,libr>ies47          ,,! ,,te*nique ,,( 
,,fiction ,,writ+     ,! "o excuse &    
brea? ( art--*>m4--,/ev5son4         ,! 
,te*nique (     ,fiction ,writ+      ,by
     ,,rob]t ,,saund]s ,,d[/            
,,james ,,knapp ,,reeve     ,,publi%]   
,,frankl91 ,,ohio       ,copyright1     
#aiah     ,! ,editor ,company           
,copyright1 #aiba     ,james ,knapp     
,reeve         ,,to     ,c4 ,k4 ,r4 ,d4 
,,preface   ,_m books h be5 writt5 on   
fiction te*nique1 & ! *ief excuse = !   
pres5t addition to ! numb] is !         
complexity ( ! subject4 ,its range is s 
wide1 x calls = s _m & s diff]5t        
capacities 9 "o attempt+ to discuss x1 t
 a new "w has m ?an a *ance to meet at  
lea/ two or ?ree defici5cies 9 all o!r  
treatm5ts4  ,i believe t ! *ief         
defici5cy 9 mo/ works on fiction        
te*nique is t ! au?or unconsci\sly has  
slipp$ f ! viewpo9t ( a writ] ( a /ory  
to t ( a read]4 ,n[ a read] )\t int5tion
 to try 8 own h& at ! game is n play+   
fair 9 /udy+ te*nique1 & a book on      

te*nique has no bus9ess to ent]ta9 him4 
,accord+ly1 ,i h /riv5 to keep to !     
viewpo9t ( "o :o seeks to le>n h[ to    
write /ories1 & h made no attempt to    
analyze ! "w ( ma/]s ( fiction = ! sake 
( ! analysis alone4 ,su* analysis is    
int]e/+ to make1 & also int]e/+ to read1
 b x is n directly pr(itable to ! writ]4
 ,x is indirectly pr(itable1 ( c\rse1 b 
x w give v little direct aid to "o :o   
has a def9ite /ory idea & wi%es to be   
told ! ?+s he mu/ consid] 9 develop+ x &
 writ+ ! /ory1 or to "o :o wi%es to be  
told r\ghly h[ he %\ld g ab\t ! bus9ess 
( f9d+ real /ories4 ,9 fact1 ,i believe 
t discussion & analysis ( p]fect "w has 
a t5d5cy to *ill ! en?usiasm ( ! beg9n+ 
writ]4 ,:at he *iefly ne$s is to be told
 ! consid]ations he mu/ hold 9 m9d 9    
conceiv+1 develop+1 & writ+ a /ory4 ,!  
re/ lies ) 8 own abilities & capacities 
to "w intellig5tly & to take pa9s4      
,!re=e ! fir/ "p ( ?is book takes up !  
problems ( te*nique 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y   
pres5t !mselves to ! writ]4 ,beg9n+ )   

matt]s ( conception1 ! discussion passes
 to matt]s ( con/ruction & developm5t1 &
 f9ally to matt]s ( execution1 or r !   
writ+ ( a /ory consid]$ z a b>e *a9 (   
ev5ts4 ,!n ! matt]s ( description1      
dialogue1 ! portrayal ( "*1 & !         
precipitation ( atmosph]e are discuss$1 
& la/ly ! %ort /ory & novel1 z di/9ct   
=ms1 are tak5 up4  ,usually !           
propositions necess>y to be laid d[n    
require no demon/ration2 !y are         
self-evid5t4 ,t is :y a book on te*nique
 = ! writ] ne$ n indulge 9 f9e-spun     
analysis ( p]fect "w4 ,:]e analysis w   
l5d po9t to ! ab/ract /atem5t1 ,i h made
 x1 b my con/ant aim has be5 n to dep>t 
f ! viewpo9t t ! read] has 9 m9d "s idea
 ( 8 own & wi%es to be told h[ to h&le  
x4 ,unque/ionably lit]>y dissection is  
useful 9 t x gives ! beg9n+ writ]       
famili>ity ) ! t]m9ology & processes ( !
 art1 b ! ma9 object ( a book on        
te*nique is to place ! results (        
analysis1 directly /at$1 9 logical      
sequ5ce4  ,i w note "o o!r matt]4 ,a    

great "p ( ! te*nique ( fiction writ+   
conc]ns matt]s ( conception & developm5t
 :i* are prelim9>y to actual writ+4 ,9  
fact !y are ess5tially & peculi>ly !    
te*nique ( fiction4 ,! /ory t is n a    
ju/ly ord]$ :ole1 ) ea* "p 9 its due    
place & no "p omitt$1 _c h full effect1 
h[ev] great ! /rictly executive p[]s (  
its writ]4 ,v]bally faultless tell+ w n 
save a /ory :i* is n logically built up 
& develop$1 ei!r be=e writ+ or 9 !      
process ( writ+4 ,! art ( tell+ a /ory  
is l>gely ! art ( ju/ly manipulat+ its  
elem5ts4 ,! art ( tell+ x ) v]bal       
p]fection is n s mu* a "p ( ! /rict     
te*nique ( fiction writ+ z x is ( !     
g5]al te*nique ( writ+4 ,!re=e ,i h made
 little attempt to discuss ! g5]al art (
 us+ words4 ,= assi/ance 9 /udy+ ! art (
 expression ! read] %\ld turn to a "w on
 rhetoric4 ,! subject is too inclusive =
 adequate treatm5t "h4 ,moreov]1 x is   
debatable :e!r ! art ( v]bal expression 
c be /udi$ objectively ) any great      
pr(it4 ,b ! art ( putt+ a /ory toge!r c 

be /udi$ objectively ) pr(it1 & its     
pr9ciples are subject to direct /atem5t4
  ,i desire to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness 
to ,mr4 ,william ,r4 ,kane1 ( ,! ,editor
 ,magaz9e1 = mu* helpful criticism & _m 
valuable sugge/ions4     ,,table ,,(    
,,cont5ts             ,introduction     
#ac         ,i4 ,! ,writ] ,himself      
#bb        ,,ii4 ,! ,*oice ( ,matt]     
#cj       ,,iii4 ,conceptive ,te*nique3 
,/ory ,types             #cg            
,,iv4 ,conceptive ,te*nique3 ,plot &    
,situation      #dh         ,v4         
,con/ructive ,te*nique ( ,n>ration      
#fd        ,,vi4 ,executive ,te*nique ( 
,n>ration              #hj       ,,vii4 
,executive ,te*nique ( ,n>ration        
7,cont9u$7                              
#ie      ,,viii4 ,description           
#ajg        ,,ix4 ,spee*                
#aba         ,x4 ,portrayal ( ,"*       
#acf        ,,xi4 ,atmosph]e            
#aeb       ,,xii4 ,! ,%ort ,/ory        
#afe      ,,xiii4 ,! ,novel             
#ahb       ,,xiv4 ,conclusion           

#aig            ,app5dix                
#bji     ,,introduction   ,a "w ( art is
 fir/ cl\dily conceiv$ 9 ! m9d2 dur+ !  
p]iod ( ge/ation x /&s m cle>ly =w>d f  
^! swaddl+ mi/s1 puts on expressive     
l9eam5ts1 & becomes at l5g? t mo/       
faultless1 b also1 alas6 t              
incommunicable product ( ! human m9d1 a 
p]fect$ design4 ,on ! approa* to        
execution all is *ang$4 ,! arti/ mu/ n[ 
/ep d[n1 don 8 work+ clo!s1 & become !  
artisan4 ,he n[ resolutely commits 8    
airy conception1 8 delicate ,ariel1 to !
 t\* ( matt]2 he mu/ decide1 almo/ 9 a  
brea?1 ! scale1 ! /yle1 ! _s1 & !       
p>ticul>ity ( execution ( 8 :ole design4
  ,?us ,/ev5son1 9 ,a ,note on ,realism1
 takes x = grant$ t ! arti/ 9 pigm5ts1  
/one1 or words _c reproduce until he    
fir/ has produc$1 _c %[ a p]fect "w     
unless he pa9ts1 builds1 or writes along
 ! l9es ( a p]fect$ design4  ,"o _c     
dabble long at ar*itecture or ! graphic 
arts )\t ga9+ ke5 realization ( ! fact t
 conception 9 its elaborative aspects is

 z mu* a "p & phase ( te*nique z !      
executive h&l+ ( mat]ials4 ,b ! art (   
lit]ature1 &1 m n>r[ly1 ! art ( fiction1
 deal ) mat]ials o!r ?an ^? employ$ 9 ! 
o!r arts2 words1 n colors or m>ble1 nor 
yet s\nds1 are ! res\rce ( ! /ory tell] 
to precipitate 8 conception 9 endur+ =m2
 & words are at once frank & my/]i\s    
?+s4 ,_! prim>y (fice is to =w>d !      
common bus9ess ( life2 ea* has "s mean+ 
9 itself1 m or less def9ite4 ,x results 
t ! writ] ( a /ory :o sets out ) only ! 
m]e/ glimm]+ ( :at he means to d 9 m9d c
 produce a sup]ficially plausible "w1 a 
"w n too obvi\sly mis%ap51 a "w t means 
some?+1 at any rate1 al?\gh 8 failure to
 trace a design to guide 8 h& almo/     
inevitably w prohibit 8 giv+ ! basic    
conception mo/ effective expression4 ,&1
 s9ce almo/ any sequ5ce ( words has "s  
significance1 x also results t ! writ] (
 fiction :o works at haphaz>d may fail  
to discov] t failure 9 8 "w z a :ole is 
due to lack ( plann+ r ?an to defective 
execution4 ,! m]e grammatical coh]5ce ( 

a fictionally slip%od piece ( "w is a   
%ield betwe5 its writ]'s inquir+ eye &  
its ess5tial defects4  ,! art ( fiction 
is ! art bo? ( ! tale & ( ! /ory1       
fictions t diff] radically4 ,_! mo/     
/rik+ diff]5ce is /at$ 9 ! foll[+ pages2
 "h ,i c only rem>k broadly t ! tale is 
episodal1 consi/+ ( a =tuit\s s]ies (   
incid5ts )\t ess5tial connection or     
relation except t !y all happ5$ to happ5
 to ! *>act]s1 :ile ! /ory is a :ole 9 t
 ea* incid5t functions 9 ! developm5t ( 
a plot or dramatic problem4 ,if         
prevision & full elaboration ( 8 basic  
idea are ess5tial to ! writ] ( a tale1  
!y are d\bly ess5tial to ! writ] ( a    
/ory1 simply because a /ory is a :ole & 
! result ( c>eful co-ord9ation ( p>ts4  
,ev5 if ! writ] ( "s p>ticul> /ory has n
 work$ along ! l9es ( a fully elaborat$ 
design1 ! /ory actually w manife/       
co-ord9ation ( p>ts or else be wor?less4
 ,a /ory is m ?an a s]ies ( incid5ts2 x 
is a s]ies ( incid5ts significant 9     
relation to "*4 ,its writ] _c set to "w 

) an eye solely to ! physical spectacle 
& foll[ aft] ) 8 p52 he mu/ prep>e 8 p z
 well z ! ev5ts1 a task ( cunn+         
calculation4 ,he mu/ h an eye to _m o!r 
matt]s1 b ?is is n ! place to /ate !m4  
,! matt] ( "* is ! matt] significant "h1
 because ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 tale &  
/ory is made by ! pres5ce or abs5ce (   
relation betwe5 ev5ts & p]sonality4 ,& x
 is c]ta9 t ! writ] ( a /ory _c hope to 
d ! be/ "w if he po/pones until ! mom5t 
( actual writ+ ! task ( m\ld+ &         
elaborat+ 8 basic idea ) a view to giv+ 
x maximum effect4 ,! task to express    
p]fectly1 9 a v]bal s5se1 is difficult  
en\gh to claim ! undivid$ att5tion ( !  
able/ arti/1 b undivid$ att5tion _c be  
giv5 ! matt] ( v]bal expression by a    
writ] :o %apes 8 sub/ance & picks 8     
words at "o & ! same "t4 ,ei!r ^w or    
sub/ance mu/ suff]4  ,accord+ly1 to     
emphasize ! necessity t ! writ] (       
fiction give full %ape & developm5t to 8
 design be=e writ+1 ,i h /at$ !         
necessity & discuss$ te*nique itself "u 

two heads1 conceptive or con/ructive    
te*nique & executive te*nique4 ,to h    
c>ri$ ?is division rigor\sly ?r\gh !    
:ole book w\ld h be5 nei!r possible nor 
pr(itable1 = x w\ld h involv$ mu*       
repetition & confusion1 b ! v>i\s items 
( te*nique are ei!r l>gely conceptive & 
con/ructive or l>gely executive1 & ! be/
 place to discuss ea* has n be5         
difficult to det]m9e4 ,x 0 only necess>y
 to contemplate ! actual process (      
conceiv+1 develop+1 & writ+ a /ory1 & to
 take up 9 _! ord] ! problems t confront
 a writ] ( fiction4 ,! only matt] :i*   
f\nd no natural place1 s approa*$1 0 t (
 *>act]ization1 :i* is almo/ equally a  
matt] ( con/ruction & ( execution1 s t  
discussion ( x has be5 brok5 up to "s   
ext5t4  ,?is approa* to te*nique is !   
natural approa*1 & has be5 adopt$ = t   
reason4 ,! m naturally & easily any /udy
 c be conduct$1 ! great] ! results t w  
be a*iev$4 ,b !re is a m imm$iate reason
 = tak+ up ! phases ( te*nique 9 ! ord] 
9 :i* !y pres5t !mselves to a writ] (   

fiction1 !reby emphasiz+ ! exi/5ce &    
importance ( ! con/ructive phases (     
te*nique4 ,briefly1 x is t con/ruction  
is at once easi] & m important to le>n  
?an execution4 ,p]haps a little argum5t 
9 support ( ! /atem5t is call$ =4  ,x w 
n be que/ion$ s]i\sly t x is easi] to   
le>n ! ma9 pr9ciples ( con/ruction ?an x
 is to le>n or discov] h[ to write )    
f9i% & p[]4 ,x is entirely possible to  
/ate ab/ractly ! pr9ciples (            
con/ruction1 to grasp _! reasons &      
implications f ab/ract /atem5t1 & to    
apply !m by a m]e act ( ! intellig5ce 9 
writ+ any /ory4 ,b x is entirely        
impossible to /ate ab/ractly ! pr9ciples
 ( writ+ ) f9i% & p[]1 or to le>n to    
write s f any m]e discussion ( ! matt]4 
,! condition is illu/rat$ by almo/ any  
treatise on rhetoric1 :]e half ! text w 
be made up ( examples transcrib$ to l5d 
"s weight to ! obvi\sly--&              
necess>ily--inadequate discussion4 ,h[  
to write ) f9i% & p[] c be le>n$ only by
 long cont9u$ & intellig5t practice1 if 

x c be le>n$ at all4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is n 
to say t con/ant practice is n necess>y 
to ga9 any real facility & adequacy 9   
apply+ ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction4  ,!   
argum5t ( ! la/ p>agraph is cl9*$ by !  
fact t ( a ?\s& /ories1 all ( :i* are   
well con/ruct$ & put toge!r1 only a few 
or p]haps none w be writt5 ) any approa*
 to real lit]>y p[]1 9 ! v]bal s5se4 ,( 
all ! writ]s ( to-day :o c put toge!r a 
/ory 9 workmanlike fa%ion h[ _m h ! p[] 
( ! tell+ ^w8 h[ _m h ev5 a /yle8  ,i h 
yet to sub/antiate ! ass]tion t         
con/ruction is m important = ! writ] (  
fiction to le>n ?an execution1 b ! task 
is easy4 ,9 ! la/ analysis1 ! p[] ( a   
/ory1 t is1 its p[] to int]e/1 dep5ds ^u
 its matt]1 ! spectacle x pres5ts4 ,if !
 :ole conception is ju/ly elaborat$ &   
prop]ly put toge!r1 x w h v ne>ly full  
effect1 ev5 ?\gh its writ] does n give x
 p]fect v]bal expression1 provid$ !     
v]bal precipitation ( ! ?+ is n too     
%amelessly inadequate4 ,p]fect v]bal    
expression is necess>y to give a prop]ly

 con/ruct$ /ory maximum effect2 x is n  
necess>y to give x approximate effect4  
,b p]fect v]bal expression w n save a   
/ory t is mis%ap5 & di/ort$ ?r\gh lack (
 prop] con/ruction4  ,^! consid]ations  
/rongly urge ! writ] ( fiction to ma/] !
 pr9ciples ( con/ruct+ a /ory be=e he   
frets ab\t ! nuances ( expression1 & j z
 /rongly !y impose ^u a book on te*nique
 ! obligation to discuss matt]s (       
con/ruction at l5g? & also to discuss !m
 z su*4 ,! book :i* does n explicitly   
insi/ t c]ta9 matt]s are matt]s (       
con/ruction1 !re=e to be p]=m$ be=e     
writ+1 is v apt to mislead4 ,x is a     
defect f :i* too _m books on fiction    
te*nique are n free1 & "o t ,i h tri$ to
 avoid4  ,h[ compreh5sive & inclusive   
are ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction ! fir/    
half ( ?is book attempts to %[4 ,"h x is
 en\gh to /ate t !y embrace matt]s s    
diff]5t z ! manipulation ( possible     
incid5ts 9 ! int]e/ ( climax1 & !       
prep>ation or build+ up ( ! p ( a /ory t
 its situations may h real dramatic     

value = a read]4 ,! writ] ( fiction :o  
m]ely writes _c hope to provide by any  
in/9ct = ^! & ! o!r matt]s (            
con/ruction1 & no p[] 9 8 words c =tify 
ess5tial weakness 9 8 matt]4 ,/yle1     
lit]>y p[]1 ! "r ^w 9 ! "r place--all w 
resi/ ! too? ( "t1 b no "o w pres]ve a  
/ory f ! contagion ( decay at ! he>t4   
,inde$1 9 ! ju/] s5se1 a %apely design  
is ! necess>y f\ndation or basis =      
p]fect writ+1 :i* is no m]e v>ni%4  ,9  
?is pres5t era ( magaz9e lit]ature !    
*ances are t n9e out ( t5 actual or     
prospective writ]s ( fiction :o take up 
a book on te*nique = s]i\s /udy w d s ) 
an eye to ! %ort /ory4 ,& s9ce ?is book 
is = ! practition] ( ! art1 n = ! m]e   
read] ( fiction1 ,i h felt myself "u    
obligation to discuss ! %ort /ory & its 
peculi> te*nique ) "s approa* to        
adequacy4 ,/atem5t ( ! way ! %ort /ory  
has be5 approa*$ may s]ve to align !    
read]'s m9d ) ! argum5t4  ,9 ! fir/     
place1 ! %ort /ory is yet a /ory1 a     
fiction1 s t ! g5]al te*nique ( fiction 

is applicable to x1 ) suitable          
modifications "h & !re4 ,9 ! second     
place1 ! %ort /ory is a di/9ct type (   
fiction 9 t x embodies a plot or        
dramatic problem & is brief en\gh to    
read at "o n v prolong$ sitt+4 ,x is at 
once slight] & m po9t$ or direct ?an !  
long /ory ( plot1 ! novel or romance4 ,!
 result is t all its processes1         
p>ticul>ly ! process ( *>act]ization1   
mu/ be conduct$ 9 a fa%ion m swift &    
summ>y ?an 9 a long /ory1 & ! diff]5ce  
is ! :ole ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! te*nique ( ! 
two =ms4  ,un=tunately1 a discussion ( !
 peculi> te*nique ( ! %ort /ory _c      
conf9e itself to ?is diff]5ce )\t fail+ 
to cle> away ! _m misconceptions t      
becl\d ! subject4 ,a good deal has be5  
writt5 on ! %ort /ory1 &1 s9ce !re is   
really n v mu* to say1 a good _m writ]s 
h be5 l$ into nons5se4 ,) s mu*         
misconception 9 ! air1 ,i h felt t x    
w\ld be useful to /ate a t5able !ory ( !
 %ort /ory1 & h attempt$ to d s 9 !     
*apt] on ! =m4 ,! matt] w be f\nd !re & 

_c be reproduc$ "h1 b brief /atem5t ( ! 
argum5t w complete ! =eta/e ( ! book4   
,s9ce ! %ort /ory is a /ory1 at lea/1 x 
may be divid$ & classifi$1 l all /ories1
 into /ories ( "*1 /ories ( complication
 ( incid5t1 & /ories ( atmosph]e1 t is1 
into /ories :i* emphasize or /ress !    
elem5t ( p]sonality1 ! elem5t ( incid5t1
 or ! elem5t ( sett+4 ,b ! truly        
significant division ( ! %ort /ory into 
types1 ! division :i* x w be mo/        
directly pr(itable = ! writ] ( fiction  
to realize1 is tw(old1 n triplicate1 &  
is ! division into ! dramatic %ort /ory 
& ! %ort /ory ( atmosph]e or unity (    
emotional effect on a read]4  ,^! two   
types are z diff]5t z black & :ite1 & ! 
misconception not$ above consi/s 9      
confus+ !m4 ,! %ort /ory ( atmosph]e is 
,poe's sort ( /ory2 he said some?+      
def9ite & true ab\t 8 peculi> art2 b    
lat] writ]s1 critics r1 h padd$ &       
di/ort$ 8 words to cov] ! :ole field ( !
 %ort /ory4 ,! g5]al result is mu* pr9t$
 folly1 & ! specific result = ! %ort    

/ory writ] is t he is cont9ually urg$1  
comm&$1 entreat$1 & advis$ to inve/ 8 "w
 ) "s my/]i\s unity4 ,! advice is s\nd  
if ! %ort /ory ( atmosph]e1 ! %ort /ory 
( unity or totality ( emotional effect1 
is meant2 ! %ort /ory ( atmosph]e is a  
my/]i\s & subtle unity 9 t its p &      
happ5+s are curi\sly ( a piece ) its    
sett+1 s]v+ to deep5 or int5sify !      
emotional effect ( ! sett+ on a read]4  
,b1 appli$ to ! dramatic %ort /ory1 !   
advice is uns\nd1 = ! dramatic %ort /ory
 may & usually does involve mu* div]sity
 & contra/ 9 its ?ree elem5ts ( p1      
ev5ts1 & sett+4 ,! only s5se 9 :i* x c  
be said to be a unity is t x is v]bally 
coh]5t1 a s+le /ory4 ,! s+le /ory may   
involve radically diff]5t p1 happ5+s1 & 
sc5es4  ,! positive evil t5d5cy 9 tell+ 
! %ort /ory writ] to seek to inve/ 8 "w 
) unity is t if he foll[s ! advice 8    
mat]ial w be re/rict$1 & he w write     
/ories too simple really to int]e/1 ap>t
 f ! appeal ( _! *>act]s4 ,& ?is po9t ( 
int]e/ br+s up ano!r aspect ( ?is book  

:i* ,i w\ld m5tion4  ,! la/ *apt] /ates 
a g5]al !ory or philosophy ( fiction :i*
 x w prove mo/ pr(itable = ! writ] (    
fiction to grasp1 h[ev] imp]fectly ,i   
may h /at$ x4 ,! !ory is n pr(\nd1 9 !  
s5se t x is my/]i\s1 be+ m]ely ! !ory   
:i* is impli$ 9 ! cont5t & aim ( ! art (
 fiction itself4 ,! cont5t ( fiction is 
man & :at he may possibly or ev5        
conceivably exp]i5ce2 ! aim ( fiction is
 to int]e/1 9 ,/ev5son's words1 ! "o    
excuse & brea? ( art--*>m4 ,h[ mu* is   
impli$ 9 ! cont5t & aim ( fiction ,i h  
tri$ to %[ 9 my clos+ pages1 b ! !ory   
!re /at$ is ! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole   
book1 & any value x may h d]ives f su*  
un=c$ h&l+ ( ! subject4 ,ap>t f ! m]it (
 my own "w1 "o ?+ at lea/ is c]ta94 ,if 
comm5tators on ! art ( fiction g5]ally  
w\ld deal less 9 isms & seek less to    
display _! pr(undity & critical acum51 !
 actual writ] ( fiction might read !m ) 
"s pr(it4 ,z x is1 ! greate/ s+le dang] 
?reat5+ ! practition] ( ! art is t 8    
eag]ness = all t p]ta9s ev5 remotely to 

8 trade may lead him to take s]i\sly !  
empty ?und]s ( ! s*ools & to =get t 8   
bus9ess is to int]e/ & captivate ,mr4 & 
,mrs4 ,smi?1 simply t4  ,to sum up1 my  
desire has be5 to write a book t w\ld be
 ( "s practical use1 at lea/ practically
 sugge/ive to ! writ] ( fiction2 !re=e !
 only natural way to approa* te*nique   
has be5 adopt$1 & ,i h indulg$ 9        
analysis only :5 ! analysis w\ld be     
useful 9 itself or w\ld s]ve to cle>    
away misconception4 ,9 o!r words1 ! book
 has be5 writt5 /rictly = ! writ]1 n !  
read] ( fiction1 & t implies mu*4       
,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,writ] ,,himself       
,critical ,faculty--,cultivation (      
,g5ius--,obs]vation &                   
,in=mation--,op5-m9d$ness--,attitude    
,t[>d ,life--     ,prejudice &          
,prov9cialism--,! ,social ,"q--,read+-- 
,imag9ation4   ,accessible z are ! data 
( ! fiction writ]1 ! facts &            
possibilities ( life1 _! v accessibility
 places him "u /rict necessity to sift !
 useful f ! useless 9 se>* = ! pregnant 

!me4 ,= if life pres5ts a multiplicity (
 ev5ts to ! writ]1 f :i* he may select  
"s sort ( /ory ) little labor to        
himself1 life also pres5ts ! same       
multiplicity ( ev5ts to ! read]1 :o c   
see ! obvi\s z well z ! lazy writ]1 & :o
 w n be pleas$ ) a n>ration ( :i* he has
 ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end by he>t4 ,a    
tale :i* does n int]e/ fails ess5tially1
 & novelty1 9 ! undebas$ s5se ( ! ^w1 is
 ! root ( int]e/4 ,!re=e ! writ] (      
fiction :o takes himself & 8 art s]i\sly
 mu/ develop ! op5 & p5etrat+ eye & !   
faculty ( j selection4 ,all is n gold t 
glitt]s1 a fact t too (t5 becomes       
pa9fully evid5t only :5 "s tale discov]$
 ) joy & develop$ ) eag]ness lies coldly
 spread ^u pap]4 ,! beg9n] :o w approa* 
8 own conceptions 9 a _s ( unbias$      
criticism & e/imation be=e det]m9+ to   
set !m d[n w save himself useless labor1
 mu* po/age1 & _m secret te>s4 ,half ( !
 ess5tially feeble "w produc$ t has n a 
*ance ( gett+ publi%$ is ! result ( !   
writ]'s fall+ 9 love ) 8 own idea simply

 because x is 8 own idea4 ,! defect is 9
 conception r ?an 9 execution1 & a matt]
 ( fir/ importance to ! writ] is to     
develop ! faculty ( e/imat+ 8           
unelaborat$ ideas4  ,unque/ionably ?is  
faculty c be develop$4 ,! /ruggle = its 
developm5t is half ov]1 9 a practical   
s5se1 :5 ! writ] comes to judge 8       
concepts at all be=e writ+1 :5 he w9s   
free ( ! habit ( writ+ j to be writ+1 & 
( *oos+ to "w on a p>ticul> tale because
 x is ! be/ he c squeeze f 8 bra9s at ! 
p>ticul> mom5t1 r ?an because x is      
absolutely good & he kn[s x to be       
absolutely good4  ,unque/ionably1 too1 !
 critical faculty is p[]less to supply  
wor?y conceptions4 ,b t is beside !     
po9t4 ,if ! conceptions are wor?y1 ! j  
critical faculty w recognize _! m]it1 & 
give ! writ] c\rage & confid5ce to s5d  
ea* tale across ! almo/ inevitable sea (
 rejections until x comes to port1 z x  
surely w1 if well done4 ,& if !         
conceptions are feeble1 & ! writ] _c    
bett] !m1 x w be bett] = him & all      

conc]n$ t he discov] ! tru?4  ,:e!r !   
ess5tial g5ius ( ! tell] ( tales1 ! p[] 
t fir/ supplies a !me ( mom5t & !n a    
fitt+ g>b = x1 is a plant capable (     
nurture1 is n = me to attempt to %[1 or 
ev5 to /ate4 ,=tunately1 ! "q is        
academic4 ,! dons may debate ! po9t1 b =
 ^? :o !mselves labor 9 ! lit]>y v9ey>d 
! ?+ to rememb] is t ! same habits (    
obs]vation & practice :i* "s claim w    
create ! lit]>y faculty w at lea/ fo/]  
its gr[?1 if x is a gift1 z o!rs claim1 
& n to be artificially cultivat$4 ,/eady
 h\rs at ! desk & mom5ts ) ! notebook1 !
 cultivation ( ! see+ eye1 ! in=m$ m9d1 
& ! sympa!tic he>t1 may n be able to    
create ! div9e sp>k4 ,b x may burn )9 "o
 = all t2 & %all "o neglect to br+ x to 
full flame on ! m]e *ance t x may n exi/
 because ( ! possibility t x _c be      
creat$8 ,if ! *ance ( its exi/5ce is    
great en\gh 9 ! individual's eyes to    
ju/ify ! labor ( writ+ at all1 x is     
great en\gh to ju/ify und]tak+ !        
correlative activities ( obs]vation &   

self-culture4 ,at ! lea/ ( x1 ^! c      
result only 9 mak+ "o a bett] & m       
complete man or woman1 irrespective ( ! 
lit]>y result4 ,! writ] :o fancies t 8  
labor is b to /r+ words1 & t idea or    
passion come to life 9 ! b>r5 m9d or    
he>t1 is =$oom$ to failure4 ,no equation
 c be =m$ betwe5 some?+ & no?+1 nor c   
some?+ come f no?+4 ,all life & all art 
is a quid pro quo2 ! writ] mu/ b>t] 8 "t
 & sweat = 8 raw mat]ials1 ideas4  ,!re 
is little ne$ to /ate t ( writ]s ( equal
 g5ius ! "o ) ! deepe/ res]voirs (      
obs]vation & in=mation to draw ^u w     
produce ! m significant "w4 ,9 relation 
to expository & argum5tive writ+ ! fact 
is pat5t2 9 relation to ! writ+ (       
fiction x may be less obvi\s1 b1        
curi\sly en\gh1 is ev5 m impressive :5  
p]ceiv$4 ,! writ] ( special treatise or 
argum5t may devil 8 subject = !         
occasion2 ?\gh ! writ] ( fiction may    
specially inve/igate ! phase ( life or  
society ) :i* he deals1 8 inve/igations 
w aid him only 9 ! ext]nal matt]s (     

dress1 cu/oms1 spee*1 or atmosph]e4 ,= !
 pres]vation ( ! ess5tial congruity &   
ju/ness ( ! :ole z a pres5tation ( life 
he mu/ dep5d solely ^u 8 own innate     
famili>ity ) life1 :i* _c be bru%$ up = 
! occasion1 = x necess>ily d]ives f !   
totality ( ! individual's exp]i5ce & !  
use he has made ( x4  ,9 ?is connection 
x may be not$ t above all else ! writ] (
 fiction mu/ be ca?olic 9 8 int]e/s &   
sympa?ies4 ,he is ! sieve ?r\gh :i* !   
motley /ream ( life is p\r$ to h select$
 = pres5tation its mo/ significant      
aspects1 & any unwisely *]i%$ av]sions (
 8 are s _m gaps 9 ! nett+ ?r\gh :i*1 to
 8 own loss1 wor?y matt] con/antly w    
escape4 ,x is difficult en\gh at be/ =  
ev5 ! mo/ op5-m9d$ writ] to a*ieve "s   
approa* to an adequate pres5tation ( a  
phase ( life1 & = ! writ] ^: vision is  
di/ort$ by prejudice & pr$ilection1     
h[ev] p]fect 8 te*nique1 x is ne>ly     
impossible4 ,! writ] ( fiction is       
conc]n$ ) political1 social1 or religi\s
 dogmas only 9 s f> z !y imp+e ^u &     

affect ! individual life ^: c\rse 8 p5  
is trac+1 & 8 only prop] & fruitful     
attitude t[>d su* dogmas is t ( obs]v]1 
n ( fi]ce advocate or equally fi]ce     
assailant4 ,! he>t ( ! p is s\nd] ?an   
its head1 p]haps because l>g]1 & life is
 a complex ( passion r ?an a complex (  
intellectual crusades4 ,! writ] (       
fiction addresses ! :ole man1 8         
emotional nature z well z 8 intellig5ce1
 & %\ld address him by pres5t+ ! :ole   
man1 in/ead ( "s feeble c\nt]feit n     
actuat$ prim>ily by passion4  ,emotion c
 be evok$ only by ! portrayal ( passion1
 & emotion--sympa?y1 disgu/1 admiration1
 any spiritual excitem5t--is ! root ( ! 
appeal ( fiction4 ,!re are o!r elem5ts (
 int]e/1 prim>ily intellectual1 z 9 !   
detective /ory or any /ory (            
ratioc9ation1 b emotional appeal is ! "o
 ess5tial 9 "w ( any compass4 ,emotional
 appeal is atta9able only ?r\gh a j     
pres5tm5t ( life1 & t[>d life ! writ] ( 
fiction mu/ pres]ve an attitude (       
obs]vation & ready acceptance4 ,9 ! la/ 

analysis1 t is 8 bus9ess4 ,! _w pays its
 wage to ! sci5ti/ = ! n>r[1 int5sive   
view2 x pays its wage to ! tell] ( tales
 = ! broad1 ext5sive view4  ,! c\rse (  
lett]s is m>k$ by great failures ^:     
ess5tial te*nical p[]s 7 nullifi$ or at 
lea/ hamp]$ by _! n>r[ outlook on life1 
& by great successes ^: a*ievem5ts be> !
 sc> ( prejudice & prov9cialism4 ,9 our 
day1 ! multitud9\s /&+ controv]sies ( ! 
pa/ h be5 r$uc$ 9 bitt]ness by ! m g5]al
 diffusion ( in=mation & by ! conflict+ 
claims ( m num]\s int]e/s t dem&        
ex]cise4 ,nev]!less we /ill h ! division
 betwe5 ri* & poor1 capital & labor1    
cons]vative & radical4 ,= reasons       
immat]ial "h1 ?is division & result+    
social conflict w become m complete &   
bitt]2 ! writ] ( fiction w face ! fact &
 be =c$ to deal ) x at times2 & x is to 
be rememb]$ t "o may be abrea/ or ev5   
ahead ( ! be/ ?\ght ( ! day )\t be+     
hectic1 & t to draw ! cons]vative (     
fiction z a fool or a villa9 simply     
because he is a cons]vative is bad art4 

,conceivably a man may be back 9 ! ruck 
( ?\ght & belief because he is a fool1 b
 he is n a fool m]ely because he is     
beh9d ! times4 ,he may h _h no *ance to 
le>n bett]1 & t is precisely ! /ory4    
,besides view+ life ) a sympa!tic &     
inclusive eye1 ! writ] ( fiction %\ld   
inve/igate ! small] _w ( books4 ,life is
 inf9itely m ri* 9 sub/ance ?an ! pr9t$ 
^w1 b ! obs]v] is n a disembodi$ _s1 &  
_c scrut9ize ! :ole _w1 _c exhau/ ev5 8 
own little neighborhood4 ,he c call to 8
 s]vice ! eyes ( 8 contempor>ies & ( ^? 
:o h gone be=e1 &1 9 a few h\rs read+1 c
 live vic>i\sly a doz5 lives4 ,9 ?is v  
real s5se ! _w ( books is practically   
l>g] ?an ! actual _w2 "o c hope to      
exhau/ its m significant matt]4 ,by     
read+1 ! writ] ( fiction c ga9          
famili>ity ) ! actual tissue ( life1 !  
casual relation betwe5 motives & acts--s
 (t5 obscur$ 9 real life--c m+le )      
nobl]1 bas]1 m significant p ?an he w be
 apt to meet1 & c e/imate ! ef=ts ( o!rs
 9 8 own art4 ,read+ ( all sorts w yield

 in=mation1 & read+ ( fiction w reveal !
 root causes ( success & failure 9 !    
difficult task to precipitate life 9    
words4  ,!re is little ne$ to emphasize 
! difficulty ( ! task1 tw(old z x is4   
,"o mu/ f9d matt]1 & "o mu/ display x4  
,n only w read+ conduce to m5tal        
developm5t & flexibility2 x w reveal !  
function ( ! s+le ^w4 ,life is se5 9    
*i>oscuro1 b words are %>p & def9ite    
?+s4 ,z ,/ev5son has said1 ! writ] mu/  
"w 9 mosaic1 ) f9ite & q rigid words4   
,if he really works1 scorn+ to abuse a  
noble in/rum5t & to pro/itute a noble   
pr(ession1 8 difficulties w b increase )
 8 e>ne/ness4 ,flaub]t is a case 9 po9t4
 ,only by read+ c ! writ] discov] !     
res\rces ( language1 & only by read+ c  
he f9d enc\ragem5t 9 ! spectacle ( :at  
pati5ce & devotion h a*iev$4  ,"o may   
employ a me?od ( lit]>y pres5tm5t       
diametrically opposite to t ( fitt+ ! "r
 ^w 9 ! "r place1 ! me?od ( tak+ a broad
 canvas1 disreg>d+ l5g?1 &1 9 a sort1   
model+ ! v]bal mass1 :i* w possess      

pla/icity to an ext5t1 ?\gh compos$ (   
words intractable & rigid 9 !mselves1 l 
! atoms :i* compose model]'s clay4 ,b   
?is me?od is op5 only to ! writ] ( a    
novel ( epic l5g?2 ! v]bal economy ( !  
%ort /ory =bids x2 & x w usually be f\nd
 t ! books :i* manife/ x--,les          
,mis]ables1 ,david ,copp]field1 ,tom    
,jones1 ,jean ,*ri/ophe1 ,w> & ,peace1  
mu* ( ,?ack]ay's "w1 = in/ance--owe _!  
appeal to ! ess5tial vitality & wor? (  
_! matt] r ?an to any detail$ p]fection 
( arti/ry4 ,if ! /ory is wor?y1 x w n be
 injur$ by compact & arti/ic expression2
 ! function ( ! arti/ is to select !    
significant f life & to pres5t x z      
pung5tly & z p]fectly z possible2       
brevity 9 expression is z ess5tial z    
economy ( l9e 9 draw+4 ,i h read & he>d 
x /at$ t ,/ev5son & _m o!rs em95t =     
arti/ry are ?9 & self-consci\s 9 _! "w1 
& p]sonally ,i w\ld give mu* to "k :e!r 
?is impression does n d]ive f ! fact t  
_m ( ! accept$ great books ( ! _w1 & mo/
 ( ^? appe>+ day by day1 are negligible 

z examples ( executive arti/ry1 by _!   
contra/ mak+ ! occasional "w t is       
concisely & arti/ically done seem       
some:at artificial4 ,! read] is p]haps s
 accu/om$ to imp]fect "w t ! p]fect has 
a t\* ( artificial glitt]1 & seems      
unreal4 ,b ?is is a digression4 ,! fact 
rema9s t ! writ] ( fiction :o w\ld live 
by 8 art _c af=d to g 9 ignorance ( :at 
has be5 done be=e him4 ,he %\ld read1   
widely & ) all 8 faculties on ! /ret*4  
,a va/ am\nt ( exp]im5t lies ready on ! 
pr9t$ page4 ,"o may n by read+ le>n h[  
to d p]fect "w1 b "o c at lea/ discov]  
:at _c by any possibility be done4  ,!  
g5]al proposition is t ! writ] ( fiction
 mu/ obs]ve life1 mu/ e/imate x1 & mu/  
express ! phase t 8 e/imation %[s to be 
significant4 ,! op5 eye1 ! cultivat$ &  
able m9d1 & ! tra9$ h& are all equally  
ess5tial1 & all mu/ "w toge!r 9 h>mony4 
,"s h ! eye )\t ! h&2 "s ! h& )\t ! eye2
 9 o!rs ! faculty ( discrim9ation is    
want+2 b eye1 m9d1 & h& may all be tra9$
 by application4 ,no "o :o has n done 8 

be/ has ! "r to compla9 ( failure1 & he 
:o engages 9 ! difficult bus9ess (      
lett]s1 & neglects to use all ef=ts to  
equip himself1 is a fool & no?+ else4 ,!
 writ] may live 9 prosaic surr\nd+s & be
 repress$ by daily contact ) p z dull z 
dit*wat]2 yet ! _w is wide & man a free 
ag5t )9 limits2 let him /rike 8 t5t & g 
else:]e4 ,b let him fir/ make q sure t !
 defect is 9 8 environm5t & n 9 himself4
 ,o!rwise1 :5 ensconc$ 9 a snug arti/ic 
,bohemia1 he may suff] ! pa9 ( le>n+ t  
"s quiet1 cle>-ey$ se] has f\nd ri* ores
 9 ! old home life1 & has wr\ght !m to  
fre% %apes ( beauty4 ,& beyond !        
influ5ce ( all accid5ts ( "t & place    
lies ! _w ( imag9ation1 in/9ct ) au/]e  
beauty1 (f]+ escape1 solace1 & ri* gifts
 to him :o has ! gold5 key4 ,inve/igate 
! life t 0 ,haw?orne's 9 ,salem1        
,massa*usetts1 9 ! ?irties & =ties1 !n  
read ,! ,sc>let ,lett]1 & turn y\r eyes 
)9 if ugl9ess lies />k ab\t y4 ,no boor 
& dull>d may walk ) y 9 ! fields (      
fancy1 alone ) ! night w9d & ! quiet    

/>s4 ,dream ) sanity1 live ) sanity1 "w 
) sanity & purpose1 & realize t life &  
?\ght are y\r bus9ess1 & t ! /ream (    
life z a :ole is clean & fre% & sweet & 
utt]ly int]e/+ ev5 if y y\rself are     
caught 9 "s /agnant backwat]4 ,op5 y\r  
eyes & swim = ! cle> rea*es ( ! /ream4  
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,matt]   
,selection--,s9c]ity--,adv5ture--,common
 ,problems ( ,life--                    
,orig9ality--,novelty & ,wor?--,?ree    
,elem5ts ( ,fictional                   
,lit]ature--,int]e/--,elem5ts ( ,int]e/4
   ,life is inf9itely v>i\s1 & !        
possibilities ( ! imag9ation are ev5 m  
ext5sive2 ! writ] ( fiction has en\gh   
mat]ial at h&4 ,8 prim>y task1 to pit*  
^u a !me1 is almo/ :olly selective1     
unless he is curs$ ) a paucity (        
obs]vation or b>r5ness ( imag9ation1 9  
:i* case he has mi/ak5 8 call+4 ,& 9 ?is
 task ( selection ! writ] mu/ be> 9 m9d 
sev]al consid]ations1 8 own             
pr$ilections1 8 own p[]s1 ! intr9sic    
wor? ( ! idea1 &--la/ b n lea/--!       

audi5ce he is to address4 ,! writ] %\ld 
give e> to 8 own p]sonal lik+s because  
he w d bett] "w :5 he has int]e/ 9 !    
matt] "u 8 h&s2 he %\ld consid] 8 own   
p[]s le/ he attempt too mu*2 he mu/     
consid] ! intr9sic wor? ( 8 !me le/ 8 "w
 be ess5tially feeble2 & he mu/ pond] 8 
audi5ce t 8 "w may n g = naught4 ,z to  
?is la/1 a ^w ( advice may n be out (   
place4 ,?\gh ! av]age read] may h little
 p[] to express1 he usually has a well  
develop$ p[] to appreciate1 & !re is no 
ne$ to write d[n to him4 ,condesc5sion  
on ! "p ( ! writ] ( fiction is less     
obtrusive ?an 9 m directly in=mative    
writ+1 b x is in/antly p]ceiv$ & res5t$ 
:5 pres5t4 ,! be/ audi5ce = ! writ] to  
imag9e is simply ! be/ audi5ce1 alive 9 
s5sibilities & intellig5ce4  ,/ories--& 
!re=e pot5tial /ories--may be divid$    
r\ghly into two classes1 ^? meant       
frankly to ent]ta9 & ^? design$ to p]=m 
a high] function 9 addition4 ,! l9e     
betwe5 !m is n h>d & fa/2 ! same basic  
idea w slip f "o side to ! o!r "u       

diff]5t h&l+ by diff]5t au?ors4 ,b !re  
is a real diff]5ce1 & t diff]5ce is made
 by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( s9c]ity 9 !   
writ]4 ,! complete & r\nd$ /ory w       
int]e/1 :i* is ! elem5t ( b>e matt]1 w  
be s p]fectly told t its m]e /ructure w 
give pleasure1 :i* is ! elem5t (        
arti/ry1 & w truly express "s phase (   
life z ! au?or sees x1 :i* is ! elem5t (
 s9c]ity4 ,/ories may possess all1 "s1  
or none ( ^! elem5ts1 b no /ory :i* does
 n possess !m all c be said to fulfil   
completely ! ideals ( ! art ( fiction4  
,!re is no ab/ract obligation to be     
s9c]e re/+ on a writ] ( fiction2 he %\ld
 be s9c]e because 8 "w w ga9 9 p[]4 ,a  
read] w feel ! pres5ce or lack ( !      
quality4  ,?is does n mean t ! writ] (  
fiction %\ld take himself & life too    
s]i\sly1 a fault ( :i* ,george ,eliot is
 p]haps an example4 ,he %\ld simply be  
true to 8 own arti/ic convictions4 ,if  
he mu/ write pot-boil]s = a liv+1 he    
%\ld refuse to let ! h\rs s sp5t dull 8 
arti/ic s5se4 ,no ta9t atta*es to writ+ 

an ent]ta9+ /ory = ! money 9 x2 ! eld]  
,dumas1 = in/ance1 0 a f> great] arti/ 9
 lett]s ?an ho/s ( m sombre writ]s :o   
prec$$ & h succe$$ him4 ,& ! writ] :o   
has ,dumas' intr9sic gaiety & v]ve may  
write adv5ture & write lit]ature too4   
,back ( ! possibility lies ! fact t ! m 
biz>re phases ( life are some:at        
accid5tal & n v inclusive4 ,! writ] :o  
deals ) !m mu/ draw on 8 imag9ation     
heavily1 n only = initial conceptions b 
= details4 ,v possibly he may miss "s ( 
! w>m v]isimilitude t d]ives f writ+ (  
famili> ?+s & con/itutes ! key/one ( !  
fictional ar*4 ,! /range & /rik+ may ga9
 a read]'s sup]ficial int]e/ v easily1 b
 easy come1 easy g & ! /ory ( deep-root$
 appeal is ! /ory t displays to a read] 
%>ply individualiz$ human be+s meet+ !  
daily problems t are our common human   
lot4 ,^! problems are n dull because !y 
are common & univ]sal2 _! univ]sality is
 ! s\rce ( _! int]e/4 ,! writ] :o c     
r$uce a g5]al problem ( love1 hate1 or  
labor to specific t]ms ( p]sons & ev5ts1

 & c inve/ ! :ole ) t c]ta9 mom5t\sness1
 z ( life rais$ to a high] p[]1 :i* is !
 hallm>k ( lit]ature1 fulfils ! highe/  
possibilities ( ! art1 :e!r he be z     
reali/ic 9 me?od z ,do/oievsky 9 ,crime 
& ,puni%m5t or z romantic 9 _s z        
,haw?orne 9 ,! ,sc>let ,lett]4  ,p]haps 
all ?is is some:at repell5t4 ,we are n  
all ,haw?ornes 9 embryo--worse luck6--& 
?\gh a good _m aspire to d some?+ wor?  
:ile 9 itself "s day1 ano!r good _m are 
m humble1 & incl9e to view ! editor's   
*eck z suffici5t w>ranty ( success4 ,su*
 an attitude is mu* heal?i] ?an t ( !   
p]secut$ g5ius :o refuses to inve/igate 
pres5t conditions 9 ! public ta/e & to  
coax & take advantage ( !m4 ,b x may be 
c>ri$ to extremes4 ,i d n ?9k t _m      
delib]ately write tra%1 b x is app>5t t 
a good deal ( tra% is writt5 ?r\gh too  
s$ul\s imitation ( ! tone ( curr5t      
lit]ature4 ,!re is a recognizable type (
 ma*9e-made /ory us$ by all !           
all-fiction magaz9es1 & s =?4 ,subject  
to correction1 ,i believe t ! great] "p 

( ?is cut-&-dri$ product is ow+ less to 
editorial cons]vatism ?an to au?orial   
diffid5ce t[>d truly orig9al "w4 ,"w may
 be orig9al 9 sub/ance1 me?od1 &        
viewpo9t )\t be+ obsc5e or ev5 frank4   
,:5 !y d leave trodd5 ways1 too _m "y   
writ]s p]si/ 9 oppos+ ! ju/ifiable      
editorial reluctance to pr9t any?+ t    
might give (f5se 9 a magaz9e ( g5]al    
circulation4 ,! sex relation is n ! :ole
 ( life1 & ev5 ! sex relation may be    
treat$1 )\t ! conv5tional sug> coat+1 to
 give all ess5tial facts & make all     
ess5tial comm5ts & n be =bidd+4 ,we h a 
great _w spread be=e u1 & !re is m 9 x =
 tell+ ?an is already pr9t$ & on !      
news/&s4 ,:5 look+ = a /ory1 ! ?+ to d  
is to =get ^? t h be5 writt51 to =get   
ev]y?+ except ! spectacle ( life4  ,9 ! 
*oice ( matt] ! two ma9 consid]ations   
are novelty & wor?4 ,fre%ness 9 sub/ance
 or =m w g f> to /imulate ! writ] & to  
sell ! result ( 8 labor1 & ess5tial wor?
 is inspir+4 ,no man f9ds pleasure 9    
trivial & useless labor1 b all normal m5

 f9d pleasure & exhil>ation 9 labor t is
 wor? :ile4 ,! writ] :o has wor?y matt] 
b5ea? 8 h&s1 & :o kn[s x1 w rema9 key$  
to ! requisite pit* dur+ ! labor (      
composition4 ,numb]s h te/ifi$ t ! true/
 joy ( au?or%ip is f\nd 9 conceiv+ &    
elaborat+ a tale be=e sett+ p5 to pap]1 
& "t sp5t 9 e/imat+ an idea & exhau/+   
its possibilities & defici5cies be=e    
writ+ is necess>y to make c]ta9 t ! idea
 is wor? :ile4 ,moreov]1 x is necess>y t
 ! writ] "k precisely :at 8 idea is 9   
ord] to develop x prop]ly by excis+ !   
sup]flu\s & emphasiz+ ! significant4    
,consci\s arti/ry is impossible unless !
 au?or kn[s def9itely :at he is /riv+ to
 express4  ,! writ] ( fiction %\ld be> 9
 m9d ! ?ree elem5ts ( ! /ory t is       
lit]ature1 & %\ld ask himself :e!r 8    
project$ tale is int]e/+1 :e!r x is     
capable ( be+ ca/ 9 lit]>y =m1 & :e!r x 
is wor? :ile4 ,if ! idea meets all ^!   
requirem5ts1 any failure 9 ! complet$ "w
 w be due to defective execution1 n to  
defici5cy 9 ! conception4 ,if ! idea    

fails to meet ! te/ z to =m & wor?1 x   
may yet be wor? :ile to write ! /ory1 = 
x may sell2 if ! idea is n int]e/+1 x   
%\ld be reject$ )\t remorse4 ,! fir/ &  
highe/ function ( a /ory is to int]e/ & 
ent]ta92 inde$1 arti/ic =m is b a means 
to t end1 z is ess5tial wor?2 & ! dull1 
un9t]e/+ /ory--a contradiction 9        
t]ms--is ! mo/ woebegone lit]>y failure 
"u ! />s4  ,! writ] :o all[s any        
discussion ( ! art ( fiction or ! cont5t
 ( fiction to cl\d = him ! basic fact t 
fiction mu/ be int]e/+ is on ! highroad 
to failure4 ,x w\ld be bett] = him _h he
 nev] op5$ a book1 except ( frank       
adv5ture4 ,n9e t5?s ( ! pond]\s & silly 
comm5t on fiction pa/ & fiction pres5t  
is writt5 by critics & pr(essors :o fir/
 kick up a great du/ ov] a "w 9 ord] to 
display _! insight 9 see+ ?r\gh x1 & n9e
 t5?s ( t n9e t5?s--writt5 purely f a   
read]'s & n f a writ]'s /&po9t--consi/s 
9 apprais+ "* by conv5tional e?ical     
/&>ds & 9 attribut+ to ! writ] ^: "w is 
"u exam9ation int5tions & philosophies (

 :i* he nev] dream$4 ,x is at once v    
dull & v amus+1 b ! "y writ] ^: eag]ness
 = all in=mation ab\t 8 craft leads him 
to take su* matt] too s]i\sly is 9 grave
 dang]4  ,! writ] ( good fiction & !    
read] ( good fiction are alike 9 t !y   
bo? realize t ! *ief end ( fiction is to
 ent]ta9 & int]e/1 t p]fection ( =m is  
desirable simply because x height5s !   
illusion ( a /ory1 & t wor? ( matt] is  
necess>y if ! /ory is to be true        
lit]ature because ! cultur$ m9d _c f9d  
int]e/ 9 ! trivial4 ,culture has be5    
f9ely def9$ z ! quality ( a m9d in/9ct )
 purpose1 consci\s ( a t5d5cy &         
direction 9 human affairs1 able &       
indu/ri\s 9 di/+ui%+ ! great f !        
trivial4 ,if ?is def9ition is valid--x  
be>s its cr$5tials on its face--great   
fiction may be def9$ z fiction :i*      
int]e/s ! cultur$ m9d4 ,! quality (     
ar\s+ int]e/ is ! crit]ion & det]m9ant1 
& implies p]fection ( =m & ess5tial wor?
 ( sub/ance4 ,! writ] ( fiction mu/ nev]
 lose sight ( ! fact1 nor ( ! result+   

necessity t all 8 "w be int]e/+4 ,!     
=tunate ?+ is t fiction deals ) s       
univ]sal a ?+ z life2 x ne$ n repel !   
ignorant & un$ucat$ 9 ord] to attract ! 
abl] m9d4  ,! tw9 elem5ts ( fictional   
int]e/ are ! /ory & its p1 & "h becomes 
app>5t ! ess5tial weakness ( ! /ory (   
m]e incid5t4 ,x _c evoke int]e/ z deep z
 t call$ =? by ! /ory hav+ clos]        
relation to "*4 ,! range ( "* requir$ by
 ! /ory ( incid5t is n>r[2 !re are a    
?\s& pregnant human qualities :i* ! /ory
 ( incid5t _c fir/ develop by action &  
!n utilize to hold a read]'s int]e/1 b  
:i* ! writ] ( ! m leisurely & inclusive 
tale ( ev]yday life c common c be truly 
vivifi$ only by %[+ ! p]son 9 acts      
display+ 8 ess5tial traits1 & ! less    
dep5d5ce ! action ( a /ory has ^u "*1 ! 
less real to a read] w be ! p]sons      
involv$4 ,! /ory ( complication (       
incid5t1 ( m]e /ructural +5uity ( plot1 
is sup]ficially int]e/+1 b x lacks !    
deep] appeal ( ! /ory :i* develops its p
 adequately4 ,at any rate1 x is true t a

 read] c love or hate *>act]s1 beside   
be+ int]e/$ 9 !m2 he c only be int]e/$ 9
 an ev5t4 ,! p ( a /ory are n to be     
neglect$ z s\rces ( int]e/4 ,!y are h>d]
 to display ?an m]e ev5ts1 b !y are     
inf9itely m compell+4 ,a b>e s]ies (    
ev5ts may int]e/1 b ! int]e/ & appeal ( 
:at happ5s w be d\bl$ if ! obs]v] is a  
fri5d ( ! p]sons affect$1 t is1 if he   
kn[s !m4 ,! same is true 9 ! case ( a   
/ory4 ,its read] /&s 9 ! position (     
obs]v] ( ev5ts & p4 ,! only tr\ble is t 
"s /ories h little action significant 9 
relation to "*1 & :5 t is ! case ! writ]
 loses "o means to make 8 p real = a    
read]4 ,! po9t to rememb] 9 se>*+ = an  
int]e/+ /ory is t ! p are z influ5tial  
an elem5t z ! ev5ts4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  
,,conceptive ,,te*nique3 ,,/ory ,,types 
,conception & ,execution--,utility to   
,"k ,types--,novel &     ,romance--,%ort
 ,/ory--,! ,?ree                        
,types--,emphasis--,?ree     ,elem5ts ( 
,any ,/ory--,/ory ( ,"*--,"* &          
,action--,/ory ( ,incid5t--,ar*etypal   

,"*--,%ort     ,/ory & ,fallacy (       
,compression--,/ory ( ,atmosph]e--,o!r  
,types4   ,! labors ( ! fiction writ]   
are ( two sorts1 conceptive & executive4
 ,9 actual practice1 ( c\rse1 ! writ]   
may h only ! fa9te/ glimm]+ ( 8 /ory :5 
he beg9s to write1 & may simultane\sly  
conceive1 elaborate1 & express z he goes
 along2 b t is n ! me?od ( ! consci\s   
lit]>y arti/4 ,an und]/&+ adaptation (  
means to ends is impossible unless !    
writ] has a def9ite purpose fix$ 9 m9d f
 ! fir/ mom5t ( execution4 ,& 9 writ+ on
 te*nique x is necess>y to assume !     
natural ord] ( ! total arti/ic or       
creative process1 :e!r ! actual practice
 ( any writ] co9cides ) x or n4 ,!re=e !
 body ( conceptive te*nique fir/ calls =
 treatm5t4 ,/rict executive te*nique &  
also ! te*nique ( con/ruction--:i* is   
bo? conceptive & executive--w be tak5 up
 aft] deal+ ) ! matt] ( /ory types & !  
matt] ( plot4  ,i ne$ n /ate t !re is no
 te*nique ( conception1 ma/]y ( :i* w   
yield ! writ] ! gold5 secret ( h[ to    

create or f9d a good /ory4 ,t dep5ds    
/rictly on p]sonal ability1 & n on any  
objective k ( ! me*anics ( ! art (      
fiction4 ,b a k ( ! sev]al fundam5tal   
types ( /ory1 & ( ! h[ & :y ( !         
diff]5ces betwe5 !m1 _c fail to aid !   
writ] 9 e/imat+ & realiz+ !             
pot5tialities & defici5cies ( a p>ticul>
 idea4 ,! writ] :o kn[s precisely :]e 8 
/ory idea w classify "u analysis has a  
/&>d t w prove mo/ useful 9 ! "w (      
developm5t4 ,if x classifies z a /ory ( 
atmosph]e1 r ?an ( plot or ( "*1 ! writ]
 w be l$ to conc5trate ^u 8 prop] task (
 creat+ ! atmosph]ic illusion1 & w n    
dissipate 8 en]gies & spoil ! effect ( !
 f9i%$ "w by int]polat+ unnecess>y t\*es
 ( emphasis ^u "* or incid5t4  ,ano!r   
prelim9>y ^w may n be out ( place4 ,a   
/ory is a /ory1 :e!r long or %ort2 b !  
novel or l5g?y romance is s mu* m       
inclusive 9 matt] & complicat$ 9        
/ructure ?an ! %ort /ory--view+ ! latt] 
z a di/9ct lit]>y type--t x is less     
ess5tial = ! writ] ( fiction ( book l5g?

 to "k ) exact def9ition ! effect he    
wi%es to produce ?an x is = ! writ] ( ! 
%ort /ory ( a few ?\s& words4 ,!        
pot5tial & usual effects ( ! novel are  
_m2 x may & usually does conta9 *apt]s  
or passages emphasiz+ all ?ree /ory     
elem5ts ( "*1 complication ( incid5t1 & 
atmosph]e2 b ! %ort /ory is limit$ by   
its brevity to ! creation ( a s+le      
effect1 & any t\* ( emphasis look+      
else:]e usually w detract f ! p[] ( !   
:ole4 ,!re=e x is 9 %ort /ory writ+ t a 
firm prelim9>y grasp ^u all !           
implications & connotations ( ! basic   
idea is mo/ ess5tial1 also mo/          
atta9able1 & !re=e a discussion (       
fundam5tal /ory types conc]ns itself    
l>gely ) ! %ort /ory4 ,b mu* ! same     
pr9ciples ( con/ructive analysis utiliz$
 by ! writ] ( ! %ort /ory may be        
pr(itably employ$ 9 develop+ ! v>i\s b m
 or less unifi$ episodes ( ! novel4  ,! 
?ree fundam5tal types ( /ory h a        
p]fectly natural orig94 ,a /ory is !    
relation ( :at 7#a7 c]ta9 p]sons 7#b7   

did 7#c7 9 a c]ta9 place & "u c]ta9     
conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,accord+ly1 z !   
elem5ts ( p]sonality1 action1 or        
surr\nd+ conditions are emphasiz$1 we h 
! /ory ( "*1 ( incid5t1 or ( atmosph]e4 
,z ,/ev5son has said1 !re are b ?ree    
ways to create a /ory1 to conceive      
*>act]s & select & devise incid5ts to   
develop !m1 to take a plot--a climactic 
s]ies ( incid5ts--& devise *>act]s to   
enact x1 or to take an atmosph]e &      
precipitate x z be/ ! writ] may4  ,!re  
is1 h[ev]1 an obvi\s fact to rememb]4   
,^! sev]al types ( /ory diff] f "o ano!r
 only 9 po9t ( emphasis2 9 ea* case an  
elem5t possess$ by all is /ress$2 no    
type is entirely devoid ( ! elem5ts     
emphasiz$ 9 ! o!r two4 ,an int5d$ /ory  
lack+ any "o ( ! ?ree elem5ts ( "*1 (   
complication ( incid5t1 or ( sett+ is n 
a /ory1 b some?+ else4 ,! mo/ common    
example is ! composition portray+ "* )\t
 any plot or complication ( incid5t1 :i*
 is n a "* /ory1 b a "* sket*4 ,x _c be 
too /rongly insi/$ t a /ory is a /ory1  

consi/+ ( a climactic s]ies ( incid5ts1 
z di/+ui%$ f a tale1 :i* is a level     
s]ies ( incid5ts1 unrelat$ save 9 t all 
happ5 to ! same gr\p ( *>act]s4 ,plot is
 a matt] n specifically "u discussion z 
yet1 b half ! difficulty & mo/ ( !      
inutility 9 writ+ on fiction te*nique   
reside 9 ! fact t "o mu/ treat 9        
isolation matt]s :i* are b elem5ts ( a  
unifi$ arti/ic syn!sis4 ,a /ory is a    
/ory2 its p d n m]ely exi/1 !y live &   
act4 ,9 ! case ( ! /ory ( complication (
 incid5t1 ! complication supplies !     
/ory-elem5t ( ! fiction2 9 ! case ( "*  
/ory1 ! evolution or deg5]ation ( "*    
supplies ! /ory-elem5t2 :ile 9 ! case ( 
! /ory ( atmosph]e1 ! climactic         
progression ( ! p>ticul> emotional      
impression to ! po9t ( highe/ int5sity 9
 itself supplies mu* ( ! plot- or       
/ory-elem5t ( ! conception4  ,ano!r     
qualification %\ld be /at$4 ,! normal   
/ory1 writt5 = its own sake1 is emphatic
 9 t x /resses "s "o ( its ?ree elem5ts4
 ,b !re is also ! !matic /ory1 writt5 to

 vivify an ab/ract proposition or to    
po9t a moral4 ,! type lays no special   
emphasis on "*1 incid5t1 or sett+1 & is 
writt5 ) an eye to an ult]ior purpose   
beyond ! m]e sake ( ! /ory4 ,x is n a   
natural type1 & may be disreg>d$ "h4    
,incid5tally1 x is n a v successful     
type1 & ( c\rse any success x may a*ieve
 z a "w ( art _c d]ive f ! tru? or      
weight ( ! proposition or moral beh9d x4
  ,/>t+ f ! proposition t !re are ?ree  
normal /ory types1 x may be pr(itable to
 exam9e !m 9 detail4 ,i am n yet conc]n$
 ) ! te*nical devices :]eby "* may be   
drawn1 a plot devis$ & n>rat$1 or       
atmosph]e creat$2 my sole purpose is to 
sugge/ h[ ! writ] may recognize ! true  
"* ( 8 idea1 t 9 develop+ x he may "k   
exactly :at he is try+ to d4  ,! /ory ( 
"* is conc]n$ ) ! inf9itely div]se      
traits ( our common human nature z      
manife/$ by ! p ( a /ory4 ,! s+le trait 
or few traits1 r ?an ! totality ( ea*   
p]son's nature1 %\ld be s\ght to be     
develop$1 = reasons t a mom5t's ?\ght w 

r5d] app>5t4 ,"* c be truly realiz$ only
 by %[+ ! p]son 9 *>act]i/ic actions &1 
unless ! writ] desires to ext5d 8 "w to 
a great l5g?1 he c =mulate no c\rse (   
action :i* w illu/rate a complete       
p]sonality4 ,9 all its aspects1 fiction 
is a matt] ( selection1 & ! writ] ( a   
/ory ( "* %\ld conc5trate 8 p[]s (      
description & exposition ^u ! traits (  
p]sonality involv$ 9 ! acts ( ! p]sons4 
,! %ort /ory mu/ pres5t a relatively    
incomplete picture ( ea* "*'s s\l2 !    
novel may approa* ea* p]son f a numb] ( 
angles2 b ev5 ! noveli/ %\ld consid]    
:e!r he _c give maximum reality &       
vivacity to 8 p by n attempt+ a too     
complete pres5tation ( ea*4  ,if1 !n1 ! 
initial conception ( a /ory involves or 
sugge/s true traits ( "*1 x may be      
advisable to develop ! /ory s z to ?r[  
into /rong relief ! quality or qualities
 involv$4 ,! possibility ( ! wisdom (   
su* developm5t becomes a probability if 
! traits are some:at novel & n ^?       
possess$ 9 common by all m5 to "s ext5t1

 su* z ! capacity to love1 to hate1 to  
sacrifice self1 ambition1 ! fe> ( dea?1 
& s =?4  ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! hallm>k
 ( ! true "* /ory is its progression2 ! 
p]sons ( ! /ory gr[ /rong] or weak] 9 _!
 respective traits "u ! pressure (      
ev5ts4 ,!re is a climactic mom5t (      
indecision & susp5se :5 x is d\btful    
:e!r ! "* w %ape circum/ances or        
circum/ances ! "*4 ,?is di/+ui%+        
attribute ( ! "* /ory is its ess5tial   
quality z a /ory2 ! /rict type is deb>r$
 f rec\rse to complication ( incid5t to 
save x f be+ a m]e sket*2 *ange or      
progression 9 ! *>act]s is itself ! /ory
 or plot elem5t ( ! fiction4            
,realization ( ! fact w give ! writ] a  
firm] grasp on ! tru? t *>act]s & ev5ts 
mu/ be develop$ 9 /rict conc]t & h>mony4
 ,anticipat+ lat] /atem5t a trifle1 let 
me say t portrayal ( ! actions ( a "* is
 portrayal ( ! "* himself1 s t 8 actions
 mu/ be *>act]i/ic1 or two elem5ts ( !  
/ory w be at cross purposes4 ,9 sett+   
out to write a "* /ory1 ! au?or         

delib]ately *ooses to emphasize "* & to 
dep5d = int]e/ on ! spectacle ( its     
evolution or deg5]ation4 ,s9ce he is    
aft] all writ+ a /ory--?\gh ( "o type--!
 au?or mu/ devise "s climactic s]ies (  
incid5ts4 ,b ! "* elem5t is !           
prepond]ant /ra9 ( ! fiction1 & ea*     
successive incid5t %\ld be *os5 ) an eye
 to t elem5t1 & its climactic value %\ld
 inh]e 9 its be+ climactic & progressive
 9 relation to ! trait ( "* s\ght to be 
develop$4  ,?is is all some:at ab/ract1 
b ! te/ is mu* easi] to apply to a      
concrete /ory idea ?an x is to =mulate 9
 t]ms4 ,if ! idea consi/s ( a t5tative  
gr\p+ ( incid5ts :i* sugge/s an int]e/+ 
phase ( "* 9 an int]e/+ phase (         
developm5t1 ! conception may be         
elaborat$ into ! /ory :i* emphasizes "*4
 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! initial idea is     
simply ( a phase ( "* :i* c be          
adequately %[n 9 progression by a s]ies 
( incid5ts devis$ to t end1 ! same      
treatm5t is advisable4 ,9 ea* case x is 
possible t su* treatm5t w give maximum  

effect to ! conception4  ,! /ory (      
complication ( incid5t int]e/s prim>ily 
because ( its plot1 & n because ( its p 
or ! totality ( its emotional effect4,a 
,x is m ?an a type ( /ory2 9 a way x is 
really ! ar*etype ( all /ories4 ,an     
hi/orical analysis w %[ ! tru? ( !      
/atem5t4 ,fir/ came ! tale1 a *a9 (     
incid5ts hav+ no ess5tial connection    
except t !y all happ5$ to ! *>act]s4 ,!n
 came ! /ory1 a *a9 ( incid5ts :i* are n
 =tuit\s & accid5tal1 b ea* ess5tial to 
! :ole design4 ,& f ! /ory h sprung su* 
v>iations z ! "* /ory1 :i* emphasizes ! 
elem5t ( p]sonality1 & ! /ory (         
atmosph]e1 :i* emphasizes ! sett+1      
spiritual or mat]ial4 ,b ! /ory ( plot1 
:i* /resses ! b>e incid5t1 is ar*etypal 
( all fiction 9 t int]e/ c5t]s 9 ! /ory 
r ?an 9 ! p]sons or _! environm5t4      
,p]haps ! ,fr5* conte1 or brief dramatic
 n>rative1 is ! /ricte/ /ory type ( all4
  ,i h *os5 to t\* ^u ! "* /ory fir/1 r 
?an ! m fundam5tal & inclusive /ory (   
plot1 simply because ! pot5tial /ory (  

plot is easily recognizable1 & my sole  
aim "h is to /ate "s ( ! te/s :i* !     
writ] may apply to 8 idea aft]          
conception to discov] its true "*1 t he 
may "k h[ to h&le x4 ,! g]m ( a plot c  
be di/+ui%$ at a glance1 :ile ! "q ( :at
 a plot really is requires sep>ate      
treatm5t4  ,if ! writ] w\ld produce a   
/rict %ort /ory1 he _c re/ cont5t ) !   
app>5t fact t 8 initial conception is ! 
g]m ( a /ory plot1 t be+ ! case4 ,! /ory
 ( plot may be easy to recognize z a    
g5re1 b n all /ories ( plot are pot5tial
 %ort /ories4 ,all plot g]ms are n      
susceptible ( adequate developm5t )9 !  
n>r[ limits ( ! %ort /ory4 ,t5 ?\s&     
words is probably ! extreme limit ( !   
type z a comm]cial possibility1 &1 9 a  
space s brief1 if ! *a9 ( ev5ts is at   
all complicat$ or l5g?y1 x is impossible
 to br+ out all its nuances &           
implications4 ,too _m critics & writ]s  
seem to ent]ta9 ! idea t ! %ort /ory is 
! result ( compression1 b emphatically t
 is n true4 ,! synopsis ( previ\s *apt]s

 be=e an in/alm5t ( a s]ial novel is an 
example ( compression1 & a mo/ repell5t 
"o4 ,a %ort /ory is ! result ( its own  
inh]5t brevity4 ,a naturally long /ory1 
x is true1 may be %ort5$ mat]ially by   
m]e rhetorical compression1 b x _c be   
r5d]$ a %ort /ory !reby1 = ! %ort /ory  
develops its few] incid5ts ) z mu*      
rhetorical elaboration z ! novel or     
romance develops its _m happ5+s4 ,! %ort
 /ory t is a %ort /ory--su* z ,kipl+'s  
,)\t ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy1 ,/ev5son's       
,m>kheim1 or ,poe's ,fall ( ! ,h\se (   
,u%]--gives (f no impression ( v]bal    
b>5ess4 ,! %ort /ory is a lit]>y =m1 )  
all ! elaboration ( expression t ! t]m  
implies4 ,its brevity results f c>eful  
selection ( ! incid5ts to be set =?1 & n
 f concise expression ( an indiscrim9ate
 welt] ( incid5ts4  ,und\bt$ly ! matt]  
requires emphasis4 ,too mu* has be5     
writt5 & said z to ! necessity (        
compression 9 %ort /ory writ+4 ,if :at  
is meant is rhetorical compression1 b>e 
/atem5t )\t v]bal elaboration1 no su*   

necessity exi/s4 ,:at is necess>y is c>e
 9 mak+ c]ta9 t ! /ory is a %ort /ory1 &
 c>e to relate no?+ n ess5tial to its   
developm5t4  ,! ,fr5* type ( %ort /ory 9
 g5]al1 & ,maupassant's "w 9 p>ticul>1  
are (t5 cit$ to illu/rate ! ne$ =       
compression4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ess5tial
 g5ius ( ! ,fr5* language is su* t 9    
translations1 to ,engli% or ,am]ican    
appreh5sion1 fully elaborat$ /atem5t (t5
 seems some:at b>e4 ,moreov]1 ,i _c     
admit t ,maupassant's be/ "w is equal 9 
r\nd$ arti/ry & appeal to t ( o!rs :o h 
*os5 to write less b>ely & ma!matically4
 ,if compression means any?+1 x means   
squeez+ some?+ into less space ?an x    
w\ld normally occupy1 :i* is n arti/ry1 
b an attempt to d 9 execution ! prop] "w
 ( conception & con/ruction1 to devise a
 /ory :i* c be giv5 adequate lit]>y     
expression 9 a limit$ numb] ( words4  ,a
 critical read+ ( almo/ any successful  
%ort /ory w disclose t ! mann] ( its    
tell+ is z truly ! s\rce ( its int]e/ & 
appeal z is ! novelty or human          

importance ( ! nak$ /ory idea4 ,!       
diff]5ce betwe5 a recital ( facts & a "w
 ( fiction is ! diff]5ce betwe5 m]e     
report+ & true lit]ature4 ,! writ] :o   
/rives to compress 9 expression1 in/ead 
( c>efully select+ ! matt] = expression1
 delib]ately rejects 8 only means to    
produce a suffici5tly full & r\nd$      
pres5tm5t ( ! p>ticul> phase ( life he  
seeks to depict4 ,t means is to write ) 
due elaboration1 le/ ! phras+ seem />k &
 flat 9 comp>ison ) ! s(tly m\ld$       
cont\rs ( life itself4 ,!re are two     
elem5ts 9 lit]ature1 ! fact & ! =m2 !y  
are equally important & %\ld be equally 
complete4 ,:5 consid]+ ! fitness ( a    
plot to s]ve z ! skeleton = a %ort /ory1
 rememb] t 9 execution ! ?+ mu/ be      
writt5 ) due v]bal elaboration1 else x w
 be angul> & unattractive1 & t ! idea ( 
_m incid5ts1 p1 or places _c be s writt5
 9 ! space available4 ,9 execution1     
write adequately1 & 9 conception &      
con/ruction1 select4  ,! /ory (         
atmosph]e1 :i* emphasizes ! sett+ 9 :i* 

its p move1 & seeks to br+ out !        
emotional value ( ! physical or         
spiritual environm5t1 is n difficult to 
recognize1 be+ l ! /ory ( plot 9 ?is    
respect4 ,b x is mo/ difficult to d     
well4 ,! /ory ( "* deals ) concrete p1 &
 ! /ory ( plot deals ) concrete ev5ts2 !
 /ory ( atmosph]e deals ) ^! & some?+ m1
 an intangible s5sual or emotional      
impression1 z ( beauty or horror1       
correspond+ly m difficult to create4 ,x 
dem&s imag9ative p[]s ( ! highe/ ord]1 &
 p]fect te*nical p[]s4 ,)9 limits1 !    
unimag9ative au?or may write effectively
 ( *>act]s & ev5ts1 = he c see & /udy !m
 objectively 9 daily life1 &1 aga9 )9   
limits1 !y may also be pres5t$          
effectively by matt] ( fact phras+4 ,b  
atmosph]e _c be se5--ev5 physical       
atmosph]e mu/ be felt1 or !re is no     
emotional effect--& all ! res\rces (    
language at times become pitifully      
inadequate to precipitate an emotion4 ,x
 is all a matt] ( cle> conception &     
c>eful design1 & ! secret _c be /at$1 b 

mu/ be le>n$1 ea* = himself4 ,h[ev]1 ,i 
am n conc]n$ 9 ?is place ) executive    
te*nique1 or ev5 ) con/ructive te*nique1
 & :atev] h9ts c be giv5 z to ! creation
 ( atmosph]e w\ld be out ( place4 ,my   
object is m]ely to /ate ! fundam5tal    
types ( /ory & ! necessity t ! writ]    
recognize ! true "* ( 8 conception1 t he
 may develop x ) emphasis prop]ly laid4 
,o!r types ( /ory exi/1 b ! l9es betwe5 
!m are n drawn by ! inh]5t "* ( ! art ( 
fiction4 ,! love /ory1 = in/ance1 may be
 told ) emphasis on "*1 on incid5t1 or  
on atmosph]e1 & ! plac+ ( emphasis      
det]m9es its arti/ic "*4 ,! te*nique (  
conception is conc]n$ only ) fundam5tal 
types1 & ! sole object ( its ma/]y is to
 give ! writ] k ( ! ess5tial arti/ic "* 
( ea* ( 8 conceptions1 t he may "w ) a  
def9ite aim 9 developm5t4 ,my object is 
n to discuss or analyze p$antically1 = !
 sake ( ! analysis itself1 b simply to  
/ate ! importance ( discov]+ ! basic    
fictional "* ( ! idea1 t x may be       
prop]ly exp&$4 ,/rict con/ructive &     

executive te*nique ( c\rse require      
sep>ate treatm5t4   ,,footnotes3  ,a ,"o
 might exp& "h on ! di/9ction t 9 ! /ory
 /ress+ "* x is ! p>ticul> p]sons :o    
int]e/ ! read]1 :ile 9 ! /ory ( plot 8  
int]e/ c5t]s 9 ! ev5ts1 & ! p ( ! /ory  
are foll[$ less z individuals ?an z !   
human focal po9ts :]eon ! ev5ts take    
effect4 ,su* f9e analysis is tempt+1 b (
 little use1 = any /ory is a compact    
unity ( ! ?ree elem5ts4     ,,*apt] ,,iv
  ,,conceptive ,,te*nique3 ,,plot ,,&   
,,situation      ,def9ition ( ,plot--,"*
 & ,plot--,dramatic ,value (            
,plot--,complication--,int]e/--,plot z  
,problem--,?ree     ,basic              
,!mes--,conflict ,betwe5 ,man &         
,nature--,conflict     ,betwe5 ,man &   
,man--,conflict ,)9 ! ,same ,man--      
,arrangem5t ( ,elem5ts (                
,plot--,climax--,major ,situations--    
,situation & ,plot4   ,! plot ( a /ory  
is its he>t & ess5ce4 ,?is is obvi\sly  
true 9 ! case ( ! /rict /ory ( plot1 & x
 is v curi\sly true 9 ! case ( ! /ory ( 

"* or ( atmosph]e4 ,= 9 ! /ory :i* lays 
emphasis on p]sonality1 ! evolution or  
deg5]ation ( ! p>ticul> trait :i* has   
be5 select$ = pres5tation is ! real     
/ory-elem5t ( ! fiction4 ,! fact is !   
root ( ! necessity t ! action develop 9 
conc]t ) ! trait ( "*1 giv+ x           
opportunity = expression4 ,& 9 ! /ory   
:i* lays emphasis on atmosph]e1 !       
climactic progression ( ! p>ticul>      
atmosph]e to ! po9t ( highe/ int5sity is
 ! real /ory-elem5t1 :i* is ! root ( !  
necessity t ! action develop 9 /rict    
keep+ ) ! atmosph]e1 t ! effect may n be
 spoil$4  ,:at is a plot8 ,_m attempts  
at def9ition h be5 made1 & ! results h n
 be5 illum9at+4 ,ev]yone has an idea (  
:at a plot is1 b ^? :o h attempt$ to    
/ate _! conception briefly h enc\nt]$   
difficulties4 ,p]haps an indirect       
approa* to ! problem w yield results4   
,a tale is n a /ory1 = a tale is a      
relation ( ev5ts :i* happ5$ to happ5 to 
! *>act]s4 ,x is episodal1 & ! int]e/ ( 
! ?+ inh]es 9 ea* episode sep>ately1 n 9

 ! :ole4 ,!re is no ess5tial connection 
betwe5 ! incid5ts1 except t !y all      
happ5$ to ! same gr\p ( *>act]s4 ,!     
contr>y is true ( a /ory1 int]e/ 9 :i*  
is 9 ! :ole1 z a progression1 &1 s9ce ! 
diff]5ce betwe5 tale & /ory is made by !
 pres5ce or abs5ce ( plot1 x appe>s t a 
di/+ui%+ m>k ( a plot is t its ev5ts    
function toge!r z a unit4 ,!re is "s    
connection betwe5 !m o!r ?an *ance1 & t 
connection lies 9 ! intimate relation   
betwe5 ! ev5ts ( a /ory & its *>act]s4  
,ev5t & p]sonality ea* influ5ce or ev5  
det]m9e ea* o!r simultane\sly4          
,incid5tally1 realization ( ! fact w    
free ! writ] f any misconception t !    
action & ! *>act]s are sep>able elem5ts 
( a /ory4 ,= in/ance1 jeal\sy1 a trait (
 "*1 may cause a murd]1 an ev5t1 & a    
husb&'s *ance op5+ ( a lett] address$ to
 8 wife1 an ev5t1 may give rise to      
,jeal\sy1 ! trait ( "*4 ,or ! husb&'s   
loyalty w be /r5g!n$ 9 ! fiction if he  
refuses to cr$it appe>ances4            
,int]action1 !n1 betwe5 incid5ts &      

*>act]s1 aris+ f ! unity ( ! :ole       
conception1 is ! fir/ ess5tial elem5t ( 
a plot4 ,! second ess5tial elem5t--& !re
 are b two--is t ! sev]al incid5ts ( !  
/ory possess climactic value1 n         
necess>ily climactic value 9 ! s5se (   
asc5d+ t5sity--?\gh t is mo/            
desirable--b climactic value 9 t ea*    
ev5t %\ld h influ5ce 9 =w>d+ ! /ory to a
 def9ite end1 t /ate ( quiesc5ce :i* is 
n atta9able 9 real life %ort ( ! grave1 
b :i* fiction mu/ po/ulate4 ,9 o!r      
words1 s9ce a plot is made up ( incid5ts
 :i* influ5ce & are influ5c$ by !       
*>act]s1 & s9ce ! /ory mu/ move to an   
end1 a plot pres5ts a problem4 ,:at w ! 
p]sons d8 if ! emphasis is on           
p]sonality2 & :at w happ58 if ! emphasis
 is on ! ev5t4  ,to /ate x 9 ! =m ( a   
def9ition1 a plot is a s]ies ( ev5ts :i*
 influ5ce & are influ5c$ by traits (    
p]sonality1 & :i* are climactic 9 t !y  
move to a def9ite conclusion1 s t !     
s]ies embodies "s problem ( life br\ght 
to solution4  ,i /ate ?is m]ely = :at x 

may be wor?1 :i* possibly is no great   
matt] to ! writ] ( fiction4 ,plots are n
 to be f\nd by vivify+ a def9ition1 b a 
def9ition may prove useful 9 te/+ a /ory
 idea :5 x is f\nd1 & ! object ( ! :ole 
discussion is m]ely to give ! writ] "s  
aid 9 apprais+ ! ess5tial fictional     
value ( 8 conceptions4  ,! fact t a plot
 is a problem gives ! sev]al ev5ts _!   
climactic value4 ,!y are /eps &         
approa*es to ! solution4 ,& a plot is a 
problem simply because fiction conc]ns  
man1 :ile man is a free ag5t1 9         
possibility at lea/4 ,giv5 c]ta9 *>act]s
 & an ev5t be>+ ^u !m1 & ! problem ( :at
 !y w d in/antly arises1 & ! problem ( !
 ultimate result ( _! actions4 ,giv5    
c]ta9 ev5ts1 to rev]se ! emphasis1 &    
*>act]s on :om !y be>1 & ! same problems
 arise4 ,a plot is "q & solution 9 "o1 &
 ! solution mu/ inevitably foll[ f !    
*>act]s & ev5ts4  ,x w be p]ceiv$ t !   
di/+ui%+ quality ( a plot is its        
dramatic value4 ,a plot is a problem (  
life1 & a problem is a conflict betwe5  

oppos+ =ces4 ,ev5t & "* wre/le ) "o     
ano!r1 & ! outcome is d\btful1 :]e9 lies
 ! int]e/ ( ! /ory4 ,x is accurate to   
/ate t ! conflict is betwe5 ev5t & "*1 =
 ?\gh "* may /ruggle ) "*1 nev]!less !  
/ruggle is op]ative only 9 action1 & !  
oppos$ p]sons /ruggle ) ! do+s1 n ! nak$
 s\ls1 ( ea* o!r4  ,x w be p]ceiv$ also 
t ! elem5t ( complication is n ess5tial 
to a plot1 z ,poe has po9t$ out4 ,(     
c\rse1 9 ! /ory ( incid5t1 :]e ! read]'s
 int]e/ c5t]s *iefly 9 ! ev5ts1 n 9 !   
*>act]s or atmosph]e1 complication is   
mo/ useful1 & 9 fact supplies mu* ( !   
problem- or plot-elem5t ( ! fiction4 ,b 
complication is n a s9e qua non1 & %\ld 
n be s reg>d$4 ,complication ( incid5t1 
inde$1 9 ! /ory :i* is fundam5tally ( "*
 or atmosph]e1 may prove a positive     
h&icap1 add+ to ! difficulties (        
execution & spoil+ ! unity ( effect1 if 
! fiction is a %ort /ory4 ,z has be5    
/at$1 ! novel is a broad] canvas1 )\t a 
s+le emphasis if ! writ] wills1 & "h1 )9
 ! limits ( naturalness1 complication ( 

plot is ?or\ghly desirable4 ,any bid = a
 read]'s int]e/ is ( use1 only 9 ! %ort 
/ory ! writ] mu/ necess>ily limit       
himself to "o sort ( bid4  ,at t la/ (  
x1 pretty ne>ly all ( ! te*nique (      
fiction writ+ has root 9 ! necessity    
fir/ to ga9 ! read]'s int]e/ & !n to    
hold x4 ,t is ! real object ( p]fection 
( =m1 ev51 & ! device ( plot has root 9 
! same object4 ,9 simpl] & m            
unsophi/icat$ ages ! /age pres5t$ n     
drama b m]e spectacles1 z ! tale did 9 !
 spok5 ^w or pr9t$ page2 ! plot1 l5d+ to
 ! play its dramatic "* & to ! fiction  
its /ory "*1 develop$ only :5 audi5ce & 
read]s lo/ ! *ild's vivid int]e/ 9      
:atev] he sees1 & began to yawn at !    
episodal4 ,pageantry & ! unrelat$ ev5t  
became /ale1 9 comp>ison ) ! spectacle (
 life itself1 & !n plot 0 f\nd1 a me?od 
( isolat+ a s+le "o ( life's /r&s1 &1 by
 %[+ x 9 high relief1 l5d+ x an add$    
dignity & appeal4  ,! basis ( ! m int5se
 appeal ( ! plot ov] t ( ! episode is   
psy*ological4 ,! h>de/ ?+ 9 ! _w to d is

 to make a read] ?9k1 b ! read] :o does 
?9k is int]e/$4 ,t is :y he is ?9k+4    
,s9ce a plot is a problem1 ! read] ( a  
/ory ( plot is made to ?9k1 & ! matt]   
imp+es ^u him ) "s =ce4 ,to repeat =m]  
phraseology1 if ! emphasis is on !      
ev5ts1 he tries to figure out :at w     
happ51 at lea/ wond]s ab\t x2 if !      
emphasis is on ! *>act]s1 he tries to   
=esee :at !y w d4 ,incid5tally1 ! read] 
( to-day is habituat$ to ! /ory ( plot4 
,if no?+ happ5s he w *alk a black m>k   
aga9/ au?or & magaz9e1 z ! editor kn[s4 
,z has be5 said--& emphasis is n out (  
place--a plot is a problem4 ,problem1 9 
?is connection1 means conflict betwe5   
oppos+ =ces1 :i* gives ! v>i\s ev5ts &  
situations ( a /ory any dramatic value  
!y may possess4 ,x foll[s t !re are ?ree
 basic plot-!mes1 conflict betwe5 man & 
8 environm5t or ,nature1 conflict betwe5
 man & man1 & conflict betwe5 oppos$    
traits 9 ! same man4 ,x w be pr(itable =
 ! writ] to be> ?is 9 m9d :5 comb+ ! _w 
= 8 /ory4  ,9 8 essay on ,victor ,hugo's

 romances1 ,/ev5son has t\*$ ^u !       
em]g5ce 9 fiction ( ! conflict betwe5   
man & ,nature4 ,briefly1 8 argum5t is t 
9 ! works ( su* a "o z ,scott ! _w &    
natural =ces s]ve b z /age & /age       
devices = man & 8 do+s1 :ile ,hugo1     
p>ticul>ly 9 ,! ,toil]s ( ! ,sea1 draws 
/orm1 cold1 & heat z man's active       
enemies1 almo/ end[+ ,nature ) a        
v9dictive p]sonality4 ,:atev] ! fact z  
to ,hugo1 x is c]ta9 t to ^? :o meet h] 
face to face on sea & l& ,nature is a   
some:at /ony-he>t$ "m1 yield+ food &    
%elt] only at ! pi/ol-po9t ( toil &     
/ruggle4 ,to ^? ( u :o live 9 cities1 & 
^: conc]ns are ma9ly social1 ! con/ant  
/ruggle ( mank9d aga9/ dr\ght & flood1  
/orm & cold1 fire & fam9e is obscur$1 b 
x is a liv+ reality1 nev]!less1 & a ri* 
s\rce ( fiction t w get "u ! sk9 ( ! mo/
 pamp]$ ap>tm5t-dwell]4 ,! roots ( our  
lives /ret* f> into ! dim pa/1 :5 !     
un5d+ /ruggle ) natural =ces 0 a bitt]  
reality to all1 & adequate fictional    
pres5tm5t ( ! /ruggle ) ,nature (t5     

proves to h an incisive appeal want+ 9  
less fundam5tal !mes4 ,p>ticul>ly1 !    
writ] may rely ^u su* a /ory's appeal+  
to ! cultur$ & ! uncultur$ m9d alike1 = 
! intr9sic human importance ( its !me is
 felt by all4 ,! elem5ts ( ! dramatic   
problem pres5t$ are s simple t previ\s  
famili>ity ) !m 9 p]sonal exp]i5ce is n 
ess5tial to _! und]/&+4  ,a f9e example 
( ?is !me giv5 %ort /ory treatm5t is    
,bret ,h>te's ,! ,outca/s ( ,pok] ,flat1
 :ile ! portions ( ,/ev5son's ,kidnapp$ 
deal+ ) ,david's exp]i5ce on ! ,isle (  
,e>raid & 8 flight ?r\gh ! hea!r ) ,alan
 ,breck f9d _! dramatic quality l>gely 9
 ! same !me4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t    
,h>te1 h[ev]1 does n emphasize !        
conflict betwe5 man & ,nature to ! utmo/
 ( possibility1 = 9 8 /ory !re is mu*   
emphasis on "* & ! /ruggle ( man ) man4 
,:e!r ! /ory ga9s or loses 9 total      
effect !reby is immat]ial2 x w prove an 
int]e/+ exp]i5ce = ! writ] to reca/ !   
tale s z to br+ out m exclusively ! !me 
( conflict ) ,nature4 ,9 connection ) ! 

g5]al discussion z to plot1 ,i w /ate t 
if ,h>te _h entirely excis$ ! !ft ( !   
p>ty's horses by ! trea*]\s memb]1 & _h 
n br\ght out ! contra/ betwe5 ! gambl]1 
! pro/itutes1 & ! innoc5ts1 ! /ory /ill 
w\ld h be5 adequately plott$4 ,! b>e    
situation ( m5 & wom5 sn[b\nd 9 a m\nta9
 cab9 is a plot g]m1 = x sugge/s !      
problem :e!r !y w survive or p]i%4  ,!  
plot :i* pres5ts conflict betwe5 man &  
man is di/9ctly social 9 nature4 ,!     
possibilities = ! writ] ( fiction 9 !   
g5]al scramble = ! almighty doll>1 !    
rivalry ( love1 ! desire = rev5ge1 & a  
?\s& o!r passions & ambitions t br+ man 
into conflict ) 8 fell[s1 are           
practically inf9ite4 ,?ree m9utes sp5t 9
 runn+ ov] ?is field = plots w          
demon/rate ! folly ( bewail+ ! lack (   
some?+ fre% to write ab\t4 ,p]haps "s   
+5i\s ma!matician1 giv5 ! data t !re are
 a hundr$ million m5 & wom5 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates1 & t ea* "o has "s small numb] ( 
desires & passions active or dormant1 w 
calculate ! pot5tial conflicts result+4 

,ea* conflict is ! se$ ( a plot1 & ea*  
plot may be writt5 a hundr$ times1 ea*  
/ory be+ made diff]5t f ! la/ by v>y+ ! 
mann] ( treatm5t4 ,!re is n too little  
to write ab\t2 !re is s v mu* t ke5     
selection is ess5tial4  ,any magaz9e    
(f]s examples ( ! exploitation1 by %ort 
/ory writ]s1 ( ! conflict betwe5 man &  
man1 :ile to portray ! conflict is      
peculi>ly ! field ( ! novel1 ) its      
social emphasis4 ,balzac & ,?ack]ay are 
supreme ma/]s 9 pres5t+ a slice ( !     
social spectacle2 ,vanity ,fair & ,c\s9 
,pons depict /ruggle betwe5 _! p1 & b   
little else4 ,at ! top ( ! social ladd] 
! /ruggle is c>ri$ on by intrigue &     
sug>$ words1 at ! bottom ) ! knife &    
nak$ fi/1 b ! /ruggle is ! same 9       
ess5ce1 & ( en?rall+ int]e/ to a read]4 
,all ! _w loves a w9n]1 & all ! _w wants
 to f9d out :om x is to love4 ,! m]e    
me*anical details :]e9 ! /ruggle f9ds   
expression & op]ation are ! lea/ ( !    
plot1 :i* is indebt$ = its dramatic     
quality to ! b>e fact ( /ruggle4        

,d\btless ! girl :o runs daily to !     
public libr>y = a novel w\ld be %ock$ to
 be told t %e is impell$ by ! same human
 quality t makes /reet-loaf]s & pass]sby
 ga!r ab\t two fight+ boys1 b %e is1    
nev]!less4 ,! writ] :o w\ld please h]--&
 h] fa!r1 "m1 & bro!rs--w d well to     
rememb] ! fact4  ,! /ory :i* seeks to   
pres5t conflict betwe5 two oppos$ traits
 9 ! same man or woman is mo/ difficult 
to write s z to create any fictional    
illusion4 ,x deals almo/ exclusively )  
psy*ological data1 ( ! facts ( ! s\l1 & 
requires k & imag9ative insight z well z
 v]bal dext]ity4 ,x is supremely easy to
 conceive a plot involv+ /ruggle ( ! man
 ) himself1 b x is supremely h>d to give
 su* a /ruggle objectivity1 to exp& x   
into a fiction op]ative 9 action & yet  
develop+ ! int]nal conflict4 ,i _c ?9k (
 a f9] example ?an ,/ev5son's ,m>kheim4 
,a close & critical /udy ( ?is /ory by  
"o :o is qualifi$ to ta/e its full      
flavor w reveal at once ! great         
difficulties t face ! writ] :o *ooses   

su* a !me1 & ! high pit* ( a*ievem5t    
atta9able ?r\gh prop] h&l+ ( mat]ial4   
,! greate/ practical drawback to ! giv+ 
( mu* "t to ma/]+ ! te*nique (          
s\l-analysis lies 9 ! n>r[ appeal ( su* 
a /ory ev5 :5 p]fectly conceiv$ &       
writt54 ,to recur to ! always apposite  
,/ev5son1 x is safe to say t 8 ,dr4     
,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde is a ?\s& times m  
int]e/+ to ! av]age read] ?an ,m>kheim1 
simply because ! s\l-/ruggle is s mu* m 
completely made objective & giv5        
expression 9 action 9 ! fir/ fiction ?an
 9 ! second4 ,?is is done s v           
emphatically t n9e read]s out ( t5      
entirely miss ! po9t ( ,jekyll & ,hyde1 
& fail to realize t ! /ruggle is betwe5 
two t5d5cies 9 ! same man1 :o is split  
into 8 good & bad selves m]ely = ! sake 
( concret5ess4 ,mo/ fiction read]s h    
little love = ab/ractions & f9e spun    
analysis--witness ! common repute (     
,h5ry ,james1 to an ext5t undes]v$1 x   
may be said 9 pass+4 ,exclusive emphasis
 ^u ! /ruggle ( ! man ) himself w t5d to

 conf9e ! writ]'s appeal to !           
intellectuals1 9 ! special mod]n s5se1 a
 matt] inimical to ! pocketbook1 at !   
lea/ ( x4 ,psy*ological analysis is mo/ 
useful 9 develop+ almo/ any type ( /ory1
 b z ! sole !me = a fiction x has its   
disadvantages4  ,:5 ! writ] has 8 h&s on
 a plot1 ( :atev] type & h[ev] f\nd1 8  
conceptive labors are by no means ov]4  
,x rema9s to reca/ & re>range ! elem5ts 
( ! idea1 t ! mo/ effective arrangem5t  
may be discov]$4 ,a fir/ inv5tion is v  
r>ely incapable ( improvem5t1 & 9 !     
int]e/s ( arti/ry ! au?or %\ld exhau/   
all ! possibilities ( 8 idea be=e writ+1
 t he may n *ance ^u unsuspect$         
pot5tialities 9 8 /ory only :5 x is half
 writt51 or n discov] !m at all4 ,)9    
limits1 ( c\rse1 any /ory w t5d to %ape 
itself2 9 p>ticul>1 !re is mu* te/imony 
z to ! intractability ( *>act]s2 b "o _c
 consci\sly /rive to d any p>ticul> ?+  
or to produce any p>ticul> effect )\t   
fir/ kn[+ j :at ! ?+ or effect is to be4
  ,possibly ! mo/ important matt] is to 

arrange ! incid5ts1 ! sep>ate elem5ts ( 
! problem or conflict :i* ! plot        
pres5ts1 9 su* mann] z to give !        
progression a climactic "*4 ,n only %\ld
 ea* major ev5t be a def9ite /ep t[>d ! 
conclusion1 solution1 or d5\em5t1 b ea* 
succe$+ ev5t %\ld be m /rik+1           
significant1 & t5se ?an its pr$ecessor4 
,?is sort ( climactic movem5t is n      
ess5tial to a plot1 b x is an ess5tial  
elem5t ( a good plot1 p>ticul>ly a good 
plot = a %ort /ory4 ,! %ort /ory is a   
mu* m /rict & artificial type ( fiction 
?an ! novel2 9 o!r words1 its writ] has 
few] res\rces to impress a read]1 & he  
mu/ utilize to ! full :atev] is op5 to  
him4 ,among 8 res\rces is ! device (    
s5sible movem5t to a crisis or climax4  
,l ! re/ ( fiction te*nique1 ! device is
 useful because x t5ds to keep alive &  
/imulate a read]'s int]e/4 ,?is x does  
because asc5d+ t5sity sugge/s fur!r     
/ruggle4 ,any flat incid5t1 on !        
contr>y1 less t5se or /rik+ ?an its     
pr$ecessor1 infallibly sugge/s t ! /ory 

is already fall+ to its end1 & ! end    
seems dull because ! problem is n fully 
work$ out or ev5 /at$4 ,psy*ologically1 
! po9t is delicate2 x is a que] p>adox t
 a read] at once hates to ?9k & yet     
wants to be made to ?9k4 ,b t is a      
read]'s condition4 ,) equal read9ess he 
w welcome climactic movem5t & cont9ue to
 read1 or welcome any premature fall 9  
t5sity & ?r[ ! /ory aside4  ,to %[ by   
example ! results t may be a*iev$ by use
 ( ! device ( movem5t to a climax is    
impracticable2 ^! matt]s t _c be        
display$ by pung5t quotation ! /ud5t mu/
 dig out = himself by intellig5t read+4 
,almo/ any successful /ory w display    
climactic arrangem5t ( its major ev5ts4 
,i _c =be> to m5tion ! asc5sion :]eby   
,?ack]ay leads a read] ( ,vanity ,fair  
up to ,rawdon ,crawley's confrontation (
 ,becky & ,"l ,/eyne4 ,haw?orne's ,!    
,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables1 a book 9 mo/   
respects s totally dissimil>1 %[s a l   
process 9 lead+ up to ! dea? ( ,judge   
,pyn*eon4 ,george ,d\glas's ,! ,h\se ,) 

! ,gre5 ,%utt]s1 less widely kn[n1 is   
/rongly climactic 9 its latt] "p4 ,b    
examples1 9 %ort /ory & novel1 are      
inf9ite 9 numb] & sort4  ,to            
recapitulate1 a plot is a problem (     
human life br\ght to a fitt+ & conv9c+  
solution1 & consi/s ( a s]ies ( ev5ts   
:i* displays ! fact & result ( a        
conflict betwe5 oppos+ =ces1 spiritual &
 mat]ial1 actuat+ & affect+ m5 & wom54  
,!re=e ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( a plot is its
 dramatic value4 ,! def9ition may be    
turn$ to use n s mu* 9 ! discov]y (     
plots z 9 apprais+ _! fictional value1  
_! p[] to ar\se & hold a read]'s int]e/1
 aft] !y h be5 f\nd or inv5t$4  ,s9ce a 
plot is a conflict betwe5 oppos+ =ces1 &
 s9ce fiction deals ) man1 ! ?ree       
fundam5tal plot-!mes are conflict betwe5
 man & 8 environm5t1 conflict betwe5 man
 & man1 & conflict 9 ! s\l ( ! same man4
 ,realization ( ! fact w s]ve to give   
po9t & def9ition to ! writ]'s se>* = !  
idea4  ,f9ally1 a j reg>d = 8 read]s w  
lead ! writ] to ca/ 8 incid5ts into "s  

climactic arrangem5t4 ,! fir/1 la/1 &   
only prop] aim ( a /ory is to int]e/1 & 
break 9 ! expect$ movem5t to a climax is
 fatal to int]e/4  ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to
 g into ! matt] ( plot-analysis at "s   
l5g?--,i h 9 m9d p>ticul>ly !           
defici5cies ( ,poe's def9ition t a plot 
is a s]ies ( incid5ts contriv$ to       
produce a s+le effect--b ?is book is = !
 writ]4 ,i %all try ?r\gh\t to keep to !
 writ]'s viewpo9t & to develop no?+ n ( 
practical utility 9 ! "w ( conception1  
elaboration1 & execution4  ,?us f> !    
discussion has be5 conc]n$ ) plot z a   
:ole2 x rema9s to consid] ! ev5ts1      
incid5ts1 or situations :i* compose a   
plot4 ,! situations ( ! plot or /ory are
 :at its writ] mu/ ca/ into a climactic 
consequ5ce1 & he mu/ h "s /&>d to       
measure ea* be=e he c det]m9e its prop] 
place4  ,! fictionally significant      
aspect ( a plot is t x embodies a       
conflict betwe5 oppos+ =ces1 t is1 x is 
dramatic4 ,likewise1 ! fictionally      
significant aspect ( a situation is t x 

displays oppos$ p]sons--or at lea/      
oppos$ =ces--9 conflict4 ,! writ]       
manipulates 8 mat]ial--pref]ably be=e   
writ+--s t two or m p]sons1 actuat$ by  
incompatible motives1 are br\ght into   
conflict2 !re is a mom5t ( indecision2  
!n "s p]son b5ds ! o!r or o!rs to 8 w2 &
 ! situation det]m9es4 ,or ! writ] br+s 
a "* or gr\p ( *>act]s into conflict )  
,nature1 z did ,h>te 9 ,! ,outca/s (    
,pok] ,flat4 ,"h1 also1 !re is a p]iod (
 indecision1 & !n ei!r ! human =ce or ! 
natural =ce triumphs4  ,! dramatic      
quality ( any situation inh]es 9 !      
/ruggle betwe5 oppos+ =ces :i* ea*      
pres5ts1 & rises or falls ) ! ess5tial  
/r5g? ( su* =ces4 ,take two in/ances (  
conflict betwe5 oppos$ motives 9 ! same 
p]son4 ,9 "s humor\s /ory a "* may be   
unable to decide :i* ( two wom5 he wants
 to m>ry4 ,"o c cook1 let u say1 & he is
 a g\rm&2 ! o!r is pretty1 & he has     
lean+s t way1 too4 ,! dramatic quality 9
 su* a /ory w be slight1 because !      
motives involv$ are relatively weak1 yet

 x w be pres5t4 ,b take ! /ory ( a ,fr5*
 girl :o is outrag$ by a ,g]man soldi] &
 gives bir? to a *ild by him4 ,h]       
quality ( patriotism c be built up to   
great int5sity1 if ! writ] wills1 ev5 to
 ! po9t :]e ! read] w accept an impulse 
on h] "p to kill h] *ild4 ,h] quality z 
a "m c be built up likewise4 ,x w\ld be 
a mo/ effective t\* to h h] hate !      
unborn *ild furi\sly1 !n to arrange     
matt]s s t %e %\ld be unable to c>ry out
 h] fir/ impulse to kill x & be =c$ to  
c>e = x1 giv+ x opportunity to awak5 h] 
dormant mat]nal in/9ct4 ,f9ally1 love = 
,france & hatr$ = ,g]many c be /imulat$ 
aga91 s t %e is %[n ve]+ betwe5 !       
impulse to kill & ! impulse to *]i%4    
,su* a situation is int5sely dramatic1 =
 x involves conflict betwe5 two ( ! mo/ 
int5se human qualities1 love ( "o's     
c\ntry & love ( "o's *ild4 ,! m t]rific 
! oppos$ =ces 9 any situation1 ! high]  
its dramatic value4  ,at fir/ glance x  
may seem t ! relative position 9 a /ory 
( ea* ( its v>i\s major situations is   

det]m9$ by ! plot itself1 b t is n !    
case4 ,x appe>s to be ! case because x  
is usual to reg>d ! plot ( a /ory z !   
entire me*anical arrangem5t ( ! fiction1
 includ+ ! nature & ord] ( ! situations1
 :i* is a false view ( plot4 ,z !       
previ\s discussion has attempt$ to      
demon/rate1 plot is m]ely ! conflict    
betwe5 oppos$ =ces ( p]sonality &       
environm5t1 at lea/ "o ( ! =ces be+ (   
p]sonality4 ,any two /ories :i* display 
conflict betwe5 ! same =ces h ! same    
plot1 ?\gh "o may v>y widely f ! o!r 9 !
 means employ$ to give ! /ruggle        
objectivity & expression 9 action4  ,!  
writ] ( fiction %\ld realize ! po9t4 ,! 
imag9ation produces concrete pictures & 
conceptions1 &1 :5 a /ory is imag9$1 x w
 come to life 9 t]ms ( concrete p &     
ev5ts1 m or less def9itely ord]$ &      
det]m9$4 ,b ! writ] %\ld n /op !re4 ,he 
%\ld asc]ta9 j :at oppos$ =ces (        
p]sonality or environm5t give ! /ory &  
its situations plot & dramatic value1 & 
!n %\ld seek to f9d :e!r he _c give !   

basic conflict involv$ m effective      
pres5tm5t ?an w be giv5 by ! p]sons &   
situations :i* he has already conceiv$4 
,an ess5tially weak conception may (f] a
 clue to a dramatic conflict t w h      
fictional p[] if prop]ly develop$ by    
p]sons & situations diff]5t f ^? fir/   
conceiv$4  ,x w be p]ceiv$ h[ f> x is )9
 ! writ]'s p[] to manipulate situation 9
 ! int]e/s ( art1 :i*1 9 ?is connection1
 means climax4 ,/>t+ ) "s basic         
conflict1 :i* w be 8 plot1 ! writ] c    
devise situation aft] situation 9 :i* ! 
/ruggle w become m & m acute1 until1    
f9ally1 x w become s s]i\s z to involve 
all ! elem5ts ( ! /ory4 ,& ) !          
det]m9ation ( ! dramatic situation :i*  
involves all ! elem5ts ( ! /ory1 ! /ory 
itself w t]m9ate1 = ! /ruggle :i* x     
embodies w h be5 settl$ "o way or ! o!r4
 ,?is f9al situation w be ! climax ( !  
/ory1 & its outcome or result w be !    
d5\em5t4 ,! /ory w be end$ because !    
/ruggle or conflict x s]ves to embody w 
h end$4 ,"o =ce or ! o!r w h triumph$4  

,9 consid]+ ! "q ( situation1 ! writ] ( 
fiction is consid]+ a m specific aspect 
( ! "q ( plot4 ,usually he desires to   
f9d a plot ( real dramatic value1 &     
likewise he usually desires to f9d a    
situation or situations ( real dramatic 
value4 ,! dramatic value ( plot & (     
situation resides 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 !  
oppos$ =ces :i* x pres5ts4 ,! m p[]ful !
 =ces involv$ 9 ei!r case1 ! great] !   
dramatic value ( ! conception4 ,ea*     
major situation ( a /ory d]ives its     
dramatic quality f ! opposition (       
incompatible motives or =ces t end[s !  
/ory's plot ) its dramatic quality4 ,9  
fact1 x is n too loose to say t !       
situation ( a /ory is its plot1 provid$ 
! ma9 situation or climax is meant4,b   
,! purpose ( ! action or incid5ts ( a   
/ory is to give ! dramatic /ruggle x    
embodies concrete expression4 ,t is to  
say1 ! dramatic quality ( a /ory is     
specific 9 relation to c]ta9 p]sons &   
c]ta9 ev5ts4 ,two def9ite m51 = in/ance1
 w engage 9 a def9ite fight ov] a       

def9ite woman4 ,! writ] w seek to       
individualize ! p]sons involv$1 :i* is a
 matt] ( description & *>act]ization1 & 
he w seek also to picture ! physical    
/ruggle z def9itely z possible1 :i* is a
 matt] ( descriptive n>ration4 ,x is n  
en\gh to conceive a plot or dramatic    
situation2 ! writ] mu/ also exp& x into 
a /ory1 :i* %\ld be z concrete &        
specific z its nature p]mits4 ,only ?us 
c a read] be made to feel ! ess5tial p[]
 ( ! :ole conception4 ,x foll[s t !     
action or incid5ts ( a /ory %\ld be     
devis$ ) a view to express ! dynamic    
elem5ts ( ! plot & t no incid5t %\ld be 
incorporat$ 9 ! /ory unless x w s]ve to 
build up "s "o ( ! =ces involv$ or else 
s]ve to illu/rate ! conflict ( =ces t h 
be5 built up previ\sly4   ,,footnotes3  
,b ,polti1 9 ,! ,?irty-,six ,dramatic   
,situations1 uses ! ^w situation 9 a    
s5se practically inclusive ( plot4 ,plot
 is a ^w s abus$ t x ev5 might be       
advisable to ab&on x 9 discussion 9     
favor ( situation4 ,! latt] sugge/s m   

ne>ly ! requisite idea ( p]sons key$ =  
/ruggle4 ,9 p>ticul>1 plot c>ries too _m
 connotations ( m]e complication1 :i* is
 n "o ( its ess5tial qualities4         
,,*apt] ,v  ,,con/ructive ,,te*nique ,,(
 ,,n>ration,c      ,importance--,plot & 
,situation--,spiritual ,values ( ,/ory--
     ,ord] (                            
,ev5ts--,introduction--,prim>y &        
,second>y ,ev5ts--                      
,climax--,naturalness--,!               
,end--,prep>ation--,proportion--        
,g5]al ,consid]ations4   ,a /ory is !   
relation ( :at c]ta9 p]sons did 9 c]ta9 
places & "u c]ta9 conditions ( exi/5ce1 
& 9 its broade/ aspect ! art ( n>ration 
includes ! description ( p]sons &       
del9eation ( "*1 ! depiction ( sc5es1 & 
! sugge/ion ( atmosph]e4 ,b ^! matt]s   
bulk s l>ge 9 !mselves z to call =      
sep>ate treatm5t4 ,my purpose "h is to  
discuss con/ructive te*nique1 h[ ! b>e  
/ory1 a succession & progression (      
ev5ts1 %\ld be plann$ & built up be=e   
writ+4 ,! problem is con/ructive1 n     

executive1 & %\ld be consid]$ & settl$1 
)9 limits1 be=e sett+ p5 to pap]4  ,9   
fact1 mu* ( ! te*nique ( fiction writ+  
conc]ns matt]s ( conception &           
con/ruction4 ,giv+ ! /ory its v]bal fle%
 aft] x is ?or\ghly mapp$ out 9 m9d 9   
accord ) ! canons ( ! art is 9 tru? a m 
or less simple matt] to ! writ] :o has  
any comm& ( language & lit]>y facility4 
,! result may n be a ma/]piece--:i* is a
 significant idea1 ju/ly elaborat$1 &   
p]fectly told--b x w possess "o ( !     
elem5ts ( a /ory wor?y to live4 ,!      
tr\ble is t s _m writ]s set ab\t ! task 
( expression :5 all !y h 9 m9d is ! m]e/
 g]m ( an undevelop$ idea or /ory1 & !n 
are =c$ to wre/le ) con/ruction & )     
language at "o & ! same "t4 ,ea* task is
 great en\gh = ! undivid$ att5tion ( !  
able/ arti/4 ,i believe t 9 ! end !     
con/ructive task is pretty well done1 b 
t ! m /rictly lit]>y task to give !     
conception v]bally p]fect expression is 
usually some:at slight$4 ,we h s _m well
 conceiv$ & elaborat$ /ories1 & s v few 

s p]fect 9 expression t !y des]ve to    
live1 a fact indicat+ t con/ruction c be
 le>n$ by ne>ly all1 ?\gh lit]>y p[]    
seems to be incommunicable4 ,! prop]    
attitude = ! beg9n]1 :o has n ! facile  
practice ( 8 art at 8 f+]s' ends1 is to 
treat ! fir/ draft ( 8 /ory z m]ely     
t5tative & an aid to developm5t4        
,,ord] ,,( ,,ev5ts  ,! discussion ( plot
 & situation 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 0 po9t$ to
 emphasize ! importance ( ! con/ructive 
phases ( te*nique4 ,a plot is n m]ely a 
climactic sequ5ce ( ev5ts or happ5+s2 a 
plot is "s human /ruggle1 "s conflict   
betwe5 oppos$ =ces1 t f9ds concrete     
expression 9 a climactic sequ5ce (      
ev5ts2 & an inf9ite numb] ( p]sons &    
incid5ts may be devis$ to give specific 
expression to a s+le fundam5tal plot    
idea4 ,hav+ fix$ ^u a plot1 ! writ] (   
fiction %\ld realize precisely :at is ! 
human problem or /ruggle involv$1 & %\ld
 consid] j :at sort ( *>act]s & j :at   
sort ( incid5ts w give mo/ effective1   
mo/ int]e/+ expression to ! p>ticul>    

/ory idea4 ,?is he %\ld be ! m ready to 
d because a /ory usually comes to m9d   
ready =m$ z a s]ies ( ev5ts1 & only     
infrequ5tly is ! fir/ comb9ation ! be/1 
t is1 ! "o :i* w pres5t mo/ =cefully !  
und]ly+ plot1 /ruggle1 problem1 or      
ess5tial /ory idea4 ,! writ] ( fiction  
has = mat]ial va/ inf9ity ( imag9able   
*>act]s & imag9able ev5ts2 he %\ld      
manipulate t mat]ial to a n>r[ly        
specific end1 ! end ( giv+ mo/ effective
 expression to 8 p>ticul> /ory idea or  
plot4 ,9 o!r words1 he is an arti/1 &   
mu/ devise & re-devise1 select & reject1
 arrange & re-arrange t ) :i* he deals4 
,ano!r condition ( 8 art requires !     
fiction writ] to ma/] ! te*nique (      
con/ruction & always to practice x be=e 
approa*+ 8 /rictly executive task (     
writ+4 ,a /ory is usually m t a m]e     
physical spectacle1 m ?an a sequ5ce (   
physical happ5+s4 ,ea* ev5t1 ea*        
situation is fictionally significant or 
int]e/+ by virtue ( its relation to !   
natures or spirits ( ! p]sons involv$4  

,?r\gh ! physical tissue ( :at happ5s   
runs ! psy*ical ?read ( p]sonality1     
relat+ "p to "p & r5d]+ ! :ole inde$ "o 
/ory4 ,a /ory is a ?+ ( spiritual values
 z well z a physical spectacle1 & x _c  
be writt5 adequately by visualiz+ its   
ev5ts & foll[+ !m ) ! p54 ,"s "p ( its  
spiritual value re/s 9 necess>y         
implication f :at happ5s1 b n all4 ,!   
re/ mu/ be br\ght out delib]ately by !  
writ]1 & he _c hope to d s to ! full    
unless be=e writ+ he realizes !         
necessity & %apes 8 "w accord+ly4 ,!    
po9t is ( v great importance4 ,x w\ld be
 h>d to ov]e/imate ! numb] ( pot5tially 
f9e /ories t h be5 ru9$ ?r\gh failure to
 realize t ! ma9 situations or happ5+s (
 ea* fiction c\ld n h full effect on a  
read] unless _m subtle matt]s (         
p]sonality & _s 7 delib]ately br\ght out
 9 advance4  ,! fir/ conc]n ( ! writ] :o
 has f\nd 8 b>e /ory is to det]m9e !    
ord] 9 :i* to ca/ bo? its major & m9or  
ev5ts4 ,! necessity t ! m important     
happ5+s ( ! /ory be giv5 "s climactic   

arrangem5t1 to hold & /imulate ! read]'s
 initial int]e/1 has be5 t\*$ ^u be=e1 b
 ! g5]al ord]+ ( ev5ts is a matt] ( su* 
importance t x w be discuss$ at l5g?4   
,! aim ( any /ory is to int]e/1 & !     
writ] %\ld endeavor to t\* 8 read]'s    
int]e/ z quickly z possible4 ,long1     
purposeless1 & !re=e dull               
introductions--usually ! result ( !     
writ]'s hav+ set to "w ) no v def9ite   
idea ( :at he has to d--%\ld be avoid$2 
! writ] %\ld consid] precisely :at 8    
/ory is1 & !n h[ he may be/ set x 9     
motion )\t delay4 ,! te*nique is easy to
 /ate b h>d to meet4 ,p]haps x may be   
possible to set (f ) a happ5+           
suffici5tly unique & /rik+ 9 itself to  
ar\se a read]'s int]e/2 descriptive     
t\*es z to sett+ or z to a "* may be    
employ$2 or--aft] ! fa%ion ( "s mod]n   
writ]s--"o may indulge 9 a little       
philosophical ov]ture =eca/+ ! nature ( 
! tale4 ,a classification ( ! sev]al    
ways to op5 a /ory might be made1 b x   
w\ld n be useful4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ea*  

good /ory is p]fectly unique2 9 ! second
 place1 indep5d5t read+ ( fiction w %[ !
 ways mu* m completely ?an m]e /atem5t4 
,"o slight matt] is p]haps wor? not+4   
,(t5 inh]5tly dull introductory matt] c 
be giv5 piquancy on ! lips ( a n>rat+   
"*4  ,! writ] %\ld n di/ort 8 /ory m]ely
 to beg9 x int]e/+ly4 ,! aim ( fiction  
is to int]e/1 b ! p]son to be int]e/$ is
 ! cultur$ read]1 n ! m]e s5sation-sop4 
,if a p>ticul> /ory is =bidd5 by its    
cont5t to beg9 ) a ru%1 x %\ld n be     
wr5*$ & di/ort$ to t end4 ,! writ] :o   
seeks m]ely to cat] to curr5t ta/es )   
ea* tale w d well to devise fictions t w
 subs]ve 8 purpose naturally4 ,!reby he 
w a*ieve 8 aim ! m easily1 & may sp>e ! 
read+ public mu* inf]ior "w4 ,b x is    
always well to make q sure t any /ory _c
 be begun swiftly be=e adopt+ ! m       
leisurely approa*4 ,kipl+'s ,)\t ,b5efit
 ( ,cl]gy might h be5 begun s mu* less  
invit+ly by "o less skill$4  ,! m       
complicat$ ! plot1 ! m difficult x w be 
to arrange its elem5ts ju/ly4 ,! ev5ts (

 ! /ructurally simple /ory usually c be 
relat$ 9 *ronological ord]2 "o gives    
place to ! o!r )\t ef=t or prep>ation4  
,! /ory ) a complicat$ plot is n s      
simple to ord] ju/ly4 ,9 ! /ructurally  
simple /ory ne>ly all ev5ts h a prim>y  
value2 ea* is a def9ite /ep 9 !         
climactic asc5sion ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! /ory (
 complicat$ plot1 on ! contr>y1 !re are 
a comp>atively small numb] ( ev5ts hav+ 
?is prim>y value 9 t !y are def9ite /eps
 9 ! climactic asc5sion1 & !re are also 
a comp>atively l>ge numb] ( m9or ev5ts  
hav+ only a second>y value 9 t !y s]ve  
to give ! prim>y ev5ts naturalness1     
intelligibility1 & effect4 ,?us1 9 !    
/ory display+ ! conflict ( two *>act]s1 
! *ief ev5ts w be ^? giv+ ! /ruggle !   
mo/ int5se expression1 & ! m9or ev5ts1  
hav+ only a second>y value1 w be ^? :i* 
s]ve to prep>e ! v>i\s conflicts & to   
build up & vitalize ! two oppos$ p]sons4
 ,ev5 if ^! m9or ev5ts are only second>y
 9 intr9sic significance1 !y are        
ess5tial to ! /ory1 & ! task ( its      

writ]--no easy "o--is to ord] its prim>y
 ev5ts s t !y w =m a climactic asc5sion 
9 po9t ( t5sity & int]e/1 & to ord] its 
second>y ev5ts s t !y w function        
naturally 9 end[+ ! prim>y ev5ts ) !    
fulle/ measure ( significance to !      
read]4  ,ea* /ory is unique &           
*>act]i/ic1 & ( c\rse v little specific 
advice c be giv5 z to ! j ord]+ ( ev5ts1
 prim>y & second>y4 ,!re are two ma9    
necessities2 ! /ory mu/ be told1 & x mu/
 be told plausibly4 ,! fir/ necessity1 t
 ! /ory be told1 requires t ! writ] take
 c>e1 n only to set =? its prim>y ev5ts 
) due elaboration1 b also to develop its
 *>act]s into individualiz$ human       
be+s--an (fice *iefly p]=m$ by !        
second>y ev5ts--& to make due prep>ation
 = ea* successive prim>y ev5t1 t ! read]
 may fully und]/& its import4 ,! second 
necessity1 t ! /ory be told plausibly1  
requires t ! ev5ts be ord]$ naturally z 
well z climactically1 be told 9         
accordance ) ! canons ( life z well z ( 
art4 ,! difficult task ( ! writ] is to  

picture 8 s+le phase ( life s deftly & )
 s little app>5t =c+ ( 8 matt] t ! :ole 
w be end[$ ) ! significant simplicity ( 
art & yet h ! naturalness ( life4 ,(    
c\rse x is h>d1 & ( c\rse x takes long &
 pati5t practice to conqu] ! secret4 ,t 
is :y ! writ] :o has full comm& (       
te*nique is s r>e4  ,! /ory itself      
l>gely det]m9es ! ord] ( its prim>y     
ev5ts1 = _! succession is ! /ory4 ,b !  
second>y ev5ts are z l>gely subject to !
 control ( ! writ]1 :o may devise1      
adapt1 & ord] !m almo/ at w1 & 9 j &    
natural ord]+ ( !m lies mu* ( ! secret (
 v]isimilitude4 ,!y are ! mort> t b9ds !
 /ones ( ! edifice1 & by slight+ !m _m a
 f9e initial conception has be5 r5d]$   
feeble 9 execution4 ,!y ne$ n be        
elaborately treat$2 9 fact1 ! te*nique  
to be acquir$ is to relate !m 9 due     
subord9ation to ev5ts intr9sically m    
important1 ?\gh giv+ !m an easy &       
natural fl[ & succession4 ,b ! m9or     
ev5ts mu/ be ord]$ ju/ly1 t ! /ory may  
m>* becom+ly f major ev5t to major ev5t1

 & !re=e ! writ] mu/ /ruggle ) _! ord]+4
 ,no rules capable ( /atem5t regulate ! 
matt]2 ! writ] c only be told its       
importance & urg$ n to consid] 8 /ory   
fully develop$ & ready = writ+ simply   
because he has det]m9$ ! ord] ( its ma9 
ev5ts4  ,p]haps ! :ole philosophy ( !   
ord]+ ( ev5ts1 major & m9or1 c be /at$  
broadly to be t 9 ord]+ ! m important   
ev5ts ( a /ory ! writ] mu/ reg>d *iefly 
! necessities ( climax1 t is1 ( art1    
:ile 9 ord]+ ! second>y ev5ts he mu/    
reg>d *iefly ! necessity to be natural1 
t is1 to a*ieve v]isimilitude4 ,art is  
life rais$ to a high] p[]1 & ! /ruggle (
 ! arti/ is to pres5t 8 phase ( life z  
simply & pung5tly z c be done )\t       
entirely sev]+ ! relation betwe5 8      
conception & life itself4  ,"o function 
( ! second>y ev5ts ( a /ory is to prep>e
 ! elem5ts ( ! ma9 ev5ts4 ,9 ! love     
/ory1 ,john meets ,joan t he may        
subsequ5tly make love to h]4 ,ano!r     
function ( ! second>y ev5ts is to       
develop "*4 ,9 ,london's ,! ,sea ,wolf  

mo/ ( ! e>li] episodes & _m ( ! lat] are
 n>rat$ to build up ! impression ( ,wolf
 ,l>s5's ru?lessness4,d ,x foll[s t any 
m9or ev5t w s]ve a d\ble purpose :5     
devis$ & plac$ s t x w =w>d ! me*anical 
progress ( ! /ory & also illu/rate "*4  
,t>k+ton1 9 ,monsieur ,beaucaire1 beg9s 
! /ory ) a sc5e ov] ! c>d table :i* n   
only gives ! b>b]-pr9ce 8 necess>y      
introduction to society b also %[s !    
/uff ( :i* he is made4 ,9 con/ruct+ 8   
/ory be=e writ+1 ! au?or %\ld select &  
place ea* incid5t ) an eye to its s]v+ z
 _m purposes z possible4 ,! /ory w ga9  
!reby 9 compactness & uni=mity ( int]e/4
 ,x is gold5 advice to urge ! writ] n to
 accept ! second>y ev5ts ( a /ory z !y  
fir/ come to m9d1 b to re-arrange &     
re-devise until ea* happ5+ p]=ms z _m   
functions z ! necessities ( ! /ory      
p]mit4  ,!re is no?+ p>ticul>ly new &   
/rik+ ab\t ! ma9 ev5ts & situations ( _m
 /ories t n only are gett+ publi%$      
to-day1 b are truly int]e/+ & wor? :ile4
 ,_! int]e/--& !re=e _! wor?--d]ives f  

_! writ]s' managem5t ( second>y ev5ts4  
,by v>y+ ! nature & succession ( m9or   
ev5ts1 any fundam5tal plot !me1 su* z ! 
et]nal triangle ( two m5 & a woman1 may 
be utiliz$ a ?\s& times )\t ess5tial    
loss ( int]e/4 ,z has be5 /at$1 !       
naturalness & plausibility ( a /ory     
dep5d l>gely ^u j selection & ord]+ (   
its second>y ev5ts1 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 9
 a v real s5se ! read]'s int]e/ dep5ds  
on ! m9or happ5+s4 ,! plot mu/ be a real
 plot & an int]e/+ "o1 b1 at ! la/ ( x1 
! plot is only ! skeleton4 ,! m9or ev5ts
 ( ! /ory are ! comely fle% t gives !   
conception ! attraction & int]e/ ( life4
 ,! figure may be grewsome1 b x is      
accurate4 ,a ?\s& skulls look mu* alike1
 b no face is precisely ! same z ano!r1 
ev5 to ! casual eye4 ,! fle% makes !    
diff]5ce1 & ! m9or ev5ts ( a /ory are   
its fle%4  ,! *ief necessity 9 beg9n+ a 
/ory is to beg9 x int]e/+ly1 if its     
nature p]mits2 ! *ief necessity 9 end+ a
 /ory is to end x--& !re is no proviso z
 to its nature4 ,a /ory is a fiction ) a

 plot1 & a plot is a *a9 ( ev5ts ) a    
def9ite & significant end+4 ,! writ] :o 
has discov]$ or devis$ a true plot ^u   
:i* to hang 8 fiction w n /ruggle on    
aimlessly aft] n>rat+ ! climax1 = !re w 
be no?+ m to relate4 ,i believe t abs5ce
 ( true plot is mo/ (t5 responsible = ! 
/ory t /umbles to a lame & inconclusive 
halt--n an end--r ?an executive         
inaptitude on ! writ]'s "p1 = ! climax (
 a true plot is a h>d ?+ n to feel &    
realize4 ,at any rate1 :5 ! climax is   
rea*$ & ! /ory told x mu/ be end$1 ju/ly
 b f9ally4 ,!re is no?+ m = ! read]1    
unless ! *>act]s are caught 9 ano!r *a9 
( significant ev5ts4 ,b t is ano!r /ory4
  ,to recapitulate1 a /ory is a         
progression ( ev5ts1 major & m9or4 ,!   
/ory l>gely det]m9es ! "* & ord] ( its  
ma9 ev5ts1 = !y are ! /ory itself2      
nev]!less ! writ] %\ld give !m climactic
 arrangem5t1 z f> z possible4 ,! m9or   
ev5ts are m subject to 8 control1 & he  
%\ld devise & ord] !m *iefly ) an eye to
 v]isimilitude & plausibility1 n =gett+ 

t ea* %\ld s]ve "s def9ite purpose & w  
be ! m useful if x c be made to s]ve m  
?an "o4   ,,prep>ation  ,two sorts (    
prep>ation mu/ engage ! att5tion ( !    
writ] ( a /ory4 ,! fir/ is purely       
me*anical1 & is ! result ( ! writ]'s    
realization ( ! physical necessities ( 8
 /ory4 ,if at "s def9ite po9t ! h]o is  
to be f\nd 9 "s def9ite place by o!r    
*>act]s1 ! writ] mu/ prep>e to place him
 !re4 ,! necessity is obvi\s1 & ?is sort
 ( prep>ation requires little           
discussion1 except ! w>n+ t 9 !         
complicat$ /ory x w dem& close att5tion4
 ,b ! second sort ( prep>ation is a mu* 
m delicate matt]1 & 9 a s5se is a great 
"p ( ! art ( fiction4 ,i h ref]5ce to ! 
necessity t ! writ] individualize &     
vitalize ! p ( 8 /ory s t ! significant 
situations ( ! fiction may h maximum    
effect on a read]4 ,! problem is n s mu*
 h[ to del9eate "*1 :i* w be tak5 up    
lat]1 z to plan ! :ole /ory s t x w h   
body & n be a m]e report4  ,!re are ?ree
 fundam5tal types ( /ory1 x is true1 9 t

 a /ory may emphasize any "o ( its      
elem5ts ( "*1 ( complication ( incid5t1 
or ( atmosph]e4 ,b ! /ory :i* dep5ds =  
its appeal on ! novelty or intr9sic     
significance ( ! b>e succession ( its   
ev5ts is some:at r>e2 at lea/ x is true 
t fiction conc]ns man prim>ily1 & 9 !   
normal /ory1 or1 bett]1 9 ! /ory :i* !  
necessities ( plot-/ructure mo/         
frequ5tly produce1,e ! man is z         
important z ! ev5t4 ,s9ce ! p]son is z  
important z ! ev5t1 ! p]sons involv$ 9  
any significant situation ( a /ory mu/  
be develop$ z well z ! situation itself4
 ,! aim is to give ! situation maximum  
effect1 & ! conc]n ( ! writ] is n s mu* 
to develop "*1 /rictly1 z to give ! body
 ( reality to ! :ole /ory4 ,x is ab\t   
human be+s1 &1 h[ev] novel & int]e/+ !  
plot1 unless !y are giv5 "s ( ! vivacity
 & concret5ess ( real m5 & wom5 !       
fiction w be devoid ( ! brea? ( life4 ,!
 fir/ sort ( prep>ation builds up !     
physical situations ( a /ory2 !         
prep>ation n[ "u discussion builds up   

its p4  ,no?+ is m common ?an = ! beg9n+
 writ] to devise or discov] an em95tly  
wor?y plot idea1 & no?+ is m uncommon   
?an = him to utilize x to ! full &      
develop x adequately4 ,! reason = !     
failure is simple4 ,! bett] ! plot1 ! m 
humanly significant its situations4 ,!y 
are s v significant1 9 ! case ( ! f9e   
plot1 t ! beg9n+ writ] is l$ to ?9k t 8 
only task is to outl9e !m4 ,b m]ely to  
outl9e a significant situation or ev5t w
 n give x ! emotional =ce t fiction mu/ 
possess1 o!rwise ! newspap] w\ld be read
 9 te>s4 ,! ev5t mu/ involve real p1 if 
! emotion ( a read] is to be ar\s$4 ,a  
newspap] item may /ate t ,m>y ,smi? has 
committ$ suicide because des]t$ by h]   
lov]1 b ?\gh ! casual read] w realize   
intellectually & ab/ractly ! pa?os ( !  
situation1 8 emotion w n be /irr$ unless
 he is a m s5sitive human precipitate   
?an mo/ read]s4 ,to move 8 he>t1 r ?an 8
 m9d1 "s p>ticul> ,m>y ,smi?1 l no "o   
else 9 ! _w1 mu/ walk a liv+ pres5ce    
?r\gh ! /ory built ab\t su* a !me4 ,!   

diff]5ce is betwe5 m]ely report+ ev5ts &
 pictur+ life4  ,l mo/ o!r matt]s (     
te*nique1 ?is ( giv+ individuality &    
life to ! p ( a /ory is bas$ on !       
necessity to a*ieve v]isimilitude &     
int]e/4 ,human life is a great complex (
 millions ( m5 & wom5 do+ c]ta9 ?+s1 & 9
 a /ory1 :i* is a picture ( a phase (   
life1 ! p mu/ be drawn ) z mu* def9ition
 & detail z ! ev5ts1 or ! read] w n     
accept ! fiction z fictional tru?4  ,9  
great "p1 ! matt] ( develop+ ! human    
elem5ts ( a /ory is a problem (         
con/ruction1 z is ! matt] ( prep>+ a    
natural succession ( ev5ts4 ,! writ]    
fir/ mu/ ord] 8 ma9 ev5ts z int]e/+ly & 
plausibly z possible4 ,he !n mu/ devise 
& ord] 8 second>y ev5ts z to give !     
requisite spac+ & naturalness to ! :ole1
 & he also mu/ take c>e to provide = su*
 action on ! "p ( ! *>act]s t :5 !y come
 to ! ma9 ev5ts !y w be some?+ m ?an    
nam$ ab/ractions4 ,( c\rse1 ! writ] has 
means at comm& to vitalize 8 p o!r ?an  
to draw !m 9 actions illu/rat+ _!       

peculi>ities1 b x is difficult en\gh at 
be/ to vivify a "*1 & ! writ] :o dep5ds 
solely on 8 p[]s ( direct description w 
a*ieve v meag] results4 ,i h already    
ref]r$ to ! "p ! second>y ev5ts ( a /ory
 play 9 develop+ "*1 & h cit$ ,london's 
,! ,sea ,wolf z an in/ance4 ,a great "p 
( ! book is devot$ to a succession (    
episodes :i* develop ,l>s5's /rik+      
p]sonality4 ,x is v skillfully done 9   
?is respect1 & ! result is z memorable a
 figure z exi/s 9 rec5t fiction4 ,!     
beg9n+ writ] & ev5 ! m practic$ h& w d  
well to note ! great "p t j con/ruction 
mu/ h play$ 9 produc+ ! impression ( !  
,wolf's virility & ru?lessness4  ,x all 
may be t]m$ a matt] ( draw+ "*1 b !     
necessity is to realize t 9 con/ruct+ 8 
/ory be=e writ+ an au?or mu/ prep>e = ! 
developm5t ( its p z well z = !         
developm5t ( its ev5ts4 ,! "w w h to be 
done sometime1 if ! /ory is to be m ?an 
a report1 & x %\ld be done be=e writ+1 s
 f> z x is a matt] ( con/ruction4 ,!    
writ] :o has conceiv$ a plot ( real m]it

 has done mu*1 b he has n done all4 ,!  
/rik+ ev5ts ( a plot are significant    
only 9 relation to ! p ( ! /ory1 & a    
read] mu/ be made to feel ! reality ( ! 
*>act]s z well z ! reality ( ! ev5ts4 ,!
 s+le conc]n ( ! writ] ( fiction is to  
lay on 8 page a picture ( a phase ( life
 t is effective because x is plausible1 
& he mu/ give equal att5tion to ! p]sons
 ( ! /ory & to :at !y d1 bo? 9          
con/ruction & execution4,f              
,,proportion  ,9 plann+ 8 /ory ) an eye 
to giv+ x ! greate/ semblance ( reality1
 ! writ] has "o means ready to 8 h& :i* 
is ! m useful because some:at me*anical4
 ,i h ref]5ce to ! pres]vation (        
proportion4  ,fundam5tally1 proportion  
is a m]e matt] ( space or l5g?4 ,9 real 
life ev5ts v>y 9 po9t ( ! "t !y take to 
happ51 & 9 ! /ory proportion may be     
pres]v$ by divid+ ! available space     
ju/ly betwe5 ! sev]al ev5ts4 ,normally a
 love sc5e w take long] to happ5 ?an a  
murd]1 :i* is an affair ( "o high-pit*$ 
mom5t1 & 9 plann+ & writ+ a /ory :i*    

conta9s bo? a love sc5e & a murd] a     
prop] am\nt ( space %\ld be assign$ to  
ea*4 ,9 ! /ory ! read] passes ?r\gh days
 9 an h\r & ?r\gh h\rs 9 a m9ute2 he mu/
 n be made to pass ?r\gh m9utes 9 an    
h\r1 & ?r\gh h\rs ( ev5ts z important to
 ! /ory 9 a m9ute4 ,a murd] may be m    
important 9 ! /ory ?an a love sc5e1 & s 
require emphasis1 b x _c be /ress$ by   
great expansion )\t violat+ proportion4 
,emphasis mu/ be laid by n>rat+ vividly1
 a matt] to be tak5 up 9 its prop] place
 :5 discuss+ executive te*nique4  ,! m]e
 fact t ! writ] mu/ n>rate ! ma9 ev5ts (
 8 /ory 9 "s detail usually w lead him  
unconsci\sly to pres]ve proportion s f> 
z !y are conc]n$4 ,! space necess>y to  
develop a murd] w h r\ghly ! same       
relation to ! space necess>y to develop 
a love sc5e z ! duration ( a real murd] 
has to ! duration ( a real love sc5e4 ,b
 ! m9or ev5ts ( a /ory function on a    
diff]5t plane f its major happ5+s1 & s  
_c be proportion$ simil>ly4 ,if a murd]]
 mu/ sail f ,london to ,new ,york to    

rea* 8 victim--ei!r on acc\nt ( ! place 
necessities ( ! /ory1 or to fa/5 an     
impression ( 8 animosity on ! read]--!  
m9utes ( ! days ( ! voyage _c be relat$ 
) z mu* detail z ! m9utes ( ! actual    
kill+4 ,9 plann+ a /ory1 ! writ] %\ld   
make provision = ! second>y ev5ts & !   
/rict matt] ( transition1 z well z = !  
ma9 ev5ts1 b he %\ld n plan to n>rate 9 
detail until a ma9 ev5t is rea*$4 ,!    
beg9n+ writ] seems v (t5 to be afraid to
 n>rate 9 g5]al t]ms1 ev5 :]e ! /ory    
dem&s no detail1 & ! fault probably     
arises f a vague feel+ t ! read] w n    
accept ! au?or's say-s1 b mu/ be %[n4   
,to an ext5t1 t is true4 ,h[ev]1 :]e !  
matt] is ( transition1 m]ely to =w>d !  
me*anical progress ( ! /ory1 detail$    
n>ration is di/ortion4 ,x w inevitably  
cause loss ( susp5se & int]e/4          
,realization ( ! relative importance to 
! /ory ( ea* ( its p>ts w give ! writ] !
 /&>d :]eby to di/ribute its space4 ,9  
writ+ ! %ort /ory ! pres]vation (       
proportion is mo/ ess5tial2 !re is s    

little space at h& t two words _c be    
wa/$ 9 detail$ n>ration :]e m g5]al     
n>ration w suffice1 & x all comes "u !  
read]'s eye s ne>ly at "o mom5t t any   
disproportion 9 ! treatm5t ( ev5ts (    
equal importance w be detect$4 ,9 !     
novel1 lack ( proportion may be a m     
secret fault1 b x w h its effect4       
,,g5]al ,,consid]ations  ,9 ca/+ ab\t = 
a /ory ! writ] %\ld reg>d *iefly !      
intr9sic m]its ( ea* idea t comes to    
him4 ,b :5 he has pit*$ ^u 8 !me or     
plot1 & approa*es ! task ( con/ruction &
 elaboration1 he %\ld *ange 8 viewpo9t &
 /rive to view 8 conception ) ! cold eye
 ( a read]4 ,a read] has no?+ to g ^u   
except :at ! writ] sets d[n1 &          
realization ( ! fact w lead ! writ] 9   
con/ruction to provide = e matt]        
ess5tial to give ! /ory full appeal4    
,unless x is develop$ completely1 x w   
fail to impress "o :o has no k ( !      
conception except t imp>t$ by ! writ]'s 
words4 ,no?+ ess5tial c be omitt$ or    
slight$ )\t risk+ failure4 ,on ! o!r h&1

 no?+ uness5tial c be br\ght out )\t    
obscur+ ! real /ory4 ,c>eful con/ruction
 & elaboration ( ! initial idea is      
necess>y be=e writ+1 t ! au?or may h 8  
h&s free = ! difficult task ( execution1
 & 9 con/ruction ! writ] %\ld occupy !  
deta*$ position ( a read] :5 e/imat+ :at
 %\ld be develop$ & :at suppress$4      
,,footnotes3  ,c ,9 discuss+ ! pr9ciples
 ( con/ruction x is obvi\sly impossible 
to illu/rate ! text by quotation1 = j   
con/ruction c\ld be %[n only by repr9t+ 
an entire /ory4 ,! read] mu/ supplem5t  
:at is said "h by indep5d5t analytical  
read+4 ,! only =tunate ?+ ab\t !        
situation is t ! matt]s :i* c be        
adequately illu/rat$ by brief           
quotations--su* z vividness 9           
n>rat+--are *iefly matt]s ( execution & 
lea/ subject to pr(itable objective     
/udy4  ,d ,?is /ory is a p>ticul>ly     
in/ructive in/ance ( h[ mu* ! second>y  
ev5ts are )9 ! writ]'s control1 & also (
 h[ mu* dep5ds on _! j selection &      
ord]+4 ,! tw9 plot !mes ( ! book are !  

/ruggle ( man ) man & ! /ruggle ( man ) 
nature2 !y are develop$ almo/ entirely  
)\t aid f ! sup]ficially ma9 ev5ts ( !  
/ory1 ,maud's com+ abo>d ! s*oon] & :at 
foll[s4 ,t is precisely ! arti/ic defect
 ( ! "w4  ,e ,! ?ree fundam5tal plot    
!mes are man's /ruggle ) nature1 man's  
/ruggle ) man1 & man's /ruggle )        
himself4 ,! human elem5t is inh]5tly a  
"p ( any plot4  ,f ,x w\ld be difficult 
to ov]/ate h[ mu* ( its appeal su* a    
/ory z ,fannie ,hur/'s ,t4 ,b41 repr9t$ 
9 ,! ,be/ ,%ort ,/ories ( #aiae1 owes to
 its au?or's c>eful developm5t ( !      
p]sonality ( ,s>a ,juke4 ,yet ! /ory is 
n /rictly a "* /ory4 ,9 less compet5t   
h&s ! b>e /ory w\ld h be5 no?+2 z x is1 
x is a fiction ( real wor? &            
significance4     ,,*apt] ,,vi          
,,executive ,,te*nique ,,( ,,n>ration   
,mode ( ,n>ration--,fir/ ,p]son         
,n>ration--,v>iation--                  
,advantages--,disadvantages--,plausibili
ty--,?ird ,p]son                        
,n>ration--,advantages--,avoidance (    

,artificiality--     ,consid]ation (    
,l5g?--,ma9t5ance & ,%ift+ ( ,viewpo9t  
--,attitude ( ,au?or--,/yle--,product ( 
,te*nique--     ,congruity (            
,mann]--,/ory ( ,action--,fantasy--,/ory
 (     ,"*4   ,aft] conceiv+ & elaborat+
 8 /ory1 ! writ] mu/ approa* ! task (   
expression4 ,! two prelim9>y matt]s to  
be settl$ are ! mode ( n>ration & !     
mann] or /yle = :i* ! /ory calls4 ,?\gh 
prelim9>y1 !y are mo/ prop]ly treat$ z  
"p ( executive te*nique4   ,,mode ,,(   
,,n>ration  ,! "q ( h[ ! /ory may be    
told mo/ easily & effectively is mu* m  
delicate ?an m]ely to *oose betwe5      
n>ration 9 ! fir/ or ?ird p]son1 =      
num]\s v>iations 9 ^! two basic me?ods  
are op5 to adoption4 ,ea* me?od or      
viewpo9t has its advantages &           
disadvantages1 & t me?od %\ld be *os5   
:i* mo/ ne>ly suits ! p>ticul> /ory4    
,v>iation 9 fir/ p]son n>ration--!      
typical =m ( :i* is to h a *ief "* tell 
8 own /ory--is possible by %ift+ ! /ory 
f ! lips ( a major "* to ^? ( a less    

important p]sonage1 :o is (t5 little m  
?an an animat$ m\?piece4 ,! device is   
really an attempt to escape f ! inh]5t  
disadvantages ( typical fir/ p]son      
n>ration4 ,a j reg>d = ! read] (t5      
requires t m be set =? ?an any major "* 
c\ld naturally "k1 b "s m9or "* may be  
made to pass ubiquit\sly ?r\gh ! :ole   
tale1 view+ ! ess5tial acts ( all !     
major *>act]s & relat+ !m to ! read]4   
,or ! device may be c>ri$ f>!r1 & ! /ory
 told 9 ! fir/ p]son by a succession (  
*>act]s4  ,! *ief advantage 9 fir/ p]son
 n>ration by an important or ! mo/      
important "* lies 9 ! fact t ! read] is 
accu/om$ to a m or less "o-sid$         
pres5tation ( ev5ts4 ,t is ! way he sees
 ?+s himself1 z a b>e succession (      
happ5+s spr++ f ! conflict ( human      
motives ( :i* he c be sure only ( 8 own4
 ,some?+ happ5s1 & he kn[s )9 limits :y 
he did 8 "p 9 br++ x ab\t1 b ! "p ( !   
o!r man is obscure to him1 & he c g only
 on conjecture & inf]5ce4 ,s ! /ory told
 9 ! fir/ p]son has p]haps a slightly   

great] flavor ( plausibility ?an t told 
9 ! ?ird p]son4  ,!re is ano!r advantage
 9 fir/ p]son n>ration4 ,"s /ories _c be
 laun*$ ) a ru%2 ! significant action   
mu/ be prefac$ by a consid]able mass (  
introductory matt] t is ess5tial to full
 und]/&+ ( subsequ5t ev5ts2 & ?is       
introductory matt] c (t5 be made less   
repell5t to ! read] :5 x is artfully    
introduc$ by a n>rat+ "*4 ,! speak+ "* c
 be made to tell 8 /ory ) a smack (     
p]sonality t appe>s some:at affect$ &   
flippant :5 ! writ] employs ! ?ird      
p]son4 ,?is flippancy & affectation is  
app>5t is "s ( ,kipl+'s & ,o4 ,h5ry's   
"w1 & probably repels z _m z x attracts4
  ,g5]ally1 ?r\gh\t a /ory1 fir/ p]son  
n>ration makes easi] ! atta9m5t (       
uni=mity ( /yle1 if t be a m]it 9 ! case
 ( all /ories z x unque/ionably is 9 !  
case ( ! %ort /ory1 ) its necess>y      
emphasis on all =mal unities4 ,dur+ !   
vogue ( ! hi/orical novel "s ye>s ago   
?is mode ( n>ration 0 ridd5 to dea?     
simply because x less5s = ! writ] !     

labor ( cat*+ :at he conceives to be !  
tone ( ! p>ticul> society he is         
portray+4 ,z to ! g5]al matt] ( tone1   
,/ev5son ref]s1 9 a lett]1 to ,! ,ebb   
,tide1 z a dreadful1 grimy bus9ess 9 !  
?ird p]son1 :]e ! /ra9 betwe5 a vilely  
reali/ic dialogue & a n>rative /yle     
pit*$ ab\t 79 phrase7 'f\r notes high]' 
?an x %\ld h be5 has s[n my head ) grey 
hairs4 ,_h ! /ory be5 told by "o ( !    
*>act]s !re w\ld h be5 no difficulty ( !
 sort4  ,! ,ebb ,tide probably c\ld n h 
be5 told effectively 9 ! fir/ p]son1 =  
mu* ( its p[] d]ives f ! way 9 :i*      
,/ev5son limns ! lovely ,s\? ,pacific   
sc5es ?r\gh :i* its poor lo/ d]elicts ( 
p move4 ,_! spee* is vilely reali/ic    
because !y are common m51 sea capta9 &  
cl]k & middle-class ,engli%man1 & ! lips
 ( no "o ( !m c\ld h be5 made to /ate   
effectively )\t di/ortion :at 8 eyes    
saw4 ,any /ory has c]ta9 matt]s :i* mu/ 
be br\ght out ju/ly if ! :ole is to h   
due effect1 & if fir/ p]son n>ration    
r5d]s x impossible to treat su* matt]s  

ju/ly t mode ( n>ration _c be us$4 ,!   
example ( ,! ,ebb ,tide %[s t 9 e/imat+ 
! availability ( n>ration 9 ! fir/ p]son
 ! writ] mu/ consid] t ! v nature & be+ 
( a "* may seal 8 eyes to _m matt]s4    
,moreov]1 ! read] w n readily accept 9 a
 n>rat+ "* ! lit]>y p[] t is ev5 expect$
 9 ! au?or writ+ 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,a /ory
 is a :ole1 its p exi/+ subject to !    
limitations ( its necessities1 & ! mode 
( n>ration mu/ function naturally ) !   
re/1 & n dem& impossibilities4  ,"o     
difficulty ( fir/ p]son n>ration is n s 
mu* fictional z psy*ological4 ,if ! /ory
 dem&s emphasis ^u ! good qualities ( ! 
n>rator1 8 brav]y1 devotion1 love1      
g5]osity1 or a ?\s& o!rs1 a read] w soon
 we>y ( ! et]nal ,i4 ,x is safe to say t
 if a "* mu/ be %[n 9 a /rongly         
favorable light1 let x be done by !     
au?or or "s o!r "*1 n by himself1 unless
 ! moral p]fection ( ! p]son is a matt] 
solely ( inf]5ce f 8 acts4  ,! v        
complicat$ plot c r>ely be h&l$ well 9 !
 fir/ p]son1 p>ticul>ly if ! ev5ts _c be

 ca/ 9 *ronological ord]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
fir/ p]son n>ration is (t5 a useful     
device to keep f ! read]'s k1           
unobtrusively & )\t seem+ ef=t1 matt]s  
:i* he mu/ n le>n prematurely4 ,conan   
,doyle's ,watson is an in/ance4 ,?us !  
*ief disadvantage 9 employ+ ! n>rat+ "*1
 t he _c be made omnisci5t1 may be turn$
 to advantage4 ,! :ole "q is "o to be   
det]m9$ only aft] c>eful consid]ation ( 
! dem&s ( a p>ticul> /ory1 & ! *ief ne$ 
is n s mu* to /ate rules = its solution 
z to po9t out ! real necessity t ! writ]
 "k :at he is ab\t be=e pit*+ on a mode 
( n>ration4 ,x is a preval5t habit1 & a 
bad "o1 to accept a /ory z x fir/ takes 
%ape 9 ! m9d1 n>rative1 po9t ( view1 &  
all4  ,!re is a t5d5cy among writ]s (   
fiction1 p>ticul>ly ^? :o are j beg9n+1 
to n>rate 9 ! fir/ p]son1 p]haps because
 !y feel t ! read] w accept ! /ory m    
readily 9 su* %ape4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 
fir/ p]son n>ration is a trifle m       
natural & plausible ?an n>ration 9 !    
?ird p]son1 b its limitations are mu* m 

/rict4 ,at ! la/ ( x1 read]s are s      
?or\ghly habituat$ to ! imp]sonal       
viewpo9t t a writ] does n ga9 mu* 9 p[] 
to conv9ce by adoption ( ! o!r4 ,a /ory 
is tak5 up because a /ory is want$1 & a 
read] is will+ to accept ! conv5tions ( 
! art4 ,s incr$ible a fiction z ,poe's  
,a ,desc5t into ! ,mael/rom 0 probably  
be/ told 9 ! fir/ p]son1 b ! av]age /ory
 ne$ n /ra9 s s$ul\sly = v]isimilitude s
 f> z ! me*anics ( n>ration are conc]n$4
  ,typical ?ird p]son n>ration is       
illu/rat$ by ! /ory ( action1 ! :olly   
objective /ory1 told 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,! 
imp]sonal relator is omnisci5t1 b 8     
omnisci5ce is n s obtrusive z 9 ! /ory t
 t\*es on ! facts ( ! s\l4 ,?is         
omnisci5ce ( ! relator is ! *ief        
advantage ( ?ird p]son n>ration1 b !    
writ] w only infrequ5tly f9d x advisable
 to assume omnisci5ce absolute & entire1
 involv+ k ( all ! objective acts & !   
subjective motives ( all ! *>act]s4 ,if 
! /ory is l>gely analytical ( m ?an "o  
"* ! writ] may be =c$ to "k x all 9 ord]

 to display 8 mat]ial4 ,b omnisci5ce    
c>ri$ to su* a po9t t5ds to be          
ov]-artificial1 ! und]ly+ cause ( mu* ( 
! arti/ic weakness ( ! /ory :i* lays b>e
 ! s\ls ( all *>act]s in/ead ( "o or two
 ( ! mo/ significant4 ,9 8 own daily    
life ! read] is accu/om$ to a "o-sid$   
pres5tation ( ! social spectacle1 &     
complete omnisci5ce on ! "p ( !         
imp]sonal relator ( a fiction has ! ta9t
 ( artificiality1 or ev5 ( b>e          
exposition4 ,& exposition1 :i* implies a
 ma!matically complete pres5tation1 is n
 fiction1 :i* implies %ad+ &            
suppression1 absolute or tempor>y4  ,any
 sugge/ion ( artificiality may be       
entirely avoid$1 & ! frequ5tly necess>y 
advantages ( ?ird p]son n>ration reta9$1
 by assum+ omnisci5ce z to all !        
physical facts or ev5ts ( ! /ory :ile   
reject+ omnisci5ce z to ! s\ls ( !      
*>act]s1 except ! s\ls ( "o or a few4   
,?us ! writ] may escape ! inh]5t        
limitation ( fir/ p]son n>ration1 t !   
/ory is told by a "* ( def9ite p[]s & k1

 & reta9 ! *ief advantage ( t mode (    
n>ration1 ! m or less s+le viewpo9t1    
correspond+ ) a read]'s own outlook on  
life & its happ5+s4 ,?is hybrid me?od ( 
n>ration utilizes ! virtues & rejects ! 
vices ( ! two /rict types4 ,by tell+ 8  
/ory 9 ! ?ird p]son1 b f ! viewpo9t ( "o
 or two ( ! *ief *>act]s1 an au?or may  
assume ! desirable omnisci5ce z to      
objective facts & ! desirable limitation
 ^u k z to subjective motives4 ,?is is n
 to say t ! nature ( a p>ticul> /ory may
 n call = /rict fir/ or ?ird p]son      
n>ration2 x is m]ely a sugge/ion t !    
virtue ( ea* type may be utiliz$ at     
once4 ,ea* /ory makes c]ta9 dem&s1 & !  
writ] is n conf9$ to two means (        
satisfy+ !m4  ,a read] ( any ca?olicity 
( ta/e c recall num]\s examples ( !     
v>i\s modes ( n>ration1 & 9 future read+
 x w be directly pr(itable = ! writ] to 
note ! n>rative device employ$1 & h[ x  
has aid$ or hamp]$ ! developm5t ( !     
fiction4  ,m extreme devices h be51 &   
may be employ$1 su* z ,ri*>dson's (     

tell+ a /ory 9 a s]ies ( lett]s4 ,!y are
 curi\s r ?an important4  ,9 e/imat+ !  
availability ( a mode ( n>ration ! writ]
 %\ld consid] ! matt] ( l5g?4 ,!        
adoption ( ! omnisci5t viewpo9t may c>ry
 ! /ory unnecess>ily beyond due limits1 
= ! writ] :o has tak5 to himself !      
privilege to "k all facts & motives may 
be l$ into depict+ ev5ts or analyz+ "* =
 8 own pleasure1 r ?an because ! /ory   
dem&s x4 ,if a /ory dem&s space1 space x
 mu/ h1 b ! ess5ce ( lit]>y p[] &       
arti/ry is to write ) ! utmo/ brevity & 
pung5cy compatible ) adequate           
expression4 ,! /ory mu/ be told2 e      
ess5tial phase mu/ be br\ght out2 b     
unsignificant words c only d _! bit t[>d
 spoil+ ! desir$ effect4 ,! adoption ( a
 too inclusive mode ( n>ration may lead 
! writ] a/ray2 conv]sely1 ! mode (      
n>ration mo/ ne>ly suit$ to !           
necessities ( 8 /ory w aid 9 hold+ 8 p5 
to ! l9e4 ,if ! /ory is ( action1       
unconc]n$ ) motives save by implication1
 & ! writ] tells x 9 ! fir/ p]son1 or 9 

! ?ird p]son f ! viewpo9t ( a s+le "*1  
he w be l$ to conf9e himself to !       
depiction ( ! panorama ( ev5ts1 :i* is !
 "w 9 h&4 ,yet1 if ! /ory requires t !  
read] be giv5 a direct view ( !         
spiritual work+s ( l>ge numb]s (        
*>act]s1 ! writ] mu/ tell x 9 ! ?ird    
p]son & assume univ]sal k z to ev5t &   
_s4 ,a mode ( n>ration mu/ be           
delib]ately select$ = ea* new /ory ) due
 reg>d to its idiosyncrasies1 & to make 
! *oice correctly _c fail to be ( great 
advantage4  ,x is (t5 /at$ t hav+ settl$
 ^u :at is mo/ n>r[ly t]m$ a mode (     
n>ration & mo/ broadly a viewpo9t !     
writ] %\ld be s$ul\s n to dep>t f x4 ,! 
writ] ( ! %ort /ory %\ld n alt] !       
n>rative po9t ( view1 = obvi\s reasons4 
,! %ort /ory is %ort2 x dep5ds = its p[]
 ^u dramatic effect2 & 9 writ+ x !re is 
no occasion or excuse = any %ift+ (     
outlook4 ,! %ort /ory is arti/ically !  
/ricte/ =m ( prose fiction1 t is1 x is  
mo/ /rictly subject to ! conv5tions ( ! 
art ( fiction1 ( :i* ma9t5ance ( ! po9t 

( view is "o4 ,b ! novel is a mu* loos] 
=m1 & unless ! p>ticul> /ory is uniquely
 uni=m 9 texture1 z ! frank tale (      
adv5ture1 %ift+ ! po9t ( view (t5 w     
prove necess>y4  ,if ! au?or ( a novel  
has *os5 to write ) k ( ! inn] work+s ( 
m ?an "o ( ! *>act]s1 b n ) k ( all1 s t
 he relates f ! viewpo9t ( sev]al       
*>act]s1 r ?an ! viewpo9t ( "s imp]sonal
 obs]v] to :om ! s\ls ( all are op51    
num]\s %ifts ( viewpo9t w be necess>y4  
,!y are impli$ 9 ! mode ( n>ration      
itself4 ,! _w _c be look$ at ?r\gh !    
eyes & s\ls ( a succession ( *>act]s )\t
 a succession ( %ifts4 ,all ?is m]ely   
am\nts to say+ t c]ta9 modes ( n>ration 
:i* _c be employ$ 9 writ+ ! /rict %ort  
/ory may be freely employ$ 9 writ+ !    
novel4 ,9 ! case ( ! novel1 or ( ! /ory 
t is some:at brief )\t be+ a /rict %ort 
/ory1 ! task is n s mu* nev] to %ift !  
viewpo9t1 r always to indicate ! %ift ) 
cle>ness4 ,j z ! read]'s int]e/ %\ld be 
! fir/ consid]ation 9 *oos+ matt] &     
devis+ a plot1 cl>ity to ! read] mu/ be 

consid]$ :5 any %ift 9 ! n>rative po9t (
 view becomes necess>y4 ,let ! %ift be  
av[$ & obvi\s2 any unc]ta9ty c lead only
 to confusion4  ,x foll[s t writ]s :o h 
*os5 to tell _! /ories f ! viewpo9ts (  
sev]al *>act]s w prove ! mo/ pr(itable =
 /udy z to h[ to %ift viewpo9t )\t      
confus+ a read]4 ,*iefly1 ( c\rse1 !y   
are noveli/s1 ,eliot1 ,balzac1 ,h>dy1   
,scott1 & an inf9ity ( less] lights4    
,galswor?y1 = in/ance1 9 ea* ( 8 *apt]s 
succe$s 9 produc+ a s+ul> unity (       
effect1 ) correspond+ cl>ity = ! read]1 
*iefly by mak+ 8 %ifts ( viewpo9t       
co9cide ) %ifts ( sc5e & p]son4,g       
,inextricably b\nd up ) ! mode (        
n>ration & ! g5]al n>rative viewpo9t ( !
 /ory is ! matt] ( ! au?or's own        
attitude t[>d ! /ory4 ,! di/9ction      
betwe5 ^! matt]s is f9e1 b real4 ,x is  
possible t a giv5 /ory may be told1     
adequately s f> z ! b>e /ory is conc]n$1
 9 any "o ( sev]al diff]5t ways4        
,n>ration 9 ! fir/ p]son by a major or a
 m9or "* may be employ$1 or ! au?or may 

write 9 ! ?ird p]son1 assum+ k ( all    
ev5ts & ( ! inn] work+s ( "o1 "s1 or all
 ( ! *>act]s4 ,b !re is ano!r           
consid]ation4 ,! :ole conception may    
dep5d = its appeal ^u :at ,i am =c$ to  
call v r\ghly sympa?y = a "* or gr\p (  
*>act]s1 & a mode ( n>ration mu/ be     
employ$ :i* w enable ! au?or to express 
8 sympa?y t he may evoke ! read]'s4  ,i 
d n wi% to %ift ! discussion into !     
field ( e?ics1 b ! po9t is t any *a9 (  
ev5ts may be color$ 9 ! tell+ favorably 
or unfavorably to ! p]sons conc]n$4 ,a  
co>se in/ance is af=d$ by a prosecution 
= crime4 ,9 mak+ _! f9al argum5ts to !  
jury1 prosecut+ attorney & attorney = ! 
def5se alike deal ) ! same facts 9      
evid5ce1 b on ! lips ( "o ! def5dant w  
be a glorifi$ & p]secut$ sa9t4 ,a m     
delicate in/ance is af=d$ by ,/ev5son's 
,! ,ebb ,tide1 previ\sly m5tion$4 ,rob]t
 ,h]rick commits all ! crim9al acts     
committ$ by ,hui%1 ! cockney cl]k1      
except to attempt murd]1 b ! read]      
pities ,h]rick :ile hat+ ,hui%4 ,?is is 

s because ,/ev5son writes ( ,h]rick ) a 
measure ( sympa?y1 & tells ! /ory1 ?\gh 
9 ! ?ird p]son1 almo/ entirely f 8 po9t 
( view4 ,b ( ,hui% we h only 8 acts &   
words4 ,! treatm5t ( him is :olly       
objective4  ,! /ory :i* develops a *a9 (
 ev5ts t5d+ to %[ a "* or gr\p ( *>act]s
 9 a /rongly unfavorable light %\ld n be
 told too objectively1 or ! read] w be  
repell$ by its uni=m ugl9ess1 a matt]   
:i* mu/ be consid]$ 9 *oos+ a mode (    
n>ration4 ,x is n a po9t ( morals1 b "o 
( contra/4 ,if ! writ] has no sympa?y = 
"o or "s ( 8 p1 or writes 9 su* mann] t 
he _c express any pr$ilection1 !y w     
appe> all ( a piece to a read]1 ) a     
consequ5t loss ( int]e/4 ,9 ?is v real  
s5se ! /ory ^: *>act]s are uni=mly      
repell5t may be said to be bad art4     
,g5]ally1 !re=e1 ! writ] mu/ consid] !  
necessities ( 8 /ory 9 det]m9+ ! mode ( 
n>ration1 & mu/ also consid] 8 own      
attitude t[>d its p & _! do+s4 ,its     
appeal to him may lie 9 8 sympa?y = "s  
p]son or p]sons1 & unless t sympa?y be  

giv5 expression 9 "s way ! /ory may n h 
an equal appeal to a read]4 ,! p]fect   
fiction is a congru\s expression ( a    
phase ( life1 & 9 x ! m subtle matt]s ( 
life1 sympa?y & pr$ilection h _! place4 
,,/yle  ,! t]m /yle has be5 s           
exclusively us$ to d5ote an au?or's /yle
 9 g5]al1 r ?an ! /yle ( "s p>ticul> "w1
 unlike ! /yles ( o!rs by ! same h&1 t x
 is apt to sugge/ some?+ diff]5t f :at  
is meant by its use "h4 ,to %[ !        
di/9ction ,i _c d bett] ?an to quote f  
,/ev5son's ,a ,note on ,realism4        
,usually 9 all works ( art t h be5      
conceiv$ f )9 outw>ds1 & g5]\sly n\ri%$ 
f ! au?or's m9d1 ! mom5t 9 :i* he beg9s 
to execute is "o ( extreme p]plexity &  
/ra94 ,arti/s ( indiff]5t en]gy & an    
imp]fect devotion to _! own ideal make  
?is ungrateful ef=t once = all2 &1 hav+ 
=m$ a /yle1 adh]e to x ?r\gh life4 ,b ^?
 ( a high] ord] _c re/ cont5t ) a       
process :i*1 z !y cont9ue to employ x1  
mu/ infallibly deg5]ate t[>ds ! academic
 & ! cut-&-dri$4 ,e fre% w> 9 :i* !y    

emb>k is ! signal = a fre% engagem5t ( !
 :ole =ces ( _! m9d2 & ! *ang+ views :i*
 accompany ! gr[? ( _! exp]i5ce are m>k$
 by /ill m sweep+ alt]ations 9 ! mann] (
 _! art4 ,s t criticism loves to dwell  
^u & di/+ui% ! v>y+ p]iods ( a ,raphael1
 a ,%akespe>e1 or a ,bee?ov54  ,9 ! case
 ( ,/ev5son himself ?is process is      
especially manife/4 ,) a unique         
e>ne/ness he s\ght f ! fir/ to adapt 8  
mann] to 8 matt]1 &1 s9ce he grew ) !   
ye>s1 ea* new tale conc]ns itself )     
matt] a little m humanly significant ?an
 its pr$ecessor1 & is told 9 keep+ !re)4
 ,! result is t su* /ories z ,! ,new    
,arabian ,nights s]ies1 fanta/ically    
conceiv$1 fanta/ically told1 give place 
to ,! ,ma/] ( ,ball5trae1 ,! ,ebb ,tide1
 & ,weir ( ,h]mi/on1 fictions wor?y 9 e 
s5se1 ! la/1 inde$1 an unf9i%$          
ma/]piece4 ,& ) ea* new /ory ! au?or's  
/yle ga9s 9 dignity & re/ra9t1 9 !      
process ( adaptation to ! "w4 ,i m5tion 
,/ev5son 9 ?is connection n because he  
is great] ?an _m o!rs1 nor 8 "w f9]1 b  

because its range 0 s wide t x call$ =  
_m mann]s or /yles4 ,all w prove a      
pr(itable /udy1 = !y are all ,/ev5son's 
& yet all diff]5t4 ,writ]s :o h be5     
some:at m n>r[ 9 *oice ( matt] h n be5  
"u s press+ a necessity to v>y _! mann] 
) ea* new "w4  ,possibly x is unwise to 
emphasize ! matt] ( /yle at all :5 writ+
 = ! appr5tice au?or4 ,tell+ ! /ory is  
usually task en\gh1 & /yle 9 g5]al is a 
product r ?an an item ( te*nique1 !re=e 
be/ s\ght indirectly4 ,b ev5 if ! m     
delicate tones & %ad+s possible 9 writ+ 
are beyond ! rea* ( all save ! mo/      
skill$1 pres]vation ( ! broad]          
congruities ( mann] is possible by !    
beg9n]1 & mu/ be a*iev$ if 8 "w is to be
 ev5 passable4 ,su* a /ory z ,! ,sc>let 
,lett] c\ld n h be5 told 9 ,dick5s'     
usual mann]1 nor c\ld ,! ,pickwick      
,pap]s h be5 writt5 9 ! /yle ( ,m]$i?4  
,! mann] ( tell+ any /ory mu/ be        
reasonably adapt$ to its cont5t1 or !   
:ole w be a %abby burlesque1 de/9$ nev] 
to a*ieve ! laurel ( pr9t4 ,! writ] ne$ 

n fret ab\t 8 individual /yle1 b he %\ld
 pond] s]i\sly ! mann] = :i* ea* /ory   
calls4  ,! /ory *iefly ( action is be/  
told )\t great v]bal elaboration1 :i* is
 unnecess>y & t5ds only to h9d] ! m>* ( 
ev5ts4 ,! :ole ?+ is an objective       
pres5tation1 & ! op5 "* ( its elem5ts   
r5d]s unnecess>y labori\s & involv$     
explanation4 ,! b>e facts c>ry _! own   
w>rant op5ly display$1 & :5 !y are %[n !
 task is done4 ,s5t5ces w t5d to be a   
trifle %ort] ?an 9 o!r "w1 & p>agraphs  
likewise4 ,! writ]'s *ief aim w be to   
write n only cle>ly b vividly1 = ! /ory 
( action mu/ dep5d *iefly ^u vividness =
 its v]isimilitude4 ,! simpl] figures w 
be pr(itable to employ1 provid$ !y are n
 too good & d n call att5tion to        
!mselves r ?an ! image !y are us$ to    
precipitate4 ,! writ]'s g5]al endeavor w
 be to foll[ /yli/ically ! rapid movem5t
 ( ev5ts4 ,a read+ ( ,dumas w %[ ?is    
me?od 9 use4  ,if !re is a t\* ( fantasy
 ab\t ! tale1 great] elaboration 9      
s5t5ce /ructure & "s freaki%ness 9 !    

*oice ( words w be p]missible & ev5     
desirable1 = true v]isimilitude lies 9 !
 accordance ( mann] & matt]4 ,! /ory ) a
 ?read ( unreality 9 its ess5tial       
composition w n ga9 9 p[] by matt] (    
fact tell+2 ! measure ( v]isimilitude   
:i* x c atta9 is /rictly limit$ by its v
 nature1 & c be ga9$ to ! full only by  
frankly & av[$ly mak+ x :at x is4,h ,an 
in/ance is af=d$ by ,/ev5son's ,new     
,arabian ,nights s]ies or ,haw?orne's   
,tanglewood ,tales4  ,! /ory plac+      
emphasis on "*1 or ! /ory ( atmosph]e1  
unless ! atmosph]e itself be ! onru% (  
ev5ts1 w normally dem& m leisurely      
treatm5t ?an ! /ory ( action4 ,! movem5t
 ( ! /ory w be sl[]1 & ! /yle w be      
correspond+ly affect$4 ,deal+ ) motives 
directly w =ce ! writ] to qualify &     
di/+ui%1 add+ to l5g? ( s5t5ces1 :ile to
 precipitate an atmosph]e 9 words is a  
matt] ( su* delicacy t ! writ] w be =c$ 
to employ e res\rce ( language1 ) a     
consequ5t complication 9 /ructure4 ,!   
necessity is to hold ! tale 9 m9d be=e  

writ+ until its totality ( "* is        
realiz$1 !n to /rive to commit no       
gau*]ies 9 execution4 ,! "r ^w = ! "r   
place mu/ be s\ght1 indef9ite advice :i*
 w prove ( little aid 9 writ+ a s+le    
/ory1 b :i* w yield ample returns if    
foll[$ ?r\gh c>eful & intellig5t writ+ (
 _m /ories4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is matt] ( mann]
 or /yle1 & ! necessity t x be 9 keep+ )
 ! p>ticul> /ory 9 h&1 x is impossible  
to give examples on acc\nt ( lack (     
space4 ,i c only ref] ! read] to almo/  
any fiction t has resi/$ ! too? ( "t4   
,to leave prose = a mom5t & turn to     
poetry1 a read+ ( ,milton's ,l',allegro 
& ,il ,p5s]oso w demon/rate !           
possibility & display ! result ( adapt+ 
! mann] to ! matt]4 ,! /yle ( bo? is    
unmi/akably ,milton's alone1 m>k$ by 8  
dignity & elevation ( tone1 yet "o is z 
sweet & light z a summ] breeze1 ! o!r z 
grave & sombre z a m9or *ord4  ,a read+ 
( ,jane ,au/5 w prove pr(itable 9 ?is   
connection4 ,h] books are all ( a piece 
9 mann] & matt]4 ,p]haps ! writ] :o mu/ 

please ! some:at hectic mod]n m>ket w   
f9d little pr(it 9 imitat+ h] *oice (   
matt]1 b ! skill ) :i* %e weaves h]     
patt]n w be in/ructive4 ,emily ,bronte's
 ,wu!r+ ,heights p]fectly fits ! g>m5t  
to ! body4 ,! /ory is wild & its /yle is
 wild4 ,george ,d\glas's ,! ,h\se ,) !  
,gre5 ,%utt]s1 a m rec5t book & "o (    
s+ul> p[]1 is well done 9 ?is respect4  
,x is ess5tially rugg$ & bitt]1 & !     
au?or1 ?\gh )\t p>ticul> di/9ction (    
individual /yle1 /rikes no note n 9     
keep+ ) ! g5]al conception4             
,,footnotes3  ,g ,i w note "h a matt]   
sugge/$ r ?an /at$ by ! g5]al           
discussion1 :i* is int5d$ to be         
practical r ?an philosophical4 ,n>ration
 mu/ be 9 ! fir/ or ?ird p]son1 b ! two 
fundam5tal types are p]sonal & imp]sonal
 n>ration1 & ! l9e betwe5 !m is n drawn 
by ! pron\ns ,i & he4 ,truly1 :5 ! /ory 
is told 9 ! fir/ p]son1 ! writ] adopts !
 p]sonal viewpo9t ( ! n>rat+ "*1 b :5 ! 
writ] *ooses to write 9 ! ?ird p]son he 
also adopts ! p]sonal viewpo9t ( ! "* ( 

^: s\l he assumes k1 if he does s z to !
 s\l ( only "o4 ,?is is ! case1 ) a     
%ift+ p]sonal viewpo9t1 :5 ! writ]      
assumes k ( ! m9ds & s\ls ( sev]al      
*>act]s1 b n ( all4 ,assum+ k ( ! s\l ( 
a "* necess>ily involves look+ at ! _w  
?r\gh 8 eyes4 ,x results t ! only real  
imp]sonal viewpo9t is to write 9 ! ?ird 
p]son & ei!r to r5\nce all k ( motives  
or to assume k ( all ev5ts & ! spirits (
 all ! *>act]s1 :5 ! read] w ga9 !      
impression ( an imp]sonal relator r ?an 
( a %ift+ p]sonal viewpo9t4 ,! po9t is (
 no great importance1 b realization ( x 
may be ( "s slight s]vice4 ,9 p>ticul>1 
if ! /ory is told 9 ! ?ird p]son1 b f ! 
viewpo9t ( a s+le major "*1 univ]sal k (
 ev5ts _c be assum$4  ,h ,! writ] %\ld  
/rive to realize ?is fact4 ,! necessity 
is n to make ! read] accept a /ory z    
lit]al tru?1 b to make him accept x z   
fictional tru?4 ,_m ( ,poe's /ories are 
unbelievable1 b _! p[] is felt to ! full
 ?\gh !y are n believ$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! 
read] w grant ! au?or 8 premises4       

,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,executive ,,te*nique   
,,( ,,n>ration      ,n>ration           
,me?od--,/ory ( ! ,commonplace--,/ory ( 
!                                       
,biz>re--,vividness--,susp5se--,emphasis
 & ,suppression--     ,matt] (          
,weight--,expansion &                   
,vividness--,prim>y &     ,second>y     
,ev5ts--,transition--,g5]al             
,n>ration--,bl5d+     ( ,elem5ts4   ,!  
writ] :o has discov]$ a good plot1 s t 8
 int]e/ w n flag 9 writ+1 & :o has fully
 develop$ ! conception1 s t he c h a    
s+le eye to execution1 w meet few       
ob/acles 9 sett+ d[n ! :ole /ory4       
,difficulties !re w be 9 pl5ty1 b !y w  
be self-impos$4 ,t is to say1 x w be v  
easy to give ! ju/ly elaborat$          
conception expression approximately     
adequate1 b x w be v h>d to give !      
conception v]bally faultless expression4
 ,if ! writ] /rives m]ely to tell !     
/ory1 ! labor ( writ+ w be slight2 if he
 /rives to write ) arti/ry & p[]1 x w be
 inf9itely great4  ,?is book is on !    

te*nique ( fiction writ+1 n on !        
te*nique ( writ+2 my aim is to discuss  
only ! matt]s ( te*nique peculi> to !   
art ( fiction4 ,?us1 9 ?is *apt] ,i %all
 h occasion to /ate t ! important ev5t  
%\ld be emphasiz$1 & t vividness 9      
n>ration is a means to t end1 b h[ to   
n>rate vividly is a "q ( rhetoric       
g5]ally1 & x is n my purpose to discuss 
x4 ,moreov]1 x is emphatically true t ! 
capacity to n>rate vividly _c be atta9$ 
by ! m]e /udy ( examples1 ! only way 9  
:i* ! matt] c be /udi$4 ,! writ] c only 
/rive con/antly 9 8 "w to write )       
def9ition & =ce4 ,x is all a matt] (    
practice1 :e!r or n ! capacity mu/ be   
inborn4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( fiction         
te*nique1 t ! important ev5t %\ld be    
emphasiz$ 9 "s way1 :e!r by vividness or
 expansion1 is subject to direct /atem5t
 & to assimulation f ! direct /atem5t4  
,!re=e /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple is all t a  
"w on fiction te*nique ne$ attempt4 ,!  
re/ lies ) ! writ] himself4,i  ,! fir/  
*apt] on ! executive te*nique ( n>ration

 took up ! two prelim9>y problems ( !   
mode ( n>ration & ( mann] or /yle2 ?is  
second *apt] has to d ) c]ta9 o!r matt]s
 t mu/ be consid]$ 9 writ+ a /ory1 view$
 z a *a9 ( ev5ts4 ,"*1 atmosph]e1 &     
dialogue w receive sep>ate treatm5t1 & =
 discussion ( ! /rict te*nique (        
expression ! read] is ref]r$ to works on
 rhetoric1 except t 9 discuss+ !        
te*nique ( description 9 ! next *apt] ,i
 %all h occasion to t\* ^u nicety (     
expression4   ,,me?od  ,! me?od (       
n>ration is necess>ily influ5c$ some:at 
by ! /yle ! writ] ( a /ory /rives fir/  
to f9d & !n to ma9ta91 b ! /yle does n  
entirely det]m9e ! me?od1 or ! me?od !  
/yle4 ,! matt]s are di/9ct1 ?\gh        
mutually influ5tial4  ,!re are two k9ds 
( lives1 or at lea/ two k9ds ( incid5ts1
 ! humdrum & ! biz>re4 ,likewise &      
consequ5tly !re are two k9ds ( /ories to
 be told1 ! humdrum & ! biz>re4 ,ea* may
 be fa%ion$ into some?+ wor? :ile4 ,:e!r
 ! matt] ( a /ory is wor? :ile dep5ds on
 ! significance ( ! phase ( life        

involv$2 :e!r ! /ory itself is wor? :ile
 dep5ds on its plausibility or          
v]isimilitude1 :i* dep5ds on ! way x is 
con/ruct$ & told4  ,! humdrum /ory1 t   
deals ) ! m common actualities ( life1 !
 little details t are significant only 9
 comb9ation or 9 relation to c]ta9      
*>act]s1 c be told z simply z ! writ]   
desires4 ,he has only to set d[n !      
succession ( details t con/itutes !     
/ory4 ,ea* new incid5t w n only advance 
! n>rative progress ( ! /ory1 b !       
commonplace nature ( ea* incid5t 9      
itself w t5d to give ! fiction its      
necess>y plausibility4 ,simply because  
ea* incid5t is common & ( univ]sal      
occurr5ce ! read] w accept x & ! /ory   
comp\nd$ ( su* elem5ts4 ,matt] ( fact   
phras+1 n phras+ too lit]>y 9 spots1 is 
mo/ suitable4,j ,su* a /ory does n      
require high lights ( expression1 & !y  
%\ld n be int]polat$4  ,! /ory deal+ ) !
 /range & wond]ful is ano!r matt]4 ,9   
writ+ x ! au?or's aim is ! same z 9     
writ+ ! commonplace /ory1 to give x     

plausibility & v]isimilitude1 b ! task  
is inf9itely m difficult4 ,prop]        
con/ruction w aid greatly1 & 9 execution
 ! writ] has two res\rces4  ,! fir/ is !
 me?od ( ,defoe1 & consi/s 9 %[+ ! read]
 ! /range c\rse ( ev5ts ?r\gh a lattice 
( famili> ?\ghts & ?+s4 ,x is an attempt
 to give ! ess5tially biz>re /ory some?+
 ( ! plausibility & p[] ( ! /ory ( !    
commonplace by int]polat+ univ]sally    
famili> matt]s ( detail4 ,!y are        
unnecess>y to ! b>e /ory1 b !y are      
useful to give ! read] a ?read (        
connection betwe5 8 own exp]i5ce & !    
/range fiction4 ,! me?od is p]suasive1 &
 requires a high degree ( craftsman%ip  
to employ well4 ,famili> & unfamili> mu/
 be wov5 toge!r ) a c>eful & skilful h&4
 ,& obvi\sly x requires space4 ,examples
 are ,defoe's "w--(t5 cit$--su* z       
,rob9son ,crusoe or ,a ,j\rnal ( !      
,plague ,ye>1 or ,balzac's ,peau de     
,*agr94  ,! second me?od to give to !   
/range & wond]ful v]isimilitude &       
plausibility is n p]suasive1 b consi/s 9

 writ+ ) su* vividness1 def9ition1 & =ce
 t ! v]bal picture w be accept$ )\t "q z
 visual evid5ce4 ,see+ is believ+4 ,9   
fact1 ! m /range or wild any *a9 (      
ev5ts1 ! deep] _! impression on a read]1
 provid$ always t he be made to see !m4 
,obvi\sly1 to ! use ( ?is me?od ! highe/
 p[]s are necess>y1 ! p[] to select !   
sali5t & di/9ctive po9ts ( ! ?+ to be   
drawn1 excis+ all sup]flu\s matt]s1 !   
p[] to *oose ! exact & vivid ^w1 &1     
f9ally1 ! p[]--m1 seem+ly1 ?an t ( m]e  
^w-selection--to precipitate reality 9  
words1 "o sometimes manife/$ by works ! 
diction ( :i* is n p>ticul>ly dynamic4  
,x is ! me?od ( ,/ev5son & ,kipl+1 among
 o!rs1 & to ! au?or :o c employ x no    
degree ( novelty 9 ! physical conditions
 ( a /ory is a det]r5t4 ,he c %[ ! ?+ l 
a pa9t+ or a /age sc5e1 & 8 read] runs  
brea?lessly ) him1 caught up 9 ! race ( 
ev5ts4 ,! me?od dem&s ! highe/          
imag9ative p[]s 9 ! au?or1 t he may     
actually see ! matt] he is depict+1 9   
detail & 9 ! mass1 & ! highe/ executive 

p[]s1 t he may fix its liv+ image ) 8   
p54  ,?is me?od to pres5t ! biz>re ev5t 
) all ! color & body ( reality--( c\rse 
x may be employ$ 9 depict+ ! commonplace
 z well1 ?\gh expression ( ! commonplace
 %\ld n be too height5$--is ! me?od ( ! 
sev]e lit]>y arti/1 because x is        
compatible ) ! mo/ p]fect unity & !     
greate/ brevity4 ,to ar\se emotion 9 a  
read] ! writ] mu/ h some?+ m ?an m]e    
color 9 8 "w1 b to make a read] see     
any?+ x is only necess>y always to se>* 
= ! "r ^w1 :i* is ! ^w bo? exact &      
dynamic4 ,yet if ?is is ! sole          
condition1 x is a d\bly h>d "o4 ,!      
p]fectly exact ^w is s elusive1 &1 :5   
discov]$1 x is s (t5 lack+ 9 ! requisite
 =ce4 ,exactness is n en\gh2 ! ne$ful ^w
 is ! "o t n only w fit ! au?or's       
vision1 b give x life2 & x is "h t      
figurative language f9ds its (fice4 ,i  
saw a fleet1 is exact4 ,i saw a hundr$  
sail1 is equally exact1 & mu* m vivid4  
,vivid1 direct writ+1 :i* does n dep5d  
on connection ) 8 own exp]i5ce to hold !

 read]1 is ! mo/ practicable n>rative   
me?od = use 9 ! %ort /ory or novel (    
incid5t1 t is1 9 ! typical fiction1 :]e 
int]e/ c5t]s 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,9 o!r  
words1 x is ! typical n>rative me?od2 ! 
me?od ( coax+ ! read] into believ+ !    
/range by %[+ x 9 juxtaposition ) !     
famili> is a v>iation f type4 ,n>ration 
consi/s 9 /at+ :at happ5$4 ,if :at      
happ5$ 0 commonplace1 ! read] ne$ only  
be told x2 if :at happ5$ 0 /range1 !    
read] mu/ be coax$ or =c$ to believe x1 
& ! writ] mu/ ei!r coax him or n>rate ) 
su* vividness & p[] t ! ^w w h ! body & 
reality ( ! fact4   ,,susp5se  ,! t]m   
susp5se is (t5 misus$ to *>act]ize a    
quality ( n>ration suppos$ to result f !
 employm5t ( "s te*nical device4 ,:at is
 meant1 ( c\rse1 is t a good /ory1      
involv+ real p1 ju/ly relat$1 w hold its
 read]'s int]e/ until ! d5\em5t is      
rea*$4 ,susp5se means cont9u$ int]e/1 & 
c result only f s\nd conception1 c>eful 
elaboration1 & adequate n>ration ( a    
/ory4 ,! read] :o is %[n real p 9 an    

int]e/+ situation w be 9 a /ate (       
susp5se ?r\gh 8 curiosity & desire to   
le>n :at happ5$ next4 ,!re is no        
te*nical device to create susp5se1 =    
susp5se c result only f ! wor? ( ! :ole 
/ory4 ,i m5tion ! matt] ?us briefly on  
acc\nt ( ! misuse ( ! t]m4 ,if !re is   
any te*nique to create susp5se1 x is !  
te*nique to ord] a /ory's ev5ts 9 a     
climactic asc5sion1 & is n an executive 
device4   ,,emphasis ,,& ,,suppression  
,a /ory is made up ( a succession (     
happ5+s1 "s ( major & _m ( m9or         
importance1 & 9 tell+ x ! writ] mu/     
emphasize ! mo/ important ev5ts to      
impress _! significance ^u a read]4 ,x w
 n d to relate ! :ole1 indiscrim9ately1 
) z mu* vividness z ! writ] c comm&1 = !
 fictional value ( ! :ole necess>ily    
resides 9 ! relation betwe5 its *ief    
ev5ts1 & t relation c be made app>5t    
only by %[+ !m 9 high relief4 ,! mo/    
important ev5ts ( a /ory mu/ be         
emphasiz$2 ev5ts ( "s b n ( controll+   
importance mu/ n be /ress$ too mu*2 & ! 

v trivial ev5ts1 :i* are usually matt] (
 transition1 necess>y only to !         
me*anical progress ( ! /ory1 %\ld be    
suppress$ by n>rat+ )\t detail & 9 g5]al
 t]ms4  ,fundam5tally1 emphasis &       
suppression are matt]s ( weight1 :ile   
proportion is a matt] ( space4 ,!re is a
 real relation betwe5 pres]v+ proportion
 & lay+ emphasis1 b x is accid5tal4 ,:5 
an important ev5t is some:at complicat$1
 z a love sc5e1 proportion requires t x 
be n>rat$ 9 detail1 = x w\ld take "s "t 
to happ5 9 reality2 & due emphasis w be 
secur$ by detail$ n>ration4 ,b :5 an    
important ev5t is inh]5tly simple 9 "* &
 brief 9 ! "t x w\ld take to happ51     
proportion requires t x be giv5 n too   
mu* space1 :ile emphasis requires t x be
 /ress$4 ,to /ress su* an ev5t1 !       
writ]'s sole rec\rse is vividness 9     
n>ration4 ,! physical details are few1 b
 !y mu/ be made /rik+ly impressive4 ,:]e
 an ev5t is ess5tially complicat$1 a    
knot ( _m details1 emphasis may be laid 
by detail$ n>ration1 by expansion1 &    

proportion w n be violat$4 ,9 ! case ( !
 important b inh]5tly simple ev5t !re   
are no great numb] ( details to be      
m>%all$ on ! page1 & ! writ] c only     
/rive to inve/ 8 few words ) p[]4  ,!   
writ] %\ld consid] ! matt] ( proportion 
9 allott+ ! space ( a /ory be=e writ+1 z
 has be5 /at$4 ,9 writ+1 ! m]e fact t he
 foll[s ev5ts 9 detail ) 8 p5 w lead him
 to emphasize by expansion1 :]e !       
subject matt] naturally calls = t mode (
 secur+ emphasis4 ,:]e expansion is     
impossible on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce (       
details to be n>rat$1 ! writ]'s         
realization ( ! importance ( ! ev5t w   
lead him to ca/ ab\t = ! vivid ^w4 ,t is
 to say1 9 deal+ ) ! important ev5ts ( a
 /ory ! way to write is to visualize !  
procession ( happ5+s & to foll[ !m ) !  
p5 9 detail1 seek+ ! vivid & emphatic ^w
 :]e ! ev5t is vivid & emphatic4 ,:5 !  
ev5t is a bundle ( _m details1 sett+ !m 
d[n w emphasize ! episode by expansion2 
& :]e ! ev5t is simple1 & a m]e detail 9
 itself1 z a bl[1 vividness 9 n>ration w

 c\nt]feit ! =ce ( ! episode4           
,normally1 ! succession ( *ief ev5ts w  
take up ! great] "p ( ! space available 
= a /ory1 &1 if ! "w ( con/ruction has  
be5 done prop]ly be=e writ+1 ! writ] w h
 8 att5tion free to visualize ea*       
successive happ5+ & to picture x4 ,!    
difficulty w be to express p]fectly4 ,! 
process is natural4 ,x _c be too /rongly
 insi/$ t ! way to write ! /rict /ory "p
 ( a /ory is to /rive to see ! ?+ 9     
imag9ation & to get x on pap] ) ! brea? 
( life 9 x4 ,by foll[+ 8 vision ) 8 p5 !
 writ] w take c>e ( ! matt]s (          
proportion & emphasis )\t deta*$        
calculation look+ to t end4  ,b t is n q
 true 9 n>rat+ second>y ev5ts & writ+   
g5]al matt] ( transition1 ! "p ( a /ory 
t gives ! ma9 ev5ts a natural sequ5ce & 
prop] spac+1 or t develops "*4 ,! ma9   
ev5ts exi/ only = ! /ory2 !y are ! /ory4
 ,! second>y ev5ts & matt] ( transition 
exi/ l>gely = ! sake ( ! read]4 ,su*    
ev5ts prep>e ! *>act]s1 = in/ance1 t !  
ma9 situations may h true & full        

dramatic value to ! read]1 :ile ! g5]al 
matt] ( transition s]ves to give ! ma9  
ev5ts spac+ & ! /ory plausibility4 ,& 9 
n>rat+ second>y ev5ts1 & writ+ matt] (  
transition1 ! writ] _c h an eye solely  
to imag9+ ! procession ( little happ5+s 
& to reproduc+ !m 9 detail4 ,if he wrote
 s !y w\ld bulk z l>ge z ! ma9 ev5ts1 & 
! %ort /ory w\ld fill a novel & ! novel 
an encyclopa$ia4 ,in/ead1 ! writ] mu/   
realize ! reasons t l$ him to *oose or  
devise ea* second>y ev5t :ile con/ruct+ 
! /ory1 & mu/ n>rate ea* m9or ev5t s t x
 w j p]=m its design$ function & no m4  
,! major ev5ts ( a /ory are prim>ily    
significant1 & x is suffici5t to n>rate 
!m s z to c\nt]feit !m z !y w\ld be 9   
reality4 ,! m9or ev5ts ( a /ory are n   
significant 9 !mselves1 b only 9        
relation to some?+ else1 & 9 n>rat+ !m !
 writ] %\ld develop only _! significant 
phases4 ,!y mu/ be giv5 reality &       
v]isimilitude1 b _! aspects &           
implications unimportant to ! /ory %\ld 
n be detail$ & !reby /ress$4 ,all       

aspects ( ! ma9 ev5ts are to be detail$ 
simply because all aspects ( ! ma9 ev5ts
 are important to ! /ory4 ,!y are !     
/ory4  ,! discussion is some:at ab/ract 
& involv$1 b necess>ily s4 ,! te*nique w
 be easi] to practice ?an x s\nds1 mu*  
easi]1 = in/ance1 ?an to n>rate ! simple
 b important ev5t ) due emphasis ?r\gh  
vividness4 ,t necessity is supremely    
easy to /ate or realize1 b supremely h>d
 to meet 9 writ+ a /ory4 ,! te*nique (  
h&l+ second>y ev5ts & matt] ( transition
 is h>d to /ate ab/ractly & to grasp f  
m]e discussion1 b :5 x is grasp$ x is   
comp>atively easy to apply 9 writ+1 = x 
calls = no executive p[]1 m]ely !       
negative p[] to leave out !             
insignificant4  ,x w be se5 t ! process 
( n>rat+ ! m9or ev5ts ( a /ory is n     
natural1 b highly artificial4 ,! process
 ( n>rat+ ! ma9 ev5ts is natural2 x     
consi/s m]ely 9 imag9+ & reproduc+ !m ) 
z mu* body & color z possible4 ,:]e     
undivid$ att5tion to phras+ is mo/      
ess5tial1 ! writ] c give x2 :]e x is    

lea/ ess5tial1 9 sett+ out a m9or ev5t1 
! writ] mu/ give mu* att5tion to :at    
aspects ( ! episode he %\ld emphasize4  
,he _c reproduce x 9 full detail simply 
= :at x is 9 itself4 ,j n>ration (      
second>y episodes & transitional        
passages is a matt] ( calculation2 j    
n>ration ( ! m important ev5ts ( a /ory 
is a matt] ( w>m creation & v]bal p[]4  
,,transition  ,9 a s5se1 all ev5ts ( a  
/ory may be said to h a prim>y value1 = 
an ev5t is at lea/ a happ5+ & has "s    
int]e/ = a read]4 ,b ! p ( a /ory mu/ be
 c>ri$ on f ev5t to ev5t1 major or m9or1
 & ! /ory ) !m4 ,! necessity causes !   
ins]tion ( transitional matt] 9 any /ory
 t has m ?an a s+le episode4            
,transitional matt] has no capacity to  
evoke int]e/ 9 itself1 unless x be s    
detail$ z to =m a succession ( petty    
happ5+s1 9 :i* case x ceases to be      
/rictly transitional4 ,!re=e x %\ld be  
gott5 ov] ) z quickly z possible4 ,!    
writ] %\ld n>rate 9 g5]al t]ms1 z has   
be5 /at$ 9 discuss+ proportion1 ! only  

end be+ to =w>d ! me*anical progress ( !
 /ory4 ,no emphasis ne$ be laid on su*  
matt]4 ,a frequ5t fault 9 beg9n+ writ]s 
is lack ( capacity to pass f "o ev5t to 
ano!r smoo?ly & swiftly4 ,_m seem unable
 to /ep f detail$ to g5]al n>ration :]e 
! /ory dem&s x1 & z a result _! /ories  
lose int]e/4 ,! details ( important     
ev5ts are ! brea? ( life to a /ory1 b   
details )\t fictional purpose only clog 
! action & disc\rage ! read]'s int]e/4  
,matt] ( transition %\ld be h&l$ z      
swiftly z c be done )\t r5d]+ ! :ole    
/ory j]ky & unbalanc$4 ,x may be not$ t 
transitional matt] on ! lips ( a n>rat+ 
"* c be giv5 piquancy & made int]e/+ 9  
itself1 l introductory matt]4  ,(t5     
transitional matt] may be entirely      
omitt$4 ,?us ,maupassant1 9 ,!          
,necklace1 does n attempt to make ! /ory
 an unbrok5 *ronological progression4 ,!
 nature ( ea* p>ticul> /ory det]m9es its
 cont5t1 ( c\rse1 & :]e matt] (         
transition is necess>y or desirable !   
writ] %\ld realize its nature & h&le x  

accord+ly4   ,,bl5d+ ,,( ,,elem5ts  ,ea*
 /ory has two prim>y fictional elem5ts1 
! p & ! ev5ts1 b x has ?ree me*anical   
elem5ts1 ! action1 ! spee* ( ! *>act]s1 
& ! matt] descriptive ( p]sons or       
places4 ,& :ile ea* tale is unique1 &   
any "o ( ^! me*anical elem5ts may l>gely
 prepond]ate ov] ! o!rs1 nev]!less !    
normal fiction w devote a sub/antial    
am\nt ( space to ea*4 ,if ! /ory        
p]mits--a proviso impli$ 9 discuss+ any 
matt] ( te*nique--x w be well = ! writ] 
to /rive to di/ribute & int]m+le its    
action1 dialogue1 & descriptive matt] 9 
a texture pleas+ because v>i$4 ,! :ole  
%\ld n be built ( unwieldy *unks (      
description1 spee*1 & action succe$+ "o 
ano!r ) monoton\s regul>ity1 b          
descriptive t\*es %\ld be int]m+l$ ) !  
dialogue1 & n>rative matt] ) ^w-pa9t+ & 
! spee* ( *>act]s4 ,obvi\sly ?is is no  
absolute rule1 & is p]haps n ev] a matt]
 ( /rict art1 b x is true t a read]     
quickly we>ies ( mu* ( ! same ?+1 & a   
/ory is = its read]4 ,moreov]1 a /ory z 

a :ole w ga9 9 v]isimilitude by judici\s
 di/ribution ( its me*anical elem5ts4 ,!
 matt] is m]ely ano!r phase ( !         
necessity to give a fiction ! seem+ (   
life1 & %\ld n be neglect$1 ! m s       
because x is easy & a me*anical matt]4  
,! beg9n] c af=d to neglect no *ance =  
success4   ,,footnotes3  ,i ,9          
connection ) ! subject ( vivid n>ration 
( an important ev5t ,i might illu/rate !
 text by brief quotation4 ,unlike matt]s
 ( con/ruction1 matt]s ( /rict execution
 c be %[n by pung5t quotation4 ,! "q is 
n :e!r x is possible1 b :e!r x is       
useful4 ,take ?is s5t5ce f ,/ev5son's   
,kidnapp$3 ,8 sword fla%$ l quicksilv]  
into ! huddle ( 8 flee+ enemies4 ,x is  
p]fectly descriptive1 alive z ! sword 0 
alive 9 ! h& ( ,alan ,breck4 ,b no "o by
 read+ x c le>n to write l x1 a capacity
 to be ga9$ only by long & ardu\s       
practice1 su* z ,/ev5son's4 ,a good _m  
books on te*nique h m quotation ?an     
text1 & :ile free quotation l5ds a      
sup]ficial weight to ! :ole1 x is n (   

mu* practical use to "o seek+ to le>n h[
 to write4 ,8 own read+ w (f] him       
examples 9 pl5ty1 & ! mo/ or ev5 ! only 
useful ?+ a "w on te*nique c d = him is 
to /ate ! pr9ciples he %\ld try to foll[
 9 8 own "w4  ,j ,i once read a /ory 9  
manuscript :]e9 a "* relat$ a           
commonplace tale ( woe to ano!r1 ) !    
result t ! o!r's eyes gli/5$ ) hot te>s4
 ,n only has ! expression be5 work$ to  
dea?1 s t x has no prim>y fre%ness = a  
read]1 b x is too artificial & /ra9$ = a
 /ory ( ! commonplace4     ,,*apt]      
,,viii  ,,description                   
,int]e/--,second>y ,function (          
,description--,di/ribution--     ,/ory (
 ,atmosph]e--,effectiv5ess ( ,di/ribut$ 
,description     --,description (       
,p]sons--,example--,analysis--,accuracy-
-     ,me*anical ,limitations (         
,/ory--,use ( ,all ,s5ses--             
,description ( ,sett+--,two             
,objects--,to ,cl>ify ,c\rse (          
,ev5ts--,to ,create ,illusion (         
,reality--,use ( ,all ,s5ses     ,ord] (

 ,details--,contra/4   ,all writ+ is    
descriptive1 9 a s5se2 n>ration1 =      
in/ance1 is simply ! pictur+ ( %ift+    
physical conditions 9 a /ate (          
fluxation4 ,b description is usually    
tak5 to mean ! pictur+ ( physical       
conditions m or less /atic4 ,! t]m is   
us$ s "h1 = ! te*nique ( describ+       
p]sons1 sc5es1 & objects g5]ally        
requires treatm5t sep>ate f !           
description or n>ration ( b>e ev5ts4 ,9 
describ+ a happ5+ ( 8 /ory1 & 9 describ+
 "o ( ! *>act]s1 ! writ]'s g5]al object 
is ! same1 to %[ ! p]son or ev5t ) !    
vivacity ( life1 b ! conditions to :i* !
 writ] is subject are some:at diff]5t 9 
ea* case4 ,to m5tion b "o diff]5ce1     
normally mu* m space is available = pure
 n>ration ?an = pure description4 ,!    
ev5ts ( a /ory are ! /ory2 its p & its  
sett+ are drawn only to give ! fiction !
 highe/ atta9able degree (              
v]isimilitude4 ,&1 s9ce ! space         
available = description 9 ! normal /ory 
is some:at limit$1 ! writ] is "u /r+5t  

necessity to make ea* ^w tell4 ,9 n>rat+
 an ev5t1 ! matt] has an int]e/ ( its   
own = a read] ap>t f ! mann] ( tell+1 b 
9 describ+ a p]son1 sc5e1 or object1 !  
^w is all 9 all4 ,if ! picture is n     
effective1 no?+ is a*iev$4  ,9 com+ to !
 writ+ ( a descriptive passage1 ! writ] 
%\ld realize its second>y function 9 !  
/ory4 ,except 9 ! case ( ! /ory (       
atmosph]e1 & p]haps ( ! /ory ( "*1 a    
read]'s int]e/ w focus 9 ! progression (
 happ5+s z su*1 & ! sole object (       
/rictly descriptive matt] is to give    
maximum concret5ess to ! ev5ts by       
depict+ _! sett+ & individualiz+ !      
p]sons conc]n$4 ,:at happ5s is ! fir/   
consid]ation1 n :]e x happ5s nor :om x  
affects4 ,mo/ /ories might be told )\t a
 s+le ^w ( /rict description1 & no su*  
^w %\ld be giv5 place 9 any /ory unless 
x w =w>d ! fiction to a high] degree (  
v]isimilitude4  ,x foll[s t descriptive 
matt] %\ld n be writt5 pages at a "t4   
,its function is to l5d body & color to 
! :ole c\rse ( ev5ts1 !re=e descriptive 

t\*es %\ld be ins]t$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole     
c\rse ( a /ory4 ,to give an itemiz$     
description ( a "* at ! />t1 or to      
picture ! :ole c\ntryside ?r\gh :i* !   
/ory is to move1 is a poor1 because     
ineffective1 way to write4 ,n only w !  
read] be repell$ by great spaces (      
description1 b he w =get ! attempt$     
picture ) spe$4 ,! ?+ to d is to ins]t a
 vivid ^w "h & !re :]e x w d ! mo/ good 
z ! /ory progresses4 ,description is = !
 /ory1 n to give ! writ] a *ance to heap
 words4  ,num]\s successful au?ors h    
indulg$ 9 l5g?y descriptions1 b ! wor? (
 _! books does n result f ! indulg5ce4  
,hugo's description ( m$iaeval ,p>is 9  
,notre ,dame is an example s extreme z  
almo/ n to be 9 po9t1 b mo/ ( ! eld]    
g5]ation ( writ]s hamp]$ ! m>* ( _!     
/ories by describ+ at inord9ate l5g?4   
,no matt] :at ! em95ce ( ^? :o h writt5 
s1 x is a te*nical fault1 = x t5ds to   
r5d] ! /ory /iff & me*anical &          
unnatural4 ,l5g?y description is n only 
inimical to a read]'s int]e/2 x is      

p]fectly useless 9 a fictional s5se4 ,! 
sole function ( description is to give  
body & reality to ! /ory1 & t function  
_c be p]=m$ unless ! descriptive quality
 runs ?r\gh ! :ole1 & ! descriptive     
matt] is n ga!r$ into /agnant pools (   
words4  ,mu* ( ! effect ( ! /ory (      
atmosph]e may dep5d ^u its descriptive  
matt]1 :i* may con/itute a great "p ( ! 
:ole text4 ,! fact does n invalidate !  
g5]al proposition4 ,9 discuss+ ! v>i\s  
aspects ( te*nique1 su* z ?is matt] (   
description1 ! initial assumption is t  
only ! te*nique ( ! normal /ory w be    
/at$4 ,! normal /ory is ! /ory (        
complication ( incid5t1 :]e int]e/ c5t]s
 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts r ?an 9 ! p or !     
sett+4 ,v>iants f x1 ! /ory emphasiz+ "*
 & ! /ory /ress+ atmosph]e1 by _! v     
diff]5ce call = a diff]5t h&l+ (        
elem5ts4  ,aside f ! fact t a s+le l5g?y
 description ( a p]son usually w h less 
effect on a read] ?an ! same am\nt (    
descriptive matt] deftly int]polat$     
?r\gh\t ! :ole /ory1 or ! fact t        

recurr5t descriptive t\*es z to sett+ w 
d m to give body to ! fiction ?an a s+le
 l5g?y description1 ! writ] %\ld consid]
 ! m]e rhetorical difficulty (          
descriptive writ+4 ,he mu/ /& or fall by
 ! picture he creates4 ,9 n>rat+1 he has
 ano!r res\rce ?an p]fection 9          
expression1 = ! b>e ev5t1 ap>t f ! way x
 is told1 w int]e/ a read]4 ,b a picture
 w n int]e/ unless x is a picture4      
,rhetorical skill is ! sole det]m9ant   
betwe5 absolute success & flat failure 9
 describ+4 ,& x is h>d en\gh to f9d "o  
or two tell+ descriptive phrases )\t    
contract+ ) ! read] to supply sev]al    
pages ( !m4 ,n only is a long           
descriptive passage ( que/ionable value 
9 ! normal /ory1 ev5 :5 well done1 b v  
few c write a long descriptive passage  
well4 ,! matt] ( emphasis "h comes up   
aga9 = consid]ation4 ,vividness is n    
absolute1 b relative4 ,"o vivid phrase w
 seem vivid to a read]1 b fifty or a    
hundr$ toge!r w n4 ,! read] w become    
accu/om$ to ! high] level ( expression1 

& ! :ole w fail ( its object4  ,9 !     
c\rse ( a /ory ! writ] w h occasion to  
describe p]sons &--r\ghly--?+s4         
,descriptive writ+ is descriptive writ+1
 b ! matt]s = consid]ation 9 describ+ a 
man or woman & a c\ntryside are some:at 
diff]5t1 & w be tak5 up sep>ately4      
,,description ,,( ,,p]sons  ,z ,i h /at$
 9 ano!r place1 ! writ] _c ga9 mu* 9    
capacity to express ?r\gh ! objective   
/udy ( examples4 ,he c only practice !  
art1 s]i\sly & intellig5tly4 ,b         
,/ev5son's brief /ory ( an episode 9 !  
life ( ,ma/] ,francois ,villon ( ,p>is1 
poet1 ma/] ( arts1 & h\se-break]1 ,a    
,lodg+ = ! ,night1 s p]fectly describes 
! p]sons involv$ t x calls = quotation4 
,! object is n to display p]fect use (  
epi!t1 r to demon/rate ! entire adequacy
 ( brief & pung5t description4 ,villon1 
aft] a %ort introduction1 is discov]$ 9 
a small h\se ) "s ( ! ?ievi% crew ) :om 
he consort$4  ,a great pile ( liv+ emb]s
 diffus$ a /rong & ruddy gl[ f ! ar*$   
*imney4 ,be=e ?is /raddl$ ,dom ,ni*olas1

 ! ,pic>dy monk1 ) 8 skirts tuck$ up & 8
 fat legs b>$ to ! com=table w>m?4 ,8   
dilat$ %ad[ cut ! room 9 half2 & !      
firelight only escap$ on ei!r side ( 8  
broad p]son1 & 9 a little pool betwe5 8 
outspread feet4 ,8 face _h ! be]y1      
bruis$ appe>ance ( ! cont9ual dr9k]'s2 x
 0 cov]$ ) a network ( conge/$ ve9s1    
purple 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 b n[ pale 
violet1 = ev5 ) 8 back to ! fire ! cold 
p9*$ him on ! o!r side4 ,8 c[l _h half  
fall5 back1 & made a /range excresc5ce  
on ei!r side ( 8 bull neck4 ,s he       
/raddl$1 grumbl+1 & cut ! room 9 half ) 
! %ad[ ( 8 portly frame4  ,on ! "r1     
,villon & ,guy ,tab>y 7 huddl$ toge!r   
ov] a scrap ( p>*m5t2 ,villon mak+ a    
ballade :i* he 0 to call ! ',ballade (  
,roa/ ,fi%1' & ,tab>y splutt]+          
admiration at 8 %\ld]4 ,! poet 0 a rag (
 a man1 d>k1 little1 & lean1 ) holl[    
*eeks & ?9 black locks4 ,he c>ri$ 8     
f\r-&-tw5ty ye>s ) fev]i% animation4    
,gre$ _h made folds ab\t 8 eyes1 evil   
smiles _h puck]$ 8 m\?4 ,! wolf & pig   

/ruggl$ toge!r 9 8 face4 ,x 0 an        
eloqu5t1 %>p1 ugly1 e>?ly c\nt5ance4 ,8 
h&s 7 small & preh5sile1 ) f+]s knott$ l
 a cord2 & !y 7 cont9ually flick]+ 9    
front ( him 9 viol5t & excessive        
pantomime4 ,z = ,tab>y1 a broad1        
complac5t1 admir+ imbecility brea!d f 8 
squa% nose & slobb]+ lips2 he _h become 
a ?ief1 j z he might h become ! mo/     
dec5t ( burgesses1 by ! imp]i\s *ance t 
rules ! lives ( human geese & human     
donkeys4  ,at ! monk's o!r h&1 ,montigny
 & ,!v59 ,p5sete play$ a game ( *ance4  
,ab\t ! fir/ !re clung "s flavor ( good 
bir? & tra9+1 z ab\t a fall5 angel2     
some?+ long1 li!1 & c\rtly 9 ! p]son2   
some?+ aquil9e & d>kl+ 9 ! face4 ,!v591 
poor s\l1 0 9 great fea!r2 he _h done a 
good /roke ( knav]y t aft]noon 9 !      
,faub\rg ,/4 ,jacques1 & all night he _h
 be5 ga9+ f ,montigny4 ,a flat smile    
illum9at$ 8 face2 8 bald head %one      
rosily 9 a g>l& ( r$ curls2 8 little    
protub]ant /oma* %ook ) sil5t *uckl+s z 
he swept 9 8 ga9s4  ,! fir/ ?+ to note  

ab\t ?is f9e descriptive fragm5t is t ! 
p]sons are def9itely plac$ 9 ! room4 ,! 
monk be=e ! fire is ! focal po9t2 ! o!rs
 are plac$ 9 gr\ps on 8 "r & left h&4   
,two objects are a*iev$ !reby2 n only   
does ! picture ga9 9 def9ition1 b x is  
giv5 a clos] relation to ! /ory1 :i* is 
p>tly conc]n$ ) :at happ5s 9 ! room4 ,9 
o!r words1 ,/ev5son describes 8 *>act]s 
9 relation to ! /ory1 & does n m]ely    
describe ea* "o z he has occasion to "n 
him1 9 isolation1 & m]ely to give a     
read] a photograph ) ! "n4 ,ea* is      
describ$ 9 relation to ! /ory & z he    
comes up 9 x4  ,! second ?+ to note is !
 extreme brevity & yet ! complete       
adequacy ( ! description ( ea* p]son4   
,!re is no itemiz+ ( physical details2  
,/ev5son has visualiz$ n s mu* ea* man z
 ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ea* man1 & has
 us$ all res\rces ( language to         
precipitate t *>act]i/ic 9 words4 ,!    
result is impressive4 ,a read] ga9s a   
cle> & def9ite impression ( ! individual
 p]sonality ( ea* "*1 8 spiritual nature

 z well z 8 physical aspect4 ,!         
def9ition ( ! impression 9 ea* case     
results f ! au?or's hav+ describ$ no?+  
possess$ by any two 9 common4 ,he has   
%[n ! unique quality ( ea* p]son1 :i* is
 all t is necess>y4  ,?is po9t ( !      
te*nique ( describ+ p]sons is n9e-t5?s (
 ! :ole te*nique4 ,! fiction writ]'s    
prop] aim is n s mu* to build up a      
physical picture ( a "* by itemiz+ !    
details ( hair1 complexion1 /ature1 & s 
=?1 z x is to reproduce ! p]son's unique
 quality z an individual human be+4     
,:e!r ! "* is an individual dep5ds on ! 
writ]'s creative g5ius1 b :e!r he seems 
individual dep5ds on 8 actions & ! way  
he is describ$4 ,/ev5son /ates ,villon's
 sali5t physical *>act]i/ics1 !n rem>ks 
t ! wolf & pig /ruggl$ toge!r 9 8 face1 
& a read] has ! man1 s\l & body4 ,! same
 me?od1 ?\gh ) less emphasis1 is employ$
 9 pictur+ ! o!rs ( ! gr\p4  ,a         
fundam5tal philosophical tru? is t all k
 is relative2 we "k ?+s only 9 comp>ison
 ) ?+s previ\sly enc\nt]$ & classifi$4  

,x foll[s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 objects or
 p]sons is ! ultimate factor t det]m9es 
! "* ( ea*4 ,! s+le unique quality ( any
 "* 9 a /ory is :at ! au?or mu/ br+ out 
9 describ+ him if he is to h on pap] !  
vivacity & di/9ction ( ! au?or's m5tal  
conception4 ,9 real life a read] meets  
_m m5 & wom52 he does n take tr\ble to  
phrase ! individual peculi>ity ( ea*1 b 
he is acutely consci\s ( x4 ,ea*        
acqua9tance /&s = some?+ unique &       
di/9ctive 9 8 eyes1 ?\gh he does n &    
p]haps c\ld n /ate ! ess5tial diff]5ce f
 all o!rs4 ,&1 9 describ+ a p]son 9 8   
/ory1 ! writ] mu/ /ate t p]son's        
ess5tial diff]5ce f all o!rs1 if ! p]son
 is to h ! reality ( life = a read]1 = !
 read]'s only contact ) ! p]son is ?r\gh
 ! writ]'s words4 ,9 life1 a read] w    
elim9ate unconsci\sly f 8 m5tal         
repres5tation ( an acqua9tance all      
qualities :i* ! latt] has 9 common )    
o!rs1 b v]bal repres5tation ( a human   
be+ is %ad[y en\gh at be/1 & 9 a /ory ! 
writ] himself mu/ elim9ate 8 *>act]s'   

undi/9ctive qualities = ! read]1 or !   
p]sons w lack def9ition & concret5ess4  
,! ?ird ?+ to note ab\t ?is example ( ! 
description ( p]sons is a matt] :i* x   
really does n illu/rate1 because x is   
p]fect4 ,my /atem5t is at once obscure &
 p>adoxical1 b :at is meant is t 9      
describ+ a p]son x is possible to give s
 %>p a v]bal et*+ t ! read] w believe f 
! ^w itself4 ,x is ! descriptive aspect 
( n>rat+ ) su* vividness t ! ^w w be    
accept$ z visual evid5ce4 ,z x happ5s1 9
 describ+ ,villon & 8 fell[s1 ,/ev5son  
has f\nd a comb9ation ( words :i* n only
 con/itutes a vivid picture b is "o t a 
read] may realize 9 imag9ation )\t loss 
( def9ition4 ,yet take su* a t\* z      
,balzac's 9 /at+ t a "* _h a face l a   
glass ( dirty wat]4 ,x is extremely     
vivid1 b its vividness is some:at       
sup]ficial1 t is1 if a read] dwells on  
x1 & tries to realize ! image 9 ?\ght1 x
 w lose mu* ( its def9ition4 ,i h       
fir/-h& k ( ! effect on only "o read]1 (
 c\rse1 myself1 b o!rs h confess$ :5    

que/ion$ ! same inability to realize ?is
 p>ticul> figure )\t loss ( def9ition4  
,! important po9t = ! writ] ( fiction is
 t a read] w n pause to scrut9ize too   
closely an image v]bally def9ite &      
/rik+2 su* a descriptive t\* z to a m9or
 "* w p]=m its (fice ( giv+ ! p]son     
vivacity & reality bett] ?an a m        
accurate b less height5$ itemization (  
details4 ,9 a s5se1 ,/ev5son's passage  
is an example ( ?is matt]4 ,x happ5s t 8
 description c be realiz$ )\t loss (    
def9ition4 ,t is :y x is p]fect4 ,b !   
same me?od may be employ$ less ju/ly &  
yet h m effect ?an any m]e itemization (
 physical details4  ,9 pictur+ 8 *ief   
*>act]s ! writ] %\ld n rely solely ^u   
m]e v]bal %>pness4 ,if ! /ory is wor?   
:ile !y w h sali5ces t %\ld be /at$ z   
well z exemplifi$ 9 action4 ,b ! m9or   
*>act]s are %ad[y en\gh at be/1 & any   
v]bal def9ition t c be giv5 !m w l5d    
concret5ess to ! /ory4 ,if an image is n
 only /rik+1 b also subject to          
realization )\t loss1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,if

 an image is v]bally happy1 b n         
intr9sically p]fect1 x may be bett] to  
employ x ?an to write ) j accuracy1 b   
flatly4 ,i believe t accuracy %\ld be   
sacrific$ to v]bal felicity 9 no o!r    
place ?an 9 describ+ a m9or "*4 ,x is an
 aspect ( ! g5]al fictional necessity t 
m]e lit]alness be sacrific$ to          
v]isimilitude1 &1 9 describ+ a m9or "*1 
v]isimilitude requires t a read] be fac$
 by :at w seem to him to be a def9ite   
p]son r ?an "s p>ticul> def9ite p]son4  
,/rictly speak+1 a m9or "* ne$ n be     
individualiz$1 b he mu/ be drawn ) !    
ne>e/ possible approa* to ! %>p outl9es 
( life4 ,a major "* mu/ be drawn def9ite
 & unique2 a m9or "* ne$ only be drawn  
def9ite1 ?\gh ! m individual he is made 
! bett]4 ,x foll[s t any %>p v]bal image
 appli$ to a m9or "* w help ! /ory1 ?\gh
 x is )9 limits m]etrici\s4  ,! ?ree    
matt]s "h discuss$ are ! ma9            
consid]ations to be held 9 m9d 9        
describ+ ! p]sons ( a /ory4 ,!y %\ld be 
describ$ 9 relation to ! /ory1 z !y are 

plac$ by _! actions 9 ! physical sett+4 
,9 describ+ ! *ief *>act]s1 ! p]sons ^: 
p]sonalities h significant relation to !
 c\rse ( ev5ts1 ! writ] %\ld endeavor to
 br+ out ) maximum def9ition & vividness
 ! s+le unique quality ( ea* p]son4 ,9  
describ+ m9or *>act]s1 ! *ief necessity 
is to give ea* p]son z mu* z possible ( 
! def9ition & concret5ess ( life4       
,little space is available1 & ! writ]   
may be driv5 to ! use ( some:at         
m]etrici\s figures4 ,! p]fect figure    
%\ld always be s\ght1 b1 if ! writ] _c  
discov] x1 ! lit]ally inaccurate figure 
may be bett] ?an flat writ+4 ,! g5]al   
aim 9 describ+ p]sons is to give maximum
 concret5ess to ! :ole /ory1 & seem+    
def9ition w sometimes s]ve z well z     
actual def9ition4  ,! necessity t !     
p]sons ( a /ory be describ$ 9 relation  
to x1 z !y are plac$ 9 ! physical sett+1
 requires ! writ] to realize & reg>d !  
me*anical limitations ( ! /ory4 ,if x is
 told 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & ! n>rat+ "*     
p]ceives ano!r 9 ! di/ance1 a           

description ( su* o!r mu/ conf9e itself 
to matt]s app>5t at a di/ance1 until !  
p]sons approa* "o ano!r m ne>ly4 ,! same
 necessity obta9s :]e ! /ory is told 9 !
 ?ird p]son1 f ! viewpo9t ( a "* :o     
p]ceives ano!r at a di/ance4 ,likewise1 
a "* _c be made to see ?r\gh a h\se or a
 m\nta91 or into ! next room4 ,a good   
deal has be5 writt5 on ?is matt]1 b f ! 
wrong angle4 ,! writ] %\ld n seek to    
ma/] any ab/ract rule1 r %\ld he /rive  
to visualize 8 /ory z he writes x f !   
viewpo9t f :i* he has *os5 to tell x4   
,if he ?us gets into 8 /ory--s to       
speak--9 describ+ he w unconsci\sly     
respect ! me*anical limitations ( !     
tale4 ,moreov]1 8 att5tion w be free = !
 sev]e task ( expression1 undi/ract$ by 
any eye to precepts4 ,! way to write a  
/ory is to picture x 9 imag9ation & !n  
foll[ x ) ! p54 ,t is :y ! unpractic$   
writ] ( high imag9ative p[]s s (t5      
writes ) a /rict if unconsci\s reg>d = !
 laws ( te*nique4  ,ano!r matt] z to !  
description ( p]sons is wor? not+4 ,!   

normal human be+ has m ?an ! s5se (     
sight2 he c also he>1 feel1 & smell2 &  
v]bal appeals to ^! o!r s5ses may be    
effective4 ,! timbre ( a "*'s voice or  
s\nd ( 8 /ep1 ! feel ( 8 h& :5 %ak51 an 
odor ab\t him or h]1 z ( liquor1        
tobacco1 or p]fume1 may be /at$ 9       
describ+ ! p]son4 ,su* a descriptive t\*
 w (t5 prove mo/ useful1 ! m s because x
 gives ano!r dim5sion to ! p]son1 s to  
speak4 ,a v *>act]i/ic & impressive ?+  
ab\t ,uriah ,heep is 8 h&%ake1 z        
,copp]field felt x4 ,! matt] w be tak5  
up aga9 9 discuss+ ! te*nique ( describ+
 sett+1 :]e x necess>ily bulks l>g]4,k  
,,description ,,( ,,sett+  ,! fiction   
writ] is a dramati/ 9 a v real s5se1 b  
he _c dep5d = v]isimilitude on          
fle%-&-blood actors1 pa9t$ sc5]y1 &     
actual prop]ties4 ,he mu/ describe all  
^! to give 8 n>rative v]isimilitude &   
concret5ess4 ,! te*nique ( describ+     
p]sons has be5 discuss$1 & ! te*nique ( 
describ+ m]e objects1 ! prop]ties ( !   
piece1 z ! dagg] 9 ! h& ( an assass91 is

 n s mu* a "p ( ! te*nique ( fiction    
writ+ z ( ! te*nique ( writ+ g5]ally4 ,x
 is a "q ( rhetoric4 ,b ! te*nique (    
describ+ sett+ is fictional z well z    
rhetorical1 t is1 ! writ] ( a /ory mu/  
consid] :at he %\ld describe z well z h[
 he %\ld describe x4 ,8 task is m highly
 selective ?an ! task ( describ+ !      
p]sons or prop]ties ( a /ory4 ,!y1 ) !  
ev5ts involv+ !m1 are ! /ory itself2 !  
sett+ or environm5t ( a /ory is n1 b    
m]ely a backgr\nd or /age4 ,yet         
sometimes1 z 9 ! /ory ( atmosph]e1 !    
sett+ is an integral & necess>y "p ( !  
fiction4 ,"o c only say t x all dep5ds4 
,! fact t ! sett+ is sometimes an       
integral "p ( ! /ory & sometimes n      
requires ! writ] to set to "w diff]5tly 
9 ea* case4 ,9 writ+ ! /ory ( atmosph]e1
 he mu/ reg>d ! sett+ z matt] =         
reproduction = its own sake2 9 writ+ !  
normal /ory1 he mu/ reg>d ! sett+ z only
 incid5tal1 & %\ld n reproduce x unless 
x w cl>ify ! c\rse ( ev5ts = a read] or 
s]ve to give ! /ory its necess>y body & 

v]isimilitude4 ,! /ory ( atmosph]e      
requires sep>ate treatm5t2 "h only !    
te*nique ( describ+ ! sett+ or sett+s ( 
! normal /ory w be discuss$4  ,z /at$1 9
 writ+ ! normal /ory1 ! /ory :]e int]e/ 
c5t]s 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 ! writ] %\ld n 
describe sett+ unless x w cl>ify ! c\rse
 ( ev5ts or l5d body to ! fiction 9 !   
eyes ( a read]4 ,g5]al descriptive writ+
 has no o!r function to p]=m4           
,realization ( ! tru? w lead ! writ] to 
avoid writ+ great wa/es ( description4  
,if a p>ticul> /ory requires t !        
physical con=mation ( a neighborhood be 
br\ght out1 a few words w s]ve bett] ?an
 _m1 :i* w be apt to confuse a read]1 at
 lea/ to di/ract 8 att5tion4 ,& :5 !    
writ] describes sett+ to give body to ! 
/ory1 scatt]$ descriptive t\*es w h m   
effect ?an a s+le isolat$ block (       
description4 ,x is ano!r aspect ( !     
matt] t\*$ ^u 9 relation to !           
description ( p]sons4 ,if a /ory is to h
 ! concret5ess1 def9ition1 & vivacity ( 
life1 ! descriptive quality mu/ p]meate 

! :ole1 bo? z to ! p]sons & _!          
environm5t4 ,! descriptive task _c be   
p]=m$ once & = all1 ei!r z to ! p]sons  
or ! sett+1 any m ?an c ! n>rative task4
 ,n>ration cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! :ole /ory1
 = x is ! /ory2 & likewise description  
mu/ accompany ea* item ( n>ration1 =    
description is a "p or quality ( ! :ole 
/ory4 ,:]e ! c\rse ( ev5ts is rapid1 _! 
quick succession itself w c\nt]feit a l 
phase ( life1 = an obs]v] w\ld note !   
ev5ts z su* r ?an ! sett+4 ,b :]e !     
c\rse ( ev5ts is m leisurely1           
descriptive t\*es z to sett+ w be       
necess>y to c\nt]feit su* a phase (     
life1 = an obs]v] w\ld note n only !    
happ5+s b ! environm5t4 ,a /ory is a    
reproduction ( a phase ( life2 a read]  
is its obs]v]2 & ! :ole mu/ be made to  
/& =? = him z a l spectacle w\ld %[ 9   
actuality4  ,! o!r necessity1 to        
describe sett+ to give ! /ory           
v]isimilitude & concret5ess1 is n s easy
 to /ate or to meet4 ,?is sort (        
descriptive quality mu/ p]meate ! :ole  

/ory1 z has be5 /at$1 & its introduction
 or creation is a matt] ( difficulty4 ,!
 natural & be/ way to conqu] ! secret is
 to imag9e ! c\rse ( ev5ts :ile /&+ 9 ! 
%oes ( ! p]son f ^: viewpo9t ! /ory is  
told1 !n to foll[ !m ) ! p54 ,:]e ! "*  
w\ld see1 feel1 he>1 or smell some?+1   
/ate ! impression ^u him4 ,?us ,kipl+1 9
 ,)\t ,b5efit ( ,cl]gy3 444 ,old ,pir   
,khan squatt$ at ! head ( ,hold5's      
horse1 8 police sabre across 8 knees1   
pull+ dr[sily at a big wat]-pipe t      
croak$ l a bull-frog 9 a pond4 ,ame]a's 
"m sat sp9n+ 9 ! l[] v]&a1 & ! wood5    
gate 0 %ut & b>r$4 ,! music ( a m>riage 
procession came to ! ro( above ! g5tle  
hum ( ! city1 & a /r+ ( fly+-foxes      
cross$ ! face ( ! l[ moon4 ,kipl+ has   
imag9$ 8 /ory z ,hold5 w\ld h liv$ x2 n 
only has he se5 ?r\gh ,hold5's eyes--he 
has he>d ) ,hold5's e>s4 ,9 ?is %ort    
passage !re are ?ree appeals to ! s5se (
 sight1 & two to ! s5se ( he>+1 & !     
fragm5t ga9s by /at+ m ?an visual       
impressions4  ,! po9t has be5 not$ 9    

discuss+ ! description ( p]sons1 b is   
wor? enl>g+ ^u4 ,! task to give body to 
a /ory is difficult en\gh at be/1 & !   
writ] c af=d to neglect no res\rce4 ,( !
 five s5ses :]eby man grasps 8          
surr\nd+s1 t ( ta/e is probably ( ! lea/
 use to ! writ] ( fiction1 b ! s5ses (  
sight1 he>+1 smell1 & t\* c all be      
utiliz$ on occasion4 ,a "* at sea c be  
/at$ to h se5 ! waves ( a /orm1 felt !  
=ce ( ! gale & ! /+ ( driv5 ra9drops1 & 
ta/$ ! salt spray1 also to h smelt !    
mu/y fo'c'sle :5 he w5t bel[4 ,ea* t\* w
 give ! :ole picture add$ reality = a   
read]4 ,! beg9n+ writ] is too apt to    
rely solely ^u :at a "* might h se54 ,a 
des]t$ h\se has a smell z *>act]i/ic z  
its look1 & ! fragrance ( violets is z  
impressive z _! visual beauty4 ,night c 
be told f day by its odor1 & ! rattle ( 
typewrit] keys 9 an (fice is z sugge/ive
 ( mod]n indu/ry z a s]5ade is ( o!r    
days & o!r loves4 ,a h]o c feel 8       
swee!>t's s(t or toil-r\gh5$ f+]s z well
 z see h] exp5sive silks & furs or *eap 

& mu* worn dress4 ,life is a complex (  
_m s5se-p]ceptions1 & ! m num]\s & v>i$ 
! fleet+ impressions a "* is /at$ to h  
caught1 ! m concrete & real ! /ory w be 
= a read]4  ,description is ! usual b n 
! happie/ t]m to d5ote ! g5]al process (
 giv+ a /ory a sett+ & environm5t ( its 
own4 ,x is--or %\ld be--m ?an a process 
( pictur+ sc5es4 ,all p]t95t & /rik+    
s5se-impressions receiv$ by ! *>act]s   
%\ld be /at$1 = only ?us c ! ne>e/      
approa* to a j repres5tation ( life be  
made4 ,! writ]'s sole object is to give 
! fiction ! concret5ess ( life2 x _c be 
a*iev$ by pa9t+ v]bal pictures = a      
read]1 b x c be a*iev$ by /at+ ju/ly !  
ways 9 :i* ! totality ( ! environm5t    
affect$ ! *>act]s4 ,j description ( !   
*>act]s w make !m real m5 & wom5 = a    
read]1 & j /atem5t ( ! effects ( _!     
environm5t ^u !m w make !m real p 9 a   
real _w4  ,! /rictly executive te*nique 
( descriptive writ+ is n h>d to grasp1  
h[ev] h>d x may be to f9d ! desir$ ^w4  
,! impression t ! "* involv$ w\ld       

receive fir/ %\ld be /at$ fir/1 & ! less
 /rik+ details %\ld foll[ 9 ! ord] ( _! 
impressiv5ess4 ,?us1 9 describ+ a skat+ 
sc5e1 ! obs]vant "* %\ld be made to see 
! int]weav+ skat]s & to he> ! peculi>   
:9ny+ r+ ( ! skates be=e he sees        
individuals4 ,x is all a matt] (        
visualiz+1 or1 bett]1 visualiz+ & liv+ !
 /ory 9 ! %oes ( ! "* f ^: viewpo9t x is
 told4 ,! writ] :o w live ea* /ory ?us 9
 imag9ation1 & w /ate ! successive      
impressions ! "* w\ld naturally receive 
:ile mov+ ?r\gh su* a *a9 ( ev5ts 9 real
 life1 w d f> bett] "w ?an "o :o /rives 
to c>ry 9 8 head a body ( rules &       
precepts & to write ) obs]vance ( !m4   
,te*nique _c be discuss$ )\t directly   
/at+ pr9ciples1 b ! bus9ess ( actual    
writ+ is natural1 n me*anical &         
artificial4 ,! writ] becomes artificial 
precisely :5 he =gets he is writ+ a /ory
 & beg9s to daub 9 descriptive matt] )\t
 relation to ! *>act]s or ! ev5ts4 ,! ?+
 to d is to get inside ! sk9 ( ! "* f ^:
 viewpo9t ! p>ticul> /ory or p>ticul> "p

 ( ! /ory is told1 to see ) 8 eyes1 he> 
) 8 e>s1 smell1 ta/e1 & feel ) 8 n]ves1 
& to /ate no impression z receiv$ by him
 t ! c\rse ( ev5ts w\ld n all[ him to   
receive4 ,a horse-?ief flee+ f a posse w
 h no eye = ! beauties ( a l&scape4 ,if 
! writ] desires to %[ ! sc5e = ! sake ( 
its contra/ ) su* an ev5t1 he mu/ d s   
lightly & quickly4 ,a read] w be m\nt$ )
 ! pursu$ man1 & 8 eyes w be ahead4  ,z 
to ! matt] ( contra/ betwe5 ev5t &      
sett+1 no rules c be /at$4 ,all t c be  
said is t sometimes x is a useful       
device4 ,b ! ma9 purpose ( descriptive  
matt] 9 ! normal /ory is to give x      
concret5ess1 & g5]ally ! purpose w be   
realiz$ be/ by /at+ ! s5se-impressions  
:i* w\ld be receiv$ 9 actuality by !    
*>act]s4 ,a /ory w ga9 mu* 9 naturalness
 & plausibility !reby1 = ! same reason t
 n>ration 9 ! fir/ p]son or f ! viewpo9t
 ( a s+le "* is ! mo/ natural &         
plausible way to write1 if ! p>ticul>   
/ory p]mits4  ,"o o!r ?+ may be useful  
to note4 ,9 describ+ a p]son1 ! writ]   

%\ld /rive to /ate 8 unique quality z an
 individual2 9 describ+ a sc5e1 also1 ! 
writ] %\ld seek to br+ out its unique   
quality4 ,t quality %\ld be sift$ out & 
realiz$ 9 imag9ation1 & !n ! writ] %\ld 
se>* dilig5tly = ! few tell+ words t w  
precipitate x4 ,z ! /ory moves on1 m51  
wom51 & *ildr51 h\ses1 %ips1 & electric 
c>s1 /reets1 des]ts1 & smil+ fields1 w  
come b5ea? ! writ]'s p54 ,& !y mu/ all  
be giv5 reality1 n = _! own sakes1 b = !
 sake ( ! /ory4   ,,footnotes3  ,k ,a   
good deal ( ab/ract /atem5t might be    
made z to ! description ( p]sons1 b !   
ma9 consid]ations h be5 /at$4 ,! :ole   
philosophy ( ?is phase ( te*nique re/s  
on ! necessity t e l9e ( a /ory be giv5 
z mu* z possible ( ! concret5ess &      
vivacity ( life4 ,x is useless to give a
 long description ( a "* once & = all :5
 he fir/ comes up 9 a /ory4 ,ev5 if a   
read] ga9s a %>p impression !refrom1 he 
w n c>ry x ) him ?r\gh ! succe$+ ev5ts  
involv+ ! "*4 ,8 fir/ impression ( !    
p]son mu/ be kept alive by repeat$      

descriptive t\*es1 n s mu* because !    
p]son mu/ be describ$ adequately z      
because e "p ( ! /ory mu/ h ! body (    
life4 ,! di/9ction is f9e1 b real1 &    
p]haps may be made cle>] by imag9+ a    
read] witness+ an ev5t 9 :i* a fri5d is 
involv$4 ,he kn[s 8 fri5d1 z he c "k no 
"* 9 a /ory2 nev]!less he sees him      
un9t]rupt$ly z ! ev5t develops4 ,to     
c\nt]feit ! process 9 a /ory1           
descriptive t\*es z to ! p]sons mu/ be  
int]sp]s$ ) ! n>rative matt]1 ?\gh !    
p]sons h be5 describ$ already4 ,a /ory  
%\ld describe p]sons 9 action & repose4 
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,spee*      ,pot5cy (    
,dialogue--,me*anical                   
,di/ribution--,naturalness--            
,directness--,dialect--,situation--,?ree
 ,res\rces to ,meet     ,dem&s (        
,situation--,physical                   
,effect--,ellipsis--,elem5ts     (      
,language--,/yle--,v]bs (               
,utt]ance--,transcription (     ,spee* =
 x ,own ,sake--,creative ,process4   ,:5
 ! writ] ( a /ory is n us+ n>rative or  

description1 he w be transcrib+ ! spee* 
( 8 *>act]s4 ,& 9 ! matt] ( transcrib+  
spee* ! writ] ( fiction has a *ance     
comp>able ) t ( ! dramati/ & !          
practition] 9 ! graphic arts4 ,! effect 
( n>rative or description ^u a read] is 
second>y & d]ivative2 ! effect ^u him ( 
writt5 spee* or dialogue is v ne>ly     
prim>y4 ,! fiction writ] has n ! actor's
 /udi$ tones to give dialogue complete  
life & body1 b ! appeal ( writt5 spee*  
is inf9itely m direct & compell+ ?an t (
 any o!r sort ( writ+4 ,a ^w is a ^w1   
:e!r spok5 or writt51 & _c be read )\t  
sett+ up "s e*o 9 ! e>4 ,:5 ! writ] ( a 
/ory describes its h]o1 a read] may or  
may n see an image1 fa9t or di/9ct1     
beh9d ! words4 ,b :5 ! writ] sets d[n 8 
h]o's words1 a read] _c *oose b he>4    
,ev5 if ! words be unnatural & /ilt$1 !y
 w be he>d4 ,t is :y badly manag$       
dialogue is s pot5t to ru9 a /ory4 ,!   
spee* ( ! *>act]s 9 a /ory is /rongly   
impressive1 :e!r = good or ill4 ,! m    
p[]ful a tool1 ! m damage x w d if      

mismanag$4  ,?us ! ess5tial =ce (       
dialogue or writt5 spee* may be a h&icap
 or an assi/ance4 ,if a "*'s words j> ^u
 a read]1 !y w d s /rongly1 if !y are   
natural & 9 keep+ ) ! :ole conception ( 
! p]son1 !y w d mu* to give him ! brea? 
( life4 ,x foll[s t ! writ] ( fiction   
%\ld give due att5tion to !             
transcription ( spee*1 ! m s because    
sup]ficially ! task is easy4  ,p]haps ! 
fir/ consid]ation is ! m]e me*anical    
di/ribution ( dialogue4 ,9 real life    
only ! aft]-d9n] speak] talks at        
inord9ate l5g?4 ,conv]sation1 except t (
 ! bore1 is ess5tially fragm5t>y4 ,n    
only is ea* p]son's "p fragm5t>y1 b !   
:ole conv]sation is usually some:at     
brief4 ,p caught 9 a m or less rapid    
sequ5ce ( ev5ts h no "t to talk at l5g?1
 & a /ory is a m or less rapid sequ5ce (
 ev5ts4 ,! writ] mu/ c\nt]feit a l phase
 ( life ) 8 /ory1 & to d s he mu/ m+le !
 me*anical elem5ts ( ! /ory 9 a texture 
pleas+ because v>i$4 ,! me*anical       
elem5ts ( a /ory are its n>rative1 its  

description1 & its dialogue or spee* ( !
 *>act]s2 ^! mu/ bl5d & int]m+le1 v>y+ !
 appeal to a read] & simulat+ ! patt]n (
 life4 ,an unfail+ sign ( ! amateur1 at 
lea/ ( ! amateur ) no innate s5se (     
fictional values1 is a /ory made up (   
h>d & angul> blocks ( n>ration1         
description1 & dialogue4 ,! skill$      
writ]--if ! p>ticul> /ory p]mits1 a     
proviso always to be und]/ood--w        
int]m+le spee* ) action & description ) 
bo?4 ,dialogue %\ld no m be writt5 pages
 at a "t ?an %\ld description1 & if a   
great deal ( spee* mu/ be transcrib$ en 
bloc1 x %\ld be brok5 up to "s ext5t by 
descriptive t\*es & ev5 by n>ration m   
detail$ ?an t "p ( ! /ory naturally     
calls =4  ,! next consid]ation is to    
make ! p ( a /ory talk naturally4 ,!    
necessity has affiliations ) ! necessity
 t ! spee* ( any p]son be made          
*>act]i/ic1 = dialogue is an effici5t   
aid 9 ! portrayal ( "*4 ,! writ] mu/    
make ea* p]son talk l a human be+1 ev5  
if n l "s p>ticul> human be+4 ,good1    

n]v\s dialogue w be full ( elisions1 m]e
 exclamations1 unf9i%$ s5t5ces1 gaps t a
 read] w bridge readily = himself4 ,he w
 be skill$ 9 ! bus9ess1 = t is ! k9d (  
talk address$ to him e day4 ,9 m s$ate &
 leisurely ages1 if we may judge f !    
tales !n writt51 p c\ld frame a s5t5ce  
on ! lips1 b x is a lo/ art n[4 ,to be  
lit]>y 9 transcrib+ spee* is to invoke  
almo/ c]ta9 failure4 ,lit]>y dialogue   
usually is ru9\s4 ,a read]'s int]e/ may 
survive /ilt$ & affect$ n>rative or     
descriptive writ+1 = mo/ read]s h read s
 mu* ( su* writ+ t x is almo/ expect$1 b
 /ilt$ & affect$ dialogue w kill int]e/ 
once & = all4 ,9 n>rative !re is some?+ 
beh9d ! ^w = ! read]1 ev5 9 description 
!re is a fa9t some?+1 b 9 dialogue !re  
is no?+ at all4 ,! ^w is ! ^w2 if x     
fails1 ! failure is total4  ,yet x w n d
 to be q lit]al 9 transcrib+ spee*4 ,if 
! spee* ( real life is brok5 &          
fragm5t>y1 x is also impossibly wordy & 
purposeless4 ,! lawy] :o has sp5t we>y  
h\rs 9 read+ transcripts ( te/imony kn[s

 ! fact to 8 co/4 ,! writ] ( fiction has
 n space to set d[n ) m9ute accuracy j  
:at 8 p probably w\ld h said dur+ !     
progress ( ! /ory2 he mu/ c\nt]feit !   
auditory impression ( real spee* by     
elid+ & leav+ s5t5ces unf9i%$2 b ?is    
me*anically brok5 & abrupt spee* mu/ h !
 purpose & direction :i* is want+ 9 real
 spee*4 ,! *>act]s mu/ n only talk      
naturally2 !y mu/ say c]ta9 def9ite ?+s 
& convey def9ite & necess>y in=mation1  
directly or by implication4 ,!re is     
little ne$ to emphasize "h ! necessity t
 ! writ] h "s fictional purpose 9 mak+ a
 "* say some?+1 except to w>n aga9/     
transcrib+ spee* solely = ! sake ( its  
suppositi\s intr9sic wit or vivacity1 = 
ea* /ory w ass]t its own claims ov] !   
talk ( ! *>act]s4  ,! "q ( dialect has  
be5 debat$ (t5 & at l5g?1 bo? = & aga9/4
 ,!re are _m f9e /ories 9 dialect 9 :ole
 or 9 "p1 b _! m]it does n result f !   
employm5t ( dialect1 ?\gh ! dialect may 
be a necess>y "p ( "s ( !m4 ,9 ! l>g]   
s5se1 ! "q is m]ely "o ( naturalness4 ,!

 pronunciation ( no man is 9 exact      
accord ) ! ideal /&>d ( ! diction>y2 all
 h mann]isms ( spee* & acc5t4 ,9 "s     
sections su* mann]isms are s common &   
m>k$ z to =m a dialect1 almo/ a patois1 
&1 if a /ory involves a "* f su* a      
di/rict1 fidelity to fact requires !    
writ] to write dialect :5 ! p]son is    
speak+4 ,dialect 9 a /ory mu/ be        
intelligible to "o unfamili> ) x1 :i*   
requires ! writ] to iron out its greate/
 div]g5ces f ! normal 9 an endeavor to  
reta9 its piquancy :ile avoid+ its      
obscurity4 ,! "q is n "o ( te*nique1 b  
"o ( mat]ial4 ,! only insi/5ce (        
te*nique z to dialect is t x mu/ be     
intelligible4  ,unque/ionably !re is    
prejudice aga9/ ! /ory told :olly 9     
/rongly m>k$ dialect by a n>rat+ "*1 bo?
 on ! "p ( editors & read]s4 ,! type _h 
a vogue "s ye>s ago1 b its comm]cial &  
arti/ic defect is t x t5ds to be        
un9telligible4  ,dialect is a useful aid
 9 *>act]ization1 z is any slight]      
mann]ism ( spee*4 ,! matt] w be tak5 up 

9 discuss+ ! portrayal ( "*4 ,"h ,i am  
conc]n$ only ) ! m g5]al aspects ( !    
managem5t ( dialogue4  ,z /at$1 ! fir/  
necessity 9 writ+ dialogue is to place !
 ^w :]e x w\ld be spok5 9 life1 dur+ !  
action1 n 9 isolat$ masses ( spee*4 ,!  
second necessity is to write naturally1 
& yet to inve/ ! ha/y & elid$ spee* ( ! 
*>act]s ) purpose 9 ! fiction4 ,dialogue
 mu/ be n only natural & easy2 x also   
mu/ be significant1 significant 9       
relation to life--:i* is ! matt] (      
naturalness re-/at$--significant 9      
relation to ! *>act]s1 & significant 9  
relation to ! /ory4 ,t is to say1 !     
ju/ly writt5 bit ( dialogue w be        
natural1 w illu/rate "*1 & w in=m a     
read]1 directly or by implication1 (    
some?+ he mu/ "k if he is to cat* ! full
 savor ( ! /ory4 ,^! are ! mo/ g5]al    
conditions to be borne 9 m9d 9 writ+    
dialogue4 ,x rema9s to discuss !        
necessity t a writ] consid] ! matt] (   
situation :ile transcrib+ spee*4 ,!     
necessity requires discussion4 ,n only  

is x /r+5t1 b x is politely ignor$ by   
too _m books on te*nique4  ,! ab/ract   
/atem5t is t ! same p]son w talk        
diff]5tly accord+ to 8 situation at !   
mom5t4 ,jones is ,jones1 ( c\rse1 b !   
,jones :o discusses prep>$ness ) ,smi?  
is a diff]5t ,jones f him :o telephones 
to summon ! doctor = 8 dy+ *ild1 & 8    
spee* 9 ea* case w n be ! same4 ,my lady
 w n b]ate h] maid = a fault z %e w     
reprove h] lov]1 & ! head bookkeep]     
talk+ to a subord9ate & to ! boss w\ld  
impress a li/5] z two diff]5t p]sons4 ,!
 man & 8 spee* are influ5c$ by ! ev5t4  
,! writ] ( fiction1 be+ "u con/ant      
necessity to c\nt]feit life1 mu/ keep ! 
spee* ( 8 *>act]s 9 accord ) ! situation
 z well z ) ! g5]al loos5ess ( actual   
talk4  ,x may be said t ?is necessity to
 write dialogue ) an eye to ! situation 
( ! p]sons is m]ely a m n>r[ phase ( !  
g5]al necessity to be natural4 ,t is    
true4 ,! writ] w nev] g a/ray :o lives 8
 /ory 9 imag9ation & sets d[n ! spee* ( 
! *>act]s z x w\ld h be5 phras$ 9       

actuality4 ,! only tr\ble is to det]m9e 
j h[ ! p]sons w\ld h spok51 & x is a    
tr\ble because x requires m ?an a vivid 
imag9ation4 ,imag9ation w embody ! c\rse
 ( ev5ts = a writ]1 w t\* 9 ! sett+ )   
gl[+ color1 b imag9ation alone w n      
supply ! words spok54 ,to f9d !m1 !     
writ] mu/ employ 8 intellectual         
faculties z well z 8 imag9ative p[]s1 & 
precisely = ! same reason t ! *>act]s   
mu/ employ _! intellectual faculties 9  
speak+4 ,"o :o writes a /ory lives      
vic>i\sly1 lives ano!r's life = ! "t    
be+1 & :]e t o!r w\ld be =c$ to ?9k1 z 9
 speak+1 ! writ] mu/ ?9k likewise4 ,:]e 
! o!r w\ld be =c$ only to obs]ve1 z 9   
witness+ ev5ts or obs]v+ sett+1 ! writ] 
c rely solely on 8 imag9ative p[]s4     
,!re w be little difficulty 9 meet+ !   
dem&s ( ! situation t is casual &       
commonplace4 ,spee* t is m]ely easy &   
natural is adequate4 ,if ! incid5t is n 
p>ticul>ly significant 9 a dramatic or  
emotional s5se1 ! way t ! "* w\ld talk 9
 su* circum/ances is n h>d to f9d4 ,!   

/ory requires t a ,s\!rn g5tleman ( !   
old s*ool welcome a /rang] to 8 h\se1   
let u say2 x w n be h>d to f9d ! ho/'s  
words on t occasion4 ,b suppose he mu/  
discov] a few pages f>!r on t ! /rang]  
is 8 daught]'s s$uc]4 ,:at w he say8 ,! 
writ] mu/ f9d = him words t w *ime ) !  
t5sity & dramatic value ( ! situation4  
,to meet ! necessity ! writ] has ?ree   
res\rces4  ,! fir/ lies ap>t f ! matt] (
 spee*4 ,by j portrayal ( ! physical    
effect ( su* a discov]y ^u a "* ! writ] 
w accompli% mu*4 ,to put x flippantly1 !
 "* w be made to talk naturally by mak+ 
him spee*less4 ,to put x ju/ly1 9 su* a 
height5$ mom5t 9 a /ory n>ration %\ld be
 v detail$1 & ! writ] %\ld %[ ! physical
 effect ( any discov]y ^u a "* be=e     
transcrib+ ! words born ( ! mom5t4  ,!  
second res\rce ( ! writ] to meet !      
necessity t a "*'s words fit ! emotional
 & dramatic qualities ( a situation is  
l>gely me*anical4 ,ev5 casual spee* is  
elliptical & exclamatory2 spee* born (  
excitem5t or agony ( s\l is /rongly s4  

,! m brok5 & fragm5t>y ! "*'s spee*1 !  
great] ! sugge/ion ( emotional /ress &  
upheaval4  ,! ?ird res\rce ( ! writ] is 
a matt] ( diction4 ,engli% is a language
 comp\nd$ ( ,anglo-,saxon & ,lat9 &     
,greek elem5ts4 ,! prim>y basis ( !     
tongue is ,anglo-,saxon2 t is :y x is   
,engli%1 & n a ,romance language4 ,we   
le>n ! simpl]1 less ab/ract "p ( our    
vocabul>y1 ! "p t /&s = fundam5tals1 9  
*ildhood2 ! re/ is acquir$ lat]4 ,n only
 is ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w ! ^w we "k be/2 x
 is also ! ^w :i* w express our deepe/  
loves & dreads & hates4 ,! ,lat9 elem5t 
( ! language gives x its flexibility &  
its capacity to express ideas1 b its    
capacity to express emotion resides 9   
its ,anglo-,saxon elem5t4 ,love1 hate1  
bir?1 dea?1 ,god1 devil1 fa!r1 "m1 si/]1
 bro!r1 s91 lu/1 gre$1 fil?1 hope1 c>e1 
weep1 laugh1 smile--all are /rictly     
,engli% words ( ,teutonic orig91 & all  
are mu* m =ceful & sugge/ive or         
connotative ?an any ,anglicis$ ,lat9    
equival5ts4 ,! writ] ( fiction %\ld     

realize ! fact1 & %\ld make 8 p use     
/rictly ,engli% words :5 caught 9 a     
pregnant situation4 ,a lawy]1 9 discuss+
 a case1 prop]ly may be made to employ !
 ^w deceas$1 = in/ance1 b :5 in=m$ t 8  
wife has di$ sudd5ly1 ,dead8 he %\ld be 
made to say1 ,dead8 ,t is v obvi\s1 (   
c\rse1 b x w s]ve = an illu/ration4,l   
,! "q ( "* intrudes "h4 ,all spee* %\ld 
be *>act]i/ic ( ! p]son utt]+ x1 b !    
necessity t ! ^w %\ld fit ! mom5t is m  
/r+5t ?an ! necessity t ! ^w %\ld fit ! 
p]son1 provid$ t ! mom5t is s t5se t its
 =ce might be expect$ to /rip any husk (
 mann]isms f ! p]sons involv$4 ,inde$1 !
 m /rik+ly individual ! casual spee* ( a
 "*1 ! great] w be ! effect ( mak+ him  
utt] 9 a crisis ! brok5 & disjo9t$      
,engli% words t come to ! lips ( all ( u
 :5 our loves or our pocketbooks are    
?reat5$4  ,aft] /at+ ! necessity to make
 dialogue accord ) situation1 & aft]    
po9t+ out ! ?ree res\rces ( ! writ] to  
?is end1 a ^w ( caution may n be out (  
place4 ,9 all human probability ! writ] 

w h = ! significant situations ( 8 /ory 
a mu* ke5] feel+ & appreciation ?an any 
read]4 ,!re is "s dang] t ! writ]'s     
feel+ = 8 own situations w lead him to  
make 8 p talk a ?\ght too brok5ly =     
acceptance by a read] )\t ! same ke5    
appreciation ( all ! emotional &        
dramatic values ( ! situations ( ! /ory4
 ,! dang] _c be ov]come by ton+ d[n !   
dialogue2 ! writ] mu/ =ce a read] to    
feel ! p[] ( all ! situations ( ! /ory4 
,9 o!r words1 dialogue 9 t5se situations
 mu/ meet ! fact ( situation1 & ea*     
situation itself mu/ be built up = a    
read] by prop] developm5t & adequate    
writ+ ( ! :ole /ory4 ,! art ( fiction is
 a :ole1 z a /ory is a :ole1 & p]fect   
h&l+ ( "o elem5t alone ( 8 /ory1 z !    
dialogue1 w avail ! writ] no?+4  ,9     
transcrib+ spee*1 ! less ! writ] ?9ks   
ab\t ! /yle or mann] 9 :i* he has *os5  
to tell ! /ory ! bett]4 ,! fir/         
consid]ation is to be natural1 t is1 to 
write z "s real p]son w\ld talk1 &1 if  
possible1 to write z "s p>ticul> p]son  

w\ld talk4 ,b ! g5]al tone ( ! /ory mu/ 
be consid]$4 ,! necessity is less /r+5t 
or nonexi/5t 9 writ+ ! novel1 ) its     
p]missible v>iety ( texture1 ?an 9 writ+
 ! %ort /ory ( unity ( effect4 ,if ! p (
 a /ory are sup]-normal1 _! lips mu/ n  
drop banalities4 ,t is a matt] ( "*4 ,b 
if ! s+le effect s\ght to be produc$ by 
a /ory is ( horror1 = in/ance1 its p _c 
be p]mitt$ to make rem>ks t w h9d] !    
atta9m5t ( ! effect1 :i* is a matt] (   
pres]v+ ! g5]al tone ( ! /ory4 ,! spee* 
( ! *>act]s mu/ be 9 keep+ ) !m1 9 keep+
 ) ! significant situations1 & 9 keep+ )
 ! /ory z a :ole4  ,!re is "o po9t ab\t 
! managem5t ( dialogue :i* %\ld be !    
less neglect$ because x is purely       
me*anical & v easy4 ,a page ( dialogue  
%\ld n pres5t to a read] a monoton\s    
succession ( he saids & %e saids1 simply
 because ! read] w feel ! repetition &  
"s ( ! illusion ( ! /ory be lo/4 ,! v]bs
 *>act]iz+ utt]ance are inf9ite 9 numb]2
 moreov]1 x is frequ5tly possible to set
 d[n no?+ b ! words ( ! speak+ "*4 ,?us 

,h5ry ,sydnor ,h>rison1 9 ,v4 ,v4's     
,eyes43  ',did %e hurt h]self8' said    
,c>lisle1 ?ird-p]sonally1 to ! eld]     
girl1 :o _h susp5d$ h] game to />e      
wide-ey$4 ',:at on e>? is ! matt]8'  ,! 
reply 0 tragically simple3  ',a lady    
/epp$ on h] ,junebug4'  ,sure en\gh1    
full on ! ve/ibule floor lay ! murd]$   
slum-bug1 :o _h too h>dily v5tur$ to    
cross a weal?y b5evol5t's pa?4 ,! /r+ 0 
yet ti$ to ! n[ futile h9d-leg4         
,c>lisle1 l+]+1 repress$ h] desire to   
laugh4  ',oh6444 ,well1 don't y ?9k y   
c\ld cat* h] a new "o1 p]haps8'  ',bopp]
 he m\t ket* h] a new "o mebbe tomorr[1 
mom 444 ,hie%1 ,rebecca6'  ,mov$ by "s  
impulse 9 h] own b\yant mood1 ,c>lisle  
t\*$ ! little/ girl on ! %\ld] ) a      
well-glov$ f+]4  ',"h--,rebecca1 poor   
*ild6444 ,y c buy y\rself some?+ bett]  
?an ,junebugs4'  ,! proprietor ( !      
deceas$ bug1 hav+ rais$ h] damp d>k     
face1 ceas$ cry+ in/antly4 ,ov] ! a/\nd+
 w9dfall ! *ubby f+]s clos$ ) a ge/ure  
sugge/+ g5]ations ( acquisitiv5ess4     

',is x h]s to keep8' spoke h] ag$ si/]1 
9 a sc>$ voice4 ',t !re's a doll>1 mum4'
  ',h]s to keep 444' repli$ ! goddess1  
smil+4  ,dialogue s manag$ is inf9itely 
m natural & fitt+ ?an ! he-said1 %e-said
 sort4 ,( c\rse1 ! m *>act]i/ic ! spee* 
( ! *>act]s1 ! less ! ne$ = v]bs (      
utt]ance4 ,! prim>y (fice ( su* v]bs is 
to indicate ! p]son :o is speak+1 &1 if 
! words spok5 d t1 ! v]b may be omitt$4 
,! second>y (fice ( v]bs ( utt]ance is  
to *>act]ize ! mann] ( spee*1 & "h x is 
well n to be too extreme4 ,a "* may sn>l
 or bell[ or invite or plead1 = in/ance1
 b if he is made to flame 9 words !re w 
be a sugge/ion ( /ra9 & artificiality = 
a read]4 ,intelligibility & suitable--n 
unsuitable--v>iety %\ld be ! writ]'s    
aims 9 manag+ dialogue4  ,! total am\nt 
( dialogue any /ory w conta9 dep5ds on  
its nature & "*4 ,possibly x is true t !
 m /rictly dramatic a /ory1 ! great] w  
be ! proportion ( dialogue to ! re/ ( ! 
text4 ,at any rate1 a writ] %\ld nev]   
transcribe spee* at any l5g? simply =   

its own sake 9 an endeavor to trick a   
read] into ?9k+ t ! /ory is liveli] ?an 
x is4 ,dialogue is attractive to a      
read]1 b x is attractive 9 a /ory only  
:5 x is an ess5tial elem5t ( ! /ory4 ,! 
writ] %\ld n dep5d on ! intr9sic wit &  
vivacity ( 8 *>act]s' spee*4 ,ev5 if x  
is int]e/+ 9 itself1 ap>t f ! /ory1 !   
fact w n help ! /ory z su*1 = a read]'s 
att5tion w be di/ract$ f its movem5t4   
,mr4 ,dooley's talk is beautiful1 read  
ap>t & by itself2 ?ru/ into a %ort /ory1
 x w\ld hurt ! tale4  ,f9ally1 a ^w z to
 ! actual creative process ( writ+      
dialogue4 ,! way to n>rate is to live & 
see ! /ory's happ5+s 9 imag9ation2 ! way
 to describe is to feel ! totality ( !  
/ory's environm5t or sett+ 9 imag9ation 
z "s "* or *>act]s mu/ h felt x2 & ! way
 to write dialogue is to be ea* speak+  
"* 9 turn = a space1 & to write z !     
p>ticul> p]son w\ld h spok54 ,z /at$    
above1 ! writ] w h to ?9k z well z to   
imag9e4 ,he w h to compreh5d ! ess5tial 
nature ( ea* speak+ "*1 8 p]sonality1   

education1 & habits ( life & m9d1 9 ord]
 to discov] ! words t w\ld be call$ =? f
 su* a p]son by ea* new ev5t4 ,! task is
 n easy4 ,b ! writ] %\ld br+ 8 full p[]s
 to be> ^u x1 = ! dialogue ( a /ory is  
trem5d\sly effective1 :e!r = good or    
ill4   ,,footnotes3  ,l ,! writ] %\ld n 
h an eye to ! orig9 ( 8 words only :ile 
writ+ dialogue4 ,9 n>rat+ ! homely &    
commonplace ev5t1 & 9 describ+ ev]yday  
sc5es1 :]e ! value lies 9 ev]yday       
associations1 ! sugge/ive ,engli% ^w    
%\ld be us$4 ,! matt] has be5 t\*$ ^u1  
?\gh n 9 ^! t]ms4 ,! :ole endeavor 9    
fiction writ+ g5]ally %\ld be to make ! 
^w *ime ) ! sub/ance4     ,,*apt] ,x    
,,portrayal ,,( ,,"*      ,! ,?ree      
,modes (                                
,*>act]ization--,dialogue--,action--    
,description or ,direct ,/atem5t--,aims 
( ,*>act]ization--     ,to ,%[ !        
,nature--,to ,%[ ! ,man z a ,physical   
,be+--     ,"* & ,plot--,*>act]ization  
by ,spee*--     ,*>act]ization by       
,/atem5t--,*>act]ization by ,action4    

,*>act]ization is an unlovely t]m1 b x  
/&s = mu*4 ,9 fact1 x /&s = s mu* t x is
 ! h>de/ po9t ( te*nique to discuss     
adequately4 ,9 ! fiction writ]'s        
vocabul>y1 x /&s = ?+s z div]se z !     
necessity t ! :ole action ( a /ory be   
significant 9 relation to "*1 & !       
necessity t ! p]sons ( ! fiction seem   
real & individual1 ap>t f any unique    
quality ( _! actions4 ,:e!r ! action ( a
 /ory is significant 9 relation to "*   
dep5ds ^u :e!r ! writ] has discov]$ a   
real plot & develop$ x prop]ly2 :e!r !  
p]sons ( a /ory seem tangible & unique  
ap>t f _! actions dep5ds ^u ! writ]'s   
skill 9 describ+ !m & transcrib+ _!     
spee*4 ,t is to say1 *>act]ization is a 
matt] accompli%$ by n>ration1 by        
description1 & by ! transcription (     
spee*4 ,a read] ( a /ory has a clue to !
 natures ( its p 9 _! actions1 9 _!     
words1 & 9 :at ! writ] has to say ab\t  
!m4  ,x may be well to enl>ge some:at on
 ! respective functions ( ! ?ree modes (
 *>act]ization4 ,dialogue1 action1 &    

description or direct /atem5t by ! au?or
 all s]ve to give ! "* conc]n$          
individuality 9 ! eyes ( a read]1 b all 
d n function 9 precisely ! same mann] or
 to precisely ! same end4 ,a few        
illu/rations w make ?is cle>]4  ,suppose
 a /ory involv+ a "* ^: mo/ sali5t trait
 is cruelty4 ,! au?or may demon/rate ?is
 quality 9 ! p]son by /at+ directly t he
 is cruel1 by %[+ him 9 wantonly        
he>tless actions1 & by plac+ on 8 lips  
words :i* only a cruel man w\ld utt]4 ,s
 f>1 s good4 ,ea* sort ( demon/ration w 
add some?+ to a read]'s realization ( ! 
"*4 ,b m is necess>y4 ,cruelty is n a   
p>ticul>ly unique trait2 moreov]1 if a  
trait is unique1 m]ely inve/+ a "* ) x w
 n s]ve to give him ! solidity &        
livel9ess ( a real p]son4 ,:e!r cruelty 
or any o!r trait is br\ght out1 if x    
alone is br\ght out1 ! p]son w be a     
disembodi$ moral attribute r ?an a man  
or woman4 ,to secure a maximum effect ^u
 a read]1 ! writ] mu/ manage to %[ "s   
p>ticul> cruel p]son r ?an a cruel      

p]son4 ,& he mu/ resort to ! same means 
employ$ to %[ ! /rict "*-trait1         
description or direct /atem5t1 dialogue1
 & action4 ,b ! writ]'s aim w be        
diff]5t4 ,he w be conc]n$ ) ! p]son's   
appe>ance & effect ^u an obs]v] or li/5]
 r ?an ) 8 nature4 ,z ,/ev5son did =    
,villon 9 ,a ,lodg+ = ! ,night1 ! writ] 
( a /ory involv+ a cruel p]son may call 
him a rag ( a man1 d>k1 little1 & lean1 
) holl[ *eeks & ?9 black locks1 or may  
employ any o!r comb9ation ( words t w   
give a def9ite picture ( ! man1 view$   
m]ely z a physical object1 :e!r he be ?9
 or fat1 ruddy or pale1 tall or %ort4   
,&1 9 sett+ d[n a cruel p]son's spee*es1
 ! writ] n only may make !m cruel 9     
cont5t1 b also may make !m unique &     
individual by "s mann]ism ( spee*4  ,:at
 ,i am try+ to %[ is ! fact t           
*>act]ization1 z ! t]m is commonly      
employ$1 includes description z well z !
 /rict portrayal ( "*4 ,i h tak5 up !   
matt] ( ! description ( p]sons "u t     
head1 & ,i %all take up1 9 ?is *apt]1 ! 

matt] ( spee* z bo? illu/rat+ "* &      
individualiz+ ! p]son4 ,! :ole          
difficulty ( discuss+ te*nique lies 9 ! 
necessity to treat 9 isolation matt]s   
:i* are influ5tial 9 num]\s directions 9
 a /ory4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ?is book ,i am 
foll[+ ! conv5tional mode ( discuss+    
sep>ately ! matt]s ( description (      
p]sons1 dialogue1 & ! portrayal ( "*1 b 
only aft] mu* pond]+ :e!r su* treatm5t  
is advisable4 ,! advantage is cle>ness2 
! disadvantage is loss ( relation betwe5
 matt]s mutually influ5tial4 ,= in/ance1
 writ+ dialogue is descriptive writ+ 9 a
 v real s5se4 ,a read] ( a /ory /&s 9 ! 
position ( an obs]v] ( c]ta9 p]sons4 ,_!
 mann]isms ( spee*1 :i* come to him     
?r\gh ! e>1 s]ve to build up 8 total    
impression ( !m z mu* z _! physical     
appe>ance1 :i* comes to him ?r\gh ! eye4
  ,! process ( *>act]ization1 !n1 h[ev] 
accompli%$1 is ! result ( two v diff]5t 
aims on ! "p ( ! writ] ( a /ory4 ,! fir/
 aim is to %[ ! ess5tial natures ( ! p (
 ! fiction1 & may be atta9$ by          

illu/ration 9 action1 by direct /atem5t1
 & by transcrib+ _! spee*4 ,! second aim
 is to make !m appe> real m5 & wom51    
ap>t f _! natures1 & may be atta9$ by   
description--:i* is direct /atem5t--by  
transcrib+ _! spee*1 & ev5 by action4 ,9
 all ?ree matt]s ( n>ration1            
description1 & dialogue ! d\ble process 
may g on4 ,n>rat+ a "*'s victori\s fight
 ) a bigg] man w leave on a read] a tw9 
impression ( ! p]son's /r5g?--a physical
 attribute--& c\rage--an attribute m    
/rictly ( "*4 ,:5 ,/ev5son1 describ+    
,villon1 /ates t ! wolf & pig /ruggl$ 9 
8 face1 a read] is made to see ! cruel  
s5suality ( ! man's face z a physical   
object1 & to feel ! cruel s5suality ( 8 
nature z a spiritual fact4 ,if an       
av>ici\s "* is made to make a mis]ly    
spee*1 a read] w h a clue to 8 nature2  
if he is made to make x ) a lisp or     
/utt]1 !re w be a descriptive t\* z     
well4 ,*>act]ization may be accompli%$  
by n>ration1 by description1 & by       
dialogue1 & *>act]ization1 z ! t]m is   

commonly us$1 includes ! description (  
p]sons z physical objects z well z !    
/rict portrayal ( "*4  ,! writ] (       
fiction :o seeks to acquire ! te*nique (
 *>act]ization %\ld note two facts4 ,!  
sort ( *>act]ization :i* consi/s 9      
display+ ! ess5tial spiritual natures ( 
! p ( a /ory is l>gely a matt] ( plot1 (
 ! sequ5ce & "* ( ea* p]son's actions4  
,if ! writ] /ates t ,john is mis]ly1 &  
puts mis]ly words on 8 lips1 ! read] w  
nev] believe 9 ,john's av>ice if he does
 a g5]\s ?+ 9 ! /ory4 ,actions speak    
l\d] ?an words4 ,a read] w believe 9    
,john's av>ice f ! writ]'s m]e /atem5t &
 ,john's words1 if ,john's actions are n
 significant adv]sely to ! trait4 ,9 o!r
 words1 p]sonality & ev5t mu/ h true    
relation1 on acc\nt ( ! inh]5t nature ( 
a plot1 a matt] previ\sly discuss$4 ,!  
second fact = ! writ] ( fiction to note 
is t ! sort ( *>act]ization :i* consi/s 
9 giv+ ! p ( a /ory ! vivacity &        
concret5ess ( real m5 & wom5 is         
sup]ficial b extremely important4 ,a    

/ory is conc]n$ ) ! spiritual natures ( 
its p2 x %[s _! gr[? or decay2 ! process
 is ! /ory itself1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case (
 ! /ory ( "*4 ,b a /ory does n deal )   
disembodi$ moral attributes4 ,x deals ) 
m5 & wom51 &1 if x is to be effective1 a
 read] mu/ receive "s def9ite physical  
impression ( ea* p]son z well z a k ( 8 
nature4 ,9 ! :ole philosophy ( fiction  
writ+1 *>act]ization1 z commonly        
und]/ood1 functions ?us3 ! natures ( !  
sev]al major *>act]s are prim>y elem5ts 
( ! fiction1 z are ! ev5ts2 ! impression
 an obs]v] & li/5] w\ld receive f ea*   
p]son mu/ be built up = a read] t !     
fiction may h ! concret5ess & reality ( 
life = him4  ,spee*1 direct /atem5t1 &  
action1 ! sev]al means :]eby            
*>act]ization 9 its two aspects may be  
accompli%$1 n[ may be discuss$4         
,,*>act]ization ,,by ,,spee*  ,z        
indicat$1 *>act]ization is a d\ble      
process4 ,! writ] endeavors to reveal ! 
natures ( 8 p & to individualize !m 9 a 
m sup]ficial b equally important s5se4  

,_! spee* may be made to reveal _!      
spiritual natures1 & x may be made to   
individualize !m4  ,! process ( mak+    
spee* reveal "* /rictly is n difficult 9
 itself1 ?\gh x may be difficult to d s 
unobtrusively4 ,a s5tim5tal man w reveal
 8 s5tim5tality :5 he says s5tim5tal    
?+s1 j z a hypocrite w reveal 8         
hypocrisy 9 hypocritical words4 ,cruel  
words w reveal cruelty 9 ! p]son :o     
utt]s !m1 & g5]\s words w indicate t _! 
speak] is g5]\s4 ,s f> z possible1 !    
spee* ( any "* %\ld h relation to t     
phase ( 8 "* :i* is significant 9 !     
/ory4 ,! cruel man may be av>ici\s also1
 b1 if 8 cruelty & n 8 av>ice is ! trait
 :i* has influ5ce ^u ! ev5ts ( ! /ory1 8
 words %\ld reveal 8 cruelty r ?an 8    
av>ice4 ,! cont5t ( 8 spee*es %\ld      
indicate 8 possession ( t trait ( 8 "*  
:i* is influ5tial z to ! ev5ts ( !      
/ory4,m  ,! difficulty w be to f9d a    
natural place = ^! indicative spee*es4  
,! prim>y necessity 9 fiction writ+ is  
to be un=c$ & natural1 & a "* _c be made

 to say words indicative ( 8 inn] nature
 unless he w\ld naturally utt] !m "u !  
influ5ce ( ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t4    
,"h1 aga91 ! way to write is to get into
 ! sk9 ( ! p]son involv$1 to live ! /ory
 vic>i\sly 9 8 p]son1 &1 :5 ev5ts w\ld  
naturally call f him words reveal+ 8    
p]t95t trait1 to transcribe !m4         
,prim>ily1 a /ory is a /ory1 & its writ]
 mu/ meet all its necessities )9 its    
limitations4  ,lack ( space =bids giv+  
examples ( ! revelation ( "* by spee*4  
,dick5s w prove a pr(itable /udy 9 ?is  
connection4 ,! words ( ,pecksniff1 =    
in/ance1 reveal z mu* ( ! s\l (         
,pecksniff z we ne$ to "k4 ,all good    
/ories1 9 great] or less] degree1       
display ! me?od 9 use4  ,! second use ( 
8 *>act]s' words to ! writ] ( fiction is
 to individualize !m4 ,x is n a matt] ( 
cont5t1 b "o ( mann]4 ,irrespective (   
:at ! p]son says1 ! way he says x1 if   
unique1 w s]ve to increase ! def9ition (
 a read]'s conception ( him4 ,if a "* is
 made to /utt]1 he w ga9 9 actuality &  

concret5ess = a read]4 ,! in/ance is    
co>se1 b w s]ve to indicate :at is      
meant4 ,dick5s is unrivall$ 9 8 capacity
 to employ ?is device1 al?\gh ! writ] ( 
a %ort /ory or relatively compact novel 
w meet difficulties 9 foll[+ ,dick5s'   
te*nique ( *>act]ization4 ,! demmit (   
,mantal9i1 ! dispog$ ( ,sairey ,gamp1 ! 
greas9ess ( ,*adb&'s words1 ! r\nd$     
p]iods ( ! immortal ,micawb] give a     
read] ! great] "p ( 8 idea ( ea* p]son4 
,?is sort ( *>act]ization may well be   
call$ description4 ,! aim is n to reveal
 ! p]son's inn] nature--?\gh ! cont5t ( 
a mann]$ spee* may d t1 ( c\rse--b to   
add to ! def9ition & reality ( any      
attempt$ picture ( ! p]son by call+ 9 ! 
s5se ( he>+4 ,unlike ! effect (         
descriptive words on a read]1 ! effect (
 writt5 spee* is ne>ly prim>y1 ?\gh x   
lacks some?+ ( ! fre%ness &             
impressiv5ess ( ! spok5 ^w4 ,writ+      
descriptive ( a "* & 8 mann]$ words     
function toge!r to individualize ! p]son
 = a read]4 ,! p ( a /ory mu/ be made to

 appe> to be real m5 & wom51 if !       
fiction is to h its necess>y            
v]isimilitude & consequ5t effect1 &     
mann]$ spee* w d mu* to inve/ ! speak]s 
) reality4  ,! process mu/ n be c>ri$   
beyond ! b\nds ( naturalness4 ,a        
mann]ism ( spee* may be too pron\nc$1 9 
t x t5ds to arre/ a read]'s att5tion &  
di/ract x f ! fl[ ( ! /ory4             
,unnecess>ily di/ort$ spell+1 = in/ance1
 employ$ 9 an attempt to be too /rictly 
phonetic1 w call att5tion to itself r   
?an individualize ! speak]1 t is1 x w   
de/roy ! illusion ( ! /ory4 ,yuh = y is 
an in/ance4 ,we all yuh m or less1 ,i   
?9k1 & = ! writ] ( a /ory to insi/ ?us  
p$antically on /rict phonetic accuracy  
t5ds to make ! :ole fiction labor$ &    
unnatural4 ,! :ole trick is to sugge/   
any p>ticul> di/ortion1 & yet to h !    
words z intelligible = a read] z if !   
spell+ 7 normal4  ,mispronunciation1 (  
c\rse1 is n ! only mann]ism ( spee* t   
may be avail$ (4 ,9 fact1 ! t5d5cy is to
 abuse x4 ,an op5 e> t[>d ! casual talk 

he he>s w give ! writ] _m useful h9ts1 &
 s w read+ ! "w ( o!rs4  ,! spee* (     
class & class v>ies1 z does ! spee* (   
man & man4 ,a lawy] 9 a /ory %\ld be    
di/+ui%able f a sailor by ! v cont5t ( 8
 vocabul>y4 ,s %\ld a doctor f an eng9e]
 or a brakeman1 or a musician f an      
arti/4 ,b x mu/ all be done naturally4  
,! writ] _c drag 9 by ! e>s te*nical    
t]ms ( any pr(ession solely t a read]   
may be in=m$ indirectly ( ! speak]'s    
pr(ession4 ,b a doctor or lawy]1 =      
in/ance1 w g5]ally be 9 a /ory because x
 requires ! pres5ce ( a lawy] or doctor1
 & !re=e ! /ory w (f] opportunity = him 
to reveal 8 place 9 society by 8 spee*4 
,incid5tally x may be not$ t ?is matt]  
emphasizes ! necessity t ! writ] (      
fiction be obs]vant 9 life & omnivor\s 9
 read+4 ,he %\ld "k ! mann] ( spee* (   
any consid]able class ( m54 ,x is true1 
( c\rse1 t no two lawy]s talk precisely 
alike1 b x is also true t x is possible 
to sugge/ a lawy] speak+ by a prop]     
*oice ( words1 & t is ! ?+ to d1        

naturally & unobtrusively4 ,if ! spee* (
 a "* is individualiz$ 9 "s mann]1 & if1
 9 addition1 a read] c ga!r 8 bus9ess or
 pr(ession f 8 words1 he w ga9 mu* 9    
reality & def9ition4  ,! cont5t ( ! talk
 ( ! *>act]s ( a /ory1 !n1 %\ld reveal  
_! inn] natures1 & _! idiosyncrasies (  
utt]ance & ^w-*oice %\ld be devis$ & set
 d[n to int5sify ! impression ( _!      
individuality initiat$ by ! writ]'s     
/rictly descriptive t\*es4              
,*>act]ization is a d\ble process1 &    
nei!r aspect ( x %\ld be neglect$1 :e!r 
! writ] is n>rat+1 describ+1 or         
transcrib+ spee*4   ,,*>act]ization ,,by
 ,,/atem5t  ,s f> z *>act]ization by    
direct /atem5t is a matt] (             
individualiz+ ! p]sons ( a /ory z m]e   
physical objects1 ap>t f _! inn]        
natures1 x has be5 discuss$ 9 /at+ !    
te*nique ( ! description ( p]sons4 ,x 0 
!re /at$ t ! writ]'s endeavor %\ld be to
 cat* & fix 9 words ! mo/ sali5t        
attribute ( ! "*4 ,& usually x w be !   
case t a p]son's mo/ /rik+ physical     

attribute w h relation to "s fact ( 8   
_s1 z 9 ,/ev5son's description ,villon's
 s5sual face h9ts ( 8 s5sual s\l4 ,!    
fact s]ves to make m obvi\s ! tru? t    
*>act]ization is a d\ble process (      
individualiz+ sup]ficially & ( reveal+ !
 p]son's nature1 & ,/ev5son's           
description ( ! m$ieval ,fr5* poet is an
 in/ance ( h[ ! writ] ( fiction may     
atta9 bo? ends 9 a s+le phrase1 & avoid 
! sugge/ion ( artificiality 9 directly  
/at+ t a "* is good or bad or brave or  
c[>dly1 z ! case may be4 ,in/ead ( /at+ 
t ,villon 0 s5sual & cruel1 ,/ev5son    
/ates t ! wolf & pig /ruggl$ 9 8 face4  
,a read] sees ! man's face & compreh5ds 
8 nature1 & compreh5ds ! spiritual fact 
! m ?or\ghly because rea*+ x inf]5tially
 f a m]e picture4 ,! po9t is wor? not+4 
,h[ev]1 ! writ] ( fiction frequ5tly mu/ 
/ate 8 *>act]s' moral attributes        
directly4 ,n all conceivable p]sons we> 
_! s\ls 9 _! faces2 if "s ruddy1 bluff  
old g5tleman is a villa9 at he>t1 !     
writ] c only say s1 unless he is will+  

to dep5d :olly on ! revelation ( _s     
work$ by ! "*'s de$s4 ,& sometimes su* a
 revelation comes too ne> ! end = ! o!r 
purposes ( ! /ory4 ,mu* ( ! int]e/ or   
susp5se ( a tale may dep5d ^u ! read]   
hav+ k ( ! natures ( ! p :o /ruggle ) "o
 ano!r s+ly or 9 gr\ps4 ,or direct      
/atem5t z to a "*'s nature may be       
necess>y to emphasize ! significance ( 8
 acts4 ,/ev5son's ,! ,ebb ,tide is an   
example4 ,! book is conc]n$ ) ! unavail+
 /ruggle ( a weak man to be o!r ?an     
weak1 & ! au?or prefaces ! c\rse ( ev5ts
 ) a ?umbnail biography ( ! weakl+ t    
inve/s ! progress ( ! /ory ) some?+ ( ! 
inevitability ( fate4 ,! me?od is a     
favorite "o ( ,/ev5son's1 & is employ$ 9
 mo/ ( 8 long] "w4 ,ea* brief sket* is  
direct$ to br+ out ! "*'s trait or      
traits ( significance 9 ! /ory1 & ! :ole
 fiction ga9s po9t !reby4 ,turg5ieff    
compos$ a biography ( ea* ( 8 *>act]s to
 deep5 & cl>ify 8 own realization ( !m1 
& incorporation 9 a /ory ( a swift &    
significant sket* ( a "*'s previ\s life 

likewise may s]ve to deep5 & cl>ify a   
read]'s realization ( ! p]son4  ,/at+   
directly t any p]son is good or bad or  
brave or av>ici\s may give a read] a key
 to 8 acts1 l5d+ !m po9t1 b direct      
/atem5t is ! mo/ infirm mode (          
*>act]ization4 ,any m]e /atem5t is less 
impressive & less compell+ ?an a        
demon/ration4 ,& direct /atem5t ( a "*'s
 nature mu/ be re9=c$ & prov$ by 8 words
 & de$s4 ,x is difficult en\gh at be/ to
 inve/ a fictiti\s p]son ) reality1 & ! 
writ] c af=d to neglect no device4  ,z 9
 fulfill+ all o!r necessities ( 8 /ory1 
9 *>act]iz+ by direct /atem5t ! writ]   
mu/ be easy & natural4 ,! requirem5t is 
some:at indef9ite1 z /at$1 b real4      
,/atem5t %\ld n be too bald2 a little   
subtlety w be pr(itable to employ4 ,to  
/ate t a "* is bad1 simply1 is too      
*ildlike1 unless ! /ory is told f !     
viewpo9t ( a *ild4 ,! matt] ( viewpo9t  
mu/ always be consid]$ 9 *>act]iz+ by   
direct /atem5t1 = obvi\s reasons4 ,if ! 
writ] takes ! position ( an imp]sonal   

obs]v]1 to :om ! s\ls ( all *>act]s are 
op51 he c write pretty mu* z he wills4  
,if he writes f ! viewpo9t ( a s+le "*1 
:e!r 9 ! fir/ or ?ird p]son1 he _c      
assume too inclusive k ( ! s\ls ( !     
o!rs4 ,! matt] has be5 discuss$         
else:]e4,n   ,,*>act]ization ,,by       
,,action  ,! value ( action z a means to
 give a read] realization ( ! physical  
appe>ance ( a "* is some:at slight4 ,to 
%[ ! p]son z p]=m+ a feat ( /r5g? w     
sugge/ t he is a p[]ful man1 b physical 
pr[ess is n a visually def9ite quality4 
,p[]ful m5 are n always ev5 l>ge m54    
,action is greatly useful to reveal !   
s\l1 b n v useful to reveal appe>ance4  
,h[ev]1 betwe5 n>rative & /rict         
descriptive writ+ a bord]l& exi/s4 ,a   
p]son may be describ$ z hav+ a sneak+   
look4 ,t is /rict description4 ,b !     
writ] also may relate h[ ! p]son slunk  
d[n an alley to avoid meet+ someone he  
d>$ n face4 ,! descriptive value ( ! ^w 
slunk z to ! p]son w be z great z !     
n>rative value ( ! ^w to ! ev5t4 ,x is  

m]ely ! matt] ( vivid & effective       
n>ration approa*$ f a new angle4        
,n>ration consi/s 9 /at+ :at happ5$ to  
c]ta9 p]sons & :at !y did1 & a          
descriptive quality1 bo? z to ! p]sons &
 ! ev5ts1 %\ld p]meate x4 ,visualization
 ( ! /ory 9 imag9ation w %[ ! way4  ,if 
action is ! lea/ effective way to h9t ( 
! *>act]s' appe>ance1 x is by f> ! mo/  
effective way to display _! natures4 ,! 
:ole purpose ( ! /ory ( "* is to display
 ! fact & demon/rate ! consequ5ces ( !  
possession ( c]ta9 traits by a gr\p (   
p]sons or ev5 by "o p]son4 ,& 9 any real
 /ory1 t is1 9 any fiction built ab\t a 
plot1 ! traits ( a "* & ! ev5ts w be    
mutually influ5tial4 ,ei!r ! *>act]s w  
be devis$ to develop ! ev5ts1 or ! ev5ts
 w be devis$ to develop ! *>act]s4 ,!   
moral quality ( an act is a sure index  
to ! moral quality ( ! p]son :o commits 
x4 ,a /ory mu/ reveal "* simply because 
x consi/s ( a s]ies ( ev5ts involv+ &   
produc$ by m5 & wom54 ,! writ]'s        
endeavor is n m]ely to n>rate ! ev5ts = 

_! own sake1 b also to realize j :at    
sort ( p mu/ inevitably h act$ s "u !   
giv5 conditions1 & to employ 8 subsidi>y
 means ( *>act]ization s z to br+ out no
 trait unnecess>y to ! ev5ts4  ,!re is  
"o exception to ! rule t ! writ] %\ld   
endeavor to br+ out only ! traits ( "*  
/rictly mat]ial to ! ev5ts4 ,( c\rse1 ! 
prim>y necessity 9 fiction writ+ is to  
develop ! :ole /ory naturally4 ,b a /ory
 is = its read]s4 ,to give "s /ories    
full effect ^u a read] x is necess>y to 
inve/ "o or m ( ! *>act]s ) a trait or  
traits n /rictly necess>y to !          
developm5t ( ! /ory4 ,usually ! aim w be
 to awak5 ! read]'s sympa?y t he may    
foll[ ! =tunes ( ! p]son or p]sons )    
great] int]e/ ?an ! b>e cont5t ( ! /ory 
w\ld evoke4 ,= in/ance1 if a /ory %[s a 
"* ^: unlovely traits lead him into     
difficulties1 inve/+ him also ) "s      
pleas+ attribute w deep5 a read]'s      
int]e/ 9 8 fate by ar\s+ active pity =  
him4 ,i h t\*$ ^u ?is matt] be=e & f    
ano!r angle 9 discuss+ ! necessity t !  

writ] select a mode ( n>ration :i* w    
p]mit him to express 8 sympa?y = a "* t 
he may evoke a read]'s4 ,/ev5son's      
treatm5t ( ,h]rick 9 ,! ,ebb-,tide 0    
in/anc$1 & "o :o has read ! book w      
recall t its au?or gave ,h]rick         
attributes ( m9d & s\l m pleas+ ?an     
ineffici5cy & weakness1 ?\gh weakness 0 
! s+le quality dem&$ 9 ,h]rick to r5d]  
inevitable ! c\rse ( ev5ts4,o  ,no      
specific te*nique ( *>act]ization by    
action c be /at$2 x is a matt] (        
conceiv+ & elaborat+ ! :ole /ory ju/ly4 
,! fact = ! writ] is t a p]son's acts   
reveal 8 inn] nature1 & ! necessity t ! 
writ] mu/ meet is to devise ev5ts &     
*>act]s hav+ a natural & plausible      
relation4 ,if ?is is done1 ! ess5tial   
sub/ance ( ! /ory w be s\nd1 at lea/1 s 
f> z "* is conc]n$4 ,!n ! writ] mu/ meet
 ! o!r necessity to make 8 p appe> to be
 real m5 & wom5 ap>t f any di/9ction (  
_! inn] natures4 ,if bo? necessities are
 met1 a read] w be fac$ by real p do+   
?+s = real & adequate reasons1 :i* is a 

great "p ( ! art ( fiction4  ,all ! acts
 ( a p]son's life1 great & small1 w\ld  
reveal 8 :ole nature4 ,b a /ory usually 
does n take a p]son f bir? to dea?1 &1  
if x does1 x is conc]n$ ) a phase ( !   
life r ?an ) ! :ole life4 ,! art (      
fiction is highly selective1 &          
necess>ily s4 ,n only mu/ ! writ] (     
fiction produce 8 effects )9 a limit$   
space1 b he mu/ consci\sly elim9ate "h &
 suppress !re 9 ord] to make app>5t !   
real significance ( 8 picture ( life4 ,!
 significance ( "o man's life may lie 9 
8 con/ant loyalty to & sacrifice = 8    
family2 ! significance ( ano!r's 9 8    
complete disreg>d ( 8 obligations z a   
husb& & fa!r4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! writ] :o  
sees mat]ial = a %ort /ory or novel 9   
su* a life mu/ select = reproduction    
*iefly ^? acts ( ! "* :i* are           
significant z to ! trait s\ght to be    
br\ght out1 o!rwise ! /ory w be )\t po9t
 & mean+4 ,view$ sup]ficially1 a /ory is
 a m]e /r+ ( ev5ts t happ5$ to happ51 a 
?+ easy to write )\t =e?\ght &          

calculation4 ,b ! tru? is t a /ory is a 
*a9 ( ev5ts at lea/ influ5c$ & sometimes
 ev5 det]m9$ by "*4 ,if ! influ5ce ( "* 
9 ! fiction is pr$om9ant1 x _c be writt5
 ju/ly )\t c>eful weigh+ & selection ( !
 incid5ts t sugge/ !mselves to ! writ]4 
,hav+ conceiv$ a plot & devis$ *>act]s  
to enact x1 or hav+ conceiv$ *>act]s &  
devis$ a plot to develop !m1 ! writ]    
%\ld outl9e ! ma9 c\rse ( ! /ory1       
m5tally or on pap]4 ,he !n %\ld realize 
def9itely & precisely :at traits ( "*   
are prim>ily significant 9 ! /ory1 &    
%\ld prep>e to develop !m s z to re9=ce 
! effect ( 8 p's acts ^u a read] by     
*>act]i/ic dialogue & description &     
direct /atem5t4 ,! writ] %\ld consid]   
next :e!r a due reg>d = a read]'s int]e/
 requires t he inve/ 8 p ) attributes n 
/rictly necess>y to ! ma9 ev5ts ( !     
/ory1 & !re=e n to be reveal$ by ea*    
p]son's "p 9 su* ev5ts4 ,f9ally1 ! writ]
 %\ld realize t he mu/ give ea* p]son a 
def9ite physical pres5ce & illusion (   
actuality1 & %\ld prep>e to d s by      

visualiz+ !m 9 imag9ation4 ,if all ?is  
is done at all1 x is c]ta9 t ! /ory w be
 a bett] piece ( "w ?an if ! writ] set  
to "w ) only a vague prevision ( ! c\rse
 ( ev5ts z 8 mat]ial4 ,& if x is done   
ju/ly1 & ! writ] has adequate executive 
p[]s1 ! /ory w be wor? :ile1 at lea/ 9  
relation to "*4   ,,footnotes3  ,m ,a   
great deal ( close argum5t might be     
develop$ "h4 ,a plot is a *a9 ( ev5ts   
influ5c+ & influ5c$ by "*1 & by "* is   
meant n p]sons b traits4 ,9 "s /ory1 let
 u say1 ! av>ice ( "o man br+s him into 
conflict ) ano!r1 also impell$ by       
av>ice4 ,! conflict1 ( c\rse1 is n      
betwe5 two disembodi$ attributes1 b     
betwe5 two p]sons1 & ! writ] ( su* a    
/ory mu/ individualize !m4 ,he %\ld     
endeavor to give a read] an idea ( h[ !y
 look1 by describ+ !m1 & ( h[ !y talk1  
by individualiz+ _! spee*4 ,b he ne$ n  
emphasize nor ev5 br+ out any phase ( _!
 spiritual natures n mat]ial to ! /ory4 
,t is to say1 ! writ] ( a /ory1 9 ord]  
to give x ! seem+ ( life1 %\ld make e   

ef=t & employ all means to inve/ ea* "* 
) a def9ite physical pres5ce or illusion
 ( actuality1 b he %\ld n try to        
displace ! inn] nature ( ea* p]son 9 l  
detail4  ,n ,x w be in/ructive to       
realize :y direct /atem5t ( a "*'s      
out/&+ moral quality is less effective  
?an skillful description ( 8 p]son1 ?\gh
 bo? ! /atem5t & ! description are      
fundam5tally descriptive writ+4 ,"o may 
say t a moral attribute _c be describ$1 
c m]ely be /at$1 b t is a /atem5t ( !   
condition r ?an ( ! cause4 ,! root ( !  
matt] is t ! appe>ance ( a p]son is !   
resultant ( a comb9ation ( details2 by  
/at+ ! significant details 9 prop]      
relation ! writ] c =ce a read] to       
p]ceive = himself ! totality ( ! p]son's
 appe>ance4 ,b a quality ( s\l is unifi$
 & undetail$4 ,x is ineffective to say t
 a p]son is cruel simply = ! same reason
 t x is ineffective to say t he is      
h&some4 ,x foll[s t any break+ up ( a   
quality ( s\l into its elem5ts1 if      
possible1 w increase ! effectiv5ess ( ! 

/atem5t4 ,?us1 cruelty may result f     
ess5tial virility ( s\l 9 comb9ation )  
ins5sitiv5ess1 & s =?4  ,o ,to accompli%
 ?is subord9ate & /rictly unnecess>y    
*>act]ization ! writ] mu/ employ ! same 
?ree means ( spee*1 direct /atem5t1 &   
action4 ,b ! action w con/itute only a  
second>y ev5t or ev5ts 9 ! /ory1 & mu/ n
 bulk too l>ge at ! exp5se ( ! prim>y   
ev5ts4     ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,atmosph]e    
,def9ition--,g5]al ,atmosph]ic ,value ( 
,fiction--,tone (     ,/ory--,prep>ation
 ( ,read] = ,climax--,examples--,!      
,/ory ( ,atmosph]e--,%ort               
,/ory--,sett+--,slight ,dramatic        
,value ( ,type4   ,atmosph]e--z ! t]m is
 us$ by ! writ] ( fiction--is a mo/     
indef9ite ^w2 x may be well to preface  
discussion ( :at x /&s = by a def9ition4
 ,& 9 def9+ x is (t5 conducive to       
cle>ness to /ate :at a ?+ is n be=e /at+
 :at x is4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 atmosph]e  
is n sett+1 al?\gh ! sett+ ( a /ory may 
aid 9 produc+ its atmosph]e4 ,! froz5   
wa/es ( a sub-arctic region or !        

man-made squalor ( a slum may op]ate    
p[]fully to produce on a read] ( a /ory 
plac$ !re9 an impression ( desolation or
 ( mis]y1 b t impression w d]ive f      
some?+ o!r ?an ! sett+1 & w m]ely be    
re9=c$ !reby4 ,if a slum /ory is        
ess5tially *e]ful & light-he>t$ 9       
cont5t1 its read] w n be oppress$ by !  
sett+1 h[ev] tru?fully t\*$ 91 unless ! 
writ] delib]ately makes 8 p seem        
miracul\s 9 po9t ( _! capacity to avoid 
! contagion ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,! "y girl 9
 ,! ,dawn ( a ,to-,morr[ is an in/ance (
 :at is meant by ! qualification4       
,atmosph]e is n sett+1 nor is x any?+ at
 all t is 9 a /ory4 ,x is n ! quality ( 
! environm5t2 x is n ! g5]al quality ( !
 p or _! acts2 x is n ! quality ( ! !me 
or plot4 ,:at is x8 ,x is ! g5]al       
emotional impression made on a read] by 
! :ole /ory4 ,x is no?+ t is 9 a /ory2 x
 is ! emotional effect produc$ by ! /ory
 on a read]4 ,j z a sc5e1 an ev5t1 or a 
p]son1 unless v commonplace1 w h "s     
emotional effect on an obs]v]1 any /ory 

t is told s z to create ! illusion (    
reality w h "s emotional effect on a    
read]4 ,z ,/ev5son said to ,balf\r3     
,i'll give y an example--',! ,m]ry ,m51'
 ,!re ,i began ) ! feel+ ( "o ( ^? isl&s
 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 & ,i gradually
 develop$ ! /ory to express ! s5tim5t ) 
:i* ! coa/ affect$ me4  ,a di/9ction    
%\ld be not$ "h4 ,! ,m]ry ,m5 is a /rict
 /ory ( atmosph]e2 its au?or1 z he      
implicitly /ates1 />t$ ) an emotional   
effect1 or s5tim5t1 & devis$ only su*   
p]sons & action z w\ld deep5 on a read] 
! emotional impression initiat$ 9 ?is   
case by ! sett+4 ,b1 z has be5 /at$1 any
 /ory told s z to create ! illusion (   
reality w h "s totality ( emotional     
effect on a read]1 ap>t f its specific  
emotional effects 9 v>i\s p>ts1 unless !
 fiction is v commonplace4 ,t is to say1
 ! /rict /ory ( atmosph]e1 :i* has be5  
t\*$ on briefly 9 discuss+ /ory-types1  
subord9ates its action & its p to its   
totality ( emotional effect2 9 ! normal 
/ory1 :e!r x /resses p]sonality or ev5t1

 atmosph]e1 or totality ( emotional     
effect on a read]1 is a subord9ate      
consid]ation1 result+ f ! necessity t an
 obs]v] ( p]sons & ev5ts be affect$     
!reby 9 "s g5]al way4 ,at lea/ x is true
 t ! writ] ( a /ory ( complication (    
incid5t or ( "* _c p]mit any            
consid]ation ( atmosph]e to int]f]e ) ! 
ev5ts 9 ! fir/ case or ! p]sons 9 ! o!r4
 ,:atev] totality ( emotional effect may
 reside 9 8 "w w be inh]5t 9 !          
conception1 z x w\ld be inh]5t 9 su* a  
spectacle = an obs]v]1 if ! /ory %\ld   
happ5 9 actuality4  ,! s5sible--because 
! mo/ pr(itable--way = ! writ] ( fiction
 to fit ! matt] ( atmosph]e into 8 g5]al
 arti/ic philosophy is to disreg>d x    
entirely1 except :]e x con/itutes a     
prim>y consid]ation1 t is1 except 9     
relation to ! /rict /ory ( atmosph]e4 ,!
 reason = ?is cavali] treatm5t ( ! matt]
 has be5 br\ght out4 ,if any /ory is    
told s z to create ! illusion ( reality1
 "s g5]al emotional effect w be produc$ 
on its read]1 w be inh]5t 9 !           

conception1 z x w\ld be inh]5t 9 !      
spectacle1 if actual4 ,x all comes d[n  
to ?is3 by tell+ 8 /ory ju/ly z a c\rse 
( ev5ts involv+ real p 9 a def9ite      
environm5t1 ! writ] w produce on a read]
 :atev] totality ( emotional effect is  
inh]5t 9 ! conception4 ,if !re is no    
totality ( emotional effect inh]5t !re9 
! writ] _c produce x except by *ang+ !  
:ole conception & writ+ a diff]5t /ory4 
,9 ! case ( ! /rict /ory ( atmosph]e !  
writ]'s attitude is diff]5t4 ,he sets   
out1 n ) a /ory1 b ) an emotional       
effect1 & devises p & ev5ts & sett+ to  
produce x4  ,! po9t c be made cle>] by m
 specific discussion4 ,assume t a writ] 
has conceiv$ a /ory ) a def9ite plot1   
involv+ def9ite p1 set 9 a ,new ,engl&  
village4 ,anybody :o kn[s ,new ,engl& or
 has read ,alice ,br[n or ,m>y ,e4      
,wilk9s ,freeman c te/ify t su* a /ory1 
ju/ly told1 w h a def9ite & peculi>     
atmosph]ic value4 ,b its atmosph]e1 its 
totality ( emotional effect on a read] w
 be inh]5t 9 its sett+ & p1 p]haps ev5 9

 its ev5ts4 ,! /ory itself w det]m9e its
 atmosph]e1 :i* c be only ! peculi>     
impression t a ,new ,engl& village1 its 
p & _! lives1 produce on an obs]v]4 ,by 
*oos+ to write su* a /ory1 or by *oos+  
to write any def9ite /ory1 a writ] deb>s
 himself f creat+ any atmosph]e n       
involv$ 9 ! /ory select$ = writ+4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 if a writ] desires to put toge!r
 a /ory ( atmosph]e1 he />ts ) an       
emotional effect z ! basic conception1 &
 !n ca/s ab\t = a sett+1 p1 & incid5ts t
 w produce su* emotional effect4 ,x all 
dep5ds ^u :at ! writ] />ts )4 ,if he    
/>ts ) an emotional effect1 he may      
n>rate any c\rse ( ev5ts1 & draw any    
sort ( p1 & place ! tale 9 any sort (   
sett+1 provid$ only t ev5ts1 p1 & sett+ 
be su* z to produce ! desir$ atmosph]e  
or effect4 ,b if ! writ] />ts ) a       
def9ite /ory1 ! only atmosph]e he c     
create !reby is ! atmosph]e inh]5t 9 !  
conception4,p  ,?\gh x is true t a writ]
 may & %\ld disreg>d ! matt] ( atmosph]e
 9 writ+ a /ory :i* he has conceiv$ z a 

def9ite c\rse ( ev5ts involv+ def9ite p1
 s9ce any atmosph]ic possibilities ( !  
fiction w be inh]5t 9 ! conception & w  
be realiz$ by tell+ x ju/ly z to p1     
ev5ts1 & sett+1 nev]!less a             
qualification mu/ be /at$4 ,no /ory is  
conceiv$ z def9itely z x is writt52 !   
writ] fir/ grasps ! plot or ma9         
situation1 p]haps also ! *>act]s1 & !n  
exp&s ! outl9e into a congru\s          
pres5tation ( a phase ( life by fill+ 9 
details z to environm5t1 p1 & ev5ts4    
,?is fill+-9 process may & %\ld be p]=m$
 p>tly at lea/ be=e writ+1 b ev5 if !   
writ] po/pones x until he is wre/l+ ) ! 
problem ( execution1 he mu/ rememb] "o  
?+4 ,any /ory has a g5]al tone1 l>gely  
det]m9$ by its climax or ma9 situation4 
,?is tone or key ( a /ory is n its      
atmosph]e /rictly1 p]haps1 b ! divid+   
l9e betwe5 ! two matt]s is v fa9t4 ,!   
atmosph]e ( a /ory is its g5]al         
emotional effect ^u a read]1 & its tone 
is v ne>ly ! same ?+1 be+ ! result ( its
 writ]'s hav+ ju/ly p]=m$ 8 selective   

task by transcrib+ only su* matt]s z    
h>monize ) ! ma9 situation1 tragic or   
comic4 ,& a writ] mu/ reg>d ! matt] ( ! 
tone ( a /ory 9 develop+ & writ+ x1 if x
 is to h ! significant simplicity &     
unity :i* alone c give ! fiction maximum
 p[] & effect4  ,! practical problem c  
be /at$ mo/ simply ?us3 a read]'s       
intellig5ce & s5sibilities mu/ be prep>$
 = ! crisis1 climax1 or ma9 situation by
 incorporat+ 9 ! /ory only su* matt]s ( 
environm5t1 p]sonality1 or ev5t z       
h>monize ) ! emotional "* ( ! ma9       
situation4 ,! necessity is mo/ /r+5t1 ( 
c\rse1 9 ! case ( ! %ort /ory1 b x is a 
consid]ation to be borne 9 m9d 9 writ+  
any type ( fiction4 ,x is m]ely ano!r   
aspect ( ! g5]al "q ( prep>ation1 :i*   
has be5 t\*$ ^u be=e4 ,! situations ( a 
/ory mu/ be prep>$ 9 a me*anical s5se1 t
 is1 ! writ] mu/ prep>e to place 8 p :]e
 ea* situation dem&s t !y be plac$2 ! p 
!mselves mu/ be develop$ &              
individualiz$1 t ! situations may h full
 dramatic value2 & ! m9d & he>t ( a     

read] ( ! /ory mu/ be prep>$ = ! climax1
 :i* is ! :ole /ory 9 little4  ,if ! ma9
 situation ( any /ory is ess5tially     
tragic1 x w nev] d n to h9t ! fact until
 ! climax is rea*$1 :5 a read] w be     
ov]:elm$1 r ?an upborne & /imulat$1 by !
 torr5t ( battle1 murd]1 or sudd5 dea?4 
,! op5+ sc5e ( ,macbe? presages ! lurid 
"* ( ! :ole play1 & s]ves to key read]  
or spectator = murd]4 ,likewise1 9 !    
case ( a /ory ess5tially light & happy 9
 cont5t1 ! purpose ( ! writ] is to      
develop & pres5t "o ( life's _m         
attractive phases1 & t purpose w be     
defeat$ or at lea/ hamp]$ if woebegone p
 & unpleasant situations are giv5 place 
9 ! fiction4  ,consid]ations ( contra/  
may lead ! writ] to incorporate 9 8 /ory
 matt] out ( keep+ ) its g5]al tone &   
ma9 situation1 b ! ef=t is really to    
emphasize ! g5]al tone by /rik+ a few   
discordant notes4 ,contra/ is too       
delicate a matt] to be discuss$ ) any   
pr(it2 :e!r or n ! device %all be       
employ$ 9 any /ory is a problem t only !

 arti/ic s5se ( ! writ] ( ! p>ticul>    
/ory c answ]4  ,x is v easy to say t a  
/ory %\ld be told s z to prep>e a read] 
= ! climax1 t he may accept x1 yet1 9 a 
s5se1 ! ?+ c be a*iev$ only by adequate 
practice ( ! :ole art ( fiction4 ,!     
g5]al necessity is to make ! :ole c\rse 
( ev5ts seem real & actual2 ! m specific
 necessity is to give a read] a def9ite 
clue to ! nature ( ! /ory1 t he may n be
 %ock$ into disbelief by ! climax4 ,?is 
mu/ be done unobtrusively1 z e o!r      
te*nical device mu/ be employ$1 "u      
p5alty ( fail+ 9 its (fice4  ,a         
quotation %[+ effective employm5t ( !   
device w n be useless4 ,/ev5son's %ort  
/ory ,?rawn ,janet leads up to an       
enc\nt] ) ! devil1 & ! au?or loses no "t
 9 prep>+ a read] = ! entrance ( 8      
satanic maje/y4 ,! /ory beg9s ?us3  ,!  
,rev]5d ,murdo* ,s\lis 0 long m9i/] ( ! 
moorl& p>i% ( ,balwe>y1 9 ! vale (      
,dule4 ,a sev]e1 bleak-fac$ old man1    
dreadful to 8 he>]s1 he dwelt 9 ! la/   
ye>s ( 8 life1 )\t relative or s]vant or

 any human company1 9 ! small & lonely  
manse "u ! ,hang+ ,%aw4 ,9 spite ( !    
iron composure ( 8 features1 8 eye 0    
wild1 sc>$1 & unc]ta92 & :5 he dwelt1 9 
private admonitions1 on ! future ( !    
imp5it5t1 x seem$ z if ! eye pi]c$ ?r\gh
 ! /orms ( "t to ! t]rors ( et]nity4 ,_m
 "y p]sons1 com+ to prep>e !mselves     
aga9/ ! season ( ! ,holy ,communion1 7  
dreadfully affect$ by 8 talk4 ,he _h a  
s]mon on #a/ ,pet]1 v4 & #h?1 ',! devil 
z a ro>+ lion1' on ! ,sunday aft] e     
sev5te5? ( ,augu/1 & he 0 accu/om$ to   
surpass himself ^u t text bo? by !      
appall+ nature ( ! matt] & ! t]ror ( 8  
be>+ 9 ! pulpit4 ,! *ildr5 7 fright5$   
into fits1 & ! old look$ m ?an usually  
oracul>1 & 71 all t day1 full ( ^? h9ts 
t ,hamlet deprecat$4 ,! manse itself1   
:]e x /ood by ! wat] ( ,dule among "s   
?ick trees1 ) ! ,%aw ov]hang+ x on ! "o 
side1 & on ! o!r _m cold1 moori%        
hill-tops ris+ t[>ds ! sky1 _h begun1 at
 a v e>ly p]iod ( ,mr4 ,s\lis' m9i/ry1  
to be avoid$ 9 ! dusk h\rs by all :o    

valu$ !mselves ^u _! prud5ce2 & guidm5  
sitt+ at ! cla*an aleh\se %ook _! heads 
toge!r at ! ?\ght ( pass+ late by t     
uncanny neighborhood4  ,"h ,/ev5son     
loses no "t 9 key+ 8 read] to ! g5]al   
pit* ( ! /ory4 ,x is a task t ! writ] ( 
any /ory mu/ und]take4 ,! g5]al nature (
 ! tale %\ld be sugge/$ z soon z        
possible1 & ! /ory %\ld n be all[$ to   
falsify its introductory h9ts1 b %\ld   
reaffirm !m con/antly1 until all !      
div]g5t /r&s ( ! fiction are knott$     
toge!r 9 ! climax1 :i* w ne$ no         
int]pretation4 ,take ano!r in/ance f    
,/ev5son1 ! beg9n+ ( ,m>kheim1 :]e      
,m>kheim murd]s ! deal] 9 curios4       
',yes1' said ! deal]1 'our w9dfalls are 
( v>i\s k9ds4 ,"s cu/om]s are ignorant1 
& !n ,i t\* a divid5d ( my sup]ior k4   
,"s are di%one/1' & "h he held up !     
c&le1 s t ! light fell /rongly on 8     
visitor1 '& 9 t case1' he cont9u$1 ',i  
pr(it by my virtue4'  ,m>kheim _h b j   
ent]$ f ! daylight /reets1 & 8 eyes _h n
 gr[n famili> ) ! m+l$ %9e & d>kness ( !

 %op4 ,at ^! po9t$ words1 & be=e ! ne>  
pres5ce ( ! flame1 he bl9k$ pa9fully &  
look$ aside4  ,a little f>!r on3  ,!    
deal] once m *uckl$2 & !n1 *ang+ to 8   
usual bus9ess voice1 ?\gh /ill ) a note 
( irony1 ',y c give1 z usual1 a cle>    
acc\nt ( h[ y came into ! possession ( !
 object8' he cont9u$4 ',/ill y\r uncle's
 cab9et8 ,a rem>kable collector1 sir6'  
,& ! little pale1 r\nd-%\ld]$ deal] /ood
 almo/ on tiptoe1 look+ ov] ! top ( 8   
gold spectacles1 & nodd+ 8 head ) e m>k 
( disbelief4 ,m>kheim return$ 8 gaze )  
"o ( inf9ite pity1 & a t\* ( horror4    
,note h[ /rongly & )al h[ naturally !   
:ole ( ?is1 & p>ticul>ly ! la/ s5t5ce1  
sugge/s t ,m>kheim has come into ! %op  
to d murd]4 ,! /ory is key$ to trag$y at
 once1 its read] ) x4 ,8 m9d is prep>$ 9
 advance1 t ! significant ev5t1 :5 x is 
relat$1 may be accept$ )\t "q4  ,z /at$1
 ?is matt] ( key+ ! /ory & its read] to 
! pit* ( ! ma9 situation or climax is n 
precisely ! matt] ( atmosph]e1 b x has  
close affiliations !re)4 ,x is ev5 m    

important to ! writ] ( fiction4 ,any    
atmosph]ic value 9 a /ory w be br\ght   
out by tell+ x ju/ly z a c\rse ( ev5ts  
involv+ real p 9 a def9ite environm5t1 &
 prep>ation ( a read] = ! ma9 situation 
( a /ory is a "p ( j & adequate         
n>ration4 ,! writ]'s h9ts ( ! "* ( :at  
is to come mu/ be un=c$ & natural1 b !y 
mu/ be effective4  ,x is obvi\s1 (      
c\rse1 t ! m t5se or /range ! ma9       
situation ( a /ory1 ! great] ! necessity
 t a read] be prep>$ = x4 ,if ! ma9     
situation consi/s 9 commonplace *>act]s 
do+ "s commonplace ?+1 a read] w accept 
! spectacle )\t artificial prep>ation1 b
 if ! ma9 situation is highly dramatic1 
! normally placid c\rse ( a read]'s     
?\ght & feel+ mu/ be agitat$ & /imulat$ 
9 advance1 or he w n rise ) ! climax4 ,9
 o!r words1 ! fiction w n h             
v]isimilitude emotionally4 ,a /ory is   
bo? a physical spectacle & an emotional 
progression2 ! au?or mu/ write bo? = !  
read]'s eye & = 8 s\l4 ,if any /ory     
t\*es emotional heights1 its read] mu/  

be /imulat$ !reto by prop] prep>ation4  
,x rema9s to consid] ! matt] (          
atmosph]e1 z ! t]m is us$ ) relation to 
! /rict /ory ( atmosph]e1 :i* emphasizes
 ! emotional value ( ! :ole = a read] r 
?an ! significance ( ! ev5ts or *>act]s4
  ,! intr9sic difficulty to bl5d su*    
div]se matt]s z p1 ev5ts1 & sett+ or    
environm5t into an ev5 emotional unity  
requires t ! /rict /ory ( atmosph]e be a
 %ort /ory4 ,ev5 if x is n a %ort /ory 9
 po9t ( actual l5g?1 x w be a %ort /ory 
9 po9t ( /ructure1 t is1 x w lead       
relatively few *>act]s ?r\gh little     
div]sity ( sett+ to a s+le ma9          
situation1 or p]haps ev5 to no ma9      
situation1 9 a dramatic s5se4 ,z not$ 9 
discuss+ /ory types1 ! progression ( !  
p>ticul> atmosph]e to ! po9t ( highe/   
int5sity gives ! /rict /ory ( atmosph]e 
mu* ( its /ory-"*4 ,! human elem5t is   
incid5tal & subord9ate4 ,h[ev]1 ! task (
 keep+ p1 ev5ts1 & sett+ true to a fix$ 
emotional tone is s difficult t a writ] 
_c su/a9 ! ef=t = long4 ,_m novels or   

relatively l5g?y /ories h high          
atmosph]ic value2 ,h>dy's ,wessex novels
 possess ! quality1 z does mu* ( ,joseph
 ,conrad's "w1 ,almay]'s ,folly1 =      
in/ance2 b x is g5]ally true t !        
intr9sic difficulty ( ! /ory ( atmosph]e
 t5ds to conf9e x )9 brief limits4 ,x is
 c]ta9ly true t only ! skill$ h& c      
compass ! feat ( writ+ x at all4  ,i h  
/at$ t ! sett+ ( a /ory is n its        
atmosph]e1 & t is true4 ,nev]!less !    
sett+ is mo/ (t5 :at det]m9es !         
emotional effect ( ! :ole4 ,a hundr$    
in/ances might be cit$--,! ,m]ry ,m51 ,!
 ,fall ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%]1 ,almay]'s      
,folly1 ,! ,return ( ! ,native4 ,?is    
results f ! fact t sett+ or environm5t  
is mu* m pot5t to produce a relatively  
def9ite emotional effect on an obs]v]   
?an ei!r a p]son or an ev5t1 ! two o!r  
elem5ts ( a /ory4 ,a murd] may produce a
 v def9ite feel+ ( horror 9 an obs]v] or
 read]1 b ! emotion1 :ile def9ite1 is n 
l9k$ inevitably to murd] alone4 ,_m o!r 
spectacles w horrify4 ,likewise1 a p]son

 may produce a feel+ ( disgu/ 9 an      
obs]v] or read]1 b s w an inf9ite numb] 
( o!r p]sons1 all radically diff]5t f   
ea* o!r & ! fir/4 ,b ! emotional effect 
( ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl& is special &     
peculi> to t sett+2 !re is no s+le ^w 9 
! language *>act]iz+ x4 ,t is :y        
,/ev5son _h to write ,! ,m]ry ,m5 to    
/ate x1 j z ,poe _h to write ,! ,fall ( 
! ,h\se ( ,u%] to /ate ! specific       
emotional effect ( t p>ticul> h\se1 &   
,h>dy _h to write ,! ,return ( ! ,native
 to /ate ! emotional value ( 8 ,wessex  
moors4  ,moreov]1 :5 ! writ] f9ds ! g]m 
( 8 /ory 9 a p]son se5 actually or 9    
imag9ation1 x is m ?an likely t !       
emphasis ( ! complet$ "w w be on "*1 &  
:5 he f9ds x 9 an ev5t or situation1 x  
is m ?an likely t ! emphasis ( !        
complet$ "w w be on plot4 ,b :5 a       
c\ntryside or h\se or /ret* ( sea-coa/  
sugge/s a /ory1 x c h>dly result o!rwise
 ?an t ! complet$ "w w emphasize !      
emotional value ( ! sett+4  ,! sett+ ( !
 /rict /ory ( atmosph]e may det]m9e its 

emotional effect1 b ! emotional t5d5cy (
 ! sett+ mu/ n be affect$ adv]sely by ! 
p or ! ev5ts4 ,t is :y ! sett+ is n     
atmosph]e1 ?\gh x may det]m9e !         
atmosph]e4 ,a gloomy & t]rific sett+ w h
 small emotional effect ^u a read] if ! 
p & ev5ts ( ! /ory are n su* z to deep5 
! impression initiat$ by ! sett+1 = ! p 
& ev5ts _c be emotionally neutral4 ,if  
!y are seem+ly real1 t is1 if ! /ory is 
well told ap>t f ! matt] ( atmosph]e1 !y
 w make "s impression on a read]4       
,unless _! impression is ( a piece ) t (
 ! sett+1 ! unity ( emotional effect w  
be de/roy$4 ,& if !re is no unity (     
emotional effect1 !re is no atmosph]e1 9
 ! /rict s5se4  ,confession is good = ! 
s\l2 let me say t if !re is a te*nique (
 writ+ s z to produce a unity (         
emotional effect ,i am unable to /ate x4
 ,! matt] is exceptionally delicate1 &  
only ! broade/ sort ( ab/ract /atem5t c 
be made4 ,"o c /ate--z ,i h /at$--t !   
emotional effect ( a /ory ( atmosph]e is
 usually initiat$ by & dep5d5t on !     

sett+1 & t ! emotional effect initiat$  
by ! sett+ mu/ be re9=c$ by ! writ]'s   
*oice & h&l+ ( p & ev5ts4 ,b t is ab\t  
all t c be said4 ,a specific /ory (     
atmosph]e might be tak5 & exam9$ 9      
detail ) pr(it1 if space 7 available2   
yet ! devices employ$ by its writ] w\ld 
n completely exhau/ ! res\rces (        
atmosph]ic writ+1 & ab/ract /atem5t ( !m
 "h w n cov] ! :ole te*nique4 ,poe's    
te*nique 9 ,! ,fall ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%] is 
n id5tical ) ,/ev5son's 9 ,! ,m]ry ,m51 
nor ) ,conrad's 9 ,almay]'s ,folly4     
,=tunately1 ! /rict te*nique is n (     
great practical importance4 ,any /ory w 
ga9 9 p[] by possession ( an atmosph]ic 
quality1 b t quality w be pres5t if !   
basic conception is n trivial & feeble1 
& if ! /ory is told adequately z to its 
?ree elem5ts ( sett+1 p]sonality1 &     
ev5t4 ,any emotional value inh]5t 9 ! ?+
 w !n be felt by a read]1 z he w\ld feel
 ! emotional value ( ! spectacle1 if    
real4 ,any /ory t is liv$ vic>i\sly by  
its writ] 9 ! p]son ( ! "* f ^: viewpo9t

 x is told1 & is writt5 ju/ly z a c\rse 
( ev5ts involv+ real p 9 a def9ite      
environm5t1 w h all ! effect on a read] 
atta9able by ! p>ticul> conception4 ,& z
 to ! /rict /ory ( atmosph]e1 x w be    
hopeless = ! writ] ( fiction to attempt 
x until he c h&le ! less artificial &   
less difficult =ms ) "s approa* to real 
facility & adequacy4  ,"o specific po9t 
( ! te*nique ( writ+ ! /rict /ory (     
atmosph]e %\ld be not$1 = x is          
important4 ,! emotional effect is       
usually initiat$ & det]m9$ by ! sett+1  
natural or artificial1 z a tropical isl&
 or a h\se4 ,*>act]s & ev5ts mu/ be     
subs]vi5t to ! p>ticul> emotional value4
 ,x results t !re c be no real dramatic 
opposition ( *>act]s & traits 9 ! /rict 
/ory ( atmosph]e1 = ! moral nature ( an 
individual has no affiliation ) !       
emotional quality ( a c\ntryside or any 
o!r sett+4 ,developm5t ( /rict traits ( 
"*1 :i* are ess5tial to drama1 w n s]ve 
to deep5 = a read] ! emotional sugge/ion
 ( a sett+4 ,! writ] ( ! /rict /ory (   

atmosph]e mu/ seek to inve/ 8 p ) su*   
traits z w re9=ce ! emotional sugge/ion 
( ! sett+1 & ^! traits _c be /rictly (  
"*4 ,r !y w be attributes ( appe>ance1  
action1 m9d1 & s\l4 ,insanity is an     
in/ance ( su* an attribute ( m9d1 n     
/rictly ( "*4 ,! po9t is difficult to   
/ate ab/ractly1 z is ! :ole ( ! te*nique
 ( atmosph]e1 b a read+ ( ei!r ,! ,fall 
( ! ,h\se ( ,u%] or ,! ,m]ry ,m5 w      
cl>ify my mean+4 ,! p ( ei!r /ory are   
less human be+s ?an humaniz$ emotional  
ab/ractions1 ( ! same /uff ( gloom or   
my/]y z ! h\se or sea4 ,x is ne$less to 
/ate t ! :ole weakness ( ! /ory (       
atmosph]e z a fiction results f !       
necess>y devitaliz+ ( its *>act]s1 =    
fiction prim>ily conc]ns man1 8         
conflicts & 8 loves4   ,,footnotes3  ,p 
,( c\rse1 ! initial conception ( a /ory 
( atmosph]e may limit ! writ]'s p[] to  
manipulate 8 mat]ial4 ,?us :5 ,/ev5son  
pit*$ ^u ! emotional effect ( ! we/ coa/
 ( ,scotl& z t to be produc$ by ,! ,m]ry
 ,m51 he deb>r$ himself f plac+ 8 /ory 9

 any o!r sett+1 ?\gh he c\ld pick &     
*oose freely among possible ev5ts & p4  
,a g5]al emotional effect1 z ( beauty1  
is some:at indef9ite1 & may be produc$  
alike by /ories diff]+ widely 9 _! ?ree 
elem5ts ( sett+1 p & ev5ts4     ,,*apt] 
,,xii  ,,! ,,%ort ,,/ory                
,def9ition--,two ,types--,dramatic ,%ort
 ,/ory--,atmosph]ic     ,%ort           
,/ory--,orig9s--,assum$ ,unity &        
,s+l5ess ( ,effect     ( ,dramatic ,%ort
 ,/ory--,g5]al ,te*nique ( ,=m--        
,*>act]ization--,int]e/ & ,too ,great   
,simplicity--     ,limitation ^u        
,complexity--,l5g?--,coh]5ce ( ,=m--    
,compression4   ,a /ory is a fiction ) a
 plot1 z di/+ui%$ f a tale1 :i* is a /r+
 ( incid5ts t happ5$ to happ5 to !      
*>act]s4 ,9 ! /ory ! ev5ts are l9k$     
toge!r by ! natures ( ! p conc]n$2      
p]sonality influ5ces ev5t & ev5t        
influ5ces p]sonality4 ,& ! %ort /ory is1
 simply1 a %ort /ory1 a fiction1        
possess+ a plot1 t c\ld be & has be5    
told adequately )9 brief limits4 ,a plot

 is a dramatic problem4 ,!re=e ! %ort   
/ory may be def9$ r\ghly z a /ory       
embody+ a dramatic problem :i* c be /at$
 & work$ out adequately z to all its    
elem5ts ( p]sonality1 ev5t1 & sett+ )9  
relatively brief limits4  ,! g5]al      
nature ( ! %ort /ory hav+ be5 /at$1 x is
 necess>y to qualify & di/+ui%4 ,fiction
 is conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! intr9sic int]e/
 & significance ( man & 8 acts1 !       
elem5ts ( drama1 b !re are ?ree         
fundam5tal types ( /ory1 two ( :i* are  
normal & ! o!r abnormal4 ,! types are ! 
/ory /ress+ p]sonality & ! /ory /ress+  
incid5t1 :i* are normal1 & ! /ory /ress+
 atmosph]e1 :i* is abnormal 9 t p]sons &
 ev5ts are subord9ate to ! emotional    
value ( ! :ole = a read]1 :i* is usually
 det]m9$ by ! sett+4 ,p]sonality is !   
mo/ prom95t elem5t ( ! /ory ( "*1 & !   
ev5ts are ! mo/ prom95t elem5t ( ! /ory 
( complication2 ea* /ory /resses "o ( ! 
tw9 elem5ts ( drama1 ! p]sons & _! acts2
 & ea* /ory possesses bo? ( su* elem5ts4
 ,t is1 bo? ! /ory ( "* & ! /rict /ory (

 plot--plot z a m]e sequ5ce ( ev5ts--h  
"s dramatic value4 ,b ! /rict /ory (    
atmosph]e has no dramatic value2 its    
nature =bids t x %\ld4 ,! emotional     
effect is usually det]m9$ by ! sett+1 & 
! human traits t w int5sify a sett+--& )
 :i* ! *>act]s mu/ be inve/$--are n su* 
z to give rise to a dramatic opposition 
betwe5 ! p]sons4 ,! def9ition ( ! %ort  
/ory z a /ory embody+ a dramatic problem
 :i* c be pres5t$ adequately )9 brief   
limits does n cov] ! %ort /ory (        
atmosph]e4  ,9 o!r words1 !re are two   
types ( %ort /ory1 ap>t f ! ?ree types  
det]m9$ by ! plac+ ( emphasis ^u any "o 
( ! ?ree fictional elem5ts ( p]sonality1
 ev5t1 & sett+--! dramatic %ort /ory & !
 %ort /ory ( unity ( effect4 ,! dramatic
 %ort /ory is ei!r ! /ory ( "* or ! /ory
 ( complication ( incid5t2 ! %ort /ory (
 unity ( effect is ! /ory ( atmosph]e4  
,! two types "h contra/$--! dramatic    
/ory & ! atmosph]ic /ory--c\ld n be     
cov]$ adequately or to any purpose by a 
s+le def9ition2 !y are radically        

diff]5t4 ,9 def9+ ! %ort /ory ,i h def9$
 m]ely ! dramatic %ort /ory1 & 9        
discuss+ x ,i %all conf9e myself l>gely 
to ! dramatic %ort /ory likewise1 = !   
/ory ( atmosph]e has be5 consid]$       
else:]e4  ,k ( ! orig9 ( ! two basic    
types ( %ort /ory1 ! dramatic /ory & !  
atmosph]ic /ory1 w cl>ify ! writ]'s     
conceptions ( ! types4 ,! /ory (        
atmosph]e1 or /ory ( totality (         
emotional effect on a read]1 0 fir/     
consci\sly p]fect$ by ,poe1 :]e9 lies   
,am]ica's s+le claim to hav+ orig9at$ a 
di/9ct lit]>y type4 ,by foll[+ 9 prose 8
 poetic philosophy--z /at$ 9 ,!         
,philosophy ( ,composition--,poe produc$
 su* /ories z ,ligeia & ,! ,fall ( !    
,h\se ( ,u%]1 :i* h little or no real   
dramatic value1 yet :i* are c]ta9ly n   
m]e tales1 = !y h plot- or /ory-value4  
,z ,i h /at$1 9 ! case ( ! /ory (       
atmosph]e1 su* z ^! two ( ,poe's1 !     
climactic asc5sion ( ! p>ticul>         
emotional impression to ! po9t ( highe/ 
int5sity supplies mu* ( ! plot-or       

/ory-elem5t ( ! fiction4  ,on ! o!r h&1 
! dramatic %ort /ory1 embody+ a true    
plot1 may be said to h orig9at$ 9       
,france4 ,! type 0 sugge/$ by ,poe's "w2
 ! m]e me*anical h9t1 t ( a brief /ory1 
0 receiv$ eag]ly by ,fr5* writ]s1 & !   
dramatic elem5t1 entirely alt]+ !       
fundam5tal "* ( ! fiction1 0 spe$ily    
inject$4 ,! result has be5 t ! (f%oot   
has entirely ov]%ad[$ ! p>5t /em1 & ?is 
simply because !re is s mu* m mat]ial = 
! dramatic /ory ?an !re is = ! /ory (   
unity ( emotional effect4 ,! /ory (     
atmosph]e is mo/ difficult to d well1 s 
t relatively few are publi%$2 x has no  
wide popul> appeal1 ) ! same result2    
:ile ! range ( emotional effects is n>r[
 t may be produc$ on a read] by a "w (  
fiction1 t is1 !re is less mat]ial = !  
/ory ( atmosph]e ?an = ! dramatic /ory4 
,x is "t n[ to notice a matt] conc]n+   
:i* mu* glib /atem5t has be5 made1 !    
unity & s+l5ess ( effect ( ! %ort /ory4 
,! usual rem>k ( ! writ] or talk] on    
%ort /ory te*nique is t ! ideal or      

typical %ort /ory w manife/ ! dramatic  
unities ( "t1 place1 & action1 & w      
produce a s+le effect4 ,b x is notori\s 
t only relatively few /ories d manife/ !
 dramatic unities1 s ! speak] or writ]  
goes on to say mo/ lamely & indef9itely 
t ! laws ( te*nique mu/ give way to !   
requirem5ts ( any p>ticul> /ory4 ,grant 
me = ! mom5t t ! dramatic unities are n 
ess5tial to ! p]fect %ort /ory1 t       
,maupassant's ,! ,necklace is z         
te*nically p]fect a %ort /ory z ,poe's  
,! ,cask ( ,amontillado1 & ! vici\sness 
( prea*+ ?us to ! %ort /ory writ]       
becomes app>5t4 ,! only def9ite ?+ he is
 told1 t ! unities are ess5tial to !    
p]fect %ort /ory1 is false4  ,! vice (  
su* /atem5t orig9ates 9 failure to      
di/+ui% betwe5 ! two types ( %ort /ory1 
! /ory ( atmosph]e & ! dramatic /ory4 ,!
 /ory ( atmosph]e1 ( totality or unity (
 emotional effect on a read]1 c h>dly   
escape manife/+ ! dramatic unities (    
place1 "t1 & action4 ,! emotional effect
 w usually be t ( a s+le def9ite place1 

= reasons br\ght out 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 !
 "t w be brief1 on acc\nt ( ! inh]5t    
difficulty to su/a9 ! atmosph]e2 & !re w
 be little complication or prolongation 
( ! action1 = ! same reason4 ,b !       
dramatic %ort /ory is n subject to !    
limitations impos$ by ! necessity always
 to reg>d atmosph]e1 or emotional       
effect1 & x may or may n manife/ !      
dramatic unities4  ,! way to /ate !     
relation betwe5 ! matt] ( unity & !     
dramatic %ort /ory1 ! %ort /ory ( true  
plot1 is ?is3 on acc\nt ( ! limit$ space
 available1 ! plot = a dramatic %ort    
/ory w t5d to involve relatively few    
%ifts ( sett+1 relatively %ort spaces ( 
"t1 relatively few & relatively simple  
ev5ts1 & relatively few p]sons4 ,no o!r 
sort ( plot c be adequately h&l$ )9 n>r[
 ^w limits4 ,! %ort /ory mu/ be writt5 )
 v]bal fullness & elaboration1 t its    
phras+ may n be b>e & unlike ! %ad$     
cont\rs ( life1 & ! plot complicat$ z to
 any "o ( its ?ree elem5ts ( p]sonality1
 sett+1 & ev5t _c be adequately develop$

 9 a few ?\s& words4 ,! %ort /ory is !  
result ( j conception & selection1 r ?an
 ( m]e rhetorical compression4          
,/ev5son's ,m>kheim1 = in/ance1 is      
writt5 m elaborately ?an almo/ any o!r  
episode 9 fiction1 long or %ort1 t is1  
any o!r episode ( equal l5g? 9 po9t ( ! 
"t x w\ld take to happ5 9 actuality4    
,poe 0 ! fir/ writ] to say mu* ( any?+  
def9ite ab\t 8 art1 & comm5tators on    
te*nique :o h foll[$ him h m]ely exp&$ 8
 !sis r ?an said some?+ new4 ,! only    
tr\ble1 9 relation to ! %ort /ory1 is t 
,poe spoke ( unity & s+l5ess ( effect ) 
8 own peculi> type ( %ort /ory 9 m9d1 ! 
%ort /ory ( unity or totality (         
emotional effect1 ! %ort /ory (         
atmosph]e4 ,:5 he /at$ t ! %ort /ory--8 
type ( %ort /ory1 ! %ort /ory (         
atmosph]e--%\ld possess unity & produce 
a s+le effect1 he /at$ ! tru?1 b :5 x is
 /at$ t ! %ort /ory mean+ bo? ! /ory (  
atmosph]e & ! dramatic %ort /ory--%\ld  
manife/ ! unities & produce a s+le      
effect1 ! /atem5t is false4 ,9 ! fir/   

place1 ! dramatic %ort /ory is n !      
result ( ! same te*nique z ! /ory (     
atmosph]e2 9 ! second place1 ! unity    
/at$ by ,poe to be ess5tial to ! /ory ( 
emotional effect is n ! same ?+ z ! old 
dramatic unities1 :i* are me*anical4 ,! 
fact t ! /ory ( atmosph]e c h>dly escape
 manife/+ ! dramatic unities does n     
amalgamate ! two matt]s4 ,poe's unity is
 unity ( emotional effect3 ! dramatic   
unities are s+l5ess ( "t1 place1 &      
action1 a matt] t c be pres]v$ by       
anyone1 ?\gh usually at ! exp5se ( !    
int]e/ ( ! /ory4 ,h[ few h writt5 & c   
write s z to produce a unity ( emotional
 effect ne$ only be sugge/$ to en=ce my 
po9t4  ,! matt] w\ld n be wor? treat+   
?us m9utely 7 x n = ! /rong t5d5cy to   
mislead ( any /atem5t t ! %ort /ory mu/ 
manife/ ! dramatic unities4 ,)9 v ela/ic
 limits1 ! unities are a conv5tion ( !  
drama1 b !y are n a conv5tion ( fiction1
 long or %ort4 ,! art ( ! /age & ! art (
 ! /ory diff] radically2 ! advantage    
giv5 ! play by ! concis5ess ( its       

spectacle is comp5sat$ by ! advantage   
giv5 ! /ory by its m inclusive "* &     
great] flexibility4 ,i h said t a plot  
or /ory ( plot is a dramatic problem1 & 
! ^w dramatic has connotations ( ! /age1
 b :at 0 meant 0 t a plot is a conflict 
betwe5 p]sons1 )9 a s+le p]son1 or )    
nature4 ,x 0 n meant t a plot or /ory ( 
plot is subject to ! conv5tions ( !     
/age4 ,! art ( fiction is inf9itely m   
inclusive & flexible ?an ! art ( ! /age1
 & ! writ] ( fiction mu/ utilize to !   
full ! advantages ( 8 art 9 ord] to     
comp5sate 8 "w 9 ! eyes ( a read] = its 
weakness--relative to ! play--9         
vividness & body4  ,"o may say t !      
spectacle ( life is inf9itely v>i\s1 s t
 ! writ] ( fiction has pl5ty ( mat]ial =
 /ories at h&4 ,b life1 despite ! ef=ts 
( ,mrs4 ,grundy1 is subject to no       
conv5tions1 social1 moral1 or arti/ic1 &
 ! %ort /ory writ] :o br+s all 8 ideas  
to ! dramatic unities z a fir/ te/ w    
w9n[ little gra9 f ! *aff4 ,:5 ! %ort   
/ory writ] f9ds a h9t = a /ory he %\ld  

consid] :e!r he c br+ out ) 8 few ?\s&  
words all ! matt]s necess>y to !        
fiction's hav+ full effect on a read]1 b
 ! less he frets ab\t any ab/ract unity 
or s+l5ess ( effect ! bett]4 ,! words h 
a plausible s\nd 9 discussion1 b !y mean
 no?+1 except 9 relation to ! /ory (    
atmosph]e4 ,x means some?+ to say t !   
dramatic %ort /ory %\ld possess unity ( 
tone2 x means some?+ to say t x %\ld    
possess unity ( /yle2 b x means no?+ to 
say t x %\ld possess unity1 simply1     
unless ! dramatic unities are meant1 & 9
 t case ! /atem5t is false4 ,"s %ort    
/ories happ5 to possess ! dramatic      
unities2 m d n4  ,by ! v nature ( !     
conceptive process ! writ] seizes 8 /ory
 ideas 9 t]ms ( p]sons1 ev5ts1 or       
atmosph]e4 ,& :5 he has a def9ite /ory  
idea he fir/ %\ld develop x s z to give 
x maximum effect1 & !n %\ld consid] :e!r
 he mu/ write a %ort /ory or novel or   
romance to give 8 develop$ idea adequate
 expression4 ,! writ] :o />ts ) "s      
ab/ract k ( fiction te*nique1 & seeks to

 vivify rules ( con/ruction into a      
def9ite /ory1 w accompli% v little4     
,good /ories are n conceiv$ t way1 &    
good writ]s d n g to "w t way4 ,! /ory  
is ! ?+1 & x does n lie betwe5 ! cov]s (
 ?is or any o!r book on te*nique4 ,x    
lies 9 ! p & ev5ts ! writ] sees 9       
reality or 9 imag9ation1 & to f9d x !   
writ] mu/ turn to life or to 8 dreams4  
,aft] ! /ory is f\nd ! writ]'s k ( &    
facility 9 te*nique w come into play 9 !
 "w ( developm5t & execution4  ,! broad 
outl9es ( ! te*nique ( ! dramatic %ort  
/ory 7 impli$ 9 ! /atem5t t x w t5d to  
involve relatively few %ifts ( sett+1   
relatively %ort spaces ( "t1 relatively 
few & relatively simple ev5ts1 &        
relatively few p]sons4 ,its unity (     
tone--:i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! %ort /ory1  
dramatic & ( atmosph]e--results f its   
simplicity z to p]sons1 ev5ts1 & sett+1 
& its unity ( /yle results f its unity (
 tone4 ,! elem5ts ( ! %ort /ory are less
 complex ?an ^? ( a long] fiction1 & !  
fact causes all ! modifications 9 !     

g5]al te*nique ( fiction z manife/$ by !
 %ort /ory4 ,9 ! %ort /ory1 = in/ance1  
!re is less opportunity ?an 9 ! novel to
 manage second>y ev5ts to build up "* or
 p]sonality4 ,! :ole process mu/ be     
swift]1 & ! writ] mu/ dep5d l>gely on   
direct /atem5t & description4  ,?is     
matt] is ( "s importance4 ,z to sett+1 !
 te*nique ( ! %ort /ory & ( ! novel are 
id5tical2 !re is m]ely less sett+ 9 !   
%ort /ory--speak+                       
quantitatively--because ! type involves 
few] %ifts ( place1 ev5 if ! action does
 n happ5 9 "o place4 ,& ! te*nique ( !  
%ort /ory & ( ! novel are id5tical z to 
action2 ! %ort /ory m]ely involves few] 
episodes4 ,b z to ! p1 ! te*nique ( !   
%ort /ory & ( ! novel diff]4 ,x is true 
t ! %ort /ory involves few p]sons1      
relatively to ! novel1 j z x involves   
relatively few %ifts ( sett+ &          
relatively few ev5ts1 b ! diff]5ce is m 
?an quantitative1 & s affects ! te*nique
 ( ! type4 ,x affects ! te*nique ( !    
%ort /ory because *>act]ization is a    

matt] a*iev$ by %[+ ! p]son 9 action1 by
 describ+ him1 by transcrib+ 8 spee*1 & 
by /at+ 8 qualities directly4 ,t is to  
say1 *>act]ization goes on 9 e "p ( !   
/ory1 except :]e sett+ is be+ t\*$ 94 ,&
 x w g on !re1 to a slight ext5t1 if !  
environm5t is giv5 9 t]ms ( !           
impressions receiv$ by ! "* affect$4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 n>ration1 or v]bal treatm5t (
 ! ev5t1 & ! description ( sett+1 or    
v]bal treatm5t ( ! environm5t1 are m or 
less di/9ct & sep>ate elem5ts ( a /ory4 
,! matt] is delicate1 & ,i run "s risk (
 be+ obscure "h1 b ! net result ( !     
simplicity & sep>at5ess ( bo? ! n>rative
 & ! descriptive process is t ! n>rative
 & descriptive te*nique ( ! %ort /ory is
 ! n>rative & descriptive te*nique (    
fiction g5]ally4 ,writ] ( novel & writ] 
( %ort /ory c n>rate a murd] 9 mu* !    
same way1 or t\* 9 a c\ntryside )       
id5tical te*nique1 b !y _c h&le _! p    
simil>ly4  ,p]haps ! po9t c be made     
cle>]4 ,! writ] ( a novel & ! writ] ( a 
%ort /ory alike mu/ inve/ _! p ) !      

vivacity1 di/9ction1 & concret5ess (    
real m5 & wom51 b :]e ! "o has five     
hundr$ pages1 let u say1 ! o!r has only 
five ?\s& words4 ,x is a task difficult 
en\gh at be/ to precipitate a man 9 a   
few drops ( ink4 ,x is also difficult to
 n>rate ! man's actions ) "s ( !        
vividness ( reality1 or to t\* 9 a real 
_w = him to move 94 ,b note ?is4 ,:]e ! 
noveli/ mu/ deal ) a l>ge numb] ( ev5ts 
& sc5es1 ! %ort /ory writ] has only a   
few to h&le2 he has ab\t z _m words     
available = ea* ( 8 few z ! noveli/ has 
= 8 _m4 ,t is n ! case 9 creat+ *>act]s4
 ,! process ( *>act]ization mu/ p]meate 
any fiction1 =w>d$ by ! n>rative matt]1 
! dialogue1 ! expository matt]1 & !     
descriptive matt] alike4 ,& ! noveli/   
has five hundr$ pages to initiate1      
re9=ce1 & complete ! illusion (         
p]sonality :]e ! %ort /ory writ] has b  
five ?\s& words4 ,! noveli/ has m p to  
vivify1 x is true1 b n en\gh m ?an !    
%ort /ory writ] to give ! latt] an equal
 *ance if he foll[s ! same te*nique4  ,x

 all comes d[n to ?is3 a /ory1 long or  
%ort1 c be brok5 up into its sev]al     
episodes & sc5es1 :i* are me*anically   
sep>able1 b its p move ?r\gh ! :ole4    
,s9ce any ev5t or any sc5e is 9 a s5se a
 m]e item ( a /ory1 n univ]sally        
influ5tial1 ! te*nique ( h&l+ ev5t or   
sc5e simply z su* is mu* ! same1 :atev] 
! type ( /ory4 ,b s9ce ! elem5t (       
p]sonality is univ]sally pres5t &       
influ5tial 9 a /ory1 ! te*nique (       
*>act]ization v>ies ) ! ess5tial nature 
( ! /ory z a :ole4  ,! result ( !       
condition ^u ! g5]al te*nique (         
*>act]ization z appli$ 9 ! %ort /ory mu/
 n[ be /at$4  ,i h said already t ! :ole
 process mu/ be swift]1 b t is n v      
def9ite4 ,exp&$1 ! /atem5t am\nts to    
say+ t ! %ort /ory writ] _c develop     
p]sonality ) ! fullness & div]sity ( !  
noveli/2 he mu/ conc5trate 8 v]bal      
res\rces ^u ! trait develop$ by ! few   
ev5ts ( ! /ory & ^u a few /rik+         
peculi>ities ( appe>ance & spee*4 ,z to 
! /rict trait ( "*1 ! /ory itself w po9t

 ! way4 ,x w h "o ma9 situation1 &      
probably t "o w be ( su* a nature z to  
involve relatively simple attributes (  
s\l 9 ! p]sons conc]n$4 ,z to ! m       
sup]ficial matt] ( mak+ ! p]sons seem   
real & lifelike1 ! writ] mu/ describe   
%>ply1 r ?an at l5g?--z ,/ev5son did 9  
,a ,lodg+ = ! ,night--& mu/ make 8 p    
talk z individually z possible4 ,! g5]al
 aim1 ( c\rse1 is ! same z 9 ! long]    
/ory1 to pres5t real *>act]s ( unique   
appe>ance & spee*4 ,& ! writ]'s         
res\rces--aga9 ( c\rse--are ! same1 b ! 
brevity ( ! %ort /ory =ces him to       
conc5trate ^u "o matt] ( s\l1 "o        
matt]--or at mo/ a few--( appe>ance1 &  
"o matt] ( spee*4 ,! :ole art ( fiction 
is selective2 ev5 ! novel _c pres5t     
ju/ly ! complete man2 & ! %ort /ory1    
simply because x is %ort1 is ! mo/      
highly selective fiction ( all4 ,x _c   
pres5t ! :ole man1 b x mu/ seem to4 ,a  
read] w n feel ! abs5ce ( traits n      
involv$ 9 ! ev5ts1 & by vivid & brief   
descriptive t\*es1 re9=c$ by unique     

spee*1 any "* c be inve/$ ) :at w be    
accept$ z a complete physical pres5ce4  
,z /at$1 ! /ory itself1 if a true /ory &
 n a tale1 w %[ its writ] t 8 expository
 matt] or direct /atem5t z to "* mu/ be>
 only ^u ! traits involv$ 9 !           
plot-situation ( ! /ory4 ,! necessity is
 n peculi> to ! %ort /ory1 b x is m     
insi/5t ?an 9 ! case ( ! novel4 ,! o!r  
po9ts ( ! te*nique ( *>act]iz+ 9 ! %ort 
/ory are purely v]bal1 & ! writ]'s      
success dep5ds ^u 8 faculty 9 pung5t    
description & 9 h&l+ spee*4  ,! rema9d] 
( ! te*nique ( ! %ort /ory1 ap>t f !    
matt] ( creat+ real m5 & wom51 is n     
v]bal1 b con/ructive1 & is impli$ 9--z x
 results f--! brevity ( ! fiction4      
,unlike ! noveli/1 ! writ] ( ! %ort /ory
 has space = no?+ b ! /ory4 ,he _c drag 
9 by ! heels episodes uness5tial to !   
/ory solely = ! sake ( _! intr9sic      
int]e/2 he _c wa/e words ^u uness5tial  
p]sons4 ,he is fac$ by two facts--t 8   
/ory mu/ be int]e/+1 s t x w probably h 
to involve consid]able complication z to

 p]sons1 ev5ts1 & sett+1 & t x mu/ be   
told ) en\gh v]bal fullness &           
elaboration to give x ! body & seem+ (  
life4 ,trimm+ betwe5 ! necessity to     
int]e/ & ! necessity to inve/ 8 /ory )  
reality1 ! writ] fir/ mu/ f9d an int]e/+
 /ory1 & !n1 9 writ+1 or 9 develop+ &   
writ+1 mu/ be vigilant to transcribe    
no?+ uness5tial to ! /ory1 or he w be   
=c$ to exce$ 8 space-limit4  ,! process 
compreh5ds mo/ ( ! te*nique ( ! %ort    
/ory4 ,! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 x & !     
novel is t ! novel is m discursive4 ,mu*
 ( ! novel's int]e/1 q p]missibly1 may  
inh]e 9 p]sons1 episodes1 & matt]       
g5]ally )\t relation to ! ma9 ?read ( ! 
/ory4 ,b a %ort /ory's int]e/ may n     
inh]e 9 matt] =eign to ! ?read ( ! /ory4
 ,t is ! case n because ( any arbitr>y  
requirem5t t x be a unity1 b simply     
because a %ort /ory _c be told          
adequately z to ! /ory )\t exce$+ !     
^w-limit if uness5tial matt] be         
incorporat$ ) x4  ,! fallacy1 :e!r on ! 
"p ( comm5tator on te*nique or writ] (  

fiction1 9 approa*+ ! %ort /ory z "s    
sort ( artificial fictional unity lies 9
 ! implicit disreg>d ( ! necessity to   
int]e/4 ,! fir/ necessity is t a /ory   
int]e/1 & to meet x ! writ] mu/ devise  
"s complication ( p]sons1 motives1 &    
ev5ts1 & usually t w involve "s div]sity
 ( sett+1 or *ange ( place4 ,! second   
necessity is t ! /ory be told s z to    
create ! illusion ( reality1 & to meet x
 ! writ] w be =c$ to exhau/ 8 few ?\s&  
words4 ,! necessity t ! /ory int]e/ c be
 met only r>ely )\t violat+ ! unities ( 
! drama2 !re=e !y are n a conv5tion ( ! 
art ( ! %ort /ory4 ,ap>t f ! matt] (    
unity ( tone & /yle1 ! %ort /ory is a   
unity only 9 t x is "o s+le /ory1 no?+  
m1 no?+ less4 ,t is1 ea* ^w is ess5tial 
to ! fiction z su*4 ,b t does n mean t !
 /ory or plot is a unity 9 itself4 ,x   
may involve mu* div]sity 9 ! ?ree       
fictional elem5ts ( p]sonality1 ev5t1 & 
sett+1 ! la/ ( :i* includes "t4  ,i     
emphasize ! matt] because ! beg9n+ writ]
 is apt to devise /ories too simple to  

pres5t a real problem to awak5 a read]'s
 int]e/4 ,!re is also ! conv]se fault1 (
 c\rse1 t ( devis+ a /ory too complicat$
 to be giv5 adequate expression 9 few   
words1 b ?is fault w t5d to correct     
itself ?r\gh ! difficulties ! writ] w   
meet 9 execution4 ,! o!r w n t5d to     
correct itself4 ,! m simple ! /ory1 !   
easi] x w be to write ) "s approa* to   
adequacy4 ,! writ] :o fancies t a %ort  
/ory mu/ involve z little z possible    
div]sity ( p1 ev5ts1 & places may v well
 cont9ue to devise /ories too simple to 
awak5 int]e/1 h[ev] effectively !y may  
be told4 ,he w h no tr\ble 9 writ+ ea*  
"o )9 8 space1 b he w h tr\ble 9 gett+  
!m publi%$1 = ea* w be lack+ 9 ess5tial 
fictional value1 ! capacity to int]e/4  
,"h ,i c make only g5]al /atem5t1 & x is
 impracticable to dwell on ! fact t real
 & highly individualiz$ *>act]s w inve/ 
a simple /ory ) all ! int]e/ ( a m      
complicat$ fiction4 ,! g5]al tru?1      
h[ev]1 is t ! int]e/ ( a tale lies 9 !  
problem x pres5ts & solves1 t a problem 

involves complication & div]sity1 & t a 
writ] may g a/ray :o seeks only !       
dramatically unifi$ & simple plot4 ,8 "w
 w int]e/ a read] if he creates real p1 
b ! capacity to d s is a r>e faculty4   
,at ! bottom ( x1 a /ory1 long or %ort1 
is a sequ5ce ( ev5ts2 !y %\ld n be too  
simple1 =1 ap>t f ! human elem5t1       
simplicity pres5ts no problem to awak5 a
 read]'s int]e/4  ,! sole limitation ^u 
! complexity & div]sity ( ! %ort /ory z 
a :ole is ! difficulty to develop 9 few 
words a plot complicat$ z to p]sonality1
 ev5t1 place1 or "t4 ,accord+ly1 ! plot 
suitable = a %ort /ory w t5d to be      
simple1 b x ne$ n be s simple t ! ev5ts1
 ap>t f ! p1 w n awak5 int]e/4 ,moreov]1
 ! unskill$ writ] :o has exp]i5c$ !     
difficulty to develop an int]e/+ plot 9 
few words w be a/oni%$ by ! results ( a 
little =e?\ght & c>eful plann+ be=e     
writ+4 ,elim9ation & suppression (      
iness5tial & relatively unimportant     
matt]s w enable him to set =?           
adequately1 ?\gh 9 a few words1 a /ory (

 real body & int]e/4  ,! :ole discussion
 %\ld awak5 realization ( ! fact t !    
%ort /ory is ! mo/ difficult =m ( prose 
fiction4 ,to ! g5]al difficulty ( all   
fiction x adds ! difficulty t :atev] is 
done mu/ be done 9 a few words4 ,! writ]
 ( novel or romance has only to int]e/1 
& 8 space is practically unlimit$4 ,!   
%ort /ory writ] mu/ int]e/1 & he mu/    
int]e/ 9 few words & pages4 ,he mu/     
dep5d solely on 8 /ory2 he has space =  
no?+ else4 ,he %\ld rememb] t ea* item (
 uness5tial matt] giv5 place by him w   
less5 by j s mu* ! numb] ( words        
available to give ! real /ory           
v]isimilitude & consequ5t int]e/ &      
appeal4 ,to take ! conceptive aspect (  
x1 9 devis+ a %ort /ory he %\ld rememb] 
t inclusion ( any accid5tal & uness5tial
 matt] mu/ less5 by j s mu* 8 p[] to    
awak5 int]e/ by "s div]sity &           
complication 9 ! real /ory4  ,:5 a /ory 
idea is f\nd1 ! writ] %\ld det]m9e      
precisely :at matt]s mu/ be br\ght out  
if ! fiction is to h full effect on a   

read]1 :o w h only ! writ]'s words to g 
on4 ,! writ] %\ld realize precisely :at 
elem5ts ( p]sonality are significant 9  
relation to ! ma9 situation1 :i* is !   
/ory 9 little1 & %\ld prep>e to develop 
! motives & traits involv$4 ,he %\ld    
det]m9e precisely :at w be ! mo/        
effective physical movem5t = ! /ory1 !  
nature & ord] ( ev5ts1 also ! sett+ or  
environm5t4 ,he %\ld consid] ! ess5tial 
nature ( ! ma9 situation1 or climax1 &1 
if he _c manage t prec$+ ev5ts %all     
prep>e a read] = x1 he %\ld prep>e f !  
beg9n+ ( ! /ory to h9t :at is to come1 z
 ,/ev5son does 9 ,m>kheim4 ,f9ally1 he  
%\ld grasp ! develop$ /ory z a :ole1 &  
be vigilant to transcribe no?+          
uness5tial1 = if ! /ory is real         
fictional knot or problem1 & wor? :ile1 
he _c d s )\t sacrific+ ess5tial matt]  
or exce$+ 8 limits4  ,! physical brevity
 ( ! %ort /ory c]ta9ly has great        
influ5ce 9 ! direction ( simplicity4 ,b 
its brevity does n subject ! dramatic   
%ort /ory to ! conv5tions ( ! /age4 ,x  

mu/ be a unity1 s-call$1 b only 9 ?is1 t
 e ^w mu/ be necess>y to develop !      
/ory-idea1 :i*1 9 itself1 may be simple 
or some:at complex4 ,! %ort /ory (      
atmosph]e is ano!r matt]4  ,coh]5ce is a
 ^w mu* bett] ?an unity to express ! mo/
 significant attribute ( ! dramatic %ort
 /ory4 ,! =m is coh]5t 9 t e ^w1 l9e1 & 
s5t5ce has relation to ! /ory itself4 ,!
 novel is relatively incoh]5t 9 t x (t5 
embodies :ole /ories )\t relation to !  
ma9 /ory1 or matt] )\t relation to any  
/ory at all4 ,! mo/ pung5t way to put ! 
po9t ( ! :ole discussion is to /ate t ! 
%ort /ory1 view$ m]ely z a sequ5ce (    
words1 is coh]5t 9 t ea* ^w s]ves to    
=w>d a s+le /ory-idea to its conclusion4
 ,t is n to /ate t ! /ory-idea itself is
 coh]5t or a unity4 ,x is a unity 9 t x 
is s+le1 "o /ory1 b ! "o /ory ne$ n     
manife/ unity ( "t1 place1 & action4 ,! 
soon] ! %ort /ory writ] cle>s 8 head (  
any notion t ! v]bal coh]5ce ( !        
dramatic %ort /ory involves "s          
indef9able unity 9 its matt] or         

/ory-idea1 or "s equally indef9able     
s+l5ess ( effect1 ! bett] = him1 8 "w & 
pocketbook4,q  ,!re w\ld be no great    
pr(it 9 summ>iz+ "h ! items ( te*nique  
treat$ 9 o!r *apt]s4 ,all are ( use 9 ! 
%ort /ory1 function+ z 9 o!r =ms ( prose
 fiction4 ,ap>t f ! matt] (             
*>act]ization1 ! peculi> te*nique ( !   
%ort /ory is con/ructive & sup]visory1 r
 ?an executive4 ,! writ] mu/ make c]ta9 
t he has "o /ory & no?+ else1 = only "o 
/ory c be adequately develop$ )9 brief  
limits4 ,9 writ+1 he mu/ take c>e to    
transcribe only /ory-matt]1 = ! same    
reason4 ,b 9 n>rat+ an ev5t1 or 9       
describ+ a sett+1 aft] he has det]m9$ t 
ev5t & sett+ are ess5tial to 8 s+le     
/ory1 ! writ] may employ ! te*nique (   
g5]al n>rative or descriptive writ+4    
,:atev] ! =m ( fiction1 its aim is !    
same1 to %[ real m5 & wom5 do+ 9 a real 
_w ! ?+s "o might expect f _! natures & 
! circum/ances ( _! lives4  ,9 ! *apt]  
on /ory types some?+ 0 said z to !      
curr5t insi/5ce ^u ! v]bal compression (

 ! %ort /ory4 ,z /at$ !re1 ! %ort /ory1 
dramatic or atmosph]ic1 is n ! result ( 
m]e rhetorical compression1 r ( ! inh]5t
 brevity ( ! conception4 ,! executive   
te*nique ( long /ory & %ort are         
id5tical1 except z to ! s+le matt] (    
*>act]ization4 ,! %ort /ory develops its
 few] episodes ) z mu* rhetorical       
elaboration z ! novel develops its _m1 &
 ! writ] :o conceives t a %ort /ory c be
 produc$ by v]bal p>+ & fil+ is on !    
highroad to failure4   ,,footnotes3  ,q 
,! root cause ( all ! un9tellig5t       
discussion ( ! %ort /ory's unity 9 books
 on te*nique is failure to di/+ui%      
betwe5 =m & cont5t4 ,! m]e fact t no ^w 
)\t relation to ! /ory-idea c be        
transcrib$ does n mean t !              
/ory-idea--complex ( p1 ev5ts1 &        
sett+s--is a unity4 ,! %ort /ory is a   
unit 9 t x is "o /ory1 r ?an two or t51 
b--x is n imp]t95t to ask--:at ( x8 ,a  
s+le /ory may involve great div]sity &  
complication ( elem5ts4 ,& x is :at is  
kn[n z a %ort /ory if x c be pres5t$    

adequately )9 "s few ?\s& words1 ?\gh x 
beg9 9 a k+'s palace ) trag$y & end 9   
laught] 9 a ,h>lem flat4 ,poe's type (  
%ort /ory is ano!r matt]2 x does possess
 unity ( cont5t 9 t sett+1 p]sonality1 &
 ev5ts are subtly alike4     ,,*apt]    
,,xiii  ,,! ,,novel      ,novel &       
,romance--,romanticism &                
,realism--,te*niques (     ,novel &     
,romance--,incoh]5ce ( ,novel ,relative 
to ,%ort     ,/ory--,novel z ,m$ium (   
,self-,expression--,int]polation (      
,p]sonal ,comm5t--,significant          
,simplicity--,p]missible                
,inclusiv5ess ( ,novel--,full           
,developm5t ( ,p]sonality--     ,v>iety 
( ,action--,l5g?--,initial              
,idea--,/ory--,life--                   
,society--,s+l5ess ( ,/ory--,social     
,emphasis4   ,i h a small diction>y on  
my desk :i* def9es ! novel z a fictiti\s
 prose n>rative or tale pres5t+ a       
picture ( real life1 & ! romance z any  
fictiti\s & wond]ful tale3 a fictiti\s  
n>rative 9 prose or v]se :i* passes     

beyond ! limits ( real life4 ,!         
def9itions /ate a di/9ction easi] to    
feel vaguely ?an to ju/ify4 ,"o may say 
) tru? t ,jane ,au/5's ,s5se &          
,s5sibility or ,trollope's ,! ,w>d5     
pres5ts a picture ( real life1 b c "o   
also say ) tru? t ,haw?orne's ,! ,sc>let
 ,lett] or ,/ev5son's ,dr4 ,jekyll &    
,mr4 ,hyde passes ess5tially beyond !   
limits ( real life simply because ea*   
book /ates a physically impossible ?+--!
 br& ( 8 s9 ov] ,ar?ur ,dimmesdale's    
he>t & ! metamorphosis ( ,dr4 ,jekyll8  
,ei!r matt] is a m]e symbol1 devis$ to  
give concret5ess to a spiritual fact4   
,is x n true ?an human life1 ! mat]ial =
 fiction1 has its spiritual actualities 
z well z its physical facts8 & does n ! 
romance--z x is commonly und]/ood--diff]
 f ! novel m]ely 9 t x n>rates a real   
adv5ture ( ! s\l r ?an a real adv5ture (
 ! body8  ,! fact is pat5t1 ,i ?9k1 t ! 
writ] ( fiction w ga9 small b5efit f    
conceiv+ ! romance z some?+ sep>ate &   
ap>t f ! novel2 likewise1 t a book on   

te*nique )\t confusion may treat ! writ+
 ( long fiction g5]ally z ! writ+ (     
novels4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t !        
ess5tial b5t ( any p>ticul> writ] may   
lead him to deal ) ! facts ( ! s\l r ?an
 ! facts ( ! body1 or t any p>ticul>    
/ory may be a spiritual r ?an a physical
 adv5ture2 nev]!less ! /ory ( ! _s mu/  
/ill develop facts & %[ _! relations1 & 
! te*nical res\rces ( its writ] are     
precisely ! same z ^? ( ! writ] :o deals
 pr$om9ately ) ! m concrete physical    
facts ( life4  ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to g  
at "s l5g? into ?is "q ( romance1 all   
its connotations & implications4 ,9     
p>ticul>1 !re is an anti!sis 9 common   
?\ght1 ) romanticism & realism ! two    
oppos$ memb]s1 :i* x w\ld n be too dull 
to discuss4 ,b ! discussion w\ld n give 
mu* light to "o :o desires to acquire a 
k ( ! me*anics ( fiction1 long or %ort4 
,x is p]missible to call a reali/ "o :o 
transcribes pr$om9ately physical        
details1 & x is p]missible to call a    
romantici/ "o :o transcribes pr$om9at$  

typo = pr$om9antly8 spiritual details1 b
 9 bo? cases ! basic te*nique is        
id5tical4 ,! reali/ c conf9e himself to 
physical facts because 8 /ory deals     
l>gely ) ! ev]yday actualities ( life1 &
 its subord9ate spiritual values w be   
felt by a read] ?r\gh inf]5ce f ! facts4
 ,! romantici/ mu/ /ate spiritual facts 
directly because !y are ! v /uff &      
ess5ce ( 8 /ory4 ,he is none ! less a   
reali/ if !re are spiritual             
actualities--an indisputable            
proposition--& if he /ates !m z !y exi/ 
= him4  ,! critical discussion t treats 
realism & romanticism z oppos$ arti/ic  
philosophies is s confus$ t x w\ld s]ve 
no useful purpose to g into ! matt] "h4 
,:at little ,i h to say on ! subject w  
be said 9 ! next *apt]4 ,b x is n       
inappropriate to call att5tion to ! fact
 t e /ory conceiv$--9 ,/ev5son's        
phrase--f )9 outw>ds1 ! only g5esis = a 
"w ( art1 is m]ely a subjective reality2
 x nev] happ5$4 ,p]haps x is s          
ess5tially commonplace t x probably has 

happ5$ sometime2 p]haps x is s little   
abnormal t v possibly x has happ5$4 ,or 
p]haps x may be ( su* a nature t x nev] 
c\ld h happ5$4 ,9 any ev5t1 :atev] !    
nature ( ! /ory1 its v]ity & reality z a
 fiction dep5d solely ^u its writ]'s    
elaborative & executive p[]s4 ,if 8 h&  
falt]1 tangibility & concret5ess 9 !    
matt] ( ! /ory w n save x1 w n make x   
seem real to a read]4 ,! lives ( mo/ m5 
are commonplace1 b ! relatively few     
lives t are n commonplace are z real &  
actual z ^? t foll[ beat5 pa?s4 ,9 !    
lives ( mo/1 ! spiritual elem5t is      
subord9ate1 p]haps1 b 9 ! lives ( "s few
 x is enorm\sly influ5tial & supremely  
real4 ,realism1 ! arti/ic philosophy1   
ass]ts t fiction %\ld pres5t only !     
real4 ,! ass]tion is nons5se = two      
reasons4 ,fir/1 ! commonplace1 or1 if y 
please ! inevitable1 ! only reality :i* 
realism admits1 is n ! only reality4    
,second1 ! v]ity or reality ( fiction _c
 be asc]ta9$ by any objective te/1 _c be
 det]m9$ by ! physical possibility ( its

 matt]1 its p & _! acts1 = a fiction is 
purely subjective1 a conception1 &      
conceivability is ! sole te/ ( its      
v]ity4 ,! writ] ( a /ory transcribes :at
 he sees1 n necess>ily :at is4,r  ,z    
/at$1 ! writ] ( fiction w d]ive small   
b5efit f conceiv+ novel & romance z     
entirely diff]5t types ( fiction4 ,!    
di/9ction betwe5 !m us$ to be insi/$ ^u 
mu* m p$antically ?an is ! case to-day1 
& ! pres5t t5d5cy to call any /ory (    
book-l5g? a novel is a heal?y sign4 ,!  
te*nique ( ! novel1 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( a   
picture ( society1 & ! te*nique ( !     
romance1 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( a /ory n ( real
 life1 are broadly ! same4 ,& :]e !re is
 no diff]5ce 9 te*nique ! arti/ %\ld    
admit no diff]5ce 9 type4 ,if he does   
admit any diff]5ce 9 type1 & all[s x to 
influ5ce him1 8 conceptive faculty w be 
hamp]$ & t is arti/ic dea?4 ,x is h>d   
en\gh to f9d a /ory t is wor? :ile1 a   
/ory t w int]e/1 )\t subject+ "o's self 
to ! add$ & totally unnecess>y          
difficulty to br+ all "o's ideas to !   

measure ( "s fanci$ type z a fir/ te/4  
,! writ] ( fiction %\ld be w>n$ t x is  
supremely difficult to avoid becom+     
artificial & me*anical1 & t he w surely 
become s if he does 8 conceptive ?9k+ 9 
t]ms ( analysis4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !     
analytical habit ( m9d is directly      
oppos$ to ! creative2 9 ! second place1 
! analysis t divides long /ories into   
novels & romances 9 ! special s5se is   
false4 ,! way to f9d a /ory is to look =
 a /ory1 =gett+ all t p$ants h writt5 & 
failures practic$4 ,! silly criticism t 
classifies fiction by its cont5t is     
b5ea? contempt2 ! writ] ( fiction :o    
he$s x is supremely fooli%4  ,9 ! foll[+
 discussion ! t]m novel w be us$ simply 
to d5ote a plott$ fiction ( book-l5g?4  
,contra/+ ! %ort /ory & ! novel1 &      
dwell+ on ! relative coh]5ce ( ! brief] 
=m1 ,i _h occasion to /ate t ! novel is 
relatively incoh]5t 9 t mu* ( its int]e/
 = a read] q p]missibly may inh]e 9     
matt] ) little or no relation to ! ma9  
?read ( ! /ory4 ,( c\rse1 incoh]5ce is n

 a po9t ( ! te*nique ( ! novel4         
,incoh]5ce is n a po9t ( ! te*nique (   
any?+1 except ( "s ( ! ultra mod]n      
s*ools 9 music1 pa9t+1 & v]se4 ,!       
/atem5t z to ! incoh]5ce ( ! novel 0    
made incid5tally 9 develop+ ! argum5t t 
! %ort /ory _c be incoh]5t because its  
brevity =bids t x pres5t ev5 its s+le   
/ory-idea adequately & also set =?      
irrelevant matt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! novel 
may set =? irrelevant matt] because its 
l5g? is n only a great] b a m ela/ic    
quantity ?an t ( ! %ort /ory2 if !      
int]ruptions ( ! /ory are n too frequ5t 
& su/a9$1 ! p[] ( ! /ory ov] a read] w n
 be less5$ to any appreciable ext5t4 ,t 
is n to say t ! noveli/ %\ld seek to    
int]rupt himself4  ,a good _m s]i\s     
writ]s--s-call$--*oose to write ! novel 
simply because x does (f] an opportunity
 = direct self-expression great] ?an any
 af=d$ by brief] fiction4 ,!y are conf9$
 to fiction--may !y p>don !             
rem>k--because !y h met1 or feel t !y w 
meet1 difficulty 9 f9d+ a publi%] = _!  

v>i\s !ories /at$ z su*2 s !y bli!ly    
write a novel1 ) ins]tions ( politics1  
religion1 sociology1 :at n1 & palm x (f 
on ! unhappy public = a /ory4 ,( c\rse  
su* direct expression ( "o's op9ions is 
n self-expression ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a "w (
 art4 ,x is only *oos+ delib]ately to d 
poor "w = ! sake ( money or notoriety or
 vanity4 ,writ+ ! problem novel is n q !
 same ?+4 ,if a social problem1 z !     
friction betwe5 capital & labor1 is     
utiliz$ z ! fundam5tal plot--or         
conflict-!me ( a novel1 a good deal (   
p]sonal op9ion may be introduc$ by !    
au?or )\t injury to ! arti/ic coh]5ce ( 
! /ory4 ,b x is well to rememb] t !     
prim>y aim ( fiction is to int]e/1 an   
aim t c be a*iev$ mo/ easily & mo/      
completely by tell+ a good /ory4        
,propag&a is apt to be supremely dull   
anyway1 & x is b\nd to seem dull to "o  
:o is look+ = a /ory & no?+ else4 ,!    
practical implications ( a "w ( art mu/ 
be m]e implications1 re/+ 9 inf]5ce1 or 
! "w w be feeble & mis%ap54  ,! noveli/ 

c indulge 9 p]sonal comm5t & yet pres5t 
! :ole ( 8 /ory1 = 8 space is           
practically unlimit$4 ,! writ] ( ! %ort 
/ory mu/ sacrifice ei!r ! comm5t or !   
/ory4 ,! result is t ! typical novel is 
m incoh]5t ?an ! typical %ort /ory4 ,!  
f9] ! book z a :ole1 ! easi] x is to    
=give or ov]look ! defect1 = defect x   
is4 ,"o c =give ,?ack]ay 8 rambl+ asides
 & 8 diffid5ce 9 approa*+ 8 /ory1 = 9   
all ( 8 books ! /ory is pres5t & 9 ea* x
 is a f9e ?+4 ,b ,vanity ,fair1 =       
in/ance1 is too significant a fiction to
 suff] con/ant int]ruption )\t caus+ a  
read] to become impati5t4 ,if a /ory is 
ess5tially weak1 int]polat+ p]sonal     
comm5t & unrelat$ matt] g5]ally w make x
 weak]2 if x is ess5tially f9e &        
significant1 passages )\t be>+ on ! /ory
 w irritate ! read]4  ,:atev] ! art1    
:oev] ! arti/1 8 task is to hold p5 or  
*isel or bru% true to ! outl9es ( 8     
conception4 ,if 8 h& leave its prop]    
c\rse1 :e!r ( set purpose or ?r\gh      
inaptitude1 8 "w mu/ suff]4 ,! art (    

fiction is s inf9itely difficult t !    
practition] %\ld welcome r ?an bewail 8 
obligation to hew to ! l9e1 = by        
conc5trat+ ^u ! /ory & no?+ else he w be
 l$ to leave no gaps 9 8 pres5tm5t4 ,a  
"w ( art is a ?+ ( significant          
simplicity4 ,j because ! noveli/ works 9
 words1 j because 8 mat]ials h "s       
significance = a read] 9                
!mselves--unlike ! clay & m>ble ( !     
sculptor1 ! /one ( ! ar*itect1 & !      
pigm5ts ( ! pa9t]1 :i*1 unwr\ght ^u1 h  
no message = an obs]v]--! noveli/ is n  
at lib]ty to ?r[ words toge!r )\t "s set
 purpose4 ,! inh]5t significance ( ea*  
^w mu/ h j relation to ! :ole1 if ! :ole
 is to h ! direction & significant      
simplicity ( a "w ( art4 ,! real        
condition is t ! noveli/1 unlike ! writ]
 ( ! %ort /ory1 may tell 8 /ory         
adequately & d some?+ else1 b ! arti/ic 
quality ( 8 "w w suff]1 t is1 its p[]   
ov] a read] w be dim9i%$1 if he         
int]polates =eign matt]4 ,arti/ry is    
simply ! faculty to realize to ! utmo/ !

 inh]5t p[] ( "o's conceptions1 & !     
arti/ry ( any fiction less5s z ! appeal 
( ! /ory = a read] dim9i%es4 ,& ! appeal
 ( a /ory z su* mu/ dim9i% ) e          
int]ruption1 unless its p[] ov] a read] 
be v great1 & 9 t case any break 9 its  
movem5t w irritate & (f5d4  ,i h cit$   
,/ev5son's ,! ,ebb-,tide a numb] ( times
 already1 & ! book may be in/anc$ "h4 ,x
 is a trem5d\sly p[]ful bit ( "w1       
consid]+ ! nature ( its matt]1 & its p[]
 ov] a read] 9 l>ge "p results f its    
au?or's hav+ conf9$ himself /rictly to !
 /ory4 ,! conception is significant1 & !
 /ory z writt5 is significant because ! 
conception is set =? :ole & unm>r$4 ,!  
read]'s att5tion is n di/ract$ by matt] 
irrelevant to ! /ory4 ,its !me1 !       
impossibility t a weak man %\ld be o!r  
?an weak1 h[ev] he may be circum/anc$1  
is develop$ adequately1 & no?+ else is  
develop$4 ,no book c\ld be m wisely     
recomm5d$ to ! writ] ( fiction = /udy ( 
! ess5tial te*nical processes ( fiction4
 ,x %[s adequate treatm5t ( p]sonality1 

adequate treatm5t ( ev5ts1 & adequate   
treatm5t ( sett+1 %[s fictionally real p
 do+ fictionally real ?+s 9 a           
fictionally real environm5t4 ,above all1
 x is a /ory1 no?+ else1 & is po9t$ to  
br+ out its value z a :ole2 t is x has !
 significant simplicity ( a true "w (   
art4 ,x is coh]5t z to ! /ory x         
embodies1 & 9 its coh]5ce lies its p[]4 
,! b>e conception is some:at weak 9 t x 
t5ds to ar\se an intellectual r ?an an  
emotional int]e/ 9 a read]2 moreov]1 !  
conception is positively unpleasant &   
depress+1 9 ! conv5tional s5se2 b ! book
 z writt5 is a p[]ful ?+ because x      
realizes to ! full ! inh]5t capacity (  
its matt] to int]e/ & impress by tell+ !
 /ory adequately & by br++ out no?+ b ! 
/ory4,s  ,! novel1 !n1 %\ld be coh]5t z 
to ! /ory x embodies1 b t is n ! :ole ( 
its peculi> te*nique4 ,! /ory itself may
 be widely inclusive1 may1 9 a way1     
involve a numb] ( /ories4 ,! noveli/    
%\ld n seek delib]ately to comb9e !     
unrelat$1 b he ne$ n foll[ a s+le ?read4

 ,he c turn aside into bypa?s ( action t
 w br+ out ! natures ( 8 p ) m fullness 
?an ! /raight c\rse ( ! /ory itself1 &  
he c involve 8 m9or *>act]s 9 sub-plots1
 relatively unimportant /ories ( _! own4
 ,g5]ally1 ! noveli/ w seek to develop  
p]sonality ) great] fullness & detail   
?an ! writ] ( ! %ort /ory1 &1 z a       
result1 ! action ( ! novel w be m       
diffus$ & loos]1 less po9t$1 ?an !      
action ( ! %ort /ory4 ,or1 conv]sely1 ! 
long /ory necess>ily involves m v>i$    
action ?an ! brief] =m1 & !re=e develops
 m v>i$ traits 9 ! actors4 ,relative to 
! %ort /ory1 ! novel is a natural type (
 fiction 9 t x c make "s approa* to     
pres5t+ ! :ole man1 ) all 8             
contradictory & inconsi/5t traits &     
impulses2 relative to ! novel1 ! %ort   
/ory is an artificial type ( fiction 9 t
 ! comp>atively direct & po9t$ "* ( its 
action =bids t x develop m ?an "o or a  
few significant traits ( p]sonality4 ,! 
writ] ( ! %ort /ory _c qualify & di/+ui%
 z to 8 p's natures1 & t is :y ! f9e    

%ort /ory is less humanly significant   
?an ! f9e novel1 = no man is pure sa9t  
or pure villa91 pure ?is or pure t4 ,we 
are all bewild]+ly inconsi/5t1 :]e9 lies
 mo/ ( ! int]e/ ( life4 ,! novel c %[   
its p bl[n "h & !re by ! w9ds ( desire1 
z 9 life1 & t is :at ! %ort /ory _c d4  
,ea* /ory is a rule to itself1 s f> z ! 
"q ( scope & v>iety ( action is conc]n$1
 b ! noveli/ w d]ive small b5efit f     
introduc+ unnecess>y p & unnecess>y     
ev5ts m]ely to l5d a great] illusion (  
movem5t or bu/le to ! :ole4 ,action1 9  
fiction1 is action :i* plays a necess>y 
"p 9 ! /ory1 & ! noveli/ %\ld n         
int]polate insignificant ev5ts any m ?an
 he %\ld int]polate 8 own op9ions on    
life & morals4 ,8 task is to tell "s    
p>ticul> /ory1 no m1 no less4  ,x is    
difficult to /ate ! relative            
inclusiv5ess ( ! novel )\t lay+ a false 
emphasis on its p]missible scope &      
v>iety ( cont5t1 = ! novel %\ld be      
exclusive z well z inclusive4 ,t is1 x  
%\ld n be a m]e welt] ( p & :at !y d1 b 

%\ld possess "s s+le human significance1
 "s prim>y reason = be+1 by :i* its     
writ] c te/ ! availability ( matt] t    
sugge/s itself to him4 ,betwe5 !        
concis5ess & s+l5ess ( ,! ,ebb-,tide & !
 unnecess>y l5g? & complexity ( "s ( !  
,victorians lies a gold5 mean easi] to  
recognize 9 specific books ?an to /ate  
ab/ract$ly4 ,! ,ebb-,tide1 ?\gh n a %ort
 /ory 9 po9t ( l5g?1 is some:at brief1 &
 x is a %ort /ory 9 /ructure1 9 po9t ( !
 s+l5ess ( its /ory-idea1 ! small numb] 
( its *>act]s1 & ! comp>ative simplicity
 ( its action4 ,( c\rse1 x is none !    
less a f9e novel1 a f9e long /ory2 !    
po9t is t !re are ?\s&s ( o!r /ories1   
equally f9e1 p]haps m humanly           
significant1 :i* _c be writt5 s         
concisely1 b :i* ne$ n run to ! l5g? (  
,david ,copp]field1 ,! ,virg9ians1 or ,!
 ,cloi/] & ! ,he>?4 ,to attempt to set  
me*anical limits ( l5g? = ! novel w\ld  
be m]e sill9ess1 b x is true t ! av]age 
idea = a long /ory c be giv5 complete & 
adequate expression 9 "o or two hundr$  

?\s& words4 ,usually !re is no ne$ to   
write at mu* great] or inord9ate l5g?1  
unless irrelevant matt] is introduc$ =  
its own sake4 ,& ! introduction ( su*   
matt] = its own sake c only h9d] !      
effect ( ! /ory itself on a read]4 ,x   
may r5d] ! book1 ! m]e sequ5ce ( words1 
m int]e/+1 b irrelevant matt] _c r5d] ! 
/ory itself m int]e/+4 ,! di/9ction %\ld
 be not$ & realiz$1 = ! noveli/'s aim is
 to int]e/ ?r\gh 8 /ory1 n m]ely to     
int]e/4  ,!re is ano!r way to approa* ! 
matt] ( ! novel's relative inclusiv5ess 
& l5g?1 p]haps a bett] way4 ,:]e !      
noveli/ fir/ conceives 8 /ory def9itely 
z su*1 z a c\rse ( ev5ts1 he %\ld br+   
all matt] :i* sugge/s itself = writ+ to 
! te/ ( relation to ! /ory4 ,he has only
 to write ! /ory1 duly elaborat$1 &     
!reby he w take c>e ( ! matt]s ( l5g? & 
complexity & inclusiv5ess )\t deta*$    
calculation to t end4 ,b if ! noveli/   
f9ds 8 initial idea 9 t]ms ( a life or (
 a phase ( society1 ! idea does n plot  
or diagram ! :ole /ory = him4 ,he has   

yet to evolve ! /ory z su*1 & he may    
devise z %ort & simple a ?+ z ,!        
,ebb-,tide or z long & complicat$ a ?+ z
 ,tol/oi's ,w> & ,peace4 ,usually x w be
 f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 t ! v long novel--,tom   
,jones1 ,jean ,*ri/ophe1 ,david         
,copp]field1 ,anna ,k>59a1 ,les         
,mis]ables1 ,! ,virg9ians--0 fir/       
conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( a life or a society1 r
 ?an 9 t]ms ( a def9ite /ory4 ,x is     
c]ta9ly true t only ! life ( an         
individual or ! life ( a society c s]ve 
to b9d toge!r ! motley elem5ts ( a v    
long novel1 giv+ x "s arti/ic coh]5ce4  
,david ,copp]field c be call$ "o /ory 9 
t x consi/s ( ,copp]field's life &      
relat$ matt]s1 b ,our ,mutual ,fri5d is 
9 no s5se a s+le /ory4 ,x is m]ely a    
numb] ( /ories devis$ to be told toge!r 
& !re=e dovetail+ to "s ext5t4  ,x all  
comes d[n to ?is3 if ! noveli/ conceives
 a def9ite /ory1 he has only to tell x1 
b if he conceives a life or a society he
 has yet to devise 8 /ory4 ,& ! matt]s  
:i* c h "s relation to a life or a      

society are mu* m v>i$ ?an ^? :i* c h "s
 relation to a c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,9 o!r    
words1 ! conception ( a /ory z su*      
limits ! writ]'s *oice ( matt]4 ,if "o  
/>ts ) a /ory1 "o c tell only ! /ory4   
,if "o />ts ) a life or a society1 "o c 
write pretty mu* at l>ge4  ,9 discuss+ !
 %ort /ory1 x 0 possible to /ate t x mu/
 embody "o /ory-idea1 = ! physical      
brevity ( ! =m prohibits adequate       
developm5t ( m ?an a s+le /ory4 ,b if ,i
 /at$ t ! novel mu/ embody "o /ory-idea1
 no m1 no less1 ! /atem5t w\ld be false1
 = ! l5g? ( ! =m is practically         
unlimit$4 ,z ,dick5s did 9 ,our ,mutual 
,fri5d & o!r books1 ! noveli/ c tell    
toge!r ?ree or f\r unrelat$ /ories if he
 s desires4 ,he has ! space4 ,! "q is n 
:e!r he c b :e!r he %\ld tell m ?an "o4 
,! answ] is t he %\ld conf9e himself to 
"o4 ,p]haps a little support+ argum5t is
 call$ =4  ,! mo/ obvi\s criticism ( ?is
 limitation ^u ! noveli/ is t x savors  
/rongly ( artificiality1 r ?an ( art4 ,!
 read] may ?9k ( ,dick5s himself1 8     

m>vel\s p1 ! _w ( delight 9 8 books4 ,b 
,dick5s1 x may be said ) all rev]5ce1 0 
no /ory-tell]4 ,8 is a fictional _w     
turn$ upside d[n4 ,8 /ories are less ?an
 no?+2 8 major *>act]s are less ?an     
no?+2 b 8 little p are gods4 ,all 8     
books are m]e c>dbo>d beside ! works (  
su* a "o z ,do/oievsky1 b 9 ea* book--) 
a few exceptions--!re is "s /up5d\s     
,well] or ,micawb]1 n a man1 b a god4   
,"o goes to ,dick5s almo/ z to          
vaudeville1 & ,pickwick is 8 be/ book   
because x is no /ory4 ,9 x ,well] & !   
o!rs run wild unre/ra9$ by ! necessities
 ( any pr$et]m9$ c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,b a    
/ory is a pr$et]m9$ c\rse ( ev5ts1      
actually or 9 effect1 & ! m]e fact t    
,dick5s c\ld write poor /ories & yet    
int]e/ by 8 wond]ful p does n falsify ! 
te*nique ( fiction4  ,aga91 ! fact t !  
noveli/ %\ld conf9e himself to "o /ory  
at a "t does n deb> him f foll[+        
side-issues1 provid$ !y h relation to ! 
ma9 c\rse ( ev5ts1 or f creat+ m9or p l 
,dick5s'1 if he has ! p[]4 ,dick5s c\ld 

h plac$ 8 p 9 real /ories in/ead ( 9 !  
weak fictions !y s]ve to ennoble4       
,f9ally1 ,i w /ate ab/ractly !          
conditions f :i* result ! arti/ic1 n !  
physical necessity t ! noveli/ conf9e   
himself 9 ea* book to a s+le /ory-idea4 
,! aim to int]e/ is ! aim ( fiction1    
long & %ort1 & ! body ( a writ]'s       
res\rces to accompli% ! aim make up !   
body ( fiction te*nique4 ,b ! aim ( !   
writ] ( plott$ fiction is n simply to   
int]e/2 x is to int]e/ ?r\gh a /ory1 a  
c\rse ( ev5ts function+ toge!r 9 t !y   
embody "s sort ( problem4 ,leav+ aside !
 matt] ( executive arti/ry1 & premis+ t 
! writ] w realize to ! full !           
possibilities ( 8 /ory1 x is accurate to
 /ate t ! int]e/ a /ory w ar\se w be 9  
accordance ) ! human significance ( !   
problem x embodies4 ,adequate fictional 
treatm5t ( ! problem to w9 love or to   
make a liv+ w be m int]e/+ ?an adequate 
fictional treatm5t ( ! problem to escape
 paym5t ( an income tax4 ,& !           
possibilities ( any problem ( life to   

ar\se a read]'s int]e/ c be realiz$ to !
 full only by sett+ out t problem & no?+
 else4 ,only by %[+ ! ?+ 9 isolation &  
high relief c ! writ] reveal to1 & =ce  
home ^u a read] its ultimate            
significance4 ,if any?+ unrelat$ to !   
/ory or problem is br\ght out1 some?+ ( 
! p[] ( ! /ory z su* w be lo/4          
,likewise1 if two or m /ories or        
problems are ea* completely develop$ 9  
"o book1 nei!r w h t s+l5ess ( appeal to
 a read] :i* is ess5tial if ea* is to h 
maximum effect4  ,9 o!r words1 a novel  
does n function z a m]e physical        
spectacle2 be+ a /ory1 x mu/ h a motive1
 an arti/ic purpose2 & if x has m ?an "o
 x w be at cross purposes z a "w ( art4 
,t is n a m]e arti/ic defect4 ,x is a   
practical defect 9 t motive1 purpose1 & 
/ory w n h extreme effect4 ,nor is x to 
say t ! novel may n be v complicat$ z to
 any or all ( its ?ree elem5ts ( p1     
ev5ts1 & sett+4 ,anna ,k>59a is         
complicat$ en\gh1 9 all consci5ce1 b e  
item ( ! novel has relation to its "o   

/ory ei!r 9 t x s]ves directly to       
develop ! horrible trag$y ( ,anna's life
 or 9 t x =w>ds ! pres5tm5t ( ! society 
:i* %e r5\nc$4  ,! pa9t] _c put two     
diff]5t pictures side by side on ! same 
canvas )\t hamp]+ ! effect ( ea*2 /ill  
less c he comm+le ! two4 ,! ar*itect _c 
build on two designs at once4 ,nor c !  
noveli/--if he w\ld h ea* /ory realize  
to ! full its inh]5t capacity to        
int]e/--comb9e diff]5t /ories 9 ! same  
book4 ,he c develop p]sonality 9 great  
detail2 he c foll[ by-pa?s ( action2 he 
c involve 8 m9or *>act]s 9 subplots2 b !
 ma9 c\rse ( ! /ory mu/ be s+le1 n      
duplicate or triplicate1 t ! :ole may h 
po9t & significance4  ,! read] w obs]ve 
t ?is book lays absolutely no           
re/rictions on ! conceptive faculty4 ,x 
prea*es t ! way to write fiction is to  
look = a /ory1 &1 :5 x is f\nd1 to write
 x s z to give x full effect4 ,x may be 
a %ort /ory2 x may be a novel4 ,x may h 
its g5esis 9 a dream1 9 a life1 9 a     
situation1 9 a society4 ,b1 :atev] its  

nature1 :atev] its l5g?1 its effect on1 
its int]e/ =1 a read]1 c result only f  
itself4 ,! /ory z su* _c be =tifi$ by ! 
introduction ( =eign matt]1 al?\gh !    
int]e/ ( ! writ]'s text z a m]e sequ5ce 
( words may be height5$ !reby4 ,b ! aim 
( ! writ] ( novel or %ort /ory is to    
int]e/ ?r\gh 8 /ory z su*1 n m]ely to   
int]e/4 ,a newspap] is int]e/+1 yet a   
newspap] is n a /ory1 h[ev] mu* fiction 
x may embody4  ,! novel or long /ory is 
apt to h a /rong social emphasis simply 
because ! int]play ( society & !        
conflict ( its memb]s supply mu* m      
mat]ial = /ories ?an ! m isolat$ phases 
( human life4 ,! noveli/ is "u no       
obligation to reproduce a social        
spectacle 9 ea* book1 b m (t5 ?an n he w
 f9d t he mu/ d s to br+ out ! full     
value ( 8 conception4 ,x foll[s t he w d
 well to g ab\t ) an obs]vant eye1 = x  
is ! little details ( ! novel ( mann]s t
 l5d v]isimilitude to ! :ole4 ,& su*    
matt]s _c be inv5t$2 !y mu/ h be5       
obs]v$2 = a read] kn[s !m :e!r or n !   

writ] does too4   ,,footnotes3  ,r ,= a 
pla9]1 because less philosophical       
discussion ( ! fallacies ( realism1 !   
arti/ic philosophy1 see p4 #aii4  ,s ,! 
,ebb-,tide is int]e/+ 9 connection ) !  
g5]al "q ( plot4 ,its plot is ! /ruggle 
)9 ,rob]t ,h]rick betwe5 an artificially
 /imulat$ resolution & an ess5tial      
weakness ( moral fibre4 ,! m]e me*anical
 complication t he & 8 fell[s /eal a    
s*oon] lad5 ) bottl$ wat] ?9k+ h] lad5 )
 *ampagne is no "p ( ! plot1 only a     
circum/ance ( ! action1 yet1 z plot is  
commonly und]/ood1 ! circum/ance w\ld be
 tak5 z ! he>t ( ! plot 9 itself4 ,also1
 ,! ,ebb-,tide is int]e/+ 9 connection )
 ! matt] ( realism & ! fallacies ( !    
cult4 ,! reali/s might claim ! book1 b  
!y w\ld h a m]ry "t to po9t any ess5tial
 diff]5ce betwe5 x & ,! ,ma/] (         
,ballantrae1 :i* !y w\ld reject4 ,& a   
di/9ction t c be ju/ifi$ only :5 appli$ 
to extreme types-say ,pride & ,prejudice
 & ,frank5/e9--is n v conv9c+4          
,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,,conclusion      ,/ory &

 ,tale--,realism ! ,me?od--,realism !   
,dogma--     ,philosophy (              
,fiction--,int]e/--,p[] ( ! ,real       
,problems     ( ,life--,te/ (           
,m]it--,aim ( ,executive ,arti/ry--     
,v]isimilitude--,ultimate ,arti/ic      
,significance ( ,plot4   ,! purpose (   
?is book has be5 to %$ a little light on
 ! ess5tial te*nical processes ( ! art (
 fiction2 to /ate a g5]al philosophy (  
fiction has n be5 my aim4 ,accord+ly1 ! 
text t\*es only incid5tally ^u !        
fundam5tal types ( fiction & a writ]'s  
fundam5tal purposes 9 adopt+ any "o ( !m
 z a m$ium = expression ( himself or 8  
conceptions4 ,p>tly to ju/ify "s ( !    
text1 & p>tly because x may prove (     
practical s]vice1 ,i %all /ate briefly a
 g5]al !ory or philosophy ( fiction-n my
 !ory1 m]ely1 nor t ( anyone else1 b    
simply ! !ory :i* is impli$ 9 ! cont5t &
 aim ( ! art itself4  ,! cont5t (       
fiction is man & :at he may exp]i5ce1 9 
body1 m9d1 & s\l2 ! aim ( fiction is to 
int]e/4 ,c]ta9 results foll[1 b be=e    

/at+ !m x w be well to cle> ! way a     
little4  ,i h /at$ t a /ory is a fiction
 ) a plot1 & h def9$ a plot z a dramatic
 problem1 t is1 a c\rse ( ev5ts :i*     
function toge!r z a :ole 9 t !y influ5ce
 & are influ5c$ by "* or p]sonality4 ,& 
n9e-t5?s ( ! te*nique ( fiction is      
conc]n$ ) ! object to develop a plot4   
,to develop a tale1 a fiction1 long or  
%ort1 )\t a plot1 only direct n>rative &
 descriptive writ+ is requisite2 x is ! 
plot-elem5t ( a fiction1 ) all its      
implications z to p]sonality1 t =ces !  
writ] ( a /ory--a fiction ) a plot--to  
weave toge!r cunn+ly ea* /r& ( 8 matt]1 
n>rative1 exposition1 dialogue1         
description1 t ! :ole patt]n may %[     
fictionally real p do+ 9 a fictionally  
real _w :at "o might naturally expect f 
_! natures & ! circum/ances ( _! lives4 
,! task is inf9itely m difficult &      
delicate ?an to take a ,s9bad ! ,sailor 
or a ,c9d]ella ?r\gh a c\rse ( happ5+s  
)\t ess5tial relation to ! nature ( ei!r
 p]son1 :o is1 9 ea* case1 a m]e human  

focal po9t = ! ev5ts to be precipitat$  
^u4 ,accord+ly1 ?is book conc5trates ^u 
! fiction ( plot1 or /ory1 r ?an !      
fiction )\t plot1 or tale4 ,! te*nique (
 ! fiction ( plot compreh5ds & includes 
! te*nique ( ! tale1 :i* c\ld be ignor$ 
"h )\t loss4  ,:e!r or n a fiction      
possess a plot1 & is a /ory1 or lacks a 
plot1 & is a tale1 x w be conc]n$ ) p & 
:at !y d1 ! man & 8 acts4 ,long or %ort1
 a fiction mu/ deal ) man1 at lea/ )    
p]sonality1 z d ,london's ,! ,call ( !  
,wild & ,kipl+'s ,! ,%ip ,t ,f\nd       
,h]self4 ,s9ce fiction deals ) man1 x   
deals bo? ) physical & spiritual facts1 
) ! facts ( ! s\l & ! m tangible ?+s ( !
 body & ! e>?4 ,x results t ei!r !      
spiritual or physical elem5t ( any      
fiction may l>gely outweigh ! o!r1 at   
lea/1 prepond]ate ov] x4 ,t is1 ! long  
/ory may be :at is kn[n z a novel or :at
 is kn[n z a romance1 & ! brief /ory may
 reveal ! fate ( ! _s r ?an ! fate ( !  
body & m9d4,t  ,precisely at ?is po9t "o
 enc\nt]s a difficulty rais$ by critical

 comm5t on fiction1 ! :ole complex (    
obscurantism ab\t realism & romanticism4
 ,in/ead ( wa/+ space 9 try+ to unravel 
! ?reads ( ! tangle z /at$ by ^? :o h   
knott$ x1 x w be mu* easi] & mu* m      
pr(itable to /ate a few facts t w       
demon/rate ! ess5tial fallacy ( su*     
discussion4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 realism   
*>act]izes a me?od1 "o t might bett] be 
call$ ! me?od ( /at+ ! concrete 9       
detail4 ,if a /ory is conc]n$ l>gely ) !
 m common actualities ( ev]yday life1 x 
is possible t its writ] may be/ create 8
 illusion ( reality by itemiz+ !        
physical facts 9 "s detail4  ,9 ! second
 place1 realism has be5 elevat$ f a m]e 
te*nical me?od into an arti/ic cre$ or  
dogma4 ,! assumption is made t only ! m 
tangible matt]s ( life are realities1 & 
t fiction %\ld seek to pres5t only !    
real4  ,x is unnecess>y to d m ?an /ate 
t ! fir/ t]m ( ?is assumption is false4 
,n only are !re facts ( ! _s z well z   
facts ( ! body & ! ph5om5al univ]se1 b !
 spiritual fact is precisely ! fact :i* 

is fictionally significant4 ,fiction    
deals ) man = man1 & man is man j & only
 because he has an intellig5ce & a s\l1 
enabl+ him to impose 8 w ^u brute matt] 
& to rise sup]ior to evil =tune4  ,!    
second t]m ( ! reali/s' assumption is t 
fiction %\ld pres5t only ! real4 ,& !   
ess5tial fallacy ( ! assumption is ?is3 
x ignores ! fact t ! fir/ aim ( fiction 
is to int]e/4 ,philosophy1 n fiction1   
mu/ give u a te/ ( tru? & reality4      
,irrespective ( :at is real--a "q t !   
confirm$ reali/ answ]s falsely1 because 
p>tially & exclusively--"o :o d5ies !   
reality & significance ( ! spiritual    
life ( man1 & !re=e refuses to give x   
fictional treatm5t1 deb>s himself f     
pres5t+ mu* int]e/+ matt]4  ,x might n  
be too dull1 incid5tally1 to g into ! "q
 ( h[ mu* ! _w ( ! _s %all be all[$ to  
impose its necessities on ! _w ( ! fle%1
 b ! matt] is subord9ate1 "p ( ! g5]al  
"q ( v]isimilitude4 ,frequ5tly1 to give 
concrete fictional treatm5t to a fact ( 
! s\l1 ! writ] w h to falsify           

delib]ately z to physical facts1 z      
,/ev5son did 9 ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4      
,hyde4  ,realism1 ! te*nical me?od exp&$
 into an arti/ic dogma1 has mu* to answ]
 =4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*1 x has be5       
responsible = mu* t is uselessly        
unpleasant & brutal2 9 ! h&s ( ,engli% &
 ,am]ican writ]s1 x has be5 responsible 
= mu* dullness4 ,! unpleasant facts &   
petty conc]ns ( life alike are          
significant only 9 relation to ! p]sons 
!y affect2 9 !mselves1 !y are dre>y or  
repell5t items4 ,if ! ugly fact has no  
relation to ! /ory z su*1 x %\ld n be   
giv5 place2 if ! commonplace detail has 
no relation to ! c\rse ( ! /ory1 & w    
p]=m no (fice 9 l5d+ reality to !       
fiction 9 a read]'s eyes1 x %\ld n be   
transcrib$4  ,! misconceptions t clu/]  
ab\t realism ! dogma affect adv]sely bo?
 ! writ] ( long fiction & ! writ] ( %ort
 fiction4 ,b ! writ] ( %ort fiction1 if 
he has read ev5 a little critical comm5t
 9 an endeavor to in=m himself ( !      
ess5tial nature ( 8 art1 w h be5 confus$

 & misdirect$ by ! et]nal qu>rel ov] !  
%ort /ory1 :at x is1 :e!r x is a di/9ct 
lit]>y =m1 its totality or unity (      
effect1 & s =?4 ,i h said mu* on ?is    
head 9 discuss+ ! %ort /ory1 & %all n   
repeat ! argum5t "h4 ,x is en\gh to say 
t ! %ort /ory mo/ c]ta9ly is a di/9ct   
lit]>y =m1 9 t x is brief en\gh to be   
read at "o sitt+ & embodies a plot or   
dramatic problem1 :i* is n true ( !     
tale4 ,b its di/9ction f o!r =ms (      
fiction1 plott$ & unplott$ alike1 does n
 lie 9 its totality or unity ( effect1  
except 9 ! case ( ! %ort /ory (         
atmosph]e4 ,! dramatic %ort /ory1 :e!r x
 /resses "* or ! ev5t1 diff]s f ! novel 
or romance n 9 t x possesses a plot--s d
 ! long] types--b 9 t x is brief4 ,& x  
diff]s f ! tale--:i* also is brief--9 t 
x possesses a plot4 ,! %ort /ory (      
atmosph]e is abnormal1 & a type 9       
itself4  ,z 0 /at$ 9 ! *apt] on ! %ort  
/ory1 ! only s5se 9 :i* ! dramatic %ort 
/ory c be said to possess unity is      
purely v]bal4 ,z a m]e sequ5ce ( words1 

x possesses unity 9 t ea* ^w is ess5tial
 to ! /ory4 ,t is n to say t ! matt] ( !
 /ory1 its p1 situations1 & sett+s1 is  
unifi$1 :atev] ! ^w may mean s appli$4  
,! =m is v]bally coh]5t1 b n necess>ily 
coh]5t 9 sub/ance1 except t x embodies  
"o plot--or /ory-idea1 no m1 no less4 ,!
 "o /ory-idea may involve great div]sity
 9 its ?ree elem5ts ( p1 ev5ts1 & sett+4
 ,x w\ld n be wor? :ile to discuss !    
g5]al false emphasis ^u ! unity ( ! %ort
 /ory 7 x n = ! /rong t5d5cy ( su*      
discussion to lead ! writ] to devise    
/ories too simple really to int]e/1 ap>t
 f ! appeal to _! *>act]s4  ,x seems to 
me t ! "q ( realism & ! "q ( ! dramatic 
%ort /ory's assum$ unity ( sub/ance are 
! two pitfalls into :i* ! feet ( ! writ]
 ( fiction :o reads ! mass ( comm5t on 8
 art are mo/ apt to /ray4 ,x is         
difficult en\gh to f9d an int]e/+ /ory  
)\t hav+ "o eye bl9d$ by a false arti/ic
 philosophy4 ,g5]ally1 9 read+ critical 
comm5t on specific /ories & au?ors & on 
! art ( fiction1 ! writ] ( fiction w d  

well to rememb] t su* matt] is writt5 = 
! g5]al read]1 n = ! practition] ( !    
art1 & t ! poor critic mu/ say some?+6  
,he _c discuss te*nique1 = he w\ld be   
bo? dull & un9telligible to ! g5]al     
read]4 ,s he says :at he does4  ,x      
rema9s to /ate a true arti/ic philosophy
 = ! writ] ( fiction1 t philosophy :i*  
is impli$ 9 ! cont5t & aim ( ! art (    
fiction itself4 ,! cont5t ( fiction is  
man & :at he possibly or conceivably may
 exp]i5ce2 ! aim ( fiction is to int]e/4
 ,x w\ld be m accurate to /ate t !      
cont5t ( fiction is p]sonality & :at x  
may exp]i5ce--witness any animal /ory1  
or ,kipl+'s /ory ( a /eam%ip1 cit$      
above--b fiction deals s exclusively )  
man t ! fir/ /atem5t may /&4  ,s9ce !   
cont5t ( fiction is man & :at he        
possibly or conceivably may exp]i5ce1 ! 
writ] ( fiction is at lib]ty to g to    
fairyl& or ,s\? ,bo/on1 to heav51 hell1 
or ! /ock-ex*ange1 = ! mat]ial = 8 /ory4
 ,he is subject to no limitations1 =    
:atev] he c conceive is op5 to 8 use4   

,if he does *oose to leave ! homely e>?1
 h[ev]1 he _c return until he has f9i%$ 
! /ory4 ,if 8 /ory moves 9 a fairy _w   
subject only to physical laws ( its own1
 su* basic conditions ( ! /ory mu/      
cont9ue to op]ate4 ,b t is a matt] (    
a*iev+ ! aim to int]e/ r ?an a matt] (  
cont5t1 ( tell+ ! /ory s t x w seem real
 ev5 ?\gh x is unbelievable4  ,! read] w
 note t ! cont5t ( fiction gives him    
opportunity to write s t]rifically      
reali/ic a ?+ z ,do/oievsky's ,h\se ( ! 
,dead1 s nobly romantic a ?+ z          
,haw?orne's ,sc>let ,lett]1 or s f9ely  
fanta/ic a ?+ z ,c>roll's ,alice 9      
,wond]l&4 ,! sole limitation ^u 8 "w is 
8 own conceptive & executive p[]1 unless
 he fooli%ly subjects himself to !      
bondage ( "s special s*ool4 ,z "t goes  
on1 8 own ess5tial b5t ( m9d & he>t w   
gradually reveal to him ! sort ( matt]  
he c h&le be/4  ,! influ5ce ^u ! fiction
 writ]'s philosophy ( ! aim & necessity 
to int]e/ may n[ be discuss$4  ,an      
important po9t is t !re are degrees (   

int]e/4 ,a /rongly novel c\rse ( ev5ts w
 cat* & hold a read]'s int]e/1 b !      
int]e/ ar\s$ by a fiction pres5t+ a     
novel c\rse ( ev5ts & no?+ else is n q !
 same ?+ z ! int]e/ ar\s$ by a /ory :i* 
%[s real m5 & wom5 meet+ ! real problems
 ( life1 mat]ial or spiritual4 ,! int]e/
 ar\s$ by m]e novelty is a matt] l>gely 
( ! intellig5ce2 x t5ds to be evanesc5t 
because x has little or no relation to !
 emotional nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! o!r  
sort ( int]e/1 t ar\s$ by ! spectacle ( 
real m5 & wom5 meet+ ! real problems (  
life1 is deep5$ & int5sifi$ by !        
emotional elem5t ( sympa?y & hate =     
lovable & hateful p4 ,& ! real1 ?\gh    
p]haps intr9sically simple problems (   
life--to make a liv+1 w9 love1 ov]come  
temptation--are precisely ! problems :i*
 are humanly significant because        
univ]sally exp]i5c$4 ,! /ory :i* %[s    
real p /ruggl+ ) su* a problem w h a    
ke5] int]e/ = a read] ?r\gh 8 famili>ity
 ) its matt] 9 p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,su* a 
/ory appeals to ! emotions bo? ?r\gh its

 p & ?r\gh its !me4  ,?is matt] is well 
wor? dwell+ ^u1 =1 ap>t f m]it 9 po9t ( 
executive arti/ry1 ! only /&>d :]eby a  
/ory c be e/imat$ z relatively          
significant or relatively insignificant 
is ! /&>d ( int]e/1 t is1 int]e/ = !    
ideal read]1 ! read] ( op5 & able m9d & 
sympa!tic he>t4 ,! aim ( fiction is to  
int]e/1 & ! /ory :i* mo/ deeply int]e/s 
mo/ completely fulfils ! ideals ( ! art4
 ,les ,mis]ables is a great] book ?an   
any "o ( ,jules ,v]ne's me*anical       
romances1 n because x is bett] writt51 &
 n because x is a t]rific indictm5t (   
society--z a mod]n review] might put    
x--b simply because its p & matt]       
g5]ally ar\se ! mo/ poignant emotional &
 intellectual int]e/ 9 a read] qualifi$ 
to feel its p[]4 ,! int]e/ ar\s$ by     
,v]ne's sort ( /ory--,h4 ,g4 ,wells'    
e>li] "w & ,conan ,doyle's ,! ,lo/ ,_w  
are m rec5t examples--is real1 b almo/  
exclusively intellectual1 !re=e         
relatively weak & evanesc5t4 ,books su* 
z ,les ,mis]ables _c be =gott52 !       

details ( ! /ory may vani% f ! m9d ) "t2
 b a read] w reta9 ?r\gh life ! memory (
 ! book's p[]1 ! memory ( ! eag]ness )  
:i* he foll[$ ! =tunes ( its p4  ,betwe5
 ma/]pieces t w incorporate _! ess5ce & 
memory ) a read]'s v life--books su* z  
,les ,mis]ables & ,! ,sc>let ,lett]1 to 
"n toge!r ! utt]ly dissimil>--& /ories t
 c s]ve only to :ile away an idle h\r or
 two1 !re are fictions ( e sort &       
condition1 ! product ( all sorts ( aims 
& philosophies1 arti/ic & moral4 ,ap>t f
 ! matt] ( executive arti/ry1 ea* mu/   
take rank z relatively good or          
relatively feeble 9 accordance ) its p[]
 to evoke int]e/4 ,"s--z ! detective    
/ory or any /ory ( ratioc9ation--h 9    
high degree ! p[] to call =? a read]'s  
intellectual int]e/2 "s--z ! fictional  
com$y ( mann]s--may int]e/ slightly !   
m9d ?r\gh _! plot & ! he>t ?r\gh _! p2 b
 ea* is significant z a fiction solely  
by virtue ( its p[] to en?rall a read] (
 op5 m9d & sympa!tic he>t4  ,if ! p[] to
 int]e/ ! ideal read] is ! sole te/ ( a 

/ory's m]it z a fiction--& no o!r te/ c 
)/& exam9ation ev5 = a mom5t--x         
inevitably foll[s t to be a ma/]piece a 
/ory1 long or %ort1 mu/ %[ fictionally  
real m5 & wom5 cop+ ) ! mat]ial &       
spiritual problems ( our common human   
de/9y4 ,no o!r matt] c ar\se ! deepe/ & 
mo/ abid+ int]e/ 9 a read]4 ,h[ev]      
p]fect a writ]'s te*nique1 if he *ooses 
to write ( physical or spiritual matt]s 
t are relatively trivial &              
insignificant1 he _c hope to d ! f9e/   
"w4 ,( c\rse1 x is unnecess>y to say t !
 writ] ( fiction re/s "u no moral or    
arti/ic obligation to attempt a         
ma/]piece 9 ea* /ory he und]takes4 ,he  
is "u obligation to attempt to int]e/ 9 
"s degree4  ,?us f>1 9 discuss+ !       
influ5ce ^u ! fiction writ]'s philosophy
 ( ! aim & necessity t fiction int]e/1  
emphasis has be5 laid ^u ! "q ( matt]4  
,b f ! aim & necessity results ! :ole   
executive te*nique4  ,! g5]al           
proposition is t significant matt] _c   
ar\se a read]'s deepe/ int]e/ unless x  

is pres5t$ to him effectively1 nor c    
relatively insignificant matt] ar\se    
:atev] int]e/ is atta9able by x unless x
 also is pres5t$ effectively4 ,! writ] (
 a /ory mu/ seek to inve/ x ) reality 9 
! eyes ( a read]1 & 8 res\rces to p]=m  
?is difficult task make up ! body ( !   
te*nique ( fiction4  ,x foll[s t ! be/  
/ory 9 po9t ( executive arti/ry is !    
/ory :i* realizes mo/ fully ! inh]5t    
capacity ( its matt] to int]e/4 ,h[ev]  
significant ! cont5t ( a /ory1 if !     
writ]'s h& falt] 9 execution1 some?+ ( !
 fiction's appeal = a read] w be lo/4   
,! g5]al aim ( executive arti/ry or     
te*nique is to inve/ ! /ory ) su*       
reality t a read] w himself see s mu* ( 
! ?+ z is physical & feel s mu* ( x z is
 emotional or spiritual1 = only ?us c be
 evok$ ! full measure ( int]e/ inh]5t 9 
! matt]4 ,unless ! writ]'s words        
con/itute 9 !mselves a prim>y spectacle 
& exp]i5ce = a read]1 in/ead ( a m]e    
second>y relation1 ! /ory _c h full     
effect4 ,a read] w n accept ! m]e say-s 

( ! writ]1 :o mu/ spread ^u 8 page ! v  
/uff ( life itself1 r ?an m]e words4    
,h[ difficult ! task1 x is unnecess>y to
 dwell ^u1 b "o ?+ %\ld be not$4 ,?is   
necess>y p[] to precipitate reality1 ?is
 lit]>y p[]1 only infrequ5tly involves  
writ+ 9 a lit]>y mann] or /yle4 ,!      
ess5ce ( lit]>y p[] is to pres5t !      
p>ticul> matt] fitt+ly1 n artificially4 
,if ! p>ticul> /ory conc]ns simple1     
ev]yday p & simple1 ev]yday ev5ts1 x    
%\ld be told 9 simple1 ev]yday language1
 = su* language w s]ve be/ to           
precipitate ! matt] = a read]4 ,lit]>y  
p[] is ! p[] to adapt ! ^w to ! matt]1 n
 ! p[] ( f9e writ+4 ,"s /ories call =   
little v]bal elaboration1 :ile su* a ?+ 
z ,! ,fall ( ! ,h\se ( ,u%] exhau/s !   
capacities ( language1 b :atev] ! nature
 ( any /ory1 its writ]'s arti/ry &      
te*nical capacity are measurable by !   
degree 9 :i* he succe$s 9 end[+ x )     
reality & v]isimilitude1 n by ! v]bal   
noise & agility he makes & displays4    
,v]isimilitude1 ( c\rse1 is a relative  

t]m4 ,! matt] ( ! /ory ( ev]yday life is
 ess5tially tangible & concrete1 & its  
writ] c inve/ x ) tangibility &         
concret5ess 9 a degree high] ?an is     
atta9able by ! writ] :o deals )         
fantasies & dreams4 ,! measure (        
v]isimilitude atta9able by any /ory is  
limit$ by its cont5t4 ,if x deals )     
f9e-spun fancies1 x _c atta9 ! he>ty    
solidity ( ! /ory t deals ) ! matt] (   
fact4 ,no writ] c d m ?an precipitate 8 
conception 9 8 words2 if ! conception   
itself is ess5tially airy & impalpable1 
s mu/ ! /ory be airy & impalpable4 ,9   
fact1 ! p]fect fictional illusion is t  
:i* mo/ ne>ly produces on a read] !     
exact impression ! matt] w\ld produce if
 actually exp]i5c$4 ,if a /ory is       
/rictly unbelievable--( c\rse any /ory  
is conceivable1 or x w\ld n h be5       
writt5--! writ] c d no m ?an create an  
illusion ( fictional v]ity1 n ( lit]al  
v]ity4 ,t is1 a read] w accept ! au?or's
 basic assumptions & ! :ole /ory z well1
 if x is develop$ logically f !         

assumptions4 ,any fairy tale is an      
in/ance ( :at is meant4  ,i w m5tion    
briefly "o o!r consequ5ce ( ! aim &     
necessity t fiction int]e/4 ,usually !  
/ory1 or fiction embody+ a plot1 w      
int]e/ m deeply ?an ! m]e tale4 ,!re=e !
 writ] ( fiction usually w *oose to     
write /ories r ?an tales4 ,! b>e fact is
 t ! highe/ type ( fiction1 ! fiction ( 
greate/ p[] ov] a read] ?r\gh its human 
significance1 is adequately plott$      
simply because x does %[ real p meet+ a 
real problem ( life4  ,at ?is po9t      
becomes app>5t h[ mu* t grossly abus$ ^w
 plot /&s =4 ,broadly1 a plot is a      
dramatic problem1 & a dramatic problem  
results f ! opposition ( man & man1 !   
opposition ( man & nature1 or conflict  
)9 a s+le man4 ,! elem5t ( m]e          
complication is n ess5tial to a plot1 n 
be+ ess5tial to a dramatic problem4     
,dramatic situation is p]haps a bett]   
t]m ?an plot1 = x has none ( !          
associations ( complication t cl+ to !  
latt]4 ,ev5 dramatic situation is       

objectionable1 because x has            
connotations ( ! /ate1 & sugge/s an     
acut5ess & t5sity1 a g5]al brevity &    
pit* ( /ruggle t is n ess5tial to       
fiction4 ,rob9son ,crusoe1 = in/ance1   
?\gh n v t5se1 is adequately plott$2 x  
%[s man's /ruggle = bread1 %elt]1 &     
raim5t4 ,don ,quixote is adequately     
plott$2 x %[s man 9 ! grip ( a dream1 & 
s at odds ) all ! _w4,u ,z /at$1 all    
great fiction is adequately plott$      
simply because x %[s real p fac$ by !   
real problems ( life4 ,! plot ( a /ory (
 wor? /&s = its au?or's ef=t to isolate 
"o ( life's significant elem5ts or      
problems1 &1 by %[+ x 9 high relief1 to 
inve/ x ) t c]ta9 dignity & mom5t\sness1
 z ( life rais$ to a high p[]1 :]eby a  
read] may be laid "u a spell m absolute 
?an any to :i* ! confus$ & %ift+        
spectacle ( life itself c subject him4  
,9 ! la/ analysis1 great fiction does m 
?an to int]e/2 x :isp]s to a read] ( !  
significance & wor? ( human life1 &     
he>t5s him to live 8 own4   ,,footnotes3

  ,t ,9 a s5se1 ! m9d is ( ! body r ?an 
( ! s\l1 :]e x functions 9 ! common     
bus9ess ( life4  ,u ,do/oievsky's ,!    
,idiot %\ld be comp>$ ) ,don ,quixote1 =
 ! fundam5tal !me ( ea* book is ! same4 
,,app5dix     ,,app5dix ,a  ,,sugge/ions
 ,,= ,,! ,,/ud5t   ,x is surely obvi\s t
 ! only way to le>n h[ to write is--to  
write4 ,! only way to le>n h[ to d any?+
 is to try until ! secret is conqu]$1 & 
! m difficult ! feat or art ! long] mu/ 
be ! appr5tice%ip4  ,/epp+ f ab/ract    
/udy ( te*nique to ! actual writ+ ( a   
/ory is a viol5t transition4 ,! /ud5t   
has only a v g5]al k1 & n[ he mu/ give x
 n>r[ly specific application4 ,he has   
read a brief discussion ( ! me*anics ( !
 art ( describ+ a p]son1 = in/ance1 has 
read ,/ev5son's description ( ,villon & 
8 fell[s2 n[ he himself mu/ write a     
description ( ,napoleon or ,lizzie ,smi?
 or ,john ,ar?ur ,mc,allister2 & he     
desires to write z well z ,/ev5son4  ,! 
only ?+ to d is to g at ! task pati5tly 
& ) c\rage4 ,put ! be/ ( y at ! mom5t   

into ea* ?+ y und]take1 b d n expect ea*
 s+le item ( y\r "w to %[ an appreciable
 advance1 & d n be disc\rag$ if ea* ?+ y
 d seems z poor or no bett] ?an :at has 
gone be=e4 ,y\r fir/1 second1 t5?1 or   
fifte5? /ory may be pat5t tra%1 9 po9t (
 execution1 b nev] m9d4 ,aft] a ye> or s
 ( intellig5t & direct$ writ+ ! results 
( y\r /udy & application ( te*nique w   
beg9 to appe>4 ,x is impossible t !y    
%\ld %[ !mselves at once1 = te*nical    
/udy w cramp & con/ra9 y until y h ga9$ 
"s real facility 9 writ+ 9 accordance ) 
! canons ( art4 ,t is true ( all arts1 (
 c\rse4 ,no tool c be us$ prop]ly )\t   
practice4  ,p]haps y may desire to      
submit y\r practice "w to magaz9es &    
publi%]s z y g along1 & if y mean to h a
 s]i\s try at ! game x is advisable t y 
d s4 ,! fact t y are writ+ = submission 
w s]ve z a /imulus2 y w receive helpful 
incid5tal criticisms f editors1 if y\r  
"w %[s promise2 &1 above all1 y w       
gradually acquire ! necess>y k ( !      
m>ket1 its ne$s1 t5d5cies1 & desires4   

,h[ev]1 ,i d n believe x advisable = "o 
:o is try+ to le>n to write to ape      
delib]ately ! tone ( p>ticul> magaz9es1 
) an eye to possible sales4 ,t is a     
trick ( ! trade--& p]missible en\gh--b x
 is no way to le>n to write fiction4 ,! 
skill$ h& c direct 8 ef=ts s1 b !       
appr5tice _h bett] c5t] 8 ef=ts ^u f9d+ 
"s good /ory & ^u writ+ x to ! be/ he   
kn[s h[4  ,a few specific bits ( advice 
z to h[ to g ab\t practic+ ! art (      
fiction may n be useless4 ,te*nique is  
conceptive1 con/ructive1 & executive1 & 
! beg9n] %\ld ex]cise 8 lat5t p[]s 9 ea*
 dep>tm5t4  ,! te*nique ( conception is 
practic$ unconsci\sly by anyone :o seeks
 to f9d a /ory = writ+1 b ex]cise ( !   
conceptive faculty %\ld n be limit$ to !
 times :5 y desire actually to write4 ,y
 %\ld =m a habit ( ?9k+ creatively1 (   
m5tally %ap+ into /ories ! mat]ial (f]$ 
by obs]vation1 ?\ght1 & read+4 ,if ?is  
is done1 & notes kept ( y\r promis+     
ideas1 y w h on h& con/antly consid]able
 am\nt ( mat]ial1 & y w n be =c$ to wa/e

 "t 9 ca/+ ab\t = an idea :5 ! _s moves 
y to write4 ,moreov]1 ,i ?9k mo/        
ess5tially feeble /ories are /ories     
conceiv$ & ?r[n toge!r on ! spur ( !    
mom5t z ! writ] sits & looks at a %eet (
 :ite pap]1 & if y h five1 t51 or a     
hundr$ /ories m or less completely      
block$ out 9 y\r files or 9 y\r m9d1 y c
 *oose = writ+ "o fitt$ to y\r mood &   
also wor? ! writ+4 ,x is almo/          
impossible to judge ! wor? ( an idea    
imm$iately aft] x is conceiv$2 by       
sep>at+ ! conceptive & executive        
processes y w be l$ to avoid mu* wa/e   
labor 9 develop+ :at is ess5tially weak4
  ,a m me*anical ex]cise ( ! conceptive 
faculty1 b a v valuable "o1 is to %ape &
 re-%ape :at ,i w t]m ab/ract /ories4 ,z
 /at$1 a /ory or plot is a dramatic     
conflict1 %[+ ! opposition ( man &      
nature1 man & man1 or oppos$ traits 9 ! 
same man4 ,! process ( develop+ an      
ab/ract /ory is to select f a li/ (     
human traits & motives two or m :i*     
pres5t an ess5tial opposition1 su* z    

av>ice & g5]osity1 !n to seek to give ! 
basic ab/ract opposition mo/ effective  
concrete fictional expression by devis+ 
p]sons to be inve/$ ) ! traits & by     
devis+ a c\rse ( action to %[ ! p]sons 9
 conflict "u ! influ5ce ( ! traits4     
,?us1 tak+ ! traits ( av>ice & g5]osity1
 husb& & wife1 = in/ance1 may ea* be    
end[$ ) "o1 & a c\rse ( ev5ts devis$ to 
give ! necess>y conflict betwe5 !m      
expression 9 action4 ,! writ] ( fiction 
:o w p]=m ?is ex]cise n[ & !n1 z        
opportunity (f]s1 n only w *ance ^u mu* 
valuable mat]ial2 he also w acquire a   
firm grasp on plot1 ! /ory-ess5ce ( a   
/ory1 & w be l$ to realize t m]e        
complication or +5uity is ! lea/ ( a    
plot4 ,! ex]cise is valuable because x  
is ! only possible way to ex]cise !     
conceptive faculty 9 detail4 ,a         
/ory-idea ga9$ f obs]vation usually is  
seiz$ z a :ole1 b a /ory-idea ga9$ by   
manipulat+ human traits & motives is    
built up f no?+ by comb9+ its elem5ts4  
,! /ory built up 9 ?is way probably w   

involve a social conflict1 a conflict   
betwe5 man & man1 r ?an betwe5 man &    
nature or oppos$ traits 9 ! same man1   
because ! opportunity = comb9ation is   
greate/ 9 ! fir/ case4  ,! next po9t is 
h[ to ex]cise ! con/ructive faculty1 h[ 
to practice con/ructive te*nique1 & "h y
 h _m res\rces1 only a few ( :i* ne$ be 
m5tion$4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 y c /udy !   
ways ! ma/]s h put toge!r _! /ories2    
?is1 ?\gh n q practice1 is almo/ z      
valuable1 if consci5ti\sly & prop]ly    
done1 & is a necess>y basis = practice4 
,= obvi\s reasons y\r laboratory        
analysis ( fiction mu/ conf9e itself    
l>gely to ! %ort /ory1 ?\gh y c g ?r\gh 
! process m5tally & less ?or\ghly 9     
read+ long] "w4  ,provide y\rself ) a   
collection ( %ort /ories 9 "o volume & a
 few f curr5t magaz9es t y ?9k good1    
also ) a numb] ( diff]5t color$ inks or 
crayons4 ,read a /ory ?r\gh a c\ple (   
times1 t y may "k def9itely :at x is1 & 
!n read x aga9 critically1 und]l9+ e ^w1
 except ^? :i* s]ve only to =w>d !      

progress ( ! /ory z a m]e c\rse ( ev5ts1
 & /rik+ out e ^w or passage :i* seems  
to y iness5tial to ! :ole4 ,use a s+le  
color to m>k a s+le process1 & neglect !
 sup]ficial "* ( ! words1 :e!r !y be    
n>rative1 descriptive1 or s]ve to embody
 dialogue4 ,?us1 dialogue may s]ve to   
=w>d ! progress ( ! /ory z a c\rse (    
ev5ts1 9 :i* case x %\ld n be und]l9$1  
may s]ve to *>act]ize1 9 :i* case x %\ld
 be und]l9$ ) ! color tak5 to m>k       
*>act]ization1 or may s]ve to t\* 9     
sett+1 9 :i* case x %\ld be und]l9$ ) ! 
color tak5 to m>k any passage :]e !     
au?or /rives to t\* 9 ! environm5t4 ,x w
 n be pr(itable to be too m9ute1 to     
employ too _m colors2 ! matt]s y w      
require to make visually di/9ctive are n
 _m4 ,/raight n>ration1 includ+ ! :ole  
physical progress ( ! /ory1 :e!r detail$
 or g5]al1 requires no color2           
*>act]ization1 includ+ ! process (      
individualiz+ a p]son z to 8 nature1 z  
to 8 appe>ance1 & z to 8 spee*1 requires
 "o2 ! process ( t\*+ 9 sett+ requires  

ano!r2 ! process ( prep>+ a read]       
emotionally = succe$+ ev5ts requires a  
?ird2 ! process ( int5sify+             
atmosph]e--if ! /ory is (               
atmosph]e--requires a f\r?4 ,& m>k ea*  
passage 9 accordance ) its ma9 purpose  
or function1 = _m passages w subs]ve m  
?an "o end4  ,a numb] ( /ories treat$ 9 
?is way w be mo/ pr(itable to /udy4 ,9  
p>ticul>1 ea* "o w display graphically &
 yet 9 detail :]e9 lies its value z a   
fiction1 :e!r 9 its p1 9 its ev5ts1 or 9
 its sett+1 & w %[ pla9ly ! cunn+ bl5d+ 
( elem5ts :i* is at once ! fact & !     
result ( ! te*nique ( con/ruction4  ,9 !
 second place1 y c ex]cise y\r faculty (
 con/ruction by clos+ ! decorat$ book or
 magaz9e & try+ to reproduce two or ?ree
 ( ! /ories y h /udi$4 ,9 do+ ?is no    
ef=t %\ld be made to transcribe f       
memory2 realize1 r1 ! basic !me ( ea*   
/ory1 ! g5]al "* ( its p1 & ! ma9 c\rse 
( its ev5ts1 & /rive to produce z       
effective a ?+ f su* mat]ials z did !   
au?or4 ,! v great value ( ?is sort (    

practice "w lies 9 ! fact t y h a       
positive /&>d ( comp>ison ready = y\r   
/ory :5 x is writt54 ,place y\rs & !    
orig9al side by side1 & y c see         
precisely :]e y h fail$1 if y feel t y  
h4 ,9 exam9+ y\r own "w1 look to ! matt]
 ( expression less ?an to ! matt] (     
con/ruction2 see if y h realiz$ !       
necessity to build "* "h1 to t\* 9 sett+
 !re1 ev5 if y\r attempt to d s has     
fail$ 9 a degree ?r\gh lack ( executive 
deftness4  ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! faculty ( 
con/ruction c be ex]cis$ 9 orig9al "w1 &
 to d s does n necess>ily involve writ+ 
a complete /ory4 ,t5 /ories c be block$ 
out & r\ghly %ap$ 9 ! "t x w\ld take to 
write "o1 & ! m rapid process is        
pref]able = ! beg9n] because x w tea*   
him t ! fir/ conception is n usually !  
be/ conception4 ,write ?\s&-^w outl9es (
 t5 /ories z y h opportunity1 put !m    
aside = a :ile1 & !n see if y _c re-%ape
 _! p1 re-devise & re-ord] _! ev5ts1 to 
make !m m effective1 m int]e/+ fictions4
 ,9 block+ out a /ory d n /ate happ5+s  

m]ely2 indicate y\r p's natures1 _!     
looks1 _! spee*1 & indicate :]e y w\ld  
t\* 9 sett+1 depict "* by action1 spee*1
 or description1 or h9t to a read] !    
emotional quality ( :at is to come4  ,x 
w take a v real degree ( c\rage &       
p]sev]ance to c>ry out a c\rse (        
practice 9 conceptive & con/ructive     
te*nique long en\gh to accompli% its    
end4 ,b if y w lay out = y\rself along !
 l9es indicat$ "h su* a c\rse ( /udy &  
practice1 & !n w p]=m ! necess>y "w1 y w
 c]ta9ly ga9 m insight into ! ess5tial  
processes ( fiction ?an y c acquire     
m]ely by accept+ at face value su*      
/ory-ideas z may come to y & by writ+ !m
 out "o aft] ! o!r4 ,9 p>ticul>1 y w    
acquire ! faculty to re-m\ld & re-%ape  
y\r mat]ial1 in/ead ( seiz+ ea* idea too
 uncritically4 ,& t is half ! battle1 = 
x is precisely ! attitude & habit ( !   
pr(essional z contra/$ ) ! attitude &   
habit ( ! amateur4  ,little ne$ be said 
z to ! be/ way to practice ! te*nique ( 
execution4 ,:5 y f9d or devise a /ory t 

y feel is truly wor? ! writ+1 write x z 
be/ y c1 aft] c>eful & direct$ plann+4  
,y c also try to reproduce ! "w ( o!rs1 
& aga9 ! great value ( ?is sort (       
practice lies 9 y\r hav+ a positive /&>d
 ( comp>ison ready = y\r "w :5 x is     
writt54 ,or y c practice piecemeal1 if y
 h ! necess>y en?usiasm1 c g ab\t ) a   
notebook 9 y\r pocket1 z did ,/ev5son1 &
 try to precipitate 9 tell+ words !     
casual impressions t come to y4 ,at all 
ev5ts1 write f a prim>y spectacle1 :e!r 
( ! imag9ation or ( actuality1 & try to 
reproduce some?+ def9ite 9 y\r words r  
?an to /r+ toge!r vocif]\s b mean+less  
phrases4     ,,app5dix ,b  ,,sugge/ions 
,,= ,,tea*]s   ,! in/ructor 9 fiction   
te*nique has my he>ty sympa?y4 ,8 mu/ be
 all ! woes ( manuscript read]1 editor1 
& fri5d ( ! au?or roll$ into "o4  ,x    
w\ld s]ve no purpose to li/ "h ! inh]5t 
difficulties ( ! bus9ess ( tea*+ ! art (
 ! /ory1 su* z t made by ! fact t !     
in/ructor mu/ deal ) a numb] (          
individuals diff]+ n only 9 po9t ( p[]s 

b 9 po9t ( e>ne/ness4 ,b !re is reason  
to note "o ?+4 ,! aim ( ! c\rse %\ld n  
be academic4 ,x %\ld n be all[$ to      
deg5]ate into a c\rse 9 ! appreciation (
 fiction1 ! mo/ con/ant dang] to :i*    
lectur+ & ab/ract discussion on fiction 
te*nique is subject4 ,! /ud5t %\ld n be 
p]mitt$ = a mom5t1 ev51 to become m]ely 
! apprais+ connoisseur r ?an ! humble   
practition] ( ! art4 ,su* %ift+ (       
viewpo9t is fatal4  ,hi/ory c be taught 
piecemeal2 s c ma!matics & a hundr$ o!r 
subjects2 b ! art ( fiction _c1 ev5 if x
 is tea*able at all4 ,! "o great secret 
( ! art ( fiction is ! art (            
con/ruction1 & x w pr(it a class little 
to assign %ort ex]cises 9 h&l+ specific 
elem5ts ( a /ory1 ! elem5ts (           
p]sonality1 ev5t1 or sett+4 ,! :ole     
secret ( fiction writ+ is to bl5d all ^!
 matt]s into an int]e/+ & significant   
:ole1 & ! only way to seek or imp>t x is
 to con/ruct & write or to require !    
class to con/ruct & write :ole /ories4  
,& ! prop] use ( a text-book1 aside f   

g5]al /udy by ! class & ! discussion (  
read+-assignm5ts1 is = ref]5ce 9        
criticis+ ! /ories t h be5 writt5 by &  
read be=e ! class4  ,! g5]al aim ( !    
tea*] %\ld be to keep ! /ud5t writ+1 b  
writ+ ) a def9ite aim4 ,! simple/ sort (
 /ory to write1 ( c\rse1 is ! /ory (    
pla9 action1 &1 concomitantly )         
discussion ( plot1 x w be advisable to  
outl9e = writ+ two or ?ree relatively   
simple /ories4 ,*oose ^! f magaz9es n   
too rec5t2 give ! class ! ma9 c\rse (   
ev5ts1 ! p1 & ! sett+ to "w f2 & read ! 
orig9al /ory :5 read+ & discuss+ ! "w ( 
! class1 = a fix$ /&>d ( comp>ison is   
extremely valuable4 ,z ! c\rse proce$s1 
m complicat$ /ories c be outl9$ =       
reproduction1 & f ! fir/ x w be useful  
to require ! /ud5t to h& 9 ) ! /ory he  
has writt5 an outl9e ( a /ory ( ! same  
g5]al type1 b orig9al ) himself4 ,aft]  
tell+ ! class :]e !y may f9d ea* /ory !y
 h unconsci\sly work$ ^u1 /ate its *ief 
values z succ9ctly z possible1 & po9t   
out :]e9 ea* /ud5t's "w has or has n    

realiz$ su* values1 & also indicate any 
value 9 ! class-"w n pres5t 9 ! orig9al4
 ,incid5tally1 po9t out ! m]its &       
defects ( ! orig9al outl9es h&$ 9 ) !   
complete /ories4 ,( c\rse1 ! :ole       
bus9ess mu/ be highly selective2 discuss
 fully a little ( ! be/ "w1 r ?an say a 
few inadequate words z to ea* /ud5t's4  
,z ! opportunity (f]s1 x w be advisable 
to engage 9 oral /ory-build+ ) ! class4 
,/ate two or m traits or motives t      
involve a conflict1 & !n call ^u        
individuals to outl9e a /ory pres5t+ !  
dramatic opposition4 ,or assign = read+ 
a p>ticul> newspap] ( p>ticul> date1 &  
require individuals fir/ to /ate :at    
news item seems to (f] ! be/ sugge/ion =
 a /ory & !n to outl9e ! /ory sugge/$ by
 x4 ,?is sort ( "w is extremely valuable
 9 itself & to keep ! class f =gett+ t  
!y are try+ to le>n ! secret to f9d1    
develop1 & write good /ories4  ,f9ally1 
z to ! matt] ( orig9al "w4 ,:5 ! /ud5t  
is ask$ completely to develop & write a 
/ory ( 8 own1 x w be be/ to let him "w 9

 any direction he pleases1 r ?an to     
require him to %[ "s p>ticul> type (    
/ory4 ,! matt] ( type c be t\*$ on 9    
discussion4 ,&1 to emphasize !          
importance ( con/ruction1 x w be well to
 require submission ( a completely      
develop$ outl9e ( ea* /ory be=e writ+1  
also to discuss & re-%ape ^! ) ! class1 
/at+ _! out/&+ values & weaknesses4 ,!  
g5]al endeavor %\ld be to impress ^u ea*
 /ud5t ! fact t ! mat]ial ( fiction is  
inf9itely pla/ic1 s t he %\ld %ape &    
re-%ape 8 conception be=e writ+ until he
 is c]ta9 t he has exhau/$ its          
possibilities4 ,! matt] ( v]bal         
execution %\ld n be giv5 any great      
emphasis simply because x _c be treat$ 9
 class ) any great pr(it4 ,! in/ructor c
 say t ?is passage is bad & t good1     
h>dly m4 ,b a poorly con/ruct$ /ory c be
 tak5 ap>t & re>rang$ m effectively1 & !
 process c be grasp$ by ! /ud5t because 
x is some:at me*anical4 ,fur!rmore1 !   
te*nique ( fiction & ! te*nique ( v]bal 
expression are diff]5t matt]s1 & !      

in/ructor 9 ! fir/ w be wise if he      
leaves ! matt] ( nice expression to !   
in/ructor 9 ! second4 ,( c\rse1 obvi\s  
v]bal crudities 9 class "w %\ld be po9t$
 out4  ,! real s]vice t a c\rse 9       
te*nique c p]=m = an e>ne/ /ud5t is     
?reefold4 ,x c lead him to realize ke5ly
 t ! aim ( fiction is to int]e/1 t ?is  
aim c be atta9$ mo/ completely by       
pres5tm5t ( a human conflict or problem1
 & t adequate fictional pres5tm5t ( su* 
a conflict1 problem1 or plot is to be   
a*iev$ only by a cunn+ bl5d+ ( ! elem5ts
 ( p]sonality1 ev5t1 & sett+4 ,t c\rse 9
 fiction te*nique is ! be/ c\rse :i*    
does ! mo/ to op5 ! eyes ( ! /ud5t to ! 
ess5tial nature ( ! art & mo/ def9itely 
%[s him ! matt]s he mu/ be> 9 m9d 9     
putt+ toge!r a /ory4 ,if he leaves ! h&s
 ( ! in/ructor ) a k ( ! fundam5tals (  
con/ruction1 ! in/ructor w h done well4 
,,app5dix ,c  ,,to ,,write ,a ,,/ory    
,,conceptive ,,te*nique      7#a7 ,f9d  
y\r /ory1 a fiction exhibit+ p]sonality 
9     conflict ) its environm5t1 ) ano!r

 p]sonality1 or )     itself4      7#b7 
,realize precisely :at con/itutes !     
plot--:at opposition     betwe5 :at =ces
 ( p]sonality or nature is ! influ5ce   
:i* gives fictional significance to !   
sequ5ce ( incid5ts     or ev5ts t h fir/
 come to m9d z ! /ory4      7#c7        
,realize ! *>act]s1 major & m9or2 t is1 
discov]     j :at attributes ( !irs mu/ 
be develop$ by direct     /atem5t or by 
inf]5ce f action 9 ord] to give ! plot  
an adequate1 concrete1 specific         
pres5tm5t4      7#d7 ,hav+ grasp$ !     
plot1 ! ess5ce ( ! /ory1 & all     its  
implications1 & hav+ realiz$ !          
individual p :o     alone c pres5t x    
conv9c+ly1 scrut9ize closely ! ev5ts    
( ! /ory1 z !y fir/ 7 conceiv$1 to      
discov] :e!r     _! re>rangem5t or      
entire *ange may n result 9 a           
comb9ation pres5t+ ! plot m adequately &
 m     =cefully ?an ! comb9ation t fir/ 
sugge/$ ! plot4      7#e7 ,hav+ block$  
out ! fiction ?us1 consid] & det]m9e    
f ^: viewpo9t x may be/ be told4        

,,con/ructive ,,te*nique      7#a7      
,arrange ! significant ev5ts ( ! /ory 9 
sequ5ce )     a due b n =c$ reg>d to !  
necessities ( climax1 t     is1 increas+
 t5sity ( ! plot-/ruggle4      7#b7     
,consid] h[ be/ to l9k toge!r ! major   
happ5+s1 &     endeavor to devise &     
manipulate ! m9or ev5ts s t !y     may  
s]ve a d\ble purpose1 fir/1 to lead f   
major ev5t to     major ev5t1 second1 to
 develop ! *>act]s2 rememb] t a     /ory
 is a physical pres5tm5t ( a spiritual  
?+1 !     plot-/ruggle1 & t p]sonality  
%\ld function 9 ! small     z well z 9 !
 great ev5ts4      7#c7 ,det]m9e        
precisely ! end+ t[>d :i* to "w1 & let  
x co9cide ) ! t]m9ation ( !             
plot-/ruggle4      7#d7 ,apportion !    
l5g? ( ! /ory among its sev]al          
happ5+s1 ^? ma9 ev5ts :i* give physical 
pres5tm5t to     ! plot & s incid5tally 
develop or exhibit "*1 &     ^? m9or    
ev5ts :i* only develop "* or m]ely aid  
! physical progress ( ! /ory4           
,,executive ,,te*nique      7#a7        

,det]m9e ! /yle or mann] ( writ+ = :i* !
 /ory     calls1 & ma9ta9 x :5 once     
pit*$ ^u4      7#b7 ,write vividly only 
:]e emphasis is call$ = by !     ev5t2 d
 n be afraid to n>rate 9 g5]al t]ms :]e 
!     /ory does n call = detail2 & ?9k  
less ( ! ^w ?an     ( ! ?+ y visualize4 
,let ! /ory fl[ be=e y\r eye     & s\nd 
9 y\r e> z to an actual obs]v] or li/5]2
     transcribe only :at he w\ld see1   
he>1 smell or ?9k "u     ! influ5ce ( ! 
p>ticul> circum/ances4      7#c7 ,avoid 
all artificialities1 9 description1 9 ! 
spee* (     *>act]s1 ev5 9 _! names & 9 
! undue repetition (     v]bs (         
utt]ance--he said1 %e said4      7#d7   
,re-write1 or t\* up 9 manuscript4      
7#e7 ,aft] a week or m1 :5 o!r matt]s h 
%ak5 !     m9d f ! ruts x has worn =    
itself 9 plann+ &     writ+ ! /ory1     
re-read x critically to discov] :e!r x  
is wor?-:ile & :e!r x _c be improv$4    
,,index       ,action1 #aje1 #aci1 #adf1
 #adh4      ,action1 9 novel & %ort     
/ory1 #aij4      ,adv5ture1 #cb4        

,alice 9 ,wond]l&1 #bjc4      ,almay]'s 
,folly1 #afa1 #afc4      ,anna ,k>59a1  
#aib1 #aie4      ,artificiality1 #he4   
,arti/ry1 #ii1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bjf4        
,atmosph]e       ,def9ition1 #aeb4      
,atmosph]ic value1 #aed4       ,tone (  
/ory1 #aef4       ,prep>ation = climax1 
#aef4       ,examples1 #aeh1 #aei4      
,/ory ( atmosph]e1 #afj4       ,%ort    
/ory1 #afa4       ,sett+1 #afa4         
,dramatic value1 #afd4      ,atmosph]e1 
%ort /ory (1 #aff1 #afh4                
,atmosph]e1 /ory (1 #de4                
,atmosph]e1 /yle ( /ory (1 #ic4         
,anglo-,saxon1 #acj4      ,au/51 ,jane1 
#id1 #ahb1 #ahi4       ,balzac1 ,honore 
de1 #ed1 #hh1 #ih1 #aad4      ,be/ ,%ort
 ,/ories ( #aiae1 ,!1 #gf4              
,brevity1 ( %ort /ory1 #agh1 #agi4      
,bronte1 ,emily1 #id4      ,br[n1       
,alice1 #aed4      ,burnett1 ,frances   
,h41 #aeb4       ,call ( ! ,wild1 ,!1   
#aih4      ,c>roll1 ,lewis1 #bjc4       
,cask ( ,amontillado1 ,!1 #afh4         
,c]vantes1 #bjh4      ,"*1 #ce1 #cf4    

,*>act]ization1 #gd1 #abh4       ,?ree  
modes1 #acf4       ,dialogue1 #acf4     
,action1 #acf4       ,description or    
direct /atem5t1 #acf4       ,aims (     
*>act]ization1 #ach4       ,to %[ nature
 ( p]son1 #ach4       ,to %[ appe>ance1 
#ach4       ,"* & plot1 #aci4           
,*>act]ization by spee*1 #adj4          
,*>act]ization by /atem5t1 #add4        
,*>act]ization by action1 #adg4         
,*>act]ization 9 novel1 #aij4           
,*>act]ization 9 %ort /ory1 #agb1 #agc4 
,"* sket*1 #ci4      ,"* /ory1 #dj4     
,"*1 /yle ( /ory (1 #ic4      ,classes1 
spee* (1 #adc4      ,cle>ness1 9        
description1 #aai4      ,climax1 #ej1   
#eg1 #aeg4      ,cloi/] & ! ,he>?1 ,!1  
#aia4      ,coh]5ce1 ( novel1 #aij4     
,coh]5ce1 ( %ort /ory1 #agi4            
,color1 #aai4      ,commonplace1 /ory (1
 #ig4      ,complication1 z elem5t (    
plot1 #ea4      ,complication1 /ory (1  
#db4      ,compression1 #dd1 #afi1 #aha4
      ,condesc5sion1 #cj4      ,conrad1 
,joseph1 #afa1 #afb4      ,cons]vatism1 

portrayal (1 #bf4      ,con/ruction1    
#af1 #fd4      ,conte1 #dc4             
,contra/1 #abc1 #aeg4      ,copp]field1 
,david1 #aag1 #aia1 #aib4      ,c\s9    
,pons1 #ed1 #ee4      ,creative process1
 ord]1 #cg4      ,crime & ,puni%m5t1    
#cb4      ,critical faculty1 #bc4       
,criticism1 #cd4      ,culture1 #ce4    
,curr5t ,que/ions1 #be4       ,dawn ( a 
,tomorr[1 ,!1 #aeb4      ,defoe1        
,daniel1 #ih1 #bjh4      ,desc5t into ! 
,mael/rom1 ,a1 #hd4      ,description1  
#aje4       ,int]e/1 #ajg4              
,second>y function1 #ajh4               
,di/ribution1 #ajh4       ,/ory (       
atmosph]e1 #aji4       ,effectiv5ess1   
#aji4       ,description ( p]sons1 #aaj4
       ,example1 #aaa4       ,analysis1 
#aab4       ,accuracy1 #aad4            
,me*anical limitations1 #aaf4       ,use
 ( all s5ses1 #aag4       ,description (
 sett+1 #aah4       ,two objects1 #aai4 
,use ( all s5ses1 #abj4       ,ord] (   
details1 #abb4       ,contra/1 #abc4    
,design1 importance (1 #ac4             

,dialect1 #abg1 #abh4      ,dialogue    
7see ,spee*71 #aje1 #acf4               
,dialogue1 9 relation to *>act]ization1 
#adj4      ,dick5s1 ,*>les1 #bh1 #ib1   
#aag1 #ada1 #adb1 #aia1 #aib1 #aic4     
,diction1 #ajb1 #acj1 #aca4      ,don   
,quixote1 #bjh4      ,do/oievsky1       
,fyodor1 #cb1 #bjc1 #bjh4      ,d\glas1 
,george1 #eh1 #id4      ,doyle1 ,sir ,a4
 ,conan1 #hc1 #bjd4      ,drama1        
conv5tions (1 #agj4      ,dr4 ,jekyll & 
,mr4 ,hyde1 #ef1 #ahb1 #bjj4            
,dumas1 ,alex&re1 #ca1 #ib4      ,dunn1 
,f9ley ,pet] 7,mr4 ,dooley71 #acd4      
,ebb-,tide1 ,!1 #hb1 #hi1 #ia1 #ade1    
#adi1 #ahh1 #aia1 #aib4      ,elem5ts1  
bl5d+ (1 #aje1 #ajf4      ,eliot1       
,george1 #ca1 #hh4      ,emotion1 #be4  
,emphasis1 #ci1 #dj1 #gg1 #aja1 #aaj4   
,end ( /ory1 #gb4      ,ev5ts1 ord] (1  
#fe4      ,ev5ts1 second>y1 #ajc4       
,exposition1 #he4       ,fall ( ! ,h\se 
( ,u%]1 ,!1 #dd1 #afa1 #afb1 #afg1 #bjg4
      ,fantasy1 influ5ce on /yle1 #ib1  
#ic4      ,fiction1 !ory (1 #aig4       

,field+1 ,h5ry1 #bh1 #aib4      ,figures
 ( spee*1 #ajj1 #aad1 #aae4             
,flaub]t1 ,gu/ave1 #bg4      ,frank5/e91
 #ahi4      ,freeman1 ,m>y ,e4 ,wilk9s1 
#aed4       ,galswor?y1 ,john1 #hh4     
,g5ius1 cultivation (1 #bc4      ,greek1
 #acj4       ,h>dy1 ,?omas1 #hh1 #afa4  
,h>rison1 ,h5ry ,sydnor1 #acc4          
,h>te1 ,bret1 #ec1 #ei4      ,haw?orne1 
,na?aniel1 #bi1 #cb1 #eh1 #ib1 #ic1     
#ahb1 #bjc1 #bjd4      ,h5ry1 ,o41 #hb4 
,h\se ( ! ,dead1 ,!1 #eh1 #bjc4         
,h\se ) ! ,gre5 ,%utt]s1 ,!1 #eh1 #id4  
,hur/1 ,fannie1 #gf4      ,hugo1        
,victor1 #bh1 #eb1 #aji1 #aib1 #bjd4    
,idiot1 ,!1 #bjh4      ,il ,p5s]oso1    
#id4      ,imag9ation1 #bi4             
,imag9ation & dialogue1 #abi4           
,imitation1 #cc4      ,in=mation1 #bd4  
,int]e/1 #cd1 #ce1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #agf1    
#ahe1 #bjc4      ,introduction1 #fg1    
#ha1 #hb4       ,james1 ,h5ry1 #ef4     
,jean ,*ri/ophe1 #bh1 #aib4      ,j\rnal
 ( ! ,plague ,ye>1 ,a1 #ih4             
,kidnapp$1 #ec1 #if4      ,kipl+1       

,rudy>d1 #dd1 #fh1 #hb1 #ii1 #abj1 #aih4
       ,l',allegro1 #id4      ,la ,peau 
de ,*agr91 #ih4      ,lat91 #acj4       
,legeia1 #afg4      ,l5g?1 #hf4         
,les ,mis]ables1 #bh1 #aib1 #bjd4       
,lit]alness1 9 dialogue1 #abf1 #abg4    
,lodg+ = ! ,night1 ,a1 #aaj1 #acg1 #agd1
 #age4      ,london1 ,jack1 #ga1 #ge1   
#aih4      ,lo/ ,_w1 ,!1 #bjd4          
,macbe?1 #aeg4      ,mann]isms 9        
dialogue1 #adc1 #add4      ,m>kheim1    
#dd1 #ee1 #ef1 #aei1 #afi1 #agi4        
,ma/] ( ,ballantrae1 ,!1 #ia4           
,mat]ial1 accessibility (1 #bb4         
,matt]1 *oice (       ,selection1 #cj4  
,s9c]ity1 #ca4       ,adv5ture1 #cb4    
,common problems1 #cb4                  
,orig9ality1 #cc4       ,novelty & wor?1
 #cc4       ,elem5ts ( lit]ature1 #cd4  
,int]e/1 #cd4       ,elem5ts ( int]e/1  
#ce4      ,matt]1 significance (1 #bje4 
,maupassant1 ,guy de1 #dd1 #aje1 #afh4  
,m]$i?1 ,george1 #ib4      ,m]ry ,m51   
,!1 #aec1 #aee1 #afa1 #afb4             
,milton1 ,john1 #id4      ,monsieur     

,beaucaire1 #ga4       ,n>ration1 #aje1 
#ajf1 #ajg1 #acf1 #adg4      ,n>ration1 
con/ructive te*nique (                  
,importance1 #fd4       ,plot &         
situation1 #fe4       ,spiritual values1
 #ff4       ,ord] ( ev5ts1 #fg4         
,introduction1 #fg4       ,prim>y &     
second>y ev5ts1 #fh4       ,climax1 #gj4
       ,naturalness1 #gj4               
,prep>ation1 #gj1 #gc4       ,end (     
/ory1 #gb4       ,proportion1 #gf4      
,g5]al ,consid]ations1 #gh4             
,n>ration1 executive te*nique (         
,mode ( n>ration1 #hj4       ,fir/ p]son
 n>ration1 #ha4       ,v>iation1 #ha4   
,advantages ( mode1 #ha4                
,disadvantages1 #hb4                    
,plausibility1 #hd4       ,?ird p]son   
n>ration1 #hd4       ,advantages1 #hd4  
,avoidance ( artificiality1 #he4        
,l5g?1 #hf4       ,viewpo9t1 #hf4       
,attitude ( au?or1 #hh4       ,/yle1    
#ij4       ,congruity ( mann]1 #ib4     
,/ory ( action1 #ib4       ,/ory ( "*1  
#ic4       ,me?od ( n>ration1 #ig4      

,/ory ( commonplace1 #ig4       ,/ory ( 
biz>re1 #ih4       ,vividness1 #ih4     
,susp5se1 #ajj4       ,emphasis &       
suppression1 #aja4       ,expansion &   
vividness1 #aja4       ,prim>y &        
second>y ev5ts1 #ajb4       ,transition1
 #ajd4       ,bl5d+ ( elem5ts1 #aje4    
,naturalness1 #adc4      ,naturalness ( 
dialogue1 #abf4      ,nature1 conflict )
 z plot1 #eb4      ,necklace1 ,!1 #aje1 
#afh4      ,new ,arabian ,nights1 ,!1   
#ia1 #ic4      ,new ,engl&1 #aed1 #aee4 
,note on ,realism1 ,a1 #ac1 #ij1 #ia4   
,notre ,dame de ,p>is1 #aji4            
,novel1 #ch1 #ed1 #hg4       ,novel &   
romance1 #ahb4       ,romanticism &     
realism1 #ahc4       ,te*nique ( =ms1   
#ahe4       ,incoh]5ce ( novel1 #ahf4   
,novel z m$ium = self-expression1 #ahf4 
,int]polation ( comm5t1 #ahg4           
,simplicity1 #ahh4       ,inclusiv5ess (
 novel1 #aij4       ,p]sonality1 #aij4  
,action1 #aia4       ,l5g?1 #aia4       
,initial idea1 #aib4       ,s+l5ess (   
/ory1 #aic4       ,social emphasis1     

#aif4      ,novelty1 #cc4               
,obs]vation1 #bd4      ,our ,mutual     
,fri5d1 #aib1 #aic4      ,outca/s (     
,pok] ,flat1 ,!1 #ec1 #ei4              
,p]sonality1 #aih4      ,p]sons1        
description (1 #aaj4      ,philosophy ( 
,composition1 ,!1 #afg4      ,philosophy
 ( fiction1 #bjb4      ,pickwick ,pap]s1
 ,!1 #ib1 #aic4      ,plausibility1 #fh1
 #fi1 #ajc4      ,plot1 #aci1 #adh1     
#ahi1 #aig1 #bjg1 #bjh4                 
,def9ition1 #dh1 #ej4       ,"* & plot1 
#di4       ,dramatic value1 #ej4        
,complication1 #ea4       ,int]e/1 #ea4 
,plot z problem1 #eb4       ,?ree basic 
!mes1 #eb4       ,conflict betwe5 man & 
nature1 #eb4       ,conflict betwe5 man 
& man1 #ed4       ,conflict )9 ! man1   
#ee4       ,arrangem5t1 #ef4            
,climax1 #eg4       ,major situations1  
#fj4       ,climax & plot1 #fa4         
,situation1 #fa4      ,plot = %ort /ory1
 #afh1 #afi4      ,poe1 ,edg> ,allan1   
#dd1 #ea1 #hd1 #ic1 #afa1 #afb1 #afg1   
#afh1 #afi1 #agj1                       

#ahj1 #bjg4      ,po9t ( view1 #hf1     
#aaf4      ,polti1 ,georges1 #fb4       
,practice1 #if4      ,prejudice1 #bf4   
,prep>ation1 #gc4      ,prep>ation (    
read] = climax1 #aef4      ,pride &     
,prejudice1 #ahi4      ,problem 9       
fiction1 #eb4      ,problem novel1 #ahg4
      ,problem1 /ory or plot z1 #ej4    
,proportion1 #gf1 #ajb4                 
,prov9cialism1 #bf4      ,psy*ological  
/ory1 #ee4       ,reade1 ,*>les1 #aia4  
,read+1 #bf4      ,realism1 #ahb1 #ahi1 
#aii4      ,report+ & lit]ature1 #de4   
,return ( ! ,native1 ,!1 #afa4          
,rhetoric1 #ie1 #aji1 #aaj4             
,ri*>dson1 ,samuel1 #hf4      ,rob9son  
,crusoe1 #ih1 #bjh4      ,roll&1 ,roma91
 #bh1 #aib4      ,romance1 #ahb4        
,romanticism1 #ahb1 #aii4       ,sc>let 
,lett]1 ,!1 #bi1 #cb1 #ib1 #ahb1 #bjc1  
#bjd4      ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 #eb1    
#hh4      ,sea-,wolf1 ,!1 #ga1 #ge1 #gf4
      ,selection1 #bb4                  
,self-culture1 #bd4      ,s5se &        
,s5sibility1 #ahb4      ,s5ses1         

employm5t 9 description1 #aag1 #abj1    
#aba4      ,s]i\sness1 #ca4      ,sett+1
 #aeb4      ,sett+1 description (1 #aah4
      ,sex1 #cc4      ,%akespe>e1       
,william1 #aeg4      ,%ip ,t ,f\nd      
,h]self1 ,!1 #aih4      ,%ort /ory1 #ah1
 #ch1 #dc1 #hg1 #aic4       ,def9ition1 
#afe4       ,two types1 #aff4           
,dramatic %ort /ory1 #aff4              
,atmosph]ic %ort /ory1 #aff4            
,orig9s1 #afg4       ,unity & s+l5ess ( 
effect1 #afh4       ,g5]al te*nique1    
#agb4       ,*>act]ization1 #agb4       
,int]e/ & simplicity1 #agf4             
,complexity1 #agg4       ,coh]5ce1 #agi4
       ,compression1 #aha4              
,significance ( matt]1 #bje4            
,simplicity1 #ahh4      ,simplicity (   
plot = %ort /ory1 #agf4      ,s9c]ity1  
#ca4      ,situation 7see ,plot74       
,situation & dialogue1 #abh4            
,social "q1 #bf4      ,spee*1 #aje4     
,pot5cy1 #abd4       ,me*anical         
di/ribution1 #abe4       ,naturalness1  
#abf4       ,direction1 #abf4           

,dialect1 #abg4       ,situation1 #abh4 
,res\rces to meet dem&s ( situation1    
#acj4       ,/yle1 #acb4       ,v]bs (  
utt]ance1 #acc4       ,spee* = its own  
sake1 #acd4       ,creative process1    
#ace4      ,spell+ 9 dialogue1 #adc4    
,/age1 conv5tions (1 #agj4              
,/ev5son1 ,rob]t ,l\is1 #ac1 #ci1 #dd1  
#eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #ef1 #hb1 #hi1 #ij1 #ic1 
#if1 #ii1 #aaj1 #acg1 #aci1 #add1 #ade1 
#adi1 #aec1                             
#aee1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb1 #afi1 #agd1     
#agi1 #ahb1 #ahh1                       
#aia1 #aib1 #bjj4      ,/ory types1     
#afe1 #aff4       ,conception &         
execution1 #cg4       ,utility to "k    
types1 #ch4       ,novel & romance1 #ch4
       ,%ort /ory1 #ch4       ,! ?ree   
types1 #ci4       ,emphasis1 #ci4       
,?ree elem5ts ( /ory1 #ci4       ,"*1   
#dj4       ,incid5t1 #db4               
,atmosph]e1 #de4       ,o!r types1 #df4 
,%ort ,/ory & compression1 #dd4         
,/ory1 di/+ui%$ f tale1 #di4      ,/ory1
 ways to create1 #ci4      ,/yle1 #hb1  

#ij1 #ig1 #acg4      ,suppression1 #aja4
      ,susp5se1 #ajj1 #aja4             
,sympa?y1 #hh1 #adh1 #adi4       ,tale1 
#ci1 #dc1 #di1 #afe1 #bjg4              
,tanglewood ,tales1 #ic4      ,t>k+ton1 
,boo?1 #ga4      ,t4 ,b41 #gf4          
,te*nique1 natural approa* to1 #af4     
,te*nique1 object (1 #ea4      ,?ack]ay1
 ,william ,makepeace1 #bh1 #ed1 #eh1    
#ahg1 #aia1 #aib4      ,!matic /ory1    
#dj4      ,!ory ( fiction       ,/ory & 
tale1 #aig4       ,realism ! me?od1     
#aii4       ,realism ! arti/ic dogma1   
#aii4       ,%ort /ory1 #bjj4           
,int]e/1 #bja4       ,p[] ( real        
problems ( life1 #bjc4       ,te/ (     
m]it1 #bjd4       ,aim ( executive      
arti/ry1 #bjf4       ,v]isimilitude1    
#bjg4       ,significance ( plot1 #bjh4 
,?irty-,six ,dramatic ,situations1 ,!1  
#fb4      ,?rawn ,janet1 #aeh4          
,toil]s ( ! ,sea1 ,!1 #eb4      ,tol/oi1
 ,leo1 #aib1 #aie4      ,tom ,jones1    
#bh1 #aib4      ,tone1 #hb1 #acb4       
,trag$y1 #aeg4      ,transition1 #ajc1  

#ajd1 #aje4      ,trollope1 ,an?ony1    
#ahb4      ,turg5ieff1 ,ivan1 #adf4     
,ugl9ess1 #hi4      ,unities1 dramatic1 
#afh4      ,unity ( %ort /ory1 #bja4    
,vanity ,fair1 #ed1 #eh1 #ahg4          
,v]isimilitude1 #hd1 #ib1 #ajf1 #ajg1   
#aae1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #abc1 #adc1     
#bjg4      ,v]ne1 ,jules1 #bjd4         
,victorian noveli/s1 #aia4              
,viewpo9t1 #hf1 #aaf4      ,virg9ians1  
,!1 #aia1 #aib4      ,vividness1 #ih1   
#aja1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aai4      ,v4 ,v4's  
,eyes1 #acd4       ,w> & ,peace1 #aib4  
,w>d51 ,!1 #ahb4      ,weir ( ,h]mi/on1 
#ia4      ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #bjd4        
,wit1 9 dialogue1 #abg4      ,)\t       
,b5efit ( ,cl]gy1 #dd1 #fh1 #abj4       
,wor? ( matt]1 #cc4      ,writ] (       
fiction4       ,critical faculty1 #bb4  
,cultivation ( g5ius1 #bc4              
,obs]vation & in=mation1 #bd4           
,op5-m9d$ness1 #be4       ,attitude t[>d
 life1 #be4       ,prejudice &          
prov9cialism1 #bf4       ,social "q1    
#bf4       ,read+1 #bf4                 

,imag9ation1 #bi4      ,wu!r+ ,heights1 
#id4     ,transcrib]'s ,note3  ,spell+ &
 punctuation h be5 pres]v$ z 9 ! orig9al
 publication except = ! foll[+ *anges3  
,page #bd      less obvi\s1 b1 curi\sly 
en\gh1 is is *ang$ to     less obvi\s1  
b1 curi\sly en\gh1 is      ,page #be    
famili>tiy ) life1 :i* _c be bru%$ up   
*ang$ to     famili>ity ) life1 :i* _c  
be bru%$ up      ,page #bh              
,*ri/rophe1 ,w> & ,peace1 mu* (         
,?ack]ay's *ang$ to     ,*ri/ophe1 ,w> &
 ,peace1 mu* ( ,?ack]ay's      ,page #cc
      & defici5ces be=e writ+ is        
necess>y to make *ang$ to     &         
defici5cies be=e writ+ is necess>y to   
make      ,page #cg                     
,incid5t--,ar*typal ,"*--,%ort ,/ory &  
*ang$ to     ,incid5t--,ar*etypal       
,"*--,%ort ,/ory &      ,page #dc       
ar*type ( all /ories4 ,an hi/orical     
analysis *ang$ to     ar*etype ( all    
/ories4 ,an hi/orical analysis      :i* 
/resses ! b>e incid5t1 is ar*typal (    
*ang$ to     :i* /resses ! b>e incid5t1 

is ar*etypal (      ,page #ed           
di/9cly social 9 nature4 ,!             
possibilities = ! *ang$ to     di/9ctly 
social 9 nature4 ,! possibilities = !   
,balzac & & ,?ack]ay are supreme ma/]s 9
 *ang$ to     ,balzac & ,?ack]ay are    
supreme ma/]s 9      ,page #fb          
,polti1 9 ,! ,?irty-,six ,dramatic      
,situations1 *ang$ to     ,polti1 9 ,!  
,?irty-,six ,dramatic ,situations1      
is a ^w s abus$ t x ev5 might be        
advisible *ang$ to     is a ^w s abus$ t
 x ev5 might be advisable      ,page #fe
      hap5+s2 a plot is "s human /ruggle
 *ang$ to     happ5+s2 a plot is "s     
human /ruggle      ,page #fg            
writ]s--"o may indulge 9 a little       
philisophical *ang$ to     writ]s--"o   
may indulge 9 a little philosophical    
,page #gb      selection & ord]+ ( its  
sec5d>y ev5ts *ang$ to     selection &  
ord]+ ( its second>y ev5ts      ,page   
#hb      lo/ d]elicts ( p move4 ,_!     
spea* is *ang$ to     lo/ d]elicts ( p  
move4 ,_! spee* is      ,page #hd       

analytical ( m ?an "o *>actc] ! writ]   
*ang$ to     analytical ( m ?an "o "* ! 
writ]      lays b>e ! s\ls ( all        
*>actc]s in/ead ( *ang$ to     lays b>e 
! s\ls ( all *>act]s in/ead (      ,page
 #he      virture ( ea* type may be     
utiliz$ *ang$ to     virtue ( ea* type  
may be utiliz$      ,page #hf           
omnisc5t viewpo9t may c>ry ! /ory *ang$ 
to     omnisci5t viewpo9t may c>ry !    
/ory      idiosyncracies1 & to make     
*ang$ to     idiosyncrasies1 & to make  
,page #hi      w be a be a glorifi$ &   
p]secut$ *ang$ to     w be a glorifi$ & 
p]secut$      ,page #ajb      allot+ !  
space ( a /ory be=e writ+1 z has be5    
*ang$ to     allott+ ! space ( a /ory   
be=e writ+1 z has be5      ,page #aaa   
half fall5 back1 & made a /range        
excres5ce on ei!r *ang$ to     half     
fall5 back1 & made a /range excresc5ce  
on ei!r      ,page #aag      /rict if   
unconci\s reg>d = ! laws ( *ang$ to     
/rict if unconsci\s reg>d = ! laws (    
,page #abg      a /ory involves a       

*>actc] f su* a di/rict *ang$ to     a  
/ory involves a "* f su* a di/rict      
,page #acb      feel+ & appreciation t  
any read]4 *ang$ to     feel+ &         
appreciation ?an any read]4      ,page  
#acc      ',a lady /epp$ on h]          
,junebug1' *ang$ to     ',a lady /epp$  
on h] ,junebug4'      ,page #ach        
influ5cial 9 num]\s directions 9 a /ory4
 *ang$ to     influ5tial 9 num]\s       
directions 9 a /ory4      ,page #adj    
x may be difficult to d s unob/rusively 
*ang$ to     x may be difficult to d s  
unobtrusively      ,page #adc      ,yuh 
= y is 9 in/ance4 ,we all yuh *ang$ to  
,yuh = y is an in/ance4 ,we all yuh     
,page #aec      w h "s totality (       
emontional *ang$ to     w h "s totality 
( emotional      ,page #afg      ,poe   
produc$ su* /ories z ,legeia *ang$ to   
,poe produc$ su* /ories z ,ligeia       
,page #agj      connotations ( ! /ate   
*ang$ to     connotations ( ! /age      
,page #age      ! writt]'s              
res\rces--aga9 ( c\rse *ang$ to     !   

writ]'s res\rces--aga9 ( c\rse          
,page #ahj      ?\ & words1 ?\gh x beg9 
9 a *ang$ to     ?\s& words1 ?\gh x beg9
 9 a      ,page #ahb      & !           
metomorphosis ( ,dr4 ,jekyll *ang$ to   
& ! metamorphosis ( ,dr4 ,jekyll        
,page #aia      lay+ a false emphasis on
 its pormissible scope *ang$ to     lay+
 a false emphasis on its p]missible     
scope      ,page #baa      ,y\r1 fir/1  
second1 t5?1 or *ang$ to     ,y\r fir/1 
second1 t5?1 or      ,page #bad         
obvi\s reasons y\r laboratory anaylsis (
 *ang$ to     obvi\s reasons y\r        
laboratory analysis (      ,page #bah   
connoiseur r ?an ! humble practition]   
*ang$ to     connoisseur r ?an ! humble 
practition]      ,page #bai      b writ+
 ) an def9ite aim *ang$ to     b writ+ )
 a def9ite aim      /ate its *ief values
 z succ9tly z *ang$ to     /ate its *ief
 values z succ9ctly z