 

n q c]ta9 t ! views ( sci5tific subjects
 held by ^? e>ly writ]s 7 s f9al z to   
r5d] mod]n inve/igation sup]flu\s4 ,x is
 useless to disguise ! fact t !re is a  
real opposition ( me?od betwe5 intellect
 & fai?1 & t ! indep5d5ce ( !           
intellectual life c nev] be fully secur$
 unless all affirmations bas$ ^u        
au?ority are treat$ z if !y 7 d\btful4  
,?is implies no *ange ( mann] 9 !       
intellectual classes t[>ds ^? classes ^:
 m5tal habits are f\nd$ ^u ob$i5ce4 ,i  
mean t ! man ( sci5ce does n treat !    
affirmations ( any prie/hood ) less     
respect ?an ! affirmations ( 8 own      
sci5tific bre?r52 he applies ) p]fect   
imp>tiality ! same criticism to all     
affirmations1 f :atev] s\rce !y emanate4
 ,! intellect does n recognize au?ority 
9 any "o1 & intellectual m5 d n treat ! 
,pope1 or ! au?or ( ,g5esis1 ) less     
consid]ation ?an ^? fam\s p]sons :o 9 _!
 day h be5 ! brighte/ lum9>ies ( sci5ce4
 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 rema9s1 t :il/ ! 
intellectual class has no wi% to (f5d   

ei!r ^? :o believe 9 ! infallibility ( !
 ,pope1 or ^? :o believe 9 !            
infallibility ( ! au?or ( ,g5esis1 x is 
compell$ to conduct its own             
inve/igations z if ^? infallibilities 7 
matt]s ( d\bt & n ( c]ta9ty4  ,:y ?is is
 s1 may be %[n by a ref]5ce to !        
op]ation ( ,nature 9 o!r ways4 ,! rew>ds
 ( physical /r5g? & heal? are n giv5 to 
! mo/ moral1 to ! mo/ humane1 to ! mo/  
g5tle1 b to ^? :o h act$1 & ^: =efa!rs h
 act$1 9 ! mo/ p]fect accordance ) !    
laws ( _! physical con/itution4 ,s !    
p]fection ( ! intellectual life is n    
giv5 to ! mo/ humble1 ! mo/ believ+1 !  
mo/ ob$i5t1 b to ^? :o use _! m9ds      
accord+ to ! mo/ purely intellectual    
me?ods4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important tru?s t   
human be+s c "k is ! p]fectly indep5d5t 
work+ ( ! natural laws3 "o ( ! be/      
practical conclusions to be drawn f !   
obs]vation ( ,nature is t 9 ! conduct ( 
our own und]/&+s we %\ld use a l        
indep5d5ce4  ,x w\ld be wrong1 9 writ+  
to y on subjects s important z ^!1 to   

%r9k f h&l+ ! real difficulties4 ,e "o  
n[ is aw>e t sci5ce mu/ & w pursue h]   
own me?ods & "w accord+ to h] own laws1 
)\t conc]n+ h]self ) ! mo/ au?oritative 
affirmations f )\t4 ,b if sci5ce said "o
 ?+ & au?oritative tradition said ano!r1
 no p]fectly +5u\s p]son c\ld re/       
cont5t$ until he _h ei!r reconcil$ ! two
 or decid$ly reject$ "o ( !m4 ,x is     
impossible = a m9d :i* is hone/ t[>ds   
itself to admit t a proposition is true 
& false at ! same "t1 true 9 sci5ce &   
false 9 !ology4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh !        
intellectual me?ods are entirely        
indep5d5t ( tradition1 x may easily     
happ5 t ! indirect results ( our foll[+ 
^? me?ods may be ! ov]?r[ ( "s dogma :i*
 has = _m g5]ations be5 consid]$        
indisp5sable to man's spiritual welf>e4 
,) reg>d to ?is cont+5cy x ne$ only be  
obs]v$ t ! intellectual =ces ( humanity 
mu/ act1 l floods & w9ds1 accord+ to _! 
own laws2 & t if !y ca/ d[n any edifice 
too weak to resi/ !m1 x mu/ be because !
 orig9al con/ructors _h n built x       

sub/antially1 or because ^? plac$ 9 *>ge
 ( x _h neglect$ to keep x 9 repair4    
,?is is _! bus9ess1 n ours4 ,our "w is  
simply to asc]ta9 tru? by our own       
indep5d5t me?ods1 alike )\t ho/ility to 
any p]sons claim+ au?ority1 & )\t       
def]5ce to !m4   ,,footnotes3    #f ,!  
title ( ?is lett] seems s odd1 t x may  
be necess>y     to in=m ! read] t x 0   
address$ to a real p]son4    #g ,i _h   
desir$ to say some?+ ab\t ! uses (      
tradition 9 !     indu/rial arts & 9 !  
f9e arts1 b ! subject is a v l>ge       
"o1 & ,i h n "t or space to treat x     
prop]ly "h4 ,i may     obs]ve1 h[ev]1   
briefly1 t ! g5u9e _s ( tradition has   
almo/ entirely disappe>$ f ,engli%      
indu/ry & art1 :]e x     has be5 replac$
 by a _s ( sci5tific inve/igation &     
exp]im5t4 ,! true traditional _s 0 /ill 
9 full vigor 9     ,japan a few ye>s    
ago1 & x kept ! indu/ry & art ( t       
c\ntry up to a rem>kably high /&>d4 ,!  
traditional _s is     mo/ favorable to  
pr(essional skill1 because1 "u its      

influ5ce1     ! appr5tice le>ns         
?or\ghly1 :]eas "u o!r influ5ces he     
(t5 le>ns v imp]fectly4 ,! inf]iority ( 
,engli% pa9t+ to     ,fr5* 7consid]$    
te*nically7 has be5 due to ! preval5ce (
 a     traditional _s 9 ! ,fr5* s*ool   
:i* 0 almo/ entirely     abs5t f our    
own4     ,,"p ,,vii4  ,,wom5 ,,&        
,,m>riage4   ,,lett] ,i4  ,,to ,a ,,"y  
,,g5tleman ,,( ,,intellectual ,,ta/es1  
,,:o1 ,,)\t ,,hav+ ,,z ,,yet ,,any      
,,p>ticul> ,,lady ,,9 ,,view1 ,,_h      
,,express$1 ,,9 ,a ,,g5]al ,,way1 ,,8   
,,det]m9ation ,,to ,,get ,,m>ri$4    ,h[
 ignorant we all are ab\t m>riage--,p   
wrong 9 _!   e/imates ( ! m>riages (    
o!rs--,effects ( m>riage on !           
intellectual life--,two c\rses op5--,a  
wife :o w\ld n int]f]e   ) elevat$      
pursuits--,a wife capable ( und]/&+     
!m--,madame   ,+res--,diff]5ce 9 !      
education ( ! sexes--,difficulty (      
educat+ a wife4  ,! subject ( m>riage is
 "o conc]n+ :i* nei!r ,i nor anybody    
else c h m ?an an inf9itesimally small  

atom ( k4 ,ea* ( u kn[s h[ 8 or h] own  
m>riage has turn$ out2 b t1 9 comp>ison 
) a k ( m>riage g5]ally1 is l a s+le    
plant 9 comp>ison ) ! flora ( ! globe4  
,! utmo/ exp]i5ce on ?is subject to be  
f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry ext5ds to ab\t ?ree   
trials or exp]im5ts4 ,a man may become  
twice a wid[]1 & !n m>ry a ?ird "t1 b x 
may be easily %[n t ! v>iety ( 8        
exp]i5ce is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by its   
incomplet5ess 9 ea* in/ance4 ,= !       
exp]im5t to be conclusive ev5 z to !    
wisdom ( "o decision1 x mu/ ext5d ov]   
half a lifetime4 ,a true m>riage is n a 
m]e tempor>y arrangem5t1 & al?\gh a "y  
c\ple are said to be m>ri$ z soon z !   
lady has *ang$ h] "n1 ! tru? is t ! real
 m>riage is a long sl[ int]gr[?1 l t (  
two trees plant$ q close toge!r 9 ! =e/4
  ,! subject ( m>riage g5]ally is "o (  
:i* m5 "k less ?an !y "k ( any o!r      
subject ( univ]sal int]e/4 ,p are almo/ 
always wrong 9 _! e/imates ( ! m>riages 
( o!rs1 & ! be/ pro( h[ little we "k !  
real ta/es & ne$s ( ^? ) :om we h be5   

mo/ intimate1 is our unfail+ surprise at
 ! m>riages !y make4 ,v old & exp]i5c$ p
 fancy !y "k a great deal ab\t y\ng]    
c\ples1 b _! guesses1 !re is good reason
 to believe1 nev] exactly hit ! m>k4    
,ev] s9ce ?is idea1 t m>riage is a      
subject we are all v ignorant ab\t1 _h  
tak5 root 9 my own m9d1 _m little       
incid5ts 7 p]petually occurr+ to confirm
 x2 !y prov$ to me1 on ! "o h&1 h[ (t5  
,i _h be5 mi/ak5 ab\t o!r p1 &1 on ! o!r
 h&1 h[ mi/ak5 o!r p 7 conc]n+ ! only   
m>riage ,i pr(ess to "k any?+ ab\t1     
namely1 my own4  ,our ignorance is all !
 d>k] t few m5 tell u ! little t !y "k1 
t little be+ too closely b\nd up ) t    
inn]mo/ privacy ( life :i* e man ( "r   
feel+ respects 9 8 own case1 z 9 ! case 
( ano!r4 ,! only in/ances :i* are laid  
b>e to ! public view are ! unhappy      
m>riages1 :i* are really n m>riages at  
all4 ,an unhappy alliance be>s exactly !
 same relation to a true m>riage t      
disease does to heal?1 & ! qu>rels &    
mis]y ( x are ! crises by :i* ,nature   

tries to br+ ab\t ei!r ! recov]y (      
happ9ess1 or ! endurable peace ( a      
settl$ sep>ation4  ,all t we really "k  
ab\t m>riage is t x is bas$ ^u ! mo/    
p[]ful ( all our in/9cts1 & t x %[s its 
own ju/ification 9 its fruits1          
especially 9 ! prolong$ & wat*ful c>e ( 
*ildr54 ,b m>riage is v complex 9 its   
effects1 & !re is "o set ( effects1     
result+ f x1 to :i* rem>kably little    
att5tion has be5 paid hi!rto1--,i mean  
its effects ^u ! intellectual life4     
,surely !y des]ve consid]ation by all :o
 value culture4  ,i believe t = an      
intellectual man1 only two c\rses are   
op52 ei!r he ought to m>ry "s simple    
dutiful woman :o w be> him *ildr51 & see
 to ! h\sehold matt]s1 & love him 9 a   
tru/ful _s )\t jeal\sy ( 8 occupations2 
or else1 on ! o!r h&1 he ought to m>ry  
"s highly intellig5t lady1 able to c>ry 
h] education f> beyond s*ool exp]i5ces1 
& will+ to become 8 companion 9 ! ardu\s
 pa?s ( intellectual labor4 ,! dang] 9 !
 fir/ ( ! two cases is t po9t$ out by   

,wordswor? 9 "s v]ses address$ to       
lake-t\ri/s :o might feel incl9$ to buy 
a peasant's cottage 9 ,we/morl&4 ,!     
t\ri/ w\ld spoil ! little romantic spot 
if he b\ght x2 ! *>m ( x is subtly      
dep5d5t ^u ! poetry ( a simple life1 &  
w\ld be bru%$ away by ! influ5ce ( ! ?+s
 t are necess>y to p 9 ! middle class4  
,i rememb] d9+ 9 a c\ntry inn ) an      
,engli% (fic] ^: ideas 7 s+ul>ly        
unconv5tional4 ,we 7 wait$ ^u by our    
ho/'s daught]1 a beautiful girl1 ^:     
mann]s 7 rem>kable = _! natural elegance
 & di/9ction4 ,x seem$ to u bo? t no    
lady ( rank c\ld be m di/+ui%$ ?an %e 02
 & my companion said t he ?\ght a       
g5tleman might d worse ?an ask t girl to
 m>ry him1 & settle d[n quietly 9 t     
quiet m\nta9 village1 f> f ! c>es &     
vanities ( ! _w4 ,t is a sort ( dream   
:i* has occurr$ no d\bt to _m an        
honorable man4 ,"s m5 h gone s f> z to  
try to make ! dream a reality1 & h m>ri$
 ! beautiful peasant4 ,b ! difficulty is
 t %e does n rema9 :at %e 02 %e becomes 

a sort ( make-belief lady1 & !n h]      
ignorance1 :i* 9 h] natural condition 0 
a *>m+ navet1 becomes an irritat+       
defect4 ,if1 h[ev] x 7 possible = an    
intellectual man to m>ry "s simple-he>t$
 peasant girl1 & keep h] c>efully 9 h]  
orig9al condition1 ,i s]i\sly believe t 
! v5ture w\ld be less p]il\s to 8       
culture ?an an alliance ) "s woman ( our
 ,phili/9e classes1 equally incapable ( 
compreh5d+ 8 pursuits1 b mu* m likely to
 int]f]e ) !m4 ,i once _h a conv]sation 
on ?is subject ) a di/+ui%$ arti/1 :o is
 n[ a wid[]1 & :o is c]ta9ly n likely to
 be prejudic$ aga9/ m>riage by 8 own    
exp]i5ce1 :i* _h be5 an unusually happy 
"o4 ,8 view 0 t a man devot$ to art     
might m>ry ei!r a pla9-m9d$ woman1 :o   
w\ld occupy h]self exclusively )        
h\sehold matt]s & %ield 8 peace by tak+ 
^! c>es ^u h]self1 or else a woman q    
capable ( ent]+ into 8 arti/ic life2 b  
he 0 conv9c$ t a m>riage :i* expos$ him 
to un9tellig5t criticism & int]f]5ce    
w\ld be dang]\s 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,& ( 

! two k9ds ( m>riage :i* he consid]$    
possible he pref]r$ ! =m]1 t ) !        
entirely ignorant & simple p]son f :om  
no int]f]5ce 0 to be appreh5d$4 ,he     
consid]$ ! fir/ ,madame ,+res ! true    
model ( an arti/'s wife1 because %e did 
all 9 h] p[] to gu>d h] husb&'s peace   
aga9/ ! daily c>es ( life & nev] h]self 
di/urb$ x1 act+ ! "p ( a breakwat] :i*  
protects a space ( calm1 & nev] de/roys 
! peace t x has made4 ,?is may be true =
 arti/s ^: occupation is r /hetic ?an   
intellectual1 & does n get mu* help or  
b5efit f talk2 b ! ideal m>riage = a man
 ( great lit]>y culture w\ld be "o      
p]mitt+ "s equality ( companion%ip1 or1 
if n equality1 at lea/ int]e/4 ,t ?is   
ideal is n a m]e dream1 b may           
consolidate into a happy reality1 sev]al
 examples prove2 yet ^! examples are n s
 num]\s z to relieve me f anxiety ab\t  
y\r *ances ( f9d+ su* companion%ip4 ,!  
diff]5t education ( ! two sexes sep>ates
 !m widely at ! beg9n+1 & to meet on any
 common gr\nd ( culture a second        

education has to be gone ?r\gh4 ,x r>ely
 happ5s t !re is resolution en\gh = ?is4
  ,! want ( ?or\ghness & reality 9 !    
education ( bo? sexes1 b especially 9 t 
( wom51 may be attribut$ to a sort (    
policy :i* is n v favorable to          
companion%ip 9 m>ri$ life4 ,x appe>s to 
be ?\ght wise to tea* boys ?+s :i* wom5 
d n le>n1 9 ord] to give wom5 a degree (
 respect = m5's atta9m5ts1 :i* !y w\ld n
 be s likely to feel if !y 7 prep>$ to  
e/imate !m critically2 :il/ girls are   
taught arts & languages :i* until       
rec5tly 7 all b exclud$ f our public    
s*ools1 & won no rank at our            
univ]sities4 ,m5 & wom5 _h consequ5tly  
sc>cely any common gr\nd to meet ^u1 & !
 abs5ce ( s]i\s m5tal discipl9e 9 !     
tra9+ ( wom5 made !m indispos$ to submit
 to ! irksom5ess ( t e>ne/ intellectual 
labor :i* might h rem$i$ ! defici5cy4 ,!
 total lack ( accuracy 9 _! m5tal habits
 0 !n1 & is /ill = ! imm5se majority (  
wom51 ! lea/ easily surm\ntable imp$im5t
 to culture4 ,! hi/ory ( _m m>riages :i*

 h fail$ to realize intellectual        
companion%ip is compris$ 9 a s5t5ce :i* 
0 actually utt]$ by "o ( ! mo/          
accompli%$ ( my fri5ds3 ,%e knew no?+ :5
 ,i m>ri$ h]4 ,i tri$ to tea* h] some?+2
 x made h] angry1 & ,i gave x up4       
,,lett] ,,ii4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,g5tleman  
,,:o ,,contemplat$ ,,m>riage4    ,!     
f\ndations ( ! intellectual             
m>riage--,m>riage n a sn>e or   pitfall 
= ! intellectual--,m5 ( culture1 :o m>ry
 badly1 (t5   h !mselves to blame--,= e 
grade ( ! mascul9e intellect   !re exi/s
 a correspond+ grade ( ! fem99e         
intellect--,difficulty ( f9d+ ! true    
mate--,fr5* ,univ]sity   ,pr(essors--,an
 extreme case ( intellectual            
sep>ation--,regrets ( a   wid[--,wom5   
help u less by add+ to our k ?an by     
und]/&+ u4  ,9 sev]al lett]s :i* h      
prec$$ ?is ,i h indicat$ "s ( !         
diff]5ces betwe5 ! female sex & ours1 & 
x is "t to exam9e ! true f\ndations ( ! 
intellectual m>riage4 ,let me affirm1 to
 beg9 )1 my pr(\nd fai? 9 ! natural     

arrangem5t4 ,!re is 9 nature s mu*      
evid5t c>e = ! developm5t ( !           
intellectual life1 s mu* protection ( x 
9 ! social ord]1 !re are su* admirable  
contrivances = cont9u+ x f c5tury to    
c5tury1 t we may fairly c\nt ^u "s      
provision = its necessities 9 m>riage4  
,intellectual m5 are n less alive to !  
*>ms ( wom5 ?an o!r m5 are2 inde$ !     
greate/ ( !m h always delight$ 9 !      
society ( wom54 ,if m>riage 7 really    
dang]\s to ! intellectual life1 x w\ld  
be a moral sn>e or pitfall1 f :i* ! be/ 
& noble/ w\ld be lea/ likely to escape4 
,x is h>d to believe t ! /rong passions 
:i* s (t5 accompany high intellectual   
gifts 7 int5d$ ei!r to drive _!         
possessors into immorality or else to ! 
mis]y ( ill-assort$ unions4  ,no1 !re is
 su* a ?+ z ! intellectual m>riage1 9   
:i* ! intellect itself is m>ri$4 ,if su*
 m>riages are n frequ5t1 x is t !y are n
 (t5 made ! delib]ate purpose ( a wise  
alliance4 ,m5 *oose _! wives because !y 
are pretty1 or because !y are ri*1 or   

because !y are well-connect$1 b r>ely = 
! p]man5t int]e/ ( _! society4 ,yet :o t
 _h ev] be5 condemn$ to ! dreadful      
emb>rassm5ts ( a tte--tte ) an          
uncompanionable p]son1 c\ld reflect )\t 
appreh5sion on a lifetime ( su*         
tte--ttes8  ,:5 intellectual m5 suff] f 
?is mis]y !y h !mselves to blame4 ,:at  
is ! use ( hav+ any m5tal sup]iority1   
if1 9 a matt] s enorm\sly important z ! 
*oice ( a companion = life1 x fails to  
give u a w>n+ :5 ! *oice is absurdly    
unsuitable8 ,:5 m5 compla91 z !y d n    
unfrequ5tly1 t _! wives h no ideas1 ! "q
 inevitably sugge/s itself1 :y !        
sup]iority ( ! mascul9e intellect did n1
 9 ^! cases1 p]mit x to discov] ! defect
 9 "t8 ,if we are s clev] z to be bor$  
by ord9>y wom51 :y _c our clev]ness f9d 
out ! fem99e clev]ness :i* w\ld respond 
to x8  ,:at ,i am go+ to say n[ is 9 its
 v nature incapable ( pro(1 & yet !     
long] ,i live ! m ! tru? ( x is borne 9 
^u me4 ,i feel conv9c$ t = e grade ( !  
mascul9e intellect !re exi/s a          

correspond+ grade ( ! fem99e intellect1 
s t a precisely suitable intellectual   
m>riage is always possible = e "o4 ,b   
s9ce ! high] intellects are r>e1 & r>e 9
 proportion to _! elevation1 x foll[s t 
! difficulty ( f9d+ ! true mate         
increases ) ! m5tal /r5g? & culture ( ! 
man4 ,if ! m5tal pr9ces1 z ,blake call$ 
himself1 are to m>ry ! m5tal pr9cesses1 
!y w n always discov] !m q s easily z   
k+s' sons f9d k+s' daught]s4  ,?is      
difficulty ( f9d+ ! true mate is ! real 
reason :y s _m clev] m5 m>ry silly or   
/upid wom54 ,! wom5 ab\t !m seem to be  
all v mu* alike1 m5tally2 x seems       
hopeless to expect any real             
companion%ip1 & ! clev] m5 are decid$ by
 ! color ( a girl's eyes1 or a ?\s&     
p\nds m 9 h] d[ry1 or h] relation%ip to 
a pe] ( ! realm4  ,x 0 rem>k$ to me by a
 ,fr5* univ]sity pr(essor1 t al?\gh m5 9
 8 position _h on ! :ole mu* m culture  
?an ! middle class1 !y _h an extraord9>y
 tal5t = w9n+ ! mo/ vulg> & ignorant    
wives4 ,! explanation is1 t _! m>riages 

are n intellectual m>riages at all4 ,!  
class ( ,fr5* pr(essors is n            
advantage\sly situat$2 x has n great    
facilities = *oice4 ,_! incomes are s   
small t1 unless help$ by private means1 
! fir/ ?+ !y c prud5tly look to 9 a wife
 is h] utility z a dome/ic s]vant1 :i*1 
9 fact1 x is h] de/9y to become4 ,!     
intellectual disp>ity is f ! beg9n+     
likely to be v great1 because ! pr(essor
 is conf9$ to ! c\ntry-t[n :]e 8 ,lyce  
happ5s to be situat$1 & 9 t t[n he does 
n always see ! mo/ cultivat$ society4   
,he may be an intellectual pr9ce1 b :]e 
is he to f9d 8 pr9cess8 ,! m>riage beg9s
 )\t ! idea ( intellectual companion%ip1
 & x cont9ues z x began4 ,! girl 0      
un$ucat$3 x seems hopeless to try to    
educate ! woman2 & !n !re is ! supreme  
difficulty1 only to be ov]come by two   
wills at once mo/ resolute & mo/        
p]si/5t1 namely1 h[ to f9d ! "t4 ,ye>s  
pass2 ! husb& is occupi$ all day1 ! wife
 ne$s to *e] h]self ) a little society1 
& goes to sit ) neighbors :o are n      

likely to add any?+ valuable to h] k or 
to give any elevation to h] ?\ghts4 ,!n 
comes ! f9al fix+ & cry/allization ( h] 
intellect1 aft] :i*1 h[ev] mu* pa9s &   
labor might be tak5 by ! pair1 %e is pa/
 ! possibility ( *ange4  ,^! wom5 are   
(t5 s good & devot$ t _! husb&s enjoy   
great happ9ess2 b x is a k9d ( happ9ess 
curi\sly indep5d5t ( ! lady's pres5ce4  
,! pr(essor may love 8 wife1 & fully    
appreciate h] qualities z a h\sekeep]1 b
 he passes a m int]e/+ ev5+ ) "s male   
fri5d ^: read+ is equal to 8 own4       
,sometimes ! lady p]ceives ?is1 & x is  
an elem5t ( sadness 9 h] life4  ,i nev] 
see my husb&1 %e tells y1 n 9 ang]4 ,8  
"w occupies him all day1 & 9 ! ev5+ he  
sees 8 fri5ds4 ,! pair walk out toge!r  
twice a week4 ,i sometimes wond] :at !y 
say to ea* o!r dur+ ^? conjugal         
prom5ades4 ,!y talk ab\t _! *ildr51     
probably1 & ! little recurr+            
difficulties ab\t money4 ,he _c talk    
ab\t 8 /udies1 or ! intellectual        
speculations :i* 8 /udies cont9ually    

sugge/4  ,! mo/ extreme cases (         
intellectual sep>ation betwe5 husb& &   
wife t ev] came "u my obs]vation 01     
h[ev]1 n t ( a ,fr5* pr(essor1 b a      
highly-cultivat$ ,scot* lawy]4 ,he 0 "o 
( ! mo/ intellectual m5 ,i ev] knew--a  
little cynical1 b full ( orig9al p[]1 & 
uncommonly well-in=m$4 ,8 !ory 01 t wom5
 ought n to be admitt$ into ! region (  
mascul9e ?\ght--t x 0 n good = !m2 & he 
act$ s consi/5tly up to ?is !ory1 t     
al?\gh he w\ld op5 8 m9d ) ! utmo/      
frankness to a male acqua9tance ov] !   
ev5+ :isky-toddy1 !re 0 n :isky en\gh 9 
all ,scotl& to make him frank 9 !       
pres5ce ( 8 wife4 ,%e really knew no?+  
:atev] ab\t 8 intellectual exi/5ce2 &   
yet !re 0 no?+ 9 8 ways ( ?9k+ :i* an   
honorable man ne$ conceal f an          
intellig5t woman4 ,8 !ory work$ well    
en\gh 9 practice1 & 8 res]ve 0 s p]fect 
t x may be d\bt$ :e!r ev5 fem99e        
subtlety ev] suspect$ x4 ,! explanation 
( 8 sy/em may p]haps h be5 ?is4 ,he 0 an
 exce$+ly busy man2 he felt t he _h n "t

 to tea* 8 wife to "k him z he 01 & s   
pref]r$ to leave h] ) h] own conception 
( him1 r ?an di/urb t conception :5 he  
believ$ x impossible to replace x by a  
completely true "o4 ,we all act 9 t way 
) ^? :om we consid] q exclud$ f our     
private range ( ?\ght4  ,all ?is may be 
v prud5t & wise3 !re may be degrees (   
conjugal felicity1 satisfactory 9 _!    
way1 )\t intellectual int]c\rse1 & yet  
,i _c ?9k t any man ( high culture c\ld 
reg>d 8 m>riage z altoge!r a successful 
"o s long z 8 wife rema9$ %ut out f 8   
m5tal life4 ,nor is ! exclusion always q
 agreeable to ! lady h]self4 ,a wid[    
said to me t h] husb& _h nev] ?\ght x   
necess>y to try to raise h] to 8 own    
level1 yet %e believ$ t ) 8 k9dly help  
%e might h atta9$ x4  ,y ) y\r mascul9e 
habits1 may obs]ve1 z to ?is1 t if !    
lady _h s]i\sly c>$ to atta9 a high]    
level %e might h a*iev$ x by h] own     
private indep5d5t ef=t4 ,b ?is is       
exactly :at ! fem99e nature nev] does4  
,a clev] woman is ! be/ ( pupils1 :5 %e 

loves h] tea*]1 b ! wor/ ( solit>y      
le>n]s4  ,x is n by add+ to our k1 b by 
und]/&+ u1 t wom5 are our help]s4 ,!y   
und]/& u f> bett] ?an m5 d1 :5 once !y h
 ! degree ( prelim9>y in=mation :i*     
enables !m to ent] into our pursuits4   
,m5 are occupi$ ) _! p]sonal works &    
?\ghts1 & h wond]fully little sympa?y   
left to enable !m to compreh5d u2 b a   
woman1 by h] div9e sympa?y--div9e inde$1
 s9ce x 0 giv5 by ,god = ?is--c ent]    
into our inmo/ ?\ght1 & make all[ances =
 all our difficulties4 ,talk ab\t y\r "w
 & its anxieties to a club ( mascul9e   
fri5ds1 !y w give v little he$ to y2 !y 
are all ?9k+ ab\t !mselves1 & !y w      
dislike y\r egotism because !y h s mu*  
egotism ( _! own1 :i* y\rs invades &    
inconv5i5ces4 ,b talk 9 ! same way to   
any woman :o has education en\gh to     
enable h] to foll[ y1 & %e w li/5 s     
k9dly1 & s v intellig5tly1 t y w be     
betray$ into int]m9able confid5ces4     
,n[1 al?\gh an intellectual man may n   
c>e to make himself und]/ood by all ! p 

9 ! /reet1 x is n a good ?+ = him to    
feel t he is und]/ood by nobody4 ,!     
intellectual life is sometimes a        
fe>fully solit>y "o4 ,unless he lives 9 
a great capital ! man devot$ to t life  
is m ?an all o!r m5 liable to suff] f   
isolation1 to feel utt]ly alone b5ea? ! 
deafness ( space & ! sil5ce ( ! />s4    
,give him "o fri5d :o c und]/& him1 :o w
 n leave him1 :o w always be accessible 
by day & night--"o fri5d1 "o k9dly      
li/5]1 j "o1 & ! :ole univ]se is *ang$4 
,x is deaf & indiff]5t no long]1 & :il/ 
%e li/5s1 x seems z if all m5 & angels  
li/5$ also1 s p]fectly 8 ?\ght is       
mirror$ 9 ! light ( h] answ]+ eyes4     
,,lett] ,,iii4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,g5tleman 
,,:o ,,contemplat$ ,,m>riage4    ,!     
intellectual ideal ( m>riage--,! dang] (
 dulness--,to be   c\nt]act$ only by !  
r5ewal ( bo? m9ds--,example ( ,lady     
,bak]--,sep>ation ( ! sexes by an old   
prejudice ab\t   education--,?is        
prejudice on ! decl9e--,influ5ce ( !    
late ,pr9ce   ,consort4  ,h[ f> may y   

hope to realize ! intellectual ideal (  
m>riage8 ,h ,i ev] obs]v$ 9 actual life 
any approximate realization ( t ideal8  
,^! are ! two que/ions :i* conclude &   
epitomize ! la/ ( y\r rec5t lett]s4 ,let
 me endeavor to answ] !m z              
satisfactorily z ! obscurity ( ! subject
 w p]mit4  ,! intellectual ideal seems  
to be t ( a conv]sation on all !        
subjects y mo/ c>e ab\t1 :i* %\ld nev]  
lose its int]e/4 ,is x possible t two p 
%\ld live toge!r & talk to ea* o!r e day
 = tw5ty ye>s )\t kn[+ ea* o!r's views  
too well = !m to seem wor? express+ or  
wor? li/5+ to8 ,!re are fri5ds :om we "k
 too well1 s t our talk ) !m has less ( 
refre%m5t & ent]ta9m5t ?an a conv]sation
 ) ! fir/ intellig5t /rang] on !        
qu>t]-deck ( ! /eamboat4 ,x is evid5t t 
f ! intellectual po9t ( view ?is is !   
great dang] ( m>riage4 ,x may become    
dull1 n because ! m5tal =ce ( ei!r ( !  
p>ties has decl9$1 b because ea* has    
come to "k s accurately be=eh& :at ! o!r
 w say on any giv5 topic1 t inquiry is  

felt to be useless4 ,?is too p]fect     
intimacy1 :i* has end$ _m a fri5d%ip    
outside ( m>riage1 may also t]m9ate !   
intellectual life 9 matrimony itself4   
,let u n pass too lightly ov] ?is dang]1
 = x is n to be d5i$4 ,unless c>efully  
provid$ aga9/1 x w gradually ext+ui% !  
light t plays betwe5 ! w$d$ intellig5ces
 z ! electric light burns betwe5 two    
c>bon po9ts4  ,i v5ture to sugge/1      
h[ev]1 t ?is evil may be c\nt]act$ by   
p]sons ( "s en]gy & orig9ality4 ,?is is 
"o ( ^? v num]\s cases 9 :i* an evil is 
sure to arrive if no?+ is done to prev5t
 x1 yet 9 :i* ! evil ne$ n arrive :5 ^? 
:om x m5aces are =ew>n$4 ,to take an    
illu/ration intelligible 9 ^! days (    
/eam-eng9es4 ,we "k t if ! wat] is all[$
 to get v l[ 9 ! boil] a de/ructive     
explosion w be ! consequ5ce2 yet1 s9ce e
 /ok] is aw>e ( ?is1 su* explosions are 
n ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,t evil is       
cont9ually approa*+ & yet cont9ually    
av]t$ by ! ex]cise ( human =esight4     
,let u suppose t a m>ri$ c\ple are      

cle>ly aw>e t 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s _!       
society is sure to become mutually      
un9t]e/+ unless some?+ is done to       
pres]ve ! e>li] ze/ ( x4 ,:at is t      
some?+8  ,t :i* an au?or does = ! unkn[n
 multitude ( 8 read]s4  ,e au?or :o     
succe$s takes ! tr\ble to r5ew 8 m9d    
ei!r by fre% k or new ?\ghts4 ,is x n at
 lea/ equally wor? :ile to d z mu* to   
pres]ve ! int]e/ ( m>riage8 ,)\t        
und]valu+ ! fri5dly adhesion ( _m       
read]s1 )\t affect+ any contempt = fame1
 :i* is de>] to ! human he>t ?an weal?  
itself :5ev] x appe>s to be n :olly     
unatta9able1 may n ,i safely affirm t ! 
int]e/ ( m>ri$ life1 f its v ne>ness1   
has a /ill /rong] influ5ce ^u ! m9d (   
any ?9k+ p]son1 ( ei!r sex1 ?an !       
approbation ( unnumb]$ read]s 9 di/9ct  
c\ntries or cont95ts8 ,y nev] see !     
effect ( y\r ?9k+ on y\r read]s2 !y live
 & die f> away f y1 a few write lett]s (
 praise or criticism1 ! ?\s&s give no   
sign4 ,b ! wife is ) y always1 %e is    
almo/ z ne> to y z y\r own body2 ! _w1  

to y1 is a figure-picture 9 :i* !re is  
"o figure1 ! re/ is m]ely backgr\nd4 ,& 
if an au?or takes pa9s to r5ew 8 m9d = !
 p 9 ! backgr\nd1 is x n at lea/ equally
 wor? y\r :ile to br+ fre% ?\ght = !    
r5ewal ( y\r life ) h]8  ,?is1 !n1 is my
 !ory ( ! intellectual m>riage1 t ! two 
w$d$ intellects ought to r5ew !mselves  
cont9ually = ea* o!r4 ,& ,i argue t if  
?is 7 done 9 e>ne/1 ! o!rwise inevitable
 dulness w\ld be p]petually kept at bay4
  ,to ! o!r "q1 :e!r 9 actual life ,i h 
ev] se5 ?is realiz$1 ,i answ] yes1 9    
sev]al in/ances4  ,n 9 v _m in/ances1   
yet 9 m ?an "o4 ,wom51 :5 !y h conceiv$ 
! idea t ?is r5ewal is necess>y1 h      
resolution en\gh = ! realization ( x4   
,!re is h>dly any task too h>d = !m1 if 
!y believe x ess5tial to ! conjugal     
life4 ,i c\ld give y ! "n & address ( "o
 :o ma/]$ ,greek 9 ord] n to be exclud$ 
f h] husb&'s favorite pursuit2 o!rs h   
ma/]$ o!r languages = ! same object1 &  
ev5 "s bran* ( sci5ce = :i* ! fem99e m9d
 has less natural aff9ity ?an x has =   

imag9ative lit]ature4 ,_! rem>kable     
incapacity = indep5d5t m5tal labor is   
accompani$ by an equally rem>kable      
capacity = labor "u an accept$ mascul9e 
guidance4 ,9 ?is connection ,i may )\t  
impropriety m5tion "o ,engli%woman1 = %e
 is already celebrat$1 ! wife ( ,sir    
,samuel ,bak]1 ! discov]] ( ! ,alb]t    
,nyanza4 ,%e /ood ) him on ! %ore ( t   
unkn[n sea1 :5 fir/ x 0 beheld by       
,engli% eyes2 %e _h pass$ ) him ?r\gh   
all ! h>d prelim9>y toils & trials4 ,%e 
_h le>n$ ,arabic ) him 9 a ye> (        
necess>y b we>isome delay2 h] m9d _h    
travell$ ) 8 m9d z h] feet _h foll[$ 8  
foot/eps4 ,sc>cely less beautiful1 if   
less h]oic1 is ! picture ( ! geologi/'s 
wife1 ,mrs4 ,buckl&1 :o taught h]self to
 recon/ruct brok5 fossils1 & did x ) a  
surpris+ delicacy1 & pati5ce1 & skill1  
full ( sci5ce1 yet m ?an sci5ce1 !      
p]fection ( fem99e art4  ,! privacy (   
m>ri$ life (t5 prev5ts u f kn[+ ! ext5t 
to :i* intellig5t wom5 h r5ew$ _! m9ds  
by fre% & v>i$ culture = ! purpose (    

reta9+ _! asc5d5cy ov] _! husb&s1 or to 
keep up ! int]e/ ( _! lives4 ,x is done 
mu* m frequ5tly by wom5 ?an by m54 ,!y h
 s mu* less egotism1 s mu* m            
adaptability1 t !y fit !mselves to u    
(t5] ?an we adapt ourselves to !m4 ,b 9 
a quiet p]fect m>riage ^! ef=ts w\ld be 
mutual4 ,! husb& w\ld endeavor to make  
life int]e/+ to 8 companion by tak+ a   
%>e 9 "s pursuit :i* 0 really h] own4 ,x
 is easi] = u ?an x 0 = our ance/ors to 
d ?is--at lea/ = our imm$iate ance/ors4 
,!re exi/$1 fifty ye>s ago1 a mo/       
irrational prejudice1 v /rongly root$ 9 
! social conv5tions ( ! "t1 ab\t        
mascul9e & fem99e accompli%m5ts4 ,!     
educations ( ! two sexes 7 s tr5*antly  
sep>at$ t nei!r _h access to ! k ( !    
o!r4 ,! m5 _h le>n$ ,lat9 & ,greek1 (   
:i* ! wom5 7 ignorant2 ! wom5 _h le>n$  
,fr5* or ,italian1 :i* ! m5 c\ld nei!r  
read nor speak4 ,! ladies /udi$ f9e art1
 n s]i\sly1 b x occupi$ a good deal ( _!
 "t & ?\ghts2 ! g5tlem5 _h a manly      
contempt = x1 :i* kept !m1 z contempt   

always does1 9 a /ate ( absolute        
ignorance4 ,! intellectual sep>ation ( !
 sexes 0 made z complete z possible by !
 conv5tionally receiv$ idea t a man c\ld
 n le>n :at girls le>n$ )\t effem9acy1 &
 t if wom5 aspir$ to m5's k !y w\ld     
=feit ! delicacy ( _! sex4 ,?is         
illogical prejudice 0 bas$ on a bad     
syllogism ( ?is k9d3--    ,girls speak  
,fr5*1 & le>n music & draw+4    ,b5jam9 
speaks ,fr5*1 & le>ns music & draw+4    
,b5jam9 is a girl4  ,& ! prejudice1     
p[]ful z x 01 _h n ev5 ! claim ( any    
consid]able antiquity4 ,?9k h[ /range & 
unreasonable x w\ld h seem$ to ,lady    
,jane ,grey & ,sir ,philip ,sidney6 ,9  
_! "t1 ladies & g5tlem5 /udi$ ! same    
?+s1 ! _w ( culture 0 ! same = bo?1 & !y
 c\ld meet 9 x z 9 a g>d54  ,happily we 
are com+ back to ! old rational notion (
 culture z indep5d5t ( ! "q ( sex4 ,lat9
 & ,greek are n unfem99e2 !y 7 spok5 by 
wom5 9 ,a!ns & ,rome2 ! mod]n languages 
are fit = a man to le>n1 s9ce m5 use !m 
cont9ually on ! battle-fields & 9 !     

p>liam5ts & ex*anges ( ! _w4 ,art is a  
manly bus9ess1 if ev] any human         
occupation c\ld be call$ manly1 = !     
utmo/ ef=ts ( ! /ronge/ m5 are ne$$ =   
success 9 x4  ,! increas+ int]e/ 9 ! f9e
 arts1 ! m important position giv5 to   
mod]n languages 9 ! univ]sities1 !      
irresi/ible attractions & gr[+ au?ority 
( sci5ce1 all t5d to br+ m5 & wom5      
toge!r on subjects und]/ood by bo?1 &   
!re=e op]ate directly 9 favor (         
intellectual int]e/s 9 m>riage4 ,y w n  
suspect me ( a snobbi% desire to pay    
complim5ts to royalty if ,i trace "s (  
^! *anges 9 public op9ion to ! example &
 influ5ce ( ! ,pr9ce ,consort1 op]at+ ) 
"s effect dur+ 8 life1 yet ) f> great]  
=ce s9ce he 0 tak5 away f u4 ,! tru? is1
 t ! mo/ mod]n ,engli% ideal (          
g5tlemanly culture is t :i* ,pr9ce      
,alb]t1 to a great ext5t1 realiz$ 9 8   
own p]son4 ,p]haps 8 v>i\s accompli%m5ts
 may be a little embelli%$ or exagg]at$ 
9 ! popul> belief1 b x is unque/ionable 
t 8 notion ( culture 0 v l>ge & lib]al1 

& q beyond ! n>r[ p$antry ( ! prec$+    
age4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 x to exclude a woman1
 & we "k t %e :o lov$ him ent]$ l>gely  
into ! works & recreations ( 8 life4    
,,lett] ,,iv4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,g5tleman  
,,:o ,,contemplat$ ,,m>riage4    ,wom5 d
 n ( !mselves und]take intellectual     
labor--,_!   resignation to             
ignorance--,abs5ce ( sci5tific curiosity
 9   wom5--,!y d n accumulate accurate  
k--,ar*im$es 9 8   ba?--,r>ity (        
inv5tions due to wom5--,exceptions4     
,be=e say+ mu* ab\t ! influ5ce ( m>riage
 on ! intellectual life1 x is necess>y  
to make "s inquiry into ! intellectual  
nature ( wom54  ,! fir/ ?+ to be not$ is
 t1 ) exceptions s r>e z to be          
practically ( no importance to an       
argum5t1 wom5 d n ( !mselves und]take   
intellectual labor4 ,ev5 9 ! situations 
mo/ favorable = labor ( t k9d1 wom5 d n 
und]take x unless !y are urg$ to x1 &   
direct$ 9 x1 by "s p[]ful mascul9e      
influ5ce4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( t influ5ce1     
al?\gh _! m9ds are active1 t activity   

nei!r t5ds to discipl9e nor to !        
accumulation ( k4 ,wom5 :o are n impell$
 by "s mascul9e influ5ce are n sup]ior1 
ei!r 9 k or discipl9e ( ! m9d1 at ! age 
( fifty to :at !y 7 at ! age (          
tw5ty-five4 ,9 o!r words1 !y h n 9      
!mselves ! motive p[]s :i* c cause an   
intellectual advance4  ,! be/           
illu/ration ( ?is is a si/]hood ( ?ree  
or f\r ri* old maids1 ) all ! advantages
 ( leisure4 ,y w obs]ve t !y inv>iably  
rema91 z to _! education1 :]e !y 7 left 
by _! tea*]s _m ye>s be=e4 ,!y w (t5    
lam5t1 p]haps1 t 9 _! day education 0 v 
inf]ior to :at x is n[2 b x nev] occurs 
to !m t ! l>ge leisure ( subsequ5t ye>s 
might1 _h x be5 well employ$1 h suppli$ 
^? defici5cies ( :i* !y are s5sible4    
,no?+ is m curi\sly remote f mascul9e   
habits ?an ! resignation to p>ticul>    
degrees ( ignorance1 z to ! inevitable1 
:i* a woman w express 9 a mann] :i*     
says3 ,y "k ,i am s2 y "k t ,i _c make  
myself bett] in=m$4 ,!y are l p]fect    
billi>d-balls on a p]fect table1 :i* /op

 :5 no long] impell$1 :]ev] !y may happ5
 to be4  ,x is ?is abs5ce ( intellectual
 initiative :i* causes ! great ignorance
 ( wom54 ,:at !y h be5 well taught1 t !y
 "k1 b !y d n increase _! /ores ( k4    
,ev5 9 :at mo/ int]e/s !m1 !ology1 !y   
repeat1 b d n ext5d1 _! in=mation4 ,all 
! ef=t ( _! m9ds appe>s 7s f> z an      
outside obs]v] may presume to judge7 to 
act l wat] on a picture1 :i* br+s out ! 
colors t already exi/ ^u ! canvas b does
 n add any?+ to ! design4 ,!re is a     
great & p]petual fre%ness & vividness 9 
_! conceptions1 :i* is (t5 lack+ 9 our  
own4 ,our conceptions fade1 & are       
replac$2 !irs are n replac$1 b refre%$4 
,:at _m wom5 d = _! !ological           
conceptions or op9ions1 o!rs d ) ref]5ce
 to ! innum]able s]ies ( que/ions ( all 
k9ds :i* pres5t !mselves 9 ! c\rse (    
life4 ,!y attempt to solve !m by ! help 
( k acquir$ 9 girlhood2 & if t _c be    
done1 !y ei!r give !m up z beyond !     
doma9 ( wom51 or else tru/ to he>say = a
 solution4 ,:at !y w n d is to hunt !   

matt] out unaid$1 & get an accurate     
answ] by d9t ( indep5d5t inve/igation4  
,!re is ano!r *>act]i/ic ( wom51 n      
peculi> to !m1 = _m m5 h x 9 an a/oni%+ 
degree1 & yet m g5]al 9 ! female sex ?an
 9 ! male3 ,i allude to ! abs5ce (      
sci5tific curiosity4 ,ladies see ?+s ( !
 greate/ wond] & int]e/ work+ 9 _!      
pres5ce & = _! s]vice )\t feel+ impell$ 
to make any inquiries into ! mann] ( _! 
work+4 ,i c\ld m5tion _m v curi\s       
in/ances ( ?is1 b ,i select "o :i* seems
 typical4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i happ5$ to be 9
 a room fill$ ) ,engli% ladies1 mo/ (   
:om 7 highly intellig5t1 & ! conv]sation
 happ5$ to turn ^u a sail+-boat :i*     
belong$ to me4 ,"o ( ! ladies obs]v$ t  
sails 7 n ( mu* use1 s9ce !y c\ld only  
be available to pu% ! boat 9 ! direction
 ( ! w9d2 a /atem5t :i* all ! o!r ladies
 receiv$ ) approbation4 ,n[1 all ^!     
ladies _h se5 %ips work+ "u canvas aga9/
 head-w9ds1 & !y might h reflect$ t )\t 
t portion ( ! art ( seaman%ip e vessel  
unprovid$ ) /eam w\ld assur$ly drift ^u 

a lee-%ore2 b x 0 n 9 ! fem99e nature to
 make a sci5tific obs]vation ( t k9d4 ,y
 w answ]1 p]haps1 t ,i c\ld sc>cely     
expect ladies to inve/igate m5's        
bus9ess1 & t seaman%ip is ess5tially !  
bus9ess ( our own sex4 ,b ! tru? is1 t  
all ,engli% p1 no matt] ( :at sex1 h s  
direct an int]e/ 9 ! m>itime activity ( 
,engl&1 t !y might reasonably be expect$
 to "k ! "o prim>y conque/ on :i* = _m  
c5turies t activity has dep5d$1 !       
conque/ ( ! oppos+ w9d1 ! sublime/ ( !  
e>ly victories ( sci5ce4 ,& ?is abs5ce (
 curiosity 9 wom5 ext5ds to ?+s !y use e
 day4 ,!y nev] seem to want to "k !     
insides ( ?+s z we d4 ,all ladies "k t  
/eam makes a locomotive g2 b !y re/     
satisfi$ ) t1 & d n inquire fur!r h[ !  
/eam sets ! :eels 9 motion4 ,!y "k t x  
is necess>y to w9d up _! wat*es1 b !y d 
n c>e to inquire into ! real effects ( t
 little ex]cise ( =ce4  ,n[ ?is abs5ce (
 ! inve/igat+ _s has v wide & important 
consequ5ces4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce ( x is t
 wom5 d n naturally accumulate accurate 

k4 ,left to !mselves1 !y accept v>i\s   
k9ds ( tea*+1 b !y d n by any analysis (
 _! own ei!r put t tea*+ to any s]i\s   
intellectual te/1 or qualify !mselves = 
any ext5sion ( x by indep5d5t & orig9al 
discov]y4 ,we ( ! male sex are seldom   
cle>ly aw>e h[ mu* ( our practical =ce1 
( ! =ce :i* discov]s & orig9ates1 is due
 to our common habit ( analytical       
obs]vation2 yet x is sc>cely too mu* to 
say t mo/ ( our inv5tions h be5 sugge/$ 
by actually or intellectually pull+     
some?+ else 9 pieces4 ,& su* ( our      
discov]ies z _c be trac$ directly to    
analysis are almo/ always due to habits 
( g5]al obs]vation :i* lead u to take   
note ( "s fact app>5tly q remote f :at x
 helps u to arrive at4 ,"o ( ! be/      
in/ances ( ?is indirect utility (       
habitual obs]vation1 z x is "o ( !      
e>lie/1 is :at occurr$ to ,ar*im$es 9 8 
ba?4 ,:5 ! wat] displac$ by 8 body      
ov]fl[$1 he notic$ ! fact ( displacem5t1
 & at once p]ceiv$ its applicability to 
! cubic measurem5t ( complicat$ bodies4 

,x is possible t if 8 m9d _h n be5      
ex]cis$ at ! "t ab\t ! adult]ation ( !  
royal cr[n1 x w\ld n h be5 l$ to any?+  
by ! ov]fl[+ ( 8 ba?2 b ! capacity to   
receive a sugge/ion ( t k9d is1 ,i      
believe1 a capacity exclusively         
mascul9e4 ,a woman w\ld h notic$ !      
ov]fl[+1 b %e w\ld h notic$ x only z a  
cause ( disord] or inconv5i5ce4  ,?is   
abs5ce ( ! inve/igat+ & discov]+        
t5d5cies 9 wom5 is confirm$ by ! extreme
 r>ity ( inv5tions due to wom51 ev5 9 ! 
?+s :i* mo/ int]e/ & conc]n !m4 ,!      
/ock+-loom & ! sew+-ma*9e are ! two     
inv5tions :i* w\ld mo/ naturally h be5  
hit ^u by wom51 = p are naturally       
inv5tive ab\t ?+s :i* relieve !mselves (
 labor1 or :i* increase _! own          
possibilities ( production2 & yet !     
/ock+-loom & ! sew+-ma*9e are bo? ( !m  
mascul9e ideas1 c>ri$ out to practical  
effici5cy by mascul9e en]gy &           
p]sev]ance4 ,s ,i believe t all !       
improvem5ts 9 pianos are due to m51 ?\gh
 wom5 h us$ pianos mu* m ?an m5 h us$   

!m4  ,?is1 !n1 is 9 my view ! mo/       
important negative *>act]i/ic ( wom51 t 
!y d n pu% =w>ds intellectually by _!   
own =ce4 ,!re h be5 a few in/ances 9 :i*
 !y h writt5 ) p[] & orig9ality1 h      
become le>n$1 & greatly sup]ior1 no     
d\bt1 to ! majority ( m54 ,!re are ?ree 
or f\r wom5 9 ,engl&1 & z _m on !       
,cont95t1 :o h liv$ intellectually 9    
h>ness = _m ye>s1 & :o unaffect$ly      
delight 9 /r5u\s intellectual labor1    
giv+ evid5ce bo? ( f9e natural p[]s & ! 
mo/ p]sev]+ culture2 b ^! wom5 h usually
 be5 enc\rag$ 9 _! "w by "s ne> mascul9e
 influ5ce4 ,& ev5 if x 7 possible1 :i* x
 is n1 to po9t to "s female ,ar*im$es or
 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 x is n ! r>e        
exceptions :i* conc]n u1 b ! preval5t   
rule ( ,nature4 ,)\t desir+ to comp>e   
our mo/ le>n$ ladies ) any?+ s          
disagreeable to ! eye z a be>d$ woman1  
,i may obs]ve t ,nature g5]ally has a   
few exceptions to all h] rules1 & t z   
wom5 hav+ be>ds are a physical          
exception1 s wom5 :o naturally /udy &   

inve/igate are intellectual exceptions4 
,once m let me repudiate any malici\s   
int5tion 9 e/abli%+ s un=tunate &       
maladroite an association ( ideas1 =    
no?+ is less agreeable ?an a woman ) a  
be>d1 :il/1 on ! contr>y1 ! mo/         
intellectual ( wom5 may at ! same "t be 
! mo/ p]man5tly *>m+4   ,,lett] ,v4     
,,to ,a ,,"y ,,g5tleman ,,:o            
,,contemplat$ ,,m>riage4    ,! dang] (  
deviation--,dang] f increas$            
exp5diture--,n[h]e s   great z 9        
,engl&--,complete absorption 9          
bus9ess--,case ( a   tradesman--,case ( 
a solicitor--,! pursuit ( com=t dang]\s 
to   ! ,intellectual ,life--,! meanness 
( its results--,fireside                
purposes--,dang] ( deviation 9 ri*      
m>riages--,george ,s&'s /udy   ( ?is 9  
h] /ory ( ,valvdre4  ,among/ ! dang]s ( 
m>riage1 "o ( ^? mo/ to be dread$ by a  
man giv5 to intellectual pursuits is !  
deviation :i*1 9 "o way or o!r1 m>riage 
inevitably produces4 ,x acts l !        
po9tsman on a railway1 :o1 by pull+ a   

lev]1 s5ds ! tra9 9 ano!r direction4 ,! 
m>ri$ man nev] goes1 or h>dly ev] goes1 
exactly on ! same intellectual l9es :i* 
he w\ld h foll[$ if he _h rema9$ a      
ba*elor4 ,?is deviation may or may n be 
a ga92 x is always a mo/ s]i\s dang]4   
,sometimes ! deviation is produc$ by !  
necessity = a /rict] att5tion to money1 
caus+ a m unremitt+ application to "w t 
pays well1 & a proportionate neglect ( t
 :i* c only give ext5sion to our k &    
cle>ness to our views4  ,9 no c\ntry is 
?is dang] s great z x is 9 ,engl&1 :]e !
 g5]ally exp5sive mann] ( liv+1 & !     
preval5t desire to keep families 9 an   
ideally p]fect /ate ( physical com=t1   
produce an absorption 9 bus9ess :i* 9   
all b ! r>e/ in/ances leaves no m>g9 =  
intellectual labor4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1  
"s rem>kable examples ( m5 e>n+ a l>ge  
income by a labori\s pr(ession1 :o h    
ga9$ reputation 9 "o ( ! sci5ces or 9 "s
 bran* ( lit]ature1 b ^! are v          
exceptional cases4 ,a man :o works at 8 
pr(ession z mo/ ,engli%m5 ) l>ge        

families h to "w1 c seldom enjoy t      
surplus ( n]v\s en]gy :i* w\ld be       
necess>y to c>ry him f> 9 lit]ature or  
sci5ce4 ,i rememb] meet+ an ,engli%     
tradesman 9 ! railway betwe5 ,p>is & !  
coa/1 :o told me t he 0 oblig$ to visit 
,france v frequ5tly1 yet c\ld n speak   
,fr5*1 :i* 0 a great defici5cy &        
inconv5i5ce to him4 ,:y n le>n8 ,i !n   
ask$1 & receiv$ ! foll[+ answ]3  ,i h to
 "w at my bus9ess all day long1 & (t5 f>
 into ! night4 ,:5 ! day's "w is ov] ,i 
g5]ally feel v tir$1 & want re/2 b if ,i
 don't happ5 to feel q s tir$1 !n x is n
 "w t ,i ne$1 b recreation1 ( :i* ,i get
 v little4 ,i nev] feel ! c\rage to set 
to "w at ! ,fr5* gramm>1 ?\gh x w\ld be 
bo? pleasant & useful to me to "k ,fr5*2
 inde$1 ,i con/antly feel ! want ( x4 ,x
 might1 p]haps1 be possible to le>n f a 
phrase-book 9 ! railway tra91 b to save 
"t ,i always travel at night4 ,be+ a    
m>ri$ man1 ,i h to give my :ole att5tion
 to my bus9ess4  ,a solicitor ) a l>ge  
practice 9 ,london held ne>ly ! same    

language4 ,he work$ at 8 (fice all day1 
& (t5 br\ght home ! mo/ difficult "w = !
 quiet ( 8 own private /udy aft] !      
h\sehold _h gone to b$4 ,! little read+ 
t he c\ld indulge 9 0 light read+4 ,9   
reality ! pr(ession intrud$ ev5 on 8 few
 h\rs ( leisure1 = he read _m ( !       
columns 9 ! ,times :i* relate to law or 
legislation1 & ^! make at ! end ( a few 
ye>s an am\nt ( read+ suffici5t = !     
ma/]y ( a =eign lit]ature4 ,?is g5tleman
 answ]$ v accurately to ,m4 ,ta9e's     
description ( ! typical ,engli%man1     
absorb$ 9 bus9ess & ! ,times4  ,9 ^!    
cases x is likely t ! effect ( m>riage 0
 n inw>dly felt z a deviation2 b :5     
culture has be5 fairly begun1 & m>riage 
h9d]s ! pursuit ( x1 or makes x deviate 
f ! *os5 pa?1 !n !re is (t5 an inw>d    
consci\sness ( ! fact1 n )\t its        
bitt]ness4  ,a rem>kable article on     
,luxury1 9 ! second volume ( ! ,cornhill
 ,magaz9e1 deals ) ?is subject 9 a mann]
 evid5tly sugge/$ by s]i\s reflection & 
exp]i5ce4 ,! writ] consid]s ! effects ( 

! pursuit ( com=t 7nev] c>ri$ s f> z x  
is n[7 on ! high] moral & intellectual  
life4 ,! com=ts ( a ba*elor 7 n :at !   
writ] meant2 ^! are easily procur$1 &   
seldom require ! devotion ( all !       
en]gies4 ,! com=t :i* is really dang]\s 
to intellectual gr[? is t ( a family    
e/abli%m5t1 because x s easily becomes !
 "o absorb+ object ( exi/5ce4 ,m5 :o    
began life ) ! feel+ t !y w\ld will+ly  
devote _! p[]s to great purposes1 l !   
noble examples ( pa/ times :o labor$ &  
suff]$ = ! intellectual advancem5t ( _! 
race1 & _h />vation = _! rew>d1 or 9 "s 
cases ev5 ! prison & ! /ake--m5 :o 9 _! 
y\? felt !mselves to be heirs ( a       
nobility ( _s l t ( ,bruno1 (           
,swamm]dam1 ( ,sp9oza1 h too (t5 f\nd   
!mselves 9 ! noon ( life conc5trat+ all 
! en]gies ( body & s\l on ! acquisition 
( ugly mill9]y & ugli] uphol/]y1 & on   
spread+ extravagant tables to fe$       
uncultivat$ gue/s4  ,x is impossible1   
says ! writ] ( ! article j allud$ to1 x 
is impossible to say :y m5 7 made1 b    

assum+ t !y 7 made = "s purpose1 ( :i* !
 faculties :i* !y possess af=d evid5ce1 
x foll[s t !y 7 int5d$ to d _m o!r ?+s  
besides provid+ = _! families & enjoy+  
_! society4 ,!y 7 meant to "k1 to act1 &
 to feel--to "k ev]y?+ :i* ! m9d is able
 to contemplate1 to "n1 & to classify2  
to d ev]y?+ :i* ! w1 prompt$ by !       
passions & guid$ by ! consci5ce1 c      
und]take2 &1 subject to ! same guidance1
 to feel 9 its utmo/ vigor e emotion :i*
 ! contemplation ( ! v>i\s p]sons &     
objects :i* surr\nd u c excite4 ,?is    
view ( ! objects ( life af=ds an almo/  
inf9ite scope = human activity 9 diff]5t
 directions2 b x also %[s t x is 9 !    
highe/ degree dang]\s to its beauty &   
its wor? to all[ any "o side ( life to  
become ! object ( idolatry2 & !re are _m
 reasons = ?9k+ t dome/ic happ9ess is   
rapidly assum+ t position 9 ! m9ds ( ! m
 com=table classes ( ,engli%m54444 ,x is
 a s+ul> & affect+ ?+1 to see h[ e      
manife/ation ( human en]gy be>s witness 
to ! %rewdness ( ! curr5t maxim t a l>ge

 income is a necess>y ( life4 ,:atev] is
 done = money is done admirably well4   
,give a man a specific ?+ to make or to 
write1 & pay him well = x1 & y may ) a  
little tr\ble secure an excell5t        
article2 b ! ability :i* does ^! ?+s s  
well1 might h be5 & ought to h be5 tra9$
 to f> high] ?+s1 :i* = ! mo/ "p are    
left undone1 because ! clev] workman    
?9ks himself b\nd to e>n :at w keep     
himself1 8 wife1 & 8 six or sev5 *ildr51
 up to ! e/abli%$ /&>d ( com=t4 ,:at 0  
at fir/ a necessity1 p]haps an unwelcome
 "o1 becomes by degrees a habit & a     
pleasure1 & m5 :o might h done memorable
 & noble ?+s1 if !y _h le>nt 9 "t to    
consid] ! do+ ( su* ?+s an object wor?  
liv+ =1 lose ! p[] & ! wi% to live = o!r
 ?an fireside purposes4  ,b ?is k9d (   
intellectual deviation1 y may answ]1 is 
n /rictly ! consequ5ce ( m>riage1 qu    
m>riage2 x is "o ( ! consequ5ces ( a    
degree ( relative pov]ty1 produc$ by !  
l>g] exp5diture ( m>ri$ life1 b :i*     
might be j z easily produc$ by a c]ta9  

degree ( money-pressure 9 ! condition ( 
a ba*elor4 ,let me !re=e po9t out a k9d 
( deviation :i* may be z frequ5tly      
obs]v$ 9 ri* m>riages z 9 poor ones4    
,suppose ! case ( a ba*elor ) a small b 
p]fectly indep5d5t income am\nt+ to "s  
hundr$s a ye>1 :o is devot$ to          
intellectual pursuits1 & sp5ds 8 "t 9   
/udy or ) cultivat$ fri5ds ( 8 own1     
*oos+ fri5ds ^: society is an           
enc\ragem5t & a help4 ,suppose t ?is man
 makes an exce$+ly prud5t m>riage1 ) a  
ri* woman1 y may safely pr$ict1 9 ?is   
in/ance1 intellectual deviations ( a k9d
 p]il\s to ! highe/ culture4 ,he w h new
 calls ^u 8 "t1 8 society w no long] be 
entirely ( 8 own *oos+1 he w no long] be
 able to devote himself ) absolute      
s+l5ess ( purpose to /udies f :i* 8 wife
 mu/ necess>ily be exclud$4 ,if he 7 to 
cont9ue fai?ful to 8 old habits1 & %ut  
himself up e day 9 8 libr>y or          
laboratory1 or set out on frequ5t       
sci5tific exp$itions1 8 wife w\ld ei!r  
be a lady ( q extraord9>y p]fection (   

temp]1 or else entirely indiff]5t 9 h]  
feel+s t[>ds him1 if %e did n reg>d 8   
pursuits ) quickly-increas+ jeal\sy4 ,%e
 w\ld ?9k1 & ju/ifiably ?9k1 t he ought 
to give m ( 8 "t to ! enjoym5t ( h]     
society1 t he ought to be m by h] side 9
 ! c>riage & 9 ! draw+-room1 & if he    
lov$ h] he w\ld yield to ^! k9dly &     
reasonable wi%es4 ,he w\ld sp5d _m h\rs 
( e day 9 a mann] n pr(itable to 8 great
 pursuits1 & _m weeks ( e ye> 9 visits  
to h] fri5ds4 ,8 position w\ld be ev5   
less favorable to /udy 9 "s respects ?an
 t ( a pr(essional man4 ,x w\ld be      
difficult = him1 if an amateur arti/1 to
 give t unremitt+ att5tion to pa9t+ :i* 
! pr(essional pa9t] gives4 ,he c\ld n   
say1 ,i d ?is = y & = our *ildr52 he    
c\ld only say1 ,i d x = my own pleasure1
 :i* is n s graceful an excuse4 ,z a    
ba*elor1 he might "w z pr(essional p "w1
 b 8 m>riage w\ld /rongly acc5tuate !   
amateur "* ( 8 position4 ,x is possible 
t if 8 labors _h won great fame ! lady  
might be> ! sep>ation m easily1 = ladies

 always take a noble pride 9 ! celebrity
 ( _! husb&s2 b ! be/ & wor?ie/         
intellectual labor (t5 br+s no fame     
:atev]1 & notoriety is a m]e accid5t (  
"s dep>tm5ts ( ! intellectual life1 & n 
its ultimate object4  ,george ,s&1 9 h] 
admirable novel ,valvdre1 has depict$ a 
situation ( ?is k9d ) ! mo/ c>eful      
delicacy ( t\*4 ,valvdre 0 a man (      
sci5ce1 :o attempt$ to cont9ue ! labors 
( 8 intellectual life aft] m>riage _h   
unit$ him to a lady incapable ( %>+ !m4 
,! read] pities bo?1 & sympa?izes ) bo?4
 ,x is h>d1 on ! "o h&1 t a man end[$ by
 nature ) great tal5ts = sci5tific "w   
%\ld n g on ) a c>e] already glori\sly  
begun2 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 a woman :o is
 s frequ5tly ab&on$ = sci5ce may        
blamelessly feel "s jeal\sy ( sci5ce4   
,valvdre1 9 n>rat+ ! /ory ( 8 unhappy   
w$d$ life1 said t ,alida wi%$ to h at h]
 ord]s a p]fect g5tleman to accompany   
h]1 b t he felt 9 himself a m s]i\s     
ambition4 ,he _h n aim$ at fame1 b he _h
 ?\ght x possible to become a useful    

s]vant1 br++ 8 %>e ( pati5t & c\rage\s  
seek+s to ! edifice ( ! sci5ces4 ,he _h 
hop$ t ,alida w\ld und]/& ?is4 ',!re is 
"t en\gh = ev]y?+1' %e said1 /ill reta9+
 him 9 ! useless w&]+ life t %e _h *os54
 ',p]haps1' he answ]$1 'b on condition t
 ,i lose no m ( x2 & x is n 9 ?is w&]+  
life1 cut to pieces by a ?\s& un=ese5   
int]ruptions1 t ,i c make ! h\rs yield  
_! pr(it4'  ',ah6 we come to ! po9t6'   
exclaim$ ,alida impetu\sly4 ',y wi% to  
leave me1 & to travel alone 9 impossible
 regions4'  ',no1 ,i w "w ne> y & ab&on 
c]ta9 obs]vations :i* x w\ld be necess>y
 to make at too great a di/ance1 b y    
also w sacrifice some?+3 we w n see s _m
 idle p1 we w settle some:]e = a fix$   
"t4 ,x %all be :]e y w1 & if ! place    
does n suit y1 we w try ano!r2 b f "t to
 "t y w p]mit me a phase ( s$5t>y "w4'  
',yes1 yes1 y want to live = y\rself    
alone2 y h liv$ en\gh = me4 ,i und]/&2  
y\r love is satiat$ & at an end4'  ,no?+
 c\ld conqu] h] conviction t /udy 0 h]  
rival1 & t love 0 only possible 9       

idl5ess4  ',to love is ev]y?+1' %e said2
 '& he :o loves has n "t to conc]n      
himself ) any?+ else4 ,:il/ ! husb& is  
intoxicat+ himself ) ! m>vels ( sci5ce1 
! wife langui%es & dies4 ,x is ! de/9y  
:i* awaits me2 & s9ce ,i am a burd5 to  
y1 ,i %\ld d bett] to die at once4'  ,a 
little lat] ,valvdre v5tur$ to h9t      
some?+ ab\t "w1 hop+ to conqu] 8 wife's 
ennui1 on :i* %e proclaim$ ! hatr$ ( "w 
z a sacr$ "r ( h] nature & position4    
',nobody ev] taught me to "w1' %e said1 
'& ,i did n m>ry "u a promise to beg9   
aga9 at ! a1 b1 c ( ?+s4 ,:atev] ,i "k  
,i h le>n$ by intuition1 by read+ )\t   
aim or me?od4 ,i am a woman2 my de/9y is
 to love my husb& & br+ up *ildr54 ,x is
 v /range t my husb& %\ld be ! p]son :o 
c\nsels me to ?9k ( some?+ bett]4'  ,i  
am f> f sugge/+ t ,madame ,valvdre is an
 exact repres5tative ( h] sex1 b !      
s5tim5ts :i* 9 h] are exagg]at$1 &      
express$ ) passionate pla9ness1 are 9   
mu* mild] =m v preval5t s5tim5ts inde$2 
& ,valvdre's great difficulty1 h[ to get

 leave to prosecute 8 /udies ) ! degree 
( devotion necess>y to make !m fruitful1
 is n at all an uncommon difficulty )   
intellectual m5 aft] m>riage4 ,! "* (   
,madame ,valvdre1 be+ passionate &      
excessive1 l$ h] to an op5 expression ( 
h] feel+s2 b feel+s ( a l k9d1 ?\gh     
mild] 9 degree1 exi/ frequ5tly bel[ !   
surface1 & may be detect$ by any        
vigilant obs]v] ( human nature4 ,t su*  
feel+s are v natural x is impossible ev5
 = a savant to d5y2 b :il/ admitt+ !    
cle> "r ( a woman to be pref]r$ by a man
 to sci5ce :5 once he has m>ri$ h]1 let 
me obs]ve t ! man might p]haps d wisely1
 be=e ! knot is ti$1 to asc]ta9 :e!r h] 
intellectual d[ry is ri* en\gh to       
comp5sate him = ! sacrifices %e is      
likely to exact4   ,,lett] ,,vi4  ,,to  
,a ,,solit>y ,,/ud5t4    ,ne$ ( a ne>   
intellectual fri5d%ip 9                 
solitude--,p]sons :o live   indep5d5tly 
( cu/om run a peculi> risk 9            
m>riage--,wom5 by   nature m subs]vi5t  
to cu/om ?an m5 are--,difficulty (      

conciliat+ solitude & m>riage--,de      
,snanc\r--,! m>riages (   ecc5trics--,_!
 wives ei!r protect !m or attempt to    
re=m !m4  ,isolat$ z y are1 by ! v      
sup]iority ( y\r culture1 f ! ignorant  
prov9cial _w ar\nd y1 ,i _c b believe t 
m>riage is ess5tial to y\r intellectual 
heal? & welf>e4 ,if y m>ri$ "s cultivat$
 woman1 br$ 9 ! cultivat$ society ( a   
great capital1 t companion%ip w\ld give 
y an indep5d5ce ( surr\nd+ influ5ces :i*
 no?+ else c give4 ,y fancy t by %utt+  
y\rself up 9 a c\ntry h\se y are        
un9flu5c$ by ! _w ar\nd y4 ,x is a great
 error4 ,y "k t y are isolat$1 t y are  
look$ ^u & probably ridicul$ z an       
ecc5tric1 & ?is k1 :i* x is impossible  
to bani% f y\r m9d1 deprives y\r ?9k+ ( 
ela/icity & grace4 ,y urg5tly ne$ !     
support ( an intellectual fri5d%ip q ne>
 to y1 "u y\r own ro(4 ,ba*elors 9 great
 cities feel ?is necessity less4  ,/ill 
rememb]1 t :oev] has arrang$ 8 life     
indep5d5tly ( cu/om runs a peculi> risk 
9 m>riage4 ,wom5 are by nature f> m     

subs]vi5t to cu/om ?an we are1 m ?an we 
c easily conceive4 ,! dang] ( m>riage1 =
 a p]son ( y\r ta/es1 is t a woman ent]+
 y\r h\se might ent] x z ! repres5tative
 ( t m9utely-int]f]+ au?ority :i* y     
cont9ually ignore4 ,& let u nev] =get t 
a p]fect ob$i5ce to cu/om requires great
 sacrifices ( "t & money t y might n be 
dispos$ to make1 & :i* c]ta9ly w\ld     
int]f]e ) /udy4 ,y value & enjoy y\r    
solitude1 well kn[+ h[ great a ?+ x is  
to be ma/] ( all y\r h\rs4 ,x is        
difficult to conciliate solitude1 or ev5
 a wise & suitable selection (          
acqua9tances1 ) ! semi-publicity (      
m>riage4 ,heads ( families receive _m   
p]sons 9 _! h\ses :om !y w\ld nev] h    
invit$1 & f ^: society !y d]ive little  
pleasure & no pr(it4 ,de ,snanc\r _h    
plans ( /udi\s retirem5t1 & hop$ t !    
d\ce intimit ( m>riage might be         
compatible ) ^! *]i%$ projects4 ,b      
m>riage1 he f\nd1 drew him into ! circle
 ( ord9>y prov9cial life1 & he always   
suff]$ f its influ5ces4  ,y are         

necess>ily an ecc5tric4 ,9 !            
neighborhood :]e y live x is an         
ecc5tricity to /udy1 = nobody b y /udies
 any?+4 ,a man s situat$ is =tunate :5  
?is feel+ ( ecc5tricity is alleviat$1 & 
un=tunate :5 x is increas$4 ,a wife w\ld
 c]ta9ly d "o or ! o!r4 ,m>ri$ to a v   
sup]ior woman1 able to und]/& ! devotion
 to intellectual aims1 y w\ld be mu*    
reliev$ ( ! pa9ful consci\sness (       
ecc5tricity2 b a woman ( less capacity  
w\ld int5sify x4  ,s f> z we c obs]ve ! 
m>ri$ life ( o!rs1 x seems to me t ,i h 
met ) in/ances ( m51 con/itut$ & occupi$
 v mu* z y are1 :o h f\nd 9 m>riage a   
/rong protection aga9/ ! ignorant       
judgm5ts ( _! neighbors1 & an assurance 
( intellectual peace2 :il/ 9 o!r cases x
 has appe>$ r z if _! solitude 7 made m 
a cause ( consci\s suff]+1 z if ! walls 
( _! cab9ets 7 pull$ d[n = ! boobies    
outside to />e at !m & laugh at !m4 ,a  
woman w ei!r take y\r side aga9/ !      
cu/oms ( ! little _w ar\nd1 or %e w take
 ! side ( cu/om aga9/ y4 ,if %e loves y 

deeply1 & if !re is "s visible result ( 
y\r labors 9 fame & money1 %e may       
possibly d ! fir/1 & !n %e w protect y\r
 tranquillity bett] ?an a =ce (         
policem51 & give y a delightful s5se (  
reconciliation ) all humanity2 b _m ( h]
 mo/ p[]ful in/9cts t5d ! o!r way4 ,%e  
has a natural sympa?y ) all ! obs]vances
 ( cu/om1 & y neglect !m2 %e is fitt$ = 
social life1 :i* y are n4 ,unless y w9  
h] :olly to y\r side1 %e may und]take ! 
ent]prise ( cur+ y\r ecc5tricities &    
adapt+ y to ! ideal ( h] ca/e4 ,?is may 
be highly satisfactory to ! op]ator1 b x
 is full ( inconv5i5ces to ! pati5t4    
,,lett] ,,vii4  ,,to ,a ,,lady ,,(      
,,high ,,culture ,,:o ,,f\nd ,,x        
,,difficult ,,to ,,associate ,,)        
,,p]sons ,,( ,,h] ,,own ,,sex4    ,m5   
are n v good judges ( fem99e            
conv]sation--,! int]e/ (   x w\ld be    
increas$ if wom5 c\ld be m freely       
initiat$ into   great subjects--,small  
subjects int]e/+ :5 se5 9 relation to   
c5tral ideas--,t ladies ( sup]ior       

faculty ought r to elevate   female     
society ?an )draw f x--,wom5 :5 displac$
 d n   appe> happy4  ,:at y confid$ to  
me 9 our la/ int]e/+ conv]sation has    
giv5 me mat]ial = reflection1 & af=d$ a 
glimpse ( a /ate ( ?+s :i* ,i h         
sometimes suspect$ )\t hav+ data = any  
positive conclusion4 ,! society ( wom5  
is usually s\ght by m5 dur+ h\rs ( m5tal
 relaxation1 & we naturally f9d su* a   
*>m 9 _! m]e pres5ce1 especially :5 !y  
are graceful or beautiful1 t we are n v 
sev]e or ev5 accurate judges ( ! ab/ract
 intellectual quality ( _! talk4 ,b a   
woman _c feel ! indescribable *>m :i*   
w9s u s easily1 & ,i h sometimes ?\ght t
 a sup]ior p]son ( y\r sex might be aw>e
 ( c]ta9 defici5cies 9 h] si/]s :i* m5 v
 readily ov]look4 ,y tell me t y feel   
emb>rass$ 9 ! society ( ladies1 because 
!y "k s little ab\t ! subjects :i*      
int]e/ y1 & are a/oni%$ :5 y speak ab\t 
any?+ really wor? att5tion4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 y feel p]fectly at ease ) m5 (      
ability & culture1 & mo/ at y\r ease )  

m5 ( ! be/ ability & ! mo/ em95t        
atta9m5ts4 ,:at y compla9 ( *iefly 9    
wom5 seems to be _! impati5ce ( v>ieties
 ( ?\ght :i* are unfamili> to !m1 & _!  
con/ant pref]5ce = small topics4  ,x has
 long be5 felt by m5 t if wom5 c\ld be m
 freely initiat$ into great subjects !  
int]e/ ( g5]al conv]sation w\ld be mu*  
increas$4 ,! difficulty appe>s to lie 9 
_! in/9ctive habit ( mak+ all que/ions  
p]sonal que/ions4 ,! etiquette ( society
 makes x q impossible = m5 to speak to  
ladies 9 ! mann] :i* w\ld be            
intellectually mo/ pr(itable to !m4 ,we 
may n tea* because x is p$antic1 & we   
may n contradict1 because x is rude4    
,mo/ ( ! great subjects are             
conv5tionally held to be clos$1 s t x is
 a s9 aga9/ good ta/e to discuss !m4 ,9 
e h\se ! ladies h a set ( fix$          
convictions ( "s k9d1 :i* x is n polite 
9 any man to appe> to d\bt4 ,!          
consequ5ce ( ^! conv5tional rules is t  
wom5 live 9 an atmosph]e ( acquiesc5ce  
:i* makes !m intol]ant ( any?+ l bold & 

orig9al ?9k+ on important subjects4 ,b z
 ! m9d always requires free play ( "s   
k9d1 :5 all ! great subjects are =bidd5 
x w use its activity 9 play+ ab\t little
 ones4  ,= my "p ,i h>dly ?9k x         
desirable = any ( u to be incessantly   
cop+ ) great subjects1 & ! ladies are "r
 9 tak+ a lively int]e/ 9 ! small ev5ts 
ar\nd !m4 ,b ev5 ! small ev5ts w\ld h a 
deep] int]e/ if !y 7 se5 9 _! true      
relations to ! great curr5ts ( ,european
 ?\ght & action4 ,x is probably !       
ignorance ( ^! relations :i*1 m ?an !   
smallness ( ! topics !mselves1 makes    
fem99e talk fatigu+ to y4 ,v small ?+s  
inde$ h an int]e/ :5 exhibit$ 9 relation
 to l>g]1 z m5 ( sci5ce are cont9ually  
demon/rat+4 ,i h be5 tak+ note lately ( 
! talk t goes on ar\nd me1 & ,i f9d t :5
 x is %all[ & we>isome x is always      
because ! facts m5tion$ be> no ref]5ce  
to any c5tral or gov]n+ idea1 & d n     
illu/rate any?+4 ,conv]sation is int]e/+
 9 proportion to ! orig9ality ( ! c5tral
 ideas :i* s]ve z pivots1 & ! fitness ( 

! little facts & obs]vations :i* are    
contribut$ by ! talk]s4 ,= in/ance1 if p
 happ5$ to be talk+ ab\t rats1 & "s "o  
in=m$ y t he _h se5 a rat la/ week1 t   
w\ld be q un9t]e/+3 b y w\ld li/5 )     
great] att5tion if he said2 ,! o!r      
night1 z ,i 0 go+ up /airs v late1 ,i   
foll[$ a v f9e rat :o 0 go+ up /airs    
too1 & he 0 n 9 ! lea/ hurri$1 b /opp$  
aft] e two or ?ree /eps to h a look at  
me & my c&le4 ,he 0 v prettily m>k$ ab\t
 ! face & tail1 s ,i conclud$ t he 0 n a
 common rat1 b probably a lemm+4 ,two   
nights aft]w>ds ,i met him aga91 & ?is  
"t he seem$ almo/ to "k me1 = he quietly
 made room = me z ,i pass$4 ,v likely he
 might be easily tam$4 ,?is is int]e/+1 
because1 ?\gh ! fact n>rat$ is /ill     
trifl+1 x illu/rates animal "*4  ,if y w
 k9dly p>don an improvem5t ( ?is        
subject1 z a prea*] w\ld call x1 ,i     
might add t an intellectual lady l      
y\rself might1 p]haps1 d bett] to raise 
! tone ( ! fem99e talk ar\nd h] ?an to  
)draw f x 9 we>9ess4 ,!re are always1 9 

e circle1 a few sup]ior p]sons :o1 ei!r 
f natural diffid5ce1 or because !y are n
 v ri*1 or because !y are too "y1 suff] 
!mselves to be entirely ov]:elm$ by !   
e/abli%$ m$iocrity ar\nd !m4 ,:at !y ne$
 is a lead]1 a deliv]]4 ,is x n 9 y\r   
p[] to r5d] s]vices ( ?is k9d8 ,c\ld y n
 select f ! y\ng] ladies :om y          
habitually meet1 a few :o1 l y\rself1   
feel bor$ by ! dulness or triviality (  
:at y describe z ! curr5t fem99e        
conv]sation8 ,!re is (t5 a pa9ful %yness
 :i* prev5ts p ( real ability f us+ x = 
! advantage ( o!rs1 & ?is %yness is     
n[h]e s common z 9 ,engl&1 especially   
prov9cial ,engl&4 ,x feels ! want ( a   
h>dy example4 ,a lady :o talk$ really   
well w\ld no d\bt run "s risk ( be+ r   
unpleasantly isolat$ at fir/1 b surely1 
if %e tri$1 %e might ultimately f9d     
accomplices4 ,y c\ld d mu*1 to beg9 )1  
by recomm5d+ high-ton$ lit]ature1 &     
gradually awak5+ an int]e/ 9 :at is     
truly wor? att5tion4 ,x seems lam5table 
t e cultivat$ woman %\ld be =c$ out ( ! 

society ( h] own sex1 & made to dep5d ^u
 ours = conv]sation ( t k9d :i* is an   
absolute necessity to ! intellectual4 ,!
 tru? is1 t wom5 s displac$ nev] appe>  
altoge!r happy4 ,& culture co/s s mu*   
d[nright h>d "w1 t x ought n to be paid 
= by any suff]+ beyond ^? toils :i* are 
its fair & natural price4   ,,lett]     
,,viii4  ,,to ,a ,,lady ,,( ,,high      
,,culture4    ,greate/ mis=tune 9 !     
intellectual life ( wom5--,!y d n   he> 
tru?--,m5 disguise _! ?\ghts =          
wom5--,cream &   curaoa--,probable      
p]man5ce ( ! desire to please wom5--,mo/
 tru?   9 cultivat$ society--,hopes f ! 
increase ( culture4  ,i ?9k t ! greate/ 
mis=tune 9 ! intellectual life ( wom5 is
 t !y d n he> ! tru? f m54  ,all m5 9   
cultivat$ society say to wom5 z mu* z   
possible t :i* !y may be suppos$ to wi% 
to he>1 & wom5 are s mu* accu/om$ to ?is
 t !y c sc>cely he> )\t res5tm5t an     
expression ( op9ion :i* takes no acc\nt 
( _! p]sonal & private feel+4 ,!        
consid]ation = ! feel+s ( wom5 gives an 

agreeable tone to society1 b x is fatal 
to ! sev]ity ( tru?4 ,obs]ve a man ( !  
_w ^: op9ions are well kn[n to          
y1--notice ! little pause be=e he speaks
 to a lady4 ,dur+ t little pause he is  
turn+ ov] :at he has to say1 s z to     
pres5t x 9 ! mann] t w please h] be/2 & 
y may be sure t ! integrity ( tru? w    
suff] 9 ! process4 ,if we comp>e :at we 
"k ( ! man ) t :i* ! lady he>s f him1 we
 p]ceive ! imm5se disadvantages ( h]    
position4 ,he asc]ta9s :at w please h]1 
& t is :at he adm9i/]s4 ,he pr(esses to 
take a deep int]e/ 9 ?+s :i* he does n  
c>e = 9 ! lea/1 & he passes lightly ov] 
subjects & ev5ts :i* he kn[s to be ( !  
mo/ mom5t\s importance to ! _w4 ,! lady 
sp5ds an h\r m agreeably ?an if %e he>d 
op9ions :i* w\ld irritate1 & progno/ics 
:i* w\ld al>m h]1 b %e has miss$ an     
opportunity = culture1 %e has be5       
confirm$ 9 fem99e illusions4 ,if ?is    
happ5$ only f "t to "t1 ! effect w\ld n 
tell s mu* on ! m5tal con/itution2 b x  
is incessant1 x is cont9ual4 ,m5        

disguise _! ?\ghts = wom5 z if to v5ture
 into ! fem99e _w 7 z dang]\s z travell+
 9 ,arabia1 or z if ! ?\ghts !mselves 7 
crim9al4  ,!re appe>$ two or ?ree ye>s  
ago 9 ,pun* a clev] draw+ :i* might h   
s]v$ z an illu/ration to ?is subject4 ,a
 fa%ionable doctor 0 visit+ a lady 9    
,belgravia :o compla9$ t %e suff]$ f    
debility4 ,cod-liv] oil be+ repugnant to
 h] ta/e1 ! agreeable doctor1 wise 9 8  
g5]ation1 bl&ly sugge/$ z an effective  
sub/itute a mixture ( cream & curaoa4   
,:at t intellig5t man did = 8 pati5t's  
physical con/itution1 all m5 ( polit5ess
 d = ! intellectual con/itution (       
ladies4 ,in/ead ( adm9i/]+ ! tru? :i*   
w\ld /r5g!n1 ?\gh unpalatable1 !y       
adm9i/] intellectual cream & curaoa4  ,!
 prim>y cause ( ?is t5d5cy to say :at is
 mo/ pleas+ to wom5 is likely to be z   
p]man5t z ! di/9ction ( sex itself4 ,x  
spr+s directly f sexual feel+s1 x is    
h]$it>y & in/9ctive4 ,m5 w nev] talk to 
wom5 ) t r\gh frankness :i* !y use      
betwe5 !mselves4 ,conv]sation betwe5 !  

sexes w always be p>tially ins9c]e4     
,/ill ,i ?9k t ! m wom5 are respect$1 ! 
m m5 w desire to be approv$ by !m = :at 
!y are 9 reality1 & ! less !y w c>e =   
approval :i* is obta9$ by dissimulation4
 ,x may be obs]v$ already t1 9 ! mo/    
intellectual society ( great capitals1  
m5 are consid]ably m outspok5 be=e wom5 
?an !y are 9 ! prov9cial middle-classes4
 ,:]e wom5 h mo/ culture1 m5 are mo/ op5
 & s9c]e4 ,inde$1 ! highe/ culture has a
 direct t5d5cy to comm& s9c]ity 9 o!rs1 
bo? because x is tol]ant ( v>iety 9     
op9ion1 & because x is s p5etrat+ t     
dissimulation is felt to be ( no use4   
,by ! side ( an uncultivat$ woman1 a man
 feels t if he says any?+ diff]5t f :at 
%e has be5 accu/om$ to %e w take (f5ce1 
:il/ if he says any?+ beyond ! n>r[     
range ( h] in=mation he w make h] cold &
 uncom=table4 ,! mo/ hone/ ( m51 9 su* a
 position1 f9ds x necess>y to be v      
cauti\s1 & c sc>cely avoid a little     
ins9c]ity4 ,b ) a woman ( culture equal 
to 8 own1 ^! causes = appreh5sion h no  

exi/5ce1 & he c safely be m himself4    
,^! consid]ations lead me to hope t z   
culture becomes m g5]al wom5 w he> tru? 
m frequ5tly4 ,:5ev] ?is comes to pass1 x
 w be1 to !m1 an imm5se intellectual    
ga94   ,,lett] ,,ix4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,man
 ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,class1 ,,well       
,,educat$1 ,,:o ,,compla9$ ,,t ,,x ,,0  
,,difficult ,,= ,,him ,,to ,,live       
,,agreeably ,,) ,,8 ,,"m1 ,a ,,p]son ,,(
 ,,some:at ,,au?oritative ,,disposition1
 ,,b ,,un$ucat$4    ,a sort ( misund]/&+
 common 9 mod]n h\seholds--,intol]ance (
   inaccuracy--,a false position--,a    
lady n easily   intimidat$--,difficulty 
( argu+ :5 y h to tea*--,in/ance   ab\t 
! ,am]ican ,w>--,! be/ c\rse 9          
discussion )   ladies--,wom5 spoilt by  
non-contradiction--,!y make all que/ions
   p]sonal--,! /r5g? ( _! feel+s--,_!   
indiff]5ce to   matt]s ( fact4  ,i h be5
 ?9k+ a good deal1 & s]i\sly1 s9ce we   
la/ met1 ab\t ! subject ( our           
conv]sation1 :i* ?\gh a pa9ful "o is n  
to be timidly avoid$4 ,! degree (       

unhapp9ess 9 y\r little h\sehold1 :i*   
ought to be "o ( ! pleasante/ (         
h\seholds1 yet :i*1 z y confid$ to me1  
is ov]%ad[$ by a cont9ual misund]/&+1   
is1 ,i fe>1 v common inde$ at ! pres5t  
day4 ,x is only by great =be>ance1 &    
great skill1 t any h\sehold 9 :i* p]sons
 ( v diff]5t degrees ( culture h to live
 toge!r on t]ms ( equality1 c be ma9ta9$
 9 p]fect peace2 & nei!r ! art nor !    
=be>ance is naturally an attribute (    
y\?4 ,a man ^: s*ol>ly atta9m5ts 7 equal
 to y\r own1 & ^: exp]i5ce ( m5 & wom5 0
 wid]1 c\ld no d\bt (f] y c\nsel bo?    
wise & practical1 yet ,i c h>dly say t  
,i %\ld l y bett] if y foll[$ x4 ,i _c  
blame y = hav+ ! natural *>act]i/ics (  
y\r ye>s1 an hone/ love ( ! be/ tru? t y
 h atta9$ to1 an intol]ance ( inaccuracy
 on all subjects1 a simple fai? 9 !     
possibility ( tea*+ o!rs1 ev5 eld]ly    
ladies1 :5 !y happ5 to "k less ?an      
y\rself4 ,all ^! *>act]i/ics are 9      
!mselves blameless2 & yet 9 y\r case1 & 
9 ?\s&s ( o!r simil> cases1 !y (t5 br+  

cl\ds ( /orm & trial ^u h\ses :i*1 9 a  
less rapidly progressive c5tury ?an our 
own1 might h be5 bless$ ) un9t]rupt$    
peace4 ,! tru? is1 t y are 9 a false    
position relatively to y\r "m1 & y\r "m 
is 9 a false position relatively to y4  
,%e expects def]5ce1 & def]5ce is       
sc>cely compatible ) contradiction2     
c]ta9ly1 if !re be contradiction at all1
 x mu/ be v r>e1 v c>eful1 & v delicate4
 ,y1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh no d\bt full ( 
respect & affection = y\r "m 9 y\r he>t1
 _c he> h] au?oritatively enunciat+     
any?+ t y "k to be errone\s1 )\t feel+  
irresi/ibly urg$ to set h] "r4 ,%e is r 
a talkative lady2 %e does n l to he> a  
conv]sation go+ =w>d )\t tak+ a "p 9 x1 
& r an important "p1 s t :atev] subject 
is talk$ ab\t 9 h] pres5ce1 t subject %e
 w talk ab\t also4 ,ev5 be=e speciali/s 
y\r "m has an indep5d5ce ( op9ion1 & a  
degree ( fai? 9 h] own conclusions1 :i* 
w\ld be admirable if !y 7 f\nd$ ^u "r   
reason & a c>eful /udy ( ! subject4     
,m$ical m51 & ev5 lawy]s1 d n intimidate

 h]2 %e is conv9c$ t %e kn[s m ab\t     
disease ?an ! physician1 & m ab\t legal 
bus9ess ?an an old attorney4 ,9 !ology  
no p>son c approa* h]2 b "h a woman may 
consid] h]self on h] own gr\nd1 z !ology
 is ! speciality ( wom54  ,all ?is puts 
y out ( pati5ce1 & x is intelligible t1 
= a "y g5tleman ( intellectual habits & 
some:at ard5t temp]am5t l y\rself1 x mu/
 be at times r try+ to h an ,,au?ority  
at h& ev] ready to settle all que/ions 9
 a decisive mann]4 ,to y ,i h no c\nsel 
to (f] b t ( unconditional submission4  
,y h ! weakness to ent] into argum5ts :5
 to su/a9 !m y mu/ assume ! "p ( a      
tea*]4 ,9 argu+ ) a p]son already       
well-in=m$ ^u ! subject 9 dispute1 y may
 politely ref] to k :i* he already      
possesses1 b :5 he does n possess ! k y 
_c argue ) him2 y mu/ fir/ tea* him1 y  
mu/ become didactic1 & !re=e odi\s4 ,i  
rememb] a great sc5e :i* took place     
betwe5 y & y\r "m conc]n+ ! ,am]ican    
,w>4 ,x 0 br\ght on by a too precise    
answ] ( y\rs relatively to y\r fri5d    

,b41 :o _h emigrat$ to ,am]ica4 ,y "m   
ask$ to :at "p ( ,am]ica ,b4 _h         
emigrat$1 & y answ]$1 ,! ,arg5t9e       
,republic4 ,a %ade ( displeasure cl\d$  
y\r "m's c\nt5ance1 because %e did n "k 
:]e ! ,arg5t9e ,republic might be1 &    
betray$ x by h] mann]4 ,y imprud5tly    
add$ t x 0 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,yes1 yes1 ,i
 "k v well1 %e answ]$2 !re 0 a great    
battle !re dur+ ! ,am]ican ,w>4 ,x is   
well y\r fri5d 0 n !re "u ,jeff]son     
,davis4 ,n[1 p]mit me to obs]ve1 my     
e/imable "y fri5d1 t ?is 0 :at ! ,fr5*  
call a f9e opportunity = hold+ y\r      
tongue1 b y\r miss$ x4 ,fir$ ) an       
en?usiasm = tru? 7always dang]\s to !   
peace ( families71 y began to expla9 to 
! good lady t ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ?\gh
 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 0 n "o ( ! ,s\!rn      
,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,?is l$ to a sc5e (  
:i* ,i 0 ! emb>rass$ & unwill+ witness4 
,y\r "m vehem5tly affirm$ t all ! ,s\!rn
 ,/ates _h be5 "u ,jeff]son ,davis1 t %e
 knew ! fact p]fectly1 t x _h always be5
 kn[n to e "o dur+ ! w>1 & t1           

consequ5tly1 z ! ,arg5t9e ,republic 0 9 
,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic _h   
be5 "u ,jeff]son ,davis4 ,rapidly w>m+ )
 ?is discussion1 y\r "m suppos$ t y w\ld
 d5y next t !re _h ev] be5 su* a ?+ z a 
w> betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?4 ,!n y1 9 y\r
 turn1 lo/ temp]1 & y fet*$ an atlas = !
 purpose ( expla9+ t ! s\!rn division ( 
! cont95t ( ,am]ica 0 n ! s\!rn half ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,y 7 l&$1 z p always are
 l&$ :5 !y prosecute an argum5t ) !     
ignorant1 9 ! ?ankless (fice ( !        
s*oolma/]4 ,y 7 actually try+ to give   
y\r "m a lesson 9 geography6 ,%e 0 n    
grateful to y = y\r didactic att5tions4 
,%e glanc$ at ! book z p glance at an   
(f]$ di% :i* !y dislike4 ,%e does n     
und]/& maps2 ! repres5tation ( places 9 
geographical topography has nev] be5 q  
cle> to h]4 ,y\r little geographical    
lecture irritat$1 b did n in=m2 x cl\d$ 
! c\nt5ance1 b did n illum9ate !        
und]/&+4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,s\?       
,am]ica & ! ,s\!rn ,/ates is n easy to !
 non-analytic m9d "u any circum/ances1 b

 :5 am\r propre is involv$ x becomes    
impossible4  ,i believe t ! be/ c\rse 9 
discussions ( ?is k9d ) ladies is simply
 to say once :at is true1 = ! acquittal 
( y\r own consci5ce1 b aft] t to rema9  
sil5t on t topic1 leav+ ! la/ ^w to !   
lady1 :o w probably simply re-affirm :at
 %e has already said4 ,= example1 9 !   
discussion ab\t ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1   
y\r prop] c\rse w\ld h be5 to say fir/1 
firmly1 t ! t]ritory 9 "q 0 n a "p ( !  
sec$$ ,/ates & _h nev] be5 9 ! ,union1 )
 a brief & decid$ geographical          
explanation4 ,y\r "m w\ld n h be5       
conv9c$ by ?is1 & w\ld probably h _h !  
la/ ^w1 b ! matt] w\ld h end$ !re4      
,ano!r fri5d ( m9e1 :o is 9 a position v
 l y\r own1 goes a /ep f>!r1 & is       
det]m9$ to agree ) 8 "m-9-law 9 ev]y?+4 
,he always ass5ts to h] propositions4   
,%e is a ,fr5*woman1 & has be5 accu/om$ 
to use ,algrie & ,afrique z conv]tible  
t]ms4 ,somebody spoke ( ! ,cape ( ,good 
,hope z be+ 9 ,africa4 ,!n x belongs to 
,france1 z ,africa belongs to ,france4  

,oui1 *re mre1 he answ]$1 9 8 usual     
=mula2 v\s avez raison4  ,he allud$ to  
?is aft]w>ds :5 we 7 alone toge!r4 ,i 0 
fooli% en\gh "s ye>s s9ce1 he said1 to  
argue ) my belle mre & try to tea* h]   
little ?+s f "t to "t1 b x kept h] 9 a  
/ate ( *ronic ill-humor & l$ to no good2
 x spoil$ h] temp]1 & x did n improve h]
 m9d4 ,b s9ce ,i h adopt$ ! plan (      
p]petual ass5t we get on *>m+ly4 ,:atev]
 %e affirms ,i ass5t to at once1 & all  
is well4 ,my fri5ds are 9 ! secret1 & s 
no contradictory tru? di/urbs our       
amiable tranquillity4  ,a sy/em ( ?is   
k9d spoils wom5 completely1 & makes !   
lea/ contradiction intol]able to !m4 ,x 
is bett] t !y %\ld at lea/ h !          
opportunity ( he>+ tru?1 ?\gh no attempt
 ne$ be made to =ce x ^u !m4 ,! position
 ( ladies ( ! g5]ation :i* prec$$ ours  
is 9 _m respects a v try+ "o1 & we d n  
always adequately realize x4 ,a lady l  
y\r "m1 :o nev] really w5t ?r\gh any    
intellectual discipl9e1 :o has no notion
 ( intellectual accuracy 9 any?+1 is    

compell$ by ! irresi/ible fem99e in/9ct 
to engage h] /ronge/ feel+s 9 e         
discussion t arises4 ,a woman c r>ely   
deta* h] m9d f que/ions ( p]sons to     
apply x to que/ions ( fact4 ,%e does n  
?9k simply1 ,is t true ( su* a ?+8 b %e 
?9ks1 ,does he love me or respect me8 ,!
 facts ab\t ! ,arg5t9e ,republic & !    
,am]ican ,w> 7 probably q indiff]5t to  
y\r "m2 b y\r opposition to :at %e _h   
ass]t$ seem$ to h] a failure 9          
affection1 & y\r attempt to tea* h] a   
failure 9 respect4 ,?is feel+ 9 wom5 is 
f> f be+ :olly egoi/ic4 ,!y ref] ev]y?+ 
to p]sons1 b n necess>ily to _! own     
p]sons4 ,:atev] y affirm z a fact1 !y   
f9d means ( int]pret+ z loyalty or      
disloyalty to "s p]son :om !y ei!r      
v5]ate or love1 to ! head ( religion1 or
 ( ! ,/ate1 or ( ! family4 ,h5ce x is   
always dang]\s to ent] ^u intellectual  
discussion ( any k9d ) wom51 = y are    
almo/ c]ta9 to (f5d !m by sett+ aside ! 
s5tim5ts ( v5]ation1 affection1 love1   
:i* !y h 9 great /r5g?1 9 ord] to rea*  

accuracy 9 matt]s ( fact1 :i* !y nei!r h
 nor c>e =4     ,,"p ,,viii4            
,,ari/ocracy ,,& ,,democracy4   ,,lett] 
,i4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,engli% ,,nobleman4  
,a contra/--,a poor /ud5t--,8 sad       
fate--,class-s5tim5t--,ty*o             
,brahe--,rob]t ,burns--,%elley's op9ion 
( ,byron--,*>les   ,dick5s--,%opkeep]s 9
 ,engli% lit]ature--,pride ( ari/ocratic
   ignorance--,pursuits taboo$ by ! _s (
 ca/e--,affect$   pref]5ces 9           
intellectual pursuits--,/udies t add to 
g5tility--,s9c]ity ( int]e/ ne$$ = g5u9e
 culture--,!   exclusiv5ess ( s*ol>ly   
ca/e--,its bad influ5ce on              
outsid]s--,feel+ ( ,burns t[>d          
s*ol>s--,sur5ess (                      
class-in/9ct--,un=ese5 effect (         
railways--,return to nomadic life   & ! 
*ase--,advantages & possibilities to    
life 9 ! high]   classes4  ,x is "o ( ! 
privileges ( au?or%ip to h correspond5ts
 9 ! mo/ widely diff]5t positions1 & by 
means ( _! frank & fri5dly lett]s       
7usually mu* m frank ?an any oral       

communication7 to ga9 a s+ul>ly accurate
 insight into ! work+ ( circum/ances on 
! human intellect & "*4 ,! same po/ t   
br\ght me y\r la/ lett] br\ght news ab\t
 ano!r ( my fri5ds ^: lot has be5 a     
/rik+ contra/ to y\r own4#h  ,let me    
dwell ^u ?is contra/ = a few m9utes4    
,all ! sun%9e appe>s to h be5 on y\r    
side1 & all ! %ad[ on 84 ,born ( highly 
cultivat$ p>5ts1 9 ! highe/ rank 9      
,engl& "u royalty1 y h liv$ f ! beg9n+  
among/ ! mo/ effici5t aids to culture1 &
 ,nature has s end[$ y t1 in/ead (      
becom+ indiff]5t to ^! ?+s f famili>ity1
 y h le>n$ to value !m m & m 9 e        
successive ye>4 ,! pla9e/ /atem5t ( y\r 
advantages w\ld s\nd l an extract f "o (
 ,disraeli's novels4 ,y\r fa!r's        
pr9cipal ca/le is situat$ among/ ! f9e/ 
sc5]y 9 ,brita91 & 8 palace 9 ,london is
 fill$ ) ma/]pieces ( art4 ,:]ev] y h   
liv$ y h be5 surr\nd$ by good lit]ature 
& cultivat$ fri5ds4 ,y\r heal? is       
/eadily robu/1 y c travel :]ev] y *oose1
 & all ! b5efits ( all ! capitals (     

,europe belong to y z mu* z to _! own   
citiz5s4 ,9 all ^! gifts & opportunities
 !re is b "o evil--! bewild]m5t ( _!    
multiplicity4  ,my o!r correspond5t has 
be5 less =tunately situat$4 ,i began    
s*ool1 he says1 :5 six ye>s old1 0 tak5 
f x at elev5 & s5t to ! m9es to e>n a   
little t[>ds my own support4 ,i cont9u$ 
!re till f\rte51 :5 ?r\gh an unlucky    
incid5t ,i 0 made a hopeless cripple4   
,at t day ,i 0 e>n+ ! noble sum (       
eightp5ce p] day1 q z mu* z any boy ( t 
age got 9 ! lead m9es4 ,i suff]$ mu* =  
two ye>s2 aft] t1 became mu* easi]1 b my
 legs 7 q useless1 & h cont9u$ s up to !
 pres5t "t4 ,! "r ?igh-bone is decay$1  
has n got worse ^! n9e ye>s2 !re=e ,i   
conclude t ,i may live--say ano!r ?irty 
ye>s4 ,i %\ld l1 at all ev5ts1 = life is
 sweet ev5 at ?is co/2 n b :at ,i c\ld  
die quietly en\gh1 ,i d>e say4 ,i h n   
be5 idle ^! ye>s4444  7,"h p]mit me to  
introduce a p>5!sis4 ,he c]ta9ly _h n   
be5 idle4 ,he _h educat$ himself up to  
su* a po9t t he c\ld really appreciate  

bo? lit]ature & art1 & _h atta9$ "s     
g5u9e skill 9 bo?4 ,8 lett]s to me 7 !  
lett]s ( a cultivat$ g5tleman1 & he us$ 
inv>iably to ins]t little p5-sket*es1   
:i* 7 done ) a light & ref9$ h&47  ,i c 
d any?+ almo/ 9 b$--except gett+ up4 ,i 
am n[ tw5ty-two ye>s old4 ,my fa!r 0 a  
m9]1 b is n[ unable to "w4 ,i h only "o 
bro!r work+1 & we are ab\t a doz5 ( u2  
consequ5tly we are n 9 ! mo/ fl\ri%+    
circum/ances1 b a fri5d has put x 9 my  
p[] to le>n to et*4 ,i h got ! tools &  
y\r h&book on ! subject4  ,^! extracts  
are f 8 fir/ lett]4 ,aft]w>ds he wrote  
me o!rs :i* made me feel aw$ & humbl$ by
 ! manly *e]fulness ) :i* he bore a lot 
s dre>y1 & by ! firmness ( resolution he
 %[$ 9 8 pursuits4 ,he c\ld n quit 8 b$1
 b t 0 n ! wor/2 he c\ld n ev5 sit up 9 
b$1 & yet he contriv$1 ,i "k n h[1 bo?  
to write & draw & et* on copp]1 manag+ !
 plaguy *emicals1 & ev5 pr9t+ 8 own     
pro(s4 ,8 b$ 0 on :eels1 on a sort (    
light iron c>riage1 & he saw nature     
out-(-doors4 ,all ! gladness ( physical 

activity 0 completely blott$ out ( 8    
exi/5ce1 & 9 t respect 8 prospects 7 )\t
 hope4 ,& /ill he said t life 0 sweet4  
,o m>vel ( all m>vels1 h[ c\ld t life be
 sweet6  ,aid$ by a beautiful pati5ce & 
resignation ! lamp ( ! m9d burn$ ) a    
/eady brightness1 f$ by 8 daily /udies4 
,9 ! w9t]s1 h[ev]1 ! diseas$ limb gave  
him prolong$ agony1 & 9 ! autumn (      
#ahgb1 to avoid ! mon?s ( torture t lay 
be=e him1 he _h himself put 9 ! railway 
& s5t (f1 9 8 b$1 to ,ed9burgh1 sleep+ 9
 a wait+-room on ! way4 ,!re 0 no "o to 
att5d him1 b he tru/$1 n va9ly1 to !    
humanity ( /rang]s4 ,j ab\t ! same "t   
y\r lord%ip w5t nor?w>ds also1 ) _m     
fri5ds1 to enjoy ! noble sc5]y1 & !     
excitem5t ( noble sport4 ,my poor       
cripple got to ,ed9burgh1 got a glimpse 
( ,scott's monum5t & ! ,a!nian pill>s1 &
 submitt$ himself to ! surgeons4 ,!y    
r5d]$ him ! be/ ( s]vices1 = !y end$ 8  
pa9s =ev]4  ,s ,i am to get no m ( ^?   
wond]fully brave & *e]ful lett]s t 7    
writt5 f ! little b$ on :eels4 ,i miss  

!m = ! lessons !y q unconsci\sly        
convey$4 ,he fanci$ t he 0 ! le>n]1 poor
 lad6 & ,i ! tea*]1 :]eas x 0 altoge!r !
 o!r way4 ,he made me feel :at a bless+ 
x is1 ev5 f ! purely intellectual po9t (
 view1 to be able to get out ( b$ aft] !
 night's re/1 & g f "o room to ano!r4   
,he made me und]/& ! value ( e lib]ty & 
e p[] :il/ at ! same "t he taught me to 
be> m pati5tly e limit1 & inconv5i5ce1 &
 re/riction4  ,9 comp>+ 8 lett]s ) y\rs 
,i h be5 /ruck by "o reflection         
pr$om9antly1 :i* is1 ! entire abs5ce (  
class-s5tim5t 9 bo? ( y4 ,nobody1 n 9 ! 
secret1 c\ld guess t "o set ( lett]s    
came f a palace & ! o!r set f a poor    
m9]'s cottage2 & ev5 to me1 :o d n see !
 habitations except by an ef=t ( !      
memory or imag9ation1 !re is no?+ to    
recall ! imm5sity ( ! social di/ance t  
sep>at$ my two fri5dly & welcome        
correspond5ts4 ,x is cle>1 ( c\rse1 t "o
 ( !m _h enjoy$ great] advantages ?an ! 
o!r1 b nei!r wrote f ! po9t ( view :i*  
m>ks 8 ca/e or class4 ,x 0 my habit to  

write to y1 & to him1 exactly 9 ! same  
tone1 yet ?is 0 n felt to be unsuitable 
by ei!r4  ,is x n t ! love & pursuit (  
culture lead ea* ( u out ( 8 class1 & t 
class-views ( any k9d1 :e!r ( !         
ari/ocracy1 or ( ! middle class1 or ( ! 
p1 inevitably n>r[ ! m9d & h9d] x f     
receiv+ pure tru?8 ,h y ev] kn[n any    
p]son :o liv$ habitually 9 ! notions ( a
 ca/e1 high or l[1 )\t incapacitat+     
himself 9 a great] or less degree =     
bread? & delicacy ( p]ception8 ,x seems 
to me t ! l>ge/ & be/ m9ds1 al?\gh !y h 
be5 born & nurtur$ 9 ?is ca/e or t1 &   
may cont9ue to con=m ext]nally to its   
cu/oms1 always emancipate !mselves f x  
intellectually1 & arrive at a sort (    
neutral region1 :]e ! light is          
colorless1 & cle>1 & equal1 l pla9      
daylight out ( doors4 ,s soon z we atta9
 ! =getfulness ( self1 & become absorb$ 
9 our pursuits = _! own sakes1 ! feel+ (
 ca/e drops (f f u4 ,x 0 n a m>k (      
culture 9 ,ty*o ,brahe1 b r ( !         
imp]fections ( 8 culture1 t he felt s   

/rongly ! difficulty ( conciliat+       
sci5tific pursuits ) ! obligations (    
noble bir?1 & began 8 public disc\rses  
on a/ronomy by tell+ 8 audi5ce t ! "w 0 
ill-suit$ to 8 social                   
position--hesitat+1 too1 ev5 ab\t       
au?or%ip f a dread ( social degradation4
 ,& to take an in/ance f ! opposite     
extreme ( human society1 ,rob]t ,burns  
betray$ ! same imp]fection ( culture 9 8
 d$ication to ! memb]s ( ! ,cal$onian   
,hunt1 :5 he spoke ( 8 hone/ ru/icity1 &
 told ! g5tlefolks t he 0 br$ to !      
pl\gh1 & indep5d5t4 ,bo? ( ^! m5 _h be5 
unfavorably situat$ = ! highe/ culture1 
! "o by ! ignorance ( 8 epo* ! o!r by ! 
ignorance ( 8 class2 h5ce ?is uneas9ess 
ab\t !mselves & _! social position4     
,%elley said ( ,byron1 ,! cank] (       
ari/ocracy wants to be cut out2 & he did
 n say ?is f ! po9t ( view ( a democrat1
 = ,%elley 0 n precisely a democrat1 b  
f1 ! broadly human po9t ( view1 on :i* !
 f9e/ intellects l to take _! /&4       
,%elley p]ceiv$ t ,byron's ari/ocracy   

n>r[$ him1 & made 8 sympa?ies less      
ca?olic ?an !y might h be51 nor c !re be
 any d\bt ( ! accuracy ( ?is e/imate (  
,%elley's2 if a d\bt exi/$ x w\ld be    
remov$ by ,byron's alt]native = a poet1 
solitude1 or high life4 ,ano!r man (    
g5ius1 ^: loss we h rec5tly deplor$1 0  
n>r[$ by 8 antipa?y to ! ari/ocratic _s1
 ?\gh x is necess>y to add1 9 ju/ice1 t 
x did n prev5t him f valu+ ! fri5d%ip ( 
noblem5 :om he e/eem$4 ,! works ( ,*>les
 ,dick5s w\ld h be5 m accurate z        
pictures ( ,engli% life1 c]ta9ly m      
compreh5sively accurate1 if he c\ld h   
felt = ! ari/ocracy t he>ty & lov+      
sympa?y :i* he felt = ! middle classes &
 ! p4 ,b ! n>r[ness ( ,dick5s is m      
excusable ?an t ( ,byron1 because a     
k9dly he>t m easily ent]s into ! feel+s 
( ^? :om x c (t5 pity ?an ( ^? :o appe> 
to be lift$ above pity 7?\gh ?is is no?+
 b an appe>ance7 & also because x is !  
habit ( ari/ocracies to repel su*       
sympa?y by _! mann]s1 :i* ! poor d n4   
,i h (t5 ?\ght t a sign ( ari/ocratic   

n>r[ness 9 _m ,engli% au?ors1 includ+ "s
 ( ! mo/ popul> au?ors ( ! day1 is ! way
 !y speak ( %opkeep]s4 ,?is may be due  
to simple ignorance2 b if s1 x is       
ignorance t might be easily avoid$4     
,happily = our conv5i5ce !re are a great
 _m %opkeep]s 9 ,engl&1 s t !re is no   
lack ( ! mat]ials = /udy2 b our noveli/s
 appe> to consid] ?is important class ( 
,engli%m5 z unwor?y ( any pati5t & s]i\s
 portraiture4 ,y may rememb] ,mr4       
,an?ony ,trollope's ,/ruggles ( ,br[n1  
,jones1 & ,rob9son1 :i* appe>$ 9 !      
,cornhill ,magaz9e1 "u ,?ack]ay's       
editor%ip4 ,t 0 an extreme in/ance ( !  
way ! class is treat$ 9 our lit]ature2 &
 !n 9 poetry we h "s disda9ful v]ses (  
,mr4 ,t5nyson's4 ,x may be presum$ t !re
 is mat]ial = grave & respectful        
treatm5t ( ?is ext5sive class1 b our    
poets & noveli/s d n seem to h discov]$1
 or s\ght to discov]1 ! secret ( t      
treatm5t4 ,! int5sity ( ! prejudices (  
ca/e prev5ts !m f see+ any possibility (
 true g5tlemanhood 9 a drap] or a groc]1

 & bl9ds !m to ! /hetic beauty or gr&eur
 :i* may be z p]fectly compatible ) :at 
is disda9fully call$ c\nt]-jump+ z x is 
admitt$ to be ) ! jump+ ( five-b>r$     
gates4  ,! same ca/e prejudices h (t5   
kept ! mass ( ! upp] classes 9 ignorance
 ( mo/ valuable & important bran*es ( k4
 ,! poor h be5 ignorant1 yet nev] pr\d (
 _! ignorance2 ! ignorance t m5 are pr\d
 ( belongs to ca/e always1 n always to  
:at we %\ld call an ari/ocratic ca/e1 b 
to ! ca/e-feel+ 9 "o class or ano!r4 ,! 
pride ( ! feudal b>on 9 be+ totally     
illit]ate am\nt$ to self-exclusion f all
 intellectual culture1 & we may /ill f9d
 liv+ in/ances ( p>tial self-exclusion f
 culture1 ( :i* pride is ! only motive4 
,!re are p :o pass _! "t 9 :at are      
consid]$ amusem5ts 7t d n amuse71       
because x seems to !m a m g5tlemanly    
sort ( life ?an ! devotion to "s great &
 wor?y pursuit :i* w\ld h giv5 ! ke5e/  
ze/ & reli% to _! :ole exi/5ce 7besides 
mak+ !m useful memb]s ( society1 :i* !y 
are n71 b :i* happ5s to be taboo$ = !m  

by ! prejudices ( _! ca/e4 ,!re are _m  
/udies1 9 !mselves noble & useful1 t a  
man ( good family _c foll[ ) ! e>ne/ness
 & ! sacrifice ( "t necess>y to success 
9 !m1 )\t incurr+ ! disapprobation ( 8  
fri5ds4 ,if ?is disapprobation 7 visit$ 
on ! break] ( ca/e-regulations because  
he neglect$ "s o!r culture1 !re w\ld    
/ill be some?+ reasonable 9 x2 b ?is is 
n ! case4 ,! ca/e-regulation =bids ! mo/
 honorable & in/ructive labor :5 x does 
n =bid ! mo/ unpr(itable idl5ess1 ! mo/ 
utt] ?r[+ away ( valuable "t & faculty4 
,ty*o ,brahe fe>$ to lose ca/e 9 becom+ 
! mo/ illu/ri\s a/ronom] ( 8 "t2 b he   
w\ld h _h no su* appreh5sion1 nor any   
gr\nd = su* appreh5sion1 if in/ead ( be+
 impell$ to noble "w by a high          
intellectual in/9ct1 he _h be5 impell$  
by mean] passions to unlimit$           
self-indulg5ce4 ,ev51 9 our own day ^!  
prejudices are /ill /rong en\gh1 or h   
be5 until v lately1 to keep our upp]    
classes 9 great d>kness ab\t natural k (
 all k9ds1 & ab\t its application to !  

arts ( life4 ,h[ few g5tlem5 h be5      
taught to draw accurately1 & h[ few are 
accurately acqua9t$ ) ! great practical 
inv5tions ( ! age6 ,! ca/e-s5tim5t does 
n1 9 ^! days1 keep !m ignorant (        
lit]ature1 b x keeps !m ignorant ( ?+s4 
,a fri5d :o _h a /rong con/ructive &    
exp]im5tal turn1 told me t1 z a rule1 he
 f\nd g5tlem5 less capable ( ent]+ into 
8 ideas ?an common jo9]s & blacksmi?s1  
because ^! humble workm51 f _! habit (  
deal+ ) matt]1 _h acquir$ "s exp]i5ce ( 
its nature4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h (t5 be5  
amaz$ by ! difficulty ( mak+ some?+ cle>
 to a classically educat$ g5tleman :i*  
any intellig5t me*anic w\ld h se5 to !  
bottom1 & all r\nd1 aft] five or six    
m9utes ( explanation4 ,!re is a c]ta9   
,fr5* nobleman ^: ignorance ,i h frequ5t
 opportunities ( fa?om+1 always ) fre%  
a/oni%m5t at ! dep?s ( x1 & ,i decl>e t 
he kn[s no m ab\t ! prop]ties ( /one1 & 
timb]1 & metal1 ?an if he 7 a *]ub 9 !  
cl\ds ( heav56  ,b !re is some?+ 9      
ca/e-s5tim5t ev5 m prejudicial to       

culture ?an ignorance itself1 & t is !  
affectation ( /rong pref]5ces = c]ta9   
bran*es ( k 9 :i* p are n s]i\sly       
int]e/$4 ,!re is no?+ :i* p w n pret5d  
to l1 if a lik+ = x is suppos$ to be "o 
( ! m>ks & indications ( g5tility4 ,!re 
has be5 an imm5se am\nt ( ?is k9d (     
affectation 9 reg>d to classical        
s*ol>%ip1 & we "k = a c]ta9ty t x is    
affectation :5ev] p are l\d 9 _! praise 
( classical au?ors :om !y nev] take !   
tr\ble to read4 ,x may h happ5$ to y1 z 
x has happ5$ to me f "t to "t1 to he> m5
 affirm ! absolute necessity ( classical
 read+ to di/9ction ( ?\ght & mann]1 &  
yet to be aw>e at ! same "t1 f close    
obs]vation ( _! habits1 t ^? v m5       
entirely neglect$ ! s\rces ( t culture 9
 :i* !y pr(ess$ su* e>ne/ fai?4 ,!      
explanation is1 t z classical           
accompli%m5ts are consid]$ to be "o ( ! 
evid5ces ( g5tility1 :oev] speaks l\dly 
9 _! favor affirms t he has ! ta/es &   
pref]5ces ( a g5tleman4 ,x is l pr(ess+ 
! fa%ionable religion1 or belong+ to an 

ari/ocratic %ade ( op9ion 9 politics4 ,i
 h n a d\bt t all affectations ( ?is k9d
 are injuri\s to g5u9e culture1 = g5u9e 
culture requires s9c]ity ( int]e/ be=e  
ev]y?+1 & ! fa%ionable affectations1 s  
f> f attract+ s9c]e m5 to ! dep>tm5ts ( 
le>n+ :i* happ5 to be  la mode1         
positively drive !m away1 j z _m h      
become ,noncon=mi/s because ! e/abli%$  
religion 0 consid]$ necess>y to         
g5tility1 :o might h rema9$ cont5t$ )   
its ord9ances z a simple discipl9e = _! 
s\ls4  ,i dislike ! int]f]5ce ( g5teel  
notions 9 our /udies = ano!r reason4 ,!y
 deprive su* culture z we may get f !m1 
( "o ( ! mo/ preci\s results ( culture1 
! enl>gem5t ( our sympa?y = o!rs4 ,if we
 enc\rage ourselves 9 ! pride ( s*ol>ly 
ca/e1 s f> z to imag9e t we :o h made   
,lat9 v]ses are above comp>ison ) all :o
 h nev] ex]cis$ _! +5uity 9 t p>ticul>  
way1 we are n likely to give due & s]i\s
 att5tion to ! ideas ( p :om we are     
pleas$ to consid] un$ucat$2 & yet x may 
happ5 t ^! p are sometimes our          

intellectual sup]iors1 & t _! ideas     
conc]n u v closely4 ,b ?is is only half 
! evil4 ,! consci\sness ( our contempt  
embitt]s ! feel+s ( m5 9 o!r ca/es1 &   
prev5ts !m f accept+ our guidance :5 x  
might be ( ! greate/ practical utility  
to !m4 ,i may m5tion ,rob]t ,burns z an 
in/ance ( a man ( g5ius :o w\ld h be5   
happi] & m =tunate if he _h felt no     
b>ri] ( sep>ation betwe5 himself & !    
culture ( 8 "t4 ,8 poetry is z good     
ru/ic poetry z ! be/ t has come d[n to u
 f antiquity1 & in/ead ( feel+ t[>ds !  
poets ( times pa/ ! k9d ( sor5ess :i* a 
p>v5u feels t[>ds families ( anci5t     
desc5t1 he ought r to h rejoic$ 9 !     
consci\sness t he 0 _! true & legitimate
 successor1 z ! cl]gy ( an au!ntic ,*ur*
 feel !mselves to be successors &       
repres5tatives ( sa9ts & apo/les :o are 
ga!r$ to _! ev]la/+ re/4 ,b poor ,burns 
knew t 9 an age :5 :at is call$ s*ol>%ip
 gave all :o _h acquir$ x a "r to look  
d[n ^u poets :o _h only g5ius z !       
illegitimate (fspr+ ( nature1 8 position

 _h n t solidity :i* belong$ to !       
s*ol>ly ca/e1 & ! result 0 a p]petual   
uneas9ess :i* broke out 9 frequ5t       
defiance4    ,!re's i!r poets1 mu* y\r  
bett]s1    ,f> se5 9 ,greek1 deep m5 o' 
lett]s1    ,hae ?\ght !y _h ensur'd _!  
debtors                ,a' future ages2 
,n[ mo?s de=m 9 %apeless tatt]s1        
,_! unkn[n pages4  ,& aga91 9 ano!r     
poem--    ,a set o' dull1 conceit$ ha%es
    ,confuse _! bra9s 9 college classes6
    ,!y gang 9 /irks1 & come out asses1 
,pla9 tru? to speak2    ,an' syne !y ?9k
 to climb ,p>nassus                ,by  
d9t o' ,greek6  ,x 0 ! influ5ce ( ca/e t
 made ,burns write 9 ?is way1 & h[ unju/
 x 0 e mod]n read] kn[s4 ,! great       
majority ( poets h be5 well-educat$ m51 
& in/ead ( gang+ into college l /irks & 
com+ out l asses1 !y h1 z a rule1       
improv$ _! poetic faculty by an         
acqua9tance ) ! ma/]pieces ( _! art4    
,yet ,burns is n to be blam$ = ?is      
inju/ice2 he sne]$ at ,greek because    
,greek 0 ! m>k ( a disda9ful & exclusive

 ca/e1 b he nev] sne]$ at ,fr5* or      
,italian4 ,he _h no sor5ess aga9/       
culture = its own sake2 x 0 ! pride (   
ca/e t gall$ him4  ,h[ surely ! wond]ful
 class-in/9ct guid$ ! ari/ocracy to !   
k9d ( le>n+ likely to be ! mo/ effectual
 b>ri] aga9/ fell[%ip ) ! m]cantile     
classes & ! p6 ,! uselessness ( ,greek 9
 indu/ry & comm]ce 0 a gu>antee t ^? :o 
_h to e>n _! bread w\ld nev] f9d "t to  
ma/] x1 & ev5 ! /range difficult look ( 
! alphabet 7?\gh 9 reality ! alphabet 0 
a gate ( gossam]71 ensur$ a degree (    
awful v5]ation = ^? initiat$ into its   
my/]ies4 ,!n ! habit our =efa!rs _h (   
quot+ ,lat9 & ,greek to keep ! ignorant 
9 _! places1 0 a /rong def5sive weapon (
 _! ca/e1 & !y us$ x )\t scruple4 ,e ye>
 removes ?is passion = exclusiv5ess f>!r
 & f>!r into ! pa/2 e ye> makes le>n+ ( 
e k9d less available z ! armor ( a      
class1 & less to be reli$ ^u z a means (
 social advancem5t & consid]ation4      
,inde$1 we h already rea*$ a condition  
:i* is draw+ back _m memb]s ( !         

ari/ocracy to a /ate ( feel+ ab\t       
intellectual culture resembl+ t ( _!    
=efa!rs 9 ! middle ages4 ,! old b>b>ian 
feel+ has reviv$ ( late1 a feel+ :i* 7if
 x 7 self-consci\s en\gh7 might f9d     
expression 9 "s su* words z ^!3--  ,x is
 n by le>n+ & g5ius t we c hold ! highe/
 place1 b by ! dazzl+ exhibition (      
ext]nal spl5dor 9 ^? co/ly pleasures :i*
 are ! pla9e/ evid5ce ( our p[]4 ,let u 
h beautiful equipages on ! l&1 beautiful
 ya*ts ^u ! sea2 let our recreations be 
public & exp5sive1 t ! p may n easily   
lose sight ( u1 & may "k t !re is a gulf
 ( diff]5ce betwe5 our life & !irs4 ,:y 
%\ld we toil at books t ! poore/ /ud5ts 
read1 we :o h lordly pa/imes = e mon? 9 
! ye>8 ,to be able to revel imm5sely 9  
pleasures :i* ^? bel[ u ta/e r>ely or n 
at all1 ?is is ! be/ evid5ce ( our      
sup]iority4 ,s let u take !m            
magnific5tly1 l ,engli% pr9ces & lords4 
,ev5 ! inv5tion ( railways has produc$ !
 un=ese5 result ( a return 9 ! direction
 ( b>b>ism4 ,if !re is "o ?+ :i*        

di/+ui%es civilization x is fixity (    
resid5ce2 & x is ess5tial to ! tranquil 
foll[+ ( s]i\s intellectual purposes t !
 /ud5t %\ld rema9 = _m mon?s ( ! ye> 9 8
 own libr>y or laboratory1 surr\nd$ by  
all 8 implem5ts ( culture4 ,b !re are p 
( ! highe/ rank 9 ! ,engl& ( to-day ^:  
exi/5ce is z mu* nomadic z t ( ,r$      
,indians 9 ! res]v$ t]ritories ( ,nor?  
,am]ica4 ,y _c asc]ta9 _! :]eab\ts )\t  
consult+ ! mo/ rec5t newspap]4 ,_! life 
may be q accurately describ$ z a return1
 on a scale ( unprec$5t$ spl5dor &      
com=t1 to ! life ( tribes 9 t /age (    
human developm5t :i* is kn[n z ! p]iod (
 ! *ase4 ,!y migrate f "o hunt+-gr\nd to
 ano!r z ! dim9ution ( ! game impels !m4
 ,_! resid5ces1 va/ & sub/antial z !y   
are1 s]ve only z t5ts & wigwams4 ,!     
exi/5ce ( a monk 9 ! cloi/]1 ( a prison]
 9 a =tress1 is m favorable to !        
intellect ?an !irs4  ,& yet not)/&+ ^!  
re-appe>ances ( ! savage nature at ! v  
summit ( mod]n civilization1 ! life ( a 
great ,engli% nobleman ( to-day comm&s s

 mu* ( :at ! intellectual "k to be truly
 desirable1 t x seems z if only a little
 firmness ( resolution 7 ne$$ to make   
all advantages 8 own4 ,surr\nd$ by e    
aid1 & hav+ all gates op51 he sees !    
pa?s ( k conv]g+ t[>ds him l railways to
 "s ri* c5tral city4 ,he has b to *oose 
8 r\te1 & travel along x ) ! lea/       
possible h9drance f e k9d ( friction1 9 
! society ( ! be/ companions1 & s]v$ by 
! mo/ p]fectly tra9$ att5dants4 ,might n
 our lords be l ^? brilliant pe]s :o    
%one l intellectual />s ar\nd ! ?rone ( 
,elizabe?1 & our ladies l t great lady (
 :om said a le>n$ ,italian1 *e non vi   
aveva altra dama al mondo *e la         
p>eggiasse nella cognizione delle arti e
 nella notizia delle sci5ze e delle     
l+ue1 :]e=e he call$ h] boldly1 9 !     
en?usiasm ( 8 admiration1 gr&e          
anfitrite1 ,diana nume della t]ra6      
,,lett] ,,ii4  ,,to ,,an ,,engli%       
,,democrat4    ,! lib]al & illib]al _s (
 ari/ocracy--,! desire to draw a        
l9e--,sub/itution ( ext]nal limitations 

= realities--,! high   life (           
nature--,value ( g5tlem5 9 a            
,/ate--,odi\sness ( !   n>r[            
class-_s--,julian ,fane--,p]fect        
knigh?ood--,democracies   intol]ant (   
dignity--,t5d5cy ( democracies to fix "o
 uni=m type   ( mann]s--,t type n a high
 "o--,a descriptive   anecdote--,k &    
ta/e reveal !mselves 9 mann]s--,dr4     
,arnold   on ! abs5ce ( g5tlem5 9       
,france & ,italy--,abs5ce ( a class   ) 
traditional good mann]s--,language      
defil$ by ! vulg>ity (   popul>         
ta/e--,influ5ce ( ari/ocratic op9ion    
limit$1 t (   democratic op9ion         
univ]sal--,want ( elevation 9 ! ,fr5*   
b\rgeoisie--,_s ( ! prov9cial           
democracy--,_s ( !   ,p>isian           
democracy--,s5tim5ts & acts ( !         
,commun>ds--,romantic   feel+ t[>ds !   
pa/--,hopes = lib]al culture 9 !        
democratic   idea--,ari/ocracies ?9k too
 mu* ( p]sons & positions--,t we   ought
 to =get p]sons & apply our m9ds to ?+s1
 & ph5om5a1   & ideas4  ,all y say aga9/

 ! n>r[ness ( ! ari/ocratic _s is true &
 to ! po9t2 b ,i ?9k t y & y\r p>ty are 
apt to conf\nd toge!r two /ates ( feel+ 
:i* are ess5tially di/9ct f ea* o!r4    
,!re is an illib]al _s ( ari/ocracy1 &  
!re is also a lib]al "o4 ,! illib]al _s 
does n desire to improve itself1 hav+ a 
full & firm belief 9 its own absolute   
p]fection2 its sole anxiety is to       
exclude o!rs1 to draw a circul> l9e1 !  
small] ! bett]1 provid$ always t x gets 
inside & c keep ! millions out4 ,we see 
?is _s1 n only 9 ref]5ce to bir?1 b 9   
ev5 full] activity ) reg>d to education 
& employm5t--9 ! pref]5ce = c]ta9 s*ools
 & colleges1 = class reasons1 )\t reg>d 
to ! quality ( ! tea*+--9 ! contempt =  
all pr(essions b two or ?ree1 )\t reg>d 
to ! inh]5t bas5ess or nobility ( ! "w t
 has to be done 9 !m3 s t ! "q ask$ by  
p]sons ( ?is temp] is n :e!r a man has  
be5 well tra9$ 9 8 y\?1 b if he has be5 
to ,eton & ,ox=d2 n :e!r he is honorably
 labori\s 9 8 manhood1 b :e!r he belongs
 to ! ,b>1 or ! ,army1 or ! ,*ur*4 ,?is 

_s is evil 9 its influ5ce1 because x    
sub/itutes ext]nal limitations = !      
realities ( ! intellect & ! s\l1 & makes
 ^? realities !mselves ( no acc\nt :]ev]
 its traditions prevail4 ,?is _s c>es   
no?+ = culture1 no?+ = excell5ce1 no?+ =
 ! sup]iorities t make m5 truly great2  
all x c>es = is to h res]v$ seats 9 !   
great assemblage ( ! _w4 ,:atev] y d1 9 
fairness & hone/y1 aga9/ ?is evil &     
inhuman _s ( ari/ocracy1 ! be/ m9ds (   
?is age approve2 b !re is ano!r _s (    
ari/ocracy :i* does n always receive !  
faire/ treatm5t at y\r h&s1 & :i* ought 
to be resolutely def5d$ aga9/ y4  ,!re  
is really1 9 nature1 su* a ?+ z high    
life4 ,!re is really1 9 nature1 a       
diff]5ce betwe5 ! life ( a g5tleman :o  
has culture1 & f9e bodily heal?1 &      
indep5d5ce1 & ! life ( a ,%effield      
dry-gr9d] :o _c h any "o ( ^! ?ree ?+s4 
,x is a good & n a bad sign ( ! /ate (  
popul> intellig5ce :5 ! p does n        
wilfully %ut its eyes to ! diff]5ces (  
condition among/ m51 & :5 ^? :o h !     

opportunity ( lead+ :at is truly ! high 
life accept its discipl9e joyfully & h a
 j pride 9 keep+ !mselves up to _!      
ideal4 ,a life ( heal?1 ( s\nd morality1
 ( dis9t]e/$ intellectual activity1 (   
fre$om f petty c>es1 is high] ?an a life
 ( disease1 & vice1 & /upidity1 & sordid
 anxiety4 ,i ma9ta9 t x is "r & wise 9 a
 nation to set be=e itself ! highe/     
atta9able ideal ( human life z ! exi/5ce
 ( ! complete g5tleman1 & t an envi\s   
democracy1 in/ead ( r5d]+ a s]vice to   
itself1 does exactly ! contr>y :5 x _c  
endure & w n tol]ate ! pres5ce (        
high-spirit$ g5tlem5 9 ! ,/ate4 ,!re are
 ?+s 9 ?is _w t x is "r to hate1 t we   
are ! bett] = hat+ ) all our he>ts2 & "o
 ( ! ?+s t ,i hate mo/1 & ) mo/ reason1 
is ! n>r[ class-_s :5 x sets itself     
aga9/ ! great int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,x is   
odi\s 9 ! n>r[-m9d$1 pomp\s1 selfi%1    
pitiless ari/ocrat :o ?9ks t ! sons ( ! 
p 7 made by ,almighty ,god to be 8      
lackeys & _! daught]s to be 8 mi/resses2
 x is odi\s also1 to ! full z odi\s1 9 !

 n>r[-m9d$1 envi\s democrat :o _c be> to
 see any elegance ( liv+1 or grace (    
mann]1 or culture ( m9d above ! range ( 
8 own capacity or 8 own purse4  ,let me 
recomm5d to y\r consid]ation ! foll[+   
words1 writt5 by "o "y nobleman ab\t    
ano!r "y nobleman1 & rem9d+ u1 z we mu* 
ne$ to be rem9d$1 t life may be n only  
hone/ & vigor\s1 b also noble &         
beautiful4 ,rob]t ,lytton says ( ,julian
 ,fane--  ,he 01 ,i ?9k1 ! mo/ graceful 
& accompli%$ g5tleman ( ! g5]ation he   
adorn$1 & by ?is g5]ation1 at lea/1     
appropriate place %\ld be res]v$ = !    
memory ( a man 9 ^: "* ! mo/ univ]sal   
sympa?y ) all ! intellectual culture ( 8
 age 0 unit$ to a ref9em5t ( social =m1 
& a p]fection ( p]sonal grace1 :i*1 9   
spite ( all its intellectual culture1 ! 
age is sadly 9 want (4 ,!re is an       
arti/ry ( life z well z ( lit]ature1 & !
 p]fect knigh?ood ( ,sidney is no less  
preci\s to ! _w ?an ! g5ius ( ,sp5s]4   
,x is j ?is p]fect knigh?ood t an envi\s
 democracy sne]s at & puts d[n4 ,i d n  

say t all democracies are necess>ily    
envi\s1 b !y (t5 are s1 especially :5 !y
 fir/ ass]t !mselves1 & :il/ 9 t temp]  
!y are v will+ to o/racize g5tlem51 or  
compel !m to adopt bad mann]s4 ,i h "s  
hopes t ! democracies ( ! future may be 
taught by au?ors & arti/s to appreciate 
natural g5tlemanhood2 b s f> z we "k !m 
hi!rto !y seem intol]ant ( dignity1 &   
dispos$ to attribute x 7v unju/ly7 to   
individual self-conceit4 ,! p]sonages   
mo/ popul> 9 democratic c\ntries are (t5
 rem>kably defici5t 9 dignity1 & lik$ ! 
bett] = ! want ( x1 :il/ if on !        
positive side !y c display occasional   
co>s5ess !y become m popul> /ill4 ,!n ,i
 %\ld say1 t al?\gh democratic feel+    
raises ! l[] classes & increases _!     
self-respect1 :i* is inde$ "o ( !       
greate/ imag9able b5efits to a nation1 x
 has a t5d5cy to fix "o uni=m type (    
behavior & ( ?\ght z ! sole type 9      
con=mity ) :at is accept$ = common s5se1
 & t type c sc>cely1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1  
be a v elevat$ "o4 ,i h be5 mu* /ruck1 9

 ,france1 by ! preval5ce ( :at may be n 
inaccurately def9$ z ! comm]cial        
travell] type1 ev5 9 classes :]e y w\ld 
sc>cely expect to meet ) x4 ,"o little  
descriptive anecdote w illu/rate :at ,i 
mean4 ,hav+ be5 invit$ to a /ag-hunt 9 !
 ,cte d',or1 ,i sat d[n to djeun] ) !   
sportsm5 9 a good c\ntry-h\se or *teau  
7x 0 an old place ) f\r t[]s71 & 9 !    
mid/ ( ! meal 9 came a man smok+ a cig>4
 ,aft] a b[ to ! ladies he decl9$ to eat
 any?+1 & took a *air a little ap>t1 b j
 opposite me4 ,he resum$ 8 hat & w5t on 
smok+ ) a sans-gne t r surpris$ me "u ! 
circum/ances4 ,he put "o arm on !       
side-bo>d3 ! h& hung d[n1 & ,i p]ceiv$ t
 x 0 dirty 7s 0 ! %irt71 & t ! nails _h 
edges ( ebony4 ,on 8 *9 !re 0 a black   
/ubble ( two days' gr[?4 ,he talk$ v    
l\dly1 & 8 dress & mann]s 7 exactly ^? (
 a bagman j arriv$ at 8 inn4 ,:o & :at  
c\ld ! man be8 ,i le>n$ aft]w>ds t he _h
 begun life z a di/+ui%$ pupil ( !      
,ecole ,polyte*nique1 t s9ce !n he _h   
di/+ui%$ himself z an (fic] ( artill]y &

 _h won ! ,legion ( ,honor on ! field ( 
battle1 t he belong$ to "o ( ! pr9cipal 
families 9 ! neighborhood1 & _h ne>ly   
#bjjjl4 a ye> f l&$ prop]ty4  ,n[1 x may
 be a good ?+ = ! r\ghs at ! bottom ( ! 
social scale to level up to !           
bagman-ideal1 b x does seem r a pity    
7does x n87 t a born g5tleman ( m ?an   
common brav]y & ability %\ld level d[n  
to x4 ,& x is "h t lies ! pr9ciple      
objection to democracy f ! po9t ( view (
 culture1 t its notion ( life & mann]s  
is a uni=m notion1 n admitt+ mu* v>iety 
( classes1 & n all[+ ! high developm5t (
 graceful & accompli%$ humanity 9 any   
class :i* an ari/ocracy does at lea/    
enc\rage 9 "o class1 ?\gh x may be      
num]ically a small class4 ,i h n =gott5 
:at ,sa9t-,simon & ,la ,bruyre h te/ifi$
 ab\t ! ignorance ( ! old noblesse4     
,sa9t-,simon said t !y 7 fit = no?+ b   
fight+1 & only qualifi$ = promotion ev5 
9 ! army by s5iority2 t ! re/ ( _! "t 0 
pass$ 9 ! mo/ deadly uselessness1 !     
consequ5ce ( _! indol5ce & di/a/e = all 

in/ruction4 ,i am sure t my mod]n       
artill]y capta91 not)/&+ 8 bad mann]s1  
knew m ?an any ( 8 =efa!rs2 b :]e 0 8   
p]fect knigh?ood8 ,& we easily =get h[  
mu* tal5t runs into mann]s1 z ,em]son   
says4 ,f ! arti/ic & poetical po9t (    
view1 behavior is an expression ( k &   
ta/e & feel+ 9 comb9ation1 z cle> &     
legible z lit]ature or pa9t+1 s t :5 !  
behavior is co>se & unbecom+ we "k t !  
p]ceptions _c be delicate1 :atev] may h 
be5 le>n$ at s*ool4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,arnold    
travell$ on ! ,cont95t1 no?+ /ruck him m
 ?an ! abs5ce ( g5tlem54 ,we see no     
g5tlem5 any:]e1 he writes f ,italy4 ,f  
,france he writes3 ,aga9 ,i h be5 /ruck 
) ! total abs5ce ( all g5tlem51 & ( all 
p]sons ( ! education & feel+s ( g5tlem54
 ,n[1 al?\gh ,dr4 ,arnold spoke m]ely f 
! exp]i5ce ( a t\ri/1 & 0 p]haps n q    
compet5t to judge ( ,fr5*m5 & ,italians 
o!rwise ?an f ext]nals1 /ill !re 0 mu*  
tru? 9 8 obs]vation4 ,x 0 n q absolutely
 true4 ,i h kn[n two or ?ree ,italian   
(fic]s1 & "o ,savoy>d nobleman1 & a     

,fr5*man "h & !re1 :o 7 z p]fect g5tlem5
 z any to be f\nd 9 ,engl&1 b !y 7      
isolat$ l poets1 & 7 9 fact poets 9     
behavior & self discipl9e4 ,! pla9 tru? 
is1 t !re is no di/9ct class 9 ,france  
ma9ta9+ good mann]s z a tradition common
 to all its memb]s2 & ?is seems to be ! 
inevitable defect ( a democracy4 ,x may 
be obs]v$1 fur!r1 t language itself is  
defil$ by ! vulg>ity ( ! popul> ta/e2 t 
expressions are us$ cont9ually1 ev5 by !
 upp] middle class1 :i* x is impossible 
to pr9t1 & :i* are too grossly indec5t  
to f9d a place ev5 9 ! diction>ies2 t   
respectable m51 hav+ become ins5sible to
 ! mean+ ( ^! expressions f he>+ !m us$ 
)\t int5tion1 employ !m con/antly f     
habit1 z !y decorate _! spee* ) oa?s1   
:il/ only puri/s refra9 f !m altoge!r4  
,an ari/ocracy may be v n>r[ &          
intol]ant1 b x c only exclude f its own 
pale1 :]eas :5 a democracy is intol]ant 
x excludes f all human int]c\rse4 ,our  
own ari/ocracy1 z a class1 rejects      
,diss5t]s1 & arti/s1 & m5 ( sci5ce1 b !y

 fl\ri% q happily outside ( x4 ,n[ try  
to picture to y\rself a great democracy 
hav+ ! same prejudices1 :o c\ld get out 
( ! democracy8 ,all ari/ocracies are    
intol]ant ) ref]5ce1 ,i w n say to      
religion1 b1 m accurately1 ) ref]5ce to 
! outw>d =ms ( religion1 & yet ?is      
ari/ocratic intol]ance has n prev5t$ !  
developm5t ( religi\s lib]ty1 because ! 
l[] classes 7 n /rictly b\nd by ! cu/oms
 ( ! nobility & g5try4 ,! unwritt5 law  
appe>s to be t memb]s ( an ari/ocracy   
%all con=m ei!r to :at is actually !    
,/ate ,*ur* or to :at has be5 ! ,/ate   
,*ur* at "s =m] p]iod ( ! national      
hi/ory4 ,al?\gh ,engl& is a ,prote/ant  
c\ntry1 an ,engli% g5tleman does n lose 
ca/e :5 he jo9s ! ,roman ,ca?olic       
communion2 b he loses ca/e :5 he becomes
 a ,diss5t]4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is ca/e-law 
9 keep+ ! upp] classes )9 ! ,*ur*es (   
,engl& & ( ,rome has no d\bt be5 v      
consid]able1 b its influ5ce on ! nation 
g5]ally has be5 incomp>ably less        
consid]able ?an t ( "s equally decid$   

social rule 9 ! entire m9d ( a          
democracy4 ,_h ?is rule ( con=mity to ! 
religion ( ! ,/ate be5 t ( ! ,engli%    
democracy1 religi\s lib]ty w\ld h be5   
ext+ui%$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? (      
,engl&4 ,i say t ! cu/oms & convictions 
( a democracy are m dang]\s to          
intellectual lib]ty ?an ^? ( an         
ari/ocracy1 because1 9 matt]s ( cu/om1 !
 g5try rule only )9 _! own p>k-pal+s1   
:]eas ! p1 :5 p[] resides ) !m1 rule    
:]ev] ! breezes bl[4 ,a democracy t     
dislikes ref9em5t & good mann]s c drive 
m5 ( culture into solitude1 & make      
morbid h]mits ( ! v p]sons :o ought to  
be ! lights & lead]s ( humanity4 ,x c   
cut %ort ! traditions ( good-bre$+1 !   
traditions ( polite le>n+1 ! traditions 
( ?\ghtful leisure1 & r$uce ! v>i\s     
national types ( "* to "o type1 t ( !   
commis-voyageur4 ,all m5 ( ref9$ s5tim5t
 9 mod]n ,france lam5t ! want (         
elevation 9 ! b\rgeoisie4 ,!y read no?+1
 !y le>n no?+1 !y ?9k ( no?+ b money & !
 satisfaction ( _! appetites4 ,!re are  

exceptions1 ( c\rse1 b ! tone ( ! class 
is mean & l[1 & devoid ( natural dignity
 or noble aspiration4 ,_! ignorance     
passes belief1 & is accompani$ by an    
absolute self-satisfaction4 ,la f9 de la
 b\rgeoisie1 says an em95t ,fr5* au?or1 
comm5ce p>cequ'elle a les s5tim5ts de la
 populace4 ,je ne vois pas qu'elle lise 
d'autres j\rnaux1 qu'elle se rgale d'une
 musique diffr5te1 qu'elle ait des      
plaisirs plus levs4 ,*ez l'une comme *ez
 l'autre1 c'e/ le mme am\r de l'arg5t1  
le mme respect du fait accompli1 le mme 
beso9 d'idoles p\r les dtruire1 la mme  
ha9e de t\te supriorit1 le mme esprit de
 dnigrem5t1 la mme crasse ignorance6 ,m4
 ,r5an also compla9s t dur+ ! ,second   
,empire ! c\ntry sank deep] & deep] into
 vulg>ity1 =gett+ its pa/ hi/ory & its  
noble en?usiasms4 ,talk to ! peasant1 to
 ! sociali/ ( ! ,int]national1 (        
,france1 ( h] pa/ hi/ory1 ( h] g5ius1 he
 w n und]/& y4 ,milit>y honor seems     
madness to him2 ! ta/e = great ?+s1 !   
glory ( ! m9d1 are va9 dreams2 money    

sp5t = art & sci5ce is money ?r[n away  
fooli%ly4 ,su* is ! prov9cial _s4 ,& if 
?is is ! prov9cial _s1 :at is ! _s ( !  
metropolitan democracy8 ,is x n cle>ly  
kn[n to u by its acts8 ,x _h !          
opportunity1 "u ! ,commune1 ( %[+ ! _w  
h[ t5d]ly x c>$ = ! monum5ts ( national 
hi/ory1 h[ anxi\s x 0 = ! pres]vation ( 
noble ar*itecture1 ( great libr>ies1 (  
pictures t c nev] be replac$4 ,:atev]   
may h be5 our illusions ab\t ! "* ( !   
,p>isian democracy1 we "k x v accurately
 n[4 ,to say t x is brutal w\ld be an   
inadequate use ( language1 = ! brutes   
are only indiff]5t to hi/ory &          
civilization1 n ho/ile to !m4 ,s f> z x 
is possible = u to und]/& ! temp] ( t   
democracy1 x appe>s to *]i% an active & 
int5se hatr$ = e conceivable k9d (      
sup]iority1 & an in/9ctive eag]ness to  
aboli% ! pa/2 or1 z t is n possible1    
s9ce ! pa/ w always h be5 9 spite ( x1  
!n at lea/ to efface all visible        
memorials & de/roy ! beque/s ( all      
prec$+ g5]ations4 ,if any "o _h affirm$1

 be=e ! fall ( ,l\is ,napoleon1 t !     
democratic _s 0 capable ( sett+ fire to 
! ,l\vre & ! national ar*ives &         
libr>ies1 ( delib]ately plann+ !        
de/ruction ( all ^? magnific5t edifices1
 ecclesia/ical & civil1 :i* 7 ! glory ( 
,france & ! delight ( ,europe1 we %\ld h
 attribut$ su* an ass]tion to !         
exagg]ations ( reaction>y fe>s4 ,b s9ce 
! ye> #ahgj we d n speculate ab\t !     
democratic temp] 9 its int5se/          
expression2 we h se5 x at "w1 & we "k x4
 ,we "k t e beautiful build+1 e preci\s 
manuscript & picture1 has to be protect$
 aga9/ ! noxi\s sw>m ( ,commun>ds z a   
sea-jetty aga9/ ! ,pholas & ! ,t]$o4    
,comp>e ?is temp] ) t ( a ,m>quis (     
,h]t=d1 a ,duke ( ,devon%ire1 a ,duc de 
,luynes6 ,true gu>dians ( ! means (     
culture1 ^! m5 h giv5 spl5did           
hospitality to ! great au?ors & arti/s (
 pa/ times1 by keep+ _! works = ! future
 ) t5d] & rev]5t c>e4 ,nor has ?is      
function ( high /ew>d%ip ev] be5 m nobly
 ex]cis$ ?an x is to-day by t true      

knight & g5tleman1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,wallace4
 ,?9k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is           
great-he>t$ gu>dian ( priceless         
treasures1 keep+ !m = ! p1 =            
civilization1 & a base-spirit$ ,commun>d
 sett+ fire to ! libr>y ( ! ,l\vre4  ,! 
ultra-democratic _s is ho/ile to        
culture1 f its hatr$ ( all delicate &   
romantic s5tim5t1 f its scorn ( ! t5d]] 
& f9] feel+s ( our nature1 & especially 
f its bruti% incapacity to compreh5d !  
ne$s ( ! high] life4 ,if x _h its way we
 %\ld be compell$ by public op9ion to   
ca/ all ! records ( our ance/ors1 & !   
%ields !y wore 9 battle1 into ! f\l     
wat]s ( an et]nal ,le!4 ,! intol]ance ( 
! s5tim5t ( bir?1 t noble s5tim5t :i*   
has animat$ s _m he>ts ) h]oism1 & urg$ 
!m to de$s ( honor1 associat$ z x is ) a
 cynical disbelief 9 ! exi/5ce ( female 
virtue1#i is "o ( ! commone/ signs ( ?is
 evil _s ( detraction4 ,x is closely    
connect$ ) an ungrateful indiff]5ce     
t[>ds all t our =efa!rs h done to make  
civilization possible = u4 ,n[1 al?\gh !

 intellectual _s /udies ! pa/           
critically1 & does n accept hi/ory z a  
leg5d is accept$ by ! cr$ul\s1 /ill !   
intellectual _s has a deep respect = all
 t is noble 9 ! pa/1 & w\ld pres]ve !   
record ( x =ev]4 ,c y n imag9e1 h y n   
actually se51 ! heir ( "s anci5t h\se :o
 %>es to ! full ! culture & aspirations 
( ! age 9 :i* we live1 & :o nev]!less   
pres]ves1 ) pi\s rev]5ce1 ! t[]s 8      
=efa!rs built on ! ance/ral e>?1 & !    
oaks !y plant$1 & ! %ields t 7 c>v$ on !
 tombs :]e ! knights & _! ladies re/8   
,be sure t a "r und]/&+ ( ! pres5t is   
compatible ) a "r & rev]5t und]/&+ ( !  
pa/1 & t1 al?\gh we may closely "q      
hi/ory & tradition1 no long] ) *ildlike 
fai?1 /ill ! _s ( true culture w\ld nev]
 efface _! ve/iges4 ,x 0 n ,mi*elet1 n  
,r5an1 n ,hugo1 :o set fire to ! ,palace
 ( ,ju/ice & imp]ill$ ! ,sa9te-,*apelle4
  ,& yet1 not)/&+ all ^! vices &        
excesses ( ! democratic _s1 not)/&+ !   
meanness ( ! middle classes & ! viol5ce 
( ! mob1 !re is "o all-p[]ful reason :y 

our be/ hopes = ! lib]al culture ( !    
intellect are c5tr$ 9 ! democratic idea4
 ,! reason is1 t ari/ocracies ?9k too   
mu* ( p]sons & positions to weigh facts 
& op9ions ju/ly4 ,9 an ari/ocratic      
society x is ?\ght unbecom+ to /ate y\r 
views 9 _! full =ce 9 ! pres5ce ( any   
social sup]ior4 ,if y /ate !m at all y  
mu/ s(t5 !m to suit ! occasion1 or y w  
be a s9n] aga9/ good-bre$+4 ,obs]ve h[  
timid & acquiesc5t ! ord9>y ,engli%man  
becomes 9 ! pres5ce ( a "l4 ,no "r-m9d$ 
p]son likes to be ?\ght impud5t1 & :]e !
 tone ( society ref]s ev]y?+ to         
position1 y are consid]$ impud5t :5 y   
=get y\r /ation4 ,b :at has my /ation to
 d ) ! tru?s ! intellect p]ceives1 t lie
 entirely outside ( me8 ,f !            
intellectual po9t ( view1 x is a        
necess>y virtue to =get y\r /ation1 to  
=get y\rself entirely1 & to ?9k ( !     
subject only1 9 a mann] p]fectly        
dis9t]e/$4 ,anonym\s j\rnalism 0 a      
device to escape f t cont9ual ref]5ce to
 ! rank & =tune ( ! speak] :i* is an    

invet]ate habit 9 all ari/ocratic       
communities4 ,a "y man )\t title or     
e/ate kn[s t he w\ld n be li/5$ to 9 !  
pres5ce ( 8 social sup]iors1 s he holds 
8 tongue 9 society & relieves himself by
 an article 9 ! ,times4 ,! anonym\s     
newspap]s & reviews are a necessity 9 an
 ari/ocratic community1 = !y are ! only 
means ( attract+ att5tion to facts &    
op9ions )\t attract+ x to y\rself1 !    
only way ( escap+ ! p]sonal "q1 ,:o &   
:at are y1 t y v5ture to speak s pla9ly1
 & :]e is y\r /ake 9 ! c\ntry8  ,!      
democratic idea1 by its !oretic equality
 among/ m51 af=ds an almo/ complete     
relief f ?is imp$im5t to intellectual   
conv]sation4 ,! !ory ( equality is good1
 because x negatives ! int]f]5ce ( rank 
& weal? 9 matt]s t app]ta9 to !         
intellect or to ! moral s5se4 ,x may ev5
 g "o /ep f>!r ) advantage1 & ignore    
intellectual au?ority also4 ,! p]fection
 ( ! intellectual _s is ! entire        
=getfulness ( p]sons1 9 ! application ( 
! :ole p[] ( ! m9d to ?+s1 & ph5om5a1 & 

ideas4 ,n to m9d :e!r ! speak] is (     
noble or humble bir?1 ri* or poor2 ?is  
inde$ is mu*1 b we ought to atta9 a l   
indiff]5ce to ! au?ority ( ! mo/ spl5did
 reputation4 ,e great advance 9 natural 
k1 says ,pr(essor ,huxley1 has involv$ !
 absolute rejection ( au?ority1 ! *]i%+ 
( ! ke5e/ scepticism1 ! annihilation ( !
 _s ( bl9d fai?2 & ! mo/ ard5t vot>y (  
sci5ce holds 8 firme/ convictions1 n    
because ! m5 he mo/ v5]ates hold !m1 n  
because _! v]ity is te/ifi$ by port5ts &
 wond]s1 b because 8 exp]i5ce tea*es him
 t :5ev] he *ooses to br+ ^! convictions
 into contact ) _! prim>y s\rce1        
,nature--:5ev] he ?9ks fit to te/ !m by 
appeal+ to exp]im5t & to                
obs]vation--,nature w confirm !m4       
,,footnotes3    #h ,i ?9k x "r to in=m !
 read] t !re is no fiction 9     ?is    
lett]4    #i ,! association betwe5 ! two
 is ?is4 ,if y believe t y     are      
desc5d$ f a di/+ui%$ ance/or1 y are     
simple en\gh to     believe 9 8 wife's  
fidelity4     ,,"p ,,ix4  ,,society ,,& 

,,solitude4   ,,lett] ,i4  ,,to ,a      
,,lady ,,:o ,,d\bt$ ,,! ,,reality ,,(   
,,intellectual ,,fri5d%ips4    ,t       
intellectual fri5d%ips are 9 _! nature  
tempor>y1 :5   !re is no basis ( feel+  
to support !m--,_! fre%ness soon        
disappe>s--,dang] ( satiety--,tempor>y  
acqua9tances--,succession 9             
fri5d%ips--,free communication (        
intellectual results--,fri5d%ips        
betwe5 ripe & immature m5--,rembr&t &   
,hoog/rat5--,tradition   transmitt$     
?r\gh ^! fri5d%ips4  ,i he>tily agree ) 
y s f> z ?is1 t intellectual relations w
 n su/a9 fri5d%ip = v long1 unless !re  
is also "s basis ( feel+ to su/a9 x4 ,& 
/ill !re is a c]ta9 reality 9 !         
fri5d%ips ( ! intellect :il/ !y la/1 &  
!y are rememb]$ gratefully = _! pr(it :5
 9 ! c\rse ( nature !y h ceas$4 ,we may 
wisely contract !m1 & blamelessly       
dissolve !m :5 ! occasion t creat$ !m   
has gone by4 ,!y are l bus9ess          
p>tn]%ips1 contract$ f motives ( int]e/1
 & requir+ integrity above all ?+s1 )   

mutual respect & consid]ation1 yet n    
necess>ily ei!r affection or ! semblance
 ( x4 ,s9ce ! motive ( ! intellectual   
exi/5ce is ! desire to asc]ta9 &        
communicate tru?1 a sort ( positive &   
negative electricity imm$iately         
e/abli%es itself betwe5 ^? :o want to "k
 & ^? :o desire to communicate _! k2 & !
 connection is mutually agreeable until 
^! two desires are satisfi$4 ,:5 ?is    
happ5s1 ! connection naturally ceases2 b
 ! memory ( x usually leaves a p]man5t  
feel+ ( good-w1 & a p]man5t disposition 
to r5d] s]vices ( ! same ord]4 ,?is1 9  
brief1 is ! :ole philosophy ( ! subject2
 b x may be obs]v$ f>!r1 t ! purely     
intellectual int]c\rse :i* (t5 goes by !
 "n ( fri5d%ip af=ds excell5t           
opportunities = ! =mation ( real        
fri5d%ip1 s9ce x _c be long cont9u$ )\t 
reveal+ mu* ( ! :ole nature ( !         
associates4  ,we d n easily exhau/ ! m9d
 ( ano!r1 b we easily exhau/ :at is     
accessible to u 9 8 m9d2 & :5 we h done 
?is1 ! fir/ b5efit ( int]c\rse is at an 

end4 ,!n comes a feel+ ( dulness &      
disappo9tm5t1 :i* is full ( ! bitt]e/   
disc\ragem5t to ! inexp]i5c$4 ,9 matur] 
life we are s well prep>$ = ?is t x     
disc\rages u no long]4 ,we "k be=eh& t !
 fre%ness ( ! m9d t 0 new to u w rapidly
 we> away1 t we %all soon assimilate !  
fragm5t ( x :i* is all t ev] c be made  
our own1 s we enjoy ! fre%ness :il/ x   
la/s1 & are ev5 c>eful ( x z a fruit]]  
is ( ! bloom ^u 8 grapes & plums4 ,x may
 seem a h>d & worldly ?+ to say1 b x    
appe>s to me t a wise man might limit 8 
int]c\rse ) o!rs be=e !re 0 any dang] ( 
satiety1 z x is wisdom 9 eat+ to rise f 
table ) an appetite4 ,c]ta9ly1 if !     
fri5ds ( our intellect live ne> en\gh = 
u to anticipate no p]man5t sep>ation by 
m]e di/ance1 if we may expect to meet !m
 frequ5tly1 to h _m opportunities = a m 
?or\gh & se>*+ exploration ( _! m9ds1 x 
is a wise policy n to exhau/ !m all at  
once4 ,) ! *ance acqua9tances we make 9 
travell+1 ! case is altoge!r diff]5t2 & 
?is is1 no d\bt1 ! reason :y m5 are s   

a/oni%+ly communicative :5 !y nev]      
expect to see ea* o!r any m4 ,y feel an 
int5se curiosity ab\t "s tempor>y       
companion2 y make _m guesses ab\t him2 &
 to induce him to tell y z mu* z        
possible 9 ! %ort "t y are likely to be 
toge!r1 y w9 8 confid5ce by a frankness 
t w\ld p]haps consid]ably surprise y\r  
ne>e/ neighbors & relations4 ,?is is due
 to ! %ortness ( ! opportunity2 b ) p :o
 live 9 ! same place1 y w proce$ mu* m  
delib]ately4  ,:oev] w\ld rema9 regul>ly
 provid$ ) intellectual fri5ds1 ought to
 arrange a succession ( fri5d%ips1 z    
g>d5]s d ) peas & /rawb]ries1 s t1 :il/ 
"s are fully ripe1 o!rs %\ld be rip5+ to
 replace !m4 ,?is doctr9e s\nds l       
blasphemy aga9/ fri5d%ip2 b x is n      
int5d$ to apply to ! sacr$ fri5d%ip ( ! 
he>t1 :i* ought to be p]man5t l m>riage1
 only to ! fri5d%ip ( ! head1 :i* is ( !
 utmo/ utility to culture1 yet 9 its    
nature tempor>y4 ,i "k a di/+ui%$       
,engli%man :o is q rem>kable = ! tal5t )
 :i* he arranges 8 intellectual         

fri5d%ips1 s z nev] to be dep5d5t on any
 "o1 b always sure ( ! int]c\rse he     
ne$s1 bo? n[ & 9 ! future4 ,he w nev] be
 isolat$1 nev] )\t "s fre% & liv+ int]e/
 9 humanity4 ,x may seem to y t !re is a
 lam5table want ( fai? 9 ?is2 & ,i grant
 at once t a sy/em ( ?is k9d does       
presuppose ! ext9ction ( ! boyi% belief 
9 ! p]man5ce ( human relations2 /ill1 x 
indicates a l>ge-m9d$ confid5ce 9 !     
value ( human int]c\rse1 an enjoym5t ( !
 pres5t1 a hope = ! future1 & a "r      
appreciation ( ! pa/4  ,no?+ is m       
beautiful 9 ! intellectual life ?an !   
will+ness ( all cultivat$ p--unless !y  
happ5 to be accid5tally s\r$ by         
circum/ances t h made !m wret*$--to     
communicate to o!rs ! results ( all _!  
toil4 ,x is true t !y app>5tly lose no?+
 by ! process1 & t a ri* man :o gives "s
 portion ( 8 mat]ial weal? ex]cises a   
great] self-d5ial2 /ill1 :5 y consid] t 
m5 ( culture1 9 tea*+ o!rs1 ab&on some?+
 ( _! relative sup]iority1 & (t5        
volunt>ily incur ! sacrifice ( :at is   

mo/ preci\s to !m1 namely1 _! "t1 ,i ?9k
 y w admit t _! read9ess 9 ?is k9d (    
g5]osity is "o ( ! f9e/ *>act]i/ics (   
highly-develop$ humanity4 ,( all        
intellectual fri5d%ips1 none are s      
beautiful z ^? :i* subsi/ betwe5 old &  
ripe m5 & _! y\ng] bre?r5 9 sci5ce1 or  
lit]ature1 or art4 ,x is by ^! private  
fri5d%ips1 ev5 m ?an by public p]=mance1
 t ! tradition ( s\nd ?9k+ & great do+  
is p]petuat$ f age to age4 ,hoog/rat51  
:o 0 a pupil ( ,rembr&t1 ask$ him _m    
que/ions1 :i* ! great ma/] answ]$       
?us3--,try to put well 9 practice :at y 
already "k2 9 s do+ y w1 9 good "t1     
discov] ! hidd5 ?+s :i* y n[ inquire    
ab\t4 ,t answ] ( ,rembr&t's is typical (
 ! mature/ tea*+4 ,h[ truly fri5dly x   
is2 h[ full ( enc\ragem5t2 h[ k9d 9 its 
admission t ! y\ng] arti/ did already "k
 some?+ wor? putt+ into practice2 & yet1
 at ! same "t1 h[ judici\s 9 its res]ve6
 ,few ( u h be5 s exceptionally         
un=tunate z n to f9d1 9 our own age1 "s 
exp]i5c$ fri5d :o has help$ u by preci\s

 c\nsel1 nev] to be =gott54 ,we _c r5d] 
x 9 k9d2 b p]haps 9 ! fulness ( "t x may
 become our noble/ duty to aid ano!r z  
we h ourselves be5 aid$1 & to transmit  
to him an invaluable treasure1 !        
tradition ( ! intellectual life4        
,,lett] ,,ii4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,g5tleman  
,,:o ,,liv$ ,,mu* ,,9 ,,fa%ionable      
,,society4    ,c]ta9 dang]s to !        
intellectual life--,difficult to resi/ !
   influ5ces (                          
society--,gild+--,fa%ionable            
education--,affectations (   k--,n easy 
to asc]ta9 :at p really "k--,value (    
real k dim9i%$--,"s good effects (      
affectations--,_!   bad effect on       
work]s--,skill 9 amusem5ts4  ,! k9d (   
life :i* y h be5 lead+ = ! la/ ?ree or  
f\r ye>s w always be valuable to y z a  
pa/ exp]i5ce1 b if ! intellectual       
ambition y confess to me is q s]i\s1 ,i 
w\ld v5ture to sugge/ t !re are c]ta9   
dang]s 9 ! cont9uation ( y\r pres5t     
exi/5ce if altoge!r un9t]rupt$4 ,pray d 
n suspect me ( any n>r[ prejudice aga9/ 

human int]c\rse1 or ( any wi% to make a 
h]mit ( y be=e y\r "t1 b believe t ! few
 obs]vations ,i h to make are gr\nd$    
simply on ! desire t y\r c>e] %\ld be   
entirely satisfactory to y\r own matur] 
judgm5t1 :5 y w look back ^u x aft] _m  
ye>s4  ,an intellectual man may g into  
g5]al society q safely if only he c     
resi/ its influ5ce ^u 8 s]i\s "w2 b su* 
resi/ance is difficult 9 maturity &     
impossible 9 y\?4  ,! sort ( influ5ce   
mo/ to be dread$ is ?is4 ,society is1 & 
mu/ be1 bas$ ^u appe>ances1 & n ^u !    
deepe/ realities4 ,x requires "s degree 
( reality to produce ! appe>ance1 b n a 
sub/antial reality4 ,gild+ is ! p]fect  
type ( :at ,society requires4 ,a c]ta9  
quantity ( gold is necess>y = ! "w ( !  
gild]1 b a v small quantity1 & skill 9  
apply+ ! metal s z to cov] a l>ge       
surface1 is ( great] consequ5ce ?an !   
weight ( ! metal itself4 ,! m9d ( a     
fa%ionable p]son is a c>efully gild$    
m9d4  ,consid] fa%ionable education4    
,society imp]atively requires an outside

 k ( _m ?+s2 n p]mitt+ ! frank          
confession ( ignorance1 :il/ x is yet   
satisfi$ ) a degree ( k diff]+ only f   
av[$ ignorance 9 p]mitt+ y to be less   
s9c]e4 ,all "y ladies1 :e!r gift$ by    
nature ) any musical tal5t or n1 are    
compell$ to say t !y h le>n$ to play ^u 
! piano2 all "y g5tlem5 are compell$ to 
affect to "k ,lat94 ,9 ! same way !     
public op9ion ( ,society compels its    
memb]s to pret5d to "k & appreciate !   
ma/]pieces ( lit]ature & art4 ,!re is1 9
 tru?1 s mu* compulsion ( ?is k9d t x is
 n easy to asc]ta9 :at p d really "k &  
c>e ab\t until !y admit y into _!       
confid5ce4  ,! inevitable effect ( ^!   
affectations is to dim9i% ! value1 9    
,society1 ( g5u9e k & accompli%m5t ( all
 k9ds4 ,i "k a man :o is a ,lat9 s*ol>2 
he is "o ( ! few mod]ns :o h really     
le>n$ ,lat92 b 9 fa%ionable society ?is 
br+s him no di/9ction1 because we are   
all suppos$ to "k ,lat91 & ! true s*ol>1
 :5 he appe>s1 _c be di/+ui%$ f !       
multitude ( fa%ionable pret5d]s4 ,i "k  

ano!r man :o c draw2 !re are n _m m51   
ev5 among/ arti/s1 :o c draw s\ndly2 yet
 9 fa%ionable society he does n get !   
s]i\s sort ( respect :i* he des]ves1    
because fa%ionable p believe t draw+ is 
an accompli%m5t g5]ally atta9able by "y 
ladies & communicable by gov]nesses4 ,i 
h no wi% to ins9uate t ,society is      
wrong1 9 requir+ a c]ta9 pret5ce to     
education 9 v>i\s subjects1 & a c]ta9   
affectation ( int]e/ 9 ma/]pieces1 = ^! 
pret5ces & affectations d s]ve to deliv]
 x f ! d>kness ( a q absolute ignorance4
 ,a society ( fa%ionable p :o ?9k x     
necess>y to be able to talk sup]ficially
 ab\t ! labors ( m5 really belong+ to ! 
intellectual class1 is always sure to be
 mu* bett] in=m$ ?an a ,society su* z t 
( ! ,fr5* peasantry1 = example1 :]e     
nobody is expect$ to "k any?+4 ,x is    
well = ,society itself t x %\ld pr(ess a
 deep respect = classical le>n+1 = !    
great mod]n poets & pa9t]s1 = sci5tific 
discov]]s1 ev5 ?\gh ! majority ( its    
memb]s d n s]i\sly c>e ab\t !m4 ,!      

pret5sion itself requires a c]ta9 degree
 ( k1 z gild+ requires a c]ta9 quantity 
( gold4  ,! evil effects ( ^!           
affectations may be summ$ up 9 a s5t5ce4
 ,!y dim9i% ! app>5t value ( ! realities
 :i* !y imitate1 & !y t5d to weak5 our  
en?usiasm = ^? great realities1 & our   
ardor 9 ! pursuit ( !m4 ,! impression   
:i* fa%ionable society produces ^u a    
/ud5t :o has /r5g? en\gh to resi/ x1 is 
a pa9ful s5se ( isolation 9 8 e>ne/ "w4 
,if he goes back to ! "w ) c\rage       
undim9i%$1 he /ill cle>ly realizes--:at 
x w\ld be bett] = him n to realize q s  
cle>ly--! uselessness ( go+ beyond      
fa%ionable /&>ds1 if he aims at social  
success4 ,& !re is /ill ano!r ?+ to be  
said :i* conc]ns y j n[ v p>ticul>ly4   
,:oev] leads ! intellectual life 9 e>ne/
 is sure on "s po9ts to fail 9 /rict    
ob$i5ce to ! exig5cies ( fa%ionable     
life1 s t1 if fa%ionable successes are  
/ill de> to him1 he w be con/antly      
tempt$ to make "s su* reflections z !   
foll[+3--,"h am ,i1 giv+ ye>s & ye>s (  

labor to a pursuit :i* br+s no ext]nal  
rew>d1 :5 half z mu* "w w\ld keep me    
abrea/ ( ! society ,i live )1 9 ev]y?+ x
 really c>es ab\t4 ,i "k q well all t my
 le>n+ is co/+ me4 ,o!r m5 out%9e me    
easily 9 social pleasures &             
accompli%m5ts4 ,my skill at billi>ds &  
on ! moors is evid5tly decl9+1 & ,i _c  
ride or drive s well z fell[s :o d v    
little else4 ,9 fact ,i am becom+ an old
 muff1 & all ,i h to %[ on ! o!r side is
 a degree ( s*ol>%ip :i* only six m5 9  
,europe c appreciate1 & a speciality 9  
natural sci5ce 9 :i* my little          
discov]ies are sure to be ei!r          
anticipat$ or left beh9d4  ,! tru? is1 t
 to succe$ well 9 fa%ionable society !  
high] intellectual atta9m5ts are n s    
useful z di/+ui%$ skill 9 ^? amusem5ts  
:i* are ! real bus9ess ( ! fa%ionable   
_w4 ,! ?ree ?+s :i* tell be/ 9 y\r favor
 among/ "y g5tlem5 are to be an excell5t
 %ot1 to ride well to h\nds1 & to play  
billi>ds ) great skill4 ,i wi% to say   
no?+ aga9/ any ( ^! accompli%m5ts1 hav+ 

an especially he>ty admiration & respect
 = all good horsem51 & consid]+ ! game (
 billi>ds ! mo/ p]fectly beautiful (    
games2 /ill1 ! fact rema9s t to d ^! ?+s
 z well z "s "y g5tlem5 d !m1 we mu/    
devote ! "t :i* !y devote1 & if we      
regul>ly give n9e h\rs a day to grav]   
occupations1 pray1 h[ & :]e are we to   
f9d x8   ,,lett] ,,iii4  ,,to ,a ,,"y   
,,g5tleman ,,:o ,,liv$ ,,mu* ,,9        
,,fa%ionable ,,society4    ,"s          
exceptional m5 may live alt]nately 9    
diff]5t   worlds--,in/ances--,diff]5ces 
betwe5 ! fa%ionable & !   intellectual  
_s--,m5 sometimes made unfa%ionable by  
special   natural gifts--,sometimes by  
trifl+ ext]nal circum/ances--,anecdote  
( ,ampre--,he did n %9e 9 society--,8   
wife's anxieties ab\t 8   mat]ial       
wants--,app>5t contra/ betwe5 ,ampre &  
,oliv] ,goldsmi?4  ,y ask me :y !re %\ld
 be any fundam5tal incompatibility      
betwe5 ! fa%ionable & ! intellectual    
lives4 ,x seems to y t ! two might      
possibly be reconcil$1 & y m5tion       

in/ances ( m5 :o atta9$ intellectual    
di/9ction )\t des]t+ ! fa%ionable _w4   
,yes1 !re h be5 a few examples ( m5     
end[$ ) t ov]fl[ ( en]gy :i* p]mits !   
mo/ opposite pursuits1 & enables its    
possessors to live1 app>5tly1 9 two     
worlds betwe5 :i* !re is n any natural  
aff9ity4 ,a fam\s ,fr5* noveli/ once    
took ! tr\ble to elaborate ! portrait ( 
a lady :o pass$ "o half ( h] "t 9 virtue
 & *ur*es1 :il/ %e employ$ ! o!r half 9 
! wilde/ adv5tures4 ,9 real life ,i may 
allude to a di/+ui%$ ,engli% engrav]1 :o
 sp5t a =tnight ov] 8 plate & a =tnight 
9 "s fa%ionable wat]+-place1 alt]nately1
 & :o f\nd ?is di/ribution ( 8 "t n     
unfavorable to ! ela/icity ( 8 m9d4 ,_m 
h>d-work+ ,london]s1 :o fairly des]ve to
 be consid]$ intellectual m51 pass _!   
days 9 pr(essional labor & _! ev5+s 9   
fa%ionable society4 ,b 9 all in/ances ( 
?is k9d ! pr(essional "w is s]i\s en\gh1
 & regul> en\gh1 to give a v sub/antial 
basis to ! life1 s t ! times (          
recreation are kept daily subord9ate by 

! v necessity ( circum/ances4 ,if y _h a
 pr(ession1 & 7 oblig$ to foll[ x 9     
e>ne/ six or eight h\rs a day1 ! m      
,society amus$ y ! bett]4 ,! dang] 9 y\r
 case is t y\r :ole exi/5ce may take a  
fa%ionable tone4  ,! esprit or tone (   
fa%ion diff]s f ! intellectual tone 9   
ways :i* ,i w attempt to def9e4 ,fa%ion 
is no?+ m ?an ! tempor>y cu/om ( ri* &  
idle p :o make x _! pr9cipal bus9ess to 
/udy ! ext]nal elegance ( life4 ,?is    
cu/om incessantly *anges4 ,if y\r habits
 ( m9d & life *ange ) x y are a         
fa%ionable p]son1 b if y\r habits ( m9d 
& life ei!r rema9 p]man5tly fix$ or     
foll[ "s law ( y\r own individual       
nature1 !n y are outside ( fa%ion4 ,!   
intellectual _s is rem>kable = its      
indep5d5ce ( cu/om1 & !re=e on _m       
occasions x w cla% ) ! fa%ionable _s4 ,x
 does s mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! *oice (       
pursuits1 & 9 ! proportionate importance
 :i* ! individual /ud5t w 79 8 own case7
 assign to 8 pursuits4 ,! regulations ( 
fa%ionable life h fix$1 at ! lea/       

tempor>ily1 ! degree ( "t & att5tion :i*
 a fa%ionable p]son may devote to ?is ?+
 or t4 ,! intellectual _s ignores ^!    
regulations1 & devotes its possessor1 or
 m accurately its possess$1 to !        
intellectual speciality = :i* he has mo/
 aptitude1 (t5 leav+ him ignorant ( :at 
fa%ion has decid$ to be ess5tial4 ,aft] 
liv+ ! intellectual life = sev]al ye>s  
he w "k too mu* ( "o ?+ & too little (  
"s o!r ?+s to be 9 con=mity ) !         
fa%ionable ideal4 ,= example1 !         
fa%ionable ideal ( a g5tleman requires  
classical s*ol>%ip1 b x is s difficult =
 arti/s & m5 ( sci5ce to be classical   
s*ol>s also t 9 ?is respect !y are      
likely to fall %ort4 ,i knew a man :o   
became unfa%ionable because he _h a     
g5ius = me*anics4 ,he 0 always ab\t     
/eam-eng9es1 &1 ?\gh a g5tleman by bir?1
 associat$ f *oice ) m5 :o und]/ood !   
sci5ce t *iefly int]e/$ him1 ( :i* all  
fa%ionable p 7 s pr(\ndly ignorant t he 
habitually kept out ( _! way4 ,he1 on 8 
"p1 neglect$ s*ol>%ip & lit]ature & all 

t arti/ry ( life1 z ,mr4 ,rob]t ,lytton 
calls x1 9 :i* fa%ionable society       
excels4 ,m5 are frequ5tly driv5 into    
unfa%ionable exi/5ce by ! v =ce & vigor 
( _! own intellectual gifts1 & sometimes
 by ext]nal circum/ances1 app>5tly mo/  
trifl+1 yet ( inf9ite influ5ce on human 
de/9y4 ,!re is a good in/ance ( ?is 9 a 
lett] f ,ampre to 8 "y wife1 t ,julie :o
 0 lo/ to him s soon4 ,i w5t to d9e     
ye/]day at ,madame ,beaureg>d's ) h&s   
black5$ by a h>mless drug :i* /a9s ! sk9
 = ?ree or f\r days4 ,%e decl>$ t x     
look$ l manure1 & left ! table1 say+ t  
%e w\ld d9e :5 ,i 0 at a di/ance4 ,i    
promis$ n to return !re be=e my h&s 7   
:ite4 ,( c\rse ,i %all nev] ent] ! h\se 
aga94  ,"h we h an in/ance ( a man (    
sci5ce :o has tempor>ily disqualifi$    
himself = polite society by an exp]im5t 
9 ! pursuit ( k4 ,:at d y ?9k ( !       
vulg>ity ( ,madame ,beaureg>d8 ,to me x 
appe>s ! p]fect type ( t preoccupation  
ab\t appe>ances :i* bl9ds ! g5teel vulg>
 to ! true nobility ( life4 ,7 n        

,ampre's /a9$ h&s nobl] ?an _m :ite     
ones8 ,x is n necess>y = e intellectual 
work] to black5 8 f+]s ) *emicals1 b a  
k9d ( ru/ v frequ5tly comes ov] him :i* 
ought to be z readily =giv51 yet r>ely  
is =giv54 ,9 8 relations ) ! _w1 writes 
! biograph] ( ,ampre1 ! au?ority (      
sup]iority disappe>$4 ,to ?is ! c\rse ( 
ye>s br\ght no alt]native4 ,ampre become
 celebrat$1 lad5 ) honorable di/9ctions1
 ! great ,ampre6 outside ! speculations 
( ! intellect1 0 hesitat+ & timid aga91 
disquiet$ & tr\bl$1 & m dispos$ to      
accord 8 confid5ce to o!rs ?an to       
himself4  ,intellectual pursuits did n  
qualify ,ampre1 !y d n qualify any "o1 =
 success 9 fa%ionable society4 ,to      
succe$ 9 ! _w y ought to be ( ! _w1 s z 
to %>e ! ?+s :i* int]e/ x )\t too wide a
 deviation f ! preval5t curr5t ( y\r    
?\ghts4 ,its pass+ int]e/s1 its tempor>y
 cu/oms1 its transi5t phases ( s5tim5t &
 op9ion1 ought to be = ! mom5t y\r own  
int]e/s1 y\r own feel+s & op9ions4 ,a   
m9d absorb$ z ,ampre's 0 9 !            

contemplation & elucidation ( !         
un*angeable laws ( nature1 is too mu*   
fix$ ^u ! p]man5t to adapt itself       
naturally to ^! ev]-v>y+ e/imates4 ,he  
did n easily speak ! _w's light]        
language1 he c\ld n move ) its mobility4
 ,su* m5 =get ev5 :at !y eat & :at !y   
put on2 ,ampre's "y wife 0 9 con/ant    
anxiety1 :il/ ! pair 7 sep>at$ by !     
sev]ity ( _! fate1 z to ! suffici5cy ( 8
 diet & ! dec5cy ( 8 appe>ance4 ,"o day 
%e writes to him to m9d n to g out 9 8  
%abby old coat1 & 9 ! same lett] %e     
entreats him to pur*ase a bottle ( w9e1 
s t :5 he took no milk or bro? he w\ld  
f9d x1 & :5 x 0 all drunk %e tells him  
to buy ano!r bottle4 ,aft]w>ds %e asks  
him :e!r he makes a good fire1 & if he  
has any *airs 9 8 room4 ,9 ano!r lett]  
%e inquires if 8 b$ is com=table1 & 9   
ano!r %e tells him to m9d ab\t 8 acids1 
= he has burnt holes 9 8 blue /ock+s4   
,aga91 %e begs him to try to h a        
passably dec5t appe>ance1 because t w   
give pleasure to 8 poor wife4 ,he       

answ]s1 to tranquillize h]1 t he does n 
burn 8 ?+s n[1 & t he makes *emical     
exp]im5ts only 9 8 old bree*es ) 8 gray 
coat & 8 wai/coat ( gre5i% velvet4 ,b "o
 day he is =c$ to confess t %e mu/ s5d  
him new tr\s]s if he is to appe> be=e   
,,mm4 ,delambre & ,vill>s4 ,he does n "k
 :at to d1 8 be/ bree*es /ill smell (   
turp5t9e1 &1 hav+ wi%$ to put on tr\s]s 
to g to ! ,society ( ,emulation1 he saw 
! hole :i* ,b>rat fanci$ he _h m5d$     
become bigg] ?an ev]1 s t x %[$ ! piece 
( diff]5t clo? :i* he _h s[n "u x4 ,he  
adds t 8 wife w be afraid t he w spoil 8
 beau pantalon1 b he promises to s5d x  
back to h] z clean z :5 he receiv$ x4   
,h[ diff]5t is all ?is f t wat*ful c>e  
ab\t ext]nals :i* m>ks ! man ( fa%ion6  
,ampre 0 q a "y man !n1 /ill almo/ a    
bridegroom1 yet he is already s absorb$ 
9 ! intellectual life z to =get         
appe>ances utt]ly1 except :5 ,julie1 )  
fem99e wat*fulness1 writes to recall !m 
to 8 m9d4 ,i am n def5d+ or advocat+ ?is
 c>elessness4 ,x is bett] to be neat &  

tidy ?an to g 9 holes & pat*es2 b ,i    
desire to insi/ ^u ! radical diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! fa%ionable _s & ! intellectual 
_s4 ,& ?is diff]5ce1 :i* %[s itself 9 ^!
 ext]nal ?+s1 is n less evid5t 9 ! clo?+
 or prep>ation ( ! m9d4 ,ampre's        
intellect1 great & noble z x 01 c\ld    
sc>cely be consid]$ m suitable = le gr& 
monde ?an ! bree*es t smelt ( turp5t9e1 
or ! tr\s]s made ragg$ by aqua=tis4  ,a 
spl5did contra/1 z to tailor+1 0 our own
 de> ,oliv] ,goldsmi?1 :o display$      
himself 9 ^? wond]ful velvet coats &    
sat9 small-clo!s f ,mr4 ,filby's1 :i*   
are m fam\s ?an ! f9e/ g>m5ts ev] worn  
by pr9ce or pe]4 ,:o does n rememb] t   
bloom-color$ coat :i* ! able/ pa9t]s h  
/udi\sly immortaliz$1 made by ,john     
,filby1 at ! ,h>r[1 9 ,wat] ,lane 7be/  
adv]tis$ ( tailors671 & t *>m+ blue     
velvet suit1 :i* ,mr4 ,filby 0 nev] paid
 =8 ,surely a poet s spl5did 0 fit = !  
c>e] ( fa%ion6 ,no1 ,oliv] ,goldsmi?'s  
velvet & lace 7 ! expression ( a deep & 
pa9ful s5se ( p]sonal unfitness4 ,!y 7 !

 f9e frame :i* is int5d$ to pass (f an  
awkw>d & imp]fect picture4 ,!re 0 a     
quiet] dignity 9 ,johnson's ?readb>e    
sleeves4 ,johnson1 ! mo/ influ5tial ?\gh
 n ! mo/ elegant intellect ( 8 "t1 is   
gr&] 9 8 neglect ( fa%ion ?an ,goldsmi? 
9 8 ru9\s subs]vi5ce4 ,& if x 7 p]mitt$ 
to me to speak ( two or ?ree great      
g5iuses :o adorn ! age 9 :i* we         
ourselves are liv+1 ,i might add t !y   
seem to foll[ ! example ( ! au?or (     
,rasselas r ?an t ( ,mr4 ,filby's       
illu/ri\s cu/om]4 ,!y rem9d me ( a good 
old squire :o1 f a f9e s5tim5t ( duty1  
p]mitt$ ! village arti/ to d 8 wor/ ^u  
him1 & incurr$ !reby ?is )]+ obs]vation 
f 8 metropolitan tailor3 ,y are cov]$1  
sir1 b y are n dress$6   ,,lett] ,,iv4  
,,to ,a ,,"y ,,g5tleman ,,:o ,,liv$     
,,mu* ,,9 ,,fa%ionable ,,society4       
,te/ ( pr(essions--,mobility (          
fa%ionable ta/e--,practical s]vice   (  
an ext]nal def]5ce to                   
culture--,incompatibility betwe5        
fa%ionable & intellectual lives--,:at   

ea* has to (f]4  ,y\r polite1 almo/     
diplomatic answ] to my lett] ab\t       
fa%ionable society may be n unfairly    
conc5trat$ into "s su* p>agraph z !     
foll[+3--  ,:at gr\nds h ,i = conclud+ t
 ! pr(ess$ ta/es & op9ions ( ,society   
are 9 any degree ins9c]e8 ,may n society
 be q s9c]e 9 ! pref]5ces :i* x         
pr(esses1 & are n ! pref]5ces !mselves  
almo/ always cr$itable to ! good ta/e & 
really advanc$ culture ( ! ,society :i* 
,i suspect ( a c]ta9 degree (           
affectation8  ,?is is ! s5se ( y\r      
lett]1 & 9 reply to x ,i give y a simple
 b sure te/4 ,is ! pr(ess$ op9ion c>ri$ 
out 9 practice1 :5 !re are fair         
opportunities = practice8  ,let u g s f>
 z to exam9e a p>ticul> in/ance4 ,y\r   
fri5ds pr(ess to appreciate classical   
lit]ature4 ,d !y read x8 ,or1 on ! o!r  
h&1 d !y conf9e !mselves to believ+ t x 
is a good ?+ = o!r p to read x8  ,:5 ,i 
0 a s*oolboy1 p told me t ! classical   
au?ors ( antiquity 7 em95tly useful1 &  
inde$ absolutely necess>y to ! culture (

 ! human m9d1 b ,i p]ceiv$ t !y did n   
read !m4 ,s ,i h he>d _m p express great
 respect = art & sci5ce1 only !y did n g
 s f> z to ma/] any dep>tm5t ( art or   
sci5ce4  ,if y w apply ?is te/ to !     
pr(essions ( :at is especially call$    
fa%ionable society x is probable t y w  
arrive at ! conclusions ( ! m9ority1 :i*
 ,i h endeavor$ to express4 ,y w f9d t !
 fa%ionable _w rema9s v cont5t$ly       
outside ! true work+ intellectual life1 
& does n really %>e ei!r its labors or  
its aspirations4  ,ano!r k9d ( evid5ce1 
:i* tells 9 ! same direction1 is !      
mobility ( fa%ionable ta/e4 ,at "o "t "s
 /udies are fa%ionable1 at ano!r "t ^!  
are neglect$ & o!rs h tak5 _! place4 ,y 
w n f9d ?is fickl5ess 9 ! true          
intellectual _w1 :i* /eadily pursues all
 its v>i\s /udies1 & keeps !m well      
abrea/1 c5tury aft] c5tury4  ,if ,i     
insi/ ^u ?is di/9ction ) ref]5ce to y1 d
 n accuse me ( ho/ility ev5 to fa%ion   
itself4 ,fa%ion is "o ( ! great ,div9e  
in/itutions ( human society1 & ! be/    

philosophy rebels aga9/ none ( !        
au?orities t be1 b /udies & endeavors to
 expla9 !m4 ,! ext]nal def]5ce :i*      
,society yields to culture is           
practically ( great s]vice1 al?\gh 7,i  
repeat ! epi!t7 x is ext]nal4 ,! sort ( 
good effect is 9 ! intellectual sph]e   
:at ! good effect ( a g5]al religi\s    
pr(ession is 9 ! moral sph]e4 ,all      
fa%ionable society goes to *ur*4        
,fa%ionable religion diff]s f ! religion
 ( ,pet] & ,paul z fa%ionable sci5ce    
diff]s f t ( ,humboldt & ,arago1 yet1   
not)/&+ ?is diff]5ce1 ! pr(ession (     
religion is useful to ,society z "s     
re/ra9t1 at lea/ dur+ "o day out ( sev51
 ^u its invet]ate t5d5cy to live        
exclusively = its amusem5t4 ,& if any   
s\l happ5s to come into exi/5ce 9 !     
fa%ionable _w :i* has ! g5u9e religi\s  
nature1 t nature has a *ance ( develop+ 
itself1 & ( f9d+ ready to h& c]ta9      
cu/oms :i* are favorable to its         
well-be+4 ,s x is1 ?\gh 9 q a diff]5t   
direction1 ) ! e/eem :i* ,society       

pr(esses = intellectual pursuits4 ,x is 
an e/eem 9 great "p m]ely nom9al1 z     
fa%ionable ,*ri/ianity is nom9al1 & /ill
 x helps & favors ! e>ly developm5t ( ! 
g5u9e faculty :]e x exi/s4 ,x is c]ta9ly
 a great help to u t fa%ionable society1
 :i* has su* a trem5d\s1 su* an almo/   
irresi/ible p[] = good or evil1 does n  
op5ly disc\rage our pursuits1 b on !    
contr>y reg>ds !m ) great ext]nal       
def]5ce & respect4 ,! recognition :i*   
,society has giv5 to arti/s has be5     
want+ 9 frankness & 9 promptitude1 ?\gh 
ev5 9 ?is case mu* may be said to excuse
 a sort ( hesitation r ?an refusal :i* 0
 attributable to ! /rang5ess & novelty (
 ! arti/ic ca/e 9 ,engl&2 b ,society has
 f> m ?an a g5]ation pr(ess$ a respect =
 lit]ature & erudition :i* has help$ ^? 
two bran*es ( culture m effectually ?an 
great subsidies ( money4 ,! exact tru?  
seems to be t ,society is s9c]e 9       
approv+ our devotion to ^! pursuits1 b  
is n yet suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 !m to    
appreciate !m o!rwise ?an f ! outside1 j

 z a fa!r & "m applaud _! boys = read+  
,?ucydides1 yet d n read him !mselves1  
ei!r 9 ! orig9al or 9 a translation4    
,all t ,i c>e to insi/ ^u is t !re is a 
degree ( incompatibility betwe5 !       
fa%ionable & ! intellectual lives :i*   
makes x necess>y1 at a c]ta9 "t1 to     
*oose "o or ! o!r z our own4 ,!re is no 
ho/ility1 !re ne$ n be any un*>itable   
feel+ on "o side or ! o!r1 b !re mu/ be 
a resolute *oice betwe5 ! two4 ,if y    
decide = ! intellectual life1 y w incur 
a def9ite loss to set aga9/ y\r ga94    
,y\r exi/5ce may h calm] & pr(\nd]      
satisfactions1 b x w be less amus+1 &   
ev5 9 an appreciable degree less human2 
less 9 h>mony1 ,i mean1 ) ! common      
in/9cts & feel+s ( humanity4 ,= !       
fa%ionable _w1 al?\gh decorat$ by habits
 ( exp5se1 has enjoym5t = its object1 & 
arrives at enjoym5t by ^? me?ods :i* !  
exp]i5ce ( g5]ations has prov$ to be mo/
 efficaci\s4 ,v>iety ( amusem5t1 frequ5t
 *ange ( sc5]y & society1 heal?y        
ex]cise1 pleasant occupation ( ! m9d )\t

 fatigue--^! ?+s d inde$ make exi/5ce   
agreeable to human nature1 & ! sci5ce ( 
liv+ agreeably is bett] und]/ood 9 !    
fa%ionable society ( ,engl& ?an by      
labori\s /ud5ts & savans4 ,! life l$ by 
t society is ! true heav5 ( ! natural   
man1 :o likes to h frequ5t fea/s & a    
he>ty appetite1 :o enjoys ! v>y+        
spectacle ( weal?1 & spl5dor1 &         
pleasure1 :o loves to wat*1 f ! ,olympus
 ( 8 p]sonal ease1 ! curi\s results (   
labor 9 :i* he takes no "p1 ! int]e/+   
+5uity ( ! toil+ _w bel[4 ,9 ex*ange =  
^! v>i$ pleasures ( ! spectator !       
intellectual life c (f] y b "o          
satisfaction1 = all its promises are    
r$ucible simply to ?is1 t y %all come at
 la/1 aft] inf9ite labor1 into contact )
 "s great reality--t y %all "k1 & d1 9  
su* sort t y w feel y\rself on firm     
gr\nd & be recogniz$--probably n mu*    
applaud$1 b yet recogniz$--z a          
fell[-labor] by o!r kn[]s & do]s4 ,be=e 
y come to ?is1 mo/ ( y\r pres5t         
accompli%m5ts w be ab&on$ by y\rself z  

unsatisfactory & insuffici5t1 b "o or   
two ( !m w be turn$ to bett] acc\nt1 & w
 give y aft] _m ye>s a tranquil         
self-respect1 &1 :at is /ill r>] &      
bett]1 a v deep & e>ne/ rev]5ce = !     
greatness :i* is above y4 ,sev]$ f !    
vanities ( ! ,illusory1 y w live ) !    
realities ( k1 z "o :o has quitt$ !     
pa9t$ sc5]y ( ! !atre to li/5 by !      
et]nal ocean or gaze at ! granite hills4
   ,,lett] ,v4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,g5tleman 
,,:o ,,kept ,,entirely ,,out ,,(        
,,company4    ,t ,society :i* is        
frivol\s 9 ! mass conta9s individuals :o
   are n frivol\s--,a piece ( ! au?or's 
e>ly exp]i5ce--,^? :o   keep out (      
,society miss opportunities--,p talk    
ab\t :at !y   h 9 common--,t we ought to
 be tol]ant ( dulness--,! loss to       
,society if sup]ior m5 all held         
alo(--,utility ( ! gift$ 9   g5]al      
society--,!y ought n to submit to       
expulsion4  ,i will+ly conc$e all t y   
say aga9/ fa%ionable society z a :ole4  
,x is1 z y say1 frivol\s1 b5t on        

amusem5t1 incapable ( att5tion          
suffici5tly prolong$ to grasp any s]i\s 
subject1 & liable bo? to confusion &    
inaccuracy 9 ! ideas :i* x ha/ily =ms or
 easily receives4 ,y d "r1 assur$ly1 n  
to let x wa/e y\r mo/ valuable h\rs1 b  
,i believe also t y d wrong 9 keep+ out 
( x altoge!r4  ,! society :i* seems s   
frivol\s 9 masses conta9s individual    
memb]s :o1 if y knew !m bett]1 w\ld be  
able & will+ to r5d] y ! mo/ effici5t   
intellectual help1 & y miss ?is help by 
re/rict+ y\rself exclusively to books4  
,no?+ c replace ! conv]sation ( liv+ m5 
& wom52 n ev5 ! ri*e/ lit]ature c       
replace x4  ,_m ye>s ago ,i 0 ?r[n by   
accid5t among/ a c]ta9 society (        
,engli%m5 :o1 :5 !y 7 all toge!r1 nev]  
talk$ ab\t any?+ wor? talk+ ab\t4 ,_!   
g5]al conv]sations 7 absolutely empty & 
null1 & ,i conclud$1 z "y m5 s easily   
conclude1 t ^? tw5ty or ?irty g5tlem5 _h
 n half a doz5 ideas among/ !m4 ,a      
little reflection might h rem9d$ me t my
 own talk 0 no bett] ?an !irs1 &        

consequ5tly t !re might be o!rs 9 !     
company :o also knew m & ?\ght m ?an !y 
express$4 ,i f\nd out1 by accid5t1 aft] 
a:ile1 t "s ( ^! m5 _h m ?an common     
culture 9 v>i\s directions2 "o or two _h
 travell$ f>1 & br\ght home ! results ( 
mu* obs]vation2 "o or two _h read       
l>gely1 & ) pr(it2 m ?an "o _h /udi$ a  
sci5ce2 five or six _h se5 a great deal 
( ! _w4 ,x 0 a y\?ful mi/ake to conclude
 t1 because _! g5]al conv]sation 0 v    
dull1 ! m5 7 dull individually4 ,! g5]al
 conv]sations ( ,engli% society are     
dull2 x is a national *>act]i/ic4 ,b !  
m5 !mselves are individually (t5 v well 
in=m$1 & q capable ( imp>t+ _! in=mation
 to a s+le int]e/$ li/5]4 ,! art is to  
be t li/5]4 ,engli%m5 h ! greate/ dread 
( produc+ !mselves 9 ! semi-publicity ( 
a g5]al conv]sation1 because !y fe> t _!
 special topics may n be c>$ = by "s ( !
 p]sons pres5t2 b if y c get "o ( !m    
into a quiet corn] by himself1 & humor 8
 %yness ) suffici5t delicacy & tact1 he 
w disburd5 8 m9d at la/1 & exp]i5ce a   

relief 9 s do+4  ,by keep+ out ( society
 altoge!r y miss ^! preci\s             
opportunities4 ,! wise c\rse is to mix z
 mu* ) ! _w z may be possible )\t )draw+
 too mu* "t f y\r s]i\s /udies1 b n to  
expect any?+ valuable f ! g5]al talk1   
:i* is no?+ b a neutral m$ium 9 :i*     
intellig5ces float & move z ya*ts d 9   
sea-wat]1 & = :i* !y ought n to be held 
individually responsible4 ,! talk (     
,society answ]s its purpose if x simply 
p]mits _m diff]5t p to come toge!r )\t  
cla%+1 & ! purpose ( its conv5tions is !
 avoidance ( collision4 ,9 ,engl& !     
small talk is heavy1 l wat]2 9 ,france x
 is light z air2 9 bo? c\ntries x is a  
m$ium & no m4  ,society talks1 by       
pref]5ce1 ab\t amusem5ts2 x does s      
because :5 p meet = recreation !y wi% to
 relieve _! m9ds f s]i\s c>es1 & also = 
! practical reason t ,society mu/ talk  
ab\t :at its memb]s h 9 common1 & _!    
amusem5ts are m 9 common ?an _! "w4 ,z  
,m4 ,?i]s recomm5d$ ! republican =m (   
gov]nm5t 9 ,france on ! gr\nd t x 0 ! =m

 :i* divid$ 8 c\ntrym5 lea/1 s a polite 
& highly civiliz$ society *ooses = !    
subject ( g5]al conv]sation ! topic :i* 
is lea/ likely to sep>ate ! diff]5t p :o
 are pres5t4 ,x almo/ always happ5s t ! 
be/ topic hav+ ?is recomm5dation is "s  
species ( amusem5t2 s9ce amusem5ts are  
easily le>nt outside ! bus9ess ( life1 &
 we are all initiat$ into !m 9 y\?4  ,= 
^! reasons ,i ?9k t we ought to be      
extremely tol]ant ( ! dulness or        
frivolity :i* may seem to prevail 9 any 
num]\s company1 & n to conclude too     
ha/ily t ! memb]s ( x are 9 any degree m
 dull or frivol\s ?an ourselves4 ,x is  
un=tunate1 c]ta9ly1 t ! art ( g5]al     
conv]sation is n s successfully         
cultivat$ z x might be1 & !re are       
reasons = believ+ t our po/]ity w       
surpass u 9 ?is respect1 because z      
culture increases ! _s ( tol]ation      
increases ) x1 s t ! great que/ions (   
politics & religion1 9 :i* all are      
int]e/$1 may be discuss$ m safely ?an !y
 c\ld be at ! pres5t day1 by p]sons (   

diff]5t ways ( ?9k+4 ,b ev5 ! sort (    
g5]al conv]sation we h n[1 poor z x may 
seem1 /ill suffici5tly s]ves z a m$ium =
 human int]c\rse1 & p]mits u to meet on 
a common gr\nd :]e we may select at     
leisure ! agreeable or in/ructive fri5ds
 t our high] intellect ne$s1 & )\t :om !
 intellectual life is "o ( ! gha/lie/ ( 
solitudes4  ,& n[ p]mit me to add a few 
obs]vations on ano!r aspect ( ?is       
subject1 :i* is n )\t its importance4   
,let u suppose t e "o ( r m ?an ord9>y  
capacity & culture 7 to act z y y\rself 
are act+1 & )draw entirely f g5]al      
society4 ,let u leave out ( consid]ation
 = ! pres5t ! loss to _! private culture
 :i* w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( miss+ e     
opportunity = =m+ new intellectual      
fri5d%ips4 ,let u consid]1 ?is "t1 :at  
w\ld be ! consequ5ce to ,society itself4
  ,if all ! cultivat$ m5 7 )drawn f x1 !
 g5]al tone ( ,society w\ld inevitably  
desc5d mu* l[] ev5 ?an x is at pres5t2 x
 w\ld s9k s l[ t ! :ole national        
intellect w\ld und]go a sure &          

inevitable det]ioration4 ,x is pla9ly ! 
duty ( m5 situat$ z y are1 :o h be5     
end[$ by nature ) sup]ior faculties1 &  
:o h enl>g$ !m by ! acquisition ( k1 to 
pres]ve ,society by _! pres5ce f an evil
 s surely prolific ( bad consequ5ces4   
,if ,society is less n>r[1 & selfi%1 &  
intol]ant1 & apa!tic ?an x us$ to be1 x 
is because !y :o are ! salt ( ! e>? h n 
disda9$ to mix ) its gross] & e>?i]     
elem5ts4 ,all ! improvem5t 9 public     
s5tim5t1 & ! advancem5t 9 g5]al k :i* h 
m>k$ ! c\rse ( rec5t g5]ations1 are to  
be attribut$ to ! :olesome influ5ce ( m5
 :o c\ld ?9k & feel1 & :o /eadily       
ex]cis$1 (t5 q obscurely1 yet n ! less  
usefully 9 _! "t & place1 ! subtle b    
p[]ful attraction ( ! great] m9d ov] !  
less4 ,in/ead ( compla9+ t p are        
ignorant & frivol\s1 we ought to g      
among/ !m & lead !m to ! high] life4 ,i 
"k n h[ x is1 said "o 9 a dull circle to
 a m gift$ fri5d :o ent]$ x             
occasionally1 :5 we are left to         
ourselves we are all lam5tably /upid1 b 

:5ev] y are k9d en\gh to come among/ u  
we all talk v mu* bett]1 & ( ?+s t are  
well wor? talk+ ab\t4 ,! gift$ man is   
always welcome1 if only he w /oop to    
conqu]1 & =get himself to give light &  
heat to o!rs4 ,! l[ ,phili/9ism ( _m a  
prov9cial t[n is due ma9ly to ! %y      
res]ve ( ! "o or two sup]ior m5 :o fancy
 t !y _c amalgamate ) ! common intellect
 ( ! place4  ,n only w\ld ,i advocate a 
little pati5t condesc5sion1 b ev5 some?+
 ( ! /urdi] temp] :i* w n be driv5 out4 
,are ! ,phili/9es to h all ! talk to    
!mselves =ev]2 are !y to rehe>se _!     
/upid old platitudes )\t ! lea/ fe> (   
contradiction8 ,h[ long1 ,o ,"l8 h[     
long8 ,let u resolve t ev5 9 g5]al      
society !y %all n et]nally h ?+s _! own 
way4 ,somebody ought to h ! c\rage to   
enlight5 !m ev5 at _! own tables1 & 9 ! 
protect+ pres5ce ( _! admir+ wives &    
daught]s4   ,,lett] ,,vi4  ,,to ,a      
,,fri5d ,,:o ,,k9dly ,,w>n$ ,,! ,,au?or 
,,( ,,! ,,bad ,,effects ,,( ,,solitude4 
,v solis--,society & solitude alike     

necess>y--,! use ( ea*--,9   solitude we
 "k ourselves--,montaigne z a           
book-buy]--,comp5sations   (            
solitude--,description ( "o :o lov$ &   
s\ght x--,h[ m5 are   driv5 into        
solitude--,cultivat$ p 9 !              
prov9ces--,use (   solitude z a         
protection = r>e & delicate             
natures--,%elley's   dislike to g5]al   
society--,wordswor? & ,turn]--,sir      
,isaac ,newton's   repugnance to        
society--,augu/e ,comte--,8 sy/ematic   
isolation &   un%akable firmness (      
purpose--,milton & ,bunyan--,! solitude 
:i*   is really injuri\s--,pa9t]s &     
au?ors--,an ideal division ( life4  ,y  
cry to me ,v solis6 & ! cry seems n !   
less l\d & /irr+ t x comes 9 ! folds ( a
 lett]4 ,j at fir/ x q />tl$ & al>m$ me1
 & made me /rangely dissatisfi$ ) my    
life & "w2 b f>!r reflection has be5    
gradually reconcil+ me ev] s9ce1 & n[ ,i
 feel *e]ful aga91 & 9 a humor to answ] 
y4  ,woe unto him t is alone6 ,?is has  
be5 (t5 said1 b ! /udi\s recluse may    

answ]1 ,woe unto him t is nev] alone &  
_c be> to be alone6  ,we ne$ society1 & 
we ne$ solitude also1 z we ne$ summ] &  
w9t]1 day & night1 ex]cise & re/4 ,i    
?ank heav5 = a ?\s& pleasant & pr(itable
 conv]sations ) acqua9tances & fri5ds2  
,i ?ank heav5 also1 & n less gratefully1
 = ?\s&s ( sweet h\rs t h pass$ 9       
solit>y ?\ght or labor1 "u ! sil5t />s4 
,society is necess>y to give u our %>e &
 place 9 ! collective life ( humanity1 b
 solitude is necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( !
 individual life4 ,society is to !      
individual :at travel & comm]ce are to a
 nation2 :il/ solitude repres5ts ! home 
life ( ! nation1 dur+ :i* x develops its
 especial orig9ality & g5ius4  ,! life (
 ! p]fect h]mit1 & t ( ^? p]sons :o feel
 !mselves no?+ individually1 & h no     
exi/5ce b :at !y receive f o!rs1 are    
alike imp]fect lives4 ,! p]fect life is 
l t ( a %ip ( w> :i* has its own place 9
 ! fleet & c %>e 9 its /r5g? &          
discipl9e1 b c also g =? alone 9 !      
solitude ( ! inf9ite sea4 ,we ought to  

belong to ,society1 to h our place 9 x1 
& yet to be capable ( a complete        
individual exi/5ce outside ( x4  ,:i* ( 
! two is ! gr&]1 ! %ip 9 ! discipl9$    
fleet1 arrang$ 9 ord] ( battle1 or ! %ip
 alone 9 ! tempe/1 a ?\s& miles f l&8 ,!
 true/ gr&eur ( ! %ip is nei!r 9 "o nor 
! o!r1 b 9 ! capacity = bo?4 ,:at w\ld t
 capta9 m]it :o ei!r _h n seaman%ip     
en\gh to "w "u ! eye ( ! admiral1 or    
else _h n suffici5t k ( navigation to be
 tru/$ out ( ! range ( signals8  ,i     
value society = ! abundance ( ideas t x 
br+s be=e u1 l c>riages 9 a frequ5t$    
/reet2 b ,i value solitude = s9c]ity &  
peace1 & = ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! ?\ghts t 
are truly ours4 ,only 9 solitude d we   
le>n our inmo/ nature & its ne$s4 ,he :o
 has liv$ = "s great space ( exi/5ce    
ap>t f ! tumult ( ! _w1 has discov]$ !  
vanity ( ! ?+s = :i* he has no natural  
aptitude or gift--_! relative vanity1 ,i
 mean1 _! uselessness to himself1       
p]sonally2 & at ! same "t he has le>n$  
:at is truly preci\s & good = him4      

,surely ?is is k ( ine/imable value to a
 man3 surely x is a great ?+ = any "o 9 
! bewild]+ confusion ( di/ract+ toils & 
pleasures to h f\nd out ! labor t he is 
mo/ fit = & ! pleasures t satisfy him   
be/4 ,society s enc\rages u 9           
affectations t x sc>cely leaves u a     
*ance ( kn[+ our own m9ds2 b 9 solitude 
?is k comes ( itself1 & deliv]s u f     
innum]able vanities4  ,montaigne tells u
 t at "o "t he b\ght books f o/5tation1 
b t aft]w>ds he b\ght only su* books z  
he want$ = 8 private read+4 ,9 ! fir/ ( 
^! conditions ( m9d we may obs]ve !     
influ5ce ( society2 9 ! second ! effect 
( solitude4 ,! man ( ! _w does n consult
 8 own intellectual ne$s1 b consid]s !  
eyes ( 8 visitors2 ! solit>y /ud5t takes
 8 lit]ature z a lonely travell] takes  
food :5 he is hungry1 )\t ref]5ce to !  
ord]$ c\rses ( public hospitality4  ,x  
is a traditional habit ( mank9d to see  
only ! disadvantages ( solitude1 )\t    
consid]+ its comp5sations2 b !re are    
great comp5sations1 "s ( ! greate/ be+  

negative4 ,! lonely man is "l ( 8 own   
h\rs & ( 8 own purse2 8 days are long & 
unbrok51 he escapes f e =m ( o/5tation1 
& may live q simply & s9c]ely 9 great   
calm bread?s ( leisure4 ,i knew "o :o   
pass$ 8 summ]s 9 ! he>t ( a va/ =e/1 9 a
 common ?at*$ cottage ) furniture (     
common deal1 & = ?is retreat he quitt$ v
 gladly a ri* f9e h\se 9 ! city4 ,he    
wore no?+ b old clo!s1 read only a few  
old books1 )\t ! lea/ reg>d to ! op9ions
 ( ! le>n$1 & did n take 9 a newspap]4  
,on ! wall ( 8 habitation he inscrib$ ) 
a piece ( *>coal a quotation f ,de      
,snanc\r to ?is effect3 ,9 ! _w a man   
lives 9 8 own age2 9 solitude1 9 all !  
ages4 ,i obs]v$ 9 him ! effects ( a     
lonely life1 & he greatly aid$ my       
obs]vations by frankly communicat+ 8    
exp]i5ces4 ,t solitude _h become        
inexpressibly de> to him1 b he admitt$  
"o evil consequ5ce ( x1 :i* 0 an        
increas+ unfitness = ord9>y society1    
?\gh he *]i%$ a few tri$ fri5d%ips1 & 0 
grateful to ^? :o lov$ him & c\ld ent]  

into 8 humor4 ,he _h acquir$ a horror ( 
t[ns & cr[ds1 n f n]v\sness1 b because  
he felt imprison$ & imp$$ 9 8 ?9k+1 :i* 
ne$$ ! dep?s ( ! =e/1 ! v5]able trees1 !
 communication ) primval nature1 f :i*  
he drew a my/]i\s yet necess>y n\ri%m5t 
= ! peculi> activity ( 8 m9d4 ,i f\nd t 
8 case answ]$ v exactly to ! s5t5ce he  
quot$ f ,de ,snanc\r2 he liv$ less 9 8  
own age ?an o!rs d1 b he _h a f9e       
comp5sation 9 a /rangely vivid und]/&+ (
 o!r ages4 ,l ,de ,snanc\r1 he _h a     
/rong s5se ( ! transitor9ess ( :at is   
transitory1 & a passionate pref]5ce =   
all t ! human m9d conceives to be       
relatively or absolutely p]man5t4 ,?is  
trait 0 v obs]vable 9 8 talk ab\t !     
peoples ( antiquity1 & 9 ! delight he   
took 9 dwell+ r ^u ev]y?+ :i* !y _h 9   
common ) ourselves ?an on ^? diff]5ces  
:i* are m obvi\s to ! mod]n _s4 ,8 temp]
 0 grave & e>ne/1 b unfail+ly *e]ful1 & 
entirely free f any t5d5cy to bitt]ness4
 ,! habits ( 8 life w\ld h be5 mo/      
unfavorable to ! developm5t ( a man (   

bus9ess1 ( a /atesman1 ( a lead] 9      
practical ent]prise1 b !y 7 c]ta9ly n   
unfavorable to ! gr[? ( a tranquil &    
compreh5sive intellect1 capable ( j     
judgm5t & high-he>t$ patriotism4 ,he _h 
n ! _s ( ! newspap]s1 he did n live     
int5sely 9 ! pres5t1 b he _h ! _s :i*   
has animat$ great poets1 & sa9ts1 &     
sages1 & f>-see+ tea*]s ( humanity4 ,n 9
 va9 _h he liv$ alone ) ,nature1 n 9 va9
 _h he wat*$ 9 solemn twilights &       
witness$ _m a dawn4 ,!re is1 !re is a   
/r5g? t comes to u 9 solitude f t %ad[y1
 awful ,pres5ce t frivol\s cr[ds repel6 
,solitude may be & is sometimes         
delib]ately accept$ or *os51 b f> m     
frequ5tly m5 are driv5 into x by ,nature
 & by ,fate4 ,!y g into solitude to     
escape ! s5se ( isolation :i* is always 
mo/ intol]able :5 !re are _m voices r\nd
 u 9 l\d dissonance ) our s9c]e/ ?\ght4 
,x is a great error to enc\rage 9 "y p !
 love ( noble culture 9 ! hope t x may  
lead !m m into :at is call$ good        
society4 ,high culture always isolates1 

always drives m5 out ( _! class & makes 
x m difficult = !m to %>e naturally &   
easily ! common class-life ar\nd !m4 ,!y
 seek ! few companions :o c und]/& !m1 &
 :5 ^! are n to be _h )9 any trav]sable 
di/ance1 !y sit & "w alone4 ,v possibly 
too1 9 "s in/ances1 a sup]ior culture   
may compel ! possessor ( x to hold      
op9ions too f> 9 advance ( ! op9ions    
preval5t ar\nd him to be pati5tly li/5$ 
to or tol]at$1 & !n he mu/ ei!r disguise
 !m1 :i* is always highly di/a/eful to a
 man ( honor1 or else submit to be      
treat$ z an enemy to human welf>e4      
,cultivat$ p :o live 9 ,london 7_! true 
home7 ne$ nev] condemn !mselves to      
solitude f ?is cause1 b 9 ! prov9ces !re
 are _m places :]e x is n easy = !m to  
live sociably )\t a degree ( res]ve t is
 m we>isome ?an solitude itself4 ,&     
h[ev] mu* pa9s y take to keep y\r       
culture well 9 ! backgr\nd1 x always    
makes y r an object ( suspicion to p :o 
h no culture4 ,!y p]ceive t y are       
res]v$1 !y "k t v mu* ( :at passes 9 y\r

 m9d is a my/]y to !m1 & ?is feel+ makes
 !m uneasy 9 y\r pres5ce1 ev5 afraid (  
y1 & n indispos$ to f9d a comp5sation = 
?is uncom=table feel+ 9 s>casms beh9d   
y\r back4 ,unless y are gift$ ) a truly 
extraord9>y p[] ( conciliat+ goodwill1 y
 are n likely to get on happily1 = long 
toge!r1 ) p :o feel !mselves y\r        
inf]iors4 ,! v utmo/ skill & caution w  
h>dly avail to hide all y\r modes (     
?\ght4 ,some?+ ( y\r high] philosophy w 
escape 9 an ungu>d$ mom5t1 & give (f5ce 
because x w seem fooli% or              
incompreh5sible to y\r audi5ce4 ,!re is 
no safety = y b 9 a timely )drawal1 ei!r
 to a society t is prep>$ to und]/& y1  
or else to a solitude :]e y\r           
intellectual sup]iorities w nei!r be a  
cause ( irritation to o!rs nor (        
vexation to y\rself4  ,l all our        
in/9cts1 ! in/9ct ( solitude has its    
especial purpose1 :i* appe>s to be !    
protection ( r>e & delicate natures f ! 
commonplace _w ar\nd !m4 ,?\gh recluses 
are consid]$ by m5 ( ! _w to be doom$ to

 inevitable incompet5ce1 ! fact is t _m 
( !m h rea*$ ! highe/ di/9ction 9       
intellectual pursuits4 ,if ,%elley _h n 
dislik$ g5]al society z he did1 !       
orig9ality ( 8 own liv+ & ?9k+ w\ld h   
be5 less complete2 ! influ5ces ( m$iocre
 p1 :o1 ( c\rse1 are always 9 !         
majority1 w\ld h sil5tly b surely op]at$
 to ! de/ruction ( t unequall$ & p]sonal
 delicacy ( imag9ation to :i* we owe :at
 is inimitable 9 8 poetry4 ,9 ! la/ ye> 
( 8 life1 he said to ,trelawny ( ,m>y1 8
 second wife1 ,%e c't be> solitude1 nor 
,i society--! quick c\pl$ ) ! dead4 ,"h 
is a pite\s pray] ( 8 to be deliv]$ f a 
p>ty t he dread$3 ,m>y says %e w h a    
p>ty6 ,!re are ,engli% s+]s "h1 !       
,s9clairs1 & %e w ask !m1 & e "o %e or y
 "k4 ,oh ! horror6 ,= pity g to ,m>y &  
int]c$e = me6 ,i w submit to any o!r    
species ( torture ?an t ( be+ bor$ to   
dea? by idle ladies & g5tlem54 ,aga91 he
 writes to ,m>y3 ,my greate/ delight    
w\ld be utt]ly to des]t all human       
society4 ,i w\ld retire ) y & our *ild  

to a solit>y isl& 9 ! sea2 w\ld build a 
boat1 & %ut ^u my retreat ! flood-gates 
( ! _w4 ,i w\ld read no reviews & talk )
 no au?ors4 ,if ,i d>$ tru/ my          
imag9ation x w\ld tell me t !re are "o  
or two *os5 companions beside y\rself   
:om ,i %\ld desire4 ,b to ?is ,i w\ld n 
li/52 :]e two or ?ree are ga!r$ toge!r1 
! devil is among !m4 ,at ,m>l[ he knew  
little ( 8 neighbors4 ,i am n wret*     
en\gh1 he said1 to tol]ate an           
acqua9tance4 ,wordswor? & ,turn]1 if    
less sy/ematic 9 _! isolation1 7 /ill   
solit>y work]s1 & mu* ( ! peculi> =ce & 
orig9ality ( _! p]=mance is due to _!   
indep5d5ce ( ! p ab\t !m4 ,pa9t]s are   
especial suff]]s f ! visits ( talkative 
p :o "k little or no?+ ( ! art !y talk  
ab\t1 & yet :o h q influ5ce en\gh to    
di/urb ! pa9t]'s m9d by prov+ to him t 8
 noble/ ?\ghts are sure/ to be          
misund]/ood4 ,m5 ( sci5ce1 too1 f9d     
solitude favorable to _! peculi> "w1    
because x p]mits ! conc5tration ( _!    
p[]s dur+ long p]iods ( "t4 ,newton _h a

 great repugnance to society1 & ev5 to  
notoriety--a feel+ :i* is diff]5t1 & 9  
m5 ( g5ius m r>e4 ,no "o c d\bt1 h[ev]1 
t ,newton's great intellectual          
a*ievem5ts 7 due 9 "s measure to ?is    
peculi>ity ( 8 temp]1 :i* p]mitt$ him to
 rip5 !m 9 ! su/a9$ tranquillity        
necess>y to difficult inve/igations4    
,augu/e ,comte isolat$ himself n only f 
pref]5ce b on sy/em1 & :atev] may h be5 
! defects ( 8 rem>kable m9d1 & !        
weakness ( its ultimate decay1 x is     
c]ta9 t 8 amaz+ comm& ov] va/ masses (  
het]og5e\s mat]ial w\ld h be5           
incompatible ) any p>ticipation 9 !     
pass+ int]e/s ( ! _w4 ,no?+ 9           
intellectual hi/ory has ev] exce$$ !    
un%akable firmness ( purpose ) :i* he   
d$icat$ 8 :ole be+ to ! elaboration ( ! 
,positive philosophy4 ,he sacrific$     
ev]y?+ to x--position1 "t1 heal?1 & all 
! amusem5ts & opportunities ( society4  
,he f\nd t commonplace acqua9tances     
di/urb$ 8 "w & int]f]$ ) 8 ma/]y ( x1 s 
he resolutely r5\nc$ !m4 ,o!rs h done   

great ?+s 9 isolation t 0 n ( _! own    
*oos+1 yet none ! less fruitful = !m & =
 mank9d4 ,x 0 n :5 ,milton saw mo/ ( !  
_w1 b 9 ! =c$ retirem5t ( a man :o _h   
lo/ heal? & eyesight1 & ^: p>ty 0       
hopelessly defeat$1 t he compos$ !      
,p>adise ,lo/4 ,x 0 dur+ t$i\s ye>s (   
imprisonm5t t ,bunyan wrote 8 immortal  
allegory4 ,_m a g5ius has ow$ 8 be/     
opportunities to pov]ty1 because pov]ty 
_h happily exclud$ him f society1 & s   
pres]v$ him f "t-dev\r+ exig5cies &     
frivolities4  ,! solitude :i* is really 
injuri\s is ! sev]ance f all :o are     
capable ( und]/&+ u4 ,pa9t]s say t !y _c
 "w effectively = v long toge!r :5      
sep>at$ f ! society ( arti/s1 & t !y mu/
 return to ,london1 or ,p>is1 or ,rome1 
to avoid an oppressive feel+ (          
disc\ragem5t :i* p>alyzes _! productive 
en]gy4 ,au?ors are m =tunate1 because   
all cultivat$ p are society = !m2 yet   
ev5 au?ors lose /r5g? & agility ( ?\ght 
:5 too long depriv$ ( a g5ial           
intellectual atmosph]e4 ,9 ! c\ntry y   

meet ) cultivat$ individuals2 b we ne$ m
 ?an ?is1 we ne$ ^? g5]al conv]sations 9
 :i* e speak] is wor? li/5+ to4 ,! life 
mo/ favorable to culture w\ld h its     
times ( op5 & equal int]c\rse ) ! be/   
m9ds1 & also its p]iods ( retreat4 ,my  
ideal w\ld be a h\se 9 ,london1 n f> f  
"o or two h\ses t are s full ( light &  
w>m? t x is a lib]al education to h     
ent]$ !m1 & a solit>y t[] on "s isl& ( !
 ,hebrides1 ) no companions b !         
sea-gulls & ! ?und]+ surges ( !         
,atlantic4 ,"o su* isl& ,i "k well1 & x 
is be=e my m9d's eye1 cle> z a picture1 
:il/ ,i am writ+4 ,x /&s 9 ! v entrance 
( a f9e salt-wat] lo*1 ris+ above two   
hundr$ feet out ( ! wat] & sett+ its    
granite front /eep aga9/ ! we/]n ocean4 
,:5 ! ev5+s are cle> y c see ,/affa &   
,iona l blue cl\ds betwe5 y & ! sunset2 
& on y\r left1 close at h&1 ! granite   
hills ( ,mull1 ) ,ulva to ! "r across ! 
n>r[ /rait4 ,x 0 ! dream ( my y\? to    
build a t[] !re1 ) ?ree or f\r little   
rooms 9 x1 & walls z /rong z a ligh?\se4

 ,!re h be5 m fooli% dreams1 & !re h be5
 less compet5t tea*]s ?an ! tempe/s t   
w\ld h r\s$ me & ! calms t w\ld h br\ght
 me peace4 ,if any s]i\s ?\ght1 if any  
noble inspiration might h be5 hop$ =1   
surely x w\ld h be5 !re1 :]e only !     
cl\ds & waves 7 transi5t1 b ! ocean be=e
 me1 & ! />s above1 & ! m\nta9s on ei!r 
h&1 7 emblems & evid5ces ( et]nity4     
,,note4--,!re is a passage 9 ,scott's   
novel1 ,! ,pirate1 :i*   illu/rates :at 
has be5 said 9 ?is lett] ab\t !         
necessity =   conceal+ sup]ior culture 9
 ! pres5ce ( less intellectual          
companions1 & ,i quote x ! m will+ly t  
,scott 0 s   rem>kably free f any morbid
 av]sion to society1 & s capable (      
tak+ a s9c]e int]e/ 9 e human be+4      
,clevel& is speak+ to ,m9na3--    ,i    
?\ght ov] my =m] /ory1 & saw t seem+ m  
brave1   skilful1 & ent]pris+ ?an o!rs  
_h ga9$ me comm& &   respect1 & t seem+ 
m g5tly nurtur$ & m civiliz$ ?an   !y _h
 made !m envy & hate me z a be+ ( ano!r 
species4 ,i   b>ga9$ ) myself !n1 t s9ce

 ,i c\ld n lay aside my   sup]iority (  
intellect & education1 ,i w\ld d my be/ 
to disguise   & to s9k1 9 ! rude seaman1
 all appe>ance ( bett] feel+ &   bett]  
accompli%m5ts4    ,a simil> policy is   
(t5 q z necess>y 9 ! society (   l&sm54 
,,"p ,x4  ,,intellectual ,,hygi5ics4    
,,lett] ,i4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,au?or ,,:il/
 ,,he ,,0 ,,writ+ ,,8 ,,fir/ ,,book4    
,mr4 ,galton's advice to "y             
travell]s--,t we ought to int]e/        
ourselves 9 ! progress ( a j\rney--,!   
same rule applicable 9   intellectual   
?+s--,wom5 9 ! cab9 ( a canal           
boat--,work+   ha/ily = tempor>y        
purposes--,fev]$ eag]ness to get "w     
done--,beg9n]s h r>ely acquir$ firm     
intellectual habits--,kn[+   ! range (  
our own p[]s--,! coolness ( accompli%$  
arti/s--,advice giv5 by ,+res--,balzac's
 me?od ( "w--,scott1   ,horace ,v]net1  
,john ,phillip--,decid$ work]s are      
delib]ate work]s4  ,i read ! o!r day1 9 
,galton's ,art ( ,travel1 a little bit  
:i* conc]ns y & all ( u1 b ,i made !    

extract 9 my commonplace-book = y\r     
b5efit r ?an my own1 because ! tru? x   
conta9s has be5 borne 9 ^u me by my own 
exp]i5ce1 s t :at ,mr4 ,galton says did 
n give me a new conviction1 b only      
confirm$ me 9 an old "o4 ,he is speak+  
to explor]s :o h n done s mu* 9 t way z 
he has himself1 & ?\gh ! subject ( 8    
advice is ! conduct ( an explor+ p>ty 79
 ! wilds ( ,au/ralia1 = example7 !      
advice itself is equally useful if tak5 
metaphorically1 & appli$ to ! conduct ( 
intellectual labors & explorations ( all
 k9ds4  ,int]e/ y\rself1 says ,mr4      
,galton1 *iefly 9 ! progress ( y\r      
j\rney1 & d n look =w>d to its end )    
eag]ness4 ,x is bett] to ?9k ( a return 
to civilization1 n z an end to h>d%ip & 
a hav5 f ill1 b z a ?+ to be regrett$1 &
 z a close to an adv5tur\s & pleasant   
life4 ,9 ?is way1 risk+ less1 y w       
ins5sibly creep on1 mak+ connections1 & 
le>n+ ! capabilities ( ! c\ntry z y     
advance1 :i* w be f\nd invaluable 9 !   
case ( a hurri$ or a disa/r\s return4 ,&

 ?us1 :5 "s mon?s h pass$ by1 y w look  
back ) surprise on ! great di/ance      
travell$ ov]2 = if y av]age only ?ree   
miles a day1 at ! end ( ! ye> y w h     
advanc$ #ajjj1 :i* is a v consid]able   
exploration4 ,! fable ( ! h>e & !       
tortoise seems expressly int5d$ =       
travell]s ov] wide & unkn[n tracts4     
,yes1 we ought to int]e/ ourselves      
*iefly 9 ! progress ( our "w1 & n to    
look =w>d to its end ) eag]ness4 ,t     
eag]ness ( :i* ,mr4 ,galton speaks has  
spoil$ _m a piece ( "w besides a        
geographical exploration1 & x n only    
spoils "w1 b x does worse1 x spoils life
 also4 ,h[ am ,i to enjoy ?is ye> z ,i  
ought1 if ,i am cont9ually wi%+ x 7 ov]8
 ,a truly intellectual philosophy mu/   
beg9 by recogniz+ ! fact t !            
intellectual pa?s are inf9itely long1 t 
!re w always be new horizons beh9d !    
horizon t is be=e u1 & t we mu/ accept a
 gradual advance z ! law ( our          
intellectual life4 ,x is our bus9ess to 
move =w>ds1 b we ought to d s )\t any   

great] feel+ ( hurry ?an t :i* affects !
 mo/ /ation>y ( m9ds4 ,n a bad example =
 u is a b>geman's wife 9 a canal-boat4  
,%e moves2 movem5t is ! law ( h] life2  
yet %e is z tranquil 9 h] little cab9 z 
any goodwife on %ore1 brew+ h] tea &    
prep>+ h] butt]$ toa/ )\t ev] ?9k+ ab\t 
gett+ to ! end ( h] j\rney4 ,= if t     
voyage 7 end$1 ano!r w\ld always succe$ 
to x1 & ano!r6 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to !    
unhurri$ b>geman's wife 9 h] cab9 is an 
irritable ,fr5*man 9 ! corn] ( a        
dilig5ce1 look+ at 8 wat* e half-h\r1 & 
wi%+ t ! du/ & rattle 7 ov]1 & he 7 9 8 
own easy-*air at home4 ,^? :o really    
lead ! intellectual life1 & h embrac$ x 
= bett] & = worse1 are l ! b>geman's    
wife2 b ^? :o live ! life f "t to "t    
only1 = "s special purpose1 wi%+ to be  
rid ( x z soon z t purpose is           
accompli%$1 are l ! suff]] 9 ! purgatory
 ( ! dilig5ce4 ,is !re inde$ really any 
true intellectual life at all :5 e h\r (
 labor is spoil$ by a fev]i% eag]ness to
 be at ! end ( ! project$ task8 ,y _c   

take a bit out ( ano!r man's life & live
 x1 )\t hav+ liv$ ! previ\s ye>s t l$ up
 to x1 )\t hav+ also ! assur$ hopes = ! 
ye>s t lie beyond4 ,! attempt is        
con/antly made by amateurs ( all k9ds1 &
 by m5 ( tempor>y purposes1 & x always  
fails4 ,! amateur says :5 he awakes on  
"s f9e summ] morn+1 & draws up 8 bl9d1 &
 looks out on ! dewy fields3 ,ah1 ! _w (
 nature is beautiful to-day3 :at if ,i 7
 to lead ! life ( an arti/8 ,& aft]     
breakfa/ he seeks up 8 old box (        
wat]color & 8 blockbook1 & /ool1 & :ite 
umbrella1 & :at n1 & sallies =?1 & fixes
 himself on ! edge ( ! =e/ or ! banks ( 
! amb] /ream4 ,! day t he passes !re    
looks l an arti/'s day1 yet x is n4 ,x  
has n be5 prec$$ by ! ?ree or f\r ?\s&  
days :i* ought to h l$ up to x2 x is n  
/rong 9 ! assur$ s5se ( pres5t skill1 9 
! calm k t ! h\rs w be> good fruit4 ,s !
 *ances are t !re w be "s hurry1 &      
fretfulness1 & impati5ce1 "u ! %ad[ ( t 
:ite p>asol1 & also t :5 ! day is ov]   
!re w be a disappo9tm5t4 ,y _c put an   

arti/'s day into ! life ( any "o b an   
arti/4  ,our impati5ces come ma9ly1 ,i  
?9k1 f an amateuri% d\bt ab\t our own   
capacity1 :i* is accompani$ by a fev]$  
eag]ness to see ! "w done1 because we   
are torm5t$ bo? by hopes & fe>s s long z
 x is 9 progress4 ,we h fe>s t x may n  
turn out z x ought to d1 & we h at !    
same "t hopes = its success4 ,bo? ^!    
causes produce eag]ness1 & deprive u ( !
 tranquillity :i* di/+ui%es ! ?or\gh    
workman1 & :i* is necess>y to ?or\ghness
 9 ! "w itself4 ,n[ please obs]ve t ,i  
am n advis+ y to set aside ^! hopes &   
fe>s by an ef=t ( ! w2 :5 y h !m !y are 
! inevitable result ( y\r /ate (        
culture1 & ! w c no m get rid ( !m ?an x
 c get rid ( an organic disease4 ,:5 y h
 a limit$ am\nt ( p[] & ( culture1 & are
 n q cle> 9 y\r own m9d z to :]e !      
limits lie1 x is natural on ! "o h& t y 
%\ld fe> ! insuffici5cy ( :at y possess1
 & on ! o!r t 9 m sangu9e mom5ts y %\ld 
indulge 9 hopes :i* are only extravagant
 because y\r p[]s h n yet be5 accurately

 measur$4 ,y w alt]nate betwe5 fe> &    
hope1 accord+ to ! tempor>y pr$om9ance (
 sadd5+ or *e]ful ideas1 b bo? ^! feel+s
 w urge y to complete ! "w 9 h&1 t y may
 see y\r own p[]s reflect$ 9 x1 &       
measure !m m exactly4 ,?is is ! ma9     
cause ( ! eag]ness ( "y au?ors1 & !     
reason :y !y (t5 laun* "w ^u ! sea (    
publicity :i* is sure to g imm$iately to
 ! bottom1 f ! unworkmanlike ha/e ) :i* 
x has be5 put toge!r4 ,b beyond ?is !re 
is ano!r cause1 :i* is1 t beg9n]s 9     
lit]ature h r>ely acquir$ firm          
intellectual habits1 t !y d n yet lead !
 tranquil intellectual life1 s t su* a  
piece ( "w z ! composition ( a book     
keeps !m 9 an un:olesome /ate (         
excitem5t4 ,:5 y feel ?is com+ ^u y1    
pray rememb] ,mr4 ,galton's wise        
travell] 9 unkn[n tracts1 or ! b>geman's
 wife 9 ! canal-boat4  ,among/ ! _m     
advantages ( exp]i5ce1 "o ( ! mo/       
valuable is t we come to "k ! range (   
our own p[]s1 & if we are wise we keep  
cont5t$ly )9 !m4 ,?is relieves u f !    

malady ( eag]ness2 we "k pretty         
accurately be=eh& :at our "w w be :5 x  
is done1 & !re=e we are n 9 a hurry to  
see x accompli%$4 ,! coolness ( old h&s 
9 all dep>tm5ts ( labor is due 9 "p to !
 cool+ ( ! temp]am5t by age1 b x is due 
ev5 m to ! fulness ( acquir$ exp]i5ce1 =
 we d n f9d middle-ag$ m5 s cool 9      
situations :]e !y feel !mselves         
incompet5t4 ,! conduct ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ 
pa9t]s 9 ! managem5t ( _! "w is a good  
example ( ?is ma/]ly coolness1 because  
we c see !m pa9t+ 9 _! /udios :]eas we  
_c s easily see or s ju/ly e/imate !    
coolness ( sci5tific or lit]>y workm54  
,a pa9t] ( great exp]i5ce w h1 usually1 
sev]al pictures at a "t ^u 8 easels1 &  
pass an h\r ^u "o1 or an h\r ^u ! o!r1  
simple z ! /ate ( ! pigm5t invites him  
)\t ev] be+ tempt$ to risk any?+ by     
hurry+ a process4 ,! ugly prep>atory    
daub+ :i* irritates ! impati5ce ( !     
beg9n] does n di/urb 8 equanimity2 he   
has laid x ) a view to ! long-=ese5     
result1 & x satisfies him tempor>ily z !

 "r ?+ = ! "t be+4 ,if y "k :at is ! "r 
?+ = ! "t be+1 & always d x1 y are sure 
( ! calm ( ! ?or\gh workman4 ,all 8     
t\*es1 except ! v la/ t\* on ea* "w1 are
 t\*es ( prep>ation1 lead+ gradually up 
to 8 result4 ,+res us$ to c\nsel 8      
pupils to sket* always1 to sket* ^u & )9
 ! fir/ sket* till ! picture came "r 9 !
 end2 & ?is 0 /rictly ,balzac's me?od 9 
lit]ature4 ,! lit]>y & arti/ic labors ( 
^! two m5 did n proce$ s mu* ^u !       
pr9ciple ( travell+ z ^u t (            
cultivation4 ,!y took an idea 9 ! r\gh1 
z a settl] takes a tract f wild nature1 
& !n !y w5t ov] x repeat$ly1 ea* "t pu%+
 ! cultivation ( x a little f>!r4       
,scott1 ,horace ,v]net1 ,john ,phillip1 
& _m o!rs1 h work$ r on ! pr9ciple (    
travell+1 pass+ ov] ! gr\nd once1 &     
leav+ x1 nev] com+ back aga9 to correct 
! mi/akes ( ye/]day4 ,bo? me?ods ( "w   
require delib]ation1 b ! latt] ne$s x 9 
! supreme degree4 ,all v decid$ work]s1 
m5 :o did n correct1 h be5 at ! same "t 
v delib]ate work]s--rapid1 9 ! s5se (   

accompli%+ mu* 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 or !  
life1 b cauti\s & sl[ & obs]vant :il/ !y
 actually labor$1 ?9k+ out v c>efully e 
s5t5ce be=e !y wrote x1 e t\* ( pa9t    
be=e !y laid x4   ,,lett] ,,ii4  ,,to ,a
 ,,/ud5t ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ardor ,,(     
,,intellectual ,,ambition4    ,! fir/   
fre%ness--,:y %\ld x n be pres]v$8--,!  
dulness (   ! intellectual--,fictions & 
false promises--,ennui 9 "w             
itself--,dr]'s engrav+ (                
,melan*oly--,scott ab\t ,dryd5--,byron1 
,%elley1 ,wordswor?--,humboldt1 ,cuvi]1 
,goe!--,t5nyson's   ,maud--,prev5tives (
 ennui--,h>d /udy = limit$ times--,!    
ennui ( jad$ faculties4  ,i h be5 ?9k+  
ab\t y frequ5tly ( late1 & ! burd5 or   
refra9 ( my ?\ghts has be5 ,:at a bless+
 he has 9 t fir/ fre%ness1 if only he   
c\ld keep x6 ,b n[ ,i am beg9n+ m       
hopefully to ask myself1 ,:y %\ld he n  
keep x8  ,x w\ld be an exp]im5t wor?    
try+1 s to ord] y\r intellectual life1 t
 h[ev] /ony & ?orny y\r pa? might be1   
h[ev] difficult & ardu\s1 x %\ld at all 

ev5ts nev] be dull2 or1 to express :at  
,i mean m accurately1 t y y\rself %\ld  
nev] feel ! depress+ influ5ces ( dulness
 dur+ ! ye>s :5 !y are mo/ to be dread$4
 ,i want y to live /eadily & happily 9  
y\r intellectual labors1 ev5 to !       
natural close ( exi/5ce1 & my be/ wi% = 
y is t y may escape a long & mis]able   
malady :i* bra9-work]s v commonly suff] 
f :5 ! fir/ dreams ( y\? h be5          
disappo9t$--a malady 9 :i* !            
intellectual desires are feeble1 !      
intellectual hopes are few2 ^: victim1  
if he has /ill resolution en\gh to le>n 
any?+1 acquires )\t satisfaction1 &1 if 
he has c\rage to create1 has nei!r pride
 nor pleasure 9 8 creations4  ,if ,i 7  
to s+ ! praises ( k z !y h be5 s (t5    
sung by l\d] h>ps ?an m9e1 ,i might     
avoid s dre>y a !me4 ,x is easy to      
pret5d to believe t ! intellectual life 
is always sure to be int]e/+ &          
delightful1 b ! tru? is t1 ei!r f an    
unwise arrangem5t ( _! "w1 or f m5tal or
 physical causes :i* we w inve/igate to 

"s ext5t be=e we h done ) ! subject1 _m 
m5 ^: occupations are reput$ to be      
among/ ! mo/ int]e/+ h suff]$ t]ribly f 
ennui1 & t n dur+ a week or two at a "t1
 b = consecutive ye>s & ye>s4  ,!re is a
 class ( books writt5 ) ! praisewor?y   
int5tion ( /imulat+ "y m5 to            
intellectual labor1 9 :i* ?is dang] ( ! 
intellectual life is sy/ematically      
ignor$4 ,x is assum$ 9 ^! books t !     
satisfactions ( intellectual labor are  
c]ta92 t al?\gh x may n always1 or (t51 
result 9 outw>d & mat]ial prosp]ity1 its
 inw>d joys w nev] fail4 ,promises ( ?is
 k9d _c safely be made to any "o4 ,!    
satisfactions ( intellectual ri*es are n
 m sure ?an ! satisfactions ( mat]ial   
ri*es2 ! feel+ ( dull indiff]5ce :i* (t5
 s my/]i\sly cl\ds ! life ( ! ri* man 9 
! mid/ ( ! mo/ elaborate contrivances = 
8 pleasure & amusem5t1 has its exact    
c\nt]p>t 9 ! lives ( m5 :o are ri* 9 !  
be/ treasures ( ! m9d1 & :o h inf9ite   
intellectual res\rces4 ,h[ev] brilliant 
y\r ability1 h[ev] brave & p]si/5t y\r  

indu/ry1 h[ev] va/ y\r k1 !re is always 
?is dreadful possibility ( ennui4 ,p    
tell y t "w is a specific aga9/ x1 b _m 
a man has work$ /eadily & e>ne/ly1 &    
suff]$ t]ribly f ennui all ! "t t he 0  
work+1 al?\gh ! labor 0 ( 8 own *oice1 !
 labor t he lov$ be/1 & = :i* ,nature   
evid5tly int5d$ him4 ,! poets1 f        
,solomon d[nw>ds1 h all ( !m1 s f> z ,i 
"k1 giv5 utt]ance 9 "o page or ano!r (  
_! writ+s to ?is feel+ ( dre>y          
dissatisfaction1 & ,alb]t ,dr]1 9 8     
,mel5colia1 illu/rat$ x4 ,x is pla9 t ! 
robu/ female figure :i* has ex]cis$ !   
+5uity ( s _m comm5tators is n melan*oly
 ei!r f weakness ( ! body or vacancy ( !
 m9d4 ,%e is /rong & %e is le>n$2 yet1  
?\gh ! plumes ( h] w+s are mighty1 %e   
sits heavily & li/lessly1 brood+ amid/ !
 implem5ts ( susp5d$ labor1 on ! %ore ( 
a waveless sea4 ,! tru? is t ,dr]       
engrav$ ! melan*oly t he himself only   
too intimately knew4 ,?is is n ! dulness
 ( ! ignorant & incapable1 ^: m9ds are a
 blank because !y h no ideas1 ^: h&s are

 li/less = want ( an occupation2 x is ! 
sadness ( ! mo/ le>n$1 ! mo/ intellig5t1
 ! mo/ indu/ri\s2 ! we>y mis]y ( ^? :o  
are ri* 9 ! atta9m5ts ( culture1 :o h ! 
keys ( ! *amb]s ( k1 & w+s to be> !m to 
! heav5 ( ! ideal4 ,if y c\nsel ?is     
,mel5colia to "w t %e may be m]ry1 %e w 
answ] t %e kn[s ! uses ( labor & its    
vanity1 & ! precise am\nt ( pr(it t a   
man ha? ( all 8 labor :i* he take? "u ! 
sun4 ,all ?+s are full ( labor1 %e w    
tell y2 & 9 mu* wisdom is mu* grief1 &  
he t increase? k increase? sorr[4  ,c we
 escape ?is brood+ melan*oly ( ! great  
work]s--has any truly intellectual p]son
 escap$ x ev]8 ,! "q c nev] be answ]$ ) 
p]fect c]ta9ty1 because we c nev] q     
accurately "k ! :ole tru? ab\t ! life ( 
ano!r4 ,i h kn[n sev]al m5 ( action1    
almo/ entirely devoid ( intellectual    
culture1 :o enjoy$ an unbrok5 fl[ (     
animal en]gy & 7 cle>ly free f !        
melan*oly ( ,dr]2 b ,i nev] intimately  
knew a really cultivat$ p]son :o _h n   
suff]$ f x m or less1 & ! greate/       

suff]]s 7 ! mo/ consci5ti\s ?9k]s &     
/ud5ts4 ,among/ ! illu/ri\s dead1 x may 
be v safely answ]$ t any poet :o has    
describ$ x has writt5 f 8 own           
exp]i5ce--a transi5t exp]i5ce x may be1 
yet 8 own4 ,:5 ,walt] ,scott1 -propos ( 
,dryd51 spoke ( ! app>5tly causeless    
fluctuation ( spirits incid5t to "o     
doom$ to labor incessantly 9 ! fev]i%   
ex]cise ( ! imag9ation1 & ( t s9k+ ( _s 
:i* foll[s viol5t m5tal ex]tion1 is x n 
evid5t t 8 k9dly und]/&+ ( ,dryd5's case
 came f ! sympa?y ( a fell[-labor] :o   
knew by 8 own exp]i5ce ! gloomi] & m    
depress+ passages ( ! imag9ative life8  
,x w\ld be prud5t p]haps to omit !      
m5tion ( ,byron1 because "s may         
attribute 8 sadness to 8 immorality2 &  
if ,i spoke ( ,%elley1 !y might answ] t 
he 0 sad because he 0 impi\s2 b ! tru?  
is1 t q indep5d5tly ( conduct1 & ev5 (  
belief1 x 0 sc>cely possible = natures s
 highly imag9ative z ^! two1 & s        
e!really intellectual z "o ( ! two1 to  
escape ^? cl\ds ( gloom :i* d>k5 !      

intellectual life4 ,wordswor? 0 n       
immoral1 ,wordswor? 0 n unor?odox1 yet  
he c\ld be z sad 9 8 own sob] way z     
,byron 9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 desolation1 or 
,%elley 9 8 t5d]e/ wail+4 ,! ?ree m5 :o 
seem to h be5 ! lea/ subject to !       
sadness ( intellectual work]s 7 ,alex&] 
,humboldt1 ,cuvi]1 & ,goe!4 ,alex&]     
,humboldt1 s f> z is kn[n to u1 liv$    
always 9 a cle> & *e]ful daylight2 8    
appetite = le>n+ 0 bo? /rong & regul>2  
he embrac$ ! intellectual life 9 8      
e>lie/ manhood1 & liv$ 9 x ) an         
unhesitat+ s+l5ess ( purpose1 to !      
limits ( extreme old age4 ,cuvi] 0 to ! 
la/ a model /ud5t1 ( a temp] at once mo/
 unfl9*+ & mo/ k9d1 happy 9 all 8       
/udies1 happi] /ill 9 8 unequall$       
facility ( m5tal self-direction4 ,goe!1 
z all "k1 liv$ a life ( unflagg+ int]e/ 
9 ea* ( ! ?ree great bran*es (          
intellectual labor4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( 8    
long life he 0 int]e/$ 9 lit]ature1 9   
:i* he 0 a ma/]2 he 0 int]e/$ 9 sci5ce1 
9 :i* he 0 a discov]]1 & 9 art1 ( :i* he

 0 an ard5t ?\gh n practically          
successful /ud5t4 ,8 intellectual       
activity ceas$ only on r>e occasions (  
pa9ful illness or ov]:elm+ affliction2  
he does n seem to h ask$ himself ev]    
:e!r k 0 wor? its co/2 he 0 always ready
 to pay ! appo9t$ price ( toil4 ,he _h  
no infirmity ( intellectual d\bt2 !     
p[]ful impulses f )9 assur$ him t k 0   
good = him1 & he w5t to x urg$ by an    
un]r+ in/9ct1 z a "y salmon br$ 9 !     
slime ( a riv] seeks /r5g? 9 ! inf9ite  
sea4 ,& yet1 be+ a poet & a man ( /rong 
passions1 ,goe! did n altoge!r escape ! 
gre5-sickness :i* afflicts ! imag9ative 
temp]am5t1 or he c\ld nev] h writt5     
,w]!r2 b he cur$ himself v soon1 & !    
au?or ( ,w]!r _h no indulg5ce =         
,w]!rism--inde$ we are told t he grew   
a%am$ ( hav+ writt5 ! book :i* inoculat$
 ! y\ng] m9ds ( ,europe ) t mis]able    
disease4 ,9 our own "t an illu/ri\s poet
 has giv5 9 ,maud a v p]fect /udy ( a "y
 m9d 9 a morbid condition1 a m9d hav+   
inde$ ! /ud5t-temp]1 b ( a bad k9d1 t   

:i* comes n f ! g5u9e love ( /udy1 b f  
sulky rage aga9/ ! _w4    ,?anks1 = !   
fi5d be/ kn[s :e!r woman or man be !    
worse4    ,i w bury myself 9 my books1 &
 ! ,devil may pipe to 8 own4  ,?is k9d (
 self-burial 9 "o's libr>y does n come f
 ! love ( lit]ature4 ,! recluse w n     
speak to 8 neighbor1 yet ne$s human     
int]c\rse ( "s k9d1 & seeks x 9 read+1  
urg$ by an inw>d necessity4 ,he feels no
 gratitude t[>ds ! w9n]s ( k2 8 morbid  
ill-nature depreciates ! intellectual   
labor]s3--    ,! man ( sci5ce himself is
 fond] ( glory & va92    ,an eye        
well-practis$ 9 nature1 a _s b\nd$ &    
poor4  ,:at is ! life su* a _s w *oose =
 itself8 ,despis+ alike ! ignorant & !  
le>n$1 ! acut5ess ( ! cultivat$ & !     
simplicity ( ! poor1 9 :at =m ( activity
 or inaction w he seek :at all m5 ne$1 !
 h>mony ( a life well tun$8    ,be m9e a
 philosoph]'s life 9 ! quiet woodl&     
ways3    ,:]e1 if ,i _c be gay1 let a   
passionless peace be my lot4  ,!re are  
_m diff]5t morbid /ates ( ! m9d1 & ?is (

 ! h]o ( ,maud is only "o ( !m1 b x is !
 commone/ among/ intellectual or        
semi-intellectual "y m54 ,see h[ he has 
a little fit ( mom5t>y en?usiasm 7all he
 is capable (7 ab\t a %ell t sudd5ly &  
accid5tally attracts 8 att5tion4 ,h[    
true to ! morbid nature is t incid5t6   
,unable to pursue any l>ge & sy/ematic  
obs]vation1 ! diseas$ m9d is attract$ to
 ?+s sudd5ly & accid5tally1 sees !m out 
( all proportion1 & !n falls into !     
inevitable fit ( scornful peevi%ness4   
,:at is x8 ,a le>n$ man    ,c\ld give x 
a clumsy "n3    ,let him "n x :o c4  ,! 
"q :i* conc]ns ! _w is1 h[ ?is condition
 ( ! m9d may be avoid$4 ,! cure ,mr4    
,t5nyson sugge/$ 0 w>2 b w>s1 ?\gh m    
frequ5t ?an is desirable1 are n to be _h
 always4 ,& 9 y\r case1 my fri5d1 x is  
happily n a cure b a prev5tive t is     
ne$$4 ,let me recomm5d c]ta9 precautions
 :i* tak5 toge!r are likely to keep y   
safe4 ,c>e = ! physical heal? 9 ! fir/  
place1 = if !re is a morbid m9d ! bodily
 organs are n do+ _! "w z !y ought to d4

 ,next1 = ! m9d itself1 ,i w\ld he>tily 
recomm5d h>d /udy1 really h>d /udy1 tak5
 v regul>ly b 9 v mod]ate quantity4 ,!  
effect ( x on ! m9d is z brac+ z t (    
cold wat] on ! body1 b z y ought n to   
rema9 too long 9 ! cold ba?1 s x is     
dang]\s to /udy h>d m ?an a %ort "t e   
day4 ,d "s "w t is v difficult 7su* z   
read+ "s language t y h to puzzle out   
c\ps de dictionnaire7 two h\rs a day    
regul>ly1 to brace ! fight+ p[] ( !     
intellect1 b let ! re/ ( ! day's "w be  
easi]4 ,acquire especially1 if y        
possibly c1 ! enviable faculty ( gett+  
entirely rid ( y\r "w 9 ! int]vals ( x1 
& ( tak+ a he>ty int]e/ 9 common ?+s1 9 
a g>d51 or /able1 or dog-k5nel1 or f>m4 
,if ! "w pursues y--if :at is call$     
unconsci\s c]ebration1 :i* ought to g   
=w>d )\t y\r kn[+ x1 becomes consci\s   
c]ebration1 & bo!rs y1 !n y h be5 work+ 
beyond y\r c]ebral /r5g?1 & y are n     
safe4  ,an organization :i* 0 int5d$ by 
,nature = ! intellectual life _c be     
heal?y & happy )\t a c]ta9 degree (     

intellectual activity4 ,natures l ^? (  
,humboldt & ,goe! ne$ imm5se labors = _!
 own felicity1 small] p[]s ne$ less     
ext5sive labor4 ,to all ( u :o h        
intellectual ne$s !re is a c]ta9 supply 
( "w necess>y to p]fect heal?4 ,if we d 
less1 we are 9 dang] ( t ennui :i* comes
 f want ( intellectual ex]cise2 if we d 
m1 we may suff] f t o!r ennui :i* is due
 to ! we>9ess ( ! jad$ faculties1 & ?is 
is ! m t]rible ( ! two4   ,,lett] ,,iii4
  ,,to ,,an ,,intellectual ,,man ,,:o   
,,desir$ ,,an ,,outlet ,,= ,,8          
,,en]gies4    ,dissatisfaction ( !      
intellectual :5 !y h n an ext5sive      
influ5ce--,a consid]ation sugge/$ to !  
au?or by ,mr4 ,mat!w   ,arnold--,ea*    
individual m9d a portion ( ! national   
m9d1 :i*   mu/ rise or decl9e ) ! m9ds (
 :i* x is compos$--,influ5ce   ( a      
t[nsman 9 8 t[n--,h\sehold              
influ5ce--,*>ities &   condesc5d5ces ( !
 highly cultivat$--,a sugge/ion ( ,m4   
,ta9e--,conv]sation ) inf]iors--,h[ to  
make x int]e/+--,t   we ought to be     

satisfi$ ) humble results & small       
successes4  ,!re is a v m>k$ t5d5cy     
among/ p]sons ( culture to feel         
dissatisfi$ ) !mselves & _! success 9   
life :5 !y d n ex]cise "s direct &      
visible influ5ce ov] a consid]able      
portion ( ! public4 ,to put ! case 9 a m
 concrete =m1 x may be affirm$ t if an  
intellectual "y man does n ex]cise      
influ5ce by lit]ature1 or by oratory1 or
 by "o ( ! mo/ elevat$ =ms ( art1 he is 
apt to ?9k t 8 culture & intellig5ce are
 lo/ ^u ! _w1 & ei!r to blame himself = 
be+ :at he consid]s a failure1 or else  
7& ?is is m common7 to f9d fault ) ! _w 
9 g5]al = n giv+ him a prop] *ance (    
mak+ 8 abilities tell4 ,! facilities =  
obta9+ culture are n[ s _m & great1 & )9
 ! rea* ( s _m well-to-d p1 t hundr$s ( 
p]sons become really v clev] 9 v>i\s    
ways :o w\ld h rema9$ utt]ly uncultivat$
 _h !y liv$ 9 any previ\s c5tury4 ,a few
 ( ^! di/+ui% !mselves 9 lit]ature & o!r
 pursuits :i* br+ notoriety to !        
successful1 b by f> ! great] numb] h to 

rema9 9 positions ( obscurity1 (t5 be+  
cle>ly consci\s t !y h abilities & k n  
mu*1 if at all1 inf]ior to ! abilities &
 k ( "s :o h a*iev$ di/9ction4 ,!       
position ( a clev] man :o rema9s obscure
 is1 if he has ambition1 r try+ to !    
moral fibre1 b !re are c]ta9            
consid]ations :i* might help to give a  
direction to 8 en]gy & s procure him a  
sure relief1 :i* reputation too         
frequ5tly fails to provide4  ,! fir/    
consid]ation is "o :i* 0 (f]$ to me _m  
ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold1 & :i*  
,i c give1 ?\gh f memory1 v ne>ly 9 8   
own words4 ,! multiplicity ( ?+s :i*    
make claim to ! att5tion ( ! public is 9
 ^! days su* t x requires ei!r uncommon 
/r5g? ( w or else ! =ce ( peculi>       
circum/ances to make m5 foll[ any s]i\s 
/udy to good result1 & ! great majority 
cont5t !mselves ) ! g5]al enlight5m5t ( 
! epo*1 :i* !y get f newspap]s &        
reviews4 ,h5ce ! ef=ts ( ! intellectual 
produce little effect1 & x requires ei!r
 extraord9>y tal5t or extraord9>y       

fanaticism to awak5 ! s]i\s int]e/ ( any
 consid]able numb] ( read]s4 ,yet1 9    
spite ( ^! disc\ragem5ts1 we ought to   
rememb] t our labors1 if n applaud$ by  
o!rs1 may be ( inf9ite value to         
ourselves1 & also t beyond ?is ga9 to ! 
individual1 8 culture is a ga9 to !     
nation1 :e!r ! nation =mally recognizes 
x or n4 ,= ! intellectual life ( a      
nation is ! sum ( ! lives ( all         
intellectual p belong+ to x1 & 9 ?is    
s5se y\r culture is a ga9 to ,engl&1    
:e!r ,engl& c\nts y among/ h] em95t     
sons1 or leaves y =ev] obscure4 ,is x n 
a noble spectacle1 a spectacle well     
wor?y ( a highly civiliz$ c\ntry1 :5 a  
private citiz51 ) an admirable          
comb9ation ( patriotism & self-respect1 
says to himself z he labors1 ,i "k t 9 a
 c\ntry s great z ,engl&1 :]e !re are s 
_m able m51 all t ,i d c c\nt = v little
 9 public e/imation1 yet ,i w endeavor  
to /ore my m9d ) k & make my judgm5t    
sure1 9 ord] t ! national m9d ( ,engl&1 
( :i* my m9d is a m9ute fraction1 may be

 enlight5$ by s mu*1 be x nev] s little8
 ,i ?9k ! same noble feel+ might animate
 a citiz5 ) ref]5ce to 8 native t[n2 ,i 
?9k a good t[nsman might say to himself1
 ,our folks are n mu* giv5 to !         
cultivation ( _! m9ds1 & !y ne$ a few to
 set !m an example4 ,i w be "o ( ^? few4
 ,i w "w & ?9k1 9 ord] t our t[n may n  
get into a /ate ( p]fect intellectual   
/agnation4 ,b if ! nation or ! city 7   
too va/ to call =? any noble feel+ ( ?is
 k9d1 surely ! family is little en\gh & 
ne> en\gh4 ,might n a man say1 ,i w g   
?r\gh a good deal ( intellectual drudg]y
 9 ord] t my wife & *ildr5 may          
unconsci\sly get ! b5efit ( x2 ,i w le>n
 facts = !m t !y may be accurate1 & get 
ideas = !m t !y may %>e ) me a m elevat$
 m5tal /ate2 ,i w d some?+ t[>ds rais+ !
 tone ( ! :ole h\sehold8  ,! practical  
difficulty 9 all projects ( ?is k9d is t
 ! h\sehold does n c>e to be            
intellectually elevat$1 & opposes !     
resi/ance ( gravitation4 ,! h\sehold has
 its natural intellectual level1 & f9ds 

x z inevitably z wat] t is free4        
,cultivat$ m5 are surr\nd$ 9 _! homes by
 a gr\p ( p]sons1 wife1 *ildr51 s]vants1
 :o1 9 _! int]c\rse ) "o ano!r1 create !
 h\sehold tone4 ,:at is a s+le          
individual ) 8 books aga9/ ^! comb9$ &  
active influ5ces8 ,is he to g & prea* ! 
gospel ( ! intellect 9 ! kit*58 ,w he   
v5ture to pres5t intellectual           
conclusions 9 ! draw+-room8 ,! kit*5 has
 a tone ( its own :i* all our ef=ts _c  
elevate1 & ! draw+-room has its own     
atmosph]e1 an atmosph]e unfavorable to  
sev]e & manly ?9k+4 ,y _c make cooks    
intellectual1 & y mu/ n be didactic )   
ladies4 ,intellectual m5 always feel ?is
 difficulty1 & mo/ commonly keep _!     
intellect v mu* to !mselves1 :5 !y are  
at home4 ,if !y h n an outlet else:]e1  
ei!r 9 society or 9 lit]ature1 !y gr[   
morbid4  ,yet1 al?\gh x is useless to   
attempt to elevate any human be+ above 8
 own intellectual level unless he       
gradually climbs himself z a man asc5ds 
a m\nta91 !re are nev]!less c]ta9       

*>ities or condesc5d5ces ( ! highly     
cultivat$ :i* may be good = ! l[]       
intellig5ces t surr\nd !m1 z ! /reams f 
! ,alp9e sn[s are good = ! irrigation ( 
! valleys1 ?\gh ! mead[s :i* !y wat] mu/
 =ev] rema9 eight or t5 ?\s& feet bel[  
!m4 ,& ,i believe t x w\ld greatly add  
to ! happ9ess ( ! intellectual portion (
 mank9d if !y c\ld m sy/ematically      
ex]cise ^! *>ities4 ,x is q cle> t we c 
nev] effect by *ance conv]sation t total
 *ange 9 ! m5tal /ate :i* is gradually  
br\ght ab\t by ! sl[ processes (        
education2 we _c give to an intellect t 
has nev] be5 develop$1 & :i* has fix$   
itself 9 ! undevelop$ /ate1 t p[] &     
activity :i* come only aft] ye>s (      
labor2 b we may be able on _m occasions 
to (f] ! sort ( help :i* a g5tleman (f]s
 to an old woman :5 he invites h] to get
 up into ! rumble beh9d 8 c>riage4 ,i   
knew an intellectual lady :o liv$       
habitually 9 ! c\ntry1 & ,i may say )\t 
fanciful exagg]ation t ! f>m]s' wives   
r\nd ab\t h] 7 consid]ably sup]ior to   

:at 9 all probability !y w\ld h be5 )\t 
! advantage ( h] k9dly & in/ructive     
conv]sation4 ,%e possess$ ! happy art ( 
convey+ ! sort ( k :i* c\ld be readily  
receiv$ by h] he>]s1 & 9 a mann] :i*    
made x agreeable to !m1 s t !y drew     
ideas f h] q naturally1 & h] m9d        
irrigat$ _! m9ds1 :i* w\ld h rema9$     
p]man5tly b>r5 )\t t help & refre%m5t4  
,x w\ld be fooli% to exagg]ate ! b5efits
 ( su* intellectual *>ity z ?is1 b x is 
well1 on ! o!r h&1 n to und]value x4    
,su* an influ5ce c nev] convey mu* solid
 in/ruction1 b x may convey "s ( its    
results4 ,x may produce a m ?\ghtful &  
reasonable condition ( m9d1 x may       
pres]ve ! ignorant f "s ( ^? prepo/]\s  
!ories & beliefs :i* s easily ga9       
curr5cy among/ !m4 ,indirectly1 x may h 
r an important political influ5ce1 by   
dispos+ p to vote = ! bett] sort (      
c&idate4 ,& ! influ5ce ( su*            
intellectual *>ity on ! mat]ial well be+
 ( ! humbl] classes1 on _! heal? &      
weal?1 may be q z consid]able z t ( !   

o!r & m common sort ( *>ity :i* passes  
silv] f h& to h&4  ,%ortly aft] !       
t]m9ation ( ! great ,franco-,g]man      
conflict1 ,m4 ,ta9e sugge/$ 9 ! ,temps t
 subscrib]s to ! bett] sort ( j\rnals   
might d a good deal = ! enlight5m5t ( ! 
humbl] classes by m]ely l5d+ _!         
newspap]s 9 _! neighborhood4 ,?is 0 a   
good sugge/ion3 ! be/ newspap]s are an  
important intellectual propag&a2 !y     
awak5 an int]e/ 9 ! mo/ v>i\s subjects1 
& supply n only in=mation b a /imulus4  
,! dang] to p]sons ( high] culture t !  
newspap] may absorb "t :i* w\ld else be 
devot$ to m sy/ematic /udy1 does n exi/ 
9 ! classes = ^: b5efit ,m4 ,ta9e made 8
 recomm5dation4 ,! newspap] is _! only  
secul> read+1 & )\t x !y h no mod]n     
lit]ature ( any k9d4 ,9 addition to !   
praisewor?y habit ( l5d+ good newspap]s1
 an intellectual man :o lives 9 ! c\ntry
 might adopt ! practice ( conv]s+ ) 8   
neighbors ab\t ev]y?+ 9 :i* !y c\ld be  
induc$ to take an int]e/1 giv+ !m "s    
notion ( :at goes on 9 ! classes :i* are

 intellectually active1 "s idea ( su*   
discov]ies & projects z an untutor$ m9d 
may p>tially und]/&4 ,= example1 !re is 
! great tunnel "u ! ,mont ,c5is1 & !re  
is ! project$ tunnel b5ea? ! ,*annel1 & 
!re is ! cutt+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,a  
peasant c compreh5d ! greatness ( ^!    
rem>kable conceptions :5 !y are prop]ly 
expla9$ to him1 & he w (t5 feel a lively
 gratitude = in=mation ( t k9d4 ,we     
ought to rememb] :at a sl[ & pa9ful     
op]ation read+ is to ! un$ucat$4 ,m]ely 
to read ! native tongue is to !m a labor
 s irksome t !y are apt to lose ! s5se (
 a p>agraph 9 seek+ = t ( a s5t5ce or an
 expression4 ,z !y w\ld r speak ?an h to
 write1 s !y pref] he>+ to read+1 & !y  
get mu* m good f x1 because !y c ask a  
"q :5 ! matt] has n be5 made cle> to !m4
  ,"o ( ! be/ ways ( int]e/+ & in/ruct+ 
y\r intellectual inf]iors is to give !m 
an acc\nt ( y\r travels4 ,all p l to he>
 a travell] tell 8 own tale1 & :il/ he  
is tell+ x he may slip 9 a good deal (  
in=mation ab\t _m ?+s1 & mu* s\nd       

doctr9e4 ,acc\nts ( =eign c\ntries1 ev5 
:5 y h n se5 !m p]sonally1 ne>ly always 
awak5 a lively int]e/1 especially if y  
are able to give y\r he>]s detail$      
descriptions ( ! life l$ by =eign]s :o  
occupy positions correspond+ to _! own4 
,peasants c be made to take an int]e/ 9 
a/ronomy ev51 ?\gh y _c tell !m any?+   
ab\t ! peasants 9 ,jupit] & ,m>s1 & !re 
is always1 at />t+1 ! great difficulty (
 p]suad+ !m to tru/ sci5ce ab\t ! motion
 & rotundity ( ! e>?4  ,a v direct =m ( 
intellectual *>ity is t ( gratuit\s     
tea*+1 bo? 9 classes & by public        
lectures1 op5 to all com]s4 ,a great    
deal ( light has 9 ?is way be5 spread   
abroad 9 cities1 b 9 c\ntry villages !re
 is little enc\ragem5t to ent]prises (  
?is k9d1 ! intellig5ce ( f>m labor]s be+
 less awak5$ ?an t ( ! correspond+ urban
 population4 ,let u rememb]1 h[ev]1 t "o
 ( ! v highe/ & la/ a*ievem5ts ( !      
cultivat$ intellect is ! art ( convey+  
to ! uncultivat$1 ! untaught1 !         
unprep>$1 ! be/ & noble/ k :i* !y are   

capable ( assimilat+4 ,no "o :o1 l !    
writ] ( ^! pages1 has liv$ mu* 9 !      
c\ntry1 & mu* among/ a d5sely ignorant  
peasantry1 w be likely 9 any plans (    
enlight5m5t to err f> on ! side (       
en?usia/ic hopefulness4 ,! m9d ( a f>m  
labor]1 or t ( a small f>m]1 is almo/   
always sure to be a rem>kably /iff soil1
 9 :i* few intellectual conceptions c   
take root2 yet ^! few may make !        
diff]5ce betwe5 an exi/5ce wor?y ( a    
man1 & "o t diff]s f ! exi/5ce ( a brute
 9 little beyond ! possession (         
articulate language4 ,we to :om ! ri*   
inh]itance ( intellectual humanity is s 
famili> z to h lo/ mu* ( its fre%ness1  
are liable to und]rate ! value ( ?\ghts 
& discov]ies :i* to u h = ye>s seem$    
commonplace4 ,x is ) our intellectual z 
) our mat]ial weal?2 we d n realize h[  
preci\s "s fragm5ts ( x might be to our 
poor] neighbors4 ,! old clo!s t we we>  
no long] may give com=t & confid5ce to a
 man 9 nak$ de/itution2 ! tru?s :i* are 
s famili> to u t we nev] ?9k ab\t !m1   

may raise ! utt]ly ignorant to a s5se ( 
_! human bro!rhood4  ,above all1 9 !    
ex]cise ( our intellectual *>ities1 let 
u accu/om ourselves to feel satisfi$ )  
humble results & small successes2 & "h  
let me make a confession :i* may be ( "s
 possible use to o!rs4 ,:5 a "y man1 ,i 
taught a draw+-class gratuit\sly1 beg9n+
 ) ?irty-six pupils1 :o dw9dl$ gradually
 to elev54 ,soon aft]w>ds ,i gave up !  
"w f dissatisfaction1 on acc\nt ( !     
meagre att5dance4 ,?is 0 v wrong--!     
elev5 7 wor? ! ?irty-six2 & s long z "o 
( ! elev5 rema9$ ,i ought to h cont5t$ly
 taught him4 ,! success ( a tea*] is n  
to be measur$ by ! numb]s :om he        
imm$iately influ5ces4 ,x is en\gh1 x has
 be5 prov$ to be en\gh 9 m ?an "o       
rem>kable in/ance1 t a s+le liv+ s\l    
%\ld be 9 unison ) ! s\l ( a ma/]1 &    
receive 8 ?\ght by sympa?y4 ,! "o       
disciple tea*es 9 8 turn1 & ! idea is   
propagat$4   ,,lett] ,,iv4  ,,to ,,!    
,,fri5d ,,( ,a ,,man ,,( ,,high         
,,culture ,,:o ,,produc$ ,,no?+4        

,j\b]t--,n yet "t1 or else ,! "t is     
pa/--,8 weakness =   production--,?ree  
classes ( m9ds--,a m p]fect intellectual
 life   atta9able by ! sil5t /ud5t ?an  
by au?ors--,he may foll[ 8   own        
g5ius--,sav+ ( "t effect$ by ab/95ce f  
writ+--,!   unproductive may be m       
influ5tial ?an ! prolific4  ,:5 ,i met  
,b4 at y\r h\se la/ week1 y :isp]$ to me
 9 ! draw+-room t he 0 a man ( ! mo/    
rem>kable atta9m5ts1 :o1 to ! great     
regret ( all 8 fri5ds1 _h nev] employ$ 8
 abilities to any visible purpose4 ,we  
_h n "t = a conv]sation on ?is subject1 
because ,b4 himself imm$iately jo9$ u4  
,8 talk rem9d$ me v mu* ( ,j\b]t--n t ,i
 ev] knew ,j\b]t p]sonally1 ?\gh ,i h   
liv$ v ne> to ,vill5euve-sur-,yonne1 :]e
 ,j\b]t liv$2 b he is "o ( ^? *>act]s   
:om x is possible to "k )\t hav+ se5 !m 
9 ! fle%4 ,8 fri5ds us$ to urge him to  
write some?+1 & !n he said1 ,pas encore4
 ,n yet2 ,i ne$ a long peace4           
,tranquillity came1 & !n he said t ,god 
_h only giv5 =ce to 8 m9d = a limit$ "t1

 & t ! "t 0 pa/4 ,!re=e1 z ,sa9te-,beuve
 obs]v$1 = ,j\b]t !re 0 no m$ium2 ei!r x
 0 n yet "t1 or else ! "t 0 pa/4  ,no?+ 
is m common ?an = o!r p to say ?is ( u4 
,!y (t5 say ,he is too "y1 z ,napoleon  
said ( ,+res1 or else ,he is too old1 z 
,napoleon said ( ,greuze4 ,x is m r>e = 
a man himself to %r9k f e ent]prise1    
fir/ "u ! p]suasion t he is unprep>$1 & 
aft]w>ds because ! "t is no long]       
opportune4 ,yet !re does exi/ a c]ta9 v 
peculi> class ( highly-gift$1 diffid5t1 
delicate1 unproductive m9ds1 :i* impress
 ^? ar\nd !m ) an almo/ sup]/iti\s      
belief 9 _! possibilities1 yet nev] d   
any?+ to ju/ify t belief4  ,b may x n be
 d\bt$ :e!r ^! m9ds h productive p[] (  
any k9d8 ,i believe t ! full ext5t (    
,j\b]t's productive p[] is display$ 9 ^?
 s5t5ces ( 8 :i* h be5 pres]v$1 & :i*   
reveal a g5ius ( ! r>e/ delicacy1 b at !
 same "t s+ul>ly incapable ( su/a9$     
intellectual ef=t4 ,he said t he c\ld   
only compose sl[ly1 & ) an extreme      
fatigue4 ,he believ$1 h[ev]1 t !        

weakness lay 9 ! in/rum5t alone1 9 !    
compos+ faculties1 & n 9 ! faculties (  
?\ght1 = he said t beh9d 8 weakness !re 
0 /r5g?1 z beh9d ! /r5g? ( "s o!rs !re 0
 weakness4  ,9 say+ ?is1 x is probable t
 ,j\b]t did n ov]e/imate himself4 ,he _h
 /r5g? ( a c]ta9 k9d1 or r he _h        
quality2 he _h di/9ction1 :i* is a sort 
( /r5g? 9 society & 9 lit]ature4 ,b he  
_h no productive =ce1 & ,i d n believe t
 8 unproductiv5ess 0 a productiv5ess    
*eck$ by a fa/idi\s ta/e2 ,i believe t x
 0 real1 t he 0 n organiz$ = production4
  ,sa9te-,beuve said t a mod]n          
philosoph] 0 accu/om$ to di/+ui% ?ree   
classes ( m9ds--  #a4 ,^? :o are at once
 p[]ful & delicate1 :o excel z !y       
propose1 execute :at !y conceive1 & rea*
 ! great & true beautiful--a r>e lite   
among/ mortals4  #b4 ,a class ( m9ds    
especially *>act]iz$ by _! delicacy1 :o 
feel t _! idea is sup]ior to _!         
execution1 _! intellig5ce great] ?an _! 
tal5t1 ev5 :5 ! tal5t is v real2 !y are 
easily dissatisfi$ ) !mselves1 disda9   

easily won praises1 & w\ld r judge1     
ta/e1 & ab/a9 f produc+1 ?an rema9 bel[ 
_! conception & !mselves4 ,or if !y     
write x is by fragm5ts1 = !mselves only1
 at long int]vals & at r>e mom5ts4 ,_!  
fecundity is int]nal1 & kn[n to few4    
#c4 ,la/ly1 !re is a ?ird class ( m9ds m
 p[]ful & less delicate or difficult to 
please1 :o g on produc+ & publi%+       
!mselves )\t be+ too mu* dissatisfi$ )  
_! "w4  ,! majority ( our active pa9t]s 
& writ]s1 :o fill mod]n exhibitions1 &  
produce ! curr5t lit]ature ( ! day1     
belong to ! la/ class1 to :i* we are all
 greatly indebt$ = ! daily bread (      
lit]ature & art4  ,b ,sa9te-,beuve      
believ$ t ,j\b]t belong$ to ! second    
class1 & ,i suspect t bo? ,sa9te-,beuve 
& _m o!rs h cr$it$ t class ) a pot5tial 
productiv5ess beyond its real end[m5ts4 
,m9ds ( ! ,j\b]t class are admirable &  
valuable 9 _! way1 b !y are really1 & n 
app>5tly1 /]ile4  ,& :y w\ld we h x     
o!rwise8 ,:5 we lam5t t a man ( culture 
has done no?+1 z we say1 we mean t he   

has n writt5 books4 ,is x necess>y1 is x
 desirable1 t e cultivat$ p]son %\ld    
write books8  ,on ! contr>y1 x seems t a
 m p]fect intellectual life may be      
atta9$ by ! sil5t /ud5t ?an by au?ors4  
,! writ] = ! public is (t5 s f> its     
slave t he is compell$ by necessity or  
induc$ by ! desire = success 7s9ce x is 
humiliat+ to write unsaleable books z   
well z unpr(itable7 to deviate f 8 true 
pa?1 to leave ! subjects t mo/ int]e/   
him = o!r subjects :i* int]e/ him less1 
& !re=e to acquire k r z a matt] (      
bus9ess ?an z a labor ( love4 ,b ! /ud5t
 :o nev] publi%es1 & does n int5d to    
publi%1 may foll[ 8 own g5ius & take ! k
 :i* belongs to him by natural aff9ity4 
,add to ?is ! imm5se sav+ ( "t effect$  
by ab/95ce f writ+4 ,:il/ ! writ] is    
poli%+ 8 p]iods1 & giv+ h\rs to !       
arti/ic exig5cies ( m]e =m1 ! read] is  
add+ to 8 k4 ,?ack]ay said t writ]s 7 n 
great read]s1 because !y _h n ! "t4  ,! 
mo/ /udi\s ,fr5*man ,i ev] met ) us$ to 
say t he s hat$ ! p5 z sc>cely to       

resolve to write a lett]4 ,he rem9d$ me 
( ,j\b]t 9 ?is2 he (t5 said1 ,j'ai      
horreur de la plume4 ,s9ce he _h no     
pr(ession 8 leisure 0 unlimit$1 & he    
employ$ x 9 educat+ himself )\t any o!r 
purpose ?an ?is1 ! highe/ purpose ( all1
 to become a cultivat$ man4 ,! v        
preval5t idea t lives ( ?is k9d are     
failures unless !y leave "s visible     
a*ievem5t z a te/imony & ju/ification ( 
_! labors1 is bas$ ^u a n>r[ conception 
bo? ( duty & ( utility4 ,m5 ( ?is       
unproductive class are sure to influ5ce 
_! imm$iate neighborhood by ! example ( 
_! life4 ,isolat$ z !y are too frequ5tly
 9 ! prov9ces1 9 ! mid/ ( populations   
de/itute ( ! high] culture1 !y (t5      
e/abli% ! notion ( x not)/&+ !          
contemptu\s e/imates ( ! practical p    
ar\nd !m4 ,a s+le intellectual life1 ?us
 mode/ly liv$ ?r\gh 9 ! obscurity ( a   
c\ntry-t[n1 may leave a tradition &     
become an endur+ influ5ce4 ,9 ?is1 z 9  
all ?+s1 let u tru/ ! arrangem5ts (     
,nature4 ,if m5 are at ! same "t        

con/itutionally /udi\s & con/itutionally
 unproductive1 9 mu/ be t production is 
n ! only use ( /udy4 ,j\b]t 0 "r 9 keep+
 sil5ce :5 he felt no impulses to speak1
 "r also 9 say+ ! little t he did say   
)\t a sup]flu\s ^w4 ,8 m9d is m fully   
kn[n1 & m influ5tial1 ?an _m :i* are    
abundantly productive4   ,,lett] ,v4    
,,to ,a ,,/ud5t ,,:o ,,felt ,,hurri$ ,,&
 ,,driv54    ,"s intellectual products  
possible only 9 excitem5t--,byron's     
au?ority on ! subject--,c inv5tive m9ds 
"w regul>ly8--,sir   ,walt] ,scott's    
op9ion--,napoleon on ! w9n+ (           
victories--,!   prosaic bus9ess ( m5 (  
g5ius--,wait+ =                         
inspiration--,rembr&t's advice to a "y  
pa9t]--,culture necess>y   to           
inspiration itself--,byron1 ,keats1     
,morris--,m5 ( g5ius may be   regul> z  
/ud5ts4  ,9 my la/ lett] to y on quiet  
regul>ity ( "w1 ,i did n give mu*       
consid]ation to ano!r matt] :i*1 9 c]ta9
 k9ds ( "w1 has to be tak5 into acc\nt1 
= ,i pref]r$ to make t ! subject ( a    

sep>ate lett]4 ,!re are c]ta9           
intellectual products :i* are only      
possible 9 h\rs or m9utes ( great       
c]ebral excitem5t4 ,byron said t :5 p 7 
surpris$ to f9d poets v mu* l o!rs 9 !  
ord9>y int]c\rse ( life1 _! surprise 0  
due to ignorance ( ?is4 ,if p knew1     
,byron said1 t poetical production came 
f an excitem5t :i* f its int5sity c\ld  
only be tempor>y1 !y w\ld n expect poets
 to be v diff]5t f o!r p :5 n "u !      
influ5ce ( ?is excitem5t4 ,n[1 we may   
take ! ^w poet1 9 ?is connection1 9 ! v 
l>ge/ s5se4 ,all m5 :o h ! gift (       
inv5tion are poets4 ,! inv5tive ideas   
come to !m at un=ese5 mom5ts1 & h to be 
seiz$ :5 !y come1 s t ! true inv5tor    
works sometimes ) v]tig9\s rapidity1 &  
aft]w>ds rema9s = days or weeks )\t     
ex]cis+ ! inv5tive faculty at all4 ,! "q
 is1 c y make an inv5tive m9d "w on !   
pr9ciple ( measur$ & regul> advance4 ,is
 su* c\nsel z t 9 my =m] lett]          
applicable to inv5tors8  ,scott said1 t 
al?\gh he _h kn[n _m m5 ( ord9>y        

abilities :o 7 capable ( p]fect         
regul>ity 9 _! habits1 he _h nev] kn[n a
 man ( g5ius :o 0 s4 ,! popul>          
impression conc]n+ m5 ( g5ius is v /rong
 9 ! same s5se1 b x is well n to atta*  
too mu* importance to popul> impressions
 conc]n+ m5 ( g5ius1 = ! obvi\s reason t
 su* m5 come v little "u popul>         
obs]vation4 ,:5 !y "w x is usually 9 !  
mo/ p]fect solitude1 & ev5 p :o live 9 !
 same h\se "k v little1 really1 ( _!    
intellectual habits4  ,! tru? seems to  
be1 fir/1 t ! mom5ts ( high excitem5t1 (
 noble/ inv5tion1 are r>e1 & n to be    
comm&$ by ! w2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 t 9 ord] 
to make ! gift ( inv5tion produce its   
full effect 9 any dep>tm5t ( human ef=t1
 va/ labors ( prep>ation are necess>y1 &
 ^! labors may be pursu$ z /eadily z y l
 ,napoleon ,i4 us$ to say t battles 7   
won by ! sudd5 fla%+ ( an idea ?r\gh !  
bra9 ( ! comm&] at a c]ta9 critical     
in/ant4 ,! capacity = g5]at+ ?is sudd5  
electric sp>k 0 milit>y g5ius4 ,! sp>k  
fla%$ indep5d5tly ( ! w2 ! ,g5]al c\ld n

 w9 t vivid illum9ation by labor or by  
pray]2 x came only 9 ! bra9 ( g5ius f ! 
int5se anxiety & excitem5t ( ! actual   
conflict4 ,napoleon seems always to h   
c\nt$ ^u x1 always to h believ$ t :5 !  
critical in/ant arriv$ ! wild confusion 
( ! battle-field w\ld be illum9at$ = him
 by t bur/ ( sudd5 flame4 ,b if         
,napoleon _h be5 ignorant ( ! prosaic   
bus9ess ( 8 pr(ession1 to :i* he att5d$ 
m closely ?an any o!r comm&]1 :at w\ld  
^! mom5ts ( supreme cle>ness h avail$   
him1 or w\ld !y ev] h come to him at    
all8 ,if !y _h come to him1 !y w\ld h   
reveal$ only ! ext5t ( 8 own neglig5ce4 
,in/ead ( %[+ him :at to d1 !y w\ld h   
made pa9fully evid5t :at ought to h be5 
done4 ,b x is m probable t ^! cle>      
mom5ts w\ld nev] h occurr$ to a m9d     
unprep>$ by /udy4 ,cle> milit>y         
inspirations nev] occur to %opkeep]s &  
f>m]s1 z bright ideas ab\t *eckmates    
occur only to p]sons :o h /udi$ *ess4 ,!
 prosaic bus9ess1 !n1 ( ! man ( g5ius is
 to accumulate t prep>atory k )\t :i* 8 

g5ius c nev] be available1 & he c d "w (
 ?is k9d z regul>ly z he likes4  ,! "o  
fatal mi/ake :i* is committ$ habitually 
by p :o h ! sc>cely desirable gift (    
half-g5ius is wait+ = inspiration4 ,!y  
pass week aft] week 9 a /ate ( indol5ce1
 unpr(itable alike to ! m9d & ! purse1  
"u pretext ( wait+ = intellectual fla%es
 l ^? :i* came to ,napoleon on 8        
battle-fields4 ,!y ought to rememb] !   
advice giv5 by "o ( ! greate/ arti/s ( !
 sev5te5? c5tury to a "y pa9t] ( 8      
acqua9tance4 ,practise assidu\sly :at y 
already "k1 & 9 c\rse ( "t o!r ?+s w    
become cle> to y4 ,! inspirations come  
only to ! discipl9$2 ! indol5t wait = !m
 9 va94  ,if y h g5ius1 !re=e1 or       
believe y h1 x is admitt$ t y _c be     
p]petually 9 a /ate ( int5se excitem5t4 
,if y 7 9 t /ate )\t ceas+1 y w\ld g    
mad4 ,y _c be expect$ to write poetry 9 
! plodd+ ox-pace mann] advocat$ =       
intellectual "w g5]ally 9 my la/ lett]4 
,z = t good old comp>ison betwe5 ! h>e &
 ! tortoise1 x may be answ]$ = y1       

simply1 t y are n a tortoise1 & t :at is
 a mo/ wise proc$ure = tortoises may be 
impracticable = y4 ,! actual composition
 ( poetry1 especially poetry ( a fi]y   
k9d1 l--    ,! isles ( ,greece1 ! isles 
( ,greece1  ( ,byron1 is to be done n :5
 ! poet w1 b :5 he c1 or r1 :5 he mu/4  
,b if y are a wise g5ius y w feel h[    
necess>y is culture ev5 = "w ( t k9d4   
,byron w\ld n h felt any en?usiasm = !  
isles ( ,greece if he _h n kn[n some?+ (
 _! hi/ory4 ,! v]ses are an inspiration1
 b !y c\ld nev] h occurr$ to a q        
uncultivat$ p]son1 h[ev] bright 8       
inspirations4 ,ev5 m obvi\sly 0 ! g5ius 
( ,keats dep5d5t ^u 8 culture4 ,he did n
 read ,greek1 b f translations ( ,greek 
lit]ature & f ! direct /udy ( ,greek art
 he got ! sort ( mat]ial t he ne$$4 ,& 9
 our own day ,morris has be5 evid5tly a 
v dilig5t /ud5t ( _m lit]atures4 ,:at ,i
 insi/ ^u is1 t we c\ld n h _h ! real   
,keats1 ! real ,morris1 unless !y _h    
prep>$ !mselves by culture4 ,we see     
imm$iately t ! "w !y h done is _! "w1   

specially1 t !y 7 specially adapt$ =    
x--inspir$ = x1 if y w4 ,b h[ evid5t x  
is t ! inspiration c\ld nev] h produc$ !
 "w1 or any?+ l x1 )\t labor 9 !        
accumulation ( mat]ial6  ,n[1 al?\gh m5 
( g5ius _c be regul>ly progressive 9    
actual production1 _c write s _m v]ses a
 day1 regul>ly1 z y may sp9 y>n1 !y c be
 v regul> z /ud5ts1 & "s ( ! be/ ( !m h 
be5 q rem>kable = unfl9*+ /ead9ess (    
application 9 t way4 ,! great pr9ciple  
recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,galton1 ( n look+    
=w>d eag]ly to ! end ( y\r j\rney1 b    
int]e/+ y\rself *iefly 9 ! progress ( x1
 is z applicable to ! /udies ( m5 (     
g5ius z to ^? ( m ord9>y p]sons4        
,,lett] ,,vi4  ,,to ,,an ,,ard5t ,,fri5d
 ,,:o ,,took ,,no ,,re/4    ,on "s v]ses
 ( ,goe!--,man n con/itut$ l a          
planet--,mat!w   ,arnold's poem1        
,self-dep5d5ce--,poetry & prose--,! w9d 
m   imitable ?an ! />s--,! /one 9 ,gl5  
,croe--,re/ & be ?ankful4  ,rambl+ ov] !
 wild moors1 ) ?\ghts (t5times z wild & 
dre>y z ^? moors1 ! "y ,c>lyle1 :o _h   

be5 *e]$ ?r\gh 8 /ruggl+ sadness1 &     
/r5g!n$ = ! "p he 0 to play 9 life1 by !
 beauty & ! wisdom :i* ,goe! _h reveal$ 
to him1 sudd5ly conceiv$ ! idea t x w\ld
 be a pleasant & a fitt+ ?+ if "s ( !   
few admir]s 9 ,engl& =w>d$ to ,weim> a  
trifl+ tok5 ( _! admiration4 ,on rea*+  
home ,mr4 ,c>lyle at once sket*$ !      
design ( a seal to be engrav$1 ! s]p5t (
 et]nity encircl+ a />1 ) ! words ohne  
,ha/1 ohne ,ra/ 7unha/+1 unre/+71 9     
allusion to ! well-kn[n v]ses--    ',wie
 das ,ge/irn1    ,ohne ,ha/    ,ab] ohne
 ,ra/    ,drehe si* j$]    ,um die eigne
 ,la/4'  7,l a />1 unha/+1 unre/+1 be   
ea* "o fulfill+ 8 ,god-giv5 'he/4'7#aj  
,?is is said s beautifully1 & seems s   
wise1 t x may easily settle d[n into !  
m9d z a maxim & rule ( life4 ,_h we be5 
told 9 pla9 prose to take no re/1 )\t ! 
beautiful simile ( ! />1 & )\t ! wise   
re/riction ab\t ha/e1 our common s5se   
w\ld h rebell$ at once2 b z bo? beauty &
 wisdom exi/ toge!r 9 ! gem-l /anza1 our
 judgm5t rema9s sil5t 9 *>m$            

acquiesc5ce4  ,let u ask ourselves1     
h[ev]1 ab\t ?is /ella example1 :e!r man 
is naturally s con/itut$ z to be able to
 imitate x4 ,a planet moves )\t ha/e1   
because x is incapable ( excitem5t2 &   
)\t re/1 because x is incapable (       
fatigue4 ,a planet makes no ef=t1 &     
enc\nt]s no friction or resi/ance ( any 
k9d4 ,man is s con/itut$ z to feel      
frequ5tly ! /imulus ( excitem5t1 :i*    
imm$iately translates itself ei!r into  
actual accel]ation or into ! desire =   
accel]ation--a desire :i* _c be re/ra9$ 
)\t an ef=t2 & :atev] man und]takes to d
 he enc\nt]s friction & resi/ance1 :i*1 
= him1 always soon] or lat] inevitably  
induce fatigue4 ,man is nei!r con/itut$ 
l a /> nor situat$ l a />1 & !re=e x is 
n possible = him to exi/ z />s exi/4  ,y
 w object to ?is criticism t x h&les a  
delicate little poem v r\ghly1 & y may  
tell me t ,i am unfit to receive !      
wisdom ( ! poets1 :i* is always utt]$ ) 
a t\* ( ,ori5tal exagg]ation4 ,c]ta9ly  
,goe! c\ld nev] mean t a man %\ld kill  

himself by labors lit]ally incessant4   
,goe!'s own life is ! be/ elucidation ( 
8 true mean+4 ,! example ( ! /> 0 held  
up to u to be foll[$ only )9 ! limits ( 
our human nature1 z a ,*ri/ian po9ts to 
! example ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! same _s ,mat!w  
,arnold wrote 8 noble poem              
,self-dep5d5ce1 9 :i* he tells u to live
 l ! />s & ! sea3--    ,ah1 once m1 ,i  
cri$1 ye />s1 ye wat]s1      ,on my he>t
 y\r mighty *>m r5ew2    ,/ill1 /ill let
 me1 z ,i gaze ^u y1      ,feel my s\l  
becom+ va/ l y4     ,f ! int5se1 cle>1  
/>-s[n vault ( heav51      ,ov] ! lit   
sea's unquiet way1    ,9 ! ru/l+        
night-air came ! answ]3      ,w\ld/ ?\  
be z ^! are8 ,live z !y4    ,unaffright$
 by ! sil5ce r\nd !m1      ,undi/ract$  
by ! sights !y see1    ,^! dem& n t !   
?+s )\t !m      ,yield !m love1         
amusem5t1 sympa?y4  ,! true int5tion (  
poetical tea*+s l ^! is 9 ! influ5ce !y 
h ov] ! feel+s4 ,if a /> makes me /eadi]
 9 my labor1 less ( a victim to va9     
agitation1 9 consequ5ce ( ,goe!'s v]ses2

 if ! />s & ! sea toge!r r5ew m fully _!
 mighty *>m ^u my he>t because ^? /anzas
 ( ,arnold h fix$ !mselves 9 my memory1 
! poets h done _! "w4 ,b ! m positive   
prosateur has 8 "w to d also1 & y1 z x  
seems to me1 ne$ ?is positive help (    
prose4  ,y are liv+ a great deal too mu*
 l a />1 & n en\gh l a human be+4 ,y d n
 ha/5 (t51 b y nev] re/1 except :5      
,nature m]cifully pro/rates y 9         
irresi/ible sleep4 ,l ! />s & ! sea 9   
,arnold's poem1 y d n ask surr\nd+ ?+s  
to yield y love1 amusem5t1 sympa?y4 ,!  
/>s & ! sea c d )\t ^! refre%m5ts ( !   
bra9 & he>t1 b y _c4 ,re/ is necess>y to
 recruit y\r intellectual =ces2 sympa?y 
is necess>y to prev5t y\r :ole nature f 
/iff5+ l a rotif] )\t moi/ure2 love is  
necess>y to make life beautiful = y1 z !
 plumage ( c]ta9 birds becomes spl5did  
:5 !y pair2 & )\t amusem5t y w lose !   
gayety :i* wise m5 try to keep z ! be/  
legacy ( y\?4  ,let y\r re/ be p]fect 9 
its season1 l ! re/ ( wat]s t are /ill4 
,if y w h a model = y\r liv+1 take nei!r

 ! />s1 = !y fly )\t ceas+1 nor ! ocean 
t ebbs & fl[s1 nor ! riv] t _c /ay1 b r 
let y\r life be l t ( ! summ] air1 :i*  
has times ( noble en]gy & times ( p]fect
 peace4 ,x fills ! sails ( %ips ^u !    
sea1 & ! mill] ?anks x on ! breezy      
upl&s2 x works g5]\sly = ! heal? & weal?
 ( all m51 yet x claims its h\rs ( re/4 
,i h pu%$ ! fleet1 ,i h turn$ ! mill1 ,i
 h refre%$ ! city1 & n[1 ?\gh ! capta9  
may walk impati5tly on ! qu>t]-deck1 & !
 mill] swe>1 & ! city /9k1 ,i w /ir no m
 until x pleases me4  ,y h le>n$ _m ?+s1
 my fri5d1 b "o ?+ y h n le>n$--! art ( 
re/+4 ,t /one 9 ,gl5 ,croe ought to h   
impress$ its lesson on ! m9d ( _m a     
travell]1 long be=e ,e>l ,russell gave x
 a newspap] celebrity4 ,h we n re/$ !re 
toge!r1 y & ,i1 a little 9 advance ( !  
coa*1 :i* ! we>y horses 7 /ill sl[ly    
dragg+ up ! t$i\s hill8 ,& z we sat on !
 turf1 & look$ d[n ! mi/y gl51 did we n 
read ! lesson !re engrav58 ,h[ good &   
human ! idea 01 ! idea ( sett+ up t     
grav5 /one 9 ! wild]ness2 h[ full (     

sympa?y is t inscription = all !        
weakness & we>9ess ( humanity6 ,once1 9 
! ardor ( y\?1 !re %one be=e me a gold5 
/> 9 heav51 & on ! deep azure ar\nd x   
,ohne ,ha/1 ohne ,ra/1 9 lett]s ( /eady 
flame2 b n[ ,i see m frequ5tly a pla9   
little /one set up 9 ! e>?1 ) !         
inscription1 ,re/1 & be ?ankful6  ,is n 
! /one j a little l a grave-/one1 my    
fri5d8 ,p]haps x is4 ,b if we take re/  
:5 we require x dur+ life1 we %all n ne$
 ! grave's re/ q s soon4   ,,lett]      
,,vii4  ,,to ,,an ,,ard5t ,,fri5d ,,:o  
,,took ,,no ,,re/4    ,! regret = lo/ "t
 (t5 a ne$less "o--,tilli]'s doctr9e    
ab\t fln]ie--,h[ mu* is ga9$ 9 idle     
h\rs--,sa9te-,beuve's   conviction t    
:atev] he did he /udi$ ! inf9ite book ( 
!   _w & ( life--,h>ness--,free play ( !
 m9d necess>y--,!   fre$om ( a gra9 (   
des]t-s&--,! fre$om ( ! wild bee4  ,if  
we ask$ any intellectual workman :at he 
w\ld d if 8 life 7 to be liv$ ov] aga91 
,i believe ! answ]1 :atev] its =m1 w\ld 
am\nt ultimately to ?is3 ,i w\ld        

economize my "t bett]4 ,v likely if !   
opportunity 7 grant$ him he w\ld d no?+ 
( ! sort2 v likely he w\ld wa/e 8 "t 9  
ways m au?oriz$ by cu/om1 yet wa/e x j z
 extravagantly z he _h done aft] 8 own  
orig9al fa%ion2 b x always seems to u z 
if we c\ld use ! "t bett] if we _h x ov]
 aga94  ,x seems to me 9 look+ back ov] 
! la/ ?irty ye>s1 t ! only "t really    
wa/$ has be5 t sp5t 9 labori\s ob$i5ce  
to "s ext]nal au?ority4 ,x may be a     
dang]\s doctr9e :i* ,claude ,tilli]     
express$ 9 an immortal s5t5ce1 b dang]\s
 or n1 x is full ( intellectual tru?3   
,le temps le mieux employ e/ celui que  
l'on p]d4#aa ,if :at we are accu/om$ to 
consid] lo/ "t c\ld be remov$1 z to its 
effects at lea/1 f ! sum ( our exi/5ce1 
x is c]ta9 t we %\ld suff] f a great    
intellectual impov]i%m5t4 ,all ! be/ k (
 mank9d1 to beg9 )1 is acquir$ 9 h\rs   
:i* h>d-work+ p consid] lo/ h\rs--9     
h\rs1 t is1 ( pleasure & recreation4    
,d$uct all t we h le>nt ab\t m5 9 times 
( recreation1 9 clubs & smok+-rooms1 on 

! hunt+-field1 on ! cricket-gr\nd1 on ! 
deck ( ! ya*t1 on ! box ( ! drag or !   
dog-c>t1 w\ld ! residue be wor? v mu*8  
w\ld x n be a m]e heap ( dry bones )\t  
any w>m fle% to cov] !m8 ,ev5 !         
education ( mo/ ( u1 su* z x is1 has be5
 9 a great measure acquir$ out ( s*ool1 
z x 72 ,i mean outside ( ! ackn[l$g$    
duties ( our m s]i\s exi/5ce4 ,few      
,engli%m5 pa/ =ty h /udi$ ,engli%       
lit]ature ei!r z a college ex]cise or a 
pr(essional prep>ation2 !y h read x     
privately1 z an amusem5t4 ,few ,engli%m5
 pa/ =ty h /udi$ mod]n languages1 or    
sci5ce1 or ! f9e arts1 f any ob$i5ce to 
duty1 b m]ely f ta/e & incl9ation4 ,&   
ev5 if we /udi$ ^! ?+s =mally1 z "y m5  
(t5 d at ! pres5t day1 x is n f ! =mal  
/udy t we %\ld get ! p]fume ( ! language
 or ! art1 b f idle h\rs 9 =eign l&s &  
gall]ies4 ,x is sup]flu\s to recomm5d   
idl5ess to ! un9tellectual1 b !         
intellectual too (t5 und]value x4 ,!    
labori\s intellect contracts a habit (  
/r5u\sness :i* is "s times a h9drance to

 its be/ activity4  ,i h arriv$1 said   
,sa9te-,beuve1 p]haps by way ( secretly 
excus+ my own idl5ess1 p]haps by a deep]
 feel+ ( ! pr9ciple t all comes to !    
same1 at ! conclusion t :atev] ,i d or d
 n1 work+ 9 ! /udy at cont9u\s labor1   
scatt]+ myself 9 articles1 spread+      
myself ab\t 9 society1 giv+ my "t away  
to tr\blesome call]s1 to poor p1 to     
r5dez-v\s1 9 ! /reet1 no matt] to :om & 
to :at1 ,i cease n to d "o & ! same ?+1 
to read "o & ! same book1 ! inf9ite book
 ( ! _w & ( life1 t no "o ev] f9i%es1 9 
:i* ! wise/ read f>!/2 ,i read x !n at  
all ! pages :i* pres5t !mselves1 9 brok5
 fragm5ts1 backw>ds1 :at matt]s x8 ,i   
nev] cease go+ on4 ,! great] ! m$ley1 ! 
m frequ5t ! int]ruption1 ! m ,i get on )
 ?is book 9 :i* "o is nev] beyond !     
middle2 b ! pr(it is to h _h x op5 be=e 
"o at all sorts ( diff]5t pages4  ,a    
di/+ui%$ au?or wrote to ano!r au?or less
 di/+ui%$3 ,y h gone ?r\gh a good deal (
 really vigor\s /udy1 b h n be5 9 h>ness
 yet4 ,by h>ness he meant discipl9e     

settl$ be=eh& l milit>y drill4 ,n[1 !   
advantages ( drill are evid5t & v       
g5]ally recogniz$1 b ! advantages (     
intellectual fln]ie are n s g5]ally     
recogniz$4 ,= ! "w ( ! intellect to be  
cle> & heal?y1 a great deal ( free play 
( ! m9d is absolutely necess>y4 ,h>ness 
is good = an h\r or two at a "t1 b !    
f9e/ intellects h nev] liv$ 9 h>ness4 ,9
 read+ any book t has mu* vitality y are
 sure to meet ) _m allusions &          
illu/rations :i* ! au?or hit ^u1 n :5 he
 0 9 h>ness1 b out at grass4 ,h>ness    
tra9s u to ! sy/ematic p]=mance ( our   
"w1 & increases our practical /r5g? by  
regulat$ ex]cise1 b x does n supply     
ev]y?+ t is necess>y to ! p]fect        
developm5t ( ! m9d4 ,! tru? is1 t we ne$
 bo? ! discipl9e ( h>ness & ! abundant  
n\ri%m5t ( ! free pa/ure4 ,yet may n our
 fre$om be ! pr(itless1 *oiceless1      
fre$om ( a gra9 ( des]t-s&1 c>ri$ hi!r &
 ?i!r by ! w9d1 ga9+ no?+ & improv+     
no?+1 s t x does n signify :]e x 0 c>ri$
 ye/]day or :]e x may fall to-morr[1 b r

 ! lib]ty ( ! wild bee1 ^: com+ & go+   
are ord]$ by no ma/]1 nor fix$ by any   
prem$itat$ regulation1 yet :i* misses no
 opportunity ( increase1 & comes home   
lad5 9 ! twilight4 ,:o kn[s :]e he has  
w&]$2 :o c tell ov] :at banks & /reams !
 hum ( 8 w+s has s\nd$8 ,is any?+ 9     
nature fre] ?an he is2 c any?+ acc\nt   
bett] = a rational use ( fre$om8 ,w\ld  
he d 8 "w bett] if t9y h>ness 7 +5i\sly 
contriv$ = him8 ,:]e !n w\ld be ! gold5 
honey1 & :]e ! wax5 cells8   ,,lett]    
,,viii4  ,,to ,a ,,fri5d 7,,highly      
,,cultivat$7 ,,:o ,,congratulat$        
,,himself ,,on ,,hav+ ,,entirely        
,,ab&on$ ,,! ,,habit ,,( ,,read+        
,,newspap]s4    ,advantages 9 economy ( 
"t--,mu* ( :at we read 9 newspap]s is   
useless to our culture--,! too great    
importance :i* !y atta* to              
novelty--,di/ortion by p>ty _s--,an     
in/ance ( false   pres5tation--,ga9s to 
s]5ity by ab/95ce f                     
newspap]s--,newspap]s keep up our daily 
int]e/ 9 ea* o!r--,!   ,fr5*            

peasantry--,! newspap]-read+            
,am]icans--,an in/ance (   total ab/95ce
 f newspap]s--,augu/e ,comte--,a        
sugge/ion (   ,em]son's--,! "w (        
newspap] correspond5ts--,w>             
correspond5ts--,mr4 ,/anley--,m4 ,erdan1
 ( ! ,temps4  ,y\r ab/95ce f newspap]   
read+ is n anew exp]im5t 9 itself1 ?\gh 
x is new 9 ref]5ce to y\r p>ticul> case1
 & ,i await its effects ) int]e/4 ,i    
%all be curi\s to obs]ve ! consequ5ces1 
to an intellect con/itut$ z y\rs is1 ( t
 total cutt+ (f f ! public int]e/s ( y\r
 own c5tury :i* an ab/95ce f newspap]s  
implies4 ,x is cle> t1 :atev] ! loss may
 be1 y h a def9ite ga9 to set aga9/ x4  
,! "t :i* y h hi!rto giv5 to newspap]s1 
& :i* may be r\ghly e/imat$ at ab\t five
 hundr$ h\rs a ye>1 is h5ce=? a valuable
 "t-income to be appli$ to :atev]       
purposes y\r be/ wisdom may select4 ,:5 
an intellectual p]son has contriv$ by ! 
=ce ( "o simple resolution to effect s  
f9e an economy z ?is1 x is natural t he 
%\ld congratulate himself4 ,y\r feel+s  

mu/ be l ^? ( an able f9ance m9i/] :o   
has f\nd means ( clos+ a great leak 9 ! 
treasury--if any economy possible 9 !   
f9ances ( a ,/ate c\ld ev] relatively   
equal t spl5did /roke ( "t-?rift :i* y\r
 =ce ( w has enabl$ y to effect4 ,9 ^?  
five hundr$ h\rs1 :i* are n[ y\r own1 y 
may acquire a sci5ce or obta9 a m p]fect
 comm& ov] "o ( ! languages :i* y h     
/udi$4 ,"s dep>tm5t ( y\r intellectual  
labors :i* has hi!rto be5 unsatisfactory
 to y1 because x 0 too imp]fectly       
cultivat$1 may h5ce=? be z ord]ly & z   
fruitful z a well-kept g>d54 ,y may     
become ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! works ( m 
?an "o great au?or :om y h neglect$1 n f
 lack ( int]e/1 b f want ( "t4 ,y may   
op5 "s old *amb] ( ! memory t has be5   
d>k & disus$ = _m a ye>2 y may cle> !   
cobwebs away1 & let ! fre% light 91 &   
make x habitable once aga94  ,aga9/ ^!  
ga9s1 ( :i* "s to a man ( y\r indu/ry   
are c]ta91 & may be c\nt$ ^u1 :at mu/ be
 our e/imate ( ! am\nt ( sacrifice or   
loss8 ,x is cle> to bo? ( u t mu* ( :at 

we read 9 ! newspap]s is useless to our 
culture4 ,a l>ge proportion (           
newspap]-writ+ is occupi$ ) speculation 
on :at is likely to happ5 9 ! c\rse ( a 
few mon?s2 !re=e1 by wait+ until ! "t is
 pa/1 we "k ! ev5t )\t hav+ wa/$ "t 9   
speculations :i* c\ld n effect x4 ,ano!r
 r consid]able fraction ( newspap] matt]
 consi/s ( small ev5ts :i* h int]e/ = ! 
day1 ow+ to _! novelty1 b :i* w n h !   
slighte/ p]man5t importance4 ,! :ole    
press ( a newspap]-read+ c\ntry1 l      
,engl& or ,am]ica1 may be actively      
engag$ dur+ ! space ( a week or a       
=tnight 9 discuss+ "s incid5t :i*       
ev]ybody w h =gott5 9 six mon?s2 &      
besides ^! s5sational incid5ts1 !re are 
hundr$s ( less notori\s ones1 (t5       
fictiti\s1 ins]t$ simply = ! tempor>y   
amusem5t ( ! read]4 ,! greate/ evil (   
newspap]s1 9 _! effect on ! intellectual
 life1 is ! enorm\s importance :i* !y   
are oblig$ to atta* to m]e novelty4 ,f !
 intellectual po9t ( view1 x is ( no    
consequ5ce :e!r a ?\ght occurr$         

tw5ty-two c5turies ago to ,ari/otle or  
ye/]day ev5+ to ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 & x  
is "o ( ! di/9ctive m>ks ( ! truly      
intellectual to be able to take a he>ty 
int]e/ 9 all tru?1 indep5d5tly ( ! date 
( its discov]y4 ,! emphasis giv5 by     
newspap]s to novelty exhibits ?+s 9     
wrong relations1 z ! lant]n %[s y :at is
 ne>e/ at ! co/ ( mak+ ! g5]al l&scape  
appe> d>k] by ! contra/4 ,besides ?is   
exhibition ( ?+s 9 wrong relations1 !re 
is a positive di/ortion aris+ f !       
unscrupul\sness ( p>ty1 a di/ortion :i* 
ext5ds f> beyond ! limits ( ! empire4   
,an essay might be writt5 on ! di/ortion
 ( ,engli% affairs 9 ! ,fr5* press1 or (
 ,fr5* affairs 9 ! ,engli% press1 by    
writ]s :o are z /rongly p>tisan 9 ano!r 
c\ntry z 9 _! own4 ,x is su* a gr& ?+1  
wrote an ,engli% ,p>is correspond5t 9   
#ahgj1 = ,adolphus ,?i]s1 son ( a poor  
labor] ( ,aix1 & 9 e>ly life a simple   
j\rnali/1 to be at ! head ( ! ,gov]nm5t 
( ,france4 ,?is is a fair specim5 ( !   
k9d ( false pres5tation :i* is s common 

9 p>ty j\rnalism4 ,! newspap] f :i* ,i h
 quot$ x 0 /rongly oppos$ to ,?i]s1 be+ 
9 fact "o ( ! pr9cipal organs ( !       
,engli% ,bonap>ti/s4 ,x is n true t     
,?i]s 0 ! son ( a poor labor] ( ,aix4 ,8
 fa!r 0 a workman ( ,m>seilles1 8 "m    
belong+ to a family 9 :i* nei!r weal?   
nor culture _h be5 r>e1 & 8 "m's        
relatives _h him educat$ at ! ,lyce4 ,! 
art ( ! j\rnali/ 9 br++ toge!r ! two    
extremes ( a c>e] rem>kable = its /eady 
asc5t _h = its object to produce ! idea 
( incongruity1 ( sudd5 & unsuitable     
elevation4 ,n only ,m4 ,?i]s1 h[ev]1 b e
 human be+ />ts f a v small beg9n+1 s9ce
 e man beg9s life z a baby4 ,x is a     
great rise = "o baby to ! ,presid5cy ( !
 ,fr5* ,republic2 x 0 also a great rise 
= o!r babies :o h atta9$ ! premi]%ip (  
,engl&4 ,! "q is1 n :at ,?i]s may h be5 
sev5ty ye>s ago1 b :at he 0 imm$iately  
be=e 8 acceptance ( ! highe/ (fice ( !  
,/ate4 ,he 0 ! mo/ tru/$ & ! mo/        
exp]i5c$ citiz51 s t ! la/ /ep 9 8 c>e] 
0 z natural z ! elevation ( ,reynolds to

 ! presid5cy ( ! ,academy4  ,x is       
difficult = any "o :o c>es = ju/ice to  
read p>ty j\rnals )\t frequ5t           
irritation1 & x does n signify :i* side 
! newspap] takes4 ,m5 are s unfair 9    
controv]sy t we be/ pres]ve ! s]5ity ( !
 intellect by /udi\sly avoid+ all       
lit]ature t has a controv]sial tone4 ,by
 y\r new rule ( ab/95ce f newspap]s y w 
no d\bt ga9 almo/ z mu* 9 s]5ity z 9 "t4
 ,to ! ord9>y newspap] read] !re is     
little loss ( s]5ity1 because he reads  
only ! newspap] t he agrees )1 & h[ev]  
unfair x is1 he is pleas$ by its        
unfairness4 ,b ! highe/ & be/ culture   
makes u disapprove ( unfairness on our  
own side ( ! "q also4 ,we are pa9$ by x2
 we feel humiliat$ by x2 we lam5t its   
p]si/5ce & its p]v]sity4  ,i h said     
ne>ly all t has to be said 9 favor ( y\r
 rule ( ab/95ce4 ,i h grant$ t !        
newspap]s co/ u mu* "t1 :i*1 if employ$ 
= great intellectual purposes1 w\ld c>ry
 u v f>2 t !y give disproportionate     
views ( ?+s by ! emphasis !y give to    

novelty1 & false views by ! unfairness  
:i* belongs to p>ty4 ,i might h add$ t  
newspap] writ]s give su* a prepond]ance 
to politics--n political philosophy1 b  
to ! ev]yday "w ( politicians--t        
intellectual culture is ?r[n into !     
backgr\nd1 & ! election ( a s+le memb] (
 ,p>liam5t is made to seem ( great]     
national importance ?an ! bir? ( a      
p[]ful idea4 ,& yet1 not)/&+ all ^!     
consid]ations1 :i* are s]i\s inde$ = !  
intellectual1 ,i believe t y\r          
resolution is unwise1 & t y w f9d x to  
be unt5able4 ,"o mom5t\s reason m ?an   
c\nt]balances all ^! consid]ations put  
toge!r4 ,newspap]s are to ! :ole        
civiliz$ _w :at ! daily h\se-talk is to 
! memb]s ( a h\sehold2 !y keep up our   
daily int]e/ 9 ea* o!r1 !y save u f !   
evils ( isolation4 ,to live z a memb] ( 
! great :ite race ( m51 ! race t has    
fill$ ,europe & ,am]ica1 & coloniz$ or  
conqu]$ :atev] o!r t]ritories x has be5 
pleas$ to occupy1 to %>e f day to day   
its c>es1 its ?\ghts1 its aspirations1 x

 is necess>y t e man %\ld read 8 daily  
newspap]4 ,:y are ! ,fr5* peasants s    
bewild]$ & at sea1 s out ( place 9 !    
mod]n _w8 ,x is because !y nev] read a  
newspap]4 ,& :y are ! inhabitants ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh scatt]$ ov] a       
t]ritory f\rte5 times ! area ( ,france1 
s mu* m capable ( conc]t$ political     
action1 s mu* m alive & mod]n1 s mu* m  
int]e/$ 9 new discov]ies ( all k9ds &   
capable ( select+ & utiliz+ ! be/ ( !m8 
,x is because ! newspap] p5etrates      
ev]y:]e2 & ev5 ! lonely dwell] on !     
prairie or 9 ! =e/ is n intellectually  
isolat$ f ! great curr5ts ( public life 
:i* fl[ ?r\gh ! telegraph & ! press4  ,!
 exp]im5t ( do+ )\t newspap]s has be5   
tri$ by a :ole class1 ! ,fr5* peasantry1
 ) ! consequ5ces t we "k1 & x has also f
 "t to "t be5 tri$ by s+le individuals  
belong+ to m enlight5$ sections (       
society4 ,let u take "o in/ance1 & let u
 note :at appe> to h be5 ! effects ( ?is
 ab/95ce4 ,augu/e ,comte ab/a9$ f       
newspap]s z a teetotall] ab/a9s f       

spiritu\s liquors4 ,n[1 ,augu/e ,comte  
possess$ a gift ( nature :i*1 ?\gh      
common 9 m9or degrees1 is 9 ! degree 9  
:i* he possess$ x r>] ?an enorm\s       
diamonds4 ,t gift 0 ! p[] ( deal+ )     
ab/ract intellectual conceptions1 & liv+
 amid/ !m always1 z ! practical m9d     
lives 9 & deals ) mat]ial ?+s4 ,& x     
happ5$ 9 ,comte's case1 z x usually does
 happ5 9 cases ( v peculi> end[m5t1 t ! 
gift 0 accompani$ by ! in/9cts necess>y 
to its p]fect developm5t & to its       
pres]vation4 ,comte in/9ctively avoid$ !
 conv]sation ( ord9>y p1 because he felt
 x to be injuri\s to ! p]fect ex]cise ( 
8 faculty1 & = ! same reason he w\ld n  
read newspap]s4 ,9 impos+ ^u himself ^! 
privations he act$ l a v em95t liv+     
et*]1 :o1 hav+ ! gift ( an extraord9>y  
delicacy ( h&1 pres]ves x by ab/95ce f  
ev]y?+ t may effect ! /ead9ess ( !      
n]ves4 ,!re is a c]ta9 diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 
betwe5 ! two cases :i* ,i am anxi\s to  
acc5tuate4 ,! et*] runs no risk ( any   
k9d by 8 rule ( ab/95ce4 ,he refra9s f  

sev]al common indulg5ces1 b he d5ies    
himself no?+ t is necess>y to heal?4 ,i 
may ev5 g f>!r1 & say t ! rules :i* he  
obs]ves = ! sake ( p]fection 9 8 art1   
might be obs]v$ ) advantage by _m :o are
 n arti/s1 = ! sake ( _! own            
tranquillity1 )\t ! loss ( any?+ b      
pleasure4 ,! rules :i* ,comte made =    
himself involv$1 on ! o!r h&1 a great   
p]il4 ,9 deta*+ himself s completely f !
 int]e/s & ways ( ?9k+ ( ord9>y m51 he  
elaborat$1 inde$1 ! conceptions ( !     
positive philosophy1 b arriv$ aft]w>ds  
at a peculi> k9d ( intellectual decad5ce
 f :i* x is possible--probable ev5--t ! 
r\gh common s5se ( ! newspap]s might h  
pres]v$ him4 ,!y w\ld h sav$ him1 ,i    
s]i\sly believe1 f t my/icism :i* l$ to 
! inv5tion ( a religion f> surpass+ 9   
unreasonabl5ess ! lea/ rational ( !     
cre$s ( tradition4 ,x is sc>cely        
imag9able1 except on ! supposition (    
actual insanity1 t any regul> read] ( ! 
,times1 ! ,temps1 ! ,daily ,news1 & !   
,saturday ,review1 %\ld believe ! human 

race to be capable ( receiv+ z !        
religion ( its maturity ! ,comti/       
,tr9ity & ! ,comti/ ,virg9 ,"m4 ,a      
,tr9ity consi/+ ( ! ,great ,be+ 7or     
humanity71 ! ,great ,feti% 7or ! e>?71 &
 ! ,great ,mid/ 7or space72 a hope = !  
human race 7h[ unphysiological67 t wom5 
might ultimately arrive at mat]nity     
indep5d5tly ( virile help1--^! are      
conceptions s remote1 n only f ! habits 
( mod]n ?\ght1 b 7:at is m important7 f 
its t5d5cies1 t !y c\ld n occur to a m9d
 9 regul> communication ) its           
contempor>ies4  ,if y %\ld transf] !    
am\nt ( y\r read+ day by day f !        
newspap] to ! /&>d au?ors8 ,to ?is      
sugge/ion ( ,em]son's x may be answ]$ t 
! loss w\ld be great] ?an ! ga94 ,!     
writ]s ( ,que5 ,anne's "t c\ld educate  
an ,engli%man ( ,que5 ,anne's "t1 b !y c
 only p>tially educate an ,engli%man (  
,que5 ,victoria's "t4 ,! m9d is l a     
m]*ant's l$g]1 x requires to be         
cont9ually po/$ up to ! late/ date4 ,ev5
 ! la/ telegram may h upset "s v5]able  

!ory t has be5 receiv$ z infallible =   
ages4  ,9 times :5 great hi/orical ev5ts
 are pass+ be=e our eyes1 ! j\rnali/ is 
to future hi/orians :at ! ,african      
travell] is to ! map-mak]s4 ,8 "w is    
nei!r complete nor ord]ly1 b x is ! fre%
 record ( an eye-witness1 & enables u to
 become ourselves spectators ( ! mighty 
drama ( ! _w4 ,nev] 0 ?is s]vice s well 
r5d]$ z x is n[1 by correspond5ts :o    
a*ieve h]oic feats ( bodily & m5tal     
pr[ess1 expos+ !mselves to ! greate/    
dang]s1 & writ+ mu* & well 9            
circum/ances ! mo/ unfavorable to lit]>y
 composition4 ,h[ vividly ! ,engli% w>  
correspond5ts br\ght be=e u ! reality ( 
! great conflict betwe5 ,g]many &       
,france6 ,:at a romantic a*ievem5t1     
wor?y to be sung 9 h]oic v]se1 0 ! f9d+ 
( ,liv+/one by ,/anley6 ,n less int]e/+ 
h be5 ! admirable s]ies ( lett]s by ,m4 
,erdan 9 ! ,temps1 9 :i*1 ) ! firmness (
 a ma/]-h&1 he has pa9t$ f ! life1 week 
aft] week1 ye> aft] ye>1 ! decl9e & fall
 ( ! temporal p[] ( ! ,papacy4 ,i _c ?9k

 t any page ( ,roman hi/ory is bett]    
wor? read+ ?an 8 lett]s1 m int]e/+1     
in/ructive1 lively1 or au!ntic4 ,yet )  
y\r contempt = newspap]s y w\ld lose all
 ?is pr(itable ent]ta9m5t1 & seek in/ead
 ( x ! acc\nts ( =m] epo*s n half s     
int]e/+ z ?is fall ( ! temporal p[]1    
acc\nts writt5 9 mo/ cases by m5 9      
libr>ies :o _h n se5 ! sov]eigns !y     
wrote ab\t1 nor talk$ ) ! p ^: condition
 !y attempt$ to describe4 ,y h a respect
 = ^! acc\nts because !y are pr9t$ 9    
books1 & b\nd 9 lea!r1 & entitl$ hi/ory1
 :il/ y despise ! direct obs]vation ( a 
man l ,erdan1 because he is only a      
j\rnali/1 & 8 lett]s are publi%$ 9 a    
newspap]4 ,is !re n "s t\* ( prejudice 9
 ?is1 "s mi/ake1 "s n>r[ness (          
intellectual ari/ocracy8   ,,lett] ,,ix4
  ,,to ,,an ,,au?or ,,:o ,,appreciat$   
,,contempor>y ,,lit]ature4    ,miss     
,mit=d on ! selfi%ness ( au?ors--,a     
sugge/ion (   ,em]son's--,a laconic rule
 ( 8--,traces ( jeal\sy--,& ( a m       
subtle feel+--,a                        

contradiction--,necess>y to resi/ !     
invasion (   ! pres5t--,a c]ta9         
equilibrium--,! opposite ( a p$ant--,!  
be/   classics n p$ants1 b arti/s4      
,read+ ! o!r day a lett] by ,miss       
,mit=d1 ,i 0 rem9d$ ( y z ! eye is      
rem9d$ ( gre5 :5 x sees sc>let4 ,y1 ^:  
int]e/ 9 lit]ature has ev] kept pace ) !
 "t1 to :om no new ?+ is unwelcome if   
only x is good1 are safe f h]           
accusations2 b h[ _m au?ors h des]v$ !m6
 ,miss ,mit=d is speak+ ( a c]ta9 writ] 
:o is at ! same "t a cl]gyman1 & :om x  
is n difficult to recognize4  ,i nev]1  
%e says1 saw him int]e/$ 9 ! slighte/   
degree by ! "w ( any o!r au?or1 except1 
inde$1 "o ( 8 own foll[]s or ( 8 own    
clique1 & !n only z admir+ or help+ him4
 ,he has great k9dness & great sympa?y )
 work+ p1 or ) a dy+ fri5d1 b ,i pr(ess 
to y ,i am amaz$ at ! utt] selfi%ness ( 
au?ors4 ,i d n "k "o s+le poet :o c>es =
 any man's poetry b 8 own4 ,9 g5]al !y  
read no books except su* z may be       
necess>y to _! own writ+s--t is to ! "w 

!y happ5 to be ab\t1 & ev5 !n ,i suspect
 t !y only read ! bits t !y may         
imm$iately want4 ,y "k ! absolute       
ignorance 9 :i* ,wordswor? liv$ ( all   
mod]n works2 & if1 out ( complim5t to a 
visitor1 he ?\ght x ne$ful to seem to   
read or li/5 to two or ?ree /anzas1 he  
gave unhesitat+ praise to ! writ]       
himself1 b took especial c>e n to repeat
 ! praise :]e x might h done him        
good--utt]ly fair & false4  ,!re are    
t\*es ( ?is _s ( indiff]5ce to          
contempor>y lit]ature 9 sev]al writ]s & 
s*ol>s :om we "k4 ,!re are di/9ct traces
 ( x ev5 9 publi%$ writ+s1 ?\gh x is mu*
 m evid5t 9 private life & habit4       
,em]son s]i\sly sugge/s t ! human m9d   
w\ld p]haps be a ga9] if all ! second>y 
writ]s 7 lo/--say1 9 ,engl&1 all b      
,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 & ,bacon1 ?r\gh !  
pr(\nd] /udy s drawn to ^? wond]ful     
m9ds4 ,9 ! same _s we h ,em]son's       
laconic rule1 ,nev] read any b fam$     
books1 :i* sugge/s ! rem>k t if m5 _h   
obey$ ?is rule f ! beg9n+1 no book c\ld 

ev] h acquir$ reputation1 & nobody w\ld 
ev] h read any?+4 ,! idea ( limit+      
,engli% lit]ature to a holy tr9ity (    
,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 & ,bacon1 &        
volunt>ily los+ all o!r au?ors1 seems to
 me ! mo/ int5se expression ( ! _s (    
ari/ocracy 9 read+4 ,x is z if a man 7  
to decide 9 8 own m9d t society w\ld be 
! bett] if all p]sons except ! ?ree     
,emp]ors 7 exclud$ f x4 ,!re is a want (
 reliance ^u "o's own judgm5t1 & an     
excess ( fai? 9 ! e/imates ( o!rs1 :5 we
 resolve to read only ^? books :i* come 
to u 9 ! spl5dor ( a recogniz$          
intellectual royalty4 ,we read ei!r to  
ga9 in=mation1 to h good ?9k+ sugge/$ to
 u1 or to h our imag9ation /imulat$4 ,9 
! way ( k ! be/ au?ors are always ! mo/ 
rec5t1 s t ,bacon c\ld n suffice4 ,9 !  
way ( ?9k+1 our me?ods h ga9$ 9         
precision s9ce ,milton's "t1 & we are   
help$ by a l>g] exp]i5ce ?an 84 ,! "o ?+
 :i* ,%akespe>e & ,milton c d = u q     
p]fectly /ill1 is to fill our imag9ation
 ri*ly1 & give x a f9e /imulus4 ,b mod]n

 writ]s c r5d] u ! same s]vice4  ,is !re
 n a little jeal\sy ( contempor>ies 9 ! 
p]si/5ce ) :i* "s au?ors avoid !m1 & ev5
 engage o!rs to avoid !m8 ,may n !re be 
a %ade ( ano!r feel+ ?an jeal\sy1 a     
feel+ m subtle 9 op]ation1 ! undef9$    
appreh5sion t we may f9d1 ev5 among/ our
 m obscure contempor>ies1 m]it equal to 
our own8 ,s long z we re/rict our read+ 
to old books ( great fame we are safe f 
?is appreh5sion1 = if we f9d admirable  
qualities1 we "k be=eh& t ! _w has      
h&somely ackn[l$g$ !m1 & we indulge 9 ! 
hope t our own admirable qualities w be 
recogniz$ by po/]ity ) equal lib]ality4 
,b x creates an unpleasant feel+ (      
uneas9ess to see quantities ( obscure   
contempor>y "w1 done 9 a pla9 way to e>n
 a liv+ by m5 ( ?ird or f\r?-rate       
reputation1 or ( no reputation at all1  
:i* 9 _m respects w\ld fairly su/a9 a   
comp>ison ) our own4 ,x is cle> t an    
au?or ought to be ! la/ p]son to advise 
! public n to read contempor>y          
lit]ature1 s9ce he is himself a mak] (  

contempor>y lit]ature2 & !re is a direct
 contradiction betwe5 ! invitation to   
read 8 book1 :i* he circulates by ! act 
( publi%+1 & ! advice :i* ! book        
conta9s4 ,em]son is m safe f ?is obvi\s 
rejo9d] :5 he sugge/s to u to transf]   
our read+ day by day f ! newspap] to !  
/&>d au?ors4 ,b are ^! sugge/ions any?+ 
m ?an ! reaction ( an intellectual man  
aga9/ ! too preval5t cu/oms ( ! _w8 ,!  
read+ practis$ by mo/ p1 by all :o d n  
set be=e !mselves intellectual culture z
 "o ( ! def9ite aims ( life1 is         
rem>kable = ! regul>ity ) :i* x neglects
 all ! great au?ors ( ! pa/4 ,! books   
provid$ by ! circulat+ libr>y1 ! reviews
 & magaz9es1 ! daily newspap]s1 are read
 :il/ !y are novelties1 b ! /&>d au?ors 
are left on _! %elves unop5$4 ,we       
require a firm resolution to resi/ ?is  
invasion ( :at is new1 because x fl[s l 
an unceas+ riv]1 & unless we protect our
 "t aga9/ x by "s solid embankm5t (     
un%akable rule & resolution1 e nook &   
cranny ( x w be fill$ & flood$4 ,an     

,engli%man ^: life 0 devot$ to culture1 
b :o liv$ 9 an out-(-!-way place on !   
,cont95t1 told me t he consid]$ x a     
decid$ advantage to 8 m9d to live q     
outside ( ! ,engli% libr>y sy/em1       
because if he want$ to read a new book  
he _h to buy x & pay heavily = c>riage  
besides1 :i* made him v c>eful 9 8      
*oice4 ,= ! same reason he rejoic$ t !  
ne>e/ ,engli% news-room 0 two hundr$    
miles f 8 resid5ce4  ,b1 on ! o!r h&1   
:at w\ld be ! condition ( a man's m9d :o
 nev] read any?+ b ! classic au?ors8 ,he
 w\ld live 9 an intellectual mona/]y1 & 
w\ld n ev5 und]/& ! classic au?ors      
!mselves1 = we und]/& ! pa/ only by     
ref]r+ x to :at we "k 9 ! pres5t4  ,x is
 be/ to pres]ve our m9ds 9 a /ate (     
equilibrium1 & n to all[ our repugnance 
to :at we see z an evil to drive u into 
an evil ( an opposite k9d4 ,we are too  
(t5 l ^? little toy-fi% ) a bit ( /eel 9
 _! m\?s1 :i* *ildr5 attract ) a magnet4
 ,if y pres5t ! positive pole ( !       
magnet1 ! fi% ru%es at x at once1 b if y

 (f] ! negative end x retreats          
cont9ually4 ,ev]y?+ relatively to our "*
 has ?is positive or negative end1 & we 
ei!r ru% to ?+s or ru% away f !m4 ,"s   
p]sons are actually driv5 away f ! mo/  
ent]ta9+ writ]s because !y happ5 to be  
:at are call$ classics1 because p$ants  
boa/ ( hav+ read !m4 ,i "k a man :o is  
exactly ! opposite ( a p$ant1 :o has a  
horror ( ! *>latanism :i* claims social 
& intellectual position z ! rew>d = hav+
 labori\sly wad$ ?r\gh ^? au?ors :o are 
conv5tionally t]m$ classical1 & ?is     
opposition to p$antry has giv5 him an   
av]sion to ! classics !mselves1 :i* he  
nev] op5s4 ,! %all[ pret5ce to          
admiration ( fam\s writ]s :i* is curr5t 
9 ! _w is s di/a/eful to ! love ( hone/y
 & reality :i* is ! basis ( 8 "*1 t by  
an unhappy association ( ideas he has   
acquir$ a repugnance to ! writ]s        
!mselves4 ,b su* m5 z ,horace1 ,t]5ce1  
,%akespe>e1 ,molire1 ?\gh !y h _h !     
mis=tune to be prais$ & comm5tat$ ^u by 
p$ants1 7 9 _! lives ! precise opposite 

( p$ants2 !y 7 arti/s ^: /udy 0 human   
nature1 & :o liv$ )\t pret5sion 9 !     
common _w ( m54 ,! p$ants h a habit (   
consid]+ ^! g5ial old arti/s z 9 "s     
my/]i\s way _! own private prop]ty1 = d 
n ! p$ants live by exp\nd+ !m8 ,& "s ( u
 are fright5$ away f ! faire/ realms (  
poetry by ! f5ces ( ^! grim gu>dians4   
,,lett] ,x4  ,,to ,,an ,,au?or ,,:o     
,,kept ,,v ,,irregul> ,,h\rs4    ,julian
 ,fane--,8 late h\rs--,regul>ity produc$
 by habit--,! "t (   ! pr9cipal ef=t--,t
 ! *ief "w %\ld be done 9 ! be/         
h\rs--,physicians pref] e>ly to late    
"w--,! practice ( ,goe!   & "s mod]n    
au?ors--,! morn+ work] ought to live 9 a
   tranquil neighborhood--,night-"w--,! 
m$ical objection to x--,!   /ud5t's     
objection to day-"w--,"t to be kept 9   
masses by adults1   b divid$ into small 
portions by *ildr5--,rapid turn+ ( !    
m9d--,cuvi] em95t = ?is faculty--,!     
,duke ( ,well+ton--,!   faculty m       
available ) "s occupations ?an o!rs--,! 
slav]y   ( a m9ute ob$i5ce to !         

clock--,broad rules ! be/--,books (     
ag5da1 good 9 bus9ess1 b n 9 ! high]    
intellectual pursuits4  ,:at y told me (
 y\r habits 9 ! employm5t ( y\r h\rs    
rem9d$ me ( ,julian ,fane4 ,mr4 ,lytton 
tells u t aft] a long day ( pr(essional 
bus9ess1 foll[$ by a late ev5+ ( social 
amusem5t1 he w\ld return 9 ! small h\rs 
( ! night to 8 books1 & sit1 unwe>i$1   
till sunrise 9 ! /udy ( !m4 ,nor did he 
!n seem to suff] f ?is habit ( late     
h\rs4 ,8 nightly vigils occasion$ no    
appe>ance ( fatigue ! next day4444 ,he  
r>ely rose be=e noon1 & g5]ally rose mu*
 lat]4  ,b h[ev] irregul> a man's       
di/ribution ( 8 "t may be 9 ! s5se (    
want+ ! gov]nm5t ( fix$ rules1 !re      
always comes 9 "t a c]ta9 regul>ity by !
 m]e op]ation ( habit4 ,p :o get up v   
late h>dly ev] d s 9 ob$i5ce to a rule2 
_m get up e>ly by rule1 & _m m are told 
t !y ought to get up e>ly1 & believe x1 
& aspire to t virtue1 b fail to c>ry x  
into practice4 ,! late-ris]s are rebels 
& s9n]s--9 ?is respect--to a man1 & s   

p]si/5tly h ! wise1 f ,solomon d[nw>ds1 
h>p$ ^u ! moral lovel9ess ( e>ly ris+ & 
! degradation :i* foll[s ! opposite     
practice1 t "o c h>dly get up aft] eight
 )\t ei!r an uncom=table s5se ( guilt or
 an extraord9>y call\sness4 ,yet !      
late-ris]s1 ?\gh obey+ no rule1 = !     
ab&on$ s9n] recognizes none1 become     
regul> 9 _! late ris+ f ! gradual fix+  
p[] ( habit4 ,ev5 ,julian ,fane1 ?\gh he
 regrett$ 8 desultory ways1 & dwelt )   
great e>ne/ness on ! importance ( regul>
 habits ( "w1 0 p]haps less irregul> ?an
 he himself believ$4 ,we are sure to    
acquire habits2 :at is important is n s 
mu* t ! habits %\ld be regul>1 z t _!   
regul>ity %\ld be ( ! k9d mo/ favorable 
9 ! long run to ! accompli%m5t ( our    
designs1 & ?is nev] comes by *ance1 x is
 ! result ( an ef=t ( ! w 9 ob$i5ce to  
gov]n+ wisdom4  ,! fir/ "q :i* e "o :o  
has ! *oice ( 8 h\rs mu/ settle =       
himself is at :at "t ( day he w make 8  
pr9cipal ef=t2 = ! day ( e intellectual 
workman ought to be m>k$ by a k9d (     

arti/ic composition2 !re ought to be "s 
"o labor di/9ctly recogniz$ z dom9ant1 )
 o!rs 9 subord9ation1 & subord9ation (  
v>i\s degrees4 ,n[ = ! h\rs at :i* !    
pr9cipal ef=t ought to be made1 x is n  
possible to fix !m by ! clock s z to be 
suitable = ev]ybody1 b a broad rule may 
be arriv$ at :i* is applicable to all   
imag9able cases4 ,! rule is ?is--to d ! 
*ief "w 9 ! be/ h\rs2 to give x ! pick (
 y\r day2 & by day ,i d n mean only !   
sol> day1 b ! :ole ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4  
,!re is an important physiological      
reason = giv+ ! be/ h\rs to ! mo/       
important "w4 ,! bett] ! condition ( !  
bra9 & ! body1 & ! m favorable !        
surr\nd+ circum/ances1 ! small] w be !  
co/ to ! organization ( ! labor t has to
 be done4 ,x is always ! safe/ way to d 
! heavie/ 7or mo/ important7 "w at ! "t 
& "u ! conditions :i* make x ! lea/     
co/ly4  ,physicians are unanim\s 9 _!   
pref]5ce ( e>ly to late "w2 & no d\bt1  
if ! "q 7 n complicat$ by o!r           
consid]ations1 we c\ld n d bett] ?an to 

foll[ _! advice 9 its simplicity4 ,goe! 
wrote 9 ! morn+1 ) 8 faculties refre%$  
by sleep & n yet excit$ by any /imulant4
 ,i c\ld m5tion sev]al liv+ au?ors (    
em95ce :o pursue ! same plan1 & f9d x   
favorable alike to heal? & to           
production4 ,! rule :i* !y foll[ is nev]
 to write aft] lun*1 leav+ ! re/ ( _! "t
 free = /udy & society1 bo? ( :i* are   
absolutely necess>y to au?ors4 ,accord+ 
to ?is sy/em x is presum$ t ! h\rs      
betwe5 breakfa/ & lun* are ! be/ h\rs4  
,9 _m cases !y are s4 ,a p]son 9 fair   
heal?1 aft] tak+ a light e>ly breakfa/  
)\t any heavi] /imulant ?an tea or      
c(fee1 f9ds himself 9 a /ate ( fre%ness 
highly favorable to s\nd & agreeable    
?9k+4 ,8 bra9 w be 9 /ill f9] ord] if ! 
breakfa/ has be5 prec$$ by a cold ba?1 )
 friction & a little ex]cise4 ,! feel+ (
 fre%ness1 cleanl9ess1 & mod]ate        
exhil>ation1 w la/ = sev]al h\rs1 & dur+
 ^? h\rs ! intellectual "w w probably be
 bo? lively & reasonable4 ,x is         
difficult = a man :o feels *e]ful &     

refre%$1 & ^: task seems easy & light1  
to write any?+ morbid or p]v]se4  ,b = !
 morn+ to be s good z ,i h j describ$ x1
 ! workman mu/ be q favorably situat$4  
,he ought to live 9 a v tranquil        
neighborhood1 & to be z free z possible 
f anxiety z to :at ! po/man may h 9     
res]ve = him4 ,if 8 /udy-w9d[ looks out 
on a noisy /reet1 & if ! day is sure1 z 
x we>s on1 to br+ anxi\s bus9ess ( its  
own1 !n ! increas+ noise & ! appreh5sion
 7ev5 ?\gh x be almo/ entirely          
unconsci\s7 ( imp5d+ bus9ess1 w be q    
suffici5t to int]f]e ) ! "w ( any man :o
 is ! lea/ 9 ! _w n]v\s1 & almo/ all    
intellectual labor]s are n]v\s1 m or    
less4 ,m5 :o h ! ine/imable advantage ( 
absolute tranquillity1 at all times1 d  
well to "w 9 ! morn+1 b ^? :o c only get
 tranquillity at times indep5d5t ( _!   
own *oice h a /rong reason = work+ at ^?
 times1 :e!r !y happ5 to be 9 ! morn+ or
 n4  ,9 an excell5t article on ,"w      
7evid5tly writt5 by an exp]i5c$         
intellectual workman71 :i* appe>$ 9 "o (

 ! e>ly numb]s ( ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e1 &
 0 rem>kable alike = practical wisdom & 
! entire abs5ce ( traditional dogmatism1
 ! writ] speaks frankly 9 favor (       
night-"w1 ,if y c "w at all at night1 "o
 h\r at t "t is wor? any two 9 ! morn+4 
,! h\se is hu%$1 ! bra9 is cle>1 !      
di/ract+ influ5ces ( ! day are at an    
end4 ,y h n to di/urb y\rself ) ?\ghts (
 :at y are ab\t to d1 or :at y are ab\t 
to suff]4 ,y "k t !re is a gulf betwe5 y
 & ! affairs ( ! outside _w1 almo/ l !  
*asm ( dea?2 & t y ne$ n take ?\ght ( ! 
morr[ until ! morr[ has come4 ,!re are  
few really great ?\ghts1 su* z ! _w w n 
will+ly let die1 t h n be5 conceiv$ "u !
 quiet />s4  ,! m$ical objection to     
night-"w 9 ! case ( lit]>y m5 w\ld      
probably be t ! night is too favorable  
to lit]>y production4 ,! au?or ( !      
,essay j quot$ says t at night y only   
drift into deep] sil5ce & quick]        
inspiration4 ,if ! "r mood is ^u y1 y   
write on2 if n1 y\r pill[ awaits y4     
,exactly s2 t is to say1 ! bra91 ow+ to 

! complete ext]nal tranquillity1 c s    
conc5trate its ef=ts on ! subject 9 h& z
 to "w itself up into a lum9\s condition
 :i* is f$ by ! mo/ rapid de/ruction ( !
 n]v\s sub/ance t ev] takes place )9 !  
walls ( a human skull4 ,if ! "r mood is 
^u y1 y write on2 9 o!r words1 if y h   
once well light$ y\r _s-lamp1 x w g on  
burn+ s long z any _s is left 9 x1 = !  
air is s tranquil t no?+ comes to bl[ x 
out4 ,y drift into deep] sil5ce & quick]
 inspiration4 ,x is j ?is quick]        
inspiration t ! physician dreads4       
,aga9/ ?is objection may be plac$ !     
equally s]i\s objection to day-"w1 t e  
int]ruption1 :5 y are p>ticul>ly anxi\s 
n to be int]rupt$1 causes a def9ite loss
 & injury to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! *oice mu/
 !re=e be made betwe5 two dang]s1 & if  
!y are equally balanc$ !re c be no      
hesitation1 because all ! lit]>y int]e/s
 ( an au?or are on ! side ( ! mo/       
tranquil "t4 ,lit]>y "w is always sure  
to be mu* bett] done :5 !re is no fe> ( 
di/urbance ?an "u ! appreh5sion ( x2 &  

precisely ! same am\nt ( c]ebral ef=t w 
produce1 :5 ! "w is un9t]rupt$1 n only  
bett] writ+1 b a mu* great] quantity (  
writ+4 ,! k t he is work+ well &        
productively is an elem5t ( heal? to e  
workman because x enc\rages *e]ful      
habits ( m9d4  ,9 ! division ( "t x is  
an excell5t rule = adults to keep x z   
mu* z possible 9 l>ge masses1 n giv+ a  
qu>t] ( an h\r to "o occupation & a     
qu>t] to ano!r1 b giv+ ?ree1 f\r1 or    
five h\rs to "o ?+ at a "t4 ,9 ! case ( 
*ildr5 an opposite practice %\ld be     
foll[$2 !y are able to *ange _! att5tion
 f "o subject to ano!r mu* m easily ?an 
we c1 :il/ at ! same "t !y _c fix _!    
m9ds = v long )\t c]ebral fatigue lead+ 
to tempor>y incapacity4 ,! cu/om        
preval5t 9 s*ools1 ( mak+ ! boys le>n   
sev]al diff]5t ?+s 9 ! c\rse ( ! day1 is
 !re=e f\nd$ ^u ! necessities ( !       
boy-nature1 ?\gh mo/ gr[n m5 w\ld f9d t 
*anges s frequ5t w\ld1 = !m1 h all !    
inconv5i5ces ( int]ruption4 ,to boys !y 
come z relief1 to m5 z int]ruption4 ,!  

reason is t ! physical condition ( !    
bra9 is diff]5t 9 ! two cases2 b 9 our  
loose way ( talk+ ab\t ^! ?+s we may say
 t ! boy's ideas are sup]ficial1 l !    
plates & di%es on ! surface ( a         
d9n]-table1 :i* may be rapidly *ang$ )\t
 inconv5i5ce1 :]eas ! man's ideas1 hav+ 
all /ruck root d[n to ! v dep?s ( 8     
nature1 are m l ! plants 9 a g>d51 :i*  
_c be remov$ )\t a tempor>y loss bo? (  
vigor & ( beauty1 & ! loss _c be        
in/antane\sly repair$4 ,= a man to d 8  
"w ?or\ghly well1 x is necess>y t he    
%\ld dwell 9 x long en\gh at a "t to get
 all ! p[]s ( 8 m9d fully "u comm& )    
ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> "w 9 h&1 & he _c d
 ?is )\t tun+ 8 :ole m9d to ! giv5      
diapason1 z a tun] tunes a piano4 ,"s m5
 c tune _! m9ds m rapidly1 z viol9s are 
tun$1 & ?is faculty may to a c]ta9 ext5t
 be acquir$ by ef=ts ( ! w v frequ5tly  
repeat$4 ,cuvi] _h ?is faculty 9 ! mo/  
em95t degree4 ,"o ( 8 biograph]s says3  
,8 extreme facility = /udy1 & ( direct+ 
all ! p[]s ( 8 m9d to div]se occupations

 ( /udy1 f "o qu>t] ( an h\r to ano!r1 0
 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y qualities ( 8   
m9d4 ,! ,duke ( ,well+ton also cultivat$
 ! habit 7ine/imably valuable to a      
public man7 ( direct+ ! :ole ( 8        
att5tion to ! subject "u consid]ation1  
h[ev] frequ5tly t subject might happ5 to
 be *ang$4 ,b al?\gh m5 ( exceptional   
p[] & v exceptional flexibility may d   
?is ) app>5t impunity1 t /ill dep5ds v  
mu* on ! nature ( ! occupation4 ,!re are
 "s occupations :i* are n incompatible )
 a fragm5t>y division ( "t1 because ^!  
occupations are !mselves fragm5t>y4 ,=  
example1 y may /udy languages 9         
phrase-books dur+ v small spaces ( "t1  
because ! complete phrase is 9 itself a 
v small ?+1 b y c\ld n s easily break & 
resume ! ?read ( an elaborate argum5t4  
,i suspect t ?\gh ,cuvi] appe>$ to 8    
contempor>ies a man rem>kably able to   
leave (f & resume 8 "w at w1 he mu/ h   
tak5 c>e to d "w t w\ld be> int]ruption 
at ^? times :5 he knew himself to be mo/
 liable to x4 ,& al?\gh1 :5 a man's "t  

is unavoidably brok5 up into fragm5ts1  
no tal5t ( a m]ely auxili>y k9d c be m  
preci\s ?an t ( turn+ ea* ( ^? fragm5ts 
to advantage1 x is /ill true t he ^: "t 
is at 8 own disposal w d 8 "w mo/       
calmly1 mo/ delib]ately1 & !re=e on !   
:ole mo/ ?or\ghly & p]fectly1 :5 he     
keeps x 9 f9e masses4 ,! m]e k t y h    
?ree or f\r cle> h\rs be=e y is 9 itself
 a great help to ! _s ( ?or\ghness1 bo? 
9 /udy & 9 production4 ,x is agreeable  
too1 :5 ! sitt+ has come to an end1 to  
p]ceive t a def9ite advance is ! result 
( x1 & advance 9 any?+ is sc>cely       
p]ceptible 9 less ?an ?ree or f\r h\rs4 
,!re are sev]al pursuits :i* _c be      
foll[$ 9 fragm5ts ( "t1 on acc\nt ( !   
necess>y prep>ations4 ,x is useless to  
beg9 oil-pa9t+ unless y h full "t to set
 y\r palette prop]ly1 to get y\r canvas 
into a prop] /ate = work+ ^u1 to pose ! 
model z y wi%1 & settle d[n to "w )     
ev]y?+ z x ought to be4 ,9 l&scape-pa9t+
 f nature y require ! "t to g to !      
select$ place1 & aft] y\r arrival to    

arrange y\r mat]ials & %elt] y\rself f !
 sun4 ,9 sci5tific pursuits !           
prep>ations are usually at lea/ equally 
elaborate1 & (t5 mu* m s4 ,to prep>e =  
an exp]im5t1 or = a dissection1 takes "t
 :i* we feel to be disproportionate :5 x
 leaves too little = ! sci5tific "w     
itself4 ,x is = ?is reason m frequ5tly  
?an = any o!r t amateurs :o beg9 9      
en?usiasm1 s commonly1 aft] a :ile1     
ab&on ! objects ( _! pursuit4  ,!re is a
 k9d ( slav]y to :i* no really          
intellectual man w\ld ev] volunt>ily    
submit1 a m9ute ob$i5ce to ! clock4 ,v  
consci5ti\s p (t5 impose ^u !mselves ?is
 sort ( slav]y4 ,a p]son :o has hamp]$  
himself ) rules ( ?is k9d w take up a   
c]ta9 book1 = in/ance1 :5 ! clock /rikes
 n9e1 & beg9 at ye/]day's m>k1 p]haps 9 
! middle ( a p>agraph4 ,!n he w read )  
great /ead9ess till a qu>t]-pa/ n9e1 &  
exactly on ! in/ant :5 ! m9ute-h& gets  
opposite ! dot1 he w %ut 8 book1 h[ev]  
mu* ! passage may happ5 to int]e/ him4  
,x 0 9 allusion to good p ( ?is k9d t   

,sir ,walt] ,scott said he _h nev] kn[n 
a man ( g5ius :o c\ld be p]fectly regul>
 9 8 habits1 :il/ he _h kn[n _m         
blockheads :o c\ld4 ,x is easy to see t 
a m9ute ob$i5ce to ! clock is           
un9tellectual 9 its v nature1 = !       
intellect is n a piece ( me*anism z a   
clock is1 & _c easily be made to act l  
"o4 ,!re may be p]fect correspond5ce    
betwe5 ! locomotives & ! clocks on a    
railway1 = if ! clocks are pieces (     
me*anism ! locomotives are s likewise1 b
 ! intellect always ne$s a c]ta9        
loos5ess & latitude z to "t4 ,v broad   
rules are ! be/1 su* z ,write 9 ! morn+1
 read 9 ! aft]noon1 see fri5ds 9 ! ev5+1
 or else ,/udy "o day & produce ano!r1  
alt]nately1 or ev5 ,"w "o week & see !  
_w ano!r week1 alt]nately4  ,!re is a   
frett+ habit1 mu* recomm5d$ by m5 (     
bus9ess & ( great use to !m1 ( writ+ !  
ev5+ be=e ! duties ( ! day 9 a book (   
ag5da4 ,if ?is is done at all by        
intellectual m5 ) ref]5ce to _!         
pursuits1 x ought to be done 9 a v      

broad1 loose way1 nev] m9utely4 ,an     
intellectual work] ought nev] to make x 
a matt] ( consci5ce 79 intellectual     
labor7 to d a pr$et]m9$ quantity (      
little ?+s4 ,?is sort ( consci5ti\sness 
frets & worries1 & is ! enemy ( all     
s]5ity ( ?\ght4   ,,footnotes3    #aj   
,lewes's ,life ( ,goe!1 ,book vii4 *ap4 
#h4    #aa ,! be/ employ$ "t is t :i* "o
 loses4     ,,"p ,,xi4  ,,trades ,,&    
,,pr(essions4   ,,lett] ,i4  ,,to ,a    
,,"y ,,g5tleman ,,( ,,ability ,,&       
,,culture ,,:o ,,_h ,,n ,,decid$ ,,ab\t 
,,8 ,,pr(ession4    ,!                  
,*ur*--,felicities & advantages ( !     
cl]ical pr(ession--,its   elevat$       
ideal--,t x is favorable to noble       
/udies--,fr5* prie/s   & ,engli%        
,cl]gym5--,! pr(essional po9t (         
view--,difficulty (   dis9t]e/$         
?9k+--,color$ light--,want ( /rict      
accuracy--,quotation f a s]mon--,!      
drawback to ! cl]ical                   
life--,provisional nature ( intellectual
 conclusions--,! legal   pr(ession--,t x

 af=ds gratification to ! intellectual  
p[]s--,want ( intellectual dis9t]e/$ness
 9 lawy]s--,_!   absorption 9           
pr(essional life--,anecdote ( a ,london 
lawy]--,sup]iority ( lawy]s 9 _! s5se ( 
affairs--,m$ic9e--,! /udy ( x a f9e     
prep>ation = !   intellectual           
life--,social rise ( m$ical m5 co9cid5t 
) !   m5tal progress ( communities--,_! 
probable future influ5ce on             
education--,! h]oic side ( _!           
pr(ession--,! milit>y & naval           
pr(essions--,bad effect ( ! privation ( 
solitude--,int]ruption--,anecdote (     
,cuvi]--,! f9e arts--,9 :at way   !y are
 favorable to ?\ght--,intellectual      
leisure (   arti/s--,reason+            
arti/s--,sci5ces includ$ 9 ! f9e arts4  
,x may be tak5 = grant$ t to a m9d      
con/itut$ z y\rs is1 no pr(ession w be  
satisfactory :i* does n af=d free play  
to ! intellectual p[]s4 ,y might no d\bt
 ex]cise resolution en\gh to b9d y\rself
 d[n to uncong5ial "w = a t]m ( ye>s1 b 
x w\ld be ) ! int5tion ( retir+ z soon z

 y _h realiz$ a compet5cy4 ,! happie/   
life is t :i* con/antly ex]cises &      
educates :at is be/ 9 u4  ,y _h ?\ghts1 
at "o "t1 ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur* w\ld h   
suit$ y 9 _m respects v happily1 yet n1 
,i ?9k1 9 all respects4 ,! cl]ical      
pr(ession has _m great felicities &     
advantages3 x educates & develops1 by   
its mild b regul> discipl9e1 mu* ( our  
high] nature2 x sets be=e u an elevat$  
ideal1 wor? /riv+ = at ! co/ ( e        
sacrifice b "o1 ( :i* ,i int5d to say   
some?+ f>!r on2 & x (f]s j t mixture (  
public & private life :i* be/ af=ds !   
alt]nation ( activity & re/4 ,x is an   
exi/5ce 9 _m respects mo/ favorable to !
 noble/ /udies4 ,x (f]s ! happie/       
comb9ation ( duties t satisfy !         
consci5ce ) leisure = ! cultivation ( ! 
m9d2 x gives ! easie/ access to all     
classes ( society1 provid+ = ! p>son    
himself a neutral & indep5d5t position1 
s safe t he ne$ only conduct himself    
prop]ly to pres]ve x4 ,h[ sup]ior1 f !  
intellectual po9t ( view1 is ?is lib]al 

exi/5ce to ! n>r[] "o ( a ,fr5* cur de  
campagne6 ,i c]ta9ly ?9k t if a good cur
 has an exceptional g5ius = sanctity1 8 
*ances ( becom+ a p]fect sa9t are bett] 
?an ^? ( a com=table ,engli% incumb5t1  
:o is at ! same "t a g5tleman & man ( ! 
_w1 b he is n ne>ly s well situat$ =    
lead+ ! intellectual life4 ,our own     
cl]gy h a sort ( middle position betwe5 
! cur & ! layman1 :i* )\t at all int]f]+
 ) _! spiritual vocation1 makes !m bett]
 judges ( ! "* ( laym5 & m completely 9 
sympa?y ) x4  ,& yet1 al?\gh ! life ( a 
cl]gyman is favorable to culture 9 _m   
ways1 x is n :olly favorable to x4 ,!re 
exi/s1 9 cl]ical ?9k+ g5]ally1 j "o     
re/riction or imp$im5t1 :i* is !        
ov]:elm+ importance ( ! pr(essional po9t
 ( view4 ,( all ! pr(essions !          
ecclesia/ical "o is t :i* mo/ decid$ly &
 mo/ con/antly affects ! judgm5t (      
p]sons & op9ions4 ,x is peculi>ly       
difficult = a cl]gyman to atta9         
dis9t]e/$ness 9 8 ?9k+1 to accept tru? j
 z x may happ5 to pres5t itself1 )\t    

passionately desir+ t "o doctr9e may    
turn out to be /rong 9 evid5ce & ano!r  
unsupport$4 ,& s we f9d ! cl]gy1 z a    
class1 anxi\s r to discov] aids to fai?1
 ?an ! simple sci5tific tru?2 & ! m !   
special prie/ly "* develops itself1 ! m 
we f9d !m dispos$ to use _! intellects =
 ! triumph ( pr9ciples t are decid$ ^u  
be=eh&4 ,sometimes ?is disposition leads
 !m to see ! acts ( laym5 9 a color$    
light & to speak ( !m )\t /rict         
accuracy4 ,"h is an example ( :at ,i    
mean4 ,a ,jesuit prie/ prea*$ a s]mon 9 
,london v rec5tly1 9 :i* he said t 9    
,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,engl&1     
gigantic ef=ts 7 be+ made to rob        
,*ri/ian *ildr5 ( ! bless+ ( a ,*ri/ian 
education4 ,h]od1 ?\gh dead1 ! prea*]   
cont9u$1 has left 8 mantle beh9d him2 & 
,i wi% t ! soldi]s ( ,h]od 9 ^? c\ntries
 w\ld plunge _! swords into ! brea/s (  
little *ildr5 :ile !y 7 innoc5t1 r ?an h
 _! s\ls de/roy$ by means ( an un*ri/ian
 & unca?olic education4 ,no d\bt ?is is 
v e>ne/ & s9c]e1 b x is n accurate & j  

?9k+4 ,! laity 9 ! c\ntries ! prea*]    
m5tion$ h c]ta9ly a /rong t5d5cy to     
exclude !ology f ,/ate s*ools1 because x
 is s difficult = a mod]n ,/ate to      
impose any k9d ( !ological tea*+ )\t    
inju/ice to m9orities2 b ! laity d n    
desire to deprive *ildr5 ( :atev]       
in/ruction may be giv5 to !m by ! cl]gy 
( _! respective communions4 ,may ,i add1
 t to ! m9d ( a layman x seems a        
sangu9>y desire t all little *ildr5 %\ld
 h swords plung$ into _! brea/s r ?an be
 taught 9 s*ools n cl]ically direct$8 ,!
 exact tru? is1 t ! p[]ful lay elem5t is
 c]ta9ly sep>at+ itself f !             
ecclesia/ical elem5t all ov] ,europe1   
because x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t ! two h 
a great & increas+ difficulty 9 work+   
h>moni\sly toge!r1 b ! ecclesia/ical    
elem5t is deta*$ & n de/roy$4 ,!        
quotation ,i h j made is 9 itself a     
suffici5t illu/ration ( t v peculi>ity 9
 ! m exalt$ ecclesia/ical temp]am5t1 :i*
 (t5 makes x s difficult = prie/s &     
gov]nm5ts1 9 ^! times1 to get on        

com=tably toge!r4 ,"h is fir/ a v       
inaccurate /atem5t1 & !n an outbur/ (   
mo/ passionate feel+1 :]eas ! intellect 
desires ! /ricte/ tru? & ! mo/ complete 
dis9t]e/$ness4 ,z ! temp] ( ! laity     
becomes m & m intellectual 7& t is !    
direction ( its movem5t71 ! sac]dotal   
habit w become m & m remote f x4  ,!    
cl]ical life has _m /rong attractions = 
! intellectual1 & j "o drawback to      
c\nt]balance !m4 ,x (f]s tranquillity1  
%elt] f ! int]ruptions & anxieties ( ! m
 active pr(essions1 & p[]ful means (    
influ5ce ready to h&2 b x is compatible 
) intellectual fre$om & ) ! satisfaction
 ( ! consci5ce1 only j s long z ! prie/ 
really rema9s a believ] 9 ! details ( 8 
religion4 ,n[1 al?\gh we may reasonably 
hope to reta9 ! *ief elem5ts ( our      
belief1 al?\gh :at a man believes at    
tw5ty-five is always :at he w mo/       
probably believe at fifty1 /ill1 9 an   
age :5 free inquiry is ! common habit ( 
cultivat$ p ( our sex1 we may well      
hesitate be=e tak+ ^u ourselves any =mal

 engagem5t = ! future1 especially 9     
matt]s ( detail4 ,! intellectual _s does
 n reg>d its conclusions z be+ at any "t
 f9al1 b always provisional2 we hold :at
 we believe to be ! tru? until we c     
replace x by "s m p]fect tru?1 b _c tell
 h[ mu* ( to-day's beliefs to-morr[ w   
reta9 or reject4 ,x may be obs]v$1      
h[ev]1 t ! regul> p]=mance ( prie/ly    
functions is 9 itself a great help to   
p]man5ce 9 belief by connect+ x closely 
) practical habit1 s t ! cl]gy d really 
& hone/ly (t5 reta9 ?r\gh life _! hold  
on e>ly beliefs :i* z laym5 !y might h  
lo/4  ,! pr(ession ( ! law provides     
ample opportunities = a critical        
intellect ) a /rong love ( accuracy & a 
robu/ capacity = h>d "w1 besides :i* x  
is ! be/ ( worldly educations4 ,"s      
lawy]s love _! "w z passionately z      
arti/s d !irs1 o!rs dislike x v he>tily1
 mo/ ( !m seem to take x z a simple     
bus9ess to be done = daily bread4       
,lawy]s ^: he>t is 9 _! "w are inv>iably
 m5 ( sup]ior ability1 :i* proves t !re 

is some?+ 9 x t af=ds gratification to !
 intellectual p[]s4 ,h[ev]1 9 speak+ (  
lawy]s1 ,i feel ignorant & on ! outside1
 because _! pr(ession is "o ( :i* !     
int]ior feel+s c be kn[n to no "o :o has
 n practis$4 ,"o ?+ seems cle>1 !y get !
 habit ( employ+ ! :ole /r5g? & en]gy ( 
_! m9ds = especial & tempor>y ends1 !   
purpose be+ ! s]vice ( ! cli5t1 c]ta9ly 
n ! revelation ( pure tru?4 ,h5ce1      
al?\gh !y become v acute1 & ke5 judges (
 t side ( human nature :i* !y habitually
 see 7n ! be/ side71 !y are n m         
dis9t]e/$ ?an cl]gym54#ab ,sometimes !y 
take up "s /udy outside ( _! pr(ession &
 foll[ x dis9t]e/$ly1 b ?is is r>e4 ,a  
busy lawy] is mu* m likely ?an a        
cl]gyman to become entirely absorb$ 9 8 
pr(essional life1 because x requires s  
mu* m intellectual ex]tion4 ,i rememb]  
ask+ a v clev] lawy] :o liv$ 9 ,london1 
:e!r he ev] visit$ an exhibition (      
pictures1 & he answ]$ me by !           
c\nt]-inquiry :e!r ,i _h read ,*itty on 
,contracts1 ,colli] on ,p>tn]%ips1      

,taylor on ,evid5ce1 ,cruse's ,dige/1 or
 ,smi?'s ,m]cantile ,law8 ,?is seem$ to 
me at ! "t a good in/ance ( ! way a     
pr(essional habit may n>r[ "o's views ( 
?+s1 = ^! law-books 7 writt5 = lawy]s   
alone1 :il/ ! picture exhibitions 7     
int5d$ = ! public g5]ally4 ,my fri5d's  
answ] w\ld h be5 m to ! po9t if ,i _h   
inquir$ :e!r he _h read ,l9ton on       
,colors1 & ,burnet on ,*i>oscuro4  ,!re 
is j "o situation 9 :i* we all may feel 
= a %ort "t z lawy]s feel habitually4   
,suppose t two inexp]i5c$ play]s sit d[n
 to a game ( *ess1 & t ea* is back$ by a
 clev] p]son :o is con/antly giv+ him   
h9ts4 ,! two back]s repres5t ! lawy]s1 &
 ! play]s repres5t _! cli5ts4 ,!re is n 
mu* dis9t]e/$ ?\ght 9 a situation ( ?is 
k9d1 b !re is a /rong /imulus to        
acut5ess4  ,i ?9k t lawy]s are (t5      
sup]ior to philosoph]s 9 _! s5se ( :at  
is relatively important 9 human affairs 
) ref]5ce to limit$ spaces ( "t1 su* z  
half a c5tury4 ,!y especially "k !      
enorm\s importance ( cu/om1 :i* !       

speculative m9d v readily =gets1 & !y h 
9 ! highe/ degree t peculi> s5se :i*    
fits m5 = deal+ ) o!rs 9 ! affairs (    
ord9>y life4 ,9 ?is respect !y are      
rem>kably sup]ior to cl]gym51 & sup]ior 
also to arti/s & m5 ( sci5ce4  ,!       
pr(ession ( m$ic9e is1 ( all fairly     
lucrative pr(essions1 ! "o be/ suit$ to 
! developm5t ( ! intellectual life4     
,hav+ to deal cont9ually ) sci5ce1 be+  
con/antly engag$ 9 foll[+ & obs]v+ !    
op]ation ( natural laws1 x produces a   
s5se ( ! work+ ( ^? laws :i* prep>es !  
m9d = bold & orig9al speculation1 & a   
reliance ^u _! unfail+ regul>ity1 :i*   
gives x great firmness & assurance4 ,a  
m$ical education is ! be/ possible      
prep>ation = philosophical pursuits1    
because x gives !m a solid basis 9 !    
asc]ta9able4 ,! e/imation 9 :i* ^!      
/udies are held is an accurate met] ( ! 
intellectual advancem5t ( a community4  
,:5 ! prie/ is rev]5c$ z a be+ above    
ord9>y humanity1 & ! physician slightly 
e/eem$1 ! condition ( society is sure to

 be t ( comp>ative ignorance & b>b>ism2 
& x is "o ( sev]al signs :i* indicate   
b>b>ian feel+ 9 our own ari/ocracy1 t x 
has a contempt = ! /udy ( m$ic9e4 ,!    
progress ( society t[>ds enlight5m5t is 
m>k$ by ! /eady social rise ( ! surgeon 
& ! physician1 a rise :i* /ill cont9ues1
 ev5 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,x is probable t 
be=e v long ! m$ical pr(ession w ex]cise
 a p[]ful influ5ce ^u g5]al education1 &
 take an active %>e 9 x4 ,!re are v     
/rong reasons = ! op9ion t s*oolma/]s   
educat$ 9 m$ic9e w\ld be peculi>ly well 
qualifi$ to tra9 bo? body & m9d = a     
vigor\s & active manhood4 ,an imm5se    
advantage1 ev5 f ! intellectual po9t (  
view1 9 ! pursuit ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 is 
t !y supply a discipl9e 9 m5tal h]oism4 
,o!r pr(essions d ?is also1 b n to !    
same degree4 ,! comb9ation ( an accurate
 tra9+ 9 positive sci5ce ) ! habitual   
contempt ( dang] & contemplation (      
suff]+ & dea?1 is ! f9e/ possible       
prep>ation = noble /udies & ardu\s      
discov]ies4 ,i ought to add1 h[ev]1 t   

m$ical m5 9 ! prov9ces1 :5 !y h n any   
special en?usiasm = _! "w1 seem         
peculi>ly liable to ! dead5+ influ5ces (
 r\t9e1 & easily fall beh9d _! age4 ,!  
m$ical p]iodicals provide ! be/ rem$y = 
?is4  ,! milit>y & naval pr(essions are 
too active1 & too mu* b\nd to ob$i5ce 9 
_! activity1 = ! highe/ intellectual    
pursuits2 b _! greate/ evil 9 ?is       
respect is ! cont9ual privation (       
solitude1 & ! frequ5cy ( int]ruption4 ,a
 soldi]'s life 9 ! high] ranks1 :5 !re  
is great responsibility & ! necessity = 
p]sonal decision1 und\bt$ly leads to !  
mo/ brilliant employm5t ( ! m5tal p[]s1 
& develops a manl9ess ( "* :i* is (t5 ( 
! greate/ use 9 intellectual "w2 s t a  
man ( sci5ce may f9d 8 =ce augm5t$1 &   
bett] "u control1 = hav+ pass$ ?r\gh a  
milit>y exp]i5ce2 b ! life ( b>racks &  
camps is de/ructive to cont9uity ( ?9k+4
 ,! incompatibility becomes /rik+ly     
manife/ :5 we reflect h[ impossible x   
w\ld h be5 = ,ney or ,mass5a to d ! "w (
 ,cuvi] or ,comte4 ,cuvi] ev5 decl9$ to 

accompany ! exp$ition to ,egypt1 not)/&+
 ! prospects ( advantage t x (f]$4 ,!   
reason he gave = ?is refusal 01 t he    
c\ld d m = sci5ce 9 ! tranquillity ( !  
,j>d9 des ,plantes4 ,he 0 a /rict       
economi/ ( "t1 & dread$ ! loss ( x      
involv$ 9 foll[+ an army1 ev5 ?\gh 8    
mission w\ld h be5 purely sci5tific4 ,h[
 mu* m w\ld ,cuvi] h dread$ !           
int]ruptions ( a really milit>y exi/5ce6
 ,x is ^! int]ruptions1 & n any want (  
natural ability1 t are ! true           
explanation ( ! intellectual pov]ty :i* 
*>act]izes ! milit>y pr(ession4 ,( all !
 lib]al pr(essions x is ! lea/ /udi\s4  
,let me say a ^w 9 conclusion ab\t !    
practical pursuit ( ! f9e arts4 ,pa9t]s 
are (t5 rem>kable = pleasant            
conv]sational p[]1 & a degree (         
intellig5ce /rik+ly sup]ior to _! lit]>y
 culture4 ,?is is because ! processes ( 
_! art c be foll[$1 at lea/ "u c]ta9    
circum/ances1 by ! ex]cise ( h& & eye1  
direct$ m]ely by arti/ic ta/e &         
exp]i5ce1 :il/ ! intellect is left free 

ei!r = reflection or conv]sation4 ,rub5s
 lik$ to be read to :5 he pa9t$2 _m     
arti/s l to he> p talk1 & to take a %>e 
occasionally 9 ! conv]sation4 ,! tru? is
 t arti/s1 ev5 :5 !y "w v assidu\sly1 d 
9 fact enjoy great spaces ( intellectual
 leisure1 & (t5 pr(it by !m4 ,pa9t+     
itself is also a f9e discipl9e = "s ( ! 
be/ faculties ( ! m9d1 ?\gh x is well   
kn[n t ! mo/ gift$ arti/s ?9k lea/ ab\t 
_! art4 ,/ill !re is a l>ge class (     
pa9t]s1 includ+ _m em95t ones1 :o proce$
 intellectually 9 ! execution ( _!      
works1 :o reason !m out philosophically 
/ep by /ep1 & ex]cise a cont9ual        
criticism ^u _! manual labor z x goes   
=w>d4 ,i f9d1 z ,i "k art & arti/s      
bett]1 t ?is class is m num]\s ?an is   
commonly suspect$1 & t ! *>m+ effects   
:i* we believe to be ! result ( pure    
inspiration h (t5 be5 elaborately       
reason$ out l a problem 9 ma!matics4 ,we
 are v apt to =get t art includes a     
great sci5ce1 ! sci5ce ( natural        
appe>ances1 & t ! te*nical "w ( pa9t]s &

 engrav]s _c g =w>d safely )\t !        
pr(\nde/ k ( c]ta9 delicate mat]ials1   
?is be+ also a sci5ce1 & a difficult "o4
 ,! common t5d5cy is to und]rate 7f     
ignorance7 :at is intellectual 9 !      
practice ( ! f9e arts2 & yet ! arti/s ( 
pa/ times h left evid5ce en\gh t !y     
?\ght ab\t art1 & ?\ght deeply4 ,arti/s 
are (t5 illit]ate2 b x is possible to be
 at ! same "t illit]ate & intellectual2 
z we see frequ5t examples ( book-le>n+ 9
 p :o h sc>cely a s+le idea ( _! own4   
,,lett] ,,ii4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,g5tleman  
,,:o ,,_h ,,lit]>y ,,& ,,arti/ic        
,,ta/es1 ,,b ,,no ,,pr(ession4    ,! _w 
only recognizes p]=mance--,uselessness (
   bot*-"w--,va/ness ( ! int]val betwe5 
bot*-"w &   h&icraft--,delusions ( !    
well-to-d--,quotation f ,*>les          
,lev]--,indiff]5ce1 & ev5 contempt1 =   
skill--,moral contempt =   skill--,!    
contempt :i* comes f ! pride (          
k--,intellectual value ( skill & (      
pr(essional discipl9e4  ,x is n a       
graceful ?+ = me to say1 nor pleasant = 

y to he>1 t :at y h done hi!rto 9 art & 
lit]ature is nei!r ( any value 9 itself 
nor likely to lead y to t :i* is truly &
 p]man5tly satisfy+4 ,i believe y h     
natural ability1 ?\gh x w\ld n be easy =
 any critic to measure its degree :5 x  
has nev] be5 develop$ by prop]ly-direct$
 "w4 ,mo/ critics w\ld probably err on !
 unfavorable side1 = we are easily bl9d 
to p[]s t are little m ?an lat5t4 ,to   
see any?+ enc\rag+ 9 y\r pres5t         
p]=mance1 x w\ld ne$ ! sympa?y &        
intellig5ce ( ! ,am]ican sculptor       
,gre5\gh1 ( :om x 0 said t 8 recognition
 0 n limit$ to a*ievem5t1 b ext5d$ to   
lat5t p[]s4 ,! _w1 h[ev]1 recognizes    
no?+ %ort ( p]=mance1 because ! p]=mance
 is :at x ne$s1 & promises are ( no use 
to x4  ,9 ?is r\gh ju/ice ( ! _w !re is 
a natural di/ribution ( rew>ds4 ,y w be 
paid1 9 fame & money1 = all excell5t "w2
 & y w be paid1 9 money1 ?\gh n 9 fame1 
= all "w t is ev5 simply good1 provid$ x
 be ( a k9d t ! _w ne$s1 or fancies t x 
ne$s4 ,b y w nev] be paid at all =      

bot*-"w1 nei!r 9 money nor 9 fame1 nor  
by y\r own inw>d approval4  ,= we all ( 
u ei!r "k t our bot*-"w is wor?less1 or 
else h s]i\s misgiv+s ab\t x4 ,t :i* is 
less commonly realiz$ by ^? :o h n      
und]gone ! te/ ( pr(essional labor is ! 
va/ness ( ! int]val t sep>ates bot*-"w f
 h&icraft1 & ! difficulty ( gett+ ov] x4
 ,!re are few delusions1 ,*>les ,lev]   
said 9 ,! ,bramleighs1 m common )       
well-to-d p ?an ! belief t if 'put to x'
 !y c\ld e>n _! own livelihood 9 a      
v>iety ( ways4 ,almo/ e man has "s two  
or ?ree or m accompli%m5ts :i* he       
fancies w\ld be q adequate to 8 support2
 & rememb]+ ) :at success ! ex]cise ( ^!
 gifts has ev] be5 hail$ 9 ! society ( 8
 fri5ds1 he has a sort ( g5]\s dislike  
to be oblig$ to eclipse "s poor drudge (
 a pr(essional1 :o1 ( c\rse1 w be       
consign$ to utt] oblivion aft] 8 own    
p]=mance4 ,augu/us ,bramleigh 0 c]ta9ly 
n a conceit$ or a va9 man1 & yet he _h  
(t5 9 8 palmy days imag9$ h[ easy x w\ld
 be = him to provide = 8 own support4   

,he 0 some?+ ( a musician2 he sang      
pleas+ly2 he drew a little2 he knew     
some?+ ( ?ree or f\r mod]n languages2 he
 _h t sort ( smatt]+ acqua9tance )      
que/ions ( religion1 politics1 &        
lit]ature :i* ! _w calls be+            
'well-in=m$1' & yet no?+ %ort ( ! grave 
necessity reveal$ to him t t[>ds !      
object ( secur+ a livelihood a cobbl] 9 
8 bulk 0 out-&-out 8 ma/]4 ,! _w has no 
ne$ ( ! man ( small acquirem5ts1 & w\ld 
r h its %oes m5d$ by ! v]ie/ bot* ( a   
pr(essional ?an by ! clev]e/ amateur t  
ev] /udi$ a ,greek s&al4  ,some?+ ( ?is 
illusion1 :i* ,*>les ,lev] has t\*$ s   
truly1 may be due to a peculi>ity ( !   
,engli% m9d 9 its pres5t 7n q           
satisfactory7 /age ( developm5t1 a      
peculi>ity :i* ,i am n ! fir/ to po9t   
out1 s9ce x has be5 already indicat$ by 
,mr4 ,po9t]1 ! di/+ui%$ arti/2 & ,i ?9k 
t ?is peculi>ity is to be f\nd 9 v great
 =ce1 p]haps 9 great] =ce ?an else:]e1 9
 t well-to-d ,engli% middle class 9 :i* 
y h be5 born & educat$4 ,x consi/s 9 a  

sort ( indiff]5ce to skill ( all k9ds1  
:i* passes into some?+ n v f> f active  
contempt :5 a call is made = att5tion1  
recognition1 admiration4 ,! s\rce ( ?is 
feel+ w probably be f\nd 9 ! inord9ate  
respect = weal?1 betwe5 :i* & highly    
develop$ p]sonal skill1 9 any?+1 !re is 
a c]ta9 antagonism or incompatibility4  
,! m5 ( real skill are almo/ always m5  
:o e>n _! liv+ by _! skill4 ,! feel+ ( !
 middle-class capitali/s conc]n+ !      
skilful man may be express$1 n unju/ly1 
z foll[s3 ,yes1 he is v clev]2 he may   
well be clev]--x is 8 trade2 he gets 8  
liv+ by x4 ,?is is held to exon]ate u f 
! burd5 ( admiration1 & !re is n any    
s]i\s int]e/ 9 ! a*ievem5ts ( human     
endeavor z evid5ce ( ! m>vell\s natural 
end[m5ts & capabilities ( ! human       
organism4 ,9 "s m9ds ! indiff]5ce to    
skill is m active & gr[s into v real1   
?\gh n op5ly express$ contempt4 ,?is    
contempt is p>tly moral4 ,! skilful man 
always rejoices 9 8 skill ) a           
heav5-be/[$ joy & delight--"o ( ! pure/ 

& mo/ div9e pleasures giv5 by ,god to   
man--an enc\ragem5t to labor1 & a rew>d1
 ! be/ rew>d1 aft] 8 ardu\s             
appr5tice%ip4 ,b !re is a s\r & sev]e   
_s1 hat+ all innoc5t pleasures1 :i*     
despises ! gladness ( ! skilful z s mu* 
p]sonal vanity4  ,!re is also ! contempt
 = skill :i* comes f ! pride ( k4 ,to   
atta9 skill 9 any?+ a degree (          
application is necess>y :i* absorbs m "t
 ?an ! acquisition ( k ab\t ! ?+1 s t ! 
rem>kably skilful man is n likely to be 
! erudite man4 ,!re h be5 in/ances ( m5 
:o possess$ bo? skill & le>n+4 ,!       
,am]ican sculptor ,gre5\gh1 & ! ,engli% 
pa9t] ,dyce1 7 at ! same "t bo? em95tly 
skilful 9 _! craft & em95tly le>n$ out (
 x2 b ! comb9ation is v r>e4 ,!re=e !   
possession ( skill has come to be       
consid]$ presumptive evid5ce ( a want ( 
g5]al in=mation4  ,b ! tru? is t        
pr(essional skill is k te/$ & p]fect$ by
 practical application1 & !re=e has a   
great intellectual value4 ,pr(essional  
life is to private individuals :at      

active w>f>e is to a milit>y /ate4 ,x   
br+s to light e defici5cy1 & reveals our
 true/ ne$s4 ,& !re=e x seems to me a   
matt] = regret t y %\ld pass y\r exi/5ce
 9 irresponsible privacy1 & n h y\r     
atta9m5ts te/$ by ! exig5cies ( "s      
pr(essional c>e]4 ,! discipl9e :i* su* a
 c>e] af=ds1 & :i* no private resolution
 c ev] adequately replace1 may be all t 
is want+ to y\r developm5t4   ,,lett]   
,,iii4  ,,to ,a ,,"y ,,g5tleman ,,:o    
,,wi%$ ,,to ,,devote ,,himself ,,to     
,,lit]ature ,,z ,a ,,pr(ession4         
,byron's vexation at ! idea ( poetry be+
 consid]$ a   pr(ession--,buffon c\ld n 
be> to be call$ a naturali/--,cuvi]     
w\ld n be call$ a ,hell5i/--,f>aday's   
life n pr(essional--,!   intellectual   
life frequ5tly protect$ by pr(essions   
outside (   x--,pr(essional "w ought to 
be pla9 bus9ess "w--,mi*elet's   acc\nt 
( ! incubation ( a book--,necessity =   
too great rapidity   ( production 9     
pr(essional lit]ature--,x does n pay to 
d y\r   be/--,j\rnalism &               

magaz9e-writ+--,illu/ration f a si/]    
art--,privilege ( an au?or to be all[$  
to write little4  ,d y rememb] h[ put   
out ,byron 0 :5 "s review] spoke (      
,wordswor? z be+ at ! head ( !          
pr(ession8 ,byron's vexation 0 n        
entirely due to jeal\sy ( ,wordswor?1   
?\gh t may h _h some?+ to d ) x1 nor 0 x
 due ei!r to an ari/ocratic dislike (   
be+ 9 a pr(ession himself1 ?\gh ?is     
feel+ may h _h a c]ta9 influ5ce2 x 0 due
 to a prop] s5se ( ! dignity ( !        
intellectual life4 ,buffon c\ld n be> to
 be call$ a naturali/1 & ,cuvi] 9 ! same
 way dislik$ ! title ( ,hell5i/1 because
 x s\nd$ pr(essional3 he said t ?\gh he 
knew m ,greek ?an all ! ,academy he 0 n 
a ,hell5i/ z ,gail 01 because he did n  
live by ,greek4  ,n[1 if ?is feel+ _h   
aris5 m]ely f a dislike to hav+ x       
suppos$ t "o is oblig$ to e>n 8 own     
liv+1 x w\ld h be5 a contemptibly vulg> 
s5tim5t1 :oev] pr(ess$ x4 ,no?+ c be m  
honorable to a man ?an to e>n 8 bread by
 hone/ indu/ry ( any k9d1 :e!r x be     

manual or intellectual1 & /ill ,i feel )
 ,byron1 & ,buffon1 & ,cuvi]1 t ! great 
in/rum5ts ( ! _w's intellectual culture 
ought n to be1 9 ! ord9>y s5se1         
pr(essions4 ,byron said t poetry1 z he  
und]/ood x1 0 an art1 an attribute1 b n 
:at is und]/ood by a pr(ession4 ,surely 
! same is true ( all ! highe/           
intellectual "w1 9 :atev] k9d4 ,y c\ld  
sc>cely consid] ,f>aday's life to be :at
 is commonly und]/ood by a pr(essional  
life4 ,tyndall says t if ,f>aday _h *os5
 to employ 8 tal5ts 9 analytical *emi/ry
 he might h realiz$ a =tune ( #aej1jjjl4
 ,n[ t w\ld h be5 a pr(essional exi/5ce2
 b ! c>e] :i* ,f>aday *ose 7happily =   
sci5ce7 0 n pr(essional1 b intellectual4
 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! pr(essional & !  
intellectual lives is p]fectly cle> 9 my
 own m9d1 & !re=e ,i ought to be able to
 express x cle>ly4 ,let me make !       
attempt4  ,! purpose ( a pr(ession1 ( a 
pr(ession pure & simple1 is to turn k & 
tal5t to pecuni>y pr(it4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !
 purpose ( cultivat$ m51 or m5 ( g5ius1 

:o "w 9 an unpr(essional _s1 is to      
increase k1 or make x m accurate1 or    
else simply to give free ex]cise to high
 faculties :i* dem& x4 ,! di/9ction is s
 cle> & tr5*ant t mo/ intellectual m51  
^: private =tunes are n l>ge1 pref] to h
 a pr(ession di/9ct f _! high]          
intellectual "w1 9 ord] to secure !     
p]fect indep5d5ce ( ! latt]4 ,mr4       
,smiles1 9 8 valuable book on ,"*1 gives
 a li/ ( em95t intellectual m5 :o h     
pursu$ real pr(essional avocations (    
v>i\s k9ds sep>ately f _! lit]>y or     
sci5tific activity1 & he m5tions an     
obs]vation ( ,gif=d's :i* is mu* to my  
pres5t purpose3--,gif=d1 ! editor ( !   
,qu>t]ly1 :o knew ! drudg]y ( writ+ = a 
liv+1 once obs]v$ t 'a s+le h\r (       
composition1 won f ! bus9ess ( ! day1 is
 wor? m ?an ! :ole day's toil ( him :o  
works at ! trade ( lit]ature3 9 ! "o    
case1 ! _s comes joyfully to refre%     
itself1 l a h>t to ! wat]-brooks2 9 !   
o!r1 x pursues its mis]able way1 pant+ &
 jad$1 ) ! dogs ( hung] & necessity     

beh9d4' ,s ,col]idge said t ?ree h\rs ( 
leisure1 unalloy$ by any ali5 anxiety1 &
 look$ =w>d to ) delight z a *ange &    
recreation1 w suffice to realize 9      
lit]ature a l>g] product ( :at is truly 
g5ial ?an weeks ( compulsion4           
,col]idge's idea ( a pr(ession 01 t x   
%\ld be "s regul> employm5t :i* c\ld be 
c>ri$ on s f> me*anically1 t an av]age  
quantum only ( heal?1 spirits1 &        
intellectual ex]tion are requisite to   
its fai?ful dis*>ge4 ,)\t 9 ! lea/      
desir+ to und]value good pr(essional "w 
( any k9d1 ,i may obs]ve t1 to be truly 
pr(essional1 x ought to be always at    
comm&1 & !re=e t ! av]age p[] ( ! man's 
intellect1 n 8 r>e fla%es ( highe/      
intellectual illum9ation1 ought to      
suffice = x4 ,pr(essional "w ought      
always to be pla9 bus9ess "w1 requir+ k 
& skill1 b n any ef=t ( g5ius4 ,=       
example1 9 m$ic9e1 x is pr(essional "w  
to prescribe a dose or amputate a limb1 
b n to discov] ! n]v\s sy/em or !       
circulation ( ! blood4  ,if lit]ature   

paid suffici5tly well to all[ x1 a      
lit]>y man might v wisely consid] /udy  
to be 8 pr(ession1 & n production4 ,he  
w\ld !n /udy regul>ly1 say1 six h\rs a  
day1 & write :5 he _h some?+ to say1 &  
really want$ to express x4 ,8 book1 :5 x
 came out1 w\ld h _h "t to be prop]ly   
hat*$1 & w\ld probably h natural life 9 
x4 ,mi*elet says ( "o ( 8 books3 ,cette 
oeuvre a du mo9s le c>actre d'tre v5ue  
comme vi5t t\te vraie cration vivante4  
,elle s'e/ faite  la *aleur d'une d\ce  
incubation4#ac ,x w\ld be impossible1 9 
s %ort a space1 to give a m accurate    
description ( ! natural mann] 9 :i* a   
book comes into exi/5ce4 ,a book ought  
always to be fait  la *aleur d'une d\ce 
incubation4  ,b :5 y make a pr(ession ( 
lit]ature ?is is :at y c h>dly ev] get  
leave to d4 ,lit]>y m5 require to see   
some?+ ( ! _w2 !y c h>dly be h]mits1 & !
 _w _c be se5 )\t a con/ant runn+       
exp5diture1 :i* at ! end ( ! ye>        
repres5ts an income4 ,m5 ( culture &    
ref9em5t really _c live l v poor p )\t  

det]iorat+ 9 ref9em5t1 & fall+ beh9d 9 k
 ( ! _w4 ,:5 !y are m>ri$1 & h families1
 !y c h>dly let _! families live        
diff]5tly f !mselves2 s t !re are !     
usual exp5ses ( ! ,engli% pr(essional   
classes to be met1 & ^! are heavy :5 !y 
h to be got out ( ! pr(its ( lit]ature4 
,! consequ5ce is1 t if a book is to be  
writt5 prud5tly x mu/ be writt5 quickly1
 & ) ! lea/ am\nt ( prep>atory labor t c
 possibly be made to s]ve4 ,?is is v    
diff]5t f ! d\ce incubation ( ,mi*elet4 
,goldsmi? said ( hack-writ+1 t x 0      
difficult to imag9e a comb9ation m      
prejudicial to ta/e ?an t ( ! au?or ^:  
int]e/ x is to write z mu* z possible1 &
 ! booksell]1 ^: int]e/ x is to pay z   
little z possible4 ,! condition ( au?ors
 has no d\bt greatly improv$ s9ce       
,goldsmi?'s "t1 b /ill ! fact rema9s t !
 mo/ c>eful & f9i%$ writ+1 requir+      
ext5sive prep>atory /udy1 is a luxury 9 
:i* ! pr(essional writ] c only indulge  
himself at great risk4 ,c>eful writ+    
does1 no d\bt1 occasionally pay = ! "t x

 co/s2 b su* writ+ is m commonly done by
 m5 :o are ei!r indep5d5t by =tune1 or  
:o make !mselves1 z au?ors1 indep5d5t by
 ! pursuit ( "s o!r pr(ession1 ?an by   
regul> m5 ( lett]s ^: :ole income is    
d]iv$ f _! ink/&s4 ,& :51 by way (      
exception1 ! hack-writ] does produce v  
highly-f9i%$ & conc5trat$ "w1 bas$ ^u an
 elaborate f\ndation ( h>d /udy1 t "w is
 seldom pr(essional 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 b 
is a labor ( love1 outside ! ha/y       
j\rnalism or magaz9e-writ+ t w9s 8 daily
 bread4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d x is cle> t !
 be/ "w is n done z a regul> "p (       
pr(essional duty1 & t ! au?or might z   
well e>n 8 bread 9 "s o!r call+1 if he  
/ill _h ! same am\nt ( leisure = !      
composition ( real lit]ature4  ,! fault 
,i f9d ) writ+ z a pr(ession is t x does
 n pay to d y\r be/4 ,i don't mean to   
ins9uate t d[nright slov5ly or c>eless  
"w is ! mo/ pr(itable2 b ,i d mean to   
say t any high degree ( consci5ti\sness1
 especially 9 ! way ( /udy & rese>*1 is 
a direct injury to ! pr(essional writ]'s

 purse4 ,suppose1 = example1 t he is    
engag$ 9 review+ a book1 & is to get    
#cl4 #ajs4 = ! review :5 x is writt54   
,if by ! accid5t ( previ\s accumulation 
8 k is already fully equal to ! dem& ^u 
x1 ! review may be writt5 rapidly1 & !  
day's "w w h be5 a pr(itable "o2 b if1  
on ! o!r h&1 x is necess>y to consult   
sev]al au?orities1 to make "s labori\s  
rese>*es1 !n ! review] is plac$ 9 a     
dilemma betwe5 lit]>y ?or\ghness & duty 
to 8 family4 ,he _c sp5d a week 9 read+ 
up a subject = ! sum ( #cl4 #ajs4 ,is x 
n mu* easi] to /r+ toge!r a few phrases 
:i* w effectually hide 8 ignorance f    
ev]ybody b ! half-doz5 en?usia/s :o h   
ma/]$ ! subject ( ! book8 ,x is /range t
 ! pr(essional pursuit ( lit]ature %\ld 
be a direct disc\ragem5t to /udy2 yet x 
is s4 ,!re are hack-writ]s :o /udy1 & !y
 des]ve mu* honor = do+ s1 s9ce !       
temptations ! o!r way are always s      
press+ & imm$iate4 ,sa9te-,beuve 0 a    
true /ud5t1 lov+ lit]ature = its own    
sake1 & prep>+ = 8 articles ) a dilig5ce

 r>e 9 ! pr(ession4 ,b he 0 sc>cely a   
hack-writ]1 hav+ a mode/ indep5d5cy1 &  
liv+ besides ) ! quiet frugality ( a    
ba*elor4  ,! tru? seems to be t         
lit]ature ( ! highe/ k9d c only 9 ! mo/ 
exceptional cases be made a pr(ession1  
yet t a skilful writ] may use 8 p5      
pr(essionally if he *ooses4 ,!          
production ( ! pr9t$ talk ( ! day is a  
pr(ession1 requir+ no m ?an av]age      
ability1 & ! tone & temp] ( ord9>y      
educat$ m54 ,! outcome ( x is j\rnalism 
& magaz9e-writ+2 & n[ let me say a ^w or
 two ab\t ^!4  ,! highe/ k9d ( j\rnalism
 is v well done 9 ,engl&2 ! m5 :o d x   
are (t5 ei!r highly educat$1 or ri*ly   
gift$ by nature1 or bo?4 ,! practice (  
j\rnalism is useful to an au?or 9 giv+  
him a degree ( read9ess & rapidity1 a   
skill 9 turn+ 8 mat]ials to imm$iate    
acc\nt1 & a p[] ( pres5t+ "o or two     
po9ts effectively1 :i* may (t5 be       
valuable 9 lit]ature ( a m p]man5t ord]4
 ,! dang] ( x may be illu/rat$ by a     
ref]5ce to a si/] art4 ,i 0 9 ! /udio ( 

an ,engli% l&scape-pa9t] :5 "s pictures 
arriv$ f an arti/ 9 ! c\ntry to g along 
) 8 own to "o ( ! exhibitions4 ,!y 7 all
 v pretty & v clev]--inde$1 s clev] 7   
!y1 t _! clev]ness 0 almo/ (f5sive--& s 
long z !y 7 look$ at by !mselves1 !     
brilliance ( !m 0 r dazzl+4 ,b ! in/ant 
!y 7 plac$ by ! side ( ?or\ghly c>eful &
 e>ne/ "w1 x became /rik+ly evid5t t !y 
_h be5 pa9t$ ha/ily1 & w\ld be almo/    
imm$iately exhau/$ by ! pur*as]4 ,n[ ^! 
pictures 7 ! j\rnalism ( pa9t+2 & my    
fri5d told me t :5 once an arti/ has got
 into ! habit ( do+ ha/y "w l t1 he     
seldom acquires bett] habits aft]w>ds4  
,pr(essional writ]s :o foll[ j\rnalism =
 its imm$iate pr(its1 are liable 9 l    
mann] to reta9 ! habit ( diffus5ess 9   
lit]ature :i* ought to be m f9i%$ & m   
conc5trat$4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh j\rnalism is 
a good tea*] ( promptitude & decision1 x
 (t5 spoils a h& = high] lit]ature by   
incapacitat+ x = p]fect f9i%2 & x is    
bett] = a writ] :o has ambition to write
 little1 b always 8 be/1 ?an to dilute  

himself 9 daily columns4 ,"o ( ! greate/
 privileges :i* an au?or c aspire to is 
to be all[$ to write little1 & t is a   
privilege :i* ! pr(essional writ] does n
 enjoy except 9 su* r>e in/ances z t (  
,t5nyson1 ^: c>eful f9i% is z prud5t 9 !
 pr(essional s5se z x is satisfactory to
 ! scrupul\s fa/idi\sness ( ! arti/4    
,,lett] ,,iv4  ,,to ,,an ,,en]getic ,,& 
,,successful ,,cotton ,,manufactur]4    
,two classes 9 _! l[] grades inevitably 
ho/ile--,! spiritual   & temporal       
p[]s--,! functions ( bo? n easily       
ex]cis$ by !   same p]son--,humboldt1   
,f>aday1 ,liv+/one--,! difficulty ab\t  
"t--,limits to ! en]gy ( !              
individual--,jeal\sy betwe5 !           
classes--,t ?is jeal\sy ought n to      
exi/--,"s ( ! sci5ces   bas$ ^u an      
indu/rial developm5t--,! "w ( !         
intellectual   class absolutely necess>y
 9 a highly civiliz$ community--,t x    
gr[s 9 numb]s & influ5ce side by side ) 
! indu/rial class4  ,our la/ conv]sation
 toge!r1 9 ! privacy ( y\r spl5did new  

draw+-room aft] ! gue/s _h gone away & !
 music _h ceas$ = ! night1 left me "u ! 
impression t we _h n arriv$ at a p]fect 
und]/&+ ( ea* o!r4 ,?is 0 due 9 a great 
measure to my un=tunate incapacity =    
express+ any?+ exactly by spok5 words4  
,! con/ant habit ( writ+1 :i* p]mits a  
leisurely selection f "o's ideas1 is (t5
 v unfavorable to read9ess 9            
conv]sation4 ,w y p]mit me1 !n1 to g ov]
 ! gr\nd we trav]s$1 ?is "t 9 my own    
way1 p5 9 h&8  ,we repres5t1 y & ,i1 two
 classes :i* 9 _! l[] grades are        
inevitably ho/ile2 b ! sup]ior memb]s ( 
^! classes ought n to feel any ho/ility1
 s9ce bo? are equally necess>y to ! _w4 
,we are1 9 tru?1 ! spiritual & !        
temporal p[]s 9 _! mo/ mod]n =m4 ,! *ief
 ( indu/ry & ! man ( lett]s /& to-day 9 
! same relation to ea* o!r & to mank9d z
 ! b>on & bi%op ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we  
are n recogniz$1 ei!r ( u1 by =mally    
conf]r$ titles1 we are bo? held to be   
some:at intrusive by ! repres5tatives ( 
a =m] ord] ( ?+s1 & !re is1 or 0 until v

 lately1 a c]ta9 disposition to d5y :at 
we consid] our natural rights2 b we "k t
 our p[]s are n to be resi/$1 & we h !  
inw>d assurance t ! =ces ( nature are ) 
u4  ,?is1 ) ref]5ce to ! out] _w4 ,b !re
 is a want ( cle>ness 9 ! relation      
betwe5 ourselves4 ,y und]/& y\r great   
temporal function1 :i* is ! wise        
direction ( ! indu/ry ( masses1 !       
accumulation & di/ribution ( weal?2 b y 
d n s cle>ly und]/& ! spiritual function
 ( ! intellectual class1 & y d n ?9k ( x
 q ju/ly4 ,?is want ( und]/&+ is call$  
by "s ( u y\r ,phili/9ism4 ,w y p]mit me
 to expla9 :at ! intellectual class ?9ks
 ( y1 & :at is its op9ion ab\t itself8  
,pray excuse any appe>ance ( presumption
 on my "p if ,i say we ( ! intellectual 
class & y ( ! indu/rial4 ,my position is
 some?+ l t ( ! cl]gyman :o reads1 ,let 
him come to me or to "s o!r le>n$ &     
discreet m9i/] ( ,god's ^w1 !reby call+ 
himself le>n$ & discreet4 ,x is a simple
 matt] ( fact t ,i belong to !          
intellectual class1 s9ce ,i lead its    

life1 j z x is a fact t y h a qu>t] ( a 
million ( money4  ,fir/1 ,i want to %[ t
 ! exi/5ce ( my class is necess>y4      
,al?\gh m5 9 v>i\s occupations (t5      
acquire a consid]able degree ( culture  
outside _! trade1 ! highe/ results (    
culture c sc>cely ev] be atta9$ by m5 ^:
 "t is tak5 up 9 e>n+ a =tune4 ,e man   
has b a limit$ fl[ ( m5tal en]gy p] day2
 & if ?is is us$ up 9 an indu/rial      
lead]%ip1 he _c d mu* m 9 ! intellectual
 sph]e ?an simply asc]ta9 :at has be5   
done by o!rs4 ,n[1 al?\gh we h a c]ta9  
respect1 & ! respect is j1 = ^? :o "k   
:at o!rs h accompli%$1 x is cle> t if no
 "o did m ?an ?is1 if no "o made any    
fre% discov]ies1 ! _w w\ld make no      
progress :atev]2 & 9 fact1 if nobody ev]
 _h be5 d$icat$ to intellectual pursuits
 9 prec$+ ages1 ! m5 :o only le>n :at   
o!rs h done1 w\ld 9 ^! days h _h no?+ to
 le>n4 ,pa/ hi/ory proves ! imm5sity ( !
 debt :i* ! _w owes to m5 :o gave _!    
:ole "t & att5tion to intellectual      
pursuits2 & if ! exi/5ces ( ^! m5 c\ld  

be elim9at$ f ! pa/ ( ! human race1 its 
pres5t w\ld be v diff]5t f :at x is4 ,a 
li/ has be5 publi%$ ( m5 :o h done mu*  
good "w 9 ! int]vals ( bus9ess1 b /ill !
 fact rema9s t ! great intellectual     
pione]s 7 absorb$ & devot$ m51 scorn+   
weal? s f> z x affect$ !mselves1 & ready
 to endure ev]y?+ = k beyond ! k ( _!   
times4 ,in/ances ( su* en?usiasm ab\nd1 
an en?usiasm fully ju/ifi$ by ! value ( 
! results :i* x has a*iev$4 ,:5 ,alex&] 
,humboldt sold 8 inh]itance to h ! means
 = 8 great j\rney 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 &     
calmly d$icat$ ! :ole ( a long life1 & !
 /r5g? ( a robu/ con/itution1 to !      
advancem5t ( natural k1 he act$ fooli%ly
 inde$1 if ye>s1 & /r5g?1 & =tune are   
giv5 to u only to be well inve/$ 9 view 
( money returns2 b ! _w has pr(it$ by 8 
decision4 ,f>aday gave up ! :ole ( 8 "t 
to discov]y :5 he might h e>n$ a l>ge   
=tune by ! judici\s inve/m5t ( 8        
extraord9>y skill 9 *emi/ry4 ,liv+/one  
has sacrific$ ev]y?+ to ! pursuit ( 8   
great "w 9 ,africa4 ,lives su* z ^!--&  

_m resemble !m 9 useful devotion ( :i*  
we he> mu* less--are cle>ly n compatible
 ) mu* money-gett+4 ,a dec5t exi/5ce1   
free f debt1 is all t su* m5 ought to be
 held answ]able =4  ,i h tak5 two or    
?ree lead+ in/ances1 b !re is q a l>ge  
class ( intellectual p :o _c 9 ! nature 
( ?+s s]ve society effectively 9 _! own 
way )\t be+ q outside ( ! indu/rial     
life4 ,!re is a real incompatibility    
betwe5 "s pursuits & o!rs4 ,i suspect t 
y w\ld h be5 a good g5]al1 = y are a    
born lead] & comm&] ( m52 b x w\ld h be5
 difficult to unite a regul> milit>y    
c>e] ) /rict p]sonal att5tion to y\r    
factories4 ,we (t5 f9d ! same difficulty
 9 our intellectual pursuits4 ,we are n 
always q s unpractical z y ?9k we are2 b
 ! difficulty is h[ to f9d ! "t1 & h[ to
 arrange x s z n to miss two or ?ree    
di/9ct classes ( opportunities4 ,we are 
n all ( u exactly imbeciles 9 money     
matt]s1 ?\gh ! pecuni>y results ( our   
labors seem no d\bt pitiful en\gh4 ,!re 
is a tradition t a ,greek philosoph]1 :o

 0 suspect$ by ! practical m5 ( 8 day ( 
incapacity = affairs1 devot$ a ye> to   
prove ! contr>y1 & trad$ s judici\sly t 
he amass$ !reby great ri*es4 ,x may be  
d\btful :e!r he c\ld d x 9 "o ye>1 b _m 
a f9e intellectual capacity has ov]%ad[$
 a f9e practical capacity 9 ! same head 
by ! )drawal ( "t & ef=t4  ,x is because
 ! en]gies ( "o man are s limit$1 & !re 
is s little "t 9 a s+le human life1 t ! 
intellectual & indu/rial functions mu/1 
9 _! highe/ developm5t1 be sep>at$4 ,no 
"o man c\ld unite 9 8 own p]son y\r life
 & ,humboldt's1 ?\gh x is possible t he 
might h ! natural capacity = bo?4 ,grant
 u1 !n1 ! lib]ty n to e>n v mu* money1 &
 ?is be+ once grant$1 try to look ^u our
 intellectual sup]iority z a simple     
natural fact1 j z we look ^u y\r        
pecuni>y sup]iority4  ,9 say+ 9 ?is pla9
 way t we are intellectually sup]ior to 
y & y\r class1 ,i am guilty ( no m pride
 & vanity ?an y :5 y affirm or display  
y\r weal?4 ,! fact is !re1 9 its        
simplicity4 ,we h culture because we h  

paid ! tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ( labor :i*  
are ! price ( culture1 j z y h great    
factories & e/ates :i* are ! rew>d ( y\r
 life's pati5t & intellig5t endeavor4   
,:y %\ld !re be any n>r[ jeal\sy betwe5 
u2 :y any contempt on ! "o side or !    
o!r8 ,ea* has done 8 appo9t$ "w1 ea* has
 caus$ to fructify ! tal5t :i* ! ,ma/]  
gave4  ,yet a c]ta9 jeal\sy does exi/1  
if n betwe5 y & me p]sonally1 at lea/   
betwe5 our classes4 ,! m5 :o h culture  
)\t weal? are jeal\s ( ! p[] &          
privileges ( ^? :o possess money )\t    
culture2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! m5 ^: "t has  
be5 too entirely absorb$ by comm]cial   
pursuits to leave !m any m>g9 suffici5t 
to d ju/ice to _! intellectual p[]s1 are
 (t5 pa9fully s5sitive to ! contempt ( !
 cultivat$1 & /rongly dispos$1 f        
jeal\sy1 to und]value culture itself4   
,bo? are wrong s f> z !y indulge any    
unwor?y & unreasonable feel+ ( ?is k9d4 
,! exi/5ce ( ! two classes is necess>y  
to an advanc$ civilization4 ,! sci5ce ( 
accumulat+ & adm9i/rat+ mat]ial weal?1 (

 :i* y y\rself are a great practical    
ma/]1 is ! f\ndation ( ! mat]ial        
prosp]ity ( nations1 & x is only :5 ?is 
prosp]ity is fully assur$ to great      
numb]s t ! arts & sci5ces c develop     
!mselves 9 p]fect lib]ty & ) ! tranquil 
assurance ( _! own p]man5ce4 ,!         
advancem5t ( mat]ial well-be+ 9 mod]n   
/ates t5ds s directly to ! advancem5t ( 
intellectual pursuits1 ev5 :5 ! mak]s ( 
=tunes are !mselves indiff]5t to ?is    
result1 t x ought always to be a matt] (
 congratulation = ! intellectual class  
itself1 :i* ne$s ! support ( a great    
public ) leisure to read & ?9k4 ,x is   
easy to %[ h[ ^? arts & sci5ces :i* our 
class delights to cultivate are built ^u
 ^? developm5ts ( indu/ry :i* h be5     
br\ght ab\t by ! en]gy ( y\rs4 ,suppose 
! case ( a sci5tific *emi/3 ! mat]ials =
 8 exp]im5ts are provid$ ready to 8 h&  
by ! indu/rial class2 ! record ( !m is  
pres]v$ on pap] manufactur$ by ! same   
indu/rial class2 & ! public :i*         
enc\rages him by its att5tion is usually

 f\nd 9 great cities :i* are ma9ta9$ by 
! labors ( ! same useful s]vants (      
humanity4 ,x is possible1 no d\bt1 9 ^! 
mod]n times1 t "s purely pa/oral or     
agricultural community might produce a  
great *emi/1 because a man ( inborn     
sci5tific g5ius :o came into ! _w 9 an  
agricultural c\ntry might 9 ^! days get 
8 books & mat]ials f indu/rial c5tres at
 a di/ance1 b 8 "w w\ld /ill be bas$ on 
! indu/rial life ( o!rs4 ,no pa/oral or 
agricultural community :i* 0 really     
isolat$ f indu/rial communities ev]     
produc$ a *emi/4 ,& n[ consid] h[       
enorm\sly important ?is "o sci5ce (     
*emi/ry has prov$ itself ev5 to our     
intellectual life6 ,sev]al o!r sci5ces h
 be5 ei!r greatly /r5g!n$ or else       
altoge!r r5ew$ by x1 & ! wond]ful       
photographic processes h be5 = nature & 
! f9e arts :at pr9t+ 0 = lit]ature1     
plac+ reliable & au!ntic mat]ials = /udy
 )9 ! rea* ( e "o4 ,lit]ature itself has
 pr(it$ by ! indu/rial progress ( !     
pres5t age1 9 ! increas$ *eapness (     

ev]y?+ t is mat]ial 9 books4 ,i please  
myself ) ! reflection t ev5 y make pap] 
*eap] by manufactur+ s mu* cotton4  ,all
 ^! are reasons :y we ought n to be     
jeal\s ( y2 & n[ p]mit me to indicate a 
few o!r reasons :y x is unreasonable on 
y\r "p to feel any jeal\sy ( u4         
,suppose we 7 to cease work+            
to-morr[--cease work+1 ,i mean1 9 our   
peculi> ways--& all ( u become colli]s &
 factory op]atives in/ead1 ) nobody to  
supply our places4 ,or1 s9ce y may      
possibly be ( op9ion t !re is en\gh     
lit]ature & sci5ce 9 ! _w at ! pres5t   
day1 suppose r t at "s prec$+ date !    
:ole lit]>y & sci5tific & arti/ic labor 
( ! human race2 _h come sudd5ly to a    
/&/ill4 ,m9d1 ,i d n say ( ,engli%m5    
m]ely1 b ( ! :ole race1 = if any        
intellectual "w _h be5 done 9 ,france or
 ,g]many1 or ev5 9 ,japan1 y w\ld h     
import$ x l cotton & =eign c]eals4      
,well1 ,i h no hesitation 9 tell+ y t   
al?\gh !re 0 a good deal ( lit]ature &  
sci5ce 9 ,engl& be=e ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1   

#ahjj1 ! pres5t condition ( ! nation    
w\ld h be5 a v *aotic condition if !    
intellectual class _h ceas$ on t day to 
?9k & obs]ve & to place on record its   
?\ghts & obs]vations4 ,! life ( a       
progressive nation _c long g =w>d       
exclusively on ! ?9k+ ( ! pa/3 its      
?\ghtful m5 mu/ n be all dead m51 b liv+
 m5 :o accompany x on its c\rse4 ,x is  
!y :o make cle> ! lessons ( exp]i5ce2 x 
is !y :o discov] ! reliable g5]al laws  
^u :i* all safe action mu/ be f\nd$ 9 ! 
future2 x is !y :o give decision to     
human action 9 e direction by con/antly 
regi/]+1 9 language ( compreh5sive      
accuracy1 bo? its successes & its       
failures4 ,x is _! great & ardu\s labor 
:i* makes k accessible to m5 ( action at
 ! co/ ( little ef=t & ! smalle/        
possible exp5diture ( "t4 ,!            
intellectual class gr[s 9 numb]s & 9    
influ5ce along ) ! numb]s & influ5ce ( !
 mat]ially productive population ( !    
,/ate4 ,& n only are ! natural          
philosoph]s1 ! writ]s ( contempor>y &   

pa/ hi/ory1 ! discov]]s 9 sci5ce1       
necess>y 9 ! /ricte/ s5se to ! life (   
su* a community z ! mod]n ,engli%       
community1 b ev5 ! poets1 ! noveli/s1 ! 
arti/s are necess>y to ! p]fection ( its
 life4 ,)\t !m & _! "w ! national m9d   
w\ld be z incomplete z w\ld be ! natural
 univ]se )\t beauty4 ,b ?is1 p]haps1 y w
 p]ceive less cle>ly1 or be less will+  
to admit4   ,,lett] ,v4  ,,to ,a ,,"y   
,,etonian ,,:o ,,?\ght ,,( ,,becom+ ,a  
,,cotton-,,sp9n]4    ,absurd old        
prejudices aga9/ comm]ce--,/igma atta*$ 
to ! great   majority (                 
occupations--,traditions (              
feudalism--,di/9ctions betwe5   "o trade
 & ano!r--,a real in/ance ( an ,etonian 
:o _h gone into   !                     
cotton-trade--,obs]vations on ?is       
case--,! trade a f9e field   = en]gy--,a
 poor "o = intellectual culture--,x     
develops practical   ability--,culture n
 possible )\t leisure--,! f\nd]s (      
comm]cial =tunes4  ,x is agreeable to   
see v>i\s indications t ! absurd old    

prejudices aga9/ comm]ce are c]ta9ly    
decl9+4 ,!re /ill rema9s q en\gh        
contempt = trade 9 ! pr(essional classes
 & ! ari/ocracy1 to give u frequ5t      
opportunities = /udy+ x z a relic ( =m] 
sup]/ition1 unhappily n yet r>e en\gh to
 be q a curiosity2 b z "t passes & p    
become m rational1 x w retreat to       
out-(-!-way corn]s ( old c\ntry mansions
 & rural p>sonages1 at a safe di/ance f 
! light-giv+ c5tres ( indu/ry4 ,x is a  
surpris+ fact1 & "o :i* proves ! almo/  
pa!tic _s ( def]5ce & submission to     
sup]iors :i* *>act]izes ! ,engli% p1 t  
out ( ! hundr$s ( occupations :i* are   
foll[$ by ! busy classes ( ?is c\ntry1  
only ?ree are entirely free f "s degrad+
 /igma1 s t !y may be foll[$ by a       
high-born y\? )\t any sacrifice ( ca/e4 
,! wond] is t ! great active majority ( 
! nation1 ! m5 :o by _! indu/ry &       
intellig5ce h made ,engl& :at %e is1    
%\ld ev] h be5 will+ to submit to s     
insol5t a rule z ?is rule ( ca/e1 :i*1  
in/ead ( honor+ indu/ry1 honor$ idl5ess1

 & atta*$ a /igma to ! mo/ useful &     
important trades4 ,! l&[n]1 ! soldi]1 ! 
prie/1 ^! ?ree 7 pure f e /a9 (         
degradation1 & only ^! ?ree 7 q         
absolutely & e!really pure4 ,next to !m 
came ! lawy] & ! physician1 on :om !re  
re/$ "s traces ( ! l[] e>?2 s t al?\gh !
 y\?ful b>on w\ld fight or prea*1 he    
w\ld nei!r plead nor heal4 ,& aft] ^!   
came ! l[] pr(essions & ! innum]able    
trades1 all m>k$ ) /igmas ( deep] &     
deep] degradation4  ,f ! intellectual   
po9t ( view ^! prejudices indicate a    
/ate ( society 9 :i* public op9ion has n
 em]g$ f b>b>ism4 ,x und]/&s ! /r5g? ( !
 feudal *ief hav+ l&1 ) s]fs or vot]s on
 ! l&2 x kn[s ! uses ( ! sword1 & x     
dreads ! m5aces ( ! prie/hood4 ,beyond  
?is x kn[s little1 & despises :at x does
 n und]/&4 ,x is ignorant ( sci5ce1 &   
indu/ry1 & art2 x despises !m z s]vile  
occupations b5ea? its conception ( !    
g5tleman4 ,?is is ! tradition ( c\ntries
 :i* reta9 ! impressions ( feudalism2 b 
not)/&+ all our philosophy1 x is        

difficult = u to avoid "s feel+ (       
a/oni%m5t :5 we reflect t ! public      
op9ion ( ,engl&--a c\ntry t owes s mu* (
 h] greatness & ne>ly all h] weal? to   
comm]cial ent]prise--%\ld be contemptu\s
 t[>ds comm]ce4  ,i may notice1 9 pass+1
 a v curi\s =m ( ?is n>r[ness4 ,trade is
 despis$1 b di/9ctions are e/abli%$     
betwe5 "o trade & ano!r4 ,a man :o sells
 w9e is consid]$ m ( a g5tleman ?an a   
man :o sells figs & rais9s2 & ,i believe
 y w f9d1 if y obs]ve p c>efully1 t a   
wooll5 manufactur] is ?\ght to be a %ade
 less vulg> ?an a cotton manufactur]4   
,^! di/9ctions are seldom bas$ on       
reason1 = ! "w ( comm]ce is g5]ally v   
mu* ! same sort ( "w1 m5tally1 :atev]   
may be ! mat]ials x deals 94 ,y may be  
he>tily congratulat$ on ! /r5g? ( m9d1  
firmness ( resolution1 & sup]iority to  
prejudice1 :i* h l$ y to *oose ! bus9ess
 ( a cotton-sp9n]4 ,x is an excell5t    
bus9ess1 &1 9 itself1 e :it z honorable 
z deal+ 9 corn & cattle1 :i* our nobles 
d habitually )\t reproa*4 ,b n[ t ,i h  

disclaim$ any p>ticipation 9 ! /upid    
n>r[ness :i* despises trade 9 g5]al1 & !
 cotton-trade 9 p>ticul>1 let me add a  
few words ^u ! effects ( ! cotton       
bus9ess on ! m9d4  ,!re appe>$ 9 "o ( ! 
newspap]s a little "t s9ce a mo/ int]e/+
 & evid5tly g5u9e lett] f an ,etonian1  
:o _h actually ent]$ bus9ess 9 a cotton 
factory1 & devot$ himself to x s z to   
e>n ! confid5ce ( 8 employ]s & a sal>y (
 #djjl4 a ye> z manag]4 ,he _h wait$ "s 
"t uselessly = a diplomatic appo9tm5t   
:i* did n arrive1 & s1 r ?an lose ! be/ 
ye>s ( e>ly manhood1 z a m indol5t fell[
 w\ld h done v will+ly1 9 pure idl5ess1 
he took ! resolution ( ent]+ bus9ess1 & 
c>ri$ out 8 det]m9ation ) admirable     
p]si/5ce4 ,at fir/ nobody w\ld believe t
 ! swell c\ld be s]i\s2 p ?\ght t 8 idea
 ( manufactur+ 0 a m]e freak1 & expect$ 
him to ab&on x :5 he _h to face ! t$ium 
( ! daily "w2 b ! swell 0 s]i\s--w5t to 
! mill at six 9 ! morn+ & /ay$ !re till 
six at night1 f ,monday till ,saturday  
inclusive4 ,aft] a ye> ( ?is1 8 new     

companions believ$ 9 him4  ,n[1 all ?is 
is v admirable inde$ z a manife/ation ( 
en]gy1 & t true/ indep5d5ce :i* looks to
 =tune z ! rew>d ( its own manly ef=t1 b
 x may be p]mitt$ to me to make a few   
obs]vations on ?is "y g5tleman's        
resolve4 ,:at he did seems to me r ! act
 ( an en]getic nature seek+ an outlet = 
en]gy1 ?an ( an intellectual nature     
seek+ pa/ure & ex]cise = ! intellect4 ,i
 am f> inde$ f desir+1 by ?is comp>ison1
 to ca/ any disp>ag+ light on ! "y      
g5tleman's natural end[m5ts1 :i* appe>  
to h be5 valuable 9 _! ord] & robu/ 9 _!
 degree1 nor d ,i "q ! wisdom ( 8 *oice2
 all ,i mean to imply is1 t al?\gh he _h
 *os5 a f9e l>ge field = simple en]gy1 x
 0 a poor & b>r5 field = ! intellect to 
pa/ure 94 ,consid] = "o mom5t ! diff]5ce
 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! c>e] :i* he _h  
ab&on$ & ! trade he _h embrac$4 ,z an   
atta* he w\ld h liv$ 9 capital cities1 h
 _h ! be/ opportunities = p]fect+       
himself 9 mod]n languages1 & = meet+ !  
mo/ v>i$ & ! mo/ int]e/+ society4 ,9 e  

day !re w\ld h be5 preci\s h\rs (       
leisure1 to be employ$ 9 ! increase ( 8 
culture4 ,if an intellectual man1 hav+  
to *oose betwe5 diplomacy &             
cotton-sp9n+1 pref]r$ cotton-sp9n+ x    
w\ld be f ! desire = weal?1 or f ! love 
( an ,engli% home4 ,! life ( a cotton   
manufactur]1 :o p]sonally att5ds to 8   
bus9ess ) t close sup]vision :i* has    
g5]ally conduct$ to success1 leaves     
sc>cely any m>g9 = intellectual pleasure
 or sp>e en]gy = intellectual "w4 ,aft] 
t5 h\rs 9 ! mill1 x is difficult to sit 
d[n & /udy2 & ev5 if !re 7 en]gy en\gh1 
! m9d w\ld n readily ca/ (f ! burd5 (   
great practical anxieties &             
responsibilities s z to attune itself to
 dis9t]e/$ ?9k+4 ,! lead]s ( indu/ry (t5
 display m5tal p[] ( z high an ord] z t 
:i* is employ$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( great     
empires2 !y %[ ! highe/ adm9i/rative    
ability1 !y h to deal cont9ually )      
f9ancial que/ions :i* on _! small] scale
 require z mu* =e?\ght & acum5 z ^? t   
conc]n ! ex*equ]2 b ! ability !y ne$ is 

always /rictly practical1 & !re is !    
wide/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! practical & !   
intellectual m9ds4 ,a con/ant & close   
pressure ( practical consid]ations      
develops ! sort ( p[] :i* deals         
effectually ) ! pres5t & its ne$s b     
atrophies ! high] m9d4 ,! two m9ds :i*  
we call intellig5ce & intellect resemble
 ! feet & w+s ( birds4 ,eagles & swall[s
 walk badly or n at all1 b !y h a       
m>vell\s /r5g? ( flight2 o/ri*es are    
great p$e/rians1 b !y "k no?+ ( !       
regions ( ! air4 ,! be/ t c be hop$ = m5
 imm]s$ 9 ! details ( bus9ess is t !y   
may be able1 l p>tridges & pheasants1 to
 take a %ort flight on an em]g5cy1 &    
rise1 if only = a few m9utes1 above !   
level ( ! /ubble & ! copse4  ,)\t1      
!re=e1 desir+ to imply any prejudic$    
contempt = trade1 ,i d desire to urge ! 
consid]ation ( its inevitable effects ^u
 ! m9d4 ,= m5 ( great practical         
intellig5ce & abundant en]gy1 trade is  
all-suffic+1 b x c\ld nev] entirely     
satisfy an intellectual nature4 ,&      

al?\gh !re is drudg]y 9 e pursuit1 = ev5
 lit]ature & pa9t+ are full ( x1 /ill   
!re are c]ta9 k9ds ( drudg]y :i*        
intellectual natures f9d to be h>d] to  
endure ?an o!rs4 ,! drudg]y :i* !y be>  
lea/ easily is an incessant att5tion to 
duties :i* h no intellectual int]e/1 &  
yet :i* _c be prop]ly p]=m$ me*anically 
s z to leave ! m9d at lib]ty = its own  
speculations4 ,deep ?9k]s are notori\sly
 abs5t1 = ?\ght requires ab/raction f   
:at surr\nds u1 & x is h>d = !m to be   
d5i$ ! lib]ty ( dream+4 ,an intellectual
 p]son might be happy z a /one-break] on
 ! roadside1 because ! "w w\ld leave 8  
m9d at lib]ty2 b he w\ld c]ta9ly be     
mis]able z an eng9e-driv] at a coal-pit 
%aft1 :]e ! ab/raction ( an in/ant w\ld 
imp]il ! lives ( o!rs4  ,9 a rec5t      
address deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one at    
,liv]pool1 he ackn[l$g$ ! neglect (     
culture :i* is "o ( ! %ortcom+s ( our   
trad+ community1 & held out ! hope      
7p]haps 9 "s degree illusory7 t ! same  
p]sons might become em95t 9 comm]ce & 9 

le>n+4 ,no d\bt !re h be5 in/ances (    
?is2 & :5 a conc]n has be5 firmly       
e/abli%$ by ! en]gy ( a pr$ecessor1 !   
heir to x may be satisfi$ ) a royal sort
 ( sup]vision1 leav+ ! drudg]y ( detail 
to 8 manag]s1 & s secure = himself t    
suffici5t leisure )\t :i* high culture  
is n possible4 ,b ! f\nd]s ( great      
comm]cial =tunes h1 ,i believe1 9 e     
in/ance ?r[n _! :ole en]gy into _!      
trade1 mak+ weal? _! aim1 & leav+       
culture to be add$ 9 ano!r g5]ation4 ,! 
f\nd]s ( comm]cial families are 9 ?is   
c\ntry usually m5 ( great "m-wit & pl5ty
 ( det]m9ation--b illit]ate4            
,,footnotes3    #ab ,! ^w dis9t]e/$ is  
us$ "h 9 ! s5se expla9$ 9     ,"p ,,ii4 
,lett] ,,iii4    #ac ,?is "w has at any 
rate ! "* ( hav+ come into !     _w l e 
really liv+ creation4 ,x has be5 produc$
 by !     heat ( a g5tle incubation4    
,,"p ,,xii4  ,,surr\nd+s4   ,,lett] ,i4 
,,to ,a ,,fri5d ,,:o ,,(t5 ,,*ang$ ,,8  
,,place ,,( ,,resid5ce4    ,an unsettl$ 
class ( ,engli% p--,effect ( localities 

on !   m9d--,reaction aga9/             
surr\nd+s--,l&scape-pa9t+ a consequ5ce  
( x--,cru%+ effect ( too mu* natural    
magnific5ce--,! m9d   takes color f its 
surr\nd+s--,selection ( a place (       
resid5ce--,*>les ,dick5s--,he9ri*       
,he9e--,dr4 ,arnold at ,rugby--,8   h\se
 9 ! lake di/rict--,ty*o ,brahe--,8     
e/abli%m5t on !   isl& ( ,hwe5--,! "y   
,humboldts 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,tegel--,alex&] 
,humboldt's appreciation ( ,p>is--,dr4  
,johnson--,mr4                          
,buckle--,c[p]--,galileo4  ,i f9d t !re 
is a :ole class ( ,engli% subjects 7y   
belong to t class7 ( :om x is utt]ly    
impossible to pr$ict :]e !y w be liv+ 9 
five ye>s4 ,inde$1 z y are ! wor/ (     
correspond5ts1 ,i only le>n$ y\r pres5t 
address1 by %e] accid5t1 f a p]fect     
/rang]1 & he told me1 ( c\rse1 t y _h   
plans = go+ some:]e else1 b :]e t might 
be he knew n4 ,! civiliz$ ,engli% nomad 
is usually1 l y\rself1 a p]son (        
indep5d5t means1 ri* en\gh to be> !     
exp5ses ( frequ5t removals1 b )\t ! c>es

 ( prop]ty4 ,8 money is safely inve/$ 9 
! funds1 or 9 railways2 & s1 :]ev] !    
po/man c br+ 8 divid5ds1 he c live 9    
fre$om f mat]ial c>es4 ,:5 8 wife is z  
unsettl$ z himself1 ! pair seem to live 
9 a balloon1 or 9 a sort ( ,noah's ark1 
:i* goes :i!r ! w9d li/s1 & takes gr\nd 
9 ! mo/ unexpect$ places4  ,h y ev]     
/udi$ ! effect ( localities on ! m9d--on
 y\r own m9d8 ,t :i* we are is due 9    
great "p to ! accid5t ( our surr\nd+s1  
:i* act ^u u 9 "o or two q opposite     
ways4 ,ei!r we feel 9 h>mony ) !m1 9 :i*
 case !y produce a positive effect ^u u1
 or else we are out ( h>mony1 & !n !y   
drive u into ! /range/ reactions4 ,a    
great ugly ,engli% t[n1 l ,man*e/]1 =   
in/ance1 makes "s m5 su* ?or\gh t[nsm5 t
 !y _c live )\t smoky *imneys2 or x     
fills ! s\ls ( o!rs ) su* a passionate  
long+ = beautiful sc5]y & ru/ic         
retirem5t1 t !y f9d x absolutely        
necess>y to bury !mselves f "t to "t 9 !
 recesses ( picturesque m\nta9s4 ,!     
developm5t ( mod]n l&scape-pa9t+ has n  

be5 due to habits ( rural exi/5ce1 b to 
! gr[? ( v big & hide\s mod]n cities1   
:i* made m5 long = %ady =e/s1 & pure    
/reams1 & magnific5t spectacles (       
sunset1 & dawn1 & moonlight4 ,x is by   
?is "t a trite obs]vation t p :o h      
always liv$ 9 beautiful sc5]y d n1 & _c1
 appreciate x2 t too mu* natural        
magnific5ce positively cru%es ! activity
 ( ! intellect & t its be/ effect is    
simply t ( refre%m5t = p :o h n access  
to x e day4 ,x happ5s too1 9 a conv]se  
way1 t ru/ics & m\nta9e]s h ! /ronge/   
appreciation ( ! advantages ( great     
cities1 & ?rive 9 !m (t5 m happily ?an  
citiz5s :o are born 9 ! brick /reets4   
,^? :o h great facilities = *ang+ _!    
place ( resid5ce ought always to be> 9  
m9d t e locality is l a dy]'s vat1 & t !
 resid5ts take its color1 or "s o!r     
color1 f x j z ! clo!s d t ! dy] /eeps 9
 /a94 ,if y look back ^u y\r pa/ life1 y
 w assur$ly admit t e place has color$  
y\r m5tal habits2 & t al?\gh o!r t9ts f 
o!r places h sup]v5$1 s t x may be      

difficult to say precisely :at rema9s ( 
! place y liv$ 9 _m ye>s ago1 /ill      
some?+ does rema91 l ! effect ( ! fir/  
pa9t+ on a picture1 :i* tells on ! :ole 
"w p]man5tly1 ?\gh x may h be5 cov]$ ov]
 & ov] aga9 by :at pa9t]s call scumbl+s 
& glaz+s4  ,! selection ( a place (     
resid5ce1 ev5 ?\gh we only int5d to pass
 a few %ort ye>s 9 x1 is f !            
intellectual po9t ( view a matt] s      
important t "o c h>dly exagg]ate its    
consequ5ces4 ,we see ?is q pla9ly 9 !   
case ( au?ors1 ^: m9ds are m visible to 
u ?an ! m9ds ( o!r m51 & !re=e m easily 
& conv5i5tly /udi$4 ,we ne$ no biograph]
 to in=m u t ,dick5s 0 a ,london]1 t    
,br[n+ _h liv$ 9 ,italy1 t ,rusk9 _h    
pass$ _m seasons 9 ,switz]l& & ,v5ice4  
,suppose = "o mom5t t ^! ?ree au?ors _h 
be5 born 9 ,irel&1 & _h nev] quitt$ x1  
is x n c]ta9 t _! production w\ld h be5 
diff]5t8 ,let u c>ry our supposition    
f>!r /ill1 & conceive1 if we c1 !       
diff]5ce to _! lit]>y p]=mance if !y _h 
be5 born1 n 9 ,irel&1 b 9 ,icel&1 & liv$

 !re all _! lives6 ,is x n highly       
probable t 9 ?is case _! production w\ld
 h be5 s />v$ & impov]i%$ f insuffici5cy
 ( mat]ial & ( sugge/ion1 t !y w\ld h   
utt]$ no?+ b "s simple expression (     
s5tim5t & imag9ation1 "s homely song or 
tale8 ,all sights & s\nds h _! influ5ce 
on our temp] & on our ?\ghts1 & our     
inmo/ be+ is n ! same 9 "o place z 9    
ano!r4 ,we are l blank pap] t takes a   
t9t by reflection f :at is ne>e/1 &     
*anges x z its surr\nd+s *ange4 ,9 a    
dull gray room1 h[ gray & dull x looks6 
b x w be ba!d 9 rose or amb] if ! hang+s
 are crimson or yell[4 ,!re are natures 
t g to ! /reams ( life 9 great cities z 
! he>t goes to ! wat]-brooks2 !re are   
o!r natures t ne$ ! solitude ( primval  
=e/s & ! sil5ce ( ! ,alps4 ,! mo/ popul>
 ( ,engli% noveli/s sometimes w5t to    
write 9 ! tranquillity ( beautiful      
sc5]y1 tak+ 8 manuscript to ! %ore ( "s 
azure lake 9 ,switz]l&1 9 sight ( !     
et]nal sn[2 b all t beauty & peace1 all 
t sweetness ( pure air & color1 7 n     

s$uctive en\gh to ov]come = _m days !   
deep long+ = ! ,london /reets4 ,8 g5ius 
ne$$ ! /reets1 z a bee ne$s ! summ]     
fl[]s1 & langui%$ :5 long sep>at$ f !m4 
,o!rs h ne$$ ! wild hea!r1 or ! murmur (
 ! ocean1 or ! s\nd ( autumn w9ds t /rip
 great =e/-trees4 ,:o does n deeply pity
 poor ,he9e 9 8 la/ sad ye>s1 :5 he lay 
fix$ on 8 c\* ( pa9 9 t n>r[ ,p>isian   
lodg+1 & comp>$ x to ! s\nd+ grave (    
,m]l9 ! en*ant]1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! wood
 ( ,brozeli&e1 9 ,brittany1 "u l(ty oaks
 ^: tops tap]1 l em]ald flames1 t[>ds   
heav54 ,o bro!r ,m]l91 he exclaims1 & ) 
:at t\*+ pa?os6 ,o bro!r ,m]l91 ,i envy 
!e ^? trees1 ) _! fre% breezes1 = nev] a
 gre5 leaf ru/les ab\t ?is              
mattress-grave ( m9e 9 ,p>is1 :]e f     
morn+ till night ,i he> no?+ b ! rattle 
( :eels1 ! clatt] ( hamm]s1             
/reet-brawls1 & ! j+l+ ( pian(ortes6  ,9
 ! biography ( ,dr4 ,arnold1 8 long+ =  
natural beauty recurs z "o ( !          
peculi>ities ( 8 con/itution4 ,he did n 
ne$ v gr& sc5]y1 ?\gh he enjoy$ x       

deeply1 b "s wild natural lovel9ess 0   
su* a necessity = him t he p9$ = x      
unhappily 9 its abs5ce4 ,rugby c\ld (f] 
him sc>cely any?+ ( ?is1 ,we h no hills1
 he lam5t$1 no pla9s--n a s+le wood1 & b
 "o s+le copse2 no hea?1 no d[n1 no     
rock1 no riv]1 no cle> /ream--sc>cely   
any fl[]s1 = ! lias is p>ticul>ly poor 9
 !m--no?+ b "o endless monotony (       
enclos$ fields & h$g][ trees4 ,?is is to
 me a daily privation2 x robs me ( :at  
is naturally my anti-attrition2 & z ,i  
gr[ old] ,i beg9 to feel x4444 ,!       
positive dulness ( ! c\ntry ab\t ,rugby 
makes x to me a m]e work+-place3 ,i _c  
expatiate !re ev5 9 my walks4  ,!       
monoton\s "* ( ! midl& sc5]y (          
,w>wick%ire1 says ,dr4 ,arnold's        
biograph]1 0 to him1 ) 8 /rong love (   
natural beauty & v>iety1 absolutely     
repulsive2 !re 0 some?+ almo/ t\*+ 9 !  
eag]ness ) :i*1 amid/ t 'endless        
succession ( fields & h$g][s1' he w\ld  
make ! mo/ ( any features ( a high]     
ord]2 9 ! pleasure ) :i* he w\ld *]i% ! 

few places :]e ! curr5t ( ! ,avon 0     
p]ceptible1 or :]e a glimpse ( ! horizon
 c\ld be disc]n$2 9 ! humor\s despair ) 
:i* he w\ld gaze on ! dull expanse (    
fields ea/w>d f ,rugby4 ,x is no wond]  
we d n l look+ t way1 :5 "o consid]s t  
!re is no?+ f9e betwe5 u & ! ,ural      
m\nta9s4 ,conceive :at y look ov]2 = y j
 miss ,sw$51 & look ov] ,holl&1 ! nor? (
 ,g]many1 & ! c5tre ( ,russia4#ad  ,?is 
dreadful midl& monotony impell$ ,dr4    
,arnold to seek refre%m5t & comp5sation 
9 a holiday home 9 ! ,lake di/rict1 &   
!re he f\nd all t 8 eyes long$ =1       
/reams1 hills1 woods1 & wild-fl[]s4 ,nor
 _h 8 belief 9 ! value ( ^! sweet       
natural surr\nd+s be5 illusory2 su*     
in/9cts are n giv5 = our betrayal1 & !  
s\l ( a wise man kn[s its own ne$s1 bo? 
be=e !y are suppli$1 & aft]4 ,we/morl&  
gave him all he _h hop$ f x1 & m4 ,body 
& m9d1 he wrote1 alike seem to repose   
gre$ily 9 delici\s quiet1 )\t dulness1  
:i* we enjoy 9 ,we/morl&4 ,& aga93 ,at  
,allan ,bank1 9 ! summ]1 ,i work$ on !  

,roman hi/ory1 & hope to d s aga9 9 !   
w9t]4 ,x is v inspir+ to write ) su* a  
view be=e "o's eyes z t f our draw+-room
 at ,allan ,bank1 :]e ! trees ( !       
%rubb]y gradually run up into ! trees ( 
! cliff1 & ! m\nta9-side1 ) its inf9ite 
v>iety ( rocky peaks & po9ts ^u :i* !   
cattle expatiate1 rises ov] ! tops ( !  
trees4  ,( all happily-situat$ m5tal    
labor]s :o h work$ s9ce ! days (        
,horace1 surely ,ty*o ,brahe 0 ! happie/
 & mo/ to be envi$4 ,k+ ,fr$]ick (      
,d5m>k gave him a delightful isl& = 8   
habitation1 l>ge en\gh = him n to feel  
imprison$ 7! circumf]5ce be+ ab\t five  
miles71 yet little en\gh = him to feel z
 snugly at home !re z ,mr4 ,wat]ton 9 8 
high-wall$ p>k4 ,! l& 0 f]tile & ri* 9  
game1 s t ! sci5tific ,rob9son ,crusoe  
liv$ 9 mat]ial abundance2 & z he 0 only 
ab\t sev5 miles f ,cop5hag51 he c\ld    
procure ev]y?+ necess>y to 8 conv5i5ce4 
,he built a great h\se on ! elevat$ l& 9
 ! mid/ ( ! isle1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a  
mile f ! sea1 a palace ( art & sci5ce1 )

 /atues & pa9t+s & all ! app>atus :i* ! 
+5uity ( t age c\ld contrive = !        
advancem5t ( a/ronomical pursuits4      
,unit+ ! case ( a ri* nobleman's exi/5ce
 ) e aid to sci5ce1 includ+ special     
erections = 8 in/rum5ts1 & a pr9t+      
e/abli%m5t t work$ "u 8 own imm$iate    
direction1 he liv$ f> en\gh f ! capital 
to enjoy ! mo/ p]fect tranquillity1 yet 
ne> en\gh to escape ! consequ5ces ( too 
absolute isolation4 ,aid$ 9 all he      
und]took by a /aff ( assi/ants t he     
himself _h tra9$1 support$ 9 8 labor by 
! enc\ragem5t ( 8 sov]eign1 & especially
 by 8 own unflagg+ int]e/ 9 sci5tific   
inve/igation1 he l$ 9 t peaceful isl& ! 
ideal intellectual life4 ,( t mansion   
:]e he labor$1 ( ! obs]vatory :]e he    
wat*$ ! cele/ial ph5om5a1 surr\nd$ b n  
di/urb$ by ! waves ( a %all[ sea1 !re   
rema9s at ?is day lit]ally n "o /one ^u 
ano!r2 b _m a less =tunate labor] 9 !   
same field1 h>ass$ by pov]ty1 di/ract$  
by noise & int]ruption1 has rememb]$ )  
p>donable envy ! spl5did peace (        

,urani5borg4  ,x 0 "o ( ! _m =tunate    
circum/ances 9 ! position ( ! two       
,humboldts t !y pass$ _! y\? 9 ! quiet  
old ca/le ( ,tegel1 sep>at$ f ,b]l9 by a
 p9e-wood1 & surr\nd$ by walks & g>d5s4 
,!y too1 l ,ty*o ,brahe1 enjoy$ t happy 
comb9ation ( tranquillity ) !           
neighborhood ( a capital city :i* is s  
peculi>ly favorable to culture4 ,9 lat] 
life1 :5 ,alex&] ,humboldt _h collect$  
^? imm5se masses ( mat]ial :i* 7 !      
result ( 8 travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 he   
w>mly appreciat$ ! unequall$ advantages 
( ,p>is4 ,he knew h[ to extract f !     
solitudes ( primval nature :at he want$ 
= ! enri*m5t ( 8 m9d2 b he knew also h[ 
to avail himself ( all ! assi/ance &    
opportunities :i* are only to be _h 9   
great capitals4 ,he 0 n attract$ to     
t[n-life1 l ,dr4 ,johnson & ,mr4        
,buckle1 to ! exclusion ( wild nature2 b
 nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 _h he t horror (   
t[ns :i* 0 a morbid defect 9 ,c[p]1 &   
:i* condemns ^? :o suff] f x to         
ru/icity4 ,ev5 ,galileo1 :o ?\ght !     

c\ntry especially favorable to          
speculative intellects1 & ! walls (     
cities an imprisonm5t = !m1 decl>$ t !  
be/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 ^? he _h sp5t 9     
,padua4   ,,lett] ,,ii4  ,,to ,a ,,fri5d
 ,,:o ,,ma9ta9$ ,,t ,,surr\nd+s ,,7 ,a  
,,matt] ,,( ,,indiff]5ce ,,to ,a        
,,?or\ghly ,,occupi$ ,,m9d4    ,ar*im$es
 at ! siege ( ,syracuse--,ge(froy ,/4   
,hilaire 9 !   besieg$ city (           
,alex&ria--,goe! at ! bomb>dm5t (       
,v]dun--,lullo1 ! ,ori5tal              
mission>y--,giordano                    
,bruno--,unackn[l$g$   effect (         
surr\nd+s--,effect ( ,frank=t on        
,goe!--,great   capitals--,goe!--,8     
g>d5-h\se--,:at he said ab\t ,brang] &  
,p>is--,=tunate surr\nd+s ( ,titian4    
,!re are s _m well-kn[n in/ances ( m5 :o
 h be5 able to cont9ue _! intellectual  
labors "u ! mo/ unfavorable conditions1 
t y\r argum5t might be p[]fully support$
 by an appeal to actual exp]i5ce4 ,!re  
is ,ar*im$es1 ( c\rse1 to beg9 )1 :o    
c]ta9ly seems to h ab/ract$ himself     

suffici5tly f ! tumult ( a great siege  
to =get x altoge!r :5 occupi$ ) 8       
ma!matical problems4 ,! preval5t /ories 
( 8 dea?1 ?\gh n id5tical1 po9t evid5tly
 to a habit ( ab/raction :i* _h be5     
rem>k$ z a peculi>ity by ^? ab\t him1 & 
x is probable en\gh t a great inv5tor 9 
eng9e]+ w\ld foll[ 8 usual speculations 
"u circum/ances :i*1 ?\gh dang]\s1 _h   
la/$ long en\gh to become habitual4 ,ev5
 mod]n w>f>e1 :i* f ! use ( gunp[d] is s
 mu* noisi] ?an t :i* rag$ at ,syracuse1
 does n h9d] m5 f ?9k+ & writ+ :5 !y are
 us$ to x4 ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire nev]   
work$ m /eadily & regul>ly 9 8 :ole life
 ?an he did 9 ! mid/ ( ! besieg$ city ( 
,alex&ria4 ,k is s sweet1 he said long  
aft]w>ds1 9 speak+ ( ?is exp]i5ce1 t x  
nev] ent]$ my ?\ghts h[ a bomb%ell might
 9 an in/ant h ca/ into ! abyss bo? me &
 my docum5ts4 ,by good luck two electric
 fi% _h be5 caught & giv5 to him j !n1 s
 he imm$iately began to make exp]im5ts1 
z if he _h be5 9 8 own cab9et 9 ,p>is1 &
 = ?ree weeks he ?\ght ( no?+ else1     

utt]ly =gett+ ! fi]ce w>f>e t fill$ !   
air ) ?und] & flame1 & ! /reets )       
victims4 ,he _h sixty-f\r hypo!ses to   
amuse him1 & x 0 necess>y to review 8   
:ole sci5tific acquirem5t ) ref]5ce to  
ea* ( ^! z he consid]$ !m "o by "o4 ,x  
may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r he 0 m 9 dang]
 f ! bomb>dm5t or f ! int5sity ( 8 own  
m5tal conc5tration4 ,he grew ?9 &       
hagg>d1 slept "o h\r 9 ! tw5ty-f\r1 &   
liv$ 9 a p]il\s condition ( n]v\s /ra9 &
 excitem5t4 ,goe! at ! bomb>dm5t (      
,v]dun1 lett+ 8 m9d take its own c\rse1 
f\nd t x did n occupy itself ) trag$ies1
 or ) any?+ sugge/$ by :at 0 pass+ 9 !  
conflict ar\nd him1 b by sci5tific      
consid]ations ab\t ! ph5om5a ( colors4  
,he notic$1 9 a pass+ obs]vation1 ! bad 
effect ( w> ^u ! m9d1 h[ x makes p      
de/ructive "o day & creative ! next1 h[ 
x accu/oms !m to phases int5d$ to excite
 hope 9 desp]ate circum/ances1 ?us      
produc+ a peculi> sort ( hypocrisy      
diff]5t f ! prie/ly & c\rtly k9d4 ,?is  
is ! ext5t ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! w>2 b :5 he   

f9ds "s soldi]s fi%+ he is attract$ to !
 spot & pr(\ndly occupi$--n ) ! soldi]s1
 b ) ! optical ph5om5a on ! wat]4 ,he 0 
nev] v mu* mov$ by ext]nal ev5ts1 nor   
did he take t int5se int]e/ 9 ! politics
 ( ! day :i* we (t5 f9d 9 p less /udi\s 
( lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,raimond ,lullo1 !
 ,ori5tal mission>y1 cont9u$ to write _m
 volumes 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ cont9ual      
difficulties & dang]s1 pres]v+ z mu*    
m5tal en]gy & cle>ness z if he _h be5   
safe & tranquil 9 a libr>y4 ,giordano   
,bruno work$ con/antly also 9 ! mid/ (  
political tr\bles & religi\s            
p]secutions1 & 8 biograph] tells u t il 
desid]io vivissimo della sci5za aveva b5
 pi efficacia sull' animo del ,bruno1 *e
 non gli avv5im5ti e/]ni4  ,^! examples 
:i* h j occurr$ to me1 & _m o!rs t x    
w\ld be easy to collect1 may be tak5 to 
prove at lea/ s mu* z ?is1 t x is       
possible to be absorb$ 9 private /udies 
:5 surr\nd$ by ! mo/ di/urb+ influ5ces2 
b ev5 9 ^! cases x w\ld be a mi/ake to  
conclude t ! surr\nd+s _h no effect     

:atev]4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,ge(froy ,/4
 ,hilaire 0 int5sely excit$ by ! siege (
 ,alex&ria1 ?\gh he may n h attribut$ 8 
excitem5t to t cause4 ,8 m9d 0 occupi$ )
 ! electrical fi%es1 b 8 n]v\s sy/em 0  
wr\ght ^u by ! siege1 & kept 9 t /ate ( 
t5sion :i* at ! same "t enabl$ him to   
get ?r\gh a gigantic piece (            
intellectual labor & made him incapable 
( re/4 ,_h ?is condition be5 prolong$ x 
mu/ h t]m9at$ ei!r 9 exhau/ion or 9     
madness4 ,m5 h (t5 engag$ 9 lit]ature or
 sci5ce to escape ! pressure ( anxiety1 
:i* /r5u\s m5tal labor p]mits u1 at lea/
 tempor>ily1 to =get2 b ! circum/ances  
:i* surr\nd u h inv>iably an influ5ce ( 
"s k9d ^u our ?9k+1 ?\gh ! connection   
may n be obvi\s4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ,goe!1 
:o c\ld /udy optics on a battle-field1 8
 ,engli% biograph] recognizes ! effect (
 ! ,frank=t life :i* surr\nd$ ! great   
au?or 9 8 *ildhood4 ,! old ,frank=t     
city1 ) its busy cr[ds1 its fairs1 its  
mix$ population1 & its _m s\rces (      
excitem5t1 (f]$ great temptations &     

great pa/ure to s desultory a g5ius4    
,?is is p]haps a case :]e9 circum/ances 
may be se5 influ5c+ ! direction ( "*4444
 ,a l>ge cont9uity ( ?\ght & ef=t 0     
p]haps radically uncong5ial to su* a    
temp]am5t2 yet "o _c help speculat+ :e!r
 "u o!r circum/ances he might n h a*iev$
 x4 ,_h he be5 re>$ 9 a quiet little old
 ,g]man t[n1 :]e he w\ld h daily se5 !  
same faces 9 ! sil5t /reets1 & come 9   
contact ) ! same *>act]s1 8 culture     
might h be5 less v>i\s1 b x might p]haps
 h be5 deep]4 ,_h he be5 re>$ 9 !       
c\ntry1 ) only ! *ang+ seasons & ! sweet
 s]5ities ( nature to occupy 8 att5tion 
:5 releas$ f /udy1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h be5
 a diff]5t poet4 ,! long summ] aft]noons
 sp5t 9 lonely rambles1 ! deep5+        
twilights fill$ ) %ad[y visions1 ! sl[  
uni=mity ( 8 ext]nal life necess>ily    
?r[+ him m & m ^u ! subtl] div]sities ( 
inw>d exp]i5ce1 w\ld inevitably h       
influ5c$ 8 g5ius 9 q diff]5t directions1
 w\ld h animat$ 8 works ) a v diff]5t   
_s4  ,we are sometimes told t life 9 a  

great capital is ess5tial to !          
developm5t ( g5ius1 b ,frank=t 0 ! l>ge/
 t[n ,goe! ev] liv$ 91 & he nev] visit$ 
ei!r ,p>is or ,london4 ,mu* ( ! sanity (
 8 g5ius may h be5 due to 8 resid5ce 9 s
 tranquil a place z ,weim>1 :]e he c\ld 
%ut himself up 9 8 g>d5-h\se & lock all 
! gates ( ! bridge ov] ! ,ilm4 ,!       
solitude1 says ,mr4 ,lewes1 is absolute1
 brok5 only by ! occasional s\nd ( !    
*ur* clock1 ! music f ! b>racks1 & !    
scream+ ( ! peacocks spread+ _! sup]b   
beauty 9 ! p>k4 ,few m5 ( g5ius h be5   
happi] 9 _! surr\nd+s ?an ,goe!4 ,he _h 
tranquillity1 & yet 0 n depriv$ (       
intellectual int]c\rse2 ! sc5]y )9      
excursion-di/ance f 8 home 0 int]e/+ &  
ev5 inspir+1 yet n s spl5did z to be    
ov]:elm+4 ,we "k f 8 conv]sations t he 0
 q aw>e ( ! value ( ^? little c5tres (  
culture to ,g]many1 & yet 9 "o place he 
speaks ( ,brang] 9 ! tone :i* seems to  
imply an appreciation ( ! l>g] life (   
,p>is4 ,fancy1 he says1 ?is same ,brang]
 away f ,p>is1 & ! influ5ce &           

opportunities ( a _w-city1 born z ! son 
( a poor tailor1 at ,j5a or ,weim>2 let 
him run 8 wret*$ c>e] 9 ei!r ( ! two    
small cities1 & see :at fruit w\ld h    
gr[n on su* a soil & 9 su* an atmosph]e4
  ,we _c too frequ5tly be rem9d$ t we   
are no?+ ( ourselves1 & by ourselves1 & 
are only some?+ by ! place we hold 9 !  
intellectual *a9 ( humanity by :i*      
electricity is convey$ to u & ?r\gh     
u--to be increas$ 9 ! transmission if we
 h great natural p[] & are favorably    
situat$1 b n o!rwise4 ,a *ild is born to
 ! ,vecelli family at ,cadore1 & :5 x is
 n9e ye>s old is tak5 to ,v5ice & plac$ 
"u ! tuition ( ,seba/ian ,zuccato4      
,aft]w>ds he goes to ,bell9i's s*ool1 & 
!re gets acqua9t$ ) ano!r /ud5t1 "o ye> 
8 junior1 ^: "n is ,b>b>elli4 ,!y live  
toge!r & "w toge!r 9 ,v5ice2 !n "y      
,b>b>elli 7kn[n to po/]ity z            
,giorgione71 aft] putt+ on c]ta9 spaces 
( wall & squ>es ( canvas su* color z !  
_w _h nev] be=e se51 dies 9 8 e>ly      
manhood & leaves ,vecellio1 :om we call 

,titian1 to "w on !re 9 ,v5ice till !   
plague /ays 8 h& 9 8 hundr$? ye>4 ,!    
g5ius came into ! _w1 b all !           
possibilities ( 8 developm5t dep5d$ ^u !
 place & ! "t4 ,he came exactly 9 ! "r  
place & precisely at ! "r "t4 ,to be    
born n f> f ,v5ice 9 ! days ( ,bell9i1  
to be tak5 !re at n9e ye>s old1 to h    
,giorgione = "o's comrade1 all ?is 0 z  
=tunate = an arti/ic c>e] z !           
circum/ances ( ,alex&] ( ,mac$on 7 = a  
c>e] ( conque/4   ,,lett] ,,iii4  ,,to  
,,an ,,arti/ ,,:o ,,0 ,,fitt+ ,,up ,a   
,,magnific5t ,,new ,,/udio4    ,pleasure
 ( plann+ a /udio--,op9ions ( an        
outsid]--,sa9t   ,b]n>d--,fa!r          
,ravignan--,goe!'s /udy &               
b$-room--,gu/ave ,dor's                 
/udio--,leslie's pa9t+-room--,turn]'s   
op9ion--,habits ( ,scott &              
,dick5s--,extremes good--,vulg>         
m$iocrity n s good--,value (   beautiful
 views to lit]>y m5--,montaigne--,views 
f ! au?or's   w9d[s4  ,no?+ 9 ! life (  
an arti/ is m agreeable ?an ! build+ &  

furni%+ ( ! /udio 9 :i* he hopes to     
produce 8 mo/ mature & p]fect "w4 ,x is 
s pleasant to labor :5 we are surr\nd$  
by beauty & conv5i5ce1 t pa9t]s f9d a   
l>ge & h&some /udio to be an addition to
 ! happ9ess ( _! lives1 & !y usually    
dream ( x1 & plan x1 sev]al ye>s be=e ! 
dream is realiz$4  ,only a few days ago 
,i 0 talk+ on ?is v subject ) an        
intellectual fri5d :o is n an arti/1 &  
:o ma9ta9$ t ! love ( f9e /udios is 9   
great "p a m]e illusion4 ,he admitt$ !  
necessity = size1 & = a prop] k9d (     
light1 b laugh$ at c>v$ oak1 & tape/ry1 
& armor1 & ! knicknacks t arti/s encumb]
 !mselves )4 ,he w\ld h x t a m9d       
?or\ghly occupi$ ) its own bus9ess knew 
no?+ :atev] ( ! objects t surr\nd$ x1 & 
he cit$ two examples--,sa9t ,b]n>d1 :o  
travell$ all day by ! %ore ( ,lake      
,leman )\t see+ x1 & ! pre ,ravignan1 :o
 work$ 9 a b>e little room ) a common   
table ( black5$ p9e & a *eap ru%-bottom$
 *air4 ,on ?is ,i translat$ to him1 f   
,goe!'s life by ,lewes1 a passage :i* 0 

new to him & delight$ him z a           
confirmation ( 8 !ory4 ,! biograph]     
describes ! poet's /udy z a l[-ro($ n>r[
 room1 some:at d>k1 = x is light$ only  
?r\gh two t9y w9d[s1 & furni%$ ) a      
simplicity q t\*+ to behold4 ,9 ! c5tre 
/&s a pla9 oval table ( unpoli%$ oak4   
,no arm-*air is to be se51 no s(a1 no?+ 
:i* speaks ( ease4 ,a pla9 h>d *air has 
beside x ! basket 9 :i* he us$ to place 
8 h&k]*ief4 ,aga9/ ! wall1 on ! "r1 is a
 long pe>-tree table1 ) book%elves1 on  
:i* /& lexicons & manuals4444 ,on !     
side-wall aga91 a bookcase ) "s works ( 
poets4 ,on ! wall to ! left is a long   
desk ( s(t wood1 at :i* he 0 wont to    
write4 ,a %eet ( pap] ) notes (         
contempor>y hi/ory is fa/5$ ne> ! door4 
,! same door leads into a b$-room1 if   
b$-room x c be call$1 :i* no            
maid-(-all-"w 9 ,engl& w\ld accept )\t a
 murmur3 x is a closet ) a w9d[4 ,a     
simple b$1 an arm*air by its side1 & a  
t9y wa%+-table ) a small :ite bas9 on x1
 & a sponge1 is all ! furniture4 ,to    

ent] ?is room ) any feel+ = ! greatness 
& goodness ( him :o slept "h1 & :o "h   
slept 8 la/ sleep1 br+s te>s into our   
eyes1 & makes ! brea?+ deep4  ,:5 ,i _h 
f9i%$ read+ ?is passage1 my fri5d       
exclaim$ triumphantly1 ,!re6 don't y see
 t x 0 j because ,goe! _h imag9ative p[]
 ( a /rong & active k9d t he c>$ no?+   
ab\t :at surr\nd$ him :5 he work$8 ,he  
_h /atues & pictures to occupy 8 m9d :5 
x 0 dis5gag$1 b :5 he wrote he pref]r$ t
 b>e little cell :]e no?+ 0 to be se5 t 
c\ld di/ract 8 att5tion = an in/ant4    
,dep5d ^u x1 ,goe! act$ 9 ?is matt] ei!r
 f a delib]ate & mo/ wise calculation1  
or else f ! sure in/9ct ( g5ius4  ,:il/ 
we 7 on ?is subject ,i ?\ght ov] o!r    
in/ances1 & rememb]$ my surprise on     
visit+ ,gu/ave ,dor 9 8 pa9t+-room 9    
,p>is4 ,dor has a ,go?ic exub]ance (    
imag9ation1 s ,i expect$ a pa9t+-room   
some?+ l ,victor ,hugo's h\se1 r b>b>\s1
 b v ri* & int]e/+1 ) pl5ty ( c>v$      
cab9ets1 & tape/ry1 & biblos1 z !y call 
picturesque curiosities 9 ,p>is4 ,to my 

surprise1 !re 0 no?+ 7except canvases & 
easels7 b a small deal table1 on :i*    
tubes ( oil-color 7 ?r[n 9 disord]1 &   
two *eap *airs4 ,"h1 evid5tly1 !        
pleasure ( pa9t+ 0 suffici5t to occupy !
 arti/2 & 9 ! room :]e he made 8        
illu/rations ! *>act]i/ics 7 simplicity 
& good practical arrangem5ts = ord]1 b  
!re 0 no?+ to amuse ! imag9ation4 ,mr4  
,leslie us$ to pa9t 9 a room :i* 0 j l  
any o!r 9 ! h\se1 & _h none ( !         
peculi>ities ( a /udio4 ,turn] did n c>e
 9 ! lea/ :at sort ( a room he pa9t$ 91 
provid$ x _h a door1 & a bolt on !      
inside4 ,scott c\ld write any:]e1 ev5 9 
! family sitt+-room1 ) talk go+ =w>d z  
usual2 & aft] he _h f9i%$ ,abbots=d1 he 
did n write 9 any ( its ri* & noble     
rooms1 b 9 a simple closet ) book-%elves
 r\nd x4 ,dick5s wrote 9 a com=table    
room1 well light$ & *e]ful1 & he lik$ to
 h funny little bronzes on 8            
writ+-table4  ,! be/ way appe>s to be to
 surr\nd ourselves1 :5ev] x c be        
conv5i5tly done1 ) :atev] we "k by      

exp]i5ce to be favorable to our "w4 ,i  
?9k ! b>e/ cell monk ev] pray$ 9 w\ld be
 a good place = imag9ative composition1 
& s too w\ld be ! mo/ magnific5t rooms 9
 ,*atswor? or ,bl5heim4 ,a middl+ sort (
 place ) a ,phili/9e "*1 vulg> uphol/]y1
 & vulg> pictures or engrav+s1 is really
 dang]\s1 because ^! ?+s (t5 attract    
att5tion 9 ! int]vals ( labor & occupy x
 9 a mean way4 ,an arti/ is always !    
bett] = hav+ some?+ t may pr(itably     
amuse & occupy 8 eye :5 he quits 8      
picture1 & ,i ?9k x is a "r in/9ct :i*  
leads arti/s to surr\nd !mselves ) _m   
picturesque & beautiful ?+s1 n too      
ord]ly 9 _! arrangem5t1 s t !re may be  
pleasant surprises = ! eye1 z !re are 9 
nature4  ,= lit]>y m5 !re is no?+ s     
valuable z a w9d[ ) a *e]ful & beautiful
 prospect4 ,x is good = u to h ?is      
refre%m5t = ! eye :5 we leave (f work+1 
& ,montaigne did wisely to h 8 /udy up 9
 a t[] f :i* he _h ext5sive views4  ,!re
 is a well-kn[n objection to ext5sive   
views1 z want+ 9 snugness & com=t1 b ?is

 objection sc>cely applies to ! especial
 case ( lit]>y m54 ,:at we want is n s  
mu* snugness z relief1 refre%m5t1       
sugge/ion1 & we get ^!1 z a g5]al rule1 
mu* bett] f wide prospects ?an f limit$ 
ones4 ,i h j allud$ to ,montaigne1--w y 
p]mit me to imitate t de> old philosoph]
 9 8 egotism & describe to y ! view f ! 
room ,i write 91 :i* *e]s & amuses me   
cont9ually8 ,b be=e describ+ ?is let me 
describe ano!r ( :i* ! recollection is v
 de> to me & z vivid z a fre%ly-pa9t$   
picture4 ,9 ye>s gone by1 ,i _h only to 
look up f my desk & see a noble lo* 9   
its inexhau/ible lovel9ess1 & a m\nta9 9
 its maje/y4 ,x 0 a daily & h\rly       
delight to wat* ! breezes play ab\t !   
en*ant$ isles1 on ! delicate silv]y     
surface1 dimm+ "s cle> reflection1 or   
trail+ x out 9 l5g?1 or cutt+ %>ply     
across x ) acres ( rippl+ blue4 ,x 0 a  
frequ5t pleasure to see ! cl\ds play    
ab\t ! cre/ ( ,crua*an & ,b5 ,vori*'s   
gold5 head1 gray mi/s t crept upw>ds f !
 valleys till ! sun%9e sudd5ly caught !m

 & made !m bright] ?an ! sn[s !y %ad$4  
,& ! leagues & leagues ( hea!r on ! l[] 
l& to ! s\?w>d t became l ! anil9e dyes 
( deepe/ purple & blue1 :5 ! sky 0 gray 
9 ! ev5+--all save "o orange-/reak6 ,ah1
 ^? 7 spectacles nev] to be =gott51     
spl5dors ( light & glory1 & sadness (   
deep5+ gloom :5 ! eyes grew moi/ 9 !    
twilight & secretly drank _! te>s4  ,&  
yet1 wond]ful z x 01 t noble &          
passionately belov$ ,highl& sc5]y 0     
want+ 9 "o great elem5t t a writ]       
imp]atively ne$s4 ,9 all t natural      
magnific5ce humanity held no place4     
,hidd5 beh9d a fir-clad promontory to ! 
nor?1 !re /ill rema9$1 x is true1 ! gray
 ru9 ( old ,kil*urn1 & f> to ! s\?-we/1 
9 ano!r rea* ( ! lake1 ! isl&-=tress (  
,ardhonnel4 ,b !re 0 n a visible city ) 
spires & t[]s1 !re 7 only ! fir-trees on
 ! little isl&s & a few grave/ones on ! 
l>ge/4 ,beyond1 7 ! depopulat$ des]ts ( 
,breadalbane4  ,"h1 :]e ,i write to y   
n[1 x seems z if mank9d 7 ne>]1 & !     
leg5ds ( ! ages writt5 out = me on !    

surface ( ! _w4 ,"u ! %ad[ ( ,jove's    
hill rises be=e me "o ( ! mo/ anci5t (  
,european cities1 soror et mula ,rom4   
,%e be>s on h] walls & edifices ! record
 ( sixty g5]ations4 ,temple1 & ar*1 &   
pyramid1 all ^! be> witness /ill1 & s d 
h] anci5t bulw>ks1 & _m a /ately t[]4   
,high above all1 ! ca!dral spire is     
drawn d>k 9 ! morn+ mi/1 & (t5 9 ! cle> 
summ] ev5+s x comes brightly 9 slant+   
sun%9e aga9/ ! /eep woods beh9d4 ,!n !  
old city arrays h]self 9 ! w>me/ &      
mell[e/ tones1 & gl[s z ! %ad[s fall4   
,%e reigns ov] ! :ole wid? ( h] valley  
to ! folds ( ! f> blue hills4 ,ev5 s    
ought our life to be surr\nd$ by !      
lovel9ess ( nature--surr\nd$1 b n       
subdu$4   ,,footnote3    #ad ,h[ purely 
?is is ! mis]y ( a man ( culture6 ,a    
peasant     w\ld n h gone s f>4         
,,index4     ,abolition ( cu/om1 h[ to  
effect1 #beb    ,ab/95ce f newspap]     
read+1 #dfa    ,accompli%m5ts1 mascul9e 
& fem99e1 #cjc    ,accumulation (       
prep>atory k1 #ddh    ,accumulators1    

great1 ( money1 #bcg    ,activity1 m]e1 
a wa/e ( "t1 #aij    ,adult bra91 !1    
#afb    ,advantages ( few au?ors to     
poor1 #bdd     -- ( exp]i5ce1 #dbj      
,affectations ( ca/e1 #cea              
,affirmations bas$ ^u au?ority1 #bhb    
,african travell] & map-mak]s1 #dfi     
,alcibiades1 education (1 #aag          
,alphabet1 ,greek1 #ced    ,amateurism1 
#acd    ,ampre1 pr(\ndly sci5tific1 #bgh
     -- anecdote (1 #bhg    ,amusem5t1  
necessity (1 #ded    ,analytical        
obs]vation1 value (1 #caj    ,anatomy1  
difficulty ( /udy1 #aaf    ,anci5ts1    
incorrect use ( ^w1 #adf     -- & mod]ns
 comp>$1 #bee    ,application &         
opportunities1 #bdd    ,arabia1 use (   
c(fee1 #dj    ,ar*im$es 9 ! ba?1 #caj   
-- at ,syracuse1 #eci    ,ari/ocracy1   
lib]al & illib]al1 #ceh     -- unwritt5 
religi\s law (1 #cff     -- & democracy1
 #cda     -- _s (1 9 read+1 #dgb        
,arnold1 ,dr41 quot$1 #add1 #ece     -- 
def9ition ( religion1 #bga     --       
intellectual =ce1 #bgh    ,arnold1      

,mat!w1 ,self-dep5d5ce quot$1 #deh      
,art ( read+1 #baa     -- ( re/+1 #dee  
,arti/1 idea ( happy m>riage1 #bhi      
,arti/ic conception ( black coats1 #bdi 
,arti/s1 drudg]y (1 #ge     -- poor     
critics1 #ie    ,arts1 practical pursuit
 (1 #dih    ,assimilat+ p[] ( bra91 #afb
    ,assimilation1 p[] (1 #afg          
,association ( ideas1 #afh    ,a!ism1   
popul> con/ruction1 #bgb    ,a!nian     
education1 #aag    ,attraction ( !      
future1 #bee    ,au?or 9 mortal disease1
 to an1 #ec     -- & tradesman comp>$1  
#bcf     -- 8 advice ab\t notes1 #afg   
-- 8 /udy describ$1 #eea    ,au?ors1    
dep5d5ce ^u private means1 #bcb     --  
"y1 eag]ness (1 #dai     -- selfi%ness  
(1 #dga     -- condition s9ce           
,goldsmi?'s "t1 #eji    ,au?or%ip1      
privilege (1 #cda    ,available k1 #aae 
,bak]1 ,sir ,samuel1 & wife1 #cjb       
,balzac's me?od 9 lit]ature1 #dba       
,b>b>ian notions1 return to1 #cef       
,b>geman's wife1 example (1 #dag        
,basis1 moral1 !1 #fg    ,baudelaire1   

,*>les1 quot$1 #he    ,beck=d1 ,mr41    
au?or ( ,va!k1 #bae     -- two ?\s&     
slaves labor =1 #bah    ,be]1 use (1 #cf
    ,belgian s*ool ( pa9t+1 #gc         
,bixio1 ,alex&re1 dea?-b$1 #ec    ,black
 coats arti/ic at d9n] table1 #bdi      
,bless+ ( good1 *eap lit]ature1 #bdd    
,bo>-hunt1 ! au?or at1 #df    ,bodily   
ex]cise1 neglect (1 #dh    ,body & bra91
 close connection1 #ba    ,book-mak+    
diff]s f lit]ature1 #hc    ,books &     
newspap]s1 #dgj    ,bossuet1 #bcb       
,b\rgeoisie1 l[ condition1 #cfg    ,bra9
 & body1 close connection1 #ba    ,bra9 
"w unfavorable to dige/ion1 #cd         
,bramleighs1 ,!1 quot$1 #eja    ,bruno1 
,giordano1 passion = philosophy1 #gi    
-- con/ant "w (1 #eda    ,buckl&1 ,mrs41
 #cjc    ,bunyan1 results ( solitude1   
#daa    ,burns1 quot$1 #cec     --      
sep>ation f culture1 #cec     --        
inju/ice (1 #ced    ,byron1 cause ( 8   
dea?1 #ba     -- ari/ocracy (1 #cdg     
-- poetical inspiration (1 #dej         
,capacity & pref]5ce1 relation1 #hg     

,c>e]s aid$ by weal?1 #bbe              
,c>elessness1 dang] (1 #bbd    ,c>p5t]1 
,dr41 surr5d]s practice = sci5ce1 #bbb  
,ca/e1 prejudices (1 #cdh    ,ca?olic   
,*ur* p[] 9 #ad? c5tury1 #beg     --    
,roman1 belief (1 #bgb    ,c5tral       
passion ( m5 ( ability1 #bca    ,*ance  
acqua9tances1 #cgf    ,"*1 positive or  
negative end1 #dge    ,"* quot$1 #ejg   
,*>ity1 intellectual1 #dch    ,*emi/1 a 
product ( indu/rial communities1 #ebj   
,*emi/ry1 intellectual1 #aje    ,*ildr51
 imitative p[]1 #afb     -- prop]       
division ( "t1 #dhb    ,*ild-tea*+1 #aee
    ,*ri/ian1 muscul>1 to a1 #db        
,*ri/ianity1 fa%ionable1 #cid    ,*ur* (
 ,rome1 embodim5t ( tradition1 #bfa     
-- s]vice to ,european civilization1    
#bfa    ,class jeal\sy1 #eah            
,classical accompli%m5ts1 #cea    ,cl]gy
 at v>iance ) sci5ti/s1 #bgd     --     
,engli%1 #dij     -- re/rictions (1 #dij
     -- inju/ice & inaccuracy (1 #dia   
,cl]ical pr(ession1 advantages1 #dhi    
-- incompatible ) intellectual fre$om1  

#dbb    ,code ( cu/oms con/itutes law1  
#bea    ,c(fee & tea1 use (1 #ci        
,colloquial use ( language1 #adg        
,commun>d's hatr$ ( sup]iority1 #cfi    
,communicativ5ess ( *ance acqua9tances1 
#cgf    ,community1 intellig5t1 is      
cons]vative1 #bea    ,comp5sation1      
pr9ciple (1 #bab    ,complet5ess (      
education1 #aga    ,composition1 drudg]y
 (1 #gb    ,comte1 ,augu/e1 lam5ts      
consequ5ces ( anxiety1 #bcj     -- a!i/ 
& sci5ti/1 #bgi     -- volunt>y         
isolation (1 #daa     -- ab/95ce f      
newspap]s1 #dff     -- my/icism (1 #dfh 
,condesc5sion1 intellectual advis$1 #djb
    ,conjugal felicity1 degrees (1 #big 
,contempor>y lit]ature1 indiff]5ce to1  
#dga    ,contempt = skill1 #ejc     -- =
 trade1 #ebb    ,cont95t1 abs5ce (      
g5tlem51 #cfd    ,controv]sy1 unfairness
 (1 #dfd    ,conv]sation ( wom51 #cbe   
-- betwe5 ! sexes1 #ccb     -- g5]ally  
dull1 #cih    ,cook]y1 sci5ce (1 #ce    
,cop]nicus1 monum5t at ,w>saw1 #bfa     
,correspond5ts1 ! two contra/$1 #cde    

,cotton-manufactur]1 lett] to1 #eac     
,cotton-trade1 effect on ! m9d1 #ebe    
,c\ntry p1 ignorance (1 #dci    ,cream &
 curacoa1 #cca    ,creative faculty may 
be comm&$1 #he    ,critical faculty (   
,engli% cl]gy1 #bgg    ,critics1 arti/s 
z1 #ie    ,culture1 moral utility1 #aja 
-- prop] limitations (1 #ajf     -- h[  
ri* may be/ s]ve its cause1 #cbc     -- 
( middle classes1 #bda     -- indep5d5t 
( sex1 #cjd     -- induces s9c]ity1 #ccb
     -- ho/ility ( democracy1 #cfi      
-- high1 isolates1 #djg     --          
facilities = obta9+1 #dcb     --        
individual1 national ga91 #dcc          
,curate1 poor1 9 prosp]\s community1    
#bhg    ,cu/om & tradition1 #bdf     -- 
! "o law ( society1 #bdh     -- a       
necess>y aid to religion1 #bdh    ,cu/om
 nature's provision = re=m1 #bej     -- 
preci\s legacy ( ! pa/1 #bea     -- n   
f9al1 b a =m1 #bea     -- opposition    
unphilosophical1 #bea     -- h[ to      
procure abolition1 #beb     -- resi/ance
 sometimes imp]ative1 #beh    ,cuvi]1 a 

model /ud5t1 #dbg     ,decl9e ( old     
prejudices1 #ebb    ,democracy &        
ari/ocracy1 #cda     -- envi\s1 #cfj    
-- its levell+ d[n t5d5cy1 #cfc     --  
intol]ance (1 #cff     -- metropolitan &
 prov9cial1 #cfh     -- ho/ile to       
culture1 #cfi    ,de ,saussure1 labors  
(1 #bbi    ,de ,snanc\r1 #bcb     --    
quot$1 #djf    ,desc5t ( man1 #bgd      
,de ,/ael1 ,madame1 lit]>y me?ods1 #fb  
,developm5t ( natural gifts1 #agb     --
 ( faculty1 #age    ,deviation produc$  
by m>riage1 #cag    ,dick5s1 n>r[ness (1
 #cdg     -- /udy describ$1 #edi        
,discipl9e necess>y to success1 #ha     
-- object (1 #hd     -- value &         
necessity1 #ddi     -- ( a pr(essional  
c>e]1 #ejd    ,discussions ) ladies1 be/
 c\rse1 #ccg    ,disease1 effect ( m5tal
 labor1 #ah    ,diseas$1 exp]i5ce (1 #ee
    ,dis9t]e/$ness1 mo/ ess5tial virtue1
 #ia    ,displacem5t ( native tongue1   
#aeg    ,dissatisfaction ( cultur$      
p]sons1 #dca    ,di/9ctions 9 trade1    
#eba    ,disuse ( native tongue1 #aef   

,div]sity ( belief 9 religion1 #bfe     
,dome/ic picture1 a1 #eg    ,dor1       
,gu/ave1 pa9t+-room1 #edi               
,dress-coat1 ! "y g5tleman lack+1 #bde  
,drill1 intellectual1 advantages (1 #dei
    ,dr9ks1 "q (1 #ce    ,drudg]y 9 all 
"w1 #ga    ,dullness ( g5]al            
conv]sation1 #cih    ,dunces1 illu/ri\s1
 #hj    ,dr]1 ,alb]t1 ,mel5colia1 #dbd  
,duty1 occasional1 ( ecc5tricity1 #bec  
-- ( cultur$ m5 to society1 #dja        
,eag]ness ( "y au?ors1 #dai             
,ecc5tricity sometimes a moral duty1    
#bec     -- sometimes an intellectual   
duty1 #bec    ,ecclesia/ical au?ority1  
rem>kable decl9e1 #bef    ,economy ( "t1
 #agg    ,education1 #ajd     -- use ( !
 ^w1 #agc     -- complet5ess (1 #aga    
-- want ( ?or\ghness & reality1 #bij    
-- ( sexes comp>$1 #bij     --          
fa%ionable1 #chj    ,educator1          
pr(essional1 practice ! be/1 #bbf       
,egotism ( ! un$ucat$ "m1 #cbd          
,electricity practically annihilates    
di/ance1 #beg    ,elevation (           

intellectual life1 #ee    ,em]son's     
rule1 #dgb    ,empire1 ,second1 vulg>ity
 (1 #cfg    nault1 ,l\is1 /udy (        
languages1 #aha    ,enc\ragem5t to !    
poor /ud5t1 #bdc    ,en]gy1 human1      
limitation (1 #bdd    ,engli% (fic] 9   
,p>is1 #afc     -- /rong to resi/       
voluptu\sness1 #bah     -- recognize    
ref9+ influ5ce ( weal?1 #bdj     --     
g5try1 free exp5ditures1 #bda     --    
g5tleman1 me?ods ( culture1 #bda     -- 
cl]gy1 criticism ( lit]ature1 #bgg      
-- tradesman1 anecdote (1 #cac     --   
correspond5t quot$1 #dfc    ,engli%man1 
em95t1 poor remun]ation1 #bcd           
,engrav+1 #gf    ,ennui 9 "w1 #dbc      
,equality1 !oretic1 #cgb    ,erdan1 ,m41
 lett]s by1 #dfi    ,ess5tial virtue1   
dis9t]e/$ness1 *ief1 #ia    ,et*]s1 !   
woes (1 #gf    ,etiquette ( society b>  
to intellectual advance1 #cbf           
,european civilization1 s]vice ( *ur*1  
#bfa     -- gov]nm5ts resi/ p[] ( *ur*1 
#beh    ,excesses1 intellectual1 dang]s 
(1 #aja    ,excitem5t1 c]ebral1         

intellectual products1 #ddf    ,ex]cise1
 bodily1 ne$ (1 #di    ,exet]1 bi%op (1 
quot$1 #gj    ,exp]i5ce1 ! lesson1 #aia 
-- advantages (1 #dbj    ,exp]im5t      
replaces tradition1 #bed    ,exp]im5ts  
on public ta/e1 #bce     ,facilities =  
obta9+ culture1 #dcb    ,facility (     
acquir+ languages1 #afa    ,faculty1    
developm5t (1 #age    ,fane1 ,julian1   
religion (1 #bfg     -- late h\rs1 #dfg 
,f>aday1 intellectual c>e]1 #bgi1 #eje  
-- a ,s&emanian1 #bhj    ,fa%ionable    
education1 #chj     -- religion1 #cic   
,fickl5ess ( fa%ion1 #cib    ,f9e arts1 
te*nical difficulties1 #gf     --       
pursuit (1 #dih    ,five facts reg>d+   
languages1 #aeb    ,france1 invasion by 
,g]mans1 #ie     -- intellectual        
isolation1 #adh     -- vulg> language ( 
p1 #cfe     -- l[ condition (           
b\rgeoisie1 #cfg    ,fr5* mon>*y1 "q (1 
#id     -- college1 to a pr9cipal (1    
#acg     -- cook1 p]fection ( art1 #ajd 
-- (fic]1 incid5t (1 #cfb     --        
peasantry1 intellectual apa?y1 #bda     

-- peasantry1 p>simony1 #bda     --     
peasantry )\t newspap]s1 #dff     --    
s*ool ( pa9t+1 #gc     -- /ud5ts (      
,engli%1 isolat$1 #abb    ,fr5*man      
writes a s*ool-prim] ) good results1    
#bcd    ,fresco-pa9t]s1 tr\bles (1 #gf  
,fri5d%ips ( ! intellect1 reality (1    
#cge     -- succession (1 #cgf          
,future1 attraction (1 #bee     ,galton1
 ,mr41 advice to travell]s1 #daf        
,g>ibaldi1 ,italian foll[] (1 #de       
,g5]ation1 our1 poetical ev5ts1 #ie     
,g5ius1 popul> impression (1 #ddg     --
 milit>y1 ( ,napoleon1 #ddh     --      
dep5d5t ^u culture1 #dej    ,g5tlem51   
abs5ce (1 on ,cont95t1 #cfd    ,g]man   
invasion ( ,france1 #ie    ,g]mans1     
intellectual labor (1 #bjj    ,g]many1  
secul> p[] resi/s ecclesia/ical1 #beh   
,gir>d91 ,/4 ,m>c1 #bee    ,give x "t1  
#aic    ,goe!1 habits (1 #cc     --     
pecuni>y indep5d5ce1 #bcc     --        
intellectual activity1 #dbg     --      
int]e/ 9 intellectual labor1 #dbg     --
 production ( ,w]!r1 #dbh     -- at     

bomb>dm5t ( ,v]dun1 #edj    ,goldsmi?1  
,oliv]1 elaborate dress1 #cij    ,good  
use ( opportunity1 #bab     -- & *eap   
lit]ature1 #bdd    ,gov]nm5t patronage (
 intellectual pursuits1 #ach     -- &   
prie/s lack h>mony1 #dib    ,great      
problem ( human life1 #bdb    ,greek1   
g5]al view (1 #adf     -- uselessness 9 
indu/ry & comm]ce1 #ced     -- alphabet1
 imag9>y t]rors1 #cee    ,gr[+ old1 !   
rapidity (1 #ei     ,habits1 sure to be 
acquir$1 #dgh    ,hack-writ+1 #ejh      
,he9e1 la/ ye>s (1 #ecd    ,helps1 ,sir 
,ar?ur1 quot$1 #ahf1 #bcj    ,h]mit1    
exp]i5ce (1 #dje    ,highl& sc5]y lacks 
humanity1 #eea    ,hi/orians1 p>tiality 
(1 #ie     -- future1 value ( j\rnali/1 
#dfi    ,hi/orical p>ty 9 ,engl&1 #beg  
-- p>ty 9 ,france1 #beg    ,hone/y1     
importance (1 note1 #ig     -- value (1 
#bfe     -- f\ndation ( intellectual    
life1 #bgd    ,hoog/rat5 & ,rembr&t1    
#cgh    ,h\rs ( idl5ess1 #aih           
,h\sehold1 intellectual level (1 #dcd   
,h[ to le>n a language1 #adg     -- wom5

 help m51 #big    ,hugo1 ,victor1       
intellectual decad5ce1 #ie    ,human    
en]gy1 limitation (1 #bdd     -- race1  
longevity1 #bgd    ,humboldt1 ,alex&]1  
intellectual greatness1 #ij             
,humboldt1 ,alex&]1 =tune s]vant (      
ambition1 #bbc     -- 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1   
#eaf     -- y\? (1 #ech    ,hurry1 evil 
consequ5ces (1 #bji    ,huxley1         
,pr(essor1 quot$1 #cgb    ,hygi5ics1    
intellectual1 #dae     ,ideal division (
 life1 #dab    ,ideas1 association (1   
#afh     -- ratio ( n>r[ness1 #bda      
,idl5ess1 h\rs (1 #aih     -- value (1  
#deh    ,illusions1 popul>1 conc]n+     
languages1 #aea    ,immorality (        
intellectual p1 #ii    ,inapplicability 
( pa/ exp]i5ce1 #bef                    
,incompatibility1 fa%ionable &          
intellectual life1 #cid    ,incongru\s  
associations1 #agj    ,indirect uses (  
/udy1 #aca    ,indol5t m5 :o l to be    
hurri$1 #bjg    ,indu/rial classes1     
results ( _! labor1 #ebj                
,infallibility ( ! pope1 #bha           

,infraction ( cu/om1 p5alties1 #bdg     
,+res1 c\nsel to pupils1 #dba    ,+res1 
,madame1 ! fir/1 #bhi    ,inspiration1  
si/] ( daily labor1 #he     -- wait+ =1 
#ddi    ,in/9ct ( accumulation1 #bcg    
-- ( solitude1 #dji    ,intellect does n
 recognize au?ority1 #bhb               
,intellectual & religi\s que/ions1      
diff]5ce1 #bgj     -- atta9m5ts ( two   
h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 #bdj     -- class    
necess>y1 #eae     -- deviations result+
 f m>riage1 #cag     -- k+dom1 difficult
 entrance ( ! ri*1 #bbj     -- life1    
inw>d law1 #hh    ,intellectual         
requirem5ts (1 #bba     -- f\ndation1   
difficulty1 #bgd     -- diff]s f        
religi\s life1 #bge     -- bas$ ^u      
p]sonal inve/igation1 #bge     -- a     
solit>y "o1 #bih     -- abs5ce ( ca/e1  
#cdf     -- man rebels aga9/ cu/om1 #bej
     -- two c\rses op5 9 m>riage1 #bhg  
-- me?ods indep5d5t ( tradition1 #bhh   
-- nature ( wom51 #cjf    ,intellectual 
natures ne$ intellectual activity1 #dcj 
-- progress1 necessity (1 #eba     --   

reaction aga9/ money mak+1 #bbi     --  
religion1 f\ndations (1 #bgb     --     
religion1 se>* & result1 #bgc     --    
sep>ation ( ! sexes1 #cjc     --        
/upidity ( amass+ money1 #bcg     --    
work]s1 sugge/ions to1 #ah              
,int]national m>riages1 #afb            
,int]ruption1 evils (1 #bjd             
,intol]ance ( democracies1 #cff         
,intoxication1 lit]>y1 #fg    ,invasion 
( ,france by ,g]mans1 #ie    ,inv5tions 
a factor 9 politics1 #bef     -- ma9ly  
due to m51 #caa    ,inw>d law (         
intellectual life1 #hh    ,irregul>     
v]bs1 "t-wa/]s1 #aic    ,irrigation1    
intellectual1 #dcf    ,isolation ( high 
culture1 #djg    ,italian des]t]1 !1    
#aeg     ,jacquemont1 ,victor1 lett]s (1
 #bjj    ,japanese1 revolution ( ?\ght &
 practice1 #ced    ,jeal\sy ( class1    
#eah    ,johnson1 dignity ( 8 ?readb>e  
sleeves1 #cij    ,j\b]t1 #dda     --    
productive p[]1 #ddc     -- quot$1 #bee 
,j\rnalism 9 ,engl&1 #eaa    ,j\rnali/1 
value to future hi/orians1 #dfi         

,j\rnals1 p>ty1 inju/ice (1 #dfd        
,kant1 ,immanuel1 habits (1 #bg         
,keats1 g5ius dep5d5t ^u culture1 #dej  
,kepl]1 e>ly /ruggles1 #bcb    ,knight  
s]vice 9 society1 #bea    ,k ( mank9d1  
#deg     -- selection (1 #ajh           
,labor1 pecuni>y rew>ds (1 #bcc     -- (
 previ\s ages1 disda9 =1 #bfj     --    
dom9ant & subord9ate1 #dgh     -- (     
prep>ation1 #ddh    ,lalla ,rookh1      
,moore's trials1 #gb    ,language1 ,lat9
 z a common1 #abg    ,language1 facility
 ( acquisition1 #afa     -- 9 ,france1  
vulg>ity (1 #cfe    ,languages1 popul>  
illusions1 #aea     -- five facts1 #aeb 
-- sep>ation (1 #aei    ,late h\rs1 #dgg
    ,lat91 mod]n ignorance (1 #aba      
-- isl&1 a1 #abh    ,lat9i/1 ! mod]n1   
#aba    ,law1 complex code ( cu/oms1    
#bea     -- ( society1 #bdh    ,lawy]s1 
sup]iority (1 9 c]ta9 directions1 #die  
,lay elem5t ( ,europe1 p[]ful1 #dia     
,legal pr(ession1 advantages (1 #dic    
,leslie's /udio1 #edi    ,levels1       
intellectual1 #dce    ,lev]1 ,*>les1    

quot$1 #eja    ,lewes' ,life ( ,goe!    
quot$1 #dea1 #edg     -- quot$1 #edd    
,lewis1 ,john1 practice "w (1 #gd       
,life1 an ideal division (1 #dab        
,limit$ k & exp]i5ce ( ! poor1 #bdj     
,limitation ( human en]gy1 #bdd         
,l9e-engrav]1 labor (1 #gf    ,l+ui/1 ! 
mod]n1 #aej    ,li/5+1 ! art (1 #cih    
,lit]ature1 to a /ud5t (1 #acj     --   
good & *eap1 #bdd     -- criticism (    
,engli% cl]gy1 #bgg     -- contempor>y1 
indiff]5ce to1 #dga    ,lit]>y          
intoxication1 #fg    ,littr quot$1 #bei 
,locality1 m5tal effect (1 #ecj         
,locke quot$1 #he    ,loit]+ elem5t 9   
lib]al education1 #aif    ,longevity1 "y
 m5 c>eless (1 #fe     -- ( human race1 
#bgd    ,lo/ opportunities1 #aii        
,l\vre1 wanton de/ruction (1 #cfh       
,love1 necessity (1 #ded    ,lullo1     
,raimond1 ,ori5tal mission>y1 #eda      
,luxury1 article 9 ,cornhill ,magaz9e1  
#cae     -- quot$1 #caf    ,lytton1     
,rob]t1 lett] ( ,lady ,we/morl&1 #bfg   
-- e/imate ( ,julian ,fane1 #cfa        

,man unlike a planet1 #deb     -- ne$ ( 
pluck1 #gj    ,mank9d1 op]ations ( ri*es
 & pov]ty1 #bci     -- be/ k (1 #deg    
,m>riage1 #bhe     -- true1 a sl[       
int]gr[?1 #bhf     -- g5]al ignorance   
reg>d+1 #bhf     -- complex effects1    
#bhg     -- ( intellectual m51 #bhg     
-- a di/+ui%$ arti/'s views1 #bhi     --
 ideal = man ( lit]>y culture1 #bij     
-- intellectual1 #bia     -- h[ decid$1 
#bic     -- ( ,fr5* pr(essors1 #bid     
-- ( ! ,scot* lawy]1 #bif     -- !      
intellectual ideal1 #bii     -- !       
necessity ( keep+ up its int]e/1 #cja   
-- frequ5tly leads to intellectual      
deviation1 #cag     -- risk ( ecc5tric  
m51 #cbc     -- semi-publicity1 #cbc    
,m>riages1 int]national1 #afb           
,maximilian1 ,emp]or1 execution (1 #ie  
,m$ival build]s1 #bfj    ,m$ic9e1       
pr(ession (1 #die    ,meissoni]1        
practice = self-in/ruction1 #gd         
,mel5colia ( ,alb]t ,dr]1 #dbd          
,memory1 defective1 advantage (1 #afe   
-- select+1 #aff     -- rational art (1 

#afi    ,m51 h[ help$ by wom51 #bif     
-- disguise _! ?\ghts f wom51 #ccj      
,m5tal labor n injuri\s to heal?y       
p]sons1 #bb     -- may aggravate        
disease1 #ah    ,m5tal /imulants1 #fi   
-- refusals %\ld be he$$1 #hh     --    
p[]s1 immod]ate use1 #bj     -- "w1     
physical prep>ation1 #dgi    ,metaphor (
 ! m\nta9s1 #bbh    ,mid%ipman ,easy1   
allusion to1 #ahh    ,milit>y g5ius (   
,napoleon1 #ddh     -- pr(ession1 #dig  
-- pr(ession1 intellectual pov]ty (1    
#dih    ,milton1 =c$ retirem5t1 #daa    
,m9d ( a fa%ionable p]son1 #chj         
,m9ds1 ?ree classes1 #ddc    ,miracles1 
belief 91 #bgb    ,miscalculation1 bad  
results1 #aif    ,miscellane\s read+1   
our debt to1 #acb    ,mit=d1 ,miss1     
quot$1 #dga    ,mobility ( fa%ionable   
ta/e1 #cib    ,mod]n education1 #aaf    
-- inv5tions1 p[] (1 #bef     --        
languages1 to /ud5t (1 #adi     --      
languages1 limits ( s\ndness1 #ahc      
-- m9d looks =w>d1 #bee    ,mod]n       
,pa9t]s1 result ( long /udy1 #bbi     --

 "w ( g5ius & weal?1 #bbi    ,money1 !  
influ5ces (1 #baf     -- re/ra9ts (1    
#bch     -- ! gu>dian ( peace1 #bch     
-- accumulat$ labor ( ! pa/1 #bch     --
 protector ( intellectual life1 #bch    
,montaigne1 e>ly education (1 #aba      
-- pur*ases ( books1 #dje     -- 8 t[]1 
#eej    ,moore's trials ) ,lalla ,rookh1
 #gb    ,moral basis1 !1 #fg     --     
utility ( culture1 #aja    ,morality1   
individual !ories1 #ii     -- public    
op9ion regulates1 #beg     -- g5]al     
advance (1 #beh    ,morbid m9d1 cure =1 
#dcj    ,morris1 a dilig5t /ud5t1 #dej  
,"m & son1 diff]5ce 9 religi\s views1   
#bhd     -- ! un$ucat$1 #cbe            
,mulready1 prep>ation = new picture1 #gd
    ,multiplicity ( mod]n /udies1 #abj  
,muscul> ,*ri/ian1 to a1 #db    ,music1 
ref9+ influ5ce (1 #dd1 #acb     --      
limits ( s\ndness1 #ahc     ,napoleon1  
milit>y g5ius (1 #ddh    ,napoleon      
,,iii41 ov]?r[ (1 #ie    ,national      
intellectual life1 #dcc    ,native      
tongue1 results ( disuse1 #aef          

,natural connection betwe5 weal? &      
culture1 #bdj     -- gifts1 developm5t  
(1 #agb     -- laws1 indep5d5t work+1   
#bhb    ,nature1 extraord9>y reactions1 
#ajj     -- high life 91 #cei           
,nature1 provision = intellectual life 9
 m>riage1 #bib     -- w be obey$1 #bdh  
,naval pr(ession1 #dig    ,navy1        
,engli%1 recon/ruction (1 #bfb          
,neapolitan s]vant1 case (1 #aeh        
,necessity a help 9 indu/rial pursuits1 
#ebe     -- di/urbs high] intellectual  
life1 #bbe1 #bbf    ,ne$ ( society &    
solitude1 #djc    ,negative end ( "*1   
#dge     -- qualification = "w1 #aji    
,neighbors1 education (1 #dcg           
,newspap] read+1 ab/95ce f1 #dfj        
,newspap]s z educators1 #dcg     --     
daily h\se-talk ( ! _w1 #dfe     -- 9   
,unit$ ,/ates1 #dff     -- 9 ,france1   
#dff    ,newton1 desire = solitude1 #daj
    ,n]v\s sy/em1 physiological action1 
#ag    ,night+ale1 ,flor5ce1 quot$1 #bjd
    ,night-"w1 m$ical objection to1 #dha
    ,noblesse1 old1 ignorance (1 #cfc   

,nomad1 ,engli%1 life (1 #ecj           
,nomadic habits ( high] classes1 #cef   
,ob$i5ce to nature1 necessity (1 #bdh   
,object ( intellectual discipl9e1 #hd   
,occasion1 mi/ak5 e/imates1 #ahf        
,opposition to cu/om unphilosophical1   
#bea     -- ( me?od betwe5 intellect &  
fai?1 #bhb    ,oil pa9t+1 dang]s (1 #gf 
,old prejudices decl9+1 #ebb            
,opportunities lo/1 #aii     --         
unlimit$1 dang] (1 #bad     -- &        
application1 #bdd    ,orig9 ( discipl9e1
 #hb    ,orleans1 ,du*ess (1 #bbj     --
 sy/em ( m5tal culture1 #bbj            
,or?odoxy no gu>anty ( intellectual     
capacity1 #bii    ,outlet1 intellectual1
 necess>y1 #dce     ,pa9t]s1            
intellectual discipl9e (1 #dih          
,pa9t+1 diff]5t s*ools1 #gc             
,palgrave's1 ,mr41 ,travels 9 ,arabia1  
#dj    ,papacy1 decl9e & fall ( temporal
 p[]1 #dfi    ,papal infallibility1 #bha
    ,p>is1 siege (1 #ie    ,p>liam5t1   
h\ses (1 high atta9m5ts1 #bdj           
,p>simony ( ,fr5* peasantry1 #bda       

,p>ty j\rnals1 inju/ice1 #dfd    ,pa/1  
cu/om a preci\s legacy1 #bea     -- n   
reliable z a guide1 #bef    ,patriotism 
z a /imulant1 #fi    ,peasants1         
in/ruction (1 #dch    ,pecuni>y rew>ds (
 labor1 #bcc    ,p5d5nis1 ,major1       
typical life1 #fe    ,phili/9e          
intellects1 #bjb    ,philosophy1 popul> 
acceptation ( t]m1 #bgc     -- a truly  
intellectual1 #dag    ,physical basis1  
!1 #ag     -- repugnances ( surgeons1   
#hg     -- prep>ation = m5tal labor1    
#dgi    ,physician1 social rise (1 #dif 
,physiological action ( n]v\s sy/em1 #ag
    ,pione]s1 intellectual1 #eaf        
,planet1 dissimil>ity ( man to1 #deb    
,plans %\ld be well arrang$1 #ahi       
,pluck1 value (1 #gj    ,poet1 ! true1  
#ddg    ,poetical ev5ts ( our g5]ation1 
#ie     -- tea*+s1 true int5tions1 #dec 
,political influ5ce ( culture1 #dcf     
,politics1 prepond]ance 9 newspap]s1    
#dfe    ,polyglot wait]s1 #afe    ,poor1
 limit$ k & exp]i5ce1 #bdj     --       
incompet5t = "w ( ,p>liam5t1 #bdj     --

 indep5d5ce ( public op9ion1 #bdc     --
 man desir\s ( culture1 consolation1    
#bdc    ,pope ( ,rome1 affirm$          
infallibility1 #bha    ,popul> illusions
 reg>d+ languages1 #aea     --          
impression reg>d+ g5ius1 #ddg           
,positive end ( "*1 #dge    ,pov]ty &   
peace incompatible1 #bbc     --         
unfavorable to intellectual life1 #bbd  
-- advantage 9 lib]al pr(essions1 #bbf  
-- ob/acle to intellectual p]fection1   
#bci    ,p[] ( assimilation1 #afg     --
 ( "t1 #agf    ,practical sugge/ions to 
intellectual work]s1 #af    ,practice1  
be/ pr(essional z educator1 #bbf     -- 
( j\rnalism1 #eaa    ,pref]5ce &        
capacity1 relation1 #hg    ,prejudices (
 ca/e1 #cdh     -- old1 decl9e (1 #ebb  
,prep>atory labor1 #ddh    ,prescott1   
,mr41 in/ance (1 #fc    ,pres]vation ( !
 s5ses1 #fj1 #fd    ,prie/s1 mann] (    
religi\s tea*+1 #bgj     -- & gov]nm5t n
 h>moni\s1 #dib    ,pr9ce ,consort1     
example & influ5ce1 #cje    ,problem1   
great1 ( life1 #bdb    ,products (      

c]ebral excitem5t1 #ddf    ,pr(essions1 
lib]al1 advantages ( pov]ty1 #bbf     --
 te/ (1 #cib     -- & trades1 #dhh      
-- purpose (1 #ejg    ,progress1        
satisfactions (1 #gi     -- its debt to 
rebellion1 #bej     -- ( "w1 int]e/     
necess>y1 #daf    ,propositions ab\t    
mod]n languages1 #aeb    ,protection 9  
intellectual pursuits1 #acg    ,public  
ta/e1 exp]im5ts on1 #bce     -- op9ion1 
regulator ( morality1 #beg     -- op9ion
 9 ,france1 #beh    ,purpose ( a        
pr(ession1 #ejf     ,qualifications =   
"w1 #aji     ,railways1 un=ese5 effect1 
#cef    ,rational art ( memory1 #afi    
,ravignon1 p]e1 #edg    ,reactions (    
,nature1 #ajj    ,read+1 miscellane\s1  
advantage (1 #acb     -- pa9ful to      
un$ucat$1 #dch     -- newspap]s1 ab/95ce
 f1 #dfj     -- practis$ by mo/ p1 #dgd 
,rebellion1 debt ( progress to1 #bej    
,reconciliation ( pov]ty & ! s\l1 #bdb  
,ref9em5ts ( a language1 #afd    ,re=m &
 progress ( cu/om1 #bej    ,refusals1   
m5tal1 %\ld be he$$1 #hf    ,regret =   

lo/ "t1 #def    ,regul>ity ( "w1 #ddf   
,regulat$ economy ( "t1 #bjc            
,relation betwe5 pref]5ce & capacity1   
#hg     -- ( trivial ev5ts to great     
pr9ciples1 #cbi    ,religion z a        
/imulant1 #fi     -- requires aid (     
cu/om1 #bdh     -- diff]5t views ( "m & 
son1 #bfd     -- indef9able1 #bga     --
 accord+ to popul> in/9ct1 #bgb     --  
intellectual f\ndation (1 #bgc     --   
influ5ce ( ca/e-law1 #cff    ,religi\s  
vitality1 p]iods (1 #bfe     -- tea*+1  
#bgj     -- & intellectual que/ions1    
diff]5ce1 #bgj     -- cre$ does n weak5 
critical faculty1 #bgg     -- belief1   
te/ (1 #bgb    ,rembr&t1 answ] to       
,hoog/rat51 #cgh    ,r5an1 ,m41 *>ges   
,second ,empire ) vulg>ity #cfg         
,repugnances to be ov]come1 #hg         
,resi/+ p[] ( adult bra91 #afb    ,re/1 
necess>y 9 intellectual labor1 #ded     
,re/+1 ! art (1 #dee    ,re/oration (   
,fr5* mon>*y1 #id    ,re/ra9ts ( money1 
#bch    ,retreats dem&$ by intellectual 
life1 #bba    ,return to b>b>ism1 #cef  

,ri* man a director ( "w1 #bai     --   
social div]sions (1 #bbj     -- vulg> p1
 #bdb    ,road to success1 commonly     
gradual increase1 #bbf    ,roman        
,ca?olic1 belief (1 #bgb    ,romans1    
education (1 #aah    ,roscoe1 ,william1 
,italian /udies1 #acd    ,rosse1 ,"l1   
colossal telescope1 #bbj     -- useful  
application ( weal?1 #bbj    ,ross9i1   
advice to "y compos]1 #aie    ,rusk91   
,mr41 value ( arti/ic p]ception1 #fb    
-- extract f ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 #bae     --
 weal? ( mat]ial1 #bbi     -- c>e] (1   
#bbi     ,sac]dotal sy/em1 #bgj         
,sadness ( intellectual work]s1 #dbf    
,sa9te ,beuve1 example ( self-discipl9e1
 #hc     -- sy/em ( liv+1 #bcf     --   
a!i/ & sci5ti/1 #bgi     -- quot$1 #deh 
,sa9t-,b]n>d at ,lake ,leman1 #edg      
,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,ge(froy1 9 bl9dness1   
#eg    ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,ge(frey1 at     
,alex&ria1 #edj    ,s&1 ,george1 work+  
"u pressure1 #bc     -- quot$1 #hf      
-- novel ( ,valvdre1 #cai               
,satisfactions ( intellectual ri*es1    

#dbd    ,s*ill]1 lit]>y hack-"w (1 #bcc 
,s*oolma/]1 ?ankless (fice (1 #ccg      
,sci5ce1 me?ods & laws (1 #bhc     --   
requires heat & h]oism1 #bgf     -- (   
liv+1 #cie    ,sci5tific cook]y1        
importance (1 #ce     -- writ]s & ?9k]s1
 indep5d5ce1 #beh     -- at v>iance )   
cl]gy1 #bgd    ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1     
physical ex]cise1 #bd     -- habits (1  
#cc     -- writ+-closet1 #edi    ,secul>
 p[] resi/s ecclesia/ical1 #beh         
,selection ( k1 #ajh    ,selfi%ness (   
au?ors1 #dga    ,s5ses1 usefulness to   
intellectual life1 #fj    ,sep>ation (  
languages1 #aei    ,%elley1 boat+       
ex]cise1 #bd     -- ! morality (1 #ii   
-- writ+s unpr(itable1 #bcb     --      
desire = solitude1 #dji    ,%ips ( !    
l9e1 old1 #bfb    ,%opkeep]s1 treatm5t  
by ,engli% au?ors1 #cdh    ,siege (     
,p>is1 #ie    ,sil5t /ud5t1 atta9m5ts1  
#ddd    ,simon ,jules1 allusion to1 #ada
    ,s9c]ity induc$ by culture1 #ccb    
,skill1 indiff]5ce to1 #ejb    ,skip    
judici\sly 9 read+1 #baa    ,small talk 

9 ,engl& & ,france1 #cii    ,smiles1    
,mr41 ,"* quot$1 #ejf    ,smi?1 ,sydney1
 quot$1 #agc     -- common s5se (1 #bgg 
,smok+1 mod]ate & excessive1 #ci        
,social div]sions ( ! ri*1 #bbj         
,society1 p5alties = infr++ cu/om1 #bdg 
-- w be obey$1 #bdh     -- desires      
h>mony1 #bdi     -- & solitude1 #cgd    
-- fa%ionable dem&s1 #chj     -- ext]nal
 def]5ce to culture1 #cic    ,solitude &
 society1 #cgd     -- traditional view  
(1 #dje     -- effects ^u man1 #djf     
,s\l & pov]ty1 reconciliation1 #bdb     
,s\ndness1 requisite to be/ success1    
#agi    ,spa91 secul> p[] resi/s        
ecclesia/ical1 #bej    ,sp5s]1 ! fables 
(1 #bea    ,/ate s*ools1 exclusion (    
!ology1 #dia    ,/ation fett]s          
intellect1 #cga    ,/eam makes cities ( 
,/ates1 #beg    ,/imulants1 effects (1  
#cg     -- m5tal1 #fi    ,/one 9 ,gl5   
,croe1 !1 #dee    ,/ructural relations (
 languages1 #agj    ,/ud5t1 ! poor1     
enc\ragem5t1 #bdc     -- ! poor1 sad    
/ory1 #cdd     -- dang]s ( society1 #chb

    ,/udy1 indirect uses (1 #aca     -- 
( m$ic9e1 #die    ,sub/itution (        
exp]im5t = tradition1 #bea    ,success1 
result ( discipl9e1 #ha     -- common   
road1 gradual increase1 #bbf    ,sue1   
,eug5e1 daily habits1 #bd    ,surgeon1  
social rise (1 #dif    ,surr\nd+s (     
cultivat$ m51 #dcd1 #eca    ,swiss      
g5tleman1 anecdote (1 #bgf    ,sy/ematic
 arrangem5t ( "w1 #dgh     ,ta/e1       
public1 exp]im5ts on1 #bce    ,tea &    
c(fee1 use (1 #ci    ,tea*+s1 poetical1 
true int5tions1 #deh    ,telescope1     
colossal1 ( ,"l ,rosse1 #bbj            
,temptations ( weal?1 #bah    ,te/ (    
religi\s belief1 #bgb    ,!ology1       
exclusion f /ate s*ools1 #dha           
,!oretic equality among/ m51 #cgb       
,?i]s1 antec$5ts (1 #dfc     --         
elevation (1 #dfd    ,?\ghts ^u         
,gov]nm5t quot$1 #if    ,?rift1 !       
pr9ciple (1 #aic    ,tilli]1 ,claude1   
doctr9e (1 #deg    ,"t1 ! p[] (1 #agf   
-- loss (1 #agg     -- mi/ak5 e/imates1 
#ahf     -- regulat$ economy1 #bjc      

,titian1 e>ly surr\nd+s1 #edd           
,tobacco1 use (1 #ch    ,trade          
di/9ctions1 #eba     -- contempt =1 #ebb
    ,trades & pr(essions1 #dhh          
,tradition & cu/om1 #bdf     -- reject$ 
= exp]im5t1 #bed     -- decl9e (        
au?oritative influ5ce1 #bjj     -- *ur* 
( ,rome1 embodim5t1 #bfa     -- 9       
indu/rial & f9e arts1 note1 #bfc        
,tra9+1 intellectual1 #bad              
,tranquillity conducive to intellectual 
success1 #dhj    ,travell]s1 ,mr4       
,galton's advice1 #daf    ,triumph (    
discipl9e1 #hf    ,trivial ev5ts1       
relation to great pr9ciples1 #cbh       
,tru? a law ( religion1 #bfe    ,turn]'s
 /udio1 #edi    ,tyco ,brahe1 pr9cely   
ease1 #bcc     -- surr\nd+s (1 #ecg     
,ultramontane p>ty1 #ia    ,undiscipl9$ 
writ]1 to an1 #hj    ,unit$ ,/ates1     
influ5ce ( newspap]s1 #dhf    ,unkn[n   
elem5t ( all problems1 #ahh             
,unproductive class1 !1 #ddd            
,utility1 moral1 ( culture1 #aja        
,valvdre1 extract f1 #cai    ,v>iety (  

labor = *ildr51 #dhb    ,v>i\s pursuits1
 objection to1 #aad    ,va!k1 writt5 at 
a s+le sitt+1 #bf     -- au?or (1 #baf  
,vatican1 c\ncil (1 #abg    ,v9ci1      
,leon>do da1 education (1 #agb          
,wait+ = inspiration1 #ddi    ,want     
h9d]s intellectual pursuits1 #bca       
,w>saw1 monum5t to ,cop]nicus1 #bfa     
,weal?1 d\ble temptation (1 #bah     -- 
an ob/acle to labor1 #bai     --        
inord9ate respect =1 #ejb    ,w]!r      
indicative ( ,goe!'s ennui1 #dbh        
,we/morl&1 ,lady1 lett] to ,rob]t       
,lytton1 #bfg    ,:y m5 *oose _! wives1 
#bib    ,w9e1 use (1 #ce    ,wives (    
,fr5* pr(essors1 #bid    ,wom5 &        
m>riage1 #bhe     -- h[ !y help m51 #big
     -- incapacity = solit>y m5tal      
labor1 #cjb     -- intellectual nature  
(1 #cjf     -- abs5ce ( sci5tific       
curiosity1 #cjh     -- r>ity ( inv5tion 
among1 #caj     -- lack inh]5t =ce =    
advance1 #caa     -- d n he> ! tru? f   
m51 #ccj     -- conv]sation (1 #cbe     
,wordswor?1 love ( p$e/rian excursions1 

#ea     -- failure z a ,london j\rnali/1
 #bcb     -- happy results ( a legacy1  
#bcb     -- advice to t\ri/s1 #bhh      
,"w1 sy/ematic arrangem5t desirable1    
#dgh    ,"w1 article 9 ,cornhill        
,magaz9e1 #dhj    ,_w recognizes        
p]=mance only1 #ejj    ,woepke1 ,franz1 
rem>kable ext5t ( /udies1 #ajc     --   
ma!matician & ori5tali/1 #bbc     --    
p5sion ( ,italian pr9ce1 #bbc    ,writ+ 
aga9/ "t1 #bji     -- z a pr(ession1    
#eji     ,"y m5 c>eless ( longevity1 #fe