,a ,treatise on ,relics ,by ,john ,calv9 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ,orig9al ,) ,an ,introductory ,diss]tation ,on ! ,miracul\s ,images1 z ,well z ,o!r ,sup]/itions1 ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,russo-,greek ,*ur*es4 ,by ! ,late ,c\nt ,val]ian ,kras9ski1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,religi\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,slavonic ,nations10 etc4 ,second ,edition4 ,ed9burgh3 ,john/one1 ,hunt] ,co4 #ahgj ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,preface ,to ,! ,second ,edition4 ,introductory ,diss]tation4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,orig9 ,( ,! ,wor%ip ,( ,relics ,& ,images ,9 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,compromise ,( ,! ,*ur* ,) ,paganism4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,position ,( ,! ,fir/ ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors ,t[>ds ,paganism1 ,& ,_! ,policy ,9 ,?is ,respect4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,infection ,( ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,by ,pagan ,ideas ,& ,practices ,dur+ ,! ,f\r? ,& ,fif? ,c5turies4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,reaction ,aga9/ ,! ,wor%ip ,( ,images ,& ,o!r ,sup]/iti\s ,practices ,by ,! ,iconocla/ ,emp]ors ,( ,! ,ea/4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,orig9 ,& ,developm5t ,( ,! ,pi\s ,leg5ds1 ,or ,lives ,( ,sa9ts1 ,dur+ ,! ,middle ,ages4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,analysis ,( ,! ,pagan ,rites ,& ,practices ,:i* ,h ,be5 ,reta9$ ,by ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,z ,well ,z ,! ,grco-,russian ,*ur*4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,image-,wor%ip ,& ,o!r ,sup]/iti\s ,practices ,( ,! ,graeco-,russian ,*ur*4 ,calv9's ,treatise ,on ,relics1 ,) ,notes ,by ,! ,translator4 ,po/script4 ,li/ ,( ,works ,publi%$ ,by ,john/one1 ,hunt]1 ,co41 ,ed9burgh4 ,footnotes ,,preface4 ,! ,treatise on ,relics by ! great ,re=m] ( ,g5eva is n s g5]ally kn[n z x des]ves1 ?\gh at ! "t ( its publication x enjoy$ a consid]able popul>ity47#a7 ,! probable reason ( ?is is3 ! absurdity ( ! relics describ$ 9 ! ,treatise has s9ce ! ,re=mation gradually become s obvi\s1 t _! exhibitors make z little noise z possible ab\t _! miracul\s w>es1 ^: virtues are no long] believ$ except by ! mo/ ignorant "p ( ! population ( c\ntries :]e9 ! education ( ! inf]ior classes is neglect$4 ,&1 inde$1 n only ,prote/ants1 b _m enlight5$ ,roman ,ca?olics believ$ t all ! miracles ( relics1 images1 & o!r sup]/itions ) :i* ,*ri/ianity 7 infect$ dur+ ! times ( m$ival ignorance w\ld be soon1 by ! progress ( k1 consign$ = ev] to ! oblivion ( ! d>k ages1 & only record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ab]rations ( ! human m9d1 toge!r ) ! sup]/itions ( anci5t ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome4 ,un=tunately ^! hopes h n be5 realis$1 & are /ill rema9+ among/ ! pia desid]ia4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic reaction1 :i* comm5c$ ab\t half a c5tury ago by works ( a philosophical nature1 adapt$ to ! wants ( ! mo/ intellectual classes ( society1 has1 embold5$ by success1 gradually assum$ a m & m mat]ial t5d5cy1 & at l5g? has begun to manife/ itself by su* results z ! exhibition ( ! holy coat at ,treves1 :i* produc$ a great noise ov] all ,g]many17#b7 ! app>ition ( ! ,virg9 at ,la ,salette1 ! w9k+ ,madonna ( ,rim9i1 &1 :at is p]haps m important ?an all1 ! solemn in/allation ( ! relics ( ,/ ,!odosia at ,ami5s2 :il/ works ( a description simil> to ! ,life ( ,/ ,francis ( ,assisi1 by ,m4 ,*av9 de ,malan1 & ! ,lives ( ! ,engli% ,sa9ts1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ on pp4 #aac & #aae ( my ,introduction are produc$ by writ]s ( consid]able tal5t & le>n+4 ,^! are significant facts1 & prove1 at all ev5ts1 t 9 spite ( ! progress ( intellect & k1 :i* is ! boa/ ( our c5tury1 we seem to be fa/ return+ to a /ate ( ?+s simil> to ! "t :5 ,calv9 wrote 8 ,treatise4 ,i !re=e believe t its reproduction 9 a new ,engli% translation w n be out ( date4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! politico-religi\s sy/em ( aggression foll[$ by ,russia has n[ tak5 su* a rapid developm5t1 t ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 ! lib]ties & civilization ( ,europe f t qu>t] h become m imm95t ?an ^? :i* may be appreh5d$ f ! ,roman ,ca?olic reaction4 ,=tunately ,engl& & ,france h tak5 up arms aga9/ ! impi\s crusade proclaim$ by ! ,imp]ial ,pope ( ,russia4 ,i ?9k t ! t]m impi\s1 :i* ,i am advis$ly us+ on ?is occasion1 is by no means exagg]at$2 because1 h[ c we o!rwise designate ! proce$+s adopt$ by ! ,cz> = excit+ ! religi\s fanaticism ( ! ,russians1 z1 = in/ance1 ! lett] ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,georgia1 address$ to t ( ,mosc[1 & publi%$ 9 ! (ficial ,gazette ( ,/ ,pet]sburg1 /at+1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,russian ,g5]al1 ,pr9ce ,bagration ,mukhranski1 t dur+ an engagem5t betwe5 ! ,russians & ! ,turks1 :i* rec5tly took place 9 ,asia1 ! ,bless$ ,virg9 appe>$ 9 ! air & fright5$ ! ,turks to su* a degree t !y took to flight67#c7 ,i h develop$ ?is subject 9 ! la/ *apt] ( my ,introduction1 9 ord] to %[ my read]s ! religi\s condition ( ! ,russian p1 because ,i ?9k t )\t x a k ( ! policy n[ foll[$ by _! ,gov]nm5t _c be well und]/ood1 or its consequ5ces fully appreciat$4 ,,ed9burgh1 ,may #ahed4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,! valuable ,diss]tation :i* =ms su* a fitt+ comm5t>y ^u ,john ,calv9's ,treatise on ,relics1 0 writt5 by ! late lam5t$ au?or on ! eve ( ! ,crimean ,w>1 9 #ahed4 ,x has be5 out ( pr9t = sev]al ye>s1 b 9 ^! days ( ,popi% assumption & claims to ,infallibility1 x has be5 ?\ght t a new edition w\ld prove acceptable1 & be f\nd useful 9 direct+ att5tion to ! mumm]ies & absurdities engraft$ on ! ,true ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 by ! false & corrupt ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,,ed9burgh1 ,janu>y #ahgj4 ,,introductory ,,diss]tation4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,orig9 ,( ,! ,wor%ip ,( ,relics ,& ,images ,9 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,h]o-wor%ip is innate to human nature1 & x is f\nd$ on "s ( our noble/ feel+s1--gratitude1 love1 & admiration4--b :i*1 l all o!r feel+s1 :5 uncontroll$ by pr9ciple & reason1 may easily deg5]ate into ! wilde/ exagg]ations1 & lead to mo/ dang]\s consequ5ces4 ,x 0 by su* an exagg]ation ( ^! noble feel+s t ,paganism fill$ ! ,olympus ) gods & demigods1--elevat+ to ?is rank m5 :o h (t5 des]v$ ! gratitude ( _! fell[-creatures1 by "s signal s]vices r5d]$ to ! community1 or _! admiration1 by hav+ p]=m$ "s de$s :i* requir$ a m ?an usual degree ( m5tal & physical p[]s4 ,! same cause obta9$ = ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs ! gratitude & admiration ( _! fell[-,*ri/ians1 & f9ally conv]t$ !m into a k9d ( demigods4 ,?is 0 m p>ticul>ly ! case :5 ! *ur* began to be corrupt$ by h] compromise ) ,paganism1 :i* hav+ be5 baptiz$ )\t be+ conv]t$1 rapidly introduc$ into ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 n only _m ( its rites & c]emonies1 b ev5 its poly!ism1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! div9ities ( ,greece & ,rome 7 replac$ by ,*ri/ian sa9ts1 _m ( :om receiv$ ! (fices ( _! ,pagan pr$ecessors47#d7 ,! *ur* 9 ! beg9n+ tol]at$ ^! abuses1 z a tempor>y evil1 b 0 aft]w>ds unable to remove !m2 & !y became s /rong1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! prevail+ ignorance ( ! middle ages1 t ! *ur* end$ by legalis+1 ?r\gh h] decrees1 t at :i* %e did no?+ b w9k at fir/4 ,i %all endeav\r to give my read]s a rapid sket* ( ! rise1 progress1 & f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! ,pagan practices :i* n only cont9ue to prevail 9 ! ,we/]n z well z 9 ! ,ea/]n *ur*1 b h be5 ( late1 not)/&+ ! boa/$ progress ( intellect 9 our days1 manife/$ 9 z bold z successful a mann]4 ,no?+1 inde$1 c be m des]v+ ( our admiration ?an ! conduct ( ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs1 :o *e]fully submitt$ to an ignom9i\s dea?1 inflict$ by ! mo/ atroci\s torm5ts1 r ?an d5y _! fai? ev5 by ! m]e p]=mance ( an app>5tly insignificant rite ( ,paganism4 ,_! p]secutors 7 (t5 affect$ by see+ examples ( an h]oic =titude1 su* z !y admir$ 9 a ,scvola or a ,regulus1 display$ n only by m51 b by wom51 & ev5 *ildr51 & became conv]t$ to a fai? :i* c\ld inspire its confessors ) su* a devotion to its t5ets4 ,x has be5 ju/ly said t ! blood ( ! m>tyrs 0 ! glory & ! se$ ( ! *ur*1 because ! con/ancy ( h] confessors has1 p]haps1 giv5 h] m conv]ts ?an ! eloqu5ce & le>n+ ( h] doctors4 ,x 01 !re=e1 v natural t ! memory ( ^? noble *ampions ( ,*ri/ianity %\ld be held 9 great v5]ation by _! bre?r5 9 ! fai?4 ,! bodies ( ! m>tyrs1 or _! remnants1 7 always1 :5ev] x 0 possible1 pur*as$ f _! judges or execution]s1 & dec5tly buri$ by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! day on :i* ! m>tyr _h suff]$ 0 g5]ally m>k$ 9 ! regi/]s ( 8 *ur*1 9 ord] to commemorate ?is glori\s ev5t on its anniv]s>ies4 ,^! commemorations usually consi/$ 9 ! eulogy ( ! m>tyr1 deliv]$ 9 an assembly ( ! *ur*1 = ! edification ( ! fai?ful1 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! weak1 & ! /imulat+ ( ! lukew>m1 by sett+ be=e !m ! noble example ( ! above-m5tion$ m>tyr4 ,x 0 v natural t ! objects ( ! commemoration receiv$ on su* an occasion ! greate/ praises1 n unfrequ5tly express$ 9 ! mo/ exagg]at$ t]ms1 b !re 0 no "q ab\t invok+ ! aid or int]cession ( ! confessors ^: example 0 ?us held out = ! imitation ( ! *ur*4 ,we "k f ! ,acts t nei!r ,/ ,/eph51 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian m>tyr1 nor ,/ ,james1 :o 0 kill$ by ,h]od1 7 invok$ 9 any mann] by ! apo/olic *ur*1 because1 _h ?is be5 ! case1 ! inspir$ writ] ( ?is fir/ record ( ! anci5t *ur* w\ld n h omitt$ su* an important circum/ance1 hav+ m5tion$ facts ( mu* less] consequ5ce4 ,_h su* a practice be5 9 con=mity ) ! apo/olic doctr9e1 x w\ld h c]ta9ly be5 br\ght =w>d 9 ! epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 or 9 ^? ( o!r apo/les4 ,!re is also suffici5t evid5ce t ! fa!rs ( ! primitive *ur* knew no?+ ( ! invocation1 or any o!r k9d ( wor%ip r5d]$ to dep>t$ sa9ts4 ,! limits ( ?is essay all[ me n to adduce evid5ces ( ?is fact1 :i* may be abundantly drawn f ! writ+s ( ^? fa!rs1 & ,i %all cont5t myself ) ! foll[+ few b conclusive in/ances ( ?is k9d4 ,/ ,clem5t1 bi%op ( ,rome1 :o is suppos$ to h be5 in/itut$ by ,/ ,paul1 & to be ! same ( :om he speaks 9 8 ,epi/le to ! ,philippians iv4 #c1 address$ a lett] to ! ,cor9?ians on acc\nt ( c]ta9 diss5sions by :i* _! *ur* 0 di/urb$4 ,he recomm5ds to !m1 ) great praises1 ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 :o _h suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,n]o1 b he does n say a ^w ab\t invok+ ! aid or int]cession ( ! m>tyr1 :o 0 ! f\nd] ( _! *ur*1 & :i* w\ld h be5 mo/ suitable on t occasion1 if su* a practice _h already be5 admitt$ by ! ,*ri/ians ( 8 "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he prays ,god = !m1 8because x is ,he :o gives to ! s\l t invokes ,him1 fai?1 grace1 peace1 pati5ce1 & wisdom40 ,/ ,polyc>p1 bi%op ( ,smyrna1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury1 address$ a lett] to ! ,philippians1 b he says no?+ 9 x to recomm5d ! invocation ( ,/ ,paul1 :o 0 ! f\nd] ( _! *ur*1 & z su* w\ld h be5 consid]$ z its patron sa9t1 _h ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts be5 at t "t already introduc$ among/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! mo/ important & positive pro( t ! primitive ,*ri/ians1 n only did n pay any adoration to ! m>tyrs1 b decid$ly reject$ x1 is ! epi/le :i* 0 issu$ by ! *ur* ( ,smyrna aft] ! m>tyrdom ( its bi%op1 :om ,i h j m5tion$4 ,x /ates t ! ,pagans _h1 at ! in/igation ( ! ,jews1 closely wat*$ ! ,*ri/ians1 imag9+ t !y w\ld endeav\r to c>ry away ! a%es ( ,polyc>p 9 ord] to wor%ip him aft] 8 dea?1 because ^! idolat]s knew n t ! ,*ri/ians _c ab&on ,jesus ,*ri/1 or wor%ip any "o else4 8,we wor%ip10 says ! same docum5t1 8,jesus ,*ri/1 :o is ! ,son ( ,god2 b ) reg>d to ! m>tyrs1 ! disciples ( ,*ri/ & imitators ( 8 virtues1 we love !m1 z !y des]ve x1 on acc\nt ( ! unconqu]able love :i* !y _h = _! ,ma/] & ,k+2 & w\ld to ,god t we %\ld become _! disciples & p>tak]s ( _! zeal40 ,i c\ld multiply pro(s ( ?is k9d )\t end1 b ,i %all only obs]ve1 t ev5 9 ! f\r? c5tury ! or?odox ,*ri/ians consid]$ ! wor%ip ( e creat$ be+ z idolatry1 because ! oppon5ts ( ! ,arians1 :o consid]$ ,jesus ,*ri/ z creat$ & n co-ess5tial ) ,god ! ,fa!r1 employ$ ! foll[+ argum5t to combat ?is dogma3--8,if y consid] ,jesus ,*ri/ a creat$ be+1 y commit idolatry by wor%ipp+ him40 ,admiration is1 h[ev]1 ak9 to adoration1 & x 0 no wond] t ^? ^: memory 0 con/antly prais$1 & frequ5tly 9 ! mo/ exagg]at$ t]ms1 gradually began to be consid]$ z some?+ m ?an simple mortals1 & treat$ accord+ly4 ,x 0 also v natural t v>i\s objects :i* _h belong$ to ! m>tyrs 7 c>efully pres]v$ z int]e/+ mem5toes1 s9ce x is cont9ually done ) p]sons :o h acquir$ "s k9d ( celebrity1 & t ?is %\ld be ! case ) _! bodies1 :i* h (t5 be5 embalm$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible1 z ,calv9 has ju/ly obs]v$17#e7 to pres]ve su* objects )\t hon\r+ !m 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 & ?is mu/ soon deg5]ate into adoration4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! wor%ip ( relics1 :i* w5t on increas+ 9 ! same ratio z ! purity ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es 0 giv+ way to ! sup]/itions ( ,paganism4 ,! wor%ip ( images is intimately connect$ ) t ( ! sa9ts4 ,!y 7 reject$ by ! primitive ,*ri/ians2 b ,/ ,ir5u1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury1 relates t !re 0 a sect ( h]etics1 ! ,c>pocratians1 :o wor%ipp$1 9 ! mann] ( ,pagans1 diff]5t images repres5t+ ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,/ ,paul1 & o!rs4 ,! ,gno/ics _h also images2 b ! *ur* reject$ _! use 9 a positive mann]1 & a ,*ri/ian writ] ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,m9utius ,felix1 says t 8! ,pagans reproa*$ ! ,*ri/ians = hav+ nei!r temples nor simula*res20 & ,i c\ld quote _m o!r evid5ces t ! primitive ,*ri/ians ent]ta9$ a great horror aga9/ e k9d ( images1 consid]+ !m z ! "w ( demons4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! use ( pictures 0 creep+ into ! *ur* already 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 because ! c\ncil ( ,elvira 9 ,spa91 held 9 #cje1 especially =bids to h any picture 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,^! pictures 7 g5]ally repres5tations ( "s ev5ts1 ei!r ( ! ,new or ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & _! object 0 to in/ruct ! common & illit]ate p 9 sacr$ hi/ory1 :il/ o!rs 7 emblems1 repres5t+ "s ideas connect$ ) ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly a p[]ful means ( produc+ an impression ^u ! s5ses & ! imag9ation ( ! vulg>1 :o believe )\t reason+1 & admit )\t reflection2 x 0 also ! mo/ easy way ( conv]t+ rude & ignorant nations1 because1 look+ con/antly on ! repres5tations ( "s fact1 p usually end by believ+ x4 ,?is iconographic tea*+ 01 !re=e1 recomm5d$ by ! rul]s ( ! *ur*1 z be+ useful to ! ignorant1 :o _h only ! und]/&+ ( eyes1 & c\ld n read writ+s47#f7 ,su* a practice 01 h[ev]1 fraught ) ! greate/ dang]1 z exp]i5ce has b too mu* prov$4 ,x 0 replac+ intellect by sight47#g7 ,in/ead ( elevat+ man t[>ds ,god1 x 0 br++ d[n ! ,deity to ! level ( 8 f9ite intellect1 & x c\ld n b p[]fully contribute to ! rapid spread ( a pagan an?ropomorphism 9 ! *ur*4 ,!re 0 also ano!r cause :i* seems to h greatly contribut$ to ! propagation ( ! abovem5tion$ an?ropomorphism among/ ! ,*ri/ians1 namely1 ! contemplative life ( ! h]mits1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? :o inhabit$ ! burn+ des]ts ( ,egypt4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ ( ^! monks1 by ,zimm]man1 9 8 celebrat$ "w on ,solitude1 t 8m5 ( extraord9>y *>act]s1 & actuat$ by /range & uncommon passions1 h %runk f ! pleasures ( ! _w into joyless gloom & desolation4 ,9 savage & dre>y des]ts !y h liv$ a solit>y & de/itute life1 subject+ !mselves to volunt>y self-d5ials & mortifications almo/ incr$ible2 sometimes expos$ 9 nak$ness to ! *ill+ bla/s ( ! w9t] cold1 or ! scor*+ brea? ( summ]'s heat1 till _! bra9s1 di/emp]$ by ! jo9t op]ation ( tortur$ s5ses & ov]/ra9$ imag9ation1 sw>m$ ) ! wilde/ & mo/ frantic visions407#h7 ,! same writ] relates1 on ! au?ority ( ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 t an individual _h be5 rov+ ab\t ,m\nt ,s9ai ne>ly dur+ fifty ye>s1 entirely nak$1 & avoid+ all int]c\rse ) m54 ,once1 h[ev]1 be+ inquir$ ab\t ! motives ( 8 /range conduct1 he answ]$1 t1 8enjoy+ z he did ! society ( s]aphim & *]ubim1 he felt av]sion to int]c\rse ) m5407#i7 ,_m ( ^! en?usia/s imag9$1 9 _! halluc9ations1 !y _h a direct int]c\rse ) ,god himself1 :o1 z well z ! subord9ate spirits1 appe>$ to !m 9 a human %ape4 ,! monks ( ,egypt 71 inde$1 ! mo/ zeal\s def5d]s ( ! corporeality ( ,god4 ,!y viol5tly hat$ ,orig9es = 8 ma9ta9+ t ,he 0 spiritual4 ,!ophilus1 bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 oppos$ ?is error2 b ! monks assembl$ 9 great =ce1 ) ! int5tion ( murd]+ him2 & he escap$ ?is dang] by address+ !m 9 ! words :i* ,jacob us$ to ,esau1 8,i h se5 ?y face1 z ?\gh ,i _h se5 ! face ( ,god40--7,g54 xxxiii #aj47 ,?is complim5t1 :i* c\ld be int]pret$ z an ackn[l$gm5t ( a corporeal ,god1 appeas$ ! wra? ( ! monks1 b !y compell$ ,!ophilus to ana!matise ! writ+s ( ,orig9es4 ,! foll[+ anecdote is *>act]i/ic ( ! /rong t5d5cy ( human nature t[>ds an?ropomorphism4 ,an old monk1 call$ ,s]apion1 hav+ be5 conv9c$ by ! argum5ts ( a fri5d t x 0 an error to believe ,god corporeal1 exclaim$1 weep+1 8,alas1 my ,god 0 tak5 f me1 & ,i d n "k :om ,i am n[ wor%ipp+607#aj7 ,i %all h1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is essay1 opportunities to %[ t ! monks h always be5 ! mo/ zeal\s & effici5t promot]s ( image-wor%ip4 ,! foll[+ rapid sket* ( ! introduction ( image-wor%ip into ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & ( its consequ5ces1 has be5 drawn by a ,fr5* liv+ writ]1 ^: religi\s views ,i d n %>e1 b ^: pr(\nd erudition1 fairness1 & s9c]ity1 are des]v+ ( ! greate/ praise3-- 8,! av]sion ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians to ! images1 inspir$ by ! ,pagan simula*res1 made room1 dur+ ! c5turies :i* foll[$ ! p]iod ( ! p]secutions1 to a feel+ ( an entirely diff]5t k9d1 & ! images gradually ga9$ _! fav\r4 ,reappe>+ at ! end ( ! f\r? & dur+ ! c\rse ( ! fif? c5turies1 simply z emblems1 !y soon became images1 9 ! true acceptation ( ?is ^w2 & ! respect :i* 0 ent]ta9$ by ! ,*ri/ians = ! p]sons & ideas repres5t$ by ^? images1 0 aft]w>ds conv]t$ into a real wor%ip4 ,repres5tations ( ! suff]+s :i* ! ,*ri/ians _h endur$ = ! sake ( _! religion1 7 at fir/ exhibit$ to ! p 9 ord] to /imulate by su* a sight ! fai? ( ! masses1 always lukew>m & indiff]5t4 ,) reg>d to ! images ( div9e p]sons ( entirely immat]ial be+s1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 t !y did n orig9ate f ! mo/ spiritualis$ & pure doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian society1 b 7 reject$ by ! sev]e or?odoxy ( ! primitive *ur*4 ,^! simula*res appe> to h be5 spread at fir/ by ! ,gno/ics1--i4e41 by ^? ,*ri/ian sects :i* adopt$ ! mo/ ( ! beliefs ( ,p]sia & ,india4 ,?us x 0 a ,*ri/ianity :i* 0 n purifi$ by its contact ) ! s*ool ( ,plato1--a ,*ri/ianity :i* entirely reject$ ! ,mosaic tradition1 9 ord] to atta* itself to ! mo/ /range & attractive my?s ( ,p]sia & ,india1--t gave bir? to ! images4 ,& x 0 a return to ! spiritualism ( ! fir/ ages1 & a revival ( ! _s ( av]sion to :at has a t5d5cy ( l[]+ ,div9ity to ! n>r[ proportions ( a human creature1 t produc$ w> aga9/ ^? images4 ,b ! mann]s & ! beliefs _h be5 *ang$4 ,:ole nations _h receiv$ ,*ri/ianity1 :5 x 0 already escort$ by t idolatr\s tra9 ( c>v$ & pa9t$ images4 ,only ^? populations among/ :om ! anci5t traditions 7 pres]v$ c\ld fav\r ?is reaction4 ,! cl]gy 71 moreov]1 int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ "o ( _! mo/ p[]ful means ( tea*+4 ,! long & p]sev]+ ef=ts ( ! ,iconocla/s prov$ !re=e ineffective2 & ! ,wald5ses 7 n m =tunate4 ,wickliffe1 ! ,hussites1 & ,c>lo/ad1 attack$ ! images2 b x 0 res]v$ only to ! ,calv9i/s to e/abli% 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe ! triumph ( ! ideas ( ! ,iconocla/s4 ,! %ock 0 t]rible4 ,! ,religioni/s frequ5tly committ$ acts ( a fanatical & s5seless v&alism2 & art _h _m losses to deplore4 ,b ! idolatr\s t5d5cy 0 /ruck at its v root2 & ,ca?olicism itself f\nd1 aft] ! /ruggle1 m purity & idealism 9 its own wor%ip47#aa7 ,! ,re=m$ p]ceiv$ aft]w>ds ! exagg]ation ( _! pr9ciples2 & ?\gh !y cont9u$ to def5d ! entrance ( _! temples to ! simula*res1 condemn$ by ,god on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 !y sp>$ ^? :i* _h be5 bequea!d by ! less sev]e & m mat]ial fai? ( _! fa!rs407#ab7 ,! pr9cipal cause ( ! corruption ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 by ! introduction ( ! ,pagan ideas & practices allud$ to above1 01 h[ev]1 *iefly ! lam5table policy ( compromise ) ,paganism :i* t *ur* adopt$ soon aft] h] sudd5 triumph by ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e4 ,! object ( ?is policy 0 to lead into h] pale ! ,pagans z rapidly z possible2 &1 !re=e1 in/ead ( mak+ !m ent] by ! /rait gate1 %e wid5$ x 9 su* a mann]1 t ! ru% ( ,paganism _h almo/ driv5 ,*ri/ianity out ( h] pale4 ,! example ( ! emp]ors1 :o1 pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity1 71 or consid]$ !mselves to be1 oblig$1 by ! necessities ( _! position1 to act on "s occasions z ,pagans1 may h be5 n )\t influ5ce on ! *ur*4 ,i %all endeav\r to develop ?is important subject 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s2 &1 9 ord] to remove e suspicion ( p>tiality1 ,i %all d x almo/ entirely on ! au?ority ( an em95t ,roman ,ca?olic writ] ( our day4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,compromise ,( ,! ,*ur* ,) ,paganism4 ,i h describ$1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! causes :i* made ,*ri/ian wor%ip gradually to deviate f its primitive purity1 & to assume a "* m adapt$ to ! ideas ( ! hea!n population1--numb]s ( :om 7 cont9ually jo9+ ! *ur*4 ,x 01 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 because its fe/ivals1 becom+ e day m num]\s1 & its sanctu>ies m solemn1 spaci\s1 & adorn$ ) great] spl5d\r1--its c]emonies m complicat$1--its emblems m div]sifi$1--(f]$ to ! ,pagans an ample comp5sation = ! arti/ic pomp ( _! anci5t wor%ip4 8,! frank9c5se10 says an em95t ,roman ,ca?olic writ] ( our "t1 8! fl[]s1 ! gold5 & silv] vessels1 ! lamps1 ! cr[ns1 ! lum9>ies1 ! l951 ! silk1 ! *aunts1 ! processions1 ! fe/ivals1 recurr+ at c]ta9 fix$ days1 pass$ f ! vanqui%$ alt>s to ! triumphant "o4 ,paganism tri$ to borr[ f ,*ri/ianity its dogmas & its morals2 ,*ri/ianity took f ,paganism its ornam5ts407#ac7 ,*ri/ianity w\ld h become triumphant )\t ^! trans=mations4 ,x w\ld h done x lat] ?an x did1 b its triumph w\ld h be5 ( a diff]5t k9d f t :i* x has obta9$ by ! assi/ance ( ^! auxili>ies4 8,*ri/ianity10 says ! au?or quot$ above1 8retrograd$2 b x 0 ?is :i* made its =ce40 ,x w\ld be m correct to say1 t x advanc$ its ext]nal progress at ! exp5ce ( its purity2 x ga9$ ?us ! fav\r ( ! cr[d1 b x 0 by o!r means t x obta9$ ! approbation ( ! cultivat$ m9ds47#ad7 ,! *ur* made a compromise ) ,paganism 9 ord] to conv]t m easily its adh]5ts1--=gett+ ! precepts ( ! apo/le1 to bew>e ( philosophy & va9 traditions1 7,col4 ii4 #h17 z well z to refuse pr(ane & old wives' fables1 7#a ,tim4 iv4 #g47 ,& x _c be d\bt$ t ,/ ,paul knew well t a tol]ation ( ^! ?+s w\ld h rapidly ext5d$ ! new *ur*es1 _h ! quantity ( ! conv]ts be5 m important ?an ! quality ( _! belief & morals4 ,?is subject has be5 amply develop$ by "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,fr5* writ]s ( our day1 :o1 belong+ himself to ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 seeks to ju/ify h] conduct 9 ?is respect1 ?\gh he admits ) ! greate/ s9c]ity t %e _h introduc$ into h] polity a l>ge %>e ( ,pagan elem5ts4 ,i %all give my read]s ?is curi\s piece ( special plead+ 9 fav\r ( ! l9e ( policy :i* ! *ur* _h foll[$ on t occasion1 z x =ms a preci\s docum5t1 prov+1 9 an unansw]able mann]1 ! ext5t ( ,pagan rites & ideas conta9$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 p>ticul>ly z x proce$s1 n f an oppon5t ( t *ur*1 b f a dutiful son ( h]s4 ,! "w f :i* ,i am mak+ ?is extract is1 moreov]1 consid]$ z "o ( ! ma/]-pieces ( mod]n ,fr5* lit]ature1 & x 0 cr[n$ by "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ bodies ( ,europe--! ,academie des ,inscriptions et des ,belles ,lettres ( ,p>is47#ae7 8,! fundam5tal idea ( ,*ri/ianity10 says our au?or1 80 a new1 p[]ful idea1 & indep5d5t ( all ^? by :i* x _h be5 prec$$4 ,h[ev]1 ! m5 by :om ! ,*ri/ian sy/em 0 ext5d$ & develop$1 hav+ be5 =m$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,paganism1 c\ld n resi/ ! desire ( connect+ x ) ! =m] sy/ems4 ,/ ,ju/91 ,/ ,clem5t 7( ,alex&ria71 ,a!nagoras1 ,tatian1 ,orig5es1 ,synesius1 c41 consid]$ ,pagan philosophy z a prep>ation to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 01 inde$1 mak+ a l>ge concession to ! _s ( ! anci5t times2 b !y believ$ t !y c\ld conceal its inconv5i5ces by ma9ta9+ 9 all its purity ! =m ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 & reject+ ) disda9 ! usages & c]emonies ( poly!ism4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity became ! dom9ant religion1 its doctors p]ceiv$ t !y w\ld be compell$ to give way equally 9 respect to ! ext]nal =m ( wor%ip1 & t !y w\ld n be suffici5tly /rong to con/ra9 ! multitude ( ,pagans1 :o 7 embrac+ ,*ri/ianity ) a k9d ( en?usiasm z unreason+ z x 0 ( little duration1 to =get a sy/em ( acts1 c]emonies1 & fe/ivals1 :i* _h su* an imm5se p[] ov] _! ideas & mann]s4 ,! *ur* admitt$1 !re=e1 into h] discipl9e1 _m usages evid5tly pagan4 ,%e und\bt$ly has endeav\r$ to purify !m1 b %e nev] c\ld oblit]ate ! impression ( _! orig9al /amp4 8,?is new _s ( ,*ri/ianity--?is eclectism1 :i* ext5d$ ev5 to mat]ial ?+s--has 9 mod]n times giv5 rise to passionate discussions2 ^! borr[+s f ! old religion 7 condemn$1 z hav+ be5 sugge/$ to ! ,*ri/ians ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies by ! remnants ( t old love ( idolatry :i* 0 lurk+ at ! bottom ( _! he>ts4 ,x 0 easy = ! mod]n re=m]s to condemn1 by an unju/ blame1 ! lead]s ( ! *ur*2 !y %\ld1 h[ev]1 h ackn[l$g$1 t ! pr9cipal int]e/ ( ,*ri/ianity 0 to wre/ f error ! greate/ numb] ( its p>tisans1 & t x 0 impossible to atta9 ?is object )\t provid+ = ! ob/9ate adh]5ts ( ! false gods an easy passage f ! temple to ! *ur*4 ,if we consid] t1 not)/&+ all ^! concessions1 ! ru9 ( ,paganism 0 accompli%$ only by degrees & imp]ceptibly1--t dur+ m ?an two c5turies x 0 necess>y to combat1 ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 an error :i*1 al?\gh cont9ually ov]?r[n1 0 incessantly ris+ aga91--we %all und]/& t ! conciliatory _s ( ! lead]s ( ! *ur* 0 true wisdom4 8,/ ,john ,*ryso/om says1 t ! devil1 hav+ p]ceiv$ t he c\ld ga9 no?+ ) ! ,*ri/ians by pu%+ !m 9 a direct way into idolatry1 adopt$ = ! purpose an indirect "o47#af7 ,if ! devil1 t is to say1 ! pagan _s1 0 *ang+ its plan ( attack1 ! *ur* 0 also oblig$ to modify h] sy/em ( def5ce1 & n to affect an inflexibility :i* w\ld h kept f h] a great numb] ( p ^: irresolute consci5ce 0 fluctuat+ betwe5 falsehood & tru?4 8,already1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 "s haughty spirits1 ,*ri/ians :o 7 mak+ a display ( ! rigidity ( _! virtues1 & :o 7 rais+ an outcry aga9/ ! pr(anation ( holy ?+s1 began to prea* a pret5d$ re=m2 !y 7 recall+ ! ,*ri/ians to ! apo/olic doctr9e2 !y dem&$ :at !y 7 call+ a true ,*ri/ianity4 ,vigilantius1 a ,spani% prie/1 su/a9$ on ?is subject an animat$ conte/ ) ,/ ,j]ome4 ,he oppos$ ! wor%ip ( ! sa9ts & ! cu/om ( plac+ c&les on _! sepul*res2 he condemn$1 z a s\rce ( sc&al1 ! vigils 9 ! basilics ( ! m>tyrs17#ag7 & _m o!r usages1 :i* 71 x is true1 d]iv$ f ! anci5t wor%ip4 ,we may judge by ! w>m? ) :i* ,/ ,j]ome refut$ ! doctr9es ( ?is h]esi>* ( ! importance :i* he atta*$ to ^? usages47#ah7 ,he =esaw t ! mission ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e w\ld be to adapt itself to ! mann]s ( all times1 & to oppose !m only :5 !y w\ld t5d t[>ds depravity4 ,f> f desir+ to deprive ! ,romans ( c]ta9 c]emonial practices :i* 7 de> to !m1 & ^: influ5ce _h no?+ dang]\s to ! ,*ri/ian dogmas1 he op5ly took _! "p1 & 8 conduct 0 approv$ by ! :ole *ur*4 8,if ,/ ,j]ome & ,/ ,augu/9us _h %>$ ! op9ions ( ,vigilantius1 w\ld !y h _h ! necess>y p[] successfully to oppose ! introduction ( pagan usages into ! c]emonies ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*8 ,i don't believe t !y w\ld4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,rome1 :ole populations pass$ "u ! /&>ds ( ,*ri/ianity1 b !y did x ) _! baggage ( s5seless beliefs & sup]/iti\s practices4 ,! *ur* c\ld n repulse ?is cr[d ( self-/yl$ ,*ri/ians1 & /ill less summon !m imm$iately to ab&on all _! anci5t errors2 %e !re=e made concessions to circum/ances1 concessions :i* 7 n entirely volunt>y4 ,!y may be consid]$ z calculations full ( wisdom on ! "p ( ! lead]s ( ! *ur*1 z well z ! consequ5ce ( t k9d ( irruption :i* 0 made at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury into ! ,*ri/ian society by populations1 :o1 not)/&+ _! abjuration1 7 ,pagans by _! mann]s1 _! ta/es1 _! prejudices1 & _! ignorance47#ai7 8,let u n[ calculate ! ext5t ( ^! concessions1 & exam9e :e!r x 0 "r to say t !y injur$ ! purity ( ! ,*ri/ian dogmas4 8,! ,romans _h d]iv$ f _! religion an excessive love ( public fe/ivals4 ,!y 7 unable to conceive a wor%ip )\t ! pomp\s app>el ( c]emonies4 ,!y consid]$ ! long processions1 ! h>moni\s *aunts1 ! spl5d\r ( dresses1 ! light ( tap]s1 ! p]fume ( frank9c5se1 z ! ess5tial "p ( religion4 ,*ri/ianity1 f> f oppos+ a disposition :i* requir$ only to be direct$ ) m wisdom1 adopt$ a "p ( ! c]emonial sy/em ( ! anci5t wor%ip4 ,x *ang$ ! object ( its c]emonies1 x cleans$ !m f _! old impurities1 b x pres]v$ ! days ^u :i* _m ( !m 7 celebrat$1 & ! multitude f\nd ?us 9 ! new religion1 z mu* z 9 ! old "o1 ! means ( satisfy+ its dom9ant passion47#bj7 8,! neophytes felt = ! pagan temples an involunt>y respect4 ,!y c\ld n pass at once f v5]ation to a contempt = ! monum5ts ( _! ance/ors' piety2 & 9 asc5d+ ! /eps ( ! *ur*1 !y 7 ca/+ a long+ look on ^? temples :i* a %ort "t be=e _h be5 respl5d5t ) magnific5ce1 b 7 n[ des]t$4 ,*ri/ianity und]/ood ! p[] ( ?is feel+1 & desir$ to appropriate x to its own s]vice2 x cons5t$1 !re=e1 to e/abli% ! solemnities ( its wor%ip 9 ! edifices :i* x _h disda9$ = a long "t47#ba7 ,its c>e n to (f5d pagan habits 0 su*1 t x (t5 respect$ ev5 ! pagan names ( ^? edifices47#bb7 ,9 %ort1 its policy1 :i*1 s9ce ! times ( ,con/ant9e1 0 always to facilitate ! conv]sion ( ! ,pagans1 assum$1 aft] ! fall ( ,rome1 a m decid$ "*1 & ! sy/em ( useful concessions became g5]al 9 all ! *ur*es ( ,europe2 & x _c be d\bt$ t its results h be5 fav\rable to ! propagation ( ,*ri/ian ideas47#bc7 8,!re is1 moreov]1 a peculi> cause to :i* ! rapid decl9e ( ! pagan doctr9es 9 ! we/ mu/ be ascrib$1 & ,i %all endeav\r to place ?is p[]ful cause 9 its true light1 c>efully avoid+ mix+ up ) a subject ( ?is importance all consid]ations =eign to ! object ( my rese>*es4 8,ne/orius1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 aft] hav+ def5d$ a long "t ! true fai?1 /ray$ f x on a subject :i* prov$ a /umbl+-/one to s _m !ologians--,i mean1 ! nature ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,ne/orius di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,son ( ,god two natures1 a div9e & a human "o2 & he ma9ta9$ t ! ,virg9 ,m>y 0 n ! "m ( ,god 771 b ! "m ( ! man 774 ,?is doctr9e1 :i* 0 a new & bold] =m giv5 to ,arianism1 spread 9 ! two empires1 & ga9$ a great numb] ( p>tisans among/ ! mona/]ies ( ,egypt4 ,_m monks c\ld n almo/ suff] t ,jesus ,*ri/ %\ld be ackn[l$g$ z ,god1 & consid]$ him only z an in/rum5t ( ! ,div9ity1 or a vessel :i* bore x 774 8,! celebrat$ ,/ ,cyrillus1 bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 wrote an epi/le to ^? monks1 9 ord] to call !m back to respect = ! traditions e/abli%$ 9 ! *ur*1 if n by ! apo/les--:o1 9 speak+ ( ! holy virg91 nev] made use ( ! expression1 "m ( ,god--at lea/ by ! fa!rs :o succe$$ !m4 ,! qu>rel became g5]al & viol5t2 ! ,*ri/ians came to bl[s ev]y:]e4 ,ne/orius seem+ly wi%$ to draw back1 be+ fright5$ by ! /orm :i* he _h himself rais$4 #8,i h f\nd1' said he1 #8! *ur* a prey to diss5sions4 ,"s call ! holy virg9 ! "m ( ,god2 o!rs only ! "m ( a man4 ,9 ord] to reunite !m1 ,i h call$ h] ! "m ( ,*ri/4 ,rema91 !re=e1 at peace ab\t ?is "q1 & be conv9c$ t my s5tim5ts on ! true fai? are always ! same4' ,b 8 ob/9acy & ! ard\r ( 8 p>tisans did n all[ him to g beyond ?is false retraction4 ,! necessity ( a g5]al c\ncil 0 felt1 & ! ,emp]or ,!odosius ,,ii4 ord]$ 9 #dca its convocation at ,ephesus4 ,on ! #ba/ ,june #dca1 two hundr$ bi%ops condemn$ ,ne/orius1 & decl>$ t ! ,virg9 ,m>y %\ld be hon\r$ z ! "m ( ,god4 ,?is decision 0 accept$1 not)/&+ "s va9 prote/ations1 by ! univ]sal *ur*4 ,! fa!rs ( ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus _h no ?\ght ( introduc+ into ! *ur* a new dogma or wor%ip4 ,! ,virg9 ,m>y _h always be5 consid]$ by !m z ! "m ( ,god1 & !y made n[ a solemn decl>ation ( ?is belief1 9 ord] to reply to ! attack ( ,ne/orius1 & to remove e inc]titude ab\t a dogma :i* _h n hi!rto be5 oppos$4 ,b ^! great assemblies ( ,*ri/ians1 not)/&+ ! p>ticul> motive ( _! meet+1 7 always produc$ by "s g5]al necessity :i* 0 felt by ! ,*ri/ian society1 & ! results ( _! decrees w5t (t5 beyond ! provisions ( ^? by :om !y 7 fram$4 8,?\gh ,i am f> f believ+ t x is all[able to weigh 9 ! scales ( human reason ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i d n ?9k t x is prohibit$ to exam9e :i* ( ^! dogmas has be5 ! mo/ in/rum5tal 9 deta*+ ! ,pagans f _! errors4 8,we h sev]al times p5etrat$1 9 ! c\rse ( our rese>*es1 into ! consci5ce ( ! lead]s ( ,paganism1 & we h always f\nd t x 0 entirely "u ! influ5ce ( political views & int]e/s4 ,^! int]e/s1 :i* s p[]fully act$ ^u ! politician's m9d1 _h b a feeble hold ^u t ( ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry4 ,&1 inde$1 :at int]e/ c\ld ! agriculturi/s1 ! artisans1 & ! prolet>ians1 h 9 ma9ta9+ ! integrity ( ! ,roman con/itution1 or 9 pres]v+ ! rights ( ! s5ate1 z well z ! privileges1 hon\rs1 & ri*es ( ! ari/ocracy8 ,be+ de/9$1 z !y 7 "u any religion :atev]1 = a life ( lab\r & privation1 !y might *oose betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,paganism1 )\t hav+ _! *oice actuat$ by any p]sonal int]e/4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to seek = ano!r cause ( t ob/9ate atta*m5t :i* ! l[] classes ( ! t[n & c\ntry population %[$ = ! practices ( a wor%ip ^: exi/5ce 0 = a c5tury r$uc$ to su* a mis]able /ate4 8,i %all n dwell on :at has be5 said ab\t ! tyranny ( habit1 :i* is always m sev]e :]ev] m9ds are less enlight5$4 ,i %all indicate ano!r cause ( ! ob/9acy ( ! ,pagans1 :i* 0 f\nd$ at lea/ ^u an op]ation ( ! m9d--^u a judgm5t--& 01 consequ5tly1 m des]v+ ( fix+ ! att5tion ( ! *ur* ?an t respect ( cu/om aga9/ :i* ! weapons ( reason are p[]less4 8,! ,*ri/ian dogmas1 p5etrat+ into a s\l corrupt$ & weak5$ by idolatry1 mu/ h1 9 ! fir/ mom5t1 fill$ x ) a k9d ( t]ror4 ,&1 inde$1 h[ 0 x possible t ! ,pagans1 accu/om$ z !y 7 to _! pr(ligate gods & goddesses1 %\ld n h trembl$ :5 !y he>d = ! fir/ "t ! voice ( ,god1 ! j b inexorable rew>d] ( good & evil8 ,%\ld n a solemn & grave wor%ip1 ^: c]emonies 7 a con/ant & direct excitation to ! practice ( e virtue1 appe> an intol]able yoke to m5 :o 7 accu/om$ to f9d 9 _! sacr$ rites a legitimate occasion to indulge 9 e k9d ( debau*]y8 ,! fe> ( submitt+ _! lives to ! rule ( a too rigid morality1 & to b[ _! heads be=e a ,god ^: greatness t]rifi$ !m1 kept = _m ye>s a multitude ( ,pagans f ! *ur*4 8,if x has ent]$ ! designs ( ,provid5ce to temp] ! sev]e dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity by ! consecration ( "s mild1 t5d]1 & consol+ ideas1 & by ! same adapt$ to ! fragile human nature1 x is evid5t t1 :atev] may h be5 _! aim1 !y mu/ h assi/$ 9 deta*+ ! la/ ,pagans f _! errors4 ,! wor%ip ( ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,god1 seems to h be5 ! means :i* ,provid5ce has employ$ = complet+ ,*ri/ianity47#bd7 8,aft] ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus ! *ur*es ( ! ,ea/ & ( ! ,we/ (f]$ ! wor%ip ( ! fai?ful to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 :o _h victori\sly issu$ f a viol5t attack4 ,! nations 7 z if dazzl$ by ! image ( ?is div9e "m1 :o unit$ 9 h] p]son ! two mo/ t5d] feel+s ( nature1 ! pudicity ( ! virg9 & ! love ( ! "m2 an emblem ( mildness1 ( resignation1 & ( all t is sublime 9 virtue2 "o :o weeps ) ! afflict$1 int]c$es = ! guilty1 & nev] appe>s o!rwise ?an z ! mess5g] ( p>don or ( assi/ance4 ,!y accept$ ?is new wor%ip ) an en?usiasm sometimes too great1 because ) _m ,*ri/ians x became ! :ole ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,pagans did n ev5 try to def5d _! alt>s aga9/ ! progress ( ! wor%ip ( ! "m ( ,god2 !y op5$ to ,m>y ! temples :i* !y kept clos$ to ,jesus ,*ri/1 & confess$ _! defeat47#be7 ,x is true1 t !y (t5 mix$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,m>y ^? pagan ideas1 ^? va9 practices1 ^? ridicul\s sup]/itions1 f :i* !y seem$ unable to deta* !mselves2 b ! *ur* rejoic$1 nev]!less1 at _! ent]+ into h] pale1 because %e well knew t x w\ld be easy to h] to purge ( its alloy1 ) ! help ( "t1 a wor%ip ^: ess5ce 0 purity itself47#bf7 ,?us1 "s prud5t concessions1 tempor>ily made to ! pagan mann]s & ! wor%ip ( ,m>y1 7 two elem5ts ( =ce :i* ! *ur* employ$ 9 ord] to conqu] ! resi/ance ( ! la/ ,pagans1--a resi/ance :i* 0 feeble en\gh 9 ,italy1 b viol5t beyond ! ,alps407#bg7 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,position ,( ,! ,fir/ ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors ,t[>ds ,paganism1 ,& ,_! ,policy ,9 ,?is ,respect4 ,i h giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] a description1 trac$ by "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s ( our day1 ( ! compromise betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,paganism1 by :i* ! *ur* has endeav\r$ to e/abli% h] dom9ion ov] ! adh]5ts ( ! latt]4 ,i %all n[ try to give a rapid sket* ( ! circum/ances :i* und\bt$ly h influ5c$ ! *ur*1 to a consid]able degree1 9 ! adoption ( a l9e ( policy :i*1 ?\gh x c]ta9ly has mu* contribut$ to ! ext5sion ( h] ext]nal dom9ion1 has introduc$ into h] pale ^? v errors & sup]/itions :i* x 0 h] mission to de/roy1 & to deliv] mank9d f _! baneful influ5ce4 ,!re is a widely-spread b errone\s op9ion1 t ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e 0 foll[$ by an imm$iate de/ruction ( ,paganism 9 ! ,roman empire4 ,?is op9ion orig9at$ f ! incorrect /atem5ts ( "s ecclesia/ical writ]s2 b hi/orical criticism has prov$1 beyond e d\bt1 t1 ev5 a c5tury aft] ! conv]sion ( t mon>*1 ,paganism 0 by no means ext9ct1 & c\nt$ _m adh]5ts1 ev5 among/ ! highe/ classes ( ,roman society4 ,:5 ,con/ant9e proclaim$ 8 conv]sion to ! religion ( ! ,cross1 its adh]5ts =m$ b a m9ority ( ! population ( ! ,roman empire47#bh7 ,! defici5cy ( _! numb]s 01 h[ev]1 comp5sat$ by _! moral advantages2 = !y 7 unit$ by ! wor%ip ( ! "o true ,god1 & ard5tly devot$ to a religion :i* !y _h volunt>ily embrac$1 & = :i* !y _h suff]$ s mu*4 ,! ,pagans 71 on ! contr>y1 disunit$1 & 9 a great measure indiff]5t to a religion ^: doctr9es 7 d]id$ by ! m enlight5$ ( !m1 ?\gh1 consid]+ x z a political in/itution necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( ! empire1 !y (t5 display$ great zeal 9 its def5ce4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( t "t may be comp>$ to ! ,greeks :5 !y combat$ ! ,p]sians on ! field ( ,m>a?on & at ,!rmopyl2 b1 alas6 _! victory "u ,con/ant9e prov$ z fatal to ! purity ( _! religion z t ( ! ,greeks "u ,alex&] to _! political & milit>y virtues4 ,bo? ( !m became corrupt$ by adopt+ ! ideas & mann]s ( _! conqu]$ adv]s>ies4 ,"s writ]s h suspect$ t ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e 0 m due to political ?an religi\s motives2 b ?\gh great & _m 7 ! faults ( t mon>*1 8 s9c]ity 9 embrac+ ! ,*ri/ian religion _c be d\bt$1 because x 0 a /ep m contr>y ?an fav\rable to 8 political int]e/s4 ,! ,*ri/ians =m$1 z ,i h said above1 only a m9ority ( ! population ( ! empire1 & p>ticul>ly s 9 its we/]n prov9ces4 ,!re 0 n a s+le ,*ri/ian 9 ! ,roman s5ate2 & ! ari/ocracy ( ,rome1 ^: privileges & int]e/s 7 intimately connect$ ) ! religi\s in/itutions ( ! empire1 7 mo/ zeal\s 9 _! def5ce4 ,! municipal bodies ( ! pr9cipal cities 7 also bl9dly devot$ to ! national religion1 ^: exi/5ce 0 consid]$ by _m z insep>able f t ( ! empire itself2 & ^! bodies 7 g5]ally ! *ief promot]s ( ^? t]rible p]secutions to :i* ! ,*ri/ians _h be5 s _m times subject$4 ,! ,pagan cl]gy1 ri*1 p[]ful1 & num]\s1 7 ev] zeal\s 9 excit+ public hatr$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians2 & ! legions 7 *iefly comm&$ by ^? (fic]s :o _h unit$ ) ,gal]ius 9 compell+ ,diocletian to p]secute ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! capital ( ! empire 0 ! p>ticul> /ronghold ( ! anci5t cre$4 8,rome10 says ,beugnot1 9 ! "w f :i* ,i h s l>gely drawn1 80 ! cradle & ! focus ( ! national belief4 ,_m traditions1 elevat$ to ! rank ( dogmas1 7 born )9 h] pale1 & impress$ ^u h] a religi\s "*1 :i* /ill 0 vividly %9+ 9 ! times ( ,con/ant9e4 ,! ,pagans ( ! we/ consid]$ ,rome z ! sacr$ city1 ! sanctu>y ( _! hopes1 ! po9t t[>ds :i* all _! ?\ghts 7 to be direct$2 & ! ,greeks1 9 _! usual exagg]ation1 ackn[l$g$ 9 h]1 n a "p ( ! e>?1 b ( heav540--7,libanii ,epi/ol1 epi/4 #ajhc1 p4 #haf47 8,! ari/ocracy1 end[$ ) its _m sac]dotal dignities1 & dragg+ 9 its tra9 a cr[d ( cli5ts & fre$m51 to :om x imp>t$ its passions & its atta*m5t to ! error1 furni%$1 by ! help ( its imm5se ri*es1 ! means ( subsi/5ce to a gre$y1 turbul5t1 & sup]/iti\s populace1 among/ :om x c\ld easily ma9ta9 ! mo/ odi\s prejudices aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! hope ( acquir+ a "n1 a =tune1 or simply to take a "p 9 ! public di/ributions1 attract$ to t city f ! prov9ces all ^? :o _h no condition1 or1 :at is /ill worse1 ^? :o 7 dissatisfi$ ) !irs4 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,africa1 & ,gallia s5t to ,rome ! elite ( _! *ildr51 9 ord] to be in/ruct$ 9 a s*ool1 ! pr9cipal m]it ( ^: pr(essors 01 an envi\s hatr$ ( e new idea1 & :o _h acquir$ a melan*oly reputation dur+ ! p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! /&>d ( ,paganism 0 wav+ 9 full lib]ty on ! walls ( ! ,capitol4 ,public & private sacrifices1 sacr$ games1 & ! consultation ( ! augurs1 7 prevail+ to ! utmo/ 9 t s9k ( all ! sup]/itions47#bi7 ,! "n ( ,*ri/ 0 curs$1 & ! spe$y ru9 ( 8 wor%ipp]s ann\nc$1 9 e "p ( t place1 :il/ ! glory ( ! gods 0 celebrat$1 & _! assi/ance invok$4 ,h[ cruel mu/ h be5 ! situation ( ! ,*ri/ians1 left 9 ! mid/ ( t city1 :]e1 at e /ep1 a temple1 an alt>1 a /atue1 & horrible blasphemies 7 reveal+ to !m ! ev] active p[] ( ! ,lie6 ,!y d>$ n ei!r to f\nd *ur*es1 to op5 s*ools1 or ev5 publicly to reply to :at 0 spok5 aga9/ !m1 at ! !atres1 at ! =um1 or at ! ba?s3 s t !y seem$ to exi/ at ,rome only 9 ord] to give a great] eclat to ! dom9ion ( idolatry40--7,vol4 i41 p4 #ge47 ,x 0 no wond] t su* a religi\s disposition ( ,rome _h plac$ x 9 a cont9ual & /r5u\s opposition to ,con/ant9e1 & 8 ,*ri/ian successors2 & ?is circum/ance may be consid]$ z an additional motive :i* induc$ ,con/ant9e to transf] ! capital ( ! empire f ,rome to ,byzantium1 ?\gh ?is measure may h be5 *iefly br\ght ab\t by political consid]ations4 ,9 remov+ 8 resid5ce to a m c5tral po9t ( ! empire1 he at ! same "t drew ne>] to ! ea/]n prov9ces1 :]e ,*ri/ianity _h _m devot$ adh]5ts4 ,con/ant9ople became ! capital ( ! ,*ri/ian p>ty1 :5ce x gradually develop$ its sway ov] ! o!r p>ts ( ! empire1 b ! ,pagans ma9ta9$ mean:ile _! gr\nd at ,rome1 9 su* a mann]1 t x seems to h be5 un9habitable to ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors2 because we see ev5 ^? ( !m :o rul$ ! we/]n prov9ces fix+ _! resid5ce ei!r at ,milan or ,rav5na1 & visit+ only on "s occasions ! city ( ! ,cs>s1 :i* _h become1 s9ce ! f\ndation ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! =tifi$ camp ( ,paganism47#cj7 ,con/ant9e proclaim$ full religi\s lib]ty to all 8 subjects4 ,?is measure1 dictat$ by a s\nd policy1 & 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! true _s ( 8 new religion1 0 n1 h[ev]1 suffici5t to relieve him f ! difficulties ( 8 p]sonal position1 z he unit$ 9 8 p]son two *>act]s diametrically oppos$ "o to ano!r4 ,be+ a ,*ri/ian1 he 0 at ! same "t1 z ! emp]or ( ,rome1 ! head & ! repres5tant1 n only ( its political1 b also ( its religi\s in/itutions4 ,?is circum/ance =c$ him into a d\ble l9e ( policy1 :i* ,i %all describe 9 ! words ( ,m4 ,beugnot3-- 8,!re 7 9 ,con/ant9e1 s to say1 two p]sons1--! ,*ri/ian & ! emp]or4 ,if t mon>* _h n be5 end[$ ) a r>e intellect1 he w\ld h1 by conf\nd+ ^! two *>act]s1 rais$ 9 8 way ob/acles :i* he c\ld n ov]come4 ,z a ,*ri/ian1 he %[$ ev]y:]e 8 contempt = ! va9 sup]/itions ( ! anci5t wor%ip1 & 8 en?usiasm = ! new ideas4 ,he conf]r$ ) ! bi%ops2 he assi/$ /&+ at _! long homilies2 he presid$ at ! c\ncils2 he deeply m$itat$ ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ianity2 & he /ruggl$ aga9/ ! h]esi>*s ) ! ard\r ( a ,*ri/ian soldi] & ! grief ( a pr(\ndly conv9c$ s\l4 ,z emp]or1 he submitt$ to ! necessities ( a difficult position1 & con=m$1 9 all grave matt]s1 to ! mann]s & beliefs :i* he did n feel suffici5tly /rong op5ly to %ock4 ,on end[+ ! purple1 he became ! heir ( t long s]ies ( emp]ors :o _h all rema9$ fai?ful to ! wor%ip ( ! fa!r-l&2 & he wrapt himself1 s to say1 9 ! anci5t traditions & recollections ( pagan ,rome2 = x 0 an inh]itance :i* he c\ld n r5\nce1 )\t dang] to himself z well z to ! empire4 8,:5 we obs]ve "s actions ( ,con/ant9e1 evid5tly t+$ ) ,paganism1 we mu/ consid] less _! ext]nal =m ?an ! relation 9 :i* !y /ood t[>ds ! con/itution ( ,rome1 :i* t emp]or _h no desire to de/roy4 ,we %all !n become conv9c$ t 8 conduct 0 ! result ( necessity1 & n t ( a crook$ policy4 ,z an individual1 he 0 free2 z an emp]or1 he 0 a slave2 & 8 greate/ m]it1 accord+ to our op9ion1 0 to h s\ndly judg$ ! emb>rassm5ts ( ?is situation4 ,animat$ z he 0 ) a lively zeal = ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 x 0 v natural t he %\ld employ ! imp]ial p[] 9 ord] to break d[n all ! ob/acles to its progress4 ,b ?is w\ld h involv$ him 9 an op5 w> ) a nation1 ! majority ( :om 7 compos$ ( ,pagans2 & x is v likely t he w\ld h succumb$ 9 su* a conte/4 ,he und]/ood ?is2 & x prev5t$ him giv+ way to ! entreaties1 & ev5 compla9ts1 ( ov]-zeal\s ,*ri/ians40--,vol4 i41 p4 #hh4 ,con/ant9e 01 not)/&+ 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 ! supreme pontiff ( pagan ,rome4 ,! title ( ?is dignity 0 giv5 him on ! public monum5ts1 & he p]=m$ its functions on sev]al occasions2 z1 = in/ance1 9 #cba1 sev]al ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion1 he wrote to ,maximus1 prefect ( ,rome1 z foll[s3-- 8,if our palace or any public monum5t %all be /ruck by lightn+1 ! auguries are to be consult$1 accord+ to ! anci5t rites 7ret5to m vet]is obs]vanti71 9 ord] to "k :at ?is ev5t indicates2 & ! acc\nts ( ^! proce$+s are imm$iately to be s5t to u4 ,private individuals may make simil> consultations1 provid$ !y ab/a9 f secret sacrifices1 :i* are p>ticul>ly prohibit$4 ,) reg>d to ! acc\nts /at+ t ! amphi!atre 0 rec5tly /ruck by lightn+1 & :i* ?\ ha/ s5t to ,h]aclianus ! tribune1 & ma/] ( (fices1 "k t !y mu/ be deliv]$ to u40 ,?is is und\bt$ly a v /range docum5t = a ,*ri/ian mon>*1 :o (ficially comm&s to consult ! ,pagan oracles1 &1 z its conclud+ words seem to imply1 is anxi\s to ma9ta91 on simil> occasions1 8 rights z ! supreme pontiff ( ,paganism4 ,x 0 also 9 8 quality ( supreme pontiff t ,con/ant9e in/itut$1 soon aft] 8 accession1 ! ,francic games1 = ! commemoration ( 8 victory ov] ! ,franks1 & :i* 7 celebrat$1 dur+ a consid]able "t1 on ! #ah? ( ! kal5ds ( ,augu/2 &1 9 #cba1 ! ,s>matic games1 on ! occasion ( 8 victory ov] ! ,s>matians1 & celebrat$ on ! #f? ( ! same mon?4 ,^! games 7 real ,pagan c]emonies1 & reprobat$ on ?is acc\nt by ! ,*ri/ian writ]s ( t "t47#ca7 ,i c\ld quote o!r in/ances ( a simil> k9d2 b ,i %all conclude ?is subject by obs]v+1 t a m$al has be5 pres]v$1 ^u :i* ,con/ant9e is repres5t$ 9 ! dress ( ! supreme pontiff1--i4e41 ) a veil cov]+ 8 head4 ,con/ant9e 01 inde$1 v anxi\s n to (f5d ! ,pagan p>ty4 ,9 #cai he publi%$ a v sev]e law aga9/ ! soo?say]s2 express+1 h[ev]1 t ?is prohibition did n ext5d to ! public consultations ( ! ,h>uspices1 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ rites4 ,& a %ort "t aft]w>ds he proclaim$ ano!r law on ! same subject1 9 :i* he /ill m explicitly decl>es t he does n int]f]e ) ! rites ( ! ,pagan wor%ip47#cb7 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! ,romans1 z well z ! ,greeks1 _h two k9ds ( div9ation3 ! public1 :i* 7 consid]$ z legitimate2 & ! secret1 :i* 7 g5]ally =bidd54 ,?is la/ _h be5 prohibit$ by "s =m] emp]ors2 & ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables decl>$ !m puni%able ) dea?4 ,con/ant9e seems to h be5 v anxi\s t 8 int5tion on ?is subject %\ld n be mi/ak52 & he publi%$ 9 #cba an edict1 by :i* he positively all[s ! practice ( a c]ta9 k9d ( magic1 by ! foll[+ rem>kable expressions3-- 8,x is "r to repress & to puni%1 by laws ju/ly sev]e1 ^? :o practise1 or try to practise1 ! magical arts1 & seek to s$uce pure s\ls into pr(ligacy2 b ^? :o employ ?is art 9 ord] to f9d rem$ies aga9/ diseases1 or :o1 9 ! c\ntry1 make use ( x 9 ord] to prev5t ! sn[1 ! w9d1 & ! hail f de/roy+ ! crops1 mu/ n be prosecut$4 ,nei!r ! welf>e nor ! reputation ( any "o are endang]$ by acts ^: object is to insure to m5 ! b5efits ( ! div9ity & ! fruits ( _! lab\r40--,codex ,!odosianus1 lib4 ix41 f4 #af1 apud ,beugnot4 ,?is 01 und\bt$ly1 a v l>ge concession to ! sup]/itions ( ,paganism made by a ,*ri/ian mon>*1 & f :i* he 01 p]haps1 himself n entirely free4 ,x is well kn[n t ,con/ant9e1 aft] 8 public decl>ation ( ,*ri/ianity1 introduc$ ! lab>um17#cc7 z a sign ( ! dom9ion ( ! new fai?2 b x 0 g5]ally plac$ on 8 co9s 9 ! h&s ( ! w+$ /atue ( ! ,pagan goddess ( ,victory4 ,besides ^! co9s ( ,con/ant9e1 !re are _m o!rs ( ! same mon>*1 hav+ inscriptions 9 hon\r ( ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 & o!r ,pagan div9ities4 ,! ,pagan ari/ocracy ( ,rome seem to h be5 resolv$ to ignore ! fact t ! head ( ! empire _h become a ,*ri/ian1 & to consid] him1 9 spite ( himself1 z "o ( _! own4 ,?us1 aft] 8 dea?1 ! s5ate plac$ him1 accord+ to ! usual cu/om1 among ! gods2 & a cal5d> has be5 pres]v$ :]e ! fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ?is /range div9ity are indicat$4 ,! "n ( ,divus is giv5 to him on sev]al co9s2 &1 :at is v odd1 ?is ,pagan god is repres5t$ on ! above-m5tion$ m$als hold+ 9 8 h& ! ,*ri/ian sign ( ! lab>um4 ,we ?us see t ,con/ant9e1 in/ead ( p]secut+ ! adh]5ts ( ! national ,paganism1 0 foll[+ a policy ( compromise betwe5 ! two *>act]s unit$ 9 8 p]son1 t ( a ,*ri/ian & ( a ,roman emp]or4 ,?is did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t him f heap+ fav\rs ( e k9d ^u ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1--fav\rs :i* prov$ to h] mu* m injuri\s ?an all ! p]secutions ( ! =m] emp]ors4 ,&1 inde$1 ! ,*ri/ians1 :o _h nobly /ood ! te/ ( adv]sity1 7 n pro( aga9/ ! m dang]\s trial ( a sudd5 & unexpect$ prosp]ity4 ,! fir/ fav\r grant$ by ,con/ant9e to ! ,*ri/ians1 & :i* he did ev5 be=e 8 public confession ( _! fai?1 0 ! ext5sion to _! cl]gy ( ! exemption f v>i\s municipal *>ges enjoy$ by ! ,pagan prie/s1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ oblig$ to give at _! exp5se c]ta9 public games4 ,! ,*ri/ian cl]gy 7 ?us plac$ 9 a m fav\rable position ?an ! ,pagan prie/s1 because1 ?\gh admitt$ to equal immunities1 !y 7 n subject$ to ! same *>ges2 & ?us1 = ! fir/ "t1 a bribe 0 (f]$ = conv]sion to a religion :i* _h hi!rto g5]ally expos$ its disciples to p]secution4 8,numb]s ( p1 actuat$ less by conviction ?an by ! hope ( a rew>d1 7 cr[d+ f all p>ts to ! *ur*es1 & ! fir/ fav\r grant$ to ! ,*ri/ians introduc$ among/ !m guilty passions1 to :i* !y _h hi!rto rema9$ /rang]s1 & ^: action 0 s rapid & s melan*oly4 ,! compla9ts ( ! municipal bodies1 & ! disord] :i* x 0 produc+ 9 ! prov9cial adm9i/ration1 induc$ ,con/ant9e to put "s re/rictions on a fav\r :i*1 be+ grant$ p]haps some:at inconsid]ately1 did m h>m ?an good to ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion40--,beugnot1 vol4 i41 p4 #gh4 ,con/ant9e increas$ 8 fav\rs to ! ,*ri/ians aft] he _h publicly embrac$ _! fai?4 8,! ecclesia/ical hi/orians10 says ! au?or :om ,i h j quot$1 8enum]ate ) a feel+ ( pride ! pro(s ( 8 g5]osity4 ,!y say1 t ! rev5ues ( ! empire 7 employ$ to erect ev]y:]e magnific5t *ur*es1 & to enri* ! bi%ops4 ,!y _c be1 on ?is occasion1 accus$ ( exagg]ation4 ,con/ant9e introduc$ among/ ! ,*ri/ians a ta/e = ri*es & luxury2 & ! disappe>ance ( _! frugal & simple mann]s1 :i* _h be5 ! glory ( ! *ur* dur+ ! ?ree prec$+ c5turies1 may be dat$ f 8 reign40--,ibid41 p4 #hg4 ,! ecclesia/ical hi/orian ,eusebius1 a great admir] ( ,con/ant9e1 ^: p]sonal fri5d he 01 admits himself1 t ! fav\rs %[n by t mon>* to ! *ur* h n be5 always conducive to h] purity4 ,9 %ort1 ! sudd5 triumph ( ! *ur* "u ,con/ant9e 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( h] corruption1 & ! beg9n+ ( t compromise ) ,paganism1 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,paganism1 ?\gh weak5$ ?r\gh its ab&onm5t by ! head ( ! /ate1 0 by no means brok5 d[n at ! "t ( ,con/ant9e's dea?4 ,_m ( its zeal\s adh]5ts 7 occupy+ ! pr9cipal dignities ( ! /ate1 z well z ! mo/ important civil & milit>y (fices2 b its *ief /ronghold 0 ,rome1 :]e its p>tisans 7 s p[]ful1 t ! un=tunate diss5sions :i* divid$ ! ,*ri/ians 7 publicly expos$ to ridicule 9 ! !atres ( t city4 ,! ,arian writ] ,philo/orgus says t ,con/ant9e 0 wor%ipp$ aft] 8 dea?1 n z a sa9t1 b z a god1 by ! or?odox ,*ri/ians1 :o (f]$ sacrifices to ! /atue ( t mon>* plac$ ^u a column ( porphyry1 & address$ pray]s to him z to ,god himself4 ,x is impossible to asc]ta9 :e!r examples ( su* mad extravagance _h ev] tak5 place among/ ,*ri/ians or n2 b ! ,we/]n *ur* has n be/[$ ^u 8 memory ! hon\rs ( sa9t%ip1 ?\gh %e has be5 g5]ally v lavi% ( !m47#cd7 ,?us ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or 0 canonis$ only by ! ,pagans4 ,! sons ( ,con/ant9e foll[$ ! religi\s policy ( _! fa!r2 & ! facility ) :i* 8 nephew1 ,julian ! ,apo/ate1 _h re/or$ ,paganism to ! rank ( ! dom9ant religion1 tw5ty-f\r ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 proves h[ /rong its p>ty 0 ev5 at t "t4 ,julian's reign ( eighte5 mon?s 0 too %ort to produce any consid]able effect ^u ! religi\s p>ties into :i* ! ,roman empire 0 !n divid$4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ! imp]ial cr[n 0 (f]$ by ! army to ,sallu/1 a ,pagan g5]al1 :o hav+ refus$ x on acc\nt ( 8 great age1 x 0 be/[$ ^u ,jovian1 a ,*ri/ian1 :o reign$ only ?ree mon?s4 ,! legions elect$1 aft] ,jovian's dea?1 ,val5t9ian1 :o1 ?\gh a s9c]e ,*ri/ian1 /rictly ma9ta9$ ! religi\s lib]ty ( 8 subjects2 & ! same policy 0 foll[$ by 8 bro!r & colleague ,val5s1 :o gov]n$ ! ea/]n "p ( ! empire1 & 0 an ,arian4 ,val5t9ian's son & successor1 ,gratian1 ?\gh educat$ by ! celebrat$ poet ,ausonius1 :o adh]$ to ! anci5t wor%ip1 0 a zeal\s ,*ri/ian4 ,he publi%$1 imm$iately aft] 8 accession1 an edict all[+ p]fect religi\s lib]ty to all 8 subjects1 ) ! exception ( ! ,mani*eans & "s o!r sects4 ,he grant$ sev]al new privileges to ,*ri/ians1 b he cont9u$ to con=m = "s "t to ! duties inh]it$ f 8 ,pagan pr$ecessors1 ( :i* ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance 01 t he caus$ 8 fa!r to be plac$ among/ ! gods1 accord+ to ! g5]al cu/om foll[$ at ! dea? ( ! ,roman emp]ors47#ce7 ,?\gh greatly enfeebl$ by ! cont9ual advance ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,paganism 0 /ill ! e/abli%$ religion ( ! /ate4 ,its rites 7 /ill obs]v$ ) _! wont$ solemnity1 & its p[] 0 /ill s great at ,rome1 t a ve/al virg9 0 execut$ 9 t city = ! brea* ( h] v[ ( *a/ity1 subsequ5tly to ! reign ( ,gratian4 ,^! circum/ances induc$1 probably1 ! above-m5tion$ emp]or to respect ! religi\s in/itutions ( ,rome dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( 8 reign1 b 7#chb71 act+ "u ! advice ( ,/ ,ambrose1 he confiscat$ ! prop]ty belong+ to ! ,pagan temples1 & ! incomes ( :i* s]v$ = ! ma9t5ance ( prie/s & ! celebration ( sacrifices4 ,he aboli%$1 at ! same "t1 all ! privileges & immunities ( ! ,pagan prie/s1 & ord]$ ! alt> & /atue ( ! goddess ( ,victory to be remov$ f ! hall ( ! s5ate1 ! pres5ce ( :i* gave to t assembly1 ?\gh x already conta9$ _m ,*ri/ian memb]s1 ! "* ( a ,pagan in/itution4 ,! s5ate s5t a deputation to ,gallia1 :]e ,gratian 0 at t "t1 9 ord] to remon/rate aga9/ ^! measures1 & to pres5t to him1 at ! same "t1 ! insignia ( ! supreme pontificate ( ,rome1 :i* none ( 8 ,*ri/ian pr$ecessors _h yet refus$4 ,b ,gratian reject$ ^! emblems ( ,paganism1 say+ t x 0 n meet = a ,*ri/ian to accept !m4 ,?is w\ld h be5 probably foll[$ by o!r m decid$ measures1 _h he n p]i%$ a %ort "t aft]w>ds 9 a rebellion4 ,!odosius ! ,great1 :om ,gratian _h associat$ ) him1 adopt$ a decid$ly ho/ile policy t[>ds ,paganism1 & proclaim$ a s]ies ( laws aga9/ x4 ,?us1 9 #cha1 he ord]$ t ^? ,*ri/ians :o return$ to ,paganism %\ld =feit ! "r ( mak+ wills2 b z ^! apo/asies cont9u$1 he ord]$1 9 #chc1 t ! apo/ates %\ld n inh]it any k9d ( prop]ty1 ei!r left by w or desc5d$ by natural ord] ( succession1 unless x 7 left by _! p>5ts or a bro!r4 ,9 #che he proclaim$ ! p5alty ( dea? aga9/ all ^? :o %\ld inquire into futurity by consult+ ! entrails ( ! victims1 or try to obta9 ! same object by execrable & magic consultations1 :i* evid5tly ref]r$ to ^? secret div9ations t _h be5 prohibit$ by ,con/ant9e1 z well z 8 ,pagan pr$ecessors4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> #cia1 he publi%$ a s]ies ( edicts1 prohibit+ "u pa9 ( dea? e immolation1 & all o!r acts ( idolatry "u t ( confiscation ( ! h\ses or l&s :]e !y _h be5 p]=m$4 ,!odosius di$ 9 #cie1 b _h 8 life be5 prolong$1 he w\ld probably h develop$ /ill f>!r 8 policy aga9/ ,paganism1 :i* 0 greatly weak5$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 reign4 ,_m ,pagan temples1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,ea/]n prov9ces1 7 de/roy$ dur+ 8 reign by ! ,*ri/ians1 act+ )\t ! ord]s ( ! emp]or1 b n puni%$ by him = ^! acts ( viol5ce4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 con/ra9 ! ,pagans to embrace ,*ri/ianity2 &1 not)/&+ t he proclaim$ sev]al laws aga9/ _! wor%ip1 he employ$ _m ( !m ev5 9 ! highe/ (fices ( ! /ate47#cf7 ,not)/&+ ! sev]e laws publi%$ by ,!odosius aga9/ idolatry1 ,rome /ill conta9$ a great numb] ( pagan temples1 & ! poly!i/ p>ty cont9u$ to be /rong 9 ! s5ate1 z well z 9 ! army1 :i* is evid5t f ! two foll[+ facts4 ,:5 ,al>ic elect$ 9 #dji ,attalus emp]or ( ,rome1 ! new mon>* di/ribut$ ! fir/ dignities ( ! /ate to ,pagans1 & re/or$ ! public solemnities ( ! anci5t wor%ip1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 himself on ! ?rone by ! support ( ! ,pagan p>ty2 :i* proves t1 ?\gh a c5tury _h already elaps$ s9ce ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 ?is p>ty 0 n yet consid]$ q insignificant4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,honorius hav+ proclaim$ a law :i* exclud$ f ! (fices ( ! imp]ial palace all ^? :o did n pr(ess 8 religion1 0 oblig$ to revoke x1 because x gave (f5ce to ! ,pagan (fic]s ( ! army4 ,arcadius1 :o succe$$ ,!odosius on ! ?rone ( ! ,ea/]n empire1 proclaim$1 imm$iately aft] 8 accession 9 #cih1 t he w\ld /rictly en=ce ! laws ( 8 fa!r aga9/ ,paganism1 & he issu$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> new & m sev]e ord9ances ( ! same k9d4 ,! bl[ :i* may be said to h ov]turn$ ,paganism 9 ! ,roman empire did n1 h[ev]1 come f its ,*ri/ian mon>*s1 b f ! same h& :i* de/roy$ its anci5t capital1 & inflict$ ^u ! ,we/]n empire a mortal w\nd :i* x did n survive _m ye>s4 ,! ,go?s1 :om ! en]gy & wise policy ( ,!odosius _h ma9ta9$ 9 _! allegiance to ! empire1 be+ (f5d$ by ,arcadius1 revolt$1 & invad$ 8 dom9ions "u ,al>ic1 9 #cif4 ,!y ravag$ ! prov9ces situat$ betwe5 ! ,adriatic & ! ,black ,seas1 & p5etrat$ into ,greece1 :]e ,paganism1 not)/&+ all ! enactm5ts ( ,!odosius1 0 /ill prevail+ to a v great ext5t4 ,! pr9cipal cities ( ,greece 7 deva/at$ by ! ,go?s1 :o1 rec5tly conv]t$ to ,arianism1 & hav+ no ta/e = arts1 de/roy$ all ! temples1 /atues1 & o!r pagan monum5ts1 ) :i* !y met4 ,a!ns escap$ ! fury ( ! invad]s1 b ! celebrat$ temple ( ,eleusis1 ^: my/]ies cont9u$ 9 full vig\r 9 spite ( all ! laws :i* _h be5 publi%$ aga9/ poly!ism1 0 de/roy$1 :il/ its prie/s ei!r p]i%$ or fl$4 ,?is cata/rophe 0 s mu* felt by ! adh]5ts ( ! anci5t wor%ip 9 ,greece1 t _m ( !m are said to h committ$ suicide f grief4 8,s9ce ! defeat ( ,*]onea1 & ! capture ( ,cor9?1 ! ,greek nationality _h nev] exp]i5c$ a sev]] bl[ ?an ! de/ruction ( its temples & ( its gods by ,al>ic10 says an em95t ,g]man writ] ( our day47#cg7 ,x 01 inde$1 a mortal bl[ to a religion :i* ma9ta9$ its sway by act+ ^u ! s5ses & ! imag9ation1 z well z ^u ! feel+s ( national pride or vanity1 because x de/roy$ all ! means by :i* su* feel+s 7 produc$4 ,al>ic & 8 ,go?s seem to h be5 de/9$ by ,provid5ce to precipitate ! fall ( ,paganism at ,rome1 z well z 9 ,greece1 because ! capture & sack ( ! et]nal city by ^! b>b>ians1 9 #daj1 accel]at$ ! ru9 ( its anci5t wor%ip m ?an all ! laws proclaim$ aga9/ x by ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ?is t]rible cata/rophe h be5 amply describ$ by ,gibbon1 & ,i %all only obs]ve1 t ?\gh ,*ri/ians _h suff]$ on t occasion z mu* z ,pagans1 ! wor%ip ( ! latt] 0 /ruck at ! v root ( its exi/5ce by ! complete ru9 ( ! ,roman ari/ocracy1 :o1 al?\gh frequ5tly indiff]5t ab\t ! t5ets ( ! national poly!ism1 support$ x ) all _! influ5ce z a political in/itution1 :i* c\ld n be aboli%$ )\t injur+ ! mo/ vital int]e/s ( _! ord]47#ch7 ,! decl9e ( ,paganism f t "t 0 v rapid4 ,x is true t we h suffici5t hi/orical evid5ce to %[ t pagan temples 7 /ill to be f\nd at ,rome aft] its sack by ! ,go?s1 & t _m ,pagans 7 employ$1 9 ! ,we/]n z well z 9 ! ,ea/]n empires1 9 "s ( ! mo/ important (fices ( ! /ate2 b _! numb] 0 fa/ disappe>+1 & ! ex]cise ( _! religion 0 g5]ally conf9$ to ! dome/ic he>?1 to ! wor%ip ( ! ,l>es & ,p5ates4 ,x seems to h be5 p>ticul>ly preval5t among/ ! ru/ic population ( ! prov9ces1 & x 0 n entirely ext9ct 9 ,italy ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury2 because ! ,go?1 ,!odoric ! ,great1 :o reign$ ov] t c\ntry f #dic to #ebf1 publi%$ an edict =bidd+1 "u pa9 ( dea?1 to sacrifice accord+ to ! ,pagan rites1 z well z o!r sup]/iti\s practices rema9+ f ! anci5t poly!ism4 ,i h giv5 ?is sket* ( ! /ate ( ,paganism aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 & ( ! policy :i* 0 foll[$ t[>ds x by ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 because x seems to expla91 at lea/ to a c]ta9 degree1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 rapidly corrupt$ 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies by ! ,pagan ideas & practices :i* ,i %all endeav\r to trace 9 my next *apt]4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,infection ,( ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,by ,pagan ,ideas ,& ,practices ,dur+ ,! ,f\r? ,& ,fif? ,c5turies4 ,i h said t ! c\ncil ( ,elvira1 9 ,spa91 held 9 #cje1 prohibit$ ! use ( images 9 ! *ur*es4 ,o!r canons ( ! same c\ncil %[ t ev5 !n ,*ri/ians 7 b too prone to relapse into ! practices & cu/oms ( ,paganism2 because !y enact v sev]e ecclesia/ical p5ances aga9/ ^? ,*ri/ians :o took "p 9 ! rites & fe/ivals ( ! ,pagan wor%ip47#ci7 ,if su* enactm5ts 7 requir$ to ma9ta9 ! purity ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 at a "t :5 its conv]ts1 in/ead ( expect+ any worldly advantages1 7 (t5 expos$ to sev]e p]secution1 & consequ5tly _h no o!r motives = embrac+ x ?an a m]e conviction ( its tru?1 h[ mu* m 0 ?is purity endang]$ :5 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity l$ to ! fav\r ( ! sov]eign1 & :5 ! *ur*1 in/ead ( sev]ely repress+ ! idolatr\s prop5sities ( h] *ildr51 endeav\r$ to facilitate z mu* z possible ! entrance ( ! ,pagans into h] pale6 ,let me add1 t ! mixture ( ,*ri/ianity ) ,paganism 9 v>i\s public acts ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 c\ld n b contribute to ! g5]al confusion ( ideas among/ ^? ,*ri/ians :om ! *ur* 0 cont9ually receiv+ into h] pale1 ) all _! pagan notions4 ,i h describ$1 9 ! second *apt] ( ?is essay1 ! policy ( compromise adopt$ by ! *ur* aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e4 ,i %all n[ describe ! consequ5ces ( ?is policy1 by giv+ a sket* ( ! ,*ri/ian society :i* x produc$1 & :i* has be5 drawn1 on ! au?ority ( ecclesia/ical writ]s1 by ! same au?or ^: description & def5ce ( t policy ,i h giv5 9 ! above-m5tion$ *apt]4 8,t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity among/ ! upp] classes ( ,roman society met /ill ) _m ob/acles2 b ! influ5tial p]sons :o _h brok5 ) ! error1 rema9$ at lea/ fai?ful to _! new cre$1 & did n sc&alise society by _! apo/asy4 ,! s5atorial families :i* _h embrac$ ,*ri/ianity gave1 at ,rome1 ! un=tunately too r>e example ( piety & ( all ! ,*ri/ian virtues2 ! case 0 diff]5t ) ! conv]ts belong+ to ! l[]1 & ev5 ! middle classes ( ,roman society4 ,! corruption ( mann]s _h made rapid progress among/ !m dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s ( ! f\r? c5tury2 & ?+s arriv$ at su* a pass1 t ! *oice ( a religion 0 consid]$ by ! p z an act ( ! greate/ indiff]5ce4 ,! new religion 0 embrac$ f int]e/1 f curiosity1 or by fa%ion1 & aft]w>ds ab&on$ on ! fir/ occasion4 ,x 01 9 fact1 n indiff]5ce1 because indiff]5ce induces p to rema9 9 ! religion 9 :i* !y 7 born2 x 0 a complete a!ism1 a revolt+ depravity1 an op5ly-express$ contempt ( all t is mo/ sacr$4 ,h[ _m times ! *ur*1 :i* /ruggl$1 b 9 va91 aga9/ ! progress ( ! evil1 _h occasion to lam5t ! too easy recruits :om %e 0 mak+ among/ ! inf]ior ranks ( society67#dj7 ,p disgracefully ignorant1 )\t hon\r1 )\t a %ad[ ( piety1 pollut$ by _! pres5ce ! assemblies ( ! fai?ful4 ,!y are ^? :om ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* designat$ by ! "n ( ! mali ,*ri/iani--ficti ,*ri/iani1 & aga9/ :om _! eloqu5t voices 7 (t5 res\nd+4 ,! h]etics1 ! promot]s ( tr\bles & s$itions1 always c\nt$ ^u ^? m51 :o seem$ to ent] ! *ur* only 9 ord] to di/urb h] by _! turbul5t _s1 or :o cons5t$ to rema9 9 ! true fai? only on condition ( introduc+ into ! usages ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 a cr[d ( sup]/itions ^: influ5ce 0 felt b too long27#da7 :il/ ! slighte/ sign ( ,paganism 0 suffici5t to call back to x ^? s]vants ( all ! p>ties4 8,x 0 !n1 un=tunately1 a too common ?+ to see m5 :o made a pr(ession ( pass+1 )\t any difficulty1 f "o religion to ano!r1 z _m times z x 0 requir$ by _! int]e/s4 ,! pr9ciple ( t inconceivable corruption 9 ! bosom ( a religion :i* 0 n yet completely develop$1 dat$ f a p]iod ant]ior to t :i* we are describ+47#db7 ,! c\ncils & ! emp]ors _h /ruggl$ 9 va9 aga9/ apo/asy1 :i* ! multitude ( h]esies1 & ! vices ( ! times1 _h plac$ among/ legitimate actions4 8,!odosius began 9 #cha to puni% ! apo/ates by depriv+ !m ( ! "r to make wills4 ,9 #chc1 he modifi$ ?is law 9 respect to ! apo/ate cate*um5s2 b ! g5]al pr9ciple ma9ta9$ all ! apo/ates absque jure ,romano4 ,val5t9ian ,,ii4 foll[$ ! example ( 8 colleague1 & appli$ ! be=e-m5tion$ dispositions to ^? ,*ri/ians :o became ,jews or ,mani*eans4 ,we "k1 f a law ( #cia1 t ! nobility 0 infect$ by ! g5]al _s ( ! age1 because ,val5t9ian enact$1 by ?is law1 t ^? nobles :o became apo/ates 7 to be degrad$ 9 su* a mann] t !y %\ld n c\nt ev5 9 vulgi ignobilis p>te4 ,9 #cif1 ,arcadius depriv$ aga9 ( ! "r to make wills ^? ,*ri/ians qui se idolorum sup]/itione impia maculav]9t47#dc7 ,! political au?orities1 !re=e1 _c be accus$ ( hav+ rema9$ indiff]5t to ! progress ( ! evil4 ,we mu/ n[ %[ h[ little p[] ! laws _h 9 a "t l t :i* we are describ+4 8,"o day1 ,/ ,augu/9us pres5t$ to ! assembly ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,hippona1 a man :o 0 to become celebrat$ among/ r5egades2 born a ,pagan1 he embrac$ ,*ri/ianity1 b return$ aga9 to ! idols1 & ex]cis$ ! lucrative pr(ession ( an a/rolog]2 he n[ dem&$ to be readmitt$ into ! *ur*1 t is to say1 to *ange = ! ?ird "t 8 religion4 ,/ ,augu/9us address$1 on t occasion1 ! above-m5tion$ assembly 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- 8 #8,?is =m] ,*ri/ian1 t]rifi$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 is n[ rep5t+4 ,9 ! days ( 8 fai?fulness1 he 0 entic$ by ! enemy1 & became an a/rolog]2 s$uc$ & deceiv$ himself1 he 0 s$uc+ & deceiv+ o!rs2 he utt]$ _m lies aga9/ ,god1 :o gave m5 ! p[] to d good1 & to d no evil2 he said t x 0 n ! w ( m5 :i* made m5 adult]]s1 b ,v5us2 t x 0 ,m>s :o r5d]$ p murd]]s2 t ju/ice 0 n inspir$ by ,god1 b by ,jupit]2 & he add$ to x _m o!r sacrileges4 ,h[ mu* money he has sw9dl$ f self-/yl$ ,*ri/ians6 ,h[ _m p h pur*as$ ! lie f him6 ,b n[1 if we are to believe him1 he hates ! error1 he lam5ts ! loss ( _m s\ls2 & feel+ himself caught by ! demon1 he returns t[>d ,god full ( rep5tance4 ,let u believe1 bre?r51 t x is fe> :i* produces ?is *ange4 ,:at %all we say8 p]haps we mu/ n rejoice s mu* at ! conv]sion ( ?is pagan a/rolog]1 because once be+ conv]t$1 he may seek to obta9 ! cl]ical (fice2 he is p5it5t1 bre?r51 & asks only = m]cy4 ,i recomm5d him to y\r he>ts1 & to y\r eyes4 ,let y\r he>ts love him1 b let y\r eyes wat* him4 ,m>k him well2 & :]ev] y %all meet him1 %[ him to ^? ( y\r bre?r5 :o are n pres5t "h4 ,?is w be an act ( m]cy1 because we mu/ fe> t 8 s$uctive s\l %\ld *ange aga91 & recomm5ce to d mis*ief4 ,wat* him2 "k :at he says1 & :]e he goes1 9 ord] t y\r te/imony may confirm u 9 ! op9ion t he is really conv]t$4 ,he 0 p]i%+1 b n[ he is f\nd aga94 ,he has br\ght ) him ! books :i* h burnt him1 9 ord] to ?r[ !m into ! fire2 he wi%es to be refre%$ by ! flames :i* %all consume !m4 ,y mu/ "k1 bre?r51 t he _h knock$ at ! door ( ! *ur* be=e ,ea/]1 b t ! pr(ession :i* he _h foll[$1 r5d]+ him suspect$ ( lies & fraud1 he 0 kept back1 b %ortly aft]w>ds receiv$4 ,we are afraid ( leav+ him expos$ to new temptations4 ,pray to ,*ri/ = him4' 8,socrates7#dd7 speaks ( a sophi/ ( ,con/ant9ople1 call$ ,ecebolus1 :o con=m$ ) a m>vell\s facility to all ! *anges ( =tune :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 und]go+4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1 he affect$ ! greate/ zeal = ! new belief2 b :5 ,julian became emp]or1 he resum$ 8 anci5t devotion to ! gods ( ,paganism4 ,aft] ! dea? ( t mon>*1 he gave great publicity to 8 rep5tance1 & pro/rat$ himself be=e ! *ur*es1 cry+ to ! ,*ri/ians1 #8,tread me "u y\r feet1 z ! salt :i* has lo/ its sav\r6' ,socrates adds3--#8,ecebolus rema9$ :at he has always be51--i4e41 a fickle & incon/ant man4' ,/ ,augu/9us c\ld c]ta9ly say ! same ( 8 a/rolog]4 ,is x n surpris+ to f9d apo/asy /ill preval5t at a "t :5 no s5sible man c\ld believe 9 ! re/oration ( ! anci5t wor%ip8 ,! appe>ance ( ,julian mu/ h upset _m a m9d1 %ak5 _m a consci5ce1 & giv5 to ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity ! "* ( a transitory ev5t4 ,b1 at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 x 0 impossible to ab&on ! *ur* & return to ! idols1 except by a feel+ :i* c\ld n b excite pr(\nd pity4 ,i !re=e und]/& :y ,/ ,augu/9us _h cons5t$ to plead ) ! ,*ri/ians 9 fav\r ( a wret* already *>g$ ) ?ree apo/asies3 he wi%$1 above all1 to take f him ! "n ( a ,pagan1 be+ conv9c$ t :oev] cons5t$ no long] to sacrifice to ! false gods w\ld f9ally belong to ! true religion4 ,a neophyte1 re/ra9$ by ! leav5 ( all ! pagan passions1 might rema9 m or less "t on ! ?re%old ( ! *ur*1 b soon] or lat] he 0 sure to cross x47#de7 ,! lead]s ( ! *ur* consid]$ x always a fav\rable presumption :5 a citiz5 cons5t$ to call himself no long] a ,pagan4 ,?is fir/ victory appe>$ to !m a sure presage ( a true conv]sion2 & !y recomm5d$ to ! ,*ri/ians t !y %\ld n apply ! dang]\s epi!t ( ,pagan to ^? ( _! bre?r5 :o _h fail$1 b simply to call !m s9n]s4 ,!y endeav\r$1 9 %ort1 to make !m =get ,paganism2 & 9 ord] to atta9 ?is object1 !y ev5 =bade to pron\nce its "n47#df7 8,! anci5t wor%ip 0 n only ob/ruct+ ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity by cov]t & insidi\s attacks1 b x 0 also vitiat+ ! discipl9e ( ! *ur*1 because its sway ^u ! mann]s ( ! conv]ts 0 some?+ m l a real tyranny ?an ! natural remnant ( its =m] influ5ce4 ,x is1 inde$1 surpris+ ) :at facility x introduc$ into ! sanctu>y ( ! true ,god its sup]/iti\s _s1 its relax$ morals1 & its love ( disord]4 ,h[ little ! *ur* 0 !n1--i4e41 sev5ty ye>s aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1--resembl+ :at %e ought to h be51 or :at %e became aft]w>ds67#dg7 ,/ ,j]ome _h int5d$1 t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 to write an ecclesia/ical hi/ory2 b x 0 9 ord] to %[ t ! *ur*1 "u ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 w5t on cont9ually decl9+4 ,divitiis major1 virtutibus m9or 7,great] 9 weal?1 small] 9 virtue71 0 ! sev]e s5t5ce :i* ,/ ,j]ome mu/ h pron\nc$ ) regret1 b ! ju/ice ( :i* is prov$ by all ! hi/orical docum5ts ( t p]iod4 ,?is illu/ri\s lead] ( ,*ri/ianity1 ^: m9d 0 m incl9$ to en?usiasm ?an dejection1 frequ5tly lo/ all en]gy1 by reflect+ on ! deplorable condition ( ! *ur*1 decl>+ t he felt no long] any p[] to write4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( hi/orians h repres5t$ 9 vivid col\rs ! excessive luxury ( ! bi%ops dur+ t "t1 z well z ! gre$9ess1 ! ignorance1 & ! misconduct ( ! cl]gy2 ,i %all !re=e *oose f ?is melan*oly picture only ^? p>ts :i* ref] to ! hi/ory ( ,paganism4 8,all ! arts ( div9ation rema9$ /ill 9 ! highe/ fav\r among/ ,*ri/ians1 ev5 :5 ! grave m5 ( ! ,pagan p>ty _h be51 = a long "t1 %[+ = ^! practices ( idolatry ei!r a conv5tional respect or an op5 contempt47#dh7 ,!y swore by ! false gods1--!y obs]v$ ! fif? day1 d$icat$ to ,jupit]1--& !y took a "p 9 ! sacr$ games1 fea/s1 & fe/ivals ( ! ,pagans4 ,*ri/ian c]emonies did n pres]ve almo/ any ?+ ( _! anci5t maje/y4 ,x 0 n a r>e occurr5ce to he> pagan hymns *ant$ at ,*ri/ian solemnities1 or to see ,*ri/ians danc+ be=e _! *ur*es1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ,paganism4 ,!re 0 no m dec5cy obs]v$ 9 ! int]ior ( ^? *ur*es3 p w5t !re to speak ab\t bus9ess1 or to amuse !mselves2 ! noise 0 s great1 & ! bur/s ( laught] s l\d1 t x 0 impossible to he> ! read+ ( ! ,scriptures2 ! congregation qu>rell$1 f\ght1 & sometimes int]f]$ ) ! (ficiat+ prie/1 press+ him to end1 or compell+ him to s+1 accord+ to _! ta/e4 ,/ ,augu/9us 0 !re=e w>rant$ 9 call+ ?is s p[]ful influ5ce ( ! anci5t wor%ip a p]secution ( ! demon1 m cov]t & insidi\s ?an t :i* ! primitive *ur* _h suff]$4 8,all ^! sc&al\s facts are atte/$ by ! bi%op ( ,hippona 7,/ ,augu/9us7 & by t ( ,milan 7,/ ,ambrose72 x is !re=e impossible to d\bt _! au!nticity4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said1 t su* a /ate ( corruption 0 local1 & peculi> to ! *ur*es ( ,africa & ,milan2 ,i mu/ !re=e produce new evid5ce1 9 ord] to %[ t ! calamit\s effect ( ! pagan mann]s 0 felt 9 all ! prov9ces4 8,/ ,gaud5tius1 bi%op ( ,brescia1 a contempor>y ( ,/ ,augu/9us1 vigor\sly combat$ idolatry 9 8 diocese2 & ! foll[+ is an extract f "o ( 8 s]mons3-- 8 #8,y neophytes1 :o h be5 call$ to ! fea/ ( ?is salut>y & my/ical ,ea/]1 look h[ y pres]ve y\r s\ls f ^? alim5ts :i* h be5 defil$ by ! sup]/ition ( ! ,pagans4 ,x is n en\gh = a true ,*ri/ian to reject ! poison$ food ( ! demons2 he mu/ also fly f all ! abom9ations ( ! ,pagans1--f all ! frauds ( ! idolat]s1 z f v5om eject$ by ! s]p5t ( ! devil4 ,idolatry is compos$ ( poison+s1 ( en*antm5ts1 ligatures1 presages1 augurs1 sorc]ies1 z well z ( all k9ds ( va9 obs]vances1 &1 moreov]1 ( ! fe/ival call$ ,p>5tales2 by means ( :i* idolatry is reanimat+ error2 & inde$ m51 giv+ way to _! gluttony1 began to eat ! vi&s :i* _h be5 prep>$ = ! dead2 aft]w>ds !y 7 n afraid ( celebrat+ 9 _! hon\r sacrilegi\s sacrifices1--al?\gh x is difficult to believe t a duty t[>ds _! dead is dis*>g$ by ^? :o1 ) a h& %ak+ f ! effects ( drunk5ness1 place tables on sepul*res1 & say1 ) an un9telligible voice1 ,! _s is ?ir/y47#di7 ,i besee* y1 take he$ ( ^! ?+s1 9 case ,god %\ld deliv] to ! flames ( hell 8 contemn]s & enemies1 :o h refus$ to we> 8 yoke4' 8,:o may wond] t su* ,*ri/ians all[$ ! pagan idols1 temples1 & alt>s to rema91 & to be hon\r$ on _! e/ates1 z is atte/$ by ! same bi%op8 ,/ ,augu/9us1 :om ,i am n tir$ ( quot+1 because no o!r doctor ( t "t express$ s vividly ! true ,*ri/ian ideas1 lam5t$ ?is mon/r\s wor%ip1 :i* 0 nei!r ,paganism nor ,*ri/ianity4 #8,_m a man1' says he1 #8:o ent]s ! *ur* a ,*ri/ian1 leaves x a ,pagan1' ,h[ev]1 f> f despair+1 he wrote to ! virg9 ,felicia1 #8,i advise !e n to be affect$ too mu* by ^! (f5ces2 !y 7 pr$ict$1 9 ord] t1 :5 !y %\ld come1 we might rememb] t !y _h be5 ann\nc$1 & consequ5tly n be hurt by !m4' ,b ! ,pagans1 = :om ?is premature corruption ( ,*ri/ianity 0 n a pr$ict$ ?+1 rejoic$ 9 contemplat+ ! ext5t ( its progress2 !y w\ld n believe ! duration ( a wor%ip :i* _h s rapidly arriv$ at ! p]iod ( its decl9e1 & !y 7 repeat+ 9 _! delusion ?is celebrat$ say+1 #8,*ri/ians are only = a:ile2 !y w aft]w>ds p]i%1 & ! idols w return4' 0--,beugnot1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ig1 et seq4 ,?is melan*oly picture ( ,*ri/ian society1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 drawn by ,m4 ,beugnot1 on ! au?ority ( ! ecclesia/ical writ]s1 is1 inde$1 z gloomy z t ( ,roman society 9 g5]al1 :i* _h be5 s graphically describ$ ab\t ! same "t by ! pagan au?or ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 & reproduc$ by ,gibbon4 ,x 0 v natural t su* a corrupt$ soil %\ld produce ! ranke/ gr[? ( sup]/ition1 & rapidly br+ ab\t t melan*oly reaction :i* 0 n inaptly /yl$ by ,gibbon1 8! revival ( poly!ism 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*40 ,?is wret*$ /ate ( ?+s 01 z ,i h said be=e1 *iefly due to t policy ( compromise by :i* ! lead]s ( ! *ur* s\ght to get z _m ,pagans z possible into h] pale1 & :o consequ5tly 7 baptis$ )\t be+ conv]t$4 ,?is compromise ) ,paganism 0 (t5 c>ri$ to great extremes2 & ! hi/ory ( ! conv]sion ( ,flor5ce1 :i* ,i h extract$ f ,m4 ,beugnot's "w1 gives "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( ^? unpr9cipl$ proce$+s3--8,flor5ce paid p>ticul> hon\rs to ! god ,m>s4 ,x 0 n )\t regret t x ab&on$ ! wor%ip ( ?is div9ity4 ,! "t ( its conv]sion _h be5 assign$ to ! second or ! ?ird c5tury1 b ! vagu5ess ( ?is date deprives x ( all au?ority4 ,yet1 :atev] may h be5 ! c5tury 9 :i* ! conv]sion ( ,flor5ce took place1 x c\ld n be a subject ( edification & joy to ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! traditions ( t city pr$ict$ to x great calamities if ! /atue ( ,m>s 0 ei!r sulli$1 or put into a place unwor?y ( x4 ,! ,flor5t9es /ipulat$1 !re=e1 on accept+ ! new religion1 t ,m>s %\ld be respect$4 ,8 /atue 0 consequ5tly nei!r brok5 nor sulli$1 b x 0 c>efully tak5 f 8 temple1 & plac$ on a p$e/al ne> ! riv]1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! city4 ,_m ye>s aft] ?is1 ! new ,*ri/ians fe>$ & invok$ t god :o 0 de?ron$ only by halves4 ,:5 almo/ all ! pagan temples _h fall5 ei!r by ! /roke ( "t1 or "u ! bl[s ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ! hea!n palladium ( ,flor5ce /ood /ill erect on ! banks ( ! ,arno2 &1 accord+ to "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ hi/orians t ,italy has produc$ dur+ ! middle ages 7,g4 ,villani1 lib4 i41 cap4 #fj71 ! demon :o _h rema9$ 9 ! /atue realis$1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! old pr$iction ( ! ,etruscans47#ej7 ,compromises ( ! k9d :i* took place at ,flor5ce became v common dur+ ! fif? c5tury1 & :51 at a lat] p]iod1 ,*ri/ianity wi%$ to annul !m1 x met ) great ob/acles40--7,,beugnot1 vol4 i41 p4 #bhf47 ,! ,jews _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! k ( ! true ,god1 & _! fai? c\ld n b be /r5g!n$ by ! miracles ) :i* _! exodus f ,egypt 0 accompani$1 & yet a %ort abs5ce ( ,moses f _! camp 0 suffici5t to make !m call = gods t w\ld g be=e !m1 & to induce !m to wor%ip an image evid5tly borr[$ f ! idolatry ( ^? v ,egyptians by :om !y _h be5 s mu* oppress$4 ,x 01 !re=e1 no wond] t society1 educat$ = _m c5turies "u ! influ5ce ( ,paganism1 7 cont9ually return+ to _! anci5t rites1 sup]/itions1 & mann]s1 ?\gh "u a new "n1 & 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,if we consid] fur!r1 t su* a man z ,a>on _h n suffici5t /r5g? to resi/ ! s5seless dem&s ( ! multitude1 & ev5 cons5t$ to m\ld an object = _! idolatry1 h[ c\ld ! lead]s ( ! *ur* oppose ! pressure ( ,paganism1 :i* !y _h incauti\sly admitt$ into h] pale1 & :i*1 "u ! assum$ "n ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 e/abli%+ its dom9ion ov] ! *ur*8 ,!re 0 no inspir$ prophet among/ ! ,*ri/ians ( t "t1 to re/ore ! purity ( _! fai? 9 ! same mann] z ,moses did among/ ! ,jews1 aft] 8 return f ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,! ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 !re=e left = c5turies "u ! oppression ( pagan sup]/itions1 f :i*1 z yet1 only a small portion ( h] has be5 emancipat$1 ?\gh ,i firmly believe t %e w be "o day entirely re/or$ to h] pri/9e purity4 ,?is hope1 h[ev]1 is n f\nd$ ^u ! m]e advance ( human intellect1 because1 9 spite ( its boa/$ progress1 x seems n[ to be p[]less aga9/ ! daily gr[+ reaction ( ! above-m5tion$ sup]/itions1 ev5 9 places :5ce !y app>5tly _h be5 bani%$ = ev]1 b because ,*ri/ianity is ( a div9e & n human orig94 ,!re 0 no lack ( opposition to ?is univ]sal corruption ( ! *ur* on ! "p ( sev]al true ,*ri/ians1 & !re 7 und\bt$ly _m m in/ances ( ?is noble conduct ?an ^? :i* h rea*$ u1 b ! records ( !m 7 probably ei!r lo/ 9 ! lapse ( ages1 or de/roy$ by _! oppon5ts4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! prohibition ( ! use ( images 9 ! *ur*es by ! c\ncil ( ,elvira 9 #cje4 ,! c\ncil ( ,laodicea1 held ab\t #cfc1 decl>$1 9 its sev5ty-fif? canon1 8,t ,*ri/ians ought n to ab&on ! *ur*1 & retire else:]e 9 ord] to invoke angels1 & =m private assemblies1 because x is prohibit$4 ,if1 !re=e1 any "o is atta*$ to ?is secret idolatry1 let him be ana!ma1 because he has left our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & has become an idolat]40 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ?is sup]/ition1 expressly prohibit$ by ,/ ,paul1 ,col4 ii4 #ah1 0 !n secretly practis$ 9 "s private assemblies1 ?\gh x 0 aft]w>ds introduc$ into ! ,we/]n z well z ! ,ea/]n *ur*4 ,! c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 held t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 condemn$ ! abuse ( ! hon\rs :i* 7 paid to ! memory ( ! m>tyrs by ! ,*ri/ians ( ,africa1 & ord]$ ! bi%ops to repress !m1 if ! ?+ might be done1 b if x c\ld n be done on acc\nt ( ! popul> emotions1 to w>n at lea/ ! p4 ,?is proves h[ weak ! bi%ops felt _! au?ority to be aga9/ ! prevail+ sup]/itions among/ _! flocks1 & t !y pref]r$ suff]+ ! latt] to risk+ ! =m]4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ians :o oppos$1 9 a bold & uncompromis+ mann]1 ! pagan errors & abuses :i* _h infect$ ! *ur*4 ,/ ,epiphanius1 ar*bi%op ( ,salamis1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 celebrat$ = 8 le>n+1 & ^: virtues ,/ ,j]ome extols 9 ! mo/ gl[+ t]ms1 explicitly condemn$ ! wor%ip ( creat$ be+s1 8because10 he obs]v$1 8! devil 0 creep+ into m5's m9ds "u ! pret5ce ( devotion & ju/ice1 &1 consecrat+ human nature by div9e hon\rs1 pres5t$ to _! eyes v>i\s f9e images1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! m9d f ! "o ,god by an infam\s adult]y4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh ^? :o are wor%ipp$ are dead1 p adore _! images1 :i* nev] _h any life 9 !m40 ,he fur!r rem>k$1 8t !re 0 n a prophet :o w\ld h suff]$ a man or a woman to be wor%ipp$2 t nei!r ! prophet ,elias1 nor ,/ ,john ! belov$ disciple ( ! ,"l1 nor ,/ ,!cla 7:o _h receiv$ ! mo/ extravagant praises f ! fa!rs71 7 ev] wor%ipp$2 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! virg9 0 nei!r to be invok$ nor wor%ipp$40 8,! old sup]/ition10 says he1 8%all n h su* p[] ov] u z to oblige u to ab&on ! liv+ ,god1 & wor%ip 8 creature407#ea7 ,! same ,/ ,epiphanius relates1 9 a lett] address$ to ,john1 bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 t hav+ arriv$ dur+ a j\rney at a village call$ ,anablatta1 he f\nd 9 its *ur* a veil susp5d$ ov] ! door1 ) a figure repres5t+ ,*ri/ or "s sa9t4 ,he 0 s indignant at ?is sight t he imm$iately tore ! veil to pieces1 & advis$ ! w>d5s ( t *ur* to employ x z a %r\d to bury a dead body4 ,z ! p ( ! place compla9$ t ! veil ( _! *ur* 0 de/roy$1 )\t giv+ !m 9 its place ano!r1 ,epiphanius s5t !m "o2 b he exhort$ 9 8 lett] ! above-m5tion$ bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 9 ^: diocese ,anablatta 0 situat$1 to ord] ! prie/s ( t place n to susp5d any m su* veils 9 ! *ur* ( ,*ri/1 because !y are contr>y to our religion4 ,! au!nticity ( ?is lett]1 :i* be>s su* /rong evid5ce aga9/ ! use ( images 9 *ur*es1 0 reject$ by ,bell>m9e & ! ecclesia/ical hi/orian ,b>onius1 b x has be5 admitt$ by ,petau & "s ( ! able/ writ]s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,lat9 by ,/ ,j]ome1 & is f\nd 9 all ! collections ( 8 works4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ oppon5t ( ! abuses ) :i* ! *ur* _h be5 already infect$ at t "t 0 ,vigilantius4 ,8 writ+s h n be5 pres]v$1 & we "k 8 op9ions only f _! refutation by ,/ ,j]ome1 & f :i* we may conclude t ?is re=m] ( ! fif? c5tury ma9ta9$ ! same doctr9es :i* 7 aft]w>ds def5d$ by ! ,wald5sians1 ,wycliffe1 ! ,hussites1 & :i* are n[ pr(ess$ by ! ,prote/ant ,*ri/ians4 ,he 0 born at ,calagorris 9 ,gallia2 he became a prie/ at ,b>celona1 & contract$ 9 t place an intimate fri5d%ip ) ,/ ,paul9us1 aft]w>ds bi%op ( ,nola4 ,vigilantius w5t to ,italy 9 ord] to see ?is fri5d ( 81 & hav+ an int5tion to visit ,pale/9e & ,egypt1 took f him an introduction to ,/ ,j]ome4 ,!y became great fri5ds ) ,/ ,j]ome1 :o 0 mu* pleas$ ) ! m>ks ( approbation %[n by ,vigilantius dur+ a s]mon :i* he prea*$4 ,he also ackn[l$ges t he1 z well z sev]al o!rs1 w\ld h di$ f />vation1 if ,vigilantius _h n assi/$ !m ) 8 own & 8 fri5ds' money2 & he says1 9 8 answ] to ,paul9us1 8,y w le>n f ! m\? ( ! holy prie/1 ,vigilantius1 ) :at affection ,i h receiv$ him40 ,?is affection disappe>$1 h[ev]1 z soon z ,j]ome le>n$ t ,vigilantius _h accus$ him 9 ,egypt ( be+ too p>tial to ,orig5es1 & ! holy prie/ became an imp]t95t1 ^: silly spee*es he _h obs]v$ dur+ _! fir/ int]view4 ,he made use ( sev]al injuri\s expressions 9 speak+ ( ! =m] object ( 8 admiration1 & :i* d n well accord ) ! gravity ( 8 "*1 z1 = in/ance1 call+ him (t5 ,dormitantius in/ead ( ,vigilantius4 ,8 indignation knew no b\nds :5 he he>d1 9 #djd1 t ,vigilantius1 :o 0 !n 9 ,gallia1 _h attack$ sev]al practices :i* _h crept into ! *ur*1 & he dictat$ 9 "o s+le night a vehem5t answ] to ! op9ions ( ,vigilantius1 :o1 accord+ to ?is writ]1 taught z foll[s3-- ,t ! hon\rs paid to ! rott5 bones & du/ ( ! sa9ts & m>tyrs1 by ador+1 kiss+1 wrapp+ !m 9 silv]1 & enclos+ !m 9 vessels ( gold1 plac+ !m 9 *ur*es1 & light+ wax c&les be=e !m1 0 idolatry4 ,t ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy 0 h]esy1 & _! v[s ( *a/ity a sem9>y ( lewdness4 ,t to pray = ! dead1 or desire _! pray]s1 0 sup]/ition1 & t we c pray "o = ano!r only z long z we are alive4 ,t ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ apo/les & m>tyrs 7 at re/ 9 "s p>ticul> place1 & c\ld n leave x1 9 ord] to be pres5t 9 v>i\s places1 = he>+ ! pray]s address$ to !m4 ,t ! sepul*res ( ! m>tyrs %\ld n be v5]at$2 t vigils held 9 *ur*es %\ld be aboli%$1 ) ! exception ( t at ,ea/]2 t to ent] mona/ic life 0 to become useless to society1 c4 c4 ,! answ] ( ,j]ome to ! above-m5tion$ op9ions ( ,vigilantius is a curi\s mixture ( viol5ce & casui/ry4 ,he decl>$ 8 quondam fri5d & holy prie/1 ,vigilantius1 a great] mon/] ?an all ^? :i* nature _h ev] produc$1 ! ,c5taurs1 ! ,behemo?s1 ! ,syr5s1 ! triple-bodi$ ,g]ion ( ,spa92 t he 0 a mo/ dete/able h]etic1 v5t+ f\l blasphemies aga9/ ! relics ( ! m>tyrs1 :o 7 work+ miracles ev]yday4 8,g10 says he to ,vigilantius1 8into ! *ur*es ( ^? m>tyrs1 & ?\ %alt be cleans$ f ! evil _s by :i* ?\ art n[ possess$1 & feel ?yself burn+1 n by ^? wax c&les :i* (f5d !e1 b by invisible flames1 :i* w =ce t demon :o talks )9 !e to confess t he is ! same z t :o _h p]sonat$1 p]haps a ,m]cury1 a ,bac*us1 or "s o!r ( ! hea!n gods1 among/ _! foll[]s10 c4 ,he is unable1 h[ev]1 to produce any o!r argum5t 9 support ( ! wor%ip ( relics ?an ! example ( ^? :o _h practis$ x4 8,0 x wrong10 he exclaims1 8( ! bi%ops ( ,rome to celebrate div9e s]vice on ! graves conta9+ ! bones ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul1 :i*1 accord+ to ,vigilantius1 7 no?+ bett] ?an du/8 ,! ,emp]or ,con/antius mu/ !n h committ$ a sacrilege by translat+ ! holy relics ( ,&rew1 ,luke1 & ,timo?y1 to ,con/ant9ople2 ! ,emp]or ,arcadius mu/ be !n also consid]$ sacrilegi\s1 z he has translat$ ! bones ( ! bless$ ,samuel f ,judea to ,?race2 !n all ^? bi%ops :o cons5t$ to pres]ve m]e du/ 9 vessels ( gold or wrapt 9 silk1 7 n only sacrilegi\s1 b 7 fools2 &1 f9ally1 t all ^! p mu/ h be5 fools :o w5t out to meet ^! relics1 & receiv$ !m ) z mu* joy z if !y 7 ! prophet himself alive1 because ! procession :i* c>ri$ !m 0 att5d$ by cr[ds ( p f ,pale/9e to ,*alc$on1 s++ ! praises ( ,*ri/1 ^: s]vant ,samuel 040 ,!re is no abuse 9 ! _w :i* _c be ju/ifi$1 if ! example ( p]sons occupy+ a high /ation or t ( great numb]s is suffici5t = x4 ,! advocates ( ! adoration ( relics 9 our own days may def5d x by ! fact t ab\t half a million ( p w5t 9 #ahde to wor%ip ! holy coat ( ,treves1 & t /ill m rec5tly great hon\rs 7 paid to ! relics ( ,/ ,!odosia at ,ami5s1 by a numb] ( di/+ui%$ p]sons1--bi%ops1 ar*bi%ops1 & ev5 c>d9als4 ,! autos da f ( ! ,spani% & ,portuguese inquisitions c\ld n be wrong1 s9ce k+s1 que5s1 & ! mo/ em95t p]sons ( ! /ate1 approv$ !m by _! pres5ce4 ,idolatry _c be an error1 s9ce s _m mon>*s1 /atesm51 & le>n$ m51 _h con=m$ to its rites2 :il/1 on ! o!r side1 ! same reason may be plead$ = ! p5al laws ( ,irel&1 & o!r enactm5ts aga9/ ! ,roman ,ca?olics1 because !y 7 e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ by s _m p>liam5ts4 ,j]ome ma9ta9$ t x 0 a calumny ( ,vigilantius to say t ! ,*ri/ians burnt c&les 9 daylight1 ?\gh he admitt$ t x 0 done by "s m5 & wom5 9 ord] to hon\r ! m>tyrs4 ,he did n approve ( x1 because _! zeal 0 )\t k2 b he ?\ght t on acc\nt ( _! good int5tion1 !y w\ld be rew>d$ accord+ to _! fai?1 l ! woman :o _h ano9t$ ! feet ( our ,"l4 ,he also tri$ to ju/ify ! use ( c&les by ^? passages ( ! ,scriptures :]e an allusion 0 made to lamps & lights2 z1 = in/ance1 ! p>able ( ! virg9s1 ! expression ( ! ,psalm cxix4 #aje1 8,?y ^w is a lamp unto my feet1 & a light unto my pa?40 ,! re/ ( ! argum5ts :i* ,/ ,j]ome employs 9 refut+ :at he calls ! errors & h]esies ( ,vigilantius are ( a simil> nature to ^? :i* h be5 giv5 above2 & x is really a/oni%+ to see t a man l ?is celebrat$ fa!r1 :o is g5]ally consid]$ z "o ( ! great lum9>ies ( ! *ur*1 n only by ,roman ,ca?olics1 b also by "s ,prote/ants1 c\ld desc5d to su* mis]able %ifts1 & indulge 9 su* viol5t language z he did1 9 8 answ] to ,vigilantius1 :i* be>s a /rong m>k ( hav+ be5 dictat$ m by 8 p]sonal feel+s aga9/ 8 =m] fri5d & b5efactor1 ?an by a conviction ( ! ju/ice ( ! cause :i* he 0 def5d+ on t occasion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 evid5t f ! o!r writ+s ( ! same fa!r ( ! *ur*1 t 8 imag9ation 0 mu* m p[]ful ?an 8 reason+ faculties1 & t he _h entirely =gott5 ! precept ( ,/ ,paul1 to 8refuse pr(ane & old wives' fables0--7#a ,timo?y iv4 #g7--;because no "o has ev] indulg$ 9 m absurd fables ?an ?is good fa!r did1 9 8 lives ( ,/ ,hil>ion & ,/ ,paul1 two celebrat$ monks1 & ( :i* ! foll[+ is a fair specim53-- 8,a ,*ri/ian citiz5 ( ,majuma1 call$ ,italicus1 kept horses = rac+1 b 0 cont9ually beat5 by 8 rival1 a pagan ducumvir ( ,gaza1 :o1 by us+ c]ta9 *>ms & diabolical incantations1 contriv$ always to damp ! spirits ( ! ,*ri/ian's horses1 & to give vig\r to 8 own4 ,italicus appli$1 !re=e1 = help to ,/ ,hil>ion1 :o1 ?9k+ t x 0 improp] to make pray]s = su* a frivol\s object1 advis$ ,italicus to sell 8 horses1 & to give _! price to ! poor1 = ! salvation ( 8 s\l4 ,italicus repres5t$1 h[ev]1 t he 0 dis*>g+ aga9/ 8 incl9ation ! duties ( a public (fice1 & t z a ,*ri/ian c\ld n resort to magical means1 he address$ himself to a s]vant ( ,god1 p>ticul>ly z x 0 important to defeat ! inhabitants ( ,gaza1 :o 7 kn[n z enemies ( ,*ri/1 & t x 0 n s mu* = 8 own int]e/s z = ^? ( ! *ur* t he wi%$ to ov]come 8 rival4 ,hil>ion1 conv9c$ by ^! reasons1 fill$ ) wat] an e>!n vessel1 f :i* he usually drank1 & deliv]$ x to ,italicus1 :o spr9kl$ ) ! wat] 8 horses1 8 *>iots & *>iote]s1 8 /ables1 & ev5 ! b>ri]s ( ! rac+ gr\nd4 ,! :ole city 0 9 a great excitem5t1 ! idolat]s d]id+ ! ,*ri/ians1 :o l\dly express$ _! confid5ce ( victory4 ,! signal be+ giv51 ! ,*ri/ian's horses flew ) an extreme rapidity1 & left ^? ( 8 rival f> beh9d4 ,?is miracle produc$ a v great effect ^u ! spectators1 & _m p]sons1 includ+ ! beat5 p>ty1 became conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity40 ,! above-m5tion$ "w is fill$ ) fables /ill m extravagant ?an ! "o :i* ,i h relat$1 & :i* entirely ?r[ into ! %ade ! celebrat$ tales ( ,mun*aus54 ,j]ome compla9$ t _m p1 :om1 9 8 ,*ri/ian meekness1 he calls ,scyllean dogs1 7 laugh+ at ! /ories relat$ 9 ^? works1 & :i* he beg9s by invok+ ! assi/ance ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,0 x !n a wond] t a ,*ri/ianity1 def5d$ by su* wret*$ sup]/itions1 0 frequ5tly ab&on$ by individuals1 :o1 comp>+ ! ,*ri/ian leg5ds ( ! k9d quot$ above ) ! fictions ( ,pagan my?ology1 pref]r$ ! latt] z be+ m poetical8 &1 inde$1 we h in/ances ( ! ridicule :i* ! ,pagans attempt$ to ?r[ ^u ,*ri/ianity1 by comp>+ its sa9ts ) _! own gods & demigods4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 return once m to ,vigilantius47#eb7 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic hi/orian ( ! *ur*1 ,b>onius1 :o calls him 8a horn$ bea/1 a fool1 & furi\s1 :o _h rea*$ ! la/ degree ( folly & fury10 c41 c41 ma9ta9s t 8 h]esy 0 solemnly condemn$ by ! ,pope ,innoc5t ,i41 :om ! bi%ops ( ,gallia _h address$ on ?is subject4 ,he also says t ! same h]esy produc$ t]rible consequ5ces2 because two ye>s aft] ,vigilantius _h spread 8 doctr9es1 ! ,v&als & o!r b>b>ians invad$ ,gallia1 & de/roy$ all 8 adh]5ts4 ,admitt+ ev5 ) ,b>onius t ,vigilantius 0 a damnable h]etic1 x _c be d5i$ t ?is le>n$ hi/orian _h a v /range notion ( div9e ju/ice1 because ! b>b>ians allud$ to above de/roy$ a great numb] ( *ur*es & relics1 z well z ^? :o pray$ at _! %r9es1 :il/ ,vigilantius di$ quietly1 &1 not)/&+ ! ass]tion ( ,b>onius1 nev] 0 exclud$ f ! communion ( ! *ur*1 or ev5 condemn$ by h] legal au?orities4 ,we "k f ,vigilantius' oppon5ts t 8 op9ions 7 approv$ by _m1 & !re c be no d\bt t !re 01 n only 9 8 days1 b long aft] him1 a good numb] ( witnesses = ! tru?1 :o oppos$ ! rapid spread ( ,pagan ideas & practices 9 ! *ur*4 ,?us1 at ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 ,s]5us1 bi%op ( ,m>seilles1 remov$ all ! images f 8 *ur*1 because ! p wor%ipp$ !m4 ,?is produc$ a great discont5t among/ _m p ( 8 diocese1 :o appeal$ to ,pope ,gregory ,i4 9 fav\r ( ! images4 ,! ,pope advis$ a middle c\rse1 i4e41 t ! images %\ld rema9 9 ! *ur*1 b t x %\ld n be all[$ to wor%ip !m4 ,s]5us1 h[ev]1 :o well knew t ! "o infallibly l$ to ! o!r1 refus$ to comply ) ! papal injunctions1 ^u :i* ,gregory wrote to him aga91 say+ t he prais$ 8 zeal 9 n suff]+ ! wor%ip ( any ?+ t 0 made by ! h& ( man2 b t images %\ld n be de/roy$1 because pictures 7 us$ 9 *ur*es to tea* ! ignorant by sight :at !y c\ld n read 9 books1 c47#ec7 ,we !re=e see t at ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 ! celebrat$ ,pope ,gregory ,i41 surnam$ ! ,great1 consid]$ ! wor%ip ( images z an abuse to be prohibit$1 b :i* 0 aft]w>ds legalis$ by 8 successors1 & an opposition to x decl>$ h]esy4 ,i c\ld produce o!r evid5ces to %[ t ! wor%ip ( images 0 condemn$ by _m bi%ops & prie/s ( ! p]iod :i* ,i h describ$1 ?\gh !y approv$ _! use z a means ( tea*+ ! illit]ate1 or tol]at$ !m z an unavoidable evil4 ,! limits ( ?is essay all[ me n1 h[ev]1 to ext5d my rese>*es on ?is subject1 & ,i %all endeav\r to give 9 ! next *apt] a rapid sket* ( ! viol5t reaction aga9/ ! wor%ip ( images 9 ! ea/ by ! iconocla/ emp]ors1 & ( ! m mod]ate1 b no less decid$1 opposition to ! same practice 9 ! we/ by ,*>lemagne4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,reaction ,aga9/ ,! ,wor%ip ,( ,images ,& ,o!r ,sup]/iti\s ,practices ,by ,! ,iconocla/ ,emp]ors ,( ,! ,ea/4 ,! wor%ip ( images1 z well z o!r ,pagan practices1 introduc$ into ! *ur* dur+ ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 7 prevail+ 9 ! ea/ z mu* z 9 ! we/2 & ,i h m5tion$1 p4 #i1 t ! monks1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,egypt1 _h greatly contribut$ to ! introduction ( an?ropomorphism into ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,a great bl[ to image-wor%ip 0 giv5 9 ! ea/ by ! rise & rapid progress ( ,mahometanism1 ^: foll[]s1 consid]+ x z idolatry1 de/roy$ _m objects to :i* c]ta9 miracul\s virtues _h be5 ascrib$1 & !y con/antly taunt$ ! ,*ri/ians ) _! belief 9 su* sup]/itions4 ,! ,jews address$ ! same reproa*es to ! ,*ri/ians2 8yet10 z ,gibbon has ju/ly obs]v$1 8_! s]vitude might curb _! zeal & depreciate _! au?ority2 b ! triumphant ,mussulman1 :o reign$ at ,damascus1 & ?reat5$ ,con/ant9ople1 ca/ into ! scale ( reproa* ! accumulat$ weight ( tru? & victory407#ed7 ,&1 inde$1 !re c\ld n be a /rong] argum5t aga9/ ! efficacy ( images ?an ! rapid conque/ by ! ,mahometans ( _m ,*ri/ian cities :i* reli$ ^u a miracul\s def5ce by "s images pres]v$ 9 _! *ur*es4 ,?is circum/ance c\ld n b produce1 9 ! m9ds ( _m ?9k+ ,*ri/ians1 a conviction ( ! absurdity ( image-wor%ip1 & ! spread ( su* op9ions mu/ h be5 promot$ by congregations :o _h pres]v$ ! purity ( primitive wor%ip1 & ( :om x appe>s t !re 7 sev]al /ill extant 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 z well z by ! influ5ce ( ,arm5ia1 a c\ntry ) :i* ! ea/]n empire _h frequ5t int]c\rse ( a political & comm]cial nature1 & ^: *ur* reject$ at t "t ! wor%ip ( images4 ,?is p>ty want$ only a lead] & fav\rable circum/ances 9 ord] publicly to ass]t _! condemnation ( ! prevail+ practice1 :i* !y consid]$ z s9ful idolatry4 ,! accession ( ,leo ,,iii41 ! ,isaurian1 9 #gag1 :o1 f an inf]ior condition1 rose by 8 tal5ts & milit>y pr[ess to ! imp]ial ?rone1 gave to t p>ty :at !y requir$1 = he %>$ _! op9ions1 & 0 a man ( great en]gy & ability4 ,! tr\bles ( ! /ate1 :i* ! val\r & political wisdom ( ,leo sav$ f imp5d+ ru91 occupi$ too mu* ! fir/ ye>s ( t emp]or's reign to all[ him to und]take a re=m ( ! *ur*4 ,b 9 #gbg he assembl$ a c\ncil ( s5ators & bi%ops1 & decid$1 ) _! cons5t1 t all ! images %\ld be remov$ 9 ! *ur*es f ! sanctu>y & ! alt>1 to a height :]e !y might be se51 b n wor%ipp$1 by ! congregation47#ee7 ,x 01 h[ev]1 impossible to foll[ long ?is middle c\rse1 z ! adh]5ts ( ! images contriv$ to wor%ip !m 9 spite ( _! elevation1 :ile _! oppon5ts tax$ ! emp]or ) want ( zeal1 hold+ out to him ! example ( ! ,jewi% mon>*1 :o _h caus$ ! braz5 s]p5t to be brok54 ,leo !re=e ord]$ all k9ds ( images to be de/roy$2 & ?\gh 8 edict met ) "s opposition17#ef7 x 0 put into execution ?r\gh\t ! :ole empire1 ) ! exception ( ! ,italian prov9ces1 :i*1 in/igat$ by ,pope ,gregory ,,ii41 a zeal\s def5d] ( images1 revolt$ aga9/ ! emp]or1 & resi/$ all 8 ef=ts to rega9 8 dom9ion ov] !m4 ,?is mon>* di$ 9 #gda1 aft] a n +lori\s reign ( tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 & 0 succe$$ on ! ?rone by 8 son ,con/ant9e ,,viii41 surnam$ ,copronymus4 ,all ! in=mation :i* we possess ab\t ?is mon>*1 z well z ! o!r iconocla/ emp]ors1 is d]iv$ f hi/orians viol5tly oppos$ to _! religi\s views4 ,^! writ]s repres5t ,con/ant9e ,,viii4 z "o ( ! greate/ mon/]s t ev] disgrac$ humanity1 /a9$ by e imag9able vice2 & hav+ exhau/$ all ! usual t]ms ( opprobrium1 !y inv5t "s su* ridicul\s expressions z a 8leop>d g5]at$ by a lion1 an aspic born f ! se$s ( a s]p5t1 a fly+ dragon10 c42 b !y d n adduce 9 confirmation ( ^! epi!ts any ( ^? crim9al acts :i* h disgrac$ ! reigns ( _m ,byzant9e emp]ors1 ^: piety is extoll$ by ! same writ]s4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 by ! evid5ce ( ^? v hi/orians :o h bespatt]$ ) all ^? opprobri\s t]ms ! memory ( ,con/ant9e1 t he 0 a brave & skilful lead]1 :o defeat$ ! ,arabs1 ! mo/ =midable enemies ( ! empire1 & re/or$ sev]al ( its lo/ prov9ces1 & t ! c\ntry 0 prosp]\s "u 8 reign ( ?irty-f\r ye>s--#gda to #gge4 ,! beg9n+ ( ,con/ant9e's reign 0 di/urb$ by 8 own bro!r-9-law1 ,artabasdes1 :o1 support$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! images1 compet$ = ! imp]ial ?rone1 b 0 defeat$1 & 8 p>ty cru%$4 ,con/ant9e1 desir+ to aboli% ! abuse1 :i* he reg>d$ z idolatry1 by a solemn decision ( ! *ur* decl>$1 9 #gec1 8 int5tion to convoke = ?is object a g5]al c\ncil2 & 9 ord] t ! "q at issue %\ld be ?or\ghly sift$1 he enjo9$ all ! bi%ops ( ! empire to assemble local synods1 & to exam9e ! subject1 previ\sly to its be+ debat$ by ! g5]al c\ncil4 ,?is c\ncil1 compos$ ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-eight bi%ops1 met at ,con/ant9ople 9 #ged1 &1 aft] hav+ delib]at$ = six mon?s1 decid$ t1 con=mably to ,holy ,writ & ! te/imony ( ! fa!rs1 all images 7 to be remov$ f ! *ur*es1 & :oev] w\ld d>e to make an image1 9 ord] to place x 9 a *ur*1 to wor%ip x1 or to keep x conceal$ 9 8 h\se1 01 if a cl]k1 to be depos$1 if a layman1 to be ana!matis$4 ,! c\ncil add$1 t ^? :o adh]$ to ! images 7 to be puni%$ by ! imp]ial au?orities z enemies ( ! doctr9e ( ! fa!rs1 & break]s ( ! law ( ,god4 ,?is decision 0 pron\nc$ by ! assembl$ bi%ops unanim\sly1 & )\t a s+le diss5ti5t voice1 :i* _h nev] be5 ! case be=e4 ,?is assembly took ! title ( ! ,sev5? ,ecum5ical ,c\ncil1 & ! emp]or ord]$ its decision to be put into execution ?r\gh\t all 8 dom9ions4 ,! images 7 remov$ f ! *ur*es1 & ^? :i* 7 pa9t$ on ! walls cov]$ ) :itewa%4 ,! pr9cipal opposition to ! imp]ial ord] 0 (f]$ by ! monks1 :o 7 always ! *ief promot]s ( image-wor%ip2 & ,con/ant9e is accus$ ( hav+ repress$ ?is opposition ) a viol5ce common to t b>b>\s age4 ,he is said to h ent]ta9$ ! greate/ hatr$ aga9/ ^! monks1 call+ !m idolat]s1 & _! dresses ! dress ( d>kness--an op9ion ) :i* _m p]sons w be f\nd to *ime1 ,i ?9k1 ev5 9 our own "t4 ,con/ant9e di$ 9 #gge1 & 0 foll[$ on ! ?rone by 8 son1 ,leo ,,iv41 :o inh]it$ ! religi\s views ( 8 fa!r2 :il/ 8 wife1 ,ir5e1 a beautiful & tal5t$1 b ambiti\s & unpr9cipl$ woman1 0 a secret wor%ipp] ( images4 ,leo1 :o 0 ( a weak con/itution1 di$ aft] a reign ( five ye>s1 appo9t+ ,ir5e ! gu>dian ( 8 m9or son ,con/ant9e1 :o 0 !n t5 ye>s old4 ,ir5e gov]n$ ! empire ) great ability1 b 0 too fond ( p[] to surr5d] x to h] son at 8 com+ ( age1 & he tri$ to obta9 by =ce :at 0 due to him by "r4 ,! p>ty ( ,ir5e prov$1 h[ev]1 ! /rong]2 & "y ,con/ant9e 0 tak5 prison]1 & 8 "m caus$ him to be depriv$ ( sight4 ,ir5e's ord]s 7 execut$ 9 su* an atroci\s mann]1 t ! un=tunate pr9ce di$ 9 consequ5ce47#eg7 ,ir5e gov]n$ ! empire ) great spl5d\r1 b h] fir/ object 0 to re/ore ! wor%ip ( images2 & ! ma*9ations by :i* %e accompli%$ ?is object h be5 s well relat$ by ,gibbon1 t ,i _c d bett] ?an copy 8 acc\nt ( !m3-- 8,"u ! reign ( ,con/ant9e ,,viii41 ! union ( ! civil & ecclesia/ical p[] _h ov]?r[n ! tree1 )\t extirpat+ ! root ( sup]/ition4 ,! idols1 = su* !y 7 n[ held1 7 secretly *]i%$ by ! ord] & ! sex mo/ prone to devotion2 & ! fond alliance ( ! monks & females obta9$ a f9al victory ov] ! reason & au?ority ( man4 ,leo ,,iv4 ma9ta9$ ) less rig\r ! religion ( 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r1 b 8 wife1 ! fair & ambiti\s ,ir5e1 _h imbib$ ! zeal ( ! ,a!nians17#eh7 ! heirs ( ! idolatry r ?an philosophy ( _! ance/ors4 ,dur+ ! life ( h] husb&1 ^! s5tim5ts 7 inflam$ by dang] & dissimulation1 & %e c\ld only lab\r to protect & promote "s fav\rite monks1 :om %e drew f _! cav]ns1 & seat$ on ! metropolitan ?rones ( ! ea/4 ,b z soon z %e reign$ 9 h] own "n1 & 9 t ( h] son1 ,ir5e m s]i\sly und]took ! ru9 ( ! iconocla/s1 & ! fir/ /ep ( h] future p]secution 0 a g5]al edict = lib]ty ( consci5ce4 ,9 ! re/oration ( ! monks1 a ?\s& images 7 expos$ to ! public v5]ation2 a ?\s& leg5ds 7 inv5t$ ( _! suff]+s & miracles4 ,by ! opportunities ( dea? & removal1 ! episcopal seats 7 judici\sly fill$2 ! mo/ eag] competitors = cele/ial or e>?ly fav\r anticipat$ & flatt]$ ! judgm5t ( _! sov]eign2 & ! promotion ( h] secret>y ,t>asius gave ,ir5e ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ! comm& ( ! ,ori5tal *ur*4 ,b ! decrees ( a g5]al c\ncil c\ld only be repeal$ by a simil> assembly2 ! iconocla/s1 :om %e conv5$1 7 bold 9 possession1 & av]se to debate2 & ! feeble voice ( ! bi%ops 0 re-e*o$ by ! m =midable clam\r ( ! soldi]s & ! p ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! delay & intrigues ( a ye>1 ! sep>ation ( ! disaffect$ troops1 & ! *oice ( ,nice = a second or?odox synod1 remov$ ^! ob/acles2 & ! episcopal consci5ce 0 aga91 aft] ! ,greek fa%ion1 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9ce40--,gibbon's ,roman ,empire1 *ap4 xlix4 ,?is c\ncil1 held 9 #ghf1 re/or$ ! wor%ip ( images by ! unanim\s s5t5ce ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty bi%ops4 ,! acts ( ?is synod h be5 pres]v$1 & !y are /at$ by ,gibbon to be 8a curi\s monum5t ( sup]/ition & ignorance1 ( falsehood & folly40 ,i am afraid t !re is b too mu* tru? 9 ?is sev]e judgm5t ( ,gibbon2 & ! foll[+ passage relat+ to ! same c\ncil1 :i* ,i h extract$1 n f ,gibbon1 or any writ] ( ! s*ool to :i* he belong$1 b f ! celebrat$ ,roman ,ca?olic hi/orian ( ! *ur*1 ,abb ,fleury1 w enable ! read] to =m 8 own judgm5t on ?is subject4 ,aft] describ+ ! confession ( fai? sign$ by t c\ncil1 :i* decl>$ t ! images ( ! sa9ts are to be wor%ipp$1 because !y rem9d u ( ^? :om !y repres5t1 & make u p>ticipators 9 _! m]its1 he says3-- 8,! la/ passages %[$ t ,god 0 mak+ miracles by means ( images2 & 9 ord] to confirm x1 a disc\rse1 ascrib$ to ,/ ,a?anasius1 0 read4 ,x conta9$ ! acc\nt ( a pret5d$ miracle1 :i* happ5$ at ,b]yt1 ) an image ( ,*ri/1 :i*1 hav+ be5 pi]c$ by ! ,jews1 emitt$ blood1 :i* heal$ _m sick p]sons4 ,! fa!rs ( ! c\ncil 7 s mu* mov$ by ?is acc\nt t !y %$ te>s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta91 t ?is disc\rse is n by ,/ ,a?anasius1 & x is ev5 v d\btful :e!r ! /ory :i* x conta9s is true4 ,?us x appe>s t among/ all ! bi%ops pres5t at ?is c\ncil1 !re 0 n a s+le "o v]s$ 9 ! sci5ce ( criticism1 because _m o!r false docum5ts 7 produc$ 9 t assembly4 ,?is proves no?+ aga9/ ! decision ( ! c\ncil1 because x is suffici5tly support$ by true docum5ts4 ,x only proves ! ignorance ( ! times1 z well z ! necessity ( kn[+ hi/ory1 *ronology1 ! diff]5ce ( mann]s & /yles1 9 ord] to disc]n real docum5ts f spuri\s ones407#ei7 ,?us1 accord+ to ! au?ority ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t writ]s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 ! fir/ synod :i* has giv5 an explicit & solemn sanction to "o ( ! mo/ important t5ets ( ! ,we/]n & ! ,ea/]n *ur*es1 0 compos$ ( su* ignorant & silly prelates1 t an absurd fable1 conta9$ 9 a =g$ pap]1 c\ld sway _! m9ds & he>ts 9 su* a mann] z to make !m %$ te>s ( emotion1 & t !re 0 n a s+le individual among/ ^! v5]able fa!rs suffici5tly in=m$ to be able to discov] a fabrication s gross t x did n escape ! att5tion ( s*ol>s :o liv$ _m c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,ir5e rigor\sly en=c$ ! decrees ( ?is c\ncil aga9/ ! oppon5ts ( images2 & t woman1 guilty ( ! dea? ( h] own son1 & suspect$ ( t ( h] husb&1 is extoll$ by ecclesia/ical writ]s z a mo/ pi\s pr9cess4 ,a contempor>y ,greek writ]1 & a zeal\s def5d] ( image-wor%ip1 ! monk ,!odore ,/udites1 places h] above ,moses1 & says t 8%e _h deliv]$ ! p f ! ,egyptian bondage ( impiety20 & ! hi/orian ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,b>onius1 ju/ifies h] conduct by ! foll[+ argum5t3 t ! h&s ( ! fa!rs 7 rais$ by a j comm& ( ,god aga9/ _! *ildr51 :o foll[$ /range gods1 & t ,moses _h ord]$ !m to consecrate !mselves to ! ,"l1 ev5 e man ^u 8 son1 & ^u 8 bro!r1 ,exod4 xxxii4 #bi1 s t x 0 a high degree ( piety to be cruel to "o's own son2 consequ5tly ,ir5e des]v$ on ?is acc\nt ! fir/ cr[n ( p>adise2 & t if %e _h committ$ ! murd] ( h] son f motives ( ambition1 %e w\ld be worse ?an ,agripp9a1 "m ( ,n]o2 b if %e did x ?r\gh zeal = religion1 z x appe>s by ! encomium :i* %e _h receiv$ f v holy m5 :o liv$ at t "t1 %e des]ves to be prais$ = h] piety4 ,ir5e's piety1 %[n by ! re/oration ( images1 & ! p]secution ( _! oppon5ts1 0 inde$ s mu* appreciat$ by ! *ur*1 t %e receiv$ a place among/ ! sa9ts ( ! ,greek cal5d>4 ,%e 01 h[ev]1 less =tunate 9 h] worldly affairs2 because %e 0 depos$ 9 #hjb by ,nicephorus1 :o occupi$ ! imp]ial ?rone1 & exil$ to ,lesbos1 :]e %e di$ 9 great pov]ty4 ,he did n aboli% ! images1 nor all[ ! p]secution ( _! oppon5ts2 & ! ecclesia/ical writ]s repres5t him1 on acc\nt ( ?is lib]al policy1 z a p]fect mon/]4 ,nicephorus p]i%$ 9 a battle aga9/ ! ,bulg>ians 9 #haa1 & 8 successor ,mi*ael1 :o p]secut$ ! iconocla/s1 unable to ma9ta9 himself on ! ?rone1 retir$ into a conv5t1 aft] a reign ( ab\t two ye>s1 & ! imp]ial cr[n 0 assum$ by ,leo ,v41 a native ( ,arm5ia1 & "o ( ! mo/ em95t lead]s ( ! army1 :i* elevat$ him to ?is dignity4 ,?\gh all t we "k ab\t ,leo ,v4 is d]iv$ f au?ors zeal\sly oppos$ to 8 religi\s views1 yet1 not)/&+ all _! odium !ologicum1 !y are oblig$ to admit t he 0 gallant 9 ! field1 & j & c>eful 9 ! adm9i/ration ( civil affairs4 ,be+ ! native ( a c\ntry ^: *ur* /ill resi/$ ! introduction ( images1 he 0 naturally adv]se to _! wor%ip1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he aboli%$ x 9 8 empire des]ves a p>ticul> notice2 because1 ?\gh relat$ by 8 enemies1 x proves t he 0 a s9c]e scriptural ,*ri/ian4 ,accord+ to _! relation1 ,leo believ$ t ! victories obta9$ by ! b>b>ians1 & o!r calamities to :i* ! empire 0 expos$1 7 a visitation ( ,god 9 puni%m5t ( ! wor%ip ( images2 t he dem&$ t a precept = ador+ ! images %\ld be %[n to him 9 ! gospels1 & z ! ?+ 0 impossible1 he reject$ !m z idols condemn$ by ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,!y also say1 t ! att5tion ( ,leo be+ once drawn to ?is passage ( ! prophet ,isaiah1 8,to :om !n w y lik5 ,god8 or :at lik5ess w y comp>e unto him8 ,! workman melte? a grav5 image1 & ! goldsmi? spreade? x ov] ) gold & ca/e? silv] *a9s10 7xl4 #ah1 #ai17 ?is circum/ance irritat$ him m ?an any ?+ else aga9/ ! images4 ,he communicat$ 8 s5tim5ts to ! patri>*1 & reque/$ him ei!r to remove ! images1 or to %[ a reason :y !y 7 wor%ipp$1 s9ce ! ,scriptures did n ord] x4 ,! patri>*1 :o 0 an adh]5t ( ! images1 tri$ to elude ?is dem& by v>i\s sophisms1 :i*1 n hav+ satisfi$ ! emp]or1 he ord]$ div9es ( bo? p>ties to assemble 9 8 palace1 & repres5t$ to !m t ,moses1 :o _h receiv$ ! law1 writt5 ) ! h& ( ,god1 condemn$1 9 ! mo/ explicit t]ms1 ^? :o ador$ ! works ( m5's h&s2 t x 0 idolatry to wor%ip !m1 & great folly to attempt to conf9e ! ,inf9ite 9 a picture ( ! size ( an ell4 ,x is said t ! def5d]s ( ! images refus$ to speak = ! ?ree foll[+ reasons3--#a4 ,t ! canons prohibit$ to d\bt :at _h be5 det]m9$ by ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice2 #b4 ,t ! cl]gy c\ld n delib]ate ^u su* matt]s 9 ! imp]ial palace1 b 9 a *ur*2 &1 #c4 ,t ! emp]or 0 n a compet5t judge on ?is occasion1 because he 0 resolv$ to aboli% ! images4 ,! emp]or depos$ ! patri>*1 :o def5d$ ! images1 replac+ him by ano!r :o %>$ 8 own s5tim5ts1 & conv5$ a c\ncil1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( a few ( its memb]s1 decid$ = ! abolition ( ! images4 ,! emp]or ord]$ _! removal1 & s5t sev]al ( _! def5d]s into exile2 he soon1 h[ev]1 all[$ !m to return1 & only "s few ( ! mo/ zeal\s ( !m di$ 9 exile4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! suff]]s 0 ,!odore ,/udites2 & z he has obta9$ on ?is acc\nt ! hon\r ( sa9t%ip1 8 op9ions on ! nature ( images des]ve a p>ticul> notice4 ,he ma9ta9$ t z ! %ad[ _c be sep>at$ f ! body1 z ! rays ( ! sun are insep>able f t planet1 s ! images are insep>able f ! subjects :i* !y repres5t4 ,he pret5d$ t an image ( ,*ri/ %\ld be treat$ z if x 7 ,*ri/ himself1 say+1 8,! image is no?+ else ?an ,*ri/ himself1 except ! diff]5ce ( _! ess5ce2 !re=e1 ! wor%ip ( ! image is ! wor%ip ( ,jesus ,*ri/40 ,he consid]$ ^? :o 7 remov+ images z 8de/roy]s ( ! inc>nation ( ,*ri/1 because he does n exi/ if he _c be pa9t$4 ,we r5\nce ,*ri/ if we reject 8 image2 & refuse to wor%ip him1 if we refuse to adore 8 image407#fj7 ,?is def5ce ( image-wor%ip is1 ,i ?9k1 a fai?ful exposition ( ! an?ropomorphi/ic ideas1 :i*1 z ,i h m5tion$ be=e1 p4 #i1 _h be5 *iefly g5]at$ by ! morbid imag9ation ( ! ,egyptian monks1 & 7 support$ by t num]\s class1 :i* =m$ ! mo/ zeal\s & effici5t def5d]s ( ! images4 ,leo ,v4 0 murd]$ 9 a *ur* 9 #hbj2 & ,mi*ael ,,ii41 surnam$ ! ,/amm]]1 :om ! conspirators plac$ on ! ?rone1 did n all[ ! images to be re/or$1 ?\gh he 0 mod]ate 9 8 religi\s views4 ,he recall$ ! def5d]s ( ! images f exile1 & seem$ to /e] a middle c\rse betwe5 ! enemies & ! def5d]s ( images1 ?\gh he %>$ ! op9ions ( ! =m]4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 #hbi by 8 son1 ,!ophilus1--a mo/ decid$ oppon5t ( images1--& ^: val\r & love ( ju/ice are ackn[l$g$ by 8 religi\s adv]s>ies4 ,he di$ 9 #hda1 leav+ a m9or son1 ,mi*ael ,,iii41 "u ! reg5cy ( 8 wife1 ,!odora4 ,?is pr9cess1 ^: p]sonal "* 0 irreproa*able1 gov]n$ ! empire dur+ ?irte5 ye>s1 ) consid]able wisdom2 b be+ an adh]5t ( images1 %e re/or$ _! wor%ip17#fa7 :i* has s9ce t "t cont9u$ 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 p]haps ev5 a m exagg]at$ =m ?an 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic "o1 & :i* c be )\t any impropriety call$ iconolatry1 s9ce idolatry may be p]haps consid]$ z an expression too /rong = e>s polite4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ! iconocla/s & ! iconolat]s1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 a m]e outl9e1 b :i* agitat$ ! ,ea/]n empire = ne>ly a c5tury & a half1 end+ 9 ! complete triumph ( ! latt]1 des]ves ! p>ticul> att5tion ( all ?9k+ ,prote/ants2 because x is virtually ! same conte/ t has be5 wag$ = m ?an ?ree c5turies betwe5 ,prote/antism & ,rome17#fb7 & :i* seems n[ to assume a new phasis4 ,i d n ?9k t ! ignorance ( ^? times may be consid]$ z ! pr9cipal cause ( ! triumph ( ! iconolatric p>ty1 & t ! spread ( k 9 our own day is a suffici5t safegu>d aga9/ ! recurr5ce ( a simil> cont+5cy4 ,!re 0 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies a consid]able am\nt ( le>n+ at ,con/ant9ople1 :]e ! treasures ( classical lit]ature1 _m ( :i* h s9ce be5 lo/1 7 pres]v$ & /udi$47#fc7 ,! ,greeks ( t "t1 ?\gh no d\bt greatly inf]ior to ! mod]n ,europeans 9 physical sci5ce1 7 n s 9 metaphysics & lett]s1 :il/ ! gospel c\ld be read by all ! educat$ classes 9 its orig9al tongue1 :i* 0 ! (ficial1 lit]>y1 & ecclesia/ical language ( ! ,ea/]n empire4 ,! ,byzant9e art 01 moreov]1 v inf]ior to t ( mod]n ,europe1 & c\ld n produce1 except on "s co>se & ru/ic intellects1 t bewit*+ effect1 :i* ! works ( great mod]n pa9t]s & sculptors (t5 produce ^u _m ref9$ & imag9ative m9ds4 ,x has be5 ju/ly rem>k$1 by an accompli%$ writ] ( our day1 t 8! all-emancipat+ press is occasionally neutralis$ by ! s\l-subdu+ miracles ( art407#fd7 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* p]fectly und]/&s ?is s\l-subdu+ p[] ( art1 & ! foll[+ is ! exposition ( h] views on ?is subject by "o ( h] own writ]s1 :om ,i h already quot$ on a simil> subject1 p4 #ea4 8,t pictures & images 9 *ur*es are p>ticul>ly s]viceable 9 in=m+ ! m9ds ( ! humbl] classes1 & = su* a purpose possess a sup]iority ov] words !mselves1 is c]ta94 8,segnius irritant animos demissa p] aurem1 ,quam qu sunt oculis subjecta fldelibus et qu ,ipse sibi tradit spectator40 --,horace de ,arte ,poetica1 v4 #ahj4 8,:at's ?r\gh ! e> convey$ w nev] f9d ,its way ) s mu* quickness to ! m9d1 ,z t1 :5 fai?ful eyes are mess5g]s1 ,unto himself ! fix$ spectator be>s40 8,! rem>k ( a hea!n poet is corroborat$ by ! obs]vations ( ! mo/ celebrat$ among/ anci5t & mod]n ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,s p]suad$ 0 ,/ ,paul9us ( ,nola1 f\rte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 ( ! efficacy possess$ by pa9t+s = convey+ useful lessons ( in/ruction1 t he adorn$ ) a v>iety ( sacr$ subjects ! walls ( a *ur* :i* he erect$1 & d$icat$ to ,god 9 hon\r ( ,/ ,felix4 8,prud5tius assures u h[ mu* 8 devotion 0 enk9dl$1 z he gaz$ ^u ! suff]+s ( m>tyrs1 s feel+ly depict$ ar\nd _! tombs & 9 _! *ur*es4 ,on 8 way to ,rome1 ab\t ! ye> #dje1 ! poet paid a visit to ! %r9e ( ,/ ,cassianus1 at ,=um ,cornelii1 ! mod]n ,imola1 :]e ! body ( t ,*ri/ian h]o repos$1 "u a spl5did alt>1 ov] :i* 7 repres5t$1 9 an expressive picture1 all ! suff]+s ( 8 cruel m>tyrdom47#fe7 ,s mov$ 0 ,prud5tius1 t he ?rew himself ^u ! pavem5t1 kiss$ ! alt> ) religi\s rev]5ce1 & numb]+ up ) _m a te> ^? w\nds t s9 _h inflict$ ^u 8 s\l1 conclud$ by exhort+ e "o to unite ) himself 9 intru/+ _! petitions = ! div9e clem5cy to ! solicitude ( ! holy m>tyr ,cassianus1 :o w n only he> our reque/1 b w af=d u ! b5efit ( 8 patronage407#ff7 ,! anecdote ( ,prud5tius evid5tly proves t :at orig9ally _h be5 int5d$ = ! in/ruction ( ! p1 may v easily become an object ( _! adoration4 ,if a man ( a sup]ior education1 l ,prud5tius17#fg7 c\ld be c>ri$ away by 8 feel+s 9 su* a mann] z to address 8 pray]s to a dead man1 h[ mu* great] mu/ be ! effect ( images ^u less cultivat$ m9ds6 & ,i h relat$1 p4 #hh1 on ! au?ority ( ! great ,roman ,ca?olic hi/orian1 ,fleury1 t ! fa!rs ( ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 :o1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 7 a v ignorant set1 %$ te>s at ! sight ( an image repres5t$ 9 an absurd & fictiti\s /ory4 ,su* are ! effects produc$ 9 tea*+ religion by means ( images4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t ! tru? ( ! obs]vations conta9$ 9 ! l9es ( ,horace1 :i* ! au?or ( 8,hi]urgia0 quotes 9 def5ce ( images2 b ^! obs]vations ref] to ! !atre1 & x appe>s to me t ! application ( purely sc5ic precepts to ! h\se ( ,god is some?+ v l conv]t+ div9e s]vice into a com$y4 ,! limits ( ?is essay all[ me n to discuss ! *ances ( an iconolatric reaction 9 our days4 ,i %all only obs]ve1 t 9 sev]al c\ntries :]e ! iconocla/s ( ! ,re=mation _h ga9$ a pr$om9ant position1 !y 7 entirely cru%$ by ! iconolatric reaction1 & t a fond alliance ( females & monks1 support$ by ! rul+ p[]s ( ! /ate1 a*iev$ 9 ^! p>ts z great a victory z t :i* x obta9$ 9 ! ea/ "u ,ir5e & ,!odora1 n only ov] ! reason ( man1 b ev5 ov] ! au?ority ( ! ,^w ( ,god2 & ,i believe t ! only human means ( prev5t+ simil> cont+5cies are free in/itutions1 :i* all[ ! fulle/ lib]ty ( discussion 9 reg>d to all religi\s op9ions4 ,i h said be=e1 p4 #hb1 t ! ,pope oppos$ ! abolition ( images proclaim$ by ! ,emp]or ,leo ,,iii41 & t ?is opposition 0 %>$ by ! imp]ial prov9ces ( ,italy1 :i* revolt$ on t occasion aga9/ _! sov]eign1 & sep>at$ f ! ,byzant9e empire4 ,x 0 !re=e natural t ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 :i* re/or$ ! wor%ip ( images1 %\ld obta9 ! approbation ( ,pope ,hadrian ,i42 b 8 desire to impose ! enactm5ts ( t c\ncil ^u ! *ur*es ( ! ,we/ met ) a decid$ opposition on ! "p ( ,*>lemagne4 ,?is great mon>*1 :o is s celebrat$ by 8 ef=ts to conv]t ! ,pagan ,saxons1 prosecut$ ) all ! b>b>ity ( 8 age1 & :om ! *ur* has plac$ among/ h] sa9ts1 0 s (f5d$ by ! enactm5ts ( ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice 9 fav\r ( ! wor%ip ( images1 t he compos$1 or :at is m probable1 ord]$ to be compos$ 9 8 "n1 a book aga9/ t wor%ip1 & s5t x to ,pope ,hadrian ,i41 z an exposition ( 8 own s5tim5ts1 z well z ( ^? ( 8 bi%ops1 on ! subject 9 "q4 ,?is "w1 ?\gh writt5 9 viol5t language1 conta9s _m v rational views ab\t images1 & unansw]able argum5ts aga9/ all k9ds ( adoration (f]$ to !m4 ,! sub/ance ( ?is celebrat$ prote/ is z foll[s3-- ,*>lemagne says1 t !re is no h>m 9 hav+ images 9 a *ur*1 provid$ !y are n wor%ipp$2 & t ! ,greeks _h fall5 into two extremes1 "o ( :i* 0 to de/roy ! images1 z _h be5 orda9$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople1 "u ,con/ant9e ,copronymus1 & ! o!r to wor%ip !m1 z 0 decid$ by ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice "u ,ir5e4 ,he c5sures mu* m sev]ely ?is latt] extreme ?an ! =m]1 because ^? :o de/roy$ images _h m]ely act$ ) levity & ignorance1 :il/ x 0 a wick$ & pr(ane action to wor%ip !m4 ,he comp>$ ! fir/ to su* z mix wat] ) w9e1 & ! o!rs to ^? :o infuse a deadly poison into x2 9 %ort1 !re c\ld be no comp>ison betwe5 ! two cases4 ,he m>ks1 ) great precision1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( wor%ip (f]$ to ! images1 reject+ all ( !m4 ,! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice decid$ t ?is wor%ip %\ld consi/ ( kisses & g5uflexions1 z well z ( burn+ inc5se & wax c&les be=e !m4 ,all ^! practices are condemn$ by ,*>lemagne1 z s _m acts ( wor%ip (f]$ to a creat$ be+4 ,he addresses ! def5d]s ( ! wor%ip ( images 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- 8,y :o e/abli% ! purity ( y\r fai? ^u images1 g1 if y l1 & fall ^u y\r knees & burn inc5se be=e !m2 b ) reg>d to ourselves we %all seek ! precepts ( ,god 9 8 ,holy ,writ4 ,light lum9>ies be=e y\r pictures1 :il/ we %all read ! ,scriptures4 ,v5]ate1 if y l1 col\rs2 b we %all wor%ip div9e my/]ies4 ,enjoy ! agreeable sight ( y\r pictures2 b we %all f9d our delight 9 ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,seek aft] figures :i* _c ei!r see1 or he>1 or ta/e2 b we %all dilig5tly seek aft] ! law ( ,god1 :i* is irrepreh5sible40 ,he fur!r says3--8,i see images :i* h su* inscriptions1 z = in/ance ,/ ,paul1 & ,i ask1 !re=e1 ^? :o are involv$ 9 ?is great error1 :y !y d call images holy 7sanctus71 & :y !y d n say1 con=mably to ! tradition ( ! fa!rs1 t ^! are images ( ! sa9ts8 ,let !m say 9 :at consi/s ! sanctity ( ! images8 ,is x 9 ! wood :i* _h be5 br\ght f a =e/ 9 ord] to make !m8 ,is x 9 ! col\rs ) :i* !y are pa9t$1 & :i* are (t5 compos$ ( impure sub/ances8 ,is x 9 ! wax1 :i* gets dirty80 ,he taunts ! wor%ipp]s ( images1 po9t+ out an abuse :i* ev5 n[ is z inevitable z x 0 !n4 8,if10 says he1 8two pictures p]fectly alike1 b ( :i* "o is meant = ! ,virg9 & ! o!r = ,v5us1 are pres5t$ to y1 y w inquire :i* ( !m is ! image ( ! ,virg9 & :i* is t ( ,v5us1 because y _c di/+ui% !m4 ,! pa9t] w call "o ( ^! pictures ! image ( ! ,virg91 & x w be imm$iately put up 9 a high place1 hon\r$1 & kiss$2 :il/ ! o!r1 repres5t+ ,v5us1 w be ?r[n away ) horror4 ,^! two pictures are1 h[ev]1 made by ! same h&1 ) ! same bru%1 ) ! same col\rs2 !y h ! same features1 & ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 !m lies 9 _! inscriptions4 ,:y is ! "o receiv$ & ! o!r reject$8 ,x is n on acc\nt ( ! sanctity :i* "o ( !m has1 & ! o!r has n2 x is1 !n1 on acc\nt ( its inscription2 & yet c]ta9 lett]s atta*$ to a picture _c give x a sanctity :i* x o!rwise _h n40 ,?is "w 0 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aedi1 by ,tillet1 ,roman ,ca?olic bi%op ( ,meaux 9 ,france1 ?\gh "u an assum$ "n1 & x has be5 repr9t$ sev]al times4 ,its au!nticity1 :i* _h be5 at fir/ impugn$ by "s ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s1 0 f9ally e/abli%$ beyond e dispute1 & ackn[l$g$ by ! mo/ em95t writ]s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 su* z ,mabillon1 ,sirmond1 c4 ,x is a v rem>kable production1 = x mo/ positively rejects e k9d ( wor%ip (f]$ to images1 )\t mak+ any diff]5ce betwe5 ,latria & ,dulia1 & ,i ?9k t its republication might be ( consid]able s]vice at ! pres5t "t47#fh7 ,! ,pope s5t a long lett] 9 answ] to ! prote/ ( ,*>lemagne1 :i* did n1 h[ev]1 satisfy t mon>*1 because he conv5$ 9 #gid a c\ncil at ,frank=t1 at :i* he presid$ himself4 ,?is synod1 compos$ ( ?ree hundr$ bi%ops ( ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,spa91 & at :i* two legates ( ! ,pope 7 pres5t1 condemn$ ! enactm5t ( ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice respect+ ! wor%ip ( images4 ,?is decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,frank=t is v important1 because x n only condemn$ ! wor%ip ( images1 b x virtually reject$ ! infallibility ( ! ,popes1 z well z ( ! ,g5]al ,c\ncils1 s9ce x condemn$ :at !y _h e/abli%$4 ,! opposition to ! wor%ip ( images cont9u$ among/ ! ,we/]n *ur*es = "s "t aft] ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne4 ,?us an assembly ( ! ,fr5* cl]gy1 held at ,p>is 9 #hbe1 condemn$ ! decree ( ! second ,c\ncil ( ,nice z decid$ly z x 0 done by ! "w ( ,*>lemagne & ! ,c\ncil ( ,frank=t4 ,claudius1 bi%op ( ,tur91 :o liv$ ab\t t "t1 oppos$ ! wor%ip ( images1 :i* he remov$ f 8 *ur*es1 call+ ^? idolat]s :o adh]$ to ?is practice2 he also condemn$ ! adoration ( relics1 ( ! figure ( ! cross1 c42 & he 0 n inaptly call$1 on ?is acc\nt1 by ! ,jesuit hi/orian ,maimb\rg1 ! fir/ ,prote/ant m9i/]4 ,!re are o!r traces ( a simil> opposition dur+ ! n9? c5tury1 b x seems to h entirely disappe>$ 9 ! t5?1 & x 0 aga9 r5ew$ by ! ,albig5ses 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,_! hi/ory1 h[ev]1 is =eign to ! object ( ! pres5t essay2 & ,i %all endeav\r to give 9 my next *apt] a %ort sket* ( ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts1 compos$ dur+ ! middle ages4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,orig9 ,& ,developm5t ,( ,! ,pi\s ,leg5ds1 ,or ,lives ,( ,sa9ts1 ,dur+ ,! ,middle ,ages4 ,a collection ( ! lives ( ! sa9ts ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic cal5d> has be5 accompli%$ by ! ,jesuits1 & is well kn[n z t ( ! ,boll&i/s1 f ! "n ( its fir/ orig9ator ,boll&us4 ,x ext5ds to fifty-?ree huge folios1 ?\gh x has rea*$ only to ! middle ( ,octob]17#fi7 ea* day hav+ a numb] ( sa9ts assign$ to x = commemoration4 ,x conta9s1 among a mass ( ! greate/ absurdities1 a good deal ( valuable in=mation relat+ to ! hi/ory ( ! middle ages1 p>ticul>ly 9 respect to ! cu/oms & prevail+ ideas ( t p]iod4 ,a great1 if n ! greate/ "p ( ! sa9ts ^: lives are describ$ 9 t collection h nev] exi/$1 except 9 ! imag9ation ( _! biograph]s2 & ! be/ pro( ( ?is is t ! le>n$ ,b5$ict9e monk1 ,dom ,ru9>t1 an intimate fri5d & collaborator ( ! celebrat$ ,mabillon1 has r$uc$ ! acts ( m>tyrs1 :om he consid]s z true1 to "o mod]ate qu>to1 ?\gh ! same "w conta9s a refutation ( ! ,prote/ant ,dodwell1 :o ma9ta9$ t ! numb] ( ! primitive m>tyrs _h be5 greatly exagg]at$ by _! hi/orians47#gj7 ,! ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 already1 at an e>ly p]iod ( h] exi/5ce1 di/urb$ by a great numb] ( =g]ies1 relat+ to ! hi/ory & doctr9e ( our ,"l & 8 disciples27#ga7 b ! _s 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 s contr>y to t ( ! true ,gospel1 & ! gross absurdities :i* !y conta91 7 conv9c+ pro(s ( ! apocryphal "* ( ^? writ+s1 :i*1 consequ5tly1 7 reject$ z su* f ! canon ( ,scripture4 ,if ! *ur* c\ld n escape su* abuses at a "t :5 %e 0 n yet infect$ by ,pagan ideas & practices1 %e became /ill m expos$ to !m aft] ! abovem5tion$ corruptions1 & :51 z has already be5 said1 p4 #bj1 ! ,*ri/ian society 0 invad$ by :ole populations1 :o1 not)/&+ _! abjuration ( hea!nism1 7 ,pagans 9 _! mann]s1 _! ta/es1 _! prejudices1 & _! ignorance4 ,!re 71 moreov]1 v great difficulties 9 obta9+ au!ntic in=mation ab\t ! lives ( ! m>tyrs4 ,i h said1 p4 #c1 t _! memory 0 usually pres]v$ 9 ! *ur*es to :i* !y _h belong$4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 entirely a local affair1 & ?\gh ! report ( su* ev5ts _h und\bt$ly circulat$ among/ o!r ,*ri/ian congregations1 !re 0 no g5]al regi/] ( m>tyrs pres]v$ by ! :ole *ur*1 :i* _h no c5tral po9t ( union4 ,! means ( communication betwe5 v>i\s places 71 moreov]1 at t "t v imp]fect1 & ?is difficulty 0 increas$ by ! p]secutions to :i* ! primitive *ur*es 7 (t5 expos$4 ,^! p]secutions disp]s$ _m *ur*es1 de/roy+ _! regi/]s & o!r docum5ts belong+ to !m1 :il/ ev5 a mu* great] numb] ( !m exp]i5c$ a simil> calamity f ! b>b>ian nations :o successively invad$ ! ,roman empire4 ,! acc\nts ( ! suff]+s & dea? ( ! m>tyrs re/1 !re=e1 ) ! exception ( "s comp>atively few well-au!nticat$ cases1 ^u ! au?ority ( vague & unc]ta9 traditions4 ,^! traditions 7 g5]ally collect$ & put 9 writ+ only c5turies aft] ! "t :5 ! ev5t to :i* !y relate _h1 or is suppos$ to h tak5 place4 ,x 0 !re=e no wond] t ! subjects ( _m su* acc\nts are purely imag9>y4 ,! nature ( ! g5]ality ( ^! leg5ds1 or lives ( m>tyrs & o!r sa9ts1 may be judg$ ( be/ f ! foll[+ op9ion express$ on ?is subject by a ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gyman ( unsuspect$ or?odoxy3-- 8,:at %all ,i say ( ^? sa9ts ( ^: life we don't "k ei!r ! beg9n+ or ! progress1--( ^? sa9ts to :om s _m praises are giv51 ?\gh nobody kn[s any?+ ab\t _! end8 ,:o may pray to !m to int]c$e = him1 :5 x is impossible to "k :at degree ( cr$it !y enjoy ) ,god8 ,we %all be oblig$1 inde$1 to consid] ! mo/ "p ( ! acts ( m>tyrs1 :i* are n[ produc$ ) s mu* confid5ce1 z s _m fables1 & reject !m z no?+ bett] ?an romances4 ,x is true t _! lives are writt51 l t ( ,/ ,ovidius1 ,/ ,felicissimus1 & ,/ ,victor6 ,b1 ,o ,god6 :at lives6 :at libels6 lives des]v+ a place 9 ! ,index ( ! ,prohibit$ ,books1 s9ce !y are fill$ ) falsehoods1 va9 conjectures1 or1 to say ! lea/1 are ascrib+ to unkn[n & apocryphal sa9ts ! true acts ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s m>tyrs4 ,su* ?+s _c b br+ ab\t a great confusion 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 n to say 9 religion itself4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t ! actions ( ,/ ,felicissimus1 :o is g5]ally believ$ to h be5 a deacon to ,/ ,sixtus1 are ascrib$ to a new ,felicissimus2 & ! virtues ( ,/ ,victor ( ,milan are n[ giv5 to a new ,victor1 :o has be5 rec5tly br\ght to ,p>is4 ,z reg>ds ! life ( ,/ ,ovidius1 is !re any?+ 9 x m ?an words & words8 & c we f9d 9 x any?+ solid8 ,?is little book speaks ( a lead5 plate ^u :i* ! s5atorial dignity & ! ye> ( ?is sa9t's m>tyrdom are inscrib$4 ,:y is n ?is inscription giv58 ,:y is n at lea/ ! precise date ( 8 m>tyrdom nam$8 ,x is said t ,/ ,ovidius suff]$ t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury2 is ?is ! mann] ( fix+ ! ye> ( 8 dea?8 ,no1 no2 ! anci5ts did n m>k ! "t 9 su* a mann]2 !y did n take an unc]ta9 c5tury = ! c]ta9 epo* ( a ye>4 ,i am mu* afraid t ?is inscription is by no means s au!ntic z p wi% to p]suade u4 ,b !re 0 f\nd 9 8 grave a little glass vessel2 a palm is engrav$ ^u 8 sepul*re2 & 8 skull has ! appe>ance ( be+ pi]c$ ) a lance4 ,well1 ^! m>ks may prove t ,/ ,ovidius 0 a m>tyr2 b are !y suffici5t to e/abli% ! tru? ( 8 life1 su* z x has be5 publi%$807#gb7 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 obs]ve1 t _m writ]s ( ! lives ( sa9ts1 )\t except+ ^? :o are consid]$ legitimate1 h r5d]$ !mselves guilty ( some?+ worse ?an ! plagi>ism ( :i* ! le>n$ ,mabillon compla9s 9 ! passage giv5 above4 ,!y may be accus$ ( hav+ blasphem\sly p>odi$ ! ,scriptures1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,gospels1 by ascrib+ _m ( ! miracles record$ 9 ! ,bible to ! subjects ( _! biographies4 ,m4 ,maury1 ! ,fr5* savant :om ,i h already quot$ 7p4 #aa71 has trac$ a great numb] ( miracles ascrib$ to v>i\s sa9ts1 :i* are no?+ b imitations ( ?is k9d4 ,?is sacrilegi\s plagi>ism is n conf9$ to ! middle ages1 b has be5 practis$ 9 mod]n times1 z is evid5t f ! two foll[+ miracles ascrib$ to ! celebrat$ ,jesuit sa9t1 ,francis ,xavi]1 :o di$ 9 #aeeb4 ,x is said t dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,japan a woman ( 8 acqua9tance lo/ h] daught]1 aft] hav+ s\ght 9 va9 dur+ h] illness = ,/ ,francis1 :o 0 abs5t on "s j\rney4 ,at 8 return ! b]eav$ "m fell at 8 feet1 & said1 weep+1 l ,m>?a to our ,savi\r1 8,"l1 if ?\ had/ be5 "h1 my daught] _h n di$10--7,john xi4 #ba47 ,! sa9t1 mov$ by ! entreaties ( ! "m1 ord]$ h] to op5 ! grave ( h] daught]1 & re/or$ h] to life4 ,ano!r "t ! same sa9t said to a fa!r ^: daught] _h di$1 9 ! same mann] z ,jesus ,*ri/ said to ! c5turion ^: s]vant 0 sick1 8,g ?y way2 ?y daught] is heal$407#gc7 ,_h ^! miracles be5 p]=m$ 9 our "p ( ! _w1 !y w\ld h conv]t$ cr[ds ( ,prote/ants1 & ?us greatly advanc$ ! pr9cipal object ( ! ord] to :i* ,/ ,francis ,xavi] belong$2 b ! air ( ,europe seems to h be5 unfav\rable = su* wond]ful exp]im5ts1 s9ce ! good sa9t 0 oblig$ to betake himself to ,japan 9 ord] successfully to p]=m !m4 ,x is true t ! leg5d writ]s make no attempt at conceal+ ^! imitations1 b1 on ! contr>y1 insi/ ^u ! lik5ess ( ! miracles p]=m$ by _! sa9t to ^? ( our ,savi\r1 z a pro( ( ! high degree ( sanctity atta9$ by ! =m]4 ,no sa9t1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic or ,grco-,russian cal5d> _h s _m miracles ascrib$ to him1 p>ticul>ly ( ! k9d m5tion$ above1 z ,/ ,francis ( ,assisi1 ! celebrat$ f\nd] ( ! m5dicant monks1 & :o1 consid]+ ! imm5se influ5ce :i* 8 disciples h ex]cis$ on ! ,ca?olic _w1 0 p]haps "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y *>act]s :i* ! middle ages produc$4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$1 t g5ius is ak9 to madness1 & t ! p>tition by :i* ! two are sep>at$ is s ?9 t x occasionally becomes q imp]ceptible4 ,su* a condition ( ! human m9d has p]haps nev] be5 exemplifi$ 9 a m /rik+ mann] ?an by ! life ( ?is fam\s sa9t1 :i* pres5ts a /range mixture ( ! noble/ acts ( *>ity & self-devotion1 ! wilde/ freaks ( a madman1 & ( g5ial conceptions wor?y ( ! mo/ em95t /atesman & philosoph]4 ,! be/ pro( ( 8 g5ius is ! great influ5ce :i* ! ord] in/itut$ by him has ex]cis$ dur+ sev]al c5turies 9 _m c\ntries1 & :i* ev5 n[ has n yet lo/ its vitality4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$1 t nei!r ,/ ,francis nor 8 disciples c be *>g$ ) any ( ^? atrocities by :i* ! life ( 8 contempor>y ,/ ,dom9ic1 ( bloody memory1 ! f\nd] ( ! inquisition1 & ! prea*] ( ! crusade aga9/ ! ,albig5ses1 z well z ! annals ( 8 ord]1 are /a9$4 ,nei!r c x be d5i$ t ,francis1 z well z 8 foll[]s1 h on _m occasions mitigat$ ! b>b>ity ( _! age4 ,8 imm5se popul>ity is1 h[ev]1 z ,i ?9k1 *iefly due to ! circum/ance t 8 ord]1 pr9cipally de/9$ to act ^u ! l[] classes1 0 recruit$ f ! mo/ num]\s & mo/ ignorant "p ( ! population2 & is x necess>y to obs]ve t ! less m5 are educat$1 ! m !y are prone to cr$ulity & exagg]ation8 ,mu* le>n+ 0 n requir$ = ! admission to ?is democratic ord]1 & its ranks 7 increas$ by ! creation ( a class ^: memb]s rema9$ 9 ! _w1 b9d+ !mselves only to ! obs]vation ( "s devotional practices & moral precepts4 ,all ?is contribut$ to spread ! ord] ( ,/ ,francis1 to :i* bo? sexes are admitt$1 ) a m>vell\s rapidity ov] _m c\ntries2 at ! same "t its memb]s 7 extoll+ ! virtues & suppos$ miracles ( _! f\nd] 9 ! mo/ exagg]at$ & (t5 ludicr\s mann]1 ( :i* ! foll[+ anecdote may s]ve z a specim53--,a ,franciscan monk1 :o 0 "o day prea*+ ab\t ! m]its ( ! f\nd] ( 8 ord]1 began 8 s]mon 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,:]e %all ,i place ! great ,/ ,francis8 ,among/ ! sa9ts8 ,?is is n en\gh = 8 m]its4 ,among/ ! angels8 no1 'tis n en\gh4 ,among/ ! ar*angels8 'tis n en\gh4 ,among/ ! s]aphims8 'tis n en\gh4 ,among/ ! *]ubims8 'tis n en\gh40 ,he 01 h[ev]1 on a sudd5 releas$1 by "o ( 8 he>]s1 f 8 p]plexity ab\t a prop] location = 8 sa9t1 :o1 ris+ f 8 seat1 said1 8,rev]5d fa!r1 z ,i see t y _c f9d = ,/ ,francis a prop] place 9 heav51 ,i %all give up to him m9e on ?is b5*20 :i* hav+ said1 he left ! *ur*4 ,! /ory does n say :e!r ?is good monk 0 satisfi$ ) ! place s unexpect$ly (f]$ to 8 sa9t1 or :]e he w\ld h /opp$ )\t ?is timely int]ruption2 b we "k1 f _m o!r cases1 t ,/ ,francis 0 comp>$ by 8 disciples to our ,savi\r4 ,?us1 9 a "w publi%$ by ! ,fa!r ,b>?olomeus ( ,pisa1 & entitl$ 8,! ,gold5 ,book ( ! ,con=mities ( ! ,life ( ,/ ,francis ) t ( ,jesus ,*ri/107#gd7 ! au?or ma9ta9s t ! bir? ( ,/ ,francis 0 ann\nc$ by prophets2 t he _h twelve disciples1 "o ( :om1 call$ ,john ,capella1 0 reject$ by him1 l ,judas ,isc>iot by our ,"l2 t he _h be5 tempt$ by ! devil1 b )\t success2 t he 0 transfigur$2 t he _h suff]$ ! same passion z our ,savi\r1 ?\gh he nev] 0 subject to any p]secution or ill-usage1 b di$ quietly1 9 #abah1 amid/ 8 devot$ admir]s4 ,o!r writ]s pu%$ ev5 f>!r ! blasphem\s comp>ison1 boa/+ t ,/ ,francis _h p]=m$ _m m miracles ?an our ,"l1 because ,*ri/ *ang$ wat] into w9e b once1 :il/ ,/ ,francis did x ?rice2 & t in/ead ( ! few miracul\s cures m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels1 ,/ ,francis & 8 disciples _h op5$ ! eyes ( m ?an a ?\s& bl9d1 cur$ m ?an a ?\s& lame1 & re/or$ to life m ?an a ?\s& dead4 ,! greate/ miracle1 h[ev]1 t has ev] be5 wr\ght by ,/ ,francis has tak5 place 9 our own days1 & its au!nticity admits ( no d\bt :atev]4 ,x is a life ( ?is fam\s sa9t1 publi%$ by ,m4 ,*av9 de ,malan2 & my read]s may =m an adequate idea ( its cont5ts by ! foll[+ extract f an admirable article 9 ! 8,ed9burgh ,review0 = ,july #ahdg3--8,?\gh among/ ! mo/ passionate & uncompromis+ devotees ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ,m4 ,*av9 de ,malan also is 9 "o s5se a ,prote/ant4 ,he prote/s aga9/ any ex]cise ( human reason 9 exam9+ any dogma :i* t *ur* inculcates1 or any fact :i* %e alleges4 ,! mo/ m]ciless ( h] cruelties affect him ) no indignation1 ! sillie/ ( h] prodigies ) no %ame1 ! base/ ( h] sup]/itions ) no contempt4 ,h] v]ie/ dotage is v5]able 9 8 eyes4 ,ev5 ! atrocities ( ,innoc5t ,,iii4 seem to ?is all-extoll+ eulogi/ b to augm5t ! triumph & ! glories ( 8 reign4 ,if ! s\l ( ! confessor ( ,simon de ,mont=t1 reta9+ all ! passions & all ! prejudices ( t era1 %\ld transmigrate into a doctor ( ! ,sorbonne1 conv]sant ) ! arts & lit]ature ( our own times1 ! result might be ! production ( su* an ecclesia/ical hi/ory z t ( :i* we h "h a specim51--elaborate 9 rese>*1 gl[+ 9 /yle1 vivid 9 portraiture1 utt]ly reckless & indiscrim9ate 9 belief1 extravagant up to ! v v]ge ( idolatry 9 applause1 & famili> f> beyond ! v]ge ( indecorum ) ! mo/ awful topics & objects ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?40--7,pp4 #a1 #b477ge7 ,n[1 ,i ask my read] :e!r ! publication ( su* a "w1 9 ! ye> ( grace #ahde1 at ,p>is1 is n a p]fect miracle1 & und\bt$ly mu* m g5u9e ?an all ^? :i* x describes8 ,we live inde$ 9 an age ( wond]s1 physical z well z moral1 & nei!r ( !m h escap$ ! all-p[]ful influ5ce ( ! great mov+ spr+ ( our "t1 & ! pr9cipal cause ( its rapid advance1--i4e41 competition4 ,engl&1 :i* is =emo/ 9 _m1 & n beh9d 9 any1 inv5tions & discov]ies ( ! day1 has ma9ta9$ h] rank1 & ev5 p]haps gone ahead1 9 ! production ( su* moral miracles z t ( :i* ,i h giv5 a specim5 above4 ,&1 inde$1 ! lives ( ! ,engli% sa9ts1 publi%$ 9 ! ye>s #ahdd & #ahde1 9 ! capital ( ?is ,prote/ant c\ntry1 may fe>lessly *all5ge a comp>ison ) ! "w ( ,m4 ,*av9 de ,malan4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 ascrib$ to a cl]gyman ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :o1 ?\gh he has s9ce gone ov] to ,rome1 0 at t "t receiv+ ! wages ( ! ,prote/ant ,e/abli%m5t ( ?is c\ntry z "o ( its s]vants & def5d]s47#gf7 ,! few foll[+ extracts f ?is curi\s "w w enable my read]s to judge :e!r ,i h ov]-e/imat$ ! capabilities ( ?is "w = a successful competition ) its ,fr5* rival3-- 8,_m ( ^! 7leg5ds7 are s well fitt$ to illu/rate c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 consid]+ m$ival miracles1 t !y des]ve "s att5tion4 ,n t any ?+ "h said is int5d$ to prove t ! /ories ( miracles1 said to be wr\ght 9 ! middle ages1 are true4 ,m5 w always believe or disbelieve _! tru?1 9 proportion z !y are dispos$ to admit or reject ! antec$5t probability ( ! exi/5ce ( a p]petual *ur*1 end[$ ) unfail+ div9e p[]s4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is pla94 ,ecclesia/ical miracles presuppose ,ca?olic fai?1 j z ,scripture miracles1 & ,scripture itself1 presuppose ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,m51 !re=e1 :o disbelieve ! fai?1 w ( c\rse disbelieve ! /ory ( ! miracles1 :i*1 if x is n appeal$ to z a pro( ( ! fai?1 at lea/ takes x = grant$4 ,= in/ance1 ! real reason = reject+ ! acc\nt ( ! vision :i* appe>$ to ,/ ,wal!( 9 ! holy ,eu*>i/1 mu/ be disbelief ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e407#gg7 ,! miracle allud$ to above1 & :i* _c be reject$ )\t disbelief 9 ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 is z foll[s3--8,on ,*ri/mas-day1 :5 ! conv5t 0 celebrat+ ! nativity ( our ,"l1 z ! fri> 0 elevat+ ! ho/1 9 ! bless$ sacrifice ( ! mass1 he saw 9 8 h& a *ild fair] ?an ! *ildr5 ( m51 hav+ on 8 head a cr[n ( gold /udd$ ) jewels4 ,8 eyes beam$ ) light1 & 8 face 0 m radiant ?an ! :ite/ sn[2 & s ineffably sweet 0 8 c\nt5ance1 t ! fri> kiss$ ! feet & ! h&s ( ! heav5ly *ild4 ,aft] ?is ! div9e vision disappe>$1 & ,wal!( f\nd 9 8 h&s ! consecrat$ wat]407#gh7 ,! :ole collection is full ( simil> /ories1 "s ( :i* are really outrage\s2 z1 = in/ance1 t :i* x relates ab\t ,/ ,augu/9e1 ! great apo/le ( ,engl&4 ,?is sa9t 01 dur+ 8 p]egr9ations ab\t ! c\ntry1 receiv$ ) great hon\rs 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&2 8b10 says ! "w 9 "q1 8v diff]5t f ?is are ! acc\nts ( 8 travels 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,:ile !re1 we he> ( 8 hav+ come to "o village1 :]e he 0 receiv$ ) e species ( insult4 ,! wret*$ p1 n cont5t ) heap+ abusive words ^u ! holy visitors1 assail$ !m ) missiles1 9 :i* "w1 ! place be+ probably a sea-port1 ! sell]s ( fi% are relat$ to h be5 peculi>ly active4 ,h&s1 too1 7 laid ^u ! ar*bi%op & 8 company4 ,f9d+ all ef=ts useless1 ! godly company %ook ! du/ f _! feet1 & )drew4 ,! inhabitants are said to h suff]$ ! p5alty ( _! impieties1 ev5 to di/ant g5]ations4 ,all ! *ildr5 born f t "t bore & transmitt$ ! traces ( _! p>5ts' s9s 9 ! %ape ( a loa?some de=mity407#gi7 ,! writ] :o relates ?is /ory _h n ! c\rage or ! hone/y ( ,m4 ,*av9 de ,malan to tell t ! insult (f]$ to ! holy visitors consi/$ 9 atta*+ tails ( fi% to _! robes1 & t ! loa?some de=mity1 ) :i* ! *ildr5 ( ! p]petrators ( t insult 7 born dur+ _m g5]ations1 0 a tail4 ,absurd z ?is monki% /ory is1 x is nev]!less *>act]i/ic ( ! _s ( ! sac]dotal pride & v9dictiv5ess :i* w\ld puni% a silly joke1 by :i* ! dignity ( ! prie/ly ord] 0 (f5d$1 ) a heavy calamity1 entail$ ^u ! innoc5t desc5dants ( its p]petrators ?r\gh _m g5]ations2 & yet ! fables ( ?is mod]n my?ology _c be1 accord+ to our au?or1 reject$ )\t disbelief ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 8 p]sonal op9ion2 & he has only ass]t$1 9 a m decisive mann] ?an x has be5 done = a consid]able "t1 a pr9ciple :i* ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* _c disav[1 ?\gh x may place h] 9 an emb>rass+ position2 & z an illu/ration ( ?is1 ,i %all give ! foll[+ anecdote3-- ,"u ! reign ( ,fr$]ic ,,ii41 a ,prussian soldi] /ole a co/ly ornam5t f an image ( ! ,virg91 :i* enjoy$ a great reputation = its miracul\s p[]s4 ,! !ft be+ discov]$1 ! culprit plead$ 9 8 def5ce t1 hav+ address$ a f]v5t pray] to ! above-m5tion$ image = help 9 8 pov]ty1 x gave him ?is ornam5t to relieve him f 8 di/ress4 ,?is affair 0 report$ to ! k+1 :o1 be+ mu* amus$ by ! soldi]'s device1 requir$ ! ,roman ,ca?olic bi%op 9 ^: diocese ?is !ft 0 committ$ to give a positive op9ion :e!r ! image 9 "q c\ld "w miracles ( ?is k9d or n8 ,! bi%op c\ld n1 )\t %[+ disbelief 9 ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 d5y ! possibility ( ! miracle1 & 0 !re=e oblig$ to give an affirmative reply4 ,! k+1 !re=e1 p>don$ ! soldi]1 on condition ( nev] accept+ pres5ts f ?is or any o!r image or sa9t :atev]4 ,! au?or ( ?is essay1 ?\gh a firm believ] 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! tru? ( ! ,scriptures1 has n ! advantage ( be+ inspir$ ) fai? 9 ! ,ca?olic doctr9e2 he !re=e w cont9ue 8 rese>*es 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,_m leg5ds orig9at$ f misund]/&+ ! emblematic "* ( "s pictures4 ,?us ! celebrat$ ,spani% lady sa9t & au?oress1 ,/ ,!resa1 01 on acc\nt ( h] eloqu5t & impassion$ effusions ( love address$ to ! ,deity1 pa9t$ by a ,spani% arti/ hav+ h] he>t pi]c$ ) an arr[1 9 allusion to ! words ( ! ,psalmi/1 8,= ?9e arr[s /ick fa/ 9 me10 c4--7,ps4 xxxviii4 #b47 ,%e di$ quietly 9 h] conv5t t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ?\gh ! p>ticul>s ( h] life & dea? are g5]ally kn[n1 !re 7 "s leg5d writ]s :o relat$ t %e di$ a m>tyr1 pi]c$ by an arr[4 ,if su* confusion ( ideas c\ld happ5 9 a "t :5 lit]ature & sci5ce _h made consid]able progress1 & :5 ! art ( pr9t+ 0 already univ]sally kn[n1 h[ mu* m frequ5tly su* ?+s mu/ h occurr$ dur+ ! prevail+ ignorance ( ! middle ages6 ,&1 inde$1 !re are _m wild leg5ds :i* h orig9at$ f a simil> s\rce1 & ( :i* ! mo/ celebrat$ is t ( ,/ ,d5is1 :i* has be5 also relat$ ( o!r sa9ts4 ,?is m>tyr1 suppos$ to h be5 behead$1 0 repres5t$ hold+ 8 head 9 8 h&1 z an emblem ( ! mann] ( 8 dea?4 ,! writ] ( 8 leg5d took ?is emblem = ! repres5tation ( a real fact1 & loos5+ ! re9s ( 8 imag9ation1 relat$ t ! sa9t1 aft] hav+ be5 behead$1 took up 8 head1 kiss$ x1 & walk$ away ) x47#hj7 ,x is a g5]al t5d5cy ( a gross & un5light5$ m9d to mat]ialise ! mo/ ab/ract & spiritual ideas1 & !n :at is simply an allegory becomes ) him a reality4 ,x 0 ?is t5d5cy :i*1 dur+ ! m$ival ignorance1 gave (t5 a lit]al s5se to :at is only typical1 & x 0 c>ri$ s f> t ev5 ! p>ables ( our ,"l 7 con/ruct$ into real /ories4 ,?us1 ,laz>us 0 a poor sa9t :o liv$ 9 great want1 & 0 made aft] 8 dea? ! patron ( begg>s & lep]s4 ,! p>able ( ! prodigal son has furni%$ mat]ials = _m a leg5d2 & to cr[n all ^! pi\s p>odies1 a monk has %[n to ! well-kn[n ,ea/]n travell] ,hasselqui/1 ! v spot ^u :i* ! good ,sam>itan assi/$ ! w\nd$ man1 :o _h be5 left unhe$$ by ! prie/ & ! ,levite4 ,future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 heav5 & hell1 7 also repres5t$ 9 a grossly mat]ial mann]1 t gave rise to _m absurd leg5ds1 g5]ally inv5t$ ) ! object ( support+ ! pret5sions ( ! *ur*1 to h ! p[] ( s5d+ at pleasure ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ to ei!r ( ^! places47#ha7 ,i h already spok5 ( ! effects :i* ! solit>y & ascetic life ( ! e>ly monks produc$ ^u _! imag9ation4 ,! same ?+ took place among/ ! recluses ( ! conv5ts1 b p>ticul>ly nunn]ies4 8,! imag9ations ( wom510 says a celebrat$ au?or :om ,i h already quot$1 8z _! feel+s are m ke5 & exquisite1 are m susceptible & ungov]nable ?an ^? ( m52 m obnoxi\s to ! injuri\s influ5ce ( solitude2 m easily won ^u by ! arts ( delusion1 & inflam$ by ! contagion ( ! passions40 ,h5ce we may acc\nt = ! rapidity ) :i* 9 orphan h\ses1 cloi/]s1 & o!r in/itutions1 :]e numb]s ( ! sex are intimately connect$ ) ea* o!r1 ! sickness1 hum\r1 habits1 ( "o1 if conspicu\s & di/+ui%$1 become ^? ( all4 ,i rememb] to h read 9 a m$ical writ] ( consid]able m]it1 t 9 a ,fr5* conv5t ( nuns1 ( m ?an common magnitude1 "o ( ! si/]s 0 seiz$ ) a /range impulse to mew l a cat1 9 :i* s+ul> prop5sity %e 0 %ortly imitat$ by sev]al o!r si/]s1 & f9ally1 )\t a solit>y exception1 by ! :ole conv5t1 :o all jo9$ at regul> p]iods 9 a g5]al mew t la/$ sev]al h\rs4 ,! neighb\rhood he>d1 ) m a/oni%m5t ?an edification1 ! daily return ( ?is cele/ial symphony1 :i* 0 sil5c$1 aft] _m ineffectual measures1 by t]rify+ ! mode/y ( ! sex ) ! m5ace1 t1 on any future repetition ( _! conc]t1 a body ( soldi]s1 pret5d$ to be /ation$ at ! gates ( ! mona/]y1 w\ld be call$ 9 to inflict ^u !m a discipl9e at once %ameful & sev]e4 8,among all ! epidemic fancies ( ! sex ,i h f\nd ^u record1 none equals t relat$ by ,c>dan to h display$ itself 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1--:i* =cibly illu/rates :at has be5 rem>k$ ( ! intuitive contagion by :i* fanta/ic affection is propagat$ among wom54 ,a nun 9 a c]ta9 ,g]man conv5t 0 urg$ by an unacc\ntable impulse to bite all h] companions2 & h] /range caprice gradually spread to o!rs1 till ! :ole body 0 infect$ by ! same fury4 ,nor did ! evil conf9e itself )9 ^! limits3 ! report ( ?is /range mania travell$ f "o prov9ce to ano!r1 & e :]e convey$ ) x ! infecti\s folly1 f cloi/] to cloi/]1 ?r\gh ! ,g]man empire2 f !nce ext5d+ itself on ea* side to ,holl& & ,italy1 ! nuns at l5g? worri$ "o ano!r f ,rome to ,am/]dam4 8,numb]less in/ances might be quot$ to demon/rate ! =ce ) :i* ! /range/ & mo/ wild prop5sities fa/5 !mselves on ! imag9ation1 & conqu] & tyrannise ov] ! w1 :5 ! s\l is deb>r$ f a free int]c\rse ) its species1 & left too un9t]rupt$ly to its own unbridl$ mus+s4 ,b ^? :i* we h relat$ may be suffici5t to %[ ! dang] into :i* he runs :o deliv]s himself unconditionally to ! cu/ody ( solitude1 & does n arm himself aga9/ its fai?less hospitality4 ,%ut up 9 a b>r5 & monoton\s leisure1 )\t /udies to occupy curiosity1 )\t objects to amuse ! s5ses1 or to int]e/ & to attract ! affections to any ?+ human1 fancy w escape into ! worlds ( *im]ical exi/5ce1 !re to seek amusem5t & ex]cise4 ,h[ fondly does x !n embrace & *]i% angelical visions1 or inf]nal phantoms1 prodigies1 or miracles6 or %\ld its rev]ies take ano!r direction1 ) :at increas+ eag]ness & confid5ce d its hopes hunt aft] ! delusions ( al*emy1 ! fictions ( philosophy1 & ! delirium ( metaphysics6 ,9 cases :]e ! m9d is less capaci\s1 & its /ores less copi\s1 x w atta* itself to "s absurd notion1 ! *ild ( its languid & exhau/$ p[]s2 & be/[+ its fonde/ confid5ce on ?is d>l+ ( its dotage1 w ab&on reason & outrage common s5se407#hb7 ,i h giv5 ?is l5g!n$ extract f ,zimm]man1 because ,i ?9k x satisfactorily expla9s ^? my/ic visions z well z inf]nal phantoms1 ) :i* ! m$ival leg5ds & *ronicles1 g5]ally compos$ by monks1 ab\nd1 & :i* are (t5 unju/ly ascrib$ to fraud & wilful deception4 ,m$ical sci5ce1 z well z all ! bran*es ( natural philosophy1 be+ !n 9 a v imp]fect condition1 su* ph5om5a z ^? ( nuns mew+ l cats or bit+ l dogs1 :i* are m5tion$ by ,zimm]man1 7 n expla9$ z n]v\s diseases1 b ascrib$ to ! possession ( evil spirits2 & ,i frankly confess t ,i am by no means sure1 t if cases l ^? m5tion$ above 7 to happ5 9 our enlight5$ age1 !re w\ld n be f\nd _m good folks ascrib+ !m to a simil> ag5cy4 ,x mu/ be also rememb]$ t1 if not)/&+ ! extreme rapidity & regul>ity ( communications 9 our own "t1 reports ( v>i\s ev5ts are (t5 exagg]at$ & ev5 completely alt]$ 9 pass+ f "o place to ano!r2 h[ mu* m mu/ x h be5 ! case dur+ ! "t ( su* defective communication z exi/$ previ\s to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! introduction ( ! po/6 ,x 0 !re=e no wond] if occurr5ces ( su* an extraord9>y nature z ^? allud$ to 7 imm5sely magnifi$ by report1 & if x _h1 at lea/ 9 _m places1 conv]t$ ! mew+ & bit+ nuns into z _m cats & dogs4 ,x is1 moreov]1 n[ g5]ally admitt$ t :at is call$ mesm]ism1 b ^: real nature sci5ce has n yet expla9$1 0 kn[n & practis$ dur+ ! middle ages1 z well z 9 remote antiquity1 & t _m ?aumaturgic op]ations1 describ$ by ! m$ival leg5ds1 z well z by anci5t writ]s1 7 produc$ by means ( ?is /ill my/]i\s ag5cy4 ,i h dwelt p]haps too long on ?is subject1 because ,i am afraid t ! obs]vations relat+ to x are n conf9$ to a di/ant p]iod1 b may become b too (t5 applicable to our own times4 ,&1 inde$1 :5 we reflect on ! rapid increase ( conv5ts & nunn]ies1 p>ticul>ly 9 ?is c\ntry1 & t not)/&+ ! pres5t /ate ( civilization ^! e/abli%m5ts mu/ be fill$ *iefly by individuals ^: imag9ations are /rong] ?an _! reason+ p[]s1 !re c be little d\bt t !y may aga9 become ! /age ( ^? extraord9>y manife/ations1 ! cause ( :i* _h be5 too exclusively ascrib$ to m$ival d>kness4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 t design+ individuals ( bo? sexes1 possess$ ( sup]ior tal5ts & k1 b p>ticul>ly end[$ ) a /rong w1 may ex]cise n only an undue influ5ce1 b ev5 an absolute p[] ov] ! inmates ( ! above-m5tion$ mona/ic e/abli%m5ts2 & t a skilful application ( mesm]ism may effici5tly promote su* unlawful ends4 ,_m local sup]/iti\s rema9s ( ,paganism1--z1 = in/ance1 miracul\s p[]s ascrib$ to c]ta9 wells1 /ones1 cav]ns1--/ories ab\t v>i\s k9ds ( fairies1 c4--h furni%$ ample mat]ials to ! m$ival leg5d writ]s1 :o arrang$ !m accord+ to _! own views4 ,!y g5]ally reta9$ ! miracul\s "p ( ! /ory1 frequ5tly embelli%+ x by _! own additions1 b sub/itut+ ! ag5cy ( ! ,*ri/ian sa9t1 ! h]o ( _! tale1 = t ( ! ,pagan deity1 to :om x _h orig9ally be5 ascrib$4 ,x 0 ?us t ! localities consid]$ by ! ,pagans z possess$ ( "s sup]natural prop]ties1 & resort$ to by !m on ?is acc\nt1 7 conv]t$ into places ( ,*ri/ian pilgrimages1 ) ! only diff]5ce t ! ,pagan g5ius loci 0 baptis$ ) ! "n ( a ,*ri/ian sa9t1 ^: exi/5ce c (t5 be no m prov$ ?an t ( 8 hea!n pr$ecessor4 ,_m hagiograph]s seem to h indulg$ _! hum\r z mu* z _! fancy 9 compos+ ^! leg5ds1 :i* appe>s f su* ludicr\s /ories z1 = in/ance1 t ( ,/ ,fe*91 ^: piety 0 s f]v5t t :5 he 0 ba?+ 9 cold wat] x became almo/ boil+ hot4 ,?is w>m-he>t$ or hot-head$ sa9t is said to h belong$ to ! ,em]ald isle1 ?\gh1 consid]+ t 8 ard5t piety 0 s v mu* l a manife/ation ( ! p]f]vidum ,scotorum +5ium1 9 a some:at exagg]at$ =m1 ,i am mu* incl9$ to believe him a native ( ! nor? c\ntry4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( su* humor\s miracles1 b ,i %all quote only t ( ,laur5?ios1 a fam\s ,greek sa9t1 & work] ( miracles4 ,hav+ "o day "s bus9ess ) ! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 he 0 kept wait+ 9 ! prelate's ante-*amb]1 & feel+ v w>m he want$ to take (f 8 cloak4 ,b z !re 0 n any piece ( furniture 9 ! room1 nor ev5 a peg on its walls1 ,/ ,laur5?ios1 emb>rass$ :at to d ) 8 cloak1 ?rew x ^u a ray ( ! sun1 :i* 0 ent]+ ! room ?r\gh a hole 9 ! %utt]1 & :i* imm$iately acquir$ ! firmness ( a rope1 s t ! sa9t's cloak rema9$ hang+ ^u x4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be believ$ t ! hot sun & f]vid imag9ation ( ,greece 7 absolutely requisite = ! p]=mance ( su* wond]ful tricks2 = we h suffici5t leg5d>y evid5ce to prove t !y 7 successfully reproduc$ "u ! less brilliant sky ( ,g]many & ,france1 because ,/ ,go> ( ,treves susp5d$ 8 cap1 & ,/ ,aicadrus1 abbot ( ,jumieges1 8 gloves ^u ! same piece ( furniture t _h be5 us$ by ,/ ,laur5?ios to hang 8 cloak1 ?\gh probably1 consid]+ t ! sun is n s p[]ful 9 ^? c\ntries z x is at ,con/ant9ople1 ! we/]n sa9ts did n v5ture to try its rays ) su* a heavy load1 z _h be5 successfully done by _! ea/]n colleague4 ,"s miracles 7 inv5t$ 9 ord] to inculcate implicit ob$i5ce to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 :i* is consid]$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* z "o (1 if n ! mo/ important virtue to be practis$ by h] *ildr54 ,?us x is relat$ t :5 ! ,spani% ,dom9ican monk1 ,/ ,v9c5t ,f]r]ius1 celebrat$ = ! great numb] ( 8 miracles1 0 "o day walk+ along a /reet 9 ,b>celona1 a mason1 fall+ f a high ro(1 call$ = 8 assi/ance4 ,! sa9t answ]$ t he c\ld n p]=m a miracle )\t ! p]mission ( 8 sup]ior1 b t he w\ld g & ask = x4 ,! mason rema9$1 !re=e1 susp5d$ 9 ! air until ,/ ,v9c5t1 return+ ) ! p]mission1 got him safely d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 t _m sa9ts1 ^: lives are disfigur$ by absurd /ories ( _! miracles1 7 m5 ( great piety1 adorn$ ) ! noble/ virtues1 & :o gave pro(s ( ! mo/ exalt$ *>ity & self-devotion4 ,un=tunately ! hon\rs ( sa9t%ip h be5 (t5 be/[$ ^u su* sangu9>y mon/]s z ,/ ,dom9ic1 ^: %r9e w\ld be ! mo/ appropriately plac$ 9 a temple :]e human sacrifices are (f]$1 or ^u madm5 :o h outrag$ e feel+ ( humanity4 ,?us x is relat$ t ,/ ,alexius left 8 home on ! day ( 8 w$d+1 &1 hav+ ex*ang$ 8 clo!s = ! rags ( a begg>1 adopt$ 8 mode ( life4 ,aft] "s "t1 :5 8 appe>ance _h become s wret*$ t he c\ld no long] be recognis$ by 8 fri5ds1 he return$ to 8 p>5tal h\se1 ask+ = %elt]4 ,he obta9$ a place "u ! /aircase1 & liv$ !re by alms = sev5te5 ye>s1 cont9ually witness+ ! di/ress & lam5tations ( 8 wife1 "m1 & ag$ fa!r ab\t 8 loss1 & 0 recognis$ only aft] 8 dea? by a book ( pray]s :i* _h be5 giv5 him by 8 "m4 ,& x 0 = ?is unfeel+ & ev5 cruel treatm5t ( 8 own family t he 0 canonis$6 ,x is suppos$1 h[ev]1 t all ?is /ory is b a fiction1 &1 = ! sake ( humanity1 ,i s9c]ely hope t x is s4 ,! limits ( ?is essay all[ me n f>!r to ext5d my rese>*es ab\t ! leg5ds ( m$ival sa9ts1 & _! miracles2 & ,i %all try to give 9 my next *apt] a %ort analysis ( sev]al practices :i* ! ,roman ,ca?olic z well z ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur* h reta9$ f ,paganism4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,analysis ,( ,! ,pagan ,rites ,& ,practices ,:i* ,h ,be5 ,reta9$ ,by ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,z ,well ,z ,! ,grco-,russian ,*ur*4 ,i h giv5 7p4 #ad7 ! op9ion ( an em95t ,roman ,ca?olic mod]n au?or 7,*ateaubri&7 ab\t ! introduction ( ,pagan usages into ! ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 & a long extract 7pp4 #af-bh7 f ano!r no less di/+ui%$ ,roman ,ca?olic writ] ( our day1 describ+ ! cause ( ?is corruption4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s ( ?is c\ntry d n1 h[ev]1 treat ?is subject ) ! same s9c]ity z ! illu/ri\s au?or ( ! 8,g5ie du ,*ri/ianisme10 & ! le>n$ ,fr5* ,academician f ^: "w ,i h s l>gely drawn2 b !y try h>d to d5y t _m usages ( _! *ur* be> ! /amp ( ,paganism47#hc7 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! au?or ( 8,hi]urgia10 a "w :i* ,i h already quot$1 & :i* may be consid]$ z ! faire/ expression ( :at ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* tea*es on ! subject 9 "q4 ,?us ! use ( images 9 *ur*es is repres5t$ z be+ au?oris$ by ,scripture1 by ! foll[+ curi\s argum5ts3-- 8,! practice ( employ+ images z ornam5ts & memorials to decorate ! temple ( ! ,"l is 9 a mo/ especial mann] approv$ by ! ,^w ( ,god himself4 ,moses 0 comm&$ to place two *]ubim ^u ! ark1 & to set up a braz5 figure ( ! fi]y s]p5t1 t ^? ( ! murmur+ ,israelites :o _h be5 bitt5 might recov] f ! poison ( _! w\nds by look+ on ! image4 ,9 ! description ( ,solomon's temple1 we read ( t pr9ce1 n only t he made 9 ! oracle two *]ubim ( olive tree1 ( t5 cubits 9 height1 b t #8all ! walls ( ! temple r\nd ab\t he c>v$ ) div]s figures & c>v+s4' 8,9 ! fir/ book ( ,p>alipom5on 7,*ronicles7 we obs]ve t :5 ,david impos$ 8 injunction ^u ,solomon to realise 8 int5tion ( build+ a h\se to ! ,"l1 he deliv]$ to him a description ( ! por* & temple1 & conclud$ by ?us assur+ him3 #8,all ^! ?+s came to me writt5 by ! h& ( ! ,"l1 t ,i may und]/& ! works ( ! patt]n4' 8,! isolat$ fact t images 7 n only direct$ by ! ,almighty ,god to be plac$ 9 ! ,mosaic tab]nacle1 & 9 ! m sumptu\s temple ( ,j]usalem1 b t he himself exhibit$ ! patt]n ( !m1 w be alone suffici5t to au?orise ! practice ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 reg>d to a simil> obs]vance40--7,hi]urgia1 p4 #cga47 ,all ?is may be briefly answ]$4 ,!re 0 no repres5tation ( ! ,jewi% patri>*s or sa9ts ei!r 9 ! tab]nacle or 9 ! temple ( ,solomon1 z is ! case ) ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,grco-,russian ,*ur*es2 & ! braz5 s]p5t1 to :i* ! au?or alludes1 0 brok5 into pieces by ord] ( ,k+ ,hezekiah z soon z ! ,israelites began to wor%ip x4 ,! au?or tries to prove1 ) consid]able le>n+ & +5uity1 t ! primitive ,*ri/ians ornam5t$ _! *ur*es ) images1 & ,i h already giv51 p4 #ea1 8 explanation ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira2 b 8 ass]tions are completely disprov$ by e direct evid5ce :i* we h ab\t ! places ( wor%ip ( ^? ,*ri/ians4 ,i h already quot$1 p4 #g1 ! te/imony ( ,m9utius ,felix1 t ! ,*ri/ians _h no k9d ( simula*res 9 _! temples1 z well z ! indignation ( ,/ ,epiphanius at an attempt to introduce !m into ! *ur*es1 p4 #fh1 & = :i* !re w\ld h be5 no occasion if x _h be5 an e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,! mo/ important "p ( 8 def5ce ( ! use ( images is1 h[ev]1 ! p>agraph entitl$1 8,no virtue resid5t 9 images !mselves10 conta9+ :at foll[s3-- 8,n only are ,ca?olics n expos$ to su* dang]s 7i4e41 idolatry71 b !y are expressly prohibit$ by ! *ur* 7,concilium ,trid5t9um1 sess4 xxv47 to believe t !re is any div9ity or virtue resid5t 9 images = :i* !y %\ld be rev]5c$1 or t any ?+ is to be ask$ ( !m1 or any confid5ce plac$ 9 !m1 b t ! hon\r giv5 %\ld be ref]r$ to ^? :om !y repres5t2 & s p>ticul> are _! religi\s in/ructors 9 impress+ ?is tru? ^u ! m9ds ( _! congregations1 t if a ,ca?olic *ild1 :o _h le>n$ its fir/ cate*ism1 7 ask$ if x 7 p]mitt$ to pray to images1 ! *ild w\ld answ]1 #8,no1 by no means2 = !y h no life nor s5se to help u2' & ! pa/or :o discov]$ any "o r5d]+ any portion ( ! respect :i* belongs to ,god alone to a crucifix or to a picture1 w\ld h no hesitation 9 break+ ! "o & te>+ ! o!r into %r$s1 & ?r[+ ! fragm5ts into ! flames1 9 imitation ( ,eze*ias1 :o broke ! braz5 s]p5t on acc\nt ( ! sup]/iti\s rev]5ce :i* ! ,israelites manife/$ t[>ds x40--7,hi]urgia1 p4 #chb47 ,x is p]fectly true t ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t has decl>$ t ! images ( ,*ri/1 ( ! virg91 & ( o!r sa9ts1 are to be hon\r$ & v5]at$1 n because x is believ$ t !re is any div9ity or virtue inh]5t 9 !m1 or t any ?+ is to be ask$ ( !m1 or any confid5ce plac$ 9 images1 z _h be5 done by ,pagans1 :o put _! tru/ 9 idols 7,psalm cxxxv4 #ae-ah71 b t 8! hon\r giv5 %\ld be ref]r$ to ^? :om !y repres5t1 s t by ! images :i* we kiss1 be=e :i* we uncov] our heads1 or pro/rate ourselves 7procumbimus71 we wor%ip ,*ri/ & ! sa9ts ^: lik5ess ^? images repres5t407#hd7 ,b if !re is 8no div9ity or virtue resid5t 9 images10 z is decl>$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 :at is to become ( all ^? miracul\s images :i* are ! subject ( pilgrimage 9 s _m ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries1 & ! exi/5ce ( ^: miracul\s p[]s has be5 solemnly ackn[l$g$ by ! highe/ ecclesia/ical au?orities8 ,i %all n attempt to enum]ate ^? miracul\s images1 because _! numb] is legion1 b ,i %all only ask ! rev4 doctor :e!r he consid]s ! image ( ! virg9 ( ,loretto1 :i* is ! object ( s _m pilgrimages1 & to :i* s _m miracles are ascrib$1 z hav+ "s virtue resid5t 9 x or n8 & w\ld he break x 9 pieces on acc\nt ( ! miracul\s p[]s ascrib$ to x8 ,is he prep>$ to act 9 su* a mann] ) ! celebrat$ ,bamb9o7#he7 ( ,rome8 & are ! miracul\s p[]s ascrib$ to x1 z well z to ! virg9 ( ,loretto1 & o!r images ( ?is k9d1 a reality or an impo/ure8 &1 f9ally1 :at w he d ) ! w9k+ ,madonna ( ,rim9i1 :i* has lately made s mu* noise1 & :i*1 in/ead ( be+ brok5 to pieces or torn to %r$s by ! prie/s or ! bi%op ( ! place1 has be5 approv$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority8 ,i c assure ! rev4 doctor1 t by break+ into pieces ! miracul\s images1 c>v$ z well z pa9t$1 he w break d[n _m b>ri]s :i* n[ sep>ate ! ,prote/ant ,*ri/ians f ^? :o belong to 8 own *ur*4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 afraid t he w f9d _m difficulties 9 attempt+ su* a ?+2 & ,i mu/ rem9d him1 t 9 quot+ ! above-m5tion$ canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 he =got an ess5tial "p ( x1 :i* greatly modifies ! decl>ation t !re is no div9ity or virtue resid5t 9 images1 say+1 8,t ! holy synod orda9s t no "o be all[$ to place1 or cause to be plac$1 any unusual image7#hf7 9 any place or *ur*1 h[soev] exempt$1 except t ! image be approv$ by ! bi%op3 also1 t no new miracles are to be ackn[l$g$ or new relics recognis$1 unless ! said bi%op has tak5 cognizance & approv$ !re(1 :o1 z soon z he has obta9$ c]ta9 in=mation 9 reg>d to ^! matt]s1 %all1 aft] hav+ tak5 ! advice ( !ologians & ( o!r pi\s m51 act !re9 z he %all judge to be consonant ) tru? & piety40--7,sess4 xxviii41 c47 ,! real mean+ ( ! above-m5tion$ canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t is !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 t !re is no div9ity or virtue resid5t 9 ! images :i* are n au?oris$ by ! bi%op to "w miracles1 & t unlic5s$ images are n all[$ to h any su* div9ity or virtue 9 !m1 b t su* unusual c>v$ or pa9t$ images1 z ^? :i* ,i h m5tion$ above1 hav+ obta9$ ! requir$ au?orization1 may "w z _m miracles z !y please1 or z _! wor%ipp]s w believe4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by a writ]1 :o c]ta9ly _c be accus$ ( viol5t op9ions1 ! le>n$ & pi\s ,melanc?on1 8t x 0 impi\s & idolatr\s to address /atues or bones1 & to suppose t ei!r ! ,div9ity or ! sa9ts 7 atta*$ to a c]ta9 place or to a c]ta9 /atue m ?an to o!r places2 & t !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! pray]s :i* are address$ to ! ,virg9 ( ,aix la ,*apelle1 or to t ( ,ratisbon1 & ! ,pagan invocations ( ! ,ephesian ,diana1 or ! ,platean ,juno1 or any o!r /atue407#hg7 ,to ^! obs]vations ,i %all only add ^? ( ,m4 ,beugnot1 :i* ,i h giv5 p4 #bg1 on ! m>vell\s facility ) :i* ! wor%ip ( ! virg91 e/abli%$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus1 #dca1 has sup]s$$ t ( ! ,pagan deities 9 _m c\ntries4 ,!re is sc>cely any c]emony 9 ! ,we/]n z well z 9 ! ,ea/]n *ur*1 ! orig9 ( :i* _c be trac$ to ! ,pagan wor%ip4 ,i %all limit my obs]vations on ?is subject to ! ?ree foll[+ objects1 :i* con/itute ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 ! div9e s]vice p]=m$ 9 ^? *ur*es1 namely1--#a4 ,! consecrat$ wat]2 #b4 ,lamps & c&les2 &1 #c4 ,inc5se2 giv+ ! ,roman ,ca?olic explanation ( _! orig91 z well z t :i* ,i believe to be true4 ,) reg>d to ! consecrat$ wat]1 x is describ$ by ! au?or ( 8,hi]urgia0 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- 8,! ord9ance ( ,almighty ,god1 promulgat$ by ! lips ( ,moses1 conc]n+ ! wat] ( sep>ation1 & ! mode ( spr9kl+ x1 are m9utely notic$ 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ! book ( ,numb]s4 ,9 ! book ( ,exodus1 we read t ! ,"l issu$ ! foll[+ decl>ations to ,moses3--#8,?\ %alt make a braz5 lav]1 ) its foot1 to wa% 92 & ?\ %alt set x betwe5 ! tab]nacle ( ! te/imony & ! alt>4 ,& ! wat] be+ put into x1 ,a>on & 8 sons %all wa% _! h&s & feet 9 x :5 !y are go+ into ! tab]nacle ( ! te/imony1 & :5 !y are to come to ! alt> to (f] inc5se on x to ! ,"l4'--7,exod4 xxx4 #ah-bj47 8,t x 0 a practice ) ! ,jews1 n only peculi> to ! memb]s ( ! prie/hood1 b obs]v$ among/ ! p1 = ea* individual to wa% 8 h&s be=e he presum$ to pray1 is a well-atte/$ fact4 ,! *ur* adopt$ ?is z well z sev]al o!r ,jewi% c]emonies1 :i* %e engraft$ on h] ritual2 & ,/ ,paul app>5tly borr[s f su* ablution ! metaphor :i* he employs :ile ?us admoni%+ 8 disciple ,timo?y3--#8,i w t m5 pray 9 e place1 lift+ up pure h&s4'--7#a ,timo?y ii4 #h47 ,t 9 ! e>ly ages ! fai?ful us$ to wa% _! h&s at ! ?re%old ( ! *ur* be=e !y ent]$1 is expressly m5tion$ by a numb] ( writ]s40 ,z to ! use ( holy wat] be+ ( apo/olic orig91 he says3-- 8,! introduction ( holy or bless$ wat] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! times ( ! apo/les4 ,t x 0 ! cu/om1 9 ! v fir/ ages ( ! *ur*1 n only to deposit vessels ( wat] at ! entrance ( ^? places :]e ! ,*ri/ians assembl$ = ! celebration ( div9e wor%ip1 b also to h vases conta9+ wat] m+l$ ) salt1 bo? ( :i* _h be5 sep>at$ f common use1 & bless$ by ! pray]s & invocations ( ! prie/1 is c]ta94 ,a p>ticul> m5tion ( x is made 9 ! con/itution ( ! apo/les2 & ! pontiff ,alex&]1 ! fir/ ( t "n1 b ! six? 9 succession f ,/ ,pet]1 ^: *air he m\nt$ 9 ! ye> #aji1 issu$ a decree by :i* ! use ( holy wat] 0 p]mitt$ to ! fai?ful 9 _! h\ses40--7,hi]urgia1 pp4 #dfa-dfc47 ,x is r a /range ?+ = ,*ri/ians to imitate ! religi\s rites ( ! ,jews1 ^: c]emonial law1--8:i* /ood only 9 meats & dr9ks1 & div]s wa%+s1 & c>nal ord9ances1 impos$ on !m until ! "t ( re=mation0 7,heb4 ix4 #aj71--0 aboli%$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is is to be done1 :y is n ! holy wat] adopt$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* prep>$ 9 ! same mann]1 & us$ = ! same object1 z ! ,jewi% wat] ( sep>ation1 describ$ 9 ,numb]s xix41 b1 on ! contr>y1 compos$ 9 ! same mann]1 & employ$ = ! same purpose1 z ! lu/ral wat] ( ! ,pagans8 ,! fact is1 t x has be5 borr[$ f ! ,pagan wor%ip & n f ! ,jewi% c]emonial law1 ! tru? ( :i* is hone/ly ackn[l$g$ by ! ,jesuit ,la ,c]da1 :o1 9 a note on ! foll[+ passage ( ,virgil1-- 8,idem t] socios pura circumtulit unda1 ,sp>g5s rore levi1 et ramo felicis oliv1 ,lu/ravitque viros0 --neid1 lib4 vi4 #bbi-- says1 8,h5ce 0 d]iv$ ! cu/om ( ! holy *ur* to provide purify+ or holy wat] at ! entrance ( _! *ur*es407#hh7 ,! same cu/om 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,pagan temples1 at ! entrance ( :i* !re 0 a vase conta9+ ! holy or lu/ral wat]1 = ! p to spr9kle !mselves )1 j z is n[ done at ! entrance ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es4 ,! au?or ( 8,hi]urgia0 m5tions1 z quot$ above1 t ,pope ,alex&] ,i4 au?oris$1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 ! use ( holy wat]2 & yet ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o wrote ab\t t "t1 says 8t x 0 inv5t$ by demons1 9 imitation ( ! true baptism signifi$ by ! prophets1 t _! vot>ies might also h _! pret5d$ purification by wat]407#hi7 ,& ! ,emp]or ,julian1 9 ord] to vex ! ,*ri/ians1 caus$ ! victuals 9 ! m>kets to be spr9kl$ ) holy wat]1 ) ! int5tion ( ei!r />v+ !m or compell+ !m to eat :at !y consid]$ z impure47#ij7 ,to ^! evid5ces ( ! abom9ation 9 :i* ! primitive ,*ri/ians held ! ,pagan rite ( spr9kl+ ) holy wat]1 ,i may add ! foll[+ anecdote1 *>act]i/ic ( ! int5sity ( ?is feel+3-- ,:5 ,julian ! ,apo/ate 0 "o day go+ to sacrifice 9 ! temple ( ,=tune1 accompani$ by ! usual tra9 ( ! emp]ors1 ! ,pagan prie/s1 /&+ on bo? sides ( ! temple gate1 spr9kl$ ^? :o 7 ent]+ x ) ! lu/ral or holy wat] 9 ord] to purify !m accord+ to ! rites ( _! wor%ip4 ,a ,*ri/ian tribune1 or sup]ior (fic] ( ! imp]ial gu>ds 7scut>ii71 :o1 be+ on duty1 prec$$ ! mon>*1 receiv$ "s drops ( ?is holy wat] on 8 *lamys or coat1 :i* made him s indignant1 t1 not)/&+ ! pres5ce ( ! emp]or1 he /ruck ! prie/ :o _h ?us spr9kl$ him1 exclaim+ t he did n purify b pollute him4 ,julian ord]$ ! arre/ ( ! (fic] :o _h ?us insult$ ! rites ( 8 religion1 giv+ him ! *oice ei!r to sacrifice to ! gods or to leave ! army4 ,! bold ,*ri/ian *ose ! latt]1 b 0 soon re/or$ to 8 rank on acc\nt ( 8 great milit>y tal5ts1 & rais$1 aft] ! dea? ( ,julian & ! %ort reign ( ,jovian1 to ! imp]ial ?rone z ,val5t9ian ,i47#ia7 ,?is mon>* 01 h[ev]1 by no means a bigot2 on ! contr>y1 we h ! unsuspect$ te/imony ( ! contempor>y ,pagan writ] ,ammianus ,m>cell9us t he ma9ta9$ a /rict imp>tiality betwe5 ! ,*ri/ians & ,pagans1 & did n tr\ble any "o on acc\nt ( 8 religion4 ,he ev5 regulat$ & confirm$1 by a law 9 #cia1 ! privileges ( ! ,pagan cl]gy 9 a m fav\rable mann] ?an _h be5 done by _m ( 8 pr$ecessors2 & yet ?is mon>*1 :o treat$ 8 ,pagan subjects ) su* an extreme lib]ality1 committ$1 :5 a private individual1 an act ( viol5ce aga9/ _! wor%ip :i* expos$ him to consid]able dang]4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is a /rong pro( ( ! horror :i* ! ,*ri/ians felt = a rite :i* con/itutes n[ an indisp5sable "p ( ! s]vice 9 ! ,we/]n z well z 9 ! ,ea/]n *ur*es1 & is mo/ pr(usely us$ by !m4 ,) reg>d to ! c&les & lamps1 :i* =m a no less important & indisp5sable "p ( ! wor%ip adopt$ by ! above-m5tion$ *ur*es1 ! au?or ( 8,hi]urgia0 def5ds _! use 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,aft] hav+ describ$ ! c&le/icks employ$ 9 ! ,jewi% temple1 he says3--8,b )\t ref]r+ to ! c]emonial ( ! ,jewi% temple1 we h an au?ority = ! employm5t ( light 9 ! functions ( religion pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( t my/ic book1 ,/ ,john p>ticul>ly m5tions ! gold5 c&le/icks :i* he beheld 9 8 prophetic vision 9 ! isle ( ,patmos4 ,by comm5tators on ! sacr$ ,scripture1 x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! ,evangeli/1 9 8 book ( ! ,apocalypse1 adopt$ ! imag]y ) :i* he repres5ts 8 my/ic revelations f ! c]emonial obs]v$ 9 8 days by ! *ur* = (f]+ up ! mass1 or eu*>i/ic sacrifice ( ! ,lamb ( ,god1 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 8,t ! use ( lights 0 adopt$ by ! *ur*1 especially at ! celebration ( ! sacr$ my/]ies1 z e>ly z ! times ( ! apo/les1 may likewise1 ) mu* probability1 be inf]r$ f t passage 9 _! ,acts :i* records ! prea*+ & miracles ( ,/ ,paul at ,troas3--#8,& on ! fir/ day ( ! week1 :5 we 7 assembl$ to break bread1 ,paul disc\rs$ ) !m1 be+ to dep>t on ! morr[1 & he cont9u$ 8 spee* until midnight4 ,& !re 7 a great numb] ( lamps 9 ! upp] *amb] :]e we 7 assembl$4'--7,acts xx4 #g1 #h47 ,t ! _m lamps1 s p>ticul>ly notic$ 9 ?is passage1 7 n susp5d$ m]ely = ! purpose ( illum9at+1 dur+ ! night-"t1 ?is upp] *amb]1 9 :i* ! fai?ful _h assembl$ on ! fir/ day ( ! week to break bread1 b also to increase ! solemnity ( t function & betok5 a spiritual joy1 may be lawfully inf]r$ f e ?+ we "k ab\t ! mann]s ( ! anci5t ,jews1 f :om ! *ur* borr[$ ! use ( lights 9 celebrat+ h] v>i\s rites & fe/ivals40--7,hi]urgia1 p4 #cgb47 ,x is really difficult s]i\sly to answ] su* extraord9>y suppositions z t ! sev5 c&le/icks1 expressly m5tion$ z types ( ! sev5 *ur*es1 %\ld be an allusion to ! physical lights us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ^? *ur*es1 & n to ! moral & spiritual light :i* !y 7 spread+ among/ ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,su* an explanation appe>s to me no?+ bett] ?an t t5d5cy to mat]ialise ! mo/ ab/ract & spiritual ideas to :i* ,i h allud$ above1 p4 #abf4 ,) reg>d to ! passage 9 ! ,acts xx4 #g1 #h1 :i* says t !re 7 a great numb] ( lamps 9 ! upp] *amb] :]e ,/ ,paul 0 prea*+1 ,i ?9k t ?is circum/ance might h be5 consid]$ z a religi\s rite if ! apo/le _h be5 prea*+ at noon2 b z x is expressly said t he did x at night1 no?+ c be m simple ?an ! light+ ( ! upp] *amb] ) lamps4 ,x 0 also v natural t !re %\ld be _m ( !m1 because z ,/ ,paul 0 und\bt$ly (t5 ref]r+ to ! ,scriptures1 8 he>]s1 or at lea/ _m ( !m1 be+ ei!r real ,jews or ,hell5i/s1 mu/ h be5 cont9ually look+ to copies ( ! ,bible 9 ord] to v]ify 8 quotation4 ,x 01 !re=e1 necess>y to h ! room well light$1 & consequ5tly to employ _m lamps4 ,x is1 inde$1 curi\s to see to :at f>-fet*$ suppositions a writ] ( s mu* le>n+ & +5uity z ,dr ,rock is oblig$ to recur1 9 ord] to def5d a purely ,pagan rite :i* has be5 adopt$ by 8 *ur*1 giv+ ! simple/ & cle>e/ ?+s a non-natural s5se1 simil> to t :i* "s ,romanis+ cl]gym5 h be5 giv+ to ! precepts ( a *ur* :i* !y 7 betray+ :il/ 9 h] s]vice & pay4 ,! same au?or ma9ta9s t lights 7 employ$ f primitive times at div9e s]vice1 say+3-- 8,! cu/om ( employ+ lights1 9 ! e>li] ages ( ! *ur*1 dur+ ! celebration ( ! eu*>i/2 & o!r religi\s (fices1 is au!nticat$ by ^? v5]able records ( primitive discipl9e :i* are usually d5om9at$ ,apo/olic ,canons40--7,hi]urgia1 p4 #cic47 ,n[1 :at is ! au!nticity ( ^! canons8 ,! au?or himself gives u ! be/ answ] to x1 say+3-- 8,?\gh ^! canons be apocryphal1 & by consequ5ce n g5u9e1 inasmu* z !y 7 nei!r committ$ to writ+ by ! apo/les !mselves1 nor p5n$ by ,/ ,clem5t1 to :om "s au?ors h attribut$ !m2 /ill1 h[ev]1 ?is does n prev5t !m f be+ true & au!ntic1 s9ce !y embody ! traditions desc5d$ f ! apo/les & ! apo/olic fa!rs1 & be> a fai?ful te/imony t ! discipl9e :i* prevail$ dur+ ! fir/ & second c5turies 0 e/abli%$ by ! apo/les40--7,p4 #cid47 ,i %all n ent] into a discussion ab\t ! value ( evid5ce furni%$ by a "w :i* is ackn[l$g$ to be apocryphal1 & n to h be5 writt5 by ^? to :om its def5d]s _h ascrib$ its au?or%ip27#ib7 b ,i %all only rem>k1 t "o ( ! mo/ em95t fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 ! le>n$ ,lactantius1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & consequ5tly long aft] ! "t :5 ! ,apo/olic ,canons are suppos$ to h be5 compos$1 takes a v diff]5t view f !m 9 reg>d to ?is practice1 because he positively says1 9 attack+ ! use ( lights by ! ,pagans1 !y light up c&les to ,god z if he liv$ 9 ! d>k1 & d !y n des]ve to pass = madm5 :o (f] lamps to ! ,au?or & ,giv] ( light87#ic7 ,& is x probable t he c\ld approve ( a practice 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* :i* he condemns 9 ! ,pagan8 ,&1 inde$1 c !re be any ?+ m hea!ni% ?an ! cu/om ( burn+ lights be=e images or relics1 :i* is no?+ else ?an sacrifices :i* ! ,pagans (f]$ to _! idols8 ,i h describ$ above1 p4 #gd1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,/ ,j]ome def5d$ ! use ( lights 9 ! *ur*es aga9/ ,vigilantius4 ,?is def5ce ( ,/ ,j]ome is adduc$ by our au?or 9 a r extraord9>y mann]4 8,x happ5s n unfrequ5tly t ^? v calumnies :i* h be5 propagat$1 & ! attacks :i* 7 s furi\sly direct$ by ! enemies ( our holy fai? 9 anci5t times1 aga9/ c]ta9 practices ( discipl9e !n foll[$ by ! *ur*1 are ! mo/ triumphant te/imonies :i* c be adduc$ at ! pres5t day1 bo? to e/abli% ! v5]able orig9 ( su* obs]vances1 & to w>rant a cont9uation ( !m4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! rem>k is /rik+ly obs]vable2 = ! /rictures :i* ,vigilantius pass$ 9 ! f\r? age1 on ! use ( lights 9 *ur*es1 z well z on ! %r9es ( ! m>tyrs1 & ! en]getic refutation ( ,/ ,j]ome ( ! *>ge ( sup]/ition pref]r$ aga9/ su* a pi\s usage by t apo/ate1 may be notic$ z an irrefragable argum5t1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 to e/abli% ! remote antiquity ( ?is religi\s cu/om4 ,aft] m5tion+ z a fact ( public notoriety1 & 9 a mann] :i* defi$ contradiction1 t ! ,*ri/ians1 at ! "t :5 he 0 actually writ+1 :i* 0 ab\t ! ye> #cgf17id7 7 accu/om$ to illum9e _! *ur*es dur+ mid-day ) a pr(usion ( wax tap]s1 ,vigilantius proce$s to turn su* a devotion into ridicule4 ,b he met ) a le>n$ & victori\s oppon5t1 :o1 :ile he v9dicat$ ?is practice ( ! *ur* aga9/ ! objection ( h] enemy1 took occasion to assign ^? reasons :i* induc$ h] to adopt x4 ,t holy fa!r obs]ves3--#8,?r\gh\t all ! *ur*es ( ! ,ea/1 :5ev] ! ,gospel is to be recit$1 !y br+ =? lights1 ?\gh x be at noon-day2 n c]ta9ly to %9e among d>kness1 b to manife/ "s sign ( joy1 t "u ! type ( corporeal light may be indicat$ t light ( :i* we read 9 ! ,psalms1 8,?y ^w is a lamp to my feet1 & a light to my pa?40 ' 0--7,hi]urgia1 p4 #bih47 ,n[1 ,i w\ld obs]ve to ! le>n$ doctor1 t ,/ ,j]ome1 9 answ]+ ,vigilantius1 ma9ta9$1 z ,i h %[n above1 p4 #gd1 t x 0 calumny to say t ! ,*ri/ians burnt c&les 9 ! daylight1 & t x 0 done only by "s p1 ^: zeal 0 )\t k4 ,consequ5tly1 ! *ur* :i* has adopt$ ?is practice %[s1 accord+ to ! au?ority ( t 8holy & le>n$ fa!r10 t h] zeal is )\t k4 ,) reg>d to ! argum5t 9 support ( ! abovem5tion$ practices giv5 by ,/ ,j]ome1 & reproduc$ by our au?or1 t ! ,ea/]n *ur*es make use ( lights1 ,i admit t x is unansw]able1 because x is an und\bt$ fact t ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur* makes an imm5se consumption ( wax c&les1 *iefly burnt be=e ! images1 & x rema9s = me only to congratulate ! advocates ( ?is practice on ! support :i* !y d]ive f su* an imp]ative au?ority z t ( ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur*4 ,x rema9s = me n[ only to say a few words ab\t ! inc5se1 :i* =ms a con/itu5t "p ( ! s]vice ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,grco-,russian ,*ur*es1 z mu* z ! holy wat] & lights1 & :i* is def5d$ by ! au?or ( 8,hi]urgia0 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,aft] hav+ describ$ ! use ( inc5se 9 ! ,jewi% temples1 he says-- 8,x 0 f ?is religi\s cu/om ( employ+ inc5se 9 ! anci5t temple1 t ! royal prophet drew t beautiful simile ( 81 :5 he petition$ t 8 pray]s might asc5d be=e ! ,"l l inc5se4 ,x 0 :ile #8all ! multitude 7 pray+ )\t at ! h\r ( inc5se1 t !re appe>$ to ,za*>y an angel ( ! ,"l1 /&+ at ! "r ( ! alt> ( inc5se1'--7,luke i4 #aj1 #aa74 ,t ! ori5tal nations atta*$ a mean+ n only ( p]sonal rev]5ce1 b also ( religi\s homage to an (f]+ ( inc5se1 is demon/rable f ! in/ance ( ! magi1 :o1 hav+ fall5 d[n to adore ! newborn ,jesus1 & recognise 8 div9ity1 pres5t$ him ) gold1 & myrrh1 & frank9c5se4 ,t he might be m intelligible to ^? :o read 8 book ( ! ,apocalypse1 x is v probable t ,/ ,john adapt$ 8 language to ! c]emonial ( ! liturgy !n foll[$ by ! ,*ri/ians 9 celebrat+ ! eu*>i/ic sacrifice1 at ! p]iod ! evangeli/ 0 committ+ to writ+ 8 my/]i\s revelations4 ,9 depict+1 !re=e1 ! sc5e :i* took place 9 ! sanctu>y ( heav51 :]e he 0 giv5 to behold 9 vision ! my/ic sacrifice ( ! ,lamb1 we are w>rant$ to suppose t he borr[$ ! imag]y1 & select$ sev]al ( 8 expressions1 f ! ritual !n actually 9 use1 & has 9 consequ5ce bequea!d to u an outl9e ( ! c]emonial :i* ! *ur* employ$ 9 ! apo/olic ages ( (f]+ up ! unbloody sacrifice ( ! same div9e ,lamb ( ,god1 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 9 h] sanctu>y ^u e>?4 ,n[1 ,/ ,john p>ticul>ly notices h[ ! #8angel came & /ood be=e ! alt>1 hav+ a gold5 c5s]2 & !re 0 giv5 him mu* inc5se1 t he %\ld (f] ( ! pray]s ( all ! sa9ts ^u ! gold5 alt> :i* is be=e ! ?rone ( ,god2 & ! smoke ( ! inc5se ( ! pray]s ( ! sa9ts asc5d$ up be=e ,god1 f ! h& ( ! angel4'--,apocal4 viii4 #c-e40--7;,hi]urgia1 p4 #eah47 ,to ?is explanation ( ! use ( inc5se 9 ! *ur*es1 ,i may answ] by ! same obs]vation :i* ,i h made1 p4 #add1 on a simil> def5ce ( ! use ( lights1 namely1 t x is a /range mat]ialization ( spiritual ideas by embody+ into a tangible %ape :at is simply typical1 & :i* is n w>rant$ by any direct evid5ce4 ,su* f>-fet*$ & fanciful conjectures _c be refut$ by s]i\s argum5ts2 b z reg>ds ! ,jewi% orig9 ( ! use ( inc5se1 z well z ( _m o!r c]emonies common to ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,greek ,*ur*es1 ,i %all give ! obs]vation ( ! celebrat$ ,dr ,middleton1 on an answ] made by a ,roman ,ca?olic to 8 well-kn[n ,lett] f ,rome1 & :o1 def5d+ ! c]emonies ( 8 ,*ur* 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z ! au?or ( 8,hi]urgia10 says1 8,t ,dr ,middleton 0 mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ e c]emony us$ by ! hea!ns to be hea!ni%1 s9ce ! greate/ "p ( !m 7 borr[$ f ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 9 imitation ( :i* ! devil affect$ to h 8 temples1 alt>s1 prie/s1 & sacrifices1 & all o!r ?+s :i* 7 us$ 9 ! true wor%ip40 ,?is he appli$ to ! case ( inc5se1 lamps1 holy wat]1 & processions1 add+1 8t if ,middleton _h be5 z well read 9 ! ,scriptures z he seem$ to be 9 ! hea!n poets1 he w\ld h f\nd ! use ( all ^! 9 ! temple ( ,god1 & t by ,god's appo9tm5t40 8,i %all n dispute ) him10 says ,middleton1 8ab\t ! orig9 ( ^! rites1 :e!r !y 7 fir/ in/itut$ by ,moses1 or 7 ( prior use & antiquity among/ ! ,egyptians4 ,! ,scriptures fav\r ! la/1 :i* our ,sp5s] /rongly ass]ts1 & _! ,calmet & ,huetius all[2 b %\ld we grant him all t he c inf] f 8 argum5t1 :at w he ga9 by x8 ,7 n all ^? begg>ly elem5ts wip$ away by ! spiritual wor%ip ( ! ,gospel8 ,7 !y n all annull$1 on acc\nt ( _! weakness & unpr(itabl5ess1 by ! m p]fect revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/8--7,gal4 iv4 #i2 ,heb4 vii4 #ah47 ,if1 !n1 ,i %\ld ackn[l$ge my mi/ake1 & recall my words1 & in/ead ( ,pagan1 call !m ,jewi% c]emonies1 w\ld n ! use ( ,jewi% rites be abom9able /ill 9 a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 :]e !y are expressly aboli%$ & prohibit$ by ,god himself8 8,b to pursue 8 argum5t a little f>!r4 ,:ile ! ,mosaic wor%ip subsi/$ by div9e appo9tm5t 9 ,j]usalem1 ! devil likewise1 z he tells u1 _h temples & c]emonies ( ! same k9d1 9 ord] to draw vot>ies to 8 idolatr\s wor%ip1 :i*1 aft] ! abolition ( ! ,jewi% s]vice1 0 c>ri$ on /ill ) great pomp & spl5d\r1 & above all places1 9 ,rome1 ! pr9cipal seat ( 8 worldly empire4 ,n[1 x is c]ta9 t 9 ! e>ly times ( ! ,gospel1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ,rome 7 celebrat$ = _! zeal\s adh]5ce to ! fai? ( ,*ri/1 z x 0 deliv]$ to !m by ! apo/les1 pure f e mixture ei!r ( ,jewi% or hea!ni% sup]/ition1 till1 aft] a succession ( ages1 z !y began gradually to deviate f t apo/olic simplicity1 !y introduc$ at diff]5t times into ! *ur* ! p>ticul> c]emonies 9 "q4 ,:5ce1 !n1 c we ?9k x probable t !y %\ld borr[ !m f ! ,jewi% or ! ,pagan ritual8 ,f a temple remote1 despis$ & demoli%$ by ! ,romans !mselves1 or f temples & alt>s p]petually 9 _! view1 & subsi/+ 9 _! /reets1 9 :i* _! ance/ors & fell[-citiz5s h con/antly wor%ipp$87#ie7 ,! "q c h>dly admit any dispute2 ! hum\r ( ! p1 z well z ! int]e/ ( a corrupt$ prie/hood1 w\ld invite !m to adopt su* rites z 7 native to ! soil1 & f\nd ^u ! place1 & :i* long exp]i5ce _h %[n to be useful to ! acquisition bo? ( weal? & p[]4 ,?us1 by ! mo/ c&id con/ruction ( ?is au?or's reason+1 we mu/ necess>ily call _! c]emonies ,jewi%1 or by pu%+ x to its full l5g?1 %all be oblig$ to call !m devili%4 8,he obs]ves t ,i beg9 my *>ge ) ! use ( inc5se z ! mo/ notori\s pro( ( _! ,paganism1 & l an artful rhetorician1 place my /ronge/ argum5t 9 ! front4 ,yet he kn[s ,i h assign$ a diff]5t reason = (f]+ t ! fir/2 because x is ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes ! s5se1 & surprises a /rang] ^u 8 entrance into _! *ur*es4 ,b x %all be my /ronge/ pro(1 if he w h x s1 s9ce he has br\ght no?+1 ,i am sure1 to weak5 ! =ce ( x4 ,he tells u t !re 0 an alt> ( inc5se 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem1 & is surpris$1 !re=e1 h[ ,i c call x hea!ni%2 yet x is evid5t1 f ! nature ( t in/itution1 t x 0 nev] design$ to be p]petual1 & t dur+ its cont9uance1 ,god w\ld h nev] approv$ any o!r alt>1 ei!r 9 ,j]usalem or any :]e else4 ,b let him answ] directly to ?is pla9 "q3 ,0 !re ev] a temple 9 ! _w1 n /rictly hea!ni%1 9 :i* !re 7 sev]al alt>s1 all smok+ ) inc5se1 )9 our view1 & at "o & ! same "t8 ,x is c]ta9 t he mu/ answ] 9 ! negative2 yet x is z c]ta9 t !re 7 _m su* temples 9 ,pagan ,rome1 & are z _m 9 ,*ri/ian ,rome2 & s9ce !re nev] 0 an example ( x1 b :at 0 ,pagani%1 be=e ! "t ( ,pop]y1 h[ is x possible t x c\ld be d]iv$ to !m f any o!r s\rce8 or :5 we see s exact a resemblance 9 ! copy1 h[ c !re be any d\bt ab\t ! orig9al8 8,:at he alleges1 !re=e1 9 fav\r ( inc5se is no?+ to ! purpose3 #8,t x 0 us$ 9 ! ,jewi%1 & is ( great antiquity 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 & t x is m5tion$ ) hon\r 9 ! ,scriptures1' :i* frequ5tly comp>e x to pray]1 & speak ( its sweet od\rs asc5d+ up to ,god1 c41 :i* figurative expressions1 he says1 #8w\ld nev] h be5 borr[$ by sacr$ p5m5 f hea!ni% sup]/ition2' z if su* allusions 7 less prop]1 or ! ?+ itself less sweet1 = its be+ appli$ to ! purposes ( idolatry1 z x con/antly 0 9 ! "t ( ! same p5m51 &1 accord+ to _! own acc\nts1 on ! alt>s ( ,baal1 & ! o!r hea!n idols3 & :5 ,j]emiah rebukes ! p ( ,judah = burn+ inc5se to ! que5 ( heav5 7,j]4 xliv4 #ag71 "o c h>dly help imag9+ t he is prophetically po9t+ out ! wor%ip paid n[ to ! virg91 to :om !y actually burn inc5se at ?is day "u t v title47#if7 8,b if x be a j gr\nd = reta9+ a practice 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 because x 0 enjo9$ to ! ,jews1 :at w our ,ca?olic say = ^? usages :i* 7 actually prohibit$ to ! ,jews1 & nev] practis$ by any b by ! hea!ns & papi/s8 ,all ! ,egyptian prie/s1 z ,h]odotus in=ms u1 _h _! heads %av$1 & kept cont9ually bald47#ig7 ,?us ! ,emp]or ,commodus1 t he might be admitt$ into t ord]1 got himself %av$1 & c>ri$ ! god ,anubis 9 procession4 ,& x 0 on ?is acc\nt1 mo/ probably1 t ! ,jewi% prie/s 7 comm&$ n to %ave _! heads1 nor to make any baldness ^u !m4--7,lev4 xxi4 #e2 ,ezek4 xliv4 #bj74 ,yet ?is ,pagan rasure1 or tonsure1 z !y *oose to call x1 on ! cr[n ( ! head1 has long be5 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! ,romi% prie/hood4 ,x 0 on ! same acc\nt1 we may imag9e1 t ! ,jewi% prie/s 7 =bidd5 to make any cutt+s 9 _! fle% 7,lev4 xix4 #bh1 xxi4 #e71 s9ce t 0 likewise ! common practice ( c]ta9 prie/s & devotees among ! hea!ns1 9 ord] to acquire ! fame ( a m exalt$ sanctity4 ,yet ! same discipl9e1 z ,i h %[n 9 my ,lett]17#ih7 is con/antly practis$ at ,rome 9 "s ( _! solemn seasons & processions1 9 imitation ( ^! ,pagan en?usia/s1 z if !y se>*$ ! ,scriptures to le>n1 n s mu* :at 0 enjo9$ by true religion1 z :at _h be5 useful at any "t 9 a false "o1 to delude ! multitude1 & support an impo/ure40--7,middleton's ,miscellane\s ,works1 vol4 v41 p4 #aa1 et seq47 ,! same au?or ju/ly obs]ves1 t 8"u ! ,pagan emp]ors ! use ( inc5se = any purpose ( religion 0 ?\ght s contr>y to ! obligations ( ,*ri/ianity1 t 9 _! p]secutions1 ! v me?od ( try+ & conv]t+ a ,*ri/ian 0 by requir+ him only to ?r[ ! lea/ gra9 ( x into ! c5s] or on ! alt>40 8,"u ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 look$ ^u z a rite s peculi>ly hea!ni%1 t ! v places or h\ses :]e x c\ld be prov$ to h be5 done1 71 by a law ( ,!odosius1 confiscat$ to ! gov]nm5t407#ii7--7;,ibid41 p4 #ie47 ,i %all conclude ?is essay by a %ort sket* ( ! sup]/iti\s practices prevail+ 9 ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur*1 :i* w be ! subject ( my next & la/ *apt]4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,image-,wor%ip ,& ,o!r ,sup]/iti\s ,practices ,( ,! ,graeco-,russian ,*ur*4 ,! ,grco-,russian ,*ur* is p]haps ! mo/ important elem5t ( ! politico-religi\s complications 9 :i* ,europe is at pres5t involv$4 ,x is1 moreov]1 n a =tuit\s cause ( ^! complications1 b has be5 gr[+ dur+ c5turies1 until x has rea*$ its pres5t magnitude1 ?\gh its action ^u ,turkey may h be5 prematurely br\ght into play by accid5tal circum/ances4 ,x compreh5ds )9 its pale ab\t #ej1jjj1jjj ( s\ls1 :il/ x ex]cises an imm5se influ5ce ^u #ac1jjj1jjj ( ,turki%1 & a consid]able "o ^u m ?an #c1jjj1jjj ( ,au/rian subjects1 pr(ess+ ! t5ets ( t *ur*1 ?\gh gov]n$ by sep>ate hi]>*ies4 ,to ?is numb] mu/ be add$ ! population ( ! k+dom ( ,greece1 am\nt+ to ab\t #a1jjj1jjj3 s t ! :ole ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* may be comput$ 9 r\nd numb]s at #ff1jjj1jjj or #fg1jjj1jjj ( s\ls47#ajj7 ,! ,russian ,*ur* diff]s f o!r ,greek *ur*es1 n 9 h] t5ets1 b 9 h] gov]nm5t4 ,f ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,russia1 t[>ds ! end ( ! t5? c5tury1 to ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks 9 #adec1 ! ,russian ,*ur* 0 gov]n$ by a metropolitan1 consecrat$ by ! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,aft] ?is ev5t1 ! metropolitans 7 consecrat$ by ! ,russian bi%ops till #aehh1 :5 a patri>* ( ,russia 0 in/itut$ by t ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o _h arriv$ at ,mosc[1 9 ord] to obta9 pecuni>y assi/ance = 8 *ur*4 ,! patri>* enjoy$ consid]able influ5ce1 :i* modifi$ 9 "s respects ! despotic au?ority ( ! ,cz>4 ,x 0 ,pet] ! ,great :o aboli%$ ?is dignity 9 #agjb1 aft] ! dea? ( ! ,patri>* ,adrian1 & decl>$ himself ! head ( ! ,russian ,*ur*4 ,he introduc$ sev]al regulations to re/rict ! p[] ( ! cl]gy1 & to improve _! education4 ,x appe>s t ! viol5t re=ms by :i* t mon>* tri$ to introduce ! civilization ( we/]n ,europe among/ 8 subjects1 _h produc$ an intellectual movem5t 9 _! *ur*1 b :i*1 n squ>+ ) ! views ( ! imp]ial re=m]1 0 viol5tly suppress$ by him4 ,?us1 9 #agac1 a physician call$ ,demetrius ,tv]it9(f1 & "s o!r p]sons1 began to attack ! wor%ip ( images1 & to expla9 ! sacram5t ( communion 9 ! same s5se z has be5 done by ,calv94 ,^! re=m]s 7 ana!matis$ by ! ord] ( ! ,cz>1 & "o ( !m 0 execut$ 9 #agad47aja7 ,next ye>1 #agae1 a ,russian prie/1 call$ ,?omas1 probably a disciple ( ! above-m5tion$ re=m]s1 began publicly to inveigh aga9/ ! wor%ip ( sa9ts & o!r practices ( 8 *ur*1 & w5t ev5 s f> z to break ! images plac$ 9 ! *ur*es4 ,he 0 burnt alive1 & no?+ m 0 he>d aft]w>ds ( su* re=m]s4 ,! ,russian cl]gy rega9$ _! influ5ce "u ! reign ( ! ,empress ,elizabe?1 #agdb-fb1 a weak-m9d$1 bigot$ woman1 :o 0 cont9ually mak+ pilgrimages to ! %r9es ( v>i\s ,russian sa9ts & miracul\s images1 display+ on ^? occasions su* a spl5d\r & su* munific5ce to ! objects ( h] devotion1 t ! f9ances ( h] /ate 7 injur$ by x47#ajb7 ,elizabe?'s nephew & successor1 ,pet] ,,iii41 ,duke ( ,hol/e91 :o1 = ! sake ( ! ?rone1 _h pass$ f ! ,lu!ran communion to ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ent]ta9$ ! greate/ contempt = 8 new religion4 ,?is half-crazy1 un=tunate pr9ce1 in/ead ( try+ to re=m ! ,russian ,*ur* by promot+ a sup]ior in=mation among/ h] cl]gy1 (f5d$ ! religi\s prejudices ( 8 subjects by an op5 disreg>d ( ! ord9ances ( t *ur*1 & 8 projects ( viol5t re=ms4 ,he n only did away ) all ! fa/s at 8 c\rt1 b he wi%$ to aboli% !m ?r\gh\t all 8 empire1 to remove ! images & c&les f ! *ur*es1 &1 f9ally1 t ! cl]gy %\ld %ave _! be>ds & dress l ! ,lu!ran pa/ors4 ,he also confiscat$ ! l&$ prop]ty ( ! *ur*4 ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 :o obs]v$ ) ! greate/ dilig5ce ^? religi\s rites :i* h] husb& treat$ ) su* contempt1 & :o greatly ow$ to ?is conduct h] elevation to ! ?rone1 confirm$1 h[ev]1 ! confiscation ( ! *ur* e/ates1 assign+ sal>ies to ! cl]gy & conv5ts :o _h be5 support$ by t prop]ty4 ,%e made use ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur* = ! promotion ( h] political s*emes 9 ,pol& & 9 ,turkey2 yet1 z h] religi\s op9ions 7 ^? ( ! s*ool ( ,voltaire & ,did]ot1 :i* believ$ t ,*ri/ianity w\ld soon cease to h any hold ^u ! human m9d1 %e seems n to h be5 fully aw>e ( t imm5se increase ( p[] at home & influ5ce abroad :i* a skilful action ^u ! religi\s feel+s ( ! foll[]s ( t *ur* may give to ! ,russian mon>*s4 ,?is policy has be5 =m$ into a complete sy/em by ! pres5t ,emp]or1 & x 0 9 consequ5ce ( x t sev]al millions ( ! inhabitants ( ! anci5t ,poli% prov9ces1 :o belong$ to ! ,greek ,unit$ ,*ur*1 i4e41 :o _h ackn[l$g$ ! supremacy ( ! ,pope by accept+ ! union conclud$ at ,flor5ce 9 #adch1 7 =c$ to give up t union1 & to pass f ! spiritual dom9ion ( ! ,pope to t ( ! ,cz>4 ,?is :olesale conv]sion 0 necess>ily accompani$ ) a good deal ( p]secution4 ,^? cl]gym5 :o _h refus$ to adopt ! imp]ial ukase = _! rule ( consci5ce 7 bani%$ to ,sib]ia1 & _m o!r acts ( oppression 7 committ$ on t occasion1 b ( :i* only ! case ( ! nuns ( ,m9sk has produc$ a s5sation 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,! same sy/em ( religi\s c5tralization has also be5 appli$ to ! ,prote/ant peasantry ( ! ,baltic prov9ces1 _m ( :om 7 s$uc$ by v>i\s means to jo9 ! ,russian ,*ur*2 & ?is policy cont9ues to be vigor\sly prosecut$ 9 ! same qu>t]1 z may be se5 by ! foll[+ extract f ! ,b]l9 ,gazette ( ,voss1 repr9t$ 9 ! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung ( ! #ab? ,m>* ( ?is ye>1 #ahed3-- 8,emiss>ies travell+ ab\t ! c\ntry succe$$ by e k9d ( cunn+1 & by hold+ out prospects ( ga9 & o!r advantages1 to conv]t p f ,lu!ranism to ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,all ! *ildr51 "u sev5te5 ye>s mu/ foll[ ! religion ( _! fa!r z soon z he has ent]$ ! or?odox *ur*4 ,:oev] has receiv$ ! ano9tm5t7#ajc7 c no long] return to 8 =m] cre$1 & ^? :o w\ld try to p]suade him to d x w\ld be sev]ely puni%$4 ,x is ev5 =bidd5 to ! ,prote/ant cl]gy to w>n _! congregations f go+ ov] to ! ,greek ,*ur* by draw+ _! att5tion to ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! two religions4 ,a great numb] ( ,greek *ur*es h be5 built 9 ! ,baltic prov9ces1 & already1 9 #ahde1 x 0 ord]$ t ! conv]ts to ! ,greek ,*ur* %\ld be admitt$ into e t[n2 t ^? peasants :o w\ld leave _! places ( resid5ce 9 ord] to jo9 a ,greek congregation %\ld be all[$ by _! l&[n]s to d s27#ajd7 &1 f9ally1 t ! l&[n]s & ,prote/ant cl]gym5 :o w\ld oppose 9 any way ! conv]sion to ! ,greek ,*ur* ( _! peasantry & congregations1 %\ld be visit$ ) sev]e p5alties4 ,^! p5alties1 direct$ aga9/ ^? :o w\ld attempt to induce any "o1 ei!r by spee*es or writ+s1 to pass f ! ,greek ,*ur* to any o!r communion1 h be5 specifi$ 9 a new crim9al code4 ,!y prescribe = c]ta9 cases ( su* a proselytism corporal *a/isem5t1 ! kn\t1 & transportation to ,sib]ia40 ,x is also well kn[n t ! ,prote/ant mission>ies1 :o _h be5 lab\r+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,russian empire = ! conv]sion ( ,mahometans & hea!ns1 h be5 prohibit$ f cont9u+ _! pi\s ex]tions4 ,& yet1 /range to say1 !re is a n un9flu5tial p>ty 9 ,prussia1 :i*1 pret5d+ to be zeal\sly ,prote/ant1 supports ) all its might ! politico-religi\s policy ( ,russia1 & is z ho/ile to ,prote/ant ,engl& z x is fav\rable to ! p[] :i* is p]secut+ ,prote/antism 9 its dom9ions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is curi\s to obs]ve 9 ?is c\ntry "s p]sons ( t ,high ,*ur* p>ty :i* affects to repudiate ! "n ( ,prote/ant1 & ) :om *ur*ianity seems to h m weight ?an ,*ri/ianity1 %[+ an incl9ation to unite ) ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur*2 & ,i h se5 a pamphlet1 ascrib$ to a cl]gyman ( ! ,scot* ,episcopal ,*ur*1 positively recomm5d+ su* a union1 & conta9+ ! =mul>y ( a petition to be address$ by ! ,episcopalians ( ,great ,brita9 to ! mo/ holy ,synod ( ,/ ,pet]sburg1 pray+ = admission into ! communion ( its *ur*4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 obs]ve to ^! exagg]at$ ,anglo-ca?olics1 :o *iefly object to ! ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t ( ,engl& on acc\nt ( its be+ a ,/ate ,*ur*1 t ! ,russian ,*ur* is /ill m s1 & t ! mo/ holy synod :i* adm9i/]s t *ur*1 ?\gh compos$ ( prelates & o!r cl]gym51 c d no?+ )\t ! ass5t ( its lay memb]1 ! imp]ial procurator1 & t a colonel ( huss>s 0 lately intru/$ ) ?is important function4 ,! ,greek ,*ur* be+ oppos$ to ,rome1 "s ,prote/ants s\ght to conclude a union ) h] 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 & ! ,lu!ran div9es ( ,tub+5 _h = ?is purpose a correspond5ce ) ! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aege & #aeha1 b :i* did n lead to any result1 z ! ,patri>* insi/$ ^u _! simply jo9+ 8 *ur*4 ,! ,prote/ants ( ,pol& attempt$ 9 #aeii a union ) ! ,greek ,*ur* ( _! c\ntry1 & ! delegates ( bo? p>ties met = ?is purpose at ,vilna2 _! object 01 h[ev]1 fru/rat$ by ! same cause :i* r5d]$ nugatory ! ef=ts t _h be5 made by ! div9es ( ,tub+5 = ?is purpose1 ! ,greek ,*ur* insi/+ ^u _! entire submission to h] au?ority4 ,x is true t "s le>n$ ecclesia/ics ( ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur* are suppos$ to ent]ta9 ,prote/ant op9ions1 b ?is is entirely p]sonal1 & has no influ5ce :atev] on ! sy/ematic policy ( _! ,*ur*1 :i* hates ,rome z a rival1 b ,prote/antism z a revolution>y pr9ciple4 ,"o ( ! able/ & mo/ zeal\s def5d]s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 our times1 & :om a long resid5ce 9 ,russia _h made ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) h] *ur*1 ,c\nt ,joseph ,demai/re1 is ( op9ion t ?is *ur* mu/ f9ally give way to ! influ5ce ( ,prote/antism27#aje7 & ,i ?9k t ?is might be really ! case if ! ,russian ,*ur* enjoy$ p]fect lib]ty ( discussion1 :i* %e is v f> at pres5t f possess+4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t su* a cont+5cy is v possible ) ^? ,ea/]n *ur*es t are n "u ! dom9ion ( ,russia1 if !y 7 once entirely lib]at$ f ,russian influ5ce & br\ght into contact ) ,prote/ant le>n+4 ,su* a revolution w\ld be mo/ dang]\s1 n only to ! ext]nal influ5ce ( ,russia1 b ev5 to h] despotism at home1 because a ,prote/ant movem5t among/ ! ,greek *ur*es ( ,turkey w\ld sev] e connection betwe5 !m & ,russia1 & v likely ext5d to ! la/-nam$ c\ntry4 ,x is !re=e mo/ probable1 z has be5 obs]v$ by ! celebrat$ explor] ( ,n9eveh1 ,lay>d1 t ! movem5t allud$ to above1 :i* has rec5tly begun to spread among/ ! ,arm5ian *ur*es ( ,turkey1 0 n )\t influ5ce on ! mission ( ,pr9ce ,m5s*ik(f & its consequ5ces4 ,i h said above t ! mutual position ( ! ,grco-,russian & ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*es t[>ds "o ano!r is t ( two rivals4 ,! dogmatic diff]5ce betwe5 !m turns ^u "s ab/ruse t5ets1 :i* are g5]ally little und]/ood by ! great mass ( _! foll[]s1 :il/ ! ess5tial gr\nd ( div]g5ce1 ! real "q at issue1 is1 :e!r ! head%ip ( ! *ur* is to be ve/$ 9 ! ,pope1 9 ! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 or 9 ! ,cz>4 ,! ,pope has all[$ t portion ( ! ,greek ,*ur* :i* submitt$ to 8 supremacy at ! c\ncil ( ,flor5ce 9 #adch1 to reta9 its ritual & discipl9e1 ) "s insignificant modifications4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* consid]s ! ,grco-,russian "o 9 ab\t ! same light z %e is reg>d$ h]self by t ( ,engl&4 ,%e ackn[l$ges h] to be a *ur*1 ?\gh a s*ismatic "o1 ^: sacram5ts & ord9ation are valid1 s t a ,greek or ,russian prie/ becomes1 on sign+ ! union ( ,flor5ce1 a cl]gyman ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* exactly z is ! case 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* ) a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/ :o r5\nces ! pope4 ,! ,grco-,russian ,*ur* does n1 h[ev]1 return ! complim5t to ! ,roman ,ca?olic "o1 any m ?an ! ,ca?olic does x to t ( ,engl&2 because a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/ :o ent]s ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur* n only loses 8 sac]dotal "*1 j z is ! case ) an ,anglican cl]gyman :o goes ov] to ! communion ( ,rome1 b he mu/ be ev5 baptis$ anew1 z is done ) ,*ri/ians ( e d5om9ation :o jo9 t *ur*1 :e!r ,jews or ,g5tiles4 ,! sy/em ( reaction :i* ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* has be5 pursu+ = _m ye>s1 ) a consi/5cy1 p]sev]ance1 & zeal wor?y ( a bett] cause1 & n )\t consid]able success1 has creat$ j al>m 9 ! m9ds ( _m fri5ds ( religi\s & civil lib]ty4 ,?is feel+ is b too well w>rant$ by ! op5 ho/ility :i* ! promot]s ( t reaction1 hav+ ?r[n away ! mask ( lib]alism1 are manife/+ to ! above-m5tion$ lib]ties4 ,i %all1 moreov]1 add1 t ! political complications 9 :i* ,europe is n[ involv$ may be tak5 advantage ( by ! reaction>y p>ty 9 ord] to advance its s*emes1 :il/ ! public att5tion1 p>ticul>ly ( ?is c\ntry1 w be absorb$ by ! ev5ts ( ! pres5t w>2 & !re=e ,i ?9k t all true ,prote/ants %\ld1 in/ead ( relax+1 increase _! vigilance1 9 respect to ! movem5ts ( ! ecclesia/ical reactioni/s4 ,b ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 f t qu>t] are1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ( a purely moral "*1 ?\gh !y are do+ mu* mis*ief 9 families1 & may ?r[ "s ob/ruction into ! legislative action ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be combat$ ) moral & intellectual means1--) spiritual1 & n c>nal weapons1--& !y may be completely annihilat$ by a vigor\s & skilful application ( su* means4 ,! ,pope ( ,rome1 ?\gh claim+ a spiritual au?ority ov] _m c\ntries1 _c ma9ta9 himself 9 8 own temporal dom9ion )\t ! assi/ance ( =eign p[]s1 & is oblig$ to c\rt ! fav\r ( secul> pot5tates1 in/ead ( comm&+ !m1 z _h be5 done by 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! case is q diff]5t ) ! ,imp]ial ,pope ( ,russia1 :o comm&s a million ( bayonets1 & ^: au?ority is support$1 n by canon1 b by cannon law1 & n by bulls1 b by bullets4 ,! mat]ial =ce :i* he has at 8 disposal is imm5sely /r5g!n$ by 8 spiritual au?ority ov] ! ignorant masses ( ! ,russian population1 ^u ^: religi\s feel+s he may act ) great facility1 because 8 ord]s to ! cl]gy are z bl9dly obey$ z 8 comm&s to ! army2 & x is ) ! object ( ext5d+ & consolidat+ ?is au?ority ov] all 8 subjects )\t exception t ^? measures ( p]secution & s$uction aga9/ ! ,roman ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ above1 h be5 adopt$4 ,! probable consequ5ce ( ?is religi\s c5tralization1 & ! condition ( ! *ur* ^: exclusive dom9ion x is s\ght to e/abli% 9 ,russia1 h be5 sket*$ 9 ! foll[+ graphic mann] by an accompli%$ ,g]man writ]1 :o1 hav+ resid$ _m ye>s 9 ,russia1 & be+ ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! language ( t c\ntry1 may be consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ compet5t judges on ?is subject3-- 8,he :o1 ) att5tive e> & eye1 travels ?r\gh ! wide empire ( ! ,cz>1 surr\nd+ ?ree p>ts ( ! _w ) its sn>es1 & !n traces ! sum ( 8 contemplations1 w tremble 9 ?\ght at ! de/9y :i* ! ,colossus ( nations has yet to fulfil4 ,he :o d\bts ( ! imp5d+ fulfilm5t ( ?is de/9y kn[s n hi/ory1 & kn[s n ,russia4 8,h[ev] diff]5t 9 orig9 & int]e/ ! /rangely mix$ hordes may be :i* con/itute ?is giant realm1 !re exi/s "o mighty bond :i* holds !m all toge!r1--! ,byzant9e ,*ur*4 ,:oev] rema9s out ( x w soon be =c$ into x2 & ere ! com+ c5tury beg9s1 all ! inhabitants ( ,russia w be ( "o fai?4 8,already t great net1 ^: me%es ! ,neva & ! ,volga1 ! ,don & ! ,dniep]1 ! ,kyros & ,araxes1 =m1 inclose a prepond]at+ ,*ri/ian population1 9 ^: mid/ ! scatt]$ ,islamiti% race1 ! desc5dants ( ! ,gold5 ,horde1 are lo/ l drops 9 ! ocean4 ,:at a m>vell\s disposition ( ?+s1 t ! ,russian empire1 ^: gov]n+ pr9ciple is ! diametrically opposite ( ! ,*ri/ian law1 %\ld be ! v "o to make ( ,*ri/ianity ! corn]1 ! key/one ( its might6 ,& a no less m>vell\s disposition ( ?+s is x t ! ,cz>1 9 :atev] direction he /ret*es 8 f>-grasp+ arms1 %\ld f9d ,*ri/ian po9ts ( support :]eon to knit ! ?reads ( fate = ! foll[]s ( ,islam1 artfully scatt]$ by him--t he %\ld f9d ,arm5ians at ! foot ( ,ar>at1 & ,georgians at ! foot ( ,caucasus6 8,b ( :at k9d is ?is ,*ri/ianity1 t masses toge!r s _m millions ( human be+s into "o great :ole1 & uses !m z mov+ spr+s to ! manife/ations ( a p[] t w soon] or lat] give ! old _w a new trans=mation8 8,foll[ me = a mom5t into ! ,russian mo!rl&1 & ?r[ a fly+ glance at ! religi\s /ate ( ?+s prevail+ !re4 8,see t poor soldi]1 :o1 tir$ & hungry f 8 long m>*1 is j p]=m+ 8 sacr$ ex]cises1 ere he takes 8 meal & seeks repose4 8,he draws a little image ( ! virg9 f 8 pocket1 spits on x1 & wipes x ) 8 coat sleeve3 !n he sets x d[n on ! gr\nd1 kneels be=e x1 & crosses himself1 & kisses x 9 pi\s devotion4 8,or ent] ) me on a ,sunday "o ( ! gloomy image-adorn$ ,russian *ur*es4 ,if ! dress ( ^? pres5t is n already suffici5t to indicate _! diff]5ce ( /ation1 y may readily di/+ui% !m by ! mann] 9 :i* ea* p]son makes ! sign ( ! cross4 ,consid] fir/ t man ( rank1 z he /&s be=e a miracle-work+ image ( a ,kazan%ian "m ( ,god1 b[s slightly be=e x1 & crosses himself notably4 ,translat$ into our v]nacul> ! language ( ?is p]sonage's face w\ld run 9 some?+ l ! foll[+ /ra93--#8,i "k t all ?is is a pi\s f>ce1 b "o mu/ give no (f5ce to ! p1 else all respect w\ld be lo/4 ,w\ld ! p cont9ue to toil = u1 if !y 7 to lose _! tru/ 9 ! assurances we cause to be made to !m ( ! joys ( heav58' 8,n[ look at t caftan-clad fat m]*ant1 z1 ) crafty glance & confid5t /ep1 he makes up to ! prie/ to get 8 s\l fre$ f ! traffick+ s9s ( ! pa/ week4 8,he kn[s ! prie/1 & is sure t a good piece ( money w meet ) a good reception f him2 t is :y he goes s c>elessly1 9 ! consci\sness ( be+ able to settle 9 ! lump ! :ole ( 8 s9ful acc\nt2 & :5 ! absolution is ov]1 he takes 8 position 9 front ( ! miracul\s image1 & makes s prodigi\s a sign ( ! cross1 t be=e ?is act all ! rema9+ scruples ( 8 s\l mu/ vani% away4 8,consid]1 9 f9e1 t poor c\ntryman1 :o /eals 9 humbly at ! door1 & gazes slyly r\nd him 9 ! inc5se-becl\d$ spaces4 ,! pomp & ! spl5d\r are too mu* = ! poor fell[4 8 #8,god1' he ?9ks1 #8b :at a graci\s "l ! ,emp]or is1 t he causes su* f9e *ur*es to be built = u poor devils6 ,god bless ! ,emp]or6' ,& !n he slips timidly up to "s image :]e ! gold5 gr\nd & ! d>k col\rs =m ! mo/ gl>+ contra/1 & ?r[s himself d[n be=e x1 & crosses ! floor ) 8 =ehead1 s t 8 long hair falls "r ov] 8 face1 & ?us he we>ies himself ) pro/rations & enorm\s cross+s1 until he c d no m = exhau/ion4 ,= ! poor] ! man 9 ,russia1 ! l>g] ! cross he signs & we>s407#ajf7 ,?is description ( ! religi\s /ate ( ! ,russian p1 giv5 by a writ] :o is n v p>tial to _! c\ntry1 may be p]haps suspect$ ( exagg]ation1 or consid]$ z be+ too mu* ( a c>icature2 ,i %all !re=e give my read]s ! obs]vations :i* h be5 made on ! same subject by ano!r ,g]man au?or1 ,b>on ,hax?aus51 a great admir] ( ,russia1 :o travell$ ov] t c\ntry 9 #ahdc1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,emp]or1 9 ord] to /udy ! /ate ( its agriculture & indu/ry1 z well z ! social condition ( ! work+-classes4 8,a =eign] is /ruck10 says ! ,b>on1 8by ! deep devotion & ! /rict obs]vance ( ! ord9ances & cu/oms ( ! *ur* %[n by ,russians ( rank & sup]ior education4 ,i _h already1 at ,mosc[1 an opportunity ( see+ x4 ,pr9ce ,t41 a "y1 elegant ,muscovite d&y1 conduct$ me ab\t ! *ur*es ( ! ,kreml91 & almo/ 9 e "o ( !m he knelt d[n be=e "s p>ticul>ly v5]at$ object1--z ! c(f9 ( a sa9t1 ! image ( a ,madonna1--& t\*$ ! gr\nd ) 8 =ehead1 & dev\tly kiss$ ! object 9 "q4 ,i obs]v$ ! same ?+ at ,y>oslaf4 ,madame ,b>iatynski 7! wife ( ! gov]nor7 & ano!r lady conduct$ me ab\t ! *ur*es ( t city1 & z soon z we ent]$ "o ( !m1 bo? ^! ladies approa*$ an image ( ! ,virg91 fell d[n be=e x1 )\t any reg>d to _! dresses1 t\*$ ) _! =eheads ! gr\nd1 & kiss$ ! image1 mak+ signs ( ! cross2 & ^! 7 ladies belong+ to ! highe/ society1 & ( ! mo/ ref9$ mann]s4 ,madame ,b>iatynski _h be5 a lady ( ! c\rt1 & ! ornam5t ( ! fir/ draw+-rooms ( ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ,h] m9d is uncommonly cultivat$1 & %e has a ?or\gh k ( ,fr5* & ,g]man lit]ature2 &1 inde$1 :5 we 7 walk+ to see ^! *ur*es1 along ! banks ( ! ,volga1 %e discuss$1 9 an animat$ & +5i\s mann]1 ! mat*less beauty ( ,goe!'s songs1 & recit$ f memory 8 ,fi%]man4 ,ev5 9 ! /ricte/ ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries1 z1 = in/ance1 ,bav>ia1 ,belgium1 ,rome1 ,mun/]1 su* public demon/rations ( piety are n to be met1 except 9 "s exce$+ly r>e cases1 ) wom51 b nev] ) m54 ,! educat$ classes h 9 ?is respect sep>at$ f ! l[] ones4 ,ev5 p :o are v dev\t consid] su* excessive manife/ations ( piety z n q dec5t1 nay1 ?\gh !y d>e n confess x1 !y are 9 "s measure a%am$ ( !m4 ,9 ,russia ! case is diff]5t4 ,!re are p]haps z _m free?9k]s1 & ev5 a!i/s1 z 9 we/]n ,europe1 b ev5 !y submit1 at lea/ 9 public1 & :5 !y are 9 _! own c\ntry1 unconditionally1 & almo/ involunt>ily1 to ! cu/oms ( _! *ur*4 ,9 ?is respect1 no diff]5ce :atev] may be obs]v$ betwe5 ! highe/ & ! commone/ ,russian2 ! unity ( ! national *ur* & ( ! national wor%ip pr$om9ates ev]y:]e407#ajg7 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to obs]ve t a *ur* :i* has su* a hold on ! national m9d ( ,russia mu/ be a p[]ful eng9e 9 ! h&s ( h] ,imp]ial ,pope1 ^: political au?ority is ?us imm5sely /r5g!n$ by ! influ5ce ( religion4 ,b ,i ?9k x w be1 p]haps1 n un9t]e/+ to my read]s to comp>e ?is baptis$ idolatry ( ! mod]n ,russians ) t :i* _h be5 practis$ by _! unbaptis$ ance/ors ab\t a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ! foll[+ acc\nt ( :i* is giv5 by ,ibn ,foslan1 an ,arabian travell] ( ! t5? c5tury1 :o saw ,russian m]*ants 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,bulg>s1 a ,mahometan nation :o liv$ on ! banks ( ! ,volga1 & ! ru9s ( ^: capital may be se5 n f> f ! t[n ( ,kazan3-- 8,z soon z _! 7,russian7 vessels arrive at ! an*or+ place1 e "o ( !m goes on %ore1 tak+ ) him bread1 meat1 milk1 onions1 & intoxicat+ liquors1 & repairs to a high wood5 po/1 :i* has ! lik5ess ( a human face c>v$ ^u x1 /&+ surr\nd$ ) small /atues ( a simil> description1 & "s high ones erect$ beh9d x4 ,he pro/rates himself be=e ?is wood5 figure1 & says1 #8,o ,"l1 ,i h arriv$ f a di/ant c\ntry2 ,i h br\ght ) me s & s _m girls17#ajh7 s & s _m sable sk9s2' & :5 he has enum]at$ all 8 m]*&ise1 he lays be=e ! idol ! ?+s :i* he has br\ght ) him1 & cont9ues 8 pray]1 say+1 #8,"h is a pres5t :i* ,i h br\ght !e1 & ,i wi% ?\ w\ld/ s5d me a cu/om] :o has pl5ty ( gold & silv]1 :o w n b>ga9 ) me1 b pur*ase all t ,i h to sell at my own price4' ,:5 8 comm]ce does n prosp]1 he br+s new pres5ts to ! idol1 & :5 he meets ) "s new difficulties he makes gifts also to ! small /atues1 b :5 he is successful he (f]s ox5 & %eep407#aji7 ,kiss+ con/itutes ! pr9cipal "p ( ! ,russian wor%ip ( images & relics1 & is mo/ lib]ally be/[$ on ^? objects ( adoration1 :il/ ,i believe t ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,madonnas ma9ta9 a m dignifi$ /ate1 & d n all[ su* famili>ities to _! wor%ipp]s1 unless on "s p>ticul> occasions or to "s privileg$ p]sons4 ,! ,emp]or himself sets ! example ( ?is pi\s osculation1 a /rik+ in/ance ( :i* occurr$ 9 ! summ] ( la/ ye>1 #ahec1 "u circum/ances :i* des]ve a p>ticul> notice4 ,i h said above1 p4 #afa1 t sev]al millions ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,greek ,unit$ ,*ur* _h be5 =c$ by ! pres5t emp]or to transf] _! spiritual allegiance f ! ,pope to himself4 ,sev]al ( _! *ur*es conta9 miracul\s images ( ! ,virg91 ( m or less repute1 & :i* 7 oblig$ to %>e ! fate ( _! wor%ipp]s1 & to become s*ismatics z mu* z ! latt]4 ,_! ve/$ rights h n be51 h[ev]1 injur$ 9 any way by ?is revolution1 because !y cont9ue to be wor%ipp$1 & to "w miracles z !y did be=e1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 !y are fully au?oris$ to d s4 ,! ,russian gov]nm5t foll[$ on ?is occasion its usual l9e ( policy1 :i* is to promote ^? :o h jo9$ x1 =sak+ _! =m] p>ty2 & ?us "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ^! miracle-work+ conv]ts1 ! ,madonna ( ,po*ay(f1 a little t[n 9 ,wolhynia1 0 transf]r$ f h] prov9cial /ation to ,w>saw1 & plac$ !re 9 a newly built ,russian ca!dral1 probably ) ! object ( induc+ ! ,roman ,ca?olic inhabitants ( t capital to imitate an example set to !m 9 su* a high qu>t]1 & to ackn[l$ge ! spiritual au?ority ( ! ,cz> z mu* z !y are oblig$ to submit to 8 temporal dom9ion4 ,:5 ! emp]or 0 go+ la/ ye> to ,olmutz1 9 ord] to p]suade ! ,au/rian c\rt to support 8 policy 9 ,turkey1 he pass$ ?r\gh ,w>saw1 & repair+1 imm$iately aft] 8 arrival 9 t city1 to ! ,russian ca!dral1 kiss$ ! above-m5tion$ miracul\s image ( ! ,madonna ( ,po*ay(f ) su* f]v\r t x produc$ q a s5sation ^u all ^? :o 7 pres5t1 & 0 notic$ 9 ! newspap]s z a pro( ( ! autocrat's piety4 ,yet :e!r ?is ,madonna1 not)/&+ h] outw>d conv]sion to ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur*1 rema9s a ,romani/ at he>t1 or :e!r1 = "s o!r reason1 %e c\ld or w\ld n support ! views ( h] imp]ial wor%ipp]1 ! result ( ! ,cz>'s voyage to ,olmutz prov$ t ! c>esses :i* he _h be/[$ ^u ! ,madonna 9 "q 7 love's lab\rs lo/4 ,x may be also obs]v$1 t ! emp]or himself seems n to h be5 q sure ( ! effects ( 8 pi\s addresses to ! n[ s*ismatic ,madonna ( ,po*ay(f1 because x is well kn[n t ?is man1 :o1 z ,i h said above1 p4 #afa1 _h torn f ! spiritual au?ority ( ! ,pope1 by a viol5t p]secution1 _m millions ( s\ls1 knelt dur+ 8 visit to ,olmutz1 ) all ! m>ks ( deep devotion1 at a ,roman ,ca?olic high mass2 :il/ ! ,pr9ce ( ,prussia1 :o 0 also pres5t on t occasion1 /ood by )\t tak+ a hypocritical "p 9 a wor%ip :i* 0 contr>y to 8 religion4 ,?is image-kiss+ prop5sity ( ! ,russians 0 ! cause ( a tragical ev5t dur+ ! plague at ,mosc[ 9 #agga4 ,x usually happ5s dur+ a public calamity t rum\rs ( a wild & absurd nature are circulat$ among/ ! ignorant "p ( ! population1 & x 0 ?us t1 :5 ! pe/il5ce 0 rag+ 9 ! above-m5tion$ capital1 a report 0 spread t an image ( ! ,virg91 plac$ at ! entrance ( a *ur*1 _h ! p[] ( prev5t+ infection4 ,?\s&s ( p repair$ to ! miracul\s image1 & endless processions 7 w5d+ along ! /reets t[>ds ! same object ( adoration1 :i* 0 ov]load$ ) ri* (f]+s by its wor%ipp]s1 & adorn$ ) co/ly jewels4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 ?is sup]/iti\s practice1 in/ead ( prev5t+ ! infection1 p[]fully contribut$ to its increase2 because ! kisses :i* ! cr[d lavi%ly be/[$ on ! miracul\s image c\ld n b propagate ! disease4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,mosc[1 ,ambrose1 an enlight5$ prelate1 9 ord] to /op ?is mis*ief1 remov$ ! image f ! place :]e x _h be5 expos$ into ! int]ior ( ! *ur*2 b ?is wise measure produc$ a viol5t riot1 & an infuriat$ mob ru%$ into ! sanctu>y & murd]$ ! v5]able old man at ! foot ( ! alt>1 :]e he 0 (ficiat+1 dress$ 9 8 pontificals4 ,x is probably ! same image ( :i* ,bod5/$t1 ^: acc\nt ( ! ,russian ,*ur* ,i h quot$ above1 p4 #afi1 relates ! foll[+ anecdote4 ,aft] hav+ spok5 ( ! usurpations ( ,russia beyond ! ,caucasus1 "u pret5ce ( protect+ ! ,*ri/ian population ( ^? p>ts1 he says3-- 8,! ,russian policy1 :i* conceals its grasp+ claws "u ! cloak ( religion1 may be n inaptly comp>$ to a lady well kn[n at ,mosc[1 :o1 to ! great edification ( ! by/&]s1 kiss$ ! miracul\s ,madonna1 situat$ close to ! ,kreml91 ) s mu* f]v\r1 t ! mo/ co/ly diamond ( ! jewels ) :i* ?is image is cov]$ rema9$ 9 h] m\?40 ,& he adds1 9 a note1 8,! ?+ 0 aft]w>ds discov]$1 & ! writ] ( ?is 0 himself pres5t :5 ?is lady1 ! wife ( a ,russian g5]al1 0 oblig$ publicly to crave ! =giv5ess ( ! image = ?is act ( desecration4 ,x is said t :5 ?is noble lady 0 judicially exam9$ ab\t ?is affair1 %e plead$ 9 h] def5ce t hav+ lov$ & wor%ipp$ ! image 9 "q dev\tly dur+ _m ye>s1 %e believ$ h]self entitl$ to a little s\v5ir f ! ,madonna407#aaj7 ,! ,russian lady ( rank seems n to h be5 s +5i\s z ! ,prussian soldi]1 ^: /ory ,i h relat$ on p4 #aah4 ,& x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! ,russian images expose _! wor%ipp]s to ! temptations ( mammon mu* m ?an ! ,roman ,ca?olic ones2 because1 :il/ ! latt] are (t5 valuable z objects ( art1 ! =m] h usually silv] or gold5 g>m5ts1 (t5 set ) preci\s /ones1 :i* entirely cov] ! pa9t+ except ! face1 g5]ally by no means a model ( beauty4 ,! gifts :i* ! ,russians be/[ on _! images are imm5se1 & ! mo/ celebrat$ place = ! accumulation ( su* treasures is ! conv5t ( ,troitza1 or ,tr9ity1 situat$ ab\t fifty ,engli% miles f ,mosc[1 & consid]$ z a k9d ( national sanctu>y ( ,russia47#aaa7 ,b>on ,hax?aus51 :om ,i h quot$ on p4 #agc1 says t ! value ( sacr$ vases & ornam5ts accumulat$ 9 t place surpasses all t may be se5 ( ?is k9d any :]e else1 )\t ev5 except+ ,rome & ,loretto2 & he ?9ks t ! quantity ( pe>ls conta9$ 9 ^? ornam5ts is p]haps great] ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! :ole ( ,europe47#aab7 ,! grave ( ,/ ,s]gius1 ! f\nd] ( t conv5t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 is adorn$ ) gold & preci\s /ones1 & ! silv] canopy ov] x is said to weigh #abjj p\nds4 ,! mo/ rem>kable object conta9$ 9 t conv5t is1 h[ev]1 ! image ( t sa9t :i* accompani$ ,pet] ! ,great dur+ all 8 campaigns1 & on :i* are inscrib$ ! names ( all ! battles & /orm+s ( t[ns at :i* x _h be5 pres5t4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is image _h a "p 9 o!r exp$itions ( ! ,russian army1 b ,i h read ?is ye> 9 ! newspap]s t :5 a division ( gr5adi]s 0 pass+ ?r\gh ,mosc[1 on _! way to ,turkey1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( t capital address$ !m1 fir+ _! zeal = ! religi\s w> 9 :i* !y 7 go+ to take "p1 & aft] hav+ bless$ !m ) ! image ( ,/ ,s]gius1 ! same to :i* ,i allud$ above1 gave x !m z a companion ( _! exp$ition4 ,! alli$ troops mu/ !re=e be prep>$ to enc\nt] t bellicose sa9t some:]e on ! ,danube1 unless he has be5 ord]$ to ! %ores ( ! ,baltic = ! def5ce ( ! capital4 ,! cu/om ( tak+ ) !m images consid]$ z miracul\s1 dur+ a campaign1 0 foll[$ by ! g5]als ( ! ,greek empire on _m occasions4 ,?us x is relat$ by a ,byzant9e writ]17#aac7 t 9 #eij ,philippicus1 a g5]al ( ! ,emp]or ,mauritius1 :5 go+ to engage ! ,p]sians 9 battle1 took an image :i* 0 n made by ! h&s ( man1 & c>ri$ x ab\t ! ranks ( 8 army1 9 ord] to purify 8 soldi]s1 & t he ga9$1 aft] ?is c]emony1 a complete victory4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$ t :5 ,philippicus 0 replac$ by ano!r g5]al1 call$ ,priscus1 ! latt]1 rely+ too mu* on ! protection ( ! image :i* 0 n made by ! h&s ( man1 dim9i%$ ! rations ( ! soldi]s1 & gave !m o!r causes ( (f5ce2 !y revolt$1 & :5 ,priscus1 9 ord] to subdue ! riot1 p>ad$ ! image 9 "q1 ! mut9e]s ?rew /ones at x4 ,i don't "k exactly h[ ?is bus9ess end$1 b x is said t ! ,greek g5]als usually lik$ to h an image ( ! k9d allud$ to1 9 ord] to appease _! troops 9 cases ( mut9y & discont5t2 & ,i believe t1 consid]+ ! gross ignorance & sup]/ition ( ! ,russian soldi]s1 ! image ( ,/ ,s]gius may d good s]vice 9 simil> cases1 & = :i* ^! soldi]s h b too _m reasons4 ,! ,greek emp]ors also sometimes provid$ ) miracul\s images ! ambassadors :o 7 s5t on important missions4 ,i don't "k :e!r ! ,russian diplomacy1 :i* has p]=m$ s _m wond]s1 has ev] _h rec\rse to ! assi/ance ( su* images1 or to t ( any sup]natural ag5cy4 ,! miracul\s images ( ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur* are g5]ally consid]$ z n made by ! h&s ( man1 :il/ ^? ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* are usually believ$ to be pa9t$ by ,/ ,luke4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ,madonnas ( ,russia1 z ^? ( ,kazan1 ,kor5naya1 ,akhtyrka1 c41 are believ$ to h dropt f heav51 9 ! same mann] z ! ,diana ( ,ephesus1 & o!r ,greek idols ( repute4 ,!y are call$ yavl5neeye icony1 i4e41 reveal$ images1 & _! numb] is consid]able1 ?\gh all ( !m d n enjoy an equal reputation = miracul\s p[]s4 ,! numb] ( images ( v>i\s descriptions is1 ,i ?9k1 mu* great] 9 ,russia ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & !y are call$ by ! common p1 n images1 icony1 b gods1 boghi2 & _m ( _! wor%ipp]s are s ignorant1 t !y take e k9d ( picture or engrav+ = ! boghi1 & dev\tly cross !mselves be=e !m4 ,a ,g]man (fic] ( eng9e]s1 9 ! ,russian s]vice1 relat$ to ! au?or t he _h a ,russian s]vant1 a "y lad ( a v dev\t disposition1 :o pa/$ e engrav+ :i* he c\ld lay hold on1 ^u ! wall ov] 8 b$1 9 ord] to address 8 pray]s to !m4 ,?is (fic] once miss$ "s plates1 conta9+ ma!matical figures1 :i* _h dropt f a book ( geometry1 & he f\nd aft]w>ds t 8 pi\s s]vant1 hav+ pick$ !m up1 gave !m a place 9 8 pan!on4 ,if ?is /range div9ity _h be5 f\nd among/ ! objects wor%ipp$ by t poor lad by "s v pr(\nd =eign travell]1 unacqua9t$ ) ! ,russian p1 x is m ?an probable t he w\ld h tak5 x = a my/ical object ( adoration1 & writt5 a le>n$ diss]tation to expla9 its emblematic s5se4 ,e h\sehold 9 ,russia has its own little sanctu>y1 consi/+ ( "o or m images1 ornam5t$ accord+ to ! means ( ! own]1 & plac$ 9 a corn] opposite to ! pr9cipal door4 ,e "o :o ent]s ! room makes a sign ( ! cross1 b[+ to ^! p5ates1 ! place "u ^: %r9e is consid]$ z ! seat ( hon\r1 res]v$ at meals = ! fa!r ( ! family1 or ! mo/ respect$ gue/4 ,! ,russians are great exclusives 9 respect to _! images1 & e believ] has at lea/ "o ( !m /uck on ! wall ne> 8 sleep+ place1 = 8 especial use & com=t2 :il/ p :o are cont9ually mov+ ab\t1 z c>ri]s1 p$l>s1 soldi]s1 c41 h _! pocket div9ities ) !m2 & ! description ( ! devotional ex]cises ( a ,russian soldi]1 giv5 on p4 #aga1 is by no means a c>icature4 ,?is exclusiv5ess 0 mu* great] be=e ! re=ms introduc$ by ! ,patri>* ,nicon 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ?an x is at pres5t47#aad7 ,contempor>y travell]s relate t p br\ght into ! *ur*es _! own images1 try+ to get = !m on ! walls ( ! *ur* ! place :i* !y consid]$ ! be/2 & ?us x (t5 happ5$ t ^! images1 be+ plac$ opposite to ! alt>1 p 9 pray+ to !m turn$ _! backs to ! (ficiat+ prie/1 :i* g5]ally produc$ great confusion1 & di/urb$ ! p]=mance ( div9e s]vice4 ,!re 0 a v great competition among/ ^? p 9 ornam5t+ _! images z %[ily z possible2 & z ! sanctity ( an image 0 increas$1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ^? baptis$ idolat]s1 9 proportion to ! ri*ness ( its ornam5ts1 x (t5 happ5$ t a poor man1 :o c\ld n af=d to trim up sm>tly 8 own image1 address$ 8 pray]s to t ( 8 ri*] neighb\r4 ,su* an adoration1 h[ev]1 0 consid]$ z contrab&2 & :5 ! lawful own] ( ! image caught "o ( ^? pi\s int]lop]s1 he n only %>ply rebuk$ him1 b frequ5tly gave him a s\nd ?ra%+1 say+ t he did n g to ! exp5se ( decorat+ 8 image t ano!r %\ld obta9 its fav\rs47#aae7 ,sc&al\s sc5es ( ?is description h be5 aboli%$ 9 ! e/abli%$ *ur* by ! re=ms ( ! ,patri>* ,nicon1 allud$ to above1 b some?+ v l x may /ill be witness$ 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,raskolniks1 :o h sep>at$ f ! e/abli%$ *ur* on acc\nt ( ^? re=ms4 ,^! p (t5 br+ _! own images to ! *ur*es to pray be=e !m1 & x frequ5tly happ5s among/ ! boys :o wor%ip 9 ?is way1 t "s ( !m1 p]ceiv+ t _! neighb\r has a f9] image ?an _! own1 !y /eal x f him1 sub/itut+ t :i* belongs to !m4 ,?is produces qu>rels & fight+ among/ ^! boys1 :o reproa* "o ano!r1 say+1 ,y ,s-&-s1 y h /ol5 my f9e image :i* co/ my fa!r two r\bles1 & left me ?is wret*$ "o1 :i* is n wor? fifty copecs1 i4e41 half a r\ble4 ,^! sc5es w\ld be ludicr\s if !y 7 n positively blasphem\s1 because ^! images are call$ on su* occasions1 z is always done1 by ! "n ( gods1 boghi4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by "s travell]s 9 ,russia t ! image-deal]s ( t c\ntry d n sell _! w>es1 b1 by a k9d ( legal fiction1 ex*ange !m = a c]ta9 sum1 & t consequ5tly !y are dispos$ ( at a fix$ price4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! case1 & ! image-deal]s ( ,russia make no exception to ! o!r m]*ants ( t c\ntry1 :o g5]ally ask = _! goods ! treble ( _! value1 & a reasonable price c only be obta9$ by h>d b>ga9+4 ,only consecrat$ images1 i4e41 ^? :i* h be5 spr9kl$ by a prie/ ) holy wat]1 _c be1 ,i ?9k1 made an object ( traffic4 ,! or?odox ,russians h no less v5]ation = f9e *ur*es ?an = spl5didly adorn$ images1 & ! well-kn[n ,g]man dramatic writ] ,kotzebue gives 9 ! relation ( 8 =c$ voyage to ,sib]ia17#aaf7 "u ! ,emp]or ,paul1 a *>act]i/ic trait ( ?is disposition4 ,! titul>y c\nsellor7#aag7 ,%*ekatikh91 :o conduct$ him to ! place ( 8 exile1 ,kurghan1 9 ! s\? ( ,sib]ia1 %[$ a great rev]5ce to all ! *ur*es :i* !y pass$ by4 ,:5ev] !y pass$ a f9e *ur* con/ruct$ ( solid masonry1 he d(f$ 8 cap & cross$ himself mo/ f]v5tly1 :il/ he treat$ v cavali]ly all ^? :i* 7 built ( wood1 mak+ a h>dly p]ceptible sign ( ! cross 9 _! hon\r4 ,?is national prop5sity to treat respectfully ! great & disda9fully ! little1 ( :i* ,m4 ,%*ekatikh9's piety 0 su* a *>act]i/ic exemplification1 has be51 9 its application to *ur*es1 describ$ by ! great admir] ( ,russia1 ,b>on ,hax?aus51 ^: acc\nt ( ! devotional practices obs]v$ by ! upp] classes ( t c\ntry ,i h giv5 above1 p4 #agc1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- 8,we saw1 9 mo/ "p ( ! villages on our road1 f9e new *ur*es built ( /one or brick2 b 9 "o ( !m1 call$ ,novaya1 ,i saw = ! fir/ "t an old wood5 *ur*1 built ( logs1 & cov]$ ) bo>ds & %+les1 su* z !y g5]ally _h be5 e :]e 9 ,russia4 ,^! wood5 *ur*es cont9ually disappe>1 be+ replac$ by ^? con/ruct$ ( masonry4 ,! ,russian peasantry consid] x a p>ticul> hon\r to h 9 _! village a *ur* ( /one or brick4 ,to leave a village ) a *ur* ( /one 9 ord] to settle 9 a place :i* has b a wood5 "o1 is consid]$ z a degradation1 & ! inhabitants ( ! =m] w\ld h>dly int]m>ry ) ^? ( ! latt]4 ,! villages :i* h only a wood5 *ur*1 !re=e1 d all t !y c 9 ord] to rise to an equal grade ) ^? :o h "o ( /one or brick4 ,?is %[s h[ ! pride ( rank p]vades ! m9d ( ! ,russians 9 e =m ( life1 & 9 e class ( ! population4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 no promotion b only a sum ( money is requir$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! desir$ rank4 ,x may be pur*as$ by con/ruct+ a *ur* ( /one or brick4 ,su* a *ur* co/s t51 tw5ty1 or ?irty ?\s& silv] r\bles 7six r\bles equal to "o p\nd72 b no?+ is m easy ?an to get ?is sum4 ,a doz5 ( /\t fell[s disp]se 9 v>i\s directions1 to collect by begg+ ! sum requir$ = ! con/ruction ( ! project$ *ur*1 :i* is done )\t any exp5se1 z ! collectors are hospitably receiv$ 9 e h\se4 ,z soon z ! necess>y sum is obta9$1 ! village petitions ! gov]nm5t = a plan & = an ar*itect1 because ! plan ( e su* *ur* mu/ be approv$ at ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ,?us1 9 a few ye>s1 a f9e *ur* is built1 con/ruct$ 9 ! mod]n /yle1 & ! rank ( ! village rises 9 its own & 9 its neighb\rs' op9ion4 8,su* ?+s _c be done 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 p>tly because an active religi\s feel+ among/ ! p disappe>s m & m17#aah7 & p>tly on acc\nt ( ! great fluctuation ( _! ideas1 & want ( /ability 9 _! op9ions4 ,) ! ,russian x is q o!rwise4 ,?is nation has no political ideas3 b two s5tim5ts p]vade its :ole be+--a common feel+ ( nationality1 & a f]v5t atta*m5t to ! national *ur*4 ,:5ev] ^! two feel+s take hold ( ! ,russian's m9d1 he is ready will+ly to sacrifice )\t a mom5t's hesitation 8 life & prop]ty407#aai7 ,x is ^! two national feel+s t ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas is n[ try+ to excite to ! utmo/ pit*1 & !re c be little d\bt t if he succe$s 9 8 object !re w be a h>d /ruggle betwe5 b>b>ity & civilization1 ?\gh ! f9al triumph ( ! latt]1 to ! advantage n only ( ! victors1 b also ( ! vanqui%$1 _c be d\bt$ = a mom5t4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 return to ,b>on ,hax?aus51 :o cont9ues 8 acc\nt ( ! ,russian village *ur*es1 say+1-- 8,x mu/ n be =gott51 9 ord] to und]/& h[ su* l>ge collections = a *ur* ( "s obscure village1 & made = ! mo/ "p among/ ! peasants1 are obta9$1 t giv+ is z mu* 9 ! ,russian "* z tak+4 ,n[h]e prop]ty hangs ^u su* loose ?reads & *anges h&s ) su* rapidity z 9 ,russia4 ,to-day ri*1 to-morr[ poor4 ,p e>n & squ&] away almo/ simultane\sly2 !y *eat & are *eat$2 !y /eal ) "o h&1 & give away ) ! o!r4 ,! common ,russian sets n 8 he>t on any k9d ( prop]ty2 he loses ) p]fect equanimity :at he _h j e>n$1 9 ! hope ( gett+ x aga9 to-morr[4 8,! ,russian is1 moreov]1 naturally good-he>t$1 *>itable1 & lib]al4 ,a %opkeep] :o _h p]haps j *eat$ 8 neighb\r ( ! value ( #bj copecs1 )\t feel+ any qualms ( consci5ce on ! subject1 w give "o mom5t aft] x a r\ble = ! con/ruction ( a *ur* 9 "s village to :i* he is a p]fect /rang]407#abj7 ,?us1 :at ,cic]o said ( ,catil9e1 ,sui pr(usus ali5i cupi5s1 is applicable1 n only to individuals1 b also to nations1 ^: actions are sway$ by feel+ )\t be+ regulat$ by pr9ciple4 ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to obs]ve t a nation ?us dispos$1 & ) :om sup]/iti\s practices h a great] weight ?an religi\s pr9ciples1 may be easily precipitat$ into ! mo/ viol5t & dang]\s c\rses1 :i* to accompli% seems n[ to be ! object ( ! ,emp]or ( ,russia4 ,! ,grco-,russian ,*ur* has an imm5se numb] ( relics ( sa9ts1 to :i* all t ,calv9 has said ( ^? ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* is applicable4 ,i h giv51 9 a note to 8 treatise on ?is subject1 an acc\nt ( ,/ ,an?ony's relics 9 ,russia1 z a c\nt]p>t to ^? :i* ! same sa9t possesses 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,!re are1 inde$1 _m relics to ! exclusive possession ( :i* bo? ^! *ur*es lay an equal claim1 ea* ( !m repres5t+ h] own z ! only g5u9e1 & t ( h] rival z a spuri\s "o4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! disput$ relics is ! holy coat ( ,treves1 & t ( ,mosc[4 ,x is well kn[n :at a noise ! =m] ( ^! produc$ 9 #ahdd1 :5 an imm5se numb] ( pilgrims came to wor%ip x2 & x is pret5d$ t x _h be5 f\nd by ! ,empress ,hel5a1 ) ! true cross1 & pres5t$ by h] to ! t[n ( ,treves4 ,! coat ( ,mosc[ 0 giv5 z a pres5t to ! ,cz> by a ,%ah ( ,p]sia1 & its g5u95ess 0 e/abli%$ by a ,russian ar*bi%op1 :o ass]t$ t1 :5 he pass$ ?r\gh ,georgia on 8 return f ,j]usalem1 he saw 9 a *ur* ( t c\ntry a gold5 box plac$ ^u a column1 & :i*1 z x 0 told to him1 conta9$ ! coat )\t a seam ( our ,"l4 ,?is /atem5t 0 corroborat$ by an ea/]n monk1 !n at ,mosc[1 :o relat$ t x 0 g5]ally believ$ 9 ,pale/9e1 t :5 ! soldi]s ca/ lots = ! possession ( t coat1 x fell to ! "p ( "o ( !m1 :o1 be+ a native ( ,georgia1 took x ) him to 8 native l&4 ,^! /atem5ts 7 suffici5t to e/abli% ! au!nticity ( ! relic1 :i* consequ5tly 0 lic5s$ to "w miracles & work$ !m47#aba7 ,! mo/ celebrat$ collection ( relics 9 ,russia is f\nd 9 ! t[n ( ,ki(f1 on ! ,dniep]1 & :]e ! bodies ( _m hundr$s ( sa9ts are deposit$ 9 a k9d ( crypt call$ ,pie*>y1 i4e41 cav]ns4 ,! *ronicles relate t ! digg+ ( ?is sacr$ cav]n 0 comm5c$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury by two monks call$ ,an?ony & ,!odosius1 :o _h come f ! ,m\nt ,a?os1 = _! own & _! disciples' abode4 ,x 0 gradually ext5d$1 b ! liv+ e/abli%$ !mselves aft]w>ds 9 a conv5t above gr\nd1 leav+ to ! dead ! "p "u x4 ,?is /atem5t is consid]$ to be au!ntic1 b ! num]\s bodies ( ! sa9ts ) :i* ! long subt]ranean gall]ies ( t cav]n are fill$1 h nev] be5 satisfactorily acc\nt$ =4 ,x is ! op9ion ( _m1 t ! nature ( ! soil is s dry1 t1 absorb+ all ! moi/ure1 x keeps ! dead bodies :i* are deposit$ !re 9 a m or less p]fect /ate ( pres]vation2 & x is said t an enlight5$ ar*bi%op ( ,ki(f prov$ x by a successful exp]im5t1 putt+ into t place ! bodies ( two wom51 :o _h be5 conf9$ z prison]s 9 a nunn]y = _! _m vices4 ,be x z x may1 ,ki(f is ! resort ( an imm5se numb] ( pilgrims1 :o arrive f all p>ts ( ,russia1 to wor%ip ! bodies ( ! sa9ts1 & ! ri*es accumulat$ by _! pi\s donations at t place are only second to ^? ( ,troitza 7p4 #aha74 ,! %r9es ( ,j]usalem1 :i* attract cr[ds ( pilgrims f all p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 _h be5 = a long "t a subject ( dispute betwe5 ! ,lat9s & ! ,greeks1 & x is well kn[n t ! politico-religi\s complications 9 :i* ,europe is at pres5t involv$ h aris5 f ! claims ( ,russia relat+ to ^? %r9es4 ,x w1 !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 be n un9t]e/+ to my read]s to see ! dev\t mann] 9 :i* ^! %r9es are wor%ipp$ by ! pilgrims ( ! ,grco-,russian ,*ur*2 & ,i subjo9 ! two foll[+ acc\nts ( ?is subject1 writt5 at an int]val ( a c5tury & a half1 9 ord] t my read]s may be able to judge = !mselves :e!r ! progress ( civilization dur+ ?is p]iod has _h mu* influ5ce on ! pilgrims allud$ to above4 ,! fir/ ( ^! acc\nts is an extract f ! di>y ( an ,engli% cl]gyman1 ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,maundrell1 a ,fell[ ( ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d1 & *apla9 to ! ,engli% factory at ,aleppo1 :o visit$ ,j]usalem 9 ! ye> #afig3-- 8,saturday1 ,april #c;d4--,we w5t ab\t mid-day to see ! function ( ! holy fire4 ,?is is a c]emony kept by ! ,greeks & ,arm5ians1 ^u a p]suasion t e ,ea/] ,eve !re is a miracul\s flame desc5ds f heav5 into ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 & k9dles all ! lamps & c&les !re1 z ! sacrifice 0 burnt at ! pray] ( ,elijah4--7#a ,k+s xviii47 8,com+ to ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 we f\nd x cr[d$ ) a num]\s & di/ract$ mob1 mak+ a hide\s clam\r1 v unfit = t sacr$ place1 & bett] becom+ bac*anals ?an ,*ri/ians4 ,gett+1 ) "s /ruggle1 ?r\gh ?is cr[d1 we w5t up into ! gall]y1 on t side ( ! *ur* next ! ,lat9 conv5t1 :5ce we c\ld disc]n all t pass$ 9 ?is religi\s fr5zy4 8,!y began _! disord]s by runn+ r\nd ! ,holy ,sepul*re ) all _! might & swiftness1 cry+ out z !y w5t1 #8,huia6' :i* signifies #8,?is is he1' or1 #8,?is is x1' an expression by :i* !y ass]t ! v]ity ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,aft] !y _h by _! v]tig9\s circulations & clam\rs turn$ _! heads1 & inflam$ _! madness1 !y began to act ! mo/ antic tricks & po/ures1 9 a ?\s& %apes ( di/raction4 ,sometimes !y dragg$ "o ano!r along ! floor1 all ar\nd ! sepul*re2 sometimes !y set "o man upright on ano!r's %\ld]s1 & 9 ?is po/ure m>*$ r\nd2 sometimes !y turn$ m5 ) _! heels upw>ds1 & hurri$ !m ab\t 9 su* an indec5t mann] z to expose _! nudities2 sometimes !y tumbl$ r\nd ! sepul*re1 aft] ! mann] ( tumbl]s on ! /age4 ,9 a ^w1 no?+ c be imag9$ m rude or extravagant ?an :at 0 act$ ^u ?is occasion4 8,9 ?is tumultu\s frantic hum\r !y cont9u$ f twelve to f\r ( ! clock1 ! reason ( :i* delay 0 because ( a suit t 0 !n 9 debate be=e ! cadi betwixt ! ,greeks & ,arm5ians1 ! =m] endeav\r+ to exclude ! latt] f hav+ any %>e 9 ?is miracle4 ,bo? p>ties hav+ exp5d$ 7z ,i 0 in=m$7 five ?\s& doll>s betwe5 !m 9 ?is fooli% controv]sy1 ! cadi at la/ gave s5t5ce t !y %\ld ent] ! ,holy ,sepul*re toge!r1 z _h be5 usual at =m] times4 ,s5t5ce be+ ?us giv51 at f\r ( ! clock bo? nations w5t on ) _! c]emony4 ,! ,greeks fir/ set out 9 a procession r\nd ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 & imm$iately at _! heels foll[$ ! ,arm5ians4 ,9 ?is ord] !y compass$ ! ,holy ,sepul*re ?rice1 hav+ produc$ all _! gallantry ( /&>ds1 /ream]s1 crucifixes1 & embroid]$ habits on ?is occasion4 8,t[>d ! end ( ?is procession1 !re 0 a pigeon came flutt]+ into ! cupola ov] ! sepul*re1 at ! sight ( :i* !re 0 a great] %\t & clam\r ?an be=e4 ,?is bird1 ! ,lat9s told u1 0 purposely let fly by ! ,greeks to deceive ! p into an op9ion t x 0 a visible desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 8,! procession be+ ov]1 ! suffragan ( ! ,greek patri>* 7he be+ himself at ,con/ant9ople71 & ! pr9cipal ,arm5ian bi%op1 approa*$ to ! door ( ! sepul*re1 & cutt+ ! /r+ ) :i* x 0 fa/5$ & seal$1 ent]$ 91 %utt+ ! door aft] !m1 all ! c&les & lamps )9 hav+ be5 be=e ext+ui%$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,turks & o!r witnesses4 ,! exclamations 7 d\bl$ z ! miracle drew ne>] its accompli%m5t1 & ! p press$ ) su* vehem5ce t[>ds ! door ( ! ,sepul*re1 t x 0 n 9 ! p[] ( ! ,turks set to gu>d x ) ! sev]e/ *ecks to keep !m (f4 ,! cause ( _! press+ 9 ?is mann] is ! great desire !y h to light _! c&les at ! holy flame1 z soon z x is fir/ br\ght out ( ! ,sepul*re1 x be+ e/eem$ ! mo/ sacr$ & pure1 z com+ imm$iately f heav54 8,! two miracle-mong]s _h n be5 above a m9ute 9 ! ,holy ,sepul*re :5 ! glimm]+ ( ! holy fire 0 se51 or imag9$ to appe>1 ?r\gh "s *9ks ( ! door1 & c]ta9ly ,b$lam itself nev] saw su* an unruly transport z 0 produc$ 9 ! mob at ?is sight4 ,imm$iately aft] came out ! two prie/s1 ) blaz+ tor*es 9 _! h&s1 :i* !y held up at ! door ( ! ,sepul*re1 :ile ! p ?rong$ ab\t ) inexpressible ard\r1 e "o /riv+ to obta9 a "p ( ! fir/ & pure/ flame4 ,! ,turks 9 ! meantime1 ) huge clubs1 laid on !m )\t m]cy2 b all ?is c\ld n repel !m1 ! excess ( _! transport mak+ !m ins5sible ( pa94 ,^? t got ! fire appli$ x imm$iately to _! be>ds1 faces1 & bosoms1 pret5d+ t x w\ld n burn l an e>?ly flame2 b ,i pla9ly saw none ( !m c\ld endure ?is exp]im5t long en\gh to make good t pret5sion4 8,s _m h&s be+ employ$1 y may be sure x c\ld n be long be=e innum]able tap]s 7 light$4 ,! :ole *ur*1 gall]ies & e place1 seem$ in/antly to be 9 a flame1 & ) ?is illum9ation ! c]emony end$4 8,x mu/ be own$ t ^? two )9 ! sepul*re p]=m$ _! "p ) great quickness & dext]ity2 b ! behavi\r ( ! rabble )\t v mu* discr$it$ ! miracle4 ,! ,lat9s take a great deal ( pa9s to expose ?is c]emony z a mo/ %ameful impo/ure1 & a sc&al to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 p]haps out ( envy t o!rs %\ld be ma/]s ( s ga9ful a bus9ess2 b ! ,greeks & ,arm5ians p9 _! fai? ^u x1 & make _! pilgrimages *iefly ^u ?is motive2 & x is ! deplorable unhapp9ess ( _! prie/s1 t hav+ act$ ! *eat s long already1 !y are =c$ n[ to /& to x1 = fe> ( endang]+ ! apo/asy ( _! p4 8,go+ out ( ! *ur* aft] ! ev5t 0 ov]1 we saw sev]al p ga!r$ ab\t ! /one ( unction1 :o1 hav+ got a good /ore ( c&les light$ ) ! holy fire1 7 employ$ 9 daub+ pieces ( l95 ) ! wicks ( !m & ! melt+ wax1 :i* pieces ( l95 7 design$ = w9d+ %eets2 & x is ! op9ion ( ^! poor p t if !y c b h ! happ9ess to be buri$ 9 a %r\d smutt$ ) ?is cele/ial fire1 x w c]ta9ly secure !m f ! flames ( hell40--7,p4 #abg1 et seq41 eigh? edition1 #ahaj47 ,_m p may1 h[ev]1 believe t sc5es ( su* an outrage\s description z t witness$ by ,maundrell might h happ5$ 9 8 "t1 viz41 #afig1 b t _! repetition is q impossible 9 our own enlight5$ age4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! same sc5es by ,mr ,calman1 ^: v]acity is atte/$ by a high au?ority1 & :o _h an opportunity ( see+ x only a few ye>s ago1 :i* has be5 reproduc$ 9 a little1 & n[ p>ticul>ly int]e/+ book1 8,! ,%r9es ( ! ,holy ,l&107#abb7 may enable my read]s to judge ( ! influ5ce :i* ! boa/$ m>* ( intellect has produc$ on ! ,grco-,russian pilgrims1 :o assemble e ,ea/] at ,j]usalem4 8,to notice all t 0 pass+10 says ,mr ,calman1 8)9 ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re dur+ ! space ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 w\ld be next to impossible1 because x 0 "o cont9uation ( %ameless madness & riot+1 :i* w\ld h be5 a disgrace to ,gre5wi* & ,smi?field4 ,only suppose = a mom5t ! mighty edifice cr[d$ to excess ) fanatic pilgrims ( all ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es1 :o1 in/ead ( lift+ pure h&s to ,god1 )\t wra? & qu>rell+1 are l$1 by ! petty jeal\sy ab\t prec$5cy :i* !y %\ld ma9ta9 9 ! ord] ( _! processions1 into tumults & fight+1 :i* c only be quell$ by ! sc\rge & :ip ( ! foll[]s ( ! false prophet4 8,suppose1 f>!r1 ^? ?\s&s ( devotees runn+ f "o extreme to ! o!r1 f ! extreme ( savage irritation to t ( savage enjoym5t1 ( mutual revell+s & fea/+s1 l ,israel ( old1 :o1 :5 !y made ! gold5 calf1 7 eat+ & dr9k+1 & ris+ to play4 ,suppose troops ( m5 /ripp$ half nak$1 to facilitate _! actions1 runn+1 trott+1 jump+1 gallop+ to & fro1 ! bread? & l5g? ( ! *ur*1 walk+ on _! h&s ) _! feet al(t 9 ! air1 m\nt+ on "o ano!r's %\ld]s1 "s 9 a rid+ & "s 9 a /&+ position1 & by ! slighte/ pu% are all s5t to ! gr\nd 9 "o confus$ heap1 :i* made "o fe> = _! safety4 8,suppose1 f>!r1 _m ( ! pilgrims dress$ 9 fur caps1 l ! ,poli% ,jews1 :om !y feign$ to repres5t1 & :om ! mob met ) all mann] ( insult1 hurry+ !m ?r\gh ! *ur* z crim9als :o _h be5 condemn$1 amid l\d execrations & %\ts ( laught]1 :i* indicat$ t ,israel is /ill a d]ision among/ ^! hea!ns1 by :om !y are /ill c\nt$ z %eep = ! slaught]4 8,ab\t two o'clock on ,saturday aft]noon1 ! prep>ations = ! miracul\s fire comm5c$4 ,! multitude1 :o _h be5 hi!rto 9 a /ate ( fr5zy & madness1 became a little m quiet1 b x prov$ a quiet t prec$es a ?und]/orm4 ,bi%ops & prie/s1 9 full canonicals1 !n issu$ =? f _! respective qu>t]s1 ) flags & bann]s1 crucifixes & crosses1 light$ c&les & smok+ c5s]s1 to jo9 or r to lead a procession1 :i* mov$ ?rice r\nd ! *ur*1 invok+ e picture1 alt>1 & relic 9 _! way to aid !m 9 obta9+ ! miracul\s fire4 8,! procession !n return$ to ! place f :5ce x />t$1 & two grey-head$ bi%ops1 ! "o ( ! ,greek & ! o!r ( ! ,arm5ian ,*ur*1 7 hurl$ by ! soldi]s ?r\gh ! cr[d1 into ! ap>tm5t :i* communicat$ ) t ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 :]e !y lock$ !mselves 92 !re ! m>vell\s fire 0 to make its fir/ appe>ance1 & f !nce issue ?r\gh ! small circul> w9d[s & ! door1 = ! use ( ! multitude4 ,! eyes ( all--m51 wom51 & *ildr5--7 n[ direct$ t[>ds ! ,holy ,sepul*re ) an anxi\s expression1 await+ ! issue ( _! expectation4 ,! mix$ multitude1 ea* 9 8 or h] own language1 7 p\r+ =? _! clamor\s pray]s to ! ,virg9 & ! sa9ts to int]c$e = !m on behalf ( ! object = :i* !y 7 assembl$1 & ! same 7 t5fold increas$ by ! fanatic ge/ures & ! wav+ ( ! g>m5ts by ! prie/s ( _! respective communions1 :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! holy fire1 & :o 7 wat*+ by ! above-m5tion$ door & circul> w9d[s1 ) tor*es 9 _! h&s1 ready to receive ! virg9 flame ( ! heav5ly fire1 & c>ry x to _! flocks4 8,9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes f ! "t ! bi%ops lock$ !mselves 9 ! ap>tm5t ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 ! miracul\s fire made its appe>ance ?r\gh ! door & ! two small w9d[s1 z expect$4 ,! prie/s 7 ! fir/ :o light$ _! tor*es1 & !y set out on a gallop 9 ! direction ( _! lay bre?r52 b "s ( ^! err&less & pr(itless mess5g]s _h ! mis=tune to be knock$ d[n by ! cr[d1 & _h _! firebr&s wre/$ out ( _! h&s1 b "s 7 m =tunate1 & safely rea*$ _! de/9ation1 ar\nd :om ! p flock$ l bees1 to h _! c&les light$4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 7 n satisfi$ at hav+ ! holy fire second h&1 b ru%$ furi\sly t[>ds ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 reg>dless ( _! own safety1 & t ( ^? :o ob/ruct$ _! way1 ?\gh x has frequ5tly happ5$ t p]sons h be5 trampl$ to dea? on su* occasions4 8,^? :o 7 9 ! gall]ies let d[n _! c&les by cords1 & drew !m up :5 !y _h succe$$ 9 _! purpose4 ,9 a few m9utes ?\s&s ( flames 7 asc5d+1 ! smoke & ! heat ( :i* r5d]$ ! *ur* l ! bottomless pit4 ,to satisfy !mselves1 z well z to conv9ce ! ,lat9s1 ! pilgrims1 wom5 z well z m51 %amefully expos$ _! b>e bosoms to ! action ( ! flame ( _! light$ c&les1 to make _! adv]s>ies believe ! miracul\s fire diff]s f an ord9>y "o 9 be+ p]fectly h>mless4 8,! two bi%ops1 :o a little :ile be=e lock$ !mselves 9 ! ap>tm5t ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 n[ salli$ =? out ( x4 ,:5 ! :ole multitude _h _! c&les light$1 ! bi%ops 7 caught by ! cr[d1 lift$ ^u _! %\ld]s1 & c>ri$ to _! *apels1 amid/ l\d & triumphant acclamations4 ,!y soon1 h[ev]1 reappe>$ at ! head ( a simil> procession to ! "o be=e1 z a pret5d$ ?ank-(f]+ to ! ,almighty = ! miracul\s fire v\*saf$40--7,p4 #aba1 et seq47 ,x appe>s1 by comp>+ ^! two n>ratives ( "o & ! same ?+1 ?\gh sep>at$ by a di/ance ( a hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 t ! only diff]5ce :i* w be f\nd betwe5 !m is1 t 9 ! "t ( ,maundrell1 #afig1 ! miracul\s fire 0 produc$ 9 ab\t "o m9ute's "t1 :il/ ! p]=mance ( ! same trick requir$ tw5ty :5 x 0 obs]v$ by ,mr ,calman4 ,&1 inde$1 x has be5 ju/ly obs]v$ by bo? ^! writ]s1 t ! exhibitors ( ! miracul\s fire1 hav+ cont9u$ s long to practise ?is impo/ure1 _c leave x (f )\t ru9+ _! au?ority & influ5ce ov] ^? :om !y h ?us be5 *eat+ = _m c5turies4 ,?is circum/ance has be5 mo/ po9t$ly express$ by ! au?or ( ! "w f :i* ,i h extract$ ,mr ,calman's description ( ?is pi\s1 or r impi\s1 fraud1 & :o says3-- 8,_h x be5 an occasional miracle1 z "t _h roll$ on1 & tru? _h m & m illum9at$ ! human m9d1 ! practice might h be5 gradually discont9u$4 ,z ! prie/s _h gr[n m hone/1 & ! p m enlight5$1 !y might h mutually consign$ ^! pi\s frauds to ! oblivion ( ! d>k] ages2 & if ! blu% ( %ame _h ris5 up at ! memories ( ! pa/1 ! _w w\ld h respect$ !m ! m = _! hone/y ( purpose4 8,b an annual miracle1 always ( ! same specific k9d1 exhibit$ on ! same spot1 & at ! same h\r1--an annual miracle1--at :at po9t ( "t %\ld ?is be discont9u$8 &1 if discont9u$1 w\ld x n be manife/ ei!r t heav5 _h =sak5 its fav\rites1 or t all ! pa/ _h be5 delusion & impo/ure80--7,pp4 #abg1 #abh47 ,& x is ! au?ority ( a *ur* support$ by su* impi\s & %ameful impo/ures z ?is miracul\s fire t a numb] ( ,anglicans1 includ+ sev]al dignit>ies ( ! *ur*1 are anxi\s ( pres]v+ aga9/ ,prote/ant encroa*m5ts1 & prote/ aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,prote/ant bi%opric ( ,j]usalem1 = fe> t x might injure ! fai? ( ! pilgrims1 & put an end to su* sacr$ juggl]ies z ! "o describ$ above1 :i* outrivals ! mo/ sup]/iti\s practices ( anci5t or mod]n ,paganism6 ,& x is = ! pr$om9ance ( ?is same *ur* t ! autocrat ( ,russia has n[ plung$ ,europe into a w> :i* may prove "o ( ! bloodie/ t mod]n times h witness$1 & proclaim$ a ,grco-,russian crusade aga9/ ! ,ottoman ,porte & its ,*ri/ian allies6 ,?is la/-nam$ circum/ance may1 ,i ?9k1 r5d] x n un9t]e/+ to my read]s to "k ! mann] 9 :i* ?is "q is view$ by ,russians ( elevat$ rank & sup]ior education4 ,i w\ld !re=e recomm5d to _! att5tion a little pamphlet7#abc7 rec5tly publi%$ 9 ,engli% by an accompli%$ ,russian1 :o _h /udi$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & _h enjoy$ fri5dly int]c\rse ) ! mo/ em95t *>act]s ( t le>n$ body1 leav+ ) all ^? :o _h kn[n him a mo/ fav\rable impression ( 8 p]sonal "* & tal5ts4 ,8 op9ions1 !re=e1 are n ^? ( an ignorant fanatic1 or a hirel+ ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 b mu/ be consid]$ z an expression ( ^? ent]ta9$ by ! upp] classes ( ,russian society4 ,he comp>es 9 ?is pamphlet ! position ( ,russia t[>ds ! foll[]s ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* 9 ,turkey1 to t ( ,engl& t[>ds ! ,prote/ants ( o!r c\ntries1 say+3-- 8,y translate ! ,bible into all liv+ languages1 n exclud+ ! ,turki% idiom1 & y di/ribute ! holy volumes to ! %opkeep] ( ,con/ant9ople1 & to ! %eph]d :o t5ds 8 camels amid/ ! ru9s ( ,ephesus4 ,we are n z labori\s propagators ( ! fai?2 b yet we w\ld fa9 int]c$e 9 fav\r ( ! ,turk :5 y\r copy ( ! ,bible has conv]t$ him to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & :o1 by ! law ( ! l&1 mu/ h 8 head cut (f = ?is transgression4 ,m>k t ! obligation is mu* m b9d+ on u ?an x is on y1 & n ! less b9d+ f ! job hav+ be5 begun by y\rselves4 ,! ,turks are spread among/ ! ,greeks & surr\nd$ by !m4 ,!re are t5 ?\s& *ances to "o1 t if ! ,moslem be conv]t$ at all1 x is to t cre$ ( :i* ! *ur* /&s 9 8 imm$iate eye1 & t cre$ is ours4 ,b1 /range to say1 x is because ( t v *ance t we are to be prohibit$ f m$dl+ 9 ! matt]4 ,) ! ,fr5* & ) ! ,engli% ! case is f> diff]5t4 ,!y1 inde$1 we are told1 claim ! "r ( protection only ov] ?\s&s2 b y claim t same "r ov] millions1 &1 !re=e1 y %all n h x4 ,! "q y may1 h[ev]1 say1 is n fairly put1 = %\ld a ,turk be conv]t$1 & on ! po9t ( los+ 8 head1 we are ready to int]pose ) our au?ority1 ev5 ?\gh x be to ! ,greek ,*ur* t he %\ld h turn$4 ,well6 b place y\rselves = a mom5t 9 our situation4 ,are we to leave to y ! "w :i* has be5 done 9 our v9ey>d1 & n /& up = ^? :o h embrac$ ! cross1 m]ely because !re are millions 9 t realm :o embrace x8 ,! case /&s equally ! same ) reg>d to ! f> great] numb] ( human be+s :o are born & h gr[n up 9 ! pr(ession ( our fai?4 ,)\t attempt+ to prove t !y are expos$ to con/ant cruelty & oppression1 a fact :i* has be5 /r5u\sly d5i$ )\t ! d5ial hav+ ev] be5 prov$1 x is abundantly kn[n1 & an indisputable fact1 t ! ,greeks are 9 a /ate ( cont9ual bondage1 depriv$ ( ! de>e/ rights ( m51 condemn$1 9 a religi\s po9t ( view1 to a /ate ( ?raldom su* z exi/s 9 no o!r "p ( ! _w1 inasmu* z ! supreme head ( _! *ur* is in/all$ 9 8 dignity1 ma9ta9$ 9 ! same1 or depos$ by a sov]eign pr(ess+ a fai? ho/ile to 8 own4 ,is su* a /ate ( ?+s to be tol]at$ by ^? :o are its victims8 & is n ?is 9 itself a h>d%ip great] ?an any o!r t c be imag9$8 ,! ,engli% h giv5 u1 9 a p]iod1 x is true1 ( great] zeal = _! fai?1 an example ( active sympa?y manife/$ by !m t[>ds _! bro!rs 9 belief1 subjects ( a neighb\r+ & p[]ful sov]eign4 ,! case 0 n z urg5t z ! "o to :i* ,i comp>e x1 inasmu* z ! ,hugu5ots ( ,france 7 n ! subjects ( a ,mussulman sov]eign4 ,b ?is1 p]haps1 w be br\ght home z an argum5t aga9/ me1 = su* is ! hatr$ ( sects proce$+ f ! same fai?1 t ,engl& w\ld1 p]haps1 h borne m meekly ! h>d%ips endur$ by ! ,calv9i/ic bre?r51 if !y _h be5 subject$ !reunto by a ,soliman1 & n by him :o /yl$ himself ! mo/ ,*ri/ian k+ ( ,france4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is said at pres5t t1 :e!r oppress$ or no1 ! ,greeks nev] solicit$ our int]v5tion4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$1 t ! :ole difficulty w\ld h be5 solv$ by ! v fact ( ! solicitation1 = _h !y _h ! c\rage & ! means to s5d a simil> & unanim\s message to ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 !y w\ld h _h ! /r5g? & unanimity requir$ !mselves to /rike ! bl[1 & make all int]v5tion useless4 ,! fact ( _! hav+ n ris5 z a man 9 _! own cause1 is a suffici5t explanation = _! want ( boldness 9 solicit+ _! deliv]ance at ! h&s ( a =eign /ate4 ,b lay+ aside ! "q ( ! subjects ( ! ,ottoman empire pr(ess+ ! ,greek fai?1 to speak ( ! mu* m vital int]e/ ( ! fai? itself1 pr(ess$ z x is by ourselves1 let x be p]mitt$ to me to submit to y\r c&id decision1 if ! "w ( def5d+ t fai? does n belong pre-em95tly to u1 & nei!r to ! ,engli% nor ! ,fr5*4 ,we tol]ate 9 ! :ole ext5t ( our empire bo? ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ! ,lu!ran communions ( fai?2 we h millions ( subjects pr(ess+ bo? cre$s2 we build *ur*es = !m4 ,long be=e ! ,roman ,ca?olics 7 emancipat$ 9 ,engl&1 ! po/s ( ! highe/ hon\r1 ( ! greate/ confid5ce1 & ( ! l>ge/ p]quisites 9 ! army1 ! s5ate1 & ! supreme c\ncil ( ! empire1 7 op5$ indiscrim9ately by u to m5 pr(ess+ ! ,greek1 ,roman1 or ,lu!ran cre$s4 ,is x because ( our tol]ance ) respect to sects n our own1 t we are condemn$ to be indiff]5t to ! h>d%ips ( ^? ( our own fai?8 ,are we n only to all[ y\r *ur* to /& unmole/$ )9 our own realm1 b also to all[ our own *ur* to fall 9 ru9s )9 ! limits ( a neighb\r+ /ate8 ,if s1 y condemn our tol]ation1 y call x indiff]5ce & disbelief40--7,p4 #i1 et seq47 ,x is p]fectly true t !re are 9 ,russia sev]al millions ( ,prote/ants & ,roman ,ca?olics1 & t _m ( ! highe/ (fices1 civil z well z milit>y1 are occupi$ by !m2 = x is well kn[n t ! mo/ effici5t s]vants ( ! ,russian gov]nm5t are *iefly =eign]s1 ei!r by bir? or extraction4 ,?is tol]ance1 h[ev]1 is always gett+ m & m re/rict$2 & ,i h allud$ above1 on pp4 #afa-afc1 to ! p]secution ( ! ,greeks unit$ ) ,rome1 z well z ! sy/ematical proselytism by =ce & fraud among/ ! ,prote/ants ( ! ,baltic prov9ces4 ,! au?or says t a ,mahometan :o becomes a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity mu/ lose 8 head by ! laws ( ,turkey1 b he does n tell u :at fate awaits a foll[] ( ! ,greek ,*ur* 9 ,russia :o w\ld become a ,roman ,ca?olic or a ,prote/ant4 ,m4 de ,cu/9e relates1 9 8 well-kn[n "w on ,russia17#abd7 t a ,russian g5tleman1 :o enjoy$ a high social position at ,mosc[1 publi%$ a "w1 :i* ! c5sor all[$ 9 an unacc\ntable mann] to pass1 ma9ta9+ t ! influ5ce ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* is mu* m fav\rable to ! progress ( civilization ?an t ( ! ,grco-,russian "o1 & t ! social condition ( ,russia w\ld h be5 mu* m advanc$ by ! =m] ?an x has be5 by ! latt]4 ,?is "w produc$ a great s5sation1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! au?or ( su* a blasphemy 0 l\dly dem&$ by ! or?odox ,russians4 ,?is affair be+ submitt$ to ! ,emp]or1 he decl>$ t ! au?or 0 insane1 & ord]$ to treat him accord+ly4 ,! un=tunate individual consequ5tly 0 put into a madh\se1 & ?\gh p]fectly sane1 0 subject$ to ! mo/ rigor\s treatm5t z a lunatic1 s t he ne>ly became 9 reality :at he 0 (ficially decl>$ to be1 & x 0 only aft] sev]al ye>s ( ?is moral & physical torture t he 0 p]mitt$ to h a little m lib]ty1 ?\gh /ill reta9$ 9 conf9em5t4 ,i d n "k :at has become ( ?is un=tunate man1 b ! tru? ( ?is nameless act ( tyranny has be5 fully admitt$ by ,mr ,grets*1 :o wrote1 by ! ord] ( ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 an answ] to ! "w ( ,cu/9e4 ,he says t ! individual 9 "q1 a ,mr ,*adayeff1 hav+ committ$ an action :i* ! laws ( ,russia puni% ) great sev]ity1 ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas1 desir+ to save ! culprit f ! p5alty :i* he _h incurr$1 ord]$1 by an act ( m]cy1 to treat him simply z a madman4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k t ! p5alty ( physical dea?1 inflict$ by ! ,turki% law on ! conv]ts f ,mahometanism to ,*ri/ianity1 may be consid]$ z humane1 if comp>$ to ! murd] ( s\l & intellect by ! sl[ process ( a moral & physical torture1 to :i* a man has be5 subject$ 9 ,russia = 8 religi\s op9ions2 & if su* an atroci\s puni%m5t 0 inflict$ by an act ( imp]ial m]cy1 z a mitigation ( ! sev]ity ( ! law1 :at w\ld x h be5 if ! lett] ( t law _h be5 fulfill$8 8,f]rea jura1 insanumque =um40 ,if1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! ,russian writ]1 8 c\ntrym5 h a "r ( int]f]+ 9 behalf ( ! foll[]s ( _! *ur* 9 ,turkey1 on acc\nt ( ! community ( _! fai?1 ! same "r is possess$ by ,great ,brita9 & o!r ,prote/ant ,/ates1 z well z by ,france & o!r ,roman ,ca?olic p[]s1 to int]f]e 9 behalf ( _! bre?r5 9 ! fai? :o are oppress$ by ,russia4 ,) reg>d to ! obs]vation ( ! same au?or1 8t ! ,greeks are 9 a cont9ual /ate ( bondage1 depriv$ ( ! de>e/ rights ( m51 condemn$1 9 a religi\s po9t ( view1 to a /ate ( ?raldom su* z exi/s 9 no o!r "p ( ! _w1 inasmu* z ! supreme head ( _! *ur* is in/all$ 9 8 dignity1 ma9ta9$ 9 ! same1 or depos$1 by a sov]eign pr(ess+ a fai? ho/ile to 8 own10 ,i mu/ rem>k t he has =gott51 9 say+ t su* a /ate ( ?raldom exi/s n 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1 to add1 except 9 ,russia1 because all ! ,roman ,ca?olic bi%ops & o!r dignit>ies ( _! *ur*1 z well z ! ,prote/ant sup]9t5d5ts1 presid5ts ( consi/ories1 c41 8are in/all$ 9 _! dignity1 ma9ta9$ 9 ! same1 or depos$1 by a sov]eign pr(ess+ a fai? ho/ile to _! own40 ,& 8 "q1 8,is su* a /ate ( ?+s to be tol]at$ by its victims8 & is x n 9 itself a h>d%ip great] ?an any o!r t c be imag9$80 is z mu* applicable to ! ,prote/ants & ,roman ,ca?olics ( ,russia z x is to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,turkey4 ,! 8,russian1 ,quondam ,civis ,biblio!c ,ed95sis10 c>ries 8 zeal = ! or?odox ,greek ,*ur* s f> z to recomm5d its adoption to ! ,engli%3-- 8,d y n see e day1 9 y\r own c\ntry1 ! encroa*+ action ( ! ,see ( ,rome8 ,& "h ,i _c refra9 f exclaim+1 h[ /range x is to see e day conv]ts 9 cr[ds pass+ f ! ,prote/ant to ! ,roman fai?1 & n paus+ = a mom5t to reflect if !y h n a small] space to cross1 & a saf] hav5 to come to 9 ! bosom ( ! ,grco-,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! same z t ( ,rome1 m9us ! anti-apo/olic d\ble procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 m9us an infallible pope1 m9us ! sale ( indulg5ces1 & la/1 ?\gh n lea/1 m9us ! arbitr>y exclusion ( ! blood ( ,*ri/ f ! holy communion giv5 to laym56 ,is x n /range1 t on ! mom5t ( abjur+ y\r re=mations1 y %\ld fly into ! arms ( a *ur* :i* has introduc$ re=mations ( its own1 & n appeal to t "o *ur* :i* pr(esses ) evid5t tru? to h admitt$ no *anges at all1 & kept intact ! purity ( h] tradition8 ,b1 aga91 ?is is no !ological disquisition4 ,witness+1 h[ev]1 z ,i said above1 9 y\r own k+dom1 ! daily increas+ influ5ce ( ! ,roman ,see1 y c surely und]/& h[ legitimately jeal\s we mu/ be ( ! same influ5ce ext5d+ )9 ! prec9cts ( our %eepfold4 ,&1 !re=e1 n only is our fai? to be pres]v$ unmole/$1 b ! sav+ de$ is to be done by u1 & n ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,engli% & ,fr5* ambassadors or fleets1 to be a*iev$ 9 ! "n ( ! fai? we pr(ess 9 common ) our ,greek bre?r51 & by no means /ipulat$ 9 ! "n ( univ]sal fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,i ?9k ,i h said en\gh to prove ! vital & cordial int]e/ :i* ,russia _c b take 9 ! cause ( h] own *ur*1 & ( ^? :o pr(ess x 9 ,turkey1 & ! p>am\nt necessity %e is "u ( mak+ t cause h] own40--7,p4 #ab1 et seq47 ,if ! ,russian au?or is s anxi\s to conv]t ! ,briti% ,prote/ants to ! ,grco-,russian1 or1 z he calls h]1 8,grco-,ca?olic0 ,*ur*1 he may translate h] controv]sial works into ,engli%1 & build places ( wor%ip :]e image-kiss+1 pro/ration1 inc5se1 & holy wat]1 may be exhibit$ = ! edification ( ! ,briti% h]etics1 ad libitum4 ,nobody w int]f]e ) _! c]emonies1 n ev5 ) _! prea*+s aga9/ ,prote/antism1 because its disciples 9 ,great ,brita9 are satisfi$ ) def5d+ _! religion by spiritual weapons1 & d n resort to mat]ial arms1 except 9 repress+ ei!r public or private acts ( viol5ce4 ,z reg>ds ! dogmatic pre-em95ce ( 8 *ur* ov] t ( ,rome1--h] rejection ( ! 8anti-apo/olic d\ble procession ( ! ,holy ,gho/10--:i* has be51 ,i ?9k1 reta9$ by ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 c41 ,i leave ?is subject to ! decision ( !ologians1 b %all only obs]ve t ! wor%ip ( images1 relics1 & o!r pagan practices1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 d n prove mu* 9 fav\r ( ! purity ( h] tradition4 ,i w\ld also ask :e!r x is 9 accordance ) ?is tradition t ! ,russian cl]gy1 not)/&+ all _! claims to apo/olic succession1 are gov]n$ by ! ,cz>1 :o sometimes delegates = ?is purpose a colonel ( huss>s17#abe7 :i* (fice1 ,i believe1 0 nev] kn[n1 ev5 9 ! mo/ militant ( *ur*es8 ,x has be51 inde$1 well said by ! ,m>quis de ,cu/9e1 t ! ,russian cl]gy are b an army we>+ regim5tals some:at diff]5t f ! dress ( ! regul> troops ( ! empire4 ,! papas & _! bi%ops are "u ! direction ( ! emp]or1 a regim5t ( cl]ks1 & t is all47#abf7 ,x is 9 ord] to ext5d ! advantages ( ?is milit>y organization to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,turkey t ,russia1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( our au?or1 8is "u ! p>am\nt necessity ( mak+ _! cause h] own40 ,all t ,i say is1 t %e felt ! same necessity ( mak+ ! cause ( ! ,greeks & ,prote/ants ( ,pol& h] own1 & t %e end$ by mak+ ! same ?+ ) _! c\ntry4 ,! politico-religi\s complications into :i* ,europe has n[ be5 ?r[n by ! ambition ( ,russia h induc$ me p>ticul>ly to dwell ^u ! means :i* ! *ur* ( t c\ntry (f]s = ! promotion ( ! political s*emes ( its rul]s4 ,) reg>d to ! sup]/iti\s practices borr[$ f ,paganism1 & peculi> to t *ur*1 ! mo/ rem>kable is1 p]haps1 t hea!n cu/om call$ p>5tales1 m5tion$ be=e1 p4 #fb1 & :i* may be f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,russia4 ,p assemble on ,monday1 aft] ! ,ea/] week1 9 *ur*y>ds1 :]e !y eat & dr9k to great excess1 9 commemoration ( _! deceas$ relatives4 ,!re are _m o!r simil> practices1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( provid+ ! dead body ) a k9d ( passport or writt5 te/imony ( 8 religi\s conduct1 c41 probably import$ ) ! ,*ri/ian religion by ! ,greek ,*ur*1 because at ! "t ( ! conv]sion ( ,russia1 ?is *ur* _h already introduc$ pa9t$ ?\gh n c>v$7#abg7 images1 to :i* allusion has be5 made on p4 #ab ( ?is ,essay4 ,,calv9',s ,,treatise ,,on ,,relics1 ,,) ,,notes ,,by ,,! ,,translator4 ,/ ,augu/9us compla9s1 9 8 "w entitl$ 8,! ,lab\r ( ,monks10 t c]ta9 p 71 ev5 9 8 "t1 ex]cis+ a di%one/ trade1 hawk+ ab\t relics ( m>tyrs1 & he adds ! foll[+ significant words1 8%\ld !y really be relics ( m>tyrs10 f :i* we may inf]1 t ev5 !n abuses & deceits 7 practis$1 by mak+ simple folks believe t bones1 pick$ up any :]e1 7 bones ( sa9ts4 ,s9ce ! orig9 ( ?is abuse is s anci5t1 !re c be no d\bt t x has greatly increas$ dur+ a long int]val ( ye>s1 p>ticul>ly z ! _w has be5 mu* corrupt$ s9ce t age1 & has cont9u$ to det]iorate until x has arriv$ at its pres5t condition4 ,n[1 ! orig9 & root ( ?is evil has be51 t1 in/ead ( disc]n+ ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 8 ,^w1 8 ,sacram5ts1 & 8 ,spiritual ,graces1 ! _w has1 accord+ to its cu/om1 amus$ itself ) 8 clo!s1 %irts1 & %eets1 leav+ ?us ! pr9cipal to foll[ ! accessory4 ,x did ! same ?+ ) ! apo/les1 m>tyrs1 & o!r sa9ts1 &1 in/ead ( obs]v+ _! lives 9 ord] to imitate _! examples1 x direct$ all its att5tion to ! pres]vation & admiration ( _! bones1 %irts1 sa%es1 caps1 & o!r simil> tra%4 ,i "k well t !re is a c]ta9 appe>ance ( real devotion & zeal 9 ! allegation1 t ! relics ( ,jesus ,*ri/ are pres]v$ on acc\nt ( ! hon\r :i* is r5d]$ to him1 & 9 ord] ! bett] to pres]ve 8 memory4 ,b x is necess>y to consid] :at ,/ ,paul says1 t e s]vice ( ,god inv5t$ by man1 :atev] appe>ance ( wisdom x may h1 is no?+ bett] ?an vanity & fooli%ness1 if x has no o!r f\ndation ?an our own devis+4 ,moreov]1 x is necess>y to set ! pr(it d]iv$ f x aga9/ ! dang]s ) :i* x is fraught1 & x w ?us be f\nd t1 to h relics is a useless & frivol\s ?+1 :i* w mo/ probably gradually lead t[>ds idolatry1 because !y _c be h&l$ & look$ ^u )\t be+ hon\r$1 & 9 do+ ?is m5 w v soon r5d] !m ! hon\r :i* is due to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 %ort1 ! desire = relics is nev] )\t sup]/ition1 & :at is worse1 x is usually ! p>5t ( idolatry4 ,e "o admits t ! reason :y our ,"l conceal$ ! body ( ,moses1 0 t ! p ( ,israel %\ld n be guilty ( wor%ipp+ x4 ,n[1 we may conclude t ! act to be avoid$ ) reg>d to ! body ( ,moses mu/ be equally %unn$ ) reg>d to ! bodies ( all o!r sa9ts1 & = ! same reason--because x is s94 ,b let u leave ! sa9ts1 & consid] :at ,/ ,paul says ( ,jesus ,*ri/ himself1 = he prote/s t he knew him n accord+ to ! fle%1 b only aft] 8 resurrection1 signify+ by ^! words1 t all t is c>nal 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ mu/ be =gott5 & put aside1 & t we %\ld employ & direct our :ole affections to seek & possess him accord+ to ! _s4 ,consequ5tly ! pret5ce t x is a good ?+ to h "s memorials ei!r ( himself or ( ! sa9ts1 to /imulate our piety1 is no?+ b a cloak = indulg+ our fooli% crav+s :i* h no reasonable f\ndation2 & %\ld ev5 ?is reason appe> insuffici5t1 x is op5ly repugnant to :at ! ,holy ,gho/ has decl>$ by ! m\? ( ,/ ,paul1 & :at c be said m8 ,x is ( no use to discuss ! po9t :e!r x is "r or wrong to h relics m]ely to keep !m z preci\s objects1 )\t wor%ipp+ !m1 because exp]i5ce proves t ?is is nev] ! case4 ,x is true t ,/ ,ambrose1 9 speak+ ( ,hel5a1 ! "m ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 :o s\ght ) great tr\ble & exp5se = ! cross ( our ,"l1 says t %e did n wor%ip ! wood1 b ! ,"l :o 0 susp5d$ ^u x4 ,b x is a v r>e ?+1 t a he>t dispos$ to value any relics :atev] %\ld n become to a c]ta9 degree pollut$ by "s sup]/ition4 ,i admit t p d n arrive at once at op5 idolatry1 b !y gradually advance f "o abuse to ano!r until !y fall into ?is extremity1 &1 inde$1 ^? :o call !mselves ,*ri/ians h1 9 ?is respect1 idolatris$ z mu* z ,pagans ev] did4 ,!y h pro/rat$ !mselves1 & knelt be=e relics1 j z if !y 7 wor%ipp+ ,god2 !y h burnt c&les be=e !m 9 sign ( homage2 !y h plac$ _! confid5ce 9 !m1 & h pray$ to !m1 z if ! virtue & ! grace ( ,god _h ent]$ into !m4 ,n[1 if idolatry be no?+ else ?an ! transf] else:]e ( ! hon\r :i* is due to ,god1 c x be d5i$ t ?is is idolatry8 ,?is _c be excus$ by pret5d+ t x 0 only ! improp] zeal ( "s idiots or fooli% wom51 = x 0 a g5]al cu/om approv$ by ^? :o _h ! gov]nm5t ( ! *ur*1 & :o _h ev5 plac$ ! bones ( ! dead & o!r relics on ! high alt>1 9 ! greate/ & mo/ prom95t places1 9 ord] t !y %\ld be wor%ipp$ ) m c]ta9ty4 ,x is ?us t ! fooli% fancy :i* p _h at fir/ = collect+ relics1 end$ 9 ?is op5 abom9ation1--!y n only turn$ f ,god1 9 ord] to amuse !mselves ) va9 & corruptible ?+s1 b ev5 w5t on to ! execrable sacrilege ( wor%ipp+ dead & ins5sible creatures1 in/ead ( ! "o liv+ ,god4 ,n[1 z "o evil nev] comes alone b is always foll[$ by ano!r1 x ?us happ5$ t :]e p 7 seek+ = relics1 ei!r ( ,jesus ,*ri/ or ! sa9ts1 !y became s bl9d t :atev] "n 0 impos$ ^u any rubbi% pres5t$ to !m1 !y receiv$ x )\t any exam9ation or judgm5t2 ?us ! bones ( an ass or dog1 :i* any hawk] gave out to be ! bones ( a m>tyr1 7 dev\tly receiv$ )\t any difficulty4 ,?is 0 ! case ) all ( !m1 z w be %[n h]eaft]4 ,= my own "p1 ,i h no d\bt t ?is has be5 a great puni%m5t inflict$ by ,god4 ,because1 z ! _w 0 crav+ aft] relics1 & turn+ !m to a wick$ & sup]/iti\s use1 x 0 v likely t ,god w\ld p]mit "o lie to foll[ ano!r2 = ?is is ! way 9 :i* he puni%es ! di%on\r done to 8 "n1 :5 ! glory due to him is transf]r$ else:]e4 ,inde$1 ! only reason :y !re are s _m false & imag9>y relics is1 t ,god has p]mitt$ ! _w to be d\bly deceiv$ & fall51 s9ce x has s lov$ deceit & lies4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians left ! bodies ( ! sa9ts 9 _! graves1 obey+ ! univ]sal s5t5ce1 t all fle% is du/1 & ,,to ,,du/ ,,x ,,mu/ ,,return1 & did n attempt _! resurrection be=e ! appo9t$ "t by rais+ !m 9 pomp & /ate4 ,?is example has n be5 foll[$ by _! successors2 on ! contr>y1 ! bodies ( ! fai?ful1 9 opposition to ! comm& ( ,god1 h be5 dis9t]r$ 9 ord] to be glorifi$1 :5 !y ought to h rema9$ 9 _! places ( repose await+ ! la/ judgm5t4 ,!y 7 wor%ipp$2 e k9d ( hon\r 0 %[n to !m1 & p put _! tru/ 9 su* ?+s4 ,& :at 0 ! consequ5ce ( all ?is8 ,! devil1 p]ceiv+ man's folly1 0 n satisfi$ ) hav+ l$ ! _w into "o deception1 b add$ to x ano!r1 by giv+ ! "n ( relics ( sa9ts to ! mo/ pr(ane ?+s4 ,& ,god puni%$ ! cr$ul\s by depriv+ !m ( all p[] ( reason+ rightly1 s t !y accept$ )\t inquiry all t 0 pres5t$ to !m1 mak+ no di/9ction betwe5 :ite or black4 ,x is n my int5tion n[ to discuss ! abom9able abuse ( ! relics ( our ,"l1 z well z ( ! sa9ts1 at ?is pres5t "t1 9 ! mo/ "p ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,?is subject alone w\ld require a sep>ate volume2 = x is a well-kn[n fact t ! mo/ "p ( ! relics :i* are display$ e :]e are false1 & h be5 put =w>d by impo/ors :o h mo/ impud5tly deceiv$ ! poor _w4 ,i h m]ely m5tion$ ?is subject1 to give p an opportunity ( ?9k+ x ov]1 & ( be+ ^u _! gu>d4 ,x happ5s sometimes t we c>elessly approve ( a ?+ )\t tak+ ! necess>y "t to exam9e :at x really is1 & we are ?us deceiv$ = want ( w>n+2 b :5 we are w>n$1 we beg9 to ?9k1 & become q a/oni%$ at our believ+ s easily su* an improbability4 ,?is is precisely :at has tak5 place ) ! subject 9 "q4 ,p 7 told1 8,?is is ! body ( su* a sa9t2 ^! are 8 %oes1 ^? are 8 /ock+s20 & !y believ$ x to be s1 = want ( timely caution4 ,b :5 ,i %all h cle>ly prov$ ! fraud :i* has be5 committ$1 all ^? :o h s5se & reason w op5 _! eyes & beg9 to reflect ^u :at has nev] be=e ent]$ _! ?\ghts4 ,! limits ( my little volume =bid me f ent]+ b ^u a small "p ( :at ,i w\ld wi% to p]=m1 = x w\ld be necess>y to asc]ta9 ! relics possess$ by e place 9 ord] to comp>e !m ) ea* o!r4 ,x w\ld !n be se5 t e apo/le _h m ?an f\r bodies17#abh7 & ea* sa9t at lea/ two or ?ree1 & s on4 ,9 %ort1 if all ! relics 7 collect$ into "o heap1 ! only a/oni%m5t w\ld be t su* a silly & clumsy imposition c\ld h bl9d$ ! :ole e>?4 ,z e1 ev5 ! smalle/ ,ca?olic *ur* has a heap ( bones & o!r small rubbi%1 :at w\ld x be if all ^? ?+s :i* are conta9$ 9 two or ?ree ?\s& bi%oprics1 tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& abbeys1 m ?an =ty ?\s& conv5ts1 & s _m p>i% *ur*es & *apels1 7 collect$ into "o mass87#abi7 ,! be/ ?+ w\ld be n m]ely to "n1 b to visit !m4 ,9 ?is t[n 7,g5eva7 !re 0 =m]ly1 x is said1 an arm ( ,/ ,an?ony2 x 0 kiss$ & wor%ipp$ z long z x rema9$ 9 its %r9e2 b :5 x 0 turn$ out & exam9$1 x 0 f\nd to be ! bone ( a /ag4 ,!re 0 on ! high alt> ! bra9 ( ,/ ,pet]2 s long z x re/$ 9 its %r9e1 nobody ev] d\bt$ its g5u95ess1 = x w\ld h be5 blasphemy to d s2 b :5 x 0 subject$ to a close inspection1 x prov$ to be a piece ( pumice-/one4 ,i c\ld quote _m in/ances ( ?is k9d2 b ^! w be suffici5t to give an idea ( ! quantity ( preci\s rubbi% !re w\ld h be5 f\nd if a ?or\gh & univ]sal inve/igation ( all ! relics ( ,europe _h ev] tak5 place4 ,_m ( ^? :o look at relics close _! eyes f sup]/ition1 s t 9 reg>d+ ^! !y see no?+2 t is to say1 !y d>e n prop]ly gaze at & consid] :at !y prop]ly may be4 ,?us _m :o boa/ ( hav+ se5 ! :ole body ( ,/ ,claude1 or ( any o!r sa9t1 h nev] _h ! c\rage to raise _! eyes & to asc]ta9 :at x really 04 ,! same ?+ may be said ( ! head ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 :i* is %[n ne> ,m>seilles1 ) eyes ( pa/e or wax4 ,x is valu$ z mu* z if x 7 ,god himself :o _h desc5d$ f heav52 b if x 7 exam9$1 ! imposition w\ld be cle>ly detect$47#acj7 ,x w\ld be desirable to h an accurate k ( all ! trifles :i* 9 diff]5t places are tak5 = relics1 or at lea/ a regi/] ( !m1 9 ord] to %[ h[ _m ( !m are false2 b s9ce x is impossible to obta9 ?is1 ,i %\ld l to h at lea/ an inv5tory ( relics conta9$ 9 t5 or twelve su* t[ns z ,p>is1 ,t\l\se1 ,poiti]s1 ,rheims1 c4 ,if ,i _h no?+ m ?an ?is1 x w\ld =m a v curi\s collection4 ,inde$1 x is a wi% ,i am con/antly ent]ta9+ to get su* a preci\s rep]tory4 ,h[ev]1 z ?is is too difficult1 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be z well to publi% ! foll[+ little w>n+1 to awak5 ^? :o are asleep1 & to make !m consid] :at may be ! /ate ( ! entire *ur* if !re is s mu* to condemn 9 a v small portion ( x2--,i mean1 :5 p f9d s mu* deception 9 ! relics ,i %all "n1 & :i* are f> f be+ ! ?\s&? "p ( ^? t are exhibit$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 :at mu/ !y ?9k ( ! rema9d]8 moreov]1 if ^? :i* _h be5 consid]$ z ! mo/ au!ntic prov$ to be fraudul5t inv5tions1 :at c be ?\ght ( ! m d\btful ones8 ,w\ld to ,god t ,*ri/ian pr9ces ?\ght a little on ?is subject6 = x is _! duty n to all[ _! subjects to be deceiv$1 n only by false doctr9e1 b also by su* manife/ impositions4 ,!y w inde$ incur a heavy responsibility = all[+ ,god to be ?us mock$ :5 !y c\ld prev5t x4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 t ?is little treatise w be ( g5]al s]vice1 by induc+ p to ?9k on ! subject2 =1 if we c\ld h ! regi/] ( all ! relics t are to be f\nd 9 ! _w1 m5 w\ld cle>ly see h[ mu* !y _h be5 bl9d$1 & :at d>kness & folly ov]spread ! e>?4 ,let u beg9 ) ,jesus ,*ri/1 ab\t ^: blood !re h be5 fi]ce disputations2 = _m ma9ta9$ t he _h no blood except ( a miracul\s k9d2 nev]!less ! natural blood is exhibit$ 9 m ?an a hundr$ places4 ,!y %[ at ,ro*elle a few drops ( x1 :i*1 z !y say1 0 collect$ by ,nicodemus 9 8 glove4 ,9 "s places !y h phials full ( x1 z1 = in/ance1 at ,mantua & else:]e2 9 o!r p>ts !y h cups fill$ ) x1 z 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,eu/a*e at ,rome4 ,!y did n re/ satisfi$ ) simple blood2 x 0 consid]$ necess>y to h x mix$ ) wat] z x fl[$ out ( 8 side :5 pi]c$ on ! cross4 ,?is is pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an at ,rome4 ,n[1 ,i appeal to ! judgm5t ( e "o :e!r x is n an evid5t lie to ma9ta9 t ! blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 f\nd1 aft] a lapse ( sev5 or eight hundr$ ye>s1 to be di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole _w1 especially z ! anci5t *ur* makes no m5tion ( x8 ,!n come ! ?+s :i* h t\*$ ! body ( our ,"l4 ,fir/ly1 ! mang] 9 :i* he 0 plac$ at 8 bir? is %[n 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,madonna ,maggiore at ,rome4 ,9 ,/ ,paul's ,*ur* !re are pres]v$ ! swaddl+ clo!s 9 :i* he 0 wrapp$1 ?\gh !re are pieces ( ^! clo!s at ,salvati]ra 9 ,spa94 ,8 cradle is also at ,rome1 z well z ! %irt 8 "m made = him4 ,at ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,james1 9 ! same city1 is %[n ! alt> ^u :i* he 0 plac$ at 8 pres5tation 9 ! temple1 z if !re _h be5 _m alt>s1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! ,popi% *ur*es1 :]e any numb] ( !m may be erect$4 ,?is is :at !y %[ relat+ to ! "t ( ,*ri/'s *ildhood4 ,x is1 inde$1 n wor? :ile s]i\sly to discuss :5ce !y obta9$ all ?is tra%1 s long a "t aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,t man mu/ be ( little m9d :o _c see ! folly ( x4 ,!re is no m5tion ( ^! ?+s 9 ! ,gospels1 & !y 7 nev] he>d ( 9 ! times ( ! apo/les4 ,ab\t fifty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,j]usalem 0 de/roy$4 ,_m anci5t doctors h writt5 s9ce1 m5tion+ fully ! occurr5ces ( _! "t1 ev5 to ! cross & nails f\nd by ,hel5a1 b ^! absurdities are n allud$ to4 ,b :at is m1 ^! ?+s 7 n br\ght =w>d at ,rome dur+ ! days ( ,/ ,gregory1 z may be se5 f 8 writ+s2 :il/ aft] 8 dea? ,rome 0 sev]al times tak51 pillag$1 & almo/ de/roy$4 ,n[1 :at o!r conclusion c be drawn f ^! consid]ations b t all ^! 7 inv5tions = deceiv+ silly folks8 ,?is has ev5 be5 confess$ by "s monks & prie/s1 :o call !m pi\s frauds1 i4e41 hone/ deceits = excit+ ! devotion ( ! p4 ,aft] ^! come ! relics belong+ to ! p]iod f ! *ildhood to ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 su* z ! wat] pots 9 :i* ,*ri/ *ang$ wat] into w9e at ! m>riage fea/ ( ,cana 9 ,galilee4 ,"o w\ld naturally inquire h[ !y 7 pres]v$ = s long a "t8 = x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t !y 7 n discov]$ until eight hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! p]=mance ( ! miracle4 ,i _c tell all ! places :]e ^! wat] pots are %[n2 ,i only "k t !y c be se5 at ,pisa1 ,rav5na1 ,cluny1 ,antw]p1 & ,salvati]ra 9 ,spa947#aca7 ,at ,orleans !y h ev5 ! w9e :i* 0 obta9$ by t miracle1 & once a-ye> ! prie/s !re give to ^? :o br+ (f]+s a small spoonful1 say+ t !y %all ta/e ( ! v w9e made by our ,"l at ! m>riage fea/1 & its quantity nev] decreases1 ! cup be+ always refill$4 ,i d n "k ( :at date are 8 %oes1 :i* are pres]v$ 9 a place at ,rome call$ ,sancta ,sanctorum1 or :e!r he _h worn !m 9 8 *ildhood or manhood2 b ?is is ( little mom5t1 = :at ,i h already m5tion$ suffici5tly %[s ! gross imposition ( produc+ n[ ! %oes ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* 7 n possess$ by ! apo/les 9 _! "t4 ,n[1 let u proce$ to ! la/ supp] :i* ,*ri/ _h ) 8 apo/les4 ,! table is at ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an at ,rome2 "s bread made = t occasion at ,salvati]ra 9 ,spa92 & ! knife ) :i* ! pas*al lamb 0 c>v$ is at ,trves4 ,n[1 x is necess>y to obs]ve t ,*ri/ made t supp] 9 a borr[$ room1 & on go+ f !nce he left ! table1 :i* 0 n remov$ by ! apo/les4 ,j]usalem 0 soon aft]w>ds de/roy$4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ! table be f\nd aft] a lapse ( eight hundr$ ye>s8 ,moreov]1 9 ! e>ly ages tables 7 made ( q a diff]5t %ape to ^? ( our days1 = p !n took _! repa/s 9 a ly+1 n 9 a sitt+ po/ure--a circum/ance expressly m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! deceit is !re=e q manife/1 )\t m be+ add$ to prove x4 ,! cup 9 :i* ,*ri/ gave ! sacram5t ( 8 blood to ! apo/les is %[n at ,notre ,dame de l',isle1 ne> ,lyons2 & !re is ano!r 9 a conv5t ( ,augu/9e monks 9 ! ,albigois2--:i* is ! true "o8 ,*>les ,sigonius1 a celebrat$ hi/orian ( our times1 says1 9 8 f\r? book on ,italy1 t ,baldw91 second k+ ( ,j]usalem1 captur$ 9 #aaja1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,g5oese1 ! t[n ( ,ces>ea 9 ,syria1 & among/ ! spoils tak5 by 8 allies 0 a vessel or cup ( em]ald1 :i* 0 consid]$ to h be5 made use ( by ,jesus ,*ri/ at 8 la/ supp]4 8,!re=e10--^! are 8 own words1--8?is cup is ev5 n[ dev\tly pres]v$ 9 ! t[n ( ,g5oa40 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 our ,"l mu/ h _h a spl5did s]vice on t occasion2 = !re w\ld be z little propriety 9 dr9k+ f su* a co/ly vessel )\t hav+ ! re/ ( ! s]vice ( a simil> description1 z !re is 9 "s ,popi% pictures :]e ! ,virg9 ,m>y is repres5t$ z a woman ) h] hair hang+ ov] h] %\ld]s1 dress$ 9 a g[n ( clo? ( gold1 & rid+ on a donkey :i* ,joseph leads by ! halt]4 ,we recomm5d our read]s to consid] well ! ,gospel texts relat+ to ?is subject4 ,! case ( ! di% ^u :i* ! pas*al lamb 0 plac$ is /ill worse1 = x is to be f\nd at ,rome1 at ,g5oa1 & at ,arles4 ,if ^! holy relics be g5u9e1 ! cu/oms ( t "t mu/ h be5 q diff]5t f ours1 because1 in/ead ( *ang+ vi&s z we n[ d1 ! di%es 7 *ang$ = ! same food6 ,! same may be said ( ! t[el ) :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ wip$ ! feet ( ! apo/les1 aft] hav+ wa%$ !m2 !re is "o at ,rome at ! ,lat]an1 "o at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 & "o at ,/ ,corneille ( ,compiegne1 ) ! pr9t ( ! foot ( ,judas4 ,"s ( ^! mu/ be false4 ,b we w leave ! cont5d+ p>ties to fight out _! own battles1 until "o ( !m %all e/abli% ! reality ( 8 case4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t try+ to make p believe t a t[el :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ _h left 9 ! place :]e x 0 us$1 _h 9 sev]al hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds f\nd its way into ,g]many & ,italy1 is no?+ bett] ?an a gross impo/ure4 ,i ne>ly =got to m5tion ! bread ) :i* five ?\s& p]sons 7 miracul\sly f$ 9 ! des]t1 & ( :i* a bit is %[n at ,rome1 & ano!r piece at ,salvati]ra 9 ,spa94 ,! ,scripture says t a portion ( manna 0 pres]v$ 9 remembrance ( ,god hav+ miracul\sly f$ 8 p 9 ! des]t2 b ! ,gospel does n say a ^w respect+ ! pres]vation ( ! fragm5ts ( ! five loaves = a simil> purpose2 ! subject is n m5tion$ 9 any anci5t hi/ory1 nor does any ecclesia/ical writ] speak ( x4 ,x is !re=e v easily p]ceiv$ t ! above-m5tion$ pieces ( bread are ( mod]n manufacture4 ,! pr9cipal relics ( our ,"l are1 h[ev]1 ^? relat+ to 8 passion & dea?4 ,& ! fir/ ( !m is ! cross4 ,i "k t x is consid]$ to be a c]ta9 fact t x 0 f\nd by ,hel5a1 ! "m ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e2 & ,i "k also t "s anci5t doctors h writt5 ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* ! discov]y 0 c]tifi$ t x 0 ! true cross ^u :i* our ,"l _h suff]$4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t x 0 a fooli% curiosity1 & a silly & inconsid]ate devotion1 :i* prompt$ ,hel5a to seek = t cross4 ,b let u take = grant$ t x 0 a laudable act1 & t our ,"l _h decl>$ by a miracle t x 0 ! real cross1 & let u consid] only ! /ate ( ! case 9 our own "t4 ,x is ma9ta9$ und\bt+ly t ! cross f\nd by ,hel5a is /ill at ,j]usalem1 ?\gh ?is is contradict$ by ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 :i* relates t ,hel5a took a piece ( x1 & s5t x to h] son ! emp]or1 :o set x ^u a column ( porphyry1 9 ! c5tre ( a public place or squ>e1 :il/ ! o!r portion ( x 0 enclos$ by h] 9 a silv] case1 & intru/$ to ! keep+ ( ! ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem2 consequ5tly1 ei!r ! be=e-m5tion$ /atem5t or ?is hi/orical record mu/ be false4 ,n[ let u consid] h[ _m relics ( ! true cross !re are 9 ! _w4 ,an acc\nt ( ^? m]ely ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ w\ld fill a :ole volume1 = !re is n a *ur*1 f a ca!dral to ! mo/ mis]able abbey or p>i% *ur*1 t does n conta9 a piece4 ,l>ge spl9t]s ( x are pres]v$ 9 v>i\s places1 z = in/ance 9 ! ,holy ,*apel at ,p>is1 :il/ at ,rome !y %[ a crucifix ( consid]able size made entirely1 !y say1 f ?is wood4 ,9 %ort1 if we 7 to collect all ^! pieces ( ! true cross exhibit$ 9 v>i\s p>ts1 !y w\ld =m a :ole %ip's c>go4 ,! ,gospel te/ifies t ! cross c\ld be borne by "o s+le individual2 h[ gl>+1 !n1 is ! audacity n[ to pret5d to display m relics ( wood ?an ?ree hundr$ m5 c\ld c>ry6 ,z an explanation ( ?is1 !y h inv5t$ ! tale1 t :atev] quantity ( wood may be cut (f ?is true cross1 its size nev] decreases4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 su* a clumsy & silly impo/ure1 t ! mo/ sup]/iti\s may see ?r\gh x4 ,! mo/ absurd /ories are also told respect+ ! mann] 9 :i* v>i\s pieces ( ! cross 7 convey$ to ! places :]e !y are n[ %[n2 ?us1 = in/ance1 we are in=m$ t !y 7 br\ght by angels1 or _h fall5 f heav54 ,by ^! means !y s$uce ignorant p into idolatry1 = !y are n satisfi$ ) deceiv+ ! cr$ul\s1 by affirm+ t pieces ( common wood are portions ( ! true cross1 b !y pret5d t x %\ld be wor%ipp$1 :i* is a diabolical doctr9e1 expressly reprov$ by ,/ ,ambrose z a ,pagan sup]/ition4 ,aft] ! cross comes ! inscription1 8,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews10 :i* 0 plac$ ^u x by ord] ( ,pilate4 ,! t[n ( ,t\l\se claims ! possession ( ?is relic1 b ?is is contradict$ by ,rome1 :]e x is %[n 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,cross4 ,if ^! relics 7 prop]ly exam9$1 x w\ld be se5 t ! claims ( bo? p>ties are equally absurd4 ,!re is a /ill great] contradiction conc]n+ ! nails ( ! cross4 ,i %all "n ^? ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 & ,i ?9k ev5 a *ild c\ld see h[ ! devil has be5 mock+ ! _w by depriv+ x ( ! p[] ( disc]nm5t on ?is po9t4 ,if ! anci5t writ]s1 su* z ! ecclesia/ical hi/orian ,!odorite1 tell ! tru? 7,hi/oria ,trip>tita1 lib4 ii471 ,hel5a caus$ "o ( ! nails to be set 9 ! helmet ( h] son ,con/ant9e1 & two o!rs 9 ! bridle ( 8 horse4 ,/ ,ambrose1 h[ev]1 relates ?is diff]5tly1 say+ t "o ( ! nails 0 set 9 ! cr[n ( ,con/ant9e1 a second 0 conv]t$ into a bridle-bit = 8 horse1 & ! ?ird 0 reta9$ by ,hel5a4 ,?us we see t twelve hundr$ ye>s ago !re 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion on ?is subject1 & h[ c we tell :at has become ( ! nails s9ce t "t8 ,n[1 !y boa/ at ,milan t !y possess ! nail :i* 0 9 ,con/ant9e's bridle2 ?is claim is1 h[ev]1 oppos$ by ! t[n ( ,c>p5tras4 ,/ ,ambrose does n say t ! nail 0 atta*$ to ! bridle1 b t ! bit 0 made f x1--a circum/ance :i* does n agree ) ! claims ( ,milan or ,c>p5tras4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 "o nail 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,hel5a at ,rome1 & ano!r 9 t ( ! ,holy ,cross 9 ! same city2 !re is a nail at ,si5na1 & ano!r at ,v5ice4 ,g]many possesses two1 at ,cologne & ,trves4 ,9 ,france !re is "o 9 ! ,holy ,*apel at ,p>is1 ano!r 9 ! same city at ! *ur* ( ! ,c>melites1 a ?ird is at ,/ ,d5is1 a f\r? at ,bruges1 a fif? at ! abbey ( ,t5aille 9 ! ,sa9tonge1 a six? at ,draguignau1 ! :ole numb] mak+ f\rte5 %[n 9 diff]5t t[ns & c\ntries47#acb7 ,ea* place exhibit+ ^! nails produces c]ta9 pro(s to e/abli% ! g5u95ess ( its relic1 b all ^! claims may be plac$ on a p> z equally absurd4 ,!n foll[s ! iron spe> ) :i* our ,savi\r's side 0 pi]c$4 ,x c\ld be b "o1 & yet by "s extraord9>y process x seems to h be5 multipli$ into f\r2 = !re is "o at ,rome1 "o at ! ,holy ,*apel at ,p>is1 "o at ! abbey ( ,t5aille 9 ,sa9tonge1 & "o at ,selve1 ne> ,b\rdeaux4 ,) reg>d to ! cr[n ( ?orns1 "o mu/ believe t ! slips ( :i* x 0 plait$ _h be5 plant$1 & _h produc$ an abundant gr[?1 = o!rwise x is impossible to und]/& h[ x c\ld h increas$ s mu*4 ,a ?ird "p ( ?is cr[n is pres]v$ at ! ,holy ,*apel at ,p>is1 ?ree ?orns at ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,cross1 & a numb] ( !m at ,/ ,eu/a*e 9 ! same city2 !re are a good _m ( ! ?orns at ,si5na1 "o at ,vic5za1 f\r at ,b\rges1 ?ree at ,besanon1 ?ree at ,port ,royal1 & ,i d n "k h[ _m at ,salvati]ra 9 ,spa91 two at ,/ ,james ( ,compo/ella1 ?ree at ,albi1 & "o at lea/ 9 ! foll[+ places3--,t\l\se1 ,macon1 ,*>r\x 9 ,poiti]s2 at ,cl]i1 ,/ ,fl\r1 ,/ ,maximim 9 ,prov5ce1 9 ! abbey ( ,la ,salle at ,/ ,m>t9 ( ,noyon1 c47#acc7 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ! e>ly *ur* has made no m5tion ( ?is cr[n1 consequ5tly ! root t produc$ all ^! relics mu/ h gr[n a long "t aft] ! passion ( our ,"l4 ,) reg>d to ! coat1 wov5 ?r\gh\t )\t a seam1 = :i* ! soldi]s at ! cross ca/ lots1 !re is "o to be se5 at ,arg5teuil ne> ,p>is1 & ano!r at ,trves 9 ,g]many4 ,x is n[ "t to treat ( ! 8sud>y10 ab\t :i* relic !y h display$ _! folly ev5 m ?an 9 ! affair ( ! holy coat2 = besides ! sud>y ( ,v]onica1 :i* is %[n 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,pet] at ,rome1 x is ! boa/ ( sev]al t[ns t !y ea* possess "o1 z = in/ance ,c>cassone1 ,nice1 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,trves1 ,besanon1 )\t reckon+ ! fragm5ts to be se5 9 v>i\s places47#acd7 ,n[1 ,i ask :e!r ^? p]sons 7 n b]eft ( _! s5ses :o c\ld take long pilgrimages1 at mu* exp5se & fatigue1 9 ord] to see %eets1 ( ! reality ( :i* !re 7 no reasons to believe1 b _m to d\bt2 = :oev] admitt$ ! reality ( "o ( ^! sud>ies %[n 9 s _m places1 mu/ h consid]$ ! re/ z wick$ impo/ures set up to deceive ! public by ! pret5ce t !y 7 ea* ! real %eet 9 :i* ,*ri/'s body _h be5 wrapp$4 ,b x is n only t ! exhibitors ( ?is "o & ! same relic give ea* o!r mutually ! lie1 !y are 7:at is f> m important7 positively contradict$ by ! ,gospel4 ,! evangeli/s :o speak ( all ! wom5 :o foll[$ our ,"l to ! place ( crucifixion1 make n ! lea/ m5tion ( t ,v]onica :o wip$ 8 face ) a k]*ief4 ,x 0 9 tru? a mo/ m>vell\s & rem>kable ev5t1 wor?y ( be+ record$1 t ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 !n miracul\sly impr9t$ ^u ! clo?1 a mu* m important ?+ to m5tion ?an ! m]e circum/ance t c]ta9 wom5 _h foll[$ ,jesus ,*ri/ to ! place ( crucifixion )\t meet+ ) any miracle2 &1 inde$1 _h su* a miracle tak5 place1 we might consid] ! evangeli/s want+ 9 judgm5t 9 n relat+ ! mo/ important facts4 ,! same obs]vations are applicable to ! tale ( ! %eet 9 :i* ! body ( our ,"l 0 wrapp$4 ,h[ is x possible t ^? sacr$ hi/orians1 :o c>efully relat$ all ! miracles t took place at ,*ri/'s dea?1 %\ld h omitt$ to m5tion "o s rem>kable z ! lik5ess ( ! body ( our ,"l rema9+ on its wrapp+ %eet8 ,?is fact und\bt$ly des]v$ to be record$4 ,/ ,john1 9 8 ,gospel1 relates ev5 h[ ,/ ,pet]1 hav+ ent]$ ! sepul*re1 saw ! l95 clo!s ly+ on "o side1 & ! napk9 t 0 ab\t 8 head on ! o!r2 b he does n say t !re 0 a miracul\s impression ( our ,"l's figure ^u ^! clo!s1 & x is n to be imag9$ t he w\ld h omitt$ to m5tion su* a "w ( ,god if !re _h be5 any ?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,ano!r po9t to be obs]v$ is1 t ! evangeli/s d n m5tion t ei!r ( ! disciples or ! fai?ful wom5 :o came to ! sepul*re _h remov$ ! clo!s 9 "q1 b1 on ! contr>y1 _! acc\nt seems to imply t !y 7 left !re4 ,n[1 ! sepul*re 0 gu>d$ by soldi]s1 & consequ5tly ! clo!s 7 9 _! p[]4 ,is x possible t !y w\ld h p]mitt$ ! disciples to take !m away z relics1 s9ce ^! v m5 _h be5 brib$ by ! ,ph>isees to p]jure !mselves by say+ t ! disciples _h /ol5 ! body ( our ,"l8 ,i %all conclude ) a conv9c+ pro( ( ! audacity ( ! ,papi/s4 ,:]ev] ! holy sud>y is exhibit$1 !y %[ a l>ge %eet ) ! full-l5g? lik5ess ( a human body on x4 ,n[1 ,/ ,john's ,gospel1 *apt] n9ete5?1 says t ,*ri/ 0 buri$ accord+ to ! mann] ( ! ,jews2 & :at 0 _! cu/om8 ,?is may be kn[n by _! pres5t cu/om on su* occasions1 z well z f _! books1 :i* describe ! anci5t c]emony ( int]m5t1 :i* 0 to wrap ! body 9 a %eet1 to ! %\ld]s1 & to cov] ! head ) a sep>ate clo?4 ,?is is precisely h[ ! evangeli/ describ$ x1 say+1 t ,/ ,pet] saw on "o side ! clo!s ) :i* ! body _h be5 wrapp$1 & on ! o!r ! napk9 f ab\t 8 head4 ,9 %ort1 ei!r ,/ ,john is a li>1 or all ^? :o boa/ ( possess+ ! holy sud>y are convict$ ( falsehood & deceit47#ace7 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an at ,rome1 !y %[ ! re$ :i* ! soldi]s1 mock+ ,*ri/ 9 ! h\se ( ,pilate1 plac$ 9 8 h&1 & ) :i* !y aft]w>ds smote him on ! head4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,cross at ,rome !y %[ ! sponge :i* 0 fill$ ) v9eg>1 & giv5 him to dr9k dur+ 8 passion4 ,n[1 ,i w\ld ask1 h[ 7 ^! ?+s obta9$8 ,!y mu/ h be5 =m]ly 9 ! h&s ( infidels4 ,c\ld !y h deliv]$ !m up to ! apo/les to be made relics (8 or did !y pres]ve !m !mselves = future times8 ,:at a sacrilege to make use ( ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ord] to inv5t su* absurd fables6 ,& :at c we ?9k ( ! pieces ( silv] receiv$ by ,judas = betray+ our ,savi\r8 ,! ,gospel says t he return$ ?is money to ! *ief prie/s1 :o b\ght ) x ! pott]'s field = a burial-place = /rang]s4 ,by :at means 7 ^! pieces ( silv] obta9$ f ! sell] ( t field8 ,x w\ld be too absurd to ma9ta9 t ?is 0 done by ! disciples ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 & if we are told t !y 7 f\nd a long "t aft]w>ds1 x w be /ill less probable1 z ?is money mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh _m h&s4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to prove1 t ei!r ! p]son :o sold 8 field did s = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! silv] pieces 9 ord] to make relics ( !m2 or t he aft]w>ds sold !m to ! fai?ful4 ,no?+ ( ?is k9d has ev] be5 m5tion$ by ! primitive *ur*47#acf7 ,to ! same class ( impositions belong ! /eps ( ,pilate's tribunal1 :i* are exhibit$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an1 z well z ! column to :i* ,*ri/ 0 fa/5$ dur+ ! flagellation1 %[n 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,pras$o 9 ! same city1 besides two o!r pill>s1 r\nd :i* he 0 conduct$ on 8 way to ,calv>y4 ,f :5ce ^! columns 7 tak5 x is impossible to conjecture4 ,i only "k t ! ,gospel1 9 relat+ t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 sc\rg$1 does n m5tion t he 0 fa/5$ to a column or po/4 ,x really appe>s z if ^! impo/ors _h no o!r aim ?an to promulgate ! mo/ fallaci\s /atem5ts1 &1 inde$1 !y c>ri$ ?is to su* a degree ( extravagance1 t !y 7 n a%am$ to make a relic ( ! tail ( ! ass ^u :i* our ,"l ent]$ into ,j]usalem1 :i* !y %[ at ,g5oa47#acg7 ,"o really _c tell :i* is mo/ wond]ful1--! folly & cr$ulity ( ^? :o dev\tly receive su* mock]ies1 or ! boldness ( ^? :o put !m =?4 ,x may be said t x is n likely all ^! relics %\ld be pres]v$ )\t "s sort ( correct hi/ory be+ kept ( !m4 ,to ?is ,i reply t su* evid5t falsehoods c nev] be> ! slighte/ resemblance to tru?1 h[ mu* soev] _! claims may be support$ by ! names ( ,con/ant9e1 ,l\is ,,ix41 or ( "s popes2 = !y w nev] be able to prove t ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ ) f\rte5 nails1 or t a :ole h$ge 0 us$ to plait 8 cr[n ( ?orns1--t ! iron ( ! spe> ) :i* 8 side 0 pi]c$ _h giv5 bir? to ?ree o!r simil> pieces ( iron1--t 8 coat 0 multipli$ ?reefold1--& t f 8 s+le sud>ium a numb] ( o!rs h issu$1 or t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 buri$ 9 a mann] diff]5t f t describ$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,n[1 if ,i 7 to %[ a piece ( lead1 say+1 8,?is piece ( gold 0 giv5 me by a c]ta9 pr9ce10 ,i %\ld be consid]$ a madman1 & my words w\ld n transmute ! lead into gold4 ,?us x is precisely :5 p say1 8,?is ?+ 0 s5t ov] by ,godfrey de ,b\illon aft] 8 conque/ ( ,judea40 ,our reason %[s u t ?is is an evid5t lie4 ,are we !n to be s mu* impos$ ^u by words z to resi/ ! evid5ce ( our s5ses8 ,moreov]1 9 ord] to %[ h[ mu* reliance may be plac$ on ! /atem5ts :i* are giv5 ab\t ^! relics1 we mu/ rem>k t ^? consid]$ ! pr9cipal & mo/ au!ntic at ,rome h be51 accord+ to ^? acc\nts1 br\ght ?i!r by ,vespasian & ,titus4 ,n[1 ?is is su* a clumsy fabrication1--!y might j z well tell u t ! ,turks w5t to ,j]usalem 9 ord] to c>ry (f ! true cross to ,con/ant9ople6 ,vespasian conqu]$ & ravag$ a "p ( ,judea be=e he 0 elect$ emp]or1 & 8 son ,titus complet$ t conque/ by ! capture & de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,!y 7 bo? ,pagans1 & _h no m reg>d = ,*ri/ ?an if he _h nev] exi/$ on e>?4 ,consequ5tly to ma9ta9 t ,vespasian & ,titus c>ri$ (f ! above-m5tion$ relics to ,rome1 is ev5 a m flagrant falsehood ?an ! /ories ab\t ,godfrey ( ,b\illon & ,/ ,l\is4 ,moreov]1 x is well kn[n t ! times ( ,/ ,l\is 7 v sup]/iti\s4 ,t mon>* w\ld h accept$ z a relic1 & wor%ipp$1 any ?+ t 0 repres5t$ to him z hav+ belong$ to ! ,holy ,virg92 &1 inde$1 ,k+ ,l\is & o!r crusad]s sacrific$ _! bodies & _! goods1 z well z a great portion ( _! c\ntry's sub/ance1 m]ely to br+ back ) !m heaps ( fooli% trifles1 hav+ be5 taught to consid] !m z ! mo/ preci\s jewels ( ! _w4 ,x mu/ be "h m5tion$1 t 9 ,greece1 ,asia ,m9or1 & o!r ea/]n c\ntries1 p %[1 ) full assurance1 c\nt]p>t old rubbi%1 :i* ^? poor idolat]s imag9e !y possess 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,h[ are we to judge betwe5 ! two cont5d+ p>ties8 ,"o p>ty says t ^! relics 7 br\ght f ! ,ea/2 b ! ,*ri/ians n[ inhabit+ ^? l&s ma9ta9 t ! same relics are /ill 9 _! possession1 & !y laugh at our pret5sions4 ,h[ c x be decid$ betwixt "r & wrong )\t an inquiry1 :i* w nev] take place8 ,me?9ks ! be/ plan is to let ! dispute re/ z x is1 )\t c>+ = ei!r side ( ! "q4 ,! la/ relics p]ta9+ to ,jesus ,*ri/ are ^? :i* relate to ! "t aft] 8 resurrection1--z1 = in/ance1 a piece ( broil$ fi% :i* ,/ ,pet] pres5t$ to him on ! sea-%ore4 ,?is fi% mu/ h be5 /rongly spic$1 & prep>$ 9 "s extraord9>y mann]1 to be pres]v$ = s long a p]iod4 ,b1 s]i\sly1 is x likely t ! apo/les w\ld h made a relic ( a portion ( ! fi% :i* !y _h prep>$ = _! d9n]8 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k t :oev] w n p]ceive ?is to be an op5 mock]y ( ,god1 des]ves n to be reason$ )4 ,!re is also ! miracul\s blood :i* has fl[$ f sev]al ho/s1--z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ,/ ,jean-en-,greve at ,p>is1 at ,/ ,jean d',angeli at ,dijon1 & 9 _m o!r places4 ,!y %[ ev5 ! p5knife ) :i* ! ho/ at ,p>is 0 pi]c$ by a ,jew1 & :i* ! poor ,p>isians hold 9 z mu* rev]5ce z ! ho/ itself4 ,= ?is !y 7 well blam$ by a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/1 :o decl>$ !m to be worse ?an ! ,jews1 = wor%ipp+ ! knife ) :i* ! preci\s body ( ,*ri/ 0 pi]c$4 ,i ?9k we may apply ?is obs]vation to ! nails1 ! spe>1 & ! ?orns2 & consequ5tly ^? :o wor%ip ^? in/rum5ts us$ at our ,"l's crucifixion are m wick$ ?an ! ,jews :o employ$ !m = t purpose4 ,!re are _m o!r relics belong+ to ?is p]iod ( our ,"l's hi/ory1 b x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate !m all4 ,we %all !re=e pass !m ov]1 & say a few words respect+ 8 images1--n ! common ones made by pa9t]s & c>v]s1 b ^? consid]$ z actual relics1 & held 9 p>ticul> v5]ation4 ,"s ( ^! images are believ$ to h be5 made 9 a miracul\s mann]1 l ^? %[n at ,rome 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! bless$ ,virg91 9 ,portici1 at ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an1 at ,lucca1 & o!r places1 & :i* !y pret5d 7 pa9t$ by angels4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be ridicul\s to und]take a s]i\s refutation ( ^! absurdities1 ! pr(ession ( angels n be+ t ( pa9t]s1 & our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ desir$ to be kn[n & rememb]$ o!rwise ?an by c>nal images4 ,eusebius1 x is true1 relates1 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 t our ,"l s5t ! lik5ess ( 8 face to ,k+ ,abg>us27#ach7 b ! au!nticity ( ?is acc\nt has no bett] pro( ?an t ( a fairy tale2 yet1 suppos+ x 7 true1 h[ came ?is lik5ess to be f\nd at ,rome 7out ( ,abg>us' possession71 :]e p boa/ to h x n[8 ,eusebius does n m5tion :]e x 0 9 8 "t1 b he m]ely relates ! /ory z hav+ happ5$ a long "t be=e he wrote2 we mu/ !re=e suppose t ?is image reappe>$ aft] a lapse ( _m c5turies1 & came f ,edessa to ,rome4 ,!y h =g$ n only images ( ,*ri/'s body1 b also copies ( ! cross4 ,?us !y pret5d at ,brescia to h ! id5tical cross :i* appe>$ to ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e4 ,?is claim is1 h[ev]1 /\tly oppos$ by ! t[n ( ,con/ance1 ^: inhabitants ma9ta9 t ! above-m5tion$ cross is pres]v$ 9 _! t[n1 & n at ,brescia4 ,b let u leave ! cont5d+ p>ties to settle ?is po9t betwe5 !mselves1 ?\gh x w\ld be easy en\gh to %[ ! absurdity ( _! pret5sions1 because ! cross :i*1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 appe>$ to ,con/ant9e1 0 n a mat]ial cross1 b simply a vision4 ,!re are sev]al c>v$ images1 z well z pa9t+s1 ( ,jesus ,*ri/ to :i* _m miracles are attribut$4 ,?us ! be>d gr[s on ! crucifixes ( ,salvati]ra & ,orange1 & o!r images are said to %$ te>s4 ,^! ?+s are too absurd = s]i\s refutation1 & yet ! delud$ _w is s infatuat$ t ! majority put z mu* fai? 9 ^! z 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! ,bless$ ,virg94--,! belief t ! body ( ! ,virg9 0 n int]r$ on e>?1 b 0 tak5 to heav51 has depriv$ !m ( all pretext = manufactur+ any relics ( h] rema9s1 :i* o!rwise might h be5 suffici5tly abundant to fill a :ole *ur*y>d27#aci7 yet 9 ord] to h at lea/ some?+ belong+ to h]1 !y s\ght to indemnify !mselves = ! abs5ce ( o!r relics ) ! possession ( h] hair & h] milk4 ,! hair is %[n 9 sev]al *ur*es at ,rome1 & at ,salvati]ra 9 ,spa91 at ,maon1 ,/ ,fl\r1 ,cluny1 ,nev]s1 & 9 _m o!r t[ns4 ,) reg>d to ! milk1 !re is n p]haps a t[n1 a conv5t1 or nunn]y1 :]e x is n %[n 9 l>ge or small quantities4 ,inde$1 _h ! ,virg9 be5 a wet-nurse h] :ole life1 or a dairy1 %e c\ld n h produc$ m ?an is %[n z h]s 9 v>i\s p>ts47#adj7 ,h[ !y obta9$ all ?is milk !y d n say1 & x is sup]flu\s "h to rem>k t !re is no f\ndation 9 ! ,gospels = ^! fooli% & blasphem\s extravagances4 ,! ,virg9's w>drobe has produc$ an abundant /ore ( relics4 ,!re is a %irt ( h]s at ,*>tres1 :i* has be5 fully celebrat$ z an idol1 & !re is ano!r at ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,i d n "k h[ ^! ?+s c\ld h be5 obta9$1 = x is c]ta9 t ! ,apo/les & fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 n su* trifl]s z to amuse !mselves 9 ?is way4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 suffici5t = u to consid] ! %ape ( ^! articles ( dress1 9 ord] cle>ly to see ! impud5ce ( _! exhibitors4 ,! %irt at ,aix-la-,*apelle is a long cl]ical surplice1 %[n hang+ to a pole1 & if ! ,bless$ ,virg9 _h be5 a giantess1 %e w\ld /ill h felt mu* inconv5i5ce 9 we>+ s l>ge a g>m5t4 ,9 ! same *ur* !y pres]ve ! %oes ( ,/ ,joseph1 :i* c\ld only fit ! foot ( a little *ild or a dw>f4 ,! prov]b says t li>s ne$ good memories1 s z n to contradict _! own say+s4 ,?is rule 0 n foll[$ out at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 o!rwise c>e w\ld h be5 tak5 to ma9ta9 a bett] proportion ( size betwe5 ! %oes ( ! husb& & ! %irt ( ! wife4 ,& yet ^! relics1 s devoid ( all appe>ance ( tru?1 are dev\tly kiss$ & v5]at$ by cr[ds6 ,i "k ( only two ( h] head-dresses2 "o is at ! abbey ( ,/ ,maximian at ,treves1 & ! o!r is at ,lisio 9 ,italy4 ,!y may be consid]$ q z g5u9e z ! ,virg9's girdle at ,prato & at ,monts]rat1 z h] slipp] at ,/ ,jaqueme1 & z h] %oe at ,/ ,fl\r4 ,n[1 ^? :o are at all conv]sant ) ?is subject well "k t x 0 n ! cu/om ( ! primitive *ur* to collect %oes & /ock+s1 c41 = relics1 & also t = five hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y !re 0 nev] any talk ( su* ?+s4 ,x really seems z if ^! well-kn[n facts w\ld be suffici5t to prove ! absurdity ( all ^! relics ( ! ,virg92 b h] wor%ipp]s1 n m]ely satisfi$ ) ! articles ,i h j enum]at$1 endeav\r to ascribe to h] a love ( dress & f9]y4 ,a comb ( h]s is %[n 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>t9 at ,rome1 & ano!r 9 t ( ,/ ,jean-le-,gr& at ,besanon1 besides o!rs t may be %[n else:]e4 ,n[1 if ?is be n a mock]y ( ! ,virg91 ,i d n "k :at t ^w implies4 ,!y h n =gott5 h] w$d+-r+1 :i* is %[n at ,p]usa4 ,z x is n[ ! cu/om = a husb& to pres5t 8 bride ) a r+ at ! m>riage c]emony1 !y imag9$ x to be s 9 ! "t ( ! ,virg91 & 9 h] c\ntry1 consequ5tly1 !y %[ a spl5did r+ z ! "o us$ at h] w$d+1 =gett+ ! /ate ( pov]ty 9 :i* %e liv$4 ,rome possesses f\r ( h] g[ns1 9 ! *ur*es ( ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an1 ,/ ,b>b>a1 ,/ ,m>ia supra ,m9]vam1 & ,/ ,blasius2 :il/ at ,salvati]ra !y boa/ ( hav+ fragm5ts ( a g[n belong+ to h]4 ,i h =gott5 ! names ( o!r t[ns :]e simil> relics are %[n47#ada7 ,x is suffici5t to exam9e ! mat]ials ( ^! ve/m5ts 9 ord] to see ! falsehood ( _! claims1 = _! exhibitors give to ! ,virg9 ! same sort ( robes ) :i* !y dress up h] images4 ,x rema9s n[ to speak ( h] images--n ( ! common ones1 ( :i* !re are s _m ev]y:]e1 b ( ^? :i* are di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by "s p>ticul> claims4 ,?us at ,rome !re are f\r1 :i* !y pret5d 7 pa9t$ by ,/ ,luke ! evangeli/4 ,! pr9cipal "o is 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,augu/9e1 :i* !y say ,/ ,luke _h pa9t$ = 8 own use2 he always c>ri$ x ab\t 8 p]son1 & x 0 buri$ ) him4 ,n[1 is x n a d[nright blasphemy to turn ?us a holy evangeli/ into a p]fect idolat]8 ,& :at reason _h !y = believ+ t ,/ ,luke 0 a pa9t]8 ,/ ,paul calls him a physician4 ,i d n "k f :5ce !y obta9$ ?is notion2 b suppos+ x 0 s1 is x possible to admit t he w\ld h pa9t$ ! ,virg9 = ! same purpose z ! ,pagans did a ,jupit]1 a ,v5us1 or any o!r idol8 ,x 0 n ! cu/om ( ! primitive ,*ri/ians to h images1 & x only became s a long :ile aft]w>ds1 :5 ! ,*ur* 0 corrupt$ by sup]/ition4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole _w is fill$ ) repres5tations ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 :i* are said to h be5 pa9t$ by ! same evangeli/47#adb7 ,i %all n say any ?+ ab\t ,/ ,joseph1 ^: %oes at ,aix-la-,*apelle ,i h already m5tion$1 & ^: o!r simil> relics are pres]v$ 9 _m places47#adc7 ,,/ ,,mi*ael4 ,x may be suppos$ t ,i am jok+ :5 ,i speak ( ! relics ( an angel1 consid]+ h[ absurd & ridicul\s x is to d s1 yet1 al?\gh ! hypocrites c]ta9ly "k ?is well1 !y h made use ( ! "n ( ,/ ,mi*ael to delude ! ignorant & fooli%2 = !y %[ at ,c>cassone 8 fal*ion1 :i* looks l a *ild's dagg]1 & 8 %ield1 :i* is no l>g] ?an ! knob ( a bridle4 ,is x possible = man or woman to exi/ :o c believe su* mock]y87#add7 ,x is inde$ a blasphemy1 "u a g>b ( devotion1 aga9/ ,god & 8 angels4 ,! exhibitors ( ! above-m5tion$ relics endeav\r to support _! impo/ure by ! te/imony ( ,scripture t ! ar*angel ,mi*ael combat$ ) ,satan2 b if he 0 conqu]$ by ! sword1 x w\ld at lea/ h be5 "o ( a diff]5t size & calibre ?an ! toy to :i* ,i h allud$4 ,p mu/1 h[ev]1 be v silly to believe t ! w> wag$ by angels & ! fai?ful aga9/ ! devil is a c>nal enc\nt]1 f\ght ) mat]ial weapons4 ,b z ,i said be=e1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is treatise1 ! _w has rightly des]v$ to be l$ a/ray into su* absurdities1 = hav+ lu/$ aft] idols1 & wor%ipp$ !m in/ead ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,,/ ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/4 ,proce$+ 9 due ord]1 we mu/ n[ treat ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o1 accord+ to ! evangelical hi/ory--i4e41 ,god's ,^w ( ,tru?--01 aft] be+ behead$1 buri$ by 8 disciples4 ,!odoret1 ! em95t *ronicl] ( ! ,*ur*1 relates t 8 grave 0 at ,seba/e1 a t[n 9 ,syria1 & t "s "t aft] 8 burial ! grave 0 op5$ by ! ,pagans1 :o burnt 8 bones & scatt]$ _! a%es 9 ! air4 ,eusebius adds1 h[ev]1 t "s m5 f ,j]usalem1 :o 7 pres5t on ! occasion1 secretly took a little ( ^! a%es & c>ri$ !m to ,antio*1 :]e !y 7 buri$ 9 a wall by ,a?anasius4 ,) reg>d to 8 head1 ,sosom51 ano!r *ronicl]1 relates t x 0 c>ri$ to ,con/ant9ople by ! ,emp]or ,!odosius2 !re=e1 accord+ to ^! anci5t hi/orians1 ! :ole body ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 burnt ) ! exception ( 8 head1 & ! a%es 7 all lo/ except+ ! small portion secretly tak5 away by ! h]mits ( ,j]usalem4 ,n[1 let u see :at rema9s ( ! head are extant4 ,! face is %[n at ,ami5s1 & ! mask :i* is !re exhibit$ has a m>k above ! eye1 caus$1 !y say1 by ! ?ru/ ( a knife1 made by ,h]odias4 ,ami5s' claim to ?is relic is1 h[ev]1 disput$ by ! inhabitants ( ,/ ,john d',angeli1 :o %[ ano!r face ( ,/ ,john4 ,) reg>d to ! re/ ( ! head1 its top1 f ! =ehead to ! back "p1 0 at ,rhodes1 & ,i suppose mu/ n[ be at ,malta1 at lea/ ! knights boa/ t ! ,turks _h re/or$ x to !m4 ,! back ( ! head is at ,/ ,john's ,*ur* at ,nem\rs1 ! bra9s at ,nog5t le ,rotr\1 a "p ( ! head is at ,/ ,jean ,maxim91 a jaw is at ,besanon1 a portion ( a jaw is at ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an1 & a "p ( ! e> at ,/ ,fl\r 9 ,auv]gne4 ,all ?is does n prev5t ,salvati]ra f possess+ ! =ehead & hair2 at ,noyon !y h a lock ( ! hair1 :i* is consid]$ to be v au!ntic1 z well z t at ,lucca1 & _m o!r places4 ,yet 9 ord] to complete ?is collection1 we mu/ g to ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,sylve/] at ,rome1 :]e ! :ole & real head ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ w be %[n to u4 ,poets tell u a leg5d ab\t a k+ ( ,spa9 :o _h ?ree heads2 if our manufactur]s ( relics c\ld say ! same ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 x w\ld greatly assi/ _! lies2 b z su* a fable does n exi/1 h[ are !y to get out ( ?is dilemma87#ade7 ,i %all n press !m too h>d by inquir+ h[ c\ld ?is head be s divid$ & di/ribut$1 or h[ h !y procur$ x f ,con/ant9ople8 ,i %all m]ely obs]ve1 t ei!r ,/ ,john mu/ h be5 a miracle1 or t ^? :o possess s _m p>ts ( 8 head are a set ( ! mo/ audaci\s *eats4 ,:at is m ?an ?is1 !y boa/ at ,si5na ( possess+ an arm ( t sa9t1 :i* is contr>y1 z we h already said1 to ! /atem5ts ( all ! anci5t hi/orians2 & yet ?is fraud is n only suff]$1 b ev5 approv$ (1 = 9 ! k+dom ( ,anti*ri/ no?+ is too bad :i* c s]ve to keep p 9 a /ate ( sup]/ition4 ,ano!r fable has be5 inv5t$ respect+ ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,:5 8 body 0 burnt1 !y say t ! f+] ) :i* he _h po9t$ out our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ _h rema9$ :ole & un9jur$ by ! fire4 ,n[ ?is /ory may easily be refut$ by ! anci5t hi/orians1 because ,eusebius & ,!odoret di/9ctly /ate t ! body _h already become a skeleton :5 ! ,pagans burnt x2 & !y c]ta9ly w\ld n h omitt$ ! relation ( su* a miracle 9 _! hi/ories if !re _h be5 any f\ndation = x1 hav+ be5 b too eag] to n>rate su* ev5ts ev5 z are q frivol\s4 ,b suppos+ t ?is miracle _h really tak5 place1 let u seek :]e ?is f+] is n[ to be f\nd4 ,!re is "o at ,besanon 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,john ! ,great1 a second at ,t\l\se1 a ?ird at ,lyons1 a f\r? at ,flor5ce1 & a fif? at ,/ ,jean des ,av5tures1 ne> ,maon4 ,n[ ,i reque/ my read]s to exam9e ?is subject1 & to judge = !mselves :e!r !y c believe1 t :il/ ,/ ,john's f+]1 :i*1 accord+ to _! own tradition1 is ! only rema9d] ( 8 body1 is at ,flor5ce1 five o!r f+]s c be f\nd 9 sundry o!r places1 or1 9 %ort1 t six are "o1 & "o is six4 ,i speak1 h[ev]1 only ( ^? t h come to my k2 b ,i make no d\bt1 if a c>eful inquiry 7 made1 t "o might discov] half a doz5 m ( ,/ ,john's f+]s1 & _m pieces ( 8 head1 besides ^? ,i h enum]at$47#adf7 ,!re are _m relics ( ano!r k9d %[n z hav+ belong$ to ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/2 z1 = in/ance1 "o ( 8 %oes is pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,c>?usians at ,p>is4 ,x 0 /ol5 ab\t twelve ye>s ago2 b x 0 v soon replac$ by t sort ( miracle nev] likely to cease s long z !re are %oemak]s 9 ! _w4 ,at ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an1 at ,rome1 !y boa/ ( hav+ 8 hairclo? m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! ,gospel speaks ( 8 raim5t ( camel's hair1 b !y endeav\r to conv]t x into a horse-hair g>m5t47#adg7 ,!y h also at ! same *ur* ! alt> be=e :i* he pray$ 9 ! des]t1 z if alt>s 7 9 ^? days erect$ on e occasion & 9 e place4 ,i wond]1 inde$1 t !y h n ascrib$ to him ! say+ ( ! mass4 ,at ,avignon !y %[ ! sword ) :i* he 0 behead$1 & at ,aix-la-,*apelle ! %eet :i* 0 spread "u him at t "t4 ,is x n absurd to suppose t ! execution] w\ld spread a %eet "u "o :om he 0 ab\t to kill8 ,b admitt+ t ?is %\ld be ! case1 h[ h !y obta9$ ^! two objects8 ,is x likely t ! man :o put him to dea?1 :e!r a soldi] or execution]1 %\ld h giv5 away 8 sword & ! %eet we h m5tion$1 9 ord] to be conv]t$ into relics8 ,,/ ,,pet] ,,& ,,/ ,,paul4 ,x is n[ "t to speak ( ! apo/les1 & ,i %all beg9 ) ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul4 ,_! bodies are at ,rome2 "o "p ( !m 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,pet]1 & ! o!r 9 t ( ,/ ,paul4 ,we are told t ,/ ,sylve/] weigh$ _! bodies 9 ord] to divide !m into equal p>ts4 ,bo? _! heads are pres]v$ also at ,rome 9 ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an4 ,besides ! two bodies we h j m5tion$1 _m ( _! bones are to be f\nd else:]e1 z at ,poiti]s !y h ,/ ,pet]'s jaw & be>d4 ,at ,treves !re are sev]al bones ( ! two apo/les4 ,at ,arg5ton 9 ,b]ri !y h ,/ ,paul's %\ld]1 & 9 almo/ e *ur* d$icat$ to ^! apo/les !re w be f\nd "s ( _! relics4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is treatise ,i m5tion$ t ,/ ,pet]'s bra9s1 :i* 7 %[n 9 ?is t[n 7,g5eva71 7 f\nd on exam9ation to be a piece ( pumice /one1 & ,i h no d\bt t _m ( ! bones consid]$ to belong to ^! two apo/les w\ld turn out to be ! bones ( "s animal4 ,at ,salvati]ra !y h ,/ ,pet]'s slipp]4 ,i d n "k :at %ape x is1 or ( :at mat]ial x is made2 b ,i conclude x to be simil> to ! slipp]s ( ! same apo/le %[n at ,poiti]s1 & :i* are made ( sat9 embroid]$ ) gold4 ,x w\ld seem z if !y _h made him ?us sm>t aft] 8 dea? z a comp5sation = ! pov]ty :i* he suff]$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,_! bi%ops look n[ s %[y 9 _! pontificals1 t no d\bt x w\ld be ?\ght d]ogatory to ! apo/les' dignity if !y 7 n dress$ out 9 ! same /yle4 ,!y take1 !re=e1 figures :i* !y gild & ornam5t all ov]1 & "n !m z ,/ ,pet] or ,/ ,paul1 =gett+ t x is well kn[n :at 0 ! condition ( ^! apo/les :il/ 9 ?is life1 & t !y wore ! raim5ts ( ! poor4 ,!y %[ also at ,rome ,/ ,pet]'s episcopal *air & 8 *asuble1 z if ! bi%ops ( t age _h ?rones to sit ^u4 ,! bi%ops !n 7 engag$ 9 tea*+1 consol+1 & exhort+ _! flocks bo? 9 public & private1 sett+ !m an example ( true humility1 b n tea*+ !m to set up idols1 z is done by ^? ( our day4 ,) reg>d to 8 *asuble1 ,i mu/ say t x 0 n !n ! cu/om to put on disguises1 = f>ces 7 n at t "t p]=m$ 9 ! *ur*es z !y are n[4 ,?us1 to prove t ,/ ,pet] _h a *asuble1 x is necess>y to %[ 9 ! fir/ place t he _h play$ ! m\ntebank1 z ! prie/s d n[ :5ev] !y int5d to s]ve ,god4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 no wond] t !y h giv5 him a *asuble s9ce !y h assign$ an alt> to him1 !re be+ no m tru?ful f\ndation = ! "o ?an = ! o!r4 ,x is well kn[n :at k9d ( mass 0 said at t "t4 ,! apo/les simply celebrat$ ! ,"l's ,supp]1 & ?is requires no alt>2 b z to ! celebration ( ! mass1 x 0 !n n he>d (1 nor 0 x practis$ = a long "t aft]w>ds47#adh7 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t ^? :o inv5t$ all ^! relics nev] expect$ contradiction1 or !y w\ld n h devis$ su* audaci\s falsehoods4 ,! au!nticity ( ,/ ,pet]'s alt> at ,rome 7:i* ,i h j m5tion$7 is d5i$ by ,pisa1 t t[n pret5d+ to possess ! real "o4 ,! lea/ objectionable ( ,/ ,pet]'s relics is und\bt$ly 8 /aff1 x be+ mo/ probable t he _h made use ( "o dur+ 8 travels1 b un=tunately !re are two ( !m at ,cologne & ,treves1 ea* t[n claim+ exclusive possession ( ! id5tical "o47#adi7 ,,! ,,o!r ,,apo/les4 ,we %all speak ( ! re/ ( ! apo/les toge!r1 9 ord] to get quick] ov] ! matt]1 & we w relate1 9 ! fir/ place1 :]e _! :ole bodies are to be f\nd1 t our read]s1 by comp>ison1 may be able to =m _! own op9ions on ! subject4 ,all "k t ! t[n ( ,t\l\se boa/s ( possess+ ! bodies ( six1 namely1 ,/ ,james ! ,major 7bro!r ( ,/ ,john71 ,/ ,&rew1 ,/ ,james ! ,m9or1 ,/ ,philip1 ,/ ,simeon1 & ,/ ,jude4 ,at ,padua !y h ! body ( ,/ ,mat?ias1 at ,sal]no t ( ,/ ,mat!w1 at ,orconna t ( ,/ ,?omas1 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples t ( ,/ ,b>?olomew4 ,n[1 let u reckon up ^? apo/les :o possess two or ?ree bodies4 ,/ ,&rew has a duplicate at ,amalfi1 ,/ ,philip & ,/ ,james ! ,m9or bo? h duplicates at ,rome1 ad sanctos ,apo/olos1 ,/ ,simeon & ,/ ,jude ! same 9 ,/ ,pet]'s ,*ur*4 ,/ ,b>?olomew enjoys an equal privilege at ,rome1 9 ! *ur* be>+ 8 "n4 ,"h we h enum]at$ six ( !m1 ea* provid$ ) two bodies1 & ,/ ,b>?olomew has an additional sk9 into ! b>ga91 :i* is %[n at ,pisa47#aej7 ,/ ,mat!w1 h[ev]1 outrivals !m all1 = besides ! body at ,padua1 :i* we h be=e m5tion$1 he has ano!r at ,rome 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>ia ,maggiore1 a ?ird at ,treves1 & an additional arm at ,rome47#aea7 ,x is true t ! bits & scraps ( ,/ ,&rew's body1 scatt]$ 9 v>i\s places1 c\nt]balance1 9 "s measure1 ! sup]iority ( ,/ ,mat?ias2 = he has at ,rome1 9 ,/ ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 a head1 & a %\ld] 9 t ( ,/ ,*ryso/om1 an arm at ,/ ,esprit1 a rib at ,/ ,eu/a*e1 ,i d n "k h[ _m bones at ,/ ,blaise1 & a foot at ,aix 9 ,prov5ce4 ,n[1 z ,/ ,b>?olomew has left 8 sk9 at ,pisa1 s he has left !re a h&2 at ,treves he has also "s bones1 ( :i* ,i =get ! numb]2 at ,frejus a f+]1 & at ,rome !re are o!r ( 8 bones2 s t1 aft] all1 he is n ! poore/ ( ! apo/les1 o!rs n hav+ su* a numb] ( relics4 ,/ ,mat!w & ,/ ,?omas are ! poore/ ( all4 ,! fir/ has only1 besides 8 body at ,sal]no1 :i* we h m5tion$1 "s bones at ,treves1 an arm 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>ia at ,rome1 & 9 t ( ,/ ,nicolas 8 head2 ?\gh x may be t o!r ( 8 relics may h escap$ my k1 :i* w\ld be no wond]1 = :o is n confus$ ) ?is ocean ( impo/ures87#aeb7 ,z !y pret5d1 9 _! tales1 t ! body ( ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/ disappe>$ imm$iately aft] x 0 deposit$ 9 ! grave1 s !y _c produce any ( 8 bones1 & !y !re=e s\ght = a comp5sation among/ 8 clo?+1 c4 ,?us !y %[ at ,bologna ! cup f :i* he 0 =c$ to dr9k poison by ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,domitian4 ,probably ow+ to "s wond]ful process ( al*emy1 ! same cup exi/s also 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an at ,rome4 ,!y h also 8 coat1 & ! *a9 ) :i* he 0 b\nd :5 br\ght f ,ephesus to ,rome1 z well z ! oratory at :i* he us$ to pray :5 9 prison47#aec7 ,,/ ,,anna4 ,we mu/ n[ hurry on1 or we %all nev] quit ?is labyr9?4 ,we w1 !re=e1 only briefly m5tion ! relics ( ^? sa9ts :o 7 our ,"l's contempor>ies1 & !n proce$ to ^? ( ! m>tyrs1 c41 leav+ our read]s to =m _! own conclusions f ^! brief sket*es4 ,/ ,anne1 ! "m ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 has a :ole body at ,apt 9 ,prov5ce1 & ano!r at ,notre ,dame de l',isle at ,lyons4 ,%e has a head at ,treves also1 a second at ,dur5 ne> ,cologne1 & a ?ird at a t[n call$ aft] h] "n 9 ,?ur+hia4 ,i %all n speak ( h] o!r relics %[n 9 m ?an a hundr$ diff]5t places4 ,i rememb] t ,i myself kiss$ "o ( h] relics1 kept at ! abbey ( ,orcamps ne> ,noyon1 on ! occasion ( a gr& fe/ival held 9 its hon\r4 ,,laz>us1 ,,m>y ,,magdal5e1 ,,etc4 ,laz>us has1 to my k1 ?ree bodies1 at ,m>seilles1 ,autun1 & ,avalon4 ,a protract$ lawsuit took place betwe5 ! two la/-nam$ t[ns conc]n+ ! validity ( _! respective claims to ! possession ( ! real body ( ?is sa9t4 ,yet aft] an imm5se exp5se1 bo? p>ties may be said to h ga9$ _! suit1 = nei!r =feit$ its title to own]%ip4 ,) reg>d to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 %e owns b two bodies1 "o at ,aux]re1 & ano!r ( v great celebrity1 ) its head deta*$1 at ,/ ,maxim91 9 ,prov5ce4 ,( _! num]\s relics scatt]$ ov] ! _w ,i %all n speak4 ,i w\ld m]ely inquire :e!r ,laz>us & 8 si/]s ev] w5t to prea* 9 ,france2 = ^? :o h read ! acc\nts giv5 by anci5t hi/orians ( ^? times _c fail to be conv9c$ ( ! folly ( ?is fable47#aed7 ,,/ ,,long9us1 ,,& ,,! ,,?ree ,,wise ,,m51 ,,or ,,k+s4 ,! individual :o pi]c$ ! side ( our ,"l on ! cross has be5 canonis$ "u ! "n ( ,/ ,long9us1 & aft] hav+ ?us baptiz$ him1 !y h be/[$ ^u him two bodies1 "o ( :i* is at ,mantua1 & ! o!r at ,notre ,dame de l',isle at ,lyons47#aee7 ,! same has be5 done ) ! wise m5 :o came to wor%ip our ,"l at ! nativity4 ,9 ! fir/ place !y settl$ _! numb]1 tell+ u t !re 7 ?ree4 ,n[ ! ,gospel does n m5tion h[ _m 7 pres5t1 & "s em95t ecclesia/ical writ]s h ma9ta9$ _! numb] to h be5 f\rte51 z m5tion$ = in/ance 9 t imp]fect comm5t>y on ,/ ,mat!w :i* is ascrib$ to ,*ryso/om4 ,moreov]1 ! ,gospel calls !m wise m51 b !y h elevat$ !m to ! dignity ( k+s1 )\t be/[+ on !m1 h[ev]1 ei!r k+doms or subjects4 ,f9ally1 !y h be5 baptiz$ "u ! names ( ,bal?az>1 ,mel*ior1 & ,gasp>4 ,n[1 suppos+ we conc$e to !m ^! fables1 frivol\s z !y are1 x is c]ta9 t ! wise m5 return$ to ! ea/1 = ! ,gospel in=ms u ( ?is1 & we may conclude t !y di$ 9 _! native l&1 !re be+ no reason = ?9k+ o!rwise4 ,n[1 :o transf]r$ _! bodies to ! we/1 = ! purpose ( pres]v+ !m z relics8 ,x w\ld be q ridicul\s1 h[ev]1 = me to attempt s]i\sly to refute su* a palpable impo/ure4 ,let ,cologne & ,milan1 bo? ( :i* t[ns pret5d to possess relics ( ^! wise m51 or k+s1 decide ?is "q betwe5 !mselves47#aef7 ,,/ ,,dionysius4 ,/ ,dionysius is consid]$ to be "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( anci5t m>tyrs1 z a disciple ( ! apo/les1 & z ! ,evangeli/ ( ,france4 ,occupy+ su* high rank1 x is !re=e v natural t 8 relics %\ld be s lib]ally disp]s$2 8 :ole bodies are1 h[ev]1 only pres]v$ at ! ,abbey ( ,/ ,dnis 9 ,france1 & at ,ratisbon 9 ,g]many4 ,ab\t a c5tury ago ,ratisbon in/itut$ a lawsuit at ,rome to prove t ! body 9 its possession 0 truly t ( ! sa9t1 & ! ju/ice ( ! claim 0 e/abli%$ by a decision ( ! ,papal ,c\rt1 deliv]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,fr5* ,ambassador4 ,& yet1 any "o s bold z to d>e to ass]t at ,/ ,dnis t !irs 0 n ! real body w\ld run ! risk ( be+ /on$ = blasphemy2 :il/ ^? :o oppose ! claim ( ,ratisbon are consid]$ z h]etics1 rebelli\s to ! decision ( ! ,holy ,see47#aeg7 ,,/ ,,/eph54 ,! :ole body ( ,/ ,/eph5 is at ,rome1 8 head is at ,arles1 & 8 bones are 9 m ?an ?ree hundr$ places2 & ! ,papi/s1 z if to %[ !mselves to be ! p>tisans ( ^? :o murd]$ him1 h canoniz$ ! /ones ) :i* he 0 kill$4 ,x may be ask$ h[ ^! /ones 7 obta9$1 b to my m9d ?is w\ld be a fooli% "q1 z /ones may be pick$ up any:]e1 )\t incurr+ any tr\ble or exp5se 9 _! transport4 ,^! /ones are %[n at ,flor5ce1 at ! conv5t ( ! ,augu/9e monks at ,arles1 & at ,vigan 9 ,langu$oc1 c4 ,:oev] w close 8 eyes & all[ 8 und]/&+ to be set aside1 may believe t ^! are ! id5tical /ones ) :i* ,/ ,/eph5 suff]$ m>tyrdom1 b :oev] w ex]t 8 reason a little _c b laugh at ?is imposition4 ,! ,c>melite monks ( ,poiti]s discov]$ "s ( ^! /ones only f\rte5 ye>s ago1 to :i* !y ascrib$ ! virtue ( assi/+ wom5 9 ! pa9s ( travail2 b ! ,dom9ican monks1 f :om a rib ( ,/ ,m>g>ita :i* possess$ ! same virtue _h be5 /ol51 7 v indignant1 & rais$ a great outcry at ! deception practis$ by ! ,c>melites1 b ! latt] ga9$ ! body by firmly ma9ta9+ _! rights4 ,,! ,,holy ,,innoc5ts4 ,x 0 n at fir/ my int5tion to m5tion ! ,holy ,innoc5ts1 = if ,i 7 to enum]ate a :ole army ( _! relics1 x might always be said to me 9 reply t hi/ory is n contradict$ by t1 z _! numb] has nev] be5 m5tion$ to u4 ,i %all n dwell1 !re=e1 ^u _! multitude1 m]ely obs]v+ t !y are to be f\nd 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,i w\ld ask1 h[ev]1 h[ x came to pass t _! graves 7 discov]$ s long aft] _! massacre1 s9ce !y 7 n consid]$ z sa9ts :5 _! murd] by ,h]od took place8 ,& !n1 h[ 7 ^! num]\s bodies convey$ to ! _m places :]e !y are n[ to be se58 ,to ^! que/ions b "o answ] c be giv5--8,all ?is occurr$ five or six hundr$ ye>s aft] _! dea?40 ,h[ c any b idiots believe su* ?+s8 ,b suppos+ ev5 t "s ( _! bodies _h really be5 discov]$1 h[ came s l>ge a numb] ( !m to be transport$ to ,france1 ,italy1 & ,g]many1 & to be di/ribut$ among/ s _m t[ns situat$ s f> ap>t8 ,?is c only be a :olesale deception4 ,,/ ,,g]vasius ,,& ,,/ ,,protasius4 ,! sepul*res ( ^! two sa9ts 7 discov]$ at ,milan 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,ambrose1 z te/ifi$ by him4 ,?is fact is confirm$ also by ! evid5ce ( ,/ ,j]ome1 ,/ ,augu/9e1 & sev]al o!rs2 consequ5tly ,milan ma9ta9s its possession ( ! real bodies ( ^! sa9ts4 ,nev]!less1 !y are likewise to be se5 at ,brissa* 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,pet] at ,besanon1 besides an imm5se numb] ( diff]5t p>ts ( _! bodies scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! l&1 s t ea* ( !m mu/ h _h at lea/ f\r bodies4 ,,/ ,,seba/ian4 ,?is sa9t1 f ! wond]ful p[] 8 rema9s possess$ ( cur+ ! plague1 0 put into requisition & m s\ght aft] ?an _m ( 8 bro!r sa9ts1 & no d\bt ?is popul>ity 0 ! cause ( 8 body be+ quadrupl$4 ,"o body is 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,lawr5ce at ,rome2 a second is at ,soissons2 ! ?ird at ,piligny1 ne> ,nantes1 & ! f\r? at 8 bir?-place1 ne> ,n>bonne4 ,besides ^!1 he has two heads at ,/ ,pet]'s at ,rome1 & at ! ,dom9ican *ur* at ,t\l\se4 ,! heads are1 h[ev]1 empty1 if we are to believe ! ,franciscan monks ( ,ang]s1 z !y pret5d to possess ! sa9t's bra9s4 ,! ,dom9icans ( ,ang]s possess "o ( 8 arms1 ano!r is at ,/ ,/]n91 at ,t\l\se1 a ?ird at ,case ,dieu 9 ,auv]gne1 & a f\r? at ,montbrisson4 ,we w pass ov] ! small fragm5ts ( 8 body1 :i* may be se5 9 s _m *ur*es4 ,!y did n re/ satisfi$ ) ?is multiplication ( 8 body & sep>ate limbs1 b !y conv]t$ into relics ! arr[s ) :i* he 0 kill$4 ,"o ( ^! is %[n at ,lambesc 9 ,prov5ce1 ano!r is 9 ! ,augu/9e conv5t at ,poiti]s1 & !re are _m o!rs 9 diff]5t t[ns4 ,,/ ,,an?ony4 ,a simil> reason has be/[$ on ,/ ,an?ony ! advantage ( multiplication ( 8 rema9s1 he be+ consid]$ z an irrascible sa9t1 burn+ up all ^? :o incur 8 displeasure2 & ?is belief caus$ him to be dread$ & rev]5c$4 ,fe> creat+ devotion1 & produc+ also a univ]sal desire to possess 8 relics1 on acc\nt ( ! pr(its & advantages to be d]iv$ !refrom1 ,arles !re=e _h a long & sev]e conte/ ) ,vi5ne 79 ,france7 respect+ ! validity ( ! bodies ( ?is sa9t possess$ by ea* ( ^! t[ns4 ,! issue 0 ! same z 9 o!r simil> disputes1 i4e41 matt]s rema9$ 9 ! same /ate ( confusion z be=e2 = if ! tru? _h be5 e/abli%$1 bo? p>ties w\ld h lo/ _! cause4 ,besides ^! two bodies1 ,/ ,an?ony has a knee 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,augu/9es at ,albi1 & sev]al o!r limbs at ,b\rg1 ,maon1 ,our\x1 ,*alons1 ,besanon1 c4 ,su* are ! advantages ( be+ an object ( dread & fe>1 o!rwise ?is sa9t might possibly h be5 p]mitt$ to rema9 quietly 9 8 grave47#aeh7 ,,/ ,,petronilla--,,/ ,,hel5a--,,/ ,,ursula--,,& ,,! ,,elev5 ,,?\s& ,,virg9s4 ,i mu/ n =get to m5tion ,/ ,petronilla1 ,/ ,pet]'s daught]1 :o has a :ole body at ,rome1 9 ! *ur* d$icat$ to h] fa!r1 besides o!r relics 9 t ( ,/ ,b>b>a4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 prev5t h] f own+ ano!r body 9 ! ,dom9ican conv5t at ,mans1 :i* is greatly v5]at$ = ! virtue x possesses ( cur+ fev]s4 ,/ ,hel5a has n be5 s lib]ally provid$ =4 ,besides h] body at ,v5ice1 %e has b an extra head 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,g]eon at ,cologne47#aei7 ,/ ,ursula beats h] holl[ 9 ?is respect2 = %e has a :ole body at ,/ ,jean d',angely1 & a head into ! b>ga9 at ,cologne1 besides ?ree sep>ate limbs1 & v>i\s fragm5ts at ,mans1 ,t\rs1 & ,b]g]at4 ,! companions ( ?is sa9t are call$ ! elev5 ?\s& virg9s1 & al?\gh ?is is a respectable numb]1 yet x is /ill too small1 consid]+ t ! rema9s ( ^! virg9s are to be se5 ev]y:]e2 = besides !re be+ ab\t "o hundr$ c>t-loads ( _! bones at ,cologne1 !re is h>dly a t[n :]e "o or m *ur*es h n "s relics ( ^! num]\s sa9ts47#afj7 ,if ,i 0 to enum]ate all ! m9or sa9ts ,i %\ld ent] a labyr9? )\t possibility ( egress4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 re/ satisfi$ ) giv+ a few examples1 leav+ my read]s to judge f ^! ( ! re/4 ,= in/ance1 !re are two *ur*es at ,poiti]s1 "o atta*$ to ! conv5t ( ,selle1 & ! o!r d$icat$ to ! sa9t 9 "q1 betwe5 :i* a great dispute has be5 go+ on z to ! possession ( ! real body ( ,/ ,hil>ion4 ,! lawsuit ^u ?is po9t has be5 susp5d$ = an indef9ite "t1 & mean:ile ! idolat]s wor%ip two bodies ( "o & ! same individual4 ,/ ,honoratus has a body at ,arles1 & ano!r at ! isl& ( ,l]9s1 ne> ,antibes4 ,/ ,giles has a body at ,t\l\se1 & a second 9 a t[n be>+ 8 "n 9 ,langu$oc4 ,i c\ld quote an inf9ite numb] ( simil> cases4 ,i ?9k t ! exhibitors ( ^! relics %\ld at lea/ h made "s arrangem5t among/ !mselves ! bett] to conceal _! b>efac$ impo/ures4 ,some?+ ( ?is sort 0 manag$ betwe5 ! canons ( ,trves & ^? ( ,lige ab\t ,/ ,lamb]t's head4 ,!y comp\nd$1 = a sum ( money1 n to %[ publicly ! head 9 _! possession1 9 ord] to avoid ! natural surprise ( ! public at ! same relic be+ se5 9 two diff]5t t[ns situat$ s ne> to ea* o!r4 ,b1 z ,i h already rem>k$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is treatise1 ! inv5tors ( ^! frauds nev] imag9$ any "o c\ld be f\nd bold en\gh to speak out & expose _! deceptions4 ,x may be ask$1 h[ x came to pass t ^! manufactur]s ( relics1 hav+ collect$ & =g$ )\t any reason all t _! imag9ations c\ld fancy 9 any way1 c\ld h omitt$ subjects p]ta9+ to ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,! only reply ,i c give to ?is qu]y is1 t !y look$ ) contempt on ^? subjects1 f :i* !y did n anticipate any consid]able ga94 ,/ill !y h n entirely despis$ !m1 = !y pret5d to h ! bones ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>ia supra ,m9]vam1 at ,rome4 ,!y also boa/ ( possess+1 at ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an1 ! ark ( alliance1 ) ,a>on's rod1 ?\gh ! same rod is also at ! ,holy ,*apel 9 ,p>is1 :il/ "s pieces ( x are pres]v$ at ,salvati]ra4 ,moreov]1 at ,bordeaux !y ma9ta9 t ,/ ,m>tial's rod1 :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,sev]91 is no o!r ?an t ( ,a>on4 ,x seems1 inde$1 t !y w\ld wi% ) ?is rod to p]=m ano!r miracle2 =m]ly x 0 turn$ into a s]p5t1 :]eas n[ !y w\ld conv]t x into ?ree diff]5t rods6 ,x is v likely t !y may h o!r relics ( objects m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b ! few we h "h allud$ to %[ t !y h treat$ !m mu* 9 ! same /yle z ^? belong+ to ,*ri/ian times4 ,i n[ beg to rem9d my read]s ( :at ,i m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w1 t ,i h _h no commission]s = visit+ ! num]\s *ur*es ( ! diff]5t c\ntries enum]at$ by me1 nor mu/ my description be tak5 = a regi/] or inv5tory ( all t c be discov]$ respect+ relics4 ,i h m5tion$ ab\t half-a-doz5 t[ns 9 ,g]many1 b ?ree 9 ,spa9 ,i ?9k1 ab\t fifte5 9 ,italy1 & betwe5 ?irty & =ty 9 ,france1 & ev5 ( ^! few examples ,i h n relat$ all t ,i might conc]n+ !m4 ,n[1 let u only imag9e :at a mass might be rais$ out ( all ! relics :i* are to be se5 9 ,*ri/5dom1 if !y 7 collect$ & arrang$ toge!r 9 prop] ord]4 ,i speak1 h[ev]1 only ( ^? c\ntries :i* we "k & frequ5t2 = x is mo/ important to obs]ve t all ! relics belong+ to ,*ri/ & ! apo/les :i* are display$ 9 ! we/ are also to be se5 9 ,greece1 ,asia1 & all o!r c\ntries :]e ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es are 9 exi/5ce4 ,n[1 :at are we to say :5 ! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians ass]t _! claims8 ,if we contradict !m1 alleg+ on our "p t ! body ( su* a sa9t 0 br\ght to ,europe by m]*ants1 t ( ano!r by monks1 t ( a ?ird by a bi%op1 t a "p ( ! cr[n ( ?orns 0 s5t to a k+ ( ,france by an emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ano!r "p 0 c>ri$ (f 9 "t ( w>1 & s on ( e object ( ! k9d1 !y w\ld %ake _! heads1 & laugh at u6 ,h[ are su* diff]5ces to be settl$8 ,9 e d\btful case we c only judge by conjecture1 &1 9 foll[+ ?is out1 ! adh]5ts ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es are sure ( success1 because _! claims are m probable ?an ^? ( _! oppon5ts4 ,x is inde$ a difficult po9t = ! def5d]s ( relics to settle4 ,f9ally1 ,i besee* & exhort1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 all my read]s to li/5 to ! tru? n[ cle>ly display$ be=e !m1 & to believe t1 by ,god's especial provid5ce1 ^? :o h endeav\r$ ?us to lead mank9d a/ray h be5 r5d]$ s bl9d & c>eless z to neglect a prop] concealm5t ( _! deceptions1 b t1 l ,midianites hav+ _! eyes put out1 !y run "o aga9/ ano!r1 = we all "k t !y qu>rel among/ !mselves1 & mutually injure ea* o!r4 ,:oev] is n wilfully prejudic$ aga9/ all reason mu/ c]ta9ly be conv9c$ t ! wor%ip ( relics1 :e!r true or false1 is an abom9able idolatry2 yet %\ld n ?is ev5 be ! case ) him1 he mu/ nev]!less p]ceive ! evid5t impo/ure1 & :atev] may h be5 8 =m] devotion to relics1 he mu/ lose all c\rage 9 kiss+ su* objects1 & become entirely disgu/$ ) !m4 ,i repeat :at ,i said at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is treatise1 t x w\ld be mo/ important to aboli% f among/ u ,*ri/ians ?is pagan sup]/ition ( canonis+ relics1 ei!r ( ,*ri/ or ( 8 sa9ts1 9 ord] to make idols ( !m2 = ?is is a defilem5t & an impurity :i* %\ld nev] be suff]$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,we h already prov$ t x is s by argum5ts1 & also f ! evid5ce ( ,scripture4 ,let ^? :o are n yet satisfi$ look to ! practices ( ! anci5t fa!rs1 & con=m to _! examples4 ,!re are _m holy patri>*s1 _m prophets1 _m holy k+s1 & o!r sa9ts m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,god orda9$ at t "t ! obs]vance ( m c]emonies ?an are ne$$ n[4 ,ev5 fun]als 7 p]=m$ !n ) m display ?an at pres5t1 9 ord] to repres5t symbolically ! glori\s resurrection1 especially z x _h n !n be5 s cle>ly reveal$ by ! ,^w ( ,god z x is to ourselves4 ,d we ev] read 9 t book t ^! sa9ts 7 tak5 f _! sepul*res z idols8 ,0 ,abraham1 ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful1 ev] ?us rais$8 ,0 ,s>ah ev] remov$ f h] grave8 ,7 !y n left 9 peace1 ) ! rema9s ( all o!r sa9ts8 ,b :at is m conclusive1 0 n ! body ( ,moses conceal$ by ,god's w1 9 su* a mann] t x nev] has be5 or c be discov]$8 ,has n ! devil cont5d$ conc]n+ x ) ! angels1 z ,/ ,jude says8 ,n[1 :at 0 our ,"l's reason = remov+ t body f ! sight ( m51 & :y %\ld ! devil desire to h x exhibit$ to !m8 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ,god wi%$ to put away f 8 p ( ,israel all temptation to commit idolatry1 & t ,satan desir$ its introduction among/ !m4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ! ,israelites 7 incl9$ to sup]/ition4 ,i ask1 h[ /&s ! case n[ ) ourselves8 ,is !re n1 )\t comp>ison1 m p]v]sity 9 ?is respect among/ ,*ri/ians ?an !re ev] 0 among/ ! ,jews ( old8 ,let u call to m9d ! practice ( ! e>ly *ur*4 ,x is true t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 always anxi\s to get possession ( ! bodies ( ! m>tyrs1 le/ !y might be dev\r$ by bea/s or birds ( prey1 & dec5tly to bury !m1 z we read 0 ! case ) ! bodies ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,/ ,/eph54 ,?is solicitude 0 %[n1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to int] !m 9 _! graves1 & !re to leave !m until ! day ( ! resurrection2 b !y did n expose ^! rema9s to ! sight ( m5 = _! adoration4 ,! un=tunate cu/om ( canonis+ sa9ts 0 n introduc$ into ! ,*ur* until x _h become p]v]t$ & pr(an$1 p>tly by ! folly & cupidity ( its prelates & pa/ors1 & p>tly because !y 7 unable to re/ra9 ?is innovation1 z p 7 seek+ to deceive !mselves by giv+ _! he>ts to pu]ile follies1 in/ead ( to ! true wor%ip ( ,god4 ,if we wi%1 9 a direct mann]1 to correct ?is abuse1 x is necess>y to aboli% entirely :at has be5 s badly comm5c$ & e/abli%$ aga9/ all reason4 ,b if x is impossible to arrive at once at su* a cle> compreh5sion ( ?is abuse1 let p at lea/ h _! eyes op5$ to disc]n :at ! relics are :i* are pres5t$ = _! adoration4 ,?is is inde$ no difficulty = ^? :o w only ex]cise _! reason1 = among/ ! num]\s evid5t impo/ures we h "h m5tion$1 :]e may we f9d "o real relic ( :i* we may feel c]ta9 t x is su* z is repres5t$8 ,moreov]1 all ^? t ,i h enum]at$ are no?+ comp>atively to ! rema9d] yet untold by me4 ,ev5 :il/ ?is treatise is 9 ! press1 ,i h be5 in=m$ ( _m relics n m5tion$ 9 x2 & if a g5]al visitation ( all exi/+ relics 7 possible1 a hundr$fold m discov]ies w\ld be made4 ,i rememb] :5 ,i 0 a little boy :at took place 9 our p>i%4 ,on ! fe/ival day ( ,/ ,/eph51 ! images ( ! tyrants :o /on$ him 7= !y are ?us call$ by ! common p7 7 adorn$ z mu* z t ( ! sa9t himself4 ,_m wom51 see+ ^! tyrants ?us deck$ out1 mi/ook !m = ! sa9t's companions1 & (f]$ ! homage ( c&les to ea* ( !m4 ,mi/akes ( ?is k9d mu/ frequ5tly happ5 to ! wor%ipp]s ( relics1 = !re is su* confusion among/ !m t x is q impossible to wor%ip ! bones ( a m>tyr )\t dang] ( r5d]+ su* hon\rs by mi/ake to ! bones ( "s brig& or ?ief1 or ev5 to ^? ( a horse1 a dog1 or a donkey4 ,& x is equally impossible to adore ! r+1 ! comb1 ! girdle ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 )\t ! risk ( ador+ in/ead objects :i* may h belong$ to "s ab&on$ p]son4 ,n[1 ^? :o fall into ?is error mu/ d s will+ly1 z no "o c f h5ce=? plead ignorance on ! subject z _! excuse47#afa7 ,,po/script4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,ecclesia/ical ,gazette ( ,vi5na has be5 reproduc$ 9 an ,extraord9>y ,supplem5t ( ! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 ( ,augsburg1 = ! #aa? ,may #ahed4 ,i subjo9 a translation ( x 9 a po/script1 z an additional evid5ce ( ! p]secution to :i* ! ,greek ,*ur* unit$ ) ,rome has be5 subject$ 9 ,russia1 & :i* ,i m5tion$ on page #afa ( ?is "w3-- 8,spies appo9t$ = ?is especial purpose transmitt$1 9 _! reports to ! ,gov]nm5t1 li/s ( su* individuals z 7 suspect$ to be ,ca?olics at he>t2 & if all ! exagg]at$ acc\nts :i* _h be5 made ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition 7 true1 !y w\ld be ?r[n into ! %ade by ! proce$+s t 7 adopt$ aga9/ ! above-m5tion$ individuals4 ,& inde$ x is an av]r$ fact1 t _m ( !m fell a victim to />vation1 bl[s1 & o!r cruel treatm5t4 ,! ,ca?olic inhabitants ( ,worodzk[ 7 =c$ ) /ripes1 by ! ,gov]nor & 8 satellites1 to sign a volunt>y petition1 express+ _! ard5t wi% to be receiv$ into ! pale ( ! or?odox ,russian ,*ur*4 ,! names ( ^? :o c\ld n write 7 sign$ by o!rs1 & :oev] %[$ ! slighte/ manife/ation ( 8 desire to rema9 a ,ca?olic1 aft] hav+ p]=m$ ?is volunt>y act1 0 treat$ z "o guilty ( high treason4 ,! same proce$+s z at ,worodzk[ 7 adopt$ 9 a hundr$ o!r places1 ^: volunt>y petitions 7 obta9$ ) bloody /ripes ( ! kn\t4 ,! un=tunate petition]s 71 9 ord] to p]=m ?is op]ation1 dragg$ f _! homes1 sometimes to a di/ance ( #ah or #bj v]/s 7#a- v]/ to an ,engli% mile71 & ^? :o /eadfa/ly refus$ to sign 7 treat$ by ! ,russian papas ) ! utmo/ cruelty & indignity4 ,!y 7 put into irons1 b>r$ up 9 cold prisons )\t any fire1 />v$1 ?r[n into l>ge tubs fill$ ) an icy & /9k+ wat]1 & mo/ m]cilessly beat51 s t _m1 9 ord] to escape f su* torm5ts1 sign$ ! volunt>y petition1 ) he>ts z ble$+ z _! bodies4 ,_m succumb$ "u ^! fe>ful p]secutions1 :i* 7 n mu* inf]ior to t :i* ! ,*ri/ians _h suff]$ "u ! reign ( ,diocletian4 ,! ,papa ,/ratanovi* extort$ ! signatures made by ! fev]i%ly agitat$ h&s ( ! cl]ical victims1 :il/ 8 lay associate1 ,waima9i* ,zokal9ski1 p]=m$ ! same *>itable (fice to o!r un=tunate individuals4 ,"s ( ^! mis]able p]sons 7 r$uc$ by />vation & e k9d ( ill-treatm5t to su* a condition1 t !y 7 almo/ unconsci\s ( :at !y did 9 sign+ ! volunt>y petitions = ! reception into ! pale ( ! ,russian ,*ur*1 all ( :i* 7 obta9$ by m or less simil> means4 8,x appe>s f a great mass ( docum5t>y evid5ce1 conta9+ ! names ( localities & p]sons1 t ! proselytism ( #ahda 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,milit>y au?orities1 & ,russian papas or prie/s1 visit$ ,ca?olic villages1 & hav+ call$ toge!r ! ,ca?olic peasantry & l&[n]s ( ! neighb\rhood1 decl>$ t !y mu/ jo9 ! ,russian ,*ur*1 ?r[+ into prison ^? :o resi/$ ! summons4 ,9 ! mo/ "p ( cases1 a petition = ?is object 0 sign$ by "s hir$ wret*es 9 ! "n ( all ! community1 ( :om _m (t5 knew no?+ ab\t ?is bus9ess1 b :5 !y behav$ z ,ca?olics1 !y 7 puni%$1 z guilty ( high treason40 ,! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung /ates1 9 giv+ ?is extract f ! ,ecclesia/ical ,gazette ( ,vi5na1 t ?is p]iodical conta9s _m well-au!nticat$ cases ( religi\s p]secution aga9/ ! ,roman ,ca?olics ( ,russia2 & ,i h little d\bt t if ! ,prote/ants ( ,we/]n ,europe _h tak5 z mu* pa9s to asc]ta9 & d5\nce ! p]secution ( _! bre?r5 9 ! ,baltic prov9ces ( ,russia1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ on p4 #afb1 z is done1 be x said to _! great hon\r1 by ! ,roman ,ca?olics1 !y w\ld f9d _m acts ( p]secution direct$ aga9/ ! above-m5tion$ ,prote/ants1 z flagrant z ^? :i* h j be5 describ$4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,works ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,john/one1 ,,hunt]1 ,,co41 ,,ed9burgh4 ,,magaz9es3-- 99,! ,*ri/ian ,treasury992 ,conta9+ ,contributions f ,m9i/]s & ,memb]s ( v>i\s ,evangelical ,d5om9ations4 ,edit$ by ,,horatius ,,bon>1 ,d4,d4 ,sup] royal #hvo4 ,mon?ly ,p>ts1 #j #j #f4 ,weekly ,numb]s1 #j #j #a4 99,! ,*ildr5's ,h\r992 ,a ,mon?ly ,magaz9e = our ,"y ,folks4 ,edit$ by ,m4 ,h41 ,au?or ( 8,rosa ,l9desay10 etc4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,beautifully ,illu/rat$1 #j #j #c4 99,! ,re=m$ ,presbyt]ian ,magaz9e992 ,conta9+ ,home & ,mission>y ,intellig5ce relat+ to ! ,re=m$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 ,scotl&4 ,demy #hvo4 ,mon?ly1 #j #j #d4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,co4',s ,,sixp5ny ,,s]ies4 ,sup] royal #cbmo1 clo? limp4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4 ,,jeanie ,,hay1 ,,! ,,*e]ful ,,giv]4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #b4 ,,lily ,,ramsay2 ,,or ,,h&some ,,is ,,:o ,,h&some ,,does4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #c4 ,,ar*ie ,,d\glas2 ,,or1 ,,:]e ,,!re',s ,a ,,w ,,!re',s ,a ,,way4 ,& o!r4 #d4 ,,m9nie ,,& ,,letty2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,expect$ ,,arrival4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #e4 ,,n$ ,,fairlie ,,& ,,8 ,,ri* ,,uncle4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #f4 ,,mr ,,granville',s ,,j\rney4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #g4 ,,jamie ,,wilson',s ,,adv5tures4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #h4 ,,! ,,two ,,fri5ds4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #i4 ,,! ,,turnip ,,lant]n4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #aj4 ,,john ,,butl]2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,bl9d ,,man',s ,,dog4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #aa4 ,,*ri/fri$',s ,,fir/ ,,j\rney4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #ab4 ,,katie ,,watson1 ,,! ,,cont5t$ ,,lacemak]4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #ac4 ,,biddy1 ,,! ,,maid ,,( ,,all ,,"w4 #ad4 ,,maggie ,,morris3 ,a ,,tale ,,( ,,! ,,devon%ire ,,moor4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,co4',s ,,%ill+ ,,packets ,,( ,,rew>d ,,books4 ,sup] ,royal #cbmo1 9 ,illum9at$ ,cov]s4 #a4 ,,%ort ,,tales ,,to ,,expla9 ,,homely ,,prov]bs4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,twelve ,p5ny ,books4 ,illu/rat$4 #b4 ,,%ort ,,/ories ,,to ,,expla9 ,,bible ,,texts4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,twelve ,p5ny ,books4 ,illu/rat$4 #c4 ,,wise ,,say+s1 ,,& ,,/ories ,,to ,,expla9 ,,!m4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,twelve ,p5ny ,books4 ,illu/rat$4 #d4 ,,little ,,tales ,,= ,,little ,,p4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,six ,twop5ny ,books4 ,illu/rat$4 99,j4 ,h4 ,,co4',s ,,"o ,,%ill+ ,,s]ies499 ,sup] royal #cbmo1 extra clo?1 bevell$ bo>ds1 ,illu/rat$4 #a4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,r$ ,,velvet ,,bible4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 #b4 ,,alice ,,l[!r2 ,,or1 ,,gr&mamma',s ,,/ory ,,ab\t ,,h] ,,little ,,r$ ,,bible4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,c4 #c4 ,,no?+ ,,to ,,d2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,a ,,life4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 #d4 ,,alfr$ ,,& ,,! ,,little ,,dove4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,a4 ,krumma*]1 ,d4,d4 ,& ,,! ,,"y ,,savoy>d4 ,by ,erne/ ,hold4 #e4 ,,m>y ,m',,neill2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,^w ,,rememb]$4 ,a ,tale ( ,humble ,life4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,c4 #f4 ,,h5ry ,,morgan2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,s[] ,,& ,,! ,,se$4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 #g4 ,,witless ,,willie1 ,,! ,,idiot ,,boy4 ,by ! ,au?or ( 8,m>y ,ma!son10 etc4 #h4 ,,m>y ,,mansfield2 ,,or1 ,,no ,,"t ,,to ,,be ,a ,,*ri/ian4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 #i4 ,,frank ,,field+2 ,,or1 ,,debts ,,& ,,difficulties4 ,by ,agnes ,veit*4 #aj4 ,,tales ,,= 8,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,h\r40 ,by ,m4 ,m4 ,c4 #aa4 ,,! ,,little ,,capta93 a ,tale ( ! ,sea4 ,by ,mrs ,george ,cupples4 #ab4 ,,gottfri$ ,,( ,,! ,,iron ,,h&3 a ,tale ( ,g]man ,*ivalry4 #ac4 ,,ar?ur ,,=tescue2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,s*oolboy ,,h]o4 ,by ,rob]t ,hope ,moncrieff4 #ad4 ,,! ,,sangreal2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,hidd5 ,,treasure4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 #ae4 ,,cock]ill ,,! ,,conjur]2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,brave ,,boy ,,( ,,hameln4 #af4 ,,jott+s ,,f ,,! ,,di>y ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 #ag4 ,,d[n ,,among ,,! ,,wat] ,,we$s4 ,by ,mona ,b4 ,bick]/affe4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,co4',s ,,eighte5p5ce ,,s]ies4 ,sup] royal #cbmo1 extra clo?1 ri*ly gilt sides & edges1 ,illu/rat$4 #a4 ,,%ort ,,tales ,,to ,,expla9 ,,homely ,,prov]bs4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 #b4 ,,%ort ,,/ories ,,to ,,expla9 ,,bible ,,texts4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 #c4 ,,alfr$ ,,& ,,! ,,little ,,dove4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,a4 ,krumma*]1 ,d4,d4 ,& ,,witless ,,willie1 ,,! ,,idiot ,,boy4 ,by ! ,au?or ( 8,m>y ,ma!son10 etc4 #d4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,r$ ,,velvet ,,bible3 & ,,h5ry ,,morgan2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,s[] ,,& ,,! ,,se$4 ,by ,m4 ,h41 ,editor ( 8,! ,*ildr5's ,h\r40 #e4 ,,ar?ur ,,=tescue2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,s*oolboy ,,h]o4 ,by ,rob]t ,hope ,moncrieff4 ,& ,,frank ,,field+2 ,,or1 ,,debts ,,& ,,difficulties4 ,by ,agnes ,veit*4 #f4 ,,m>y ,m',,neill2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,^w ,,rememb]$4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,c4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #g4 ,,alice ,,l[!r2 ,,or1 ,,gr&mamma',s ,,/ory ,,ab\t ,,h] ,,little ,,r$ ,,bible4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,c4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #h4 ,,no?+ ,,to ,,d2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,a ,,life3 & ,,m>y ,,mansfield2 ,,or1 ,,no ,,"t ,,to ,,be ,a ,,*ri/ian4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 #i4 ,,bill ,,m>l9',s ,,tales ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,by ,mrs ,george ,cupples4 #aj4 ,,gottfri$ ,,( ,,! ,,iron ,,h&4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #aa4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,kirk3 a ,sket* ( ,scotti% ,*ur* ,hi/ory4 ,by ,rob]t ,naismi?4 #ab4 ,,! ,,hidd5 ,,treasure4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 #ac4 ,,little ,,tales ,,= ,,little ,,p4 ,by ,v>i\s ,au?ors4 #ad4 ,,wise ,,say+s1 ,,& ,,/ories ,,to ,,expla9 ,,!m4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 99,j4 ,h4 ,,co4',s ,,half-,,cr[n ,,s]ies499 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 h&somely b\nd 9 clo?4 #a4 ,,rosa ,,l9desay1 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,kilma94 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,illu/rat$4 #b4 ,,newlyn ,,h\se1 ,,! ,,home ,,( ,,! ,,dav5ports4 ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,w4 ,illu/rat$4 #c4 ,,alice ,,?orne2 ,,or1 ,a ,,si/]',s ,,"w4 ,illu/rat$4 #d4 ,,lab\r]s ,,9 ,,! ,,v9ey>d4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,illu/rat$4 #e4 ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,k+4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,illu/rat$4 #f4 ,,little ,,h>ry',s ,,tr\bles4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,gottfri$4 ,illu/rat$4 #g4 ,,sunday ,,s*ool ,,photographs4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,alfr$ ,taylor1 ,bri/ol1 ,p5nsylvania4 #h4 ,,waym>ks ,,= ,,! ,,guid+ ,,( ,,little ,,feet4 ,by ! ,rey4 ,j4 ,a4 ,wallace4 #i4 ,,! ,,dome/ic ,,circle2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,relations1 ,,responsibilities1 ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,home ,,life4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,john ,?omson4 ,illu/rat$4 #aj4 ,,select ,,*ri/ian ,,biographies4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,james ,g>dn]1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,illu/rat$4 #aa4 ,,ocean ,,lays4 ,select$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,longmuir1 ,,ll4,d4 ,illu/rat$4 #ab4 ,,wilb]=ce',s ,,practical ,,view ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4 ,complete ,edition4 #ac4 ,,communion ,,s]vices1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,presbyt]ian ,,=m4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,wallace4 #ad4 ,,attitudes ,,& ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,r$eem]4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,wallace4 #ae4 ,,! ,,r$eem] ,,& ,,! ,,r$emption4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,alex4 ,s4 ,patt]son1 ,d4,d4 #af4 ,a ,,pa/or',s ,,legacy4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,wallace4 #ag4 ,,james ,,nisbet2 ,a ,,/udy ,,= ,,"y ,,m54 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,wallace4 #ah4 ,,noble ,,riv]s1 ,,& ,,/ories ,,conc]n+ ,,!m4 ,by ,anna ,j4 ,buckl&4 ,illu/rat$4 99,j4 ,h4 ,,co4',s ,,?ree ,,%ill+ ,,s]ies499 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 ri*ly gilt sides & edges4 #a4 ,,miss ,,matty2 ,,or1 ,,our ,,y\nge/ ,,pass5g]4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,illu/rat$4 #b4 ,,horace ,,hazelwood2 ,,or1 ,,little ,,?+s4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,illu/rat$4 #c4 ,,rosa ,,l9desay1 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,kilma94 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,illu/rat$4 #d4 ,,newlyn ,,h\se1 ,,! ,,home ,,( ,,! ,,dav5ports4 ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,w4 ,illu/rat$4 #e4 ,,alice ,,?orne2 ,,or1 ,a ,,si/]',s ,,"w4 ,illu/rat$4 #f4 ,,lab\r]s ,,9 ,,! ,,v9ey>d4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,illu/rat$4 #g4 ,,little ,,h>ry',s ,,tr\bles4 ,by ! ,au?or ( 8,gottfri$40 ,illu/rat$4 #h4 ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,k+4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,illu/rat$4 #i4 ,,! ,,dome/ic ,,circle2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,relations1 ,,responsibilities1 ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,home ,,life4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,john ,?omson4 ,illu/rat$4 #aj4 ,,sunday ,,s*ool ,,photographs4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,alfr$ ,taylor1 ,bri/ol4 #aa4 ,,waym>ks ,,= ,,! ,,guid+ ,,( ,,little ,,feet4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,wallace4 #ab4 ,,select ,,*ri/ian ,,biographies4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,james ,g>dn]1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,illu/rat$4 #ac4 ,,c>diphonia2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,utt]ance ,,( ,,! ,,he>t4 ,9 a ,s]ies ( ,lett]s4 ,by ,john ,newton4 ,a ,new ,edition1 bevell$ bo>ds1 cut edges4 #ad4 ,,f\nd ,,afloat4 ,by ,mrs ,george ,cupples4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,illu/rat$4 #ae4 ,,james ,,nisbet2 ,a ,,/udy ,,= ,,"y ,,m54 ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,wallace4 #af4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,roe ,,( ,,gl5m]e4 ,by ,mona ,b4 ,bick]/affe4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,illu/rat$4 #ag4 ,,noble ,,riv]s1 ,,& ,,/ories ,,conc]n+ ,,!m4 ,by ,anna ,j4 ,buckl&4 ,illu/rat$4 99,j4 ,h4 ,,co4',s ,,five ,,%ill+ ,,s]ies499 ,b\nd 9 clo?1 bevell$ bo>ds1 ri*ly gilt sides & edges4 #a4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,h\r ,,annual4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 #fef pp4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #b4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,h\r ,,annual4 ,second ,s]ies4 #fdj pp4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #c4 ,,sket*es ,,( ,,scripture ,,*>act]s4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,&rew ,?omson1 ,d4,d4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 #d4 ,,/>s ,,( ,,e>?2 ,,or1 ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,! ,,mon?s4 ,by ,leigh ,page4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,orig9al ,illu/rations by ! ,au?or4 #e4 ,,elijah2 ,,! ,,des]t ,,prophet3 ,a ,biography4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,t4 ,h[at4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,afflict$'s ,refuge 7,!72 or1 ,pray]s adapt$ to v>i\s ,circum/ances ( ,di/ress4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #j #b #f4 ,alfr$ & ! ,little ,dove4 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,krumma*]1 ,d4,d4 ,& ! ,"y ,savoy>d4 ,by ,erne/ ,hold4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by a ,lady4 ,royal #cbmo1 clo?4 ,illu/rat$1 #j #a #j4 ,alice ,l[!r2 or1 ,gr&mamma's ,/ory ab\t h] ,little ,r$ ,bible4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,c41 ,au?or ( 8,m>y ,m',neill10 etc4 ,royal #cbmo1 clo?1 ,illu/rat$1 #j #a #j4 ,alice ,?orne2 or1 ,a ,si/]'s ,"w4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 ,illu/rat$1 #j #b #f4----;,extra clo?1 gilt edges1 #j #c #j4 ,ar*ie ,d\glas2 or1 ,:]e !re's a ,w !re's a ,way4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,sup] ,royal #cbmo1 clo?1 ,illu/rat$1 #j #j #f4 ,ar?ur ,=tescue2 or1 ,! ,s*oolboy ,h]o4 ,by ,rob]t ,hope ,moncrieff4 ,royal #cbmo1 clo?1 ,illu/rat$1 #j #a #j4 ,au?oris$ ,/&>ds ( ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl&3 ,be+ ! ,we/m9/] ,confession ( ,fai? & o!r ,docum5ts4 ,publi%$ by ,au?ority ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly4 ,demy #abmo1 clo? limp1 #j #a #c4----;,clo? bo>ds1 #j #a #f4----,sup]ior ,edition1 ,pr9t$ on ,sup]f9e ,pap]1 extra clo?1 bevell$ bo>ds1 antique1 #j #b #f4----;,full calf1 lett]$1 antique #j #e #j4 ,biddy1 ! ,maid ( ,all ,"w4 ,sup] ,royal #cbmo1 clo?1 ,illu/rat$1 #j #j #f4 ,bill ,m>l9's ,tales ( ! ,sea4 ,by ,mrs ,george ,cupples4 ,sup] royal #cbmo1 extra clo?1 gilt edges1 ,illu/rat$1 #j #a #f4 ,brodie 7,rev4 ,james1 ,a4,m47 ,! ,antiquity & ,nature ( ,man3 ,a ,reply to ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,rec5t ,"w4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #j #b #f4 ----,pap]s ,(f]$ = ,discussion at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,dundee4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 bo>ds1 #j #a #j4 ,! ,rational ,creation3 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,nature & ,classification ( ,rational ,creatures1 & ! ,gov]nm5t :i* ,god ex]cises ov] !m4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #j #e #j4 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,apocalypse1 ) an ,endeav\r to asc]ta9 our pres5t ,position on ! ,*>t ( ,"t4 ,royal #hvo1 sew$ #j #b #j4 ,brodie 7,rev4 ,james1 ,a4,m47 ,memoir ( ,annie ,m',donald ,*ri/ie1 a ,self-taught ,cottag]4 ,demy #ahmo1 clo?1 #j #a #f4 ,buckl& 7,anna ,j47 ,noble ,riv]s1 & ,/ories conc]n+ ,!m4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 ) ,illu/rations1 #j #b #f4----;,extra clo?1 gilt edges1 #j #c #j4 ,burns 7,rev4 ,george1 ,d4,d47 ,pray]s = ! ,use ( ,sabba? ,s*ools4 #ahmo1 sew$1 #j #j #d4 ,cate*isms-- ,,! ,,assembly',s ,,%ort] ,,cate*ism2 ) ,ref]5ces to ! ,scripture ,pro(s4 ,demy #ahmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #j-4 ,,! ,,assembly',s ,,%ort] ,,cate*ism2 ) 7,italicis$7 ,pro(s f ,scripture at full l5g?2 also ) ,additional ,scripture ,ref]5ces1 select$ f ,bo/on1 ,fi%]1 ,m4 ,h5ry1 ,pat]son1 ,v9c5t1 & o!rs4 ,demy #ahmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #a4 ,,! ,,assembly',s ,,l>g] ,,cate*ism2 ) 7,italicis$7 ,pro(s f ,scripture at full l5g?4 ,demy #abmo1 sew$1 #j #j #f4 ,,cate*ism ,,( ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,reveal$ ,,religion1 ) a few ,prelim9>y ,que/ions on ,natural ,religion4 ,by ,william ,f]rie1 ,d4,d41 ,kilconquh>4 #ahmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #d4 ,,cate*ism ,,on ,,baptism3 9 :i* are consid]$ its ,nature1 its ,subjects1 & ! ,obligations result+ f x4 ,by ! late ,h5ry ,grey1 ,d4,d41 ,ed9burgh4 #ahmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #f4 ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,fir/ ,,cate*ism4 #dhmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #j-4 ,,%ort ,,cate*ism ,,= ,,"y ,,*ildr54 ,by ! ,rev4 ,john ,br[n1 ,hadd+ton4 #cbmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #j-4 ,,pla9 ,,cate*ism ,,= ,,*ildr54 ,by ! ,rev4 ,mat!w ,h5ry4 #ahmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #a4 ,,fifty ,,que/ions ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,lead+ ,,doctr9es ,,& ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,gospel2 ) ,scripture ,answ]s & ,p>allel ,texts4 ,= ! use ( ,sabba? ,s*ools4 #ahmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #a4 ,,=m ,,( ,,exam9ation ,,be=e ,,! ,,communion4 ,approv$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,kirk ( ,scotl& 7#aeib71 & appo9t$ to be read 9 ,families & ,s*ools2 ) ,pro(s f ,scripture 7commonly kn[n z 8,craig's ,cate*ism074 ,) a ,recomm5datory ,note by ! ,rev4 ,dr ,c&li%1 ,rev4 ,alex&] ,moody ,/u>t1 & ,rev4 ,dr ,horatius ,bon>4 #ahmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #a4 ,,! ,,"m',s ,,cate*ism2 be+ a ,prep>atory ,help = ! ,"y & ,ignorant1 to _! easi] und]/&+ ,! ,assembly's ,%ort] ,cate*ism4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,john ,willison1 ,dundee4 #cbmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #a4 ,,watts' 7,,dr ,,isaac7 ,,juv5ile ,,hi/orical ,,cate*isms ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,te/am5ts2 ) ,num]\s ,scripture ,ref]5ces1 & a ,selection ( ,hymns4 ,demy #ahmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #a4 ,a ,,scripture ,,cate*ism1 ,hi/orical & ,doctr9al1 = ! use ,( ,s*ools & ,families4 ,by ,john ,:itecross1 ,au?or ( 8,anecdotes on ! ,%ort] ,cate*ism10 etc4 #ahmo1 /it*$1 #j #j #a4 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,doctr9e ,,& ,,duties2 be+ ! ,we/m9/] ,assembly's ,%ort] ,cate*ism1 )\t ! ,que/ions1 ) ,m>g9al ,ref]5ces4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 /it*$1 #j #j #a4 ,*ildr5 ( ! ,great ,k+ 7,!73 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,crimean ,w>4 ,by ,m4 ,h41 ,editor ( 8,! ,*ildr5's ,h\r40 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 ) ,illu/rations1 #j #b #f4----;,clo? extra1 gilt edges1 #j #c #j4 ,*ildr5's ,h\r 7,!7 ,annual4 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 #fef pp41 & upw>ds ( #ej ,illu/rations4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 gilt edges1 #j #e #j4 ----,second ,s]ies4 #fdj pp41 & upw>ds ( #gj ,illu/rations4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 gilt edges1 #j #e #j4 ,*ildr5's ,h\r 7,!7 ,s]ies ( ,gift ,books4 #a4 ,,miss ,,matty2 ,,or1 ,,our ,,y\nge/ ,,pass5g]4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #b4 ,,horace ,,hazelwood4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #c4 ,,f\nd ,,afloat4 ,& o!r ,tales4 #d4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,roe ,,( ,,gl5m]e4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,extra fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 gilt sides & edges1 ,illu/rat$--ea* #j #c #j4 ,*ri/fri$'s ,fir/ ,j\rney4 ,& o!r ,tales4 ,sup] royal #cbmo1 clo?1 ,illu/rat$1 #j #j #f4 ,*ri/ian ,treasury 7,!7 ,volumes #ahde to #ahfj4 #af ,volumes1 royal #hvo1 clo?--ea* #j #e #j4 ,a complete ,set w be =w>d$ to any "p ( ! c\ntry1 c>riage paid1 on receipt ( #c1 #cs4 ----,volumes #ahfa1 #ahfb1 #ahfc1 #ahfd1 #ahfe1 & #ahff4 ,sup] royal #hvo1 clo?1 gre5 & gold--ea* #j #f #f4 ,cock]ill ! ,conjur]2 or1 ,! ,brave ,boy ( ,hameln4 ,by ! ,au?or ( 8,little ,h>ry's ,tr\bles40 ,sup] royal #cbmo1 clo?1 bevell$ bo>ds1 ,illu/rat$1 #j #a #j4 ,confession ( ,fai? 7,!7 agre$ ^u at ! ,assembly ( ,div9es at ,we/m9/]4 ,complete ,edition1 ) ! ,italics ( ! elegant ,qu>to ,edition ( #afeh re/or$4 7,au?oris$ ,edition47 ,demy #abmo1 clo? limp1 #j #a #j4 ----,clo? bo>ds1 #j #a #c4----,sup]ior ,edition1 ,pr9t$ on ,sup]f9e ,pap]1 extra clo?1 bevell$ bo>ds1 antique1 #j #b #f4----;,full calf1 lett]$1 antique1 #j #e #j4 ,dill 7,edw>d ,m>cus1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d47 ,! ,my/]y ,solv$3 or1 ,irel&'s ,mis]ies3 ,_! ,gr& ,cause & ,cure4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #j #b #f4 ----,! ,ga!r+ ,/orm2 or1 ,brita9's ,romew>d ,c>e]3 ,a ,w>n+ & ,appeal to ,briti% ,prote/ants4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #j #a #j4 ,,footnotes #a ,an ,engli% translation ( ?is ,treatise 0 publi%$ "u ! foll[+ title3--8,a v pr(itable ,treatise1 decl>ynge :at great pr(it might come to all ,*ri/5dom yf !re 7 a rege/] made ( all ! sa9cts' bodies & o!r reliques :i* are z well 9 ,italy z 9 ,france1 ,dut*l&1 ,spa9e1 & o!r k+doms & conntreys4 ,translat$ out ( ! ,fr5* into ,engli% by ,j4 ,wy!rs1 ,london1 #aefa40 #afmo4 ,i h made my translation f ! ,fr5* orig9al1 repr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #ahbb4 #b ,x is well kn[n t m ?an half a million ( pilgrims w5t to wor%ip ! holy coat ( ,treves 9 #ahdd1 & t _m wond]ful /ories ab\t ! cures effect$ by t relic 7 relat$4 ,sev]al ( ^! /ories are n altoge!r )\t f\ndation1 because !re are _m cases :]e imag9ation affects ! human body 9 su* a p[]ful mann] z to cause or cure v>i\s diseases4 ,x 0 !re=e to be expect$ t individuals suff]+ f su* diseases %\ld be at lea/ tempor>ily reliev$ f _! ail+s by a /rong belief 9 ! miracul\s p[]s ( ! relic4 ,cases ( ?is k9d are always notic$1 :il/ all ^? ( ineffectual pilgrimage are nev] m5tion$4 #c ,a translation ( ?is lett] 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung ( ,augsburg4 #d ,?us ,/ ,an?ony ( ,padua re/ores1 l ,m]cury1 /ol5 prop]ty2 ,/ ,hub]t1 l ,diana1 is ! patron ( sportsm52 ,/ ,cosmas1 l ,esculapius1 t ( physicians1 c4 ,9 fact1 almo/ e pr(ession & trade1 z well z e place1 h _! especial patron sa9t1 :o1 l ! tutel>y div9ity ( ! ,pagans1 receives p>ticul> hon\rs f 8 or h] protgs4 #e ,9 8 ,treatise giv5 bel[4 #f 8,quod leg5tibus ,scriptum1 hoc et idiotis1 pr/at pictura1 quia 9 ipsa ignorantes vid5t quid sequi debeant1 9 ipsas legunt qui litt]as nesciunt10 says ,/ ,gregory4--,maury1 ,essai sur les ,leg5des1 c41 p4 #ajd4 #g 8,quoniam talis memoria qu imag9ibus fovetur1 non v5it es cordis amore1 s$ ex visionis necessitate40--,opus illu/rissimi ,c>oli magni contra ,synodum pro ador&is imag9ibus1 p4 #dhj1 79 #ah--aedi71--;a "w ( :i* ,i %all h an opportunity m amply to speak4 #h ,see 8 *apt] on ! 8,ill ,effects ( ,solitude on ! ,imag9ation0--,engli% translation4 #i ,ibid4 #aj 8,fleury ,hi/oire ,eccles410 lib4 xxi4 *ap4 #ae4 #aa ,! au?or ( ?is sket* says himself1 9 a note1 8,yet ?is idolatry is f> f hav+ entirely disappe>$4 ,pilgrimages1 & a devotion to c]ta9 images1 b p>ticul>ly to t ( ! ,virg91 are /ill cont9u+10 c4 ,?is 0 said 9 #ahdc4 ,i wond] :at he w say n[1 :5 ?is idolatry is reappe>+1 ev5 9 ^? p>ts ( ,europe :]e ! ,calv9i/s _h1 accord+ to 8 expression1 /ruck at its v root4 #ab 8,essai sur les ,leg5des ,pieuses du ,moy5 ,age10 p> ,alfr$ ,maury1 pp4 #aaa1 et seq4 #ac 8,*ateaubri& ,etudes ,hi/oriques10 vol4 ii4 p4 #aja4 #ad 8,hi/oire de la ,de/ruction du ,paganisme dans l',empire d',ori5t10 p> ,m4 ,*a/el1 ,p>is1 #ahej1 p4 #cdb et seq4 #ae 8,hi/oire de la ,de/ruction du ,paganisme en ,occid5t10 p> ,a4 ,beugnot1 ,memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 ,p>is1 #ahce1 #hvo1 #b vols4 #af ,translator's ,note4--,0 n ! introduction ( pagan rites into ! *ur* ! indirect way to idolatry allud$ to 9 ! text8 #ag ,au?or's ,note4--,! fe/ivals ( ! m>tyrs 0 a v l>ge concession made to ! old mann]s1 because all t took place d>+ ^? days 0 n v edify+4 #ah ,translator's ,note4--,i %all give 9 its prop] place a m ample acc\nt ( ,vigilantius4 #ai ,au?or's ,note4--,^! compromises 7 tempor>y1 & ! *ur* revok$ !m z soon z %e believ$ t %e c\ld d x )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,%e /ruggl$ h>d aga9/ ! cal5ds ( ,janu>y1 aft] hav+ = a consid]able "t suff]$ ^! fe/ivities2 & :5 %e saw t %e c\ld n succe$ 9 aboli%+ !m1 %e decid$ to transport ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> f ! fir/ ( ,janu>y to ,ea/]1 9 ord] to break ! ,pagan cu/oms4 #bj ,au?or's ,note4--8,! ,saturnalia1 & sev]al o!r fe/ivals1 7 celebrat$ on ! cal5ds ( ,janu>y2 ,*ri/mas 0 fix$ at ! same epo*4 ,! ,lup]calia1 a pret5d$ fe/ival ( purification1 took place dur+ ! cal5ds ( ,febru>y2 ! ,*ri/ian purification 7,c&lemas7 0 celebrat$ on ! #b;d ( ,febru>y4 ,! fe/ival ( ,augu/us1 celebrat$ on ! cal5ds ( ,augu/1 0 replac$ by t ( ,/ ,pet] 9 v9culis1 e/abli%$ on ! #a/ ( t mon?4 ,! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 ev] anxi\s ab\t ! safety ( _! crops1 ob/9ately reta9$ ! celebration ( ! ,amb>valia2 ,/ ,mam]t e/abli%$ 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ! ,rogations1 :i* 9 _! =m diff] v little f ! ,amb>valia4 ,on comp>+ ! ,*ri/ian cal5d> ) ! ,pagan "o1 x is impossible n to be /ruck by ! great concordance betwe5 ! two4 ,n[1 c we consid] ?is concordance z ! effect ( *ance8 ,x is pr9cipally 9 ! usages peculi> only to "s *ur*es t we may trace ! _s ( concessions ) :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 animat$ dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( its e/abli%m5t4 ,?us1 at ,catania1 :]e ! ,pagans 7 celebrat+ ! fe/ival ( ,c]es aft] h>ve/1 ! *ur* ( t place cons5t$ to delay to t "t ! fe/ival ( ! ,visitation1 :i* is celebrat$ ev]y:]e else on ! #b;d ,july40--,f4 ,aprile ,cronologia ,univ]sale di ,sicilia1 p4 #fja4 ,i w\ld recomm5d to ^? :o wi% to /udy ?is subject ! "w ( ,m>angoni1 a v int]e/+ "w1 ?\gh its au?or 7^: object 0 to conv9ce ! ,prote/ants :o attack$ ! discipl9e ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* on acc\nt ( ^! concessions7 tri$ to break ! evid5t connection :i* exi/s betwe5 c]ta9 ,*ri/ian & ,pagan fe/ivals4 #ba ,au?or's ,note4--8,!re are at ,rome ev5 n[ sev]al *ur*es :i* _h =m]ly be5 pagan temples1 & ?irty-n9e ( !m h be5 built on ! f\ndations ( su* temples40--,m>angoni1 pp4 #bcf-bfh4 ,!re is no c\ntry 9 ,europe :]e simil> examples are n f\nd4 ,x is necess>y to rem>k1 t all ^! trans=mations began at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 #bb ,au?or's ,note4--,at ,rome f\r *ur*es h pagan names1 viz3--,s4 ,m>ia ,sopra ,m9]va1 ,s4 ,m>ia ,av5t9a1 ,/ ,lor5zo 9 ,matuta1 & ,/ ,/efano del ,cacco4 ,at ,si5na1 ! temple ( ,quir9us became ! *ur* ( ,/ ,quiricus4 #bc ,translator's ,note4--,& /ill m to _! corruption4 #bd ,translator's ,note4--,*ri/ has said1 8,come unto me1 all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4 ,take my yoke ^u y1 & le>n ( me2 = ,i am meek & l[ly 9 he>t2 & ye %all f9d re/ unto y\r s\ls4 ,= my yoke is easy1 & my burd5 is light40--,matt4 xi4 #bh-cj4 ,i w\ld ask ! le>n$ au?or1 :e!r ^! words ( our ,savi\r are n suffici5tly mild1 t5d]1 & consol+1 & :e!r !re 0 any necessity to consecrate "s new ideas 9 ord] to temp] _! sev]ity8 #be ,au?or's ,note4--,among/ a multitude ( pro(s ,i %all *oose only "o1 9 ord] to %[ ) :at facility ! wor%ip ( ,m>y swept away 9 its progress ! remnants ( ,paganism :i* 7 /ill cov]+ ,europe3--,not)/&+ ! prea*+ ( ,/ ,hil>ion1 ,sicily _h rema9$ fai?ful to ! anci5t wor%ip4 ,aft] ! c\ncil ( ,ephesus1 we see eight ( ! f9e/ ,pagan temples ( t isl& becom+ 9 a v %ort "t *ur*es d$icat$ to ! ,virg94 ,^! temples 71 #a4 ( ,m9]va1 at ,syracuse2 #b4 ( ,v5us & ,saturn1 at ,mess9a2 #c4 ( ,v5us ,erigone1 on ! ,m\nt ,eryx1 believ$ to h be5 built by ,eneas2 #d4 ( ,phal>is1 at ,agrig5t2 #e4 ( ,vulcan1 ne> ,m\nt ,etna2 #f4 ! ,pan!on1 at ,catania2 #g4 ( ,c]es1 9 ! same t[n2 #h4 ! ,sepul*re ( ,/esi*orus4--,v4 ,aprile ,cronologia ,univ]sale di ,sicilia4 ,simil> facts may be f\nd 9 ! ecclesia/ical annals ( e c\ntry4 #bf ,translator's ,note4--,! "t :5 ! *ur* is to accompli% ?is purification has1 alas6 n yet arriv$4 #bg ,beugnot1 vol4 ii41 book xii41 *ap4 #a1 pp4 #bfa-bgb4 #bh ,! op9ions ( diff]5t writ]s on ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,roman empire at ! "t ( ,con/ant9e's conv]sion greatly v>ies4 ,! valuation ( ,/audl9 78,univ]sal ,ge%i*te d] ,*ri/li*5 ,kir*e10 p4 #da1 #ahcc7 at half ( its population1 & ev5 t ( ,matt] 78,hi/oire de l',eglise10 t4 i4 p4 #abj71 :o r$uces x to ! fif?1 are g5]ally consid]$ z exagg]at$4 ,gibbon ?9ks t x 0 ! tw5tie? "p ( ! above-m5tion$ population2 & ! le>n$ ,fr5* academician4 ,la ,ba/ie 78,memoires de l',academie des ,inscript]10 c47 believes t x 0 ! twelf?4 ,?is la/ valuation is approv$ by ,*a/el 78,hi/oire de la ,de/ruction du ,paganisme en ,ori5t10 #ahej1 p4 #cf7 z an av]age numb]1 ?\gh x 0 mu* l>g] 9 ! ,ea/ ?an 9 ! ,we/4 ,! celebrat$ passage ( ,t]tullian's 8,apology10 9 ! second c5tury1 :]e he repres5ts ! numb] ( ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,roman empire to be s great1 t x w\ld h become a des]t if !y _h retir$ f x1 is consid]$ by ,beugnot 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ahh7 z ! mo/ exagg]at$ hyp]bole :i* has ev] be5 us$ by an orator4 #bi ,translator's ,note4--,expression ( ,/ ,j]ome1 ,op4 iv4 p4 #bff4 ,x w\ld be curi\s to "k :at ?is fa!r ( ! *ur* w\ld h said ( ! pres5t ,rome4 #cj ,beugnot1 vol4 i41 p4 #hf4 #ca 8,ludorum celebrationes1 deoram fe/a sunt40--,lactantius1 ,in/itutiones ,div941 vi41 #bj1 apud ,beugnot4 #cb 8,adite aras publicas adque delubra1 et consuetud9is ve/r celebrate solemnia3 nec enim prohibemus pret]it usurpationis (ficia lib]a luce tract>i40 #cc ,! lab>um 0 a cross1 ) ! monogram ( ,*ri/4 #cd ,! ,grco-,russian *ur* has1 h[ev]1 giv5 him a place 9 h] cal5d> on ! #ba/ ,may1 b only 9 common ) 8 "m ,hel5a4 ,?is 0 done only a consid]able "t aft] 8 dea?4 #ce ,beugnot1 ^u ! au?ority ( ,ausonius1 vol4 i41 p4 #cba4 #cf ,?us ,symma*us1 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! old ari/ocracy ( ,rome1 celebrat$ = 8 le>n+1 virtues1 & /aun* adh]5ce to ! national poly!ism1 0 inve/$ by ,!odosius ) ! dignity ( a consul ( ,rome2 ! well kn[n ,greek orator1 ,libanius1 0 creat$ prefect ( ! imp]ial palace2 & ,!mi/ius1 :o _h be5 inve/$ ) ! highe/ hon\rs "u ! prec$+ reigns1 0 creat$ by ,!odosius prefect ( ,con/ant9ople1 receiv$ 9 ! s5ate1 & entru/$ = "s "t ) ! education ( ,arcadius4 ,^! di/+ui%$ poly!i/s nev] made a secret ( _! religi\s op9ions1 b publicly decl>$ !m on sev]al occasions4 ,_m ( ,!odosius' g5]als 7 av[$ ,pagans1 b enjoy$ no less 8 confid5ce & fav\r4 #cg ,fallm]ay]1 8,ges*i*te d] ,morea10 vol4 i41 p4 #acf4 #ch ,vide supra1 pp4 #cj-cb4 #ci ,i ?9k t x w n be un9t]e/+ to my read]s to "k h[ ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* expla9s ?is prohibition1 & :i* may be be/ se5 f ! foll[+ piece ( +5i\s casui/ry1 by "o ( h] able/ def5d]s 9 ?is c\ntry3--8,canon xxxvi4 ( ! ,prov9cial ,c\ncil held 9 #cje1 at ,elib]is1 9 ,spa91 imm$iately refutes ! error ( ,b+ham4 7,b+ham ma9ta9$ ! same op9ion on ! images :i* is express$ 9 ! text47 ,! pa/ors ( ! ,spani% *ur* beheld ! griev\s p]secution t ,diocletian _h comm5c$ to wage aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* _h = a l5g!n$ p]iod enjoy$ comp>ative repose1 "u ! =be>+ reign ( ,con/antius ,cs>1 fa!r ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great4 ,!y assembl$ to conc]t precaution>y measures1 & among/ o!r ?+s1 !y det]m9$ t1 9 ! prov9ces "u _! imm$iate jurisdiction1 !re %\ld be no fix$ & immovable picture monum5ts1 su* z fresco pa9t+s or mosaics1 no images ( ,*ri/ :om !y ador$1 nor ( ! sa9ts :om !y v5]at$1 on ! walls ( ! *ur*es :i* _h be5 erect$ & ornam5t$ dur+ ! long int]val ( peace :i* ! ,*ri/ians _h enjoy$4 #8,placuit1' says ! c\ncil1 #8picturas 9 ecclesia esse non deb]e1 ne quod colitur et adoratur1 9 p>ietibus dep+atur1' 7,con4 ,elib41 apud ,labbeum1 tom i4 p4 #igb47 ,?is economy 0 prud5t & adapt$ to ! exig5cy ( ! p]iod4 ,! figures ( ,*ri/ & ( 8 sa9ts 7 ?us protect$ f ! ribaldry & insults ( ! ,pagans4 ,b ?is well-tim$ prohibition demon/rates1 t ! use ( pictures & images _h already be5 introduc$ into ! ,spani% *ur*40--,hi]urgia1 or ,transub/antiation1 ,invocation ( ,sa9ts1 ,relics1 c41 exp\nd$ by ,d4 ,rock1 ,d4,d41 second edition1 p4 #cgd1 note4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! enactm5t 9 "q proves t images 7 us$ at t "t among/ ! ,spani% ,*ri/ians1 z a law prohibit+ "s p>ticul> crimes or (f5ces %[s t !y 7 tak+ place at ! "t :5 x 0 promulgat$2 b ! op9ion t ! above-m5tion$ enactm5t 0 n a prohibition ( images1 b a precaution>y measure 9 _! fav\r1 mu/ be support$ ei!r by ! o!r canons ( ! same c\ncil1 :i* conta9 no?+ confirmatory ( ?is op9ion1 or by ! au?ority ( "s contempor>y writ]1 & is )\t su* evid5ce q unt5able1 & no?+ bett] ?an a m]e sophism1 ,i h giv5 ?is explanation ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,elvira by a ,roman ,ca?olic writ] z a fair specim5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* all o!r practices ( _! *ur*1 d]iv$ f ,paganism1 are def5d$4 #dj ,translator's ,note4--,& yet ! same writ] has def5d$ ?is mann] ( recruit+ ! *ur*4--,vid4 supra1 p4 #ag4 #da ,translator's ,note4--,& yet ?is sy/em ( concession has be5 call$ by ! same au?or true wisdom4--,vid4 supra1 p4 #ah4 #db ,translator's ,note4--,x dat$ f ! "t :5 ! ,*ri/ian *ur* began to make a compromise ) ,paganism4 #dc ,:o w\ld defile !mselves by ! impi\s sup]/ition ( ! idols4 #dd ,an ecclesia/ical writ] ( ! fif? c5tury4 #de ,translator's ,note4--,import+ usually into ! ,*ri/ian *ur* t leav5 ( ,paganism :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! text4 #df ,translator's ,note4--,reta9+ mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ! ?+ itself4 #dg ,translator's ,note4--,x is a great pity t ! au?or leaves u 9 ! d>k ab\t ! "t :5 ?is great improvem5t 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* to :i* he alludes took place4 #dh ,/ ,augu/9us relates1 9 ! f\r? book ( 8 ,confessions1 *ap1 iii41 t he 0 div]t$ f ! idea ( /udy+ a/rology by a pagan physician1 :o made him und]/& all ! falsehood & ridicule ( t sci5ce4 #di ,a simil> cu/om is /ill preval5t is ,russia4 ,vide infra1 8,on ! ,sup]/itions ( h] ,*ur*40 #ej ,au?or's ,note4--,9 #abae1 ,buondelmonte 0 murd]$ by ! ,amidei at ! foot ( ! /atue ( ,m>s4 ,?is murd] produc$ at ,flor5ce a civil w>1 :i*1 gradually spread+ ov] all ,italy1 gave bir? to ! factions ( ! ,guelphs & ,ghibel9es4 #ea ,basnage1 8,hi/oire de l',eglise10 p4 #aagd4 #eb ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,vigilantius 0 publi%$ by ! ,rev4 ,dr ,gilly1 ! well-kn[n fri5d ( ! ,wald5sians4 #ec ,vide supra1 p4 #h4 #ed ,gibbon's 8,roman ,empire10 *ap4 xlix4 #ee ,! ,greeks & ,russians wor%ip _! images *iefly by kiss+ !m1 & x 0 probably on ?is acc\nt t x 0 ord]$ to raise !m to a height :]e !y c\ld n be rea*$ by ! lips ( _! vot>ies1 because ?is means c\ld n prev5t !m f b[+ to !m4 #ef ,x is relat$ t ! wom5 7 ! mo/ zeal\s 9 def5d+ ! images1 & t an (fic] ( ! emp]or1 :o 0 demoli%+ a /atue ( ,*ri/ plac$ at ! entrance ( ! imp]ial palace1 0 murd]$ by !m4 #eg ,gibbon & "s o!r writ]s ?9k t ,con/ant9e surviv$ = "s "t ! loss ( 8 eyes1 b ,i h foll[$ 9 ! text ! g5]al op9ion on ?is ev5t4 #eh ,ir5e 0 a native ( ,a!ns4 #ei ,vol4 ix4 p4 #dbi1 et seq4 #fj ,extracts f ! works ( ?is celebrat$ monk1 & 8 life1 apud ,basnage ,hi/oire de l',eglise1 p4 #acge4 #fa ,!odora1 on be+ appo9t$ by h] husb& reg5t dur+ ! m9ority ( h] son1 0 oblig$ to swe> t %e w\ld n re/ore ! idols4 ,! ,jesuit ,maimb\rg1 :o wrote a hi/ory ( ! iconocla/s1 ma9ta9s t1 9 re/or+ ! wor%ip ( images1 %e did n commit a p]jury1 because %e swore t %e w\ld n re/ore ! idols1 b n images1 :i* are n idols4 #fb ,i may add1 z well z ! ,russo-,greek ,*ur*1 :i*1 z ,i %all h an opportunity to %[ aft]w>ds1 is no less oppos$ to ,prote/antism ?an h] rival1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 #fc ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! well-kn[n "w ( ! celebrat$ patri>* ,photius1 writt5 9 ! n9? c5tury1 conta9s extracts f & notices ( _m works :i* h nev] rea*$ u4 #fd 8,ed9burgh ,review10 ,july1 #ahda1 p4 #ag4 #fe ,accord+ to ! au?or ( 8,hi]urgia10 ,cassianus suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ! reign ( ,julian ! ,apo/ate2 we "k1 h[ev]1 f hi/ory1 t no p]secution ( ,*ri/ians _h tak5 place "u t emp]or4 ,cassianus' body is /ill pres]v$ at ,imola1 b accord+ to ,coll9 de ,plancy he has besides a head at ,t\l\se4 #ff 8,hi]urgia10 by ,d4 ,rock1 ,d4,d41 second edition1 p4 #cgg1 et seq4 #fg ,prud5tius 0 kn[n z a man ( great le>n+1 & _h fill$ "s important (fices ( ! /ate4 #fh ,! title ( ?is book is--8,opus illu/rissimi ,c>oli ,magni1 nutu ,dei1 ,regis ,francorum1 ,gallias1 ,g]maniam1 ,italiamque sive h>um f9itimas prov9cias1 ,dom9o opitulante1 reg5tis1 contra ,synodum qu 9 p>tibus ,greci1 pro ador&is imag9ibus1 /olide sive arrogant] ge/a e/40 #fi ,i ?9k t x has rec5tly be5 complet$ at ,brussels4 #gj ,! title ( ,ru9>t's "w is--8,acta primorum ,m>tyrum s9c]a et selecta ex libris1 cum editis1 tum manuscriptis1 collecta eruta vel em5data40 #dto1 ,p>is #afhg1 & sev]al editions aft]w>ds4 #ga ,! mo/ important ( ^! ,apocrypha ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 "s ( :i* h rea*$ u1 :il/ we "k ! o!rs f ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs1 are ! ,gospels accord+ to ,/ ,pet]1 to ,/ ,?omas1 to ,/ ,mat?ias1 ! ,revelations ( ,/ ,pet]1 ! ,epi/le ( ,/ ,b>nabas1 ! ,acts ( ,/ ,john1 ( ,/ ,&rew1 & o!r apo/les4 #gb ,mabillon on ! ,unkn[n ,sa9ts1 p4 #aj4 ,apud ,basnage1 p4 #ajdg4 #gc 8,vie de ,/ ,franois ,xavi]10 p> le ,p]e ,b\h\rs1 #agaf4 ,apud ,maury1 p4 #bb4 #gd 8,lib] ,aureus ,inscriptus1 ,lib] ,con=mitatum ,vit ,beati ac ,s]aphici ,patris ,francisci1 ad ,vitam ,jesu ,*ri/i ,dom9i ,no/ri40 ,x w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions4 #ge ,! title ( ?is curi\s "w is 8,hi/oire de ,/ ,franois d',assise1 p> ,emile ,*av9 de ,malan40 ,p>is3 #ahde4 #gf 8,ed9burgh ,review10 ,april #ahdg1 p4 #bie4 #gg ,hi/ory ( ,/ ,wal!(1 p4 #b 9 ! #e? vol4 ( ! collection4 #gh ,ibid41 p4 #bd4 #gi ,life ( ,/ ,augu/9e ( ,cant]bury1 ,apo/le ( ! ,engli%1 p4 #bcg1 9 ! #a/ volume ( ! ,engli% ,sa9ts1 m5tion$ above4 #hj ,!re is a ,g]man /ory :i* is evid5tly a p>ody ( ?is leg5d4 ,x says t an individual :o 0 passionately fond ( play+ at n9e-p9s committ$ a crime = :i* he 0 s5t5c$ to be behead$4 ,he reque/$1 z a fav\r :i* 0 usually grant$ to culprits be=e _! execution1 to indulge once m 9 8 fav\rite game4 ,?is dem& be+ conc$$1 he began to play ) su* ard\r t he entirely =got 8 imp5d+ execution4 ,! execution]1 :o 0 pres5t1 got tir$ ( wait+ = ! culprit1 & seiz+ a mom5t :5 he /ret*$ 8 neck pick+ up a ball f ! gr\nd1 cut (f 8 head4 ,! culprit 01 h[ev]1 s ke5 9 ! pursuit ( 8 game1 t he seiz$ 8 own head1 & hav+ made ) x a successful ?r[1 exclaim$1 8,hav5't ,i got all ! n9e80 #ha ,an old ,g]man ballad gives a fair specim5 ( ! ideas :i* p ent]ta9$ ( ! joys ( heav54 ,x says1 among/ o!r ?+s3--8,w9e co/s n a p5ny 9 ! cell> ( heav52 angels bake bread & cracknels at ! desire ( e "o2 vegetables ( e k9d abundantly gr[ 9 ! g>d5 ( heav52 pease & c>rots gr[ )\t be+ plant$2 asp>agus is z ?ick z a man's leg1 & arti*okes z big z a head4 ,:5 x is a l5t day1 ! fi%es arrive 9 %oals1 & ,/ ,pet] comes ) 8 net to cat* !m1 9 ord] to regale y4 ,/ ,m>?a is ! cook & ,/ ,urban ! butl]40--,see ,maury1 p4 #hh4 #hb ,zimm]man's 8,solitude ,consid]$ ) respect to its ,dang]\s ,influ5ce ^u ! ,m9d & ,he>t40 ,engli% translation4 ,ed4 #agih1 p4 #ajb1 et seq4 #hc ,vide supra1 p4 #ag4 #hd 8,m&at sancta synodus omnibus episcopis et caet]is1 ut juxta ca?olicae et apo/olicae ecclesiae usum1 a primaevis ,*ri/ianae religionis temporibus receptum1 de legitimo imag9um usu fideles dilig5t] in/ruunt1 doc5tes eos1 imag9is ,*ri/i et ,deip>ae ,virg9is1 et aliorum sanctorum1 9 templis praes]tim hab5das et ret95das1 eisque debitum honorem et v5]ationem imp]ti5dam2 non quod cr$atur inesse aliqua 9 div9itas1 vel virtus1 propt] quam s9t col5dae2 vel quod ab iis aliquod sit pet5dum2 vel quod fiducia 9 imag9ibus sit fig5da1 veluti olim fiebat a g5tibus1 quae 9 idolis 7,psalm cxxxv47 spem suam collocabant3 s$ quoniam honos1 qui eis exhibetur1 ref]tur ad prototypae1 quae illae repres5tant1 ita ut p] imag9es1 quae osculamur1 et coram quibus caput ap]imus et procumbimus1 ,*ri/um adoremus2 et sanctos quorum illae similitud9em g]unt v5]emur40--,sessio xxv4 de ,invocatione ,sanc4 et ,sacr4 ,imag4 #he ,! foll[+ description ( ?is little idol is giv5 by a well-kn[n ,fr5* writ] ( la/ c5tury3--8,?is morn+1 :5 ,i 0 quietly walk+ along a /reet t[>ds ! capitol1 ,i met ) a c>riage1 9 :i* sat two ,franciscan monks1 hold+ on _! knee some?+ :i* ,i 0 unable to di/+ui%4 ,e body 0 /opp+ & b[+ 9 a mo/ respectful mann]4 ,i inquir$ to :om 7 ^! salutations direct$8 #8,to ! ,bamb9o1' ,i 0 answ]$1 #8:om ^! good fa!rs are c>ry+ to a prelate1 :o is v ill1 & :om ! physicians h giv5 up4' ,x 0 !n expla9$ to me :at ?is ,bamb9o is4 ,x is a little /atue1 meant = ,jesus1 made ( wood1 & ri*ly attir$4 ,! conv5t :i* has ! good =tune ( be+ its own] has no o!r patrimony4 ,z soon z any body is s]i\sly ill1 ! ,bamb9o is s5t =1 9 a c>riage1 because he nev] walks on foot4 ,two monks take him & place him ne> ! b$ ( ! pati5t1 9 ^: h\se !y rema91 liv+ at 8 exp5se1 until he dies or recov]s4 8,! ,bamb9o is always driv+ ab\t2 p sometimes fight at ! gate ( ! conv5t 9 ord] to get him4 ,he is p>ticul>ly busy dur+ ! summ]1 & 8 *>ges are !n high]1 9 proportion to ! competition & ! heat1 :i* ,i ?9k is q "r40--,dupaty1 ,lettres sur l',italie1 let4 xlviii4 ,! ,bamb9o cont9ues to ma9ta9 8 cr$it2 & ,i h read n long ago 9 ! newspap]s1 t an ,engli% lady ( rank1 :o _h jo9$ ! communion ( ,rome1 0 p]=m+ ! duties ( 8 dry nurse on a fe/ival ( h] adopt$ *ur*4 #hf ,insolitam imag9em4 ,i h made use 9 ! text ( ! ,engli% ,roman ,ca?olic translation ( ! canons ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 by ! ,rev4 ,mr ,wat]wor?4 #hg 8,omnia hc impia sunt et cultus idolorum1 alloqui ipsas /atuas aut ossa1 aut f+]e ,deum aut sanctos magis 9 uno loco1 seu ad hanc /atuam alligatos esse quam ad alia loca4 ,nihil diff]unt invocationes qu fiunt ad ,m>iam ,aqu5sem seu ,ratisbon5sem ab invocationibus e?nicis1 qu flebant ad ,dianam ,ephesiam1 aut ad ,junonem ,platensem1 aut ad alias /atuas40--,respon4 ad ,articul4 ,bav>ic1 art4 #ag1 p4 #cha4 #hh ,middleton's 8,miscellane\s ,works10 vol4 v41 p4 #if1 edition ( #agee4 #hi ,ibid41 p4 #ig4 #ij ,hosp9ian1 8,de ,orig9e ,templ410 lib4 ii4 cap4 #bc2 apud ,middleton1 loco citato4 #ia ,beugnot1 vol4 i4 p4 #bca1 on ! au?ority ( ,sosom5es4 #ib ,!re are "s ,prote/ant writ]s :o atta* great value to ! apo/olic canons1 z1 = in/ance1 ,dr ,bev]idge1 ,bi%op ( ,/ ,asaph1 :o wrote a def5ce ( !m4 #ic 8,in/itutiones ,*ri/ian10 lib4 vi41 cap4 #b2 apud1 8,hosp9ian de ,orig9e ,templorum10 lib4 ii41 cap4 #aj4 #id ,?is date is a mi/ake1 & ,i w\ld h tak5 x = a mispr9t if ! au?or _h n said be=e1 t 8,vigilantius attack$ ! practices ( ! *ur* 9 ! f\r? age40 ,i h1 9 speak+ ( ?is subject1 p4 #ga1 foll[$ ! au?ority ( ! great hi/orian ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,fleury1 :o says t ,j]ome answ]$ ,vigilantius 9 #djd4 #ie ,vid4 supra1 p4 #ad1 et seq41 ! op9ions ( ,*ateaubri& & ,beugnot on ! same subject4 #if ,! appellation ( reg9a clorum1 que5 ( heav51 is frequ5tly giv5 to ! bless$ ,virg9 9 ,roman ,ca?olic litanies & hymns address$ to h]4 ,! que5 ( heav5 m5tion$ by ,j]emiah is suppos$ to be ! same z ,a/>te1 or ! ,syrian ,v5us4 #ig ,h]odot41 lib4 ii41 p4 #cf1-- 8,qui grege l9ig]o circumdatus et grege calvo1 ,plang5tis populi currit d]isor ,anubis40 ,juv5al1 vi4 #ecb4 #ih ,he describes 9 x ! well-kn[n ,roman ,ca?olic practice ( flagellation or self-:ipp+1 :i* has be51 & is /ill1 done by ! prie/s & vot>ies ( sev]al ,pagan deities4 #ii 8,namque omnia loca quae ?uris con/it]it vapore fumasse1 si tam5 ea fuisse 9 jure ?urificantium probabitur1 fisco no/ro adsoci&a c5semus10 c4--,vid4 also supra1 p4 #dh4 #ajj ,i give ^! numb]s on ! au?ority ( ! ,almanac de ,go?a4 #aja ,! facts ( ?is curi\s affair h nev] be5 publi%$1 b !y are pres]v$ 9 ! ecclesia/ical ar*ives ( ,mosc[1 & a copy ( !m 9 ! ecclesia/ical academy ( ,/ ,pet]sburgh4--,/rahl's ,beytrge zur ,russis*5 ,kir*5ges*i*te1 p4 #bci4 #ajb ,h]mann ,ges*i*te von ,russl&1 #ahec1 vol4 v41 p4 #hi4 #ajc ,ano9tm5t ) oil makes a "p ( ! ,greek ritual ( baptism4 #ajd ,^! regulations may appe> /range 9 a c\ntry l ?is1 b 9 ,russia all ! population is divid$ into v>i\s classes1 & nobody c pass f "o ( !m into ano!r )\t ! au?orization ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 z1 = in/ance1 if a peasant or agriculturi/ wi%es to become a burgh] by settl+ 9 a t[n4 ,! peasantry 9 ! ,baltic prov9ces 7 emancipat$ "u ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&]1 b ! l&[n]s /ill ma9ta9 a c]ta9 au?ority ov] !m4 #aje ,! ,pope1 book iv41 *ap4 #a4 #ajf ,bod5/$t's ,morn+ ,l&2 or1 ,?\s& & ,"o ,days 9 ! ,ea/4 ,second ,s]ies1 vol4 i41 p4 #fa1 et seq41 a "w :i* is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ at ! pres5t "t4 #ajg ,/udi5 b] ,russl&1 vol4 i41 p4 #aja4 #ajh ,! ,russians ( t "t 7 kn[n z slave deal]s1 accord+ to ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 a ,jewi% travell] ( ! same p]iod4 #aji ,travels ( ,ibn ,foslan1 ,g]man translation1 by ,frhn1 p4 #g4 #aaj 8,die ,vlk] des ,kaukasus10 p4 #bhd4 #aaa ,x own$ be=e ! confiscation ( ! *ur* e/ates m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& male s]fs4 #aab ,/udi5 b] ,russl&1 vol4 i4 p4 #hg4 #aac ,simocatta1 apud ,basnage1 p4 #accb4 #aad ,?is re=m1 accompli%$ 9 ! reign ( ,alexius1 fa!r ( ,pet] ! ,great1 consi/$ *iefly 9 ! correction ( ! text ( ! ,slavonic ,scriptures & liturgical books1 :i* _h be5 greatly disfigur$ by ! ignorance ( successive copyi/s1 & 9 ! prohibition ( "s sup]/iti\s practices1 :i* _h usurp$ an important "p 9 ! div9e s]vice ( ! ,russian ,*ur*4 ,^! wise re=ms produc$1 h[ev]1 a viol5t opposition1 & sev]al millions sep>at$ f ! e/abli%$ *ur*1 & are kn[n1 ?\gh divid$ into _m sects1 "u ! g5]al appellation ( ,raskolniks1 i4e41 s*ismatics1 :il/ !y call !mselves ,/>ov]tzi1 or ^? ( ! old fai?1 & designate ! e/abli%$ *ur* by ! "n ( ! ,niconian h]esy4 #aae ,leveque1 ,hi/oire de ,russie revue1 p> ,malte ,brun et ,depp+1 tom4 iv4 p4 #aca4 #aaf ,! title ( ?is book is 8,das ,m]k wrdige ,jahr ,me9es ,leb5s0--8,! ,memorable ,ye> ( my ,life40 ,x has be51 ,i believe1 translat$ into ,engli%4 #aag ,a civil grade equal to t ( a capta9 9 ! army4 #aah ,! au?or obs]ves 9 a note t1 9 =m] times1 a petty ecclesia/ical pr9ce1 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1 c\ld conceive & p>tly execute ! gigantic plan ( ! ,cologne m9/]1 & t 9 ! pres5t "t1 ?\gh ! :ole ( ,g]many _h und]tak5 to build ! rema9d] ( x1 h] p w\ld h ab&on$ ?is project long ago1 if x 7 n support$ by ! k+s4 ,he ought1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 to conf9e 8 rem>ks to ,g]many1 because !re are c]ta9ly m places ( wor%ip built by volunt>y contributions 9 ,engl& ?an 9 ,russia4 #aai ,/udi5 b] ,russl&1 vol4 i4 p4 #ia4 #abj ,/udi5 b] ,russl&1 vol4 i4 p4 #ic4 #aba ,leveque1 ,hi/oire de ,russie1 vol4 iv41 p4 #acc4 #abb ,london3 ,longman ,co4 #ahed4 #abc ,! title ( ?is curi\s production is1 8,an ,appeal on ! ,ea/]n ,"q to ! ,s5atus ,academicus ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,ed9burgh4 ,by a ,russian1 ,quondam ,civis ,biblio!c ,ed95sis40 ,ed9burgh3 ,?omas ,c4 ,jack1 #ib ,pr9ces ,/reet4 ,london3 ,hamilton1 ,adams1 ,co4 #ahed4 #abd ,lett] xxxvi41 at ! end4 #abe ,vide supra1 p4 #ahd4 #abf 8,cu/9e's ,russia10 lett] xxxvi4 ,! same op9ion is express$ by ,b>on ,hax?aus51 :om ,i h quot$ above1 & :o says1 8,! sons ( ! papas & o!r "y m5 acquire 9 ! sem9>ies & ecclesia/ical academies a c]ta9 degree ( !ological le>n+1 aft] :i* !y indue ! monacal dress1 & are inscrib$ on ! rolls ( "s conv5t1 )\t h[ev] rema9+ 9 x4 ,!y ent] ! (fices ( bi%ops & ar*bi%ops to p]=m _! p]sonal z well z cl]ical s]vice4 ,_! position becomes !n exactly ! same z t ( ! milit>y aides-de-camp ( ! ,g5]als1 & ( ! civil ones ( m9i/]s1 & x is f among/ !m t bi%ops1 ar*im&rites1 abbots1 c41 are *os54 ,x is a c>e] l e o!r s]vice 9 ,russia4 ,sev]al ( ^! ecclesia/ics may h *os5 _! call+ f a real devotion2 ! mo/ "p ( !m are1 h[ev]1 driv5 into x by an immeasurable ambition1 selfi%ness1 speculation1 & vanity1 ! curse ( ! upp] classes ( ,russia40--7,/udi5 b] ,russl&1 vol4 i41 p4 #hi47 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t all ! dignities ( ! ,greek *ur* are res]v$ = ! mona/ic or regul> cl]gy1 :il/ ! secul> 7:o _c take ord]s )\t be+ m>ri$7 d n rise above ! /ation ( a p>i% prie/4 ,?is la/-nam$ function1 :i* gives no prospects ( promotion1 is g5]ally left to su* !ological /ud5ts z are n fit = any ?+ bett]1 &1 ) "s few hon\rable exceptions1 !y are g5]ally an ignorant & drunk5 set1 treat$ ) v little respect by ! upp] classes4 ,! foll[+ anecdote1 *>act]i/ic ( ! moral & intellectual condition ( t class ( ! ,russian cl]gy1 0 relat$ to ! au?or by a fri5d :o _h resid$ = "s "t 9 ,russia4 ,a l&[n] ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,kazan1 ,mr ,bakhmetieff1 :o 0 v fond ( ! pleasures ( ! table 9 ! old /yle1 0 9 ! habit ( invit+ to 8 revels ! prie/s ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,once1 :5 8 cl]ical gue/s _h got s drunk z to lose all consci\sness1 _! ho/1 :o 0 less ov]p[]$ by ! effect ( dr9k1 det]m9$ to play !m a practical joke1 by daub+ _! be>ds ) melt$ wax4 ,! di/ress ( ^! poor fell[s1 on awak+ f _! sleep1 at ?is /range unction ( _! be>ds1 0 v great1 because x 0 impossible to get rid ( ! wax )\t greatly injur+ t hirsute app5dage1 ^u :i* s mu* ( _! p]sonal respectability re/s4 ,!y became ! laugh+-/ock ( _! congregations1 & ! /ory made a great noise ov] all ! c\ntry4 #abg ,! ,greek ,*ur* admits no c>v$ images1 z be+ prohibit$ by ! second comm&m5t4 #abh ,!y h consid]ably m1 z w be %[n pres5tly4 #abi ,e alt> 9 a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* mu/ conta9 "s relic4 #acj ,x is said to h be5 made ( pa/ebo>d4 #aca ,!re are1 besides ! five wat] pots m5tion$ by ,calv91 ?irte5 o!rs1 at ,/ ,nicolo ( ! ,lido at ,v5ice1 at ,mosc[1 at ,bologne1 at ,tongres1 at ,cologne1 at ,beauvaia1 at ! abbey ( ,port ,royal at ,p>is1 & at ,orleans1 ?\gh ! ,gospel m5tions b six4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* !y are made are v dissimil> to ea* o!r1 & s are _! respective measures1 :il/ ^? m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospel seem to h be5 all ( ! same size4 #acb ,!re are1 besides ^!1 ?irte5 m1 unkn[n probably to ,calv92 b x w\ld be too t$i\s to enum]ate :]e !y may be se54 #acc ,if a dilig5t inquiry 7 in/itut$ aft] ^! relics 9 p>ticul>1 f\r times z _m z are "h enum]at$ might be f\nd 9 o!r p>ts4 #acd ,i h employ$ ! t]m ,sud>y1 :i* has be5 adopt$ by ,web/]1 f ! ,lat9 ^w sud>ium1 to designate ! relic 9 "q4 #ace ,x appe>s t a k]*ief ) ! lik5ess ( ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/ impr9t$ on x1 & cov]$ ) blood & sweat1 0 kept 9 a *ur* at ,rome 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 = x is m5tion$ 9 ! brief ( ,pope ,s]gius ,,iv41 dat$ #ajaa4 ,we d n "k :at tales respect+ ?is relic 7 relat$ at t "t1 b x appe>s t copies ( x call$ ,v]onies1 i4e41 a corruption ( v]um icon1 8! true image10 7 sold2 & no d\bt ?is appellation gave rise to ! leg5d ( ,sancta ,v]onica :o wip$ ! face ( ,*ri/ ) h] k]*ief z he 0 go+ to ,calv>y4 ,!re are _m v]sions ( ?is leg5d1 z = in/ance t x 0 ?is woman :om ,*ri/ _h cur$ ( ! bloody issue1 :il/ aga9 x is ma9ta9$ t %e 0 no less a p]son ?an ,b]5ice1 niece to ,k+ ,h]od4 ,x is also relat$ t aft] ! disp]sion ( ! apo/les1 ,/ ,v]onica w5t 9 company ) ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,m>?a1 & ,laz>us1 to ,m>seilles1 :]e %e wr\ght _m miracles ) h] k]*ief4 ,! ,emp]or ,tib]ius he>d ( ^! miracles1 & hav+ fall5 ill1 he summon$ ,v]onica to ,rome4 ,%e cur$ him 9 a mom5t1 & 0 rew>d$ ) great hon\rs & ri* pres5ts4 ,! rema9d] ( h] life 0 sp5t at ,rome 9 company ) ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul1 & %e bequea!d ! miracul\s k]*ief to ,pope ,/ ,clem5t4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 t ?is leg5d has n obta9$ ! (ficial approbation ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ?\gh ,/ ,v]onica is ackn[l$g$ & has a place 9 ! cal5d> = ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y2 & x is said %e suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,france4 ,) reg>d to ! l>ge sud>ies or %eets ^u :i* ! :ole body ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is impress$1 & ! absurdity ( :i* ,calv9 has s cle>ly expos$1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! is t at ,tur94 ,its hi/ory is curi\s1 inasmu* z x %[s t ! ef=ts ( enlight5$ & pi\s prelates to prev5t idolatr\s practices invad+ _! *ur*es prov$ unavail+ aga9/ t g5]al t5d5cy to wor%ip visible objects1 s /rongly implant$ 9 corrupt human nature1 t ev5 9 ?is enlight5$ age we are cont9ually witness+ su* manife/ation ( its revival z may be comp>$ only to t ( ! d>k p]iod ( ! middle ages4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ances und\bt$ly are ^? ( ! holy coat ( ,treves1 & ! relics ( ,/ ,!odosia1 :i* h be5 rec5tly in/all$ at ,ami5s1 ) great pomp1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! mo/ em95t prelates ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :o seem n[ to be z anxi\s to promote ?is k9d ( feti%ism1 z "s ( _! pr$ecessors 7 =m]ly to repress ! same abuse4 ,b let u return to our imm$iate subject--! holy sud>ium ( ,tur94 ,x is a long l95 %eet1 ^u :i* is pa9t$ 9 a r$di% col\r a d\ble lik5ess ( a human body1 i4e41 z se5 f be=e & f beh9d1 q nak$ ) ! exception ( a broad sc>f encircl+ ! lo9s4 ,x is pret5d$ t ?is relic 0 sav$ by a ,*ri/ian at ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem by ,titus1 & x 0 pres]v$ = _m c5turies by ! fai?ful4 ,9 #fdj x 0 br\ght back to ,pale/9e1 f :5ce x 0 transf]r$ to ,europe by ! ,crusad]s4 ,x 0 tak5 by a ,fr5* knight nam$ ,ge(froi de ,*>ny1 :o pres5t$ x to ! collegiate *ur* ( a place call$ ,lir1 :i* belong$ to him1 & :i* is situat$ ab\t ?ree leagues f ! t[n ( ,troyes1 9 ,*ampagne2 ! donor decl>+1 on t occasion1 t ?is holy %eet 0 tak5 by him f ! infidels1 & t x _h deliv]$ him 9 a miracul\s mann] f a prison dungeon into :i* he _h be5 ca/ by ! ,engli%4 ,! canons ( t *ur*1 see+ at once ! great pr(its to be d]iv$ f su* a relic1 lo/ no "t 9 exhibit+ x1 & _! *ur* 0 soon cr[d$ ) devotees4 ,! bi%op ( ,troyes1 ,h5ri de ,poiti]s1 f9d+ h[ev] no pro(s ( ! au!nticity ( ?is relic1 prohibit$ x to be %[n z an object ( wor%ip1 & x rema9$ unhe$$ = tw5ty-f\r ye>s4 ,! sons ( ,ge(froi de ,*>ny1 ab\t ! ye> #achh1 obta9$ p]mission f ! ,papal legate to re/ore ?is relic ( _! fa!r's to ! *ur* ( ,lir1 & ! canon expos$ x 9 front ( ! pulpit1 surr\nd+ x ) light$ tap]s1 b ! bi%op ( ,troyes1 ,pet] d',arcy1 prohibit$ ?is exhibition "u pa9 ( excommunication4 ,!y aft]w>ds obta9$ f ! k+1 ,*>les ,,vi41 an au?orization to wor%ip ! holy sud>ium 9 ! *ur* ( ,lir4 ,! bi%op ^u ?is repair$ to c\rt1 & repres5t$ to ! k+ t ! wor%ip ( ! pret5d$ %eet ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 no?+ less ?an d[nright idolatry1 & he argu$ s effectually t ,*>les revok$ ! p]mission by an edict ( ! #ba/ ,augu/ #achi4 ,ge(froi de ,*>ny's sons !n appeal$ to ,pope ,clem5s ,,vii41 :o 0 resid+ at ,avignon1 & he grant$ p]mission = ! holy sud>ium to be exhibit$4 ,! bi%op ( ,troyes s5t a memorial to ! ,pope1 expla9+ ! importance atta*$ to ?is s-call$ holy relic4 ,clem5s did n1 h[ev]1 prohibit ! sud>ium to be %[n1 b he =bade its be+ exhibit$ z ! real sud>y ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! canons ( ,lir1 !re=e1 put aside _! sud>y1 b x reappe>$ 9 o!r places1 & aft] be+ %[n ab\t 9 v>i\s *ur*es & conv5ts x rema9$ at ,*amb]y 9 #adcb1 :]e nobody d>$ to impugn its reality4 ,f t "t its fame increas$1 & ,francis ,i41 k+ ( ,france1 w5t a pilgrimage on foot1 ! :ole way f ,lyons to ,*amb]y1 9 ord] to wor%ip ?is l95 clo?4 ,9 #aegh ,/ ,*>les ,borromeo hav+ ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( go+ on foot to ,*amb]y to adore ! holy sud>y1 ! ,duke ( ,savoy1 wi%+ to sp>e ?is high-born sa9t ! tr\ble ( s long a pilgrimage1 comm&$ ! relic to be br\ght to ,tur91 :]e x has s9ce rema9$1 & :]e ! miracles p]=m$ by x & ! solemn wor%ip paid to x1 may be consid]$ z a pro( t its au!nticity is no long] d\bt$4 ,!re are ab\t six holy sud>ies pres]v$ 9 o!r *ur*es1 besides ! pieces %[n else:]e4 #acf ,calv91 speak+ ( ! silv] pieces = :i* ,judas betray$ our ,"l1 does n say :]e !y are %[n4 ,two ( !m are pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,annunciation at ,flor5ce1 "o 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/ ,john ( ! ,lat]an1 & ano!r 9 t ( ! ,holy ,cross at ,rome4 ,!re is "o piece at ! ,*ur* ( ! ,visit&9e ,conv5t at ,aix 9 ,prov5ce besides _m o!r places :]e !y are display$4--,coll9 de ,plancy1 ,dictionaire des ,reliques4 #acg ,! :ole skeleton ( ! animal is pres]v$ at ,vic5za1 enclos$ 9 an artificial figure ( an ass4 #ach ,eusebius relates1 t ,abg>us1 k+ ( ,edessa1 hav+ he>d ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ & miracles1 s5t an embassy to ackn[l$ge our ,"l's div9ity1 & to invite him to 8 k+dom1 9 ord] to cure ,abg>us ( a compla9t ( long /&+2 ^u :i* ,*ri/ s5t him ! lik5ess m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,n[1 x is impossible = "o mom5t to admit1 t1 if su* an important fact _h any tru?ful f\ndation1 x w\ld h be5 left unrecord$ by ! apo/les4 #aci ,! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* ma9ta9s t ! ,bless$ ,virg9 0 c>ri$ to heav5 by angels1 & x commemorates ?is ev5t by ! fe/ival ( ! ,assumption on ! #ae? ,augu/4 ,?is belief 0 unkn[n to ! primitive *ur*2 =1 accord+ to a ,roman ,ca?olic writ] ( und\bt$ or?odoxy1 ! ,empress ,pul*]ia1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 reque/$ ! ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 ,juv5al1 to all[ h] to h ! body ( ! ,virg91 9 ord] to display x = ! public adoration ( ! fai?ful at ,con/ant9ople4--7,till]ant's 8,memoires ,ecclesia/iques407--,!re are _m o!r pro(s t1 ev5 at t "t1 :5 _m idolatr\s practices _h begun to corrupt ! *ur*1 ! ,virg9's body 0 g5]ally believ$ to be 9 e>?1 & n 9 heav54 #adj ,vials fill$ ) su* milk 7 %[n 9 sev]al *ur*es at ,rome1 at ,v5ice 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>k1 at ,aix 9 ,prov5ce1 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,cele/9s at ,avignon1 9 t ( ,/ ,an?ony at ,padua1 c4 c41 & _m absurd /ories are relat$ ab\t ! miracles p]=m$ ) ^! relics4 #ada ,!re are ab\t tw5ty g[ns ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 exhibit$ 9 v>i\s places4 ,_m ( !m are ( co/ly textures1 :i*1 if true1 w\ld prove t %e _h an exp5sive w>drobe4 #adb ,! numb] ( miracul\s images ( ! ,virg9 9 c\ntries foll[+ ! t5ets ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,greek ,*ur*es is legion1 & a sep>ate volume w\ld be requir$ if we 7 to give ev5 an abridg$ acc\nt ( !m4 #adc 8,! mo/ celebrat$ relic ( ,/ ,joseph is 8 #8han1' i4e41 ! s\nd or groan :i* issues f ! *e/ ( a man :5 he makes an ef=t1 & :i* ,/ ,joseph emitt$ :5 he 0 splitt+ a log ( wood4 ,x 0 pres]v$ 9 a bottle at a place call$ ,concaiv]ny1 ne> ,blois1 9 ,france40--,d',aubigne's ,confessions de ,sancy1 *ap4 ii4 apud ,col9 de ,plancy4 #add ,x is said t z late z #aghd1 at ,m\nt ,/ ,mi*ael 9 ,bretagne1 a ,swiss 0 v5d+ fea!rs f ! ar*angel ,mi*ael's w+s1 & t he f\nd pur*as]s = 8 w>es4 #ade ,?is multiplication ( ,/ ,john's head rem9ds "o ( an anecdote relat$ by ,miss ,p>doe 9 h] 8,city ( ! ,magy>40 ,a museum ( curiosities 0 kept 9 ! *ateau ( ,pr9ce ,grassalkovi* 9 ,hung>y1 & x 0 usually %[n to /rang]s by ! p>i% prie/ ( t place4 ,?is wor?y man 0 once conduct+ a travell] ov] ! collection1 & %[$ him among/ o!r curiosities two skulls1 ( l>ge & small size1 say+ ( ! fir/1 8,?is is ! skull ( ! celebrat$ rebel ,ragotzi20 & ( ! second1 8,t is ! skull ( ! same ,ragotzi :5 he 0 a boy60 #adf ,calv9 has n r5d]$ full ju/ice to ! relics ( ,john ! ,bapti/ exhibit$ 9 v>i\s places4 ,he only m5tions ! diff]5t p>ts ( 8 head & ! f+]s2 & ! quantity altoge!r %[n implies no d\bt t ! head 0 "o ( no ord9>y dim5sions4 ,he evid5tly 0 n aw>e t !re are ab\t a doz5 :ole heads ( ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 :i* are or 7 exhibit$ 9 diff]5t t[ns4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( !m 0 und\bt$ly t "o :i* ! notori\s ,pope ,john ,,xxiii41 :o 0 depos$ = 8 vices by ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 _h sold to ! ,v5etians = ! sum ( fifty ?\s& ducats2 b z ! p ( ,rome w\ld n all[ su* a preci\s relic to quit _! city1 ! b>ga9 0 resc9d$4 ,! head 0 aft]w>ds de/roy$ at ! capture & pillage ( ,rome by ! troops ( ,*>les ,v4 9 #aebg4 ,!re are1 besides1 _m o!r p>ts ( ,/ ,john's body pres]v$ z relics4 ,a "p ( 8 %\ld] 0 pret5d$ to h be5 s5t by ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius to ,k+ ,dagob]t ,i42 & an entire %\ld] 0 giv5 to ,philip ,augu/us by ! ,emp]or ( ,greece4 ,ano!r %\ld] 0 at ,longpont1 9 ! diocese ( ,soissons2 & !re 0 "o at ,lieissies 9 ! ,ha9ault4 ,a leg ( ! sa9t 0 %[n at ,/ ,jean d',abbeville1 ano!r at ,v5ice1 & a ?ird at ,tol$o2 :il/ ! ,abbey ( ,joi5val1 9 ! diocese ( ,*>tres1 boa/$ ( possess+ tw5ty-two ( 8 bones4 ,sev]al ( 8 arms & h&s 7 %[n else:]e1 besides f+]s & o!r p>ts ( 8 body2 b _! enum]ation w\ld be too t$i\s "h4 #adg ,calv9 "h alludes to ! hairclo? worn by ! monks ( "s ord]s1 & o!r ,roman ,ca?olic devotees1 in/ead ( ! ord9>y %irt4 #adh ,!re is a ,fr5* edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 publi%$1 ,i ?9k1 at ,l\va9e1 9 :i* ! #ac? *apt] ( ,acts1 #b;d v]se1 is ?us translat$3 8,etqu& ils disot5t la messe10--8,& :5 !y 7 say+ mass40 #adi ,! relics ( ,pet] & ,paul became at an e>ly p]iod ! objects ( v5]ation to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,rome4 ,gregory ! ,great relates t su* t]rible miracles took place at ! sepul*res t p approa*$ !m 9 fe> & trembl+1 & he adds t ^? :o v5tur$ to t\* !m 7 visibly puni%$4 ,! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 desir+ "s relics ( ^! two apo/les1 "s fil+s f _! prison *a9s1 & %eets t _h be5 consecrat$ by hav+ be5 laid ov] _! bodies1 7 s5t to him2 b "s "t aft]w>ds ^! relics 7 t\*$ & h&l$ )\t p]sons suff]+ any visible puni%m5t = s do+4 ,_! heads 7 transf]r$ to ! *ur* ( ,/ ,john ( ,lat]an1 & _! bodies 7 divid$ & plac$ 9 ! *ur*es ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul 9 ! ,o/ian ,road4 ,we h se5 9 ! text t diff]5t p>ts ( _! bodies are %[n 9 _m places1 & ! celebrat$ ,d',aubign relates t ,france _h possess$ =m]ly ! entire bodies ( ,pet] & ,paul be=e ! ,hugu5ots burnt & de/roy$ a great numb] ( ! relics 9 t c\ntry4 #aej ,?is relic is consid]$ a v effici5t rem$y = cutane\s disord]s4 #aea ,calv9 0 evid5tly 9 ha/e to get ov] 8 task1 z he intimat$ to u at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is *apt]4 ,he has made v great omissions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he appe>s to h =gott5 ! body ( ,/ ,james ! ,major at ,compo/ella 9 ,spa91 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ places ( pilgrimage ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 ?is apo/le w5t to ,spa9 to prea* ,*ri/ianity & !n return$ to ,j]usalem1 :]e he 0 behead$ by ,h]od4--7,acts xii47 ,8 body 0 aft]w>ds remov$ by 8 disciples to ,spa94 ,?is is1 !re=e1 8 second body4 ,he has a ?ird at ,v]ona1 & a f\r? at ,t\l\se1 besides sev]al heads else:]e4 ,! o!r apo/les h also m bodies ?an are m5tion$ 9 ! text1 b ! limits ( ?is "w =bid enum]ation4 #aeb ,/ ,mat!w is n s poor 9 relics z ,calv9 suppos$1 = we c\ld quote sev]al :ole bodies1 z well z memb]s1 ) :i* he 0 n acqua9t$4 #aec ,an oratory is a small *apel or cab9et1 adorn$ ) images ( sa9ts1 c41 & us$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olics = private devotions4 ,! absurdity ( ascrib+ to ,john ! ,evangeli/ ! possession ( su* an oratory is too palpable a falsehood to require any comm5t4 #aed ,accord+ to ! well-kn[n ,jesuit writ] ,ribad5eira1 ! ,jews seiz$ ,laz>us1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,m>?a1 ,m>cella1 ,maxim91 ,celidonius 7suppos$ to h be5 ! man born bl9d1 :o 0 re/or$ to sight by ,jesus ,*ri/71 & ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 & plac+ !m on bo>d a vessel )\t helm1 o>s1 or sails1 laun*$ x =? into ! sea4 ,by a miracle ! vessel rea*$ ,m>seilles1 :]e ,laz>us 0 appo9t$ ! fir/ bi%op ( t t[n4 ,maxim9 became bi%op ( ,aix1 ,joseph ( ,arima!a w5t to ,engl&1 ,m>?a ent]$ a conv5t1 & ,m>y1 aft] prea*+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,prov5ce = "s "t1 retir$ into ! des]t ( ,/ ,beaume1 to weep & lam5t ov] h] s9s4--,fl[] ( ,sa9ts1 ,july #bb4 #aee ,! leg5ds say t ! soldi]1 :om !y "n ,long9us1 0 /ruck ) bl9dness imm$iately aft] pi]c+ ,jesus ,*ri/'s side4 ,he p]ceiv$ ! enormity ( 8 crime1 recognis$ ! div9ity ( our ,"l1 & hav+ rubb$ 8 eyes ) ! blood :i* 0 on 8 lance1 he recov]$ 8 sight1 & f9ally became a monk 9 ,cappadocia4 ,x is true t nei!r ! ,gospels nor ! e>ly ecclesia/ical writ]s m5tion any?+ respect+ ,/ ,long9us1 b ,ribad5eira & o!r n>rators ( leg5ds speak mu* ( him4 ,! read] may possibly object to ! tale ( 8 becom+ a monk1 s9ce 9 ^? days !re 7 none2 b t difficulty m]ely requires ! addition ( ano!r miracle4 #aef ,calv9 is wrong "h4 ,milan only assumes to h possession ( ! graves ( ! wise m51 n _! bodies1 :i* 7 remov$ to ,cologne at ! capture ( ,milan 9 #aafb1 by ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa4 #aeg ,vid4 supra1 p4 #abj4 #aeh ,/ ,an?ony is v5]at$1 or r wor%ipp$1 by ! ,ea/]n z well z ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 & he seems to h be/[$ 8 fav\rs ^u ea* ) ! utmo/ imp>tiality1 = a body ( 8 is %[n at ,novgorod1 9 ,russia1 :]e a *ur*1 ) a conv5t atta*$ to x1 is d$icat$ to him4 ,! leg5d conc]n+ ,/ ,an?ony's arrival at ,novgorod is curi\s4 ,x is said t ?is sa9t1 :il/ at ,rome1 0 comm&$ by an angel1 9 a dream1 to g & conv]t ! inhabitants ( ,novgorod4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ?is angelic injunction1 ,/ ,an?ony emb>k$ on a mill/one1 & float$ on ?is extraord9>y craft d[n ! ,tib]1 pass$ ov] ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,atlantic1 & ,baltic seas1 & arriv$ safely at ! riv] ,wol*[1 ^u :i* /ream ,novgorod is situat$1 hav+ accompli%$ ! :ole voyage 9 f\r days--a m>vell\s spe$ inde$1 & :i* completely %ames all ! wond]s ( mod]n /eam navigation6 ,! date assign$ to ?is wond]ful voyage happ5s to be t ( a few c5turies aft] ,/ ,an?ony's dea?1 b we suppose ?is too mu/ be consid]$ z ano!r miracle4 #aei ,calv9 is mu* mi/ak5 ab\t ,hel5a1 :o 0 bett] provid$ = ?an he imag9$4 ,besides ! body m5tion$ 9 ! text1 %e has "o 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,ara ,cli1 at ,rome4 ,!re 0 "o also at ,con/ant9ople1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 & ano!r at ,hauteville1 ne> ,ep]nay1 9 ,*ampagne4 #afj ,! leg5d tells u t an ,engli% *ief1 aft] conqu]+ & tak+ possession ( ,l[] ,brittany1 return$ to 8 native l& 9 se>* ( wives = 8 army & himself4 ,he m>ri$ ,ursula1 an ,engli% pr9cess1 & took elev5 ?\s& maid5s z brides = 8 companions 9 arms4 ,ursula1 :il/ j\rney+ ) ?is bridal tra9 to jo9 h] husb&1 0 driv5 by a /orm into ! m\? ( ! ,rh9e1 & arriv$ at ,cologne4 ,!re !y 7 beset by a p>ty ( ,huns1 :o murd]$ !m all4 ,_! bodies 7 discov]$ at ,cologne 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & ! rema9s ( ,/ ,ursula1 :i* at fir/ 7 mix$ ) ^? ( h] companions1 7 po9t$ out1 by a miracle1 = ! special v5]ation ( ! fai?ful4 ,sev]al ( ^! virg9s h relics 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 & !y are di/+ui%$ by prop] names1 z1 = in/ance1 ,/ ,ottilla1 ,/ ,fleur9a1 c4 c44 ,! orig9 ( ?is absurd leg5d is ascrib$ by "s antiqu>ians to ! foll[+ inscription f\nd ^u a tomb3--8,/ ,ursula et ,,xi4 ,m4 ,v410 i4e41 et #aa m>tyres virg9es1 :i*1 ?r\gh ignorance or wilful deceit1 has be5 conv]t$ into millia virg9es--#aa1jjj virg9s4 ,o!r savans believe t ! inscription meant 8,/ ,ursula et ,undecimilla1 m>tyres virg9es10 & t ,undecimilla1 :i* 0 ! prop] "n ( a virg9 m>tyr1 0 mi/ak5 by "s ignorant copyi/ = an abbreviation ( undecim millia1 #aa1jjj4 #afa ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t _m relics describ$ 9 ?is ,treatise 7 de/roy$ dur+ ! religi\s w>s1 b p>ticul>ly by ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,i recomm5d to ^? :o h an int]e/ 9 ?is subject ! obs]vations made on x 9 ,sir ,george ,s9clair's ,lett]s1 p4 #hh1 et seq4