,libraries47       ,,international      
,,incidents   ,,cambridge ,,university  
,,press ,london3 ,,fetter ,,lane1 ,e4,c4
 ,c4 ,f4 ,,clay1 ,,manager  ,edinburgh3 
#ajj1 ,,princes ,,street ,london3       
,,stevens ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 #aai    
,,and #abj1 ,,chancery ,,lane ,berlin3  
,a4 ,,asher ,,and ,,co4 ,leipzig3 ,f4   
,a4 ,,brockhaus ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4     
,,putnam',s ,,sons ,bombay and          
,calcutta3 ,,macmillan ,,and ,co41      
,,ltd4  ,all ,rights reserved           
,,international ,,incidents  ,,for      
,,discussion  ,,in ,,conversation       
,,classes    ,,by  ,l4 ,,oppenheim1     
,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4  ,,whewell ,,professor 
,,of ,,international ,,law ,,in ,,the   
,,university ,,of ,,cambridge           
,,associate ,,of ,,the ,,institute ,,of 
,,international ,,law    ,cambridge3 at 
the ,university ,press #aiji            
,cambridge3 ,,printed ,,by ,,john       
,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,the ,,university  
,,press4     ,transcribers' ,note3      
,inconsistent punctuation printed in the

 original text has been retained4       
,,preface   ,for many years ,i have     
pursued the practice of holding         
conversation classes following my       
lectures on international law4 ,the     
chief characteristic of these classes is
 the discussion of international        
incidents as they occur in everyday     
life4 ,i did not formerly possess any   
collection1 but brought before the class
 such incidents as had occurred during  
the preceding week4 ,of late ,i have    
found it more useful to preserve a      
record of some of these incidents and to
 add to this nucleus a small number of  
typical cases from the past as well as  
some problem cases1 which were invented 
for the purpose of drawing the attention
 of the class to certain salient points 
of international law4  ,as ,i was often 
asked by my students and others to bring
 out a collection of incidents suitable 
for discussion1 and as the printing of  
such a little book frees me from the    
necessity of dictating the cases to my  

students1 ,i have1 although somewhat    
reluctantly1 made up my mind to publish 
the present collection4  ,i need hardly 
emphasise the fact that this collection 
is not intended to compete either with  
,scott's ,cases on ,international ,law1 
selected from decisions of ,english and 
,american ,courts1 or with ,pitt        
,cobbett's ,leading ,cases and ,opinions
 on ,international ,law1 both of which  
are collections of standard value1 but  
intended for quite other purposes than  
my own4  ,i have spent much thought in  
the endeavour to class my incidents into
 a number of groups1 but having found   
all such efforts at grouping futile1 ,i 
therefore present them in twenty-five   
sections1 each containing four cases of 
a different character4 ,experience has  
shewn me that in a class lasting two    
hours ,i am able to discuss the four    
cases contained in these sections4  ,i  
have taken special care not to have two 
similar cases within the same section1  
for although there are no two cases     

exactly alike in the collection1 there  
are several possessing certain          
characteristics in common4 ,it is one of
 the tasks of the teacher and the       
students themselves to group together   
such of my cases as they may think are  
related to each other by one or more of 
these traits4  ,it has been suggested   
that notes and hints should be appended 
to each case1 but the purpose for which 
the collection is published is better   
served by giving the incidents devoid of
 any explanatory matter4 ,should this   
book induce other teachers of           
international law to adopt my method of 
seminar work1 it must be left to them to
 stimulate their classes in such a way  
as to enable the students to discover on
 their own initiative the solution of   
the problems4  ,i gladly accepted the   
suggestion of the publishers that the   
cases should be printed on writing paper
 and on one side of the page only1 so   
that notes may be taken and additional  
cases added4  ,i am greatly indebted to 

,mr ,dudley ,ward1 of ,st ,john's       
,college1 ,cambridge1 my assistant1 who 
has prepared the cases for the press and
 read the proofs4 ,in deciding upon the 
final form of each case so many of his  
suggestions have been adopted that in   
many instances ,i do not know what is my
 own and what is his work4  ,l4 ,o4     
,,whewell ,,house1 ,,cambridge1 ,june   
#abth1 #aiji4     ,,table ,,of          
,,contents                              
,,page  ,,section ,i4     #a4 ,a        
,councillor of ,legation in             
,difficulties            #a     #b4     
,neutral ,goods on ,enemy ,merchantman  
#a     #c4 ,american ,coasting ,trade   
#c     #d4 ,a ,german ,balloon in       
,antwerp                         #c     
,,section ,,ii4     #e4 ,use of the     
,white ,flag                            
#e     #f4 ,a ,south ,american          
,pseudo-,republic                  #e   
#g4 ,a ,tavern ,brawl                   
#i     #h4 ,a ,threatened ,diplomatic   
,rupture                    #aa         

,,section ,,iii4     #i4 ,death         
,sentence on ,russian ,terrorists       
#aa    #aj4 ,the ,case of ,de ,jager    
#ac    #aa4 ,a ,kidnapped ,chinaman     
#ae    #ab4 ,a ,case of ,bigamy         
#ae  ,,section ,,iv4    #ac4 ,a ,shot   
across the ,frontier                    
#ag    #ad4 ,a ,revolted ,prize         
#ag    #ae4 ,investments ,abroad        
#ai    #af4 ,russian ,coasting ,trade   
#ai  ,,section ,v4    #ag4 ,exceeding   
the ,speed ,limit                       
#ba    #ah4 ,a ,new-born ,island        
#ba    #ai4 ,an ,irate ,queen           
#bc    #bj4 ,an ,incident in the ,black 
,sea                       #bc          
,,section ,,vi4    #ba4 ,the ,case of   
the ,trent                              
#be    #bb4 ,a ,double ,murderer        
#be    #bc4 ,a ,masterful ,customs      
,official                       #bg     
#bd4 ,russian ,refugees and ,foreign    
,asylum                #bg  ,,section   
,,vii4    #be4 ,a ,conversion at ,sea   
#bi    #bf4 ,a ,frontier ,affray        

#ca    #bg4 ,general ,vukotitch         
#ca    #bh4 ,an ,anglo-,french ,burglar 
#cc  ,,section ,,viii4    #bi4 ,signals 
of ,distress                            
#ce    #cj4 ,a ,change of ,parts        
#ce    #ca4 ,violation of a ,foreign    
,flag                        #cg    #cb4
 ,a ,pickpocket at ,sea                 
#cg  ,,section ,,ix4    #cc4 ,gypsies in
 ,straits                               
#ci    #cd4 ,a ,question of ,annexation 
#da    #ce4 ,disputed ,fisheries        
#da    #cf4 ,imperial ,coasting ,trade  
#dc  ,,section ,x4    #cg4 ,a ,russian  
,crime tried in ,austria                
#dc    #ch4 ,stratagem or ,perfidy      
#de    #ci4 ,murder of a ,german ,consul
 in ,mexico                #dg    #dj4  
,cossacks at ,large                     
#di  ,,section ,,xi4    #da4 ,islanders 
in ,revolt                              
#di    #db4 ,seizure of ,ambassadors    
#ea    #dc4 ,an ,envoy in ,debt         
#ea    #dd4 ,treaty ,bargaining         
#ec  ,,section ,,xii4    #de4 ,a ,fallen

 ,president                             
#ec    #df4 ,a ,murder in ,monaco       
#ee    #dg4 ,a ,question of             
,interpretation                         
#eg    #dh4 ,the ,island of ,santa      
,lucia                          #eg     
,,section ,,xiii4    #di4 ,an ,attach's 
,chauffeur                              
#ei    #ej4 ,in ,quest of ,balata       
#fa    #ea4 ,a ,sujet ,mixte            
#fc    #eb4 ,koreans at the ,hague      
,peace ,conference              #fc     
,,section ,,xiv4    #ec4 ,the           
,adventures of a ,south ,american       
,physician       #fe    #ed4            
,extradition of a ,british ,subject     
#fe    #ee4 ,the ,case of the ,oldhamia 
#fi    #ef4 ,an ,ambassador's ,estate   
#gc  ,,section ,,xv4    #eg4 ,dangers of
 ,ballooning                            
#ge    #eh4 ,family ,honour             
#ge    #ei4 ,an ,ocean ,chase           
#gg    #fj4 ,the ,maori ,king           
#gg  ,,section ,,xvi4    #fa4 ,the      
,island of ,rakahanga                   

#gi    #fb4 ,a ,complaint against the   
,police                     #gi    #fc4 
,a ,man with two ,wives                 
#ha    #fd4 ,a ,murder on a ,mail ,boat 
#ha  ,,section ,,xvii4    #fe4 ,persian 
,disorders                              
#hc    #ff4 ,the ,expulsion of ,monsieur
 de ,reus                  #he    #fg4  
,the ,case of ,mc,leod                  
#hg    #fh4 ,a ,thwarted ,suicide       
#hg  ,,section ,,xviii4    #fi4 ,an     
,insult to an ,ambassador               
#hi    #gj4 ,a ,question of ,legitimacy 
#hi    #ga4 ,the ,coachman of an ,envoy 
#ia    #gb4 ,the ,case of ,schnaebel    
#ia  ,,section ,,xix4    #gc4 ,amelia   
,island                                 
#ic    #gd4 ,representation to ,china   
#ic    #ge4 ,exemption from ,rates      
#ie    #gf4 ,errant ,balloons           
#ig  ,,section ,,xx4    #gg4 ,sully in  
,england                                
#ig    #gh4 ,homicide by an ,attach     
#ii    #gi4 ,a ,disputed ,capture       
#ii    #hj4 ,the ,punishment for ,murder

                         #aja  ,,section
 ,,xxi4    #ha4 ,a ,traitor's ,fate     
#aja    #hb4 ,an ,interrupted ,armistice
                          #ajc    #hc4  
,shooting ,affray in a ,legation        
#ajc    #hd4 ,the ,surrender of ,port   
,arthur                      #aje       
,,section ,,xxii4    #he4 ,an           
,ambassador's ,brother                  
#aje    #hf4 ,a ,detained ,steamer      
#ajg    #hg4 ,prussia and the ,poles    
#ajg    #hh4 ,a ,charmed ,life          
#aji  ,,section ,,xxiii4    #hi4 ,a     
,daring ,robbery                        
#aaa    #ij4 ,the ,fall of ,abdul ,hamid
                           #aac    #ia4 
,a ,president ,abroad                   
#aac    #ib4 ,a ,rejected ,ambassador   
#aag  ,,section ,,xxiv4    #ic4         
,revictualling of a ,fortress           
#aai    #id4 ,dutch ,reprisals          
#aai    #ie4 ,birth on the ,high ,seas  
#aba    #if4 ,a ,high-handed ,action    
#aba  ,,section ,,xxv4    #ig4 ,the     
,southern ,queen                        

#abc    #ih4 ,a ,three-cornered ,dispute
                          #abc    #ii4  
,russian ,revolutionary ,outrage in     
,paris            #abe   #ajj4 ,the     
,detention of ,napoleon ,i4             
#abg     ,,section ,i   #a4 ,a          
,councillor of ,legation in             
difficulties4  ,in #ahfh the ,french    
journalist ,lonce ,dupont1 the owner of 
the ,parisian newspaper ,la ,nation1    
became bankrupt4 ,it was discovered that
 this paper was really founded by the   
councillor of the ,russian legation in  
,paris1 ,tchitchrine1 who had supplied  
the funds necessary to start it1 for the
 purpose of influencing public opinion  
in ,russian interests4 ,the creditors   
claimed that ,tchitchrine was liable for
 the debts of ,dupont1 and brought an   
action against him4   #b4 ,neutral      
,goods on ,enemy ,merchantman4  ,a      
belligerent man-of-war sinks his prize1 
an enemy merchantman1 on account of the 
impossibility of sparing a prize crew4  
,part of the cargo belongs to neutral   

owners1 who claim compensation for the  
loss of their goods4   #c4 ,american    
,coasting ,trade4  ,in #ahih1 after     
having acquired the ,philippines and the
 island of ,puerto ,rico from ,spain by 
the peace treaty of ,paris1 and in      
#ahii1 after having acquired the        
,hawaiian ,islands1 the ,united ,states 
declared trade between any of her ports 
and these islands to be coasting trade1 
and reserved it exclusively for         
,american vessels4   #d4 ,a ,german     
,balloon in ,antwerp4  ,the following   
telegram appeared in the ,morning ,post 
of ,april #gth1 #aiji1 dated ,brussels1 
,april #fth3  ,an incident which is     
regarded with some seriousness by       
,belgians has occurred at ,antwerp4 ,a  
balloon which for a time was observed to
 be more or less stationary over the    
forts finally came to earth in close    
proximity to them4 ,it proved to be a   
,german balloon1 the ,dusseldorf ,no4   
#c1 controlled by two men1 who1 on being
 interrogated by the ,commander of the  

fortifications1 declared themselves to  
be merely a banker and a farmer         
interested in ballooning in an amateur  
fashion1 who had been obliged to        
descend4 ,the ,general commanding the   
,territorial ,division adjoining        
,antwerp was informed of the incident4  
,on an inquiry being opened it was found
 that the aeronauts were none other than
 two ,german officers1 and that the     
balloon forms part of the ,german ,army 
matriel4 ,the ,minister for ,war was    
immediately informed1 and he has        
communicated the facts of the case to   
his colleagues4 ,the inquiry is being   
continued4 ,in the balloon was found a  
quantity of photographic apparatus4     
,,section ,,ii   #e4 ,the ,use of the   
,white ,flag4  ,during war between      
states ,a and ,b1 an outlying fort of a 
harbour of state ,a is being bombarded  
by the fleet of state ,b1 and is in     
danger of capture4 ,suddenly the white  
flag is hoisted on the fort1 and a boat 
flying a white flag and carrying an     

officer and some men leaves the fort and
 makes for the flagship of the          
bombarding fleet4 ,thereupon the fleet  
receives the order to cease firing4     
,shortly after this has been carried    
out1 the boat flying the white flag1    
instead of continuing its course1       
returns to the fort4 ,under cover of    
this manoeuvre the bombarded garrison   
succeeds in abandoning the fort and     
withdrawing in safety4   #f4 ,a ,south  
,american ,pseudo-republic4  ,the       
following appeared in the ,times of     
,april #bfth1 #aijd3  ,the utility for  
the practical politician of the study of
 that branch of sociology to which ,m4  
,lebon has given the non-classical name 
of the psychology of crowds is amusingly
 demonstrated in the fact of the efforts
 of the still nebulous ,state of        
,counany to materialize and to attain a 
separate and independent existence among
 the ,south ,american ,republics4 ,what 
is taking place would seem to be a      
simple phenomenon of suggestion1 induced

 by the example of ,panama4 ,the fate of
 the vague territory known as ,counany  
had been settled1 as every one supposed1
 by the arbitral sentence of the ,swiss 
,tribunal by which this region1 with    
which ,france and ,brazil had played    
diplomatic battledore and shuttlecock   
for more than #age years1 was finally   
handed over to the latter ,power4       
,brazil has never1 it appears1 taken    
effective possession of ,counany1 and   
the population1 whose flag1 if          
ethnographic differences were to be     
symbolized in it1 ought to be a sort of 
,joseph's coat of many colours1 are now 
apparently once more appealing to the   
civilized world to aid them to secure a 
separate existence4 ,what recently      
occurred on the ,isthmus of ,panama1    
when a new ,state sprang full fledged   
into being1 would seem to have been an  
object lesson acting automatically on   
the nerves of these ,indians1 whites1   
negroes1 and half-castes1 welding them  
into a compact whole and giving them a  

self-consciousness craving ,european    
sanction4 ,hypnotized by ,panama1 and1  
it may be1 counting upon the eventual   
support of one of the ,continental      
,powers which has already shown the     
world that ,brazilian affairs are not   
beyond the range of its diplomatic      
vigilance1 ,counany steps once more to  
the fore4  ,a ,paris morning paper1 the 
,journal1 plays the rle of introducer of
 the new ,counany ,ambassador4 ,this    
,ambassador is a certain ,m4 ,brezet1   
who comes to ,france1 in spite of the   
sentence of the arbitral tribunal1 as   
,president of a ,state which is         
described by all competent authorities  
as a pseudo-republic1 summarily wiped   
off the map as an independent ,state4   
,m4 ,brezet1 moreover1 is a ,parisian   
who has served1 it is said1 in the      
,french forces in ,guiana4 ,he is now   
for the second time enjoying the        
confidence of the ,counanians1 strong in
 the prestige won by his success in     
having repulsed the ,brazilians who     

sought dutifully to carry out the terms 
of the clauses of the ,berne ,decree4   
',after having prepared the military and
 administrative reorganization of       
,counany1 he has come on a mission to   
,europe to defend the interests         
entrusted to him4' ,such is the story   
reported by the ,journal4  ,counany1 now
 described as the vast territory between
 the ,amazon and the two ,guianas1 is   
not merely a relatively accessible      
stretch of coast-line and ,hinterland   
for a certain enterprising ,european    
colonial ,power1 which has already      
prospected in ,brazil1 ,venezuela1 and  
the unknown world between the ,amazon   
and the ,orinoco4 ,counany is likewise  
on the high road of sea communication   
between the south of ,south ,america and
 the eventual link between the ,atlantic
 and the ,pacific1 known as the ,panama 
,canal4 ,the ,counany coast-line is a   
covetable strip of the ,south ,american 
coast which at more favourable moments  
might even distract our attention from  

,morocco4   #g4 ,a ,tavern ,brawl4  ,in 
#aijb1 in an inn on the ,german side of 
the ,german-,french frontier1 an        
altercation arises between ,franz       
,heller1 an ,austrian subject1 and a    
,frenchman4 ,they leave the inn         
together1 still quarrelling4 ,the       
,frenchman hits ,heller with his stick  
and runs away across the frontier4      
,heller1 however1 draws a revolver and  
shoots the ,frenchman dead4 ,the ,french
 government demands his extradition for 
murder4   #h4 ,a ,threatened ,diplomatic
 ,rupture4  ,the following appeared in  
the ,times of ,feb4 #bbnd1 #aijh1 dated 
,sofia1 ,feb4 #bast3  ,a diplomatic     
rupture between ,servia and ,montenegro 
is threatened4 ,the ,servian ,minister  
has been instructed to leave ,cettigne  
should satisfaction not be accorded for 
certain injurious observations made by  
,m4 ,tomanovich1 the ,montenegrin       
,premier1 in the course of a recent     
speech4 ,relations between the two      
dynasties and countries have long been  

strained1 and the quarrel has become    
acute since the refusal of the ,servian 
,government to take the measures        
demanded by ,montenegro against refugees
 and others accused of participation in 
the recent plot against the life of     
,prince ,nicholas4     ,,section ,,iii  
#i4 ,death ,sentence on ,russian        
,terrorists4  ,the following appeared in
 the ,times of ,feb4 #bith1 #aijh3  ,,st
 ,,petersburg1 ,feb4 #bg4  ,a           
,court-martial sitting in the fortress  
of ,st ,peter and ,st ,paul to-day tried
 the ,terrorists who were recently      
arrested4 ,seven1 including two women   
and the ,italian ,calvino1 were         
condemned to death4  ,,rome1 ,feb4 #bh4 
,a most painful impression has been     
created throughout ,italy by the        
confirmation to-day of the report that a
 young ,italian journalist1 ,mario      
,calvino1 has been condemned to death by
 ,court-martial in ,st ,petersburg4 ,all
 that is known is that ,calvino was     
arrested on a charge of complicity in a 

plot for the assassination of the ,grand
 ,duke ,nicholas1 that he was condemned 
with a batch of six other prisoners     
after a very brief trial held within    
closed doors1 and that he will be hanged
 next ,saturday4 ,many friends and      
colleagues of ,calvino in ,italy1 as    
well as in ,russia1 assert the          
impossibility of his complicity in a    
,nihilist plot1 and there prevails a    
general belief that his condemnation has
 been due to a judicial error4 ,in      
answer to representations made to       
,signor ,tittoni from ,milan1 the       
,foreign ,minister has stated that the  
,italian ,ambassador at ,st ,petersburg 
has received instructions to do his     
utmost on behalf of the condemned man4  
,up to the present moment it would      
appear that no result of his exertions  
has yet been reported4   #aj4 ,the ,case
 of ,de ,jager4  ,de ,jager1 a burgher  
of the ,south ,african ,republic1 but a 
settled resident in ,washbank in ,natal 
when the war broke out1 joined1 in      

,october1 #ahii1 the ,boer forces1 which
 had occupied ,washbank and held that   
town for about six months4 ,he served   
with them in different capacities until 
,march1 #aijj1 when he went to the      
,transvaal1 and took no further part in 
the war4 ,in ,march1 #aija1 he was      
prosecuted for high treason1 but        
endeavoured to exculpate himself by     
maintaining that1 as the ,boers had     
occupied ,washbank when he joined their 
forces1 he was not then living on       
,english territory4   #aa4 ,a ,kidnapped
 ,chinaman4  ,sun ,yat ,sen1 a political
 refugee from ,china1 living in ,london1
 was induced1 in #ahif1 to enter the    
house of the ,chinese ,legation in      
,london4 ,he was kept under arrest there
 in order to be conveyed as a prisoner  
to ,china1 the ,chinese envoy contending
 that1 as the house of the ,legation was
 ,chinese territory1 the ,english       
government had no right to interfere4   
#ab4 ,a ,case of ,bigamy4  ,in #ahie    
,alfred ,ungar1 a ,german by birth1 who 

is naturalised in ,england without      
having ceased to be a ,german subject1  
goes over to ,germany and there marries 
his niece1 whom he brings back to       
,london as his wife4 ,in #ahif he       
deserts her1 settles down in ,bristol1  
and in that town goes through the form  
of marriage with another woman4 ,in     
#ahih his ,german wife1 being informed  
of his whereabouts and of his second    
marriage1 has him arrested for bigamy4  
,,section ,,iv   #ac4 ,a ,shot across   
the ,frontier4  ,on ,sept4 #bfth1 #ahhg1
 a ,german soldier1 on sentry duty at   
the frontier near ,vexaincourt1 fired a 
shot from the ,german side and killed an
 individual who was on ,french          
territory4   #ad4 ,a ,revolted ,prize4  
,an enemy merchantman having been       
captured during war1 a prize crew is put
 on board and she is navigated in the   
direction of a port of the state which  
made the capture4 ,during the voyage the
 original crew succeed in overpowering  
the prize crew4 ,the master again takes 

command1 has the prize crew put in      
irons1 and steers for a friendly port4  
,before the vessel gets there1 however1 
she is again captured4  ,can the crew be
 punished8   #ae4 ,investments ,abroad4 
,armand ,brunetire1 a ,french merchant  
in ,paris1 who has never been in        
,england1 instructs a broker on the     
,london ,stock ,exchange to buy #a1jjj  
worth of consols1 and to keep the stock 
at his disposal4 ,the order is carried  
out1 and six months afterwards          
,brunetire dies4 ,his heirs claim the   
stock1 but the ,english brokers refuse  
to hand it over unless the ,english     
estate duty1 which is claimed by the    
officials of the ,inland ,revenue1 has  
first been paid4   #af4 ,russian        
,coasting ,trade4  ,russia declared1 by 
a ukase of #ahig1 operating from #aijj1 
that trade between any of her ports and 
that of ,vladivostok should be          
considered as coasting trade and        
therefore exclusively reserved for      
,russian vessels4     ,,section ,v      

#ag4 ,exceeding the ,speed ,limit4  ,in 
#aijd ,mr4 ,gurney1 secretary of the    
,british ,legation at ,washington1 was  
brought before the police magistrate at 
,lee1 ,massachusetts1 on the charge of  
having driven a motor car to the public 
danger4 ,the charge being proved1 he was
 fined4   #ah4 ,a ,new-born ,island4    
,an island rises in the sea on the      
boundary line of the territorial        
maritime belt of another island in the  
possession of state ,a4 ,a portion of   
the new-born island stretches into the  
maritime belt surrounding the previously
 existing island1 and the remainder into
 the open sea4 ,a man-of-war of state ,b
 lands a non-commissioned officer and   
three men on the part of the island     
which stretches into the open sea1 with 
the order to hoist the flag of state ,b 
and to take possession of it by         
occupation4  ,is this occupation valid8 
#ai4 ,an ,irate ,queen4  ,queen         
,christina of ,sweden abdicated her     
throne in #afed1 and1 after having spent

 some time first in ,brussels and later 
in ,rome1 where she embraced the ,roman 
,catholic faith1 in #afef took up her   
residence in ,france4 ,here she         
discovered that her grand equerry and   
favourite1 ,monaldeschi1 was betraying  
her personal secrets4 ,she therefore on 
the #ajth ,november sentenced him to    
death1 and caused the execution to be   
carried out on the spot by soldiers of  
her bodyguard1 under the command of     
,count ,lentinelli1 the captain of the  
guard4   #bj4 ,an ,incident in the      
,black ,sea4  ,the following appeared in
 the papers dated ,st ,petersburg1      
,august #aath1 #aijg3  ,a telegram from 
,sochi1 in the ,caucasus1 states that   
last night the steamer ,tchernomor1     
while on a trip from ,tchubgia to       
,tuapse on the ,black ,sea1 was         
plundered on the high seas by robbers1  
who forced the passengers to deliver up 
their money and valuables4 ,one         
passenger was wounded by a revolver     
shot4 ,the robbers1 who numbered #ae1   

took possession of the ship's safe and  
forced the captain to stop the ship and 
to land them4 ,they further ordered him 
not to stop at ,tuapse1 but to proceed  
direct to ,sochi1 threatening him with  
murder if he disobeyed4  ,a later       
telegram from ,sochi states that the    
passengers were robbed of #aj1jjj       
roubles 7#a1jjj71 and that #a1gjj       
roubles 7#agj7 were stolen from the     
ship's safe4     ,,section ,,vi   #ba4  
,the ,case of the ,trent4  ,on ,nov4    
#hth1 #ahfa1 during the ,american ,civil
 ,war1 the ,federal cruiser ,san        
,jacinto stopped the ,british mail steam
 ,trent on her voyage from ,havana to   
the ,british port of ,nassau in the     
,bahamas1 forcibly took off ,messrs4    
,mason and ,slidell1 political agents   
sent by the ,confederate ,states to     
,great ,britain and ,france1 together   
with their secretaries1 and then allowed
 the vessel to continue her voyage4     
#bb4 ,a ,double ,murderer4  ,in #ahhe   
,james ,smith1 an ,english subject1     

commits a murder in ,london1 but        
succeeds in escaping4 ,in #ahhf he      
appears in ,rome under the name of      
,edward ,fox1 and commits a murder there
 also4 ,he is tried in ,rome and        
condemned to penal servitude for life4  
,in #aijf1 after having served #bj years
 and exhibited exemplary conduct1 his   
sentence is remitted by the ,king of    
,italy4 ,his real identity having been  
established during the trial1 on his    
release the question of the possibility 
of his extradition for the previous     
murder is discussed in the ,english     
press4   #bc4 ,a ,masterful ,customs    
,official4  ,on ,dec4 #bdth1 #aijg1 the 
following appeared in the morning       
papers1 dated ,winnipeg1 ,dec4 #bcrd3   
,an ,american ,customs official1        
suspecting two ,canadian farmers of     
smuggling barley1 surprised them near   
the boundary1 and1 threatening them with
 a revolver1 compelled them to cross    
into ,american territory4 ,the official 
had no warrant1 and the farmers returned

 into ,canada4 ,the matter has been laid
 before the ,british ,ambassador in     
,washington and the ,canadian           
,government4 ,ten thousand dollars      
damages are claimed4   #bd4 ,russian    
,refugees and ,foreign ,asylum4  ,the   
following appeared in the ,times of     
,march #fth1 #aijh1 dated ,paris1 ,march
 #eth3  ,signatures are being collected 
in ,paris for an address 'to the ,swiss 
people1' which already bears the names  
of ,,mm4 ,anatole ,france1 ,octave      
,mirbeau1 ,painlev1 ,jaurs1 ,seignobos1 
and others1 urging them to refuse the   
extradition of the ,russian ,socialist  
,revolutionary ,bromar ,vassilieff1 who 
killed the ,prefect of ,police of ,penza
 in ,january1 #aijf4 ,the address       
declares the deed of ,bromar ,vassilieff
 to have been purely political4 ,france1
 it contends1 refused to surrender      
,hartmann1 who had taken part in the    
attempt against ,alexander ,,ii4 ,italy 
refused to extradite ,michel ,gotz1 a   
member of the organization that         

assassinated ,m4 ,sipiagin and ,m4      
,plehve4 ,sweden refused to give up     
,tcherniak1 accused of having           
participated in the attempt against ,m4 
,stolypin4 ,only a few days ago1 says   
this address1 an ,austrian jury         
acquitted ,wanda ,kraguelska1 who       
boasted of having thrown a bomb at the  
,governor-,general of ,poland4 ,the     
,swiss ,republic1 it adds1 will not do  
what monarchies and ,empires have not   
done4 ,it was deceived when it handed   
over to the ,russian authorities        
,belentsoff1 who before his trial died  
from flogging in prison4 ,free          
,switzerland having always done itself  
honour by defending the political       
refugees of all nations against the     
largest ,powers1 the signatories to the 
address feel certain that she will not  
be false to this noble tradition by     
allowing ,bromar ,vassilieff to be      
extradited4     ,,section ,,vii   #be4  
,a ,conversion at ,sea4  ,on ,july #dth 
and #fth1 #aijd1 during the             

,russo-,japanese war1 the ,peterburg and
 the ,smolensk1 vessels belonging to the
 ,russian volunteer fleet in the ,black 
,sea1 passed the ,turkish ,straits1     
flying the ,russian commercial flag4    
,they likewise passed the ,suez ,canal  
under their commercial flag1 but after  
leaving ,suez they converted themselves 
into men-of-war by hoisting the ,russian
 war flag1 and began to exercise the    
right of visit and search over neutral  
merchantmen4 ,on ,july #aith the        
,peterburg captured the ,british ,p4 and
 ,o4 steamer ,malacca1 for alleged      
carriage of contraband1 and put a prize 
crew on board for the purpose of        
navigating her to ,libau4   #bf4 ,a     
,frontier ,affray4  ,on ,may #abth1     
#aijh1 the ,petite ,rpublique published 
a telegram from ,lisbon announcing that 
a collision between ,portuguese and     
,spanish troops had occurred at ,porto  
,allegro4 ,it appeared that several     
,spanish smugglers were surprised while 
attempting to smuggle quantities of     

tobacco and silk across the frontier    
into ,portugal1 and resisted the        
,portuguese guards4 ,a detachment of    
,spanish troops arrived on the scene    
during the fight and crossed over on to 
,portuguese territory4 ,here they were  
fired upon by the ,portuguese1 who1 in  
the darkness1 mistook them for a second 
band of smugglers4 ,the ,spaniards      
together with the smugglers now opened  
fire and a terrible fight ensued in     
which even women took part4 ,before     
long1 however1 the ,spaniards1 who were 
evidently under the impression that     
they1 too1 had to deal with smugglers1  
discovered their error1 and ceased fire1
 and the smugglers immediately fled to  
the mountains leaving several dead1     
including two women4 ,several of the    
soldiers on both sides were either      
killed or wounded4   #bg4 ,general      
,vukotitch4  ,on ,oct4 #aith1 #aijh1    
during the state of tension in the      
,balkan peninsula resulting from the    
declaration by ,austria-,hungary of her 

sovereignty over the provinces of       
,bosnia-,herzegovina1 ,general          
,vukotitch1 a ,montenegrin envoy1 was   
charged with a special mission for      
,belgrade by ,prince ,nicholas4 ,he     
travelled to his destination by way of  
,fiume1 but1 on arriving at ,agram1 he  
was ordered from the train by gendarmes 
and conducted to the ,prefecture of     
,police4 ,there he was searched1 and his
 purse and everything else he had in his
 possession were taken from him4 ,at the
 same time his baggage was completely   
ransacked4 ,he told the ,gendarmerie    
officers his name1 explained his status1
 and showed them the passport and the   
permit delivered to him by the          
,austro-,hungarian ,legation at         
,cettigne1 but all without any effect4  
,he was1 however1 allowed to send a     
telegram to ,baron von ,aehrenthal1     
complaining of the treatment he had     
received as a violation of international
 usage1 and1 after some time1 an order  
came from ,vienna for his release4      

#bh4 ,an ,anglo-,french ,burglar4       
,franois ,lebrun1 having committed a    
burglary in ,paris1 is sentenced to ten 
years' hard labour1 but after one year's
 imprisonment succeeds in escaping to   
,england4 ,on the request of the ,french
 police he is arrested in ,london and   
brought before the magistrate in order  
that he may be extradited4 ,his counsel 
however objects to his extradition on   
the ground that ,lebrun was born in     
,london and was therefore1 although his 
parents were ,french1 an ,english       
subject4     ,,section ,,viii   #bi4    
,signals of ,distress4  ,vattel 7,,iii4 
#agh7 relates the following case3 ,in   
#agee1 during war between ,great        
,britain and ,france1 a ,british        
man-of-war appeared off ,calais1 made   
signals of distress for the purpose of  
soliciting ,french vessels to approach  
to her succour1 and then seized a sloop 
and some sailors who came out to bring  
her help4   #cj4 ,a ,change of ,parts4  
,aaron ,nietitsch1 a native of one of   

the ,balkan states1 while residing in   
,london for two years for the purpose of
 learning ,english1 contracted heavy    
debts which he did not pay on leaving   
the country4 ,shortly afterwards he came
 again to ,england as he was appointed  
secretary to the diplomatic envoy of his
 home state in this country4 ,his       
creditors1 who knew quite well that they
 could not sue a member of a foreign    
legation for debts contracted during the
 time of his mission1 thought that they 
could proceed against ,aaron ,nietitsch1
 because he had contracted his debts    
while staying in this country as a      
private individual4  ,how would the case
 have to be decided if ,aaron ,nietitsch
 had contracted debts while in ,england 
as an attach1 had left the country at   
the end of his mission1 and had         
afterwards returned as a private        
individual8   #ca4 ,violation of a      
,foreign ,flag4  ,a political criminal1 
imprisoned in ,port-au-,prince1 in      
,hayti1 escapes from the prison and     

makes for the harbour1 with the         
intention of taking refuge on board a   
foreign man-of-war lying there4 ,on his 
way he meets the diplomatic envoy of the
 state to which the man-of-war belongs1 
and as the ,haytian police are on his   
heels he asks for the envoy's protection
 and safe conduct to the vessel4 ,the   
latter calls a passing fly and enters it
 with the fugitive1 but is overtaken by 
the police4 ,thereupon he takes the flag
 of his home state out of his pocket and
 throws the folds of it over the        
fugitive for the purpose of protecting  
him4 ,the police nevertheless arrest the
 man4 ,the envoy sends a report of the  
affair to his government1 which requests
 from ,hayti not only severe punishment 
of the police for the violation of the  
envoy's privileges and the insult to its
 flag1 but also the release of the      
rearrested political criminal and his   
safe conduct to its man-of-war lying in 
the harbour of ,port-au-,prince4   #cb4 
,a ,pickpocket at ,sea4  ,an ,italian   

passenger on board the ,french mail-boat
 ,le ,nord1 plying between ,calais and  
,dover1 picks the pocket of an          
,englishman while the boat is two miles 
out on her way from ,dover to ,calais4  
,the thief is arrested in ,calais4 ,can 
,england claim his extradition8         
,,section ,,ix   #cc4 ,gypsies in       
,straits4  ,in ,march1 #aijh1 the       
,westminster ,gazette contained the     
following paragraph3  ,on the first day 
of ,october last a gipsy van containing 
a family of eight was escorted by       
,belgian gendarmes to the ,french       
frontier4 ,on attempting to cross the   
boundary the wanderers were stopped by  
,french gendarmes1 who forbade any      
further advance4 ,thus beset behind and 
before by the authorities1 the          
van-dwellers perforce made the best of a
 bad job1 and resigned themselves to a  
long stay4 ,on the whole1 they have had 
the best of it2 for they1 at any rate1  
had a comfortable roof over their heads1
 while the four policemen who were on   

constant guard by day and night1 keeping
 the unwelcome travellers at bay1 were  
exposed to all the chances of the       
weather4 ,days1 weeks1 and months rolled
 slowly by4 ,february commenced1 and    
still the gipsy-van stood on            
no-man's-land1 guarded by weary         
gendarmes1 each drawing a franc and a   
half a day1 and wondering when the other
 side was going to give in1 and allow   
the gipsies to resume their wanderings4 
,as far as is known the van is there    
to-day1 and nobody appears to care very 
much about its fate4 ,perhaps in future 
years when the six gipsy children are   
grown up and leave the old home1 and its
 paintwork has grown still more shabby1 
and the wheels have sunk up to their    
hubs into the soil1 somebody will come  
across it and the patient gendarmes1 and
 begin asking questions4 ,meantime the  
little comedy has already cost the      
,french municipality of ,mont           
,saint-,martin more than #a1jjj fr41    
while the local police force has had to 

be helped by the neighbouring brigade to
 perform its ordinary duties4  ,it is   
true that negotiations are going on with
 a view to settling the matter1 but as  
four months have already passed since   
the van reached the frontier1 there     
seems no particular reason for expecting
 a speedy conclusion to the farce4      
#cd4 ,a ,question of ,annexation4  ,karl
 ,abel1 born in ,nassau in #ahdj1 left  
that country in #ahfe for ,england for  
the purpose of settling there in        
business4 ,in #ahff ,nassau is conquered
 by ,prussia and subjugated4 ,has ,abel 
become a ,prussian subject8  ,what would
 the decision be in the case of the     
native of a province transferred by     
cession to another state1 who was       
domiciled abroad at the time of cession8
   #ce4 ,disputed ,fisheries4  ,an      
island rises in the open sea three and a
 half miles from the shore of state ,a  
and is acquired through occupation by   
state ,b1 which establishes a           
fishing-station there4 ,very soon a     

conflict arises between states ,a and ,b
 on account of the fisheries in the     
waters between the new-born island and  
the continent4  ,how is the controversy 
to be settled8   #cf4 ,imperial         
,coasting ,trade4  ,at the ,colonial    
,conferences in #aijb and #aijg         
,australian statesmen brought before the
 ,imperial ,government the question     
whether the term coasting trade1 as used
 in ,british commercial treaties1 could 
not be given such an extension of       
definition as would allow the entire    
exclusion of foreign shipping from the  
carrying trade between the ,united      
,kingdom and ,australia4     ,,section  
,x   #cg4 ,a ,russian ,crime tried in   
,austria4  ,the following appeared in   
the ,westminster ,gazette on ,feb4      
#aith1 #aijh3  ,,wadowice 7,,galicia71  
,feb4 #ah4  ,judgment was pronounced    
to-day in the trial1 which began in the 
,district ,court here yesterday1 of     
,wanda ,dobrodzicka1 a young ,russian   
woman charged with having thrown a bomb 

at ,general ,skallon1 ,governor-,general
 of ,warsaw1 on ,may #ahth1 #aijf4  ,the
 indictment set forth the existence of a
 very skilfully devised plot to kill the
 ,governor-,general4 ,as he very seldom 
left the castle it was necessary to do  
something to compel him to come out4    
,accordingly one of the conspirators1 in
 the uniform of a ,russian officer1     
grossly insulted the ,german            
,vice-,consul4 ,it became necessary1    
therefore1 for the ,governor-,general to
 pay a personal visit to the            
,vice-,consul to express his regret1    
officially1 at such an occurrence4 ,this
 was exactly what the conspirators had  
reckoned upon1 and they laid their plans
 accordingly4 ,wanda ,dobrodzicka1 who  
was only twenty years of age1 was1 it   
was alleged1 entrusted with the task of 
killing the ,governor4 ,according to the
 prosecution1 she took up her position  
on a balcony which he would pass1 and   
when his carriage came she hurled a bomb
 at it4 ,the bomb1 however1 failed to   

explode4 ,in the confusion the woman    
escaped and succeeded in making her way 
to ,trieste1 going thence to ,italy and 
,switzerland1 and afterwards coming to  
,galicia1 where she married and settled 
down4  ,she was arrested on ,october    
#bjth1 #aijg1 and the ,russian          
,government demanded her extradition4   
,as1 however1 through her marriage1 she 
had become an ,austrian subject1 the    
,galician authorities decided that she  
must be tried in ,galicia4 ,the jury    
returned a verdict of ',not guilty' on  
both counts of the indictment4 ,the     
accused was acquitted1 and was          
immediately released1 as no notice of   
appeal was given by the ,public         
,prosecutor4 ,the prisoner having been  
declared ',not guilty' by the ,polish   
jury1 notwithstanding her full admission
 of having thrown the bombs1 was        
accorded a great ovation by the crowd1  
who presented her with flowers4   #ch4  
,stratagem or ,perfidy8  ,in #aghc1     
during war between ,great ,britain and  

,france1 the ,sybille1 a ,french        
frigate1 enticed the ,hussar1 a ,british
 man-of-war1 by displaying the ,british 
flag and intimating herself to be a     
distressed prize of a ,british captor4  
,the ,hussar approached to succour her1 
but the latter at once attacked the     
,hussar without shewing the ,french     
flag4 ,she was1 however1 overpowered and
 captured4   #ci4 ,murder of a ,german  
,consul in ,mexico4  ,in #aijf the      
,german consul in ,oaxaca1 a town in the
 ,mexican state of ,puebla1 was murdered
 while in the house of a ,mexican named 
,conttolene1 with whom he had had a     
dispute4 ,conttolene was arrested and   
prosecuted1 but acquitted4 ,however his 
nephew1 a ,mexican named ,rangel1 gave  
himself up for the crime and was        
condemned to two years' imprisonment4   
,as this punishment was considered too  
light the prosecuting counsel appealed1 
but withdrew his appeal by order of the 
public prosecutor2 and the light        
sentence on ,rangel was therefore       

allowed to stand4 ,the ,german          
government considered the punishment    
meted out to ,rangel insufficient1 and  
made representations to the ,mexican    
government complaining of the fact that 
the appeal was withdrawn by order of the
 public prosecutor4 ,the ,mexican       
government answered that it disapproved 
of the action of the public prosecutor1 
because it recognised its international 
duty sufficiently to protect the lives  
of foreigners in ,mexico and to punish  
adequately any murder of a foreign      
resident4 ,on its recommendation the    
governor of the state of ,puebla        
deprived the public prosecutor concerned
 of his office4   #dj4 ,cossacks at     
,large4  ,on ,june #bgth1 #aijh1 a      
telegram from ,brody1 in ,eastern       
,galicia1 stated that a party of #ad    
,cossacks crossed the frontier into     
,austria1 plundered a house near        
,radziwilloff1 shot dead the owner and  
his wife1 and cut off his daughter's    
hands and carried them away4 ,they also 

mutilated two other persons who were    
returning across the frontier4 ,austrian
 gendarmes captured two of the          
,cossacks4     ,,section ,,xi   #da4    
,islanders in ,revolt4  ,the natives of 
a small island in the possession of     
,england rise and1 after murdering the  
majority of the whites1 imprison the    
remainder4 ,no ,english man-of-war is on
 the spot1 but the commander of a       
,french war vessel in the neighbourhood1
 who is informed of the insurrection by 
a fugitive1 resolves to interfere to    
save the lives of the surviving whites4 
,he therefore sails at once for the     
island1 shells the harbour1 disembarks a
 number of men1 relieves the white      
prisoners1 and remains in command of the
 island until an ,english man-of-war    
arrives on the spot4   #db4 ,seizure of 
,ambassadors4  ,the ,marquis de ,monti1 
the ,french envoy in ,poland during a   
war between ,poland and ,russia1 being  
in ,dantzic when1 in #agcd1 that town   
capitulated to the ,russians1 was seized

 and made prisoner because he had taken 
an active part in the war2 he was not   
released until #agcf1 although ,france  
protested against his captivity4  ,when 
the ,marchal de ,belle ,isle1 the       
,french ambassador to ,prussia1 passed1 
in #aggd1 on his way to ,berlin1 through
 ,hanover1 he was seized1 made a        
prisoner1 and sent to ,england1 which   
country1 together with ,hanover1 was    
then at war with ,france4   #dc4 ,an    
,envoy in ,debt4  ,baron de ,wrech1 who 
had for some time been minister         
plenipotentiary of the ,landgraf of     
,hesse-,cassel at ,paris1 was recalled  
in #aggb4 ,when he asked for his        
passports1 the ,duc d',aiguillon1 the   
,french foreign secretary1 refused to   
deliver them to him before he had paid  
debts due to the ,marquis de ,bezons and
 other creditors4   #dd4 ,treaty        
,bargaining4  ,states ,a and ,b enter   
into a new commercial treaty in which1  
among other stipulations1 it is agreed  
that state ,a should lower by #bj per   

cent4 its general import duty on        
manufactured cotton goods coming from   
state ,b1 and that1 in return for this  
reduction1 the latter should reduce by  
#bj per cent4 its general import duty on
 manufactured leather goods coming from 
state ,a4  ,some of the other states    
possessing commercial treaties with ,a  
and ,b1 which embody the most favoured  
nation clause1 at once demand from ,a   
and ,b that the reduction of #bj per    
cent4 of import duty on manufactured    
cotton and leather goods should also be 
granted to the imports from their       
respective territories4     ,,section   
,,xii   #de4 ,a ,fallen ,president4     
,the following appeared in the papers on
 ,dec4 #dth1 #aijh1 during a revolution 
in ,hayti1 when the president ,alexis   
had fled to a ,french training ship in  
the harbour of ,port-au-,prince3        
,,port-,,au-,,prince1 ,dec4 #b4         
,president ,nord ,alexis is safe on     
board the ,french training ship ,duguay 
,trouin4 ,at the last moment the        

,president yielded to the pleas of those
 about him1 and precisely at five       
o'clock a salute of #ba guns announced  
his departure from the ,palace4         
,previously to his departure the ,french
 ,minister and other foreign            
representatives1 with a specially-formed
 committee1 forced themselves on the    
,president1 who finally consented to    
withdraw4 ,shouts and jeers of derision 
greeted ,president ,nord ,alexis as he  
entered his carriage4 ,the ,french      
,minister sat beside him1 and threw the 
folds of the ,tricolor over the shoulder
 of the ,president to protect him4      
,along the route the people lining the  
streets greeted the ,president with     
curses4 ,when he arrived at the wharf   
the mob lost all restraint4 ,infuriated 
women penetrated the cordon of troops1  
and shrieked the coarsest insults in the
 face of ,president ,alexis4 ,the people
 tried to hurl themselves upon him1     
fighting with hands and feet with the   
soldiers1 who1 in order to disengage the

 ,president1 discharged their muskets1  
and the crowd then fell back4 ,president
 ,alexis1 still draped in the ,tricolor1
 boarded a skiff1 his suite tumbling in 
after him4 ,haitian1 ,french1 and       
,american warships fired a salute to the
 fallen ,president4 ,as he was embarking
 a woman aimed a blow at his side with a
 knife1 but missed him4 ,a man1 however1
 succeeded in striking the ,president a 
glancing blow on the neck with his fist4
   #df4 ,a ,murder in ,monaco4  ,in     
,august1 #aijg1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,goold1  
the ,monte ,carlo murderers1 were       
arrested in ,marseilles1 to which town  
they had succeeded in escaping before   
the murder became known4 ,the ,monacan  
government demanded their extradition   
and ,france was ready to comply with the
 request4 ,mrs4 ,goold1 however1 was by 
birth of ,french nationality1 and it was
 doubtful whether she had been legally  
married to ,mr4 ,goold4 ,under these    
circumstances the ,french government    
refused to extradite ,mrs4 ,goold1      

before it had been proved by inquiries  
in ,england whether or not a legal      
marriage had taken place between herself
 and ,goold4   #dg4 ,a ,question of     
,interpretation4  ,according to ,article
 ,,xiii of the ,treaty of ,july #aath1  
#agii1--;confirmed by ,article ,,xii of 
the ,treaty of ,may #ast1               
#ahbh1--;between the ,united ,states of 
,america and ,prussia which is now valid
 for the whole ,german empire1 in case  
one of the contracting parties is a     
belligerent1 no articles carried by     
vessels of the other contracting party  
shall be considered contraband1 but     
nevertheless the belligerent party shall
 have the right to seize any military   
stores carried by vessels of the other  
party on payment of their full value4   
,has the ,declaration of ,london1 #aiji1
 any influence on the validity of this  
old treaty stipulation8  ,if not1 in the
 event of war between ,germany and      
another power1 can powers possessing    
most favoured nation treaties with      

,germany claim the same treatment with  
regard to contraband for their own      
vessels as ,germany must grant to       
vessels of the ,united ,states8   #dh4  
,the ,island of ,santa ,lucia4  ,in     
#afci the island of ,santa ,lucia1 in   
the ,antilles1 was occupied by ,england1
 but in the following year the ,english 
settlers were massacred by the natives1 
and no attempt was made by ,england to  
re-establish the colony4 ,in #afej      
,france1 considering the island no man's
 land1 took possession of it4 ,england1 
however1 contended for many years that  
she had not abandoned the island4 ,after
 the ,treaty of ,aix-la-,chapelle in    
#agdh1 the question of ownership was    
referred to the decision of certain     
commissioners1 and ,england claimed that
 having been driven out by force she had
 not abandoned the island sine spe      
redeundi1 and that therefore ,france1 in
 #afej1 had no right to consider the    
island as no man's land4 ,finally1 by   
the peace treaty of ,paris of #agfc1    

,england resigned her claims4           
,,section ,,xiii   #di4 ,an ,attach's   
,chauffeur4  ,in ,november1 #aijh1 the  
driver to the ,military ,attach at the  
,united ,states ,embassy was summoned at
 ,huntingdon for driving a motor-car at 
,little ,stukeley at a speed dangerous  
to the public1 and which was stated to  
be #cf miles an hour4 ,the solicitor for
 the defendant1 who did not appear1     
claimed that he was exempt from         
proceedings such as these1 but admitted 
that he was not in a position to prove  
it4 ,a letter of explanation was read1  
which stated that it was very           
embarrassing to have a servant charged  
with an offence against ,english law1   
and asking that the charge be withdrawn4
 ,the bench decided to go on with the   
case1 and imposed a fine of #ab and     
costs4   #ej4 ,in ,quest of ,balata4    
,the following notices appeared in the  
papers in the latter part of ,august1   
#aijg1 concerning a frontier incident   
between ,british ,guiana and ,venezuela3

  ,,georgetown1 ,aug4 #ah4  ,captain    
,calder1 with a small armed force1 went 
down the ,barima river and1 crossing the
 boundary1 invaded ,venezuelan          
territory4 ,he then demanded at the     
point of the revolver that #d1jjj pounds
 of balata1 said to have been won in a  
,british forest1 should be given up4    
,the incident has been reported to      
,president ,castro4 ,excitement prevails
 at ,morawhanna1 the ,british frontier  
head-quarters1 the people fearing       
measures of retaliation4 ,trouble has   
been experienced for the past few months
 in connexion with the balata trade1 and
 ,british officers have been keenly     
alert to prevent illicit trading4 ,the  
,governor is now at ,lama1 two days'    
journey from the capital4 ,he is        
expected to arrive here on ,tuesday4    
,,georgetown1 ,,british ,,guiana1 ,aug4 
#bh4  ,the ,governor has informed the   
,legislature that ,captain ,calder1 who 
recently crossed the ,venezuelan        
frontier and seized a quantity of balata

 which was alleged to have been         
collected in ,british ,guiana1 violated 
the frontier to the extent of #bjj      
yards4 ,the balata has been returned to 
its owner and regret has been expressed 
to ,president ,castro4  ,,new ,,york1   
,aug4 #ca4  ,a message from ,caracas    
states that the ,venezuelan ,government 
considers that the incident which arose 
out of the invasion of ,venezuelan      
territory by ,captain ,calder1 ,district
 ,inspector of ,police in ,british      
,guiana1 and the seizure of a quantity  
of balata said to have been collected on
 ,british soil has been satisfactorily  
closed4 ,president ,castro has received 
a note of apology from the ,governor of 
,british ,guiana with the announcement  
that ,inspector ,calder has been        
relieved of his post4   #ea4 ,a ,sujet  
,mixte4  ,felix ,brown was born in      
,london of ,german parents in #ahge4 ,he
 was brought up in ,english schools and 
considered himself an ,englishman1      
although he knew that he was of ,german 

parentage and frequently went to        
,germany to see his grandparents4 ,in   
#aijj he was a passenger on an ,english 
vessel destined for ,riga4 ,this vessel 
called on her way at ,stettin4 ,while in
 that harbour the ,german police boarded
 the vessel and arrested ,brown for     
having evaded military service in       
,germany4 ,brown telegraphed to the     
,english ambassador in ,berlin and asked
 for his intervention4   #eb4 ,koreans  
at the ,hague ,peace ,conference4       
,during the second ,hague ,peace        
,conference the ,emperor of ,korea1     
although he had signed in #aijd a treaty
 according to which ,japan exercised a  
protectorate over his country1          
dispatched an envoy and two secretaries 
to the ,hague for the purpose of        
bringing some complaints before the     
,congress4 ,one of the secretaries had  
been in ,holland two years previously1  
and had left the country without paying 
his debts4 ,when his creditors heard of 
his return1 they asked an advocate      

whether they could sue him1 or whether  
he was exempted from ,dutch             
jurisdiction1 since he now appeared as  
the secretary of the ,korean envoy4     
,,section ,,xiv   #ec4 ,the ,adventures 
of a ,south ,american ,physician4  ,in  
#aije the ,president of a ,south        
,american ,republic visited ,london with
 the intention of undergoing an         
operation by a famous surgeon4 ,he was  
accompanied1 among others1 by ,doctor   
,alcorta1 his physician-in-ordinary1 who
 was watching the case4 ,after dining   
with friends one evening at a well-known
 restaurant1 during which he drank very 
freely of wine and liqueurs1 ,doctor    
,alcorta proceeded to the ,empire       
,theatre4 ,he at first listened quietly1
 but1 being displeased by the song of   
one of the performers1 he became noisy1 
had to be removed1 and on proving       
violent was handed over to the police4  
,next morning he was brought up before a
 magistrate on the charge of having been
 drunk and disorderly4   #ed4           

,extradition of a ,british ,subject4    
,the following is a cutting from the    
police court reports of a daily paper3  
,at ,bow-street1 ,julius ,kuhliger1     
alias ,nollier1 #ce1 of ,field-road1    
,forest-gate1 was again brought up      
before ,sir ,a4 de ,rutzen for          
extradition on the charge of obtaining  
money by false pretences in ,belgium4   
,mr ,h4 ,lewis defended4 ,in consequence
 of certain complaints                  
,detective-sergeant ,brogden kept       
observation upon a newsagent's shop in  
,shoreditch1 and on the #bnd inst4 he   
saw the prisoner call there and receive 
several letters4 ,he followed the       
prisoner and saw him examine the        
contents1 and then arrested him4 ,the   
letters were found to contain four money
 orders of the total value of #f4 #gs4  
#a;d41 and the prisoner was brought up  
at the ,old-street ,police-court and    
charged with being in the unlawful      
possession of them4 ,it was afterwards  
discovered that the orders were the     

proceeds of an alleged swindle in       
,belgium which had been carried on from 
this country1 and the original charge   
was abandoned in favour of the          
extradition proceedings4                
,detective-sergeant ,brogden now gave   
evidence that the prisoner claimed to be
 a ,british subject1 alleging that his  
mother was ,english1 though his father  
was a ,swiss4 ,since his arrest he had  
made a statement to the effect that     
about three months ago1 finding himself 
in financial difficulties1 he thought he
 would embark upon a system of fraud4   
,he advertised in the ,german           
newspapers1 he continued1 stating that  
an ,english lady wished to send her two 
daughters to ,germany for the purpose of
 learning the language of the country4  
,several persons replied offering to    
take the children1 and he wrote to each 
of them accepting their offer1 and      
stating that the luggage had already    
been sent on4 ,he followed this by      
another letter purporting to come from a

 firm of railway carriers1 saying that  
they had been instructed to forward     
certain trunks1 and would do so on the  
receipt of their fees in advance4 ,he   
arranged for the replies to these       
letters to be sent to five or six       
different newsagents' shops in various  
parts of ,london1 and each place brought
 him in an average of about #aj4 ,the   
prisoner1 on oath1 now said that he was 
a ,british subject1 and ,mr ,lewis asked
 the magistrate to say that this was not
 a case in which he ought to surrender  
the prisoner to a foreign ,power4 ,the  
magistrate said that with regard to the 
point raised as to the accused's being a
 ,british subject1 the article in the   
,treaty with ,belgium dealing with that 
matter said that 'in no case or on any  
consideration whatever shall the high   
contracting parties be bound to         
surrender their own subjects whether by 
birth or naturalization4' ,it had been  
held that such provision implied that   
the high contracting parties might      

surrender their own subjects1 and that  
such surrender must be left to the      
discretion of the ,secretary of ,state4 
,he ordered the prisoner to be committed
 for extradition1 and it would be for   
the ,home ,secretary to decide whether  
it was a case in which he ought not to  
sanction the surrender4   #ee4 ,the     
,case of the ,oldhamia4  ,the following 
appeared in the ,times of ,dec4 #adth1  
#aijh1 dated ,st ,petersburg1 ,dec4     
#acth3  ,the ,admiralty ,appeal ,court  
yesterday confirmed the judgment of the 
,libau ,prize ,court justifying the     
capture and destruction of the ,british 
steamer ,oldhamia1 bound fur ,hong-kong 
with ,american oil4 ,she was taken by   
the cruiser ,oleg of ,admiral           
,rozhdestvensky's fleet off ,formosa on 
the night of ,may #ah1 #aije1 and a     
fortnight later1 while proceeding to    
,vladivostok1 struck on the ,kurile reef
 and was burned by the prize crew to    
prevent her from falling into the hands 
of the ,japanese4 ,the ,court disallowed

 a claim for damages by the captain and 
crew for the loss of their personal     
effects on the formal grounds that the  
claim had not been presented at the     
first hearing of the case4 ,it allowed a
 claim of the ,standard ,oil ,company to
 recover the cost of #bjj empty kerosene
 cases4 ,it confirmed the ,libau verdict
 disallowing the claims of the          
,manchester and ,salford ,company1 the  
owners of the vessel1 for #fa1ehj1 and  
those of the ,standard ,oil ,company for
 cargo consisting of #adi1dfb cases of  
kerosene1 valued at #abc1acd 7#bd1fbg74 
,the circumstances of the capture were  
fully detailed at the trial before the  
,libau ,prize ,court on ,june #ab1      
#aijg4 ,the arguments presented by ,mr4 
,berlin1 counsel for the plaintiffs1 and
 the law officers of the ,crown1 bore   
first upon the prima facie evidence of  
the ,oldhamia's destination and cargo1  
and secondly1 on the point whether      
kerosene rightly came under the ,russian
 declaration of contraband of war4 ,it  

was admitted that the cargo was intended
 for ,japan1 but solely for commercial  
purposes4 ,the principal legal adviser  
to the ,admiralty submitted1 however1   
that kerosene was now used also as a    
fuel for warships4 ,moreover1 the vessel
 was considerably out of her course4    
,the captain was unable to produce the  
charter-party or bills of lading1 and   
one of the seamen declared that she     
carried guns at the bottom of the hold4 
,admiral ,rozhdestvensky sent #cjj      
sailors to displace the cargo in order  
to verity this statement1 but they      
worked for two days without getting     
lower than the main deck4 ,mr4 ,berlin  
invoked the fact that the ,procurator at
 ,libau declined to recognize kerosene  
as contraband within the meaning of the 
,russian declaration1 which specifically
 mentions naphtha4 ,he argued at length 
on the question of conditional and      
absolute contraband of war4 ,upon these 
points the ,russian and ,british views  
have been1 and remain1 at variance1 as  

exemplified in all the prize cases      
connected with the late war4  ,the      
result of the present appeal1 however   
onerous to the owners1 cannot be        
regarded as unexpected4 ,a member of the
 ,embassy staff attended the proceedings
 in behalf of the ,british ,government4 
#ef4 ,an ,ambassadors ,estate4  ,musurus
 ,pasha1 the ,turkish ambassador in     
,london1 died there in ,december #aijg4 
,in ,february1 #aijh1 ,mme ,musurus took
 out letters of administration in       
,england1 and proceeded to pay the debts
 and the death duties payable in respect
 of the property in this country4 ,the  
greater part of the ambassador's estate 
was situated in ,turkey and ,thessaly1  
and the only property in ,england was   
certain shares in companies4 ,two of the
 next-of-kin of the ambassador brought  
7in ,december #aijh7 an action to obtain
 the administration of his estate and   
also an injunction restraining ,mme     
,musurus from removing any of the assets
 out of the jurisdiction of the ,english

 courts1 or from dealing with them      
otherwise than in due course of         
administration4     ,,section ,,xv      
#eg4 ,dangers of ,ballooning4  ,on ,nov4
 #bdth1 #aijh1 the following paragraph  
appeared in the morning papers1 dated   
from ,breslau3  ,while a balloon1       
belonging to the ,silesian ,aeronautic  
,club1 was sailing along at about #ajj  
mtres distance from the ,russo-,german  
frontier on ,saturday over ,krotoschin1 
,sarotschin1 and ,zockow1 #ae shots were
 fired at it from ,russian territory1   
probably by frontier ,cossacks4 ,the    
weather was fine and the ,german flag   
hung from the envelope4 ,nobody was     
hurt1 only one shot striking a sandbag1 
and the balloon landed safely on ,german
 soil4   #eh4 ,family ,honour4  ,in     
,february1 #aijf1 ,carlo ,waddington1   
the son of the ,chilian envoy at        
,brussels1 shot at and killed           
,balmaceda1 the secretary of the        
,chilian ,legation4 ,the cause of this  
action was that ,balmaceda refused to   

marry ,waddington's sister1 whom he had 
previously seduced4   #ei4 ,an ,ocean   
,chase4  ,recently in the ,firth of     
,clyde the ,fishery ,board's cruiser    
,vigilant observed a foreign trawler    
operating1 it was alleged1 within the   
three-mile limit of ,ailsa ,craig4 ,the 
trawler made off1 and a stern chase of  
over #bj miles1 lasting about two hours1
 followed4 ,the ,vigilant fired several 
shots1 to which the trawler paid no     
heed1 but ultimately the cruiser caught 
up the fugitive and compelled her to    
stop4 ,the mate of the ,vigilant boarded
 the trawler1 the captain of which      
refused to accompany the ,vigilant to   
,campbeltown1 and1 after the officer had
 obtained particulars of the boat and   
the crew1 the trawler left for          
,fleetwood with the week's catch4 ,the  
,vigilant proceeded to ,campbeltown and 
reported the matter to the ,crown       
authorities4   #fj4 ,the ,maori ,king4  
,the vessel1 the ,maori ,king1 was      
purchased in ,march1 #aijf1 by ,messrs4 

,ginsburg and ,co41 a ,russian firm4 ,to
 enable the vessel to sail under the    
,british flag1 all the shares in her    
were nominally transferred to a ,british
 subject named ,dow1 who registered her 
in ,shanghai as a ,british-owned vessel4
 ,subsequently she sailed under the     
,british flag from ,vladivostok to      
,guaymos1 in ,mexico1 carrying #iba     
,chinese coolies and #bag ,russians4 ,in
 ,january1 #aijh1 the ,british          
consul-general in ,shanghai seized the  
vessel as liable to forfeiture under    
#fi and #gf of the ,merchant ,shipping  
,act1 #ahid4     ,,section ,,xvi   #fa4 
,the ,island of ,rakahanga4  ,on ,nov4  
#bjth1 #aijh1 the following paragraph   
appeared in the papers3  ,news has      
reached here that on ,july #a last the  
natives of ,rakahanga1 in the ,cook     
group1 hauled down the ,british flag1   
and1 after ejecting the island council1 
appointed their own ,government1 judges 
and police4 ,the ringleader of the      
movement is a dismissed teacher of the  

,london ,missionary ,society4   #fb4 ,a 
,complaint against the ,police4  ,a     
policeman1 stationed at the corner of   
,bond ,street and ,oxford ,street for   
the purpose of regulating traffic1      
raises his hand as a sign for carriages 
coming from ,bond ,street to stop4 ,one 
of the drivers ignores this sign and    
drives on4 ,the policeman seizes the    
horse's head and stops the carriage1    
whereupon a gentleman within complains1 
maintaining that he is an ambassador to 
the ,english ,court and that the police 
have no right to stop him4 ,as the      
policeman does not give way the         
ambassador leaves his carriage and1     
going immediately to the ,foreign       
,office1 complains of the violation of  
his privileges and demands the          
punishment of the policeman4   #fc4 ,a  
,man with two ,wives4  ,in #aijj ,oscar 
,meyer1 a ,german by birth1 who is      
naturalised in ,england without having  
ceased to be a ,german subject1 marries 
an ,englishwoman in ,london4 ,in the    

following year he obtains a judicial    
separation from his wife4 ,as his       
marriage was never known in ,germany1 he
 succeeds in #aijb1 while staying in    
,berlin1 in marrying his niece1 whom he 
brings back to ,england as his wife4 ,in
 #aije the niece finds out that ,meyer  
was already a married man when he       
married her1 and has him arrested for   
bigamy4   #fd4 ,murder on a ,mail ,boat4
  ,the ,marie ,henriette is one of those
 mail boats plying between ,ostend and  
,dover which are the property of the    
,belgian government and are commanded by
 ,belgian naval officers4 ,on the #beth 
,july1 #aijj1 an ,italian on board      
murdered an ,english fellow-passenger on
 the voyage between ,ostend and ,dover1 
within three miles of the latter port4  
,on the arrival of the vessel the       
captain handed over the murderer to the 
,english police authorities1 but a few  
days later the ,belgian government      
claimed the extradition of the criminal4
     ,,section ,,xvii   #fe4 ,persian   

,disorders4  ,the following telegrams1  
dated from ,bushire1 appeared in the    
papers on ,april #abth1 #aiji3  ,april  
#ajth4  ,in view of the sense of        
insecurity caused by the looting of the 
,tangistani tribesmen1 who will not     
submit to any control1 his ,majesty's   
cruiser ,fox to-day landed a party of   
bluejackets who are guarding the place4 
,the ,tangistanis are now leaving the   
district4  ,april #aath4  ,before the   
bluejackets landed from the cruiser ,fox
 yesterday1 the ,british ,resident in   
the ,persian ,gulf issued a proclamation
 informing the public that the measure  
had been forced upon the ,british       
authorities in the absence of any       
authority able to control the           
,tangistanis or guarantee the safety of 
,british and other foreign subjects4    
,the proclamation added that the        
bluejackets were being landed solely for
 the purpose of protecting foreigners   
and would be withdrawn as soon as       
security was assured4  ,on ,april #bgth 

the following appeared in the ,times    
from ,teheran3  ,the advance guard of   
the ,russian expedition to ,tabriz left 
the frontier yesterday4 ,the main body  
marched this morning4 ,the force numbers
 #b1fjj1 and consists of four squadrons 
of ,cossacks1 two batteries of horse    
artillery1 three battalions of infantry1
 and a company of pioneers1 escorting a 
large train of provisions4  ,the        
commander of the troops has stringent   
orders to preserve a pacific attitude1  
and it is expected that he will halt    
some distance outside ,tabriz1 which he 
will not enter except in case of        
necessity4  ,the ,russian and ,british  
,legations will to-morrow jointly notify
 the ,persian ,government of the action 
taken and of the motives which prompted 
the despatch of an armed force into     
,persian territory4   #ff4 ,the         
,expulsion of ,monsieur de ,reus4  ,the 
following appeared in the papers of     
,july #bbnd1 #aijh1 dated ,caracas1     
,july #bast3  ,president ,castro has    

expelled ,m4 ,j4 ,h4 de ,reus1 the      
,dutch ,minister ,resident here4 ,dr4   
,paul1 ,minister for ,foreign ,affairs1 
sent his passports to ,m4 de ,reus with 
a note informing him that1 in view of   
the opinions expressed by ,m4 de ,reus  
in a letter written on ,april #ith1     
,president ,castro declares him to be   
incompetent to serve as a friendly      
medium in the relations between         
,venezuela and the ,netherlands4  ,the  
letter referred to is probably ,m4 de   
,reus's reply to ,president ,castro's   
demand that ,holland should exercise    
more effectual vigilance over ,dutch    
vessels plying between ,la ,guaira and  
,curaao1 in which ,venezuelan           
revolutionaries frequently effect their 
escape under assumed names4 ,this       
preceded the trouble caused by the      
closing of the port of ,curaao to       
,venezuelan shipping on account of      
plague at ,la ,guaira4   #fg4 ,the ,case
 of ,mc,leod4  ,alexander ,mc,leod was a
 member of the ,british force sent by   

the ,canadian government in #ahcg into  
the territory of the ,united ,states for
 the purpose of capturing the ,caroline1
 which vessel had been equipped for     
crossing into ,canadian territory and   
taking help to the ,canadian insurgents4
 ,in #ahda ,mc,leod came on business    
into the ,state of ,new ,york1 and was  
arrested and indicted for the killing of
 one ,amos ,durfee1 a citizen of the    
,united ,states1 on the occasion of the 
capture of the ,caroline4   #fh4 ,a     
,thwarted ,suicide4  ,while the ,frau   
,elizabeth1 a ,german tramp steamer1 is 
on the high seas during a voyage between
 ,new ,york and ,hamburg1 a sailor1     
,heinrich ,kalke1 jumps overboard with  
the intention of drowning himself4      
,another sailor leaps into the sea after
 him in the hope of saving ,kalke's     
life4 ,he succeeds in getting hold of   
the man1 but ,kalke struggles and1 being
 unable to free himself1 draws a knife  
and stabs the sailor1 who thereupon     
sinks4 ,while the struggle is in        

progress the vessel slackens speed1 a   
boat is lowered1 and its occupants      
succeed in securing ,kalke4 ,he is taken
 on board1 conveyed to ,hamburg1 and    
there put on his trial for murder4      
,counsel for defence asserts that       
,germany does not possess jurisdiction1 
as the act was committed1 not on a      
vessel sailing under the ,german flag1  
but in the sea itself1 and as1 according
 to  #d1 ,no4 #c of the ,german criminal
 code1 a ,german can only be punished in
 ,germany for an act committed abroad1  
if the act concerned is punishable both 
by the law of ,germany and by that of   
the country where the act was committed4
     ,,section ,,xviii   #fi4 ,an       
,insult to an ,ambassador4  ,the        
following appeared in the papers1 dated 
,st ,petersburg1 ,feb4 #dth1 #aijh3  ,m4
 ,bompard1 the ,french ,ambassador1     
regarding a recent paragraph in the     
,grazhdanin as insulting1 has addressed 
himself to ,m4 ,isvolsky1 ,minister for 
,foreign ,affairs1 complaining that the 

statement in question was directed      
against himself in his capacity of      
representative of the ,french ,republic 
in ,russia4 ,he therefore asks for the  
protection of the ,imperial ,government4
 ,since the ,press laws contain no      
provision for the criminal prosecution  
of newspapers for insults offered to    
representatives of friendly ,powers1 a  
decree has been issued whereby the      
,prefect of ,st ,petersburg1 in virtue  
of the powers conferred upon him under  
the law on 'extraordinary protection1'  
has inflicted upon the editor of the    
,grazhdanin a fine of #a1jjj roubles    
7#ajj74   #gj4 ,a ,question of          
,legitimacy4  ,edward ,wolff1 a ,german 
subject1 domiciled in ,england since    
#ahfj1 goes to ,germany in #ahgj for the
 purpose of there marrying his niece4   
,he at once returns to ,england with his
 bride1 and becomes naturalized in      
#ahga4 ,his wife dies in #ahgc in giving
 birth to a son4 ,in #ahge he marries an
 ,englishwoman in ,london4 ,as the      

result of this marriage a second son is 
born in #ahgf4 ,in #aijj ,wolff dies    
without leaving a will1 six months after
 the death of his second wife4 ,the son 
of the second wife claims the whole of  
his father's estate1 maintaining that   
the first marriage of his father was    
invalid and that therefore his          
step-brother1 being illegitimate1 could 
not inherit4   #ga4 ,the ,coachman of an
 ,envoy4  ,in #ahbg a coachman of ,mr4  
,gallatin1 the ,american minister in    
,london1 committed an assault outside   
the embassy4 ,he was arrested in the    
stable of the embassy and charged before
 a local magistrate4 ,the ,british      
,foreign ,office refused to recognise   
the exemption of the coachman from the  
local jurisdiction4   #gb4 ,the ,case of
 ,schnaebel4  ,on ,april #bast1 #ahhg1  
,schnaebel1 the ,commissionary of       
,police of ,pagny-sur-,moselle1 crossed 
the ,german frontier on official        
business1 for the settlement of which he
 was invited to a meeting by the local  

,german functionaries4 ,he was1 however1
 at once arrested on a warrant for being
 concerned with the organization of     
espionage4     ,,section ,,xix   #gc4   
,amelia ,island4  ,amelia ,island1 at   
the mouth of ,st ,mary's ,river1 in     
,florida1 was1 in #ahag1 seized by a    
number of adventurers under the command 
of one ,mc,gregor1 who1 in the name of  
the insurgent colonies of ,buenos ,ayres
 and ,venezuela1 preyed not only on the 
commerce of ,spain but also on that of  
the ,united ,states4 ,the island was1 at
 that time1 part of ,spanish territory2 
and as the ,spanish government was not  
able to put an end to the nuisance      
created to the ,united ,states by the   
seizure1 the latter ordered a man-of-war
 to expel ,mc,gregor and his men from   
,amelia ,island1 to destroy their works 
and vessels1 and to take possession of  
the island for the purpose of preventing
 the recurrence of the nuisance4   #gd4 
,representation to ,china4  ,on ,jan4   
#aeth1 #aiji1 after the dismissal of    

,yuan-,shih-,kai1 the ,british and the  
,american diplomatic envoys at ,peking  
called by appointment on ,prince ,ching1
 who1 as president of the ,grand        
,council and the ,wai-wu-pu1 is the     
highest official of the ,chinese        
,empire4 ,the purpose of the appointment
 was to make a joint representation on  
the part of the two powers regarding the
 dismissal1 without any given reason1 of
 ,yuan-,shih-,kai1 whose services to the
 cause of order1 stability1 and progress
 in ,china had inspired such confidence 
in their two governments4   #ge4        
,exemption from ,rates4  ,the following 
appeared in the ,times1 ,dec4 #ith1     
#aijh3  ,the claim of ,herr von         
,bethmann-,hollweg1 a ,german ,embassy  
official1 to be exempt from rates in    
respect of his residence at             
,walton-on-,thames was before the urban 
council last night4  ,a letter was read 
from the ,rating of ,government         
,property ,department of the ,treasury  
stating that houses occupied by         

representatives of foreign ,powers and  
the accredited members of their suites  
were liable to assessment in common with
 other property of the country1 but as  
their persons and personal effects were 
by international law exempt from seizure
 if they refused to pay rates these     
could not be enforced against them by   
process of law4 ,reciprocal arrangements
 had1 however1 been entered into with   
certain ,powers1 ,germany being one of  
them1 under which a contribution in lieu
 of rates was given by the ,government  
to local authorities in respect of such 
occupations4  ,the ,walton ,council1 in 
common1 it is believed1 with many other 
local authorities in the country1 had   
held the view that it was impossible to 
recover rates under such circumstances1 
but their attention was drawn to the    
present case by the ,local ,government  
,board auditor1 at whose suggestion they
 wrote to the ,treasury1 with the above 
result4   #gf4 ,errant ,balloons4  ,the 
following notice from ,berlin appeared  

in the morning papers of ,november      
#bjth1 #aijh3  ,the ,french ,ambassador 
has drawn the attention of the ,imperial
 ,government to the repeated landing of 
,german balloons on ,french territory in
 view of the possibility of unpleasant  
incidents arising therefrom4 ,the       
,german military authorities are        
accordingly taking the necessary        
measures to prevent as far as possible  
the future landing of ,german balloons  
across the frontier4     ,,section ,,xx 
#gg4 ,sully in ,england4  ,in #afjc     
,sully1 who was sent by ,henri ,,iv of  
,france on a special mission to the     
,english ,court1 called together a      
,french jury in ,london1 and had a      
member of his retinue condemned to death
 for murder4 ,the convicted man was     
handed over for execution to the        
,english authorities1 but ,james ,i     
granted him a reprieve4   #gh4 ,homicide
 by an ,attach4  ,the attach of an      
embassy in ,paris during a dispute with 
his servant draws a revolver and shoots 

him dead4 ,his government orders him    
home1 but he refuses to obey1 leaves the
 embassy1 and settles down in ,paris4   
,thereupon his government demands his   
extradition from ,france4  ,how would   
the case have to be decided if the      
murderer has fled to ,england and 7#a7  
his home state requires his extradition1
 7#b7 both ,france and his home state   
require his extradition8   #gi4 ,a      
,disputed ,capture4  ,on ,july #adth1   
#ahje1 during the war between ,great    
,britain and ,spain1 the ,british       
privateer ,minerva captured the ,spanish
 vessel ,anna1 near the mouth of the    
river ,mississippi4 ,when brought before
 the ,british prize court in ,november1 
#ahje1 the ,united ,states claimed the  
captured vessel1 on the ground that the 
capture was effected within the         
,american territorial maritime belt4    
,from the evidence brought forward it   
appeared that the ,anna was captured at 
a spot five miles from the mainland1 but
 that there were several small mud      

islands composed of earth and trees1    
which had drifted down the river and had
 fixed themselves more than two miles   
off the shore4   #hj4 ,the ,punishment  
for ,murder4  ,in #aije ,henry ,johnson1
 an ,english subject1 commits a murder  
in ,london but succeeds in escaping4 ,in
 #aijf he appears in ,rome under the    
name of ,charles ,waiter and commits a  
murder there also4 ,during his trial at 
,rome his real name and antecedents are 
disclosed and reported in ,england4 ,as 
the ,italian penal code does not provide
 capital punishment and he is therefore 
only condemned to penal servitude for   
life1 the question is raised in the     
,english ,press whether ,england could  
not demand the extradition of the       
murderer1 so that he might be tried and 
executed in ,england for the murder     
committed there4     ,,section ,,xxi    
#ha4 ,a ,traitor's ,fate4  ,in #afgj    
,frederick ,william1 the great elector  
of ,brandenburg1 ordered his diplomatic 
envoy at ,warsaw1 the capital of        

,poland1 to obtain possession of the    
person of one ,colonel von ,kalkstein1 a
 ,prussian subject1 who had fled to     
,poland for political reasons1 as he was
 accused of high treason4 ,von          
,kalkstein having been seized secretly  
on ,november #bhth1 #afgj1 was wrapped  
up in a carpet and in this way carried  
across the frontier and beheaded at     
,memel4   #hb4 ,an ,interrupted         
,armistice4  ,during a war between      
states ,a and ,b1 a general armistice is
 concluded1 without detailed            
stipulations4 ,the commander of the     
forces of state ,a is informed through  
spies that the enemy is throwing up     
defences within the line where the      
forces face each other and is           
concentrating twice as many troops in   
that place as had been there before the 
conclusion of the armistice4 ,this he   
considers a violation of the armistice1 
and1 fearing an attack1 at once         
recommences hostilities1 without any    
previous denunciation of the armistice4 

#hc4 ,shooting ,affray in a ,legation4  
,in #ahfg ,nikitschenkow1 a ,russian    
subject not belonging to the ,russian   
,legation1 attacked and wounded a member
 of that ,legation within the precincts 
of the embassy in ,paris4 ,the ,french  
police were called in and arrested the  
criminal4 ,the ,russian government      
requested his extradition1 maintaining  
that1 as the crime was committed inside 
the ,russian embassy1 it fell           
exclusively within ,russian             
jurisdiction4   #hd4 ,the ,surrender of 
,port ,arthur4  ,in ,january1 #aije1 the
 ,russian general ,stssel1 the commander
 of ,port ,arthur1 while negotiating    
with the ,japanese for the surrender of 
that fortress1 ordered some             
fortifications to be blown up and       
certain ,russian men-of-war in the      
harbour to be sunk4     ,,section ,,xxii
   #he4 ,an ,ambassador's ,brother4  ,in
 #afec ,don ,pantaleon ,s1 the brother  
of the ,portuguese ambassador in ,london
 and a member of his suite1 killed an   

,englishman named ,greenway4 ,he was    
arrested by the ,english authorities1   
tried1 found guilty1 and executed4      
#hf4 ,a ,detained ,steamer4  ,in #aijd1 
during the ,russo-,japanese war1 the    
,captain ,w4 ,menzel1 a ,german steamer1
 took in ,welsh coal at ,cardiff1 with  
the intention of carrying it to the     
,russian fleet en route for the ,far    
,east4 ,the ,english government detained
 the steamer4 ,could ,germany have      
complained and asked for damages8   #hg4
 ,prussia and the ,poles4  ,the         
following appeared in the ,times of     
,dec4 #bnd1 #aijg1 dated ,vienna1 ,dec4 
#ast and #bnd respectively3  ,a mass    
meeting took place to-day at ,lemberg1  
the capital of ,galicia1 to protest     
against the ,polish policy of ,prussia  
and ,prince ,blow's ,expropriation      
,bill4 ,some #aj1jjj persons were       
present4 ,in a much applauded address1  
the vice-burgomaster condemned ,prince  
,blow's action and called upon the      
,polish representatives in the          

forthcoming ,austro-,hungarian          
,delegations to vote against the        
,foreign ,office estimates4 ,after the  
meeting1 the police prevented an attempt
 to make a demonstration against the    
,german ,imperial ,consulate4 ,the      
demonstrators carried large caricatures 
of the ,emperor ,william1 ,prince ,blow1
 and ,baron von ,aehrenthal4  ,to-day's 
reports show yesterday's anti-,prussian 
demonstration at ,lemberg to have been  
accompanied by some excesses4 ,after the
 meeting a number of demonstrators      
succeeded in breaking through the cordon
 of police and in reaching the hotel    
where the ,german ,consul has hitherto  
lived4 ,several windows were smashed1   
and1 in order to avoid an attack upon   
the hotel1 the hotel-keeper declared    
that he had already given the ,consul   
notice to quit and that the ,consul had 
departed4 ,the proposal of a student    
that no inhabitant of ,lemberg should   
give the ,german ,consul shelter on pain
 of being considered a traitor to the   

,polish cause was enthusiastically      
acclaimed4 ,a caricature of the ,emperor
 ,william was attached to the end of a  
rod and burned4   #hh4 ,a ,charmed      
,life4  ,the following appeared in a    
,london evening paper3  ,in the list    
dealt with by ,mr ,plowden yesterday at 
,marylebone was a charge against an     
,italian footman named ,pito ,conziani1 
aged twenty-four1 giving an address in  
,grosvenor-square1 who was accused of   
being found drunk and disorderly and    
using bad language the previous night in
 ,old ,quebec-street4  ,when the case   
was reached the accused came forward    
from a seat at the back of the ,court   
and was placed in front of the dock4  ,a
 consultation immediately took place    
between the clerk and the magistrate1   
and as a result ,mr ,plowden inquired   
who the accused was4  ,inspector ,grace 
replied that he was1 as he represented1 
in the service of the ,italian          
,ambassador1 and he claimed privilege4  
,mr ,plowden told the accused he bore a 

charmed life in this country in certain 
respects1 and ordered him to be         
discharged4     ,,section ,,xxiii   #hi4
 ,a ,daring ,robbery4  ,on ,july #aeth1 
#aijg1 the papers published the         
following3  ,last night the steamer     
,sophia was seized by armed robbers #af 
miles from ,odessa1 while on a voyage   
from this port to ,korthion4 ,at #aa    
o'clock three young men appeared on the 
deck1 where the captain and the         
passengers were at supper1 and held them
 in check while two others seized the   
man at the wheel and ordered him1 under 
threat of death1 to set the ship's      
course for ,odessa4 ,some of the        
robbers1 who appear to have numbered #ah
 in all1 then went into the first-class 
saloon1 where they took possession of an
 iron cash-box containing #ej1jjj       
roubles 7#e1jjj71 which was in charge of
 a cashier of the ,russian ,bank for    
,foreign ,trade4 ,they also took #a1jjj 
roubles 7#ajj7 belonging to the         
passengers4 ,the robbers then proceeded 

to disable the engines1 and let off all 
the steam1 and finally made their escape
 in two of the ,sophia's boats after    
destroying the third4 ,the police are   
seeking to trace the band1 but hitherto 
without success4   #ij4 ,the ,fall of   
,abdul ,hamid4  ,on ,april #bith1 #aiji1
 after the fall of ,abdul ,hamid and the
 enthronement of ,mohammed ,v1 the      
,president of the ,united ,states of    
,america sent the following telegram to 
the new ruler of ,turkey3  ,i offer your
 ,majesty my congratulations on your    
accession to the ,throne with such      
universal acclaim voiced by the people's
 representatives and at a time so       
propitious to the highest aspirations of
 the great nation over which you rule as
 the august head of a constitutional    
,government4 ,i assure you of the       
friendship of the ,government and people
 of the ,united ,states1 who earnestly  
wish for your ,majesty's happiness and  
for that of the people within your      
dominions1 and ,i add my own wishes for 

your ,majesty's health and welfare4     
#ia4 ,a ,president ,abroad4  ,the ,times
 of ,dec4 #dth1 #aijh1 contained the    
following telegram1 dated ,paris1 ,dec4 
#crd3  ,the ,french ,government will    
come to a decision at the ,cabinet      
,council to be held on ,saturday as to  
the conditions upon which ,president    
,castro1 the despot of ,venezuela1 will 
be allowed to land in ,france4 ,at the  
moment of his departure for ,europe it  
was reported that the object of the     
,president's journey was to see a       
distinguished specialist with a view to 
a surgical operation4 ,since then1      
however1 trustworthy information has    
reached the ,quai d',orsay to the effect
 that his state of health is not so     
precarious as it had been reported to   
be1 and that he looks forward to        
receiving in ,paris the hospitality to  
which ,south ,americans are accustomed4 
,if that be the case1 there are serious 
reasons for believing that he will meet 
with disappointment4 ,the relations     

between ,france and ,venezuela have been
 suspended now for several years1 and   
the ,french representative at ,caracas1 
it will be remembered1 was expelled from
 ,venezuela4 ,the ,french ,foreign      
,office is at present engaged in        
preparing a statement of its grievances 
against ,president ,castro1 to serve as 
a basis for the discussion in the next  
,cabinet ,council of the delicate       
questions raised by the ,dictator's     
decision to visit this country4  ,again1
 the ,times of ,dec4 #aath contained the
 following1 dated ,paris1 ,dec4 #ajth3  
,president ,castro landed in ,france    
this morning from the steamer           
,guadeloupe at ,pauillac1 where he was  
met by the ,venezuelan ,consul at ,genoa
 and a dozen or more friends4 ,he took a
 special train from ,bordeaux1 and on   
arriving with his wife1 brother1 three  
doctors1 and six servants1 he allowed   
himself to be photographed1 subsequently
 driving to the ,htel de ,france4 ,on   
reaching the hotel he received a visit  

from ,m4 ,gout1 a high official at the  
,quai d',orsay1 who had been specially  
despatched by the ,minister for ,foreign
 ,affairs to inform ,president ,castro  
of the conditions on which the          
,government has allowed him to land in  
,france1 and on which he will be        
permitted to stay here4 ,the ,government
 has refused to reveal the details of   
the decision at which it arrived in the 
,cabinet ,council of last ,saturday as  
to its treatment of the ,venezuelan     
,president4 ,he declared to the         
representative of the ,french ,foreign  
,office that he had come to ,europe as a
 mere private individual to see a       
doctor1 but a semi-official note        
communicated this evening states that   
'it is believed that he will take       
advantage of his stay to try to settle  
his affairs with the various ,powers    
which no longer have agents accredited  
to his ,government4'  ,there is reason  
to believe that this very guarded and   
somewhat enigmatical statement marks the

 definite decision of the ,french       
,government to demand from ,president   
,castro a complete settlement of all the
 questions outstanding between him and  
this country4 ,it is felt that while    
,france cannot repudiate her traditions 
of hospitality1 she has nevertheless    
seized this opportunity to make it quite
 clear to the ,president that any       
prolongation of his sojourn here must   
depend on his meeting the views of the  
,french ,government4   #ib4 ,a ,rejected
 ,ambassador4  ,in #ahhe ,italy refused 
to receive ,mr4 ,keilly as ambassador of
 the ,united ,states of ,america1       
because he had1 in #ahga1 protested     
against the annexation of the ,papal    
,states4 ,and when the ,united ,states  
sent the same gentleman as ambassador to
 ,austria1 the latter refused him       
reception1 on the ground that his wife  
was said to be a ,jewess4     ,,section 
,,xxiv   #ic4 ,revictualling of a       
,fortress4  ,during a war between states
 ,a and ,b1 a general armistice is      

concluded for thirty days1 without any  
detailed stipulations4 ,the commander of
 a besieged fortress claims the right of
 re-victualling1 but the commander of   
the besieging forces refuses this4 ,the 
besieged commander considers this       
refusal a violation of the armistice and
 threatens to denounce it unless the    
besieging commander complies with his   
request4   #id4 ,dutch ,reprisals4  ,in 
consequence of the dispute which had    
arisen between ,holland and ,venezuela  
in #aijh--see the case of the ,expulsion
 of ,m4 de ,reus1 above p4 #he--the     
,dutch government sent some cruisers    
into ,venezuelan waters with the        
intention of resorting to reprisals4    
,accordingly the ,dutch cruiser         
,gelderland captured on ,saturday1 ,dec4
 #abth1 #aijh1 the ,venezuelan          
coastguard ship ,alexis outside ,puerto 
,cabello4 ,the captain of the ,alexis   
was put ashore at ,puerto ,cabello1 and 
he forwarded to his government at       
,caracas the following communication    

handed to him by the officer of the     
,gelderland who boarded his vessel3     
,december #ab4  ,her ,majesty the ,queen
 of ,holland has given orders to her    
warships temporarily to sequestrate and 
place an embargo upon all vessels of the
 ,venezuelan ,government4 ,this is a    
retaliatory measure4 ,we demand that you
 lower your flag and surrender your ship
 and your persons to the commander of   
the ,gelderland4 ,all resistance will be
 useless4 ,if you resist the result will
 be the loss of your vessel and the     
death of many of you4  ,,second         
,,lieutenant ,,boinar4   #ie4 ,birth on 
the ,high ,seas4  ,an ,englishwoman     
gives birth to an illegitimate child on 
board a ,german liner while on the high 
seas on a voyage to ,new ,york4 ,the    
child's father is ,german4 ,what is the 
nationality of the child8   #if4 ,a     
,high-handed ,action4  ,on the #aeth of 
,march1 #ahjd1 ,napoleon1 though at     
peace with ,baden1 sent a body of troops
 into the territory of this state for   

the purpose of surprising the castle of 
,ettenheim and of carrying off the ,duke
 of ,enghien4 ,the ,duke was brought to 
the castle of ,vincennes1 near ,paris1  
and the same night was tried by court   
martial on the charge of high treason   
for having borne arms against ,france4  
,he was convicted1 and was shot on the  
following morning4     ,,section ,,xxv  
#ig4 ,the ,southern ,queen4  ,during an 
insurrection on an island belonging to  
state ,a1 the ,southern ,queen1 a vessel
 sailing under the flag of state ,b with
 a cargo of ammunition and carrying a   
number of individuals desirous of       
joining the insurgents1 is on her way to
 a port in the island concerned4 ,state 
,a1 receiving information of the matter1
 orders a man-of-war to be on the look  
out for the vessel and to seize her4    
,the order is carried out on the high   
seas1 #aej miles away from the island4  
#ih4 ,a ,three-cornered ,dispute4  ,in  
,april1 #ahic1 the ,viceroy ,li ,hung   
,chang granted the exclusive right of   

the free importation of grain into      
,tien-,tsin to the ,china ,merchants    
,steamship ,navigation ,company4        
,england protested against this         
monopoly1 because it was contrary to    
,article #c of the ,treaty of ,commerce 
between ,china and the ,united ,states1 
the benefits of which ,england could    
claim in consequence of the most        
favoured nation clause in her own       
treaties with ,china4 ,the ,chinese     
government answered that the ,united    
,states had1 by passing the ,chinese    
,exclusion ,act1 broken the commercial  
treaty concerned1 that therefore the    
treaty had come to an end1 and that no  
one could1 under the most favoured      
nation clause1 claim any longer the     
benefits of a treaty which had ceased to
 exist4 7,see ,lehr1 in the ,revue de   
,droit ,international et de ,lgislation 
,compare1 ,vol4 ,,xxv4 7#ahic71 p4      
#cac47   #ii4 ,russian ,revolutionary   
,outrage in ,paris4  ,the following     
appeared in the ,times of ,may #ajth1   

#aiji3  ,a ,russian1 who described      
himself as ,colonel von ,kotten1 chief  
of the ,moscow secret police1 was shot  
at yesterday by an escaped ,russian     
convict1 ,michael ,vitkoff1 at an hotel 
in the ,rue ,bolivar1 where the two men 
met by appointment4 ,according to the   
police officer's story1 ,vitkoff was a  
,polish revolutionary who had been      
sentenced to deportation to ,siberia1   
but who had been reprieved upon         
volunteering to act as a police spy on  
the movements of his revolutionary      
comrades4 ,vitkoff subsequently came to 
,paris1 and upon the arrival of the     
police officer in the ,french capital a 
few days ago he induced ,colonel von    
,kotten to visit him upon the pretext   
that he had important information to    
communicate4 ,no sooner had the officer 
entered ,vitkoff's room than the latter 
fired several shots at him with a       
revolver1 none of which1 however1 took  
effect4 ,a hand-to-hand struggle        
followed1 in which ,vitkoff was worsted4

 ,the man succeeded in making his       
escape1 but gave himself up at the      
nearest police station1 where he told   
his story1 which was confirmed by       
,colonel von ,kotten1 who arrived       
shortly afterwards little the worse for 
his experience4 ,vitkoff was taken into 
custody and will be charged with        
attempted murder4  ,minute details of   
the attack upon ,colonel von ,kotten are
 published1 but they shed little or no  
light upon the motives of the           
aggression4 ,in some quarters it is     
suggested that1 unless ,vitkoff's action
 was purely personal1 it may have been  
dictated by a desire on the part of the 
,russian revolutionaries to secure by   
means of a judicial trial in ,france the
 publicity which even the ,azeff and    
,feodoroff cases have failed to gain for
 their efforts to expose the activity of
 the ,russian secret police4   #ajj4    
,the ,detention of ,napoleon ,i4  ,the  
question is frequently discussed whether
 the detention of ,napoleon ,i at ,st   

,helena was or was not in accordance    
with international law4 ,the facts of   
the case are as follows3 ,after having  
abdicated the throne of ,france in      
favour of his son1 ,napoleon thought of 
taking refuge in ,america1 and therefore
 set out for the port of ,rochefort4    
,arriving there on ,july #crd1 #ahae1 he
 found the harbour watched by a ,british
 fleet4 ,after some days of deliberation
 he made up his mind to throw himself on
 the mercy of the ,english people1 and  
therefore on ,july #acth he wrote to the
 ,prince ,regent that he came to take   
his seat at the hearth of the ,british  
people and that he placed himself under 
the protection of the ,british laws4 ,on
 ,july #aeth he went on board the       
,english ship the ,bellerophon and gave 
himself into the charge of her captain1 
by whom he was conveyed to ,england4 ,on
 ,august #gth ,napoleon was removed to  
,h4,m4,s4 ,northumberland1 and the      
commander was instructed to convey him1 
together with a suite of twenty-five    

persons1 to the island of ,st ,helena4  
,he arrived on ,oct4 #agth and remained 
there a prisoner of state up to the day 
of his death on ,may #eth1 #ahba4  ,in  
transporting and detaining ,napoleon    
,great ,britain carried out a mandate of
 the allied powers1 for three identical 
conventions concerning the detention of 
,napoleon were signed at ,paris on      
,august #bnd1 #ahae1 by the             
representatives of ,austria1 ,great     
,britain1 ,prussia1 and ,russia4 ,the   
important stipulations of the           
conventions--see ,martens1 ,n4,r4 ,,ii4 
p4 #fje--;are the two following3  ,art4 
,i4 ,napolon ,bonaparte est regard par  
les ,puissances qui ont sign le trait du
 #be mars dernier comme ,leur           
prisonnier4  ,art4 ,,ii4 ,son garde est 
spcialement confie au ,gouvernement     
,britannique4 ,le choix du lieu et celui
 des mesures qui peuvent le mieux       
assurer le but de la prsente stipulation
 sont rservs  ,sa ,majest ,britannique4