,! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ,( ,old & ,new ,_w ,civilizations ,a ,comp>ative ,rese>* ,bas$ on a ,/udy ( ! ,anci5t ,mexican ,religi\s1 ,sociological1 & ,cal5drical ,sy/ems4 ,by ,zelia ,nuttall ,honor>y ,special ,assi/ant ( ! ,peabody ,museum2 ,fell[ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce2 ,memb] ( ! ,philosophical ,society1 ,philadelphia2 ,honor>y ,memb] ( ! ,ar*aeological ,association1 ,univ4 ( ,p5nsylvania2 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,antiqu>ian & ,numismatic ,society ( ,philadelphia2 ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton2 ( ! ,societ ,italiana d',antropologia2 ( ! ,socit de ,gographie de ,g5ve2 ( ! ,soci$ad ,ci5tifico 8,antonio ,alzate10 ,mexico2 & ( ! ,socit des ,amricani/es de ,p>is4 ,ar*aeological & ,e?nological ,pap]s ,( ,! ,peabody ,museum ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,peabody ,museum ( ,am]ican ,ar*aeology & ,e?nology4 ,m>*1 #aija4 ,,cont5ts ,editorial ,note4 ,au?or's ,preface4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ,( ,old ,& ,new ,_w ,civilizations4 ,app5dix ,i4 ,comp>ative ,table ( "s ,que*ua1 ,nahuatl & ,maya ,words4 ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,a ,pray]-meet+ ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s4 ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,comp>ative ,li/s ( ,words4 ,index4 ,note4 ,footnotes ,,editorial ,,note4 ,! au?or ( ?is volume expla9s 9 h] preface h[ %e came to be l$ beyond h] special field ( rese>* into a comp>ative /udy ( ! e>ly civilizations ( ! ,old ,_w2 & h[ %e trac$ ! orig9 ( ! swa/ika1 9 ,mexico1 to an a/ronomical s\rce &1 9 all c\ntries alike1 f\nd its use z a sacr$ symbol accompani$ by evid5ces ( a c]ta9 phase ( culture bas$ on pole-/> wor%ip1 & ! recognition ( ! fix$ laws ( nature1 :i* f\nd expression 9 ! ideal ( cele/ial k+doms or /ates organiz$ on a set num]ical plan & regulat$ by ! app>5t revolutions ( circumpol> con/ellations4 ,! results ( ! au?or's rese>*es seem to ju/ify h] summ>y ( conclusions2 b %e di/9ctly /ates t %e does n wi% to prop\nd any !ory4 ,%e invites fur!r /udy & discussion by ,ori5tali/s & ,am]icani/s be=e draw+ f9al conclusions f ! facts %e has ga!r$4 ,! publication ( ?is pap] w op5 anew ! consid]ation ( pre-,columbian visits to ! ,new ,_w1 %[n1 z _m h believ$1 by id5tities too _m & too close to be consid]$ z m]e resemblances or z ! natural results ( indep5d5t intellectual developm5t4 ,! illu/rations are ne>ly all f draw+s by ! au?or4 ,! analytical ,index has be5 prep>$ by ,miss ,mead4 ,x w be se51 by ! numb]+ at ! bottom ( ea* page1 t x 0 at fir/ int5d$ to include ?is pap] 9 ,volume ,i ( ! ,ar*aeological & ,e?nological ,pap]s ( ! ,museum2 b ! addition ( ! text relat+ to ! ,old ,_w made too bulky a volume1 & x is !re=e issu$ z ,volume ,,ii ( ! s]ies4 ,to ,mrs4 ,nuttall = ! gift ( h] "w1 ! results ( ye>s ( rese>*1 & to ! sev]al g5]\s fri5ds :o h provid$ ! means = publi%+ ?is volume1 ! editor expresses 8 gratitude 9 behalf ( ! ,museum4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,putnam1 ,curator ( ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,m>* #a1 #aija4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahih1 :ile engag$ ^u ! translation & comm5t>y ( ! anonym\s ,hispano ,mexican ,,ms4 ( ! ,biblioteca ,nazionale ,c5trale ,libr>y1 ( ,flor5ce1 my int]e/ 0 sudd5ly & unexpect$ly div]t$ f my self-impos$ task by ! circum/ances describ$ 9 ! op5+ pages ( ! pres5t publication4 ,lay+ my "w aside1 z ,i !n suppos$1 = a few days only1 ,i seiz$ ! new ?read ( inve/igation ) a ke5 & en?usia/ic int]e/1 little kn[+ t x1 9 turn1 0 n only to hold me fa/ = ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 b 0 to lead me out ( my orig9al field ( rese>*1 into di/ant1 & to me1 hi!rto untrodd5 realms1 9 close pursuit ( facts relat+ to ! olde/ =ms ( religion1 social organization1 & symbolism4 ,! fir/ portion ( ! pres5t publication 0 plann$ z a %ort monograph ( =ty-"o pages1 treat+ ( ! orig9 ( ! native swa/ika or cross symbols1 & 0 writt5 9 ,july1 #ahih1 its outcome be+ ! un=ese5 conclusion t ! cosmical conceptions ( ! anci5t ,mexicans 7 id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,zuis4 ,i next trac$ ! same fundam5tal set ( ideas 9 ,yucatan1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,p]u & =m$ ! wi% to add ?is inve/igation to ! prec$+4 ,! result has be5 ! portion ( ! "w ext5d+ f page #da1 p>agraph #b1 to page #bhd1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 #ahii4 ,hav+ once laun*$ into a c\rse ( comp>ative rese>*1 ! deep int]e/ ,i h always tak5 9 ! "q ( ,asiatic contact l$ me to c>ry my inve/igation ( ! same subject into ,*9a4 ,x !n seem$ impossible n to ext5d rese>*es f ,ea/]n to ,we/]n ,asia1 & f ,asia ,m9or to ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome & ,we/]n ,europe4 ,x is 9 ?is unprem$itat$ way t ! scope ( ! pres5t inve/igation enl>g$ itself ( its own accord1 = ! simple reason t ! mo/ int]e/+ & preci\s facts fell into my way z ,i advanc$ & all ,i _h to d 0 to pick !m up & add !m to my collection ( evid5ce4 ,"o s]i\s disadvantage1 aris+ f ! circum/ance t ! pres5t inve/igation has be5 9 press = ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 is my inability to make any alt]ation1 am5dm5t1 or addition1 9 ! e>li] portions1 :i* /& z writt5 at diff]5t times4 ,x is a matt] ( regret to me t ,i 0 n acqua9t$ ) ,o',neil's 8,night ( ! ,gods0 & ,hewitt's 8,rul+ ,races ( ,prehi/oric ,times10 at an e>li] /age ( my inve/igation1 z ?r\gh !m my publication w\ld h be5 enri*$ by _m valuable additions :i* ,i c\ld h incorporat$ 9 ! body ( my "w )\t unduly sacrific+ its unity ( =m4 ,9 ! l9e ( ,maya inve/igation notable advances h be5 made s9ce ,i wrote 7on page #bba71 ab\t ! 8sept5>y set ( signs0 describ$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay 9 #ahhf1 & ab\t ! inscription on ! tablet ( ! ,temple ( ! ,cross at ,pal5que 7pp4 #bcg-ci74 ,s9ce t "t an important publication on ! ,tablet ( ! ,cross1 to :i* ,i %\ld h lik$ to ref]1 has be5 issu$ by ! mu* e/eem$ ,ne/or ( ,maya inve/igations1 ,h]r ,geheimra? ,dr4 ,fr/emann4 ,my att5tion has also be5 drawn by ! be/ v]s$ ( ,am]ican /ud5ts ( ! ,maya ,codices1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,p4 ,b[dit*1 to ! fact t ,mr4 ,maudslay n[ recognizes ! g5]al recurr5ce ( an eigh? sign 9 comb9ation ) ! sept5>y gr\p1 caus+ ?is to consi/ ( an initial glyph1 foll[$ by sev5 in/ead ( six signs4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to pp4 #bba & #bbb1 ,i po9t out t ! employm5t ( an initial glyph1 repres5t+ ! synopsis ( a :ole1 foll[$ by sev5 signs1 appe>s ev5 m /rongly to corroborate my view t ! inhabitants ( ,copan 7 acqua9t$ ) ! sept5>y1 cosmical division ,i h trac$4 ,my fell[ ar*aeologi/s w und]/& ! disadvantage ( issu+ an inve/igation p>tly writt5 a few ye>s previ\sly1 & w realize t1 _h ,i1 at ! outset1 be5 9 possession ( all ! facts ,i h s9ce le>n$1 ! pres5t "w w\ld h be5 v diff]5tly plann$ & execut$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z x p>takes some:at ( ! nature ( a log-book1 ! read] is able to foll[ closely my blund]+ c\rse1 & w recognize & appreciate "s ( its p]ils & difficulties4 ,x be+1 un=tunately1 impossible to re-write ! book4 ,i %all h to be resign$ to incur "s criticism & blame = omissions1 :i* c\ld h be5 av]t$4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 be cont5t if my prolong$ /udy ( anci5t ,mexican ar*aeology & ! pres5t rese>* op5 out new l9es ( inve/igation1 & conclusively prove t primitive cross-symbols & ! swa/ika are univ]sally accompani$ by ve/iges ( a c]ta9 set ( cosmical conceptions & s*emes ( organization1 :i* c be trac$ back to an orig9al pole-/> wor%ip4 ,i c b ?9k t ! mat]ial ,i h collect$ w also lead to a recognition t ! rle ( ! ,phnicians1 z int]m$i>ies ( anci5t civilization1 0 great] ?an has be5 suppos$1 & t x is imp]ative t future rese>* be devot$ to a fre% /udy & exam9ation ( ^? indications :i* appe> to %[ t ,am]ica mu/ h be5 int]mitt5tly coloniz$ by ! int]m$iation ( ,m$it]ranean seaf>]s4 ,to me ! mo/ int]e/+ result ( ! pres5t inve/igation is ! fact t1 hav+ once />t$ on an unprem$itat$ c\rse ( /udy1 ,i f\nd an unsuspect$ weal? ( mat]ial & f9ally atta9$ "o ma91 totally undream$-( conclusion1 conc]n+ ! law gov]n+ ! evolution ( religion & civilization4 ,?is leads me to ?9k t1 z ,i grop$ 9 d>kness1 se>*+ = light1 ,i unwitt+ly /ruck ! true key-note ( t great univ]sal !me :i* humanity1 ) a gr[+ p]ception ( exi/+1 univ]sal h>mony1 has ev] be5 /riv+ to seize & incorporate into _! lives4 ,! fact t _m ( ! transcriptions ( ! orig9al h>mony h be5 & are discordant1 & t !y tempor>ily obscure1 in/ead ( r5d]+1 its sublime gr&eur1 unity & noble simplicity1 appe>s z ! inevitable result ( ! m5tal activity1 +5uity & creative imag9ation to :i* mank9d also owes its intellectual & spiritual progress4 ,9 conclusion ,i regret my inability to express adequately my grateful appreciation ( ! unfail+ loyalty ( ^? true fri5ds1 9 p>ticul> ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 :o1 tru/+ 9 ! e>ne/ness ( my purpose & endeavor1 h con/antly enc\rag$ & *e]$ me z !y pati5tly await$ ! long-delay$ completion ( my "w4 ,z4 ,n4 ,,cambridge1 ,,mass41 ,,decemb] #ca1 #aijj4 ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,_w ,,civilizations4 ,"o ev5+1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahih1 ,i left my desk &1 /epp+ to ! w9d[1 look$ out at ,pol>is & ! circumpol> region ( ! sky1 ) a newly awak5$ & eag] int]e/4 ,= ?irte5 ye>s ,i _h be5 /udy+ & collect+ mat]ial ) ! hope ( obta9+ "s und]/&+ ( ! cal5d>1 religion & cosmogony ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 b _h hi!rto purposely refra9$ f =mulat+ or express+ any conclusions on ! latt] subjects hav+ felt unable to extract a cle> & satisfactory und]/&+ ( ! native beliefs f ! *aotic mass ( accumulat$ data "u :i* !y lay l ! ru9 ( an anci5t temple4 ,?\gh frequ5tly disc\rag$1 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 nev] ceas$ to pursue my rese>* & to note c>efully ! slighte/ indication or sugge/ion :i* might prove ( ultimate value4 ,becom+ utt]ly absorb$ 9 ! collection ( su* notes1 ,i f\nd no "t to publi% any?+ dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s1 ?\gh realiz+1 ) regret1 t ^? int]e/$ 9 my "w might be disappo9t$ at my delay 9 issu+ ! pap]s ann\nc$1 9 #ahid1 z spe$ily =?com+4 ,sl[ly b /eadily1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 ga9+ gr\nd4 ,v>i\s excursions along new l9es ( rese>* increas$ my exp]i5ce &1 9 cross+ & re-cross+ ! field ( anci5t ,mexico1 ,i frequ5tly _h occasion to obs]ve c]ta9 famili> l&m>ks1 f a new po9t ( view1 & illum9at$ by rays ( fre% light proce$+ f rec5tly acquir$ s\rces4 ,x 0 rem>kable h[ (t5 facts1 :i* _h seem$ s hopelessly complicat$1 f9ally appe>$ to be q simple & compreh5sible4 ,?is 0 noticeably ! case ) ! ,aztec deities :i*1 = ye>s1 _h seem$ to me z numb]less4 ,aft] closely /udy+ _! respective symbols1 attributes & names1 dur+ sev]al consecutive mon?s1 & subject+ !m to a f9al m9ute analysis1 ,i f\nd t _! numb] dw9dl$ 9 a rem>kable way & also v]ifi$ ! tru? ( ! /atem5t made by ! anonym\s au?or ( ! ,biblioteca ,nazionale manuscript :i* ,i 0 edit+1 t ! ,mexicans pa9t$ "o & ! same god "u a diff]5t aspect 8) diff]5t col\rs10 accord+ to ! v>i\s names !y gave him 9 ea* in/ance4 ,x 0 p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to f9d t1 9 assum+ t c]ta9 names designat$ diff]5t native deities1 ! e>ly ,spani% writ]s _h committ$ a mi/ake z great z ?\gh someone1 read+ ! litany ( ! ,virg9 9 a ,ca?olic pray]-book1 = ! fir/ "t1 inf]r$ t x 0 a s]ies ( invocations address$ to di/9ct div9ities1 among/ :om figur$ ! 8morn+ />10 a 8mirror ( ju/ice10 & a 8my/ical rose10 etc4 ,an exam9ation ( ! texts ( sev]al native pray]s pres]v$1 e/abli%$ t ! ,mexicans address$ _! pray]s to a supreme ,creator & rul]1 :om !y t]m$ 8invisible1 incompreh5sible & impalpable10 & rev]$ z 8! fa!r & "m ( all40 ,"s ( _! s-call$ idols 71 aft] all1 ei!r attempts to repres5t 9 objective =m1 ! attributes ( ! div9e p[]1 ! =ces ( nature1 ! elem5ts1 etc41 or rebus figures4 ,z ^! 8gods0 or 8idols0 are enum]at$ f>!r on & are exhau/ively treat$ 9 my comm5t>y ( ! ,biblioteca ,nazionale manuscript1 n[ 9 press1 x suffices = my pres5t purpose m]ely to m5tion "h t ! mo/ my/]i\s figure ( ,mexican cosmogony1 ,tezcatlipoca1 ^: symbolical "n lit]ally means 8%9+ mirror10 prov$ to be id5tical ) ,mictlantecuhtli1 ! "l ( ! und]world1 ^: title may also be int]pret$ z 8! rul] or reg5t ( ! ,nor?10 s9ce ,mictlampa is ! "n ( ?is c>d9al po9t4 ,! ,codex ,fu5leal 7,anales del ,museo ,nacional1 ,mexico1 tomo ,,ii1 p4 #hh7 pres]ves an important my? relat+ h[ ,tezcatlipoca1 aft] hav+ be5 ! sun1 0 ca/ d[n f ?is supreme position by ,huitzilopo*tli1 8desc5d$ to ! wat]10 b _h aris5 aga9 9 ! %ape ( an ocelot1 & trans=m$ himself into ! con/ellation ( ,ursa ,major4 ,accord+ to ,sahagun ! native "n ( ?is />-gr\p 0 ,citlal-,colotl or 8/> scorpion40 ,ref]5ce to ,nahuatl diction>ies reveal$ t ?is insect _h d\btlessly be5 nam$ colotl on acc\nt ( its habit ( recurv+ its tail :5 enrag$4 ,! ,nahuatl v]b coloa means1 to b5d ov] or twi/ some?+1 ! adjective coltic is appli$ to some?+ b5t ov] or recurv$4 ,! n\n colotli1 :i* is almo/ id5tical ) colotl1 means 8! cross-beams1 ! m\nt+1 bran* or h&le ( a cross0 78armadura de manga de cruz40 ,see ,mol9a's diction>y74 ,! above facts %[ t ! idea und]ly+ ! "n = ,ursa ,major is prim>ily t ( 8some?+ b5t ov] or recurv$40 ,x is obvi\s t ! =m ( ! con/ellation answ]s to ?is description4 ,x is1 moreov]1 extremely significant to f9d1 9 ! ,maya language also1 a c]ta9 resemblance betwe5 ! words = scorpion & = a cross4 ,?is1 9 ,maya1 is z9-*e & t = a scorpion is z9-au4 ,! above data ju/ify ! induction t ! native conception ( a cross 0 connect$ ) ! idea ( its arms be+ b5t ov] or recurv$1 z 9 ! ,mexican cal5d>-swa/ika4 ,x is important to f9d ! scorpion figur$ z "o ( sev]al symbols ( ,mictlantecuhtli1 ! "l ( ! ,nor?1 9 8 sculptur$ effigy pres]v$ at ! ,national ,museum ( ,mexico 7fig4 #ai74 ,x is m significant t ! v]b coloa1 besides mean+ 8to b5d ov] or twi/ some?+10 also express$ ! action 8( describ+ or p]=m+ a circle by walk+ ar\nd some?+40 ,n[ ?is is precisely :at ,tezcatlipoca 7! ,ursa ,major7 is repres5t$ z do+ on page #gg ( ! ,b4,n4 manuscript1 s9ce he figures !re1 surr\nd$ by a circle ( foot/eps4 ,i c\ld b note t ?is fact %[$ t ! "n ( ,colotl1 appli$ to ! con/ellation1 0 n incompatible ) its id5tification ) ,tezcatlipoca4 ,once my att5tion _h be5 drawn to ! action ( walk+1 p]=m$ by ?is god1 ,i naturally consid]$1 ) fre% int]e/1 ! peculi> fact t he is usually repres5t$ ) "o foot only4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* he _h be5 depriv$ ( ?is memb] are set =? 9 sev]al ( ! ,codices :]e9 we see t1 aft] he 8desc5d$ to ! wat]10 he _h an enc\nt] ) an alligator1 :o _h vici\sly bitt5 (f 8 foot & c>ri$ x away4 7,see ,fjrv>y ,codex1 pp4 #c & #gd4 ,vatican1 ,,ii1 p4 #gd47 ,pictures repres5t+ ,tezcatlipoca1 aft] ?is ev5t1 display ! brok5 end ( ! tibia expos$ & ! transv]se section ( ! bone =m+ a r+1 usually pa9t$ ei!r :ite or r$4 ,special pa9s seem to h be5 tak5 to acc5tuate ! holl[ness ( ! bone r+1 s9ce its c5tre is usually pa9t$ blue1 ! symbolical color ( air1 & conv5tionaliz$ puffs ( brea? or air are %[n z issu+ f x 7fig4 #a74 ,9 "s cases1 z on ! sculptur$ monoli? call$ 8! ,/one ( ,tizoc10 ^! symbols ( brea?1 issu+ f ! brok5 tibia1 are figur$ 9 su* a way t mod]n writ]s1 ignor+ :at !y 7 meant to repres5t1 7 l$ to id5tify !m z "s animal's tail atta*$ to ! foot ( ! deity4 ,! holl[ circle & puffs ( air1 con/antly associat$ ) ! god1 frequ5tly figure z 8 e> ornam5t :5 8 brok5 tibia is conceal$ 7fig4 #b1 no4 #c74 ,besides c]ta9 fanciful int]pretations :i* h be5 giv5 to ?is symbol1 x has be5 expla9$ z be+ a hi]oglyph convey+ ! "n ,tezcatlipoca1 & consi/+ ( an obsidian mirrortezcatl1 & smokepoctli4 ,a possible objection to ?is ass]tion might be t 9 ,mexican pictography1 ! mirror is inv>iably repres5t$ z jet-black1 9 a :ite or r$ frame4 ,9 ! ,codex ,tell]iano ,rem5sis1 a comb9ation ( symbols 7( wat]1 fire & a s]p5t7 are figur$ z issu+ f ! base ( ! bone 7fig4 #a1 nos4 #e1 #f74 ,hav+ tak5 p>ticul> pa9s to collect all repres5tations ( ! footless god1 ,i 0 specially int]e/$ 9 "o 7,fjrv>y1 p4 #a7 9 :i* he is figur$ z /&+ on ! cross-%ap$ symbol oll91 ! accept$ mean+ ( :i* is ,f\r ,movem5ts4 ,! mo/ rem>kable & puzzl+ picture ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 is t 7fig4 #a1 no4 #b7 9 :i* ! jaws ( a tecpatl1 ! symbol ( ! ,nor?1 are repres5t$ z hold+ "o ( ,tezcatlipoca's ankles 9 a tight grip & practically fa/5+ him ?us to ! c5tre ( a diagonal cross4 ,9 ?is & o!r pictures 7,codex ,fjrv>y1 #da1 #dc & #if7 x is obvi\s t ! arti/s _h endeavor$ to convey ! idea ( a p]son p]man5tly atta*$ to "o spot by "o foot4 ,! only =m ( locomotion possible to him w\ld be to describe a circle by hobbl+ on "o foot ar\nd ! o!r1 :i* w\ld s]ve z an axis or pivot4 ,! association ( ?is peculi>ity ) ! symbols ( ! ,nor? impress$ me deeply & involunt>ily caus$ me to ?9k ( a title be/[$ 9 ! ,codex ,fu5leal ^u ! supreme div9ity1 namely1 8,! ,:eel ( ! ,w9ds20 z well z ( an expression employ$ by ,tezozomoc 7,cronica1 p4 #egd74 ,ref]r+ to ! con/ellations rev]$ by ! natives1 he m5tions 8! ,nor? & its :eel40 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #a ,realiz+ t "s def9ite & important mean+ mu/ und]lie ! rem>kable repres5tations ( ,tezcatlipoca1 ,i resort$ to all possible means to ga9 an und]/&+ ( !m4 ,ref]r+ to ,nahuatl diction>ies1 ,i f\nd a v>iety ( synonym\s names = a p]son :o limp$ or 0 lame or maim$4 ,among/ !m 0 ,popoztequi f poztequi1 ! v]b1 8to break a leg40 ,o!r names 7 xopuztequi1 xotemol & ,icxipuztequi 7icxitlfoot74 ,! latt] "n happ5$ to be famili> to me1 = ! comm5tator ( ! ,vatican ,codex1 ,padre ,rios1 gives x z ! "n ( a god & translates x z 8! lame devil40 ,he records x imm$iately aft] ,mictlantecuhtli1 ! "l ( ! ,nor?1 & designates x z ! "n ( "o ( ! f\r pr9cipal & primitive gods ( ! ,mexicans4 ,! comm5tator ( ! ,tell]iano-,rem5sis ,codex1 moreov]1 records t ^! f\r gods 7 8said to h be5 />s & _h fall5 f ! heav5s4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are />s 9 ! firmam5t nam$ aft] !m0 7,k+sbor\gh1 vol4 v1 pp4 #acb & #afb74 ,o!r synonym\s t]ms = lame p]sons 7 icx9ecuiltic & xonecuiltic4 ,tzimpuztequi1 on ! o!r h&1 besides mean+ lame1 also signifi$ some?+ crook$1 b5t or incurvat$4 ,! second "n furni%$ me ) an important clue1 = ,sahagun di/9ctly records t ! native "n = ! con/ellation ,ursa ,m9or 0 ,xonecuilli & t x 0 figur$ z an ,s 7,hi/oria1 #a4 ,,vii1 cap4 #c74 ,besides1 ! ,academia ,,ms4 ( 8 monum5tal "w conta9s ! native draw+ ( ?is />-gr\p reproduc$ z fig4 #af1 no4 #a4 ,he also /ates t ,s-%ap$ loaves ( bread nam$ xonecuilli 7 made at a c]ta9 fe/ival 9 honor ( ?is con/ellation1 :ile ! ,b4,n4 ,,ms4 records t a peculi> recurv$ weapon1 figur$ 9 ! h&s ( deities1 0 nam$ xonequitl 7fig4 #af1 nos4 #b & #c74 ,! above data furni%$ me ) indisputable evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce1 9 anci5t ,mexico1 ( a species ( /> cult connect$ ) ! circumpol> con/ellations & ) ,tezcatlipoca1 ! "l ( ! ,nor?1 ! c5tral figure ( ! native cosmogony4 ,x 0 puzzl+ to f9d ?is god connect$ n only ) ! ,ursa ,major b also ) ,ursa ,m9or1 b an indication sugge/+ a possible explanation or reconciliation ( ^! app>5t inconsi/5cies is furni%$ by ! descriptions ( ! /range ritual p]=mance1 :i* 0 annually repeat$ at ! fe/ival ,tlacaxipehualiztli & 0 evid5tly ! dramatization ( a sacr$ my?4 ,z an illu/ration & a description ( ?is rite are conta9$ 9 ! ,b4,n4 ,,ms4 & ! subject is fully treat$ 9 my comm5t>y1 ,i %all b allude "h to its sali5t features4 ,x repres5t$ a mortal combat betwe5 a prison]1 atta*$ by a %ort piece ( cord to ! c5tre ( a l>ge circul> /one1 & five w>riors1 :o f\ght him s+ly4 ,! fif?1 :o 0 mask$ z an ocelot & always obta9$ victory 9 ! unequal conte/1 f\ght ) 8 left h&1 be+ 8left-h&$10 a peculi>ity ascrib$ to ,huitzilopo*tli4 ,x 0 he :o subsequ5tly wore ! sk9 ( ! flay$ victim1 an action :i* obvi\sly symboliz$ a metamorphosis4 ,"o po9t is obvi\s3 ?is drama exhibits ! victor z a w>rior :o 0 able to circumscribe ! /one freely & 0 mask$ z an ocelot--,tezcatlipoca--! ,ursa ,major1 b 0 end[$1 at ! same "t1 ) ! left-h&$ness id5tifi$ ) ,huitzilopo*tli4 ,?is my?ical p]sonage vanqui%es & actually we>s ! sk9 ( ! man atta*$ to ! /one2 becomes 8 embodim5t1 9 po9t ( fact1 & obta9s ! supremacy = :i* he _h f\ght s desp]ately4 ,9 ! light %$ by ! ,codex ,fu5leal1 be=e cit$1 x 0 easy to see t ! entire p]=mance dramatiz$ ! my?ical combat betwe5 ,tezcatlipoca & ,huitzilopo*tli = ! position ( ! rul+ p[]1 9 ! heav5s--! sun4 ,at ! same "t x 0 decid$ly puzzl+ to f9d cele/ial supremacy p]sonifi$ by a man1 firmly fa/5$ to "o spot1 ! c5tre ( a /one circle4 ,x 0 impossible n to p]ceive ! id5tity ( ?\ght und]ly+ ! repres5tation ( ?is prison] & ! pictures ( ,tezcatlipoca1 ! "o-foot$ or lame god--,xonecuilli ! ,ursa ,m9or4 ,x 0 moreov] ( extreme int]e/ to note ! exi/5ce ( traditional records1 pres]v$ 9 ! native my?s1 ( *anges 9 ! relative positions ( cele/ial bodies & ( ! ,ursa ,major 9 p>ticul>4 ,:il/ dwell+ ^u ! /rik+ analogy exi/+ betwe5 ! repres5tations ( ,tezcatlipoca held fa/ by ! symbol ( ! ,nor? & ! prison] atta*$ to :at is describ$ ei!r z 8a temalacatl1 /one :orl0 or 8an image ( ! sun10 my gaze fell on a small model ( ! cal5d>-/one ( ,mexico1 hang+ above my desk1 & re/$ on ! symbol ,oll9 9 its c5tre4 ,! le>n$ director ( ! ,national ,museum ( ,mexico1 ,seor ,troncoso 7,anales del ,museo ,nacional1 vol4 ,,ii71 _h express$ 8 view t ?is symbol 0 an actual figurative repres5tation ( ! annual app>5t movem5ts ( ! sun1 & record$ its positions at ! sol/itial & equ9octial p]iods4 ,i _h1 moreov]1 submitt$ a draw+ ( ?is same figure to ! em95t ,engli% a/ronom]1 ,pr(4 ,norman ,locky]1 & he _h corroborat$ ?is view & e/abli%$ its correctness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i _h long not$ t ! ,oll9 0 usually figur$ ) an eye1 ! symbol = />1 9 its c5tre 7fig4 #b1 nos4 #a1 #c71 & _h also paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! fact t ! ,mexicans _h conceiv$ ! ideas ( two suns1 a "y day sun & an anci5t night or black sun4 ,9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms41 on ! mantas worn at _! respective fe/ivals1 ! day sun is depict$ 9 a some:at fanciful mann]1 9 blue & r$ on a :ite field4 ,! black sun is1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ 9 classical /yle1 s to speak1 z on ! sculptur$ cal5d>-/one1 ) f\r l>g] & f\r small] ,v-%ap$ rays issu+ f x4 ,9 ?is connection x is well to recall "h t ! ,mexicans _h no specific "n = ! sun1 beyond ,tonatiuh1 :i* m]ely means 8t :i* %$s light0 & c\ld equally apply to ! />s4 ,9 ! picture-writ+s ! image ( ! sun 0 employ$ to convey ! ^w ,teotl4 ,b we f9d t ?is ^w1 assum$ to be equival5t to _! 8,dios0 by ! ,spani>ds1 0 also a rev]5tial title be/[$ ^u *iefta9s & sup]iors & 0 con/antly employ$ 9 ! composition ( words to signify some?+ div9e1 supremely beautiful1 etc4 ,:il/ ,i 0 pond]+ on ! possibility t ! symbol ,oll9 might h repres5t$ ! movem5ts ( ! lum9>ies ( night z well z ! orb ( day1 my att5tion became fix$ ^u ! f\r num]als 9 ea* ( ! ends ( ! symbol & ,i 0 /ruck by a c]ta9 resemblance betwe5 _! positions & ^? ( ! f\r />s :i* =m ! body ( ! be> 9 ! con/ellation ( ,ursa ,major4 ,x 0 !n t x occurr$ to me1 z m5tion$ 9 ! op5+ s5t5ce ( ?is introduction1 to look at ! famili> con/ellations1 ) a view to v]ify+ ! resemblance not$ above4 ,z my gaze s\ght 8! po9t]s0 9 ,ursa ,major1 & !n me*anically turn$ to ,pol>is1 ,i ?\ght ( "s passages ,i _h rec5tly re-read1 9 ,pr(essor ,locky]'s ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy1 realiz+ t 8 obs]vations1 deal+ ) ! latitude #bf 7tak+ ,!bes z repres5t+ ,egypt71 c\ld equally apply to ,mexico z ?is c\ntry /ret*es f latitude #ae to #ca4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #b 8,! mom5t primitive man began to obs]ve any?+1 he mu/ h tak5 note ( ! />s1 & z soon z he began to talk ab\t !m he mu/ h />t$ by def9+1 9 "s way or o!r1 ! p>ticul> /> he meant4444 ,obs]v]s w\ld fir/ consid] ! brighte/ />s & sep>ate !m f ! dimm] ones2 !y w\ld !n discuss ! />s :i* nev] set 7! circumpol> con/ellations7 & sep>ate !m f ^? :i* did rise & set4 ,!n !y w\ld naturally1 9 a nor!rn clime1 *oose out ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be> or ,orion1 & = small gr\ps1 ! ,pleiades 7op4 cit4 p4 #acb74444 ,a few ye>s' obs]vation w\ld h appe>$ to demon/rate ! absolute *angelessness ( ! places ( ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! same />s4 ,x is true t ?is result w\ld h be5 f\nd to be errone\s :5 a long p]iod ( "t _h elaps$ & :5 obs]vation became m accurate1 b = hundr$s ( ye>s ! />s w\ld c]ta9ly appe> to repres5t fixity1 :ile ! movem5ts ( ! sun1 moon & planets w\ld seem to be b\nd by no law 444 w\ld appe> erratic1 s long z ! ord] ( _! movem5ts 0 n kn[n40 ,! reflection t ,ursa ,major 0 probably ! fir/ con/ellation :i* made any deep impression ^u ! m9d ( prehi/oric man 9 ,am]ica1 z else:]e1 l5t an additional int]e/ to ! />-gr\p1 z ,i conc5trat$ my m9d ^u its =m & endeavor$ to imag9e x 9 f\r equidi/ant positions1 correspond+ to ! num]als 9 ! symbol ,oll9 ( ! cal5d>-/one ( ,mexico 7fig4 #b1 no4 #b74 ,i succe$$ 9 obta9+1 9 succession1 m5tal images ( ! con/ellation 9 f\r opposite positions4 ,?is ef=t l$ to an un=ese5 result :i* surpris$ me4 ,9 a fla% ( m5tal vision ,i p]ceiv$ a quadrupl$ image ( ! entire con/ellation1 /&+ out 9 sc9tillat+ brilliancy f ! int5se d>kness ( ! w9try sky 7fig4 #c1 no4 #c74 ,at ! same mom5t ,i saw t x bore ! semblance ( a symmetrical swa/ika ( giant proportions4 ,?is fact1 s unexpect$ly realiz$1 gave rise to su* an absorb+ tra9 ( new ideas & int]pretations ( ! data ,i _h accumulat$1 t ,i left my w9d[1 on t memorable night1 ) a gr[+ p]ception ( ! deep & p[]ful influ5ce ! prolong$ obs]vation ( ,pol>is & ! circumpol> con/ellations w\ld naturally h ex]t$ ^u ! m9d ( primitive man4 ,deeply impress$ ) ! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! composite image ( ,pol>is1 ,ursa ,major1 & c]ta9 =ms ( ! swa/ika1 ,i />t$ on a fre% l9e ( inve/igation1 & devot$ myself to ! /udy ( primitive a/ronomy & its influ5ce ^u ! intellectual developm5t ( mank9d 9 g5]al & ! ,am]ican races 9 p>ticul>4 ,aft] hav+ work$1 dur+ ?irte5 ye>s1 )\t any preconceiv$ ideas ab\t ! anci5t ,mexican civilization & )\t =mulat+ any g5]al conclusion conc]n+ x1 ,i saw all ! k ,i _h sl[ly acquir$ fall into rank & file & organize itself into a simple & h>moni\s :ole4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #c ,realiz+ ?is ,i p]ceiv$ h[1 ) ! orig9 ( ! swa/ika1 ,i _h f\nd ! orig9 ( ! set ( primeval ideas :i* _h gov]n$ ! human race f its infancy & :i*1 9 ,mexican & ,c5tral ,am]ican civilizations1 ultimately develop$ into _! +5i\s sy/em ( gov]nm5t & social organization4 ,illu/ration4 ,plate ,i4 ,*>t ( ! ,pol> ,con/ellations4 ,i3 ,j ,aft] ,sunset4 ,,ii3 ,midnight4 ,,iii3 ,j ,be=e ,sunrise4 ,illu/ration4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,v>i\s ,=ms ( ! ,swa/ika4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #d ,! sequel to ! above episode 0 t1 ) ! aid ( my movable />-*>t1 ,i made ! foll[+ notes ( ! app>5t positions ( ! circumpol> con/ellations at ! times ( sunrise1 midnight & sunset1 *oos+ ! p]iods ( ! sol/ices & equ9oxes 9 ord] to obta9 an exact division ( ! ye> 7pl4 ,i74 ,:il/ /udy+ ^! ,i realiz$ t ! midnight position 0 ! only /able "o1 s9ce ! actual visibility ( ! con/ellations be=e dawn & aft] dusk w\ld be subject to consid]able v>iation1 accord+ to seasons1 latitudes & atmosph]ical conditions4 ,hav+ not$ ^! positions1 ,i next comb9$ !m sep>ately1 obta9+ ! rem>kable results giv5 9 fig4 #d4 ,! comb9$ midnight positions ( ! ,ursa ,major or ,m9or1 at ! f\r divisions ( ! ye>1 yield$ symmetrical swa/ikas1 ! =ms ( :i* 7 id5tical ) ! diff]5t types ( swa/ika or cross-symbols 7! normal1 ogee & volute1 etc471 :i* h come d[n to u f remote antiquity & are reproduc$ "h = comp>ison 7pl4 ,,ii1 a-f74 ,reflection %[$ me t su* composite pictures ( ! ,ursa con/ellations con/itut$ an exact record ( _! annual rotation1 & af=d$ a p]fect sign = ! p]iod ( a ye>4 ,i moreov] p]ceiv$ h[ ! association ( rotatory motion ) ! advance ( "t1 & its division into fix$ p]iods or cycles1 w\ld be ! natural outcome ( ! recognition ( ! annual rotation ( ! />-gr\ps4 ,! ,cal5d>-,swa/ika1 or cross ( anci5t ,mexico 7pl4 ,,ii1 g7 con/itutes an absolute pro( ( ! native association ( ! cross-symbol ) ! ideas ( rotatory motion & ! progress ( "t1 & furni%es an indication t1 9 an analog\s mann]1 ! swa/ika may h be5 prim>ily & g5]ally employ$ by primitive races1 z a sign = a ye> or cycle4 ,a close scrut9y ( ! respective =ms ( ! crosses yield$ by ,urs ,major & ,m9or %[s t ! normal swa/ika & suava/ika may be expla9$ z ! sep>ate repres5tations ( ! two con/ellations--! angul> break 9 ! outl9e ( ,ursa ,major sugge/+ ! direction ( ! b5d to ! "r ( ! arms ( ! normal swa/ika1 :il/ ! =m ( ,ursa ,m9or obvi\sly sugge/s ! b5d to ! left :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! suava/ika4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #e ,my gr[+ conviction t ! ,be> con/ellations _h furni%$ ! ar*etype ( ! diff]5t =ms ( swa/ika & cross-symbols1 f\nd subsequ5t support :5 ,i ref]r$ to ! map %[+ ! geographical di/ribution ( ! anci5t symbol publi%$ by ,pr(4 ,?omas ,wilson 9 8 valuable & compreh5sive monograph on ! subject17#a7 to :i* ,i am indebt$ = mu* in=mation & sev]al illu/rations 7pl4 ,,ii1 a-f1 etc474 ,! map1 reproduc$ "h 7fig4 #e71 proves t1 ) two exceptions1 :i* c be attribut$ to a migration s\?w>d1 ! employm5t ( ! swa/ika has be5 conf9$ to ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 i4 e41 precisely to t portion ( our globe f :i* ! circumpol> con/ellations are visible4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #f4 ,/>-,map1 ,repres5t+ ,! ,precessional ,movem5t ,( ,! ,cele/ial ,pole ,f ,! ,ye> #djjj ,b4,c4 ,to ,! ,ye> #bjjj ,a4,d4 7,f ,piazzi ,smy?47 ,! int]e/+ possibility ( be+ able to det]m9e1 approximately1 ! date 9 ! _w's hi/ory :5 ! swa/ika began to be employ$ z a symbol1 next occurr$ to me4 ,piazzi ,smy?'s />-map1 discuss$ & reproduc$ 9 ,pr(essor ,locky]'s "w already cit$ 7fig4 #f71 illu/rates ! *anges ( direction ( ! e>?'s axis 9 space1 :i* gives rise to :at is call$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes & has a cycle ( some?+ l #be1jjj or #bf1jjj ye>s4 ,ref]5ce to ?is />-map 7fig4 #f7 prov$ t ! obs]vations1 lead+ to ! adoption ( ! swa/ika z a symbol1 c\ld n possibly h be5 made until aft] ,ursa ,major _h become circumpol>1 ab\t #d1jjj ,b4,c4 ,at t p]iod1 :5 ,draconis 0 ! pole-/>1 ! circle describ$ ab\t x by ,ursa ,major 0 consid]ably clos] ?an x is at pres5t4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations 7fig4 #g71 subject to correction1 demon/rate ! relative di/ance ( ! con/ellation ab\t #b1ggj ,b4,c41 #a1hjj ,b4,c41 & #b1jjj ,a4,d41 & %[ h[ mu* m /rik+ly impressive ! pol> region ( ! heav5s 0 9 remote antiquity4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #g4 ,let u n[ briefly review "s ( ! ideas :i* w\ld naturally sugge/ !mselves to ! m9d ( ! primitive obs]v]1 aft] he _h recogniz$ ! app>5t immovability ( ! pol>-/>1 conc5trat$ 8 att5tion ^u ?is feature1 & contra/$ x ) ! v>y+ motions ( all o!r cele/ial bodies 9 g5]al & ) ! rotation ( ! circumpol> />-gr\ps 9 p>ticul>4 ,?is recognition w\ld lead to 8 gradually le>n+ to utilize ,pol>is z a means ( asc]ta9+ direction4 ,8 appreciation ( valuable guidance r5d]$ 9 p]il\s w&]+s w\ld develop feel+s ( tru/1 dep5d5ce & gratitude t[>ds ! "o *angeless /> :i* p]man5tly r5d]$ valuable s]vices & "u ^: guidance difficult & ess5tial nocturnal exp$itions c\ld be safely und]tak54 ,sup]iority &1 ev5tually1 ext5sive sup]natural p[] w\ld m & m be attribut$ to x1 z k 0 ga9$ ( ! laws ( motion f :i* x alone seem$ to be exempt4 ,?is exemption w\ld cause x to be view$ z sup]ior to all o!r heav5ly bodies & ev5 to ! sun1 & x is easy to see h[ ?is idea1 becom+ pr$om9ant1 might cause ! cult ( ! pole-/> to dise/abli% an organiz$ sun-cult among/ "s tribes4 ,hi/orical evid5ce1 to :i* ,i %all rev]t m fully proves1 inde$1 t a native ,am]ican rul] & re=m] actually employ$ ! foll[+ reason+ 9 ord] to conv]t 8 c\ncil & p f ! wor%ip ( ! sun to t ( a sup]ior div9ity :i* c\ld h be5 no o!r b ,pol>is3 8,x is n possible t ! sun %\ld be ! ,god :o creat$ all ?+s1 = if s he w\ld sometimes re/ & light up ! :ole _w f "o spot4 ,?us x _c be o!rwise b t !re is someone :o directs him & ?is truly is ! true ,creator40 ,^! words %$ a :ole flood ( light ^u primitive religi\s ideas at an e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,!y prove t ! association ( repose & immovability ) ! supreme p[] signifi$ a radical *ange ( ?\ght1 bas$ ^u prolong$ a/ronomical obs]vation1 & indicat$ intellectual advancem5t4 ,attempts to r5d] ! new idea objective1 to express x & impress x ^u ! multitude1 w\ld naturally end 9 ! production ( images ( ! sup]natural p[]1 repres5t+ or typify+ immovability1 *angelessness1 /r5g? comb9$ ) absolute repose4 ,x is ?us r5d]$ evid5t :at a deep significance may be embodi$ 9 ! rude/ images ( sup]natural be+s 9 attitudes ( repose1 s9ce a prolong$ c\rse ( a/ronomical obs]vation & reason+ may h prec$$ _! production4 ,simultane\sly ) ! recognition ( ,pol>is z an immutable c5tre ( axial en]gy1 ! rotatory movem5t ( ,ursa ,major mu/ h excit$ int]e/ & obs]vation4 ,x 0 inevitable t />-gaz]s %\ld gradually recognize a con/ant agreem5t betwe5 c]ta9 positions ( ,ursa ,major & ,cassiopeia aft] dusk = in/ance1 & ! annual recurr5ce ( ra91 v]dure & b\ntiful food-supplies4 ,! memb]s ( a tribe :o1 m obs]vant ?an o!rs1 _h le>n$ to associate c]ta9 positions ( ^! con/ellations ) ! seasons &1 z a consequ5ce1 7 able to decide :5 exp$itions to di/ant localities1 9 que/ ( game or fruit1 might be successfully und]tak51 w\ld naturally assume lead]%ip & comm& ob$i5ce & respect4 ,! s5se ( responsibility1 sup]iority &1 possibly1 rivalry w\ld act ^u su* individuals z a p[]ful inc5tive to fur!r obs]vation & ?\ght & x is evid5t t1 z _! m5tal faculties exp&$ & "o g5]ation transmitt$ its /ore ( accumulat$ k to ! next1 a regul> ca/e ( a/ronom]-lead]s w\ld develop1 ) a t5d5cy to conceal ! secrets ( _! p[] f ! ignorant majority4 ,a brok5 l9e1 c>v$ on a rock by "o ( ^! primitive obs]v]s1 w\ld h con/itut$ a valuable secret note ( ! position ( ,ursa ,major on a memorable occasion & w\ld be look$ ^u z a my/ic or magical sign by ! un9itiat$4 ,a s]ies ( su* inscriptions might repres5t ! /ore ( a/ronomical k accumulat$ by sev]al g5]ations ( obs]v]s1 & x is int]e/+ to recognize t su* a/ronomical records z ^! 7 probably ! fir/ :i* m5 7 impell$ to p]petuate 9 a la/+ =m2 s9ce x 0 absolutely necess>y t !y %\ld be p]man5tly available = ref]5ce at prolong$ int]vals ( "t4 ,:at is m1 ! m]e fact ( be+ oblig$ to ref] to ^! inscriptions w\ld cause ! a/ronom]s to reside p]man5tly 9 "o locality4 ,! habit ( consult+ ! prophet or oracle be=e und]tak+ important /eps1 involv+ ! welf>e ( ! tribe1 w\ld gradually cause ! rocks or cav]n 9 :i* he resid$ to be inve/$ ) a c]ta9 sacr$ness4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! fir/ m51 :o rudely scrat*$ ! outl9e ( ,ursa ,major or ,m9or on a rock1 took :at 0 probably "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s /eps 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 & x is easy to see h[ a v>iety ( comb9ations ( circum/ances w\ld h l$ _m m51 9 widely-sep>at$ localities & at diff]5t p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory1 to p]=m precisely ! same action4 ,9 "s cases1 "u favorable surr\nd+s1 ! rudim5t>y attempt w\ld m>k ! />t+ po9t = a long l9e ( pati5t obs]vation & /udy1 :i* w\ld inevitably lead to ! creation ( c5tres ( intellectual gr[?1 to ! association ( ! diff]5t positions ( ! con/ellation ) ! seasons & culm9ate 9 ! habitual employm5t ( a swa/ika z ! sign = a ye>1 or cycle ( "t47#b7 ,! idea ( rotation1 associat$ ) cal5d> signs & p]iods1 f9ds its mo/ /rik+ & conv9c+ exemplification 9 ! foll[+ description ( ! anci5t ,mexican game 8( ^? :o fly10 translat$ f ,clavig]o 7op4 et ed4 cit4 p4 #bcf74 ,?is p]=mance1 :i* furni%$ a div]sion to ! ,spani>ds aft] ! ,conque/1 _h evid5tly be51 orig9ally1 connect$ ) religi\s ideas4 8,! ,indians select$ a tall1 /\t & /raight tree1 &1 lopp+ (f its bran*es1 plant$ x firmly 9 ! c5tre ( ! great squ>e0 7:i* 0 always situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! city & _h f\r roads lead+ to x f ! f\r qu>t]s74 8,on ! summit !y plac$ a l>ge cyl9d] ( wood1 ! %ape ( :i* 0 comp>$ by ! ,spani>ds to t ( a mort>4 ,f\r /rong ropes hung f ?is & support$ a squ>e frame compos$ ( f\r wood5 beams4 ,f\r o!r ropes 7 fa/5$ by "o end to ! pole itself & w\nd ar\nd x ?irte5 times4 ,_! loose ends 7 pass$ ?r\gh holes 9 ! middle ( ea* beam & hung f ^!4 ,f\r ,indians1 mask$ z eagles or o!r birds1 asc5d$ ! pole s+ly1 by means ( c]ta9 loops ( cord1 & m\nt+ on ! cyl9d] !y p]=m$ 9 ?is p]il\s position a few dance-l movem5ts4 ,ea* man !n atta*$ himself to ! loose end ( "o ( ! hang+ ropes1 & !n1 ) a viol5t j]k & at ! same mom5t1 ! f\r m5 ca/ !mselves into space f _! positions on ! beams4 ,?is simultane\s movem5t caus$ ! frame & cyl9d] to revolve & uncoil ! ropes to :i* ! m5 7 fa/5$ & ^! desc5d$ to ! gr\nd aft] p]=m+ a s]ies ( wid5+ circles 9 ! air4 ,mean:ile a fif? individual1 :o _h m\nt$ ! wood5 cyl9d] aft] ! o!rs1 /ood on ?is z x revolv$1 beat+ a small drum ) "o h&1 :il/ he held a bann] al(t ) ! o!r40 ,:il/ x is obvi\s t ?is peculi> & dang]\s p]=mance cle>ly symboliz$ axial rotation1 typifi$ by ! revolv+ pivot & ! f\r m5 9 arial motion1 its full mean+ & int5tion are only made cle> by ! foll[+ explanation record$ by ,clavig]o4 8,! ess5tial po9t 9 ?is game 0 to calculate s exactly ! height ( ! pole & ! l5g? ( ! ropes1 t ! m5 %\ld describe precisely ?irte5 circles ea* be=e rea*+ ! gr\nd1 s z to repres5t ! cycle 7( #dac7eb ye>s40 ,?is passage con/itutes absolute pro( t ! ,mexican ,cal5d> sy/em 0 intimately associat$ ) axial rotation & ideas su* z c\ld only h be5 d]iv$ f obs]vation ( ,pol>is & ( ! circumpol> con/ellations4 ,! game itself 0 a beautiful & well-conceiv$ illu/ration ( ! flight ( "t1 typifi$ by ! arial circles p]=m$ by ! m5 mask$ z birds1 & ( its me?odical division into fix$ p]iods4 ,leav+ ! subject ( ! cal5d> = ! pres5t we mu/ rev]t to my tables record+ ! app>5t annual & nocturnal axial rotation ( ! circumpol> con/ellations4 ,:il/ /udy+ ^! ! reflection naturally arose1 t ! p :o obs]v$ ,ursa ,major mu/ h paid equal att5tion to ,cassiopeia & notic$ t ^! con/ellations ev] occupi$ opposite positions to ea* o!r z !y circl$ ar\nd ! pole4 ,dwell+ on ! fact t 9 anci5t ,mexico ,ursa ,major 0 associat$ ) an ocelot1 ,i rememb]$ ! _m repres5tations 9 :i* an ocelot is repres5t$ z confront+ an eagle1 usually 9 mortal combat4 ,mexican w>-*iefs 7 class$ into two equally honorable grades1 designat$ z ! 8ocelots & ! quauhtlis1 i4 e41 eagles40 ,! con/ellation ( ,cassiopeia pres5ts to me1 a m>k$ resemblance to ! image ( a bird ) outspread w+s1 ^: head is turn$ t[>d ,pol>is4 ,! fact t :5 ?is />-gr\p seems to be above1 ,ursa ,major seems to be bel[1 & vice v]sa1 w\ld obvi\sly sugge/ ! idea ( an et]nal combat betwe5 two adv]s>ies :o alt]nately succumb$ & resuscitat$4 ,x 0 int]e/+ on reason+ fur!r1 to note t once ! above idea _h tak5 root x mu/ h be5 impossible n to associate 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! quadrup$ & ! bird ) ! elem5ts to :i* !y seem$ to p]ta91 & gradually to conceive ! idea ( an ev]la/+ antagonism betwe5 ! p[]s ( ! sky & ( ! e>?1 or light & d>kness1 & o!r opposites :i* sugge/$ !mselves naturally1 or 7 artificially creat$1 by ! f]tile m9d ( man4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! my?ical adv]s>y ( ,tezcatlipoca1 ! ocelot1 designat$ z ,ursa ,major1 is ,huitzilopo*tli1 ^: idol1 9 ! ,great ,temple ( ,mexico1 repres5t$ him mask$ z a humm+bird 7see ,atlas ,duran74 ,! special reason :y ?is bird became associat$ ) ! god is expla9$ by ! foll[+ passage 9 ,gom>a 7,hi/oire gnrale des ,indes4 ,p>is1 #aehd1 *ap4 #if1 p4 #aij73 8,?is bird di$1 or r fell asleep 9 ! mon? ( ,octob] & rema9$ atta*$ by its feet to a twig4 ,x awak5$ aga9 9 ,april :5 ! fl[]s blossom$4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry x is nam$ ,huitzitzil91 ! resuscitat$40 ,we !re=e see t :il/ x is /at$ 9 ! my? t ! ocelot arose aga9 aft] hav+ be5 ca/ d[n f ! sky by ,huitzilopo*tli1 ! v "n ( ! latt] betok5$ t ! bird-god _h also only j 8resuscitat$0 f a presumably simil> defeat4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #h4 ,z "o & ! same object may sugge/ sev]al resemblances at ! same "t or consecutively1 & ?us give rise to a gr\p ( associations ar\nd a s+le figure1 ,i v5ture to po9t out t ! zigzag =m ( ,cassiopeia may well h be5 comp>$ to =k$ lightn+ & caus$ ! idea ( lightn+ & ?und] to become indissolubly connect$ ) ! conception ( a great cele/ial bird4 ,aga9 !re is ! possibility t ! same />-gr\p may h m /rik+ly sugge/$1 to o!r p1 ! idea ( ! w9d+ body ( a s]p5t describ+ a p]petual circle ar\nd a c5tral />4 ,9 ,mexico1 z else:]e1 we f9d ! s]p5t closely associat$ ) ! idea ( "t4 ,x is repres5t$ z encircl+ ! cal5d> :eel publi%$ by ,clavig]o 7fig4 #h74 ,f\r loops1 =m$ ( its body1 m>k ! f\r divisions ( ! ye>4 ,tw9 s]p5ts1 ^: heads & tails almo/ meet1 are sculptur$ ar\nd ! fam\s cal5d>-/one ( ,mexico4 ,f\r s]p5ts ^: b5t bodies =m a l>ge swa/ika & ^: heads are direct$ t[>ds a c5tral figure1 are repres5t$ 9 ! ,codex ,borgia 9 association ) cal5d>-signs 7fig4 #i1 cf4 ,fjrv>y1 p4 #bd74 ,i %all h occasion to ref] 9 detail to ,mexican s]p5t-symbolism fur!r on4 ,mean:ile ,i w\ld submit ! int]e/+ results obta9$ on comb9+ ! positions app>5tly assum$ by ! circumpol> con/ellations dur+ a s+le night4 ,! tables exhibit f\r composite gr\ps repres5t+ ! positions at ! sol/itial & equ9octial p]iods 7fig4 #aj74 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #i4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #aj4 ,! night ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 ! longe/ ( ! ye>1 yield$ alone a symmetrical figure4 ,x resembl$ ! well-kn[n triskelion1 ! companion-symbol ( ! swa/ika 7figs4 #aj & #aa74 ,j z ?is _h prov$ to be ! mo/ natural ( ye> symbols1 s ! triskelion reveal$ itself z a natural sign ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 ! p]iod recogniz$ & celebrat$ by mo/ inhabitants ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e z ! turn+-po9t ( ! ye>4 ,9 a climate l t ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 :]e ! ye> divid$ itself naturally into a dry & a ra9y season1 x is evid5t t ! w9t] sol/ice w\ld be less obs]v$ & t ! ard5tly-desir$ recurr5ce ( ! ra9y season1 aft] a long & try+ p]iod ( dr\ght1 %\ld be reg>d$ z ! annual ev5t ( utmo/ importance4 ,inde$1 if c>efully look$ into1 ! entire religi\s cult ( ^! p seems to express b "o great /ruggl+ cry to ! ,god ( ,nature = life-giv+ ra91 & a hymn ( ?anksgiv+ = ! annual1 preci\s1 b unc]ta9 gift ( wat]4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #aa4 ,to ^! supplicants ! w9t] sol/ice betok5$ little or no?+ & x is n surpris+ to f9d no pro(s ( ! employm5t ( ! triskelion z a sacr$ symbol 9 anci5t ,mexico4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 trac$ by ,mr4 ,will\ghby on pott]y f ,arkansas1 & 9 ,sc&9avia1 :]e ! circumpol> con/ellations h d\btlessly be5 obs]v$ f remote times1 & ! w9t] sol/ice has ev] be5 hail$ z ! h]ald ( com+ spr+1 ! triskelion is (t5 f\nd associat$ ) ! swa/ika4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ab4 ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,?omas ,wilson's "w already cit$ = ! two foll[+ illu/rations ( objects exhibit+ ?is association4 ,! fir/ is a spe>head f\nd 9 ,br&5burg1 ,g]many 7fig4 #ab74 ,! second is a bronze broo* f ,sc&9avia1 to :i* ,i %all pres5tly rev]t 7fig4 #ac74 ,x exhibits1 besides ! triskelion1 swa/ika & circle1 ! ,s-%ap$ figure :i* 01 z ,i %all %[ fur!r on1 ! sign actually employ$ by ! anci5t ,mexicans & ,mayas z ! image ( ! con/ellation ,ursa ,m9or1 ^: outl9e x inde$ effectually reproduces4 ,be=e ref]r+ to ! ,mexican & ,maya repres5tations ( ! />-gr\p1 ,i w\ld next demon/rate t ! sacr$ numb]s ( ,mexico1 & ( o!r c\ntries situat$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 co9cide exactly ) ! numb] ( />s 9 ! circumpol> con/ellations !mselves & 9 simple comb9ations ( ! same4 ,ursa ,major & ,ursa ,m9or ea* conta9s sev5 />s1 & ! numb] sev5 is ! mo/ widely-spread sacr$ numb]4 ,anci5t traditions record t ! race inhabit+ ,mexico consi/$ ( sev5 tribes :o trac$ _! sep>ate orig9s to sev5 caves1 situat$ 9 ! nor?4 ,9 memory ( ^!1 at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 !re 7 sev5 places ( sacrifice 9 ! city ( ,mexico4 ,i %all recur to ! numb] sev5 fur!r on1 9 discuss+ ! native social organization1 & n[ direct att5tion to ! five />s ( ,cassiopeia & to ! fact t ! comb9ation ( ! />s 9 ?is con/ellation ) ,pol>is & ,ursa ,major yields ! numb] ?irte54 ,?is result is specially int]e/+ s9ce ! entire ,cal5d>-sy/em ( ,mexico & ,yucatan is bas$ on ! comb9ation ( ! num]als #acgbj1 ! latt] aga9 be+ #de4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ac4 ,on ! o!r h& ! same numb]1 #ac1 is also obta9$ by ! comb9ation ( ! ,urs />-gr\ps ) ,pol>is4 ,! numb] #e is con/antly yield$ by ,cassiopeia & ! f\r-fold repetitions ( ! gr\ps supply ! sugge/ion ( ! numb] #d4 ,! comb9ation ( ,ursa ,m9or & ,cassiopeia yields #ab4 ,! accompany+ figure exhibits swa/ikas compos$ ( ,ursa ,m9or accompani$ by ,ursa ,major & ,cassiopeia sep>at$ & comb9$ 7fig4 #ad74 ,i next direct att5tion to ! peculi> diff]5ce 9 ! num]ical values ( ! ,urs swa/ikas4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! c5tral />1 surr\nd$ by f\r repetitions ( ! sev5-/> con/ellation1 yield$ a total ( tw5ty-n9e />s--#dx#ei4 ,fur!r comb9ations w be se5 by a glance at ! ,ursa ,major swa/ika 7fig4 #d74 ,! analysis ( ! ,ursa ,m9or swa/ika is n s simple & occasions a c]ta9 p]plexity4 ,:5 ,i _h fir/ comb9$ ! f\r positions ( ?is con/ellation1 ,i _h1 naturally1 & )\t fur!r ?\ght1 figur$ ,pol>is b once1 z ! fix$ c5tre1 :]eas ,i _h repeat$ ! o!r />s ( ! compact gr\p f\r times4 ,x 0 n until ,i began to c\nt ! />s 9 ! swa/ika t ,i realiz$ h[ ,i _h1 unconsci\sly1 made "o c5tral /> /& = f\r1 & ?us depriv$ ! composite gr\p ( ! num]ical value ( ?ree />s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,i repeat$ ! entire con/ellation f\r times1 ,i obta9$ a swa/ika ) f\r repetitions ( ,pol>is 9 ! middle4 ,9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 ,pol>is became displac$1 & ! idea ( a fix$ c5tre 0 entirely lo/4 ,a ?ird possible me?od ( compos+ ! swa/ika 0 to all[ "o c5tral /> = ea* cross-arm4 ,b ?is gave two c5tral />s1 ea* ( :i* w\ld repres5t two />s4 ,unless enclos$ 9 a circle & consid]$ z a c5tral gr\p by !mselves1 ! f\r & ! two repetitions ( ,pol>is c\ld n convey ! idea ( a pivot or fix$ c5tre4 ,! ?ree respective num]ical values obta9$ f ^! exp]im5tal comb9ations 7 #dfabe1 #dgbh1 & f9ally #bac or #dfbbf4 ,9 ea* swa/ika ! c5tral /> =cibly /ood = & repres5t$ two or f\r 7fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ad4 ,9 ! triskelions ! same p]plexity arose3 if ,pol>is 0 repeat$1 ! idea ( a fix$ c5tre 0 lo/ 7fig4 #ae72 if figur$ s+ly1 x nev]!less necess>ily & inevitably /ood z an embodim5t ( ?ree />s4 ,reason+ f my own exp]i5ce1 ,i c\ld b p]ceive1 9 ! =ego+ facts1 a fruitful & con/ant s\rce ( m5tal sugge/ions1 ! natural outcome ( :i* w\ld be ! association ( ! c5tral /> ) an enhanc$ num]ical value1 & a famili>ity ) ! idea ( "o /> be+ an embodim5t ( two1 ?ree or f\r4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ae4 ,z ! evolution ( religi\s ?\ght & symbolism progress$1 ?is idea w\ld obvi\sly lead to ! conception ( a s+le be+ unit+ sev]al natures 9 8 p]son4 ,9 ?is connection x is c]ta9ly extremely int]e/+ to f9d ! s]p5t associat$ ) ! ,cal5d> 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan1 its ,nahuatl "n be+ homonym\s = tw91 i4 e4 two1 & ! ,maya = s]p5t1 c or cam1 be+ homonym\s = ! numb] f\r4 ,! s]p5t 01 !re=e1 9 bo? c\ntries ! mo/ sugge/ive & appropriate symbol :i* c\ld possibly h be5 employ$ 9 pictography1 to convey ! idea ( dual or quadruple natures embodi$ 9 a s+le figure47#c7 ,add$ to ?is ! circum/ance t1 to ! native m9d1 ! s]p5t1 ^u m]ely %$d+ its sk91 liv$ aga91 we c und]/& :y ! anci5t ,mexicans n only employ$ x z a symbol ( an et]nal r5ewal or cont9uation ( "t & ( life1 b also comb9$ x ) ! idea ( fecundity & reproductiv5ess4 ,9 ,yucatan :]e ! ,maya = s]p5t1 c1 is almo/ homonym\s ) caansky or heav5 & ! adjective caanlilcele/ial1 div9e1 ! idea ( a div9e or cele/ial s]p5t w\ld naturally sugge/ itself4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ to f9d1 9 bo? c\ntries1 ! "n ( s]p5t be/[$ z a title ^u a supreme1 cele/ial embodim5t ( ! =ces ( nature & its image employ$ to express ?is association 9 objective =m4 ,9 ,yucatan "o ( ! surnames ( ,itzamn1 ! supreme div9ity1 0 ,canil1 a "n cle>ly relat$ to caanlildiv9e & cs]p5t4 ,9 ,mexico ! duality & g5]ative =ce impli$ by ! ^w 8coatl0 are cle>ly recognizable 9 ! native invocations address$ to 8,our "l ,quetzalcoatl ! ,creator & ,mak] or ,=m]1 :o dwells 9 heav5 & is ! "l ( ! e>? ,tlaltecuhtli2 :o is our cele/ial fa!r & "m1 great "l & great lady1 ^: title is ,ome-,tecuhtli lit]ally1 two-"ltw9 "l & ,ome-,cihuatl lit]ally1 two-ladytw9 lady0 7,sahagun1 book ,,vi1 *aps4 #be1 #cb & #cd74 ,! foll[+ data w suffice to r5d] x q cle> t ! ,mexicans & ,mayas employ$ ! s]p5t z an expressive symbol m]ely1 signify+ ! g5]ative =ce ( ! ,creator to :om alone !y r5d]$ homage4 ,x is no less an au?ority ?an ,fri> ,b>?olomew de las ,casas :o ma9ta9$ t 89 _m p>ts ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 ! natives _h a p>ticul> k ( ! true ,god2 !y believ$ t ,he creat$ ! ,univ]se & 0 its ,"l & gov]n$ x4 ,& x 0 to ,him !y address$ _! sacrifices1 _! cult & homage1 9 _! necessities4440 7,hi/oria ,apologetica1 *ap4 #aba74 ,fri> ,b>?olomew specially adds t ?is 0 ! case 9 ,mexico accord+ to ! au?ority ( ,spani% mission>ies & no "o c d\bt t ?is 0 ! case :5 !y read t 9 ! native invocations1 pres]v$ by ,sahagun1 ! supreme div9ity is describ$ z 8invisible & intangible1 l ! air1 l ! d>kness ( night10 or z ! 8"l :o is always pres5t 9 all places1 :o is z imp5etrable z an abyss1 :o is nam$ ! w9d air or brea? & ! night40 8,all ?+s obey him1 ! ord] ( ! univ]se dep5ds ^u 8 w--he is ! creator1 su/a9]1 ! omnipot5t & omnisci5t40 ,he is t]m$ 8! fa!r & "m ( all10 8! great god & ! great goddess10 8our "l & protector :o is mo/ p[]ful & mo/ humane10--8our "l 9 ^: p[] x is to be/[ all cont5tm5t1 sweetness1 happ9ess1 weal? & prosp]ity1 because ?\ alone art ! "l ( all ?+s40 ,"o pray] concludes ?us3 8,live & reign =ev] 9 all peace & repose ?\ :o art our "l1 our %elt]1 our com=t1 :o art mo/ k9d1 mo/ b\ntiful1 invisible & impalpable60 7,sahagun1 book ,,vi1 on ! rhetoric1 moral philosophy & !ology ( ! ,mexicans1 *aps4 #a-dj74 ,x is relat$ t1 9 gratitude = ! bir? ( a son1 ! rul] ( ,texcoco1 ,nezahual-coyotl erect$ a temple to ! ,unkn[n ,god4444 ,x consi/$ ( n9e /ories1 to symbolize ! n9e heav5s4 ,! ext]ior ( ! t5?1 :i* =m$ ! top ( ! n9e o!r /ories1 0 pa9t$ black ) />s4 ,its int]ior 0 encru/$ ) gold1 preci\s /ones & fea!rs & held 8! said god1 :o 0 unkn[n1 unse51 %apeless & =mless0 7,ixtlilxo*itl1 ,hi/oria ,*i*imeca ed4 ,*av]o1 p4 #bbg2 see also p4 #bdd74 ,a passage 9 ,sahagun 7book ,,vi1 *ap4 ,,vii7 /ates t 8! invisible & imageless god ( ! ,*i*imecs 0 nam$ ,yoalli-ehecatl lit]ally1 night-air or w9d1 :i* means ! invisible & impalpable god 444 by ^: virtue all live1 :o directs by m]ely ex]t+ 8 wisdom & w40 ,9 ! ,codex ,fu5leal 7*ap4 #a7 ! rem>kable title ( 8:eel ( ! w9ds,yahualliehecatl10 is record$ z 8ano!r "n = ,quetzalcoatl40 ,?is und5iably proves t ! ,mexicans n only figur$ ! ,deity by ! image ( a s]p5t b also ?\ght ( him z a :eel :i* obvi\sly symboliz$ c5trical =ce1 rotation1 lord%ip ov] ! f\r qu>t]s1 i4 e41 univ]sal rul]%ip4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #af4 ,return+ f ^! ideas ( lat] developm5t to ! primitive s\rce ( _! sugge/ion1 let u n[ exam9e ! native picture ( ,xonecuilli1 ,ursa ,m9or1 pres]v$ 9 ! unpubli%$ ,academia ,,ms4 ( ,sahagun's ,hi/oria1 9 ,madrid 7fig4 #af1 no4 #a74 ,x is an exact repres5tation ( ! />-gr\p4 ,! fact t ! sev5 />s are figur$ ( ! same size 9 accurate relation to ea* o!r1 ei!r proves t ! eyesight ( ! native a/ronom]s 0 extremely ke5 & _! atmosph]e rem>kably cle>1 or t possibly1 ! m9or />s ( ! gr\p 7 m brilliant 9 anci5t times1 ?an !y are n[4 ,a/ronom]s tell u1 = in/ance1 t z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury ! /> 9 ! body ( ,ursa ,major ne>e/ to ! tail1 0 z bright z ! o!rs1 :ile x is n[ ( ! f\r? magnitude only4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! %ape ( ! con/ellation resembles an ,s4 ,an ,,ss sign is m5tion$ by ,sahagun 7,hi/oria1 book ,,viii1 *ap4 #h7 z occurr+ frequ5tly1 z a symbolical design on native textile fabrics4 ,x figures z su*1 9 ! black g>m5ts ( ! female consort ( ,mictlantecuhtli 9 ! ,vi5na ,codex1 pp4 #bc & #cc4 ,he d5\nces x z suspect & h9ts t x 0 intimately connect$ ) ! anci5t religion4 ,s-%ap$ sacr$ cakes1 call$ ,xonecuilli1 7 made dur+ ! fea/ ( ,macuilxo*itlfive fl[]s1 & are figur$ 7fig4 #af1 no4 #b7 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 7p4 #fi7 ) a f\r-corn]$ cross-%ap$ cake ( a peculi> =m 7fig4 #bj1 ,,iii71 :i* is f\nd associat$ ) five dots or circles 9 ! ,codices & also ) ! ,tecpatl-symbol ( ! ,nor? 7fig4 #bj1 ,i & ,,ii74 ,a recurv$ /aff1 :i* is held 9 ! h& ( a deity 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 is designat$ 9 ! text z a xonoquitl 7fig4 #af1 no4 #c74 ,among/ ! insignia ( ! 8gods10 s5t z pres5ts by ,montezuma to ,corts ^u 8 l&+ at ,v]a ,cruz1 7 ?ree su* recurv$ 8sceptres10 ! descriptions ( :i* ,i h collat$ & translat$ 9 my pap] on ! ,atlatl or ,spe>-?r[] ( ! ,anci5t ,mexicans 7,peabody ,museum ,pap]s1 vol4 #a1 no4 #c1 ,cambridge1 #ahia1 p4 #bb74 ,9 ?is "w ,i pres5t$ my reasons = conclud+ t ^! recurv$ sceptres 7 c]emonial =ms ( ! atlatl4 ,i n[ p]ceive t !y 7 end[$ ) deep] significance & mean+4 ,! ,nahuatl text ( ,sahagun's ,laur5tian ,,ms4 ( ! ,hi/oria de la ,conqui/a 7lib4 ,,xii1 *ap4 ,,iv7 records ! "n ( "o ( ^! /affs z 8hecaxonecuilli10 lit]ally 8! curv$ or b5t ov]1 air or w9d10 & describes x z made ( 8b5t or curv$ wood1 inlaid ) />s =m$ ( :ite jade*al*ihuite40 ,?is passage au?orizes ! conclusion t f\r repres5tations 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 ( black recurv$ sceptres1 exhibit+ a s]ies ( :ite dots1 are also heca-xonoquitl1 inlaid ) />s1 & t all ( ^! are none o!r b conv5tional repres5tations ( ! con/ellation ,xonecuilli1 ! ,ursa ,m9or4 ,9 ea* case ! deity1 c>ry+ ! />-image1 also displays ! ecacozcatl ! 8jewel ( ! w9d10 ! well-kn[n symbol ( ! w9d-god4 ,9 "o ( ^! pictures 7p4 #ej7 he n only be>s 9 8 h& ! />-image1 b also exhibits a />-gr\p on 8 head-dress1 consi/+ ( a c5tral-/>1 on a d>k gr\nd1 surr\nd$ by a blue r+4 ,atta*$ to ?is aga9/ a d>k gr\nd1 six o!r />s are depict$1 mak+ sev5 9 all4 ,9 connection ) ?is />-gr\p x is int]e/+ to note t ! hi]oglyph1 designat$ by ,fra ,diego de ,l&a z 8! "* ) :i* ! ,mayas began _! c\nt ( days or cal5d> & nam$ ,hun-,imix10 furni%es a case ( an id5tical ?\gh inv]t$ gr\p 7,relacion de las ,cosas de ,yucatan1 ed4 ,b4 de ,b\rb\rg1 p4 #bcg74 ,enclos$ 9 a black r+1 ! glyph displays1 above1 a l>ge black dot ) six small] ones gr\p$ 9 a semicircle ab\t x1 & bel[1 f\r p]p5dicul> b>s4 ,subject to correction1 ,i am incl9$ to int]pret ?is glyph z a hi]atic sign = ! con/ellation ,ursa ,m9or & its f\r movem5ts1 & to consid] x z furni%+ a valuable pro( ( ! orig9 ( ! ,maya ,cal5d>4 ,! seem+ly inappropriate proc$ure ( figur+ %9+ />s by black dots actually furni%es ! /ronge/ pro( t a /> gr\p is ?us repres5t$2 =1 9 ! ,maya language1 8ek0 is a homonym = /> & black1 & a black spot 01 9 consequ5ce1 ! mo/ expressive sign = a />4 ,?is fact af=ds a valuable explanation ( ! reason :y ! ocelot1 ^: sk9 is spott$ ) black1 0 employ$ z ! figure ( ! nocturnal sky1 & cle>ly proves t ! ,mexicans adopt$ ?is symbol & its mean+ f ! ,mayas4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ag4 ,we w n[ rev]t to ! ,s-%ap$ sign4 ,its association ) images ( /> is fur!r exemplifi$ 9 ,mexican ,codices4 ,x occurs on ! wall ( a temple1 9 comb9ation ) symbols = />s & ! ,nor?-,mictlan1 :i* consi/ 9 ?is case1 ( skulls & cross-bones 7fig4 #ag1 ,,ii74 ,9 ! ,dresd5 ,codex1 ( ,maya orig91 !re is an extremely important page on :i* ! ,s-sign occurs 9 connection ) tw9 deities1 besides ra9 & cross symbols 7fig4 #ag1 ,i74 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! gr\p %[s t "o ( ! seat$ figures is accompani$ by a d[np\r ( wat] 7pa9t$ blue 9 ! orig9al71 besides ! ,s-symbol :i* is also repeat$ above ! head ( 8 companion4 ,high] up1 on ! same page1 ! ,s occurs aga9 9 a gr\p ( glyphs alongside ( tw9-seat$ figures4 ,^!1 z well z ! s+le-seat$ =m b5ea? !m1 h an eye or a l>ge black spot surm\nt$ by dots in/ead ( a head 7,vocabulaire de l'criture hiratique de ,yucatan1 p4 #ch74 ,monsieur ,lon de ,rosny has id5tifi$ ?is figure1 :i* also occurs 9 ! ,codex ,troano1 z ! image ( ! supreme div9ity ( ! ,mayas1 ( :om m anon1 "o ( ^: titles 0 ,k9-i*-ahau1 lit]ally ,sun-eye "l4 ,a simil> sign consi/+ ( ! l[] half ( a human body seat$1 ) a l>ge eye on its knees is repeat$ sev]al times 9 ! ,borgian ,codex4 ,?is =m is also figur$ z seat$ 9 a temple1 )\t ! eye-/>1 b ?ree />s are on ! ro( & ! ,s-sign is on ! l[] wall ( ! build+ 7,borgian ,codex1 p4 #af74 ,! above facts demon/rate t1 9 bo? ,,mss4 d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces1 ! same association ( ideas is express$47#d7 ,! ,s sign appe>s 9 connection ) tw9- or s+le-seat$ =ms1 surm\nt$ by a symbol = />4 ,x is unnecess>y = me to lay fur!r /ress ^u ! obvi\s facts3 t ! only cele/ial body :i* c\ld possibly h be5 associat$ ) a seat$ =m1 sugge/+ repose1 0 ,pol>is4 ,x is1 moreov]1 only by assum+ t ! sign ( ! seat$ /> repres5ts ! /ation>y pole-/> t its comb9ation 9 ! ,codices ) ! ,s-sign--,xonecuilli--,ursa ,m9or1 c be und]/ood4 ,i likewise draw att5tion to ! possibility t ! ,s1 or s+le repres5tation ( ! con/ellation1 may well h be5 employ$ z a sign = ! summ] sol/ice1 s9ce1 9 "s localities1 dur+ ! %orte/ night ( ! ye>1 ,ursa ,m9or may h be5 visible 9 "o position only4 ,assum+ t ! triskelion 0 ! sign = ! w9t] sol/ice we %\ld ?us h natural signs = ! two nights m>k+ ! turn+-po9ts ( light & d>kness 9 ! ye>4 ,rev]t+ to fig4 #ag1 ,i1 f ! ,codex ,dresd5is1 ,i draw att5tion t x furni%es def9ite pro( t ! ,mayas associat$ ! idea ( ! immovable seat$ /> ) tw9 deities & t !y connect$ ! ,s-symbol ) cross & ra9 symbols4 ,a /rik+ comb9ation ( ! latt] symbols is repres5t$ "u ! pr9cipal seat$ figures4 ,x consi/s ( a diagonal cross trav]s$ p]p5dicul>ly by a b& ( blue wat]4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ah4 ,fur!r ,maya cross-symbols %\ld be cursorily exam9$ "h1 viz3 fig4 #ah1 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,vi1 ,,vii & ,,viii4 ,!y w be f\nd to consi/ ( v>iations ( two fundam5tal types1 (t5 figur$ alongside ( ea* o!r & enclos$ 9 a squ>e1 or circle4 ,"o type consi/s ( two diagonally cross$ b>s1 pla9 or repres5t+ cross bones 7,i74 ,a rectil9e> cross ) int]lac$ circle 7,,ii7 is also f\nd4 ,! o!r type exhibits a small cross1 squ>e1 circle or dot 9 ! c5tre ( ! squ>e ) a circle 9 ea* corn]4 ,9 "s cases ^! are unit$ by a s]ies ( dots to ! c5tral circle & ?us =m a diagonal cross 7,,vi & ,,viii7 :i* is sometimes figur$ z conta9$ 9 a fl[] ) f\r petals1 su* z is also f\nd 9 ,mexican symbolism4 ,! diagonal1 dott$ cross is frequ5tly comb9$ ) f\r pairs ( black b>s1 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ea* side ( ! squ>e1 po9t+ t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,simil> pairs ( black b>s are figur$ 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 7p4 #c7 on ! manta ( ,mictlantecuhtli1 ) />s1 ar\nd "o ( 8 symbols1 a spid]4 ,!y likewise recur on two ( sev]al sacrificial pap]s on p4 #fi1 among/ :i* "o exhibits a diagonal cross1 ano!r ! ,s-sign1 :ile o!rs display reali/ic draw+s ( />s ) six or eight po9ts4 ,! pairs ( b>s figure 9 ! hi]oglyph designat$ by ,maya s*ol>s z ! sign = ,k91 ! sun1 :i* may be se5 9 ! c5tre ( l>ge diagonal cross-symbols 9 fig4 #ah1 ,,vii1 ,,viii1 f ! ,dresd5 ,codex3 ,! cross1 ( fig4 #ah1 ,,vii1 is compos$ ( two bones & two arr[po9ts1 a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ comb9ation consid]+ t 9 ! ,maya a bone is bak1 an arr[ is kab-*eil & ! "n giv5 to ! gods ( ! f\r qu>t]s 8! su/a9]s ( ! _w10 is ,bakab4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! phonetic elem5ts ( ?is "n occur 9 ! words = bones & arr[s :i* =m ! cross1 symbolic ( ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,9 fig4 #ah1 ,,viii1 ! cross may be compos$ ( f\r bones1 b ( ?is ,i am n c]ta94 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! crosses re/ on a curi\s d\ble & p>ti-color$ symbol & are associat$ ) s]p5t signs1 9 :i* ! op5 jaws & tee? are prom95t features4 ,x is notewor?y t :ile 8c0 or 8cam0 is ! ,maya = s]p5t1 ! ^w 8cama*0 means jaw4 ,! figure consi/+ ( ! upp] jaw only ( a s]p5t1 9 ! left h& corn] ( ! b& above1 fig4 #ah1 ,,viii1 proves1 !re=e1 to be a cursive phonetic sign = s]p5t4 ,! p>ti-color$ symbol comb9$ ) ! cross obvi\sly signifies a duality1 su* z light & d>kness1 ! ,above & ! ,bel[ & a s]ies ( dualities--possibly ! two divisions ( ! ye>1 ! dry & ra9y seasons4 ,9 ,mexico we are au?oriz$ by docum5t>y evid5ce1 to give a wid] & deep] int]pretation to ! symbol ( duality1 = x c be absolutely prov5 t ! ,mexican philosoph]s divid$ ! heav5s into two imag9>y portions1 & respectively id5tifi$ ^! ) ! male & female pr9ciples4 ,9 ,nahuatl ! ,we/ 0 designat$ z ,cihuatlampa1 8! place or "p ( ! wom540 ,! s\ls ( ! wom5 :o _h e>n$ immortality 7 suppos$ to dwell !re1 :il/ ! s\ls ( ! m5 resid$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! app5dix to book ,,iii ( ,sahagun's ,hi/oria1 x is describ$ h[1 accord+ to ! native belief1 ! s\ls ( ! male w>riors hail$ ! daily appe>ance ( ! sun above ! ea/]n horizon1 & escort$ x to ,nepantla1 ! z5i?4 ,"h ! s\ls ( ! wom5 await$ x & assum$ ! duty ( escort+ ! sun to ! we/]n horizon1 ! symbol = :i* 0 calli! h\se4 ,! above passage indicates t ! native philosoph]s imag9$ across ! middle ( ! sky a l9e ( dem>cation1 sep>at+ ! portions ( ! heav5 respectively allott$ to ! male & female s\ls4 ,= f\r ye>s aft] dea? ^! s\ls reta9$ _! human =m1 & !n1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh n9e successive heav5s1 ent]$ into ! cele/ial p>adise :]e !y assum$ ! =ms ( diff]5t k9ds ( butt]flies & humm+-birds4 ,! names ( ^! are enum]at$ 9 ! ,nahuatl text ( ,sahagun's ,laur5tian ,,ms4 7book ,,iii747#e7 ,! symbolism ( ! humm+-bird has already be5 expla9$ by a passage cit$ f ,gom>a's ,hi/oria4 ,9 ?is connection x is extremely int]e/+ to f9d ! humm+-bird repres5t$ 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms41 z suck+ honey f a fl[]1 :i* is atta*$ by a cord1 cov]$ ) bird's d[n1 to a bone1 ! symbol ( dea?4 ,?is peculi> b expressive gr\p ( symbols figures only on ! head-dresses ( deities we>+ c]ta9 o!r symbols1 among/ :i* we f9d ! ,eca-cozcatl & ,eca-xonequilli ! image ( ,ursa ,m9or1 already describ$4 ,! m]e/ indication ( ! association ( a circumpol> con/ellation ) ! idea ( dea? 7disappe>ance7 & resurrection 7re-appe>ance7 is ( special int]e/1 s9ce ! anci5t ,mexicans locat$ ! ,und]world1 ! 8place ( ! dead10 9 ! ,nor?4 ,reflection %[$1 h[ev]1 t su* an association c\ld only h sugge/$ itself to ! m9ds ( />-obs]v]s liv+ 9 s\!rn latitudes1 approximate to ! equator1 or 9 localities :]e ! nor!rn horizon 0 m or less %ut (f f view by int]v5+ m\nta9s4 ,9 su* places ,pol>is w\ld appe> comp>atively close to ! b\nd>y-l9e ( ! nor!rn sky s t ! ,ursa con/ellations & ,cassiopeia w\ld be invisible to ! local a/ronom]s at midnight dur+ t p]iod ( ! ye> :5 "o or ! o!r ( ! />-gr\ps seem+ly /ret*$ betwe5 ,pol>is & ! nor!rn horizon4 ,a glance at plate ,i %[s t1 at ! pres5t "t1 x is ab\t ! p]iod ( ! autumnal equ9ox t ,ursa ,m9or w\ld be invisible at midnight1 9 su* localities1 :ile ,ursa ,major w\ld gradually disappe> f view t[>ds midnight1 dur+ a c]ta9 numb] ( nights1 accord+ to latitude & locality1 betwe5 ! autumnal equ9ox & ! w9t] sol/ice :il/ ,cassiopeia w\ld seem to hov] above ! horizon4 ,! total or p>tial alt]nate p]iodical disappe>ance ( ! two mo/ famili> />-gr\ps 9 ! extreme ,nor? & _! re-appe>ance aft] sometimes regul> int]vals ( "t c\ld b h made a pr(\nd impression ^u primitive a/ronom]s & ?9k]s4 ,:il/ ! m]e p]iodical rev]sal ( ! positions ( ,cassiopeia & ,ursa ,major sugge/$ alt]nate victory & defeat1 ! actual ?\gh brief & p>tial disappe>ance ( ei!r />-gr\p mu/ h appe>$ to be a desc5t into an "u-gr\nd space1 associat$ ) d>kness & dea?1 foll[$ by a resurrection4 ,9 8 ,cronica1 ,tezozomoc records1 besides ,mictlan 7! l& ( ! dead71 ano!r "n = ! und]world1 ,opo*cal-ocan1 lit]ally1 ! place ( ! h\se to ! left4 ,?is appellation c only be und]/ood :5 x is realiz$ t1 9 a suffici5tly s\!rn latitude1 an obs]v]1 wat*+ ! sett+ ( a circumpol> con/ellation bel[ ! horizon1 w\ld always see x disappe> to 8 left & subsequ5tly rise to 8 "r4 ,x is evid5t t 9 "t ?is fact w\ld give rise to ! association ( ! left ) ! und]world1 ! l[] region1 & ! "r ) ! region above4 ,! native idea ( a dwell+ 9 ! und]world is fur!r demon/rat$ by ! be/[al ( ! symbol callih\se1 ^u ! we/]n horizon bel[ :i* all heav5ly bodies 7 se5 to disappe>4 ,a def9ite connection betwe5 ! ,we/ & "o half ( ! ,nor? be+ ?us e/abli%$1 x w\ld naturally result t a correspond+ union ( ! ,s\? & ,ea/ w\ld be ?\ght ( 9 "t1 & t ^! qu>t]s w\ld become associat$ ) ! ris+ ( cele/ial bodies1 i4 e41 ) light1 ! ,above1 :ile ! opposite qu>t]s became id5tifi$ ) _! sett+1 i4 e41 ) d>kness1 ! ,bel[4 ,paus+ to review ! =ego+ conclusions1 :i* ,i h %[n to be ! natural & inevitable result ( simple b prolong$ a/ronomical /udies1 obs]vation & pla9 reason+1 we see t !y l$ to a conception ( ! ,cosmos z divid$ into sev5 p>ts1 i4 e41 ! fix$ ,c5tre1 ! pivot1 prim>ily sugge/$ by ,pol>is :o 0 reg>d$ z ! creative1 g5]ative & rul+ p[] ( ! univ]se2 ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 seem+ly rul$ by ! c5tral =ce & associat$ ) ! elem5ts2 ! ,above & ! ,bel[1 sugge/$ by ! ris+ & sett+ ( cele/ial bodies & associat$ ) light & d>kness1 sky & e>?1 etc41 etc4 ,_m ( my read]s w d\btless recognize at once t ! above organization ( ! ,cosmos into ! ,c5tre or ,middle1 ! ,above & ! ,bel[1 & ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 is precisely t :i* ! ,zui prie/s taught ,mr4 ,frank ,cu%+1 :5 !y initiat$ him into _! secret beliefs4 ,o!r explor]s h record$ ! same conception among/ diff]5t native ,am]ican tribes & ) ^! pro(s t ?is set ( ideas is /ill held on our ,cont95t at ! pres5t "t1 ,i po9t out ! fact t ! ,maya figures 7fig4 #ah1 ,,vii & ,,viii1 f ! ,dresd5 ,codex7 become p]fectly intelligible only :5 int]pret$ z repres5t+ ! ,c5tre1 ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 ! ,above & ! ,bel[1 ! latt] figur$ by ! d>k & light halves ( ! dual sign4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i c demon/rate t ?is fundam5tal set ( elem5t>y1 ab/ract ideas1 furni%+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( organization1 is pla9ly visible "u ! surface ( ! anci5t ,mexican civilization & c be trac$ n only 9 ,yucatan & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 b also 9 ,p]u4 ,9 ^! c\ntries1 z ,i %all %[1 x assum$ an absolute dom9ion ov] ! m9ds ( ! native sages1 directly sugge/+ ! =ms ( gov]nm5t & social organization exi/+ at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ & fa9tly surviv+ to ! pres5t day4 ,x entirely controll$ ! developm5t ( aborig9al religi\s cult & philosophical speculations & p]vad$ n only ! native ar*itecture & decorative art1 b also all sup]/iti\s rites & c]emonies1 & ent]$ into ! v games & pa/imes ( ! p4 ,! foll[+ table pres5ts ! b>e outl9e ( ! s*eme ( organization expos$ 9 ! prec$+ text4 ,9 mak+ x ,i h1 aft] due consid]ation1 def9itely adopt$ ! assignm5t ( ! ,mexican symbols & colors to ! c>d9al po9ts giv5 by ,fri> ,duran 9 ! ,cal5d>-swa/ika conta9$ 9 8 atlas & reproduc$ 7pl4 ,,ii1 g74 ,ea* ( ^! is ,nor?2 ,we/2 ,s\?2 !n ,ea/4 ,symbols3 ,tecpatl1 ,fl9t2 ,calli1 ,h\se2 ,acatl1 ,cane2 ,to*tli1 ,rabbit4 ,colors3 ,r$2 ,yell[2 ,blue2 ,gre54 ,elem5ts3 ,fire2 ,e>?2 ,air2 ,wat]4 ,w>m?2 ,d>kness2 ,brea?2 ,ra94 ,toge!r1 ,nor? & ,we/ are ,! ,bel[1 ! 8female0 region4 ,,tezcatlipoca,,mictlantecuhtli4 ,s\? & ,ea/ are ,! ,above1 ! 8male0 region1 ,,huitzilopo*tli4 ,comb9$1 !y are ,! ,c5tre4 ,! dual1 g5]ative1 rul+ & directive ,=ce4 ,,quetzalcoatl4 ,! ,div9e ,tw94 ,be=e proce$+ to exam9e m closely ! great edifice ( human ?\ght :i* 0 re>$1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 on ! gr\nd plan designat$ above1 we mu/ retrace our /eps & consid] :at a deep impression ! gradual realization ( ! *anges 9 ! relative positions ( ,pol>is & c]ta9 famili> />-gr\ps mu/ h produc$ ^u ^? :o 7 ! fir/ to realize !m4 ,transport+ ourselves back to ! gray dawn ( civilization1 let u endeavor to und]/& ! position ( ! native prie/ a/ronom]s :o1 hav+ receiv$ & transmitt$ a set ( religi\s & cosmical ideas1 bas$ on ! assumption ( ! absolute & et]nal immutability ( ! c5tre ( ! heav51 ,pol>is1 gradually became aw>e t x also 0 subject to *ange1 evid5tly obey$ an unse5 high] p[] & t ! anci5t ord] ( ?+s1 record$ by _! pr$ecessors1 _h actually pass$ away4 ,x is obvi\s t1 9 all c5tres ( a/ronomical obs]vation & intellectual culture1 a complete revolution ( fundam5tal doctr9e or ?\ght mu/ h tak5 place4 ,a p]iod ( pa9ful misgiv+s & d\bt mu/ h be5 pass$ ?r\gh1 dur+ :i* an e>ne/ & anxi\s obs]vation ( all cele/ial bodies mu/ h seem$ imp]ative & obligatory4 ,"u su* circum/ances a/ronomy mu/ h made great /rides & a/ronomical obs]vation become ! =emo/ & highe/ duty ( ! intellectual lead]s ( ! native races4 ,pyramids & temples w\ld be built = ! purpose ( v]ify+ & record+ ! positions ( sun1 moon1 planets & />s1 & ! ori5tation ( ^! build+s w\ld be c>efully plann$ accord+ly4 ,be=e obta9+ glimpses ( ! great evolution ( religi\s ?\ght :i* progress$ on our ,cont95t 9 old5 times1 x is well to realize1 by means ( ,piazzi ,smy?'s map 7fig4 #f7 t ! _w ceas$ to possess a brilliantly conspicu\s1 absolutely immovable pole-/> = a prolong$ p]iod ( "t1 /ret*+ some:]e betwe5 #ejj ,b4,c4 & #abjj ,a4,d4 ,! anci5t native *ronicles record t "u 8div9e0 lead]%ip great migrations ( tribes took place )9 ?is p]iod1 ! purpose ( :i* 0 to f9d a locality :i* fulfill$ c]ta9 ard5tly-desir$ conditions connect$ ) religi\s cult4 ,f v>i\s c5tres ( civilization 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica we also he> diff]5t acc\nts ( h[1 at diff]5t times1 small b&s ( e>ne/ m51 "u a lead] ( sup]ior intellig5ce1 b5t on a peaceable b unexpla9$ err&1 arriv$ f di/ant regions & dep>t$ = an unkn[n goal1 aft] delay+ j long en\gh to tea* social organization & imp>t a high] civilization to ! tribes enc\nt]$ on _! passage4 ,^! pres]v$ ! memory ( ! title ( ! lead]1 9 _! diff]5t languages & he became ! culture-h]o ( _! tribe4 ,! fact t1 9 ea* case1 ^! sages taught ! ignorant tribes ! division ( "t & in/itut$ ! cal5d>1 proves t !y 7 skill$ 9 a/ronomy4 ,f a s5t5ce utt]$ by ,montezuma to ! native a/ronom]s :om he t]m$ 8! ,sons ( ! ,night10 we le>n t x 0 _! cu/om 8to climb m\nta9s0 s z 8to /udy ! />s40 ,:5 "o consid]s ! full import ( ! problems :i* _h to be fac$ by ^! anci5t sages1 :o e>ne/ly endeavor$ to acc\nt = ! great *anges :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! heav5s1 )9 ! memory ( man1 x seems natural to suppose t _m an exp$ition 0 und]tak5 = ! purpose ( acquir+ fur!r a/ronomical k1 ( f9d+1 p]haps1 ! immovable /> :i* _h be5 rev]$ 9 pa/ ages by ! ance/ors ( ! native race4 ,! cult ( ,pol>is may well h made su* exp$itions assume ! aspect ( an imp]ative religi\s duty & sacr$ pilgrimage4 ,z all exp$itions across ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica w\ld necess>ily be limit$ by ! oceans & be fruitless z f> z ,pol>is 0 conc]n$1 x is obvi\s t ! l9e ( exploration :i* w\ld be ultimately adopt$1 w\ld run f s\? to nor? & vice v]sa4 ,a small b& ( en?usia/s1 sett+ =? "u ! lead]%ip ( "s ( ! mo/ advanc$ ?9k]s ( ! "t1 w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 prep>$ to devote _! entire lives to ! object 9 view4 ,z long z a s+le memb] ( su* an exp$ition exi/$1 he w\ld be a p[]ful & active ag5t 9 spread+ ! fundam5tal set ( ideas d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( ,pol>is4 ,9 lapse ( "t1 by transmission1 its influ5ce might travel to a region too remote p]haps = direct contact to h tak5 place4 ,if ,i h indulg$ 9 ! =ego+ l9e ( conjecture & surmise1 x is because x is my purpose also to demon/rate1 by absolute pro(1 t ! dom9ion ( ! above set ( ideas ext5d$ ov] ,yucatan1 ,honduras1 ,guatemala & ev5 rea*$ ,p]u1 :]e its influ5ce is di/9ctly visible4 ,x also ext5d$ f> to ! nor? 9 prehi/oric times1 = c]ta9 c>v$ %ell-gorgets :i* h be5 f\nd 9 prehi/oric graves 9 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri & ,t5nessee exhibit emblems :i* h def9ite mean+s 9 ! ,maya language1 spok5 9 ,yucatan4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ?is ass]tion ,i mu/ make a slight digression f ! ma9 subject & rev]t to ! my? already cit$1 record+ ! ca/+ d[n f heav5 ( ,tezcatlipoca :o arose & asc5d$ aga9 9 ! =m ( an ocelot4 ,!re are int]e/+ native pictures ( ?is combat & ! fall ( ! ocelot 9 ! ,vatican ,codex ,,ii1 p4 #cd1 ! ,fjrv>y ,codex1 p4 #ef1 & o!rs equally important1 repres5t+ ! fall or desc5t ( an eagle f ! sky1 to :i* ,i %all rev]t4 ,x is moreov] record$ by ,m5dieta 7p4 #hb7 t ,tezcatlipoca likewise desc5d$ or let himself d[n f ! sky by a spid]'s ?read1 & 9 ! ,bodleian ,,ms4 7p4 #ab7 !re are two curi\s pictures "o ( an ocelot & a cobweb1 ! o!r ( an ocelot1 desc5d+ head =emo/ f />s4 ,! same incid5t is also pictur$ 9 ! ,vi5na ,codex 7p4 #i7 :]e ! ocelot1 atta*$ by ! tail1 is connect$ by a cord ) />-emblems4 ,!re are two facts ( special int]e/ 9 reg>d to ! above desc5t ( ,tezcatlipoca by a spid]'s ?read4 ,! fir/ is t ! title ,tzontemoc8he :o desc5ds head =emo/0 is record$ 9 ! ,codex ,fu5leal imm$iately aft] ! "n ,mictlantecuhtli4 ,! second is t ! spid] is figur$ on ! manta ( ,mictlantecuhtli 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 & is sculptur$ 9 ! c5tre1 above 8 =ehead1 9 8 sculptur$ image1 id5tifi$ z su* by ,seor ,san*ez 7,anales del ,museo ,nacional ,,iii1 p4 #bii7 & reproduc$ "h 7fig4 #ai74 ,x repres5ts 8! "l ( ! ,nor? or ,und]world0 desc5d+1 head =emo/1 ) a tecpatl or fl9t knife issu+ f 8 m\? & ) outspread limbs1 ! outl9es ( :i* are almo/ lo/ "u ! multitude ( symbols :i* are gr\p$ ar\nd him4 ,^! symbols are c>efully analyz$ 9 my comm5t>y on ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 9 :i* ,i also describe o!r kn[n c>v$ repres5tations ( ! same conception & po9t out analog\s pictures 9 ! ,maya ,codices4 ,! position ( ! limbs ( ! desc5d+ figure is be/ und]/ood by a glance at fig4 #bj1 ,,ii1 f ! ,dresd5 ,codex4 ,x repres5ts a b> ) cross symbols f :i* a human body is desc5d+4 ,! feet re/ on dual symbols1 ab\t :i* m c\ld be writt5 ?an ! scope ( ! pres5t pap] all[s4 ,a tecpatl or fl9t knife1 atta*$ to ! body by a d\ble b[ ) ends1 may be se5 betwe5 ! dual symbols1 & its pres5ce is ( utmo/ importance s9ce x proves t ! ,mayas also associat$ ! fl9t ) ! same figure4 ,in/ead ( a head ! body exhibits a sort ( equidi/ant cross ) f\r circles4 ,/range to say1 ! only analog\s cross-figures ,i h be5 able to f9d 9 all ! ,codices are ^? reproduc$ 9 fig4 #bj1 ,i1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv4 ,! latt] exhibits a curi\s1 conv5tionaliz$ fl[] gr[+ on ! top ( a pyramid4 ,its /em & leaves are pa9t$ br[n & are spott$1 resembl+ ! sk9 ( an ocelot4 ,z !re is a ,mexican fl[]1 ! ,tigridia1 ( :i* ! native "n 0 ocelo-xo*itl1 x may be t x is ?is :i* is ?us repres5t$4 ,fig4 #bj1 ,,iii1 f ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms41 figures z a sacr$ cake1 alongside ( ! ,s-%ap$ xonecuilli breads :i* 7 made 9 honor ( ,ursa ,m9or at a c]ta9 fea/4 ,f9ally1 fig4 #bj1 ,i1 repres5ts a c]ta9 k9d ( c]emonial /aff :i* is ins]t$ betwe5 ! two peaks ( a m\nta9--a favorite me?od employ$ by ! native scribes1 to convey ! idea t ! object figur$ 0 9 ! exact c5tre4 ,?is k9d ( /aff occurs frequ5tly 9 c]ta9 ,codices1 sometimes be+ c>ri$ by a high prie/4 ,x inv>iably exhibits a fl[]-l figure ) five circles & is surm\nt$ by a tecpatl or fl9t knife4 ,)\t paus+ to discuss ! subject fully ,i m]ely po9t out "h t1 collectively1 ^! symbols expla9 ea* o!r & convey ! idea ( ! ,c5tre & ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s evid5tly associat$ ) ! tecpatl1 ! symbol ( ! nor?1 & ! ocelot & xonecuilli,ursa ,m9or4 ,x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to note t ! outspread human body is made to s]ve z a sort ( cross-symbol4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! conv5tional repres5tation ( ! face ( 8! "l ( ! ,nor?10 9 fig4 #ai1 gives ! impression t x 0 also us$ to convey ! idea ( duality1 or ! union ( two 9 "o4 ,! upp] half ( ! face exhibits a num]al on ei!r *eek "u ! eyes1 seem+ to convey ! idea ( dualities4 ,! two circul> e> ornam5ts1 unit$ by a b& above ! head1 & ! two no/rils unit$ 9 "o nose1 seem to convey ! idea ( ! union ( ! dualities1 :il/ ! l[] half ( ! face1 :i* is r5d]$ /rik+ly diff]5t to ! upp]1 by be+ 9 high] relief & m>k$ ) p]p5dicul> l9es1 exhibits a m\? f :i* a fl9t knife1 ) symbolical eye & fangs c>v$ on x1 is hang+ l a tongue4 ,i h already %[n t ! fl9t knife 0 reg>d$ z ! sacr$ produc] ( ! 8vital sp>k40 ,i may add "h t ,i h also f\nd1 9 ! ,codices1 tecpatl-symbols on :i* ! curv$ symbol ( air or brea? 0 figur$4 ,to my idea ! sculptur$ face is meant to symbolize ! dual creator1 ! disp5s] ( ! sp>k & brea? ( life1 :il/ ! human skull on 8 back betok5s t he is also ! giv] ( dea?4 ,?\gh unable to ent] fully into ! subject "h1 ,i w\ld nev]!less /ate t ,i c produce fur!r data to prove t ! human face 0 frequ5tly employ$ = a symbolical purpose by ! native ,am]ican races :o 7 evid5tly entirely "u ! dom9ion ( ! idea ( duality1 ( ! ,above & ,bel[ & ! life-produc+ union ( bo?4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ai4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #bj4 ,! "q :y ! spid]1 nam$ 8tocatl0 9 ,nahuatl1 %\ld h be5 adopt$ z ! *ief symbol ( ,mictlantecuhtli1 occupi$ me mu* until ,i f\nd ! clue to its significance 9 ! ,maya language4 ,9 ?is ! ^w = ,nor? is ,aman & ! "n = 8! spid] ^: bite is mortal10 is ,am4 ,?is /rik+ fact may be int]pret$ z a positive pro( t ! spid]-symbol1 employ$ by ! ,mexicans1 mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ,yucatan1 f ! m]e homonymy ( two ,maya words4 ,on ! o!r h& %ell-gorgets exhibit+ ! effigy ( a spid]1 & obvi\sly int5d$ to be worn ) its head turn$ d[nw>ds1 h n only be5 f\nd 9 ,ill9ois b also 9 ,t5nessee & ,miss\ri4 ,on ! gorgets f ! latt] ,/ates a cross is c>v$ on ! body ( ! spid] 7fig4 #bb1 a74 ,z c]ta9 spid]s exhibit cross-m>k+s1 x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t x 0 *os5 z a cross-symbol = ?is reason only1 9 "s localities1 j z ! butt]fly 0 evid5tly adopt$ 9 ,mexico1 z an apt image ( ! ,c5tre & ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s on acc\nt ( its %ape & its possession ( f\r w+s4 ,! conv5tionaliz$ figure ( a butt]fly1 ) a /> on its body & f\r balls1 pa9t$ ) ! colors ( ! qu>t]s1 0 a sacr$ symbol :i* is m9utely describ$ by ,sahagun & is figur$ on a manta 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 ,a glance at its reproduction 7fig4 #ba1 no4 #ac7 %[s h[ ! =m ( ! insect has be5 conv5tionaliz$ s z to resemble ! oll9 7no4 #ab7 & o!r ,mexican cross-symbols 7nos4 #b1 #d1 #aa1 #ad etc474 ,! eye or /> 9 its c5tre1 l t 9 ! oll91 & circle 7no4 #d71 signify ,pol>is2 ! conv5tionaliz$ head & ant5n are obvi\sly made to convey ! idea ( 8two 9 "o10 ( ! ,above & ,bel[ unit$ 9 ! ,c5tre4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ba4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ! dragon-fly 0 employ$ z a cross-symbol 9 an analog\s mann]1 on ! ,algonqu9 g>m5t pres]v$ at ! ,riksmuseum1 ,/ockholm1 & describ$ by ,dr4 ,hjalm> ,/olpe 9 8 admirable /udy on ,am]ican art 7,am]ikansk ,ornam5tik1 ,/ockholm1 #ahif1 p4 #cj74 ,z ,i %all rev]t to x lat] on1 ,i n[ draw special att5tion to ! circum/ance t in/ead ( ! cross1 on a spid]-gorget f ,t5nessee1 !re is a r\nd hole :i*1 :5 ! %ell-disc is held al(t1 lets a ray ( light %9e ?r\gh & furni%es an apt pres5tation ( a />4 ,?is & ! cross furni% analogies to ! ,mexican & ,maya symbols ( ,pol>is :i* are too obvi\s to ne$ to be emphasiz$4 ,nor d ^! gorgets alone furni% an und5iable indication t an id5tical symbolism ext5d$ f ,yucatan to ,ill9ois4 ,o!r gorgets1 also figur$ 9 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,holmes' monograph 8,art 9 ,%ell10 sev]al ( :i* are 9 ! ,peabody ,museum1 f ! /one graves 9 ,t5nessee1 exhibit v>i\sly c>v$ repres5tations ( a s]p5t4 ,9 all specim5s ! id5tical idea is c>ri$ out3 ! eye ( ! s]p5t =ms ! c5tre ( ! design on ! disc & f\r circles on ! body ( ! reptile1 or f\r solid b>s1 int]rupt+ a holl[ l9e encircl+ ! c5tral motif1 emphasiz$ a division ( ! disc into f\r equal p>ts4 ,! idea ( ! ,s]p5t 9 repose1 ! ,c5tre & ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s is ?or\ghly c>ri$ out & ! true mean+ ( ! design is only appreciat$ by ! light ( ! ,maya & ,mexican symbolism :i* has already be5 s fully discuss$4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #bb4 ,! ?ird ,t5nessee gorget reproduc$ "h 7fig4 #bb1 c71 f ,mr4 ,holmes' "w1 exhibits a comb9ation ( num]als :i* is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ if confront$ ) ! sacr$ numb]s ( ! ,mexicans & ,mayas4 ,f a c5tral circle ?ree curv$ l9es issue 9 a fa%ion resembl+ ^? on fig4 #ba1 no4 #b1 b ! fact t ! circul> b& exhibits sev5 d\ble circles & ! out] edge is divid$ into ?irte5 p>ts1 is ( special mom5t4 ,/ill ano!r design1 on a %ell-gorget f ,t5nessee1 n only exhibits ! peculi>ity1 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,holmes1 ( a squ>e ) loops1 resembl+ c]ta9 figures 9 ,mexican ,codices1 b also o!r significant details :i* ,i %all po9t out 7fig4 #bb1 b74 ,! cross 9 ! c5tre occupies ! c5tre ( a /> ) eight rays & ! f\r birds' heads at ! sides ( ! squ>e illu/rate rotation f "r to left4 ,i am incl9$ to view 9 ?is gorget an emblem ( ,pol>is ) ,cassiopeia 9 rotation ar\nd x1 figur$ z a bird1 b :e!r ?is is ! case or n x mu/ be conc$$ t x is inde$ rem>kable to f9d a set ( symbols1 consi/+ ( ! spid]1 ! cross1 ! s]p5t & ! bird1 c>v$ on prehi/oric gorgets f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :il/ ! deep mean+ ( ^! id5tical symbols is furni%$ by ,maya & ,mexican records4 ,i v5ture to rem>k "h t no m expressive & appropriate ornam5t ?an ^! %ell-gorgets c\ld h be5 design$1 or worn by ! anci5t ,maya or ,mexican prie/s1 prophets & lead]s :o1 9 a remote pa/1 _h guid$ !mselves by ! light ( ,pol>is & in/itut$ its cult z ! basis ( _! native religion4 ,on realiz+ ! above-m5tion$ id5tity ( symbolism1 x is impossible n to conclude t ! prehi/oric race :i* inhabit$ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 "u ! dom9ion ( ! same ideas z 7 ! ,mexicans & ,mayas4 ,! indications po9t1 9 fact1 to ! probability t ! orig9 ( ! employm5t ( ! spid]-symbol orig9at$ 9 ,yucatan1 & if ?is be admitt$ !n !re is no reason to d5y ! possibility t ! s]p5t-symbol came f !re also1 s9ce ! ,maya language sugge/s an aff9ity betwe5 ! s]p5t1 c1 & ! skycaan1 & ! num]al #d;c4 ,i refra91 = ! pres5t1 f express+ any f9al conclusion on ?is subject1 :i* w d\btless af=d ample food = reflection & argum5t to all int]e/$ 9 ! important problem z to :]e ! cradle ( anci5t ,am]ican civilization 0 situat$4 ,b ^! symbolic gorgets g f> t[>ds sub/antiat+ ,pr(essor ,putnam's (t-express$ conclusions t ! anci5t peoples ( ! c5tral & s\!rn portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 71 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 (f%oots ( ! anci5t ,mexicans4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #bc4 ,be=e ab&on+ ! subject ( native symbolism & />-emblems ,i %\ld l to pres5t1 z a curiosity1 ) an appeal to speciali/s to enlight5 me z to ! a/ronomical k ( ! ,eskimos1 an ,eskimo draw+ f ,pr(essor ,wilson's in/ructive & useful monograph4 ,x is said to repres5t a 8flock ( birds10 b s closely resembles ,cassiopeia & ,pol>is t ,i am tempt$ to view x z an indication t ! ,eskimos may also h associat$ ! idea ( a cele/ial bird1 or birds1 :eel+ ar\nd a c5tral po9t1 ) ! con/ellation & ! pole-/> 7fig4 #bc74 ,hav+ once v5tur$ s f> afield1 ,i _c refra9 f pres5t+ "h an int]e/+ set ( aborig9al />-symbols1 reproduc$ f ,pr(essor ,wilson's compreh5sive "w 7fig4 #bd71 ea* compos$ ( a cross comb9$1 ) a s+le exception1 ) a circle4 ,i draw att5tion to ! /rik+ resemblance ( "s ( ^! signs to ^? pa9t$ on ! f9ely decorat$ pott]y f\nd on ! haci5da ( ,don ,jos ,luna1 9 ,nic>agua1 & describ$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,br&s=d1 ,m4,d4 7,ar*aeological ,rese>*es 9 ,nic>agua1 ,smi?sonian ,in/41 #ahha1 p4 #cj1 ,b71 & sugge/ t1 9 bo? localities1 ! symbol may be a rudim5t>y swa/ika1 & repres5t ,pol>is & circumpol> rotation4 ,illu/ration4 ,plate ,,iii4 #a4 ,%ell gorget1 ,miss\ri4 #b1 #e-ad4 ,pott]y vessels1 ,arkansas4 #c1 #d1 #ae-ag1 #ai-bh4 ,pott]y vessels1 ,miss\ri4 #ah4 ,pott]y vessel1 ,k5tucky4 #f4 ,national ,museum4 #c1 #af1 #ag1 #ba1 #bd1 #be4 ,/4 ,l\is ,academy4 ,all o!rs ,peabody ,museum4 ,will\ghby1 8,pott]y f ! ,mississippi ,valley40 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-lore1 ,janu>y-,m>*1 #ahig4 ,9 conclusion ,i ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,will\ghby's valuable & mo/ int]e/+ 8,analysis ( ! decorations ^u pott]y f ! ,mississippi ,valley0 7,j\rnal ,am]4 ,folk-lore1 vol4 ,x1 #ahig71 9 :i* he figures ! rem>kable specim5s pres]v$ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge1 ! designs on :i*1 z he /ates1 8are mo/ly ( symbolic orig9 & h be5 9 use among v>i\s tribes )9 ! hi/oric p]iod f ! ,great ,lakes to ,mexico40 ,) ! k9d p]mission ( ! editor ( ! ,j\rnal1 ,i reproduce "s ( ,mr4 ,will\ghby's illu/rations on ,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #bd4 ,crosses ,& ,circles ,repres5t+ ,/> ,symbols1 ,arizona4 ,return+ to consid] ! probable result ( ! gradual diffusion ( />-cult ow+ to natural causes & ( ! consequ5t div]g5ce f ! idea ( ! ,c5tre1 :i* _h s deeply influ5c$ ! m9ds ( primitive m5 dur+ _m c5turies1 ) e>ne/1 & ext5d$ a/ronomical obs]vation1 keep+ pace ) ! developm5t ( ! idea ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 x is obvi\s t ! utmo/ att5tion w\ld be next giv5 to ! conspicu\s /> gr\ps & planets :i* are visible at c]ta9 times & !n seem to h dep>t$ or desc5d$ into ! "u _w4 ,any "o :o has read ! int]e/+ communications by ,h]r ,ri*>d ,&ree 7,globus4 bd4 ,,lxiv1 nr4 #bb71 ,on ! relation ( ! ,pleiades to ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> among/ primitive p1 foll[$ by a note by ,h]r ,k>l von d5 ,/e95 on ! same subject1 w realize t widely-sep>at$ tribes ( m51 by d9t ( simple obs]vation1 knew ! exact l5g? ( ! p]iodical appe>ance & disappe>ance ( ?is /> gr\p & regulat$ _! ye> accord+ly4 ,h]r ,&ree cites1 = in/ance1 t 89 ! ,society isl&s1 ! ye> 0 divid$ into two portions1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 nam$ ,mat>i-i-inia! ,pleiades above4 ,x began & la/$ dur+ ! "t :5 ^! con/ellations 7 visible close to ! horizon aft] sunset4 ,! second p]iod1 nam$ ,mat>ii-i-r>o! ,pleiades bel[1 began & la/$ = ! "t dur+ :i* ! />-gr\p 0 invisible aft] sunset0 7,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dai1 ,london #ahbi74 ,t ! anci5t ,mexicans _h likewise obs]v$ ! ,pleiades & be5 deeply impress$ by !m is prov5 by ! well-kn[n fact t ! c]emony ( ! k9dl+ ( ! sacr$ fire1 :i* betok5$ ! comm5cem5t ( a new cycle1 0 p]=m$ 8:5 ! ,pleiades atta9$ ! z5i? at midnight precisely40 ,9 my complete monograph 9 ! anci5t ,mexican cal5d>-sy/em x w be my endeavor to pres5t all ! data ,i h collect$ conc]n+ ! degree ( elem5t>y a/ronomical k atta9$ by ! native a/ronom]s4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 cont5t myself ) po9t+ out "h t besides ! =ego+ te/imony ab\t ! ,pleiades1 ! native "n = :i* 0 ! miec! _m1 or ! tianquiztli! m>ketplace1 !re are records prov+ t ! cult ( ! planet ,v5us 0 a firmly e/abli%$ feature ( ! native religion at ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,sahagun records t ! ,nahuatl names = ?is planet 7 citlalpul or hueycitlall9 bo? signify+ 8! great />40 8,9 ! great temple ( ,mexico an edifice nam$ ilhuicatitlan lit]ally1 ! l& ( ! sky consi/$ ( a great1 high column1 on :i* ! morn+ /> 0 pa9t$4444 ,captives 7 sacrific$ 9 front ( ?is column annually1 at ! p]iod :5 ! /> re-appe>$0 7op4 cit4 app5dix to book ,,ii74 ,) reg>d to ! connection ( ! ,pleiades ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mexican cycle1 x is int]e/+ to note ,h]r ,&ree's /atem5ts t ! mo/ intimate connection ( ! />-gr\p ) ! ?\ghts ( primitive p1 w\ld naturally take place 9 su* localities :]e its p]iodical movem5ts co9cid$ ) ! *anges ( season1 w9d & wea!r :i* affect$ agriculture4 ,a survey ( ! data pres5t$ by ,h]r ,&ree %[s t ! cult ( ! ,pleiades atta9$ its greate/ developm5t among/ tribes inhabit+ a s\!rly latitude4 ,x 0 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 inde$1 t ! ,p]uvians1 alongside ( _! highly develop$ sun-cult1 r5d]$ homage & (f]$ sacrifices to ! ,pleiades4 ,9 ,mexico1 ! cult ( ! ,pleiades appe>s z intimately associat$ ) t ( ! sun & to h assum$ importance only 9 hi/orical & comp>atively rec5t times1 probably :5 ! p]iodicity ( ! sun's movem5ts _h be5 taught or recogniz$ & ! sign oll91 :i* is an exact pres5tation ( ! annual c\rse ( ! sun1 _h be5 inv5t$ & adopt$ z a symbol4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ?is sign occurs on ! cal5d>-/one1 = in/ance1 :i* has a human face 9 its c5tre1 be>+ two num]als on ! =ehead & obvi\sly symboliz+ ! union ( two 9 "o4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! c5tre displays ! eye1 or /> symbol & conveys ! sugge/ion t ! 8f\r movem5ts0 ( ! circumpol> con/ellations 7 !reby symboliz$4 ,x may be t1 9 anci5t ,mexico1 ! two symbols1 respectively ref]r+ to ! movem5ts ( ! sun & ( ! circumpol> />-gr\ps1 7 emblematic ( ! two diff]5t cults or religions :i* exi/$ alongside ( ea* o!r4 ,! fir/1 ! cult ( ! ,above1 ( ! ,blue ,sky1 0 direct$ t[>ds ! sun & ! planets & />s intimately associat$ ) sunrise & sunset1 among/ !m ! ,pleiades4 ,! cult ( ! ,bel[1 ( ! ,nocturnal ,heav51 0 direct$ t[>ds ! moon1 ,pol>is & ! circumpol> con/ellations--also to ! />s & planets dur+ ! p]iod ( _! disappe>ance & possibly 9 ! same way to ! enigmatical 8,black ,sun10 figur$ 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 :i* may h be5 ! sun dur+ its nightly /ay 9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,und]world1 ^: door 0 9 ! we/4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an idea ( ! imm5se proportions ultimately assum$ by ^! two div]g+ cults & ! enorm\s influ5ce !y ex]t$ ^u ! entire native civilization1 x w be necess>y to exam9e ! =m ( ! social organization 9 ,montezuma's "t4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d ?is1 h[ev]1 x is fir/ necess>y to /udy c>efully ! my?s relat+ to its orig94 ,torquemada 7lib4 ,,vi1 *ap4 #da7 cites ! au?ority ( ,fri> ,&reas de ,olmos = ! foll[+ native acc\nt ( ! creation ( man1 :i* 0 diff]5tly rec\nt$ to him 9 ea* prov9ce4 ,he /ates t ! majority ( ! natives1 h[ev]1 agre$ t 8!re 0 9 heav5 a god nam$ #8,%9+ ,/>' 7,citlal-,tonac7 & a goddess nam$ #8,%e ( ! />ry skirt' 7,citlal-,cue71 :o gave bir? to a fl9t knife 7,tecpatl74 ,_! o!r *ildr51 />tl$ at ?is1 ca/ ! fl9t d[n f ! sky4 ,x fell to e>? at ! place nam$ #8,sev5 caves' & #8produc$ #a1fjj gods & goddesses1' 0 a figure ( spee* :i* evid5tly express$ ! idea t1 9 com+ 9 =cible contact ) ! soil ! fl9t gave =? sp>ks innum]able :i* convey$ vitality to numb]less be+s4 ,x is evid5tly ! same idea ( 8life sp>ks0 be+ call$ into exi/5ce by ! union ( heav5 & e>? :i* und]lies ! ,texcocan v]sion ( ! creation ( man record$ z foll[s by ,torquemada 7op4 et loc4 cit474 8,! sun 444 %ot an arr[ t[>ds ! l& ( ,acolma ne> ! b\nd>y ( ,texcoco4 ,?is made a hole 9 ! gr\nd :5ce issu$ ! fir/ man44440 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #be4 ,! illu/rat$ v]sion ( ! above my?s1 giv5 9 ! ,vatican ,codex ,i1 designates ! cele/ial prog5itor ( human life z ,quetzalcoatl1 also nam$ ,tonaca-,tecuhtli! "l ( our subsi/5ce1 ,*icome-xo*itl8,sev5 roses or fl[]s0 & ,citlalla-,tonalla8,! ,milky ,way10 lit]ally1 ,! %9+ />s4 ,! dual div9ity is figur$ 7fig4 #be1 no4 #d7 z two p]sons ) ! %aft ( an arr[ ov] ea* ( _! heads & ) ! symbol ,tecpatlfl9t1 betwe5 !m z ! issue ( _! union4 ,9 ! ,borgian ,codex 7fig4 #be1 no4 #a71 a b>b$ arr[po9t1 in/ead ( ! ,tecpatl1 figures betwe5 ! cele/ial p>5ts4 ,_! union is symboliz$ by a cov]+1 ! %ape ( :i*1 9 fur!r repres5tations 7fig4 #be1 nos4 #c & #e7 9 ! same ,,ms41 (f]s resemblance to ! tau-%ap$ w9d[s :i* are su* a common feature 9 ,maya & also 9 ,pueblo ar*itecture 7fig4 #be1 no4 #b;b74 ,! prec$+ data1 :i* c\ld be amplifi$1 seem to %[ t ! natives associat$ ! tau-%ape n m]ely ) ! idea ( ! ,male & ,female pr9ciples1 b also ) ! ,above & ! ,bel[1 or ,heav5 7air & wat]7 & ,e>? 7e>? & fire74 ,i %all h occasion1 fur!r on1 to ref] aga9 to ! symbolism ( ! native tau4 ,! above illu/rations1 h[ev]1 def9itely prove t ! fl9t knife & ! arr[ 7) a fl9t po9t1 presumably71 7 indiscrim9ately designat$ z ! m$ium by means ( :i* ! sp>k ( life 0 creat$ & imp>t$ to e>?-born be+s4 ,x w be prov$ fur!r t1 at ! p]iod ( ! ,conque/1 ! arr[ 0 rev]$ z an image ( life-produc+ =ce 9 ,yucatan & ,mexico4 ,! fl9t knife cas$ 9 wrapp+s 0 call$ 8! son0 ( ,cihuacoatl1 ! e>?-"m1 & 0 reg>d$ z h] special symbol4 ,x is significant1 !re=e1 to f9d t x 0 ! emblem ( (fice ( "o ( ! two high prie/s1 :o alone employ$ x1 z a sacrificial knife1 9 p]=m+ 8 awful duty ( immolat+ human victims4 ,! fact t ! cane-%aft ( an arr[ figures above ! head ( ! cele/ial c\ple 9 ! ,vatican ,codex is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because ! "n ,ome-,acatl,two-,cane1 is giv5 z ! "n ( a div9ity by ,sahagun 7book ,i1 *ap4 #ae7 & t ! c]emony ( k9dl+ ! ,new ,fire1 at ! comm5cem5t ( a cycle ( ye>s 0 also associat$ ) ! cal5d> sign ,ome-,acatl 7,sahagun1 book ,,vii1 *ap4 #aj74 ,at a c]ta9 fe/ival images ( ,omacatl 7 manufactur$ & c>ri$ by ! dev\t to _! h\ses 9 ord] to receive f !m 8bless+s & multiplication ( possessions0 7,sahagun1 book ,,ii1 *ap4 #ai74 ,i draw att5tion to ! fact t life is suppos$ to h proce$$ f ! union ( /ell> div9ities1 t ! ,tecpatl & fl9t are ! well-kn[n symbols = ! ,nor? & ,fire & t ! ,vatican comm5tator id5tifies ! cele/ial p>5t z 8,sev5-,fl[]s40 ,:at is m1 ,duran 7vol4 ,i1 pp4 #h & #i7 relates t ! native race 0 organiz$ into sev5 sep>ate tribes & t ^! 8claim$ to h come out ( #8sev5 caves' 7,*icom-oztoc7 :i* 7 situat$ 9 ,teo-,culhuacan or ,aztlan #8a l& ( :i* all m5 "k t x is 9 ! ,nor?4' 0 ,n[ ,teo-,culhuacan is compos$ ( ! ^w ,teotl1 :i* designat$ ! />s1 ! sun1 ! gods &1 by ext5sion1 some?+ div9e or cele/ial4 ,culhua 7cf4 ,coloa7 means some?+ b5t ov] or recurv$1 or ! action ( describ+ a circle by mov+ ar\nd some?+1 & c means 8! place (0 9 ,nahuatl4 ,?is locality is repres5t$ 9 ! picture-writ+s by a /range & impossible m\nta9 ) a recurv$ summit 7fig4 #bf1 no4 #a74 ,aztlan lit]ally means 8! l& ( :it5ess1 brightness1 light40 ,9 ,duran's ,atlas ! sev5 caves are repres5t$ z conta9+ m5 & wom5--! prog5itors ( ! sev5 tribes4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ^! are describ$1 9 ! ,mexican my?1 z hav+ issu$ f ! caves1 is in/ructive & %$s light ^u ! prov5ance & purpose ( ! tradition4 ,x repres5ts ! ,mexicans z ! sup]ior pr$e/9$ race :o rema9$ 9 _! cave ! 8longe/1 by div9e comm&10 _! 8god hav+ promis$ !m ?is l&40 ,! tradition relates t six tribes rea*$ & settl$ d[n 9 ! c5tral plateau ( ,mexico1 #cjb ye>s be=e ! ,aztecs arriv$1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,huitzilopo*tli an oracul> div9ity1 ^: comm&m5ts 7 transmitt$ to ! p by f\r prie/s 7,duran1 *ap4 ,,ii74 ,9 my op9ion x is impossible to /udy ! above & supplem5t>y data )\t realiz+ t ! native race assign$ its orig9 to a dual />-div9ity1 associat$ ) ! ,tecpatl1 ! symbol = ! ,nor? & = ,fire4 ,! peculi>ity t ! div9ity is designat$ z ,sev5-fl[]s1 & t !re 7 sev5 tribes1 indicates t ! native idea 0 t ea* tribe came f "o ( ! sev5 />s 9 ,ursa ,major or ,m9or4 ,! ,aztecs seem to h claim$ = !mselves ! desc5t f ! sup]ior />1 ! c5tral "o1 & to h ?us ju/ifi$ or support$ _! ultimate e/abli%m5t ( a c5tral gov]nm5t :i* rul$ ov] ! o!r six tribes4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #bf4 ,! assumption t ! native race claim$ desc5t f ! ,ursa ,major or ,m9or con/ellation is fur!r support$ by ! fact t ! %ape ( ! my?ical recurv$ m\nta9 & ! "n ,aztlanl& ( light or brightness are simultane\sly expla9$1 z well z ! numb] ( caves & tribes4 ,x does n seem to be a m]e co9cid5ce t 9 two totally diff]5t ,codices 7! ,seld5 ,,ms4 p4 #g1 ,k+sbor\gh1 vol4 #a1 & ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms41 p4 #gj7 a sacr$ dance is repres5t$ z execut$ by sev5 individuals :o move ar\nd a c5tral seat$ p]sonage4 ,9 ! latt] ,,ms4 ! seat$ figure we>s a head-dress surm\nt$ by fl9t knives & 8 face is pa9t$ r$ ! color assign$ to ! ,nor?4 ,moreov] ! dance is tak+ place be=e an image ( ,mictlan-,tecuhtli1 ! "l ( ! ,nor?1 ^: raim5t is /rewn ) cross-symbols4 ,ref]r+ to o!r native dances we f9d t ! mo/ sacr$ ( all dances 0 p]=m$ at ! fe/ival ( ! god ( fire by prie/s only1 :o1 sme>$ ) black pa9t to typify d>kness & night1 c>ri$ two tor*es 9 ea* h& & fir/ sat1 !n sl[ly mov$1 9 a circle1 ar\nd ! 8div9e brazi]10 & f9ally ca/ _! tor*es into x 7,duran ,,ii1 p4 #agd74 ,?is1 probably ! mo/ anci5t ( sacr$ dances1 mu/ h be5 extremely impressive & significative to ^? :o witness$ x1 at night-"t1 f ! base ( ! pyramid & he>d ! di/ant solemn *ant ( ! danc]s4 ,to wat*]s f af>1 ! fire & ! light$ tor*es revolv+ ar\nd mu/ h seem$ l a great c5tral /> ) o!r />s :eel+ ab\t x4 ,fur!r on1 x w be %[n t ! e>lie/ =m "u :i* ! ,deity 0 rev]$ 0 t ( fire & ! =ego+ description fully expla9s :y x 0 fir/ *os5 z ! mo/ fitt+ image ( ! c5tral immovable />4 ,x has already be5 %[n t1 9 ! popul> game ( 8! fly]s10 a high pole surm\nt$ by "o man s]v$ z ! pivot = ! circumvolation ( ! f\r p]=m]s1 :o 8act$0 ! 8flight ( "t40 ,! idea ( an ext5d$ rule1 proce$+ f a c5tral dual =ce1 01 h[ev]1 c>ri$ out on a gr& scale 9 ! mo/ solemn ( all public dances nam$ ! ,mitotiliztli4 ,duran 7,,ii1 p4 #he7 /ates t z _m z 8#h1fjj p]sons danc$ 9 a :eel 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ,great ,temple1 :i* _h f\r doorways1 fac+ ! c>d9al po9ts & op5+ out on to ! f\r pr9cipal high roads lead+ to ! capital4 ,! doorways 7 respectively nam$ aft] ! f\r pr9cipal gods & 7 spok5 ( z #8! doorway ( su* & su* a god4' 0 ,clavig]o1 to ^: "w 7,hi/oria1 ed4 ,mora1 ,mexico1 #ahdd1 p4 #bcd7 ,i ref] ! read] = fur!r details1 describes ! dances at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ z hav+ be5 mo/ beautiful1 & relates t ! natives 7 ex]cis$ 9 ^!1 f _! *ildhood1 by ! prie/s4 ,?is au?ority also relates t ! ,mitotiliztli 0 p]=m$ by hundr$s ( danc]s at c]ta9 solemn fe/ivals1 9 ! great c5tral squ>e ( ! city or 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! temple1 & gives ! foll[+ description3 ,! c5tre ( ! space 0 occupi$ by two individuals 7designat$ else:]e z high prie/s7 :o beat measure on sacr$ drums ( two k9ds4 ,"o1 ! l>ge huehuetl1 emitt$ an extremely l\d1 deep tone1 :i* c\ld be he>d = miles & 0 usually employ$ 9 ! temples z a means ( summon+ to wor%ip1 etc4 ,! second1 ! teponaztle1 0 a small portable wood5 drum :i* 0 usually worn susp5d$ f ! neck by ! lead] 9 w>f>e & emitt$ ! %rill pi]c+ note he employ$ z a signal4 ,! *iefta9s 7ea* ( :i* p]sonifi$ a god7 surr\nd$ ! two musicians1 =m+ sev]al conc5tric circles1 close to ea* o!r4 ,at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! out] "o ( ^!1 ! p]sons ( an inf]ior class 7 plac$ 9 circles & ^! 7 sep>at$ by ano!r int]val ( space1 f ! out]mo/ circles1 compos$ ( "y m5 & boys4 ,! illu/ration giv5 by ,clavig]o records ! ord] & disposition ( ?is sacr$ dance1 :i* repres5t$ a k9d ( :eel1 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 occupi$ by ! in/rum5ts & _! play]s4 ,! spokes ( ! :eel 7 z _m z !re 7 *iefta9s 9 ! inn]mo/ circle4 ,all mov$ 9 a circle :ile danc+ & /rictly adh]$ to _! respective positions4 ,^? :o 7 ne>e/ ! c5tre1 ! *iefta9s & eld]s1 mov$ sl[ly1 ) gravity1 hav+ a small] circle to p]=m4 ,! danc]s =m+ ! out] circles 71 h[ev]1 =c$ to move ) extreme rapidity1 s z to pres]ve ! /raight l9e radiat+ f ! c5tre & head$ by ! *iefta9s4 ,! measure ( ! dance & ( ! *orus *ant$ by ! p>ticipants 0 beat5 by ! drums & ! musicians ass]t$ _! absolute control ( ! great mov+ :eel ( human be+s1 by alt]nately quick5+ or slack5+ ! measure4 ,! p]fect h>mony ( ! dance1 :i* successive sets ( danc]s kept go+ = eight or m h\rs1 0 only di/urb$ occasionally by c]ta9 individuals :o pu%$ _! way ?r\gh ! l9es ( danc]s & amus$ ^! by indulg+ 9 all sorts ( buffoon]y4 ,no "o1 on read+ ! above description ( ! mo/ anci5t & sacr$ ( native dances c fail to recognize t x 0 an actual repres5tation ( axial rotation & t no m effective me?od ( r5d]+ ! app>5t diff]5ces 9 ! degrees ( velocity 9 ! movem5ts ( ! circumpol> & equatorial />s1 c\ld possibly h be5 devis$4 ,! fact t ?is dance 0 a mo/ solemn & sacr$ rite1 ^: p]=mance 0 obligatory to ! entire population1 indicates t x con/itut$ an act ( g5]al ob$i5ce & homage & a public ackn[l$gm5t ( ! absolute dom9ion ( a c5tral dual1 rul+ p[]4 ,x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ t1 9 ?is dance1 ! latt] is repres5t$ by two individuals :o respectively employ ! sacr$ drum ( ! prie/hood1 & t us$ by w> *iefta9s only 7! "o in/rum5t emitt+ a l[ & ! o!r a high tone72 = ! culture h]o ( ! ,tz5dals1 ,votan1 :o1 ) ! aid ( 8 foll[]s1 taught ?is tribe ! civil laws ( gov]nm5t & ! religi\s c]emonials1 0 entitl$ 8! ,ma/] ( ! sacr$ ,drum40 7,see ,br9ton1 ,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s1 p4 #bad47 ,rev]t+ to ! organization ( ! native race into sev5 tribes & ! w&]+ ( ! sev5? & pr9cipal division1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,huitzilopo*tli3 accord+ to ,tezozomoc 7,cronica1 p4 #bc71 ,huitzilopo*tli 0 accompani$ by 8a woman :o 0 call$ 8 si/] & 0 c>ri$ by f\r m54 ,%e 0 a p[]ful sorc]ess1 possess$ ! p[] ( assum+ ! %ape ( an eagle1 _h made h]self greatly fe>$ & caus$ h]self to be ador$ z a goddess40 ,indignant at h] arrogance ! prie/s c\nsell$ a c\rse :i* 0 adopt$ by ! ,mexicans4 ,! woman & h] family 7 left beh9d at ,mal9alco :]e !y settl$ & populat$ a t[n1 :il/ ! o!r portion ( ! tribe1 "u /rictly mascul9e rule1 advanc$ t[>ds ,tula :]e !y e/abli%$ !mselves4 8,?is 0 ! second division :i* _h tak5 place1 among/ ! ,mexicans or ,aztecs 444 & :5 !y rea*$ ,tula !y f\nd _! numb] greatly dim9i%$40 ,?is same incid5t is relat$ ) great] detail by ,torquemada 7vol4 ,i1 *ap4 ,,ii7 f :i* we le>n :at a great animosity 0 felt aga9/ ! woman4 ,on "o occasion1 :i* ,i %all n pause to describe1 two w> *iefs m5ac$ h]4 ,! 8talk0 %e gave !m 9 return is s rem>kable t x des]ves to be quot$ 9 full2 = x af=ds a deep insight into ! native mode ( expression1 tea*es u ! titles ( ! woman & %[s t h] position 0 und\bt$ly "o ( p[]ful au?ority4 8,i am ,quilaztli1 y\r si/] & ( y\r tribe 444 y "k ?is & yet y ?9k t ! dispute or diff]5ce y h ) me is l an ord9>y "o1 su* z y might wage ) any ord9>y base woman1 :o possess$ little _s or c\rage4 ,if y indulge 9 ?is ?\ght y are deceiv+ y\rselves1 = ,i am valiant & manly & my titles w oblige y to ackn[l$ge ?is4 ,= besides ! ord9>y "n ( ,quilaztli1 by :i* y "k me1 ,i also possess f\r titles1 by :i* ,i "k myself3 ! fir/ ( ^! is ,cihuacoatl! ,woman-s]p5t 7or tw972 ! second is ,quauh-,cihuatl! ,eagle-woman2 ! ?ird is ,yao-,cihuatl! ,woman-w>rior & ! f\r? is ,tzitzimi-,cihuatl1 ! ,woman ( ! ,und]world4 ,f ! prop]ties or qualities convey$ by ^! titles y c appreciate :o ,i am2 :at p[] ,i yield & :at h>m ,i c d y & if y want to te/ ! tru? ( ?is1 "h is my *all5ge60 8,! two brave capta9s1 undaunt$ by ! arrogant words by :i* %e attempt$ to t]rify !m1 respond$3 ',if y are z valiant z y describe y\rself to be1 we are n less s2 b y are a woman & x is n meet t x %\ld be said ( u t we took up arms aga9/ wom52' & )\t speak+ fur!r !y left h]1 mu* affront$ t a woman %\ld *all5ge & defy !m4 ,& !y kept sil5ce ab\t ?is occurr5ce s t _! p %\ld n "k ( x40 ,seor ,alfr$o ,*av]o 7app5dix1 p4 #abe1 to ,duran's ,hi/oria1 ,mexico1 #ahhj71 comm5t+ ^u ?is passage1 says3 8,x is impossible to d\bt t ?is tradition ref]s to an important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,aztec tribe4444 ,i ?9k x conta9s ! record ( a religi\s /ruggle40 ,! full significance ( ! n>rative w become cle>1 ,i ?9k1 :5 ! foll[+ po9ts are dwelt ^u4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 "h is a hi/orical p]sonage1 a woman1 :o 0 t]m$ ! si/] ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 :o evid5tly ex]t$ a high au?ority & ^: titles 7 actually ! names ( ! highe/ female div9ity4 ,sahagun 7book ,,vi1 *ap4 #cg7 /ates t ,quilaztli1 a goddess1 ! same z ,cihuacoatl1 0 ! "m ( all & 0 also nam$ ,tonant-z98our "m40 ,:at is m significant /ill is t1 9 all hi/orical records ant$at+ ! ,conque/1 a man be>+ ! fem99e title ( ,cihuacoatls]p5t woman1 is di/9ctly & repeat$ly m5tion$ z ! coadjutor ( ! ,mexican rul]4 ,mr4 ,ad4 ,b&eli]1 9 8 c>eful /udy 8,on ! social organization & mode ( gov]nm5t ( ! ,anci5t ,mexicans0 7,twelf? ,annual ,report ( ! ,peabody ,museum ( ,am4 ,ar*1 & ,e?n41 ,cambridge1 #ahgi7 to :i* ,i ref] ! read]1 discusses ! relative positions ( ,montezuma & ! ,cihuacoatl & /ates3 8!re is no d\bt ab\t _! equality ( rank ?\gh _! duties 7 some:at diff]5t0 7p4 #ffe74 ,?is equality is illu/rat$ by ! records t bo? rul]s %>$ ! same privileges reg>d+ dress4 ,?us !y alone wore s&als & ! ,cihuacoatl is t]m$ 8! second or d\ble ( ! k+1 8 coadjutor0 7,duran1 *ap4 ,,xxxii1 p4 #bee & ,tezozomoc1 *ap4 ,,xl1 p4 #ff74 ,! latt] au?or1 h[ev]1 gives ! full 8sacr$ title0 z ,tlil-,potonqui ,cihuacoatl1 lit]ally1 8! black-p[d]$ woman-s]p5t0 & we ?us le>n t1 :il/ ,montezuma's g>m5ts 7 habitually blue l ,huitzilopo*tli1 8 coadjutor1 l ,tezcatlipoca1 0 associat$ ) black4 ,x is well kn[n t "s ( ! ,mexican prie/s always sme>$ _! bodies ) black1 :i* 0 !re=e _! special m>k4 ,to my idea ! =ego+ data1 ) circum/antial evid5ce too diffuse to be conv5i5tly produc$1 cle>ly indicate t at "o "t1 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,aztec race1 x _h be5 gov]n$ jo9tly by a male & a female rul] on a foot+ ( p]fect equality1 ! "o be+ ! liv+ repres5tative ( ! ,above or mascul9e elem5ts & ! o!r p]sonify+ ! ,bel[ or fem99e elem5ts4 ,! fact t ,cihuacoatl is nam$ 8! si/]0 ( ,huitzilopo*tli %[s t ! female rul] 0 n necess>ily 8 wife1 al?\gh %e 0 8 coadjutor 9 h] own "r4 ,bo? rul]s 7 respectively s]v$ by f\r p]sons presumably ( _! respective sex4 ,besides ^! ,duran 7*ap4 #c7 records t 8!re 7 also o!r sev5 teotlslords1 :o 7 mu* rev]5c$ on acc\nt ( ! sev5 caves out ( :i* ! sev5 tribes _h come40 ,we ?us p]ceive t at "o "t ! *ief au?ority 0 ve/$ 9 a man & a woman1 8 si/]1 :o enjoy$ a p]fect equality4 ,f\r p]sons adm9i/]$ ! gov]nm5t ( ea* rul] & ea* ( ! sev5 tribes _h 8its hon\r$ repres5tative40 ,= h[ long ?is organization _h exi/$ x is impossible to tell4 ,diss5sion arose & division sup]v5$1 b to ! "t ( ! ,conque/ ! id5tical =m ( gov]nm5t 0 9 =ce ) ! rem>kable diff]5ce t ! title & (fice ( ! ,cihuacoatl1 orig9ally held by a woman1 7 held by a man1 :om ,i d n hesitate to id5tify z "o ( ! two 8supreme pontiffs10 ^: emblem ( (fice 0 ! fl9t knife1 ! (fspr+ ( ,cihuacoatl1 ! e>?-"m4 ,hi/orical evid5ce %[s t ?is alt]ation _h n be5 made )\t blood%$ & r5ew$ difficulties4 ,?us x is relat$ t1 long aft] ! ,mexicans _h sep>at$ f ! si/] ( ,huitzilopo*tli & h] adh]5ts1 !y 7 induc$ to 8ask ! daught] ( ! rul] ( ,culhuacan to become ! ,que5 ( ! ,mexicans & "m ( _! god4 ,%e con=m$ ) _! reque/ b 0 subsequ5tly kill$ by h] subjects1 :o flay$ h] body & dress$ a y\? 9 h] sk9 a figure ( native spee* :i* symboliz$ 8 assumption ( h] (fice4 ,"u ?is =m %e 0 rev]$ z a goddess1 0 nam$ our gr&mo!r & #8! "m ( ! god1' etc40 ,^! & ! foll[+ details1 tak5 f well-kn[n au!ntic native s\rces1 are attractively r5d]$ 9 ! 8,newe ,welt und ,am]ikanis*e ,hi/ori50 7,johann ,ludwig ,gottfri$t4 ,frankfurt-a4-,m41 #afac1 pp4 #ed & #ee74 ,aga91 aft] ! ,mexicans _h be5 settl$ at ,t5o*titlan = "s "t1 !y desir$ to make an alliance ) ! ,k+ ( ,culhuacan & !re=e 8*ose to nom9ate1 z _! rul]1 ,acamapi*tli1 :o 0 ! son ( a ,mexican *iefta9 by a daught] ( ! ,culhuacan rul]0 & evid5tly liv$ ) ! latt]4 ,= x is relat$ t1 on giv+ 8 cons5t1 ! k+ ( ,culhuacan /at$ t if only a woman 7( 8 family7 _h be5 nom9at$ he w\ld h refus$ 7to tru/ h] to ! ,mexicans74 ,! f>ewell words he address$ to ,acamapi*tli are wor?y ( quotation3 8,g my son1 s]ve ?y god1 be 8 repres5tative4 ,rule ! creatures ( ! god by :om we live2 ! god ( day1 ( ! night & ( ! w9ds4 ,g & be ! "l ( ! wat] & l& own$ by ! ,mexicans40 ,z x is subsequ5tly /at$ t ,acamapi*tli & 8 que5 7 receiv$ at ,t5o*titlan ) great honors1 x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! ,mexicans :o1 f "s deeply-root$ religi\s idea1 consid]$ x ess5tial to h a female rul] ( ! l9e ( ! k+ ( ,culhuacan1 obta9$ _! desire only by accept+ a male memb] ( h] family z a protection & safegu>d = h] sacr$ p]son4 ,x may be t = ! reasons ( safety & pres]vation ! female rul]1 :o 0 ! liv+ repres5tative ( ! ,cihuacoatl1 gradually retir$ into absolute seclusion :il/ a man ( h] k9 assum$1 9 public1 h] title & pr]ogatives4 ,unless x is assum$ t ?is 0 ! case1 x seems impossible to expla9 :y ,acamapi*tli is designat$ 9 ! ,codex ,m5doza 7,k+sbor\gh1 vol4 ,i1 pl4 ,,ii7 z hav+ begun to rule 9 ! ye> ,i ,tecpatl or fl9t 7approximately correspond+ to ,a4,d4 #acfd7 ) ! title ( 8,woman-s]p5t0,cihuacoatl4 ,f ?is date ! title seems always to h be5 borne by a man4 ,:5 human sacrifices _h become a prom95t feature ( ! native cult & x became a duty ( ! ,cihuacoatl to p]=m ! bloody rite1 x is obvi\s t x became impossible = a woman to fill ! position4 ,we obta91 h[ev]1 glimpses ( ! %ad[y =m ( an invisible & v5]able female rul] :o is at ! head ( ! 8,h\se ( ,wom510 wat*es ov] ! welf>e ( ! wom5 ( ! tribe & (ficiates z a prie/ess1 ) h] assi/ants1 at bir?s1 baptisms & m>riages4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! obscurity :i* surr\nds h]1 x %\ld be notic$ t ! m]e fact t ! ideas ( d>kness & seclusion became indelibly associat$ ) ! female sex1 w\ld naturally & inevitably cause wom5 to be h\s$ up1 veil$ & condemn$ to comp>ative inaction & immobility4 ,a primitive /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! above idea is %[n 9 ! case ( ! ,huaxtecas1 ! wom5 ( :i* tribe wore abundant cov]+ :il/ ! m51 on religi\s pr9ciple1 wore none4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! conditions surr\nd+ ! ,cihuacoatl or high prie/ %[s t he also con=m$ to ! exig5cies ( 8 position :5 he act$ z ! repres5tative ( ! hidd5 =ces ( ,nature1 ( ! female pr9ciple4 ,he & ! entire prie/hood sme>$ _! bodies ) black1 cultivat$ long hair1 & wore1 dur+ ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 religi\s c]emonies1 a wide & long g>m5t rea*+ to ! gr\nd4 ,x is noticeable t ! designs on ! g>m5ts ( ! prie/s1 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms41 are inv>iably execut$ 9 r$ & yell[1 ! symbolical colors ( ! nor? & we/1 comb9$ ) black ! symbol ( ! union ( bo?1 ! ,bel[4 ,9 ?is connection x is notewor?y t 9 ,mexican pictography ! faces ( wom5 are usually pa9t$ yell[--! color ( ! ,we/! female region4 ,! association ( d>kness1 concealm5t & secrecy1 ) ! female pr9ciple1 is exemplifi$ by ! fact t a build+ 9 ! enclosure ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,mexico1 nam$ ! 8h\se ( d>kness10 0 d$icat$ to ! e>?-"m,cihuacoatl 7,sahagun1 app5dix to book ,,ii74 ,o!r temples ( h]s are describ$ z be+ cave-l1 und]gr\nd1 d>k1 ) a s+le l[ entrance1 ! door ( :i* 0 sometimes sculptur$ 9 ! =m ( ! great op5 jaws ( a s]p5t4 ,only prie/s 7 all[$ to p5etrate into ^! my/]i\s *amb]s :]e sacr$ & secret rites 7 p]=m$ & a sacr$ fire 0 also kept burn+ 9 an adjo9+ *amb]4 ,evid5ce1 :i* ,i %all produce fur!r on1 e/abli%es t ! high-prie/ ,cihuacoatl dwelt1 at times1 9 a h\se nam$ 8place ( d>kness0 & annually sacrific$ a human victim 9 honor ( ! "l ( ! und]world1 9 an edifice call$ 8! navel ( ! e>?40 ,! religi\s cult ( "o-half ( ! ,mexican hi]>*y 0 di/9ctly nocturnal4 ,! *ief duties ( c]ta9 prie/s 7 a/ronomical obs]vation & ! sup]vision ( ! sacr$ fire1 :i* 0 kept p]petually burn+ on ! summit ( ea* temple-cr[n$ pyramid1 9 :at 0 t]m$ 8! sacr$ or div9e brazi]0 ( sculptur$ /one4 ,two prie/s jo9tly wat*$ by night & day & receiv$ & transmitt$ to ! flames ! inc5se (f]+s ( ! dev\t4 ,! temple fires 7 ext+ui%$ only at ! expiration ( a cycle ( fifty-two ye>s & 7 !n rek9dl$ by ! high prie/ at midnight precisely1 ) impressive solemnity4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico1 x %\ld h[ev] be obs]v$1 al?\gh ! logical association ( wom5 ) ! hidd5 =ces ( nature1 ! und]world & ! ,bel[1 _h ex]t$ a c]ta9 influ5ce ov] h] practical exi/5ce1 x _h n yet giv5 rise to ! idea ( h] inf]iority z comp>$ to man1 ! associate ( ! ,heav51 ! ,above1 ! visible & active =ces ( nature4 ,! native sages did n id5tify h] s intimately ) ! e>? z to d5y h] ! possession ( a s\l--! cele/ial sp>k4 ,on ! o!r h& x is curi\s to note t ! ,nahuatl ^w = wife is ,cihua-tlan-tli & = husb& is ,te-o-qui*tli4 ,is x possible t ! p>ticle tlan 9 ! fir/ & ,teo 9 ! second may h contribut$ to /r5g!n ! association ( ! woman ) e>?tlalli 7tlanl& (7 & ! man ) ,teotl1 ! sun1 some?+ div9e & cele/ial8 ,9 c\rse ( "t x d\btlessly w\ld h transpir$1 9 ,mexico z else:]e1 t ! set ( primitive ideas :i*1 dur+ untold c5turies1 impos$ ^u wom5 seclusion1 obscurity & inactivity & ?us h9d]$ h] developm5t ( /r5g? ( body & m9d1 w\ld h directly induc$ an inf]iority4 ,?is has be5 subsequ5tly proclaim$1 z we "k1 9 _m c\ntries1 z a direct pro( ( h] l[] nature & ( h] aff9ity ) ! elem5t e>?4 ,! assum$ & actual inf]iority ( woman may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! logical1 inevitable b artificial result ( primordial classification & association4 ,sugge/$ by ! same natural ph5om5a :i* 7 visible to all inhabitants ( ! same latitudes1 ^! ideas occurr$ to all p at a c]ta9 /age ( _! developm5t & ex]t$ a dom9at+ influ5ce ov] ! subsequ5t gr[? ( _! intellig5ce4 ,x is b n[1 t1 unconsci\sly1 mank9d is beg9n+ to em]ge f ! lead+ /r+s ( its infancy1 :i* became an iron bondage to its prolong$ *ildhood4 ,9 ,mexico1 at ! p]iod ( ! ,conque/1 ! absolute equality ( ! male & female pr9ciples 0 !oretically ma9ta9$4 ,at ! same "t x is possible to disc]n c]ta9 ag5cies at "w :i* 7 t5d+ to connect ! ,bel[1 ! female pr9ciple1 ) h>m & evil4 ,f "t immemorial x _h be5 ! cu/om ( ! ,*i*imecs1 :o1 accord+ to ,sahagun 7book ,,xii1 *ap4 #ab1 p>4 #e71 inhabit$ an extremely poor & b>r5 region ( ,mexico1 to sacrifice ! fir/ animal kill$ 9 a hunt+ exp$ition & to (f] x to 8! ,sun :om !y call$ fa!r & to ! e>? _! "m40 ,!y sev]$ its head & rais$ ?is z ?\gh (f]+ x to ! sun4 ,!y !n till$ ! e>? :]e ! blood _h be5 spilt & left ! animal :i* _h be5 sacrific$1 on ! spot 7,ixtlilxo*itl1 ,hi/oria ,*i*imeca *ap4 ,,vi & ,relaciones p4 #cce74 ,?is passage1 e/abli%+ ! cultivation ( ! soil :]e ! blood _h be5 spilt1 %$s a flood ( light on ! orig9 ( ! (f]+s ( human blood & ! sacrifices ( human life1 :i* 7 su* a prom95t & hide\s feature ( ! ,aztec religion4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 in/ead ( ! blood be+ spilt directly ^u ! e>?1 to insure & increase ! fruitfulness ( ! soil1 a human be+ 0 /ret*$ across a conical /one :i* became ?us ! image ( ! e>?-"m1 8 he>t 0 extract$ & (f]$ to ! sun1 ! ,above1 & 8 blood 0 !n sme>$ on ! m\? ( c]ta9 idols repres5t+ ! ,bel[4 ,9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 an int]e/+ illu/ration & acc\nt are giv5 ( an idol ( ! e>?-"m :o is figur$ z /&+ on a p$e/al adorn$ ) skulls & cross-bones ) out/ret*$ tongue :i* signifi$1 8t %e always _h great ?ir/ = human blood0 & 8nev] refus$ sacrifices (f]$ to h]40 ,two prie/s are likewise pictur$ 9 ! act ( (f]+ b[ls conta9+ human blood to ! idol & a ?ird1 m\nt$ on a ladd]1 is p\r+ ! cont5ts ( ano!r b[l ov] its head4 ,x is obvi\s h[ ! con/ant associations ( ! e>?-"m ) sangu9>y sacrifices & blood?ir/9ess w\ld1 9 "t1 give rise to ! idea ( a ho/ile1 malefic5t p[]1 l9k$ ) d>kness & dev\r+ fire1 :o1 "u ! aspect ( ! s]p5t-woman1 wag$ an et]nal w>f>e on ! human race & clamor$ = victims & bloody sacrifices4 ,! natural sequ5ce to ! above associations is t 9 anci5t ,mexico ! p[]s ex]t+ fatal influ5ce ^u ! human race are all repres5t$ z female1 viz43 ! ,cihuacoatl or woman-s]p5t1 ! ,ciuapipilt9 & ! ,tzit-zime1 etc4 ,^! & v>i\s o!r p]sonifications ( ! female pr9ciple are describ$ 9 detail 9 my notes & comm5t>y to ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 ,aft] consid]+ ! =ego+ data x seems impossible n to conclude t x mu/ h tak5 c5turies ( "t = ! idea ( duality1 or ( ! ,above & ,bel[ to h tak5 su* a deep hold ^u ! native m9d & to h produc$ su* a gr[? ( symbolism & association 9 s _m ramifications ( ?\ght4 ,let u endeavor to obta9 a fur!r insight into ! native mode ( ?\ght by c>efully /udy+ "s significant details conc]n+ ! social organization ( ! ,mexicans f ! "t ( ,acamapi*tli to t ( ,montezuma & ! influ5ces x _h be5 subject$ to gradually4 ,?is1 ! fir/ rul]1 unque/ionably rul$ z ! ,cihuacoatl1 a "n :i* means ei!r ,woman-s]p5t or ,female-tw94 ,?is fact 9 itself te/ifies to an epo*-mak+ *ange 9 ! organization ( ! ,mexican gov]nm5t1 9 ! mak+ ( :i* a concession 0 made to a previ\sly exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 by ! ret5tion ( ! female title by a male rul]4 ,hav+ c>efully /udi$ ! "q = _m ye>s1 ,i h long consid]$ x prov5 t :5 ! ,mexicans settl$ 9 ! valley ( ,mexico !y came "u a s]ies ( influ5ces emanat+ f an anci5t & highly cultur$ c5tre ( civilization situat$ 9 ! s\?1 :i* _h foll[$1 dur+ untold c5turies1 ! same l9es ( primitive ?\ght :i* h be5 /at$4 ,?is "q ( contact & influ5ce f an old] civilization is s important & ! mat]ial ,i h collect$ on ! subject is s ext5sive & complex1 t x _c be adequately treat$ "h4 ,fur!r on ,i %all discuss at l5g? c]ta9 hi/orical data ?r[+ light on anci5t contact & influ5ces4 ,mean:ile ,i may z well /ate "h t1 hav+ c>efully weigh$ all te/imony1 ,i accept z amply prov5 & well support$1 ! te/imony ( ,las ,casas1 ,torquemada1 ,m5dieta & o!rs1 :o record t ! ,mexican culture-h]o ,quetzalcoatl 0 an actual p]son :o _h come to ,mexico f ,yucatan twice & _h f9ally return$ ?i!r1 leav+ a small colony ( 8 vassals beh9d him ^: influ5ce ^u ! religi\s & social organization & symbolism ( ! tribes1 inhabit+ ! c5tral plateau1 c be pla9ly disc]n$4 ,montezuma himself1 9 8 fam\s spee* to ,corts1 :i* ! latt] c>efully report$ to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 /ates t3 8we ! ,mexican rul]s 7 br\ght "h by a "l1 ^: vassals all ( our pr$ecessors 71 & :o return$ f "h to 8 native l&4 ,he aft]w>ds came "h aga91 aft] a long "t1 dur+ :i* _m ( 8 foll[]s :o _h rema9$1 _h m>ri$ native wom5 ( ?is l&1 rais$ l>ge families & f\nd$ t[ns 9 :i* !y dwelt4 ,he wi%$ to take !m away f "h ) him1 b !y did n want to g1 nor w\ld !y receive or adopt him z _! rul]1 & s he dep>t$4 ,hut we h always ?\ght t 8 desc5dants w\ld surely come to subjugate ?is c\ntry & claim u z _! vassals44440 7,hi/oria de ,nueva ,espaa4 ,h]nan ,corts1 ed4 ,lor5zana1 p4 #ha2 see also p4 #if74 ,i d n see h[ x is possible to con/rue su* pla91 unadorn$ /atem5ts ( simple1 common-place facts into ! assumption t ,montezuma 0 rec\nt+ a my?ical acc\nt ( ! disappe>ance ( ! ,light-god f ! sky1 z upheld by "s mod]n writ]s1 :o int]pret ! :ole episode z a sun-my? or leg5d4 ,i h already %[n t ! mean+ ( ! ocelot-sk9 & ! spid]1 employ$ z symbols by ! ,mexicans1 is app>5t only :5 /udi$ by means ( ! ,maya language ( ,yucatan1 ! l& :5ce ! culture-h]o is said to h come by ! =ego+ au?orities4 ,i w add "h t 9 ! ,maya *ronicles1 x is /at$ t ! culture-h]o _h rul$ 9 ,*i*5-,itza1 ! fir/ "p ( :i* "n1 ,*i*51 means r$4 ,9 ,mexican records x is describ$ t he dep>t$ by wat] f ! ,mexican coa/ & travell$ directly ea/1 b\nd = ,tlapallan--a "n :i* means r$-l&4 ,i draw att5tion to ! fact t any "o sail+ f ! m\? ( ! ,panuco riv]1 = in/ance1 9 a /raight l9e t[>ds ! ea/1 w\ld inevitably l& on ! coa/ ( ,yucatan1 n f> f ! mod]n ,m]ida & ! anci5t ru9s ( ,*i*5-,itza4 ,i %all also produce evid5ce1 fur!r on1 to %[ t ! mean+ ( ! mu*-discuss$ "n ( ! culture-h]o's home1 ,tullan1 is also furni%$ by ! ,maya language4 ,f m ?an "o s\rce1 we le>n1 moreov]1 t !re 7 sev]al ,tullans on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! conception ( ,tw9-bro!rs z ! p]sonification ( ! ,above & ,bel[ _h be5 adopt$ 9 ,yucatan & x is to ! influ5ce emanat+ f t s\rce t ,i attribute ! movem5t made 9 ,mexico1 to sub/itute male tw9-rul]s 9 ! place ( ! man & woman1 :o _h previ\sly & jo9tly rul$ ! anci5t ,mexicans4 ,let u n[ analyze ! ,maya title ,kukulcan1 ( :i* ,quetzalcoatl is ! ,mexican equival5t4 ,z already /at$1 ! ^w c means s]p5t & ! num]al #d & is almo/ homonym\s ) ! ^w = sky or heav5caan4 ,! image ( a s]p5t1 !re=e1 directly sugge/$ & express$ ! idea ( some?+ quadruple incorporat$ 9 "o cele/ial be+ & appropriately symboliz$ ! div9e rul] ( ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,9 ! ^w ,kukulcan ! n\n c is qualifi$ by ! prefix kukul4 ,9 ! compil$ ,maya diction>y publi%$ by ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg 7app5dix to de ,l&a's ,relacion7 ! adjective ku or kul is giv5 z 8div9e or holy40 ,kukulcan may !re=e be analyz$ z 8! div9e s]p5t0 or ! 8,div9e ,f\r40 ,:5 ,maya sculptors or scribes began to repres5t ?is symbol ( ! div9ity !y mu/ h se>*$ = "s object1 easy to depict1 ! s\nd ( ^: "n resembl$ t ( ku or kul4 ,! ,maya adjective 8fea!r$0 be+ kukum1 ! arti/s evid5tly devis$ ! plan ( repres5t+1 z an effigy ( ! div9ity1 a s]p5t decorat$ ) fea!rs & to ?is simple attempt at repres5t+ ! 8div9e s]p5t0 9 sculpture or pictography is due1 9 my op9ion1 ! orig9 ( ! 8fea!r$ s]p5t0 effigies f\nd 9 ,yucatan & ,mexico1 :i* h s puzzl$ ar*aeologi/s4 ,( ,kukulcan1 ! culture-h]o ( ! ,mayas1 x is rec\nt$ t he _h be5 "o ( f\r bro!rs :o orig9ally rul$ at ,*i*5-,itza1 ov] f\r tribes4 8,^! bro!rs *ose no wives b liv$ *a/ely & rul$ righte\sly1 until1 at a c]ta9 "t1 "o di$ or dep>t$ & two began to act unju/ly & 7 put to dea?4 ,! "o rema9+ 0 ,kukulcan4 ,he appeas$ ! /rife :i* 8 bro!rs' acts _h ar\s$1 direct$ ! m9ds ( ! p to ! arts ( peace & caus$ to be built v>i\s edifices4 ,aft] he _h complet$ 8 "w at ,*i*5-,itza he f\nd$ ! great city ( ,mayapan1 de/9$ to be ! capital ( ! conf$]acy ( ! ,mayas40 7,see ,br9ton1 ,h]o-my?s1 p4 #afb47 ,fri> ,diego de ,l&a relates t ! curr5t op9ion among/ ! ,indians ( ,yucatan 0 t ?is rul] _h gone to ,mexico :]e1 aft] 8 return 7dep>ture87 he 0 nam$ ,cezalc\atl & rev]$ z "o ( _! gods 7,relacion1 ed4 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 p4 #cf74 ,be=e analyz+ ! ,nahuatl r5d]+ ( ,kukulcan's "n ,i w\ld po9t out ! notewor?y co9cid5ce t1 dur+ 8 reign at ,*i*5-,itza & ,mayapan1 he practically unit$ 9 8 p]son & assum$ ! (fices =m]ly fulfill$ by f\r rul]s1 ( :i* he _h be5 only "o4 ,i w\ld1 moreov]1 draw att5tion to ! rem>kable1 sculptur$ columns :i* support ! ma9 portal ( ! ma9 pyramid-temple call$ ,el ,ca/illo at ,*i*5-,itza4 ,^! repres5t gigantic fea!r$ s]p5ts & are figur$ on pl4 ,,xiv ( ,mr4 ,wm4 ,holmes' mo/ in/ructive & useful 8,ar*aeological ,/udies10 ,"p ,i1 8,monum5ts ( ,yucatan40 ,! fea!rs c>v$ on ! massive columns are evid5tly ! preci\s tail fea!rs ( ! quetzal1 :i* h ! peculi>ity ( exhibit+1 accord+ to ! way ! light falls ^u !m1 blue1 r$1 yell[ & gre5 colors--precisely ^? assign$ to ! f\r qu>t]s by ! ,mexicans & = all we "k to ! contr>y1 by ! ,mayas4 ,:e!r ?is fea!r 0 *os5 = ?is peculi>ity or = its beauty only1 z t ) :i* to deck ! effigy ( ! div9ity1 c1 ( c\rse1 only be conjectur$4 ,9 ,mexico numb]less effigies ( fea!r$ s]p5ts exi/4 ,! resemblance ( ! s\nd ( ! ,nahuatl words3 fea!rihuitl1 & heav5 or skyilhui-atl1 %\ld be record$ "h z a possible reason = ! association ( fea!rs ) ! s]p5t & z a means ( convey+ ! idea ( its div9ity4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t quetzal1 ! "n ( ! mo/ preci\s fea!rs ! natives possess$1 resembles 9 s\nd1 ! second "p ( ! ,nahuatl words = flametle-cueal-lotl1 or = 8tongue ( fire0tle-cueal-n5epilli4 ,t ! fea!r$ s]p5t 0 an image ( ! div9ity is f9ally prov51 ,i ?9k1 by ! foll[+ passage f ,sahagun :i* e/abli%es t ! e>lie/ =m1 "u :i* ! div9ity 0 rev]$ by ! ,mexicans1 0 t ( fire3 8,( all ! gods ! mo/ anci5t "o is ! ,god ( ,fire1 :o dwells 9 ! mid/ ( fl[]s1 9 an abode surr\nd$ by f\r walls & is cov]$ ) %9+ fea!rs l w+s0 7op4 cit4 book ,,vi1 *ap4 ,,iv74 ,x is ?us %[n t :il/ ! ^w ihuitlfea!r sugge/$ some?+ div9e1 ! ^w quetzal1 besides be+ ! "n ( a p>ticul> k9d ( fea!r1 convey$ ! idea ( some?+ respl5d5t or %9+ l fire4 ,! "n = s]p5t1 coatl1 signifi$ tw92 ?us !re is a pr(\nd analogy betwe5 ! ,maya & ,mexican symbol1 po9t+1 h[ev]1 to ! ,yucatan =m z ! mo/ anci5t4 ,let u see h[ ! "n ,quetzal-coatl occurs 9 ,mexico4 ,x is giv5 z ! "n ( ! 8supreme god ^: sub/ance 0 z invisible & intangible z air10 b :o 0 also rev]$ z ! god ( fire4 ,! con/ant ref]5ce to air 9 connection ) ! supreme div9ity caus$ him to be also ador$ z ! god ( air & ( ! f\r w9ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! div9e title ( ,quetzal-coatl 0 c>ri$ by ! culture-h]o ^: p]sonality has be5 discuss$ & :o 0 a ,yucatec rul] & high prie/4 ,sahagun 7op4 cit4 book ,,iii1 *ap4 ,,ix7 in=ms u t 8,quequet-zalcoa10 ! plural =m ( ! ^w ,quetzalcoatl1 0 employ$ to designate 8! high prie/s 7else:]e designat$ z ! #8supreme pontiffs'7 :o 7 ! successors ( ,quetzalcoatl40 ,he also /ates t 8! high prie/ ( ! temple 0 ! repres5tative ( ! god ,quetzalcoatl0 7book ,i1 *ap4 #e74 8,! prie/ :o 0 mo/ p]fect 9 8 conduct & 9 wisdom 0 elect$ to be high prie/ & assum$ ! "n ( ,quetzalcoatl4444 ,!re 7 two su* high prie/s equal 9 rank & hon\rs4444 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,quetzalcoatl ,totec ,tlamacazqui1 0 9 ! s]vice ( ,huitzilopo*tli40 ,)\t paus+ "h to analyze ?is title s9ce x w be discuss$ 9 detail 9 ano!r publication ,i w only repeat t1 aft] ye>s ( c>eful rese>*1 ,i h obta9$ ! c]ta9ty t ! =ego+ title & (fice 7 ^? held by ,montezuma at ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,:at is m1 ,i c produce ample evid5ce to prove t he 0 ! liv+ p]sonification ( ,huitzilopo*tli "o ( ! 8div9e tw9s0 & ( ! ,above4 ,he 0 n ! fir/ ,mexican rul] :o _h fill$ ?is exalt$ rle1 = x is record$ t ,axayacatl1 "o ( ,acamapi*tli's successors1 _h repres5t$1 9 life1 8our god ,huitzilopo*tli40 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 effigy 80 fir/ cov]$ ) a f9e robe repres5t+ ,huitzilopo*tli2 ov] ?is 0 hung ! dress ( ,tlaloc 444 ! next g>m5t 0 t ( ,y\alahua ! "l ( ! :eel & ! f\r? 0 t ( ,quetzalcoatl0 7,duran1 vol4 ,i1 *ap4 #ci1 pp4 #cjd & #cjf74 ,let u n[ see h[ ,montezuma's p]sonification ( ,huitzilopo*tli 0 c>ri$ out by 8 life & 8 surr\nd+s4 ,accord+ to ,b]nal ,diaz1 an eye-witness1 :5 ! great ,montezuma came =? 9 /ate to meet ,corts1 he 0 convey$ on a sumptu\s litt]1 be+ ?us rais$ above ! e>?47#f7 ,:5 he desc5d$ f ?is & walk$1 ! gold5 soles ( 8 s&als prev5t$ 8 feet f com+ into direct contact ) ! gr\nd2 he 0 support$1 i4 e4 p>tially held up1 by 8 f\r pr9cipal lords1 & a balda*9 adorn$ ) light gre5i%-blue fea!rs1 gold1 pe>ls & jade repres5t+ ! xox\hqui-ilhuicatl8! v]dant or blue sky0 7:i* 01 by ! way1 a title ( ,huitzilopo*tli71 0 c>ri$ ov] 8 head4 ,o!r lords prec$$ him1 8sweep+ ! gr\nd & spread+ blankets ^u x s t he %\ld n tread ^u ! e>?4 ,all ( ^! lords did n d>e to ?9k ( rais+ _! eyes to look at 8 face--only ! f\r lords1 8 c\s9s1 :o support$ him1 possess$ ?is privilege0 7,b]nal ,diaz1 ,hi/oria ,v]dad]a de la ,conqui/a4 ,madrid1 #afcb1 p4 #fe74 ,a feature1 ! orig9 ( :i* c be directly trac$ back to ! association ( ! />-god1 ,pol>is1 ) repose & immovability1 0 t ,montezuma1 l 8 pr$ecessors1 0 ! only p]son privileg$ to sit on /ate occasions1 on a ?rone or rais$ seat ) a high back & re/ :il/ all o!r individuals /ood or mov$ ab\t him4 ,f sev]al s\rces we "k t ,montezuma habitually wore blue or :ite attire1 :i* sometimes 0 ( op5 network4 ,he employ$ gold1 preci\s blue & gre5 fea!rs1 turquoise1 pe>ls & em]alds = 8 p]sonal ornam5ts4 ,8 diadem ) a high po9t 9 front1 0 incru/$ ) turquoise or 0 made ( burni%$ gold4 ,he sometimes wore a cr[n made ( fea!rwork1 ) a bird's head ( gold above 8 =ehead4 ,8 emblem 0 ! sun1 ! orb ( day1 & he presid$ ov] its cult :i* _h develop$ itself simultane\sly ) ! cult ( ! ,above1 a feature ( :i* 0 ! (f]+ ( 8birds1 butt]flies & fl[]s40 ,sometimes he wore1 8atta*$ to 8 s&als1 small w+s1 nam$ tzi-coyolli1 resembl+ ! w+ ( a bird4 ,^! produc$ a s\nd l t ( t9y gold bells :5 he walk$0 7,tezozomoc1 ,cronica1 p4 #eid74 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 on read+ ! =ego+ descriptions glean$ f ,sahagun's ,hi/oria1 t x w\ld be impossible to c>ry out1 m p]fectly & completely1 ! idea t ,montezuma 0 ! e>?ly repres5tative ( ! ,upp] regions1 ! blue heav54 ,by pu%+ symbolism s f> t he actually wore w+s on 8 feet & avoid$ contact ) ! gr\nd1 x is n surpris+ t ,montezuma's adv]s>ies1 among/ neighbor+ tribes1 %\ld accuse him ( exact+ div9e honors = 8 own p]son4 ,at ! same "t !re is no d\bt t 8 own subjects rev]$ him m]ely z a tempor>y repres5tative & m\?-piece ( ! imp]sonal dual div9ity4 ,?is idea is cle>ly convey$ by "s native h>angues1 to :i* ,i ref] ! read]1 & f :i* ,i extract ! foll[+ passages3 ,aft] 8 election1 ! rul] is solemnly address$ by "o ( ! *ief lords :o says to him3 8,oh6 our humane1 pi\s & belov$ "l1 :o des]ves to be m highly e/eem$ ?an all preci\s /ones & fea!rs1 y are "h pres5t because our sov]eign god has plac$ !e above u z our "l4444 ,y possess ! seat & ?rone :i* 0 giv5 to y\r pr$ecessors by our "l god0 444 8y are ! image ( our "l god & repres5t 8 p]son4 ,he reposes 9 y & he employs y l a flute ?r\gh :i* he speaks & he he>s ) y\r e>s4444 ,oh1 "l k+6 ,god sees :at ! p]sons d :o rule ov] 8 doma9s & :5 !y err 9 _! (fice he laughs at !m1 b 9 sil5ce1 = he is god1 & is omnipot5t & c mock at :om he w4 ,= he holds all ( u 9 ! palm ( 8 h& & rocks u ab\t1 & we are l balls or r\nd globes 9 8 h&s & we g roll+ f "o side to ! o!r & make him laugh1 & he s]ves himself ( u z we g mov+ ab\t on ! palm ( 8 h&60 8,al?\gh ?\ art our neighb\r & fri5d & son & bro!r1 we are no m ?y equals1 nor d we consid] y z a man1 = n[ y h ! p]son1 ! image1 ! conv]sation & ! communion ( our "l god4 ,he speaks inside ( y & in/ructs y & lets himself be he>d ?r\gh y\r m\?--8 tongue is y\r tongue1 & y\r face is 8 face 444 he has adorn$ y ) 8 au?ority & has giv5 y fangs & claws s t y %\ld be fe>$ & rev]5c$ 4440 7,sahagun1 book ,,vi1 *ap4 #aj74 ,! =ego+ figure ( spee* 9 :i* fangs & claws are allud$ to z symbols ( fe>-inspir+ p[] af=ds z valuable an insight into ! native modes ( ?\ght & expression z d ! similes employ$ 9 ! foll[+ address to ! newly-elect$ rul] by ! spokesman ( 8 vassals4 8,oh "l6 may y live _m ye>s to fill y\r (fice prosp]\sly2 submit y\r %\ld]s to ! v heavy & tr\blesome load2 ext5d y\r w+s & brea/ z a %elt] to y\r subjects :om y h to c>ry z a load4 ,oh1 "l6 let y\r t[n & vassals ent] "u y\r %ad[1 = y are unto !m l ! tree nam$ pu*otl or aueuetl1 :i* ca/s a great circle or :eel ( %ade1 "u :i* _m are ga!r$ 9 %elt]0 7op4 cit4 book ,,vi1 *ap4 ,,ii74 ,! admonition also address$ to ! rul]1 8,nev] to laugh & joke aga9 z he _h done previ\sly to 8 election1 & to assume ! he>t ( an old1 grave & sev]e man10 expla9s ! true significance ( ! "n ( ,montezuma or ,mo-tecuh-zoma2 :i* 0 an honorific title lit]ally mean+1 8our angry or wra?y look+ "l40 ,:il/ ! above data e/abli% beyond a d\bt t ! ,mexican ,quetzalcoatl 0 reg>d$ z ! visible repres5tative ( ! cele/ial rul] ( ! univ]se & t div9e honors 7 volunt>ily accord$ to him1 x is int]e/+ to read ,montezuma's explanation to ,corts conc]n+ ?is "q4 ,! latt] writes3 8seat$ on a rais$ seat ,montezuma disc\rs$ z foll[s3 444 #8,i "k t y h be5 told by my enemies t ,i am1 or h made myself a god4'444 ,rais+ 8 robes he %[$ me 8 body say+3 #8,"h y see t ,i am made ( fle% & bone1 l y\rself or l any "o1 & t ,i am mortal & tangible4' ,grasp+ 8 arms & 8 body ) 8 h&s he cont9u$3 #8see h[ !y h l to y4' 0444 7,hi/oria1 ,h]nan ,corts1 ed4 ,lor5zana1 p4 #hb74 ,bett] ?an all diss]tations1 ! above words convey an idea ( ! naf simplicity ( ! man :o utt]$ !m4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ,mr4 ,ad4 ,b&eli]'s /udy1 8,on ! social organization & mode ( gov]nm5t ( ! anci5t ,mexicans10 = fur!r details conc]n+ ! duties respectively fill$ by ,montezuma & 8 coadjutor1 ,i %all only expla9 "h ! conclusion ,i h rea*$ t ! =m] 0 ! high prie/ ( ! cult ( ! sun & heav51 ! visible rul]1 ! w> "l1 & ! adm9i/rator ( ju/ice4 ,z /at$ 9 a native h>angue3 8! supreme "l is l unto ! he>t ( ! population 444 he is aid$ by two s5ators 9 all conc]n+ ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t3 "o ( ^! 0 a #8pilli' & 0 nam$ tlaca-tecuhtli2 ! o!r 0 a w>rior & 0 entitl$ tlaco*-tecuhtli4 ,two o!r *iefta9s aid$ ! supreme "l 9 ! militia3 "o1 entitl$ tlaca-teccatl1 0 a #8pilli' & w>rior2 ! o!r1 nam$ tlaco*-calcatl1 0 n a #8pilli4' ,su* is ! gov]nm5t or adm9i/ration ( ! republic 444 & ^! f\r (fic]s did n occupy ^! positions by inh]itance b by election0 7,sahagun1 book ,,vi1 *ap4 #bj74 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! republic ( ,tlaxcalla ?r[s fur!r light ^u ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica at ! p]iod ( ! ,conque/4 8,! ,capta9s ( ,tlaxcalla1 ea* ( :om _h 8 j portion or numb] ( soldi]s 444 divid$ _! soldi]s into f\r ,battails1 ! "o to ,tepeticpac1 ano!r to ,oco-telulco1 ! ?ird to ,tizatlan & ! f\r? to ,quiahuiztlan1 t is to say1 ! m5 ( ! ,m\nta9s1 ! m5 ( ! ,limepits1 ! m5 ( ! ,p9etrees1 & ! ,wat]m52 all ^! f\r sorts ( m5 did make ! body ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,tlaxcallan1 & comm&$ bo? 9 ,peace & ,w> 444 ,! ,g5]al ( all ! :ole army 0 call$ ,xico-t5catl1 :o 0 ( ! ,limepits 444 ! ,lieut5ant ,g5]al 0 ,maxix-catz944440 7,a new survey ( ! ,we/-,indies 444 ,?omas ,gage1 ,london1 #afee1 p4 #ca74 ,9 ,mexico we f9d t ! f\r executive (fic]s 7 ! *iefs or repres5tatives ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! ,city ( ,mexico4 ,9 ea* ( ^! qu>t]s !re 0 a place :]e p]iodical (f]+s 7 made 9 rev]5ce ( "o ( ! signs3 acatl1 tecpatl1 callii & to*tli1 :i* 7 ! symbols ( ! c>d9al-po9ts1 ! elem5ts1 & s]v$ z day & ye> signs 9 ! cal5d> 7,sahagun1 book ,,ii1 *ap4 #bf74 ,an int]e/+ indication t ! entire dom9ion ( ,mexico 0 also divid$ into f\r equal qu>t]s1 ! rule adm9i/ration ( :i* 0 att5d$ to by f\r lords1 inhabit+ t[ns situat$ )9 a comp>atively %ort di/ance f ! capital1 is furni%$ by ,b]nal ,diaz 7op4 cit4 p4 #fe74 ,he relates t ! f\r lords :o support$ ,montezuma :5 he walk$ 9 /ate to meet ,corts 7 ! lords ( ,texcoco1 ,iztapalapa1 ,tacuba & ,coyoacan4 ,^! t[ns1 :i* 7 m9or c5tres ( gov]nm5t1 7 respectively situat$ at unequal di/ances to ! nor!a/1 s\!a/1 nor?we/ & s\?we/ ( ! capital4 ,^! facts & ! k t 8all lords1 9 life1 repres5t$ a god0 ju/ify ! inf]5ce t1 j z ,montezuma repres5t$ ! c5tral p[] ( ! ,above or ,heav51 ! f\r lords :o accompani$ him 7 ! p]sonifi$ rul]s ( ! f\r qu>t]s1 associat$ ) ! elem5ts4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico & ,maya records ! gods ( ! f\r qu>t]s1 also nam$ 8! f\r pr9cipal & mo/ anci5t ,gods0 are designat$ z 8! su/a9]s ( ! ,heav50 & x _c be d5i$ t1 on ! solemn occasion describ$1 ! f\r lords actually fulfill$ ! symbolical (fice ( support+ ,montezuma1 ! p]sonification ( ! ,heav54 ,?is /rik+ illu/ration is b "o ( a numb] ,i c\ld cite 9 pro( ( ! deeply +ra9$ m5tal habit ( ! native sages to introduce1 into e detail ( _! life1 ! symbolism ( ! ,c5tre1 ! ,above & ,bel[ & ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s4 ,i %all b m5tion "h t x c be prov5 h[1 9 _! respective cities ! lords ( ! c>d9al po9ts 7 c5tral rul]s :o1 9 turn1 direct$ ! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t by means ( f\r dignit>ies4 ,ea* ( ^! 0 also ! embodim5t ( a div9e attribute or pr9ciple1 8,all noblem5 did repres5t idols & c>ri$ ! "n ( "o0 7,aco/a1 ,naturall & ,morall ,hi/orie1 lib4 #e1 p4 #cdi74 ,ea* wore a special k9d ( symbolical co/ume & 0 ! rul] or 8advocate10 z he is t]m$1 ( a di/9ct class ( p4 8,= to ea* k9d or class ( p]sons !y gave a ,teotl ,god or ,"l z an advocate4 ,:5 a p]son di$ & 0 ab\t to be buri$1 !y clo!d him ) ! div]se ,insignia ( ! god to :om he belong$0 7,m5dieta lib4 ,,ii1 *ap4 #dj74 ,x be+ e/abli%$ t ea* ( ! f\r ye>-symbols1 acatl1 tecpatl1 calli & to*tli1 rul$ f\r m9or symbols1 x seems evid5t t1 j z ! f\r lords ( ! c>d9al-po9ts w\ld correspond to ! above symbols1 ea* ( ! m9or lords & ! category ( p !y repres5t$ w\ld also be associat$ ) ! m9or symbols4 ,! obvi\s result ( ?is classification w\ld be ! division ( ! entire population ( ! commonweal? into #debj categories ( p1 gr\p$ "u tw5ty local & f\r c5tral gov]nm5ts1 ^: repres5tatives 9 turn 7 "u ! rule ( ! supreme c5tral dual p[]s4 ,hav+ ?us sket*$1 9 a brief & prelim9>y way1 ! expansion ( ! idea ( divid+ all ?+s into f\r p>ts1 ! bud ( :i* 0 ! swa/ika1 let u exam9e ! ,mexican application ( ! idea ( duality1 paus+ fir/ to review ! data relat+ to ! ,cihuacoatl1 ! p]sonification ( ! ,e>?1 ! ,bel[ & ! coadjutor ( ,montezuma4 ,no?+ has be5 def9itely record$ ab\t 8 p]sonality1 = he seems to h liv$ 9 absolute seclusion dur+ ! fir/ occupation ( ,mexico by ! ,spani>ds4 ,he is frequ5tly allud$ to1 h[ev]1 & ,corts1 ,h]r]a1 ,torquemada & o!rs1 in=m u t he _h act$ z ,montezuma's sub/itute & l$ ! native troops aga9/ ! ,spani>ds4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t aft] ! ,conque/ ,corts appo9t$ him z gov]nor ( ! ,city ( ,mexico4 8,i gave him ! *>ge ( re-peopl+ ! capital & 9 ord] to inve/ him ) great] au?ority1 ,i re9/at$ him 9 ! same position1 t ( ,cihuacoatl1 :i* he _h held 9 ! "t ( ,montezuma0 7,c>ta ,cu>ta1 ,veytia ,i1 p4 #aaj74 ,q indirectly1 x is possible to le>n :at sort ( milit>y equipm5t _h be5 adopt$ by ! ,cihuacoatl :5 he act$ z w>-*ief4 ,among/ c]ta9 pres5ts1 :i* 7 s5t by ,corts to ,*>les ,v & are m9utely describ$ 9 vol4 ,,xii ( ! 8,docum5tas in$itas del ,ar*ivio de ,indias10 p4 #cdg1 !re are sev]al suits ( armor1 :i* c\ld only h be5 appropriately worn by ! 8woman s]p5t40 ,"o suit consi/$ ( a 8corselet ) plates ( gold & ) woman's brea/s0 & a skirt ) blue b&s4 ,ano!r suit1 in/ead ( ! brea/s1 exhibit$ a great w\nd 9 ! *e/1 l t ( a p]son :o _h be5 sacrific$4 ,9 ano!r li/ 7by ,diego de ,soto1 p4 #cdi7 a %ield is describ$ 8:i* display$ a sacrific$ man1 9 gold1 ) a gap+ w\nd 9 8 brea/1 f :i* blood 0 /ream+44440 ,x is obvi\s t ! fir/ ( ^! suits ( armor convey$ figuratively ! "n & ! second ! (fice ( ! ,cihuacoatl ( :om ,duran speaks z foll[s3 8,he ^: (fice x 0 to p]=m ! rite ( kill+ ! victim 0 rev]$ z ! supreme pontiff & 8 "n or title & pontifical robes v>i$ accord+ to ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye> & ! c]emonies :i* he _h to p]=m4 ,on ! pres5t occasion 8 title 0 ,topiltz91 "o ( ! names ( ! great "l 444 7,quetzalcoatl7 & he appe>$ c>ry+ a l>ge fl9t knife 9 8 h& 4440 7op4 cit41 *ap4 ,,lxxxi74 ,! foll[+ passage %[s def9itely t ,montezuma's coadjutor1 8 ,quetzalcoatl or div9e tw91 _h an equal %>e ( div9e honors accord$ to him4 8,! head prie/ ( ! temple1 nam$ ,quetzalcoatl1 nev] came out ( ! temple or ent]$ into any h\se :atev]1 because he 0 v v5]able & v grave & 0 e/eem$ z a god4 ,he only w5t into ! royal palace0 7,sahagun1 book ,,vi1 *ap4 #ci74 ,! same au?ority designates ! second 8div9e tw90 z ! ,tlalocan-tlamacazqui or1 ,tlalocan-tl5amacac & /ates t he s]v$ ! ,tlalocan-tecuhtli4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 let u pause & inquire into ! reason :y ! "n ,tlaloc1 :i* is =m$ ( tlallie>? & is def9$ by ,duran1 = in/ance1 z mean+ 8an und]gr\nd passage or a great cave0 7op4 cit41 *ap4 #hd71 %\ld be ! well-kn[n title ( ! 8god ( ra940 ,! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! text ( ! ,vatican ,codex1 ,a4 ,k+sbor\gh1 ,v1 p4 #aij4 ,?is tea*es u t ! la/ syllable ( ! "n ,tlaloc does n repres5t ocinside (1 b /&s = octli1 ! "n ( ! native w9e n[ kn[n z pulque1 :i* is obta9$ f ! agave plant4 ,tlaloc ?us meant 8e>?-w9e0 & 8by ?is metaphor !y want$ to express t j z ! fumes ( w9e make mank9d gay & happy1 s ! e>? :5 saturat$ ) wat]1 is gay & fre% & produces its fruits & c]eals40 ,by ! light ( ?is explanation we see t ! titles conf]r$ ^u ,montezuma's coadjutor 7 lit]ally 8! prie/ or "l1 or deal]-(-fire 9 ! place ( ! e>?-w9e40 8,! cl\ds1 ra91 ?und] & lightn+ 7 attribut$ to ! "l ,tlaloc :o _h _m tlalocs & prie/s "u him1 :o cultivat$ all foods necess>y = ! body1 su* z maize1 beans1 etc41 & s5t ! ra9s s t ! e>? %\ld give bir? to all ( its products4 ,dur+ _! fe/ival 9 spr+time ! prie/s w5t ?r\gh ! /reets danc+ & s++ & c>ry+ a %oot ( gre5 maize 9 "o h& & a pot ) a h&le 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ?is way !y w5t ask+ = ! c]emonial boil$ maize & all fann]s gave !m "s0 444 7,sahagun1 book ,,vi1 *ap4 #e74 ,! above & _m scatt]$ allusions ?r[ light ^u ! gr\p ( ideas associat$ ) ! ,cihuacoatl & cle>ly indicate :at 7 8 duties4 ,to him devolv$ ! c>e ( ! e>? & 8 "o ?\ght 0 to secure abundance ( ra9 & ( crops4 ,9 ord] to ensure ! prop] cultivation ( ! gr\nd1 he _h1 "u him1 innum]able ag5ts1 :o /rictly sup]9t5d$ ! cultivation ( all food-plants1 ! irrigation ( b>r5 lauds1 etc4 ,^! ag5ts1 :o also resort$ to c]emonial usages 9 ord] to br+ ra9 or av]t hail-/orms & o!r disa/]s1 7 collectively nam$ 8! #djj pulque or octli-gods0--an appellation :i* develop$ into to*tli-gods1 :5 ! rabbit 7to*tli7 _h become ! pictograph habitually employ$ to convey ! s\nd ( ! ^w octli1 & _h be5 adopt$ z ! symbol ( ! e>? & ( prolific reproduction 9 connection ) ?is4 ,! latt] idea is born out ( ! female title1 t ( ! e>?-"m1 :o 8always br\ght =? tw9s40 ,! ,cihuacoatl ?us /&s out z ! repres5tative ( ! b\ntiful "m-e>? & z ! "l ( agriculture1 "o ( ^: duties 0 ! c>eful collection1 /orage & di/ribution ( all food products4 ,he presid$ ov] ! cult ( ! f]tility ( ! e>?1 ( ! nocturnal heav51 ( ! />s & moon1 :i* 7 associat$ ) ! female pr9ciple & ) gr[? 9 g5]al4 ,! foll[+ record proves t among/ 8 o!r duties he (f]$ sacrifices to ! invisible hidd5 p[]s ( d>kness & e>?4 8,dur+ ! night1 9 ! fea/ ,tititl1 ! high prie/ nam$ ,tlillan tl5amacac ! deal] ) fire 9 ! l& ( d>knesstlilliblack1 evid5tly a title analog\s to t ( ,tlill-potonqui-cihuacoatl1 giv5 by ,tezozomoc1 9 ,cronica1 *ap4 #cc1 sacrific$ a victim 9 hon\r ( ! god ( ! ,und]world0 7,sahagun1 book ,,ii1 app5dix74 ,9 ?is1 z on simil> occasions1 he 0 assi/$ by f\r prie/s :o succe$$ him 9 rank4 ,mr4 ,b&eli] has already recogniz$ t judicial s5t5ces 7 ultimately ref]r$ to ! 8woman-s]p5t10 :o pron\nc$ ! 8f9al s5t5ce1 :i* admitt$ ( no appeal40 ,!re are m reasons ?an c conv5i5tly be pres5t$ "h1 prov+ t 9 ,mexico1 z 9 ,guatemala1 ! prie/ ( ! ,bel[1 ! p]sonification ( ,tezcatli-poca,%9+ ,mirror1 employ$ an actual mirror made ( poli%$ obsidian1 z an aid 9 pron\nc+ f9al judgm5t on crim9als4 ,! ,cak*iquel proc$ure is describ$ by ,fu5tes ( ,guzman1 :o is quot$ by ,dr4 ,otto ,/oll 9 8 mo/ in/ructive & valuable "w on ! ,e?nology ( ! ,indian ,tribes ( ,guatemala 7,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 b& ,i1 supplem5t ,i1 #ahhh73 8,a road leads f ! anci5t city ( ,guatemala to a hill figur$ ) a l>ge tree gr[+ f x2 on its top !re is a flat circul> cem5t floor1 enclos$ by a l[ wall4 ,9 ! c5tre is a p$e/al1 poli%$ & %9+ l glass4 ,no "o kn[s ( :at sub/ance x is made4 ,?is 0 ! tribunal or c\rt ( ! ,cak*iquel ,indians1 :]e public trials 7 held & :]e ! s5t5ces 7 execut$4 ,! judges sat 9 a circle on ! l[ wall4 ,aft] ! s5t5ce _h be5 pron\nc$1 x _h to be confirm$ or veto$ by ano!r au?ority4 ,?ree mess5g]s1 act+ z deputies ( ! c\ncil1 w5t to a deep rav9e situat$ to ! nor? ( ! palace1 :]e1 9 a sort ( h]mitage or pray]-h\se1 !re 0 ! oracle ( ! devil1 :i* 0 a black1 transp>5t /one1 l glass1 b m co/ly ?an ord9>y obsidian4 ,9 ?is /one ! devil reveal$ to ! mess5g]s1 ! s5t5ce to be execut$4 ,if x agre$ ) ! judgm5t pron\nc$1 ?is 0 imm$iately execut$ ^u ! c5tral p$e/al ( ! hill ( ju/ice on :i* ! crim9al 0 also tortur$1 at times40 ,if no?+ 0 se5 9 ! mirror1 & x gave no sign1 ! prison] 0 pron\nc$ free4 ,?is oracle 0 also consult$ be=e w>s 7 und]tak5 444 8,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,spani% occupation1 :5 ! bi%op ,m>roqu9 he>d ab\t ?is /one1 he _h x cut out & consecrat$ x z an alt>1 :i* is /ill 9 use 9 ! conv5t ( ,san ,francisco 9 ! capital4 ,x is a preci\s /one ( great beauty & is half a v>a long40 ,a picture 9 ! ,vatican ,codex ,b 7p4 #dh7 repres5ts a temple1 on ! summit ( :i* a l>ge obsidian mirror is /&+ on its edge4 ,inside ! doorway !re are _m small black spots1 :i* obvi\sly repres5t small mirrors & convey ! idea t ! int]ior walls 7 incru/$ ) su*4 ,^! illu/rations w\ld prove t sacr$ edifices 7 associat$ ) obsidian mirrors ev5 if ,sahagun did n m5tion1 z he does 7book ,,ii1 app5dix71 no less ?an ?ree sacr$ edifices 9 ! great temple ( ,mexico1 :i* 7 associat$ ) obsidian mirrors4 ,x is1 moreov]1 /at$ by ,duran t 89 ,mexico ! image ( ! god ,tezcatlipoca 0 a /one1 :i* 0 v %9+ & black1 l jet4 ,x 0 ( ! same /one ( :i* ! natives make razors & knives10 i4 e41 obsidian 7,duran ,,ii1 p4 #ih74 ,:at is m1 ,b]nal ,diaz relates t ! image ( ,tezcatlipoca1 :i* he saw beside ! idol ( ,huitzilopo*tli 9 ! hall ( ! great temple ( ,mexico1 _h %9+ eyes :i* 7 made ( ! native mirrorstezcatl4 8,9 connection ) ! %9+ eyes0 ( ! god x is int]e/+ to note t :51 z ,duran /ates1 he 0 repres5t$ "u ano!r =m1 8 idol 8c>ri$ 9 its h& a sort ( fan made ( preci\s fea!rs4 ,^! surm\nt$ a circul> gold disc :i* 0 v brilliant & poli%$ l a mirror4 ,?is meant t1 9 ?is mirror1 he saw all t w5t on 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! native language !y nam$ x #8itla*iayan1' :i* means1 t 9 :i* he looks or sees0 7,duran1 op4 cit41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ii74 ,sahagun m5tions an analog\s sceptre :i* consi/$ ( 8a gold disc pi]c$ 9 ! c5tre1 & surm\nt$ by two balls1 ! upp] & small] ( :i* support$ a po9t$ object4 ,?is sceptre 0 call$ tla*ieloni1 :i* means #8t ?r\gh :i* "o looks or obs]ves2' because ) x "o cov]$ or hid "o's face & look$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! middle ( ! gold plate40 ,?is k9d ( sceptre is n exclusively associat$ ) ,tezcatlipoca 9 ! native picture writ+s1 = x figures 9 ! h& ( ,*al*iuhtlycue 8! si/]0 ( ,tlaloc & ( ,omacatl ^: attributes1 ! re$s & *al*iuite or jade beads1 prove him to be also associat$ ) ! wat]4 ,on ! o!r h& ! same sceptre is also assign$ by ,sahagun to ! god ( fire4 ,a clue to ! tru? & significance ( ?is emblematic sceptre is furni%$ by ! fact t1 9 ord] to express ! div9e title ,tla*iuale1 mean+ 8! ,mak] or ,"l ( all creatures or ( "y life10 ! native scribes 7 naturally oblig$ to employ ! v]b tla*iato look or see1 9 ord] to convey its s\nd4 ,x is obvi\s t !y clev]ly agre$ to express ?is v]b by pictur+ "s object :i* c\ld be or 0 look$ ?r\gh4 ,!y !re=e adopt$ a sceptre ) a holl[ disc1 z an emblem1 :i* 0 c>ri$ by ! liv+ repres5tative ( c]ta9 div9ities1 ^: entire co/ume 0 9 reality a sort ( rebus1 & 9 ! case ( ,tlaloc1 ! "l ( e>?w9e & f]tility & ! ,tla*iuale or 8,creator ( "y life10 p> excell5ce1 !y once & = all designat$ 8 title by surr\nd+ 8 eyes ) two blue r+s1 acc5tuat+ !reby ! action ( see+ or look+4 ,b ?is probably convey$ ev5 m ?an ! above title1 = !re is a ,nahuatl n\n tla*iuhtli1 :i* means1 8some?+ made or =m$ or eng5d]$10 or 8e>? :i* is pl\gh$ & s[n40 ,!n !re is ! v]b tla*ipaua :i* means1 8! smile ( dawn1 ! break ( day1 ! cle>+ up ( ! wea!r10 also ! purification & cleans+1 all ( :i* 7 suppos$ to be "u ! dom9ion ( ! ra9-god & ( 8 liv+ repres5tatives on e>?1 ! ra9-prie/s4 ,! seem+ly conflict+ fact t ! tla*ieloni sceptre 0 also assign$ to ! god ( fire is expla9$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! v]b tia*9oato burn up ! fields or =e/s1 & ( ! n\n tla*i-noliztli! act ( burn+ up or scor*+ ! fields or =e/s1 & f9ally1 metaphorically1 tla*9oli-teuotlw> or battlede/ruction4 ,x is only :5 we ?us realize all ! natives c\ld express by ! image ( an eye1 look+ ?r\gh a circle1 t we beg9 to grasp its full mean+ :5 employ$ z a symbol 9 _! picture writ+s4 ,z to ! obsidian mirror1 :i* und\bt$ly 0 ! symbol ( ,tezcatlipoca &1 consequ5tly1 mu/ h p]ta9$ to 8 repres5tative1 ! prie/ ( ! ,night1 we f9d t x play$ a mo/ prom95t rle 9 ! cult he presid$ ov]4 ,9 ! fir/ case x appe>s z ?\gh x 0 resort$ to 9 ,mexico z 9 ! conqu]$ prov9ce ( ,guatemala1 z ! oracle :i* r5d]$ f9al judgm5t4 ,a s]ies ( illu/rations1 etc41 to be publi%$ 9 my f9al "w on ! ,cal5d> ,sy/em1 w prove satisfactorily t ! ,mexican a/ronom]s ext5sively employ$ black obsidian mirrors z an aid to a/ronomical obs]vations1 by means ( reflection4 ,besides mirrors on ! summits ( temples & m\nta9s1 c]ta9 squ>e columns1 plac$ on an elevation & fac$ ) a broad b& ( poli%$ obsidian1 are pictur$ 9 "s ,codices4 ,x is obvi\s t ! latt] 9 p>ticul>1 if c>efully ori5t$1 w\ld h s]v$ z an admirable means ( regi/]+ ! p]iodical return ( planets1 />s or con/ellations to c]ta9 positions2 !y w\ld !n be reflect$ on ! poli%$ surface1 z 9 a frame4 ,9 c]ta9 ,codices ! d\ble1 tau-%ap$ c\rty>d or enclosure surr\nd$ by a high wall ) battlem5ts1 :i* 0 employ$ 9 ! daytime = ! national game ( ball1 figures 9 comb9ation ) obsidian mirrors4 ,i draw att5tion to ! fact t ! "n ( ^! c\rty>ds 0 tla*-tli1 :i* lit]ally means ! look+ place! obs]vatory & t1 among/ ! edifices ( ! great temple1 a tezca-tla*tliobsidian-mirror-obs]vatory1 is describ$4 ,i %all demon/rate m fully1 on ano!r occasion1 t ! *ief purpose ( ^! enclosures 0 to s]ve z a/ronomical obs]vatories4 ,dr4 ,br9ton1 ,seor ,troncoso & o!r au?orities h already obs]v$ t ! game ( ball itself 0 int5d$ to repres5t ! idea ( ! p]petual motion ( ! heav5ly bodies4 7,see ,am]ican ,h]o-my?s1 p4 #aai47 ,return+ to rexam9e ! div9e title ,tezcatlipoca we see t1 :5 int]pret$ z 8! "l ( ! %9+ obsidian mirror10 x 0 ! mo/ appropriate title ( ! "l ( ! ,nocturnal ,heav51 :i* myriads ( mirrors reflect$ ea* night1 ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! habit ( ref]r+ to ! ,temple ,m9or1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! positions ( ! />s1 w\ld naturally lead to its be+ consult$ m ext5sively z an oracle lat] on4 ,we ?us cle>ly p]ceive h[ ! "l ( ! ,night1 ^: prie/s call$ !mselves 8! sons ( ! ,night10 became intimately associat$ ) div9ation & h[ ! idea ( a def9ite connection betwe5 ! movem5ts ( ! />s or human de/9ies w\ld1 9 ! lapse ( c5turies1 make a deep & indelible impression ^u ! m9ds ( m54 ,if ! obsidian mirror 0 ! symbol1 p> excell5ce1 ( ,mexican /> cult1 !re are evid5ces t ! small mirror ( poli%$ pyrites 0 t ( ! sun-cult4 ,! latt] seems to h be5 employ$1 9 "s way or o!r1 = ! conc5tration ( ! rays ( ! sun requir$ = ! light+ ( ! sacr$ fire1 at noon1 on ! days ( ! v]nal equ9ox & summ] sol/ice4 ,z 9 ,p]u1 ?is duty devolv$ ^u ! high prie/ ( ! ,above or ! ,son ( ! ,sun1 a title :i* und\bt$ly p]ta9$ also to ! ,mexican rul]1 ?\gh n employ$ s o/5tati\sly z 9 ,p]u4 ,a ke5 emulation1 :i* may almo/ be t]m$ an int5se rivalry1 seems to h exi/$ betwe5 ! two cults1 :i* ,sahagun ev5 goes s f> z to designate z two religions4 ,f a *apt] ( 8 ,hi/oria we ev5 le>n t ! entire population ( ,mexico 0 divid$ into two halves :o respectively belong$ to "o or ! o!r religion1 a fact :i* naturally affect$ ! position ( ! two classes ( p & _h creat$ ! native ideas1 ( an upp] & a l[] class or ca/e :i* w be fur!r discuss$4 ,sahagun's in=mants expla9$ to him t1 :5 a *ild 0 born1 its p>5ts1 accord+ to _! class1 regi/]$ x at "o ( ! two educational e/abli%m5ts = ! "y & took v[s to h x educat$ !re z soon z x atta9$ a suitable age4 ,! l[] class took _! (fspr+ to ! ,telpu*calli1 :]e !y 7 d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! community & to w>f>e1 i4 e41 ! rul+ class4 8,! #8,lords1 *iefta9s or eld]s1' (f]$ _! sons to ! ,calmecac to be educat$ = ! prie/hood40 ,x be+ impossible to pres5t "h 9 full ! data %[+ h[ c]ta9 primitive conceptions _h develop$ fur!r & h[ "s human occupations _h become associat$ ) ! ,above & o!rs ) ! ,bel[1 ,i w b po9t out ! important fact t ! city ( ,mexico1 divid$ into f\r qu>t]s1 ea* ( :i* _h five subdivisions 7calpullis71 actually consi/$ ( two di/9ct p>ts4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,mexico prop]1 :]e ! ,great ,temple /ood & :]e ,montezuma & ! lords resid$2 ! o!r 0 ,tlatelolco1 :]e ! l[] classes dwelt & ! m]*ant class prevail$4 ,aft] a c]ta9 revolt ! inhabitants ( ?is portion ( ! city 71 we are told1 8degrad$ to ! rank ( wom50 7see ,b&eli]1 op4 et loc4 cit474 ,f ?is x w\ld seem evid5t t _! affairs or lawsuits 7 settl$ 9 ! (ficial h\se nam$ ! ,cihua-tecpaneca1 :il/ ! affairs ( ! nobility1 resid+ 9 ,mexico prop]1 7 dispos$ ( 9 ! ,tlaca-tecpaneca 7see ,duran1 *ap4 #c74 ,k ( ! preval5ce ( ! division ( ! population into two p>ts is ga9$ ?r\gh a passage ( ,ixtl-ilxo-*itl's ,hi/oria 7*ap4 ,,xxxv1 p4 #bda73 8,to ,quetzalmemalitz9 0 giv5 ! lord%ip ( ,teotihuacan 444 ) ! title ( ,capta9-g5]al ( ! dom9ion ( ! noblem54 ,all affairs or lawsuits ( ! lords & ! nobility belong+ to ! t[ns ( ! prov9ces situat$ 9 ! pla91 7 to be att5d$ to & settl$ 9 8 t[n4 ,! same title 0 be/[$ ^u ,que*altecpantz9 ( ,otompan1 ) ! diff]5ce t he 0 ! capta9-g5]al ( ! common]s & att5d$ to ! affairs & claims ( ! common]s & populace ( ! prov9ces 9 ! pla9s40 ,a fur!r detail conc]n+ ! position ( ! anci5t capital ( ,mexico %\ld n be omitt$1 = x is describ$ z foll[s by ! ,engli% fri> ,?omas ,gage1 :o visit$ x 9 #afbe3 8,! situation ( ?is city is mu* l t ( ,v5ice1 b only diff]s 9 ?is1 t ,v5ice is built ^u ! sea-wat]1 & ,mexico ^u a lake1 :i* seem+ "o is inde$ two2 "o "p :]e( is /&+ wat]1 ! o!r ebbe? & fl[e? accord+ to ! w9d t bl[e?4 ,t "p :i* /&e? is :olesome1 good & sweet1 & yielde? /ore ( small fi%4 ,t "p :i* ebbe? & fl[e? is a salti% bitt] & pe/if]\s wat]1 yield+ no k9d ( fi%1 small or great0 7p4 #dc74 ,add$ to o!r data1 ?is detail seems to indicate t ! geographical position ( ! capital _h be5 *os5 ) utmo/ c>e & pr(\nd ?\ght1 s t1 built on a dual isl& on a dual lake1 x %\ld be 9 itself an image or illu/ration ( ! ideas ( organization :i* ,i h %[n to h dom9at$ ! entire native civilization4 ,if x be admitt$1 z ,i ?9k is evid5t1 t ! site ( ! capital 0 *os5 & mapp$ out 9 accordance ) ^! ideas1 !n we und\bt$ly h1 9 anci5t ,mexico1 n only "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 8,holy ,cities0 ev] built by mank9d1 b also ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( ! great antiquity & high developm5t ( ! civilization "u ^: influ5ce "o ( ! greate/ capitals ( anci5t ,am]ica 0 f\nd$4 ,x is impossible to read ! foll[+ descriptions )\t recogniz+ t ! id5tical fundam5tal ideas _h und\bt$ly det]m9$ ! native topography ( capitals situat$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,beg9n+ ) ,guatemala1 :i* =m$ a "p ( anci5t ,mexico1 ,i ref] to ! plan ( ! anci5t capital & its description by ,fu5tes ( ,guzman1 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,otto ,/oll 9 8 "w already cit$3 8,a deep dit*1 runn+ f nor? to s\?1 divid$ ! t[n into two portions4 ,"o ( ^!1 situat$ to ! ea/1 0 inhabit$ by ! nobility2 :il/ ! common]s 7,macehuales7 liv$ 9 ! we/]n division40 ,i pause "h to call att5tion to ! int5tional co9cid5ce t ! association ( ! ea/ ) ! ,above1 & ! we/ ) ! ,bel[1 is exemplifi$ "h1 topographically4 ,! plan %[s t ! ea/]n half conta9$1 9 its c5tre1 a great1 oblong enclosure1 surr\nd$ by a high wall4 ,a wall1 runn+ f ea/ to we/1 divid$ ?is enclosure into two di/9ct c\rty>ds ) wide sep>ate entrances f ! we/4 ,! nor!rn c\rty>d1 designat$ z ! 8,place ( ! ,palace10 conta9s sev]al build+s4 ,! s\!rn "o1 nam$ ! 8,place ( ! ,temple10 conta9s an edifice on a t]rac$ m\nd & sev]al o!rs4 ,x is noticeable t1 9 ! exact middle ( ! c5tral wall1 !re is a seem+ly d\ble1 un=tunately indi/+ui%able object1 or build+1 :i* m>ks ! exact middle ( ! entire dual enclosure4 ,x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ t ! ,ea/ ,city is divid$ into two portions by a wall runn+ f ! s\!a/ angle ( ! wall ( ! ,temple c\rty>d to ! out] wall ( ! city4 ,! s\!rn half1 9 :i* ! 8,tribunal or hill ( ju/ice is to be se51 is designat$ z conta9+ ! h\ses ( ! ,ahauas or heads ( ! ,calpuls40 ,! nor!rn half1 conta9+ _m h\ses1 lacks designation4 ,! ,we/ city is likewise divid$ into two di/9ct portions by a broad /reet1 enclos$ by a hill wall & conduct+ f ! we/]n & only entrance to ! city directly to ! ,place ( ! ,temple4 ,a deep tr5* or dit* encloses ! entire city1 :il/ n9e wat*-t[]s1 on small hills1 are plac$ at equal di/ances ar\nd x4 ,if ?is preci\s docum5t cle>ly reveals ! gr\nd plan on :i* ! native capitals 7 built1 9 accordance ) ! dom9ant idea1 ! foll[+ native map %[s t ! anci5t dom9ion ( ,yucatan1 = in/ance1 0 figur$ z an integral :ole ) =m ( a flat disc divid$ into f\r qu>t]s1 ,ho1 ! mod]n ,m]ida1 9 its c5tre4 ,?is map1 copi$ f ! native ,codex ,*umazel1 has be5 publi%$ by ,seor ,cresc5cio ,c>illo ( ,ancona 9 ! ,anales del ,museo ,nacional de ,mexico1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dc1 z %[+ ! t]ritorial division ( ,yucatan be=e ! ,conque/ 7fig4 #bg74 ,accord+ to ,h]r]a & ,diego de ,l&a1 ! unity ( ! dom9ion 0 de/roy$ ab\t two c5turies be=e ! ,conque/ by ! de/ruction ( ! capital1 ,mayapan4 ,! l& !n rema9$ divid$ among/ _m indep5d5t *iefs or ,bacabs4 ,seor ,c>illo r5d]s ! ,maya descriptive text writt5 "u ! map1 z foll[s3 8,"h is ,mani4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! l&1 or its entrance1 is ,campe*e4 ,! extremity ( ! w+ ( ! l& is ,calk9i2 ! 7*un7 place :]e ! w+ gr[s or beg9s1 is ,izamal4 ,! half ( ! w+ is ,zaci2 ! tip ( ! w+ is ,cumkal4 ,! head ( ! l& is ! city1 ! capital ,ho40 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #bg4 ,! =ego+ text %[s t1 not)/&+ ! circul> %ape 9 :i* x is figur$1 ! dom9ion 0 evid5tly ?\ght ( z 9 ! =m ( a bird1 ! head ( :i* 0 ! capital4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #bh4 ,?is figure ( spee* seems to h be5 preval5t 9 ,mexico also & to be convey$ by ! repres5tation1 9 ! ,vi5na ,codex1 ( a d\ble tau-%ape to :i* ! head1 w+s & claw1 & tail ( a quetzal are atta*$ 7fig4 #bh1 no4 #h74 ,z ,i %all h occasion to demon/rate fur!r on1 ! d\ble tau signifies ! ,above & ! ,bel[ & _! union =m+ an integral :ole4 ,! foll[+ ,nahuatl t]ms expla9 by !mselves ! symbolism ( ! bird-figure3 cuitlapilli! tail ( an animal or bird1 atlapalli! w+s ( a bird1 or ! leaves ( a tree1 cuitlapalli atlapallivassals1 ! populace or l[] classes1 ! labor]s4 ,^! words furni% irrefutable evid5ce t ! l[] class 0 famili>ly kn[n 9 ,mexico z 8! w+s & ! tail0 ( ! commonweal? or /ate1 or ! leaves 8on ! trees0 ( ! tribe4 ,sahagun /ates1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! ,mexicans employ$ ! metaphor ( 8a bird ) w+s & a tail0 to designate a "l1 gov]nor or rul]4 ,he also records t ! t]ms hair1 nails1 a ?orn1 a sp9e1 be>d & eyela%es1 7 us$ to signify 8someone :o 0 noble1 g5]\s or ( ! l9eage ( ! lords40 ,su* metaphors z ^! may well cause u to despair at arriv+ at a complete und]/&+ ( ! native imag]y & symbolism4 ,! symbolism ( ! bird's claw yet rema9s to be look$ into4 ,! ,nahuatl = ! same is xo-maxaltic1 xo-tzayanqui or *o-*olli4 ,9 "o ( ! anci5t ,mexican h>angues1 previ\sly quot$1 x is said ( ! supreme rul] t he _h be5 giv5 8fangs & nails0 9 ord] to inspire fe> & rev]5ce4 ,scatt]$ evid5ce & ! fact t 9 ! ,codex ,m5doza ! decorat$ claws ( an eagle1 = in/ance1 appe> z a milit>y device on ! %ields ( c]ta9 w> *iefs1 seem to indicate t ! w>riors 7 spok5 (1 metaphorically1 z 8! claws or nails0 ( ! /ate4 ,! foll[+ passage f9ally proves t ! tla*tli or c\rty>d ! %ape ( :i* 0 a d\ble tau1 z 9 fig4 #bh1 no4 #h1 0 reg>d$ by ! ,mexicans z an image ( ! /ate itself4 ,9 ano!r native h>angue x 0 said ( ! newly-elect$ rul]3 8,he is n[ plac$ or put into ! ,tla*tli1 he has be5 inve/$ ) ! lea!rn gloves1 s t he c gov]n & ?r[ back ! ball to ! "o :o ?r[s x to him 9 ! game4 ,= ! bus9ess ( gov]n+ v mu* resembles ?is game & ! game ( dice0 7,sahagun1 book ,,vi1 *ap4 xiii74 ,! latt] game allud$ to1 ! patolli1 0 play$ on a mat 9 ! %ape ( a cross1 m>k$ (f ) divisions1 ) /one m>k]s1 ! moves ( :i* 7 decid$ by ! numb]s obta9$ on ca/+ ! dice1 :i* consi/$ ( beans ) m>ks on !m4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ! ^w pat-olli seems to be connect$ ) ! v]b pat-cayotiato be sub/itut$ 9 ! place ( ano!r1 or to succe$ ano!r 9 (fice or dignity4 ,! above comp>ison ( ! game to ! bus9ess ( gov]n+ indicates t a feature ( ! gov]nm5t 0 a me?odical succession or rotation 9 (fice or dignity1 a po9t to :i* ,i draw special att5tion1 z ,i %all ref] to x lat]4 ,! evid5ce t ! ,mexicans reg>d$ ! =m ( ! c\rty>d1 nam$ tla*tli1 z t ( ! /ate itself is notewor?y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! native map conta9$ 9 ! ,codex ,m5doza1 p4 #a1 %[s u t !y figur$ _! t]ritory z a squ>e1 surr\nd$ by wat] & divid$ into f\r equal p>ts by diagonal cross-/reams or canals4 ,z 9 ! ,maya map ! c5tre ( ?is is occupi$ by ! well-kn[n hi]oglyph or rebus ( ,te-no*-ti-tlan1 ! anci5t capital1 :i* consi/$ ( ,mexico & ,tlatelolco4 ,9 ?ree ( ! f\r triangul> divisions1 two *iefta9s are figur$1 :il/ 9 "o !re are f\r1 ! complete numb] ( *iefta9s ?us be+ t54 ,! incontrov]tible evid5ce t ! dom9ion ( ! ,mexicans1 z well z t ( ! ,mayas1 0 figur$ & reg>d$ z an integral :ole has seem$ to me to be ( extreme importance1 because x po9ts to a fre% int]pretation ( ! mu*-discuss$ mean+ ( ! "n ,tullan1 8! glori\s c5tre ( culture :]e ! high prie/ ,quetzalcoatl1 _h dwelt & :5ce he _h be5 driv5 by ! wiles ( 8 enemies4 ,x is a place t we he> ( 9 ! olde/ my?s & leg5ds ( _m & diff]5t races4 ,n only ! ,aztecs1 b ! ,mayas ( ,yucatan & ! ,ki*es & ,cak*iquels ( ,guatemala1 bewail$ 9 w(ul songs1 ! loss ( t beautiful l& & c\nt$ its de/ruction z ! common />t+-po9t 9 _! annals4444 ,accord+ to ! anci5t ,cak*iquel leg5ds1 h[ev]1 444 #8!re 7 f\r ,tullans1 z ! anci5t m5 h told u4' ,! mo/ v5]able traditions ( ! ,maya race claim$ = !m a migration f ,tullan 9 ,zuyva40444 8,:5 x happ5$ to me10 says ,fri> ,duran1 8to ask a ,mexican ,indian :o cut ?is pass ?r\gh ! m\nta9s or :o op5$ t spr+ ( wat] or :o built t old ru98 ! answ] 03 ,! ,tultecs1 ! disciples ( ,papa10 i4 e41 ,quetzalcoatl4 7,see ,br9ton1 ,am]ican ,h]o-,my?s1 p4 #hh47 ,consid]+ t ! id5tity ( ,tullan has n yet be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$1 t sev]al ,tullans are said to h exi/$ & t a small t[n1 ab\t a doz5 leagues to ! nor!a/ ( ,mexico1 is nam$ ,tullan-tz9colittle ,tullan1 ,i %\ld l to direct ! att5tion ( ,am]icani/s to ! foll[+ ,maya words3 ,tul-um=tification1 edifice1 wall & enclosure4 ,tula-cal1 ,tuliz1 adjectives:ole1 entire1 undivid$1 integral4 ,tul-ul1 adjectiveg5]al1 univ]sal4 ,tul-tic1 v]bto belong1 to correspond to some?+4 ,tulall ar\nd or full4 ,tul9 composition1 to h abundance4 ,tulnahto be too full1 to ov]fl[1 to proce$1 to issue1 ab\nd1 high-tide4 ,tulaanpa/ p>ticiple ( tul4 ,i am ( op9ion t1 aft] c>efully exam9+ ! =ego+ words & _! mean+s1 we mu/ admit t an intelligible & satisfactory d]ivation & signification ( ! mu*-discuss$ ,tula ( ! ,mexicans1 :i* has be5 va9ly s\ght 9 ! ,nahuatl language1 are obta9$ if we connect x ) ! ,maya words = =tress1 or /ronghold1 an enclos$ place1 an integral :ole1 an ov]fl[+ s\rce ( abundance & pl5ty4 ,if we d ?is1 !n ! problematic t]m ,tolteca1 giv5 by ,mexicans to ! sup]ior p f :om !y _h d]iv$ _! culture & k1 means no?+ m ?an su* p]sons :o _h belong$ 7,maya v]b tultic7 or 7 memb]s ( a highly cultur$ commonweal? or anci5t c5tre ( civilization1 su* z _h fl\ri%$ dur+ c\ntless c5turies1 9 ,yucatan & ! pres5t ,*iapas1 ,honduras & ,guatemala4 ,res]v+ ?is subject = future1 m detail$1 discussion1 ,i po9t out t ! "n ,ho1 giv5 to ! capital1 :i* is designat$ 9 ! map z ! 8head ( ! l&10 is obvi\sly d]iv$ f ! ,maya hol1 hool1 or hoot1 :i* means n only head b also *iefta94 ,! circum/ance t a s+le ^w1 ,ho1 convey$ ! triple mean+ ( a capital1 a *iefta9 & a head1 is p>ticul>ly notewor?y1 z x af=ds n only important clues to native symbolism1 :i* ,i %all trace lat] on1 b also %[s t ! pres5ce ( ! syllable ,ho or ,o1 9 c]ta9 native names ( localities1 may possibly indicate t x 0 a capital1 ! resid5ce ( a *iefta94 ,fur!r light is %$ ^u ! foll[+ native association ( ideas :5 ! foll[+ words are /udi$4 ,! anci5t ,maya "n = a pyramid or artificial m\nd 0 ho-m & ! pyramidal elevations on :i* temples or palaces 7 built 7 designat$ z ho-mul or o-mul 7see ,vocabul>y1 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg74 ,! title ,holpop 0 moreov] t ( ! 8*iefta9 ( ! mat10 ^: pr]ogative x 0 to sit on a mat & to beat ! sacr$ drum dur+ ! public dances or ritual p]=mances 7,cogolludo74 ,! anci5t ^w = vase1 vessel or cup 9 g5]al 0 ho-o*1 :il/ o-o* meant food or ma9t5ance 7,arte de la l5gua ,maya1 ,fray ,beltram de ,santa ,rosa1 ed4 ,esp9osa1 ,m]ida1 #ahei74 ,if ! =ego+ data be summ>iz$ we f9d t ! ^w ho1 ! anci5t "n ( ! head ( ! l&1 :i* is figur$ 9 its c5tre1 is n only homonym\s ) capital & *iefta91 b also ) pyramid1 vase or receptacle & ma9t5ance1 & f9ally ) ! num]al #e1 also 8ho40 ,we %all see t ! id5tical ideas 7 simil>ly associat$ 9 anci5t ,mexico4 ,ref]r+ once m to ! anci5t map ( ,yucatan & to ! peculi>ity t ! head ( ! figurative bird1 ! capital1 ,ho1 is suppos$ to occupy ! c5tre ( ! /ate1 ,i po9t out nos4 #a & #e 7fig4 #bh7 f ! ,bodleian & ,seld5 ,,mss4 z some:at analog\s repres5tations ( a c5tral capital or *ief1 & nos4 #c & #f z possibly be+ images ( a t]ritorial subdivision ( ! /ate1 resembl+ a spid]'s web4 ,9 an unpubli%$ ,mexican ,,ms41 :i* has be5 rec5tly br\ght to light1 ! middle ( ! conc5tric circles is pa9t$ blue & sugge/s ! idea ( a sy/em ( di/ribution or irrigation1 proce$+ f a c5tral supply ( wat] & radiat+ 9 all directions4 ,an acc5tuation ( c5trality is br\ght into relief 9 fig4 #bh1 no4 #f1 :]e ! spid]'s web is plac$ 9 ! middle1 betwe5 ! two peaks ( a m\nta94 ,9 no4 #b a small quadruple sign1 :i* frequ5tly occurs 9 ! ,vi5na ,codex1 always pa9t$ 9 ! colors ( ! f\r qu>t]s & unit$ by a cross-b& across ! c5tre 7no4 #d74 also figures betwe5 two peaks1 above two feet1 ! significance ( :i* ,i d n v5ture to det]m9e4 ,a rem>kable circul> disc resembl+ ! ,maya map1 & also divid$ into f\r p>ts by cross l9es1 b exhibit+ foot/eps d5ot+ rotation1 is repres5t$ 9 ! entrance ( a temple1 9 ! ,vi5na ,codex 7fig4 #bh1 no4 #g74 ,^! figures w be ref]r$ to aga9 fur!r on4 ,let u n[ be/[ att5tion ^u ! names ( ! ,mexican capital & fir/ note t ! edifice ( ! ,great ,temple1 9 :i* ! ,cihuacoatl p]=m$ an annual c]emony already m5tion$1 0 call$ tlal-xic-co1 lit]ally 89 ! navel ( ! e>? or l&0 7f tlallie>?1 l& or c\ntry1 xictlinavel & co97 7,sahagun1 book ,,ii1 app5dix74 ,besides ?is edifice !re 01 9 ! middle ( ! lagoon ( ,*alco1 an isl&1 :i*1 to ?is day1 be>s ! "n ( ,xico9 ! navel or c5tre4 ,?is indicates ! curi\s circum/ance t ! edifice & isl& _h app>5tly be5 reg>d$ z =m+ 8ideal c5tres10 & %[s t ! "n ( ,mexico itself may h be5 associat$ ) ! same conception be+1 z x 01 ! c5tral seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,gom>a /ates t 8! city 0 divid$ into two halves or p>ts1 "o nam$ ,tlal-telolcosmall isl& 7lit]ally1 #89 ! e>?-m\nd'7 & ! o!r nam$ ,mexico1 :i* means #8some?+ :i* fl[s1' 0 7,hi/oire ,gnralle des ,indes1 ,p>is1 #afcd1 *ap4 #ch74 ,! ,nahuatl ^w allud$ to c be no o!r ?an ! v]b memeya :i*1 accord+ to ,mol9a1 signifies 8wat]1 or some?+ liquid :i* issues or fl[s 9 _m directions40 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! ,maya words to express wat] :i* rises & ov]fl[s1 high tide &1 by ext5sion1 abundance & pl5ty1 are tul1 tulnah &1 f9ally1 tulaan1 pa/ p>ticiple ( tul4 ,if ! p>ticle 8me0 convey$ ! above idea1 its comb9ation ) xico w\ld cause ! "n ,mexico to be replete ) significance & to mean 8! figurative c5tre :5ce all ma9t5ance proce$$ & fl[$ 9 all directions1 ?r\gh\t ! l&40 ,! ,borgian ,codex furni%es repres5tations ( id5tical mean+4 ,on page #d a human body1 ! c5tre ( :i* =ms a l>ge r$ disc1 is /ret*$ across ! d\ble tau-%ap$ tla*tli :i* obvi\sly repres5ts ! f\r qu>t]s1 be+ pa9t$ ) _! f\r symbolic colors4 ,x is p>ticul>ly notewor?y t ! limbs ( ! c5tral figure are repres5t$ z we>+ ! gre5 sk9 ( a liz>d1 :ile its face is enclos$ 9 ! op5 jaws ( ! reptile4 ,x %\ld also be not$ "h t :il/ ! ,nahuatl names are cuetz-pal9 & topitz91 ! ,maya t]m = liz>d is me* or ix-me*4 ,on ! same page a simil>1 b small]1 figure is depict$ on a backgr\nd repres5t+ ! nocturnal heav54 ,on ! foll[+ page ! figure ( a dead woman is /ret*$ on a r$ disc :il/ a prie/ is drill+ ! fire-/ick into a circul> symbol1 ) f\r balls1 :i* is ! well-kn[n symbol = *al*iuitljade4 ,z ! "n ( ! female wat] goddess is ,*al*iutlycue1 ?is detail is significant & w be ref]r$ to lat] on4 ,x is notewor?y t on bo? pages #e & #f ! p]=mance ( ! above rite is accompani$ by ! image ( ! goddess ( ! e>? & und]world1 repres5t$ ) a dea?'s head1 & ) h] hair /rewn ) />s4 ,h] body is t ( a gre5 liz>d1 & %e c>ries e>s & blossoms ( maize & holds a blue g>m5t on :i* ! *al*ihuitl symbol figures4 ,9 connection ) repres5tatives ( ! human =m out/ret*$ 9 sacrifice1 on ^: body ! rite ( k9dl+ ! sacr$ fire or ( extract+ ! he>t is be+ p]=m$1 x seems evid5t t1 "u ! dom9ion ( ! fundam5tal ideas ,i h be5 discuss+1 ! native sages reg>d$ & utiliz$ ! human =m z an image ( ! ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s4 ,x is well kn[n t ! numb] #bj 0 t]m$ 8"o c\nt0 & connect$ ) ! numb] ( f+]s & toes1 di/ribut$ equally on 8 f\r extremities4 ,! human victim ?us =m$ a liv+ swa/ika or cross & became n only ! consecrat$ image ( ! supreme1 creative1 c5tral div9ity :o controll$ ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 b also an image ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t ) its supreme rul]2 :il/ ! f\r *iefs ( ! ,qu>t]s 7 symboliz$ by ! f\r limbs4 ,ea* ( ^! t]m9at$ 9 a symboliz$ gr\p consi/+ ( a h&1 maitl1 ) a ?umb 7t\ey mapilli or vei mapilli1 lit]ally1 ! great f+]1 or our great f+]7 & f\r f+]s 7mapilli72 or ( a great toe1 t\ei xopil or topec-xopil 7lit]ally1 our great toe1 or our "l toe7 & ( f\r toesxopilli4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #bi4 ,! above association ( ideas 0 d\btlessly acc5tuat$ by ! fact t ! ^w pilli means a nobleman1 a *iefta92 !nce he t]ms pilconetl! son ( a nobleman & pilhuahe :o has sons 7pil 9 ?is case mean+ son & huapossessor (74 ,?is latt] fact c\ld h be5 v aptly convey$ 9 ! picture-writ+s by employ+ f+]s to express ! s\nd 8pilli40 ,! numb] ( sons a *iefta9 _h c\ld ?us be easily express$ by 8 exhibit+ a correspond+ numb] ( f+]s4 ,i %all rev]t to ?is possibility pres5tly1 & n[ ref]r+ to fig4 #bi1 no4 #b1 direct att5tion to ! obvi\s int5tion to express ! idea t ! fire produc$ 0 di/ribut$ to ! f\r qu>t]s by means ( ! figures1 pa9t$ 9 symbolical colors1 ?ree ( :i* are visible4 ,ano!r picture 9 ! same ,codex repres5ts f\r simil> figures spr++ t[>ds ! c>d9al po9ts f a s\rce or f\nta9 ( wat]1 :il/ a prie/ above a triangul> cloak7#g7 holds a pair ( weapons 787 9 8 h&s 7fig4 #bi1 no4 #a74 ,if c>efully /udi$1 ^! gr\ps seem to corroborate ! d]ivation ( ! "n ,mexico1 giv5 above4 ,:at is m1 ! fir/ gr\p af=ds an explanation ( ! mean+ & purpose ( ?ree /range recumb5t /one figures be>+ circul> vessels1 :i* h be5 respectively f\nd 9 ,mexico1 ,tlaxcala & ,*i*5-,itza & are n[ pres]v$ at ! ,national ,museum 9 ,mexico4 ,!y furni% ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( t an id5tical cult & symbolism _h exi/$ 9 ^! widely-sep>at$ localities4 ,! conclusion ,i h previ\sly express$1 t an actual connection _h be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,*i*5-,itza & ,mexico by ! ,maya high prie/ ,kukulcan1 or ,quetzalcoatl1 is ?us corroborat$ by und5iable evid5ce1 :i* w be supplem5t$ lat] on4 ,! ?ree monoli?s h be5 describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! ,anales del ,museo ,nacional1 ,mexico1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bgj1 by ! late ,seor ,jesus ,san*ez1 & are "h reproduc$4 ,! /atue exhum$ at ,*i*5-,itza by ,dr4 ,le ,plongeon 7pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #a7 closely resembles t f\nd at ,tlaxcalla 9 ,mexico 7pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #b74 ,dr4 ,br9ton1 :o errone\sly describes ! ,*i*5-,itza /atue z repres5t+ 8a sleep+ god10 po9ts out ! extremely important fact t !re 0 a div9ity wor%ipp$ 9 ,yucatan call$ ,cum-ahau1 8! "l ( ! vase10 :o is designat$ 9 a ,,ms4 diction>y z 8,lucif] 7! "l ( ! und]world7 ! pr9cipal native div9ity40 ,he adds !re is good gr\nd to suppose t ?is "l ( ! vase 444 0 ! god ( f]tility common to ! ,maya & ,mexican cult 7,h]o-,my?s1 p4 #afe74 ,consid]+ t ! great m>ket-place 9 ! capital 0 actually ! c5tre to :i* ! entire product ( ! l& 0 p]iodically c>ri$ f its remote/ conf9es1 0 !re classifi$1 ex*ang$ or di/ribut$ f> & wide1 ! comp>ison to a c5tral fl[+ s\rce ( ma9t5ance 0 mo/ appropriate4 ,t "s p>ticul> spot 9 or ne> ! city %\ld h gradually assum$ importance & sanctity z m>k+ ! exact c5tre ( ! metropolis1 i4 e41 ( ! integral :ole ( ! ,mexican 8empire0 is b natural & x is n surpris+ to f9d t solemn rites 7 p]=m$ on ?is spot4 ,9 "o ( ! *ronicles to :i* ,i %all rev]t1 x is /at$ t ! ,new ,fire 0 at times k9dl$ on ! pro/rate body ( a slave1 & ?is curi\s /atem5t is corroborat$ by a picture 9 ! ,borgian ,codex1 %[+ a prie/ produc+ fire f a circul> vessel plac$ on ! body ( a victim b5ea? :om a face enclos$ 9 ! op5 jaws ( a reptile1 is visible 7fig4 #bi74 ,illu/ration4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,dr4 ,le ,plongeon1 to :om mu* cr$it is due = its discov]y1 id5tifi$ ! ,*i*5-,itza /atue1 = reasons n fully expla9$1 z a portrait ( ,*ac-,mool1 or ,"l ,tig]1 & relates t x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( eight metres1 n f> f ! base ( ! ,great ,pyramid ,temple4 ,a /atue ( a /&+ tig]1 ) a human head & a %all[ depression 9 its back1 0 also f\nd ne> ! same spot4 ,i h se5 o!r sculptur$ figures ( human be+s hold+ a vase1 z at ! haci5da ne> ,xo*icalco1 ,mexico1 & ( tig]s1 ) circul> depressions on _! backs1 & hope to be able to reproduce _! photographs on ano!r occasion4 ,! mo/ elaborately sculptur$ recumb5t /atue is und\bt$ly t :i* 0 f\nd 9 or ne> ! city ( ,mexico 7pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #c74 ,! "u surface ( its base 7pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #e7 is entirely cov]$ ) zigzag wat] l9es & repres5tations ( roots ( plants1 figur$ z 9 ! ,codices2 %ells1 "o k9d ( :i* is ! well-kn[n symbol ( p>turition1 & frogs :i* are intimately associat$ ) wat] symbolism4 ,on ! hair ( ! /atue a fl[]-l ornam5t is c>v$ 7pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #d7 9 connection ) :i* x %\ld be not$ t ! ,nahuatl = fl[] is xo*itl1 pron\nc$ hoo*itl1 resembl+ ! ,maya hoo*vase4 ,! small gr\ps ( five dots =m+ a bord] ar\nd ! circul> vessel are notewor?y1 z !y are likewise sculptur$ on ! cal5d>-/one4 ,! *>act]i/ic scrolls ab\t ! eyes ( ! figure %[ t x p]sonates tlaloc1 or e>?-w9e4 ,! f]tility ( ! e>?1 caus$ by ra91 is symboliz$ by ! wrea? ( e>s ( corn & re$s 7,nahuatl1 toll97 :i* is sculptur$ ar\nd ! base ( ?is1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( anci5t ,am]ican monum5ts4 ,seor ,san*ez cites ,torquemada 7,mon>quia ,indiana1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eb7 z ! only au?ority :o m5tions a recumb5t image or idol & relates t1 89 ! city ( ,tula1 !re 0 pres]v$ 9 ! great temple1 an image ( ,quetzalcoatl 444 he 0 figur$ z ly+ d[n1 z ?\gh go+ to sleep4444 ,out ( rev]5ce ! image 0 cov]$ ) mantles or clo?s4444 ,!y said t :5 /]ile wom5 made (f]+s or sacrifices to ! god ,quetzalcoatl1 he imm$iately caus$ !m to become pregnant44440 ,he 0 ! god ( ! ,w9ds :i* he s5t to sweep or cle> ! way = ! tlaloques8! e>?-w9e0 gods4 ,seor ,san*ez also quotes ,gama1 :o1 bas+ himself ^u ,torquemada's au?ority1 ma9ta9s t ,tezcatzon-catl1 ! pr9cipal ra9 or octli-god1 0 figur$ z ly+ 9 an intoxicat$ condition1 hold+ a vase ( pulque 9 8 h&s4 ,to ! above data ,i add ! description by ,b]nal ,diaz1 ( a 8figure 9 sculpture0 he saw on ! summit ( ! great temple ( ,mexico3 8,x 0 half man & half liz>d 7lag>to71 0 encru/$ ) preci\s /ones & "o-half ( x 0 cov]$ ) clo?s4 ,!y said t half ( x 0 full ( all ! k9ds ( se$s t 7 produc$ 9 ! entire l&1 & told me t x 0 ! god ( s[n l&1 ( se$s & fruits4 ,i d n rememb] 8 "n44440 7,hi/oria ,v]dad]a1 p4 #ga74 ,x may be z well to note1 t ! ,nahuatl names = liz>d1 cuetz-pal9 & topitz91 approximately convey ! s\nd ( ! fir/ syllables ( ! "n ( ! culture-h]o ,quetzalcoatl1 & ( ! title 8topiltz90 be/[$ ^u him4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 rema9 a matt] ( conjecture :e!r ! liz>d 0 possibly employ$ 9 ! above case z a pictograph1 to express ! s\nd ( its "n4 ,"o ?+ seems c]ta91 t ! ,tula image ( ,quetzalcoatl1 to :i* div9ity b>r5 wom5 direct$ _! invocations1 & ! /atue describ$ by ,b]nal ,diaz z t 8( ! god ( se$s1 fruits & cultivat$ l&10 7 und\bt$ly analog\s to ! sculptur$ recumb5t figure f\nd 9 ,mexico1 & exhibit+ ! symbols ( ,tlaloc1 or e>?-w9e1 ( maize1 & ( p>turition4 ,b]nal ,diaz fur!r relates t ! said image 0 kept on ! upp]mo/ t]race ( ! ,great ,temple1 9 "o ( five 8concavities surr\nd$ by b>bacans or l[ walls ! wood-"w ( :i* 0 v ri*ly c>v$0 7op4 et loc4 cit474 ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f ! =ego+ data is t ! ,mexicans & ! ,mayas habitually kept1 on ! summit ( _! pr9cipal temple1 9 _! c5tres ( gov]nm5t1 a /atue hold+ a circul> vessel & figuratively repres5t+ ! 8navel or c5tre ( ! l&40 ,! gr\p ( ideas already trac$ 9 ! ,maya hocapital1 hompyramid1 ho-o*vessel1 o-o*ma9t5ance1 ho#e1 ?us proves to be completely c>ri$ out1 =1 on ?is consecrat$ spot1 :i* emblematiz$ ! s\rce :5ce all life proce$$1 sacr$ emblematic rites 7 p]=m$1 ! purpose ( :i* 0 to typify ! union1 9 ! c5tre1 ( ! f\r elem5ts requisite = ! productiv5ess ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #cj4 ,! gr\nd plan ( ! ,c>acol or ,r\nd ,temple ( ,*i*5-,itza1 :i* 0 built1 accord+ to tradition1 by ! high prie/ ,quetzalcoatl1 c>ries out ! idea ( ! middle & ( ! f\r qu>t]s 9 s obvi\s a mann] t x may safely be assum$ t x repres5t$ ! suppos$ c5tre ( a dom9ion 7fig4 #cj74 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ! int]e/+ description ( ?is rem>kable edifice 9 ,mr4 ,william ,holmes' valuable "w already cit$1 ,i note t r\nd temples1 d$icat$ to ,quetzalcoatl1 are record$ to h also exi/$ 9 ,mexico4 ,x seems probable t1 at c]ta9 fe/ivals1 ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ! ,above & ,bel[ p]=m$ c]ta9 sacr$ rites on ! summit ( "o ( ^! circul> edifices4 ,x is obvi\s t su* rites c\ld only h be5 fitly p]=m$ by ! cop]ation ( bo? tw9 rul]s or ,quequetzalcoas1 ea* ( :om p]sonifi$ two elem5ts4 ,! appropriate season = su* rites w\ld be t :5 ! necessity ( insur+ a successful h>ve/ w\ld seem mo/ urg5t4 ,x is a record$ fact t ! mo/ solemn fe/ivals ( ! ye> 7 held betwe5 ! v]nal equ9ox1 on :i* date ! ritual ye> began1 & ! fall ( ! fir/ ra9 :i* usually occurs ab\t ! middle ( ,may4 ,x is extremely significant t at ?is precise p]iod ! fe/ival toxcatl took place 7cf4 ,maya ?oaxol or ?oxoldi/ribution1 giv+ ea* "o a little1 & o-o*food or ma9t5ance7 dur+ :i* ,tezcatlipoca & ,huitzilopo*tli 7 jo9tly honor$4 ,dur+ ?is fe/ival ! 8sacr$ d\gh10 nam$ tzoalli1 0 a prom95t feature ( ! ritual & x 0 und\bt$ly associat$ ) ! idea ( ! life-giv+ union ( ! f\r elem5ts1 ! ,above & ,bel[1 or ! male & female pr9ciples4 ,x c1 moreov]1 be directly connect$ ) ! recumb5t /atues repres5t+ ! c5tre2 =1 :il/ ,b]nal ,diaz record$ t ! /atue on ! summit ( ! ,great ,temple held a collection ( all ! se$s ( ! l&1 ,corts1 9 8 descriptive lett]1 gives u an important detail :i* evid5tly appli$ to ! id5tical /atue4 ,he relates t 8! bodies ( ! idols are made ( a d\gh consi/+ ( all ! k9ds ( se$s & vegetables t ^! p ate4 ,^! are gr\nd1 mix$ ) ea* o!r & !n moi/5$ ) ! blood ( ! he>ts ( human victims 4440 7op4 cit4 p4 #aje74 ,sahagun relates t an image ( ! e>? goddess1 "u ! title ( ,sev5-s]p5ts or tw9s1 0 made ( ?is sacr$ d\gh & t (f]+s ( all k9ds ( maize1 beans1 etc41 7 made be=e x 8because %e is ! au?or & giv] ( all ^! ?+s :i* su/a9 ! life ( ! p0 7book ,,ii1 #d74 ,x is well kn[n t ! d\gh images 7 brok5 into small pieces & ^! 7 di/ribut$ to ! prie/s & p1 :o p>took ( ! sub/ance aft] hav+ prep>$ !mselves by fa/+1 = ! sacr$ rite4 ,i draw att5tion to ! fact t ! above sacr$ sub/ance is b ! natural outcome ( ! primitive notion already m5tion$1 :i* l$ ! hunt]s to spill blood ^u ! e>?1 to obta9 its increas$ fruitfulness4 ,an insight hav+ be5 ?us obta9$ ( ! orig9 ( blood sacrifices 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 x is possible to und]/& ! mean+ ( c]ta9 repres5tations %[+ ! p]=mance ( ritual blood-(f]+s4 ,on ! well-kn[n bas-relief pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,mexico1 & illu/rat$ 9 ! ,anales 7vol4 ,i1 p4 #fc71 ! two hi/orical rul]s ( anci5t ,mexico1 :o figure z ,quequetzalcoas1 or div9e tw9s1 9 exactly ! same co/ume1 are sculptur$ ) blood fl[+ f _! %9s & 9 ! act ( pi]c+ _! e>s ) a %>p bone in/rum5t4 ,two /reams ( blood desc5d f ^! & meet be=e fall+ into ! op5 jaws figur$ b5ea? an alt>1 on :i* two conv5tionaliz$ fl[]s appe>4 ,! two r[s ( tee?tlantli1 convey ! s\nd ( ! affix tlanl& (1 or tlallie>?4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable & /rik+ in/ance ( ! gr\p ( ideas we h be5 /udy+ is f\nd on p4 #fb ( ! ,borgian ,codex4 ,on a backgr\nd =m$ by a pool ( wat]1 !re is a gr\p :i* repres5ts ! 8e>?-"m0 ly+ on a b& ( liz>d-sk91 ) two maize plants issu+ f h] body & gr[+ into a l>ge two-bran*$ tree1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a fl9t-knife or tecpatl4 ,a bird /&s on its summit & its bran*es t]m9ate 9 maize plants4 ,its gr[? is be+ fur!r$ by ! two /reams ( blood :i* proce$ f two human figures1 /&+ at ea* side ( ! tree4 ,"o is pa9t$ black & evid5tly repres5ts ! ,"l ( ! ,bel[2 ! o!r is pa9t$ blue-gre5 & repres5ts ! ,"l ( ! ,above4 ,! blood-sacrifice !y are jo9tly (f]+ is t m5tion$ 9 ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians10 z p]=m$ 9 ord] to obta9 g5]ation4 ,unque/ionably ?is symbolical gr\p w\ld h be5 equally intelligible to ,mayas or ,mexicans1 s9ce ! ideas x express$ 7 held 9 common by bo? p4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r x is necess>y to /ate t aft] ! native philosoph]s _h1 = an indef9ite p]iod ( "t1 be5 satisfi$ ) ! artificial division ( all ?+s into f\r qu>t]s1 correspond+ to ! c>d9al po9ts & elem5ts1 ! idea ( ! ,above & ,bel[ gradually grew 9 importance1 :il/ prolong$ ?\ght & obs]vation disclos$ t ! above classification dem&$ revision4 ,on c>efully inve/igat+ ! attributes ( ! pr9cipal anci5t ,mexican deities or p]sonifications ( ! elem5ts we see t ! native ?9k]s _h f\nd !mselves oblig$ to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t =ms ( ea* elem5t1 hav+ realiz$1 = in/ance1 t wat] n only fell to e>? f ! heav51 b also issu$ f ! dep?s ( ! e>? 9 ! =m ( spr+s or f\nta9s1 & =m$ riv]s & lakes4 ,! f9al conclusions !y rea*$ 9 ?is in/ance are be/ expla9$ by ! fact t ! "n ( ! god ,tlaloc means e>?-w9e or ra9 only1 & t 8 si/] 8,*al*iuhtlycue0 appe>s z ! p]sonification ( wells1 spr+s1 riv]s & lakes4 ,x is evid5t t ! classification ( ! ocean or sea mu/ h giv5 rise to mu* s]i\s ?\ght4 ,we "k h[ ! problem 0 solv$ by ! fact t ! ,nahuatl "n = ! ocean is 8ilhuica-atl0heav5-wat]4 ,accord+ly1 ! ra9 & ! ocean p]ta9$ to ! heav51 ! ,above & male pr9ciple1 :il/ ! wells1 spr+s1 riv]s1 etc41 belong$ to ! e>?1 ! ,bel[1 ! female pr9ciple4 ,z 9 ?is case1 s x 0 ) ! o!r elem5ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 f9ally p]sonifi$ by a male deity & 8 female c\nt]p>t1 :i*1 9 "s cases1 t5d$ to repres5t its di/9ctive & b5efic5t prop]ties4 ,z ^! deities are sep>ately treat$ 9 my comm5t>y ( ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians0 & lack ( space =bids my discuss+ !m "h1 ,i %all b m5tion t ! ultimate native sy/ematization ( ! elem5ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 ?\ght ( z an attribute only ( supreme & c5tral div9ity1 corresponds exactly to t held by ! ,zuis ( to-day & set =? 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cu%+ & quot$ 9 ,dr4 ,br9ton's 8,native ,cal5d> ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico0 7p4 #h74 ,9 quot+ x ,i draw special att5tion to ! num]ical divisions giv51 z ?is is absolutely ess5tial = ! und]/&+ ( ! /atem5ts ,i %all make1 fur!r on1 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! native ,cal5d>-sy/ems4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ca4 8,9 ! c]emonies ( ! ,zuis ! complete t]re/rial sph]e is symboliz$ by po9t+ or bl[+ ! smoke to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 to ! z5i? & nadir1 ! individual himself mak+ ! sev5? numb]4 ,:5 ! cele/ial is also symboliz$1 only ! six directions are add$ to ?is sev51 because ! individual rema9s ! same1 s t ! numb] typify+ ! univ]se1 t]re/rial & cele/ial1 becomes #ac4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 9 _! c]emonies1 ! rite requires ! (ficiant to typify ! supra- & intra-t]re/rial sph]es1 t is1 ! upp] & l[] worlds ! ,above & ! ,bel[1 ! same numb] #ac results1 z x is held t 9 ea* ! sun /&s = ! individual1 be+ 9 turn ! day sun & night sun1 ! light & d>k sun1 b ev] ! same & !re=e c\nts b once40 ,aft] hav+ ga9$ ?is k ( native speculative philosophy1 let u p5etrate /ill fur!r into _! modes ( ?9k+ by /udy+1 fir/ ( all1 a s]ies ( symbols ( ! e>?-"m tak5 f "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ,mexican ,,mss41 ! ,vi5na ,codex 7fig4 #ca74 ,9 ^! ! idea ( ! vase1 b[l or receptacle & ( ! s]p5t pr$om9ates4 ,x is in/ructive ( native ?\ght to f9d ! vase repres5t$ z conta9+ a *ild 7no4 #a71 an agave plant 7no4 #g71 a fire1 d5ot+ w>m? 7no4 #c71 a fl[] 7no4 #ab71 & a bun* ( hair1 ! num]ical symbol = multiplicity! numb] #djj 7no4 #e74 ,9 no4 #b1 ! holl[ betwe5 two recurv$ peaks conveys ! idea ( a c5tral vase2 a b& ) eyes re/s ^u ! peaks & d5otes ! heav54 ,no4 #d %[s a d\ble vase1 enclos$ 9 a simil> repres5tation ( ! nocturnal heav5--! idea to be convey$ be+ evid5tly t ( a receptacle hidd5 9 d>kness4 ,no4 #i displays an op5 jaw1 two claws1 a human he>t & a /ream ( blood issu+ f x4 ,nos4 #aj & #aa pres5t diff]5t %apes ( ! s]p5t's jaw1 ! symbol ( ! e>?4 ,! d\ble-head$ s]p5t =m+ a vase conta9+ a fl[] 7no4 #ab7 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because ! fl[]xo*-itl 9 ,nahuatl1 seems to sugge/ an int5tional lik5ess to ! ,maya ^w = 8vase1 vessel or cup 9 g5]al10 ho-o* 7,arte de la l5gua ,maya1 ,fray ,p$ro ,beltran de ,santa ,rosa1 ed4 ,esp9osa1 ,mrida1 #ahei7 z well z ho* or o-o*8food & ma9t5ance40 ,! symbolical vase-l op5+ 9 ! core ( ! agave plant1 7no4 #h7 is su* z is made to ?is day1 9 ord] to collect ! juice1 :i*1 :5 f]m5t$1 con/itutes ! sacr$ w9e ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 octli1 n[ bett] kn[n z pulque47#h7 ,z w be %[n ! ,mexicans consid]$ ?is z 8! dr9k ( life40 ,its use 0 rigidly regulat$ & sup]vis$ by ! 8octli-lords0 or 8ra9-prie/s0 :o di/ribut$ x at c]ta9 dances1 9 ord] to induce a /ate ( mild intoxication among/ ! p>ticipants4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,zuis & ,t>ahum>i ,indians ( ! pres5t day1 ref]r$ to by ,w ,j ,mc,gee1 9 8 valuable & in/ructive article on 8,! beg9n+ ( ,m>riage0 7! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 ,,ix1 no4 #aa1 p4 #cga71 8c]ta9 c]emonials typify+ ! fecundity ( ! e>? & ( ! lead+ p !re(0 7 p]=m$ by ! anci5t ,mexicans4 ,^! public c]emonials _h also be5 8app>5tly develop$ to ! end t ! tribes & peoples might be enc\rag$ to increase & multiply & possess ! fecund e>?40 ,!y took place at ! p]iod ( ! ye> :5 ! heav5 & e>? 7 also suppos$ to unite1 i4 e41 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season4 ,dur+ ?is ! ord9>y out-door occupations ( ! agriculturi/ & hunt] 7 =cibly int]rupt$ & ! regul> & p]iodical transportations ( produce & tribute to ! capital became impossible1 ow+ to torr5tial ra91 swoll5 riv]s & impassable roads4 ,?is p]iod ( en=c$ %elt] & conf9em5t indoors seems to h become ! def9ite mat+ season ( ! aborig9es4 ,at ! same "t ! union ( ! sexes _h obvi\sly assum$ a sort ( consecration s9ce x 0 intimately associat$ ) ! cosmical1 philosophical & religi\s ideas & co9cid$ ) :at 0 reg>d$ z ! annual union ( ! elem5ts or ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 ! heav5 & e>?4 ,at t p]iod ( its hi/ory1 :5 ! ,aztec race 0 jo9tly gov]n$ by a prie/1 p]sonify+ ! heav5 & a prie/ess1 88 wife & si/]10 :o p]sonifi$ ! e>?1 "s =m ( sacr$ m>riage rite mu/ h be5 annually p]=m$4 ,! consecrat$ "* ( _! union mu/ h naturally caus$ _! (fspr+ to be reg>d$ z ( a holy & almo/ div9e orig94 ,x is easy to realize1 !re=e1 h[1 9 anci5t ,mexico1 ! artificial idea ( 8sup]ior bir?0 came into exi/5ce1 h[ a family or ca/e ( rul]s gradually develop$1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 entitl$ 8teotl0div9e1 :il/ ! m5 7 reg>d$ z 8! sons ( ,heav50 & ! wom5 8! daught]s ( ,e>?40 ,x is obvi\s f ?is t ! p]iodical union ( ! sexes1 accompani$ z x 01 by sacr$ dances & ! di/ribution ( sacr$ w9e1 mu/ h gradually assum$ a semi-religi\s "*1 :il/ ! ritual nuptials ( ! 8div9e0 rul]s1 typify+1 z x obvi\sly did1 ! gr& & impressive ph5om5on ( ! ra9y season1 mu/ h caus$ ?is m>riage to assume ! "* ( a hall[$ rite & surr\nd$ x ) ! mo/ elevat$ & int5se religi\s s5tim5ts ( :i* ! native m9d 0 capable4 ,aft] ?is recognition ( ! div]g+ influ5ces :i* guid$ ! developm5t ( primitive m>riage in/itutions1 we w return to ! ra9-prie/s or 8octli-lords10 ( :om x is repeat$ly /at$ t !re 7 f\r hundr$1 a numb] correspond+ to an assignm5t ( #ajj or #ebj to ea* ( ! f\r prov9ces or divisions ( ! commonweal?4 ,_! emblem 0 ! sacr$ vase or receptacle & 9 ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians0 ?is w be se5 figur$ on _! mantas & %ields 7no4 #f;a74 ,a small gold plate1 ( ! same %ape1 is repres5t$ z worn by ^! 8lords10 atta*$ to ! nose 7no4 #f;b72 &1 9 ! same ,,ms41 ! symbolical ornam5t is also c>ri$ by ! 8si/] ( ,tlaloc40 ,x 0 evid5tly worn1 l simil> ornam5ts 9 o!r c\ntries1 hang+ f ! septum ( ! nose1 & seems to h indicat$ a consecration ( ! brea? z ! sub/ance ( life4 ,z an inf]5ce1 m]ely bas$ on an insight ga9$ into ! native modes ( ?\ght1 ,i sugge/ t ! explanation = ! adoption ( ?is ornam5t may h be5 ! religi\s idea t ! brea? ( life1 divid+ itself z x issues ?r\gh ! no/rils & unit+ :5 inhal$1 appe>$ to ! native ?9k]s z a m>vell\s illu/ration ( unity & duality1 bo? ideas hav+ con/antly be5 pres5t 9 _! m9ds4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #cb4 ,9 ! ,vi5na ,codex !re is a rem>kable picture ( ! e>?-vase re/+ on a slab ) five divisions4 ,a pr(usion ( puffs or brea?s ( air or vapor issue f x &1 bran*+ (f 9 two directions1 =m :at is l ! conv5tional tree ( life1 also met ) 9 ,maya bas-reliefs & docum5ts4 ,at ! extremities ( ! bran*es :i* turn d[nw>ds1 a s]p5t's eye is visible & a =k$-tongue issues above ! middle 7fig4 #cb1 no4 #a74 ,! int5tion to express an exub]ant vitality & gr[? issu+ f ! symbolical vase 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 seems obvi\s4 ,?is idea is /ill m cle>ly convey$1 h[ev]1 9 two symbolic pictures on pp4 #ba & #bi ( ! ,codex ,borgia1 :i* are reproduc$ z nos4 #a & #d 9 fig4 #a ( ?is publication4 ,! fir/ repres5ts ! vase ov]fl[+ ) wat] & conta9+ a fl9t-knife1 ! g5]ator ( ! vital sp>k4 ,! c5tral gr\p is surr\nd$ by wat] & by sun-rays & obvi\sly symbolizes ! union ( air1 light & wat]1 con/itut+ ! ,above1 ) ! fl9t ! emblem ( ! e>?-"m & ( ,tezcatlipoca1 ! "l ( ! ,"u-_w4 ,fig4 #a1 no4 #d1 repres5ts ! vase ov]fl[+ ) a liquid1 :i* is designat$ z be+ ! sacr$ octli or e>?-w9e by ! pres5ce ( ! rabbit1 :i* expresses ! s\nd ( its "nto*tli4 ,?is rebus is surr\nd$ by ! nocturnal heav5 /rewn ) />s & ! ref]5ce to ! union ( ra9 or e>?-w9e ) e>? & d>kness is evid5t4 ,x has be5 g5]ally assum$ t ^! images ( ! vase1 conta9+ ! rabbit or fl9t-knife1 repres5t$ ! moon4 ,z ! latt] 0 intimately associat$ ) ! cult ( night1 ( ! e>?-"m & ideas ( gr[?1 x is n impossible t by an ext5sion ( symbolism1 ?is 0 ! case1 b only 9 ! same way z ! sun 0 ! emblem ( ! cult ( ! ,above4 ,on ! o!r h& ! native draw+s ( ! moon 9 ,sahagun's ,academia ,,ms4 repres5t x z a cresc5t ) a human pr(ile on ! inn] side1 & 9 a specim5 pres]v$ at ! ,trocadro ,museum1 ,p>is1 x is simil>ly c>v$ 9 rock cry/al4 ,be=e proce$+ to inve/igate ! symbol fur!r1 ,i w\ld po9t out ! g5]al resemblance ( ! vase1 especially z a conv5tionaliz$ s]p5t's jaw1 to ! 8horse-%oe0 %ape ( ! problematical /one 8yokes0 :i* h be5 s ?or\ghly /udi$ by ,dr4 ,h]mann ,/rebel ( ,hamburg 7,/udi5 ueb] ,/e9jo*e aus ,mexico & ,mittel-,am]ika4 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv1 bd4 ,,iii1 #ahij74 ,mr4 ,francis ,p>ry has advanc$ a view conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ^! curi\s 8sacr$ /ones407#i7 ,?is is some:at corroborat$1 z w be %[n1 by my rec5t /udies1 :i* seem to indicate pretty cle>ly t ^! symbolical objects p]ta9$ to ! cult ( ! e>?-"m4 ,a fact ( unque/ionable importance1 cit$ by ,mr4 ,p>ry1 is ! c]tifi$ exi/5ce & use1 among/ s\!rn ,cali=nian ,indians ( ! pres5t day1 ( a rudely work$ /one ( ! same %ape1 9 a native religi\s rite4 ,! own] ( "o ( ^! /ones1 ,mr4 ,horatio ,ru/1 a pione] resid5t ( ,pasad5a1 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 exhibit$ x 9 ! ,an?ropological ,section ( ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition1 at ,*icago1 #ahic1 & in=m$ me h[ he _h obs]v$ t1 occasionally1 a native assembly took place at a c]ta9 spot on a m\nta9 side1 dur+ :i* invocations & (f]+s 7 made4 ,he asc]ta9$ t ! c]emony on "o occasion 0 ! equival5t ( ! pub]ty-dances ( simil> ,cali=nia tribes4 ,hav+ visit$ & exam9$ ! spot aft] "o ( ^! celebrations1 9 :i* six "y girls1 decorat$ ) g>l&s ( fl[]s1 7 ! *ief p>ticipants1 he f\nd ! 8sacr$ /one10 conceal$ & surr\nd$ by (f]+s ( corn1 meal & pieces ( money4 ,! v]sion publi%$ by ,mr4 ,p>ry is slightly diff]5t to ?is acc\nt1 :i* 0 giv5 me by ,mr4 ,ru/ himself4 ,9 ord] fully to appreciate ! close analogy betwe5 ! ,cali=nian c]emonial (f]+ ( maize & meal to ! emblematic /one & ! anci5t ,mexican ritual (f]+s ( se$s to an idol1 hold+ a b[l or vase1 x is necess>y to read ! foll[+ data4 ,at ! same "t ,i w\ld l to m5tion "h t among/ ! ,hupa ,indians ( ,cali=nia1 :o h be5 t]m$ 8! ,romans ( ,nor!rn ,cali=nia by reason ( _! val\r & f> rea*+ dom9ions10 we f9d t 8flakes or knives ( obsidian or jasp]1 sometimes measur+ #ae in*es or m 9 l5g?1 are employ$ = sacr$ purposes & are c>ri$ al(t 9 ! h& 9 c]ta9 c]emonial dances1 wrapp$ ) sk9 or clo?4 ,su* knives are e/eem$ s sacr$ t ! ,indians w\ld on no acc\nt "p ) !m1 & ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,p[]s f\nd t !y c\ld n be pur*as$ at any price407#aj7 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to recall "h t ! fl9t-knife 0 a well-kn[n anci5t ,mexican emblem1 nor to po9t out ! importance ( ! conclusion t two well-def9$ symbols :i* play$ an important rle 9 ! ,mexican & ,mayan cult ( ! ,bel[ & ( ! ,e>?-"m1 are actually f\nd 9 use among/ ,cali=nian ,indians at ! pres5t day4 ,a :ole flood ( light is ?r[n ^u native symbolism1 h[ev]1 by ! in=mation obta9$ f ! ,zui ,indians by ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,cu%+4 ,! foll[+ passage1 f _! ,creation my?1 af=ds ! mo/ positive confirmation ( ! =ego+ conclusion1 t ! b[l or vase 0 ! native emblem ( ! e>?-"m4 ,! ,zui speak] said3 8,is n ! b[l ! emblem ( ! ,e>?1 our ,"m8 ,= f h] we draw bo? food & dr9k1 j z ! babe draws n\ri%m5t f ! brea/ ( its "m4 ,& r\nd1 z is ! rim ( ! b[l1 s is ! horizon444407#aa7 ,int]e/+ z ?is explanation ( ! native symbolism und\bt$ly is1 x becomes mo/ important :5 its full significance is realiz$ & we recognize t orig9ally e>!nw>e b[ls !mselves 7 look$ ^u z sacr$ emblems =m$ inde$ out ( ! mat]ial ( ! e>? itself4 ,?is fact places ! inv5tion & manufacture ( e>!n vessels 9 an entirely new light & enables u to conjecture & und]/& :y1 q ap>t f _! utility1 s mu* c>e & decoration 7 lavi%$ ^u !m & :y1 inde$1 !y 7 con/antly buri$ ) ! dead4 ,!y obvi\sly s]v$ z sacr$ emblems ( ! e>?-"m1 to ^: c>e ! dead body 0 confid$1 & orig9ally ! int5tion probably 0 to propitiate h] by ! beauty ( ! sacr$ vessels1 :i*1 to be symbolical ( h] b\nty1 necess>ily conta9$ food & dr9k4 ,)\t paus+ to discuss h[ easily ?is cu/om w\ld h gradually giv5 bir? to ! belief t ! food & dr9k ?us (f]$ 7 int5d$ = ! use ( ! dead body itself1 or its s\l1 ,i w\ld po9t out t1 9 ! abs5ce ( clay vessels1 a /one1 r\gh or work$1 w\ld h also s]v$ z an appropriate emblem ( ! e>?-"m1 be+ z x 71 ( h] own sub/ance4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 anci5t ,mexico ?is cu/om prevail$4 ,!re we also f9d t ! b[l- or vase-%ap$ grave 0 employ$1 ) a deeply religi\s & symbolical mean+4 ,?is is cle>ly reveal$ by a native draw+ 9 ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians10 repres5t+ a native burial4 ,! deceas$1 repres5t$ by 8 skull only1 has be5 plac$ 9 a deep hole1 figur$ z a l>ge inv]t$ horse-%oe1 pa9t$ br[n & cov]$ ) small 8horse-%oe0 m>ks4 ,! same religi\s symbolism :i* l$ to ! adoption ( a def9ite =m ( sepul*re1 typify+ ! elem5t e>?1 w\ld evid5tly acc\nt = ! adoption = burial purposes1 ( l>ge clay vessels into :i* ! rema9s ( ! dead 7 plac$4 ,9 "s localities ^! clay burial urns 71 z we "k1 made l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! dead body itself4 ,! difficulty ( manufactur+ ^! w\ld naturally h l$ to ! g5]al adoption ( cremation1 simply z a means ( r$uc+ ! rema9s s t !y c\ld repose 9 ! sacr$ image ( ! e>?4 ,cremation w\ld1 moreov]1 be a rite full ( mean+ s9ce1 to ! native m9d1 e>? 0 insep>able f its tw9 elem5t fire1 & bo? toge!r con/itut$ ! 8,bel[40 ,x is significant to f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! a%es ( ,montezuma's pr$ecessors _h n be5 f9ally consign$ to ! e>?4 ,9 /rict accordance ) _! association ) ! ,heav5 & ,above1 _! rema9s 7 nev] all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! e>?1 b 7 usually pres]v$ inside ( a holl[ wood5 effigy ( ! deceas$1 :i* 0 dress$ 9 8 insignia & plac$ 9 a high t[]1 built = ! express purpose4 ,corts /ates t !re 7 8=ty v high t[]s0 9 ! enclosure ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,mexico & t 8all ( ^! 7 sepul*res ( ! lords0 7,hi/oria de ,nueva-,espaa1 ed4 ,lor5zana1 pp4 #aje & #ajf74 ,:il/ x is evid5t t ! rema9s ( all lords & prie/s ( heav5 %\ld ?us be assign$ a place ( re/ high above ! e>?1 x is equally intelligible t ! bodies ( ! lords & prie/s ( ! ,bel[ & all wom5 %\ld be consign$ to ! int]ior ( ! e>? & by pref]5ce 9 caves4 ,! ,codex ,fjrv>y conta9s an int]e/+ picture ( ! ti$-up body ( a woman1 recognizable z su* f ! head-dress & h] in/rum5t ( labor1 ! metlatl1 on :i* ! maize is gr\nd4 ,! mummy re/s inside ( a flat effigy ( a s]p5t's head1 :i* seems to be c>v$ 9 wood or /one & closely resembles fig4 #ca1 no4 #aa4 ,x is wor? consid]+ :e!r ! c>v$ /one-yokes may n h s]v$ 9 connection ) ! fun]al rites ( ! consorts ( rul]s or high prie/esses or prie/s ( ! ,bel[4 ,if inve/igations ( ! vase or e>? symbols are ext5d$ to c\ntries ly+ s\? ( ,mexico1 traces ( ! exi/5ce ( an analog\s cult are obs]vable4 ,!re und\bt$ly exi/s a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! =m ( ! *>act]i/ic & peculi> /one 8seats0 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 su* numb]s 9 ,ecuador1 to ! vase1 fig4 #ca1 no4 #c1 = in/ance4 ,! employm5t ( ^! symbolical /ones z a consecrat$ c5tral alt> or1 possibly1 z ! ?rone ( ! liv+ repres5tative ( ! e>?-"m1 w\ld h h>moniz$ ) ! native ideas :i* h be5 trac$ on ! prec$+ pages4 ,x 0 also extremely int]e/+ to me to f9d ! id5tical symbol 9 ! ,maya day-sign ,caban1 :i* has be5 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,s*ellhas & ,geheimra? ,fr/emann z a symbol ( ! e>? & is figur$ on p4 #ii ( ,dr4 ,br9ton's ,prim] ( ,mayan ,hi]oglyphics4 ,9 ! sign ,caban1 ! horse-%oe m>k is accompani$ by a s]ies ( dots :i* seem to indicate liquid trickl+ f ! receptacle & p]meat+ ! soil1 an idea :i* is /rictly analog\s to ! mu* m elaborate ,mexican images ( ! vase full ( ra9 or 8e>?-w9e10 fig4 #a1 nos4 #a & #d1 :i*1 9 cursive =m1 0 employ$ z ! emblem ( ! pulque1 or octli lords1 ! prie/s ( ! e>?4 ,x is /rik+ly significant to f9d t 9 ! ,maya ,codices ! drops issu+ f ! horse-%oe are sometimes figur$ z trickl+ into ! m\?s ( 8div9ities0 ^: faces also exhibit images ( ! sacr$ vase1 analog\s to t ( ! ,mexican 8octli-lords40 ,^! ,maya div9ities h be5 designat$ by ,dr4 ,s*ellhas z god ,l1 ^: face is pa9t$ black & "u ^: eye a vase is pa9t$1 a peculi>ity t]m$ by ,maya au?orities 8an ornam5t$ eye0 & :i* may be se5 9 fig4 #cc1 iv2 7#b7 z god ,m1 8a second black god10 ^: eye is likewise enclos$ 9 a vase & ^: hi]oglyph is a vase on a black gr\nd2 & 7#c7 z god ,c1 ( :om ,i %all subsequ5tly speak 9 detail4 7,see ,br9ton's ,prim]1 pp4 #abb & #abd47 ,9 ! case ( god ,l1 ! two horse-%oe m>ks f :i* drops are fall+ into ! m\? ( ! god1 are surm\nt$ by ! glyph imix1 to :i* ,i %all rev]t4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #cc4 ,! horse-%oe m>k ) drops likewise occurs 9 ! design resembl+ ! akbal glyph1 :i* has be5 int]pret$ z connect$ ) akabnight4 ,x also occurs1 9 ,maya ,codices1 on b&s exhibit+ cross-symbols1 sometimes 9 an inv]t$ position & hang+ f above & sometimes /&+ on two ( ! ?ree m\nds :i* are a feature ( ^! int]e/+ glyphs4 ,po/pon+ a detail$ discussion ( ^!1 ,i w b emphasize "h t1 9 ! ,maya ,codices ! vase1 cursively drawn z a 8horse-%oe0 m>k1 is prov$ to be intimately connect$ ) ! ideas ( liquid fall+ f above1 & con/itut+ ! dr9k ( div9ities & symbols associat$ ) ! sacr$ vase1 night & d>kness1 all attributes ( ! ,bel[4 ,we %all next demon/rate t x 0 alt]nately plac$1 on ! ,maya ,caban glyph1 ) a curi\s sign consi/+ ( a pea-%ap$ black dot1 to :i* a curv$ & wavy l9e is atta*$4 ,?is is always figur$ z issu+ f above ! dot1 !n ext5d+ d[nw>ds & half ar\nd x & t]m9at+ 9 a desc5d+1 undulat+ l9e4 ,i submit ! foll[+ to ! consid]ation ( ,maya speciali/s3 ,x seems to me t ?is sign pres5ts an extremely reali/ic draw+ ( ! se$ ( a monocotyl$on\s plant1 su* z ! maize or ,indian corn1 9 its fir/ /age ( g]m9ation1 :5 ! radicle1 hav+ issu$ f ! apex1 turns d[nw>ds 9 *>act]i/ic fa%ion & p5etrates into ! e>?4 ,besides ! realism ( ! native draw+ !re c be no d\bt t ! image ( a spr\t+ maize-se$ is ! mo/ expressive & appropriate accompanim5t to ! symbol ( f]tiliz+ ra91 on an e>?-symbol1 & ,i am unable to und]/& h[ ,drs4 ,cyrus ,?omas1 ,sel]1 ,s*ellhas & ,br9ton c\ld h ov]look$ ! realism 9 ?is image ( a spr\t+ se$1 & conclud$ t x 0 a portrayal ( 8f]m5t$ liquor trickl+ d[nw>d10 a 8nose-ornam5t10 or a 8twi/$ lock ( hair10 8a cork-screw curl40 ,! latt] int]pretation 0 made by ,dr4 ,s*ellhas because he f\nd ! sign 9 connection ) female figures 9 ! ,codices1 :i* und\bt$ly is a fact ( extreme int]e/1 z x furni%es a valuable pro( t ! ,mayas associat$ ! e>? ) ! female pr9ciple4 ,dr4 ,s*ellhas1 h[ev]1 records 8 obs]vation t ! sign caban occurs z a symbol ( fruit-be>+ e>?1 9 ! ,codex ,troano1 z x is figur$ ) leaves ( maize 7p4 #cc7 or ) climb+ plants issu+ f x & w9d+ !mselves ar\nd a pole 7p4 #cb74 ,geheimra? ,fr/emann connects ! day-"n caban ) 8cab0 to :i* ,p]ez1 9 8 diction>y1 atta*es ! mean+ ( 8e>?1 _w & soil0 7,die ,tages gtt] d] ,mayas4 ,globus1 vol4 ,,lxxiii1 no4 #i7 & adds t ! hi]oglyph decid$ly designates ! e>?4 ,at ! same "t he int]prets :at ,i reg>d z ! maize-gra9 & its radicle1 z possibly repres5t+ a bird 9 its flight upw>ds1 & he m]ely describes ! accompany+ inv]t$ horse-%oe ) dots1 )\t atta*+ any positive mean+ to x4 ,x mu/ be add$ t ,dr4 ,fr/emann himself /ates t he is n satisfi$ ) 8 own int]pretation ( ^! two symbols1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 ! se$ & radicle1 likewise occurs 9 ! day-sign cib1 to :i* ,i %all recur4 ,if any d\bt rema9s z to ! signification ( ! day-sign cab1 ,i ?9k x w be dispell$ :5 x is %[n t ! "n cab1 or caban is obvi\sly relat$ to ! adjective1 adv]b & preposition cabal or cablil1 :i* signifies l[1 bel[1 on ! e>?1 91 b5ea? & "u4 ,! frequ5t association ( ! cab glyph ) ! image ( a bee1 z 9 ! ,codex ,troano1 is p>tially expla9$ by ! fact t ! ,maya ^w = honey is cab1 = honey-bee is yikil-cab4 ,x af=ds at all ev5ts1 an in/ance1 9 ,maya hi]oglyphic writ+1 ( a me?od ( duplicat+ ! s\nd ( a ^w analog\s to t :i* ,i detect$ 9 ,mexican pictography1 & nam$ complem5t>y signs 9 my communication on ! subject1 publi%$ z an app5dix to my essay on ,anci5t ,mexican ,%ields 7,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 ,leyd51 #ahib74 ,on ! o!r h& ! day "n & sign cib1 on :i* ! spr\t+ gra9 is also figur$1 seems to be relat$ to ! v]b cibahto w1 to occur1 to happ51 to take place4 ,! allusion conta9$ 9 bo? glyphs is obvi\sly ! same & signifies1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! hidd5 process ( g]m9ation :i* takes place "u ! surface ( ! soil1 & is associat$ ) ! idea ( ! female pr9ciple 9 ,nature4 ,! se$ & radicle1 horse-%oe & ra9-drops1 are also di/+ui%able on a vessel on page #ce ( ! ,dresd5 ,codex & on a small ?ree-legg$ vase1 :i* is figur$ by ,doctor ,br9ton 7,prim]1 #aah7 z ! day sign *'en4 ,?is vase is surm\nt$ by two 9-curv+ projections & (f]s a close analogy to a sacr$ vase ) sup]/ructure 7fig4 #cc1 ,,ii7 f :i* projects a peculi> op5 & d\ble receptacle1 into :i* a prie/ is s[+ small se$s4 ,! int]ior ( ?is b[l is repres5t$ z holl[1 & conta9+ :at ,i %all %[ fur!r on to be a native symbol = ,e>?3 ?ree little m\nds4 ,on ano!r b[l1 9 front ( ?is "o1 a bird is sitt+ & presumably hat*+4 ,9 ano!r portion ( ! same ,,ms4 a simil> b[l is figur$ conta9+ ?ree se$ fruits & capsules1 resembl+ pomegranates or poppy-heads 7fig4 #cc1 ,,iii74 ,! tree next to :i* ! fir/ two symbolical b[ls are plac$ des]ves to be c>efully /udi$1 = ! trunk is cr[n$ by f\r /ems be>+ s+le leaves & is encircl$ by a s]p5t1 c1 ! homonym = ! num]al f\rkan4 ,a fr+$ mantle & a scroll hang f ! coils ( ! s]p5t's body1 two foot/eps are pa9t$ on ! scroll &1 po9t+ d[nw>ds1 express 8desc5t10 z d also ! fall+ drops ( liquid on ! /ems ( ! tree :i* gr[s f a peculi> glyph ) subdivisions1 :i* has po9ts ( resemblance ) ! glyph "u ! footless div9ity 7fig4 #cc1 ,i74 ,an obsidian mirror1 ) cross b>s1 is pa9t$ 9 front ( ! latt]1 :i* displays ! same desc5d+ foot/eps on its mantle4 ,! head & eyes ( a snail1 ! symbol ( p>turition1 are above its face & a wrea? ( fl[]s cr[ns its head4 ,t$i\s z su* a m9ute analysis may seem1 x is nev]!less necess>y1 9 ord] to ga9 a p]ception ( ! ext5t to :i* symbolism 0 practis$ 9 ! picture writ+s f\nd 9 ! ,maya ,,mss41 accompani$ by ! cursive calculi=m glyphs4 ,x seems t1 9 no4 ,,ii1 we h a pres5tation ( ! ,maya 8tree ( life10 & t scrolls1 on :i* desc5d+ foot/eps are depict$1 are int5d$ to convey ! mean+ t life is desc5d+ f ,above into ! egg & se$s by virtue or decree ( ! cele/ial p[]4 ,x %\ld be not$ "h t ! ph5om5on ( a liv+ bird issu+ f ! h>d & inanimate egg-%ell _h made z deep an impression ^u ! anci5t philosoph]s 9 ,mexico z else:]e1 & t ! p[] 8to =m ! *ick5 9 ! %ell0 0 deem$ "o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s attributes ( 8! div9e ,m\ld] or ,=m]10 z is fur!r set =? 9 ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians40 ,! =ego+ illu/rations e/abli%1 at all ev5ts1 t ! ,mayas1 l ! ,mexicans1 associat$ ! sacr$ vase ) se$s & g]m9ation4 ,! vase1 illu/rat$ by ,doctor ,br9ton1 exhibits ! se$ & radicle2 & ?is is also f\nd on ! symbol = e>?1 :i*1 9 ! ,cortesian ,codex1 is associat$ ) ! image ( a s]p5t1 possibly ! equival5t ( ! ,mexican ,cihuacoatl1 or female s]p5t4 ,if1 aft] mu/]+ ?is close array ( analogies1 we next exam9e ! glyph cib1 we f9d t x exhibits ! se$ & radicle 9 ! c5tre ( a squ>e1 ?ree sides ( :i* are decorat$ ) :at ,doctor ,br9ton has t]m$ ! 8pott]y decoration78740 ,?is consi/s ( %ort l9es1 su* z are employ$ 9 ,mexican pictography1 9 ! well-kn[n sign = tlalli1 or l&1 :i* is usually surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by a fr+e1 presumably symboliz+ plants & grass1 a 8fr+e0 ( vegetation & v]dure4 ,9 ! glyph cib1 already ref]r$ to1 ,i am incl9$ to see b a cursive r5d]+ ( ! same idea1 ) ! se$ & radicle 9 ! c5tre & ! fr+$ bord] b>ely indicat$ by a few %ort l9es4 ,! same bord] is f\nd repeat$ on ?ree sides ( ! head ( a frequ5tly recurr+ p]sonage :om ,doctor ,s*ellhas designates z 8,god ,c1 ( ! ,ornam5t$ face40 ,9 8 extremely valuable "w1 ,die ,gtt]ge/alt5 d] ,mayah&s*rift51 ?is c>eful inve/igator records ! v>i\s comb9ations 9 :i* ?is ,god ,c occurs 9 ! ,codices & imp>tially weighs ! possibilities ( its mean+4 ,geheimra? ,fr/emann has made ! important obs]vation t ! figure ( ,god ,c occurs 9 comb9ation ) ! day-sign1 *u51 ( ! ,maya cal5d>1 :i* co9cides ) ! ,mexican day-sign azomatlimonkey4 ,i am unable to agree ) my v5]able fri5d 9 id5tify+ ,god ,c1 ) ,pol>is4 ,z ,doctor ,s*ellhas rightly obs]ves1 ! fact t ,god ,c is f\nd 9 comb9ation ) ! signs ( all ! f\r qu>t]s disproves an id5tification ) ,pol>is4 ,:at is m1 ,god ,c is frequ5tly repres5t$ z receiv+ 9 8 m\? drops ( liquid fall+ f a cursive vase plac$ above 8 head--a detail :i* cle>ly connects him ) e>? & ! 8e>?-w9e40 ,9 ! ,mexican ,,mss4 we f9d ! monkey intimately connect$ ) ! octli or e>?-w9e gods z1 = in/ance1 9 ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians40 ,i !re=e res]ve a m detail$ discussion ( ?is subject = my notes on ?is ,,ms4 & return to ! glyphs caban & kan or c4 ,j z x has be5 %[n t ! fir/ may signify cabal! ,bel[1 s x is evid5t t ! second is connect$ ) ! preposition & adv]b canal1 signify+ 8above1 on top (1 on high40 ,dr4 ,br9ton sees 9 ! kan symbol a pres5tation ( a poli%$ /one1 or %ell p5dant1 or bead1 & cites ! ,maya diction>y ( ,motul :i* gives kan z ! "n = 8beads or /ones :i* s]v$ ! ,indians z money & neck ornam5ts40 ,9 connection ) ?is important /atem5t ,i rev]t to ! c>v$ %ell-gorgets :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nds & anci5t graves 9 ! ,mississippi valley & exhibit ,maya influ5ce4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! exhibit a c>v$ s]p5t 7:i* 9 ,maya is kan7 9 _! c5tres & ?is fact af=ds a clue to ! possible orig9 ( ! ,maya "n = a neck ornam5t giv5 9 ! ,motul diction>y4 ,x is und5iable t all evid5ce unites 9 prov+ t ! anci5t peoples ( ! ,mississippi valley 7 9 traffic1 if n m intimately connect$1 ) a ,maya-speak+ p & came "u ! influ5ce ( ! ideas & symbolism curr5t 9 ,yucatan4 ,return+ to ! employm5t ( ! glyph kan 9 ,maya ,codices1 = m reasons ?an ,i am able to enum]ate "h1 ,i conclude x s]v$ z an indicative ( ! ,above or ,heav54 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ,maya ^w = cord is kaan1 :il/ ! "n = sky is caan4 ,i _c b ?9k1 !re=e1 t a c>v$ p5dant ) a s]p5t effigya kan1 worn on a cordkaan1 mu/ h be5 associat$ by ! ,mayas ) ! ,heav5 or skycaan1 & t ?is l+ui/ic co9cid5ce mu/ h be5 a /rong factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! symbolism atta*$ to ! glyph c or kan4 ,an int]e/+ fact1 :i* ,i %all demon/rate by a l>ge s]ies ( illu/ration f native ,codices 9 a *apt] ( my =?com+ "w on ! anci5t ,cal5d> ,sy/em1 w %[ t 9 _! hi]atic writ+s1 ! anci5t ,mexican scribes repres5t$ ! nocturnal heav5 or sky z a circle compos$ ( a cord1 to :i* />s 7 atta*$1 :il/ ! c5tre ( ! circle exhibit$ "o or f\r />s4 ,9 my op9ion ! orig9 & explanation ( ! association ( ! cord ) />s are cle>ly traceable to ! above m5tion$ fact t 9 ! ,maya tongue ! ^w = cord1 kaan1 closely resembles ! s\nd ( ! ^w caansky4 ,! pres5ce ( ! cord 9 ! ,mexican symbols is1 !re=e1 ano!r indication ( _! ,maya orig94 ,a pro( t ! ,mayas also employ$ ! cord z a symbol ( ! sky1 or heav51 is furni%$ by ! mu*-discuss$ l5til-%ap$ /one alt> f\nd at ,copan1 a small outl9e ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ba1 no4 #a4 ,9 ord] fully to und]/& ! mean+ express$ by ?is /one1 x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d h[ indissolubly ! idea ( some?+ circul> 0 associat$ by ! ,mayas & ,mexicans ) _! conception ( ! vault ( heav5 re/+ on ! horizon1 & ( ! ,above1 consi/+ ( ! two fluid elem5ts1 air & wat]4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to ref] aga9 "h to m ?an "o au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! temples ( ! air 7( ! ,above7 7 circul>1 & ! reason giv5 by ! natives = ?is 0 t 8j z ! air circulates ar\nd ! vault ( ! heav51 s its temple _h to be ( a r\nd %ape407#ab7 ,z a contra/ to ?is conception1 ! influ5ce ( :i* is also obvi\s 9 ! =m ( ! r\nd temples & t[]s ( ! ru9$ cities ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,i w\ld cite ! allusions to ! solid e>? conta9$ 9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,mayas1 ! ,popol ,vuh1 z be+ 8! quadrat$ e>?1 f\r-corn]$1 f\r-sid$1 f\r-bord]$40 ,^! data e/abli% ! important fact1 to :i* ,i %all recur1 t ! native philosoph]s associat$ ! ,above1 compos$ ( air & wat]1 ) ! r\nd$1 & ! ,bel[1 compos$ ( fire & wat]1 ) ! angul> =m4 ,! ,copan /one alt> exhibits ! circul> =m & is surr\nd$ by a sculptur$ cord :i* conveys ! s\nd ( its "n kaan or caanheav54 ,on x a cup-%ap$ depressionho-o*1 m>ks ! sacr$ c5tre ( ! heav51 ! c\nt]p>t to ! t]re/rial b[l :5ce all life-giv+ =ce proce$$4 ,two curv$ l9es div]ge f ?is & divide ! vault$ circle into two p>ts4 ,! curve 9 ! l9es may be int]pret$ z convey+ motion or rotation :il/ ! division ( ! sky may h be5 int5d$ to signify ! ea/]n or male & ! we/]n or female portion ( ! heav51 ! :ole be+ an ab/ract image ( c5tral rul]%ip & ( a dual pr9ciple incorporat+ ! f\r elem5ts4 ,x is obvi\s t ! mean+ int5d$ to be convey$ might also include ! duality ( ! ,heav5 or ,above1 compos$ ( ! union ( ! elem5ts air & wat]4 ,by pa9t+ ! /one 9 two or f\r colors ei!r ( ^! mean+s c\ld h be5 express$4 ,9 ei!r case x w be recogniz$1 h[ev]1 t mu* z ,dr4 ,erne/ ,hamy's d$uctions conc]n+ ?is alt> h be5 criticis$1 ! le>n$ director ( ! ,trocadro ,museum1 ,p>is1 0 und\bt$ly "r 9 recogniz+ t ! /one is a cosmical symbol1 int5d$ to convey ! idea ( a two-fold division & analog\s to ! ,*9ese tae-keih :i* x resembles1 ) ! diff]5ce t ! ,copan sign is m complex exhibit+1 z x does1 a c5tral b[l-%ap$ depression4 ,a glimpse at ! o!r symbols 9 fig4 #ba w %[ t ! id5tical idea is express$ 9 ! ,mexican signs exhibit+ a c5tral circle1 usually accompani$ by a f\r-fold division4 ,an analog\s attempt to express ! same native idea is recognizable 9 ! peculi> mu%room-%ap$ /one figures1 repres5t$ by a numb] ( examples at ! ,c5tral ,am]ican exposition rec5tly held at ,guatemala17#ac7 & rec5tly describ$ by ! di/+ui%$ geologi/ & e?nologi/1 ,dr4 ,c>l ,sapp]4 ,! specim5s _h be5 collect$ 9 ,san ,salvador & ,guatemala & 8resemble great /one mu%rooms0 inasmu* z ea* consi/s ( ?ree well-def9$ p>ts1 a squ>e p$e/al f ! mid/ ( :i* rises an almo/ cyl9drical 8/em0 support+ a l>ge circul> solid top1 flat und]nea? & r\nd$ above4 ,! cyl9drical support is c>v$ 9 ! r\gh semblance ( a human =m1 :i*1 9 "s in/ances1 has rays issu+ f its head4 ,an acqua9tance ) ! fundam5tal ideas ( native cosmogony enables u to recognize t ! squ>e /one base typifies ! solid "p ( ! univ]se1 ! ,bel[1 :il/ ! vault$ circle above typifies ! heav51 ! ,above4 ,! figure /&+ betwe5 bo? is evid5tly an image ( a c5tral "l & rul]1 & ! entire image is 9 accord ) ! native mode ( ?\ght z set =? 9 ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cu%+'s report already cit$ & 9 ! symbols :i* h be5 figur$4 ,aft] read+ ,mr4 ,cu%+'s acc\nt ( ! native ,am]ican philosophy1 pres]v$ to ! pres5t day by ! ,zuis1 x is impossible n to realize h[ cle>ly ! mu%room-images mat]ialize ! id5tical ideas :i* con/itute1 inde$1 ! keynote ( native ?\ght & c be trac$ 9 ea* c5tre ( anci5t ,am]ican civilization4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ^! /one images 71 orig9ally1 pa9t$ ) ! colors assign$ to ! f\r qu>t]s1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! symbolism m app>5t4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! images 9 a re/rict$ area ( t]ritory1 seems1 moreov]1 to indicate t !y _h be5 inv5t$ !re1 possibly "u ! influ5ce ( a religi\s & political cre$ ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! union1 9 a s+le individual1 ( ! p[] & attributes ( ! ,above & ,bel[--an idea :i* /rongly contra/s ) ,mexico & ,yucatan1 :]e ! idea ( duality prevail$ to su* an ext5t t1 by creat+ two di/9ct religions & gov]nm5ts1 x ultimately l$ to ! dis9tegration ( ! greate/ ( native empires & its fall1 f :i* x 0 only rally+ at ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,x is also possible t ! ,guatemala images are ! expression ( ! rev]sion to a m anci5t =m ( philosophy or gov]nm5t :5 x _h be5 realiz$ t dual gov]nm5t l$ to diss5sions & dis9tegration4 ,at all ev5ts ! rude mu%room figures te/ify t ! conception ( a s+le cele/ial or t]re/rial rul] ( ! ,above & ! ,bel[ fill$ ! m9ds ( _! mak]s at a "t1 ! exact date ( :i* x w\ld be ( utmo/ importance to det]m9e1 if ?is 7 only possible4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note ! curi\s analogy pres5t$ by ^! figures to ! well-kn[n /atem5t by ,confucius t1 8! sage is unit$ to ,heav5 & ,e>? s z to =m a triad1 consi/+ ( ,heav51 ,e>? & ,man40 ,! association ( ! r\nd =m & ( ! peak ) ! ,above & ( ! squ>e & b[l ) ! ,bel[ c be also detect$ 9 ! =m ( native ,am]ican ar*itecture1 z exemplifi$1 = in/ance1 by ! contra/+ %apes ( two temples figur$ on page #ge1 ( ! ,borgian ,codex 7fig4 #cd7 :i* 7 obvi\sly d$icat$ to ! two prevail+ cults4 ,"o ( ^! is surm\nt$ by a tau-%ap$ ?at*$ ro( ) a flat top & turn$-d[n ends4 ,! d$ication ( ?is temple to ,night or />-cult is convey$ 9 ?is case1 by ! sign = /> on a black gr\nd ins]t$ 9 ! ro(47#ad7 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #cd4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ce4 ,! opposite temple exhibits a ro( :i* re/s on a black ar*itrave & (f]s a g5]al resemblance to an inv]t$ tau4 ,x rises 9 a tap]+ =m & ends 9 a cone-%ap$ ornam5t4 ,! exi/5ce & significance ( ^! two =ms ( temple-ro(s might escape notice did ! same n recur 9 two high caps or mitres figur$ 9 ! ,vi5na ,codex & obvi\sly int5d$ = ! respective use ( ! ,lords ( ! ,above & ( ! ,bel[ at a religi\s c]emonial 7fig4 #ce74 ,! fir/ ( ^! ends 9 a high peak1 ! extremity ( :i* is repres5t$ z capp$ ) sn[1 9 ! same conv5tional mann] employ$ 9 figur+ sn[-m\nta9s4 ,an extremely significant feature ( ?is cap is its exhibition ( a curv$ & r\nd$ patt]n only on its bord]4 ,! second mitre ends 9 a horizontal l9e2 x exhibits an angul> patt]n & two flaps hang d[n f x1 :i*1 z !y naturally conceal$ ! e>s ( ! we>]1 seem to h be5 symbolical ( some?+ hidd51 &1 p]haps1 ( sil5ce & secrecy4 ,a ?ird mitre is figur$ on ! same page1 :i* seems to unite ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? =ms & is surm\nt$ by a "y maize-%oot1 proce$+ f a vase4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #cf4 ,! association ( ! ,above ) a peak or po9t is fur!r illu/rat$ by a well-kn[n peak$ diadem always pa9t$ blue :i* 0 ! symbol ( ! visible rul] 7fig4 #cf1 no4 #e74 ,a peak also occurs on milit>y %ields accompani$ by f\r b>s 7fig4 #cf1 no4 #c7 & pres5ts an analogy to no4 #d f ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians40 ,! latt] is giv5 z ! symbol ( a sacr$ fe/ival :i* ,i h demon/rat$ 9 a previ\s publication to h co9cid$ ) ! v]nal equ9ox47#ae7 ,= fur!r reasons :i* ,i %all pres5t 9 my cal5d> monograph1 ,i inf] t we h 9 ?is draw+ a mo/ valuable image ( ! gnomon & dial employ$ by ! ,sun prie/s = ! obs]vation ( ! equ9oxes & sol/ices4 ,! human victim :o 0 atta*$ to ! c5tre ( ! circul> /one dur+ ! same fe/ival is usually repres5t$ ) ! same cone or po9t & eight app5dages on 8 head 7fig4 #cf1 no4 #b74 ,ow+ to ! circum/ance t ?is peak$ head-dress1 or cone1 0 sometimes employ$ by ! scribes = its phonetic value1 z 9 fig4 #cf1 no4 #a1 f ! ,codex ,m5doza1 9 :i* in/ance x is figur$ on a m\nta9 & is usually pa9t$ blue1 we "k positively t its "n 0 ,yope or ,yopi--a valuable po9t s9ce a temple & a sort ( mona/]y 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,mexico 7 bo? nam$ ,yopico 7,sahagun74 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be not$ t ! ,maya "n = 8a mitre10 ! symbol ( a div9e rul]1 is ,yop-at4 ,9 ! ,mexican oll9-signs a cone or asc5d+ po9t is usually plac$ above & opposite to a symbol consi/+ ( a r+ or loop4 ,^! evid5tly signify ! ,above & ,bel[1 & 9 ?is connection x is wor? notic+ t ar*aeologi/s h long puzzl$ ov] ! curi\s =ms ( ! two k9ds ( prehi/oric /one objects :i* h mo/ frequ5tly be5 f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,porto ,rico4 ,! fir/ ( ^! consi/s ( an elongat$ /one1 ! c5tre ( :i* rises 9 ! %ape ( a cone1 :il/ ! ends are respectively c>v$ 9 ! r\gh semblance ( a head & ( feet4 ,! second =m1 :i* has frequ5tly be5 f\nd 9 caves1 consi/s ( a l>ge /one r+1 & is popul>ly t]m$ 8a /one coll>40 ,i am incl9$ to reg>d ! latt] z be+ analog\s to ! 8/one yokes0 ( anci5t ,mexico & to inf] t ! aborig9es ( ,porto ,rico practis$ a =m ( ! same cult4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! high conical /one1 on :i* ! human victims 7 sacrific$1 0 a sali5t feature 9 an anci5t ,mexican temple & t its =m mu/ h _h "s symbolical mean+4 ,! =ego+ data indicate t x probably 0 emblematic ( ! ,above & ,c5tre & 0 !re=e reg>d$ z ! fitt+ place ( sacrifice to ! ,sun & ,heav51 :il/ (f]+s to ! ,e>? 7 mo/ appropriately made 9 circul> op5+s recall+ ! rim ( ! b[l & ! r\nd l9e ( ! horizon4 ,x w be se5 fur!r on t ! cone recurs 9 native ar*itecture & t its use z a symbol1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 culm9at$ 9 ! pyramid4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #cg4 ,let u return to x 9 its rudim5t>y /age1 z a p]p5dicul> l9e aris+ f a m$ium level1 =m+ an inv]t$ tau4 ,! widespread employm5t among/ ,am]ican peoples ( ! inv]t$ & upright tau-%ape z emblems ( ! ,above & ,bel[ is abundantly prov5 & d\btlessly arose z naturally z 8! ,*9ese *>act]s ,%ang,above1 employ$ z a symbol = ,heav51 & ,lea,bel[ or ,b5ea?1 employ$ z a symbol = ,e>?4 ,^! are =m$1 9 ! "o case1 by plac+ a man 7repres5t$ by a v]tical l9e7 above ! m$ium level 7repres5t$ by a horizontal l9e7 & 9 ! o!r bel[ x0 7,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 art4 ,*9a7 fig4 #cg4 ,ano!r equally graphic pres5tation ( ! analog\s ?\ght is furni%$ by ! famili> ,egyptian sign :i* exhibits a loop or some?+ r\nd$ & holl[ above & a p]p5dicul> l9e b5ea? ! m$ium level4 ,x is well kn[n t ! tau occurs 9 ,sc&9avia & is popul>ly nam$ ,?or's hamm] 7fig4 #ch74 ,m]ely z a curi\s analogy ,i po9t out t 9 fig4 #be1 no4 #b1 f ! ,vi5na ,codex1 we h an ,am]ican in/ance ( a tau-%ap$ object held 9 ! h& 9 a c]emonial rite4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ch4 ,! late & lam5t$ ,b>on ,gu/av ,nord5skjld obs]v$ t ! entrances to ! ru9$ e/ufas ( ! anci5t cliff-dwell]s ( ,colorado 7 9 ! %ape ( an upright tau & x is well kn[n t ?is is also ! case among/ ! ,pueblo ,indians ( ! pres5t day4 ,by means ( a photograph tak5 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,w>burg ( ,b]l91 :il/ witness+ ! ,humis-kat%9a dance ( ! ,moqui ,indians at ,oraibi1 9 ,may1 #ahif1 ,i am able to affirm t ! native danc]s we> masks & high head-ornam5ts1 p>tly ( wood1 on :i* rev]s$ & upright tau-symbols are pa9t$1 ! fir/ 9 a light & ! second 9 a d>k color4 ,z ! "n ( ! c]emonial dance 0 expla9$ to ,dr4 ,w>burg z signify+ 8help+ ! spr\t+ or gr[+ maize10 & celebrat$ ! adv5t ( ! ra9y season1 x is obvi\s t ! two =ms ( tau :i* 7 display$ 9 alt]nate ord] on ! heads ( ! danc]s 9 ! procession symboliz$ ! juxtaposition ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,9 ! ru9$ temples ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 w9d[s 9 ! %ape ( upright & rev]s$ taus also occur4 ,! foll[+ s]ies ( ar*itectural op5+s 7fig4 #ci7 are copi$ f ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,p4 ,maudslay's invaluable & spl5did "w1 :i* has n1 z yet1 met ) ! recognition x s ri*ly des]ves47#af7 ,!y display besides ! tau-%ape 7g & h7 o!r =ms1 ! symbolism ( :i* has be5 discuss$4 ,!re are cross-%ap$ 7e71 squ>e1 r\nd & oval w9d[s 7d1 j1 b & i71 ! squ>e obvi\sly symbolical ( ! ,e>? & ! r\nd ( ! ,heav54 ,besides ^! !re are op5+s 9 ! =m ( a truncat$ cone 7a & c7 & o!rs end+ 9 a n>r[ po9t 7k74 ,a /rik+ =m :i* recalls ! ,moori% ar* & is %[n 9 f1 may1 p]haps1 be look$ ^u z an attempt to express ! idea ( a union ( ! ,above & ,bel[4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ci4 ,9 connection ) ^! ar*itectural features x is int]e/+ to /udy _! names 9 ! native languages4 ,! ,nahuatl names = w9d[s are s+ul>ly expressive ( _! uses3 tla*ialoyan! wat*+ place or look-out2 pu*quiauatl! smoke op5+2 tlanexillotla ^w :i* lit]ally means light & spl5dor1 & to :i* ! foll[+ words are relat$3 tlanextia1 v]bto %9e1 %$ light & radiance2 tlanextillasome?+ reveal$1 made manife/1 f\nd or discov]$1 newly inv5t$ or =m$ 7br\ght to light72 tlanexcayotiliztlifigure1 signification or example2 tlanexcayotillisome?+ figur$ or significative4 ,! mean+ ( ! ,maya "n = w9d[1 ciznebna1 is n cle>1 :il/ t = door1 *i1 is ! same z = m\?1 op5+ or entrance4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t t1 z 9 ,mexico & else:]e1 ! w9d[ op5+s 9 ! ,maya temples mu/ h be5 associat$ ) ! idea ( light1 & ! symbolical =ms giv5 to ^! besides _! positions lead to ! inf]5ce t !y 7 actually reg>d$ z my/ic fram$ images1 s to speak1 ( ! supreme1 invisible deity1 ?r\gh :i*1 ! light ( day & ! d>kness ( night alt]nately reveal$ !mselves to ^? inside ! sacr$ build+s4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! positions & ori5tations ( ^! op5+s may yet prove t !y also s]v$ = a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,! walls be+ usually pi]c$ above rea*1 no?+ b ! sky c\ld h be5 wat*$ ?r\gh !m4 ,b besides ^!1 ! int]iors ( ,maya ru9s conta9 int]e/+ examples ( mural op5+s & recesses :i* seem to h be5 c>efully plann$ s t !y %\ld appe> d>k ev5 9 daytime &1 9 m ?an "o case1 ^! display ! =m ( ! upright tau1 ! symbol ( d>kness & ! ,bel[47#ag7 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #dj4 ,x does n seem to h be5 g5]ally recogniz$ t ! alt]nate contraposition ( upright & rev]s$ taus produces ! be/ kn[n & mo/ widely spread primitive bord]-design1 usually kn[n z ! ,greek fret 7fig4 #dj1 no4 #f74 ,a pla9 demon/ration ( ?is is1 oddly en\gh1 visible on ! two side-projections ( ! ,sc&9avian broo* 7fig4 #ac7 all symbols on :i*1 ,i v5ture to ass]t1 w\ld h be5 p]fectly intelligible & full ( mean+ to an anci5t ,mexican4 ,! evolution ( ! fret1 on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 c be /udi$ on ! beautiful wood5 clubs f ,brazil & ,briti% ,guiana1 figur$ 9 ,dr4 ,hjalm> ,/olpes' valuable "w already ref]r$ to4 ,z /rik+ in/ances 8 fig4 #h1 pl4 #a1 figs4 #c;a & #c;c1 pl4 ,,xiii1 & figs4 #a;a & #a;b1 pl4 ,v1 %\ld be exam9$4 ,! latt] in/ance is extremely in/ructive z x n only exhibits s+le taus ( two =ms1 b ! same 9 diff]5t positions1 z well z two d\ble-head$ figures jo9$ 9 "o1 :i* illu/rate ! native association already discuss$1 ( duality & ( ! curv$ l9es z ! opposite ( ! rectangul> & bo? respectively figur+ ! ,above & ,bel[4 ,x is impossible to /udy ! decorations on ^! ,s\? ,am]ican clubs )\t becom+ conv9c$ t _! mak]s %>$ ! same ideas z ! anci5t ,mexicans4 ,!y (f]1 inde$1 a :ole set ( v>iations on ! native !me & idea ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,two in/ances 7fig4 #e;a1 pl4 ,,ix1 & #f;a1 pl4 ,,xi7 9 :i* ! union ( two figures produces a ?ird1 or a s+le "o produces two1 elucidate ! mean+ sometimes express$ by ! designs4 ,9 ! r\nd or spiral =ms1 :i* are mo/ frequ5tly accompani$ by a zigzag bord]1 ,i am incl9$ to see a pres5tation ( air & wat]1 correspond+ to ! ,mexican symbols ( ! ,above4 ,z lack ( space =bids my mak+ "h a m ext5d$ comp>ison ( ! native symbols1 ,i %all b po9t out h[ ! tau1 9 juxtaposition & contraposition pa9t$ 9 two colors1 produces fig4 #dj1 no4 #c4 ,! picture f ! ,codex ,m5doza ( a native tla*tli1 ! =m ( :i* is repres5t$ by two taus 9 contraposition1 is p>tly pa9t$ black4 ,! same division ( a s+le tau into two p>ts1 color$ diff]5tly1 trans=ms no4 #c into no4 #d & %[s t a s+le tau c\ld h be5 employ$ cursively to symbolize union4 #b & #g are b v>iants ( #c & #d4 ,if1 in/ead ( angles1 curv$ l9es be giv5 to ! taus1 ! fir/ half ( fig4 #e is ! result4 ,:5 spaces betwe5 ! incurv+ hooks & ! bord] are fill$ out ) color1 ! famili> design on ! second half ( #e results4 ,) exception ( ! latt]1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican clubs exhibit ea* ( ! above =ms1 z well z no4 #h4 ,x w be %[n lat] t ^! also occur 9 anci5t ,p]u4 ,! =ego+ examples ( ! employm5t ( taus 9 upright & rev]s$ positions is1 h[ev]1 by no means exhau/ive4 ,fig4 #da tea*es t ! famili> *eck]-bo>d or t>tan design1 symbolically employ$ 9 anci5t ,mexico1 0 ! simple result ( taus 9 contraposition1 ! squ>e spaces ?us f\nd be+ alt]nately fill$ ) black & br[n or gray4 ,! symbolism ( ?is design only becomes evid5t :5 all ! comb9ations 9 :i* x occurs h be5 c>efully /udi$4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! ,codices 9 ! doorways & ar*es ( c]ta9 sacr$ edifices :i* are %[n to be e/ufas or temaz-calli by fur!r illu/rations :i* ,i c\ld n reproduce "h1 b :i* exhibit ev5 ! /eam escap+ f ! build+ & o!r unmi/akable features4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #da4 ,sahagun has record$ h[ ^! semi-sacr$ edifices 7 specially consecrat$ to ! 8,"m ( ! gods & ( u all1 ^: curative & life-giv+ p[] 0 ex]t$ 9 ! temazcalli1 also nam$ xo*icalli1 ! place :]e %e sees secret ?+s1 rectifies :at has be5 d]ang$ 9 human bodies1 fructifies "y & t5d] ?+s1 444 & :]e %e aids & cures44440 ,x 0 cu/om>y = pregnant wom5 to resort to ^! ba?s "u ! c>e ( ! m$ic9e-woman :o exhort$ h] pati5t on ent]+1 ) ! words3 8,ent] into x1 my daught]1 ent] into ! bosom ( our ,"m ^: "n is ,yoalticitl 444 w>m ?yself 9 ! ba?1 :i* is ! h\se ( fl[]s ( our god 4440 7,hi/oria1 book ,,vi1 *ap4 ,,xxvii74 ,! ,vi5na ,codex conta9s1 besides pictures ( temples 7fig4 #da1 a & b71 two in/ances :i* elucidate ! mean+ ( ! design2 c ( ! same figure displays ! conv5tional symbol = l&1 fr+$ on ?ree sides4 ,enclos$ 9 ?is & se51 9 pr(ile1 is a /ratum ( *eck]-bo>d design1 above :i* is a %eet ( wat]2 d displays a conv5tionally drawn m\nta91 inside ( :i* is ! symbolical vase fill$ ) ! design4 ,f ?is /eam or smoke asc5ds ?r\gh ! soil ( ! m\nta91 & =ces its way ?r\gh ! surface1 above :i* we see two recurv$ puffs ( smoke & a "y blossom+ maize %oot1 conv5tionally drawn1 su* z may be se5 worn by prie/esses1 z a symbolical head decoration1 on page #aa ( ! ,vi5na ,codex4 ,! seat$ figure ( a prie/ is repres5t$ z %elt]+ its gr[? ) 8 outspread mantle4 ,on 8 back he displays a symbol1 compos$ ( two rolls unit$ by a crossb&1 :i* is met ) 9 ,maya & ,mexican ,codices4 ,9 ! latt] ! f\r project+ ends are usually pa9t$ ) ! colors ( ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,z ^! are figur$ z unit$ into a s+le sign1 x seems evid5t t ?is symboliz$ a union ( ! f\r elem5ts deem$ necess>y = ! production ( life by ! anci5t native philosoph]s4 ,! =ego+ illu/rations1 to :i* m c\ld be add$1 cle>ly e/abli% t ! *eck]$ design 0 associat$ ) ! symbols ( e>?1 heat & wat]4 ,x obvi\sly express$ ! idea embodi$ 9 ! ,nahuatl ^w xotlac! heat$ e>?2 lit]ally1 gl[+ emb]s1 also budd+ & op5+ fl[]s4 ,x 0 emblematic ( ! fall ( ! ra9 or e>?-w9e ^u ! heat$ soil4 ,9 ! temazcalli ! same life-produc+ union ( ! elem5ts took place & aid$ human gr[? & heal?4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! appellation xo*-i-calli1 be/[$ ^u ! sweat-h\se by ! native m$ic9e-woman1 express$ ! same tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,moreov]1 x is notewor?y1 t ! s\nd ( ! fir/ "p ( ?is "n & ( xo-tlac recurs 9 ! ,maya ^w = vase 9 g5]al1 ho-o*4 ,! *eck]-bo>d design w\ld naturally h be5 employ$ 9 connection ) ! fe/ivals1 associat$ ) esot]ic rites1 :i* 7 held 9 celebration ( ! union ( ! ,heav5 & ,e>? at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ra9y season4 ,x w\ld1 naturally1 !re=e1 h be5 us$ z a decoration on ! dr9k+ vessels employ$ 9 ! di/ribution ( f]m5t$ dr9ks = vivify+ & curative purposes4 ,x is met ) on ,p]uvian dr9k+ b[ls1 z prov5 by sev]al examples 9 ! ,royal ,e?nographical ,museum 9 ,b]l91 = in/ance4 ,x is curi\s to note z an int]e/+ analogy t ! same *eck]$ design frequ5tly adorns ! anci5t ,egyptian dr9k+ b[ls repres5t$ 9 ! hi]oglyphic writ+s4 ,i h also obs]v$ x 9 "s anci5t ,greek dr9k+ vessels1 pres]v$ at ! ,imp]ial ,h]mitage ,museum at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :]e x decorat$ ! b[l itself or ! g>m5ts ( ,bac*antes figur$ !reupon4 ,x is also met ) 9 anci5t ,p]uvian textile fabrics1 9 black & :ite1 z on "o figure vase 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 &1 ne$less to rem>k1 x is a ,scot* clan t>tan4 ,its adoption z ! basis = *ess-bo>ds ( anci5t ,egypt seems to indicate t !re x also signifi$ ! ,above & ,bel[ & t ! game 0 ?\ght ( z an exemplification ( ! et]nal conte/ betwe5 ! p[]s ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 light & d>kness1 etc4 ,we look to speciali/s = in=mation z to ! orig91 mean+ & employm5t 9 ,egypt & ,greece ( ?is primitive & almo/ univ]sal design4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #db4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico & possibly ,p]u1 x obvi\sly p]ta9$ to a set ( ideas :i*1 9 "s communities1 might easily h deg5]at$ & l$ to ! in/itution ( rites & ideas su* z 7 preval5t 9 ! ,maya colony :i* _h e/abli%$ itself at ! m\? ( ! ,panuco riv]1 on ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 nor? ( ,v]a ,cruz1 & f :i* ! ,huaxtecans ( ! pres5t day desc5d4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! "n ( ! capital f\nd$ by ! coloni/s1 :o seem to h emigrat$ ow+ to well-f\nd$ religi\s p]secution1 0 ,tu*-pan1 a ^w :i* signifies 9 ! ,maya tongue 8! umbilicus10 qualifi$ by pan1 mean+ 8t :i* is above or excels10 etc41 b :i* 0 express$ 9 ,nahuatl picture-writ+s by a rabbitto*tli & a bann]pantli4 ,! opposite ( ! *eck]$ or xotlac design1 0 ! native wat] & air patt]n :i* has be5 po9t$ out z encircl+ ! mitre ( ! ,"l ( ! ,above or ,heav54 ,x likewise figures 9 native pictures on ! mantles ( "s ( ,montezuma's pr$ecessors4 ,! hi/ory ( its orig9 & developm5t is be/ le>n$ f ! foll[+ native illu/rations4 ,fig4 #db1 nos4 #a & #b1 repres5ts sea-waves1 ! ,maya "n = :i*1 by ! way1 is kukul-yaam1 :i* admits ( ! int]pretation 8div9e-wat]0 or1 if we connect kukul ) ! ,mexican coliuhqui1 8twi/$ or b5t wat]40 ,a repres5tation ( wat]1 z figur$ on a mantle 9 ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians10 conveys ! idea ( wat] mov$ by ! action ( ! w9d1 ! blank curve rem9d+ "o also ( ! curves s (t5 associat$ by native arti/s ) s]p5ts' heads1 & ) ! w9d & ra9-gods4 ,! well-kn[n symbol ( ! air-god is accompani$1 z already %[n 7fig4 #bf71 by an ornam5t :i* =ms a solid frame = a holl[ curve con/itut+ an air-image4 ,9 ! foll[+ image an analog\s e> ornam5t is figur$ & x is surr\nd$ by puffs ( air or w9d1 conv5tionally drawn 7fig4 #dc74 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #dc4 ,:il/ ! =ego+ illu/rations amply prove t ! natives associat$ ! curv$ & r\nd$ =m ) wat] z mov$ by air1 x mu/ be notic$ t 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan1 z well z 9 ,brazil & ,guiana1 pla9 wat] 0 figur$ by a s]ies ( p>allel zigzag or undulat$ l9es4 ,= ^! reasons ,i inf] t ! symbolical design1 repres5t+ actual waves1 always express$ ! union ( air & wat]1 & 0 !re=e emblematic ( ! cult ( ! upp] elem5ts1 or ! ,above4 ,x is un=tunate t1 9 ,mexico1 no ve/iges rema9 ( ! circul> temples :i* 7 p>ticul>ly d$icat$ to ,quetzalcoatl! div9e tw9 or "l ( ! tw9 upp] elem5tsair & wat]4 ,d\btlessly !y 7 appropriately decorat$ ) horizontal b&s exhibit+ ! sacr$ design4 ,! ru9$ condition ( ,c5tral ,am]ican r\nd temples sc>cely ju/ifies ! hope t su* a v]ification c be made4 ,at ! same "t ! r\nd temple on a squ>e base1 ) its peculi> gr\nd plan1 01 ( itself1 an image ( ! ,above & ( c5tral rule ext5d+ to ! f\r qu>t]s 7fig4 #cj1 p4 #ig74 ,t ! air & wat] design 0 actually employ$ 9 ,am]ica z a frieze on sacr$ edifices is prov51 h[ev]1 by m ?an "o illu/ration 9 ! ,vi5na ,codex & o!r native ,,mss4 7fig4 #ce1 c74 ,we also see ! design decorat+ ! pa9t$ dr9k+ b[ls nam$ xicalli :i* 7 employ$ 9 ! di/ribution ( ! sacr$ pulque or octli at c]ta9 religi\s fe/ivals4 ,z ! ,mexican "n giv5 to ! design itself is xical-coliuhqui1 x seems z ?\gh x 0 mo/ popul>ly kn[n z ! 8twi/$ or w9d+ patt]n0 ( ! sacr$ dr9k+ vessels4 ,hav+ orig9at$1 z ,i h %[n1 f ! simple/ obs]vation ( ! action ( air ^u a surface ( wat]1 x is b natural t ! same design %\ld h indep5d5tly orig9at$ 9 sev]al localities4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 wor? m5tion+ "h t ! dome ( "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( anci5t ,greek rema9s1 ! *oragic monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 or lant]n ( ,demo/h5es at ,a!ns1 is surr\nd$ by a b& or fascia1 cut into ! wat] design4 ,x is evid5t t1 se5 aga9/ ! sky1 ?is graphically repres5t$ ! curl+ waves ( wat] 8on summ] seas10 & ?is 0 evid5tly ! mo/ primitive me?od ( employ+ ?is =m ( symbolical decoration :i* is m famili> :5 execut$ 9 solid masonry /ucco1 z a frieze4 ,! id5tical process ( developm5t may be obs]v$ 9 ,mexican ar*itecture4 ,9 ! ,vi5na & o!r native ,codices1 c\ntless temples are depict$ z surm\nt$ ) fasci cut into rectangul> designs 9 su* a mann] t ! blank space left betwe5 ea* solid projection figures its inv]t$ image 9 ! air 7fig4 #ce1 a-d74 ,9 ^! op5 fasci an int5tion to symbolize ! solid or ,e>?1 & ! fluid or ,heav51 is disc]nible1 :il/ ! /ep-l projections seem to express or convey ! idea ( asc5t & desc5t1 p]haps ! asc5t ( human supplication & ! desc5t ( ! mu*-pray$-= ra94 ,f ! o!r examples ( temple decorations 7fig4 #ce1 f & h7 x is evid5t t1 9 solid friezes1 a light & a d>k color 7 employ$ 9 ! same designs1 to convey ! same idea4 ,evid5ce prov+ t ! emblems on ! ro(s ( ! temples 7 replete ) mean+ is furni%$ by sev]al repres5tations ( ro(s1 on :i* r[s ( up/ret*$ h&s or ( human he>ts are depict$4 ,my horror at ^! seem+ly gha/ly emblems vani%$ z soon z ,i asc]ta9$ _! actual mean+ f a passage 9 ,sahagun's ,hi/oria4 ,describ+ a c]ta9 sacr$ dance he records t 8on ! :ite g>m5ts ( ! girls :o took "p 9 x1 h&s & he>ts 7 pa9t$1 signify+ t !y lift$ _! he>ts & h&s to heav51 pray+ = ra940 ,n only does ?is expla9 ! symbolism ( ! h&s on ! temples b also ! native cu/om obs]v$1 by mod]n pilgrims 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan1 ( pa9t+ uplift$ h&s on ! out] walls ( sanctu>ies z an act ( piety & devotion4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #dd4 ,! hide\s necklaces ( alt]nate h&s & he>ts :i* encircle ! neck ( a great monoli?ic idol 9 ! city ( ,mexico & ( an image 9 ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians0 are ?us also prov5 to be ! t\*+ ?\gh unc\? & *ild-l expression ( a dev\t pray]4 ,hav+ ga9$ ?is insight into ! deep significance ( native emblems x is int]e/+ to /udy ! peculi> brea/-ornam5t :i* is ! emblem ( ,xiuhtecuhtli1 lit]ally 8! azure "l10 or ! "l ( ! ye> or ( fire & ( ! ,cihuacoatl or woman-s]p5t4 ,x consi/s ( an oblong plaque1 ! n>r[ ends ( :i* are cut out s z to simulate two air pyramids ) /eps4 ,! "n ( ?is symbolical ornam5t is record$ by ,sahagun z xiuh-tetelli1 lit]ally ! turquoise or grass-gre5 pyramid4 ,x is inv>iably pa9t$ blue & displays a r\nd plate ( burni%$ gold 9 its c5tre4 ,= m reasons ?an ,i c pause to relate "h1 x c be %[n t ! plaque probably symboliz$ ! ,above1 ! blue sky1 wat] & air1 :il/ ! gold plate 0 an image ( ! c5tral div9ity4 ,! sides ( ! squ>e /ool on :i* ! god is seat$ are also cut out s z to convey ! idea t he is re/+ above t]rac$ air-pyramids 7fig4 #dd74 ,8 %ield is surr\nd$ by a cord & conta9s a cross-symbol ) l9es convey+ ! idea ( rotation & f\r circles4 ,! bann] above ! %ield nam$ pantli conveys ! s\nd ( ! ^w panabove1 :il/ 8 conical e>-ornam5t symbolizes ! ,c5tre & ,above4 ,^! details are notewor?y because ,i am ab\t to po9t out ! /rik+ analogy betwe5 a ,zui idol or feti% & ! anci5t ,mexican pictures ( ! "l ( fire & ! "l ( ! nor? or ! und]world,tezcatlipoca4 ,?is ,zui idol 0 s5t to ! ,royal ,e?nographical ,museum at ,b]l9 z "p ( a repres5tative collection by ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cu%+ & has be5 figur$ & describ$ 9 ! publications ( ! ,museum1 ) notes by ,dr4 ,e4 ,sel]47#ah7 ,x repres5ts ! ,zui god t*ialtopa ^: attributes are /one knives1 :o is ! patron ( ! secret society1 8,small fire0 & :o is id5tifi$ ) a great />4 ,8 feti% repres5ts him z /&+ on ! c5tre ( a cross1 =m$ ( f\r beams plac$ v]tically & p]=at$ ) /ep-l p]=ations4 ,! ends are cut out l ^? ( ,xiuhtecuhtli's blue emblem4 ,two p>allel b>s1 ! upp] "o ( :i* is pa9t$ blue1 ! color ( heav51 & ! l[] pa9t$ gre51 ! color ( ! e>?1 convey ! ev]-pres5t native idea ( ! ,above & ,bel[4 ,! arms ( ! cross are pa9t$ r$ ) yell[ ends :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,cu%+1 repres5t ! light emanat+1 9 f\r directions1 f ! />4 ,! arms are di/9ctly associat$ ) ! c>d9al po9ts & ea* supports ! effigies ( a m\nta9 lion & a bird--typify+1 evid5tly1 z 9 ,mexico1 ! ,above & ,bel[4 ,?is cross1 ) ! figure /&+ on its c5tre1 is susp5d$ f above &1 dur+ a c]ta9 c]emony1 x is set into rapid gyratory motion1 f left to "r by ! (ficiat+ high prie/4 ,x is impossible n to see1 9 ?is feti%1 a swa/ika 9 sub/antial =m & 9 actual rotation2 :il/ ! figure ( ! god1 decorat$ ) /one knives1 moves z on a pivot 9 ! c5tre1 pres5t+ exactly ! same idea z 9 ! ,mexican image ( ! god held 9 ! c5tre ( a cross-symbol by ! jaws ( a tecpatl or fl9t knife4 ,x is unnecess>y to m5tion aga9 "h t ! only /> 9 ! heav51 :i* c\ld possibly h be5 reg>d$ z a c5tre ( rotation1 is ,pol>is2 b ,i %\ld l to draw att5tion to ! fact t bun*es ( fea!rs are atta*$ to ! extremities ( ! cross-beams & to ! summit ( ! t]rac$ head-dress ( ! feti% & recall ! circum/ance t1 among/ ! ,mexicans & ,mayas1 ! names = fea!r 7 almo/ id5tical ) ^? = heav5 or some?+ cele/ial & div9e4 ,z ! ,zui god is said to be /&+ on 8 r$ /> 7an mo-yt*un ?lana7 & figures z a c5tre ( rotation1 ,i look ^u ?is feti% z af=d+ mo/ /rik+ confirmation ( my conclusions conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! swa/ika & cross symbols4 ,if x is c]ta9 t1 at ! pres5t day1 ! ,zuis associate ?is />-god ) ,sirius & _! cross symbol ) ! morn+ />1 !n x is q obvi\s t !y h lo/ ! orig9al mean+ ( ! rotat+-/> feti%1 :i* c\ld nev] h be5 sugge/$ by ei!r ( ^! or1 inde$1 by any o!r heav5ly body b ,pol>is4 ,i regret t space does n p]mit me to consid] "h1 m fully1 o!r close analogies betwe5 anci5t ,mexican & mod]n ,zui religi\s c]emonies1 etc41 besides ^? :i* h be5 s well describ$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes4 ,i _c omit to note "h = fur!r ref]5ce t ! national w> gods ( ! ,zuis are ! tw9-bro!rs ,ahaiiuta1 ! eld]1 ^: alt>s 7 situat$ to ! "r or s\? & we/ ( ,zui1 & ,matsailma1 ! y\ng]1 ^: alt>s /ood to ! left or nor? & ea/ ( ! village4 ,! secret society ( ! w>riors & prie/s ( ! b[ d$icat$ _! cult to ^! bro!rs1 ^: c\nt]p>ts we h already /udi$ 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan4 ,return+ to ! primitive designs :i* express$ ! union ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 ,i po9t out an int]e/+ example f ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians10 :i* likewise symbolizes ! f\r qu>t]s1 & _! subdivision & _! relation to ! :ole 7fig4 #cb1 no4 #c74 ,a some:at analog\s design1 f ,p]u1 pres5ts an outl9e resembl+ a swa/ika 7fig4 #dj1 no4 #i7 :i*1 :5 fill$ 9 ) alt]nate colors1 yields fig4 #dj1 no4 #a1 9 :i* ! idea ( ! ,above & ,bel[ prepond]ates4 ,ano!r example ( an analog\s employm5t ( a light & d>k color is furni%$ by a %ield 9 ! ,codex ,m5doza1 %[n 9 fig4 #a1 no4 #a1 alongside ( an int]e/+ image :i* gives u an insight into ! dep?s ( mean+ conta9$ 9 ! duali/ic native designs4 ,x consi/s ( a disk1 "o-half ( :i* repres5ts ! />ry heav5 & ! o!r ! sun1 re/+ on a p>ti-color$ support 7no4 #h74 ,x is evid5t t day & night are ?us symboliz$1 & x is reasonable to inf] t 9 "s c5tres ( ?\ght especially ! ideas ( light & d>kness %\ld h become associat$ ) ! two diff]5t =ms ( cult ! foll[]s ( :i* w\ld be respectively designat$ z ! *ildr5 ( light & ! *ildr5 ( d>kness4 ,by means ( a light & a d>k color numb]less v>iations ( ! "o !me 7 inde$ obta9$4 ,9 ! native ,codices1 9 textile fabrics & on pott]y1 !re are also num]\s examples ( an extremely simple design consi/+ ( a s+le zigzag l9e runn+ betwe5 two p>allel l9es & divid+ ! int]v5+ space into two fields1 ! l[] ( :i* is fill$ out ) black & ! o!r ) "s light color4 ,! d>k upright & light inv]t$ peaks 7 evid5tly employ$ z famili> & favorite emblems ( e>? & heav54 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #de4 ,i am incl9$ to see 9 ! s]rat$ summit ( ! rem>kable edifice1 kn[n z ! ,h\se ( ,doves at ,uxmal1 a r5d]+ ( ! same symbolism on a gigantic scale 7fig4 #de74 ,x _c b be recogniz$1 moreov]1 t a high edifice pres5t+ a regul> s]ies ( cones1 & ext5d+ f ea/ to we/1 w\ld h af=d$ an excell5t means ( regi/]+ ! v>y+ positions ( heav5ly bodies4 ,to obs]v]s look+ t[>ds x f ! nor? or s\?1 at judici\sly *os5 di/ances1 ! entire span ( ! sky w\ld h seem$ divid$ into eight equal p>ts1 se5 z inv]t$ air pyramids betwe5 n9e sections :i* rise 9 /eps & t]m9ate 9 po9ts1 ea* gable be+ p]=at$ ) ?irty w9d[-l op5+s1 arrang$ 9 sev5 horizontal r[s4 ,! purpose ( ^! gable-l piles has be5 a riddle to ! ar*aeologi/s1 :o h visit$ ,uxmal4 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,holmes1 f ^: valuable works ,i cite ! above descriptions1 expresses 8 wond] at 8! great build+1 be>+ ^u its ro( a colossal masonry comb1 built at an enorm\s exp5diture ( "t & labor 444 :i* seem$ to h be5 built exclusively = ! purpose ( embelli%+ ! build+ & hold+ al(t its sculptur$ ornam5ts0 7,anci5t cities ( ,mexico1 pl4 ,i1 p4 #ie74 ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t ?is rem>kable edifice n only af=d$ facilities = a/ronomical obs]vation b con/itut$ 9 itself a great pray] = ra9 wr\ght 9 /one & address$ to ! ,"l ( ,heav5 by a dev\t p4 ,9 corroboration ( ?is inf]5ce1 besides ! =ego+ data1 ,i po9t out t to ?is day ! ,pueblo ,indians associate ! /ep pyramid =m ) b5efic5t ra9 & ev5 give ?is %ape to ! edges ( ! sacr$ b[ls :i* are c>ri$ 9 ! c]emonial dances by ! 8ra9-mak]s40 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,cu%+ ! ,zuis comp>e ! rim ( su* b[ls to ! l9e ( ! 8horizon1 t]rac$ ) m\nta9s1 :5ce rise ! cl\ds40 ,he 0 likewise in=m$ t ! t]race =m repres5ts 8! anci5t sacr$ place ( ! spaces10 an expression :i*1 ?\gh some:at vague1 seems to corroborate my view ( ! ,uxmal build+4 ,! ,zui /atem5t t ! t]race =m figur$ m\nta9s leads to ! subject ( s-call$ 8m\nta9 wor%ip40 ,9 anci5t ,mexico1 at ! approa* ( ! ra9y season1 religi\s c]emonies are p]=m$ 9 honor ( ! m\nta9s :i* 7 look$ ^u z active ag5ts 9 ! production ( ra91 because !y attract$ & ga!r$ ! cl\ds ar\nd _! summits4 ,! tops ( m\nta9s 7 ?us reg>d$ z ! sacr$ place :]e ! sky & heav5 met & produc$ ! %[]s :i* vivifi$ ! e>?4 ,pilgrimages & (f]+s to m\nta9 summits =m$ a "p ( ! duties ( ! ,mexican prie/hood1 b 9 ! cities ! pyramid temple s]v$ z a conv5i5t sub/itute = ! m\nta94 ,! close association ( ! t]race =m ) ra9 & wat] symbolism is c]ta9ly exemplifi$ 9 ! ,mexican design on a temple ro( 7fig4 #ce1 e74 ,! mo/ rem>kable application ( ! duali/ic designs is1 h[ev]1 met ) 9 ,p]u :]e1 accord+ to ,wi5]1 ! irrigation canals :i* c>ri$ wat] to ! maize fields 7 laid out s z to =m patt]n b&s l fig4 #dj1 nos4 #d & #g1 = in/ance4 ,x is evid5t t ?is sy/em ( irrigation mu/ h be5 an extremely effective & practical "o1 b t x _h be5 probably adopt$ f sup]/iti\s motives z an illu/ration ( ! vivify+ union ( ! cele/ial %[] ) ! se$-lad5 soil4 ,! assumption t ! anci5t ,p]uvians %>$ ! same ideas z ! ,mexicans & ,mayas w be f\nd ju/ifi$ by ! foll[+ data4 ,x is n[ my int5tion to give a brief & b>e outl9e sket* ( ! ,p]uvian civilization1 by means ( a s]ies ( quotations f ! be/ au?orities47#ai7 ,incomplete ?\gh ?is mu/ necess>ily be1 x w1 nev]!less1 e/abli%1 beyond a d\bt1 t ! f\nd]s ( ! great ,inca empire 7 "u ! dom9ion ( ! same set ( ideas :i* ,i h be5 trac+ ?r\gh\t ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! lucid records ( ! ,p]uvian *ronicles & ! purity ) :i* ! sy/em _h be5 ma9ta9$ by ! ,incas1 enable u to recognize & appreciate its manifold p]fections z a mode ( primitive gov]nm5t4 ,! be/ au?orities agree t ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 n[ kn[n z ,p]u1 liv$ 9 b>b>ism until civilization 0 introduc$ among/ !m by ! ,incas4 ,"o tradition designates an isl& 9 ! ,titicaca lake1 ano!r ,tiahuanaco1 z ! place :]e1 8aft] ! deluge10 a man or deity appe>$1 divid$ ! l& into f\r p>ts & di/ribut$ ^! to f\r bro!rs1 among/ :om 0 ,manco ,capac1 to :om 0 assign$ ! prov9ce to ! nor?4 ,ea* bro!r _h a si/] :o 0 also 8 wife4 ,manco ,capac & 8 si/] & wife ,mama-,ocllo or1 accord+ to o!r au?orities1 ! ?ird ,inca ,lloque ,yupanqui & 8 consort1 f\nd$ ,cuzco1 also giv5 z ,kosko or ,kuska1 a "n :i*1 accord+ to ,g>cilaso de la ,vega signifies 8navel ( ! e>?0 & 0 be/[$ 8because ! newly-f\nd$ capital 0 to be ! c5tre & po9t ( all40 ,! city 0 divid$ into two p>ts3 ,hanan ,cuzco! ,above1 :i* 0 rul$ ov] by ! ,inca1 & ,hur9 ,cuzco! ,bel[1 :i* 0 gov]n$ by 8 wife & si/]1 :o bore ! honorific title ( ,coyaque5 & ,maman*icour "m4 ,! inhabitants consequ5tly became sep>at$ into two categories3 ! upp] l9eage & ! l[] l9eage1 ,hanan-ayllu & ,hur9-ayllo4 ,at ! same "t ?is division 0 n made s 8t ^? ( "o-half %\ld h an advantage ov] ! o!r 444 ! comm& 0 t only "o diff]5ce & ackn[l$gm5t ( sup]iority 0 to be conc$$ to ! inhabitants ( ! upp] t[n4 ,!y 7 to be respect$ & look$ ^u z ! fir/ born & eld] bro!rs1 :il/ ! dwell]s 9 ! l[] t[n 7 to be reg>d$ z y\ng] or second bro!rs4 ,!y 7 to rank z ! "r arm & ! left arm 9 all (fices or places :]e prec$5ce 0 necess>y4 ,! same division 0 subsequ5tly c>ri$ out 9 all ! t[ns1 great or small1 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 _! inhabitants be+ con/antly class$ into upp] & l[] l9eages or classes40 ,! empire itself 0 nam$ ,tauant9-suyu1 signify+ ! f\r 9 "o1 or ! empire1 :i* 0 divid$ into f\r prov9ces3 ,anti-suyu,ea/2 ,cunti-suyu,we/1 on ! road to :i* 7 two fam\s brooks ( wat] nam$ ! silv] s]p5ts1 ,collquema*a*uay2 ,*9*a-suyu,nor?2 ,colla-suyu,s\?4 ,x is record$ t ! ,coya or que5 w5t to ! ,colla-suyu or ,s\? & taught ! wom5 ! art ( weav+1 ( plant+ maize & ( prep>+ x = food4 ,9 connection ) ! "n ( female rule,coya1 & ! ,s\?,colla-suyu x is int]e/+ to note t ! "n = gran>y 0 ,coll-cana4 ,padre ,arriaga 7quot$ by ,riv]o & ,ts*udi1 p4 #afc7 describes a rem>kable monum5t :i* %[s t ! ,we/ 0 also associat$ ) ! female rul]4 8,! monoli?ic /atue magnific5tly sculptur$ & plac$ on a sepul*ral em95ce ne> ,hilavi repres5t$ two mon/r\s figures /&+ back to back4 ,"o1 repres5t+ a man1 fac$ to ! ,ea/2 ! o!r1 ) a woman's face1 look$ t[>ds ! ,we/47#bj7 ,s]p5ts 7 repres5t$ z crawl+ up ! figures & ^! /ood on o!r reptiles resembl+ frogs4 ,9 front ( ea* ( ^! idols !re 0 a squ>e slab ( /one :i* seem$ to h s]v$ z an alt>40 ,) ! dual division ( ! population ! se$s ( diss5sion 7 s[n 9 ,p]u z else:]e4 ,at a c]ta9 fe/ival ! y\?s ( ! upp] l9eage enc\nt]$ ^? ( ! l[] l9eage 9 trials ( /r5g? & pr[ess1 :i* sometimes result$ 9 viol5ce4 ,a c]ta9 feel+ ( rivalry & opposition mu/ h be5 ?us fo/]$4 ,two =ms ( cult prevail$3 ! ,inca lords & w>riors 7 associat$ ) ! cult ( ! ,above ( :i* ! emblems 7 gold5 images ( ! ,creator & ( ! ,sun1 8! "l ( day10 to ^: p[] ra9 & ?und] 7 attribut$4 ,! silv] huaca or image ( ! moon1 call$ ,quilla 9 ,que*ua & ,pacsa 9 ! ,colla dialect1 0 9 ! figure ( a woman & 0 kept "u ! *>ge ( wom51 ! reason = ?is be+ 8t ! moon 0 a woman40 ,dur+ ! fe/ival ,situa1 "o day 0 d$icat$ to ! ,creator1 ! ,sun & ,?und] & ano!r to 8! ,moon & ,e>?1 :5 ! accu/om$ sacrifices & pray]s 7 (f]$ up40 ,we ?us cle>ly di/+ui% a cult ( ! ,heav5 & ,day presid$ ov] by ! ,inca & a cult ( ,e>? & ,night1 ^: high prie/ess 0 ! ,coya4 ,%e1 moreov]1 _h *>ge ( ! embalm$ bodies ( h] pr$ecessors1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z sacr$ & 7 solemnly c>ri$ =? 9 c]ta9 fe/ivals1 :il/ ! bodies ( ! defunct ,incas 7 gu>d$ by _! successor4 ,! emblems ( bo? cults 71 h[ev]1 pres]v$ 9 a s+le ,great ,temple1 ^: pr9cipal doorway look$ to ! nor?1 a fact ( special importance 9 connection ) :at foll[s4 ,all au?orities1 inde$1 designate ! nor? z ! qu>t] :5ce ! =eign culture-h]oes came to ,p]u4 8,! ,incas _h a k ( ! ,creator f ! fir/10 b x 0 n until ! "t ( ! ,inca ,yupanqui t ! ignorant sun-wor%ip ( ! primitive inhabitants ( ! c\ntry 0 sup]s$$ by a firmly e/abli%$ new & sup]ior religion4 8,inca ,yupanqui appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to ord] & settle c]emonies & religions4 ,he x 0 :o e/abli%$ ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>1 giv+ a "n to ea* & orda9+ ! c]emonies t 7 to be obs]v$ 9 ea*4 ,= al?\gh 8 ance/ors us$ mon?s & ye>s c\nt$ by ! quippus1 yet !y 7 nev] previ\sly regulat$ until ! "t ( ?is ,"l4 ,he 0 ( su* cle> und]/&+ t he reflect$ ^u ! respect & rev]5ce %[n by 8 ance/ors to ! ,sun :o wor%ipp$ x z a ,god4 ,he obs]v$ t x nev] _h any re/ & t x daily j\rney$ r\nd ! e>?2 & he said to ^? ( 8 c\ncil t x 0 n possible t ! ,sun c\ld be ! ,god :o creat$ all ?+s1 = if he 0 he w\ld n p]mit a small cl\d to obscure 8 spl5d\r2 & t if he 0 creator ( all ?+s he w\ld sometimes re/ & light up ! :ole _w f "o spot4 ,?us x _c be o!rwise b t !re is someone :o directs him & ?is is ! ,pa*a-,ya*a*i1 ! ,creator1 lit]ally1 ! ,tea*] ( ! ,_w40 ,8 pr$ecessors _h ord]$ an oval plate ( f9e gold :i* 0 to s]ve z an image ( ! ,creator ( heav5 & e>?1 &1 9 ord] to convey ?is mean+ x 0 plac$ betwe5 images ( ! sun & moon2 a pro( t ! latt] 7 employ$ z symbols ( heav5 & e>?4 ,inca ,yupanqui1 h[ev]1 also caus$ a /atue ( ! ,creator to be made ( f9e gold & ( ! size ( a boy ( t5 ye>s ( age 9 ord] to convey ! idea ( 8 et]nal y\?4 8,x 0 9 ! %ape ( a man /&+ up1 ! "r arm rais$ & ! h& almo/ clos$1 ! f+]s & ?umb rais$ z "o :o 0 giv+ an ord]40 ,! second gold /atue he _h made1 a p]sonification ( ! sun 8:i* 0 dress$ l ! ,inca & wore all 8 insignia10 %[s he claim$ to be & con/itut$ himself z ! visible repres5tative & ,"l ( ! ,above4 ,! silv] female /atue ( ! ,moon d\btlessly exhibit$1 9 ! same mann]1 ! insignia ( ! ,coya4 ,inca ,yupanqui also ord]$ ! h\ses & temple ( ,quisu>-can*a to be built &1 at ?is spot1 ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham obs]v$ an anci5t wall1 ) s]p5ts c>v$ ^u x4 ,! "n signifies1 lit]ally1 8! place ( ! ,quisu> tree10 & w be aga9 ref]r$ to fur!r on4 ,)\t paus+ to discuss ! subject at l5g? let u exam9e fur!r ! s*eme ( gov]nm5t1 etc41 introduc$ by ! ,incas1 ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( :i* 0 ! sy/ematical classification ( ! p1 _! assignm5t to specifi$ dwell+ places & ! di/ribution ( labor accord+ to prescription4 ,! key to ! entire gigantic sy/em 0 ! conception ( a c5tral immutable supreme p[] :i* direct$ all visible & invisible manife/ations & :i* s5t =? & re-absorb$ all en]gy4 ,9 ,cuzco & 9 ! ,inca ,empire we h a m9utely describ$ in/ance ( ! application1 to t]re/rial gov]nm5t1 ( ! laws ( fix$ ord]1 h>mony1 p]iodicity & rotation le>n$ by e>ne/ & pati5t obs]v]s ( ! nor!rn heav51 dur+ c\ntless c5turies ( "t4 ,! c5tre ( ,cuzco consi/$ ( a great squ>e :5ce f\r roads radiat$ to ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is /ood a gold vase f :i* a f\nta9 fl[$4 ,! ,spani>ds also f\nd 9 ,cuzco a l>ge1 beautifully-poli%$ /one-cross :i* evid5tly symboliz$1 z 9 ,mexico1 ! f\r qu>t]s & mu/ h be5 appropriately plac$ 9 ! squ>e4 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega /ates t ! capital =m$ an actual image ( ! :ole empire1 8= x 0 divid$ into f\r qu>t]s & an extremely anci5t law r5d]$ x obligatory t repres5tatives ( ea* prov9ce & ( ea* class ( population %\ld reside !re 9 homes1 ! location ( :i* precisely correspond$ to ! geographical position ( _! respective prov9ces4 ,ea* l9eage 0 ?us repres5t$ & occupi$ sep>ate dwell+s1 assign$ to !m by ! gov]nors ( ! qu>t]s4 ,all p]sons 7 oblig$ to adh]e to ! cu/oms ( _! =efa!rs & also we> ! co/umes ( _! ayllus or tribes 7,cieza de ,leon1 ,cronica *ap4 ,,xciii74 ,= ! ,incas _h decre$ t ! dresses worn by ! memb]s ( ea* tribe %\ld be diff]5t1 s t ! p might be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r z1 d[n to t "t1 !re _h be5 no means ( kn[+ to :at locality or tribe an ,indian belong$40444 ,9 ord] to avoid confusion ! modes ( we>+ ! hair 7 rigidly prescrib$ & ! b&s worn on ! head by ! vassals _h to be black or ( a s+le color only4 ,! high] 9 rank a p]son 0 ! m 8 co/ume resembl$ t ( ! ,inca1 )\t1 h[ev]1 approa*+ x 9 l5g? & ri*ness4 8,?us1 ev5 9 an assemblage ( #ajj1jjj p]sons x 0 easy to recognize individuals ( ea* tribe & ( ea* rank by ! signs !y wore on _! heads40444 8,x 0 obligatory t ea* %\ld p]man5tly live 9 ! prov9ce he belong$ to4 ,ea* prov9ce1 ea* tribe &1 9 _m p>ts ea* village1 _h its own language :i* 0 diff]5t f t ( its neighbors4 ,^? :o und]/ood ea* o!r by speak+ ! same language consid]$ !mselves z relat$ to ea* o!r & 7 fri5ds & conf$]ates4444 ,! ,incas employ$ a private language ( _! own :i* none b memb]s ( ! royal l9eage presum$ or d>$ to le>n40 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 :o claim$ royal desc5t1 /at$ t un=tunately no records rema9$ to enable "o to =m an idea ( :at ! ,inca language 0 l4 ,! autocratic1 ?\gh peaceable way 9 :i* ! novel s*eme ( gov]nm5t 0 impos$ ^u ! inhabitants ( ,p]u by ! =eign *iefta9s is be/ prov5 by ! foll[+ passages f ! ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,incas 7p4 #gg7 & ,g>cilaso de la ,vega 7pp4 #i & #aj74 8,) a view t ea* tribe %\ld be cle>ly di/+ui%able & aft] assign+ a diff]5t co/ume to ea* !y 7 ord]$ to *oose _! respective pac>iscas1 a ^w mean+1 lit]ally1 _! bir? & orig94 ,!y 7 told to *oose = !mselves :5ce !y 7 desc5d$ & :5ce !y came1 & z ! ,indians 7 g5]ally v dull & /upid1 "s *ose to assign _! orig9 to a lake1 o!rs to a spr+1 o!rs a rock1 o!rs a hill or rav9e4 ,b e l9eage *ose "s object = its pac>isca4 ,"s tribes subsequ5tly ador$ eagles because !y boa/$ to h desc5d$ f !m 444 o!rs ador$ f\nta9s1 riv]s1 ! e>?1 :i* !y call ,"m1 or air1 fire1 444 sn[-m\nta9s1 maize1 ! sea1 nam$ "m-sea40 ,accord+ to ,g>cilaso de la ,vega 8! ,p]uvian tribes subsequ5tly inv5t$ an inf9ity ( fables conc]n+ ! orig9 ( _! diff]5t ance/ors4444 ,an ,indian does n consid] himself honorable unless he c trace 8 desc5t f a riv]1 f\nta91 lake or ! sea1 or f "s wild bea/ l ! be>1 puma1 ocelot1 eagle1 etc40 ,an example ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( va9-glory 0 inde$ set by ! diplomatic ,inca himself :o claim$1 = himself & l9eage1 desc5t f ! ,sun & res]v$ burni%$ gold ornam5ts = 8 p>ticul> use4 ,8 successors subsequ5tly built a temple ( ! ,sun at ,cuzco & set up its image made ( gold & preci\s /ones4 ,ar\nd ?is1 ! royal 8pac>isca10 !y plac$ ! mummies ( all ! dead ,incas4 ,9 ano!r room !re 0 an image ( 8! moon1 ) a woman's face10 & ab\t x 7 ! mummies ( ! royal wom54 ,f ?is we le>n t ! latt] assign$ _! orig9 to ! moon & t x 0 _! pac>isca or huaca4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* creation-my?s are sometimes evolv$ f actual occurr5ces1 x is int]e/+ to /udy ano!r acc\nt ( ! mode 9 :i* tribal regulations 7 introduc$ into ,p]u4 ,ow+1 mo/ probably1 to ! fact t "o ( ! titles giv5 to ! ,creator 0 8! ,tea*]10 we f9d ,mol9a attribut+ to ! ,creator himself ! e/abli%m5t ( ! tribal sy/em & ! assignm5t ( totems & diff]5t co/umes to ea* gr\p or family4 ,if we read 8 acc\nt &1 ) ,g>cilaso de la ,vega & o!rs1 attribute to ! ,incas ! introduction ( civilization into ,p]u1 we recognize ! practical good s5se ) :i* !y accompli%$ ! r difficult task ( oblig+ ea* tribe to we> a diff]5t co/ume4 8,9 ,tiahuanaco 444 he made "o ( ea* nation ( clay & pa9t$ ^! ) ! dresses t ea* "o 0 to we>4 ,^? :o 7 to we> _! hair1 ) hair2 & ^? :o 7 to be %orn1 ) hair cut 444 :5 he _h f9i%$ mak+ ! nations & pa9t+ ! said figures ( clay1 he gave life & s\l to ea* "o1 z well man z woman 444 ea* nation !n w5t to ! place to :i* he ord]$ x to g40 ,i confess t1 until ,i /udi$ ! above record 9 full1 ,i _h v vague ideas ab\t ! huacas or 8idols0 ( ! ,p]uvians4 ,b :5 ,i f\nd x /at$1 fur!r on1 t 8ea* tribe wore ! dress ) :i* _! huaca is inve/$10 ,i began to realize :at huacas might orig9ally h be54 ,x w\ld seem t on assign+ a diff]5t co/ume & di/9ctive "n to ea* tribe1 ! f\nd] ( ! new colony gave ea* *ief z a model1 a diff]5t clay doll1 pa9t$ ) ! di/9ctive m>ks he & 8 p 7 to adopt4 ,?is figure w\ld naturally h be5 kept = ref]5ce & treat$ z some?+ sacr$4 ,on c]ta9 (ficial occasions x w\ld be produc$ z a means ( id5tification or pro( t ! prescrib$ co/umes _h be5 /rictly adh]$ to4 ,to ?is practical & s5sible plan ! orig9 ( ! s-call$ tribal & h\sehold idols ( ! ,p]uvians & ( ! ,mexicans c d\btlessly be assign$4 ,inv5t$ z an aid 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( tribal-names & dress-regulations & intimately connect$ ) ! entire sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 ^! huacas gradually became ! repres5tative ( ! ance/or ( ! clan1 its 8cant+0 arms & its sacr$ palladium4 ,we are told t aft] ! tribes _h *os5 _! v>i\s ance/ors or orig9s1 su* z caves1 hills1 f\nta9s1 etc41 !y settl$ 9 ! l& & multipli$4 ,!n1 on acc\nt ( hav+ 8issu$ or desc5d$ f /at$ localities1 ! p made huacas & places ( wor%ip ( ^!1 9 memory ( ! orig9 ( _! l9eage4444 ,! huacas !y use are 9 diff]5t %apes4444 ,"s say ! fir/ ( _! l9eages 7 turn$ into falcons1 condors & o!r animals or birds0 7,mol9a ed4 ,hakluyt1 p4 #e74 ,a c]ta9 =m ( ance/or-cult 0 ?us evolv$ 9 a natural mann]4 8,idolatr\s rites increas$ & p devot$ !mselves to ! wor%ip ( huacas 444 ea* village _h its huaca4 ,! cult assum$ su* proportions "u ,ccapac ,yupanqui t he exclaim$3 #8,h[ _m false gods are !re 9 ! l&1 to my sorr[ & ! mis=tune ( my vassals6 ,:5 %all we see ^! evils rem$i$8' 0 ,at ! same "t we f9d t clay or wood5 figures cont9u$ to be employ$ evid5tly z a me?od ( keep+ an accurate regi/] ( ! population4 ,9 ! capital1 "o build+ held duplicates ( all ! huacas ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,:5 a new prov9ce 0 conqu]$ ! ,inca c>ri$ its pr9cipal huaca to ,cuzco4 ,"o or m liv+ repres5tatives ( ! conqu]$ tribe1 we>+ its *>act]i/ic dress1 7 oblig$ to reside 9 ! capital4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico ^! 8liv+ images ( ! gods0 are "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! native civilization & h be5 p]si/5tly misund]/ood1 especially by mod]n au?orities4 ,z ^! 8liv+ gods0 are specially treat$ 9 ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians10 ,i %all m]ely po9t out "h t small clay portraits or effigies ( p]sons 7 made 9 ,mexico at c]ta9 /ages ( an individual's life & also aft] 8 dea?4 ,^! seem to h be5 employ$ = /ati/ical purposes4 ,9 ,mexico & ,p]u l>ge numb]s ( small images 7 pres]v$ 9 ea* h\sehold & 7 "u ! *>ge ( its *ief or 8old] bro!r10 :o 0 oblig$ to gu>d & r5d] acc\nt ( !m4 ,( c\rse ! ,spani% conqu]ors took x = grant$ t all ( ^! 7 idols &1 9 _! ignorance1 de/roy$ !m unm]cifully4 ,once ! native sy/em ( tribal organization is und]/ood1 x becomes evid5t t an accurate regi/] ( all memb]s ( a tribe 0 ( utmo/ importance4 ,by means ( a gr\p ( m or less skillfully-modell$ figures or heads ! size ( a family c\ld be asc]ta9$ at a glance by ! gov]nm5t record]4 ,9 ! light ( ?is recognition x seems m ?an probable t ! imm5se numb]s ( small clay heads ( v>i\s k9ds1 f\nd 9 ! 8/reet ( ! dead0 at ! base ( ! great pyramids ( ,teotihuacan1 & else:]e1 indicate t1 9 ^! localities1 a p]iodical & (ficial regi/ration ( dea?s 0 c>efully c>ri$ on4 ,?is assumption is fully corroborat$ by ! conclusions ,i rea*$1 9 #ahhf1 aft] mak+ a m9ute /udy ( a l>ge numb] ( t]ra-cotta heads7#ba7 & asc]ta9+ t numb]s ( !m 7 portraits ( dead p]sons4 ,! above inf]5ce is1 moreov]1 confirm$ by ! "n ( ,teotihuacan1 :i* means1 lit]ally1 8! place ( ! lords or ma/]s ( ! teotle40 ,! t]m teotl 0 giv5 to ! head ( a tribe1 :o con/itut$ ! liv+ image ( ! tribal ance/or4 ,:5 he di$ he himself became "o ( ! tribal ance/ors & all dead lords 7 t]m$ teotle4 ,! =ego+ data enlight5 u z to ! practical value ( a /]nly en=c$ sy/em ( division & diff]5tiation = ! control ( ! population1 & ( clay images ( p]sons = /ati/ical purposes4 ,we h se5 t1 dur+ _m c5turies1 ! en]gy ( ! rul]s 0 direct$ t[>ds mak+ gr\ps ( p z di/9ct & diff]5t f ea* o!r z possible4 ,!y 7 rigidly kept ap>t &1 9 all assemblages1 !y occupi$ sep>ate positions1 9 a fix$ ord] ( relation to ea* o!r4 8,all ! p ( ,cuzco came out accord+ to _! tribes & l9eages 444 & assembl+ 9 ! great squ>e 444 sat d[n on _! b5*es1 ea* man accord+ to ! rank he held1 ! ,hanan-,cuzco on "o side & ! ,hur9-,cuzco on ! o!r0 7,mol9a ed4 ,hakluyt1 p4 #bf74 ,beside ?is dual division ( ! entire population1 "u ! sep>ate rul]%ips ( ! ,inca & ,coya1 :o 7 l9k$ toge!r1 h[ev]1 9 a sacr$ & indissoluble union & respectively repres5t$ ,heav5 & ,e>?1 let u /udy ! executive adm9i/ration ( ! religi\s & civil gov]nm5ts4 ,two sets1 ea* consi/+ ( f\r rul]s1 next 9 rank to ! ,inca & ,coya1 are describ$3 ,ea* qu>t] or ,suyu 0 rul$ ov] by a 8vic]oy10 or 8,inca gov]nor10 entitl$ tucuyricoc8he :o sees all10 or ,capac4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,inca ,huayna ,capac ! names ( ! f\r 8vic]oys0 are record$ z hav+ be5 ,capac,a*a*ic1 ,capac,l>ico1 ,capac,yo*i1 ,capac,hualcaya4 ,^! 7 obvi\sly memb]s ( ! ,inca family & next 9 rank to ! ,inca1 :o presid$ z supreme pontiff ov] ! religi\s gov]nm5t4 ,! civil & tribal adm9i/ration 0 execut$ by f\r ,curacas1 ea* ( :i* _h *>ge ( #aj1jjj p]sons belong+ to ! ayllustribes or l9eages4 ,! titles ( ^! f\r ,curacas are record$ z3 ,hunu-,camayu or ,camayoc1 ,hu>onca-,camayu or ,camayoc1 ,pa*aca-,camayu or ,camayoc1 ,*unca-,camayu or ,camayoc4 ,z _! titles %[1 !y 7 ! *ief acc\ntants or record]s ( /ati/ics1 :i* 7 record$ by means ( ! quippus4 ,"u !m1 9 regul> ord] !re 7 (fic]s1 :o respectively _h *>ge ( #ejj1 #ajj1 #ej or #aj individuals4 ,9 ! latt] in/ance x is expressly /at$ t x 0 always "o man out ( ! t5 :o gov]n$ & r5d]$ acc\nt ( ! rema9+ n9e4 ,! f\r *ief record]s dwelt 9 ,cuzco b 8left x e ye> & return$ 9 ,febru>y to make _! report 444 br++ ) !m ! tribute ( ! :ole empire4 ,!y also report$ ^u ! adm9i/ration e ye> record+ ! bir?s & dea?s t _h occurr$ among m5 & flocks1 ! yield ( crops & all o!r details1 ) great m9ut5ess0 7,polo de ,ondeg>do74 ,f ! record$ details ( organization we le>n t ! gov]nm5tal s*eme introduc$ by ! ,incas 0 bas$ on ! assumption t ! /&>d population ( ! empire %\ld numb] #dj1jjj individuals "u ! civil rul]%ip ( #d record]s1 #dj fir/-grade (fic]s1 #djj second-grade (fic]s1 #d1jjj ?ird-grade (fic]s--ea* ( ! la/ be+ responsible = n9e individuals besides himself4 ,x is notewor?y t ! ?ree grades ( (fic]s correspond to ! ?reefold division ( ! entire produce ( ! l&1 betwe5 ! ,inca1 ! ,huaca & ! ,ayllu1 equival5t to ! religi\s gov]nm5t1 ! civil gov]nm5t & ! p--to ! ,above1 ,bel[ & ,middle4 ,! m9imal division ( p into gr\ps ( t5 ( :i* "o 0 ! gov]nm5tal repres5tative corresponds1 moreov]1 to ! classification into ! foll[+ t5 categories1 accord+ to _! ages3 #a4 ,mosoc-ap>ic3 baby1 8newly begun10 8j born40 #b4 ,saya-hu>ma3 *ild1 8/&+ boy10 age #b-f4 #c ,macta-puric3 8*ild t c walk10 age #f-h4 #d4 ,itanta-requisic3 8bread-receiv]10 boy ab\t #h4 #e4 ,pucllac-hu>ma3 8play+ boy10 age #h-af4 #f4 ,cuca-pallac3 8,coca pick]s10 age #af-bj4 #g4 ,yma-huayna3 8z a y\?10 light s]vice1 age #bj-be4 #h4 ,puric3 8able-bodi$10 tribute & s]vice1 age #be-ej4 #i4 ,*aupi-rucca3 eld]ly1 light s]vice1 age #ej-fj4 #aj4 ,puuc-rucca3 dotage1 no "w1 #fj upw>ds47#bb7 ,al?\gh = /ati/ical purposes1 exact regi/]s ( ea* ( ^! gr\ps 7 annually made by ! record]s1 x is evid5t t ! purics or 8able-bodi$0 m5 con/itut$ ! mo/ important portion ( ! population4 ,!y naturally fell into two gr\ps consi/+ ( ! nobility & common]s1 b scatt]$ evid5ce amply provides t !y 7 /rictly classifi$ accord+ to ! special s]vice or tribute !y r5d]$ to ! gov]nm5t4 ,! be/ produce ( ea* prov9ce 0 br\ght to ,cuzco4 ,! inhabitants ( ea* region 7 specially tra9$ to r5d] c]ta9 s]vices or to excel 9 p>ticul> indu/ries--by ?is means ea* tribe gradually became id5tifi$ ) its special indu/ry or aptitude4 ,! necessity t ! supply ( _! produce %\ld be con/ant & regul>1 mu/ h necessitat$ ! p]man5t ma9t5ance ( a fix$ numb] ( work]s at ea* bran* ( indu/ry1 a fact :i* w\ld give rise to rigid laws controll+ ! lib]ty ( ! individual1 =c+ *ildr5 to adopt _! p>5ts' avocations & =bidd+ int]m>riages betwe5 p]sons ( diff]5t prov9ces4 ,z scatt]$ m5tion is made ( ! foll[+ g5]al classification ( ! male population1 ,i v5ture to note !m z foll[s1 provisionally3 ,nobility3 ,common]s4 #a4 lords3 %eph]ds 7( lamas71 #b4 prie/s3 hunt]s1 #c4 w>riors3 f>m]s1 #d4 civil gov]nors3 artific]s4 ,! female population 0 d\btlessly subdivid$ 9 an analog\s mann]1 = x is expressly record$ t all m>riageable girls 7 kept 9 f\r diff]5t h\ses4 ,^? ( ! fir/ class1 qualifi$ z 8! :ite virg9s10 7 d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,creator1 ! ,sun & ! ,inca2 ! second 7 giv5 9 m>riage to ! nobility2 ! ?ird class m>ri$ ! ,curacas or civil gov]nors1 & ! la/ 7 qualifi$ z 8black10 & p]ta9$ to ! l[] classes4 ,ca/e division 0 nev] lo/ sight (--inde$ "o ,inca w5t s f> z to ord] t all ! p ( ! ,bel[ 8%\ld flatt5 ! heads ( _! *ildr51 s t !y %\ld be long & slop+ f ! front40 ,?us !y %\ld ev] be di/+ui%able f ! nobility & 8yield !m ob$i5ce40 ,al?\gh x is n expressly /at$1 x may be inf]r$ f actual specim5s ( skulls :i* h be5 f\nd t1 9 "s localities1 9 ord] to diff]5tiate ! two classes /ill m1 memb]s ( ! nobility /rove to m\ld ! heads ( _! *ildr5 9 a high peak1 s t !y too %\ld p]petually be> ! m>k ( _! rank4 ,:e!r su* a proc$ure w\ld ex]t a correspond+ly elevat+ or abas+ influ5ce ^u ! intellectual developm5t ( ! two classes is a problem = an?ropologi/s4 ,a v simple explanation ( ! reason :y artificial de=mation ( ! skull 0 ev] adopt$1 is obta9able :5 ! all-p[]ful dom9ion ( a c]ta9 set ( ideas is recogniz$4 ,_m o!r cu/oms1 /ill 9 practice among/ ,am]ican tribes1 are likewise expla9$ by ! arbitr>y division ( population into classes & categories4 ,! ,p]uvian cu/om ( be/[+ "o "n ^u a *ild :5 x 0 "o ye> old & ano!r :5 x atta9$ maturity is ! direct outcome ( ! classification ( individuals by age4 ,! c]emonial obs]vances :i* accompani$ ! be/[al ( ^! names 7 accompani$ by a *ange ( co/ume :i* con/itut$ ! (ficial enrolm5t or advancem5t into ano!r class4 ,! exi/5ce ( fur!r sy/ematic class-di/9ctions is prov5 by ! description ( ! picturesque c]emony p]=m$ 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ at ,cuzco & call$ 8! driv+ out ( sickness40 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! great squ>e ar\nd ! urn ( gold :i* typifi$ ! 8c5tral f\nta90 7precisely ! idea express$ by ! "n ( ,mexico71 f\r hundr$ w>riors assembl$4 ,"o hundr$1 repres5t+ "o ( ! f\r ayllus1 fac$ t[>ds ea* c>d9al po9t & subsequ5tly ran at full spe$ 9 its direction1 cry+ 8,g =? all evils60 ,we h n[ trac$ ! idea ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 ,c5tre & ,f\r ,qu>t]s 9 ,anci5t ,p]u4 ,x rema9s to be not$ t ! capital itself1 :i* 0 to be ! image ( ! :ole empire1 0 prim>ily divid$ into two halves & f\r qu>t]s1 & subdivid$ into #dcab w>ds ! names ( :i* d\btlessly correspond$ ) t ( _! inhabitants4 ,:5 ! sacr$ c5tre ( ! capital is add$ to ^! x is cle> t ! ,city ( ,cuzco 0 subdivid$ into z _m p>ts z !re 7 directions 9 space1 i4 e4 #ac4 ,x exemplifi$1 !re=e1 an association ( #bajbj categories ( p classifi$ accord+ to ages1 ) ?irte5 directions 9 space1 & a g5]al subdivision ( all classes into f\r p>ts4 ,! ,inca ) ! f\r ,capacs & ! ,coya ) ! f\r ,camayocs =m$ two gr\ps ( five ea*1 :i* c\ld well h be5 repres5t$ by a l>ge c5tral figure surr\nd$ by f\r small] ones ( equal size4 ,by color+ ^! ) r$1 yell[1 black & :ite1 _! assignm5t to ! c>d9al po9t c\ld h be5 express$4 ,! c5tral figure c\ld be pa9t$ 9 f\r colors1 = only ! ,inca & 8 l9eage c\ld we> _m-color$ g>m5ts1 ^! be+ indicative t !y repres5t$ ! c5tre or union ( ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,two important features ( ! sy/em rema9 to be discuss$3 ,we h /udi$ ! m9ute & me?odical classification ( ! entire population into di/9ct gr\ps )\t t\*+ ^u ! practical reasons :y ?is 0 done4 ,we h analyz$ ! great ma*9]y ( ! ,inca dom9ion z x lies brok5 & motionless4 ,b end[ ! giant :eel ) motion1 introduce sy/ematical rotation into its e "p1 regulate ! occupations ( ! p by a fix$ s]ies ( "w-days & holidays4 ,s5d !m =? to _! "w & collect ! products ( _! labor at set int]vals1 in/itute a cal5d>1 & y w h set ! ma*9]y ( /ate 9 motion & realiz$ h[ ! classification ( individuals accord+ to rank1 ages1 & occupations 0 absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 a successful & h>moni\s result4 ,x has already be5 %[n t ! in/itution ( ! cal5d> & e/abli%m5t ( twelve fe/ival p]iods ( ?irty days ea*1 9 a ye>1 succe$$ ! division ( ! p into gr\ps & _! assignm5t to fix$ places ( abode4 8,!y comm5c$ to c\nt ! ye> 9 ! middle ( ,may1 a few days m or less1 on ! fir/ day ( ! ,moon 444 9 ?is mon? !y held ! fe/ivals ( ! ,sun0 7,mol9a ed4 ,hakluyt1 p4 #af74 ,i direct p>ticul> att5tion to ! fact t x 0 ! new ,may moon :i* controll$ ! beg9n+ ( ! religi\s cal5d>1 al?\gh ! ,incas obs]v$ ! equ9oxes & sol/ices & ! cult ( ! ,sun 0 "u _! special c>e4 ,! twelve divisions ( ! ye> accord ) ! twelve w>ds ( ,cuzco surr\nd+ ! c5tral enclosure :i* 0 always ! place :]e ! fe/ivals 7 held & ! p congregat$4 ,i h z yet f\nd no acc\nt ( ! less] divisions ( "t 9 ,p]u1 b note t ! p]iod ( ?irty days consi/$ ( six p]iods ( five days ea*1 a subdivision :i* w\ld obvi\sly accord ) native habits ( ?\ght if associat$ ) ! six t]re/rial directions 9 space & if a reunion ( p & collection ( produce f f\r qu>t]s took place on e fif? day 9 ! capital4 ,9 my special "w on ! ,cal5d> sy/ems ( anci5t ,am]ica ,i %all be able to discuss m fully _! intimate indissoluble relation to ! regulation ( labor & control ( ! food supply absolutely requisite = ! great capital4 ,! idea ( rotation 0 c>ri$ out 9 a c]emony describ$ by ,mol9a4 ,:5 ! ,decemb] moon 0 full1 aft] hav+ pl\gh$ _! fields dur+ twelve days1 8all p]sons return$ to ,cuzco 444 ! p w5t to a h\se call$ moro-uco1 ne> ! h\ses ( ! ,sun & took out a v long cable :i* 0 kept !re1 wov5 9 f\r colors1 black1 :ite1 r$ & yell[1 at ! end ( :i* 0 a /\t ball ( r$ wool4 ,ev]yone took hold ( x1 ! m5 on "o side1 ! wom5 on ! o!r1 p]=m+ ! sacr$ dance call$ yaquayra4 ,:5 !y came to ! squ>e 444 !y w5t r\nd & r\nd until !y 7 9 ! %ape ( a spiral %ell4 ,!n !y dropp$ ! cable on ! gr\nd & left x coil$ up l a snake4 ,! p return$ to _! places & ^? :o _h *>ge ( ! cable took x back to its h\se40 ,an extremely important in/ance ( ! application ( ! spiral is pres]v$ 9 an illu/ration 9 ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,antiquities ( ,p]u by ! native *ronicl] ,salcamayhua 7ed4 ,hakluyt1 p4 #aji74 ,he relates t ! ,inca ,huayna-,capac1 :5 he rea*$ ! t[n ( ,tumipampa1 8ord]$ wat] to be br\ght f a riv] by bor+ ?r\gh a m\nta91 & mak+ ! *annel ent] ! city by curves 9 ?is way30 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #df4 ,! illu/ration1 reproduc$ "h 7fig4 #df71 exhibits an extremely +5i\s mode ( irrigation :i* divid$ ! c\ntry surr\nd+ ! t[n into n9e zones ( l& ly+ betwe5 curr5ts ( wat]4 ,^! are cut ?r\gh by an exit canal :i*1 at ! same "t1 presumably suppli$ a direct wat]-way = traffic to & f ! t[n4 ,! association ( ! spiral =m ) irrigation w\ld n1 p]haps1 seem z important & significant did we n "k t ! anci5t ,p]uvians1 z prov5 by ,wi5]1 habitually laid out ! irrigation canals 9 _! maize-fields s z to =m regul> designs1 "s ( :i* resembl$ ^? illu/rat$ on fig4 #dj1 nos4 #b1 #d1 #f1 #g1 :i* h be5 %[n to signify ! union ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 or ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,9 ! ,p]uvian irrigation canals ! wat] suppli$ ! light l9es & ! e>? ! d>k1 & :5 ! small canals 7 full & 7 obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 lights1 !y mu/ h resembl$ light blue or :ite patt]ns runn+ ?r\gh ! d>k e>?4 ,t _! inv5tors & mak]s actually associat$ !m ) pr(\nd mean+ & laid !m f sup]/iti\s z well z practical motives is obvi\s2 =1 9 ,p]u1 z 9 ,mexico1 we f9d ! p]iodical union ( ! ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ( ra9 & e>? celebrat$ ) c]emonial dr9k+ ( *i*a1 specially brew$ = ?is p]iod :i* seems to h be5 ! regul>ly appo9t$ "t = juv5ile mat*-mak+1 by ord] ( ! ,inca4 8,:5 ! ,inca gave wom5 z wives !y 7 receiv$ because x 0 ! comm& ( ! ,inca 444 because ( ?is x 0 consid]$ t %e 0 tak5 until dea? & %e 0 receiv$ on ?is und]/&+ & nev] des]t$0 7,mol9a74 8,:5 ! ,inca ,rocca m>ri$ 8 si/]1 six ?\s& p 7 m>ri$ on ! next day0 7,montes9os74 ,9 ! fe/ival call$ ,ccapac ,raymi1 maid5s :o _h atta9$ womanhood (f]$ b[ls ( f]m5t$ *i*a to ! y\?s :o _h j be5 admitt$ to ! ranks ( ! w>riors4 8,dur+ ?is fe/ival ! ,prie/s ( ! ,sun & ( ! ,creator br\ght a quantity ( fuel1 ti$ toge!r 9 h&fuls1 & dress$ z a man & a woman 444 !y 7 (f]$ to ! ,creator1 ! ,sun & ! ,inca & 7 burnt 9 _! clo!s toge!r ) a %eep0 7,mol9a74 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! same mon? 7,novemb]71 fea/s 7 celebrat$ = ! flocks ( ! huacas1 t !y might multiply2 = :i* sacrifices 7 made ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,ultimately 8public solemn sacrifices 7 made to ! ,creator1 ! ,sun1 ! ,?und] & ! ,moon = all nations1 t !y might prosp] & multiply0 7,mol9a74 ,a few weeks lat]1 an exemption f c]emonial bondage1 = ?ree mon?s1 comm5c$4 ,?r\gh\t ,janu>y1 ,febru>y & ,m>* no religi\s fe/ival took place at ,cuzco--! f>m]s att5d$ to _! l& & ! p 7 left at lib]ty to pursue _! v>i\s avocations un9t]rupt$ly 7,mol9a ed4 ,hakluyt1 pp4 #ea & #eb74 ,i h already %[n t ! same exemption f c]emonial bondage dur+ n9ety to "o hundr$ days ( ! ye> 0 cu/om>y 9 ,mexico2 &1 9 my note on ! ,anci5t ,mexican ,cal5d> ,sy/em1 communicat$ to ! ,congress ( ,am]icani/s at ,/ockholm 9 #ahid 7p4 #af71 ,i expla9$ ! reasons :i* _h l$ me to inf] t 8! religi\s fe/ivals 7 conc5trat$ 9 ! ritual ye>s ( #bfj days10 :i* inde$ =ms a unit1 consi/+ ( a complete set ( comb9ations ( ! numb]s #ac & #bj4 ,9 ,dr4 ,franz ,boas' admirable monograph on ! ,social ,organization & secret societies ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians 7,wa%+ton1 #ahig1 p4 #dah71 x is %[n t at ! pres5t day ! clan sy/em is only 9 =ce dur+ "o division ( ! ye>4 8,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w9t] c]emonial ! social sy/em is completely *ang$4 ,! p]iod :5 ! class sy/em is 9 =ce is call$ b-xus4 ,! p]iod ( ! w9t] c]emonial is designat$ z #8! secrets1' #8mak+ ! he>t good1' also #8br\ght d[n f ,above4' ,! ,indians express ?is alt]nat+ ( seasons by say+ t 9 summ] ! b-xus is on top1 ! secrets bel[1 & vice v]sa 9 w9t]4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! place ( ! clans is tak5 by a numb] ( secret societies3 ! spirits :o _h appe>$ to my?ical ance/ors give new names to ! m5 to :om !y appe>1 b ^! names are only 9 use dur+ ! "t :5 ! spirits dwell among/ ! ,indians1 i4 e41 9 ! w9t]40 ,!re=e f ! mom5t :5 ! spirits are suppos$ to be pres5t1 all ! summ] names are dropp$ & ! memb]s ( ! nobility take _! w9t] names4 ,! w9t] c]emonial societies are arrang$ 9 two pr9cipal gr\ps2 ^! are subdivid$ into #bajbj gr\ps accord+ to age & sex4 ,dr4 ,boas di/+ui%es 8?ree classes ( tribal names & ( clan names1 viz41 su* z are collective =ms ( ! names ( ! ance/ors1 names tak5 f ! region inhabit$ by ! tribe or clan & names ( hon\r4444 ,ea* clan d]ives its orig9 f a my?ical ance/or 444 ! pres5t sy/em ( tribes & clans is ( rec5t gr[? 444 _! numb]s h und]gone consid]able *anges 9 hi/orical times40 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! mat]ial pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,boas %[s1 h[ev]1 t ! gr\nd-plans ( ! entire social fabric re>$ by ! ,kwakiutl ,indians closely resembles t on :i* ! /ately ,maya1 ,mexican & ,p]uvian civilizations 7 re>$4 ,return+ to ,p]u1 x is p>ticul>ly notewor?y t ! above m5tion$ solemn sacrifices to ! ,creator1 ! ,sun & ,?und]1 & ,moon & ,e>?1 held 9 ,novemb]1 7 ?us (f]$ to !m jo9tly 9 "o consecrat$ place1 :]eas1 at o!r seasons1 ! cult 0 p]=m$ sep>ately & on diff]5t days1 be=e ! emblems ( ! ,above & ,bel[4 ,not)/&+ ! mod]ation & tol]ance :i* seem to h be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,inca gov]nm5t1 & ! app>5t equality & accord ( ! two cults1 ! heads ( :i* 7 ! ,inca & ,coya1 we f9d evid5ces ( discord 9 ! hi/orical records4 ,! ,inca empire _h sc>cely be5 e/abli%$ = m ?an a few c5turies7#bc7 :5 we disc]n signs ( a s]i\s rebellion "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,*u*i-capac1 ! *ief ( ! ,s\!rn prov9ce or ,colla-suyu1 p]ta9+ to ! ,bel[4 ,f ! taunts he utt]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,inca on a fe/ive occasion & :i* h be5 record$ v]bally by ,salcamayhua1 x is cle> t ! *ief ( ! ,collas ass]t$ t he 7& ! p ( 8 prov9ce7 actually practis$ sun-cult al?\gh 88 ?rone 0 ( silv]20 t is to say1 not)/&+ ! fact t moon-cult p]ta9$ to ! qu>t] to :i* he 0 assign$1 namely1 to ! ,bel[4 ,he ju/ifies 8 dep>ture f moon-cult by taunt+ ! ,inca t he1 9 turn1 did n adh]e /rictly to sun-cult b wor%ipp$ ! imp]sonal ,creator4 ,?is /ruggle betwe5 ! anci5t native sun-cult & />-cult & ?is religi\s diss5sion1 ! reason = :i* is app>5t1 initiat$ ! long p]iod ( int]nal /rife & w>f>e :i* ultimately made ! ,spani% ,conque/ su* an easy matt]4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ^! w>s ! ,p]uvian ,inca1 on "o occasion1 av5g$ himself = a suppos$ insult by hav+ drums made ( ! sk9s ( "s ( ! enemies' mess5g]s & by s5d+ back o!rs ( ^! 8dress$ z wom510 t is to say degrad$ f _! positions z w>riors or noblem5 to ! ranks ( ! common]s4 ,a simil> degradation1 inflict$ ^u ! ,tlatelolcan rebels by ! ,mexicans has already be5 m5tion$ & c only be fully und]/ood :5 ! class-sy/em is recogniz$4 ,f ?is & analog\s in/ances x is evid5t t1 admirable z ! s*eme ( gov]nm5t seems to h be5 z a means ( lay+ ! f\ndations ( civilization1 & ( tea*+ primitive p agriculture1 /ability1 law & ord]1 yet ! v features :i* r5d]$ x s effici5t at fir/ became1 ev5tually1 ! cause ( its gradual dis9tegration1 z soon z a c]ta9 degree ( culture prosp]ity 0 atta9$ by ! community4 ,"o mode ( avoid+ ! evils ( ov]-population & ( ridd+ ! capital ( its re/less1 & ent]pris+ or tr\blesome memb]s1 0 ! sy/em ( ,mitimaes or coloni/s4 ,?is m]its p>ticul> att5tion1 because x =m$ an integral "p ( ! m>vell\s & widespread s*eme ( organization we h be5 /udy+1 & !re=e helps to an und]/&+ ( ! cu/om>y means by :i* civilization 0 spread 9 pa/ ages ?r\gh\t ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,z ! population ( ,cuzco increas$ & great] food supplies 7 f\nd necess>y1 ! ,incas ext5d$ _! dom9ions by a s]ies ( conque/s4 8,z soon z !y _h made !mselves lords ( a prov9ce !y left ,mitimaes or settl]s !re1 :o caus$ ! natives to live 9 communities0 & e/abli%$ a small c5tre ( local gov]nm5t on ! patt]n ( ,cuzco4 ,mitimaes or coloni/s 7 also s5t1 f diff]5t prov9ces1 to live on ! fronti]s1 bord]+ on ho/ile c\ntries1 s z to aid 9 def5d+ !m aga9/ ! enemies4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( colonies 9 di/ant di/ricts 0 !re=e a tri$ & famili> cu/om ( ^? :o possess$ ! wond]ful gov]nm5tal plan we h be5 /udy+4 ,i h %[n t ! great] ! prosp]ity ( a civiliz$ community organiz$ on ?is plan1 ! m imp]ative ! necessity ( f\nd+ new colonies w\ld sometimes become4 ,! urg5t ne$ ( great] food supplies w\ld lead to ! s5d+ out ( exp$itions = ! purpose ( survey+ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry & asc]ta9+ ! quality ( its produce4 ,9 8 ,,ms4 ,noticia1 ,padre ,oliva speaks ( an explor+ p>ty :i* 0 s5t out by ! ance/or ( ! ,incas ) ! injunction to return 9 a ye>4 ,aft] a few ye>s _h pass$ & none ( ! p>ty return$1 a second exp$ition 0 s5t out 9 se>* ( ! fir/ & ?is l$ to ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inca dom9ion 9 a promis+ region4 ,sahagun rec\nts h[ a ,maya colony 0 e/abli%$ at ,panuco2 ,montezuma himself relat$ to ,corts t he & 8 l9eage 7 desc5dants ( coloni/s f di/ant p>ts2 traditions ( culture-h]oes :o e/abli%$ civilization among/ !m ab\nd among/ ,c5tral ,am]ican tribes2 f9ally1 ,p]u is %[n to h be5 civiliz$ by rul]s :o c>ri$ out1 sy/ematically1 a ready-made plan 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,:5ce did all ^! culture-h]oes emanate1 c>ry+ ! id5tical me?od & sy/em into widely sep>at$ di/ricts & e/abli%+ c5tres ( civilization 9 ! ri*e/ & mo/ f]tile p>ts ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t8 ,docum5t>y evid5ce c]ta9ly ju/ifies ! inf]5ce t ! civilization ( ,p]u itself 0 due to j su* a delib]ately execut$ plan ( colonization1 :i* gradually ext5d$ s\?w>ds & ultimately took root & fl\ri%$ 9 ! mo/ favorably situat$ locality4 ,leonce ,angr&1 :o cites ,aco/a1 ,montes9os1 ,g>cia1 ,botur9i1 ,val]a1 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 ,gom>a1 ,balboa1 ,paz ,soldan1 d',orbigny1 ,z>ate1 ,cieza de ,leon1 ,torquemada1 ,h]r]a1 ,velasco1 ,riv]o & ,ts*udi1 ,gibbon1 ,/ev5son1 ,ca/elnau1 ,desj>d9s1 ,villavic5cio1 ,roman & o!rs1 unites _! te/imony 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 8,x is !re=e solely t[>ds ! ,nor?1 9 ! elevat$ m\nta9\s region1 t rese>*es %\ld be direct$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! orig9 ( ! ,p]uvian civilization4 ,z soon z ?is is done innum]able pro(s appe> ( ! resid5ce1 9 extremely anci5t times1 ( p :o c sc>cely belong to o!r races ?an ^? :o f\nd$ ,cuzco & ,tiahuanaco4 ,x is !re=e1 f ! ,nor? t ^! h>dy pione]s ( humanity came1 f di/ant civilizations1 & x is c]ta9ly by go+ nor?w>ds t "o mu/ look = traces ( "o or ! o!r curr5t ( civilization4 ,! inexhau/ible =ce ( expansion ( ! ,inca ,empire ext5d$ to ! ,nor? z well z 9 o!r directions40 ,angr& also m5tions a l9e 8( prehi/oric ru9s :i* ext5d nor?w>ds f ,p]u & display ! ess5tially *>act]i/ic outl9es ( ! ,mexican ,teocallis or temples407#bd7 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 cit+ ,padre ,blas ,val]a1 goes s f> z to /ate t ! race1 :i* introduc$ human sacrifices & rituali/ic cannibalism into ,p]u1 8_h come f ! region ( ,mexico1 peopl$ ! regions ( ,panama & ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i5 & all ^? great m\nta9s :i* ext5d betwe5 ,p]u & ! new k+dom ( ,granada0 7! pres5t ,nic>agua747#be7 ,accord+ to ,padre ,anello ,oliva1 ^: manuscript notes on ,p]u are pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,libr>y1 ! imm$iate ance/ors ( ! ,incas 7 coloni/s :o came f unkn[n p>ts ei!r by l& or by sea1 & settl$ at ,c>acas 7,atlantic coa/71 :5ce !y gradually spread s\?w>ds4 ,z 8 au?ority = ?is /atem5t1 he cites orig9al manuscripts :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 8 h&s by a ,spani% mission>y ( high /&+4 ,among ^! 0 a relation by a ,quipucamayoc or 8acc\ntant by means ( quippus10 nam$ ,cat>i1 :o _h be5 a *ronicl] ( ! ,incas4 ,8 =efa!rs _h occupi$ ! same po/ & _h h&$ d[n ! above record z hav+ be5 relat$ to !m by _! pr$ecessors4 ,?is acc\nt does n disagree ) t ( ,salcamayhua :o /ates t 8all ! nations ( ! empire _h come f beyond ,potosi1 9 f\r or five armies1 array$ = w> & settl$ 9 ! di/ricts z !y advanc$40 ,:atev] op9ions may be held ( ! relative reliability ( ! ,spani% *ronicl]s "o ?+ is c]ta93 t n "o v5tures ! /atem5t t ! ,inca civilization 0 gradually evolv$ by ! native race ( ,p]u & t all agree 9 assign+ its introduction to an ali5 race ( rul]s :o came f ! ,nor?1 & gradually unit$ ! scatt]$ indig5\s tribes toge!r "u a c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,am]icani/s w d\btless agree ) me 9 /at+ t1 until ! pa/ hi/ory1 antiquities & languages ( all tribes inhabit+ ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica h be5 exhau/ively /udi$1 no absolutely satisfactory conclusion c be =m$ z to :5 & h[ civilization 0 c>ri$ to ,p]u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 9 ! pres5t prelim9>y /age ( inve/igation1 !re are c]ta9 und5iable facts :i*1 if br\ght to notice at ?is e>ly date1 may prove ( ine/imable value 9 direct+ future rese>*4 ,"o ( ^! facts w d\btless appe> to _m z /range & inexplicable b z notewor?y z x appe>s to me4 ,9 ,cri/oval de ,mol9a's acc\nt ( ! fables & rites ( ! ,incas7#bf7 already cit$1 a fable is relat$ conc]n+ ! ,inca ,yupanqui1 ! ,conqu]or1 :o ext5d$ ! doma9 ( ! ,p]uvian empire & in/itut$ ! wor%ip ( a creator :o1 unlike ! sun1 c\ld re/ & light up ! _w f "o spot4 8,!y say t1 be=e he succe$$ to rul]%ip1 he w5t "o day to visit 8 fa!r ,uiraco*a ,inca1 :o 0 at ,sacsahuana1 five leagues f ,cuzco4 ,z he came up to a f\nta9 call$ ,susur-puquio1 he saw a piece ( cry/al fall into x1 )9 :i* he beheld ! figure ( an ,indian 9 ! foll[+ %ape3 8,out ( ! back ( 8 head !re issu$ ?ree v brilliant rays l ^? ( ! ,sun4 ,s]p5ts 7 tw9$ ar\nd 8 arms1 & on 8 head !re 0 ! llautu or royal fr+e worn across ! =ehead ( ! ,inca4 ,8 e>s 7 bor$ & he wore ! same e>pieces z ! ,inca1 besides be+ dress$ l him4 ,! head ( a lion came out f betwe5 8 legs & on 8 %\ld]s 0 ano!r lion ^: legs appe>$ to jo9 ov] ! %\ld]s ( ! man4 ,a sort ( s]p5t also tw9$ ov] ! %\ld]s4 8,on see+ ?is figure ! ,inca ,yupanqui fl$1 b ! figure ( ! app>ition call$ him by 8 "n f )9 ! f\nta9 say+1 #8,come hi!r1 my son1 & fe> n1 = ,i am ! ,sun1 ?y fa!r4 ,?\ %alt conqu] _m nations3 !re=e be c>eful to pay great rev]5ce to me & rememb] me 9 ?y sacrifices4' ,! app>ition !n vani%$1 :ile ! piece ( cry/al rema9$4 ,! ,inca took c>e ( x & !y say t he aft]w>ds saw ev]y?+ he want$ 9 x4 ,z soon z he 0 ,"l he ord]$ a /atue ( ! ,sun to be made z ne>ly z possible resembl+ ! figure he _h se5 9 ! cry/al4 ,he gave ord]s to ! heads ( ! prov9ces 9 all ! l&s he _h conqu]$1 t !y %\ld make gr& temples1 ri*ly end[$1 & he comm&$ all 8 subjects to adore & rev]5ce ! new ,deity1 z !y _h h]et(ore wor%ipp$ ! ,creator4444 ,x is relat$ t all 8 conque/s 7 made 9 ! "n ( ! ,sun1 8 ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,creator4 ,?is ,inca also comm&$ all ! nations !y conqu]$ to hold _! huacas 9 great v5]ation44440 ,x is a />tl+ b und5iable fact t "o ( ! beautiful bas-reliefs f\nd at ,santa ,lucia ,cozumalhuapa ne> ! we/]n coa/ ( ,guatemala1 ab\t #a1bjj miles to ! nor? ( ! latitude ( ,cuzco1 answ]s 9 a mo/ /rik+ mann] to ! description giv5 ( ,inca ,yupanqui's vision47#bg7 ,among/ ! ?irte5 sculptur$ slabs discov]$ at ,santa ,lucia1 !re are six entire slabs & ! fragm5t ( ano!r :i* are ( almo/ uni=m size & may be rank$ among ! f9e/ examples ( aborig9al art :i* h z yet be5 f\nd on ! ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,!y repres5t sev5 diff]5t r5d]+s ( ! same !me4 ,on ea* slab an individual we>+ elaborate insignia is repres5t$ z /&+ ) "o arm rais$ & 8 head ?r[n back 9 ! act ( gaz+ upw>ds t[>ds a cele/ial figure :i* seems to be desc5d+ t[>ds him4 ,! arms & heads ( ^! nobly conceiv$ figures are visible1 b 9 ea* case ! faces seem to issue f a highly ornate symbol1 :i* is diff]5t 9 ea* "o1 j z ! insignia ( ea* individual also v>ies 9 detail4 ,at ! same "t x is obvi\s t ! sev5 slabs commemorate z x 7 an id5tical circum/ance1--! app>ition ( ! same div9ity to sev5 diff]5t individuals1 six ( :i* are repres5t$ ) ! sign ( spee* com+ =? f _! m\?s 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,! g5]al resemblance1 not)/&+ ! di/9ct individuality ( ea* bas-relief1 sugge/s t !y commemorate ! visions se5 "u simil> circum/ances by sev5 di/9ct p]sonages ( ! same rank & position4 ,involunt>ily "o ?9ks ( ! p]iod ( en=c$ fa/ & vigil :i* m>ks ! atta9m5t ( manhood & is /ill obligatory among/ ,nor? ,am]ican tribes1 among/ :om x only ends :5 !y h ent]$ into communion ) _! totemic ance/or4 ,i am incl9$ to view ^! commemorative tablets z commemorat+ an analog\s rite & p]petuat+ ! visions ( successive memb]s ( "o rul+ family1 or clan4 ,! div9ity1 inv>iably associat$ ) s]p5t symbols1 seems to be ,quetzalcoatl1 ! div9e tw9 or s]p5t1 exhibit+ 9 "s cases ! emblem ( ! ,sun1 b evid5tly reveal+ itself to ea* p]sonage "u a slightly diff]5t =m4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #dg4 ,! accompany+ draw+ 7fig4 #dg7 ( "o ( ! ,santa ,lucia bas-reliefs1 reproduc$ f ,dr4 ,habel's "w1 w suffice to e/abli% its resemblance to ,padre ,oliva's description ( ! app>ition se5 by ! y\?ful ,inca ,yupanqui4 ,aft] a c>eful comp>ison ( ! text to ! sculptur$ bas-relief1 x mu/ be admitt$ t a m graphic & impressive illu/ration ( ! episode c sc>cely be imag9$4 ,its l[] portion displays a y\?ful figure1 look+ upw>ds & exhibit+ a necklace1 ! circul> e>-pieces & royal fr+e or llautu ( ! ,incas4 ,f 8 %\ld]s hangs ! sk9 ( a puma or lion ) its head d[nw>ds4 ,mol9a relates t lion-sk9s ) ! heads 7 specially prep>$ = ! c]emonial :5 y\?s 7 admitt$ into ! ranks ( knigh?ood1 ! la/ rite ( :i* 0 ! pi]c+ ( _! e>s & ! enl>gem5t ( ! orifice made47#bh7 ,! y\? we>s a s+ul> head-dress1 or diadem1 consi/+ ( :at appe>s to be an eye ) conv5tionally drawn upp] lid1 surm\nt$ by ?ree po9t$ rays1 beh9d :i* "s long wavy fea!rs are visible47#bi7 ,! cele/ial app>ition to :i* ! y\?ful figure is look+ up1 likewise exhibits ! same necklace1 pieces1 & royal fr+e ( ! ,incas4 ,indi/9ctly ?\gh "s ( ! details are giv51 x seems z ?\gh int]tw9$ s]p5ts encircl$ its head & possibly its neck4 ,! head ( ! vision is surm\nt$ by an enl>g$ r5d]+ ( ! conv5tionally drawn eyelid & ?ree po9t$ rays :i* =m ! diadem ( ! y\?ful knight4 ,! face ( ! vision occupies1 h[ev]1 ! place ( ! eye on ! diadem4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ! ,nahuatl language1 :i*1 z 7op4 et loc4 cit47 prov5 by ,bus*mann1 0 spok5 9 ,guatemala :]e ! bas-relief 0 f\nd1 ! ^w ixtli designates face1 :il/ ixtololotli signifies eye4 ,situat$ betwe5 ! "r elb[ ( ! cele/ial figure & ! diadem ( ! y\?1 !re is a dim9utive reproduction ( ! eye1 eyelid & ?ree rays1 ) ! addition t :at appe> l two 7or ?ree87 drops ( wat] or two eyes desc5d f x t[>ds a squ>e symbol :i* resembles ! ,mexican sign = tlallie>?1 :il/ ! eye symbol is closely analog\s to a well-kn[n ,mexican sign :i* has be5 int]pret$ z a />1 & has1 b n z yet satisfactorily1 be5 id5tifi$ ) ! planet ,v5us4 ,)\t paus+ to /udy ?is sign z x appe>s 9 anci5t ,mexico ,i po9t out t ! position & mode ( repres5tation ( ! upp] figure 9 ! bas-relief suffici5tly %[ t x is an image ( a cele/ial be+ or vision 9 ! act ( receiv+ ! supplication ( a y\? :o is we>+ div9e insignia4 ,!re be+ a possibility t "s ( ^! accessories may be some:at indi/9ct 9 ! orig9al bas-relief n[ pres]v$ at ! ,royal ,e?nographical ,museum at ,b]l91 ,i d n v5ture to draw special att5tion to ! possibility ( fur!r po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ! ,p]uvian tradition & ?is ,guatemalan sculpture4 ,at ! same "t ,i %all n omit allusion to ! wavy figure w9d+ upw>ds f ! wai/ ( ! supplicant1 :i* recurs 9 f\r out ( ! sev5 slabs4 ,x may yet prove to answ] to ! description ( 8a sort ( s]p5t10 :i* is record$ z tw9+ ov] ! %\ld]s ( ! vision :o 0 8dress$ l ! ,inca40 ,! lion's head :i* appe>s 9 ! draw+ to cov] ! left h& ( ! supplicant & ! fact t 8 left foot only1 9 "s cases1 we>s a s&al1 are important & int]e/+ features to :i* ,i %all rev]t fur!r on4 ,)\t attempt+ to (f] any explanation ( ! truly rem>kable fact t a bas-relief exhum$ 9 ,guatemala %\ld s /rik+ly agree ) a description pres]v$ 9 a ,p]uvian tradition1 ,i %all m]ely po9t out a second simil> ?\gh mu* less rem>kable case ( agreem5t4 ,padre ,oliva records two in/ances 9 :i* a 8royal eagle0 figures 9 connection ) memb]s ( ! ,inca dyna/y4 ,"o ( ^! relates to ! ance/ors ( ,manco ,capac1 ! reput$ f\nd] ( ,cuzco4 ,8 great-gr&mo!r1 be+ ab&on$ by h] husb&1 attempt$ to sacrifice h] "y son to ,pa*acamac4 ,a royal eagle desc5d$1 c>ri$ him away 9 8 talons & set him d[n 9 an isl& (f ! ,pacific coa/1 nam$ ,guayan1 8because x 0 cov]$ ) will[s40 ,oliva expla9s ?is tradition z a fanciful way ( record+ ! fact t ! y\?'s life 0 probably endang]$1 & t he _h fl$ & tak5 refuge on an isl&4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-"o he made 8 way back to ! cont95t on a raft1 b 0 seiz$ by ho/ile p4 ,8 life 01 h[ev]1 sav$ by ! daught] ( a *iefta9 :o return$ ) him to ! isl&4 ,h] "n is giv5 z ,cigu>1 a ^w /rangely l ! ,nahuatl ,cihuatlwoman4 ,%e bore him a son :o 0 nam$ ,atau 7cf4 ,ahau & ,ahua,maya & ,mexican words = "l or *ief71 :o 01 9 "t1 ! fa!r ( ,manco ,capac1 ! reput$ f\nd] ( civilization 9 ,p]u4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 a *ild 8an eagle approa*$ him & nev] left him40 ,9 view ( ^! traditions x is int]e/+ to note t1 on two ( ! ,santa ,lucia bas-reliefs figur$ by ,habel & reproduc$ by ,mr4 ,h]mann ,/rebel 9 pl4 ,,ii1 fig4 #ac1 ( 8 extremely useful & compreh5sive monograph on ! bas-reliefs ( ,santa ,lucia1 an eagle is repres5t$ 9 connection ) a figure we>+ div9e insignia4 ,on "o ( ! sev5 analog\s slabs repres5t+ a p]sonage address+ a supplication to a cele/ial app>ition1 a l>ge eagle or vulture is actually sculptur$ beh9d ! supplicant1 be+1 z x 71 8 individual totem 7,/rebel1 ,pl4 ,,ii1 fig4 #e74 ,a draw+ ( a "p ( ano!r slab 7,/rebel1 ,pl4 ,,ii1 fig4 #ac7 displays an eagle or vulture hold+ 9 8 beak ! body ( a be>d$ p]sonage :o we>s a neck ornam5t & circul> e> pieces1 & f ^: head two s]p5ts hang4 ,?is la/ detail associates him ) ! cele/ial figure :i* usually displays knott$ s]p5ts on or above its head1 sugge/+ its connection ) ,quetzalcoatl1 ! div9e title ( ! ,supreme ,be+ & also ( ! supreme rul]s ( ! ,mexicans4 ,x is curi\s to f9d 9 ,p]u a tradition record+ t1 :5 8! ,pa*acuti ,inca ,yupanqui und]took ! conque/ ( ! ,antisuyus ) #ajj1jjj m51 _! ,huaca s5t =? fire & /opp$ ! passage ) a fi]ce s]p5t :i* de/roy$ _m p4 ,! ,inca rais$ 8 eyes to heav5 & pray$ = help ) great sorr[1 & a furi\s eagle desc5d$1 & seiz+ ! head ( ! s]p5t rais$ x on high1 & !n hurl$ x to ! gr\nd4 ,9 memory ( ?is miracle ! ,inca ord]$ a snake to be c>v$ 9 /one on ! wall ( a t]race 9 ?is prov9ce1 :i* 0 call$ ,aucapirca40 ,:5 dive/$ ( all fanciful details1 ! =ego+ ,p]uvian traditions seem to %[ t ! eagle 0 ! totem ( "o or m ( ! ,incas & t ! s]p5t 0 ! totem ( a tribe :i* 0 conqu]$ by ! ,incas4 ,x is likewise record$ by ,padre ,oliva t ! ,inca nam$ ,mayta ,capac ,am>u ord]$ 8 %ield to be pa9t$ ) weapons & a s]p5t,am>u1 8because he _h kill$ "o 9 ! ,&es & !re=e took x = 8 surname40 ,x is impossible = any ,mexicani/ to read ! =ego+ texts )\t recall+ t1 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico1 !re is an unexpla9$ bas-relief :i* 0 put up by ! ,spani>ds aft] ! ,conque/ b evid5tly figures a native tradition4 ,x repres5ts an eagle be>+ 9 8 talons a p]sonage1 we>+ a diadem1 b5ea? :om is a gr\p ( native weapons47#cj7 ,! arms ( ,mexico repres5t+ an eagle hold+ a s]p5t 9 its talons & re/+ on a cactus1 is too well kn[n to require comm5t & recalls ! ,p]uvian tradition ( ! eagle ( ! ,incas conqu]+ ! s]p5t-totem ( a ho/ile p4 ,/rik+ z ^! und5iable resemblances und\bt$ly are1 !y w\ld n1 by !mselves1 ju/ify ! imm$iate conclusion t an actual direct connection exi/$ betwe5 ! ,p]uvian traditions & ! ,guatemalan & ,mexican bas-reliefs :i* almo/ seem to illu/rate ! same or analog\s incid5ts4 ,at ! same "t !y prove t1 besides _! s*eme ( gov]nm5t1 ! ,incas _h c]ta9 my?s or traditions 9 common ) ! civiliz$ tribes inhabit+ ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t ! situations ( ,cuzco 9 ,p]u & ,santa ,lucia 9 ,guatemala are bo? adjac5t to ! ,pacific coa/ ) an int]v5+ di/ance ( ab\t #bg- degrees ( latitude4 ,b #ae degrees1 h[ev]1 lie betwe5 ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( mod]n ,p]u & ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,nic>agua :]e1 z prov5 by ,bus*mann1 innum]able names ( localities 9 ! ,nahuatl language te/ify to its anci5t occupation by a ,nahuatl-speak+ race4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is em95t philologi/ obs]v$ h[ ! "n employ$ to designate ! bamboo b$ ( ! ,cacique ,agateite1 9 ,nic>agua1 8b>bacoa10 0 ! same z t ( ! wood5 b$ or litt] us$ by ! ,inca 9 ,p]u 7op4 cit4 p4 #gef74 ,bus*mann likewise id5tifi$ ! ^w galpongreat hall or h\se4 ,he also express$ ! op9ion t 8! ,que*ua ^w pampa resembles ! ,mexican amilpampa ehecatl! s\? w9d1 b ! ,mexican is =m$ by ! affixes pan & pa & ! ,que*ua sub/antive means an ev51 op5 pla94 ,at ! same "t ?is mean+ & =m c\ld be d]iv$ f ! ,mexican affixes0 7,bus*mann1 ,ueb] ,aztekis*e ,ortsnam5 ,,iii1 #g1 p4 #fbg74 ,foll[+ ?is prec$5t ,i h v5tur$ to se>* = fur!r resemblances betwe5 ,nahuatl & ,que*ua words1 & "o ( ! rem>kable results ,i obta9$ 0 ! discov]y t ! well-kn[n ,que*ua "n = coloni/s,mitimaes1 ! mean+ ( :i*1 9 ,que*ua1 is n =?com+1 seems to be connect$ 9 s\nd & mean+ ) ! ,nahuatl ,ce-mitimesons ( "o "m 7,mol9a's diction>y74 ,x is sup]flu\s to po9t out h[ appropriate ?is designation w\ld h be5 = ! coloni/s :o inv>iably f\nd$ fre% c5tres ( civilization on ! plan ( ! c5tral metropolis4 ,a brief comp>ative table1 ! result ( an inve/igation :i* lays no claim to be m ?an a rudim5t>y attempt1 is publi%$ z an app5dix to ?is pap]1 ) ! hope t x may /imulate philologi/s to sup]s$e x by exhau/ive /udies ( ! subject4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! table t5ds to prove t c]ta9 ,nahuatl1 ,que*ua & ,maya words _h a common orig9 & %[s t a clos] connection exi/$ betwe5 ! ,nahuatl & ,que*ua languages ?an betwe5 ,nahuatl & ,maya or ! ,que*ua & ,maya4 ,i %all h occasion to ref] to sev]al ( ! words ,i h tabulat$4 ,at pres5t ,i w\ld draw att5tion to an analogy :i* be>s directly on ! subject ( ?is pap] & is ( utmo/ int]e/ & importance4 ,if c>efully /udi$ x w be se5 t ! title 8,pa*a ,ya*a*ic10 appli$ 9 ,p]u to ! ,creator1 proves to be alli$ 9 s\nd & mean+ to ! ,mexican title ,yaca-tecuhtli1 8! "l :o guides or gov]ns40 ,accord+ to ,sahagun1 ?is 0 8! god ( ! trad]s or travell]-m]*ants40 ,he _h five div9e bro!rs & "o si/]1 ea* ( :i* 0 sep>ately wor%ipp$ by "s travell]s1 :il/ o!rs1 on _! safe return f di/ant & dang]\s exp$itions1 (f]$ sacrifices to ! :ole gr\p collectively4 ,i leave x to ea* read] to make 8 own inf]5ce z to :e!r ?is cele/ial 8travell]'s guide0 ) 8 six bre?r5 c h be5 o!r ?an ,pol>is & ,ursa ,m9or4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! magnitudes ( ?is con/ellation w\ld naturally give rise to ! idea ( a gr\p compos$ ( individuals ( diff]5t ages & sizes2 ! 8little si/]0 probably be+ ! small] ( ! f\r int]m$iate />s ( ! con/ellation & sugge/+ tales ( adv5tures relat+ to ! my?ical si/] ( six bro!rs4 ,x is sup]flu\s to emphasize h[ natural x w\ld h be5 to (f] a ?anksgiv+ to ! 8travell]'s />0 on return+ f a di/ant voyage1 b ,i w po9t out t = coa/ navigation betwe5 ,guatemala & ,nic>agua & ,p]u1 ! adoption ( ,pol>is z a guide 0 & is a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t we are deal+ "h ) navigation nor? & s\?1 along a %elt]$ coa/1 = a di/ance n exce$+ t ( ! coa/-l9e betwe5 ,gibralt> & ,hamburg4 ,an in/ructive example ( primitive navigation1 "u analog\s circum/ances1 has be5 communicat$ to me1 f p]sonal obs]vation1 by ,comm&] ,b>b] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,native trad]s1 :o navigate nor? & s\? 9 small crafts along ! coa/ betwe5 ,ceylon & ,k>a%ee1 /ill use1 at ! pres5t day1 an extremely primitive me?od ( e/imat+ latitude1 :i* is entirely bas$ ^u obs]vations ( ! pole-/>4 ,_! contrivance consi/s ( a piece ( wood f\r in*es squ>e1 ?r\gh :i* a hole is bor$ & a piece ( cord1 ) knots at int]vals1 is pass$4 ,! squ>e is held at arm's l5g? & ! end ( ! cord is held to ! po9t ( ! navigator's nose 9 a horizontal l9e1 ! height be+ s adju/$ t ! pole-/> is obs]v$ 9 contact ) ! upp] edge ( ! piece ( wood4 ,!re are z _m knots 9 ! cords z !re are ports habitually visit$1 & accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! cord requir$ = ! obs]vation ( ,pol>is 9 ! said position1 ! m>9] kn[s to :i* port he is opposite4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,clem5ts ,b4 ,m>kham17#ca7 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! ,p]uvian coa/ fi%$ 9 boats made ( inflat$ sealsk9s4 ,x is well kn[n t ! coa/-tribes ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica employ$ boats ( v>i\s k9ds & "s ( great size4 ,! ,mexican tradition relates t ! culture h]o ,quetzalcoatl dep>t$ 9 a craft he _h con/ruct$ & :i* is designat$ z a coatlape*tlicoacoatls]p5t or tw91 tlape*tliraft4 ,x is op5 to conjecture :e!r ?is con/ruction1 89 :i* he sat himself z 9 a boat10 may be reg>d$ z a sort ( d\ble or tw9 raft1 or a boat made ( s]p5t or seal 787 sk94 ,9 ord] to =m any op9ion1 ! "n = seal 9 ! ,nahuatl & o!r languages spok5 by ! coa/ tribes %\ld fir/ be asc]ta9$ & comp>$ ) ! native names = s]p5t4 ,! ,maya coloni/s :o f\nd$ ! colony on ! ,mexican coa/1 & are kn[n z ! ,huaxtecans1 are describ$ z hav+ transport$ !mselves ?i!r by boats f ,yucatan4 ,9 ! native ,codices & 9 ! sculptur$ bas-relief at ,*i*5-,itza1 !re are1 moreov]1 illu/rations ( navigation by boats4 ,z dep5d5t ^u ,pol>is z _! ,ea/ ,indian colleagues ( to-day1 x is b natural t ! anci5t ,mexican trad]s by l& or sea express$ _! gratitude by (f]+s to ,pol>is & ,ursa ,m9or4 ,let u n[ return to ,p]u & exam9e :e!r !re is any pro( t ! 8,tea*] or ,guide ( ! ,_w10 ! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,incas1 0 id5tical ) ! 8,"l :o guides0 rev]$ by ! ,mexican navigators4 ,i h already demon/rat$ t 9 anci5t ,am]ica ! native s*eme ( religion & gov]nm5t 0 b ! natural outcome ( c]ta9 ideas sugge/$ by ! obs]vation ( ,pol>is & ! circumpol> con/ellations4 ,i h likewise quot$ ! rem>kable qualification ( a supreme div9ity made by ,inca ,yupanqui1 :o rais$ a temple 9 ,cuzco to ! ,creator :o1 sup]ior to ! sun1 c\ld re/ & light ! _w f "o spot4 ,x is an extremely important & significant fact t ! pr9cipal doorway ( ?is temple op5$ to ! nor?17#cb7 & t ! 8true ,creator0 is allud$ to z an invisible p[]1 ! k ( :i* 0 transmitt$ by ! ,incas f fa!r to son4 ,?us ,salcamayhua records t on "o occasion ! "y ,inca ,ccapac ,yupanqui exclaim$ 8,i n[ feel t !re is ano!r ,creator ( all ?+s ?an t wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,&es1 z my fa!r ,mayta ,ccapas ,inca has inde$ told me407#cc7 ,consid]+ t 9 ! latitude ( ,cuzco1 situat$ z x is #ad bel[ ! equator1 ,pol>is is invisible1 ! conditions ?us record$ z exi/+ 9 ,p]u are exactly ^? :i* might be expect$ to exi/ if a religion f\nd$ on pole-/> wor%ip _h be5 c>ri$ s\?w>d to a region 9 :i* ! /> itself 0 invisible4 ,! ori5tation ( ! temple w\ld designate ! nor? z ! sacr$ region & ! />-god w\ld become an invisible p[] ^: v exi/5ce w\ld h become traditional & necess>ily be accept$ on fai? by native-born ,p]uvians & conv]t$ sun- & moon-wor%ipp]s4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t a desc5dant ( ! ,incas has furni%$ u ) actual pro( t ! ,supreme ,creator rev]$ at ,cuzco 0 n only associat$ ) a />1 b also ) ! figure ( a cross1 ea* bran* ( :i* t]m9at$ 9 a />4 ,we are indebt$ to ! native *ronicl] ,salcamayhua = "s extremely curi\s draw+s1 :i* are reproduc$ "h f 8 acc\nt ( ! ,antiquities ( ,p]u47#cd7 ,9 treat+ ( ! primitive a/ronomy 9 ,am]ica 9 my special pap] on ! native cal5d>1 ,i %all ref] to ^! 9 great] detail4 ,= my pres5t purpose x suffices to designate ! foll[+ figures4 ,salcamayhua records t ! f\nd] ( ! ,p]uvian ,empire1 ,manco ,capac1 ord]$ ! smi?s to make a flat plate ( f9e gold1 ( oval %ape1 :i* 0 set up z an image ( ! ,creator 7op4 cit4 p4 #gf74 ,! ,inca ,mayta ,ccapac1 8:o despis$ all creat$ ?+s1 includ+ ! sun & moon10 & 8ord]$ 8 p to pay no hon\r to !m10 caus$ ! plate to be r5ew$ :i* 8 8great gr&fa!r _h put up1 fix+ x afre% 9 ! place :]e x _h be5 be=e4 ,he rebuilt ! #8h\se ( gold' & !y say t he caus$ ?+s to be plac$ r\nd ! plate1 :i* ,i h %[n1 t x may be se5 :at ^! hea!ns ?\ght40 ,! c5tral figure on ?is plate consi/s ( ! oval image ( ! ,creator1 fig4 #dh1 c4 ,close to its "r are images designat$ by ! text z repres5t+ ! sun & morn+ />4 ,to ! left are ! moon & ! ev5+ />4 ,above ! oval & t\*+ x1 is a gr\p ( five />s =m+ a cross1 ) "o /> 9 ! c5tre4 ,bel[ x is a cross figure =m$ by l9es unit+ f\r />s4 ,9 ?is case1 in/ead ( be+ 9 ! middle1 ! fif? /> is atta*$ to ! l[] edge ( ! oval1 :i* is designat$ z 8! image ( ,uiraco*a ,pa*a-,ya*a*ic1 ! tea*] ( ! ,_w40 ,outside ( ! plate is :at appe>s to be an attempt to expla9 m cle>ly ! relative positions ( ! gr\p ( five />s to ! oval plate 7fig4 #dh1 a74 ,x repres5ts ! oval & "o /> 9 ! c5tre ( a cross =m$ by f\r />s4 ,! "q naturally sugge/s itself :e!r ! gr\p ( five />s =m+ a cross may n repres5t ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 popul>ly call$ ! pole-/> ( ! s\? & :i* consi/s ( f\r pr9cipal />s1 "o ( :i* is ( ! fir/ & two ( ! second magnitude4 ,?is possibility op5s out a new field ( inquiry1 & calls = ! /atem5t ( ! foll[+ facts1 :i* ,i quote f ,am$e ,guillem9's ,h&book ( ,popul> ,a/ronomy1 edit$ by ,j4 ,norman ,locky] & revis$ by ,ri*>d ,a4 ,proctor47#ce7 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #dh4 8,9 our enum]ation ( ! circumpol> con/ellations ( ! ,s\?1 we h said no?+ ( ! />s situat$ at ! ,pole itself4 ,! reason is simple2 !re are none des]v+ m5tion1 & ) ! exception ( "o /> 9 ,hydr1 none approa* ! ?ird magnitude4 ,!re is n !n1 9 ! s\!rn sky1 any /> analog\s to ,pol>is 9 ! nor!rn heav5s40 ,m4 ,guillem9 proce$s to expla91 h[ev]1 t ?is pov]ty ( ! pol> regions is s+ul>ly comp5sat$ = by ! />s ( ! equatorial zone4 ,x seems m ?an probable t primitive a/ronom]s or _! desc5dants1 :o _h be5 re>$ 9 a k ( ! nor!rn ,pol>is & ( ! p]iodical motion ( ! circumpol> con/ellations1 %\ld cont9ue _! obs]vations 9 :atev] latitude !y f\nd !mselves4 ,x seems possible t !y may h obs]v$ ! ,s\!rn ,cross & recogniz$ its clos5ess to ! pivot or c5tre ( rotation2 b f p]sonal exp]i5ce & obs]vation ,i c v\* = ! fact t ?is con/ellation c\ld nev] h produc$ ^u primitive man ! p[]ful impression caus$ by ,ursa ,major & ,cassiopeia revolv+ ar\nd ,pol>is4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to conclude to :at ext5t ! anci5t ,p]uvians rev]$ ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,x suffices = ! pres5t to e/abli% ! incontrov]tible facts t ! image ( ! motionless ,creator1 set up by ! ,incas1 0 associat$ ) />s & ) ! cross & t ! door ( ! ,cuzco ,temple1 :]e ?is image 0 kept1 fac$ ! nor?1 ! direction :5ce1 accord+ to native traditions1 ! culture-h]oes _h come to ,p]u4 ,! foll[+ data furni% fur!r important pro( t c]ta9 peculi> ideas1 symbols & metaphors 7 held 9 common by ! civilizations ( ,p]u1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico4 ,return+ to ! bas-relief 7fig4 #dg71 ,i recur to an int]e/+ feature1 :i* ,i h already po9t$ out1 namely1 t ! left arm ( ! p]sonage t]m9ates 9 a tig]'s or puma's head4 ,9 connection ) ?is peculi>ity x is int]e/+ to note t ! native hi/orian ,ixtlilxo*itl cites 8 illu/ri\s ance/or & namesake1 ! ,ome ,to*tli ,ixtlilxo*itl ( ,texcoco1 z address+ 8 "y son ,nezalhualcoyotl z 8my de>ly belov$ son1 tig]'s arm407#cf7 ,z ! "y pr9ce is ref]r$ to 9 ! same *apt] z 8! boy ,acolmiztli tig]'s arm ,nezalhualcoyotl10 x is obvi\s t ! metaphor con/itut$ a title prec$+ ! actual "n4 ,x 0 ,nezalhual-coyotl :o in/itut$ ! wor%ip ( ,tloqu5ahuaque1 ! true ,creator1 & disc\nt5anc$ human sacrifices4 ,if ! o!r analog\s ,santa ,lucia slabs be also exam9$ x w be se5 t al?\gh ! positions ( ! bodies & arms v>y1 & ! =m ( ! head is diff]5t 9 ea* in/ance1 x is inv>iably ! left arm t t]m9ates 9 ! individual emblem4 ,?is sort ( consecration ( ! left h& seems p>ticul>ly significant = ! foll[+ reason3 ,padre ,anello ,oliva records t ! ,inca ,yupanqui1 ! f\nd] ( ,cuzco & ! same ^: vision agrees s /rangely ) ! bas-relief1 0 surnam$ ,lloque! left-h&$17#cg7 & 0 not$ = hav+ visit$ ! :ole empire ?ree times4 ,8 reign 0 long & prosp]\s1 & he left a record z a conqu]or & build]4 ,he likewise s5t 8 son ,mayta-,capac to visit ! :ole empire1 accompani$ by sages & c\ncillors4 ,i recall "h x 0 ,yupanqui :o proclaim$ to ! sun-wor%ipp]s ( ,p]u1 ! exi/5ce & sup]iority ( an immutable ,creator4 ,i h already %[n h[1 9 ,p]u1 x 0 a dictum t ! upp] division ( ! empire 0 to be> ! same ideal relation to ! l[] z t ( an eld] bro!r to a y\ng] or a "r h& to ! left4 ,x is1 !re=e1 possible to inf] t1 on c]emonial occasions :5 x is record$ t ! ,hanan ,cuzco & ,hur9 ,cuzco p 7 /ation$ at ei!r side ( ! ,inca1 ! ,hanan or *iefta9s con/itut+ ! nobility 7 to 8 "r & ! ,hur9 p or l[] class1 to 8 left4 ,x is truly rem>kable t x is a passage 9 ! ,annals ( ! ,cak*iquels1 ! p n[ inhabit+ ! region ( ,guatemala :]e ! ,santa ,lucia bas-reliefs 7 f\nd1 t conta9s ! cle>e/ /atem5t reg>d+ ! division ( a tribe into two classes & ! relative positions assign$ to ea* ( ^!1 accord+ to c]emonial usage4 ,! passage relates3 8,we1 ! #ac divisions ( w>riors1 & ! sev5 tribes 444 we came to ! enclosure ( ,tulan1 & com+1 gave our tribute4 ,! sev5 tribes 7 drawn up 9 ord] on ! left ( ,tulan4 ,on ! "r h&1 7 arrang$ ! w>riors4 ,fir/ly1 ! tribute 0 tak5 f ! sev5 tribes1 next f ! w>riors407#ch7 ,bus*mann has record$ ! int]e/+ fact t1 9 ,nahuatl1 ! "r h& is designat$ z 8! good1 clev] or wise0yec-maitl or mayectli1 also ma-imatca or ma-nematca 7f yectligood & imatito be clev] or wise74 ,mol9a's diction>y furni%es u ) ! foll[+ ,nahuatl names = ! left h&1 etc4 ,opo* maitl1 ,opu* maitl1 ,opu* maye3 left h&4 ,opo*iuiav4 to d some?+ ) ! left h&4 ,topu*copa1 ! left1 at ! left h&1 or side4 ,9 ,mexico ! totemic "l ( ! *ase 0 nam$ ,opo*tli4 ,! mu*-discuss$ "n ,huitzil-opo*tli is consid]$ by "s to signify 8! left-h&$ humm+-bird40 ,! =ego+ proves t 9 ,p]u1 ,guatemala & ,mexico a ca/e-division 0 associat$ ) left-h&$ness & t ! expression 8left-h&$0 0 employ$ z an honorific or di/9ctive title4 ,x is obvi\s t be=e rea*+ ! po9t :5 ! left h& w\ld be inve/$ by a di/9ctive m>k1 z 9 ! ,santa ,lucia bas-reliefs1 ! above ideas mu/ h be5 preval5t = a v long "t4 ,i h already po9t$ out t a /rik+ simil>ity ( ideas survives among/ ! ,zui ,indians ( to-day4 ,z to ! native tig]'s head 7puma or ocelot87 we f9d t x is ! *ief symbol ( ! c5tral human figure on ! great monoli?ic doorway ( ,tiahuanaco1 ,p]u1 a fact :i* te/ifies to a fur!r community ( ?\ght4 ,?is c5tral figure exhibits two tig]s' heads on ea* %\ld] & six ar\nd its head1 dispos$ z rays & int]sp]s$ ) :at resemble drops ( wat]4 ,! transv]se ornam5t c>v$ on ! brea/ exhibits f\r divisions1 ea* ( :i* t]m9ates ) a tig]'s head4 ,f\r simil> heads1 look+ upw>ds1 are on ! c5tral decoration b5ea? ! figure & ! broad b& at ! base t]m9ates 9 two l>ge tig]s' heads4 ,:at is m1 on ! fragm5t ( a f9ely c>v$ holl[ /one object1 :i* is pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum & 0 f\nd at ,tiahuanaco by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,inw>ds1 !re are ! f9e/ repres5tations ( ! swa/ika :i* h z yet be5 f\nd on ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 & ea* ( its bran*es t]m9ates 9 a tig]'s head1 resembl+ ^? sculptur$ on ! monoli?ic doorway4 ,! fragm5t consi/s ( ! half ( :at seems to me to h be5 ! top or h&le ( a /aff or sceptre4 ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 = a rubb+ ( ! c>v$ fragm5t & = ! p]mission to reproduce x "h 7fig4 #di74 ,! c5tral swa/ika is angul> & its =m recalls t ( ! ,mexican ,cal5d> swa/ika 7fig4 #i74 ,at ea* side ( x are portions ( :at orig9ally 7 two r\nd$ swa/ikas1 :i* also t]m9ate 9 tig]s' heads4 ,^! & ! size ( ! fragm5t seem to ju/ify ! inf]5ce t ano!r squ>e swa/ika 0 orig9ally sculptur$ on ! opposite side1 mak+ two r\nd$ & two squ>e swa/ikas 9 all4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #di4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ov]e/imate ! importance ( ?is fragm5t1 = x proves to u t 9 ,tiahuanaco1 ! swa/ika 0 a sacr$ symbol4 ,its association ) ! puma or ocelot1 l9ks x to ! c5tral figure on ! monoli?ic doorway &1 possibly1 connects ?is ) ! ,mexican id5tification ( ! ocelot ) ! ,ursa ,major1 ) 8! "l :o walks ar\nd10 or ! "l ( ! und]world1 ,tezcatlipoca4 ,! two =ms ( swa/ika seem to te/ify t1 9 ,tiahuanaco also1 ! idea ( ! ,above & ,bel[ prevail$ & t ! angul> =m symboliz$ ! subdivision ( ! e>? & ! r\nd$ "o t ( ! heav5s4 ,! r[s ( p]sonages sculptur$ on ! doorway at ea* side ( & fac+ ! c5tral figure seem to indicate t ?is commemorates an e/abli%m5t ( tribal organization4 ,! di/ribution ( ! sculptur$ figures is z foll[s3 #h figures#bd ,c5tral #h figures #h figures#bd #fd #h figures #h figures#bd figure4 #h figures4 ,! figures on ! upp] r[ to ! "r & left1 mak+ sixte5 9 all1 are all alike--s are ! sixte5 figures on ! second & ! sixte5 on ! ?ird r[s4 ,)\t attempt+ to describe all ! insignia :i* *>act]ize ! figures on ea* ( ! ?ree r[s1 ,i ref] ! read] to ! magnific5t plates conta9$ 9 ,drs4 ,/bel & ,uhle's monum5tal "w on ! ,ru9s ( ,tiahuanaco1 & m]ely note t ea* figure 9 ! upp]mo/ r[ exhibits a bird's head 9 front ( its head-dress4 ,all figures 9 ! second r[ are completely mask$ z condors4 ,9 ! ?ird r[ a tig]'s head decorates ea* head-dress4 ,x is curi\s to f9d t :il/ ! birds' & tig]s' heads designate _! we>]s z heads or *iefta9s1 ^! emblems /rik+ly co9cide ) ! classification ( ! highe/ ,mexican w>riors into two divisions1 kn[n z 8! ocelots & ! eagles40 ,if att5tion is be/[$ ^u ! numb] ( emblems or figures & _! di/ribution x w be se51 9 ! fir/ case1 t ! c5tral figure exhibits on 8 p]son twelve tig]s' heads 9 all1 i4 e41 six on 8 head1 two on ea* arm & two on 8 brea/-plate4 ,sixte5 *iefta9s exhibit ! same emblem & ! c>v$ fragm5t ) ! swa/ika appe>s to h orig9ally exhibit$ sixte5 tig]s' heads1 di/ribut$ into homog5e\s gr\ps ( f\r4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! =ty-eight figures on ! doorway are fir/ divid$ into two gr\ps ( tw5ty-f\r by be+ plac$ to ! "r & left ( ! c5tral figure4 ,ea* division ( tw5ty-f\r is gr\p$ z #ch1 :i* is also #fd1 & yield+ a total ( #abd or #dab figures4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! numb] #ab co9cides n only ) ! numb] ( heads exhibit$ by ! c5tral figure1 b ! entire bas-relief (f]s a c]ta9 agreem5t ) ! num]ical divisions ( ,cuzco :i* ,i h summ>iz$ z hav+ be5 divid$ into two halves & f\r qu>t]s & subdivid$ into #ab w>ds1 ! names ( :i* d\btlessly correspond$ ) ^? ( _! inhabitants4 ,p]sonally ,i am incl9$ to consid] t ! purpose ( ! ,tiahuanaco bas-relief 0 to e/abli% a c]ta9 tribal organization & impose c]ta9 di/9ctive insignia ^u ea* tribe4 ,! inf]5ce t ea* sculptur$ figure 0 diff]5tiat$ f ! o!r by be+ pa9t$ 9 v>i\s colors is ju/ifi$ by ,mol9a's acc\nt1 already cit$1 t 89 ,tiahuanaco ! #8,creator' _h 8 *ief abode1 h5ce ! sup]b edifices 9 t place1 on :i* edifices 7 pa9t$ _m dresses ( ,indians 444 ?us ea* nation uses ! dress ) :i* !y inve/ _! huaca & !y say t ! fir/ t 0 born 9 ,tiahuanaco 0 !re turn$ into /ones1 o!rs say t ! fir/ ( _! l9eages 7 turn$ into falcons1 condors & o!r animals & birds40 ,x is ) def]5ce1 h[ev]1 t ,i submit my conclusion & ref] ! "q to ! supreme au?ority ( ,drs4 ,/bel & ,uhle & ,mr4 ,b&eli]1 ^: atta9m5ts & exhau/ive rese>*es 9 ! region ( ,tiahuanaco qualify !m to utt] a f9al judgm5t ^u ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,max ,uhle ! civilization e/abli%$ at ,tiahuanaco ant$ates t ( ! ,incas4 ,x may yet be prov5 t :il/ ,tiahuanaco 0 settl$ 9 remote times by coloni/s f ! ,nor?1 ! ,inca civilization 0 due to a lat] migration4 ,x c]ta9ly appe>s t1 9 ,tiahuanaco & ,cuzco1 ! id5tical fundam5tal s*eme ( gov]nm5t & organization prevail$4 ,i %all yet h occasion to po9t out t 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan & ,c5tral ,am]ica !re are also monum5ts exhibit+ multiples ( #ab & #d & also #af *iefta9s4 ,mean:ile x is wor? :ile to note "h briefly1 "s analogies to ,mexican & ,maya antiquities f\nd 9 ,p]u4 ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,sir ,clem5ts ,d4 ,m>kham1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 = ! k9d p]mission to reproduce "h a ha/y draw+ he made1 9 #ahec1 ( a gold plaque 7size #e-h_/aj in*es7 f\nd 9 ,cuzco 7fig4 #ej74 ,x 0 !n 9 ,lima1 be+ ! prop]ty ( ! ,presid5t ( ,p]u1 ,g5]al ,e*]rique4 ,?is curi\s relic exhibits ! image ( a mon/r\s face surr\nd$ by a b& ) subdivisions conta9+ v>i\s signs4 ,! plaque 0 look$ ^u by its own] z a ,cal5d>1 b ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham1 aft] /udy+ its subdivisions ) a view ( asc]ta9+ _! agreem5t ) ! twelve divisions ( ! ,p]uvian ye>1 pref]r$ to let 8 notes on ! subject rema9 unpubli%$1 n hav+ come to a satisfactory conclusion on ! subject4 ,i am p]mitt$1 h[ev]1 to /ate t ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham specially not$ ! resemblance ( a sign1 :i* is repres5t$ on ! *eeks ( ! c5tral figure & recurs f\r times on ! encircl+ b&1 to ! well-kn[n ,maya glyph ahau*ief1 "l4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ej4 ,x is1 inde$1 a cursive repres5tation ( a human head & moreov] resembles ^? figur$ on ! g>m5t ( a gigantic r$ s&/one /atue f\nd at ,ak-,kapana & figur$ 9 ,/bel & ,uhle's ,tiahuanaco4 ,on ?is g>m5t ! heads alt]nate ) squ>es & =m a close design4 ,?is resemblance betwe5 ! conv5tional faces on ?is ar*aic /atue & ^? on ! gold plaque has made me atta* m importance to ! latt] & at all ev5ts reg>d x z pres]v+ anci5t native symbolism4 ,9 connection ) ^! ,i wi% to po9t out t ! plaque itself (f]s a c]ta9 resemblance to well-kn[n ,mexican cal5d>s1 ! c5tre ( :i* usually exhibits a face :i* is surr\nd$ by a b& ) day or mon? signs4 ,x is rem>kable t above ea* eye !re are f\r dots1 especially z ! ,que*ua ^w = eyenaui is homonym\s ) ! ,nahuatl num]al f\rnahui1 & ?is is s con/antly associat$ ) an eye 9 ! ,mexican sign ,nahui oll9f\r movem5ts 7cf4 fig4 #b74 ,z /range a co9cid5ce z ?is is furni%$ by ! m>k on ! =ehead ( ! image1 n because ! latt] resembles ! sect m>k ( ! ,vi%nu wor%ipp]s1 b because x (f]s a m>k$ analogy to ! ,mexican ,acatl sign :i* is frequ5tly c>v$ or pa9t$ z a cane /&+ 9 a squ>e receptacle ) recurv$ ends4 ,i am /rongly tempt$ to int]pret ?is symbol accord+ to ! native mode ( ?\ght1 z signify+ ! c5tre1 ! union ( ! ,above & ,bel[ & to reg>d ! upp] "p ( ! face itself z a repres5tation ( ! ,above1 ! heav51 ) its two eyes 7! ,moon & ,sun71 :il/ ! l[] "p & tee?1 z 9 ,mexico1 signifi$ ! ,bel[1 ! e>? & und]world4 ,by means ( ! head on ea* *eek & ! numb] f\r ov] ea* eye1 ! dual & quadruple rul]%ips ( ! empire c\ld well h be5 express$4 ,po/pon+ a m ?or\gh /udy ( ! gold plaque1 ,i m]ely note "h t x exhibits curi\s analogies n only to ,maya b also to ,mexican symbolism4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! same k9d is furni%$ by a possibly mod]n b curi\s small silv] p5dant ( unque/ionably native workman%ip4 ,x is pres]v$ at ! ,e?nographical ,museum at ,vi5na & is figur$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,am]icani/s :i* 0 held at ,b]l9 9 #ahhh 7pl4 #a1 fig4 #d1 p4 #if74 ,reput$ to be f ,cuzco1 x repres5ts a figure ( ! sun surr\nd$ by eight /raight & int]m$iate undulat+ rays4 ,two s]p5ts are figur$ b5ea? ! sun2 _! bodies ext5d across ! p5dant & _! heads ) op5 jaws almo/ meet 9 ! c5tre4 ,a figure1 we>+ a peculi> head-dress1 is kneel+ 9 wor%ip b5ea? ! symbols1 :i* und\bt$ly recall ! ,mexican mode ( repres5t+ two s]p5ts meet+1 z on ! ,cal5d> ,/one ( ,mexico1 = in/ance4 ,z ,i am trac+ analogies at pres5t1 ,i %\ld l to ask ! read] to comp>e ! symbols figur$ & designat$ by ,salcamayhua z t ( ! e>? 7see 8 fig4 c1 pl4 ,,lxvi7 ) ! sacr$ vase f ! ,maya ,,ms4 78 fig4 ,,ii1 pl4 ,,lix7 & ! =m ( ! ,p]uvian symbol = ! sea 78 fig4 e1 pl4 ,,lxvi7 ) ! peculi> ,mexican %ell ornam5t 7fig4 #a1 no4 #aj74 ,insuffici5t ?\gh ! above analogies may seem 9 !mselves1 !y are valuable 9 conjunction ) ! o!r data pres5t$ & /r5g!n ! conclusion t ! same symbolism prevail$ 9 ,p]u z 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,yucatan & ,mexico4 ,let u n[ rapidly j\rney nor?w>ds f ,p]u to ^! c\ntries & briefly record ! traces ( ! exi/5ce ( ! same ideas & quadruplicate =m ( gov]nm5t :i* we may enc\nt] en r\te4 ,9 ! elevat$ pla9s ( ,bogota we f9d positive pro( t ! ,muyscas held ! same ideas z _! s\!rn & nor!rn neighbors4 ,_! culture h]o1 ,bo*ica or ,ida-c-zas1 0 ! p]sonification ( ! ,above & ( its symbol1 ! ,sun1 :il/ 8 wife 0 ,*ia1 a "n suspici\sly l ,quilla1 ! ,que*ua = moon4 ,he 0 high-prie/ & rul] b c\nsell$ ! ,muyscas to elect "o ( !mselves1 a *ief nam$ ,hunc-,ahua1 to be _! ,za-que or civil rul]4 ,ida-c-zas in/itut$ ! ,cal5d> & taught ! ,muyscas to appo9t f\r *iefs ( tribes ^: names or titles are record$ z ,gameza1 ,busbanca1 ,pesca & ,toca4 ,! in/itution ( a dual gov]nm5t is indicat$ by ! record t ! high-prie/ dwelt at ! sacr$ t[n ,aura-ca & ! ,za-que at ,tunja4 ,x is extremely curi\s to notice t ,ida-c-zas1 9 ,bogota1 did precisely :at ,corts f\nd x exp$i5t to d aft] ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico4 ,! latt] assum$ ! supreme rul]%ip ov] ! nobility1 became ! 8"l ( ,heav50 & in/itut$ a native *iefta91 be>+ a female title1 z 8 coadjutor1 ! "l ( ! e>?1 & ! rul] ( ! p ( ! l[] class4 ,x may be wor? mak+ ! pass+ rem>k t ! title ( ! ,muysca culture-h]o conta9s ! ^w 8c0 & ?us recalls ! ,maya ,kukulcan & t ! title ,za-que (f]s a c]ta9 resemblance to ! ,maya title ,*ac1 :il/ ! "n ,hunc-ahua seems /rangely simil> to ,hun-ahau :i* 9 ,maya w\ld signify 8"o "l40 ,x is = ,muysca s*ol>s to enlight5 u z to ! d]ivation & mean+ ( ! above titles & "n4 ,regrett+ ! lack ( "t & docum5ts :i* h prev5t$ me f obta9+ fur!r data ,i n[ return to ,guatemala & ! vic9ity ( ! ,santa ,lucia bas-reliefs4 ,ref]r+ to ! introduction to _! ,annals7#ci7 we le>n t ! ,cak*iquel tribe 0 b "o ( f\r alli$ nations1 ea* ( :i* _h its capital1 nam$ ,tecpan1 z foll[s3 ,nations3 ,capitals4 ,cak*iquel3 ,tecpan ,quauhtemallan1 ,qui*e3 ,utatlan1 ,tzutuhil3 ,atitlan1 ,akahal3 ,tezolotlan4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay's au?oritative /atem5t1 ^! nations 7 engag$ 9 w>f>e aga9/ ea* o!r at ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,tezolotlan 0 t]m$ ! 8ti]ra de gu]ra0 ! l& ( w>1 & ! precise locality ( its tecpan or =m] capital has n be5 trac$1 al?\gh x seems to h be5 close to ,rab9al or 9 ! valley ( t "n4 ,x is well kn[n t1 "u ! rul]%ip ( ,tizoc1 ! ,mexicans ext5d$ _! conque/s into ,guatemala4 ,bus*mann has1 moreov]1 prov5 t ! =ego+ names ( ! capitals1 ( :at 7 at "o "t f\r prov9ces1 are pure ,nahuatl1 :i* fact e/abli%es ! exi/5ce ( ,nahua supremacy 9 ^! regions4 ,x is curi\s to f9d t "o ( ! ,santa ,lucia slabs seems to commemorate ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral rul]%ip & t ( ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,x is reproduc$ 9 ,mr4 ,/rebel's publication already cit$ & repres5ts a c5tral p]sonage hold+ a head & a tecpatl1 :il/ f\r less] p]sonages1 ea* c>ry+ a head1 are figur$ z walk+ away 9 f\r oppos$ directions4 ,z1 accord+ to native symbolism1 ! head is ! symbol = *iefta9 ?is slab seems to commemorate ! e/abli%m5t & at all ev5ts te/ifies to ! exi/5ce 9 ,guatemala ( ! s*eme ( gov]nm5t n[ s famili>4 ,9 _! ,annals1 ! ,cak*iquels record1 z ,i h already %[n1 t !y c>ri$ _! tribute to 8! enclosure ( ,tulan10 a designation :i* supports my inf]5ce1 previ\sly ma9ta9$1 t ,tulan 0 d]iv$ f ! ,maya tulum1a =tification1 an enclos$ place or t :i* is entire1 :ole1 etc41 & appli$ always to ! metropolis ( a /ate4 ,an anci5t ,cak*iquel leg5d relates1 moreov]1 t1 accord+ to ! 8anci5t m510 !re _h be5 f\r ,tulans3 "o 9 ! ea/1 "o 9 ! nor?1 "o 9 ! we/ & "o 8:]e ! god dwells40 ,?is w\ld obvi\sly h be5 situat$ t[>ds ! s\? 9 ord] to accord ) ! g5]al s*eme4 ,i _c b ?9k t ?is record te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( an extremely anci5t /ate :i* />t+ f "o metropolis _h gradually develop$ into f\r great ,tullans1 to "o ( :i* ! f\r tecpans ( ,guatemala p]ta9$4 ,! fact t ! ,spani>ds f\nd ! f\r nations liv+ close toge!r1 ) capitals or tecpans be>+ ,nahuatl names & 9 con/ant w>f>e ) ea* o!r1 seems to indicate ! de/ruction ( _! own anci5t metropolis or ,tullan by _! ,mexican conqu]ors & ! consequ5t dis9tegration ( _! =m] gov]nm5t47#dj7 ,! ,m5doza ,codex tea*es u t :5 ! ,mexicans conqu]$ a l& !y fir/ burnt & utt]ly de/roy$ ! teocallis situat$ 9 ! he>t ( its c5tral capital4 ,!y raz$ ?is to ! gr\nd1 & c>ri$ (f to _! own metropolis ! totemic images ( ! rul]s ( ! tribe4 ,! b>b>\s in/itution ( human sacrifice1 :i* 0 only practis$ to a great ext5t by ! ,mexicans :5 ! necessity to obta9 m pl5tiful food supplies = _! rapidly increas+ population =c$ !m to become a nation ( w>riors & conqu]ors1 seems inde$ to h be5 adopt$ z a fe>-inspir+1 symbolical rite commemorat+ ! conque/ & de/ruction ( an integral gov]nm5t4 ,! victim1 usually a *iefta9 tak5 prison] 9 w>f>e & clad ) 8 insignia & ! raim5t ( 8 p1 0 /ret*$ on ! /one ( sacrifice &1 figuratively speak+1 repres5t$ 8 c\ntry & its f\r qu>t]s4 ,! te>+ out ( 8 he>t by ! high-prie/1 arm$ ) ! tecpatl1 ! emblem ( supreme au?ority1 signifi$ ! de/ruction ( ! indep5d5t life ( 8 tribe z mu* z did ! burn+ ( ! teocalli1 & ( its capital4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! horrible cu/om ( annually sacrific+ "o or m repres5tatives ( ea* conqu]$ tribe1 _h be5 adopt$ z a means ( uphold+ ! assum$ au?ority1 inspir+ awe & t]ror & impress+ ! realization ( conque/ & utt] subjection4 ,x is kn[n t sometimes a memb] ( a conqu]$ tribe volunt>ily (f]$ himself z a victim 9 ord] to release 8 p f _! obligation1 & ?us e>n$ = himself immortality4 ,an insight into ! native association ( ideas is af=d$ by ,sahagun's note t ! "l or *iefta9 0 8! he>t ( 8 ,pueblo10 :i* means t[n z well z population4 ,! dea? ( ! sacrific$ *ief1 !re=e1 actually convey$ ! idea ( ! de/ruction ( ! tribal gov]nm5t to 8 vanqui%$ subjects4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ! subsequ5t p>tition ( portions ( 8 dead body among/ ! prie/hood & _! ritual cannibalism did n signify ! absorption ( ! conqu]$ population into ! communal life ( _! victors4 ,! pres]vation ( ! victim's skull on ! ,tzompantli1 z a regi/] ( ! conque/ ( a *iefta91 w\ld also be ! logical outcome ( ! native l9e ( ?\ght & symbolism4 ,at ! risk ( mak+ a some:at l5g?y digression ,i w aga9 ref] "h to a po9t ,i h already t\*$ ^u1 namely1 ! ,mexican employm5t ( ! human figure z an allegorical image ( _! ,empire or ,/ate1 ! idea be+ t ! f\r limbs repres5t$ its f\r gov]nm5tal & t]ritorial divisions & t ^! 7 gov]n$ by ! head! "l ( ! ,above or heav51 & ! he>t! "l ( ! ,bel[ or e>?4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! native ,codices has %[n me t su* 0 ! native allegory :i* inde$ c be fur!r trac$4 ,! t]ritory ( a /ate reproduc$ ! organization ( ! human body ) its f\r limbs1 ea* ( ^! t]m9at+ 9 m9or gr\ps ( five4 ,accord+ to ! same set ( ideas ! cursive image ( a /ate c\ld be convey$ by a ma9 gr\p ( five dots1 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( f\r m9or simil> gr\ps4 ,cross-l9es express+ ! p>tition into f\r qu>t]s w\ld complete su* a graphic & cursive pres5tation ( ! s*eme & n only signify its t]ritorial b also its gov]nm5tal features4 ,x is notewor?y t1 9 ,nahuatl z 9 ! ,que*ua1 ! title = m9or *ief is homonym\s ) ! ^w = f+]s4 ,! ,nahuatl pilli is a title = a *iefta9 or "l & also signifies *ild & f+]s or toes4 ,a f+] is ma-pilli1 ! prefix ma1 f maitlh&1 designat+ ! f+]s z ! *ildr5 ( ! h&4 ,! ?umb is qualifi$ by ! prefix ueigreat4 ,hav+ ga9$ a recognition ( ! above facts x is n difficult to und]/& ! mean+ ( c]ta9 sceptres 9 ! =m ( an op5 h& :i* occur z symbols ( au?ority borne by *iefta9s 9 ! native ,codices47#da7 ,i "k ( "o important in/ance1 inde$1 :]e an arm ) an op5 h& is repres5t$ z /&+ upright 9 ! c5tre ( a circle divid$ into sections & zones 7simil> to fig4 #bh1 nos4 #a1 #c1 #e1 & #f74 ,! above m5tion$ examples1 :i* ,i %all illu/rate lat]1 h l$ me to inf] t :il/ ! arm symboliz$ "o ( ! f\r divisions ( ! ,/ate1 ! h& symboliz$ its capital1 ! ?umb its c5tral rul] & ! f+]s 8 f\r (fic]s or pilli1 ! rul]s ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! m9or seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ano!r publication ,i %all produce illu/rations %[+ t ! foot 0 also employ$ z an emblem ( rule & t ,mexico1 ,yucatan & ,c5tral ,am]ica furni% u ) actual pro(s t ! h&s & ! feet respectively symboliz$ ! upp] & l[] divisions ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is ?us curi\s to comp>e ! "n = ?umbuei-ma-pilli & ! "n ,uei-mac 7lit]ally1 great h&7 :i* ,sahagun gives z t ( ! 8temporal0 coadjutor ( ! ,mexican culture-h]o ,quetzalcoatl1 z well z ! t]m1 our toetotecxopilli ) ! well-kn[n title ,totecour *ief or "l4 ,9 ,yucatan ! ^w = h&kab is1 z ,i %all demon/rate fur!r on1 actually incorporat$ 9 ! title ( ! lords ( ! f\r qu>t]s,bakab4 ,i am almo/ incl9$ to f9d a trace ( a simil> association 9 ! ,que*ua ^w = f+]spallca & ! title palla be/[$ ^u noble wom54 ,i h already m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pages t ! natural basis ( ! all-p]vad+ native num]ical division into #debj 0 ! f+] & toe c\nt4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! g5]al cu/om to designate #bj z "o man or "o c\nt47#db7 ,^w = ,man4 ,^w = #bj4 ,nahuatl4 tlacatl4 cem-p\alli"o c\nt4 ,qui* & u9ay"o man4 u9ay ,cak*iquel ,tz5dal4 hun-u9ic"o man4 hun-u9ic ,maya4 u9ic4 hun-kal ,9 ! latt] case ! affix kal seems to be d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z ! v]b kalto close up or fa/5 some?+1 & to signify some?+ complete or f9i%$4 ,at ! same "t ! ,maya u9al is ! ,maya "n = ! tw5ty cal5d>-signs1 & ! same association is demon/rat$ z exi/+ 9 ,mexico by ! well-kn[n picture 9 ! ,vatican ,codex ,i 7p4 #ge71 :i* repres5ts a man surr\nd$ by ! tw5ty ,mexican cal5d>-signs4 ,z ,i %all treat ( ! same subject m fully 9 ano!r publication1 ,i %all b briefly t\* ^u ! intimate connection !re exi/$ betwe5 ^! cal5d>-signs & ! tw5ty classes into :i* ! population 0 /rictly divid$4 ,x is kn[n t an individual receiv$ ! "n ( ! day on :i* he 0 born & x is possible to prove t ?is det]m9$ 8 position 9 ! commonweal?1 8 class & 8 future occupation4 ,ea* *ild 0 =mally regi/]$ by ! prie/ly /ati/icians at bir?1 & at ab\t ! age ( six1 :5 8 "n 0 sometimes *ang$1 he ent]$ "o ( ! two educational e/abli%m5ts :]e he 0 br\ght up by ! ,/ate1 "u ! absolute control ( ! prie/hood & rul]s4 ,x c be glean$ t "o ( ! *ief c>es ( ! latt] 0 to ma9ta9 ! same av]age numb] ( individuals 9 ! di/9ct classes1 to :i* ! v>i\s =ms ( labor 7 allott$ & :o became 9 "t id5tifi$ ) ^!4 ,9 ord] to keep ! ma*9]y ( /ate 9 p]fect adju/m5t1 individuals _h sometimes to be transf]r$ f ! class into :i* !y 7 born1 to ano!r4 ,9 "s cases ?is seems to h be5 arbitr>ily ord]$ by ! au?orities1 b ! latt] appe> to h guid$ !mselves by ! position ( ! p>5ts & to h e/abli%$ ! cu/om t an individual might alt]natively be transf]r$ into ! pat]nal or mat]nal class1 b n into any o!r4 ,z ea* class 01 moreov]1 divid$ into an upp] & l[] "o1 x 0 possible = ea* p]son to elevate himself f ! l[] to ! high] by individual m]it or to incur abasem5t1 = unwor?y conduct1 & be+1 z we h already se51 8r$uc$ to ! (ficial rank ( wom540 ,! direct outcome ( su* a =m ( organization 0 /r+5t laws gov]n+ m>riage1 x be+ exp$i5t t c]ta9 classes only %\ld int]m>ry1 n only to avoid complications b also to ensure a c]ta9 degree ( cop]ation conducive to ! prosp]ity ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! tribal laws /ill exi/+ among/ ! native tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,i see ! logical survivals ( an anci5t s*eme ( organization4 ,aft] ga9+ ! above recognition ( "s ( ! actual duties ( ! prie/-rul]s ( anci5t ,mexico1 x is possible to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! native s5t5ce1 not$ by ,sahagun1 t ! native games ( patolli & tla*tli con/itut$ a practice 9 8! art ( gov]nm5t40 ,f ?is x is cle> t ! =m]1 play$ by two individuals ) dice & m>k]s ^u a mat 9 ! %ape ( a cross1 & symbolical ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 0 orig9ally inv5t$ by ! prie/-rul]s = an em95tly practical purpose4 ,! mat be+ an image ( ! quadruple /ate & its subdivisions1 x 0 possible to make x s]ve z a regi/]-bo>d exhibit+ ! di/ribution ( ! population1 ! numb] ( individuals 9 ea* class & its dea? & bir? rates4 ,we are in=m$ t :5 p>5ts1 accord+ to ! inflexible law1 c>ri$ _! newborn *ild to ! prie/1 he consult$ 8 books full ( day-signs & =etold :at its future 0 to be4 ,a pro( t x 0 ! positions ( ! />s :i* det]m9$ ! season & furni%$ ! means ( fix+ a date1 is furni%$ by ! fact t ! />s 7 also 8consult$0 & believ$ to ex]t an influ5ce ^u ! de/9y ( ! *ild4 ,! implicit fai? 9 ! pr$ictions ( ! prie/s & 9 ! absolute influ5ce ( ! position ( ! heav5ly bodies & ! date ( its bir? ^u ! individual indicates t ! p>5ts 7 kept 9 ignorance z to ! work+s ( ! ma*9]y ( /ate & t ! prie/hood 7 rev]5c$ = _! p[] ( prophecy4 ,! belief t !y c\ld p]sonally ex]cise a favorable influ5ce ov] ! de/9y ( ! *ild seems also to h be5 enc\rag$ 9 ! p>5ts1 s9ce an (f]+ ( gifts at ! p]iod ( regi/ration 0 cu/om>y4 ,aft] ! ,conque/1 :5 ! native gov]nm5t _h be5 completely brok5 up1 & ! en=c$ regi/ration ( bir? & ! pr$iction ( ! prie/ _h utt]ly lo/ _! orig9al significance1 native p>5ts /ill consult$ ! surviv+ memb]s ( ! prie/-rul]s2 & ^! anci5t /ati/icians1 9 ord] to ga9 a livelihood1 cont9u$ to consult _! books & utt]$ pr$ictions z ( yore1 al?\gh _! p[] to control _! fulfilm5t _h vani%$ =ev]4 ,anci5t ,mexico ?us furni%es u ) an int]e/+ & in/ructive explanation ( ! orig9 ( div9atory practices1 progno/ication at bir?1 etc4 ,x %[s u t1 "u ! anci5t =m ( e/abli%$ gov]nm5t1 ! sign ( ! date ( a *ild's bir? actually did control 8 future de/9y1 :ile x 0 unque/ionably 9 ! p[] ( ! prie/hood1 n only to pr$ict 8 future1 b also to ex]t a favorable or unfavorable influ5ce ^u x4 ,! above facts help u to und]/& ! orig9 n only ( div9ation1 propitiation & ! belief 9 ! influ5ce ( day-signs1 b also ( ! native games :i* became popul> aft] ! ,conque/1 :5 _! orig9al use & mean+ _h become obsolete4 ,def]r+ fur!r discussion ( ?is int]e/+ matt] ,i w b draw att5tion to ,mr4 ,/ew>t ,cul9's important /udy ( 8,am]ican ,indian ,games107#dc7 :i* cle>ly e/abli%es _! 8int]relation0 & at ! same "t proves t !y 7 bas$1 z fir/ di/9ctly insi/$ ^u by ,dr4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 on ! c5tral idea & t ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,mr4 ,cul9 has gone s f> z to fix ! place ( orig9 ( ! 8platt] or dice class ( games :i* he has f\nd record$ z exi/+ among "s #fa ,am]ican tribes1 9 ! arid region ( ! s\?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & ,nor!rn or ,c5tral ,mexico10 & to conceive t 89 anci5t ,mexico we f9d traces ( its highe/ developm5t40 ,i place ! utmo/ value ^u ,mr4 ,cul9's pa9/ak+ & consci5ti\s rese>*es & reg>d !m z /rongly corroborat+ my views expos$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,8 id5tification ( ! pictur$ diagram 9 ! ,fjrv>y ,codex1 z ! c\nt+ circuit ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 ) a presid+ god 9 ! middle1 z 9 ,zui1 does cr$it to 8 p]spicacity4 ,i agree ) him 9 consid]+ t ?is *>t c\ld h be5 employ$ aft] ! ,conque/ = a game or = div9ation1 b tru/ t1 ^u p]usal ( ?is pap]1 he w admit t prim>ily ! ,fjrv>y diagram express$ ! native s*eme ( gov]nm5t & ! cal5d>1 :i* 0 no o!r ?an a means ( rul+ ! classes by b9d+ ea* ( ^! to a special day & totemic sign4 ,ea* ( ! tw5ty classes or clans _h its day1 kn[n by a p>ticul> sign :i* 0 also its totemic m>k4 ,z ! day-signs recurr$ p]iodically1 ! *ief or head ( ea* clan became its liv+ repres5tative1 assum$ a totemi/ic co/ume & became ! 8liv+ image ( ! ance/ral teotl10 or god ( 8 p1 ( ^: activity he r5d]$ acc\nt to ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,x is significant t ! common native title = lords or *iefta9s 0 8tlatoque10 lit]ally1 8! speak]s10 & t !y 7 closely designat$ z ! spokesm5 ( 8 p1 :o habitually kept sil5ce 9 8 pres5ce4 ,! fact t ! names & signs ( ! days are id5tical ) ! totemic tribal di/9ctions impos$ = gov]nm5tal reasons1 is "o :i* ,i %all proce$ to demon/rate m fully4 ,mean:ile att5tion is n[ drawn to ! *apt] on ! #g-;day p]iod 9 ,dr4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton's 8,native ,cal5d> ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico10 9 :i* he surmises t ! tribal divisions ( ! ,cak*iquels 87 drawn f ! numb]s ( ! ,cal5d>40 ,accord+ to ! native records ! in/itution ( ! ,cal5d> 0 simultane\s ) t ( tribal organization & a m9ute /udy ( bo? features reveals t x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,f ! dawn ( _! hi/ory ! ,cak*iquels1 z ,i h already %[n1 7 divid$ into ?irte5 divisions ( w>riors 7,khob1 con/itut+ ! upp] class7 & sev5 tribes 7,amag1 con/itut+ ! l[] class74 ,a totem & a day be+ assign$ to ea* division & tribe1 !y 71 once & = all "t1 plac$ 9 a def9ite position t[>ds ea* o!r & t[>ds ! /ate1 & ! ord] 9 :i* _! *iefta9s 7 to sit 9 g5]al c\ncil1 & to assume or p]=m c]ta9 duties1 0 ?us in/itut$4 ,! #bj-;day p]iod ?us con/itut$ a 8complete c\nt0 & synopsis ( ! 8?irte5 divisions ( w>riors & sev5 tribes10 b x also fulfill$ o!r n less important purposes4 ,! day-signs 7 s ord]$ t ! fir/1 elev5? & sixte5? 7 major signs employ$ to designate ! ye>s1 & id5tifi$ ) ! f\r qu>t]s1 elem5ts & _! respective colors4 ,! #bj-;day p]iod1 consi/+ z x also did ( #d major signs & ( #ddaf m9or signs1 0 z closely l9k$ to ! idea ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s z x 0 to ! ,above & ,bel[1 repres5t$ by ! #acg division4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t a simultane\s reckon+ ( p]iods consi/+ ( #e1 #g1 #ac1 & #bj days 0 +5i\sly comb9$4 ,i %all %[ 9 my special treatise h[ 8! lords ( ! ,night0 employ$ 9 _! a/ronomical cal5d>1 #i-night & #i-moon p]iods = purposes ( _! own & h[ ^! also s]v$ to c>ry out c]ta9 ideas ( organization1 controll+ p]sons4 ,al?\gh x embodi$ ! results ( long-/&+ primitive a/ronomical obs]vation & accord$ ) ! seasons & movem5ts ( ! cele/ial bodies1 ! native ,cal5d> 0 prim>ily a gov]nm5tal in/itution1 design$ to control ! actions ( human be+s & br+ _! communal life 9 accord ) ! p]iodical movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,9 my ,note on ! ,anci5t ,mexican ,cal5d> ,sy/em1 communicat$ to ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,am]icani/s at ,/ockholm1 9 #ahid1 ,i /at$ c]ta9 hi/orical & a/ronomical facts :i* %[$ t ! ,new ,cycle1 :i* began 9 #aejg ) ! ye> ,acatl1 _h comm5c$ on ,m>* #ad? ?ree days aft] ! v]nal equ9ox & t ?is delay _h obvi\sly be5 int5tional1 9 ord] to wait = ! new moon1 :i* fell on ,m>* #ac? at #aa4dj ,a4 ,m41 & ! planet ,v5us1 8:i* 0 possibly visible bo? z morn+ & ev5+ /> betwe5 ,m>* #ad? & #ah?40 ,! above facts1 :i* h rema9$ un*all5g$ s9ce _! publication1 af=d an insight into ! a/ronomical atta9m5ts ( ! sun-prie/s & moon & />-prie/s & %[ an evid5t desire to beg9 a new era at a favorable "t1 :5 !re 0 a conjunction ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,?us ! t]ms ( (fice ( ! lords ( ! ,above & ,bel[ 7 ent]$ ^u & ! ma*9]y ( /ate set into motion1 9 unison ) /rik+ cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,x is impossible n to realize h[ great mu/ be ! antiquity ( a sy/em :i*1 evolv+ f ! rudim5t>y1 c]emonial division ( a tribe into sev5 p>ts1 z a consequ5ce ( its primitive obs]vation ( ! ,sept5triones1 develop$ into a great & complex gov]nm5t dom9at$ & p]vad$ by ! ab/ract conceptions ( ! sev5-fold divisions ( ! ,above1 ,bel[1 ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s4 ,def]r+ fur!r comm5t ,i w proce$ to demon/rate ! practical value1 = gov]nm5tal purposes1 ( ! classification ( a community into tw5ty divisions ) z _m repres5tative heads1 _! localizations at giv5 po9ts ( ! compass1 & association ) a cal5d>-sign & day1 & w only ref] to :at ,i h already publi%$ 9 my ,note on ! ,cal5d>1 namely1 h[1 by means ( ! comb9ation ( #ac num]als ) ! #bj signs1 a unit ( #bfj days 0 obta9$1 & h[ ea* sign 0 comb9$ b once ) ! same numb]1 & a p]fect sy/em ( rotation ( p]iods1 regulat+ (fice1 labor1 etc41 0 in/itut$4 ,x is n possible = me to enl>ge "h ^u ! features & m]its ( ! sy/em :i* ,i d n hesitate to t]m "o ( ! mo/ admirable & p]fect a*ievem5ts ( ! human intellect4 ,my pres5t purpose is to lay /ress ^u ! fact t1 9 ,mexico1 ! major cal5d>-signs 7 borne z titles by ! rul]s ( ! f\r qu>t]s :o presid$ 9 rotation ov] a ye>--! "n ( ?is & ( _! title be+ always 9 correspond5ce4 ,nezahualcoyotl1 ! "l ( ,tezcoco1 is record$ z possess+ ! title ,ome ,to*tli#b ,rabbit1 & w\ld obvi\sly h presid$ ov] ! cal5d> p]iods ( t "n4 ,?is inf]5ce is und\bt$ly corroborat$ by ,nuez de la ,vega's foll[+ /atem5t1 quot$ by ,botur9i37#dd7 8,in/ead ( ! ,mexican signs ,acatl1 ,tecpatl1 ,calli & ,to*tli1 ! ,tz5dals1 inhabit+ ,*iapas1 employ$ 9 _! ,cal5d> ! names ( f\r ( _! *iefta9s3 ,votan1 ,lambat1 ,be5 & ,*9ax4444 ,!y also figur$ a man nam$ ,coslahuntax1 z seat$ 9 a *air44440 ,botur9i rem>ks t ?is p]son %\ld m correctly be nam$ ,imos or ,max & 0 8! head ( ! #bj lords :o 7 ! symbols ( ! #bj days ( ! ,cal5d>4 ,be+ ! pr9cipal & initial sign1 ,coslahuntax repres5t$ 9 himself ! p]iod ( ?irte5 days40 ,z ,dr4 ,br9ton rightly notes7#de7 ! "n ( ! p]sonage %\ld be ,oxlaghun tax1 lit]ally signify+ 8! ?irte5 divisions or p>ts40 ,we ?us see t1 :il/ ! names ( ! *iefs ( ! f\r qu>t]s con/itut$ ! f\r major cal5d>-signs1 "o supreme "l embodi$ ! attributes or 8p[]s0 ( ! #ac divisions ( w>riors & pr9cipal division4 ,?us ! #ac divisions seem to h be5 reg>d$ z #ab plus an all-embrac+ #a4 ,nuez de la ,vega cont9ues3 8,9 ! repres5tations ( _! cal5d> !y pa9t$ sev5 black p]sons1 correspond+ to ! sev5 days ( _! reckon+40 ,botur9i adds3 ^! sev5 black m5 7 no o!r ?an ! pr9cipal prie/-rul]s ( ?is nation4444 8,!y held 9 great v5]ation ! #8"l ( ! black m51' :o 0 entitl$ ,yal-ahua40 ,botur9i comm5ts on ?is utt]ance & expla9s t ! latt] 0 no o!r ?an ! high-prie/4 ,i po9t out ! evid5t id5tity ( ,yal-ahua to ! ,mexican ,yoal-tecuhtli! "l ( ! ,night1 "o ( ! titles giv5 to ,pol>is & to 8 e>?ly repres5tative1 ! high prie/ ( ! ,e>? & nocturnal cult4 ,z already expla9$ ?is p]sonage bore 9 ,mexico ! female title1 ,cihuacoatl,woman-s]p5t2 b we also f9d ?is "n = ! e>?-"m alt]nat+ ) ,*icome-coatllit]ally1 sev5 s]p5ts4 ,9 ,beltran de la ,rosa's 8,arte ,maya0 we f9d ! ^w 8,ahauc*apat10 translat$ z 8,s]p5t ) sev5 heads0 & are ?us l$ to inf] t ! ,mexicans & ,mayas _h conceiv$ ! image ( a 8s]p5t ) sev5 heads0 z an allegory ( ! sev5 tribal divisions unit$ 9 "o body & be/[$ ?is title to ! repres5tative ( ! ,e>?-cult1 ! high prie/ ( ! ,bel[4 ,x foll[s t1 j z ! numb] #ac resolves itself into #aba1 s ! my/ic numb] #g proves to h be5 consid]$ z #fa1 precisely :at might be expect$ z ! natural sequ5ce ( ! d]ivation ( ! numb] f a circumpol> con/ellation1 consi/+ ( sev5 />s1 "o ( :i* 0 ,pol>is4 ,nuez de la ,vega & ,botur9i's te/imony tea*es u t ! ,tz5dals 7 organiz$ into tw5ty divisions & t ?irte5 ( ^! 7 embodi$ 9 "o *ief1 :ile ! sev5 o!rs1 associat$ ) black1 7 p]sonifi$ by ! high prie/4 ,! in=mation t "o individual 0 ?us believ$ to unite 9 8 p]son ! attributes ( sev]al classes & t ! lords ( ! f\r qu>t]s & ea* ( ! tw5ty divisions bore names :i* 7 also cal5d>-signs1 ga9 9 value :5 x is realiz$ t1 9 ! op9ion ( ,drs4 ,s*ellhas & ,br9ton1 ! inv5tion ( ! native ,cal5d> sy/em may probably be assign$ to ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,*iapas1 :]e ! ,tz5dals n[ dwell47#df7 ,9 treat+ ( ! ru9s ( ,pal5que situat$ 9 ?is region1 ,i %all aga9 ref] to ! ,tz5dals4 ,mean:ile1 let u exam9e ! ,cak*iquel tradition ab\t ,cucumatz1 ! sorc]] *ief ( ! ,qui*s1 s9ce x also treats ( ! #g-;day p]iod4 ,we are told t he 8asc5d$ to heav5 = sev5 days & desc5d$ into ! "u _w = sev5 days & !n assum$1 9 rotation1 f\r diff]5t animal =ms dur+ z _m p]iods ( sev5 days40 ,x is impossible n to recognize f ?is t1 l ! ,zuis ( to-day1 ! ,qui*s 8symboliz$ ! t]re/rial sph]e by ref]r+ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 to ! z5i? & nadir1 ! individual himself mak+ ! sev5? numb]10 & t ,cucumatz1 :o 0 evid5tly ! high prie/ & head ( ! sev5 tribes1 assum$ ! totemi/ic attributes ( ea* ( ^!1 9 rotation1 = p]iods ( sev5 days ea*4 ,9 ?is case we h an int]e/+ & sugge/ive v>iant ( ! s*eme & x sugge/s ! possibility t1 possibly actuat$ by ambition1 ,cucumatz _h grasp$ & unit$ 9 8 p]son ! pr]ogatives ( ! *iefs or heads ( ea* tribe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be t x 0 ! orig9al cu/om = ! high prie/ to be a sort ( animat$ cal5d> sign 9 unison ) ! sep>ate *iefs ( ea* tribe1 :o repres5t$1 9 rotation1 ! totemi/ic ance/ors ( _! p4 ,hav+ %[n h[ ! lords ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s 7 indissolubly l9k$ to ! f\r major cal5d>-signs :i* also symboliz$ ! elem5ts1 let u exam9e ! data e/abli%+ t ! capital ( ea* ( ! f\r prov9ces 0 nam$ a tecpan4 ,f ,duran ,i h already quot$ t 9 ! ,mexican metropolis !re 7 two tecpans or (ficial h\ses 9 :i* ! affairs ( ! gov]nm5t 7 att5d$ to & c\ncils held4 ,x is significant t "o ( ^! 0 nam$ 8! tecpan ( m50 & ! o!r 8! tecpan ( wom540 ,:il/ ! metropolis1 ! seat ( ! dual gov]nm5t1 ?us _h its two tecpans :i* 7 presid$ ov] by ! two supreme rul]s1 we h le>n$ f o!r s\rces ( ! f\r tecpans 9 ,guatemala & t ,texcoco1 ne> ! city ( ,mexico1 0 also t]m$ a tecpan & t its rul] bore z a title "o ( ! f\r major cal5d>-signs4 ,^! facts expla9 8 position & ! reason :y ! 8"l ( ,texcoco0 0 "o ( f\r lords :o support$ ,montezuma :5 he met ,corts 9 full /ate4 ,a c>eful inve/igation ( ! d]ivation & true significance ( ! ^w tecpan yields int]e/+ results4 ,c5-tecpan-tli means1 a c\nt ( tw5ty p]sons2 ! v]b tecpana signifies1 8to e/abli% some?+ 9 conc]t$ ord]2 to e/abli% ord] among/ p40 ,! v]b tecpancapoa means1 to c\nt some?+ 9 regul> ord]4 ,! ,maya v]b tepalto gov]n or reign1 or to be 8"o :o m$iates10 appe>s to be alli$ to ! above ,nahuatl words & x is n unlikely t ! employm5t ( ! fl9t-knife or tecpatl z an emblem ( (fice _h be5 sugge/$ by ! fact t its ,nahuatl "n resembles1 9 s\nd1 ! above words =m$ ) tecpan1 & also ! ,maya v]b tepal4 ,x ?us con/itut$ a bil+ual rebus1 express+ ! s5seto gov]n1 to rule1 to regulate1 etc41 &1 employ$ z ! symbol ( ! ,nor? & ,pol>is1 x convey$ ! idea t ! latt] 0 n only ! produc] ( life b ! regulator ( ! ,univ]se4 ,f ! fact t a tecpan con/itut$ a m9or integral :ole & compris$ ! rule ov] tw5ty classes ( p1 we see t :il/ ! f\r prov9cial tecpans 7 9 !mselves m9iature reproductions ( ! metropolis1 !y b fill$ ! same position 9 relation to ?is z ! f\r limbs to ! body ( a man or quadrup$4 ,a f9al pro( ( h[ completely ?is analogy 0 recogniz$ by ! native rul]s is furni%$ by ! ,maya titles :i* embody ! ^w kabarm & h&4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pages t ! rul]s ( ! f\r qu>t]s 7 entitl$ ,ba-cab & t 9 ! ,dresd5 ,codex an image ( ! f\r qu>t]s 0 figur$ by f\r bones4 ,! ^w = bone be+ bac & = arm be+ kab1 x is obvi\s t ! arm-bone or hum]us w\ld furni% a rebus1 express+ ! title ( ! f\r ,bacabs--a conclusion :i* ?r[s light ^u ! signification ( ! cross-bones ( native pictography & also ( ! incis$ & decorat$ human arm & leg bones :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan4 ,at ! same "t ! ^w kab also recurs 9 ! title ,ah-,cu*-,cab :i* signifies 8! rul] or *ief ( a t[n or place10 ,cu*il be+ ! "n ( ! latt]4 ,bo? ( ^! words s closely resemble cuxabal & cuxtal1 ! ^w = 8life10 t x is n impossible t ! native m9d (t5 associat$ ! t[n z a c5tre ( life1 & ?\ght ( _! *ief z "o ^: symbol 0 a 8life-disp5s+ h&40 ,9 ord] to grasp ! full significance ( ! symbol ( ! h& 9 ,maya sculptur$ & writt5 records x is necess>y to be> ^! facts 9 m9d4 ,9 #ahie ,mr4 ,teob]t ,mal] une>!d 9 ! c5tre ( ! public squ>e at 8,el ,seibal10 ,guatemala1 a sculptur$ /ela exhibit+ ! figures ( a *iefta9 ov] ^: head an op5 h& 0 c>v$4 ,x is impossible n to int]pret ?is z a m>k t ! *iefta9 _h once be5 ! rul] ( a t[n & t ?is1 9 turn1 0 "o ( f\r m9or capitals belong+ to a c5tral metropolis4 ,a h&1 enclos$ 9 quadrangul> l9es & repres5t$ on ! g>m5t ( a *iefta91 0 f\nd by ,dr4 ,le ,plongeon at ,uxmal1 & ,i believe t ?is %\ld be int]pret$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 my essay on ,anci5t ,mexican ,%ields 7,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 b& ,v1 #ahib7 ,i reproduc$ two int]e/+ in/ances ( ! employm5t1 z ! "n-sign ( a rul] 9 native pictography1 ( a h& on ! palm ( :i* an eye is depict$4 ,! effigy ( a h&1 ! sacr$ ,kab-ul1 :i* 0 kept 9 a place 9 ,yucatan to :i* p f all qu>t]s resort$ regul>ly 9 great numb]s1 resolves itself into ! symbol ( an anci5t capital to :i* great high-roads l$ f ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,b important z ?is capital may h be51 its connection ) ! h&-symbol proves t x 0 orig9ally "o ( f\r m9or c5tres & =m$ b a "p ( a great] :ole4 ,x w\ld correspond to ! image1 9 "o ( ! native ,codices1 ( a subdivid$ circle ) an arm & h& /&+ 9 its middle1 & its ,bacab w\ld und\bt$ly h c>ri$ a sceptre 9 ! %ape ( an op5 h&1 su* z depict$ 9 ! ,codices z a /aff ( (fice4 ,:ile we ?us f9d ! human figure di/9ctly associat$ ) ! lords ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! ,above we f9d ! f\r lords ( ! ,bel[1 entitl$ ,*ac1 symboliz$ by ! quadrup$ figure ( ! native jagu>*acoh1 associat$ ) ! color r$*ac & ) ra91 /orms1 ?und] & lightn+1 all ( :i* ph5om5a 71 s+ly & collectively1 t]m$ ,*c4 ,if ev] !re has be5 an in/ance :]e language or ! resemblance 9 s\nd ( c]ta9 words has caus$ c]ta9 symbols to amalgamate ) a "n or title1 x is surely ?is1 & light is !reby ?r[n ^u ! developm5t ( symbolism & associations ( ?\ght among/ primitive p4 ,! ,*acs ( ,yucatan 7 id5tical ) ! ,tlalocs1 ! octli or ra9 lords ( ,mexico1 ^: function1 z vot>ies ( e>?-cult1 0 ! regulation ( agriculture1 irrigation & ! collection & di/ribution ( all products ( ! soil4 ,x is int]e/+ to trace t1 9 o!r regions ( ,yucatan1 presumably :]e no *acohs or jagu>s exi/$1 ! m9or rul]s ( prov9ces seem to h be5 t]m$ ocelots,balam1 a title f\nd associat$ ) ,maya rul]%ip4 ,) ! =ego+ data 9 m9d x is easy to grasp ! mean+ ( ! talon ( a bea/ ( prey1 employ$ z an emblem ( rank or (fice 9 ! native ,codices or bas-reliefs & to p]ceive t ?is 0 ! symbol ( a ,*ac or ,balam1 "o ( ! f\r lords ( ! e>? or ,bel[1 j z ! h& 0 t ( ! lords ( ! ,above4 ,! complete image ( ! dual ,/ate is ?us %[n to h consi/$ at "o "t ( an ideal gr\p consi/+ ( a man ) a bea/ ( prey1 a jagu> or ocelot4 ,9 ,mexico we h ! man-bird & ! man-ocelot respectively repres5t+ ! rul]s ( ! two great divisions ( ! ,/ate4 ,at ,*i*5-,itza & else:]e 9 ,yucatan sculptur$ figures ( ocelots support+ circul> vessels h be5 f\nd & !re are int]e/+ in/ances ( ! comb9ation ( ! human figure ) ocelot,balam attributes4 ,"o monoli?ic figure1 discov]$ at ,*i*5-,itza by ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay1 & belong+ to ! category ( ! recumb5t /atues be>+ circul> vase-l receptacles1 already describ$1 exhibits a human head & =m1 :il/ ! body is cov]$ ) a spott$ sk94 ,9 ! sculptur$ image ( ,mictlan-tecuhtli 7fig4 #ai7 a human head is accompani$ by limbs ( equal l5g?-t]m9at+ 9 wild bea/s' talons4 ,! positions ( ! limbs are bett] und]/ood :5 comp>$ ) ! foll[+ illu/ration1 to :i* ,i %all rev]t 7fig4 #ea74 ,mean:ile1 ,i %all m]ely rem>k t 9 bo? ( ^! curi\s bas-reliefs we seem to h images ( ! quadruple t]re/rial & cele/ial gov]nm5ts4 ,fig4 #ea1 :i* is a correct$ draw+ ( "o ( ^? conta9$ 9 ,leon y ,gama's 8,descripcion de las dos ,pi$ras10 furni%es an int]e/+ example1 9 accord ) ! image ( ,mictlantecuhtli1 ( ! employm5t ( ! gr\p ( five z a symbol ( ! c5tre & f\r qu>t]s1 & exhibits f\r limbs associat$ ) f\r heads 7! qu>t]s & _! *iefs71 :ile ! h&s hold two o!r heads1 symbolical ( ! dual rul]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,two facts :i* ?r[ an int]e/+ light ^u ! gr[? ( native symbolism are wor? m5tion+ "h4 ,z a symbol on ! head ( ,mictlan-tecuhtli1 ! "l ( ! ,nor?1 two repres5tations ( a c5tip$e are di/+ui%able4 ,9 ,nahuatl ! "n ( ?is is 8c5tzonmaye10 lit]ally1 f\r hundr$ h&s4 ,x c ?us be se5 t ! idea ( "o body ) a multitude ( h&s _h occurr$ to ! native philosoph]s z a suitable allegory = _! conception ( a c5tral cele/ial & t]re/rial rule :i* guid$ ! activity ( innum]able appo9t$ h&s & disp5s$1 ?r\gh ^!1 n only life & favors b also dea? or *a/isem5t4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ea4 ,be=e proce$+ f>!r we mu/ consid] tree-symbolism 9 anci5t ,am]ica4 ,accord+ to ,mol9a ! ,inca ,yupanqui 7surnam$ ! left-h&$7 ord]$ ! temple ( ,quisu>-can*a to be made3 quisu>a tree1 ! ,buddleia ,incana1 can*aplace (4 ,salcamayhua 7op4 cit41 p4 #gg71 :o attributes ! build+ ( ?is temple to ,manco ,capac1 /ates t ^! two trees1 :i* 7 9 ! temple1 8typifi$ 8 fa!r & "m 444 & he ord]$ t !y %\ld be adorn$ ) roots ( gold & silv] & ) gold5 fruit4 ,h5ce !y 7 call$ ,ccuri*a*ac ,collque*a*ac ,tampu ,yracan1 :i* means t ! two trees typifi$ 8 p>5ts1 t ! ,incas proce$$ f !m l fruit f ! trees1 & t ! two trees 7 z ! roots & /ems ( ! ,incas4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 execut$ to record _! greatness40 ,?is passage is ( utmo/ value1 = x conveys to u n only t ! ,incas kept a record ( _! male & female ance/ry & respectively associat$ ! male & female elem5ts ) gold & silv]1 b also e/abli%es ! important po9t t ! tree 0 employ$ z an emblem ( ! life & gr[? ( a l9eage or race4 ,?is fact is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ if collat$ ) ! ,mexican tree-symbols4 ,9 ! ,fjrv>y diagram 7fig4 #eb71 we f9d a diff]5t k9d ( tree & two totemic figures assign$ to ea* qu>t]1 :i* indicates t ! inhabitants ( ea* ( ! f\r prov9ces 7 reg>d$ z ( a di/9ct race4 ,! top ( ea* tree spreads itself into two bran*es &1 ) "o exception1 ea* ( ^! be>s ?ree blossoms or leaves d5ot+1 x w\ld seem1 ! division ( a tribe into #bcf p>ts4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #eb4 ,copy ( p4 #dd1 ,fjrv>y ,codex4 ,! majority ( tree-symbols1 h[ev]1 exhibit a quadruplicate division z 9 fig4 #ec1 nos4 #a1 #d & #g4 ,at ! same "t x is impossible n to recognize t ea* example r5d]s 9 a graphic mann] ! organization ( a tribe4 ,9 nos4 #b & #h1 = in/ance1 we f9d t ea* ( ! f\r bran*es 0 aga9 subdivid$1 yield+ eight subdivisions in/ead ( f\r4 ,9 no4 #c1 we h quadruple bran*es1 a pair ( recurv$ spikes ) buds & a c5tral bud1 ! idea ( duality repeat+ itself 9 ! trunk ( ! tree1 "o-half ( :i* above gr\nd is :ite1 :il/ ! o!r bel[ gr\nd is d>k4 ,! obvi\s allusion is to ! ,above & ,bel[ & ?is idea is fur!r symboliz$ by ! head ( ! coatls]p5t or tw94 ,9 ?is figure !re is a h9t ( ! exi/5ce ( an idea ,i h f\nd express$ 9 o!r cases1 namely1 t a my/ic l9e ( dem>cation exi/$ at ! base ( a tree1 :i* sep>at$ its upw>d f its d[nw>d gr[?4 ,?is 0 ! seat ( ! life ( ! tree1 :i* s5t its trunk & cr[n heav5w>ds & its roots & rootlets e>?w>ds4 ,! fact t ! juice ( ! agave or maguey 0 collect$ f ! core ( ! plant seems to be at ! bottom ( its adoption z ! sacr$ & c]emonial 8dr9k ( life10 :i* 01 subsequ5tly1 c>efully prep>$ & f]m5t$4 ,! idea t a tree enclos$ male & female elem5ts seems to h be5 also a /rong "o & w\ld1 9 c\rse ( "t1 d\btlessly h l$ to ! conception ( sup]human be+s 9 human =m1 dwell+ 9 trees4 ,:at is m1 ! adoption by ea* tribe ( a p>ticul> sort ( tree1 a cu/om amply prov51 w\ld naturally lead to a species ( tree-cult or v5]ation :i*1 among/ ! un9itiat$1 might lead to a =m ( wor%ip ( ! tree itself4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ec4 ,! c]emonial pres5tation ( s+le leaves ( ! same k9ds z ^? repres5t$ on ! trees1 z 9 fig4 #ec1 no4 #f1 proves t und]ly+ ^! picture-writ+s !re is f> m mean+ ?an has h]et(ore be5 suspect$ or recogniz$4 ,x is n possible = me to pres5t "h all ! mat]ial ,i h collect$ on ?is subject :i* w be set =? 9 a future monograph4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 direct att5tion to ! peculi> treatm5t 9 fig4 #ec1 no4 #a1 ( ! tree trunk :i* is enl>g$ & =ms a quadri=m figure4 ,9 no4 #d1 ! trunk enl>ges to ! %ape ( a head2 9 no4 #b ! tree gr[s f a human head & two "y %oots issue f ea* side ( ! trunk1 seem+ly indicat+ a fre% gr[? 9 tribal life4 ,9 no4 #e1 we h an example ( a human figure ly+ at ! base ( a tree & a fif? leaf gr[+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! treetop4 ,direct+ att5tion to ! evid5t c>e tak5 9 repres5t+ an equal numb] ( bran*es po9t+ upw>ds & d[nw>ds ,i w\ld cite "h an extremely int]e/+ repres5tation ( a tree 9 ! ,borgian ,codex4 ,9 ?is case ! trunk issues f a conv5tionally drawn he>t1 figur$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! symbol = sky or heav54 ,z ! ,nahuatl = he>t is yul-lotl1 f ! v]b yulito live1 to resuscitate1 ! idea is di/9ctly convey$ t ! tree 0 t ( lifeyuli & proce$$ f ! cele/ial c5tre ( life1 ,pol>is or ! ,he>t ( ,heav51 a native title = ! ,supreme ,be+47#dg7 ,9 ! ,tell]iano-,rem5sis ,,ms41 a 8tree ( ,p>adise10 s t]m$ 9 ! text1 is figur$1 & !re are1 9 o!r ,codices1 v>i\s examples ( trees encircl$ ) s]p5ts1 :]e x is obvi\s t ?is comb9ation 0 made 9 ord] to express1 phonetically1 t a cele/ial tree 0 int5d$1 ! ^w kans]p5t1 be+ made to express kaanheav54 ,a cele/ial tree1 situat$ at ! pole & be>+ 9 "s cases sev5 & 9 o!rs five blossoms1 0 frequ5tly depict$ & its symbolism is obvi\s4 ,9 my comm5t>y on ! ,hispano-,mexican ,,ms4 8,! ,lyfe ( ! ,indians10 ! 8,gods10 8,five ,fl[]s10 & 8,sev5 ,fl[]s10 w be treat$ 9 detail4 ,f ,sahagun & ,olmos we le>n t ! ,mexicans employ$ ! image ( a tree1 metaphorically1 to signify a "l1 gov]nor1 prog5itor1 fir/ ance/or4 ,relations are designat$ z 8issu+ f "o trunk40 ,a bran* is lit]ally t]m$ 8! arm ( ! tree10 kab-*4 ,two k9ds ( trees1 ! ,pu*utl & ,aueuetl1 signifi$1 metaphorically1 8a fa!r1 "m1 "l1 capta9 or gov]nor :o 71 or are1 l %ade-giv+1 %elt]+ trees0 7,olmos74 ,! above metaphors expla9 ! frequ5t association ( a head1 ! symbol ( a *ief or "l1 ) ! tree symbols4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ,nahuatl1 ! "n = headquaitl1 is s+ul>ly l quauitltree1 & also recalls ! ^w = s]p5tcoatl1 facts :i* may h some:at guid$ ! *oice & association ( ^! symbols4 ,! native metaphors record$ by ,olmos1 moquauhtiaan honor$ p]son or "l :o has vassals or dep5d5ts1 & atlapallilit]ally1 leafa p]son ( ! l[] class1 a work]1 initiate u /ill fur!r into ! mean+ ( ! native symbolism & prove ! antiquity ( ?is1 s9ce ! designation ( a *ief z a tree & a vassal z a leaf 0 9 curr5t use4 ,! pres5tation ( ! tree issu+ f a he>tyul-lotl is moreov]1 9 p]fect keep+ ) native ?\ght1 s9ce ! *iefta9 or "l 0 entitl$ 8! he>t1 or life ( ! t[n or population40 ,! mean+ ( ! bird1 :i* is repres5t$ z p]*$ on ea* ( ! f\r trees 9 ! ,fjrv>y diagram1 is likewise expla9$ by ! metaphors record$ by ,olmos :o /ates t1 8a son or *ild or a mu* belov$ "l or *iefta9 0 comp>$ to a beautiful & preci\s bird1 su* z ! ,quetzal1 ! ,roseate ,spoonbill1 ! ,blue-bird1 etc41 etc40 ,surm\nt+ ! tribal trees 9 ! diagram1 ! birds !re=e typify ! lords ( ! f\r prov9ces & ?is is corroborat$ by ! fact t ea* diff]5t bird is figur$ aga9 9 ! corn]-loops 9 comb9ation ) ! symbols ( ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,! association ( ! symbols = "l or *ief! head1 & ! preci\s bird ) ! tribal tree also expla9s ! frequ5t repres5tation1 9 ! native ,codices1 ( "o or two s]p5ts entw9$ ar\nd ! tree1 s9ce ! s]p5t 0 ! symbol 9 ,mexico ( ! dual rul]s or high-prie/s ( ! ,above & ,bel[4 ,!re is ample pro(1 :i* %all be pres5t$ 9 full 9 my monograph on ?is subject1 t ! above metaphorical images 7 z intelligible to ! ,mayas & o!r tribes1 z to ! ,mexicans !mselves1 = ! id5tical metaphors & imag]y 7 9 widespread g5]al use4 ,! foll[+ data w corroborate ?is /atem5t4 ,a ,maya native draw+1 copi$ by ,cogolludo 9 #afdj f ! ,,ms4 ( ! ,*ilan ,balam or ,sacr$ ,book ( ,man1 :i* relates ! hi/ory ( ! ,mayas1 has be5 rec5tly reproduc$ 9 ,dr4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton's ,prim] ( ,maya ,hi]oglyphics1 p4 #dg4 ,x displays a rectangul> /one slab l a table1 on ! c5tre ( :i* re/s a circul> b[l1 ! symbol1 z ,i h %[n1 ( ! e>? & c5tre4 ,gr[+ f ?is is a spread+ tree4 ,x is a curi\s & und5iable fact t ! ,maya "n = table is mayac1 & t ! diction>ies conta9 ! words mayac-tun1 /one-table1 & mayac-*1 wood51 lit]ally1 tree-table4 ,famili>ity ) ! native modes ( rebus-writ+ leads to ! inf]5ce t ?is picture ( a tree & table1 express+ ! s\nds mayac-*1 actually signifi$ ! tree ( ! ,mayas & !re=e figur$ 9 ! book relat+ _! hi/ory4 ,bi%op ,l&a records t ! ,mayas believ$ 9 a beautiful cele/ial tree1 resembl+ ! ceiba & nam$ yax-*1 lit]ally1 gre5 tree1 "u ^: %ade !y w\ld repose 9 aft]-life4 ,abb ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg surmises t ?is tree 0 ! same z ! beautiful %ade tree :i* gr[s 9 ,yucatan & ,mexico & is nam$1 9 ! latt] c\ntry1 tonacaz-quahuitaltree ( our subsi/5ce1 i4 e41 life4 ,a ,maya "n = ! 8tree ( life10 ua-hom-*1 next claims our att5tion47#dh7 ,a valuable old manuscript diction>y ( ! ,maya language1 quot$ by ,dr4 ,br9ton1 records t ! ^w uah means 8a c]ta9 k9d ( life40 ,! ^w hom is an anci5t t]m = an artificial elevation1 m\nd or pyramid1 h5ce homul1 ! pyramid on :i* a temple 0 built4 ,comb9$ ) *1 tree1 ! ^w seems to signify 8! elevat$ or high tree ( life10 ! idea ( ! cele/ial tree 8on high10 be+ possibly int5d$4 ,9 connection ) ?is x is int]e/+ to rexam9e fig4 #bj1 ,,iv1 :i* repres5ts a flat pyramid f :i* gr[s a f\r-petall$ fl[] on a /alk ) two leaves1 ! symbolism ( :i* is app>5t4 ,i am incl9$ to connect ano!r native "n translat$ 9 ! diction>ies by 8cross0z9-* ) zihilto be born1 to comm5ce1 zihnalorig9al1 primitive1 & zianorig91 g5]ation1 ance/ry1 & to int]pret x 8! tree ( ance/ral or tribal life40 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is ! adjective z9ilmighty1 great1 & ! mean+ ( z9-* may m]ely mean 8! mighty tree40 ,9 treat+ ( ! 8cross tablet0 ( ,pal5que 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ref]5ce w be made to ,dr4 ,br9ton's id5tification ( ! 8cross0 z a tree & tree symbolism ref]r$ to aga94 ,al?\gh unable to produce "h all ! data ,i h collect$ on ! subject1 ,i ?9k t ! =ego+ prove t ! ,p]uvians1 ,mexicans & ,mayas1 employ$ ! f\r-bran*$ tree z an image ( ! organization & gr[? ( _! communal life1 & utiliz$ x 9 pictography z a means ( record+ *anges ( organization & /ati/ics ( increase or decrease ( population4 ,! ,maya ^w = 8"o g5]ation ( m510 u9ay1 lit]ally mean+ 8"o gr[?10 seems to reveal t ea* g5]ation 0 popul>ly ?\ght ( z "o gr[? ( leaves on ! tree ( /ate--a simile :i* is wor?y ( note4 ,"o m po9t rema9s to be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! organization ( ! population into f\r p>ts1 ea* ( :i* consi/$ ( f\r m9or p>ts & s on2 namely1 ! employm5t ( color z a means ( diff]5tiation4 ,9 ,p]u ea* p]son wore on ! head a twi/$ cord1 ( ! color ( its qu>t]1 :il/ ! ,inca alone wore ^! colors comb9$1 9 ! b& :i* encircl$ 8 br[1 z a sign t1 9 8 p]son he unit$ ! rul]%ip ov] ! f\r prov9ces4 ,mol9a records ! colors ( ^! z r$1 yell[1 :ite & black4 ,9 ! titles ( ! ,maya ,bacabs1 or lords ( ! prov9ces1 z giv5 by ,l&a1 ! words = yell[1 r$1 :ite & black1 are f\nd to be incorporat$ & prove to be id5tical ) ! arrangem5t 9 ,p]u4 ,9 ,mexico1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d r$1 yell[1 gre5 & blue z ! colors ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 :ite & black be+ assign$ to ! ,above & ,bel[4 ,all colors comb9$ are to be f\nd unit$ 9 symbols ( ! ,c5tre & x is kn[n t ! use ( c5tzon-tilmatli & qua*tlimantles ( f\r hundr$ colorsmulticolor$ 7 suppli$ z tributes to ! capital1 = ! use ( a privileg$ ca/e4 ,a some:at simil> arrangem5t to ! ,mexican is t ( ! ,zuis at ! pres5t "t4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,cu%+1 !y assign yell[1 blue1 r$ & :ite to ! c>d9al po9ts1 speckl$ & black to ! ,abovez5i? & ,bel[nadir1 & 8all col\rs to ! ,middle or ,c5tre40 ,9 ,p]u1 ,mexico & ,yucatan ,i h f\nd scatt]$ notices prov+ t individuals habitually pa9t$ _! bodies ) _! respective colors4 ,! ,mexican 8lords ( ! night0 sme>$ !mselves ) black4 ,a passage 9 ,sahagun 7book ,i1 *ap4 ,v7 speaks ( ! :it5+ ( ! 8face1 arms1 h&s & legs ) #8tiatl' 0*alk1 z ?\gh ?is 7 a habit ( ! 8noblewom540 ,9 ! ,codices "s wom5 are1 9 fact1 repres5t$ ) :ite faces1 :il/ ^? ( ! majority are pa9t$ yell[ & x is kn[n t yell[ o*re 0 employ$ 9 reality4 ,i h1 9 prep>ation1 a brief1 illu/rat$ monograph %[+ ! v>i\s modes ( pa9t+ ! face repres5t$ 9 ! native pictorial records4 ,9 ^!1 m5 pa9t$ r$ are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & x is kn[n t ! 8r$ man0 ow$ 8 appellation to ! cu/om ( us+ r$ pigm5t on 8 body4 ,let u n[ briefly consid] "s ( ! results :i* inevitably foll[$ ! e/abli%m5t ( two div]g+ cults :i* 7 ! outcome ( ! primitive recognition ( duality & ! artificial association ( sex ) ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ,day & ,night1 etc4 ,on pp4 #fj-fb ,i h cit$ evid5ce %[+ t at "o "t 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,aztecs1 s]i\s diff]5ces arose betwe5 ! male & female rul]s1 & l$ to a sep>ation ( ! tribe & ! e/abli%m5t ( two di/9ct c5tres ( gov]nm5t4 ,! native languages furni% /rong indications t1 9 ord9>y tribal life1 ! sep>ation ( ! sexes mu/ h be5 g5]ally en=c$ f remote antiquity & t male & female communities exi/$ 9 v>i\s portions ( ! cont95t4 ,x is well kn[n t1 to ?is day1 ! ,nahuatl tongue spok5 by ! m5 is diff]5t f t spok5 by ! wom51 & t ! same duality ( language prevails among o!r ,am]ican tribes4 ,:5 ! male & female portions ( ! native /ates sep>at$ & f\nd$ sep>ate capitals x is obvi\s t ea* w\ld h /ill fur!r cultivat$ a sep>ate language & t ! in/itution ( two di/9ct cults w\ld h acc5tuat$ _! diff]5ces & giv5 a fre% impetus to _! developm5t4 ,z w be %[n1 ! ,maya *ronicles reveal t1 9 ,yucatan1 ! nocturnal cult ( ! female pr9ciple deg5]at$ into su* abom9ations t ! inc5s$ population actually rose 9 revolt1 murd]$ ! high-prie/s & scatt]$ _! vot>ies4 ,x 0 obvi\sly ow+ to a recognition ( ! degradation att5dant ^u ! abuse ( intoxicat+ dr9ks1 :i* _h play$ su* a rle 9 ! cult ( ! e>?-"m1 t su* /]n laws 7 en=c$ 9 ,mexico1 at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 re/rict+ & regulat+ ! use ( pulque4 ,?is 0 di/ribut$ by ! prie/s at c]ta9 fe/ivals only4 ,^! & o!r rigid measures evid5tly dictat$ by a _s ( re=m1 z well z ! close union ( bo? cults1 seem to h effici5tly ma9ta9$ a c]ta9 equilibrium4 ,at ! same "t two diff]5t moral /&>ds 7 ?us inevitably evolv$ by ! vot>ies ( bo? cults & naturally pr(\ndly affect$ ! position ( woman4 ,! dang]s & evils att5dant ^u ! e>?-cult became irretrievably associat$ ) ! female sex & ! vot>ies ( ,heav5 naturally came to reg>d woman z a s\rce ( temptation & degradation4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico & ,p]u ! celibacy ( ! sun-prie/s & ( a c]ta9 numb] ( noblewom51 8! ,virg9s ( ! ,sun10 0 en=c$2 ?us1 :il/ ! position ( woman 0 be+ l[]$ 9 "o ca/e by an artificial set ( ideas1 x 0 rais$ 9 ! o!r by an equally fictiti\s association ) ! ,above1 :i* l$1 h[ev]1 to h] real elevation ( m9d & "* & f9ally en=c$ a recognition ( h] individuality4 ,! consecration ( h] p]son1 :i* caus$ h] to assume a position comm&+ univ]sal homage1 reliev$ h] f heavy labor b caus$ h] to be gu>d$ & protect$4 ,%e 0 ?us condemn$ to a /ill great] seclusion1 ! prim>y object ( :i* 0 to remove h] f possible contact ) memb]s ( ! l[] e>?ly ca/e4 ,=1 :il/ c]emonial usage ev5 requir$ t ! male memb]s ( ! upp] ca/e %\ld associate 9 c]ta9 symbolical rites ) ! *ief wom5 ( ! l[] ord]1 x 0 a crime & a desecration = a man ( ! latt] ca/e to approa* a woman ( ! nobility4 ,^! c\ld only m>ry 9 _! own ca/e or rema9 celibate & 7 kept alo( f all debas+ influ5ces1 inside ( protect+ walls4 ,reflection %[s t su* conditions w\ld inevitably lead to ! =mation ( a nobility ^: ideal 0 celibacy & ^: 8,virg9s ( ! ,sun10 by virtue ( _! consecration1 rank$ highe/ among/ ! wom5 ( ! 8cele/ial ca/e40 ,^? :o m>ri$ did s 9 _! own ca/e1 l$ a life ( seclusion & always ma9ta9$ a position ( sup]iority ov] all wom5 ( ! 8e>?ly ca/e40 ,! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 _h ! pr]ogative ( be+ ! repres5tatives ( _! ca/e1 s9ce ! cult ( ! e>?-"m necessitat$ a female repres5tative1 high-prie/esses & also female *iefs 9 _! own rights4 ,we "k t1 9 anci5t ,mexico1 an indep5d5t gynocracy _h be5 f\nd$ at "o "t4 ,f c]ta9 native manuscripts & monum5ts we h positive evid5ce t a numb] ( indep5d5t female *iefta9s rul$ ov] m9or communities & repres5t$ !m (ficially1 _! rank & insignia be+ equal to t ( ! *iefs ( male communities4 ,at ! same "t1 f ! /&po9t ( ! 8upp] ca/e10 ! position & moral code ( ^! 8vot>ies ( ! e>?10 7 always view$ z inf]ior4 ,ano!r factor also ex]t$ a m>k$ & gr[+ influ5ce ^u ! relative positions ( ! two classes ( wom54 ,! en=c$ seclusion ( ! noblewom5 r5d]+ out-door occupations or "w impossible1 x became necess>y to relegate su* to memb]s ( ! l[] ca/e :o gradually con/itut$ a class ( dome/ic slaves1 d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! nobility4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico1 z a puni%m5t = v>i\s crimes1 su* z murd]1 !ft1 etc41 an individual1 ev5 ( ! upp] class1 0 r$uc$ to slav]y z a puni%m5t = 8 crime4 ,! ranks ( slaves 7 also recruit$ f prison]s ( w>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! laws regulat+ slav]y 7 j & mild1 ! *ildr5 ( slaves 7 born free & v>i\s modes ( rega9+ fre$om 7 af=d$ to ^? held 9 bondage z an expiation = crime4 ,! introduction ( slaves necessitat+1 z x did1 _! classification ) ! l[] class1 n[ associat$ s]vitude ) ! female division ( ! community1 & ! idea arose t wom5 & ! l[] class exi/$ = ! b5efit ( ! male elem5t ( ! /ate & a favor$ m9ority ( consecrat$ wom54 ,if slav]y & bondage came to be reg>d$ on ! "o h& z a j puni%m5t = crime1 ! idea ( lib]ty %one z an inc5tive to good conduct4 ,an eloqu5t pro( ( ! high e/imate 9 :i* p]sonal fre$om 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5t ,mexicans1 is furni%$ by ! ,nahuatl ^w1 record$ by ,olmos1 = 8free man0xox\hqui-yollotl1 lit]ally1 8fre% or gre5 he>t40 ,?is expression is ( p>ticul> int]e/ because x expla9s a /range mortu>y cu/om :i* consi/$ 9 plac+ a piece ( jade1 *al-*ihuitl1 or preci\s gre5 /one1 9 ! m\? ( a noble p]son1 aft] dea?1 say+ t x 0 88 he>t40 ,9 ! case ( ! l[] class a /one ( little value1 nam$ texaxoctli1 0 employ$4 ,9 anci5t ,mexico1 !re=e1 ! pres5ce ( jade or any gre5 /one1 9 a grave1 prov$ t ! body 0 t ( a free memb] ( ! upp] ca/e4 ,x is evid5t t ! employm5t ( ?is significant emblem 0 sugge/$ by ! ,nahuatl ^w = 8freeman10 & con/itut$ a sort ( rebus express+ ?is title or rank4 ,9 ! ,peabody ,museum !re are sev]al specim5s ( jade celts1 collect$ by ,dr4 ,e>l ,fl9t 9 ,nic>agua1 :i* _h be5 cut into two or m pieces4 ,pr(essor ,putnam _h ! satisfaction ( discov]+ t ^! pieces f diff]5t graves fitt$ toge!r4 ,8 inf]5ce t ! /one mu/ h be5 r>e & highly priz$1 probably f "s motive connect$ ) native ritual1 is fully support$ by ! explanation af=d$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! ,nahuatl ^w4 ,x is evid5t t1 9 ord] to provide a dead k9sman ) ! m>k ( 8 rank1 a liv+ *ief w\ld gladly h divid$ 8 own celt ( jade1 if1 = "s reason or o!r1 no o!r gre5 /one 0 =?com+ at ! "t ( burial4 ,let u n[ rapidly enum]ate a few facts :i* prove t n only burial cu/oms b also social organization & num]ical divisions 7 c>ri$ nor?w>d f ! s\!rn cradle ( anci5t ,am]ican civilization4 ,i %all make two /atem5ts only1 hop+ t compet5t au?orities on ,nor? ,am]ican tribal organization1 & among/ !m1 my e/eem$ fri5d & colleague1 ,miss ,alice ,c4 ,flet*]1 w supply a numb] ( au?oritative reports on ^! matt]s4 ,ref]r+ to ! writ+s ( ,horatio ,hale1 ^: comp>atively rec5t loss w long be deeply felt by all /ud5ts ( aborig9al hi/ory & languages1 ,i quote ! foll[+ s5t5ces f 8 int]e/+ pamphlet on 8,f\r ,huron ,wampum records10 publi%$1 ) notes & add5da by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor ( ,ox=d1 9 #ahig4 8,! surviv+ memb]s ( ! ,huron nation1 ev5 9 its pres5t brok51 disp]s$ & half ext9ct condition1 /ill reta9 ! memory ( _! anci5t claim to ! head%ip ( all ! aborig9al tribes ( ,am]ica nor? ( ,mexico4444 ,! ,hurons or ,w5dat1 z !y %\ld be prop]ly /yl$1 belong$ to ! important gr\p or l+ui/ic /ock1 commonly kn[n1 f its pr9cipal bran*1 z ! ,iroquoian family & :i* includes1 besides ! ,huron & ,iroquois nations1 ! ,attiw5d>onks1 ! ,eries1 ,&a/es1 ,tusc>oras & ,*]okees1 all once indep5d5t & p[]ful nations40 7,i draw att5tion to ! detail t ^! nations 7 sev5 9 numb]47 ,gallat91 9 8 8,synopsis ( ! ,indian tribes10 notices ! rem>kable fact t :ile ! 8,five ,nations0 or ,iroquois prop] 7 f\nd by ,*ampla91 on 8 arrival 9 ,canada1 to be engag$ 9 deadly w>f>e ) all ! ,algonquian tribes )9 _! rea*1 ! ,hurons1 ano!r ,iroquoian nation1 7 ! head & pr9cipal support ( ! ,algonquian conf$]acy4 ,9 ! 8,fall ( ,ho*elaga10 ,horatio ,hale sets =? ! reasons :i* l$ to ! division ( ! ,hurons & ,iroquois1 :o _h =m]ly dwelt toge!r 9 fri5dly unison4 ,! latt]1 retreat+ to ! s\? & augm5t$ by o!r refugees1 became ! 8,five ,conf$]ate ,nations40 ,! 8k+dom ( ,ho*elaga10 z ,c>ti] /yles x1 compris$1 besides ! =tifi$ city ( t "n1 ! important t[n ( ,/adacon 7commonly kn[n to its p z ,canada or 8! t[n07 & eight or n9e o!r t[ns along ! great riv]4 ,accord+ to _! tradition ! "n ( _! lead]1 ,sut-/aw-ra-tse1 _h be5 kept up by desc5t = sev5 or eight hundr$ ye>s4 8,t[>ds ! conclusion ( a long & deadly w>f>e betwe5 ! ,iroquois conf$]ates & ,canada z well z ! ,hurons a rem>kable *ange _h tak5 place 9 _! "*2 a *ange :i* recalls t :i* is believ$ to h be5 develop$ 9 ! "* ( ! ,sp>tans "u ! in/itutions ( ,lycurgus1 & ! simil> *ange :i* is kn[n to h appe>$ 9 ! "* ( ! ,arabians "u ! influ5ce ( ,mohamm$an precepts4 ,a great re=m] _h aris5 9 ! p]son ( ! ,onondaga *ief1 ,hiawa?a1 :o1 imbu$ ) an ov]ma/]+ idea1 _h inspir$ 8 p ) a _s ( self-sacrifice1 :i* /opp$ at no ob/acle 9 ! det]m9ation ( c>ry+ into effect _! tea*]'s sublime purpose4 ,?is purpose 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( univ]sal peace4444 ,! ,tionontat or ,tobacco ,nation seem to h made an alliance ) ! ,huron nation4444 8,eight clans or g5tes compos$ ! ,huron p & 7 f\nd 9 diff]5t proportions 9 all ! tribes4 ,^! clans1 call$ by ! ,algonquians #8totems1' all bore ! names ( c]ta9 animals1 ) :i* ! ,indians held !mselves to be my?ologically connect$--! be>1 wolf1 de]1 porcup9e1 snake1 hawk1 l>ge tortoise & small tortoise4 ,ea* clan 0 m num]\s 9 "s t[ns ?an 9 o!rs1 z x 0 natural t ne> k9dr$s %\ld clu/] toge!r4 8,! five ,iroquois nations also _h eight clans4444 ,! ,iroquois league is spok5 ( 9 _! ,book ( ,rites z kana/a-tsi-koma1 #8! great framework' & ! l>ge1 b5t frame-poles ( _! c\ncil-h\se1 ! exact orig9al %ape ( :i* is n kn[n1 7 nam$ kan-a/a40 ,an exam9ation ( ! signs wov5 9 ! fam\s wampum belts ( ! ,hurons & ,iroquois reveals "s curi\s facts4 ,"o ( ^! treaty belts1 describ$ by ,horatio ,hale1 commemorates an alliance =m$ betwe5 f\r nations4 ,x exhibits f\r squ>es 7fig4 #ed1 a7 8:i* indicate1 9 ! ,indian hi]oglyphic sy/em1 ei!r t[ns or tribes ) _! t]ritory407#di7 ,?is mode ( repres5t+ a nation is ( utmo/ int]e/1 n only because x co9cides ) ! ,maya conception ( 8! quadrat$0 e>? b because x also reveals t1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,indians associat$ a tribal organization ) a quadri=m4 ,:at is m1 an old] belt1 :i* is un=tunately incomplete1 exhibits a c5tral oval 7fig4 #ed1 b7 betwe5 a bird & a quadrup$ & ?ree crosses ) a circle unit+ _! bran*es4 ,! cross & circle1 be+ a native symbol = 8an integral /ate10 z def9itely prov5 by ! ,maya map1 ju/ifies ! sugge/ion t ?is symbol on ! wampum belt may h _h ! significance ( 8nation0 & c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,iroquois c5tral capital1 ,ho-*e-laga1 c be analyz$ 9 ! ,maya tongue1 z mean+ fiveho1 tree* or ho*vase 7symbol ( c5tre7 :il/ ! t]m9al laga might possibly be a =m ( lacanbann]1 an object s frequ5tly associat$ ) names ( t[ns 9 ,mexico1 :]e x yields ! s\nd pan & means on or above some?+4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ed4 ,x w be int]e/+ & important to le>n :at 8,ho*elaga0 means 9 ! ,iroquois language4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! ,maya & ,iroquois symbols = nation & tribal t]ritory & ( ! names = capital might ev5 be ov]look$ & treat$ z a co9cid5ce m]ely1 if ! ,iroquois "n = ! conf$]acy1 kan-a/a-tsik-o-ma did n also beg9 ) ! ^w kan1 ! ,maya = f\r & = s]p5t4 ,! same p>ticle recurs 9 ! ,iroquois "n = ! t[nc-ada1 a ^w :i*1 9 ,maya1 w\ld describe a metropolis divid$ into f\r qu>t]s4 ,! "q naturally sugge/s itself :e!r ! affix c1 frequ5tly met ) 9 ,mexico comb9$ ) names ( localities1 0 n ( ,maya orig9 & express$ also a c5tre ( quadruple gov]nm5t4 ,x occurs 9 ! ,nahuatl "n = metropolis to-tec-ua c & 9 ,teoti-hua c1 = in/ance4 ,! ,nahuatl s*ol>s h r5d]$ its mean+ z 8place (40 ,mr4 ,hale tells u t1 among/ ! 8,five ,nations10 ! tradition exi/s t ! conf$]acy 0 orig9ally divid$ into 8sev5 tribes10 ea* ( :i* 0 compos$ ( #bdh g5tes or clans4 ,ano!r wampum belt he figures exhibits a he>t betwe5 #bbd squ>es1 a symbol :i* w\ld be int]pret$ by a ,mexican or ,maya z well z by a ,huron or ,iroquois1 z mean+ 8f\r nations1 "o he>t10 ! latt] be+ z common a symbol = union ( rule or gov]nm5t or = *iefta91 z a 8head40 ,comb9$ ) o!r te/imony x seems impossible to evade ! "q :e!r 9 remote times ! ,iroquois & ,hurons _h n %>$ 9 "s way or o!r ! civilization ( ! ,mayas4 ,if s ! anci5t e>?work-build]s ( ! ,ohio valley1 :o are au?oritatively reg>d$ z ( s\!rn orig9 by ,pr(essor ,putnam1 & ^: art exhibits a /rong resemblance to t ( ! ,mayas1 seem to con/itute ! miss+ l9k betwe5 ! nor!a/]n & ! s\!a/]n tribes4 ,x is curi\s to f9d t ! t]m9al *1 :i* occurs 9 ! "n ,qui* & :i* signifies 9 ,maya1 tree1 &1 by ext5sion1 tribe1 is pres]v$ 9 ! names ( ! ,nat-*-z tribe /ill inhabit+ ! ,mississippi valley4 ,x is also pres5t 9 ,coman-*1 ,apa-*e1 etc4 ,x is to be hop$ t1 be=e long1 au?orities :o h made special /udies ( ! above tribes w make se>*+ comp>isons ( _! languages1 social organization & symbolism ) t ( ! ,mayas1 9 p>ticul>1 x seem+ evid5t t ! coa/ communication along ! gulf ( ,mexico1 f ,yucatan to ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi riv]1 0 n only easy b 0 favor$ by sea-curr5ts4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t if we n[ proce$ to ! s\?we/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & /udy ! ,pueblo p1 we seem to f9d n only m di/9ctly m>k$ aff9ities betwe5 _! cu/oms1 etc41 & ^? ( ! ,mexicans1 b also traces ( simil>ity ) c]ta9 ,maya symbols4 ,9 sev]al important publications ,dr4 ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes has made ! valuable obs]vation t !re are m>k$ 8resemblances betwe5 a c]emony practis$ at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ 9 ! he>t ( ,mexico & "o /ill kept up 9 ,arizona10 & /ates t ^! 8lead "o to look = lik5esses 9 symbolism1 especially t p]ta9+ to ! my?ological ,snake among ! two peoples40 ,he cont9ues z foll[s3 8,f ! speculative side x seems probable t !re is an intimate resemblance betwe5 "s ( ! c]emonials1 ! symbolism & my?ological sy/ems ( ! ,indians ( ,tusayan & ^? ( ! m cultur$ /ocks ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4444 ,! facts "h record$ look z if ! ,hopi practise a c]emonial =m ( wor%ip ) /rong aff9ities to ! ,nahuatl & ,maya4444 ,i h n yet se5 en\gh evid5ce to conv9ce me t ! ,hopi d]iv$ _! cult & c]emonials f ! ,zuians or f any o!r s+le p4 ,x is probably composite4 ,i am n sure t portions ( x 7 n br\ght up f ! f> s\?1 p]haps f ! ,salado & ,gila by ! ,bat-k9-ya-mh#8,wat] p1' ^: leg5d>y hi/ory is q /rong t !y came f ! s\?407#ej7 ,dr4 ,fewkes frankly /ates t he 8kn[s next to no?+ ( ! symbolic *>act]s ( ! ,mexican deities 4440 & quotes ,mr4 ,b&eli]'s op9ion t 8!re are traces or tracks ( ! same my?ological sy/em & symbolism among/ ! ,indians ( ! s\?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & ! aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,am]ica40 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cu%+ let u n[ ent] into ! life & ?\ghts ( ! mod]n ,zuis4 ,aft] hav+ trac$ c]ta9 ideas 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 x is possible to recognize !m aga9 :5 we f9d !m 9 ,mr4 ,cu%+'s valuable "w1 f :i* ,i %all quote some:at at l5g?1 ref]r+ ! read]1 h[ev]1 to ! orig9al1 = a full] realization ( exi/+ resemblances47#ea7 ,! ,zui creation-my? relates h[ ! light ( ! ,sun-fa!r & a foam-cap on ! sea1 caus$ ! ,e>?-"m to give bir? to tw9-bro!rs1 ,uanam ,a*i ,piah-koa1 8! ,belov$ ,twa9 :o desc5d$40 ,! fir/ 0 ,uanam ,ehkona! belov$ ,prec$]1 ! second ,uanam ,yaluna1 ! belov$ ,foll[]2 !y 7 tw9-bro!rs ( light1 yet eld] & y\ng]1 ! "r & left1 l to "q & answ] 9 decid+ & do+4444 ,! ,sun-fa!r gave !m ! ?und]bolts ( ! f\r qu>t]s1 two apiece4444 ,on _! cl\d-%ield1 ev5 z a spid] 9 h] web desc5de?1 !y desc5d$ into ! und]world 444 7p4 #cha74 ,paus+ "h = a mom5t1 we note ! curi\s fact t 9 ! ,zui "n = ! tw9s we f9d koa1 resembl+ ! ,nahuatl coatltw9 or s]p5t2 t ! "n ( "o bro!r ,ehk-ona recalls ! ,mexican ec-atlair1 w9d or brea?1 & ! ,maya ikair1 w9d1 brea?1 c\rage1 _s4 ,! allotm5t ( two qu>t]s to ea* & ! image ( a spid] employ$ to express _! desc5t f heav5 h c\nt]p>ts 9 ,nahuatl lore4 ,! 8,twa90 444 guid$ m5 upw>ds to become ! fa!rs ( six k9ds ( m5 7yell[ or tawny1 grey1 r$1 :ite1 m+l$ & black74444 ,! nation divid$ itself into ! w9t] or ,macaw & ! summ] or ,rav5 p4444 8,! ,twa9 belov$ ga!r$ 9 c\ncil = ! nam+ & selection ( man gr\ps & creature k9ds1 spaces & ?+s4 ,!y det]m9$ t ! creatures & ?+s ( summ] & ! s\!rn space p]ta9$ to ! s\!rn p or *ildr5 ( ! produc+ ,e>?-"m2 & ^? ( ! w9t] & nor!rn space to ! w9t] p or *ildr5 ( ! ,=c+ or ,quick5+ ,sky-fa!r40 ,x is impossible to d m ?an ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,cu%+'s acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( totem clans & creature-k9ds :i* be>s su* an aff9ity to ! ,p]uvian1 & obvi\sly arose = ! same practical reason1 to s]ve z di/9ction m>ks = id5tification & classification4 8,at fir/ 444 !re 7 f\r b&s ( prie/-keep]s ( ! my/]ies3 ! ,%iwana-kweprie/hood ( ! prie/-p2 ,sa'niah'-ya-kweprie/hood ( ! ,hunt2 ,a*-iahya-kwegreat ,knife p2 ,newe-kwekeep]s ( ! magic m$ic9es40 ,out ( ^! f\r divisions 8all societies 7 =m$1 bo? t ( ! ,middle & ! twa9 = ea* ( all six regions1 con/itut+ ! taboo$ & sacr$ #ac40 ,9 ano!r passage acc\nt is giv5 ( ! m>riage ( a bro!r & si/]1 :i* produc$ twelve *ildr51 ! fir/ ( :i*1 ,hlamon1 0 man & woman comb9$--! #ab ?us con/itut+ 9 reality #ac4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ portions ( ! ,zui n>rative is "o :i* elucidates ! motive :i* l$ to ! migration ( peoples 9 anci5t ,am]ica4 ,we are told h[ g5]ations ( ! =efa!rs ( ! ,zuis w&]$ ab\t 9 se>* ( ! /able middle ( ! e>?1 on :i* !y wi%$ to f\nd _! sacr$ city4 ,! tribe divid$2 ! w9t]-clan j\rney$ to ! nor!a/ & ! summ]-clan to ! s\?we/1 a reunion ( ! p took place1 & a c\ncil 0 held = ! det]m9ation ( ! true ,middle4444 ,accord+ to a my? ! ,sun-fa!r reque/$ ! wat]-skate to det]m9e ! ,middle4 ,?is my?ical mon/] lift$ himself up1 /ret*$ out & !n settl$ d[nw>d1 call+ out3 8,:]e my he>t & navel re/ b5ea? !m m>k ye ! spot & !n build ye a t[n ( ! midmo/1 = !re %all be ! midmo/ ( ! ,e>?-"m1 ev5 ! navel4444 ,& :5 he desc5d$ squatt+1 8 belly re/$ ov] ! pla9 & valley ( ,zui & :5 he drew 9 8 f+]-legs1 lo6 !re 7 ! trail roads lead+ out & 9 l ! /ays ( a spid]'s net1 into & =? f ! place he _h cov]$40 ,paus+ to po9t out t fig4 #bh1 reproduc$ f ,mexican ,codices1 %[s curi\s topographical draw+s resembl+ a spid]'s net1 ,i w n rec\nt ! _m disappo9tm5ts ( ! w&]]s1 :o 7 evid5tly driv5 away f sev]al places ( settlem5t by e>?quakes1 b w ref] to ! ,zui cu/om ( 8annually te/+ ! /ability ( ! ,middle 9 middle "t 444 :5 ! sun rea*$ ! middle betwe5 w9t] & summ] 444 a %ell 0 laid by ! sacr$ fire ( ! nor?4444 ,:5 dur+ solemn *ant+ no trembl+ ( ! e>? ensu$1 ! prie/s ca/ new fire & 444 dwelt happily feel+ sure t _! sacr$ ?+s 7 re/+ 9 ! /able middle ( ! _w40 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap] ,i ref]r$ to ! p[]ful hold t ! realization ( ! fixity ( ! pole /> w\ld naturally h ex]t$ ^u ! m9d ( primitive man1 & ,i c produce no m /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is & ( my view t ! idea ( c5tral gov]nm5t & organization _h be5 sugge/$ by ,pol>is1 ?an ?is acc\nt ( ! e>ne/ & prolong$ se>* ( ^! anci5t p = ! /able c5tre ( ! e>?1 on :i* to f\nd a p]man5t c5tre ( t]re/rial rule or ! plan ( ! cele/ial gov]nm5t4 ,at ! same "t x seems to me t ! long+ = a /able & fix$ resid5ce w\ld naturally h be5 mo/ int5se among/ p :o _h exp]i5c$ t]rible e>?quakes & be5 driv5 out ( _! orig9al abodes by _! repeat$ de/ruction4 ,x is unnecess>y to m5tion ! well-kn[n fact t :il/ e>?quakes prevail ?r\gh\t ,nor? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! mo/ impressive trace ( cata/rophes ( ! k9d are connect$ ) ! gigantic volcanoes ( ,c5tral ,mexico & ,guatemala4 ,) a sympa!tic insight into ! disa/]s :i* seem to h driv5 ! w&]+ tribes f "o region to ano!r & fill$ !m ) a passionate ye>n+ = a c5tre ( re/1 let u n[ le>n f ,mr4 ,cu%+ h[ !y plann$ _! metropolis & organiz$ !mselves1 :5 !y _h f\nd ! long-look$-= goal1 9 ! ,zui valley & 8settl+ !re1 built sev5 great cities !re94 8,all _! subtribes & less] tribes 7 di/9ctively relat$ to & rul$ f a c5tral tribe & t[n ?r\gh prie/ *iefs repres5tatives ( ea* ( ^!1 sitt+ "u supreme c\ncil or septu>*y ( ! #8,ma/] prie/s ( ! h\se' 9 ! c5tral t[n itself1 mu* z 7 ! divisions & cities ( ! great ,inca dom9ion 9 ,s\? ,am]ica repres5t$ at & rul$ f ,cuzco1 ! c5tral city & p[] ( !m all4 8,zui is divid$1 n always cle>ly to ! eye1 b v cle>ly 9 ! e/imation ( ! p !mselves1 into sev5 p>ts1 correspond+ n p]haps 9 arrangem5t topographically1 b 9 s*eme to _! subdivisions ( ! worlds or _w-qu>t]s ( ?is _w4 ,?us "o division ( ! t[n is suppos$ to be relat$ to ! nor? & to be c5tr$ 9 its kiva or e/ufa :i* may or may n be at its c5tre2 ano!r division repres5ts ! we/1 ano!r ! s\?1 ano!r ! ea/2 yet ano!r ! upp] _w & ano!r ! l[] _w2 :ile a f9al division repres5ts ! middle or "m & syn!tic comb9ation ( ! all 9 ! _w4 8,by ref]5ce to ! e>ly ,spani% hi/ory ( ! pueblos1 x may be se5 t :5 discov]$ ! ,a%iwis or ,zuis 7 liv+ 9 sev5 q widely sep>at$ t[ns ! celebrat$ sev5 cities ( ,cibola & t ?is !oretic subdivision ( ! only "o ( ^! t[ns n[ rema9+ is 9 "s mann] a survival ( ! orig9al subdivision ( ! tribes into sev5 into z _m t[ns4 ,x is evid5t t 9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! arrangem5t 0 & is1 if we may call x su*1 a my?ic organization2 h5ce my use ( ! t]m ( my?o-sociologic organization ( ! tribe4 ,at all ev5ts ?is is ! key to _! sociology z well z to _! my?ic conception ( space & univ]se4 8444 ,!re 7 n9ete5 clans1 gr\p$ 9 ?rees1 to correspond to ! my?ic subdivision4 ,?ree to nor?1 we/1 s\?1 ea/1 ,upp]1 ,l[]4 ,! s+le clan ( ,macaw is midmo/ or ( middle & also z ! all conta9+ & "m clan ( ! entire tribe1 = 9 x is #8! se$ ( ! prie/hood ( h\ses' suppos$ to be pres]v$47#eb7 8,f9ally1 z produc$ f all ! clans & z repres5tative alike ( all ! clans & ?r\gh a tribal septu>*y ( all ! regions & divisions ( ! midmo/ &1 f9ally1 z repres5tative ( all ! cult societies above m5tion$1 is ! ,kaka or ,a'kk-kwe or ,my?ic ,dance drama p or organization4 8,x may be se5 ( ^! my?o-sociologic organizations t !y are a sy/em )9 a sy/em & t x conta9s sy/ems )9 sy/ems all f\nd$ on ! classification accord+ to ! six-fold division ( ?+s & 9 turn ! six-fold division ( ea* ( ^! divisions ( ?+s 444 ,! tribal division made up ( ! clans ( ! nor? take prec$5ce c]emonially1 occupy+ ! position ( eld] bro!r or ! olde/ ance/or4 ,! we/ is ! y\ng] bro!r to ?is & ! s\? ( ! we/1 ! ea/ ( s\?1 etc4444 :ile ! middle is suppos$ to be a repres5tative be+1 ! he>t & "n ( all ( ! bro!rs ( ! regions1 ! fir/ & la/1 z well z eld] & y\ng]4 8,to su* an ext5t inde$1 is ?is t5d5cy to classify accord+ to ! numb] ( ! six regions ) its sev5? syn!sis ( !m all 7! latt] sometimes app>5t1 sometimes non-appe>+7 t n only are ! subdivisions ( ! societies also aga9 subdivid$ accord+ to ?is arrangem5t1 b ea* clan is subdivid$1 bo? accord+ to ! six-fold arrangem5t & accord+ to ! subsidi>y relations ( ! six p>ts ( its totem4444 8,9 ea* clan is to be f\nd a set ( names1 call$ ! names ( *ildhood4 ,^! names are m ( titles ?an ( cognom5s4 ,!y are det]m9$ ^u by sociological div9i/ic modes & are be/[$ 9 *ildhood z ! #8v]ity names' or titles ( ! *ildr5 to :om giv54 ,b ! body ( names relat+ to any "o totem1 = in/ance1 to "o ( ! bea/ totems1 w n be ! "n ( ! totem-bea/ itself b w be ! names ( bo? ( ! totems & its v>i\s conditions & ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! totem or ( its functions1 or ( its attributes1 actual or my?ical4 8,n[ ^! p>ts or functions1 or attributes ( ! p>ts or functions1 are subdivid$ also 9 a six-fold mann]1 s t ! "n relat+ to "o memb] ( ! totem1 = example1 l ! "r leg or arm ( ! animal !re(1 w\ld correspond to ! nor? & w\ld be ! fir/ 9 honor 9 a clan 7n itself ( ! nor!rn gr\p72 !n ! "n relat+ to ano!r memb]1 say ! left leg & its p[]s1 etc41 w\ld p]ta9 to ! we/ & w\ld be second 9 honor1 444 ! "r foot1 p]ta9+ to ! s\?1 w\ld be ?ird 9 honor1 444 ! tail to ! l[] regions & be six? 9 honor2 :ile ! he>t & navel & c5tre ( ! be+ w\ld be fir/ z well z la/ 9 honor4444 ,9 address+ ea* o!r ! ^w symbol = eld] or y\ng] is always us$4 8,) su* a sy/em ( arrangem5t z all ?is maybe se5 to be1 ) su* a facile device = symboliz+ ! arrangem5t 7n only accord+ to ! numb] ( regions1 & _! subdivisions 9 _! relative succession & ! succession ( _! elem5ts & seasons1 b also 9 ! colors attribut$ to !m7 &1 f9ally1 ) su* an arrangem5t ( names1 correspond+ly classifi$ & ( t]ms ( relation significant ( rank r ?an ( consangu9eal connection1 mi/ake 9 ! ord] ( a c]emonial1 a procession or a c\ncil is simply impossible & ! p employ+ ^! devices may be said to h writt5 & to be writ+ _! /atutes & laws 9 all _! daily relation%ip & utt]ances40 ,if ?is preci\s exposition ( ! ,zui social organization tea*es u m ab\t native me?od & sy/em ?an all ( ! writ+s ( ! ,spani% *ronicl]s put toge!r1 !re is "o important po9t :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 is n t\*$ ^u1 namely1 ! regulation ( "t4 ,all in=mation conc]n+ native a/ronomy1 & ! subdivision ( ! ye>s1 ! fe/ival p]iods & ! names ( days1 seems to h be5 )held f ,mr4 ,cu%+ by ! ,zui prie/hood1 if we are to assume t !y possess a cal5d>4 ,9 ,mexico1 z ,i h already set =?1 ! cal5d> sy/em is b\nd up 9 ! s*eme ( social organization & x is impossible to sep>ate !m4 ,i _c b ?9k t x mu/ be ! same ) ! ,zuis b t1 z 9 anci5t ,mexico1 only ! prie/hood 7 acqua9t$ ) ! exi/5ce ( a sy/ematic cal5d>1 & kept x a pr(\nd secret f ! multitude1 al?\gh ! entire communal life & activities ( ! p 7 guid$ accord+ly by _! rul]s1 :o _h arrang$ a suitable "t = all ?+s1 at prop] seasons4 ,hav+ obta9$ ?r\gh ,mr4 ,cu%+ invaluable mat]ial = ! mak+ ( a composite image ( ! anci5t ,am]ican civilization let u n[ proce$ to ,yucatan1 be>+ 9 m9d ! native mode ( ?\ght & ma/]-passion = sy/ematization4 ,a c>eful p]usal ( ,cogolludo & ,l&a's "w af=ds su* int]e/+ glimpses into ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,yucatan p59sula1 t !y m]it pres5tation 9 a sep>ate publication4 ,suffice x = ! pres5t to ref] m fully to a few lead+ facts :i* w be f\nd to illu/rate ! developm5t ( ! anci5t civilization 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! native op9ion already cit$ 0 t a great *ief or "l1 nam$ ,kukulcan1 reign$ at ,*i*5-,itza1 ,yucatan1 :il/ ?is 0 occupi$ by ! ,itza tribe1 :i* 0 driv5 f x 9 ab\t #bgj ,a4,d4 by ! ,tutul-xius :o 7 entitl$ 8holy m540 ,_! "n ju/ifies ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg's inf]5ce t ! conqu]ors may h be5 a ,nahuatl tribe ^: "n 0 t ( ! mu*-priz$ blue-bird1 ,xiuh-tototl4 ,at ! same "t ! fact t ! ,maya ^w = supreme "l & ,ma/] 7also appli$ to ! div9ity7 is ,ciu-mil seems to indicate t !re may be a deep] orig9 & t ! ,xiuh-tototl may h only be5 a rebus employ$ by ! ,mexicans to convey ! s\nd ( a ,maya title1 possibly 8,kukul-,ciu10 if ! above title 8holy m50 is to be reg>d$ z a translation ( ,tutul-xiu4 8,kukulcan _h no wife or *ildr5 & 0 v5]at$ 9 ,yucatan z a god because he 0 a great republican1 z 0 %[n by ! ord] he in/itut$ 9 ,yucatan aft] ! dea? ( ! native rul]s4 ,he w5t to ,mexico :5ce he return$4 ,he 0 !re nam$ ,quetzalcoatl & 0 v5]at$ by ! ,mexicans z "o ( _! gods40 ,:5 he _h ent]$ into treaty ) ! native *iefs inhabit+ ! c\ntry1 !y agre$ to jo9 him 9 f\nd+ & peopl+ a city :i* 0 nam$ ,mayapan1 b 0 also kn[n by ! natives z ,i*pa1 mean+ 8inside ( ! circles407#ec7 8,!y proce$$1 inde$1 to build a circul> wall$ enclosure ) two entrances only4 ,9 its c5tre1 ! pr9cipal temple 0 erect$ & x 0 circul>1 ) f\r doors op5+ to ! c>d9al po9ts1 l "o :i* _h be5 built by ,kukulcan at ,*i*5-,itza4 ,! wall$ circle also conta9$ o!r sacr$ edifices & h\ses int5d$ to be inhabit$ by ! lords only1 :o divid$ up ! entire l& among/ !mselves4 ,t[ns 7 assign$ to ea* accord+ to ! antiquity ( 8 l9eage & p]sonal di/9ction4 ,kukulcan liv$ 9 ?is t[n = "s ye>s ) ^! lords & leav+ !m 9 amity & peace return$ to ,mexico by ! same way z on 8 visit1 l+]+ on ! way 9 ord] to build a quadri=m temple on an isl& (f ! coa/40 ,i "k ( no m in/ructive acc\nt ( aborig9al hi/ory ?an ?is simple native record pres]v$ by ,l&a1 :i* s cle>ly reveals among/ o!r details t ! ,mexican culture-h]o 0 an actual p]sonage1 a ,maya high-prie/ :o _h be5 a rul] at ,*i*5-,itza4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to collate ano!r *apt] ( ,l&a's "w 9 :i* he reports :at ! olde/ ,indians n>rat$ to him ab\t ,*i*5-,itza1 ( :i* ,i give ! foll[+ some:at abbreviat$ translation3 ,?ree bro!rs came !re 9 old5 times f ! we/ & hav+ assembl$ toge!r a l>ge numb] ( p1 rul$ !m = "s ye>s ) mu* ju/ice & peace47#ed7 ,!y paid great honor to _! god & built _m beautiful edifices4444 ,!y liv$ )\t wives 9 purity & virtue & z long z !y did ?is !y 7 e/eem$ & obey$ by all4 ,9 c\rse ( "t "o ( !m possibly di$1 b is said by ! ,indians to h gone out ( ! c\ntry4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! cause ( 8 abs5ce ! rema9+ rul]s imm$iately began to %[ p>tiality & to in/itute su* lic5ti\s & abom9able cu/oms t !y 7 f9ally execrat$ by ! p :o rebell$ & kill$ !m1 & !n disb&$ & ab&on$ ! capital1 8al?\gh ?is 0 mo/ beautiful & 0 surr\nd$ by f]tile prov9ces407#ee7 ,! pr9cipal edifice at ,*i*5-,itza 0 a pyramid temple :i* _h f\r /airways fac+ ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,x conta9$ a circul> temple :i* 0 nam$ aft] ! build] ,kukulcan & _h f\r doorways op5+ to ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav54 ,if ,i h dwelt aga9 ^u ,kukulcan,quetzalcoatl1 x is because1 betwe5 ! writ]s :o int]pret ! records conc]n+ him z a sun or />-my? & ^? :o id5tify him z ! ab/ract deity ^: "n he bore z a title only1 or z ,/4 ,?omas or a my?ical ,norseman1 anci5t ,am]ica is be+ depriv$ ( its mo/ rem>kable hi/orical p]sonage4 ,collat$ ) ! ,maya traditional records1 ! ,mexican acc\nts agree & supply miss+ evid5ce4 ,:il/ ! ,mayas /ate t _! rul] & legislator w5t to ,mexico & ev5 record 8 ,mexican "n1 ,montezuma in=ms ,corts t 88 ance/ors _h be5 conduct$ to ,mexico by a rul]1 ,quetzalcoatl1 ^: vassals !y 7 & :o hav+ e/abli%$ !m 9 a colony return$ to 8 native l&4 ,lat] on he return$ & wi%$ !m to leave ) him b !y *ose to rema91 hav+ m>ri$ wom5 ( ! c\ntry1 rais$ families & built t[ns4 ,nor w\ld !y in/itute him aga9 z _! "l1 s he w5t away aga9 t[>d ! ea/1 :5ce he _h come40 ,x seems ne>ly prov5 t ,kukulcan 0 "o ( ! ?ree rul]s :o came to ,yucatan f ! ea/4 ,! ,mexican tradition t he 0 driv5 into exile by 8 enemies1 ! foll[]s ( ,tezcatlipoca1 ! "l ( ! ,bel[1 appe>s to be corroborat$ by ! ,maya record t1 aft] 8 re/ra9+ pres5ce _h be5 remov$1 !y committ$ su* excesses t ! indignant population arose & murd]$ _! two rul]s at ,*i*5-,itza4 ,quetzalcoatl's cont9u$ ef=ts to assemble scatt]$ tribes1 to organize !m peacefully "u c5tral gov]nm5ts1 to f\nd capitals & erect 9 ! c5tre ( ^! quadri=m pyramids & circul> temples1 prove h[ completely he 0 possess$ by ! idea ( spread+ ! well-kn[n s*eme ( civilization4 ,8 v "n 9 ,maya signifi$ 8! div9e ,f\r0 & ?is m pr(\nd signification 0 hidd5 "u ! image ( ! 8fea!r$ s]p5t0 employ$ z a rebus to express ! title ( ! supreme ,be+ & ! high-prie/1 8 e>?ly repres5tative4 ,! ,mexican records /ate t ! culture-h]o's :ite robes 7 cov]$ ) r$ crosses1 & t he set up cross-emblems4 ,evid5ce %[+ h[ completely ?is build] & f\nd] ( cities c>ri$ out ! idea ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 9 ! temples he erect$ 9 ,mexico1 is pres]v$ by ! record t = pray]1 p5it5ce & fa/+1 he prep>$ f\r rooms :i* he occupi$ 9 rotation4 ,^! 7 respectively decorat$ 9 blue1 gre51 r$ & yell[1 by means ( preci\s /ones1 fea!r-"w & gold4 ,z ^! 7 ! colors assign$ to ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s _! symbolism & mean+ are obvi\s1 & x may be inf]r$ t ! same me?od ( decorat+ ! sides ( build+s or doorways1 ) ^! f\r colors1 may h be5 c>ri$ out 9 squ>e sacr$ edifices ori5t$ to ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,x is curi\s to detect ! quadruplicate idea 9 ! title ,holcan giv5 to c]ta9 w>-*iefs4 ,?is "n signifies1 lit]ally1 8! head ( f\r10 b c\ld be express$ by ! rebus ( a 8s]p5t's head10 :i* w\ld obvi\sly h be5 employ$ 9 pictography to express ! title & rank4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! title 8,f\r-head10 or 8! head ( f\r10 obvi\sly relates to ! rul]%ip ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 unit$ 9 "o p]son2 & 9 ?is connection ! ,tiahuanaco swa/ika 7fig4 #dh71 t]m9at+ 9 f\r pumas' heads1 seems to ga9 9 significance z ! expressive symbol ( a c5tral rul]4 ,! record$ cu/om to cov] ! body ( ! ,mexican rul] ) ! raim5t ( ! 8f\r pr9cipal gods10 proves ! preval5ce ( analog\s symbolism4 ,f ! foll[+ data we ga9 an int]e/+ view ( ! ev5ts :i* transpir$ 9 =m] times 9 ! ,yucatan p59sula4 ,resum+ ,l&a's acc\nt we see t1 aft] ,kuculcan _h dep>t$ = ,mexico1 ! lords ( ,mayapan decid$ to conf] supreme rul]%ip ^u ! ,cocomes1 ?is be+ ! mo/ anci5t & ! weal?ie/ l9eage & its *ief be+ di/+ui%$ = brav]y4 ,!y !n decid$ t ! inn] circle %\ld hold only ! temples & h\ses = ! lords & high-prie/4 ,9 connection ) ?is x is well to ins]t "h h[ ,l&a /ates1 9 ano!r passage1 t !re 7 8twelve prie/s or lords at ,mayapan10 :i* ) ! high-prie/ con/itut$ ! sacr$ #ac4 8,outside ! wall !y built h\ses :]e ea* "l kept "s s]vitors & :]e 8 p or vassals c\ld resort :5 !y came on bus9ess to ! t[n4 ,ea* ( ^! h\ses _h its /ew>d1 entitl$ ,caluac1 :o bore a /aff ( (fice & he kept an acc\nt ) ! t[ns & ) _! local rul]s4 ,! ,caluac always w5t to 8 "l's h\se1 saw :at he requir$ & obta9$ f ! vassals all he ne$$ 9 ! way ( provisions1 clo?+1 etc40 7op4 cit41 pp4 #cd-dd74 ,! *ronicle goes on to relate h[ ! lords ( ! inn] circle devot$ _! "t to ! affairs ( gov]nm5t1 ! regulation ( ! cal5d> & ! /udy ( writ+1 m$ic9e1 & ! sci5ces47#ef7 ,x seems significant t1 ?r\gh\t ,c5tral ,am]ica1 two ru9$ cities ( ab\t equal size are usually f\nd 9 comp>atively close proximity to ea* o!r1 & seem+ly p]ta9+ to ! same culture4 ,?us we h ,quirigua1 9 ! valley ( ! ,motagua riv]1 & ,copan its si/]-city1 situat$ at a di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty-five miles1 b ne>ly #a1hjj feet above x1 9 ! wood$ hills4 ,betwe5 ,pal5que & ,m5* 7,lorill>d ,city7 !re are ab\t fifty miles1 :il/ ,tikal & ,ixkun are =ty miles ap>t4 ,9 ,yucatan1 z we h le>n$ f ,bi%op ,l&a's 8,relacion10 !re 7 ,mayapan & ,zilan1 & z ! latt] "n also signifi$ 8embroid]y0 x looks z ?\gh x _h be5 a not$ c5tre ( female indu/ry4 ,!n1 aft] a lapse ( ye>s1 8a l>ge numb] ( tribes1 ) _! lords1 came to ,yucatan f ! s\?40 ,bi%op ,l&a conjectures t1 al?\gh 8 in=mants did n "k ?is = c]ta91 8^! tribes mu/ h come f ,*iapas1 _m words & ! conjugation ( "s v]bs be+ ! same 9 ,yucatan z 9 ,*iapas :]e !re exi/$ great signs %[+ t anci5t capitals _h be5 deva/at$ & ab&on$10 possibly by e>?quakes1 fam9e1 disease or w>f>e4 ,x has be5 surmis$ t ! v5]able ,bi%op allud$1 9 ?is s5t5ce1 to ! ru9s ( ,pal5que 9 ,*iapas4 ,al?\gh n m5tion$ by ,cogolludo or ,lizana x is accept$ t ! new-com]s 7 ! ,tutul-xius4 ,accord+ to an anci5t ,maya *ronicle1 8at a date correspond+ to #dja ,a4,d41 ! f\r ,tutul-xius _h fl$ f ! h\se ( ,non\al1 to ! we/ ( ,zuiva & came f ! l& ( ,tulapan4 ,f\r eras pass$ be=e !y rea*$ ! p59sula ( ,yucatan nam$ ,*ac-n\i-tan "u _! *iefta91 ,holon-,*an-,tepeuh10 a "n :i* is equally intelligible 9 ,maya1 ,tz5dal & ,nahuatl & means ,head-,s]p5t & 8"l ( ! m\nta910 accord+ to ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 :o /ates t ! latt] 0 a sov]eign title among/ ! ,qui*s4 ,l&a relates t1 aft] w&]+ ab\t ,yucatan = =ty ye>s 7possibly 9 se>* ( ! /able c5tre7 ^! tribes settl$ ne> ,mayapan1 subject$ !mselves to its laws & liv$ 9 peaceful fri5d%ip ) ! ,cocomes4 ,! new-com]s br\ght ) !m ! atlatl or spe>-?r[] :i* is m9utely describ$ b is evid5tly reg>d$ z a weapon ( ! *ase47#eg7 ,! *ronicle goes on to n>rate t ! ,cocom gov]nor1 hav+ become ambiti\s = ri*es1 ent]$ into a treaty ) ,mexican w>riors :o 7 g>rison$ at ,tabasco & ,xicalango by ! ,mexican rul] & induc$ !m to come to ,mayapan & to aid him 9 oppress+ ! native lords4 ,! latt] & ! ,tutul-xius rebell$ aga9/ ?is action &1 hav+ obs]v$ ! ,mexicans & become exp]ts 9 ! art ( us+ _! b[ & arr[1 lance1 hat*et1 %ield & o!r def5sive armor1 !y 8ceas$ to admire & fe> ! ,mexicans & began to make little ( !m1 & 9 ?is condition !y rema9$ = "s ye>s40 ,a lapse ( ye>s pass$ & ano!r ,cocom *ief =m$ a fre% league ) ! ,tabasco p4 ,m ,mexican w>riors came to ,mayapan & support$ him 9 tyranniz+ & mak+ slaves ( ! l[] class4 ,!n ! ,tutulxiu lords assembl$ & decid$ to murd] ! ,cocom rul]4 ,hav+ done s !y also kill$ all 8 sons ) ! exception ( "o :o 0 abs5t2 burnt _! h\ses & seiz$ _! plantations ( cocoa & o!r fruits1 say+ t ^! comp5sat$ = :at _h be5 /ol5 f !m4 ,! diff]5ces :i* subsequ5tly arose betwe5 ! ,cocome & ! ,xius p result$ 9 ! f9al de/ruction & ab&onm5t ( ,mayapan aft] an occupation ( m ?an five hundr$ ye>s1 bo? tribes return+ to _! c\ntries4 8,! lords :o de/roy$ ,mayapan 7ab\t #abj ye>s be=e ! ,conque/7 c>ri$ away ) !m _! books ( sci5ce4444 ,! son ( ! ,cocom "l1 :o be+ abs5t _h escap$ dea?1 return$ & ga!r$ 8 relations & vassals toge!r & f\nd$ a capital4444 ,_m t[ns 7 built by !m 9 ! hills & _m families desc5d$ f ^! ,cocomes4 ,^! lords ( ,mayapan did n rev5ge !mselves ^u ! ,mexican w>riors b g5]\sly exon]at$ !m f blame because !y 7 /rang]s & _h be5 p]suad$ to come into ! l& by its =m] rul]4 ,!y all[$ !m to rema9 unmole/$ 9 ! c\ntry & to f\nd a city on condition t !y kept to !mselves & m>ri$ 9 _! own tribe only4 ,^! ,mexicans decid$ to settle 9 ,yucatan & peopl$ ! prov9ce ( ,c-ul :i* 0 assign$ to !m & !y cont9u$ to live !re until ! second invasion ( ! ,spani>ds40 ,at ,*i*5-,itza1 situat$ at ab\t tw5ty-?ree leagues f ! anci5t site ( ,mayapan1 !re exi/s sub/antial evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! ,aztec w>riors1 ) indications t !y p]ta9$ to ! ,mexican w>rior-ca/e ( ! ocelots or tig]s4 ,x is a recogniz$ fact t ! rem>kable bas-reliefs1 :i* /ill cov] ! walls ( ! 8temple ( ! tig]s0 at ,*i*5-,itza1 are /rik+ly ,aztec 9 e detail4 ,! exact c\nt]p>ts ( ! ,atlatls1 !y hold1 are visible on ! s-call$ 8,/one ( ,tizoc0 9 ! city ( ,mexico4 ,sculptur$ on ! wall opposite ! entrance ( ! temple !re are ab\t ?irty-six w>-*iefs gr\p$ 9 ?ree p>allel r[s ( twelve ea*1 ! majority ( :om are app>5tly r5d]+ "s =m ( homage to a seat$ p]sonage surr\nd$ by rays1 :ile o!rs are hav+ an enc\nt] ) a mon/r\s s]p5t4 ,on ! side walls & slant+ ro(s m w>riors are figur$1 _m accompani$ by a rebus or hi]oglyph :i* evid5tly records1 9 ,mexican /yle1 individual names4 ,! total numb] ( sculptur$ w>riors seems to h be5 ab\t "o hundr$4 ,if ea* ( ^! repres5t$1 z may be suppos$1 a 8c\nt ( m510 x is evid5t t a l>ge =ce ( ,aztec soldi]s mu/ h liv$ 9 ,yucatan at "o "t4 ,o!r int]e/+ monum5ts at ,*i*5-,itza des]ve a pass+ m5tion4 ,mr4 ,teob]t ,mal] 7,yukatekis*e ,=s*ung51 ,globus1 #ahie1 p4 #bhd7 relates t !re are two pyramid-temples 9 ! t]races ( :i* ! rema9s ( great /one tables h be5 f\nd4 ,he /ates t "o ( ^! tables 0 orig9ally support$ by two r[s ( sev5 sculptur$ c>yatids & by a c5tral r[ ( pla9 columns ) flat1 squ>e tops4 ,traces ( pa9t %[$ t ! figures _h be5 pa9t$1 t a yell[-br[n color _h pr$om9at$1 b t all ornam5ts or accessories 7 ei!r blue or gre54 ,! c>yatids exhibit$ a v>iety ( co/ume & ( size & ea* %[$ a m>k$ individuality4 ,! second table /&+ 9 a l>g] temple1 0 orig9ally pa9t$ r$ & support$ by tw5ty-f\r c>yatid figures :i* resemble ea* o!r closely1 %[ no individuality & :i* seem to h be5 dispos$ 9 two r[s ( twelve ea*4 ,mr4 ,mal] inf]s f ?is t1 be+ m highly conv5tionaliz$1 !y 7 ( a lat] date ?an ! previ\s examples4 ,if x 7 n = ! circum/ance t bo? tables _h ! same numb] ( supports _! num]al #bd might pass unobs]v$4 ,z x is1 ,i %all recur to x on m5tion+ o!r monum5ts ) figures yield+ ! same numb] & dispos$1 9 "o case1 z #fd4 ,9 connection ) ^! /one tables ,i recall ! fact t1 9 ! ,maya language1 !y 7 call$ ,mayac-tun4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes 7op4 cit41 p4 #acd7 tells u t 9 "o case ! cont9u\s table _h be5 =m$ by a s]ies ( lime/one tablets av]ag+ ?ree feet squ>e & five or six in*es ?ick1 ea* slab hav+ be5 support$ by two ( ! dw>fi% figures :i* /& ) bo? h&s al(t1 giv+ a broad surface ( support4 ,he asc]ta9$ t 8^! slabs 7 wond]fully resonant & :5 /ruck lightly ) a hamm] or /one1 give out tones closely resembl+ ^? ( a deeply resonant bell1 & ! e*oes awak5$ 9 ! sil5t =e/ are exce$+ly impressive40 ,mr4 ,holmes' acc\nt ( ^! resonant /one tables is ( p>ticul> value to me because x ?r[s an int]e/+ light ^u ! foll[+ ,maya words3 ,i h already /at$ t ! native "n = table is ,mayac1 & t a /one table is ,mayac-tun4 ,! ^w tun1 h[ev]1 n only signifies /one1 b also s\nd & noise4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem t /one tables su* z ,mr4 ,holmes describes 7 made expressly = ! purpose ( emitt+ s\nd & employ$ l ! huehuetl or wood5 drums ( ! anci5t ,mexicans to summon ! p to ! temple & to guide ! sacr$ dances4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ^w tun-kul1 :i* is ei!r 8/one-b[l0 or 8s\nd-b[l10 seems likewise to indicate t holl[ /one vessels 7 us$ at "o "t z gongs4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ,mayas "n ! small wood5 drum ( ! ,mexicans a 8tunkul10 :]eas its ,nahuatl "n is 8te-ponaxtli10 ! prefix ( :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 seems also to be connect$ ) tetl/one4 ,a curi\s light is %$ ^u ! possible use ( "s ( ! _m /one vessels f\nd 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan by ! above l+ui/ic evid5ce4 ,9 conclusion ,i quote ,mr4 ,mal]'s au?ority = two po9ts conc]n+ ,*i*5-,itza :i* are n g5]ally kn[n4 ,fir/1 t its "n %\ld be pron\nc$ 8,tsits5-itsa10 &1 second1 t he saw !re no less ?an five recumb5t /atues1 hold+ circul> vessels4 ,ea* ( ^! figures exhibits ! same =m ( brea/-plate z ! ,le ,plongeon example n[ at ! ,national ,museum ( ,mexico 7pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #a74 ,mr4 ,mal] /ates t x seems to h be5 ! tribal m>k ( ! ,cocomes1 ! :ilom rul]s at ,*i*5-,itza2 b x is int]e/+ to note ! g5]al resemblance ( ?is ornam5t to ! blue plaque worn by ! ,mexican 8,blue ,"l10 ! ,"l ( ! ,ye> & ( ,fire1 8,xiuhtecuhtli10 :o is also usually repres5t$ ) a ,xiuh-tototl or 8blue-bird0 on ! front ( 8 head-dress4 ,^! facts seem to indicate t ! *>act]i/ic brea/-plate1 in/ead ( be+ a m>k ( ! ,cocomes1 may h be5 t ( ! ,tutul-,xius1 & t ?is title has "s connection ) t ( ,xiuh-tecuhtli1 ! ,mexican 8,"l ( ,fire40 ,x has be5 already set =? 9 ! prec$+ pages t ! sacr$ fire 0 k9dl$ 9 ! /one vase held by ! recumb5t figures1 a fact indicat+ t ! id5tical =m ( cult 0 practis$ 9 ,mexico & at ,*i*5-,itza4 ,?is id5tity is satisfactorily acc\nt$ = & expla9$ if we accept ! simple native records ( ! invitation ext5d$ to ,mexican w>riors by a ,maya *iefta9 & _! subsequ5t p]man5t resid5ce 9 ,yucatan4 ,! limitations ( my subject d n all[ me to d m ?an m5tion two o!r important ru9$ cities ( ,yucatan1 ,izamal & ,uxmal4 ,i w h[ev] note t1 judg+ f ! illu/rations ,i h se51 ,uxmal seems to be ! 8,s]p5t-city0 ( ,am]ica1 p> excell5ce1 its build+s exhibit+ ! mo/ elaborate & pr(use employm5t ( ! s]p5t = symbolical decoration4 ,"o inf]5ce f ?is might be t ! s]p5t 0 ! totemic animal ( ! anci5t build]s ( ?is city4 ,! =ego+ rapid review ( ! native *ronicles ( ,yucatan %[s t ev5 ! f\ndation ( ,mayapan 0 comp>atively rec5t2 t ! p59sula _h1 9 turn1 h>bor$ p[]ful tribes :o _h drift$ !nce f ! s\?we/ & ,mexican w>riors ^: aid _h be5 s\ght by consecutive rul]s ( ,*i*5-,itza4 ,we see t ,yucatan 0 ! meet+ gr\nd = ,maya- & ,nahuatl-speak+ p & t ! t5d5cy 0 to leave ! p59sula 9 se>* ( a m favorable soil & climate z soon z opportunity 0 af=d$4 ,s9ce ! cradle ( ! ,maya civilization is evid5tly n to be look$ = 9 ,yucatan1 let u foll[ ! clue af=d$ by ! native traditions1 transport ourselves to "s ( ! mo/ important ru9$ cities ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & endeavor to wre/ f _! monum5ts "s k ( ! social organization ( _! anci5t inhabitants4 ,9 ord] to in/itute ?is se>* "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 ,i v5tur$ to apply = guidance to ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay :o has made a m ?or\gh1 prolong$ & ext5sive /udy & exploration ( ^! ru9$ cities ?an any o!r p]son4 ,^u my reque/ to =mulate 8 op9ion z to ! respective antiquity & *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! mo/ not$ sites1 ?is di/+ui%$ explor] has mo/ k9dly au?oriz$ me to publi% ! foll[+ note4 8,b = a brief note 9 ,nature 7#bh? ,april1 #ahib71 ,i h nev] classifi$ ! ru9s or attempt$ to give pro(s ( diff]5ces 9 age ( ! monum5ts1 b r\ghly y may safely class !m z foll[s3 ,i am incl9$ to look on ! ,motagua riv] gr\p z ! olde/4 ,! ,yucatan gr\p is c]ta9ly ! y\nge/4 ,( c\rse !re are _m o!r small] diff]5ces betwe5 ! gr\ps & mu* ov]lapp+4 ,:i*ev] gr\p may be ! olde/ ! art is !re already advanc$ & ! decoration has tak5 =ms :i* mu/ h occupi$ _m k9ds ( work]s to conv5tionalize f natural objects40 #a4 ,on ,motagua ,riv]1 ,quirigua1 ,copan4 ,l>ge monoli?ic /el & alt>s ) figures & inscriptions c>v$ on all f\r sides 9 r high relief1 "s gr\ps pictographic4 ,no weapons ( w> portray$ 9 ! sculpture4 #b4 ,on ,usumac9to ,riv]1 ,m5*1 ,t9amit1 ,pal5que1 ,ixkun4 ,/el are usually flat slabs c>v$ ) figures & inscriptions 9 l[ relief on "o side only4 ,ext]nal ornam5t ( ! build+s usually m\ld$ 9 /ucco4 ,w>-l weapons b v sc>ce4 #c4 ,tikal4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 ,nos4 #b & #d1 b some:at diff]5t & di/9ct f ei!r4 #d4 ,yucatan4 ,*i*5-,itza1 ,uxmal1 etc4 ,/el v few 9 numb] & poorly c>v$4 ,inscriptions c>v$ 9 /one are v sc>ce4 ,inscriptions 7 probably pa9t$ on ! walls ( ! temples4 ,ext]nal ornam5t ( build+s =m$ by a mosaic ( cut /ones some:at resembl+ ,zapotec or ,aztec /yle4 ,e man portray$ z a w>rior on ! bas-reliefs4 ,by means ( ! magnific5t set ( ca/s :i* ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay has g5]\sly pres5t$ to ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london1 & ) ! aid ( 8 monum5tal & spl5didly illu/rat$ "w on ! ,ar*aeology ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :i* has be5 appe>+ z a "p ( ! ,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana1 edit$ by ,messrs4 ,godman & ,salv91 ,i h be5 able to v]ify ! foll[+ facts :i* w be f\nd to ?r[ light on ! purpose & mean+ ( "s ( ! anci5t monum5ts4 ,be=e exam9+ ! great1 elaborately c>v$ /el :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ,quirigua & ,copan1 let u se>* ! native *ronicles = "s clue explanatory ( ! purpose = :i* !y 7 erect$4 ,bi%op ,l&a has transmitt$ to u "s details ab\t ! de/roy$ metropolis ( ,mayapan giv5 to him by ,yucatec in=mants :o /at$ t 89 ! c5tral squ>e ( t city !re /ill 7 #g or #h /ones1 ab\t t5 feet high1 r\nd$ on "o side & well sculptur$1 :i* exhibit sev]al r[s ( ! native *>act]s1 b 7 s worn t !y _h become illegible4 ,x is suppos$1 h[ev]1 t !y are ! record ( ! f\ndation & de/ruction ( t capital4 ,simil>1 b high] monum5ts1 are at ,zilan1 a t[n on ! coa/4 ,int]rogat$ z to ! mean+ ( ^! monoli?s ! natives answ]$3 ,x _h be5 or 0 cu/om>y to erect simil> /ones at int]vals ( #bj ye>s :i* 0 ! numb] by :i* !y c\nt$ _! eras40 ,bi%op ,l&a subsequ5tly rem>ks t 8?is /atem5t is n consi/5t10 =1 accord+ to ?is 8!re %\ld be _m m su* /ones 9 exi/5ce1 & none exi/ 9 any o!r pueblo b ,mayapan & ,zilan407#eh7 ,disagree+ ) ! v5]able ,bi%op1 ,i f9d 9 ! above /atem5ts ! mo/ valuable indications ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( two c5tres ( culture 9 ,yucatan4 ,!re is a curi\s aff9ity betwe5 ! "n ,zilan 7pron\nc$ ,dzilan7 & ,*ilan giv5 z 8! title ( a prie/ly (fice :i* consi/$ ( a juridi/ic a/rology & div9ation10 by ,l&a4 ,!re may ev5 be a connection betwe5 zilan & zianorig91 comm5cem5t2 zihnalorig9al & primitive1 :i* may be wor?y ( consid]ation 9 association ) ! well-kn[n /atem5t1 quot$ by ,dr4 ,br9ton1 t 8! mo/ v5]able traditions ( ! ,maya race claim$ = !m a migration f ,tollan 9 ,zu-iva--!nce we all came =? toge!r1 !re 0 ! common p>5t ( our race2 !nce came we f among/ ! ,yagui m51 ^: god is ,yolcuatl ,quetzalcoatl40 ,dr4 ,br9ton adds t 8?is ,tollan is c]ta9ly none o!r ?an ! abode ( ,quetzalcoatl nam$ 9 an ,aztec manuscript z #8,ziv5a ,uitzcatl4' 0 ,vague z any conjecture mu/ necess>ily be1 ,i _c b deem x ( utmo/ importance t sy/ematic excavations be made1 "s day1 at ,zilan1 = ! purpose ( br++ to light ! /el ref]r$ to by ! native in=mants ( ,bi%op ,l&a4 ,accord+ to ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg 8,zilan1 situat$ at ab\t #bj- leagues f ,m]ida belong$ to ! ,*eles p47#ei7 ,x is ! seaport ( ,izamal & conta9s ! ru9s ( "o ( ! greate/ pyramids or artificial m\nds 7omul7 9 ,yucatan10 a fact :i* corroborates ! view t x 0 an anci5t important capital4 ,! nor!rn coa/ ( ,yucatan is extremely rem>kable = x is divid$ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico by a cont9u\s /rip ( l& betwe5 :i* & ! ma9l& !re is a n>r[ *annel ( wat]4 ,!re are two op5+s only 9 ?is zone ( l& :i* af=d a passage into ! navigable *annel4 ,"o ( ^! op5+s is situat$ almo/ opposite to ,zilan & is kn[n z ! ,boca de ,zilan4 ,at a %ort di/ance to ! ea/ !re is a second su* 8boca0 opposite to ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,lag>tos1 :i* is a l>ge e/u>y & ! only riv] on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,yucatan47#fj7 ,let u n[ transport ourselves1 m5tally1 s\? ( ! p59sula to ,honduras &1 leav+ ! coa/1 asc5d ! ,motagua valley to ! ru9s ( ,quirigua & ,copan17#fa7 :i* h impress$ ,mr4 ,maudslay z be+ ( great antiquity4 ,be=e exam9+ su* ( ^! monum5ts z seem to yield ! te/imony we are seek+1 let u aga9 recall ,l&a's record t ! ,mayas erect$ /el z memorials ( ea* #bj-ye> p]iod4 ,to ?is /atem5t %\ld be add$1 at full l5g?1 ,cogolludo's record t 8! ,mayas employ$ eras ( #bj ye>s & less] p]iods ( #d ye>s47#fb7 ,! fir/ ( ^! f\r ye>s 0 assign$ to ! ea/ & 0 nam$ ,cu*-haab2 ! second1 ,hiix1 to ! we/2 ! ?ird1 ,cavac1 to ! s\? & ! f\r? ,muluc1 to ! nor?1 & ?is s]v$ z a #8,dom9ical lett]4' ,:5 five ( ^! f\r-ye> p]iods _h pass$1 :i* =m tw5ty ye>s1 !y call$ x a ,katun & plac$ "o sculptur$ /one ov] ano!r sculptur$ /one & fix$ !m ) lime & s& mort> to ! walls ( _! temples & h\ses ( ! prie/s407#fc7 ,! t]m katun is closely l9k$ to ! said employm5t ( memorial /ones1 = tun is ! ,maya = /one & ka seems to /& = kal or kaal#bj4 ,! ^w hun-kaal#bj1 means lit]ally1 8"o complete c\nt10 or 8a c\nt :i* is clos$10 s9ce ! v]b kaal means to close1 %ut1 or fa/5 some?+4 ,accord+ to ! above a katun lit]ally means 8! #bj 7ye>7 /one20 b we "k t1 by ext5sion1 x designat$ ! era itself z well z w> & battle4 ,?us we f9d ! v]b katun-talto fight4 ,cogolludo cont9ues3 8,9 a t[n nam$ ,tixuala-tun1 :i* signifies #8! place :]e !y place "o /one above ano!r1' !y say t !y kept _! ar*ive1 conta9+ records ( all ev5ts4444 ,9 curr5t spee* katun signifi$ era & :5 a p]son wi%$ to say he 0 sixty ye>s ( age1 he us$ ! expression to h ?ree eras ( ye>s or ?ree /ones4 ,= sev5ty !y said ?ree & a half /ones or f\r less "o-half /one4 ,f ?is x may be se5 t !y 7 n too b>b>\s1 = x is said t by ?is sy/em !y 7 able to keep su* exact records t !y n only c]tifi$ an ev5t b also ! mon? & day on :i* x took place40 ,by ref]r+ to ,maya & ,spani% diction>ies we ga9 supplem5t>y valuable in=mation ab\t native memorial /ones4 ,we f9d ! "n amaytun giv5 z t ( 8a squ>e /one on :i* ! anci5t ,indians us$ to c>ve ! #bj ye>s ( ! p]iod ahau-katun1 because ! f\r rema9+ ye>s :i* complet$ ! epo*1 7 plac$ und]nea?1 s z to =m a sort ( p$e/al :i* 0 call$1 = ?is reason1 la? oc katun or *ek oc katun4 ,by ext5sion1 pa9t$ repres5tations ( ! epo* 7 also nam$ amaytun40 ,! diction>y fur!r in=ms u t amayt 0 ! "n = ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! ahau katun1 :i* 7 c>v$ on ! squ>e /one & we see t amayt also means 8some?+ squ>e or ) corn]s0 & is =m$ ( amaycorn]4 ,equipp$ ) ! =ego+ k ( ! sort ( memorial x 0 cu/om>y = ! ,mayas to erect1 let u n[ see :e!r ! ru9s ( ,copan furni% any monum5ts :i* w\ld answ] to ! description & purpose ( 8amay-ts0 & 8ka-tuns40 ,ref]r+ ! read] to p>ts ,i-,,iii ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay's "w already cit$1 ,i draw special att5tion to ! foll[+ /el & alt>s :i* are s admirably figur$ !re94 ,/ela ,f1 :i* /&s at ! ea/ side ( ! ,great ,plaza at ,copan & faces we/1 is 9 a p>ticul>ly bad /ate ( pres]vation4 ,x exhibits a /&+ figure on "o side ^: head is surm\nt$ by an indescribable comb9ation ( a mask1 a seat$ figure & mu* elaborate fea!r-"w4 ,a notewor?y feature1 :i* recurs on o!r /el 9 ,copan & ,quirigua1 is an app5dage :i* appe>s l an artificial be>d atta*$ to ! *9 ( ! p]sonage4 ,at ! sides ( ! /ela s]p5ts' heads alt]nate ) dim9utive grotesque figures4 ,on ! back1 or ea/ side ( ! /ela1 two cords are repres5t$ :i* appe> to h be5 br\ght ov] f ! front & :i* are ti$ toge!r s z to =m five op5 loops1 9 ea* ( :i*1 z 9 a frame1 !re is a gr\p consi/+ ( f\r calculi=m glyphs4 ,! cord1 :i* is knott$ toge!r at ! base ( ! /ela1 appe>s to pass ar\nd x4 ,x is impossible n to recognize t ?is repres5tation ( tw5ty glyphs1 z divid$ into five gr\ps ( f\r1 exactly agrees ) ,cogolludo's records t ! ,mayas employ$ #bj-ye> & #d-ye> eras & t :5 five ( ! #d-ye> p]iods _h pass$ !y call$ x a ka-tun1 & made a c>v$ memorial ( x4 ,z ,l&a tells u t !y erect$ /el to commemorate ! #bj-ye> p]iod1 ! inf]5ce to :i* ! ,copan ,/ela ,f leads u is t x is a katun & t ! tw5ty glyphs c>v$ on x are ye>-signs4 ,exam9ation1 h[ev]1 %[s t1 :]eas ! ,maya ,cal5d> _h b f\r ye>-signs :i* w\ld naturally be b\nd to repeat !mselves 9 ea* gr\p ( f\r ye>s1 no two glyphs on ! ,/ela ,f are alike4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! glyphs are n ! f\r cal5d> ye>-signs & reflection %[s1 inde$1 t x w\ld h be5 q sup]flu\s to c>ve ^! repeat$ly on a /ela4 ,z ea* ye>-sign 0 id5tifi$ ) a c>d9al po9t & an elem5t & 0 p]man5tly associat$ ) a p>ticul> color1 ! m]e employm5t ( ! latt] w\ld suffice to convey ?is association ( ideas4 ,:at is m1 ! relative positions ( ! f\r glyphs compos+ ea* gr\p w\ld also indicate ! f\r ye>-signs & ?us ! sculptor ( ! /ela w\ld h be5 at lib]ty to record by ! %ape ( 8 glyphs any fact he *ose to connect ) ea* ye> ( ! era4 ,a curi\s l+ui/ic fact mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation3 ,! ,maya "n = ! f\r ye>-signs 0 ,ah-cu*-haab & ! title = a *ief or rul] ( a t[n 0 ,ah-cu*-cab4 ,! m]e pres5ce on ! /ela1 ( ! figure ( ! rul]1 w\ld suffice to convey ! c]ta9ty t ! c\nt ( ! f\r ye>-signs 0 und]/ood to be pres5t4 ,on ,/el ,f & ,m1 ea* ( :i* displays tw5ty glyphs & "o sculptur$ p]sonage1 ! latt] is p>ticul>ly *>act]iz$ by be+ associat$ ) head-dresses & emblems consi/+ ( elaborate conv5tionaliz$ plum$ s]p5ts' heads4 ,! inf]5ce naturally is t ! s]p5t symbolism1 :i* recurs 9 "s =m or o!r on e /ela effigy1 expresses or conveys t ! rank & title ( ! p]sonage 7 t ( a ,kukul-c1 ! high-prie/ rul] :o imp]sonat$ ! 8,div9e ,f\r10 or ( "s "l,ahau1 :o 0 also 8rul] ( ! f\r regions40 ,x mu/ be recogniz$ t a /one /ela1 on :i* is sculptur$ ! image ( a "l & a c\nt ( #bj1 answ]s exactly to ! memorial /one nam$ ,ahau-ka-tun1 lit]ally1 "l1 #bj /one1 & x is easy to see h[ ! p]iod or era ( tw5ty-f\r ye>s %\ld come to be call$ by ! "n ( ! /one :i* commemorat$ x1 & ea* era to be diff]5tiat$ by be+ designat$ by ! p]sonal "n ( ! rul] :o held (fice dur+ its c\rse4 ,! result w\ld be practically ! same z ! allusion to a p>ticul> reign 9 a nation's hi/ory1 ) ! seem+ diff]5ce t all anci5t ,am]ican rul]s & _! subord9ates held fix$ t]ms ( (fice1 co9cid+ ) ! v>i\s p]iods ( ! cal5d>4 ,! inscriptions on ! =ego+ /el are made ( glyphs ( a uni=m "*4 ,o!r /el at ,copan display ! int]e/+ set ( #fag signs :i* recur on s _m ,c5tral ,am]ican monum5ts & /rik+ly co9cide 9 numb] ) ! all-p]vad+ division into six p>ts plus ! middle & synopsis ( all4 ,( ?is 8sept5>y set ( signs10 six are uni=m 9 size & "* :il/ ! fir/ is m elaborate & important 9 e respect &1 z ,i %all set =? by a s]ies ( illu/rations 9 ano!r publication1 actually does symbolize ! union ( ! ,above & ,bel[4 ,x is to ,mr4 ,maudslay t we owe ! recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is sept5>y set ( glyphs1 :i* he ann\nc$ z foll[s to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 9 #ahhf3 8,a numb] ( ,c5tral ,am]ican inscriptions are head$ by :at ,i %all call an initial scroll 7! /yle ( :i* is p]man5t ?r\gh\t _m v>iations7 & beg9 ) ! same =mula1 usually ext5d+ ?r\gh six squ>es ( hi]oglyphic writ+1 ! six? squ>e1 or sometimes ! latt] half ( ! six? squ>e1 be+ a human face1 usually 9 pr(ile1 enclos$ 9 a frame or c>t\*e0 7,proce$+s1 p4 #ehc74 ,! sept5>y gr\p occurs on ,/el ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,e1 ,i1 ,p4 ,x is curi\s to f9d t ! initial sign is sometimes1 z on two sides ( ,/ela ,p1 foll[$ n by #f glyphs only1 b by #dfbd glyphs4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ,/ela ,p1 x is succe$$ by #bb glyphs & a c>v$ design :i* seems to indicate ! beg9n+ or end ( ! c\nt4 ,on ,/ela ,i ! initial is also foll[$ by #dfbd glyphs1 & on ,/ela ,a by #ab d\ble 7#bd7 glyphs on side #a1 :il/ side #b displays #ac & side #c1 #bacbf4 ,on ,/ela ,b two sides exhibit #ac glyphs ea* & ! back #b ! initial4 ,on two sides ( ,/ela ,c ! initial is foll[$ by #bgad glyphs4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! =ego+ /el collectively yield c\nts ( #de1 #g1 #ac1 #bj & #bd1 :i* und\bt$ly co9cide ) ! well-kn[n num]ical organization & prove t ?is dom9at$ ! p :o erect$ !m4 ,! c]ta9ty t ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,copan associat$ ! idea ( a c5tral rul] ) quadruple p[] is af=d$ by a rem>kable bas-relief :i* ,mr4 ,maudslay has k9dly all[$ me to reproduce "h 7fig4 #ee71 f a draw+ made by ,miss ,annie ,hunt]47#fd7 ,?is c>v$ slab1 ! size ( :i* is #e' by #d' #f1 0 f\nd 9 f\r pieces 9 ! we/]n c\rt ( ! ma9 /ructure ( ,copan & accord+ to ,mr4 ,maudslay's op9ion1 8=m$ "p ( ! ext]ior ornam5t ( temple #aa or ! slope on :i* x /ood40 ,x und\bt$ly claims a m9ute exam9ation1 z x /rik+ly illu/rates h[ ! native ideas1 ,i h be5 sett+ =? 9 ! prec$+ pages1 7 orig9ally sugge/$ by ! obs]vation ( ,pol>is4 ,seat$ cross-legg$1 & re/+ on ! c5tre ( ! foliat$ swa/ika1 is ! figure ( a p]sonage ^: titles are cle>ly disc]nible4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ee4 ,he is designat$ z a rul]1 n only by 8 attitude ( repose1 b by ! fact t he we>s a brea/ ornam5t 9 ! =m ( a face or head 7( ! sun7 & holds 9 8 h& 7i4 e4 gov]ns7 a vase or b[l 7see p4 #gb74 ,^? %[ him to be ! *ief or head ( all & ! ,cum-ahau1 or "l ( ! sacr$ vase or b[l 7see p4 #ic74 ,z ! latt] conta9s :at appe>s to be a v>iant ( ! glyph ik & ! ^w ik signifies brea?1 air & w9d1 by ext5sion life1 we realize t he is designat$ z ! "l ( brea? & life4 ,! glyph :i* cov]s 8 face be>s a native cross-symbol & ?is1 z well z ! cruci=m figure1 ! c5tre ( :i* he occupies1 conveys ! idea ( quadruplicate p[]4 ,! d\ble & b5t arms ( ! cross-symbol /rik+ly resemble ! conv5tionaliz$ puffs ( brea? or air :i* are s frequ5tly depict$ 9 ,mexican ,codices1 z issu+ f ! m\?s ( speak]s4 ,almo/ id5tical repres5tations ( curv$ puffs are figur$ z issu+ f op5 s]p5ts' jaws 9 a bas-relief at ,pal5que1 ( :i* m anon4 ,mr4 ,maudslay has po9t$ out t on /el f ,copan & ,quirigua a pr(usion ( analog\s curv$ signs occurs also 9 connection ) s]p5ts' heads4 ,a special feature ( ! curv$ puffs ( brea? on ! ,copan 8swa/ika10 z x has be5 nam$1 are small se$-l balls :i* are di/ribut$ 9 deta*$ gr\ps ( ?rees along _! inn] & out] edges1 & are usually accompani$ by :at resembles ! small calyx ( a fl[]1 mak+ f\r small objects 9 all4 ,^! balls1 :i* also recur 9 ! ,pal5que symbol1 =cibly recall a passage ( ! ,zui creation my? rec\nt$ by ,mr4 ,cu%+4 ,x relates t1 at a c]ta9 /age ( ! creation1 8! mo/ p]fect ( all prie/s & fa!rs nam$ ,yanuluha 444 br\ght up f ! und]world1 ! wat] ( ! inn] ocean & ! se$s ( life production0 444 ,subsequ5tly1 on a fea!r$ /aff he c>ri$1 8appe>$ #d r\nd ?+s1 se$s ( mov+ be+s1 m]e eggs !y 72 two blue l ! sky & two r$ l ! fle% ( ! e>?-"m40444 ,i _c b ?9k t ^! words f a purely native s\rce expla9 ! ,copan sculpture m correctly ?an any inf]5ce t c\ld be made1 & au?orize ! explanation t ! c5tral figure repres5ts ! 8f\r times "l10 or 8"l ( ! f\r w9ds10 titles :i* 7 appli$ 9 ,mexico to ,quetzalcoatl & ,xiuhtecuhtli4 ,at ! same "t ! bas-relief tea*es u t 8! f\r w9ds0 _h a deep] mean+ ?an has be5 realiz$1 = x repres5ts life-giv+ brea? c>ry+ ) x ! se$s ( ! f\r vital elem5ts1 emanat+ f ! c5tral "l ( life1 spread+ to ! f\r qu>t]s & divid+ itself s z to dissem9ate vitality ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,! title ,kukulcan! ,div9e ,f\r1 also s]p5t1 proves to be ev5 m expressive ( ?is conception ( a c5tral div9ity ?an ! ,mexican ,div9e ,tw91 or s]p5t4 ,i am !re=e incl9$ to consid] t x orig9at$ ) a ,maya-speak+ p1 to :om1 m graphically ?an to any "o else1 ?is bas-relief w\ld h s]v$1 z a jo9t image ( ! />-god1 ! he>t ( heav51 nam$ ,hura-kan2 ( ! t]re/rial "l ,ah-cu*-cab1 ! he>t or life ( ! ,/ate2 ( ! ,/ate1 ) its hun-kaal or "o c\nt ( tw5ty subdivisions ( p & its quadruple head & body &1 f9ally1 ( ! native cosmology4 ,! ,copan swa/ika enables u to come to ano!r int]e/+ conclusion4 ,x is a ref9$ repres5tation ( ! set ( ?\ghts sugge/$ by ,pol>is1 ! idea ( a /able c5tre be+ graphically r5d]$4 ,movem5t 9 f\r directions is also symboliz$4 ,z1 9 ! latitude ( ,copan1 ,ursa ,m9or is ! only circumpol> con/ellation :i* c\ld h be5 obs]v$ 9 f\r opposite positions1 x is obvi\s t ,ursa ,m9or ) ,pol>is mu/ h con/itut$ ! ,maya ,cele/ial ,he>t or ,lifecuxabal4 ,! foll[+ po9ts rema9 to be discuss$ 9 connection ) ! ,copan swa/ika4 #a4 ,to be complete & 9 keep+ ) native modes ( repres5tation x mu/ h orig9ally be5 pa9t$ ) ! symbolical colors ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s4 #b4 ,x is on a wood5 club f ,brazil or ,guiana t1 /range to say1 ,i f9d a cross symbol ) bifurcat$ bran*es1 :i* mo/ closely resembles ! ,copan type4 ,direct+ ! read]s to ! illu/ration ( ?is club z fig4 #h1 pl4 ,,xv1 9 ,dr4 ,/olpe's "w already cit$1 ,i w\ld ask !m to exam9e also 8 fig4 #g1 ) a design express+ dual & quadruple divisions2 fig4 #i;b1 ) circles conta9+ cross l9es2 #i;a1 ) :at resembles some:at a ,maltese cross b also conveys duality2 fig4 #aa;b ) a cross 9 a scallop$ circle & a curi\s disc betwe5 f\r signs1 ) a b& ( alt]nate black & :ite squ>es & its rev]se #aa;a1 ) triangles1 to :i* ,i %all rev]t2 & figs4 #aj;c & d1 ea* ) a m\nd f :i* a tree is gr[+4 ,?\gh tempt$ to ref] to _m o!r symbols ,i %all limit myself to po9t+ out t 8 fig4 #a1 pl4 ,,xiv1 exhibits a gr\p ( five circles 9 a circle :i* /rik+ly recall ! ,mexican examples & ! ,maya ho#e4 ,z ea* ( ! =ego+ symbols is intelligible & belongs to a gr\p ( ideas :i* ,i h %[n to h be5 g5]al ?r\gh\t ,am]ica1 b to h necess>ily orig9at$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 x seems pretty cle> t !y mu/ h gradually f\nd _! way to ,brazil & ,guiana f ! nor? by means ( coa/ navigation & traffic4 #c4 ,conc]n+ ! b[l 9 ! h& ( ! figure occupy+ ! middle ( ! swa/ika a few rem>ks %\ld be add$ to ^? already giv5 on pp4 #gb & #ic4 ,=m$ ( clay ! b[l 0 an expressive symbol ( ! e>?4 ,plac$ 9 elevat$ positions on ! t]races ( ! temples1 & fill$ by ! fir/ annual %[]s :i* fell ^u ! p>*$ e>?1 ! b[l ( cele/ial wat] naturally became inve/$ ) peculi> sanctity1 & 0 gradually reg>d$ z conta9+ p>ticul> life-giv+ qualities4 ,"o use to :i* b[ls full ( wat] 7 put1 9 anci5t ,mexico1 seems to expla9 fur!r ! ideas associat$ ) !m4 ,x is well kn[n t b[ls ( wat] 7 us$ at night = div9ation purposes1 j z 7 black obsidian mirrors4 ,?is seems to prove t ! latt] 7 a subsequ5t inv5tion :i* 0 adopt$ because x p]man5tly af=d$ a surface = purposes ( reflection4 ,9 ! native ,maya *ronicles ! reflection ( a /> ^u ! trembl+ & mov+ surface ( ! wat]1 is giv5 z ! image ( ! ,creator & ,=m]1 ! ,he>t ( ,heav51 & x 0 believ$ t ! div9e ess5ce ( life 0 ?us convey$ to e>? by light %9+ on & into ! wat]s4 ,x is well kn[n t x 0 cu/om>y = ! prie/s ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,mexico to ba! at midnight aft] fa/+1 9 a sacr$ pool s deep t ! wat] appe>$ to be black4 ,?is artificially-produc$ peculi>ity w\ld h r5d]$ its surface p>ticul>ly useful = ! obs]vation & regi/ration ( ! movem5ts ( />s by _! reflections4 ,?omas ,gage qua9tly tells u1 moreov]1 t at ! consecration ( a c]ta9 idol 8made ( all k9ds ( se$s t gr[ 9 ! c\ntry 444 a c]ta9 vessell ( wat] 0 bless$ ) _m words & c]emonies1 & t wat] 0 pres]v$ v religi\sly at ! foot ( ! ,alt> = to consecrate ! ,k+ :5 he 0 cr[n$ & also to blesse any ,capta9 ,g5]all1 :5 he %\ld be elect$ = ! ,w>res1 ) only giv+ him a draught ( t wat]0 7op4 cit41 p4 #ec74 ,x is well kn[n t infants also und]w5t a =m ( baptism4 ,! prec$+ & o!r evid5ce1 :i* is sc>cely requir$1 enables u to realize ! full significance :i* ! symbol ( a b[l surm\nt$ by ! glyph iklife1 brea?1 s\l1 0 int5d$ to express & convey4 ,! collection ( ra9-wat] 9 vessels1 expos$ s z to receive ! reflection ( ! "o immovable />-god1 0 d\btlessly employ$ z a te/ ( ! /ability ( ! ,middle ( ! ,e>? by _m g5]ations ( prie/-a/ronom]s4 ,! sanctity atta*$ to ?is wat]1 z hav+ absorb$ ! div9e ess5ce ( light & ! attribution ( life-giv+ prop]ties to x1 0 b ! natural sequ5ce ( su* />-obs]vation4 ,z ! title 8! "l ( ! vase or b[l0,cum-ahau1 indicates1 ! supreme prie/ ( ,heav5 alone seems to h att5d$ to all rites conc]n+ ! sacr$ b[l & ! di/ribution ( its cele/ial life-giv+ cont5ts4 ,! symbolical decoration ( _m native b[ls w be f\nd to corroborate ?is view ( _! employm5t & ( ! virtue attribut$ to _! cont5ts4 ,by ?is "t ,i tru/ t my read]s w realize ) me t1 at ,copan1 ! native set ( ideas _h long tak5 deep root & fl\ri%$4 ,we h se5 t ! id5tical num]ical divisions ( "t & tribes & ! same symbolism prevail$ z h be5 trac$ 9 ,p]u1 ,guatemala1 ,mexico1 ,yucatan1 ,zui1 etc4 ,! foll[+ monum5ts w /ill fur!r e/abli% ?is k9%ip ( ?\ght4 ,copan conta9s two /one slabs :i* answ] to ! description ( an amay-tun1 inasmu* z !y are squ>e & appe> to be memorial /ones4 ,let u see :e!r "s clue to _! purpose c be obta9$ f ! c>v+s ^u !m4 ,on ea* ( ! f\r sides ( alt> ,k f\r p]sonages are c>v$1 all seem+ to be ( equal rank4 ,( ^! #ddaf *iefta9s1 eight we> a brea/ ornam5t 9 ! =m ( a d\ble s]p5t1 :il/ ! rema9+ eight we> a some:at pla9] k9d4 ,on ! we/ side ! two c5tral figures face ea* o!r & two dim9utive glyphs are c>v$ 9 ! space betwe5 !m4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ab\t ! repres5tation ( ^! p]sonages is1 t ea* ( !m is seat$1 cross-legg$1 on a diff]5t composite glyph2 "s ( ^! exhibit animal =ms4 ,?is is a fact ( utmo/ importance1 = x def9itely connects di/9ct p]sonalities1 obvi\sly *iefta9s ) composite glyphs1 "s composite p>ts ( :i* are obvi\sly totemic4 ,on ! upp] surface ( ?is monoli? !re are #ffcf s+le glyphs1 :i* yield #i gr\ps ( #d4 ,if ^! #id be add$ to ! #dd glyphs on :i* ! *iefta9s are respectively seat$1 we obta9 #ac gr\ps ( #d1 equival5t to #eb4 ,x is sup]flu\s to repeat t !re are fifty-two ye>s 9 ! ,mexican cycle & t j z ?is squ>e alt> has #af figures c>v$ ar\nd x1 ! great monoli?ic ,/one ( ,tizoc 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico has #af gr\ps4 ,9 ! latt] case ea* gr\p is accompani$ by ! "n ( a tribe & its capital4 ,x looks v mu* z ?\gh ! glyphs on :i* ! *iefta9s on ,alt> ,k are seat$ also express tribal names4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! o!r squ>e monoli? at ,copan1 kn[n z ! ,alligator alt>1 w enable u to =m a bett] e/imate ( ! probable mean+ ( glyphs1 employ$ z seats by *iefta9s4 ,! ,alligator alt> takes its "n f ! sculptur$ animal :i* is /ret*$ ov] its upp] surface4 ,human figures are repres5t$ z connect$ ) ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal's body1 9 a way :i* =cibly recalls ,mr4 ,cu%+'s explanation ( h[ ! v>i\s memb]s ( a tribe 7 associat$ ) a "p only ( _! totemic animal & bore ! "n ( ?is "p z _! title ( honor1 accord+ to a /rict ord] ( prec$5ce4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,maudslay's description3 8,^u ! upp] surface ( ! monum5t are two app>5tly human figures seat$ ^u ! arms ( ! alligator4 ,bo? figures are mu* wea!r worn2 ea* has :at appe>s to be a glyph 9 its h&1 :i* is out/ret*$ t[>d ! alligator's head4 ,betwe5 ! alligator's arms & legs f\r human figures are seat$ 9 simil> positions1 two on ea* side ( ! body4 ,^! figures h l>ge mask head-dresses & c>ry (f]+s 9 _! h&s4 ,!re are two figures on ! nor? side ( ! monum5t1 "o on ei!r side ( ! tail ( ! alligator2 ea* is seat$ on a glyph4 ,! figures are human1 b 9 place ( a human head ea* figure is surm\nt$ by a glyph4 ,ea* figure holds a glyph ) ! num]al t5 atta*$ to x 9 its out/ret*$ h&40 ,s9ce ! above p>tial description ( ! alt> 0 writt51 ,mr4 ,maudslay has f\nd t "o ( ! above glyphs is 8,mol0 & ! o!r 8,zip10 & has id5tifi$ ! glyph us$ z a head = ea* figure z ! day-sign ,cabal4 ,?is fact is ( p>ticul> int]e/ z ! mean+ ( ?is sign seems to be connect$ ) ,caban! ,bel[1 & ! two figures ) ,cabal heads are sculptur$ at ea* side ( ! alligator's tail :i* is ! "p ( lea/ honor1 n only accord+ to ,zui etiquette1 b also accord+ to ,mexican ideas1 ! ^w = tail be+ employ$1 metaphorically1 = vassals4 ,to ?is description ,i w\ld add t a c>eful /udy ( ! ca/ ( ?is monum5t 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 & ( ! illu/rations 9 ,mr4 ,maudslay's "w reveals t1 ( ! f\r figures on ! we/ side1 "o only has a human head1 :il/ two h human bodies ) animal heads & "o a semi-human face & ! body ( a bird4 ,( ! f\r figures on ! ea/ side1 ! fir/ repres5ts a man seat$ on a glyph1 ! second a human body ) an animal head & ! ?ird & f\r? semi-animal1 bird & human figures4 ,among/ ! recognizable animal =ms repres5t$1 we di/+ui% an ocelot1 an unmi/akable alligator's head & ! head ( a mon/] ) huge jaw & s]rat$ tee? :i* /rongly resembles ! ,mexican sign ,cipactli1 a nondescript 8m>9e mon/]40 ,"o detail is wor?y ( special notice3 ! left h& ( "o ( ! figures on ! ea/ side t]m9ates 9 a s]p5t's head1 9 a fa%ion recall+ t ( ! ,santa ,lucia bas-reliefs4 ,! foll[+ rsum w make ! di/ribution ( ! figures & glyphs on ! alt> q cle>4 ,top3 out/ret*$ alligator body1 ^: legs & claws are sculptur$ ov] ! corn]s ( ! alt>4 ,on ea* %\ld] #a figure ) glyph#b4 ,on ea* knee #b figures#d1 mak+ a total ( #f figures on ! top4 ,on ea/ & we/ sides respectively1 #d figures2 on nor? side #b figures1 on ! s\? side #d figures on composite glyphs#ad4 ,! total numb] ( figures on top & sides is #bj1 ea* ( :i* is intimately associat$ ) a glyph4 ,"u ! sn\t ( ! alligator1 on ! s\? side1 !re are #bdh glyphs4 ,:5 c>efully analyz$ we ultimately f9d t ! surface ( ! alt> exhibits 9 ! fir/ case two *iefta9s ( equal rank1 b respectively seat$ on ! "r & left =elegs ( ! tribal totem4 ,to my idea ?is demon/rates t ! dual rul]%ip1 su* z exi/$ else:]e1 prevail$ at ,copan1 & t two lords ( ! alligator tribe 7 entitl$ ! "r & left =elegs or 8arms0 ( ! animal totem4 ,x %\ld be not$ "h t ! ,maya "n = alligator is *iuan or a94 ,! diction>ies conta9 also ! foll[+ names = ! same or alli$ species3 ,sea-liz>d1 alligator 7871 ixbaan2 liz>d 9 g5]alix-me*1 or me*1 ix-be-be*1 ixzeluoh & ix-tulub4 ,obvi\sly occupy+ positions ( less honor !re are #bbd *iefs ( equal rank b seat$1 respectively1 on ! "r & left h9d legs ( ! totem4 ,^! aga9 are evid5tly equival5t to ! f\r sub-rul]s ( ,mexico & ,yucatan1 ! ,maya ,bacabs or ,*acs4 ,la/ly1 ! tw5ty diff]5t figures1 connect$ ) p>ticul> glyphs1 are equival5t to ! division ( ! tribe into z _m portions1 m9us ! head4 ,! eight glyphs associat$ ) ?is add$ to ! twelve glyph-figures1 complete ! num]ic organization into tw5ty4 ,f ?is monum5t1 ! sides ( :i* 7 probably pa9t$1 orig9ally1 9 f\r colors1 x w\ld seem t ! alligator clan1 rul$ by two *iefs & f\r less] rul]s1 0 organiz$ into twelve divisions ( p & eight classes ( ano!r k9d4 ,a circul> tablet at ,quirigua1 :i* ,i %all describe fur!r on1 exhibits a subdivision into #bfabecbj4 ,x is n necess>y to emphasize h[ rem>kably ! ,copan alt> con=ms to ! ,zui me?od ( clan-organization4 ,x suffices = my pres5t purpose m]ely to e/abli% ! community ( ?\ght :i* exi/$ ?r\gh\t1 b :i* f\nd its highe/ arti/ic expression & developm5t 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,!re are sev]al o!r small] c>v$ monoli?s1 "o ( :i* usually lies 9 front ( a /ela4 ,= ?is reason !y h be5 popul>ly nam$ 8alt>s10 j z ! /el h be5 call$ 8idols40 ,! majority ( ^! 8alt>s0 contradict ?is appellation by _! utt]ly unsuitable %apes & pr(use c>v+s on _! upp]1 (t5 irregul>1 r\nd$ surfaces4 ,"s ( ^! monoli?s consi/ ( a mon/r\s head1 ! %ape ( :i* is almo/ lo/ "u an indescribable mass ( ornam5tation4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 !y recall ! semblance ( ! l>ge glyphs on :i* *iefta9s are repres5t$ z seat$ on ! c>v$ sides ( ! squ>e monoli?s j describ$4 ,s /rongly d "s ( ^! resemble c]ta9 =ms1 t ,i v5ture to express my belief t1 on c]emonial occasions1 ^! c>v$ heads may h s]v$ z ! seats or /ools ( honor = *iefta9s ( ! rank ( ^? portray$ on ! bas-reliefs4 ,! ,maya ^w tem1 ! plural =m = :i* is tetem1 seems to be applicable to su* totemi/ic c>v$ /ones4 ,x is translat$ z /one alt>1 seat or b5* 7cf4 ,nahuatl ^w te-tl/one74 ,o!r m9or monoli?s are c>v$ ) glyphs4 8,alt> ,g10 illu/rat$ 9 ,mr4 ,maudslay's "w1 exhibits f\r glyphs only--an int]e/+ numb]1 replete ) significance to ! native m9d4 ,! numb] #bd occurs on ,alt> ,r on :i* ! glyphs are dispos$ z #bdhbhbd4 ,! numb] #bd recurs on ! top ( ,alt> ,u1 :]e ! glyphs are dispos$ 9 #c r[s ( #h ea*4 ,at ! same "t ! back ( ?is alt> exhibits #eajej & its sides #bbd glyphs1 :i* may possibly con/itute sep>ate records4 ,9 ! majority ( =ego+ cases ! glyphs are s+le & comp>atively simple4 ,on ,alt> ,s1 h[ev]1 we h d\ble & quadruple glyphs1 ! latt] obvi\sly be+ a highly develop$ cursive me?od ( record+ facts1 r5d]$ possible by ! m9ute classification ( all ?+s 9 ! ,/ate into def9ite divisions ) fix$ relation%ips to ea* o!r4 ,hav+ l+]$ s long 9 ,copan we c b glance at ,quirigua & note its mo/ rem>kable features4 ,?is ru9$ city lies on ,motagua riv]1 #a1hjj feet bel[ & at ab\t a di/ance ( tw5ty-five to ?irty miles f ,copan4 ,x is n[ subject$ to almo/ annual inundations f ! riv] & its situation 9 m>%y surr\nd+s r5d]s x extremely unheal?y4 ,x may h be5 p>tly on ?is acc\nt t ! neighbor+ capital ( ,copan 0 f\nd$ 9 an elevat$ & salubri\s position4 ,an int]e/+ fact has be5 po9t$ out to me by ,mr4 ,maudslay1 namely1 t ! gr\nd plan ( bo? gr\ps ( ru9s is almo/ exactly ! same1 ,copan be+ only some:at ! l>g] ( ! two4 ,?is id5tity proves t ! same di/9ct s*eme ( ori5tation 0 c>ri$ out 9 bo? places & t importance 0 und\bt$ly atta*$ to ! relative positions ( ! pyramid-temples1 c\rts & build+s47#fe7 ,a pro( t two di/9ct ca/es ( rul]s exi/$ & 7 respectively associat$ ) ! nor!rn & s\!rn regions ( ! capital is furni%$ by a circum/ance communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,maudslay4 ,9 ,copan1 z well z at ,quirigua1 "s ( ! individuals sculptur$ on ! /el are be>dless1 :il/ o!rs h be>ds :i* seem to be sometimes artificial4 ,^! /el usually /ood at ! sides ( ! great c\rts1 & at ! bases ( ! pyramid-temples4 ,mr4 ,maudslay has obs]v$ t 9 bo? places1 all ( ! be>d$ effigies are situat$ to ! nor? ( ! be>dless ones4 ,! fir/1 = in/ance1 occupy ! nor!rn & ! second ! s\!rn side ( a c\rt2 _! respective positions be+ cle>ly int5tional s9ce x recurs 9 bo? cases4 ,?is circum/ance furni%es additional pro( t1 9 ^! capitals z else:]e1 ! same great prim>y division into ! ,above & ,bel[ prevail$ & %[s t ! repres5tative rul]s ( ^! two ca/es respectively wore be>ds or none4 ,! be>d1 z an insignia ( rank1 occurs 9 sev]al ,mexican ,,mss4 & c>eful obs]vation %[s t x is mo/ frequ5tly repres5t$ z worn by a high-prie/1 usually pa9t$ black & sometimes we>+ ! sk9 ( an ocelot4 ,x is f\nd associat$ ) advanc$ age & ) r$1 ! color ( ! nor?1 a fact :i* co9cides ) ! position assign$ to be>d$ effigies at ,copan & ,quirigua4 ,9 ,mexican ,codices ! culture h]o1 ,quetzalcoatl1 is figur$ ) a be>d1 & tradition records t ?is 0 8 di/9ctive feature4 ,images ( ,quetzalcoatl! air-god1 repres5t him ) a be>d1 & ! cal5d>-sign ,ehecatlw9d1 is compos$ ( an elongat$ m\? & *9 to :i* a be>d is atta*$4 ,sev]al ( ! monum5ts at ,quirigua are ! l>ge/ ( ! k9d :i* h be5 f\nd on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,/el ,e & ,f are tw5ty-two & tw5ty-five feet high respectively1 & bo? exhibit two human effigies /&+ back to back4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ) a few exceptions1 among/ :i* are female effigies1 ! majority ( /el at ,quirigua are d\ble1 namely1 ,a1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,k1 9 ,mr4 ,maudslay's "w1 "p ,,xi4 ,i _c b reg>d ?is z a pro( t 9 a peaceful1 fl\ri%+ & long-e/abli%$ /ate1 ! dual =m ( gov]nm5t ma9ta9$ itself successfully = an ext5d$ p]iod ( "t4 ,on ,/ela ,e is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable anci5t ,am]ican portrait-/atues t has yet be5 discov]$4 ,x portrays a man ) noble & /rongly m>k$ features1 an aquil9e nose & a n>r[ *9 be>d1 l a goatee4 ,! ,maya diction>ies supply u ) ! clue to ! mean+ atta*$ to ! be>d 9 pictorial art4 ,! ^w = be>d is meex & = 8be>d$ man10 ah-meex1 or ah-meexnal1 if ! be>d 0 long4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ah-mek-tancal is ! ,maya "n = 8gov]nor & rul] ( p or ( a t[n10 & ah-mektanpixan means high prie/4 ,! fir/ two syllables ( ^! titles1 be+ id5tical ) ! ^w = a 8be>d$ man10 seem to expla9 ! reason = ! association ( rank ) a be>d1 & vice v]sa4 ,add$ to prec$+ data x aids 9 =m+ ! conclusion t ! be>d$ p]sonages on ! /el 7 8high-prie/s or rul]s ( p & ( t[ns10 t ! be>d or goatee 0 ! m>k ( supreme rank & t artificial ones 7 sometimes worn4 ,! be>dless effigies1 on ! o!r h&1 obvi\sly repres5t individuals belong+ to a diff]5t ca/e2 & ! fact t /el exi/ at ,copan & ,quirigua on :i* two figures are c>v$1 back to back1 proves t ! assignm5t ( ! effigies ( ! two types to sep>ate sides ( ! c\rts 0 prec$$ by a "t :5 a clos] unity prevail$ betwe5 ! dual rul]s4 ,! exi/5ce ( /el ) female figures proves t "h1 z well z 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 !re _h be5 a p]iod :5 8! ,bel[ & ! cult ( ! ,e>?-"m 7 presid$ ov] by a woman40 ,on ea* side ( ! great ,/ela ,f is c>v$ ! initial foll[$ by #ffcf glyphs1 :i* fact seems to indicate t six glyphs p]ta9$ to ea* ( ! six regions & record$ facts relat+ !reunto4 ,on ! sides ( ,/ela ,f1 ea* initial is foll[$ by #cd glyphs only1 ! c\nt be+ %ort] ?an t ( ,/ela ,e by #bbd4 ,"o side ( ,/ela ,c exhibits ! initial foll[$ by #bac glyphs gr\p$ 9 p>allel l9es1 !n a horizontal b& ) #d glyphs2 ! o!r side ! initial foll[$ by #dfbd & a gr\p ( #d glyphs4 ,/ela ,d is p>ticul>ly rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! six squ>es ( pictorial glyphs :i* foll[ ! 8,initial0 :i*1 9 ?is case1 exhibits ! head & body ( a jagu> 9 its c5tre4 ,i ref] to ,mr4 ,maudslay's int]e/+ conclusion t ^! pictorial glyphs prec$$1 9 date1 ! m cursive me?od ( repres5t+ ! initial s]ies4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is jagu> initial1 ,/ela ,a becomes p>ticul>ly noticeable1 because "o ( ! p]sonages ^u x has a be>d1 :il/ ! o!r is mask$ z an ocelot or jagu>4 ,a vivid s5se ( ! actuality ( ! bond t exi/$ betwe5 ! anci5t dwell]s at ,copan & ,quirigua1 _! totemic animals & symbolic color+1 is obta9$ on read+ ,mr4 ,maudslay's foll[+ description ( ! excavation ( m\nd #d at ,copan 7,report ,proce$+s ,geographical ,society1 #ahhf1 p4 #egh74444 8,! excavation 0 !n cont9u$ 444 :5 m traces ( human bones 7 f\nd mix$ ) r$ p[d] & s&4444 ,cont9u+ ! excavation 444 a skeleton ( a jagu> 0 f\nd ly+ "u a lay] ( *>coal 444 ! tee? & "p ( ! skeleton _h be5 pa9t$ r$4 ,at ab\t #ajj y>ds to ! s\? ( ?is m\nd ,i %ortly aft]w>ds op5$ ano!r 444 m\nd 444 & f\nd a few small fragm5ts ( human bones1 two small /one axes & portions ( ano!r jagu>'s skeleton & "s dog's tee?1 %[+ t ! int]m5t ( animals 0 n a matt] ( *ance40 ,if we add ?is to ! accumulation ( evid5ce ,i h pres5t$1 %[+ t 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan ! ocelot 0 associat$ ) ! nor?1 ! color r$1 ! und]world1 ! nocturnal cult & ) be>d$ prie/s1 we mu/ admit t !re is hope t1 "s day1 we may be z famili> ) ! life & cu/oms ( ! anci5t ,am]icans z we are n[ ) ^? ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,greeks & ,romans4 ,/range animal effigies 9 /one h be5 f\nd at ,quirigua3 "o 7,b7 some:at resembles a dragon & exhibits complex glyphs2 ano!r 7,g7 has be5 nam$ an armadillo & has #bhaf glyphs c>v$ on its l[] & #bbjdj on its upp] sides4 ,a circul> slab des]ves special m5tion3 9 its c5tre is a seat$ figure4 ,=m+ a b& ar\nd ! edge1 to ! "r ( ! figure are #f glyphs & #f o!rs are to 8 left#ab 9 all4 ,above him to 8 left are #e & to 8 left are #c glyphs4 ,?is peculi> di/ribution ( #bj glyphs is ( peculi> int]e/4 ,! cr[n+ glory ( ,quirigua1 h[ev]1 is ! gigantic block ( /one1 completely cov]$ ) intricate c>v+s & glyphs1 :i* is kn[n z ! 8,great ,turtle10 & ( :i* spl5did ca/s1 made f ,mr4 ,maudslay's m\lds1 are n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london1 & 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,( ! _m features ( ?is rem>kable monum5t1 :i* c be /udi$ 9 ,mr4 ,maudslay's =?com+ "p ,,xi ( ! ,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana1 ! seat$ figure1 occupy+ a prom95t place & obvi\sly repres5t+ ! c5tral rul]1 des]ves special m5tion4 ,9 8 "r h& he holds a peculi> sceptre simil> to t held by ! p]sonage on ,/ela ,e4 ,8 left h& is conceal$ "u a c>v$ face1 a detail :i* recalls ! ,santa ,lucia bas-reliefs4 ,pal5que & its gr\p ( si/] cities n[ claim our notice4 ,( ! latt] ,m5-* p>ticul>ly arre/s our att5tion on acc\nt ( its "n1 ! second "p ( :i* means tree & by ext5sion1 tribe4 ,! ^w m5 is ( p>ticul> int]e/1 = x is n only ! "n ( a dog 9 ! ,maya ,cal5d> b signifies precisely ! same z ! ,mexican ^w toltecatl1 namely1 ma/]-build]1 artific] or artisan1 an adept 9 manufacture4 ,! habitual =m ( employ+ ! ^w w\ld be ah-m51 mean+ he :o is a ma/] build]1 etc42 :ile m5-ah or m5-yah signifies "w or production ( manual labor4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,nahuatl ^w aman-teca1 signify+ artisan1 artific]1 seems to be a corrupt r5d]+ ( ! ,maya ah-m54 ,t ,m5-*1 :i* is also kn[n z ,lorill>d ,city1 0 a c5tre ( ! highe/ developm5t ( native-sculpture & art seems prov5 by ! truly admirable & exquisitely f9e workman%ip ( ! bas-reliefs obta9$ !re by ,mr4 ,maudslay1 & n[ exhibit$ at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 execution & f9i% !y und\bt$ly surpass any specim5s ( anci5t ,am]ican art ,i h ev] se54 ,a se>* = ! possible d]ivation ( ! ^w m5 leads to meh51 ! "n = 8sons or nephews 9 ! male l9e10 meh5-ob1 ! desc5dants1 meh5-tzilaang5ealogy & p>5tage 7a ^w :i* %$s "s light on ! mean+ ( ! anci5t capital ,tzilan 9 ,yucatan74 ,meh5 is also employ$ z mean+ some?+ little1 small or m9ute4 ,f ! above data x may be inf]r$ t ,m5-* may h orig9ally signifi$ 8! tree or tribe ( ! sons or nephews 9 ! male l9e10 & t ^! p may h s id5tifi$ !mselves ) ! arts ( build+ & work+ 9 preci\s metals & /one1 etc41 t _! title 0 us$ z a designation = ^! indu/ries4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t1 situat$ at an easy di/ance on ! same riv] ,usumac9to1 !re is ! great ru9$ city ( ,pal5que7#ff7 7pron\nc$ by ! natives ,pa-lem-ke7 :i* seems also to h orig9ally t]m9at$ 9 *tree or tribe & to be d]iv$ f palil1 pal or palalvassal1 s]vant1 subject1 also small *ild4 ,let u see h[ f> ! monum5ts ( ,pal5que ju/ify & support ?is translation ( its "n4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ,mr4 ,maudslay's ,biologia1 & to ,mr4 ,holmes' ,ar*ological ,/udies1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 & o!r well-kn[n works on ! ru9s ( ,pal5que1 ,i %all conf9e myself to a cursory exam9ation ( ! f\r pr9cipal isolat$ pyramid-temples1 kn[n1 respectively1 z ! temples ( ! ,inscriptions1 ( ! ,sun1 ( ! ,cross & ( ! ,cross ,no4 #b4 ,al?\gh ! ori5tation ( ^! edifices is n accurate !y may be r\ghly said to face ! c>d9al po9ts z foll[s3-- ,! temple 8( ! ,inscriptions0 faces ! nor?1 t 8( ! ,sun0 ! ea/1 :il/ ! temple 8( ! ,cross0 faces ! s\? & t 8( ,cross #b10 ! we/4 ,dr4 ,br9ton has already %[n t ! well-kn[n symbol on ! fam\s 8,tablet ( ! ,cross0 is n a cross1 b ! conv5tional symbol = 8tree0 ( ! type ,i h illu/rat$ 9 ! prec$+ fig4 #ec4 ,z ,cross ,no4 #b unque/ionably belongs to ! same category1 x results t ^! two temples w\ld be m correctly designat$ z 8( ! ,tree0 & t !y furni% u ) an int]e/+ p>allel ( ! ,p]uvian quisu> c-*a1 or 8place ( ! tree10 :]e ! ,inca erect$ two trees :i* typifi$ 8 fa!r & "m & 7 8z ! root & /ems ( ! ,incas40 ,! ,pal5que 8trees10 moreov]1 closely resemble ^? on ! ,mexican ,fjrv>y *>t 7fig4 #eb7 inasmu* z1 9 ea* case1 ! tree is surm\nt$ by a bird & is flank$ by two human figures4 ,x has already be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ pages t 9 anci5t ,am]ica ! tree 0 g5]ally employ$ z a symbol = tribe & t ! ,maya ^w = tree* occurs z an affix signify+ tribe or p n only 9 ,qui-*1 ,man-* 7! latt] a tribe inhabit+ ! region ( ,m5* & ,pal5que7 etc41 b also 9 ! names ( tribes inhabit+ ! s\!rn regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,assum+1 !re=e1 ^u conv9c+ & sub/antial evid5ce :i* w be fur!r corroborat$1 t ! 8,tablet ( ! ,cross0 repres5ts a tree1 ! symbol ( tribal life1 ! next /ep is to int]pret ! bird p]*$ ^u x & g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be a quetzal 7pron\nc$ kay-tzal7 z ! totem ( ! tribe1 :i* also probably expresses its "n4 ,! tree is repres5t$ z associat$ ) s]p5t symbolism & z gr[+ f a vaseho-o* plac$ on a mon/r\s headho-ol1 ! idea convey$ be+ t x fl\ri%$ 9 ! c5tre or middle1 :ile ! head signifies1 z has be5 %[n1 ! capital & also ! *ief4 ,on ! vase is c>v$ a symbol to :i* ,i draw special att5tion1 z x recurs on ! "r h& end ( ! c>v$ b& bel[ ! tree1 is met ) 9 ,maya calculi=m glyphs & is also frequ5tly employ$ 9 anci5t ,mexico4 ,x repres5ts ! corolla ( a f\r-petall$ fl[] :i* obvi\sly symboliz$ ! ,f\r-9-,"o1 :i* p]meat$ ! native civilizations4 ,! ^w = 8fl[]0 be+ nic 9 ,maya & xo*itl 7pron\nc$ hoo*itl7 9 ,nahuatl1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! symbol ( a vase ) a fl[] seems to af=d an in/ance ( a bil+ual rebus1 z ! ,maya hoo* is id5tical 9 s\nd to ! ,nahuatl xo*-itl4 ,ev5 )\t ?is1 h[ev]1 ! mean+ ( ! tree & s]p5t1 ! bird1 ! vase1 ! quadrip>tite fl[]1 & ! head1 w\ld h be5 g5]ally & equally intelligible to native tribes1 be+ famili> symbols con/antly employ$ 9 metaphorical spee*4 ,mr4 ,maudslay has po9t$ out & illu/rat$ 9 8 "w 7,biologia1 pl4 #ib1 pt4 ,x7 t ! side bran*es ( ! 8cross0 simulate be>d$ s]p5ts' heads1 :il/ _! recurv$ upp] jaws are cov]$ ) :at resemble buds ( fl[]s1 se$s or beads4 ,! ,pal5que 8cross0 is inde$ *>act]iz$ by be+ pr(usely decorat$ ) 8bead or se$-l ornam5ts & app5dages0 "s ( :i* resemble beads or se$s1 figur$ 9 "s in/ances1 l ^? on ! ,copan swa/ika1 ! mean+ ( :i* seems suppli$ by ! previ\sly cit$ ,zui text4 ,x does n appe> to be a m]e matt] ( *ance t ! foll[+ ,maya words1 cull$ f ! diction>ies1 are s closely connect$3 yax-*a sort ( ceiba tree1 ! emblem ( cele/ial life ( ! ,mayas2 yax-*umil & yax-pa-ibeadjectives primitive1 orig9al2 adv]b fir/ly1 at ! beg9n+2 yaxil1 v]bto make some?+ new1 to comm5ce1 beg92 yaxil-tunbead or pe>l2 yax-meh5-tzilelde/ son4 ,accord+ to ?is incontrov]tible evid5ce we f9d t ! sacr$ tree ( life ( ! ,mayas 0 designat$ by ! ^w yax1 signify+ fir/1 orig9al1 new1 etc42 t ! same root ent]s into ! composition ( ! ^w = elde/ son & f9ally = 8bead40 ,! latt] curi\s agreem5t is acc5tuat$ by ! well-kn[n fact t ! ,mexicans employ$ 9 metaphorical spee* ! ^w cuzcatlbead made ( "s preci\s /one1 to designate 8fa!r1 "m1 "l1 capta91 gov]nor2 ^? :o are l a %elt]+ tree to ! p0 7,olmos1 cap4 ,,viii74 ,a t]m ( p>ticul> ende>m5t = a son 0 8gold-bead0 7teocuitla-cuzcatl74 ,olmos moreov] records no less ?an eight metaphorical designations = a 8,tree1 or fir/ fa!r1 orig9 ( g5]ation1 "l or gov]nor10 & appellations = tw5ty-n9e 8,relatives :o issue f "o /em or trunk40 ,collectively1 ! evid5ce set =? 9 ! prec$+ pages id5tifies ! image on ! fam\s 8,tablet ( ! ,cross10 z a symbolical repres5tation ( ! 8,tree ( ,life ( ! ,elde/ ,sons10 *iefs or nobility ( a tribe1 ^: totemic bird 0 ! quetzal47#fg7 ,be=e complet+ ! description ( ?is tablet1 ! analog\s repres5tation ( a tree on ! 8,temple ( ! ,cross #b0 %\ld be exam9$4 ,?is is g5]ally kn[n z ! foliat$ ,cross & l its c\nt]p>t x issues f a vase ) a quadri=m emblem1 & a mon/r\s head4 ,its bran*es are compos$ ( conv5tionaliz$ maize plants on :i* human heads & faces occupy ! places ( ! corn-cobs :il/ _! hang+ hair simulates ! tassels ( ! ripe corn4 ,! maize-leaves are decorat$ ) gr\ps ( se$-l beads among/ :i* di/9ct repres5tations ( maize se$s are disc]nible4 ,^! =m1 inde$1 ! lead+ motif ( ! se$ decorations & indicate t ! 8app5dages0 to ! gr\ps ( se$-l beads on ! ,copan swa/ika 7 b conv5tionaliz$ maize-se$s4 ,! bran*es ( ! maize-tree are surm\nt$ by a conv5tionally ornam5t$ head f :i* hangs a necklace ( beads ) a m$allion consi/+ ( a face surr\nd$ by a bead$ frame4 ,above ! head ! totemic quetzal bird is repeat$ "u almo/ precisely ! same =m b 9 a rev]s$ position4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! ,maya "n = maize is ixim1 :i* add$ to ! *tree1 yields ixim-*1 a ^w :i* actually occurs z ! local "n ( ! anci5t capital ( ,guatemala1 nam$ 8,ixim*-tecpan40 ,to ?is curi\s fact %\ld be also add$ t 8ix0 is ! prefix employ$ to designate ! fem99e g5d] & t ,ix-*el is 8! "n ( ! ,maya goddess ( m$ic9e & ( *ild-bir?40 ,an extremely int]e/+ composite symbol is c>v$ "u ! feet ( ! p]sonage /&+ next to ! 8maize-tree10 to ! "r ( ! spectator4 ,x consi/s ( ! reali/ically c>v$ l>ge convolute sea-%ell su* z con/itut$ ! ,mexican symbol ( p>turition4 ,an almo/ grotesque human figure is repres5t$ z issu+ f x & hold+ 9 its h& a maize plant :i* b5ds upw>ds & curves ov] ! %ell4 ,its leaves are drawn ) maize-se$s on & among/ !m1 9 ! same conv5tional way t has be5 notic$ on ! c5tral tree1 & human heads aga9 simulate ! corn-cob4 ,an acqua9tance ) ,mexican & ,zui symbolism enables u to grasp ! significance ( ?is composite symbol :i* figuratively expresses ! common bir? & gr[? ( ! sub/ance ( plant & human life4 ,! p]sonage :o /&s ov] ?is symbol1 fac+ ! tree & ! tail ( ! bird :i* surm\nts x1 holds a curi\sly decorat$ emblem 9 8 h&1 ( :i* m anon4 ,a small twig be>+ ?ree t]m9al leaves issues f 8 head4 ,beh9d him are #d p]p5dicul> columns ) #ag glyphs 9 ea*2 :il/ a deta*$ s]ies1 consi/+ ( #ac small] glyphs1 is c>v$ 9 front & above him4 ,at ! opposite side ( ! tree1 fac+ ! almo/ unrecognizable head ( ! bird1 a p]sonage /&s on an elaborately c>v$ mon/r\s head1 cov]$ ) a maize-plant4 ,he is we>+ a necklace & m$allion l t on ! tree itself4 ,8 head is surm\nt$ by a high cap be>+ a conv5tionaliz$ fl[]-bud4 ,a belt 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t ) op5 jaws1 encircles 8 wai/ & he is hold+ al(t 9 8 h&s1 a m9iature1 human1 seat$ figure ) fold$ arms1 a bead necklace & an indescribable head-dress & mask$ face4 ,8 attitude indicates t1 by (f]+ ?is figure1 he is p]=m+ "s rite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a conv5tionaliz$ sign = wat] seems to be issu+ f ! bird's head & desc5d+ ^u ! figure :il/ puffs ( brea? & se$s issu+ f its beak seem to be direct$ t[>ds ! t9y effigy ( a human be+4 ,rev]t+ n[ to ! 8,tablet ( ! ,cross ,i10 we f9d precisely analog\s figures at its sides1 only 9 rev]s$ positions4 ,to ! "r ( ! spectator /&s ! prie/ ) a tall hat surm\nt$ by ! fl[]-bud1 some:at resembl+ a fleur-de-lis4 ,! small human figure he is (f]+ is recumb5t & is be+ held out s z to come 9 contact ) ! p5dant issu+ f ! bird's head4 ,! figure on ! opposite side1 ) ! head-dress & twig ) ?ree leaves1 is fac+ ! c5tral tree & hold+ a /aff :i*1 9 ?is case al?\gh comb9$ ) o!r emblems1 cle>ly appe>s to repres5t a "y maize plant1 ) its roots bel[1 & gr[+ %oot ) leaves above4 ,z on ! o!r tablets !re are columns ( glyphs beh9d ea* figure1 :il/ ! p]sonage hold+ ! maize-plant is associat$ ) a deta*$ gr\p1 9 two portions1 consi/+ ( #ajd glyphs1 & is /&+ on a l>ge glyph associat$ ) a num]al4 ,hav+ ?us cursorily br\ght out "s special po9ts obs]vable on bo? 8,cross ,tablets10 let u n[ glance at ! tablet 9 ! 8,temple ( ! ,sun40 ,on ?is we aga9 f9d columns ( glyphs & a p]sonage at ea* side ( a c5tral figure4 ,! same peculi>ities & diff]5ces ( co/ume are obs]vable "h z on ! prec$+ tablets2 b ea* p]sonage holds a small1 grotesque human figure ) a long nose1 & ea* /&s on ! back ( a human be+1 t to ! left ( ! spectator especially appe>+ to be a conqu]$ enemy47#fh7 ,two ov]-burd5$-look+ seat$ figures1 "o ( :i* is clo!d 9 a spott$ ocelot's sk91 occupy ! c5tre & support1 on _! b[$ %\ld]s1 a curi\s emblem t]m9at+ 9 op5 s]p5ts' jaws4 ,! l>ge head 7( a jagu>87 is 9 ! c5tre & above ?is issue two puffs ( brea? ) se$s1 =m+ a d\ble recurv$ figure s id5tical 9 %ape & detail to a s+le bran* ( ! ,copan swa/ika t "o might imag9e x 0 c>v$ by ! same h&4 ,on ?is tablet1 in/ead ( a tree1 ! c5tre is occupi$ by a %ield1 exhibit+ a face & hav+ tufts ( fea!rs at its f\r r\nd$ corn]s4 ,?is re/s on two cross$ lances ) decorat$ h&les surm\nt$ by l>ge po9ts4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ & important to note t1 9 anci5t ,mexico1 l&s conqu]$ & acquir$ 9 w>f>e 7 t]m$ 8mil *imalli10 lit]ally1 8field ( ! %ield10 a metaphor :i* 0 also probably kn[n to ! ,mayas4 ,glanc+ next at ! 8,temple ( ,inscriptions10 ! f\r? ( ! l>ge deta*$ temples ( ,pal5que1 we f9d t its int]ior is *>act]iz$ by ! mo/ ext5sive mural inscriptions f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 consi/+ entirely ( hi]oglyphics4 ,f\r ext]ior free pill>s1 h[ev]1 8conta9 on _! out] faces1 modell$ 9 bold relief1 life-siz$ figures ( wom5 hold+ *ildr5 9 _! arms0 7,holmes74 ,hav+ br\ght out ! p>ticul> po9t t1 9 ea* ( ! f\r temples describ$1 adults are repres5t$ 9 ! act ( c>ry+ or (f]+ *ildr5 or dim9utive & /rangely grotesque conv5tionaliz$ effigies ( human be+s1 ,i w\ld note t ! only analog\s grotesque figures ) long noses1 ,i "k (1 are ^? on ! sceptres held 9 ! h& by ! seat$ p]sonage on ! 8,great ,turtle0 & by ! individual c>v$ on ,/ela ,e at ,quirigua4 ,x is notewor?y t ! left h& ( ! latt] p]sonage holds a %ield display+ a face & recall+ t c>v$ on ! tablet ( ! ,pal5que 8,temple ( ! ,sun40 ,analog\s grotesque figures also surr\nd ! p]sonage c>v$ on ,/ela ,f at ,copan4 ,^! facts indicate t ! ,quirigua 8,great ,turtle10 ! /el at ,quirigua & ,copan & ! ,pal5que tablets1 7 erect$ by p %>+ ! same cult & ritual obs]vance1 "o feature ( :i* 0 ! c>ry+ ( dim9utive human effigies1 ) exagg]at$ & almo/ grotesque noses4 ,a clue to ! significance ( ?is rite is suppli$ by ! text ( ! ,codex ,tell]iano-,rem5sis 7,k+sbor\gh1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #acd7 relat+ to ! ,mexican #bj-;day p]iod ,iz-calli1 ! la/ ( ! ye>4 8,x 0 ! fea/ ( ,fire1 because at ?is season ! trees became w>m$ & began to bud4 ,9 x 0 celebrat$ ! fe/ival ,pil-quixtia1 mean+ #8human life or nature :i* _h always escap$ de/ruction al?\gh ! _w itself _h be5 de/roy$ sev]al times4' 0 8,izcalli signifies z mu* z livel9ess1 & 9 ?is #bj-;day p]iod all mo!rs lift$ _! *ildr5 by _! heads & hold+ !m al(t call$ out1 ,izcalli1 ,izcalli1 z ?\gh !y said 'aviva'live1 live4444 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( production 444 ?anks 7 r5d]$ to ! nature :i* is ! cause ( ! production4444 ,e f\r ye>s !y fea/$ = #h days 9 memory ( ! ?ree times t ! _w 0 de/roy$4 ,!y "n ?is #8f\r times ,"l1' because ?is escap$ de/ruction1 al?\gh all 0 de/roy$4 ,!y designat$ ! fe/ival z t ( #8r5ovation' & said t :5 x & ! fa/ came to an end ! bodies ( m5 became l ^? ( *ildr54 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to figure or symbolize ?is fe/ival1 adults l$ c]ta9 *ildr5 by ! h&1 9 ! sacr$ dance40 ,slightly incoh]5t ?\gh ?is text may be1 x furni%es a mo/ valuable supplem5t to ! descriptions ( ! same fe/ival by o!r au?orities4 ,z ?is is exhau/ively treat$ 9 my =?com+ text to ! 8,life ( ! ,indians 0 9 :i* all available au?orities are quot$ & collat$1 ,i %all conf9e myself "h to "s facts :i* be> a special relation to ! subject ( ?is pap]4 ,9 ,mexico ano!r "n = ! fe/ival p]iod ,izcalli1 0 ,xilomaniztli! bir? or spr\t+ ( ! "y maize4 ,accord+ to ,duran1 izcalli signifi$ 8! creat+ or br++ up0 & 9 ord] to make ! gr[? ( *ildr5 co9cide ) t ( ! "y maize1 p>5ts1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 /ret*$ ! limbs & e "p ( ! bodies ( all infants ( t5d] age4 ,ano!r obs]vance :i* 0 held at ?is "t 0 9 anticipation ( ! ,new ,ye> & consi/$ 9 ! rais+ & plant+ ( high poles or w&s ) bran*es1 9 ! c\rty>ds ( ! temples & 9 ! /reets4 ,^! typifi$ ! new life2 8! budd+ & rejoic+ ( ! trees40 ,ano!r ,new ,ye> cu/om 0 t ( c>ry+ budd+ bran*es or "y %oots ( maize 9 ! h&1 on a p>ticul> day nam$ ,xiuh-,tzitzquilo1 lit]ally1 8! tak+ ( ! ye> 9 "o's h&s40 ,! explanation ( ?is metaphor is giv5 by ,duran :o /ates t 8! natives consid] t ! ye>1 ) its mon?s & days1 is l a bran* ) its twigs & leaves40 ,a pass+ m5tion mu/ be moreov] made ( ! two movable fe/ivals celebrat$ by ! ,mexicans1 9 :i* !y scatt]$ brok5 egg-%ells on ! roads & /reets z a rite ( ?anksgiv+ = 8! life be/[$ ^u ! *ick5 9 ! %ell0 by ! div9e p[]4 ,9 ! image ( ?is fe/ival conta9$ 9 ! 8,life ( ! ,indians10 ! egg-%ells are repres5t$ at ! foot ( a tree be>+ sev5 blossoms2 ! seat$ div9ity 9 front ( ?is we>s a bird-mask & c>ries a /aff ) a he>t 9 8 h&4 ,^! fe/ivals 7 nam$ respectively1 sev5 fl[]s & "o fl[]4 ,briefly summ>iz+ ! =ego+ data1 we f9d x prov5 t1 deeply impress$ ) ! wond]ful r5ewal ( life 9 nature1 ! anci5t ,mexicans r5d]$ p]iodical ?anksgiv+ = ?is 9 its v>i\s =ms4 ,! budd+ tree1 ! "y %oots ( ! maize1 all se$l+s1 ! brok5 egg-%ells f :i* ! "y *ick5s _h em]g$1 7 adopt$ z emblems ( ! r5ewal ( life4 ,! *ild 0 likewise look$ ^u z ! r5ewal ( ! human race & e f\r ye>s a ?anksgiv+ fe/ival 8( r5ovation0 0 solemniz$ 9 :i* *ildr5 took a special "p4 ,9 my "w on ! ,cal5d> sy/em ,i %all %[ h[ f> ?is fe/ival 8( new bir?0 co9cid$ ) a/ronomical ph5om5a4 ,f ,l&a we le>n t 9 ! ,maya mon?s 8,*5 or ,yax10 on a day designat$ by ! prie/1 a fe/ival 0 celebrat$ nam$ ,ocna3 8! r5ovation ( ! temple 9 hon\r ( ! ,*acs1 ! gods ( ! maize-fields40 ,?is 0 held ea* ye> 444 all idols & inc5se-burn]s 7 r5ew$ & if necess>y ! build+ 0 rebuilt or r5ovat$ &1 89 commemoration ( ?is1 an inscription 9 ! native *>act]s 0 fix$ to ! walls40 ,ref]r+ to o!r *apt]s ( ,l&a's "w we f9d t1 z 9 ,mexico1 ! ,yucatec *ildr5 receiv$ a 8*ild's "n0 at bir? :i* 0 *ang$ :51 hav+ accompli%$ ! ?ird ye>1 !y 7 8reborn0 & receiv$ a new "n1 i4 e4 ! comb9$ "n ( _! fa!r & "m4 ,on atta9+ pub]ty !y obta9$ an individual "n :i* !y pres]v$ dur+ life-"t4 ,a k ( ! social organization ( ^! p enables "o to grasp ! full importance & significance ( ^! *anges ( "n1 :i* 7 accompani$ by ritual obs]vances & betok5$ ! enrolm5t ( ! *ildr5 into _! respective classes & sub-classes & a consequ5t reorganization ( c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,x appe>s t 9 anci5t times ! c]emonial ( ! 8new bir?10 or re-nam+ ( ! *ildr51 took place e f\r ye>s1 simultane\sly ) ! ?anksgiv+ fea/ = ! 8cont9uation ( ! human race40 ,a c>eful analysis ( native words & metaphors t5ds to %[1 moreov]1 t ! *ildr5 born )9 ea* f\r-ye>-p]iod 7 collectively reg>d$ z 8a fre% gr[? ^u ! tribal tree40 ,9 ,mexico ! ^w = leafatlapalli1 0 employ$ z a metaphor = ! l[] class1 :il/ 9 ,p]u ! male & female desc5dants ( ! ,incas 7 repres5t$ by gold & silv] fruits ^u ! trees ( _! male & female ance/ry4 ,! collection ( su* scatt]$ scraps ( te/imony enables u to recon/ruct ! drift ( native ?\ght & realize t ! regi/ration ( individuals 0 associat$ ) ! conception ( a tribal tree be>+ f\r bran*es & cov]$ ) blossoms1 fruits & leaves :i* fad$ & fell b 7 replac$ by fre% gr[?s4 ,we le>n f ,duran t s c>eful a record 0 kept ( ! population1 by ! ,mexican prie/hood1 8t n ev5 a newborn babe c\ld escape detection40 ,! reason = ?is /rict vigilance is cle>1 = ! welf>e ( ! community & ! h>moni\s work+ ( ! complex ma*9]y ( /ate dep5d$ ^u ! con/ant r5ewal ( vacancies caus$ by dea?s 9 ea* dep>tm5t ( indu/ry & gov]nm5t4 ,aft] ?is excursion into ! realm ( native ?\ght let u n[ return to ! ,pal5que tablets1 plac$ 9 deta*$ temples :i* approximately face ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,on ! tablet ( ! 8,temple ( ! ,cross0 we h a tribal tree ) symbols ( ! ,middle & ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s & ( duality4 ,a prie/ ) a fl[] on 8 head pres5ts a dim9utive human figure to ! totemic bird p]*$ on ! tree4 ,ano!r1 ) a leafy bran* on 8 head-dress1 holds a conv5tional sceptre simulat+ a "y gr[+ %oot ( maize4 ,beh9d ea* figure are r[s ( glyphs & 9 ! upp] corn] to ! left ( ! spectator is ! sept5>y s]ies head$ by ! initial-sign4 ,9 ! 8,temple ( ,cross ,,ii0 we h a v>iant ( ! id5tical repres5tation 9 :i* ! maize plant & ! sea %ell are prom95t4 ,if ,i may haz>d a sugge/ion ( ! mean+ ( ^! two tablets1 ,i %\ld say t !y appe> to be tribal regi/]s mo/ probably relat+ to ! increase & decrease ( ! male & female population 9 all divisions & classes1 dur+ a fix$ p]iod ( "t4 ,bo? seem to commemorate ! 8r5ovation0 or 8new gr[?0 ( ! tribal tree 9 a mode :i* w\ld h be5 z intelligible to a ,mexican1 = in/ance1 z to a ,maya4 ,! fact t ! 8,temple ( ! ,sun0 & t ( ! 8,inscriptions0 obvi\sly held analog\s regi/]s1 po9ts to ! alt]native possibilities 7#a7 t ea* temple 0 de/9$ to pres]ve ! regi/] ( ! population & social organization1 etc41 ( "o ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! capital & /ate1 accord+ to ye>s2 7#b7 t ! trees 9 ! 8,cross temples0 figur$ ! male & female l9eages ( ! rul+ ca/e1 :il/ ! tablet 9 ! 8,temple ( ! ,sun0 record$ ! numb]s ( conqu]$ p r$uc$ to slav]y & ! 8,temple ( ,inscriptions0 pres]v$ ! regi/] ( female *ildr5 or ( vassals2 7#c7 t ea* ( ! f\r temples pres]v$ a complete regi/] ( ! entire /ate & _h be5 erect$ consecutively at ! conclusion or beg9n+ ( eras1 ! diff]5ce obs]vable 9 ! c5tral motif convey+ ! sali5t feature or ev5t m>k+ ea* special epo* & record+1 accord+ to ye>s1 ! organization ( ! /ate dur+ its c\rse4 ,9 ! face ( ?is possibility z well z ! probability t ea* glyph 0 pa9t$ & impli$ a ye>1 x is int]e/+ to note t1 includ+ ! initial glyph1 ! 8,tablet ( ! ,cross0 exhibits #ajh glyphs on ! side to ! left & #abd on ! side to ! "r ( ! spectatora total ( #bcb2 ! 8,tablet ( ! ,cross ,,ii0 exhibits #gf to ! left & #hc to ! "r#aei2 & t 9 ! 8,temple ( ! ,sun10 #gj to ! left1 #aei to ! "r & #ab 9 ! middle#bda4 ,! 8,temple ( ,inscriptions0 exhibits ! initial s]ies 7see ,maudslay1 ,biologia1 pt4 ,x1 pl4 #hb7 & entire walls cov]$ ) glyphs1 "s ( :i*1 z on ! tablets enum]at$ above1 are accompani$ by num]als :il/ o!rs are n4 ,9 a future publication ,i %all submit illu/rations ( ^! monum5ts ) ! rip5$ results ( my inve/igations conc]n+ !m4 ,= my pres5t purpose x suffices to h produc$ sub/antial pro(s t ! anci5t dwell]s 9 ,pal5que employ$ ! same metaphors1 ! same cursive me?od ( regi/ration & held ! same fundam5tal pr9ciples ( organization t h be5 %[n to und]lie ! civilizations ( ,p]u1 ,guatemala1 ,yucatan1 & ,mexico & /ill survive among/ ! ,zuis & m nor!rn tribes4 ,x is obvi\s t1 at ,pal5que & ! neighbor+ ,m5* & ,ixkun1 an integral civilization1 bas$ on ^! pr9ciples1 _h exi/$ = an incalculable l5g? ( "t4 ,/rangely en\gh x seems to =m s close a l9k betwe5 ,maya & ,mexican culture t x almo/ seems ju/ifiable to surmise t bo? ,maya & ,nahuatl languages 7 spok5 9 ^! anci5t ru9$ cities4 ,proce$+ m5tally nor?w>ds we w n l+] at ! ru9s ( ,mitla1 ! "n ( :i* seems to indicate t x _h la9 to ! nor? ( a great anci5t c5tre ( gov]nm5t1 s9ce ,mictlan 9 ,nahuatl & ,mitnal 9 ,maya bo? designate ! region ( ! und]world & ! nor?4 ,rea*+ ! ultimate /age ( our m5tal exploration ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t we n[ transport ourselves to ! ,valley ( ,mexico &1 on ! site ( ! anci5t capital ( ,montezuma & 8 coadjutor1 face ! ?ree great monoli?ic monum5ts :i* are popul>ly kn[n z ! ,cal5d> ,/one1 ! ,/one ( ,tizoc & ,huitzilopo*tli4 ,9 #ahhf1 at ! ,buffalo ,meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,i pres5t$ a 8,prelim9>y ,note ( an ,analysis ( ! ,mexican ,codices & ,grav5 ,inscriptions10 9 :i* ! op9ion 0 advanc$ t ! 8,cal5d> ,/one0 0 id5tical ) ! 8circul> elaborately c>v$ tablets :i*1 accord+ to ,padre ,duran1 7 erect$ 9 ea* m>ket-place 9 anci5t ,mexico1 & 7 held 9 great v5]ation4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly consult$ & by !m ! m>ket-days 7 regulat$40 8,all writ]s concur 9 /at+ t ! m>ket 0 held on ea* fif? day1 :5 all adults 7 oblig$ by law to resort to ! appo9t$ m>ket-place4 ,! entire produce & manufacture ( ! /ate 7 br\ght !re1 ev5 f great di/ances1 sev]e p5alties be+ incurr$ by ^? :o b>t]$ ! products ( agriculture or manual labor on ! highway or else:]e4 ,on ! broad1 /raight1 cem5t$ roads :i* l$ f ! f\r qu>t]s to ! he>t ( ! capital1 #8re/+ places' = ! wayf>]s & c>ri]s 7 provid$ at fix$ int]vals4 ,! enorm\s conc\rse ( p1 ! v>iety ( produce exhibit$ 9 ! m>ket-places ( ,montezuma's capital fill$ ! conqu]ors ) wond] & admiration4 ,f ,corts1 ,b]nal ,diaz1 ,sahagun & o!rs we le>n t ! m>ket 0 a special *>ge ( ! supreme *ief ( ,mexico2 t appo9t$ (fic]s presid$ 9 /ate ov] x :il/ o!rs mov$ among ! ?rong sup]9t5d+ ! traffic4 ,/&>d measures 7 kept & rigor\s puni%m5t await$ ^? :o sold by false measure or b>t]$ /ol5 prop]ty40 ,aft] mak+ ! prec$+ /atem5ts ,i advanc$ ! op9ion 8t ! p]iodical m>ket-day 0 ! mo/ important regulator ( ! ,mexican social organization & t ! monoli? g5]ally kn[n z ! ,cal5d>-/one 0 ! ,m>ket-/one ( ! ,city ( ,mexico4 ,x be>s ! record ( fix$ m>ket days2 & ,i v5ture to sugge/ t f ^! ! =mation ( ! ,mexican ,cal5d> sy/em orig9at$4 ,! /one %[s ! exi/5ce ( communal prop]ty & ( an equal division ( g5]al contributions into c]ta9 portions44440 ,i conclud$ ! above communication ) ! /atem5t3 8,be=e publi%+ my f9al results ,i %all submit !m to a se>*+ & prolong$ inve/igation4 ,an exam9ation ( ! orig9als ( _m ( ! ,codices reproduc$ 9 ,"l ,k+sbor\gh's #8,mexican ,antiquities' w be necess>y to det]m9e important po9ts & dur+ ! =?com+ ye> my l9e ( rese>*es w be 9 ?is direction40 ,9 my y\?ful en?usiasm & inexp]i5ce ,i little =esaw1 :5 ,i wrote ! above s5t5ces1 t ,i %\ld sp5d ?irte5 ye>s 9 dilig5t rese>* be=e ,i felt ready to express my rip5$ conclusions conc]n+ ! ,cal5d>-/one4 ,al?\gh ! results ,i am ab\t to submit are f9al !y are necess>ily incomplete1 _! full pres5tation ) adequate illu/rations be+ includ$ 9 my =?com+ special "w on ! ,social & ,cal5d>ic sy/em ( anci5t ,am]ica4 ,= ! pres5t ,i h limit$ myself to ! reproduction ( ! outl9e draw+ ( ! monoli? made by ! late ,dionysio ,abadiano ( ,mexico & publi%$ 9 8 some:at fanciful "w on ?is subject47#fi7 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 _h /udi$ ! ,cal5d>-/one m c>efully ?an he2 &1 besides be+ extremely accurate 9 outl9e1 8 draw+ has ! m]it ( includ+ ! eight deep circul> holes :i* 7 drill$ at regul> int]vals outside ( ! work$ bord] ( ! /one z well z ! gr\ps ( small] circul> & %all[ depressions :i* ,seor ,abadiano discov]$ on ! out] unwork$ portion ( ! monoli?ic block4 ,)\t discuss+ "h ! "q :e!r ! eight drill holes 7 int5d$ to support a species ( gnomon1 z ,leon y ,gama fir/ ma9ta9$1 or m]ely s]v$ = ! guidance ( ^? :o c>v$ ?is m>vel ( accurate workman%ip & symmetrical design1 ,i %all m]ely po9t out t1 al?\gh ! gr\p ( circul> depressions 9 ! block1 9 ! l[] corn] to ! left ( ! spectator1 (f]s a c]ta9 resemblance to ! =m ( ! con/ellation ( ,ursa ,major1 ?is may be m]ely ! result ( *ance4 ,fac+ ! problem ( ! mean+ & purpose ( ! 8,cal5d>-/one10 aft] ?irte5 ye>s ( assidu\s /udy1 ,i f9d t ! int]pretation ,i sugge/$ 9 #ahhf1 is sub/antially /r5g!n$ & corroborat$ by fre%ly accumulat$ evid5ce4 ,! diff]5ce is t ,i n[ lay less /ress ^u ! phonetic elem5ts & values ( ! symbols1 al?\gh1 z ,i %all set =? 9 ! special publication allud$ to1 no /udy ( ! monum5t c be consid]$ complete unless ^! be c>efully analyz$ & und]/ood4 ,! "o great /ride 9 advance t ,i ?9k ,i h made is ! recognition t ! monoli? is an image ( ! ,great ,plan or ,s*eme ( ,organization :i* has be5 exp\nd$ 9 ! prec$+ pages & :i* p]meat$ e bran* ( native ?\ght4 ,! monum5t repres5ts ! high-wat] m>k rea*$ 9 ! evolution ( a set ( ideas1 :i* 7 sugge/$ to primitive man by long-cont9u$ obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature & by ! mom5t\s recognition ( ! 8nor!rn />1 ,( ^: true-fix$1 & re/+ quality1 ,!re is no fell[ 9 ! firmam5t4 ,! skies are pa9t$ ) unnumb]'d sp>ks1 ,!y are all fire1 & e "o do? %9e2 ,b !re's b "o 9 all do? hold 8 place407#gj7 ,?is inscrib$ tablet1 :i* con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important docum5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 is z cle>ly an image ( ! nocturnal heav5 z x is ( a va/ t]re/rial /ate :i* once exi/$ 9 ! valley ( ,mexico1 & _h be5 e/abli%$ z a reproduction ^u e>? ( ! h>moni\s ord] & fix$ laws :i* app>5tly gov]n$ ! heav5s4 ,! monum5t exposes ^! laws1 ! dom9ion ( :i* probably ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 & /ill fa9tly survive 9 "s exi/+ aborig9al communities4 ,x n only sets =? ! organization ( /ate gov]nm5t & ! subdivision ( ! p into classes be>+ a fix$ relation to ea* o!r1 b also s]ves z a *>t ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,/ate1 its capital & its f\r prov9ces1 & m9or topographical divisions4 ,f9ally1 x reveals t ! progress ( "t1 ! succession ( days1 ye>s & epo*s1 i4 e4 ! ,cal5d>1 0 conceiv$ z a reproduction ( ! :eel ( s9i/ral revolution describ$ by ! circumpol> con/ellations ar\nd ,pol>is4 ,! ,sept5triones s]v$ z an indicator1 compos$ ( />s1 ! motive p[] ( :i* emanat$ f ! c5tral lum9>y4 ,?is m>k$ n only ! m>* ( "t ea* night1 b also ! progress ( ! season by ! f\r contrapositions app>5t 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 if obs]v$ at a fix$ h\r ( ! night4 ,! tw5ty famili> day & ye> signs ( ! native cal5d> are c>v$ on a b& :i* encircles ! c5tral figure on ! /one4 ,i am n[ 9 a position to prove satisfactorily t ^! signs 7 n m]ely cal5d>ic & t !y equally designat$ f\r pr9cipal & #ddaf m9or gr\ps ( />s2 f\r *iefs & #ddaf m9or tribal gr\ps or divisions ( m54 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ef4 ,m]ely a few indications w suffice to prove h[ completely & unmi/akably ! symmetrical design on ! monoli? 7fig4 #ef7 exp\nds ! great plan :i* _h impress$ itself s deeply & indelibly ^u ! m9ds ( ! native philosoph]s & influ5c$ all _! ?\ghts & speculations4 ,! head & face 9 ! middle ( ! monum5t conveys ! idea ( duality1 be+ mask$1 i4 e4 d\bl$-fac$ & be>+ ! numb] #b c>v$ on its =ehead4 ,x convey$ ! conception ( a div9e p[] :o rul$ heav5 & e>? f a *angeless & fix$ c5tre 9 ! heav52 express$ ! dual gov]nm5t ( ! e>? by tw9-rul]s :o dwelt 9 a c5tral capital4 ,x typifi$ light & ! heav5 itself ) its two eyes2 ! sun & moon & d>kness & ! e>? by ! m\?2 :il/ ! symbols = brea? issu+ f bo? no/rils & ! tongue protrud+ f ! m\? d5ot$ ! p[] ( spee*1 :i* 0 s indissolubly connect$ ) ! idea ( *iefta9%ip by ! ,mexicans t a title = ! *ief 0 8! ,speak]40 ,! c5tral head likewise d5ot$ a 8complete c\nt0"o man1 & 0 expressive ( a great era ( "t1 embody+ tw5ty epo*s4 ,z a synopsis ( ! :ole1 ! foll[+ titles record$ 9 ! *ronicles w\ld be applicable to ! c5tral rul]1 cele/ial or t]re/rial3 ! two "l1 ! div9e tw92 ! two-"l & two lady2 ! quadruple "l1 8,he :o looks 9 f\r directions20 ! "l ( ! ?irte5 p[]s2 ! "o "l1 i4 e4 embody+ a complete c\nt#bj2 ! "l ( five 7i4 e4 ( ! ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s72 ( sev51 i4 e4 ( ! ,middle1 ,above1 ,bel[1 & ,f\r ,qu>t]s2 ( ?irte51 i4 e4 ( ! duplication or male & female or cele/ial & t]re/rial divisions ( ! ,above1 ,bel[ & ,f\r ,qu>t]s plus ! ,middle4 ,surr\nd+ ! c5tral head are f\r squ>e divisions arrang$ 9 two sep>ate p>ts1 ea* ( :i* includes :at appe>s to be 9 "o case ! "r1 & 9 ! o!r ! left1 conv5tionaliz$ claw 7=epaw87 ( an animal arm$ ) hook$ nails1 su* z ,mictlantecuhtli1 ! "l ( ! ,nor?1 is repres5t$ )4 ,! squ>e comp>tm5ts conta9 symbols ( ! f\r elem5ts s dispos$ t air & wat] are appropriately associat$ ) ! h& to ! "r 7male region7 & fire & e>? ) ! h& to ! left side 7! female region7 ( ! c5tral head4 ,b ?is is n all1 = ano!r c>efully devis$ relation betwe5 ! elem5ts likewise appe>s ^u c>eful exam9ation4 ,9 ! middle1 c>v$ above ! c5tral face & betwe5 ! symbols = air & fire1 is ! conv5tionaliz$ 8ray ( ! ,sun10 or pyramid :i* typifies 8t :i* asc5ds or is above0 ! upp] elem5ts & ! ,above4 ,z its opposite we f9d bel[1 situat$ betwe5 ! symbols ( e>? & wat]1 a r+ ) a conc5tric circle repres5t+ ! drop ( wat]8t :i* desc5ds40 ,z ! ,moon 0 insep>ably associat$ ) wat] & ! ,bel[1 x is d\btlessly includ$ 9 ! symbolism4 ,"o m po9t :i* w receive due att5tion 9 my monograph rema9s to be briefly notic$4 ,z ! symbol = airea/ is situat$ to ! "r ( ! symbol = nor?1 & ! e>?we/ is to its left1 x is cle> t ! c5tral face is conceiv$ z look+ d[n f above ^u ! spectator4 ,x is only :5 ! /one is consid]$ z plac$ face d[nw>d t ! symbols assume _! prop] positions z reg>ds ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,?is rev]sal1 :i* is ! natural result ( ! association ( ! ea/ & s\? ) ! "r h& ( ! middle p]sonage1 sugge/s t ! monoli? may h be5 orig9ally design$ to be let into ! flat or slant+ ceil+ ( a build+4 ,z a p>allel in/ance ,i w /ate t1 "s ye>s ago1 ,seor ,troncoso po9t$ out to me a fact he _h notic$1 namely1 t ! relative positions ( ! c>d9al po9ts on ! ,fjrv>y *>t 7 rev]s$ & t x mu/ h be5 int5d$ to be look$ at f und]nea?4 ,ea* ( ! elem5t symbols is accompani$ by f\r num]als plac$ 9 ! angles ( ! squ>es1 ) "o exception1 :]e "o num]al 0 obvi\sly dislodg$ f its prop] position by an encroa*+ emblematic ornam5t4 ,! positions ( ^! num]als & ( _! squ>e enclosures are :at recall$ to my m9d ! opposite positions assum$ by ,ursa ,major 9 its annual rotation ar\nd ! axis ( ! heav54 ,j z ! c5tral face prim>ily repres5t$ ,pol>is1 s ^! squ>es figur$ ! f\r contrapositions ( ! great con/ellation4 ,! peculi>1 almo/ cross-%ap$ figure result+ f ! union & association ( ! symbols ( ! ,c5tre1 & ( ! ,above1 ,bel[1 ,"r1 ,left,f\r ,qu>t]s1 is a well-kn[n conv5tional sign1 g5]ally kn[n z a 8nahui-oll940 ,! accept$ translation ( ?is "n is 8f\r movem5ts10 f ol9ia1 v]bto move1 & no "n c\ld be m appropriate = a symbol :i*1 to my idea1 l ! swa/ika1 actually repres5ts ! movem5t ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( sept5trional con/ellations to f\r opposite places4 ,at ! same "t1 z ! nahui-oll9 on ! /one encloses symbols ( ! f\r elem5ts1 ! union ( :i* 0 believ$ by ! native philosoph]s to be ess5tial = ! production & ma9t5ance ( life1 ,i 0 l$ to obs]ve also ! fact t ! words = life & he>t1 & ! v]bs to be alive1 to live1 to resuscitate1 etc41 are all d]ivatives f ! root yuli1 or yoli1 :i* und\bt$ly has a common orig9 ) ! v]b ol9iato move4 ,x !re=e n only appe>s t1 to ! native m9d1 motion & life 7 indissolubly l9k$ toge!r1 b t ! "n nahui-oll9 mu/ h signifi$ f\r-fold life z well z movem5t4 ,x likewise typifi$ ! f\r sides ( ! great pyramid :i* =m$ ! nucleus ( ! capital & 0 cr[n$ by two temples1 respectively occupi$ by symbolical images ( ! 8,div9e ,tw9s40 ,x is impossible n to realize t1 9 anci5t ,mexico1 ! pyramid con/itut$ an image ( ! entire sy/em4 ,ea* ( its sides obvi\sly p]ta9$ to "o ( ! f\r regions & 0 probably pa9t$ ) its symbolical color47#ga7 ,x seems safe to assume t ! pyramid 0 orig9ally erect$ by ! cop]ation ( p f ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! capital & /ate & 0 possibly add$ to at fix$ int]vals s t x repres5t$ n only ! con/itution ( ! commonweal?1 b te/ifi$ to its age & gr[?4 ,! widely-preval5t primitive cu/om t ea* individual %\ld add "o or m /ones to a heap ( /ones1 z an individual contribution1 may h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! build+ ( pyramids1 ! orig9 ( :i* w be discuss$ fur!r on4 ,al?\gh x is almo/ sup]flu\s to d s1 z by ?is "t ! set ( associat$ ideas mu/ be famili> to ! read]1 ,i %all briefly summ>ize "s ( ! *ief f\r-fold division or organization ( :i* ! nahui-oll9 0 ! graphic symbol4 ,x repres5t$3 #a4 ,! f\r elem5ts or sub/ances & k9ds ( life4 #b4 ,! f\r regions ( ! heav51 ea* compos$1 9 turn1 ( f\r sub-regions4 #c4 ,! f\r prov9ces ( ! /ate1 ea* conta9+ f\r di/ricts4 #d4 ,! f\r qu>t]s ( ! capital1 ea* ( :i* _h f\r w>ds4 ,l ! nahui-oll9 ! pyramid 0 an image or embodim5t ( ! fundam5tal all-p]vad+ pr9ciple4 ,bo? !re=e equally express$ fur!r mean+s :i* ,i %all proce$ to enum]ate4 #e4 ,f\r />s & also f\r />-gr\ps or planets :i* seem to h be5 associat$ ) ! c>d9al po9ts & are indicat$ by f\r discs exhibit+ two conc5tric circles & f\r glyphs plac$ ar\nd !m4 ,al?\gh at a disadvantage1 n be+ able to sub/antiate my /atem5t "h1 ,i %all m5tion t1 among/ ! above1 ! ,pleiades & ! planets ,v5us & ,jupit] d\btlessly figure1 ! latt] z two ev5+ & two morn+ />s4 #f4 ,! human lords ( ! f\r regions :o respectively gov]n$ ! f\r divisions ( ! population1 :o 7 classifi$ z ! ,fire1 ,air1 ,wat] & ,e>? p1 ! id5tical classification be+ appli$ 9 turn to ea* class & s on ad inf9itum4 #g4 ,rotation or a movem5t encircl+ ! f\r qu>t]s imag9$ z 8quadruple motion40 ,?is 0 n conf9$ to ! ,sept5triones1 = ! anci5t ,mexican a/ronom]s _h recogniz$ :at !y t]m$ ! 8f\r movem5ts ( ! ,sun0--namely1 its app>5t ris+ 9 ! ea/ & progress to ! nor?2 & sett+ 9 ! we/ & progress to ! s\?4 ,accord+ to ,leon y ,gama1 ! fir/ to describe ! /one 9 #ahcb1 ! c5tral 8nahui oll90 portray$ ! 8f\r movem5ts ( ! sun0 & record$ ! sol/ices & equ9oxes4 ,8 op9ion has s9ce be5 %>$ by o!r writ]s1 among/ :om ,i cite ,seor ,troncoso4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,norman ,locky]1 moreov]1 ! symbol does correctly & appropriately figure ! annual c\rse ( ! sun4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! inv5tion ( a figurative symbol :i* n only records ! annual rotation ( ! circumpol> />-gr\ps b also ! annual app>5t c\rse ( ! sun is an a*ievem5t :i* has nev] be5 surpass$ 9 primitive a/ronomy & m]its admiration & recognition4 ,! record ( ! p]iodical movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 con/itutes1 at ! same "t naturally a regi/] ( ! f\r seasons4 #h4 ,simultane\sly ) ! division ( ! ye> into f\r equal p>ts1 ! oll9 7& pyramid7 typifi$ ! division ( ! #bj-;day p]iod into f\r qu>t]s z well z ! f\r #ac ye> p]iods :i* con/itut$ ! epo* ( fifty-two ye>s4 ,z ! ,cal5d> p]iods w be discuss$ 9 my monograph on ! subject1 ,i %all only m5tion "h a fact %[+ h[ completely ! quadruplicate idea _h influ5c$ native speculation4 ,! ,mexicans believ$ t f\r great eras _h pass$ s9ce ! creation ( ! _w & designat$ ^! z ! e>?1 air1 fire & wat] eras4 ,!y believ$ t1 al?\gh humanity _h always escap$ utt] annihilation1 ! _w _h be5 almo/ completely de/roy$ by ?ree ( ! elem5ts 9 succession at ! end ( ?ree ( ^! eras4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 ! ,mexicans suppos$ !mselves to be liv+ 9 a f\r? age :i* 0 doom$ to p]i% by fire4 #i4 ,accord+ to ! di/+ui%$ ,mexican s*ol> ,seor ,alfr$o ,*av]o1 ! symbols 9 ! nahui-oll9 commemorat$ ! f\r epo*s ( ! _w's hi/ory & ,i readily accept ?is z "o ( ! _m significations ( ! quadruplicate figure4 ,leav+ ! nahui-oll9 = ! pres5t1 let u next consid] ! b&1 ) comp>tm5ts1 :i* encloses x & exhibits ! tw5ty symbols hi!rto only kn[n z cal5d>ic signs1--f\r ( :i* 7 ye>- z well z day-signs1 :il/ sixte5 7 day-signs only4 ,_! relative positions %[ t !y 7 int5d$ to be read f "r to left4 ,a pr(usion ( evid5ce1 h[ev]1 exi/s %[+ t individuals bore ! day-names z p]sonal appellations1 n only 9 ,mexico b also 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,among/ ! ,qui*s = in/ance1 memb]s ( ! 8,royal h\se ( ,cavek0 are designat$ 9 ! ,popol ,vuh1 z ?ree de]1 n9e dog1 etc4 ,x ?us foll[s t ! tw5ty signs 7 n m]ely names ( ye>s & days1 b also designat$ ! tribes & clans4 ,! elem5t-symbols :i* m>k$ e fif? day & ! ye>s & con/itute ! major signs1 likewise 7 ! names ( ! f\r great divisions ( ! p1 & ( _! respective *iefta9s4 ,on ! o!r h& ! #ddaf m9or signs1 appli$ n only to days b to ! #ddaf clans4 ,at ! same "t ! elem5t names convey$ 9 a g5]al way ! occupation ( ea* ( ! f\r divisions ( p z well z _! places ( abode 9 ref]5ce to ! capital4 ,accord+ly1 ! e>? p w\ld specially att5d to agriculture1 m9+1 ! manufacture ( pott]y1 etc42 wat] p to irrigation1 ! furni%+ ( dr9ks1 fi%+1 etc42 ! fire p to all occupations :i* _h to d ) fire3 ! procur+ ( combu/ibles = fire & light+1 cook+1 ! work+ 9 metals1 etc4 ,z on ! /one1 ! sign callih\se is 9 juxtaposition to ! symbol = air1 x may be inf]r$ t ! air p 7 ! build]s1 ! masons1 ! artific]s1 ! ,nahuatl "n = :i* 0 8toltecatl40 ,z ! air symbol occupies ! place ( highe/ honor 9 ref]5ce to ! c5tral face1 namely1 above ! "r h&1 x is evid5t t ! build]s1 or 8toltecas10 7 ! ca/e :i* enjoy$ ! highe/ consid]ation4 ,_! totem 0 ! bird1 ! inhabitant ( ! air4 ,! second rank 9 honor 0 held by ! fire p plac$ to ! left1 above4 ,_! totem 0 ! ocelot4 ,)\t go+ fur!r into details = ! pres5t1 ,i m]ely po9t out t ! id5tical division ( ! memb]s ( ea* community & association ) ! elem5ts1 etc41 0 c>ri$ out ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,?is me?od cle>ly e/abli%$ ! relation & also det]m9$ ! geographical position ( ea* class ( p 9 ref]5ce to ! :ole4 ,! c>v$ b& on ! ,cal5d>-/one1 ) its tw5ty signs1 det]m9$ once & = all "t ! exact position to be tak5 up 9 all public assemblages1 9 c\ncils1 sacr$ dances1 & likewise controll$ ! exposition ( ! products ( ! l& 9 ! great m>ket-place4 ,:at is m3 ea* division ( ! p1 by reason ( its indissoluble union to "o elem5t & "o region1 also _h its own season dur+ :i* x l$ 9 c]emonial obs]vances4 ,s skilfully 0 ! lun> c]emonial or religi\s ye> devis$ t ea* sign1 )\t any di/9ction1 rul$ a p]iod ( ?irte5 days4 ,at ! same "t ! p]iod fell into f\r divisions head$ by ! f\r pr9cipal or elem5t signs4 ,9 ! sol> or civil ye>1 ea* sign _h its day1 b z ! computation ( ye>s pass$ by1 ea* sign 9 due rotation rul$ dur+ "o ye>4 ,x 0 only :5 ea* sign _h _h an equal rule t ! cycle complet$ itself1 &1 9 turn1 became a "p ( a great] cycle ( "t4 ,to realize ! m>vell\s +5uity ) :i* ! rotation ( days & consequ5tly ! work+ ( ! entire ma*9]y ( /ate 0 c>ri$ on1 x is necess>y to h be=e "o's eyes1 a s]ies ( recon/ructive tables1 su* z ,i h prep>$ = my pap] on ! subject4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 ,i tru/ t "s idea ( ! h>moni\s organization ( ! /ate may h be5 convey$ to ! read]4 ,"o important feature rema9s = consid]ation4 ,z already m5tion$1 "o ( ! f\r annual midnight positions ( ! ,be> />-gr\ps1 & presumably a 8royal />10 p]ta9$ to ea* c>d9al-po9t & consequ5tly to ea* ( ! f\r divisions ( p4 ,to ?is /atem5t1 :i* c be support$ by sub/antial evid5ce1 ,i mu/ add t ea* ( ! sixte5 m9or signs likewise designat$ con/ellations1 ( :i* !re 7 ?us f\r 9 ea* region ( ! heav54 ,! tw5ty famili> day-signs ?us actually con/itut$ also ! native zodiac4 ,z ! region to :i* ea* con/ellation p]ta9s is cle>ly designat$ by ! c>d9al-po9t signs1 _! id5tification is m]ely a matt] ( "t4 ,s9ce t5 ( ! signs repres5t animals1 & ^! 7 ! clan totems1 x is easy to realize h[ animal =ms1 compos$ ( />s1 came to be trac$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,def]r+ fur!r discussion ( ! native zodiac ,i w b po9t out :at an intimate relation 0 ?us e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ betwe5 />-gr\ps & human be+s2 & h[ ! p]iodical rotation & /ations ( ! cele/ial bodies actually guid$ or1 at all ev5ts1 co9cid$ ) ! p]iods ( human activity 9 v>i\s bran*es4 ,i am n1 z yet1 prep>$ to =mulate a f9al op9ion on ! mean+ ( ! n>r[ b& t surr\nds ! zodiacal belt1 :i* is at ! same "t ! li/ ( ye>s & days & ( tribes & clans1 b %all m]ely note t x exhibits f\r l>ge & f\r less] rays :i* designate ! qu>t]s & half-qu>t]s ( ! :ole4 ,a few words conc]n+ ! symbolism ( ^! rays %\ld f9d place "h4 ,9 ,nahuatl ! ray 0 nam$ 8tona-mitl10 lit]ally 8! %9+ arr[10 8%aft ( light40 ,ixtlilxo*itl tells u t x 0 an anci5t cu/om ( 8 p on tak+ possession ( new t]ritory 8to %oot ) utmo/ =ce f\r arr[s1 9 ! directions ( ! f\r regions ( ! _w407#gb7 ,?is int]e/+ passage %[s u t ! rays1 i4 e4 arr[s ( light1 c>v$ on ! /one1 convey$ ! idea ( possession ( ! f\r regions & f\r sub-regions by ! c5tral p[]4 ,return+ to an exam9ation ( ! conc5tric b& to :i* ! rays are atta*$3 ,x exhibits also #daj gr\ps ( five dots1 two ( :i* gr\ps are almo/ conceal$ by />-symbols on ! recurv$ op5 jaws ( ! s]p5ts' heads :i* meet at ! bottom ( ! /one4 ,above ?is b& & plac$ exactly betwe5 ! l>g] & less] rays are s+le comp>tm5ts ) five-dot gr\ps4 ,x has be5 int]e/+ to detect ! reason :y two five-dot gr\ps 7 c>v$1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 imm$iately "u ! c5tral head4 ,!y evid5tly supply ! miss+ gr\ps ^: places are fill$ up by ! recurv$ upp] jaws ( ! s]p5ts1 heads at ! bottom ( ! monoli?4 ,f ! c>e tak5 to pres]ve a visible record ( ^! two gr\ps1 x is obvi\s t a special importance 0 atta*$ to ! record+ ( eight five-dot gr\ps besides ! =ty 9 ! b&1 mak+ a total ( #dabdh gr\ps1 or #ajbab to ea* qu>t]4 ,z ! ,mexican "n = m>ket 0 macuil-tianquiztli1 lit]ally ! 8,five 7day7 m>ket0 & ! ,maya ^w = capital 0 homonym\s ) fiveho1 x is evid5t t ^! five dot gr\ps w\ld h convey$ ! idea ( 8m>ket10 m>ket-day & possibly m>ket-t[n1 to a ,mexican4 ,to a ,maya-speak+ p !y w\ld h appe>$ to express practically ! same ?\ght1 s9ce all capitals1 l>ge or small1 7 m>ket-places & absorb$ & r$i/ribut$ ! product ( quadruple prov9ces )9 ! radius ( its jurisdiction4 ,! inf]5ce t ! five-dot gr\ps may h s]v$ z a topographical regi/] ( ! l>g] & m9or capitals exi/+ 9 ea* qu>t] ( ! /ate1 is sub/antiat$ by m evid5ce ?an c be produc$ "h4 ,i h moreov] f\nd indications t ?is belt may h s]v$ z a sort ( moon-cal5d> :i* 0 also an attempt at an adju/m5t ( lun> to sol> p]iods47#gc7 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 an e/imate c be made ( ! full mean+ ( ?is belt =m$ by ! two great s]p5ts :i* encircle ! entire monum5t1 m "t & labor w h to be exp5d$4 ,"o po9t ab\t ! tw9 s]p5ts is cle>2 !y are repres5t$ z spr++ f a squ>e enclos+ ! symbol ,acatl accompani$ by #ac :i* has be5 g5]ally int]pret$ z a cal5d> date4 ,x seems to me to be m deeply significant ?an a m]e date1 especially z x appe>s to designate ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! progressive movem5t ( ! two s]p5ts ^: op5 jaws enclose human heads 9 pr(ile :i* toge!r =m "o face4 ,! upp] jaws end 9 two recurv$ app5dages1 ea* exhibit+ sev5 /> symbols4 ,z ^! obvi\sly typify night or d>kness & ! op5 jaws seem to ?reat5 to absorb or engulf ! ray ( ! sun po9t+ d[nw>ds1 x appe>s z ?\gh ^! typifi$ a disappe>ance ( light into ! und]world ( d>kness & de/ruction4 ,! symbolical surr\nd+s ( ! d[nw>d ray are 9 /rik+ contra/ to its opposite1 ! upw>d ray1 :i* rea*es to ! #ac ,acatl sign & po9ts to :at appe>s to be ! place ( orig9 or bir? ( ! tw9 s]p5ts4 ,x c]ta9ly seems t ?is all-embrac+ & enfold+ tw9 pair are design$ to typify ! dual =ces ( nature "u a =m :i* w\ld also express quadruplication4 ,by :at mu/ be t]m$ a /roke ( g5ius ! design] ( ! monoli? *ose to repres5t ! =ms ( two s]p5ts1 rely+ ^u ! fact t ,nahuatl-speak+ p w\ld see 9 ea* s]p5t 7coatl7 a tw9 7coatl74 ,did he n also realize t to a ,maya ea* s]p5t 7c7 w\ld mean #d 7c7 & t ! pair w\ld appe> to embody or express ! num]als #d & also #h8 ,x is notewor?y t ea* s]p5t is repres5t$ ) "o claw & t ^! two add$ to ^? conta9$ 9 ! c5tral nahui-oll9 complete ! f\r-limb$ figure :i* 0 ess5tially ! image ( a complete c\nt! /ate1 ! nation1 ! era1 etc4 ,9 ?is monum5t1 z else:]e1 x is possible to foll[ ! developm5t ( ! symbolism express$ by two heads :i* =m b "o1 tw9-bodies :i* mean f\r & ( f\r limbs :i* repres5t ! digital c\nt#bj4 ,"u diff]5t aspects ! same !me repeats itself aga9 & aga9 ^u ! /one1 :i* proves t ! ma/] m9ds :o plann$ & wr\ght x de/9$ x to be ! image ( a plan bas$ on ! idea ( a c5tral & yet all-embrac+1 dual1 yet quadruple =ce or p[]4 ,! prec$+ rapid sket* ,i h giv5 ( ! wide-rea*+ significance ( ?is rem>kable monum5t w1 ,i hope1 be f\nd to amply support & corroborate ! view ,i advanc$ 9 #ahhf1 :5 ,i po9t$ out t ! 8,cal5d>-/one0 answ]$ to ! description giv5 by ,duran1 ( ! 8circul> elaborately c>v$ tablets :i* 7 kept 9 ea* m>ket-place & 7 held 9 great v5]ation40 ,i tru/ t x is n[ cle> :y x %\ld h be5 frequ5tly consult$ & :y ! m>ket-days 7 regulat$ accord+ to ! c>v$ indications ^u ! surface4 ,engrav$ ^u x 7 ! ,great ,plan & its laws ( organization & rotation4 ,x cle>ly det]m9$1 once & = all1 ! sequ5ce ( ! days2 ! relation ( all classes ( ! population to ea* o!r & to ! :ole1 & set =? n only ! place ea* gr\p %\ld occupy 9 ! m>ket-place1 b also ! product or indu/ry ) :i* x 0 associat$ & ! p]iods :5 its contributions to ! commonweal? %\ld be =?com+ 9 regul> rotation4 ,! /one 0 !re=e n only ! tablet b ! :eel ( ! law ( ! ,/ate & x c be conjectur$ t its full int]pretation 0 m or less beyond ! capacity ( all b an initiat$ m9ority1 consi/+ ( ! eld]s1 *iefs & prie/s4 ,po/pon+ = ! pres5t fur!r discussion ( ?is1 ! mo/ preci\s & rem>kable monum5t :i* has ev] be5 une>!d on ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 let u briefly be/[ att5tion ^u ! two o!r monoli?s :i* may be said to be its companions & obvi\sly belong to ! same p]iod & civilization4 ,9 #ahhf1 9 ! prelim9>y note cit$ above1 ,i advanc$ ! view t ! fir/ ( ^!1 g5]ally kn[n z ! 8,sacrificial /one10 0 a 8law-/one ( a simil> nature to ! ,cal5d>-/one :i* record$1 h[ev]1 ! p]iodical collection ( c]ta9 tributes paid by subjugat$ tribes & o!rs ^: obligation x 0 to contribute to ! commonweal? ( ,mexico40 ,i po9t$ out t ! 8frieze ar\nd ! /one consi/s ( gr\ps1 plac$ at int]vals1 ( ! fl9t-knives 7tecpatl7 ) conv5tionally c>v$ tee? 7tlantli7 giv+ 9 comb9ation ! ^w #8tecpatlantli4' ,?is occurs 9 ,sahagun's ,hi/oria1 z ! "n giv5 to ! #8l&s ( ! tecpan or palace1' & 9 "o ( ! native works ,i f9d designat$ ! f\r *annels into :i* ! produce ( ^! l&s 0 div]t$40 ,i likewise not$ t 8! p]iods indicat$ on x diff] f ^? on ! ,cal5d>-/one10 :i* might m appropriately be designat$ z ! anci5t ,mexican :eel ( ! law or ( ! ,great ,univ]sal ,plan4 ,?irte5 ye>s ( pa9/ak+ rese>* h only s]v$ to /r5g!n me 9 my int]pretation ( ! 8,sacrificial-/one40 ,! frieze ar\nd x exhibits sixte5 gr\ps1 ea* consi/+ ( ! repeat$ repres5tation ( a w>rior *>act]iz$ by hav+ "o foot only4 ,9 ea* case he is figur$ z seiz+ by ! hair a diff]5t individual1 :o b[s 8 head & (f]s ! weapon he holds 9 8 "r h& to 8 victor4 ,among/ ! sixte5 subjugat$ p]sonages are two wom5 & above ea* are hi]oglyphs express+ ! names ( well-kn[n localities1 "s ( :i* are m5tion$ 9 native *ronicles z hav+ be5 conqu]$ 9 hi/orical times by ,mexican rul]s4 ,9 my acc\nt ( ! ,plan ( ! ,anci5t ,city ( ,mexico1 ,i %all illu/rate ^! hi]oglyphs1 locate ! places to :i* !y ref] & fur!r discuss ?is monum5t4 ,mean:ile ,i %all b /ate t x und\bt$ly belongs to ! same category ( monum5ts z ! tablets 9 ! 8,temple ( ! ,sun0 at ,pal5que2 ! bas-relief at ,ixkun & t 9 ! h\se ( ! 8,t5nis-c\rt0 at ,*i*5-,itza :]e w>riors 9 a procession r5d] homage to a seat$ p]sonage1 by pres5t+ _! spe>-?r[]s to him 9 precisely ! same mann] z %[n on ! ,mexican ,tribute-,/one4 ,! upp] surface ( ?is exhibits ! same division into eight p>ts1 m>k$ by f\r l>ge & f\r small] rays1 po9t+ to ! qu>t]s & half-qu>t]s4 ,obs]vation %[s t ( ! sixte5 localities f\r 7 assign$ to ea* qu>t] & x is evid5t t ! monum5t det]m9$ ! "t & ! ord] 9 :i* ! tribute = ea* 0 paid & collect$ at ! capital4 ,! "o-foot$ man aga9 graphically symbolizes axial rotation & conveys ! idea ( a c5tral rul] :o 9 turn seizes & ex]ts control ^u #dd tribal *iefs4 ,! monum5t e/abli%es1 moreov]1 ! int]e/+ fact t among/ ! subjugat$ communities 7 two gynocracies1 repres5t$ by wom5 :o1 in/ead ( spe>-?r[]s1 pres5t _! weav+ %uttle to ! victor4 ,we %all next consid] a monum5t ^: unc\? & ugly =m embodies a deep & nobly plann$ conception ( ! 8div9e tw910 or 8div9e ,f\r10 t s completely dom9at$ ! m9ds ( ! native philosoph]s4 ,let u n[ c>efully exam9e ! monoli? n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,mexico 7fig4 #eg74 ,leon y ,gama1 hav+ obs]v$ t :at appe>$ to be ! f\ndation ( ! /atue 0 c>v$ & t massive projections exi/$ "u its s-call$ arms1 logically conclud$ t ! orig9al design _h be5 to support ! figure f ! sides1 s t its base 0 lift$ f ! gr\nd & ! figure ^u x expos$ to view f und]nea?4 ,8 inf]5ce is borne out by ! c>v+ on ! base :i* belongs to ! same category z ! image ( ,mictlan-tecuhtli1 & repres5ts a semi-human body1 ( quadri=m %ape so>+ d[nw>d4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #eg4 ,! c5tre 7fig4 #ea7 exhibits on a squ>e ! five-dot figure1 & ! squ>e1 9 turn1 is enclos$ 9 a circle2 ! :ole symbolism relat+ to ! n[ well-worn !me ( ! c5tre & f\r qu>t]s & ! union ( ! e>?! squ>e & ! heav5! circle4 ,x cle>ly exhibits a skull atta*$ to ea* limb1 typify+ ! f\r qu>t]s or ! clans & _! *iefs1 :il/ ! h&s hold ! l>g] heads1 emblematic ( supreme dual rul]%ip4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ! above c>v+1 "u ! feet ( ! sculptur$ figure1 embodies ! entire mean+ ( ! /atue1 :i* is b a v>iation ( ! native philosophical !me ( 8,div9e ,twa90 or ,quetzalcoatl4 ,two s]p5ts' heads surm\nt a semi-human body & meet+ =m ! semblance ( two s+le faces turn$ to ! front & back ( ! /atue4 ,by ?is +5i\s device ! unity1 yet duality ( ! div9e tw9 is graphically r5d]$ & "o-half ( ea* c\nt5ance is repres5t$ z belong+ to ea* s]p5t4 ,^! are ?us %[n to be indissolubly l9k$ toge!r1 yet di/9ct4 ,_! s+le1 yet dual head has f\r eyes1 eight fangs & two =k$ tongues4 ,! figure & skirt compos$ ( int]tw9$ rattlesnakes1 con/itute fem99e attributes giv5 to ! symbolical figure ( ! 8tw9-"l & tw9-lady10 ! 8fa!r & "m ( all40 ,in/ead ( h&s ! arms t]m9ate 9 s]p5ts' heads & ! huge feet 9 great claws4 ,betwe5 ^!1 9 ! front & at ! back1 a rattlesnake's body & head appe>4 ,! belt consi/s ( a l>ge snake ^: head & tail hang d[n 9 front1 z ! ends ( a b[4 ,a skull is atta*$ to ! front & ano!r to ! back ( ! belt4 ,9 ! latt] case x surm\nts a fan-%ap$1 curi\sly plait$ ornam5tal app5dage p>tly decorat$ ) fea!rs4 ,=m+ a sort ( necklace 9 front are f\r h&s1 i4 e4 #debj & two conv5tionaliz$ he>ts4 ,at ! back !re are two h&s & two he>ts & an intricate knot :i* fa/5s ! necklace1 ! real mean+ ( :i* is f> f :at x may appe> to be4 ,x probably signifi$ ! same z ! pa9t$ he>ts & h&s on c]emonial g>m5ts ( :i* ,sahagun tells u t 8!y meant t ! p :o wore !m lift$ _! he>ts & h&s to ! ,creator to implore = ra9 & food40 ,at ! same "t1 ! arrangem5t 9 front cle>ly reveals ! sculptor's allusion to ! head1 two he>ts1 f\r h&s & tw5ty f+]s1 :i* symbolize ^! famili> num]ical divisions4 ,an indication t ?is symbolical /atue 0 probably design$ & execut$ by ! same ma/] :o made ! circul> /one ( ! ,great ,plan1 is furni%$ by ! cal5d> sign #ac ,acatl1 :i* is c>v$ "u ! skull at ! back ( ! figure4 ,def]r+ an inve/igation ( ! significance ( ?is date1 ,i %all n[ draw att5tion to :at is to me ! mo/ int]e/+ & important feature ( ! :ole image4 ,! view ( ! top ( ! two heads1 z may be se5 by ! accompany+ reproduction f a photograph 7fig4 #eh7 exhibits1 at _! l9e ( union1 a small squ>e ) diagonal cross-l9es4 ,! position ( ?is symbol :i* resembles ! top view ( a pyramid & =ms1 z x 71 ! apex ( ! /atue1 e detail ( :i* is deeply symbolical1 cle>ly reveals ! sanctity & importance atta*$ to ?is graphic image ( ! ,c5tre1 ! union ( f\r 9 "o or vice v]sa1 ! !me on :i* ! native m9d play$ numb]less & endless v>iations4 ,a reflection1 aga9 =c$ ^u "o 9 /udy+ ! monum5tal composite image ( ! dual & quadruple =ces ( nature1 is t x mu/ h be5 z intelligible to a ,maya z to a ,mexican1 & convey$ ! conception ( ,kukulcan to ! "o & ,quetzalcoatl to ! o!r4 ,sev]al facts po9t1 h[ev]1 to ! great] probability t ! orig9al conception ( ! monum5t mu/ h aris5 among/ ,maya-speak+ p4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #eh4 ,! divid$ squ>e1 simulat+ a pyramid & s obvi\sly a symbol ( f\rc1 c>v$ on ! head ( a s]p5tc1 ?r[s an int]e/+ light ^u ! probable d]ivation ( ! affixc1 :i* occurs 9 c]ta9 names ( localities 9 ,mexico1 & 9 "s cases di/9ctly /&s = 8m\nta940 ,x is a fact :i* has already be5 cit$ 9 ,seor ,antonio ,p5afiel's useful "w on ! ,geographical names ( ,mexico t1 9 ! pictographic hi]oglyphs ( localities ! affix c signifies a t[n1 be+ synonym\s ) ! tepec1 i4 e4 tepetl1 ! ,nahuatl "n = m\nta9 or t[n4 ,"o ( _m simil> in/ances1 :i* c\ld be produc$1 is illu/rat$ 9 8 fig4 ,,xxiii1 #a1 :]e c obvi\sly /&s = ! m\nta9 :i* is repres5t$ z twi/$ or b5t ov] 7colhua71 9 ! hi]oglyph = ,colhuacan4 ,! hi]oglyphs = ! t[ns ,acayocan & ,t5ayocan1 furni% a simil> employm5t ( ! m\nta9 to express ! s\nd c4 ,! s5se ( ! affix c1 mean+ a t[n1 only becomes cle> :5 we int]pret x z ! "n ( ! artificial m\nta9 ) f\r sides1 ! pyramid1 :i* 0 ! symbol ( f\r! ,maya c1 & 0 ! emblem ( a c5tral capital4 ,?is is conv9c+ly prov5 by ! ,codex ,m5doza = in/ance1 9 :i* x is %[n t ! ,mexican mode ( record+ ! conque/ ( a tribe 0 to pa9t _! hi]oglyphic "n & a picture ( ! de/ruction ( ! pyramid temple :i* _h /ood 9 ! c5tre ( _! capital4 ,9 o!r words1 ! conqu]$ t[n ceas$ to be a c5tre ( rule--its captive *iefta9 0 tak5 to ! capital1 :]e ! horrible rite ( sacrifice p]=m$ ^u him & ! te>+ out ( 8 he>t likewise symboliz$ ! de/ruction ( ! indep5d5t life ( ! tribe or integral :ole he repres5t$ 9 8 p]son4 ,x 0 ?us br\ght home to ! conqu]$ p t !y _h ceas$ to exi/ z an indep5d5t body1 & ! di/ribution ( ! *iefta9's fle% to ! rituali/ic cannibals graphically symboliz$ its absorption into ! great c5tral /ate4 ,x is necess>y to emphasize "h t ^! horrible rites 7 ( comp>atively rec5t orig9 & _h be5 inv5t$ by ! ,mexicans = ! purpose ( intimidat+ _! vassals1 aft] a prolong$ p]iod ( w>s & blood%$1 :i* m5ac$ ! v exi/5ce ( ! integral /ate4 ,! pres5ce 9 ,mexico ( num]\s names ( t[ns1 end+ 9 c1 seems to indicate ! influ5ce1 9 anci5t times1 ( ! ,maya-speak+ civilization to :i* ! orig9 ( ! pyramid mu/ be assign$4 ,! association ( ! latt] ) ! ^w c is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! "n ( ,teotihua-,c1 :]e /& ! ru9s ( two ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ impos+ pyramids ( anci5t ,am]ica4 ,! base ( ! l>g] ( ! two has be5 e/imat$ at ab\t #gjj feet squ>e1 x be+ impossible to take an exact measurem5t ow+ to ! mass ( accumulat$ dbris :i* cov]s ! l[] "p ( ! /ructure4 ,! base ( ! second pyramid measures ab\t #dge feet squ>e4 ,! sides ( bo? pyramids rose at an angle ( ab\t #de degrees & 7 9 ea* case int]rupt$ by f\r t]races4 ,?is d\ble application ( a quadruple division m]its special att5tion1 z x produc$ besides ! f\r great #dd less] sections1 ! sacr$ c5tre ( ! t]races1 :i* cr[n$ ea* /ructure4 ,hi/orical tradition relates t ! l>g] pyramid1 kn[n z ! 8,enclosure ( ! ,sun 7,tonatiuh-,i-,tzacual710 orig9ally bore on its summit a colossal image ( ! sun1 cov]$ ) plates ( gold1 :il/ ! o!r1 ! 8,enclosure ( ! ,moon0 exhibit$ a simil> image1 cov]$ ) silv]4 ,! di/+ui%$ & reliable hi/orian ,orozco y ,b]ra quotes ?is tradition add+ t ! soldi]s ( ,corts despoil$ ! images ( _! preci\s metals & t ! ,bi%op ,zum>raga ord]$ a fur!r de/ruction ( all monum5ts at ,teotihuacan4 ,! tradition :i* records ! exi/5ce ( a silv] & ( a gold image1 _c be dismiss$ z unf\nd$1 because x meets ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( corroboration by o!r data4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! s-call$ 8batt]$ goddess10 a mutilat$ /one image1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! c\rty>d at ! base ( ! 8,pyramid ( ! ,moon10 looks z ?\gh x may h be5 ! v monum5t :i* 0 once plat$ ) silv]4 ,traces ( conc5tric b&s ( ornam5tation seem to indicate t its r\nd face _h orig9ally occupi$ ! c5tre ( a sculptur$ disc1 9 :i* case ?is mu/ h _h a diamet] ( ab\t twelve feet4 ,9 ,p]u1 z already /at$1 a silv] image ( ! moon1 associat$ ) ! female sov]eign1 0 ! complem5t to ! gold5 effigy ( ! sun1 associat$ ) ! ,inca4 ,ev5 if data _h n already be5 produc$ :i* e/abli%es ! exi/5ce ( two religi\s cults 9 anci5t ,mexico1 ! respective symbols ( :i* 7 ! sun & ! moon1 ! pres5ce ( two pyramids at ,teotihuacan w\ld sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( a division ( "s sort4 ,! orig9 ( ^! great & impos+ /ructures is %r\d$ 9 my/]y1 b x is g5]ally conc$$ t !y mu/ h be5 built long be=e ! comp>atively mod]n inhabitants ( ! valley ( ,mexico1 ! w&]+ ,aztecs1 _h tak5 up _! abode 9 ! mid/ ( ! salt lagoons4 ,! erection ( two pyramids1 h[ev]1 proves t _! build]s _h already practis$ ! cult ( ! middle ( heav5 & e>?1 or ,above & ,bel[1 & ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s = s long a "t1 t !re _h be5 a sep>ation ( religions & gov]nm5t into two almo/ indep5d5t p>ts1 ea* complete 9 itself4 ,9 ! light ( ! te/imony produc$ x is safe to inf] t = an indef9ite "t ! rival cults develop$ side by side until diss5sion & consequ5t dis9tegration foll[$4 ,! ,mexican /ate 0 ! outcome ( a lat] ef=t to reorganize & rebuild an integral :ole on ! anci5t plan1 ! k ( :i* _h be5 pres]v$ & h&$ d[n4 ,z "t w5t on x 0 inevitable t ! same causes :i* _h caus$ ! m anci5t & great] /ate to crumble away1 %\ld be actively at "w on ! second4 ,x has already be5 %[n t two religions exi/$ 9 ,montezuma's "t ! respective embodim5ts ( :i* 7 ,huitzilopo*tli & ,tezcatlipoca4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact1 relat$ by ,b]nal ,diaz1 t ! idols ( bo? /ood toge!r 9 "o t[] at ! summit ( ! great temple & 7 alike1 8because !y 7 bro!rs40 ,at ! same "t :il/ ,tezcatlipoca's image 0 decorat$ ) obsidian 7tezcatl7 ,huitzilopo*tli's 0 encru/$ ) turquoises4 ,x is curi\s to note h[ closely ! old soldi]'s description ( ^! idols answ]s to t ( ! great duali/ic /atue :i* has be5 discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,8 acc\nt conta9s ! foll[+ details3 8,9 ?is hall 7 :at resembl$ two alt>s ) v ri*ly ornam5t$ or c>v$ plat=ms on ! top ( ! ro( or ceil+4 ,on ea* alt> 0 a /atue1 z ( a giant1 v tall 9 body & v /\t4 ,! fir/1 :i* repres5t$ ,huitzilopo*tli1 _h a v wide1 de=m$ or mon/r\s face & =ehead1 & t]rify+ eyes 444 ar\nd 8 neck 7 faces ( ,indians & :at 7 he>ts4 ,^! 7 ( gold :il/ ! =m] 7 ( silv] inlaid ) blue mosaic-"w4 ,! entire body 0 cov]$ ) mosaic-"w1 gold & beads & mis%ap5 pe>ls1 all fa/5$ to x ) a k9d ( cem5t or glue4 ,encircl+ ! body 7 :at 7 l huge s]p5ts made ( gold & mosaic4444 ,! idol 0 ( ,tezcatlipoca1 & its eyes 7 made ( %9+ black /one obsidian call$ ,tezcat4 ,! /atues 7 alike because !y 7 said to be bro!rs4 ,tezcatlipoca 0 ! "l ( ! ,und]world 444 & ar\nd 8 body 7 figures l small devils ) tails l s]p5ts407#gd7 ,b = ! fact t ,b]nal ,diaz m5tions a plurality ( faces 9 ,huitzilopo*tli's necklace1 :]eas our monum5t exhibits b "o skull1 9 front1 8 description /rik+ly co9cides ) ! monoli? n[ exi/+4 ,consid]+ t ?irty ye>s _h elaps$ be=e he wrote ?is description all[ance mu/ be made = ?is & o!r slight lapses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dual /atues1 exactly alike1 b ) diff]5tly color$ ornam5tation1 are precisely :at we %\ld expect to f9d on ! summit ( ! great pyramid-temple ( ,mexico4 ,) our pres5t k & compreh5sion ( native symbolism1 moreov]1 we see t two /atues1 ea* ( :i* figur$ tw9-s]p5ts1 w\ld be/ express ! native idea ( ! dual & quadruple pr9ciples & elem5ts4 ,:at is m1 two dual /atues1 ea* surm\nt$ by a squ>e1 diagonally cross$1 l a pyramid1 w\ld correspond1 9 symbolism1 to ! two great pyramids ( ,teotihuacan & c>ry out1 on a small scale1 ! idea ( a dual gov]nm5t4 ,valuable & reliable evid5ce1 %[+ to :at an ext5t ! ,mexicans reg>d$ _! gov]nm5t z dual & quadruple1 c be glean$ f ! records ( ! pres5ts s5t by ,montezuma to ,corts1 "u ! impression t ! be>d$ ,spani>ds 7 ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t f\nd]s ( _! civilization4 ,! native rul] s5t ! complete c]emonial dress ( ! f\r lords ( ! f\r regions d5ot+ by t act ( homage t he ackn[l$g$ ,corts z 8 equal1 i4 e4 ! supreme c5tral "l :o unit$ ! f\r-fold p[] 9 8 p]son4 8,he likewise s5t him a l>ge :eel ( pure gold1 cov]$ ) designs & ) ! image ( a mon/] 9 its c5tre40 ,its weight 0 e/imat$ at #c1hjj 8pesas0 & x 0 consid]$ 8! f9e/ & be/ ( all ! pres5ts40 ,x 0 accompani$ by 8a l>ge :eel ( silv]10 weigh+ =ty-eight m>cos4 ,by ! light ( our pres5t k x may be t bo? 8:eels0 7 images ( ! ,great ,plan & t :il/ ! gold "o set =? ! con/itution & organization ( ! ,upp] division ( ! ,/ate & possibly convey$ ! /ati/ics ( its memb]s1 ! silv] :eel 0 a record ( ! ,l[] division4 ,! gift ( ^! tablets mu/ h be5 int5d$ z an act ( subs]vi5ce & an ackn[l$gm5t ( ,corts z ! "l ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 z well z ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s4 ,! utt] lack ( und]/&+ = ! symbolism ( ^! gifts on ! "p ( ! recipi5t1 c sc>cely h escap$ ! notice ( ,montezuma's mess5g]s & mu/ h sorely puzzl$ _! un=tunate ma/]4 ,! exi/5ce 9 ,mexico at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 ( a dual /ate1 sugge/s ! possibility t1 9 "s way1 ! pyramids ( ,teotihuacan cont9u$ to be connect$ ) ! opposite & rival cults ( ! ,sun & ! ,nocturnal ,heav51 al?\gh _! orig9 0 %r\d$ 9 ! pa/4 ,x is kn[n t _! site 0 v5]at$3 besides1 ! "n ,teotihuacan1 :i* ,orozco y ,b]ra translat$ z 8! place ( ! ma/]s z keep]s ( ! gods0 or 8! place :]e ! gods 7 ador$10 mo/ probably really meant 8! div9e f\r-sid$ m\nta9s or pyramids0 or1 possibly1 8! sacr$ pyramids ( ! lords40 ,until an ext5sive1 c>efully-plann$ & sy/ematical exploration has be5 c>ri$ out at ,teotihuacan1 x is impossible to =m any def9ite conclusions conc]n+ its pa/ hi/ory4 ,*]i%+ ! hope t su* an exploration may yet be made dur+ my lifetime1 ,i %all m]ely make a few rem>ks conc]n+ ! ru9s1 :i* ,i visit$ _m ye>s ago4 ,approa*+ !m f ! s\? "o ent]s a broad /raight road1 sev]al miles 9 l5g? & ab\t #bej feet wide1 :i* is bord]$ at ea* side by a s]ies ( irregul> m\nds1 probably cov]+ ru9$ /ructures4 ,?is impos+ road leads directly into ! va/ c\rty>d :i* /ret*es across ! base ( ! great pyramid ( ! ,moon4 ,z ! ,city ( ,mexico lies to ! s\? ( ,teotihuacan x is significant to f9d t ?is road leads f t direction to a va/ pyramid situat$ at ! nor?1 :i* 01 accord+ to ! anci5t ,mexicans1 ! region ( ! ,und]world1 d>kness & dea?4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d t ! anci5t native "n :i* /ill cl+s to ! roadway is 8! pa? ( ! dead40 ,! pres5ce1 moreov]1 ( innum]able small clay heads :i* are1 und\bt$ly1 portraits or effigies ( p]sons repres5t$ z dead1 po9ts to ! alt]native t ,teotihuacan may h be5 ! necropolis ( an anci5t civilization or t x 01 ev5 at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 ! place :]e a regi/] ( dea?s 0 kept by ! prie/-rul]s1 by means ( small clay effigies4 ,consid]+ ! native idea1 x seems m ?an probable t all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! dead %\ld be relegat$ to ! nor!rn region & ! fact t ! road f ! s\? leads to a pyramid :i* tradition associates ) ! moon1 ! symbol ( ! nocturnal cult ( ! 8,bel[10 l5ds color to ^! views4 ,!re is a temptation to imag9e t possibly aft] ! adoption ( two di/9ct cults ( :i* ! second pyramid seems to furni% incontrov]tible pro(1 a fur!r div]g5ce ensu$ result+ 9 ! ultimate ab&onm5t ( ! capital by ! vot>ies ( ! ,sun1 ! male pr9ciple & ! ,above4 ,z ! native civilizations 7 bas$ on su* a plan t diss5sion & disorganization inevitably l$ to utt] d[nfall & ru91 x is easy to see t a gynocracy & ! cult ( ! e>? & und]world %\ld gradually become ext9ct4 ,at ! z5i? ( its p[]1 h[ev]1 x may safely be inf]r$1 t ,teotihuacan 0 a great c5tre :]e a/ronomical obs]vation & agriculture fl\ri%$1 ^! be+ ! natural outcome ( ! cult ( "m-e>? & ! nocturnal heav54 ,:il/ all conjecture mu/ necess>ily be hypo!tical1 x is a com=t to reflect t1 lock$ 9 ! ru9s !mselves1 lies gu>d$ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,teotihuacan1 :i* 0 %r\d$ 9 a mi/ ( unc]ta9ty ev5 at ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,! pyramids !mselves1 h[ev]1 op5ly reveal ! fact1 t _! build]s possess$ a k ( ! great plan1 & t1 at "s "t1 a s+le c5tral pyramid n be+ suffici5t1 two1 ( unequal sizes1 arose to be> la/+ te/imony n only ( pa/ greatness1 b ( long-=gott5 rivalry & diss5sion4 ,f9ally1 !re is "o ?+ c]ta91 namely1 t ! build+ ( ! pyramids at ,teotihuacan mu/ h be5 prec$$ by an extremely long p]iod dur+ :i* ! native ideas1 ( :i* !y 7 ! expression & image1 _h develop$ & tak5 def9ite %ape4 ,if ,teotihuacan yields evid5ce ( an advanc$ /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! intellectual developm5t ( ! native race1 x also m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! dis9tegration ( ! /ate ( :i* x 0 ! c5tral capital4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ,*olula1 also situat$ 9 ! high plateau ( ,mexico1 to ! ea/ ( its pres5t capital /&s1 9 ru9$ solit>y gr&eur1 ! l>ge/ pyramid on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 ^: base is twice z l>ge z t ( ! pyramid ( ,*eops 9 ,egypt4 ,! "n ( ! anci5t capital ( :i* x =m$ ! nucleus 0 ,tullan ,*olollan ,tla*iuhaltepec47#ge7 ,botur9i 7op4 cit4 p4 #aac7 cites an old native manuscript on :i* a picture ( ! pyramid ( ,*olula 0 pa9t$ ) ! note t1 9 anci5t times1 x 0 nam$ ,tultecatl ,*al*ihuatl ,on ,azia ,ecatepec1 :i* he translates z 8! monum5t or preci\s jade /one ( ! ,toltecs1 :i* re>s itself 9 ! region ( ! air40 ,z eca-tepec lit]ally means air-m\nta91 ,botur9i's translation may seem some:at exagg]at$2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,spani>ds1 :o knew ! ,nahuatl language be/1 repeat$ly /ate t its words 7 s replete ) significance t x w\ld sometimes require sev]al ,spani% s5t5ces to set =? ! mean+ ( a s+le native ^w4 ,botur9i1 :o _h exceptional opportunities = obta9+ in=mation1 adds to ! above ! foll[+ translation ( a ,nahuatl inscription :i* _h be5 writt5 by ! native scribe bel[ ! draw+ :i* un=tunately is n[ lo/4 8,nobles & ,lords3 ,"h y h y\r docum5ts1 ! mirror ( y\r pa/1 ! hi/ory ( y\r ance/ors :o1 out ( fe> = a deluge1 con/ruct$ ?is place ( refuge or asylum = ! possibility ( ! recurr5ce ( su* a calamity40 ,aft] cit+ ! op9ions ( v>i\s au?ors conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! pyramid1 ,orozco y ,b]ra concludes t 8!re is no c]ta9ty ab\t its age1 b in/9ctively x is suppos$ to be extremely anci5t & to p]ta9 to pre-hi/oric times4 ,accord+ to my judgm5t ! p :o con/ruct$ x belong$ to ! same civilization z ! build]s ( ,teotihuacan & possibly 7 _! contempor>ies4 ,*olollan 0 also a v5]at$ sanctu>y1 9 :i* ! religi\s idea pr$om9at$0 7op4 cit4 p4 #cfc74 8,at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ a temple /ood on ! summit ( ! pyramid & conta9$ an image ( ,quetzalcoatl 7! ,div9e ,twa91 ! ,creator1 ! ,fa!r & ,"m ( all7 z well z an a]olite1 %ap$ l a frog :i* _h fall5 f heav51 wrapp$ 9 a ball ( flame40 ,9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ( ,padre ,rios !re is ano!r v]sion ( ! tradition t ! pyramid _h be5 erect$ by giants aft] a deluge1 :i* _h de/roy$ ev]y?+1 444 & t be=e x 0 f9i%$1 fire fell ^u x caus+ ! dea? ( its build]s & ! ab&onm5t ( ! "w4 ,allusion has already be5 made1 9 ! prec$+ pages1 to ! native traditions accord+ to :i*1 8!re _h be5 ?ree memorable epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 :i* la/$ = c5turies & 7 abruptly t]m9at$1 ea* "t by a mighty convulsion ( nature4 ,! majority ( human be+s p]i%$ 9 ea* ( ^!1 b a remnant surviv$ & ?us ! race 0 pres]v$40 ,! p]iodical fe/ival ( ?anksgiv+1 :i* 0 /ill obs]v$ at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ by ! native races1 abundantly te/ifies to ! reality ( _! belief 9 ^! great cata/rophes & ! pres]vation ( _! ance/ors f utt] ext]m9ation4 ,x 0 d\btless 9 ord] to make _! pa/ hi/ory con=m ) ! quadruple organization ( all epo*s ( _! native ,cal5d> t ! native sages assign$ _! successive de/ructions to ! sep>ate ag5cies ( fire1 wat] & air1 9 ! =m ( viol5t tempe/s & cyclones4 ,f descriptions conta9$ 9 ! ,mexican ,codex ,*imalpopoca & 9 ! ,popol ,vuh1 ! sacr$ book ( ! ,qui*s1 x w be se5 t ! ph5om5a describ$ are su* z w\ld naturally accompany a volcanic outbreak on a great scale4 ,consid]+ t1 9 ,mexico alone1 !re are no less ?an n9e mon/] volcanoes1 ( :i* two are n yet ext9ct1 & t 9 ,guatemala1 9 hi/orical times1 :ole cities h be5 de/roy$ by e>?quakes & volcanic action1 x is n at all a/oni%+ to f9d traditions ( great cata/rophes among/ ! inhabitants ( ^! regions4 ,no "o c look ^u ! gr& sn[-clad peaks ( ! great volcanoes1 :i* surr\nd ! high c5tral plateau ( ,mexico1 )\t realiz+ t mighty upheavals & di/urbances1 su* z ! _w has seldom se51 mu/ h att5d$ ! =mation ( ! huge crat]s next to :i* ,vesuvius seems b a hillock4 ,a volcanic outbreak among/ ^! elevat$ peaks1 :i* range f #ae1jjj to #ai1jjj feet above ! sea-level1 w\ld obvi\sly be accompani$ by great inundations caus$ by ! melt+ ( ! masses ( sn[ :i* cr[n _! heights4 ,! valley ( ,mexico 9 :i* ! l>ge lagoons lie1 z 9 a bas9 )\t an outlet1 & ! pla9s :i* surr\nd ,*olula & /ret* to ! base ( ! volcanoes mu/ repeat$ly h be5 ! sc5e ( ru9 & desolation1 la/+ = _m c5turies4 ,z ! ,abb ,b\rb\rg ju/ly rem>ks3 8,! majority ( ! edifices 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico are built ( volcanic tufa1 said to h be5 =m$ by ! small volcanoes :i* lie at ! s\!a/ ( ! valley ( ,mexico4 ,at v>i\s p]iods ( antiquity great masses ( lava h desc5d$ into ?is valley1 9 :i* "o ext5sive anci5t lava-field is n[ kn[n z ! #8,p$regal de ,san ,augu/94' 0 ,ano!r great fl[ ( lava has actually be5 trac$ f its app>5t s\rce1 ! n[ ext9ct volcano ( ,ajusco1 at ! s\? ( ! valley ( ,mexico1 to ,acapulco1 on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! ,mexican *ronicles describe z foll[s ! de/ruction ( ! e>? by fire3 8444 !re came a ra9 ( fire3 all t exi/$ 0 burnt & a ra9 compos$ ( s&-/one fell4 ,x is said t :il/ ! s&-/one we n[ see 0 be+ =m$ ! tet-zontli i4 e4 volcanic tufa1 boil$ ) great noise4 ,!n ! r$ m\nta9s also lift$ !mselves up 444 ! sun consum$ itself 0 d>k5$1 all h\ses 7 de/roy$ & all ! lords or *iefs p]i%$44440 ,! same au?or relates h[1 aft] ! repeat$ de/ruction by wat]1 obscurity reign$ = tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,?is cataclysm is also describ$ 9 ! sacr$ book ( ! ,qui*s z foll[s3 8,!n 444 ! wat]s became swoll5 by ! m]e w ( ! ,he>t ( ,heav5 & !re came a great inundation f above & desc5d$ ^u ! p 444 !y 7 delug$ & !n a ?ick res9\s sub/ance fell f ! sky4 ,! face ( ! e>? 0 obscur$ & a d>k ra9 comm5c$ & fell dur+ ! day & dur+ ! night 444 !re 0 great s\nd ( fire ov]head4 ,!n ! p ran pu%+ ea* o!r & fill$ ) despair3 !y endeav\r$ to m\nt ^u ! h\ses & ^!1 fall+ 91 ?rew !m aga9 to e>?4 ,!y wi%$ to climb ! trees1 b ^! sway$ & ca/ ! p f !m2 !y tri$ to ent] caves1 b ^! %ut !mselves be=e !m44440 ,x 0 aft] ?is univ]sal ru9 & de/ruction t1 accord+ to native tradition1 ! pyramid ( ,*olula 0 erect$1 z a place ( refuge = ! remnant ( ! native race :i* _h escap$ de/ruction & return$ to ! sc5e ( desolation1 lur$ by ! ri*ness ( ! f]tile soil1 j z ! ,italian peasants return to _! v9ey>ds on ,vesuvius aft] ea* eruption4 ,all ?+s consid]$ !re seems to be no gr\nd = reject+ ! native tradition :i* affirms t ! great pyramid ( ,*olula 0 erect$ z a place ( refuge f inundations1 especially z no m plausible explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! pyramid c be imag9$4 ,any primitive p1 inhabit+ f]tile pla9s :i* ab\nd$ 9 game & fi%1 & food-plants1 b 7 expos$ to frequ5t inundations1 c\ld n fail to recognize ! advantages ( an elevat$ piece ( gr\nd z a place ( safety4 ,x is easy to imag9e ! int]m$iate /ages 9 ! transition f ?is simple recognition to ! f9al det]m9ation to build a compact1 high & spaci\s elevation1 )9 ! rea* ( all inhabitants ( a settlem5t1 on :i* ^! c\ld n only f9d refuge f ! dang]s ( floods & volcanic di/urbances1 b also /ore _! h>ve/1 & possibly "s =m ( raft or boat :i* !y might employ z a la/ means ( escape4 ,irrefutable pro( t ! maize _h be5 cultivat$ f remote antiquity 9 ?is region1 & _h ev5 become id5tifi$ ) x1 is furni%$ by ! fact t ! "n ( ! small republic ( ,tlaxcalla1 :i* lies 9 ! neighbor+ foot-hills1 signifies bread1 & t its hi]oglyphic sign consi/s ( two h&s hold+ a tortilla1 or maize-cake4 ,x is well kn[n t botani/s h n yet succe$$ 9 id5tify+1 among/ ! native grasses ( ,am]ica1 ! ance/or ( ! cultivat$ maize-plant4 ,!y ass]t1 h[ev]1 t ! developm5t ( :at is n[ ! _w's l>ge/ c]eal1 f a wild native species1 mu/ h requir$ incalculable "t4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t no factor c\ld possibly h m spe$ily impress$ ^u primitive m5 ! b5efits ( conc]t$ action & ( organization & communal life ?an ! occasional recurr5ce ( a great & imm95t p]il :i* 0 %>$ by all alike1 & = :i* !re 0 b "o visible means ( escape4 ,x is equally cle> t1 once a conc]t$ & unit$ und]tak+ _h be5 det]m9$ ^u1 "s sort ( plan & organization mu/ h naturally evolv$ itself4 ,! m]e build+ ( su* a gigantic /ructure z ! pyramid ( ,*olula1 :i* may well h absorb$ ! en]gies ( sev]al g5]ations ( m51 or1 at all ev5ts t ( innum]able workm51 c\ld well h be5 an abid+ & mo/ p[]ful factor 9 e/abli%+ _! social organization4 ,its erection mu/ inde$ h m>k$ an epo* 9 ! lives ( ! inhabitants ( ?is region1 because1 dur+ _m ye>s x creat$ a bond ( common int]e/ :i*1 ( itself1 might well h laid ! f\ndation ( a p]man5t communal life1 9 :i* responsibility & labor 7 equally di/ribut$4 ,! m]e necessity to exp5d an equal am\nt ( mat]ial & labor ^u ! build+ ( ea* side ( ! pyramid1 w\ld naturally lead to ! =mation ( pa?ways trac$ by ! feet ( ! c>ri]s ( e>? & /one f diff]5t directions1 & ultimately to a division ( ! work]s into f\r b&s1 ea* associat$ ) a diff]5t c>d9al po9t4 ,practice w\ld dem& t ea* b& %\ld be "u lead]%ip1 & be divid$ into ^? :o collect$ & c>ri$ mat]ial1 & ^? :o plac$ x 9 position1 at ea* side ( ! pyramid4 ,! necessity = g5]al sup]vision & director%ip1 ext5d+ ov] ! f\r b&s ( work]s alike1 w\ld1 ( itself1 create c5tral rul]%ip ^u :i* w\ld devolve ! duty ( en=c+ an equal division ( labor1 :i* w\ld create1 9 turn1 "s =m ( sy/ematic r\t9e & rotation4 ,x c ?us be und]/ood h[1 by sl[ degrees1 ea* side ( ! pyramid w\ld become p]man5tly id5tifi$ ) a c>d9al po9t2 & associat$ ) a division ( workm5 "u its lead] & a fix$ p]iod ( "t4 ,x may likewise be se5 h[ a sep>ate ca/e w\ld sl[ly develop itself1 consi/+ ( ! tra9$ ar*itects & build]s1 ! desc5dants ( ! fir/ organiz]s ( human labor1 & sy/ematical rul]s ( m547#gf7 ,x may ?us be se5 h[ ! realization ( frequ5t dang]1 ! necessity to provide an escape & insure ! safety ( ! race1 aid$ by exp]i5ce1 might lead to ! conception ( a va/ pyramid1 ! m]e build+ ( :i* w\ld create & e/abli% ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( organization & gov]nm5t4 ,! simultane\s developm5t ( ! ideas sugge/$ by ,pol>is w\ld inevitably lead to a comp>ison & association ( ! t]re/rial c5tre ( communal activity ) ! pol> axis1 & to ! conception ( an e>?ly gov]nm5t 9 :i* human affairs 7 adju/$ s z to be 9 seem+ h>mony ) ! movem5ts ( cele/ial bodies4 ,! bl5d+ ( ! conclusions atta9$ by ! a/ronom]-prie/s1 & ! practical sy/em adopt$ by ! ma/] build]s1 c\ld n fail ultimately to cause ! pyramid to appe> z ! sacr$ visible sign or image ( ! s+le1 c5tral p[] & quadruple gov]nm5t :i* ext5d$ its rule ?r\gh\t heav5 & e>?4 ,i v5ture to po9t out t1 if c>efully analyz$1 ! pyramid seems to be b a lat] developm5t ( precisely ! same ideas :i* are express$ by ! swa/ika4 ,paus+ n[ to review prec$+ data we f9d x demon/rat$ t ! geographical position ( ,tullan ,*olollan & its pyramid designates x z an anci5t seat ( civilization :]e ! native s*eme ( organization may h evolv$ itself1 & ! s\rce :5ce ! native traditions conc]n+ successive de/ructive cataclysms & convulsions ( nature may h spread4 ,:at is m1 ! peculi> conditions exi/+ at ,tullan ,*olollan1 situat$ 9 ! he>t ( a volcanic region1 w\ld amply expla9 ! traditional de/ruction & ab&onm5t ( ! mo/ anci5t c5tre ( native civilization & ! spread ?r\gh\t ! cont95t ( ! id5tical s*eme ( gov]nm5t1 etc41 x be+ mo/ natural t ea* b& ( fugitives1 on f9d+ :at appe>$ to be a favorably situat$ region1 %\ld settle !re & c>ry out ! inh]it$ plan ( organization1 etc41 :i* w\ld naturally become slightly modifi$ "u alt]$ conditions4 ,fre% colonies on ! patt]n ( ! ru9$ metropolis & integral /ate w\ld successively be f\nd$ f> & wide & z examples ( su* ,i v5ture to designate ,tulantz9co1 lit]ally ! title ,tullan1 & possibly ,teotihuacan1 :]e ! native civilization seems to h und]gone its m advanc$ /ages ( evolution1 & to h ris5 9 p[]1 develop$ div]g5t cults ) sep>ate languages 7! ,maya & ! ,nahuatl7 & in/itut$ ! two religions & dual rul]%ip :i* ev5tually l$ to diss5sion & ! dissolution ( ! integral /ate at a p]iod ant]ior to hi/orical times4 ,! assumption t ! mo/ anci5t c5tre ( native civilization lay 9 a volcanic region af=ds a plausible explanation ( h[ an inord9ate value w\ld naturally be plac$ on /ability1 p] se1 & ! feel+s ( v5]ation = ,pol>is & a passionate long+ = a place ( t]re/rial & cele/ial re/ w\ld become /rongly develop$4 ,inde$1 x is only possible to und]/& ! reason :y v>i\s ,am]ican tribes w&]$ ab\t 9 ard5t & e>ne/ se>* = ! /able middle ( ! e>?1 :5 x is assum$ t !y mu/ h be5 driv5 f _! =m] place ( resid5ce by volcanic di/urbances :i* made a firm piece ( gr\nd "u foot seem to be ! mo/ desirable ( all e>?ly b5efits4 ,i v5ture to ass]t t ?is se>* & ! ideal ( /ability w\ld n h be5 sugge/$ s =cibly to p :o _h nev] exp]i5c$ a long succession ( m or less t]rible e>?quakes4 ,al?\gh widely diff]5t op9ions conc]n+ ! id5tification ( ! anci5t ,tullan are held by ,am]ican ar*ologi/s !y w all d\btlessly admit t at ,*olollan we h1 9 ! fir/ case1 a locality to :i* ! natives assign ! "n ( ,tollan1 & a pyramid1 ! l>ge/ on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 :i* te/ifies t1 9 prehi/oric times1 ?is place 0 inhabit$ = a prolong$ p]iod1 by a num]\s & organiz$ community4 ,! f]tility ( ! surr\nd+ pla9s n[ kn[n z ! ,campia de ,puebla & ! anci5t "n ( ,tlaxcalla yield evid5ce t1 f "t immemorial1 ?is di/rict 0 associat$ ) maize cultivation4 ,! vic9ity ( ! giant volcanoes ( ,popocatepetl1 ,iztaccihuatl & ,orizaba7#gg7 suffici5tly demon/rate t !y mu/ repeat$ly h be5 ! sc5e ( viol5t di/urbances :i* w\ld fully acc\nt = ! tradition ( successive cataclysms :i* de/roy$ a va/ /ate & almo/ annihilat$ ! native race4 ,! =ego+ unassailable facts und\bt$ly ju/ify ! conclusion t ! giant pyramid ( ,*olula m>ks ! site ( ! great & anci5t ,tollan ^: de/ruction 0 ! !me ( ! pla9tive native songs ( lam5tation ev5 at ! "t ( ! ,spani% ,conque/4 ,t ! natives h ev] reg>d$ ,*olula z a place ( p>ticul> sanctity is %[n by ! foll[+ /atem5t by ,fray ,g]onimo ,roman y ,zamorra 7#aefi-aege7 7,republicas de ,indias1 ed4 ,su>ez1 ,madrid1 #ahhh73 8,x 0 ,colola or ,*olola1 :i* 0 ! anci5t metropolis or head ( all ! native religion1 s mu* s t all ! great *iefs or lords _h _! own *apels & dwell+ h\ses !re because !y us$ to p]=m pilgrimages to its great temple ?is be+ ! mo/ rev]$ 9 ! l&40 ,x is also reasonable to inf] t ! region ( ! high plateau & valley ( ,mexico1 possibly be=e ! =mation ( ! great lagoons1 0 ! cradle ( anci5t ,am]ican civilization1 :]e1 dur+ c\ntless c5turies1 ! native race lit]ally & figuratively cultivat$ its own maize & simultane\sly develop$ ! set ( ideas :i* =m$ ! basis ( its intellectual evolution4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to reflect t1 z cle>ly %[n by c]emonial usages :i* exi/$ ?r\gh\t our cont95t & survive to ! pres5t day among/ ! ,pueblo ,indians1 x is to ! fo/]+ c>e1 =e?\ght & labor ( c\ntless g5]ations ( wom51 ! 8,corn ,maid5s & ,mo!rs10 t ,am]ica owes ! priceless legacy ( a food-plant :i* has already su/a9$ untold millions ( lives4 ,?us1 :il/ ! anci5t 8,daught]s ( ! ,e>?0 h giv5 _! c\ntry a gift :i* w la/ = all "t1 ! pyramids1 temples & cities1 re>$ by ! 8,sons ( ,heav510 h fall5 into ru91 & ! great edifice ( human ?\ght t !y re>$1 _! complex social organization1 gov]nm5t & cal5d> n[ lie sup]s$$ "u ! du/ ( "t4 ,at ?is po9t ( inve/igation ! "q naturally arises1 ,:5ce came ! f\nd]s ( ! native civilization1 :o e/abli%$ !mselves & peopl$ ! c5tral region ( ,mexico & d\btlessly dwelt !re = a prolong$ p]iod prior to ! fir/ ( ! traditional cataclysms :i* ne>ly prov$ de/ructive to _! race8 ,x is obvi\s t1 be=e ?is int]e/+ "q c be satisfactorily discuss$1 a m9ute analysis & inve/igation %\ld be made ( all o!r anci5t civilizations ( ! _w 9 :i* ! swa/ika 0 employ$ z a sacr$ symbol4 ,a comp>ative rese>* on su* a scale c\ld only be effectively c>ri$ out ) ! active cop]ation ( ori5tali/s1 ar*ologi/s & philologi/s 9 all dep>tm5ts ( rese>*4 ,tak+1 z an index1 ! pres5ce 9 old c5tres ( civilization ( ! mo/ anci5t sacr$ symbol ( ! _w1 ! swa/ika1 ! aim ( ! jo9t inve/igation %\ld be to trace h[ f> x 0 accompani$1 9 ea* c\ntry1 by pole-/> wor%ip & ! set ( ideas1 symbols & words to :i* x is s indissolubly l9k$ 9 anci5t ,am]ica & ,*9a4 ,by ?is means only c a f9al conclusion be rea*$ z to :e!r ?is symbol spread ov] ! e>? f "o orig9al c5tre ( civilization1 or :e!r x sugge/$ itself to primitive obs]v]s ( ,sept5triones 9 v>i\s localities & at diff]5t times1 z ! natural outcome ( />-obs]vation4 ,if ! swa/ika & ! sept5trional set ( ideas spread f "o c5tre !n we %\ld expect to f9d !m accompani$ by traces ( a common language4 ,i %all h contribut$ my %>e to ! jo9t inve/igation :51 9 addition to ! prec$+ data1 ,i pres5t ! foll[+ li/ ( ,maya & ,mexican names intimately associat$ ) ! native symbols & set ( ideas4 ,9 pres5t+ !m ,i once m draw att5tion to ! resemblance ( s\nd 9 words :i* obvi\sly influ5c$ ! *oice ( c]ta9 symbols j z1 = in/ance1 loose-sk9n$ oranges are n[ giv5 z pres5ts at ,new ,ye> 9 ,*9a1 because _! native "n has exactly ! same s\nd z ! ^w mean+ 8good =tune40 ,! use1 especially on porcela91 ( ! batfuh1 to signify 8happ9ess10 also fuh1 & ( ! sonor\s /one 8,k+0 to emblematize 8prosp]ity107#gh7 are o!r in/ances :i* %$ mu* light ^u ! orig9 ( primitive symbolism 9 ,*9a & else:]e4 ,symbols ,& ,names ,connect$ ,) ,middle ,or ,c5tre4 ,maya4 ,ho1 or ,ti-hoo"n ( anci5t capital ( ,yucatan4 ,ho-m1 or ho-mulartificial m\nd or pyramid4 ,ho-mtanilbelly4 ,ho-bnelentrails4 ,hofive1 symboliz$ by h&kab1 also by five-dot gr\p4 ,ci-homsacr$ tree1 ! leaves ( :i* 7 scatt]$ 9 ! temple c\rt-y>d at ! baptism ( *ildr5 7,l&a74 ,ho-lhead 7symbol74 ,ho-o*vase 9 g5]al4 ,cuxabelhe>t or life1 cf4 ah-cu*-cabhe>t ( ! /ate1 title ( "l or *iefta94 ,nic1 or nic-tfl[]1 usually repres5t$ z consi/+ ( five p>ts1 i4 e41 ! c5tre & f\r petals4 ,tem! squ>e alt>4 ,names ,( ,symbols ,connect$ ,) ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 ,above ,& ,bel[4 ,maya4 ,cf\r1 s]p5t4 ,caansky1 cord4 ,canaliladj4 gr&eur1 elevation4 ,canalon top (1 on2 also yell[4 ,canal-cun-zaalto exalt1 elevate1 aggr&ize1 praise4 ,cananilnecessity1 ne$4 ,canaanadj4 necess>y1 ne$$4 ,*tree4 ,z9-*cross1 lit]ally tree ( life or ( p[]4 ,z9-ilp[]ful1 cf4 zihnalorig9al1 primitive4 ,zihzabalcreation4 ,zian! beg9n+1 orig91 g5]ation4 ,zihilto comm5ce1 or be born4 ,z9anscorpion1 symbol4 ,"n ,& ,symbol ,( ,nor?4 ,maya4 ,amspid]4 ,aman! nor?4 ,/>-,names4 ,maya4 ,ek/>1 black4 ,ek-*uah"n ( ! patron div9ity ( travell]s & trad]s1 i4 e41 ! pole-/>4 cf4 ,ikal1 native ^w adopt$ by ,spani% mission>ies to d5ote 8a _s40 ,i h already po9t$ out h[ a m9ute comp>ison ( ! equival5t ,mexican symbols & _! names %[s t ! latt] (t5 seem to be m]e translations f ! ,maya & t ! same id5tity ( s\nd does n always exi/ betwe5 ! ,nahuatl symbol1 its "n & true significance4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ! mu*-us$ ,mexican symbol = ! c5tre & f\r qu>t]s1 ! fl[]1 pron\nc$ ho-*itl1 b writt5 xo-*itl1 ! ar*aic ,maya syllable ho1 s intimately connect$ ) ! c5tre1 recurs4 ,x also appe>s 9 ! "n ( ! con/ellation ,ursa ,m9or1 xo-necuilli1 9 ! ^w xo*-ayotltortoise1 employ$ z a symbol1 & 9 ! "n xolotlsome?+ d\ble or dual1 sometimes employ$ z a synonym ( coatltw91 s]p5t4 ,! h&maitl 0 employ$ to express ! num]al fivemacuilli4 ,x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to note t 9 ord] to express ! ^w tla*i-ual-tepetl or 8artificial m\nd0 7! ,maya hom7 9 ,nahuatl1 ! scribes _h to pa9t a m\nta9 surm\nt$ by an eye1 a symbol also employ$ to designate />s! eyes ( night4 ,! ,nahuatl = treequahuitl is almo/ homonym\s ) quaitlhead & bo? 7 employ$ z symbols ( ! c5tre4 ,! foll[+ ,nahuatl words claim special att5tion4 ,! fir/ is teotl1 :i* 0 adopt$ z ! equival5t ( ! ,greek ,!os by ! ,spani% mission>ies1 b :i* appe>s to h be5 orig9ally us$ 9 ! s5se ( a 8,div9ity10 or 8div9e "l10 & 0 also appli$ to all lords or rul]s4 ,! second is ! v]b yoli or yol9iato live & yollotlhe>t4 ,a special int]e/ atta*es itself1 h[ev]1 to ! n\n yauatlcircle & ! v]b yaualoato g ar\nd 9 a circle _m times1 because !re is good gr\nd = id5tify+1 z ! ,ursa ,major1 ! />-god m5tion$ z ,y\al-tecuhtli by ,sahagun4 ,z y\alli means night1 ! title lit]ally signifies 8! "l ( ! night10 :ile yaualtecuhtli w\ld mean ! "l ( ! circle or :eel1 ! mo/ appropriate "n = ,ursa ,major4 ,! actual repres5tation1 9 ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians10 ( ! 8,"l ( ,night10 )9 a :eel or circle compos$ ( 8 own foot/eps1 s /rik+ly corroborates ?is view1 t fur!r comm5t appe>s unnecess>y 7fig4 #ei74 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ei4 ,9 conclusion ! exact mean+ ( ! mo/ important native symbols is "h recapitulat$ s z to facilitate comp>ative rese>*4 ,,! ,,swa/ika ,,or ,,cross ! mo/ anci5t ( primitive symbols 0 prim>ily a graphic repres5tation ( ! annual rotation ( ! ,sept5triones ar\nd ,pol>is4 ,x ?us con/itut$ n only an image ( ! mo/ impressive ( cele/ial ph5om5a b also a ye>-symbol4 ,! mo/ highly-develop$ =ms ( ! swa/ika f\nd 9 ,mexico are associat$ ) cal5d>-signs4 ,9 ,mexico & 9 ! ,ohio ,valley x is l9k$ ) ! s]p5t1 to ! symbolism ( :i* ref]5ce %\ld be made4 ,9 ,copan ! cross symbol is associat$ ) ! image ( a figure 9 repose1 occupy+ ! ,middle1 & f\r puffs ( brea? or air1 lad5 ) life-se$s1 emanat+ f ?is4 ,consid]+ t ! cross ultimately became ! symbol ( ! union ( ! f\r elem5ts or two pr9ciples ( nature 9 "o & t ! production ( life-produc+ ra9 0 attribut$ to ! union ( heav5 & e>?1 x is evid5t :y ! ,cozumel cross 0 describ$ to its ,spani% discov]]s1 by ! natives1 z a symbol ( ! 8ra9-god40 ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,fire :i* 0 kept p]petually burn+ on ! summit ( ! pyramid 0 ! graphic & appropriate image ( ! c5tral light ( heav5 t mo/ naturally sugge/$ itself to ! native m9d4 ,its orig9 0 attribut$ to sup]natural ag5cy & x 0 "u ! special c>e ( ! prie/hood4 ,a deeply symbolical mean+ 0 obvi\sly atta*$ to ! c]emonial k9dl+ ( ! sacr$ fire by means ( ! re$ fire-drill :i* 0 held p]p5dicul>ly & ins]t$ into a horizontally-plac$ piece ( dry wood4 ,a notewor?y resemblance to a tau-%ap$ figure 0 ?us =m$1 :i* is int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! fact t ! c]emony ( k9dl+ ! sacr$ fire 0 und\bt$ly reg>d$ by ! anci5t ,mexicans z emblematical ( ! productive & life-giv+ union ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature4 ,! acatl or re$/alk1 ins]t$ into ! vase-l symbol ( ! e>?1 su* z is c>v$ on ! c5tre ( ! upp] edge ( ! cal5d>-/one1 is b ano!r hi]atic =m ( ! same symbolism4 ,! annual re-di/ribution ( ! sacr$ fire to ! entire population1 a fre% gift f heav5 obta9$ by ! m$iation ( ! high-prie/1 0 p>ticul>ly impressive & emphasiz$ ! idea ( all fire & light & life proce$+ f a common c5tre4 ,x is noticeable t ! re$ or acatl is also intimately associat$ ) ! ea/1 ! mascul9e or life-giv+ region4 ,! ,maya "n = tortoiseac1 is a curi\s homonym ( ! ,nahuatl ^w ac-atl4 ,,! ,,s]p5t emblematizes & expresses ! s\nd ( quadruple p[] 9 ,maya & duality 9 ,nahuatl4 ,x 0 employ$ z an image or embodim5t 9 a s+le =m ( ! two pr9ciples ( nature or ! f\r elem5ts4 ,x 0 usually accompani$ by ! adjective heav5ly or div9e & symboliz$ reproduction1 be+ ! union ( ! mascul9e or heav5ly & fem99e or e>?ly pr9ciples4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld be not$ t ! num]al two 9 ,nahuatl is ome1 & 9 ,maya1 ca4 ,a native mode ( express+ duality1 by means ( two horn-l projections on ! heads ( allegorical p]sonages1 is exemplifi$ 9 fig4 #bi1 p4 #ib4 ,,! ,,tree 0 ! emblem ( life1 ( hidd5 & visible gr[? :i* ext5d$ d[nw>d into ! e>? & upw>d into heav5 & s5t =? its f\r bran*es t[>ds ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,x typifi$ tribal life because its v>i\s p>ts 7 id5tifi$ ) ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! community &1 metaphorically1 ! "l 0 spok5 ( z ! trunk or ma9 /em2 ! m9or *iefs z bran*es & twigs2 ! m5 or vassals z leaves2 ! maid5s z fl[]s1 & ! wom5 z fruit1 etc4 ,! "n 8atlapalli0 01 = in/ance1 ! curr5t ,nahuatl appellation = vassals4 ,z ! conv5tionaliz$ trees 9 ! native picture-writ+s are usually figur$ ) f\r equal bran*es !y =m$ an appropriate image ( ! liv+ /ate1 & ( all directions 9 space4 ,! 8tree ( life0 ?us =m$ a swa/ika or cross & bo? symbols 7 indissolubly l9k$ toge!r4 ,! names ( two trees1 consid]$ p>ticul>ly sacr$ by ! ,mayas1 7 ! ci-hom & ! yax-*1 a sort ( ceiba :i* 0 t]m$ 8! tree ( cele/ial life0 7,l&a74 ,,! ,,human ,,face 0 an image ( ! duality & unity ( nature4 ,! upp] half ( ! face symboliz$ heav5 ) its two eyes1 ! sun & moon4 ,! m\? & tee?1 ! ,nahuatl "n = :i*tlan-tli 0 homonym\s ) ! affix tlanl& or e>?tlalli1 emblematiz$ e>?1 d>kness & ! ,bel[4 ,! nose ) its two no/rils emblematiz$ inhalation & exhalation4 ,! sanctity atta*$ to ?is my/ic union ( two /reams ( brea? l$ to ! consecration ( ! nose by ! we>+ ( a symbolical ornam5t atta*$ to x4 ,,! ,,human ,,=m express$ 8a complete c\nt0 & 0 employ$ z an image ( ! entire con/itution1 & ( ! cal5d> sy/em2 ea* "p ( ! gov]nm5t adm9i/ration & cal5d> sign be+ id5tifi$ ) "o ( ! tw5ty digits1 f\r limbs1 body & head ( ! human =m4 ,,! ,,quadrup$ usually ! ocelot1 or puma1 0 ! symbol ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,bel[ & nocturnal cult ( ! e>? z oppos$ to ,,! ,,bird ,,or ,,eagle :i* typifi$ ! upp] /ate & diurnal cult ( ,heav54 ,*iefs1 :o unit$ dual p[]s 9 _! p]sons1 wore1 z an emblem1 ! s]p5t1 or a comb9ation ( ocelot-sk9 & fea!r ornam5ts4 ,,! ,,h& express$ p] se1 9 ,maya1 ! num]al hofive1 :i* 0 also ! "n ( a /ate :i* inv>iably consi/$ ( ! c5tral capital & f\r prov9ces4 ,z su* x 0 c>ri$ z an emblem ( p[] by ! c5tral rul]1 z may be se5 9 ! native codices4 ,! ?umb be+ reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal or rul+ f+]1 ! *ief "l 0 metaphorically spok5 ( z ! ?umb1 :il/ ! m9or lords 7 entitl$ f+]spilli4 ,,! ,,pyramid ,,& ,,sacr$ ,,m\nta9 0 prim>ily an artificial elevation de/9$ to be a place ( refuge 9 times ( inundation2 ! pyramid ultimately symboliz$3 7#a7 ! sacr$ /able c5tre ( ! _w & ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s2 7#b7 c5tral p[] & its f\r manife/ations or elem5ts4 ,! great pyramid ( ! anci5t ,city ( ,mexico :i* 0 cr[n$ by two *apels1 respectively conta9+ symbolical images ( ! two pr9ciples ( nature1 is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! employm5t ( ! pyramid to express ! dual c5tre 7! ,above & ,bel[1 etc47 & ! quadruple organization ( all ?+s :i* 0 express$ n only by ! f\r sides ( ! /ructure b by its f\r sup]pos$ t]races4 ,! fact record$ by ,fri> ,duran1 t ! flight ( /eps :i* l$ to ! summit ( ! pyramid on its ea/]n side consi/$ ( #cfe /eps1 & t ! annual c]emony ( asc5d+ ^!1 p]=m$ by a consecrat$ individual1 8signifi$ ! c\rse ( ! sun 9 a ye>10 indicates t ! pyramid 0 also associat$ ) ! idea ( ! quadruplicate division ( "t :i* p]vad$ ! entire cal5d> sy/em4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t 9 anci5t ,mexico ! summits ( high m\nta9s 7 reg>d$ z sacr$1 8because x 0 !re t ,heav5 & ,e>? met & g5]at$ fructify+ %[]s40 ,z religi\s cult develop$1 ! rites p]=m$ on ! summit ( ! pyramid or artificial m\nd 7 = ! purpose ( evok+ ra9 & ! r5ewal ( life ^u e>?1 & symboliz$ ! union ( heav5 & e>?4 ,to ! native m9d ! pyramid ?us repres5t$ ! consecrat$ meet+-place ( heav5 & e>?1 ! ,above & ,bel[1 ! mascul9e & fem99e elem5ts1 ! 8div9e tw9s10 z well z univ]sal1 all-p]vad+1 quadruplicate organization4 ,! massive pyramid likewise typifi$1 9 an impressive mann]1 ! ma9 idea connect$ ) ! ,middle3 t ( /ability1 immutability1 quietude & repose1 comb9$ ) p[]4 ,9 "s localities a rem>kable rock or massive block ( /one 0 adopt$ z ! m>k ( ! sacr$ c5tre & became ! alt> on :i* (f]+s or sacrifices 7 made1 or ! ?rone on :i* ! t]re/rial c5tral rul] seat$ himself on c]emonial occasions & assum$ an attitude ( absolute repose4 ,x is int]e/+ to collate ! ,nahuatl words ,te-otl1 div9ity or div9e "l1 ) te-tl/one & ! ,maya te-m/one seat or alt>1 ( :i* _m c>v$ examples exi/ 9 ! ru9$ ,c5tral ,am]ican cities1 & to obs]ve t pr9cipal p]sonages1 su* z are repres5t$ on ! c>v$ alt>s & 9 ! middle ( ! ,copan swa/ika1 are repres5t$ z seat$ cross-legg$1 z ?\gh ?is attitude 7 specially indicative ( repose on ! /able c5tre ( ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,z ! natives usually squat or sit on _! heels1 ! cross-legg$ attitude is p>ticul>ly notewor?y 9 connection ) ! omnipres5t set ( ideas4 ,,! ,,b[l ,,or ,,vase 0 ! emblem ( e>?1 ! receptacle ( fructify+ %[]s1 & ( ! t]re/rial c5tre4 ,fill$ ) ra9-wat]1 on ! surface ( :i* ! radiance ( a />--! pole-/>--reflect$ itself1 ! b[l 0 suppos$ to typify ! union ( heav5 & e>? by means ( ! div9e ess5ce ( light & life1 proce$+ f ! 8,he>t ( ,heav540 ,,! ,,fl[] 0 ano!r symbol ( ! e>? & ( ! /ate & its divisions4 ,x occurs z a composite fl[] consi/+ ( a yell[ c5tre surr\nd$ by multicolor$ petals4 ,! usual =m is ( a fl[] ) f\r equal petals1 be>+ a circle or dot 9 ! c5tre & "o on ea* petal1 ! ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s be+ ?us express$4 ,a clos+ allusion %\ld be briefly made to ! native association ( ! squ>e ) ! e>? & ! circle ) ! heav5 & to ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ^! ideas comb9$ ) ^? ( light & d>kness ^u primitive ar*itecture & symbolical ornam5tal designs4 ,po9t+ out t all ( ! above symbols are b v>iations on ! fundam5tal !me ( ! 8,middle1 ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 ,above & ,bel[10 ,i also emphasize ! fact t1 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 language p[]fully influ5c$ ! *oice ( symbols1 z may be p>ticul>ly se5 9 ! case ( ! s]p5t1 ! ,nahuatl & ,maya names = :i* are homonym\s ) duality & quadruplicity4 ,! orig9 & mean+ ( ! anci5t ,am]ican symbols ( ! cross1 ! s]p5t1 ! tree1 etc41 are cle>ly app>5t4 ,x rema9s to be se5 h[ f> ?is is ! case 9 o!r c\ntries :]e ! id5tical symbols 7 or are employ$1 & x is to my fell[ ar*ologi/s t ,i look = f9al au?oritative /atem5ts on ?is important subject1 9 _! special l9es ( rese>*4 ,mean:ile ,i %all pres5t "s facts :i* are accessible to ! g5]al read] & suffice = ! purpose ( my pres5t inve/igation4 ,,*9a4 ,pole-/> wor%ip & det]m9ation ( "t by ,ursa ,major exi/$ 9 ,*9a f remote antiquity4 ,! ,*9ese "n = ! pole-/> is ,te5-hwang-ta-tee1 lit]ally ! great imp]ial rul] ( ! ,heav54 ,9 ,*9a 8! pole-/>1 r\nd :i* ! entire firmam5t appe>s to turn1 ought to be consid]$ z ! ,sov]eign ( ! ,heav5s1 & z ! mo/ v5]at$ div9ity0 7,g4 ,s*legel1 ,uranographie ,*9oise1 p4 #ebd74 ,! sacr$ c5tral =bidd5 enclosure1 at ,pek+1 conta9s a temple ( ! ,nor? ,/> ,god4 ,9 ! description ( ! imp]ial wor%ip held at ! w9t] & summ] sol/ices1 9 ,james ,edk9s' ,religion 9 ,*9a 7,london1 #ahgh1 p4 #bd7 x is /at$3 8,on ! second t]race ( ! ea/ side1 ! tablet ( ! ,sun is plac$1 & also t ( ! ,great ,be>1 ! five ( ! #bh con/ellations & "o = all ! o!r />s40 ,! foll[+ passage %[s ! orig9 ( ! ,*9ese ye>3 #a4 8,! mon?s & seasons are det]m9$ by ! revolution ( ,ursa ,major 7! ,*9ese "n = :i* is ,pek-tao ! #8,sev5 ,directors'74 ,! tail ( ! con/ellation po9t+ to ! ea/ at nightfall ann\nces ! arrival ( spr+2 po9t+ to ! s\? ! arrival ( summ]2 po9t+ to ! we/ ! arrival ( autumn & po9t+ to ! nor? ! arrival ( w9t]4 ,?is means ( calculat+ ! seasons becomes m intelligible :5 x is rememb]$ t 9 anci5t times ! ,be> 0 mu* ne>] ! nor? pole ?an n[ & revolv$ ar\nd x l ! h& ( a clock0 7,pr(4 ,rob4 ,k4 ,d\glass1 ,*9a4 ,london1 #ahhg1 p4 #dah74 ,! ,*9ese zodiac is repres5t$ ) ! pole-/> & circumpol> con/ellations 9 ! c5tre 7,a/ronomy ( ! ,*9ese1 ,anci5t ,*9a1 ,w4 ,h4 ,m$hur/1 ,%anghae1 #ahdf74 #b4 ,! det]m9ation & designation ( six directions 9 space4 ,9 ,*9ese ! six ho or ki designate ! limits ( space1 ! z5i?1 nadir & f\r qu>t]s 7,may]'s ,manual1 pp4 #cjf1 #cab & #cba74 8,! t]m ,liu-ho also applies to ! six pairs ( cyclical signs & means #8,univ]se1' t is1 ,heav5 & ,e>? be+ ,above & ,bel[ & ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s407#gi7 ,! syllable ho also occurs 9 ! foll[+ words :i* des]ve to be collat$ ) ! ,maya li/3 ,hriv]1 hulake4 ,c-h-oma/]1 cf4 ,maya holhead4 ,h-oresid5t1 cf4 ,maya hocapital4 ,%-otree1 cf4 ,maya ci-homtree4 ,pih-%-ocypress4 ,kwc\ntry1 cf4 m\?1 symbol = l& or bel[4 ,kwm\?1 etc4 ,*["n ( anci5t metropolis4 #c4 ,! conception ( ! ,above & ,bel[duality4 ,! z5i? is naturally associat$ ) heav5 & ! nadir ) e>?4 ,heav5 is fa!r & e>? is "m4 ,heav5 is figur$ by a circle & e>? by a squ>e4 8,! m>riage ( ,heav5 & ,e>? produces all ?+s40 ,! association ( heav5 ) ! male & e>? ) ! female pr9ciples is %[n by 7#a7 ! injunction3 8,?\ %alt honor ?y fa!r z ! heav5 & ?y "m z ! e>?40 7#b7 ,9 ,pek91 ! ,emp]or1 t]m$ 8! ,son ( ,heav510 inhabits ! 8,palace ( ,heav50 :il/ ! ,empress inhabits ! 8,palace ( ,e>?'s repose40 ,! sun is male & ! 8,temple ( ! ,sun0 is situat$ to ! ea/4 ,! moon is female & ! 8,temple ( ! ,moon0 is situat$ to ! we/ 9 ! sacr$ enclosure at ,pek94 ,! emblematic color ( ! heav5 is naturally azure2 ( ! sun1 r$2 ( ! e>?1 yell[2 & ( ! moon1 :ite4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! cult ( heav5 & e>? is indissolubly l9k$ to t ( ! ,yang & ,y91 ! male & ! female pr9ciple1 & t 9 ,*9a ! foll[+ *a9s ( association conc]n+ duality 7 =m$3 ,z5i?4 ,nadir4 ,above4 ,bel[4 ,ti5,heav54 ,tec,e>?4 ,fa!r4 ,"m4 ,yang4 ,y94 ,color3 ,azure4 ,yell[4 ,emblem3 ,sun4 ,moon4 ,ea/place ( ,we/1 place ( ris+4 sett+4 ,light4 ,d>kness4 ,day4 ,night4 ,p]sonification3 ! ,! ,e>?-,"m4 ,%ang-ti ,emp]or,above1 ,! ,! ,empress,bel[8 ,"l ( ,heav5 or ,univ]se4 ,e>?ly ,! ,empress8 or repres5tative3 ! ,sombre ,emp]or8 ,light ,emp]or4 ,an int]e/+ addition to ?is dual li/ is ! view ( a mod]n ,*9aman1 t ! ,yang & ,y9 pr9ciples ref] to positive & negative electricity6 7,legge74 ,a /rik+ result ( ! association ( woman ) ! nadir & e>? is ! fact t 9 ,?ibet1 accord+ to ,rockhill1 woman is designat$ z ,smanba or ,manba3 8l[ creature40 ,,! ,,middle ,,& ,,f\r ,,qu>t]s4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,*9ese designate _! empire z ! 8,middle ,k+dom40 ,ano!r native "n = ,*9a is 8,*ung-ho-a10 :i* ,i f9d translat$ z 8! ,fl[] ( ! ,middle40 ,! empire is likewise designat$ z 8! ,f\r ,seas0ssu-hai & 8! ,f\r ,m\nta9s10 & x 0 actually divid$ by ! emp]or ,ya\ or ,yo 7,b4,c4 #bceg7 into f\r prov9ces conv]g+ at ! capital1 ! c5tral enclosure ( :i* 0 consid]$ z ! c5tre ( heav5 & e>?4 ,x is extremely significant t1 9 ?is c5tral enclosure !re is a temple1 consecrat$ to ! god ( ! nor? />,! ,imp]ial ,rul] ( ,heav51 :]eas alt>s only are d$icat$ to ! sun & moon respectively4 ,! exi/5ce 9 ! c5tral enclosure1 or ! 8,c>nation prohibit$ city10 ( ! ,temple ( ,e>?'s ,repose1 reveals t ! idea ( /ability 0 associat$ ) ?is t]re/rial c5tre4 ,! fact t ! ,empress & ! female portion ( ! ,imp]ial family resid$ 9 ! 8,palace ( ,e>?'s ,repose0 af=ds an explanation ( ! possible orig9 ( de=m+ ! feet ( noble wom51 ?is be+ a means ( en=c+ comp>ative repose ^u !m1 9 keep+ ) ! symbolism ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,! mo/ /rik+ /ructure 9 ?is sacr$ enclosure is 8an artificial m\nd1 ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty feet high1 hav+ five summits1 cr[n$ ) z _m temples4 ,its height all[s ! spectator to ov]look ! :ole city1 :il/1 too1 x is itself a conspicu\s object f e direction40 ,?is sacr$ m\nd or pyramid actually m>ks ! c5tre ( ! empire4 ,f ! surr\nd+ walls ( ! sacr$ city f\r roads div]ge t[>ds ! c>d9al po9ts1 divid+ ! capital into f\r qu>t]s4 ,ea* prov9ce 0 rul$ by an (ficial & bo? prov9ce & rul] seem to h be5 anci5tly designat$ by ! t]m ,m\nta9,yo or ,kan4 ,a sup]ior (ficial1 entitl$ ! 8,presid5t ( ! ,f\r ,m\nta9s0 is m5tion$ z ! c\nsellor ( ,emp]or ,ya\ 9 ! ,%u ,k+4 ,"o "n = m\nta9 is yo1 ano!r is kan1 a ^w :i* resembles k'anwat] & kwne>?1 :i* =ms ! "n ( ! e>? "m,kwan-y94 ,)\t draw+ any ha/y conclusions1 ,i m]ely note ! curi\s fact t ! title 8! ,presid5t ( ! ,f\r ,m\nta9s10 mu/ sometimes h be5 r5d]$ z ,kan & z ,yo1 & t a v>iant ! "n ( 8f\r seas0 may well h be5 8f\r ho0 or lakes or riv]s4 ,! title kan1 mean+ m\nta9 or em95ce1 & ! idea ( f\r riv]s fl[+ f a common c5tre or spr+1 may well h develop$ !mselves among ,*9ese-speak+ p4 ,x may be an odd co9cid5ce only t ! ^w kanm\nta91 %\ld be s intimately connect$ ) ! num]al f\r 9 ! ,*9ese title2 :ile x is a synonym = f\r 9 ! ,maya1 x is also f\nd employ$ 9 ! honorific ,maya title ,kukul-kan! div9e ,kan1 & z a synonym = m\nta9 9 c]ta9 names ( localities 9 ! valley ( ,mexico4 ,an int]e/+ b little kn[n fact is t ! peak ( ! mighty ,kulkun m\nta9 9 ,*9a is designat$ z ! 8,k+ ( ,m\nta9s1 ! summit ( ! e>?1 ! support] ( heav5 & ! axis :i* t\*es ! pole0 7,mey]'s ,conv]sations-,lexikon74 ,i %\ld mu* l to "k :e!r ! "n kul-kun is a v>iant ( kul-kan1 & lit]ally signifies 8div9e m\nta940 ,9 ?is case x w\ld /rangely resemble ! ,maya ,kukulkan & ! ,nahuatl ,cul-hua-c1 ! "n ( ! fabul\s recurv$ m\nta9 ( ,aztec tradition4 ,feel+ t ,i am "h tread+ ^u extremely dang]\s gr\nd ,i %all ab&on fur!r comp>isons & conclusions to philologi/s & ,*9ese s*ol>s & m]ely conclude by /at+ ! c]ta9 facts1 t 9 ,*9ese & ,maya alike ! syllable ho seems to be associat$ ) ! ,middle2 :ile c is connect$ ) f\r-fold division4 ,i may p]haps v5ture to add t1 9 ,*9ese1 ,maya & ,nahuatl alike1 ! p>ticles te & ti seem closely connect$ ) ,heav52 :ile ! ,*9ese kwane>?1 (f]s a c]ta9 resemblance to ! ,nahuatl affix tlan1 mean+ l&1 & kan1 sometimes us$ = m\nta94 ,s9ce ! ,*[ ,dyna/y1 ! empire 0 spok5 ( z hav+ five in/ead ( f\r m\nta9s1 :i* leads to ! inf]5ce t ref]5ce 0 ?us made to ! c5tral metropolis also1 ! mo/ sacr$ feature ( :i* 0 its c5tral artificial m\nta9 or pyramid4 ,x is obvi\s t ! empire 0 gov]n$ f ! c5tral *ief capital & f m9or capitals situat$ 9 ! f\r prov9ces & built on ! patt]n ( ,pek+4 ,9 an extremely int]e/+ & clev] pap]7#hj7 ,mr4 ,james ,wick]%am has rec5tly rem>k$ t 8! arrangem5t ( cities aft] ! c>d9al-po9ts plan 0 ! rule n only 9 ,am]ica b 9 ,*9a0 & gives ! foll[+ quotations3 8,mukd51 ! metropolis & anci5t capital ( ,man*uria1 0 a wall$ city l ,pek+4 ,ma9 /reets ran across ! city f gate to gate1 ) n>r[ roads1 call$ ,hu-t+1 int]sect+ !m4 ,! palace ( ! e>ly ,man*u sov]eigns occupies ! c5tre0 7,! ,middle ,k+dom1 ,williams1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aib-aih74 ,! ,man*urian city ( ,kir9 is also divid$ into f\r qu>t]s3 8,two great /reets cross ea* o!r at "r angles1 "o ( !m runn+ f> out into ! riv] on ! we/ support$ by piles40 ,peune1 ano!r l>ge city1 is simil>ly divid$4 8,x consi/s ( two ma9 /reets ) ! *ief m>ket place at _! cross+4 ,?is plan is ! rule 9 ! cities ( nor!rn ,*9a2 ! l>ge cities are wall$ & divid$ by cross /reets em]g+ f ! city gates at ! c>d9al po9ts0 7,coxe's ,russia1 pp4 #caf-ag74 ,! relation ( ! c5tral seat ( gov]nm5t to its prov9ces is ?us record$ 9 ! ,canon ( ,%un47#ha7 8,9 five ye>s !re 0 "o t\r ( inspection 7p]=m$ by ! emp]or7 & f\r appe>ances at c\rt ( ! nobles4 ,!y set =? a report ( _! gov]nm5t 9 words4 ,?is 0 cle>ly te/$ by _! works4 ,!y receiv$ *>iots & robes accord+ to _! s]vices40 ,! ord] ( rotation 9 :i* ! emp]or visit$ 9 "o ye> ! capital ( ea* qu>t]1 return+ aft] ea* abs5ce to ! metropolis1 is giv5 z foll[s3 8,9 ! second mon? ! t\r 0 to ! ea/4 ,9 ! fif? mon? 444 to ! s\?4 ,9 ! eigh? mon? 444 to ! we/4 ,9 ! elev5? mon? 444 to ! nor?40 ,dur+ ! next ye> ! nobles ( ! ea/]n prov9ce made _! appe>ance at c\rt1 & ! s\?1 we/ & nor? prov9ces foll[$ 9 turn1 x be+ noticeable t1 9 ea* case1 ! circle />t$ at ! ea/1 ! place ( ris+4 ,! in/itution ( ! cal5d> by ! ,emp]or ,ya\ is describ$ at l5g? 9 ! ,%u ,k+47#hb7 ,confucius said ( ?is rem>kable p]sonage1 8,heav5 alone is great1 b ,ya\ is able to imitate ,heav540 ,! ,emp]or ,ya\ 8444 h>moniz$ ! v>i\s /ates ( ! empire & ! black-hair$ p1 oh6 h[ !y 7 re=m$ by ?is cordial agreem5t4 ,he comm&$ ,he & ,ho 7(fic]s sup]9t5d+ ! cal5d> & a/ronomical in/rum5ts7 9 rev]5t accordance ) ! motions ( ! expansive heav5s1 to arrange by numb]s & repres5t ! revolutions ( ! sun & moon & />s ) ! lun> mansions & !n respectfully communicate to ! p ! seasons adapt$ = labor4 ,he !n sep>ately direct$ ,he's y\ng] bro!r to reside at ,yu-e 7! mod]n ,tang-*[ 9 ,%an-tung71 call$ ! ,ori5t ,valley1 :]e he might respectfully hail ! ris+ sun1 adju/ & arrange ! ea/]n 7& v]nal7 und]tak+s & notice ! equalization ( days & :e!r ! /> 7culm9at+ at nightfall7 0 ! middle con/ellation ( ! bird1 9 ord] to hit ! c5tre ( mid-spr+2 he might also obs]ve :e!r ! p began to disp]se abroad & :e!r birds & bea/s 7 beg9n+ to pair4 ,he comm&$ ,he's ?ird bro!r to reside at ! s\!rn bord] 7! region ( ,co*9-,*9a7 & adju/ & arrange ! s\!rn or summ] trans=mation & respectfully notice ! extreme limit ( ! %ad[ :5 ! days atta9 _! utmo/ l5g? & ! /> 9 ! z5i? t is d5om9at$ ,fire 7he>t ( ,scorpio1 culm9at$ on eve ( summ] sol/ice71 9 ord] to fix ! exact p]iod ( mid-summ]1 :5 ! p disp]se !mselves m widely & ! birds & bea/s beg9 to m\lt & ca/ _! sk9s4 ,he !n di/9ctly comm&$ ,ho's y\nge/ bro!r to dwell 9 ! we/1 at a place call$ ! ,d>k ,valley1 :]e he might respectfully att5d ! sett+ sun & equalize & adju/ ! we/]n 7or autumnal7 completions1 notice ! equalizations ( ! nights & see :e!r ! culm9at+ /> 0 ,empt9ess 7,beta 9 ,aqu>ius1 :i* culm9at$ at autumnal equ9ox :i* 0 ! p]iod at ! c5tre ( ! d>k pr9ciple 9 nature7 9 ord] to adju/ ! mid-autumn1 :5 ! p w\ld be m at ease & ! birds & bea/s w\ld be sleek & plump4 ,he fur!r direct$ ,ho's ?ird bro!r to dwell at ! nor!rn region1 call$ ! dismal city1 :]e he might prop]ly exam9e ! reit]ations & alt]ations & see :e!r1 :5 ! days 7 %orte/1 ! culm9at+ /> 0 ,pleiades 7?is culm9ates 9 ! ev5+ at w9t] sol/ice1 :i* is ! extreme ( d>k pr9ciple 9 nature & midnight seat ( t pr9ciple7 9 ord] to adju/ midw9t]1 :5 ! p w\ld rema9 at home & ! birds & bea/s get _! d[n & hair4 ,?us c>eful 0 ! sage 9 rev]5tly obs]v+ heav5 & lab\r+ dilig5tly = ! p1 9 ord] t 8 plans might n contradict ! designs ( heav5 nor ! gov]nm5t miss ! prop] season = human lab\r40 ,x is fur!r said t 8! bright influ5ce 7( ,ya\'s qualities7 0 felt ?r\gh ! f\r qu>t]s 7( ! l&7 & rea*$ to 7heav57 above & 7e>?7 b5ea?0 7,%u ,k+1 book ,i1 p4 #cb74 ,legge cites ,prit*>d's 7,savilian ,pr(essor1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity7 *>t z a pro( ( ! correctness ( ! *ronology :i* places ,you 9 ! #bd? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! precession ( ! equ9oxes 0 n kn[n 9 ,*9a until m ?an #b1ejj ye>s aft] ! "t assign$ to ,ya\4 ,paus+ to r5ew ! =ego+ data1 x is ) p>ticul> satisfaction t ,i po9t out h[ cle>ly !y reveal ! basis & orig9 ( ! 8,quadri=m ,con/itution0 & idea ( c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,*9a ! pole /> is designat$ z ! ,imp]ial ,rul] ( ,heav5 & a temple to ! ,god ( ! ,nor? ,/> /&s 9 ! sacr$ enclosure :i* m>ks ! c5tre ( ! empire4 ,! opposite positions assum$ by ,ursa ,major at nightfall divide ! ye> into f\r qu>t]s & ?is quadruplicate division caus$ by rotation1 assum+ absolute dom9ion ov] ! native m9d1 is appli$ to heav5 & e>? & p]vades e detail ( civil & religi\s gov]nm5t1 z 9 anci5t ,am]ica4 ,=c$ to recognize t ! primitive inhabitants ( ,*9a & ,am]ica d]iv$ _! fir/ pr9ciples ( organization f ! id5tical light-giv+ s\rce1 a fact :i* also indicates a community ( race & ( place ( orig91 let u n[ review "s data :i* prove t ! two civilizations mu/ h be5 sep>at$ & isolat$ f ea* o!r at an extremely remote p]iod ( "t4 ,c]ta9 conceptions1 common to all primitive p1 7 %>$ by ! ,*9ese & ,mexicans1 "o ( ^! be+ ! belief t ! e>? 0 flat & squ>e4 ,! "n = a ye> 9 anci5t ,mexican 0 xiuitl1 lit]ally1 grass1 & ?is 0 repres5t$ 9 ! picture writ+s by a bun* ( "y blades ( "s sort ( grass1 possibly maize-%oots4 8,! e>lie/ writt5 ,*9ese "* = a ye> repres5t$ a /alk ( :eat4444 ,9 ! anci5t "w entitl$ ! ,san ,fun1 "p ( :i* 0 probably writt5 9 ! #bc;d c5tury ,b4,c41 !re is evid5ce t among "s ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,*9a ! ye>1 z among ! ,egyptians & "s ( ! p ( ,india1 0 divid$ into ?ree p]iods1 kn[n z ! grass-spr++1 tree-reign+ & tree-decay+ p]iods4 ,"u ! high] culture ( ! ,*9ese ^! divisions disappe>$ & ! twelve mon?s became ! recogniz$ p>ts ( ! ye>0 7,d\glas1 ,*9a1 pp4 #bfi & #caj74 ,among/ ! ,mexican mon?-names !re are also "s :i* allude to su* regul>ly recurr+ & impressive natural ph5om5a z ! spr\t+ ( trees & ! appe>ance ( v]dure or spr++ ( ! maize1 etc4 ,an indication z to :at 0 ! mo/ anci5t & primitive me?od ( rotation employ$ seems af=d$ by ! ,*9ese description h[1 = gov]nm5tal purposes1 ! five-ye> p]iod 0 adopt$1 "o ye> p]ta9+ to ! emp]or or c5tral rul] & ! foll[+ f\r to ! qu>t]s ( ! empire4 ,an analog\s employm5t ( a qu9>y p]iod z a means ( obta9+ a rotation ( contribution f ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! empire to its metropolis1 id5tifi$ ) ! fir/ day1 is disc]nible 9 ! ,mexican in/itution ( ! macuil-tianquiztli1 or five-day m>ket1 by :i* means ! entire ye> 0 divid$ into five-day gr\ps4 ,a /udy ( ! anci5t ,*9ese cal5d> furni%es1 moreov]1 an indication ( ! way 9 :i* ! num]al #ab came to be recogniz$ & adopt$ by primitive p4 ,x is obvi\s t ! e>ly a/ronom]s1 hav+ det]m9$ ! l5g? ( ! ye> by obs]v+ ,ursa ,major at nightfall1 recogniz$ t1 dur+ ! p]iod requir$ = its annual complete revolution ar\nd ! pole />1 !re regul>ly appe>$ twelve new moons4 ,9 ,*9a1 at a remote p]iod1 a division ( ! ye> into 8mon?s 0 adopt$1 ! e>ly names ( :i* h1 accord+ to ! au?or ( ! e>lie/ ,*9ese diction>y1 ! ,urhye1 be5 lo/40 8,! mod]n ,*9ese ye> is lun> 9 its divisions1 ?\gh regulat$ by ! sun 9 s f> t ,new ,ye>'s day is made to fall on ! fir/ new moon aft] ! sun ent]s ,aqu>ius & v>ies betwe5 #ba/ ,janu>y & #ai? ( ,febru>y0 7,d\glas1 op4 cit4 p4 #beh74 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh "s fre% impulse1 or in/itution ( moon-cult1 _h influ5c$ ,%un1 ,ya\'s successor1 to reorganize ! empire1 :i* _h be5 simply divid$ into qu>t]s1 & subdivide x into #dcab di/ricts4 ,ano!r int]e/+ evolution ( a num]ical sy/em1 ! orig9 ( :i* c be trac$ to ! f\r positions & sev5 />s ( ,ursa ,major1 is disc]nible 9 ! ,*9ese zodiac4 ,?is1 ! e>lie/ division ( ! ecliptic 9 ,*9a1 consi/s ( 8#bh lun> mansions1 :i* are gr\p$ toge!r 9 f\r classes ( sev5 ea*1 assign$ to ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav50 7,legge1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bd1 ,introduction to ,%u-,k+74 ,x is to ! obs]vation ( precisely ! same impressive ph5om5a t ! univ]sal adoption ( ! numb]s #ab1 #d & #g may safely be attribut$4 ,! fur!r division1 by ,emp]or ,yu1 ( ! ,*9ese ,empire into five doma9s or zones1 f9ds an int]e/+ p>allelism 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,wick]%am describes ,yu's division 9 ! foll[+ concise mann]3 8,! ,imp]ial doma9 ext5d$ five hundr$ le 9 e direction f ! capital1 nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/1 & 0 !re=e "o ?\s& le squ>e1 ) its sides fac+ ! c>d9al po9ts2 ! doma9 ( ! ,nobles 0 an additional t]ritory five hundr$ le broad on ea* ( ! f\r sides2 ! ,peace-secur+ doma9 0 !n add$1 beyond :i* came ! doma9 ( ,re/ra9t1 & at ! greate/ extremity ! ,wild doma94 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ! sacr$ c5t]1 ! capital :]e ! #8,son ( ,heav5' resid$1 0 completely surr\nd$ by loyal (ficials & subjects2 ! mo/ loyal 7 ne>e/ ! c5t] :ile at ! f>!/ extremity 7 ! wild & dang]\s tribes & crim9als und]go+ ! great] bani%m5t4 ,by ?is squ>e me?od ( dispos+ ( ! population1 ! quiet & ord]ly memb]s ( society 7 requir$ to reside ne> ! capital1 :ile ! turbul5t 7 plac$ t[>d ! out] limits1 s]v+ to free ! c5t] f turmoil & to act z a b>ri] to ! inroads ( outside b>b>ians40 ,among ! ,zuis & ,mexicans ! spid]'s web is met ) z an image ( ! division ( _! t]ritory into qu>t]s1 half-qu>t]s & conc5tric circles4 ,9 ,p]u a record exi/s ( a sy/em ( irrigation by :i* means ! t]ritory surr\nd+ ! capital 0 divid$ into alt]nate zones ( l& & wat]4 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica furni% records too scatt]$ to be compil$ "h1 %[+ t some:at z 9 ,*9a1 ! t]ritory ( ! /ate 0 divid$ into ! doma9s ( ! rul]s1 ! lords1 ! p1 & ! t]ritory ( w>4 ,aft] hav+ duly consid]$ "s sali5t po9ts ( fundam5tal agreem5t :i* are to be f\nd und]ly+ ! widely diff]5t lat] gr[?s ( ! ,*9ese & anci5t ,am]ican sy/ems1 let u n[ exam9e & analyze "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable po9ts ( div]g5ce4 ,! foll[+ tables1 plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 af=d an opportunity ( recogniz+ ! /rik+ & significant fact t1 :]eas ! ,mexicans & ,zuis classifi$ air1 wat]1 fire & e>? z 8elem5ts10 ! ,*9ese ignor$ air & id5tifi$ wood & metal z _! f\r? & fif? elem5ts4 ,mexico4 ,zuni4 ,*9a4 ,nor?4 ,r$1 ,fire4 ,yell[1 ,air4 ,black1 ,wat]4 ,we/4 ,yell[1 ,e>?4 ,blue1 ,wat]4 ,:ite1 ,metal4 ,s\?4 ,blue1 ,air4 ,r$1 ,fire4 ,r$1 ,fire4 ,ea/4 ,gre51 ,wat]4 ,:ite1 ,e>?4 ,blue1 ,wood4 ,middle4 ,_m colors4 ,middle1 ,all ,yell[1 ,e>?4 colors4 ,a deep-seat$ analogy may1 h[ev]1 be trac$ betwe5 ! ,*9ese assignm5t ( 8wood0 to ! ,middle & ! ,maya-,mexican employm5t ( ! tree z a symbol ( life proce$+ f ! c5tre1 /ret*+ above & bel[ & spread+ its bran*es to ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,x rema9s to be se5 h[ f> ! ,*9ese assignm5t ( 8wood0 to ! ,middle approa*$ ! ,am]ican tree-symbolism4 ,! m>k$ diff]5tiation 9 ! assignm5t ( colors to ! c>d9al po9ts 9 ! above comp>ative table leads to ! conclusion t _! *oice _h be5 arbitr>y & 0 possibly influ5c$ by local environm5t1 ! possibility ( obta9+ c]ta9 pigm5ts 9 giv5 directions1 or by language1 ! names ( c]ta9 colors or elem5ts resembl+ 9 s\nd ^? ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 etc47#hc7 ,aft] /udy+ ! above comp>ative li/s x becomes cle> t1 :il/ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! sy/em 0 id5tical1 ! mode ( c>ry+ x out 0 diff]5t 9 ,*9a & ,am]ica1 a fact :i* indicates indep5d5ce & isolation at ! p]iod :5 elem5ts & colors1 etc41 7 *os5 & assign$ to ! directions 9 space4 ,an analog\s in/ance ( div]g5ce is %[n 9 ! foll[+ assignm5t ( p>ts ( ! body to ! c>d9al po9ts3 ,,*9ese4 ,nor? ,kidneys4 ,we/ ,lungs4 ,s\? ,he>t4 ,ea/ ,liv]4 ,middle ,/oma*4 ,z5i? ---- ,nadir ---- ,al?\gh x diff]s 9 detail1 an analog\s association ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! body ) ! directions 9 space & ! tw5ty cal5d>-signs1 may be se5 9 a ,mexican ,codex4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x is cle> t ! orig9 ( ?is assignm5t 0 ! natural association betwe5 ! 8complete f+]-&-toe c\nta complete man#bj) ! #bj or complete c\nt ( ! day signs40 ,i h already produc$ evid5ces %[+ t ! human figure 0 employ$ 9 primitive times to repres5t 8a complete c\nt1 or #bj ye>s40 ,:5 *iefta9s 7 elect$ = a t]m ( tw5ty ye>s & _! names 7 giv5 to _! p]iod ( (fice1 ! full-l5g? portrait ( ! *ief 0 sculptur$ on a /ela & he ?us repres5t$1 prim>ily1 8a complete c\nt10 an epo* 7see p4 #bba74 ,portraiture & accompany+ inscriptions 7 obvi\sly lat] developm5ts1 b ! primitive employm5t ( ! human =m z a means ( express+ a fix$ numb]1 is "o t claims consid]ation & w und\bt$ly lead to a wid] compreh5sion ( ! significance ( ! human =m 9 aborig9al ar*aic sculpture4 ,! curi\s conv5tionaliz$ repres5tations ( ,mictlantecuhtli1 9 :i* ! body & limbs almo/ simulate a swa/ika1 h already be5 discuss$1 z well z ! inf]5ce t !y symboliz$ ,pol>is & ! f\r positions ( ,ursa ,major! ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s4 ,! mo/ /rik+ confirmation ( ?is inf]5ce is furni%$ by ,mr4 ,cu%+'s acc\nt t ! ,zuis associat$ ! directions 9 space ) ! imag9>y =m ( a quadrup$ z foll[s3 ,,zuni4 ,nor? ,"r =e foot4 ,we/ ,left =e foot4 ,s\? ,"r h9d leg4 ,ea/ ,left h9d leg4 ,middle ,he>t4 ,z5i? ,head4 ,nadir ,tail4 ,x is obvi\s f ?is t1 to a ,zui1 ! ,/ate & its subdivisions appe> "u ! allegorical =m ( a quadrup$ & ,i h trac$ ! id5tical mode ( ?\ght 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica7#hd7 :]e1 ow+ to l+ui/ic associations1 an ocelot is 9 "s in/ances employ$ z a symbol = a ,/ate :il/ 9 o!rs ! =m ( an eagle 0 adopt$ = ! same purpose 7see ,app5dix ,i74 ,to sum up3 9 anci5t ,am]ica ! human =m 0 employ$ to repres5t quadrip>tite division & ! complete f+]-&-toe c\nt#bj1 & z su* became emblematic ( ! quadri=m plan ( univ]sal application4 ,ow+ to a v>iety ( circum/ances & sugge/ions aris+ f language1 ! figure ( a quadrup$ocelot 0 adopt$ z a symbol ( ! ,/ate by "s tribes & ! =m ( an eagle by o!rs1 ! inf]5ce be+ t ! ocelot 0 id5tifi$ ) ! cult ( ! e>? & night & ! eagle ) ! cult ( heav5 & day4 ,:ile ! ocelot & eagle occur 9 ! codices z repres5tative ( two di/9ct classes or divisions ( ! ,/ate1 !re are "s int]e/+ & sugge/ive repres5tations1 to :i* ,i %all rev]t1 ( figures comb9+ ! =m & claws ( an ocelot ) ! w+s & head ( a bird1 evid5tly symbolical ( a union ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 or ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,hav+ furni%$ ! explanation t anci5t ,am]ica af=ds ( ! orig9 ( ! primitive employm5t ( ! human body1 ! quadrup$ & bird 9 allegory & ! assignm5t ( _! v>i\s p>ts to po9ts 9 space1 x is to ,*9ese s*ol>s t ,i appeal = enlight5m5t z to ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! same idea 9 ,*9a4 ,to me "o po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ,am]ican li/ is v /rik+4 ,9 ,am]ica al?\gh ! navel 0 also reg>d$ z a symbol1 ! he>t1 associat$ ) ! ,middle1 _h obvi\sly be5 recogniz$ z ! c5tre or seat ( life1 & ! te>+ out ( ! he>t _h become ! sali5t feature 9 human sacrifices4 ,9 ,*9a ! /oma* is assign$ to ! ,middle1 & dea? by disemb[ell+ 0 cu/om>y4 ,an analysis ( ! ,*9ese & ,mexican num]ical sy/ems likewise proves t _! ultimate developm5t 0 /rik+ly diff]5t1 al?\gh x is easy to recognize h[ bo? might h aris5 f ! same s\rce4 ,?us :il/ ! ,mexican & ,c5tral ,am]ican cal5d> 7& social organization7 is bas$ on ! comb9ation ( #bj *>act]s ) #ac num]als1 ! ,*9ese 8took two sets ( #ab & #aj *>act]s respectively & comb9$ !m40 ,! outcome ( ! comb9ation ( #bj ) #ac af=ds a m>k$ contra/ to t ( #ab ) #aj4 ,9 ! ,mexican cal5d>1 z ,i h %[n1 !re 7 fix$ p]iods ( #e days 7associat$ ) ! ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s7 & ( #bj days1 ! latt] be+ 8"o complete c\nt0 ( days1 bas$ on ! primitive f+]-&-toe c\nt4 ,9 ! ,mexican social organization !re 7 #d pr9cipal & #af m9or clans ( p1 kn[n by #bj signs4 ,ea* ( ^! 9 turn 0 subdivid$ into #ac categories associat$ ) ! directions 9 space4 ,by m5tion+ a sign & a num]al1 up to #ac1 ! exact subdivision ( a clan 0 cle>ly designat$ :ile ! direction ( its resid5ce1 z reg>ds ! capital1 0 likewise convey$4 ,a day 0 associat$ ) ea* ( ^! #bj clans & _! respective #ac subdivisions1 & ! unit ( "t produc$ by ! comb9ation ( ! #bj day-signs & #ac num]als 0 ! p]iod ( #bfj days1 :i* held #dfe days & 0 approximately equival5t to n9e lunations & to ! p]iod ( human ge/ation4 ,! #bfj-;day p]iod1 z w be m cle>ly %[n 9 my monograph on ! ,mexican ,cal5d> ,sy/em1 con/itut$ ! religi\s ye> ( ! 8,sons or ,lords ( ,night0 9 _! cult ( ! ,moon1 ! ,nocturnal ,heav51 ,e>? & ! ,female pr9ciple4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is lun> cal5d>1 9 :i* ea* moon _h a diff]5t "n1 a civil or sol> cal5d> 0 employ$ consi/+ ( #cfe days1 divid$ into #ag p]iods ( #bj & #a p]iod ( #be days4 ,^! ye>s bore ! names ( f\r diff]5t signs 9 rotation comb9$ ) #ac num]als47#he7 ,! cycles1 ?us produc$1 consi/$ ( #daceb ye>s1 #bj1 or a 8complete c\nt0 ( :i*1 produc$ ! great cycle ( #ajdj ye>s4 ,totally diff]5t f ?is num]ical sy/em is t ( ! ,*9ese1 :o 8divid$ ! ye> into #ab mon?s ( #bi & #cj days ea* & z ^! p]iods repres5t ) suffici5t exactness ! lun> mon?1 x foll[s t ! new moon falls on ! #a/ ( e mon? & t on ! #ae? ! moon is at its full4 ,! mon? is ?us associat$ ) ! moon & is call$ by ! same "n & writt5 ) ! same hi]oglyphic4444 ,! ,*9ese also divide ! ye> by seasons & recognize #h ma9 divisions & #af subsidi>y ones1 :i* correspond to ! days on :i* ! sun ent]s ! #a/ & #ae? degrees ( a zodiacal sign 4440 7,d\glas1 ,*9a1 p4 #bfi74 ,:il/ x is cu/om>y 9 ,*9a = ye>s to be designat$ at times by ! ,ne5-ha\ or title ( an emp]or & an ev5t to be allud$ to z hav+ occurr$ 9 su* or su* a ye> ( a c]ta9 rul]'s reign1 ! mode ( comput+ ye>s is by reckon+ by sexag5>y cycles4 ,accord+ to native hi/orians ?is sy/em 0 introduc$ by ! emp]or ,hwang-te 9 ! ye> #bfcg ,b4,c4 :i* 0 ! fir/ ye> ( ! fir/ cycle1 & x has cont9u$ 9 use until ! pres5t day4 ,9 ?is sy/em a gr\p ( t5 *>act]s1 t]m$ ! 8cele/ial /ems0 & associat$ ) ! male pr9ciple1 is comb9$ ) a gr\p ( twelve *>act]s1 nam$ ! 8t]re/rial bran*es0 & associat$ ) ! female pr9ciple4 ,an unbrok5 s]ies ( sixty-ye> cycles h ?us be5 =m$1 9 ! sev5ty-six? ( :i* ! ,*9ese are n[ liv+4 ,accord+ to ,biot1 ! cal5d> in/itut$ by ,hwang-te 0 a day-c\nt only1 & ye>-cycles 7 n 9 use until aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 hav+ be5 introduc$ f ,india4 ,!re are indications :i* w be m fully discuss$ fur!r on1 %[+ t ! primitive day-c\nt consi/$ ( ! sev5-day p]iod1 ea* day be+ consecrat$ to "o ( ! sev5 bright />s ( ,ursa ,major1 call$ ! 8,sev5 ,regulators40 ,x is well kn[n t ,ta\ism 0 f\nd$ by ,la\-tsze1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,confucius & ?us 8liv$ 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 a hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an ,buddha & a hundr$ ye>s e>li] ?an ,socrates4 ,a my/]y hangs ov] ,la\-tsze's hi/ory 444 & !re is ! possibility t he 0 a =eign]1 or p]haps a memb] ( an aborig9al fronti] tribe0 7,legge74 ,! ,%oo-k+1 ! national book ( hi/ory edit$ by ,confucius1 enables u to foll[ ! developm5t ( ! /ate religion & gov]nm5t1 ! basis ( :i* 0 ,heav5 & its imp]ial rul]1 ! pole-/>4 ,! almo/ my?ical emp]or ,ya\1 ^: reign began 9 ,b4,c4 #bceg1 8imitat$ ,heav51 h>moniz$ ! v>i\s /ates ( ! empire & divid$ x into f\r qu>t]s40 ,8 successor1 ,%un1 ext5d$ its organization1 b x 0 ,y1 ! ?ird rul]1 9 ! ?irte5? ye> ( 8 reign 7,b4,c4 #aaba71 :o1 ackn[l$g+ 8 ignorance ( !m 8w5t to inquire ( ,k-tsze0 ab\t 8! great plan ( ! #i classifications & ! arrangem5t ( ! inv>iable pr9ciples40 ,x is also /at$ 9 ! ,%oo-,k+1 t x 0 8,heav5 :o gave to ,y ! great plan & ! #i classifications1 s t ! inv>iable pr9ciples 7 arrang$1 consi/+ ( ! #e elem5ts1 ! #h regulations1 & ! #e arrang]s40 ,9 ,*9a ! day is divid$ into p]iods equival5t to #abj m9utes#b h\rs4 8,9 speak+ ( ^! p]iods1 h[ev]1 ! practice :i* 0 orig9ally introduc$ into ,*9a by ! ,mongols1 ( sub/itut+ = ! twelve /ems1 ! names ( ! twelve animals :i* are suppos$ to be symbolical ( !m1 is commonly adopt$4 ,?us ! #a/ p]iod1 t betwe5 #aa ,p4 ,m4 & #a ,a4 ,m41 is kn[n z ! ,rat1 p]iod #b z ! ,ox1 #c ,tig]1 #d ,h>e1 #e ,dragon1 #f ,s]p5t1 #g ,horse1 #h ,%eep1 #i ,monkey1 #aj ,cock1 #aa ,dog1 #ab ,bo>4 ,! night is divid$ into five wat*es1 ea* ( two h\rs duration44440 7,d\glas1 ,*9a1 p4 #bif74 ,! anci5t ,mexican prie/-a/ronom]s m>k$ ?ree divisions ( ! night by burn+ inc5se 9 honor ( c]ta9 />s1 aft] dusk1 at midnight & at break ( day4 ,! m5tion ( ! introduction into ,*9a ( ! ,mongolian h\r-computation leads to a consid]ation ( ! orig9 ( :at is kn[n z ! ,*9ese civilization4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to d m "h ?an t\* ^u ! v>i\s & opposite views held on ?is important "q by lead+ ,european & ,*9ese s*ol>s4 ,on ! "o h&1 8! exi/5ce ( ! ,*9ese civilization 9 ! ea/ ( ,asia1 sep>at$ f e>ly c5tres by ! :ole wid? ( ,asia & int]v5+ trackless des]ts1 has seem$ a problem to _m /ud5ts & l$ to ! conclusion ( its sporadic gr[?1 an idea :i* is fo/]$ by ,*9ese hi/orians40 7,see ,d\glas on ,*9ese ,culture & ,civilization1 #ahij47 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ma9ta9$ t ! ,*9ese ent]$ ,*9a f ,t>t>y & 7 emigrants f ,babylonia :o ab&on$ _! c\ntry :5 ,nakhunte1 k+ ( ,susiana1 conqu]$ ,babylon 9 #bbie ,b4,c4 ,accord+ to ,legge1 ! ,*9ese came ?r\gh c5tral ,asia ab\t #bbjj ,b4,c4 & f\nd$ colonies on ! banks ( ! ,yell[ riv] & its tribut>ies4 ,^! coloni/s f\nd$ a ,middle ,k+dom 9 ,*9a1 a f$]ation ( /ates ) a *ief supreme rul]1 on ! patt]n ( ,babylonia4 ,!y introduc$ ! art ( writ+ & e/abli%$ a cal5d> ) a ye> ( #cfj days & an int]cal>y mon?4 ,x is /at$ t ! names ( ! five planets ( ! ,*9ese1 besides ! ,sun & ,moon1 7 call$ by ! same names z 9 ,babylon4 7,see ,edk9s op4 cit41 also ,! old ,babylonian *>act]s & _! d]ivatives1 ,t]ri5 de ,lac\p]ie1 ,babylonian & ,ori5tal ,record1 ,m>*1 #ahhh47 ,"s au?orities are incl9$ to consid] ,*9ese a/ronomy z d]iv$ f ! ,*aldean2 :il/ o!rs h in/itut$ comp>isons betwe5 x & ! ,h9doo sy/em4 ,! results ( ! latt] l9e ( inve/igation are set =? by ,j4 ,f4 ,davis 9 ! foll[+ passage ( 8 "w on ! ,*9ese 7,london1 #ahcf1 vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #cjd73 8,a comp>ison betwe5 ! anci5t sy/em ( ! ,*9ese & ( ,h9doo a/ronomy is r5d]$ some:at p]plex+ by ! fact t1 :ile !re are "s po9ts ( resemblance !re are o!rs 9 :i* !y ess5tially diff]4 ,bo? ( !m h tw5ty-eight lun> mansions & a cycle ( sixty ye>s1 b a c>eful obs]vation detects "s important di/9ctions3 ! ,h9doo cycle is a cycle ( ,jupit] :ile t ( ! ,*9ese is a sol> cycle1 & ! tw5ty-eight con/ellations ( ! ,h9doos are ne>ly all ( !m equal divisions ( ! great circle1 consi/+ ( ab\t #ac ea*1 :ile ! ,*9ese con/ellations are extremely unequal1 v>y+ f #cj to less ?an #a4 ,! au?or's fa!r1 9 conjunction ) ,sir ,william ,jones & ,messrs4 ,colebrook & ,b5tley1 prov$ t ! ,h9doo a/ronomy did n g f>!r ?an ! calculation ( eclipses & "s o!r *anges ) ! rules & tables = p]=m+ ! same4 ,besides _! lun> zodiac ( tw5ty-eight mansions1 ! ,h9doos 7unlike ! ,*9ese7 h ! sol>1 includ+ twelve signs p]fectly id5tical ) ours1 & demon/rat+1 9 t respect1 a common orig940 ,z we "k f ,h]odotus1 ! ,egyptians _h a week ( sev5 days & x is rem>kable t ! ,h9doos _h anci5tly ! same1 ! planet>y names be+ giv5 to ! days 9 exactly ! same ord] z among ourselves1 except t ,friday 0 ! fir/4 ,! ,*9ese reckon five planets to ! exclusion ( ! sun & moon1 b !y give ! "n ( "o ( _! tw5ty-eight lun> mansions successively to ea* day ( ! ye> 9 a p]petual rotation1 )\t reg>d to ! moon's *anges2 s t ! same f\r out ( ! tw5ty-eight inv>iably fall on our ,sundays & con/itute1 z x 71 p]petual ,sunday lett]s4 ,a native ,*9ese fir/ rem>k$ ?is odd fact to ! au?or1 & on exam9ation x prov$ p]fectly correct4 ,to ! above x may be well to add ! foll[+ comp>ison betwe5 ! ,*9ese1 ,tibetan & ,indian sy/ems3 8,! ,tibetans receiv$ a/ronomical sci5ce f ,india & ,*9a 444 ! ,*9ese taught !m ! sci5ce ( div9ation4 ,bo? sy/ems are bas$ ^u a unit ( sixty ye>s1 diff]+1 h[ev]1 9 modes ( d5om9at+ ye>s4 ,9 ^! cycles ( sixty ye>s1 :5 numb]$ accord+ to ! ,indian pr9ciple1 ea* ye> has a p>ticul> "n2 b 9 ! ,*9ese me?od ! names us$ 9 ! ,*9ese duodecimal cycle are us$ five times1 c\pl$ ) ! five elem5ts or _! respective colors1 ea* ( ! latt] introduc$ 9 ! s]ies twice 9 imm$iate succession0 7,s*lag9tweit1 ,buddhism 9 ,?ibet1 p4 #bg74 ,accord+ to ,humboldt1 8! ,tzihi*51 or public calculators ( ,lhassa take pride 9 ! fact t ye>s ( ! same "n only return ab\t e two c5turies4 ,!y comb9e #ae signs3 five mascul9e1 five fem99e & five neut]1 ) twelve signs ( ! zodiac0 7,monum5ts des peuples de l',amrique ,i1 p4 #chf74 ,) reg>d to ! anci5t connection betwe5 ,*9a & ,india x is well to recall ! well-kn[n fact t ,buddhism did n ent] ,*9a f ,india until ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era & _h a prolong$ /ruggle = exi/5ce & influ5ce 9 ! c\ntry dur+ sev]al c5turies4 ,! ,buddhi/ mission>ies introduc$ ! mode ( calculat+ cycles ( ye>s into ,*9a1 accord+ to ,biot1 :o /ates t ! primitive cal5d> ( ! ,*9ese1 in/itut$ by ,hwang-te1 ! fir/ k+ ( ! 8,fl[]y l&10 0 a day-c\nt only4 ,let u briefly enum]ate "s b>e facts be>+ ^u ! age & developm5t ( ! /ate1 religion & gov]nm5t ( anci5t ,*9a4 ,9 #bfig ,b4,c4 ,hwang-te 7! ,babylonian87 erect$ a temple to ! honor ( ,%ang-te1 ! deity associat$ ) ! e>lie/ traditions ( ! ,*9ese race4 ,^u ! au?ority ( a ,*9aman ( ! pres5t day x is /at$ t 8! ^w ,%ang-te means supreme rul]2 b1 z x is n lawful to use ?is "n lightly1 ,*9am5 usually "n ! supreme rul] by 8 resid5ce1 :i* is ,ti5heav50 7,edk9s1 op4 cit4 p4 #ga74 ,an extremely in/ructive light is ?r[n ^u ! ,ta\i/ conception ( a supreme be+ or rul]1 by ! foll[+ episode relat$ by ,mr4 ,edk9s 9 8 8,religion 9 ,*9a0 7p4 #aji74 8,i met 9 #ahgb on "o occasion a s*oolma/] f ! neighborhood ( ,*apoo4444 ,! inquiry 0 put to him1 ,:o is ! ,"l ( heav5 & e>?8 ,he repli$ t he knew none b ! pole-/>1 call$ 9 ! ,*9ese language ,te5-hwang-ta-te1 ! great imp]ial rul] ( heav54 ,x 0 /at$ to him t x 0 a matt] v mu* to be regrett$ t he %\ld hold su* views z ?is ( ! ,supreme ,be+40 ,9 ?is connection & ) special ref]5ce to ! title ,ti5heav51 employ$ by ! ,*9ese 9 address+ ! supreme rul]1 ,i mu/ quote ,t4 de ,lac\p]ie's op9ion t ! ,akkadian "n,d9-gira & symbol = ,god1 ! eight-po9t$ />1 0 ! orig9 ( ,ti1 a ,*9ese "* ) ! same mean+ & s\nd4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,ball 7,! ,new ,akkadian ,proce$+s ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*aeology7 expla9s ! ,akkadian ,d9-gira z compos$ ( dito %9e & giraheav5 & t ?us ! ,accadian "n = ,god is 8! %9+ "o ( heav510 :i* expla9s :y ! ideogram is a />4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,k4 ,d\glas 7p4 #aga7 8,mr4 ,ball has practically demon/rat$ t ! ,*9ese & ,akkadian are ! same tongue & t ev]y:]e 9 ,*9a we are rem9d$ ( t great c5tre ( civilization 9 ,babylonia40 ,an inve/igation ( ! ,ta\i/ religion reveals t x consi/s *iefly ( />-wor%ip1 />s be+ deem$ 8div9e40 8,among ! liturgical works us$ by ! prie/s ( ,ta\1 "o ( ! commone/ consi/s ( pray]s to ,t[-moo1 a female div9ity suppos$ to reside 9 ! ,great ,be>4 ,a "p ( ! same con/ellation is wor%ipp$ z a male _s "u ! "n ( ,kwei-s+0 7,edk9s74 ,a "n closely resembl+ ! latt] 9 s\nd1 ,tseih-*+1 & mean+ ! 8,sev5 ,regulators0 is n[ appli$ to ! ,sun1 ,moon1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,9 anci5t times1 h[ev]1 accord+ to native au?orities1 8?is t]m 0 us$ to designate ! sev5 bright />s ( ,ursa ,major :i* subsequ5tly1 by an a/rological device1 7 associat$ ) ! sev5 planets2 s1 t1 by metonymy1 ! latt] became ! e/abli%$ mean+407#hf7 ,! association ( ! t]m 8,regulators0 ) ,sept5triones is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because ! sev5-day p]iod has be5 employ$ 9 ,*9a f "t immemorial1 ! sev5? day be+ inv>iably m>k$ by ! anci5t "* mih1 :i* means 8quiet1 secret or sil5t40 ,9 ! mod]n ,*9ese almanacs & a/rological works 8! mih days are m>k$ by ! f\r con/ellations :i* correspond among ! sev5 planets to ! pr9cipal "o among !m1 ! ,sun0 7cf4 ,wylie1 ,on ! ,k ( a weekly ,sabba? 9 ,*9a1 op4 cit4 p4 #hf74 ,i am /rongly tempt$ to ref] ! orig9 ( ! ,*9ese mih or quiet day1 on :i* re/ 0 g5]ally obs]v$1 to t remote p]iod ( "t :51 to primitive obs]v]s1 "o ( ! />s 9 ,ursa ,major w\ld h appe>$ m closely associat$ ) immovability & ne>] ! pol> axis ?an its companions 7see pp4 #bj & #ba74 ,if we pause "h to review ! prec$+ data we are p>ticul>ly /ruck at ! unanimity ( evid5ce e/abli%+ t ev5 ! mo/ anci5t =m ( civilization & religion 0 n indig5\s to ,*9a1 b 0 c>ri$ !re by coloni/s f di/ant p>ts1 presumably f ,babylonia4 ,! latt] conclusion f9ds a /rong support 9 ! und5iable fact t dur+ subsequ5t c5turies a /eady /ream ( emigration has c>ri$ coloni/s ( diff]5t nationalities into ! he>t ( ,*9a4 ,buddhism ent]$ ,*9a f ,india 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,alex&] ,wylie tells u t 8accord+ to ! te/imony ( "o ( ! /one tablets 9 ! synagogue at ,kai-fung foo1 ! ,israelites fir/ ent]$ ,*9a dur+ ! ,han dyna/y0 & we are fur!r told 9 ! lett]s ( ! ,jesuits t 8!y came dur+ ! reign ( ,m+-ti 7,a4,d4 #eh-ge7 f ,si-yih1 i4 e4 ! we/]n regions4 ,x appe>s by all t c be ga!r$ f !m t ?is we/]n c\ntry is ,p]sia & t !y came by ,khorasan & ,sam>c&4 ,!y h _m ,p]sian words 9 _! language & !y long pres]v$ a great int]c\rse ) t c\ntry0 7,! ,israelites 9 ,*9a1 ,wylie's ,*9ese ,rese>*es1 ,%anghai1 #ahig74 ,"s o!r int]e/+ facts relat$ by ,wylie des]ve m5tion "h4 ,9 translat+ ! "n ( ,jehovah into ,*9ese1 ! ,israelites 9 ,*9a1 to ! pres5t day1 say ,te51 8j z ! s*ol>s ( ,*9a d :5 !y expla9 _! t]m ,%ang-te40 ,we ?us obs]ve a gr[+ practice 9 we/]n ,asia1 among ! ,hebrews1 ( designat+ ,jehovah z ! ,god ( ,heav5 & sometimes z ,heav54 ,9 ,*9ese hi/ory di/9ct m5tion is made ( a =eign sect di/+ui%$ z ! 8wor%ipp]s ( ,heav510 spok5 ( z exi/+ 9 ,*9a at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury4 ,wylie has surmis$ t ! ,hebrews 7 ?us designat$ & rem>ks 8t ?is "n1 z ! designation ( a =eign sect1 is ! m rem>kable inasmu* z ! /ate ritual ( ,*9a has designat$ ! ,supreme by ! "n ( ,heav51 f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t day40 ,x is a curi\s reflection t x may possibly h be5 due to a gross misconception ( ! ,hebrew religion on ! "p ( ! ,*9ese & a suppos$ id5tity ( wor%ip t caus$ ! ,israelites to be treat$ ) su* tol]ance & hospitality 9 ,*9a t _! colony situat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! c\ntry /ill exi/s to ! pres5t day4 ,x is1 9 fact1 relat$ ( ! ,d[ag] ,empress ,l+1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury1 t %e 8aboli%$ ! v>i\s corrupt sy/ems ( religi\s wor%ip1 except+ t ( ! =eign ti5-_s40 ,a /range insight into ! ,*9ese view ( ! ,*ri/ian religion is likewise af=d$ by ! foll[+ native docum5ts cit$ by ,wylie3 8,n[ ,jesus1 ! ,"l ( ,heav51 is wor%ipp$ by ! ,europeans4 ,!y say t ?is is ! anci5t religion ( ,ta-ts9 7,syria740 ,! foll[+ rem>kable passages occur on ! fam\s ,ne/orian tablet1 dat$ ,a4,d4 #gha1 :i* eulogizes ! propagation ( ! 8,illu/ri\s ,*ri/ian ,religion0 9 ,*9a4 ,?is tablet 0 discov]$ by ! ,jesuit fa!rs 9 #afbe &1 aft] its au!nticity _h be5 viol5tly assail$1 ,wylie's pa9/ak+ rese>*es h n[ v9dicat$ its g5u95ess47#hg7 ,! foll[+ extracts are f ! preface engrav$ ^u x & compos$ by ,k+-ts+1 a prie/ ( ! ,syrian ,*ur*3 8444 ,our et]nal1 true "l ,god4444 ,he appo9t$ ! cross z ! means ( det]m9+ ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 he mov$ ! orig9al _s & produc$ ! two pr9ciples ( nature2 ! sombre void 0 *ang$ & heav5 & e>? 7 op5$ out2 ! sun & moon revolv$ & day & night comm5c$2 hav+ p]fect$ all inf]ior objects1 he !n made ! fir/ man 444 ! illu/ri\s & honorable ,messiah1 veil+ 8 true dignity1 appe>$ 9 ! _w z a man 444 a bright /> ann\nc$ ! felicit\s ev5t ( 8 bir? 444 he fix$ ! ext5t ( ! eight b\nd>ies4444 ,z a seal 8 disciples hold ! cross1 ^: influ5ce is reflect$ 9 e direction unit+ all )\t di/9ction4 ,z !y /rike ! wood ! fame ( _! b5evol5ce is diffus$ abroad2 wor%ipp+ t[>ds ! ea/ !y ha/5 on ! way to life & glory 444 !y d n keep slaves1 b put noble & mean all on an equality2 !y d n amass weal? b ca/ all _! prop]ty into ! common /ock40 ,ref]r+ ! matt] to ori5tal s*ol>s = fur!r discussion ,i m]ely note "h ! a/oni%+ fact t 9 ,*9a1 9 ! sev5? c5tury ( our era1 ! supreme ,god ( ! ,hebrews & ,*ri/ians 0 spok5 ( z ! ,god ( ,heav51 or ,heav51 t ,he is cr$it$ ) hav+ creat$ ! two pr9ciples ( nature besides heav5 & e>? & in/itut$ ! cross z 8a means ( det]m9+ ! c>d9al po9ts40 ,x is likewise /range to f9d ! 8,he5 or ,to5 =eign]s0 cr$it$ 9 a sixte5?-c5tury native cyclopdia1 ) hav+ introduc$ into ,*9a a sy/em ( a/ronomy d5om9at$ ! 8,f\r ,heav5s10 & obvi\sly bas$ on a quadruplicate division ( ! ,heav5 simil> to ! division ( ! empire in/itut$ by ,ya\ 7,wylie1 ,israelites 9 ,*9a1 op4 cit4 p4 #ai74 ,! curr5t ,*9ese "n = ,*ri/ians has be5 8,cross-wor%ipp]s10 & x is odd to note t ! anci5t ,*9ese seem to h reg>d$ ! symbolism ( ! ,*ri/ian cross z closely id5tical ) t ( _! swa/ika1 & to h conclud$ t ! =eign 8,heav50 religion re/$ on ! same basis z !irs4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ,wylie's valuable rese>*es & ,edk9s' ,religion 9 ,*9a = in=mation conc]n+ ! e/abli%m5t ( colonies ( ,mani*eans1 ,mohamm$ans & ( successive ,*ri/ian missions1 etc41 9 ,*9a1 ,i %all b quote ! foll[+ passage f ,m>co ,polo's travels 7pp4 #afg & #afh7 because x %[s h[ ! doctr9e ( ! quadruplicate division ( all ?+s1 cele/ial & t]re/rial1 l$ to a broad tol]ance ( op9ion 9 ! fam\s ,t>t> pr9ce1 ,kubla ,khan1 :o1 9 #abfj1 at ,kanbalu,pek+1 honor$ ! ,*ri/ian fe/ivals4 8,& he obs]v$ ! same at ! fe/ivals ( ! ,s>ac5s1 ,jews & idolat]s4 ,^u be+ ask$ 8 motive = ?is conduct1 he said3 #8,!re are f\r great ,prophets :o are rev]5c$ & wor%ipp$ by ! diff]5t classes ( mank9d4 ,! ,*ri/ians reg>d ,jesus ,*ri/ z _! div9ity2 ! ,s>ac5s1 ,mahomet2 ! ,jews1 ,moses2 & ! idolat]s ,sagomomb>kan 7,buddha7 ! mo/ em95t among/ _! idols4 ,i d honor & %[ respect to all ( ! f\r1 & invoke to my aid :i*ev] ( !m is 9 tru? supreme 9 heav54' 0 ,?is attitude ( m9d & t ( ! ,*9ese t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian ,cross c only be fully und]/ood & appreciat$ :5 x is realiz$ t _! 8imp]ial rul] ( ,heav50 0 ! pole-/> & t ! ,ursa ,major describ$ ea* ye> ! sign ( a cross 9 ! heav5 :i* ev] impress$ ^u !m quadruplicate division & diff]5tiation & ! union ( f\r 9 "o4 ,x is d\btlessly ow+ to ! same reason t ! ,*9aman ( today f9ds x possible to believe 91 at once1 ! ?ree great national religions :i* exi/ 9 ,*9a4 ,edk9s has expla9$ t1 :]eas 8,confucianism speaks to ! moral nature1 ,ta\ism is mat]iali/ic & ,buddhism is metaphysical2 ?us1 !y are supplem5tal to ea* o!r & are able to co-exi/ )\t be+ mutually de/ructive0 7op4 cit4 p4 #fj74 ,some:at ap>t f ^! ?ree /ate religions & embody+ ! mo/ anci5t ideas & traditions ( ! race1 exi/s ! elaborate & solemn 8,imp]ial wor%ip10 ! /udy ( :i* ,edk9s designates z 8specially int]e/+ because x takes u back to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,*9ese p & introduces u to _m /rik+ po9ts ( comp>ison ) ! patri>*al religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ) ! wor%ip ( ! k+s ( ,n9eveh1 ,babylon & ,egypt40 ,! same au?ority /ates t 8! acc\nt giv5 by ,h]odotus ( ! religion ( ! anci5t ,p]sians %[s t x consi/$ 9 mu* ! same usages z ^? n[ f\nd 9 ,*9ese ,imp]ial wor%ip0 7op4 cit4 pp4 #f1 #bb1 #ah & #cj74 ,9 ! prec$+ pages x has be5 %[n t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! primitive religions ( ,*9a & ,am]ica 7 id5tical1 b t _! subsequ5t /ages ( developm5t or evolution 7 /rik+ly div]g5t4 ,! foll[+ /udy ( c]ta9 details connect$ ) ! 8,imp]ial wor%ip0 br+s out a m>k$ diff]5tiation 9 ! ,*9ese & ,mexican cult ( heav5 & e>?4 ,! alt> ( ,heav5 at ,pek+ consi/s ( ?ree circul> m>ble t]races1 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* is pav$ ) eighty-"o /ones arrang$ 9 circles4 ,x is on a r\nd /one 9 ! c5tre ( ^! circles t ! ,emp]or kneels & is consid]$ to occupy ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! wor%ip ( ,heav51 (f]+s are made to ! heav5ly bodies1 ! ,sun1 ,moon1 ! ,pole-/>1 ,great ,be>1 five planets & tw5ty-eight con/ellations4 ,! wor%ip at ! alt> ( ,e>? consi/s ( (f]+s to ! m\nta9s1 riv]s & seas4 ,?is arrangem5t is /rik+ly unlike t ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 :o associat$ ! sun only ) ! ,above1 ! male pr9ciple & ! blue heav51 & wor%ipp$ ! nocturnal heav51 ! moon & />s1 ) ! e>?1 d>kness & ! female pr9ciple4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! m>k$ effect1 produc$ by ! two diff]5t modes ( classification1 ^u ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! /ate religions ( ,*9a & ,mexico4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry :]e ! contra/ ( light & d>kness & ( ! duality ( nature seems to h be5 mo/ p[]fully felt1 ! gradual in/itution1 on a foot+ ( equality ( a diurnal mascul9e & nocturnal fem99e cult or ( a sep>ate sun & moon wor%ip1 l$ to ! =mation ( two equally p[]ful ca/es ( prie/-a/ronom]s :o devis$ _! respective cal5d>s & cults & ultimately /ood 9 op5 rivalry & antagonism t[>ds ea* o!r1 z *ildr5 ( heav5 & light3 sun wor%ipp]s2 & *ildr5 ( e>? & d>kness3 moon wor%ipp]s4 ,9 ,*9a1 z ! cult ( e>? 0 subord9ate f ! fir/ & all heav5ly bodies 7 includ$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,heav51 !re 0 no opportunity = any rivalry to develop 9 ! sup]ior ca/e ( a/ronom]s :o jo9tly rul$1 in/itut$ _! cal5d> & alt]$ x "u influ5ces emanat+ f ,india4 ,heav5 & ,e>? 7 jo9tly wor%ipp$ at ! same alt> until ,a4,d4 #aeca1 :5 x 0 decre$ t !re %\ld be sep>ate alt>s & t ! wor%ip ( ,e>? %\ld be sep>ately conduct$ 7,edk9s74 ,at ! same "t1 :ile ! ,emp]or acts z ! high-prie/ ( ,heav51 we f9d associat$ ) him1 f remote antiquity1 ! ,empress1 ! repres5tative ( ! ,e>?-"m4 ,! fact t ! roll ( ,*9ese emp]ors records heav5ly & e>?ly1 light & sombre1 emp]ors1 & t empresses h repeat$ly occupi$ ! ?rone1 seems to indicate t1 9 remote antiquity1 a male & a female l9e ( rul]s1 p]sonify+ ! dual pr9ciples ( nature1 alt]nately assum$ prom95ce 9 p[]4 ,?is natural outgr[? ( ! cult ( heav5 & e>?1 :i* has its p>allel 9 ,mexico1 seems to af=d an explanation ( ! usurpation & ret5tion ( p[] ex]cis$ by ! pres5t ,empress ( ,*9a1 :o is probably rul+ 9 h] own "r1 z ! repres5tative ( ! e>? or d>k pr9ciple4 ,z su* %e is ! exact equival5t to ! anci5t ,mexican ,cihua-coatl1 or 8,woman-s]p5t20 & mod]n ,*9a supplies u ) an episode 9 ! developm5t ( ! fundam5tal set ( ideas x holds 9 common ) anci5t ,am]ica1 closely resembl+ ! hi/orical diss5sion :i* l$ 9 anci5t ,mexico to a sep>ation ( ! two cults & ! e/abli%m5t ( two sep>ate gov]nm5ts1 "u _! respective male & female rul]s4 ,al?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 primitive ,*9ese & ,mexican def9itions ( heav5 & e>? wor%ip is evid5tly acc\ntable = ?is fact1 x is nev]!less int]e/+ to note t x 0 9 ,a4,d4 #aeca only t ! ,*9ese cult ( heav5 & e>? sep>at$ & ! process ( dis9tegration began to be set into activity4 ,f an evolution>y po9t ( view1 ! imp]ial religion ( ,*9a /&s to-day at a f> less advanc$ /age ( developm5t ?an ! prehi/oric ,mexican /ate religion4 ,?is circum/ance might be pass$ ov] )\t comm5t did x n /rik+ly co9cide ) ! und5iable fact t ! ess5tially inorganic & monosyllabic ,*9ese language /&s f> l[] 9 ! scale ( l+ui/ic developm5t ?an ! incorporative & polysyn!tic ,am]ican languages1 ! mo/ p]fect$ types ( :i* are ! ,maya & ! beautiful & ref9$ ,nahuatl :i* ab\nds 9 delicate metaphors & =mulas ( exquisite polit5ess1 indicative ( ! high degree ( culture & antiquity ( ! native race4 ,if ! prec$+ comp>ative /udy ( ! ,*9ese & anci5t ,mexican civilizations be briefly summ>iz$1 ! result is z foll[s3 ,bo? civilizations alike re/ on a f\ndation ( pole-/> wor%ip & ! set ( ideas :i* naturally proce$ f ?is i4 e41 c5tral imp>tial p[] ext5d+ 9 con/ant rotation to ! f\r qu>t]s1 figur$ by ! swa/ika1 & ! recognition ( ! all-p]vad+ duality ( nature4 ,^! primitive concepts & _! inevitable outgr[?s1 :i* might naturally occur to human be+s ( ! same grade ( intellect 9 simil> conditions & circum/ances & be mo/ p[]fully impress$ ^u ! m9d ( man 9 circumpol> latitudes beside a few resemblances 9 names1 :i* ,i %all proce$ to po9t out1 are ne>ly all t ! ,*9ese & anci5t ,mexicans may be safely said to h _h 9 common4 ,at a date obvi\sly ant]ior to #bcef ,b4,c41 :5 !y 7 =mulat$1 ! ,*9ese _h made def9itions ( heav5 & e>? & ( ! five elem5ts :i* radically diff] f ^? ( ! anci5t ,mexicans & ,mayas4 ,! ,*9ese num]ical sy/em or cal5d>1 ?\gh equally bas$ on rotation1 & kn[n to h be5 modifi$ by contact ) ,india1 is ess5tially diff]5t f ! ,am]ican4 ,:5 c>efully comp>$ x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! ,mexican is by f> ! m complex & highly develop$1 & ! same may be said ( ! social organization1 :i* 0 controll$ by ! cal5d>4 ,a comp>ison betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ,am]ican languages 9 g5]al proves1 moreov]1 t !y diff] n only 9 s\nd1 b 9 =m & 9 grade ( developm5t1 ! ,*9ese be+ ! l[] 9 ! scale4 ,to ! above div]g5ces we mu/ add ! fact t ea* p evolv$ di/9ct national cu/oms & co/umes1 foods & dr9ks1 indu/ries1 arts & =ms ( ar*itecture1 s m>k$ly *>act]i/ic z to be cle>ly di/+ui%able4 ,9 conclusion a few words ab\t ! swa/ika 9 ,*9a 7ouan74 ,its ,*9ese "n is wan1 :i* signifies 8t5 ?\s&10 or 8all10 also 8_m10 a great numb]4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,empress ,wu 7,a4,d4 #fhd-gjd7 ! swa/ika 9 a circle signifi$ 8! sun20 half a swa/ika 9 ! circle 8! moon10 & ! pla9 circle 8! />40 ,def]r+ comm5t ,i emphasize "h ! fact t ! ^w wan resembles kwanequal e>? or l&1 & t x signifies an entity compos$ ( t5 ?\s& p>ts4 ,a pro( t ! wan 0 also associat$ ) ! idea ( "t is giv5 by ! mod]n use ( ! ,*9ese swa/ika to signify 8long life10 8_m ye>s10 i4 e41 a complete life1 a complete cycle ( ye>s4 ,a prolong$ /udy ( ! mo/ anci5t civilization ( ,am]ica1 :i* c5tr$ 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica & !nce spread nor?w>d & s\?w>d1 has s deeply conv9c$ me ( its great antiquity1 isolation & prolong$ p]iod ( indep5d5t evolution t1 :5 ,asiatic orig9 & influ5ce are discuss$1 ,i am tempt$ to take ! national food-plant ( ,am]ica1 ! maize1 &1 plac+ x beside ! rice-plant ( ,*9a1 invite comp>isons to be made betwe5 !m4 ,,japan4 ,x is a curi\s fact t1 al?\gh x is recogniz$ t ! junks :i* h be5 repeat$ly driv5 by /orms ^u ! ,pacific coa/ h g5]ally be5 ,japanese1 no se>*+ comp>ison betwe5 ! culture ( anci5t ,am]ica & t ( ,japan has z yet be5 publi%$2 al?\gh x is believ$ by _m t x may h be5 to ! occupants ( ! wreck$ junks t ! ,am]ican race ow$ its civilization4 ,! curi\s idea seems to prevail among "s writ]s1 t purely ,*9ese influ5ce 0 convey$ by ,japanese fi%]m5 & sailors to ! dwell]s on ,am]ican soil4 ,x does n seem to be suffici5tly recogniz$ t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,japanese & ,*9ese civilizations are z great z t betwe5 _! diff]5t languages & writ+s1 & t direct influ5ce d]iv$ f ,japan1 = _m c5turies back w\ld h left traces s *>act]i/ic z to be easily di/+ui%$ f ! effects ( direct influ5ce f ,*9a4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,japanese empire 0 f\nd$ on a plan d]iv$ f ,corea & soon became kn[n to ! ,*9ese & dwell]s on ! ma9 l& z ,ds*i-,po5nkwo1 or ,zipanco1 ! 8l& ( ! ea/1 or ( ! ris+ sun40 ,! ,japanese !mselves1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ _! empire z ! 8great c5tre ( ! _w10 i4 e4 a 8,middle ,k+dom40 ,! my?ical bir?place ( ! ,japanese race & ! cradle ( its civilization is said to h be5 ! isl& ( ! ,congeal$ ,drop1 :i* 0 =m]ly at ! ,nor? ,pole1 b subsequ5tly remov$ to its pres5t position4 ,h[ ?is happ5$ is n told47#hh7 ,! mo/ sup]ficial exam9ation %[s t ! fundam5tal s*eme ( ! ,japanese empire 0 ! same z t ( ,*9a & o!r ,asiatic c\ntries4 ,its c5tre 0 ! isl& ,hon-%iu1 ,hondo or ,nippon1 on :i* 0 situat$ ! anci5t ,fu or capital1 nam$ ,y$o2 ! mod]n ,tokio 9 ! vic9ity ( ,fusiyama1 ! sacr$ m\nta9 & reput$ c5tre ( ! _w4 ,! entire l& or ,han 0 orig9ally divid$ into five prov9ces collectively nam$ ! ,g-k9ai 7! ^w g l ! ,maya ho1 signify+ five71 ! t]ritorial divisions & presumably consi/+ ( f\r qu>t]s & ! capital4 ,light is ?r[n ^u ! ext5t ( ?is qu9>y organization by ! fact t1 9 anci5t ,japan1 "t 0 divid$ into five-day p]iods1 by (ficial days ( re/1 :i* fell on ! #a/1 #f?1 #aa?1 #af?1 #ba/1 & #bf? days ( ea* mon?4 ,! computation ( "t by cycles1 :i* w be treat$ fur!r 9 a sep>ate monograph1 also prevail$ 9 ,japan1 z might be expect$1 s9ce ?is me?od 0 a ma9 feature ( ! def9ite s*eme on :i* ! entire empire 0 f\nd$4 ,9 accord ) ?is plan ! population 0 divid$ into f\r classes1 consi/+ ( ! ,haim9! p2 ! w>riors or ,samurai1 ! ,kazoku1 lit]ally ! fl[] ( families1 ! nobility4 ,all memb]s ( ! imp]ial family =m$ a f\r? ca/e & above all /ood ! ,emp]or1 ! c5tral rul]1 ! div9e desc5dant ( ! sun-goddess ,amat]asu4 ,evid5ces t an ext5sion & fre% t]ritorial division ( ! empire took place at "o "t seem pres]v$ 9 ! anci5t ,japanese "n = ,japan3 ,oya-%ima! eight isl&s4 ,x is likewise relat$ t ! ,japanese creators1 ,izanajo & ,izanami1 built1 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 an octagonal palace ar\nd a c5tral pill>1 ! octagonal =m hav+ ref]5ce to ! eight holy corn]s or po9ts1 ! 8,hak-kaku10 or ! c>d9al po9ts & half c>d9al po9ts4 ,x is impossible to ov]look ! fact t by a simil> me?od1 b by means ( f\r l>g] & f\r small] rays1 ! field ( ! ,mexican cal5d> /> is divid$ into eight equal portions4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t1 9 #ahed1 ,japan 0 practically gov]n$ by two rul]s3 ! ,mikado or ,t5no1 ( div9e or 8heav5ly0 desc5t1 :o l$ s seclud$ an exi/5ce t he 0 becom+ a %ad[y & invisible rul]1 & ! ,%ogun1 ! civil gov]nor1 :o _h become ! t]re/rial rul] p> excell5ce1 & ^: p[] 0 9 ! asc5dant4 ,?is /ate ( affairs af=ds a mo/ int]e/+ object lesson1 tea*+ h[ anci5t empires gradually become divid$ & dis9tegrat$ "u dual gov]nm5t & "u ! influ5ce ( rival cults4 ,! anci5t /ate religion or 8,imp]ial wor%ip0 ( ,japan1 ! ,%9to1 0 becom+ z obsolete z ! worldly p[] ( its high-prie/ ! ,mikado1 next to ! gr[+ asc5dancy ( ,buddhism1 support$ by ! ,%ogunate4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( ! ,%9to sacr$ symbols appe>s to be lo/4 ,! mirror1 plac$ on ! alt>1 usually con/itut$ ! only visible sacr$ emblem4 ,ano!r 0 ! sword4 ,x is claim$ t ! swa/ika came into ,japan ) ,buddhism1 b ?is is a po9t :i* dem&s a s]i\s inve/igation ( compet5t speciali/s4 ,! above data1 :i* are absurdly inadequate to ! int]e/ & importance ( ,japan1 ! seat ( ! mo/ intellectual & progressive culture ( ,asia1 are suffici5t to %[ t 9 ,japan1 :]e ! swa/ika is f\nd1 ! quadruplicate /ate organization & fundam5tal plan 7 also c>ri$ out4 ,my full purpose w only be fulfill$ :5 ! pres5t defici5t notes %all h /imulat$ ! enquiry & rese>* ( /ud5ts & ,japanese s*ol>s & l$ to ! publication ( all traces extant ( ! mo/ anci5t s*eme ( organization1 gov]nm5t & cal5d>1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( anci5t ,am]ica4 ,z x is ma9ta9$ t ! ,*9ese & o!r ea/]n ,asiatic p did n orig9ate1 b receiv$ _! civilization f ,babylonia1 or ano!r anci5t c5tre1 situat$ 9 we/]n ,asia1 x obvi\sly becomes an imp]ative necessity to c>ry ! pres5t inve/igation across ! ,asiatic cont95t into ! he>t ( ! ,euphratean valley4 ,,india4 ,be+ "o ( ! anci5t c5tres ( civilization f :i* ! ,*9ese are said to h d]iv$ !irs1 ,india1 ! c\ntry :]e ! swa/ika ab\nds1 fir/ arre/s our att5tion4 ,9 support ( ! ass]tion ,i h already advanc$1 t ! primitive symbol is always f\nd accompani$ by a set ( ideas almo/ z anci5t z itself1 ,i h pleasure 9 transcrib+ ! foll[+ deta*$ b in/ructive & sugge/ive extracts f my note-book4 ,! fair ,arya or ,aryans1 aft] ab\t #b1jjj ,b4,c41 p5etrat$ ,india f ! nor?we/4 ,arya means 8^? :o comm&0 or 8! v5]able40 ,! "n ,h9du or ,s9du 0 giv5 to ! ,indian ,aryans4 ,our k ( ,h9du art beg9s 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 & none ( ! pres5t popul> =ms ( ,h9du religion are presum$ to be e>li] ?an ! n9? c5tury ,a4,d4 8,x is well kn[n t ! ,brahman sy/em & fai? 7 n develop$ by ! ,h9dus till !y _h conqu]$ ! ,ganges1 ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,india & !re is no trace ( ?is tradition or ev5 ( ,brahma z a deity 9 ! ,v$as40444 8,! supreme god ( antiquity 0 ,indra 444 next to & above :om 0 ! my/]i\s god ,v>una1 ! creator1 :o gave et]nal laws :i* god & m5 7 oblig$ to foll[4 ,he %[$ ! />s _! pa?s & gave ea* creature 8 qualities4444 ,he is ! sun by day & ! />s at night04444 ,f ^! /atem5ts ! duality ( ! creator & 8 p[] ov] bo? light & d>kness alike1 /& out cle>ly4 ,ano!r =m ( ! supreme be+ 0 ! sun god ,surya1 :o 0 also nam$ ,savitri1 ! g5]ator1 ,pu%an! fe$] & ,mi?ra! light-god1 :o is call$ ! wat*] & rul] ( ! _w & 0 associat$ ) ! :eel1 :i* is t]m$ 8! mo/ anci5t symbol ( div9e p[] & dom9ion407#hi7 8,9 ,india ! :eel 01 moreov]1 connect$ ) ! title ( a *akray>t9 7f *akraa :eel71 ! title mean+ a supreme rul] or univ]sal mon>*1 :o rul$ ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w & on 8 coronation he _h to drive 8 *>iot or :eel to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts to signify 8 conque/ ( !m0 7,wm4 ,simpson1 ,qu>t]ly /atem5t ( ,pale/9e ,expl4 ,fund1 #ahie1 p4 #hd74 ,x is significant t 8,mi?ra10 ! god ( ! :eel1 :o 01 z ,i %all %[ lat] on1 likewise associat$ ) ! s]p5t1 is repres5t$ ) a *>iot pull$ by sev5 horses & ?us to f9d ! idea ( c5trifugal p[]1 comb9$ ) ! num]al sev5 & ! conception ( c5tral rul]%ip ext5d+ to ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,:ile ! above passages af=d an int]e/+ insight into ! anci5t significance & symbolism ( ! *>iot1 ! use ( :i*1 ) t ( ! ?rone 01 orig9ally1 exclusively conf9$ to ! c5tral supreme rul]1 !y also furni% a curi\s p>allelism to ! ,*9ese t\rs ( inspection p]=m$1 by ! emp]or1 to ! f\r prov9ces 9 rotation4 ,! g5]al application ( ! quadruplicate sy/em is moreov] %[n by ! fact t1 f "t immemorial1 ! population ( ,india has be5 divid$ into f\r great ca/es1 & ^! are associat$ ) di/9ctive colors1 ! ,sanscrit ^w = color1 v>na1 signify+ also ca/e4 ,accord+ to ! native my?1 ,brahma creat$ ! ,brahm9 or rul+ ca/e f 8 m\?1 ! w>rior ca/e f 8 arms & h&s1 ! m]*ant & agricultural ca/e f 8 hips & ! artisan or l[e/ ca/e f ! soles ( 8 feet4 ,! w>rior ca/e 0 nam$ ,ks*atria2 ! p ! yell[1 or ,vaicya2 ! orig9al1 conqu]$ inhabitants ( ,india 7 nam$ ! black1 or ,sudra4 ,! ,brahman ca/e 0 above all ^!4 ,conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! ,brahmans1 x is relat$ t 8,manu 0 creat$ 444 he1 9 turn creat$ t5 great sages1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,brahmans4 ,^! creat$ sev5 o!r ,manus or spiritual pr9ces1 ! pres]v]s ( moral ord]s 9 ! _w0 7,goodye>74 ,po9t+ out t ! sev5 ,manus evid5tly con/itut$ a sept>*y1 let u n[ /udy ! ,brahmani/ic conception ( a supreme div9ity4 ,f v>i\s au?orities we le>n t1 9 lat] times 8! ,brahmans inv5t$ a new god1 ! imp]sonal ,brahma1 :o only appe>s 9 ! y\nge/ portion ( ! ,v$as40 ,he is describ$ z 8! supreme ,"o :o alone exi/s really & absolutely10 & is repres5t$ ) f\r heads & f\r arms1 ! idea ( f\r-fold p[] & rule be+ ?us express$4 ,! pro( t1 at ! same "t1 ! idea ( duality exi/$1 is furni%$ by ! inv5tion ( a female c\nt]p>t ( ,brahma1 namely1 8 consort ,s>awati & ! lat] developm5t ( ! rival religions :i* n[ exi/ side by side & divide ! population ( ,india into halves4 ,! cult ( ,vi%nu1 associat$ ) ! male pr9ciple1 ?\gh curi\sly bl5d$ ) ! pr9ciple ( pres]vation1 is obvi\sly a p>allel =m ( ! ,am]ican & ,*9ese cult ( ! ,above or ,heav52 :ile t ( ,siva1 or ! female pr9ciple1 /rongly m+l$ ) ! idea ( de/ruction1 =ms a p>allel to ! cult ( ! ,e>?-"m & ( d>kness & ! nocturnal heav54 ,brahma 0 born ( an egg & is also figur$ z spr++ f a lotus :i*1 9 turn rises f ! navel ( ,vi%nu or ,n>ayana1 8! ,_s mov+ on ! wat]s404447#ij7 ,9 mod]n ,buddhism ! id5tical fundam5tal ideas cont9ue to exi/ 9 a slightly diff]5t =m2 ! six directions 9 space are kn[n & elaborately wor%ipp$4 ,! embodim5t ( c5tral p[] is ,buddha1 seat$ cross-legg$ on a lotus fl[]4 ,accord+ to ,birdwood1 cit$ by ,mr4 ,goodye>1 8,9 ! ,h9du cosmogony ! _w is lik5$ to a lotus fl[]1 float+ 9 ! c5tre ( a %all[ circul> vessel1 :i* has = its /alk an elephant & = its p$e/al a tortoise4 ,! sev5 petals ( ! lotus fl[] repres5t ! sev5 divisions ( ! _w z kn[n to ! anci5t ,h9dus & ! tabul> torus 7,nelumbium speciosum7 :i* rises f _! c5tre repres5ts ,m\nt ,m]u1 ! ,h9du ,olympus40 ,9 ! /atues ( ,buddha1 ?us associat$ ) ! c5tre ( ! _w1 we h :at may be t]m$ ! highe/ developm5t ( ! idea ( /ability1 quietude & absolute repose :i* impress$ itself ^u ! human m9d by ! obs]vation ( ,pol>is4 ,! ab/ract conception ( ,nirvana1 8! /ate 9 :i* all individuality & consci\sness are lo/1 & life & dea?1 good & evil1 & e o!r possible anti!sis disappe> 9 absolute unity10 appe>s to me to be ! natural ultimate outgr[? ( ! primitive appreciation ( /ability & repose z ! mo/ desirable ( conditions4 ,an anci5t ,am]ican prie/-a/ronom]1 imbu$ ) ! native ideas1 w\ld d\btlessly see 9 ! mod]n figures ( ,buddha a m p]fect arti/ic r5dition ( ! same conception :i* 0 express$ 9 ! ,copan swa/ika4 ,he might rem>k t1 9 ! /atues ( ,buddha1 ! human =m is int5d$ to convey ! idea ( quadruple organization & t 9 c]ta9 images ! primitive symbols ( ! c5tre1 8! belly & navel10 are obvi\sly emphasiz$4 ,9 ! fakirs1 :o cultivate immobility1 he might see p :o are "u ! absolute dom9ion ( ! ideal ( /ability & detect ! orig9 ( ?is sugge/ion f ! fact t ! swa/ika position ( ei!r arms or legs is a favorite "o among ,h9doo fanatics1 j z1 out ( devotion1 _m p]sons h swa/ikas pa9t$ or tattoo$ ^u _! limbs4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! peculi> result atta9$ by ! ,buddhi/s 9 _! developm5t ( ! tw9 idea ( p]man5ce1 i4 e4 immutability or immortality1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ quotation3 8,!re is a rem>kable di/9ction betwe5 ! ,buddhism ( ,*9a & ( ,tibet4 ,9 reg>d to philosophy !re is little or no diff]5ce1 b 9 ,tibet !re is a hi]>*y :i* ex]cises political p[]4 ,9 ,*9a ?is c\ld n be4 ,! ,gr& ,lama & _m o!r lamas 9 ,mongolia & ,tibet assume ! title ( #8,liv+ ,buddha4' ,9 him1 mo/ ( all1 ,buddha is inc>nate1 z ! p are taught to ?9k4 ,he nev] dies4 ,:5 ! body1 9 :i* ,buddha is = ! "t inc>nate1 ceases to p]=m its functions1 "s infant is *os5 by ! prie/s1 :o are intru/$ ) ! duty ( select+1 to become ! resid5ce ( ,buddha until1 9 turn1 x gr[s up to manhood & dies4 ,no ,buddhi/ prie/ 9 ,*9a pret5ds to be a #8liv+ ,buddha' or to h a "r to ! ex]cise ( political p[]4 ,9 ,tibet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,gr& ,lama1 z *ief ( ! #8liv+ ,buddhas1' n only holds ! place ( ! hi/orical ,buddha long s9ce dead1 act+ z a sort ( high-prie/1 b he also ex]cises sov]eignty ov] ! c\ntry ( ,tibet rul+ ! laity z well z ! cl]gy & be+ only subord9ate to ! "l p>am\nt1 ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a0 7,edk9s1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 p4 #h74 8,! =m ( ! ,buddhi/ temples exemplifies 9 a /rik+ mann] ! relative positions ( ,buddha & ! gods4 ,f\r k+s ( ! gods are repres5t$ 9 ! ve/ibule4 ,_! (fice is to gu>d ! door by :i* entrance is obta9$ to ! pres5ce ( ,buddha4444 ,! c5tral position is t ( ,buddha1 :o is seat$ on ! lotus fl[] 9 ! attitude ( a tea*]44440 7,edk9s74 ,9 ?is attitude an anci5t ,am]ican high-prie/ w\ld see ! graphic repres5tation ( "o ( ! titles ( ! />-god ,pol>is1 8! tea*] ( ! _w40 ,! association ( ,buddha ) ! nor? & ) ! numb] sev5 is curi\sly %[n 9 ! my?ical acc\nt t 8:5 ,buddha 0 born a lotus blossom$ :]e he t\*$ ! gr\nd2 he /epp$ sev5 /eps nor?w>d & a lotus m>k$ ea* footfall40 ,di/9ct evid5ce ( ! anci5t cult ( ,pol>is is yield$ by ! ,h9du m>riage cu/om1 :i* ,i h f\nd describ$ ?us 9 ,mey]'s conv]sations ,lexikon3 8,9 ! ev5+ ! bride & bridegroom seat !mselves on ! hide ( a r$ ox1 aft] mak+ ! usual (f]+s4444 ,!n ! bridegroom po9ts out ! pole-/> to ! bride & says3 #8! heav5 is firm1 also ! e>?2 ! univ]se is /$fa/1 s maye/ ?\ be /$fa/ 9 our family'44440 ,! symbolism ( ! act ( %>+ ! ox-hide z a seat becomes app>5t :5 x is realiz$ t ! "n = c[ or oxg1 also signifies possessions & ri*es1 a conception :i* is traceable to a p]iod :5 cattle con/itut$ ! *ief & mo/ valu$ possession ( pa/oral tribes4 ,! v5]ation accord$ 9 ,india to ! c[ is well kn[n & travell]s h frequ5tly describ$ ! sacr$ /atue ( a c[1 :i* is sev5 feet 9 height & /&s next to ! sacr$ well ( ! temple at ,b5>es4 ,9 connection ) ! ref]5ce to ! pole-/> made by ! ,h9du bridegroom1 x is notewor?y t ! ,sanscrit = /> is /ri1 t>a1 = />a2 ,h9du sit>a1 t>a & ,b5gal />a & t v>iants ( ! same ^w con/itute ! "n = /> 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 ,go?ic1 ,old & ,anglo ,saxon1 ,wel%1 ,icel&ic1 ,sw$i%1 ,dani% & ,basque1 9 :i* language x appe>s z iz>ra1 recall+ ! ,h9du sit>a &1 if ,i may v5ture to say s1 ! ,nahuatl ^w = />1 citlall94 ,! supreme v5]ation & importance accord$ 9 ,india to ! ,nor?1 f "t immemorial1 are %[n by passages ( ! book ( ,manu1 :i* prescribe ! sev]e p5ances :i* 7 to be p]=m$ by ! ,brahmans :o atta9$ advanc$ age4 ,he 8is to inflict all sorts ( tortures ^u himself & :5 he falls ill 9 consequ5ce1 he is to set out to walk to ! nor?we/1 t[>ds ! holy m\nta9 ,m]u1 until 8 mortal frame breaks d[n & he unites himself ) ,brahma40 ,x is likewise /at$ t :5 a ,brahman k+ grew old & ill he 0 oblig$ to abdicate 9 favor ( 8 son & volunt>ily seek dea? 9 battle or by />vation1 :il/ w&]+ t[>ds ! holy m\nta9 ,m]u1 9 ! nor?we/4 ,i po9t out ! curi\s p>allelism ( ?is cu/om1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out dur+ c\ntless c5turies & det]m9$ a p]iodical migration t[>ds ! nor?we/ ( v5]able sages1 presumably accompani$ by fai?ful foll[]s1 & ! se>* = ! /able c5tre ( ! _w :i* caus$ ! w&]+s ( ,am]ican tribes "u _! *iefs4 ,accord+ to v>i\s encyclopdias & g5]al works ( ref]5ce1 ,brahma is said to h made ! _w 9 two p>ts1 i4 e41 heav5 & e>?2 plac$ air betwe5 bo? & made ! eight regions1 fire & ! et]nal wat]s4 ,! my?ical m\nta9 ,m]u1 on ! summit ( :i* ! supreme p[] is said to be en?ron$ 9 et]nal maje/y1 is ! traditional p>adise & is suppos$ to lie some:]e 9 ! nor?we/ ( ! ,himalayas4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sev5 zones 9 :i* ! e>? is divid$1 !nce its "n ,m]u! ,middle4 ,! association ( ! c5tral m\nta9 ) div9ity & et]nal /ability is fur!r %[n by ! /atem5t t ! sun1 moon & />s circl$ ab\t x & t x support$ ! heav54 ,z ! natural complem5t to ! above1 ,i c cite ! foll[+ evid5ces ( an all-p]vad+ quadruplicate division & organization1 z set =? 9 an anci5t manuscript :i* 0 br\ght f ,india by ,c\nt ,angelo de ,gub]natis & exhibit$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 #ahih1 by ,mr4 ,pull1 9 an extremely in/ructive s]ies ( native maps ( ,india3 #a4 ,9 ! olde/ maps1 ! empire ( ,india 0 repres5t$ z a disk1 divid$ into a numb] ( conc5tric zones1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* arose ! sacr$ m\nta94 #b4 ,^! repres5tations 71 9 sev]al cases1 accompani$ by repres5tations ( ! swa/ika obvi\sly repres5t+ quadruplicate t]ritorial division4 ,on ,m\nt ,m]u itself !re 7 f\r lakes respectively fill$ ) milk1 butt]1 coagulat$ milk & sug>4 ,f\r great riv]s fl[$ f ! m\nta9 t[>ds ! c>d9al po9ts1 namely1 ! ,ganges1 issu+ f ! m\? ( a c[1 ! ,sita f ! head ( ! elephant2 ! ,bhadra f a tig] or lion & ! ,*aksu f a horse4 ,accord+ to ,buddhi/ic my?ology1 ! sacr$ m\nta9 ,m]u1 :i* con/itutes ! c5tre ( ! _w1 is gu>d$ by f\r h]o 8k+s ( demons40 ,_! names are z foll[s3 #a4 ,kub]a or ,vaisrnana1 ! god ( weal?1 :o lives 9 ! nor?1 ^: attributes are ! lance & bann]1 ! rat :i* ?r[s =? jewels f its m\?4 #b4 ,virdhaka1 :o rules ! s\?1 & ^: attributes are ! helmet 9 ! =m ( an elephant's head1 & a long sword4 #c4 ,virpk%a1 ! gu>dian ( ! we/3 attributes1 ! jewel & ! s]p5t4 #d ,dhrt>%tra1 ! rul] ( ! ea/3 attribute1 ! m&ol9e4 ,an int]e/+ p>allelism is br\ght out by a comp>ison betwe5 ! anci5t ,mexican mode ( produc+ ! sacr$ fire by means ( a re$ & a piece ( wood & its symbolism ( ! my/ic union ( ! two pr9ciples ( nature1 to ! orig9 ( fire z told 9 ! ,v$a & ! c]emonial mode employ$ 9 ,india to produce ! sacr$ fire by means ( ! my/ic arani & ! praman?a4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! anci5t ,am]ican & ,indian app>atus %\ld be notic$4 ,! two arani1 made ( ! wood ( ,ficus religiosa1 7 plac$ crosswise4 8,at _! junction 0 a fossette or cup-l hole & !re !y plac$ a piece ( wood upright1 9 ! =m ( a lance 7! praman?a71 viol5t rotation ( :i* by means ( :ipp+1 produc$ fire1 z did ,prome!us1 ! be>] ( fire 9 ,greece0 7,b\rn\f1 ,des ,sci5ces et ,religions & ,pr(4 ,?omas ,wilson1 ,! ,swa/ika1 p4 #ggg74 ,a rem>kable relation unque/ionably exi/s betwe5 ! two my/ic arani1 :i*1 cross$1 =m a f\r-bran*$ cross f ! c5tre ( :i* fire is produc$ by rotation & ! almo/ univ]sal id5tification ( ,pol>is & ,ursa ,major1 z ! c5tral s\rce ( life1 p[] ext5d+ to f\r directions1 rotation & duality und]ly+ quadruplicity4 ,9 my op9ion no m graphic pres5tation ( ! rotation ( ,ursa ,major ar\nd ,pol>is1 ! c5tral rul] ( heav51 c\ld h be5 devis$ ?an ! cross figure f ! c5tre ( :i* fire 0 p]petually obta9$4 ,x is all ! m significant1 !re=e1 to f9d x /at$ t ! anci5t ,aryan light-god1 ,mi?ra1 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( fire4 ,i po9t out t1 9 a repres5tation publi%$ by ,lay>d 9 8 ,culte de ,mi?ra & reproduc$ "h 7fig4 #gb1 #a7 f ,mr4 ,goodye>'s "w1 a man & a woman are repres5t$ z wor%ipp+ a />1 ! sc5e s /rongly recall+ ! portion ( ! ,h9du m>riage c]emony :]e ! pole-/> is po9t$ out1 t an id5tity ( sc5e sugge/s itself4 ,return+ to ! swa/ika3 its mean+ 9 ,india appe>s to be =gott52 b1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,?omas ,wilson1 a foll[] ( ! ,ja9 religion express$ ! op9ion t 8! orig9al idea 0 v high1 b lat] on "s p]sons ?\ght ! swa/ika repres5t$ only ! comb9ation ( ! male & female pr9ciples0 7,?omas ,wilson1 ,on ! ,swa/ika1 p4 #hjc74 ,to ! ,h9du1 hold+ ?is view & also accu/om$ to associate ! pole-/> ) ! m>riage rite1 !re mu/ exi/ a curi\s b& ( union & id5tity betwe5 ,pol>is & ! swa/ika1 bo? connect$ ) ! comb9ation ( ! male & female pr9ciples4 ,to treat ( ! ,h9du cal5d> & division ( "t w\ld be to transgress beyond ! limits ( ! pres5t inve/igation :i* has already assum$ un=ese5 dim5sions4 ,z ,i %all discuss x 9 detail 9 my monograph on ! anci5t ,mexican ,cal5d> sy/em1 x w suffice to recall "h t ,humboldt po9t$ out ! resemblance betwe5 ! latt] & ! ,h9du sy/em1 & t ?is has be5 fur!r dwelt ^u = in/ance 9 ! article on ! subject 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,9 ! same "w ( ref]5ce x is also /at$ t1 8accord+ to ! conclusions ( ,delambre1 ! ,h9doo k ( a/ronomy 0 greatly inf]ior to t ( ! ,greeks1 & x has be5 argu$ by ,laplace1 9 opposition to ! previ\s op9ions ( ,bailly1 t ! ,indian a/ronomy is n ( ! highe/ antiquity1 b mu/ h be5 imp]fectly borr[$ f ! ,greeks40 ,i may z well /ate "h1 h[ev]1 t1 9 ,india z 9 ,mexico1 ! divisions ( "t 7 9 accordance ) ! g5]al s*eme1 & enabl$ human activity & labor to be controll$ & c>ri$ out by means ( rotation1 & ) /rict imp>tial law1 ord] & h>mony4 ,paus+ "h & ) a cle> realization ( probable omissions & defici5cies ( mat]ial1 ,i v5ture to believe t ! =ego+ data suffice to e/abli% beyond a d\bt ! po9t :i* is ! ma9 object ( ! pres5t essay1 namely1 t 9 ,india ! swa/ika is f\nd accompani$ by ! primordial set ( ideas :i* also =m ! basis ( ! ,*9ese & anci5t ,am]ican civilizations4 ,! ,middle is1 moreov]1 associat$ 9 ,india ) ! idea ( immovability1 repose & c5trifugal p[] & rule1 incorporat$ 9 ! supreme div9ity ^: symbol is ! :eel & :o is repres5t$ z dual & quadruple 9 nature1 i4 e4 ) f\r h&s 7z two p]sons71 & ) f\r heads 7f\r p]sons71 ! six p]sons ?us symboliz$ be+ unit$ 9 ! p]son ( ! sev5?1 ! synopsis ( !m all4 ,! sev5-day p]iod2 ! sev5 zones ( ! e>?2 ! sev5 div9e foot/eps t[>ds ! nor?2 ! sev5 c\ncillors ( ! ,brahm9 k+1 etc41 all prove t1 :]eas six directions 9 space 7 wor%ipp$ 9 ,india1 !y 7 insep>able f ! sacr$ sev5? :i* unit$ all ( !m4 ,! my?ical sacr$ m\nta9 ,m]u1 ! ?rone ( ! supreme et]nal p[]1 con/itut$ ! fix$ c5tre ( ! _w & /rik+ly exemplifi$ quadruplicate division & organization1 be+ associat$ ) f\r lakes & f\r riv]s2 f\r my?ical animals & f\r gu>dians4 ,9 consonance ) ?is plan ,brahma 0 end[$ ) f\r heads & f\r h&s2 ! empire 0 divid$ into f\r qu>t]s & sev5 zones1 & ! population into f\r ca/es id5tifi$ ) f\r colors1 & gov]n$ by a k+ & sev5 c\ncillors4 ,! :eel1 associat$ 9 ! case ( ,mi?ra ) ! s]p5t1 con/itut$ ! emblem ( supreme dom9ion & rule :i* 0 connect$ ) ! idea ( an ext5sion to ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,! swa/ika 0 b ano!r expression ( ! same idea & repres5t$ also an image ( ! univ]sal s*eme4 ,?is sign & ! pole-/> 7 bo? associat$1 9 ! native m9d1 ) ! life-produc+ union ( ! male & female pr9ciples ( nature & ! sacr$ elem5t fire1 "u :i* =m ! supreme god 0 anci5tly wor%ipp$4 ,! lotus fl[] symboliz$ ! univ]se1 its unity & complexity2 ! numb] ( petals repres5t$ usually agree+ ) ! numb] ( ! cosmical divisions4 ,two po9ts %\ld fur!r be briefly ref]r$ to3 ,! division ( "t into sev5-day p]iods co9cides ) ! sept5>y s*eme ( organization re/+ ^u ! sev5 directions 9 space4 ,! sacr$ soma tree1 ! hom1 0 an object ( cult 9 ,india4 ,! cu/om ( plant+ a ,bodhi tree :]ev] ,buddhi/ mission>ies e/abli%$ _! doctr9e indicates its association ) ! idea ( an e/abli%$ c5tre4 ,! employm5t ( wood5 /icks = ! production ( ! sacr$ fire "u :i* =m ! supreme c5tral god 0 anci5tly wor%ipp$1 also connect$ wood & ! tree ) ! sacr$ ,c5tre4 ,def]r+ a discussion ( ! diff]5t & yet analog\s way 9 :i* ! fundam5tal set ( ideas 0 work$ out 9 ,am]ica & ,india1 ,i %all b m5tion "h h[ cle>ly1 9 ea* case1 ! ultimate results c be trac$ back to a common primitive & natural orig94 ,,mesopotamia4 ,let u n[ c>ry our rese>* into t region :5ce civilization spread ?r\gh we/]n ,asia1 & is said to h be5 c>ri$ to ,egypt1 ,greece & ,rome4 ,x may be a surprise to _m to le>n t1 at ! pres5t day1 on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 9 ,mesopotamia1 pole-/> wor%ip1 pure & simple1 is op5ly pr(ess$ by ! ,m&ates :o are reput$ to be ! desc5dants ( ! fam\s ,magi ( anci5t ,*aldea1 & are t]m$ ,sabba or ,sabans by ! ,moslems4 ,x w be se5 t ^! />-wat*]s h pres]v$ intact an extremely anci5t =m ( ! ar*aic cult :i* conta9s ! liv+ g]m ( all primitive religions & repres5ts an evolution>y /age :i* !y mu/ all h und]gone4 ,x is to ! k9dness ( a fri5d t ,i owe ! k ( an article on a ,m&ate ,new ,ye> fe/ival :i* appe>$ 9 ! 8,/&>d0 "s ye>s ago & :i* ,i reproduce 9 full z ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,z might be expect$1 ! ,euphratean />-gaz]s1 l ! ,*9ese1 det]m9$ midnight by ! position ( ! ,great ,be>4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d1 moreov]1 t ! spiritual head ( ! sect is entitl$ ,gan-zivro1 & is closely escort$ by f\r "y deacons1 nam$ %-kan-dos1 z well z by f\r prie/st>midos1 & f\r sub-deacons4 ,! circum/ance t ! consecrat$ gr\p ( (ficiants consi/s ( #abaac individuals is p>ticul>ly sugge/ive4 ,n less s are ! employm5t ( ! tau-%ap$ cross & ! sacrifice ( a quadrup$ to ! "l ( ! und]world & 8 companion 7! "l ( ! upp] _w874 ,! c]emonial imm]sion 9 ! />lit riv] is a curi\s p>allel to ! midnight ba?+ 9 ! sacr$ pool atta*$ to ! anci5t ,mexican temple4 ,! =mulas employ$ 9 address+ ! pole-/> des]ve special consid]ation4 ,9 ! designation ( ! /able c5tre ( heav5 z 8! abode ( ! pi\s h]eaft] & ! p>adise ( ! elect10 ! natural long+s ( ! human race = /ability1 i4 e4 safety & repose1 f9d an expression & 9 ?is we c detect ! g]m ( ?\ght ^: extreme developm5t1 9 ,india1 produc$ ! comp>atively philosophical doctr9e ( ,nirvana4 ,! title ( 8,primitive ,sun0 enlight5s u z to ! orig9al use ( ! ^w sun & ! supreme importance accord$ by ! anci5t />-gaz]s to ! 8,imp]ial rul] ( heav510 z ! ,*9ese t]m ! pole-/>4 ,?is application ( ! ^w sun w be f\nd p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to ^? :o1 hav+ f\nd ! swa/ika t]m$ a 8sun-symbol10 h naturally be5 l$ to associate x ) ! diurnal sun1 al?\gh !y f\nd x difficult to und]/& its connection ) ! rotatory motion s cle>ly disc]nible 9 ! =m ( ! primitive symbol4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t ! ,m&ate pole-/> wor%ip ( ! pres5t day embodies ! cult ( ! sacr$ c5tre & ( dual pr9ciples 7"o ( :i* is designat$ z ! "l ( ! und]world7 & is associat$ ) quadruple organization & a =m ( cross1 let u n[ make a great /ride backw>ds & note "s details conc]n+ anci5t ,saban />-wor%ip4 ,,arabia4 ,9 remote antiquity1 />-wor%ip prevail$ ?r\gh\t ,arabia & "o ( its great c5tres 0 ! fl\ri%+ l& ( ,saba or ,%eba1 ^: que5 visit$ ,solomon at ,j]usalem4 ,! />-cult ( ! ,sabans is ackn[l$g$ to h resembl$ t ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,syria1 ,mesopotamia1 ,p]sia & ,india4 ,we are told t a c]ta9 sect among/ !m 8believ$ 9 a great cycle ( "t 9 :i* c]ta9 epo*s ( ! _w's hi/ory recurr$0--an idea ak9 to anci5t ,mexican speculative philosophy4 ,x is also /at$ t "o ( ! *ief c5tres ( ,sabism 0 ! t[n ( ,h>ran 9 ,mesopotamia & t1 al?\gh surr\nd$ by ,*ri/ianity1 ?is anci5t =m ( />-wor%ip ma9ta9$ itself "h until ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! possibility t ! ,m&ates ( to-day may be ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,h>ran is naturally sugge/$ by ?is hi/orical fact4 ,a curi\s detail conc]n+ mon>*ical succession 9 ,%eba has be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,! k+ 0 kept 9 an en=c$ seclusion 9 8 palace & incurr$ ! p5alty ( dea? if he left x4 ,8 (fice 0 n h]$it>y b fell to ! fir/ son :o 0 born among/ ! nobility1 aft] a k+'s accession to ! ?rone4 ,9 ?is cu/om1 a curi\s p>allel ( :i* is furni%$ by ! ,?ibetan mode ( elect+ ! 8liv+ ,buddha10 "s read]s may be incl9$ to f9d an explanation = ! massacre ( ! babes ord]$ by ,h]od :5 he le>n$ t ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 guid$ by a />1 _h designat$ 8a "y *ild0 z ! future 8,k+ ( ! ,jews40 ,x is an int]e/+ reflection t1 to _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! 8,k+dom ( ,heav510 ann\nc$ by ! ,messiah1 may h appe>$ z a movem5t to revive ! mo/ anci5t =m ( gov]nm5t & to re9/ate ,j]usalem z ! c5tral metropolis ( an empire1 ! organization ( :i* w\ld h resembl$ ! ,*9ese & anci5t ,am]ican =ms ( 8,middle ,k+doms10 or 8,cele/ial ,empires40 ,! ideal ( _m ( ^! desc5dants ( anci5t pole-/> wor%ipp]s may well h be5 ! rev]sion to ! primitive1 pure type ( s+le c5tral1 cele/ial & t]re/rial rule :i* _h be5 sup]s$$ 9 we/]n ,asia by ! p]nici\s gr[? ( ! utt]ly abas+ & demoraliz+ sep>ate cults ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature4 ,a curi\s remnant ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,e>?-"m & ( ! /able c5tre ( ! _w1 recall+ anci5t ,am]ican symbolism1 exi/s 9 ,arabia & m]its a pass+ notice4 8,! great holy place ( ,jiddah1 ! pr9cipal l&+ place ( ! pilgrims to ,mecca1 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,r$ sea1 is ! s+ul> tomb ( #8our "m ,eve' surr\nd$ by ! pr9cipal cemet]y4 ,! tomb is a wall$ enclosure said to repres5t ! dim5sions ( ! body ab\t #bjj paces long & #ae feet wide4 ,at ! head is a small erection :]e gifts are deposit$ & r m ?an half way d[n a :itewa%$ dome encloses a small1 d>k *apel1 )9 :i* is ! black /one kn[n z el-surrah! navel4 ,! grave ( ,eve is m5tion$ by ,edrisi b1 except ! black /one1 no?+ be>s any aspect ( antiquity0 7,encycl4 ,brit41 article ,jiddah74 ,! fact t ! ,arabian appellation = ,mecca is om-el-kora8! "m ( cities0 des]ves special att5tion4 ,exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! city is ! mosque enclos+ ! kaaba1 a /ructure ! only door ( :i* op5s to ! nor?4 ,x conta9s ! celebrat$ black sacr$ /one & a tr\gh1 reput$ to be ( pure gold1 :i* conducts fre%ly fall5 ra9 wat] to ! int]ior ( ! build+ & p\rs x ^u its floor ( d>k e>?4 ,! foll[+ details are giv5 9 a rec5tly publi%$ acc\nt by an anonym\s visitor3 8,! ,moslems believe t ! orig9al ,kaaba 0 built 9 heav5 two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! creation ( ! _w & t1 at ! comm& ( ! ,almighty1 angels walk$ ar\nd x 9 adoration4 ,fur!rmore1 !y said t ,adam built ! fir/ ,kaaba on e>? on its pres5t site1 directly "u ! "o 9 heav54444 ,long be=e ! "t ( ,mahomet1 ! ,kaaba 0 a place ( wor%ip = ! idolatr\s ,arabs & 9 x !y _h no less ?an #cfj idols1 "o = ea* day ( ! ,arabian ye>4 ,^! 7 de/roy$ by ,mahomet44440 ,beside ! pilgrimages to ! ,kaaba pi\s ,mussulmans also visit ! sacr$ granite m\nta9s ! 8,arafat :]e ,adam is suppos$ to h met ,eve aft] a long sep>ation40 ,summ>iz$1 ! prec$+ facts cle>ly %[ t1 f a remote antiquity1 ! ,arabians h pres]v$ ! conception ( 7#a7 a div9e1 cele/ial1 /able sanctu>y ar\nd :i* 8angels0 walk$ 9 a circle4 7#b7 ,a t]re/rial sanctu>y built by man directly b5ea? ! heav5ly "o & associat$ ) ! p]iod ( a ye>1 i4 e4 #cfj days4 7#c7 ,9 ! sacr$ t]re/rial kaaba ! my/ic union ( ra9 & e>? is made to take place1 :ile 7#d7 ,m\nt ,arafat is connect$ ) ! traditional reunion ( ,adam & ,eve4 ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out ! significant association ( an annual c\nt ( days ) ! /able c5tre & its importance z an indication t ! anci5t ,arabian />-gaz]s orig9ally associat$ ! ye> p]iod ) circumpol> rotation4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! ,arabian ideas conc]n+ ! dual pr9ciples ( nature & ^? ( o!r nations is also too m>k$ to be easily ov]look$4 ,nor ne$ ,i emphasize h[ /rik+ly ! imag]y ( ! cele/ial kaaba suits ,pol>is & ! circumpol> con/ellations4 ,b ,i %all n[ proce$ to po9t out t ! ^w kaaba itself curi\sly resembles />-names :i* are giv5 by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,br[n 9 8 rec5t valuable publication to :i* ,i %all rev]t1 namely1 ! ,akkadian "n = con/ellation 9 g5]alkakkab & ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian "n = ! pole-/>,kakkabu4 ,9 ?is connection & ^u ,pr(essor ,sayce's au?ority ,i cite ! significant fact t ! ^w = nor? & = ! empire & capital ( nor!rn ,babylonia 0 ,akkad1 & t we ?us f9d 9 ,nor? ,babylonia a great c5tre ( gov]nm5t ! "n ( :i* conta9s ! syllables ak-ka :i* recur 9 ! appellations = nor? & = ,pol>is4 ,! foll[+ />-names1 giv5 by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,br[n1 are ( utmo/ int]e/ consid]+ t a /> 9 ,draconis 0 ! pole-/> ( #bagj ,b4,c4 & t 9 g5]al ! s]p5t 0 indissolubly connect$ ) ! pole-/>4 8,! con/ellation ,drakon is ,phnician,kanaanite 9 orig9 & repres5t$ prim>ily ! nkks* qodmun 7old s]p5t7! gu>dian ( ! />s 7gold5 apples7 :i* hang f ! pole tree4 ,x is call$ ! crook$ s]p5tnakkas* 9 ,job ,,xxvi3#ac 4440 7op4 cit41 p4 #bi74 ,i fur!r cite ,mr4 ,br[n's au?ority = ! fact t 9 ,phnicia ,a4,d41 #abjj1 ! "n = ,ursa ,major 0 ,dubkabir & = ,ursa ,m9or1 ,dub4 ,be=e return+ to ! ,euphratean valley let u note "s facts conc]n+ ! anci5t religion ( ,,p]sia4 ,! swa/ika is f\nd 9 ,p]sia z well z a sacr$ m\nta91 ! ,elburl4 ,! supreme div9ity 0 ! invisible ,ahuramazda1 ! 8creator ( heav5 & e>?10 :o 0 associat$ ) 8et]nal light0 & appe>s to be id5tical ) ! anci5t ,aryan god ( light1 ,mi?ra1 ! wat*] & rul] ( ! _w1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( fire4 ,mi?ra & ,ahuramazda alike are associat$ ) six spirits nam$ ! ,ame%a-zp5ta1 :o are said1 9 ! fir/ case1 to be p]sonifications ( ! sun1 moon1 fire1 e>?1 wat] & air1 & 9 ! second1 ( c]ta9 qualities ( ! supreme p[]1 namely1 law1 p[]1 goodness1 piety1 heal? & immortality1 ab/ract conceptions :i* evid5tly p]ta9 to a m advanc$ intellectual /age4 ,! sept>*y ?us =m$ by ,mi?ra & 8 ,ame%a appe>s to assign ! ,middle to him & to associate ! sun ) ! day1 heav51 light & ! ,above1 ! moon ) ! night & d>kness & ! ,bel[1 & ! elem5ts ) ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s4 ,x is sugge/ive ( f\r-fold rule & p[] to f9d1 on a bas-relief f\nd at ! anci5t holy city ,pas>gada1 ! ,p]sian k+ ,cyrus repres5t$ ) f\r w+s & a diadem ) two uru s]p5ts l t ( ,egyptian k+s4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,p]sian mon>* is said to h be5 ,haha-manis or ,akhamanis1 :o 0 t]m$ 8! k+ ( ,an%an40 ,subsequ5t k+s bore ! title ( ,hakhamanisija1 z = in/ance1 ,cyrus & ,d>ius ,i 7#ebj-dhf ,b4,c474 ,at ! pres5t day1 ! title ,*>kan is t employ$ to designate ! ,%ah1 :]eas goda or khoda signifies "l1 ma/]1 pr9ce or rul]4 ,9 a bas-relief publi%$ by ,spam]1 ^: "w ( ref]5ce w be ref]r$ to aga9 lat] on1 ,d>ius is repres5t$ z /&+ "u ! image ( ,ahuramazda1 ! supreme deity1 :o1 l ! ,assyrian god ,assur1 is figur$ z a k+ we>+ ! royal cap1 & issu+ f ! c5tre ( a w+$ r+ or circlet4 ,9 ,p]sia ! god holds ano!r r+ 9 8 h& 7fig4 #ga1 #a74 ,x seems impossible to emphasize m /rongly or express m cle>ly ! idea t ,ahuramazda 0 ! "l ( ! circle & ( ! ,above1 ! w+s be+ emblematic ( air or heav5 & ( motion4 ,! signification ( ! symbolical repres5tation ( ! supreme p[] & ! adoption ( fire by ! f\nd]s ( ! anci5t ,p>see religion z ! mo/ appropriate image ( _! highe/ god1 become cle> :5 int]pret$ z ! outcome ( pole-/> wor%ip4 ,resi/+ ! temptation to prolong ! /udy ( anci5t ,p]sia1 let u n[ ha/5 to ! reput$ cradle ( ! civilization ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,,babylonia ,,& ,,assyria4 8,! ,babylonians 7 f ! fir/ a nation ( /> gaz]s4444 ,! cunei=m "* :i* d5otes a god is ! picture ( a />0 7,sayce op4 cit474 8,! ,babylonian & ,assyrian-"n = ,ursa ,m9or 0 ,kakkabu2 ! ,hebrew1 ,kokhbh2 & ! ,euphratean1 ,ko*ab1 :i* means1 #8! /> pres5t1' a title :i* rem9ds u ( its =m] supreme importance z ! pole-/>4444 ,9 v>i\s ,babylonian tablets we meet a />-god call$ ,im9a-bi! sev5-fold "o407#ia7 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,br[n has rea*$ no def9ite conclusion z to ! id5tity ( ?is />-god1 ,i v5ture to ma9ta9 t ! orig9al 8sev5-fold "o0 c\ld h be5 no o!r ?an ,ursa ,major & t ?is & 8! ev]-pres5t />0 are id5tical ) :at ! ,*9ese t]m$ 8! ,imp]ial ,rul] ( ,heav50 & ! 8,sev5 ,regulators40 ,! foll[+ passages furni% ample evid5ce ( ! sugge/ive influ5ce t 8! sev5-fold "o0 ex]t$ ^u ! m9ds ( ! anci5t ,babylonian />-gaz]s4 8,! in/itution ( ! sabba? w5t back to ! ,sum]ian days ( ,*aldea--! "n itself is ,babylonian0 7,sayce1 op4 cit474 8,! sev5? mon? 7,sept4-,oct47 9 ,akkadian is nam$ ,tul-ku! holy alt>4444 ,! sev5? mon? ( ,tasritutisri 0 also connect$ ) ! build+ ( ! t[] ( ,babel1 said to h be5 ! special "w ( ! #8,k+ ( ! ,holy ,m\nd1' ,s>-tuli-elli1 & its erection plac$ 9 ! sev5? mon? at ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,x 0 a zikkurt ) sev5 /eps1 a circum/ance connect$ ) planet>y 8 /ell> symbolism4 ,?is /yle ( build+ is r$uplicat$ 9 ! olde/ ,egyptian pyramids1 e4 g4 ! pyramid ( ,sakkrah1 :i* _h sev5 /eps l ! ,babylonian t[]s4 ,?is circum/ance1 "o among/ _m su*1 supplies a mo/ int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! fact t ! ,egyptian civilization 0 ma9ly ,euphratean 9 orig90 7,rob]t ,br[n1 op4 cit474 ,! foll[+ facts conta9$ 9 ,pr(4 ,morris ,ja/r['s admirable h& book on ! 8,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria10 fur!r e/abli% ! p]vad+ influ5ce ( ! numb] sev54 8,! two mo/ fam\s zikkurats ( sev5 /ages 7 ^? 9 ,babylon & ,borsippa1 opposite ,babylon4 ,! latt] be>s ! significant "n ,e-ur-im9-an-ki1 i4 e41 #8! h\se ( sev5 divisions ( heav5 & e>?4' ,two mu* old] t[]s ?an ^? ( ,babylon & ,borsippa be> names 9 :i* #8sev5' is introduc$4 ,"o ( ^! is ! zikkurat to ,n9-girsu at ,laga%1 :i* ,gudea describes z #8! h\se ( sev5 divisions ( ! _w1' ! o!r ! t[] at ,uruk1 :i* bore ! "n #8h\se ( sev5 zones4' ,! ref]5ce 9 bo? cases is1 z ,j5s5 has %[n1 to ! sev5 conc5tric zones into :i* ! e>? 0 divid$ by ! ,babylonians40 ,9 a /&>d ,g]man book ( ref]5ce 7,spam]'s ,illu/ri]te ,weltges*i*te ,i ,!il1 ,alt]?um1 ,i ,!il1 s4 #cga71 ,i f9d ! /atem5t t ! zikkurat ( ! temple ,i-zidda at ,borsippa1 0 call$ 8! temple ( ! sev5 lights ( heav5 & e>?10 :i* seem to h be5 symboliz$ also by ! sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick ( ! ,hebrews4 ,consid]+ t o!r sacr$ symbols :i* 7 employ$ 9 ,solomon's temple are believ$ by ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ to be 8imitations ( ,babylonian models10 x seems ju/ifiable to endeavor to trace to ! same s\rce ! orig9 ( ! ,hebrew 8sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick10 to :i* ,i %all rev]t lat] on4 ,pr(4 ,morris ,ja/r[ (f]s ! sugge/ion t ! "n 8sev5 directions ( heav5 & e>?0 may po9t to a conception ( sev5 zones divid+ ! heav5s z well z ! e>?1 & /ates t ! 8sev5 divisions0 & 8sev5 zones0 are m]ely t]ms equival5t to univ]se4 ,he expla9s t ! sev5 directions 7 int]pret$ by ! ,babylonian !ologians z a ref]5ce to ! sev5 great cele/ial bodies1 ! sun & moon1 ,i%t>1 ,m>duk1 ,n9ib1 ,n]gal & ,nabu4 ,to ea* ( ^! "o /ory 0 suppos$ to be d$icat$ & ! t[] ?us became a cosmological symbol4 ,moreov]1 f ,h]odotus' description ( ! sev5 conc5tric walls ( ,ecbatana1 9 :i* ea* wall 0 di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 color1 ! conclusion has be5 drawn t ! same colors--:ite1 black1 sc>let1 blue1 orange1 silv] & gold--7 employ$ by ! ,babylonians = ! /ages ( _! t[]s4 ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ draws att5tion to ! fact t ! division ( ! e>? into sev5 zones is a 8conception t we enc\nt] 9 ,india & ,p]sia1 & t survives 9 ! sev5 #8climates' into :i* ! _w 0 divid$ by ,greek & ,arabic geograph]s4 ,x seems cle> t ?is int]pretation ( ! numb] sev5 is old] ?an ! "o t id5tifi$ ea* /ory ) "o ( ! planets4 ,bo? int]pretations h a s*ola/ic aspect1 h[ev]1 & ! v fact t !re are two int]pretations ju/ifies ! suspicion t nei!r furni%es ! real explanation :y ! numb] sev5 0 *os5 444 x is because sev5 0 popul>ly sacr$ t ! _w 0 divid$ into sev5 zones & t ! planets 7 fix$ at sev51 n vice v]sa0 7p4 #fbj74 ,! prec$+ /atem5ts lead to ! conclusion t1 among ,assyriologi/s !re is no curr5t1 g5]ally-accept$ view z to ! orig9 ( ! 8sacr$ sev50 ( ! ,babylonians4 ,! foll[+ details conc]n+ ! zikkurat & ! sanctu>ies ( ,babylon w be f\nd to furni% evid5ce t _! build]s 7 imbu$ ) ! id5tical primitive set ( ideas or sev5-fold division ( ! cosmos t is n[ s famili> to ! read] & is traceable to ! obs]vation ( ,pol>is & ,sept5triones4 ,! a/ronomical association & cosmological symbolism ( ! zikkurat become m & m evid5t :5 all evid5ce conc]n+ x is c>efully sift$4 ,accord+ to ! cosmogony ( ! ,babylonians ! e>? 0 pictur$ z a huge m\nta94 ,kh>-sag-gal-kurkura! m\nta9 ( all l&s1 is a designation = ! e>?4 ,e-kurm\nta9 h\se1 ano!r "n = ! e>?1 became "o ( ! names = temple &1 by ext5sion1 = ! sacr$ prec9ct :i* enclos$ ! zikkurat & sacr$ edifices47#ib7 ,a plural =m$ ( ! ^w ,e-kur1,ekurrati1 0 us$ = div9ities1 & ?is association ( ! ^w m\nta9 ) ! "n = a god is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ :5 x is also rememb]$ t ! cunei=m "* = god is a /> & t !re=e ei!r a m\nta91 or a />1 signifi$ a god 9 ,babylonian & ,assyrian inscriptions4 ,bel1 ! supreme /> god ( ! ,babylonians1 ^: "n lit]ally signifies m]ely 8"l or k+10 & "u ! =m ,ah-baal became curr5t ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or1 01 z ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ /ates 7op4 cit4 p4 #dce71 actually id5tifi$ ) ! pol> />1 & sometimes address$ z ! 8great m\nta9407#ic7 ,! fam\s temple1 ! ,e-kur ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 is describ$ by ,h]odotus1 ,/rabo & o!r pagan au?orities1 z consi/+ ( sev5 /ories & be+ surm\nt$ by a sanctu>y :i* 0 "u ! *>ge ( a virg9 prie/ess & conta9$ a c\* 7re/+-place7 = ! god47#id7 ,x is amply demon/rat$1 moreov]1 t ! c5tral zikkurat 0 reg>d$ z ! p]man5t re/+ & dwell+ place ( ! "l or god1 p> excell5ce1 & 9 ?is connection x is significant t among ! names ( sanctu>ies enum]at$ by ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ !re occur su* z 8! true or fix$ h\se10 ! h\se ( ! e/abli%$ seat1 ! sacr$ dwell+1 ! p]man5t dwell+1 etc4 ,! ,babylonian ideas connect$ ) ! supreme god & 8 temple are1 moreov]1 suffici5tly app>5t 9 ! pray]s to ,m>duk1 f :i* ,i extract ! foll[+ deta*$ passages3 8,m>duk1 k+ ( heav5 & e>?4444 ,look favorably ^u ! city1 ,o "l ( re/6444 ,may ! gods ( heav5 & e>? speak to !e ,o "l ( re/6444 ,a re/+-place = ! "l ( ,e-sagila is ?y h\se1 ,e-sagila1 ! h\se ( ?y sov]eignty1 is ?y h\se44440 ,! sanctu>y surm\nt+ ! zikkurat1 is also t]m$ 8! high place p> excell5ce1 or ! l(ty h\se1 ! high edifice1 ! t[] ( ! great dwell+1 ! great palace1 ! h\se ( ! glori\s m\nta9 or god ! h\se ( him :o gives ! sceptre ( ! _w2 also ! h\se ( light1 ! h\se ( great spl5dor1 ! h\se )\t rival1 ! gate ( widespread spl5dor1 ! light ( ,%ama%1 ! he>t ( ,%ama%1 ! life ( ! _w40 ,! idea t ! 8m\nta9 h\se0 or 8high place0 0 ! consecrat$ c5tre :]e ! union ( heav5 & e>? took place1 is app>5t f ! foll[+ names3 8! h\se ( heav5ly con/ruction1 ! heav5ly h\se1 ! h\se rea*+ to heav51 ! po9t ( heav5 & e>?1 ! l9k ( heav5 & e>?1 ! f\ndation /one ( heav5 & e>?40 8,complem5t+10 z ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ says1 8! cosmological associations t h be5 not$ 9 connection ) ! zikkurat10 we f9d ! inn] room or sanctu>y ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian temple nam$ ,papakhu1 f ! v]b pakhuto close4 ,x 0 also kn[n z ! p>akhu1 f p>kuto %ut (f1 to lock4 8,gudea describes ! papakhu z #8! d>k *amb]4' ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ /ates t x 0 reg>d$ z an imitation ( a cosmical #8sacr$ *amb]1' & f 8 book we le>n t x 0 employ$ z an assembly room1 or c\ncil *amb] by ! prie/hood4 ,x 0 inde$ t]m$ #8! assembly room' ! #8place ( fates1' #8! c\rt ( ! _w1' #8! h\se ( oracle1' also z ! #8sacr$ room :]e ! gods assembl$ 9 solemn c\ncil' & #8! *amb] ( fates' :]e ! *ief god sits on ,new ,ye>'s day & decides ! fate ( mank9d = ! ensu+ ye>0 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #dbc74 ,! ,babylonian & ,assyrian k+s 7 ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ! *ief god & ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ /ates t 8x 0 into ! papakhu t ! prie/s retir$ :5 !y desir$ to obta9 an oracle direct f ! god4444 ,x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to collate ! /atem5ts #8t ! ,new ,ye>'s day 0 ! occasion ( a symbolical m>riage betwe5 a god & goddess1' & t #8! ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival came to be ! season mo/ appropriate = approa*+ ! oracul> *amb]4' 0 ,x ?us appe>s t ! papakhu 0 ! sacr$ & secret *amb] :]e ! anci5t k+s & _! c\ncillors unit$ to conf] ^u ! gov]nm5t ( ! nation & decre$ ! irrevocable laws :i* decid$ ! fate ( individuals4 8,! #8decision ( fates' is1 9 ,babylonian !ology1 "o ( ! *ief functions ( ! gods4 ,x con/itutes ! ma9spr+ ( _! p[]4 ,to decide fates is to control ! arrangem5t ( ! univ]se--to e/abli% ord]40 ,! 8tablets ( fate0 are repeat$ly m5tion$ 9 ! ,assyrian epics :]e x is describ$ h[ "o god address+ ano!r1 8gives him ! tablets ( fate1 hangs !m on 8 brea/ & dismisses him10 ) ! words3 8?y comm& be inv9cible1 ?y ord] au?oritative0 7,ja/r[1 pp4 #dbj & #dbd74 ,x is evid5t t ^! words 7 suppos$ to convey ! p[] to e/abli% ord] & issue irrevocable laws4 ,! temple ( ,%ama% 7:o1 l ,m>duk1 0 evid5tly id5tical ) ,bel71 situat$ 9 ,babylon1 0 t]m$ 8! h\se ( ! univ]sal judge10 & x is extremely int]e/+ to f9d ?is 8god07#ie7 repres5t$ on a /one tablet f\nd at ,sipp>1 z seat$ on a l[ ?rone 9 ! sanctu>y or papakkhu1 ( ! temple ,el-bab-b>a1 :ile 9 front ( him on an alt> re/s :at ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ describes z 8a :eel ) radiant spokes40 ,a f9e illu/ration ( ?is tablet :i* be>s an inscription by ! k+ ,nabupalidd9 7#hgi-hee ,b4,c47 be+ publi%$ 9 ,spam]'s /&>d "w already cit$1 ,i h be5 able to note ! int]e/+ fact t ! 8:eel ) radiant spokes0 exhibits f\r po9t$ rays1 direct$ outw>ds & =m+ a cruci=m figure1 :i*1 by ! way1 x is int]e/+ to comp>e ) ! ,mexican ,cal5d> /one & its f\r rays4 ,ea* ( ! spaces betwe5 ^! po9t$ rays is fill$ by a gr\p ( wavy l9es :i* appe>s to simulate "s fluid fl[+ f ! c5tre1 :i* is =m$ by a s]ies ( conc5tric circles4 ,! quadruplicate peculi> p>tition ( ! disk assumes special importance :5 x is realiz$ t1 9 ! ni*e above ! head ( ,%ama%1 a m9iature production ( ! disk recurs betwe5 ! famili> conv5tional images ( ! moon & a disk conta9+ eight rays or spokes4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,felix von ,lus*an 7,mit?4 aus d] vord]asiat4 ,ab?4 d] ,kgl4 ,muse51 ,heft ,,xi1 p4 #bd71 ! inscription op5s ) ! invocation to 8ilu ,s91 ilu ,%ama% u ilu ,i%t>10 a fact ( d\ble int]e/1 because ,i%t> is t]m$ ! 8tw9-si/] ( ,%ama%0 9 an ,assyrian hymn1 & because ! inscription obvi\sly id5tifies ! moon z ! symbol ( ,s91 ! f\r-spok$ :eel z t ( ,%ama% & ! eight-spok$ :eel z t ( ,i%t>4 ,z ! k+1 9 8 inscriptions expressly /ates t he has re/or$ on ! tablet ! image ( ,%ama% accord+ to an anci5t model1 = ! guidance ( future arti/s1 x is evid5t t dep>tures f ! orig9al cult ( ,%ama% _h tak5 place 9 8 "t & t he 0 mak+ an attempt to re/abli% x4 ,! extreme antiquity ( ! cult ( ,%ama% may1 inde$1 be inf]r$ f ! fact t ab\t ,b4,c4 #ahej1 ! k+1 ,%amsi-ramann1 bore ! god's "n z a div9e title4 ,ab\t ,b4,c4 #acej1 moreov]1 a temple 0 built to ,%ama% 9 ,a%ur4 ,i %all treat1 fur!r on1 ( ! evid5ces %[+ t ! cult ( ,pol>is gradually became a secret "o kn[n to ! initiat$ only1 :ile popul> wor%ip 0 direct$ to ! sun1 moon1 & morn+ & ev5+ />s1 etc4 ,mean:ile ! foll[+ passages f ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s h&-book w elucidate ! ,babylonian ,assyrian cult ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s4 8,! zikkurat 0 quadrangul> 9 %ape4 ,! ori5tation ( ! f\r corn]s t[>ds ! f\r c>d9al po9ts 0 approximate4 ,inasmu* z ! rul]s ( ,babylon f a v e>ly p]iod call !mselves #8k+ ( ! f\r regions1' x has be5 suppos$ t ! quadrangul> %ape 0 *os5 design$ly40444 8,! title #8k+ ( ! f\r regions' 0 an old "o t p]ta9$ to ! k+s ( ,agade4444 ,! city ( ,arbela1 at "o "t ! seat ( ! cult ( ,i%t>1 0 nam$ #8! f\r-god city4' 0 ,?is "n is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ :5 x is rememb]$ t ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian ^w = god & m\nta9 0 id5tical & t ?is id5tity may acc\nt = ! ,*9ese employm5t ( ! t]m 8f\r m\nta9s10 to express also ! f\r prov9ces & _! *iefs4 ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ in=ms u1 9 a note1 t ! "n ,arbela is1 m precisely1 ,arba-ilu1 signify+ 8city ( ! f\r-fold div9ity0 or 8f\r-god0 city & invites comp>ison to ! ,pale/9ian =m ,kirya?-arba1 8f\r-city40 ,he sugge/s t ?is "n may p]haps likewise signify a city ( f\r gods1 b adds t x has commonly be5 expla9$ z mean+ f\r roads or f\r qu>t]s 7op4 cit4 #bjc74 ,! anci5t pagan au?orities in=m u t ! anci5t city ( ,babylon 0 laid out 9 ! =m ( a p]fect squ>e1 ! sides ( :i* 7 ori5t$ to ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,a massive wall enclos$ ! entire city & ! riv] ,euphrates divid$ x into halves1 unit$ by a bridge1 ea* half be+ aga9 subdivid$ by ! ma9 /reet lead+ to ! bridge4 ,a s]ies ( /reets ran p>allel to ! riv] ?r\gh ! city & 7 cross$ at "r angles by o!rs1 ! result be+ t #fbe blocks or squ>es ( build+ 7 ?us =m$4 ,!re is positive evid5ce t ! capital city ( ,laga% or ,%ir-pur-la 0 divid$ into f\r sections1 ! sep>ate names ( :i* 7 ,girsu1 ,uru-alaga1 ,n9 & ,gi%-,galla or ,erim1 ! read+ ( ! latt] "n be+ d\btful4 ,! circum/ance t ea* ( ^! qu>t]s _h its 8div9ity0 & 0 rul$ by its e>?ly repres5tative1 expla9s ! t]m 8f\r-god city0 or 8f\r city0 f\nd associat$ ) o!r capitals ( ,babylonia4 ,! exi/5ce ( a c5tral rul] :o ex]cis$ supreme au?ority ov] ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! capital1 & by ext5sion ov] ! 8f\r prov9ces0 is amply prov5 by ! title ( ! ,babylonian k+s1 i4 e41 ! 8k+ ( ! f\r regions40 ,an int]e/+ oracle1 address$ to k+ ,es>-,haddon is f\nd to conta9 ! /atem5t t 8,a%ur has giv5 him ! f\r ends ( ! e>?0 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 #cde74 ,evid5ce t :ile ! capital & entire /ate consi/$ ( f\r qu>t]s1 ! :ole 0 also divid$ !oretically & practically into halves1 is furni%$ by ! significant fact t1 f remote antiquity1 ! rul]s ( ,babylonia also bore ! title ( 8"l ( ,akkad & ,sum]0,nor? & ,s\?1 ?is t]m be+1 l t ( 8,f\r ,regions10 a g5]al designation = ! :ole ( ,babylonia & ! fir/ be+ obvi\sly analog\s to ! ,egyptian royal title3 8,k+ ( upp] & l[] ,egypt40 ,i c b briefly indicate "h "s facts :i* prove t ?is anci5t ,babylonian c5tre ( civilization und]w5t precisely ! same evolution z t ,i h trac$ 9 ,am]ica & ,india4 ,assyriologi/s agree 9 /at+ t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,babylonian hi/ory1 ab\t #d1jjj ,b4,c41 ,akkad & ,sum]1 or ,nor? & ,s\? ,babylonia1 already exi/$ & 7 inhabit$ by two di/9ct races ( p3 ! non-,semitic ,sum]ians & ! ,semitic ,akkadians or lat] ,babylonians4 ,9 lat] times we f9d ! region embrac$ by ! ,euphrates & ,tigris inhabit$ by desc5dants ( bo? races & =m+ ! ,babylonian empire 9 ! s\?1 ! ,assyrian empire to ! nor!a/1 :ile 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,mesopotamia1 0 ! seat ( v>i\s empires t 7 alt]nately ! rivals & subjects ( ei!r ,babylonia or ,assyria 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 #bf74 ,?ree di/9ct & rival cults are inde$ f\nd associat$ ) ^! ?ree c5tres ( gov]nm5t1 & :5 exam9$ by ! light ( our k ( a p>allel process ( evolution else:]e1 _! orig9 c be trac$ back to elem5t>y pole-/> heav5 & e>? wor%ip1 & :at is t]m$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! di/ricts ( ,anu1 ,bel & ,ea4 ,t at "o p]iod ^! sep>ate cults peacefully exi/$ alongside ( ea* o!r is indicat$ by ! jo9t wor%ip ( pairs & triads ( div9ities :o 7 p]sonifications ( c5tral p[]s1 ( ! upp] & ( ! l[] regions4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate ?is /atem5t ,i %all briefly cite "s ref]5ces to su* div9ities f ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s h&-book1 tak+ !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are enum]at$ 9 ! fam\s ,babylonian v]sion ( ! creation ( ! _w1 conta9$ 9 ! fragm5t kn[n z ! 8,creation epic0 :i* beg9s ?us3 8,!re 0 a "t :]e ,above1 ! heav51 0 n nam$4 ,bel[1 ! e>?1 bore no "n4 ,apsu 0 !re f ! fir/1 ! s\rce ( bo? 7i4 e41 heav5 & e>?74 ,& rag+ ,tiamat1 ! "m ( bo? 7i4 e41 heav5 & e>?740 ,apsu & ,tiamat are synonym\s & are p]sonifications ( ! wat]y deep or abyss4 8,apsu repres5ts ! male & ,tiamat ! female pr9ciple ( ! primval univ]se 444 ! embrace ( ,apsu & ,tiamat became a symbol ( #8sexual' union40 ,tiamat 0 popul>ly pictur$ z a huge s]p5t-l mon/]1 a fact ( utmo/ int]e/ :5 connect$ ) ! "n ,nakka%1 i4 e41 crook$ s]p5t1 be/[$ ^u ! con/ellation ,draconis :i* conta9$ ! pole-/> ( #bagj ,b4,c4 ,ab/a9+ f comm5t ,i m]ely e/abli% "h ! int]e/+ po9t t 9 anci5t ,babylonia ! s]p5t is f\nd di/9ctly associat$ ) ,pol>is z well z ) ! dual creative pr9ciple4 ,! div9e pairs ,lakhmu & ,lakhamu & ,an%> & ,ki%> 7 !n creat$4 ,by an arbitr>y division ( 8 "n into ,an & %>1 ! deity becomes ! 8"o t embraces all t is above40 ,! elem5t ,an is ! same t we h 9 ,anu & is ! ideographic =m = 8high0 & 8heav540 ,ki is ! ideographic =m = e>? & ! natural consort to an all-embrac+ upp] p[] is a p[] t 8embraces all t is bel[40 ,x is int]e/+ ?us to asc]ta9 t on ano!r tablet by ! side ( ^! p]sonifications ( heav5 & e>? are enum]at$ a s]ies ( names :i* c]ta9ly appe> to be m]ely v>iations on ! names or titles ( ! div9e pairs4 ,lakhumu & ,lakhamu occur on ! li/1 & ,an%> & ,ki%> recur z ,an%>-gal1 8great totality ( :at is on high10 & ,ki%>-gal1 8great totality ( :at is bel[40 ,!n !re are ,en-%> & ,n9-%>1 8"l & mi/ress0 & a 8,fa!r-,"m ( ,anu10 titles :i* furni% an int]e/+ comp>ison ) ! li/ pr9t$ on page #db ( ?is inve/igation4 ,pagan au?orities1 cit$ by ,pr(essor ,ja/r[1 relate t ! fir/ result ( ! union ( ,apsu & ,tiamat 0 ! production ( 8/range mon/]s1 human be+s ) w+s1 be+s ) two heads1 male & female1 hybrid =mations1 half man1 half animal1 ) horns ( rams & horses' ho(s1 bulls ) human faces1 dogs ) f\r-fold bodies end+ 9 fi% tails40 ,se5 9 ! light ( ! pres5t inve/igation ^! acc\nts & ! sculptur$ images ( su* mon/rosities1 _m ( :i* h be5 pres]v$ to ! pres5t day1 may be acc\nt$ = 9 a v simple & natural mann]4 ,x is obvi\s t1 once ! ,babylonian !ologians _h def9itely adopt$ ! !ory & cre$ t ! univ]se _h be5 creat$ by ! union ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 ,male & ,female pr9ciple1 ,heav5 & ,e>?1 or ,upp] & ,l[] ,firmam5t1 ! production ( allegorical images p]sonify+ or symboliz+ ?is union w\ld inevitably foll[ 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,! some:at nave b expressive comb9ation ( ! =m ( a quadrup$ or s]p5t ) t ( a bird1 & ! adoption ( w+$ bulls1 lions & s]p5ts1 w\ld h seem$ a mo/ appropriate r5d]+ ( ! curr5t idea ( ! dual1 creative p[]1 :i* might also be convey$ by two heads1 or two horns4 ,f ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s description ( ! case ( a s+le mon/]1 ) f\r bodies & ) attributes ( ! elem5ts e>? & wat]1 we le>n t n only ! union ( heav5 & e>? b also ( e>? & wat] 0 at times ! task impos$ ^u ! native arti/s by ! fancy & imag9ation ( m9ds dwell+ ^u ! subject ( ! creative fir/ cause4 ,po/pon+ fur!r discussion ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian symbolism ( ! ,middle1 ,above & ,bel[ & ,f\r ,qu>t]s or ! 8sev5 directions ( ,heav5 & ,e>?10 ,i %all n[ direct att5tion to ! mo/ fam\s triad ( ,babylonian cosmology :i* figures at ! end ( ! ,creation epic4 ,x consi/$ ( ,anu1 ,ea & ,bel7#if7 & obvi\sly p]sonifi$ ! ,above & ,bel[ & ! l9k or c5tral meet+ place ( ^!1 ! e>? nam$ ,e%>ra1 8! h\se ( f]tility0 or ,e-kur 8! m\nta9 h\se40 ,we le>n f ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s h&book t :]eas ,bel! pol> /> 7! secret god7 & ,nibir! planet ,jupit] 7! lat] popul> p]sonification ( ,bel7 7 associat$ ) ! ,nor?1 ,ea 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,s\? 7p4 #dce74 ,else:]e we are told t ,anu 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,nor?1 ,bel ) ! equator & ,ea ) ! ,s\? 7p4 #dfj71 a fact to :i* ,i %all aga9 recur 9 treat+ ( ! t]ritorial divisions ( ! /ate1 :i* correspond$ to ! ?ree divisions ( ! univ]se1 ! ,above1 ,middle & ,bel[4 ,! foll[+ deta*$ /atem5ts conc]n+ ,babylonian div9ities drawn f ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s h&book1 %[ ) :at activity ! fundam5tal set ( ideas 0 develop$ by ! native !ologians & philosoph]s4 ,bel-arduk became ! *ief god ( ,babylon1 ! title 8,belu-rabu0 i4 e41 8great "l10 becom+ id5tifi$ ) ,m>duk4 ,z su* he is t]m$ 8! k+ ( heav5 & e>?0 & ! 8"l ( ! f\r regions40 ,8 dwell+ 0 on ! sacr$ 8m\nta9-h\se10 ! zikkurat1 & is repres5t$ 8) a cr[n ) high horns1 a symbol ( dual rul]%ip4 ,z ! supreme rul]1 life & dea? are 9 8 h&s & he guides ! decrees ( ! deities ( ! ,above & ,bel[40 8,! fir/ "p ( ! "n ,m>duk is also us$ to designate ! #8"y bullock1' & x is possible t ! god 0 pictur$ 9 ?is way40 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ "h1 h[ev]1 t on page #hi ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ tells u h[ ,nann>! "o :o furni%es light! moon1 0 invok$ z 8! p[]ful bull ( ,anu10 i4 e41 heav54 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to le>n t 9 ,canaan1 ,a/>te1 ! goddess ( night1 0 also wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( a c[1 & t 9 ,phnicia %e 0 sometimes figur$ ) horns1 symboliz+ ! moon4 ,9 ,assyria1 f\r horns1 d5ot+ f\r-fold rul]%ip1 usually encircle ! high conical cap ( sov]eignty1 :i* also cr[ns ! human heads ( ! w+$ bulls4 ,x may be p]missible to po9t out "h :at an appropriate & expressive embodim5t ( symbolism ! w+$ bull appe>s to be2 ! =m ( ! quadrup$1 comb9$ ) w+s1 cle>ly symbolizes a union ( ! ,above & ,bel[2 ! control ov] bo? be+ express$ by ! human head :i* completes ! allegorical figure4 ,! high cap1 ) :i* ! head 0 cr[n$1 exhibits ! =m ( a m\nd1 & comb9$ or p>tly encircl$ by two or sometimes f\r horns1 obvi\sly symbolizes dual or quadruple rul]%ip4 ,x ?us appe>s evid5t t ! w+$ bull ( ,assyria express$1 almo/ z cle>ly z ! sev5-/ag$ t[]s ( ,babylon1 ! 8sev5 directions ( heav5 & e>?10 & 0 z appropriate an allegorical image ( ,assur ! god1 z ( ,assur ! /ate1 & ( ! royal p[] :i* conf]r$ ^u ! supreme lords ( ,babylonia & ,assyria ! titles3 8"l ( ! holy m\nd10 8"l ( ,akkad & ,sum]10 & 8"l ( ! f\r regions40 ,! idea t "s ( ! ,assyrian k+s actually embodi$ sev5-fold p[]1 or rul$ ! 8sev5 divisions10 is fur!r convey$ by curi\s gr\ps ( sev5 symbols1 accompani$ by ! num]al sev51 express$ by sev5 dots1 :i* occur above _! portraits on tablets :i* w be describ$ fur!r on4 ,:il/ analyz+ ! royal titles & insignia repres5t$ on ! /el ( ,assyrian k+s1 ,i %all likewise %[ h[ ^! complete ! =ego+ evid5ce & indicate t 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 ! sev5-fold division 0 appli$ n only to ! ,cosmos1 b to ! t]ritory ( ! ,/ate1 to its social organization1 to its cal5d>2 & t ! sev5-/ori$ zikkurat1 ! w+$ bulls1 etc41 & inde$1 ! sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick1 7 app>5tly design$ z expressive ( ! g5]al sev5-fold s*eme ( organization4 ,let u n[ exam9e "s data :i* %$ light ^u ! v>i\s & curi\s phases ( evolution und]gone by ! gr[+ & div]g+ cults ( ,heav5 & ,e>? 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,go+ back to ! dawn ( a/ronomy 9 ,babylonia let u note "s facts :i* %[ t1 z else:]e1 9 remote/ antiquity ! p]iodical disappe>ance & reappe>ance ( ! ,pleiades produc$ a deep impression ^u ! primitive />-gaz]s4 ,^! ph5om5a m>k$ natural divisions ( ! ye> & ! con/ellation appe>$ to belong alt]nately to ! visible or upp] _w & to ! invisible or l[] region4 ,a recognition t ! ,pleaid 0 ! con/ellation at t remote p]iod :5 ,taurus l$ ! ye>1 may be e/abli%$ by ! common ,euphratean "n by :i* x is said to h be5 designat$3 ,kakkab-mul! con/ellation or />4 ,! ,akkadian & ,assyrian names :i* _h probably also orig9ally designat$ ,pol>is signifi$ t x & ! ,hyades 7 ! f\ndation />s or con/ellations4 ,9 ! ,ptolemy /> *>ts1 ! ,pleiades are designat$ by ! "n ,ki mah 7see ,rob]t ,br[n1 op4 cit4 p4 #eg74 ,:ile x appe>s t :]eas ! ,pleiades long ex]t$ its influ5ce &1 ) ,pol>is & ! circumpol> con/ellations1 regulat$ & m>k$ ! primitive ye>1 its cult 0 gradually sup]s$$ by t ( morn+ & ev5+ />s & ( ! sun & moon :i* became ! emblems ( ! rapidly develop+ div]g5t cults ( ! diurnal & nocturnal heav5s1 ( light & d>kness1 ( ! ,above & ,bel[47#ig7 ,9 connection ) ! cult ( ! ,pleiades ,i draw att5tion to ,r4 ,g4 ,haliburton's int]e/+ inve/igations on ?is p>ticul> subject1 & to 8 publication 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s4 #ahie1 on 8,dw>f survivals & traditions z to pigmy races10 :i* conta9s ! foll[+ /atem5ts3 8,we f9d t ! ,atlas dw>fs & ! ,nanos pr$ict ! future by wat*+ ! reflection ( ! #8,sev5 ,/>s' 9 a b[l4 ,! fam\s cup ( ,ne/or1 suppos$ to h be5 a div9+ cup1 _h two gr\ps ( ,pleiades on its h&le44440 ,on exam9+ ! ar*aic designs engrav$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! f9e collection ( ,phnician & ,assyrian bronze b[ls1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! ,s4 ,e4 ,palace1 ,nimr\d1 & are exhibit$ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,i rec5tly asc]ta9$ t !y appe> to be mo/ly v>iations on ! !me ( ! c5tre & f\r or sev5-fold division1 "s exhibit+ a m>k$ quadruplicate division1 o!rs a sev5-po9t$ /> surr\nd$ by sev5 small] />s4 ,9 "o case a face is repeat$ f\r times1 9 opposite positions1 on ! c5tral design :i* is surr\nd$ by f\r l>ge & f\r less] conv5tionally drawn m\nta9s4 ,! head-dress ) lappets :i* encloses ea* face recalls ! famili> ,egyptian =m1 & on two b[ls images ( sc>abs are engrav$4 ,on "o ( ^! ! beetle is drawn 9 su* a way t its f\r legs1 two ( :i* turn upw>ds & two d[nw>ds1 sugge/ ! =m ( a swa/ika4 ,! peculi>ities ( ^! designs & ! k t />-wor%ip prevail$ 9 ,assyria & ,phnicia sugge/ ! inf]5ce t ! ,nimr\d ,palace b[ls 7 employ$ = ! obs]vation ( ! positions ( c]ta9 />s :i* m>k$ ! seasons & regulat$ ! cal5d>1 by means ( :i* ! prie/-k+s controll$ ! work+ ( ! sy/em ( /ate4 ,d\btlessly ! con/ellations orig9ally & pr9cipally obs]v$ besides ,pol>is 7 ! ?ree great 8sev5-fold ones10 i4 e4 ! ,ursa ,major :i* m>k$ ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s2 ! ,pleiades :i* p]ta9$ to ! ,above & ,bel[ & m>k$ ! division ( ! ye> into halves1 & ,orion :i* also may well h appe>$ to be a composite image ( ! sacr$1 equal ,f\r1 & ! c5tral triad compos$ ( ! ,above1 ,middle & ,bel[4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ! ,euphratean & o!r my?s ! antagonism betwe5 sun & moon1 etc41 co9cides ) traditions ( actual w>f>e betwe5 _! e>?ly repres5tatives & t x is ! record ( a combat betwe5 ! foll[]s ( light & ( d>kness t seems to h be5 ?us pres]v$4 ,! ,babylonian ,creation epic tea*es u t1 9 remote/ antiquity1 ! association ( light & life ) ! male1 & d>kness & dea? ) ! female pr9ciple _h become curr5t4 ,a mighty w> takes place betwe5 ! female s]p5t ,tiamat1 associat$ ) evil1 & ! male god ,m>duk1 ! *ampion ( ! gods ( ! upp] realm1 :i* ends 9 h] ov]?r[4 ,x 0 !n t ,m>duk 8e/abli%$ ! di/ricts or cities ( ,anu1 ,bel & ,ea10 id5tifi$ ) ! ,nor?1 ,middle & ,s\?4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is my?ical e/abli%m5t ( ?ree cities exactly co9cides ) ! conclusions rea*$ by rec5t inve/igators z to ! exi/5ce dur+ c5turies1 ( ?ree rival /ates1 i4 e4 ,babylonia 9 ! s\? & ,assyria 9 ! nor!a/1 :o1 dur+ c5turies1 7 9 cont9ual w>f>e ) ea* o!r & ) a ?ird dis9tegrat$ p[] inhabit+ ! nor?we/ :i* 0 alt]nately rival or vassal4 ,?is condition ( affairs1 & ! facts enum]at$ 9 ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s h&book1 *apt] ,,ii1 are precisely :at w\ld naturally develop f ! =mation & adoption ( ?ree di/9ct cults & _! ultimate sep>ate e/abli%m5t 9 z _m c5tres ( gov]nm5t4 ,! foll[+ data w suffice to reveal "s ( ! curi\s results obta9$ by ! logical work+ out ( c]ta9 associations ( ideas & ^! results are ! m int]e/+ & intelligible because !y are analog\s to ^? ,i h trac$ else:]e4 ,"o po9t des]ves special note3 directly opposite views1 n only z to ! relative supremacy ( ! ,middle1 ,above & ,bel[1 b also z to ! relation ( ! sexes to ! upp] & l[] worlds1 seem to h be5 held at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t places2 & ?is p>ticul> division ( op9ion appe>s to h giv5 rise to endless diss5sion1 /rife & w>f>e1 to ! sep>ation ( sect>ians f ! ma9 /ate & ! f\ndation ( numb]less m9or c5tres ( gov]nm5t on ! old plan1 b ) fre% =ms ( cult embody+ a new artificial comb9ation ( ideas4 ,! %ift+ ( supremacy f "o 8god0 to ano!r expla9s moreov] ! transf]5ce ( ! title 8,bel0,"l1 or ,*ief ( ,gods1 f ! p]sonification ( "o region to ano!r4 8,9 remote/ antiquity we f9d ,en-lil designat$ z ! #8"l ( ! l[] _w' & be>+ ! title ,bel4 ,en-lil repres5ts ! unification ( ! v>i\s =ces ^: seat or sph]e ( action is among ! inhabit$ p>ts ( ! globe1 bo? on ! surface & b5ea?1 = ! t]m #8l[] _w' is "h us$ 9 contra/ to ! upp] or heav5ly _w4444 ,z #8"l ( ! l[] _w1' ,en-lil is contra/$ to a god1 ,anu1 :o presides ov] heav5ly bodies4 ,! age ( ,s>gon 7#chjj ,b4,c471 9 ^: inscriptions ,en-lil already occurs1 is "o ( consid]able culture & !re c1 !re=e1 be no objection aga9/ ! assumption t at ?is e>ly p]iod a !ological sy/em %\ld h be5 evolv$ :i* gave rise to beliefs 9 great p[]s ^: dom9ion embraces ! #8upp]' & #8l[]' worlds0 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eb-ee74 ,a consort1 ,n9-lil1 a 8mi/ress ( ! l[] _w10 0 assign$ to ,en-lil & 0 kn[n also z ,belit1 ! fem99e =m ( ,bel1 i4 e4 ! lady p> excell5ce4 ,%e too _h h] temple at ,nippur1 ! age ( :i* goes back1 at lea/1 to ! fir/ dyna/y ( ,ur4 ,%e 0 also kn[n z ,n9-kh>-sag1 ! 8lady ( ! high or great m\nta910 z ! 8"m ( ! gods40 ,! assignm5t by ,s>gon1 ( ! nor!rn gates ( 8 palace to ,bel1 :o lays f\ndations1 & ,belit1 :o br+s f]tility1 af=ds evid5ce t ! goddess 0 ! fem99e =m ( ,pol>is4 ,9 ,assyria1 ,belit appe>s1 ei!r z ! wife ( ,bel1 z ! consort ( ,a%ur1 z ! consort ( ,ea1 or simply z a designation = ,i%t>1 i4 e4 8! goddess10 ! 8mi/ress ( c\ntries1 or ( m\nta9s10 9 :i* connection x is int]e/+ to note t ! ideographs = c\ntry & m\nta9 are id5tical 9 ,assyrian4 ,if ! attributes ( ! goddesses ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian pan!on be c>efully exam9$1 !y w be f\nd to associate ! female pr9ciple ) f]tility1 abundance & ) wat]1 ! s\rce ( plant life4 ,two div]g5t views appe> to h influ5c$ ! artificial =mation ( p]sonifications ( ! female pr9ciple 9 nature4 ,accord+ to "o ! goddess is t]m$ ! 8lady ( ! deep1 ! mi/ress ( ! place :]e ! fi% dwell0 7,s>panitam-erua7 & 9 o!r cases is l9k$ to ! l[] firmam5t to subt]rane\s regions1 to d>kness1 dea?1 de/ructiv5ess & h5ce to evil1 ?us repres5t+ ! complem5t to ! male p]sonification ( ! upp] realm ( daylight & ! pres]vative & b5efic5t life-giv+ pr9ciples4 ,! o!r t5d5cy1 :i* almo/ appe>s z a reaction or prote/ aga9/ ! previ\s view1 l$ to ! ultimate adoption ( an ideal goddess ( ! nocturnal heav51 :o 0 8b\ntiful1 (fspr+-produc+1 silv]y bright0 & 0 9 "o in/ance address$ z 8! lady ( %9+ wat]s10 ( 8purification0 & ( 8incantations40 ,9 ! p]iod ( ,hammurabi1 devotion w5t s f> z to cause ! goddess ,gula1 t]m$ ! 8bride ( ! e>?10 to be invok$ z ! 8creator ( mank9d10 ! 8great physician0 & 8life-giv]0 & 8! "o :o leads ! dead to a new life0 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #age74 ,z an int]e/+ outcome ( an adju/m5t ( bo? tra9s ( ?\ght /&s ,i%t>-,belit! lady p> excell5ce & consequ5tly1 ! fem99e p]sonification ( ,pol>is1 ! supreme goddess :om ,tigla?-piles] t]m$ 8! fir/ among ! gods40 ,%e is ! mild & graci\s "m ( creation1 8loves ! k+ & 8 prie/hood10 b is also ! mighty comm&+ goddess ( w> :o clo!s h]self 9 fi]y flame1 appe>s z a viol5t de/roy] & s5ds d[n /reams ( fire ^u h] enemies4 8,! di/+ui%+ position ( bo? ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,i%t> is h] indep5d5t position4 ,?\gh at times br\ght into close contact ) ,a%ur %e is n reg>d$ z ! m]e consort to any god--no m]e reflection ( a male deity1 b rul+ 9 h] own "r on a p]fect p> ) ! great gods ( ! pan!on4 ,%e is coequal 9 rank & spl5dor ) ,a%ur4 ,h] "n becomes synonym\s = goddess z ,m>duk becomes ! synonym = god4 ,! female deities1 bo? =eign & native1 came to be reg>d$ z s _m =ms ( ,i%t>40 ,a curi\s fact connect$ ) ,i%t>1 :i* proves t %e _h develop$ f an orig9al div9ity1 conceiv$ z dual or bi-sexual1 is t among ,semites ,i%t> appe>s bo? z a male & female deity4 ,?is seems to %[ t at a c]ta9 /age ( ?\ght ,i%t> 0 also a c5tralization ( attributes1 a fact :i* und\bt$ly expla9s ! supreme position accord$ to ?is div9ity at "o "t z ! fem99e =m ( ,pol>is4 ,! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is supremacy is furni%$ by ! fam\s bas-relief figur$ by ,lay>d 78,n9ive & its rema9s0 ,i1 #bch71 :i* repres5ts ,i%t>1 ! "m-goddess1 ! female =m ( ,assur1 z seat$ on a ?rone :i* is borne on ! back ( a lion 9 ! procession =m$ by ! sev5 *ief div9ities ( ! ,assyrian pan!on1 six ( :om are figur$ z be>d$ m5 /&+ on diff]5t animals4 ,on ! f9e /ela ( ,es>haddon1 discov]$ by ,dr4 von ,lus*an at ,s5ds*irli1 ! goddess1 accompani$ 9 ?is case by ?ree /&+ gods1 is likewise repres5t$ z seat$ on a ?rone hold+ a l>ge r+ or circle 9 h] left h&4 ,! fact t ! 8,all-"m1 ! female creator ( mank9d10 is repres5t$ z ! only occupant ( ! ?rone1 reveals a di/9ct phase 9 ! evolution ( ! ,babylonian /ate religion1 :i* curi\sly concurs ) ! supremacy ( female sov]eignty at ,babylon1 at ! p]iod ( its greate/ p[] "u ,semiramis4 ,x may be safely assum$ t x 0 at ?is "t1 :5 ! que5 repres5t$ ! goddess1 t ! cult ( ! female pr9ciple ( nature rea*$ its highe/ developm5t4 ,at ,nippur ! clay images *iefly repres5t ,bel & ,belit ei!r sep>ately or 9 comb9ation1 b figur9es ( ,i%t> h also be5 f\nd1 9 "s cases repres5t+ h] z nurs+ a *ild 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #fgd74 ,x is probable t ! symbols ( duality connect$ ) ,i%t> _h "s ref]5ce to ! my/ic unity & duality ( ! "m & unborn *ild1 & sugge/$ ! in/allation ( ! goddess z ! mo/ appropriate p]sonification ( creative & life-giv+ c5tral p[]47#ih7 ,x is z int]e/+ to foll[ ! complex tra9 ( ?\ght :i* creat$ an ,i%t> z x is to realize t curi\s fact t1 contr>y to views held else:]e1 x 0 ! male pr9ciple t 0 at "o "t mo/ di/9ctly associat$ ) e>? 9 ,babylonia-,assyria1 :ile fem99ity 0 l9k$ to ! nocturnal heav54 ,x is probable t prie/hood enc\rag$ ! popul> adoption ( ,bel1 ! mascul9e ,pol>is1 z an e>?1 sun & morn+-/> god1 :ile 8 consort ,belit became a heav51 moon & ev5+-/> goddess4 ,d\btlessly at an e>ly p]iod ! cult ( ,pol>is & ! regi/ration ( circumpol> rotation 0 gu>d$ 9 secrecy by ! a/ronom]-prie/s4 ,tempt+ z x is to l+] among ! gods & goddesses ( ! ,babylonian-,assyrian pan!on & to foll[ ! spread ( _! influ5ce1 ,i %all limit myself to po9t+ out ! *ange ( gov]nm5t t accompani$ ! developm5t & e/abli%m5t ( v>i\s div]g5t cults4 ,indications t1 z 9 ,*9a at ! pres5t day1 a comb9$ heav5 & e>? cult 0 practis$ 9 ,babylonia-,assyria by male & female repres5tatives ( heav5 & e>?1 are furni%$ by v>i\s deta*$ pieces ( in=mation glean$ f ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s "w4 ,! prie/-k+ 0 ! 8*ild0 ( ,bel1 & 8 liv+ repres5tative4 ,z su* he bore ! div9e titles ( supreme "l1 rul$ ! f\r regions ( ! e>?1 & became ! repres5tative ( e>?4 ,pagan au?orities /ate t a virg9 prie/ess (ficiat$ at times 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,bel & t !re 7 ?ree classes ( prie/esses devot$ to ! cult ( ,i%t>4 ,!y 7 call$ 8! sacr$ ones0 & c>ri$ out a my/]i\s ritual :i* _h1 h[ev]1 orig9at$ 8f nave conceptions connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! goddess ( f]tility40 ,! use ( sacr$ wat] & ( f]m5t$ intoxicat+ w9e ent]$ into ! cult ( ! life-giv+ pr9ciple & ,babylonia ultimately becomes associat$ ) 8,my/]y0 & 8! gold5 cup full ( abom9ations0 7,revelations ,,xvii74 ,l>ge t]ra cotta vases or j>s h be5 f\nd at ,nippur & else:]e1 /&+ 9 front ( ! alt>1 & 8! dep? at :i* !y 7 f\nd is an indication ( ! antiquity & /ability ( ! =ms ( wor%ip 9 ,babylonian temples4 ,x may be prop] to recall t1 9 ! ,solomonic temple likewise1 !re 7 a s]ies ( j>s t /ood ne> ! great alt> 9 ! c\rt0 7,ja/r[1 p4 #fec74 ,"o ( ! olde/ sacr$ bas9s f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( a ,babylonian temple 8has a frieze ( female figures 9 x1 hold+ 9 _! out/ret*$ h&s flagons f :i* !y p\r wat]10 a fact :i* e/abli%es ! rituali/ic association ( female prie/esses ) wat]4 ,! lat] association ( ,i%t> ) ! moon & ) ! ev5+ />1 8! lead] ( ! heav5ly procession ( />s10 naturally ex]t$ an influ5ce ov] ! c]emonial rites p]=m$ by ! high prie/ess or que51 ! liv+ image ( ! goddess4 8,my?ological associations appe> to h play$ a "p 9 id5tify+ ! planet ,v5us ) ! goddess4444 ,a widely spread nature my?1 symboliz+ ! *ange ( seasons1 repres5ts ,i%t> ! p]sonification ( f]tility1 ! great "m ( all t manife/s life1 z proce$+ to ! region ( d>kness & rema9+ !re = "s "t4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! planet ,v5us at c]ta9 seasons 444 & re-appe>ance 444 sugge/$ ! id5tification ( ?is planet ) ,i%t>40 ,! =ego+ af=ds an explanation :y ,i%t> %\ld h become id5tifi$ ) ! we/ & also naturally sugge/s ! probability t ! cult ( ,i%t> gradually impos$ ^u its prie/esses & its vot>ies ( ! female sex1 ! c]emonial obs]vance ( p]iods ( retirem5t & seclusion1 co9cid+ ) ! disappe>ance ( ! moon & ev5+ />4 ,a critical exam9ation ( ! acc\nts pres]v$ ( ! ,phnician or ,canaanite religion reveals t x consi/$ ( an ideali/ic developm5t ( ! ,i%t> cult ( ,assyria4 ,! fact t1 ultimately1 9 ,phnicia1 ! cult ( ! female ,a/>te almo/ sup]s$$ t ( ! male ,baal & t _! jo9t cult1 introduc$ into ,pale/9e1 s]i\sly rivall$ ! mono!ism ( ! ,israelites1 furni%es ano!r indication t we h to deal "h ) ! same m>k$ div]g5ce ( cults :i* we h se5 to result f a common basis 9 anci5t ,am]ica4 ,9 /udy+ ! ,phnician conception ( ,a/>te z record$ by v>i\s au?ors1 "o is /ruck by its comp>ative ref9em5t & ideality al?\gh1 z 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 ! cult ( ! female pr9ciple ( nature 0 also accompani$ by secret lic5ti\s c]emonials4 ,9 ! ,a/>te cult ( ,phnicia we h precisely :at might be expect$ to h be5 evolv$ by ! desc5dants ( an anci5t race ( />-wat*]s :o1 p[]fully impress$ by ! anti!sis ( light & d>kness & hav+ become a nation ( trad]s & seaf>]s1 naturally adopt$ ! nocturnal heav5 & guid+ />s z _! *ief object ( wor%ip4 ,x does n seem improbable t x 0 to ! less degrad+ association ( ! female pr9ciple ) ! nocturnal heav57#ii7 t woman ow$1 9 lapse ( "t1 ! high] position %e 0 accord$ 9 ! c\ntries directly influ5c$ by ! ,phnician civilization1 & notably 9 ,greece & ,rome4 ,9 ,phnicia1 ,a/>te-,i%t> became ! goddess ( love & m>riage4 ,9 ,babylonia-,assyria ! high-prie/ess1 ! liv+ repres5tative ( ! goddess1 :o1 l ! planet-goddess1 p]iodically retir$ into d>kness & seclusion & l$ a %ad[y exi/5ce1 appe>s to h orig9ally %>$ equal honors ) ! 8"l ( e>?0 & to h deliv]$ oracul> utt]ances 9 subt]rane\s *amb]s4 ,?r\gh\t ,babylonia1 ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 :i* co9cid$ ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season1 0 ! occasion ( 8! m>riage ( ! god & ! goddess0 p> excell5ce1 a rite :i* symboliz$ ! 8meet+ ( ,heav5 & ,e>?40 ,circum/antial evid5ce seems to prove1 moreov]1 t1 z 9 ,p]u1 ! annual consecrat$ union ( ! male & female p]sonification ( heav5 & e>? 0 foll[$ by ! m>riage ( "y p]sons ?r\gh\t ! l&1 a cu/om :i* furni%es ano!r indication ( ! orig9al exi/5ce ( an annual mat+ season = ! human race4 ,z x 0 at ?is p]iod also t ! prie/hood approa*$ ! papakhu1 ! inn] sanctu>y1 also t]m$ ! 8assembly-room10 8*amb] ( ! oracle0 & 8( fates10 & transmitt$ to ! p ! irrevocable decrees ( ,m>duk1 x seems z ?\gh ^! anci5t rul]s practis$ a simil> 8abundance ( ly+ & deceit = ! advantage ( ! gov]n$0 z t advocat$ by ,plato 9 8 ,republic27#ajj7 ex]t$ a /]n control ov] ! alliances =m$ & ! numb] ( m>riages celebrat$ & endeavor$ to make ^!1 z f> z possible1 sacr$4 ,! m]e record t ! ,assyrian k+ ,a%urbanipal claims to be ! (fspr+ ( a pair ( div9ities p]sonify+ heav5 & e>?1 appe>s to %[ t he 0 ! (fspr+ ( ! sacr$ div9e union ( ! high prie/ & prie/ess1 i4 e4 ( div9e bir?4 ,x is int]e/+ to collate a few disconnect$ facts :i* appe> to illu/rate ! natural & inevitable result ( ! in/itution ( two cults rul$ by sep>ate repres5tatives4 ,s9-,ga%id1 ( ! dyna/y ( ,uruk1 m5tions a temple built = ! god & 8 consort1 z 8! seat ( _! joy40 ,at ,babylon1 ! 8"m ( great gods0 dwelt )9 ! prec9cts ( ! temple on ! ea/ side ( ! ,euphrates kn[n z ,esagila1 8! l(ty h\se40 ,:5 ! city ( ,babylon ext5d$ z f> z to include ,borsippa1 ! temple kn[n z ,ezida1 8! true h\se10 0 built = ,m>duk,bel4 ,at ,laga% ! temple ( ! 8good lady0 & "m /ood 9 "o qu>t] kn[n z ! 8brilliant t[n0 :ile ! temple ( h] consort /ood 9 ! o!r ( ! two mo/ anci5t qu>t]s ( ! t[n4 ,! above facts acquire d\ble significance :5 collat$ ) ! well-kn[n fact t ! palace ( ,semiramis1 ! great que5 ( ,babylon1 0 built on ! we/ bank ( ! ,euphrates1 opposite to ! anci5t palace ( ! k+4 ,a bridge unit$ ^! royal resid5ces :i* 7 o!rwise sep>at$ by ! riv]4 ,"u ,semiramis1 ,babylonia 0 a nation "u a s+le female rul] & ?is usurpation ( p[] by a woman1 accompani$ z x 0 by ! pr$om9ance ( ! orig9ally nave cult :i* _h unconsci\sly fo/]$ & m9i/]$ to p]v]sion & depravity1 prec$$ ! decad5ce1 dis9tegration & ultimate d[nfall ( ! empire4 ,_m c5turies previ\s1 ! in/alm5t ( a female sov]eign prec$$ ! ru9 ( ano!r empire 9 :at we may assume to h be5 precisely ! same way4 ,pr(essor ,sayce in=ms u t1 8ab\t #chjj ,b4,c41 9 nor!rn ,babylonia & 9 ! city ( ,agad or ,akkad1 arose ! empire ( ,s>gani-s>ali,s>gon1 & t ,s>gon's son1 ,n>am-,s91 succe$$ him 9 #cgej ,b4,c4 & cont9u$ ! conque/s ( 8 gr&fa!r4444 ,n>am-,s9's son 0 ,b+am-s>-ali4 ,a que51 ,ellat-gula1 seems to h sat ^u ! ?rone n mu* lat]1 & ) h] ! dyna/y may h come to an end4 ,at any rate ! empire ( ,akkad is he>d ( no m4 ,b x left beh9d x a pr(\nd impression 9 we/]n ,asia1 ^: art & culture became ,babylonian0 7op4 cit474 ,! process ( dis9tegration1 :i* caus$ ! ,babylonian empire to crumble away1 0 d\btlessly ha/5$ by its division into f\r regions1 ea* ( :i* 9 latt] times possess$ its capital & became ! c5tre ( v>i\s indep5d5t =ms ( rival cults4 ,dur+ _m c5turies ,babylonia 0 closely associat$ ) ! cult ( ,m>duk-,bel1 ! 8"l ( re/20 :ile ,%ama%1 ano!r =m ( ! c5tral supreme "l1 0 ! deity ( ,l>sa & ,sipp>4 ,at "o "t ,ur became ! headqu>t]s = ! cult ( ! moon-god ,s9 or ,nann>4 ,z1 accord+ to ,babylonian notions1 ! sun does n prop]ly belong to ! heav5s & plays an insignificant "p 9 ! cal5drical sy/em 9 comp>ison ) ! moon1 sun-wor%ip prop] does n seem to h exi/$ 9 ,babylonia4 ,at ! same "t x w\ld seem z ?\gh :5 ! 8primitive sun0,pol>is became ! hidd51 secret god ( ! prie/-a/ronom]s1 :o det]m9$ ! seasons by ,ursa ,major1 ! populace 0 taught to reg>d ,bel z ! p]sonification ( ! diurnal sun & ( ! h]ald ( day1 ! morn+ />4 ,:5 x is borne 9 m9d h[1 z ! empire spread1 new cities 7 f\nd$ on ! plan ( ! metropolis1 t ea* ( ^! mu/ !re=e h be51 9 turn1 gov]n$ by a pair ( m9or rul]s1 & _h its own m9or zikkurat1 we c und]/& ! v>i\s indications t exi/ %[+ h[ ! anci5t sacr$ capital ( ! /ate became ! place ( reunion = ! m9or 8gods10 :o assembl$ !re annually 9 ! ma9 sanctu>y1 & ! fact t ea* m9or *ief necess>ily requir$ 8 dwell+ place & tribal c\ncil-*amb]1 w\ld acc\nt = ! 8ref]5ces to zikkurats 444 or special sanctu>ies ( "s k9d1 :i* 7 erect$ )9 ! sacr$ prec9ct ( ! ma9 capital 4440 7,ja/r[1 p4 #fcg74 ,:5 x is realiz$ t ea* zikkurat 0 an artificial 8m\nta90 ! description ( ,babylon 9 ,revelations ,,xviii becomes cle>ly intelligible & is se5 to apply to ! sev5-fold organization ( ! anci5t empire :i* _h become ! c5tre ( ! debas+ e>?-wor%ip ultimately id5tifi$ ) a female goddess4 8,& ! woman :i* ?\ sawe/ is t great city :i* reigne? ov] ! k+s ( ! e>?4444 ,i saw a woman sit ^u a sc>let color$ bea/ 444 hav+ sev5 heads4444 ,! sev5 heads are sev5 m\nta9s1 on :i* ! woman sitte? 444 & !re are sev5 k+s04444 ,future inve/igation w d\btlessly furni% u ) exact k conc]n+ ! orig9al relation ( ! gov]nors ( ! 8f\r regions0 to ! c5tral rul] & ( ! 8sev5 divisions0 ( ! /ate to ea* o!r4 ,x w\ld be desirable to e/abli% :e!r ea* t]ritorial division & tribe bore ! "n ( its tribal ance/or & :e!r ^! names agree ) ^? ( ! sev5 *ief 8gods0 ( ! pan!on1 ea* ( :om is associat$ ) a cele/ial body1 a day ( ! sev5-day p]iod &1 z %[n 9 ! bas-relief already cit$1 ) a diff]5t animal4 ,i am /rongly tempt$ to see 9 ! latt] traces ( tribal totems & to connect ! days ( ! week ) ! sev5 divisions ( ! population & "s e/abli%$ =m ( rotation1 employ$ = ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate1 analog\s to t ,i h f\nd out 9 ,anci5t ,mexico4 ,) reg>d to ! regulation ( ! cal5d> by c]ta9 (ficials1 ! foll[+ facts are important3 ,pr(essor ,sayce tells u t1 89 ,assyria1 ! high-prie/ 0 ! equal ( ! k+ & ! k+ himself 0 a prie/ & ! adopt$ *ild ( ,bel40 ,"u him 7 a numb] ( grades ( (ficials & (fic]s4 ,! l& 0 divid$ into prov9ces ^: 8gov]nors 7 select$ f ! highe/ ari/ocracy & :o alone _h ! privilege ( %>+ ) ! k+ ! (fice ( limmu or eponym\s ar*on aft] :om ! ye> 0 nam$40 ,?is (fice1 :i* f9ds its analogy 9 ,*9a & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 is m cle>ly expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,! ,assyrians 7 end[$ ) a ke5 s5se ( hi/ory & _h inv5t$ a sy/em ( reckon+ "t by means ( c]ta9 (fic]s call$ limmi1 :o gave _! names to ! ye>0 7,sayce1 op4 cit4 p4 #bee74 ,v5tur+ to make a g5]al /atem5t1 z a sugge/ion = future inve/igation1 ,i %\ld say t ! ultimate result ( ! in/itution ( two cults :i* 7 b\nd to gr[ 9 opposite directions1 0 ! fall ( ! ,babylonian empire "u ! degrad+ gr[? ( p]v]sion & depravity1 l9k$ to ! cult ( e>? & night & bi-sexuality1 & ! rise ( ! ,assyrian empire ) a cult 9 :i* ! ideas ( light & d>kness1 night & day prepond]at$ ov] ^? ( sex4 ,x may possibly h be5 z a reaction & prote/ aga9/ ! prevail+ rites ( ,babylonia t influ5c$ ! ,assyrians 9 _! adoption ( two male rul]s1 ! high-prie/ & ! k+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are indications %[+ t possibly1 9 ord] to evade ! c]emonial obligations ( _! position z ! repres5tative ( ! pr9ciple ( f]tility1 sev]al 8goddesses0 or female rul]s ( ,babylonia transf]r$ _! seat ( gov]nm5t1 or plac$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t into ! h&s ( a k+4 ,?us ,hammurabi tells u t he has re/or$ ! temple ( ! 8lady0 or 8great lady0 ( ,hallabi1 a t[n ne> ,sipp> & t %e _h conf]r$ ^u him supreme au?ority ov] ! ,babylonian /ates1 !n engag$ 9 fight+ ) ea* o!r4 ,x is obvi\s t1 z soon z concealm5t & my/]y increas+ly surr\nd$ ! cult ( ! female pr9ciple1 & w>f>e became habitual1 ! p[] & rle ( ! female rul] mu/ h become m & m 8%ad[y0 & f9ally dw9dl$ to ! utt]ance ( sacr$ oracles 9 d>k conceal$ places ( retirem5t & safety4 ,ultimately ! cult ( ,i%t> appe>s to h become absolutely secret & hidd5 & %r\d$ 9 my/]y & d>kness4 ,its prie/esses became ! mo/ fam\s oracle-giv]s ( ,assyria :o imp>t$ 8div9e k conceal$ f m540 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,arbela became ! c5tre ( ! cult ( ,i%t> & 8develop$ a special s*ool ( !ology m>k$ by ! attempt to accord a sup]ior position to ! goddess4 ,9 a s]ies ( eight oracles address$ to ,es>haddon six are giv5 =? by wom50 7,ja/r[1 p4 #cdb74 ,inevitable z 0 ! dis9tegration ( ! orig9al /ate & religion1 cont9ual ef=ts appe> to h be5 made ev5 9 ,babylonia itself1 to *eck ! gr[? ( a debas+ ritual & ! con/ant increase ( ! gods & goddesses :i* 7 in/all$ z ! rul]s ( ea* new t[n t 0 f\nd$ on ! plan ( ! metropolis4 ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ tells u t 8:5ev] ! k+s 9 _! inscriptions m5tion ! regul> sacrifices1 x is 9 almo/ all cases ) ref]5ce to _! re-in/itution ( an old cu/om t _h be5 all[$ to fall into neglect 7ow+ to ! political di/urbances :i* always affect$ ! temples7 & n z an innovation0 444 7op4 cit4 p4 #ffg74 ,! tablet ( ,sipp>a1 on :i* ! image ( ,%ama% is re/or$ by ! k+ on an anci5t model1 has already be5 describ$ & on x appe>s ! f\r-spok$ :eel1 ! expressive symbol ( a 8primitive ,sun40 ,! primeval conception ( a s+le1 /able1 *angeless & c5tral cele/ial p[] 0 evid5tly adh]$ to 9 anci5t ,babylonia by a small b fai?ful m9ority1 & ! con/ant gr[? ( debas+ practices & ! manufacture ( symbolical images to :i* rev]5ce 0 paid & :i* 7 ultimately wor%ipp$1 awak5$ its con/ant disapproval & abhorr5ce4 ,at a remote p]iod we f9d ! adh]5ts to a /]n mono!ism e/abli%+ ! ,babylonian prov9ce ( ,,canaan4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,hebrew religion1 translat$ f ,spam]'s "w 7p4 #big7 already cit$1 w be f\nd in/ructive3 8,orig9ally !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 ! religion ( ! ,hebrews & t ( ! neighbor+ tribes4 ,! "l,baal ( ,moab 0 nam$ ,kamo%1 t ( ! ,hebrews ,yahwe4 ,yahwe 0 ! national god1 above all ! god ( battle4444 ,alt>s made ( e>? or unhewn /one 7 erect$ = him on m\nta9s1 hills or "u gre5 trees2 next to ! alt> /ood ei!r a /one column 7,masseba7 or a sacr$ tree 7,a%]a74 ,9 ! temple ! image ( ,yahwe repres5t$ him 9 human =m or1 z 9 ,dan or ,be!l1 9 t ( a bull4 ,next to ,yahwe 7 o!r gods3 fir/1 ,baal1 ! supreme "l ( ! _w1 :o _h a special temple 9 ,j]usalem2 secondly1 ,a/>te1 to :om ,solomon built an alt> ne> ,j]usalem4 8,solomon _h also built alt>s to ,kamo%1 ! god ( ! ,moabites1 to ,milkom1 ! god ( ! ,ammonites & 9 8 temple o!r gods beside ,yahwe 7 wor%ipp$2 among/ !m a demi-god & a s]p5t ( brass 7,ne%u%tan7 :i* 0 aboli%$ lat] on by ,hiskia4 ,all ( ^! gods1 :o 7 also wor%ipp$ by ! neighbors ( ! enemies ( ,israel1 became second>y to ! tribal god to :om ,israel ow$ its greatness4 8,yahwe becomes ! fir/ & mightie/1 & is id5tifi$ ) ,el1 ! supreme god ( ! ,semites1 ^: individuality is vague4 ,on ! o!r h& #8! ,baal1' ! pr9cipal god ( all neighbor+ p1 especially ( ! ,phnicians1 possesses a m>k$ individuality :i* excludes 8 id5tification ) o!r gods4 ,he is wor%ipp$ 9 sep>ate c5tres ( cult & becomes ! rival ( ,yahwe44440 ,! rivalry & ! /ruggle = religi\s & political supremacy betwe5 ! prie/s1 prophets & foll[]s ( ,yahwe1 ! god ( heav51 & ,baal1 ! "l ( e>?1 culm9at$ 9 ab\t ,b4,c4 #hcg1 :5 ! temple ( ! latt] 0 de/roy$ & 8 prie/hood kill$4 8,x 0 n until ab\t #gej ,b4,c41 h[ev]1 t ! national god ,yahwe became ! ackn[l$g$ sole god ( ! univ]se next to :om all o!r gods 7 z m]e phantoms4444 ,a rem>kable trans=mation took place ab\t ?is "t 9 ! conception ( a div9ity & ( morality2 ! moral precepts ( religion 7 develop$ & cle>ly =mulat$ & ! t5 comm&m5ts promulgat$4 ,z "t progress$ ! voices ( prophets & prie/hood became m & m l\d 9 condemnation ( ! use ( idols & symbols ( div9ity4 ,hosea especially d5\nc$ ! cult ( ,yahwe "u ! =m ( a bull2 ,j]emias w5t s f> z to disapprove ( ! holy ark itself :i* /ood 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem4 8,lat] on1 :51 ab\t ,b4,c4 #fba1 "o ( ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d _h tak5 place & ! book ( ! law1 ! ,seph] ,ha?ora1 0 discov]$ by ! high prie/ 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem1 dur+ its re/oration1 ! ,hebrew religion 0 re=m$1 reorganiz$ & re/abli%$ on l9es :i* favor$ ! developm5t ( m ref9$ & elevat$ religi\s tea*+s4 ,all idols & symbols 7 aboli%$4 ,naught c\ld de/roy1 h[ev]1 ! deeply root$ idea t x 0 9 ,j]usalem alone1 or ,m\nt ,sion1 t ,yahwe 0 to be wor%ipp$4 ,?is 0 ! *os5 site to :i* (f]+s & ti!s 7 to be c>ri$4 ,z ! *os5 p ( ,yahwe1 ,israel 0 also to be a holy nation :i* 0 to di/+ui% itself by its sup]ior religion & morality &1 9 ord] to d s1 0 to keep itself rigidly ap>t & alo( f o!r p4 8,?us ?is little nation cultivat$ & p]fect$ ! religi\s capabilities ( ! human race & laid ! f\ndation = ,*ri/ianity & ! ,islam40 ,j]usalem1 ! anci5t capital1 occupi$ almo/ ! c5tre ( ,canaan & 0 f\nd$ on ,m\nt ,zion1 ! highe/ elevation 9 ! di/rict4 ,f "t immemorial ,j]usalem has inde$ conta9$ a spot reput$ to m>k ! c5tre ( ! _w & a sacr$ /one is also v5]at$ !re to ?is day & is n[ associat$1 9 a curi\s way1 ) ! biblical acc\nt ( ,jacob's dream ( a ladd] rea*+ f e>? to heav54 ,x 0 obvi\sly z a result ( _! deeply +ra9$ ideal ( c5tral p[] t ! ,israelites :o migrat$ f ,ur1 ! seat ( moon-wor%ip1 & w&]$ into ,pale/9e1 engag$ 9 a long /ruggle :i* end$ 9 _! successful capture1 9 #ajej ,b4,c41 ( ,j]usalem1 ! sacr$ city1 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! l&4 ,! importance ( ?is conque/ to ! ,israelites c only be rightly e/imat$ :5 x is realiz$ t1 dur+ c\ntless c5turies1 ?is s+le bran* ( ! ,semitic race _h adh]$ to ! cult ( ! c5tral1 *angeless1 ev]-pres5t & light-giv+ guid+ />1 & gradually develop$ ! high] conception ( an invisible1 omnipot5t & omnisci5t ,god4 ,x w be se5 t1 :ile o!r bran*es ( _! race gradually develop$ sep>ate cults ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature1 !y _h rema9$ fai?ful to ! primeval recognition ( a s+le pole-/> &1 ris+ to a l(ti] conception1 con/itut$ !mselves ! *ampions ( a pure mono!ism1 disconnect$ f ! cult ( heav5 & e>? or sun & moon :i*1 associat$ ) dual reproductive pr9ciples1 ju/ly became ! horror & abom9ation ( ! ,israelites4 ,x is int]e/+ to recall ! fact t1 ab\t #ijh ,b4,c41 ,jezebel1 ! wife ( ,ahab & daught] ( ! k+ ( ,tyre1 set up ! cult ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature 9 ,israel &1 de/roy+ ! prie/s & prophets ( ,jehovah1 built a temple to ,baal & ,a/>te & appo9t$ #dej prie/s & #ejj prophets to ! respective s]vice ( ^! div9ities4 ,?is hi/orical incid5t furni%es a /rik+ in/ance ( ! unit$ cult ( ! ,above & ,bel[ 9 direct antagonism to t ( ! ,c5tre :i* _h already develop$ into a def9ite & pure mono!ism47#aja7 ,,assyria4 ,a /udy ( ! ,assyrian symbols ( royalty1 :i* ,i rec5tly _h an opportunity ( mak+ at ! ,briti% ,museum1 has l$ me to ! conclusion t1 9 ,assyria1 dur+ _m c5turies1 a p]fect equilibrium 0 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! /ate :i*1 by a /rict cord9ation ( all its p>ts1 repres5t$ a h>moni\s entity4 ,an obs]vation ,i h made1 :i* may be wor? not+1 is t ,assyria seems to occupy1 9 relation to ,babylonia1 some:at ! same position z ,p]u to ! m anci5t & great] c5tres ( culture 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 ! latt] ! orig9al gr\nd-plan ( ! ar*aic civilization seems to be lo/ & hidd5 "u ! ru9 & deva/ation caus$ by ! gr[? ( div]g+ cults4 ,9 ,p]u & ,assyria alike we seem to h examples ( organizations />t+ afre% on ! old plan or rev]sions to ! primitive type ( civil & religi\s gov]nm5t 9 :i* simplicity1 ord]1 balance & h>mony 7 aga9 re/or$ & ma9ta9$4 ,if ,i may v5ture to haz>d a g5]al obs]vation ab\t ! anci5t civilizations ( ,we/]n ,asia ,i %\ld say t1 :]eas ! primeval c5tre ( primitive pole-/> wor%ip 9 ,babylonia _h1 9 c\rse ( "t1 br\ght =? z its highe/ developm5t ! mono!ism ( ! ,israelites1 & z its l[e/ ! cults ( ,i%t> & ,bel1 x also appe>s to h giv5 bir? to a reproduction ( its =m] self1 to ! ,assyrian empire1 9 :i* ! mo/ anci5t =m ( culture 0 pres]v$ intact1 & 9 "t spread its influ5ce n only to o!r nations b also back to ,babylonia itself4 ,z 9 ,p]u1 x appe>s to h be5 ! policy ( ! k+s ( ,assyria1 :o _h be=e !m ! results ( an opposite c\rse pursu$ at ,babylonia1 to disc\nt5ance ! manufacture ( symbolical images & ! e/abli%m5t ( m9or c5tres ( gov]nm5t1 ! lead+ motive be+ to ma9ta9 ! ideal ( an absolute c5tralization ( temporal & spiritual gov]nm5t & p[]4 ,x is ! op9ion ( lead+ ,assyriologi/s t ,assyria 0 a colony f\nd$ by ,semitic ,babylonians & ?is conclusion is corroborat$ by ! view ,i h advanc$1 namely1 t1 z ,babylonia deg5]at$ & ab&on$ ! primeval ideas :i* n\ri%$ ! g]m ( mono!ism1 ^? :o adh]$ to ?is ideal aft] prolong$ /ruggles sep>at$ !mselves f _! anci5t "m1 & f\nd$ new colonies1 ! adm9i/ration & religion ( :i* !y e/abli%$ accord+ to _! wid] exp]i5ce & m advanc$ intellectual & moral developm5t4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ,assyria seems to h be5 ! in/itution ( two male rul]s1 ! high-prie/ & ! k+ & ! cult ( ! diurnal & nocturnal heav51 ( day & night4 ,z ^! features are 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! ,babylonian male & female rul]s & ! cult ( heav5 & e>? & ! reproductive pr9ciples1 x w\ld seem z ?\gh !y _h develop$ !mselves f a prolong$ cult ( heav5 alone by ! inhabitants ( ,nor!rn ,babylonia1 or t !y 7 ! result ( a re=m l$ ab\t by ! abuses to :i* ! ,babylonian cult _h l$4 ,a curi\s developm5t wor? m5tion+1 ev5 out ( its *ronological ord]1 0 :5 ! ,assyrian k+ ,es>haddon plac$ 8 two sons z s+le rul]s ^u ! ?rones ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,x is kn[n t ^! two bro!rs rul$ 9 peace dur+ tw5ty ye>s & t !n a great rebellion aga9/ ! ,assyrian rule took place1 :i* end$ 9 ! conque/ & de/ruction ( ,babylonia & ! dea? ( its k+1 ^: half-bro!r1 ! ,assyrian rul] ,asurbanipal1 ?us became ! sole rul] ( ,assyria & ,babylonia4 ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ tells u t1 8z comp>$ ) ,babylonia1 ,assyria 0 poor 9 ! numb] ( h] temples4444 ,! ,assyrian rul]s 7 mu* m conc]n$ 9 re>+ gr& edifices = !mselves4 ,:ile ! gods 7 n neglect$ 9 ,assyria1 "o he>s mu* m ( ! magnific5t palaces erect$ by ! k+s ?an ( temples & %r9es40 ,! above data suffice to %[ t ! t5d5cy ( ! ,assyrian mon>*s 0 to indulge 9 self-glorification & to =get :at "s ( 8 subjects nev] c\ld3 t 8 position _h orig9ally be5 t ( an e>?ly repres5tative only ( a high] c5tral1 cele/ial p[]4 ,z among "s bran*es ( ! ,semitic race1 ! conception ( a div9ity became m & m elevat$ until x rea*$ ! ideal ( ! ,yahwe1 8! only true god :o 0 jeal\s ( o!r gods & c\ld brook none beside him40 ,to ^! uncompromis+ adh]5ts ( pure mono!ism ! royal titles ( ! ,assyrian k+s :o /yl$ !mselves ! rul]s ( ! c5tre1 ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>? & ( ! heav5s1 mu/ inde$ h appe>$ z a sacrilege4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* opposite views cle>ly expla9s ! ultimate outbreak ( hatr$ & w> betwe5 mono!i/ic ,israel & ,juda & ! anci5t empires ( ,we/]n ,asia :i* %>$1 ) !m1 a remote b common orig94 ,return+ to ,assyria we f9d t ?is empire also1 z x ext5d$ its f\r-fold capital ,assur into f\r prov9ces & develop$ ! cult ( ! high c5tral p[] & ! ,heav5 & ,e>?1 gradually prep>$ 9 turn its own d[nfall by an inevitable process ( dis9tegration4 ,9 "t two great capitals grew up1 situat$ to ! nor!a/ & nor?we/ ( ! anci5t metropolis ( ,assur1 ! orig9al seat ( ! 8k+s ( ! f\r regions40 ,^! capitals 7 ,n9ive1 divid$ into f\r cities1 & ,arbela1 also a 8f\r-city40 ,! fact t ! latt] capital 0 ! seat ( ,i%t> wor%ip1 fur!r proves t1 at "o "t1 a def9ite sep>ation ( cults _h also sup]v5$ 9 ,assyria & t ,assur & ,n9ive may at "o "t h be5 respectively c5tres ( ,pol>is & sun wor%ip4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 ab\t ,b4,c4 #fjf ! great ,assyrian empire 0 de/roy$1 x _h f\r royal resid5ces3 ,n9ive1 ,dr-,s>rukn1 ,kala% & ,assur1 :i* 7 !n burnt & levell$ to ! gr\nd1 nev] to be rebuilt4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! emblems ( 8div9e royalty0 exhibit$ on ! fam\s portrait /el ( ,assyrian k+s pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum :i* /rik+ly confirm ! view ,i advanc$ t ! f\r-spok$ :eel ( ,%ama% on ! ,sipp>a tablet 0 ! anci5t re/or$ image ( ! 8primitive sun0 ,pol>is & ( circumpol> rotation4 ,! ,assyrian k+s on ! ,briti% ,museum /el are repres5t$ z we>+ ! cross1 betwe5 ! signs = ! moon & planet ,v5us1 t occurs on ! ,sipp>a tablet4 ,! f\r-spok$ :eel ?us expla9s itself z a 8:eel-cross0 & is f\nd to h be5 employ$ 9 ,assyria alt]nately ) ! pla9 cross2 = ! portrait /atue ( ,asurnasirpal 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #hhj7 repres5ts ! k+ we>+ a *a9 ab\t 8 neck f :i* hangs a cross betwe5 ! ,i%t> & moon emblems1 & next to a symbol repres5t+ ! lightn+ bolt ( ,ramman4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 next to ! k+'s head1 five emblems are sculptur$1 ?ree ( :i* are id5tical ) ^? hang+ f ! *a91 i4 e4 ! eight-ray$ 8sun0 ( ,i%t>1 ! moon ,s9 & ! lightn+ bolt ( ,ramman4 ,! fif? emblem consi/s ( ! royal conical cap ) f\r horns & is repres5t$ sep>ately to ! "r :ile ! o!r f\r symbols =m a compact gr\p4 ,9 ! text ,assur1 ,ramman1 ,s91 ,%ama% & ,i%t> are invok$4 ,z ! symbols ( ,i%t> & ,s9 c be id5tifi$ by ! ,sipp>a tablet1 & ! w+$ disk unque/ionably p]ta9s to ,assur & ! lightn+ bolt to ,ramman1 we f9d t ! cap1 simulat+ ! c5tral 8holy m\nd0 ) f\r horns1 mu/ be ! symbol ( ! rema9+ god ,%ama%4 ,?is inf]5ce appe>s to be corroborat$ by ! circum/ance t ! sev5? mon? 0 sacr$ to ,%ama% & t x 0 9 ?is mon? t ! "l ( ! holy m\nd built ! sev5-/ag$ t[] ( ,babylon4 ,^! facts au?orize u to =mulate ! conclusion t ! f\r-spok$ :eel ( ! ,sipp>a tablet1 ! cross hang+ to ! k+'s *a9 & ! f\r-horn$ cap :i*1 l ! 8squ>e alt> ) f\r horns10 simulat$ ! 8holy m\nd10 7 alike symbols ( ,%ama%1 ! 8primitive ,sun40 ,on 8 portrait-/ela k+ ,%amsi-,rammanu ! y\ng] 7,b4,c4 #hbe-hab71 ! gr&son ( ,asurnasirpal1 we>s ! cross only1 hang+ f 8 neck-*a9 & 9 ! text invokes1 accord+ to ,dr4 von ,lus*an1 only ,n9d>1 :o has be5 prov5 to be ,%ama% "u ano!r "n or title4 ,n9d> is id5tifi$ 9 ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s h&-book ) ,n9sia1 8a god ( consid]able importance1 import$ p]haps f "s anci5t site ( ,laga%0 444 :o 8disappe>$ f ! lat] pan!on40 444 7op4 cit4 pp4 #ij & #ia74 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ! k+1 :o l 8 anci5t pr$ecessor ! ,patesi or religi\s *ief ,%amsi-,ramman 7,b4,c4 #ahej7 be>s ! "n ( ! god ,%ama%1 we>s z 8 only ornam5t ! cross :i* s obvi\sly expresses ! royal title1 8"l ( ! f\r regions40 ,f ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ 7p4 #ajg71 we le>n t x 0 cu/om>y = ! e>ly rul]s ( ,babylon1 at ! beg9n+ or ! close ( _! d$icatory inscriptions1 to p>ade a li/ ( ! div9ities associat$ ) ! di/ricts t !y controll$4 ,gudea1 = in/ance1 enum]ates eighte5 deities1 & ^! may be tak5 z indicative ( ! t]ritorial ext5t ( ,gudea's jurisdiction4 ,?is cu/om af=ds an int]e/+ explanation ( ! sculptur$ emblems ( div9ities & ! invocations ( _! names on ! above /el & %[s t ,asurnasirpal & 8 gr&son rul$ f\r di/ricts f a fif? situat$ 9 ! c5tre1 ^: emblem 0 ! m\nd ) f\r horns or ! cross1 bo? emblems ( ! royal 8"l ( ! f\r regions40 ,be>+ ?is cu/om 9 m9d1 we next note t1 on 8 /ela at ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,%almanes] ,,ii1 ! son ( ,asurnasirpal1 invokes n only ?ree diff]5t div9ities1 b also "o m ?an 8 fa!r or son4 ,8 invocation is to ,a%ur1 ,%ama% & ,i%t> & to ! ,babylonian triad ,anu1 ,bel & ,ea4 ,! emblems ( ! fir/ ?ree div9ities are ! same z on ! /el ( 8 fa!r & son1 i4 e4 ! w+$ disk1 ! m\nd-%ap$1 horn$ cap & ! eight-ray$ />4 ,to ,anu1 ,bel & ,ea p]ta9 ! emblematic lightn+ bolt & moon :i* are cle>ly visible2 & a ?ird1 almo/ effac$1 gr\p :i*1 ^u exam9ation by ,mr4 ,p9*es1 reveal$ ! pres5ce ( six />s or circles4 ,dr4 von ,lus*an inf]s t orig9ally ! gr\p consi/$ ( sev5 circles & 0 ! same z t sculptur$ on ! /el ( ,s>gon 7at ,b]l971 ! bas-reliefs at ,nahr-el-,kelb & at ,bavian4 ,on ea* ( ^! ! circles are gr\p$ 9 two horizontal r[s ( ?ree circles :ile ! sev5? circle /&s to ! "r1 9 front & midway betwe5 bo? r[s4 ,if we assume t ! lightn+ bolt p]ta9$ to ,anu1 ! upp]1 & ! moon1 ! emblem ( ,night1 to ,ea1 ! l[] firmam5t1 we f9d t ! sev5-fold gr\p falls to ! lot ( ,bel & seems to co9cide exactly ) ! record$ fact t ! fam\s zikkurat ( ,bel at ,babylon1 = in/ance1 consi/$ ( sev5 /ories2 & t x 0 kn[n z 8! h\se ( ! sev5 divisions regions ( ! _w10 & t ,babylon actually 0 at "o "t a sev5-fold /ate1 ) sev5 8m\nta9s0godse>?ly rul]s4 ,f9al1 positive pro( t ,assyria1 "u ,s>gon ,,ii & ,es>haddon1 l anci5t ,babylon1 0 organiz$ into sev5 8di/ricts10 seems to be furni%$ by ! sev5 symbols c>v$ on _! /el1 accompani$ by ! gr\p ( sev5 circles :i* obvi\sly expresses ! same z ! cunei=m "* 9 ! inscrib$ invocation1 namely1 ! ^w 8sev5-fold-"o0 or 8sev5 9 "o107#ajb7 :i* 0 obvi\sly an appropriate designation = ! empire z a :ole1 consi/+ z x did ( sev5 tribal di/ricts1 associat$ ) ! sev5 directions 9 space to ea* ( :i* 0 assign$ a god1 a m\nta9 h\se1 a color1 an animal1 a cele/ial body1 a day & a symbol4 ,an extremely sugge/ive juxtaposition ( ! num]al sev5 & a circle conta9+ a gr\p ( five circles1 resembl+ a fl[] ) f\r petals1 occurs on ! ,bavian tablet already cit$1 on :i* are also c>v$ two emblems3 ! moon & w+$ disk2 "o compact deta*$ gr\p consi/+ ( f\r alt>s 7?ree surr\nd$ by horns & "o surm\nt$ by a ram's head7 & a second deta*$ gr\p consi/+ ( a base into :i* f\r /affs or sceptres are ins]t$4 ,^! recur on ! f9e ,s5ds*irli /ela ( ,es>haddon ab\t :i* a few words rema9 to be said4 ,x exhibits ! num]al sev5! 8sev5 9 "o0 sign be=e ! k+1 accompani$ by f\r div9ities m\nt$ on animals1 ! fir/ two be+ ! god rid+ a d\ble mon/]1 & ! seat$ goddess1 bo? we>+ ! cone on ! high royal cap4 ,c>v$ close to ! k+'s h& is ! gr\p ( f\r /affs or sceptres1 ins]t$ 9 a horizontal base1 :i* appe> to be ! emblems ( 8 lord%ip ov] ! f\r regions4 ,?ree ( ^! are ! same z on ! ,bavian relief3 ! fir/ surm\nt$ by a cone-%ap$ object7#ajc7 b5ea? :i* are two hang+ ends ( ribbons2 ! second consi/+ ( a pla9 s+le /aff1 split s z to =m two2 ! ?ird surm\nt$ by two animal heads1 ea* ) a s+le horn4 ,! f\r? sceptre on ,es>haddon's /ela is l t repres5t$ z ins]t$ into "o ( ! alt>s on ! ,bavian /ela1 & t]m9ates 9 a recurv$ ram's head4 ,! f\r? 9 ! ,bavian gr\p ( sceptres some:at resembles ! trid5t trip>tite emblem :i* occurs on ! ,s>gon /ela & ! ,es>haddon /ela ( ,nahr-el-,kelb 7figur$ by ,dr4 ,lus*an1 op4 cit4 p4 #bj74 ,a fre% exam9ation ( ! bas-relief ( ,maltaya1 describ$ by ,lay>d & already allud$ to1 reveals a sugge/ive diff]5tiation 9 ! repres5tations ( ! sev5 div9ities 9 a r[1 at ea* end ( :i*1 fac+ ! procession1 /&s a k+4 ,consid]+ t 9 ,assyria !re 7 gov]nors1 ! limmi1 :o held (fices ( limit$ duration & gave _! names to _! ye>s ( (fice1 ! qu]y naturally sugge/s itself :e!r ! two 8k+s0 may n also h rul$ = fix$ p]iods ( sev5 ye>s1 ea* "o ( :i* bore ! "n ( "o ( ! sev5 divisions4 ,x be+ an accept$ fact t ! in/itution ( ! ,sabba? 0 ( ,*aldean & ,babylonian orig91 x is p]missible to assign to ! same s\rce ! in/itution ( ! sev5-ye> p]iod describ$ 9 ,leviticus ,,xxv3 8,b ! sev5? ye> %all be a sabba? ( re/ unto ! l&4444 ,& ?\ %alt numb] sev5 ,sabba?s ( ye>s unto !e1 sev5 times sev5 ye>s2 & ! space ( ! sev5 sabba?s ( ye>s %all be unto !e =ty-n9e ye>s4444 ,& ye %all hall[ ! fiftie? ye>04444 ,address+ to ,assyriologi/s an appeal = full] k conc]n+ ! anci5t cal5d> p]iods ( ,babylonia-,assyria1 ,i n[ rev]t to ! ,maltaya bas-relief & po9t out t1 ( ! sev5 div9ities1 ! two pr9cipal ones1 a god & goddess1 we> a =m ( cap encircl$ by horns & surm\nt$ by a cone4 ,"o ( ^! two deities is di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by 8 l>g] size & by ! fact t he /&s on a d\ble animal & heads ! procession hold+ a recurv$ sceptre 9 8 h&4 ,beh9d him foll[s ! goddess ,i%t>1 hold+ a l>ge r+ 9 h] "r h&4 ,h] ?rone1 z on ! ,s5ds*irli /ela1 exhibits a r+ surm\nt+ its high back1 to ! side ( :i* a gr\p ( f\r circles or disks are atta*$4 ,z sev]al c5tres ( ,i%t> cult1 already m5tion$1 h be5 designat$ z f\rfold cities x seems possible t ! f\r disks allud$ to ?is fact1 :ile ! r+ cr[n+ ! top ( ! ?rone1 & t %e holds1 con/itutes "o ( h] emblems4444 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 bo? monum5ts exhibit k+s associat$ ) ! numb] sev5 & ,i%t>1 ! seat$ goddess1 associat$ ) ! numb] f\r2 facts :i* claim fur!r inve/igation & may lead to int]e/+ v]ifications ( ! num]ical sy/ems ( ! ,assyrians4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ "h t ! heads ( ! five rema9+ div9ities1 on ! ,maltaya bas-relief1 are surm\nt$ by a :eel ) spokes & t "o holds a recurv$ sceptre1 l t ( ! fir/1 ano!r be>s ! lightn+ bolt ( ,ramman1 :ile ?ree c>ry ! same peculi> d\ble symbol also held by ,%ama% on ! ,sipp>a tablet4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge r+ l t held by ,i%t> & a %ort /aff possibly a fire-/ick4 ,9 ea* case ! f+]s ( ! "r h& ( ! deity clasp ! middle ( ! /aff & ! r+ & ! appe>ance ( ! comb9$ rod & circle closely resembles ! upp] portion ( ! ,egyptian crux ansata4 ,pr(essor von ,lus*an has1 inde$1 express$ ! op9ion t ! r+ or circle 7( ,i%t>7 ! rod & circle 7( ,%ama%7 & ! crux ansata mu/ h analog\s mean+s1 a view ,i fully %>e & %all fur!r support 9 deal+ ) ! ,egyptian symbol4 ,! foll[+ data w be f\nd to sub/antiate fur!r ! evid5ce produc$ conc]n+ ! sev5-fold organization ( ,babylonia-,assyria4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ bas-relief tablets at ! ,briti% ,museum excavat$ by ,lay>d f ! ru9s ( ,asurnasirpal's palace at ,nimr\d repres5ts 9 its c5tre ! sacr$ conv5tionaliz$ a%]atree1 above :i* is ! w+$ circle1 f ! c5tre ( :i* issues ! half figure ( ! god ,assur 7cf4 fig4 #ga1 #a74 ,to its "r /& two w+$ figures we>+ ! conical cr[n ) f\r horns1 & necklaces f :i* hang its reproduction 9 m9iature1 also ! cross1 ! symbol ( ,i%t> & ! moon4 ,to ! left ( ! tree /& two p]sonages1 we>+ ! high cap ) a flat top1 c5tral cone & hang+ ends1 su* z are frequ5tly repres5t$ z worn by ! k+s4 ,! natural inf]5ce w\ld be t ! w+$ figures we>+ ! cap ) horns repres5t high-prie/s & t a d\ble hi]>*y correspond+ to ! dual mon>*y probably exi/$ at "o "t1 ! result be+ 8f\r lords10 two cele/ial & two t]re/rial1 correspond+ to ! 8f\r regions10 two ( :i* p]ta9$ to ! ,above or ! heav5 & two to ! ,bel[ or e>?4 ,a curi\s indication t at "o "t !re 7 f\r sep>ate rul]s ( ! f\r regions is furni%$ by ! cap ) f\r horns & ! alt> ^: f\r corn]s t]m9at$ 9 horns1 :5 !y are connect$ ) ! passage 9 ,revelations ,,xvii1 :i* ref]s to ,babylonian symbolism & /ates3 8,& ! t5 horns t ?\ sawe/ are t5 k+s40 ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ /ates t 8simil> horns exi/$ on ! ,hebrew & ,phnician alt>s10 & t 8if we may believe ,h]odotus1 ! great alt>s at ,babylon 7 made ( gold0 7p4 #feb74 ,d\btlessly1 ,assyrian texts conta9 a fund ( in=mation yet inaccessible to /ud5ts1 conc]n+ ! con/itution ( ! /ate & ! modifications x may h und]gone 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,an exhau/ive /udy ( ! symbols connect$ ) ,assyrian k+s at diff]5t dates1 9 connection ) ! text relat+ 8 conque/s & f\ndations ( temples1 may yet reveal ! occasional assumption or usurpation by a s+le individual ( diff]5t degrees ( p[] &1 possibly1 ! ultimate sep>ation & antagonism ( hi]>*y & mon>*y4 ,! employm5t 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia ( ! tree1 z a sacr$ symbol1 %\ld next be consid]$1 fir/1 9 relation to ! o!r symbols to :i* great religi\s importance 0 atta*$4 ,! significance ( ! zikkurat1 or sev5-/ag$ t[]1 has already be5 discuss$4 ,ano!r feature 0 8! great bas9 kn[n z #8,apsu1' ! "n1 x w be recall$1 = #8! deep' i4 e4 ! l[] firmam5t4 ,! "n indicates t x 0 a symbolical repres5tation ( ! doma9 ( ,ea4 ,! zikkurat itself be+ an attempt to reproduce ! %ape ( ! e>?1 ! repres5tation ( ! #8apsu' w\ld sugge/ itself z a natural accessory to ! temple4 ,! zikkurat & ! bas9 toge!r w\ld ?us become ! liv+ symbols ( ! curr5t cosmological conceptions4 ,! comp>ison ) ! great 'sea' t /ood 9 ! c\rt ( ,solomon's temple1 naturally sugge/s itself1 & !re c be little d\bt t ! latt] is an imitation ( a ,babylonian model0 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 #fec74 ,x is evid5t f ! above t ! adoption ( ! sacr$ bas9 z ! symbol ( ,ea w\ld naturally be simultane\s ) t ( m9iature 8bas9s0 & wat] b[ls & j>s1 employ$ = hold+ ! sacr$ wat] us$ 9 ! cult ( ! ,bel[4 ,reflection %[s t1 9 ! zikkurat1 ! seat ( ,bel! image ( ! e>?1 & 9 ! 8,apsu0 ! wat]y deep & l[] firmam5t ( ,ea1 we h ! sacr$ emblems ( two deities ( ! ,babylonian triad only4 ,! emblem ( ,anu1 ! ,heav5 or upp] firmam5t1 is miss+ & x is naturally 9 ! cult ( ,an%>,a%ur t x mu/ be s\ght =4 ,! foll[+ data w suffici5tly %[ t x 0 ! tree or pole &1 9 all probability1 ! fire-/ick t 7 connect$ ) ! cult ( ,an-%>8all t is above10 or 8on high40 ,! resemblance ( ! "n ,a%ur to ! ^w = tree or pole1 ! 8,a%]a0 ( ! ,phnicians & ,hebrews1 sugge/s1 moreov]1 ! probability ( _! common orig94 ,an int]e/+ "q on :i* ,i h n1 z yet1 be5 able to obta9 in=mation1 relates to ! mode ( produc+ fire1 resort$ to by ! ,babylonian-,assyrians4 ,! elem5t 01 ( c\rse1 associat$ ) heav51 & ! fire-god "u ! "n ( ,gibil or ,nusku 0 t]m$ ! 8son ( ,anu40 ,%ama% himself also figures z a p]sonification ( fire & x seems probable t1 9 ! ,babylonian temples 9 ! c5tre ( ! squ>e alt>1 a fire 0 orig9ally kept p]petually burn+ z an image ( ,pol>is4 ,z great /ress is laid ^u ! purify+ effect ( fire z on t ( wat] 9 ,babylonian lit]ature1 x is easy to trace ! orig9 ( ! (f]+ ( burnt sacrifices to ! idea t1 ca/ into ! sacr$ fire1 !y became purifi$ & absorb$ into its ess5ce1 i4 e4 accept$ by ! sacr$ liv+ image ( ! c5tral />-god4 ,x seems extremely probable t ! primitive employm5t ( a fire-/ick by ! prie/hood1 = ! production ( 8cele/ial fire10 may h play$ an important rle 9 caus+ ! /ick1 & !nce ! pole & tree1 to h become ! adopt$ symbol ( ,anu4 ,s little is kn[n ev5 ab\t ! orig9 ( 8tree-wor%ip0 itself 9 anci5t ,babylonia-,assyria t ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ advances ! foll[+ /atem5t 7p4 #fhi74 8,on ! seal cyl9d]s !re is frequ5tly repres5t$ a pole or a conv5tionaliz$ =m ( a tree1 g5]ally 9 connection ) a design illu/rat+ ! wor%ip ( a deity4 ,?is symbol is cle>ly a survival ( "s tree wor%ip t 0 once popul>4 ,! comp>ison ) ! a%]a & pole wor%ip among ,phnicians & ,hebrews is fully ju/ifi$ & is a pro( ( ! great antiquity ( ! symbols :i*1 )\t becom+ a =mal "p ( ! lat] cult1 reta9$ 9 "s measure a hold ^u ! popul> m9d4 8 #8,a%ur' became ! god ( ,assyria z ! rul]s ( ! city ( ,a%ur grew 9 p[] 444 9 ! v>i\s *anges ( (ficial resid5ces t took place 9 ! c\rse ( ,assyrian hi/ory 444 ! god took "p & 8 c5tral seat ( wor%ip dep5d$ ^u ! place t ! k+s *ose = _! (ficial resid5ce 444 !re 0 always "o place--! (ficial resid5ce--:i* =m$ ! c5tral spot ( wor%ip4 ,!re ! god 0 suppos$ to dwell = ! "t be+4 ,"o factor1 p]haps1 t ought to be tak5 into consid]ation1 9 acc\nt+ = ?is movable disposition ( ! god 0 t he 0 n symboliz$ exclusively by a /atue4444 ,8 *ief symbol 0 a /&>d t c\ld be c>ri$ f place to place4444 ,! /&>d consi/$ ( a pole surr\nd$ by a disk enclos$ )9 two w+s1 :ile above ! disk /ood ! figure ( a w>rior 9 ! act ( %oot+ an arr[ 7cf4 fig4 #fe1 #e74444 ,! /&>d 444 :i* 0 s made t x c\ld be c>ri$ into ! ?ick ( ! fray 9 ord] to assure ! army ( ! god's pres5ce7#ajd7 444 foll[$ ! camp ev]y:]e & :5 ! k+s *ose to fix ^u a new place = _! milit>y encampm5t 444 ! /&>d w\ld repose 9 ! place select$0 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #aid74 ,to "o :o l myself has devot$ ye>s to ! /udy ( ! symbolism ( primitive p & is famili> ) ! anci5t ,mexican image ( ! 8"l ( ! ,nor?0 /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( a horizontally-plac$ cross-figure1 & ) ! ,*i*imecan cu/om1 on tak+ possession ( new t]ritory1 to %oot arr[s t[>ds ! c>d9al po9ts1 ! ,a%ur /&>d sugge/s a s+le explanation1 namely1 t x 0 ! symbol ( cele/ial1 c5tral rul]%ip & t ! god1 /&+ on a /aff :i* c\ld be turn$ & aim+ 8 arr[ t[>ds ! f\r directions 9 succession1 0 an expressive image ( ,pol>is & ,sept5triones4 ,fur!r ideas associat$ ) ! tree by ! ,babylonian-,assyrians are cle> s9ce ,pr(essor ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor has s conclusively %[n t c]ta9 bas-reliefs repres5t ! act ( artificially f]tiliz+ ! palm tree by scatt]+ ! male blossom f its cone-%ap$ bun*1 ov] ! female palm4 ,9 ea* case ?is rite is be+ p]=m$ by figures ) human bodies & l>ge w+s1 i4 e4 high prie/s ( heav51 & x seems evid5t t x symboliz$ ! my/ic life-produc+ union ( heav5 & e>? or ( ! male & female pr9ciples ( nature :i* m>k$ ! ,babylonian-,assyrian ,new ,ye>'s ,day4 ,giv5 ^! associations ( ?\ght1 x is easy to see h[ ! ,new ,ye> became ! fe/ival ( ,new ,life & h[ ! f]tiliz$ tree became ! 8tree ( life10 & its sculptur$ image a memorial ( a new ye>1 possibly record+ "s record ( ! actual m>riages :i* took place 9 ! /ate on t day4 ,! deciph]m5t & comp>ison ( ! inscriptions on su* tablets1 by skill$ ,assyriologi/s1 c alone enlight5 u on ?is po9t1 b en\gh appe>s app>5t to expla9 h[ ! tree c\ld h become associat$ 9 ,assyria n only ) life1 b ) ! life & gr[? ( ! /ate4 ,moreov] ! tree or pole itself1 nam$ a%]a1 may well h appe>$ to "s ,euphratean p1 to express ! "n ,a%ur suffici5tly cle> to become its symbol & 8cant+ arms40 ,! adoption ( ! %aft or pole1 z a symbol ( ! ,cele/ial ,c5tre1 may easily be expla9$ by ! fact t1 /uck into ! gr\nd & wat*$ f a c]ta9 position1 its upp] end w\ld seem to t\* ,pol>is & x ?us suppli$ w&]+ />-obs]v]s ) a po9t ( fixity 9 space :i*1 be+ transportable1 facilitat$ ! regi/ration ( circumpol> rotation4 ,dur+ _m c5turies ! image ( ! 8crook$ s]p5t10 ,nakkas*1 ! con/ellation :i* c\ld be se5 ea* night w9d+ its way ar\nd ! pole1 mu/ h deeply impress$ itself ^u ! m9ds ( ! primitive /> gaz]s ( ! ,euphratean valley1 & convey$ sugge/ions ( imag]y1 "o ( :i* may h creat$ ! ,phnician caduceus4 ,at a lat] p]iod :5 ,ursa ,major became circumpol>1 ! 8sev5 lights ( heav50 became 9 turn associat$ ) ! /able c5tre & sugge/$1 9 "t1 ! sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick ( ! ,hebrews :i* is to ?is day con/ruct$ ) a c5tral or pr9cipal hold]1 associat$ ) /ability4 ,x is rem>kable to note ! same anci5t fundam5tal association 9 ! elevat$ & beautiful imag]y employ$ by ! desc5dant ( anci5t ,euphratean />-wor%ipp]s1 9 ,revelation ,,iv1 9 describ+ 8 vision3 8444 ,&1 behold1 a ?rone 0 set 9 heav51 & "o sat on ! ?rone4444 ,& !re 7 sev5 lamps ( fire burn+ be=e ! ?rone4444 ,& be=e ! ?rone !re 0 a sea ( glass l unto cry/al3 & 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone & r\nd ab\t ! ?rone 7 f\r bea/s44440 ,! idea cit$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,br[n1 ( ! sacr$ pole-tree ) gold5 apples gu>d$ by ! con/ellation ,nakkas*1 has already be5 m5tion$ & to ?is anci5t image %\ld be add$ ! cele/ial tree ( life set 9 ! mid/ ( ! g>d5 ( ,p>adise1 :5ce 8w5t out a riv] to wat] ! g>d5 & f !nce x 0 p>t$ & became f\r heads40444 ,x is z easy to see h[ ! /&>d ( ,assur1 :i* always m>k$ ! c5tral place ( wor%ip1 %\ld h be5 evolv$1 z x is to realize :y ! fire-/ick1 rod or sceptre %\ld h be5 adopt$ by mon>*s z an emblem ( c5tral rul]%ip1 & :y1 f9ally1 ea* c5tre ( gov]nm5t %\ld h adopt$ "s specific symbol :i*1 m\nt$ on ! /aff1 became its tribal or national emblem4 ,x does n appe> haz>d\s to designate z su* ! ornam5t$ /affs already describ$1 :i* are repres5t$ on ! bas-reliefs1 9 gr\ps ( f\r1 a numb] agree+ ) t ( ! 8f\r regions40 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t a gr\p ( f\r sceptres1 correspond+ to ! royal title 8"l ( f\r regions10 is c>v$ close to ! h& ( ,es>haddon on ! f9e ,s5ds*irli tablet at ,b]l94 ,9 ,babylonia1 ! local deity ( ,girsu 0 entitl$ 8! "l ( ! true sceptre10 8! "l ( ! "r-h& sceptre10 a "n :i* implies t1 :]e dual rul]%ip prevail$1 a di/9ction 0 made betwe5 "r-h& & left-h& sceptres1 a po9t to :i* ,i %all rev]t lat] on 9 deal+ ) ,egypt4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,assyria :5 ! cult ( ,nabu sup]s$$ t ( ,m>duk1 8 temple 0 nam$ 8! h\se ( ! sceptre ( ! _w0 & ,nebu*adnezz> decl>es t x is he 8:o gives ! sceptre ( sov]eignty to k+s to rule ov] ! l&0 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 #abi74 ,simultane\sly ) ! /aff1 ! cross & :eel also became emblems ( sov]eignty4 ,x has already be5 %[n t ! cross & f\r-spok$ :eel ( ,%ama% 7 synonym\s signs4 ,x rema9s to be %[n h[ ! :eel 0 employ$ 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria z an emblem ( royalty4 ,! repres5tation ( ,%ama% at ,sipp> exhibits 8 :eel re/+1 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 on a table4 ,atta*$ to ! :eel are two cords :i* are held by a 8god0 & 8 consort1 :o appe> to be direct+ ! c\rse ( ! :eel4 ,we ?us see t1 :]eas ! disk or :eel ( ,assur1 ! c5tral god1 revolv$ on its own axis1 & 0 provid$ ) w+s1 signify+ arial & cele/ial motion1 ! :eel ( ,%ama% 0 associat$ ) a 8"l & lady10 & ! symbolism appe>s to express t !y 7 ! directors ( ! 8:eel ( ! law0 ( t]re/rial gov]nm5t4 ,x is well kn[n t1 beside ! ?rone1 ! emblem ( p]man5t repose1 ! ,assyrian mon>*s also us$ ! *>iot z a royal pr]ogative4 ,9 ! ,gilgame% epic ! goddess ,i%t>1 on conf]r+ sov]eignty ^u ,gilgame%1 says3 8,i w place !e on a *>iot ( lapis-lazuli & gold1 ) :eels ( gold44440 ,on /udy+ ! ,nimr\d bas-reliefs 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,i not$ ! fact t ! trapp+s ( ! horse driv5 by k+ ,asurnasirpal1 :o is repres5t$ z /&+ 9 8 two-:eel$ *>iot1 are decorat$ ) crosses4 ,x is impossible n to recognize ! aff9ity ( ! 8:eel ( ! law0 & ! 8"l ( ! :eel0 ( ,india ) ! ,assyrian symbols ( ,pol>is & ( c5tral rul]%ip & to appreciate ! nave +5uity ( ! idea ( mak+ ! driv+ ( ! *>iot by ! k+ repres5t 8 control ( ! rotat+ :eels ( /ate & gov]nm5t ( ! f\r qu>t]s f a /able c5tre47#aje7 ,z ano!r example ( ! ,assyrian employm5t ( ! cross-symbol1 ! bas-relief at ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d1 %\ld be m5tion$1 z x displays a w+$ bird-head$ human figure1 ^: g>m5ts are embroid]$ ) crosses4 ,k+ ,asurnasirpal1 :o is alt]nately figur$ on 8 ?rone or 9 8 *>iot1 is frequ5tly repres5t$ z we>+ on 8 g>m5ts & bracelets ano!r famili> & expressive emblem ( c5tralization & unity 9 div]sity1 ! composite fl[] or rosette4 ,! sacr$ %ip or ark ( ! ,babylonian temple rema9s to be discuss$4 ,diodorus ,seculus says t1 accord+ to ,babylonian notions1 8! _w is #8a boat turn$ upside d[n' & re/+ on ! wat]s4 ,! appe>ance 9 outl9e ( ?is image pres5t$ ! ?ree divisions ( ! univ]se3 ! heav5s,anu upheld by ! s]p5t body ( ,tiamat2 ! e>?1 ! dwell+ ( ,bel-,m>duk1 ! #8*ief ( gods2' & ! wat]y deep or #8,apsu' b5ea?1 ! dwell+ ( ,ea0 7,ja/r[74 ,?is imag]y au?orizes ! inf]5ce t ! sacr$ %ip or ark 0 associat$ ) ?is conception ( ! e>? z a boat re/+ on ! l9e divid+ ! sky f ! wat]y deep4 ,x c readily be se5 h[ a m>itime p w\ld be incl9$ to fancy t ! cele/ial bodies float$ 9 ! sky on invisible boats & t a s+le "o among !m 0 app>5tly re/+ on a /able rock or m\nta9 ar\nd :i* o!r />s circl$ p]petually4 ,t an analog\s tra9 ( ?\ght %\ld h caus$ ! ultimate consecration ( a tab]nacle 9 ! =m ( a %ip1 to ! c5tral deity1 entitl$ 8! great m\nta910 appe>s z inevitable z ! idea t all life proce$$ f ?is s\rce4 ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ tells u t ! e>ly significance ( ! cu/om ( c>ry+ ! gods 9 consecrat$ %ips became lo/1 b t x surviv$ 9 ,babylonia & ,egypt & t ! ark ( ! ,hebrews appe>s1 simil>ly1 to h be5 orig9ally a %ip ( "s k9d4 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge = ! int]e/+ in=mation t ea* day1 9 ! temple ( ,ptah at ,memphis1 an image ( ! god ,sek] 0 dragg$ ar\nd ! alt> by ! prie/s4 ,br++ ! prec$+ t5tative /udy ( ! anci5t civilization ( ,babylonia-,assyria to a close1 ,i v5ture to affirm t1 imp]fect z x is1 x cle>ly e/abli%es c]ta9 important po9ts connect$ ) ! pres5t inve/igation4 ,x demon/rates t a primitive pole-/> wor%ip exi/$ & /ill exi/s 9 ! ,euphratean valley1 accompani$ by ! employm5t ( ! swa/ika or cross-symbol & by ! id5tical fundam5tal set ( ideas :i* =m ! basis n only ( o!r ,asiatic1 b also ( ! ,am]ican civilizations4 ,! ,middle is associat$ ) special sanctity1 fixity & supremacy ( p[] & rule1 ext5d+ 9 rotation ov] ! ,above & ,bel[ & ,f\r ,qu>t]s4 ,?is sev5-fold division ( ! univ]se ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! entire organization ( ! /ate & gave rise to c]ta9 logical developm5ts ( ?\ght & symbolism1 analog\s to ^? :i* h be5 trac$ else:]e4 ,po/pon+ fur!r comm5t1 inve/igation w next be transf]r$ to ! valley ( ! ,nile1 ^: inhabitants1 at v>i\s p]iods ( _! hi/ory1 came closely into contact ) ! p ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,,egypt4 ,paus+ at ! entrance to a mu* explor$ doma9 ) a fitt+ realization ( be+ a novice & an intrud] !re91 ,i f9d myself enc\rag$ to advance by ! frank admission rec5tly made by "o ( ! lead+ au?orities 9 ,egyptology4 ,9 8 8,notes = travell]s 9 ,egypt10 ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge1 ! ,assi/ant 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian antiquities1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 op5ly /ates t 8! religion ( ! anci5t ,egyptians is "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( ,egyptology & ?\gh a great deal has be5 writt5 ab\t x dur+ ! la/ few ye>s & _m difficulties h be5 satisfactorily expla9$1 !re /ill rema9 unansw]$ a l>ge numb] ( que/ions connect$ ) x4 ,9 all religi\s texts ! read] is always assum$ to h a k ( ! subject treat$ ( by ! writ]1 & no def9ite /atem5t is made on ! subject conc]n+ :i* v little1 comp>atively1 is kn[n by /ud5ts ( to-day0 7,! ,nile1 ,london1 #ahij1 p4 #ga74 ,aft] hav+ trac$1 z ,i h done1 ?r\gh\t anci5t ,am]ica1 ,*9a1 ,india & ,babylonia-,assyria1 "o & ! same fundam5tal1 artificial s*eme ( /ate organization1 x 0 ) ke5e/ int]e/ & a new s5se ( compreh5sion ( ! anci5t ,egyptian civilization t ,i not$ c]ta9 facts :i* ,i %all n[ proce$ to pres5t4 ,!y w be f\nd to %[ t anci5t ,egypt supplies u ) ! in/ance ( a civilization 9 :i* ! fundam5tal set ( ideas1 develop$ f primitive pole-/> wor%ip1 prevail$ dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s & _h rea*$ a high /age ( evolution at a p]iod ant]ior to ab\t ,b4,c4 #djjj4 ,,t]ritorial ,,divisions ,,( ,,anci5t ,,egypt4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge1 ! anci5t ,egyptians call$ _! l& ,bak or ,baket1 ,ta-,m]a & ,khem or ,kamt1 also ,ta-,nehat1 8! l& ( ! sycamore0 & ! l& ( 8! eye ( ,horus40 ,x 0 divid$ into two p>ts3 ,upp] ,egypt1 ,ta-res or ,ta-kema8! s\!rn l&10 symboliz$ by ! vulture2 & ,l[] ,egypt1 ,ta-,meh1 ,mah-,ti or ,meh-,ta1 lit]ally1 8,nor?-l&10 symboliz$ by ! s]p5t4 ,two great anci5t cities or capitals 7 respectively kn[n z ,annu ,meht1 8,annu ( ! ,nor?10 & ,annu ,qemat1 8,annu ( ! ,s\?40 ,! k+s ( ,egypt /yl$ !mselves ,sut5-,net1 8,k+ ( ! ,nor? & ,s\?0 & ,nebtaui1 8"l ( ! two e>?s40 ,z su* ! k+ wore ! d\ble cr[n made up ( ! te%] or net1 ! r$ cr[n ( ,nor!rn or ,l[] ,egypt & ! hetet or het1 ! :ite cr[n ( ,s\!rn or ,upp] ,egypt 7,! ,nile1 p4 #bg74 ,x w be %[n fur!r on t ! high :ite & l[ r$ cr[ns 7 respectively worn by ! k+ & ! que5 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,x is well kn[n t1 9 num]\s pictorial repres5tations1 ! ,egyptian m5 are pa9t$ ) r$1 b ! wom5 ) :ite sk9s4 ,! above facts %[ t !re exi/$ a curi\s association ( r$ ) ! nor? & ! male sex1 & ( :ite ) ! s\? & ! female sex47#ajf7 ,x is a famili> fact t ! ,egyptian hi]oglyph & det]m9ative sign = t[n1 city or village consi/$ ( a circle ) f\r divisions4 ,! usual =m ( ?is sign1 ! phonetic value ( :i* is nu or nut1 is %[n z fig4 #fj1 #a1 a4 ,on a bas-relief pres]v$ at ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d1 ,i not$ ! v>iant #a1 b4 ,x is int]e/+ to collate ^! signs ) ! cross-symbols 7#b7 :i* express ! s\nd ( uu1 un1 & ur1 & to note t ! sign = a capital 9 ,egypt conta9s a division into f\run or ur1 & t ! latt] ^w is actually ! famili> "n ( ! fam\s c5tre 9 ,babylonia :]e cities laid out 9 ! =m ( a squ>e & 8f\r-god cities0 exi/$1 & ! k+s 7 t]m$ 8lords ( ! f\r regions0 & 8k+s ( ,sum] & ,akkad10 ! two anci5t divisions ( ! ,babylonian /ate4 ,x ?us appe>s d\bly significant t1 9 ,egyptian1 ! ^w ur signifies 8great1 great "o0 & is also ! "n ( a god1 :i* is express$ 9 hi]oglyphic writ+ by ! cross1 a m\? & a seat$ god1 ! det]m9ative = div9ity4 ,:at is m1 ur-u*iefs1 ur-t! "n ( a cr[n & ur-t^? :o re/1 all ( :i* words %[ t ! ,egyptian ur 0 associat$ ) ! idea ( div9ity1 greatness1 cr[n$ *iefta9%ip1 repose & ! cross-symbol :i* is incorporat$ 9 nut1 ! sign = capital or city4 ,! fact t ! symbols = ! two great divisions ( anci5t ,egypt1 ! r$ cr[n ( ,nor!rn or ,l[] ,egypt1 & ! :ite cr[n ( ,s\!rn or ,upp] ,egypt1 are f\nd surm\nt+ ! sign nut 7#c71 suffici5tly %[s t ?is symbol also /ood = an ext5d$ capital1 a /ate1 & t bo? 8l&s0 con/itut$ at "o "t sep>ate units or reproductions ( ! id5tical plan4 ,return+ to ! anci5t capitals kn[n z ! 8,annu ( ! ,nor?0 & ! 8,annu ( ! ,s\?30 accord+ to ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge ! fir/ occupi$ ! site ( ,heliopolis & 0 id5tical ) ! city ( ,on m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis 7,,xli3 #de74 ,! ,annu ,qemat 0 ,h]mon?is1 ! mod]n ,m5?1 ,armant or ,erm5t1 situat$ on ! we/ bank ( ! ,nile a little to ! s\? ( ! ru9s ( ,!bes4 ,x is notewor?y t ! "n = ,!bes1 giv5 9 ! cunei=m inscriptions & ,hebrew scriptures1 ,no 7,ezek4 ,,xxx3#d7 & ,no-am-on 7,nahum ,,iii3#h71 is 9 "o case ! simple inv]sion ( ,on1 ! ,hebrew "n ( ,heliopolis1 ! ,nor!rn ,annu1 :ile 9 ! second in/ance ! "n ( ,!bes incorporates bo? =ms4 ,! allusion to ! 8squ>e ( ! city ( ,edfu10 & to build+s laid out on a squ>e gr\nd-plan1 conta9$ 9 inscriptions cit$ by ,brugs*17#ajg7 also furni%es an indication1 :i* c d\btless be multipli$1 t1 z 9 ,babylonia1 ,egyptian cities 7 sometimes built 9 ! =m ( a squ>e4 ,9 ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 ! squ>e 7slightly elongat$7 is employ$ to express ! consonant p4 ,! sign appe>s to h be5 cryptic & to h con/itut$ ! symbol ( ! god ,ptah1 8,! ,op5]10 consid]$ z ! mo/ anci5t ( ,egyptian gods4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge1 8! sign is ! picture ( a door made up ( a numb] ( bo>ds fa/5$ toge!r by ?ree cross-pieces at ! back1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! ^w = door 0 connect$ ) ! v]b p?to op51 & t x 0 pron\nc$ some?+ l ptah 7comp>e ! ,hebrew pe?ah74 ,! s\nd ( ! fir/ lett] ( ptah be+ p1 ! phonetic value ( ! door became p0 7,fir/ /eps 9 ,egyptian1 p4 #e74 ,to ! above ,i add ! obs]vation t ! pla9 squ>e or outl9e ( ! door1 )\t indications ( bo>ds & cross-pieces1 is usually employ$ 9 ! publi%$ texts4 ,! association ( ! squ>e1 repres5t+ a door ) ?ree cross-beams1 & express+ ! s\nd ptah is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ :5 connect$ ) ! ^w = e>? or l&ta1 & ! me?od ( express+ ! ^w univ]setaui1 by ! ?reefold repetition ( ! sign ta1 :i* resembles a cross-beam 7fig4 #fj1 #e74 ,an int]e/+ association ( ! squ>e ) e>? or l& is se5 9 "o ( ! signs = prov9ce or nomesept or hesp1 :i* consi/s ( a s]ies ( squ>es1 evid5tly repres5t+ !oretical t]ritorial divisions & possibly a sy/em ( canal-irrigation4 ,o!r sugge/ive signs = sep consi/ ( a circle conta9+ two /rokes2 a circle enclos+ f\r dots & a d\ble circle 7fig4 #fj1 #d74 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d an isosceles triangle employ$1 ) a slight addition1 to express ! ^w tal&1 z well z septprov9ce 7fig4 #fj1 #d & #e71 & to f9d on analyz+ ! circul> sign = nutsky1 :i* is likewise ! det]m9ative = city1 t x conta9s f\r triangles4 ,^! conv]ge t[>ds ! c5tre1 z d ! triangul> sides ( ! squ>e pyramid1 & ?us ! sign nut & ! pyramid cle>ly appe> to express a :ole divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ! squ>e =m be+ connect$ ) e>? & ! circle ) ! sky4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #fj4 ,a pro( t ! quadri=m organization 0 ext5sively employ$ 9 anci5t ,egypt1 is furni%$ by ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge's /atem5t t ea* nome or prov9ce 0 divid$ into f\r p>ts1 & _h its capital or 8nut40 ,! inf]5ce is t ea* nome con/itut$ a m9iature reproduction ( ! /ate & t ! sign nut repres5t$ its !oretical plan4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t ! triangle con/itutes "o sign = ! nome itself1 indicates t1 orig9ally1 ! nome 0 id5tifi$ z "o ( f\r divisions ( ! /ate only & t1 l ,babylon1 ,egypt mu/ h be5 !oretically divid$1 n only into two ma9 divisions1 b also into f\r regions1 correspond+ to ! ,nor?,meh-ta1 lit]ally ,nor? l&4 ,we/,am5-ta1 lit]ally ,hidd5 l&4 ,s\?,resu4 ,ea/,aba4 ,9 ! extracts f ! ,pyramid texts publi%$ by ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge 7,pyramid ( ,unas1 ,fif? dyna/y71 ! foll[+ invocation occurs3 8,o gods ( ! we/1 ,o gods ( ! ea/1 ,o gods ( ! s\?1 ,o gods ( ! nor?1 f\r ^!1 :o embrace ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>? holy40 ,^! f\r qu>t]s are repres5t$ 9 hi]oglyphics by ! sign = l&ta1 repeat$ f\r times1 :i* ?us express1 lit]ally1 8! f\r l&s0 or regions4 ,allusion is also made 9 ! same inscription1 to ! 8f\r fields ( heav5407#ajh7 ,! f\r gods1 t]m$ by ,egyptologi/s ! 8g5ii ( ! dead10 7 ,amset or ,me/ha1 ,hapi1 ,tuaumutef & ,kebhs5uf1 & x 0 ! cu/om to place ! canopic vases repres5t+ !m "u ! bi]4 ,! canopic vases 71 h[ev]1 also suppos$ to be "u ! protection ( f\r sky goddesses1 id5tifi$ ) ! c>d9al po9ts1 ^: names are usually giv5 z ,isis1 ,neph?ys1 ,nei? & ,s]k-t7874 ,a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ in/ance ( ! employm5t ( ! cross-symbol 9 connection ) ! f\r 8gods ( ! horizon10 z !y are t]m$1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 publi%$ by ,lepsius & reproduc$ by ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge 7,dwell]s on ! ,nile1 p4 #aeh74 ,! f\r gods 9 mummy =m1 /& 9 a l9e beh9d a table lad5 ) (f]+s4 ,a l>ge crux decussata 7,/4 ,&rew's cross7 is pa9t$ on ! "r %\ld] ( ! =emo/ god1 a fact to :i* ,i %all rev]t & discuss fur!r 9 deal+ ) ! cross-symbol & swa/ika 9 ,egypt4 ,hav+ trac$ quadruplicate t]ritorial divisions & quat]nions ( gods1 let u next pres5t pro(s ( an organization ( ! population into f\r 8races40 ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge1 ref]r+ to ,*abas & ,naville1 /ates t 8! ,egyptians ( ! lat] empire believ$ t ,ra-,h>ma*is1 attack$ 8 foes1 :o fl$ 9 all directions f be=e him4 ,^? :o came to ! s\? became ! ,cu%ites1 ^? :o came to ! nor? became ! ,amu1 ^? :o came to ! we/ ! ,libyans & ^? :o came to ! ea/ ! ,%asu1 & ?us 7 ! f\r races ( mank9d made0 7,! ,dwell]s on ! ,nile1 p4 #ec74 ,! fact t ! ,sph9x has be5 designat$ z ! image ( ,ra-,h>ma*is i4 e4 ,h]u-em-*ut & ( 8 human repres5tative1 & t ! di/ribution ( p to ! c>d9al po9ts & ! orig9 ( f\r races ( m5 is assign$ to him1 are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ & sugge/ive1 especially 9 connection ) ! famili> table ( nations giv5 by ,moses1 :o says 8& ! sons ( ,ham1 ,cu% & ,mizraim & ,phut & ,canaan0 7,g54 ,x3#f74 ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge /ates t ,ham or ,kham is ! same z ,khem & is ! "n ,kamt1 i4 e4 black1 by :i* ! ,egyptians g5]ally call$ _! l&4 ,i v5ture to po9t out t 9 ! foll[+ passages ! "n ,ham seems to be m applicable to a deity su* z ,am5-,ra or to 8 human repres5tative a k+1 ?an to ,egypt itself3 8,& smote all ! fir/born 9 ,egypt & ! *ief ( _! /r5g? 9 ! tab]nacles ( ,ham0 & aga9 8,wondr\s works 9 ! l& ( ,ham40444 ,x is well kn[n t ,mizraim1 ! second "n giv5 above1 0 employ$ by ! ,hebrews z a designation = ,egypt4 ,! inhabitants ( ! region ( ,cu% are repres5t$ on ,egyptian monum5ts & we are told t 8at ! outset !y appe> to h _h a religion & spee* ak9 to t ( ! ,egyptians4 ,we f9d ,phut mo/ probably1 9 ! ,punt ( ! inscriptions1 ! l& 444 situat$ to ! s\? ( ,egypt on bo? sides ( ! ,r$ sea4 ,! f\r? son ( ,ham1 ,canaan1 is repres5t$ by ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,canaan1 :o 7 probably ne> relations ( ! ,egyptians0 7,wallis ,budge1 ,! ,dwell]s on ! ,nile1 p4 #eb74 ,:ile tradition & docum5t>y evid5ce ?us associates ! f\r sons ( ,ham ) c]ta9 regions & c>d9al po9ts1 ,egyptian monum5ts exhibit repres5tations ( p ( f\r diff]5t colors1 i4 e4 r$1 yell[1 black & :ite4 8,! anci5t ,egyptians 444 recogniz$ f\r races ( m54 ,!y !mselves belong$ to ! #8,rot' or r$ m52 ! yell[ m5 !y call$ #8,namu'--x includ$ ! ,asiatic races2 ! black m5 7 call$ #8,nahsu1' & ! :ite m5 #8,tam-hu4' ,! foll[+ figures 7fig4 #fa7 are copi$ f ,nott & ,gliddon's #8,types ( ,mank9d1' p4 #he1 & 7 tak5 by !m f ! great works ( ,belzoni1 ,*ampollion & ,lepsius0 7,donelly1 ,atlantis1 p4 #aie74 ,pursu+ our inve/igations ( ! t]ritorial divisions ( ,egypt1 we le>n1 f ,mr4 ,wallis ,budge1 t collectively !re 7 #db nomes 9 ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,?is numb] is id5tical ) t ( ! #db gods repres5t$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead z be+ ) ,osiris 9 ! hall ( ,two ,tru?s :]e ! dead 7 judg$4 ,! #db 8judges ( ! dead0 are repres5t$ z seat$ figures1 ) human or animal heads1 & are equally divid$ into two gr\ps4 ,f ! 8negative confession0 :i* ! deceas$ makes to 8 judges1 we le>n t ea* god 0 id5tifi$ ) a locality1 "s among/ !m be+ address$ z 8com+ out f0 su* important cities z ,heliopolis1 ,sais1 ,buba/is1 etc4 ,! inf]5ce ,i v5ture to make is t ^! #db judges 7 ! gods ( ! #db nomes :o1 ) ,osiris1 ! *ief god & ! 8,presid5t10 =m$ ! c\ncil ( gods1 :i* judg$ & ord]$ ! affairs ( m54 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #fa4 ,! ,races ,( ,m5 ,accord+ ,to ,! ,egyptians4 ,x is moreov] natural to suppose t t]re/rial adm9i/rations ( ju/ice mu/ also h be5 execut$ by a supreme c\ncil ( m51 compos$ ( ! k+1 ! liv+ image ( ,osiris1 & ! *iefs ( ! #db nomes ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 :o p]sonifi$1 z else:]e1 ! totemic div9ity ( tribe or di/rict4 ,po/pon+ fur!r discussion ( ! numb] #db1 associat$ ) nomes & gods1 let u exam9e fur!r data conc]n+ ! t]ritorial organization ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge tells u t1 8dur+ ! rule ( ! ,greeks 7,b4,c4 #cdb-ccb71 ,egypt 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 ,upp]1 ,c5tral & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,c5tral ,egypt consi/$ ( sev5 nomes1 & 0 call$ ,heptanomis0 7,nile1 p4 #bh74 ,! sev5-/ori$ pyramid ( ,skk>ah & ! employm5t ( ! signs express+ 8?ree regions0 & 8f\r regions or l&s10 to signify ! :ole l& or univ]se1 prove t1 long be=e ,greek rule1 ! anci5t ,egyptians1 l ! ,babylonians1 employ$ ! heptam]$al sy/em4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 8,!re are sev5 classes ( ,egyptians1 & ( ^! "s are call$ prie/s1 o!rs w>riors1 o!rs h]dsm51 o!rs sw9eh]ds1 o!rs tradesm51 o!rs int]pret]s & la/ly pilots2 su* are ! classes ( ,egyptians2 !y take _! names f ! employm5ts !y ex]cise0 7,eut]pe ,,ii1 #afd74 ,passages f ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie's ,hi/ory ( ,egypt 7,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aef & #ahe7 af=d1 moreov]1 in/ances ( ! conque/ ( a hept>*ic gov]nm5t by an ,egyptian k+ & ! employm5t1 9 ab\t ,b4,c4 #aejj1 ( ! numb] sev51 z a my/ic or sacr$ numb]1 9 a lett] f a ,syrian pr9ce to ! ,egyptian k+4 ,9 ! record ( ! triumphal return ( ,aa-khep]u-ra1 ! sev5? k+ ( ! eighte5? dyna/y 7,b4,c4 #addi-adbc71 x is said3 8,8 ,maje/y return$ 9 joy ( he>t to 8 fa!r ,am52 8 own h&1 ) 8 mace1 _h /ruck d[n ! sev5 *iefs1 :i* 7 ( ! t]ritory ( ,pakhsi 7ne> ,aleppo704444 8,six ( ^! enemies 7 hang$ 9 front ( ! walls ( ,!bes2 ! sev5? probably ! *ief ( *iefs1 0 br\ght to ,nub9 & 0 hang$ on ! wall ( ! t[n ( ,napata1 to %[ =? = all "t ! victories ( ! k+ among all p ( ! negro l&1 inasmu* z he _h tak5 possession ( ! nations ( ! s\? & he _h b\nd ! nations ( ! nor? & ! ends ( ! :ole ext5t ( ! e>? on :i* ! sun rises & sets1 )\t f9d+ any opposition1 accord+ to ! comm& ( 8 fa!r ,am5-ra ( ,!bes40 ,a lett] f a ,syrian pr9ce to ,am5hotep ,,iii 7,b4,c4 #adad-acgi71 op5s ?us3 8,to ! k+1 my ma/]1 my god1 my sun1 ?is is said3 ,yatibiri1 ! s]vant1 ! du/ ( ?y feet1 at ! feet ( my k+1 my ma/]1 my god1 my sun1 sev5 times1 & sev5 times m1 ,i fall d[n47#aji70444 ,:ile ! above data suffice to e/abli% t m ?an a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,greek rule 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,egypt its inhabitants 7 famili> ) ! sev5-fold s*eme ( organization1 ! foll[+ extremely int]e/+ portion ( ,brugs*'s monum5tal "w1 already cit$1 indirectly tea*es mu* conc]n+ ! divisions ( ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,! anci5t ,egyptian a/ronom]s reg>d$ ! nocturnal heav5 z ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! l& ( ,egypt 7,i1 p4 #agf74 ,9 ! inscriptions1 ! firmam5t is frequ5tly consid]$ geographically1 z a region compris+ c\ntries surr\nd$ by seas & trav]s$ by riv]s & canals1 & cov]$ ) cities & h\ses & divid$ into nomes :i* correspond$ to ^? ( ,egypt1 except+ 9 po9t ( numb]1 !re be+ ?irty-six cele/ial nomes4 ,accord+ to ! inscriptions & pictures 9 ! royal tombs at ,!bes1 !re 0 a cele/ial ea/]n sea 7uat-ura abti71 a we/]n sea 7uat-ura am5tti7 & a nor!rn sea 7uat-ura mahtet or mehtat74 ,special m5tion is made ( 8! wat]s0 & l& ( ! 8nor!rn place ( light above ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>40 ,! l&s ( ,punet 7,punt871 ,u!net1 ,k5emti & ,sa-nut>t-mahti1 8! nor!rn l& ( ,god0 are designat$1 beside o!r names :i* correspond to ! t]re/rial geographical situation ( outly+ =eign c\ntries kn[n to ! ,egyptians4 ,!re 0 a cele/ial city1 8,anu or ,on10 ^: ea/]n & we/]n sides or places ( light are frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,! m5tion ( a s+le ,anu or ,on1 names :i* are f\nd appli$ to ! mo/ anci5t capitals ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 is p>ticul>ly notewor?y4 ,x w be %[n fur!r on1 ^u ,sir ,norman ,locky]'s au?ority1 t1 9 ! exact c5tre ( ! circul> zodiac at ,d5d]ah1 ! jackal1 express+ ! "n ,anubis1 8is locat$ at ! pole ( ! equator & obvi\sly repres5ts ! pres5t ,little ,be>40 ,?is & o!r data e/abli% beyond a d\bt t ! cele/ial ,anu1 ,on or ,no1 0 suppos$ to be situat$ 9 ,pol>is & t ! t]re/rial capital 0 int5d$ to be ! c\nt]p>t ( ! app>5t seat ( c5tral rule & gov]nm5t accord+ to fix$ laws & ord] ( rotation4 ,! idea t1 aft] dea?1 ! human s\l liv$ aga9 9 ! cele/ial sph]e is %[n 9 ! foll[+ address to a dep>t$ _s conta9$ 9 ! ,bulak papyrus cit$ by ,brugs*3 8,! images ( ! gods ( ! ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn c\ntries appe> to !e 9 ! ?irty-six nomes2 ?\ goe/ :]e !y are z a p]fect s\l1 ?\ doe/ :at pleases !e 9 ! heav51 ?\ art among/ ! con/ellations ( ! ?irty-six ,beka40 ,?is ^w is r5d]$ by ,brugs* z ! 8,dekane0 9 ,g]man & ,i h be5 unable to f9d its exact equival5t 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,dekanes are allud$ to 9 an inscription f ! ,ptolemaic p]iod cit$ by ,brugs* 7op4 cit4 ,i1 p4 #ace7 z foll[s3 8,!y %9e =? aft] ! sun has set4 ,!y run 9 a circle1 & cont9ually release ea* o!r4 ,!y become app>5t at sunset at h\rs v>y+ ) ! seasons40 ,! ,dekane con/ellations or />s 7 ^? :i* rose at ! beg9n+ ( ea* decade or p]iod ( t5 days1 :i* con/itut$ ! ,egyptian 8week40 ,!re 7 ?irty-six or #di ( ^! 9 ! ,egyptian ye>1 at ! end ( :i* an epact ( five days 0 add$1 ea* day be+ consecrat$ to "o ( ! five *ief gods4 ,def]r+ ! discussion ( ! ,egyptian num]ical cal5d>ic sy/em1 ,i m]ely po9t out "h ! obvi\s agreem5t betwe5 ! numb] ( cele/ial nomes #cf1 ! numb] ( decades 9 ! ye> ( #cfj days to :i* %\ld be add$ ! famili> fact t ea* day & decade _h its special 8god40 ,lay+ /ress ^u ! po9t t 9 anci5t ,egypt we f9d ?irty-six cele/ial1 geographical di/ricts1 correspond+ to ! ?irty-six decades ( ! ye> & to ?irty-six gods1 ,i take pleasure 9 po9t+ out h[ cle>ly ! foll[+ passages ( ,sir ,norman ,locky]'s 8,dawn ( ,a/ronomy0 %[ t ! ?irty-six gods _h z _m human repres5tatives1 prie/s1 :o p]=m$ c]ta9 religi\s rites & homage 9 ! *ief temple 9 a fix$ ord] ( rotation4 8,ev5 at ,phil 9 late times1 9 ! temple ( ,osiris1 !re 7 #cfj b[ls = sacrifices1 :i* 7 fill$ daily ) milk by a specifi$ rotation ( prie/s4 ,at ,acan?us !re 0 a p]=at$ cask into :i* "o ( ! #cfj prie/s p\r$ wat] f ! ,nile daily20 an en=c$ act ( ob$i5ce recall+ ! puni%m5t ( ! daught]s ( ,dana4 ,z ,sir ,norman ,locky] ju/ly rem>ks 8^! temple c]emonials are an evid5ce ( _! antiquity & may be reg>d$ z traditions pres]v$ by ! cons]vative prie/hood40 ,i am incl9$ to reg>d ! above m5tion$ acts ( empty homage z survivals ( conditions /rictly analog\s to ^? :i* exi/$ 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 :]e ea* geographical di/rict ( ! /ate 0 associat$ ) a class ( p "u _! repres5tative1 & a day ( ! cal5d> on :i* obligations t[>ds ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 su* z ! pay+ ( tribute1 _h to be p]=m$ 9 a fix$ ord] ( rotation1 correspond+ to ! annual circuit ( ! circumpol> con/ellations ar\nd ! pole />4 ,dur+ c5turies ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^!1 ,ursa ,major1 l ! h& ( a great cele/ial dial1 mov$ by an unse5 rul+ p[] app>5tly locat$ 9 ,pol>is1 became visible aft] dusk & po9t$ t[>ds ! f\r qu>t]s ( heav5 9 succession1 at int]vals ( n9e decades ( days4 ,z 9 ,*9a & else:]e at ! pres5t day1 its position 0 ref]r$ to z a guide 9 det]m9+ "t1 dur+ ! night1 & ! seasons2 & mank9d became famili>iz$ ) ! idea ( a *angeless inexorable law & ord] gov]n+ ! univ]se & det]m9+ human p]iodical activities1 & ?us directly influ5c+ individual lives4 ,add$ to ?is ! idea ( a heav5ly k+dom1 trav]s$ by ! cele/ial ,nile1 ! ,milky ,way1 & 9 :i* ea* famili> locality 9 ,egypt _h its c\nt]p>t1 x is easy to foll[ ! spread ( ! belief t !re 0 a close connection betwe5 ! />s & _! t]re/rial c\nt]p>ts & t !y directly influ5c$ ! de/9ies ( individuals1 ea* ( :i* _h its p>ticul> /> 9 ! sky4 ,! foll[+ portions ( ! decree inscrib$ ,b4,c4 #bch on ! fam\s tril+ual /ela ( ,canopus1 pres]v$ at ,gizeh1 conta9 :at appe> to me to be di/9ct allusions to ! ideal ( a t]re/rial k+dom1 laid out & gov]n$ 9 accordance ) ! sy/em & fix$ laws obs]v$ z exi/+ 9 ! heav5s & gov]n+ ! movem5ts ( cele/ial bodies4 ,! hi]oglyphic text records ! e/abli%m5t ( fe/ivals 89 accord ) ! exi/+ fundam5tal laws ^u :i* ! heav5s ! movem5ts ( heav5ly bodies are e/abli%$40444 ,! ,greek translation ( ?is passage reads3 8accord+ to ! n[ exi/+ ord] ( ! _w univ]se0 & ! demotic v]sion is3 89 accordance ) ! s*eme1 ^u :i* ! heav5 is e/abli%$ 0 7,brugs*1 op4 cit4 ,i1 p4 #ahj74 ,fur!r facts conc]n+ cele/ial & t]re/rial t]ritorial divisions rema9 to be exam9$ & discuss$4 ,a numb] ( repres5tations exi/ 9 :i* ! figure ( ! sky-goddess1 ,nut1 appe>s z ?\gh /ret*$ across ! vault ( heav51 h] feet re/+ on ! e>? 9 ! ea/ & ! tips ( h] f+]s t\*+ ! horizon 9 ! we/4 ,a /udy ( c]ta9 texts cit$ by ,brugs* cle>ly %[s t x 0 = v practical & s5sible reasons t ! ,egyptian a/ronom]s _h adopt$ ! plan ( an imag9>y human =m /ret*$ across ! nocturnal heav51 z x enabl$ ! position ( con/ellations & />s to be def9itely locat$4 ,lepsius has %[n t1 9 a s]ies ( inscriptions 9 ! tombs ( ,ramses ,,vi & ,ramses ,,ix1 ! movem5ts & positions ( />s are giv5 9 connection ) ! p>ts ( an imag9>y human =m 9 ! sky4 ,x is ?us said ( a /> t x 0 situat$3 89 ! middle ( ! brea/1 9 ! "r eye1 ! left eye1 ! "r e>1 ! left e>1 ! "r arm1 ! left arm1 ! left ?igh40 ,brugs* 7op4 cit4 ,i1 p4 #ahg7 quotes ! op9ion ( ,lepsius t ! p>ts allud$ to 9 ! above inscriptions1 ref]r$ to an imag9>y male figure /ret*$ across ! firmam5t & view$ en face1 & publi%es a !oretical recon/ruction ( ?is imag9>y figure4 ,x recalls t ( a ,buddha & sugge/s ! idea t ! ,egyptian s*ematical figure mu/ h also be5 imag9$ z seat$ on ! /able c5tre ( ! heav54 ,egyptian a/ronomical texts1 :i* ,i %all cite fur!r on1 appe> to me to %[ di/9ctly t ! lotus fl[] 7! "n = fl[] be+ ankh7 0 employ$ to express ! s\nd ankh1 :i* means 8life0 & t x occurs 9 connection ) o!r symbols ( ! pole-/> god4 ,return+ to ! repres5tations ( ,nut /ret*$ across ! sky1 x %\ld be not$ t ?is employm5t ( ! human =m belongs to ! same category z ! ,sph9x1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ! t]re/rial c\nt]p>t ( ! cele/ial s*ematical figure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sign nut1 consi/+ ( a circle ) f\r divisions1 l ! pyramid1 repres5ts ! successful attempt to express ! same ?\ght 9 ab/ract1 geometrical =m1 su* z w\ld be intelligible to an initiat$1 intellectual m9ority only4 ,x w be se5 fur!r on t ,i advance ! view t ! pyramid1 be+ a m9iature reproduction ( ! s*eme ( ! univ]se1 conta9$ a sacr$ c5tral *amb]1 repres5t+ ! sacr$ ,middle1 & t ?is 0 de/9$ to be ! 8h\se ( et]nal repose0 = ! dead k+1 ! repres5tative ( ! univ]sal god4 ,z ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge tells u3 8,if ! deceas$ succe$s 9 pass+ ! ordeal ( judgm5t aft] dea? satisfactorily1 he comes =? at once z a god 7!re is no place ( probation71 he becomes id5tifi$ ) ,osiris1 9 ^: %ape 8 mummy is made0 7,! ,dwell]s on ! ,nile1 p4 #agg74 ,! foll[+ text1 f ! inscription on an amulet f\nd on ! neck ( ! mummy ( a "y girl1 pres]v$ at ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 is expla9$ 9 ! (ficial catalogue ( ! museum 7p4 #cdc71 z signify+ t 8! mummy 0 suppos$ to lie 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ole _w30 8,! sky is lock$ ov] ! e>?1 ! e>? is lock$ ov] ! beyond & ! beyond is lock$ ov] ?is /rong mummy-case ( ! dep>t$ ,osiris-,ha?or-ts5-usire44440 ,z ! 8beyond0 9 ! inscription evid5tly signifies ! 8und]world10 ! idea t ! mummy case1 re/+ on ! e>?1 0 be+ press$ ^u f b5ea? by ! und]world1 & f above by ! sky1 is cle>ly convey$ & is 9 keep+ ) ! sign = univ]se1 already allud$ to1 :i* repres5ts ?ree regions sup]pos$4 ,! 8deification0 ( ! mummy1 :i* is nam$ 8,osiris-,ha?or10 is an int]e/+ in/ance ( ! idea t ! mummy became ! image n only ( ! goddess ,ha?or b also ( ! god ,osiris1 or ,ptah1 :o is usually repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a mummy4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( a k+ 9 a pyramid be+ actually wor%ipp$ & be>+ ! "n ( ,ptah1 add$ to 8 own1 is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie 7op4 cit4 ,,ii1 p4 #beg74 8444 ,! figure ( ! k+ ,teta1 entitl$ ,teta-m]-en-ptah1 is plac$ 9 a triangle1 :i* is sugge/ive ( a pyramid 7z ,m5-nef] is writt5 ) ! same triangle on ?is naos74 ,r ?an suppose a new k+ at ?is p]iod1 we %\ld see 9 ?is ! wor%ip ( a pyramid k+1 ,teta1 ( ! six? dyna/y44440 ,! association ( ,ptah1 :o is reg>d$ z p]haps ! olde/ ( all gods ( ,egypt1 ) ! squ>eptah & ! pyramid & ! mummy1 is ( extreme int]e/1 especially z ,egyptian texts conta9 ref]5ces to 8a s+le god1 :o becomes a quat]n>y ( gods0 7,brugs* ,,ii1 #djh71 & we !re=e see t ! idea ( ,f\r 9 ,"o 0 a famili> "o4 ,! p]sonification ( ,ptah usually consi/s ( a mummy hold+ a sceptre1 express+ /r5g?1 life & /ability4 ,"u ! =m ( ,osiris he usually holds ! curv$ sceptre d5ot+ dom9ion1 beside ! symbols = life1 rule & p[]1 & is entitl$ ! 8"l ( ! holy l&1 "l ( et]nity1 pr9ce ( ev]la/+1 ! presid5t ( ! gods1 & ! head ( ! corridor ( ! tomb40 ,consid]+ t 9 all pyramids hi!rto explor$1 ! corridor ( ! tomb is direct$ t[>ds ,pol>is1 x appe>s obvi\s t ! supreme god ( 8life1 /r5g?1 et]nity1 rule & p[]10 0 a p]sonification ( ,pol>is1 ! /ability ( :i* 0 navely express$ by ! body 9 mummy =m symboliz+ ! absolute repose & immobility ( dea?1 comb9$ ) an animat$ face & ! symbols ( liv+1 active p[]4 ,z ! div9e l& is expressly designat$ z ! div9e l& ( ! nor? 9 a/ronomical texts & t ?is cele/ial region _h its t]re/rial c\nt]p>t1 x is naturally 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 t ! holy l& ( ! nor? mu/ be s\ght4 ,inve/igation spe$ily proves t ! mo/ anci5t ve/iges ( civilization are situat$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,memphis :i*1 "u ! k+s ( ! f\r? & ! six? dyna/ies1 rea*$ its height ( spl5dor4 ,x is 9 ! l& ( ! nor?1 ,meh-ta1 t ! extremely anci5t sev5-/ori$ pyramid ( ,sakkrah lies1 & t !re exi/s ! area ( ab\t ?irty kilomet]s 9 :i* eighty pyramids are conc5trat$1 & :i* con/itutes ! great burial gr\nd ( c\ntless g5]ations ( ,egyptians ( all p]iods4 ,a curi\s detail1 to :i* ,i %all ref] aga91 is ! aff9ity 9 s\nd ( ! "n = 8nor? l&10 ,meh-ta1 & mitdea? or ! dead1 & ! und5iable resemblance ( bo? words to ! ,nahuatl1 anci5t ,mexican mictlan! ,nor?1 or und]world1 f mic-quiztlidea? & tlanl& 7cf4 ,egyptian tal&74 ,9 ,egypt1 z else:]e1 ! we/]n horizon1 bel[ :i* sun1 moon & />s disappe>$1 0 naturally reg>d$ z ! entrance to ! region ( ! und]world4 ,! we/ be+ !re=e designat$ am5-ta1 8! hidd5 or conceal$ l& or region10 x is all ! m significant to f9d ! s+le entrance & exit corridor ( ea* pyramid direct$1 n t[>ds ! we/1 ! und]world1 b t[>ds ! /able c5tre ( ! nor!rn region ( ! sky4 ,x w\ld !re=e seem z ?\gh ! int5tion _h be5 to e/abli% a direct l9e ( communication betwe5 ! tomb *amb] 9 ! c5tre ( ! pyramid & ! div9e 8nor!rn l& ( ,god10 ! sacr$ m\nta9 ,manu & ! %9+ cele/ial city ,anu1 ly+ 8betwe5 ! ea/ & we/10 i4 e4 9 ! ,middle1 :]e ! supreme />-god dwelt 9 et]nal repose4 ,an int]e/+ pro( t ! long+ ( ! s\ls ( ! dead t5d$ t[>ds ! nor? is furni%$ by ! common pray]-=mula3 8may my s\l 444 inhale ! nor?-w9d & dr9k f ! /ream40 ,be=e advanc+ fur!r1 ! foll[+ au?oritative /atem5ts1 e/abli%+ ! supremacy ( pole-/> cult 9 anci5t ,egypt1 %\ld be pres5t$4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,norman ,locky]1 8,x seems extremely probable t ! wor%ip ( circumpol> con/ellations w5t on 9 ,babylonia z well z 9 ,egypt 9 ! e>lie/ times we c get at0 7op4 cit4 p4 #cfc74 8,!re c be no "q t ! *ief anci5t con/ellation 9 ! ,nor? 0 ! ,great ,be> or1 z x 0 !n pictur$1 ! ,?igh 7,meskhet70 7p4 #baf74 8,9 ! exact c5tre ( ! circul> zodiac ( ,d5d]ah we f9d ! jackal ,anubis locat$ at ! pole ( ! equator3 x obvi\sly repres5ts ! pres5t ,little ,be>0 7p4 #cfb74 8,) reg>d to ,anubis1 x is q c]ta9 t ! sev5 />s 9 ,ursa ,m9or make a v good jackal ) p5d5t tail1 z g5]ally repres5t$ by ! ,egyptians & t !y =m ! ne>e/ compact con/ellation to ! pole ( ! ecliptic44440 ,sir ,norman ,locky] adds t he is in=m$ by ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge t 8,an 0 an old "n ( ! sun-god10 b also /ates1 9 ano!r page ( 8 "w t 8! wor%ip ( ,anubis1 z god ( ! dead or ! night god 444 0 supreme until ! "t ( ,m5-kau-ra1 ! build] ( ! ?ird pyramid ( ,gizeh0 7,b4,c4 #cfcc1 ,brugs*2 ,b4,c4 #dajj1 ,m>iette2 p4 #cfc74 ,p5d+ ! production ( a/ronomical texts :i* amply demon/rate t ,an 0 a "n ( a god ( ! night sun1 ,pol>is1 ! foll[+ e/abli%es t1 at ,annu or ,heliopolis1 9 remote/ antiquity & among/ ! pyramid build]s1 ! cult ( a nor!rn /> prevail$4 8,! fir/ civilization z yet glimps$1 s f> z temple build+ goes1 9 ,nor!rn ,egypt1 repres5t$ by t at ,annu1 or ,heliopolis1 0 a civilization :i* comb9$ ! cult ( a nor!rn /> ) a non-equ9octial sol> wor%ip04444 8,i "k n :e!r ! simil>ity 9 ! words ,anu1 ,annu & ,an results m]ely f a co9cid5ce1 b x is c]ta9ly s+ul> t ! mo/ anci5t temples 9 ,l[] ,egypt 7,heliopolis & ,d5d]ah7 %\ld be call$ ,annu or ,an1 if !re be no connection ) ! ,babylonian god ,anu0 7,locky]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cba74 ,! well-kn[n fact t ! entrance passage to ! e>lie/ pyramid kn[n1 t ( ,m$um1 & ( all pyramids hi!rto explor$1 has n only be5 f\nd on ! nor? face ( ! /ructure b is also believ$ to h ori5t$ t[>ds 8,sut-anup10 ! pole-/> 7( ! p]iod ( its con/ruction71 unque/ionably proves t ! pyramid build]s assign$ a p>ticul> importance to ! nor?4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ,sir ,norman ,locky]'s "w = a mass ( valuable & int]e/+ in=mation conc]n+ ! ori5tation ( ,egyptian temples1 ,i m]ely quote ! foll[+ /atem5ts :i* n only %[ t ?r\gh\t ,l[] ,egypt nor?-/> wor%ip exi/$1 b also e/abli% ! int]e/+ & important fact t 9 ,upp] ,egypt a totally diff]5t a/ronomical cult 0 c>ri$ out dur+ an unkn[n l5g? ( "t4 8,x is an important fact to be> 9 m9d t 9 ! ,nor? ( ,egypt1 9 e>ly times1 ! /ell> temples 7 m p>ticul>ly direct$ to ! nor?1 :ile s\? ( ,!bes1 s f> z ,i "k1 !re is only "o temple s direct$0 7p4 #bbe74444 8,f ! a/ronomical po9t ( view 444 !re are di/9ctly two s]ies ( temples & monum5ts 9 g5]al1 7leav+ out ( consid]ation ! great pyramid build]s at ,gizeh7 absolutely dissimil> a/ronomically2 444 !re are at lea/ two sets ( temple-build]s1 "o go+ up ! riv] build+ temples to ! nor? />s1 ! o!r go+ d[n ! riv] build+ temples to ! s\? />s2 & ! two /reams practically met at ,!bes1 or at all ev5ts !y 7 bo? v fully repres5t$ !re ei!r toge!r or successively40 ,sir ,norman ,locky] proce$s to say3 8,! d\ble orig9 ( ! p ?us sugge/$ on a/ronomical gr\nds may be ! reason ( ! "n ( #8d\ble c\ntry1' us$ especially 9 ! titles ( k+s1 ( ! employm5t ( two cr[ns1 & f9ally ( ! suppos$ sov]eignty ( ,set ov] ! nor?1 & ( ,horus ov] ! s\? divisions ( ! k+dom0 7op4 cit4 p4 #cde74 8,9 %ort1 9 ,l[] ,egypt ! temples are po9t$ to ris+ />s ne> ! nor? po9t ( ! horizon1 or sett+ nor? ( we/4 ,9 ,upp] ,egypt we deal *iefly ) temples direct$ to />s ris+ 9 ! s\!a/1 or sett+ l[ 9 ! s\?we/4 ,"h aga9 we are 9 pres5ce ( 444 di/9ct diff]5ces ( a/ronomical ?\ght44440 7p4 #cda74 8,) reg>d to ! nor!rn />s obs]v$ ris+ 9 high amplitudes1 we h f\nd traces ( _! wor%ip 9 times s remote t 9 all probability at ,annu & ,d5d]ah ,urs ,majoris 0 us$ be=e x became circumpol>4 ,we deal almo/ c]ta9ly ) #ejjj ,b4,c4444 ,new temples ) ne>ly simil> amplitudes 444 7 built at lat] times 444 x may be sugge/$ t ! /ell> obs]vations made 9 !m _h ultimately to d ) ! det]m9ation ( ! h\rs ( ! night2 ?is seems probable1 = 9 ,nubia at pres5t1 "t at night is ?us told40 8,x is possible t obs]vations ( ^! />s :i* are ne>e/ ! pole & move mo/ sl[ly might h be5 made 9 su* a way t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ev5+ ! p>ticul> position ( ,draconis1 = in/ance1 might h be5 not$ ) reg>d to ! pole-/>2 & see+ t ! ,egyptians ?or\ghly knew ! l5g? ( ! night & ( ! day 9 ! diff]5t portions ( ! ye>1 !y c\ld at once1 ! mom5t !y _h ! />t+-po9t af=d$ by ! position ( ?is />1 practically use ! circle ( ! />s r\nd ! nor? pole z ! dial ( a sort ( cele/ial clock4 ,may n ?is really h be5 ! clock ) :i* !y h be5 cr$it$8 ,h[ev] long or %ort ! night1 ! /> :i* 0 at fir/ above ! pole-/> aft] x _h got r\nd s t x 0 on a level ) x1 w\ld h gone ?r\gh a qu>t] ( its revolution4 ,9 l[ nor!rn latitudes1 h[ev]1 ! s\!rn />s w\ld s]ve bett] = ?is purpose1 s9ce ! circle ( nor!rn circumpol> />s w\ld be mu* re/rict$4 ,h5ce !re 0 a reason 9 su* latitudes = pref]r+ s\!rn />s4 ,) reg>d bo? to high nor? & s\? />s1 !n1 we may 9 bo? cases be 9 pres5ce ( obs]vations made to det]m9e ! "t at night4 ,s t ! wor%ip ( ,set1 ! det]m9ation ( ! "t at night by means ( ! nor!rn />s1 might h be5 little popul> ) ^? :o at ,gebel ,b>kal & else:]e 9 ! s\? _h us$ ! s\!rn ones = ! same purpose 4440 7p4 #cdd74 ,valuable & sugge/ive z ^! obs]vations are1 ,i v5ture to po9t out t ! foll[+ texts appe> to indicate v cle>ly t1 z 9 ,*9a & ,mesopotamia1 9 ! pres5t day1 ! anci5t ,egyptian high-prie/ & k+ on important public occasions simply utiliz$ ! conspicu\s con/ellation ( ,ursa ,major z a measur] ( "t4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! c]emonial us$ at ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation ( ! temple at ,edf1 x is /at$ t ! k+'s glance 0 direct$ to ! ,ak or 8,middle0 & to ,meskhet,ursa ,major4 ,a "p ( ! full translation ( ! inscription quot$ f ,niss5 by ,sir ,norman ,locky] 7op4 cit41 pp4 #agf & #agi7 repres5ts ! k+ z speak+1 ?us3 8,look+ to ! sky & recogniz+ ! 'ak' ( ! ,bull's ,?igh con/ellation1 ,i e/abli% ! corn]s ( ! temple ( ,h] ,maje/y40 ,x is fur!r said 8,) 8 glance direct$ t[>ds ! #8ak' ( ! ,bull's ,?igh con/ellation he ! k+ e/abli%es ! temple h\se ( ! mi/ress ( ,d5d]ak1 z took place !re be=e40 ,hav+ f\nd out1 by ref]r+ to ,egyptian diction>ies1 t er-ak means 89 ! middle10 & em-aka 89 ! mid/ or middle10 :ile ,hak 0 a ^w employ$ = 8k+10 ,i sugge/ t ^! mean+s af=d a diff]5t & mu* m simple explanation ( ! 8ak0 m5tion$ 9 ! inscription ?an t giv5 by ,sir ,norman ,locky] & ,dmi*54 ,9 deal+1 fur!r on1 ) ! a/ronomical signs & names associat$ ) ! pole ( ! ecliptic1 ,i %all1 moreov]1 po9t out t ! bullka1 employ$ z an a/ronomical symbol ( ,ursa ,major1 may h be5 adopt$ z a cryptic sign = ,pol>is1 m]ely because its "n conta9$ ! lett]s ( ! ^w ak! ,middle4 ,! recurr5ce ( ! same lett]s 9 ,hakk+ seems to expla9 also :y ! k+ ( ,egypt 0 entitl$ 8! bull40 ,return+ to ! inscription relat+ to ! c]emony ( lay+ ! f\ndation /one2 9 o!r texts cit$ by ,sir ,norman ,locky] we f9d ! k+ say+3 8,i h grasp$ ! wood5 peg /ake & ! h&le ( ! club2 ,i hold ! rope ) ,se%eta 8 female consort4 ,my glance foll[s ! c\rse ( ! />s2 my eye is on ,meskhet2 /&+ z divid] ( "t by 8 measur+ in/rum5t0 7,duemi*5's v]sion7 or 8m9e is ! "p ( "t ( ! numb] ( ! h\r-clock 0 7,brugs*'s v]sion74 ,9 ano!r "p ! k+ says 8444 ,i let my glance ent] ! con/ellation ( ! ,?igh 7repres5t+ ! divid] ( "t at 8 measur+ in/rum5t70 7,duemi*5's translation7 or 8! "p ( my "t /&s 9 ! place ( 8 h\r-clock0 7,brugs*'s translation74 ,sir ,norman ,locky] notes t 8! ^w m]e* or m]e*et1 9 :i* ,brugs* suspects h\r or wat]-clock1 does n occur else:]e40 ,:atev] diff]5ces !re may be 9 ! ,brugs* & ,duemi*5 translations & ! int]pretations ( ! ^w ak1 ! above texts e/abli% t ! ,egyptian k+ direct$ 8 glance to 8! ,middle0 & t ! con/ellation ,meskhet,ursa ,major 0 connect$ ) "t-measurem5t & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! temple4 ,z ,i %all %[ fur!r on1 ! 8,se%eta10 m5tion$ 9 ! text z p]=m+ ! c]emony ) ! k+1 appe>s to be n a 8my?ical goddess10 z ,sir ,norman ,locky] inf]s1 b ! liv+ 8div9e que510 & consort ( ! k+4 ,%e is repres5t$ ) ! insignia ( ,isis1 :]eas he we>s ! cr[n ( ,osiris1 & ,i note t :ile %e holds h] /ake 9 h] left1 he holds 8 9 8 "r h&4 ,def]r+ a discussion ( ! position ( ,egyptian que5s1 ,i po9t out "h t1 9 ! int]e/+ description ( a f\ndation c]emonial1 pres]v$ 9 an inscription relat+ to ! rebuild+ ( a temple at ,abydos1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #achj1 ! ,se%eta1 entitl$ ! 8mi/ress ( ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation /one10 seems to h be5 ! *ief actor1 s9ce x is %e :o addresses ! k+1 z foll[s3 8,! hamm] 9 my h& 0 ( gold1 z ,i /ruck ! peg ) x1 & ?\ wa/ ) me 9 ?y capacity ( ,h>p$onapt 84 ,?y h& held ! spade dur+ ! fix+ ( its ! temple's f\r corn]s ) accuracy by ! f\r supports ( heav50 7,locky]1 p4 #age74 ,! 8f\r supports ( heav50 ref]r$ to "h are obvi\sly 8! gods ,me/ha1 ,hapi1 ,tuamautef & ,qebhs5nuf10 :o are record$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead 7*apt] #ag7 z be+ 8^? :i* f9d !mselves beh9d ! con/ellation ( ! ,?igh 9 ! nor!rn heav540 ,9 an inscription 9 ! k+s' graves at ,!bes m5tion is made ( ! 8f\r ,nor!rn ,g5ii :o are ! f\r gods ( #8! foll[]' obvi\sly a circumpol> con/ellation0 7,locky]1 p4 #adg74 ,!y seem to be also id5tical ) ! 8f\r con/ellations ,akhemusek :i* are f\nd 9 ! nor!rn heav5s10 & ! 8sailors or o>sm5 9 ! b>k ( ,ra10 m5tion$ 9 ! same & 9 _m o!r inscriptions4 ,! f\r 8gods0 are repres5t$ ) human bodies respectively surm\nt$ by ! head ( a man1 an ape1 a jackal & a hawk & are id5tical ) ! 8g5ii ( ! dead10 repres5t$ on ! canopic vases plac$ at ! f\r corn]s ( ! bi]4 ,9 ?is connection att5tion is drawn to h[ cle>ly ! symbolism ( ! mortu>y cu/oms becomes app>5t :5 x is realiz$ t ! mummy1 ! image ( ,ptah-,osiris1 & ( ! pole-/> god1 0 laid to 8et]nal re/0 9 an imag9>y 8sacr$ c5tre10 obta9$ by navely plac+ ! effigies ( ! gods ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 ! p]sonifications ( ! 8f\r />s ( ! nor!rn heav510 at ! corn]s ( ! bi]4 ,! same dom9ant ?\ght :i* und]lies ! popul> use ( ! canopic vases cle>ly l$ to ! build+ ( ! va/ pyramids :i* con/itut$ ! sacr$ 8c5tres ( ! _w0 p> excell5ce1 ! squ>e base typify+ ! f\r regions & 8corn]s0 ( ! e>?2 ! triangul> sides ! f\r divisions ( ! sky1 :i* conv]ge to a s+le ,middle1 associat$ ) ,pol>is1 ! sacr$ pole or ak ( ! ,cosmos4 ,return+ to ! subject ( ! measurem5t ( "t by means ( ! circumpol> con/ellations1 x is in/ructive to f9d t ! ,egyptian det]m9ative sign = 8"t0 consi/s ( a c5tral dot ) a circle drawn ar\nd x & to note t ! only cele/ial body t c\ld be accurately figur$ z occupy+ ! c5tre ( a circle describ$ ar\nd x is ! primitive sun1 ,pol>is4 ,! ,egyptian = 8"t0 is rek1 an inv]sion ( k]! night1 ! common sign = :i* is a b&1 figur+ ! sky1 f ! c5tre ( :i* a /> is susp5d$ by a ?read4 ,z ! /> is usually =m$ by two l9es1 diagonally cross$1 at ! end ( ! ?read1 !re is a /rong temptation to see 9 ! hang+ s+le /> an actual repres5tation ( a cross symbol4 ,x is p>ticul>ly /rik+ to f9d 9 ,brugs*'s "w1 t ! det]m9ative = "t is actually repres5t$1 9 num]\s cases1 z close to ! s+le hang+ /> 7fig4 #fb1 #i74 ,i leave x to ! read] to =m 8 own conclusions :e!r ?is gr\p repres5ts ,pol>is & ! circuit ( "t measur$ by ! circumpol> con/ellations1 or :e!r x m]ely repres5ts1 z ,brugs* /ates1 ! w9t] sol/ice1 i4 e4 ! day sun 9 ! nocturnal sky4 ,!re exi/s a rem>kable v>iant ( ! det]m9ative ( "t1 :i* ,i %all discuss m fully fur!r on4 ,in/ead ( a m]e dot1 a five-po9t$ /> is di/9ctly figur$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! circle 7fig4 #fb1 #ab74 ,?is v>iant furni%es1 9 my op9ion1 conv9c+ pro( ( ! mean+ ( ! det]m9ative = "t1 :i* also con/itut$ ! well-kn[n sign = ,ragod1 & =ms a "p ( ! "n ( ! supreme div9ity ( ,egypt1 ,am51 or ,amon or ,amun ,ra1 ! 8hidd5 or secret god10 ^: "n contradicts ! curr5t assumption t ,ra signifies ! diurnal sun m]ely1 & t ,am5-,ra 0 a 8sol>0 deity4 ,! foll[+ texts relat+ to ! 8supreme true b hidd5 god0 amply demon/rate t ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( 8 cult 0 t x 0 %r\d$ 9 secrecy & my/ification4 ,o!rs1 :i* ,i %all quote f>!r on1 all[ u cle>ly to p]ceive t individuals 7 oblig$ to pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( initiations into ! mean+s ( cabali/ic signs & symbols ( ! div9ity be=e !y atta9$ ! pure k ( ! nature ( ! my/]i\s1 8hidd5 div9ity40 ,on read+ ! texts ( ! fam\s 8,book ( ! ,dead0 x has frequ5tly occurr$ to me t ! negative confession & judgm5t ( ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ may orig9ally signify ! actual confession & judgm5t ( an applicant = initiation into ! secrets ( ! prie/hood & ! a/ronomical & !ological k !y s rigidly gu>d$ f ! ignorant multitude4 ,! highe/ k & mo/ pr(\nd secret !y c\ld imp>t 0 d\btlessly ! ackn[l$gm5t & p]ception ( ! exi/5ce ( a supreme p[] :i* gov]n$ ! univ]se on a c]ta9 plan1 :i* ! rul]s ( ! l& ( ,egypt endeavor$ to apply to its organization & gov]nm5t 9 ord] to make x a cele/ial k+dom ^u e>?4 ,! rigidly-adh]$-to policy ( ! rul+ ca/e 01 h[ev]1 ! %r\d+ & concealm5t ( _! /ore ( k f ! un9itiat$ & ! gradual admission ( select individuals to ! inn] *amb]s ( secrecy4 ,! foll[+ texts %[ t ev5 ! true "n ( ! supreme div9ity 0 wrapp$ 9 imp5etrable my/]y1 b ! assumption t we are deal+ ) a pole-/> god seems to enable u to p5etrate ! obscurity ( ! =mul employ$ by ! scribes to veil ! true mean+ ( ! texts4 ,beg9n+ ) ! hymn publi%$ by ,mr4 ,wallis ,budge1 9 8 useful h&book1 8,! ,nile107#aaj7 we f9d ,am5-,ra address$ z 8,k+1 ,"o among ! gods1 myriad are 8 names1 h[ _m are !y1 is n kn[n 444 ! "l ( ,law1 ^: %r9e is hidd51 444 ^: "n is hidd5 f 8 *ildr5 9 8 "n ,am540444 ,9 ! leg5d ( ,ra & ,isis 7,x,xth dyna/y7 he is designat$ z 8! god div9e1 ! creator ( himself1 ! creator ( heav51 e>?1 brea? ( life1 fire1 gods1 m51 bea/s1 cattle1 reptiles1 f[l ( ! air1 fi%1 k+ ( m5 & gods1 9 =m "o1 to :om p]iods are z ye>s1 _m ( names1 n kn[n are !y1 n "k !m ! gods407#aaa7 ,! my/]i\s supreme god is fur!r spok5 ( 9 ! hymn z 444 8! "l ( ! uru cr[n1 exalt$ ( ! plumes2 ! s]p5t ,meh51 & ! two uri are ! 7ornam5ts7 ( 8 face44440 ,m5tion is likewise made ( 8 lord%ip ov] ! ,sekti boat 7:i* sail$ f ! place ( ris+ 9 ! ,ea/7 & ! ,atet boat 7:i* sail$ to ! place ( sett+ 9 ! ,we/72 he is also address$ z ! 8god ,khep]a 9 8 boat40 ,9 _m passages he is app>5tly id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 8! eye ( ,horus10 b is at ! same "t1 also address$ z ,ani1 ! "l ( ! ,new ,moon fe/ival & he is t]m$ 8! "l ( all ! gods ^: appe>ances are 9 ! horizon40 ,8 all-embrac+ nature is cle>ly convey$ by ! passages t]m+ him 8! mak] & "l ( ?+s :i* are bel[ & ( ?+s :i* are above20 8( ! heav5 & e>?40 ,! above evid5ce suffices to %[ t1 on ! "o h&1 ,am5-,ra is con/antly ref]r$ to z ! 8,"o god1 )\t a second1 ! k ( ^: nature is conceal$ f m5 & gods1 :o reveals himself 9 innum]able =ms2 :o ex]ts hidd5 control & univ]sal dom9ion & is associat$ ) /ability & p[]1 "t & et]nity40 ,on ! o!r h&1 /ress is laid on 8 dual nature3 ,am5-,ra is bi-sexual & self-creative2 alt]nately becomes light & d>kness2 & ! sun & moon are ! eyes ( 8 8hidd5 face10 :i*1 lit]ally translat$1 yields ,am5-,hra4 ,9 ! hymn previ\sly cit$ he is also t]m$ ! 8"l ( ! sky1 ! e/abli%] ( all ?+s1 444 ! ext5d] ( foot-/eps4444 ,"o 9 8 times z among ! gods44440 ,he is apo/rophiz$ z 8! mak] ( ! gods1 :o ha/ /ret*$ out ! heav5s & f\nd$ ! e>?10 8! *ief :o make/ ! e>? l unto himself104444 8,presid5t ( ! great cycle ( ! gods1 only "o )\t 8 second 444 liv+ 9 ,law e day4444 ,o ,=m1 "o1 creator ( all ?+s1 ,o "o only1 mak] ( exi/5ces 444 he give? ! brea? ( life to 7! g]m7 9 ! egg4444 ,hail to !e1 ?\ only "o6444 ,he wat*es all p :o sleep 444 all p adore !e4444 ,o ?\ 444 ! untir+ wat*]1 ,amsu-am5 "l ( et]nity1 ! ,mak] ( ,law44440 ,ano!r passage /ates3 8! at5 7disk7 is ?y body0 7i4 e4 image or symbol74 ,9 ! leg5d ( ,ra & ,isis1 quot$ above1 ! god is made to say ( himself3 8,i am ! mak] ( ! h\rs1 ! creator ( days1 ,i am ! op5] ( ! fe/ivals ( ! ye>4444 ,i am he :o :5 he op5s 8 eyes i4 e4 ! sun & moon become? light1 :5 he %utte? 8 two eyes1 become? d>kness40 ,brugs* tells u t ,ra1 :om he accepts z ! day-sun1 0 address$ z ! ma/] ( d\ble or two-fold =ce1 :o illum9ates ! _w ) 8 two eyes & 80 symboliz$ by two lions40 ,fur!r on ,i %all quote facts e/abli%+ t ! k+ & que5 ( ,egypt 7 respectively nam$ ! "r & left eye ( ,am5-,ra1 7 associat$ ) sun & moon1 reg>d$ z ! p]sonifications ( ,osiris & ,isis1 & t ^! deities 7 repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( uru s]p5ts ) human heads1 & t ! two s]p5ts 7 employ$ z symbols ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,mr4 ,wallis ,budge in=ms u t ,am5-,ra 0 nam$ 8bull 444 9 ?y "n ( #8,am5 bull ( 8 "m1' & t he 0 entitl$ #8"l ( ! ?rones ( ! two l&s2' #8k+ ( ! gods2' #8mak] ( mortals2' #8mighty law4' 0 ,9 "o ( 8 =ms he is repres5t$ z we>+ horns 7an allusion to duality & ! title ( bull7 & fea!rs 7matmaatlaw7 & hold+ ! emblems ( /ability1 p[]1 dom9ion & rule4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #fb4 ,be=e demon/rat+ t ! *ief a/ronomical signs ( ! ,egyptian zodiac p>take ( ! nature ( a rebus & express ! s\nd ( ! v>i\s attributes & titles & "s ( ! 8myriad ( names0 ( ! 8hidd5 god10 conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ texts1 ,i po9t out h[ cle>ly ! conception ( ,am5-,ra1 z %[n 9 ^! hymns & invocations1 is consi/5t ) a pole-/> orig94 ,we h1 moreov]1 ! au?oritative op9ion ( ,brugs* t 8! hi]oglyph & "n ,ra did n only ref] to ! day-sun1 b also designat$ c]ta9 brilliant />s10 :i* he presumes to be ! planets 7op4 cit4 ,i1 p4 #gi74 ,?is id5tification ( ! "n ,ra ) />s involunt>ily obliges "o to recall ! ,sanscrit t>a/> :ile ! ,*9ese employm5t ( a pla9 circle to designate 8/>10 also f9ds its analogy4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! hi]oglyphic signs & symbols ( ,ra & note h[ intelligible !y become :5 ! god is id5tifi$ z ,pol>is4 ,! foll[+ 7fig4 #fb7 are "s ( ! modes 9 :i* ! "n ,ra is f\nd express$ 9 texts publi%$ 9 ,mr4 ,wallis ,budge's 8,fir/ /eps 9 ,egyptian30 ,fig4 #fb1 #a4 ,by a dot 9 ! c5tre ( a circle1 ! det]m9ative ( 8"t40 #b4 ,by ! latt] accompani$ by ! image ( a seat$ god & ! num]al #a4 #c4 ,idem1 p>tly surr\nd$ by a s]p5t 9 motion & accompani$ by ! num]al #a4 #d4 ,! s]p5t & circle on ! head ( a hawk-head$ seat$ god4 ,to ^! are add$ = purposes ( comp>ison #e4 ,! circle ) two uri4 #f4 ,idem1 to :i* a s+le uru & a w+ are atta*$4 #g4 ,idem1 ) two uri & two w+s4 #h4 ,idem1 ) "o w+4 #i4 ,idem1 accompani$ by ! num]al "o & ! sign = heav51 to :i* a cross-%ap$ /> is hang+4 #aj4 ,idem1 re/+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! summit ( a tw9 m\nta94 #aa4 ,idem1 re/+ 9 ! c5tre ( a boat4 #ab4 ,idem1 ) a c5tral /> in/ead ( a dot con/itut+ ! ^w duat8l[] hemisph]e0 7,brugs*74 #ac4 ,! v>iant ( ?is1 cit$ by ,brugs*4 #ad4 ,! disk conta9+ a s+le eye4 ,my prolong$ /udy ( ! anci5t ,mexican picture-writ+s hav+ giv5 me ! habit ( reg>d+ ea* primitive symbol z a possible rebus l$ me to look up ! phonetic values ( ! symbols comb9$ ) ! ,ra sign & to note t "s ( !m 7 actually m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,am5-,ra 9 ! texts cit$ above1 namely3 ! face1 ! eye1 ! egg1 ! uru1 ! disk1 ! 8s]p5t ,meh540 ,x 0 a surprise to f9d1 on simply ref]r+ to ! gloss>ies1 t ! "n = uruara & t eyeari2 an eggar 7also sa1 se1 & suht72 facehra2 ea* ^w ?us conta9+ ! "n ,ragod1 9 simple or inv]t$ =m 7see fig4 #fc1 #a-d74 ,! natural inf]5ce 0 t ,i _h obta9$ an insight into ! me?od devis$ by ! +5i\s ,egyptian prie/hood1 to express1 9 cryptic =m1 ! "n ( ! 8hidd5 god40 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #fc4 ,fur!r glimpses ( light seem$ obta9$ :5 ,i f\nd t1 z writt5 by ,g]man ,egyptologi/s1 ! det]m9ative = div9ity1 ! bann]nut>1 not>1 net>1 or net]1 n only express$ ! same s\nd z ! ^w nut1 b also conta9$ ! lett]s 8r0 & 8a0 7#e74 ,! diskatun1 aton or at5 might also be reg>d$ z an anagram1 be+ ! inv]t$ =m ( nut>1 m9us ! la/ lett] 7#f74 ,! names = w+ 7#g7 be+ tun1 ton or t51 ! w+ atta*$ to ! disk con/itut$ a complem5t>y sign1 duplicat+ ! f9al syllable4 ,at ! same "t1 z a second "n = w+ 0 meh1 or mah 7cf4 mat & its synonym sufea!r71 !re seem$ to be an explanation ( ! 8s]p5t meh50 appli$ to ,am5-,ra & ! possibility t x signifi$ ! 8w+$ s]p5t10 su* z is frequ5tly depict$ 9 texts publi%$ by ,brugs* 7#h74 ,x 0 obvi\s t ! uruara & ! w+ meh1 w\ld =m an +5i\s anagram express+1 by means ( ! signs1 a-meh-ra1 ! "n ,am5-,ra4 ,! con/antly recurr+ =m ( ! ,ra sign1 9 :i* ! s]p5t is repres5t$ z glid+ ar\nd ! circle1 enclos+ ! c5tral po9t ( fixity1 naturally sugge/s ! inf]5ce t ?is v>iant mu/ h be5 adopt$ at a "t :5 ! con/ellation ,draco1 ! 8,old s]p5t10 or 8,nakkas* qodmun10 0 circumpol> & 0 equally famili>1 "u ?is "n1 to ! ,egyptian & ,euphratean a/ronom]s4 ,?is inf]5ce seems to be confirm$ by ! fact t1 9 ! hymn to ,am5-,ra1 cit$ above1 ! "n ,nak is giv5 to 8! s]p5t ) knives /uck 9 8 back10 :o1 accord+ to ! my?1 0 ! demon ( night & ! enemy ( ! sun-god1 ! rul] ( day4 ,! fact t1 9 ! temple ( ,am5-,ra at ,!bes1 a s]vice 0 recit$ daily = ! de/ruction ( ! s]p5t ,nak by ,horus1 appe>s to indicate ! gr[? ( ! idea ( a combat betwe5 light & d>kness & ! dual =ces ( nature1 :i* w\ld naturally t5d to create ! ?\ght ( an antagonism exi/+ n only betwe5 ! sexes1 b also betwe5 ! two divisions ( ,egypt & ! sep>ate cults ( ! nocturnal heav5 7,pol>is & ! moon7 & ! diurnal heav5 7! sun74 ,9 ! li/ ( fe/ivals1 dat+ f ! ,ptolemaic p]iod & inscrib$ 9 ! temple at ,edfu1 !re are m5tion$3 8! fe/ival ( ! end or po9t ( ! triangle10 simultane\s ) t ( 8! s]p5t ,nai or ,na10 imm$iately foll[$ by 8! fe/ivals ( ! #8t5a'at581 & ( ! great s]p5t ,na10 & 8( ! ,k5! fe/ival ( d>kness1 & ( ! r$ s]p5t ,na0 7,brugs* op4 cit4 ,i1 p4 #ea74 ,comm5t+ ^u ! above names ,i draw att5tion to ! curi\s fact t 9 ! above ^w k51 we seem to h ! inv]sion ( nak1 ! "n ( ! 8night-s]p5t0 & t na is actually ! inv]sion ( ! ^w an1 :i* signifies 8he :o turns or w9ds himself ar\nd40 ,i %all %[ fur!r on1 9 a/ronomical texts1 t ?is "n is actually id5tifi$ ) ! pole4 ,:5 ^! facts are borne 9 m9d ! full import ( ! famili> ,egyptian symbol = et]nitytet1 becomes cle>4 ,x consi/s ( ! image ( a mummy1 symboliz+ fixity1 ar\nd :i* a great s]p5t is w9d+ itself1 convey+ ! idea ( circl+ motion 7fig4 #fc1 #i & #aj74 ,x is well kn[n t ?is gr\p symboliz$ et]nitytet & ! sign is always int]pret$ z express+ ! s\nd tet4 ,if analyz$ m closely1 h[ev]1 & int]pret$ z a rebus1 x appe>s to yield a fund ( deep] mean+4 ,! s]p5t ,na furni%es ! ^w ,an! w9d] or he :o moves ar\nd4 ,l9k$ to "o ( ! names = mummysah1 ! gr\p might be read z ,an-sah1 a "n :i* invites comp>ison ) ,an%>1 ! ,assyrian pole-/> god :o 0 said to %oot arr[s 9 all directions1 i4 e4 to turn ar\nd1 & ! ,akkadian title = ,ursa ,major1 ,akanna! ,"l ( ,heav54 ,! second "n = mummy1 giv5 9 ,mr4 ,wallis ,budge's ,nile1 is tut1 ! exact ^w :i* signifies 8to eng5d]10 :i* expla9s :y images ( ! creator %\ld h be5 made 9 mummy =m4 ,! ^w tut directs att5tion to ! "n ( ! god ,tehuti,?o?1 8! ,measur]10 a "n to be weigh$ 9 connection ) ! fact t "t 0 measur$ by ! circumpol> con/ellations4 ,x does n appe> impossible t ! ^w khatcorpse may also h be5 br\ght into use 9 ! rebus & furni%$ an anagram or allusion to ! ak or c5tre4 ,! o!r well-kn[n symbol = et]nity1 i4 e4 /ability1 is ! column tet1 repres5t+ a pill> usually consi/+ ( f\r or five p>ts 7fig4 #fc1 #aa74 ,x appe>s hi!rto to h escap$ att5tion t ! ,egyptian = h& be+ tet1 ! h&1 employ$ z a rebus1 w\ld actually express ! "n = et]nity & may well h be5 employ$ z a secret sign = ! div9e c5tre1 et]nal /ability & ! sacr$ numb] five1 consi/+ ( ! ,middle & ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 symboliz$ by ! f+]s & ?umb 7fig4 #fc1 #ab74 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! int]e/+ fact t1 9 hi]atic script1 ! h& express$ ! s\nd 8a0 :i* means 8p[]0 :ile aagreat1 aatgreat & mighty1 aamighty "o4 ,to ^? initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies ( hi]oglyphic writ+ ! h& ?us cle>ly con/itut$ a rebus1 express+ ! et]nal1 p]man5t1 /able1 great1 mighty p[]1 "o yet d\ble & f\rfold1 ! sacr$ five 9 "o1 ! ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s47#aab7 ,! foll[+ is a gr\p ( animal & o!r figures1 :i* are repeat$1 ) v>iations ( =m1 comb9ation & position1 9 ! diff]5t zodiacs4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #fd4 ,! pr9cipal & ! phonetic values ( _! names are figur$ z foll[s3 ! ?ighu>t1 khepes or maskhet2 ! bull1 ox or c[ka1 ah1 aua2 ! hawkbak1 designat$ z an1 kh] or heu,horus2 ! cynocephalus ape & phallusaaani & ka2 ! lionmahes2 ! jackal 7anubis7 uh] or sabi2 ! scorpiont>t or s]khet2 ! crocodilesebek1 also amsuk or emsuh1 & seta2 ! vase or j>nu 7cf4 nut72 ! female hippopotamustebt1 %[n by ,dr4 ,g5sl] to h be5 associat$ ) ! "n m5atnurse1 %e :o nurses 7see ,brugs* ,i1 p4 #acj74 ,illu/ration4 ,plate ,v4 ,9 ! ,edfu zodiac1 ! latt]1 ^: "n furni%es an anagram ( am5hidd51 is repres5t$ ) ! ,ra sign on h] head & holds a cord to :i* ! con/ellation ( ,ursa ,major is atta*$4 ,?is is figur$1 ) its sev5 />s1 z ! ?igh 7pl4 ,v1 #b71 ) ! head ( a bull1 elem5ts :i* furni% ! phonetic values ( u>t1 khepes or maskhet & aua1 ka or ah1 to :i* %\ld be add$ t ! ,egyptian mode ( say+ 8a bull0ua en ka1 lit]ally 8"o ( bull10 ! female =m be+ 8uat en ka0 7see ,wallis ,budge1 ,fir/ /eps 9 ,egyptian74 ,aft] hav+ /udi$ ! hymns & invocations to ,am5-,ra we are aw>e1 n only t ! 8hidd5 god0 is nam$ 8! bull10 b t great /ress is laid ^u 8 be+ 8,"o0ua1 yet d\bleka4 ,x !re=e appe>s v significant to f9d ^! words incorporat$ 9 ! "n = ,ursa ,major?igh1 u>t1 & ?is comb9$ ) bullua or ka :i* furni%es ! anagram akmiddle4 ,:at is m1 ! second "n = ?igh be+ khepes1 ?is might =m a rebus = ! common "n = 7#a7 lum9>y or /> 9 g5]alkhebs or khabs1 lit]ally1 lights1 lamps1 flames1 cf4 seb/>2 7#b7 khep]life1 exi/5ce1 to come into exi/5ce1 cf4 khepdesut]us1 kh] khepd! navel1 khepe%p[]4 ,! fact t "o title ( ,am5-,ra 0 ,khep]a! creator1 l5ds additional int]e/ to ! association ( 8 secret sign1 ! hippopotamus1 ) ! con/ellation ,ursa ,major1 :i* he app>5tly holds & guides & :i* emblematizes life1 i4 e4 motion--,! ?ighkhepes1 sc>abkhep]1 fi%1 khepan51 crocodileseta or sebek1 :i*1 inv]t$1 yields ! ^w khebes/>1 & royal sicklekhepes1 ?us appe> to h be5 b diff]5t modes ( express+ ! same mean+ & ! title ( ,khep]a 7fig4 #fc1 #ac-af74 ,x c be readily und]/ood :y ! sc>ab beetle1 :i* encloses its egg 9 a ball ( mud & rolls ?is to a safe hat*+ place1 became ! favorite secret sign = ! 8hidd5 god10 s9ce none b ! initiat$ w\ld see 9 ! beetle1 hold+ ! ball ( e>? enclos+ its egg1 ! actual rebus ( ,khep]a1 ! creator1 express$ by ! khep]2 & ! circle or disk1 ! sign ( ,ra1 conta9+ ! g]m ( life4 ,return+ to an exam9ation ( ! signs = ,ursa ,major employ$ by ! ,egyptian a/ronom] scribes1 we f9d1 beside ! m elaborate =m giv5 by ,mr4 ,wallis ,budge 7pl4 ,v1 #c71 ! v>iants 7#d & #e7 :i* con/antly recur 9 ! texts publi%$ by ,brugs*1 & :i* reveal t ! ?igh1 accompani$ by a s+le />1 con/itut$ ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! sign4 ,x is "o ( ! curiosities ( ,egyptian hi]oglyphics t ! image ( a /> may express ei!r seb/>1 or ! num]al fivetuau4 ,?is be+ ! case1 & ! ^w = ?igh be+ ei!r khepes or u>t1 x is obvi\s t ! ?igh & /> yield m ?an "o int]pretation f ! rebus po9t ( view1 & may ei!r be read z seb khepdes1 seb-u>t or tuau-u>t--9 "o case conta9+ ! div9e title 8creator0 & 9 ! second a play ^u ! "n ua,"o1 ! favorite appellation giv5 to ,am5-,ra4 ,! foll[+ /> names conta9$ 9 ! ,brugs* texts1 & :i* h av[$ly n be5 satisfactorily id5tifi$1 up to ! pres5t1 w speak = !mselves & w be f\nd to be compreh5sible & appropriate only :5 id5tifi$ ) ,pol>is3 ,seb-uati! lone1 s+le1 only1 or sole /> 7cf4 title 8,"o0 giv5 to ,am5-,ra72 ,seb-seta! hidd5 />1 9 ,greek texts1 sebkhes1 sebkhe1 ! sebses1 anagrams ( khebs1 or khepdes 7cf4 8hidd50 god74 ,?is /> is f\nd pictur$ 9 ! a/ronomical texts by a turtle1 ! "n = :i* is seta1 sita1 sit or set2 9 ,greek texts cit4 ,to me x seems cle> t ! turtle con/itut$ a rebus sign = ! 8hidd5 />0 & conceal$ god1 & ,i f9d t ano!r ,egyptian ^w c\ld h s]v$ equally well = ! same purpose1 viz41 seta! vulture4 ,:at is m1 ! foll[+ names1 m5tion$ 9 ! a/ronomical texts1 yield ! s\nd ( ! fir/ v[el ( ! words seb/> & setahidd51 & att5tion is drawn to ! fact t1 z ! goose & egg1 = in/ance1 7 kn[n "u sev]al names1 ! secrecy ( ! true mean+ ( ^! sacr$ symbols 0 insur$3 goosese1 s]1 s>1 seb1 sm51 apt1 aq2 eggse1 sa1 s]1 s>1 ar1 suht2 ne/ses2 pool ( wat]se2 h]ons5t4 ,a curi\s d\ble simil>ity ( s\nd exi/s betwe5 ! "n = turtle & "o ( ! names = goose1 inasmu* z ! turtleseta is also call$ aps1 & ! goosese is nam$ apt 7fig4 #fc1 #ag-ah74 ,ano!r "n = goose be+ aq or ak1 we f9d t its value z a rebus mu/ h be5 supreme1 s9ce x s p]fectly express$ ! ^w akmiddle4 ,a pro( t its m]its 7 duly appreciat$ by ! anci5t scribes1 is its con/ant & widespread employm5t 9 decorative art z a s-call$ 8sol> symbol10 9 association ) ! circle or disk & ! swa/ika4 ,?r\gh its "n se1 ! goose-symbol likewise express$ ! same mean+ z ! egg & ! fir/ syllable ( setahidd52 p]haps also ne-se-rflame1 ! synonym ( khebslum9>y or /> 7,brugs*74 ,?r\gh its "n ak1 ! goose symbol became ! synonym ( all ak or ka words4 ,f9ally1 ?r\gh its "n apt1 x became relat$ to ! :ole s]ies ( anagrams ( ptah & ! synonym ( ! pair ( horns :i* express ap 9 hi]atic script4 ,! association ( ! syllable ap ) ! bulluau & ka1 is prov5 by ! "n ,apis giv5 to ! liv+1 sacr$ bull1 "u :i* =m ! supreme div9ity 0 wor%ipp$ f e>lie/ times1 at or be=e ! build+ ( ! pyramids at ,memphis4 ,! explanation t1 j z sacr$ bull 0 m]ely a liv+ rebus express+ by ! s\nd ( its names1 ! words 8! "o1 ! d\ble1 ! middle ( ! c5tral two-fold "o10 or 8div9e twa910 fully expla9s :y1 9 "t1 ! bull itself came to be *os51 rev]$ & wor%ipp$ z ! liv+ image ( ! 8hidd5 god40 ,! m>ks ( ! sacr$ calf ,apis1 describ$ by ,h]odotus1 appe> to become intelligible1 :5 translat$ z foll[s & !n analyz$3 8,x is black 7khem or kam7 & has a squ>e 7ptah7 spot ( :ite 7hetet7 on ! =ehead 7teh574 ,on ! back 7( ! head7 7makha or at7 ! figure ( an eaglevulture 7seta74 ,9 ! tail 7peh87 d\ble 7ka7 hairs 7anem74 ,on ! tongue 7nes7 a beetle 7khep]740 ,feel+ conv9c$ t ,egyptologi/s c\ld f9d fur!r phonetic elem5ts & hidd5 mean+ 9 ! above mat]ial1 x is ) diffid5ce t ,i po9t out "s ( ! mean+ ,i am able to disc]n ) ! simple aid ( 8,fir/ /eps 9 ,egyptian40 ,besides be+ ! image ( ,am5-,ra ,pol>is1 ! "o & div9e twa91 ! black 7khem7 sk9 7annu7 ( ! sacr$ bull appe>s to conta9 an allusion to ,egypt1 kn[n z 8khem0 & its c5tral capital ,annu1 besides t to ! nocturnal heav5 & its %9+ city4 ,! squ>e ptah ( :itehetet 7cf4 hetet1 & *utlight7 appe>s to symbolize ! quadri=m plan ( ! cele/ial & t]re/rial k+dom & its position on ! head 7tep7 betwe5 ! two horns 7ap7 ga9s 9 significance :5 x is realiz$ t1 9 a/ronomical texts1 ! squ>e 7designat$ above z hetet:ite7 is z frequ5tly pictur$ betwe5 a pair ( horns z ! pill>tet1 t bo? squ>e & pill> appe> ?us to h express$ ! same s\ndtet1 :i* signifies et]nity4 ,! bird ( preyseta on ! bull's back 7makha7 evid5tly signifi$ ! hidd5seta1 c5tre1 m-akh-a1 fur!r significance be+ l5t to ! syllable akh by ! fact t x also means 8to support10 & t 8! support ( heav50 0 a div9e title conta9$ 9 ! hi]atic texts4 ,! d\ble hairanem1 ka1 appe>s z ano!r mode ( express+ ! 8hidd50 kad\ble or akc5tre4 ,! ^w = tongue 7nes7 be+ ! rev]sal ( s5two1 ! khep]life1 on ! tongue1 appe>s z an allusion to dual pr9ciples or p[]s ( nature4 ,! giv+ =? & draw+ 9 ( brea? by ! liv+ ,apis bull mu/ d\btlessly h seem$1 to ! ,egyptian prie/hood1 emblematical ( ! giv+ & tak+ away ( brea? ( life1 by ! creator1 ,khep]a1 ov] ^: emblem1 on ! tongue ( ! animal1 ea* brea? necess>ily pass$4 ,an insight may ?us be ga9$ ( ! me?od by means ( :i* primitive1 nave picture-writ+ c\ld h become m +5i\s & intricate until1 z actually /at$ 9 ! hymns1 ! "n ( ! supreme div9ity became 8hidd5 f 8 *ildr5 9 ! "n ,am50 lit]allyhidd51 & a 8myriad ( names1 h[ _m are !y is n kn[n0 _h be5 inv5t$ by ! scribes1 to designate ! ,k+ 7,hak71 8"o among gods1 9 =m "o1 ! "l ( et]nity1 /ability & law40 ,be=e mak+ a cursory exam9ation ( ! foll[+ li/s ( homonyms ( ! names = bullah1 uau & ka1 ,i mu/ rev]t to a/ronomical pictures & signs & make "s /atem5ts conc]n+ ! hawk-head$ human =m f\nd repres5t$ 9 ! zodiacs 9 close association ) ! image ( ,ursa ,major1 ! bull2 7see pl4 ,v1 #a1 f ,d5d]ah74 ,! pres5ce ( ! hawkbak 9 ! c5tre ( ! pol> region1 ) ! bull ka1 assumes significance 9 connection ) ! ^w akmiddle & ! "n = 8! middle ( ! heav5s10 cit$ by ,sir ,norman ,locky]2 i4 e41 kabal sami1 & all ( ^! words are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ :5 x is rememb]$ t ! ,babylonian "n = nor? 0 akkad1 ! ,akkadian title = ,ursa ,major 0 ,akanna1 :ile ,ursa ,m9or 0 nam$ ,kakkabu 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,! ,arabian kaaba is recall$ "h4 ,! inscriptions accompany+ ! zodiacs publi%$ by ,brugs* 7op4 cit4 ,i1 p4 #abg7 designate ?is hawk-head$ p]sonage1 :o1 9 ea* case1 holds ei!r a spe> or a pla9 /aff1 by ! foll[+ names1 ( :i* ,i give ,brugs*'s translation1 foll[$ by my own comm5t>y4 ,anhe :o turns or w9ds himself ar\nd4 ,9 ?is connection ,i po9t out t ! "n ,na1 giv5 to ! s]p5t1 is ! inv]sion ( an4 ,kh]-anhe :o fights & turns or w9ds himself ar\nd4 ,z kh] is likewise ! ^w = r+ or circle 7cf4 ,greek kirkos1 ,lat9 circus or circulus1 ,sc&4 kr+71 x is evid5t t ! "n ,kh]-an admits ( be+ int]pret$ z 8he :o w9ds or turns ar\nd 9 a r+ or circle10 kh]! fight] or combatant4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ^w kh] likewise signifies r+ or circle2 moreov] k]night & rek"t4 ,!re=e ! "n ,neb-kh]1 cit$ by ,brugs* 7op4 cit4 ,i1 #agf71 z "o ( ^? giv5 to ! god ( ! city ( ,at-,nebes1 besides signify+1 z he says1 ! 8"l ( /rife or fight+10 cle>ly means 8! "l ( ! circle or r+40 ,?is is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ appropriate ( names = ! god ( ! pole /> & ,ursa ,major & is1 besides1 ! ,egyptian equival5t = ! ,h9du 8"l ( ! :eel10 ! ,p]sian 8god ( ! r+10 & ! ,mexican 8"l ( ! circle & ( ! night0,yaual or ,yohual-tecuhtli4 ,! o!r titles ( ! same god record$ by ,brugs* are 8! flame or light0,nes]1 & 8! "l ( life0,neb-ankh4 ,i m]ely po9t out "h :at ,i %all discuss m fully lat] on1 t1 9 ! ,egyptian ,an1 8he :o turns himself ar\nd10 we h ! c\nt]p>t1 n only ( ! ,assyrian ,an-%> 7fig4 #fe1 #e7 :o %oots 8 d>ts 9 all directions1 b also ( ! 8,nor? god0 ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 :o1 fully arm$ is held by "o foot1 by ! sign ( ! ,nor?1 to ! c5tre ( ! cross1 ! symbol ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 & l ! ,akkadian 8"l ( heav510 ,akanna1 is id5tifi$ ) ,ursa ,major4 ,i note1 moreov]1 t1 :]eas ! common "n = hawk is bak1 t employ$ by ,brugs* is hru 7cf4 inv]sion ur! ,egyptian "n = cross symbol7 :i* is sometimes transcrib$ z hur1 h] or h]u1 hor or h>& translat$ z ,horus or ,ra ,h>ma*is4 ,an int]e/+ image ( ! hawk god is f\nd 9 ano!r inscription 9 ! temple ( ,d5d]ah conta9+ ! gr\p 7pl4 ,v1 #f7 consi/+ ( a s+le />1 ! bull & hawk1 transcrib$ by ,brugs* z 8,hru-,ka0 & translat$ z 8! bull 7(7 ,horus0 7op4 cit4 ,i1 p4 #g74 ,ano!r int]e/+ case ( ! comb9ation ( ! bull & hawk is ! hawk ) a bull's head also figur$ by ,brugs*1 & :i* is obvi\sly a v>iant ( 8hru-ka40 ,a curi\s in/ance :i* seems to conta9 a rev]sal ( ^! syllables is ! bull1 repeat$ 9 inv]t$ positions1 ) ! cross-signur1 a gr\p :i* might well h be5 employ$ z a rebus express+ ! s\nd ur-ak-ka1 a comb9ation :i* ,i %all discuss fur!r on4 ,! id5tity ( ,horus z a =m ( ,pol>is is h9t$ at 9 ! foll[+ inscription 9 ! temple at ,d5d]ah 7pl4 ,v1 #aj7 :i* ,brugs* translates3 8,ra ,hor*uti 7hur-*uti7 ! %9+ ,horus1 ! ray ( light 9 ! night0 444 7op4 cit4 ,i1 p4 #af74 ,! 8god0 is figur$ 9 mummy =m1 hold+ ! sceptre tam 7cf4 matju/ice1 tru?7 & ! sign ankh 7life71 ) ! head ( a hawkbak or hru 7cf4 urf\r1 & headtep or tepet1 also "n = 8*ief071 ! head convey+ idea ( f\r-fold *iefta9%ip1 surm\nt$ by ! hornsap & circle or diskra4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #fe4 ,an extremely sugge/ive a/ronomical picture 7pl4 ,v1 #ac7 conta9s ! comb9ation ( ,horus1 ! ,an1 9 ! =m ( ! human-head$ hawk1 ) a s]p5t ,na1 ! boat 7uaa1 am or makh57 & ! circle enclos+ a s+le />1 duat 7cf4 ua"o74 ,! complete gr\p ?us conveys a weal? ( hidd5 mean+ :i* is p]fectly intelligible :5 int]pret$ z pole-/> symbolism4 ,! read] is n[ invit$ to take a prelim9>y look at ! columns ( signs includ$ 9 figs4 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 "s ( :i* w be recogniz$ z primitive pole-/> symbols already discuss$1 & :i* w respectively be f\nd to conta9 homonyms ( ua,"o & uahip]man5t2 ak & kabalc5tre1 kad\ble1 anhe :o turns & ankhlife1 etc4 ,special att5tion is also drawn to ! modes ( express+ ! syllable am by ! homonyms boy or *ild1 boat & tree 7fig4 #fc1 #bj-bb74 ,diff]5t comb9ations ( id5tical phonetic elem5ts are f\nd 9 ! foll[+ gr\ps :i* prove to be b diff]5t +5i\s figures express+ ! same s\nds1 ) m or less ! same mean+s3 pl4 ,v1 #ae1 repres5ts ! boat1 ^: phonetic values are giv5 above1 ) a fl[]ankh1 ! homonym ( life1 conta9+ ! names an & na1 f :i* ! uruara1 is ris+4 ,lat] on ! deep] symbolism ( ?is & fig4 #ab1 pl4 ,v1 w be fur!r discuss$4 ,9 ! latt]1 in/ead ( ! fl[] ! boat conta9s ! ara & a boyah or aah1 ^: "n is ! homonym = great1 mighty1 p[]ful1 etc4 ,assum+ t ! boat express$ its p>ticul> "n uaaua"o1 we ?us h a r5d]+ ( ! appellation s con/antly giv5 to ,am5-,ra 9 ! hymns & invocations3 8,"o1 great1 p[]ful1 mighty god10 accompani$ by a :ole s]ies ( second>y mean+ & symbolism4 ,9 pl4 ,v1 #i1 ! boat conta9+ ! bull or c[1 is accompani$ by />s :i* reproduce ,ursa ,major exactly1 m9us "o />1 ! head ( ! animal occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! f\r />s =m+ ! inv]t$ squ>e ( 8! dipp]40 ,9 ?is case ! boat seems to express its "n makh51 incorporat+ ak1 ! "n = ! sacr$ c5tre ( ! sky1 :i* is repeat$ 9 ! "n kabull1 ^: image1 l t ( ! boat1 conveys ! allusion to ua"o1 by _! respective d\ble names1 aua & uaa4 ,:at appe>s to me to conta9 ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( ! id5tity ( ,am5-,ra ) ,pol>is is #aa1 pl4 ,v1 :i* %[s u a boat 9 :i* lies a mummy1 above :i* is a r[ ( sev5 />s "u an oval1 conta9+ two eyes4 ,! oval r+ is evid5tly ! image ( ,am5-,ra1 :o unit$ 9 8 p]son ! dual pr9ciples ( nature symboliz$ by sun & moon8 8two eyes40 ,! symbolism ( ! boat & mummy has already be5 suffici5tly discuss$ to enable ! read] to disc]n its association ) ! idea ( on5ess1 ( /ability & c5trality4 ,fur!r light is ?r[n ^u ! connection ( ! two eyes ) ! sacr$ c5tre by pl4 ,v1 #ad1 f ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 :]e ! *os5 place ( sepul*re = ! dead p]son1 m5tion$ 9 ! text1 is ! temple pyramid1 ! apex ( :i* is r5d]$ prom95t by be+ pa9t$ black & sugge/ively occupies a c5tral position betwe5 two eyes4 ,aft] ! p]iods ( ,greek rule 9 ,egypt1 ! po9t ( ! pyramid mu/ h be5 associat$ ) ! ,greek words1 akrahill-top & akupo9t1 :i* recurs 9 ! ,lat9 "n acacia1 by :i* ! ?orny tree1 orig9ally f\nd 9 ,egypt1 is /ill kn[n4 ,x c readily be se5 h[ ?is tree w\ld h be5 *os5 z a symbol ( ! akmiddle & x is possible t its "n may orig9ally h be5 t also giv5 to ! olive treebak4 ,! inscription on ! fam\s obelisks erect$ by que5 ,hat-%epsut conta9s a special m5tion ( ! po9t ( ! obelisk1 z be+ made ( preci\s mat]ial3 8two great obelisks ( h>d granite ( ! s\?1 ! po9t ( ea* is ( electrum1 ! tribute ( ! be/ quality ( all c\ntries0 7,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hf74 ,! _m v>iants ( ! con/ellation or /> t]m$ 8! div9e triangle0 or 8! triangle ( ! god0 next claim att5tion4 ,an extremely int]e/+ v>iant ( ?is con/ellation repres5ts a hawk-head$ sph9x1 next to ! triangle 7pl4 ,,vi1 #a72 #b-d repres5t ! common =m express+ ! "n ,sop$et4 ,z ,brugs* in=ms u1 ! above "n 0 *ang$ at a m rec5t p]iod into ,satit 7#f-h71 :i* he translates z 8%e :o %oots1 ! ar*]ess0 or 8%e :o causes ! ,nile to rise40 ,9 ^! cases ! writt5 "n ei!r conta9s an arr[ 7#f71 ! pyramid symbol = e>? 7#g71 or a seat$ figure above ^: head is a s+le /> 7#h74 ,a r>] =m ( repres5t+ ! same con/ellation is #i & #aj1 ! gr\p be+ transcrib$ by 8,satit ,hont ,khabsu0 :i* ,brugs* translates z 8,so?is1 ! ,que5 ( ! 444 />s40 ,f ! fem99e t]m9ations employ$ 9 ! text x is cle> t x is a c[ :i* figures "h 9 ! boat1 ) a s+le /> betwe5 its horns & x appe>s to me to be obvi\s t we h to deal "h ) ! fem99e =m ( ,pol>is1 ) ,auset,isis1 closely relat$ to ! ,assyrian 8goddess ( battle10 ,i%t>1 ! female c\nt]p>t ( ,aus>,osiris1 ! ,assyrian ,an%>1 or ,a%ur1 ! 8god ( battle40 ,illu/ration4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,?is view is confirm$ by fur!r a/ronomical pictures publi%$ by ,brugs*1 :i* appe> to me n m]ely to signify ! con/ellations ,orion & ,sirius z ,brugs* inf]s1 b to be hi]oglyphs int5d$ to be und]/ood by ! initiat$ only1 repres5t+ two or m ( ! =ms "u :i* ,am5-,ra 0 figur$4 ,at ,edfu 7pl4 ,,vi1 #aa7 ! boatau1 uaa1 & ! mummysah =m a fair rebus = ,aus>,osiris1 :ile ! boat alongside ( x conta9s ! c[1 a =m "u :i* ,isis,ha?or 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt dur+ c5turies4 ,at ,d5d]ah 7#ab7 !re is a c[ 9 "o boat,isis2 & a man 9 ano!r :o holds ! sceptre tam1 emblematic ( p[]1 & turns 8 head ar\nd1 an evid5t allusion to ! action anhe :o turns himself ar\nd1 or to sah"o :o turns away4 ,betwe5 bo? is ! hawkbak or ,hur-*uti,horus1 /&+ on ! sceptre nam$ aut1 compos$ ( ! lotus fl[]ankh4 ,a v>iant ( ! same gr\p 7#ac7 also symboliz+ ! 8,above1 ,bel[ & ,middle10 & f ,d5d]ah1 repres5ts ,isis only 9 ! cele/ial boat & ,osiris /&+ 7on e>?7 hold+1 beside ! tam1 ! :ipnekhe khu1 emblematic ( rule4 ,9 #ad1 a female figure /&s 9 ! boat "u ! writt5 "n ,auset,isis & be>s 9 h] h& ! ankh sign & ! lotus fl[]ankh sceptre4 ,9 ! second boat ! figure ( a boy 7ahi7 turn+ 7an or sah7 8 head1 holds up ! ankh4 ,9 #ae1 we seem to h an evid5ce ( ! asc5dancy ( ,isis wor%ip1 = ! boat conta9s n only ! c[1 "u ! "n satit%e :o %oots1 or ! ar*]ess1 b also ! /&+ figure ( ! goddess1 cr[n$ by ! disk or circle betwe5 two horns4 ,a /rik+ pro( t ! k ( ! true1 hidd5 mean+ ( ! signs j discuss$ 0 reg>d$ by ^? :o possess$ x z an evid5ce ( an advanc$ /age ( initiation 9 ! my/]ies ( ! prie/hood1 is furni%$ by ! foll[+ text1 :i* accompanies pl4 ,,vi1 #af3 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead 7,leyd51 ,papyrus1 p4 #af71 9 a *apt] entitl$3 8,*apt] ( ! k ( ! ea/]n spirits1 ro en rex biu abti10 ! dead p]son utt]s ! foll[+ words3 8,i "k t ea/]n m\nta9\s region ( ! heav5 ^: s\? is at ! sea ,kh>o & ! nor? at ! riv] ( ,ro1 at ! place :]e ! day-god ,ra drives ar\nd amid/ /orm-w9ds4 ,i am a welcome comrade 9 ! boat & ,i r[ )\t tir+ 9 ! b>k ( ,ra4 ,i "k t tree ( em]ald gre5 br&ies among/ :i* ,ra %[s himself :5 he goes ov] ! lay] ( cl\ds ( ! god ,su4 ,i "k t gate out ( :i* ,ra issues4 ,i "k ! mead[ ( alo1 ^: wall is ( iron4444 ,i "k ! ea/]n spirits1 namely ! god ,hur-,*uti1 ! calf next to ?is god & ! god ( ! morn+10 ! orig9al text ( ! latt] s5t5ce be+3 8au-a-rekh-ku-a biu abti ,hur-*uti pu behsu kh] nut> p5 nut> duaut pu0 7,brugs*1 op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #gb74 ,! evasion & caution ) :i* ! speak] alludes to 8 k ( ! mean+ ( ! signs1 )\t betray+ ! latt]1 suffici5tly indicate ! obligation ( absolute secrecy :i* b\nd him1 & x may be inf]r$ t sev]al ( ! words he employ$ 7 int5d$ to be mislead+ to an outsid] j z ! a/ronomical pictures1 expos$ to public view1 7 purposely made to seem to relate to ! m famili> sun1 moon & con/ellations1 ! m9d be+ ?us l$ away f ! hidd5 b true />-god,pol>is4 ,! circum/ance t1 on ! body ( ! "y bull 9 ! boat1 !re are sev5 dots & above x a s+le /> & t ! hawk-head$ seat$ deity beh9d x is cr[n$ by ! s]p5t circle or disk ( ,am5-,ra1 suffici5tly enlight5s u z to ! true1 veil$ significance :i* repres5ts diff]5t =ms ( ! 8hidd5 god10 ( ! gr\p4 ,a c>eful analysis ( ?is & ( ! a/ronomical images suffices1 h[ev]1 to disclose ! limit$ scope ( ! mean+ ( su* gr\ps1 ea* "o be+ b a diff]5t rebus conta9+ ! same phonetic elem5ts4 ,let u n[ briefly indicate :at appe> to h be5 ! ess5tial compon5ts :i* all images conta9 & a few ( ! myriad ( ways by :i* !y 7 express$4 ,uahip]man5t1 & ,ua,"o4 ,repres5t$ by ,fig4 #ff4 #a4 ,an arr[au 7cf4 abauto fight71 an arma1 & ! num]ical "oua4 #b4 ,! c[ah1 aua1 ! latt] "n incorporat+ ! adjective amighty1 p[]ful1 etc4 #c4 ,! ?ighu>t4 #d4 ,! boatuaa4 #e4 ,! num]al fivetuau4 #f4 ,! ?rone1 seat or placeauset1 :i* con/itutes ! "n ,auset,isis1 ! consort ( ,aus>,osiris4 #g4 ,! b[lau4 #h & #i4 ,two =ms ( sceptre or b5t /affau1 uat1 also aam4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ff4 ,besides ^! signs1 well kn[n z sacr$ symbols1 we f9d t ! foll[+ names also conta9 ! sacr$ title ,ua3 uatetgre5/one1 em]ald1 autquadrup$s1 auheir1 also dog1 maaurays ( light1 maulion1 also cat4 ,! reason :y c]ta9 quadrup$s1 & p>ticul>ly ! c[1 lion1 & ! cat1 %\ld h become sacr$ animals 9 ,egypt1 seems to be satisfactorily expla9$ by ! fact t ea* con/itut$ a rebus & c\ld !re=e be employ$ z an 8image0 ( ! ,"o god4 ,x is obvi\s t locality w\ld necess>ily influ5ce ! *oice ( ! sacr$ animal & t :ile "o city might adopt ! c[1 ano!r w\ld be oblig$ to adopt ! cat1 etc1 z ! liv+ rebus4 ,! adoption ( 8! heir10 or fir/-born ( ! sacram5tal union ( k+ & que51 z ! liv+ image ( ! deity1 ?r[s an unexpect$ light on ! reason :y memb]s ( ! royal l9e 7 treat$ ) div9e honors4 ,:ile p]sons1 animals & objects ^: names conta9$ ! div9e ,ua"o1 w\ld ?us be *os51 o!rs conta9+ ! ^w ,ragod1 w\ld also be adopt$4 ,ragod4 ,( ^! ,i h already po9t$ out ! uruara1 ! eyeari1 facehra & eggar1 also se or sa & suht4 ,to ^! may also be add$ ! date palm or datesb5-ra2 gra9nepra2 ! v9ea>] & grapesa>]1 ea* ( :i* is to be f\nd associat$ ) sacr$ symbolism4 ,! v5]ation accord$ 9 diff]5t localities to ! pigre-ra & ! horse1 may ?us be acc\nt$ =1 especially z ! "n = ! latt]1 het-ra1 consi/s ( hetlight or fair1 & ragod1 & ! horse is actually f\nd associat$ ) ! light-gods ( antiquity & ) s-call$ sol> symbols & ! swa/ika4 ,food = reflection is af=d$ by ! ,egyptian "n = mirror1 :i* lit]ally signifies to see1 or ! se]maa1 ( ! facehra1 b :i* furni%es1 z a rebus1 ! ^w maatlaw1 :i* is usually express$ by ! fea!rmat1 connect$ ) hrai4 e4 ragod 7fig4 #ff1 #aj74 ,! employm5t ( ! mirror z an image ( ! god ( law w\ld ?us naturally h be5 sugge/$ by its "n4 ,! pres5ce ( ! eyeari 7cf4 ra7 9 ! c5tre ( a mirror :i* is be+ wor%ipp$1 also sugge/s t 9 anci5t ,egypt ! mirror 0 employ$ 9 ! temple to hold ! reflection ( ,pol>is,am5-,ra1 8! untir+ wat*]1 ! "l ( et]nity & ! mak] ( law0 7see fig4 #ff1 #aa74 ,x is obvi\s t ! habitual employm5t1 by ! a/ronom] prie/s1 ( a mirror s plac$ 9 ! sanctu>y z to cat* ! reflection ( ! pole-/> ?r\gh an op5 doorway1 w\ld lead to ! discov]y ( ! movem5ts ( ! sun & ! positions x assumes dur+ ! ye>4 ,! fla%+ ( a beam ( sunlight once a ye>1 at ! p]iod ( ! summ] sol/ice1 ^u ! mirror :i* con/antly reflect$ ! pole-/>1 w\ld naturally sugge/ ! idea ( 8! union ( ! day-sun ) ! night-sun0 & seem p>ticul>ly impressive z x 0 at ?is p]iod t ! ,nile began to rise4 ,9 deal+ ) ! religi\s fe/ivals held at ?is p]iod m w be said on ?is subject4 ,! ^w maatlaw1 besides be+ express$ by ! fea!rmat1 c\ld also h be5 indicat$ to ^? initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies ( hi]atic rebus-writ+1 by ! lionma hes2 ! antelopema-het1 :i* also conta9s ! sacr$ attribute lighthet1 ! synonym ( khu1 ?us expresses ! idea ( ! 8light ( ! law40 ,! musical in/rum5t nam$ mat may also h orig9ally be51 l ! tam sceptre1 a symbol ( lawful p[] & convey$ an allusion to meht or mahtnor?4 ,to ?is s]ies ! ^w am %\ld be add$1 signify+ *ild1 tree & boat1 ea* ( :i* has already be5 treat$ ( 9 connection ) pole-/> symbolism & ,am5-,ra 7fig4 #fc1 #bj-bb74 ,dualitykad\ble2 & ! ,middleak4 ,! "n = bullka 7fig4 #fg1 #a7 incorporates1 z has already be5 %[n1 n only duality & middle1 b also1 ?r\gh its o!r names1 ! idea ( on5ess & ( p[]4 ,?is appe>s to expla9 cle>ly :y ! bull 0 *os5 z ! image or rebus ( ,pol>is & ,ursa ,major1 :i* appe> to h be5 reg>d$ z a s+le comb9ation ( />s4 ,! fact t 9 ! hymns ,am5-,ra is address$ z 8! bull10 con/itutes a conv9c+ corroboration ( ! id5tification ( ! 8hidd5 god0 ) ,pol>is4 ,a l9e ( connection seems1 moreov]1 to exi/ betwe5 ! ,egyptian kabal sami! middle ( heav51 ! image ( a bull 9 ! c5tre ( ! zodiacs1 & ! bull ( ,assyria1 "u :i* image ,baal 0 wor%ipp$4 ,hi]atic signs1 express+ ! ^w = middle & d\ble appe> to h be53 ! mummy :i*1 al?\gh nam$ sah or tut1 also signifi$ khatcorpse 7#b7 & convey$ an allusion to mitdea?1 ! homonym ( metnor?4 ,a c]ta9 =m ( fi% express$ ! syllable kha 7#c74 ,a cone-%ap$ object nam$ khak] appe>s to h s]v$ z a rebus = ! middle & d\ble z well z nightk] & "trek 7#d74 ,9 pl4 ,,vii1 #ab1 ! khak] figures beh9d ! seat$ image ( a deity ) ! head ( a rams] or s>1 hold+ ! ankh 9 8 h&1 ! :ole =m+ a rebus = ,ans>1 & conta9+ mu* mean+ besides4 ,kha-ut 7fig4 #fg1 #e7 is ! "n = ! sacrificial (f]+ laid on ! utualt>1 :i* is %ap$ l ! tau & symbolizes ! above & bel[ by its p]p5dicul> & horizontal l9es4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is is ! breadta 7! homonym ( tae>?1 cf4 neb-atfire71 :i* is rem>kable on acc\nt ( its division into f\r p>ts analog\s to t ( nutcity1 a feature :i* ju/ifies ! inf]5ce t ! ^w = cakes5-nu made ) honeybat or net1 is int5d$ to be express$ "h4 ,a j> /&s at ea* side ( ! cake1 :i* is plac$ on edge s z to exhibit ! sacr$ design ^u x4 ,x is significant t1 if ! j>s conta9$ w9earp1 milkart1 ! "n ( ! liquid con/itut$ an anagram ( ra1 if p]fumeanta 0 pres5t1 ?is furni%$ ! syllables an & tae>?4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to surmise h[ f> su* resemblances ( s\nds influ5c$ ! *oice ( sacr$ (f]+s4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #fg4 ,! kha 7fig4 #fg1 #f7;cr[n is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ z ,am5-,ra is address$ z 8cr[n$ =m10 ! "l ( ! ur]et cr[n1 444 beautiful ( ti>a1 exalt$ ( ! :ite cr[n 444 on ^: br[ ! d\ble cr[n ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt is e/abli%$4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 evid5t t ! cr[nkha 0 b ano!r mode ( express+ kad\ble4 ,at ! same "t x likewise convey$ ! idea ( ak! c5tre & ! act ( cr[n+ a sov]eign appe>s z ve/$ ) deep symbolical mean+ :5 x is realiz$ t1 accord+ to ! primitive modes ( ?\ght ,i h be5 trac+1 by enclos+ ! head ( ! k+ 9 a circlet he 0 con/itut$ ! hak1 reg5t or c5tral *ief1 ! liv+ image ( ,ra1 ^: sign 0 ! /> or dot 9 ! circle or r+4 ,ka 7duality7 is commonly express$ by an uplift$ pair ( arms2 a v>iant be+ ! :ole figure ( a man ) rais$ arms 7#g & #h74 ,! fact t ! "n = phallus 0 also ka1 expla9s its employm5t z a sacr$ symbol1 record$ by ,h]odotus1 :i* proves to :at extremes ! anci5t rebus-writ]s w5t 9 _! nave inv5tion & multiplication ( secret signs & modes ( express+ ! names & attributes ( _! 8hidd5 god40 ,! hatr$ & disgu/ conceiv$ by ! great re=m] ,am5ophis ,,iv1 aga9/ all t p]ta9$ to ! cult ( ,am5-,ra1 8 de/ruction ( all images devis$ by ! prie/hood & adoption ( a pure image ( ! supreme div9ity ( a pla9 disk or circle1 ) rays t]m9at+ 9 h&s1 are readily und]/ood 9 connection ) ! above4 ,return+ to our li/ ( akh words3 ! akh or c5tre is figur$ by a man betwe5 two signs = heav5pet1 support+ ! upp] heav5 ) bo? h&s2 ! idea kad\ble or dual1 be+ simultane\sly express$ 7#i74 ,! hawkbak 7#aj7 con/itutes s p]fect a rebus or anagram ( middleak & kabal1 z well z = khab/>1 t ! reason :y ! hawk 0 *os5 z an image or =m ( ,am5-,ra is z reasonably acc\nt$ = z ! *oice ( ! bull4 ,be=e support+ ?is ass]tion by a s]ies ( conv9c+ pro(s1 ! foll[+ li/ mu/ be /udi$3 ,anhe :o turns himself ar\nd 7i4 e4 :o p]=ms a circuit! circuite]7 & ankhlife4 ,9 ! 8,fir/ /eps 9 ,egyptian0 ,i f9d ! ^w 8an0 express$ by 7fig4 #fh1 #a7 a man 9 ! act ( turn+ ar\nd1 resembl+ ! position ( ! male deity 9 ! boat1 already discuss$ & repres5t$ 9 ! a/ronomical texts 7fig4 #fh1 #b7 by an eye1 ! =m ( :i* diff]s f t ( ! eyeari2 7#c7 by a fi%1 also diff]5t 9 =m f ! fi%kha1 & p>ticul>ly int]e/+ if comp>$ to ! fi% khepan51 figur$ 9 ! khep] s]ies1 :i* con/itutes a rebus comb9+ ! titles khep]acreator & an! circuite]2 7#d7 by a /onean]1 also by hairanem2 7#e7 by two arms spread outw>ds1 recall+ ! position ( ! front legs ( quadrup$s2 7#f7 by a spe> ^: %aft is ins]t$ 9 a d\ble /&2 :i* sign recurs 9 ! "n ( ! city ,annu1 express$ by ! anspe>1 ! vasenu & ! nut det]m9ative = city or capital 7#g74 ,x is extremely int]e/+ to comp>e1 at ?is po9t1 ! ,greek polusa pole or axis1 & poliscity or capital1 & to realize t1 9 ,egypt & ,greece alike1 ! names = capital are associat$ ) ! idea ( c5trifugal p[] & rule4 ,! signification ( all ! above 8an0 signs becomes int5sifi$ :5 x is realiz$ t !y convey$ also ! fir/ two lett]s ( ! ^w ankhlife1 :i* 0 usually express$ by ! famili> symbol express+ ! union ( ! dualities ( nature 7#h74 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #fh4 ,among/ ! _m surprises receiv$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is inve/igation1 few h giv5 me z mu* satisfaction & light1 z ! obs]vation ( ! fact t ! ,egyptian "n = fl[]1 ankh 7#i71 0 ! same z t = 8life40 ,! full significance ( ! lotus blossom z a symbol became cle> to me1 & my att5tion hav+ be5 call$ by a fri5d to ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,goodye>'s admirable "w 8,! ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus10 ,london1 #ahia1 ,i 0 able to obta9 f x ! s]ies ( ,egyptian symbols :i* ,i n[ pres5t & %all proce$ to int]pret accord+ to ! me?od set =? 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! int]e/+ obs]vation 0 by ,mr4 ,goodye> t 8! ankh 0 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! lotus z reg>ds sol> association0 & 9 8 "w1 on pl4 ,,lxv & else:]e1 ?is close obs]v] publi%es sev]al in/ances illu/rat+ ?is view4 ,( ^! ,i reproduce b two1 :i* suffice1 feel+ conv9c$ t ,mr4 ,goodye> w be z int]e/$ z ,i 0 to he> t ! ankh & lotus 7 homonyms ( ankhlife4 ,?is fact ( itself fully expla9s :y ! lotus fl[] 0 employ$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 z ,mr4 ,goodye> /ates1 z ! 8symbol ( life1 immortality & ( r5aissance & resurrection & ( fecundity40 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #fi4 ,9 fig4 #fi1 #a1 two 7ka7 fi%es 7khepan5 or an7 hold ! lotus1 ankh1 & ?us con/itute a sacr$ rebus1 ! pr(\nd mean+ ( :i* c be surmis$ by /udy+ ! prec$+ pages4 ,9 #b1 "o 7ua7 fi% holds ! ankh in/ead ( ! lotus4 ,bo? signs obvi\sly express precisely ! same mean+ ) ! diff]5ce t1 9 "o case duality is express$ by two fi%es1 & 9 ! o!r by ! ankh symbol :i* emblematizes ! union ( nature's dualities4 ,fig4 #fi1 #c1 %[s ! bull1 c>ry+ ! circle ( ,ra betwe5 its horns & we>+ ! ankh symbol hang+ f its neck4 ,! lotus replaces ?is 9 #d1 :]e ! circle is miss+ & "o bull 7ua en ka7 expresses ! my/ic sacr$ words ua,"o & kad\ble or 8! div9e ,twa940 ,x is evid5t t x is only :5 x is assum$ t pole-/> wor%ip con/itut$ ! basis ( ! natural religion ( ! anci5t ,egyptians t _! sacr$ symbols become intelligible4 ,?\gh a novice 9 ,egyptology & ) extremely limit$ works ( ref]5ce at h&1 :i* facts w1 ,i tru/1 excuse faults & omissions1 ,i p]ceive s mu* t is cle> & simple 9 ! foll[+ s]ies ( ,egyptian sacr$ symbols1 cull$ f ,mr4 ,goodye>'s "w1 t ,i am tempt$ to submit my int]pretation ( _! mean+1 !reby putt+ my view & me?od to a crucial te/4 ,9 pl4 ,,vii1 #b1 we h an int]e/+ gr\p unit+ ! boat1 ! mean+ ( :i* has be5 discuss$1 a seat$ figure on a squ>e p$e/al1 a column1 ! upp] portion ( :i* is sep>ate & simulates ! b[l or cupau1 ! dot & circle1 ! sign ( ,am5-,ra1 & a s+le fl[]4 ,z a rebus1 "s ( ! words express$ are am1 uaa or makh5boat1 tetcolumn1 ,radot & circle1 also seat$ figure1 det]m9ative ( god,ra1 & ua en ankh"o fl[]4 ,:ile ! rebus supplies ! words ua"o1 uahip]man5t1 ragod1 an! circuite]1 ankhlife1 tetet]nal1 x is only :5 id5tifi$ z pole-/> symbolism t ! gr\p becomes compreh5sible4 ,po9t+ out t1 9 ! above1 we h a cle> case ( ! fl[] 9 association ) ! ,ra sign & o!r symbols :i* h be5 discuss$ z pole-/> signs1 let u next exam9e #a1 #c1 #d1 #f & #h1 9 ea* ( :i* "o blossomua en ankh1 con/itutes ! emblem = ! sacr$ ,middle1 & op5ly conveys ! idea ( ! v]b an1 to p]=m a circuit & ankhlife4 ,! fact t1 9 #f1 ! fl[] consi/s ( five petals1 on f\r ( :i* ! g5ii ( ! f\r qu>t]s /&1 suffici5tly proves t ! fl[]1 l ! five-dot gr\p1 con/itut$ a symbol ( ! f\r qu>t]s & c5tre1 ! latt] be+ figur$ z a pyramid-%ap$ petal4 ,int]e/+ v>iants ( ?is gr\p are #e1 ) ! f\r g5ii /&+ on sev5 ( ! n9e petals ( ! fl[]1 :i* is plac$ betwe5 two buds1 ! idea ( c5trality be+ ?us convey$2 & #g :]e an inv]t$ triangle replaces ! fl[] & reveals "s ( ! deep] mean+ atta*$ to ?is symbol4 ,9 #a & #c ! fl[] is surm\nt$ by ! hawk cr[n$ ) ! ,ra sign :i*1 z has already be5 /at$1 symbolizes circuition ar\nd a c5tral po9t ( fixity4 ,! names = hawkhak 7cf4 ak & cabalmiddle1 also hakk+7 & h] or hur 7cf4 hruupp]1 ! above1 & urf\r,horus7 reveal its appropriate use z rebus & symbol ( ! c5tral 8sun0 god4 ,9 #h1 in/ead ( ! ,ra sign1 ! hawk we>s ! peculi> d\ble diadem ) a circle at its base1 :i* is ! p>ticul> attribute ( ! images ( ! ram-head$ god ,amon :o is repres5t$ 9 no4 #ab1 hold+ ! ankh sign & accompani$ by ! khep] sign1 compos$ ( a circle1 surm\nt$ by a cone & support$ by a p$e/al4 ,x is well kn[n t ! rams]1 s>t or s>1 0 ! =m "u :i* ! supreme div9ity 0 wor%ipp$ at ,!bes1 ! real metropolis ( ! :ole l& ( ,egypt1 dur+ _m c5turies47#aac7 ,! "n ,amon1 also giv5 z ,ammon1 ,am\n1 ,hammon1 resembles ,am5 closely en\gh to ju/ify ! id5tification ( ,amon z a =m ( ,am5-,ra1 ! conceal$ god4 ,illu/ration4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,9 ?is connection x is notewor?y t ! rams> or s>t conveys ! same s\nd z ! gooses> or sa1 ! employm5t ( :i*1 z a pole-/> symbol1 w be discuss$ fur!r on1 & t ! k+ ( ,egypt 0 t]m$ 8! liv+ ram 7( ,amon7 on e>?0 & 8! eng5d]+ ram40 ,f ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy we le>n t1 "u ! ,ptolemaic rule1 8x seems likely t among ! /rict prescriptions = all ! solemn acts ( ! k+1 x 0 direct$ t he %\ld assume ! insignia ( ! god ,amon1 8 ram's horns1 fleece1 etc1 :5 visit+ ! que50 7,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ,london1 #ahii74 ,"u ! ,ptolemaic dyna/y1 ! id5tification ( ,amon ) ,am5-,ra receives support f ! magnific5t monum5tal votive ram1 pres]v$ at ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 :i* 0 d$icat$ by k+ ,am5ophis ,,iii1 :i* be>s on 8 head1 ! disk ) ! uru s]p5t1 ! famili> sign ( ! 8hidd5 god407#aad7 ,:ile ! diadem ( ,am5-,ra suffici5tly id5tifies ! hawk on ! lotus z a =m ( ! 8hidd5 god10 ! foll[+ extracts f ,mr4 ,goodye>'s "w w be f\nd to confirm ?is & ?r[ fur!r light on ! subject4 8,! hawk repres5t$ ,ra1 ,horus & all sol> gods44440 ,a text at ,d5d]ah says3 8,! sun :i* 0 f ! beg9n+ rises 7i4 e4 comes =?1 appe>s1 see ,brugs* = mean+ ( ,egyptian equival5t7 l a hawk f ! mid/ ( its lotus bud44440 ,at ,d5d]ah ! k+ makes (f]+ ( ! lotus to ! sun-god ,horus ) ! words3 8,i (f] !e ! fl[] :i* 0 9 ! beg9n+ ! glori\s lily ( ! great wat]44440 ,9 ! boat ( ! dead ! s\l says1 8,i am a pure lotus 7i4 e4 life7 issue ( ! field ( ! sun40 ,! circum/ance t1 9 #d1 ! fl[] is surm\nt$ by a goose1 "o "n = :i* be+ aqak1 %[s t1 l ! hawk1 bak1 x may well h s]v$ z a rebus = ak! middle4 ,an in/ance ( ! direct association ( ! sacr$ goose ) ! f\r qu>t]s is giv5 9 ! bas-relief at ,m$9et-,abu1 describ$ by ,brugs* 7op4 cit4 ,,ii1 p4 #big74 ,?is repres5ts 8,ramses ,,iii 444 (f]+ sacrifice to ! god #8,khimti1' i4 e4 ,pan ( ,panopolis1 ! ,!ban =m ( :i* 0 ,amon ,g5]ator4444 ,a :ite bull 7! symbol ( ,pan7 & f\r geese1 :i* are repres5t$ z fly+ t[>ds ! c>d9al po9ts1 con/itute ! sacrifice40 ,! /rik+ association ( ! goose ) ! bull,apis1 ! a/ronomical symbolism ( :i* has be5 %[n1 ga9s 9 significance :5 x is realiz$ t ano!r "n = goose is apt & t ?is also con/itutes an anagram ( ptaptah1 "o =m ( ,am5-,ra4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ?ird "n = goose1 se or sa1 comb9$ ) ankhfl[]1 z 9 pl4 ,,vii1 #d1 furni%es ! ^w ankh-sa1 :i* recalls ! ^w ,an-sah obta9$ by ! mummy & s]p5t rebus & ! "n ( ! god ( ,assyria1 ,an%>4 ,9 connection ) ! above ,egyptian rebus1 express+ ! syllables ankh & sa1 x surpris$ me1 to f9d t ! ,sanscrit "n = goose is hangsa1 :ile 9 anci5t ,h9du x is hamsa & 9 mod]n ,h9du hanassa4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ,h9du my?ology ! goose 0 8! bird ( ,brahma10 ! 8supreme "o :o alone exi/s really & absolutely10 t ! bir? ( ,brahma f ! lotus is frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ,h9du religi\s art1 & t ! lotus is ! attribute ( ! 8sun-god0 ,surya1 t]m$ ! 8"l ( ! lotus1 fa!r1 fri5d & k+40 ,:at is m1 ! goose1 associat$ ) 8sol>0 symbolism1 i4 e4 ) ! circle & c5tral dot1 ) ! swa/ika1 f\r-petall$ fl[] & ! :eel1 occurs on ! olde/ monum5ts ( ,greek art2 on ! prehi/oric bronzes & pott]y ( ,italy 7:]e ! sacr$ geese 7 kept on ! ,capitol9e at ,rome72 on ! bronzes ( ,hall/att1 ( anci5t ,gaul & ( prehi/oric ,sw$54 ,po9t+ out t we ?us obta9 a :ole *a9 ( associations :i* l9k ! syllables am & an to deities & pole-/> symbolism1 ,i next pres5t1 = ref]5ce1 ! names = ! bird giv5 9 ,web/]'s diction>y4 ,sanscrit1 hangsa2 ,lat91 ans]1 = hans]2 ,g]man1 gans 79 ,g]many1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! small1 :ite geese 7 call$ ganzoe al4 gantoe lib4 ,x1 #bb72 ,greek1 kh52 ,dani%1 gaas2 ,sw$i%1 gos2 ,wel%1 gwydd2 ,anglo-,saxon1 gos2 ,iri%1 geadh2 ,icel&ic1 gas2 ,slavonic1 gusj & gonsj4 ,not+ t 9 ! ,sanscrit1 ,lat91 ,greek & ,g]man alike1 ! syllable an or en is pres5t 9 ! "n = goose1 ,i return to ! ,egyptian symbols :i* express ! words an & ankh1 &1 be>+ ! 8bir? ( ,brahma f a lotus0 9 m9d1 ref] aga9 to ! ,egyptian title ,neb-ankh1 8"l ( life10 :i*1 z ,i po9t out1 also signifi$ 8! "l ( ! lotus fl[]40 ,let u n[ briefly exam9e "s ,egyptian texts relat+ to pl4 ,v1 #ab & #ae1 :i* repres5t ! boat 7am & its synonyms7 & ! fl[]ankh1 associat$ ) ! boy & ! s]p5t4 ,9 an a/ronomical text f ,edfu1 publi%$ by ,brugs*1 ,new ,ye>'s day is m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! 8com+ =? ( ! great lotus blossom 9 ! =m ( a bud 9 its symbolical int]pretation z ! god ahi 7lit]ally1 boy74444 ,! c\nt ( 8 rul]%ip beg9s f ! fir/ day ( 8 ris+ or bir?44440 ,9 ano!r text x is said3 8,new ,ye>'s day1 ! sun 7,ra7 comes =? f a lotus fl[] 9 ! great sea10 & !re are num]\s allusions 9 o!r inscriptions to 8! lotus blossom 9 ! great wat]s1 f :i* ! sun-*ild arises 9 radiance t[>ds heav540 ,! text accompany+ 7pl4 ,v1 #ae71 :]e a s]p5t rises f ! lotus 9 ! boat1 /ates 8! sun1 unit] ( ! _w1 9 ,t5tyra0! ,new ,ye>4 ,9 ano!r inscription x is said3 8?\ rise/ l ! sacr$ s]p5t1 z a liv+ _s1 9 ?y glori\s =m 9 ! b>k ( ! sunrise20 & ?is passage =ms an int]e/+ p>allel to t already cit$ :]e ! sun is said to rise 8l a hawk f ! mid/ ( its lotus bud40 ,pl4 ,,vii1 #ad1 exhibits a n9e-petall$ lotus gr[+ f a p$e/al & a head issu+ f x4 ,z ! "n = head tep 7also tap or tpa1 & apt cf4 pta71 signifies *ief1 or beg9n+1 we mu/ accept ?is z ano!r v>iant ( ! previ\s signs4 ,def]r+ ! discussion ( ! s-call$ 8bir?0 & cult ( ! diurnal sun1 z "o =m ( ,am5-,ra1 let u n[ rapidly survey ! foll[+ figures copi$ f ,mr4 ,goodye>'s "w4 ,pl4 ,,vii1 #i4 ,a circle encloses a gr\p consi/+ ( ! five-petall$ lotus betwe5 two buds & ! hawk-head$ sph9x1 :i* has already be5 met ) 9 ! a/ronomical texts &1 accord+ to ,egyptologi/s1 repres5ts ,horus1 ! sun1 8:o lights ! _w ) two eyes0 & is address$ z 8a p[]ful lion10 8! ma/] ( d\ble =ce407#aae7 ,i ne$ sc>cely recall "h t ! comb9ation ( a bird & quadrup$ w\ld naturally symbolize air & e>?1 ! ,above & ,bel[ & t ! hawk-head$ sph9x1 seat$ on f\r petals1 cle>ly expresses ! idea ( ! 8"l ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ! fa!r & "m ( all1 ! rul] ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s & "l ( ! circle40 ,pl4 ,,vii1 #aj4 ,! pla9 circle or disk1 support$ by two uplift$ armska1 aris+ f 7akh7 ! ankh sign1 is ano!r +5i\s mode ( express+ ! idea ( ! ,middle1 ! circle1 duality & life4 ,no4 #ac con/itutes z *>m+ & +5i\s a play ^u ! ^w ankhlife z c be imag9$1 & a close exam9ation reveals its subtle1 hidd5 & deep significance4 ,x exhibits1 9 ! fir/ case1 ! ankh sign comb9$ ) ! fl[]ankh1 :i* might1 at a fir/ glance1 be tak5 z an example ( purely decorative art4 ,b ! ev]-pres5t ?\ght ( ! duality ( nature manife/s itself 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! two fl[]s t[>ds ea* o!r & enclos$ 9 ! op5 r+ ( ! ankh sign1 & x is evid5t t ! arti/ took pa9s to draw ! c5tral petal ( ! l[] blossom 9 ! =m ( a triangle1 bel[ :i* an oblong squ>e & a squ>e may be di/+ui%$4 ,aft] ! =ego+ attempt to %[ h[1 ev5 ) my rudim5t>y & limit$ k ( _! language1 ! sacr$ symbols ( ! ,egyptians become intelligible & full ( significance :5 /udi$ z examples ( pole-/> symbolism & primitive rebus writ+1 ,i draw att5tion to ! limit$ numb] ( syllables employ$ 9 ! a/ronomical texts2 to ! +5uity display$ 9 express+ ! same s\nd ov] & ov] aga9 by means ( diff]5t words possess+ ! same s\nd & to ! fact ,i %all h]eaft] set =?1 t ! syllables & rebus-figures employ$ are f\nd indissolubly l9k$ to pole-/> & sacr$ symbolism4 ,ref]r+ a demon/ration ( ^! conclusions to ! end ( ! pres5t inve/igation1 ,i %all next discuss ! =ms :i* ! cult ( ! dualities ( nature seem+ly assum$ 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,z an introduction ,i pres5t 9 fig4 #gj1 ! copy ( ! upp] portion ( a fun]al /ela pres]v$ at ,blk & publi%$ by ,p]rot & ,*ipiez 7gypt51 ,leipzig1 #ahhd74 ,x exhibits ! head or face ( ,ha?or surm\nt+ ! tet column & support+1 9 turn1 ! image ( a small h\se or temple1 at ea* side ( :i* is a peculi> projection recall+ ! circ9ate l9e issu+ f ! r$ cr[n ( l[] ,egypt 7see fig4 #gj1 #i1 #aj74 ,9 ano!r ,ha?or /ela1 figur$ 9 ! same "w 7pp4 #eaj & #ghj71 ! same *>act]i/ic circ9ate projections recur4 ,! image ( ! h\se1 always repres5t$ ) a s+le doorway1 is obvi\sly a rebus ( ! "n ,ha?or1 expla9$ by ,egyptologi/s z ,het-h]u1 lit]ally 8! h\se ( ,horus40 8,a?or or ,ha?or ( ,!bes1 id5tifi$ ) ,nut1 ! sky 444 0 ! female p[] ( nature & is (t5 repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a c[1 444 z a woman ) a c['s head1 ) horns & ! disk1 or we>+ a head-dress 9 ! %ape ( a vulture & above x ! disk & horns40 ,9 ! famili> repres5tation ( ! mask ( ,ha?or on columns1 ! association ) ! c[ is convey$ by l>ge c['s e>ssetem1 project+ at ea* side ( ! facehra4 ,a feature g5]ally pres5t 9 ! m9iature doorway ( ! h\se1 is a s+le erect head ( a uru1 be>+ ! disk or circle on its head & usually exhibit+ a di/9ctly cross-%ap$ m>k on its neck4 ,! latt] peculi>ity is cle>ly %[n 9 fig4 #gj1 #a1 :i* exhibits moreov] a seat$ div9ity at ea* side ( ! doorway1 ea* be>+ ! ?rone or seat 7auset7 on its head1 & ! ankh sign on its knee4 ,close exam9ation reveals t "o ( ^! deities is ,aus>,osiris1 ^: "n is g5]ally writt5 by means ( ! ?roneauset1 & ! eyeari1 ) or )\t ! det]m9ative = god1 i4 e41 ! seat$ figure 7fig4 #gj1 #a a & #a b74 ,opposite to ,osiris is ,auset,isis1 ^: "n is usually writt5 z 9 fig4 #gj1 #a c1 :]e ! auset1 ! eggse1 & ! seat$ image ( a goddess be>+ a b[lneb1 on h] head1 may be di/+ui%$4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #gj4 ,an idea ( ! import ( fig4 #gj1 #a1 seems ga9$ :5 x is rememb]$ t 9 ,egyptian ! ^w h\sepi1 pir or p]1 0 associat$ ) ! title ( rul]1 ! "n ,ph>aoh be+ d]iv$ f p]agreat h\se4 ,:at is m1 ! ^w h\sepir or pi1 is us$ 9 a/ronomical texts1 l ! ,arabian be?1 9 relation to />s1 x be+ said ( a /> t 8x ev] comes =? f its h\se0appe>s 7,brugs*74 ,! p]man5t image ( ! disk & s]p5t1 a =m ( ! ,ra sign1 9 ! doorway ( ! sculptur$ h\se1 w\ld ?us convey ! idea ( ! et]nal pres5ce ( ,am5-,ra1 ! pole-/> god4 ,! acc5tuation ( ! cross l9es on ! neck ( ! ara indicates1 moreov]1 ! int5tional allusion to f\r-fold & two-fold =ce1 ! latt] be+ express$ by ! eyes ( ! s]p5t4 ,! doorptah1 :i* is op51 expresses ! "n ,ptah! ,op5]1 well kn[n z t ( ! 8fa!r ( ! gods0 & a =m ( ,am5-,ra4 ,! positions assign$ to ,osiris & ,isis1 at ei!r side ( ! 8hidd5 god10 suffici5tly %[s t !y 7 int5d$ to repres5t sep>ate incorporations ( ! male & female pr9ciples :i* 7 unit$ 9 ,am5-,ra1 ! 8div9e ,twa940 ,! association ( bo? deities ) ! ?rone1 ! et]nal seat ( repose1 id5tifies bo? alike ) ,pol>is4 ,a monum5t 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum 7no4 #bfa7 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! temple ( ,isis at ,b5-naga1 9 ,nubia1 & 0 a votive (f]+ made by ! ,e?iopian k+ ,netek-,am5 & 8 consort ,am5-,t>i1 conta9s ! foll[+ =mula1 translat$ by ,lepsius1 :i* associates ,isis ) et]nal en?ronem5t4 8,?\ rema9e/1 ?\ rema9e/1 on ?y great ?rone1 ,o ,isis1 que5 ( ,au-k]1 l ! sun 7,ra7 t lives 9 ! horizon 444 & ?\ lette/ ?y son ,netek-,am5 fl\ri% on 8 ?rone44440 ,! fact ,i am ab\t to demon/rate1 t ! k+ & que5 ( ,egypt 7 ! respective1 8! liv+ images0 ( ,osiris & ,isis1 proves t1 z 9 anci5t ,p]u & ,*9a1 ! sov]eigns1 :o 7 at ! same "t high prie/ & prie/ess1 7 consid]$ z ! sacr$ embodim5ts ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature4 ,z else:]e also1 a *a9 ( associations became atta*$ to ea* ( ! dualities2 b 9 ,egypt1 z may be cle>ly disc]n$1 dur+ ! lapse ( c5turies great trans=mations ( ?\ght took place & alt]nately ! male & female elem5ts seem to h be5 associat$ ) ! cults ( heav5 & e>?1 light & d>kness1 sun or moon1 morn+ or ev5+ />s1 ! s\!a/ & ! nor?we/4 ,9 ! sacr$ writ+s ! sun is usually t]m$ 8! "r eye0 & ! moon 8! left eye0 ( ,ra 7cf4 hra! 7div9e7 face74 ,brugs* po9ts out t1 9 c]ta9 inscriptions at ,d5d]ah translat$ by ,m>iette1 8! ,so?is /> ( ,ha?or-,isis is designat$ z #8! "r eye ( ,ra' :ile ! sun is t]m$ ! left eye40 ,brugs* /ates1 moreov]1 t1 accord+ to ,sextus ,empiricus1 8! ,egyptians comp>$ ! k+ to ! #8"r eye' or ! sun2 :ile ! que5 0 comp>$ to ! #8left eye' or ! moon40 ,! two eyes1 (t5 ) ! designation ( 8"r0 or 8left10 con/itute a favorite decoration on fun]al /el4 ,9 "s in/ances ! image ( ! sol> disk1 ) "o w+ & "o s]p5t only1 is figur$ z a sub/itute = ! "r eye 7op4 cit4 ,,ii1 #dcf1 see fig4 #fb1 #f74 ,! e/abli%$ fact t ! eyes ( ,ra 7 ! equival5ts ( ! uri usually accompany+ ! circle ( ,ra1 ! s-call$ 8sol> disk10 is fur!r expla9$ by ! foll[+ data4 ,x is well kn[n t ! two uri on ! royal diadem d5ote sov]eignty ov] ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,9 ! bas-relief publi%$ by ,brugs*1 ! circle or ,ra-sign is repres5t$ ) two uri1 :i* respectively we> ! cr[ns ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt 7fig4 #gj1 #g74 ,! cr[n$ uri recur 9 ! emblems ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt publi%$ by ,mr4 ,goodye>1 ! fir/ accompani$ by ! lotus fl[] & ! second by :at ,egyptologi/s usually id5tify z ! papyrus1 b :i* appe>s to be ! rip5$ pod ( ! lotus 7fig4 #gj1 #i & #aj74 ,:ile ! two uri ?us emblematiz$ ! two divisions ( ! l& ( ,egypt !y are f\nd z di/9ctly associat$ ) ,osiris & ,isis1 & _! liv+ images ! k+ & que51 or ! high prie/ & high prie/ess ( ,am5-,ra4 ,! ,b]l9 ,museum conta9s sev]al repres5tations ( ,isis "u ! =m ( a s]p5t ) a woman's head 7see (ficial catalogue1 nos4 #ggdj1 #hgj & #bebi74 ,osiris is also repres5t$ z a s]p5t ) ! head ( a be>d$ man4 ,a small %r9e 9 ! =m ( a temple1 & decorat$ ) royal s]p5ts1 is pres]v$ at ! ,b]l9 ,museum 7catalogue no4 #hafd7 & conta9s ! effigies ( two uri1 "o ( :i*1 to ! left ( ! spectator1 exhibits ! head ( ,isis1 ! second1 to ! "r1 ! features ( ,osiris4 ,betwe5 !m /&s ! vase or b[l :i* 0 a con/ant feature ( ,isis cult4 ,9 connection ) ?is monum5t x is int]e/+ to exam9e an inscription publi%$ by ,brugs* 7,i1 p4 #ajh7 9 :i* occur two s]p5ts :o are p\r+ liquid into a b[l plac$ betwe5 !m & ! divid$ halves ( ! sky-sign 7fig4 #gj1 #h74 ,! text connects ?is ) ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival :5 ! ,nile began to rise 8f its two s\rces0 & ! 8union ( heav5 & e>?0 took place1 :i* w be discuss$ lat]4 ,! foll[+ tempor>y li/ briefly pres5ts a summ>y ( ! prec$+ data :i* is r5d]$ m complete by ! addition ( ! signs & emblems ( ! fe/ivals1 :5 ! 8conjunction ( sun & moon took place10 figur$ by ! picture ( two p]sons unit$ by _! respective "r & left h&s 7fig4 #gj1 #e7 or by ! tet column plac$ betwe5 two horns 7fig4 #gj1 #d74 ,z may be se5 by num]\s examples 9 ,brugs* 7vol4 ,,ii71 ! great ,s$ fe/ival is figur$ by ! image ( ! small sanctu>y :i* exi/$ on ! flat ro( ( ! great temple at ,d5d]ah1 & resembl$ an op5 pavilion ) f\r columns :i* is usually repres5t$ z conta9+ two seats plac$ back to back 7fig4 #gj1 #b1 #c74 ,a small picture 9 ,mr4 ,wallis ,budge's ,nile exhibits ! k+ & que5 occupy+ su* a d\ble ?rone1 respectively1 we>+ ! insignia & cr[ns ( ,osiris & ,isis & hold+ _! sceptres1 z 9 ! repres5tations ( ! c]emony ( lay+ ! f\ndation ( a temple1 9 _! "r & left h&s 7fig4 #gj1 #f74 ,! rsum ( ! prec$+ mat]ial produces ! foll[+ li/3 ,"r eye ( ,ra3 ,left eye ( ,ra4 ,sun3 ,moon4 ,k+3 ,que54 ,osiris3 ,isis4 ,high prie/3 ,high prie/ess4 ,"r h& sceptre3 ,left h& sceptre4 ,nor?3 ,s\?4 ,r$ cr[n3 ,:ite cr[n4 ,! foll[+ data1 glean$ f ! valuable works ( ,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce & ! s]ial ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 writt5 by ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy & ,j4 ,g4 ,milne1 furni% /rong indications t1 9 ! remote/ pa/1 ! two divisions ( ! l& ( ,egypt 7 respectively gov]n$ by a male & female sov]eign2 a pro( t1 be=e ! "t ( ,m5es1 ! anci5t empire _h become dis9tegrat$1 & und]gone a long p]iod ( int5se /rife & w>f>e4 ,we le>n f ,pr(essor ,sayce ( ! probability t 8! city ( ,nek-h5 0 once ! capital ( ! s\? & t ! vulture1 ! symbol ( ! s\?1 0 also ! emblem ( ,nekheb1 ! goddess ( ! great =tress1 ! ru9s ( :i* lie opposite to ,nekh5 on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,nile0 7,sayce1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aeb1 #aia74 ,:ile ! capital & ! emblem ( s\!rn or ,upp] ,egypt are ?us directly associat$ ) a 8goddess10 fur!r data %[ u t ! anci5t que5s ( ,egypt 7 t]m$ 8god-wom5 or goddesses40 ,:5 ! ,new ,empire 0 f\nd$ 7#afjj-aajj ,b4,c47 ) its capital at ,!bes1 ,k+ ,ahmes assum$ ! sov]eignty ( ! :ole ( ,egypt1 b seems to h %>$ supreme au?ority ) 8 consort ,ah-mes-nefret]ediv9e- or god-woman1 also t]m$ 8! high prie/ess ( ,am540 ,f ! honors accord$ to h] & to h] son ,am5-hetep or ,am5ophis ,i1 x mu/ inde$ be inf]r$ t %e possess$ "s inh]it$ sov]eign "r to "o ( ! anci5t divisions ( ! empire4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! #bf? dyna/y1 ( ,sas1 we f9d ,upp] ,egypt gov]n$ by a 8god-woman10 ,%ep-en-upet1 :o rema9$ 9 p[]1 ev5 aft] ! l& _h be5 conqu]$ by ,psammeti*us ,i4 ,! latt] obta9$1 h[ev]1 t 8 daught] ,nitocris 0 adopt$ z ! successor to ! 8div9e-woman0 rul] ( ,!bes1 & %e 9 turn adopt$ ! daught] ( ,psammeti*us ,,ii 7,b4,c4 #eid-ehi71 ^: "n 0 ,an*es-nef]-eb-re4 ,a tablet f ! temple ( ,k>nak1 pres]v$ at ! ,b]l9 ,museum 7catalogue no4 #baab7 repres5ts ?is female sov]eign ( ,!bes accompani$ by h] prime m9i/]1 & /&+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods ,am5 & ,*on4 ,ano!r rem>kable monum5t at ! ,b]l9 ,museum 7no4 #gigb7 figures ! 8god-woman0 ,%ep-en-upet1 "u ! =m ( a sph9x hold+ a vase1 & records t %e _h inh]it$ ! sov]eignty ( ,!bes f h] aunt1 ! consort ( an ,e?iopian k+4 ,an extremely int]e/+ pro( t ! be>d1 p] se1 con/itut$ an emblem ( sov]eignty1 is furni%$ by a beautiful portrait /atue ( ! 8div9e woman10 ,hat-%epset 7,b]l9 ,museum1 no4 #bbii74 ,%e is figur$ z a sph9x & we>s a be>d susp5d$ f h] head-dress47#aaf7 ,! s]p5t decorates h] diadem4 ,on o!r monum5ts ?is rem>kable que51 :o built ! temple ( ,d]-el-,bah>i1 is figur$ ) ! cr[n ( ,upp] ,egypt 7cf4 no4 #bbgi1 ,b]l9 ,museum74 ,by good =tune ! p]sonal gold ornam5ts ( a 8div9e woman10 an ,e?iopian pr9cess1 7 discov]$ by ,f]l9i 9 ! pyramid ( ,beg]auie1 enclos$ 9 a pla9 bronze vase4 ,^! preci\s objects are n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 :]e ,i h exam9$ !m & not$ ) int]e/ t ! c5tral ornam5t ( two f9ely work$1 broad gold bracelets1 is a female figure ) ! royal diadem & f\r out/ret*$ arms1 to :i* w+s are atta*$4 ,?is furni%es u ) an in/ance ( a que5 be+ repres5t$ ) f\r w+s1 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! ,assyrian k+ ,s>gon1 on ! seal f ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib 7fig4 #fe1 #f71 namely1 z a 8rul] ( ! f\r qu>t]s10 :i* indicates t %e held ! position ( a 8c5tral rul]40 ,z might be expect$ 9 ! case ( a que5 :o p]sonifi$ ,isis1 frequ5tly repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a 8woman-s]p5t10 ! uru is a favorite motif on o!r gold ornam5ts belong+ to ! ,e?iopian que54 ,c]ta9 passages 9 ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie's ,hi/ory ( ,egypt af=d a curi\s insight into ! pr]ogatives ( ,egyptian que5s z f> back z ab\t ,b4,c4 #bfhd4 ,! consort ( ,us]tes5 ,,ii1 ! f\r? k+ ( ! twelf? dyna/y 0 nam$ ,nef]t1( :om a grey granite /atue is pres]v$ at ! ,ghizeh ,museum & repres5ts h] z seat$ on a ?rone4 ,on ?is are ! titles 8,! h]$it>y pr9cess1 ! great favorite1 ! greatly prais$1 ! belov$ consort ( ! k+1 ! rul] ( all wom51 ! k+'s daught] ( 8 body1 ,nef]t40 ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie adds3 8,! title rul] or pr9cess ( all wom5 is peculi>1 & sugge/s t ! que5 _h "s pr]ogatives ( gov]nm5t z reg>ds ! female half ( ! population40 ,! title 9 "q reappe>s f\r c5turies lat] 9 connection ) ,nubkhas1 ! que5 ( ,sebek,emsaup1 ( ! #ac? dyna/y & h] /ele 9 ! ,l\vre entitles h] ! 8great heiress1 ! greatly favor$1 ! rul] ( all wom51 ! great royal wife1 unit$ to ! cr[n ,nub-kha-s0 7op4 cit41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #age & #bbe74 ,betwe5 ,b4,c4 #adbc-adad que5 ,mutemua-arat appe>s z 8! goddess que50 & 8great royal wife0 7,fl9d]s ,petrie op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #agd74 ,! consort ( ,am5hotep ,,iii 7,b4,c4 #adad-acgi7 ! celebrat$ ,tyi1 ! daught] ( ,yuaa & ,?uaa1 is entitl$ 8pr9cess ( bo? l&s10 & 8*ief heiress1 pr9cess ( all l&s40 ,h] successor ,nef]titi is call$ 8pr9cess ( s\? & nor?1 lady ( bo? l&s10 :i* titles1 z ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie comm5ts1 8l ! titles ( ,tyi1 imply a h]$it>y "r to rule ,egypt40 ,!y und\bt$ly place h] on a foot+ ( equality ) ! k+1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 compreh5sible :5 x is expla9$ t %e 0 ! rul] ( all wom51 :ile he 0 ! rul] ( all m54 ,! position ( ! ,egyptian que5 w\ld ?us prove to h be5 analog\s to t ( ! anci5t ,mexican ,quilaztli 7see pp4 #fa-fg74 ,! analogy is all ! m /rik+ :5 x is realiz$ t ! titles ( ! ,mexican *iefta9ess 73 8! ,woman w>rior1 ! ,woman ( ! ,und]world or ,bel[1 ! ,woman s]p5t or female tw9 & ! ,eagle woman10 :ile ! emblem ( ! ,egyptian goddess-que5 ( ! s\? 0 ! vulture & %e 0 ! p]sonification ( ,isis1 repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a s]p5t1 ! tw9 ( ! male s]p5t1 ,osiris4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #ga4 ,mu* food = ?\ght is furni%$ by a ,syrian relief sculpture f ,amrit 7publi%$ by ,spam]1 see fig4 #ga1 #b71 :i* exhibits a vulture or eagle ) out/ret*$ w+s1 9 juxtaposition to a w+$ disk :i* appe>s to comb9e features ( ! ,assyrian w+$ disk 7! bird's tail & two app5dages1 see fig4 #ga1a7 ) ! two uri ( ! ,egyptian =m 7fig4 #ga1 #c74 ,x is /rik+ h[ cle> ! symbolism ( ! latt] becomes :5 int]pret$ 7#a7 z ! symbol ( ! hidd5 god & 8 male & female =m1 ,osiris & ,isis1 accompani$ by ! w+s symboliz+ air & ! idea t ! deity 0 invisible & immat]ial2 7#b7 z ! symbol ( ,egypt itself--an entity1 a complete circle1 divid$ into two p>ts1 "u two rul]s4 ,! pair ( antelope horns above emphasize ! fact t ! twa9 7 z a s+le pair4 ,! comb9$ cr[ns ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 ! latt] exhibit+ a s]p5t's head & ! fir/1 :at appe>s to be its tail1 con/itute ! symbol ( jo9t rul]%ip :i*1 9 ?is case1 is accompani$ by ! fea!r1 ! rebus express+ ! words 8tru? & ju/ice40 ,:ile ! ,syrian bas-relief conveys ! idea ( two sep>ate k+doms1 "o convey+ ! idea ( s+le rul]%ip1 by ! =m ( an eagle2 ! o!r ( dual rul]%ip1 by ! two uri1 ea* ( :i* is cr[n$ by a small disk2 ! ,egyptian symbol di/9ctly conveys ! idea ( a close union ( two di/9ct p>ts4 ,! hi/orical fact t ,m5es succe$$ 9 unit+ bo? l&s "u a s+le cr[n1 indicates cle>ly en\gh t ! anci5t empire _h become dis9tegrat$ & t by m>ry+ ! female rul] ( ! s\? he _h re9/at$ ! dual gov]nm5t on its orig9al primitive basis4 ,t1 dur+ ! p]iod ( sep>ation & indep5d5ce1 a p[]ful gynocracy _h be5 =m$ seems m ?an probable4 ,j z evid5ces are met ) 9 anci5t ,mexico ( ! exi/5ce ( female communities1 s ! ,old ,_w furni%es acc\nts1 deem$ fabul\s1 ( p[]ful gynocracies4 ,?us we h he>d ( ! ,amazons1 ! fabul\s race ( wom5 w>riors :o are suppos$ to h f\nd$ a p[]ful empire on ! coa/ ( ! ,eux9e4 ,a se>*+ analysis ( ! texts translat$ by ,brugs*1 relat+ to ! c]emonies p]=m$ at ! ,new ,ye> & fam\s ,s$ fe/ivals1 z well z hi/orical facts glean$ f ! works ( liv+ au?orities1 ?r[ a light ^u ! position & sacr$ duties ( ! ,egyptian que5s dur+ _m c5turies4 ,! critical exam9ation ( a numb] ( inscriptions1 translat$ by ,brugs*1 is f\nd to %[ t ! que5 0 ! high prie/ess & liv+ image ( ,ha?or-,isis & ! p]sonification ( ! female pr9ciple ( nature1 associat$ 9 ,egypt ) ! nocturnal ,heav5 & ! ,above1 & _! symbols1 ! bird or vulture1 ! c[1 ! female s]p5t1 ! moon1 ! />s1 & 9 p>ticul> ,sirius-,so?is4 ,9 remote/ hi/orical times ! goddess-que5 seems to h resid$ 9 h] own capital1 a =tress4 ,! univ]sal necessity to insure ! safety ( wom5 & *ildr5 9 times ( w>f>e may well h orig9ally l$ to ! assignm5t ( a sep>ate1 p]man5t place ( resid5ce1 to ! female portion ( ! population4 ,! ,new ,ye> fe/ival1 :i* co9cid$ ) ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius 7#bj? ,july1 ,jul4 ,cal47 & ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile1 :i* susp5d$ outdoor activity1 0 g5]ally celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ! l& z ! 8union ( heav5 & e>?10 or ! conjunction ( 8! sun & ! moon1 or ,sirius40 ,x 0 cu/om>y t1 at ?is p]iod1 ! que51 p]sonify+ ! ,so?is />1 %\ld come =? f h] retirem5t &1 surr\nd$ by pomp & maje/y1 meet ! k+ 9 solemn /ate1 publicly occupy h] place on ! d\ble ?rone1 & %>e 9 ! p]=mance ( sacr$ religi\s rites4 ,x is easy to see t ! idea und]ly+ ! entire c]emonial 0 ! h>moniz+ ( ! actions ( ! sacr$ p]sonifications ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature ) ! natural ph5om5a1 f :i* arose a /range confusion ( ideas conc]n+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ^! consecrat$ individuals & ! p[]s ( nature1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! artificial belief t !y 7 div9ely appo9t$ m$iators betwe5 humanity & ! supreme p[]4 ,!re are cle> indications t ! consecrat$ nuptials ( k+ & que5 m>k$ ! ,s$ fe/ival :i* 0 celebrat$1 at ! beg9n+ ( e f\r? ye>1 at ,d5d]ah4 ,brugs* tells u t ! place on ! ro( ( ! ,ha?or temple1 :]e ! celebration ( ! ,s$ fe/ival took place1 is specially designat$ z 8! place ( ! fir/ fea/0 & 9 _m cases ?is is %[n to h be5 ! small op5 temple1 ^: ro( is support$ by f\r columns 7fig4 #gj1 #b & #c74 ,9 "o passage x is expressly /at$ t 8%e1 ,isis-,so?is1 consorts ) h] fa!r1 ! sun1 at #8! place ( ! fir/ fea/1' 0 repres5t$ by a picture ( ! said temple 7fig4 #gj1 #f74 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! foll[+ passage ) ! successive "o1 z !y exhibit diff]5t phases ( religi\s cult4 8,9 solemn procession /atues ( ! god ,ra & ( ,ha?or-,isis 7,so?is-,sirius7 7 c>ri$ up ! /airs f ! int]ior ( ! temple to its ro( 7! tep-hat or head ( ! h\se7 :]e1 "u ! op5 sky or 9 ! small op5 temple on ! ro( designat$ z ,hait at ,d5d]ah1 ! idols 7 unveil$ at a giv5 "t44440 8,on ! morn ( ! ,new ,ye> ,isis-,so?is #8beheld h] fa!r on ! beautiful day ( ! bir? ( ! disk' 7mas-at57 or #8! bir? ( ! sun' 7mas-ra740 ,x is describ$ h[ 8! goddess 0 l$ ^u ! ro( s t %e might behold ! rays ( h] fa!r on 8 ris+4444 ,%e is sometimes address$ directly1 be+ told #8t ?\ %\ld/ see ?y fa!r on ! day ( ! ,new ,ye>4' 0 ,9 o!r texts allusion is made to ! approa* ( ,sirius to ! sun on ,new ,ye>'s day3 8h] rays jo9 7het]7 ) ^? ( ! radiant god on t beautiful day ( ! bir? ( ! sun's disk 9 ! morn+ ( ,new ,ye>'s day30 or 8?\ consorte/ ) ?y fa!r ,ra 9 ?y op5 temple1 ?y beautiful face be+ turn$ t[>ds ! s\?20 & else:]e1 8%e comes on h] beautiful fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye>1 to unite h] greatness 9 heav5 ) t ( h] fa!r2 ! gods are fe/ive & ! goddesses are full ( joy :5 ! "r eye 7,sirius7 unites itself ) ! left eye 7! sun74 ,%e re/s ^u h] ?rone 9 ! place :]e ! disk ( ! sun c be se5 & ! radiant "o 7,isis-,so?is7 comb9es h]self ) ! radiant "o 7! sun740 ,on "o ( ! columns ( ! ro(-temple at ,d5d]ah1 ! foll[+ text is inscrib$3 8,?is temple ( ,rekhit fl\ri%es 9 possession ( a lion 7mahes7 & ( 8 daught] 444 ( ! ,horus ( ! ea/ & ( ! goddess ,khont-abut4 ,!y assume h] heav5ly =m on ,new ,ye>'s day & ea* "o consorts ) 8 neighbor40 ,prec$+ inscriptions are made m cle> by ! foll[+ deta*$ passages translat$ by ,brugs*1 :i* m]it c>eful /udy4 8,an inscription at ,abydos makes ! goddess ,safkhet say to ! k+3 #8?\ did/ appe> z k+ ^u ?y ?rone on ! fea/ hib-seb2 l ! god ,ra at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4' 0 8,! high-prie/ ( ,ptah at ,memphis 0 *>g$ ) ! celebration ( ! ,s$ fe/ival1 :i* 0 a g5]al fe/ival ?r\gh\t ! l&40 8,! annual go+ ( ! ,ha?or ( ,d5d]ah to ,edfu took place 9 ! mon? ,epiphi40 8,! goddess ,ha?or-,isis ( ,d5d]ah is frequ5tly call$ ! second female sun next to ! sun's disk1 ! _m color$1 fea!r$ goddess1 & is id5tifi$ ) ,isis-,so?is40 ,accord+ to an extremely anci5t belief x 0 ! goddess ,ha?or ,isis-,so?is :o caus$ ! inundation ( ! ,nile :i*1 accord+ to ! inscriptions1 co9cid$ ) ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius4 ,ow+ to ?is circum/ance %e is call$1 8,isis ! great1 ! "m ( god1 :o causes ! ,nile to ov]fl[ :5 %e %9es at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>10 or 8! female sun :o appe>s at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> 9 ! heav5 z ! div9e ,so?is />1 ! que5 ( ! decan />s1 ^: rays illum9ate ! e>? l ^? ( ! sun :i* appe>s 9 ! morn+4 ,%e is ! mi/ress ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>1 :o draws ! ,nile out ( its s\rce & ?us conf]s life ^u liv+ human be+s40 ,else:]e %e is t]m$ 8! mi/ress ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>1 :o makes ! ,nile rise at its p]iod40 ,x is likewise said ( h] 8on h] beautiful fea/ ( behold+ h] fa!r1 ! heav5 unites itself ) ! e>? & ! "r eye unites itself ) ! left eye1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>40 ,%e is describ$ z ,isis ! great1 ! "m ( god1 ! lady ( ,adut 9 ,anet1 ! mi/ress ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 ! mon>* ( ! ,sema8 :o appe>s on ,new ,ye>'s day to u%] 9 ! new ye>4 7,%e is7 ! goddess ,am5t 7! hidd5 "o7 9 ,!bes1 ,m5at 7! nurse7 9 ,heliopolis1 ,r5pit 7i4 e4 ! ye>7 9 ,memphis1 ! div9e /> ,so?is 9 ,elephant9e1 ! radiant "o 9 ,apoll9opolis magna1 etc4 ,9 ano!r passage ,ha?or-,isis is spok5 ( z 8! goddess ,meh5-net ( ! light-god & 8 ,ar-hatef7%e :o acts z pilot7 9 ! boat sektet1 :i* et]nally passes ?r\gh ! heav5 ov] ! head ( h] fa!r40 ,on ! nor? wall ( ! ,prondos ( ! ,d5d]ah temple ,isis-,ha?or is call$ 8,ha?or1 ! lady ( ,anet2 ,isis h]self2 ! eye ( ,ra2 ! great "o ( ,t5tyra2 ! lady ( heav52 ! que5 ( gods & goddesses2 ! great ,mat 444 ! female sun2 ! fir/ 9 ,t5tyra2 ! true "o among/ gods2 ! "y2 ! daught] ( a "y 444 8 ! beauty :o appe>s 9 heav52 ! tru? :i* regulates ! _w at ! pr[ ( ! b>k ( ! sun2 ! que5 & mi/ress ( awe2 ! mi/ress ( goddesses1 ,isis1 ! great1 ! "m ( ! god40 ,! foll[+ texts f ,brugs* are explicit en\gh3 8,! temple ( ,t5tyra is fitt$ up = a bride1 & is occupi$ by a bride40 8,! temple ( ,t5tyra is 9 bridal array & conta9s a bride on ! beautiful fe/ival ( ! bir? ( ! sun40 8,! temple ( ,t5tyra is fitt$ up = a bridal & is 9 possession ( a bride on h] beautiful fe/ival ( ! bir? ( ! sun 7mas-ra740 ,! bir? ( a male or female ,horus1 ( a "y sun or moon1 is allud$ to 9 o!r texts z ! 8fea/ ( ! *ild 9 its cradle10 & co9cid$ ) ,new ,ye>'s day4 ,accord+ to ,brugs*1 ! fe/ival ( ! *ild 9 its sescradle1 ne/1 or c\*1 und\bt$ly co9cid$ ) ,new ,ye>'s day1 z is prov5 by ! foll[+ inscription3 8,! br++ ( ! b& ( /uff to ! great ,isis1 ! "m ( ! god1 = ! obta9m5t ( a happy ye>4 ,receive1 receive happy ye>s on ! day ( ! night ( ! *ild 9 its cradle60444 ,x is usual to int]pret ! bir? ( ! "y *ild1 or sun ( ! ,new ,ye> z a m]e allegory ( ! a/ronomical fact & x may h be5 ?us 9 lat] times4 ,on ! o!r h&1 hi/orical data prove t ! actual bir? ( a 8*ild10 ! (fspr+ ( a royal sacram5tal m>riage1 did take place 9 ! temple & t *ildr51 ?us born1 aft]w>ds became ! rul]s ( ,egypt4 8,at ,luqsor1 444 a great temple 0 built by ,am5hotep ,,iii 7,b4,c4 #adad-acgi7 to #88 fa!r ,am51' ) special ref]5ce to ! div9e conception ( ! k+4444 ,8 bir? is ! great subject ( ! temple 444 & 8 "m ,mut-em-ua is ! prom95t figure 9 ^? sc5es1 po9t+ to h] be+ important z que5-"m44440 ,( ! lat] k+ ,hor-em-heb 7,b4,c4 #accb-acbh7 x is inscrib$3 8,am51 k+ ( ! gods1 d&l$ him 444 :5 he came =? f ! womb he 0 envelop$ 9 rev]5ce1 ! aspect ( a god 0 ^u him2 ! arm 0 b[$ to him z a *ild & great & small did obeisance be=e him 0 7,fl9d]s ,petrie1 op4 cit4 pp4 #agg1 #aij & #bdh74 ,! small ,isis temple to ! ea/ ( ! great temple ( ,ha?or at ,d5d]ah is specially designat$ z ! ly+-9 *amb]1 or sacr$ h\se ( bir?4 ,an inscription dat+ f ! ,roman p]iod1 on ! out] ea/]n wall ( ?is build+ reads3 8,life6 ! female ,horus1 ! y\?ful1 ! daught] ( a hak 7reg5t1 ,brugs*71 ,isis1 ! great1 ! "m ( ! ,ragod1 is born 9 ,t5tyra 9 ! #8night ( ! *ild 9 its cradle1' at ! we/ side ( ! temple ( ,hat-seses 7! great temple ( ,ha?or740 ,x is1 moreov]1 /at$ t 8,horus1 9 female =m1 is ! pr9cess1 ! p[]ful1 ! heiress to ! ?rone & ! daught] ( an heir to ! ?rone40 ,9 ano!r inscription1 on ! s\? wall ( ! small temple ( ,isis1 ! bir? ( ,isis is describ$ ?us3 8,on ?is beautiful day1 #8( ! night ( ! *ild 9 its cradle1' on ! great fe/ival dur+ :i* ! _w is re-adju/$1 or balanc$ 7sekhek en ta71 ! br++ =? ( ,isis takes place 9 ! int]ior or c5tre ( ,anet 7,t5tyra7 by ! goddess ,ap1 ! great1 9 ! *amb] ( ,ap1 9 ! =m ( a d>k r$ female p]son1 ! ,khnum ankh1 ! lovely4 ,h] "m1 ,nut1 exclaim$ at ! sight ( h]3 behold1 7,z is7 ,i h become a "m4 ,!nce ! orig9 ( ! "n ,isis4444 ,! s\?1 t[>ds ! place ( ris+ ( ! sun's disk1 has be5 giv5 ov] to h]1 & ! nor?1 t[>ds4444 ,%e is1 namely1 ! mi/ress ( bo? sides ( ,egypt1 ) h] son ,horus & h] bro!r ,osiris40 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! wall ( ! t]race at ,d5d]ah a simil> inscription reads3 8,u>-kh]-ta is ! "n ( ?is locality4 ,! "n ( ! place ( ! cradle ( ,isis is nam$ ,adut1 :i* is ! h\se :]e ! #8acc\*em5t' ( ,nut1 ! goddess ( heav51 takes place4 ,x is "h t1 at ! "t ( ! #8night ( ! *ild 9 its cradle1' ! god-"m is br\ght into ! _w1 9 ! =m ( a d>k female1 nam$ ,khnum-ankhet1 ! lady ( love & ! que5 ( ! gods & goddesses4 ,on see+ h]1 h] "m exclaim$3 ,z1 s i4 e4 lo1 or behold1 ,i h become a "m6 ,!nce ! orig9 ( h] "n ,isis4444 ,%e is ! lady ( ! temple ( ,egypt ) h] son ,horus & bro!r ,osiris1 n[ & =ev] into et]nity40 ,! mo/ in/ructive acc\nt ( ! fe/ival :i* has come "u my notice is ! foll[+1 conta9$ 9 ano!r inscription 9 ! temple at ,d5d]ah4 8,! f\r? day1 supplem5t>y to ! ye> 7( #cfj days1 i4 e4 ! #cfd? day7 is ! beautiful day ( ! #8night ( ! *ild 9 its cradle' & is a great fe/ival ( prep>ation4 ,dur+ ! night prec$+ ?is day !re takes place ! procession ( ! goddess ,ha?or & ! div9ities ) h]4 ,! circuit ( h] temple is made & all is duly fulfill$ accord+ to ! cu/om4 ,^u ?is foll[s ! return to _! places 7*amb]s 9 ! temple74 ,! gold5 "o 7,nubet1 ! ord9>y appellation ( ,ha?or-,isis z ! /> ,so?is-,sirius1 ,brugs*7 rises1 %9+1 above ! br[ ( h] prog5itor1 & h] my/]i\s 7lit]ally1 full ( secrets7 =m is at ! pr[ ( ! boat ( ! sun4 ,z soon z %e rea*es ! k 7c5tre7 ( h] city 9 ! pres5ce ( h] ,nomos1 %e beholds h] dwell+ ) ! mo/ joyful feel+s4 ,:5 %e ent]s h] h\se h] body is full ( delight4 ,:5 %e has tak5 possession ( h] exalt$ dwell+1 surr\nd$ by h] fell[-gods1 :o /& at ea* side ( h]1 h] s\l 9 h] body is full ( rejoic+s4 ,:5 !y jo9 ! rays ( h] fa!r 7! sun god7 & are unit$ to ! radiance ( 8 disk1 ! city ,anet 7,t5tyra7 is happy4 ,adoration is made 9 ,adut 7! ly+-9 *amb]7 & ,pi-anet is 9 fe/ive /ate1 :5 x beholds ! great1 ! p[]ful lead]1 %e :o creates ! fe/ival 9 ! holy city on t beautiful day ( ! ,new ,ye>40 ,else:]e we read3 8,! city ( ,anet is 9 a con/ant exaltation :5 ! goddess ,isis is born 9 x 79 ! small ,isis temple7 9 ! =m ( a d>k r$ woman1 ^: "n is ,khnum-,ankhet1 ! lady ( love1 ! que5 ( goddesses & wom51 ! bride4 ,x is beautiful to see ! %9+ appe>ance ( ! ray ( light 9 ! heav51 9 ! dusk1 at ! "t :5 %e is born 9 ?is city4444 ,a fly+ beetle 787 is born 9 ! sky 9 ! primval city ( ,t5tyra at ! p]iod ( #8! night ( ! *ild 9 its cradle4' ,! sun %9es 9 ! heav5 at dusk :5 h] bir? has tak5 place4 ,gods & goddesses praise ! "n ( h] maje/y44440 8,ra-,hur ( ,apoll9opolis magna1 god ,sam-ta1 comes =?1 or arises1 9 ! dawn 7akhekh7 :5 ! bir? takes place 9 #8! night ( ! *ild 9 its cradle1' on ! great fe/ival ( ! entire _w 7or ! entire l&74 ,he %9es = h] maje/y :5 %e has br\ght =? 7! *ild74 ,h] *ild is 9 ! =m ( a beautiful boy1 :o is ! "l ( ,t5tyra4 ,! gods & goddesses came to h] c>ry+ ! symbol ( life 7! ankh7 & ! sceptre ( p[] 7! tam7 s z to fulfil _! desire & h] wi%0 7p4 #ajc74 ,! foll[+ extract f a papyrus :i* belong$ to a prie/ ( ,amon1 nam$ ,horsiesis ( ,!bes1 ( ! "t ( ,augu/us1 af=ds an extremely int]e/+ insight ( ! my/]i\s c]emonial :i* _h gradually develop$4 ,x is evid5t t ! text1 ?\gh app>5tly cle>1 mu/ h be5 intelligible to ! initiat$ only1 :o alone 7 able to und]/& ! allusions to secret1 sacr$ rites & _! symbolical mean+4 8,?\ raise/ ?yself to heav51 9 ! region ( ! city ,ka 444 ?\ goe/ ) ! k+ :5 he goes to ,!bes 444 ?\ see/ ! ,sktt b>k on its arrival 9 ! city ( ,!bes & ! two si/]s unit$ 9 ,pi-ubkt 444 ?\ see/ ! goddess ,ha?or :o becomes ! "m ( h] own "m7#aag7 on ! day 444 ( ! ,tx fe/ival 444 ?y "n is call$ among/ ^? ( ! judges on ! great ,h]mopolis 9 ! night ( ! fe/ival ( he :o rema9s 9 ! middle or c5tre ( 8 city 444 ?\ see/ ! immovable ones unit$ into a quatuor1 9 =m l a "y bull 444 ?\ see/ _! wives unit$ toge!r 9 ! =m ( ! goddess ,an?at 444 ?\ visite/ ! caves ( ,!bes :5 8 maje/y betakes himself to ! zone ( ,smu4444 ,! mi/ress ( heav5 comes to h] h\se 444 ?\ receive/ a cloak f 8 h& 444 ! div9e eye 444 ?\ wat*e/ at night 9 ! *amb] ( bir? on ! day ( ! ly+ 9 bir? ( ! goddess ,mut4444,nut8 ,?\ goe/ 9 ) ^? :o g 9 & come/ out ) ^? :o come out l ! great ,horus 9 8 temple 444 ?\ see/ 9 h] doma9787 my/]i\s actions p]=m$ by ! ,pa/ophores4 ,no "o sees1 no "o he>s 7( !m7 444 ?\ he>e/ ! voice ( ! s+] 9 ! temple1 9 v>i$ modulations 444 ?\ asc5de/ ! /airway ( ! et]nal circle ( light1 ?\ see/ ! /rong ram 9 its doma9 444 ?\ see/ 444 9 8 fir/ =m1 ,osiris1 9 ! h\se ( purification40 7,brugs*1 op4 cit4 ,,ii1 pp4 #eah & #ebj74 ,a c>eful p]usal ( ! prec$+ texts conveys an idea ( ! imm5se lapse ( "t x mu/ h requir$ = ! /ate religion ( ,egypt to h develop$ itself & cry/alliz$ into a complicat$ ritual1 ! true significance ( :i*1 d\btlessly1 gradually rec$$ f view4 ,! nave primitive symbolization ( ! union ( heav5 & e>? by ! actual m>riage ( k+ & que51 foll[$ by g5]al m>riage fe/ivities1 _h naturally creat$1 9 c\rse ( "t1 a di/9ct privileg$ ca/e r5d]$ 8div9e0 by ! circum/ances att5d+ _! conception & bir?4 ,once 9 exi/5ce ! ma9t5ance & insurance ( ! div9e l9e ( desc5t w\ld naturally en=ce ! int]m>riage ( its memb]s & ! seque/ration & gu>d$ seclusion ( ! royal wom5 & ! virg9 prie/esses f ^: ranks ! de/9$ mo!rs ( ! div9e *ildr5 7 select$4 ,a m anci5t =m ( symboliz+ ! union ( heav5 & e>? seems to h be5 ! cult ( ,apis1 :i*1 accord+ to ,masp]o1 prec$$ ! build+ ( ! pyramids & c\ld sc>cely h aris5 be=e ! adoption ( ! c[ or bull1 ua1 z ! rebus ( ,pol>is1 ! ,"oua4 ,a survival ( ,apis cult seems to be ! allegorical sacr$ title 8bull0 7,osiris-,apis7 be/[$ ^u ! k+1 ( 8c[0 ^u ! que5 & 8calf0 ^u _! (fspr+1 ! "y ,horus4 ,9 lat] times ! k+ 0 entitl$ 8! ram0 & wore 8 fleece & horns on visit+ ! que54 ,z a natural sequ5ce1 ! fruit ( _! union 0 spok5 ( z 8! lamb40 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus 7,,ii1 pp4 #bg-bi1 ,c>y's translation71 8! sacr$ ,apis1 or ,epaphus is ! calf ( a c[ incapable ( conceiv+ ano!r (fspr+2 & ! ,egyptians say t lightn+ desc5ds ^u ! c[ f heav5 & t f !nce x br+s =? ,apis40 8,! ,egyptian magi/rates said 444 ! god 9 ! =m ( ,apis manife/$ himself at di/ant int]vals 444 & :5 ?is manife/ation took place ! ,egyptians imm$iately put on _! ri*e/ app>el & kept fe/ive holiday40 ,z /at$ by ,mr4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,apis wor%ip 0 e/abli%$ at ,memphis by ,ka-kau1 ! second k+ ( ! second dyna/y ,b4,c4 #dajj4 ,! v5]ation accord$ to ! bull1 c[ & calf1 z embodim5ts ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature1 9 sep>ate & 9 s+le =m1 seems to h be5 accord$ 9 o!r localities to diff]5t animal =ms & to h be5 replac$1 9 lat] times1 by triads1 compos$ ( a god1 goddess & _! (fspr+1 ea* great c5tre ultimately possess+ _! p>ticul> triad1 ! liv+ images ( :i* 7 ! high-prie/1 high-prie/ess & _! 8div9e0 (fspr+4 ,x %\ld be not$ t a gr\p consi/+ ( #han9e gods1 high prie/s or prophets1 accompani$ ! triad1 ! result be+ twelve 8deities0 9 all1 ( :i* "o! *ild1 0 an embodim5t ( two pr9ciples & 0 ! ka! div9e twa94 ,! transition ( ,apis wor%ip f ! animal to ! human =m 0 accompli%$ dur+ ! reign ( ! ,ptolemies 7,b4,c4 #cje-db7 :5 ,s]apis or ,osiris-,apis 0 introduc$ into ,egypt & repres5t$ z a man ) ! head ( a bull1 we>+ a disk & uru4 ,long be=e ?is1 h[ev]1 &rosph9xes & o!r comb9ations ( ! human & animal =m _h exi/$ 9 ,egypt4 ,at ,!bes ! div9e triad 0 =m$ by ,am5-,ra1 ,mut-,ha?or & ,*onsu2 at ,edfu & ,d5d]ah we f9d ,osiris1 ,isis-,so?is-,ha?or & ,horus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a curi\s inscription 9 ! temple at ,d5d]ah1 translat$ by ,brugs* 7,,ii1 p4 #eab71 actually describes ,am5-,ra z 8! great god 9 ,d5d]ah1 :o p]iodically rejuv5ates himself & becomes a beautiful boy1 :o is ! conceal$ or hidd5 god1 ^: "n is hidd52 :o is ! ,horus ) color$ w+s1 com+ =? 9 ! upp] hemisph]e ( ,edfu1 ! "l ( ! d\ble heav540 ,! inf]5ce "o might be tempt$ to make f ?is & o!r texts is t1 at "o p]iod1 a human babe1 ! fruit ( a royal or sac]dotal union1 0 born 9 ! temple on :at con/itut$ ,new ,ye>'s ,day & 0 secretly wor%ipp$ !re dur+ ! ensu+ ye>1 z ! liv+ image ( ,am5-,ra1 ! hidd5 god & 8div9e twa940 ,i v5ture to po9t out t ! adoption ( ! *ild z ! image ( ! div9ity 0 ! logical sequ5ce to ! prec$+ employm5t ( ! bull z a rebus = ! words ua"o & katwa92 t ! consecration ( ! human =m mu/1 und\bt$ly1 h giv5 a /rong impulse to /atu>y1 & t ! sanctification ( ! *ild correspond+ly exalt$ mo!rhood & l5t a p>ticul> consecration to ! m>riage ( its 8div9e p>5ts40 ,! foll[+ facts1 cull$ at r&om1 af=d a limit ( ! transitions & fur!r developm5ts :i* took place 9 ,egypt 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,be=e proce$+1 special m5tion mu/ be made ( "o important po9t :i* ?r[s a flood ( light ^u ! ext5t ( ! developm5t ( sep>ate cults ( sun & moon & ! in/itution ( sol> & lun> cal5d>s :i* respectively gov]n$ ! activities ( ! male & female populations4 ,z ?is matt] w be fully treat$ 9 my cal5d> monograph ,i %all m]ely note "h t ,brugs* cites texts prov+ ! exi/5ce & simultane\s use ( ! two cal5d>s1 & ! supreme importance accord$ to ! new moon ( ! mon? ,epiphi on ^: appe>ance ! 8goddess ,isis-,ha?or ( ,d5d]ah emb>k$ on h] sacr$ b>ge & proce$$ up ! riv]1 f h] city to ,edfu 7,apoll9opolis magna7 :]e %e jo9$ 8 maje/y 4441 h] fa!r1 444 ! incomp>able sun-god ,ra1 ! fir/ ( ,apoll9opolis1 ! gold5 disk1 ^: *ildr5 are num]\s44440 ,x is fur!r /at$ t ! god & goddess became insep>able l sun & moon4 ,brugs* /ates t ! appe>ance ( ! said new moon1 :i* 0 also associat$ ) ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 w\ld range f ,aug4 #ah to ,sept4 #af1 ,jul4 ,cal4 7see op4 cit4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bhb-a74 ,! appe>ance ( ! goddess 0 ! signal = ! op5+ ( a season ( g5]al 8fea/+ & dr9k+1 rejoic+1 s++ & danc+0 ?r\gh\t ! l&1 to :i* ! "n ,tekhu is giv5 9 "s texts4 ,?is is translat$ by ,brugs* z 8! intoxication ( gladness or joy20 x 8co9cid$ ) ! highe/ level atta9$ by ! ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile10 & its mod]n survival is ! annual 8m>riage ( ! ,nile0 :i* takes place on ! #bc;d ( ,augu/4 ,x is curi\s to note h[ ! orig9al c>ry+ out ( primitive & nave rites by ! que5 & high-prie/ess gradually caus$ h] pres5ce to be reg>d$ z ess5tial = ! 8draw+ out ( ! ,nile f its s\rce0 & h] p]son to be surr\nd$ ) utmo/ v5]ation & sanctity4 ,z ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie /ates1 speak+ ( z f> back z ,b4,c4 #achc-acfe3 8,! m>riage to a royal high prie/ess ( ,am5 01 ( c\rse1 purely a political necessity to legitimate ! k+'s position40 8,x w\ld seem t ,hor-em-heb 0 n m>ri$ to ,nezem-mut until 8 accession1 :5 he legaliz$ 8 position by becom+ husb& ( ! high-prie/ess ( ,am51 z 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! lat] dyna/ies4 ,?is m>riage 0 an affair ( politics solely1 consid]+ ! age ( ! p>ties2 ,horemheb 0 probably betwe5 fifty & sixty at ! "t & if ! que5 0 ! same z ,nef]titi's si/] ,nezem-mut1 %e mu/ h be5 ab\t ! same age z ,horemheb0 7op4 cit4 pp4 #ahc1 #bej74 ,h[ long ! female ,egyptian rul] ma9ta9$ h] sway may1 p]haps1 be/ be se5 by ! foll[+ texts describ+ ! political homage paid to ! liv+ goddess ( ! ,egyptians "u ,ptolemaic & ,roman rules4 ,"o inscription cle>ly %[s t1 at ! "t ( ,ptolemy ,,ix1 ,eu]getes ,,ii1 ! liv+ ,isis 0 ackn[l$g$ z ! sole rul] ( ! l& ( ! s\? by ! k+ & 8 wife1 que5 ,cleopatra ,,iii1 :o jo9tly occupi$ ! ?rone ( nor!rn ,egypt4 ,jo9tly ! latt] d$icat$ a beautiful hall to ! goddess ,isis1 z a place 9 :i* to celebrate ! ,tekhu fea/ & 9 :i* %e might l+] at ?is season 7,brugs*1 op4 cit4 ,,ii1 p4 #bhd74 ,i h f\nd indications 9 o!r works t1 9 o!r localities1 ! goddess ent]$ a secret *amb] 9 ! e>? or pyramid or celebrat$ h] sacr$ my/]ies & fe/ival on ! sacr$ boat ( ! sun1 9 ! sacr$ sea or lake belong+ to ! temple4 ,9 ^! cases x is obvi\s t ! dom9ant idea 0 ! p]=mance ( ! sacr$ rites 9 ! sacr$ c5tre or middle4 ,at a lat] p]iod ,cleopatra ,,vii asc5d$ ! female ?rone at ! age ( sev5te5 & became high-prie/ess ( ,am51 ! liv+ image ( ,isis4 ,x 0 und]/ood t z soon z h] bro!r ,ptolemy ,,xiv1 !n ag$ twelve1 %\ld come ( age1 %e 0 to m>ry him4 ,p>tly = political reasons1 ak9 to ^? :i* _h caus$ k+ ,horemheb1 on 8 accession1 to m>ry ! high prie/ess ( ,am51 ,julius ,cs> & ,m>k ,antony become 9 succession ! consorts ( ,cleopatra1 aft] ^: dea? ,egypt became a ,roman prov9ce4 ,b ! 8l& ( ! s\?10 & traditional1 div9e1 fem99e rul]%ip1 l+]$ on4 ,"u ! ?ird prefect1 lius ,gallus1 ,c&ace1 que5 ( ! ,e?iopians1 invades ,egypt at ! head ( h] army4 ,%e 0 defeat$1 b ! position ( ! high-prie/ess ( ,am51 ! liv+ ,isis1 cont9u$ to be su* z to exact ! homage & an act ( propitiation f ! ,roman ,emp]or4 ,an inscription1 f ! "t ( ,augu/us1 records t a beautiful monum5t1 or 8h\se10 _h be5 erect$ by ! 8"l ( ! l&1 ! autocrator1 ! son ( ! sun1 ,cs>10 & 0 pres5t$1 at ! "t ( ! ,isis fe/ival1 to its possessor1 ! great ,isis1 ! "m ( ! god1 ! mi/ress ( ! ly+-9-h\se1 ! spl5did & mighty que5 ( ,phil1 ! b5evol5t pr9cess ( ,abaton1 ! daught] ( ! sun4 ,%e is likewise nam$ 8%e :o is great or ^: greatness ext5ds t[>ds ! f\r qu>t]s0 & is designat$ z 8! royal wife ( ! maje/y ( ,osiris & ! royal "m ( ,horus1 ! victori\s bull10 i4 e4 ! ka4 ,x is /at$ t 8%e f\nd ! h\se ( bir? brilliantly adorn$ & well arrang$ 9 e way0 & %e in/all$ h]self 9 its int]ior on a giv5 day1 s z to br+ =? h] son 9 ^! surr\nd+s4 ,"o ( ! rew>ds promis$ to ,cs> = ! delicate att5tion & gift be/[$ ^u ! goddess is 8et]nal & p]man5t occupation ( ! ?rone ( ,horus1 ! fir/ ( ! liv+ ones40 ,accord+ to ! ,esne cal5d> a 8div9e bir?0 actually took place on a giv5 date4 ,brugs*1 ref]r+ to ,plut>* & cal5d> texts1 %[s t ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,isis fe/ival dat$ f ! "t :5 ,isis assum$ a phylact]y1 or amulet1 to indicate t %e _h conceiv$4 ,ano!r inscription %[s t ,tib]ius ,claudius _h caus$ ! h\se to be r5ovat$ = 8! mighty goddess ,isis1 ! life giv+ mi/ress ( ,abaton1 ! good ,ha?or1 ! que5 ( ! l& ( ,nubia1 ! div9e "m ( ! gold5 7,nub7 ,horus1 ! b5evol5t si/] ( ,osiris1 ! great protectress :o gu>ds 8 son40 ,z ,tib]ius ,claudius1 9 ?is text nam$ himself h] lov+ son1 x is obvi\s t ! day _h pass$ away :5 solely h] own div9e son ,horus w\ld be ! "o legitimate & div9e heir to ! ,egyptian ?rone4 ,x is int]e/+ to surmise :at became ( ! *ildr5 ^: 8div9e bir?s0 cont9u$ to be celebrat$ z a sacr$ occurr5ce to :i* ev5 a ,roman ,emp]or yield$ homage4 ,! natural sequ5ce w\ld h be5 t1 accompani$ by a b& ( devot$ foll[]s1 ! sons ( ! sun1 ! "y bulls1 i4 e4 ! ka1 or div9e twa91 & _! si/]s1 w\ld seek di/ant l&s 9 :i* jo9tly to e/abli% new k+doms on ! anci5t1 famili> plan4 ,collectively1 ! prec$+ evid5ce has af=d$ a realization ( "s ( ! curi\s b natural results ( ! prolong$ cult ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature 9 ,egypt1 ! mo/ rem>kable be+1 p]haps1 ! creation ( a di/9ct1 8div9e0 ca/e ( individuals1 f ! nave adoption ( m>riage & bir? z consecrat$ religi\s rites1 symbolical ( ! union ( heav5 & e>? & ! production ( new life4 ,:ile at "o "t1 & 9 c]ta9 localities1 ?is mode ( symbolism obvi\sly took ! upp] h& & fo/]$ ! gr[? ( ! artificial idea ( ! 8div9e rights ( royalty10 !re are evid5ces t1 simultane\sly1 ! union ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature 0 symboliz$ 9 "o or m diff]5t ar*aic & primitive ways4 ,^! appe> to h be5 sep>ately adopt$ 9 v>i\s c5tres ( ?\ght :]e ! disa/r\s & debas+ consequ5ces ( ! association ( ! idea ( sex ) ! cult ( heav5 & e>?1 light & d>kness1 etc41 7 realiz$ ) disapproval4 ,we ?us f9d t1 ev5 at ,edfu1 ! c]emonial rite ( light+ new sacr$ fire by means ( a wood5 in/rum5t & friction 0 p]=m$ on ! great ,isis fe/ival :i* 0 m>k$ by ! 8div9e bir?40 ,accord+ to ! cal5d> ( ,canopus ?is fell on ! fir/ day ( ,payni1 & a prescrib$ illum9ation ( ! temples & palace 0 kept up until ! #cj? or la/ day ( ! mon?4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t ,egyptian cal5d>s ! 8light+ ( light0 at ! same p]iod is also record$ 7,brugs*1 op4 cit4 ,,ii1 p4 #dgj7 &1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ! fe/ival 0 nam$ 8! light+ ( lamps0 & 0 obs]v$ ?r\gh\t all ,egypt4 ,he adds t 8a religi\s reason is giv5 :y ?is night is illum9at$ & s honor$0 7,,ii1 #fa & #fb74 ,! influ5ce ( increas+ a/ronomical k likewise %[s itself 9 ! jo9t obs]vation ( ! movem5ts ( sun1 moon & />s & ! det]m9ation ( ! relative positions ( ! latt] to ! sun at ! p]iods ( ! equ9oxes & sol/ices4 ,)\t tak+ p]iod or sequ5ce into consid]ation = ! pres5t1 ,i m]ely note t we f9d evid5ce t1 at "o "t1 images ( sun & moon1 ( ! "r & left eyes ( ,ra1 or /atues ( ,ha?or-,isis & ,osiris1 replac$ _! liv+ images 9 religi\s c]emonies4 ,sometimes ! entire ritual seems to h consi/$ 9 ! union ( wat]1 ! produce ( heav51 ) se$s1 ! produce ( e>?2 ! ensu+ g]m9ation & production ( "y %oots be+ deem$ sacr$ & symbolical ( ! r5ewal ( life4 ,! fact t /atuettes ( ,osiris h actually be5 f\nd1 made ( pa/e conta9+ v>i\s se$s1 di/9ctly %[s t1 l ! ,babylonian ,baal1 ! ,egyptian male div9ity 0 id5tifi$ ) ! e>?4 ,ano!r indication ( ?is is furni%$ by ! descriptions ( ! fea/ ( ,pan1 :i* fell at ! p]iod ( ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,at ?is p]iod ! crop ( dura1 :i* _h be5 s[n by ! k+ 9 ! sacr$ fields at ,d5d]ah1 at ! "t ( ! 8,osiris my/]ies10 imm$iately aft] ! inundation _h rec$$ & 8! e>? 0 laid b>e10 became ripe4 ,! c]emony ( cutt+ ! fir/ %eaf ( dura 0 p]=m$ by ! k+1 ) ! silex sicklekhepes4 ,:ile ,osiris 0 ?us directly associat$ ) ! produce ( ! e>? !re are also evid5ces t1 j z ,isis became id5tifi$ ) bir? & life1 h] consort became ! "l ( dea? & ( ! und]world4 ,my/]i\s rites & human sacrifices seem to h be5 in/itut$ 9 8 honor4 ,accord+ to obscure my?s ,osiris himself _h be5 f\lly murd]$1 8 body cut into f\rte5 pieces & ca/ ov] ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&4 ,8 head 0 suppos$ to be pres]v$ at ,abydos1 ! *ief c5tre ( 8 wor%ip1 & %r9es 7 erect$ ov] ! o!r portions ( 8 body4 ,x w be a matt] = fur!r rese>* to inve/igate :e!r ! 8my/]ies ( ,osiris0 did n include ! dramatization ( ! dea? ( ,osiris1 9 :i* a human victim p]sonifi$ ! god & 0 actually kill$ & dismemb]$4 ,x is1 p]haps1 wor? not+ "h1 z an analogy1 h[ appropriately ! anci5t ,mexican annual sacrifice ( a y\?1 *os5 among ! mo/ p]fect1 might h answ]$ z a r5dition ( ! drama ( ,osiris4 ,! body ( ! victim 0 divid$ & ! pieces di/ribut$ to a fix$ numb] ( prie/s & *iefta9s1 :o p>took ( !m z sacr$ food4 ,! head 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ,great ,temple itself1 on ! ,tzompantli1 & ! l>ge numb] ( skulls se5 !re by ! ,spani>ds con/itut$ a pro( ( ! great antiquity ( ! cu/om4 ,! blood ( ! victim1 p\r$ ^u se$s1 seems to h be5 consid]$ ess5tial = br++ ab\t ! g]m9ation ( ! sacr$ %oots & typical ( ! union ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature & ( life spr++ f dea?4 ,idols1 =m$ ( se$s moi/5$ ) human blood1 7 di/ribut$ to ! p>ticipants 9 ! c]emony4 ,accord+ to "s au?ors ?is sacr$ pa/e1 & n pieces ( human fle%1 con/itut$ ! consecrat$ food1 eat5 accord+ to ! prescrib$ ritual4 ,h[ f> analog\s rites 7 p]=m$ 9 ,egypt rema9s to be se52 x is1 at all ev5ts1 c]ta9 t1 by sl[ degrees1 ! cult ( ! dual pr9ciples ( nature gave rise to ! in/itution ( /range unnatural rites1 ! orig9al nave mean+s ( :i* became obscur$1 debas$ or lo/4 ,:ile v>i\s localities ( ,egypt1 notably ,!bes & ,abydos1 appe> to h become ! bir?place ( curi\s ab]rations ( ! human intellect1 !re 0 "o anci5t & great c5tre ( le>n+ :]e mono!ism & ! k ( ! fundam5tal s*eme appe> to h be5 pres]v$ intact1 namely1 at ,heliopolis1 ! anci5t ,on or ,anu ( ! ,nor?1 nam$ ! 8,h\se ( ! ,sun0 by ,j]emiah & 8! ,eye or ,f\nta9 ( ! ,sun0 by ! ,arabs4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,wallis ,budge1 8its ru9s cov] an area ?ree miles squ>e 444 ! greate/ & olde/ ,egyptian ,college or ,univ]sity = ! education ( ! prie/hood & laity /ood "h4444 ,dur+ ! ,x,xth dyna/y ! temple ( ,heliopolis 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ & weal?ie/ ( all ,egypt & its /aff 0 numb]$ by ?\s&s4 ,:5 ,cambyses visit$ ,egypt ! glory ( ,heliopolis 0 well on ! wane &1 aft] ! removal ( ! prie/hood & sages ( ! temple to ,alex&ria1 by ,ptolemy ,,ii 7,b4,c4 #bhf71 its d[nfall 0 well assur$4 ,:5 ,/rabo visit$ x 7,b4,c4 #bd7 ! great] "p ( x 0 9 ru9s4444 ,heliopolis _h a l>ge population ( ,jews & x w be rememb]$ t ,joseph m>ri$ ! daught] ( a prie/ ( ,on 7,annu74444 ,macrobius says t ! ,heliopolis ( ,syria or ,baalbek1 0 f\nd$ by a body ( prie/s :o left ! anci5t city ( ,heliopolis ( ,egypt0 7,! ,nile1 p4 #acb74 ,indirectly we le>n ! t5or ( ! doctr9es & ideas held by ! sages ( ,heliopolis at "o p]iod by ! rem>kable attempt to re=m ! religion ( ,egypt1 c>ri$ out by _! pupil1 ,am5hotep ,,iv 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #adej74 ,evid5tly realiz+1 ) 8 ma/]s1 ! ext5t to :i* ! anci5t fundam5tal religion _h become obscur$ & debas$ by ! multiplication ( images ( ! deity1 & ! in/itution ( rival cults1 :i* 7 %r\d$ 9 my/]y & d>kness1 ! "y pr9ce boldly made w> aga9/ ! prie/hood ( ,am5-,ra & ! cult ( a 8hidd5 god40 ,de/roy+ ! mon/r\s images :i* _h orig9ally be5 rebus figures only1 & repres5t$ ! supreme deity 9 p>tly human & animal =m1 he in/itut$ ! disk or circle z ! simple & pur] =m "u :i* ! div9ity 0 to be rev]$47#aah7 ,animat$ by ! cle> realization to :at an ext5t ! orig9al communal or republican s*eme ( organization 0 be+ dep>t$ f by ! artificial creation ( a 8div9e0 race ( k+s :o claim$ to be gods1 he caus$ himself & 8 que5 to be portray$ z simple mortals1 & n z ! deities ,osiris & ,isis4 ,*oos+ ! sun z 8 emblem1 ?is *ampion ( pure light & op5 tru? f\ght ! ,egyptian vot>ies ( d>kness4 ,he eras$ ! ^w ,am5hidd51 f public monum5ts1 *ang$ 8 own "n f ,am5hotep to ,*u-en-,at5! brilliance or glory ( ! disk & f\nd$ a city also nam$ ,*u-at51 :i* 0 to be ! c5tre ( a new & re=m$ /ate4 ,x seems evid5t t ?is 0 in/itut$ on ! famili> ar*aic plan & t ! s-call$ 8h]esy ( ,am5hotep0 0 b an attempt1 back$ by ! sages & philosoph]s ( ,heliopolis1 to aboli% ! artificialities & abuses :i* _h come into exi/5ce & de/roy$ ! ord] ( ! /ate & ! h>mony ( ! primitive plan4 ,x is well kn[n t gradually ,am5hotep's successors 7 oblig$ to yield to ! ho/ility ( ! prie/hood ( ! 8hidd5 god0 & t ^!1 9 turn1 eras$ or defac$ all images ( ! disk or at5 )9 _! rea*4 ,ineffectual ?\gh ! gr& attempt _h be5 to reorganize /ate & religion & re/abli% republican pr9ciples1 on ! orig9al plan1 ! k ( ! orig9al s*eme seems to h be5 pres]v$ intact dur+ ! foll[+ c5turies1 by ! sages & philosoph]s ( ,heliopolis1 by :om ! primitive set ( ideas seems to h be5 gradually develop$ into an ab/ract philosophical sy/em4 ,rem9d+ ! read] t ,plato sp5t 8?irte5 ye>s 9 ,egypt1 9 ga9+ an insight into ! my/]i\s doctr9es & prie/-lore ( ! sac]dotal ca/e10 ,i also draw att5tion to ! passage 9 8 8,timu10 9 :i* ,critias makes ! /atem5t t :5 ,plato's ideal republic 444 0 be+ disc\rs$ ^u1 he 0 rem9d$1 to 8 surprise1 ( ! acc\nt ( a /ate giv5 to ! ,greek sage1 ,solon1 by ! prie/s ( ,sas1 & p]ceiv$ h[1 89 mo/ respects1 ! republic describ$ co9cid$ ) ,solon's /atem5ts40 ,x is inde$ /rik+ h[ cle>ly we c recognize1 9 ,plato's republic1 ! und]ly+1 primitive1 univ]sal s*eme 9 ?is case1 highly develop$1 elaborat$1 transfigur$ & trans=m$ into ! philosophical ideal ( a great intellect4 ,be=e demon/rat+ :i* ( ! ma9 features ( ,plato's cosmogony & ideal republic we h f\nd actually c>ri$ out 9 practice1 let u briefly ref] to ! mo/ anci5t descriptions ( ! primitive gov]nm5t ( ,greece1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,timu & ,critias1 :]e ! conv]sations held1 by ,solon1 ) ! prie/s ( ,sas are record$4 ,solon 7ab\t #eid ,b4,c47 on 8 arrival 7at ,sas7 80 v honorably receiv$2 & especially1 on 8 inquir+ ab\t anci5t affairs ( ^? prie/s :o possess$ sup]ior k 9 su* matt]s1 he p]ceiv$ t nei!r himself nor any "o ( ! ,greeks 7s to speak7 _h any antiqu>ian k at all4444 ,"o ( _! extremely anci5t prie/s said to ,solon3 #8y 7,greeks7 are all y\?s 9 intellig5ce1 = y hold no anci5t op9ions d]iv$ f remote tradition nor any sy/em ( discipl9e t c boa/ ( a ho>y old age4444 ,9 ?is our c\ntry1 444 ! mo/ anci5t ?+s are said to be "h pres]v$ 444 & all ! noble1 great or o!rwise di/+ui%$ a*ievem5ts1 p]=m$ ei!r by ourselves1 by y or else:]e1 ( :i* we h he>d ! report1 all ^! h be5 engrav$ 9 our temples 9 v remote times & pres]v$ to ! pres5t day4 ,! annals ( our own city 7,sas7 h be5 pres]v$ eight ?\s& ye>s 9 our sacr$ writ+s 444 y\r /ate has a priority ov] ours ( a ?\s& ye>s4444 ,i w briefly describe ! law & m illu/ri\s actions ( ^? /ates :i* h exi/$ n9e ?\s& ye>s 444' 0 7,timu74 ,x is int]e/+ at ?is po9t to recall also ! famili> /atem5ts made by ! prie/s ( ,sas to ,solon1 conc]n+ ! imm5se antiquity ( ! human race & ! 8multitude & v>iety ( de/ructions :i* h be5 & w be und]gone by ! human race 444 aft] :i* nations become "y aga91 z at fir/1 kn[+ no?+ ( ! ev5ts ( anci5t times0 7,timu1 ,v74 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ! orig9al text ,i m]ely po9t out "h t ! prie/ ( ,sas1 ref]r+ to ! sacr$ writ+s !mselves1 assign$ to remote/ antiquity ! pr9ciple ( di/ribution & arrangem5t on :i* ! /ate _h orig9ally be5 f\nd$ & e/abli%$4 ,9 ! ,critias ! description ( ! ,a!nian /ate1 :i* 8_h be5 f\nd$ n9e ?\s&0 ye>s be=e1 conta9s ! foll[+ p>ticul>s :i* w appe> famili> to ! read]4 8,to ! gods 0 once locally allott$ ! :ole e>?4444 ,obta9+ a c\ntry agreeable to !m by j allotm5t1 !y *ose regions = _! habitations4444 ,diff]5t gods receiv$ by lot diff]5t regions4444 ,hephae/us & ,a!ne1 a bro!r & si/]1 bo? receiv$ "o region z _! common allotm5t 444 _! temple 0 built on ! ,acropolis 444 ^: nor!rn & s\!rn slopes 7 respectively associat$ ) sep>ate w9t] & summ] resid5ces40 ,! population 0 divid$ into classes & ea* ca/e occupi$ a fix$ place ( resid5ce4 8,! out] p>ts1 d[n ! flanks 7( ! ,acropolis7 7 inhabit$ by craftsm5 & husb&m5 :o till$ ! neighbor+ l&2 ! w>rior-classes liv$ sep>ately1 by !mselves1 9 ! m elevat$ p>ts ar\nd ! temple ( ,a!ne & ,hephae/us1 :i* !y _h =m$1 z x 71 into ! g>d5 ( a s+le dwell+ by encircl+ x ) "o enclosure0 7,! ,critias1 ,,vi74 8444 ,on ?is site 0 a s+le f\nta9 :i* furni%$ e "p ) abundant wat]44440 8,! #8gu>dians ( ! /ate' 7 ! #8lead]s' ( ! ,greeks & z to _! numb] !y paid special att5tion t !y %\ld always h ! same numb] ( m5 & wom5 t might s]ve 9 w>1 ! :ole be+ ab\t tw5ty ?\s&40 ,9 ! description giv51 9 ! ,critias1 ( ! /ate ( ,atlantis1 ! id5tical features recur1 b are m fully describ$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! isl& ( ,atlantis /ood a m\nta91 surr\nd$ by a pla91 :i* 0 ultimately made squ>e4 ,! m\nta9 0 ! resid5ce ( a pair ( my?ical lov]s1 consi/+ ( a god & ( a mortal woman1 & became ! bir?place ( _! (fspr+1 8a div9e race ( k+s40 8,! god 444 ) 8 div9e p[]1 agreeably adorn$ ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 caus+ two f\nta9s ( wat] to %oot upw>ds f b5ea? ! e>?1 "o cold & ! o!r hot1 & mak+ e v>iety ( food to spr+ abundantly f ! e>?40 ,! c5tral hill1 f :i* ?us proce$$ all life & fe/ivity1 0 at fir/ 8circul>ly enclos$1 ! l& & sea be+ =m$ into alt]nate zones1 great] & less1 two out ( l& & ?ree out ( sea1 f ! c5tre ( ! isl& all equally di/ant40 ,! t5 k+s1 born ( ! 8div9e union1 liv$ ea* 9 8 own di/rict & city1 & rul$ supreme ov] 8 p4 ,! gov]nm5t & commonweal? 9 ea* case 01 by ! injunction ( ! god1 accord+ to ! laws :i* 7 h&$ d[n4 ,! latt] 7 inscrib$ on a column ( ori*alcum :i* 0 deposit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 9 ! temple ( ! god1 :]e ! t5 k+s orig9ally assembl$ e fif? ye>4 ,a fire burn$ ne> ! column & a bull 0 sacrific$ at its base1 aft] :i* a sacr$ cup 0 fill$ ) its blood & ?is 0 p\r$ into ! fire by way ( purify+ ! column0 7,critias1 ,,vii-,,xvi74 ,! above m5tion ( a column is ( int]e/ :5 x is realiz$ t1 9 hi/orical times1 ! laws ( ,solon 7 actually inscrib$ on a squ>e wood5 pill> :i* 0 made to revolve or turn & 0 plac$ on ! ,acropolis4 ,! pres5ce ( a revolv+ pill> on ! ,acropolis1 ! sacr$ c5tre ( ! ,a!nian /ate1 is1 moreov]1 curi\sly 9 keep+ ) ! conception ( axial en]gy set =? by ,plato & awak5s ! desire to le>n f ,greek s*ol>s :at relation%ip1 if any1 !re 0 betwe5 ! ,sanscrit aksaaxle or axis1 ! ,greek akra 7akrissummit1 akrosmo/ high1 supreme1 akrisiosm\nta9-top god7 & ! ,egyptian ak! ,c5tre1 & haka k+2 & :e!r ! ^w poliscity 0 connect$ ) polos! pole-/>1 an axis1 pivot or pole1 f pole9to turn1 & may be int]pret$ z ! equival5t ( ! ,egyptian ,an & ,annu4 ,x w\ld also be important to le>n :e!r ! "n ( ! pr9cipal anci5t god ( ,greece1 ,apollo1 :o 0 rev]$ "u ! =m ( a column at ,delphi1 c also be connect$ ) ! v]b pole9 or pele9to turn1 z well z ! "n ,polias i4 e4 ! goddess protect+ ! city1 a surname = ,m9]va 7,a!ne7 at ,a!ns1 :]e %e 0 wor%ipp$ at "o "t z ! protect+ div9ity ( ! ,acropolis4 ,! title ,poliu*us1 8protect+ ! city10 occurs z a surname ( sev]al div9ities & p>ticul>ly ( ,m9]va ,*al*ioecus1 8( ! braz5 h\se10 at ,sp>ta & ,a!ns4 ,x is in/ructive likewise to comp>e ! ,greek words = axisaxon1 & poliscity1 ) ,helice1 ! "n = ,ursa ,major & = a t[n 9 ,arcadia1 ) ! ,egyptian ,annu1 ,an or ,on1 ! names ( capitals1 & ! ,egyptian ^w ant :i* turns ar\nd4 ,x w be = ,greek & ,egyptian s*ol>s to enlight5 u z to :e!r ! ,egyptian an & ! ,greek polis are synonyms2 9 :i* connection ,i draw _! att5tion to ! foll[+ sugge/ive passage ( ! ,critias 7,,vii74444 8,yet be=e we n>rate ?is we mu/ briefly w>n y n to be surpris$ at he>+ ,hell5ic names giv5 to b>b>ians 444 & ! cause ( ?is y %all n[ he>4 ,solon made an inve/igation into ! p[] ( names & f\nd t ! e>ly ,egyptians1 :o committ$ ^! facts to writ+1 transf]r$ ^! names into _! own language2 & he aga91 receiv+ ! mean+ ( ea* "n1 introduc$ x by writ+ into our language40 ,:ile1 on "o h&1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,egyptian a/ronom]-prie/s associat$ ! pole /> ) ! words ,an1 ,anu1 ,anubis1 on ! o!r1 ! foll[+ passages f ,plato's works cle>ly demon/rate 8 views conc]n+ axial rotation47#aai7 ,a fre% int]e/ is und\bt$ly add$ to ,plato's philosophy :5 x is reg>d$ z ! possible result ( ! ?irte5 ye>s sp5t by him ) ! ,egyptian prie/hood1 :o may possibly h confid$ to him ! entire sum ( _! anci5t philosophy & accumulat$ /ore ( k1 & :o c]ta9ly seem to h impos$ ^u him ! retic5ce & obscurity noticeable 9 ! ,republic1 ! ,critias & ! ,timu4 ,to ^? :o h foll[$ my inve/igation ( ! anci5t /ate organization & cosmical conceptions ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 & not$ ! int]pretation giv5 to ! pyramid & ! fact t ,am5ophis in/itut$ ! disk z ! image ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 ! foll[+ deta*$ extracts f ,plato's ,timu w appe> famili> & full ( fre% significance4 8,to discov] ! ,fa!r & ,creator ( ?is univ]se 7also call$ ! heav5 or ! _w7 or 8 "w is inde$ difficult2 & :5 discov]$ x is impossible to reveal him to mank9d at l>ge4444 ,! compos+ 7or fram+7 ,artific] con/itut$ ! univ]se f entire elem5ts ( fire1 wat]1 air & e>? & 444 consid]+ t x w\ld ?us be a :ole animal4444 ,he gave x also a figure becom+ & alli$ to its nature2 & to ! animal de/9$ to compreh5d all o!rs )9 itself t figure z ! mo/ becom+ :i* includes )9 itself e sort ( figure :atev]4 ,h5ce he fa%ion$ x 9 ! %ape ( a sph]e1 p]fectly r\nd1 hav+ its c5tre ev]y:]e equally di/ant f ! b\nd+ extremities4444 ,he assign$ to x a motion peculi> to itself 444 mak+ ! _w to turn con/antly on itself & on same po9t1 he gave x a circul> motion 444 he assign$ to x a motion peculi> to itself1 be+ t ( all ! sev5 k9ds ( motion4444 ,z = ! s\l1 he fix$ x 9 ! middle1 ext5d$ x ?r\gh\t ! :ole & likewise surr\nd$ x ) its entire surface 444 & s1 caus+ a circle to revolve 9 a circle1 he e/abli%$ ! _w z "o sub/antive1 solit>y object4444 ,let ! univ]se be call$ heav5 or ! _w or by any o!r "n x usually receives4444 ,! s\l ( ?is univ]se 444 be+ compos$ ( ?ree p>ts 444 be+ int]wov5 ?r\gh\t f ! middle to ! v extremities ( space & cov]+ x ev5 all ar\nd ext]nally1 ?\gh at ! same "t h]self revolv+ )9 h]self1 orig9at$ ! div9e comm5cem5t ( an unceas+ & wise life ?r\gh\t all "t4444 ,"t 444 0 g5]at$ ) ! univ]se4444 ,"t 444 an et]nal image on ! pr9ciples ( numb]s 444 ! p]fect numb] ( "t completes a p]fect ye> 444 = ?is purpose 444 7 =m$ su* ( ! />s z mov$ circul>ly ?r\gh ! univ]se44440 ,:ile a c>eful /udy ( ,plato's "w w fur!r elucidate 8 views conc]n+ ! quadruplicate nature ( ! univ]se1 ( its compreh5sive unity1 ( axial rotation1 ! g5]ation ( "t & ( ! pr9ciple ( numb]s1 ,i po9t out t ! foll[+ passage conveys ! idea ( apply+ ! univ]sal plan to ! regulation ( human ?\ght3 8,?is1 h[ev]1 we may ass]t1 t ,god inv5t$ & be/[$ sight ^u u = ! express purpose1 t on survey+ ! circles ( intellig5ce 9 ! heav5s1 we might prop]ly employ ^? ( our m9ds1 :i*1 ?\gh di/urb$ :5 comp>$ ) ! o!rs t are uni=m1 are /ill alli$ to _! circulation & t1 hav+ ?us le>n$ & be+ naturally possess$ ( a correct reason+ faculty1 we might1 by imitat+ ! uni=m revolutions ( div9ity1 set "r our own silly w&]+s & blund]s40 ,!re are two portions ( ,plato's cosmology to :i* ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to draw att5tion1 because ( ! /rik+ examples t exi/1 %[+ t ! views !re9 express$ & sugge/ions giv51 7 indep5d5tly c>ri$ into practice 9 anci5t times1 9 widely sep>at$ c\ntries4 ,"o is ! sugge/ive attempt to figure ! ,cosmos by geometrical images1 a me?od :i* _h be5 c>ri$ out by ! pyramid-build]s & ,am5ophis ,,iii & sugge/s an explanation = ! orig9 & mean+ ( ! geometrical decoration t prevail$ at "o p]iod ( antiquity4 ,! o!r is ! association ( "t ) ! pr9ciples ( numb]s1 ! mo/ rem>kable exemplifications ( :i* are furni%$ by ! ,egyptian1 ,h9du1 ,*9ese1 ,mexican & ,maya cyclical sy/ems1 f\nd$ ^u ! associations ( divisions ( "t & num]als1 & ev5 & unev5 numb]s ) day-names1 etc4 ,hav+ ha/ily not$ "s features ( ,plato's ,cosmos let u next obta9 an insight into ! ideas associat$ ) ,pol>is & ! ,sept5triones by ! anci5t ,greeks & _! neighbors1 be=e & aft] ,plato's "t4 ,i gratefully ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,h9ckley ,all5's 8,/>-names & _! mean+s0 7,new ,york1 #ahii71 = ! foll[+ valuable in=mation & at ! same "t express my regret t 8 useful "w 0 unkn[n to me :5 ,i wrote ! prec$+ portion ( my inve/igation47#abj7 8,ursa ,m9or 0 n m5tion$ by ,hom] or ,hesiod =1 accord+ to ,/rabo1 x 0 n admitt$ among ! con/ellations ( ! ,greeks until ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 :5 ,?ales1 inspir$ by its use 9 ,phnicia1 8 probable bir?place1 sugge/$ x to ! ,greek m>9]s 9 place ( its great] neighbor :i* till !n _h be5 _! sail+ guide4 ,!nce its title ,phnice & ,ursa ,phnicia4 ,b x also %>$1 ) ,ursa ,major1 ! titles ,sept5trio1 ,aratos1 ,amaxa1 ,aganna & ,helice4 ,x also bore ! #8e>ly & univ]sal title' ,kynosura or ,cynosura1 usually translat$ #8! ,dog's ,tail1' ! orig9 ( :i* is unc]ta91 ,b\rn\f ass]t+ t #8x is 9 no way associat$ ) ! ,greek ^w = dog4' ,cox id5tifi$ ! ^w ) ,lycosura 7mean+ tail or trail ( light71 :i* recalls ! city ( t "n 9 ,arcadia consid]$1 by ,pausanias1 ! mo/ anci5t 9 ! _w1 hav+ be5 f\nd$ by ,lycaon "s "t be=e ! ,deluge ( ,deucalion40 8,euclid said 9 8 ,pha9om5a3 #8,a /> is visible betwe5 ! ,be>s1 n *ang+ its place1 b always revolv+ ^u itself' 7cf4 ,plato's ,cosmos74 ,hipp>*us1 t ! pole 0 #89 a vacant spot =m+ a quadrangle ) ?ree o!r />s1' bo? writ]s call+ ?is ,polos1 ! ,polus ( ,lucan1 ,ovid & o!r classical ,lat9s1 & ,euphratean obs]v]s _h call$ _! pole-/> ,pl or ,bil4 ,b1 al?\gh o!r a/ronomical writ]s us$ ^! words = "s individual />1 !re is no c]ta9ty z to :i* 0 int5d$1 = x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 dur+ _m mill5niums1 ! pol> po9t has gradually be5 approa*+ our pole-/> :i*1 #bjjj ye>s ago1 0 f> remov$ f x1 9 ,hipp>*us' "t #ab #bd' away1 accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 quot$ by ,m>9us ( ,tyre & cit$ by ,ptolemy4 ,h]aclitus1 ! ,ionian philosoph] ( ,ephesus ( ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 ass]t$ t ?is con/ellation m>k$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ea/ & ! we/1 :i* x may be reg>d$ z do+ :5 on ! horizon40 ,?is /atem5t is ( extreme importance z x proves an ori5tation ( ! nor? by ! pole-/> & n by ! sol/itial position ( ! sun4 8,ano!r "n = x1 1 us$ = x or its qu>t] ( ! sky1 0 f ! ,greek1 z se5 9 ,plut>*'s ! #8fields' or #8spaces' into :i* ! augurs divid$ ! heav5s1 ! templa1 or regiones cli ( ! ,lat9s44440 8,9 ,hom]'s ,iliad & ,odyssey ! use ( ! sev5 />s ( ,ursa ,major 9 ,greek navigation is cle>ly %[n4 ,! con/ellation is entitl$ ! ,be>arctos1 describ$1 accord+ to diff]5t translators1 z #8circl+ on high1' #8:eel+ r\nd1' or #8revolv+ ar\nd ! axle ( ! sky4'7#aba7 ,hom] us$1 equally ) ,arctos1 ! "n ,amaxa! wa9 or wagon1 to designate ! sev5 />s4 ,aratos call$ ! con/ellation ! #8,wa9-l ,be>2' &1 allud+ to ! title ,amaxa1 ass]t$ t ! ^w 0 f amatoge!r1 ! ,amaxai ?us circl+ toge!r ar\nd ! pole2 b no philologi/ accepts ?is & x might z well h come f axionaxle1 ref]r+ to ! axis ( ! heav5s4 ,9 fact ,hewitt goes f> back ( ,aratos 9 8 /atem5t t ! ,sanscrit god ,ak%ivan1 ! ,driv] ( ! ,axle 7ak%a71 0 adopt$ 9 ,greece z ,ixion1 ^: well-kn[n :eel 0 m]ely ! circl+ c\rse ( ?is con/ellation4 ,anacreon m5tion$ x z a ,*>iot z well z a ,be>2 & ,hesy*ius _h x ,aganna1 an ar*aic ^w f age91 #8to c>ry1' s+ul>ly l1 9 or?ography at lea/1 ! ,akkadian title = ! ,wa9 />s1 ,aganna or ,akanna1 ! ,"l ( ,heav52 & ,ab5 ,ezra call$ x ,ajala1 ! ,hebrew ^w = #8waggon4' ,! "n ,helice f 1 ! ,curv$1 or ,spiral ,"o1 app>5tly fir/ us$ by ,aratos & ,apollonius ,rhodius1 became common z descriptive ( its twi/+ ar\nd ! pole1 444 ,sophocles hav+ ! same ?\ght 9 8 m5tion ( #8! circl+ pa?s ( ! ,be>4' ,"s1 h[ev]1 d]iv$ ! "n f ! curv$ or twi/$ positions ( ! *ief />s4444 ,helice 0 also ! "n ( a city 9 ,arcadia1 ! c\ntry s intimately connect$ ) ! ,be>s1 ^: inhabitants 7 call$ ! ,be> race40 ,z f> back z ,hesiod's "t ! con/ellation 0 associat$ 9 my?1 ) ! "n ,kalli/o1 8! beautiful10 :i* 8,la ,l&e ref]r$ to ! ,phnician ,kalitsah or ,*alitsa1 ,safety1 z its obs]vation help$ to a safe voyage4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! ,grecian my? associat$ ! con/ellation ) ,artemis1 ! ,roman ,diana i4 e4 ! huntress1 cf4 ,i%t> & ,isis-,satit40 ,! app>5t connection ( ! "n ,artemis ) ,!mis8law & ju/ice p]sonifi$10 %\ld be not$ "h4 ,! prec$+ /atem5ts e/abli% t1 9 anci5t ,greece1 ,pol>is 0 id5tifi$ ) ! cele/ial ,polos & 0 describ$ z a />1 n *ang+ its place1 b always revolv+ on itself & x appe>s sup]flu\s to po9t out h[ closely ,plato's ,cosmos agrees ) ! curr5t a/ronomical !ories4 ,! ,urs1 on ! o!r h&1 7 id5tifi$ ) ! titles ,helice1 ref]r+ to axial rotation1 & ) ! names ,aganna 7,akanna7 ,arctos & ,amaxa1 :i* are id5tical 9 s\nd ) ! words we h f\nd associat$ ) ,pol>is & ! ,sept5triones 9 ! anci5t ,egyptian texts4 ,def]r+ ! demon/ration t a numb] ( ! natural objects or animals repres5t$ 9 ! ,egyptian rebus signs1 :i* 7 m]ely employ$ 9 hi]atic script to express ! syllables an1 am1 ar1 ak1 etc41 are to be f\nd z actual names = ,pol>is & ! ,urs 9 diff]5t we/]n ,asiatic & o!r c\ntries1 ,i %all n[ briefly %[ t1 9 remote/ hi/orical times1 ! ,grecian /ates 7 e/abli%$ ^u ! model ( an ideal republic su* z is outl9$ 9 ,plato's works1 9 accordance ) curr5t cosmological conceptions4 ,accord+ to anci5t tradition ! aborig9es ( ,attica 7 fir/ civiliz$ "u ,cecrops :o is said to h come hi!r f ,sas1 ,egypt1 ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4 ,turn+ to ,iwan ,muell]'s monum5tal 8,alt]?umswiss5s*aft0 7,,iv4 ,h&bu* d] ,grie*is*e ,alt]?m]71 let u exam9e ! data he pres5ts conc]n+ ! beg9n+s ( ,a!nian culture4 8,! hi/orical inhabitants ( ,attica belong$ to ! ,ionic race & claim$ to be auto*?on\s4444 ,!y 7 gr\p$ into f\r tribes3 ! ,geleontes1 ,argadeis1 ,aigikoreis & ,hopletes4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! f\r tribes is usually connect$ ) a t]ritorial division ( ,attica into f\r p>ts & _! names are suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f ! location & occupation ( ea* tribe4 ,! ,geleont! %9+ ones1 are said to h =m$ ! prie/ or w>rior ca/e & to h liv$ 9 ,p$ion4 ,! ,argadi 7 ! agriculturi/s & 7 situat$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,?riasis4 ,! ,aigikori or goa!rds 7 assign$ to ,diakria4 ,au?orities /ill disagree ab\t ! habitation ( ! ,hopletes1 #8! arm$ ones4' ,! int]pretation ( ^! names is /ill op5 to d\bt4 ,an anci5t tradition attributes to !m an ,ionic d]ivation4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is probable t :5 !y emigrat$ to ,attica ! tribe rema9$ sep>ate & became associat$ ) _! place ( resid5ce 444 at a lat] p]iod ! phratries 7 associat$ ) localities4444 ,ea* ( ! f\r ca/es _h its *iefta9 & an equality ( rank seems to h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,9 anci5t times ! citiz5s 7 divid$ into ?ree classes3 ! ,eupatrid or nobility2 ! ,geomor or f>m]s2 & ! ,demiurg or artisans1 m]*ants1 pott]s or fi%]m51--9 fact all :o ex]cis$ "s occupation4 8,! political unity ( ,attica 0 c5tr$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,cephisos1 :i* 0 ! k]nel ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! pla91 ab\t a mile f ! sea1 situat$ on a plateau1 & cr[n+ a high rocky elevation1 lay ! anci5t =tress ,cekropia1 ! resid5ce ( ,cecrops & ,ere*!us1 ! my?ical1 e>?-born =efa!rs ( ! ,a!nians4 ,at ! foot ( ! =tress1 a l[] t[n gradually grew up & spread itself t[>ds ! s\?4 ,?is primitive ,a!ns orig9ally =m$ only ! nucleus ( a small k+dom situat$ 9 ! pla9s & surr\nd$ by enemies4444 ,accord+ to an ,attic tradition ,cecrops collect$ ! inhabitants ( ,attica into #ab 444 tribes1 /ates or communities4444 ,! names ( sev]al ( ^! h be5 %[n to h also be5 appli$ to capitals :i* 7 indep5d5t c5tres ( gov]nm5t4 ,a!ns1 ! c5tre ( ! /ate1 develop$ into a l>ge city 9 :i* ! nobility ( ! :ole c\ntry resid$ & :]e _m artisans also settl$4 ,! majority ( ! citiz5s liv$1 h[ev]1 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4444 ,! h>ve/ fe/ival1 held at anci5t ,a!ns1 9 honor ( ! goddess ,a!ne1 ! patroness ( agriculture1 0 also a g5]al fea/ = all inhabitants ( ,attica 4440 7pp4 #ajd-ajh74 ,! =ego+ suffices to e/abli% t1 9 remote/ antiquity1 ,attica 0 divid$ into f\r t]ritorial divisions1 ) a c5tral seat ( gov]nm5t1 ! capital1 :i* =m$ ! fif? division4 ,! inhabitants ( ! f\r regions con/itut$ f\r tribes1 ea* "u its own *iefta94 ,ea* tribe became id5tifi$ ) a diff]5t occupation & ultimately con/itut$ ca/es :i* rema9$ associat$ ) _! place ( resid5ce4 ,simultane\sly ) ?is t]ritorial di/ribution1 ano!r classification ( ! population 0 evolv$1 :i* divid$ x into ?ree /rata1 correspond+ to ! upp]1 c5tral & l[] ca/e & ?us yield$ a total ( sev5 great divisions ( ! /ate1 :i* ?us reveals itself z hav+ be5 a hept>*y & expla9s ! con/itution ( ! ,heptanomis1 :i* exi/$ 9 ,c5tral ,egypt "u ,greek rule4 ,f ! prec$+ mat]ial x appe>s t :5 ,solon divid$ ! p into f\r classes1 he m]ely re9/at$ ! mo/ anci5t =m ( /ate organization kn[n 9 ,greece4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to le>n h[ f> ! foll[+ (fices _h be5 previ\sly kn[n4 ,x is well kn[n t ,solon in/itut$ n9e ar*ons 7lit]ally lead]s71 :i* seem to h be5 ! equival5ts to ! gr\p ( 8n9e gods0 m5tion$ 9 ,egypt 9 association ) ! supreme god or goddess4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ar*ons appe>s to h be5 ! fact t !y 7 elect$ & t ! fir/ ar*on 0 surnam$ ,eponymos & gave 8 "n to ! ye>2 ! second ar*on1 entitl$ ,basileus1 0 ! k+1 & ! ?ird1 ,polem>*as1 0 a w>rior4 ,! rema9+ six 7 collectively call$ ,!smo!tes1 adm9i/rators ( "r or ju/ice4 ,"u ! above 0 ! ,c\ncil ( ,f\r ,hundr$4 ,ea* ( ! f\r phyl fell into ?ree p>ts or ?irds1 produc+ a total ( #ab1 a numb] correspond+ to ! organization ( twelve tribes1 communities or /ates4 ,ea* ( ^! 0 divid$ into #d ,naucr>i1 "u #dh capta9cies4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ,iwan ,mll]'s "w supply u ) fur!r details conc]n+ ! ,a!nian gov]nm5t & %[ t v>iants ( ! same exi/$ at diff]5t p]iods1 ?r\gh\t anci5t ,greece4 8,at ,a!ns1 9 hi/orical times1 ! memb]s ( "o tribe =m$ a corporation1 recogniz$ a common ance/or1 obs]v$ a =m ( ance/ral cult & kept a tribal regi/] ) ! names ( all newly born *ildr5 7p4 #bj74 ,! tribes =m$ corporations )9 ! /ate1 & ea* _h its own cult & *iefta94444 ,! ,doric nation consi/$ ( ?ree su* tribes4444 ,9 ,ephesus ! citiz5s 7 divid$ into five #8g5s' 7i4 e41 f\r qu>t]s & c5tre74 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 ,a!ns1 ,cyr5e1 & ,*ios1 ! phratries 7 communities ) sep>ate =ms ( cult1 :o wor%ipp$ beside _! tribal deities1 ,zeus ,phratrios & ,a!na ,phratria 4440 7pp4 #bj & #ba74 8,9 ,teos ! t[ns inhabit$ by a #8g5s' 7 divid$ into at lea/ sev5 qu>t]s4444 ,9 ,t5os ea* g5s 0 kn[n z #8a t[]1' & ea* individual bore ! "n ( 8 t[] & 8 g5s40 ,paus+ "h = an in/ant1 ,i draw att5tion to ! recurr5ce 9 ,greece ( c]ta9 features ( ! ,great ,plan :i* mu/ n[ be famili> to ! read]3 ! association ( divisions ( p ) a 8t[]10 an artificial 8high place0 or m\nta91 ! developm5t & exi/5ce ( sep>ate =ms ( cult1 correspond+ to tribal & t]ritorial divisions2 ! supreme cult ( a male & female div9ity1 correspond+ to ! traditions t ! /ate 0 f\nd$ by two individuals & 0 gov]n$ by two rul]s4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is is furni%$ by ,sp>ta1 :i* 80 gov]n$ by two k+s1 belong+ to two diff]5t royal families 444 ! orig9 ( ?is cu/om is unkn[n 444 ^! k+s usually 7 at enmity ) ea* o!r44440 8,! population ( ,sp>ta 0 prim>ily divid$ into five #8phyles1' id5tifi$ ) five local di/ricts4 ,! names ( ! latt]1 ,pitane1 ,mesoa1 ,limnai1 ,kon\ra & ,dyme1 7 id5tical ) ^? ( ! five ,comes or gr\p ( sep>ate communities :i* _h con/itut$ ! /ate ( ,sp>ta at ! "t ( ,?ucydides40 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ?is organization corresponds to t ( a capital & f\r prov9ces4 ,simultane\sly ! population 0 gr\p$ into ?ree ma9 classes & tw5ty-sev5 phratries4 ,consid]+ t 9 anci5t times ! belief prevail$1 & 0 %>$ by ! ,sp>tans !mselves1 t ,lycurgus _h introduc$ 8 s*eme ( organization f ,crete1 x is int]e/+ to le>n t 8! ,cretans !mselves claim$ t _! laws dat$ f a remote antiquity & _h be5 communicat$ to ,m9os & ,rhadaman?us by ,zeus himself40 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t portions ( ! ,odysseus1 ,idom5eus is repres5t$ z rul+ 9 p>ticul> ov] cities situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! isl&4 ,9 hi/orical times ! c5tral rul]%ip or mon>*y _h be5 aboli%$ & 8! /ate 0 rul$ by t5 *iefs ( tribal divisions1 :o bore 9 common ! title ,cosmos & held (fice = ! limit ( "o ye>40 ,al?\gh ! mo/ anci5t acc\nts ( ! m>itime supremacy ( ,crete "u its k+ ,m9os1 ! 8son ( ,zeus10 are reg>d$ z grossly exagg]at$1 mod]n au?orities agree t1 on acc\nt ( its geographical position1 ,crete mu/ und\bt$ly h be5 an extremely important c5tre ( m>itime comm]ce1 dur+ a prolong$ p]iod4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 & because ! ,sp>tans ackn[l$g$ to h receiv$ _! s*eme ( organization f ,crete1 ,i draw p>ticul> att5tion to ! design on a co9 f ,cnossus1 ! mo/ important capital ( ,crete1 :i* rec5tly arre/$ my att5tion4 ,x is pres]v$ at ! ,b]l9 ,museum & is reproduc$ 9 ,spam]'s "w1 already cit$ 7fig4 #gb1 #ad & #ae74 ,on ! obv]se1 x exhibits ! fabul\s ,m9otaurus ! mon/]1 half man & half bull1 :o is /at$ to h rul$ ! isl&4 ,on ! rev]se1 is a geometrical figure1 repres5t+ a swa/ika1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! five-dot gr\p4 ,a simil> co9 also f\nd on ! site ( ,cnossus1 & assign$ to ,b4,c4 #gjj1 is pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,its rev]se exhibits also ! five-dot gr\p & ! swa/ika1 betwe5 ^: bran*es are f\r l>ge dots or circles4 ,9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum specim5 ! latt] are replac$ by squ>es conta9+ cross l9es4 ,to any "o famili>1 9 ! fir/ case1 ) ! s*eme ( organization into five ,comes1 i4 e4 #da1 su* z has be5 %[n to h be5 adopt$ 9 ,sp>ta & else:]e 9 ,greece1 ! design on ! rev]se ( bo? co9s appe>s p]fectly intelligible4 ,no geometrical or cursive sign c\ld m cle>ly express ! s*eme or gr\nd-plan ^u :i* ! mo/ anci5t =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ,greece has be5 %[n to h also re/$4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #gb4 ,z to ! image ( ! ,m9otaurus on ! obv]se ( ! ,b]l9 co93 to any "o famili> ) ! widespread sy/em ( figur+ ! /ate "u ! =m ( a human be+ or ( a quadrup$1 & ( symboliz+ its rul] z its head1 ! image appe>s intelligible z t ( ! quadruplicate /ate4 ,! circum/ance t ! head is t ( a bull seems to indicate t1 l ! ,egyptians1 ! ,cretans appli$ ! title 8bull0 to _! k+2 !nce p]haps ! fable t ! isl& 0 at "o "t gov]n$ by ! mon/] ,m9otaurus :o claim$ z annual tribute1 f conqu]$ tribes1 sev5 y\?s & maid5s4 ,x is /rik+ h[ p]fectly ! geometrical figures on ! rev]se ( bo? co9s1 :i* ,i hold to repres5t t]ritorial divisions1 seem to =m ! complem5t to ! image ( ! /ate repres5t$ 9 semi-human & semi-animal =m4 ,int]e/+ v>iants ( ! same design appe> on two co9s ( ! same p]iod 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collection4 ,"o ( ^!1 f ,syracuse1 exhibits a swa/ika1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a human head--a sign :i* ,i %\ld int]pret z ! image ( a /ate & its s+le c5tral rul]4 ,a co9 f ,cor9? displays a pla9 swa/ika only1 :i* suffices to indicate1 h[ev]1 t its /ate organization 0 on ! famili> plan4 ,9 connection ) ! swa/ika & five-dot gr\p x is int]e/+ to exam9e "s anci5t ,egyptian seals exhibit+ crosses ) f\r dots or /rokes 7fig4 #gb1 #c-e71 & to comp>e ^! ) ,rhodian specim5s 7#aj-ac74 ,on vases f\nd by ,s*liemann on ! site ( ,troy 7#h & #i71 we f9d1 9 "o case a swa/ika & 9 ! o!r a cross & f\r dots 9 a circle =m+ ! nave4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! ,a!nian nos4 #f & #g1 "o be+ a swa/ika & ! o!r a cross 9 a loz5ge47#abb7 ,an extremely curi\s in/ance ( an entire decoration ( a build+ consi/+ ( crosses & five-dot gr\ps1 is furni%$ by ! c5otaph erect$ by a late k+ 9 honor ( ,midas1 k+ ( ,phrygia 7fig4 #gb1 #b71 :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 (f]s mu* resemblance to ! geometrical /yle ( /ucco decorations ( ! ru9s ( ,mitla1 ,mexico47#abc7 ,! pres5ce ( ! swa/ika on co9s assign$ to ab\t ,b4,c4 #gjj & its use 9 ,greece1 :]e pla9 cross-symbols _h previ\sly be5 employ$1 naturally leads to ! inquiry z to ! olde/-dat$ swa/ikas :i* h hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 ,greece & ,egypt4 ,9 8 important "w on ! subject already ref]r$ to1 ,pr(4 ,?omas ,wilson 7op4 cit4 pp4 #hjf & #hcc71 cites ! op9ions ( ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] & ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella z agree+ ) t ( ,w>+1 :o /ates t 8! swa/ika is s\ght = 9 va9 9 ,babylonia1 ,assyria & ,phnicia10 & 8_h no foo?old 9 ,egypt40 ,! same au?ority says t3 8! only sign approa*+ ! fylfot 9 ,egyptian hi]oglyphics 444 is n v simil> to our fylfot 444 & =ms "o ( ! hi]oglyphs ( ,isis0 7,c]amic ,art 9 ,remote ,ages1 p4 #hb74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pr(essor ,goodye> says 7,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 p4 #cef73 8,! e>lie/ dat$ swa/ikas1 hi!rto f\nd 9 ,egypt1 occur on ! =eign ,cyprian & ,c>ian 8 pott]y fragm5ts ( ! "t ( ! twelf? dyna/y ,b4,c4 #bdff-bbff discov]$ by ,mr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie 9 #ahhi4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,memoir ( ! ,egypt ,exploration ,fund1 ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie publi%$ illu/rations ( ,greek vases %[+ unmi/akable swa/ikas :i*1 ?\gh f\nd at ,naukratis 9 ,egypt1 are n ,egyptian1 b ,greek40 ,! only o!r examples ( ! swa/ika 9 ,egypt cit$ by ,pr(4 ,?omas ,wilson are ^? wov5 on ,coptic grave clo?s made ( l95 & reproduc$ 9 8,die ,grb]- und ,textilfunde von ,a*mim-,panopolis by ,r4 ,=r]40 ,^! grave clo?s p]ta9$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,greeks :o migrat$ f _! c\ntry dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( our era & settl$ 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 9 ,coptos & ! surr\nd+ cities4 ,i am able to add ano!r in/ance ( ! employm5t ( ! swa/ika 9 ,egypt1 :i*1 al?\gh ( ,coptic orig91 atta*es itself to anci5t ,egypt4 ,i h already po9t$ out t1 9 ,lepsius' ,book ( ! ,dead1 ! =emo/ ( ! gods ( ! f\r qu>t]s1 repres5t$ 9 mummy =m1 exhibit$ a cross on 8 "r %\ld]4 ,dur+ a rec5t visit to ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 my att5tion 0 arre/$ by see+ a swa/ika pa9t$ 9 precisely ! same position1 on ! "r %\ld] ( ! /ucco mummy case ( a man1 f ,h]mopolis1 dat$ f ! second c5tury aft] ,*ri/ 7,catalogue ,no4 #aafdi74 ,?is rem>kable co9cid5ce seems to furni% conclusive evid5ce t1 long be=e ! introduction ( ,greek culture & ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 ! pla9 cross 0 employ$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians 9 precisely ! same way z1 subsequ5tly1 ! swa/ika by ! ,copts4 ,to "s ( my read]s ! "q w p]haps sugge/ itself :e!r "s e>ly ,*ri/ian sects &1 among/ !m1 communities ( ,greek ,copts1 did n int]pret ! mission ( ,*ri/ lit]ally1 z an attempt to re/abli% an e>?ly 8k+dom ( heav50 on ! anci5t plan1 ! k ( :i* _h be5 pres]v$ at ,heliopolis1 by ! sages & philosoph]s ( ,egypt & ! l>ge ,hebrew colony e/abli%$ !re4 ,return+ to ! swa/ika3 ,f ! acc\nt giv5 by ,pr(4 ,?omas ,wilson 7op4 cit41 #haj7 ( ,s*liemann's obs]vations on ! swa/ikas he discov]$1 dur+ 8 excavations on ! site ( ,troy1 we le>n t1 :]eas ! swa/ika occurs on ?\s&s ( :orls f\nd 9 ! ?ird1 f\r? & fif? cities1 b few :orls 7 f\nd 9 ! fir/ & second cities1 :i* 7 ! deepe/ & olde/ & none ( ^! bore ! swa/ika m>k4 ,^! obs]vations1 add$ to ! appe>ance ( ! swa/ika 9 ,egypt at a comp>atively late p]iod1 appe> to prove t1 :]eas ! cross-symbol 0 kn[n 9 remote/ antiquity 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,egypt & express$ ! same mean+ z ! swa/ika1 i4 e4 ,pol>is & circumpol> rotation & ! quadruplicate organization ( ! ,cosmos sugge/$ by ^! natural ph5om5a1 x 0 only ! =m or %ape ( ! cross :i* und]w5t a *ange at a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,! e>lie/-dat$ specim5s ( ?is new =m1 giv5 to a m anci5t symbol1 occur on ! pott]y fragm5ts f\nd 9 ,egypt by ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie4 ,! pres5ce ( ! swa/ika1 on ! :orls f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ! ?ird city built on ! site ( ,troy1 also indicates t its adoption occurr$ at a fix$ date & m>k$ a new dep>ture4 ,ref]r+ back to page #ba1 :]e ,i %[ t ! obs]vations :i* l$ to ! adoption ( ! swa/ika z a symbol c\ld n possibly h be5 made until aft] ,ursa ,major _h become circumpol>1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #djjj1 ,i po9t out t ! olde/ swa/ikas :i* h hi!rto be5 f\nd corroborate ?is view1 s9ce !y are all po/]ior to ! "t :5 ,ursa ,major became circumpol>4 ,long ant]ior to its adoption1 h[ev]1 ! primordial set ( ideas1 sugge/$ to ! human m9d by ! obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a1 _h rea*$ an advanc$ /age ( developm5t1 & _h be5 work$ out1 appli$ to ! regulation ( human life & symboliz$1 9 v>i\s ways1 9 widely sep>at$ c\ntries4 ,x is impossible to conclude my comp>ative rese>*1 :i* has be5 rew>d$ by a mo/ unexpect$ weal? ( mat]ial1 )\t enum]at+ a few facts connect$ ) ! e>lie/ hi/ories ( ,rome1 anci5t ,irel&1 ,brita91 ,wales & ,sc&9avia4 ,^! brief & d\btlessly imp]fect rsums w h fulfill$ _! purpose if !y /imulate inquiry & evoke au?oritative /atem5ts by le>n$ speciali/s4 ,,anci5t ,,rome4 ,:e!r ,rome 80 f\nd$ by ! common resolve ( a ,lat9 conf$]acy or by ! ent]prise ( an individual *ief1 is beyond ! rea* ev5 ( conjecture4 ,! date fix$ ^u = ! comm5cem5t ( ! city is1 ( c\rse1 p]fectly valueless 9 its precision0 7,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia74 8,accord+ to ,v>ro ! city ( ,rome 0 f\nd$ ,b4,c4 #gec1 b ,cato places ! ev5t f\r ye>s lat]4444 ,! day ( its f\ndation 0 ! #ba/ ( ,april1 :i* 0 sacr$ to ! rural goddess ,pales4 ,!re seems to be "s unc]ta9ty :e!r ,romulus gave 8 "n to ! city or d]iv$ 8 own f x1 b ^? :o ascribe to ! city a ,grecian orig9 444 ass]t t ,romulus & ,roma are bo? d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w = #8/r5g?4' ,! city1 we are assur$1 _h ano!r "n :i* ! prie/s 7 =bidd5 to divulge2 b :at t 0 x is n[ impossible to discov]47#abd7 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s plausibility 9 ! conjecture t x 0 ,pallanteum1 & f ! great c>e ) :i* ! ,palladium1 or image ( ,pallas1 0 pres]v$1 x seems probable t ! city 0 suppos$ to be "u ! c>e ( t deity4 ,if ?is conjecture be correct1 ! ,pelasgic orig9 ( ,rome _c be d\bt$1 = ,pallas 0 a ,pelasgic deity4444 8,! in/itution ( ! ve/al virg9s 0 old] ?an ! city itself & 0 reg>d$ by ! ,romans z ! mo/ sacr$ "p ( _! religi\s sy/em4 ,9 ! "t ( ,numa !re 7 b f\r 444 _! duty 0 to keep ! sacr$ fire on ! alt> 9 ! temple ( ,ve/a f be+ ext+ui%$ & to pres]ve a c]ta9 sacr$ pl$ge on :i* ! v exi/5ce ( ,rome 0 suppos$ to dep5d47#abe7 ,:at ?is pl$ge 0 we h no means ( discov]+2 "s suppos$ t x 0 ! ,trojan ,palladium2 o!rs1 "s traditional my/]y br\ght by ! ,pelasgi f ,samo?race4 ,"o fact is c]ta93 t ! ,palat9e is reg>d$ z ! olde/ portion ( ! city & ! orig9al site & c5tre ( ! embryo mi/ress ( ! _w & "m ( cities1 ! ,roma quadrata1 fragm5ts ( ^: walls h be5 br\ght to light47#abf7 8,tradition relates t x 0 on ! ,palat9e t ,romulus m>k$ out ! ,pomrium1 a space ar\nd ! walls ( ! city1 on :i* x 0 unlawful to erect build+s4444 ,! next c]emony 0 ! consecration ( ! comitium1 or place ( public assembly4 ,a vault 0 built "u gr\nd & fill$ ) ! fir/l+s ( all ! natural productions t su/a9 human life & ) e>? :i* ea* =eign settl] _h br\ght f 8 home4 ,?is place 0 call$ ,mundus0 7,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,goldsmi?'s abridgm5t1 #ba/ edition1 by ,w4 ,c4 ,taylor1 p4 #ac74 ,?is fact furni%es evid5ce t ! sacr$ c5tral cosmical vault ov] :i* a m\nd may h be5 =m$ by ! e>? contribut$ f diff]5t qu>t]s1 0 reg>d$ z a synopsis ( all1 & t sanctity 0 also atta*$ to ! c5tral place ( assembly :]e ju/ice 0 adm9i/]$ at regul> int]vals1 weekly m>kets 7 held & religi\s rites 7 celebrat$47#abg7 ,tradition relates t1 aft] ! f\ndation ( ! c5tral 8,mundus10 ! f\nd] ( ,rome e/abli%$ ! ,sab9e t[n :i* occupi$ ! ,quir9al & "p ( ! ,capitol9e hills4 8,! "n ( ?is t[n mo/ probably 0 ,quirium 444 ! two cities 7 unit$ on t]ms ( equality & ! d\ble-fac$ ,janus1 /amp$ on ! e>lie/ ,roman co9s 0 probably a symbol ( ! d\ble /ate40 ,x is significant to f9d n only t ,janus 0 sometimes depict$ ) f\r faces in/ead ( two1 9 :i* case he 0 call$ ,janus ,quadrifrontis1 b t ref]5ces are also made to ! female =m ( ,janus,jana1 ! latt] be+ id5tifi$ ) ,diana4 ,consid]+ t x 0 f ,quirium t ! ,roman y\?s obta9$ ,sab9e wives by =ce1 :i* _h be5 refus$ to _! entreaties1 x w\ld seem z ?\gh1 orig9ally1 z else:]e1 ! m5 & wom5 ( ! community resid$ sep>ately & t /r+5t laws regulat$ _! int]c\rse4 ,9 o!r anci5t communities x has be5 %[n h[ ! sep>ation ( ! sexes creat$ 9 "t an upp] & l[] class1 & to ! same orig9 may p]haps be assign$ ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! ,roman con/itution1 i4 e4 ! two-fold division ( ! p into patricians & plebeians4 ,:ile ! =ego+ /atem5ts ?r[ light ^u ! ideas associat$ ) ! ,middle & %[ t ,rome 0 orig9ally a dual /ate1 ! foll[+ facts furni% indications ( a quadruplicate division4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ,rome 0 laid out & enclos$ 9 a squ>e1 ! population 0 divid$ into f\r tribes & m5tion is made ( 8! /ate1 "u ,s]vius ,tullius1 be+ an entity divid$ into f\r cities & tw5ty-six tribes 444 ?is be+ /rictly a geographical division analog\s to our p>i%es4 ,! division ( ! city into f\r tribes cont9u$ until ! reign ( ,augu/us 7,b4,c4 #bi7444407abh7 ,! f\r *ief religi\s corporations ( anci5t ,rome1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,c5tury ,diction>y1 evid5tly correspond to ?is f\rfold division & x is specially /at$ ( "o ( ^! corporations t x 0 repres5t$ & gov]n$ by a gr\p consi/+ ( sev5 8septemvir epulones0 :o =m$ a 8septemvirate40 ,! numb] ( septemvirs correspond$ to ! 8sev5 hills0 :i* 7 enclos$ by ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 & x is /at$ t !re 7 sev5 places ( wor%ip 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aic & #baa1 ,septimius ,sev]us1 a native ( an anci5t ,punic colony 9 ,africa1 erect$ a ,septizonium 7an edifice consi/+1 l ! ,babylonian zikkurat1 ( sev5 /ories7 on ! ,palat9e1 :]e a l>ge temple ( ,apollo _h previ\sly be5 built47#abi7 ,al?\gh x is ?us evid5t t1 at diff]5t p]iods1 sev5-fold division 0 c>ri$ out 9 anci5t ,rome1 x 0 n until aft] ! reign ( ,!odosius1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 t ! sev5-day p]iod 0 import$ f ,alex&ria & ! t]m 8septimana0 adopt$ 9 ,rome4 8,previ\sly to ?is ,rome _h c\nt$ h] p]iods by eight days1 ! eigh? day itself be+ orig9ally call$ ,nund9--a t]m lat] appli$ to ! :ole cycle0 7,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia74 ,not+ t ! p]iod ( eight 7#bd7 days accords ) ! quadruplicate sy/em appli$ to ! primitive /ate1 ,i draw att5tion to ! num]ical classification ( ! citiz5s ( ,rome employ$ dur+ c5turies1 :i* s curi\sly agrees ) ! sy/em c>ri$ out 9 ,p]u at a widely sund]$ p]iod 7see p4 #ada74 ,t5 h\seholds =m$ a g5s 7clan or family72 t5 clans or "o hundr$ h\seholds =m$ a curia or w>d%ip2 & t5 w>d%ips1 or "o hundr$ clans1 or "o ?\s& h\seholds =m$ a populus1 civitas or community4 ,z x is /at$ t1 at "o "t1 ,rome consi/$ ( f\r cities1 x is obvi\s t ! above numb]s1 quadrupl$1 con/itut$ ! /ate :i* ?us includ$ =ty w>d%ips1 f\r hundr$ g5tes & f\r ?\s& h\seholds4 ,z ea* g5s possess$ a *iefta91 end[$ ) pat]nal au?ority ov] its memb]s1 !re mu/1 at "o "t1 h be5 f\r hundr$ ( ^! 8patricians10 ^: numb] is ?us f\nd to correspond to ! ,greek 8,c\ncil ( #djj0 & curi\sly en\gh to ! 8f\r hundr$ ,to*tli0 or gov]nors ( ! anci5t ,mexican commonweal?4 ,a notewor?y feature ( ! attempt to in/itute ! ,decemvirate 9 ,rome 7#e? c5tury ,b4,c47 0 ! arrangem5t t ! t5 *os5 m5 ex]cis$ (fice 9 prescrib$ rotation = "o day1 ea* rul+1 9 consequ5ce1 = ?irty-six days 9 ! ye> :i*1 l ! ,egyptian1 !n consi/$ ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty days & ( an epact ( five days4 ,! assignm5t ( a day to ea* *iefta9 f9ds its p>allel n only 9 ,assyria b also 9 anci5t ,am]ica 7see p4 #aha74 ,9 connection ) ! ,roman communal organization1 att5tion is drawn to :at appe>s to be a rem>kable survival ( an extremely anci5t & natural mode ( di/+ui%+ ! w>d%ips4 ,x is well kn[n t1 accord+ to tradition1 ! republic ( ,si5a1 ,italy1 0 f\nd$ at a remote p]iod 8by ! sons ( ,remus1 ! tw9 bro!r ( ,romulus40 ,! foll[+ facts prove t1 to ?is day1 c]ta9 features ( its social organization exhibit an aff9ity to t ( primitive ,rome4 8,si5a1 f ! e>lie/ day1 has be5 divid$ into contrade or p>i%es4 ,ea* contrada has its special *ur*1 g5]ally ( great antiquity1 & ea* contrada is nam$ aft] "s animal1 or natural object1 ^! names be+ symbolical ( c]ta9 trades or cu/oms4 ,!re are n[ ! wolf1 giraffe1 owl1 snail1 t[]1 wave1 goose1 tortoise1 etc41 9 all sev5te54 ,ea* has its colors1 h]alds1 pages1 music1 flags2 all ! m$ival p>aph]nalia ( republican subdivision0 7,frances ,eliot1 ,di>y ( an idle woman 9 ,italy ,i1 p4 #ai74 ,! employm5t ( ! names ( animals & natural objects z di/9ctive m>ks = a w>d%ip (f]s a curi\s analogy to ! ,am]ican in/itution ( tribal names & totems4 ,! circum/ance t1 9 remote/ times1 ! k+ ( ,rome1 ! ackn[l$g$ metropolis or "m city1 0 accompani$1 on public occasions1 by twelve lictors or adm9i/rators ( ju/ice1 ea* c>ry+ ! axe ti$ 9 a bundle ( rods1 %[s t1 at "o "t1 ! gov]nm5t 0 adm9i/]$ by ?irte5 individuals--a me?od we %all f9d aga9 9 anci5t ,irel& & ,sc&9avia4 ,! hi/ory ( ,rome reveals t ! diff]5t v>iants ( gov]nm5tal s*eme adopt$1 "o aft] ! o!r1 "u influ5ces emanat+ f ,greece & ,egypt1 7 re>$ ^u ! famili> univ]sal plan4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ?is is1 h[ev]1 furni%$ by ! details pres]v$ ( ! gr\ndwork on :i* ,con/ant9e f\nd$ 7,a4,d4 #ccj7 ! city he int5d$ to be ! capital ( a univ]sal empire1 & nam$ ! ,new or ,second ,rome4 ,hi/orians relate t ! p59sula ( ,byzantium (f]$ /rik+ resemblances to ! sites ( ,c>?age & ,rome4 ,! design ( ,con/ant9e embrac$ ! entire p59sula ) ! sev5 hills ^u x4 8,on foot1 ) a lance 9 8 h&1 pr(ess+ to be "u ! guidance ( div9e inspiration1 ! emp]or direct$ ! l9e :i* 0 trac$ z ! b\nd>y ( ! de/9$ capital40 444 8,9 imitation ( ,rome at t p]iod1 ! city 0 divid$ into #bg;f\rte5 w>ds 7regiones74444 ,its c5tre 0 m>k$ by a column 444 surm\nt$ by a bronze colossus ( ,apollo4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,sophia1 built on ! site ( an anci5t temple ( ,wisdom1 0 subsequ5tly d$icat$ to '! ,holy ,et]nal ,wisdom' by ,ju/9ian4 ,9 ! c\rt call$ ! ,=um ,augu/eum1 "o side ( :i* 0 =m$ by ! palace & ! o!r by ! *ur*1 /ood ! ,milli>ium ,aureum1 n1 z at ,rome1 a gilt m>ble pill>1 b a spaci\s edifice1 ! c5tre f :i* all ! roads ( ! empire 7 measur$ & on ! walls ( :i* ! di/ances to all ! *ief places 7 inscrib$4444 ,9 ! new reunit$ empire quadruple division 0 ma9ta9$1 ! empire be+ divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ea* =m+ a prtorian prefecture "u a prtorian prefect1 :o1 be+ ! lieut5ant ( ! emp]or1 rul$ ov] ! gov]nors & p ( ! prov9ce ) absolute p[]4 ,! f\r prefectures 7 subdivid$ into ?irte5 dioceses1 ea* gov]n$ by a vice-prefect nam$ vic>ius1 ! total numb] ( dioceses be+ fifty-two40 ,?is sy/em ( num]ation is ( p>ticul> int]e/ z x is n only id5tical ) ! sy/em ( a mod]n pack ( c>ds1 ! orig9 ( :i* is unkn[n1 b is also ! same z ! ,mexican ye> cycle 7see p4 #big74 ,ve/iges ( sev5fold organization are traceable 9 ! appo9tm5t by ,con/ant9e1 ( 8sev5 m9i/]s ( ! palace0 :o ex]cis$ 8sacr$0 functions ab\t ! p]son ( ! emp]or1 & ! division ( all ,gaul into sev5 prov9ces plac$ "u ! gov]nor%ip ( ! ,vic> ( ! ,sev5 ,prov9ces4 ,9 conclusion ,i v5ture to po9t out t ! f\r-/ori$ amphi!atre ( ,vespasian 7,a4,d4 #ga71 ! ,pan!on ( ,agrippa 7,a4,d4 #bc7 & ! ,mausoleum ( ,hadrian 7,a4,d4 #ach7 appe> to h a cosmical "*1 ! fir/ hav+ be5 plann$ to hold ! entire population ( ,rome1 ar\nd a c5tral space 9 :i*1 orig9ally1 ! circl+ *>iot simulat$ ! circuit ( ! cele/ial 8plau/rum0 or 8c>ro0*>iot1 ! ,lat9 "n giv5 to ,ursa ,major4 ,:ile1 on public fe/ivals1 ! amphi!atre mu/ h appe>$ z a synopsis ( ! :ole empire & may also h be5 orig9ally us$ = nocturnal1 religi\s or political assemblages1 ! great ,pan!on enclos+ ! images ( twelve deities1 may well h be5 a consci\s attempt to repres5t ! all-embrac+ ,cosmos ( ,egyptian & ,greek philosophy1 ! fram$ view ( ! heav51 se5 ?r\gh ! c5tral op5+ 9 ! dome1 be+ ! symbol ( ! 8hidd5 & invisible god10 ( ! initiat$4 ,to ,hadrian1 :o visit$ ,egypt twice & 0 und\bt$ly acqua9t$ ) ! idea ( ,plato's ,cosmos or ,!os1 ! idea ( build+ a great circul> /ructure 9 ! c5tre ( :i* he w\ld be laid to re/1 w\ld naturally h sugge/$ itself4 ,pass+ f a consid]ation ( ! build+s :i*1 ) ! pyramids1 appe> to be among ! gr&e/ expon5ts ( natural philosophy & religion ev] re>$ by ! h& ( man1 & cle>ly appe> to h be5 plann$ "u ! direct influ5ce ( ,egyptian & ,greek philosophy1 let u briefly glance at ! mode 9 :i* ! id5tical fundam5tal s*eme 0 p]petuat$ among "s nor!rn peoples4 ,,anci5t ,,irel&1 ,,brita9 ,,& ,,wales4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t1 9 anci5t ,irel&1 we f9d di/9ct traces ( a /ate1 f\nd$ on ! same cry/alliz$ artificial sy/em t has be5 f\nd at ! basis ( ! mo/ anci5t civilizations ( ! _w4 8,!re is really no au!ntic hi/ory ( ,irel& be=e ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into ! c\ntry1 b !re are "s g5u9e traditions :i* appe> bas$ ^u tru?1 because !y accord ) & expla9 ! peculi> cu/oms :i* 7 f\nd to prevail 9 ! isl& at ! "t ( ! ,engli% invasion4 ,^! traditions decl>e1 t ! orig9al ,celtic inhabitants 7 subdu$ by an ,asiatic colony1 or at lea/ by ! desc5dants ( "s ,ea/]n p at a v remote p]iod2 !y av] t ! conqu]ors 7 z inf]ior to ! orig9al inhabitants 9 numb]s z !y 7 sup]ior 9 milit>y discipl9e & ! arts ( social life2 !y describe ! conque/ z a "w ( "t & tr\ble & ass]t t1 aft] its completion1 an h]$it>y mon>*y & h]$it>y ari/ocracy 7 = ! fir/ "t e/abli%$ 9 ,irel&44440 8,at "s unkn[n p]iod ,irel& 0 divid$ into five k+doms1 ,ul/]1 ,le9/]1 ,connaught1 ,mun/] & ,mea? 444 ! latt] be+ ! prop]ty ( ! p>am\nt sov]eign 4440 7,w4 ,c4 ,taylor1 ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1 #ahcg74 ,john ,o',neil cites 8! v olde/ ,iri% books1 accord+ to :i* two bro!rs1 ! lead]s ( ! ,milesian colonization1 divid$ ,irel& into ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn k+dom40 ,else:]e he relates h[ a pr9ce ( ! nor? _h be5 unit$ 9 m>riage to ! pr9cess ( ! s\? & t 8! my?ical ,niall-,navi-gialla* ( ! n9e treasures _h _h a ,nor!rn k+ = fa!r & a ,s\!rn pr9cess = "m40 ,besides ?is subdivision :i* /rik+ly recalls ! anci5t ,egyptian1 ,o',neil br+s out ! rem>kable fact t def9ite positions 9 relation to ea* o!r & ! c>d9al po9ts 7 assign$ to ! five ,iri% k+s & tells u t 8we h a full] & lat] division :51 9 ! c5tral hall1 ! miodh-*u>ta ( ,t>a1 ! k+ ( ,er9n sat 9 ! c5tre1 ) 8 face to ! ,ea/1 ! k+ ( ,ul/] be+ at 8 ,nor?1 ! k+ ( ,mun/] at 8 ,s\?1 :ile ! k+ ( ,le9/] sat opposite to him & ! k+ ( ,connaught beh9d him0 7op4 cit4 ,i1 #dfc74 ,i ref] ! read] to 8 extremely int]e/+ comp>ison 7,i1 p4 #cfi7 ( anci5t ,irel& be+ 8an ,iri% in/ance ( a ,*9ese #8,middle ,k+dom1' 0 & to ! data giv5 9 connection ) ! great hall ( ,t>a1 :i* 0 call$ ,mea? or ,mid-c\rt1 ,miod*u>ta 7pron\nc$ ,micrta71 & ! ,nor!rn hill ( ,miodh*ao9n 7or ,midk5a71 gu>d$ by ,miodh*ao9n & 8 ?ree sons1 ! gu>dians ( ! hill be+ ?us f\r 9 all4 ,o',neil also ref]s to 8! great idol or ca/rum ( ,kilair 444 :i* 0 surr\nd$ by twelve small] ones & 0 call$ ! /one & umbilicus ( ,hib]nia &1 z if plac$ 9 ! mid/ & middle ( ! l&1 #8m$io et m$itullio'44440 8,mea? itself1 :]e ?is ,kilair navel /ood1 0 anci5tly ! c5tral "o ( ! five divisions ( ,irel& & is call$ ,m$ia by ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 444 & connect$ ) ! words m$i-tullium & m$i-tullus40 ,! leg5d /ates t 8! ca/rum ( ,kilair & ! /ones ar\nd x 7 transport$ by ,m]l9 to ,/oneh5ge & #8set up 9 ! same ord]4' 07#acj7 8,at ,mag ,sle*t 0 ! *ief idol ( ,irel&1 call$ ,c5n ,crai* 7,m\nd-*ief7 cov]$ ) gold & silv]1 & twelve o!r idols ab\t x1 cov]$ ) brass0 7,o',neil1 p4 #bgc74 8,! five ,iri% k+doms 7 aga9 subdivid$ into sev]al pr9cipalities inhabit$ by di/9ct #8septs1' ea* rul$ by its own c>f9ny or *iefta94 ,! ob$i5ce ( ^! local rul]s or top>*s to ! prov9cial sov]eign 0 regulat$1 l 8 to ! g5]al mon>*1 by ! p[]s t he possess$ = en=c+ au?ority4444 ,! succession to e degree ( sov]eignty 0 regulat$ by ! law ( tani/ry1 :i* limit$ h]$ity "r to ! family b n to ! individual4444 ,ea* di/rict 0 deem$ ! common prop]ty ( ! entire sept2 b ! di/ribution ( ! sev]al %>es 0 entru/$ to ! top>*4444 ,! l[] ord]s 7 divid$ into freem5 & hetages1 or z !y 7 call$ by ! ,normans1 villanis4 ,! =m] _h ! privilege ( *oos+ _! tribe2 ! latt] 7 b\nd to ! soil & transf]r$ ) x 9 any grant or de$ ( sale40 ,ru9$ gr\ps ( build+s1 consi/+ ( sev5 sanctu>ies or *ur*es1 situat$ ar\nd a r\nd1 high t[]1 usually ) f\r w9d[s ne> ! top1 op5+ to ! c>d9al po9ts1 exi/ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,irel&1 ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es 9 ,c\nty ,wickl[ be+ ! mo/ fam\s example4 ,! cosmical "* ( ! r\nd t[]s has be5 set =? by ,john ,o',neil1 to ^: "w ,i ref] ! read]4 ,accord+ to my views ! gr\ps te/ify to ! e/abli%m5t1 at "o "t1 ( sev]al sept>*ies 9 ,irel&1 ! geographical c5tres ( :i*1 z 9 ,assyria & else:]e1 7 m>k$ 9 ?is case by ! cosmical r\nd t[]1 figur+ ! axis or sp9dle1 ar\nd :i* ea* sept built its c\ncil h\se1 = religi\s & political assemblies47#aca7 ,9 connection ) su* x is int]e/+ to read :at ,cs> says ( ! prie/s & judges ( ,gaul1 :i* 0 organiz$ into sev5 prov9ces1 z late z at ! "t ( ,con/ant9e3 8,^! ,druids held a meet+ at a c]ta9 "t ( ! ye> 9 a consecrat$ place 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,c>nutes mod]n ,*>tres :i* c\ntry is consid]$ to be 9 ! c5tre ( all ,gaul40 ,x is well kn[n t ant]ior to ! ,roman ,conque/ !re exi/$ 9 ,brita9 a long-e/abli%$1 sev5-fold /ate1 gov]n$ by sev5 k+s1 comp>$ by ,john ,spe$ 7#afcj7 to sev5 cr[n$ pill>s4 ,! k+dom ( ,m]cia includ$ ! c\nties 9 ! c5tre ( ! k+dom & is said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,crida or ,creoda4 ,! c5tral & *ief rul] ( ,brita9 0 /yl$ ,bretwalda4 ,x is well kn[n t ,/oneh5ge1 :i* is associat$ 9 folk-lore ) ! numb] sev51 is situat$ 9 ! he>t ( ! pla9 region ( ,engl& & is suppos$ to h be5 ! seat ( c5tral religion & gov]nm5t47#acb7 ,x is moreov] ackn[l$g$ by ,knight t ! anci5t ,britons 7 a p :o evid5tly _h "s great pr9ciple ( association 9 _! religion z 9 _! indu/ry4 ,! famili> fact1 t at "o p]iod ! anci5t ,k5t1 ,cantium1 0 gov]n$ by f\r k+s1 also /yl$ 8! f\r pr9ces ( ,cantii10 furni%es an indication t quadruplicate division 0 also kn[n to ! anci5t ,britons4 ,a few in/ructive facts conc]n+ ,wel% ,druidism may be appropriately cit$ "h4 ,mori5 has po9t$ out t ! ,druidic ,celi ,c$ corresponds to ,am5-,ra1 ! ,egyptian ,hidd5 ,sun4 ,accord+ to ,wel% sy/em ! univ]se 0 born ( ,celi-,c$1 a dual p[]1 ,celi be+ ! mascul9e & ,c$ ! fem99e pr9ciple4 ,c]idw5 is t]m$ ! ,wel% ,isis1 & h] "n translat$ z 8! produc+ woman40 ,celi is inv>iably repres5t$ z hidd51 ! ?ree ,hus repres5t+ him 9 manife/ation4 8,! ?ree ,hus are3 ,hu cyl* y ,c5gant! ,hu ( ! circle ( inf9itude2 ,hu cyl* y ,sidydd! ,hu ( ! circle ( ! zodiac & ,hu yn ,nghnawd,hu inc>nate4 ,! latt] 0 inc>nate 9 ! ,ar* ,druid4 ,he1 /&+ 9 ! middle ( ! ,gors$d circle1 :]e ! triple life l9es met1 impli$ by 8 action t ! ?ree emanations :i* _h _! root 9 ! dual ,c$-,celi1 focuss$ !mselves 9 him4 ,he /ood fac+ ! ea/ :]e ! sun rises0 7cf4 ! c]emonial position assum$ by ! k+ ( ,er9 9 c\ncil & t ( ! ,roman augur on draw+ 8 templum74 8,! "n = ! physical sun 0 ,huan1 translat$ z #8! abode ( div9ity4' 0 8,! ,druidic b>ds ( ,n4 ,wales wor%ipp$ ,beli407#acc7 ,9 ,wel% leg5d a god nam$ ,p]$ur ,paladye ,hir 7( ! long spe> or pal7 is associat$ ) 8 bro!r1 bo? sons ( ,eliff]1 "o ( ! ?irte5 pr9ces ( ! nor?4 ,p]$ur is "o ( sev5 bro!rs2 !re 7 sev5 pr(\nd my/]ies ( ,druidism1 i4 e4 sev5 divisions ( ! rev]b]ations ( ! ,^w1 emanat+ f ,c$1 & ! sev5 ,tatt>as or sev5 rays4 ,,sc&9avia4 ,accord+ to ! ,icel&ic hi/orian ,snorri ,/urlesson1 ^: op9ion 0 ! re-e*o ( anci5t traditional beliefs1 ,od9 & 8 eight sons & f\r companions1 twelve 9 all1 7 e>?ly k+s & prie/s ( a sac]dotal ca/e1 :o _h emigrat$ f ,asia--p]haps f ,troy--& :o conqu]$ & rul$ ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ,sc&9avia & ,nor!rn ,g]many :]e1 aft] _! dea?1 !y 7 reg>d$ by ! p z deities 7,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia74 ,o',neil /ates 8t ,od9 0 nam$ ,mi?-,od9n 7,mid-,od987 by ,saxo ,grammaticus10 & quotes ! foll[+3 8,od9n di$ 9 8 b$1 9 ,sw$51 & :5 he 0 ne> 8 dea? he made himself be m>k$ ) ! po9t ( a spe> & said he 0 go+ to ,godheim0 7,+liga ,saga74 8,! twelve godes or di> or drotn> ( ,od9 7 obvi\sly cognate to our god z a "n ( a deity4 ,!y 7or ! prie/s :o repres5t$ !m7 direct$ sacrifices & judg$ ! p1 & all ! p s]v$ & obey$ !m0 7,o',neil ,i1 p4 #gf74 ,a /range reality is giv5 to ,od9 & 8 twelve 8godes10 :5 x is realiz$ t at ,mora1 ne> ,upsala1 ,sw$51 !re exi/s ! anci5t /one ?rone on :i* ! anci5t k+s ( ,sw$5 7 cr[n$ & ?is c5tral /one is surr\nd$ by twelve less] /ones1 j z ! ,iri% 8,m\nd-*ief0 0 surr\nd$ by twelve idols4 ,:ile ! above facts suffice to indicate t1 9 remote/ antiquity1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate 0 ve/$ 9 "o supreme & twelve m9or *iefs1 ! foll[+ brief extracts f ! ,eddas reveal ! cosmical beliefs ( ! ,norsem53 8,9 ! cold nor? exi/$ ,niflheim 9 ! middle ( :i* 0 a well f :i* sprang twelve riv]s4 ,9 ! s\? exi/$ ! w>m ,muspelheim4 ,!re 0 a cont5tion betwe5 bo? ( ^! worlds4444 ,! union ( heat & cold produc$ ,o]gelm] or ,*aos1 & ! fir/ human be+1 ,ymir4 ,! revolv+ eye ( ! ,norse _w-mill/one 0 directly above ,o]gelm] & ?r\gh x ! wat]s fl[$ to & f ! great f\nta9 ( ! ,univ]se wat]s40 ,ymir drew 8 n\ri%m5t f f\r /reams ( milk proce$+ f ! my?ical c[ ,a$humla4 ,subsequ5tly he 0 sla9 by ?ree div9e bro!rs :o c>ri$ 8 body to ! middle ( ,g9nungagap1 & =m$ f x ! e>? & ! heav5s 444 ( 8 skull !y =m$ ! heav5s1 at ea* ( ! f\r corn]s ( :i* /ood a dw>f1 viz3 ,au/ri at ! ,ea/1 ,ve/ri at ! we/1 ,nor?ri at ! nor? & ,su?ri at ! s\?4444 ,:5 heav5 & e>? 7 =m$1 ! *ief gods or ,oesir1 ( :om !re 7 twelve1 met 9 ! ,c5tre ( ! _w & built ,midg>dr or ,asg>d1 ! y>d1 city or /ronghold ( ! ,middle & ( ! ,as5! gods4 ,x 0 situat$ on ! ,him9biorg1 or ,hill ( ,heav51 on ! summit ( :i* 0 ! a%-tree1 ,yggdrasil1 ^: bran*es spread ov] ! :ole _w & t[] ov] ! heav5s4 ,! foll[+ is f ! prose ,edda3 8,!n ! sons ( ,br built 9 ! middle ( ! univ]se ! city call$ ,asg>d1 :]e dwell ! gods & _! k9dr$1 & f t abode "w out s _m wondr\s ?+s bo? on e>? & 9 ! heav5s above x4 ,!re is 9 t city a place call$ ,hlidskjalf1 & :5 ,od9 is seat$ !re ^u 8 l(ty ?rone1 he sees ov] ! :ole _w40 ,9 ! ,eddas we f9d evid5ces t :ile ,od9 or ,all-fad] 0 ! rul] ( heav51 8 p[]ful son ,?or 0 8! rul] ( ,?rudheim & drove ?r\gh ! _w 9 a *>iot & became ! supreme god40 ,! foll[+ facts1 tak5 f ,mr4 ,all5's 8,/>-names10 e/abli%$ ! association ( ,?or ) ,pol>is & ! ,urs4 8,9 anci5t times ! nor!rn nations t]m$ ,ursa ,major #8! wagon ( ,od91 ,wod5 or ,wuotan1 ! fa!r ( ,?or4'7#acd7 ,! ,danes1 ,sw$es & ,icel&]s also knew x z ,/ori ,vagn1 ! ,great ,wagon & z ,k>l's ,vagn2 ,k>l be+ ,?or1 _! *ief god ( :om ! old ,sw$i% ,rhyme ,*ronicle ( ,upsala says #8444 ,! god ,?or 0 ! highe/ ( !m4 ,he sat nak$ z a *ild1 sev5 />s 9 8 h& & ,*>les' ,wa94' 0 ,! 8?rone ( ,?or0 or 8,small] ,*>iot10 0 ! "n giv5 to ,pol>is 7,ursa ,m9or7 by ! e>ly ,danes & ,icel&]s & _! desc5dants /ill call x ! 8,litli ,vagn10 ! little wagon4 ,! ,f9ns1 app>5tly alone among ! nor!rn nations ( ,europe 9 ?is conception1 nam$ ,ursa ,m9or1 ,vh ,otawa1 ! ,little ,be>4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 t]m$ ,pol>is1 ,taehti1 8! /> at ! top ( ! heav5ly m\nta940 ,x is /rik+ h[ cle>ly1 9 ,sc&9avia1 ! ,middle is associat$ ) a sacr$ m\nta9 & tree1 ! _w axis1 a heav5ly city1 an en?ron$ c5tral god1 & ) ,pol>is1 ,ursa ,major & ! idea ( et]nal circumpol> rotation express$ by ! wa9 et]nally :eel$ ar\nd ! ?rone ( ,?or4 ,to any "o imbu$ ) ! ideas set =? above1 ! signification ( ! ,sc&9avian1 ,druidic1 ,new ,ye> fe/ival1 ! "n = :i* 0 8! :eel0 7yule1 yeol1 yeul1 hjol1 hiugl1 hjul71 mu/ cle>ly appe> z ! date on :i* ! complete circuit ( ! ,urs ar\nd ! pole1 0 c]emonially regi/]$4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is c\ld be/ be express$ by a circle be+ drawn ar\nd ! swa/ika or cross1 to :i* ! f\r? arm w\ld be add$1 complet+ ?us ! regi/ration ( ! f\r seasons1 m>k$ by ! opposite positions assum$ by ! ,urs at nightfall4 ,x is well kn[n t ! :eel-cross1 swa/ika1 triskeles & ,s-figure con/itute1 ) ! w9d+ s]p5t & ! tau1 nam$ ,?or's hamm]1 ! ma9 symbols ( anci5t ,sc&9avia 7see fig4 #ac1 p4 #bi & fig4 #ch1 p4 #aai74 ,i v5ture to po9t out h[ obvi\sly ,?or's hamm] symbolizes ! union ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 ! heav5 repres5t$ by ! horizontal l9e re/+ on ! p]p5dicul> support1 symboliz+ ! sacr$ pole1 column1 m\nta9 & tree intimately associat$ ) ,pol>is1 ! _w axis4 ,z a sugge/ion only1 ,i v5ture to po9t out h[1 ! old ,norse "n = /> be+ tj>a & = treet>1 ! rle ( ! tree 9 ,druidic cult w\ld be fully acc\nt$ =1 ! initiat$ only be+ aw>e t x 0 b a rebus symbol ( ! secret or hidd5 />-god ,pol>is4 ,x c readily be se5 h[ natural or artificial elevations & erect$ /ones1 trees1 /affs or poles mu/ h be5 us$ z means ( det]m9+ ! positions ( ! ,urs at ! public celebration ( ! ,yule fe/ival & t ! c]emony ( k9dl+ ( new fire 0 obs]v$ at ! "t :5 ! 8:eel0 0 suppos$ to beg9 its new annual revolution4 ,reflection cle>ly %[s t pole-/> wor%ip mu/ h tak5 a /rong] hold ^u ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,sc&9avia & _! desc5dants1 ! seaf>+ ,vik+s1 ?an ^u any o!r nation4 ,we are compell$ to admit t ! recognition t ,pol>is =m$ ! c5tre ( axial rotation & ! middle ( ! sky1 w\ld h impress$ itself mo/ pr(\ndly ^u obs]v]s /ation$ 9 ! latitude :]e w9t] d>kness prevail$ & ! pole-/> appe>$ to be ne>ly ov]head4 ,"u su* conditions ! association ( ! opposite positions ( ! ,sept5triones ) directions 9 space1 i4 e41 ! c>d9al po9ts1 w\ld be mo/ /rik+4 ,:at is m3 ! re-appe>ance ( ! sun1 aft] ! long d>kness ( a nor!rn w9t]1 mu/ h e/abli%$ ! idea ( a fix$ relation%ip betwe5 c]ta9 positions ( ,ursa ,major & ! sol/itial position ( ! sun4 ,x may inde$ be said t ! obs]vation ( ! sol/ices & equ9oxes 0 =c$ ^u ! inhabitants ( ! nor? z n[h]e else on ! globe & t x may p]haps be !re=e designat$ z ! bir?place ( primitive a/ronomy4 ,! orig9 ( ! idea ( an all-p]vad+ duality & ! *a9s ( association :i* l9k$ ,light & ! ,sun to air & wat]1 & to ! male elem5t1 :il/ ,d>kness & ! ,nocturnal ,heav5 became connect$ ) e>?1 fire & woman1 are cle>ly acc\nt$ = 9 ! circumpol> regions only1 :]e ! ye> divides itself into a p]iod ( light 9 :i* indep5d5t & roam+ out-door life 0 possible1 & a p]iod ( d>kness dur+ :i* family life1 9 und]gr\nd fire-lit dwell+s1 0 compulsory4 ,if fa?om$1 ! m9d ( ! ,eskimo to-day may possibly reveal ! g]ms ( id5tical associations ( ideas1 = x w\ld seem z ?\gh exi/5ce 9 ! pol> regions w\ld infallibly /amp !m indelibly ^u ! consci\sness ( all liv+ creatures1 until !y unconsci\sly p]vad$ _! entire be+ & ev5 affect$ ! /ructural organization ( ! human bra947#ace7 ,! t5d5cy to believe t ! human race mu/ h sp5t its infancy ne> ! pole & receiv$ !re an intellectual /amp1 :i* c\ld n h be5 convey$ to x s cle>ly 9 any o!r latitude1 is und\bt$ly enc\rag$ by ! op9ion ( v>i\s au?orities1 t 8all =ms ( life mu/ h orig9at$ at ! pole1 ?is hav+ be5 ! fir/ habitable portion ( our _w40 ,?is view is exhau/ively treat$ 9 ,william ,fairfield ,w>r5's 8,p>adise ,f\nd1 ! cradle ( ! human race at ! ,nor? ,pole0 7,bo/on1 #ahhe71 to :i* ,i ref] ! read] & :i* conta9s mu* valuable data :i* ,i w\ld h incorporat$ 9 ! pres5t inve/igation _h ,i _h e>li] access to ! volume4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh ,w>r5's conclusions 7 9 p]fect accord ) ! conclusions arriv$ at by "s lead+ palontologi/s1 geologi/s & botani/s1 conc]n+ ! di/ribution ( life on ! globe4 ,^! are conv5i5tly summ>iz$ 9 ! article on 8,di/ribution0 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 f :i* ! foll[+ deta*$ exc]pts are made = ! b5efit ( ! read]4 8,! g5]al result arriv$ at is t ! great nor!rn cont95ts repres5t ! orig9al seat ( mammalian life & ! regions ( its highe/ developm5t4444 ,! t]ti>y fauna ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 comp>$ ) t ( ,europe1 exhibits pro(s ( a =m] communication betwe5 ! two nor!rn cont95ts bo? 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ,nor? ,pacific1 b always1 probably1 9 r high latitudes4 ,?is is indicat$ bo? by ! gr\ps :i* appe> to h orig9at$ 9 "o cont95t & !n to h pass$ across to ! o!r & also by ! entire abs5ce f ,am]ica ( _m important gr\ps :i* ab\nd$ 9 ,europe 7& vice v]sa7 indicat+ t ! communication betwe5 ! two hemisph]es 0 always imp]fect & ( limit$ duration4444 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m>k$ cont9uity ( ! ,nor!rn ,flora 7) only a gradual ea/ & we/ *ange 9 ! arctic regions1 b ) an increas$ div]g5cy s\?w>ds7 requires x to be treat$ z a :ole1 al?\gh x has long be5 divid$ into t ( ! old & new _w by ! sev]ance ( ,nor? ,am]ica f ,nor!rn ,asia & by ! b>ri] to an int]*ange ( vegetation 9 ! upheaval ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 range4 ,! old & new _w divisions ( ! flora :i*1 no d\bt1 began to div]ge f ! m]e influ5ce ( di/ance1 h n[ _h t div]g5ce imm5sely increas$ by isolation4444 ,l>ge ,am]ican g5]a 7( ! int]m$iate flora7 h s5t (f (fsets into ,ea/]n ,asia :i*1 gradually dim9i%+ 9 numb] ( species & sometimes slightly modify+ _! "*1 h spread ov] ! :ole ( ,asia & invad$ almo/ e "p ( ,europe4444 ,) reg>d to ! arctic alp9e flora1 ,hook] f\nd t1 e/imat+ ! :ole arctic flora at #gfb species1 arctic ,ea/ ,am]ica possess$ #cgi ( :i* #bfi are common to ,sc&9avia4 ,( ! :ole flora #faf species are f\nd 9 arctic ,europe & ( ^! #ehf are ,sc&9avian & ?is leads ,hook] to ! /rik+ obs]vation t #8! ,sc&9avian flora is pres5t 9 e latitude ( ! globe & is ! only "o t is s4' ,accord+ to ,b5?am1 ,sc&9avia1 :i* w\ld1 accord+ to old] rules1 h be5 t]m$ ! c5tre ( creation = ! arctic regions1 may n[ be t]m$ ! *ief c5tre ( pres]vation )9 ! arctic circle ow+1 p]haps1 to its m brok5 con=mation & p>tly to t w>m] climate 444 :i* 01 dur+ ! glacial p]iod a means ( pres]vation ( "s cold] species :i* 7 ev]y:]e expell$ or de/roy$4444 ,we may inf] t1 t[>ds ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 ! cont9u\s circumpol> l& 0 cov]$ ) a vegetation also l>gely compos$ ( id5tical plants1 b adapt$ to a w>m] climate4 ,z ! climate became less w>m !re w\ld comm5ce a migration s\?w>ds :i* w\ld result 9 ! modifi$ desc5dants ( ^! plants be+ n[ bl5d$ ) ! vegetation ( c5tral ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z ! glacial p]iod gradually advanc$1 ! tropical plants w h retreat$ f bo? sides t[>ds ! equator foll[$ 9 ! re> by ! temp]ate productions & ^! by ! arctic4 ,:5 ! climate ( ! e>? aga9 ameliorat$1 ! migration took place 9 a rev]se direction & 9 ?is way m\nta9 ranges became ! hav5s ( refuge = ! fragm5ts ( ! orig9al arctic flora :i* 7 ext]m9at$ on ! l[l&s4 ,an indication ( ! great antiquity ( ! arctic alp9e flora is af=d$ by ! fact ( its abs5ce 9 ! comp>atively mod]n volcanic m\nta9s ( ,france4444 ,if x be grant$ t ! pol> area 0 once occupi$ by ! ,sc&9avian flora & t ! cold ( ! glacial epo* did drive ?is vegetation d[nw>ds 444 9 arctic ,am]ica 444 :]e !re 0 a free s\!rn ext5sion & dilatation ( l& = ! same ,sc&9avian plants to occupy1 ^! w\ld multiply enorm\sly 9 individuals44440 ,! foll[+ rem>kable results ( rec5t botanical rese>* w be f\nd to be ( pr(\nd int]e/ to inve/igators & to support ! =ego+ conclusions4 ,among/ ! _m important discov]ies ( hi!rto undescrib$ species ( plants1 made by ! di/+ui%$ botani/s ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,sommi] & ,dr4 ,emile ,levi] dur+ _! exp$ition 9 ! ,caucasus m\nta9s1 9 #ahij1 0 t ( a species ( fungus nam$ ,exobasidium discoideum ,ell41 :i* 0 f\nd gr[+ on ! ,rhodod5dron fl>o ,l4 ,?is fungus 0 submitt$ to ,pr(4 ,p4 ,magnus ( ,b]l91 :o pron\nc$ x to be ! id5tical ,exobasidium :i* has be5 f\nd gr[+ on ! ,azalea viscosa ,l4 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,! foll[+ is ! au?oritative /atem5t ( ,pr(4 ,p4 ,magnus :i* appe>s 9 ,messrs4 ,s4 ,sommi] & ,e4 ,levi]'s ,enum]atorio plant>um caucas3 acta horti petropolitani1 vol4 ,,xvi4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahii4 8,! occurr5ce ( ! id5tical species ( fungus on two closely relat$ plants1 :i* respectively gr[ 9 ! ,caucasus & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & are miss+ 9 int]m$iate c\ntries1 des]ves our deepe/ int]e/4444 ,^! plants are relics ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 dur+ :i* ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe /ill =m$ a cont9u\s floral area4 ,:ile ! plants1 on :i* ! fungus grew1 diff]5tiat$ into two closely relat$ species1 9 two at pres5t widely sep>at$ b =m]ly connect$ radii ( di/ribution1 ! p>asitical ,exobasidium rema9$ outw>dly unalt]$4 ,?is is exactly l ! case ( ano!r fungus1 ,uromyces glycyrrhiz1 :i* ,i h describ$ & expla9$ 9 ! #8,b]i*t5 d] ,deuts*5 ,botanis*5 ,gesells*aft' 7,bd4 ,,vii1 #ahij1 ,s4 #cgg-chd74 ,exobasidium disc4 is also a p>asitical fungus :i* has be5 gr[+ on ! p>5t =m ( ,rhodod5dron viscosum & ,rhodod5dron flavum ev] s9ce t p]iod :5 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe 7 cont9u\s & possess$ ! same flora40 ,i am also indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,magnus & to ,dr4 ,levi] = ! foll[+ names ( closely alli$ species ( plants :i* are f\nd 9 ,am]ica & ,asia only1 x be+ p>ticul>ly noticeable t x is 9 ,asia ,m9or & ! ,caucasus m\nta9s t ! relatives ( ! ,am]ican species are mo/ frequ5tly met )4 ,platanus occid5talis3 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,platanus ori5talis3 ,asia ,m9or4 ,liquidamb> /yraciflua3 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,liquidamb> /yraciflua3 ,asia4 ,rhodod5dron viscosum3 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,rhodod5dron flavum3 ,caucasus ,mts4 ,rhodod5dron maximum3 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,rhodod5dron ponticum3 ,causasus ,mts4 ,pr(essor ,magnus has1 moreov]1 rec5tly po9t$ out t ! fungus ,uropyxis1 :i* is a widespread ,am]ican species & gr[s 9 ,mexico1 has a repres5tative 9 ,man*uria4 ,9 8 monograph on ,uropyxis1 ,pr(essor ,magnus enum]ates fur!r species ( fungi :i* occur 9 ,am]ica & ,asia only & are miss+ 9 o!r portions ( ! _w 7,p4 ,magnus1 ,b]i*t5 d] ,deuts*5 ,botanis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,jahrgang #ahii4 ,b& ,,xvii1 ,heft #c74 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,s4 ,morse's trite article1 ,0 ,middle ,am]ica peopl$ f ,asia8 7,appleton's ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,novemb]1 #ahih71 ,i cite1 f ?is1 ! foll[+ au?oritative /atem5ts3 8,f ! naturali/'s /&po9t ! av5ues h be5 q z op5 = ! circumpol> di/ribution ( man z !y h be5 = ! circumpol> di/ribution ( o!r animals & plants1 d[n to ! m9ute/ l& snail & l[ fungus4 ,! e?nic resemblances suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! peoples ( ! two sides ( ! ,pacific may be ! result ( an anci5t di/ribution ar\nd ! nor!rn regions ( ! globe40 ,! v rem>kable survival ( c]ta9 plants & fungi1 dat+ f ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 9 two su* widely sund]$ c\ntries z ,asia ,m9or & ,nor? ,am]ica1 c]ta9ly f9ds a curi\s & /rik+ p>allel 9 ! analogy ( ! cosmical ideas & social organization ( ,babylonia & ,assyria ) ^? ( ,mexico4 ,:at is m3 ,a cosmical s*eme1 attributable to a prolong$ obs]vation ( natural cele/ial ph5om5a1 su* z c\ld be/ h be5 c>ri$ on 9 circumpol> regions1 has be5 %[n to be z widespread z ! ,sc&9avian flora :i* 8is pres5t 9 e latitude & is ! only "o t is s40 ,_m ( my read]s w d\btless be incl9$ to expla9 ! id5tity ( cosmical & religi\s conceptions1 social organization1 & ar*itectural plans %[n to h exi/$ 9 ! pa/ betwe5 ! inhabitants ( bo? hemisph]es1 z ! result ( indep5d5t evolution1 dat+ f ! p]iod :5 primitive man1 em]g+ f savag]y1 0 driv5 s\?w>d f circumpol> regions1 c>ry+ ) him a set ( indelible impressions :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( con/ant pole-/> wor%ip1 soon] or lat] develop$ & br\ght =? id5tical or analog\s results4 ,^? :o hold ?is view may p]haps g s f> z to consid] ! possibility t1 be=e drift+ asund]1 ! human race _h already discov]$1 = in/ance1 ! art ( fire-mak+ & ( work+ 9 /one1 _h adopt$ ! sign ( ! cross z a ye>-regi/]1 & evolv$ an ar*aic =m ( social organization4 ,to _m ?is view may furni% a satisfactory explanation ( ! univ]sal spread ( id5tical ideas & ! diff]5tiation ( _! subsequ5tly indep5d5t evolution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ano!r class ( read]s may pref] to ?9k t1 :ile bo? hemisph]es may h orig9ally be5 populat$ by bran*es ( ! same race1 at an extremely l[ /age ( intellectual developm5t1 civilization & a plan ( social organization may h develop$ & be5 =mulat$ soon] 9 "o locality ?an 9 ano!r1 ow+ to m favorable conditions & !nce h be5 spread to bo? cont95ts by a race1 m intellig5t & ent]pris+ ?an o!rs1 :o became ! int]m$i>ies ( anci5t civilization4 ,! great problem ( ! orig9 ( ,am]ican peoples lies f> beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t "w & its f9al solution c only be obta9$ at "s future day by ! jo9t cop]ation ( ,am]icani/s & ,ori5tali/s4 ,on ! o!r h& c]ta9 incontrov]tible facts :i* ?r[ light ^u ! "q ( prehi/oric contact h be5 com+ "u my obs]vation dur+ my prolong$ c\rse ( /udy & ! pres5tation ( ^! may advance k by act+ z a /imulus to discussion1 inquiry & rese>* by le>n$ speciali/s4 ,= ready ref]5ce ,i submit ! foll[+ tabulat$ record ( ! widely sund]$ c\ntries 9 :i* are f\nd1 appli$ to ! gov]nm5tal s*eme1 ! same cosmical divisions1 respectively consi/+ ( f\r1 sev5 & ?irte5 p>ts1 ! gr\p be+ inv>iably associat$ ) ! idea ( an all-embrac+ ,"o1 con/itut+ ! ,f\r 9 ,"o1 ,sev5 9 ,"o & ,?irte5 9 ,"o4 ,x is sup]flu\s to add t1 9 ea* c\ntry enum]at$1 ! exi/5ce ( m or less di/9ct traces ( an anci5t pole-/> wor%ip & ! cult ( ! sacr$ ,middle1 ! ,above & ,bel[ & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 i4 e41 ! f\r1 sev5 & ?irte5 directions 9 space1 h be5 record$ 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,important additional facts1 acquir$ by ref]5ce to ,hewitt's ,rul+ ,races ( ,prehi/oric ,times1 to :i* my att5tion 0 direct$ by ,mr4 ,/ansbury ,hag>1 & to o!r valuable works1 w be f\nd includ$ 9 ! foll[+ summ>y4 ,x w\ld be ( utmo/ assi/ance to me 9 my future rese>*es & ,i w\ld reg>d x z a p]sonal favor if speciali/s w\ld draw my att5tion to any defici5cies !y may detect1 & in=m me ( ! late/ results ( _! individual inve/igations be>+ ^u ! subjects "u consid]ation4 ,,india4 ,sev5 zones1 sev5 directions 9 space1 sev5 sages4 8,! conception ( ! conf$]at$ k+dom =m$ ( six dep5d5t & alli$ /ates surr\nd+ ! sev5? rul+ /ate 9 ! c5tre40444 8,x is ?is conception :i* is work$ out 9 ! six k+doms surr\nd+ ! c5tral k+dom ( ,jambudvipa1 into :i* !y divid$ ,india4 ,?is =m ( k+dom /ill survives 9 ^? :i* =m ! tribut>y /ates ( ,*ota ,nagpore1 = 9 all ( ^! ! c5tral prov9ce is rul$ by ! k+ & ^? surr\nd+ x by 8 subord9ate *iefs 44407#acf7 7,hewitt1 ,rul+ ,races ( ,prehi/oric ,times1 p4 #bef74 ,f\r lakes1 f\r riv]s1 f\r cosmical divisions1 f\r gu>dians1 p4 #cbj4 8,9 ! ,gond #8,song ( ,l+al1' x is relat$ h[1 ,l+al1 hav+ be5 sla9 by ! conf$]acy ( six k+doms surr\nd+ sev5?1 came to life aga91 & ) f\r new-born ,gonds1 f\nd$ a new race ( ,gonds2 taught !m to build h\ses & to gr[ millets4444 ,he divid$ ! p into f\r tribes4444 ,) ^! he unit$ ! f\r tribes desc5d$ f ! ,gonds he _h br\ght d[n 9 8 fir/ avat>4444 ,^! =m$ ! eight unit$ races ( ! tortoise-e>?4444 ,l+al plac$ among !m prie/s 444 :o m>ri$ ! new-com]s to ! daught]s ( ! previ\s immigrants4444 ,?is 444 m>ks ! fir/ /age ( ! union ( ! ,ku%ikas & ! ,maghadas1 ! latt] be+ ! race :o wor%ipp$ ! "m-,maga z ! sacr$ alligator 7,hewitt74 8,accord+ to ! ,mahbhrata ! two races ( ,ku%ikas & ,maghadas 7 unit$ "u "o k+4444 ,?is l& 0 call$ by ,h9du geograph]s ,saka-dvipa1 said 9 ! ,mataya ,purana to be ! l& ( ! m\nta9 :5ce ,indra gets ! ra920 t is ( ! m\nta9 call$ ,kh>-sah-kurra1 ,u%idhan & ,savkanta4 8,?is m\nta9 /ood z ! meet+ po9t ( ! two conf$]acies ( ! patri>*al tribes & ! matri>*al races4444 ,ea* conf$]acy is =m$ by six k+doms surr\nd+ a sev5? or rul+ k+dom 9 ! c5tre4444 ,?is1 9 ! ,iranian f$]ation1 is ,khavaniras or ,huanira?a & 9 ,india1 ,jambu-dvipa1 ! l& ( ! ,jambu tree40 ,hewitt publi%es an int]e/+ draw+ 7reproduc$ z fig4 #gc1 c71 =m$ 8by ! union ( ! f\r triangles repres5t+ ! ,s\!a/]n & ,nor?we/]n races1 :o all look$ on ! "m m\nta9 ( ! ,ea/1 :5ce ,indra gets ! ra91 z _! national bir?place1 :]e !y became unit$ z ! ,ku%ite race1 ! conf$]ation ( civiliz$ man4 ,x repres5ts ! ,greek cross & ! d\ble dorje or ?und]bolt ( ,vi%nu & ,indra & also a map ( ! ,indian races1 z di/ribut$ at ! "t ( ! union4 ,x also =ms1 ) spaces left op5 = ! p>5t riv]s1 444 an octah$ron or eight-sid$ figure 444 & ! angles ( ! tribal angles =m ! swa/ika 444 ! sign ( ! ra9-god 4441 ! great ,s> ( ! ,phnicians44440 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ,hewitt's int]e/+ discussion ( ?is figure ) :i* he associates ! orig9 ( ! swa/ika1 ,i po9t out a fact he b>ely notices1 namely t ! figure co9cides ) ! description ( ,mt4 ,m]u1 associat$ ) f\r lakes1 f\r riv]s1 f\r my?ical animals & f\r gu>dians 7p4 #cbj74 ,x is 9 connection ) ! cosmical ,middle ,m\nta9 t ! f\ndation ( an e>?ly k+dom on ! same plan becomes significant & ! di/ribution ( races figur$ by ,mr4 ,hewitt assumes utmo/ importance4 ,! repres5tation ( ! f\r races by 8tribal triangles10 is ( special int]e/ :5 collat$ ) ! ,egyptian sign = city or /ate & ! pyramid1 ! build+ ( :i* ,i h sev]al times allud$ to z an ev5t facilitat+1 symboliz+ & commemorat+ ! f\ndation ( a quadruplicate /ate 7pp4 #bbj & #bba74 ,,arabia4 8,9 ! l& ( ,arabia1 ( ! irrigat+ & build+ ,m9yans & />-wor%ipp+ ,sabans1 ! l& ( ! ,que5 ( ,%eba1 or ! numb] sev5 7%eba7 444 a fre% conf$]acy 0 =m$1 to rival t ( ! ,ku%ite m\nta9 ( ! ,ea/ 4440 7,hewitt1 p4 #bia74 ,x is significant t among ! ,sabans ! sev5-day p]iod prevail$4 ,,assyria4 ,sev5 directions ( heav5 & e>?1 sev5 t]ritorial di/ricts1 sev5 m\nta9s1 sev5 k+s1 sev5-/ag$ t[]s1 sev5 ye> & day p]iods1 etc41 pp4 #cbh1 #cdh & #ceh4 ,f\r-god cities1 squ>e cities1 squ>e f\r-/ori$ t[]s1 f\r cities1 f\r regions or prov9ces1 f\r-fold p[] embodi$ 9 k+ we>+ cross1 tetr>*ies 7874 ,,egypt4 ,sev5 classes ( p1 sev5 di/ricts1 sev5-day p]iod1 pp4 #cjj & #cge47acg7 ,quadruplicate division ( capital & /ate1 f\r fields ( heav51 p4 #cgb4 ,sac]dotal gr\p consi/+ ( #abaac individuals1 p4 #dcg4 ,division ( ! c\ntry1 at "o "t1 into twelve p>ts 7,a/74 ,,*9a4 ,sev5 ,man*urian tribes1 p4 #cjb4 ,f\r prov9ces1 f\r m\nta9s1 f\r seas1 p4 #bhf2 f\r classes ( sev5 ea*1 p4 #bib4 ,at ! summit ( ! pres5t adm9i/ration 9 ,pek91 ,f\r ,gr& ,secret>ies1 two ( :om are ,man*us & two ,*9ese47#ach7 ,twelve di/ricts1 p4 #bib4 ,,anci5t ,,japan4 ,! 8,sev5 div9e g5]ations10 ea* consi/+ ( a god & goddess4 ,f\r classes ( p1 #bdh holy qu>t]s1 eight great isl&s4 ,imp]ial c\ncil ( twelve divid$ into ! high] c\ncil ( five call$ ,golosew8,imp]ial ,old ,m50 & ! l[] c\ncil ( sev5 memb]s t]m$ ,waka ,tosiyori8,junior ,old ,m50 7,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia74 ,! imp]ial c\ncil1 ) ! emp]or1 ?us con/itut$ ! sacr$ ?irte54 ,,p]sia4 ,sev5 divisions ( ,cosmos1 sev5 regions1 sev5 spirits p]sonify+ cele/ial bodies & moral qualities4 ,anci5t conf$]acy ( ,iran consi/$ ( six k+doms gr\p$ ar\nd ! c5tral royal prov9ce1 8situat$ "u ! pole-/>10 & call$ ,kwan-iras or ,hvan-ira?a1 rul$ by ,susi-nag1 ! orig9al fa!r-god ( ! model /ate id5tifi$ ) ! pole-/>1 ,draconis1 ! s]p5t 7,hewitt1 op4 cit4 p4 #bec71 see also ,app5dix ,,iii1 li/ ,,ii4 ,f\r-fold rule embodi$ 9 k+1 p4 #cbe4 ,d>ius di/ribut$ ,p]sian empire into #debj satrapies1 ea* includ+ a c]ta9 cont9u\s t]ritory 7,grote74 ,,greece4 ,t5os divid$ into sev5 qu>t]s1 sev5 divisions ( /ate47#aci7 ,f\r tribes17#adj7 f\r ca/es1 t]ritorial division ( ,attica into f\r p>ts1 in/itution ( tetr>*ies4 ,!ssaly anci5tly divid$ into f\r tetr>*ies4 ,in/itution 7betwe5 #fjj-efj ,b4,c47 ( cycle or p]iod1 m>k$ by ! f\r sacr$ ,olympic games1 "o ( :i* took place 9 "o ( f\r cities ea* ye> 9 rotation4 ,pisi/ratus add$ ! quadr5nial or great] ,pana!na to ! anci5t annual & less] ,pana!na 7,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 #d74 ,twelve tribes =m$ by ,cecrops--repres5t$ by twelve *iefs1 ,cecrops?irte54 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ to f9d ?is division adopt$ 9 ,plato's de ,legibus1 9 :i* x is imag9$ t ?ree eld]ly /atesm5 come toge!r1 belong+ respectively to ,a!ns1 ,crete & ,lac$mon1 to discuss ! re/abli%m5t ( ! depopulat$ city ( ,magnesia 9 ,crete4 ,ari/otle has ins9uat$ t ! s*eme propos$ by ,plato 0 n orig9al & _h be5 actually realiz$ at ,lac$mon4 ,mr4 ,george ,burg]1 ! able translator ( ,bohn's edition ( ,plato's ,works1 9 8 introduction to vol4 ,v1 rem>ks t1 if t 7 ! case1 ,plato w\ld nev] h wa/$ 8 "t 9 writ+ two elaborate treatises on matt]s already well kn[n1 :5 x w\ld h be5 suffici5t to po9t out 444 ! in/itutions ( ,lycurgus z ! patt]n1 if n ( a faultless gov]nm5t1 at lea/ ( "o1 t approa*$ ! ne>e/ to p]fection4 ,plato might h repli$ to ! *>ge made by ,ari/otle by say+ t 8 notions 7 all ! bett] = n be+ orig9al1 = x 0 ?us %[n t1 z "s ( !m 7 practicable1 s9ce !y _h already be5 put into practice--! re/1 :i* 7 a re=m r ( exi/+ in/itutions ?an ! con/ruction ( a code p]fectly novel1 w\ld be equally practicable if !y 7 submitt$ to ! same te/4 ,9 8 ,protagoras1 ,plato di/9ctly /ates t 9 ,crete & ,lac$mon a mo/ beautiful philosophy 0 to be f\nd1 :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n f anci5t times4444 ,let u n[ exam9e ! plan discuss$ by ! ?ree /atesm5 & submitt$ to !m by ! anonym\s ,a!nian :o1 accord+ to ,cic]o1 ,plut>* & ,boeckh1 0 ,plato himself4 ,9 ! case ( 8! ,magnesians1 :om a god is aga9 rais+ up & settl+ into a colony 444 a div9e polity44440 ,plato says3 444 8,x is meet1 9 ! fir/ place1 to build ! city z mu* z possible 9 ! middle ( ! c\ntry4444 ,aft] ?is to divide x into twelve p>ts7#ada7 & plac+ fir/ ! temple ( ,he/ia1 & ,zeus & ,a!ne1 to call x ! ,acropolis & to ?r[ ar\nd a circul> enclosure & f x to cut ! city & all ! c\ntry into twelve p>ts4 ,b ! twelve p>ts ought to be equaliz$ 444 & ! allotm5ts to be five ?\s& & =ty4444 ,aft] ?is to assign ! twelve allotm5ts to ! twelve gods & to call !m by _! names & to consecrate to ea* ! portion atta9$ by lot & to call x a phyle2 & aga9 to divide ! twelve sections ( ! city 9 ! same mann] z !y divid$ ! re/ ( ! c\ntry1 & t ea* %\ld possess two habitations1 "o ne> ! c5tre & ! o!r ne> ! extremity1 & ?us let ! me?od end 444 7,b4 ,v1 ,c4 #ad74444 ,we ought1 9 ! fir/ place1 to resume ! numb] five ?\s& & =ty because x _h & has n[ conv5i5t di/ributions1 bo? ! :ole numb] & t :i* 0 assign$ to ! w>ds1 :i* we laid d[n z ! twelf? "p ( ! :ole1 be+ exactly f\r hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,& z ! :ole numb] has twelve divisions1 s also has t ( ! w>ds4 ,n[ x is meet to consid] ea* division z a sacr$ gift ( a deity ?r\gh its foll[+ bo? ! mon?s & revolutions ( ! univ]se4 7,by ?is is meant1 says ,a/1 ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac47 ,h5ce t :i* is inh]5t leads e /ate1 mak+ !m holy4444 ,"s p]sons inde$ h made a m correct di/ribution ?an o!rs1 & ) bett] =tune h d$icat$ ! di/ribution to ! gods4 ,b we n[ ass]t t ! numb] five ?\s& & =ty has be5 *os5 mo/ correctly1 z x has all divisions z f> z twelve1 beg9n+ f "o1 except t by elev52 444 let u di/ribute ?is numb]2 & d$icat+ to a god 444 ea* portion1 & giv+ ! alt>s 444 let u in/itute mon?ly two meet+s relat+ to sacrifices 444 twelve accord+ to ! divisions ( ! w>ds & twelve to t ( ! city 444 = ! sake ( e k9d ( int]c\rse40 ,x %\ld be not$ "h t1 z 9 8 ,republic1 ,plato provides 8 ideal /ate ) female z well z male gu>dians1 & ) prie/esses z well z prie/s1 ^: duty x 0 to fulfil sac]dotal functions4 ,special att5tion is drawn to ?is po9t1 z 9 practice1 x naturally signifies a dual gov]nm5t1 su* z ,i h trac$ 9 anci5t ,egypt1 ,babylonia-,assyria1 & also 9 ,mexico & ,p]u4 8,z reg>ds ! numb] ( 444 fe/ivals 444 let !re be ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five 444 s t "s "o ( ! magi/rates may always sacrifice 444 !re are to be twelve fe/ivals to ! twelve gods f :om ea* tribe has its "n 444 & twelve gu>dians ( ! law4444 ,!re ought to be twelve hamlets1 "o 9 ! middle ( ea* twelf? "p1 & 9 ea* hamlet to be select$ fir/1 a m>ket place & temples 444 prep>e all ! re/ ( ! c\ntry by x into ?irte5 p>ts = ! h&icraftsm5 & to cause "o portion ( ^! to reside 9 ! city by di/ribut+ ?is portion among ! twelve p>ts ( ! :ole city 444 to h o!r p]sons di/ribut$ out ( ! city1 9 a circle ar\nd x40 ,! portions ( ,plato's "w deal+ ) ! appo9tm5t ( ! gov]nors & gu>dians ( ! /ate & _! rotations 9 (fice & impos$ t\rs ( inspection1 are ( su* p>ticul> int]e/ 9 connection ) ! pres5t comp>ative rese>*1 t ,i am impell$ to quote !m "h4 8,let ea* 7( ! twelve7 phyles furni% = ! ye> five ,rural ,/ew>ds 79 all sixty7 444 ea* ( :om is to *oose twelve "y m5 444 to ! latt] let !re be allott$ portions ( ! c\ntry dur+ a mon? 444 s t all ( !m may h a practical k ( e "p ( ! c\ntry4444 ,b let ! gov]nor%ip & gu>dian%ip cont9ue to ! gu>ds & gov]nors = two ye>s1 & let ^? :o fir/ obta9 by lot _! respective portions1 ! gu>d (fic]s1 lead out1 *ang+ ! places ( ! c\ntry con/antly by go+ to ! place next 9 ord] t[>ds ! "r 9 a circle1 & let ! "r be t :i* is 9 ! ea/4 ,b z ! ye>s come ar\nd1 9 ! second ye>1 9 ord] t ! greate/ portion ( ! gu>ds may become acqua9t$ ) ! c\ntry1 n only at "o season ( ! ye>1 b t z _m z possible may "k ?or\ghly 9 addition to ! c\ntry1 at ! same "t :at occurs relatively to ea* spot 9 ! c\ntry at ea* season1 let ! (fic]s lead !m out aga9 to ! left1 con/antly *ang+ ! place until !y g ?r\gh ! second ye>4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> x is meet to *oose o!r rural /ew>ds & gu>d (fic]s z ! five curators ( ! twelve "y m54444 ,!re 7 to be ?ree city /ew>ds1 divid+ ! twelve p>ts ( ! city into ?ree 444 & five ,m>ket-,/ew>ds1 to be *os5 f t5 elect$044447#adb7 ,x is deeply int]e/+ to consid] f ! /&po9t ( comp>ative /udy ! pr9cipal features ( ! p]fect$ s*eme propos$ by ,plato1 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( an ideal colony1 :i* is designat$ z a 8div9e polity0 or a 8holy l&40 ,?is is especially ! case :5 we see t ,plato himself /ates t x is ! con=mity ( ! /ates to ! inh]5t laws ( nature1 t conf]s ^u x div9ity or hol9ess4 ,x seems impossible n to recognize t bo? ideal republics ( ,plato 7 int5d$ to be 8cele/ial k+doms0 or 8k+doms ( heav50 & t he exp\nd$ & d\btlessly p]fect$1 an anci5t ideal :i* _h be5 m or less successfully c>ri$ out 9 diff]5t c\ntries dur+ _m c5turies be=e 8 "t4 ,hav+ /udi$ ! propos$ s*eme = ! f\ndation ( a new colony ( ! ,greeks1 :o pr\dly ma9ta9$ t 8x 0 meet t ! ,greeks %\ld rule b>b>ians10 & pursu$ a regul> sy/em ( colonization1 let u n[ obta9 an idea ( ! mode 9 :i* ,greeks _h previ\sly f\nd$ colonies by read+ ! foll[+ passage f ,grote's ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 ,,iv1 *ap4 ,,xxvii3 8,"u reign ( ,psammeti*us1 k+ ( ,egypt1 ab\t ! middle ( sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,grecian m]c5>ies 7 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ,egypt & ,grecian trad]s admitt$ 444 into ! ,nile47#adc7 ,! op5+ ( ?is new m>ket embold5$ !m to trav]se ! direct sea :i* sep>ates ,krte f ,egypt--a dang]\s voyage ) vessels :i* r>ely v5tur$ to lose sight ( l&--& seems to h fir/ made !m acqua9t$ ) ! neighbor+ coa/ ( ,libya 444 h5ce arose ! f\ndation ( ! important colony call$ ,kyrn0 444 ab\t #fcj ,b4,c4 8,?ra 0 ! "m-city1 h]self a colony f ,lac$mon 444 political diss5sion among its inhabitants 444 bad seasons1 di/ress & ov]-population l$ to ! emigration t f\nd$ ,kyrn4444 ,! oeki/ ,battus 0 select$ & consecrat$ to "w ( f\nd+ ! colony4444 ,f ! sev5 di/ricts into :i* ,?ra 0 divid$1 emigrants 7 draft$ = ! colony1 "o bro!r be+ s+l$ out by lot f ! diff]5t families4444 ,! b& :i* accompani$ ,battus 0 g5]ally suppli$ ) provisions = "o ye> & 0 all convey$ 9 two p5tekont]s--arm$ %ips ) fifty r[]s ea*4 ,?us humble 0 ! />t ( ! mighty ,kyrn4 ,aft] six ye>s resid5ce 9 "o spot !y ab&on$ x & 7 conduct$ to a bett] site by guides1 say+3 #8,"h1 m5 ( ,hellas1 is ! place = y to dwell1 = "h ! sky is p]=at$4' 07#add7 ,! small =ce br\ght ov] by ,battus 0 enabl$ at fir/ to frat]nize ) ! indig5\s ,libyans1--next1 re9=c$ by additional coloni/s & avail+ !mselves ( ! p[] ( native *iefs1 to ov]awe & subjugate !m4444 8,! ,!ran coloni/s seem to h m>ri$ ,libyan wives1 :5ce ,h]odotus describes ! wom5 ( ,kyrn & ,b>ka z foll[+1 ev5 9 8 "t1 religi\s obs]vances indig5\s & n ,hell5ic4 ,ev5 ! desc5dants ( ! primitive oeki/ ,battus 7 semi-,libyan4444 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! population ( ! ,grco-,libyan cities 0 n pure ,greek1 b m or less mix$1 l t ( ! colonies 9 ,italy1 ,sicily or ,ionia4444 ,isokrates praises ! well-*os5 site ( ! colony ( ,kyrn because x 0 plant$ 9 ! mid/ ( indig5\s natives apt = subjection & f> di/ant f any =midable enemies4444 ,we are !n to conceive ! fir/ ,!ran coloni/s z e/abli%$ 9 _! l(ty =tifi$ po/ ,kyrn1 9 ! c5tre ( ,libyan ,p]ioeki1 till !n /rang]s to walls1 to arts & p]haps ev5 to cultivat$ l&4444 ,to ^! rude m5 ! ,!rans communicat$ ! elem5ts ( ,hell5ism & civilization1 n )\t receiv+ !mselves mu* t 0 non-,hell5ic 9 return1 & p]haps ! reaction>y influ5ce ( ! ,libyan elem5t aga9/ ! ,hell5ic might h prov$ ! /rong] ( ! two _h !y n be5 re9=c$ by new-com]s f ,greece4444 ,ab\t #edc ,b4,c4 ow+ to discont5t1 etc41 ! regal pr]ogative ( ! ,battiad l9e 0 t]m9at$ & a republican gov]nm5t e/abli%$2 ! dispossess$ pr9ce reta9+ bo? ! l&$ doma9s & v>i\s sac]dotal functions :i* _h belong$ to 8 pr$ecessors40 ,,rome4 ,sev5 hills1 sev5 places ( wor%ip1 septemvirate1 sev5 m9i/]s1 ,septizonium1 p4 #dfd4 ,roman quadrata1 ,janus quadrifrontis1 quadruplicate t]ritorial division c>ri$ out4 ,pale/9e1 = in/ance1 divid$ into f\r tetr>*ies "u ,roman rule4 ,twelve gods1 twelve mon?s1 etc4 ,new ,rome divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ea* consi/+ ( ?irte5 prefectures i4 e4 fifty-two prefectures 9 all4 ,,gaul4 ,sev5 prov9ces4 ,,brita94 ,sev5 k+shept>*y4 ,f\r k+s ( ,k5ttetr>*y4 ,,irel&4 ,sev5 sanctu>ies gr\p$ ar\nd c5tral t[]4 ,f\r associates ( k+ ( ,er94 ,gr\p consi/+ ( #abaac /one figures1 p4 #dfi4 ,,sc&9avia4 ,f\r gu>dians ( f\r qu>t]s4 ,?or1 supreme div9ity1 pole-/> god1 seat$ & hold+ 8sev5 />s10 ! symbol ( sev5-fold p[]1 9 8 h&4 ,gr\p consi/+ ( royal ?rone surr\nd$ by #ab /ones4 ,od9 associat$ ) twelve 8godes10 p4 #dgb4 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,huron conf$]acysev5 tribes1 quadri=m city1 #bdh g5tes1 p4 #aih4 ,,zuni4 ,sev5 directions 9 space1 sev5 qu>t]s ( city1 sev5 tribes1 sev5 t[ns4 ,f\r b&s ( prie/s1 p4 #bja4 ,twelve1 i4 e41 ?irte5 prie/hoods1 p4 #bja4 ,,mexico4 ,sev5 tribes issu$ f sev5 caves1 sev5 gods or *iefs1 p4 #fb4 ,f\r qu>t]s ( city1 repres5t$ by f\r *iefta9s1 f\r subrul]s1 f\r divisions ( army1 f\r ye> signs1 f\r tribes1 f\r tribal trees 7fig4 #eb71 f\r /ori$ pyramids4 ,?irte5 divisions or p>ts1 p4 #aha4 ,cal5d> & /ate organiz$ into #daceb p>ts4 ,,yucatan4 ,title ( rul]1 8! div9e ,f\r10 f\r sub-rul]s1 f\r royal bro!rs1 f\r-ye> p]iods1 p4 #bah1 f\r qu>t]s1 p4 #bbc1 f\r ye> signs4 ,twelve i4 e4 ?irte5 prie/-rul]s ( ,mayapan1 p4 #bji4 ,,guatemala4 ,sev5 tribes1 sev5 day p]iod1 p4 #agi4 ,f\r nations1 f\r prov9ces1 f\r capitals1 f\r ,tullans1 pp4 #afd1 #aga4 ,?irte5 divisions ( w>riors1 p4 #agi4 ,,p]u4 ,empire nam$ 8,f\r 9 "o10 ,creator nam$ 8,e>?1 air1 fire & wat] 9 ,"o10 f\r prov9ces1 f\r vic]oys4 ,twelve i4 e4 ?irte5 w>ds 9 ,cuzco1 twelve divisions ( ye>1 p4 #add4 ,be=e comm5t+ ^u ! above summ>y1 & z its necess>y complem5t1 a brief exam9ation mu/ be made ( ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* ! ph5om5on ( cele/ial axial rotation figur$ 9 ! rituals ( primitive p4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,! light+ ( 8sacr$ fire10 by means ( ! wood5 fire-drill & ! wood5 socket block1 appe>s z ! mo/ anci5t & widespread rituali/ic p]=mance4 ,to beg9 )1 ! read] is reque/$ to read c>efully ! foll[+ deta*$ extracts f ,hewitt's "w3 8,9 ! ,rig-,v$a ! ,aryan invad]s ( ,lydia are call$ ! ,tritsu1 #8! bor+ p1' :o us$ ! fire-drill2 also ,arna1 #8sons ( ,arani1' ! fire-drill1 ^: sacr$ numb] is f\r04444 8,9 ,india1 f "t immemorial1 by a process l *urn+1 fire has be5 produc$ by ! ,arani1 made ( ! ,a%vat?a 7,ficus religiosa7 wood1 be+ twirl$ repeat$ly r\nd till ! fire is light$1 by a /r+ fix$ 9 ! cross-b> at its top10 a me?od1 ,i may add1 :i* is a lat] developm5t ( ! m primitive mode ( twirl+ ! fire-drill by h&4 8,! ,ku%ites 444 believ$ t life 0 g5]at$ by ! union ( heat ) wat] 444 & t heat 01 9 ! a/ronomical my?1 eng5d]$ by ! revolution ( ! ,great ,be> & ! connection betwe5 x1 ! vital heat & ! creat+ wat] is %[n 9 "o ( its ,akkadian names1 ,bel-a-s>-a1 :i* means #8! fire god :o measures ! wat] yoke' 7,r4 ,br[n & ,sayce71 or1 9 o!r words1 ,bel1 ! di/ributor ( ! wat] allott$ to ! e>?4 ,f ?is heav5ly ci/]n & fire-drill1 9 :i* m>i*i1 ! fire-sp>k1 is hidd51 ! wat] ( life is di/ribut$40 ,comp>e ! prec$+ ) ! foll[+ /atem5ts3 8,accord+ to ! ,arab doctr9e ( ! pole1 ! sev5 />s ( ! ,great ,be> & ! /> ,canopus 8 =m$ ! fire-drill40 ,accord+ to ,hewitt 8444 ,x 0 ! ,a%v9s1 444 ! tw9 bro!rs ( day & night1 444 id5tifi$ ) ! tw9 />s 9 ,gem9i1 :o twirl$ r\nd ! fire drill ( ! nor!rn pole 444 or1 accord+ to a lat] hymn1 drove ?r\gh ! seas ) "o ( ! :eels ( _! *>iot 9 ,ursa ,major & "o 9 heav51--t is1 to drive ar\nd ! pole40 ,a deep] compreh5sion seems to be af=d$ by ?is association ( ! ,a%v9s ) ! axis1 ( ! significance ( ! two figures 7( a god & 8 consort7 :o1 9 ! ,sipp> tablet1 appe> to be direct+ ! :eel ( ,%ama%--! _w-axis & symbol ( quadruplicate t]re/rial gov]nm5t 7see p4 #cfe74 ,ref]5ce %\ld also be repeat$ "h1 to ,al-ku? & ,al-fass1 ! ,arabian names = ,pol>is1 respectively signify+ ! axle & ! hole ( ! axle1 also to ! pole /> ( ,nor!rn ,india--,grahadh>a1--! 8pivot ( heav510 & to ! significant fact t 9 ,egyptian hi]atic script ! ^w an! ,akkadian & ,sum]ian ^w = heav51 & ,babylonian-,assyrian ^w = god1 is f\nd r5d]$ by a man 8turn+ ar\nd10 an action express+ ! v]b an4 ,x is int]e/+ to collate ^! /atem5ts ) ! descriptions ( ,dhruva 7see p4 #ddh1 note #a71 ! p]sonification ( c5trifugal p[]1 :o1 z he turns1 causes ! heav5 to revolve ar\nd ! fix$ c5tre on :i* he /&s1 re/+ on "o foot only1 & to note h[ ! two di/9ct ideas ( c5tral /ability & rotation influ5c$ ! mak+ ( pagan div9ities4 ,! idea ( /ability 0 p]petuat$ 9 ! h\se-pole :i* su/a9$ ,aman1 ! ro( ( primitive dwell+s 9 ! column an1 :i* support$ ! temple ro( & 9 "t 0 trans=m$ into a h]mes1 or1 9 ,egypt1 into a /atue ( ,am5-ra1 & 9 ! my?ical m\nta9 ( ! ,nor?1 ,sama1 :i* support$ ! heav5 7,sama74 ,dhruva's turn+ r\nd on "o foot1 :i* implies ! use ( ! o!r1 reappe>s 9 ! ,hephai/os ( ,greek my?ology1 :o 01 z ,hewitt tells u 7p4 #ejd71 8! fire-drill & its driv]1 & 0 call$ ,amphi-,gueis1 or he :o halts on bo? legs1 444 0 ca/ f heav5 by ,zeus1 & 0 ! husb& ( ! fire-socket1 ! fir/ =m ( ! ,greek goddess ,aphrodite40 ,= in=mation reg>d+ ! cult ( ! fire-socket1 ! con/ruction ( ! ,h9du fire-alt>s 9 ! =m ( a woman1 repres5t+ 8"m-e>?0 or 8! primval "m10 ,aditi1 ,i ref] ! read] to ,hewitt's "w1 & also to p4 #cbc ( ! pres5t publication1 :]e ! description ( ! ,jiddah sanctu>y proves ! exi/5ce ( ! same anci5t =m ( cult 9 ,arabia4 ,hewitt relates on page #agj t1 on ! fire-alt>1 ! c5tral fire call$ ,agni jatav$as is k9dl$ :5 ! (ficiat+ prie/ addresses 9 ! words ( ,rig-,v$a ,,iii1 #bi1 #d3 8,we place !e1 ,o ,jatav$as1 9 ! place ( ,ida 7! m\nta9 daught] ( ,manu7 9 ! navel 7nabha7 ( ! alt>1 to c>ry our (f]+s40 ,9 ,rig-,v$a1 ,x1 #fa1 we are also told h[ ,nabha-,n$i%?a 7t :i* is ne>e/ to ! navel7 0 born f ! union ( cele/ial lightn+ fla% ) ! e>?1 & h[1 on 8 bir?1 he claim$ to be ! supreme god1 say+3 8,?is1 our navel1 is ! highe/4 ,i am 8 son4444 ,i am ! twice-born son ( ! law 7( nature744440 ,hewitt 7p4 #aga7 reg>ds1 moreov]1 ! image ( ! goddess ( ! e>? alt> f\nd by ,s*liemann 9 ! second city f ! bottom ( ! six cities1 built "o ov] ano!r on ! site ( ,troy1 a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,h9du fire-alt>4 ,x is significant t ! ,trojan image exhibits a triangle surr\nd$ by sev5 disks1 & conta9+ ! swa/ika1 :i* ,hewitt designates z 8! holy fire1 ! sun ( ! revolv+ ye>10 a view curi\sly1 ?\gh indi/9ctly1 analog\s & p>allel to t ,i h =mulat$ 9 ! pres5t rese>*4 8,9 ! ,brahmanas ! ,try-,ambika (f]+1 a v anci5t =m ( ! ra9 fe/ival1 is describ$4444 ,its sanctity dat$ f ! days ( primeval !ology1 = ! (f]+s 7 made on a spot outside & to ! nor? ( ! consecrat$ area1 & on "o int]sect$ by cross-roads1 & ?us m>k$ by ! cross sacr$ to ! ra9-god1 :i* is said to be ,rudra's favorite haunts1 & ! halt+ place ( ! ,agnis4444 ,h5ce ! fe/ival is d$icat$ to ,rud-ra1 ! r$ 7rud7 god1 ! fa!r ( ! sev5 ,m>ut />s4444 ,he is call$ ! r$ god f ! sp>k ( fire k9dl$ by him 9 ! fire socket :5 he 0 ! fire-drill1 & f be+ r$d5$ by ! blood ( ! victim sla9 9 8 sacrifices :5 he 0 ! sacrificial /ake to :i* ! annual victims1 ^: blood f]tiliz$ ! gr\nd1 7 b\nd1 & ?is "n 0 cont9u$ to him :5 he became ! r$ cl\d ( ! ?und]/orm :i* infus$ ! soil ( life into ! e>? by p\r+ on x ! life-giv+ ra91 ! blood ( ! creat+ god44440 ,9 ! ,rig-,v$a ! ra9-god is t]m$ ,u%ana1 ! 8"l ( fire10 :o is made to exclaim3 8,x is ,i :o p\r d[n ra9 = ! good ( creatures40 ,x 0 he :o 0 also kn[n z ,v>una1 ! ,greek ,ourauos1 :o 444 became ! god ( ! d>k night4444 ,! union 9 ,india ( ! patri>*al wor%ipp]s ( ! ,nor!rn fa!r-god1 ) ! matri>*al races ( ! s\? 0 foll[$ by ! m9]s1 metal-work]s & artisans ( ! e>ly bronze age1 :o look$ on fire & ! life-giv+ heat z ! au?or ( life4 ,^! 7 ! p 7( ,f9nic orig97 :o employ$ ! ^w ku = god1 9 ,asia ,m9or became ! wor%ipp]s ( ! "m goddess ,magha1 ! socket block f :i* fire 0 g5]at$ by ! fire-drill1 & x 0 !y1 8! ,sons ( ,magha0 t became ! ,maghi ( ,p]sia & ! ,maghadas ( ,indian hi/ory4 ,9 connection ) ! union ( a nor!rn patri>*al & a s\!rn matri>*al race1 an a/ronomical my? des]ves p>ticul> att5tion1 z x commemorates ! comb9ation ( a fem99e cult ( ! ,pleiades1 ! 8sp9n+ />s10 ) a mascul9e cult ( ,ursa ,major4 ,accord+ to ?is my?1 relat$ by ,hewitt1 ! 8,sp9n]s0,krittakas 7f krit1 to sp97 7 8! "m-/>s ( ! e>?10 :o 7 m>ri$ to ! sev5 />s ( ! ,great 8,be>1 ! fa!r-/>s ( ! ,nor?407#ade7 ,rem>k+ h[ curi\sly ! assignm5t ( ! nor? to ! male & ! s\? to ! female elem5t co9cides ) :at has be5 not$ 9 ,egypt1 ,i note "h ! int]e/+ detail record$ by ,hewitt 7p4 #cgi7 t to ?is day ! ,h9du bride & bridegroom respectively pay rev]5ce to ! ,pleiades & ,ursa ,major1 be=e wor%ipp+ ! pole-/>1 8! spott$ bull10 on ent]+ _! h\se4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh ! fulfilm5t ( ?is ritual might limit ! ,h9du m>riage season to "s p>ticul> "t ( ! ye>1 m>k$ by ! position ( ! ,pleiades2 9 :i* connection x is int]e/+ to rememb] t1 9 ,mexico1 ! culm9ation ( ! ,pleiades at midnight m>k$ ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival1 :5 sacr$ fire 0 rek9dl$ & ! union ( ,heav5 & ,e>? took place4 ,on pp4 #acj-acb ( ,hewitt's "w1 vol4 ,i1 ! read] w f9d in/ructive data reg>d+ ,pleiades fe/ivals4 ,! prec$+ details appe> to %[ t :]eas a nor!rn patri>*al race w\ld naturally symbolize axial rotation by ! fire-drill1 a s\!rn matri>*al race w\ld adopt ! sp9dle = ! same purpose4 ,su* a rituali/ic use ( ! sp9dle w\ld und\bt$ly af=d a v simple explanation = ! pres5ce ( cross-symbols & swa/ikas & o!r designs ( religi\s significance ^u ! t]ra-cotta sp9n+ :orls f\nd 9 su* quantities 9 ,troy1 = in/ance1 & ! cit$ allusion on "o ( ^!1 to ! pole-/> god1 ,tur1 corroborates ?is view47#adf7 ,x is in/ructive to trace h[1 among/ primitive agricultural races1 ! art ( sp9n+1 ! employm5t ( bea/s ( burd51 ! inv5tion ( ! oil-press :i* 80 us$ 9 ,asia ,m9or z x has be5 us$ = "t immemorial 9 ,india to extract ! oil ( ! sesame se$s10 & ( ! :eel & c>t1 influ5c$ _! respective adoption ( symbols ( axial rotation4 ,9 turn1 ^! symbols sugge/$ & creat$ div]g5t =ms ( ritual & religi\s cult4 8,! ,turanians 444 :5 !y _h evolv$ ! idea ( ! god ( heav5 z ! pole turn$ by ! revolv+ days & weeks symboliz$ x z ! pole ( ! ?re%+ floors ar\nd :i* ! ox5 7 driv540 ,! read] is ref]r$ "h to ! passages f ! ,bhagavata-purana quot$ 9 ! pres5t "w 7note #a1 p4 #ddh71 9 :i* axial rotation is comp>$ to 8ox5 turn+ ar\nd _! /akes10 to :i* mu/ be add$ ! ,v$ic 8"o-:eel$ c> to :i* "o horse nam$ sev5 0 yok$0 7see p4 #deb1 note #a71 & ! revolv+ :eel & ! revolv+ measur+ pole ( ! pott] & build] ca/es1 :i* unit$ =m$ ! ,telis ca/e4 ,9 ! ,vaya ,purana1 8! sev5 ,m>uts drive ! />s :i* are b\nd to x by ties invisible to man1 r\nd ! pole4 ,!y move r\nd l ! beam 9 ! oil-press1 = its bottom is1 z x 71 /&+ /ill1 :ile its end moves r\nd04444 ,9 ! ritual 8! ,sanscrit ,i%a or ! beam :i* turns ?is pole ( heav5ly oil-press+ mill1 is ! husb& & fa!r40 ,a div]g+ view1 :i* develop$ & comb9$ ! ideas ( fixity & circul> motion ) ! k9dl+ ( ! vital sp>k by ! wood5 fire-drill1 caus$ ! liv+ tree to become ! emblem ( ! tribal fa!r or "m4 ,! cu/om1 /ill 9 use among "s primitive p1 ( drill+ = fire 9 ! dry1 inflammable b>k ( dead trees ( a p>ticul> species1 may h =cibly direct$ ! *oice ( tribal trees4 ,at all ev5ts1 9 ,india1 we f9d ! mango or ,am tree1 :i* recurs 9 ,egyptian script 7see fig4 #fc1 #bb71 ! fig-tree1 ! udumb>a1 ! date-palm & o!r trees e/abli%$ z ! p>5t trees ( diff]5t tribes1 :o made _! respective h\se-poles & presumably _! fire-drills & sockets1 f _! wood4 ,! curi\s ritual ( m>ry+ m5 & wom5 to _! respective "m or fa!r tribal trees1 be=e !y are w$d$ to _! respective husb&s & wives is m5tion$ by ,hewitt on p4 #bcg1 etc4 ,?is close bond betwe5 "s special k9d ( tree & a tribe is a po9t :i* ,i p>ticul>ly emphasize on acc\nt ( its analogy to anci5t ,mexican1 ,maya & ,p]uvian tribal trees4 ,return+ to a /udy ( ! pole & ! beam ( ! oil-press we f9d t1 9 ,essay ,,ii1 ,hewitt traces ! ,greek my?s ( ,ixion & ,koronis to ! ,h9du comp>ison ( ! heav5s to a revolv+ oil-press &1 9 ! ritual ( ! ,vajapeya sacrifice1 ref]s ! dawn ( a/ronomy to ! obs]vation ( ! revolutions ( ! pole & ! reckon+ ( ! sev5 days ( ! week4444 8,ixion1 :5 rais$ to heav51 0 ! ra9-god1 :o turn$ "o :eel1 to :i* 8 h&s & feet 7 fix$ by ,h]mes1 ! fire-god1 cont9u\sly 9 ! air1 & ?is is m]ely a my?ic way ( say+ t he 0 ! fire-drill1 made z ! revolv+ pole to rotate p]petually1 & by be+ turn$ to e side 9 8 w+$ c\rse1 to produce life-giv+ heat1 ! g5]ator ( ra94444 ,! ,greek ,ixion is ! same ^w z ! ,sanscrit ,ak%ivan1 ! driv] ( ! axle 7ak%a74444 ,ixion is also1 accord+ to ,bopp & ,pott1 connect$ ) ! root ik1 p\r+ wat]1 :i* appe>s 9 i*or1 #8! blood ( ! gods1' ! wat] ( life40 8,moreov]1 ! ,sanscrit ak%a is a ^w ( :i* ! orig9al is f\nd 9 ! ,gond akkha1 an axle4 ,9 ! summ] fe/ival ( ! agricultural ,gonds1 call$ ,akkhadi or ,akhtuj1 ! wor%ip ( ! c>t axle or ,akkha takes place & is associat$ ) ,nagur1 ! ra9 snake4444 ,9 ! ,vajapeya sacrifice 444 ! ,soma prie/ consecrates two cups ( ! sacr$ dr9k ,soma above ! axle1 at ! same "t z ! ,neskti prie/ consecrates two cups ( ,sura bel[ x4 ,9 ?is c]emony we see a rem9isc5ce ( ! days :5 ! axle 0 ! upright revolv+ pole press+ out ! heav5ly ra94444 ,x also %[s u h[ x 0 t ! axle became ! sacr$ "p ( ! ,soma c>t 444 & ! revolv+ pole became ! axle ( ! c> ( "t & ( ! c>t ( ! agricultural ,gonds44440 ,x seems easy to trace f ! rude "o-:eel$ c>t1 ! evolution ( ! two-:eel$ *>iot1 ! pr]ogative ( royalty 9 ,india & ,assyria1 employ$ simultane\sly ) ! regal umbrella1 :i*1 :5 twirl$1 symboliz$ cele/ial axial rotation & sugge/$ ! idea ( a protective deity4 ,! transition f ! 8"o-:eel$ c>0 ( ! olde/ ,v$a1 to :i* 8"o horse nam$ sev5 0 yok$0 to ! *>iot ( ,apollo8,sev510 ^: lyre1 ) sev5 *ords1 /ruck ! div9e hepta*ord ( ! ,py?agoreans1 & :o drove sev5 horses1 co9cides ) t ( ! umbrella :i*1 9 ,greece1 0 borne at ! p]iod ( ! summ] sol/ice 9 ! ,skirophoria or 8fe/ival ( ! umbrella10 9 honor ( ,a!ne4 ,x is p>ticul>ly gratify+ to me1 z x s =cibly sub/antiates ! views ,i h be5 enl>g+ ^u 9 ?is inve/igation1 to ref] "h to ,hewitt's quotations 7p4 #g1 vol4 ,,ii7 f ! ,rig-,v$a1 9 :i* ! :eel$ *>iot1 closely id5tifi$ ) ! ye>1 is said to be drawn by ! fa!r-horse1 ) sev5 names1 ! sev5 days ( ! week1 etc4 ,hewitt likewise cites passages ( ! ,rig-,v$a conta9+ ! conception ( ye> :eels1 ! v>y+ numb] ( ^: spokes agree ) diff]5t divisions ( ! ye>4 ,?us "o ye>-:eel exhibits twelve spokes1 d5ot+ mon?s1 ano!r five spokes d5ot+ five seasons4 ,a *>iot1 ) sev5 :eels ) six spokes1 is expla9$ z mean+ ! sev5 days ( ! week & ! six seasons ( ! s\!rn ye>4 8,all liv+ be+s re/ on ! five-spok$ :eel1 444 ! horses draw ! nev]-ag+ :eel ?r\gh space1 :5ce ! eye ( ! sun on :i* all life dep5ds1 looks d[n4 ,! sev5? ( ^? born toge!r !y call #8t born alone'3 ?is is ! self-creat$ ?irte5? or c5tral mon?2 ! six tw9n$ mon?s are said to be ^? begott5 ( ! gods4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 _! ord]1 six on ea* side ( ! c5tral mon?1 by ! lead] :o dwells above40 ,a /rik+ analogy to ! ideas ,i detect$1 z associat$ ) c5tral rul]%ip1 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 is set =? 9 ,hewitt's /atem5t t1 x 0 to ! "o :eel ye> 8t ! ,h9dus lik5$ _! univ]sal mon>*1 ! ,*akrav>ta or k+1 :o sits1 l ! ,ku%ite mon>*1 z ! fa!r ( 8 subject tribes1 9 ! c5tral prov9ce ( 8 dom9ions1 & directs 8 satellites1 ! rul]s ( ! seasons1 :o became ! rul+ />s ( ! fronti] prov9ces--! ,nak%atra />s--to turn ! :eel 7*akra7 ( "t 9 its ye>ly r\nd0 7op4 cit4 p4 #ca1 vol4 ,,ii1 see also p4 #cad477adg7 ,! s+le :eel1 )\t any indication ( an utilit>ian employm5t1 is f\nd directly associat$ ) ! pole-/> 9 ,japan1 :]e1 z 9 ,*9a1 ! use ( ! :eel has be5 kn[n f e>lie/ times4 ,x w be = ,sc&9avian ar*aeologi/s to enlight5 u z to ! e>lie/ traces ( ! use1 by nor!rn races1 n only ( ! :eel$ *>iot1 famili> to ^? :o nam$ ,ursa ,major1 ,?or's wagon1 b also t ( ! mill-/one4 ,! employm5t ( ! latt] 9 ! description ( ! 8revolv+ _w mill-/one ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s ( ! ,univ]se f\nta9 fl[$10 is a pro( t ! ,eddas 7 writt5 by an agricultural p1 possess+ advanc$ me?ods ( gr9d+ or ( extract+ oil or juice f food /uffs4 ,! association ( ! ,norse mill-/one ) ! di/ribution ( liquid1 appe>+ to indicate t1 l ! oil-press ( anci5t ,india1 ! /one-mill ( ,sc&9avia _h be5 employ$ to extract fluids1 *all5ges inve/igation z to ! orig9al home ( ! mill-/one & *>iot ( ! ,eddas4 ,p]sonally ,i am incl9$ to reg>d ! t]m 8_w mill-/one0 z a mod]niz$ transcription ( ! t]m 8axle10 & ! :ole z a r5d]+ ( ! ar*aic idea t 8heat 0 eng5d]$ by ! revolution ( ! ,great ,be>0 & t ! axle ( heav5 0 ! di/ribution ( vital heat & vivify+ wat]4 ,i %all await enlight5m5t z to ! relation%ip ( ! ,norse tree ( ! pole & ,?or1 ) ! creat+ fire-drill ( ,tur1 ! fa!r-god2 & ! connection ( ! ,norse 8mill-/one0 & f\nta91 to ! fire-socket & cele/ial ci/]n ( ! ,ku%ites1 said to be ! 8sons ( ! ,f9nic ,ku1 ! begett] & ra9-god10 :o1 hav+ migrat$ to ,india & unit$ ) o!r races1 f\nd$ a mighty conf$]acy1 ! plan ( :i* is figur$ 9 ,hewitt's "w 7p4 #bbj71 by 8! union ( f\r triangles1 repres5t+ ! s\!a/]n & nor?we/]n races1 444 ) spaces left op5 = ! p>5t riv]s10 :i* fl[ t[>ds ! c>d9al po9ts 7see figure #gc1 c74 ,if we n[ rev]t to ! fir/ /ages ( ! m5tal evolution1 ! outcome ( :i* we h be5 review+1 we _c b recognize ! curi\s1 b p]fectly natural *a9 ( reason+ :i* l$ e>ly man to expla9 natural ph5om5a 9 diff]5t ways by ! results ( 8 own imm$iate obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,he _h discov]$ t ! rotation ( ! fire-drill g5]at$ fire2 consequ5tly ! rotation ( ! circumpol> con/ellations mu/ g5]ate life-giv+ heat4 ,! *urn+ or twirl+ ( liquid 9 a vessel1 by means ( ! drill1 caus$ an ov]fl[2 consequ5tly ! action ( ! fire-drill also caus$ an ext]nal fl[ ( life-giv+ wat]s1 :i*1 aft] ! inv5tion ( ! oil or grape press1 0 comp>$ to ! fl[ ( preci\s oil or w9e f ! receptacle4 ,high m\nta9s attract$ lightn+-cl\ds & :5 ^! collect$ ar\nd _! summits :5ce riv]s con/antly fl[$1 life-giv+ ra9 desc5d$2 consequ5tly ! tops ( cl\d-capp$ m\nta9s mu/ rea* to ! axle ( ! heav5 :]e fire1 heat & ra9 7 be+ g5]at$ & di/ribut$ by ! rotation ( cele/ial bodies4 ,z ,pol>is ! axle1 pivot or fire socket1 0 immovable x c\ld mo/ appropriately be figur$ by a wood5 or /one socket1 f :i* fire & wat] fl[$ t[>ds ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,su* an image w\ld also figure a ye>1 &1 by ext5sion1 "t1 s9ce x m>k$ ! f\r annual positions ( circumpol> />-gr\ps4 ,! adoption ( a /one socket z an image ( ! 8revolv+ heav50 c\ld ?us h long ant$at$1 b h sugge/$ ! inv5tion ( ! :eel1 :i* 0 at fir/ a religi\s & !n became a royal symbol4 ,i v5ture to express ! view t ! ar*aic image ( ,%ama% 7fig4 #gc1 a71 ! homonym ( ,heav5 & ! ,nor?1 :i* 0 8an anci5t model0 at ! "t ( ,nabupalidd9 7#hgi-hee ,b4,c471 c\ld only h be5 inv5t$ by a race ( pole-/> wor%ipp]s :o _h long be5 acqua9t$ ) ! uses ( ! fire drill & ! oil-press4 ,at ! same "t ,i po9t out h[ rem>kably ! comb9ation ( f\r rays & f\r /reams 9 ! image ( ,%ama% 7,%ameheav57 co9cides ) ! explanation giv5 by ,hewitt 7p4 #i1 vol4 ,,ii7 ( ! ,akkadian eight-ray$ /> ( ,anu 7heav571 :i*1 he ass]ts1 is =m$ by ! sup]position ( ! fire-cross & ra9 cross4 ,x is a mo/ rem>kable & und5iable fact t !re is a /rik+ analogy betwe5 ! ,anu sign z expla9$ by ,hewitt & ! ,%ama% image4 ,! eight-ray$ or 8spok$ :eel0 ( ,i%t>1 :i* figures on ! same tablet1 also ga9s significance = ! same reason1 & p>ticul>ly :5 collat$ ) ! hymn cit$ 9 note #a1 p4 #ddh1 9 :i* %e is cle>ly designat$ z ! 8axis ( ! heav5s10 i4 e4 ! female ,pol>is4 ,hav+ indicat$ h[ ! orig9 ( ! image ( ,%ama% c be trac$ to conceptions aris+ f ! use ( ! fire-drill & "s primitive mode ( extract+ oil or ( prep>+ a highly valu$ dr9k f se$s & plants1 by c5trifugal action1 inv5t$ by a primitive agricultural p1 ,i advance ! sugge/ion t ! cele/ial tree ( ! ,norsem5 & ,semites1 associat$ ) ! f\nta9 & ! f\r riv]s ( life1 appe>s z a closely relat$ symbol :i*1 h[ev]1 ma9ly express$ ! idea ( /ability4 ,9 ! ,eddas ! tree occurs z a complem5t to ! _w axle1 ! fir/ z ! emblem ( /ability & ( a c5tral p[] :i* disp5s$ %ade & life-giv+ fruits 9 all directions2 ! second z ! image ( c5trifugal p[] :i* caus$ ! />-gr\ps to assume opposite positions & :i* imp>tially di/ribut$ heat & wat]4 ,x is curi\s to note h[ readily f ! fire-drill & beam ( ! oil press z a />t+ po9t1 n only all =ms ( tree & pole wor%ip & ! ,*9ese assignm5t ( elem5t wood to ! ,middle1 b also all symbols ( c5trifugal motion1 su* z ! axle1 ! pivot & ! :eel1 c\ld h evolv$ on closely p>allel l9es4 ,let u n[ transport ourselves to a l& :]e1 to ?is day1 ! ,indian wom5 gr9d maize on a flat /one1 by means ( a pe/le1 :]e ! oil-press & ! mill-/one1 ! pole ( ! ?re%+-floor1 ! pott]'s :eel & ! c>t :eel 7 unkn[n be=e ! date ( ! ,spani% ,conque/ & rotatory motion 0 associat$ ) ! fire-drill & sp9n+ :orl only4 ,,new ,,_w4 ,! anci5t ,mexican "n = ! fire-drill mamalhuaztli1 & t = sp9n+-:eelmalacatl1 are bo? d]iv$ f ! v]b malaca*oato :irl1 turn or drill4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,spani% invasion 7,a4,d4 #aeai7 ! ,mexican prie/hood lit ! sacr$ fire ( ! alt> by an extremely primitive me?od ( employ+ ! fire-drill3 by hold+ x tightly betwe5 ! palms ( bo? h&s & rapidly rubb+ !m alt]nately =w>d & backw>d4 ,! ,codices conta9 numb]less pictures repres5t+ a prie/1 9 ! act ( k9dl+ fire by ins]t+ ! drill 9 a simple wood5 beam1 usually exhibit+ sev]al small holes or sockets4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,borgian ,codex1 :i* has rec5tly be5 plac$ )9 g5]al rea* by ! g5]osity ( ! ,duc de ,l\bat1 %[s u two elaborate repres5tations ( ! great c]emony ( k9dl+ ! holy fire 9 a l>ge circul> socket1 on ! body ( a woman :i*1 9 all cases is comb9$ ) ! image ( an alligator 7see p4 #ia74 ,9 ano!r ,codex ! alligator alone supports ! socket4 ,! small] ( ^! repres5tations is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #bi1 & on pp4 #ic-ig ?is image is discuss$ z well z ! rem>kable /one fire alt>s 9 human =m1 ( :i* "o has be5 une>!d ne> ! city ( ,mexico1 :ile no less ?an six 7 f\nd at ,*i*5-,itza4 ,my in=mant on ?is po9t is ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,p4 ,maudslay1 :o add$ t !y seem to h be5 inv>iably plac$ at ! bottom ( ! /airs lead+ up to ! temple1 ! faade ( :i* is always support$ by two great columns1 ea* sculptur$ 9 ! =m ( a great s]p5t ) op5 jaws1 ! symbol :i*1 9 ! bas-reliefs at ,*i*5-,itza & on ! ,c5tral ,am]ican /el1 recurs on ! head-dresses ( ! rul]s t]m$ 8,div9e s]p5ts10 or 8div9e f\r 9 ,"o40 ,po/pon+ comm5t ^u ! curi\s analogy betwe5 ! /one fire alt>s 9 human =m1 ( ! ,mayas & ,mexicans1 ) ^? ( ! ,maghadas ( ,nor!rn ,india1 :o call$ !mselves ! ,sons ( ,magha ! socket-block :5ce fire 0 g5]at$ by ! fire-drill1 or ! "m ,maga1 ! sacr$ alligator1 let u exam9e ! fire-drill god ( anci5t ,mexico4 ,ref]5ce to fig4 #a reveals t x is impossible to see ^! ,mexican repres5tations1 :i* ,i c\ld supplem5t by o!rs1 & n be /ruck by _! agreem5t ) ! descriptions ( ! ,h9du pole-/> god ,dhruva1 :o /&s on "o foot1 ( ! lame ,hephai/os ( ,greek my?ology1 to :i* ,i w\ld add t ,hewitt also m5tions 9 8 preface to vol4 ,,ii ! ,norse ,vlunde1 ! maim$1 "o-legg$ turn] ( ! pole2 ! god call$ 9 ! ,rig-,v$a ! ,aja ekapad1 or "o-foot$ goat1 :o wat*$ ! revolutions ( ! sol> disk1 & ! "o-legg$ bird ( ,russian my?ology1 associat$ ) a revolv+ h\se & fire-drill4 ,9 ! ,mexican ,codices ! ,mexican ,tezcatlipoca1 held by "o foot to ! c5tre ( ! nor?1 describes a circle ar\nd ?is4 ,8 foot evid5tly con/itutes ! fire-drill1 :i*1 ins]t$ 9 ! socket1 causes smoke1 also ra9 & a s]p5t to issue f x 7see #e & #f74 ,"o figure1 repres5t+ "o leg only 9 ! fire-socket1 & a head1 exhibit+ a small1 smok+ fire-socket1 appe>s1 9 ! light ( comp>ative rese>*1 z a cursive me?od ( repres5t+ ! fire-drill god1 univ]sally associat$ ) ,ursa ,major4 ,x is rem>kable t1 9 "o case wat] & 9 ano!r smoke1 indicat+ fire1 issues f ! socket ( ,tezcatlipoca's fire-drill1 & t1 opposite to ! picture 9 ! ,borgian ,codex1 repres5t+ ! k9dl+ ( fire on ! fire-alt>1 we h ! image ( a pool ( wat] f :i* f\r figures spr+ t[>d ! c>d9al po9ts 7see fig4 #bi74 ,x is only aft] recogniz+ t1 l ! p ( ! ,old ,_w1 ! ,mexicans associat$ ) ! fire-drill & socket n only ! di/ribution ( fire & heat1 b also ( wat]1 t we also fully grasp ! symbolism ( ! symbol ( ! 8,black or ,night ,sun10 f ! 8,life ( ! ,indians10 :i* is b "o ( _m simple =ms exhibit+ ma9 features :i* recur on ! highly elaborat$ ,mexican /one ( ! ,great ,plan 7fig4 #gc;b74 ,:5 plac$ 9 juxtaposition ! und\bt$ resemblance betwe5 ! ,babylonian image ( ,%ama% & ! ,mexican image1 z well z ! deep-seat$ id5tity ( ^! two quadruplicate symbols /&s out cle>ly3 9 ! ,babylonian1 wavy l9es emanat+ f ! c5tre convey ! idea ( "s fluid ess5ce4 ,9 ! ,mexican1 in/ead ( ! wavy l9es1 ! conv5tional repres5tation ( a drop ( wat] is depict$--! idea 9 bo? cases be+ obvi\sly id5tical & agree+ ) ! primeval univ]sal conception ( heat or fire1 & wat] emanat+ f a common s\rce1 & fl[+ to ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,9 bo? cases an axle or socket is repres5t$1 & x is in/ructive to /udy ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! symbol recurs 9 ! ,mexican ,codices4 ,illu/ration4 ,figure #gc4 ,ref]r+ back to fig4 #a1 #a1 reproduc$ f ! ,codex ,borgia1 we see ! axle ) rays issu+ f a circul> b& ( wat]4 ,a receptacle fill$ ) wat] occupies ! c5tre & conta9s a tecpatl1 ! symbol ( ! nor?1 ! same associat$ ) ! fire-drill god 9 ! next figure4 ,9 fig4 #a1 #d1 ! c5tral f\nta9 is surr\nd$1 z 9 _m in/ances1 by />s :i* connect x ) ! nocturnal heav51 & x conta9s a rabbitto*tli1 ! rebus figure employ$ to express ! ^w octli1 by :i* ! ra9 0 designat$ z 8e>? w9e0 7see pp4 #ie & #ahe74 ,z ,i write1 ,i h be=e me a :ole s]ies ( pa9t$ repres5tations f ! ,codices ( :at has h]et(ore be5 mis9t]pret$ z images ( ! diurnal sun4 ,9 "s ( ^! ! op5 c5tre is pa9t$ blue or gre51 9 o!rs x is fill$ by a he>t f :i* fl[s1 9 "s cases1 a /ream ( blood1 ! ess5ce ( life4 ,9 sev]al in/ances a tree ) f\r ma9 bran*es gr[s f ! c5tre47#adh7 ,9 "o case ! tree gr[s f a pool & holds 9 its bran*es ! image ( ! axle1 9 ! c5tre ( :i*1 z 9 ! ,humboldt ,tablet pres]v$ at ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 a figure is seat$4 ,! c5tres ( o!rs exhibit ! head ( a div9ity pa9t$ r$1 a s+le eye1 or ! oll94 ,all examples e/abli% ! fact t ! ,mexican 8axle ( ! ,nor?0 repres5t$ fire & wat] emanat+ f a s+le s\rce4 ,9 notable examples1 :]e ! axle is c>v$ 9 /one1 ! id5tical features are conv5tionally reproduc$4 ,"s exhibit a depression or deep hole 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! rem>kable example at ! museum 9 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 :]e ! axle is c>v$ on ! top ( a squ>e alt>1 ! corn]s ( :i* exhibit symbols ( ! f\r elem5ts1 ea* accompani$ by ! num]al #d4 ,! c5tre ( ! figure exhibits a c>v$ oll91 9 ! middle ( :i* a deep hole is situat$4 ,an analog\s b %all[ depression occurs 9 ! great circul> monum5t1 ! ,conque/ ,/one ( ,mexico 7see p4 #bei71 ar\nd :i* ,tezcatlipoca1 ! "o-foot$ fire-drill god1 is repres5t$ sixte5 times1 ea* "t 9 ! act ( receiv+ ! en=c$ homage ( ! *ief or *iefta9ess ( a diff]5t locality4 ,! above monum5ts1 z well z a rudely-c>v$ repres5tation ( ! 8sun0 rec5tly discov]$ & une>!d by ,dr4 ,ed4 ,sel]1 ly+ on a sub/ructure ( /ones 9 ! c5tre ( an op5 space1 presumably a m>ket place1 def9itely proves t ! design 0 int5d$ to be plac$ 9 a horizontal position4 ,?is int5tion has already be5 not$ 9 ! case ( ! ,great ,cosmical ,/one ( ,mexico 7fig4 #ef71 on :i* ! rays & int]m$iate wat] drops recur1 & are repres5t$ z emanat+ f ! c5tral ,nahui ,oll91 ! ,f\r 9 ,"o1 :i* encloses ! mask$ face ( ! div9e ,twa94 ,a "q naturally sugge/s itself at ?is juncture3 ,h[ did ! anci5t ,mexicans1 :o utiliz$ ! fire-drill 9 its mo/ elem5t>y =m & z f> z is kn[n1 employ$ no means ( extract+ oil or juice or ( gr9d+ food-/uff by a c5trifugal process17#adi7 come to employ z a sacr$ symbol1 ! axle or 8mill-/one0 :i*1 9 ,india1 _h be5 adopt$ z an image ( c5tral rotation1 by p :o con/antly us$ ! fire-drill & ! oil-press8 ,! /ronge/ pro( t ! idea ( a circul> disk 0 associat$ 9 ,mexico ) t]ra-cotta sp9n+ :orls only1 is ! fact t1 9 ! native description ( ! ,great ,temple record$ by ,sahagun1 a circul> /one monum5t1 employ$ 9 religi\s fe/ivals1 :i* ! ,spani>ds describ$ z a 8/one :eel10 is t]m$ 9 ! ,nahuatl text z a 8te-malacatl0 i4 e4 a 8/one :orl40 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ! close association ( su* 8/one :orls0 ) ?read or cord1 ! product ( sp9n+1 is furni%$ by ! way 9 ! ritual1 t ! victim 0 atta*$ by "o foot to ! op5 c5tre ( ! 8/one :orl0 & circulat$ ar\nd ! /one :i* lay motionless4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sculptur$ zone on ! ,great ,cosmical /one1 enclos+ ! day signs plac$ 9 _! fix$ ord] ( rotation1 & ! sculptur$ frieze on ! ,tribute ,/one1 furni% direct evid5ce t circul> movem5t 0 associat$ ) ! cosmical axle1 or disk4 ,x is obvi\s t ! di/ribution ( wat] comb9$ ) fire f a common c5tral s\rce1 repres5t$ z a mill-/one1 c\ld n h be5 sugge/$ to ! native m9d by ! use ( ! fire-drill & socket & ! sp9n+ :orl only4 ,!re=e we are oblig$ to face ! "q :e!r ! cosmical figure may n h be5 introduc$1 z a religi\s symbol only1 by a race ( civiliz]s :o1 ?\gh acqua9t$ n only ) ! oil press & *>iot b also ) ! ,akkadian /> ( ,anu1 ! comb9ation ( ! ra9 & fire crosses1 & ) ! ,assyrian-,babylonian image ( ,%ama% 7an elaboration ( ! same idea71 b 9 ! abs5ce ( bea/s ( burd5 & sesame se$s 9 ,mexico1 _h no opportunity1 or did n consid] x feasible or necess>y1 to tea* ! use ( ! *>iot1 oil-press or circul> mill /one to ! natives4 ,be=e =m+ any conclusions or conjectures on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( o!r que/ions mu/ be inve/igat$4 ,"o fact1 h[ev]1 /&s out q cle>ly3 ,:]eas 9 figure #gc1 b1 we h ! rudim5t>y =m ( ! quadruplicate symbol1 closely resembl+ t :i* 0 already anci5t & almo/ obsolete 9 ,babylonia 9 ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 & p]ta9$ to a cult ( ,%ama%1 ! ,nor? & ,heav51 :i* _h fl\ri%$ 9 t c\ntry ab\t #ahej ,b4,c41 ! ,great ,cosmical ,/one ( ,mexico repres5ts ! highly advanc$ developm5t & elaboration ( ! id5tical cult1 z actually e/abli%$ !re until ! ye> #aeai ( our era4 ,paus+ "h & look+ back ^u ! =ego+ summ>y ( ! univ]sal spread ( id5tical =ms ( social organization & ( rituals sugge/$ by ! use ( ! fire-drill1 9 association ) a primitive pole-/> cult1 !re are a few di/9ct & unrelat$ po9ts :i* claim special att5tion3 ,fir/ ( all1 ! id5tity 9 ! =m ( ! fire-alt> & ! cult ( ! fire-socket1 among ! ,maghas & ,nahu%as ( ,india & ! ,mayas & ,nahuas ( ,yucatan & ,mexico4 ,secondly1 ! /rik+ resemblance ( plan & num]ical s*eme :i* unque/ionably exi/$ betwe5 ! ideal 8div9e polities10 record$ by ,plato1 & ! /ates :i* actually exi/$1 ( anci5t ,p]u & ,mexico4 ,x is impossible to read ,plato's s*eme ( an all-p]vad+ division into #ab1 & 8 plan = ! lay+ out ( ! capital & /ate & n to recognize ! fact t1 9 ,p]u1 z set =? on pp4 #acc-adi ( ! pres5t "w1 ^! id5tical pr9ciples 7 actually c>ri$ out by ! ali5 ,incas :o1 9 comp>atively mod]n times1 collect$ ! natives toge!r & organiz$ !m into a settl$ community4 ,?irdly1 ! und5iable fact t ! num]ical s*eme ( ! ,maya & ,mexican ,cal5d> & /ate-organization is id5tical ) t adopt$ by ,con/ant9e1 9 e/abli%+ ,new ,rome4 ,po/pon+ a clos] exam9ation ( ^! po9ts until fur!r on1 let u n[ cont9ue our comp>ative review4 ,! univ]sal spread ( ! id5tical s*eme ( organization1 v\*$ = by docum5t>y evid5ce1 is fur!r demon/rat$ by ! results ( ar*aeological & hi/orical rese>* & a comp>ative /udy ( anci5t symbolism4 ,?us x is impossible n to admit ! /rik+ & deep-seat$ analogy betwe5 ! ,assyrian f\r-fold division ( city & /ate1 ! title 8"l ( ! f\r regions0 & ! image ( ,%ama%1 ! 8f\r-spok$ :eel20 ! ,indian1 ,egyptian & ,grecian philosophical conceptions ( f\r elem5ts1 culm9at+ 9 ,plato's ,cosmos & ,!os 7an entity1 sph]ical 9 %ape1 incorporat+ f\r elem5ts7 &1 = in/ance1 ! quadruplicate symbol c>v$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,mexican ,cosmical ,tablet1 :i* exhibits ! symbols ( ! same f\r elem5ts embodi$ 9 a s+le symbol1 repres5t+ ! supreme p[]1 :o is ?us prov5 to h be5 conceiv$ by ! ,mexicans1 z well z by ! ,p]uvians1 z 8! ,air1 ,e>?1 ,fire & ,wat] 9 ,"o10 or ! s\rce ( ! f\r elem5ts47#aej7 ,:5 x is likewise consid]$ t ! ,mexicans employ$ ! div9e title1 8f\r times "l10 t ! ,maya title 8,kukulcan10 signifies ! 8,div9e ,f\r10 t ! anci5t map ( ,mayapan proves t1 l ! ,ku%ite conf$]acy1 & ! k+doms ( ,assyria1 ,egypt & ,p]u1 x 0 a 8,f\r prov9ces 9 ,"o0 or a 8f\r-fold /ate10 ! id5tity ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ar*aic civilizations ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w becomes m & m app>5t4 ,x likewise becomes evid5t t 9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries ! significance & symbolism ( ! ar*aic cross-symbol & swa/ika mu/ h be5 id5tical1 & t1 l ! pyramid 7! =m ( :i*1 9 ! anci5t ,greek alphabet1 is giv5 to ! lett] delta :i* expresses1 num]ically1 f\r1 a quatuor1 or #d1jjj7 & ! squ>e /one alt> or column1 x figur$ ! ,f\r 9 ,"o1 ! my/ic ,five or ! ,f\r & all-embrac+ ,"o4 ,! foll[+ array ( facts demon/rates fur!r ! univ]sal association ( ar*aic cross-symbolism ) ! conception ( an all-embrac+1 /able1 c5tral p[]4 ,a /rik+ demon/ration ( ?is is furni%$ by ! diagonal cross1 employ$ z a ,*9ese "*1 to express ! ^w wfive1 j z x is us$1 9 ,egyptian hi]atic script1 to express ! syllables uu1 un or ur 7see fig4 #fj74 ,sometimes1 9 ,*9ese1 a horizontal l9e is drawn above ! cross & ano!r b5ea? x1 & ,john ,*alm]s in=ms u t1 accord+ to ! ,%oh ,wan1 ?is 8full =m means ! five elem5ts betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 ! upp] l9e be+ heav5 & ! l[] e>?40 ,! sign ?us obvi\sly con/itut$ an image ( ! ,cosmos1 ! #eb;heav5 & e>?1 ?us furni%+ ! famili> sev5 directions 9 space1 ! *ief & synopsis ( :i* is ! sacr$ ,c5tre4 ,! association1 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 ( ! cross-%ape ) c5tral /able p[]1 has already be5 discuss$ 9 ! case ( ! ,copan swa/ika1 p4 #bbb4 ,at ! "t :5 ,i wrote ab\t ?is & c>v$ /el f\nd at ,quirigua & ,copan1 ,i _h n yet le>n$ ( ! rem>kable discov]y made !re1 by ,mr4 ,george ,byron ,gordon ( ! ,peabody ,museum ,honduras ,exp$ition1 :i* furni%es me ) ! mo/ /rik+ confirmation ( ! conclusion ,i express$ on p4 #bbj1 namely1 t ! p]sonages1 ^: portraits are sculptur$ on ! /el1 7 high-prie/ rul]s1 :o bore ! title 8,div9e ,f\r10 & 7 8rul]s ( ! f\r regions40 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ,mr4 ,gordon's report1 publi%$ 9 vol4 ,i1 no4 ,i1 ( ! ,peabody ,museum ,memoirs1 ,i m]ely note 8 v]ification t1 b5ea? sev]al /el exam9$ = ?is purpose1 !re exi/ subt]rane\s vaults1 9 ! =m ( ! s-call$ ,greek cross1 above ! exact c5tre ( :i* ! /ela /&s1 its base be+ ins]t$ 9 ! /ones =m+ ! ceil+ ( ! *amb]4 ,9 "o case ! l5g? ( ! cruci=m vault is ov] n9e feet f ea/]n to we/]n extremity1 ! wid? ( ! bran*es be+ "o foot & _! dep? two feet4 ,ov] ?irty vessels ( pott]y 7 f\nd 9 ?is1 among/ !m l>ge urns ) cov]s4 ,x w\ld appe> f ?is t1 l ! ,egyptians1 ! anci5t build]s ( ,copan p]=m$ c]ta9 c]emonial rites 9 connection ) ! con/ruction ( ^! artificially cosmical c5tres4 ,:at seems q cle> is t ! subt]rane\s vault con/itut$ a sacr$ cosmical *amb] & t ! /el 7 memorial /ones1 :i* probably repres5t$ ! image ( a "l1 & ! record ( 8 fix$ t]m ( (fice :i* =m$ a p]iod or era ( ! native cal5d> 7see p4 #bba74 ,! /ela :i* =m$ ! /able1 visible c5tre ( ! hidd5 sub/ructure may also h be5 employ$ z a gnomon dur+ "s p]iod ( "t1 & 9 ! monum5t ! initiat$ mu/ und\bt$ly h recogniz$ ! und]ly+ cosmical conceptions1 & reg>d$ x z a highly develop$ =m or v>iant ( ! ar*aic cross1 ! primitive record ( a ye>4 ,x is rem>kable h[ closely analog\s are ! ,c5tral ,am]ican /el ) _! hidd5 cruci=m vaults1 to ! conception ( ! ,egyptian 8/> ( ,horus0 expla9$ by ,hewitt z ! m]idian pole rais$ 9 ! c5tre ( a cross d5ot+ ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,! mo/ /rik+ evid5ce ( a close aff9ity betwe5 ! anci5t ,c5tral ,am]ican ah-m51 or ma/]-masons1 :o built cruci=m w9d[s 9 ! walls ( temples & design$ ! cruci=m vaults "u ! /el at ,copan & ,quirigua1 & ! amanteca or tolteca1 ! ma/]-ar*itects & build]s ( ,mitla1 ,mexico1 is furni%$ by ,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,saville's rec5t excavation ( ?ree rem>kable subt]rane\s1 cruci=m *amb]s1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* is situat$ on ! summit ( a high hill ne> ,mitla4 ,! int]ior ( ! latt] is elaborately decorat$ ) geometrical designs1 l ^? on ! ext]ior ( ! ,mitla palace4 ,! extreme l5g? f ea/ to we/ is #im4 #ga;cm41 f nor? to s\? #hm4 #ah;cm41 & its ro( 0 compos$ ( l>ge flat /ones4 ,! entrance to ?is & ! o!r cruci=m vaults is situat$ at ! extremity ( ! we/]n arm1 :i* 9 ! case describ$ 0 long] ?an ! o!r arms4 ,! mo/ rem>kable example ( su* a cruci=m crypt is1 h[ev]1 t situat$ b5ea? ! palace ( ,mitla1 :i* has be5 figur$ by ,dupaix 9 ,"l ,k+sbor\gh's ,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 ,,ix4 ,?is vault is also built ( ! %ape ( a s-call$ 8,greek0 cross1 b 9 its c5tre /&s a l>ge circul> /one column rea*+ f floor to ceil+4 ,x is impossible n to recognize ! symbolism ( ?is pill> situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( a /ructure1 ! =m ( :i* symbolizes ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s & ! fundam5tal id5tity ( ! column occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! ,mitla *amb] & ! ,copan /el /&+ above ! c5tre ( ! hidd5 cruci=m vault4 ,details associat$ ) ! pill> :i* /ood 9 ! ,great ,temple ( ,mexico 7p4 #ec71 & ! 8p$e/al0 erect$ on ! hill ( ju/ice at ,guatemala 7p4 #gi7 def9itely %[ t1 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 ! column 0 also associat$ ) />-cult1 ) ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & c5tral cele/ial & t]re/rial gov]nm5t4 ,inve/igation has %[n t precisely ! same ideas 7 associat$ ) ! circul>1 squ>e or octagonal columns ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome & ,japan1 :]e !y ei!r con/itut$ ! images ( ! c5tral supreme div9ity1 =m$ ! support = ! /atues ( e>?ly 8div9e0 rul]s1 or m>k$ ! c5tres ( ! cosmos or /ate1 be>+ inscriptions ( ! sacr$ laws z 9 ,a!ns1 or ( ! di/ances to all po9ts ( ! empire1 viz4 ! ,roman ,milli>um ,aureum4 ,x is rem>kable to f9d t1 :]eas 9 anci5t ,byzantium ! c5tre ( ! city _h be5 m>k$ by a column surm\nt$ by a colossal /atue ( ,apollo1 a pill> or pole god1 ,con/ant9e erect$ a 8spaci\s edifice1 f ! c5tre ( :i* all roads ( ! empire 7 measur$40 ,consid]+ t1 at ! "t :5 ?is edifice 0 built1 ! anci5t quadruplicate plan _h be5 revis$ & ! empire ( ,new ,rome _h be5 divid$ into f\r p>ts by ,con/ant9e1 x seems reasonable to inf] t ! =m ( ! great edifice :i* m>k$ ! t]ritorial c5tre ( ! new empire bore ! impress ( ! cruci=m plan1 & t ! %ape ( ! cross %\ld h be5 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! empire1 9 edifices m>k+ c5tral consecrat$ places4 ,h[ mu* ( ! true _s ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal ( univ]sal bro!rhood ent]$ into ! con/itution ( ,con/ant9e's ,new ,rome x is impossible to conjecture4 ,niebuhr d5ies t ,con/ant9e 0 a ,*ri/ian1 records t he 0 only baptiz$ %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 & /ates t ! religion ( ,con/ant9e 8mu/ h be5 a /range comp\nd inde$1 some?+ l ! amulet rec5tly discov]$ at ,rome1 :i* is an example ( t curi\s mixture ( ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity & ,paganism :i* we s frequ5tly meet ) f ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury407#aea7 ,9 an extremely int]e/+ monograph 8,on ! orig9 ( ! cruci=m plan ( ! m$ival ,ca!dral10 by ! di/+ui%$ ar*itect1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,:eelwright1 publi%$ 9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,ar*itects1 #ahia10 ,i f9d ! significant fact t :at is n[ ! little *ur* ( ,s4 ,tiburce1 ,rome1 9 ! =m ( a ,greek cross1 0 built at ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,! same monograph tea*es t 8de ,rossi discov]$ 9 ! catacombs ( ,rome two s*olia ( a plan call$ specifically tricl9ium1 ( a date previ\s to ,diocletian & probably ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,9 su* 7 celebrat$1 by ! presbyt]s1 ! memorial fea/s ( m>tyrs1 ! congregation assembl+ outside4 ,tombs ( a positive cruci=m plan are also f\nd 9 ! catacombs4 ,9 ! fif? or six? c5tury cruci=m build+s became 9 ! ,ea/1 & :]ev] ,byzant9e influ5ce 0 pot5t1 ! recogniz$ =m = tombs1 mortu>y *apels & build+s commemorative ( holy places4 ,^! types seem to h be5 giv51 by ,byzant9e ar*itects1 special recognition ( ! purpose ( _! con/ruction & to h appe>$ to !m z monum5ts requir+ a symbolical expression ( plan1 :ile !y evid5tly did n consid] su* symbolical expressions requisite 9 build+s plann$ = g5]al congregations1 :i*1 al?\gh ( types )\t di/9ct association ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 7 held1 = sev]al c5turies1 to be suffici5tly well adapt$ to purposes ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip )\t mat]ial *ange f _! anci5t =m t ( ! ,roman ,basilica40 ,ref]r+ ! read] to ,mr4 ,:eelwright's monograph = int]e/+ data conc]n+ ! ,byzant9e influ5ce disc]nible 9 ! e>ly types ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es ( cruci=m plan erect$ 9 nor!rn ,italy & ,europe1 ,i m]ely note "h t 9 ,/4 ,sophia1 f\nd$ by ,con/ant9e1 & complet$ by ,ju/9ian1 8! load ( ! dome is ?r[n on f\r great pi]s dispos$ at ei!r corn] ( a squ>e4 ,^! great pi]s1 ) ! correspond+ buttresses ( ! out] wall1 sugge/ a possible symbolical int5t 9 ! arrangem5t 444 o!rwise ! cruci=m plan "h sugge/$ is express$ nei!r ext]nally nor int]nally40 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t 9 ,/4 ,sophia1 8,holy ,et]nal ,wisdom10 z 9 ! case ( ! ,pan!on1 ! dom9ant idea may h be5 ! all-embrac+ unity1 b t1 z ! numb] f\r 0 id5tifi$ ) 8wisdom & ju/ice0 by ! widespread ,py?agorean philosophy1 t numb] mu/ h seem$1 to ! initiat$1 to p]vade ! entire /ructure4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,nativity at ,be?lehem1 :]e x 0 ,ju/9ian's int5tion to m>k a sacr$ locality1 we f9d ! cruci=m plan cle>ly c>ri$ out4 8,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,simeon ,/ylite at ,kelat ,seman ,syria1 built ab\t ,a4,d4 #ejj1 is a mo/ int]e/+ example ( a cruci=m *ur*1 m>k+ a sacr$ spot & associat$ ) a sacr$ column40 8,! *ur* ( ! sev5? c5tury built at ,si*em1 ov] ! well ( ! ,sam>itan1 %[s a di/ribution ( plan simil> to t ( ,s4 ,simeon ,/ylite1 ! holy object be+ at ! cross+4444 ,!re are exi/+ at ,/4 ,w&rille & at ,qu]queville 9 ,norm&y1 two 7cruci=m7 triapsidal *ur*es ( a date prior to ! ,norman conque/ 444 a well pres]v$ f\r-aps$ tomb *apel exi/s at ,montmaj\r ne> ,arles1 built 9 #ajai2 ! detail & plan ( :i* po9t to a ,syrian prototype & resembles two build+s ( an e>ly date n[ exi/+ 9 ,dalmatia40 ,! use ( ! cruci=m type ( *ur*1 ant]ior to ! great revival ( purely ,*ri/ian religi\s ar*itecture 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 0 conf9$ to ,pic>dy & ! ,rh5i% prov9ces1 f9e *ur*es ( ?is type be+ at ,cologne1 ,bonn1 ,m>burg1 etc4 ,x is int]e/+ to recall t ! build+ ( sacr$ /ructures is attribut$ to 8secret organizations ( free or enfran*is$ op]ative masons :i* exi/$ dur+ ! middle ages1 & possess$ grades ( (fic]s & secret signs by :i*1 on com+ to a /range place1 !y c\ld be recogniz$ z real craftsm5 & n impo/ors40 ,to ?is day1 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many & ,bohemia1 ! swa/ika is ! sign or m>k ( ! /one-mason's guild :i* has surviv$ f ! m$ival times4 ,9 ! organiz$ b&s ( masons ^: m>k 0 ! swa/ika & :o introduc$ ,ea/]n cosmical symbolism into ,europe & gradually develop$1 ^u ?is basis1 a purely ,*ri/ian =m ( ar*itecture1 we may p]haps see ! desc5dants ( ^? anci5t build]s :o1 fill$ ) ! conception ( ! sacr$ ,c5tral p[]1 ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 ! ,above & ,bel[1 plann$ ! squ>e1 sev5-/on$ zikkurats ( ,babylonia-,assyria1 ! pyramids1 obelisks & sph9xes ( ,egypt1 ! columns & cruci=m tombs & sanctu>ies ( ,greece1 ,asia ,m9or & ,rome1 ! cruci=m temples & ! topes ( ,india & ! domes ( ! ,pan!on & ,/4 ,sophia47#aeb7 ,x w\ld appe> t ^! anci5t build]s 7 also ! design]s & f\nd]s ( cities & /ates4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 kn[n t ,hippodamus1 ! son ( ,euryphon1 a ,milesian1 & by pr(ession an ar*itect1 ga9$ celebrity 9 8 own art by con/ruct+ ! ,piru at ,a!ns & by improv+ ! me?od ( di/ribut+ /reets & plann+ cities 444 & also wrote a treatise conc]n+ ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,a k9%ip ( ?\ght und\bt$ly exi/s betwe5 ! tra9$ build]s ( cosmical /ructures 9 ! ,old ,_w & ! ah-m51 ! amantecas & toltecas ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 :o also re>$ pyramids1 cruci=m vaults1 circul> temples1 ) op5+s to ! f\r qu>t]s 7see fig4 #cj1 p4 #ig71 alt>s & pill>s1 & 9 _! temples wr\ght1 9 /one1 endless v>iations ( ! great human !me3 ! sacr$ c5tral1 /able p[]1 ! f\r qu>t]s & elem5ts1 & ! heav5 & e>? ) ! dualities ( ,nature1 & likewise in/itut$ an artificial s*eme ( social organization1 a cal5d> & religi\s rites bas$ on ^! same fundam5tal pr9ciples1 :i* c be trac$ back to primitive pole-/> wor%ip4 ,x has be5 ( utmo/ int]e/ to me1 z ,i 0 approa*+ ! end ( ! pres5t inve/igation1 to become acqua9t$ ) ,hewitt's "w & 8 view t x 0 ! seaf>+ ,turanians1 orig9ally a nor!rn race1 ! wor%ipp]s ( ,tur! pole1 :o claim$ desc5t f ! sev5 />s ( ,nga%1 ! s]p5t,ursa ,major1 &1 f ,india1 ext5d$ _! trade & c>ri$ _! =m ( social organization & religi\s cult fir/ to ! ,euphratean k+doms & aft]w>ds to ,egypt & ,syria1 :]e !y 7 kn[n by ! ,greeks z ! ,phnicians4 ,! subjo9$ deta*$ passages1 :i* op5 out new fields ( inquiry1 n only appe> to me to e/abli% conclusively ?is view1 b c]ta9ly af=d mo/ int]e/+ in=mation conc]n+ ! anci5t race ( pole-/> wor%ipp]s1 seaf>]s1 build]s & h&icraftsm5 :o1 accord+ to ,hewitt 7p4 #be71 ext5d$ _! emigrations n only to ,europe b also to ,am]ica47#aec7 ,hewitt bases ! latt] ass]tion ^u ! id5tity be p]ceiv$ 8betwe5 ,akkadian & ,am]ican my?ological traditions40 ,z ! limit ( ! pres5t inquiry excludes my?ology1 ,i _c discuss "h ! evid5ces ( simil>ity produc$ by ,hewitt4 ,i mu/ express regret1 h[ev]1 t he designates a tribe ( ,pueblo ,indians 7! ,sias1 relat$ to ! ,zuis71 z 8,mexican0 7see vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdc1 etc471 a t]m :i*1 9 ?is case1 is decid$ly mislead+4 ,8 id5tification ( ! truly ,mexican1 8teo-cipactli0 z a 8fi%-god0 is un=tunate1 z numb]less conv5tionaliz$ draw+s 9 ! ,codices prove t cipactli signifies alligator4 ,if ! some:at limit$ & vague evid5ce1 produc$ by ,mr4 ,hewitt1 appe>$ to ju/ify 8 conclusion1 h[ mu* m mu/ an id5tity ( social organization & cult su* z ,i h trac$1 n only au?orize b also r5d] x imp]ative1 t ! possibility ( pre-,columbian contact %\ld be ?or\ghly look$ into4 ,disclaim+ any desire to =mulate ha/y conclusions1 & m]ely = ! sake ( ga9+ in=mation by look+ squ>ely at facts1 ,i %all n[ rapidly enum]ate "s ( ^! :i* und\bt$ly appe> to corroborate ,hewitt's fur!r ass]tion t 8! ,mayas & ,nahuas ( ,yucatan & ,mexico 7 emigrants ( ! ,magha & ,nahu%a tribes1 :o p]ta9$ to ! race ( navigators kn[n by ! ,greeks z ! ,phnicians 444 & :o cont9u$ 9 _! new l&1 ,am]ica1 ! wor%ip ( ! ra9 god1 to :om1 z _! fa!rs 9 c5tral ,asia1 !y d$icat$ ! sign ( ! cross0 7,hewitt1 p4 #dib74 8,! ,maghas 7 ! ,f9nic long-hair$ race ( />- & fire-wor%ipp]s :o1 />t+ f ,phrygia1 z ! ,takkas conqu]$ nor!rn ,india 444 :o call$ !mselves ! sons ( ! ,nor!rn p9e tree1 call$ 9 ,phrygia1 z by ! ,nor!rn ,f9ns1 ,ma! "m2 also ! sons ( ! "m-goddess ,magha1 ! socket block :5ce fire 0 g5]at$ by ! fire-drill2 :o is also wor%ipp$ z ! "m ,maga "u ! =m ( ! alligator4 ,consequ5tly ! alligator 0 _! totem40 ,9 ,essay ,,viii ,hewitt /ates t ^! 8sons ( ! great wit*-"m ,maga0 liv$ 9 ,magnesia1 :5ce !y emigrat$ to ,!ssaly & t !irs 0 ! 8city ( ! ,magnetes0 ref]r$ to by ,plato z 8! "m ( laws40 ,! ^w mag1 h[ev]1 meant great 9 ,akkadian1 h5ce accord+ to ,hewitt ! "n ,makkhu1 ! high prie/s or ,magi 7vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ed74 ,! ,maya & ,mexican fire alt>s & sockets & _! association ) ! e>?-"m & alligator 9 ! native ,codices has be5 discuss$4 ,! ,mexican day-sign cipactli figures an alligator & is associat$ ) a female deity4 ,! alligator alt> at ,copan1 is describ$ on p4 #bbh4 ,7 x n = limit ( space additional te/imony c\ld be cit$ "h1 prov+ t 9 ,mexico ! alligator 0 associat$ ) ! "m ( ! race1 ! fire-socket1 & 0 a tribal totem4 8,z ! "m ,maga %e is ! mak] or knead]1 ! "m ( ! build+ & con/ruct+ races 444 !y 7 ! fir/ build]s ( t[ns4444 ,!y ador$ ! god ( ! twirl+ or *urn+ fire-drill4444 ,!y employ$ ! "n ,ku1 ,ukko1 ,pukka & ,pukan to designate ! ra9 & ?und] god & />-god :o guides ! />s 9 _! c\rses & rules ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>0 7,hewitt1 p #dch74 ,! ,f9nic & ,e/honian 8,ukko is also call$ ,taivahan ,napan51 mean+ ! navel ( ! heav5 & ?is is call$ ! place ( ! pole />1 ! /> at ! top ( ! heav5ly m\nta90 7vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aee74 ,comp>e ,ku 9 ,maya li/1 app5dix ,,iii1 also ,tezcatli-poca or puca,mexican fire-drill god1 ,ursa ,major4 8,!y wor%ipp$ ,nag or ,naga%1! s]p5t & fire-drill con/ellation ( ,ursa ,major1 & consequ5tly call$ !mselves also ! sons ( ,naga! ,nahu%as4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ! ,pleiades! "m />s44440 ,! ,nahuas trac$ ance/ry to sev5 />s ( ,ursa ,major & began _! religi\s ye> at ! culm9ation ( ! ,pleiades at midnight4 8,! ,nagas unit$ ) ! navigat+ ,%us or ,phnicians 444 ! r$ m51 :o wor%ipp$ ! rul] ( heav54444 ,^! ,%us 444 call$ 9 ! ,nor?1 ,hus 444 7 ! ,sum]ian trad+ races ( ! ,euphratean delta & ,we/]n ,india1 :o trac$ _! desc5t to ,khu1 ! "m bird ( ! ,akkadians1 ,egyptians & ,ku%ites4444 ,!y rev]5c$ ! sacr$ #8%u' /one1 ! begett] ( fire & ( life fo/]$ by heat1444 designat$ z ! preci\s /one1 ! /rong /one1 ! snake /one1 ! m\nta9 /one4444 ,! pregnant m\nta9 ( ! ,%u /one 0 to ! ,akkadians ! c5tral po9t ( ! e>?4 ,! p :o are said 9 ! ,rig-,v$a to h fir/ f\nd fire by ! help ( ,mat>i%oan1 ! fire-socket1 & to h br\ght x to m51 & are said to h plac$ x 9 ! navel ( ! _w 444 z ! sacr$ ,%u /one40 ,x %\ld be add$ "h t ! ,hittite sign = ,i%t> 0 a triangle enclos+ a /one3 8! m\nta9 enclos+ ! /one ( life40 ,ab\t #bgj ,a4,d4 ! ,tutul-xius7cf4 ,kukul7 "u a great *ief or "l ,kukulcan reign$ at ,*i*5-,itza 444 7p4 #bjf74 ,9 ,mexico ! "n = turquoise is xiuitl & ! god ( fire is nam$ ,xiuh-tecuhtli4 ,jadeite is designat$ z *al-*iuitl & is associat$ ) ,*al*iuitlycue1 ! "m-goddess4 ,! sp>k-produc+1 fl9t knifetecpatl is also employ$ z a symbol ( g5]ation4 8,_! k+s1 l ^? ( ,egypt1 wore ! uru s]p5t z a sign ( royal au?ority & made ?is ! emblem ( k+ly rank 9 c\ntries s widely di/ant f "o ano!r z ,india & ,egypt44440 ,we le>n f ,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce 7,anci5t ,empires ( ! ,ea/1 p4 #bjj71 t cu/oms t _h orig9at$ 9 a primitive p]iod ( ,semitic belief surviv$ 9 ,phnician religion & t cle> traces ( totemism are f\nd among/ ! ,semites4 8,tribes 7 nam$ ea* aft] its peculi> totem1 an animal1 plant or heav5ly body4444 ,david1 = in/ance1 belong$ to ! s]p5t-family1 z is %[n by ! "n ( 8 ance/or ,nah%on1 & ,pr(essor ,smi? sugge/s t ! braz5 s]p5t f\nd by ,hezekiah 9 ! ,solomonic ,temple 0 ! symbol ( x4 ,we f9d ,david & ! family ( ,naha%1 #8or ! s]p5t1' ! k+ ( ,ammon1 on fri5dly t]ms ev5 aft] ! deadly w> betwe5 ,israel & ,ammon1 t _h result$ 9 ! conque/ & decimation ( ! latt]40 ,! "n ( ! culture h]o ,kukulcan or ,quetzalcoatl incorporates ! ^w s]p5t 9 ,maya & ,nahuatl4 ,! conv5tionaliz$ op5 s]p5t's jaw =ms ! usual head-dress ( ! lords sculptur$ on ! ,c5tral ,am]ican /el & bas-reliefs4 ,! exi/5ce ( totemism 9 ,am]ica is too well kn[n to require comm5t1 & ! arbitr>y me?od by :i* x 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 :5 !y f\nd$ ! new colony1 has be5 describ$4 8444 ,i h already %[n t ! snake-fa!r ( ! snake races 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or & ( ! matri>*al races 9 ,india 0 ! snake ,e*is1 or ,a*is1 ! hold+ snake1 ! ,vritra1 or enclos+ snake ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 ! cultivat$ l& :i* girdl$ ! ,tem5os4 ,?is 0 ! ,sanscrit & ,egyptian snake ,ahi4444 ,b ! ,naga snake 0 n ! encircl+ snake1 b ! (fspr+ ( ! h\se-pole & 9 ?is =m x 0 call$ by ! ,jews ! (fspr+ or ,baal ( ! l&4 ,b z ! heav5ly snake x 0 ! old village snake transf]r$ to heav51 call$ ! ,nag-ksetra1 or field ( ! ,nags1 & !re x 0 ! girdl+ air-god :o encircl$ ! cl\d mo!rs1 ! ,aps>as1 ! daught]s ( ! ,abyss1 ! ,assyrian ,apsa1 & m>k$ _! b\nd>ies z ! village snake did ^? ( ! holy grove on e>?4 ,b on e>? ! wat]-snake 0 ! magical ra9-pole1 call$ ! god ,d>ka1 set up by ! ,dravidian ,males 9 front ( e h\se 4440 7p4 #aid74 8,!y are ! ,canaanites1 or dwell]s 9 ! l[ c\ntry1 & ! ,hivites or ! villag]s ( ! ,bible & ! race ( ,a*ans ( ,greece4 ,^! are ! sons ( ! ,a*is! s]p5t1 ! hav+ or hold+ snake1 ! girdl+ snake ( cultivat$ l& :i* surr\nd$ ! ,tem5os or inn] %r9e1 ! holy grove ( ! gods0 7,hewitt1 p4 #age74 ,att5tion is drawn "h to ! tw9 s]p5ts :i* enclose ! ,mexican ,cosmical ,tablet 7fig4 #ef71 ^: bodies may be se5 to consi/ ( a repetition ( ! conv5tional sign = tlallil&1 consi/+ ( a fr+$ squ>e4 ,ea* squ>e 9 ?is case encloses a sign resembl+ t ( firetletl & ! num]al t54 ,^! girdl+ s]p5ts1 ^: heads unite1 be+ directly associat$ ) l&1 appe> z ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,old ,_w ,a*is1 a curi\s fact :5 x is consid]$ t !y are repres5t$ z spr++ f ! sign ,acatl 7see p4 #beg74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! heav5ly 8fea!r$ s]p5t0 ( ,mexico & ,yucatan is di/9ctly associat$ ) ! air & ! circle2 its conception curi\sly co9cid+ ) t ( ! 8girdl+ air-god0 m5tion$ by ,hewitt4 ,x is well kn[n t ! walls enclos+ ! c\rt ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,mexico1 7 cov]$ ) sculptur$ s]p5ts1 & at ,xo*icalco1 ,mexico1 & 9 ,c5tral ,am]ican ru9s 7,uxmal1 = in/ance71 great sculptur$ s]p5ts surr\nd ! build+s4 ,x is rem>kable t ! sign ,acatl n only figures conspicu\sly on ! ,great ,am]ican ,tablet1 b also on ! allegorical figure ( ! 8,div9e ,s]p5t10 :i* may well repres5t ! totemic div9ity & ance/or ( a snake tribe1 associat$ ) ! ^w ,acatl1 possibly convey+ _! "n4 ,! und5iable association1 9 ,mexico1 ( ! s]p5t ) ,acatl1 curi\sly agrees ) ! "n ( ! 8sons ( ,a*is1 ! s]p5t0! ,a*aians3 & des]ves consid]ation4 ,9 ! ,g5esis g5ealogy ( ! k+s ( ,edom1 ! l& ( ! r$ man1 ! prie/ k+ ( ! ,hus or ,%us is m5tion$ 8444 8 p _h replac$ ! ,tur1 ! /one pill>1 ! ,egyptian obelisk by ! temple1 ! home & symbol ( ! creat+ god1 :o _h be5 ! pill> ( ! h\se4444 ,b 9 _! eyes ! fa!r-god 0 n ! c5tral pill> b ! two door-po/s & !nce !y call$ ! temple gates ,babel or ! gates ( god4444 ,?is gate 0 gu>d$ by ! holy tw9s4444 ,! doorpo/s1 & night & morn+ are invok$ 9 ! ,rig-,v$a4444 ,! ,magas 7 ! discov]]s ( magic1 m9+1 metallurgy1 h&icrafts--! pione]s ( sci5tific rese>* & ! fir/ organiz]s ( a ritual ( religi\s fe/ivals40 ,tw9 pill>s1 sculptur$ 9 ! =m ( great s]p5ts1 ^: names signify tw9%ip1 support ! entrances to ! anci5t temples ( ,yucatan1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & h be5 f\nd on ! site ( ! ,great ,temple ( ,mexico4 ,! ,mexican & ,maya acc\nts ( ! culture h]o ,quetzalcoatl-,kukulcan /ate t he & 8 foll[]s 7 8great necromanc]s0 & magicians & t !y taught h&icrafts1 metallurgy1 & in/itut$ cal5d>1 social organization & ritual4 ,a p]sonal1 close exam9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( old ,p]uvian & ,mexican z well z ,coptic textile fabrics1 has conv9c$ me moreov] ( _! id5tity ( te*nique4 8,! ,magas sacrific$ dogs14444 ,!y wore long hair14444 ,!y made human sacrifices 9 ord] to obta9 ra90 7,hewitt74 8,! ,phnician prie/s sc\rg$ !mselves or ga%$ _! arms & brea/s to w9 div9e favor4444 ,human sacrifices 7 made1 to ,molo* or ,milkom 444 ! p>5t 0 requir$ to (f] 8 elde/ or only son z a sacrifice & ! victim's cries 7 dr[n$ by ! noise ( drums & flutes0 7,sayce74 ,! human sacrifices ( ,mexico are famili> to all4 ,! native dog & v>i\s k9ds ( birds 7 sacrific$4 ,! ,mexican prie/s1 nam$ papas1 wore long hair1 practis$ asceticism1 ga%$ _! brea/s1 arms & legs & pi]c$ _! e>s & tongues4 ,on ! ,pal5que bas-reliefs1 prie/s ) long hair are sculptur$4 ,! human sacrifices ( ,mexico & ^? ( ,egypt1 ,phnicia & ,assyria1 describ$ by ,sayce & ,hewitt 7pp4 #bge & #cdh71 are closely alike4 ,see also ,hewitt's acc\nt ( ! blood bro!rhood made betwe5 ! sacrific] & ! l& on :i* ! blood is p\r$ 7p4 #aif71 & ! ,*i*imec blood sacrifice describ$ 9 ! pres5t "w1 p4 #ff4 ,! =ego+ are a few notewor?y analogies :i* h impress$ !mselves ^u me dur+ ! pres5t c\rse ( inve/igation1 9 addition to ! _m und5iable & unsuspect$ evid5ces ,i h f\nd1 ( an id5tity ( />-cult1 ritual & social organization 9 ,old & ,new ,_w civilizations4 ,x w be se5 t ! outcome ( my rese>*es corroborates ! op9ions diff]5tly express$ by a long l9e ( em95t inve/igators1 :o h be5 con/antly discov]+ & po9t+ out und5iable simil>ities & id5tities betwe5 ! civilizations ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,x seems to me t an accumulation ( evid5ce n[ =ces u to face & ?or\ghly inve/igate ! possibility t1 f remote antiquity1 our cont95t & its inhabitants 7 kn[n to ! seaf>]s ( ! ,old ,_w1 to ^: ag5cy ! spread ( simil> =ms ( cult & civilization 9 ! ,new ,_w is to be assign$4 ,:ile ^? :o uphold ! auto*?ony ( ! native civilization may reg>d su* id5tities z accid5tal1 ^? :o are will+ to admit ! possibility t ! ,phnicians1 ! r$ m5 ( antiquity1 ^: l& 0 ,syria1 navigat+ by ! pole-/>1 may h rea*$ ,am]ica1 w d\btlessly dwell ^u ! unque/ionable fact t ! mo/ anci5t traces ( organiz$ & settl$ communities actually exi/ along ! coa/ swept by ! equatorial curr5ts4 ,a glance at an ord9>y *>t exhibit+ ! ocean curr5ts & trade w9ds %[s t vessels sail+ s\?w>d f ! ,can>y ,isl&s & caught 9 ! nor? ,african curr5t1 might1 at a c]ta9 po9t1 ent] ! nor? equatorial curr5t fl[+ t[>ds ! coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,fur!r s\?w>d /ill1 (f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 ! curr5t be>+ ?is "n meets ! ma9 equatorial curr5t :i* sweeps along ! coa/ ( ,honduras & ,yucatan into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,:at is m1 anci5t well-kn[n tradition ass]ts t ! culture-h]o ,kukulcan-,quetzalcoatl1 ) 8 foll[]s1 came to ,mexico f ! ,ea/ 7via ,yucatan7 & told ! natives ( _! di/ant home1 nam$ ,tlapallan & ,huehue tlapallan :i*1 translat$1 mean 8! r$ l&0 & 8! great anci5t r$ l&40 ,native ,am]ican tradition unque/ionably & unanim\sly ascribes to s+le individuals ( ag$ & v5]able aspect1 or lead]s ( small b&s ( m5 & wom5 ( an ali5 race1 ! peaceable introduction ( a def9ite plan ( civilization1 id5tical 9 its elem5ts ) t kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ,india1 ,egypt & ,babylonia-,assyria f "t immemorial1 & said to h be5 spread to ^! c\ntries by ! ,phnicians4 ,native tradition1 !re=e1 is se5 unanim\sly to controv]t ! indep5d5t developm5t ( ! cosmical s*emes ( gov]nm5t & mo/ advanc$ =ms ( civilization :i* prevail$ 9 ,am]ica at ! ,columbian p]iod4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 9 no wise excludes ! exi/5ce ( purely native p1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( civilization1 m rudim5t>y 9 =m1 f\nd$ on impressive natural ph5om5a1 :i* ! natives _h always be5 9 a position to obs]ve = !mselves4 ,9 ord] to obta9 an insight into conditions :i* might h det]m9$ & affect$ m>itime int]c\rse ) di/ant ,am]ica1 let u n[ make a rapid survey ( ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t civilizations ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,?is reveals1 9 ! fir/ case1 ! und5iable fact 7"o ( deepe/ significance 9 ! light ( ! pres5t inve/igation7 t ! p]iod ( a g5]al /irr+ ( m5's m9ds1 9 c\ntries :]e pole-/> wor%ip _h prevail$ f "t immemorial1 exactly co9cides ) ! p]iod to :i* ,i allud$ on p4 #dc1 dur+ :i* !re ceas$ to be a brilliantly conspicu\s & p]fectly immovable pole-/> 9 ! nor!rn heav5s4 ,f ,mr4 ,h9ckley ,all5's "w 7p4 #ded71 ,i h s9ce le>n$ t a/ronom]s h closely det]m9$ ?is p]iod1 & t ,miss ,cl]ke writes ( ?is3 8,! entire mill5nium be=e ! ,*ri/ian era may c\nt = an int]regnum z reg>ds pole-/>s4 ,alpha ,draconis _h ceas$ to ex]cise t (fice2 & ,alruccabah _h n yet assum$ x40 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce tells u t ! ,phnician pilots /e]$ by ! pole-/> 9 remote/ antiquity1 & x is a matt] ( hi/ory t 8,py!as ( ,massilia1 ! bold navigator 7di$ ab\t #bhe ,b4,c471 %[$ ! ,greeks t ! pole-/> 0 n at ! pole itself40 ,previ\s to t date1 h[ev]1 ! a/ronom]-prie/s mu/ h not$ ! *ange 9 ! heav5s4 ,on desc5dants ( anci5t pole-/> wor%ipp]s1 ^: entire religion & civilization 7 bas$ on ! idea ( fixity & rotation1 ! unacc\ntable *ange 9 ! ord] ( ! univ]se mu/ inde$ h produc$ a deep impression4 ,"u su* conditions x seems b natural t a great awak5+ ( d\bt & speculation %\ld take place1 t wor%ip %\ld be transf]r$ f />s kn[n to be subject to *ange1 to ! unse51 incompreh5sible b ev]-pres5t et]nal p[] :i* rul$ ! univ]se4 ,let u exam9e "s ( ! records ( ! great intellectual movem5t t swept at "o "t1 l a wave1 ov] ! anci5t c5tres ( civilization4 ,! eigh?1 sev5? & six? c5turies be=e our era are m>k$ by ! gr[? ( ! ,ionian philosophy :i*1 z ,huxley tells u1 80 b "o ( _m results ( ! /irr+ ( ! moral & intellectual life ( ! ,aryan-,semitic population ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! conditions ( ! g5]al awak5+ 7 d\btless manifold1 b !re is "o :i* mod]n rese>* has br\ght into great prom95ce4 ,?is is ! exi/5ce ( extremely anci5t & highly advanc$ societies 9 ! valleys ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,nile4444 ,! ,ionian intellectual movem5t is only "o ( ! sev]al sporadic indications ( "s p[]ful m5tal f]m5t ov] ! :ole ( ! area compris$ betwe5 ! gean & ,nor!rn ,h9du/an444407#aed7 ,pr(essor ,s*ro$]'s /atem5t t1 89 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! idea ( f\r1 i4 e4 five elem5ts1 spread 9 ,india10 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! date assign$ to ! bir? ( ! ,ionian intellectual movem5t4 ,( ,py?agoras x is relat$ t1 l ,solon1 8he _h visit$ ,egypt1 also ,phnicia & ,babylon1 !n ,*aldean & indep5d5t1 & f\nd$ a bro!rhood orig9ally br\ght toge!r by a religi\s influ5ce1 ) obs]vances approa*+ to mona/ic peculi>ity1 & work+ 9 a direction at once religi\s1 political & sci5tific40 ,accord+ to ! le>n$ translator ( ,cic]o's fir/ ,tusculan disputation7#aee7 8x is g5]ally accept$ t ,ph]ecydes ( ,syros 7"o ( ! ,cyclades isl&s 9 ! gean sea7 0 ! tea*] ( ,py?agoras4 ,ph]ecydes1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #edd is said to h d]iv$ 8 k f ! secret books ( ! ,phnicians & f travels ( inquiry 9 ,egypt40 ,?r\gh ,philolaus 7see ,grote ,,iv1 p4 #cie1 note #b71 ,py?agorean sci5ce 0 made kn[n to ,plato1 ^: views are quot$ on p4 #ddi4 ,grote /ates t1 ab\t #cjj ,b4,c41 ! ,py?agorean philosophy ne>ly di$ out4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ?is date co9cides1 approximately1 ) ! de/ruction ( ,tyre 7,ts>1 9 ,phnician1! rock71 ! la/ /ronghold ( ! ,phnicians1 8:i* _h defi$ ,assyrian1 ,babylonian & ,p]sian b at la/ fell10 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 89 ,july1 ,b4,c4 #ccb1 be=e ! ,greek conqu]or ,alex&]4 ,?irty ?\s& ( its citiz5s 7 sold 9 slav]y1 ?\s&s ( o!rs massacr$ & crucifi$ & ! weal? ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ luxuri\s city ( ! _w became ! prey ( an exasp]at$ army4 ,its trade 0 inh]it$ by its neighbor ,sidon0 7op4 cit4 p4 #aid74 ,x is obvi\s t1 at ?is p]iod1 b&s ( fugitives may well h tak5 refuge 9 trad]s' %ips & s\ght safety 9 flight to di/ant regions1 :]e !y might e/abli% !mselves & f\nd colonies on ! patt]n ( ,tyre or ( ,c>?age :i*1 9 anci5t times _h also be5 f\nd$ by fugitives & be5 nam$ 8! new city10 ,k>?akhada%a 7,sayce74 ,:ile ! great hi/orical ev5ts :i* m>k$ ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 seem to h arre/$ ! spread ( ,py?agorean philosophy1 we f9d t1 accord+ to ,grote1 89 ! "t ( ,cic]o1 two c5turies lat]1 ! ori5taliz+ t5d5cy1 beg9n+ to spread ov] ! ,grecian & ,roman _w1 caus$ x to be aga9 reviv$1 ) little or none ( its sci5tific t5d5cies1 b ) m ?an its primitive religi\s & imag9ative fanaticism4444 ,x 0 tak5 up anew by ! pagan _w1 along ) ! disfigur$ doctr9es ( ,plato4 ,neo-,py?agorism1 pass+ gradually into ,neo-,platonism1 outla/$ o!r m positive & mascul9e sy/ems ( pagan philosophy1 z ! contempor>y & revival ( ,*ri/ianity0 7op4 cit4 ,,iv1 #cih74 ,neo-,platonism rea*$ its height "u its *ief ,plot9us 7,a4,d4 #bje-bgj7 :o s\ght to reconcile ! ,platonic & ,ari/otelian sy/ems ) ,ori5tal !osophy4 ,8 pan!i/ic & eclectic s*ool 0 ! la/ product ( ! ,greek philosophy47#aef7 ,x is1 at all ev5ts1 rem>kable1 t ! date tradition assigns to ! pres5ce ( ,kukulcan 9 ,yucatan & ! f\ndation ( ! quadruplicate /ate ( ,mayapan co9cides ) ! dy+ out1 9 ,europe1 ( pagan philosophy1 "o ( ! features ( :i* _h be5 ! elaboration ( ideal =ms ( gov]nm5t bas$ on a num]ical & cosmical s*eme1 ! elem5ts ( :i* _h app>5tly be5 spread by ! ,phnicians4 ,9 ,copan & ,quirigua we f9d remnants ( long-e/abli%$1 peaceable communities reveal+ no trace ( w>-l weapons1 & ! memorial /el ( ^: rul]s /& above hidd5 cruci=m vaults1 :ile c>v$ p]sonages are repres5t$ z seat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ornate crosses4 ,9 ,yucatan1 ?r\gh :i* l& ! =eign civilization seems to h rea*$ ! plateau ( ,mexico1 !re are significant traces ( an anci5t city1 nam$ ,zilan1 situat$ on ! ,atlantic coa/2 pro(s t build+s ( cosmical =ms 7 erect$2 t ! /ate ( ,mayapan 0 laid out on ! famili> cosmical plan2 t repeat$ migrations took place1 & t1 f "t immemorial1 a cal5d>1 on ! same num]ical basis z t ( ,mexico1 _h be5 9 use4 ,! great /ate ( ,mayapan1 :]e a rem>kable /one cross 0 f\nd at ,cozumel by ! ,spani>ds1 is %[n to h be5 figur$ z a circle )9 a circle1 ! :ole divid$ into f\r p>ts by cross-l9es4 ,"h1 z 9 ,*iapas & ,mexico1 all divisions ( gov]nm5t1 population & "t are organiz$ on a num]ical s*eme repres5t+ ! comb9ation ( #debj i4 e4 an entire f+] & toe c\nt1 8a :ole man10 ) ! #ac directions 9 space4 ,! multiplication ( #ac & #bj results 9 a unit ( #bfj :i*1 z a cycle ( "t1 repres5ts ! complete set ( all h>moni\s comb9ations ( man ! m9iature image ( ! liv+ /ate1 ) ! ?irte5 directions ( space 9 ! all-embrac+ ,cosmos1 compos$ ( f\r prim>y elem5ts4 ,9 consonance ) ?is we f9d ! exi/5ce ( #bj 7or #de7 lords1 ^: names correspond to ^? ( ! #d *ief & #af m9or day-signs ( ! cal5d>1 & ( a "l by election1 ^: "n signifies ! ?irte5 divisions or p>ts1 & :o con/itut$ a microcosmos1 a ,f\r 9 ,"o4 ,9 regul> rotation ! #bj lords1 consi/+ ( #d *ief & #ddafm9or rul]s fulfill$ duties t[>ds ! supreme repres5tative :o resid$ 9 ! capital1 :ile !y respectively liv$ 9 f\r prov9ces1 ! population ( :i* 0 subdivid$ into f\r tribes ea* ( ! #bj divisions ( ! /ate be+ aga9 divid$ into #ac p>ts4 ,9 a cosmical /ate l ?is 9 :i* ea* individual n only felt himself to be a unit & a microcosmos1 b also an indisp5sable "p ( a liv+ organism1 "u ! =m ( :i* ! /ate 0 symboliz$1 its inhabitants1 lead+ lives regulat$ by a cal5d> bas$ on ! ph5om5on ( circumpol> rotation1 "u a *ief rul] entitl$ ! 8,f\r 9 ,"o10 assi/$ by f\r sub-rul]s1 mu/ inde$ h felt t !y 8liv$1 mov$ & _h _! be+0 9 ! ,teotl or ,!os1 imag9$ z ! embodim5t ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to le>n t 8! animal0 itself1 ( ,plato1 is consid]$ by em95t au?orities to h be5 ! tetrad4 ,9 ,zui1 :]e1 at ! pres5t day1 ea* individual feels himself id5tifi$ ) "s "p ( ! body ( a quadrup$1 8 clan totem1 ! conception ( ! /ate z 8a liv+ animal10 is an actual reality4 ,_! pueblo moreov] repres5ts a #fag1 or a 8sev5 9 "o10 ! m9iature c\nt]p>t ( ! f> di/ant ,ooraon village ( ,*ota ,nagpore & ( ! anci5t ar*aic k+doms ( ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 etc4 ,anci5tly ! ,zuis call$ !mselves ! ,a%iwi1 a "n rem>kably l t ( ! ,a%v9s1 d]iv$ f ! ,akkadian a%six4 ,i rev]t aga9 "h to ! foll[+ l&m>ks1 :i* may p]haps furni% a useful 8work+ hypo!sis0 = future inve/igation4 ,9 ,mexico ! pyramids ( ,*olula & ( ,teotihuacan seem to r5d] te/imony ( !1 possibly consecutive1 e/abli%m5t ( ideal /ates among/ tribes 8capable ( subjection0 by ,toltecas1 or 8,ma/]-,build]s10 :o1 accord+ to _! me?od1 us$ ! build+ ( a great /ructure1 requir+ "t & unit$ labor1 z a means ( organiz+ a new community or colony4 ,x may be t ! p]iod ( _! completion co9cid$ ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,cal5d> sy/em1 beg9n+ ) ! numb] "o4 ,9 my ,prelim9>y ,note on ! ,anci5t ,mexican ,cal5d> ,sy/em 7,/ockholm #ahid71 ,i demon/rat$ h[1 by recon/ruct+ ! ,cal5d> cycles1 x 0 possible to det]m9e exactly :5 ! native sy/em 0 adopt$4 ,accord+ to my demon/ration1 :i* has n[ /ood un*all5g$ = six ye>s1 a fre% ye> cycle began 9 #aejg ,a4,d41 ) ! ye> sign ,,ii ,acatl & ! day #b cipactli4 ,= a cycle to be associat$ ) ! numb] two x is obvi\s t x mu/ h be5 prec$$ by a cycle rul$ by numb] "o1 !re=e x may be safely inf]r$ t ! cycle ,,ii ,acatl t comm5c$ 9 #aejg foll[$ a cyclical p]iod ( #dacebbjahdj ye>s 7p4 #cb74 ,accord+ly ! date :5 ! ,mexican sy/em 0 in/itut$ 9 ! =m :i* exi/$ at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 may be fix$ z correspond+ to ! ye> #dfg ( our era4 ,consid]+ t ! ,cal5d> sy/em 01 h[ev]1 b "o "p ( ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t1 0 insep>able f ! organization ( tribes1 classes & individuals1 & t its in/itution signifi$ ! f\ndation ( a /ate1 x is rem>kable to asc]ta9 t1 b #acg ye>s previ\sly1 ,con/ant9e1 9 ,a4,d4 #ccj1 _h in/itut$ ! empire ( ,new ,rome1 on precisely ! same num]ical basis z t ( ! ,mexican ,cal5d>1 & divid$ x into #d p>ts or prefectures1 ea* subdivid$ into #ac1 yield+ a total ( #eb prefectures4 ,moreov]1 z f> back z ! in/itution ( ! ,klei/h5ean democracy1 ! ,greeks _h be5 famili> ) an extremely intricate & close union ( cal5d> & gov]nm5t sy/em1 su* z exi/$ 9 ,babylonia-,assyria &1 z ,i h %[n1 9 anci5t ,mexico4 ,x is c]ta9ly sugge/ive t ! p]iod ( #acg ye>s1 :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,new ,rome on a p>tly reviv$ & p>tly am5d$ or remodell$ plan1 & ! f\ndation ( ! great democracy ( anci5t ,mexico at ! date inf]r$1 is unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d = religi\s p]secutions1 c>ri$ on 9 ,egypt1 ,greece & ,rome1 foll[+ ^u ?ree c5turies m>k$ by ! gr[? & spread ( ,*ri/ianity & ! p]secution ( its foll[]s1 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem & ! p]secution ( ! ,jews4 ,x 0 9 ,a4,d4 #cgi t ,!odosius1 ! ,greek1 proclaim$ ,*ri/ianity ! religion ( 8 empire & in/itut$ a rel5tless p]secution ( ! ,arians & foll[]s ( ! anci5t ,egyptian religion4 ,"u ,arcadius1 ,emp]or ( ! ,ea/ 7,a4,d4 #cie71 ! ,an?romorphites1 :o affirm$ t ,god 0 ( human =m1 de/roy$ ! great] numb] ( _! oppon5ts4 ,"u ,m>cianus 7,a4,d4 #dea71 ,silco invad$ ,egypt ) 8 ,nubian foll[]s & ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on condemn$ ! ,monophysite doctr9e ( ,euty*es4 ,lat]1 "u ,ju/9ian 7,a4,d4 #ebg71 ! ,monophysites sep>at$ f ! ,mel*ites & *ose _! own patri>*1 be+ aft]w>ds call$ ,copts4 ,x is impossible to close "o's eyes to ! fact t1 dur+ ?is p]iod ( p]secution & massacre1 imm95t p]il ( dea? mu/ h =c$ _m a b& ( ! prie/s & foll[]s ( ! anci5t ,egyptian & o!r religions to seek safety 9 flight4 ,! ev5ts :i* took place 9 ,egypt betwe5 ,a4,d4 #cgi & #dea1 culm9at+ 9 ,silco's invasion1 mu/ unque/ionably h be5 deeply felt by ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,phnician1 ,c>?ag9ian & ,grecian exiles1 fugitives & m]c5>ies :o1 dur+ c\ntless c5turies1 _h f\nd$ colonies along ! ,libyan coa/1 & pu%$ migration fur!r we/w>d along ! coa/ l9e4 ,migrations f ^! regions w\ld d\btless h result$ 9 ! rem>kable comb9ation ( ar*aic />1 fire-drill & socket wor%ip f\nd 9 ,yucatan & ,mexico1 exi/+ alongside ( a highly develop$ & p]fect$ philosophical s*eme ( social organization id5tical1 9 pr9ciple1 ) t :i*1 9 ! ,old ,_w1 con/itut$ an ideal :i* 0 ! result ( c5turies ( exp]i5ce & active intellectual life4 ,! pres5t inve/igation1 9 :i* ,i h collect$ m mat]ial ?an x has be5 possible to pres5t 9 ?is publication1 br+s out facts t5d+ to %[ t1 orig9ally1 bo? hemisph]es 7 peopl$ f ! ,nor?1 & t1 9 antiquity1 at int]vals1 an extremely limit$ int]c\rse 0 kept up betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,worlds4 ,! obvi\s fact t navigation mu/ h be5 s]i\sly imp$$ by ! int]regnum ( ,pol>is1 la/+ = _m c5turies1 w\ld expla9 a prolong$ isolation ( ,am]ica ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,:]eas ! equatorial curr5ts facilitat$ ! voyage to ,am]ica1 ! same favorable conditions did n accompany navigation 9 ! same latitudes 9 a rev]se direction1 & ?is sugge/s ! probability t few :o set out = 8! hidd5 l&10 ev] return$ to ! port :5ce !y sail$4 ,inve/igation seems to reveal t influ5ces1 emanat+ f ! mo/ anci5t c5tres ( ,old ,_w civilization1 rea*$ sund]$ regions ( ,am]ica at diff]5t times1 & t !y c\ld h be5 c>ri$ !re by a seaf>+ & build+ race su* z ! ,m9yans1 ! ,magas1 ! ,phnicians or _! desc5dants4 ,if su* 7 ! case x w\ld be reasonable to expect t1 9 ,am]ica1 traces ( words associat$ ) ! ar*aic set ( ideas w\ld be f\nd1 & ! same me?od ( writ+4 ,let u n[ ref] ) prud5t res]vations z to ! possibility ( _! be+ accid5tal1 to ! /rik+ resemblances :i* und\bt$ly exi/ betwe5 c]ta9 names = ,god1 ,heav51 ,nor?1 ,middle1 etc41 9 ! languages ( ! mo/ anci5t civilizations ( ! ,old ,_w & ! ,maya & ,nahuatl4 ,= conv5i5t ref]5ce & )\t detail$ comm5t1 ^! words are pres5t$ z ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,too mu* importance mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 be giv5 to ^! l+ui/ic analogies2 at ! same "t we _c %ut our eyes to ! fact t ^! brok5 fragm5ts ( language1 traceable to ,india1 ,babylonia-,assyria1 ,egypt & ,greece1 are f\nd1 9 ,am]ica1 cl++ t5aci\sly to a set ( cosmical ideas & a s*eme ( organization id5tical 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,x has be5 surpris+ to me1 = in/ance1 to le>n1 by c>efully collect+ facts1 t :]eas ,pr(essor ,sayce tells u t ! supreme god ( ! ,phnicians 0 nam$ ,yeud or ,ekhad1 ! supreme god ( ! ,mexican ,*i*imecs 7lit]ally1 ,r$ race7 0 nam$ ,y\alli-,ehecatl1 :i* signifies1 lit]ally1 night-air or w9d4 ,i likewise asc]ta9$ t1 :]eas ! ^w yau or yu signifies ! s\rce or orig9 9 ,*9ese1 is l9k$ to a "* =m+ a cross & is homog5e\s ) ,ya\ ,s+1 a /> 9 ,ursa ,major1 describ$ z 8revolv+10 ! ,mexican "n = ! pole-/> god 0 ,yaual or ,yohual ,tecuhtli1 ! "l ( ! circle or ( ! night4 ,aga9 !re is a rem>kable simil>ity betwe5 ! ,mexican yauallicircle & ! v]b yoli or yulito resuscitate or vivify2 ! ,*9ese uito turn ar\nd1 & ! ,sc&9avian yul1 yeul or yol :eel1 also ! fe/ival ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 :5 nature seem$ to resuscitate4 ,:]eas ! significance ( ! above ,mexican1 ,*9ese & ,sc&9avian names1 is cle>1 no mean+ has1 to my k1 be5 atta*$ to ! ,semitic "n = ! supreme god1 :i*1 z ,pr(essor ,sayce in=ms u1 0 pron\nc$ ,yahu or ,yaho or ,yahve 7see ,app5dix1 li/ ,i74 ,o!r /rik+ resemblances are f\nd betwe5 ! names = h&icraftsman & ma/]-build] 9 widely di/ant c\ntries4 ,?us1 9 ,phrygia1 we h ! ,daktuloi1 ! build]s :o erect$ monum5ts decorat$ ) cross-symbols arrang$ s z to =m a geometrical design1 su* z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #gb1 #b4 ,9 ,oaxaca ! ,toltecatlbuild]s & h&icraftsm51 erect$ ! wall$ temple & cruci=m /ructures at ,mitla1 & decorat$ !m ) geometrical designs4 ,reliable au?orities tea* u t 8! ,hittites 7 ! nor!rn m9yan or m5yanmeasur]s1 a build+ race0 7,hewitt72 t ,aha-,m5a1 ! fir/ hi/orical rul] ( ,egypt1 0 a build]2 t ! "n ( ,amun1 ! god ( ! ,ammonites1 signifi$ 8! build]40 ,diction>ies reveal t1 9 ,am]ica1 ,maya-speak+ p designat$ a ma/] build] or h&icraftsman z ah-m51 or m5yah :i*1 9 ,nahuatl1 became amanteca4 ,9 ,yucatan ! "n = ,nor? 0 ,aman or ,xaman2 ! build+ race ( civiliz]s seems to h be5 associat$ ) t region1 :i* ! ,arabians nam$ ,%amaliyy4 ,9 ! ,babylonian-,assyrian ,%ama%1 ! ,sanscrit ,brahman & ! ,egyptian ,am5-ra1 we seem to h b diff]5t =ms ( ! same ^w1 :i* recurs 9 ! ,akkadian-,sum]ian ,sama1 or an! revolv+ heav5 7see ,app5dix1 li/74 ,x is to philologi/s t ,i ref] ! "q :e!r ! resemblances1 9 s\nd & mean+1 ( c]ta9 words ,i h f\nd associat$1 9 widely sund]$ c\ntries1 ) ! univ]sal cosmical set ( ideas1 are m]ely accid5tal or :e!r !y furni% indication ( a remote common orig9 or ( contact at a lat] p]iod4 ,x w int]e/ me p>ticul>ly to le>n _! op9ion z to ! olde/ =ms ( ! words2 & :e!r !re is really no clue to ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew ,yahu & ! ,phnician ,yeud-,ekhad4 ,"o is tempt$ to inquire :e!r ! ,*i*imecan ,y\alli-,ehecatl 0 n ! same & :e!r ?is & o!r analogies d n con/itute evid5ce t5d+ to e/abli% t ,mexico 0 a ,phnician colony 9 :i* dur+ c5turies ( isolation ! ar*aic =ms & mean+s ( ,phnician words 7 pres]v$4 ,x is my hope t ^! li/s w be c>efully exam9$ & expla9$ by compet5t au?orities1 to ^: judgm5t !y are respectfully submitt$4 ,:e!r !y w be acc\nt$ = 9 "o way or ano!r1 ^! li/s w be f\nd to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( /rik+ resemblances :i*1 by !mselves1 might n c>ry weight1 b :i* unque/ionably ga9 9 significance :5 f\nd 9 conjunction ) cosmical conceptions1 social organization1 =ms ( ar*itecture & cross-symbolism1 :i* appe> univ]sal4 ,a few words "h conc]n+ ! und\bt$ g5]al resemblances t exi/ betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ,japanese1 & ,c5tral ,am]ican me?ods ( organization--resemblances :i* ev5 ext5d to c]ta9 words directly traceable to ,we/]n ,asiatic influ5ce 9 ! case ( ! ,ea/]n ,asiatic civilizations4 ,! exi/5ce ( m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ,maya-,mexican num]ical sy/ems & det]m9ation ( elem5ts1 appe>s to exclude ! possibility t dom9at+ ,asiatic influ5ces c\ld h rea*$ ,am]ica via ,*9a & ,japan aft] ! /ill exi/+1 cry/alliz$ =ms ( gov]nm5t & cal5d> _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! latt] c\ntries4 ,z f> z ,i c judge1 ! great antiquity attribut$1 by ,*9ese hi/orians1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! gov]nm5tal & cyclical s*emes1 /ill 9 use1 appe>s extremely d\btful4 ,ref]r+ ! "q to ,s9ologi/s1 ,i v5ture to ask :e!r x does n seem probable t ! pres5t ,*9ese s*eme dates f ! lifetime ( ,lao-tze1 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 a p]iod m>k$1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 by ! gr[? ( ,ionian philosophy1 "o feature ( :i* 0 ! inv5tion ( num]ical s*emes appli$ to 8div9e polities0 & ideal =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,future inve/igation may1 p]haps1 prove t 8! p[]ful m5tal f]m5t0 allud$ to by ,huxley1 z spread+ betwe5 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies ,b4,c41 ov] ! :ole ( ! area compris$ betwe5 ! gean & ,nor? ,h9du/an1 0 caus$ by ! gr[? & diffusion ( plans ( ideal /ates1 :i* w\ld naturally sugge/ & lead to ! =mation ( b&s ( en?usia/s1 :o w\ld set out 9 se>* ( di/ricts :]e !y c\ld c>ry out _! pr9ciples & ideals4 ,p]sonally1 ,i am /rongly incl9$ to assign ! orig9 ( ! ,*9ese & ! ,mexican s*emes1 :i* are id5tical 9 pr9ciple1 to ! same s\rce1 & to believe t !y 7 c>ri$ 9 opposite directions1 at diff]5t p]iods1 by seaf>]s & coloni/s1 animat$ by ! same purpose4 ,favorably e/abli%$ 9 di/ant regions1 bo? grew & fl\ri%$ dur+ c5turies1 con/itut+ analog\s examples ( an imm5se1 submissive1 native population liv+ "u a highly p]fect$1 artificial1 num]ical1 s*eme ( religi\s gov]nm5t1 pres]v$ intact & en=c$ by a rul+ ca/e1 :o possess$ sup]ior k & claim$ div9e desc5t4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 to ,*9ese & ,japanese s*ol>s & to ar*aeologi/s1 "s ( :om con/itute ! able /aff ( ! ,jesup ,exp$ition1 :o are inve/igat+ ! "q ( ,asiatic contact1 t ,i look = fur!r in=mation & enlight5m5t z to prehi/oric contact betwe5 ,*9a & ,am]ica47#aeg7 ,! =ego+ inve/igation seems to h %[n t 9 all c\ntries alike1 at "o p]iod or o!r1 ! cross-symbol or swa/ika express$ absolutely ! same mean+4 ,prim>ily ! record ( a ye>1 :i* sugge/$ ! division ( ! heav5 into f\r p>ts1 x _h come to signify ! e/abli%m5t ( communal life on a basis ( fix$ law1 ord] & h>mony4 ,l ! numb] f\r itself :i*1 9 ,py?agorean philosophy1 is id5tifi$ ) wisdom & ju/ice 8because x is ! fir/ squ>e numb]1 ! product ( equals10 ! cruci=m symbols h be5 ! emblems ( ju/ice1 equality & bro!rhood4 ,f ! dawn ( human hi/ory1 ! cross1 !re=e1 appe>s to h express$ a plan z simple z x 0 noble & great1 :i* consi/$ 9 peaceably unit+ m51 on pr9ciples ( good-w1 peace1 equity1 equality & mutual help1 ( in/itut+ & organiz+ communal life1 & ( regulat+ its activity 9 accord ) ! immutable laws :i* gov]n ! movem5ts ( cele/ial bodies1 caus+ ! circumpol> con/ellations to assume opposite positions1 =m+ ! sign ( ! cross1 & m>k+ seasons1 days & ye>s1 all te/ify+ to ! exi/5ce ( a s+le1 all-rul+1 all-p]vad+1 /able & et]nal c5tral p[]1 :o ?us controll$ n only ! heav5s b1 by a human repres5tative1 ! e>?ly k+dom1 laid out on ! cele/ial plan4 ,consid]+ t no less an au?ority ?an ,/4 ,augu/9e has ass]t$ 8t :i* is n[ call$ ! ,*ri/ian religion exi/$ among ! anci5ts1 & 9 fact 0 ) ! human race f ! beg9n+10 x is p]missible to ask :e!r ! above s*eme does n /rik+ly sub/antiate 8 dictum1 af=d a deep view "u ! surface ( accumulat$ dogma & a p]ception ( ! mighty pr9ciple t has be5 at "w f ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s & 0 und]/ood by _m at t "t :5 8! p t sat 9 d>kness saw great light1 & to !m :i* sat 9 ! region & %ad[ ( dea? light sprang up40444 8,f t "t ,jesus began to prea* & say1 #8,rep5t3 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&' 0 7,mat!w ,,iv1 #af1 #ag74 ,adopt+ ! cross z ! emblem ( 8 e>?ly mission he said3 8,if any man w come aft] me1 let him take up 8 cross & foll[ me40 ,by ! words3 8,i be> 9 my body ! m>k ( ! ,"l ,jesus10 ,/4 ,paul designates ! recogniz$ 8m>k0 to h be5 ! quadruplicate cross ( ! ,savi\r1 :o *>g$ 8 apo/les to prea*1 say+3 8! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&0 & promis$ !m t 8ye :i* h foll[$ me 9 ! reg5]ation1 :5 ! ,son ( ,man %all sit 9 ! ?rone ( 8 glory1 ye also %all sit ^u twelve ?rones1 judg+ ! twelve tribes ( ,israel0 7,mat!w ,,xix1 #bh74 ,! "m ( ,zeb$ee's *ildr5 came unto him ask+ t h] sons might sit 8! "o on ?y "r h& & ! o!r on ?y left1 9 ?y k+dom0 7,mat!w ,,xx1 #bj74 ,repeat$ly1 ! ,tea*]1 ref]r+ to *ildr51 said 8( su* is ! k+dom ( heav510 or 8,except ye be conv]t$ & become z little *ildr5 ye %all n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav540 ,/4 ,paul & 8 foll[]s 7 designat$ z 8^? t h turn$ ! _w upside d[n 444 do+ contr>y to ! decrees ( ,cs>1 say+ t !re is ano!r k+1 "o ,jesus0 7,acts ,,xvii1 #f & #g74 ,x is well kn[n t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur* 0 p]secut$ because1 f ! fir/1 x prea*$ a total reg5]ation ( human society & its re/abli%m5t ( a basis ( peace & good-w1 social equality1 absolute ju/ice1 mutual aid1 respect & sympa?y1 unselfi%1 dis9t]e/$ subs]vi5ce ( ! individual to ! int]e/ ( ! community4 ,x 0 = ! sublime pr9ciple ( a religi\s democracy & ! reg5]ation ( human society t1 9 an age ( tyranny1 oppression & blood%$1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian m>tyrs laid d[n _! lives4 ,! f\ndations ( religi\s ord]s 7 z _m attempts to realize ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 & to ?is day ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ^: cl]gy & religi\s ord]s unque/ionably af=d a spl5did liv+ example ( devotion to a common cause1 self-abnegation1 ob$i5ce & humility1 cl+s to ! ideal ( a /ate 9 :i* temporal p[] is wield$ by a hi]>*y rais$ to rul]%ip f all ranks1 m]ely by virtue ( p]sonal1 moral & intellectual qualities4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ! ideal ( religi\s democracy prevails4 ,ea* day x is pray$ = 9 ! words 8,?y k+dom come10 by ^? taught to look =w>d to ! promise ( ! "t :5 8=m] ?+s are pass$ away & a holy ,j]usalem %all desc5d out ( heav5 f ,god1 ly+ f\r-squ>e1 ) twelve gates1 & at ! gates twelve angels & names writt5 !reon :i* are ! names ( ! twelve tribes ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 444 & ! wall ( ! city _h twelve f\ndations & 9 !m ! names ( ! twelve apo/les ( ! ,lamb14444 ,& ,i saw no temple !re91 = ! ,"l ,god ,almighty & ! ,lamb are ! temple 9 x 444 b ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb %all be 9 x4444 ,& he %[$ me a pure riv] ( wat] ( life1 cle> z cry/al1 proce$+ out ( ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! /reet ( x & on ei!r side ( ! riv] 0 !re a tree ( life1 :i* bore twelve mann] ( fruits & yield$ h] fruit e mon? 4440 7,revelation1 *aps4 ,,xxi & ,,xxii74 ,x appe>s significant1 9 ! light ( ! pres5t inve/igation1 t ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity1 z well z ! revival ( pagan sy/ems ( philosophy1 embody+ pr9ciples = ! organization ( religi\s bro!rhoods & ideal democracies1 %\ld co9cide ) ! spread ( ! great tid+s t a /> _h be5 se5 by ! ,magi1 or 8wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 :o came f ! ea/ to ,j]usalem40 ,occurr+1 z x did1 aft] 8! int]regnum z reg>ds pole-/>s10 dur+ :i* nomadic tribes & seaf>]s _h va9ly s\ght ! fix$ /> :i* _h guid$ _! =efa!rs1 ! appe>ance ( a brilliant pole-/> mu/ h seem$ d\bly significant & reviv$1 among pagan philosoph]s1 ! ideal ( an e>?ly k+dom rul$ by ,heav54 ,! adv5t1 at ?is "t1 ( ! ,messiah :o1 ) 8 twelve disciples1 ann\nc$ t ! k+dom ( heav5 0 nigh & taught t ,god 0 to be wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,_s only1 mu/ inde$ h appe>$ p>ticul>ly impressive & well-tim$4 ,fai?fully cl++ to ! ideal ( a reg5]at$ religi\s democracy1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur* ma9ta9$ itself ?r\gh c5turies ( p]secution & is sl[ly advanc+1 amid/ almo/ ov]:elm+ & innum]able difficulties1 t[>ds its realization4 ,return+ to ,mexico we f9d t its civilization at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ 0 precisely :at might be expect$ if a small body ( m5 ( sup]ior wisdom & exp]i5ce1 su* z 0 possess$ by a remnant ( ,grco-,egyptian philosoph]s1 _h emb>k$ 9 %ips mann$ by ! desc5dants ( ,phnician seaf>]s1 & f\nd refuge 9 ! 8l& ( ! ,we/10 among/ simple1 docile p1 exi/+ 9 l>ge numb]s1 :o1 treat$ 8z little *ildr5 & in/ruct$ ) love & g5tl5ess1 will+ly submitt$ !mselves to ! guidance ( _! tea*]s40 ,a s+le1 %ort-liv$ g5]ation ( ^! w\ld h amply suffic$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! gov]nm5tal sy/em & cal5d>1 ! firm in/itution ( a 8cele/ial k+dom10 & ! spread ( k ( ! te*nique ( v>i\s arts & indu/ries deem$ mo/ useful to ! natives4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! =eign elem5t1 ^: aims 7 *iefly ideal1 c\ld h left little or no impression ^u ! evolution ( ! native race1 its art & indu/ry1 :i* d\btlessly foll[$ its orig9al indep5d5t l9e ( developm5t4 ,x is rem>kable h[ ! e*o ( great ev5ts 9 ,old ,_w hi/ory seem to h rea*$ ! ,we/]n hemisph]e4 ,9 ! ,old ,_w ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies 7 m>k$ by a revival ( religi\s en?usiasm1 by ! ,crusades1 ! p]secution ( infidels by ! ,*ri/ian _w & by a g5]al /irr+ among/ ori5tal p1 ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t pole-/> wor%ipp]s4 ,hi/orical records & traditions accord 9 /at+ t 9 ab\t ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies ( our era1 ! civilizations ( ,mexico1 ,yucatan & ,c5tral ,am]ica und]w5t a great p]iod ( w>f>e1 pe/il5ce & fam9e1 lead+ to ! dis9tegration ( ! great anci5t c5tres1 to numb]less migrations1 & to an assumption ( dom9ion 9 ,mexico by a fi]ce w>rior-race :o increas$ ! numb] ( human sacrifices4 ,x seems significant t x is to ?is tr\bl\s p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,am]ica t ! adv5t ( ! ,incas 9 ,p]u is assign$ by native tradition1 :i* also records ! exi/5ce ( m anci5t c5tres ( civilization situat$ ar\nd ! ,titicaca lake4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ,inca empire is assign$ to z late z ab\t #abjj ,a4,d4 7see p4 #adh1 note #a71 & all :o comp>e ,plato's s*eme = ! re/abli%m5t ( ! holy polity ( ! ,magnetes1 & ! description ( ! ,p]uvian 8,f\r 9 ,"o0 /ate1 mu/ admit t ! latt] con/itutes ! mo/ p]fect example kn[n1 ( a community bas$ on ^? num]ical pr9ciples :i* 7 consid]$ mo/ p]fect by ,plato4 ,at a fir/ glance "o might be tempt$ to conclude t ! =eign civiliz]s ( ,p]u1 ! ,incas1 7 acqua9t$ ) ,plato's twelve-fold s*eme & delib]ately e/abli%$ or re/abli%$ a 8div9e polity0 accord+ly1 nam+ x ! 8,f\r 9 ,"o0 & in/itut+ ! wor%ip ( a supreme div9ity designat$ z 8,e>?1 ,air1 ,fire & ,wat] 9 ,"o10 9 consonance ) ! cosmical !ory said to h be5 fir/ =mulat$ by ,emp$ocles ab\t ,b4,c4 #ddd1 & adopt$ by ,plato4 ,reflection %[s1 h[ev]1 t no su* conclusion is ju/ifiable until compet5t au?orities h ?or\ghly inve/igat$ & satisfactorily e/abli%$ h[ f> ! ideas ( ,emp$ocles & ,plato 7 orig9al & h[ f> !y incorporat$ old] philosophical ideas1 su* z 7 pres]v$ by ! ,egyptian prie/hood or _h be5 dissem9at$ by ! ,phnicians47#aeh7 ,nev]!less x is an und5iable fact t ! ,inca colony con/itutes a mo/ valuable object-lesson ( a 8cosmical /ate0 f\nd$ on precisely ! num]ical s*eme & pr9ciples ( organization advocat$ by ,plato4 ,reflection %[s1 moreov]1 t su* a polity c\ld only h be5 e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ itself dur+ c5turies1 9 a l& free f enemies & among/ docile p 8apt = subjection40 ,a significant result ( a critical comp>ison ( ! cele/ial k+doms ( ,p]u & ,mexico is ! p]ception t1 9 ! =m]1 z 9 ,egypt1 a h]$it>y sov]eignty 0 ex]cis$ by male & female sac]dotal rul]s ( a 8div9e l9e ( desc5t40 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d1 9 ,mexico1 a /ate ( affairs 9 exact accordance ) ,montezuma's acc\nt ( ! behavior ( 8 pr$ecessors t[>ds ! "l :o _h l$ !m & presid$ ov] ! f\ndation ( ! ,mexican empire4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce !y1 8 vassals1 e/abli%$ democratical pr9ciples & :5 he return$1 hav+ int]m>ri$ ) wom5 ( ! c\ntry & f\nd$ new cities1 !y refus$ to recognize 8 au?ority & let him dep>t4 ,f ,montezuma himself we le>n t1 al?\gh !y ?us emancipat$ !mselves f _! =m] "l1 !y cont9u$ to reg>d !mselves z dep5d5t & ow+ allegiance to ! "m-city :5ce !y _h come4 ,until ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 h[ev]1 !y 7 gov]n$ by rul]s :om !y elect$1 & :o _h ris5 9 rank m]ely by virtue ( _! moral & intellectual di/9ction4 ,x is inde$ deeply sugge/ive & impressive to realize t1 9 antiquity z 9 mod]n times1 ! ,am]ican ,cont95t seems to h be5 s\ght1 z a place ( refuge1 by m5 ^: ideals h be5 /ate in/itutions f\nd$ on democratic pr9ciples4 ,! anci5t polities ( ,mexico & ,p]u &1 :at is m1 ! ar*aic ,pueblos ( to-day1 alike furni% examples ( conditions1 su* z und\bt$ly exi/$ 9 ,m$it]ranean c\ntries 9 anci5t times & inspir$ ,greek /atesm5 & philosoph]s to plan ideal polities1 & mu/ h prec$$ ! creation ( ! ,jewi% & e>ly ,*ri/ian spiritualiz$ ideal ( a ,new ,j]usalem1 p]vad$ ?r\gh\t by ! ,div9e ,_s4 ,9 conclusion1 !re are a few po9ts :i* ,i recomm5d to ! consid]ation ( /ud5ts4 ,diff]5t writ]s h1 z ,prescott summ>izes1 ) c]ta9ty disc]n$ 9 ! highe/ ,am]ican civilizations1 a ,semitic or an ,egyptian or an ,asiatic orig94 ,?is rem>kable comb9ation ( features1 di/9ctively *>act]i/ic ( ! said civilizations1 actually exi/$ among/ ! ,phnicians :o1 z ,pr(essor ,sayce relates1 7 alli$ to ! ,semitic race1 7 affect$ by contact ) _! c\s9s ! ,arameans or ,syrians1 p5etrat$ to ! coa/ ( ,india1 d]iv$ _! art f ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 & lat] f ,assyria1 & 8knew h[ to comb9e toge!r ! elem5ts x _h receiv$ & to return !m1 modifi$ & improv$1 to ! c\ntries f :i* !y _h be5 borr[$40 ,9 ! case ( ,india & ,*9a x is an e/abli%$ & accept$ tru? t an active communication exi/$ betwe5 ^! c\ntries & ,asia ,m9or1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on by a race ( seaf>]s & coloni/s4 ,:5 x is realiz$ t1 ?r\gh !m1 di/ant regions became kn[n & accessible1 & t at "o "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy1 = in/ance1 /atesm51 philosoph]s & ma!maticians alike rivall$ ea* o!r 9 plann+ ideal /ates1 bas$ on ! id5tical pr9ciple3 ! h>moniz+ ( human life ) ,nature's laws2 x seems b rational to inf] t1 at diff]5t times1 b&s ( en?usia/s1 adopt+ "o num]ical s*eme 9 pref]5ce to ano!r1 & l$ p]haps by its inv5tor or disciples1 set out 9 se>* ( di/ant c\ntries :]e !y c\ld undi/urb$ly e/abli% 8cele/ial k+doms0 accord+ to _! ideal plan4 ,to su* an ent]prise z ?is ,i v5ture to assign ! e/abli%m5t ( ! cele/ial k+dom ( ,*9a1 draw+ att5tion to ,biot's /atem5t1 cit$ on p4 #bih1 t ye> cycles 7i4 e4 ! sociological & *ronological sy/em s9ce 9 use7 7 introduc$ !re f ,india1 aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?is be+ ! case1 contr>y to ! claims ( a mu* great] antiquity by ,*9ese s*ol>s1 ! pres5t =m ( ! 8cele/ial k+dom0 appe>s to date f ! arrival 9 ,*9a1 f ,p]sia1 ( ,semitic emigrants1 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( our era 7see p4 #cjc71 & to h und]gone a c]ta9 re-modell+ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! six? c5tury1 aft] ! arrival ( a b& ( ,syrian ,*ri/ians 7p4 #cjd74 ,po9t+ out t ^! dates w\ld make x appe> z ?\gh ! cyclical sy/ems ( ,india & ,ea/]n ,asia _h be5 =mulat$ "u ! direct or indirect influ5ce ( ,greek philosophy1 ,i obs]ve t ! date ( _! introduction & e/abli%m5t assigns !m to approximately ! same p]iod :i* produc$ ! num]ical s*eme adopt$ by ,con/ant9e1 ,maya & ,mexican cal5drical & *ronological s*eme4 ,at ! p]iod :5 ,con/ant9e e/abli%$ ,new ,rome & in/itut$ f\r divisions ( ! empire1 ea* divid$ into ?irte5 yield+ a total ( fifty-two prefectures1 !re liv$ 9 ,byzantium a philosoph] & rhetorician 7#cae-cij ,a4,d47 ^: "n 0 ,!mi/ius & :o fill$ ! (fice ( prefect ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,x is well kn[n t ! attempt ?us to organize ! empire prov$ fruitless & t ! proclamation ( ,*ri/ianity z ! religion ( 8 empire by ,!odosius ,i 7#cgi ,a4,d47 inaugurat$ a prolong$ p]secution ( pagan religion & philosophy 7see p4 #ecj74 ,is x inadmissible to consid] at lea/ ! possibility t1 disappo9t$ & driv5 f _! l&1 "s ( ^? :o clung to ! anci5t ideal1 & 7 acqua9t$ ) ! p]fect$ s*eme ( /ate organization in/itut$ by ,con/ant9e dur+ ! lifetime ( ,!mi/ius1 c>ri$ x at a lat] p]iod1 to ! 8hidd5 l&0 ( ! ,we/ & e/abli%$ x !re1 :]e x 0 pres]v$ intact until ! "t ( ! ,spani% ,conque/8 ,is x by accid5t only t "o ( ! names ( ! capital ( anci5t ,mexico1 z pres]v$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,corts & ,b]nal ,diaz is ,temi/itan1 lit]ally 8l& ( ,temis10 ! ,nahuatl language n furni%+ any mean+ to ! latt] ^w8 ,c x be t1 j z ! ^w ,teotl1 resembl+ ,!os1 is f\nd on ,mexican soil1 employ$ ) ! same mean+ z 9 ,greek1 ! "n ,temi/itan means 8! l& ( e/abli%$ law1 ord] & ju/ice0 d$icat$ to ! ,greek ,!mis1 j z ,new ,rome 0 d$icat$ to ,s(ia,wisdom8 ,or did "s sort ( connection exi/ betwe5 ! "n ( ! ,mexican capital1 ! sy/em on :i* x 0 e/abli%$ & ! philosoph] ,!mi/ius8 ,is x by *ance m]ely t ! /ate cal5d> ( ,temi/itan 0 bas$ on #daceb divisions1 & t ,!mi/ius ( ,byzantium1 a memb] ( t s*ool ( philosophy :i* _h evolv$ numb]less plans & num]ical s*emes = ideal /ates1 %\ld h held "o ( ! #daceb prefectures dur+ ,con/ant9e's reign8 ,9 ord] to make ! mo/ rapid advance t[>ds a solution ( ! great problem ( ! orig9 ( ,am]ican civilizations1 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ,ori5tali/s & ,am]icani/s %\ld comb9e & fre%ly /udy x f opposite po9ts ( view4 ,"o side might be tak5 by ^? :o incl9e to admit ! possibility t a few ,phnician trad]s discov]$ ! ,am]ican cont95t 9 anci5t times & t1 subsequ5tly1 ^? to :om !y imp>t$ _! discov]y & _! successors1 ! d>+ ,greek navigators1 convey$ ?i!r1 at int]vals1 b&s ( refugees or en?usia/s :o brav$ dang] & dea?1 9 ! hope ( rea*+ ! bless$ l& :]e1 free f p]secution1 !y c\ld f\nd ideal democracies or div9e polities4 ,besides /udy+ & add+ to ! numb]less simil>ities :i* h be5 cit$ by s _m diff]5t au?orities & to :i* ,i h add$ a mode/ contribution1 let !m produce evid5ce %[+ ! improbability t ! id5tical =ms ( cult1 religion1 social organization1 cal5d> cycles & num]ical s*emes %\ld h be5 indep5d5tly evolv$ two or m times by di/9ct races4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let ^? :o hold ! view t ,am]ican civilization 0 purely auto*?on\s1 advance gr\nds = ! supposition t x develop$ a s*ool ( philosophical speculation & t ,am]ica produc$ its ,emp$ocles & its ,plato4 ,let !m also =mulate ! psy*ical law :i* caus$ ! ,am]ican race to =mulate ! f\r elem5ts1 recogniz$ z su* by ! philosoph]s ( ,india & ,greece1 & n ! five ( ,*9ese philosophy2 & to evolve num]ical s*emes appli$ to social organization1 id5tical ) ^? curr5t 9 ,india1 ,we/]n ,asia & ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 b diff]5t f t employ$ 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,x w also be incumb5t ^u !m n only to disprove ,am]ican traditions1 :i* record ! introduction ( a high] civilization & plans ( social organization by /rang]s1 b also to demon/rate t1 al?\gh 9 anci5t times1 ,phnician trad]s c>ri$ on an active traffic ) ,brita91 d>+ ! p]ils ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 !y c\ld n possibly h v5tur$ across ! s\!rn ,atlantic1 ev5 9 ! mo/ favorable seasons4 ,x has rema9$ a s\rce ( s9c]e regret to me t circum/ances prev5t$ my att5d+ ! ,ori5tali/ ,congress :i* met at ,rome1 9 ,octob]1 #ahii1 "u ! presid5cy ( ! illu/ri\s ,c\nt ,angelo de ,gub]natis1 to :om cr$it is due = hav+ fir/ sugge/$ & plann$ t a section ( ! ,congress %\ld devote itself to ! discussion ( prehi/oric contact or connection betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,worlds4 ,) an apology = my non-att5dance & consequ5t failure to aid 9 organiz+ ! section & c>ry+ out a plan :i* met ) my en?usia/ic approval1 ,i v5ture to submit ! pres5t inve/igation to ! ,presid5t & (fic]s ( ! ,ori5tali/ ,congress ) ! e>ne/ hope t x may conta9 mat]ial & sugge/ions = fruitful discussions dur+ ! next ,congress held1 & t ^! may be c>ri$ on 9 a section devot$ to ! consid]ation ( facts relat+ to prehi/oric ,am]ica & its relation to ! ,old ,_w4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages ! view is advanc$ t ! anci5t cross-symbol or swa/ika 0 fir/ us$ by man1 presumably 9 circumpol> regions1 z a record ( ! opposite positions assum$1 by circumpol> con/ellations1 9 p]=m+ _! nocturnal & annual circuit ar\nd ,pol>is4 ,employ$ z a ye> sign 9 ! fir/ case1 ! cross or swa/ika lat] became ! symbol ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 ( quadruplicate division & ( a /able c5tral p[] ^: rule ext5d$ 9 f\r directions & controll$ ! entire ,heav54 ,at "s remote p]iod ( antiquity man develop$ ! idea ( social organization &1 9 ,india1 anci5t ,egypt & ,babylonia-,assyria1 actual pro(s exi/ t ! e>lie/ cities & /ates 7 divid$ into f\r qu>t]s1 a division involv+ ! di/ribution ( ! population into f\r tribes "u a c5tral *ief4 ,:]ev] ?is division 0 c>ri$ out1 x repres5t$ an attempt to h>monize human society & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ideal ( a religi\s democracy1 f\nd$ on pr9ciples ( law1 ord]1 ju/ice1 peace & good w4 ,! pyramid1 a primitive =m ( :i* consi/$ ( f\r /ories1 & cruci=m sacr$ /ructures1 may be reg>d$ z monum5ts commemorat+ a cosmical & t]ritorial organization into f\r p>ts4 ,! m ext5d$ conception ( sev5 directions 9 space1 consi/+ ( ! ,above & ,bel[1 or ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s & ! sacr$ ,middle1 ! synopsis ( all1 0 also evolv$4 ,9 ! conf$]ations ( ,india & ,iran1 & ,arabia1 9 ! sev5-/ori$ t[]s ( ,babylonia1 & 9 ! division ( ! ,egyptians into sev5 classes1 we f9d ! e>lie/ traces ( a practical application ( ?is num]ical division4 ,! anci5t hi/orical records ( ,egypt & ,greece reveal t1 9 ! e>lie/ polities1 ! population 0 divid$ into gr\ps consi/+ ( a fix$ numb] ( individuals1 (ficially repres5t$ by *iefta9s1 or (fic]s ( ! /ate1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 a /ate =m$ a unit1 con/itut$ accord+ to a ma!matical s*eme1 :i* 0 also appli$ to ! regulation ( "t4 ,ea* (fic] ( ! /ate held (fice = a fix$ t]m1 9 a prescrib$ ord] ( rotation4 ,! ye> 0 divid$ into a fix$ numb] ( seasons1 m>k$ by ! positions ( a circumpol> con/ellation1 & ?is !re=e appe>$ to regulate n only ! cycle ( "t b ! gov]nm5tal rotation ( (fice & ! entire activity ( ! community4 ,/>t+ f a common basis ( quadruplicate division 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 a great v>iety ( con/itutions ( /ate 0 indep5d5tly inv5t$ by /atesm5 & philosoph]s1 :o devis$ cycles produc$ by diff]5t comb9ations ( numb]s & signs1 ! object be+ to regulate "t & communal life 9 imitation ( ! law1 ord] & h>mony exi/+ 9 ! motion ( ! />s & "u ! guidance ( a supreme rul]1 ! e>?ly repres5tative ( ,pol>is4 ,! orig9 ( ^! ideas & gov]nm5tal s*eme1 9 ! ,old ,_w1 is assign$ by compet5t au?orities to a nor!rn race :i* _h discov]$ ! art ( fire-mak+ & evolv$ a religi\s cult & ritual sugge/$ by x1 9 association ) pole-/> wor%ip4 ,_! civilization is suppos$ to h be5 develop$ by contact ) a s\!rn race1 9 ,phrygia1 & to h be5 c>ri$ at a remote p]iod by _! seaf>+ desc5dants to ,india1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,egypt & beyond ! pill>s ( ,h]cules1 to ,european c\ntries1 situat$ on ! ,atlantic4 ,! pres5t inve/igation br+s into prom95ce ! fact t1 j z ! old] ,&ean art closely resembles t ( ! e>ly ,m$it]ranean1 an obs]vation fir/ made by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam17#aei7 s ! fundam5tal pr9ciples1 num]ical s*eme & plan ( ! /ate f\nd$ by ! =eign ,incas 9 ,p]u1 resembl$ ^? =mulat$ by ,plato 9 8 description ( an ideal /ate4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 on :i* ! writ] lays utmo/ /ress1 t1 :]eas !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ! ,mexican & ,p]uvian divisions ( ! elem5ts & num]ical cycles1 ! ,am]ican sy/ems exactly agree ) ^? prop\nd$ by ,greek philosoph]s & said to h rea*$ !m f m anci5t c5tres ( culture1 presumably ?r\gh ! ,phnicians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re und\bt$ly exi/ rem>kable analogies betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ,h9du & ,mexican sociological1 *ronological1 cyclical sy/ems1 _! pr9ciples be+ precisely ! same4 ,^! close analogies z well z ! m>k$ div]g5ces :i* h be5 not$ c only be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = by ! assumption t ea* ( ^! c\ntries d]iv$ _! civilization f ! same s\rce4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 diff]5t writ]s h po9t$ out und5iable analogies & resemblances betwe5 ! highe/ =ms ( ,am]ican civilization & t ( ,*9a1 ,india1 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,m$it]ranean & ,we/]n ,european c\ntries4 ,at ! same "t mod]n rese>* has %[n t ! seaf>]s1 :om we %all conv5i5tly designate z ! ,phnicians1 act$ z ! int]m$i>ies ( anci5t ,old ,_w civilization & =mulat$ a culture :i* incorporat$ & =m$ a curi\s comp\nd ( elem5ts drawn f diff]5t c\ntries & p4 ,:ile inve/igation1 moreov]1 reveals t ! conque/ ( ,phnicia & int]mitt5t p]iods ( w>f>e & p]secution direct$ aga9/ ! religion & democratic pr9ciples ( its p1 mu/ h furni%$ ! mo/ p[]ful inc5tive = !m to ext5d _! voyages ( discov]y & seek di/ant l&s :]e colonies might be e/abli%$4 ,x is obvi\s t1 if safe places ( refuge 7 f\nd1 _! exi/5ce w\ld rema9 a secret & t1 9 c\rse ( "t1 a complete isolation ( di/ant colonies w\ld result4 ,consid]+ t x w\ld be premature to =mulate a f9al conclusion on a subject :i* dem&s s mu* m inve/igation1 ,i m]ely obs]ve "h t1 z f> z ,i c see1 ! conditions :i* exi/$ & survive among/ ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica w\ld be fully acc\nt$ = by ! assumption t !y receiv$ c]ta9 elem5ts ( culture & civilization f ,m$it]ranean seaf>]s :o1 at widely sep>at$1 critical p]iods ( ,old ,_w hi/ory1 may h transport$ refugees & w\ld-be coloni/s or f\nd]s ( ideal republics & 8div9e polities0 to diff]5t p>ts ( ! hidd5 or div9e l& ( 8! ,we/10 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 kn[n by tradition to ! ,egyptian prie/hood4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is app>5t h[ ! ,am]ican ,cont95t c\ld h become an isolat$ area ( pres]vation :]e ar*aic & primitive =ms ( civilization1 religi\s cult1 symbolism & indu/ries1 drawn at diff]5t epo*s1 f v>i\s1 m or less important c5tres or f ! outpo/s ( ,old ,_w culture1 w\ld be h&$ d[n1 trans=m$ ?r\gh ! active & increas+ influ5ce ( ! native elem5ts4 ,! latt] mu/ always h be5 m>k$ly pr$om9ant s9ce x mu/ be assum$1 if at all1 t ! numb] ( individuals :o rea*$ ,am]ica1 & ! subsequ5t duration ( _! lives1 mu/ h be5 extremely limit$4 ,:at is m1 z ,montezuma relat$ t ! coloni/s1 f :om he desc5d$1 m>ri$ native wom51 x is obvi\s t1 f ! outset1 =eign & native influ5ces 7 comb9$4 ,!re 0 "o ma9 elem5t1 h[ev]1 und]ly+ bo? =eign & native civilizations1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( bo?1 unit$ & made !m z "o1 namely1 ! recognition ( fix$ immutable laws gov]n+ ! univ]se1 atta9$1 by bo? races1 by long-cont9u$ obs]vation ( ,pol>is & ! 8,nor!rn0 con/ellations4 ,to me ! mo/ preci\s result ( ! prec$+ inve/igation is ! gradual recognition t ! entire intellectual1 moral & religi\s evolution ( mank9d has be5 ! result ( ! fix$ laws :i* gov]n ! univ]se4 ,f ! "t :5 our _w began to revolve 9 space1 at int]vals1 a lum9\s po9t ( fixity 9 space has exi/$ & an unkn[n =ce1 irresi/ible z t :i* controls ! magnetic ne$le & gyro/at17#afj7 appe>s to h rais$ ! m9d ( man f ignorance & d>kness & guid$ 8 foot/eps t[>ds a high] scale ( exi/5ce & a m elevat$ conception ( a supreme c5tral p[]4 ,f ?is1 among/ favor$ races1 ! high] conception ( an invisible supreme deity seems to h be5 gradually develop$ by ! human m9d1 z x rose 9 ! scale ( spiritual evolution4 ,to _m1 ! idea t x 0 ! obs]vation ( ! />s & ! recognition ( ! fixity ( ,pol>is :i* fir/ l$ man to realize ! exi/5ce ( immutable laws1 & ( a supreme cele/ial p[] rul+ ! univ]se & to =m ! sacr$ sign ( ! cross1 w appe> z ! fulfilm5t ( ! text 9 ,g5esis1 :i* expressly m5tions z ! fir/1 & !re=e *ief1 purpose = :i* ! lights 9 ! firmam5t 7 creat$1 t 8!y %\ld be = signs & port5ts1 = seasons1 = days & ye>s 444 & = lights40 ,:5 we realize t all revolv+ sph]es 9 space1 & ! be+s t may live ^u !m1 h be51 are1 or %all be subject to ! same conditions z gov]n our t9y _w1 =c+ _! intellectual evolution to proce$ 9 p>allel l9es to ours1 we are compell$ to recognize ! exi/5ce ( ,"o ,great ,plan1 & to r5d] rev]5t homage to ! ,ma/]-,ar*itect ( ! ,univ]se4 ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,comp>ative ,,table ,,( ,,"s ,,que*ua1 ,,nahuatl ,,& ,,maya ,,words4 ,,que*ua4 ,,nahuatl4 ,,maya4 hatungreat4 hueygreat4 pax"n ( pa*a"t1 pa*tli"n ( fe/ival 9 "n ( annual annual h>ve/ :i* pray]s h>ve/ fe/ival4 7 (f]$ to fe/ival4 obta9 abundant h>ve/4 yacu & atlwat]4 haawat]4 unuwat]4 aakmoi/4 aakallagoon4 ya*haacanal1 /ream ( wat]4 pihi-huyfir/ pil-conetlinfant born4 son4 pillinobleman1 or son4 pilhuahe :o has sons4 pilli! f+]s4 allgood4 qualligood4 yca*a mala-ca*oa1 frequ5tative4 v]b1 to sp9 or ahuato sp9 or twi/ or turn weave4 some?+ ar\nd ahua-yca*ato cont9u\sly4 sp9 malacatlsp9dle4 cont9u\sly4 icpacto be on ticpacto lie ! top ( m\? upw>ds4 some?+ high4 ticnu! ticatlamidnight4 z5i?4 cosca?+s cozcatlbeads1 t are alike1 /rung preci\s necklace4 /ones1 metaphorically us$ to designate "o's *ildr54 maqui or maitlh&4 kabh&4 makih&4 macpallipalm ( tankabpalm ( makip-pampapalm h&4 panaffix1 h&4 ( h&4 mean+ ^u1 pampa"n = above4 pla94 humihuasmall comitle>!n cume>!n vessel4 vessel4 vessel4 hoo*vessel 9 g5]al4 hunu & hunia hun"o4 numb]1 a hunk9*il"o4 division ( m51 c\nt#ajajj1jjj4 t5 ?\s& 7,m>kham74 hunuall4 pallawoman ( tlapalli-eztlinobility noble bir?4 ( blood or l9eage 7metaphor74 pallca! tlapallicolor or dye4 pal1 pa'al1 f+]s1 or tlapaloloniwor?y ( palal1 bran*es ( a be+ rev]5c$ & palil*ild1 boy1 tree salut$4 s]vant4 7,*9*aysuyo tlapaliuiable-bodi$1 dialect47 m>riageable "y man4 atlapalliw+ ( a bird1 leaf ( tree4 cuitlapilli1 atlapallimetaphor signify+ ! p & s]vants ( ! /ate1 lit]ally ! tail & w+ ( a bird4 ,x is q obvi\s h[ ?is metaphor came to be employ$4 ,! words = tail & w+ respectively t]m9ate ) pilli ! ^w designat+ nobleman1 ! upp] class1 & palli1 signify+ ! l[] class1 wom51 boys1 s]vants4 ,! head ( ! bird signifi$ ! *ief & ! two eyes & two halves ( ! beak convey$ ! idea ( duality1 or two 9 "o4 ,!re are indications t ! "r foot1 ) its f\r claws1 symboliz$ ! f\r *ief rul]s ( ! ,above & ! left foot ! f\r rul]s ( ! ,bel[4 ,! control ( ! feet & entire body 01 ( c\rse1 assign$ to ! head4 ,x is only :5 ! full metaphorical significance ( ! eagle1 z an emblem ( ! /ate1 is und]/ood1 t ! mean+ ( ! eagle 9 ! arms ( ,mexico & ! native bird symbolism beg9 to become app>5t4 ,i h %[n t 9 ,p]u & ,yucatan ! ^w = head 0 synonym\s = *ief4 ,x rema9s to be asc]ta9$ h[ f> ! same symbolism prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! ,am]ican ,cont95t & :e!r 9 o!r cases ! words = bird1 w+s1 tail & claws are homonym\s or synonym\s = ! /ate & its divisions4 ,among/ ! ,zuis ! ,/ate & entire s*eme ( organization is associat$ ) ! imag9>y =m ( a quadrup$ & 9 ,mexico !re are indications t at "o "t ! human =m 0 reg>d$ z an emblem ( ! ,/ate & its subdivisions4 ,?is subject is ref]r$ to m fully 9 ! text4 ,,que*ua4 ,,nahuatl4 ,,maya4 ,uira-co*a"n ,9 ! native ( my?ical h>angues ! p]sonage & ,supreme ,be+ title ( is ref]r$ to ,creator4 z be+ l an unfa?omable abyss4 ixa*icatlanabyss4 ixa*igreat1 mu*4 co*caco*-allpafall[ co*ito sleep4 cu*ilplace or l&1 8ti]ra tlaco*calli t[n4 de descanso03 lit]ally h\se ( ah-cu*-cab! lit]ally1 l& re/1 burial *ief or rul] t is t[]s4 ( a t[n or re/+4 place4 collana excell5t1 pr9cipal1 sov]eign1 fir/ & be/ ( ea* species4 collanan aylluroyal coyauacsome?+ l9e1 "n us$ by ! broad1 l a ,incas4 coyapr9cess ( spr+ ( wat] or royal blood1 virg91 a w9d[7#afa7 que54 hapi*ititle1 mean+ tlapixquititle ( pizmeasure1 ! collector ( "s prie/s1 quantity4 produce1 he :o collects lit]ally1 he :o pizilto or ga!rs 94 ga!rs 9 ! measure4 h>ve/4 ,cf4 pixquitlh>ve/1 etc4 tianito sit d[n4 tiacauanbrave m51 tialtic tiyanaseat ( honor /rong w>riors4 appurt5ance1 su* z 7 employ$ z tiyacapanfir/-born4 "r ( m>k ( *iefta9%ip4 tiyacapanyotl! possession4 huahua-tianamatrix4 "r ( tiya-*icuto be sell+ primog5iture & some?+ 9 ! public prop]ty4 squ>e4 tiya*ito (f] tianquiztlim>ket1 or place some?+ 9 also place or ! public squ>e to be squ>e :]e m>ket sold or ex*ang$4 0 held4 micuyfood4 tiamiquiztliact ( buy+ or sell+4 tiamictlim]*&ise47#afb7 9-ti or 9-t9! sun4 tona-ti-uh! sun1 k9! sun4 lit]ally1 t :i* %9es4 mitimaes"n = ce-mitimesons ( "o coloni/s4 "m4 taytafa!r4 tatlifa!r4 mama"m4 ta-tz9fa!r1 rev]5tial hu>miwoman4 =m4 nantli"m4 ,mama-ciuaco"n ( a nantz9rev]5tial =m4 female rul] ( royal cihuatlwoman4 mamav]b1 blood1 "m ( ,inca to rule4 ,rocca4 umalit]ally1 ! head1 ome1 lit]ally two1 title hool1 ppool or title ( prie/4 ,+ua ( head prie/1 = pul1 head1 or ,incatitle ( in/ance3 ome acatl1 ome *iefta91 ,p]uvian rul]4 to*tli4 quaitlhead4 beg9n+4 9-quaitl! head4 quaabbreviation = quaitl 7see ,sahagun1 book ,,ix1 *ap4 ,,xxix1 p>4 #f74 ,tonapa"n ( culture tonal p\hquediv9] or h]o :o e/abli%$ soo?say]1 f v]b ,inca civilization at tonalpoato div9e by signs ,tiahuanaco1 erect$ or c\nt fe/ivals by l>ge cross1 etc41 made anci5t cal5d> 7,mol9a 8 way to ! ocean & diction>y74 ,cf4 dep>t$4 tonal-mitlray ( sun2 lit]ally1 sun's arr[1 f tona-tiuhsun4 ,cf4 tona-catzon! anci5t m51 or ! ru9s4 ticsif\ndation4 icxitlfoot4 ticsikf\nd]4 icx9ecuiltica lame tecci-muyu-pa*a! p]son4 ,cf4 "n ( ,ursa entire _w or ,major4 qua tecciztle univ]se4 lit]ally3 8heads decorat$ ) %ell40disciples ( ,quetzalcoatl 8:o call$ !mselves sons ( ! sun & toltecas40 ,cf4 ,ticitlm$ic9e man or woman1 a/rolog] or div9es1 :o employ$ ! pe>l-oy/] %ell tici-caxitl1 = div9atory purposes4 yoal-ticitltitle ( e>?-"m1 or ance/ress ( human race1 ^: symbol 0 a sea-snailtecciztli4 ,pa*a-,ya*a*ictitle ( pa*oav]b1 to rule or amspid]4 ,supreme ,be+ or ,creator gov]n o!rs4 yacanato aman,nor?4 translat$ z guide o!rs1 to gov]n a ah-m5he :o pa*a_w1 "t4 t[n1 to lead ! bl9d4 builds4 pac*aspid]4 paccama*tiato tea* ah-pakcahhe ya*a*ic! tea*] *e]fully & ) :o f\nds a f ya*ato le>n ) pati5ce4 amantecaskill$ t[n & affix *i1 means to artisans4 peoples x4 tea*1 l ru-ra*ito cause o!rs to make some?+74 ,pa*acamactitle ( ,creator4 pa-*ac-an or yaca-tecuhtli1 title ( ! bacabtitle ( pa-*a-catitle ( god ( ! travell]s or ! rul]s ( (fic] ( ! ,inca4 m]*ants1 lit]ally ! f\r ccapactitle ( supreme mean+ ! "l :o prov9ces or rul]2 ccapac apu1 male guides1 gov]ns or leads4 qu>t]s4 rul]2 ccapac ,! names ( 8 five *actitle ( ccoyafemale rul]4 bro!rs 7 f\r assi/ants ,*iconquiauitl1 ,xomocuitl1 ( high prie/4 ,nacxitl1 ,co*imetl1 ,yacapitzauac4 ,! si/] :o complet$ ! gr\p ( sev51 0 nam$ ,*almeca-ciuatl 7,sahagun1 op4 cit4 ,book ,i1 *ap4 ,,xix74 ,?is god & 8 six bre?r51 to :om ! m]*ants (f]$ sacrifices :5 !y _h safely return$ f _! p]il\s & long exp$itions1 d\btlessly 7 ,pol>is & ! ,ursa ,m9or or ,major4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,a ,,pray]-,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,/>-,,wor%ipp]s4 ,sook-es-,%ookh1 on ! riv] ,euphrates1 9 ! ,mesopotamian villayet1 ?\gh an int]e/+ spot1 is n an impos+ or attractive place4 ,l mo/ ( ! t[nlets 9 ?is "p ( ,asia ,m9or1 x is j a /raggl+1 ov]gr[n village1 a few "o-/ori$ pla/]$ h\ses1 ) flat ro(s & n>r[ doorways1 dott$ "h & !re1 a numb] ( wattl$ & mud-daub$ huts huddl$ irregul>ly ab\t1 a mesjid1 ( c\rse1 a khan or c>avans]ai1 & "o or two op5 spaces ) ! inevitable refuse & rubbi% heaps1 :]e a baz> or m>ket is held on ,fridays4 ,x looks1 h[ev]1 picturesque & peaceful en\gh1 z we ride into x1 9 ! deep5+ twilight ( a late ,septemb] ev5+4 ,! />s are beg9n+ already to tw9kle ov]head1 b !re is /ill suffici5t light left to note ! /range1 :ite-rob$ figures mov+ /eal?ily ab\t 9 ! semi-gloom d[n by ! riv]side4 ,clad 9 long sn[y g>m5ts1 rea*+ ne>ly to ! gr\nd1 !y pass to & fro ne> ! edge ( ! wat]1 "s wad+ into mid-/ream1 :ile ! s\nd ( a /range salutation ex*ang$ 9 a /range tongue1 ,sood ,havilakh1 /rikes oddly ^u ! e> long accu/om$ to ! ord9>y salutation1 ,selam ,alekum1 ( ! ,arab-speak+ ,moslem94 ,pad]ha ,sutekh1 8_! fa!rs 7 burn$10 cries our ,p]sian ,*>vad> & guide 9 disgu/1 z he cat*es a glimpse ( ! :ite-rob$ figures1 ?us delicately h9t+ t !y are n foll[]s ( ,islam2 & a ,jew f ,hamadan :o accompanies our p>ty1 on 8 way to ! tomb ( ,ezekiel1 delib]ately spits ^u ! gr\nd & exclaims1 9 pure ,hebrew1 ,obde kokhabim umazalo?1 8s]vants ( ! />s & planets40 ,& ! ,hebrew is n wrong4 ,! =ms ga!r+ by ! riv]side 9 ! twilight are ^? ( 8,/>-wor%ipp]s10 ! la/ remnants ( ! fam\s magi ( anci5t ,*aldea1 & _! foll[]s1 ! ,babylonian ador]s ( ! ho/ ( heav54 ,to ! numb] ( ab\t f\r ?\s& 9 all1 !y /ill survive 9 _! ,mesopotamian native l&1 pr9cipally along ! banks ( ! ,euphrates riv]1 :]e !y =m small village communities4 ,!y inv>iably keep _! settlem5ts some:]e ne> a /ream1 = _! religi\s rites & c]emonies are prec$$ by frequ5t ba?+s & ablutions1 & a rill ( fl[+ wat] pass+ ne> or ?r\gh _! tab]nacle or meet+-place is indisp5sable4 ,h5ce ?is edifice is always rais$ q close to ! riv]4 ,!y call !mselves ,m&aya1 ,m&ates1 possessors ( ! 8^w10 ! 8liv+ ^w10 keep /rictly to _! own cu/oms & obs]vances & language1 & nev] int]m>ry ) ,moslems1 :o call !m ,sabba1 ,sabeans4 ,_! dialect is a remnant ( ! lat] ,babylonian1 & resembles closely ! idiom ( ! ,pale/9ian ,talmud1 & _! liturgy is a comp\nd ( fragm5ts ( ! anci5t ,*aldean cosmogony ) gno/ic my/icism influ5c$ by lat] sup]/itions4 ,!y are a quiet & in(f5sive p not$1 oddly en\gh1 = ! quality ( _! dairy produce 9 ! villages1 & = _! skill z metal work]s & goldsmi?s 9 ! t[ns :]e !y reside4 ,_! pr9cipal settlem5t is1 or 01 at ,m>d91 9 ! ,bagdad di/rict2 b !re has always be5 a small community ( !m at ,sook-es-,%ookh1 on ! banks ( _! favorite /ream1 ! ,euphrates4 ,x happ5s to be ! fe/ival ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s celebrat$ on ! la/ day ( ! ye> & kn[n z ! ,kan%io ,zahlo1 or day ( r5unciation4 ,?is is ! eve ( ! new ye>1 ! great wat*-night ( ! sect1 :5 ! annual pray]-meet+ is held & a solemn sacrifice made to ,ava!r ,ramo1 ! ,judge ( ! "u _w1 & ,ptahiel1 8 colleague2 & ! :ite-rob$ figures we obs]ve d[n by ! riv]side are ^? ( memb]s ( ! sect mak+ ! ne$ful prep>ations = ! pray]-meet+ & its att5dant c]emonies4 ,fir/1 !y h to erect _! ,mi%kna1 _! tab]nacle or outdoor temple2 = ! sect has1 /range to say1 no p]man5t h\se ( wor%ip or meet+-place1 b raise "o previ\s to _! fe/ival & only j 9 "t = ! celebration4 ,& ?is is n[ :at !y are busy do+ )9 a few y>ds ( ! wat]1 z we ride into ! place4 ,! eld]s1 9 *>ge ( a %k&o1 or deacon1 :o directs !m1 are ga!r+ bundles ( long re$s & wattles1 :i* !y weave quickly & deftly into a sort ( basket "w4 ,an oblong space is m>k$ out ab\t sixte5 feet long & twelve broad by /\t] re$s1 :i* are driv5 firmly into ! gr\nd close toge!r1 & !n ti$ ) /rong cord4 ,to ^! ! squ>es ( wov5 re$s & wattles are securely atta*$1 =m+ ! out] conta9+ walls ( ! tab]nacle4 ,! side walls run f nor? to s\?1 & are n m ?an sev5 feet high4 ,two w9d[s1 or r op5+s = w9d[s1 are left ea/ & we/1 & space = a door is made on ! s\!rn side1 s t ! prie/ :5 ent]+ ! edifice has ! ,nor? ,/>1 ! great object ( _! adoration1 imm$iately fac+ him4 ,an alt> ( beat5 e>? is rais$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! re$-encircl$ enclosure1 & ! int]/ices ( ! walls well daub$ ) clay & s(t e>?1 :i* spe$ily h>d5s4 ,on "o side ( ! alt> is plac$ a little furnace ( d>k e>!nw>e1 & on ! o!r a little h&mill1 su* z is g5]ally us$ 9 ! ,ea/ = gr9d+ meal1 toge!r ) a small quantity ( *>coal4 ,close to ! s\!rn wall1 a circul> bas9 is n[ excavat$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ab\t eight feet across1 & f ! riv] a %ort canal or *annel is dug lead+ to x4 ,into ?is ! wat] fl[s f ! /ream1 & soon fills ! little res]voir to ! brim4 ,two t9y cab9s or huts1 made also ( re$s & wick]work1 ea* j l>ge en\gh to hold a s+le p]son1 are !n r\ghly put toge!r1 "o by ! side ( ! bas9 ( wat]1 ! o!r at ! fur!r extremity ( ! s\!rn wall1 beyond ! entrance4 ,! second ( ^! cab9s or huts is sacr$ to ! ,ganzivro or high prie/ ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s1 & no layman is ev] all[$ to ev5 s mu* z t\* ! walls ) 8 h&s aft] x is built & plac$ 9 position4 ,! doorway & w9d[ op5+s ( ! edifice are n[ hung ) :ite curta9s2 & long be=e midnight1 ! h\r at :i* ! pray] meet+ comm5ces1 ! little ,mi%kna1 or tab]nacle op5 to ! sky1 is f9i%$ & ready = ! solemnity4 ,t[>ds midnight ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s1 m5 & wom51 come sl[ly d[n to ! ,mi%kna by ! riv]side4 ,ea*1 z he or %e arrives1 ent]s ! t9y wattl$ hut by ! s\!rn wall1 disrobes & ba!s 9 ! little circul> res]voir1 ! t>mido1 or prie/1 /&+ by & pron\nc+ ov] ea* ! =mula1 8,e%mo d'ha1 ,e%mo d'm&a ha madhk> elakh0 78,! "n ( ! liv+ "o1 ! "n ( ! liv+ ^w1 be rememb]$ ^u !e074 ,on em]g+ f ! wat]1 ea* "o robes himself or h]self 9 ! ra/a1 t is1 ! c]emonial :ite g>m5ts peculi> to ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s1 consi/+ ( a sadro1 a long :ite %irt rea*+ to ! gr\nd2 a nassifo1 or /ole1 r\nd ! neck fall+ to ! knees2 a h9iamo1 or girdle ( wooll5 mat]ial2 a gabooa1 squ>e head-piece rea*+ to ! eyebr[s2 a %alooal1 or :ite ov]mantle & a kanzolo1 or turban1 w\nd r\nd ! gabooa head-piece1 ( :i* "o end is left hang+ d[n ov] ! %\ld]4 ,peculi> sanctity atta*es to ! ra/a1 = ! g>m5ts compos+ x are ^? 9 :i* e ,/>-wor%ipp] is buri$1 & 9 :i* he believes he w appe> = judgm5t be=e ,ava!r 9 ! ne!r _w ,mat]o?o4 ,ea* "o1 z soon z he is ?us attir$1 crosses to ! op5 space 9 front ( ! door ( ! tab]nacle1 & seats himself ^u ! gr\nd !re1 salut+ ^? pres5t ) ! cu/om>y ,sood ,havilakh1 8,bless+ be ) !e10 & receiv+ 9 return ! usual reply1 ,assootah d'ha havilakh1 8,bless+ ( ! liv+ "o be ) !e40 ,! numb]s increase z ! h\r ( ! c]emonial comes ne>]1 & by midnight !re are "s tw5ty r[s ( ^! :ite-rob$ figures1 m5 & wom51 rank$ 9 ord]ly array fac+ ! ,mi%kna1 & wait+ 9 sil5t expectation ! com+ ( ! prie/s4 ,a c\ple ( t>midos1 lamp 9 h&1 gu>d ! entry to ! tab]nacle1 & keep _! eyes fix$ ^u ! po9t]s ( ! ,great ,be> 9 ! sky above4 ,z soon z ^! atta9 ! position indicat+ midnight1 ! prie/s give a signal by wav+ ! lamps !y hold1 & 9 a few mom5ts ! cl]gy ( ! sect m>* d[n 9 procession4 ,9 front are f\r ( ! %k&os1 "y deacons1 attir$ 9 ! ra/a1 ) ! addition ( a silk cap1 or tagha1 "u ! turban1 to indicate _! rank4 ,foll[+ ^! come f\r t>midos1 orda9$ prie/s :o h und]gone ! baptism ( ! dead4 ,ea* we>s a gold r+ on ! little f+] ( ! "r h&1 & c>ries a tau-%ap$ cross ( olive wood to %[ 8 /&+4 ,beh9d ! t>midos comes ! spiritual head ( ! sect1 ! ,ganzivro1 a prie/ elect$ by 8 colleagues1 :o has made complete r5unciation ( ! _w & is reg>d$ z "o dead & 9 ! realms ( ! bless$4 ,he is escort$ by f\r o!r deacons4 ,"o holds al(t ! l>ge wood5 tau-cross1 kn[n z d]a%vod zivo1 t symbolizes 8 religi\s (fice2 a second be>s ! sacr$ scriptures ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s1 ! ,sidra ,rabba1 8! great ,ord]10 two-?irds ( :i* =m ! liturgy ( ! liv+ & "o-?ird ! ritual ( ! dead4 ,! ?ird ( ! deacons c>ries two live pigeons 9 a cage1 & ! la/ a measure ( b>ley & ( sesame se$s4 ,! procession m>*es ?r\gh ! ranks ( ! seat$ wor%ipp]s1 :o b5d & kiss ! g>m5ts ( ! ,ganzivro z he passes ne> !m4 ,! t>midos1 gu>d+ ! entrance to ! tab]nacle1 draw back ! hang+ ov] ! doorway & ! prie/s file 91 ! deacons & t>midos to ! "r & left1 leav+ ! ,ganzivro /&+ alone 9 ! c5tre1 9 front ( ! e>!n alt> fac+ ! ,nor? ,/>1 ,pol>is4 ,! sacr$ book1 ,sidra ,rabba1 is laid ^u ! alt> fold$ back :]e ! liturgy ( ! liv+ is divid$ f ! ritual ( ! dead4 ,! high prie/ takes "o ( ! live pigeons h&$ to him by a %k&o1 ext5ds 8 h& t[>ds ! ,pol> ,/> ^u :i* he fixes 8 eyes1 & lets ! bird fly1 call+ al\d1 ,b%mo d'ha rabba m%abbah zivo kadmaya ,elaha ,edm5 ,naf%i ,eprah1 8,9 ! "n ( ! liv+ "o1 bless$ be ! primitive light1 ! anci5t light1 ! ,div9ity self-creat$40 ,! words1 cle>ly enunciat$ )91 are di/9ctly he>d by ! wor%ipp]s )\t1 & ) "o accord ! :ite-rob$ figures rise f _! places & pro/rate !mselves ^u ! gr\nd t[>ds ! ,nor? ,/>1 on :i* !y h sil5tly be5 gaz+4 ,noiselessly ! wor%ipp]s resume _! seat$ position on ! gr\nd outside4 ,)9 ! ,mi%kna1 or tab]nacle1 ! ,ganzivro /eps on "o side1 & 8 place is imm$iately tak5 by ! s5ior prie/1 a t>mido1 :o op5s ! ,sidra ,rabba be=e him on ! alt> & beg9s to read ! ,%omhotto1 8confession0 ( ! sect1 9 a modulat$ *ant1 8 voice ris+ & fall+ z he reads1 & ev] & anon t]m9at+ 9 a l\d & swell+ ,m%obbo havi e%makhyo ,m&a d'ha1 8,bless$ be ?y "n1 ,o s\rce ( life10 :i* ! congregants )\t take up & repeat ) b[$ heads1 _! h&s cov]+ _! eyes4 ,:ile ! read+ is 9 progress two o!r prie/s turn1 & prep>e ! ,peto elayat1 or high my/]y1 z !y t]m _! ,communion4 ,"o k9dles a *>coal fire 9 ! e>!nw>e /ove by ! side ( ! alt>1 & ! o!r gr9ds small "s ( ! b>ley br\ght by ! deacon4 ,he !n expresses "s oil f ! sesame se$1 &1 mix+ ! b>ley meal & oil1 prep>es a mass ( d\gh :i* he kneads & sep>ates into small cakes1 ! size ( a two-%ill+ piece4 ,^! are quickly ?ru/ into or on ! ov5 & bak$1 ! *ant+ ( ! liturgy ( ! ,%omhotto /ill proce$+ ) its /eady s+-song & response1 ,m%obbo havi e%makhyo1 f outside4 ,! f\r? ( ! t>midos n[ takes ! pigeon left 9 ! cage f ! %k&o1 or deacon1 /&+ ne> him1 & cuts its ?roat quickly ) a v %>p knife1 tak+ c>e t no blood is lo/4 ,! little cakes are !n br\ght to him by 8 colleague1 &1 /ill hold+ ! dy+ pigeon1 he /ra9s its neck ov] !m 9 su* a way t f\r drops fall on ea* "o s z to =m ! sacr$ tau1 or cross4 ,amid ! cont9u$ read+ ( ! liturgy1 ! cakes are c>ri$ r\nd to ! wor%ipp]s outside by ! two pr9cipal prie/s :o prep>$ !m1 :o !mselves pop !m direct into ! m\?s ( ! memb]s1 ) ! words ,r%imot b]e%m d'ha1 8,m>k$ be ?\ ) ! m>k ( ! liv+ "o40 ,! f\r deacons inside ! ,mi%kna walk r\nd to ! re> ( ! alt> & dig a little hole1 9 :i* ! body ( ! dead pigeon is !n buri$4 ,! *ant+ ( ! confession is n[ clos$ by ! (ficiat+ t>mido1 & ! high prie/1 ! ,ganzivro1 resum+ 8 =m] place 9 front ( ! ,sacr$ ,book1 beg9s ! recitation ( ! ,massakhto1 or 8r5unciation0 ( ! dead1 ev] direct+ 8 pray]s t[>ds ! ,nor? ,/>1 on :i* ! gaze ( ! wor%ipp]s outside cont9ues fix$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! c]emonial obs]vances & pray]s4 ,?is /> is ! ,olma d'nhoora1 lit]ally 8! _w ( light10 ! primitive sun ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s !ogony1 ! p>adise ( ! elect1 & ! abode ( ! pi\s h]eaft]4 ,= ?ree h\rs ! read+ ( ! 8r5unciation 0 by ! high prie/ cont9ues1 int]rupt$ only1 ev] & anon1 by ! ,m%obbo havi e%makhyo1 8,bless$ be ?y "n10 ( ! p>ticipants seat$ outside1 until1 t[>ds dawn1 a l\d & r++ ,ano asborlakh ano asborli ya ,ava!r1 8,i m9d me ( !e1 m9d ?\ ( me ,o ,ava!r10 comes f ! m\? ( ! prie/1 & signalizes ! t]m9ation ( ! pray]s4 ,be=e ! ,nor? ,/> fades 9 ! pale a%5 grey ( approa*+ dawn1 a %eep1 p5n$ ov] night ne> ! riv]1 is l$ into ! tab]nacle by "o ( ! f\r %k&os = sacrifice to ,ava!r & 8 companion deity1 ,ptahiel4 ,x is a we!r1 = ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s nev] kill ewes1 or eat _! fle% :5 kill$4 ,! animal is laid ^u "s re$s1 its head we/ & its tail ea/1 ! ,ganzivro beh9d x fac+ ! ,/>4 ,he fir/ p\rs wat] ov] 8 h&s1 !n ov] 8 feet1 ! wat] be+ br\ght to him by a deacon4 ,"o ( ! t>midos takes up a position at 8 elb[ & places 8 h& on ! ,ganzivro's %\ld]1 say+1 ,ana %addakh1 8,i be> witness40 ,! high prie/ b5ds t[>ds ! ,nor? ,/>1 draws a %>p knife f 8 left side1 & recit+ ! =mula1 8,9 ! "n ( ,alaha1 ,ptahiel creat$ !e1 ,hibel ,sivo p]mitt$ !e1 & x is ,i :o slay !e10 cuts ! %eep's ?roat f e> to e>1 & all[s ! blood to escape on to ! matt$ re$s ^u :i* ! animal is /ret*$ out4 ,! f\r deacons g outside1 wa% _! h&s & feet1 !n flay ! %eep1 & cut x into z _m portions z !re are communicants outside4 ,! pieces are n[ di/ribut$ among ! wor%ipp]s1 ! prie/s leave ! tab]nacle 9 ! same ord] z !y came1 & ) a p>t+ b5$iction f ! ,ganzivro1 ,assootad d'ha havilakh1 8,! b5ison ( ! liv+ "o att5d !e10 ! pray]-meet+ t]m9ates1 & ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s quietly return to _! homes be=e ! crimson sun has "t to peep above ! horizon47#afc7 ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,,comp>ative ,,li/s ,,( ,,words4 ,i4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,,yau or ,,yu! s\rce or orig91 ! ,*9ese "* = :i* figures a squ>e or circle divid$ into f\r by cross$ horizontal & p]p5dicul> l9es1 ! latt] project+ above ! squ>e or circle47#afd7 ,,ya\ & ,,yumy?ical emp]ors :o in/itut$ ! cele/ial k+dom1 see p4 #bih4 ,,ya\ ,,s+8,revolv+ ,/>0 9 ,ursa ,major4 ,*9a4 ,,ui or ,,hweiv]b to turn ar\nd4 ,*9ese4 ,,yul1 ,,yeul1 ,,yeol:eel 7,icel&ic hjol1 ,o4 ,sw$i% hiugl1 ,sw$i% hjul74 ,,hveldisk1 orb4 ,icel&4 ,,wuotan,,od9supreme div9ity4 ,sc&9avia4 ,,jovlasacr$ he>? fire ( ,nor!rn ,f9ns1 "u gu>dian%ip ( "m ( family4 ,,jovis,roman supreme div9ity1 associat$ ) :eel4 ,,yahwe,hebrew "n = ,god1 translat$ z 8heav510 0 pron\nc$ ,yahu4 ,accord+ to ! ,masoretes mu/ be read ,yeho 7,yhu74 ,! e>ly ,gno/ics wrote ,iao1 t is ,yaho 7,sayce74 ,! f\r consonants yhvh1 pron\nc$ ,yahveh1 con/itut$ ! sacr$ ,tetragrammaton1 or f\r lett]$ "n ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,ar*bi%op ,t5ison says 7,idolat4 p4 #djd73 8,?is "n 0 no my/]y among ! ,greeks1 z is evid5t f ! m5tion ( ! god ,ieuo 9 ,san*onia?on2 ,jaho 9 ,/4 ,hi]sm1 & ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles2 ,jao? or ,jaho 9 ,ir5aeus2 ( ! ,hebrew ,god call$ ,jaoia by ! ,gno/ics2 ( ,ja\ 9 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 ( ,jao ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! ,gno/ic ,heav5 9 ,epiphanius2 ! ,god ( ,moses 9 ,diodorus ,siculus2 ! god ,bac*us 9 ! oracle ( ,apollo ,cl>ius2 la/ly1 z 0 said1 ( ! ,sam>itan ,jabe1 9 ,!odoret40 ,,yeud ,,ekhad"n ( supreme god ( ,phnicians ! ,r$ p 7,sayce74 ,,new ,,_w4 ,,y\alli-,,ehecatl1 lit]ally1 night or circl+-air or w9dsupreme god ( ! ,*i*imecs 7see p4 #cc71 a ,mexican rul+ tribe ^: "n signifies ! r$ l9eage or p4 ,,yahual-,,tecuhtli or ,,y\al-,,tecuhtli! ,"l ( ! circle or ( ! ,night1 i4 e4 ,nor?-/> god1 supreme div9ity4 ,mexico1 see p4 #bgi4 ,,yalahua,tz5dal deity1 p4 #aha4 ,,yanauluha,zui deity1 p4 #bbc4 ,,io1 ,,iovana1 ,,iella1 ,,iocahunanames = god4 ,,hui\sun4 ,,huioo or ,,huihom\nta94 ,hati4 ,,yoli1 ,,yuliv]b1 to live1 resuscitate1 vivify4 ,,oll98motion40 ,nahuatl4 ,,yauallito walk 9 a circle _m times4 ,nahuatl4 ,,y\allinight4 ,nahuatl4 ,,hueegg4 ,maya4 ,,ii4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,,%ameheav54 ,babylonian-,assyrian4 ,,samaheav54 ,grco-,p]sian4 ,,sama or ,,%amanor?4 ,arabic 7,al ,kaukabal ,%amaliyy/> ( ! ,nor?2 ,al ,kulbal ,%amaliyy! nor!rn axle or sp9dle74 ,,amanv]b to su/a94 ,akkadian4 ,,amaxa"n = ,ursa ,majora *>iot4 ,greek4 ,,samas or ,,%ama%,babylonian-,assyrian god1 8! univ]sal judge10 ^: image 0 :eel ) f\r rays 7see pp4 #cca & #cej71 cf4 ,ramman4 ,,baal-,,%amayunsupreme god4 ,phnicia4 ,,amasis,egyptian god4 ,,kamo%god ( ,moabites1 p4 #cej4 ,,ham or ,,kham"n = nor!rn ,egypt4 ,,amant9ian ,illyrian tribe4 ,greece4 ,,br-,,ahmasupreme god4 ,india 7cf4 ,yama747#afe7 ,,br-,,ahmanasprie/ly ca/e4 ,india4 ,,aryaman/>-god associat$ ) ,mitra-,y>una1 ,ursa ,major & numb] sev54 ,9 ,z5dave/a is associat$ ) ,a%v9o-ritual4 ,india4 ,,ama or ,,ameheav54 ,japan4 ,,kamideity1 top1 above4 ,o-,,kami! honorable gov]nm5t4 ,,yamam\nta94 ,japan4 ,,yamatoma9 isl& ( ,japan4 ,,ama-,,no-,,ma-,,hitotsu8,eye ( ,heav510 "n = ,pole-/>4 ,japan4 ,,ame-,,no-,,mi-,,naka-,,nu%i-,,no-,,kam i,deity-,ma/]-(-!-,augu/-,c5tre-(-,heav5 1 fir/ ,japanese 8hidd50 god47#aff7 ,,ame-,,no-,,toko-,,ta*i-,,no-,,kami,dei ty-/&+-et]nally-9-heav51 hidd5 god2 cf4 ,kuni-no-toko-ta*i-no-kami,deity-/&+-et] nally-on-e>?4 ,japan4 ,,am5-,,rahidd5 god4 ,egypt4 ,,aha-,,m5a or ,,m5eshi/orical f\nd] ( k+dom8! ,con/ant ,"o40 ,egypt2 cf4 m5umonum5ts2 sm5to e/abli%4 ,egyptian4 ,,m9y1 ,,m9yans or ,,m9,,ansrace :o trac$ desc5t f ,m9os! measur] 7,m5measur]72 great agricultural & build+ race 9 ,india1 ,arabia & ,egypt4 ,measur$ "t by circumpol> con/ellations2 became conf$]ates ( ,sabans2 conqu]$ ,phrygia1 built ,myc5 7,hewitt74 ,,amunnational god ( ,ammonites4 ,amun means ! build] or ar*itect & is1 l ! "n ( ,egyptian god1 =m$ ( amn1 to su/a94 ,he 0 ! god ( ! m]idian & ( ! c5tral h\se-pole1 su/a9+ ro( :o1 9 ,egypt1 became ,am5-ra 7,sayce & ,ges5ius1 quot$ by ,hewitt1 op4 cit474 ,! supreme god ( ! ,ammonites 0 ,nga%1 ! con/ellation ( ,ursa ,major 7,hewitt74 ,,new ,,_w4 ,,aman or ,,xaman 7pron4 ,haman7nor?4 ,maya1 ,yucatan4 ,,ah-,,m5ma/] build]1 h&icraftsman2 cf4 ,m5ah or ,m5yahartific]1 artisan1 build]1 h&icraftsman2 cf4 v]b m5to build1 f\nd1 e/abli%1 erect1 also m5ta'alto gov]n4 ,maya1 p4 #bcd4 ,,aman-,,teca"n us$ 9 anci5t ,mexico to designate ma/]-h&icraftsm51 synonym ( ,tolteca4 ,,amautas"n giv5 9 ,p]u to ! 8wise m50 :o introduc$ civilization4 ,,iii4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,,anheav51 god4 ,babylonian ,assyrian 7p4 #cca74 ,,anaheav54 ,sum]ian1 ,akkadian17#afg7 cf4 ,akanna,ursa ,major1 ,akkadian1 see p4 #bce4 ,,an & ,,annunames ( cele/ial & t]re/rial sacr$ c5tral cities4 ,egypt1 cf4 anpill> or t :i* turns ar\nd4 ,accord+ to ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ! an 0 an octagonal flut$ column ) a squ>e t5on or top4 ,,manusacr$ m\nta9 situat$ 9 ,n4 ,w4 ,egypt4 ,,kw-,,an-,,irassacr$ c5tral cosmical division situat$ "u pole-/>1 ar\nd :i* ! six k+doms ( ,iran 7 situat$4 ,p]sia4 ,,canaanholy l&1 ^: capital 0 ,j]usalem4 ,,an-,,%an"n ( anci5t ,p]sian empire4 ,,an-,,%>supreme god4 ,assyria1 cf4 ,nann>1 pp4 #ccf & #ccg4 ,,an-,,s>transcription ( ,osiris4 ,egypt1 cf4 ,anubis also ,anu & ,ana?1 ,janus & ,jana4 ,z-,,anold ,doric =m ( ,zeus1 h5ce ,janus4 ,,%angheav51 ! ,above4 ,*9a4 ,,kanm\nta91 also ,yo4 ,*9a4 ,,alkaid/> 9 ,ursa ,major1 also us$ = moon2 orig9 ( ,spani% title ,alcalde4 ,,alkabir! ,great4 ,e>ly ,arabic4 ,,kasurnam$ ! ,great4 ,ku%ite fa!r ( life1 ! hidd5 god :o gu>ds & di/ributes1 at ! appo9t$ seasons1 ! life-giv+ ra9s 7,hewitt747#afh7 ,,katitle ( ,egyptian k+1 usually r5d]$ by 8bull40 ,,khana pr9ce4 ,t>t>y4 ,,khakanan emp]or or sov]eign4 ,p]sia4 ,,han"n = empire4 ,japan1 cf4 k51 imp]ial doma94 ,,hanafl[] or blossom4 ,japanese1 cf4 ankhfl[]1 ,egyptian & an?osfl[]1 ,greek4 ,,angli or ,,angriw>iiwidely diffus$1 great nor!rn race1 m5tion$ by ,tacitus & ,ptolemy4 ,,new ,,_w4 ,,ca-,,anheav54 ,maya1 ,yucatan1 see pp4 #bgh & #bhh4 ,,canal,above4 ,maya1 ,yucatan4 ,,ctitle ( culture-h]o3 ,,kukul-,,c! div9e c1 homonym ( cs]p5t4 ,maya1 ,yucatan4 ,,ziuva-,,caan,colony f\nd$ 9 ,yucatan1 by ,holon-*an-te,peuh4 ,,anahuac3 "n ( ,mexican empire1 usually loosely translat$ z awat]1 nahuacby ! wat]4 ,to ?is li/ %\ld be add$ ! foll[+ affixes or prefixes1 d5ot+1 9 ea* case1 8place1 l& or region (40 ,egyptian3 ta1 = in/ance meh-ta or mah-tanor?2 am5-tahidd5 region1 ,n4 ,w4 ,*9ese3 kwane>?1 l&4 ,p]sian3 ,kwan-iras or ,hvan-iras! "n = ,iran8l& ( ,iran08 ,japanese3 hanempire1 k5doma94 ,maya3 tan1 = in/ance ,aman-tan or ,xaman-tan,nor?4 ,nahuatl3 an1 tlan or c1 8l& (1 also m\nta940 ,zui3 wanplace (1 = in/ance ,halona-wan4 ,,iv4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,,ak,middle4 ,egypt1 p4 #che4 ,,akannalit]ally 8! ,"l ( ,heav510 title ,ursa ,major4 ,akkadian1 p4 #cid4 ,n-,,akkas*title ( ,pol>is 8! s]p5t40 ,phnicia 7p4 #cbe74 ,,nagas*1 ,,nahu%a1 or ! ,great ,nag! great invisible god1 hidd5 9 8 ark ( cl\ds1 :o reveals himself to m5 z ! rul] ( "t & ! ord]] ( ! regul> sequ5ce ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 & :o *urns1 9 ! mort> ( ! heav5s1 ! life-giv+ ra9s 9 :i* 8 div9e _s is infus$4444 7,hewitt74 ,,naga1 ,,nagur! ra9 snake1 at ^: summ] fe/ival call$ ,akkhadi or ,akhtuj1 ! ,gonds wor%ip ! c>t axle or akkha 9 a c]emony :i* is a rem9isc5ce ( ! days :5 ! axle 0 ! upright revolv+ pole press+ out ! heav5ly ra94 ,! ,naga snake 0 ! (fspr+ ( ! h\se pole2 ! s\l ( life 9 ! ra9 cl\d2 ! heav5ly snake1 ! great "t-measur] & ye> god ( ! ,h9dus 7,hewitt74 ,p-,,akuz5i?4 ,akkadian1 cf4 ,papakhu1 c5tral sacr$ cosmical *amb]4 ,,akkad! ,nor?1 "n ( c\ntry 7,b4,c4 #chjj74 ,babylonia-,assyria1 p4 #cdg4 ,k-,,akkabu! />1 ,pol>is4 ,babylonia-,assyria1 p4 #cbf4 ,,akris or ,,akrossummit1 po9t1 supreme1 mo/ high2 cf4 okeye4 ,greek4 ,,akriosgod ( summit1 title ( supreme god4 ,greece4 ,,aka-,,tos1 ,,akaa %ip4 ,greek4 ,,a*aiis! ,a*aian l&4 ,,a*aians9 ,hom]1 ! "n = ,greeks g5]ally4 ,,akra,h9du village danc+ & m>riage gr\nd1 :]e sacr$ tree is plant$ & sacrifices made to x 9 great ,naga fe/ival 7,hewitt74 ,,aksa"n ( mosque at ,j]usalem4 ,,ak%af>upo9t1 summit4 ,p]sian4 ,,akal1 ,,ak>angod1 et]nal1 timeless4 ,zoroa/rian1 "n ( god4 ,h-,,ak-,,hamanisijaanci5t royal title4 ,p]sia4 ,,hakk+ or reg5t1 royal title4 ,akkadian1 ,egyptian4 ,,akaca,sanscrit "n = fif? elem5t !r3 7,s*ro$]74 ,,aga?on"n giv5 by ,py?agoreans to all-embrac+ s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,,ak or ,,agv]b aj1 to drive1 urge1 impel4 ,sanscrit4 ,,agnigod ( c5tral fire4 ,india4 ,,aga/ya/> fa!r ( ,dravidians4 ,india4 ,,*akra:eel4 ,sanscrit4 ,,*akray>t9title1 supreme rul]4 ,sanscrit4 ,,ak%aaxis or axle4 ,sanscrit4 ,,ak%ivan8! driv] ( ! axle10 supreme rul]4 ,sanscrit4 ,,dak%a! ,nor? p1 also :ite1 bless$1 & ! left4 ,sanscrit4 ,,takkas"o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & weal?y tribes ( ! ,punjab1 ^: prog5]s f\nd$ ! great city ( ,taxila1 ! ,h9du ,takkasila or rock ( ! ,takkas1 tak5 by ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,_! "n ,takkas or ,tak%as means 8! mak]s or artific]s10 :i* is connect$ ) ! ,akkadian tuk/one4444 ,!y call !mselves ! sons ( ! two ,nagas or horn$ snake1 ,takht-nag & ,basak-nag or 8! sons ( ! race ( artific]s0 444 z ! sons ( ! all-"m ,maga ! mak] or knead]1 !y call$ !mselves ! sons ( ! "m-m\nta94444 7,hewitt74 ,,akhal1 ,,akhal-,,zikh1 ,,akhal-,,kalakinames ( t[ns4 ,asia ,m9or 7,o',neil1 p4 #fha74 ,,acasa or ,,acaseaxis or axle4 ,old ,norse4 ,,akka & ,,ukkonames giv5 by ,f9ns to "m-e>? & fa!r-heav5s 7,o',neil1 p4 #ch74 ,,naka,middle4 ,japan 7,o',neil1 p4 #ecf747afi7 ,,hak-,,kakueight holy corn]s or po9ts2 also t :i* is reveal$1 disclos$1 kn[n1 come to light4 ,japanese diction>y4 ,,akaabove1 m\nta91 cf4 ,,sakaasc5t4 ,japan4 ,,agataanci5t "n = doma9 or dep>tm5t 7,*amb]la974 ,japan4 ,,hakki! eight diagrams1 cf4 ,ya-he-koto-%iro-nu-%i-no-kami,deity-eig ht-fold-?+-sign-ma/]4 ,*amb]la9 op4 cit4 pp4 #hc & #aja4 ,,wake1 ,,waki1 ,,waku"l1 title4 ,japan4 ,,kagu,m\nt ,kagu 9 ,heav54 ,japan4 ,,haku:ite1 %9+4 ,japan4 ,,hoku1 ,,ne-,,no-,,ho1 ,,kita1 ,,kita-,,no-,,ho,nor?4 ,japan4 ,cf4 ,khitarace m5tion$ 9 ,egyptian & ,biblical hi/ory1 & ,kitai"n = ,*9a4 ,,hoku-,,sei1 ,,hoku-,,%91 ,,hokkiyoku1 ,nor? ,/>4 ,japan4 ,,new ,,_w4 ,nahuatl4 ,,aca*to! fir/1 at fir/4 ,,yaquet :i* has a po9t2 a po9t1 by ext5sion a nose4 ,,yacanato gov]n a t[n or to guide4 ,,yaca-,,tecuhtli 7lit]ally1 ! gov]n+ or guid+ "l7title ( ,pol>is1 cf4 ,pa*a-,ya*a*ic,p]uvian ,creator1 p4 #aei4 ,,ton-,,aca-,,tecuhtlititle ( ,creator4 ,,mal-,,acatl:eel1 sp9dle1 v]b malaca*oa1 to walk ar\nd 9 a circle4 ,,acatlcane1 /aff4 ,,ce-,,acatl1 ,,ome-,,acatltitles ( deities mean+ ,"o ,acatl1 ,two ,acatl4 #ac ,,acatlinscription on ,/one ( ,great ,plan & on image ( ,div9e ,twa9 7see p4 #bfa74 ,,acalliboat1 f atlwat]1 callih\se4 ,maya4 ,,akabnight4 ,b-,,ak-,,cab9 a circle1 ar\nd1 cf4 habye>4 ,,bacabtitle ( f\r 8rul]s ( ! ye>10 tetr>*4 ,,ak-,,bala vessel or pot4 ,c-,,acabt[n1 village4 ,b-,,ak-,,licar\nd 9 a circle1 9 ! surr\nd+s4 ,b-,,ak-,,tetoge!r4 ,b-,,ak-,,a*all1 ! :ole4 ,b-,,akrock1 =tification1 enclosure1 also bone1 phallus1 f\ndation1 h]on4 ,n-,,ak?rone1 belly4 ,n-,,ak-,,licat ! root1 on top ( all4 ,l-,,ak-,,an/&>d1 bann]4 ,l-,,ak-,,9ea/4 ,k-,,akfire4 ,p-,,ac-,,atsight4 ,z-,,ak:ite cf4 ,iztac:ite4 ,nahuatl4 ,v4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,,mad-,,hyias,middle4 ,sanscrit4 ,,maghavan,v$ic "n ( ,indra4 ,,ma?! fire-drill1 f ma? or man?to twirl or *urn4 ,sanscrit47#agj7 ,,ma?ura"n ( c5tral sacr$ locality4 ,india 7see ,hewitt1 p4 #bad74 ,,magana,akkadian "n = ! ,s9aitic ,p59sula4 ,,maghadas,f9nic race rul+ ,nor!rn ,india be=e ! ,ku%ites4 ,,m]u! ,middle4 ,sanscrit1 p4 #cag4 ,,mahta or ,,mehtanor?4 ,egyptian1 cf4 mitdea?4 ,,m$-,,dos1 ,,m$os or ,,mesos,middle4 ,greek4 ,,m$-,,ius,middle4 ,lat94 ,,m$-,,on,middle4 ,old ,iri%1 cf4 ,m$i,tullium1 c5tre ( /ate4 ,,mid-,,jis1 ,middle4 ,go?4 ,,miodha*a ,c5tral ,p[] 7,joyce74 ,celtic4 ,,mitra! god said1 9 ,rig-,v$a1 8to fix times ( fe/ivals40 ,0 associat$ ) ,v>unanight & ra9 god 7,greek1 ,ouranos71 ) ! con/ellation ( ,ursa ,major & ! numb] sev54 ,! ,nor? 0 sacr$ to ,mitra-,v>una :o 8ma9ta9 ! inv>iable succession ( ! ord] ( natural ph5om5a0 7see ,hewitt1 pp4 #add1 #daf & #dbj74 ,,milkomgod ( ,ammonites ^: supreme god 0 ,ursa ,major4 ,,m$ia or ,,madgaanci5t k+dom ^: inhabitants 7 alli$ to ,p]sians & %ook (f yoke ( ,assyrian rule 9 #gjh ,b4,c4 ,,m$umsite ( mo/ anci5t pyramid kn[n4 ,egypt4 ,,meccasacr$ capital4 ,arabia4 ,,my-,,c5aev anci5t city 9 ,n4 ,e4 ( ,argolis1 built ^u craggy height1 pr9cipal city ( ,greece & capital ( k+dom 9 ,agamemnon's "t4 ,,me?onemo/ anci5t ,greek colony on ,!rmaic gulf4 ,,mi-,,yau-,,k53 8"n "u :i* ! ,pole-/> is wor%ipp$ 9 ,japan 9 ! =m ( a ,buddha ) a :eel1 ! emblem ( ! revolv+ _w1 re/+ on 8 fold$ h&s407#aga7 cf4 ,*9ese4 ,,mukd5capital ( ,man*uria1 p4 #bhh1 cf4 ,mughs or ,maghadas1 ,f9nic race rul+ ,nor!rn ,india be=e ,ku%ites1 & ,,manjhus8royal l&0 set ap>t 9 ,ooraon villages4 ,,miok5"n ( t[n & m\nta94 ,japan4 ,,miwasacr$ m\nta9 %r9e reg>d$ ) extraord9>y rev]5ce4 ,japan 7,*amb]la974 ,,miakoanci5t sacr$ capital ( ,japan1 resid5ce ( ,,miko1 or ,,mikadoheav5ly sov]eign :o1 l ! ,*9ese ,wong or ,wangk+1 rul$ ! ?ree p[]s1 heav51 e>? & man4 ,! ,*9ese "*1 consi/+ ( ?ree horizontal l9es cross$ by a p]p5dicul> l9e expresses also ! ,japanese ,miko :i* includes males & females & is us$ comb9$ ) ,nakamiddle i4 e41 ,middle sov]eign 7,*amb]la974 ,,mihe?reefold4 ,japanese4 ,,mid-,,k5acosmical c5tral p[] & m\nta94 ,old ,iri%4 ,,mid-,,g>dcosmical c5tre4 ,sc&9avia4 ,,miodh-,,*u>ta 7pron4 micorta7,mea?1 c5tre ( ,iri% k+dom4 ,,m]ciamiddle k+dom ( ,brita94 ,,h>-,,mo$c5tral m\nta94 ,isaiah ,,xiv4 ,,mi%kna"n ( tab]nacle ( pole-/> wor%ipp+ ,m&aites 7see ,app5dix ,,ii74 ,,new ,,_w4 ,,mexico"n ( capital & by ext5sion ( /ate4 ,,mek-,,tan,maya "n = empire1 lit]ally3 8l& ( ,mek40 ,,mitnal or ,,metnalund]world4 ,maya4 ,,mictlan"n ( region surr\nd+ pyramids ( ,teotihuacan4 ,,mitla"n ( ru9s 9 ,oaxaca1 ,mexico4 ,,mictlampanor?4 ,nahuatl4 cf4 miquiztlidea?4 ,,mictlan-,,tecuhtli"l ( ! ,nor?1 or und]world4 ,mexican pole-/> god4 ,,vi4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,i-,,ku or ,i ,,kuu! lead] or pr9ce1 ,pol>is4 ,assyria4 ,,dil-,,gan-,i-,,ku! mess5g] ( light1 ,pol>is4 ,akkadian4 ,,kuholy1 div9e 7tul-ku1 ! holy alt>74 ,akkadian4 ,,ku^w ( ,f9nic orig9 br\ght to ,india by ,nor!rn settl]s--us$ by !m to d5ote ,fa!r-god,ukku4 ,uk! great ,kuplac] or begett] 7,hewitt1 p4 #adh74 ,,ku-,,%ikasrul+ race ( ,india1 ( ,nor!rn orig91 kn[n z ,a%ura-ku%ikas 7,hewitt74 ,,*u! brilliance or light1 ,egyptian4 ,,*u-,,at5! c5tral capital f\nd$ by ,am5hotep4 ,,al-,,kutb! axle1 ,pol>is4 ,arabia4 ,,tul-,,ku! holy alt>4 ,akkadian4 ,,gu! urn4 ,akkadian4 ,,kul-,,kunc5tral cosmical m\nta94 ,*9a1 cf4 ,s>-tuli-elli1 k+ ( ! holy m\nd4 ,,kuruma:eel1 ,japanese1 also maw>u1 f m>awito turn1 revolve4 ,,new ,,_w4 ,maya4 ,,kugod4 ,,kukulholy1 div9e 7p4 #fi74 ,,kukulcan"n ( culture-h]o4 ,,ku-,,lelnoble4 ,,ku-,,natemple4 ,,kukumfea!r4 ,,kul*alice4 ,,*utb[l1 cf4 ,nahuatl cumitlb[l or j>4 ,,*u-,,muct :i* is 9 ! middle or c5tre4 ,,*u-,,muccil,middle1 c5tre4 ,,*u-,,muc-,,akabmidnight4 ,,*u-,,niladj4 ! pr9cipal4 ,,vii4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,,citrabright1 %9+4 ,sanscrit4 ,,t>a/>4 ,sanscrit1 cf4 ,ragod4 ,egypt4 ,,sit>a/>4 ,h9du4 ,,tj>a/>4 ,old ,norse1 cf4 t>tree4 ,,t>a"n ( c5tral city4 ,old ,iri%4 ,,utt>a,nor?4 ,sanscrit4 ,,i%-,,t>goddess1 a hymn to :om1 9 ,akkadian & ,assyrian1 beg9s ?us3 8,?\ :o z ! axis ( ! heav5s dawne/4 ,9 ! dwell+s ( ! e>? h] "n revolves0 7,pr(4 ,sayce1 quot$ by ,o',neil1 p4 #gae74 ,comp>e ) ,egyptian ragod & note t ! ,sanscrit utt>a c\ld h be5 express$ 9 ,egyptian hi]atic script by ! =m ( eyeuta & ! sign = ra i4 e4 an eye )9 a circle 7see p4 #cij & fig4 #fb74 ,also comp>e ! ,sanscrit & ,h9du citra & sit>a ) ,egyptian seb-seta 8! hidd5 />10 pictur$ by ! turtle1 sit or cit1 etc4 7see p4 #cih74 ,,new ,,_w4 ,,citlall9/>4 ,nahuatl4 ,,ix-,,tololotlieye1 employ$ 9 picture writ+ = />4 ,nahuatl1 see 9 c5tre ( ,nahui-,oll91 fig4 #b1 ,nos4 #a & #c4 ,,ixua! bir? ( a plant1 ! g]m9ation ( se$1 cf4 cihuatlwoman4 ,nahuatl4 ,,ixtli! face4 ,nahuatl4 ,,i*! eye4 ,maya4 ,,iklife1 brea?1 air1 w9d cf4 ecatlbrea?1 etc41 ,nahuatl1 & ek/>4 ,maya4 ,,kikcolomblood4 ,maya4 ,,xiconavel4 ,nahuatl4 ,,viii4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,,teh-,,tehdesignation ( ! fir/ /> ( ! ,great ,be>1 giv5 9 />-li/ 9 ,papyrus ( ,ani1 & ! same z ,te-te1 ! ,akkadian />-god ( ! two f\ndations 7,hewitt1 p4 #bfg74 ,,tethighly abrad$ =m ( timm5f\ndation4 ,,temf\ndation1 ,egyptian 7,o',neil72 f\ndation /one 7,br[n74 ,akkadian4 ,,tetet]nity1 symboliz$ by /one pill>4 ,egypt4 ,a-,,t5circle or disk4 ,egypt4 ,,ua-,,tet,egyptian "n = em]ald4 ,,!os,greek "n = god i4 e4 ,cosmos4 ,,!odescriptive ( runn+ :eel1 ( any?+ circul> :i* seems to run ar\nd into itself4 ,,!orssacr$ envoys1 :o came = sacr$ fe/ivals to ,olympia or ,delphi f diff]5t po9ts4 ,,!mislaw1 "r1 agre$ ^u by common cons5t or prescription4 ,greece4 ,,!misp]sonifi$ law1 ord] & ju/ice1 cf4 ,artemis1 ! goddess to :om ! sev5 />s ( ! ,great ,be> 7 sacr$ 7,hewitt74 ,,tem5ospiece ( l& sacr$ to a god1 sacr$ prec9cts1 prec9cts ( temple4 ,a-,,!na"n ( ,grecian capital1 /ate & goddess1 signifi$ 8,sev540 ,,t5os & ,,teosnames ( ,greek /ates1 p4 #def4 ,,deo?anvillage e>?-god wor%ipp$ by ,brahm9 prie/s 7,hewitt74 ,,te5 or ,,ti5heav51 god1 ! "* = god be+ an upright pole or support1 a 8ti40 ,*9ese1 see p4 #cja1 cf4 ,*9ese "*1 ti51 field1 repres5t+ a squ>e divid$ by cross l9es into f\r p>ts4 ,,new ,,_w4 ,,tem1 ,,tetem/one alt>1 f\ndation4 ,maya4 p4 #bbi4 ,,tetl/one4 ,nahuatl4 ,,teo-,,calli8h\se ( god0 temple4 ,nahuatl4 ,,teotl"n = god4 ,nahuatl4 ,,teotihuacansite ( ext5sive ru9s4 ,mexico4 ,,t5o*-,,ti-,,tlan"n ( capital ( ,mexico4 ,,temi/itanano!r anci5t "n = ,mexican capital4 ,,ix4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,,a%numb] six4 ,akkadian4 ,,a%uratrad+ non-,aryan races1 ! ,hittites1 wor%ipp]s ( six gods1 six seasons1 ( ,pleiades & ( ,a%ura ,mazda1 ! ,z5d god4 ,e/abli%$ sy/em ( gr\p+ six prov9ces ar\nd c5tral royal prov9ce :]e k+ resid$4 ,,a%v9s/>s :i* drove r\nd ! pole ! con/ellations ( ,ursa ,major & ,draco1 ano!r "n = ,a%ura8 ,sons ( horse 7a%va71 br\ght b>ley to ,india1 drank mead 7madhu72 in/itut$ ! ,a%va ,mdha1 or horse-sacrifice ( ! ,h9dus1 also us$ by ,nor? ,g]mans ,ugro-,f9ns1 ,scy?ians & ,romans4 ,,a%1 ,,nak-,,kas*,draco1 ,euphratean "n = ,pol>is4 ,,masseba/one pill>4 ,hebrew symbol1 see p4 #cej4 ,,a%]ahpole or tree1 wor%ipp$ by ,phnicians & ,hebrews equival5t ( ,indian ra9-pole4 ,,al-,,fassaxis1 ,arabian "n = pole-/>4 ,,ph>-,,a%-,,ah1 ,,p>r-,,asis,hebrew & ,phnician 8guid+ />10 ,pol>is4 ,,assurk+dom & god ( ,assyria4 ,,as>transcription ( ,osiris4 ,egypt 7,o',neil1 p4 #ei74 ,,asia"n giv5 by ,greeks to ,asia4 ,,askaniosanci5t "n ( ,phrygia4 ,,a/>tegoddess ( heav51 see p4 #cej4 ,,ass or ,,sir,sc&9avian gods4 ,,assg>dc5tral1 div9e dwell+4 ,sc&9avia4 ,,um-,,a%ire$ %oot t spr\t$ :5 ! e>?1 "y & l unto float+ oil1 drift$ ab\t m$usa-l4 ,japan4 7,records ( ,anci5t ,matt]s1 section ,i47 ,,uma%i-,,a%i-,,kabi-,,hiko-,,ji-,,no-,, kami8,pleasant-re$-%oot-eld]-deity10 born f primval re$-%oot4 ,,a%i-,,h>a-,,no-,,naka-,,tsu-,,kuni,l& 9 ! ,middle ( ! ,re$ pla9s1 common p]iphra/ic designation ( ,japan4 ,,new ,,_w4 ,,aztlan! orig9al home ( ,aztec race1 accord+ to tradition4 ,,aztec"n ( dom9ant race4 ,mexico4 ,,a%-,,iwio!r "n = ,zui tribe 7,cu%+1 see p4 #bjc74 ,x4 ,,old ,,_w4 ,o1 ,,on or ,,no"n ( cele/ial & t]re/rial capitals4 ,hebrew & ,egyptian4 ,,olympos! break] or organiz] ( "t 7,hewitt1 p4 #ead74 ,,kolonha hill1 m\nd1 ,greek2 ,lat4 tumulus4 ,,colonosa demos ( ,attica ly+ on & ar\nd hill sacr$ to ,poseidon4 ,,coloniaa colony1 ! ,lat4 colonia4 ,,kolossos/atue 9 g5]al1 i4 e4 column8 ,,om-,,el-,,kora"m ( cities4 ,arabian1 see p4 #cbc4 ,,omphale9 ,greek my?ology1 ! fire socket1 wife ( ,h]akles1 ! fire drill 7,hewitt74 ,,hodesignation = directions 9 space4 ,*9a1 see pp4 #bhe-bhh4 ,,hoacme1 tak5 to mean ! be/1 highe/1 mo/ %[y "p ( any?+4 ,japanese 7,*amb]la9747#agb7 ,,ho! l&'s acme1 or a pla9 surr\nd$ by m\nta9s4 ,japan 7,mot[ori74 ,,homdate-palm-sacr$ tree4 ,babylonia-,assyria 7,sir ,geo4 ,birdwood74 ,,new ,,_w4 ,,ho1 or ,,ti-,,hooanci5t capital ( ,yucatan1 see p4 #bgg4 ,,homm\nd4 ,maya4 ,,homtamilbelly1 i4 e4 omphalos4 ,,index4 ,abadiano1 ,dionysio1 #bdf1 #bea4 ,above 7see 8,heav5 or ,above074 ,academia ,manuscript1 #aa4 ,acamapi*tli1 ,mexican rul]1 hav+ title ( 8,woman-s]p5t10 #fc1 #fg1 #ga4 ,acatl1 "o ( ! f\r ,mexican ye>-symbols1 #gf1 #agj1 #agi1 #beg1 #bhj4 ,acolma1 #ee4 ,aco/a1 #gf1 #aej4 ,agave or maguey1 juice (1 8dr9k ( life10 #ahh4 ,ahau1 ,maya glyph1 *ief1 "l1 #afi2 figur$ on gold plaque f ,cuzco1 #afi1 #bbj4 ,ahau-ka-tun1 #bd-ye> p]iod1 #bai2 lit]ally "l1 #bj /one1 comp>$ ) ,copan /el1 #bai1 #bba4 ,ah-cu*-cab1 ,maya "n ( rul] or *ief ( a t[n or place1 #ahd2 title ( *ief1 #bbj2 t]re/rial "l1 #bbd4 ,ah-cu*-haab1 ,maya "n = f\r ye>-signs1 #bbj4 ,air1 9 ,mexico1 ,quetzalcoatl1 "l (1 #abf2 "n ( "o ( ! f\r eras s9ce ! creation ( ! _w1 #bec4 ,air & wat] design1 on sacr$ edifices 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 #abf2 union (1 #abf2 emblem ( ,above1 #abf2 on dr9k+ vessels1 #abg2 on dome ( anci5t ,greek monum5t1 #abg2 associat$ ) ! male region1 #bdi4 ,akbal1 ,maya glyph1 #ajh4 ,akkad! ,nor?1 #ccd4 ,akkadians1 ,semitic race ( ,assyria-,babylonia1 #ccd4 ,alex&] ( ,mac$onia1 #ebg4 ,all51 ,ri*>d ,h9ckley1 #ddh1 #dea1 #ebe4 ,alligator1 alt> at ,copan1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bif2 totem ( ,copan tribe1 #bbh2 symbol 9 codices1 #ejd1 #eah2 9 ,india1 #eje1 #eai2 totem ( ,mayas & ,mexicans1 #ebj4 ,alt>s at ,copan1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi4 ,amat]asu1 ,japanese sun-goddess1 #caa4 ,amaytun1 pa9t$ repres5tation ( ! #bj & #bd-ye> epo*1 #bai1 #bbf4 ,am5-,ra1 ! supreme dual god ( ! ,egyptians1 #chi1 #cij1 #cia4 ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #eaj1 #ede4 ,am]ican ,folk-,lore ,society1 #eaj4 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #bcd4 ,am]ican peoples1 #dgi-edh4 ,ammon1 #ebb4 ,ammonites1 #cea4 ,anacreon1 #dec4 ,anales del ,museo ,nacional de ,mexico1 #hf1 #ic1 #ih4 ,&a/es1 #aif4 ,&ean art1 comp>$ ) ,m$it]ranean1 #ede4 ,&ree1 ,ri*>d1 #eb1 #ec4 ,angr&1 ,leonce1 #aej1 #aea4 ,animal =m1 z totem1 #aed2 associat$ ) ,f\r ,qu>t]s by ,zui1 #bie2 comb9$ ) bird1 symbol ( union ( ,above & ,bel[1 #bif2 summ>y ( use 9 symbolism #bif2 9 ,*9ese cal5d>1 #bii1 9 ,buddhi/ my?ology1 #cah2 comb9$ ) human 9 ,babylonian symbolism1 #cce 7see ,human =m74 ,an?romorphites1 #ecj4 ,apis1 sacr$ ,egyptian bull1 #cii2 cult (1 v anci5t1 #dcg4 ,apollo1 wor%ipp$ 9 =m ( a column1 #ddg1 #eac4 ,arabia1 /> wor%ip1 axial rotation1 sev5-day p]iod1 etc41 #cbb1 #cbd1 #ddh1 #dhb1 #die1 #eef4 ,aratos1 #dec4 ,arcadius1 #ecj4 ,ar*itecture1 anci5t1 influ5c$ by religi\s cults ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 #bhd2 ,byzant9e1 #eae2 cruci=m1 #eae2 symbolism ( 7see ,w9d[s1 ,cone1 ,tau1 ,pyramid1 ,color1 ,greek fret1 etc474 ,arctos1 #deb4 ,ari/otle1 #dhe1 #dhf1 #dhg4 ,arizona1 #eb1 #aii4 ,arriaga1 ,padre1 #acd4 ,arr[po9t1 b>b$1 us$ in/ead ( fl9t knife z symbol ( life-produc+ =ce1 #ee1 #ef4 ,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d1 #cff1 #cfi4 ,a%urbanipal1 ,assyrian k+1 (fspr+ ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 #cdf4 ,asia ,m9or1 comp>$ ) ,nor? ,am]ica 9 relation to t]ti>y plants & fungi1 #dgi4 ,asiatic contact1 #ecd1 #eda 7see ,pre-,columbian contact74 ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan1 #efe1 #ege4 ,assyria1 />-cult1 #cbf2 num]ical divisions1 etc41 #cbh2 cult ( ,pol>is1 #cce2 analogies ) ,*9a & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #cdi2 civilization m rec5t ?an t ( ,babylonia1 #cec2 f\nd$ by ,semitic ,babylonians1 #ced2 rise ( pure mono!ism1 #cee2 /el ) sev5 symbols1 sev5 circles1 etc41 #ceh2 ,pole-/> wor%ip1 sev5-fold division1 ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 etc41 #cfg2 summ>y1 #dhc4 ,a/>te1 ,assyrian goddess figur$ z c[ & z moon1 #ccg1 #cde1 #cej4 ,a/ronomy1 ca/ ( a/ronomy-lead]s1 #bb2 /udy (1 among native races1 #db2 basis ( religion1 #dc2 k (1 among ,eskimo1 #ej2 & o!r native peoples1 #ec2 ,mexican a/ronom]s1 #hb2 among ! ,zui1 #bje2 a/ronom]-prie/s ( ,mexico #bgd2 9 ,*9a1 #bhe2 ,*9ese1 ,babylonian1 ,h9doo1 ,*aldean1 ,egyptian1 ,?ibetan & ,indian1 #cjj1 #cja2 9 ,*aldea1 #ccj2 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #cbh1 #cch2 9 ,egypt1 #cgf1 #chc2 ,egyptian zodiac signs1 illu/rat$1 #cie2 ! "t :5 !re ceas$ to be a conspicu\s pole />1 #ebe-ebf 7see ,pol>is1 ,cal5d>1 etc474 ,atlantis1 ,isl& (1 #ddf4 ,atlatl or spe> ?r[]1 #baa2 on temple ( ! ,tig]s1 & on ,/one ( ,tizoc1 #bab4 ,attiw5d>onks1 #aif4 ,avila1 #acb4 ,axayacatl1 liv+ repres5tative ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 #ga4 ,axial rotation 7or :eel7 9 anci5t religion1 symbolism & gov]nm5t2 9 ,maya "n = ,ursa ,major1 #h-aj2 title ( ,mexican supreme div9ity1 8,:eel ( ! ,w9ds10 #aa1 #cc2 orig9 ( idea 0 rotation ( ,ursa ,major ar\nd ,pol>is2 symboliz$ by swa/ika symbol1 #ah-bc2 imitat$ by ,mexican game1 8,^? :o fly10 #bd2 associat$ ) ,mexican ,cal5d> sy/em1 #be2 indicat$ by "n ,teo-,culhuacan or ,aztlan1 #ef2 repres5t$ by ,mexican sacr$ dance1 #ei2 indicat$ 9 ,vi5na ,codex by circle ( foot/ep1 #ij2 9 ,zui religi\s c]emony1 #abi2 9 religi\s c]emony & irrigat+ canals ( ,p]u1 #ade1 #adf2 symboliz$ by ,nahuioll9 on ,mexican ,cal5d> ,/one1 #bea-eb2 by "o-foot$ man on ,mexican 8,sacrificial ,/one10 #bei2 9 anci5t plan ( ,mexican gov]nm5t1 #bgc2 pictur$ div9ity surr\nd$ by circle ( foot/eps1 #bgi2 9 plan ( anci5t ,*9ese gov]nm5t1 #bhj-bia2 9 cal5d> sy/ems ( ,*9a & ,mexico1 #bib2 symboliz$ by spid]'s web1 #bic2 9 ,*9ese cal5d>1 #cji2 ! :eel 9 ,h9du religion1 #cac1 #cai2 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #cca1 #ccb1 #cef1 #cfe1 #cff1 #cfg2 8,:eel ( ! law0 & 8"l ( ! :eel0 ( ,india1 9 ,egyptian symbolism1 #cid1 #djj1 #dja2 c5trifugal p[] & rule indicat$ by names ( capital cities 9 ,egypt & ,greece1 #dac2 revolv+ pill> on ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 #ddg2 9 ,arabia1 #ddh2 9 ,india1 #ddh2 9 ,plato's cosmical conception1 #ddi2 9 ,hom]'s works1 #deb2 9 ,sophocles' "w1 #dec2 9 anci5t ,greece1 polosa /> revolv+ on itself1 #dec2 ,sanscrit god1 8! driv] ( ! axle10 #dec2 ,greek 8,ixion's :eel10 #dec2 indicat$ by cross symbol & lat] by swa/ika1 #dfa2 :eel associat$ ) ,jove on ,roman tomb/one1 #dfd2 9 ,sc&9avia1 ! wa9 :eel$ ar\nd ! ?rone ( ,?or1 #dgc2 ,turanian god ( heav5! pole turn$ by ! revolv+ days & weeks1 #dii2 symbols (1 9 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #did-edd2 summ>y1 #edd4 ,ayllu1 ,p]uvian ^w = tribe or l9eage1 #ada4 ,aztlan1 l& ( light1 #ef1 #eg4 ,baal1 ,assyrian god1 #cde2 wor%ipp$ "u image ( bull1 #daj4 ,babylonia1 ,*9ese immigrants f1 #bii2 ,middle k+dom1 #bii2 a/ronomy1 #cjj2 /> cult1 #cbf2 num]ical divisions1 etc41 #cbh2 ei!r a m\nta9 or a /> signifi$ a god1 #cbi2 a/ronomical obs]vations ( great antiquity1 #cbi2 ori5t$ to ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #ccc2 decl9e ( ! empire1 #cdg2 female rul]1 #cdg2 describ$ 9 ,revelations2 sev5fold organization1 #cdh2 sev5-/ag$ t[]1 #cef2 sev5fold /ate1 #ceg2 alt> ( gold1 #cfa4 ,babylonia-,assyria1 ! ,babylonia triad1 ,anu1 ,ea1 & ,bel1 signify ! ,above1 ,middle & ,bel[1 #ccf2 comp>$ ) gods ( ,*9a1 #ccf2 comb9$ ,heav5 & ,e>? cult1 #cdd2 sev5-fold organization1 #cfj2 sev5-/ag$ t[] 7,zikkurat7 & ! great bas9 7,apsu7 symboliz$ cosmological conceptions2 tree or pole z sacr$ symbol2 fire-/ick1 #cfa2 wor%ip ( ,pol>is2 male & female pr9ciples 9 nature1 #cfc2 ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival1 #cfd2 summ>y & conclusions1 #cfg1 #edd4 ,bacab1 title ( ,maya *ief1 #hf2 title ( rul]s ( ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #ahc4 ,bailly1 #cai4 ,balam1 ,maya ^w = ocelot2 title ( f\r lords ( ,bel[ or ,e>?2 same z *ac1 #ahe4 ,balboa1 #aej4 ,ball1 ,c4 ,j41 #cjb4 ,b&eli]1 ,ad4 ,f41 #fa1 #gd1 #gi1 #hd1 #afh1 #bjj4 ,baptism1 ,maya1 #bbe4 ,b>b]1 ,comm&]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 #aei4 ,b>?olomew de las ,casas1 ,fri>1 #cb4 ,bat1 symbol ( happ9ess1 #bgg4 ,bat-k9-ya-mh1 ! ,wat] p1 #bjj4 ,ba/ian1 ,a41 #aec4 ,bead1 jade bead1 z symbol 9 ,mexico1 #ha2 8gold bead10 us$ z title2 symbolical among ! ,mayas1 #bcg4 ,be>d1 on /el at ,copan & ,quirigua1 #bai1 #bcj2 on cal5d> sign2 on images ( air-god1 #bca2 worn by repres5tatives ( ,above1 #bca2 n worn by repres5tatives ( ,bel[1 #bca2 9 pictorial art1 #bcb2 on portrait-/atue ( ,/ela ,e1 at ,quirigua1 #bcb2 be>d$ p]sonages on /el 7 high-prie/s1 etc41 #bcb2 be>dless effigies indicat$ diff]5t ca/e1 #bcb2 be>d$ ,spani>ds reg>d$1 by ,mexicans1 desc5dants ( f\nd]s ( _! civilization1 #bff2 emblem ( sov]eignty 9 ,egypt1 #dbf4 ,bee1 ,maya ^w =cab2 ,cab glyph1 #aaj4 ,beetle 7see ,sc>ab74 ,beltram de ,santa ,rosa1 ,fray1 #hi1 #aja4 ,b5>es1 temple (2 sacr$ c[1 #caf4 ,b5?am1 #dgf4 ,b5tley1 #cjj4 ,b]i*t5 d] ,deuts*5 ,botanis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #dgh4 ,b]l9 ,museum1 #chj1 #dag1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbf1 #dbg1 #deg1 #dfj1 #ejg4 ,b]ra1 ,orozco y1 #bfd1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 7,biblioteca ,nationale ,,ms471 same z 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians40 ,biblioteca ,nazionale ,manuscript 79 press71 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ab1 #cd1 #cg1 #ci1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #ed1 #eg1 #fd1 #ff1 #ga1 #ii1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #aab1 #abe1 #abh1 #acj1 #ahi1 #bda1 #bgi1 #eje4 ,biot1 #bih1 #cja4 ,bird1 title ( ,mexican w> *ief1 #be2 humm+-bird 9 symbolism1 #ci2 ) spid]1 s]p5t & cross on %ell gorget1 #di2 ,bird-god1 borne on litt]1 #ga2 anci5t ,yucatan 9 %ape ( bird1 #hf2 illu/rat$ social organization 9 ,mexico1 #hg2 totem ( ,incas1 #aeg2 on arms ( ,mexico1 #aeg2 on sculptures at ,tiahuanaco1 #afg2 man-bird repres5t$ rul] ( upp] division ( ,/ate 9 ,mexico1 #ahe2 typical ( lords ( f\r prov9ces 9 ,mexico1 #aij2 blue-bird1 ,mexican symbol1 #aij2 "n ( ,nahuatl tribe1 #bjf1 #bad2 ?ree mo/ p[]ful tribes ( ,yucatan h bird names1 #bag2 on alt> at ,copan1 #bbh2 9 sculptures at ,pal5que1 & 9 ,mexican ,fej]v>y *>t1 #bce2 mask 9 ,mexican fe/ival1 #bdb2 totem ( ! ,air p 9 ,mexico1 #bed2 recapitulation ( mean+ ( symbol1 #bhb2 use ( z symbol1 #bif2 vulture1 symbol ( ,upp] ,egypt1 #cfh4 ,birdwood1 ,geo41 #cad1 #ege4 ,blackfoot ,indians1 my? ab\t ,ursa ,major1 #eaa4 ,black1 ,rob]t1 #ebf4 ,black ,sun1 9 ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms41 #ed4 ,blood (f]+s1 mean+ (1 #ih1 #ii1 #ddb4 ,boas1 ,franz1 #adg4 ,boat1 9 sculptur$ bas-relief at ,*i*5-,itza1 #afj2 9 ,babylonian symbolism1 #cff2 9 ,egyptian symbolism1 #djc2 ,egyptian1 ,grecian1 ,phnician 9 e>ly times1 #dia4 ,bo*ica or ,ida-c-zas1 culture h]o ( ! ,muyscas2 p]sonification ( ! ,sun or ,above1 #aga4 ,bodleian ,,ms41 #dd1 #ij4 ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d1 #ejh4 ,boeckh1 #dhh4 ,bogota1 dual gov]nm5t1 cal5d>1 etc41 #aga4 ,bohn1 #dhf4 ,book ( ! ,dead1 #cgb1 #cgd1 #chf1 #chg1 #djd1 #djf4 ,book ( ,manu1 #cag4 ,book ( ,yu1 #bif4 ,bopp & ,pott1 #ejj4 ,botur9i1 #aej1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,b\rb\rg1 ,b4 de1 #ce1 #fi1 #hi1 #aia1 #bjf1 #baa1 #baf1 #bag1 #bga4 ,b\rn\f1 #ddh1 #dea4 ,bovallius1 ,dr41 #bcj4 ,b[l or vase 7see ,vase74 ,brahmanism1 #cab1 #cac4 ,br&5burg1 spe>head f1 illu/rat+ triskelion & swa/ika associat$1 #bh4 ,br&s=d1 ,j4 ,f41 #ej4 ,brazil1 wood5 clubs ) ,greek fret1 #aba2 symbolism1 etc41 comp>$ ) t ( o!r anci5t ,am]ican civilizations1 #bbd4 ,brea?1 puffs (1 conv5tionaliz$ on ,copan slab1 #bbc2 on bas-relief at ,pal5que1 #bbc2 at ,quirigua1 #bbc2 comp>$ ) ,zui symbolism1 #bbc2 9 ,copan1 #bhj4 ,br9ton1 ,d4 ,g41 #fj1 #fi1 #gb1 #hb1 #hh1 #ic1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #afd1 #aga1 #age1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahb1 #aia1 #aib1 #bag1 #bce4 ,brita91 anci5t1 num]ical divisions1 middle1 c5tral rul]1 quadruple organization1 #dgj1 #dic4 ,briti% ,guiana1 wood5 clubs ) 8,greek fret10 #aba4 ,briti% ,museum1 #aea1 #aff1 #bcd1 #cec1 #cee1 #cef1 #ceg1 #cff1 #deg1 #dei4 ,br[n1 ,rob]t1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cbg1 #cch1 #cfd4 ,brugs*1 #cgj1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #cgi1 #chb1 #che1 #chg1 #cij1 #cic1 #cie1 #cig1 #cih1 #cii1 #djj1 #dja1 #djb1 #djd1 #djf1 #djg1 #dah1 #dai1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbe1 #dbi1 #dca1 #dcb1 #dcc1 #dcf1 #dcg1 #dch1 #dci1 #ddj1 #dda1 #ddb4 ,buddhism1 #bid1 #bih1 #cja1 #cjf1 #caa1 #cad4 ,budge1 ,wallis1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cgd1 #cge1 #cgi1 #chb1 #chh1 #chi1 #cia1 #cid1 #cig1 #dbe1 #dcg1 #ddc4 ,bull1 w+$ bulls ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #ccf2 symbolism (1 #ccg2 ,yahwe1 national god ( ! ,hebrews1 repres5t$ z man or z bull1 #cej2 a/ronomical sign 9 ,egypt = ,ursa ,major1 & possibly ( ,pol>is1 #che2 l+ui/ic reasons :y k+ ( ,egypt 0 entitl$ 8! bull10 #che2 title ( ,egyptian supreme deity1 #chi2 c[1 bull or ox1 9 ,egyptian zodiac signs1 #cie2 ,apis1 sacr$ bull ( ,egypt1 #cii2 9 inscription 9 temple ( ,d5d]ah1 #dja2 ,baal wor%ipp$ "u image (1 #daj2 ,egyptian ka1 rebus1 signify+ ,pol>is & ,ursa ,major1 #daj2 title ( ,am5-,ra1 #daj2 associat$ ) ! goose 9 symbolism1 #dah2 ,m9otaurus1 rul] ( ,crete1 #deg4 ,burg]1 ,george1 #dhf4 ,burial urn1 emblem ( e>? "m1 #ajf4 ,bus*mann1 ,dr41 #aec1 #aee1 #aeh1 #afe1 #agb4 ,butt]fly us$ z symbol ( immortal s\l by ,mexicans1 #ci2 symbol ( ,c5tre & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #dg4 ,byzant9e ar*itecture1 #eae4 ,cab1 ,maya day sign1 ^w = bee1 also e>?1 #aji2 honey1 #aaj2 associat$ ) female pr9ciple1 #aaj4 ,cabal1 day-sign1 on ,copan alt>1 #bbg4 ,caban1 ,maya day-sign1 id5tical ) symbol ( e>?1 #ajg2 figur$ ) leaves ( maize1 #aji2 ! ,bel[1 #bbg4 ,cs>1 call$ ! ,son ( ! ,sun1 #ddj1 #dgj1 #ecg4 ,cak*iquel ,indians ( ,guatemala1 #gi2 c\rt (1 #gi2 obsidian mirror us$ z oracle1 #hj2 ,annals (1 #afd2 leg5d sugge/+ =m ( gov]nm5t1 #agb2 tribal division associat$ ) cal5d>1 #agh1 #agi2 tradition 9 relation to #g-;day p]iod1 #ahb4 ,cal5d> sy/ems1 ,mexican1 #g2 sugge/$ by ,pol>is & circumpol> con/ellations1 #be2 ,maya1 orig9 (1 #ce2 ,mexican1 monograph on1 #ec2 orig9 (1 #ajj2 anci5t ,p]uvian1 #ade2 among ! ,muyscas1 #aga2 connection betwe5 cal5d> signs & divisions ( ! p1 #age2 a gov]nm5tal in/itution1 #agi2 inv5tion ( native sy/em by anci5t inhabitants ( ,*iapas1 #ahb2 among ! ,zui1 #bje2 kept pr(\nd secret by prie/hood1 #bje2 ,maya1 #bbj2 fix$ t]m ( (fice = anci5t ,am]ican rul]s1 #bba2 ,mexican1 orig9at$ f ! fix$ m>ket-days1 #bde2 signs id5tifi$ ) diff]5t p>ts ( human =m1 #bhb2 in/itut$ by ! ,*9ese emp]or1 ,ya\1 #bhi1 #bib2 comp>ison ( ,am]ican & ,*9ese1 #big1 #bih1 #bii1 #cji2 ,*aldean & ,h9doo1 #cjj2 ,japanese comp>$ ) ,mexican1 #caa2 ,h9du ) ,mexican1 #cai2 ,assyrian & ,babylonian1 #ccg1 #cdh1 #cdi2 anci5t ,egyptian1 #cgg1 #cgh2 lun> & sol>1 #dci2 ,esne cal5d>1 #ddj2 ,canopus cal5d>1 #dda2 ,c5tral ,am]ican & ,mexican1 #ebh2 "t :5 fir/ adopt$1 #ebi1 #ecj4 ,cal5d>-/one ( ,mexico1 #ab2 night sun pictur$ on1 #ac2 symbol ( five dots comp>$ ) same on recumb5t /one figure1 #ie2 m>ket-/one ( ! ,city ( ,mexico1 regulat$ social organization1 #bde2 special "w on1 by ,zelia ,nuttall1 #bdf2 image ( 8,great ,plan0 or ,s*eme ( ,organization1 #bdg2 figur$ & describ$1 #bdh-beh2 regulat$ ma*9]y ( /ate1 #bed2 ,gama's1 ,val5t9e's & ,*av]o's descriptions1 #bef2 bas$ on obs]vation ( ,pol>is1 #beg2 embodi$ ! idea ( a c5tral1 dual & quadruple p[]1 etc41 #beh2 conta9s symbol ( union ( dual pr9ciples ( nature1 #bhj4 ,cal5d>-swa/ika1 #i1 #ah1 #da 7see ,swa/ika74 ,cali=nia ,indians1 use today two symbols 9 use by anci5t ,mexicans & ,mayas1 i4 e41 fl9t-knife & 8/one yoke10 #ajd1 #aje4 ,calli1 ,nahuatl = we/]n horizon! h\se1 #ch2 "o ( ! f\r-ye> symbols1 #gf2 mean+1 ! h\se1 #bec4 ,campia de ,puebla1 #bge4 ,c1 ,maya ^w = s]p5t1 #ch2 s]p5t & num]al f\r1 #ej1 #aaj1 #aab2 affix 9 names ( t[ns1 ,iroquois1 ,maya & ,mexican1 #aih2 associat$ ) pyramid z ,teotihua-,c1 #bfc2 9 ,*9ese & ,maya associat$ ) f\rfold division1 #bhh4 ,canaan1 acc\nt ( ,hebrew religion1 #cej4 ,canada1 ,iroquois t[n1 #aig2 ,maya mean+ (1 #aih4 ,c&ace1 que5 ( ! ,e?iopians1 #ddj4 ,capital1 ,maya ^w =1 homonym\s ) fiveho1 #bef4 ,c>acol1 or ,r\nd ,temple1 ( ,*i*5-,itza1 built by ,quetzalcoatl1 repres5t+ ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 & c5tre ( dom9ion1 #ig4 ,c>d9al po9ts1 assignm5t ( colors & p>ts ( human body1 #bic1 #bid2 associat$ ) =m ( quadrup$ among ! ,zui1 #bie 7see ,f\r ,qu>t]s74 ,c>illo1 ,cresc5cio1 #he1 #hf4 ,c>?ag9ians1 hav+ k ( an isl& 9 ! ocean1 #edj4 ,c>ti]1 #aig4 ,c>y's translation ( ,h]odotus1 #dcg4 ,c>yatids1 at ,*i*5-,itza1 #bab4 ,cassiopeia1 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 #bi1 #dj1 #di4 ,ca/e1 9 ,p]u1 #adc2 9 ,mexico1 #bgc4 ,ca/elnau1 #aej4 ,cat1 sacr$ symbol 9 ,egypt1 #djh4 ,cat>i1 *ronicl] ( ! ,incas1 #aea4 ,celi-,c$1 ! dual p[]1 f :i* ! univ]se 0 born 7,druidic71 #dga4 ,c5tip$e1 ,mexican symbol1 #ahf4 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 fundam5tal basis ( gov]nm5t & civilization1 #ae2 symbolical =m 9 ar*itecture1 #aac1 #aai2 c>v$ /one seats or alt>s1 #bhc 7see ,copan1 ,guatemala1 etc474 ,c5tre 7/able c5tre or middle71 9 anci5t gov]nm5t1 religion1 & symbolism3 ,pol>is1 ! c5tre ( axial en]gy1 #bb1 #cj2 c5tre ( ! ,cosmos1 among ,zuis1 ,mayas1 ,mexicans & ,p]uvians1 #da2 symbols (1 #df2 on %ell gorgets1 #di2 div]g5ce f idea1 #eb2 repres5t$ by recumb5t /one figure1 #if2 among ,incas1 #acf1 #adb1 #add2 & ,f\r ,qu>t]s repres5t$ on c>v$ slab f ,santa ,lucia1 #agb2 9 anci5t ,am]ican game1 #agh2 9 ,fjrv>y ,codex1 #agh2 9 social organization1 #ahj2 on sculpture ( ,"l ( ,above1 #ahf2 colors associat$ )1 #aib2 among ! ,zui1 #bjb2 9 ,copan ,swa/ika1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbe2 on ,tablet ( ! ,cross at ,pal5que1 #bcf1 #bdc2 union ) ,f\r ,qu>t]s 9 ,mexican cal5d>-/one1 #bej1 #beh2 on ,mexican monoli? 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfj1 #bfb1 #bfd2 symboliz$ by pyramid1 #bgc1 #bgd2 words & symbols connect$ )1 #bgg2 associat$ ) swa/ika1 #bhj2 express$ by pyramid1 #bhb2 typifi$ by cross-legg$ human figure1 #bhc2 express$ 9 fl[] symbol1 #bhd2 ,*9ese 8,middle k+dom10 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bia1 #bid1 #bii2 9 ,am]ica1 symboliz$ by human he>t & navel1 9 ,*9a by /oma*1 #bif2 9 ,*9ese religion1 #cjf2 ,japan call$ 8,c5tre ( ! ,e>?10 #caj2 repres5t$ by /atue ( ,buddha1 #cad2 ,nirvana1 #cae2 9 ,h9du religion1 #cag2 9 religion ( ,arabia1 #cbc1 #cbd2 ( ,p]sia1 #cbe2 ( ,babylonia1 #ccj1 #ccc2 ,j]usalem1 sacr$ spot m>k+ ! c5tre ( ! _w1 #ceb2 9 ,babylonia-,assyria #cfd2 9 ,egypt1 #cgf1 #cgi1 #chj1 #cha1 #chd1 #che1 #chf1 #cid2 express$ by mummy-%ap$ object1 also by cone1 #daj2 by a cr[n1 #dab2 by a fl[]1 #dae2 9 ,egyptian fea/1 ,tekhu1 #dci2 9 anci5t gov]nm5t ( ,crete1 #deg2 9 anci5t ,rome1 #dfc2 9 anci5t ,irel&1 ,brita9 & ,wales1 #dfh-dga2 9 ,sc&9avia1 #dgb2 9 cross-symbolism1 #eaa2 9 religi\s ideas ( ,old & ,new ,_w1 #eag1 #ece2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,c5tury ,diction>y1 #deb1 #dfd4 ,cezalc\atl1 "n = ,kukulcan1 #fi4 ,*aac ,mool or ,"l ,tig]1 "n giv5 by ,le ,plongeon to ! recumb5t figure be>+ circul> vessel1 f\nd 9 ,*i*5-,itza1 #ie 7see 8,recumb5t /one figure074 ,*ac 7,maya7 r$ color2 also ra91 /orms1 ?und] & ,lightn+2 title ( ,"l ( ,bel[1 #ahe4 ,*ac-n\i-tan1 "n = ,yucatan1 #baj4 ,*al*ihuitljade1 #cd1 #ia2 jade beads1 #ha4 ,*alm]s1 ,john1 #eaa4 ,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia1 #deb1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #dfe1 #dhd1 #efd4 ,*amb]la91 ,basil ,hall1 #efe1 #efh1 #ega1 #egd1 #ege4 ,*>iot1 symbolism (1 #cac1 #ejj1 #eja4 ,*av]o1 ,a41 #cc1 #fa1 #bec1 #bef4 ,*1 ,maya ^w = tree2 9 names ( tribes1 #aii1 #bcd4 ,*eck]-bo>d 7or t>tan7 design1 =m$ by taus1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd4 ,*'en1 ,maya day sign1 #aaj4 ,*eles1 "o ( ! ,yucatan tribes1 #bag4 ,*]okees1 #aif4 ,*ess bo>d1 9 ,egypt1 #abd4 ,*iapas1 ! pres5t home ( ! ,tz5dals2 native cal5d> sy/em1 #ahj1 #ahb2 migrations f1 #baj2 num]ical divisions1 #ebh4 ,*i*5-,itza1 culture-h]o rul$ 91 #fh1 #fi2 recumb5t /one figure be>+ circul> vessel1 #ic1 #ahe1 #bad2 connection e/abli%$ ) ,mexico by ,kukulcan 7,quetzalcoatl71 #ic2 ,c>acol or ,r\nd ,temple1 #ig2 bas-relief illu/rat+ navigation by boats1 #afj2 tradition ab\t settlem5t (1 #bjg2 evid5ce ( ,aztec influ5ce1 #bab2 classification ( ru9s1 #baf2 tablet 9 h\se ( 8,t5nis-c\rt0 #bei4 ,*i*imecs1 sacrifices by1 #ff4 ,*icome-coatl1 lit]ally1 sev5-s]p5ts1 title ( e>? "m1 #aha4 ,*9a1 cosmical symbol comp>$ ) ^? ( ,copan & ,mexico1 #aad2 symbols ( ,above & ,bel[1 #aah2 s\nd ( words1 9 symbolism1 #bgf2 pole-/> wor%ip1 #bhd2 ! emp]or at ,pek9 t]m$ ! ,son ( ,heav5 & ! ,empress inhabits ! palace ( ,e>?'s repose2 ,yang & ,y92 ,above & ,bel[1 etc41 #bhf2 reason ( de=mation ( feet1 #bhg2 ,*[ ,dyna/y1 f\rfold plan ( cities1 l+ui/ic aff9ities ) ,mexicans & ,mayas1 8,quadri=m con/itution10 #bhh2 cal5d> sy/em1 social & religi\s organization comp>$ ) t ( anci5t ,am]ica1 #bia1 #bib1 #bic2 tables %[+ ! agreem5t & div]g5ce 9 anci5t sy/ems ( ,*9a & ,am]ica1 #bic2 assignm5t ( colors & ( p>ts ( human body to c>d9al po9ts1 #bid2 comp>ative /udy ( symbolism1 #bif2 social organization1 etc41 #big2 cal5d> & num]ical sy/em1 #big1 #bih2 orig9 ( civilization1 #bii2 a/ronomical sy/em1 #cjj1 #cja2 ,buddhism1 #cja1 #cjc1 #cae2 primitive cal5d>1 #cja2 ,ta\ism1 #cja2 ,*9ese language said to be ! same z ,akkadian1 #cjb2 civilization n indig5\s1 emigration into1 #cjc2 ,d[ag] ,empress ,l+1 #cjd2 ,israelites1 #cjc-cjf2 ,*ri/ians1 #cjf2 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( religion id5tical ) t ( anci5t ,am]ica1 b lat]1 div]g5t1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #cji2 ,heav5 & ,e>? cult practis$ at ! pres5t "t1 #cdd2 summ>y ( num]ical divisions1 #dhc2 use ( :eel f e>lie/ times1 #eja-ejb2 use ( ,cross symbol ) idea ( c5tral p[]1 #eaa2 resemblances & diff]5ces1 ,*9ese & ,maya1 ,mexican1 #ecc1 #ecd2 d\bt ab\t extreme age ( gov]nm5tal s*eme1 #ecc2 cele/ial k+dom dates f fir/ c5tury1 #eda1 #edb2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edf4 ,*olula1 conta9s l>ge/ pyramid 9 ,am]ica1 #bfh2 built z place ( refuge f inundations1 #bga1 #bgb2 place ( sanctity1 #bge2 also call$ ,*olola or ,colola1 #bge2 m>ks site ( great & anci5t ,tollan1 #bge1 #bgf1 #ebi4 ,*olollan1 pyramid1 a v5]at$ sanctu>y1 #bfi2 tradition conc]n+1 #bgj2 native "n is 8tollan10 #bge 7see ,tullan ,*olollan74 ,*ri/ianity1 9 ,*9a1 #cje1 #cjf2 p]iod ( gr[?1 p]secution ( pagans1 #ecj1 #eca2 ,/4 ,augu/9e /ates t x has exi/$ f ! beg9n+1 #ecf1 #ecg1 #ech1 #eci1 #eda4 ,*u51 ,maya day-sign1 #aab4 ,cib1 ,maya day-sign1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,cibola1 sev5 cities (1 #bjc4 ,cic]o1 #dhh1 #ebf1 #ebg4 ,cieza de ,leon1 #acb1 #aej4 ,cihuacoatl1 ! e>? "m1 fl9t knife 9 wrapp+s1 symbol (1 #ee2 ! ,woman s]p5t 7or tw971 #fj2 "n ( ,quilaztli1 #fj2 female rul]1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd2 ,mexican rul]1 #fg2 p]sonification ( ,e>?1 #gf2 ,montezuma's sub/itute1 #gg2 duties (1 ag5ts (1 #gh2 (f]$ sacrifice to god ( ,und]world1 #gi2 comp>$ ) s]p5t 9 ,maya ,codex1 #aaa2 emblem (1 #abh2 female title ( "l ( ! night1 #aha4 ,cipactli1 ,mexican sign = a 8m>9e mon/]10 #bbh4 ,circle1 symbol ( heav51 #bfj2 influ5ce on anci5t ar*itecture & symbolism1 #bhd2 ) dot1 ,egyptian sign = "t1 #chg4 ,circle or r+1 symbol ( ,egyptian 8"l ( ! r+10 ,h9du 8"l ( ! :eel10 ,p]sian 8god ( ! r+10 & ,mexican 8"l ( ! circle10 #dja4 ,circle or disk1 ,egyptian symbol1 #djb1 #dab1 #ddd2 also 9 ,p]u1 #ddd4 ,circumpol> con/ellations1 /udi$ by primitive man1 #ae2 9 relation to orig9 ( swa/ika symbol1 #ae2 =m triskelion on night ( w9t]-sol/ice1 #bg2 relation to sacr$ numb]s1 #bi2 associat$ ) idea ( dea? & resurrection1 #ci2 9 relation to und]world1 #dj2 f\r movem5ts (1 #ed2 9 connection ) cult ( ,bel[1 #ed2 wor%ip ( 9 ,old ,_w1 #chc-chg 7see ,pleiades1 ,ursa ,major1 ,ursa ,m9or1 ,pol>is74 ,circumpol> region1 probable bir?-place ( cult ( ,pol>is1 #dge2 place :]e human race probably sp5t its infancy1 #dge2 fauna & flora1 #dgf1 #dgh1 #dgi4 ,circumpol> rotation1 repres5t$ by swa/ika & />-symbols on pott]y1 #ej-eb2 comp>$ to rotation ( fire-drill by e>ly peoples1 #ejb 7see ,rotation or ,:eel74 ,clavig]o1 #bd1 #be1 #eh4 ,claws 7or nails7 ( ! /ate1 title ( w>riors1 #hg2 9 ,mexican cal5d>-/one1 #bdi2 on monoli? 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfa4 ,cliff dwell]s1 tau z symbol1 #aai4 ,clubs 7wood57 f ,s\? ,am]ica & ,p]u1 ) symbolical designs1 #abb4 ,coatl 7s]p5t or tw97 9 connection ) tree symbolism1 #ahh2 comp>$ ) ,zui ,koatw91 #bja4 ,cocomes1 ,maya tribe1 #bji1 #bad4 ,codices3 ,borgian1 #bg1 #cf1 #ee1 #ia1 #ie1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aaf1 #ahi1 #ejd1 #eje2 ,*imalpopoca1 #bgj2 ,*umazel1 #he2 ,cortesian1 #aaa2 ,dresd51 #ce1 #cg1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #aaj1 #ahc2 ,fjrv>y1 #i1 #aj1 #dd1 #ajg2 ,fu5leal1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #cc1 #dd2 ,m5doza1 #fc1 #hg1 #hh1 #aag1 #aah1 #abb1 #acj1 #agc1 #bfc2 ,tell]iano-,rem5sis1 #aj1 #aa1 #bdj2 ,troano1 #hf1 #aji1 #aaj2 ,vatican1 #aa1 #dd1 #ee1 #ej1 #gh1 #hj2 ,vi5na1 #cd1 #dd1 #hf1 #ij1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #aai1 #abc1 #abg4 ,cogolludo1 #hi1 #ahj1 #bjf1 #baj1 #bah4 ,colebrook & ,b5tley1 #cjj4 ,colhuacan1 ,mexican local "n1 #bfc4 ,color1 r$ 9 ,mexico1 associat$ ) nor?1 #eg2 cult ( ,e>?1 #ahe2 title1 #aic2 blue1 associat$ ) rul]%ip & div9ities1 #fa1 #fb1 #ia1 #bad2 black1 associat$ ) ,tezcatlipoca & ) ,quilaztli1 #fb2 yell[1 color ( ! we/1 female region1 #fd2 mean+ (1 #aad1 #aae2 on ,moki masks1 #aai2 9 tau design1 #abb2 on anci5t ,mexican temples & sculptures1 #abh2 9 ,p]uvian symbolism1 #acj2 9 ,zui symbolism1 #acj2 9 ar*itecture at ,uxmal1 #aca2 us$ to d5ote social /atus by ,p]uvians1 ,mayas1 ,mexicans & ,zuis1 #aib2 associat$ ) f\r ,qu>t]s & ,above & ,bel[1 #aib1 #bea2 us$ = face & body pa9t+1 #aic2 ,huaxtecan mantle ( five hundr$ colors1 #bjh2 pa9t+ ( c>yatids 9 ,*i*5 ,itza1 #bab2 symbolic at ,copan & ,quirigua1 #bcc2 emblematic1 9 ,*9a1 #bhf2 assign$ to elem5ts by ,mexicans1 ,zuis & ,*9ese1 #bjj1 #bic2 assign$ to c>d9al po9ts1 9 ,*9a & ,am]ica1 #bid2 9 ,buddhi/ temple2 9 ,quetzalcoatl's temples 9 ,mexico1 #bie2 9 ,h9du ca/e1 #cac2 9 ,babylonia1 #cbh2 9 ,egypt1 r$ associat$ ) ! nor? & male sex1 & :ite ) s\? & female sex1 #cfi1 #cgc1 #dbe4 ,colorado1 cliff dwell]s1 #aai4 ,column1 sacr$1 9 great temple ( ,mexico1 #ec2 on hill ( ju/ice 9 ,guatemala1 #gi2 /el at ,copan & ,quirigua1 #bbj1 #bcj1 #eab2 laws inscrib$ on1 c5tre ( isl& ,atlantis2 laws ( ,solon inscrib$ on1 9 c5tre ( ,a!nian /ate2 ( ,apollo at ,delphi1 #ddg2 ! cosmical r\nd t[] ( ,irel&1 #dgj2 at ,mitla1 ,mexico1 #eac2 symbolism (1 9 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #eac1 #eag4 ,confucianism1 #aae1 #bhi1 #bih1 #cjf4 ,cone1 9 ,mexican oll9-sign1 signifi$ ! ,above1 #aah2 us$ 9 native ar*itecture2 culm9at$ 9 pyramid1 #aah2 repres5t$ by %ape ( w9d[s 9 anci5t ru9s1 #abj2 on summit ( ,h\se ( ! ,doves at ,uxmal1 #aca4 ,conical /one1 on :i* human victims 7 sacrific$1 #aah4 ,congress ( ,am]icani/s1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,congress ( ,ori5tali/s1 #edd4 ,conque/ ,/one ( ,mexico1 8,sacrificial ,/one10 8,tribute ,/one10 #beh1 #ejg4 ,con/ant9e1 #eji1 #eac1 #ead1 #eae1 #ecj2 8 num]ical s*eme comp>$ ) same 9 ,india1 ,mexico & ,yucatan1 #edb1 #edc4 ,copan1 l5til-%ap$ /one alt>1 f1 #aac2 c>v$ /el1 #bae2 purpose ( erection1 #baf2 /udy ( ! ru9s1 #bai2 cult ( ,pol>is illu/rat$ by c>v$ slab 9 temple1 #aa1 #bbb2 num]ical organization illu/rat$1 #bbb2 num]ical divisions1 symbolism1 etc41 id5tical ) ^? ( ,p]u1 ,guatemala1 ,mexico1 ,yucatan1 ,zui1 etc41 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bcc2 num]ical divisions on alt> con=m ) ,zui clan-organization1 #bbi2 be>d$ effigies1 #bca2 dual rul]s1 #bcb2 totemic animals & symbolic colors1 #bcc2 excavation at ,m\nd1 #d1 #bcc2 same cult z t ( ,pal5que & ,quirigua1 #bdj2 c>v$ /one seats or alt>s1 #bhc2 alligator alt>1 #bie2 /el z memorial columns1 #eab1 #eac2 remnants ( old civilization1 #ebh4 ,copan swa/ika1 comp>$ ) design on club f ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bbd2 comp>$ ) tablet 9 8,temple ( ! ,sun10 #bci 7see also ,swa/ika74 ,copts1 #ecj4 ,cord 7,maya kaan71 associat$ ) ,maya ^w = ,heav5caan1 & ) glyph1 c1 #aab2 mean+ ( c>v$ gorget worn on a cord1 #aab2 sky repres5t$ z a circle compos$ ( a cord to :i* />s 7 atta*$1 #aac2 on l5til-%ap$ /one alt> at ,copan1 #aad2 on %ield ( ,mexican god1 #abh2 on ,copan /ela1 #bai4 ,cor9?1 co9 ) swa/ika1 #dei4 ,cortes1 #cd1 #fg1 #fh1 #gd1 #ge1 #gg1 #ig1 #ajg1 #aej1 #aga1 #ahc1 #bjh1 #bde1 #bfd1 #bff1 #edb4 ,cosmos1 f\r-fold & sev5-fold divisions (1 9 ,p]u1 ,mexico1 ,yucatan1 ,zui1 #da1 #db2 9 ,babylonia1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 etc41 #cbh2 9 pagan philosophy1 #dhd1 note 7see sep>ate head+s2 also1 ,quadruple ,organization & ,num]ical ,divisions74 ,c[1 v5]at$ 9 ,india1 #caf2 ,canaan goddess1 ,a/>te1 9 =m (1 #ccg2 ,egyptian god ,isis 7,ha?or7 wor%ipp$ "u =m (1 #djf2 or bull1 cult ( ,apis 9 ,egypt1 #dcg 7see ,bull74 ,cox1 #bhi1 #dea4 ,coya1 wife or si/] ( ,inca1 #acd4 ,cozumel cross1 call$ symbol ( 8ra9-god10 #bhj4 ,creation my?s1 anci5t ,mexican1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef2 ,zui1 #aje1 #bjj1 #bbc2 ,p]uvian1 #ach2 ,h9du1 #cac-cah2 ,babylonian1 #ccd1 #cdj2 ,babylonian & ,hebrew evid5tly f same s\rce1 #cec4 ,creator1 or 8,supreme ,be+10 9 ,mexico1 #h2 title 8:eel ( ! w9ds10 #aa2 ,pol>is1 #bb2 wor%ipp$ by anci5t ,am]icans1 #cb1 #cf2 e>lie/ =m (2 fea!r$ s]p5t1 image (1 #gj2 ! f\r elem5ts reg>d$ z attributes (1 #ii2 belief 91 repres5t$ by mu%room-%ap$ /one figure1 #aae2 ,inca k (1 #ace1 #adi2 ,que*ua title =2 ,mexican title =1 #aei2 9 ,p]u1 id5tifi$ ) ,mexican 8,"l :o guides10 or ,pol>is2 & associat$ ) /> & cross1 #afa2 image ( at ,cuzco1 #afb2 wor%ip ( 9 ,texcoco1 #afc2 9 ,p]u1 #afd2 9 ,tiahuanaco1 #afh2 native title1 8,he>t ( ,heav501 #ahi2 9 ,mexico repres5t$ by rebus ( ! fea!r$ s]p5t1 #bji2 ,nahuatl title1 express$ by an eye & pyramid 9 picture-writ+1 #bfi2 ,div9e ,twa91 ,fa!r & ,"m ( all1 9 ,mexico1 ,quetzalcoatl1 #bgj2 9 ,*9a1 #cjb2 ,akkadian "n = symbol1 an eight-po9t$ />1 #cjb1 #cjd2 among ! ,h9du1 #cab2 ,brahmani/ic conception (1 #cad2 9 ,p]sia1 #cbe2 9 ,babylonia1 #cbi1 #ccj2 among ! ,hebrews,yahwe "l ( ,heav51 #cjd1 #cea1 #ceb2 9 anci5t ,egypt1 #cig1 #djc1 #dab1 #ddd2 9 ,plato's ,timu1 #ddi2 ! ,norse1 ,?or1 #dgc2 ! s\rce ( ! f\r elem5ts1 #eaj2 comp>ison ( names 9 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #ecb2 summ>y1 #edh4 ,cremation1 significance (1 #ajf4 ,crete1 ,greek plan ( organization came f1 description ( symbols on co9 #deg2 anci5t philosophy (1 #dhf-dhh4 ,cross-bones1 orig9 ( symbol1 #ahd4 ,cross-legg$ seat$ figures1 on ,c5tral ,am]ican /one seats or alt>s1 #bhc2 emblem ( /able c5tre & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #bhc4 ,cross-symbol1 ,maya & ,mexican1 figur$ & describ$1 #cg1 #ch1 #de1 #df1 #dg2 on %ell gorget f ,t5nessee1 #di1 #ej2 on pott]y f ,mississippi ,valley1 #ea2 f ,arizona1 #eb2 on ,iroquois belt1 #aih2 9 symbolical c>v+ f ,brazil or ,guiana1 #bbd2 f\r-spok$ :eel z cross symbol 9 ,assyria1 #cef2 emblem ( sov]eignty 9 ,babylonia-,assyria1 #cfe2 us$ z symbol at e>li] p]iod ?an swa/ika1 #dfa2 ) idea ( ,c5tral p[]1 #eaa2 emblem ( ,*ri/ian religion1 #ece1 #ecf2 summ>y1 #edd 7see ,swa/ika74 ,cross-tablets at ,pal5que1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bci4 ,cross-wor%ipp]s1 ,*9ese "n = ,*ri/ians1 #cje4 ,cruci=m /ructures1 vaults "u /el at ,copan & ,quirigua1 #eab2 at ,mitla1 ,mexico1 #eac2 at ,rome1 #ead2 build+s & *ur*es ( lat] p]iod1 #eae2 at ,byzantium1 #eae2 9 ,syria1 #eae2 9 ,india1 #eaf2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,cruz1 ,alonzo de la1 #bcj4 ,cubas1 ,g>cia1 #bah1 #bca4 ,cul91 ,/ew>t1 #agh4 ,cum-ahau1 "n ( div9ity ( ,yucatan1 #ic1 #bbb1 #bbf4 ,cup-%ap$ depression1 on /one alt> at ,copan1 #aad4 ,cu%+1 ,frank ,h41 #da1 #ii1 #aae1 #abi1 #acb1 #aib1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bbg1 #bie1 #eaa1 #egd4 ,cuzco1 8navel ( ! e>?10 #acc2 plan ( city1 ,c5tre & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #acf2 f\nd$ by ,manco ,capac1 #aef2 temple1 fac+ nor? & conta9+ gold image ( 8,creator10 #afc2 gold plaque f1 #afh2 symbolism analog\s to ,mexican & ,maya1 #agj4 ,dahlgr51 ,e4 ,w41 #bcj4 ,d',alviella1 ,goblet1 #ai1 #dei4 ,dances1 sacr$1 #eg2 description ( ,mexican dance1 repres5t+ :eel or axial rotation1 #eh1 #ei2 ( ,moki ,indian1 #aai2 at ,cuzco1 #ade2 ,sun pole dance ( ,am]ican ,indians1 #cac1 note4 ,davis1 ,j4 ,f41 #cjj4 ,day-sign1 ,maya & ,mexican1 #ge1 #ajg-aab2 influ5ce (1 #agg2 totem ( clan1 #agh1 #agi2 ,cabal1 on ,copan alt>1 #bbg2 & ye> signs ( native cal5d>1 #bdh2 9 cal5d>-/one1 #bec2 names (1 us$ z p]sonal & tribal names1 #bec4 ,dea?1 symbol (1 #ci4 ,de]1 mask (1 #afe4 ,deities1 ,aztec1 numb] (1 same god "u sev]al names1 #h4 ,demo/h5es1 lant]n (1 #abg4 ,d5d]ah1 #djj4 ,d5nis1 ,j4 ,s41 #dhc4 ,de,rossi1 #ead4 ,desj>d9s1 #aej4 ,de/ruction ( ! e>?1 ,mexican traditions conc]n+1 #bgj1 #bga4 ,dhruva1 #die1 #dif4 ,diaz1 ,b]nal1 #ga1 #gb1 #ge1 #gg1 #hj1 #if1 #ig1 #bde1 #bfe1 #edb4 ,d9-gira1 ,akkadian "n = ,god1 #cjb4 ,diocletian1 #ead4 ,div9ation1 9 connection ) use ( mirrors1 #hc2 orig9 ( #agg2 9 ,*9a1 ,?ibet & ,india1 #cja4 ,div9e ,tw9 7see ,duality74 ,docum5tos in$itos del ,ar*ivio de ,indias1 #gg4 ,dog1 head (1 on sculptures f ,santa ,lucia1 #afe2 ,maya ^w =m51 #bcd4 ,donelly1 ,ignatius1 #cgd1 #eaf4 ,d',orbigny1 #aej4 ,d\glas1 ,r4 ,k41 #bhe1 #bia1 #bih1 #bii1 #cjb4 ,draconis1 obs]vation 9 ,egypt1 #chd4 ,dragon1 at ,quirigua1 #bcc4 ,dragon-fly1 employ$ z cross-symbol1 on ,algonqu9 g>m5t1 #dh4 ,druids1 #dgj1 #dga4 ,drums1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #bac4 ,duality or 8,div9e ,tw910 symbol (1 #ci2 conv5tional repres5tation (1 #df2 idea (1 #dg2 dual /ell> div9ity1 #ef1 #eg2 repres5t$ 9 sacr$ dance1 #ei2 by male & female rul]1 #fb2 developm5t ( idea1 #fg2 tw9 bro!rs z rul]s 9 ,yucatan1 #fh2 ,montezuma1 imp]sonation (1 #gc1 #gg1 #gh2 9 ,p]uvian symbolism1 #acd2 ! 8,belov$ ,twa90 ( ! ,zui1 #bjj2 ,quetzalcoatl & ,kukulcan1 #bbc2 dual rul] at ,copan1 #bbh2 9 ,quirigua1 #bcb2 on ,pal5que tablet1 #bde2 on ,mexican ,cal5d> ,/one1 #bdi2 9 ,mexican sculpture1 #bea1 #bfj-bfb2 dual gov]nm5t at "t ( ,conque/1 #bff2 9 ,*9a1 #bhe2 9 ,h9du religion1 #cab2 9 ,india1 #cad2 9 ,babylonia-,assyria1 #cdb2 9 ,egypt1 #chi1 #cig1 #cii1 #daj1 #dab1 #dae1 #dbc2 9 anci5t ,rome1 #dfc2 9 anci5t ,irel&1 #dfh2 9 ,druidic traditions ( ,wales1 #dga4 ,duemi*51 #che4 ,duran1 ,fri>1 #bf1 #da1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh1 #fa1 #ga1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj1 #hh1 #ahb1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bde1 #beh1 #bhb4 ,eagle 7quauhtli71 associat$ ) ,cassiopeia2 title ( ,mexican w> *ief1 #be1 #afg2 ,eagle-woman1 #fj2 among ! ,incas1 #aef2 on bas-reliefs ( ,santa ,lucia1 ,guatemala1 #aef1 #aeg2 totem ( "o or m ( ! ,incas1 #aeg2 on bas-relief 9 ,city ( ,mexico1 #aeg2 9 arms ( ,mexico1 #aeg2 symbol ( ,above among ! ,zui1 #bjd2 symbol ( /ate 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #bie2 summ>y ( use z symbol1 #bif4 ,e>?1 or 8,! ,bel[10 9 anci5t religion & symbolism2 9 anci5t ,mexican & ,maya cosmos2 9 secret beliefs ( ,zui prie/s1 #da2 female region1 #db2 "l (1 #de2 cult (1 #ed2 associat$ ) woman1 #fj-fee2 sacrifices to1 #ff2 ,cihuacoatl1 p]sonification (1 #gf2 sacrifices to god (1 #gi2 9 connection ) human sacrifices1 #ia2 sacr$ rites1 #ig1 #ih2 9 ,zui c]emonies1 #ajj2 9 connection ) cremation1 #ajf2 symbol (1 9 use by ,cali=nia ,indians1 #ajf2 prie/esses (1 buri$ 9 caves1 #ajg2 symbols (1 #aaj2 associat$ ) image ( s]p5t1 #aaa2 ) angul> =m1 #aac2 compos$ ( fire & wat]1 #aac2 on alt> at ,copan1 #aad2 associat$ ) squ>e =m & b[l1 #aae2 flat-topp$ mitre worn by "l (1 #aaf2 ,*9ese symbol1 #aah2 sacrifices #aah2 tau upright1 emblem (1 #aah1 #aai2 cult (1 9 ,p]u1 #acj1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #ada1 #adb2 idea prevail$ 9 ,tiahuanaco1 #aff2 among ! ,muyscas1 #aga2 9 cal5d>1 #agi2 9 social organization1 #ahj1 #aha2 associat$ ) animal =m1 #ahd1 #ahe2 color associat$ )1 #aib2 associat$ ) female pr9ciple1 #aic2 vot>ies (1 #aie2 9 ,zui social sy/em1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjd2 prie/s (1 repres5t$ )\t be>ds on sculptures at ,copan & ,quirigua1 #bca1 #bcb2 moon symbol ( cult1 #bfg2 cultivation ( maize1 by daught] (1 #bgf2 symboliz$ by quadrup$1 #bhb2 vase1 emblem (1 #bhc2 associat$ ) squ>e =m1 & d>kness2 influ5ce on primitive ar*itecture & symbolism1 #bhd2 fl[] us$ z symbol (1 #bhd2 9 ,*9a1 #bhe1 #bhh1 #bij1 #cjg2 9 ,h9du religion1 cult ( ,siva1 #cad2 9 ,p]sian religion1 #cbe2 9 ,assyrian & ,babylonia cult1 #ccd1 #ccf1 #cch1 #cci2 cult comb9$ ) t ( ,above practis$ 9 ,*9a at pres5t "t1 #cdd2 ,baal1 ,phnician god ( ,e>?1 #cea2 9 ,egypt1 #cha2 symboliz$ 9 ,sc&9avia by ,?or's hamm]1 #dgd2 table ( c\ntries :]e traces ( cult h be5 f\nd1 #dhj2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,e>?-"m1 repres5t$ by ,cihuacoatl1 #gi2 pictur$ 9 ,borgian ,codex1 #ih2 ,zui symbol (1 #ajj1 #bjj1 #bja 7see ,e>? or ! ,bel[1 also ,cihuacoatl74 ,e>?-"w build]s ( ! ,ohio valley1 #ej1 #aii1 #bhj4 ,eddas1 writt5 by agricultural p1 hav+ k ( ! fire-drill1 axial rotation1 etc41 #ejb1 #ejc4 ,egypt1 crux ansata1 #aai2 *eck]-bo>d design2 basis ( *ess-bo>d1 #abd2 civilization ma9ly ,euphratean1 #cbg2 explanations & illu/rations ( ,egyptian symbols1 #cfg-dfa2 color symbolism2 high developm5t ( pole-/> wor%ip2 t]ritorial divisions1 #cfh2 ,f\r ,qu>t]s2 hi]oglyph = capital or city1 cross symbol ) f\r divisions1 #cfi1 #cga2 pyramid1 & squ>e =m associat$ ) e>?1 & r\nd ) sky1 #cga2 num]ical divisions1 #cge2 sev5-fold organization1 c5tre1 ,pol>is1 #cgf2 cal5d>1 #cgg1 #cgh2 sky-goddess ,nut1 #cgh2 lotus fl[] symbol1 #cgi2 ,pol>is1 sph9x1 pyramid1 ,middle1 #cgi2 mummy1 ,pol>is1 #chj1 #chc2 ,ursa ,major1 us$ z a measur] ( "t1 #chd2 bull1 us$ z a/ronomical sign ( ,ursa ,major1 k+ entitl$ 8,! ,bull10 #che2 ,am5-,ra1 ! supreme1 dual god2 k+ associat$ ) sun1 & que5 ) moon1 #chi2 hawk-head$ god1 ,an1 comp>$ ) ,assyrian1 ,greek & ,mexican gods ( ! circle or :eel1 #dja2 ,egyptian que5 analog\s 9 position to ,mexican ,quilaztli1 #dbh1 #dbi2 fe/ival ( ,tekhu1 #dci2 becomes a ,roman prov9ce1 #ddj2 cult ( dual pr9ciples ( nature1 #dda2 summ>y1 #dhc2 ! sacr$ & tribal tree1 #dii2 ! symbolical use ( ! column1 #eac2 ,aha-,m5a1 fir/ hi/orical rul]1 0 a build]1 #ecb2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,fab]1 #eaf4 ,fauna & flora ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 9 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #dgf-dgi4 ,fea!r1 symbol ( div9ity 7,mexican & ,maya71 #fi1 #gj2 names signify some?+ div9e1 #abi2 ,egyptian symbol1 #cij1 #dji1 #daj4 ,fea!r$ s]p5t1 orig9 ( use z symbol1 #fi2 effigies ( 9 ,mexico1 #gj2 us$ z rebus to express ,supreme ,be+ & 8 e>?ly repres5tative1 #bjh 7see also ,s]p5t74 ,feet ( ,*9ese wom51 de=mation (1 #bhg4 ,fjrv>y ,codex1 #agh1 #ahg1 #bce1 #bej4 ,f]l9i1 #dbg4 ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,walt]1 #acj1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,figu]$o1 ,padre ,juan de1 #afd4 ,f+] & toe c\nt#bj3 #age1 #bie1 #bif1 #big4 ,fire1 sacr$1 ,pleiades 9 connection ) k9dl+1 #ec2 new1 k9dl+ (1 #ef2 fe/ival ( god (1 #eg2 e>lie/ =m "u :i* deity 0 wor%ipp$1 #eh1 #fd1 #gj2 9 ,p]u1 #hc2 light+ (1 by means ( mirror1 #hc2 god (1 associat$ ) sceptre hav+ gold disk1 #hg2 k9dl$ on body ( human victim1 #ia1 #ie2 "l (1 #abg1 #abh1 #bad2 fea/ ( 9 ,mexico1 #bdj2 "n ( "o ( ! f\r eras s9ce ! creation ( ! _w1 #bec2 symbolical mean+ (1 #bhj2 means ( produc+ 9 ,mexico & ,india1 #cah2 9 connection ) cult ( ,pol>is1 #cai2 wor%ip ( 9 ,india1 #cbj1 #cba2 9 ,p>see religion1 #cbf2 9 ,babylonia-,assyria1 #cfb2 c]emonial rite1 9 anci5t ,egypt1 #ddb2 at ,new ,ye> fe/ival 9 ,sc&9avia1 #dgd2 79 ,old ,_w7 sacr$ fire1 fire-drill1 fire-socket1 fire-alt>s1 "l ( fire1 #did-ejd1 #eai1 #ebj1 #eba2 79 ,new ,_w7 sacr$ fire1 fire-drill1 fire-socket1 fire-alt>1 fire-drill god1 #ejd-eji2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,five elem5ts 9 ,*9a1 #bic1 #cja1 #cji2 9 ,india & 9 ,greece1 #dhd1 note4 ,five-day p]iods1 ye> divid$ into 9 ,mexico1 #bib2 9 ,japan1 #caj4 ,five-dot gr\ps1 idea (1 #bef2 on monoli? 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfj2 on co9 f\nd 9 isl& ( ,crete1 #deg2 on ! c5otaph ( k+ ,midas1 #dei4 ,flet*]1 ,alice ,c41 #aif1 #eaa4 ,fl9t1 ,e>l1 #aie4 ,fl9t knife1 ,tecpatl1 9 wrapp+s1 symbol ( e>?-"m1 us$ z sacrificial knife1 #ee1 #ef2 on head dress 9 ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms41 #eg2 9 connection ) emblematic vase1 #ajc2 sacr$ among ! ,hupa ,indians ( ,cali=nia1 #aje2 on sacrificial /one ( ,mexico1 #beh2 emblem ( g5]ation1 #eba 7see ,tecpatl74 ,flood & de/ruction my?s & traditions1 #hh1 #bdj1 #bec1 #bgj-bge 7see ,my?s & ,traditions74 ,fl[]1 z symbol1 #aja2 f\r petals1 two leaves & /alk1 #aia2 on ,tablet ( ! ,cross1 #bcf2 symbol ( ,c5tre & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #bgh2 recapitulation ( mean+ (1 #bhd2 lotus 9 ,h9du religion1 #cad2 or rosette1 9 ,assyrian symbolism1 #cff2 sev5 petall$ fl[] on ,phnician tablets1 #cie2 ,egyptian ^w =ankh means also 8life10 #dac2 emblem ( ,middle1 axial rotation & life1 #dac-dbj4 ,foot/eps1 9 circle1 indicat+ rotation1 #ij1 #bgi4 ,=r]1 ,r41 #dfj4 ,fr/emann1 ,e41 #ajg1 #aji1 #aab4 ,f\r ,elem5ts1 9 anci5t religion & symbolism3 union (1 9 sacr$ rites1 #ig2 reg>d$ z attributes ( ,supreme ,div9ity1 #ii2 ,mexican & ,zui beliefs & c]emonies1 #ii-ajb2 symboliz$ by cal5d> signs1 #ahb2 symbols (1 on ,mexican ,cal5d> ,/one1 #bdi-bea1 #bec1 #bed2 classification ( among ! ,mexicans1 ,zui1 & ,*9ese1 #bic1 #bid2 ,creator1 9 ,p]u & ,mexico1 nam$ ,e>?1 air1 fire & wat] 9 ,"o1 #did1 #eaj1 #ebi4 ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 9 anci5t religion & symbolism3 #ch1 #da1 #df2 on %ell gorgets1 #dh1 #di2 colors (1 repres5t$ on fea!r$ s]p5t1 #gj2 repres5t$ 9 ,mexico by f\r executive (fic]s1 #ge1 #gf2 anci5t ,yucatan divid$ into1 #he1 #hf2 9 ,vi5na ,codex1 #ij1 #ia2 9 ,borgian ,codex1 #ia2 repres5t$ 9 ,c>acol or ,r\nd ,temple ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 #ig2 all ?+s divid$ into1 = an indef9ite p]iod1 f9ally subdivid$1 #ii2 figur$ z s+le sign1 #abd2 9 plan ( capital & =m ( gov]nm5t among ,incas1 #acf1 #add2 repres5t$ on c>v$ slab f ,santa ,lucia1 #agb2 repres5t$ by f\r limbs ( human figure1 #agd2 symboliz$ 9 anci5t ,am]ican games #agf1 #agh2 9 ,fjrv>y ,codex1 #agh2 repres5t$ by #bj-;day p]iod1 #agi1 #ahj2 lords (1 among ! ,qui*es1 #ahb2 colors (1 #aib2 among ,zui1 #bja2 9 pyramid temple at ,*i*5 ,itza1 #bjh2 idea (1 c>ri$ out by ,quetzalcoatl 9 ! ,mexican temples1 #bji2 rul] (1 on ,copan /el1 #bbj2 mean+ ( symbol z us$ among ! ,maya1 #bbc2 on ,copan swa/ika1 #bbd2 on ,pal5que tablets1 #bdc2 9 ,mexican cal5d>-/one1 #bej2 designat$ by colors on monum5ts 9 ,mexico1 #bea2 symboliz$ on monoli? 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfj2 cult (1 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 #bfd2 ,cortes reg>d$ z ,"l (1 #bff2 9 connection ) pyramid1 #bgc2 li/ ( symbols connect$ )1 #bgh2 express$ by pyramid1 #bhb2 9 fl[] symbol1 #bhd2 9 ,*9ese cal5d> sy/em1 #bhe1 #bia2 associat$ ) color & ! elem5ts1 #bic2 ) p>ts ( ! body by ,*9ese1 #bid2 ) =m ( quadrup$ by ,zui1 #bie2 9 ,*9a1 #bih2 9 ,japan1 #caa2 9 ,india1 #cac2 9 ,p]sia1 #cbe2 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia1 #ccb1 #ccc1 #ccg1 #ceg2 9 ,egypt1 #cfi1 #cgb1 #chf1 #cid1 #cie1 #dae2 9 anci5t ,irel&1 ! five k+s assign$ "o to ! middle & ! o!rs to ! c>d9al po9ts1 #dfh2 9 anci5t ,brita91 #dgj2 9 anci5t ,sc&9avia1 #dgb2 table ( c\ntries 9 :i* traces ( cult h be5 f\nd1 #dhj-did2 9 religi\s ideas ( ,old & ,new ,_w1 #eag1 #eci2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,gage1 ,?omas1 #ge1 #hd4 ,gallat91 #aif4 ,gama1 ,leon y1 #if1 #ahf1 #bdf1 #beb1 #bef1 #bfj4 ,game ( ball1 repres5t$ idea ( p]petual motion ( ! heav5ly bodies1 #hb2 ( patolli1 description (1 #hg2 tla*tli & patolli 9 ,mexico1 #agf1 #agg1 #agh4 ,g>cia1 #aej4 ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 #acb1 #acc4 ,gaul1 divid$ into sev5 prov9ces1 #dic4 ,ges5ius1 #eah4 ,g5sl]1 ,dr41 #cie4 ,ghizeh ,museum1 #dbg4 ,gibbon1 #aej4 ,gilgame% epic1 #cff4 ,gillies1 ,john1 #dhg4 ,globus1 #eb4 ,god ,c1 ,maya div9ity1 #ajh1 #aaa2 n id5tical ) ,pol>is1 #aab4 ,god ,l1 ,maya div9ity1 #ajh4 ,god ,m1 ,maya div9ity1 #ajh4 ,godman1 ,f4 ,ducane1 #abj4 ,godman & ,salv91 #baf4 ,gom>a1 #bf1 #ci1 #ij1 #aej4 ,goodye>1 ,william ,h41 #cad1 #cie1 #dac1 #dad1 #dae1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dbd1 #dfj4 ,goose1 9 ,egyptian symbolism1 #cih2 9 ,egyptian1 ,sanscrit & ,h9du religi\s art1 #dah2 9 ! prehi/oric art ( ,greece1 ,italy1 ,hall/att1 ,gaul1 ,sw$52 "n = 9 diff]5t languages1 #dai4 ,gordon1 ,g4 ,b41 #eab4 ,gottfri$t1 ,j4 ,l41 #fc4 ,gov]nm5t 7see ,quadruple organization1 & ,social organization74 ,great ,plan1 /one (1 #ejf4 ,great temple ( ,mexico1 #ec1 #hj2 recumb5t /one figure on summit (1 #if2 conta9s =ty high t[]s to hold effigies ( lords ( ! ,above1 #ajg1 #bbe4 ,great ,turtle at ,quirigua1 #bcd1 #bdj4 ,greece1 use ( *eck]-bo>d design1 #abd2 primitive gov]nm5t (1 #dde2 ,a!nian culture1 #ded-dei2 summ>y1 #dhd2 ,greek colonies 9 ,egypt1 #dia2 ! symbolic use ( ! column1 #eac2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,greek fret1 evolution (1 on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 #aba2 =m$ by upright & rev]s$ tau1 #aba4 ,griffis1 ,w4 ,e41 #caj4 ,grote1 #dhd1 #dhe1 #dhf1 #dia1 #dib1 #ebg4 ,guatemala1 cult ( ,pol>is1 #dd2 ,cak*iquel ,indians1 #gi1 #aga2 obsidian mirror z oracle1 #hb2 anci5t capital (1 divid$ into two & f\r p>ts1 #he2 anci5t civilization 91 #hi2 mu%room-%ap$ /one figures f1 #aad2 sculptur$ slabs resembl+ image 9 ,inca fable1 #aec2 ,nahuatl language spok5 91 #aee2 ca/e division associat$ ) left h&1 evid5ce t ,nahuatl 0 spok5 91 #afe2 ,nahuatl names ( f\r prov9ces1 #agb2 /ela ) symbol ( op5 h&1 #ahd2 num]ical divisions1 social organization1 symbolism1 #bbf2 summ>y1 9 table ( c\ntries1 #did4 ,gub]natis1 ,angelo de1 #cah1 #edd4 ,gudea1 #ceg4 ,guiana1 symbolism1 etc41 comp>$ ) t ( o!r anci5t ,am]ican civilizations1 #bbd4 ,guillem91 ,am$e1 #afb1 #afc4 ,habel1 ,dr41 #aed1 #aef4 ,hag>1 ,/ansbury1 #dhj1 #eaj4 ,hakluyt1 #adj1 #afa4 ,hale1 ,horatio1 #aif1 #aih4 ,haliburton1 ,r4 ,g41 #cci1 #dfi4 ,hammurabi1 #cdi4 ,hamy1 ,erne/1 #aad1 #agd4 ,hanan-ayllu1 upp] l9eage 9 ,p]u1 #acc4 ,hanan ,cuzco! ,above1 rul$ by ! ,inca1 #acc2 division ( ,inca capital includ+ ^? ( upp] class1 #adj1 #afd4 ,ha?or-,isis1 ,egyptian goddess ( :om ! que5 0 ! liv+ image1 #dbi-dcg4 ,hawk god1 9 ,egyptian zodiac1 #djj2 on inscriptions 9 temple ( ,d5d]ah1 #dja2 ,egyptian god ,horus repres5t$ ) head ( hawk1 #djb2 us$ z image ( ,am5-,ra1 #dab4 ,heav51 or 8! ,above10 9 anci5t religion & symbolism3 9 conception ( cosmos 9 anci5t ,mexico1 9 secret beliefs ( ,zui prie/s1 associat$ ) ris+ ( cele/ial bodies1 #da2 male region1 #db1 #ed1 #fb1 #fe2 sacrifices to1 #ff2 ,montezuma liv+ repres5tative (1 #ga1 #gb2 9 ,zui c]emonies1 #ajj2 symboliz$ z air1 light & wat]1 #ajc2 lords (1 buri$ 9 wood5 effigies plac$ 9 high t[]s1 #ajg2 associat$ ) r\nd$ =m2 temples 7 circul>1 #aac2 on l5til-%ap$ alt> at ,copan1 #aad2 9 mu%room-%ap$ /one figures f ,san ,salvador & ,guatemala1 #aae2 peak$ mitre worn by "l (1 #aaf2 repres5t$ 9 ,mexican oll9-sign by cone1 #aah2 symboliz$ by conical /one on :i* human victims 7 sacrific$1 #aah2 ,*9ese emblem (1 #aah2 9 ,moki ,indian dance1 #aai2 9 anci5t ar*itecture1 #aai-aba2 on clubs f ,brazil & ,briti% ,guiana1 #aba2 9 ,p]u1 #acj-adf2 9 ,tiahuanaco1 #aff2 9 ,bogota1 #aga2 repres5t$ by human head1 #agd2 associat$ ) human figure1 #ahd1 #ahe2 9 ,mexican tree symbolism1 #ahh1 #ahi2 color associat$ )1 #aib2 prie/s repres5t$ ) be>ds on sculptures at ,copan & ,quirigua1 #bca2 9 ,mexican cal5d>-/one1 #bdi2 9 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfj2 li/ ( symbols connect$ )1 #bgh1 #bhb2 9 ,*9a1 #bhd-bij1 #bih1 #bii1 #cja1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cdd2 ,hebrew ,jehovah call$ 8,god ( ,heav510 #cjd1 #cbc1 #cea2 9 ,india1 #cad2 9 ,p]sia1 #cbe2 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia1 #ccd1 #ccf1 #cch1 #cci2 9 ,egypt1 #dbi2 9 ,sc&9avia1 #dgd2 table ( c\ntries 9 :i* traces ( cult h be5 f\nd1 #dhj2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,heav5 & ,e>?1 union (3 symboliz$ by human face1 #df1 #dg2 express$ by cross-symbols1 #dh2 illu/rat$ by d\ble tau-%ap$ figure1 #hf2 9 connection ) ,toxcatl fe/ival1 #ig2 9 anci5t ar*itecture1 #abj2 9 anci5t symbolism #acj2 typifi$ by %ape ( irrigat+ canals ( ,p]u1 #acb2 on ,copan /el1 #bba2 on summits ( high m\nta9s1 #bhc2 9 ,*9a1 #bhf2 by figure ( ocelot & eagle comb9$1 #bif2 9 ,babylonia1 #ccj1 #ccd-cdf2 9 ,egypt1 #dbe1 #dbi-dch4 ,hebrews1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cbg1 #cej1 #cea1 #ceb1 #cfd4 ,heliopolis1 seat ( le>n+ & mono!ism 9 anci5t ,egypt1 #ddd4 ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus1 #deb4 ,h]cules1 twelve labors (1 #eaa4 ,h]odotus1 #cjj1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cfa1 #cge1 #cii1 #dab1 #dcg1 #ddb-dib4 ,h]r]a1 #gg1 #hf1 #acb4 ,hesiod1 #dec4 ,hewitt1 #dec1 #dhj-dhb1 #did-eji1 #eag-ebd1 #efe-ege4 ,hiawa?a1 #aig4 ,hi]oglyphs1 & symbols1 on /one monum5ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #bah-bcc2 ,yucatan1 #bcd-bdd2 ,mexico1 #bde-bge4 ,hilavi1 #acd4 ,hipp>*us1 #deb4 ,hippodamus1 #dhf1 #eaf4 ,hi/orical ,exposition at ,madrid1 #bc4 ,ho1 anci5t "n = ,m]ida1 on anci5t map f ,codex ,*umazel1 #hf1 #ij4 ,ho*elaga1 k+dom (1 #aig2 ,iroquois c5tral capital1 #aih4 ,holcan1 title giv5 to w> *iefs 9 ,mexico1 signifies lit]ally ! head ( f\r1 #bji2 relates to rul]%ip ( ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #bji4 ,holmes1 ,w4 ,h41 #ci-dh1 #di1 #fi1 #ig1 #aca1 #bac1 #bce1 #bdj4 ,hom]1 #dea1 #deb4 ,honduras1 anci5t civilization 91 #hi1 #bah2 ,peabody ,museum ,exp$ition1 #eab 7see ,copan74 ,hopi1 c]emonial hav+ aff9ities ) ! ,nahuatl & ,maya1 #bji4 ,horizon1 we/]n1 ,nahuatl symbol =calli1 ! h\se1 #ch4 ,horse1 sacr$ animal 9 ,egypt1 #dji4 ,horse-%oe symbol1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,horus1 ,egyptian ,god id5tifi$ ) ,pol>is1 #djb4 ,h\se ( ! ,doves at ,uxmal1 symbolism (1 #aca4 ,huaca1 tribal or h\sehold 8idol0 among ! ,p]uvians1 orig9 (1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj4 ,huaxtecans1 #fd1 #abe2 ,maya colony on ,mexican coa/1 #afj1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,huitzilopo*tli1 tradition conc]n+1 #ab2 repres5t$ z humm+-bird1 #bf2 connect$ ) ,above1 ! male region1 #db2 ! traditional lead] ( ! ,aztecs1 #eg2 tradition conc]n+ si/] (1 #fj2 associat$ ) blue color1 #fb2 repres5t$ by ,montezuma1 #ga2 title (1 8,he>t ( ! ,heav510 #gb2 companion idol to t ( ,tezcatlipoca 9 great temple ( ,mexico1 #hj2 monoli? 9 ,mexico1 #bde2 /atue (1 #bfe4 ,human arm1 symbol ( "o ( ! divisions ( /ate 9 ,mexico1 #age4 ,human bones1 us$ z rebus1 #ahc2 reason ( decoration1 #ahd4 ,human brea?1 symbolism (1 #i1 #aj 7see also ,brea?74 ,human face1 us$ symbolically1 #dg2 9 c5tre ( oll9 sign1 #ed2 on sculpture at ,tiahuanaco1 #afi2 9 ,mexican cal5d>1 #afi2 9 ,c5tral ,am]ican sculptures1 #bba2 9 ,copan sculpture1 #bbb2 9 ,mexican cal5d>-/one1 #bdh2 summ>y1 #bha4 ,human faces1 ( silv] & mosaic1 on necklace ( /atue1 #bfe4 ,human figure1 9 sacrifice reg>d$ z symbolic ( ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #ia2 9 mu%room-%ap$ /one figure1 #aad2 9 ,vi5na ,codex1 #abc2 /atue ( man & woman1 symboliz$ duality 9 ,p]u1 #acd2 ,inca gold image ( ,creator & ( ! sun1 #ace2 image ( ! ,/ate 9 ,mexico1 #agd2 associat$ ) ,f\r ,qu>t]s ( ! ,above1 #ahd2 comb9$ ) animal figure1 symbol ( dual ,/ate1 #ahe2 on ,copan /el1 #bai-bbg2 at ,quirigua1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcd2 9 sculpture at ,pal5que1 & 9 ,mexican ,fjrv>y *>t1 #bce-bdj2 recapitulation ( mean+ ( symbol2 image ( con/itution & cal5d> sy/em2 cal5d> signs id5tifi$ )1 #bhb2 seat$ cross-legg$1 emblem ( /able ,c5tre1 #bhc2 p>ts (1 assign$ to c>d9al po9ts 9 ,*9a1 #bid2 9 ,zui1 #bie2 significance (1 9 sculpture1 #bie2 on /ela1 repres5t$ ! *ief & 8 t]m ( (fice1 #bie2 summ>y ( its use z symbol1 #bif2 /atue ( ,buddha conveys idea ( swa/ika1 also ( ,c5tre1 #cae2 comb9$ ) animal 9 ,babylonian symbolism1 #cce2 w+$1 bird-head$ human figure on ,assyrian bas-relief1 #cff2 9 ,egypt1 #cgh1 #cgi1 #djj1 #dcg1 #dch2 9 ! isl& ( ,crete1 #deg1 #deh4 ,human f+]s1 symbol ( f\r (fic]s1 #age4 ,human foot1 symbol ( l[] division ( ,/ate1 #age4 ,human h&1 symbol ( supplication1 #abg1 #bfa2 on c>v$ slab f ,santa ,lucia1 #agb2 mean+ (1 #agd2 wood5 sceptre 9 =m (1 #agd2 symbol ( capital ( ,/ate1 #age2 on g>m5t ( *iefta9 at ,uxmal2 on /ela us$ z "n-sign ( rul] 9 ,mexico2 symbol ( anci5t capital 9 ,yucatan2 sceptre 9 %ape (1 #ahd2 symbol ( f\r lords ( ! ,above1 #ahe2 ! idea ( _m h&s guid$ by "o head or c5tral p[]1 #ahf2 symbol ( "l or *ief1 #aij2 express$ num]al five1 #bgi2 ,egyptian symbol ( ,c5tre & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #cid4 ,human head1 on ,tablet ( ! ,cross1 #bcf2 z corn cobs on maize plant1 #bcg2 9 s]p5ts' jaws on cal5d>-/one1 #beg2 portraits or effigies ( ! dead1 #bgf2 us$ z symbol ( ,c5tre1 #bgi2 on w+$ bull1 #ccg4 ,human he>t1 symbol employ$ by ,mexicans1 ,mayas1 ,qui*es1 & ,tz5dals1 #ga2 extract$ f human victim ( sacrifice1 #ia2 emblem ( supplication1 #abg2 9 sacrifice1 #agc1 #bif2 betwe5 #d squ>es1 symbol = *iefta91 etc41 #aii2 on monoli? 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfa2 ( gold on necklace ( idol1 #bfe4 ,human eye us$ z /> symbol1 #bgi 7see ,eye symbol74 ,human m\? & tee?1 symboliz$ e>? or ,bel[1 #bha4 ,human nose1 my/ic union ( two /reams ( brea?1 consecrat$ by we>+ symbolical nose ornam5t1 #bhb4 ,human sacrifice 7see ,sacrifice74 ,human skull1 artificial de=mation (1 #adc4 ,human /oma*1 9 ,*9a symbol ( ,c5tre2 dea? by disemb[el+ practis$1 #bif4 ,human ?umb1 symbol ( c5tral rul]1 #age4 ,humboldt1 #big1 #cja1 #cai4 ,humboldt ,tablet1 #ejf4 ,humis-kat%9a1 ,zui dance1 tau symbol us$ 91 #aai4 ,hunt]1 ,annie1 #bbb4 ,hupa ,indians1 #aje4 ,hur9-ayllo1 l[] l9eage 9 ,p]u1 #acc4 ,hur9 ,cuzco! ,bel[1 #acc2 division ( ! ,inca capital includ+ ! l[] class1 #ada1 #afd4 ,huron ,indians1 #aif-aii1 #dic4 ,huxley1 #ebf1 #ecd4 ,hwang-te1 ,*9ese emp]or :o introduc$ cal5d> sy/em1 #bih1 #cja4 ,idols1 repres5t$ attributes ( div9e p[]1 etc41 #h2 tribal & h\sehold1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj4 ,ik1 ,maya glyph1 #bbe4 ,ill9ois1 cult ( ,pol>is indicat$ by emblems on %ell-gorget1 #dd4 ,imix1 ,maya glyph1 #ajh4 ,incas ( ,p]u1 #acc2 cult (1 #acd2 ,great ,temple (1 #ace2 gold images ( ,creator & ( ! sun1 #ace1 #acf2 =m ( gov]nm5t1 bas$ on ,c5tre & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #acf2 ance/or wor%ip1 #acg2 orig9 (1 #aea2 use ( tree symbolism1 #ahf2 record ( male & female ance/ry1 #ahf2 gold associat$ ) male elem5t1 silv] ) female1 #ahg2 associat$ ) gold5 effigy ( sun1 #bfd2 adv5t into ,p]u1 #eci2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edf 7see also ,p]u74 ,india1 divisions ( ye>1 #bia2 a/ronomical sy/em1 #cjj2 swa/ika ab\nds 91 #cab2 ,mi?ra1 ,h9du god ( ! :eel1 #cac2 ,brahmans1 ,buddhi/s1 #cad2 m>riage cu/om1 #caf2 num]ical divisions1 #cag2 native maps (1 #cah2 c]emonial mode ( produc+ fire1 #cah2 ,middle1 c5trifugal p[]2 quadruple organization1 etc41 #cbj2 tree wor%ip1 #cba2 wor%ip ( ,pol>is1 8! pivot ( ! planets10 #ddh1 note2 summ>y1 #dhj2 ,py?agoras d]iv$ 8 philosophy f1 #dhd2 sacr$ fire1 fire drill1 fire alt>1 #did2 m>riage1 #dih2 ! ,maghas & ,nahu%as comp>$ ) ! ,mayas ( ,yucatan & ! ,xahuas ( ,mexico1 #eji2 ! idea ( five elem5ts1 #ebf2 active int]c\rse ) seaf>]s1 #eda2 cyclical sy/em (1 assign$ to same p]iod z ,con/ant9e's num]ical s*eme & ! cal5drical s*emes ( ! ,mayas & ,mexicans1 #edb2 summ>y & conclusions1 #ead4 ,indra1 #cab4 ,initial scroll1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ican inscriptions1 #bba1 #bcc4 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 #gi4 ,irel&1 num]ical divisions2 quadruple organization2 dual rul]2 ,middle2 ,f\r ,qu>t]s2 cosmical r\nd t[]2 ,sev5 ,*ur*es2 great hall ( ,t>a 7midc\rt71 #dfh-dgj2 summ>y1 9 table ( c\ntries1 #dic4 ,iroquois1 social organization1 #aif2 wampum belts1 #aig2 num]ical divisions1 #aih2 l+ui/ic aff9ities ) ,mayas1 #aih1 #aii4 ,irrigation1 9 anci5t ,p]u1 #adf4 ,i%t>1 cult (1 #cdb-cej2 r+ or circle1 symbol (1 #cei1 #cfj2 8axis ( ! heav5s10 female ,pol>is1 #ejc4 ,isis1 ,egyptian goddess wor%ipp$ "u =m ( c[1 #djf2 9 sculpture & symbolism1 #dba-dcd2 call$ daught] ( ! sun1 #ddj1 #dda4 ,isokrates1 #dib4 ,israelites1 #cde2 idea ( c5tral p[]2 />-cult develop+ into mono!ism1 #ceb1 #cec1 #cee4 ,itza1 tribe :o occupi$ ,*i*5-,itza1 #bjf4 ,ixion's :eel1 #dec4 ,ixkun1 #baj1 #bae1 #bdd2 bas-relief at1 #bei4 ,ixtlilxo*itl1 #cc1 #ff1 #hd1 #afc1 #bee4 ,izamal1 ru9s (1 #bad1 #bag4 ,iz-calli1 ,mexican #bj-;day p]iod1 #bdj2 fe/ival ( 8r5ovation10 #bda4 ,iztaccihuatl1 giant volcano1 #bge4 ,jade1 ,nahuatl ^w =1 *al*iuitl1 #cd1 #ha2 symbol (2 emblem ( wat] goddess1 #ia2 plac$ ) dead ( upp] class 9 ,mexico1 #aie2 jade celts f ,nic>agua1 #aif2 anci5t "n = pyramid ( ,*olula1 8! monum5t or preci\s jade /one ( ! ,toltecs1 etc410 #bfi2 ,*9ese ^w =1 significance (1 #efc1 note4 ,jagu>1 figure (1 repres5t$ f\r lords ( ! ,bel[1 #ahd1 #ahe2 skeleton (1 9 ,m\nd #d at ,copan1 #bcc2 comp>$ ) ocelot1 #bcc2 on ,cross tablets at ,pal5que1 #bci 7see ,ocelot1 ,puma1 ,quadrup$ & ,animal =m74 ,janus1 d\ble-fac$1 probably symbol ( d\ble /ate 9 ,rome1 #dfc4 ,japan1 junks1 #cji2 organization f\nd$ on plan d]iv$ f ,corea2 8great ,c5tre ( ! ,e>?20 tradition ab\t ,nor? ,pole2 comp>$ ) ,*9a1 #caj2 ,buddhism1 #caa2 f\r divisions ( population1 ) ,emp]or at head2 gov]n$ by two rul]s1 cele/ial & t]re/rial1 #caa2 swa/ika2 ,%9to religion1 #caa2 quadruple organization1 #caa1 #cab2 summ>y1 #dhc4 ,ja/r[1 ,morris1 #cbg-cdd1 #cdh1 #cej1 #ced1 #ceg1 #cfa-cfg4 ,j5s51 #cbg4 ,j]usalem1 temples to ,baal & alt> to ,a/>te1 #cej-ceb2 de/ruction (1 #ecj4 ,jesup exp$ition to ! ,nor? ,pacific1 #ecd4 ,jones1 ,sir ,william1 #cjj4 ,joyce1 #egj4 ,ju/9ian1 #ecj4 ,kaan1 ,maya ^w = cord1 associat$ ) caan1 ,heav51 #aab4 ,kaka or ,akaka-kwe1 my?ic dance drama p1 among ! ,zui1 #bjd4 ,kannum]al f\r1 #aaj2 ,maya ^w = s]p5t1 #aab2 ,nahuatl ^w = s]p5t1 #ahi2 ,*9ese ^w = m\nta91 also = prov9ce or rul]1 #bhg4 ,kan-a/a 7,iroquois7 frame poles ( ! c\ncil h\se1 #aig4 ,kana/a-tsi-koma 7,iroquois7 8! great framework20 "n ( ,iroquois league1 #aig4 ,katun1 p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s m>k$ by sculptur$ /one1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bba4 ,k+sbor\gh1 #aa1 #eg1 #fb1 #gh1 #bdj1 #bdf4 ,k9 7,maya7sun1 #bag4 ,k9-i*-ahua1 "o title ( ,maya supreme div9ity1 #cf4 ,kir*]1 #dhe4 ,knight1 #dgj4 ,kukulcan1 ,maya title = ,mexican god ,quetzalcoatl1 #fh2 mean+ ( "ndiv9e s]p5t1 #fh1 #fi2 repres5t$ by fea!r$ s]p5t 9 ,yucatan & ,mexico1 #fi2 tradition conc]n+1 #fi2 rul] ( ,*i*5 ,itza1 #fi2 assum$ (fices ( f\r rul]s1 #fi2 e/abli%$ connection betwe5 ,*i*5 ,itza & ,mexico1 #ic2 comp>$ ) culture h]o ( ,bogota1 #aga2 ,maya *ief or "l1 j\rney$ to ,mexico & 0 !re call$1 ,quetzalcoatl1 #bjf2 actual p]son1 ,maya high prie/1 ,mexican culture h]o1 #bjg2 br\ght colony f ,yucatan to ,mexico1 #bjh2 "n signifi$ 8div9e f\r10 #bjh2 title express$ by s]p5t on ,copan /el1 #bbj1 #bbc2 repres5t$ by monoli? 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfb4 ,kulkun1 m\nta9 9 ,*9a1 call$ k+ ( m\nta9s1 summit ( ! e>?1 etc41 #bhg4 ,ku%ites1 my? reg>d+ orig9 ( life1 etc41 #die4 ,kwakiutl ,indians1 social organization & secret societies1 #adg2 comp>$ ) ,maya1 ,mexican & ,p]uvian1 #adh4 ,lac$mon1 anci5t philosophy (1 #dhg4 ,lac\p]ie1 ,t4 de1 #cjj1 #cjb4 ,l&1 conv5tional symbol (1 #abc4 ,l&a1 ,fra ,diego de1 #ce1 #fi1 #hf1 #aia1 #aib1 #bjf-bbj1 #bdb1 #bha4 ,language1 diff]$ 9 male & female communities1 #aic2 influ5ce on anci5t ,am]ican symbolism1 #bhd 7see ,l+ui/ics74 ,la\tsze1 f\nd] ( ,ta\ism1 #bih1 #ecd4 ,laplace1 #cai4 ,las ,casas1 #fg4 ,lay>d1 #cfj4 ,lea1 ,*9ese ^w = ,bel[1 #aah4 ,left-h&2 left-h&$ 0 attribute ( ,mexican god1 #ab2 consecration (1 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 #afc1 #afd2 honorific title1 #afe2 on ,copan alt>1 #bbh4 ,legge1 #bhf1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bib1 #bif1 #bih1 #bii4 ,l5ormant1 #eff4 ,leon1 ,cieza de1 #acf1 #aej4 ,le ,plongeon ,a41 #ic1 #ie1 #ahd1 #bad4 ,lepsius1 #cgi1 #dfj4 ,levi]1 ,emile1 #dgg1 #dgh4 ,life ( ! ,indians 7same z ,hispano-,mexican ,,ms41 ,biblioteca ,nazionale ,,ms41 or ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms474 ,l+ui/ics1 traces ( words associat$ ) ar*aic set ( ideas 9 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #eca2 comp>ative tables ( words1 ,app5dix ,i1 #edi2 & ,app5dix ,,iii1 #efc4 ,lion1 sacr$ symbol 9 ,egypt1 #djh4 ,liz>d1 sk9 (1 9 connection ) human sacrifice1 & ) goddess ( e>? & und]world1 #ia1 #if1 #ih4 ,lizana1 #baj4 ,lloque ,yupanqui1 ?ird ,inca1 #acc4 ,locky]1 ,norman1 #ac1 #ad1 #bj1 #afb1 #beb1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #cha1 #chb1 #chd1 #che1 #chf1 #djj4 ,lor5zana1 #fh4 ,lorill>d ,city 7see ,m5*71 #baj2 sculpture & art (1 #bcd4 ,lotus1 z symbol 9 ,egypt & ,india1 #cad1 #cbj1 #cgi1 #dac4 ,l\bat1 ,duc de1 #bcj1 #ejd4 ,luna1 ,don ,jose1 #ej4 ,lun> ye>1 #bed4 ,lun> p]iods1 #bef4 ,lun> cal5d> 9 ,mexico1 #big2 9 ,*9a1 #big1 #bih4 ,lus*an1 ,felix von1 #ccb1 #cef1 #ceg4 ,lysicrates1 *oragic monum5t (1 #abg4 ,lycurgus1 #deg1 #dhg4 ,maghadas ( ,india1 #dig4 ,maghas ( ,india comp>$ ) ,mayas1 #eji2 a ,f9nic race1 #eai4 ,maghi ( ,p]sia1 #dig4 ,magnus1 ,p41 #dgg1 #dgh4 ,mahaffy1 ,j4 ,p41 #dag4 ,maize1 c]emonial1 #gh2 symbol ( goddess ( ,e>?1 #ia1 #ih2 us$ 9 c]emonial (f]+s by ,cali=nian ,indians1 #aje2 on e>? symbol 9 codices1 #aji1 #aag1 #abc2 on sculptures at ,pal5que & ,copan1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdc2 9 ,mexican ,new ,ye> fe/ivals1 #bda2 cultivation (1 9 v e>ly times1 #bgb1 #bge2 legacy ( ,corn ,maid5s & ,daught]s ( ,e>?1 #bgf2 z ye> symbol1 #bia4 ,mal]1 ,teob]t1 #ahd1 #bab1 #bac1 #bad4 ,maltaya bas-relief1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,manco1 ,capac1 #acc2 f\nd] ( ,cuzco1 #aef1 #afa1 #ahf4 ,man*1 a tribe ( ,m5* & ,pal5que1 #bce4 ,m&aite pole-/> wor%ip1 #cba1 #cbb1 #eef4 ,m>*1 ,h4 ,colley1 #bc1 #bd4 ,m>cianus1 #ecj4 ,m>ket /one ( ! ,city ( ,mexico1 #bde 7see ,mexican ,cal5d> ,/one74 ,m>9us1 #deb4 ,m>itime int]c\rse betwe5 ,old & ,new ,_w1 int]rupt$ = _m c5turies by int]regnum ( ,pol>is1 #eca2 equatorial curr5ts favor+ migrations to ,new ,_w1 #ebd1 #ebe2 evid5ce ( ,grco-,egyptian contact ) ,mexico1 #ech 7see ,pre-,columbian contact74 ,m>kham1 ,clem5ts ,b41 #acb1 #acf1 #adb1 #aeb1 #afj1 #afh1 #eaj4 ,m>riage1 9 ,mexico1 sacr$ rites 9 connection )1 #ajb2 laws gov]n+1 #agf2 among ! ,h9du1 #caf2 on ,new ,ye>'s day 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #cca1 #cdf2 9 anci5t ,egypt1 #dda2 fe/ivals1 9 ,india & 9 ,mexico connect$ ) wor%ip ( ,pleiades1 #dih 7see ,heav5 & ,e>?1 union (74 ,m>roqu91 #hj4 ,masp]o1 #dcg1 #eah4 ,ma/] build]s1 ah-m51 ,maya "n =2 aman-teca1 ,mexican "n =1 #bcd2 k9%ip betwe5 ^? ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 & ! tra9$ build]s ( cosmical /ructures 9 ! ,old ,_w1 #eag1 #ebi1 #ecb1 #ecc4 ,maudslay1 ,alfr$ ,p41 #abj1 #aba1 #agj1 #agb1 #bae1 #baf1 #bah1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bci1 #ejd4 ,mayapan1 capital ( conf$]acy ( ,mayas1 #fi2 anci5t capital ( ,yucatan1 #hf2 ,ho1 ano!r "n =1 #bjf2 ,i*pa1 ano!r "n =1 #bjf2 anci5t *ronicles1 #bji1 #baa2 ,cocomes1 p (1 #baa-baf4 ,may]'s ,manual1 #bhe4 ,mazahuas or de] p1 ( ,guatemala1 #afe4 ,mc,gee1 ,w4 ,j41 #aja4 ,mecca1 8! "m ( cities20 ! grave ( ,"m ,eve1 #cbc4 ,m$hur/1 ,w4 ,h41 #bhe1 #bhi4 ,mel*ites1 #ecj4 ,memorial /ones1 9 ,copan1 #bai4 ,m51 "n ( dog 9 ,maya cal5d>2 means ma/]-build]1 artisan1 etc41 #bcd4 ,m5*1 anci5t ru9s (1 #bae2 8,lorill>d ,city10 #bcd2 anci5t civilization (1 #bdd4 ,m5dieta1 #dd1 #fg1 #gf4 ,m]ida1 mod]n capital ( ,yucatan1 #fh2 anci5t "n1 8,ho10 #he2 figur$ 9 anci5t map1 #hf4 ,mesopotamia1 pole-/> wor%ip1 #cba1 #eeg2 quadruple organization1 /able ,c5tre1 #cbb2 seat ( v>i\s empires1 #ccd4 ,mexican ,cal5d> ,/one 7see ,cal5d> ,/one ( ,mexico74 ,mexican ,cal5d> sy/em 7see ,cal5d> ,sy/ems74 ,mexican ,,mss4 unpubli%$1 #ij4 ,mexican ,sacrificial ,/one 7see ,sacrificial /one74 ,mexico1 numb] ( deities2 same god "u sev]al names1 #g2 idols1 #h2 wor%ip ( supreme ,creator1 #h2 cal5d>-swa/ika1 #i2 cal5d>-/one1 #ab1 #ac1 #ie1 #bde-beh1 #bhj2 sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 orig9 (1 #ae2 game1 symboliz+ axial rotation1 #bd1 #be2 cal5d> sy/em1 #be1 #ce1 #ec1 #ajj1 #ade1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahb1 #bba1 #bde1 #bhb1 #big1 #ebh1 #ebi1 #ecj2 ,great ,temple (1 #eh1 #hc1 #ij1 #if1 #ajg1 #bbe1 #ejg2 ,city (1 divid$ into f\r qu>t]s1 #hc2 built on dual isl& 9 dual lake1 #hd2 anci5t map (1 #hh2 anci5t capital (1 divid$ into two halves1 #hi2 recumb5t /one figures be>+ circul> vessel1 #ic2 tribal & h\sehold 8idols10 orig9 (1 #aci2 native arms (1 #aeg2 ca/e division associat$ ) left h&1 #afe2 orig9 ( human sacrifice1 #agc2 num]ical divisions1 social organization1 symbolism1 etc41 id5tical ) ,p]u1 ,copan1 ,guatemala1 ,yucatan1 ,zui1 etc41 #bbf2 map (1 to be publi%$1 #bcj1 #bca2 comp>$ ) o!r anci5t cultures ( ,am]ica1 #bce-bdd2 sun cult & moon cult exi/+ at same "t1 #bfd2 dual gov]nm5t at "t ( ,conque/1 #bff2 cradle ( ,am]ican civilizations1 #bgf2 names ( symbols translat$ f ,maya1 #bgh2 swa/ika symbol f\nd associat$ ) cal5d> signs1 #bhj2 spid]'s web z symbol ( num]ical divisions1 #bic2 summ>y1 9 table ( c\ntries1 #did2 ! sacr$ & tribal tree1 #dii2 light+ ! sacr$ fire1 #ejd2 symbols & plan ( gov]nm5t comp>$ to ^? ( ,old ,_w1 #ejf-ebd2 num]ical divisions on :i* ! cosmical s*eme 0 bas$1 #ebh2 date :5 cal5d> 0 in/itut$1 #ecj2 rud] =ms ( culture1 #eca2 civilization at "t ( ,conque/ indicative ( contact ) ,old ,_w1 #ech2 p]iod ( w>f>e1 pe/il5ce1 etc41 #eci2 resemblance betwe5 "n ( capital 7,temi/itan71 & ( ,greek philosoph]1 ,!mi/ius1 #edc2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edf4 ,mey]'s ,lexikon1 #bhh4 ,micmac ,indians1 my?s ab\t ,ursa ,major1 #eaj4 ,mictlampa1 ,nahuatl "n = ! ,nor?1 #h4 ,mictlan1 l& ( ! dead1 #dj1 #bde4 ,mictlantecuhtli1 id5tical ) ,tezcatlipoca1 #h2 "l ( ! ,nor?1 #i1 #aa2 symbols (1 #cg1 #db1 #dd1 #dg1 #eg1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #bdi1 #bfj1 #bie4 ,midas1 k+ ( ,phrygia1 #dei4 ,migration1 f ! nor?1 to ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bbd2 caus$ by desire to f9d /able c5tre ( ! e>?1 #bge2 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica 9 twelf? c5tury1 #eci 7see ,migration my?s74 ,migration my?s & traditions3 9 connection ) cult ( ,pol>is1 #dc2 ,p]uvian1 ,mayan1 ,mexican1 #adi1 #aej1 #aea2 motive (1 expla9$ by ,zui1 #bja1 #bjb2 ,kukulcan driv5 out ( ,*i*5 ,itza & j\rney$ to ,mexico1 #bjf2 ?ree bro!rs came f ! ,we/ & settl$ 9 ,*i*5 ,itza1 #bjg2 into ,yucatan f ! ,s\?1 #baj1 #baa2 ! ,mayas came f ,tollan 9 ,zu-iva1 #bag2 ! ,mexican culture h]o came f ! ,ea/1 8! anci5t r$ l&10 #ebe1 #ebh-ecj 7see ,my?s & ,traditions74 ,mikado1 #caa4 ,mill-/one1 z symbol1 #did-eji4 ,milne1 ,j4 ,g41 #dbe4 ,m9otaurus1 rul] ( isl& ( ,crete1 #deg4 ,mirror1 ( obsidian1 #aj2 us$ z oracle among ! ,cak*iquel ,indian ( ,guatemala1 #hj2 9 sacr$ edifices2 9 great temple ( ,mexico2 eyes ( image ( ,tezcatlipoca1 #hj2 symbol ( ,tezcatlipoca2 oracle ( judgm5t 9 ,mexico & ,guatemala2 aid to a/ronomical obs]vations1 #hb2 ( obsidian1 symbol ( />-cult2 ( poli%$ pyrites1 symbol ( sun-cult1 #hc2 9 connection ) symbolical tree & s]p5t1 #aaj2 b[l ( wat]1 prec$$ use (1 #bbe2 9 ,%9to symbolism1 #caa2 9 ,egypt1 #dji4 ,mississippi valley1 cult ( ,pol>is1 #dd2 e>?-"w build]s1 #ej2 e>ly peoples (1 9 contact ) ,mayas1 #aab2 names ( cities & tribes %[+ ,maya influ5ce1 art resembl+ t ( ,mayas1 #aii4 ,miss\ri1 cult ( ,pol>is indicat$ by emblems on %ell-gorget1 #dd4 ,mit 7,egyptian7dea?1 or ! dead1 #cha4 ,mi?ra1 ,aryan god ( ! :eel1 #cac4 ,mitimaes1 ,p]uvian coloni/s1 #adi4 ,mitla1 #bdd2 rec5t excavations at1 #eac4 ,moabites1 #cea4 ,mohamm$ans1 #cje4 ,mol1 glyph on ,copan alt>1 #bbg4 ,mol9a's diction>y1 #h1 #ic1 #acb1 #ach1 #aci1 #ada1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aeh1 #afe1 #afh1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aib1 #eec4 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 #ie4 ,mongolia1 ,buddhi/s (1 #cae4 ,monkey,ozomatli1 ,mexican day-sign1 #aab4 ,monophysite doctr9e ( ,euty*es1 #ecj4 ,montagua riv]1 #bae1 #bcj4 ,montes9os1 #adf1 #aej4 ,montezuma1 #cd1 #dc1 #ed1 #fj1 #fa1 #fg-ge1 #hc1 #ajf1 #abe1 #aej1 #ahc1 #bjh1 #bca1 #bde1 #bfe1 #bff1 #edj1 #edg4 ,moon1 associat$ ) cult ( night1 ,e>? ,"m1 ! ,bel[1 #ajd2 9 ,p]uvian cult ( ! ,bel[1 #acd1 #ace1 #adh2 9 ,bogota1 #aga2 a/ronomical atta9m5ts ( prie/s (1 #ahj2 9 ,mexican cal5d> /one1 #bej2 image 9 silv] on pyramid at ,teotihuacan1 #bfd1 #bfg2 9 ,*9a1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bib2 lun> cal5d>1 #big2 9 religion ( ,p]sia1 #cbe2 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #ccb1 #cdd1 #cdg2 9 ,egypt1 #chi1 #dbd1 #dch4 ,moqui ,indians1 tau symbol us$ by1 #aai4 ,mori51 #dga4 ,morse1 ,edw>d ,t41 #dgc1 #dgh4 ,mortillet1 ,gabriel de1 #ai4 ,mortu>y cu/oms 9 ,mexico1 plac+ jade ) dead ( upp] class1 & texaxoctli ) dead ( l[] class1 #aie2 c>ri$ nor?w>d f ! s\?1 #aif2 body ( ,mexican rul] cov]$ ) raim5t ( f\r pr9cipal gods1 #bji4 ,moslems1 #cbd4 ,mot[ori1 #ege4 ,motul1 diction>y (1 #aab4 ,m\nd1 symbol ( ,e>?1 #aaj2 9 symbolic c>v+ f ,brazil or ,guiana1 #bbd4 ,m\nd-build]s 7see 8,e>?-"w ,build]s074 ,m\nta91 sacr$ 7see 8,pyramid or ,m\nta9074 ,muell]1 ,iwan1 #ded4 ,mll]1 ,max1 #dei1 #dhd1 #efd4 ,muluc1 ,maya division ( #d ye>s assign$ to ! nor?1 #bah4 ,mummy1 9 ,egyptian symbolism1 #chj1 #cid1 #djc1 #djd1 #daj4 ,museums3 ,am]ican1 ( ,new ,york1 #bcd2 ,b]l91 #chj1 #dag1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbf1 #dbg1 #deg1 #dfj1 #ejg2 ,bonn1 #dfd2 ,briti%1 #aea1 #aff1 #bcd1 #cec1 #cee-ceg1 #cff1 #deg1 #dei2 ,dresd51 #abi1 #aee2 ,ghiz]1 #dbg2 ,national1 ,mexico1 #i1 #ac1 #hf1 #ic1 #ih1 #bef1 #bfj2 ,national1 ,wa%+ton1 #ai1 #ea2 ,new ,hav51 #ejg2 ,peabody1 #cd1 #dh1 #fa1 #aec1 note1 #aie1 #bah1 note1 #eab2 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 #baf1 #bbg1 #bcd1 #bci1 #cac2 ,/ockholm1 #dh2 ,trocad]o1 #ajd1 #agd1 note4 ,mu%room-%ap$ /one figures1 f ,san ,salvador & ,guatemala1 #aad2 repres5t native idea ( ,above & ,bel[ ) c5tral rul] ( bo?1 #aad2 indicate belief 9 "o supreme rul]1 #aae4 ,mussulman1 #cbd4 ,muyscas ( ,bogota1 #aga4 ,my?s & traditions3 ,creation my?s 7see sep>ate head+71 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #aje1 #ach1 #bjj1 #bbc1 #cac-cah1 #ccd1 #cdj1 #cec1 #die2 flood & de/ruction my?s 7see sep>ate head+71 #hh1 #bdj1 #bec1 #bgj-bge2 migration my?s 7see sep>ate head+71 #dc1 #adi1 #aej1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #baj1 #baa-bag1 #ebe-ecj2 /> cult my?s1--,mexican1 #aa1 #ab1 #be1 #bf2 ,am]ican ,indian1 #eaa1 note2 ,turanian1 #eag1 #eah2 ,mexican1 life aft] dea? & relative position ( man & woman1 #ch1 #ci2 ,tezcatlipoca ca/ d[n f ,heav5 & arose z an ocelot1 #dd1 #de2 ,quilaztli1 8woman s]p5t10 #fj-fb2 ,maya1 culture h]o1 ,kukulcan1 #fi2 sugge/+ wor%ip ( ,pol>is1 #aei2 relat+ to #g-;day p]iod among ! ,cak*iquel ,indians ( ,guatemala1 #ahb2 ,p]uvian1 conc]n+ ! ,inca ,yupanqui :o introduc$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,creator1 #aeb1 #aec2 relat+ to ance/ors ( ,manco ,capac & ! 8royal eagle10 #aef2 conc]n+ conte/ betwe5 s]p5t & eagle1 comp>$ ) simil> ,mexican tradition1 #aei2 ,japanese1 conc]n+ bir?place ( ,japanese race1 #caj2 ,arabian1 ,moslem tradition ab\t ,heav5ly & e>?ly ,kaaba1 #cbd2 a/ronomical1 #dfe2 ,assyrian1 relat+ to planet ,v5us & god ,i%t>1 #cdd2 ,greek1 ab\t fire-drill1 #dif1 & ,ixion1 #ejj2 ,rig ,v$a1 orig9 ( fire1 #eba4 ,nahr-el-,kelb1 bas-reliefs at1 #ceg2 ,es>haddon /ela1 #cei4 ,nahuas ( ,mexico comp>$ ) ,nahu%as ( ,india1 #eji1 #eai4 ,nahui-oll91 ,mexican symbol1 8f\r movem5ts10 #agj2 repres5ts f\r movem5ts ( con/ellations1 #bej2 summ>y ( ! f\r-fold divisions ( :i* x 0 a symbol1 #bea2 commemorat$ ! f\r epo*s ( ! _w's hi/ory1 #bec2 common to ! v>i\s anci5t peoples ( ,am]ica1 #bef1 note 7see also ,oll974 ,nakhunte1 k+ ( ,susiana1 #bii4 ,nam+ ( *ildr5 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan1 #bdb4 ,navel1 "n ( cosmical c5tre :]e human victims 7 annually sacrific$ by ,mexican prie/s8,navel ( ! ,e>?10 #fd2 ,cuzco call$ 8,navel ( ! ,e>?10 #acc2 symbol 9 anci5t ,am]ican art1 #bif2 9 ,arabia1 #cbc2 9 ,india1 8,navel ( ! heav510 #ebj2 8,navel ( ! _w10 #eba4 ,navigation1 primitive crafts & *>ts1 ,ceylon & ,k>a%ee1 #aei1 #afj2 ,p]uvian fi%+ boats ( seal sk92 ,quetzalcoatl's tw9 raft ( s]p5t or seal sk92 illu/rations 9 native codices & sculptures1 #afj 7see also ,boat & ,m>itime int]c\rse74 ,nebu*adnezz>1 #cfe4 ,necklace ( he>ts & h&s1 on ,mexican idol1 indicative ( supplication1 #abh4 ,neo-platonism1 #ebg4 ,nepantla1 ! z5i?1 #ch4 ,ne/1 9 ,egyptian symbolism1 #cih4 ,ne/orian ,tablet1 #cjd4 ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 9 anci5t ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #bdj-bdd2 9 ,*9a1 #bib2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #cba1 #eeg2 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #cca1 #cdf2 9 anci5t ,egypt1 #dai1 #dbe-dcg2 9 ,sc&9avia1 #dgc4 ,nezahual coyotl1 rul] ( ,texcoco :o erect$ temple to 8,unkn[n ,god10 #cc1 #afc2 title1 ,ome ,to*tli#b rabbit1 #ahj4 ,nic>agua1 />-symbol on pott]y f1 #ej2 anci5t occupation by ,nahuatl-speak+ race1 #aeh2 jade celts f1 #aie4 ,niebuhr1 #ead4 ,night1 prie/ (1 "l (1 #hb2 sons (1 #hc2 ,egyptian symbol (1 a /> susp5d$ by ?read1 #chg4 ,nimr\d bas-reliefs1 #cff4 ,nirvana1 9 ,h9du religion1 #cae4 ,nord5skjld1 ,b>on ,gu/av1 #aai1 #bcj1 note4 ,norsem51 ,eddas1 symbolism1 cele/ial tree1 #ejb1 #ejc4 ,nor?1 symbols (1 #aj2 sign (1 #ce2 und]world1 #ci2 9 ,cosmos1 associat$ ) ,tecpatlfl9t1 r$1 fire1 w>m?1 #db2 symbol (1 #ef1 #eg2 color (1 r$1 #eg2 "l (1 #eg2 female region1 #fd2 symbol (1 9 ,mexican cal5d>-/one1 #bej2 region ( ! dead1 #bfg2 ,maya "n & symbol (1 #bgh2 ,buddha associat$ )1 #caf2 v5]ation (1 9 ,india1 #cag2 9 ,egyptian pyramid symbolism1 #cha2 ,babylonian ^wakkad1 #djj4 ,nose1 grotesque1 on sculptures at ,copan1 ,quirigua & ,pal5que1 #bdj4 ,nose ornam5t1 religi\s idea associat$ )1 #ajc4 ,nott & ,gliddon1 races ( m5 recogniz$ by anci5t ,egyptians1 #cgc4 ,numb]s1 sacr$1 #bi1 #cj 7see ,num]ical divisions74 ,num]ical divisions1 9 sociological & cal5drical sy/ems3 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #bi1 #fb2 9 ,p]u1 #add1 #adg1 #afg2 9 ,guatemala1 #afd1 #aga1 #agi2 repres5t$ by human figure1 #agd1 #age2 9 ,mexican gov]nm5t1 #agi1 #aha2 c>ri$ nor?w>d f ! s\?1 #aif2 9 ,huron ,conf$]acy1 #aih2 among ! ,zui1 #bja2 9 ,yucatan1 #bji1 #bah1 #bbc2 at ,*i*5 ,itza1 #bab1 #bac2 9 ,copan1 #bba1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bbi2 9 symbolic c>v+ f ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bbd2 9 ,quirigua1 #bcb1 #bcc2 9 ,mexican ,cal5d> /one1 #bdh1 #bef2 on monoli? 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfa2 9 ,*9a1 #bhf1 #bib1 #cjb2 ,mexican comp>$ ) ,*9ese1 #big2 9 ,japan1 #caj2 9 ,india1 #cac1 #cbj2 9 ,p]sia1 #cbe2 9 ,assyria1 #cbh1 #cdh1 #ceh1 #cfj2 9 ,egypt1 #cfh-cgf2 9 cyclical sy/ems ( ,egyptians1 ,h9dus1 ,*9ese1 ,mexicans1 ,mayas & ,greeks1 #dej2 9 anci5t ,rome1 #dfd2 & ,greece1 #dhd2 9 anci5t ,irel&1 #dfh-dgj2 ,brita91 #dgj2 ,wales1 #dga2 ,sc&9avia1 #dga1 #dgb2 table ( c\ntries 9 :i* us$1 #dhj-did2 ,plato's 8div9e polities0 comp>$ ) s*eme ( organization 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 #eji2 summ>y1 z %[n 9 ,yucatan & ,mexico1 #ebh2 *ief rul] call$ 8,f\r 9 ,"o10 #ebi2 app>5t survival 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian religion1 #ecf-ech2 9 ,plato's & ,inca's s*eme ( /ate1 #eci2 9 ,con/ant9e's plan1 & 9 ,maya & ,mexican cal5d>s1 #edb1 #edc2 analogies & div]g5ces1 ,am]ican divisions agree ) ,greek b diff] f ,*9ese1 #edf4 ,nutt1 ,david1 #dea4 ,nuttall1 ,zelia1 "w on ! ,atlatl1 #cd2 on ! ,mexican ,cal5d> sy/em1 #g1 #ec1 #bdd-bdg4 ,obsidian mirror 7see 8,mirror074 ,ocelot1 ,tezcatlipoca took %ape (1 #h2 9 ,mexican my?ical drama1 #ab2 ( nocturnal sky1 #ce2 9 ,mexican codices1 #dd2 at ,tiahuanaco1 #aff2 title ( "o division ( ,mexican w>riors1 #afg2 man ) bea/ 7ocelot or jagu>17 symbol ( dual ,/ate 9 ,yucatan1 #ahe2 title ( m9or rul]s 9 ,yucatan1 #ahe2 man-ocelot & man-bird1 repres5t$ rul]s ( two divisions ( /ate 9 ,mexico1 #ahe2 or tig]1 w>rior-ca/e ( ,mexico1 #bab2 sk9 (1 worn by high-prie/ 9 ,copan & ,quirigua1 #bca1 #bcc2 totem ( ! ,fire p 9 ,mexico1 #bed2 symboliz$ cult ( ,e>?1 z oppos$ to bird1 symbol ( cult ( ,heav51 #bhb2 symbol ( ,/ate 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 #bie1 #bif 7see also ,jagu>1 ,puma & ,quadrup$74 ,ocna1 a ,maya fe/ival1 #bdb4 ,octli1 "n ( native w9e1 #gh2 pulque1 #aja2 e>?-w9e1 indicat$ by figure ( rabbit1 #ajc4 ,octli-gods1 ag5ts ( ! ,cihuacoatl1 #gh2 ra9 gods1 #if2 ra9-prie/s1 #aja2 prie/s ( ! e>?1 emblem (vase fill$ ) ra9 or e>?-w9e1 #ajg2 monkey intimately connect$ )1 #aab4 ,od91 ,sc&9avian k+ & deity1 #dga2 ,norse 8rul] ( ,heav510 #dgc4 ,ohio valley1 anci5t e>?-"w build]s 9 contact ) anci5t ,mexicans1 #ej2 art resembles ,maya1 #aii2 swa/ika symbol associat$ ) s]p5t symbol1 #bhj4 ,ojibway ,indians1 #eaa1 note4 ,old5burg1 #dhd4 ,old ,_w1 fire-drill1 fire alt>1 sacr$ fire1 oil press1 mill/one1 axial rotation1 etc41 #did-ejd2 civilizations comp>$ ) ,new ,_w1 #ejd-fji1 #ebe2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,oliva1 ,padre ,anello1 #acb1 #aej1 #aed1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afd4 ,oliv]1 ,g41 #dhd1 #dhe4 ,oll91 9 ,cal5d>-/one1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ed 7see also ,nahuioll974 ,olmos1 ,fri> ,&reas de1 #ed1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aie4 ,olympic ,games1 m>k$ cycle or p]iod1 #dhe4 ,omacatl1 associat$ ) wat]1 #ha4 ,omaha ,indians1 measur$ "t by ,ursa ,major1 #eaa1 note4 ,ome ,to*tli ,ixtlilxo*itl1 #afc4 ,ondeg>do1 ,polo de1 #acb1 #ada1 #adh4 ,o',neil1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dea1 #dfh1 #dfi1 #dga1 #dgb1 #edg1 #efh1 #egj1 #egb1 #egd4 ,ori5tal ,congress1 #edd4 ,ori5tation1 #db2 ( ,copan & ,quirigua ! same1 #bcj2 ( temples at ,pal5que1 #bce2 diagonal1 9 ,egypt & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #cgb1 note2 ,egyptian pyramids fac$ ! nor?1 & ! pole-/>1 #chb2 temples 9 ,l[] ,egypt fac$ to ! ,nor?2 9 ,upp] ,egypt to ! ,s\?1 #chc4 ,orig9 ( ,am]ican civilizations1 #edc2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,orizaba1 giant volcano1 #bge2 anci5t "n1 ,citlal-tepetl,/> ,m\nta91 #bge1 note4 ,ozomatli1 monkey2 ,mexican day-sign1 #aab4 ,pa*a-,ya*a*i1 ,inca "n = ,creator1 #ace4 ,pa9t+1 9 connection ) symbolism1 #aad2 ( body & face 9 ,p]u1 ,mexico & ,yucatan1 #aib1 #aic 7see ,color74 ,pal5que1 ,palace ,h\se ) tau-%ap$ recesses1 #aba1 note2 "* ( /el1 #bae2 /udy ( monum5ts1 #bcd-bci2 same cult z ,quirigua & ,copan1 #bdj2 tablets1 tribal regi/]s1 #bdc2 tablet1 9 8,temple ( ! ,sun10 lik5$ to ,mexican ,sacrificial /one1 #bei4 ,pale/9e1 cult ( ,a/>te & ,baal1 & mono!ism ( ! ,israelites1 #cde4 ,pan1 fea/ (1 #ddb4 ,pan!on1 #eae4 ,panuco1 ,maya colony e/abli%$ at1 #abe1 #bjg1 #bjh1 note4 ,papa1 "n ( ,mexican ,prie/1 #ci4 ,papakhu1 "n ( inn] sanctu>y ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian temple1 #ccj1 #cca4 ,papalotl1 butt]fly1 #ci4 ,p>ry1 ,francis1 #ajd4 ,p>see religion1 wor%ip ( fire z outcome ( pole-/> wor%ip1 #cbf4 ,p>turition1 symboliz$ by %ell1 #ie2 by snail1 #aaa4 ,pa? ( ! ,dead1 anci5t road lead+ to ,pyramid ( ! ,moon1 #bfg4 ,patolli1 native ,mexican game1 #hg2 symboliz$ social organization1 #agf1 #agg4 ,paz ,sold51 #aej4 ,peabody ,museum1 #cd1 #dh1 #fa1 #aec1 note1 #aie4 ,peabody ,museum ,honduras ,exp$ition1 #bah1 note1 #eab4 ,p$regal de ,san ,augu/91 anci5t lava-field 9 ,city ( ,mexico1 #bga4 ,pek+1 conta9s temple to ,nor? ,/> ,god1 #bhd 7see ,*9a & ,pol>is74 ,peatiel1 ,antonio1 #bfb4 ,p]ez1 #aji4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 #dba4 ,p]ry1 ,john1 #edg4 ,p]sia1 anci5t religion (2 swa/ika2 sev5 divisions ( ,cosmos1 f\r-fold rule1 #cbe1 #dhd4 ,p]u1 wor%ip ( ,pleiades1 #ec2 sacr$ fire1 #hc2 use ( *eck] bo>d design1 #abd2 light & d>k colors us$ to designate ! ,above & ,bel[1 #acj2 irrigat+ canals 9 symbolic =m1 #acb1 #adf2 outl9e ( civilization1 #acb2 /one monum5t typify+ duality1 #acd2 k ( ,creator1 #ace2 =m ( gov]nm5t1 #acf1 #acg2 tribal & h\sehold 8idols10 #ach1 #aci1 #adj2 f\r rul]s1 #ada2 classification ( p1 #adb2 8:ite virg9s10 title giv5 to upp] class maid5s2 8black virg9s10 l[] class2 ca/e2 de=mation ( skulls1 #adc2 c]emony = driv+ out sickness1 #add2 ,above1 ,bel[1 ,c5tre & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #add2 c]emony illu/rat+ rotation1 #ade2 religi\s fe/ivals1 #adf1 #adg2 civilization f ! nor?1 #aej2 prehi/oric ru9s1 #aea1 #aef2 ,inca fable1 #aeb2 comp>$ ) symbolism ( sculptur$ slabs 9 ,guatemala1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef2 l+ui/ic aff9ities betwe5 ,que*ua & ,maya & ,nahuatl1 #aeh1 #aei2 ,pol>is2 navigation1 #aei1 #afj2 wor%ip ( 8,creator0 7,pol>is7 sup]s$$ sun & moon cults1 #afa1 #afd2 ca/e division associat$ ) left h&1 #afe2 ru9s ( ,tiahuanaco1 #afe-afi2 symbols comp>$ ) ^? ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #agj2 summ>y1 #did2 s*eme ( gov]nm5t comp>$ ) ,plato's 8div9e polities01 #eji1 #eci2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edf4 ,petrie1 ,fl9d]s1 #cge1 #chj1 #djd1 #dbe1 #dci1 #dfa1 #dhc1 #dia4 ,pheidon ( ,cor9?1 #dhf1 note4 ,ph]ecydes1 ! ,phnician tea*] ( ,py?agoras1 #ebf4 ,philolaus1 #dhe1 #ebg4 ,phnicians1 cult ( ,a/>te1 #cde2 a nor!rn race1 call$ ,turanians1 #eag2 navigators1 #eai2 wor%ipp$ s]p5t1 fire-drill & ! ,pleiades2 call$ ! 8r$ m510 #eba2 tradition indicates _! migration to ! ,new ,_w1 #ebd1 #ebe1 #ebh-ece2 evid5ce ( _! influ5ce1 #ech-eda2 alli$ to ,semitic race1 #edj1 note1 #eda1 #edc2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edf4 ,pig1 sacr$ animal 9 ,egypt1 #dji4 ,pigmy races1 traditions (1 #cci4 ,pill>1 wor%ip ( 7see ,column74 ,pilli1 ,mexican title1 #gd2 mean+ 8f+]s10 title ( m9or lords1 #bhb4 ,pilquixtia1 a ,mexican fe/ival1 #bdj4 ,p9*es1 ,mr41 #ceg4 ,plato1 #cdf1 #ddd-dea1 #dfg1 #dhf-dij1 #eji1 #ebg1 #ebi1 #eci1 #edf4 ,plato's 8,div9e ,polities10 id5tical ) s*eme ( gov]nm5t 9 anci5t ,mexico & ,p]u1 #eji1 #eci4 ,pleiades1 /udy (1 by primitive peoples1 #eb2 on ,society ,isl&s1 #eb2 9 ,mexico1 #ec2 9 s\!rn ,am]ica1 #ec1 #ed2 on ,mexican ,cal5d>-/one1 #beb2 9 ,*9ese cal5d>1 #bif2 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #cch 7see ,pol>is1 ,ursa ,major & ,ursa ,m9or72 wor%ip (1 9 ,india & ,mexico2 9 connection ) ,new ,ye> & m>riage fe/ivals1 #dih4 ,plot9us1 #ebg4 ,plut>*1 #dda1 #deb1 #dhh4 ,pol> con/ellations1 *>t (1 #af4 ,pol> regions1 bo? hemisph]es orig9ally peopl$ f1 #eca4 ,pol>is1 ! au?or's obs]vation (1 #g2 primitive man's /udy (1 #ad1 #ae2 ,draconis1 z pole-/>2 app>5t immovability2 means ( det]m9+ direction2 sup]natural p[]1 #ba2 wor%ip (2 c5tre ( axial en]gy1 #bb2 ,mexican ,cal5d> sy/em sugge/$ by1 #be2 num]ical value (1 #cj1 #ca2 c5tre ( cosmic sy/em1 #dj1 #da2 *anges 9 relative positions (1 #db2 ceas$ to be brilliant & immovable ab\t #ejj ,b4,c4 to #abjj ,a4,d41 #dc2 cult (2 migrations f s\? to nor?1 #dc2 spread ( cult 9 ,mexico1 ,yucatan1 ,honduras1 ,guatemala1 ,p]u2 also1 9 ,mississippi valley1 z indicat$ by c>v+s on %ell gorgets1 #dd2 symbols (1 analog\s to cross & /> symbols on %ell gorgets f ,t5nessee1 #dh1 #di1 #ej2 sugge/ions ( cult among ! ,eskimo1 #ej2 repres5t$ by /> symbols & swa/ika on pott]y f ,arizona & ,nic>agua1 #ej2 9 connection ) cult ( ,e>? & ,night1 #ed2 repres5t$ by ,montezuma on 8 ?rone1 #gb2 n id5tical ) ,god ,c1 #aab2 z c5tre ( rotation 9 ,zui emblem1 #abi2 z a guide 9 navigation betwe5 ,guatemala1 ,nic>agua & ,p]u1 #aei2 betwe5 ,ceylon & ,k>a*ee1 #aei1 #afj2 cult sup]s$$ sun & moon cults 9 ,p]u1 #afa2 invisible at ,cuzco2 ,inca wor%ip ( ! invisible ,creator1 #afa2 ,yoal-tecuhtli1 ,mexican "l ( ! ,night2 title ( ,pol>is1 #aha2 produc] ( life & regulator ( ! univ]se2 tecpatl 7fl9t knife7 symbol (1 #ahc2 9 connection ) tree symbolism2 title1 8,he>t ,( ,heav510 #ahi2 among ! ,zui1 #bjb2 at ,copan1 #bbb1 #bbd2 reflect$ 9 b[l ( wat],creator1 #bbe2 9 ,%akespe>e1 #bdg2 repres5t$ c5tral face 9 ,mexican cal5d>-/one1 #bej2 ,cal5d>-/one bas$ on obs]vation (1 #beg1 note2 9 connection ) pyramid1 #bgc1 #bgd2 9 connection ) swa/ika symbol1 #bgf2 ,maya "n1 ,ek-*uah1 patron div9ity ( travell]s & trad]s1 #bgh2 ,nor? ,/> ,god1 temple to1 9 ,pek92 ,*9ese "n,te5-hwang-ta-tee1 lit]ally ! great imp]ial rul] ( ,heav51 #bhd-bhg1 #bia1 #bie2 9 "w ( ,confucius1 #bih2 9 ,*9ese ,ta\ism1 #cja1 #cjb2 ,hebrew ,jehovah1 hav+ same title1 8,god ( ,heav510 #cjd2 9 ,india1 #caf1 #cah1 #cai2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #cba2 9 ,arabia1 #cbd2 l+ui/ic aff9ity betwe5 "n ( ,pol>is1 & ^w = capital & = nor?1 9 ,babylonia1 #cbe2 ,phnician "n! s]p5t1 #cbe2 9 ,p]sia1 #cbf2 9 ,babylonia1 8"l or k+01 8,great ,m\nta910 #cbi2 cult (1 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia1 #ccb-cci2 among ! ,israelites1 #ceb2 9 ,babylonia1 highe/ =m develop$ into mono!ism1 & l[e/ =m into cult ( ,i%t> & ,bel1 #cec2 repres5t$ 9 ,babylonian temples by a fire 9 c5tre ( squ>e alt>1 #cfb1 #cfc2 ,euphratean />-wor%ipp]s1 #cfd2 high developm5t ( cult 9 ,egypt1 #cfh1 #cgf-chb2 ,egyptian mummy1 image (1 #chf2 ,egyptian names =1 #cih1 #dja-djc2 9 ,egyptian religion & symbolism1 #djc1 #djd1 #dji1 #daj1 #dae1 #dba1 #dbc2 9 ,india1 call$ ! 8pivot ( ! planets10 #ddh1 note2 9 ,arabia1 8! hole :]e ! e>?'s axle f\nd its be>+10 #ddh1 note2 9 anci5t ,greece1 #dej-dec2 ,greek ,polos1 a /> revolv+ on itself1 #dec1 #ded2 indicat$ by cross symbol be=e ! use ( swa/ika1 #dfa2 call$ by e>ly ,danes & ,icel&]s1 8?rone ( ,?or0 or 8small] ,*>iot10 #dgc2 call$ by ,f9ns 8,taehti/> at ! top ( ! heav5ly m\nta910 #dgc2 among ! anci5t ,sc&9avians & _! desc5dants ! ,vik+s1 #dgd2 circumpol> region1 probable bir?-place ( cult1 #dge2 table ( c\ntries 9 :i* traces ( cult h be5 f\nd1 #dhj2 associat$ ) use ( fire-drill 9 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #did2 among ,h9dus1 #dih2 ,greek ,ixion1 #ejj2 ,assyrian goddess ,i%t> call$ ! 8axis ( ! heav5s10 female ,pol>is1 #ejc2 figur$ by wood5 or /one socket f :i* fire & wat] fl[$ to ! f\r qu>t]s1 #ejc2 pole-/> god ( ! ,h9dus comp>$ ) fire-drill god ( ,mexico1 #eje2 ! ,mexican pole-/> god comp>$ ) ! ,h9du1 ,greek1 ,norse1 ,russian1 etc41 #eje2 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #eag2 ,phnicians /e]$ by1 f e>lie/ times1 #ebc1 #ebe2 int]val ( "t :5 ! pole /> ceas$ to be conspicu\s1 #ebe2 m>itime int]c\rse int]rupt$1 #eca2 reappe>ance (1 #ech2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd2 ,mesopotamian pray] meet+ ( />-wor%ipp]s 7,app5dix ,,ii71 #eeg4 ,popocatepetl1 volcano1 ,mexico1 #bge4 ,popol-,vuh1 sacr$ book ( ! ,qui*s1 #gb1 note1 #aac1 #bgj4 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 #dgh4 ,porto ,rico1 /one objects f1 #aah2 cult ( aborig9es1 #aah4 ,p[ell1 ,j4 ,w41 #bhh1 note4 ,p[]s1 ,/eph51 #aje4 ,pre-,columbian contact indicat$ by same cosmical divisions & s*eme ( gov]nm5t 9 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #dhj-ejd2 same symbolism1 etc41 #eji-edd2 traditions indicate1 #ebe1 #ebh1 #ebi1 #ecj2 "q ( contact betwe5 ,*9a & ,am]ica1 #ecd2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,prescott1 #eda4 ,prit*>d1 ,w4 ,t41 #bij4 ,proctor1 ,ri*>d ,a41 #afb4 ,propitiation1 orig9 (1 #agg4 ,ptolemy1 #deb4 ,pueblo ,indians1 use ( tau1 #aai2 associate /ep pyramid ) ra91 #acb2 aff9ities ) ,mexican & ,maya1 #aii2 corn maid5s1 #bgf4 ,pull1 ,mr41 #cah4 ,pulque1 9 connection ) cult ( e>?-"m1 #aic 7see ,octli74 ,puma1 f\r heads t]m9at+ arms ( swa/ika at ,tiahuanaco1 7see ,quadrup$1 ,ocelot & ,jagu>74 ,putnam1 ,f4 ,w41 #ej1 #aif1 #aii1 #ede4 ,pyramid or sacr$ m\nta93 culm9ation ( symbolism ( cone1 #aah2 9 m\nta9 wor%ip1 #acb2 ,maya ^w =1 #aia2 ,"l ( ! ,m\nta9 a sov]eign title among ! ,qui*1 #baa2 orig9 & significance (1 #bea2 typifi$ num]ical divisions1 #beb2 on /atue 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfb2 orig9 attribut$ to ! ,maya speak+ p2 at ,teotihuacan1 #bfc2 int]pretation ( affix 8c0 9 names ( ,mexican & ,maya t[ns1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bfh2 image ( c5tral1 dual & quadruple p[]1 #bfi1 note2 ( ,*olula1 anci5t "n =1 means 8! monum5t or preci\s jade /one ( ! ,toltecs1 etc410 #bfi2 erect$ z place ( refuge f inundations1 #bgb2 symbol ( ,c5tral p[]1 & quadruple organization1 #bgd2 same z express$ by swa/ika1 #bgd2 ( ,*olula1 m>ks ! site ( great & anci5t ,tollan1 #bge2 z symbol ( ,c5tre 9 ,cosmos1 #bgg2 mean+ ( symbol1 #bhb1 #bhc2 9 ,*9ese symbolism & social organization1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #ccc2 9 ,japan1 #caj2 9 ,h9du religion1 #cag2 9 ,babylonia1 #cbh2 /> god call$ 8,great m\nta910 #cbi2 id5tical ) god 9 ,babylonia & 9 ,assyria1 #ccc2 ,hebrew god1 ,yahwe1 wor%ipp$ on ,m\nt ,sion1 #cea2 ,j]usalem f\nd$ on ,m\nt ,zion1 #ceb2 holy m\nd symbol ( god ,%ama% ( ,assyria1 #cef2 c5tral deity ( ,babylonia call$ 8! great m\nta910 #cfg2 9 ,egypt express$ a :ole divid$ into f\r p>ts1 #cga2 m9iature ( cosmos1 #cgi1 #chj2 sev5-/ori$ pyramid ( ,sakk>ah1 ,egypt1 #cha1 #chf2 ( ,beg]auie1 #dbg2 8holy m\nta9 ( ,god0 ,book ( ,prophet ,ezekiel1 #ddi1 note2 ! *ief idol ( ,irel& 0 call$ ,c5n ,crai* 7m\nd-*ief71 #dfi2 =m ( lett] delta 9 ,greek ,alphabet1 #eaa2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,pyramid temple at ,*i*5 ,itza1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,pyrites1 mirror (1 us$ z symbol ( sun-cult1 #hc4 ,py?agorean philosophy1 #dhd-dhh1 note1 #eae1 #ebf2 ,neo-,py?agorism1 #ebg4 ,quadrup$1 mean+ ( use z symbol1 #bhb2 repres5t$ ,zui /ate & subdivisions1 #bie2 illu/rat$ by ,alligator alt> at ,copan & by 8,great ,turtle0 at ,quirigua1 also by tortoise 9 ,*9a1 #bif1 note 7see ,ocelot1 ,jagu> & ,puma74 ,quadruple organization1 9 cosmos1 & s*eme ( gov]nm5t3 orig9 ( idea1 #ae2 ,maya1 ,mexican1 & ,zui1 #da1 #db2 express$ 9 cross symbols1 #dg-ed2 ,mexico divid$ into f\r p>ts1 #hc2 at "t ( ,conque/1 #ge1 #gf2 9 anci5t map ( ,yucatan1 #hf2 9 anci5t map ( ,mexico1 #hh2 9 ,inca empire1 #acf1 #add2 9 ,guatemala1 #aga1 #agb2 9 ,bogota1 #aga2 among ! ,tz5dals1 #ahj1 #aha2 ,qui*1 #ahb2 9 ,yucatan sculptures1 #ahe1 #ahf2 9 tree symbolism1 #ahg1 #aib2 c>ri$ nor?w>d1 #aif2 9 ,huron ,indian ,conf$]acy1 #aih2 among ,zui1 #bja2 9 ,maya & ,mexican traditions1 #bjh1 #bji2 9 ,yucatan1 #bah1 #bbc2 at ,copan1 #bbf1 #bbh2 at ,quirigua1 #bcb2 at ,pal5que1 #bcf2 ,pal5que1 ,p]u1 ,guatemala1 ,yucatan1 ,mexico & ,zui comp>$1 #bdd2 regulat$ by ,cal5d> ,/one1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bed2 9 connection ) pyramid build+1 #bgb1 #bgc-bhb2 9 ,*9a1 #bhf1 #bia2 repres5t$ by human figure1 #bif2 ,*9a & ,mexico comp>$1 #big2 9 ,japan1 #caj-cab2 9 ,india1 #cac1 #cah1 #dha2 9 ,mesopotamia1 #cba2 9 ,p]sia1 #cbe2 9 ,assyria1 #ccb-ccg1 #cce2 9 anci5t ,egypt1 #cga1 #cgb1 #cii2 9 ,greece1 #ded2 indicat$ fir/ by cross symbol & lat] by swa/ika1 #dfa2 9 anci5t ,rome1 #dfc2 9 anci5t ,irel&1 #dfh2 9 anci5t ,brita91 #dgj2 9 ,sc&9avia1 #dgb2 table ( c\ntries :]e traces are f\nd1 #dhj-did2 comp>ative review1 #eji1 #eaj2 9 cruci=m /ructures at ,copan & ,mitla1 #eab1 #eac2 *ief rul] call$ 8,f\r 9 ,"o10 #ebi 7see also1 ,num]ical ,divisions74 ,quauh-,cihuatl! ,eagle woman1 ,mexican title1 #fj4 ,quetquetzalcoa1 plural ( ,quetzalcoatl1 title ( 8 successors1 #gj1 #ig1 #ih4 ,quetzal1 fea!rs (1 c>v$ on fea!r$ s]p5t1 #gj2 exhibit+ colors ( ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #gj2 us$ z ,mexican symbol ( belov$ *ief or *ild1 #aij2 totem at ,pal5que1 #bcf1 #bcg2 totem at ,copan1 #bcg2 7see also ,bird74 ,quetzalcoatl1 invocation to2 ,creator & mak]1 tw9 "l & tw9 lady1 #cb2 8:eel ( ! w9ds10 #cc2 ! div9e tw91 c5tre ( cosmos1 #db2 o!r names =2 my? conc]n+1 #ee2 an actual p]son :o came f ,yucatan1 #fg2 rul$ 9 ,*i*5-,itza1 #fh2 ,maya title,kukulcan1 #fh2 9 ,mexico supreme god1 also god ( fire1 & ( ! f\r w9ds1 #gj2 successors to1 #ga2 0 driv5 f ,tullan by enemies1 #hh2 e/abli%$ connection betwe5 ,*i*5-,itza & ,mexico1 #ic2 recumb5t figure (1 9 temple ( city ( ,tula1 #ie2 sacrifices to1 #if2 god ( ! w9ds1 #if2 built ,c>acol or ,r\nd ,temple at ,*i*5-,itza1 #ig2 ,r\nd ,temples 9 ,mexico d$icat$ to1 #ig2 div9e tw91 #abf2 on sculptur$ slabs f ,guatemala1 #aed1 #aeg2 8 craft call$ 8s]p5t or tw9 raft10 #afj2 ano!r "n = ,maya "l1 ,kukulcan1 #bjf2 br\ght colony f ,yucatan to ,mexico1 #bjh2 important hi/orical p]son1 #bjh2 ,tollan abode (1 #bag2 comp>$ ) figure on ,copan sculpture1 & ) prie/ 9 ,zui creation my?1 #bbc2 figur$ ) be>d1 9 ,mexican codices1 #bca2 monoli? 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfj1 #bfb2 image (1 9 temple ( ,*olollan1 #bgj2 temple at ,tula1 #bid4 ,quetzalcoatl ,totec ,tlamacazqui1 title ( high prie/ 9 s]vice ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 #ga2 also title ( ,montezuma1 #ga4 ,qui*1 ,supreme ,div9ity (1 #ga1 note2 ,sacr$ book (1 #gb1 note2 totems1 #afd1 note2 num]ical & social sy/em1 illu/rat$ by tradition1 #ahb2 comp>$ ) ,zui1 #ahb2 8,"l ( ! ,m\nta90 title1 #baa2 affix 9 "n1 *1 ,maya ^w = tree1 #bce2 us$ day & ye> signs z p]sonal & tribal names1 #bec2 traditions ( de/ruction ( e>?1 #bgj4 ,quilaztli1 si/] ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 my? conc]n+1 #fj2 ! "m ( all1 same z ,cihuacoatl1 #fa1 #fg2 comp>$ ) ,egyptian que51 #dbh4 ,quirigua1 si/] city to ,copan1 #baj2 anci5t monum5ts1 #bae1 #baf1 #bah1 #bbc1 #bbi2 social organization same z t ( ,copan1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb2 totemic animals & symbolic colors1 #bcc2 8,great ,turtle10 #bcd1 #bdj1 #bif1 note2 /el z memorial /ones ( high prie/ rul]s1 #eab2 remnants ( old civilization1 #ebh4 ,ra1 ,egyptian ^w = ,god1 #dji4 ,rabbit 7to*tli71 #gh2 ,mexican cal5d> sign2 symbol ( e>? & reproduction1 us$ to repres5t s\nd ( ^w1 octli1 #gh2 figure (1 indicates sacr$ octli or e>?-w9e1 #ajc2 9 ,nahuatl picture writ+1 #abe2 ! rebus = e>?-w9e or ra91 #ejf4 ,rab9al1 #agb4 ,ra91 ,tlaloc1 god (1 #gh1 #ha2 figur$ ) scrolls ab\t ! eyes1 #ie2 symbols1 #if2 lords1 f\r hundr$ 9 numb]1 sacr$ vase1 emblem (1 #ajb2 ,zui ra9-mak]s1 #acb2 rites practis$ on summits ( pyramids1 #bhc2 anci5t fe/ival describ$ 9 ! ,brahmanas1 #dif1 #dig2 symboliz$ by rabbit1 #ejf4 ,rattlesnakes1 on monoli? 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfa4 ,rav51 or summ] p among ! ,zui1 #bja4 ,rawnsley1 #dia4 ,rays1 c>v$ on ,cal5d> /one ! idea (1 #bee4 ,read1 ,c4 ,h41 #aff4 ,recumb5t /one /atues1 #ic-if1 #ahe1 #bad4 ,recurv$ /aff or sceptre1 #cd4 ,r$ l&1 9 "n ( ,mexican city ,tlapallan1 & ( ,*i*5 7,itza71 #fh2 8! great anci5t r$ l&0 9 ! ,ea/1 #ebe4 ,r$ man1 orig9 ( title1 #aic2 title ( ! ,phnicians1 #eba2 9 ,g5esis1 #ebc2 ,*i*imecs ( ,mexico 7lit]ally1 ,r$ race71 #ecb4 ,rig-,v$a1 #did1 #dif1 #dig1 #dii1 #ejj1 #eje1 #eba1 #ebb4 ,riksmuseum ( ,/ockholm1 #dh4 ,r+ or circle1 9 ,p]sia1 #cbf 7see ,circle or r+74 ,rio ,lag>tos1 #bag4 ,rios1 ,padre1 #aa1 #bfh1 #bgj4 ,riv]o1 #acd2 & ,ts*udi1 #aej4 ,roman1 #aej4 ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #ecg4 ,roman ,milli>um ,aureum1 #eac4 ,rome1 sacr$ fire1 ,roma ,quadrata1 #dfa2 duality1 middle1 quadruple gov]nm5t1 #dfc2 num]ical divisions1 #dfd2 sev5-/ori$ t[]1 #dfd2 sev5-day p]iod1 #dfe1 #dff1 #dfg2 summ>y1 9 table ( c\ntries1 #dic2 ,con/ant9e's plan ( /ate-organization 9 ,new ,rome id5tical ) ! num]ical s*eme ( ! ,maya & ,mexican cal5d>s1 #eji2 ! symbolical use ( ! column1 #eac2 amulet1 #ead2 *ur* built by ,con/ant9e 9 =m ( ,greek ,cross1 #ead4 ,rosa1 ,beltran de la1 #aha4 ,rosny1 ,leon de1 #cf4 ,rotation 7see ,axial rotation74 ,r\nd =m1 associat$ ) cult ( ,heav5 or ! ,above 9 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica2 among ,zuis1 #aac-aae2 9 anci5t ar*itecture1 #aae2 associat$ ) sky 9 ,egypt1 #cga4 ,r\nd ,temples ( ,*i*5 ,itza & ,mexico1 symbolism (1 #ig4 ,royal ,e?nographical ,museum ( ,dresd51 #abi1 #aee4 ,ru/1 ,horatio ,n41 #ajd4 ,saban />-wor%ip1 #cbb4 ,sabba?1 d]ivation ( "n1 etc41 #cbg4 ,sacrifice1 human1 sacr$ rite1 9 ,mexico1 #fc2 symbolism (1 9 ,aztec religion1 #ff1 #gg2 human victim =m$ liv+ swa/ika1 #ia1 #ib2 human blood us$ to moi/5 sacr$ d\gh1 #ih2 orig9 ( blood sacrifices1 #ih2 to ,heav5 & to ,e>?1 #aah2 9 ,p]u1 #adg1 #adh1 #aea2 9 ,mexico1 tak+ out he>t ( captive signifi$ de/roy+ life ( conqu]$ tribe1 #bfc2 9 ,*9a1 #bif2 ,egyptian comp>$ ) ,mexican1 #ddb1 #ddc4 ,sacrificial-/one ( ,mexico,tribute-/one1 or law-/one record+ collection ( tributes1 etc41 #beh1 #bei4 ,sahagun1 ,fri> ,b]n>d9o de1 #h1 #aa1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ch1 #ci1 #dg1 #ec1 #ef1 #fa1 #ff1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #ge1 #gg-hc1 #ajd1 #aah1 #abc1 #abg1 #abh1 #aej1 #aei1 #agc1 #age1 #agf1 #ahi1 #aib1 #bde1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bgi1 #ejg1 #eec1 #eee4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 #ecf4 ,sakk>ah1 ,egyptian sev5-/ori$ pyramid1 #cha4 ,salado1 #bjj4 ,salcamayhua1 #acb1 #adf1 #adh1 #aea1 #afa1 #agj1 #ahf4 ,salcamayhua tablet1 #eaj1 note4 ,san*ez1 ,jesus1 #dd1 #ic1 #ie1 #if1 #aeg1 note4 ,san ,fun1 anci5t ,*9ese "w1 #bia4 ,saniah-ya-kwe3 prie/hood ( ! ,hunt1 among ! ,zuis1 #bja4 ,san ,salvador1 mu%room-%ap$ /one figures f1 #aad4 ,santa ,lucia ,cozumalhuapa1 sculptur$ slabs at1 #aec1 #aed1 #afc1 #agb4 ,sapp]1 ,c>l1 #aad1 #agc4 ,sat[ & ,hawes' ,h&book ( ,japan1 #egj4 ,saville1 ,m4 ,h41 #eac4 ,saxo ,grammaticus1 #dgb4 ,sayce1 ,a4 ,h41 #cbd1 #cbg1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #dbe1 #ddi1 #dha1 #dia1 #eah1 #eai1 #ebj1 #eba1 #ebd1 #ebe1 #ebg1 #ecb1 #edj1 #egb4 ,sc&9avia1 triskelion associat$ ) swa/ika1 #bh1 #bi2 ,greek fret1 #aba2 num]ical divisions2 middle2 ,f\r ,qu>t]s2 ,ursa ,major call$ 8,?or's ,wagon20 sacr$ m\nta9 & tree2 axial rotation2 cult ( ,pol>is2 duality2 flora & fauna1 #dga-dgi2 summ>y1 9 table ( c\ntries1 #dic2 use ( :eel 9 e>ly times1 also mill /one1 #ejb1 #ejc4 ,sc>ab1 mean+ ( emblem1 secret sign = 8hidd5 god10 #cig1 #cii4 ,sceptre1 ) gold disk1 9 ,mexico1 #hj1 #ha2 emblem ( sov]eignty 9 ,assyria & ,babylonia1 #cfe2 9 ,egypt1 #dbe4 ,s*ellhas1 ,p41 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa1 #ahb4 ,s*lag9tweit1 #bid1 #cja4 ,s*legel1 ,g41 #bhd4 ,s*liemann1 ,h41 #dei1 #dfj1 #eah4 ,s*ro$]1 #ebf1 #efh4 ,s*u*h>dt1 #eah4 ,scorpion1 ,maya ,z9-an2 symbol ( ,mictlantecuhtli1 #i4 ,scotl&1 use ( *eck]-bo>d design1 #abd4 ,s$ fe/ival1 #dbe1 #dbi1 #dca4 ,seld5 ,,ms41 #eg1 #ij1 #ejh1 note4 ,se$s1 9 symbolism ( e>? "m1 #aji2 9 ,maya codices1 #aaa2 se$s ( life1 ,zui1 ,mexican1 ,maya1 #bbc1 #bbe2 on ,tablet ( ! ,cross1 #bcf2 on ,copan swa/ika2 among ,zui1 #bcf2 conv5tionaliz$ maize se$s1 #bcg2 idols =m$ ( se$s 9 ,egypt & ,mexico1 #ddb1 #ddc4 ,sel]1 ,e41 #aji1 #abi4 ,semiramis1 temple (1 #cdg4 ,semites1 #cej-ceb1 #eba2 "n ( ,supreme god,yahu or ,yaho or ,yahve1 #ecb2 alli$ to ! ,phnicians1 #edj1 note1 #eda4 ,s5ds*irli tablet1 #cfe4 ,seph] ,ha?ora1 ,hebrew book ( ! law1 #cfa4 ,s]p5t1 9 anci5t religi\s symbolism3 associat$ ) "t1 #bf1 #bg2 ,nahuatl "ntw91 ,maya "nf\r1 #ca2 symbol ( dual or quadruple nature1 #ca2 ( et]nal life & ! ,creator1 #cb2 cursive sign =1 #ch2 on %ell gorgets f ,mississippi valley1 #di1 #aab2 orig9 ( symbol1 #ej2 div9e rul] ( f\r qu>t]s1 #fh1 #fi2 fea!rs ) 7see ,fea!r$ s]p5t7 #gj1 #ga2 p]ta9+ to e>?-"m1 #ajj2 d\ble-head$1 =m+ vase1 #aja2 9 connection ) tree ( life1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #ahi2 ) burial ( woman1 #ajg2 ) symbol ( ,e>?1 #aaa2 associat$ ) air symbol1 #abf2 9 anci5t ,p]uvian fable1 #aeb2 on sculptur$ slabs f ,guatemala1 #aed2 totem ( tribe conqu]$ by ,incas1 #aeg2 9 arms ( ,mexico1 #aeg2 on silv] p5dant f ,cuzco1 #agj2 ) sev5 heads1 symbolical ( ,mexican & ,maya sev5 tribal divisions1 #aha2 ( dual rul]1 #aij2 my?ological snake among ! ,pueblo p1 #bjj2 symbol ( ,bel[ among ! ,zui1 #bjd2 totemic animal ( ,uxmal1 #bad2 at ,copan & ,quirigua1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bbh2 on 8,cross ,tablets0 at ,pal5que1 #bcf1 #bch1 #bci2 on ,cal5d>-/one1 #bee2 on monoli? 8,div9e ,tw910 #bfa2 ( gold & mosaic on /atue ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 #bff2 mean+ ( symbol1 #bha2 9 ,india1 #cac2 9 ,p]sia1 #cbe2 9 ,babylonia1 #cce2 wor%ipp$ 9 ! temple ( ,solomon1 #cea2 9 ,egyptian symbolism1 #chi1 #cia1 #cic1 #dbd2 9 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #ebb-ebc4 ,s]p5t-woman1 #fj1 #fa1 #fe2 ,cihuacoatl1 ,mexican rul]1 #fg1 #gg1 #gi1 #aaa2 emblem (1 figur$ & describ$1 #abh4 ,sev51 sacr$ numb]1 #bi1 #ef 7see summ>y1 #dhj-did2 also ,num]ical divisions74 ,%akespe>e1 #bdg1 note4 ,%ama%1 temple (1 9 ,babylonia1 #cca2 antiquity ( cult (1 #ccb2 symbols (1 #cef2 cross & f\r-spok$ :eel (1 #cee1 #cfe1 #die2 image (1 made by a race ( pole /> wor%ipp]s1 #ejc2 comp>$ ) 8black or night sun0 on ,mexican ,cal5d> /one1 #ejf4 ,%ang1 ,*9ese ^w = ,above1 #aah4 ,%ang-te1 ,*9ese supreme rul]1 ^: resid5ce 0 8,ti50,heav51 #cja4 ,s-%ape1 ,ursa ,m9or figur$ z1 #aa2 bronze broo* f ,sc&9avia1 #bi2 on native fabrics1 9 ,vi5na ,codex1 #cd2 9 ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms41 #cd1 #ch2 9 ,sahagun's ,hi/oria1 #cd2 cakes 9 %ape (1 #cd2 associat$ ) /> signs & ! ,nor?1 #ce2 9 ,mexican & ,maya codices1 #ce1 #cf2 sign ( summ] sol/ice1 #cf2 ) cross & ra9 symbols1 #cg2 breads 9 %ape (1 #df2 figure on ,phnician tablet1 #cie1 note4 ,%ell gorgets1 repres5t+ w+$ human be+1 #ci1 note2 9 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri & ,t5nessee1 %[+ cult ( ,pol>is1 #dd2 f ,t5nessee1 #dh1 #di2 evid5ce ( id5tical symbolism f ,yucatan to ,ill9ois1 #dh-eb1 #aab4 ,%ell1 symbol ( p>turition1 #ie1 #bch4 ,%ell p5dant1 symbolism (1 #aab4 ,%9to religion1 #caa4 ,%iwana-kwe1 prie/hood ( ! prie/-p among ! ,zui1 #bja4 ,%oo k+1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bib1 #bie1 #bih1 #bii4 ,%ogunate1 #caa4 ,%un1 ,*9ese emp]or succe$+ ,ya\1 #bib1 #bih4 ,siculus1 ,diodorus1 #cbi1 note1 #edj1 note4 ,sidon1 #ebg4 ,si5a1 ,italy1 f\nd$ by sons ( ,remus1 aff9ities ) anci5t ,rome1 #dfe4 ,silco1 #ecj1 #eca4 ,simpson1 ,wm41 #cac4 ,sipp>a1 tablet (1 #cca1 #ccb1 #cej1 #cef1 #cfe1 #die1 #ejc1 #ejf4 ,situa1 ,p]uvian fe/ival :5 ! cults ( ,above & ,bel[ 7 celebrat$1 #acd4 ,siva1 cult (1 comp>$ ) cult ( ,e>?-"m1 #cad4 ,skull1 artificially de=m$ 9 anci5t ,p]u1 #adc4 ,sky-fa!r among ! ,zui1 #bja4 ,smi?1 ,pr(essor1 #ebb4 ,smy?1 ,piazzi1 />-map1 #cj1 #dc4 ,snail1 symbol ( p>turition1 #aaa4 ,social organization 9 ,mexico1 at "t ( ,montezuma1 my?s relat+ to orig9 (1 #ed1 #fb-ge 7see ,quadruple organization & ,num]ical divisions74 ,society ,isl&s1 /udy ( ,pleiades 91 #eb4 ,solomon1 built alt> to ,a/>te 9 ,j]usalem1 #cej2 built alt>s to ,kamo%1 god ( ! ,moabites1 & to ,milkom1 god ( ! ,ammonites1 #cea4 ,solomon's temple1 #cbg1 #cdd1 #ebb4 ,solon1 #dde1 #ddg1 #ddh1 #dee1 #ebf4 ,sol> or civil ye>1 divisions1 #bed4 ,sol/ice1 summ]1 #cf2 w9t]1 #dj2 light+ sacr$ fires at "t (1 #hc4 ,sommi]1 ,/eph51 #dgg4 ,sophocles1 #dec4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 symbolism (1 comp>$ ) t ( ,mexico1 #abb1 #bbd 7see ,p]u74 ,s\!rn ,cross1 #afb4 ,s\?1 ,acatlcane1 blue1 ,mexican emblem & color (1 #db4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 #baf1 #bbg1 #bcd1 #bci1 #cac4 ,spam]1 #ccb1 #dbh1 #deg4 ,spe>-?r[]s1 on tablet at ,*i*5 ,itza1 & on ,mexican ,tribute ,/one1 #bei4 ,spe$1 ,john1 #dgj4 ,sph9x1 ,egyptian1 #cgc1 #cgi4 ,spid]1 a symbol ( ,mictlantecuhtli1 #cg2 tradition ab\t ,tezcatlipoca's desc5t f ! sky by a spid]'s ?read1 #dd2 9 ,nahuatltocatl4 ,9 ,mayaam2 symbol orig9at$ 9 ,yucatan1 #dg2 on %ell-gorgets f ,ill9ois1 ,t5nessee & ,miss\ri1 #dg1 #di2 9 anci5t ,,mss41 #ij1 #bjb2 9 ,zui symbolism1 #bja2 ,maya symbol ( ! ,nor?1 #bgh2 web (1 use z symbol ( num]ical divisions1 #bic1 #ece1 note4 ,sp9dle1 z symbol ( axial rotation1 9 connection ) cross symbols on t]ra cotta sp9n+ :orls1 #dih4 ,sp9n+ tops1 #edg1 note4 ,sp9n+ :orls1 symbolic ( rot>y motion1 9 ,troy1 #dih2 9 ,mexico1 #ejd1 #ejh4 ,squ>e =m1 associat$ ) ,e>? 9 native ,am]ican symbolism & ar*itecture1 #aae1 #bfj1 #bhd2 9 ,egypt1 #cga4 ,/adacon1 same z ,canada1 #aig4 ,/anley1 ,dean1 #ead1 note4 ,/> symbol1 a black dot1 #ce2 an eye1 #cf1 note1 #ej1 #aaf1 #aee1 note1 #bfi1 #bgi2 susp5d$ by ?read1 symbol ( night 7,egyptian71 #chg2 pla9 circle 9 ,*9ese symbolism1 #cia2 express$ num]al five 9 ,egypt1 #cih 7see ,pol>is74 ,/>-cult 7see ,pol>is74 ,/> god1 9 ,babylonia1 ,bel2 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,ah-baal1 id5tifi$ ) pole-/>1 #cbi 7see ,pol>is74 ,/>-map1 ,piazzi ,smy?'s1 #bj4 ,/>-names 9 ,maya1 #bgh4 ,/el1 purpose ( erection1 m>k$ p]iods ( "t1 #baf2 at ,copan & ,quirigua1 #bai-bdj2 correspond ) ,ahua-ka-tun1 ! #bj-ye> memorial /one1 #bba2 ( ,assyrian k+s1 hav+ sev5 symbols1 sev5 circles1 etc41 #ccg-cfj2 ,es>-haddon ( ,s5ds*irli1 #cdb1 #cei2 ,bavian1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cei2 ( ,s>gon1 #ceg1 #cei2 tril+ual /ela ( ,canopus1 pres]v$ at ,gizeh1 #cgh2 fun]al /ela at ,blk1 #dba2 at ,quirigua & ,copan memorial /ones ( high prie/ rul]s1 ) title 8,div9e ,f\r02 built ov] hidd5 cruci=m vaults1 comp>$ ) ! ,egyptian 8/> ( ,horus10 #eab1 #eac4 ,/ev5son1 #aej4 ,/olpe1 ,hjalm>1 #dh1 #aba1 #bbd4 ,/oll1 ,otto1 #gi1 #he1 #afd1 #agc4 ,/oma*1 symboliz$ ! ,c5tre or ,middle1 9 ,*9a1 #bif4 ,/one1 r\gh or work$1 emblem ( ,e>? "m1 buri$ ) ! dead1 #ajf4 ,/one ( ,tizoc1 comp>$ ) ,alt> ,k ( ,copan1 #bbf4 ,/one coll>1 f ,porto ,rico1 analog\s to /one yokes ( ,mexico1 #aah4 ,/one figures1 recumb5t1 be>+ circul> vessels1 #ic2 figur$1 #id 7see ,recumb5t /one figure74 ,/one knives1 fl9t knife 9 wrapp+s1 ,mexican & ,maya symbol ( ,e>? "m1 #ee1 #ef2 among ,cali=nia ,indians1 #aje4 ,/one monum5ts1 ( ,p]u 7,tiahuanaco71 #afd-afi2 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #aed1 #bah-bcc2 ,yucatan1 #bcd-bdd2 ,mexico1 #bde-bge4 ,/one 8seats10 f\nd 9 ,ecuador1 analog\s to vase or e>? symbols1 #ajg4 ,/one tig] ) human head & depression 9 back1 f\nd 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan1 #ie4 ,/one tables1 at ,*i*5 ,itza1 #bab2 ,maya "n =,mayac-tun1 #bac2 us$ z drums 9 sacr$ c]emonies1 #bac4 ,/one tablet at ,sipp>1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,/one vessels1 f\nd 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan1 #bac4 ,/one 8yokes10 comp>$ ) symbolic vase2 p]ta9$ to cult ( e>?-"m2 9 use among ,indians ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 #ajd2 9 connection ) burial ( prie/esses ( ,bel[1 #ajg4 ,/rabo1 #cbi4 ,/rebel1 ,h]mann1 #ajd1 #aec1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afe1 #agb4 ,/bel1 ,a41 #afg1 #afi4 ,/urlesson1 ,snorri1 #dga4 ,sum]ians1 inhabit$ ! ,s\?,sum]1 #ccd4 ,summ>y1 ( /udy ( anci5t ,am]ican symbols1--cross1 s]p5t1 tree1 fl[]1 etc41 #bgi-bhd2 use ( human & animal figure 9 symbolism1 #bif2 ( c\ntries 9 :i* are f\nd ! 8,quadruple ,organization10 pole-/> wor%ip1 etc41 #dhj-did2 & ,conclusions1 #edd-efb2 & tables ( words us$ 9 ! ,old & ,new ,_w 9 connection ) a c]ta9 culture bas$ on pole /> wor%ip1 ,app5dix ,i1 #edh2 & ,app5dix ,,iii1 #efb4 ,sun cult1 ,nahuatl ^w = sun applies equally to ! />s2 day sun & night sun2 ,oll91 symbol (1 #ac2 sup]s$$ by /> cult1 #bb2 associat$ ) />-cult1 #ec1 #ed2 ,black ,sun 9 ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms41 my? conc]n+1 #ed1 #ee2 emblem ( ,montezuma1 #gb2 ,montezuma1 high prie/ (1 #gd2 mirror ( poli%$ pyrites1 symbol (1 #hc2 rival ( />-cult1 #hc2 sacrifices to1 9 ,mexico1 #aag1 #aah2 9 ,p]u1 #acd2 sup]s$$ by belief 9 ,creator1 among ! ,incas1 #ace2 temple (1 at ,cuzco1 #ach2 upp] class maid5s 9 ,p]u1 d$icat$ to1 #adc1 #ade1 #adh1 #adi1 #agj2 among ,muyscas ( ,bogota1 #aga2 a/ronomical atta9m5ts ( prie/s (1 #ahj2 8,virg9s ( ! ,sun0 & sun-prie/s 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 #aid2 ,sun-fa!r ( ! ,zui1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjd1 note2 on ,copan sculpture1 #bbb2 9 ,mexican cal5d>-/one1 #bdi2 f\r movem5ts (1 #beb2 gold5 effigy (1 associat$ ) ,incas 9 ,p]u1 #bfd2 ,enclosure (1 "n ( pyramid at ,teotihua-,c1 #bfd1 #bfg2 tablet ( ! sun1 9 ,*9a1 #bhe2 temple (1 #bhf2 alt>s1 #chg2 sun-goddess ( ,japan1 #caa2 among ! ,h9du1 #cab2 9 religion ( ,p]sia1 #cbe2 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #ccb2 9 ,egypt1 #chb2 k+ ( ,egypt associat$ )1 #chi1 #dbd2 ,egyptian goddess ,ha?or-,isis 0 call$ ! female sun1 #dcb2 developm5t ( cult 9 ,egypt1 #dch2 ,cs> call$ son ( ! sun1 #ddj4 ,supreme be+ 7see ,creator or ,supreme ,be+74 ,sut-/aw-ra-tse1 ! lead] ( ! 8,k+dom ( ,ho*elaga10 #aig4 ,swa/ika1 9 ,mexican ,cal5d>1 #i1 #ah1 #da2 orig9 ( symbol2 =m$ by positions ( ,ursa ,major1 #ae1 #af1 #ah2 v>i\s =ms (1 illu/rat$1 #ag1 #ai2 geographical di/ribution (1 #ai2 date :5 fir/ us$ z symbol1 #bj1 #ba2 sign = a ye> or cycle ( "t1 #bc2 sugge/s axial rotation1 #bd1 note2 =m$ by f\r s]p5ts 9 ,codex ,borgia1 #bg2 associat$ ) triskelion1 on spe>head f ,br&5burg2 on bronze broo* f ,sc&9avia1 #bh2 =m$ by comb9ation ( /> gr\ps1 #bi1 #cj2 sugge/$ by />-symbol on pott]y f ,nic>agua & ,arizona1 #ea1 #eb2 orig9 ( ! idea ( divid+ ev]y?+ into f\r p>ts1 #gf2 repres5t$ by ,zui idol1 #abi2 r\nd$ & squ>e =ms (1 at ,tiahuanaco1 #aff2 t]m9at+ 9 f\r puma heads1 symbol ( c5tral rul]1 #bji2 8,! ,copan ,swa/ika10 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbd2 ! pyramid1 a lat] developm5t ( same idea1 #bgd2 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 accompani$ ) pole-/> wor%ip1 etc41 #bgf-bhj2 9 ,mexico & ,ohio valley1 l9k$ ) s]p5t2 9 ,copan1 ) ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #bhj2 ,*ri/ian cross comp>$ )1 #cje2 use ( symbol 9 ,*9a1 #cji2 9 ,japan1 #caa2 mean+ convey$ by figure ( ,buddha #cae2 9 ,egypt1 #dji2 on ,egyptian seal1 #dei2 on co9 f isl& ( ,crete1 #deg2 on co9 f ,syracuse2 on co9 f ,cor9?2 on vases f ,troy1 #dei2 9 ,greece1 #dei1 #dfj2 on ,cyprian & ,c>ian pott]y2 on ,greek vases f\nd at ,naukratis2 on ,coptic grave clo?s2 on mummy case f ,h]mopolis2 on :orls f ,troy1 #dfj2 date ( its use z symbol1 #dfa2 lat] developm5t ( ! cross symbol1 #dfa2 9 ,sc&9avia1 #dgd2 on image f\nd 9 ,troy1 #dif2 id5tical 9 significance 9 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #eaj2 symboliz$ 8,f\r 9 ,"o10 & /able c5tre1 #eaa2 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many & ,bohemia is /ill ! sign ( ! /one-mason's guild1 #eaf2 or cross-symbol1 same mean+ 9 all c\ntries1 #ecd1 #ech2 summ>y & conclusions1 #edd4 ,sweat h\se1 ,nahuatl "n (1 #abd4 ,symbolism1 9 c5tral ,unit$ ,/ates id5tical ) t ( ,mexico & ,yucatan1 #dh1 #di1 #ej2 ( ,mexico influ5c$ by migration f ,yucatan1 #fg2 influ5c$ by s\nd ( ^w1 among ! ,mayas & ,mexicans1 #aaj1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #bhd2 9 ,*9a1 #bgg2 %[+ l+ui/ic aff9ities betwe5 ,mayas1 & e>ly peoples ( ! ,mississippi valley1 #aab2 same 9 ,p]u1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,yucatan & ,mexico1 #agj2 resemblances betwe5 ,pueblo p & ,mayas & ,mexicans1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bcf2 same 9 ,copan1 #bbf2 9 ,pal5que & ,quirigua1 #bdj2 on ,cal5d> /one expla9$1 #bdg2 symbols connect$ ) ,middle1 etc41 #bgg2 ) ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 ,above & ,bel[1 #bgh2 names ( ,mexican symbols (t5 translations ( ,maya "n1 #bgh2 recapitulation ( important native symbols1 #bgi-bhd2 ye> symbols 9 ,mexico & ,*9a1 #bia2 resemblances & diff]5ces1 ,*9ese & ,am]ican1 #bic-bif2 summ>y ( use ( human & animal figure1 #bif2 explanations & illu/rations ( ,egyptian symbols1 #cfg-dfa2 ,egyptian pyramid & mummy1 #cgi-cha2 ( anci5t ,sc&9avia1 #dgd2 symbols d5ot+ axial rotation1 #did2 9 ar*itecture 7see w9d[1 tau1 pyramid1 ,greek fret1 r\nd =m1 squ>e =m1 color1 etc472 ( human =m 7see sep>ate ref]5ces "u ,human72 = special symbols1 see sep>ate ref]5ces4 ,syracuse1 co9s f1 swa/ika ) human head 9 c5tre1 #dei4 ,tabasco1 #baa4 ,tablet1 conta9+ anci5t map ( ,babylonia 7note foll[+ ,index74 ,talon1 ( bea/ ( prey1 symbol ( f\r lords ( ,bel[1 #ahe4 ,ta\ism1 #bih1 #cja1 #cjf4 ,t>ahum>i ,indians1 c]emonies typify+ fecundity ( e>?1 etc41 comp>$ ) ^? ( anci5t ,mexicans1 #aja4 ,t>tan design1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd4 ,tau1 d\ble1 %ape ( c\rty>d1 #hb1 #hf1 #hg2 signifi$ union ( ,above & ,bel[2 inv]t$1 emblem ( ,above2 upright emblem ( ! ,bel[1 #aah2 9 ,am]ican c]emonial rite2 among ! cliff dwell]s ( ,colorado2 among ! ,pueblo ,indians2 9 ,sc&9avia1 call$ ,?or's hamm]2 9 ar*itecture ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ,pal5que2 9 dance ( ,moqui ,indians2 diff]5t =ms (1 figur$ & describ$1 #aai1 #abb2 9 *eck]-bo>d or t>tan design1 #abc2 sugge/$ by fire-drill1 #bhj2 tau-%ap$ cross 9 ,mesopotamia1 #cba2 tau-%ap$ alt> 9 ,egypt1 #daa4 ,taylor1 ,e4 ,b41 #big1 note4 ,taylor1 ,w4 ,c41 #dfc1 #dfh1 #dhh1 note4 ,tecpan1 ,mexican c\ncil h\se2 mean+ ( ^w1 #ahc4 ,tecpatl1 symbol ( ! ,nor?1 #aj1 #cd2 fl9t knife1 #de1 #df2 sacr$ produc] ( vital sp>k1 #dg2 my? conc]n+1 #ed2 figur$ z (fspr+ ( dual div9ity1 #ee2 symbol ( ,fire1 #ef2 emblem ( 8supreme pontiffs10 #fb2 "o ( ! f\r ye> symbols1 #gf2 9 ,borgian ,codex1 #ih2 on c>v$ slab f ,santa ,lucia1 #agb2 possible orig9 ( "n1 :i* means 8to gov]n10 #ahc2 on ,sacrificial ,/one ( ,mexico1 #beh4 ,te5-hwang-ta-tee1 ,*9ese "n = ! pole-/>1 #bhd1 #cjb4 ,temi/itan1 anci5t "n = capital ( ,mexico1 #edb4 ,temple ( ,mexico1 #eh1 #hj1 #hc1 #ij1 #aah4 ,temples1 ( ! 8,tig]s0 at ,*i*5-,itza1 #bab2 8#aa10 at ,copan1 #bbb2 ( 8! ,inscriptions0 at ,pal5que1 #bce1 #bdj2 ( 8! ,sun10 #bce1 #bci1 #bdj2 ( 8,cross ,no4 #b10 #bce1 #bdc2 ( ,ptah at ,memphis1 #cfg2 at ,abydos1 #chf4 ,t5ayocan1 "n ( ,mexican t[n conta9+ ! affix 8,c10 #bfc4 ,t5nessee1 cult ( ,pol>is indicat$ by emblems on %ell-gorget1 #dd4 ,t5o*titlan1 #fc2 hi]oglyph 9 c5tre ( anci5t ,maya & ,mexican maps1 #hh4 ,teo-,culhuacan1 f ,teotl1 />s1 sun1 gods1 some?+ div9e2 & ,culhua1 some?+ recurv$1 & c1 ! place ("n = ,aztlan1 #ef4 ,teotihuacan1 pyramids (1 #adj1 #aii1 #bfc1 #bfd2 description ( ru9s1 regi/ry ( dea? by small clay heads1 #bfg2 ,pyramids %[ k ( 8,great ,plan20 great antiquity2 advanc$ /age ( intellectual developm5t1 #bfh2 same civilization z build]s ( ,pyramid ( ,*olula1 #bfi2 two cults1 two languages 7,maya & ,nahuatl7 & dual rul]%ip1 #bgd1 #ebi4 ,teotl1 repres5t$ by image ( sun2 signifies some?+ div9e1 #ac1 #fe2 title ( ! upp] class 9 ,mexico1 #ajb1 #adj2 mean+ a div9ity or div9e "l & appli$ to all lords or rul]s1 #bgi4 ,t]ra cotta heads & figures 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 #aci1 #adj4 ,t]race =m1 ra9 symbol1 #acb4 ,tet1 ,egyptian symbol ( et]nity1 describ$ & analyz$1 #cid4 ,texcoco1 #ee1 #afc1 #ahc4 ,texoxoctli1 /one plac$ ) dead ( l[] class1 #aie4 ,tezcatl1 obsidian mirror1 #aj4 ,tezcatlipoca1 mean+ ( "n2 id5tical ) ,mictlantecuhtli1 #h2 surr\nd$ by circle ( foot/eps2 my? conc]n+1 #i2 symbols (1 repres5tations (2 fa/5$ to symbol ( ! ,nor?1 #aj2 />-cult connect$ )1 #aa2 synonym\s names1 #aa2 my? conc]n+1 #ab1 #bf1 #dd1 #de2 associat$ ) ! ,bel[1 ! female region1 #db2 ) black1 #fb2 title (1 means 8,he>t ( ! ,e>?10 #gb1 note2 8,%9+ ,mirror10 #gi2 image (1 beside ! idol ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 9 great temple ( ,mexico1 #fj1 #hb1 #bfe2 "l ( ! ,nocturnal ,heav51 #hb2 prie/s (1 call$ 8,sons ( ! ,night10 connect$ ) div9ation1 #hc2 honor$ jo9tly ) ,huitzilopo*tli at ,toxcatl fe/ival1 #ig2 fl9t knife1 emblem (1 #ajc2 comp>$ ) ,zui idol1 #abh1 #abi2 sugge/$ by symbols at ,tiahuanaco1 #aff2 tradition1 #bjh2 fire-drill god1 #eje1 #ejg4 ,tezolotlan1 t]m$ ! l& ( w>1 #agb4 ,tezozomoc1 #aa1 #dj1 #fj1 #fa1 #gi4 ,!mi/ius ( ,byzantium1 #edb4 ,!odosius1 #ecj4 ,!ophra/us1 #eai4 ,?ibet1 a/ronomical sci5ce1 #cja2 ,buddhi/ (1 #cae4 ,?omas1 ,cyrus1 #aji4 ,?or1 ,norse supreme god1 #dgc4 ,?or's hamm]1 #aai4 ,?ucydides1 #deg4 ,tiahuanaco1 place ( fir/ appe>ance ( ,incas1 #acc2 monoli?ic doorway1 #afe2 swa/ika sacr$ symbol1 #aff2 ru9s (1 #afg-afi1 #bji4 ,tib]ius ,claudius1 #ddj4 ,ti5 7,*9ese71 ,heav51 also ,supreme rul]1 #cja4 ,tig]1 9 /one1 ) human head & holl[ depression 9 back1 f\nd 9 ,yucatan & ,mexico1 #ie2 on sculpture f ,mitla1 #afc2 8,tig]'s arm10 title ( pr9ce 9 anci5t ,mexico1 #afc2 head1 symbol on monoli?ic doorway at ,tiahuanaco1 ,p]u1 #afe2 heads1 at end ( swa/ika2 on sculptur$ doorway1 #aff2 9 headdress on sculptures1 #afg2 w>rior ca/e ( ,mexico2 temple (1 at ,*i*5 ,itza1 #bab 7see ,puma1 ,jagu> & ,quadrup$74 ,tikal1 #baj2 classification ( ru9s1 #bae4 ,timu1 #dde4 ,"t1 ,egyptian sign1 circle ) dot1 #chg4 ,t9amit1 on ,usumac9to riv]1 #bae4 ,tionontat or ,tobacco ,nation1 #aig4 ,titicaca lake1 z place ( fir/ appe>ance ( ,incas1 #acc1 #eci4 ,tititl1 "n ( ,mexican fea/1 #gi4 ,tizoc1 /one (1 #i1 #agb1 #bab4 ,tlacaxipehualiztli1 ritual at fe/ival (1 #ab4 ,tla*tli1 c\rty>d 9 %ape ( d\ble tau1 #hg2 anci5t ,mexican game1 #agf4 ,tlaloc1 title ( god ( ra91 #gh1 #ii2 designat$ by surr\nd+ 8 eyes ) two blue r+s1 #ha4 ,tlatoque1 lit]ally1 8,! speak]0 title ( *ief ( clan1 #agh4 ,tlaxcalla1 republic (2 gov]nm5t (1 army (1 #ge2 recumb5t /one figures be>+ circul> vessels1 f\nd 91 #ic2 small republic ( ,mexico1 "n signifies bread2 hi]oglyphic sign is maize-cake1 #bgb4 ,tloqu5ahuaque1 title ( 8,creator0 9 texcoca1 #afc4 ,to*tli1 "o ( ! f\r ye> symbols1 #gf2 rabbit1 #gh2 to*tli-gods1 ag5ts ( ,cihuacoatl1 #gh4 ,tollan1 abode ( ,quetzalcoatl1 #bag2 native "n = ,*olollan1 #bge4 ,toltecas1 repres5tatives ( high civilization ( anci5t ,yucatan1 #hi2 ma/]-build]s1 #bcd1 #bec1 #bed1 #ebi4 ,topiltz91 title ( supreme pontiff1 ( ,quetzalcoatl or div9e tw91 #gg1 #if4 ,torquemada1 #ed1 #ee1 #fj1 #fg1 #gg1 #ie1 #if1 #aej4 ,tortoise1 among ! ,iroquois1 #aig2 9 ,mexico1 #bgi2 ,maya ^w = ac1 #bha2 9 ,*9ese symbolism1 #bif4 ,totemism1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 #aed1 #aig2 ,p]uvian1 #aeg1 #bja2 ,qui*1 #afd1 note2 ,zui1 #bja1 #bjd2 ,copan & ,zui1 #bbg2 & ,quirigua1 #bcc2 ,fire p ( ,mexico1--! ocelot2 ,air p1--! bird1 #bed2 9 relation to signs ( zodiac & to ! />s1 #bee2 9 ,babylonia1 #cdh2 alligator totem 9 ,india & ,mexico1 #ebj2 among ! ,semites1 #eba1 #ebb2 s]p5t totem among ,semites1 ,mayas1 ,nahuas1 & ,p]uvians1 #ebb1 #ebc4 ,toxcatl fe/ival1 ,tezcatlipoca & ,huitzilopo*tli1 jo9tly honor$1 #ig4 ,traditions 7see 8,my?s & ,traditions074 ,tree symbolism1 tree ( life 9 ,vi5na ,codex1 #ajc2 9 ,dresd5 ,codex1 #aaj2 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 #ahf2 among ! ,incas1 #ahf2 among ! ,mexicans1 social organization repres5t$ by1 #ahg2 ,above & ,bel[1 #ahh2 s]p5t & ,pol>is1 #ahi2 embodi$ male & female elem5ts1 #ahh2 %ape ( human figure1 #ahi2 us$ to signify "l or gov]nor1 also ance/or1 #ahi1 #aij2 sacr$ tree ( ! ,mayas1 #aia2 among ,p]uvians1 ,mexicans & ,mayas1 image ( social organization1 #aib2 9 symbolic c>v+ f ,brazil or ,guiana1 #bbd2 symbol ( tribe 9 ,am]ica1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bdb1 #bac1 #ejg1 note2 symbol ( ! ye> 9 ,mexico1 #bda2 *1 ,maya ^w = tree1 z9-*cross1 lit]ally tree ( life or ( p[]1 #bgh2 quahuitl1 ,nahuatl ^w = tree1 symbol ( ,c5tre2 homonym\s ) quaitl1 mean+ head1 #bgi2 recapitulation ( mean+ ( symbol1 #bha2 comp>$ ) ,*9ese symbol ( 8wood10 #bid2 9 ,buddhi/ religion1 #cba2 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 on bas-relief at ,nimr\d1 #cfj2 z sacr$ symbol1 #cfa2 tree wor%ip1 by ,hebrews1 ,phnicians1 ,assyrians1 #cfb-cfd2 cele/ial tree ( life 9 g>d5 ( ,p>adise1 #cfe2 ! a%-tree ( ! ,norsem5 on ! summit ( ! ,hill ( ,heav51 #dgb2 symbol ( />-god1 ,pol>is1 #dgd2 tribal trees 9 ,india1 ,egypt1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,p]u1 #dii2 ! cele/ial tree ( ! ,norsem5 & ,semites1 #ejc2 9 anci5t ,am]ica1 #ejf1 #ejg4 ,tribute /one1 ,mexican 8,sacrificial0 /one1 #bei4 ,triskelion1 companion symbol to swa/ika2 =m$ by pol> con/ellations at w9t]-sol/ice1 #bg2 n us$ 9 ! ,s\? b ) swa/ika 9 ! ,nor?1 #bh2 on pott]y f ,arkansas2 on spe>head f ,br&5burg2 on bronze broo* f ,sc&9avia1 #bh2 =m$ by comb9ation ( /> gr\ps1 #cj2 sign ( w9t] sol/ice1 #cg4 ,trocad]o ,museum1 #ajd1 #agd1 note4 ,troncoso1 ,francisco del ,paso y1 #ac1 #hb1 #bej1 #beb4 ,troy1 vases f1 hav+ swa/ika or cross symbol1 #dei4 ,troy1 sp9dle :orls ) swa/ikas & allusion to pole-/> god1 ,tur1 #dih4 ,ts*udi1 #acd4 ,tu*-pan1 "n ( capital ( ,maya colony1 #abe1 #bjg4 ,tula1 #fj2 city (1 #ie4 ,tulapan1 #baj4 ,tullan1 #agc2 "n ( culture h]o's home1 #fh2 mean+ (1 9 ,maya language1 #fh2 id5tity n e/abli%$2 beautiful l& ( ! ,aztecs1 ,mayas1 ,ki*es & ,cak*iquels2 ,cak*iquel leg5d reg>d+2 ,maya migration f1 #hh1 #bfh4 ,tullan ,*olollan1 anci5t seat ( civilization2 probable place :]e s*eme ( organization 0 evolv$1 & :]e traditions ( de/ruction ( e>? orig9at$1 #bfh1 #bgd1 #bge4 ,turanian1 orig9ally a nor!rn race1 7see ,phnicians71 #eag4 ,turtle1 at ,quirigua1 #bcd2 9 ,egyptian symbolism1 #cih4 ,tusayan1 c]emonies1 symbols & my?s comp>$ ) ^? ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #bjj4 ,tusc>oras1 #aif4 ,tutulxius1 #baa2 immigrants into ,yucatan1 tradition conc]n+1 #baj4 ,tw91 div9e 7see ,dual ,div9ity74 ,tw9 s]p5ts1 on ,mexican ,cal5d> ,/one1 symboliz+ dual =ces ( nature1 & quadruplication1 #beg2 on dual /atues1 on summit ( great ,temple ( ,mexico1 #bff4 ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 #aif1 #cfc4 ,tyre1 de/ruction (1 by ! ,greeks1 #ebg4 ,tz5dals1 culture h]o (1 #fj1 #ga1 #gb2 cal5d> signs1 #ahj2 social organization & num]ical sy/em1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,tzilan1 anci5t capital 9 ,yucatan1 #bcd4 ,tzitzimi-,cihuatl1 "n ( ,quilaztli1 #fj4 ,uhle1 ,max1 #afg-afi4 ,upsala1 univ]sity (1 #bcj1 note4 ,urhye1 ,*9ese diction>y1 #bib4 ,ursa ,major1 my?s conc]n+1 #h1 #aa1 #ab2 mean+ ( "n 9 ,nahuatl1 #h1 #i2 f\r positions ( =m swa/ika1 #ad-bb2 ne>] to pole-/> 9 remote antiquity1 #ba2 rot>y motion1 #bb2 positions (1 scrat*$ on rocks1 beg9n+ ( a/ronomical records1 #bc2 ,tezcatlipoca & ocelot associat$ )1 #bf2 9 relation to sacr$ numb]s1 #bi2 resembles s-%ape1 #cd2 9 relation to idea ( ,above & ,bel[1 #dj2 anci5t ,mexicans claim$ desc5t f ,ursa ,major & ,m9or1 #eg2 on cal5d> /one1 #bdf1 #bej2 id5tifi$ z />-god1 8,y\al-tecuhtli0 m5tion$ by ,sahagun1 #bgi2 among ! anci5t ,*9ese1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bia1 #bih1 #cjb2 9 ,h9du religion1 #cai2 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #ceh1 note2 9 ,egypt1 #cgh1 #chb1 #chd1 #che1 #cig1 #djj1 #daj2 ,akkadian title1 ,akanna! ,"l ( ,heav51 #cid2 ,greek "n = ,helice1 #ddg2 z sail+ guide 9 anci5t ,greece1 #dea1 #deb2 became circumpol> ab\t ,b4,c4 #djjj1 "t ( adoption ( swa/ika symbol1 #dfa4 ,ursa ,m9or1 ,s-%ap$ figure sign (1 #aa1 #bi2 connect$ ) ,tezcatlipoca1 #ab2 rotation (1 #ah2 suava/ika =m$ by1 #ai2 9 relation to sacr$ numb]1 #bi1 #cc2 repres5t$ by recurv$ sceptre1 #cd2 repres5t$ by ,maya glyph1 ,hun-,imix1 #ce2 9 connection ) ,pol>is1 #cf2 9 relation to idea ( ,above & ,bel[1 #dj2 symbol (2 s-%ap$ breads made 9 honor (1 #df2 anci5t ,mexicans claim$ desc5t f ,ursa ,major & ,m9or1 #eg2 9 ,copan swa/ika1 #bbd2 9 ,egypt1 #chb2 9 ,babylonia-,assyria,kakkabu1 #djj2 9 anci5t ,greece z sail+ guide1 #dea4 ,usumac9to riv]1 #bce4 ,uxmal1 ,h\se ( ! ,doves1 symbolism (1 #aca2 symbolic h& on g>m5t ( *iefta91 #ahd2 ! s]p5t city ( ,am]ica1 #bad2 ru9s 91 #baf4 ,val5t9i1 ,p4 ,j4 ,j41 #bef1 note4 ,val]a1 ,padre ,blas1 #aea4 ,v>una1 "n ( supreme god 9 ,india1 #cab4 ,vase1 or ,b[l1 symbol ( e>? "m1 #ajj2 emblem ( ! ra9 prie/s or ,octli gods1 #ajb2 worn 9 nose z emblem2 mean+ (1 #ajc2 conta9+ rabbit or fl9t knife1 #ajd2 z conv5tionaliz$ s]p5t jaw1 resembles horse%oe-%ap$ /one 8yoke10 #ajd2 consid]$ sacr$ among ,zui ,indians1 #aje2 reason ( vase decoration1 #aje1 #ajf2 grave made 9 %ape (2 buri$ ) dead to propitiate e>?-"m2 us$ z burial urn1 #ajf2 /one 8seats0 indicate analog\s cult ( e>?-"m s\? ( ,mexico1 #ajg2 ,maya day-sign1 ,caban1 #ajg2 9 ,maya codices1 #ajg1 #ajh2 figur$ z day sign1 *'en1 #aaj2 associat$ ) se$s & g]m9ation1 by ,mayas & ,mexicans1 #aaa2 9 ,vi5na ,codex1 #abc1 #abd2 sacr$ b[l among ,pueblo ,indians1 #acb2 9 h& ( rul] on ,copan sculpture1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bbe2 b[l ( wat]1 prec$$ use ( obsidian mirror1 9 div9ation1 #bbe2 ,maya supreme prie/ call$ 8,"l ( ! ,vase or b[l10 #bbf2 on ,tablet ( ! 8,cross #b10 at ,pal5que1 #bcf2 recapitulation ( mean+ ( symbol1 #bhc2 us$ = ,a/ronomical purposes among pigmy races1 & 9 ,phnicia1 ,assyria & ,egypt1 #cci2 l>ge t]ra-cotta j>s f\nd at ,nippur1 & 9 temple ( ,solomon1 #cdd2 canopic vases 9 ,egypt1 #cgb2 same idea embodi$ 9 pyramid1 #chf2 9 zodiac signs1 #cie2 symbol ( god ,am5-,ra1 #djh2 9 cult ( ,egyptian goddess1 ,isis1 #dbd4 ,v$as1 #cab1 #cad1 #deb1 note1 #did1 #dif1 #dig1 #dii1 #ejj1 #eje1 #eba1 #ebb4 ,vega1 ,g>cilaso de la1 #acf1 #acg1 #aej1 #aea4 ,vega1 ,nuez de la1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,v5ice1 comp>$ to ,mexico1 #hd4 ,v5us1 temple ( ,mexico d$icat$ to1 planet (1 #ec2 on ,cal5d>-/one1 #beb4 ,vik+s1 cult ( ,pol>is1 #dgd4 ,villavic5cio1 #aej4 ,virg9s ( ! ,sun1 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 #aid4 ,vi%nu1 cult (1 #cad4 ,volcanoes1 z probable cause ( traditions ( de/ruction ( e>?1 #bgj-bge4 ,von ,h]d]1 #ddi1 note4 ,von ,lus*an1 #cdb1 #ceh1 note1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,von ,s*ro$]1 ,l41 #dhd1 #deh1 note4 ,votan1 culture h]o ( ! ,tz5dals1 title 8! ,ma/] ( ! ,sacr$ ,drum10 #fj1 #ga-gb1 note4 ,vulture1 totem ( ,qui* *iefta91 #afd2 9 ,egyptian symbolism1 #cih1 #dbe1 #dbf4 ,wales1 ,druidic ,celi ,c$ corresponds to ,egyptian ,am5-,ra2 dual p[]2 ,c5tral rul]2 num]al sev5 9 ,wel% leg5d1 #dga4 ,wampum belts1 ,iroquois1 #aig-aii4 ,wan1 ,*9ese ^w = swa/ika1 #cji4 ,w>burg1 ,a41 #aai4 ,w>+1 #dei4 ,w>r51 ,william ,f41 #dge1 #eff4 ,wat]1 sacr$ pool 9 temple ( ,mexico1 #bbe2 9 connection ) /> cult1 #bbf2 associat$ ) fire-drill & socket 9 ,old & ,new ,_w1 #eje4 ,wat] era1 "o ( ! f\r eras ( ! _w1 #bec4 ,wat] goddess1 call$ ,*al*iutlycue1 #ia4 ,wat] & air design1 encircl+ ! mitre ( ! ,"l ( ! ,above2 on mantles ( ,montezuma's pr$ecessors1 #abe2 emblem ( cult ( ,above1 #abf4 ,weav+1 art ( among ! ,huaxtekans1 #bjg-bjh1 note4 ,we/1 ,cihuatlampa 79 ,nahuatl7place ( ! wom51 #ch2 9 ,cosmos,callih\se1 yell[1 e>?1 d>kness1 #db2 door ( ! ,und]world1 #ed2 female region1 #fd4 ,web/]'s ,diction>y1 #dai4 ,:eat1 /alk (1 ye> symbol 9 ,*9a1 #bia4 ,:eel1 emblem ( ! ,deity & ( rotation1 among anci5t ,mexicans1 #cc2 repres5t$ by ,mexican dance1 #ei2 ! f\r-spok$ :eel ( ,%ama% 9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 #ccb1 #cef1 #cfe2 symbol ( axial rotation & "t 9 ,old ,_w1 #ejj2 associat$ ) pole-/> 9 ,japan1 #eja2 use (1 kn[n 9 ,japan & ,*9a f ! e>lie/ times1 #eja-ejb2 9 ,sc&9avia1 #ejb2 fir/ religions & _! royal symbol--possibly evolv$ f ! /one fire socket1 #ejc 7see ,axial ,rotation74 ,:eelwright1 ,e4 ,m41 #ead1 #eae4 ,:itney1 ,j4 ,d41 #ddi note1 #deb1 note4 ,wick]%am1 ,james1 #bhh1 #bib4 ,wi5]1 #acb1 #adf4 ,williams1 #bhh4 ,wilson1 ,sir ,daniel1 #edj4 ,wilson1 ,?omas1 #ai1 #bc1 #bh1 #ej1 #cah1 #dei1 #dfj4 ,w9d-god1 symbol (1 #cd4 ,w9d[s1 symbolism (1 9 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & else:]e1 #abj1 #aba4 ,w+$ disk1 9 ,assyria1 #cef1 #ceg4 ,w9t] sol/ice1 triskelion sign (1 #bg1 #bh4 ,woman1 orig9 ( idea ( inf]iority1 #fe2 position (1 9 ,p]u & ,mexico1 #aid2 8,corn ,maid5s0 & 8,mo!rs0 9 ,am]ica1 #bgf2 9 ,*9a1 #bhf1 #bhg2 9 ,babylonia-,assyria1 #cda2 9 ,greece & ,rome1 #cde 9 ,egypt1 #dbf-dcf4 ,writ+1 cursive & ikonomatic ( ! ,old ,_w2 picture writ+ adopt$ by ,spani% mission>ies to ,new ,_w1 #ecd-ece1 note2 ,egyptian hi]atic script1 #ece1 note2 num]ical value ( lett]s 9 ,greek alphabet2 ,maya calculi=m hi]oglyphs2 geometrical figures us$ by ,phnicians1 #ecf1 note4 ,wu1 ,*9ese empress1 #cji4 ,wylie1 ,alex&]1 #cjc1 #cce1 #dha1 note4 ,xicalango1 #baa4 ,xilomaniztli1 ano!r "n = ! fe/ival 8,izcalli20 mean+ ! bir? or spr\t+ ( ! "y maize1 #bda4 ,xiuhtecuhtli1 ,mexican "l ( ! ye> or ( fire2 emblem (1 figur$ & describ$2 call$ ! turquoise2 or grass-gre5 pyramid1 #abi1 #bad1 #bbc4 ,xius1 tribe ( anci5t ,yucatan1 #baa4 ,xonecuilli1 native "n = ,ursa ,m9or 7see ,ursa ,m9or74 ,xox\hqui-ilhuicatl 7,nahuatl7! v]dant or blue sky1 a title ( ,huitzilo-po*tli1 #gb4 ,yang & ,y91 9 ,*9ese religion2 belief ( ! mod]n ,*9ese conc]n+1 #bhf4 ,ya\1 ,*9ese emp]or :o divid$ ,*9a into f\r prov9ces1 #bih4 ,ye> symbols1 9 ,mexican cal5d>1 acatl1 tecpatl1 calli & to*tli1 #gf2 glyphs on ,copan /ela or katun1 #bbj2 ,maya "n =,ah-cu*-haab1 #bbj2 9 ,mexican ,cal5d>-/one1 #bec2 9 ,mexico1 bun* ( grass or maize %oots2 9 ,*9a1 /alk ( :eat1 #bia4 ,yoalticitl1 "m ( ! gods 9 anci5t ,mexico1 #abc4 ,yop-at1 ,maya "n = 8a mitre10 symbol ( div9e rul]1 #aah4 ,yope or yopi1 ,mexican peak$ headdress or cone #aag4 ,yopico1 "n giv5 to temple & mona/]y 9 c\rty>d ( ,great ,temple ( ,mexico1 #aah4 ,y\al-tecuhtli1 />-god m5tion$ by ,sahagun1 id5tifi$ z ,ursa ,major1 #bgi2 "n signifies1 8"l ( ! night10 also 8,"l ( ! circle or :eel10 #bgi4 ,yuoalahua"l ( ! :eel1 #ga4 ,yu1 ,*9ese emp]or2 divisions ( ,*9a1 #bib1 #bii4 ,yucatan1 cult ( ,pol>is1 #dd2 ,mexican culture-h]o1 ,quetzalcoatl1 came f1 #fg2 social organization1 old] ?an t ( ,mexico1 #fg2 ,tw9-bro!rs p]sonify+ ! ,above & ,bel[1 #fh2 s]p5t symbol1 m anci5t ?an 9 ,mexico1 #gj2 anci5t map (1 #he-ij2 e>ly peoples (1 9 contact ) ^? ( ,mississippi valley1 #aab2 traditions ab\t ,kukulcan's j\rney to ,mexico1 #bjf2 traditions ( tribes :o came f ! s\?1 #baj-bad2 meet+ gr\nd ( ,maya- & ,nahuatl-speak+ p1 #bad2 n cradle ( ,maya civilization1 #bad2 anci5t monum5ts (1 #baf2 f\rfold divisions1 #bah1 #did2 ,mayas comp>$ ) ,maghas ( ,india1 #eji1 #eai2 anci5t civilization1 #ebh2 rud] =ms ( culture alongside ( ! p]fect$ social organization1 #eca2 p]iod ( w>f>e & pe/il5ce1 #eci 7see ,*i*5 ,itza1 ,mayapan1 etc474 ,yupanqui1 f\nd] ( ,cuzco1 :o introduc$ wor%ip ( ! ,creator1 #ace1 #afa1 #ahf4 ,zamorra1 ,fray ,g]onimo ,roman y1 #bge4 ,z>ate1 #aej4 ,zell]1 ,edw>d1 #dhd4 ,z5i?1 nepantla1 #ch4 ,zigzag or undulat$ l9es1 symbol ( wat]1 #abf4 ,zikkurats ( ,babylonia1 sev5-/ag$ t[]s1 #cbg-cca2 ori5t$ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 #ccb2 toge!r ) 8,great bas9 ( ,apsu10 =m$ image ( ,cosmos1 #cfa4 ,zilan1 ,maya c5tre ( female indu/ry #bjh1 note2 "n signifi$ 8embroid]y10 #baj2 /one monoli?s1 #baf2 anci5t c5tre ( culture 9 ,yucatan1 #bag4 ,zip1 glyph on ,copan alt>1 #bbg4 ,zmigrodski1 #ai4 ,zodiac compos$ ( tw5ty day-signs1 #bee2 9 ,*9ese cal5d>1 #bhe4 ,zum>raga1 ,bi%op1 #bfd4 ,zui1 conception ( ,cosmos1 ,above1 ,bel[1 ,c5tre & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 #da1 #ajj2 c]emonies typify+ ! fecundity ( ! e>?1 etc41 #aja2 vase us$ z emblem ( e>?-"m1 #aje2 cult ( ,above & ,bel[2 swa/ika symbol 9 use among2 cult ( ,pol>is2 ,zui idol comp>$ ) ,mexican "l ( fire & "l ( ! "u _w1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj2 tw9 bro!rs1 w>-gods1 comp>$ ) c\nt]p>ts 9 ,mexico & ,yucatan1 #acj2 colors assign$ to c>d9al po9ts1 #aib2 creation my?1 #bjj1 #bbc2 mod]n1 c]emonies1 symbols1 etc41 comp>$ ) ^? ( ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,p]u1 #bjj2 ,sky-fa!r & ,e>?-"m2 ,macaw or w9t] p1 & ,rav5 or summ] p1 #bja2 l+ui/ic aff9ities ) ,nahuatl & ,maya1 #bja2 my? ab\t build+ ! t[n at ! /able middle ( ! e>?1 #bjb2 social organization1 #bjc1 #bje2 symbol ( se$s ( life1 comp>$ ) ,mexico & ,maya1 #bbc2 num]ical divisions1 social organization1 symbolism1 etc41 id5tical ) t ( ,mexico1 ,yucatan1 ,copan1 ,guatemala1 ,p]u1 etc41 #bbf1 #dic2 spid]'s web z image ( num]ical divisions2 colors assign$ to f\r elem5ts1 comp>$ ) ,mexico & ,*9a1 #bic2 use ( quadrup$ to symbolize c>d9al po9ts & divisions ( /ate comp>$ ) simil> symbolism 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #bie2 ! pueblo repres5ts a 8sev5 9 "o10 a c\nt]p>t ( ar*aic k+doms 9 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome1 etc41 #ebi4 ,,note4 ,i am indebt$ to ! em95t ,pr(4 ,paul ,haupt1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 = draw+ my att5tion to ! exi/5ce ( an extremely important & int]e/+ anci5t map ( ,babylonia on an un=tunately brok5 & mutilat$ clay tablet also inscrib$ ) cunei=m *>act]s4 ,?is tablet is reproduc$ 9 photogravure & illu/rat$ by a p5cil draw+ on pp4 #ajj & #aja ( ! ,notes on 8! ,book ( ,ezekiel0 7translat$ by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,h4 ,toy71 :i* =ms ,"p #ab ( ! monum5tal poly*rome edition ( ! ,bible1 :i* is be+ edit$ by ,pr(4 ,paul ,haupt1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,dr4 ,horace ,h[>d ,furness4 ,al?\gh designat$ z a 8,babylonian map ( ! _w0 x obvi\sly repres5ts ,babylonia z a ,middle ,k+dom1 trav]s$ by ! ,euphrates & conta9+ ,babylon1 surr\nd$ by o!r cities situat$ 9 ! ,euphratean valley4 ,babylonia is enclos$ 9 two l>ge conc5tric circles repres5t+ ! sea1 designat$ 9 a cunei=m inscription z ! 8,bitt] /ream0 or 8,salt wat] riv]40 ,triangles ext5d beyond ! out] circle1 recall+ ! f\r 8rays or spokes0 ( ! image ( ,%ama% 7fig4 #fe74 ,cunei=m *>act]s1 9 "o ( ^! triangul> spaces1 designate x z an isl&4 ,pr(essor ,toy /ates t 8!re seem to h be5 orig9ally sev5 ( ^! triangles1 b mo/ ( !m are brok5 away40 ,9 po9t ( fact only "o ( ! triangles is :ole1 & di/9ct traces ( ?ree o!rs are pres]v$4 ,z ! mutilat$ condition ( ! tablet =bids c]ta9ty z to ! orig9al numb] ( triangles1 ,i v5ture to po9t out t x seems m likely t in/ead ( sev5 !re 7 orig9ally six triangles ar\nd ! c5tral disc & t ! map ( ,babylonia con/itutes an image ( a conf$]at$ /ate1 l ^? ( ,india & ,p]sia 7see pp4 #dhj & #dhd71 conceiv$ z =m$ ( 8six dep5d5t & alli$ /ates surr\nd+ ! sev5? rul+ /ate 9 ! c5tre40 ,ref]r+ ! read] to p4 #cdh ( ?is "w :]e 8! sev5 k+s0 ( ,babylon are m5tion$ & sev5-fold organization is discuss$1 ,i m]ely /ate t ! importance ( ! ,babylonian map c sc>cely be ov]rat$ z a pro( ( ! application 9 remote antiquity ( ! cosmical s*eme to t]ritorial divisions4 ,x w be = ,assyriologi/s to det]m9e = u ! relative ages ( ! ,sipp>a tablet 7p4 #ccb & fig4 #fe1 #a71 & ! ,babylonian ,map tablet & to def9e _! respective connections ) ! 8f\r regions0 & 8sev5 directions10 or ) quadruplicate & sev5-fold s*emes ( organization4 ,x is my hope t _! rese>*es w lead to def9ite k z to ! date :5 ^! cosmical s*emes 7 employ$ 9 ! ,euphratean valley4 ,9 conclusion ,i draw att5tion to ! two int]e/+ :eel-%ap$ maps ( ! _w also publi%$ 9 ! 8,notes on ,ezekiel0 7p4 #aje71 & ! rem>kable diagram 7p4 #aig71 %[+ ! allotm5t ( ! l& ( ,canaan accord+ to ,ezekiel4 ,on p4 #bjd1 9 ! ,notes ( ,*apt] #dh ( ,ezekiel1 !re are valuable details conc]n+ ! geographical di/ribution ( ! tribes ( ,israel1 & ! position1 9 ! c5tre1 ( ! sacr$ res]vation & ! symmetrical arrangem5t ( ! gates ( ,j]usalem1 :i* 7 associat$ ) ! c>d9al po9ts & tribal repres5tatives4 ,z4 ,n4 ,,footnotes #a ,! ,swa/ika4 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 #ahid4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahif4 ,dur+ ! prep>ation ( ?is pap] ,i also consult$ ! foll[+ works1 f :i* "s =ms ( swa/ika are likewise reproduc$ on pl4 ,,ii3 ,le signe de la ,croix avant le ,*ri/ianisme4 ,gabriel de ,mortillet4 ,p>is1 #ahff4 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,swa/ika4 ,zmigrodski1 ,brauns*weig1 #ahij4 ,la migration des symboles4 ,comte ,goblet d',alviella4 ,p>is1 #ahia4 #b ,i w\ld ins]t "h t x 0 only :5 ! pres5t inve/igation 0 almo/ complet$1 t my att5tion 0 arre/$ by a ref]5ce 9 ,pr(essor ,wilson's "w1 already cit$1 to a %ort article on ! ,fylfot & ! ,fu?orc tir by ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 ,m4,d4 ,hav+ succe$$ 9 obta9+ a copy ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ,antiqu>ian ,society 7vol4 #d1 pp4 #a-ab1 #ahhf71 9 :i* x appe>$1 ,i _h ! extreme satisfaction ( f9d+ t a speciali/ work+ 9 ano!r field & approa*+ ! problem f ano!r direction _h come to two ( ! id5tical conclusions t ,i _h rea*$ 9 a totally diff]5t mann]4 ,?is fact con/itutes1 9 my op9ion1 ! mo/ p[]ful support ( ! correctness ( ! views we hold 9 common aft] hav+ =m$1 express$ & work$ !m out 9 su* a diff]5t way1 z c be v]ifi$ by a comp>ison ( our two works4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to 8 valuable & sugge/ive communication to :i* ,i %all rev]t1 ,i %all m]ely m5tion "h t ,dr4 ,m>* recognizes1 z ,i d1 t ! 8ess5tial sugge/ion ( ! swa/ika & fylfot is ( axial rotation40 ,he attributes ! orig9al ( ! swa/ika to ! nocturnal 7n z ,i d1 to ! annual7 rotation ( ! ,ursa ,major ar\nd ,pol>is1 & likewise ref]s to ! fact t ab\t f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! circul> sweep ( ! circumpol> con/ellations 0 f> m /rik+ ?an at pres5t4 ,aft] meet+ on ?is common gr\nd our l9es ( inve/igation "p company & g wide asund]1 nor am ,i able to foll[ "s ( ,dr4 ,m>*'s conclusions su* z1 = in/ance1 8 op9ion t ! fylfot 0 a sign ( a 8diurnal rotation0 sugge/$ by 8! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun & moon :5 ! spectator look$ at !m ) 8 back to ! nor?40 ,on ! o!r h& ,i am indebt$ to him = mu* valuable in=mation relat+ to ! rune or fu?orc tir1 to :i* ,i %all ref] lat]4 #c ,besides ! ^w coatltw91 ! ,mexicans _h ano!r t]m to express "s ?+ d\ble1 9 pairs4 ,a plant ) two %oots 0 nam$ xolotl4 ,d\ble agave plants1 or maize :5 occasionally met )1 7 reg>d$ ) sup]/ition & nam$ me-xolotl4 ,! pretty little p>roquets1 popul>ly kn[n z 8love-birds0 f _! habit ( con/ant association1 9 pairs1 7 nam$ xolotl4 ,! circum/ance t ! t]m = birds'-d[n 0 also xolotl may expla9 :y ! d[n-fea!rs ( eagles & o!r birds 7 employ$ & play$ a c]ta9 rle 9 ritual obs]vances4 ,!y express$ & convey$ ! s\nd ( a ^w :i* meant some?+ d\ble & c\ld !re=e be us$ to symbolize a v>iety ( mean+s relat+ to multiplication or propagation4 ,t ! ,mexicans figuratively connect$ birds'-d[n ) g5]ation is prov5 by ! well-kn[n my? ( ! bir? ( ,huitzilopo*tli f ! union ( a ball ( birds'-d[n & a goddess nam$ 8%e ) ! petticoat ( s]p5ts0 7,sahagun1 book ,,iii1 *ap4 ,i74 ,tufts ( birds'-d[n figure1 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms41 on ! %ield ( ! female ance/ress ( ! human race1 "o ( ^: num]\s titles 0 toci18our gr&mo!r10 to express :i* ! figure ( a citli or h>e 0 sometimes employ$ 9 pictography4 ,( h] x 0 said1 t %e bore only tw9s1 a figure ( spee* mean+ great productiv5ess1 j z ! female div9ity is also t]m$ 8! woman ) #djj brea/s0 7text to p4 #bi1 ,vatican ,codex1 ,k+sbor\gh1 vols4 ,,ii & ,v74 ,9 ! text to ! ,tell]iano-,rem5sis ,codex 7,k+sbor\gh1 vol4 ,i1 pl4 #bd71 we f9d ,xolotl1 a deity we>+ ! %ell-symbol ( ,quetzalcoatl1 directly nam$ 8! god ( tw9s40 #d ,! full mean+ :i* may h be5 atta*$ to ! eye-symbol 9 bo? ,nahuatl & ,maya languages is set =? 9 ! foll[+ notes :i* ,i give m]ely = ! sugge/ion !y convey ( a deep mean+ hav+ be5 atta*$ to ! eye-symbol4 ,! ,nahuatl ^w = eye is ix-telolotli1 b 9 pictography x repres5t$ ! phonetic value ( ix only4 ,x may1 !re=e1 h be5 employ$ z a cursive sign = faceixtli & ! fact t x figures 9 ! c5tre ( ! symbol oll91 :]e a face sometimes occurs1 confirms ?is surmise4 ,9 ! ,maya language ! ^w = eye is i*1 :i* is practically id5tical ) ! ,nahuatl ix1 & ?is ent]s into ! composition ( ! foll[+ words1 ! mean+s ( :i* are wor? consid]+ 9 connection ) ! fact t ! eye is %[n to h be5 employ$ to convey ! mean+ ( />1 9 bo? languages3 ,ix-ma*unet]nal1 )\t beg9n+1 ix-mayam=ev]1 cont9u\sly1 )\t int]ruption4 ix-maxulp]petual1 )\t end4 ,! fact t ea* ( ^! ,maya words exhibits ! prefix ix & t an eye is employ$ to express ?is s\nd & /&s = />1 is c]ta9ly int]e/+1 s9ce x sugge/s t ! natives associat$ ! idea ( et]nity ) ! />s4 #e ,?is native belief is beautifully illu/rat$ by ! two 8highly arti/ic %ell-gorgets repres5t+ w+$ human be+s10 :i* are describ$ & figur$ by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,holmes1 9 ,"p ,,ii ( 8 in/ructive & extremely useful 8,ar*aeological ,/udies among ! ,anci5t ,cities ( ,mexico10 :i* ,i h receiv$ j z ?is pap] is go+ to press4 ,i am mu* pleas$ at ! possibility ( draw+ att5tion1 by means ( a footnote1 to ! int]e/+ fact t 9 "o gorget ! human head is figur$ ) butt]fly w+s1 :il/ 9 ! o!r x is accompani$ by conv5tionaliz$ fea!rs & a butt]fly w+4 ,!re c be no d\bt t bo? gorgets are attempts to repres5t ! resuscitat$ s\ls ( dep>t$ w>riors1 accord+ to ! native ideas conc]n+ !m4 ,x is nev]!less v rem>kable to see actually t ! anci5t ,mexicans employ$ ! butt]fly z a symbol ( an immortal s\l & _h also evolv$ ! idea ( a w+$ head1 analog\s to t ( a *]ub1 to repres5t a ble/ _s1 dwell+ 9 cele/ial regions4 ,x is noticeable t ! "n ( ! ,mexican prie/s 0 papa1 :i* syllables are ! fir/ 9 ! ^w papalotlbutt]fly4 ,x may be t a di/9ction 0 made & t ! s\ls ( ! dead prie/s 7 suppos$ to assume ! %ape ( butt]flies or mo?s1 :il/ ! w>riors became cele/ial humm+-birds4 #f ,9 connection ) ,montezuma's use ( a litt] x %\ld be notic$ t1 9 ! picture-writ+s1 only ! culture-h]o ,quetzalcoatl & ! bird god ,huitzilopo*tli are repres5t$ z seat$ on litt]s4 ,! two b>s ( ,quetzalcoatl's litt]1 figur$ 9 ,duran's atlas 7,tratado #b1 cap4 #a a7 t]m9ate at ea* end 9 a s]p5t's head4 ,! pair ( tw9 s]p5ts ?us r5d]$1 evid5tly convey an allusion to 8 "n1 :i* w\ld be equally compreh5sible 9 ! ,maya or ,mexican languages4 ,9 ano!r portion ( ,duran's ,atlas 7,trat4 #b1 *ap4 #b71 ,huitzilopo*tli is figur$ z seat$ on a litt] mask$ z a bird1 & a f9ely-execut$ native picture ( ! bird-god1 be+ borne on a litt]1 is 9 ! ,b4 ,n4 ,,ms4 :]e he is nam$ 8! preci\s "l0 & is repres5t$ ) a sceptre 9 8 h& surm\nt$ by a he>t4 ,?is latt] detail is ( special int]e/1 s9ce x indicates t ! ,mexicans employ$ ! he>t ) ! same symbolical & metaphorical mean+ z ! ,maya-,qui*es & ,tz5tals4 ,! latt] _h nam$ _! culture-h]o 8,votan08! ,he>t0 7( ! p74 7,br9ton ,h]o-my?s1 p4 #bag47 ,9 ! ,popol-,vuh1 ! sacr$ book ( ! ,qui*es1 ! supreme div9ity is nam$ 8! ,he>t ( ! heav51 ^: "n is ,hurakan40 ,he is also nam$ ! 8,he>t ( ! ,e>?10 a title ^: equival5t 9 ,mexico,tepe-,yollotl1 0 appli$ to ,tezcatlipoca & associat$ ) ! bodiless voice1 ! e*o1 :i* 0 suppos$ to proce$ f ! 8he>t 7or life7 ( ! ,m\nta940 ,! above data und\bt$ly prove ! important po9t t ,huitzilopo*tli & ,tezcatlipoca 7 respectively entitl$ 8! ,he>t ( ! ,heav50 & 8! ,he>t ( ! ,e>?40 #g ,%ort triangul> capes are worn to ?is day by ! ,mexican wom51 & are call$ que*quemitl%\ld] capes4 ,x is curi\s to f9d 9 ,mol9a's diction>y1 ! foll[+3 tzimpitzauacsome?+ figur$1 :i* is wide above & po9t$ bel[1 & tzimmanquisome?+ figur$ :i* is po9t$ above & wide bel[1 words :i* seem to indicate t !y ref] to triangles & t ^! _h diff]5t mean+s accord+ to position4 #h ,! production ( ?is dr9k 0 limit$ to ! area 9 :i* ! agave plant c\ld be cultivat$4 ,z set =? 9 my comm5t>y on ! 8,lyfe ( ! ,indians10 ! natives employ$ _m o!r k9ds ( f]m5t$ liquors1 made f diff]5t fruits & plants4 #i ,! sacr$ symbols & numb]s ( ,aborig9al ,am]ica 9 ,anci5t & ,mod]n times4 7,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society1 no4 #b1 #ahid47 #aj ,tribes ( ,cali=nia1 ,/eph5 ,p[]s4 ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahgg4 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #gi4 #aa ,f\r? ,annual ,report ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #eah4 ,wa%+ton4 #ab ,republicas de ,indias1 ,fray ,j]onimo ,roman de ,zamorra #aefi-aege1 ed4 ,su>ez4 ,madrid1 #ahih4 #ac ,pilz-fo]mige ,goetz5bild] aus ,guatemala und ,san ,salvador1 ,c>l ,sapp]1 ,globus4 b& ,,lxxiii1 nr4 #bj4 #ad ,= o!r examples see ,borgian ,codex1 pp4 #b1 #e1 #fd1 #ff1 #gd4 #ae ,note on ! ,anci5t ,mexican ,cal5d> ,sy/em4 ,/ockholm1 #ahid4 #af ,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana4 ,ar*ology1 edit$ by ,f4 ,ducane ,godman1 ,london4 #ag ,! mo/ /rik+ example ( ?is is 9 ! ,palace ,h\se1 at ,pal5qne1 all wall-holes ( :i* are tau-%ap$4 ,an elaborate /ucco ornam5tation1 ri*ly color$1 encloses two upright taus surr\nd$ by rais$ bord]s4 ,"o is a deep op5+ 9 ! wall2 ! o!r1 next to x1 is fill$ 9 & exhibits a horizontal l9e re/+ on a v]tical "o4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a pr(\nd symbolical mean+ 0 express$ by ! entire motif1 :i* has be5 admirably reproduc$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay 7,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana1 ,ar*ology1 "p ,,vi1 pl4 #ah74 #ah ,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem ,knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 ,,iv b&1 ,i heft4 #ahie4 p4 #e4 #ai ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 ,com5t>ias ,reales1 ,lisbon1 #afji2 also translation by ,sir ,clem5ts ,b4 ,m>kham1 issu$ by ! ,hakluyt ,society4 ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,incas 7acc\nts by ,mol9a1 ,salcamayhua1 ,avila & ,ondeg>do71 translat$ by ,sir ,clem5ts ,b4 ,m>kham2 also ,cieza de ,leon1 ,h]r]a1 etc4 & ,,ms4 ( ,padre ,anello ,oliva4 #bj ,att5tion is call$ to a curi\s error 9 ! orig9al text by ,arriaga1 quot$ by ,riv]o & ,ts*udi4 ,arriaga /ates t ! two /atues /ood back to back1 b he makes ! woman look t[>d ! 8poni5te0 & ! man to ! 8occid5te10 ?us mak+ bo? figures face ! we/4 ,z 8poni5te0 is ! curr5t ,spani% phrase = ! we/1 x is evid5t t ! au?or made a slip 9 ! use ( ! classical t]m1 & int5d$ to say t ! man fac$ ! 8ori5te40 #ba ,! ,t]ra-cotta ,heads ( ,teotihuacan1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology1 ,baltimore1 #ahhf4 #bb ,= ?is valuable li/ ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,sir ,clem5ts ,b4 ,m>kham1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ( ,great ,brita91 :o g5]\sly all[$ me to /udy "s ( 8 ,,ms4 notes on ,anci5t ,p]u4 #bc 8,f :at c be ga!r$ & conjectur$ 9 consid]+ ! traditions ( ! pres5t "t1 x is n m ?an #cej to #djj ye>s s9ce ! ,incas only possess$ & rul$ ov] ! valley ( ,cuzco z f> z ,urcas1 a di/ance ( six leagues & to ! valley ( ,yucay1 :i* is n m ?an #e leagues4444 ,! hi/orical p]iod _c be plac$ fur!r back ?an #djj ye>s at ! e>lie/0 7,polo de ,ondeg>do #aeej-afjj74 #bd ,lettre sur les ,antiquits de ,tiahuanaco1 #ahff1 pp4 #i1 #ag1 #ai4 #be ,blas ,val]a1 apud ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 ,com5t>ios ,reales1 ,lisboa1 #afji1 lib4 ,i1 cap4 ,,xi1 pp4 #ac1 #ad2 lib4 ,,ii1 cap4 ,,vi1 p4 #db4 ,see also ,g>cia1 ,orig5 de los ,indios4 ,madrid1 #agbi1 lib4 ,,iv1 cap4 ,,xv1 p4 #cac4 #bf ,n>ratives ( ! ,rites & laws ( ! ,incas1 translat$ by ,clem5ts ,b4 ,m>kham1 ,c4 ,b41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ed4 ,hakluyt ,society1 pp4 #aj-ac4 #bg ,x is ! m]it ( ! late di/+ui%$ philologi/ ,dr4 ,bus*mann1 9 8 invaluable "w on ,aztec names ( localities to h po9t$ out t al?\gh ! ,cak*iquel language is n[ spok5 at ,cozumalhuapa or ,cotzumalguapan1 its "n is unque/ionably ,nahuatl 7,cozamalo-apan74 ,ueb] ,aztekis*e ,ortsnam51 ,,vii1 p4 #cd4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( illu/rations ( ! beautiful bas-reliefs f\nd 9 ! above locality h be5 publi%$ by ,m4 ,h]man ,/rebel ( ,hamburg1 ^: valuable publications & spl5did collections ( anci5t ,mexican antiquities1 pres]v$ at ,b]l9 & ,hamburg1 are well kn[n4 ,die ,/e9sculptures von ,santa ,lucia ,cozumalhuapa 7,guatemala7 9 ,museum fur ,volk]kunde4 ,hamburg1 #ahid4 ,jahrbu* d] ,hamburgis*5 ,wiss5s*aftli*5 ,au/all51 ,,xi4 ,?ree ( ^! rem>kable bas-reliefs are figur$ 9 ! valuable publication by ,geheimra? ,a4 ,ba/ian3 ,/e9sculptur5 aus ,guatemala1 ,b]i*te d] ,knigli*5 ,muse5 zu ,b]l91 #ahhb4 ,dr4 ,habel's draw+s 7 publi%$ 9 #ahgh1 9 ! #bb;d vol4 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k4 ,ca/s ( ^! bas-reliefs are on exhibition 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 #bh 8,! sk9s ( lions1 ) ! heads1 _h be5 prep>$1 ) gold e>-pieces 9 ! e>s & gold5 tee? 9 place ( ! real tee? :i* _h be5 pull$ out4 ,9 ! paws 7 c]ta9 r+s ( gold4 ,^? :o 7 dress$ or inve/$ ) ^! sk9s put on ! head & neck ( ! lion s z to cov] _! own & ! sk9 ( ! body ( ! lion hung f ! %\ld]s40 op4 cit4 p4 #de4 ,! we>+ ( puma & ocelot sk9s by "o ( ! two highe/ grades ( w>riors 9 ,mexico is too well kn[n to ne$ fur!r m5tion "h4 #bi ,9 connection ) ! ?ree po9ts proce$+ f ! eye1 ! ,mexican symbol = />1 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! latitude ( ,santa ,lucia only ?ree equidi/ant positions ( ,ursa ,major1 &1 possibly1 ( ,ursa ,m9or1 w\ld be obs]vable1 ! con/ellations be+ bel[ ! nor!rn horizon :5 ly+ betwe5 x & ,pol>is4 ,! symbolical ?ree po9ts c\ld h ?us orig9at$ 9 ! same way z ! triskeles 9 o!r c\ntries1 f obs]vation ( ! id5tical ph5om5on4 #cj ,?is bas-relief is reproduc$ 9 vol4 ,,iii ( ! ,anales del ,museo ,nacional1 p4 #cjb1 & is discuss$ by ,seor ,san*ez4 #ca ,article ,p]u1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 #cb ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 ,! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,incas1 ,hakluyt ed4 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgj4 #cc ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,incas1 ed4 ,hakluyt1 p4 #hf4 #cd ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,incas1 ed4 ,hakluyt1 pp4 #gg1 #hd4 #ce ,! ,heav5s 444 ,london4 ,ri*>d ,b5tley & ,son4 #ahhc4 pp4 #bhg-bhi4 #cf ,hi/oria ,*i*imeca1 *ap4 ,,xix4 #cg ,9 ,que*ua ! left h& 0 nam$ lloque maqui & ! "r1 pana maqui4 ,9 ! ,*9*aysuyo dialect ( ,que*ua ! left h& 0 hi*oc maqui & ! "r1 allaucay maqui 7,vocabul>io ,padre ,juan de ,figu]$o74 #ch ,annals ( ! ,cak*iquels4 ,libr>y ( ,aborig9al ,lit]ature1 vol4 ,,vi1 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 p4 #ga4 ,x is a /rik+ co9cid5ce :i* fur!r excavations may h[ev] de/roy1 t sev5 simil> upright slabs 7 f\nd at ,santa ,lucia1 six complete ones ( :i* exhibit individuals ^: left h&s be> special m>ks4 ,:at is m1 ^! figures are accompani$ by animals :i* agree ) a native *ronicle quot$ by ,dr4 ,otto ,/oll 7op4 cit4 p4 #f74 ,accord+ to ?is "s ( ! totems or m>ks ( dignity worn by c]ta9 ,qui* *iefta9s 7 repres5tations ( pumas1 ocelots & vultures4 ,x is1 p]haps1 p]missible to advance ! hypo!sis t ! p]sonages on ! slabs are repres5tatives ( ! sev5 tribes & display _! totemic devices4 ,i w\ld add a c\ple ( obs]vations :i* seem to indicate t ! language ( ! p :o sculptur$ & set up ! ,santa ,lucia slabs 0 ,nahuatl4 ,9 ! fir/ case on ! long slab1 figur$ by ,m4 ,h]man ,/rebel z ,no4 #aa1 a *iefta9 9 a recumb5t position is conf]r+ ) a p]sonage mask$ z a de]4 ,! date is sculptur$ on ?is slab1 recall+ ! ,mexican me?od ( figur+ num]als & indicates t a hi/orical ev5t is be+ record$4 ,! ,nahuatl ^w = de] is mazatl & we "k t ! ,mazahuas1 or 8de]-p0 is ! "n ( a native tribe :i* inhabits to ?is day ! coa/ region ( ,guatemala4 ,a t[n nam$ ,mazat5ango! capital or "m-city ( ! ,mazahuas lies betwe5 ! lake ( ,atitlan & ! coa/ 7t5an"m ( somebody2 t5amitlwall$ city74 ,a small village nam$ ,mazahuat also lies f>!r s\? & inl& on ! ,lempa riv]1 9 ,san ,salvador4 ,on "o ( ! upright slabs two sculptur$ heads resembl+ dogs' heads are enclos$ 9 circles4 ,! ,nahuatl "n = dog is itzcu9tl2 & a t[n ( ! same "n1 corrupt$ to ,escu9tla1 lies betwe5 ! latitude ( ,amatitlan & ! coa/ ( ,guatemala1 at ab\t ! same di/ance inl& z ! t[n ( ,maza-t5ango4 ,z bo? places 7 )9 easy rea* f ,santa ,lucia1 x seems possible t ! slabs may ref] to "s conque/ or agreem5t made ) ! 8de] & dog p40 ,at all ev5ts ! agreem5t is wor? not+ z a h9t = future rese>*4 #ci ,ed4 ,br9ton4 ,libr>y ( ,aborig9al lit]ature1 p4 #ac4 #dj ,x is to ! sup]ior au?ority ( my di/+ui%$ & highly e/eem$ colleagues ,drs4 ,otto ,/oll & ,c>l ,sapp] t ,i submit ! above consid]ations4 ,x may be possible = ! latt] en?usia/ic explor] & = ,dr4 ,gu/avo ,eis51 :o is cont9u+ 8 valuable rese>*es 9 ,guatemala1 to det]m9e ! locality ( ! anci5t ,tullan1 :i* %\ld1 ,i imag9e1 be s\ght = 9 a region :]e ! l& inhabit$ by ! ,f\r ,nations w\ld conv]ge & at a po9t almo/ equidi/ant f ! ,f\r ,tecpans4 #da ,9 ! ,mexican collection at ! ,trocad]o ,museum 9 ,p>is1 !re is a curi\s wood5 sceptre 9 ! =m ( a h&1 :i* has be5 figur$ by ,dr4 ,erne/ ,hamy 9 8 spl5didly illu/rat$ "w on ?is ,museum4 #db ,see ,br9ton4 ,! ,native ,cal5d> ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 p4 #di4 #dc ,bullet9 ( ! ,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,art1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 no4 #c1 vol4 ,i4 #dd ,idea de una nueva hi/oria g5]al1 ,madrid1 #agdf1 p4 #aag4 #de ,native ,cal5d>1 p4 #ej4 #df ,v]glei*5de ,/udi54 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 bd4 ,,iii1 #ahij1 & ! ,native ,cal5d>1 p4 #ai4 #dg ,see ,mol9a's diction>y = fur!r mean+s ( v]b yuli1 :i* acc\nts = ano!r =m ( primitive native symbolism4 #dh ,see ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton 7,am]ican ,h]o-my?s1 p4 #aee7 :o1 l o!r au?orities1 has n recogniz$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 native cross-symbols1 d5ot+ ! f\r qu>t]s cele/ial & t]re/rial & ! tree ( tribal life4 #di ,dr4 ,hale /ates t ^! squ>es rem9d u ( ! simil> ,*9ese "* :i* repres5ts ! ^w 8field0 7p4 #bda74 #ej ,a ,c5tral ,am]ican c]emony :i* sugge/s ! snake dance ( ! ,tusayan villag]s4 ,repr9t f ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 ,,vi1 no4 #c1 ,july1 #ahic4 cf4 ,b&eli]1 ,f9al ,report ( ,inve/igations among ! ,indians ( ! ,s\?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ar*aeol4 ,in/4 ,pap]s1 ,am4 s]ies1 ,,iv1 pp4 #ehf-eia4 #ea ,?irte5? ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahif4 #eb ,9 abbreviat$ =m ,i note "h1 invit+ special comp>ison ) ,mexico1 t ! ,zui ,upp] _w 0 symboliz$ by ! sun1 eagle & turquoise2 ! ,l[] _w by ! rattlesnake1 wat] & toad4 #ec ,l&a /ates t ,mayapan signifi$ 8! bann] ( ,maya10 ! latt] be+ ! "n ( ! 8tongue ( l&0 on :i* ! capital 0 situat$4 ,?is explanation is1 h[ev]1 sc>cely satisfactory1 = pantli is ,nahuatl4 ,if ! entire ^w be reg>d$ z ,nahuatl1 we obta9 8! bann] ( ! h&40 ,z ano!r ,maya "n = ! capital 0 ,ho & ?is means five x seems possible t ?is num]al & s\nd 7 actually express$ by an op5 h& & t ! ,nahuatl "n ?us arose4 #ed ,z ?r\gh\t ,am]ica f\r bro!rs are always f\nd associat$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! g5]al spread ( ! quadruple organization1 ! fact t ?ree rul]s only are m5tion$ "h & t ?ree p[]ful tribes 7 f\nd 9 possession ( ,yucatan1 indicates t ^! mu/ h sep>at$ !mselves f _! orig9al ,/ate4 ,! subsequ5t r$uction ( _! numb] to two %[s fur!r diss5sion4 #ee ,x seems reasonable to ref] to ?is date ! expulsion ( ! ,maya tribe1 ! ,huaxtekans1 :o f\nd$ _! colony at ,panuco1 nam$ _! capital ,tu*-pan & c>ri$ ) !m _! execrable practices & ideas4 ,at ! same "t !y possess$ & h&$ d[n su* a pr(ici5cy 9 ! art ( weav+ t at ! "t ( ,montezuma ! mo/ beautiful textile fabrics1 furni%$ to him z tribute1 7 ! ,huaxtecan 8c5tzon-tilmatli0 or mantles ( f\r hundr$ colors1 8f9ely wov5 & cov]$ ) intricate & arti/ic designs40 ,?is circum/ance po9ts to a possible connection ) ,zilan1 ! reput$ ,maya c5tre ( female indu/ry4 ,x has be5 /at$ by good au?orities t ! only antiquities ?us f> f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 :i* te/ify to ! exi/5ce ( a degrad$ & obsc5e cult1 are f ! region ( ,panuco4 #ef ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ! above description absolutely no m5tion ( woman 9 ! organization ( ,mayapan4 ,x is !re=e to be presum$ t !y 7 exclud$ f ?is capital1 & inhabit$1 z 9 ,mexico1 _! own t[n1 "u female rul]%ip & t ( ! 8lords ( ! ,night40 #eg ,see ! ,atlatl or ,spe>-?r[] ( ! ,anci5t ,mexicans4 ,peabody ,museum ,pap]s1 vol4 #a1 no4 #c4 ,cambridge1 #ahia4 #eh ,relacion4 ed4 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 p4 #eb4 ,9 a note ! ,abb /ates t ! above description recalls ! monoli?s ( ,copan & ,quirigua4 #ei ,we are told t ! ,*eles inhabit$ a prov9ce nam$ ,ah-b9-*el1 & t _! capitals 7 ,tikoh & ,izamal 7lit]ally1 ,ah!y :o are (1 k9sun1 *elsort ( bird & ! anci5t "n ( a sac]dotal l9eage 9 ,yucatan74 ,!nce ! title ,*elekathol9ess1 highness1 gr&eur1 giv5 to ! head ( ?is l9eage 7,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg74 ,ix-*el! woman-bird1 0 ! high-prie/ess or m$ic9e-woman & midwife4 ,! ,*eles1 ,tutul-xius & ,cocomes 7 ! ?ree mo/ p[]ful tribes at ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,x is notewor?y t !y all _h bird names & t ! ^w *el1 ! totemic bird ( ! ,*eles1 s closely resembles *tree1 t ! comb9ation ( a * or tree z a symbol ( ! tribe & ! *el-bird w\ld h be5 sugge/$ by ! language4 #fj ,accord+ to ,seor ,g>cia ,cubas1 8?is p59sula ( ,yucatan mu/ h be5 unit$ at "o "t1 to ! isl& ( ,cuba1 ! det]m9+ cause ( _! sep>ation be+ ! impetu\s curr5t ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico0 7,atlas ,metodico1 ,mexico1 #ahgd1 p4 #cb74 #fa ,= a g5]al acc\nt ( ! ru9s ( ,copan & = a plan on :i* ! position ( ! diff]5t /ructures1 /el1 alt>s & prom95t sculptures are giv51 ,i ref] to ! ,memoirs ( ! ,peabody ,museum vol4 ,i1 no4 #a1 conta9+ a prelim9>y report1 ( ! ,explorations by ! ,museum4 ,cambridge1 #ahif4 #fb ,hi/oria de la ,prov9cia de ,yuca?an1 by ,fri> ,diego ,lopez ,cogolludo1 ,madrid1 #afhh4 #fc ,x seems to me t ?is /atem5t e/abli%es once & = all ! ord] 9 :i* ^! sculptur$ glyphs are to be read4 ,x is evid5t t 9 fa/5+ !m to ! walls ! idea 0 t ( build+ up ! calculi=m record by plac+ ! /ones above ea* o!r1 9 ! same mann] t a /one wall w\ld be rais$4 ,accord+ly1 ! e>lie/ records w\ld =m ! base & ! la/ be at ! top4 #fd ,see ,biologia ,c5trali ,am]icana1 pt4 ,i1 ,copan 8a0 pl4 #i4 ,ca/s ( ?is sculpture & ( two o!rs ne>ly id5tical1 f ,copan1 are 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 #fe ,x is my int5tion to reproduce ^! plans ( ,copan & ,quirigua & ( o!r anci5t ,am]ican capitals 9 ! publication ,i h und]tak5 to make 9 co-editor%ip ) ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,dahlgr5 ( ,/ockholm1 ( ! beautiful map ( ! ,city ( ,mexico & its surr\nd+s1 pa9t$ by ,alonzo de la ,cruz1 ! cosmograph] ( ,philip ,,ii ( ,spa94 ,mr4 ,dahlgr5 publi%$ an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is map1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! univ]sity at ,upsala1 9 #ahhi1 ) its uncolor$ reproduction on a r$uc$ scale4 ,9 8 monum5tal "w on anci5t c>tography1 ,b>on ,nord5skjld also publi%$ an uncolor$ production ( ?is map &1 ) ,dr4 ,bovallius1 exhibit$ a beautiful facsimile ( ?is preci\s docum5t1 at ! ,hi/orical ,exposition 9 ,madrid1 9 ,octob]1 #ahib4 ,dur+ ! previ\s summ] at ,/ockholm1 ,i _h p]sonally sup]9t5d$ ! pa9t+ ( a p]fect facsimile copy ( ! map :i* ,i exhibit$ 9 ! ,an?ropological ,build+ ( ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition 9 #ahic4 ,! orig9al map 0 exhibit$ 9 ,/ockholm dur+ ! meet+ ( ! ,congress ( ,am]icani/s at ,/ockholm 9 #ahid1 & ,i sugge/$ t x ought to be publi%$ 9 exact facsimile & 9 colors1 p>ticul>ly on acc\nt ( ! _m hi]oglyphic names ( localities x exhibits4 ,x 0 !reupon agre$ by ,mr4 ,dahlgr5 & myself t we %\ld jo9tly publi% ! map ) an accompany+ text 9 ,engli%1 my %>e ( ! "w be+ pr9cipally ! deciph]m5t ( ! hi]oglyphs ( localities1 ! classification ( ! tribes inhabit+ !m1 z well z ! pres5tation ( all hi/orical facts connect$ ) !m t ,i c\ld obta9 f ! native & e>ly ,spani% *ronicles4 ,) *>act]i/ic lib]ality ! ,duc de ,l\bat mo/ k9dly support$ ! propos$ publication by subscrib+ to tw5ty copies ( x 9 advance & deposit+ ! paym5t = ^! at ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,! reproduction ( ! map has be5 facilitat$ by ?is g5]\s action & ,i take great pleasure 9 express+ "h our grateful appreciation to ! ,duc de ,l\bat1 :o has be5 pati5tly await+ ! a*ievem5t ( our und]tak+4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,dahlgr5 & ,i h be5 prev5t$ f complet+ ?is up to ! pres5t1 by "w plann$ previ\sly to ! publication ( ! map4 ,! pres5t publication w prove1 h[ev]1 t ! social organization ( ! ,mexicans has be5 ! object ( my pa9/ak+ /udy & t1 until ,i _h satisfactorily set =? ! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* influ5c$ n only ! di/ribution ( ! population1 b ! gr\nd-plan ( ! capital itself1 any text ,i c\ld publi% ) ! map w\ld be incomplete4 ,z matt]s n[ /&1 ,i propose to treat ( ! ,city ( ,mexico z a type ( an anci5t ,am]ican sacr$ city1 to comp>e its gr\nd plan ) ^? ( o!r native capitals & to trace1 z f> z possible1 ! localization ( ! v>i\s tribes & classes ( ! anci5t population1 s t we c =m an adequate idea ( ! topography & ma*9]y ( ! great /ate kn[n z ! ,empire ( ,montezuma4 ,i hope & expect to complete ?is publication 9 a reasonable p]iod ( "t b d>e n def9e its limits1 z all sci5tific rese>* dem&s m "t & /r5g? ?an c be det]m9$ ^u 9 advance4 ,9 conclusion ,i w\ld /ate t1 at ! ,congress ( ,am]icani/s :i* took place at ! city ( ,mexico 9 #ahie1 ! di/+ui%$ ,mexican c>tograph]1 ,seor ,g>cia ,cubas1 ^: spl5did maps ( ,mexico are well kn[n1 made an int]e/+ communication on ?is map1 ( :i* he _h se5 a copy4 #ff ,x has be5 surmis$ t ! "n ,pal5que is ( ,spani% orig9 & means 8a palisade20 b x seems f> m likely to be ! approximate r5d]+ ( ! s\nd ( ! old native ^w by a ,spani% ^w1 9 ! same way t ! ,nahuatl ,quauh-nahuac became ! ,spani% ,cu]na-vaca1 lit]ally c['s horn4 #fg ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg's ,maya ,vocabul>y conta9s an int]e/+ in/ance ( a native tribe or l9eage be>+ ! "n ( a bird3 8,*el3 "n ( a k9d ( bird2 anci5t "n ( a great sac]dotal family reign+ at ,tecoh 7ne> ,izamal1 ,yucatan74 ,!nce ! title #8,*elekat1' :i* meant holy1 exalt$1 great1 & 0 appli$ to ! head ( ?is family40 #fh ,on a l>ge tablet at ,ixkun1 ! ca/ ( :i* is n[ 9 ,mr4 ,maudslay's collection at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 simil>ly plac$ figures support on _! b5t backs & %\ld]s /&+ p]sonages1 fac+ ea* o!r1 & surr\nd$ by glyphs4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! m5 :o s]ve z foot/ools1 are b\nd & di/9ctly %[ a diff]5ce ( type & co/ume1 s t !re c be no d\bt t ! tablet commemorat$ ! conque/ ( an ali5 tribe4 #fi ,e/udio arqueologico y j]oglifico del ,cal5d>io o gran libro a/ronomico4444 ,mexico4 #ahhi4 #gj ,%akespe>e1 ,julius ,caes>1 ,,iii1 #a1 #fj4 #ga ,a some:at di%e>t5+ consid]ation conc]n+ ! ,/one ( ! ,great ,plan des]ves m5tion4 ,! probability is t x 0 orig9ally pa9t$ ) ! colors ( ! f\r qu>t]s & t "s ( ! records ?us made are irretrievably lo/4 ,on tak+ ! fir/ impressions ) gelat9e1 9 ord] to make 8 admirable ca/ ( ! monoli?1 ,seor ,abadiano discov]$ _m traces ( color1 lodg$ 9 small crevices & corn]s ( ! c>v+s4 ,moreov]1 ! use ( ! symbolical colors on /one monum5ts is v\*$ = by ! great pa9t$ monoli? :i* 01 /range to say1 re-int]r$ aft] hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico "s ye>s ago4 ,! reproduction ( an obvi\sly incorrect draw+ made ( ?is /one dur+ its uncov]$ /ate1 has be5 publi%$ 9 vol4 ,,ii ( ! ,annals ( ! ,national ,museum ( ,mexico4 #gb ,relacion1 p4 #cci1 ,k+sbor\gh1 vol4 ,,ix4 #gc ,leon y ,gama advanc$ ! op9ion t ! /one1 supplem5t$ by a gnomon1 s]v$ z a sol> clock or dial1 to m>k ! h\rs ( ! days & ! seasons1 etc4 ,he add$ t ! /one may h s]v$ fur!r purposes ?an ^? he enum]at$ & h9ts t x may h also record$ lun> p]iods4 ,?is di/+ui%$ s*ol> concludes by ackn[l$g+ t ! anci5t ,mexicans possess$ enlight5$ k ( ! movem5ts ( ! pr9cipal planets & me?ods ( obs]v+ !m1 9 ord] to divide "t = ! purposes ( civil & religi\s gov]nm5t 7,description de las dos ,pi$ras4 ,mexico1 #aheb1 p4 #aaj74 ,! late ,doctor ,philip ,val5t9i1 9 a le>n$ disc\rse on ! ,cal5d>-/one1 read at ,new ,york 9 #ahgh1 express$ 8 view t x conta9$ a complete & pla/ic repres5tation ( ! division ( "t employ$ 9 anci5t ,mexico4 ,! di/+ui%$ ,mexican s*ol>1 ,seor ,alfr$o ,*av]o1 has publi%$ ! mo/ elaborate treatise :i* has be5 writt5 on ! subject & discusses ! views ( ,gama & ,val5t9i ) mu* erudition4 ,ref]r+ ! read] to 8 publications 9 ! ,annals ( ! ,national ,museum ( ,mexico ,i %all b m5tion 8 views t ! f\r symbols1 conta9$ 9 ! quadruplicate c5tral figure1 record f\r epo*s ( ! native cosmogony1 t ! c5tral head is an image ( ! sun & t ! monum5t itself is a votive tablet :i* 0 erect$ to ! ,sun 9 hi/orical "t1 two conclusions to :i* ,i _c subscribe4 ,x is impossible to discuss fully ! valuable publications ( ,seores ,troncoso & ,*av]o 9 ^! cursive rem>ks1 b ,i %all d s on ano!r occasion4 ,mean:ile !re is "o po9t ^u :i* bo? ( ^! au?orities agree1 namely1 9 admitt+ ! possible connection betwe5 ! civilization ( ,mexico & ,p]u & 9 recogniz+ t v>i\s anci5t p ( ,am]ica _h ! nahui-oll9 9 common4 ,a passage 9 ,seor ,*av]o's "w claims moreov] special m5tion1 z x conta9s 8 supposition t ! sign nahui-oll9 may h symboliz$ n only ! f\r movem5ts ( ! sun1 b also ^? ( ! moon1 :i* ! writ] seems to reg>d z ! nocturnal or d>k sun4 ,i am q ready to agree ) ! above au?orities on "s ( ! po9ts m5tion$1 conflict+ z _! views appe> to be at fir/ sight4 ,inasmu* z ,i reg>d ! monum5t z ! image ( a plan or !oretical s*eme :i* color$ & influ5c$ all native ?\ght1 ,i hail any recognition made by o!r /ud5ts ( its all-p]vad+ pres5ce 9 ! ,cal5d> & 9 ! cosmogony ( ! anci5t ,mexicans4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i ma9ta9 a view :i* mat]ially diff]s f ^? ( previ\s writ]s1 namely1 t ! entire plan 0 orig9ally bas$ on ! primitive obs]vation ( ,pol>is & 9 ! conception ( a /able c5tre3 ! seat ( a p[] ext5d+ ov] ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s & ! ,above & ,bel[4 #gd ,9 ! text1 z publi%$1 ,b]nal ,diaz /ates t ?is /atue _h a face l t ( a be> 8un ro/ro1 como de osso10 b goes on to say t x 0 decorat$ accord+ to ! same mode z ! o!r 8del otro40 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k x m ?an probable t in/ead ( 8de osso 0 ! text %\ld also read 8del otro10 z among ! _m images ( ,tezcatlipoca t are extant1 none %[ him connect$ ) ! be> 9 any =m or %ape4 #ge ,9 ,tullan we seem to f9d ! ,maya equival5t to ! ,mexican ,itzacualenclosure1 by :i* ! ,teotihuacan pyramids are popul>ly designat$1 z may be v]ifi$ by ! discussion ( ! ,maya ^w 9 ! prec$+ pages 7cf4 tulum1 tulul1 tuliz1 tulacal71 :i* conveys ! idea ( some?+ enclos$1 entire1 :ole & univ]sal & w be rev]t$ to4 ,*olol-lan seems to be connect$ ) ! v]b *olol-tiato escape 7l game f a sn>e or net7 to fly1 or to spr+ away4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,*olol-lan w\ld mean 8! place ( escape or flight0 & x w be se5 t ?is designation w be f\nd to agree ) ! native tradition conc]n+ ! purpose ( ! pyramid1 :i* w be cit$ pres5tly4 ,x is n impossible1 h[ev]1 t ,*olol-lan may be bil+ual & also be a corrupt r5d]+ ( ! ,maya ho or hoolhead1 also capital4 ,?is supposition receives a c]ta9 support f ,padre ,rios' /atem5t t 8! inhabitants ( ,*olula1 9 _! sacr$ fe/ivals1 p]=m$ a solemn dance ar\nd ! pyramid *ant+ a song :i* began ) ! words ,tulanian ,hulaez40 ,^!1 he /ates1 8belong$ to none ( ! languages n[ spok5 9 ,mexico0 7,orozco y ,b]ra op4 cit4 p4 #cfc74 ,! "n ,tla*iuhaltepetl is translat$ by ,orozcoy ,b]ra by 8m\nta9 made by h&10 i4 e4 artificial m\nta9 or pyramid2 f tla*iuhaliztli1 ! act ( accompli%+ "s "w =m+ or creat+ some?+4 ,z ! orig9 ( primitive symbolism is a "q ( su* deep int]e/ ,i %all m5tion "h "s curi\s data 9 connection ) ! pyramid4 ,! ^w ,tla*iuhale 0 a title or "n appli$ to ! 8,creator or ,=m] ( liv+ creatures40 ,9 ord] to express ! s\nd ( ?is ^w 9 ! picture-writ+s1 x is obvi\s t a pyramid c\ld h be5 employ$1 s9ce x graphically & phonetically convey$ ! desir$ s\nd tla*iual-tepetl4 ,at ! same "t a complem5t>y sign w\ld be necess>y s z to obta9 a symbol :i* w\ld specially apply to ! ,creator alone4 ,! ^w tla*iato look1 see1 wat*1 naturally sugge/s itself1 z a complem5t to ! s\nd tla*2 & to express1 9 a cursive way1 ! action ( see+1 an eye suffic$4 ,we ?us see t an artificial m\nta9 or pyramid & an eye =m$ a hi]oglyph :i* express$ ! s\nd 8,tla*iuale0 & signifi$ ! 8,creator40 ,z ! eye by itself 0 ! sign = />1 & ! idea ( a c5tral />1 z frequ5tly depict$ 9 ! nahui-oll9 sign1 0 an emblem ( ! creative & c5tral p[]1 x is evid5t t1 besides its lit]al mean+1 i4 e4 an artificial or creat$ m\nta91 a 8tla*iuhaltepetl0 w\ld h be5 reg>d$ by ! initiat$ z ! ,m\nta9 ( ! ,creator1 ! sacr$ pyramid1 :i* 0 ! image ( c5tral1 dual & quadruple p[]4 #gf ,! te/imony ( e>ly ,spani% mission>ies e/abli%$ ! fact t 9 anci5t ,mexico a ca/e ( ma/] build]s & masons exi/$1 ^: "n1 ,tulteca1 id5tifi$ !m ) ! anci5t c5tre ( civilization & integral /ate ( ,tullan4 8,:5ev] ! natives 7 ask$ :o _h con/ruct$ c]ta9 edifices1 passes & roads1 etc41 !y inv>iably answ]$ ! #8tultecas1' a ,nahuatl ^w 9 curr5t use1 :i* signifi$ #8! skill$ artific]s or work]s 9 /one1 etc41 ! ma/]-masons or build]s4' 0 #gg ,! anci5t native "n ( ?is volcano 0 ,citlal-tepetl1 lit]ally ! ,/> ,m\nta91 f :i* x may1 p]haps1 be inf]r$ t1 f ! pla9s1 its high & %>p peak s]v$ z a means ( regi/]+ ! movem5ts ( c]ta9 />s & planets4 #gh ,*9a1 ,pr(4 ,rob4 ,d\glas1 p4 #bei4 #gi ,! ,*9ese designation ho1 appli$ to ! limits ( space1 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! ,maya ho & its homonyms4 #hj 8,! ,mongol-,mayan ,con/itution10 ,! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 ,may & ,june1 #ahih4 ,x is ) all ! m g5u9e appreciation t ,i po9t out h[ ,mr4 ,wick]%am1 anticipat+ my publication ( ! same conclusion1 has recogniz$ t ! ,zuis1 ,mexicans & ,p]uvians z well z ! ,*9ese1 7 rul$ by :at he aptly t]ms ! 8,quadri=m ,con/itution10 s9ce x has tak5 me ye>s ( h>d /udy to p]ceive ?is common basis4 ,i likewise draw att5tion to 8 /udy 9 primitive law1 8,! ,con/itution ( ,*9a 7,olympia1 #ahih710 b mu/ rem>k t ,i /rongly diff] f 8 conclusions 9 ! rec5tly publi%$ ,answ] to ,major ,p[ell's inquiry 8,:5ce came ! ,am]ican ,indians80 7,tacoma1 #ahii47 #ha ,%u ,k+4 ,! ,*9ese ,classics1 ,legge4 ,book ,i1 p4 #cg4 #hb ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ,legge1 vol4 ,,iii1 ,% ,k+2 also ,w4 ,h4 ,m$hur/1 ,%anghai1 #ahdf4 #hc ,an int]e/+ note 9 connection ) ! assignm5t ( color to ! c>d9al po9ts 9 ,asia1 is giv5 by ,s*lag9tweit 7,buddhism 9 ,?ibet1 #bg1 #c71 :o relates t 8! walls ( ! temples look t[>ds ! #d qu>t]s ( heav5 & ea* side %\ld be pa9t$ ) its p>ticul> col\r1 viz43 nor?gre51 ea/:ite1 s\?yell[1 we/r$1 b ?is rule is n /rictly adh]$ to2 mo/1 inde$1 are pa9t$ r$40 ,z a p>allel to ?is ,i ref] to ,sahagun's description ( ! temple ( ! high-prie/ ,quetzalcoatl at ,tula1 :i* held f\r *amb]s fac+ ! c>d9al po9ts2 8,! ea/ *amb] 0 t]m$ ! gold5 h\se & 0 l9$ ) plates ( gold2 ! we/ *amb] 0 t]m$ ! h\se ( em]alds & turquoises2 ! s\? *amb] 0 inlaid ) silv] & "m ( pe>l & ! nor? *amb] ) r$ jasp] & %ells40 ,sahagun describes also a second build+ ( ! same k9d1 9 :i* ! decoration ( ! f\r rooms 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! same colors1 9 fea!r-mosaic 7op4 cit4 ,book ,x1 *ap4 ,,xxix74 #hd ,! alligator-alt> ( ,copan & ! 8,great ,turtle0 ( ,quirigua1 on :i* f\r limbs may be disc]n$1 are ! mo/ rem>kable examples ( ! native employm5t ( ! quadrup$ figure z a symbol ( clan-organization & ! great ,quadruplicate ,plan4 ,an int]e/+ in/ance ( ! association1 9 ,*9a1 ( ! =m ( a f\r-foot$ animal ) num]ical divisions is furni%$ by ! foll[+ passage f ! ,book ( ,yu1 ,%oo-,k+1 ed4 ,legge4 ,khung-%e has said t 8,heav5 conf]r$ on ,y ! div9e tortoise be>+ a book out ( ! riv]2 on its back 7 v>i\s numb]s1 up to n9e4 ,y arrang$ !m & complet$ ! #i species4 ,on ! head ( ! tortoise 0 #i1 on ! tail #a1 on ! left side #c1 on ! "r #g4 ,! %\ld]s 7 =m$ by #b & #d1 ! ?ighs by #f & #h40 #he ,z ,pr(4 ,e4 ,b4 ,taylor has aptly po9t$ out3 8,by accid5t ! ,mexican ,cal5d> may be exactly illu/rat$ ) a mod]n pack ( c>ds laid out 9 rotation ( ! f\r suits1 z an ace ( he>ts1 #b ( spades1 #c ( diamonds1 #d ( clubs1 #e ( he>ts1 etc4444 ,?is sy/em ( comb9+ signs ) num]als is simil> to t ( c5tral s\?we/]n ,asia :]e1 among ! ,mongols1 ,tibetans & ,*9ese1 etc41 s]ies ( signs are ?us comb9$ to reckon ye>s1 mon?s & days4444 ,humboldt makes ?is comp>ison 9 8 ,vue des ,cordillres1 p4 #bab04444 7,article 8,mexico10 ,ency4 ,brit474 #hf ,! foll[+ passages conta9 int]e/+ evid5ces ( ! anci5t application ( ! numb] sev5 to tribal organization 9 ,*9a4 8,9 ! "t ( ! ,suy dyna/y ,man*uria w5t by ! "n ( ,mo-ho 9 ,*9a 444 ! p be+ !n divid$ into sev5 tribes4444 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury "o ,yang-ko 0 elect$ z _! *ief 444 & he organiz$ some?+ ( a regul> gov]nm5t ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s tribes ( ,j\-t*i or ,ni-t*i's & collect$ taxes f !m4 ,! highe/ ( 8 (fic]s 7 all /yl$ po-k-eih-lee & 7 di/+ui%$ by ! names ( ! sun1 planets & #bh con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac4 ,e five1 e t5 & e hundr$ m5 _h _! special (fic]s4444 ,f ! *ief ( five to ! *ief ( t5 ?\s&1 ea* tra9$ 8 dep5d5ts 9 milit>y art44440 ,wylie3 ,on ! orig9 ( ! ,man*us 7,*9ese ,rese>*es1 p4 #bdd74 #hg ,! ,ne/orian ,tablet 9 ,si-ngan-foo 7p4 #bd1 ,*9ese ,rese>*es4 ,%anghai1 #ahig74 #hh 7,! ,religion ( ,japan1 ,wm4 ,elliott ,griffis4 ,london1 #ahie1 p4 #fg & note #i47 ,?is curi\s agreem5t betwe5 ! ,japanese & o!r e?nic traditions1 9 locat+ ,p>adise1 ! orig9 ( ! human family & ( civilization at ! nor? pole1 has n escap$ ! att5tion ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,w>r51 ,presid5t ( ,bo/on ,univ]sity1 :o makes ext5d$ ref]5ce to x 9 8 sugge/ive book1 8,p>adise ,f\nd1 ,! ,cradle ( ! ,human ,race at ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,prehi/oric ,_w4 ,bo/on1 #ahhe40 #hi ,an int]e/+ p>allelism 9 ! developm5t or evolution ( ! idea ( rotation ar\nd a c5tral pole 0 br\ght to my notice by a model 9 ! ,indian ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,x repres5ts ! ,h9du fanatical religi\s rite kn[n z ! 8,*urruck ,puja40 ,f\r individuals are susp5d$ by cords1 ) hooks drawn ?r\gh _! fle%1 to a movable wood5 /ructure l a :eel surm\nt+ a high pole1 simil> to t us$ by ! ,anci5t ,mexican 8fly]s0 7see p4 #bd7 :i* likewise s]v$ z a pivot = ! circl+ motion ( ! p]=m]s4 ,! torture volunt>ily endur$ by ! latt] recalls t accompany+ ! sacr$ sun pole-dance ( c]ta9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian tribes4 ,x is int]e/+ to contra/ ! anci5t ,mexican ref9$ & intellectual symbolization ( circumpol> motion ) ! fanatical & hide\s self-torture associat$ ) ! ,nor? ,am]ican & ,h9du modes ( repres5t+ ! same ph5om5a1 z x ?r[s mu* light on ! developm5t ( c]ta9 sides ( human nature4 #ij ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,goodye>1 f ^: admirable "w1 ! ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 ! above quotations are tak51 rem>ks t 8! my? ( ,horus ris+ f ! lotus1 z f\nd 9 ! ,egyptian texts1 is ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ?is idea & z f> z ,brahmanism is conc]n$1 is mu* ! old]20 also t 8x is possible t ! lotus symbolism ( ,egypt & ,india dates f a race :i* divid$ into sep>ate bran*es2 x is also possible t ! p ( ,india exp]i5c$ ! influ5ce1 direct or indirect1 ( ,egypt40 #ia ,rese>*es into ! orig9 ( ! primitive con/ellations ( ! ,greeks1 ,phnicians & ,babylonians 7,rob]t ,br[n1 jun41 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 ,m4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 vol4 ,i1 #ahii1 p4 #ceg74 #ib ,9 ,assyria we f9d "o ( ! olde/ temples be>+ ! "n ,e-kh>sag-kurkura1 t /amps ! edifice z ! reproduction ( ! 8m\nta9 ( all l&s0 & !re are o!r temples t likewise be> names 9 :i* ! idea ( a m\nta9 is introduc$4444 ,! zikkurat or 8m\nta9-h\se0,e-kur 0 at ,nippur1 ,sipp>1 ,uruk1 ,ur & ,l>sa1 8! c5tre ( a consid]able gr\p ( build+s2 :ile at ,babylon 444 ! temple area ( ,e-sagila mu/ h pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a little city ( itself1 %ut (f f ! re/ ( ! t[n by a wall :i* inv>iably enclos$ ! sacr$ qu>t]40 ,! "n ,e-kur 0 us$ at ,nippur1 by ext5sion1 to d5ote ! entire sacr$ prec9ct :i* conta9$ ! zikkurat or /ag$ t[]1 ! great c\rt :]e wor%ipp]s assembl$1 %r9es & o!r m9or /ructures4 ,! excavations at ,nippur h af=d$ u1 = ! fir/ "t1 a g5]al view ( a sacr$ qu>t] 9 an anci5t ,babylonian city4 ,! ext5t ( ! qu>t] 0 consid]able4 ,dr4 ,pet]s' e/imate is eight acres = ! zikkurat & surr\nd+ /ructures4444 8,a factor t contribut$ l>gely to ! gr[? ( ! sacr$ prec9ct 9 ! l>ge c5tres 0 ! circum/ance t ! political importance ( su* c5tres z ,nippur1 ,laga%1 ,ur1 ,babylon & ,n9eveh l$ ! rul]s to gr\p ar\nd ! wor%ip ( ! *ief deity1 ! cult ( ! m9or ones :o con/itut$ ! family or c\rt ( ! *ief god40 ,a 8li/ ( temples 9 ,laga%1 rec5tly publi%$ by ,s*eil1 444 furni%es ! "n ( no less ?an ?irte5 sacr$ edifices1 & we are c]ta9 t z _m z f\r or five small] *apels surr\nd$ ! prec9ct 9 :i* /ood ! great temple ,e-n9nu 4440 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit474 #ic ,^! facts %$ additional light & int]e/ ^u ! ,mt4 ,m]u ( ,india1 :]e ! ,brahmans s\ght union ) _! god ,brahma4 #id 8,diodorus ,siculus ma9ta9s t ! ,e-kur 0 employ$ z an a/ronomical obs]vatory4 ,! antiquity ( ,babylonian a/ronomy is indicat$ by ! te/imony ( ,simplicius & ,porphyrius :o relate t ,calli/h5es1 ! companion ( ,alex&] ! ,great dur+ 8 campaigns1 br\ght back f ,babylon & communicat$ to ,ari/oteles a s]ies ( obs]vations :i* _h be5 made !re = a p]iod ( #a1ijc ye>s4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,*aldans mu/ h begun to make a/ronomical notes m ?an #b1bjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x /&s inde$ to reason t !y mu/ h made obs]vations dur+ c\ntless c5turies1 s9ce !y discov]$ ! ,s>os1 kn[n z ! ,*aldan p]iod ( #fehc-a_/c days1 :i* s]v$ = ! pr$iction ( eclipses & 7 also acqua9t$ ) ! precession ( ! equ9oxes40 #ie ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ tells u t ! "n ,%ama% m]ely signifies vassal or s]vitor4 ,i v5ture to po9t out :at is d\btlessly a fact famili> to ,assyriologi/s1 t ! "n closely resembles ! ,babylonian-,assyrian "n ,%ameheav51 ! equival5t ( ! ,sum]ian an1 a ^w ( :i* ! mo/ anci5t cunei=m signs 7 f\r cross$ l9es1 =m+ eight l9es proce$+ f a common c5tre4 #if ,a /rik+ corroboration ( ! view t ,*9a d]iv$ its civilization f ,asia ,m9or is af=d$ by ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,assyrian ,anu & ! ,*9ese ,%ang1 bo? signify+ ,heav51 & ! ,assyrian ,ea & ,*9ese ,lea1 bo? appli$ to 8! ,bel[40 #ig ,an analytical /udy ( ! ,babylonian & ,assyrian div9ities enum]at$ 9 ,pr(essor ,ja/r['s h&-book enables u to detect "s ( ! natural associations ( ideas t influ5c$ ! =mation ( "o artificial !ological sy/em aft] ano!r1 all spr++ f a s+le root4 ,! fundam5tal realization ( ! anti!sis ( light & d>kness giv+ rise to ! division ( ! univ]se into two di/9ct p>ts1 ! conception ( an et]nal antagonism betwe5 bo? foll[$ & l$ to ! /age ( ?\ght set =? by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,br[n :o tells u 7op4 cit47 t 8! orig9al tw9s 7 ! ,sun & ,moon0 & t an ar*aic cosmogonic leg5d atta*$ to ! ?ird mon? ( ,kas 7tw9s7 is t ( two ho/ile bre?r5 & ! build+ ( ! fir/ city4 ,! great tw9-bre?r5 :o jo9 toge!r to build ! city are ! ,sun & ,moon1 engag$ 9 pres]v+ cosmic ord] yet also con/antly antagoni/ic to ea* o!r & :o con/antly *ase ea* o!r1 "o be+ up :5 ! o!r is d[n4 ,mr4 ,br[n also relates ! my? ( antagoni/ic satraps ,nam>os & ,p>sondas & /ates t1 9 ! tw9 />s1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 nam$ by ! ,euphrateans ! great ,tw9s,ma/ab-bagal-gal1 ! ,sun & ,moon 7 re-duplicat$4 ,! ,euphratean abbreviation is mastw9 or mas-mas1 & ,pollux is equat$ ) ! f\r? ant$iluvian k+ ,amm5on1 a "n d]iv$ f ,akkadian3 umun(fspr+1 anheav5 i4 e4 ! ,sun1 8! son or (fspr+ ( heav540 #ih 8,!re are reasons = believ+1 h[ev]1 t ,s>panitum1 ! (fspr+-produc+ goddess once enjoy$ consid]able importance ( h] own2 t1 prior to ! rise ( ,m>duk to 8 supreme position1 a goddess 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,babylon1 "o ( ^: special functions x 0 to protect ! prog5y :ile /ill 9 ! "m's womb4 ,a late k+ ( ,babylon1 ! great ,nebu*adnezz>1 appeals to ?is attribute ( ! goddess4 ,to h] 0 also attribut$ ! possession ( k conceal$ f m54444 ,a late rul] ( ,babylon1 ,%ama%-,%umu-k91 calls h] #8! que5 ( ! gods' & decl>es himself to h be5 nom9at$ by h] to "l x ov] m50 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 p4 #abb74 ,! foll[+ extracts f ,assyrian pray]s address$ to ,i%t> fur!r def9e h] position at "o "t3 8,! produc]1 que5 ( heav51 ! glori\s lady4 ,to ! "o :o dwells 9 ,e-babb>a4444 ,to ! que5 ( ! gods to :om has be5 entru/$ ! comm&s ( ! great gods4 ,to ! lady ( ,n9eveh4444 ,to ! daught] ( ,s91 ! tw9-si/] ( ,%ama%1 rul+ ov] all k+doms4 ,:o issues decrees1 ! goddess ( ! univ]se4444 ,besides !e !re is no guid+ deity44440 #ii ,z an illu/ration ( ! ideas connect$ ) ,a/>te x is int]e/+ to note t fi% & doves1 inhabitants ( ! sea & air1 became h] sacr$ emblems4 ,! horns :i* %e is sometimes repres5t$ z we>+ seem to be n only symbolical ( ! moon1 b also to be a remnant ( a m anci5t =m ( symbolism :i* associat$ ! goddess ) ! c[4 ,x is /at$ t1 9 ,canaan1 ,a/>te 0 repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a c[ & x w be %[n t1 9 ! ,egyptian zodiac ,pol>is & ,ursa ,major 7 repres5t$ "u ! =m ( a bull or c[ or its ?igh4 ,! eye pa9t$ on ! pr[ ( ! %ip 0 also a symbol ( ! goddess1 an int]e/+ fact consid]+ t ! eye expresses a /> among o!r primitive p4 #ajj ,book ,v1 ,*aps4 ,,viii-,x4 #aja 8,t ! ,hebrew & ,babylonian traditions ( ! ,creation spr+ f a common s\rce is s evid5t z to require no fur!r pro(4 ,! agreem5ts are too close to be accid5tal4 ,at ! same "t ! v>iations 9 detail po9t to an indep5d5t elaboration ( ! traditions on ! "p ( ! ,hebrews & ,babylonians4444 ,x is 9 ,babylonia t ! ?\ght w\ld naturally arise ( mak+ ! _w beg9 ) ! close ( ! /orms & ra9s 9 ! spr+4 ,! ,t]ahites mu/1 !re=e1 h br\ght ^? cosmological traditions ) !m ^u migrat+ f ! ,euphrates ,valley to ! ,jordan di/rict4444 ,! int]c\rse1 political & comm]cial1 betwe5 ,pale/9e & ,mesopotamia 0 un9t]rupt$4444 ,! s-call$ ,babylonian exile br\ght ,hebrews & ,babylonians once m side by side4444 ,a direct borr[+ ( traditions f ! ,babylonians has n tak5 place & :ile ! ,babylonian records are 9 all probability mu* old] ?an ! ,hebrew1 ! latt] aga9 conta9 elem5ts1 z ,gunkel has %[n1 ( a m primitive "* ?an ! ,babylonian production4 ,?is relation%ip c only satisfactorily be expla9$ on ! assumption t ! ,hebrews possess$ ! traditions ^u :i* ,g5esis n>rative re/s1 long be=e ! ,babylonian exile1 :5 ! /ory appe>s1 inde$1 to h receiv$ its f9al & pres5t %ape4444 ,yahwe is assign$ ! rle ( ,bel-,m>duk1 ! division ( ! "w ( creation into six days is def9itely made & "s fur!r modifications introduc$ 4440 7,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 pp4 #deb-dec74 #ajb ,dr4 von ,lus*an 7op4 cit4 p4 #bb7 translates ?is cunei=m sign1 :i* exi/s 9 ,babylonian & ,assyrian =ms1 z 8,sieb5e9igkeit0 & emphasizes ! fact t x is employ$ 9 ! s+ul> =m4 ,! inf]5ce t x may designate n only ! ,pleiades b m probably ,ursa ,major corroborates ! view t ! my/ic numb] sev5 impress$ itself ^u ! human m9d by its association ) ! ,sept5triones4 #ajc ,! fact t ! m\nta9 0 ! symbol ( ! c5tre ( ! e>? & ( ,bel1 ?r[s light ^u ! mean+ ( ! clay cones :i* 7 8v common votive objects 9 ,babylonia especially 9 ! e>li] p]iods40 ,!y w\ld h be5 appropriately us$ 9 ! cult ( ,baal1 ! p]sonification ( ! male pr9ciple1 & are inde$ usually repres5t$ z (f]$ by male wor%ipp]s4 ,t ! cones 9 "s cases repres5t$ ! conical bun* ( ! male blossom ( ! palm tree may also be conjectur$4 #ajd ,an int]e/+ complem5t to ?is is furni%$ by ! texts ( oracul> messages s5t by ! goddess ,i%t> to ,k+ ,a%urbanapal :o seems to h be5 a f]v5t disciple ( ! !ological s*ool ( ,arbela4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 ! k+'s army 0 9 a pr$icam5t1 ,i%t> appe>s at night & decl>es3 8,i walk 9 front ( ,a%urbanapal1 ! k+1 :o is ! creation ( my h&s40 ,on ano!r occasion ! oracle-giv+ m$ium reports to ! k+3 8,i%t>1 dwell+ 9 ,arbela1 came ) quiv]s hung on h] "r & left sides ) a b[ 9 h] h& & gird$ ) a po9t$ un%ea!d sword4 ,be=e !e i4 e4 ! k+ %e /ood & l ! "m t bore !e ) mat]nal k9dness ,i%t>1 supreme among ! gods1 address$ !e comm&+3 #8,be enc\rag$ lit]ally1 look up = ! fray4 ,:]ev] ?\ art1 ,i am4' 0 ,! images ( ,a%ur aim+ 8 arr[ & ,i%t> ) an un%ea!d po9t$ sword recall ! biblical description ( ! flam+ sword :i* turn$ e way1 to keep ! way ( ! tree ( life 7,g5esis ,,iii74 #aje ,x is int]e/+ to trace to ! same orig9 ! 8quadriga0 :i* may well h be5 associat$ ) ! 8primitive sun0,pol>is1 be=e supreme sov]eignty 0 transf]r$ to ,phbus1 ! diurnal sun1 by ! vot>ies ( ! cult ( ,light4 #ajf ,i am pleas$ to be able1 at ! la/ mom5t1 to ins]t ! foll[+ int]e/+ po9ts p]sonally communicat$ to me by ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge3 ,9 remote/ antiquity two my?ical m\nta9s m>k$ ! two divisions ( ! l&3 ,bakhan1 situat$ to ! s\!a/1 & ,manu1 situat$ to ! nor?we/4 ,! latt]1 l ! m\nta9 ,m]u ( ,india1 0 ! abode ( ! bless$1 t[>ds :i* ! s\ls ( ! dead set out f ,abydos & :]e et]nal re/ 0 to be f\nd4 ,! curi\s connection betwe5 ! nor?mehta & ! we/am5ta1 :i* ,i h %[n to h prevail$ 9 anci5t ,mexico :]e ! nor? is nam$ ,mictlan & 9 ,yucatan :]e ,aman signifies nor?1 is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! exclamation or exhortation to ! s\l1 con/antly met ) 9 ! ,egyptian ,book ( ! ,dead3 ,er-am5tetto ! hidd5 l&6 i4 e41 ! nor?we/4 #ajg ,!saurus ,inscriptionem gyptiac>um ,,ii1 p4 #bab4 #ajh ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,egyptian1 ,london1 #ahih4 ,i am ma9ly indebt$ to ?is useful book & o!r publications by ! same au?or = ! ,egyptian words cit$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,an int]e/+ po9t1 p]sonally communicat$ to me by ,dr4 ,wallis ,budge1 is t ! c>d9al po9ts 9 ,egypt 7 locat$ diagonally1 a me?od :i* is %[n to h also exi/$ 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica by ! diagonal ori5tation ( numb]less pyramids & build+s4 #aji ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,london1 #ahif4 #aaj ,ref]5ce is made to ano!r translation ( ! hymn 9 ! 8,records ( ! ,pa/10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #abg-acf1 & to ,grbaut1 ,hymne ,ammon ,ra4 #aaa ,fir/ /eps 9 ,egyptian1 ,mr4 ,wallis ,budge1 p4 #bce4 #aab ,an extremely int]e/+ in/ance ( ! h& be+ actually figur$ betwe5 ! sun & ! moon1 i4 e4 z ! symbol ( ! ,middle1 is to be se5 on ! ,phnician tablet to ,baal ,hamman & ,tanitla1 f ,c>?age1 pres]v$ at ! ,briti% ,museum & figur$ by ,mr4 ,goodye>1 fig4 #fd1 #a4 ,above ! h& is a gr\p ( symbols consi/+ ( two ,s-%ap$ signs1 resembl+ ! ,mexican picture ( ,ursa ,major4 ,betwe5 ^! is a pyramid & above ?is a sev5-petall$ conv5tionaliz$ fl[]1 :i* %\ld be comp>$ ) fig4 #fd1 #c1 a copy ( ! famili> fl[] on ! sacr$ tree ( ! ,assyrians4 ,9 fig4 #fd1 #b1 copi$ f ano!r ,phnician tablet 7,goodye>71 ! fl[] occupies ! c5tral position betwe5 two h&s2 ! latt] tak+ ! places ( sun & moon 9 ! tablet #a1 an int]e/+ detail consid]+ ! in/ances cit$1 %[+ t dual rul]%ip 0 indiscrim9ately associat$ ) 8"r & left h&0 or 8! sun & moon40 #aac ,x is rem>kable t ! s\nd ( ! ,lat9 ^w = ramaries1 s closely resembles ! ,egyptian symbols = ,am5-,ra 7see fig4 #fc1 #a-d7 & t ! am & ar syllables occur 9 ! foll[+ names = ram or %eep1 appli$ to ! zodiacal con/ellation3 ,al ,hamal! %eep 7,arabic74 ,b>a! ram 7,p]sian74 ,amru! ram 7,syrian74 ,v>ak! ram 7,p>si74 #aad ,! inscription on ?is monum5t1 :i* also exhibits ! portrait /atue ( ,am5ophis ,,iii1 is ( p>ticul> int]e/ z x /ates t ! temple ( ,saleb1 built by ! k+1 0 8v wide & l>ge 444 its t[]s rea*$ to ! sky1 & ! flag/affs unit$ !mselves ) ! />s ( heav50 7see (ficial catalogue ( ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 p4 #abb74 ,?is appe>s to indicate t ! flag/affs 7 employ$ = purposes ( a/ronomical obs]vations4 #aae ,! ideas associat$ ) ! =m ( a lion c\*ant are be/ le>n$ f ! foll[+ passages f ! ,bible3 8,he c\*$1 he lay d[n z a lion & z a great lion2 :o %all /ir him up80 7,numb]s ,,xxiv1 #i1 see also ,g5esis ,,xlix1 #i74 ,x is only by ! light af=d$ by su* insights into ea/]n contemporane\s ?\ght t ! mean+ ( ! ,egyptian sph9x c be 9 "s measure und]/ood4 #aaf ,i address ! qu]y to ,egyptologi/s3 :e!r !re are any indications ( a common id5tity ( s\nd 9 ! ,egyptian ^w = be>d & same "n1 d5ot+ rule or p[]1 simil> to t exi/+ 9 ! ,maya language betwe5 8ah-meex0be>d$ man & 8ah-mek-tan0 gov]nor1 rul] 7see p4 #bcb74 #aag ,! some:at p]plex+ allusions to ! 8div9e m>riage0 ( ,isis to h] fa!r or bro!r & to h] giv+ bir? to h] own "m1 z 9 ! above text1 are v naturally expla9$ by ! fact t ! successive (ficiat+ k+-high-prie/ always p]sonifi$ ,ra-,osiris or ! ,sun & ! que5 ,isis-,so?is-,ha?or & ! ,moon or ,sirius4 ,! female *ild to :om ! que5 gives bir? 0 de/9$ to be h] successor & ano!r p]sonification ( ,isis1 !re=e %e c\ld be said to h giv5 bir? to h] own "m1 s9ce1 l ! latt]1 ! *ild w\ld be an ,isis4 ,9 ! same way ! que5 c\ld be said to m>ry h] fa!r & bro!r1 z1 l h]self1 ! k+ 0 ! (fspr+ ( a div9e union & bore 8 fa!r's title4 ,9 connection ) ! cu/om ( ! male ,horus nam+ ! 8"y sun0 & ! female ,horus ! "y /> or moon1 x is notewor?y t ! son & daught] ( ,an?ony & ,cleopatra1 :o us$ to assume ! insignia ( ,isis on /ate occasions1 7 giv5 ! ,greek surnames ( ,helios & ,sel5e4 #aah ,x is extremely curi\s & int]e/+ t ! ,incas1 ! civiliz]s ( ,p]u1 also set up a disk ( gold z ! image ( ! ,creator & plac$ x betwe5 images ( ! sun & moon4 ,we also f9d ! ,inca ,ccapac ,yupanqui1 l ,am5hotep1 deplor+ ! spread ( idolatry & image-wor%ip z a mis=tune to 8 vassals & a sorr[ to himself4 ,x is record$ ( ano!r ,inca t1 z a wise measure he de/roy$ all writ+1 presumably picture & rebus writ+1 z calculat$ to mislead 8 p by a multiplication ( symbols4 ,x is an int]e/+ reflection :i* our increas$ k ( ! primitive civilization ( ,egypt enables u to make1 t ! organization ( ,p]u1 "u ,inca rule1 mu/ h closely resembl$ t ( ,egypt 9 remote/ antiquity1 at its primitive /age ( developm5t1 :5 simplicity1 h>mony & equilibrium exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! 8cele/ial k+dom40 #aai ,! foll[+ deta*$ extracts1 p>tly f ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,h9ckley ,all5's valuable "w1 %\ld be c>efully /udi$ 9 connection ) ! above text1 z !y ?r[ fur!r light ^u ! ideas associat$ ) ! sacr$ c5tres ( heav5 & e>? by nations ) :om ! ,greeks 7 9 t\*4 8,to ! :ole ,arabian nation1 hea!n or ,mahomm$an1 ,pol>is 0 ,alfass1 ! hole 9 :i* ! e>?'s axle f\nd its be>+0 7p4 #dea74 ,! foll[+ important mat]ial p]ta9s to ! *apt] on ,india1 ( ^: insuffici5cy ,i am pa9fully aw>e4 8,9 e>lie/ ,nor!rn ,india ! /> ne>e/ ! pole 0 kn[n z ,grahadh>a1 #8! pivot ( ! planets1' repres5t+ ! great god ,dhruva1 & ,al ,biruni said t among ! ,h9dus ( 8 "t x 0 ,dhruva himself4 ,x 0 an object ( _! wor%ip0 7p4 #def74 ,9 ,b\rn\f's ,bhagavata-prana 7*ap4 ,,iv7 x is said t 8,dhruva1 m$itat+ on ,brahma1 /ood on "o foot1 motionless z a po/2 :ile he did s half ! _w1 w\nd$ by 8 big toe1 b5t ov] "u 8 weight l a boat :i*1 be>+ a vigor\s elephant1 leans at ea* /ep he takes1 f left to "r40 ,o',neil1 cit+ ! same s\rce cont9ues3 8,9 consequ5ce ( 8 au/]ities ,bhagavat said #8,i grant !e virtu\s ,*ild1 a ,spot :i* has nev] yet be5 occupi$ by any be+1 a ,spot blaz+ ) spl5dor1 ( :i* ! gr\nd is firm1 :]e is fix$ ! circus ( ! cele/ial lights1 ( ! planets1 con/ellations & />s2 :i* turn all ar\nd l ox5 r\nd _! /ake1 & :i* ! ,spot subsi/s motionless ev5 aft] ! ,dwell]s ( a ,kalpa a day & night ( ,brahm i4 e4 #d1cbj1jjj1jjj ye>s h disappe>$4 ,ar\nd ?is ,spot !re turn ) ! />s & leav+ x on _! "r1 ,dh>ma1 ,agni1 ,kasyapa & ,sakra & ! ,solit>ies :o live 9 ! ,=e/' 4440 7p4 #hja74 ,accord+ to ! ,vi%nu-purna3 8,z ,dhruva turns1 he causes sun1 moon & o!r planets to turn r\nd also1 & ! lun> a/]isms foll[ 9 8 circul> c\rse1 = all ! cele/ial lights are 9 fact b\nd to ! ,pol> /> by arial cords0 7,vi%nu-purna1 see ,o',neil1 p4 #ejc74 ,x is in/ructive to comp>e ^! descriptions ( ,dhruva ) ! ,akkadian-,sum]ian hymn to ,i%t>1 :om ,i h id5tifi$ z ! female =m ( ,pol>is 7p4 #cdb74 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,sayce x beg9s3 8,?\ :o z ! axis ( ! heav5s dawne/4 ,9 ! dwell+s ( ! e>? h] "n revolves0 7,o',neil1 p4 #gae74 ,o',neil fur!r notes t 8,dhruva is nam$ ! sun ( ,uttna-,pda0 & t ?is "n is connect$ ) utt>atnor? & also signifies out/ret*$1 sup9e4 ,he also /ates t 8,utt>a & ,utt> 0 ! dual god ( ! nor?1 ! son & daught] ( ,virta1 & expresses ! op9ion t ! age ( ! ,dhruva leg5d is unutt]able0 7p4 #ejc74 ,accord+ to ano!r ,sanscrit leg5d3 8,at "o "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! creation an attempt 0 made by ,visvamitra to locate a s\!rn pole & ano!r be> 9 positions correspond+ to ! nor!rn1 ?is pole pass+ ?r\gh ! isl& ,lumka or ,vadavmukha 7,ceylon70 7,all51 p4 #dcf74 ,pr(essor ,sayce writes3 8,9 e>ly ,sum]ian days1 ! heav5 0 believ$ to re/ ^u ! peak ( #8! m\nta9 ( ! _w' 9 ! f> nor!a/1 :]e ! gods _h _! habitations 7cf4 ,isa4 ,,xiv1 #ac7 ! m\nt ( congregation 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! nor?1 :ile an ocean or #8deep' encircl$ ! e>? :i* re/$ ^u its surface40 ,von ,h]d] ref]r$ to x z 8,albordz1 ! dazzl+ m\nta9 on :i* 0 held ! assembly ( ! gods1 & id5tifi$ x ) ! holy m\nta9 ( ,god10 allud$ to 9 ! ,book ( ! ,prophet ,ezekiel ,,xxviii1 #ad2 & ,pr(essor ,:itney quot$ f ! sixty-second v]se ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,surya ,siddhanta1 8! m\nta9 :i* is ! seat ( ! gods0 & f ! ?irty-f\r? v]se ( ! twelf? *apt]3 8,a collection ( manifold jewels1 a m\nta9 ( gold1 is ,m]u1 pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! e>?-globe1 & protrud+ on ei!r side20 comm5t+ on :i* he says3 ! 8seat ( ! gods0 is ,m\nt ,m]u1 situat$ at ! ,nor? ,pole 7p4 #deb74 #abj ,i likewise deeply regret t x is only s9ce ! la/ pages ( ! pres5t inve/igation h be5 9 pro(1 t a rem>kable "w1 full ( valuable mat]ial relat+ to ! univ]sal spread ( pole-/> wor%ip & symbolism1 0 p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ to me by a di/+ui%$ fell[ ar*ologi/4 ,_h ,i realiz$ be=e ?is ! great value ( ! late ,john ,o',neil's 8,! ,night ( ! ,gods0 7,david ,nutt1 ,london1 #ahig71 z a comp5dium1 ! result ( ye>s ( consci5ti\s & pa9/ak+ labor1 ,i %\ld h made ext5sive use ( x & %\ld h be5 able to make my survey ( ! anci5t civilizations ( ! ,old ,_w f> m complete & my mat]ial m conv9c+4 ,z x is1 ,i c only w>mly recomm5d ! "w to all int]e/$ 9 ! pres5t inve/igation1 :o w see = !mselves ! widely diff]5t po9ts ( view f :i* our respective rese>*es h be5 c>ri$ out b w probably be /ruck ) ! id5tity ( "s ( our views4 ,i %\ld l to express "h my ke5 realization ( ! _m blund]s & omissions ,i h probably made 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t inve/igation1 :i* c>ri$ me1 reluctantly1 into fields ( rese>* :]e ,i felt myself to be a /rang]4 ,9 view ( ! disadvantages "u :i* ,i h labor$1 "u pressure ( "t & a frequ5t inability to obta9 all ! books ,i wi%$ to consult1 ,i rely ^u ! l5i5cy ( speciali/s & ^u _! k9dly communicat+ to me ! faults !y detect1 s t ,i may avoid !m 9 future publications4 #aba 8,! ,c5tury ,diction>y has a !ory z to ! orig9 ( ! idea ( a ,be> = ! sev5 />s1 d\btless f its editor1 ,pr(essor ,:itney1 t seems plausible1 at all ev5ts s*ol>ly4 ,x is t _! ,sanscrit designation1 ,rik%a1 signifies1 9 two diff]5t g5d]s1 #8a be>' & #8a />1' #8bright' or #8to %9e2' h5ce a title1 ! ,sev5 ,%9]s1--to t x w\ld appe> to h come1 by "s confusion ( s\nd ( ! two words1 among a p n famili> ) ! s\nd0 7p4 #dbd74 8,lat] on ,rik%a 0 conf\nd$ ) ,ri%i1 & s connect$ ) ! ,sev5 ,sages or ,poets ( ,india4 ,al ,biruni devot$ a *apt] ( 8 "w on ,india to ! sev5 />s ( ,ursa ,major kn[n z ,sapt> ,%ay>1 ! sev5 ,an*orites0 7,all574 ,i draw att5tion "h to ! curi\s fact t ! ,sanscrit v]b to seeik% is ne>ly homonym\s ) rik%a & t !re=e1 9 ,sanscrit1 ! association ( a /> ) ! eyeak%an1 t seesik%1 mu/ h be5 a v close "o & sugge/$ ! employm5t ( ! eye z a symbol = />4 ,9 connection ) ! ,sanscrit rik%a x is curi\s to note t1 9 ,japanese1 riki means p[]1 viz41 j9-riki-%aman--p[]-wagon2 & ha%a or r9%awagon or wa94 ,! foll[+ extract f "o ( ! hymns 9 ! olde/ ,v$a1 ! ,brahmna1 :i* 8m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! philosophical cre$ ( ! ,v$ic p]iod10 is p>ticul>ly significant :5 comp>$1 n only ) ! prec$+ association ( ,ursa ,major ) ! sev5 sages ( ,india1 b also ) ,plato's cosmological doctr9es3 8,i h beheld ! ,"l ( ,m510 "o poet writes1 8) sev5 sons1 ( :i* delightful & b5evol5t deity :o is ! object ( our invocation1 !re is an all-p]vad+ middle bro!r & a ?ird bro!r4444 ,!y yoke ! sev5 to ! "o :eel$ c>2 "o horse nam$ sev5 be>s x along2 ! ?ree-axl$ :eel is undecay+1 nev] loos5$ & 9 x all ^! regions ( ! univ]se abide4444 ,immature1 undisc]n+ 9 m9d1 ,i inquire ( ^? ?+s :i* are hidd5 f ! gods cf4 ,hymn to ,am5-,ra1 p4 #chh1 :]e ! same expression is us$1 ! sev5 ?reads :i* ! sages h spread to envelop ! sun 9 :om all abide0 7,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia1 article ,india74 #abb ,fig4 #gb1 #a1 is ref]r$ to on p4 #cai4 #abc ,! orig9al "n = ,phrygia is said to h be5 ,askanios1 f ,askanios its fir/ rul]4 ,! c5otaph ( ,midas is built 9 ! rock at ,jazylykaia1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,kumbet1 :]e o!r simil>ly decorat$ royal tombs exi/4 #abd ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to le>n :e!r ! ,arabian title ,om-al-k>a1 8! "m ( cities10 has ev] be5 connect$ ) ,roma by inve/igators4 #abe ,x is recall$ "h t ! tw9 bro!rs ,romulus & ,remus are suppos$ to h be5 ! issue ( ! union1 9 ! temple ( ,m>s1 ( ! ve/al virg9 ,rhea ,silvia ) a p]sonification ( ! god ,m>s4 #abf ,! recurr5ce ( ! squ>e plan1 employ$ 9 ,babylonia & ,egypt 7see pp4 #ccc & #cfi71 is notewor?y4 #abg ,9 c\rse ( "t ea* ,roman civitas1 or political canton or community1 possess$ su* 8a c5tre1 :i* 0 t]m$ capitolium1 i4 e4 ! height1 f be+ orig9ally fix$ on a height or hill-top1 correspond+ to ! ,greek akra4 ,r\nd ?is /ronghold ( ! canton1 :i* =m$ ! nucleus ( ! e>lie/ ,lat9 t[ns1 h\ses sprang up1 :i* 7 9 turn surr\nd$ by ! oppidum or ! urbs 7r+-wall connect$ ) urbus1 curvus1 orbis72 h5ce1 9 lat] times1 oppidum & urbs became1 naturally en\gh1 ! recogniz$ designations ( t[n & city40--,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia4 #abh ,diocletian 7,a4,d4 #bib7 reviv$ dual rul]%ip & quadruplicate organization by in/itut+ ! quadruple hi]>*y ( two ,augu/i & two ,cs>s4 ,! preval5ce ( quadruplicate division ) curr5t cosmical conceptions is %[n by ! foll[+ text3 8,! usual =m ( tak+ an augury 0 v solemn2 ! augur asc5d+ a t[]1 be>+ 9 8 h& a curv$ /ick call$ a litus4 ,he turn$ 8 face to ! ea/ & m>k$ out "s di/ant objects z ! limits )9 :i* he w\ld make 8 obs]vations & divid$ m5tally ! enclos$ space into f\r divisions4444 ,he next 444 pray$ & (f]$ sacrifices44440 8,we le>n f 444 ! augur ,cic]o t :ile ! ,romans only _h f\r divisions to _! heav5s-templum1 ! ,etruscans _h sixte51 obta9$ by bisect+ & rebisect+ ! f\r angles0 7,o',neil1 p4 #dcc74 #abi ,! cult ( ,i%t>,isis1 associat$ ) my/]y & ( ,s]apis,osiris1 _h be5 in/itut$ 9 ,rome by ,domitian 7,a4,d4 #hb7 :o caus$ temples to be built = !m4 ,curi\s in/ances ( ! spread ( ! cults ( o!r c\ntries ?r\gh\t ! ,roman empire h come "u my p]sonal notice4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,bonn1 ,g]many1 !re is a ,roman tomb/one ! inscription on :i* consi/s ( a :eel above ! "n ,jovis1 ! association ( ,jove ) ! :eel1 be+ v rem>kable & significant 9 connection ) ! pres5t subject4 ,at ,nmes 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 a curi\s /atue ( ,mi?ra 0 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ! ,roman city4 ,x consi/s ( a ,h]mes1 surm\nt$ by a hairy1 dog-l face4 ,a great s]p5t is w\nd ar\nd ! ,h]mes1 ! signs ( ! zodiac be+ sculptur$ betwe5 ! coils4 ,9 ! light ( ! pres5t inve/igation ! mean+ ( ! symbolical /atue seems too obvi\s to require explanation4 ,x is /range t ! recollection ( see+ ?is /atue at ! age ( n9e ) my fa!r1 :o po9t$ out & expla9$ ! signs ( ! zodiac to me1 is "o ( ! mo/ vivid ( my *ildhood4 #acj ,! curi\s association ( ! numb] sev5 ) ,/oneh5ge 9 gypsy folk-lore1 :i* possibly conta9s ve/iges ( ,druidical folk-lore1 is br\ght out by ,r4 ,g4 ,haliburton 9 8 pap] on 8,gypsy folk-lore z to ,/oneh5ge10 to :i* ,i ref] ! read]4 #aca ,9 ! case ( ,mayapan1 ,yucatan1 ! practical use ( analog\s c\ncil-h\ses is describ$ 7p4 #bji74 ,! ,iri% t[] & sev5 h\ses are rem>kably 9 accord ) ! s*eme ( organization us$ 9 anci5t ,greece :]e1 at ,t5os1 ea* g5s 0 kn[n z 8a t[]0 & ea* g5s1 z well z its t[n1 0 divid$ into at lea/ sev5 p>ts 7p4 #def74 #acb ,john ,spe$ relates t "o ( ! k+s ( ,k5t1 nam$ ,catig]a1 80 int]r$ ^u a pla9 :]e 8 monum5t vulg>ly call$ #8citscoteh\se1' consi/$ ( f\r /ones pit*$ 9 ! mann] ( ! /oneh5ge40 ,x is tempt+ to see 9 ! f\r /ones 8pit*$0 ar\nd ! grave1 ! und]ly+ ?\ght ( a re/+-place 9 ! cosmical c5tre1 ( ! symboliz$ f\r qu>t]s1 & to view ! prehi/oric crosses ( ,irel& & ,scotl& z emblematic ( ! ,middle & ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 associat$ ) secret pole-/> & cosmical cult & employ$ z symbols ( "t & ( quadruplicate gov]nm5t4 #acc ,celi-,c$ & ! cult ( ! wr54 ,!osophical review1 ,june #ae1 #aijj4 #acd ,light is ?r[n ^u ! possible conception ( ,ursa ,major z ,?or's wagon & ! mo/ primitive =m ( *>iots 9 g5]al by ! ar*aic *>iot ( /ate us$1 to ?is day1 9 ,corea & =m]ly 9 ,japan4 ,x is "o-:eel$ & ! seat1 de/9$ = "o p]son1 is plac$ high above ! s+le :eel & re/s ^u two long poles1 ! ends ( :i* project 9 front & beh9d4 ,f\r m5 are requir$ to support & pu% ?is *>iot ( /ate1 a f9e example ( :i* has lately be5 secur$ = ! ,museum ( ,salem1 ,mass41 by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,s4 ,morse4 #ace ,x is ) ke5e/ int]e/ t ,i look =w>d to le>n+1 f ! di/+ui%$ ar*ologi/s ( ,sw$51 among :om ,i h ! honor ( hav+ highly-e/eem$1 p]sonal fri5ds1 h[ f> _! obs]vation & deep] k lead !m to ent]ta9 views ,i h advanc$ conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! swa/ika & ! influ5ce ( pole-/> wor%ip ^u ! developm5t ( primitive religion & social organization4 ,x is f !m t ,i expect in=mation z to ! relation ( ! prehi/oric inhabitants ( ,sc&9avia to ! anci5t c5tres ( civilization :i* h be5 discuss$4 #acf ,hewitt /ates 7p4 #ij7 t1 8x 0 successively immigrat+ races f ! ,nor? 444 :o plac$ a k+ at ! head ( ! conf$]at$ prov9ces =m$ f _! conf$]at$ villages4444 ,! conf$]ate =m ( ^! k+doms is %[n 9 su* names z ,*uttisgurh :i* means ! #cf gurhs or unit$ prov9ces4 ,b ! f9al consolidat$ =m ( ! pre-,aryan ,indian village 0 t fram$ by ! ,ku%ites4 ,x 0 !y :o plac$ ! royal prov9ce 9 ! c5tre ( ! k+dom4444 ,x 0 on ^! pr9ciples t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,ooraon village ( ,*ota ,nagpore 0 con/ruct$4 ,! ,ooraon =m ( village gov]nm5t is t :i* has be5 pres]v$ ) less alt]ation f subsequ5t invad]s ?an t ( any o!r "p ( ,india1 = ! ,ooraons1 ,mundas1 ,ho-kals & ,bhuyas h always be5 able1 "u ! protection ( _! m\nta9 fa/nesses1 _! political organization & _! natural love ( indep5d5ce1 to keep _! c\ntry free f ! int]f]5ce ( ! hat$ ,sadhs1 ! "n by :i* !y call ! ,h9dus4 ,b ^! p1 :o repell$ & held !mselves alo( f lat] invad]s 7 ( no less =eign orig9 ?an ^? :o succe$$ !m1 = !y 7 all =m$ by ! union ) ! matri>*al ,au/ralioids & patri>*al ,mongols or ,f9ni% & o!r ,nor!rn /ocks1 mo/ ( :om 7 =m$ into conf$]at$ tribes ( artisans & agriculturi/s 9 ,asia ,m9or & x 0 f ! s\!rn "p ( ,asia ,m9or or ,nor!rn ,pale/9e1 t ! ,ooraons came4 ,!y !mselves say t !y came f ,we/]n ,india1 f ! l& ( ,ruhidas ! l& ( ! r$ m51 b ?is means ,syria1 ! c\ntry ^: p 7 call$ ,rot\ by ! ,egyptians1 & !y 7 ! race :o introduc$ b>ley & pl\gh-tillage into ,india & ,*ota ,nagpore40 ,p>ticul> att5tion is drawn to ,wylie's /atem5ts1 quot$ on p4 #cjc1 conc]n+ ! migration ( ,israelites to ,*9a1 via ,p]sia 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #eh-ge7 & ! native record t ,*ri/ianity 0 ! anci5t religion ( ,ta-,ts9,syria4 ,hewitt's id5tification ( ,syria z ! 8r$ l&0 causes ! ,ooraon & ,*9ese traditions to agree 9 assign+ x z ! common s\rce ( orig9 ( _! civilization4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,sayce x 0 8ab\t ,b4,c4 #fjj t ! ,phnicians p5etrat$ to ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,india10 & 8tradition br\ght !m orig9ally f ! ,p]sian ,gulf0 7,anci5t ,empire ( ! ,ea/1 p4 #ahc74 #acg ,! rec5t discov]y1 by ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ( ! mummy ( ,aha-,m5a1 & ( six o!r k+s ( ! fir/ dyna/y1 sugge/s ! possibility t !y may h reign$ simultane\sly & con/itut$ a hept>*y7874 ,al?\gh x w\ld mat]ially affect ,egyptian & ,babylonian-,assyrian *ronology z x n[ /&s1 hi/orians may yet f9d x necess>y to make a revision tak+ into deep] consid]ation ! exi/5ce ( tetr>*ies & hept>*ies 9 :i* a numb] ( k+s & subrul]s reign$ simultane\sly4 #ach ,to assi/ ^! f\r pr9cipal secret>ies are two "u-secret>ies1 "o ,man*u & "o ,*9ese1 & a bo>d ( t5 assi/ants4 ,toge!r1 ^! sixte5 secret>ies divid$ betwe5 two races1 con/itute a gr& secret>iat1 :i* acts z ne>ly z possible z ! cab9et ( ! ,emp]or4 7,missions 9 ,*9a4 ,jas4 ,s4 ,d5nis1 ,d4,d47 #aci ,?is association ( ,t5os ) sev5-fold division is p>ticul>ly sugge/ive because1 9 ,py?agorean philosophy1 ! numb] sev5 0 nam$ ,p>!nos1 ,a!ne1 also ,apollo1 ,h]mes1 ,hephai/os1 ,h]acles1 ,dionysius1 ,rex1 etc4 ,^! div9ities1 ! second & ?ird ( :i* are specially kn[n z patrons ( cities1 appe> 9 a new light :5 x is realiz$ t !y 7 p]sonifications ( ! numb] sev5 &1 by ext5sion1 ( ! sev5-fold cosmos1 /ate & city4 ,on p4 #ddi1 ,plato's division ( ! ,cosmos is cit$4 ,ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy %[s1 h[ev] t ! spuri\s exi/5ce ( f\r or five elem5ts _h n always be5 accept$ 9 ,greece1 t ,?als 7#fdj-eej ,b4,c47 _h laid d[n ! doctr9e ( a s+le et]nal1 orig9al elem5t1 wat] or fluid sub/ance1 & 8assimilat$ ! univ]se to an organiz$ body or sy/em40 ,x5ophans 7#egj-dhj ,b4,c47 conceiv$ 8nature z "o un*angeable & indivisible :ole1 sph]ical1 animat$ 444 p5etrat$ by or inde$ id5tical ) ,god40 ,x is usually accept$ t x 0 ,emp$ocles 7#ddd ,b4,c47 :o fir/ =mulat$ ! elem5ts1 e>?1 air1 fire & wat]1 to :i* lat] philosoph]s add$ a fif?1 ! all-embrac+ !r4 ,9 a lum9\s monograph 7,py?agoras und die ,ind]1 ,leipzig1 #ahhd471 ,pr(essor ,l4 von ,s*ro$]1 ( ,dorpat1 ,russia1 quot+ ! au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]1 ,edw>d ,zell] & ,old5burg1 has conclusively %[n t ! five elem5ts1 e>?1 fire1 wat]1 air & !r 7,sanskrit ka7 already occur 9 ! ,brahmanas2 7 taught 9 ! ,smkhya philosophy ( ! ,kapila & 7 !re=e kn[n 9 ,india at lea/ z f> back z 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! idea ( ! five elem5ts is s famili> to ! ,h9dus at ! pres5t "t t dea? is usually spok5 ( z 8a dissolution into ! five elem5ts10 or a 8go+ ov] into ! ,five40 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]'s conclusion is t ,py?agorean philosophy d]iv$ ! elem5tal divisions f ,india z well z its doctr9e ( transmigration1 etc41 & its sci5ce ( geometry & ( numb]1 m5tion+1 9 support ( ! latt] ass]tion1 ! fact t ,smkya1 ! "n ( ! anci5t ,indian s*ool ( philosophy1 signifies 8numb]10 t its foll[]s 7 !re=e designat$ z 8philosoph]s or tea*]s ( numb]s40 ,at ! same "t ,i po9t out t1 accord+ to ,oliv]1 8a l>ge portion ( ,egyptian philosophy & religion 0 con/ruct$ almo/ :olly ^u ! sci5ce ( numb]s & we are assur$ by ,kir*] 7,o$ip4 ,egypt1 ,,ii1 #b7 t ev]y?+ 9 nature 0 expla9$ on ?is pr9ciple alone40 ,return+ to ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$]'s "w ,i ref] ! read] to pp4 #ei & #fe1 & notes = an extremely int]e/+ discussion ( ! ,greek "n ( ! fif? elem5t t figures 9 ! "w ( ,philolaus1 ! fir/ :o wrote a treatise on ! ,py?agorean sy/em ( philosophy4 ,! "n employ$ has be5 deciph]$ by diff]5t au?orities z 1 1 1 1 1 or 4 ,! int]pretation giv5 is t ! "n 7! fir/ syllable ( :i* recurs 9 ! ^w ,olympus7 signifi$ 8t :i* moves or c>ries ) x ! univ]se40 ,pr(essor von ,s*ro$] sugge/s t ! "n may be a corruption ( ! ,sanscrit "n = !r1 ! all-embrac+ elem5t1 ka4 ,i v5ture to recall "h ! curi\s fact t1 9 anci5t ,mexico1 ! symbol1 enclos+ ! f\r elem5ts1 is always designat$ z ! oll91 a ^w associat$ ) ! idea ( 8movem5t0 & ( lifeyoli4 ,9 8 "w on ! 8,py?agorean ,triangle10 ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,oliv] gives an extremely cle> acc\nt ( ! ,py?agorean philosophy & tells u t its c5tral ?\ght is ! idea ( numb]1 ! recognition ( ! 8num]ical & ma!matical relations ( ?+s44440 8,! ,py?agoreans seem10 says ,ari/otle1 8to h look$ ^u numb] z ! pr9ciple &1 s to speak1 ! matt] ( :i* exi/5ces consi/20 & aga9 8!y suppos$ ! elem5ts ( numb] to be ! elem5ts ( exi/5ce1 & pron\nc$ ! :ole heav5 to be h>mony & numb]40 ,conc]n+ ! univ]se1 l _m e>ly ?9k]s1 z a sph]e1 !y plac$ 9 ! he>t ( x ! c5tral fire to :i* !y gave ! "n ( ,he/ia1 ! he>? or alt> ( ! univ]se1 ! citadel or ?rone ( ,zeus4 ,ar\nd ?is move ! t5 heav5ly bodies 444 ! e>? revolv$ on its own axis4444 ,!y develop$ a li/ ( t5 fundam5tal oppositions3 #a1 limit$ & unlimit$2 #b1 odd & ev52 #c1 "o & _m2 #d1 "r & left2 #e1 mascul9e & fem99e2 #f1 re/ & motion2 #g1 /raight & crook$2 #h1 light & d>kness2 #i1 good & evil4444 ,! union ( opposites 9 :i* consi/s ! exi/5ce ( ?+s is h>mony2 h5ce ! expression t ! :ole heav5 or ! :ole univ]se is h>mony4 ,po9t+ out t x is only by a comb9ation ( odd & ev5 numb]s t a h>moni\s cycle is creat$1 ,i cont9ue to cite f ,mr4 ,oliv]'s "w3 8,! decade1 z ! basis ( ! num]ical sy/em1 appe>$ to !m to compreh5d all o!r numb]s 9 itself1 & to x are appli$1 !re=e1 ! epi!ts quot$ above ( numb] 9 g5]al4 ,simil> language is held ( ! numb] #8f\r' because x is ! fir/ squ>e numb] & is also ! pot5tial decade 7#abcdaj74 ,py?agoras is celebrat$ z ! discov]] ( ! holy #8,tetraktos' ! f\nta9 & root ( ev]-liv+ nature1 or ! ,cosmos consi/+ ( ,fire1 ,air1 ,e>?1 ,wat]1 ! f\r roots ( all exi/+ ?+s4 8,numb]10 says ,philolaus1 8is great & p]fect & omnipot5t1 & ! pr9ciple & guide ( div9e & human life4 ,numb] !n is ! pr9ciple ( ord]1 ! pr9ciple on :i* cosmos or ord]$ _w exi/s40 ,)\t numb] & ! limitation :i* numb] br+s1 !re w\ld only be *aos & ! illimitable1 a ?\ght abhorr5t to ! ,greek m9d4 #adj 8,! f\r ,ionic tribes 7 aboli%$ by ,klei/h5es 7#eaj ,b4,c47 :o creat$1 9 _! place1 t5 new tribes f\nd$ on a new pr9ciple1 indep5d5t ( ! g5tes & phratries4 ,ea* new tribe compris$ a c]ta9 numb] ( demes or cantons ) ! enroll$ proprietors & resid5ts 9 ea* ( !m4 ,ea* tribe _h a *apel1 sacr$ rites & fe/ivals & a common fund = su* meet+s1 9 honor ( its eponym\s h]o1 adm9i/]$ by memb]s ( its own *oice2 & ! /atues ( all ! t5 eponym\s h]oes1 frat]nal patrons ( ! democracy1 7 plant$ 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s "p ( ! agora ( ,a!ns4444 ,! demes tak5 altoge!r1 includ$ ! entire surface ( ,attica4 ,simultane\sly ,klei/h5es divid$ ! ye> into t5 portions call$ ,prytanies1--! fifty s5ators ( ea* tribe tak+ by turns ! duty ( con/ant att5dance dur+ "o prytany & receiv+ dur+ t "t1 ! title ( ,! ,prytanes4 ,! ord] ( prec$5ce among ! tribes 9 ^! duties 0 annually det]m9$ by lot4444 ,moreov]1 a fur!r subdivision ( ! prytany into five p]iods ( sev5 days ea* & ( ! fifty tribe-s5ators into five bodies ( t5 ea*1 0 recogniz$2 ea* body ( t5 presid$ 9 ! s5ate = "o p]iod ( sev5 days1 draw+ lots e day among _! numb] = a new *airman call$ ,epi/ates1 to :om1 dur+ 8 day ( (fice 7 confid$ ! keys ( ! acropolis & ! treasury1 toge!r ) ! city seal40 ,! rema9+ s5ators1 n belong+ to ! prytaniz+ tribe1 might ( c\rse att5d if !y *ose1 b ! att5dance ( n9e among !m1 "o f ea* ( ! rema9+ n9e tribes1 0 imp]atively necess>y to con/itute a valid meet+ & to insure a con/ant repres5tation ( ! collective p4 ,dur+ ^? lat] times--! ekklesia or =mal assembly ( ! citiz5s1 0 conv5$ f\r times regul>ly dur+ ea* prytany 444 7op4 cit41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ach74 ,special att5tion is drawn "h to ! intimate association ( ! sy/em ( gov]nm5t & ! cal5d>1 analog\s to ! anci5t ,mexican sy/em4 8,! numb] ( inhabitants an ideal /ate %\ld conta9 & _! num]ical organization 7 evid5tly subjects ( supreme int]e/ to ,greek /atesm5 & philosoph]s4 ,! great "w by ,ari/oteles 7#chd-cbb ,b4,c47 on ,politics1 #8accord+ to ,grote1' 0 bas$ on a collection made by himself1 ( #aeh diff]5t con/itutions ( /ates1 :i* collection has1 un=tunately1 be5 lo/40 8,! purpose ( com=table subsi/5ce = :i* commonweal?s are in/itut$1 requir+ a m9ute subdivision ( labor10 ,ari/otle says1 t 89 ?is p>ticul> view1 ! m popul\s ! community its end w be ! m completely atta9$4444 ,all ?+s consid]$ he decl>es 9 fav\r ( :at w\ld be n[ deem$ a v small commonweal?1 consi/+ ( #ae1jjj or #bj1jjj citiz5s44440 8,9 8 #8,book ( ,laws' ,plato int5d$ to del9eate a m practicable s*eme ( gov]nm5t ?an t ( 8 fir/4444 ,8 two republics ne>ly agree 9 =m1 ?\gh !y diff] 9 magnitude2 ! fir/ conta9+ "o ?\s& & ! second five ?\s& & =ty m5 be>+ arms4444 ,9 8 second republic he equalizes e/ates b leaves population unlimit$4444 ,a regulation directly ! rev]se ( ?is is introduc$ by "o ( ! mo/ anci5t writ]s on ! subject ( politics1 ,pheidon ( ,cor9?1 :o limits population1 b does n equalize possessions4444 ,! republic1 plann$ by ! ar*itect ,hippodamus1 consi/$ ( t5 ?\s& m51 divid$ into ! ?ree classes ( artific]s1 husb&m5 & soldi]s4 ,! t]ritory he likewise divides into ?ree portions3 ! sacr$1 de/9$ = ! v>i\s exig5cies ( public wor%ip2 ! common1 to be cultivat$ = ! common b5efit ( ! soldi]s2 & ! private1 to be sep>ately appropriat$ by ! husb&m54 ,8 laws 7 also divid$ into ?ree k9ds44440 7,ari/otle's ,e?ics & ,politics1 ,john ,gillies1 ,,ll4,d41 ,london #ahjd74 ,! k t a republic 0 actually plann$ on ! s*eme ( ?ree-fold division naturally sugge/s ! possibility t ! ,sicilian coat ( arms1 ! triskeles1 may be a survival ( a p]iod :5 a simil> republic exi/$ 9 ,sicily & ! ye> 0 divid$ into ?ree seasons only4 7,= int]e/+ details conc]n+ ! employm5t & spread ( a ye> ( ?ree seasons 9 anci5t times1 see ,hewitt1 op4 cit4 ,preface ,,xvi1 vol4 ,i47 ,9 ,grote's hi/ory we le>n t aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ ,a!nian democracy by ,klei/h5es & ! victory !y ga9$ ov] ! ,botians & ,*alkidians1 ! ,a!nians plant$ a body ( f\r ?\s& ( _! citiz5s z kl]u*s 7lot-hold]s7 or settl]s ^u ! l&s ( ! weal?y conqu]$ ,*alkidians4 ,?is is a sy/em :i* we %all f9d h]eaft] ext5sively foll[$ out by ! ,a!nians 9 ! days ( _! p[]2 p>tly ) a view ( provid+ = _! poor] citiz5s1 p>tly to s]ve z g>rison among a population ei!r ho/ile or ( d\btful fidelity4 ,^! ,attic kl]u*s did n lose _! bir?right z ,a!nian citiz5s3 !y 7 n coloni/s 9 ! ,grecian s5se & !y are kn[n by a totally diff]5t "n--b !y correspond$ v ne>ly to ! colonies =mally plant$ out on ! conqu]$ l&s by ,rome4 ,! increase ( ! poor] population 0 always m or less pa9fully felt 9 e ,grecian city 444 ! num]\s kl]u*ies s5t out by ,a!ns1 ( :i* ?is to ,euba 0 ! fir/1 arose 9 a great measure out ( ! multiplication ( ! poor] population1 :i* h] ext5d$ p[] 0 employ$ 9 provid+ = 444 7op4 cit4 vol4 #d1 p4 #aga74 ,! numb] 8f\r ?\s&0 specially designat$ is ( p>ticul> int]e/ because ! lett] ( ! ,greek alphabet express+ x 0 ! delta1 9 ! =m ( a triangle or pyramid1 :i* also signifi$ 8! f\r?0 or 8a qu>t]40 ,! ideas sugge/$ by ^! facts are3 t ! f\ndation ( su* a colony w\ld h be5 commemorat$ by ! build+ ( a pyramid by ! conqu]$ race1 ! division ( labor among/ !m prep>+ ! way = ! in/itution ( a social organization on ! famili> plan 7cf4 p4 #bgc74 ,x is only :5 we reflect :at an admirable means ( e/abli%+ communal life & activity ! m]e act ( build+ "u direction & guidance mu/ h be51 t we appreciate ! f9e wisdom ( ! anci5t k+s1 civiliz]s & culture-h]oes1 :o 71 fir/ ( all1 ma/] build]s1 ar*itects & masons & :o began ! "w ( re>+ an empire by direct+ ! erection ( a monum5t :i*1 by its =m1 express$ ! all-p]vad+ plan ( organization4 #ada 8,taylor says t ! reason ,plato adopt$ ?is division is because ! numb] #ab1 ! image ( all-p]fect progression1 is ! product ( #c by #d1 bo? ( :i* numb]s1 accord+ to ! ,py?agoreans1 are images ( p]fection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,a/ conceives t ,plato _h 9 m9d ! division ( ! c\ntry 9 twelve p>ts f\nd 9 ,egypt & else:]e1 & :i* seems1 z may be inf]r$ f o!r portions ( 8 "w1 to h be5 connect$ ) ! division ( ! ye> into twelve mon?s1 ea* "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( "o ( ! twelve great] gods40 ,to ?is note ,i add ! rem>k t1 9 ,b4 ,,vi1 ,c4 #h1 ,plato di/9ctly ref]s to ! twelve tribes z 8! ?rice f\r tribes1 recomm5d+ t !y %\ld appo9t ?rice f\r int]pret]s10 "o = ea* tribe4 ,x %\ld also be recall$ t ,cecrops is said to h employ$ ! division into twelve & is suppos$ to h br\ght x f ,egypt4 ,9 ! pres5t summ>y ! employm5t ( ! same division 9 o!r c\ntries c be v]ifi$4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to note "h t1 l ! ,egyptians1 ! ,greeks divid$ _! mon? into #c decades4 ,! ye> consequ5tly conta9$ #cabcf decades#e days4 #adb ,consid]+ t ! employm5t ( silv] or gold curr5cy among ! nations ( antiquity has be5 reg>d$1 by "s1 z a pro( ( advanc$ culture1 x is int]e/+ to le>n1 f ! foll[+ passage1 t1 z a result ( exp]i5ce & ) wisdom & =esight1 ,plato recomm5d$ ! adoption ( diff]5t =ms ( curr5cy 9 ea* diff]5t /ate1 9 ord] to av]t ! dang]s result+ f ! accumulation ( ri*es4 8,a law 444 t no private p]son be p]mitt$ to possess any gold or silv]2 b t !re be a co9 = ! sake ( daily ex*ange1 :i* x is almo/ necess>y = h&icrafts to *ange & = all :o h ne$ ( su* ?+s to pay ! wages due to hir$ p]sons1 be !y slaves or dome/ic s]vants4 ,on :i* acc\nt we say t !y mu/ possess co9 :i* is ( value to !mselves1 b ( no wor? among/ ! re/ ( mank9d40 ,x is curi\s to note h[ closely ! employm5t ( ! cocoa bean1 9 anci5t ,mexico & ( wampum 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z ! /aple curr5cy1 fulfill$ ! purpose recogniz$ z desirable1 by ,plato4 #adc ,at ! la/ mom5t ,i le>n t fragm5ts ( gean pott]y lately f\nd at ,abydos 9 tombs ( ! ,egyptian k+s ( ! fir/ dyna/y1 by ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie are consid]$ to prove t1 8,grecian m]*ants sail$ ! seas 9 #dejj ,b4,c41 444 a conclusion fur!r borne-out by ! pictures ( vessels ) #fj o>sm51 vessels q l>ge en\gh = cross+ ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* h be5 se5 on prehi/oric memorials ( ! olde/ inhabitants ( ,egypt0 7,rawnsley74 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to le>n1 f ,pr(essor ,sayce1 t ! ,phnician galley 0 ! model ( ! ,greek "o1 t x 0 at ,c>?age t a %ip1 ) m ?an ?ree banks ( o>s1 0 fir/ built1 & t its pilots /e]$ by ! pole />1 n1 l ! ,greeks1 by ! ,great ,be> 7,anci5t ,empires ( ! ,ea/1 p4 #bje74 #add ,an int]e/+ int]pretation ( ?is some:at obscure s5t5ce is obta9$ by collat+ x ) ! conception ( 8! revolv+ eye ( ! ,norse _w mill-/one :i* 0 directly above ,o]gelm] & ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s fl[$ to & fro f ! great f\nta9 ( ! ,univ]se m\nta9s0 7p4 #dgb74 ,! analogy is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ! m\nta9\s region 9 :i* ,kyrn 0 situat$ has always be5 not$ = its f]tility1 ! wat]1 f ! m\nta9s enclos+ its pla9s1 settl+ 9 pools & lakes1 af=d+ a con/ant supply1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 to ! ,arabs :o frequ5t x4 ,! feature ( ,kyrn1 mo/ r5[n$ 9 antiquity1 0 its inexhau/ible ,f\nta9 ( ,apollo1 & travell]s describe h[1 to ?is day1 ! ,b$\9 ,arabs flock to x :5 _! supply ( wat] & h]bage fails 9 ! int]ior4 ,grote /ates t ! same circum/ance mu/ h op]at$ 9 anci5t times to hold ! nomadic ,libyans 9 a sort ( dep5d5ce ^u ,kyrn 7,grote1 op4 cit4 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cg74 ,! realization t an inexhau/ible f\nta9 ( wat] meant life to primitive nomadic p1 enables u to und]/& ! expression 8f\nta9 ( life0 & ! con/ant associations ( ! sacr$ c5tral m\nta9 ) pools ( wat] & /reams fl[+ 9 f\r directions4 ,x is rem>kable & highly sugge/ive h[ closely ! foll[+ topographical details1 giv5 by ,grote1 ( ! orig9al seat ( ! ,mac$onians 7:i* 7 9 ! regions ea/ ( ! *a9 ( ,sk>dus1 nor? ( ! *a9 :i* connects ,olympus ) ,p9dus & :i* =ms ! nor?we/]n b\nd>y ( ,!ssaly71 co9cide ) ! conception ( ,mt4 ,m]u1 = in/ance4 8,reckon+ ! bas9 ( ,!ssaly z a f\r?1 "h are f\r di/9ct inclos$ pla9s on ! ea/ side ( ?is long range ( ,sk>dus & ,p9dus1--ea* g5]ally b\nd$ by m\nta9s :i* rise precipit\sly to an alp9e height1 & ea* leav+ only "o cleft = dra9age by a s+le riv]1--! ,axius1 ! ,erign1 ! ,haliakmn & ! ,p5eius respectively4 ,all f\r pla9s 444 are ( di/+ui%$ f]tility 4440 7,grote1 op4 cit4 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aj74 ,! close vic9ity ( ,olympus1 ! ,grecian 8div9e m\nta910 is p>ticul>ly sugge/ive1 inasmu* z x proves to be geographically associat$ ) f\r rem>kable pla9s & riv]s4 #ade 8,?is metaphorical "n 7! ,krittakas7 0 d]iv$ f ! vocabul>y ( ! ,nor!rn races1 :o _h le>n$ 9 ,asia ,m9or & ! neighborhood ( ! ,caspian ,sea to sp9 ?read & weave clo? f ! flax ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ! hemp ( ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & :o _h tak5 _! k ) !m :5 emigrat+ to ! villages ( ! ,neoli?ic life 9 ,europe & to ! ,ku%ite ,empire 9 ,india1 :]e !y divid$ ! p into guilds or trade unions1 f\nd$ on community ( function1 & discov]$ h[ to use cotton ?read = weav+4 ,! rev]5ce ( ! ,a%ura ,ku%ika = ! ,pleiades1 ^: "m /> is ,amba1 also proves !m to be connect$ ) ! s\?we/]n ,semites1 ! ,himydritic ,arabs ( ,s\!rn ,arabia1 ! l& ( ,%eba1 mean+ sev51 mean+ ! sev5 />s ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>1 call$ by ! ,arabs ,al-suha1 :o fir/ wor%ipp$ ! ,pleiades ) its #f />s1 ! sacr$ numb] ( ! ,a%ura1 z _! "m con/ellation1 "u ! "n ( ,tur-ayya1 or *ildr5 ( ! fa!r-pole 7tur1 ( ! ,turanian race7 4440 7,hewitt74 #adf ,v>i\s writ]s h obs]v$ & po9t$ out ! close resemblance 9 =m & decoration1 betwe5 ! t]ra-cotta :orls f\nd1 9 pr(usion1 9 ,mexico & ^? ( ,troy4 #adg ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ,hewitt's views & m9e conc]n+ ! />s associat$ ) ! ye> :eel & ! orig9 & mean+ ( ! primitive cross-symbols & swa/ika1 al?\gh at times !y p>tially agree4 ,z ,hewitt gives sev]al totally di/9ct & diff]5t explanations ( ! orig9 & significance ( crosses & swa/ikas1 x is difficult to und]/& cle>ly 8 /&po9t4 ,on p4 #i1 vol4 ,,ii1 he makes an int]e/+ diff]5tiation betwe5 a diagonal or transv]se & upright cross1 respectively designat+ !m z ra9-cross & fire-cross1 & /ates t _! sup]position =ms ! eight-ray$ />1 ! ,akkadian & e>ly ,indian sign ( ,anugod4 ,on p4 #ade1 vol4 ,,ii he names ! transv]se cross a sun-cross & says x describes ! track ( ! sun across ! heav5s1 on sol/itial days & di/9ctly describes ! swa/ika 9 ! c5tre ( ! triangle on ! ,h9du alt>1 z 8a symbolic picture ( ! sun ris+ at midsumm] 9 ! ,n4 ,e4 & sett+ 9 ! ,n4 ,w41 & at ! w9t] sol/ice ris+ 9 ! ,s4 ,e4 & sett+ 9 ! ,s4 ,w40 ,on ! o!r h& ,hewitt associates ! "r-angl$ cross ) ! fire-god & ! pole-/> 7p4 #aia1 vol4 ,,ii71 & ! five-ray$ /> ( ,horus z ! ra9 or m]idian pole1 or m\nta9 /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! f\r />s m>k+ ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s 7p4 #i1 vol4 ,,ii & p4 #ag1 vol4 ,i74 ,i recomm5d a c>eful re-p]usal ( all ( ,hewitt's int]pretations ( cross-symbols & swa/ika & a close comp>ison ( ^! ) my views1 z set =? 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t publication1 to ,mr4 ,/ansbury ,hag> :o1 some:at ha/ily1 ^u he>+ my brief communication to ,section ,h ( ! ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s4 9 ,new ,york1 ,june #aijj1 /at$ 79 ! ,octob] numb] ( ! ,folklore ,j\rnal7 t my view conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! swa/ika 0 ! same z t sugge/$ by ,hewitt4 #adh ,ref]r+ ! read] to pp4 #ahf-aib = details conc]n+ native tree wor%ip1 ,i %all b add t to ?is day1 among c]ta9 ,nor? ,am]ican tribes1 ! plant+ ( ! sacr$ tribal pole 9 ! hall[$ e>? socket is accompani$ by curi\s rituali/ic m>riage rites1 & ! c]emonial k9dl+ ( ! sacr$ fire ( ! fire drill4 ,= ! association ( f\r ,mexican tribes ) f\r tribal trees & totemic birds1 see fig4 #ec1 & note t ! c5tral figure1 enclos$ 9 a squ>e1 is repres5t$ z ?\gh f\r /reams ( blood1 fl[+ f ! f\r angles1 conv]g$ 9 8 p]son1 con/itut+ him ! 8,f\r 9 ,"o40 #adi ,! only m5tion ( a movable axle or hub t ,i "k ( 9 ,mexican *ronicles is ! cyl9d] ( wood1 describ$ on p4 #bd z be+ %ap$ l a mort>4 ,! only native illu/ration ,i h met :i* sugge/s ! native employm5t ( "s k9d ( revolv+ press or axle is ! curi\s & clumsy app>atus figur$ on pp4 #aa & #ab ( ! ,seld5 ,,ms4 pres]v$ at ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d1 & reproduc$ by ,k+sbor\gh4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is /range me*anical contrivance app>5tly associat$ ) a monkeyozomatli1 & ! sacrifice ( two prison]s1 w be f\nd z int]e/+ z x is puzzl+4 #aej ,9 a pap] read to ! ,section ( ,an?ropology ( ! ,new ,york meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,mr4 ,/ansbury ,hag> communicat$ ! int]e/+ results ( 8 /udy ( ! ,salcamayhua tablet :i* has be5 allud$ to on p4 #afb ( ! pres5t publication4 ,) 8 k9d au?orization ,i take pleasure 9 cit+ "h 8 int]pretation ( ! "n ( ! ,p]uvian ,creator1 an abbreviation ( :i* is inscrib$ on ! plate or tablet4 ,x w be f\nd to accord ) t giv5 by ,sir ,clem5ts ,b4 ,m>kham 7,hi/ory ( ,p]u1 p4 #bj71 b to be m explicit4 ,accord+ to 8 view ! "n %\ld be analyz$ z foll[s3 illalight1 lightn+fire2 ticcif\ndation1 bricke>?2 uayra i4 e4 huaiiair1 w9d2 co*alakewat]4 8,illa ticci uayra co*a w\ld ?us mean3 ! univ]sal _s def9$ by nam+ :at seem$ to a p unacqua9t$ ) sci5tific *emi/ry to be ! f\r ultimate elem5ts40 ,ref]r+ to ! cognate ,aym>a language1 ,mr4 ,hag> int]prets ! "n pa*aya *a*ic z 8s\rce1 lit4 male ance/or1 gr&fa!r ( all ?+s10 & /ates t ! op5+ inscription on ! tablet %\ld !re=e read3 8,_s ( ,fire1 ,e>?1 ,air & ,wat]1 s\rce ( all ?+s0 444 t is to say 8image ( ! s\rce :5ce heav5 & e>? h emanat$40 ,mr4 ,hag> /ates t ?is s\rce seems to be appropriately figur$ by ! oval =m :i* he int]prets z an egg 7see fig4 #bh1 c74 ,on ! o!r h& ,i po9t out t ! flat plate ( f9e gold1 :i* 0 set up by ! ,inca ,manco ,capac betwe5 images ( ! sun & moon1 is figur$ z circul> 9 %ape 7fig4 #bh1 b74 ,i draw att5tion to ,mr4 ,/ansbury ,hag>'s int]e/+ & sugge/ive pap] on 8,! ,cele/ial ,be>10 :i* appe>$ 9 vol4 ,,xiii1 no4 ,,xlix1 ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-lore1 9 ,july1 #aijj4 ,9 ?is he relates ! leg5d connect$ ) ,ursa ,major by ! ,micmac ,indians1 t 8?is gr\p ( />s s]v$ to m>k ! divisions ( ! night & ! seasons = ! ,micmacs40 ,a po9t ( p>ticul> int]e/ 9 connection ) ! ,micmac leg5d is ! fact1 s cle>ly di/+ui%able1 t ! /ory 0 sugge/$ to ! m9ds ( ! ,indians by ! diff]5t positions assum$ by ! con/ellation 9 its annual circuit ar\nd ,pol>is4 8,! ,micmacs say14444 ,9 all ?+s z x 0 & is 9 ! sky1 s x is on e>?4444 ,9 midspr+ ! be> does actually seem to be climb+ d[n out ( h] cele/ial d5 corona borealis1 :i* appe>s high] up to ! nor!rn horizon4 ,9 midsumm] 444 ! be> runs along ! nor!rn horizon4444 ,soon aft] ! be> assumes an erect position %e topples ov] on h] back is sla9 9 ! autumn4 ,9 midw9t] %e lies dead on h] back1 444 b ! d5 corona borealis has re-appe>$1 ) ! be> ( ! new ye> ly+ !re91 invisible4 ,b ?is does n end ! /ory ( ! be>1 444 ?r\gh ! w9t] h] skeleton lies ^u its back 9 ! sky1 b h] life _s has ent]$ ano!r be> :o also lies ^u h] back 9 ! d51 invisible & sleep+ ! w9t] sleep4 ,:5 ! spr+ comes ar\nd aga91 ?is be> w aga9 issue =? f ! d5 to be aga9 pursu$ by ! hunt]s1 to be aga9 sla91 b aga9 to s5d into ! d5 h] life-_s1 to issue =? yet aga9 :5 ! sun once m awak5s ! sleep+ e>?4 ,& s ! drama keeps on et]nally40 ,reason+ by induction1 ,i am /rongly tempt$ to assign ! orig9 ( ! ,egyptian my? ( ,osiris & ( ! 8*ild 9 its cradle10 to ! same s\rce ( inspiration--possibly also o!r my?s ( antiquity1 su* z ! twelve labors ( ,h]cules 7held by ,o',neil to be a pole-/> god7 may be assign$ to ! same s\rce4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ,micmac example is extremely in/ructive & sugge/ive4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ,mr4 ,hag>'s pap] e/abli% t ,ursa ,major 0 kn[n z ! ,be> to sev]al ,nor? ,am]ican tribes1 & g5]ally s]v$ to m>k "t & seasons4 8,9 a ,blackfoot my? we read3 ,! sev5 ,p]sons sl[ly swung ar\nd & po9t$ d[nw>d4 ,x 0 ! middle ( ! night10 %[+ t !y too m>k$ ! "t at night by ! position ( ^! />s4 ,s ! ,zuis tell1 :5 w9t] comes1 h[ ! be>1 ly+1 sleeps1 no long] gu>d+ ! ,we/ l& f ! cold ( ! ,ice gods1 etc41 a /ory :i* demon/rates t 9 ,zui my?ology !re 0 a m>k$ association betwe5 ! t]re/rial be> ! 8great :ite be> ( ! sev5 />s10 ,cu%+ & ! seasons4 ,! ,ojibways m5tion ! con/ellation 9 connection ) ! f\r qu>t]s 9 heav51 %[+ t !y1 at "s "t1 7 accu/om$ to m>k _! seasons n only by ! position ( ! />s ( ! ,be>1 b also by ! ris+ & sett+ ( v>i\s fix$ />s4 ,9 conclusion ,i w\ld /ate t ,miss ,alice ,flet*] has in=m$ me t1 among ! ,omaha ,indians1 "t is measur$ by ,ursa ,major1 & t ! pole-/> is nam$ ! 8,/> :i* nev] travels40 #aea 8,! amulet is ( f9ely wr\ght silv]1 ) magic inscription1 ! sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick ( ,j]usalem & ! usual ,*ri/ian monogram4 ,! inscription is 9 ,greek1 mix$ ) b>b>\s & un9telligible =ms4 ,x conta9s h[ev] express allusions to ,*ri/ianity & /ates t :oev] wore x w\ld be sure to please gods & m540 ,x is well kn[n t ,con/ant9e _h on ! rev]se ( 8 co9 ! inscription ,sol ,invictus & on ! obv]se ! monogram ( ,*ri/4 8,?is has be5 int]pret$ z a pro( t ! sun 0 8 own gu>dian deity10 b ,i v5ture to expla9 ! adoption ( ! sun z analog\s to ! anci5t ,egyptian mode ( designat+ ! sov]eign z ! son ( ! sun1 ! sacr$ repres5tation ( ,heav54 ,dean ,/anley 7,ea/]n ,*ur*1 p4 #aic7 ref]s to ,con/ant9e's 8mode ( h>moniz+ ! discordant religions ( ! empire "u "o in/itution & ret5tion ( ! old ,pagan "n ( ,dies ,solis or ,sunday1 = ! weekly ,*ri/ian fe/ival10 :i* 0 recomm5d$ by ,con/ant9e to 8 subjects1 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian alike1 z 8! v5]able day ( ! ,sun40 #aeb 8,no c\ntry 9 ! _w c comp>e ) ,india = ! exposition ( ! pyramidal cross4444 ,! body ( ! great temple ( ,b9dh madhu 7=m]ly ! boa/ ( ! anci5t city ( ,b5>es 444 demoli%$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury7 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! figure ( a colossal cross1 ) a l(ty dome at ! c5tre1 above :i* rose a massive /ructure ( a pyramidal =m4 ,at ! f\r extremities ( ! cross !re 7 f\r o!r pyramids4444 ,a simil> build+ exi/$ at ,mhuttra4444 ,by pyramidal t[]s plac$ crosswise ! ,h9doo also display$ ! all-p]vad+ sign ( ! cross4 ,at ! fam\s temple ( ,*illambrum1 on ! ,corom&el coa/1 !re 7 sev5 l(ty walls1 "o )9 ! o!r1 r\nd a c5tral quadrangle1 & z _m pyramidal gateways 9 ! mid/ ( ea* side :i* =ms ! limbs ( a va/ cross0 7,fab]1 quot$ by ,donelly 9 ,atlantis1 p4 #cce74 #aec 8,! ,tur-vasu1 or p ^: creat+ god 7vasu7 0 ! pole 7tur71 :5 unit$ ) ! trad]s ( ! s\?1 became ! m]cantile m>9]s ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 :o _h impos$ _! rule & traditions bo? on ! l&s ( ,nor!rn ,india & on ^? ( ! tw9 riv]s1 ! ,euphrates & ,tigris4444 ,f ,india1 ! only l& on ! ,indian ,ocean :]e !y c\ld build sea-go+ %ips1 !y ext5d$ _! trade1 =ms ( gov]nm5t & national my?s1 fir/ to ! ,euphratean k+doms & aft]w>ds to ,egypt & ,syria1 :]e !y 7 kn[n to ! ,greeks z ! ,phnicians0 7p4 #cef74 8,^! p _h sev5 p>5t />s ^: names are pres]v$4 ,pr(essor ,sayce has id5tifi$ ! fir/ ( ^!1 ,sugi1 ) #8! /> ( ! ,wa9' & /ates t x means ! #8creat+-_s-re$' or ! nor!rn khubird1 ! #8re$ ( ! bird1 ! "m ( life4' ,sugi is !re=e an additional "n = ! ,be> to t ( ,bel1 di/ributor ( wat]s4444 ,9 bo? names ! metaphor is ! same1 = x is f ! re$s at ! s\rce ( ! riv]s1 _! po9t ( di/ribution1 t ! riv]s are born4444 ,bo? names d5ot$ ! /> t l$ ! ye> & x 0 ! ,great ,be>1 z ,sugi1 t l$ ! e>lie/ ye>1 op5+ ) ! week ( creation0 444 7p4 #ceg74 444 8,! sons ( ! ,tur or pole 7 ! ,indian ,tur-va%u1 ! ,z5d ,turanians1 ! m>9]s ( ,asia ,m9or call$ by ! ,egyptians ,t\r-%a 7,masp]o71 ! sea trad]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean call$ ! ,tur-s5e ( ,lydia1 ! ,tur-s5a or ,tyrrh5ians ( ,lemnos & ,etruria1 :o spoke a language closely alli$ to t ( ! ,akkadians4 ,t _! god 0 wor%ip$ 9 ,cyprus & ,asia ,m9or is prov$ by ! t]ra-cotta :orl f\nd 9 "o ( ! settlem5ts on ! site ( ,troy1 d$icat$ 9 ,cypriote *>act]s to ,patori-,turi1 ! fa!r ,tur1 :o gave 8 "n to ! ,phrygian city ( ,turiaion4 ,! great antiquity ( ! settlem5t is prov$ by ! fact t ?\gh "s bronze knives & in/rum5ts 7 f\nd 9 x1 by f> ! great] numb] ( implem5ts 7 ( /one & ! pott]y1 ?\gh simil> to t ( ,myc51 is ( a m ar*aic type0 7,s*u*h>dt's ,s*liemann's ,excavations1 ,app4 ,i1 #cca-ccb & #ccd74 8,!y 7 also ! fir/ sp9n]s1 weav]s1 mak]s ( pott]y & built canoes & work$ 9 m9es4444 ,!y grew :eat1 b>ley1 peas1 flax & fruit trees4444 ,^! m5 cov]$ ! :ole ( ,europe & ,s\!rn ,asia 444 & ! ,indian ,dekhan ) cromle*s & /one circles1 :i* 7 c]ta9ly 9 "s cases ro($ ov]1 dolm5s1 mean+ /one tables1 %r9es1 alt>s1 tumuli & memorial /ones or pill>s & all ( ^!1 :e!r f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,europe or ,s\!rn ,asia1 are completely id5tical 9 "*4 ,^! p _h1 9 _! migrations1 e/abli%$ an active & widespread =eign trade4440 7p4 #agh74 8,^! m>itime ,turs5a 7 int]m+l$ ) ! matri>*al ,amazonian tribes :o prec$$ !m1 & :o seem$ to h f\nd$ ! anci5t ports ( ,asia ,m9or & ,pale/9e1 especially ! ,ionian cities ( ,smyrna & ,ephesus & t ( ,askelon4 ,x 0 9 ! l& ( ,phrygia1 ! m\nta9 c\ntries ( ! ,caucasus range & ! sn[y heights :5ce ! ,euphrates rose1 t ! e>lie/ %eph]ds met ! matri>*al races1 ! immigrants f ! s\!a/1 ! ,h9du village communities1 :o are call$ by ! ,greeks ,amazons1 & are describ$ z ! e>lie/ rul+ races ( ,asia ,m9or & ,greece 7p4 #age740 8444 ,! ,great ,naga is ! ,akkadian god ,n]-gal1 & ! ,phnician god ,s>rahu1 or ! ,great ,s>4 ,8 "n among ! ,%uites1 or ! wor%ipp]s ( ,susi-nag on ! we/ ( ! ,euphrates1 is ,emu1 a "n :i* is lett] = lett] ! same z t ( ! national god ( ! ,ammonites1 ,amun0 7,sayce3 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhg1 ,,iii1 p4 #aif1 note #a4 8,amun means ! build]1 or ar*itect1 & is1 l t ( ! ,egyptian god1 =m$ ( aman1 to su/a90 7,ges5ius1 ,!saurus1 p4 #aae74 8,he 0 ! god ( ! h\se pole1 :o became 9 ,egyptian ,!bes1 ,am5-,ra1 ! hidd51 & x 0 ! p :o made ! h\se-pole ! symbol ( _! ance/ors1 444 :o br\ght to ,egypt z well z to ,assyria & ,india1 ! cu/om ( hav+ cities = ! dead ap>t f ^? = ! liv+4444 ,x 0 f ! ra9s ( ! summ]-sol/ice 444 g5]at$ f ! ,naga snake t ! ,phnician sons ( ,ku% 7 born1 ^: k+s1 l ^? ( ,egypt1 wore ! ,uru snake z a sign ( royal au?ority4 ,_! orig9al settlem5t1 accord+ to a tradition record$ by ,!ophra/us1 0 at ,tulos or ,turos1 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ! mod]n ,bahre94 ,?is 0 ! holy isl& ( ,dil\n1 call$ ,dilmun by ! ,akkadians4444 ,x 0 ! settlem5t ( ,h9du navigators 9 ! holy isl& ( ,dilmun 9 ! ,p]sian gulf1 & at ,eridu1 :i* fir/ br\ght !m 9 contact ) ! ,arabian />-gaz]s & m]*ants1 & x 0 ! union1 9 ! anci5t city ( ,ur1 ( ^! races ) ! ,hebrew tribe ( ,gad 7:o built1 n only ! cities ( ,ba%an1 b also ^? ( ,assyria & 7 ! great build]s ( ! anci5t _w71 :i* fir/ =m$ ! ,semite race4 ,x 0 ! m]idian pole1 ! heav5ly1 revolv+ pole1 ! ,tur ( ! ,akkadians1 :i* ! ,dravidian trad]s ( ,india br\ght ) !m to ,eridu0 7p4 #bib74 8,x 0 ^! ,turs5a :o1 by develop+ ! anci5t organization ( ! village & prov9ce 9 ,india1 divid$ all ! c\ntries !y occupi$ into conf$]acies ( cities1 su* z we f9d among ! ,euphratean nations1 ! ,egyptians1 ,canaanites & ! p ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece & ,italy4 ,x 0 !y :o 7 ! fa!rs ( ,greek & ,lat9 civilization40 7p4 #bif74 8,x 0 ^! p :o br\ght f ,india _! village in/itutions1 _! holy groves & seasonal dances4444 ,among !m ! ,f9nic m9+ races desc5d$4444 ,x 0 9 ,phrygia t !y 7 mix$ ) ! ,daktuloi1 or race ( h&icraftsm5 & artific]s1 ! sons ( ,dak1 ! %[+ or tea*+ god1 ! god ,dak%a1 ! fa!r ( ! ,ku% race4444 ,!y 7 ! c>p5t]s & build]s ( ! ,/one age40 ,pr(4 ,sayce's 8,anci5t ,empires ( ! ,ea/0 furni%es fur!r int]e/+ details conc]n+ ! ,phnicians4 ,accord+ to ?is em95t au?ority1 at an e>ly date1 9 ord] to relieve ! pressure ( population1 !y s5t out organiz$ colonies to ! rec5tly discov]$ l&s ( ! ,we/4 ,accord+ly comm]cial m>ts 7 e/abli%$ at ,!ra & ,melos14444 ,colonies 7 e/abli%$ at ,attica1 on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 9 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia & ,corsica1 & beyond ! columns ( ,h]akles1 9 ,gadeira4 ,! ?ree cities ( ,rhodes 7 plann$ by ,phnician ar*itects4444 ,! ,assyrian "* ( e>ly ,greek art is due to its ,phnician inspiration4444 ,x 0 ab\t 8,b4,c4 #fjj t ^! p p5etrat$ to ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,india & probably to ! isl& ( ,brita9 z well4444 ,!y 7 ! int]m$i>ies ( anci5t civilization 444 & ! *ief elem5ts ( ,greek art & civilization came f ,assyria ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,phnicians4444 ,phnician art 0 ess5tially ca?olic 444 x assimilat$ ! art ( ,babylonia1 ,egypt & ,assyria sup]add+ some?+ ( its own4444 ,_! *ief deity 0 ,yeud or ,ekhad! ,only ,"o 444 !y wor%ipp$ ! ,kabeiri 444 orig9ally sev5 />s 444 :o 7 ! mak]s ( ! _w1 ! f\nd]s ( civilization1 ! inv5tors ( %ips4444 ,! cities ( ,phnicia 7 ! fir/ trad+ communities ! _w has se54444 ,_! colonies 7 orig9ally m]e m>ts & _! voyages ( discov]y 7 tak5 9 ! int]e/s ( trade4 ,! t9 ( ,brita91 ! silv] ( ,spa91 ! birds ( ! ,can>ies1 ! frank9c5se ( ,arabia1 ! pe>ls & ivory ( ,india1 all fl[$ into _! h>b\rs4444 ,_m ( _! colonies 7 :olly indep5d5t1 & gov]n$ by _! own k+s & b5efit+ ,phnicia only 9 ! way ( trade4444 ,9 ,phnicia 444 ! k+ seems to h be5 b ! fir/ among a body ( rul+ 444 pr9ces & 444 *iefs4 ,9 "t ! mon>*y disappe>$ altoge!r1 its place be+ suppli$ by suffetes or #8judges1' ^: t]m ( (fice la/$ sometimes = a ye>1 sometimes = m1 sometimes ev5 = life4444 ,at ,c>?age !re 7 two suffetes1 :o 7 m]ely presid5ts ( ! s5ate ( ?irty 444 ^: p[] 0 subsequ5tly *eck$ by a bo>d ( "o hundr$ & f\r4444 ,by provid+ t no memb] ( ! bo>d %\ld hold (fice = two ye>s runn+1 ,hannibal *ang$ ! gov]nm5t into a democracy40 #aed ,evolution & ,e?ics4 ,appleton ed4 ,new ,york1 #ahif1 p4 #ajd4 #aee 8,dea? no ,bane10 translation by ,rob]t ,black1 ,m4 ,a41 ,sampson ,l[1 ,m>/on ,co41 ,london1 #ahhi1 p4 #aba1 note4 #aef ,m]ely z af=d+ a glimpse ( ! tr\bl\s p]iod dur+ :i* ,plot9us liv$1 ,i recall ! fact t ,c>acalla1 visit+ ,egypt1 caus$ a l>ge numb] ( "y m5 to be massacr$ at ,alex&ria 7,a4,d4 #baa74 ,betwe5 ,a4,d4 #bdh & #bfh1 ,alex&ria 0 ! seat ( civil w> = twelve ye>s1 & ?r\gh w>1 fam9e & pe/il5ce1 9 a few ye>s1 ab\t half ( ! population1 n only ( ,alex&ria1 b ( ,rome1 p]i%$4 ,a g5]al p]secution ( ,*ri/ians 0 also c>ri$ on at ?is p]iod1 & 9 ,a4,d4 #bfh ,z5obia invad$ ,egypt4 #aeg ,to ^? ( my fell[-work]s :o h made a special /udy ( ! mo/ anci5t =ms ( cursive & ikonomatic writ+s ( ! ,old ,_w1 ,i %\ld l to submit "s facts conc]n+ ! anci5t ,mexican me?od1 :i* may c>ry a fre% sugge/ion & be an aid to future rese>*4 ,:5 ! fir/ ,spani% mission>ies :o rea*$ ,mexico f\nd !mselves confront$ by ! b>ri] ( language & wi%$ to tea* ! native conv]ts ! ,"l's ,pray] 9 ,lat91 !y adopt$ ! me?od ( picture writ+ employ$ by ! aborig9es4 ,by pa9t+ a bann]pantli1 a /onetetl1 a cactusno*tli & ano!r /onetetl1 !y convey$ ! words ,pa-te-no*-te1 :i*1 approximately1 repres5t$ pat]no/]4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! ,indians 7 able to memorize pray]s 9 a language unkn[n to !m1 by ref]r+ to pictures ( objects & nam+ ^! 9 _! own tongue4 ,a numb] ( curi\s docum5ts exi/1 :i* exhibit a great diff]5ce & v>iety 9 execution & are m or less cursive1 accord+ to ! arti/ic s5se & ability ( ! mission>y or conv]t$ ,indian :o drew !m4 ,! fact t ,spani>ds1 possess+ our mode ( writ+1 %\ld h f\nd picture-writ+ ! mo/ effective means ( tea*+ primitive p speak+ an ali5 tongue has always appe>$ to me z mo/ in/ructive & sugge/ive4 ,z ! natives sugge/$ ?is me?od to _! in/ructors1 x is obvi\s t x 0 _! habitual mode ( memoriz+ a =eign language4 ,! possibility t words record$ 9 native pictography may belong to an ali5 tongue1 op5s out a new field = future rese>*4 ,a curi\s result is obta9$ :5 ,t5o*-,titlan1 "o ( ! anci5t names ( ! capital ( ,mexico is /udi$ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,9 ! well-kn[n rebus n[ employ$ z ! arms ( ,mexico1 ! syllables ,te & ,no* only are actually express$ 9 picture-writ+ by ! /onetetl1 f :i* a cactusno*tli is gr[+4 ,?is gr\p is1 h[ev]1 surm\nt$ by an eagle hold+ a s]p5t 9 its talons & ! mean+ ( ?is animal gr\p appe>s symbolical m]ely4 ,x may be a curi\s co9cid5ce t ! eagle hold+ a s]p5t 9 its talons 0 employ$ by ,m$it]ranean p z an emblem ( victory & occurs on anci5t ,greek co9s ) ?is significance1 & t ! record$ "n1 ,t5o*titlan or 8! l& ( ,t5o*10 curi\sly resembles ,t5os1 ! "n ( a ,greek hept>*y1 f\nd$ by sev5 tribes j z ! adjac5t t[n ( ,*alco1 9 ,mexico1 resembles ,*alcis1 ! t[n 9 ,euba1 :]e ,ari/oteles di$4 ,on p4 #dah & 9 my discussion ( ,egyptian hi]atic script1 ,i h po9t$ out t "s signs employ$ express ! s\nds ( words 9 ano!r tongue1 t ! syllables am & an1 = in/ance1 seem indissolubly & univ]sally l9k$ to pole-/> wor%ip & symbolism4 ,x does n seem unreasonable to endeavor to expla9 ?is by imag9+ t individuals1 wi%+1 9 ea* case1 to tea* ! ^w ,sama! revolv+ heav5 i4 e4 ! ,nor?1 to p speak+ diff]5t languages1 %\ld make a picture ( a tree or boat nam$ am 9 "o tongue1 & 9 ano!r c\ntry1 draw a spid]1 nam$ am1 by its inhabitants4 ,9 ! fir/ c\ntry ! tree1 or boat1 & 9 ! second1 ! spid]1 w\ld1 9 "t1 become ! symbols ( ! nor?1 & ?\gh diff]5t1 signify ! same ?+4 ,9 "t1 ea* sign might be employ$ to express ! syllable am 9 g5]al & 9 ?is way isolat$ sy/ems ( ikonomatic writ+ w\ld evolve &1 9 c\rse ( "t1 native arti/s w\ld m or less skilfully produce conv5tionaliz$ & di/9ctly *>act]i/ic =ms & me?ods4 ,at ! same "t ! coloniz+ race might be employ+ & p]fect+ a totally diff]5t =m ( cursive writ+ = _! own purposes ( regi/ration1 etc4 ,= in/ance3 9 ,a!ns1 :]e ,euclid held an ar*on%ip 9 #djc ,b4,c4 &1 dur+ c5turies1 ,py?agorean philosoph]s id5tifi$ 8e>? ) a cube1 fire ) a pyramid1 air ) an octah$ron1 wat] ) an icosah$ron1 & ! ,sph]e ( ! ,univ]se ) a dodecah$ron10 & also taught t a po9t corresponds ) ! monad1 bo? be+ indivisible2 a l9e ) ! duad1 etc41 x is obvi\s t po9ts1 l9es & geometrical figures mu/ h be5 employ$ = ! cursive regi/ration ( ideas4 ,9 a /ate1 firmly e/abli%$ on fix$ pr9ciples ( numb]s1 ! cursive regi/ration ( its subdivisions1 by means ( numb]s only1 0 r5d]$ possible & 9 su* a community ! necessity = cursive writ+ w\ld be limit$ & p]haps be conf9$ to ! regi/ration & id5tification ( individuals1 ! reports ( quantities ( produce1 etc4 ,! facts t ! lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet possess fix$ num]ical values1 & t ! initial lett]s only ( _! tribal names 7 inscrib$ on ! %ields ( ,lac$monian1 ,sicyonian & ,mess5ian w>riors1 = in/ance1 appe> to indicate t1 at "o "t1 ea* ,greek tribal division possess$ its cursive m>k1 a lett]1 :i* may h indicat$1 at ! same "t1 a num]ical division ( ! conf$]acy4 ,to und]/& su* cursive records x is evid5t t a k ( ! num]ical basis ( ! /ate w\ld be indisp5sable & imp]ative & t ?is w\ld be conf9$ to ! rul]s only4 ,my op9ion t ! ,maya calculi=m hi]oglyphs con/itute cursive notation relat+ entirely to ! cal5drical & gov]nm5tal cyclical sy/em & absolutely un9telligible )\t a k ( ?is1 has already be5 p>tially ref]r$ to on pp4 #bdb & #bdd4 ,f ,mexican manuscripts1 :]e individuals1 by means ( a numb] & a cal5d> sign1 are l9k$ to a division ( ! /ate1 ,i hope yet to be able to cle>ly demon/rate ! practical h>moni\s work+ ( a ma*9]y ( /ate1 e/abli%$ on a p]fect$ num]ical s*eme1 ! cursive notation ( :i* 0 extremely simple4 ,mean:ile ,i (f] ! =ego+ rem>ks z sugge/ions = future rese>* & z an expression ( my op9ion t p1 us+ geometrical & num]ical cursive me?ods ( notation 9 _! own c\ntry1 may h sy/ematically employ$ ! pictographic me?od 9 tea*+ _! language to /rang]s & 9 e/abli%+ _! civilization 9 =eign l&s4 #aeh ,x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to le>n f ,pr(essor ,sayce 7op4 cit4 p4 #ahh71 n only t ,phnician culture _h be5 introduc$ among ! rude tribes ( ,israel1 b t ! temple ( ,j]usalem 0 built by ,phnician arti/s aft] ! model ( a ,phnician "o1 ! ma9 features ( :i* 7 ! two columns or cones at ! entrance & ! braz5 sea or bas91 :i* re/$ on twelve bulls1 ?is numb] agree+ ) ! numb] ( ,israelitic tribes & ) tribal or ca/e divisions 9 o!r anci5t c5tres ( civilization4 ,x is ?us c]ta9ly sugge/ive to f9d ! numb] twelve associat$ ) ! ,phnicians1 to :om ! spread ( civilization 9 ! ,old ,_w is attribut$ & ^: pr$ecessors1 at ! p]iod ( ,babylonian culture1 71 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,sayce1 8solit>y trad]s1 :o traffick$ 9 slaves1 9 purple-fi% 444 & ^: voyages 7 int]mitt5t & private40 444 8,diodorus ,siculus assigns to ! ,c>?ag9ians ! k ( an isl& 9 ! ocean1 ! secret ( :i* !y res]v$ = !mselves z a refuge to :i* !y c\ld )draw %\ld fate ev] compel !m to des]t _! ,african home4 ,x is f> f improbable t we may id5tify ?is obscure isl& ) "o ( ! ,azores1 :i* lies #hjj miles f ! coa/ ( ,portugal4 ,nei!r ,greek nor ,roman writ]s make any ref]5ce to !m1 b ! discov]y ( num]\s ,c>?ag9ian co9s at ,c>vo1 ! nor?we/]ly isl& ( ! gr\p1 leaves little room to d\bt t !y 7 visit$ by ,punic voyag]s40--,sir ,daniel ,wilson4 ,! lo/ ,atlantis & o!r e?nographic /udies4 ,new ,york1 #ahib4 #aei ,address ( ! retir+ ,presid5t ( ! ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s41 ,columbus meet+1 #ahii4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s41 vol4 ,,xlviii1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ = valuable data4 #afj 8,pr(essor ,p]ry1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 9 8 admirable monograph on ,sp9n+ ,tops1 7,romance ( ,sci5ce3 ,sp9n+ ,tops1 by ,pr(essor ,john ,p]ry1 ,m4 ,e41 ,d4,sc41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 #ahij1 pp4 #ajg-aaj1 #ab-ac1 cit$ by ,o',neil1 op4 cit41 p4 #edj47 %[s h[ a sp9n+ gyro/at ^: sp9n+ axis is compell$ by ! exp]im5t] into a horizontal plane is !n con/ra9$ by ! e>?'s motion alone to direct its sp9n+ axis due nor? & s\? & s to indicate ma!matically ! lie ( ! true m]idian ( its spot4 ,if ! sp9n+ gyro/at be next %ut (f f all o!r motion except a v]tical "o 9 ! plane ( ?is m]idian1 its sp9n+ axis w po9t its nor? end up to1 & cont9ue to po9t truly up to1 ! cele/ial pole40 ,!n1 adds ,pr(essor ,p]ry1 9 t]ms /rangely suitable to my purposes3 8,x is ) a curi\s mixture ( feel+s t "o fir/ recognizes ! fact t all rotat+ bodies1 fly-:eels ( /eam-eng9es & ! l1 are always t5d+ to turn !mselves t[>ds ! ,pole/>2 g5tly & va9ly tugg+ at _! f\ndations1 all ! "t !y are 9 motion1 to get r\nd t[>ds ! object ( _! adoration40 #afa ,! ,incas claim$ to h desc5d$ f ?ree w9d[s4 ,see ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,incas1 p4 #gg4 #afb ,x is notewor?y t ! ,zui "n = village 9 g5]al is ti-na-kw9-ne4 ,t9a_m sitt+ ar\nd & kw9-neplace (4 #afc ,! accuracy & value ( ! above article are v\*$ =1 9 an int]e/+ way by ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,m4 ,zwem]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4 7a mission>y :o sp5t t5 ye>s 9 ,arabia71 :o ref]s to x z foll[s1 & quotes x 9 8 rec5t publication3 8,arabia1 ! cradle ( ,islam4 ,new ,york1 #aijj10 p4 #bhi4 8,an anonym\s article 9 ! ,london ,/&>d1 ,oct4 #ai1 #ahid1 entitl$1 #8,a pray]-meet+ ( ! ,/>-wor%ipp]s1' curi\sly gave me ! key to op5 ! lock ( _! sil5ce4 ,:oev] wrote x mu/ h be5 p]fectly acqua9t$ ) _! religi\s c]emonies1 = :5 ,i translat$ x to a company ( ,sabeans at ,am>a1 !y 7 dumf\nd$4 ,kn[+ t ,i knew some?+1 made x easy = !m to tell me m40 #afd ,i po9t out ! rem>kable fact t ! ,*9ese "n = jadeyu1 is homonym\s ) ! ^w = s\rce or orig91 h5ce1 p]haps1 its sacr$ness & employm5t z a secret symbol ( ! hidd5 s\rce ( all ?+s4 ,see p4 #bgg = ,*9ese *oice ( symbols influ5c$ by s\nd ( "n4 #afe ,! ,h9du ,yama & ,yami 7 tw9 bro!r & si/]1 & h be5 respectively id5tifi$ by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] z night & day4 ,yama1 ! insep>able duality1 is entitl$ law & ju/ice1 etc4 & 0 repres5t$ ) f\r arms1 rid+ a buffalo1 ) a cr[n on 8 head1 accompani$ by 8two f\r-ey$ wat* dogs1 :i* are probably ! eight or twice-f\r regions ( ! compass0444 7,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia74 ,( ! orig9ally cosmical "* ( ,yama !re c be no d\bt4 ,x is curi\s to f9d1 at ! epic & ,puranic p]iod1 ! acc\nt ( 8,yama0 m>ry+ ! ?irte5 daught]s ( ,dak%a 7nor?-p1 :ite71 becom+ ! reg5t ( ! s\? & resid+ 9 ,yamapura1 a t[n 9 ! l[] regions2 details :i* appe> to indicate ! actual e/abli%m5t ( a k+dom on ! famili> plan by an e>?ly repres5tative ( ! cosmical deity4 #aff ,?is 0 ! fir/ god ( ! div9e triad ( :om x is record$ t 8!y hid _! p]sons20 see ,translation ( ! ,ko-ji-ki or ,records ( ,anci5t ,matt]s1 ,basil ,hall ,*amb]la91 vol4 ,x1 supplem5t1 ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan1 ,sections ,i & ,,ii f :i* ?is & ! foll[+ names ( gods are tak54 #afg ,! ,akkadian ,sum]ian ,cosmos is ?us describ$3 8,above ! e>? ext5d$ ! sky1 ana1 spangl$ ) its fix$ />s 7mul7 revolv+ ar\nd ! m\nta9 ( ! ea/ 7,kh>sak ,kurra7 ! column :i* jo9s ! heav5 & ! e>? & s]ves z an axis to ! cele/ial vault4 ,! culm9at+ po9t 9 ! heav51 ! z5i? 7,paku71 0 n ?is axis or pole2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 situat$ imm$iately above ! c\ntry ( ,akkadia ,kalama :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! c5tre ( ! inhabit$ l&s1 :ile ! m\nta9 :i* act$ z a pivot to ! />ry heav5s 0 to ! nor!a/ ( ?is c\ntry4 ,beyond ! m\nta91 also to ! nor!a/1 ext5d$ ! l& ( ,aralli1 :i* 0 v ri* 9 gold & 0 inhabit$ by ! gods & bless$ spirits0 7,l5ormant1 quot$ by ,w>r5 op4 cit4 p4 #aff74 #afh ,?is is ! ,ka ( ,egyptian !ology 444 he is ! ,sek-,nag1 ! god ( ! ,rj1 or royal race ( ,gonds1 born 7ja7 ( ,r1 t is1 ! sons ( ,ra-,hu1 ! begett+ 7,hu7 creat+ fire-god 7,ra74 ,8 fe/ival is held e sev5 ye>s & is att5d$ only by males :o are b\nd to secrecy z to its rites4444 ,?is god1 ! great ,nag1 is ! s\l ( life 9 ! ra9 cl\d1 ! heav5ly snake 444 ! o!r be+ ! ,ahi or ,e*is1 ! snake ( e>?4 8,to ! pres5t day ! ,ja9s1 :o are ! great trad+ race ( ,india1 call !mselves ,ka-ya! sons ( ,ka4 ,?is "n !y mu/ h br\ght ) !m to ! holy isl& 7,dilmun71 f !nce x mu/ h travell$ to ,egypt ) ! race :o e/abli%$ ! ,ku%ite rule !re0 7,hewitt74 #afi ,! titles 8,middle k+10 8,great ,middle pr9cess10 are cit$ by ,*amb]la91 op4 cit4 pp4 #bfe & #bfg4 #agj ,madhu! inspir+ intoxicat+ honey mead us$ 9 ! sacr$ ritual1 sub/itut$ by a ,nor!rn p = ! b>ley liquor (f]$ 9 ! man?9 or creat+1 *urn+ cup4 ,! names giv5 to ! dr9k]s ( madhu8madhuya10 madhu-p & ,madhvi2 also madhu-v>na1 ! m5 ( ,madhu's ca/e1 are curi\sly homonym\s ) ! ^w = ,middle ,madhyias & appe> to designate !m z ! 8,middle ca/e10 naturally associat$ ) ! ,nor?4 #aga ,quot$ by ,o',neil f ,sat[ & ,hawes' ,hdbk4 ( ,japan1 #bnd ed4 p4 #ci4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! foll[+ ,japanese words ) ,miyauk53 ,,miyowond]ful1 admirable1 secret1 my/]i\s1 holy4 ,,miya,%9to temple :]e ! kami are wor%ipp$4 ,japan4 ,,miyukitravell+1 go+1 only appli$ to circuit ( prov9ces p]=m$ by ,mikado4 ,,k5imp]ial doma91 or t t]ritory :i* is "u ! direct gov]nm5t ( ! ,mikado1 cf4 ,*9ese k'anl&4 #agb ,transactions ( ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan1 vol4 ,x1 p4 #bde1 note #b4