,,the ,,plants ,,of ,,michigan ,,simple ,,keys ,,for ,,the ,,identification ,,of ,,the ,,native ,,seed ,,plants ,,of ,,the ,,state ,by ,,henry ,,allan ,,gleason1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,associate ,professor of ,botany and ,director of the ,botanical ,gardens and ,arboretum in the ,university of ,michigan #aiah ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,george ,,wahr ,,published ,,by ,,george ,,wahr ,,ann ,,arbor ,,printed ,,by ,,the ,,ann ,,arbor ,,press ,,preface ,this book is not intended for the expert botanist4 ,he should consult one of the regular ,manuals which give full descriptions of each species of plant4 ,neither is it intended for the merely curious4 ,only those who have sufficient interest in a plant to observe it can find its name by this book4 ,furthermore1 it is not a textbook4 ,it does not attempt to convey botanical information1 but offers merely an opportunity to learn the names of plants4 ,its mission is fully accomplished if1 through its use1 students1 vacationists1 and plant-lovers in general are able to recognize by name the plants about them4 ,,how ,,to ,,use ,,the ,,book ,one recognizes a plant by the presence of structural features peculiar to itself1 and not found on any other kind of plant4 ,in such a book as this1 these characters are given one or a few at a time1 and contrasted with the characters which other sorts of plants possess4 ,such a presentation is called a ,key1 and by its proper use the name may be learned of any plant considered in it4 ,this process is called ,identification4 ,keys are constructed in several different ways1 although the principle of all is the same4 ,in this book1 the user will begin with lines #a;a and #a;b on the page headed ,key to the ,groups4 ,each of these lines includes some descriptive matter1 but only one of them can apply to the plant being identified4 ,for example1 if the plant to be identified is an ,oak1 line #a;a will apply perfectly1 and the same line will also apply to any other kind of tree or to any shrub4 ,but if the plant is a ,violet1 a ,buttercup1 or any other herb1 line #a;b agrees and line #a;a will not apply4 ,at the end of each line is a reference to be consulted next4 ,if the plant is a tree or shrub1 one turns accordingly to ,group #a1 on page ix1 and begins again at the first number given4 ,if the plant is an herb1 he follows the reference to line #b1 just below1 and again compares the plants with lines #b;a and #b;b4 ,under every number at least two lines of description are given1 designated a and b1 and under a few numbers additional lines appear1 designated c1 d1 etc4 ,in every case1 the user of the key will select from the different lines under the same number that particular line which agrees with the structure of the plant1 and follow up the reference given at the end of that line4 ,eventually one finds at the end of a line1 instead of a number1 the name of a family of plants1 to which this particular plant belongs1 and then turns over to the page where this family is treated4 ,under each family is a similar key1 to be followed in exactly the same way1 until finally one finds instead of a number the common name and the scientific name of the plant in hand4 ,the process of identification is now completed1 and the student has found the name of the plant4 ,in some cases1 a reference is made in the key to a particular portion of the family key4 ,one then turns directly to this particular number in the family key1 and continues his identification in the usual way4 ,as a definite example of the use of the key1 suppose that one has in hand a branch of the ,white ,oak1 and that he does not know its name4 ,to determine its name1 he will trace it through the following steps in the key4 ,under the ,key to the ,groups1 it agrees with line #a;a1 which refers to ,group #a1 ,woody ,plants4 ,under this group it agrees in structure with line #a;a1 which refers to #b2 with line #b;b1 referring to #ba2 with line #ba;b1 referring to #bb2 with #bb;b1 referring to #bi2 with #bi;b1 referring to #cb2 with #cb;c1 referring to #dg2 with #dg;b1 referring to #dh2 with #dh;b1 referring to #ea2 with #ea;b1 referring to number #a;b in the ,beech ,family4 ,turning to the proper number in this family1 the plant is referred to line #c2 it agrees with line #c;c1 referring to #aj2 with #aj;a1 referring to #aa2 and with #aa;b1 which gives the name of the plant4 ,white ,oak1 ,quercus alba4 ,as a second example1 suppose one has a common yellow-flowered plant blooming on lawns and roadsides in spring4 ,under the ,key to the ,groups1 it agrees with #a;b1 referring to #b2 with #b;b1 referring to #c2 and its net-veined leaves place it in #c;b1 referring to ,group #d1 ,dicotyledones4 ,under this group1 its basal leaves place it in #a;b1 referring to #b2 its simple leaves in #b;b1 referring to #ah2 the absence of stem-leaves places it in #ah;b1 referring to #bc2 its solitary flowers on each flower-stalk place it in #bc;b1 referring to #bd2 its yellow flowers agree with #bd;a1 referring to #be2 and its milky juice refers the plant to number #af1 in the ,composite ,family4 ,in the key to this family1 its lobed leaves agree with #af;b1 referring on to #ag2 its large flowers with #ag;b1 giving one the common name ,dandelion1 and referring on to #ah to determine which kind of ,dandelion the plant may be4 ,at some point in the key there will be found for each plant a statement in parentheses4 ,this is general information concerning the height of the plant1 the color of the flowers1 or the season of bloom4 ,it must be remembered that the height of plants is subject to great variation2 that most plants have white-flowered varieties2 and that the month of bloom depends largely on the latitude and the climate4 ,therefore this general information should not be used as means of distinguishing species4 ,the names of plants4 ,each plant bears a scientific name4 ,this is composed of two parts and is usually of ,latin or ,greek derivation4 ,in some cases these names are taken directly from the ,latin language1 as ,quercus1 the ,oak1 or ,acer1 the ,maple4 ,in other cases the name may indicate some characteristic feature of the plant1 as ,polygonum1 many joints1 for the ,knotweed1 or ,ammophila1 sand-loving1 for the ,beach ,grass4 ,an ,english name is also given for almost every kind of plant4 ,in a few cases there is no accepted ,english name1 and none has been given4 ,in many cases the same ,english name applies to several kinds of plants and has been repeated for each4 ,when this is so1 the common name is given in the key in parentheses before the scientific name is reached4 ,thus1 if one is satisfied to know merely that his plant is a dandelion1 he learns it in line #ag;b of the key to the ,composite ,family1 but to discover which kind of a dandelion he has1 he must follow through the key and use the scientific name4 ,there is in this book1 therefore1 no necessity of learning or using scientific names4 ,the less critical may be satisfied with an ,english name1 and others may use the scientific names as they see fit4 ,possible ,errors4 ,in using this book1 care must be taken to compare all the lines under each number with the plant1 and to use judgment in selecting the right one4 ,while faulty observation or poor judgment may lead to error1 a mistake is usually due to carelessness in not following correctly the reference at the end of the line chosen4 ,if one reaches a number in which none of the lines of description agrees with the plant1 it is very probable that he has made a mistake at an earlier stage of the identification1 and he should then begin anew4 ,it has been the intention of the author to make the key as nearly as possible proof against errors of judgment4 ,for example1 the ,indian ,turnip may be sought under either ,group #c or ,group #d2 the ,matrimony ,vine may be identified either as a shrub or as an herb1 and numerous other similar examples may be discovered4 ,botanical ,information ,needed4 ,it is presumed that those using the book will be familiar with the parts of the flower and with the commoner descriptive terms applied to leaves4 ,unusual terms have been avoided as far as possible1 but those which do occur1 as well as the simpler ones1 are explained in the glossary4 ,in general1 only those characters have been used in the keys which can be observed without a magnifying glass and without dissection of the flower4 ,in several groups of plants1 reference is made to the fuller descriptions to be found in the ,manuals4 ,the standard manuals for ,michigan are ,gray's ,new ,manual of ,botany1 #gth edition 7,american ,book ,company1 #b4ej71 and ,britton and ,brown1 ,illustrated ,flora of the ,northern ,states and ,canada 7,chas4 ,scribner's ,sons1 #ac4ej74 ,these books may be consulted in most school or public libraries4 ,all dimensions are expressed in the metric system4 ,for convenience1 it may be stated that #be millimeters 7mm47 are about equal to one inch2 #a centimeter 7cm47 to two-fifths of an inch2 #a decimeter 7dm47 to #d inches2 and #a meter 7m47 is a little more than #c feet4 ,,key ,,to ,,groups #a;a4 ,trees1 shrubs1 or woody climbers1 with stems which last from year to year ,group #a1 ,,woody ,,plants1 p4 ix4 #a;b4 ,herbaceous plants1 with stems which live above ground only a single season --#b4 #b;a4 ,plants with unusual habits or structures1 including leafless1 colorless1 submerged1 floating1 parasitic1 or hollow-leaved plants ,group #b1 ,,unusual ,,plants1 p4 xxiii4 #b;b4 ,ordinary terrestrial or swamp plants1 without unusual structural peculiarities --#c4 #c;a4 ,leaves parallel-veined 7or net-veined in a few species72 parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes1 never in fives2 wood-fibers scattered through the stem2 seed with one cotyledon4 ,all plants with definitely parallel-veined leaves may be identified through this division1 unless the parts of the flower are distinctly in fives4 ,group #c1 ,,monocotyledones1 p4 xxvii4 #c;b4 ,leaves net-veined 7or parallel-veined in a few species72 parts of the flower usually in fours or fives2 wood-fibers arranged in a circle in the stem2 seeds with two cotyledons4 ,all plants with definitely net-veined leaves may be identified through this division4 ,group #d1 ,,dicotyledones1 p4 xxx4 ,note3--,in order to avoid possible chances of error1 many plants have been treated under both of the above groups4 ,the following hints may also be useful in distinguishing ,groups #c and #d3 ,all herbaceous plants with deeply lobed1 dissected or compound leaves may be sought under the ,dicotyledones4 ,all herbaceous plants with five stamens in each flower1 or with seven or more stamens and one ovary in each flower1 may be sought under ,dicotyledones4 ,,group #a1 ,,woody ,,plants #a;a4 ,trees1 with erect stem and central trunk1 attaining a height of #f m4 7#bj ft47 or more --#b4 #a;b4 ,shrubs or woody vines1 without true tree habit1 or attaining heights of less than #f m4 7#bj ft47 --#eb4 #b;a4 ,key for use in earliest spring1 for trees which have flowers but no leaves --#c4 #b;b4 ,key for use with trees bearing leaves --#ba4 #c;a4 ,flowers in catkins1 without brightly colored or petal-like parts --#d4 #c;b4 ,flowers not in catkins1 either with or without petals --#ad4 #d;a4 ,leaf-scars and lateral buds #b-ranked1 i4 e41 in two longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first --#e4 #d;b4 ,leaf-scars and buds in three or more longitudinal rows --#i4 #e;a4 ,from #a to #c bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud #b;b1 in ,,fagaceae1 p4 #bb4 #e;b4 ,from #d to #g bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud --#f4 #e;c4 ,from #h to #bj bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud2 buds long and slender2 bark of the trunk smooth --#h4 #f;a4 ,bundle-scars #e or more #b;b1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bc4 #f;b4 ,bundle-scars #c --#g4 #g;a4 ,twigs bearing numerous dwarf branches thickly covered with crowded leaf-scars 7,birch7 ,,betulaceae1 p4 #ba4 #g;b4 ,twigs without dwarf branches 7,ironwood7 #i;a1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #bb4 #h;a4 ,trunk cylindrical or nearly so #b;a1 in ,,fagaceae1 p4 #bb4 #h;b4 ,trunk prominently fluted with longitudinal ridges #a;b1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #ba4 #i;a4 ,bundle-scars #c in each leaf-scar --#aj4 #i;b4 ,bundle scars more than #c in each leaf-scar --#ab4 #aj;a4 ,pith divided into separate cavities by transverse partitions #a;a1 in ,,juglandaceae1 p4 #ba4 #aj;b4 ,pith not partitioned --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,buds small1 with only one external bud-scale #a;b1 in ,,salicaceae1 p4 #ai4 #aa;b4 ,buds with more than one outer bud-scale #a;a1 in ,,salicaceae1 p4 #ai4 #ab;a4 ,buds clustered near the tips of the twigs #a;b1 in ,,fagaceae1 p4 #bb4 #ab;b4 ,buds not clustered at the tips of the twigs --#ac4 #ac;a4 ,buds with about #c visible bud-scales #b;b1 in ,,fagaceae1 p4 #bb4 #ac;b4 ,terminal bud large1 with #d or more visible bud-scales #a;b1 in ,,juglandaceae1 p4 #ba4 #ad;a4 ,flowers conspicuous1 brightly colored1 at least #h mm4 wide4 with both calyx and corolla --#ae4 #ad;b4 ,flowers inconspicuous1 seldom brightly colored1 and then less than #h mm4 wide --#ag4 #ae;a4 ,flowers irregular1 pink or red #c;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #ae;b4 ,flowers regular1 white --#af4 #af;a4 ,ovary one1 superior1 in the center of the flower #cb;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #af;b4 ,ovary inferior1 appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the summit of the pedicel #db;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ee4 #ag;a4 ,leaf-scars and buds opposite --#ah4 #ag;b4 ,leaf-scars and buds alternate --#ai4 #ah;a4 ,bundle-scar one in each leaf-scar #a;b1 in ,,oleacae1 p4 #hh4 #ah;b4 ,bundle-scars #c or more in each leaf-scar ,,aceraceae1 p4 #gj4 #ai;a4 ,bundle-scar #a in each leaf-scar #a;b1 in ,,lauraceae1 p4 #da4 #ai;b4 ,bundle-scars #c in each leaf-scar --#bj4 #ai;c4 ,bundle-scars #e in each leaf-scar #g;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #bj;a4 ,branches thorny #e;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #bj;b4 ,branches not thorny #c;a1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bd4 --#ba-- #ba;a4 ,leaves narrow1 needle-like or scale-like2 trees mostly evergreen ,,pinaceae1 p4 #a4 #ba;b4 ,leaves broader1 flat1 never needle-like or scale-like1 falling in winter --#bb4 #bb;a4 ,leaves compound --#bc4 #bb;b4 ,leaves simple --#bi4 #bc;a4 ,leaves opposite --#bd4 #bc;b4 ,leaves alternate --#bf4 #bd;a4 ,leaves palmately compound with #e-g leaflets ,,sapindaceae1 p4 #gj4 #bd;b4 ,leaves pinnately compound --#be4 #be;a4 ,leaflets #c-e #a;a1 in ,,aceraceae1 p4 #gj4 #be;b4 ,leaflets #g-aa #a;b1 in ,,oleaceae1 p4 #hh4 #bf;a4 ,stem or branches thorny #d;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #bf;b4 ,stem or branches not thorny --#bg4 #bg;a4 ,leaflets entire #g;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #bg;b4 ,leaflets entire except for a few large glandular teeth near their base ,,simarubaceae1 p4 #fe4 #bg;c4 ,leaflets serrate their entire length --#bh4 #bh;a4 ,upper leaflets less than #be mm4 wide #d;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ea4 #bh;b4 ,upper leaflets more than #be mm4 wide ,,juglandaceae1 p4 #ba4 #bi;a4 ,leaves opposite --#cj4 #bi;b4 ,leaves alternate --#cb4 #cj;a4 ,leaves entire ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #cj;b4 ,leaves toothed or lobed1 not entire --#ca4 #ca;a4 ,leaves lobed #a;b1 in ,,aceraceae1 p4 #gj4 #ca;b4 ,leaves merely toothed #bg;b1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aaa4 #cb;a4 ,leaves entire --#cc4 #cb;b4 ,leaves toothed --#cf4 #cb;c4 ,leaves lobed --#dg4 #cc;a4 ,leaves heart-shape #c;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #cc;b4 ,leaves not heart-shape --#cd4 #cd;a4 ,twigs and foliage spicy-aromatic #a;b1 in ,,lauraceae1 p4 #da4 #cd;b4 ,twigs and foliage not aromatic --#ce4 #ce;a4 ,pith #e-;angled2 fruit an acorn #c;a1 in ,,fagaceae1 p4 #bb4 #ce;b4 ,pith not #e-;angled2 fruit a berry #a;a1 in ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #cf;a4 ,leaves oblique at base1 i4 e41 one side of the leaf larger than the other --#cg4 #cf;b4 ,leaves symmetrical1 not oblique at base --#ch4 #cg;a4 ,leaves heart-shape1 about as broad as long ,,tiliaceae1 p4 #gb4 #cg;b4 ,leaves oval or ovate1 much longer than wide #a;a1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bc4 #ch;a4 ,stems thorny #da;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #ch;b4 ,stems not thorny --#ci4 #ci;a4 ,leaves finely toothed1 with #c-many teeth per centimeter of margin --#dj4 #ci;b4 ,leaves coarsely toothed1 with #a-b teeth per centimeter of margin --#df4 #dj;a4 ,petioles laterally compressed #b;a1 in ,,salicaceae1 p4 #ai4 #dj;b4 ,petioles not compressed --#da4 #da;a4 ,leaves1 or many of them1 crowded on short spur-like branches --#db4 #da;b4 ,leaves scattered1 not on short spur-like branches --#dc4 #db;a4 ,bark of the trunks separating in thin papery or leathery sheets ,,betulaceae1 p4 #ba4 #db;b4 ,bark of the trunk not papery or leathery #bd;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ec4 #dc;a4 ,lateral leaf-veins straight and parallel1 and terminating in the teeth ,,betulaceae1 p4 #ba4 #dc;b4 ,lateral veins more or less curved1 and not ending in the teeth --#dd4 #dd;a4 ,leaves palmately veined1 about as broad as long2 juice somewhat milky #b;b1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bc4 #dd;b4 ,leaves pinnately veined2 juice not milky --#de4 #de;a4 ,willows1 with slender leaves and brittle twigs #h;a1 in ,,salicaceae1 p4 #ai4 #de;b4 ,trees with lanceolate1 ovate1 or oblong leaves and tough twigs #cj1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #de;c4 ,cottonwoods1 with broad1 heart-shape or rounded leaves #a;a1 in ,,salicaceae1 p4 #ai4 #df;a4 ,petioles laterally compressed #b;a1 in ,,salicaceae1 p4 #ai4 #df;b4 ,petioles not compressed2 lateral veins straight and parallel1 running directly to the teeth ,,fagaceae1 p4 #bb4 #dg;a4 ,stem thorny #da;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #dg;b4 ,stem not thorny --#dh4 #dh;a4 ,leaves palmately veined --#di4 #dh;b4 ,leaves pinnately veined --#ea4 #di;a4 ,lobes of the leaf entire #a;b1 in ,,lauraceae1 p4 #da4 #di;b4 ,lobes of the leaf serrate --#ej4 #ej;a4 ,juice somewhat milky2 lateral buds visible #b;b1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bc4 #ej;b4 ,juice not milky2 lateral buds covered by the base of the petiole ,,platanaceae1 p4 #ea4 #ea;a4 ,leaves with #d large entire lobes2 stem marked with a ring at each node ,,magnoliaceae1 p4 #dj4 #ea;b4 ,leaves with many lobes2 stem not ringed #a;b1 in ,,fagaceae1 p4 #bb4 --#eb-- #eb;a4 ,for specimens bearing leaves only --#ec4 #eb;b4 ,for specimens bearing flowers only --#adj4 #eb;c4 ,for specimens with both leaves and flowers --#aee4 #ec;a4 ,leaves narrow1 needle-like or scale-like1 mostly evergreen --#ed4 #ec;b4 ,leaves broader1 flat or rolled1 but not needle-like or scale-like --#ef4 #ed;a4 ,foliage densely gray-pubescent2 low bushy shrubs with yellow flowers #b;a1 in ,,cistaceae1 p4 #gd4 #ed;b4 ,foliage green --#ee4 #ee;a4 ,leaves opposite or whorled ,,pinaceae1 p4 #a4 #ee;b4 ,leaves scattered on the stem ,,taxaceae1 p4 #b4 #ef;a4 ,twining or climbing vines --#eg4 #ef;b4 ,not climbing or twining --#ff4 #eg;a4 ,thorny vines --#eh4 #eg;b4 ,not thorny --#fj4 #eh;a4 ,climbing by tendrils at the base of the leaves #d;b1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #aa4 #eh;b4 ,tendrils none --#ei4 #ei;a4 ,leaves simple #e;a1 in ,,solanaceae1 p4 #ajj4 #ei;b4 ,leaves compound #h;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #eb4 #fj;a4 ,leaves compound --#fa4 #fj;b4 ,leaves simple --#fc4 #fa;a4 ,leaves with #e leaflets #a;a1 in ,,vitaceae1 p4 #ga4 #fa;b4 ,leaves with #c leaflets --#fb4 #fb;a4 ,plant climbing by tendril-like leaf-stalks #a;a1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ce4 #fb;b4 ,plant climbing by hold-fast roots #e;b1 in ,,anacardiaceae1 p4 #fi4 #fc;a4 ,leaves opposite #e;a1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aaj4 #fc;b4 ,leaves alternate --#fd4 #fd;a4 ,plants climbing by tendrils #a;b1 in ,,vitaceae1 p4 #ga4 #fd;b4 ,twining plants --#fe4 #fe;a4 ,leaves ovate-oblong1 attached by the base #a;a1 in ,,celastraceae1 p4 #fi4 #fe;b4 ,leaves almost round1 peltate near the edge ,,menispermaceae p4 #dj4 #ff;a4 ,leaves opposite --#fg4 #ff;b4 ,leaves alternate --#hd4 #fg;a4 ,leaves compound --#fh4 #fg;b4 ,leaves simple --#fi4 #fh;a4 ,leaflets #c ,,staphyleaceae1 p4 #fi4 #fh;b4 ,leaflets #g or more #a;a1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aji4 #fi;a4 ,leaves palmately veined1 or at least with a pair of prominent lateral veins from the base --#gj4 #fi;b4 ,leaves pinnately veined --#gb4 #gj;a4 ,leaves not lobed #a;b1 in ,,rhamnaceae1 p4 #ga4 #gj;b4 ,leaves more or less lobed --#ga4 #ga;a4 ,leaves with stipules #bb;a1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aaa4 #ga;b4 ,leaves without stipules #b;a1 in ,,aceraceae1 p4 #gj4 #gb;a4 ,leaves serrate --#gc4 #gb;b4 ,leaves entire --#gg4 #gc;a4 ,stem thorny #a;b1 in ,,rhamnaceae1 p4 #ga4 #gc;b4 ,stem not thorny --#gd4 #gd;a4 ,bark of the ripe twigs green #a;b1 in ,,celastraceae1 p4 #fi4 #gd;b4 ,bark of the ripe twigs brown1 reddish1 or gray --#ge4 #ge;a4 ,twigs with a prominent hairy ridge extending downward from the middle of the line connecting the petiole bases #ac;a1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aaj4 #ge;b4 ,twigs without any pubescent ridge --#gf4 #gf;a4 ,erect shrubs2 leaves obviously toothed #aa;b1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aaj4 #gf;b4 ,spreading shrubs2 most of the leaves entire1 and only here and there some with serrate margins #ah;b1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aaj4 #gg;a4 ,leaves silvery beneath with a dense coating of scales ,,elaeagnaceae1 p4 #gg4 #gg;b4 ,leaves green beneath1 or somewhat hairy and light-colored --#gh4 #gh;a4 ,aquatic plant with lanceolate leaves1 and stems bending over and into the water #a;a1 in ,,lythraceae1 p4 #gg4 #gh;b4 ,not truly aquatic1 although frequently in wet places --#gi4 #gi;a4 ,leaves evergreen1 as shown by their presence on the older stems #ah;a1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #he4 #gi;b4 ,leaves deciduous each year --#hj4 #hj;a4 ,leaves dotted with translucent dots1 easily seen when the leaf is held to the light #a;a1 in ,,hypericaceae1 p4 #gc4 #hj;b4 ,leaves not dotted with translucent dots --#ha4 #ha;a4 ,lateral veins curved forward and running almost parallel to the leaf-margin ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #ha;b4 ,lateral veins spreading1 and not paralleling the leaf-margin --#hb4 #hb;a4 ,leaves with stipules #a;a1 #a;a1 in ,,rubiaceae1 p4 #ajh4 #hb;b4 ,leaves with a prominent ridge connecting them at the base --#hc4 #hb;c4 ,leaves with neither stipules nor connecting ridges #a;a1 in ,,oleaceae1 p4 #hh4 #hc;a4 ,bundle-scar one in each leaf-scar #ah;b1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aaj4 #hc;b4 ,bundle-scars three in each leaf-scar 7,honeysuckle7 #ab1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aaj4 #hd;a4 ,leaves compound --#he4 #hd;b4 ,leaves simple --#ie4 #he;a4 ,stems prickly or thorny --#hf4 #he;b4 ,stems without prickles or thorns --#hh4 #hf;a4 ,leaves twice-pinnate #d;a1 #a;a1 in ,,araliaceae1 p4 #hj4 #hf;b4 ,leaves evenly pinnate #e;b1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #hf;c4 ,leaves odd-pinnate or trifoliate --#hg4 #hg;a4 ,leaflets entire #a;a1 #a;a1 in ,,rutaceae1 p4 #fe4 #hg;b4 ,leaflets serrate #c;b1 #c;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ea4 #hh;a4 ,leaflets #c --#hi4 #hh;b4 ,leaflets #e to many --#ia4 #hi;a4 ,tall shrubs2 leaflets entire or minutely toothed #a;b1 in ,,rutaceae1 p4 #fe4 #hi;b4 ,shrubs #b m4 high or less2 leaves conspicuously toothed --#ij4 #ij;a4 ,stipules present #ag;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ec4 #ij;b4 ,stipules none #a;b1 in ,,anacardiaceae1 p4 #fh4 #ia;a4 ,leaflets #f-be mm4 long --#ib4 #ia;b4 ,leaflets #cj mm4 long1 or more --#ic4 #ib;a4 ,leaflets mostly #e1 rarely #c or #g #g;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #eb4 #ib;b4 ,leaflets mostly #i-ai1 #ae mm4 long or more #bf;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #fj4 #ib;c4 ,leaflets mostly #be-de1 less than #ae mm4 long #h;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #ic;a4 ,leaflets entire #c;a1 in ,,anacardiaceae1 p4 #fh4 #ic;b4 ,leaflets entire1 except for #a-d large glandular teeth near their base ,,simarubaceae1 p4 #fe4 #ic;c4 ,leaflets toothed throughout --#id4 #id;a4 ,juice milky #a;a1 in ,,anacardiaceae1 p4 #fh4 #id;b4 ,juice not milky #c;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ea4 #ie;a4 ,leaves minute1 scale-like1 appressed #b;a1 in ,,cistaceae1 p4 #gd4 #ie;b4 ,leaves #c-aj mm4 long1 spreading1 completely rolled into a tube ,,empetraceae1 p4 #fh4 #ie;c4 ,leaves normal in shape1 green in color --#if4 #if;a4 ,leaves evergreen1 as shown by their presence on the older parts of the stem #d;b1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hd4 #if;b4 ,leaves deciduous --#ig4 #ig;a4 ,stems or branches thorny --#ih4 #ig;b4 ,stems or branches without thorns or thorny leaves --#ajc4 #ih;a4 ,leaves conspicuously palmately veined --#ii4 #ih;b4 ,leaves pinnately veined1 or sometimes with smaller lateral veins arising from the end of the petiole --#ajj4 #ii;a4 ,leaves #e cm4 wide or less #a;a1 in ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #di4 #ii;b4 ,leaves #ae cm4 wide or more #a;a1 in ,,araliaceae1 p4 #hj4 #ajj;a4 ,leaves entire #e;a1 in ,,solanaceae1 p4 #ajj4 #ajj;b4 ,leaves toothed or somewhat lobed --#aja4 #aja;a4 ,leaves with bristly margins2 some of the thorns three-pointed #b;a1 in ,,berberidaceae1 p4 #dj4 #aja;b4 ,leaves not bristly on the margin2 thorns not branched --#ajb4 #ajb;a4 ,only lateral thorns present #da;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #ajb;b4 ,only terminal thorns present #b;a1 in ,,rhamnaceae1 p4 #ga4 #ajc;a4 ,leaves palmately veined1 or with one or more pairs of lateral veins from the base of the leaf --#ajd4 #ajc;b4 ,leaves pinnately veined --#aaa4 #ajd;a4 ,leaves entire --#aje4 #ajd;b4 ,leaves toothed --#ajf4 #ajd;c4 ,leaves palmately lobed --#ajh4 #aje;a4 ,foliage fragrant when crushed2 leaves ovate #a;b1 in ,,lauraceae1 p4 #da4 #aje;b4 ,foliage not aromatic2 leaves heart-shape #c;b1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #ajf;a4 ,lateral veins straight and parallel1 running to the teeth of the leaf #c;a1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #bb4 #ajf;b4 ,lateral veins curved or branched1 and not running straight to the teeth --#ajg4 #ajg;a4 ,tall shrubs with somewhat milky juice and broadly ovate leaves #b;b1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bc4 #ajg;b4 ,low shrubs less than #a m4 high with watery juice #a;b1 in ,,rhamnaceae1 p4 #ga4 #ajh;a4 ,leaves with #b or #c entire lobes1 spicy-fragrant when crushed #a;b1 in ,,lauraceae1 p4 #da4 #ajh;b4 ,leaves with milky juice #b;b1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bc4 #ajh;c4 ,leaves neither spicy-fragrant nor with milky juice --#aji4 #aji;a4 ,stem covered with brown bristles #bi1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #aji;b4 ,stem not bristly --#aaj4 #aaj;a4 ,sides of the petiole strongly decurrent on the stem2 bundle-scars crowded or nearly in contact in the leaf-scars #bh;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ec4 #aaj;b4 ,sides of petiole little decurrent or not at all2 bundle-scars distinctly separate #b;b1 in ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #di4 #aaa;a4 ,leaves aromatically fragrant when crushed --#aab4 #aaa;b4 ,leaves not aromatically fragrant when crushed --#aac4 #aab;a4 ,leaves broadly obovate1 entire2 a common woodland shrub #a;a1 in ,,lauraceae1 p4 #da4 #aab;b4 ,leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate1 conspicuously toothed or entire ,,myricaceae1 p4 #bj4 #aac;a4 ,leaves entire --#aad4 #aac;b4 ,leaves toothed or lobed --#aba4 #aad;a4 ,base of the petiole covering the axillary buds2 twigs marked with rings ,,thymelaeaceae1 p4 #gg4 #aad;b4 ,base of petiole not covering the bud1 and twigs not marked with rings --#aae4 #aae;a4 ,pith with prominent partitions2 tall shrubs with fetid bark2 leaves obovate1 #aj cm4 long or larger ,,anonaceae1 p4 #dj4 #aae;b4 ,pith not partitioned2 leaves smaller --#aaf4 #aaf;a4 ,leaves waxy or resinous underneath #bd;b1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hf4 #aaf;b4 ,leaves not waxy or resinous --#aag4 #aag;a4 ,lateral veins curved forward and almost parallel to the margin of the leaf #b;a1 in ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #aag;b4 ,lateral veins spreading --#aah4 #aah;a4 ,leaves lanceolate or linear1 much longer than wide --#aai4 #aah;b4 ,leaves ovate or elliptical --#abj4 #aai;a4 ,stem weak1 spreading or trailing #e;a1 in ,,solanaceae1 p4 #ajj4 #aai;b4 ,stems1 or some of them1 erect #c;b1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #abj;a4 ,leaves with purple petioles1 which are at least one-fourth as long as the leaf-blade #a;a1 in ,,aquifoliaceae1 p4 #fi4 #abj;b4 ,leaves with short petioles or sessile #bd;c1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hf4 #aba;a4 ,lateral veins straight and parallel1 mostly ending in the teeth of the leaf --#abb4 #aba;b4 ,lateral veins not straight and parallel --#abi4 #abb;a4 ,leaves #b-ranked1 i4 e41 in two longitudinal rows1 with the third leaf directly above the first --#abc4 #abb;b4 ,leaves not #b-ranked --#abg4 #abc;a4 ,leaves unsymmetrical1 oblique at the base1 i4 e41 with one side of the leaf larger than the other ,,hamamelidaceae1 p4 #ea4 #abc;b4 ,leaves symmetrical or nearly so at the base --#abd4 #abd;a4 ,lateral leaf-veins ending in the leaf-teeth --#abe4 #abd;b4 ,lateral veins not ending in the teeth #db;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ee4 #abe;a4 ,bark smooth and fluted on the large stems #a;b1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #ba4 #abe;b4 ,bark rough or warty or glandular --#abf4 #abf;a4 ,leaves #d cm4 long or less #c;a1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #bb4 #abf;b4 ,leaves #e cm4 long or more #i;b1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #bb4 #abg;a4 ,pith #c-;angled #f;a1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #bb4 #abg;b4 ,pith #e-;angled #ac;b1 in ,,fagaceae1 p4 #bc4 #abg;c4 ,pith cylindrical --#abh4 #abh;a4 ,leaves finely serrate #db;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ee4 #abh;b4 ,leaves coarsely or doubly serrate #da;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #abi;a4 ,leaves coarsely or doubly serrate --#acj4 #abi;b4 ,leaves simply serrate --#aca4 #acj;a4 ,leaves #b-ranked1 i4 e41 in two longitudinal rows1 with the third leaf directly over the first #i;b1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #bb4 #acj;b4 ,leaves not #b-ranked #da;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #aca;a4 ,leaves with glands on the petiole or at the base of the leaf-blade --#acb4 #aca;b4 ,leaves with small dark glands on the upper side of the mid-vein #db;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #aca;c4 ,leaves without glands --#acc4 #acb;a4 ,willows2 with usually slender leaves1 frequently conspicuous broad stipules1 and lateral buds protected by a single external bud-scale #ac1 in ,,salicaceae1 p4 #bj4 #acb;b4 ,plums and cherries2 with leaves lanceolate or broader1 and stipules minute and falling early in the season2 lateral buds with more than one bud-scale #cj1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #acc;a4 ,with stipules or with stipular scars indicating where stipules have been detached --#acd4 #acc;b4 ,without stipules or stipular scars --#ach4 #acd;a4 ,with three bundle-scars in each leaf-scar --#ace4 #acd;b4 ,with one bundle-scar in each leaf-scar --#acf4 #ace;a4 ,willows2 usually with slender leaves and twigs and frequently with large conspicuous stipules2 lateral buds covered by a single external bud-scale #ac1 in ,,salicaceae1 p4 #bj4 #ace;b4 ,juneberries2 with oblong or ovate leaves and small stipules which fall early2 lateral buds with more than one external scale #db;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ee4 #acf;a4 ,leaves mostly entire1 only a few here and there with low teeth #a;a1 in ,,aquifoliaceae1 p4 #fi4 #acf;b4 ,leaves sharply toothed --#acg4 #acg;a4 ,axillary buds superposed1 i4 e41 with a second one just above the first #a;b1 in ,,aquifoliaceae1 p4 #fi4 #acg;b4 ,axillary buds not superposed #b;b1 in ,,rhamnaceae1 p4 #ga4 #ach;a4 ,leaves with purple petioles1 which are at least one-fourth as long as the blade #a;a1 in ,,aquifoliaceae1 p4 #fi4 #ach;b4 ,leaves short-petioled or sessile --#aci4 #aci;a4 ,stems erect and straight1 unbranched or with very few branches #bg1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ec4 #aci;b4 ,stems more or less crooked and freely branched1 making a spreading shrub #be1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hf4 --#adj-- #adj;a4 ,flowers appearing in autumn1 after the leaves have fallen ,,hamamelidaceae1 p4 #ea4 #adj;b4 ,flowers appearing in spring1 before the leaves have opened --#ada4 #ada;a4 ,flowers in catkins1 without brightly colored or petal-like parts --#adb4 #ada;b4 ,flowers not in catkins1 either with or without brightly colored or petal-like parts --#adi4 #adb;a4 ,leaves #b-ranked1 as shown by the arrangement of buds and leaf-scars in two longitudinal rows1 so that the third bud is directly over the first --#adc4 #adb;b4 ,leaves and leaf-scars not #b-ranked --#adf4 #adc;a4 ,bundle-scars three in each leaf-scar --#add4 #adc;b4 ,bundle-scars several in each leaf-scar #b;b1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bc4 #add;a4 ,leaf-buds with only #a-c visible bud-scales #aj1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #bb4 #add;b4 ,leaf-buds with more than #c visible scales --#ade4 #ade;a4 ,bark of the branches smooth and dark gray1 the larger stems fluted with projecting longitudinal ridges #a;b1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #ba4 #ade;b4 ,branches without projecting ridges #d1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #bb4 #adf;a4 ,pith #c-;angled #h1 in ,,betulaceae1 p4 #bb4 #adf;b4 ,pith #e-;angled #ac;b1 in ,,fagaceae1 p4 #bc4 #adf;c4 ,pith cylindrical --#adg4 #adg;a4 ,visible outer bud-scales #b or more --#adh4 #adg;b4 ,buds with a single visible outer scale #ac1 in ,,salicaceae1 p4 #bj4 #adh;a4 ,bundle-scars #c in each leaf-scar ,,myricaceae1 p4 #bj4 #adh;b4 ,bundle-scars more than #c in each leaf-scar #b;b1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bc4 #adi;a4 ,flowers dark red-purple1 about #c cm4 wide ,,anonaceae1 p4 #dj4 #adi;b4 ,flowers bright pink1 irregular1 about #a cm4 wide #c;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #adi;c4 ,flowers white1 with #e conspicuous petals --#aej4 #adi;d4 ,flowers greenish or yellowish1 small1 inconspicuous --#aeb4 #aej;a4 ,ovary #a1 superior1 i4 e41 in the center of the flower and not attached to surrounding parts #cf1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ed4 #aej;b4 ,ovary inferior1 appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the apex of the pedicel --#aea4 #aea;a4 ,flowers in racemes or solitary #db;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ee4 #aea;b4 ,flowers in flattened or rounded branching clusters #db;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ee4 #aeb;a4 ,stems thorny #a;a1 in ,,rutaceae1 p4 #fe4 #aeb;b4 ,stems not thorny --#aec4 #aec;a4 ,bark pleasantly aromatic when crushed2 perianth with #f parts --#aed4 #aec;b4 ,bark not pleasantly aromatic2 perianth with #d short lobes ,,thymelaeaceae1 p4 #gg4 #aed;a4 ,flowers in sessile lateral clusters #a;a1 in ,,lauraceae1 p4 #da4 #aed;b4 ,flowers in peduncled terminal clusters #a;b1 in ,,lauraceae1 p4 #da4 --#aee-- #aee;a4 ,leaves narrow1 needle-like or scale-like1 mostly evergreen --#ed4 #aee;b4 ,leaves broader1 flat or rolled1 but not needle-like or scale-like --#aef4 #aef;a4 ,twining or climbing vines --#ef4 #aef;b4 ,not twining or climbing --#aeg4 #aeg;a4 ,leaves opposite --#aeh4 #aeg;b4 ,leaves alternate --#afe4 #aeh;a4 ,leaves compound --#fh4 #aeh;b4 ,leaves simple --#aei4 #aei;a4 ,leaves broad1 palmately lobed --#afj4 #aei;b4 ,leaves not palmately lobed --#afa4 #afj;a4 ,flowers greenish-yellow1 in racemes or panicles #b;a1 in ,,aceraceae1 p4 #gj4 #afj;b4 ,flowers white1 in rounded or flattened clusters #bb;a1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aaa4 #afa;a4 ,flowers in close clusters1 subtended by four large white petal-like bracts #d;b1 in ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #afa;b4 ,flowers small1 white1 in dense spherical heads #a;a1 in ,,rubiaceae1 p4 #ajh4 #afa;c4 ,flowers not in dense heads1 and not subtended by petal-like bracts --#afb4 #afb;a4 ,petals separate from each other --#afc4 #afb;b4 ,petals united with each other --#afd4 #afc;a4 ,flowers dark purple-red #a;b1 in ,,celastraceae4 p4 #fi4 #afc;b4 ,flowers bright yellow #a;a1 in ,,hypericaceae1 p4 #gc4 #afc;c4 ,flowers pink-purple2 aquatic shrubs #a;a1 in ,,lythraceae1 p4 #gg4 #afc;d4 ,flowers white #e1 in ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #afc;e4 ,flowers minute1 greenish2 twigs usually thorny #a;b1 in ,,rhamnaceae1 p4 #ga4 #afc;f4 ,flowers small1 yellowish2 leaves silvery beneath ,,elaeagnaceae1 p4 #gg4 #afd;a4 ,stamens #b #a;a1 in ,,oleaceae1 p4 #hh4 #afd;b4 ,stamens #d or #e #aa1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aaj4 #afd;c4 ,stamens #aj #ah;a1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #he4 #afe;a4 ,leaves once-compound --#aff4 #afe;b4 ,leaves simple --#agb4 #afe;c4 ,leaves twice- or thrice-compound #d;a1 in ,,araliaceae1 p4 #hj4 #aff;a4 ,flowers small1 greenish or greenish-yellow --#afg4 #aff;b4 ,flowers conspicuous1 white1 or brightly colored --#agj4 #afg;a4 ,stems thorny #a;a1 in ,,rutaceae1 p4 #fe4 #afg;b4 ,stems not thorny --#afh4 #afh;a4 ,leaflets #c1 entire or minutely toothed #a;b1 in ,,rutaceae1 p4 #fe4 #afh;b4 ,leaflets #c1 conspicuously toothed #a;b1 in ,,anacardiaceae1 p4 #fh4 #afh;c4 ,leaflets more than #c --#afi4 #afi;a4 ,leaflets entire except for #a-d large glandular teeth near their base ,,simarubaceae1 p4 #fe4 #afi;b4 ,leaflets entire1 or toothed for their entire length ,,anacardiaceae1 p4 #fh4 #agj;a4 ,flowers with a single bright-blue petal #h;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #agj;b4 ,flowers with several petals --#aga4 #aga;a4 ,flowers regular #c1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ea4 #aga;b4 ,flowers irregular1 the upper petal the largest #d1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #agb;a4 ,leaves minute1 scale-like1 appressed #b;a1 in ,,cistaceae1 p4 #gd4 #agb;b4 ,leaves #c-aj mm4 long1 spreading1 completely rolled into a tube ,,empetraceae1 p4 #fh4 #agb;c4 ,leaves normal in shape1 green in color --#agc4 #agc;a4 ,leaves evergreen1 as shown by their presence on the older parts of the stem #d;b1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hd4 #agc;b4 ,leaves deciduous --#agd4 #agd;a4 ,flowers in catkins1 without petal-like parts --#adb4 #agd;b4 ,flowers not in catkins1 either with or without petal-like parts --#age4 #age;a4 ,flowers small1 inconspicuous1 yellowish or greenish in color --#agf4 #age;b4 ,flowers white or colored1 with conspicuous petals --#ahj4 #agf;a4 ,leaves broad and palmately lobed2 stem thorny #a;a1 in ,,araliaceae1 p4 #hj4 #agf;b4 ,leaves entire1 toothed1 or with #b-c entire lobes2 stem not thorny --#agg4 #agg;a4 ,flowers in small axillary clusters2 foliage not spicy-aromatic --#agh4 #agg;b4 ,flowers in clusters terminating last year's twigs2 foliage spicy-aromatic #a;b1 in ,,lauraceae1 p4 #da4 #agh;a4 ,petals none2 sepals present #b;b1 in ,,rhamnaceae1 p4 #ga4 #agh;b4 ,petals present but small --#agi4 #agi;a4 ,a stamen in front of each petal #b;a1 in ,,rhamnaceae1 p4 #ga4 #agi;b4 ,a stamen between each two petals ,,aquifoliaceae1 p4 #fi4 #ahj;a4 ,petals united with each other2 stamens #h-aj #bd1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hf4 #ahj;b4 ,petals separate from each other --#aha4 #aha;a4 ,petals #d --#ahb4 #aha;b4 ,petals #e --#ahc4 #aha;c4 ,petal-like sepals #f2 real petals none2 foliage spicy-aromatic #a;b1 in ,,lauraceae1 p4 #da4 #aha;d4 ,petals #f2 sepals also present --#ahg4 #ahb;a4 ,flowers in late spring or early summer #b;a1 in ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #ahb;b4 ,flowers in autumn ,,hamamelidaceae1 p4 #ea4 #ahc;a4 ,corolla irregular1 the upper petal largest #c;b1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #ahc;b4 ,corolla regular1 all petals alike in size and shape --#ahd4 #ahd;a4 ,stamens #e --#ahe4 #ahd;b4 ,stamens #aj or more #bd1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ec4 #ahe;a4 ,flowers in loose racemes or axillary clusters #b1 in ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #di4 #ahe;b4 ,flowers in branching clusters --#ahf4 #ahf;a4 ,leaves palmately lobed2 stem thorny #a;a1 in ,,araliaceae1 p4 #hj4 #ahf;b4 ,leaves not lobed2 stem not thorny #a;b1 in ,,rhamnaceae1 p4 #ga4 #ahg;a4 ,flowers dark red-purple ,,anonaceae1 p4 #dj4 #ahg;b4 ,flowers yellow #b;a1 in ,,berberidaceae1 p4 #dj4 ,,group #b1 ,,unusual ,,plants #a;a4 ,small brown leafless plants1 growing as parasites on the tamarack or black spruce ,,loranthaceae1 p4 #be4 #a;b4 ,aquatic plants1 with all or most of the leaves submerged1 or leafless --#b4 #a;c4 ,aquatic plants1 with the leaves or the whole plant floating on or near the surface --#bj4 #a;d4 ,terrestrial or marsh plants1 without floating or submerged leaves --#bi4 #b;a4 ,submerged aquatics1 without leaves --#c4 #b;b4 ,submerged aquatics1 with the leaves linear or dissected --#d4 #c;a4 ,flowers showy1 yellow or purple ,,lentibulariaceae1 p4 #aje4 #c;b ,flowers small and inconspicuous1 sessile1 purplish or greenish #c;a1 in ,,haloragidaceae1 p4 #gi4 #d;a4 ,leaves linear or lanceolate1 not lobed or dissected --#e4 #d;b4 ,leaves more or less lobed or dissected --#ac4 #e;a4 ,leaves all basal --#f4 #e;b4 ,stem-leaves present --#g4 #f;a4 ,flowers blue1 #a cm4 long or more2 leaves cylindrical1 blunt1 hollow1 partitioned lengthwise #a;a1 in ,,lobeliaceae1 p4 #aac4 #f;b4 ,flowers yellow2 leaves minute ,,lentibulariaceae1 p4 #aje4 #f;c4 ,flowers white1 in clusters2 leaves linear-lanceolate1 acute1 not hollow #a;b1 in ,,alismaceae1 p4 #c4 #f;d4 ,flowers greenish1 solitary at the end of elongated peduncles2 leaves very long and ribbon-like1 flat or trough-shape #a;a1 in ,,hydrocharitaceae1 p4 #c4 #f;e4 ,flowers minute1 whitish or lead-color1 in heads ,,eriocaulaceae1 p4 #i4 #g;a4 ,leaves alternate --#h4 #g;b4 ,leaves opposite --#aj4 #g;c4 ,leaves whorled --#ab4 #h;a4 ,leaves with thin sheathing stipules #a;b1 in ,,najadaceae1 p4 #b4 #h;b4 ,leaves without stipules --#i4 #i;a4 ,flowers greenish1 in a head ,,sparganiaceae1 p4 #b4 #i;b4 ,flowers pale yellow #a;b1 in ,,pontederiaceae1 p4 #aj4 #aj;a4 ,leaves serrate #b;b1 in ,,najadaceae1 p4 #b4 #aj;b4 ,leaves entire --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,leaves #b cm4 long or less ,,callitrichaceae1 p4 #fh4 #aa;b4 ,leaves thread-like1 #b-h cm4 long #b;a1 in ,,najadaceae1 p4 #b4 #aa;c4 ,leaves linear to elliptical1 more than #b cm4 long #a;b1 in ,,najadaceae1 p4 #b4 #ab;a4 ,leaves in whorls of #c1 abruptly widened at the base #b;b1 in ,,najadaceae1 p4 #b4 #ab;b4 ,leaves in whorls of #c1 widest near the middle #a;b1 in ,,hydrocharitaceae1 p4 #c4 #ab;c4 ,stems straight and erect1 at leaves the flowers emerged2 leaves in whorls of #d or more #b;a1 in ,,haloragidaceae1 p4 #gi4 #ac;a4 ,leaves with numerous small bladders attached1 each bladder #a-c mm4 long ,,lentibulariaceae1 p4 #aje4 #ac;b4 ,leaves without bladders --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,leaves alternate --#ae4 #ad;b4 ,leaves opposite or whorled --#ah4 #ae;a4 ,delicate and rare plants growing attached to stones in running water ,,podostemaceae1 p4 #dh4 #ae;b4 ,plants #b dm4 high or more1 with roots in mud or sand --#af4 #af;a4 ,leaves once-pinnate --#ag4 #af;b4 ,leaves #b-c times pinnate #ae;b1 in ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #ha4 #af;c4 ,leaves palmately dissected #a;b1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ce4 #ag;a4 ,taste peppery or mustardy #cd1 in ,,cruciferae1 p4 #de4 #ag;b4 ,taste not peppery or mustardy #a;a1 in ,,haloragidaceae1 p4 #gi4 #ah;a4 ,leaves pinnately compound #c;b1 in ,,haloragidaceae1 p4 #gi4 #ah;b4 ,leaves palmately compound --#ai4 #ai;a4 ,leaves opposite or in whorls of four #aai;a1 in ,,compositae1 p4 #abc4 #ai;b4 ,leaves in whorls of #e-ab ,,ceratophyllaceae1 p4 #cd4 #bj;a4 ,plants small1 flattened1 rounded or ovate1 without distinction of stem and leaf2 the whole plant floating on or near the surface ,,lemnaceae1 p4 #i4 #bj;b4 ,plant attached to the soil1 with differentiated stem and leaves --#ba4 #ba;a4 ,leaves on long slender stalks1 which bear also a cluster of slender tubers near the leaf-base2 leaves heart-shape #a;b1 in ,,gentianaceae1 p4 #hh4 #ba;b4 ,leaf-stalks without a cluster of tubers --#bb4 #bb;a4 ,leaves all basal --#bc4 #bb;b4 ,stem-leaves present --#bd4 #bc;a4 ,leaves parallel-veined #a;b1 in ,,alismaceae1 p4 #c4 #bc;b4 ,leaves net-veined #a;b1 in ,,nymphaeaceae1 p4 #ce4 #bd;a4 ,leaves opposite or whorled --#be4 #bd;b4 ,leaves alternate --#bf4 #be;a4 ,leaves less than #b cm4 long ,,callitrichaceae1 p4 #fh4 #be;b4 ,leaves more than #b cm4 long #a;b1 in ,,najadaceae1 p4 #b4 #bf;a4 ,leaves attached by the center to the stalk #b;b1 in ,,nymphaeaceae1 p4 #ce4 #bf;b4 ,leaves attached by the margin --#bg4 #bg;a4 ,leaves parallel-veined --#bh4 #bg;b4 ,leaves net-veined1 with a single mid-vein2 lanceolate or elliptical in outline #bi;b1 in ,,polygonaceae1 p4 #bh4 #bh;a4 ,leaves not over #b dm4 long #a;b1 in ,,najadaceae1 p4 #b4 #bh;b4 ,leaves very long and grass-like #ad;a1 in ,,gramineae1 p4 #e4 #bi;a4 ,brown1 yellow1 or white plants1 without green color --#cj4 #bi;b4 ,plants with normal green color1 at least in some parts --#cc4 #cj;a4 ,stemless and leafless plants1 consisting of flowers only and partly underground #d;a1 in ,,araceae1 p4 #h4 #cj;b4 ,stems climbing on other plants #a;b1 in ,,convolvulaceae1 p4 #ia4 #cj;c4 ,stem and flower-stalks erect1 not climbing --#ca4 #ca;a4 ,corolla regular2 stamens #f-ab #a;a1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hd4 #ca;b4 ,corolla irregular --#cb4 #cb;a4 ,sepals and petals each #c2 flowers in simple racemes #e;a1 in ,,orchidaceae1 p4 #af4 #cb;b4 ,sepals #e2 corolla of united petals ,,orobanchaceae1 p4 #ajf4 #cc;a4 ,stem thick and fleshy1 leafless1 thorny ,,cactaceae1 p4 #gg4 #cc;b4 ,stem not thorny --#cd4 #cd;a4 ,leaves none --#ce4 #cd;b4 ,leaves reduced to small scales --#dj4 #cd;c4 ,leaves thick and fleshy --#dd4 #cd;d4 ,leaves hollow --#de4 #cd;e4 ,leaves small1 all basal1 bearing large glandular hairs on the upper surface ,,droseraceae1 p4 #dh4 #ce;a4 ,stem none1 the flowers appearing at or partially beneath the surface of the soil #d;a1 in ,,araceae1 p4 #h4 #ce;b4 ,stem present --#cf4 #cf;a4 ,stem freely branched #b;a1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #aj4 #cf;b4 ,stem unbranched1 except possibly in the flower-clusters --#cg4 #cg;a4 ,flowers greenish or brownish1 without obvious colored petals --#ch4 #cg;b4 ,flowers with conspicuous white or colored petals --#ci4 #ch;a4 ,each flower with #f small chaffy petals #d1 in ,,juncaceae1 p4 #aj4 #ch;b4 ,petals none2 each flower in the axil of a single chaffy bract #b;a1 in ,,cyperaceae1 p4 #g4 #ci;a4 ,flowers regular #cd;a1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #aa4 #ci;b4 ,flowers irregular #aj;a1 in ,,orchidaceae1 p4 #af4 #dj;a4 ,stem erect1 unbranched or with one or two branches only --#da4 #dj;b4 ,stem freely branched --#db4 #da;a4 ,plants of moist soil1 with opposite scales2 corolla regular1 with #d petal-like lobes #a;a1 in ,,gentianaceae1 p4 #hh4 #da;b4 ,swamp plants1 with a few alternate scales2 corolla irregular ,,lentibulariaceae1 p4 #aje4 #db;a4 ,leaves numerous and close1 concealing the stem #b;a1 in ,,cistaceae1 p4 #gd4 #db;b4 ,leaves spreading1 not concealing the stem --#dc4 #dc;a4 ,leaf-scales in small clusters2 flowers greenish1 with #f petals #b;a1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #aj4 #dc;b4 ,leaf-scales distinctly opposite2 petals #e1 yellow #g;a1 in ,,hypericaceae1 p4 #gd4 #dd;a4 ,sepals #b #c1 in ,,portulacaceae1 p4 #cd4 #dd;b4 ,sepals #d or #e ,,crassulaceae1 p4 #dh4 #de;a4 ,leaves pitcher-shape1 open at the top ,,sarraceniaceae1 p4 #dh4 #de;b4 ,leaves tubular1 closed at the end #cg;b1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #ac4 ,,group #c1 ,,monocotyledones #a;a4 ,twining plants1 with flowers in panicles or racemes ,,dioscoreaceae1 p4 #ad4 #a;b4 ,plants with milky juice #ac;a1 in ,,compositae1 p4 #aae4 #a;c4 ,plants not twining 7some climb by tendrils7 and not with milky juice4 --#b4 #b;a4 ,flowers in close spikes or heads1 surrounded or subtended by a green or colored bract1 the whole resembling a single flower2 petals minute or wanting2 leaves broad1 not grass-like1 linear1 or sword-shape ,,araceae1 p4 #h4 #b;b4 ,plants with narrow1 linear1 grass-like1 or sword-shape leaves 7a few species of ,carex have broader1 lanceolate to ovate leaves72 flowers greenish1 yellowish1 or brownish1 never brightly colored1 and frequently dry or chaffy in texture2 perianth small or wanting2 individual flowers inconspicuous in size1 but sometimes grouped into conspicuous clusters --#c4 #b;c4 ,plants with leaves of various widths1 but the flowers petaloid1 i4 e41 with a white or colored1 more or less conspicuous perianth1 and never chaffy in texture4 ,in a few cases the flowers are greenish1 but the size and conspicuousness of the perianth identifies them in this class --#i4 #c;a4 ,flowers in the axils of dry1 membranous or chaffy scales1 which are regularly arranged into spikes or spikelets of uniform size and structure1 which are variously grouped or clustered2 fruit an achene2 grasses and sedges1 with joined stems and sheathing leaves1 or leafless and the stems not jointed --#d4 #c;b4 ,flowers not subtended individually by dry1 membranous1 or chaffy scales1 and otherwise not agreeing with #c;a --#e4 #d;a4 ,leaf-sheaths split on the side opposite the leaf2 leaves usually #b-ranked1 i4 e41 in #b longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first2 stems rounded or flat1 never triangular1 usually hollow ,,gramineae1 p4 #d4 #d;b4 ,leaf-sheaths closed into a continuous tube2 leaves usually #c-ranked2 stems frequently triangular1 usually solid ,,cyperaceae1 p4 #g4 #e;a4 ,flowers in dense spikes --#f4 #e;b4 ,flowers in heads1 racemes1 or panicles --#g4 #f;a4 ,spike terminal1 with pistillate flowers at the base and staminate ones at the apex ,,typhaceae1 p4 #b4 #f;b4 ,spike short1 apparently lateral1 near the apex of the stem #c;a1 in ,,araceae1 p4 #h4 #g;a4 ,flowers in globose heads which are arranged in spikes1 the lowest heads pistillate1 the upper staminate2 ovary #a-;celled ,,sparganiaceae1 p4 #b4 #g;b4 ,flowers in globose woolly heads terminating leafless unbranched stalks ,,eriocaulaceae1 p4 #i4 #g;c4 ,flowers in a spike-like raceme2 ovaries #c-f1 separate or nearly so ,,juncaginaceae1 p4 #c4 #g;d4 ,flowers in heads or panicles1 all perfect1 not woolly1 with one ovary --#h4 #h;a4 ,leaves less than #a cm4 wide1 or none2 divisions of the perianth #f ,,juncaceae1 p4 #aj4 #h;b4 ,leaves #b cm4 wide or more2 petals #e #b;a1 in ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #i;a4 ,flowers regular1 with all the petals of approximately the same size and shape --#aj4 #i;b4 ,flowers irregular1 with the petals of each flower not of the same size or shape --#bb4 #aj;a4 ,ovaries #c or more1 separate or barely united with each other at the base --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,ovary one in each flower --#ab4 #aa;a4 ,ovaries #c-f in number2 flowers in spikes or racemes2 leaves linear ,,juncaginaceae1 p4 #c4 #aa;b4 ,ovaries more than #f ,,alismaceae1 p4 #c4 #ab;a4 ,flowers or flower-clusters lateral1 axillary or apparently so --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,flowers or flower-clusters terminal or on leafless stalks --#ad4 #ac;a4 ,leaves minute and scale-like2 flowers greenish-yellow #b;a1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #aj4 #ac;b4 ,leaves linear1 grass-like #c;b1 in ,,iridaceae1 p4 #ac4 #ac;c4 ,leaves lanceolate or broader1 not grass-like or scale-like #b;b1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #aj4 #ad;a4 ,divisions of the perianth #e-ab cm4 long --#ae4 #ad;b4 ,divisions of the perianth less than #e cm4 long --#af4 #ae;a4 ,flowers blue1 or blue marked with yellow #a;a1 in ,,iridaceae1 p4 #ae4 #ae;b4 ,flowers not blue #ab;a1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #aa4 #af;a4 ,flowers solitary --#ag4 #af;b4 ,flowers #b or more1 in some kind of a cluster --#ah4 #ag;a4 ,leaves #b1 broadly heart-shape1 basal1 on long stalks #a;b1 in ,,aristolochiaceae1 p4 #be4 #ag;b4 ,leaves not heart-shape #bj1 #bj1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #ab4 #ah;a4 ,divisions of the perianth 7#d to #f7 all essentially alike --#ai4 #ah;b4 ,perianth differentiated into sepals and #b or #c colored petals --#ba4 #ai;a4 ,flowers in umbels --#bj4 #ai;b4 ,flowers in dense round heads2 petals #e #b;a1 in ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #ai;c4 ,flowers in spikes1 racemes1 or panicles #ch1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #ac4 #bj;a4 ,ovary inferior1 appearing below the perianth as a swelling at the apex of the stalk2 flowers bright yellow2 leaves linear ,,amaryllidaceae1 p4 #ad4 #bj;b4 ,ovary inferior2 flowers blue or white1 terminating a flattened winged leafless flower-stalk #c;a1 in ,,iridaceae1 p4 #ae4 #bj;c4 ,ovary superior1 i4 e41 in the center of the flower and separate from the perianth #ca1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #ac4 #ba;a4 ,flowers in dense heads1 yellow1 #a cm4 wide or smaller ,,xyridaceae1 p4 #i4 #ba;b4 ,flowers in umbels1 blue or white1 #b cm4 wide or larger ,,commelinaceae1 p4 #i4 #bb;a4 ,flowers blue2 ovary superior 7defined under #bj;c72 stamens distinct from the other parts of the flower --#bc4 #bb;b4 ,ovary inferior 7defined under #bj;a72 floral structure complex2 stamens attached to other parts of the flower and not resembling ordinary stamens in form or structure ,,orchidaceae1 p4 #ae4 #bc;a4 ,leaves triangular-heart-shape at base2 marsh plants #a;a1 in ,,pontederiaceae1 p4 #aj4 #bc;b4 ,leaves not heart-shape at base ,,commelinaceae1 p4 #i4 ,,group #d1 ,,dicotyledones #a;a4 ,foliage leaves all or principally basal2 flower-stalk either completely leafless1 or bearing a single pair of opposite leaves only4 ,bracts and scale-leaves are not considered foliage leaves --#b4 #a;b4 ,stem-leaves present on the stem1 either one or more in number1 and not limited to a single opposite pair --#c4 #b;a4 ,leaves compound --#g4 #b;b4 ,leaves simple --#ah4 #c;a4 ,stem-leaves all or chiefly opposite or whorled 7the bracts of the flower clusters may be alternate7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,stem-leaves all or chiefly alternate --#e4 #d;a4 ,flowers small and inconspicuous1 the perianth none or greenish or chaffy1 and never petal-like in appearance --#ej4 #d;b4 ,flowers with a white or colored petal-like perianth --#ff4 #e;a4 ,flowers small and inconspicuous1 without any white or colored petal-like perianth --#aah4 #e;b4 ,flowers large or small1 but with a white or colored petal-like perianth --#f4 #f;a4 ,flowers small1 not exceeding #c mm4 in length or breadth --#add4 #f;b4 ,flowers larger1 more than #c mm4 in length or breadth --#aff4 --#g-- #g;a4 ,leaves twice to three times compound or dissected --#h4 #g;b4 ,leaves once-compound --#aa4 #h;a4 ,flowers in racemes #b;b1 in ,,fumariaceae1 p4 #da4 #h;b4 ,flowers in umbels --#i4 #i;a4 ,flowers about #c mm4 wide1 white or greenish-white --#aj4 #i;b4 ,flowers #aj-bj mm4 wide1 conspicuous #de;b1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ci4 #aj;a4 ,leaflets #e-ae cm4 long #e;b1 in ,,araliaceae1 p4 #hj4 #aj;b4 ,leaflets not over #b cm4 long #af;a1 in ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #ha4 #aa;a4 ,leaflets #b #c;a1 in ,,berberidaceae1 p4 #dj4 #aa;b4 ,leaflets three or more --#ab4 #ab;a4 ,leaflets entire or very finely toothed --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed --#ae4 #ac;a4 ,flowers irregular1 in dense head-like umbels #cg;a1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #fa4 #ac;b4 ,flowers consisting of a greenish or purplish bract wholly or partly enclosing a fleshy spike #b1 in ,,araceae1 p4 #h4 #ac;c4 ,flowers regular1 solitary or in loose clusters --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,leaflets reverse heart-shape1 not over #b cm4 long ,,oxalidaceae1 p4 #fd4 #ad;b4 ,leaflets #d-aj cm4 long #a;c1 in ,,gentianaceae1 p4 #hh4 #ae;a4 ,flowers with colored or white petals and green or colored sepals --#af4 #ae;b4 ,flowers with one kind of perianth only 7calyx71 with broad and petal-like parts #cb1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ch4 #ae;c4 ,flowers with white petal-like sepals and small inconspicuous petals #ch;b1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ci4 #af;a4 ,petals and sepals each #d #ca1 in ,,cruciferae1 p4 #dd4 #af;b4 ,petals and sepals each #e or more --#ag4 #ag;a4 ,leaves with stipules ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ea4 #ag;b4 ,leaves without stipules #bc;b1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #cg4 --#ah-- #ah;a4 ,stem-leaves a single opposite pair 7basal leaves may also be present7 --#ai4 #ah;b4 ,stem-leaves none --#bc4 #ai;a4 ,leaves entire --#bj4 #ai;b4 ,leaves toothed or lobed --#ba4 #bj;a4 ,flowers solitary2 leaves broadly kidney-shape ,,aristolochiaceae1 p4 #be4 #bj;b4 ,flowers in racemes2 leaves linear or lanceolate ,,portulacaceae1 p4 #cd4 #ba;a4 ,flowers in racemes2 petals deeply toothed #bc;b1 in ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #ea4 #ba;b4 ,flowers solitary or few in a cluster2 petals entire or nearly so --#bb4 #bb;a4 ,petals #e ,,geraniaceae1 p4 #fd4 #bb;b4 ,petals #f or more #b;b1 in ,,berberidaceae1 p4 #dj4 #bc;a4 ,flowers or flower-clusters sessile1 at or partly beneath the surface of the ground #d;a1 in ,,araceae1 p4 #h4 #bc;b4 ,flowers or flower-heads solitary at the ends of the flower-stalks --#bd4 #bc;b4 ,flowers or flower-heads numerous or several on each flower-stalk --#ch4 #bd;a4 ,flowers yellow --#be4 #bd;b4 ,flowers not yellow --#bi4 #be;a4 ,juice milky #af1 in ,,compositae1 p4 #aae4 #be;b4 ,juice not milky --#bf4 #bf;a4 ,aquatic or mud plants1 with large entire leaves #a-d dm4 wide ,,nymphaeaceae1 p4 #ce4 #bf;b4 ,land plants1 with smaller or lobed leaves --#bg4 #bg;a4 ,flower-stalk scaly #aaj1 in ,,compositae1 p4 #abb4 #bg;b4 ,flower-stalk bare or with #a to #b minute bracts --#bh4 #bh;a4 ,flowers regular #aj1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #cf4 #bh;b4 ,flowers irregular1 with a spur #c;a1 in ,,violaceae1 p4 #ge4 #bi;a4 ,flowers obviously irregular1 with a spur --#cj4 #bi;b4 ,flowers regular or nearly so1 without a spur --#ca4 #cj;a4 ,leaves sessile or nearly so2 stamens #b ,,lentibulariaceae1 p4 #aje4 #cj;b4 ,leaves petioled2 stamens #e ,,violaceae1 p4 #ge4 #ca;a4 ,flowers #c mm4 wide or smaller2 leaves thread-like #af;a1 in ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #ajc4 #ca;b4 ,flowers #f mm4 wide or larger --#cb4 #cb;a4 ,ovary #a --#cc4 #cb;b4 ,ovaries numerous --#cg4 #cc;a4 ,leaves lobed or cleft --#cd4 #cc;b4 ,leaves entire or toothed --#ce4 #cd;a4 ,leaves deeply #b-;cleft2 stamens #h #c;a1 in ,,berberidaceae1 p4 #dj4 #cd;b4 ,leaf #a1 palmately lobed2 stamens numerous #a;a1 in ,,papaveraceae1 p4 #da4 #ce;a4 ,flowers dull red ,,aristolochiaceae1 p4 #be4 #ce;b4 ,flowers white or pinkish --#cf4 #cf;a4 ,leaves entire2 stamens with good anthers #e #ac1 in ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #ej4 #cf;b4 ,leaves minutely toothed2 stamens #h-aj #ad;a1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #he4 #cg;a4 ,leaves lobed or divided ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ce4 #cg;b4 ,leaves crenate or toothed #fd;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ef4 --#ch-- #ch;a4 ,flowers of the composite type1 with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts #aj1 in ,,compositae4 p4 #aad4 #ch;b4 ,flowers separate2 variously clustered1 but never crowded into involucred heads --#ci4 #ci;a4 ,flowers in dense close spikes --#dj4 #ci;b4 ,flowers in open loose clusters --#db4 #dj;a4 ,flower-stalk leafless below the spike ,,plantaginaceae1 p4 #ajg4 #dj;b4 ,flower-stalk with several bracts --#da4 #da;a4 ,leaves entire #i;c1 in ,,orchidaceae1 p4 #af4 #da;b4 ,leaves toothed #f;a1 in ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #ajb4 #db;a4 ,flowers in umbels --#dc4 #db;b4 ,flowers in racemes1 panicles1 flat-topped clusters1 or merely #a or #b --#de4 #dc;a4 ,leaves almost round1 peltate1 palmately veined #c;a1 in ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #dc;b4 ,leaves at least twice as long as broad1 with a single mid-vein --#dd4 #dd;a4 ,stamens #e ,,primulaceae1 p4 #hg4 #dd;b4 ,stamens #aj #ae1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #he4 #de;a4 ,leaves cylindrical1 hollow1 obtuse4 #a;a1 in ,,lobeliaceae1 p4 #aac4 #de;b4 ,leaves beset on the upper side with long glandular hairs2 bog plant with flowers in racemes ,,droseraceae1 p4 #dh4 #de;c4 ,leaves flat1 pubescent or smooth1 but not with long glandular hairs --#df4 #df;a4 ,sepals and petals each #d #ec1 in ,,cruciferae1 p4 #df4 #df;b4 ,sepals and petals each #e --#dg4 #df;c4 ,sepals #f2 petals none2 flowers minute1 green2 leaves frequently lobed at the base #d1 in ,,polygonaceae1 p4 #be4 #dg;a4 ,petals united with each other in an irregular corolla ,,lentibulariaceae1 p4 #aje4 #dg;b4 ,petals separate from each other --#dh4 #dh;a4 ,stamens #aj2 style #a ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hd4 #dh;b4 ,stamens #e or #aj2 styles #b ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #di4 #dh;c4 ,stamens and pistils each very numerous --#di4 #di;a4 ,flowers white #fd;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ef4 #di;b4 ,flowers yellow #ac;a1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #cf4 --#ej-- #ej;a4 ,leaves compound or deeply lobed --#ea4 #ej;b4 ,leaves entire or toothed --#ed4 #ea;a4 ,flowers in axillary racemes1 spikes1 or panicles ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bc4 #ea;b4 ,flowers terminal1 or in terminal clusters --#eb4 #eb;a4 ,flowers in umbels2 leaves palmately compound ,,araliaceae1 p4 #hj4 #eb;b4 ,flowers in racemes or spikes1 or solitary --#ec4 #ec;a4 ,leaves deeply pinnatifid2 swamp plants with flowers in spikes or solitary ,,haloragidaceae1 p4 #gi4 #ec;b4 ,leaves lobed1 or irregularly pinnately cut or dissected2 weedy plants with flowers in racemes #b1 in ,,compositae1 p4 #aad4 #ed;a4 ,juice milky #c1 in ,,euphorbiaceae1 p4 #fg4 #ed;b4 ,juice not milky or colored --#ee4 #ee;a4 ,leaves whorled --#ef4 #ee;b4 ,leaves all opposite --#eh4 #ef;a4 ,aquatic or mud plants with erect stems #b;a1 in ,,haloragidaceae1 p4 #gi4 #ef;b4 ,prostrate weedy terrestrial plants ,,aizoaceae1 p4 #ca4 #ef;c4 ,erect or ascending terrestrial plants --#eg4 #eg;a4 ,leaves more than #b4e cm4 long #d;a1 in ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #eg;b4 ,leaves #b cm4 long or less #c;a1 in ,,primulaceae1 p4 #hg4 #eh;a4 ,flowers in terminal or axillary spikes1 racemes1 or other clusters --#ei4 #eh;b4 ,flowers solitary or few in the axils of the leaves --#fa4 #ei;a4 ,leaves less than #e mm4 long #a;a1 in ,,gentianaceae1 p4 #hh4 #ei;b4 ,leaves more than #b cm4 long --#fj4 #fj;a4 ,inflorescence chiefly terminal1 panicled #b1 in ,,compositae1 p4 #aad4 #fj;b4 ,inflorescence chiefly axillary ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bc4 #fa;a4 ,flowers on long pedicels #b1 in ,,caryophyllaceae1 p4 #ca4 #fa;b4 ,flowers on short pedicels or sessile --#fb4 #fb;a4 ,stem erect1 repeatedly branched2 leaves linear to oblong ,,illecebraceae1 p4 #ca4 #fb;b4 ,stem decumbent or prostrate --#fc4 #fc;a4 ,leaves round1 ovate1 or kidney-shape1 rounded at the base1 crenate or lobed #ab;a1 in ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #ej4 #fc;b4 ,leaves of a narrower shape1 entire1 tapering toward the base --#fd4 #fd;a4 ,principal leaves #b-c cm4 long #a;a1 in ,,onagraceae1 p4 #gh4 #fd;b4 ,principal leaves #a cm4 long or less --#fe4 #fe;a4 ,petals present ,,elatinaceae1 p4 #gd4 #fe;b4 ,petals none ,,callitrichaceae1 p4 #fh4 --#ff-- #ff;a4 ,plants of the composite type1 with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded or subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts --#fg4 #ff;b4 ,flowers solitary or variously clustered1 but not in involucred heads --#gj4 #fg;a4 ,involucre of #d conspicuous white bracts1 much larger than the small flower-cluster #d;a1 in ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #fg;b4 ,involucral bracts green or somewhat colored --#fh4 #fh;a4 ,stem more or less prickly ,,dipsacaceae1 p4 #aab4 #fh;b4 ,stem and leaves not prickly --#fi4 #fi;a4 ,stem square2 foliage aromatic when crushed ,,labiatae1 p4 #ie4 #fi;b4 ,stem not square2 foliage not with the odor of mint ,,compositae1 p4 #aac4 #gj;a4 ,the conspicuous portion of the perianth#a composed of separate parts --#ga4 #gj;b4 ,the conspicuous portion of the perianth#a composed of united parts --#ig4 #ga;a4 ,stem-leaves compound1 or cleft to the very base --#gb4 #ga;b4 ,stem-leaves simple --#gh4 #gb;a4 ,stamens more than #aj in each flower --#gc4 #gb;b4 ,stamens #e-aj in each flower --#ge4 #gc;a4 ,ovary #a in each flower #b;a1 in ,,papaveraceae1 p4 #da4 #gc;b4 ,ovaries several in each flower --#gd4 #gd;a4 ,leaves pinnately compound #fh;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #eg4 #gd;b4 ,leaves palmately compound ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ce4 #ge;a4 ,stamens #f #ca1 in ,,cruciferae1 p4 #dd4 #ge;b4 ,stamens #e or #aj --#gf4 #gf;a4 ,leaflets reverse heart-shape2 flowers yellow ,,oxalidaceae1 p4 #fd4 #gf;b4 ,leaflets not reverse heart-shape2 flowers white1 greenish1 or pink --#gg4 #gg;a4 ,flowers greenish or white1 about #b mm4 broad ,,araliaceae1 p4 #hj4 #gg;b4 ,flowers #e mm4 broad or larger ,,geraniaceae1 p4 #fd4 #gh;a4 ,juice milky --#gi4 #gh;b4 ,juice not milky --#hj4 #gi;a4 ,a #c-lobed ovary with #c short styles visible in some of the flowers ,,euphorbiaceae1 p4 #ff4 #gi;b4 ,ovaries #b in the center of each flower 7sometimes concealed by other organs72 sepals and petals each #e --#ajd4 #hj;a4 ,perianth with one circle of parts only --#ha4 #hj;b4 ,each flower with both calyx and corolla --#hb4 #ha;a4 ,stem prostrate2 flowers only #b mm4 broad ,,aizoaceae1 p4 #ca4 #ha;b4 ,stem erect2 flowers at least #bj mm4 wide #d;a1 in ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #hb;a4 ,petals #b or #d --#hc4 #hb;b4 ,petals #c #bb1 in,,liliaceae1 p4 #ab4 #hb;c4 ,petals #e or #f --#hd4 #hc;a4 ,leaves with #c-e principal veins ,,melastomaceae1 p4 #gg4 #hc;b4 ,leaves with #a principal mid-vein ,,onagraceae1 p4 #gh4 #hd;a4 ,leaves palmately lobed --#he4 #hd;b4 ,leaves entire or toothed1 or with #a-b small lobes near the base only --#hf4 #he;a4 ,petals entire or notched at the end ,,geraniaceae1 p4 #fd4 #he;b4 ,petals conspicuously fringed #bc;b1 in ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #ea4 #hf;a4 ,ovary #a --#hg4 #hf;b4 ,ovaries #b1 surrounded and concealed by other organs ,,asclepiadaceae1 p4 #ij4 #hf;c4 ,ovaries #d-e #b;b1 in ,,crassulaceae1 p4 #dh4 #hg;a4 ,leaves dotted with translucent dots 7easily seen when the leaf is held to the light7 ,,hypericaceae1 p4 #gc4 #hg;b4 ,leaves not dotted with translucent dots --#hh4 #hh;a4 ,leaves only #a-c mm4 long1 closely appressed and concealing the stem #b;a1 in ,,cistaceae1 p4 #gd4 #hh;b4 ,leaves larger1 not concealing the stem --#hi4 #hi;a4 ,style #a or none --#ij4 #hi;b4 ,styles #b to #g --#id4 #ij;a4 ,stamens #e --#ia4 #ij;b4 ,stamens #aj --#ib4 #ij;c4 ,stamens neither #e nor #aj --#ic4 #ia;a4 ,flowers blue1 sessile in terminal spikes with leaf-like bracts ,,lythraceae1 p4 #gg4 #ia;b4 ,flowers not in terminal bracted spikes ,,primulaceae1 p4 #hg4 #ib;a4 ,leaves entire ,,lythraceae1 p4 #gg4 #ib;b4 ,leaves toothed or crenate ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hd4 #ic;a4 ,flowers irregular2 petals #c ,,polygalaceae1 p4 #fe4 #ic;b4 ,flowers regular2 petals #e or more ,,lythraceae1 p4 #gg4 #id;a4 ,sepals #b1 partly attached to the ovary ,,portulacaceae1 p4 #cd4 #id;b4 ,sepals #e1 free from the ovary --#ie4 #ie;a4 ,stamens #e --#if4 #ie;b4 ,stamens not #e ,,caryophyllaceae1 p4 #ca4 #if;a4 ,flowers blue or yellow ,,linaceae1 p4 #fc4 #if;b4 ,flowers white or pinkish ,,caryophyllaceae1 p4 #ca4 --#ig-- #ig;a4 ,perianth with but one circle of floral leaves --#ih4 #ig;b4 ,perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla --#aja4 #ih;a4 ,flowers small1 in dense heads subtended by conspicuous bracts --#ii4 #ih;b4 ,flowers #b-e1 in a colored spreading #e-lobed involucre ,,nyctaginaceae1 p4 #ca4 #ih;c4 ,flowers in various sorts of clusters or solitary1 but never in heads with a conspicuous involucre --#ajj4 #ii;a4 ,bracts #d1 white and conspicuous2 stem not thorny #d;a1 in ,,cornaceae1 p4 #hc4 #ii;b4 ,bracts green2 stem thorny ,,dipsacaceae1 p4 #aab4 #ajj;a4 ,stamens #c ,,valerianaceae1 p4 #aaa4 #ajj;b4 ,stamens #d or #e ,,rubiaceae1 p4 #ajh4 #aja;a4 ,anthers more numerous than the lobes of the corolla --#ajb4 #aja;b4 ,anthers just as many as the lobes of the corolla --#ajc4 #aja;c4 ,anthers fewer than the lobes of the corolla --#aaj4 #ajb;a4 ,leaves simple ,,polygalaceae1 p4 #fe4 #ajb;b4 ,leaves compound with #c leaflets ,,oxalidaceae1 p4 #fd4 #ajb;c4 ,leaves finely dissected2 stems climbing #b;a1 in ,,fumariaceae1 p4 #da4 #ajc;a4 ,ovaries #b --#ajd4 #ajc;b4 ,ovary #a1 but very deeply #d-lobed1 with a single style ,,labiatae1 p4 #ie4 #ajc;c4 ,ovary #a1 not deeply lobed --#aje4 #ajd;a4 ,stamens united1 surrounding and more or less concealing the ovaries1 and not resembling ordinary stamens ,,asclepiadaceae1 p4 #ij4 #ajd;b4 ,stamens separate1 of ordinary structure ,,apocynaceae1 p4 #ij4 #aje;a4 ,ovary inferior1 appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the apex of the pedicel --#ajf4 #aje;b4 ,ovary superior1 located in the center of the flower --#ajg4 #ajf;a4 ,corolla #c-d-lobed ,,rubiaceae1 p4 #ajh4 #ajf;b4 ,corolla #e-lobed #c;b1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aji4 #ajg;a4 ,leaves toothed or deeply cut ,,verbenaceae1 p4 #ii4 #ajg;b4 ,leaves entire --#ajh4 #ajh;a4 ,a stamen in front of the middle of each petal ,,primulaceae1 p4 #hg4 #ajh;b4 ,stamens located between the petals or lobes of the corolla1 or else so far down in the tubular corolla that their position is not easily ascertained --#aji4 #aji;a4 ,corolla salver-form1 with a very slender tube1 and abruptly spreading lobes ,,polemoniaceae1 p4 #ib4 #aji;b4 ,corolla salver-form1 with a wide tube and fringed blue petals ,,gentianaceae1 p4 #hh4 #aji;c4 ,corolla rotate1 funnel-form1 or bell-shape ,,gentianaceae1 p4 #hh4 #aaj;a4 ,ovary deeply #d-lobed1 appearing like #d separate ovaries2 style #a ,,labiatae1 p4 #ie4 #aaj;b4 ,ovary not #d-lobed --#aaa4 #aaa;a4 ,stamens #b --#aab4 #aaa;b4 ,stamens #c ,,valerianaceae1 p4 #aaa4 #aaa;c4 ,stamens #d --#aac4 #aab;a4 ,flowers in dense heads #a;a1 in ,,acanthaceae1 p4 #ajg4 #aab;b4 ,flowers solitary or in loose clusters ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #aja4 #aac;a4 ,corolla distinctly #b-lipped and irregular --#aad4 #aac;b4 ,corolla not distinctly #b-lipped1 its #e lobes all alike or nearly so --#aae4 #aad;a4 ,calyx #b-lipped2 the upper lip with #c awl-shape teeth1 the lower with #b short teeth2 flowers in slender terminal spikes ,,phrymaceae1 p4 #ajg4 #aad;b4 ,calyx not obviously #b-lipped1 its teeth equal or nearly so ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #aja4 #aae;a4 ,flowers sessile or nearly so1 in spikes --#aaf4 #aae;b4 ,flowers in nodding pairs at the top of a slender stalk #c;a1 in ,,caprifoliaceae1 p4 #aji4 #aae;c4 ,flowers solitary or in clusters2 not in spikes or nodding pairs --#aag4 #aaf;a4 ,corolla not over #a cm4 long ,,verbenaceae1 p4 #ii4 #aaf;b4 ,corolla #a4e cm4 long or more ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #aja4 #aag;a4 ,calyx-lobes #ae-be mm4 long2 flowers blue1 #c-e cm4 long2 calyx without an obvious tube #b1 in ,,acanthaceae1 p4 #ajg4 #aag;b4 ,calyx-lobes united below into an obvious calyx-tube ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #aja4 --#aah-- #aah;a4 ,leaves deeply lobed1 compound1 or dissected --#aai4 #aah;b4 ,leaves simple and not deeply lobed --#abi4 #aai;a4 ,leaves once-pinnately compound or lobed --#abj4 #aai;b4 ,leaves once-palmately compound or lobed --#abd4 #aai;c4 ,leaves dissected or #b-c times compound --#abe4 #abj;a4 ,leaves merely lobed --#aba4 #abj;b4 ,leaves actually compound --#abc4 #aba;a4 ,flowers axillary2 marsh or swamp plants ,,haloragidaceae1 p4 #gi4 #aba;b4 ,flowers in terminal clusters --#abb4 #abb;a4 ,stamens #b-f2 taste mustard-like #eb;b1 in ,,cruciferae1 p4 #df4 #abb;b4 ,stamens #aj or more ,,resedaceae1 p4 #dh4 #abc;a4 ,leaflets entire ,,limnanthaceae1 p4 #fh4 #abc;b4 ,leaflets serrate #gj;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #eg4 #abd;a4 ,flowers solitary #ca;a1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ch4 #abd;b4 ,flowers in dense terminal umbels or heads ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #abd;c4 ,flowers in terminal racemes #b;a1 in ,,compositae1 p4 #aad4 #abd;d4 ,flowers in axillary spikes or panicles #i;b1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bd4 #abe;a4 ,leaves merely dissected1 not truly compound with distinct leaflets --#abf4 #abe;b4 ,leaves truly compound1 with distinct petiolate leaflets --#abg4 #abf;a4 ,flowers in axillary clusters ,,chenopodiaceae1 p4 #bh4 #abf;b4 ,flowers in terminal clusters ,,compositae1 p4 #aac4 #abg;a4 ,stamens #e2 flowers in umbels --#abh4 #abg;b4 ,stamens #f2 flowers in small clusters #c;b1 in ,,berberidaceae1 p4 #dj4 #abg;c4 ,stamens many2 flowers in racemes or panicles ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ce4 #abh;a4 ,styles #e ,,araliaceae1 p4 #hj4 #abh;b4 ,styles #b ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #abi;a4 ,flowers in dense cottony heads2 plants more or less white-woolly #gi1 in ,,compositae1 p4 #abj4 #abi;b4 ,pistillate flowers in an ovoid spiny involucre1 ripening into a bur #c;a1 in ,,compositae1 p4 #aad4 #abi;c4 ,flowers minute1 subtended by palmately cleft axillary bracts #a;a1 in ,,euphorbiaceae1 p4 #ff4 #abi;d4 ,plants without any of the preceding characters --#acj4 #acj;a4 ,plants with milky or colored juice #aj1 in ,,euphorbiaceae1 p4 #fg4 #acj;b4 ,plants with tendrils1 at least on the upper leaves #d;a1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #aa4 #acj;c4 ,plants of nettle-like character1 with stinging hairs #h;b1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bd4 #acj;d4 ,plants with sheathing stipules1 surrounding the stem above the base of each leaf ,,polygonaceae1 p4 #be4 #acj;e4 ,plants with smooth1 pale1 juicy1 almost translucent stems #ab;a1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bd4 #acj;f4 ,plants without any of the preceding structures or habits --#aca4 #aca;a4 ,flowers axillary1 solitary or in few-flowered clusters --#acb4 #aca;b4 ,flowers in terminal1 or terminal and axillary clusters --#ach4 #acb;a4 ,leaves linear ,,chenopodiaceae1 p4 #bh4 #acb;b4 ,leaves of a broader shape than linear --#acc4 #acc;a4 ,flower-clusters with bracts as long as or longer than the flowers --#acd4 #acc;b4 ,flowers without conspicuous bracts --#ace4 #acd;a4 ,leaves broadest below the middle #h;a1 in ,,urticaceae1 p4 #bd4 #acd;b4 ,leaves broadest above the middle #b1 in ,,amaranthaceae1 p4 #cj4 #ace;a4 ,principal leaves #c cm4 long or more --#acf4 #ace;b4 ,principal leaves #b4e cm4 long or less --#acg4 #acf;a4 ,flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves #a;a1 in ,,violaceae1 p4 #ge4 #acf;b4 ,flowers erect in the axils #b;a1 in ,,onagraceae1 p4 #gh4 #acg;a4 ,leaves narrowly oblong #a;a1 in ,,haloragidaceae1 p4 #gi4 #acg;b4 ,leaves roundish and somewhat heart-shape #ab;a1 in ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #ej4 #ach;a4 ,flowers in racemes or simple spikes --#aci4 #ach;b4 ,flowers in panicles or other branched clusters --#ada4 #aci;a4 ,leaves toothed or lobed #eb;b1 in ,,cruciferae1 p4 #df4 #aci;b4 ,leaves entire --#adj4 #adj;a4 ,flowers sessile2 leaves heart-shape ,,piperaceae1 p4 #ai4 #adj;b4 ,flowers pedicelled2 leaves obovate #h;b1 in ,,primulaceae1 p4 #hg4 #ada;a4 ,individual flowers distinct from each other1 on pedicels --#adb4 #ada;b4 ,individual flowers crowded in close clusters1 or separate and sessile --#adc4 #adb;a4 ,leaves finely serrate #c;b1 in ,,crassulaceae1 p4 #di4 #adb;b4 ,leaves entire #a;b1 in ,,cistaceae1 p4 #gd4 #adc;a4 ,flower-clusters mingled with sharp-pointed bracts ,,amaranthaceae1 p4 #cj4 #adc;b4 ,flower-clusters without bracts1 or 7rarely7 with bracts which are not sharp-pointed ,,chenopodiaceae1 p4 #bh4 --#add-- #add;a4 ,juice not milky --#ade4 #add;b4 ,juice milky2 apparent flowers consisting of a few white or colored petal-like bracts1 inclosing a few inconspicuous flowers without petals4 ,in some of them a #c-lobed ovary with #c styles may be plainly seen ,,euphorbiaceae1 p4 #ff4 #ade;a4 ,plants of the composite type1 with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts --#adf4 #ade;b4 ,flowers solitary or in clusters1 but not in involucred heads --#adg4 #adf;a4 ,leaves compound with #c leaflets2 stipules present ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #adf;b4 ,stipules none ,,compositae1 p4 #aac4 #adg;a4 ,leaves compound or deeply lobed --#adh4 #adg;b4 ,leaves simple and not deeply lobed --#aed4 #adh;a4 ,flowers irregular ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #adh;b4 ,flowers regular --#adi4 #adi;a4 ,petals #c ,,limnanthaceae1 p4 #fh4 #adi;b4 ,petals #d --#aej4 #adi;c4 ,petals #e or more --#aea4 #aej;a4 ,stamens #d #gj;a1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #eg4 #aej;b4 ,stamens #f ,,cruciferae1 p4 #db4 #aej;c4 ,stamens numerous #dc1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ci4 #aea;a4 ,flowers in heads or umbels --#aeb4 #aea;b4 ,flowers in slender spikes or racemes --#aec4 #aeb;a4 ,styles #b ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #aeb;b4 ,styles #e ,,araliaceae1 p4 #hj4 #aec;a4 ,leaves ternately compound #dc1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ci4 #aec;b4 ,leaves once-pinnately compound #ej;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ee4 #aed;a4 ,flowers irregular --#aee4 #aed;b4 ,flowers regular --#aef4 #aee;a4 ,stamens #b #dj;b1 in ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #ajd4 #aee;b4 ,stamens #e or #aj ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #di4 #aee;c4 ,stamens #f or #h ,,polygalaceae1 p4 #fe4 #aef;a4 ,with sheathing stipules surrounding the stem at the base of each leaf ,,polygonaceae1 p4 #bd4 #aef;b4 ,stipules not encircling the stem1 or none --#aeg4 #aeg;a4 ,petals #c ,,cistaceae1 p4 #gd4 #aeg;b4 ,petals #d --#aeh4 #aeg;c4 ,petals #e --#afa4 #aeh;a4 ,stamens #b --#aei4 #aeh;b4 ,stamens #f ,,cruciferae1 p4 #db4 #aeh;c4 ,stamens #h --#afj4 #aei;a4 ,corolla perfectly regular2 flowers in terminal clusters without bracts1 becoming racemes2 taste peppery #eb;a1 in ,,cruciferae1 p4 #df4 #aei;b4 ,corolla slightly irregular2 flowers in bracted clusters1 or axillary2 taste not peppery #dj;b1 in ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #ajd4 #afj;a4 ,delicate trailing evergreen1 with flowers solitary in the axils and nearly or quite hidden beneath the leaves #bb;b1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #he4 #afj;b4 ,erect or nearly so2 flowers in terminal clusters #ab;b1 in ,,onagraceae1 p4 #gh4 #afa;a4 ,leaves sword-shape1 finely parallel-veined1 with bristly margins #b;a1 in ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #afa;b4 ,leaves not sword-shape --#afb4 #afb;a4 ,leaves toothed or lobed --#afc4 #afb;b4 ,leaves entire --#afd4 #afc;a4 ,stems creeping #b;b1 in ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #afc;b4 ,stems erect or nearly so ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #di4 #afd;a4 ,flowers in open panicles2 leaves principally basal ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #di4 #afd;b4 ,flowers in rounded or flattened clusters2 leaves principally on the stem ,,santalaceae1 p4 #bd4 #afd;c4 ,flowers in racemes1 which become elongated at maturity --#afe4 #afe;a4 ,foliage glabrous #h;b1 in ,,primulaceae1 p4 #hg4 #afe;b4 ,foliage pubescent ,,boraginaceae1 p4 #ic4 --#aff-- #aff;a4 ,juice milky or colored --#afg4 #aff;b4 ,juice watery1 not colored --#agb4 #afg;a4 ,apparent flowers consisting of a few petal-like bracts1 inclosing a few inconspicuous flowers without petals4 ,in some of them a #c-lobed ovary with #c styles may be seen ,,euphorbiaceae1 p4 #ff4 #afg;b4 ,plants of the composite type1 with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated in dense heads subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts #aa1 in ,,compositae1 p4 #aae4 #afg;c4 ,flowers never aggregated in involucred clusters resembling a single flower --#afh4 #afh;a4 ,corolla very irregular2 stamens protruding ,,lobeliaceae1 p4 #aac4 #afh;b4 ,corolla regular --#afi4 #afi;a4 ,stamens with ordinary visible anthers2 ovary #a --#agj4 #afi;b4 ,stamens so grown together and to the stigma as to be almost unrecognizable2 ovaries #b ,,asclepiadaceae1 p4 #ij4 #agj;a4 ,petals separate ,,papaveraceae1 p4 #da4 #agj;b4 ,petals united --#aga4 #aga;a4 ,stamens attached to the tube of the corolla ,,convolvulaceae1 p4 #ia4 #aga;b4 ,stamens attached at the very base of the corolla ,,campanulaceae1 p4 #aab4 #agb;a4 ,plants of the composite type1 with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into dense heads subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts --#agc4 #agb;b4 ,flowers solitary or clustered1 but not in involucred heads --#agd4 #agc;a4 ,true composites1 without a normal calyx ,,compositae1 p4 #aac4 #agc;b4 ,a normal calyx with each floweret2 leaves compound with #c leaflets ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #agd;a4 ,flowers irregular1 i4 e41 the conspicuous lobes of the perianth unlike in size or shape --#age4 #agd;b4 ,flowers regular --#ahe4 #age;a4 ,stamens #b or #d ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #aja4 #age;b4 ,stamens #e --#agf4 #age;c4 ,stamens #f --#aha4 #age;d4 ,stamens #h2 leaves simple ,,polygalaceae1 p4 #fe4 #age;e4 ,stamens #aj2 leaves usually compound ,,leguminosae1 p4 #eh4 #age;f4 ,stamens more than #aj --#ahc4 #agf;a4 ,petals separate --#agg4 #agf;b4 ,petals united --#agi4 #agg;a4 ,flowers greenish or purplish1 in a panicle ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #di4 #agg;b4 ,flowers white or purplish1 in compound umbels ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #agg;c4 ,flowers solitary1 or in few-flowered clusters --#agh4 #agh;a4 ,flowers blue1 yellow1 or white1 in spring ,,violaceae1 p4 #ge4 #agh;b4 ,flowers red-orange or yellow1 in summer ,,balsaminaceae1 p4 #ga4 #agh;c4 ,flowers small and greenish1 in spring #a;a1 in ,,violaceae1 p4 #ge4 #agi;a4 ,anthers united2 stamens protruding from the very irregular corolla ,,lobeliaceae1 p4 #aac4 #agi;b4 ,anthers separate2 corolla almost regular --#ahj4 #ahj;a4 ,corolla rotate2 some or all filaments hairy #b1 in ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #aja4 #ahj;b4 ,corolla funnel-form1 dull yellow and purple2 filaments not hairy #ab;a1 in ,,solanaceae1 p4 #aja4 #ahj;c4 ,corolla funnel-form1 blue or violet2 filaments not hairy #g;b1 in ,,boraginaceae1 p4 #id4 #aha;a4 ,leaves compound or dissected ,,fumariaceae1 p4 #da4 #aha;b4 ,leaves simple --#ahb4 #ahb;a4 ,flowers solitary ,,aristolochiaceae1 p4 #be4 #ahb;b4 ,flowers in spikes1 heads1 or racemes ,,polygalaceae1 p4 #fe4 #ahc;a4 ,leaves truly compound --#ahd4 #ahc;b4 ,leaves palmately cleft2 flowers #ae mm4 wide or larger #f;a1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #cf4 #ahc;c4 ,leaves irregularly cleft2 flowers about #e mm4 wide ,,resedaceae1 p4 #dh4 #ahd;a4 ,petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs #f;b1 in ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #cf4 #ahd;b4 ,petals not prolonged into spurs ,,capparidaceae1 p4 #dg4 --#ahe-- #ahe;a4 ,perianth consisting of one circle of parts only 7usually considered to be the calyx7 --#ahf4 #ahe;b4 ,perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla --#aib4 #ahf;a4 ,leaves with sheathing stipules encircling the stem above the base of every leaf ,,polygonaceae1 p4 #be4 #ahf;b4 ,leaves without sheathing stipules --#ahg4 #ahg;a4 ,leaves entire --#ahh4 #ahg;b4 ,leaves toothed1 lobed1 or compound --#aij4 #ahh;a4 ,stamens #e ,,santalaceae1 p4 #bd4 #ahh;b4 ,stamens #f --#ahi4 #ahh;c4 ,stamens #aj ,,phytolaccaceae1 p4 #cj4 #ahi;a4 ,perianth-lobes #c2 perianth-tube curved ,,aristolochiaceae1 p4 #be4 #ahi;b4 ,perianth-lobes #f1 spreading #d;a1 in ,,liliaceae1 p4 #aa4 #aij;a4 ,stamens #e ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #aij;b4 ,stamens #f --#aia4 #aij;c4 ,stamens more than #f ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ce4 #aia;a4 ,climbing plant with heart-shape perianth #b;a1 in ,,fumariaceae1 p4 #da4 #aia;b4 ,erect plant1 with spreading perianth #c;b1 in ,,berberidaceae1 p4 #dj4 #aib;a4 ,corolla composed of united petals --#aic4 #aib;b4 ,corolla composed of separate petals --#bjh4 #aic;a4 ,stamens #b or #d ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #aja4 #aic;b4 ,stamens #c2 climbing vines ,,cucurbitaceae1 p4 #aab4 #aic;c4 ,stamens #e --#aid4 #aic;d4 ,stamens #f #b;a1 in ,,fumariaceae1 p4 #da4 #aic;e4 ,stamens #h #bb;b1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #he4 #aic;f4 ,stamens #aj --#bjg4 #aic;g4 ,stamens very numerous ,,malvaceae1 p4 #gb4 #aid;a4 ,ovaries #b2 flowers orange-red1 in umbels #g;a1 in ,,asclepiadaceae1 p4 #ia4 #aid;b4 ,ovary #a1 deeply #d-lobed2 flowers in racemes ,,boraginaceae1 p4 #ic4 #aid;c4 ,ovary #a1 not deeply lobed --#aie4 #aie;a4 ,climbing or scrambling vines --#aif4 #aie;b4 ,not climbing or scrambling --#aih4 #aif;a4 ,flowers about #a cm4 wide --#aig4 #aif;b4 ,flowers #b-h cm4 wide ,,convolvulaceae1 p4 #ia4 #aig;a4 ,leaves #a cm4 wide or less #b;b1 in ,,campanulaceae1 p4 #aab4 #aig;b4 ,leaves #b cm4 wide or more #d;a1 in ,,solanaceae1 p4 #ajj4 #aih;a4 ,flowers solitary1 either terminal or axillary --#aii4 #aih;b4 ,flowers in terminal clusters --#bja4 #aii;a4 ,calyx concealed by #b bracts ,,convolvulaceae1 p4 #ia4 #aii;b4 ,calyx not completely concealed by bracts --#bjj4 #bjj;a4 ,ovary inferior1 appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the base of the flower1 #c-;celled2 stigma #c-lobed ,,campanulaceae1 p4 #aab4 #bjj;b4 ,ovary superior1 located in the center of the flower ,,solanaceae1 p4 #ajj4 #bja;a4 ,some or all filaments hairy --#bjb4 #bja;b4 ,filaments not hairy --#bjc4 #bjb;a4 ,leaves lobed or divided ,,hydrophyllaceae1 p4 #ic4 #bjb;b4 ,leaves not lobed #b1 in ,,scrophulariaceae1 p4 #aja4 #bjc;a4 ,anthers close together1 longer than the filaments #b1 in ,,solanaceae1 p4 #ajj4 #bjc;b4 ,anthers separate from each other --#bjd4 #bjd;a4 ,leaves compound or very deeply lobed --#bje4 #bjd;b4 ,leaves simple or with shallow lobes only --#bjf4 #bje;a4 ,leaf-segments linear or oblong1 irregular ,,hydrophyllaceae1 p4 #ic4 #bje;b4 ,leaves truly compound with separate leaflets #a;a1 in ,,polemoniaceae1 p4 #ib4 #bjf;a4 ,flowers greenish-yellow ,,solanaceae1 p4 #ajj4 #bjf;b4 ,flowers blue1 violet1 white1 or intermediate tints ,,campanulaceae1 p4 #aab4 #bjg;a4 ,leaves simple ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hd4 #bjg;b4 ,leaves compound ,,oxalidaceae1 p4 #fd4 --#bjh-- #bjh;a4 ,petals #d --#bji4 #bjh;b4 ,petals #e --#bab4 #bjh;c4 ,petals #f or more --#bbg4 #bji;a4 ,stamens #d or #h --#baj4 #bji;b4 ,stamens #f1 #d long and #b short ,,cruciferae1 p4 #db4 #bji;c4 ,stamens #i or more ,,capparidaceae1 p4 #dg4 #baj;a4 ,leaves compound ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ea4 #baj;b4 ,leaves simple --#baa4 #baa;a4 ,ovary #a1 inferior1 appearing as a swelling below the calyx ,,onagraceae1 p4 #gh4 #baa;b4 ,ovaries #d or #e1 in the center of the flower ,,crassulaceae1 p4 #dh4 #bab;a4 ,stamens with good anthers #e --#bac4 #bab;b4 ,stamens #f to #aj --#bag4 #bab;c4 ,stamens more than #aj --#bbb4 #bac;a4 ,flowers solitary1 terminating the stem #ab;b1 in ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #ej4 #bac;b4 ,flowers axillary1 solitary or in small clusters --#bad4 #bac;c4 ,flowers several1 in loose irregular terminal clusters2 leaves simple ,,linaceae1 p4 #fc4 #bac;d4 ,flowers in slender spike-like racemes2 leaves compound #ej;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ee4 #bac;e4 ,flowers in panicles #bj;a1 in ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #ej4 #bac;f4 ,flowers in umbels --#baf4 #bad;a4 ,leaves compound #be;b1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #fj4 #bad;b4 ,leaves simple --#bae4 #bae;a4 ,flowers blue or yellow1 erect or spreading ,,linaceae1 p4 #fc4 #bae;b4 ,flowers greenish1 nodding #a;a1 in ,,violaceae1 p4 #ge4 #baf;a4 ,flowers pink or purple ,,geraniaceae1 p4 #fd4 #baf;b4 ,flowers yellow or white ,,umbelliferae1 p4 #hj4 #bag;a4 ,leaves compound with #c leaflets --#bah4 #bag;b4 ,leaves pinnately compound --#bai4 #bag;c4 ,leaves deeply palmately lobed ,,geraniaceae1 p4 #fd4 #bag;d4 ,leaves simple and not deeply lobed --#bbj4 #bah;a4 ,leaflets reverse heart-shape2 flowers yellow ,,oxalidaceae1 p4 #fd4 #bah;b4 ,leaflets taper-pointed2 flowers white or pink #gc1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #eg4 #bai;a4 ,leaflets entire #bd1 in ,,leguminosae1 p4 #fj4 #bai;b4 ,leaflets toothed #ej;b1 in ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ee4 #bbj;a4 ,prostrate plants1 with thick1 fleshy1 entire leaves #c1 in ,,portulacaceae1 p4 #cd4 #bbj;b4 ,bushy branched plants1 with small gray leaves concealing the stem #b;a1 in ,,cistaceae1 p4 #gd4 #bbj;c4 ,erect or spreading plants --#bba4 #bba;a4 ,ovary #a1 style #a #d;a1 in ,,ericaceae1 p4 #hd4 #bba;b4 ,ovary with #b distinct styles ,,saxifragaceae1 p4 #di4 #bba;c4 ,ovaries #e2 styles #e ,,crassulaceae1 p4 #dh4 #bbb;a4 ,stamens united by their filaments into a tube ,,malvaceae1 p4 #gb4 #bbb;b4 ,stamens separate from each other --#bbc4 #bbc;a4 ,leaves with stipules2 ovaries more than #a ,,rosaceae1 p4 #ea4 #bbc;b4 ,leaves without stipules --#bbd4 #bbd;a4 ,leaves toothed1 deeply lobed1 or compound ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ce4 #bbd;b4 ,leaves entire --#bbe4 #bbe;a4 ,ovaries numerous ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ce4 #bbe;b4 ,ovary #a --#bbf4 #bbf;a4 ,sepals #b ,,portulacaceae1 p4 #cd4 #bbf;b4 ,sepals #c or #e ,,cistaceae1 p4 #gd4 --#bbg-- #bbg;a4 ,leaves entire ,,lythraceae1 p4 #gg4 #bbg;b4 ,leaves lobed1 divided1 dissected1 or compound --#bbh4 #bbh;a4 ,flowers in slender racemes ,,resedaceae1 p4 #dh4 #bbh;b4 ,flowers solitary or clustered1 but not in slender racemes --#bbi4 #bbi;a4 ,stamens #f #c;b1 in ,,berberidaceae1 p4 #dj4 #bbi;b4 ,stamens numerous ,,ranunculaceae1 p4 #ce4 #a ,in most flowers the corolla is the conspicuous portion of the perianth1 and is composed of united or separate petals1 as the case may be4 ,in some flowers the corolla is absent1 and the calyx is the conspicuous portion4 ,,the ,,plants ,,of ,,michigan ,,pinaceae1 the ,pine ,family ,trees or shrubs1 usually evergreen1 with needle-like or scale-like leaves2 fruit a cone or berry4 #a;a4 ,leaves in clusters of #b-e --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves mostly in clusters of #aj or more1 on short lateral wart-like branches1 deciduous each autumn ,tamarack1 ,larix laricina4 #a;c4 ,leaves not in clusters --#d4 #b;a4 ,leaves in clusters of #e ,white ,pine1 ,pinus strobus4 #b;b4 ,leaves in clusters of #b or #c --#c4 #c;a4 ,leaves #h-ae cm4 long ,norway ,pine1 ,pinus resinosa4 #c;b4 ,leaves #b-d cm4 long ,jack ,pine1 ,pinus banksiana4 #d;a4 ,leaves alternate or scattered --#e4 #d;b4 ,leaves opposite or whorled --#h4 #e;a4 ,leaves four-sided --#f4 #e;b4 ,leaves flattened --#g4 #f;a4 ,leaves #f-ab mm4 long ,black ,spruce1 ,picea mariana4 #f;b4 ,leaves #ae-be mm4 long ,white ,spruce1 ,picea canadensis4 #g;a4 ,leaves short-stalked1 #ae mm4 long or less ,hemlock1 ,tsuga canadensis4 #g;b4 ,leaves sessile1 #ae-cj mm4 long ,balsam1 ,abies balsamea4 #h;a4 ,leafy twigs soft and flattened ,white ,cedar1 ,thuja occidentalis4 #h;b4 ,leafy twigs not distinctly flattened --#i4 #i;a4 ,leaves opposite --#aj4 #i;b4 ,leaves in whorls of three --#aa4 #aj;a4 ,erect shrub or tree ,red ,cedar1 ,juniperus virginiana4 #aj;b4 ,prostrate or spreading shrub ,creeping ,cedar1 ,juniperus horizontalis4 #aa;a4 ,erect shrub or small tree ,juniper1 ,juniperus communis4 #aa;b4 ,spreading or ascending shrub1 growing in dense mats ,low ,juniper1 ,juniperus communis var4 depressa4 ,,taxaceae1 the ,yew ,family ,shrubs1 with needle-like evergreen leaves2 fruit red and berry-like4 ,one species in ,michigan2 straggling shrub #a-c m4 high ,ground ,hemlock1 ,taxus canadensis4 ,,typhaceae1 the ,cat-tail ,family ,erect plants #a-b m4 high1 with linear leaves and terminal spikes of brown flowers1 appearing in summer4 #a;a4 ,staminate and pistillate portions of the flower-spike contiguous1 the latter #b4e cm4 in diameter ,common ,cat-tail1 ,typha latifolia4 #a;b4 ,staminate and pistillate portions of the spike separated1 the latter #b cm4 or less in diameter ,narrow-leaved ,cat-tail1 ,typha angustifolia4 ,,sparganiaceae1 the ,bur-reed ,family ,marsh plants with linear leaves and spherical heads of inconspicuous greenish flowers1 appearing in summer4 ,about #e species occur in ,michigan1 of which the commonest is ,bur-reed1 ,sparganium eurycarpum4 ,,najadaceae1 the ,pondweed ,family ,aquatic plants with submerged or floating leaves and inconspicuous flowers in summer4 #a;a4 ,leaves opposite or whorled --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves alternate --#b;c4 #b;a4 ,leaves thread-like1 #c-h cm4 long ,horned ,pondweed1 ,zannichellia palustris4 #b;b4 ,leaves linear1 toothed1 abruptly dilated at the base1 #c cm4 long or less 7,naiad7 --#c4 #b;c4 ,leaves entire1 not abruptly dilated at base #b,pondweed1 ,potamogeton spp4 #c;a4 ,leaves about #b mm4 wide1 sharply and coarsely toothed ,naiad1 ,naias marina4 #c;b4 ,leaves very narrowly linear1 with numerous minute teeth ,naiad1 ,naias flexilis4 #b ,about #cj species of ,potamogeton occur in ,michigan1 among which the most conspicuous is ,potamogeton natans1 with elliptical floating leaves4 ,for the identification of the species the ,manual must be used4 ,,juncaginaceae1 the ,arrow ,grass ,family ,marsh plants1 with linear cylindrical leaves and inconspicuous flowers in spikes or racemes1 appearing in early summer4 #a;a4 ,leaves all basal2 flowers numerous in a spike-like raceme 7,arrow ,grass7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,stem-leaves present2 flowers in a loose bracted raceme 7#a-c dm4 high74 ,scheuchzeria1 ,scheuchzeria palustris4 #b;a4 ,fruit 7usually to be seen at the base of the raceme7 ovoid or oblong1 rounded at the base ,arrow ,grass1 ,triglochin maritima4 #b;b4 ,fruit linear1 narrowed at the base 7#a-e dm4 high7 ,arrow ,grass1 ,triglochin palustris4 ,,alismaceae1 the ,water ,plantain ,family ,marsh plants1 with scape-like stems2 flowers with #c green sepals1 #c white petals1 #f or more stamens1 and several separate pistils4 #a;a4 ,ovaries in a ring2 flowers in panicles 7#b-h dm4 high1 summer7 ,water ,plantain1 ,alisma ,plantago-aquatica4 #a;b4 ,ovaries in a head2 flowers in racemes or umbels --#b4 #b;a4 ,flowers all perfect1 in a single umbel of #b-h flowers2 stamens #i 7leaves lanceolate2 #ae cm4 high or less2 summer7 ,dwarf ,water ,plantain1 ,echinodorus tenellus4 #b;b4 ,flowers in a raceme of #c-;flowered whorls1 the lower pistillate1 the upper staminate2 stamens usually more than nine 7#a-aj dm4 high1 summer7 7,arrow-head7 --#c4 #c;a4 ,leaves ovate to linear1 not sagittate at base --#d4 #c;b4 ,leaves broad or narrow1 sagittate at base --#e4 #d;a4 ,pistillate 7basal7 flowers sessile or nearly so 7#b-h dm4 high1 summer7 ,arrow-head1 ,sagittaria heterophylla4 #d;b4 ,pistillate flowers with obvious pedicels ,arrow-head1 ,sagittaria graminea4 #e;a4 ,basal lobes of the leaf conspicuous1 triangular1 almost or quite as long as the terminal portion --#f4 #e;b4 ,basal lobes small1 short1 linear --#d;b4 #f;a4 ,beak of the achene very short and erect2 rare species ,arrow-head1 ,sagittaria arifolia4 #f;b4 ,beak of the achene sharp1 incurved at right angles to the body2 common species ,arrow-head1 ,sagittaria latifolia4 ,,hydrocharitaceae1 the ,frog's ,bit ,family ,submerged aquatics1 with inconspicuous flowers in summer4 #a;a4 ,leaves all from the base1 #b dm4 long or more ,eel ,grass1 ,vallisneria spiralis4 #a;b4 ,leaves on the stem1 #b cm4 long or less ,water-weed1 ,elodea canadensis4 ,,gramineae1 the ,grass ,family ,grasses1 with linear or narrow sheathing leaves1 and very small flowers without perianth in the axils of chaffy bracts1 appearing in late spring and summer4 ,of the large number 7over #aej7 of grasses in ,michigan1 only the commonest are included here1 and the student is referred to the ,manuals for a full treatment of them4 ,their classification depends chiefly upon the structure and arrangement of the spikelets4 ,these consist typically of a short axis1 the rachilla1 almost or quite concealed by several chaffy bracts4 ,the two lower bracts are termed glumes1 and have no flowers in their axils4 ,above the glumes are two or more other bracts1 the lemmas4 ,in the axil of each lemma1 and usually concealed by it1 is a smaller bract1 the palea1 and between the lemma and the palea is a single flower4 ,the number of flowers in a spikelet is therefore normally equal to the number of lemmas4 ,the spikelets are grouped in racemes1 spikes1 or panicles of various size4 #a;a4 ,spikelets one-flowered --#b4 #a;b4 ,spikelets with #b or more flowers --#bd4 #b;a4 ,spikelets grouped into dense solitary cylindrical spikes --#c4 #b;b4 ,spikelets arranged in panicles or in panicled spikes --#h4 #c;a4 ,spikelets without awns or bristles1 or with short awns not more than #c mm4 long --#d4 #c;b4 ,spikelets with awns #b-e cm4 long1 terminating the bracts ,squirrel-tail1 ,hordeum jubatum4 #c;c4 ,bracts of the spikelet without terminal awns1 but the spikelets with one or more long bristles arising from their base --#f4 #d;a4 ,spike-like panicle thickened in the middle1 more than #a cm4 thick ,beach ,grass1 ,ammophila arenaria4 #d;b4 ,spike little or not at all thickened in the middle1 less than #a cm4 thick --#e4 #e;a4 ,lower bracts awned2 stem erect1 unbranched ,timothy1 ,phleum pratense4 #e;b4 ,lower scales unawned2 stem branched at the base ,floating ,foxtail1 ,alopecurus geniculatus4 #f;a4 ,bristles #e or more at the base of each spikelet ,yellow ,foxtail1 ,setaria glauca4 #f;b4 ,bristles #a-c at the base of each spikelet --#g4 #g;a4 ,spikelets about #b mm4 long2 bristles not much longer1 green ,green ,foxtail1 ,setaria viridis4 #g;b4 ,spikelets about #c mm4 long2 bristles much longer1 usually purple ,millet1 ,setaria italica4 #h;a4 ,spikelets numerous1 in long slender symmetrical spikes --#i4 #h;b4 ,spikelets in panicles1 racemes1 or loose spikes --#ac4 #i;a4 ,spikelets without awns2 plants #h dm4 high or less 7,crab ,grass7 --#aj4 #i;b4 ,spikelets with awns2 plants #ab dm4 high or more --#ab4 #aj;a4 ,leaf-sheaths all glabrous4 ,crab ,grass1 ,digitaria humifusa4 #aj;b4 ,lower leaf-sheaths hairy --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,axis of the spike flat1 with wing-like margins ,crab ,grass1 ,digitaria sanguinalis4 #aa;b4 ,axis of the spike slender1 without winged margins ,crab ,grass1 ,digitaria filiformis4 #ab;a4 ,spikes numerous1 appressed to the axis of the panicle2 tall marsh grass ,slough ,grass1 ,spartina michauxiana4 #ab;b4 ,spikes #b-f1 widely divergent2 plant of dry ground ,blue-joint1 ,andropogon furcatus4 #ac;a4 ,spikelets subtended by an ovoid thorny involucre #c-h mm4 wide ,sand ,bur1 ,cenchrus carolinianus4 #ac;b4 ,spikelets without a thorny involucre --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,lower branches of the panicle spreading1 bearing staminate flowers1 the upper branches erect1 with pistillate flowers2 aquatic or marsh grass #b-d m4 high ,wild ,rice1 ,zizania aquatica4 #ad;b4 ,panicle uniform throughout --#ae4 #ae;a4 ,spikelets with awns #b mm4 or more long --#af4 #ae;b4 ,spikelets not awned1 or with short inconspicuous awns --#ah4 #af;a4 ,spikelets in solitary raceme-like spikes2 awn about #a cm4 long or more ,beard ,grass1 ,andropogon scoparius4 #af;b4 ,spikelets in branching clusters2 awn less than #a cm4 long --#ag4 #ag;a4 ,leaf-blade #d mm4 wide or narrower2 panicle slender ,drop-seed1 ,muhlenbergia schreberi4 #ag;b4 ,leaf-blade #f mm4 wide or more2 panicle stout and coarse ,barnyard ,grass1 ,echinochloa crus-galli4 #ah;a4 ,spikelet plump and compact1 its bracts closely folded about each other --#ai4 #ah;b4 ,spikelet very flat1 its two bracts closely folded together ,cut-grass1 ,leersia oryzoides4 #ah;c4 ,spikelet loose and open1 somewhat flattened1 its #c bracts ascending or spreading and not closely folded about each other --#bj4 #ai;a4 ,panicle about half as long as the entire plant2 leaves copiously hairy ,witch ,grass1 ,panicum capillare4 #ai;b4 ,panicle of smaller size ,panic-grasses1 various species of ,panicum4 #bj;a4 ,panicle strongly contracted or spike-like2 plants of sand-dunes --#d;a4 #bj;b4 ,panicle spreading or slightly contracted2 axis of the spikelet beset with bristles2 leaves #b dm4 long or more2 marsh grass ,reed ,grass1 ,calamagrostis canadensis4 #bj;c4 ,panicle spreading or somewhat contracted1 but not spike-like2 axis of the spikelet without bristles --#ba4 #ba;a4 ,panicle-branches erect or ascending --#bb4 #ba;b4 ,panicle-branches strongly spreading --#bc4 #bb;a4 ,the two outer scales of the spikelet one-fourth as long as the third scale1 or sometimes one of them absent --#ag;a4 #bb;b4 ,the glumes at least half as long as the lemma ,wood-grass1 ,muhlenbergia mexicana4 #bc;a4 ,the chief lateral branches of the panicle dividing and bearing flowers below their middle ,red-top1 ,agrostis alba4 #bc;b4 ,the chief branches of the panicle dividing only beyond the middle ,hair ,grass1 ,agrostis hyemalis4 #bd;a4 ,spikelets arranged in two rows to form a definite spike --#be4 #bd;b4 ,spikelets in panicles1 never in definite rows --#bi4 #be;a4 ,spikelets in a single row on one side of the axis1 forming a one-sided spike ,yard ,grass1 ,eleusine indica4 #be;b4 ,spikelets alternating on opposite sides of the axis1 forming a two-rowed spike --#bf4 #bf;a4 ,spikelets in pairs at each joint1 forming a dense spike 7,wild ,rye7 --#bg4 #bf;b4 ,spikelets single at each joint1 forming a loose1 open or interrupted spike --#bh4 #bg;a4 ,glumes lanceolate ,wild ,rye1 ,elymus canadensis4 #bg;b4 ,glumes narrowly subulate ,wild ,rye1 ,elymus virginicus4 #bh;a4 ,spikelets with their edges toward the axis of the spike ,rye ,grass1 ,lolium perenne4 #bh;b4 ,spikelets with their sides toward the axis of the spike ,quack ,grass1 ,agropyron repens4 #bi;a4 ,glumes longer than the lemmas ,oats1 ,avena sativa4 #bi;b4 ,glumes shorter than the lemmas --#cj4 #cj;a4 ,axis of the spikelet beset with conspicuous long hairs about equaling the lemmas2 tall marsh grass #a-d m4 high ,reed1 ,phragmites communis4 #cj;b4 ,spikelets without conspicuous long hairs --#ca4 #ca;a4 ,spikelets sessile or nearly so1 forming crowded or spike-like panicles --#cb4 #ca;b4 ,spikelets distinctly panicled --#cc4 #cb;a4 ,spikelets in dense one-sided clusters at the ends of the panicle branches ,orchard ,grass1 ,dactylis glomerata4 #cb;b4 ,spikelets in an erect spike-like cluster ,prairie ,june-grass1 ,koeleria cristata4 #cc;a4 ,lemmas1 exclusive of the awn when present1 #h mm4 long or more --#cd4 #cc;b4 ,lemmas1 exclusive of the awn when present1 #f mm4 long or less --#ce4 #cd;a4 ,awns on the lemmas #ab mm4 long or more ,brome-grass1 ,bromus tectorum4 #cd;b4 ,awns on the lemmas #h mm4 long or less1 or none ,cheat1 ,bromus secalinus4 #ce;a4 ,lemmas with #g sharp conspicuous veins from base to apex ,manna ,grass1 ,glyceria nervata4 #ce;b4 ,lemmas with #c-e inconspicuous veins --#cf4 #cf;a4 ,spikelets with #e flowers or more --#cg4 #cf;b4 ,spikelets with #b-d 7rarely #e7 flowers --#dj4 #cg;a4 ,stems tufted and decumbent at base 7,love ,grass7 --#ch4 #cg;b4 ,stems erect 7,fescue ,grass7 --#ci4 #ch;a4 ,spikelets #a4e mm4 wide ,love ,grass1 ,eragrostis pilosa4 #ch;b4 ,spikelets #c mm4 wide ,love ,grass1 ,eragrostis megastachya4 #ci;a4 ,lemmas with conspicuous awns ,fescue ,grass1 ,festuca octoflora4 #ci;b4 ,lemmas without awns ,fescue ,grass1 ,festuca elatior4 #dj;a4 ,tufted annual grass ,spear ,grass1 ,poa annua4 #dj;b4 ,perennials1 with erect flowering stems --#da4 #da;a4 ,stems round ,blue ,grass1 ,poa pratensis4 #da;b4 ,stems strongly flattened ,canadian ,blue ,grass1 ,poa compressa4 ,,cyperaceae1 the ,sedge ,family ,grass-like or rush-like plants1 with linear leaves or leafless1 and inconspicuous flowers in small chaffy spikes4 ,over #bjj species occur in ,michigan1 of which only the commonest are included here4 ,for the remaining species the ,manuals should be consulted4 #a;a4 ,spikes all alike --#b4 #a;b4 ,the uppermost spike or spikes wholly staminate1 the lower one or more pistillate2 ovary and achene surrounded by a sac1 the perigynium4 ,mature fruit is necessary for satisfactory identification 7,sedge7 --#ab4 #b;a4 ,stems leafless1 bearing one or more spikes at or near the top --#c4 #b;b4 ,stems leafy --#f4 #c;a4 ,spike one1 terminal and erect 7,spike ,rush7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,spikes usually more than one1 lateral and spreading --#e4 #d;a4 ,annual1 with fibrous roots ,spike ,rush1 ,eleocharis obtusa4 #d;b4 ,perennial1 with a running rootstock ,spike ,rush1 ,eleocharis palustris4 #e;a4 ,stem round ,bulrush1 ,scirpus validus4 #e;b4 ,stem #c-;cornered ,three-square1 ,scirpus americanus4 #f;a4 ,spikes axillary along the side of the stem ,dulichium1 ,dulichium1 arundinaceum4 #f;b4 ,spikes terminal --#g4 #g;a4 ,spikes subtended by long conspicuous leaves which greatly exceed the flower clusters --#h4 #g;b4 ,spikes not conspicuously exceeded by the bract-like leaves --#aj4 #h;a4 ,spikes in a dense head-like cluster1 white-woolly at maturity ,cotton ,grass1 ,eriophorum virginicum4 #h;b4 ,spikes not in dense heads1 nor white-woolly at maturity --#i4 #i;a4 ,perennial by a creeping rootstock ,nut ,grass1 ,cyperus esculentus4 #i;b4 ,perennial by hard basal corms ,cyperus1 ,cyperus strigosus4 #aj;a4 ,bracts of the spike chestnut-brown ,twig ,rush1 ,cladium mariscoides4 #aj;b4 ,bracts of the spike green or straw-color 7,sedge7 --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,spikes #c-h1 separate ,sedge1 ,carex straminea4 #aa;b4 ,spikes very numerous and densely crowded ,sedge1 ,carex vulpinoidea4 #ab;a4 ,achenes flattened ,sedge1 ,carex crinita4 #ab;b4 ,achenes #c-;angled --#ac4 #ac;a4 ,perigynium tipped with a sharp straight #b-toothed beak --#ad4 #ac;b4 ,perigynium with a short soft beak --#ag4 #ad;a4 ,perigynium thin and papery1 loosely enclosing the achene --#ae4 #ad;b4 ,perigynium firm1 closely enclosing the achene --#af4 #ae;a4 ,perigynium less than #a cm4 long ,sedge1 ,carex hystericina4 #ae;b4 ,perigynium more than #a cm4 long ,sedge1 ,carex lupulina4 #af;a4 ,perigynium smooth ,sedge1 ,carex riparia4 #af;b4 ,perigynium hairy ,sedge1 ,carex filiformis4 #ag;a4 ,beak of the perigynium bent abruptly to one side ,sedge1 ,carex laxiflora4 #ag;b4 ,beak of the perigynium straight ,sedge1 ,carex pennsylvanica4 ,,araceae1 the ,arum ,family ,individual flowers small1 but crowded on a fleshy spadix to form a conspicuous spike1 usually surrounded by a green or colored spathe4 #a;a4 ,leaves compound --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves simple --#c4 #b;a4 ,leaflets #c1 spathe pale green or purple 7#c-f dm4 high2 spring7 ,indian ,turnip1 ,arisaema triphyllum4 #b;b4 ,leaflets #g-aa2 spathe green2 spadix long and slender 7#c-h dm4 high2 late spring7 ,dragon ,root1 ,arisaema dracontium4 #c;a4 ,leaves linear1 sword-shape2 spathe none 7#e-ae dm4 high2 early summer7 ,sweet ,flag1 ,acorus calamus4 #c;b4 ,leaves broader than linear2 spathe present --#d4 #d;a4 ,flower clusters partly underground1 appearing in earliest spring ,skunk ,cabbage1 ,symplocarpus foetidus4 #d;b4 ,flower clusters peduncled1 in early summer --#e4 #e;a4 ,leaves broadly ovate-cordate2 spathe white ,water ,arum1 ,calla palustris4 #e;b4 ,leaves more or less sagittate2 spathe green ,arrow ,arum1 ,peltandra virginica4 ,,lemnaceae1 the ,duckweed ,family ,minute leafless plants floating on quiet water2 flowers exceedingly small and seldom seen4 #a;a4 ,plant thick1 ovoid1 less than #b mm4 long2 roots none4 ,two species are reported from ,michigan ,wolffia spp4 #a;b4 ,plant flattened1 with short roots --#b4 #b;a4 ,roots several from each rounded plant ,duckweed1 ,spirodela polyrhiza4 #b;b4 ,root single from each rounded plant ,duckweed1 ,lemna spp4 ,three species are reported from ,michigan1 of which the commonest is ,lemna minor4 ,,eriocaulaceae1 the ,pipewort ,family ,bog or marsh herbs1 with small flowers in heads terminating long slender scapes4 ,one species in ,michigan2 leaves linear and basal2 flower-stalk #e-ae cm4 high2 flower-heads whitish or lead-color ,pipewort1 ,eriocaulon articulatum4 ,,xyridaceae1 the ,yellow-eyed ,grass ,family ,small herbs with basal leaves and erect flower-stalks bearing a head of perfect yellow flowers1 in summer4 #a;a4 ,base of plant bulbous-thickened 7#c-f dm4 high7 ,yellow-eyed ,grass1 ,xyris flexuosa4 #a;b4 ,base of plant not bulbous-thickened 7#a-c dm4 high7 ,yellow-eyed ,grass1 ,xyris montana4 ,,commelinaceae1 the ,spiderwort ,family ,leafy-stemmed herbs2 flowers with #c sepals1 #c petals1 and #f stamens1 lasting but a single day2 petals blue4 #a;a4 ,stamens #f2 petals all equal 7,spiderwort7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,perfect stamens #c1 sterile stamens #c2 two of the petals larger than the third 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 ,day-flower1 ,commelina virginica4 #b;a4 ,sepals villous 7#c-aj dm4 high2 late spring7 ,spiderwort1 ,tradescantia virginiana4 #b;b4 ,sepals glabrous1 or with a tuft of hairs at the apex 7#d-aj dm4 high2 late spring7 ,spiderwort1 ,tradescantia reflexa4 ,,pontederiaceae1 the ,pickerel-weed ,family ,aquatic herbs1 with #f rather conspicuous petals2 flowers in summer4 #a;a4 ,flowers blue2 leaves cordate-sagittate 7#c-aj dm4 high7 ,pickerel-weed1 ,pontederia cordata4 #a;b4 ,flowers yellow2 leaves linear 7submerged7 ,mud ,plantain1 ,heteranthera dubia4 ,,juncaceae1 the ,rush ,family ,grass-like or rush-like plants1 with inconspicuous greenish or brownish flowers1 of #c chaffy or scale-like sepals and as many similar petals4 #a;a4 ,leaf-sheaths closed2 capsule #a-;celled and #c-seeded2 stem or leaves usually hairy at or near the base 7#a-d dm4 high74 7,wood ,rush7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaf-sheaths open2 capsule many-seeded2 plants never hairy --#d4 #b;a4 ,flowers solitary at the ends of the branches of the umbel-like cluster 7spring7 ,wood ,rush1 ,luzula saltuensis4 #b;b4 ,flowers in spikes or dense clusters --#c4 #c;a4 ,flower-cluster spike-like1 nodding at the tip 7summer7 ,wood ,rush1 ,luzula spicata4 #c;b4 ,flower-cluster umbel-like 7spring7 ,wood ,rush1 ,luzula campestris var4 multiflora4 #d4 ,the genus ,juncus1 or ,rush1 contains about #be species in ,michigan1 blooming in summer or autumn4 ,for their identification the ,manuals should be consulted4 ,one of the commonest species is ,juncus effusus1 growing in marshes1 with erect leafless cylindrical stems1 bearing a lateral cluster of flowers near the summit4 ,another common species is ,juncus tenuis1 with slender stems and linear leaves1 growing in hard ground1 especially in woodland paths4 ,,liliaceae1 the ,lily ,family ,herbs or twining shrubs1 with generally conspicuous flowers2 sepals and petals each #c1 and usually colored alike1 stamens #f1 ovary #c-;celled1 superior4 ,in one species the perianth is #d-parted and the stamens are #d4 #a;a4 ,flowers or flower-clusters lateral1 axillary or apparently so --#b4 #a;b4 ,flowers or flower-clusters scapose or terminal --#ab4 #b;a4 ,leaves minute and scale-like 7#g-ae dm4 high2 flowers greenish-yellow1 ,june7 ,asparagus1 ,asparagus officinalis4 #b;b4 ,leaves broad and flat1 not scale-like --#c4 #c;a4 ,flowers numerous in rounded umbels2 perianth-segments nearly separate2 leaves long-petioled --#d4 #c;b4 ,flowers in clusters of #a-h2 leaves short-petioled1 sessile1 or clasping --#h4 #d;a4 ,stems herbaceous 7flowers greenish-yellow1 ill-scented7 7,carrion-flower7 --#e4 #d;b4 ,stems woody1 thorny1 climbing 7flowers greenish-yellow1 early summer7 7,green ,brier7 --#g4 #e;a4 ,stems climbing by tendrils --#f4 #e;b4 ,stem not climbing2 only the upper leaves1 or none1 with tendrils ,carrion-flower1 ,smilax ecirrhata4 #f;a4 ,leaves smooth beneath4 ,carrion-flower1 ,smilax herbacea4 #f;b4 ,leaves minutely pubescent beneath when mature ,carrion-flower1 ,smilax herbacea var4 pulverulenta4 #g;a4 ,leaves with #e principal veins4 ,green ,brier1 ,smilax rotundifolia4 #g;b4 ,leaves with #g principal veins4 ,green ,brier1 ,smilax hispida4 #h;a4 ,perianth-segments united into a tube 7flowers axillary1 late spring7 7,solomon's ,seal7 --#i4 #h;b4 ,perianth-segments separate 7#b-h dm4 high2 spring7 7,twisted-stalk7 --#aj4 #i;a4 ,leaves minutely pubescent beneath2 filaments rough1 inserted at three-fourths the length of the perianth 7#c-h dm4 high7 ,small ,solomon's ,seal1 ,polygonatum biflorum4 #i;b4 ,leaves smooth beneath2 filaments smooth1 inserted at the middle of the perianth tube 7#e-ae dm4 high7 ,great ,solomon's ,seal1 ,polygonatum commutatum4 #aj;a4 ,leaves distinctly clasping the stem2 flowers greenish-white ,twisted-stalk1 ,streptopus amplexifolius4 #aj;b4 ,leaves closely sessile2 flowers reddish to purple --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,rootstock short and thick2 berries spherical ,twisted-stalk1 ,streptopus roseus4 #aa;b4 ,rootstock long and slender2 berries #c-;angled ,twisted-stalk1 ,streptopus longipes4 #ab;a4 ,perianth-segments #e-ab cm4 long --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,perianth-segments shorter than #e cm4 --#ai4 #ac;a4 ,leaves all or chiefly basal1 stem-leaves bract-like or none --#ad4 #ac;b4 ,leaves chiefly or entirely on the stem --#ae4 #ad;a4 ,leaves numerous1 linear or sword-shape 7flowers orange1 summer7 ,day ,lily1 ,hemerocallis fulva4 #ad;b4 ,leaves a single pair1 oblong or lanceolate --#ba4 #ae;a4 ,leaves a single whorl of #c 7,wake ,robin1 ,trillium7 --#bb4 #ae;b4 ,leaves numerous 7#f-ab dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 orange1 or red1 in summer7 7,lily7 --#af4 #af;a4 ,flowers erect --#ag4 #af;b4 ,flowers nodding --#ah4 #ag;a4 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate1 #f-ae mm4 wide1 mostly whorled ,wood ,lily1 ,lilium philadelphicum4 #ag;b4 ,leaves linear1 #e mm4 wide or less1 almost all alternate ,wood ,lily1 ,lilium philadelphicum var4 andinum4 #ah;a4 ,perianth-segments strongly revolute ,turk's-cap ,lily1 ,lilium superbum4 #ah;b4 ,perianth-segments half-recurved ,yellow ,lily1 ,lilium canadense4 #ai;a4 ,flower solitary --#bj4 #ai;b4 ,flowers in clusters1 not solitary --#ca4 #bj;a4 ,stem with a single pair of basal leaves 7,dog's-tooth ,violet7 --#ba4 #bj;b4 ,stem with a single whorl of #c leaves 7#a-c dm4 high2 spring7 7,wake ,robin1 ,trillium7 --#bb4 #bj;c4 ,stem leafy 7,bellwort7 --#bi4 #ba;a4 ,perianth yellow ,dog's-tooth ,violet1 ,erythronium americanum4 #ba;b4 ,perianth white1 bluish1 or pinkish ,dog's-tooth ,violet1 ,erythronium albidum4 #bb;a4 ,flower sessile1 red or brown --#bc4 #bb;b4 ,flower peduncled1 white or pink1 rarely red --#bd4 #bc;a4 ,leaves sessile1 sepals spreading ,wake ,robin1 ,trillium sessile4 #bc;b4 ,leaves short-petioled1 sepals reflexed ,wake ,robin1 ,trillium recurvatum4 #bd;a4 ,ovary with #f distinct wing-like angles --#be4 #bd;b4 ,ovary obtusely #c-;angled or lobed --#bh4 #be;a4 ,stamens distinctly longer than the pistil --#bf4 #be;b4 ,stamens equaling or shorter than the pistil --#bg4 #bf;a4 ,stigmas erect or nearly so1 slender ,wake ,robin1 ,trillium grandiflorum4 #bf;b4 ,stigmas strongly recurved or spreading ,wake ,robin1 ,trillium erectum4 #bg;a4 ,filaments about as long as the anthers ,wake ,robin1 ,trillium cernuum4 #bg;b4 ,filaments half as long as the anthers or shorter ,wake ,robin1 ,trillium declinatum4 #bh;a4 ,leaves obtuse2 petals obtuse1 white ,dwarf ,white ,trillium1 ,trillium nivale4 #bh;b4 ,leaves acuminate2 petals acute1 purple-striped at base ,painted ,trillium1 ,trillium undulatum4 #bi;a4 ,leaves sessile 7#c-f dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 spring7 ,bellwort1 ,oakesia sessilifolia4 #bi;b4 ,leaves perfoliate 7#d-f dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 in spring7 --#cj4 #cj;a4 ,leaves minutely pubescent beneath ,bellwort1 ,uvularia grandiflora4 #cj;b4 ,leaves glabrous and all glaucous ,bellwort1 ,uvularia perfoliata4 #ca;a4 ,stem bearing #b whorls of #c-i leaves 7#c-f dm4 high2 flowers pale yellow1 early summer7 ,indian ,cucumber-root1 ,medeola virginiana4 #ca;b4 ,stem-leaves not whorled1 or all leaves basal --#cb4 #cb;a4 ,flowers in umbels --#cc4 #cb;b4 ,flowers in racemes or panicles --#ch4 #cc;a4 ,plant with the odor of onions or garlic 7leaves all or chiefly basal2 flower-stalks #b-h dm4 high1 late spring or summer7 --#cd4 #cc;b4 ,plant not with the odor of onions 7leaves basal2 flower-stalks #b-c dm4 high1 with an umbel of #c-f greenish-yellow flowers in late spring7 ,clintonia1 ,clintonia borealis4 #cd;a4 ,leaves oblong1 #b-e cm4 wide1 not present when the plants are in bloom 7greenish-white flowers7 ,wild ,leek1 ,allium tricoccum4 #cd;b4 ,leaves linear1 present with the flowers --#ce4 #ce;a4 ,umbel nodding or horizontal 7petals rose-color7 ,wild ,onion1 ,allium cernuum4 #ce;b4 ,umbel erect --#cf4 #cf;a4 ,pedicels longer than the flowers --#cg4 #cf;b4 ,pedicels equaling or shorter than the flowers 7petals rose-purple7 ,wild ,chives1 ,allium schoenoprasum var4 sibiricum4 #cg;a4 ,leaves flattened2 flowers pink to white ,wild ,onion1 ,allium canadense4 #cg;b4 ,leaves cylindrical2 flowers greenish to purple ,field ,garlic1 ,allium vineale4 #ch;a4 ,leaves lanceolate to ovate1 not more than #h times as long as broad --#ci4 #ch;b4 ,leaves linear or grass-like1 at least #ab times as long as broad --#de4 #ci;a4 ,principal leaves all basal1 stem-leaves none or bract-like --#dj4 #ci;b4 ,principal leaves on the stem --#da4 #dj;a4 ,flowers in a spike-like raceme 7#d-aj dm4 high2 small white flowers in summer7 ,colic-root1 ,aletris farinosa4 #dj;b4 ,flowers in an umbel-like cluster --#cd;b4 #da;a4 ,perianth-segments #d 7#a-b dm4 high2 flowers white1 early summer7 ,wild ,lily of the ,valley1 ,maianthemum canadense4 #da;b4 ,perianth-segments #f --#db4 #db;a4 ,styles #c2 flowers dioecious 7#c-aj dm4 high2 flowers white1 early summer7 ,blazing ,star1 ,chamaelirium luteum4 #db;b4 ,style #a2 flowers perfect1 white1 in spring 7,false ,solomon's ,seal7 --#dc4 #dc;a4 ,flowers panicled 7#c-f dm4 high7 ,false ,solomon's ,seal1 ,smilacina racemosa4 #dc;b4 ,flowers racemed --#dd4 #dd;a4 ,leaves #b-d1 usually #c 7#a-b dm4 high7 ,false ,solomon's ,seal1 ,smilacina trifolia4 #dd;b4 ,leaves #e-ab 7#b-e dm4 high7 ,false ,solomon's ,seal1 ,smilacina stellata4 #de;a4 ,flowers bright blue2 perianth-segments united 7#b-c dm4 high1 spring7 ,grape ,hyacinth1 ,muscari botryoides4 #de;b4 ,flowers blue1 greenish1 yellowish1 or white2 perianth-segments separate --#df4 #df;a4 ,flowers #a cm4 wide1 or smaller 7white or greenish1 in racemes1 late spring or summer7 7,false ,asphodel7 --#dg4 #df;b4 ,flowers #a4e cm4 wide1 or larger --#dh4 #dg;a4 ,stem glabrous 7#b dm4 high or less7 ,false ,asphodel1 ,tofieldia palustris4 ,false ,asphodel1 ,tofieldia glutinosa4 #dg;b4 ,stem viscid-pubescent 7#a-e dm4 high7 #dh;a4 ,perianth-segments with #b glands near the base 7#c-h dm4 high2 greenish-white panicled flowers in summer7 ,zygadenus1 ,zygadenus chloranthus4 #dh;b4 ,perianth-segments without glands --#di4 #di;a4 ,plant #c-e dm4 tall2 flowers blue or nearly white1 in long racemes 7early summer7 ,wild ,hyacinth1 ,camassia esculenta4 #di;b4 ,plant #a-c dm4 tall2 flowers greenish-white1 in short corymb-like racemes 7spring7 ,star of ,bethlehem1 ,ornithogalum umbellatum4 ,,dioscoreaceae1 the ,yam ,family ,twining herbs with net-veined leaves and greenish or white flowers in panicles or racemes4 ,one species in ,michigan2 leaves ovate-cordate2 flowers in summer ,wild ,yam1 ,dioscorea villosa4 ,,amaryllidaceae1 the ,amaryllis ,family ,plants with linear basal leaves1 and perfect flowers1 with #f-parted perianth1 inferior ovary1 and #f stamens4 ,one species in ,michigan2 #a-b dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 #a cm4 wide1 in spring ,star ,grass1 ,hypoxis hirsuta4 ,,iridaceae1 the ,iris ,family ,herbs1 with #f-parted perianth1 inferior ovary1 and #c stamens4 #a;a4 ,flowers blue1 #e cm4 wide or larger --#b4 #a;b4 ,flowers about #a cm4 wide 7blue or white1 from a spathe terminating a #b-;edged stem #b-e dm4 high1 spring and early summer7 7,blue-eyed ,grass7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,flowering stems #d-h dm4 high 7early summer7 ,blue ,flag1 ,iris versicolor4 #b;b4 ,flowering stems #b dm4 or less high 7spring7 ,dwarf ,iris1 ,iris lacustris4 #c;a4 ,spathes terminal1 sessile --#d4 #c;b4 ,spathes long-peduncled1 axillary --#h4 #d;a4 ,spathe single --#e4 #d;b4 ,spathes #b on each flowering stem --#g4 #e;a4 ,pedicels much longer than the inner 7shorter7 bract ,blue-eyed ,grass1 ,sisyrinchium mucronatum4 #e;b4 ,pedicels equaling or barely exceeding the inner bract --#f4 #f;a4 ,capsule brown2 common species ,blue-eyed ,grass1 ,sisyrinchium angustifolium4 #f;b4 ,capsule green or yellowish2 rare species ,blue-eyed ,grass1 ,sisyrinchium montanum4 #g;a4 ,leaves folded lengthwise2 stems narrowly winged ,blue-eyed ,grass1 ,sisyrinchium hastile4 #g;b4 ,leaves flat2 stem broadly winged1 #b-c mm4 wide ,blue-eyed ,grass1 ,sisyrinchium albidum4 #h;a4 ,capsules pale straw-color or whitish --#i4 #h;b4 ,capsules brown1 or tinged with purple --#aj4 #i;a4 ,plant with straight fibrous bristles at base2 pedicels long-exserted ,blue-eyed ,grass1 ,sisyrinchium farwellii4 #i;b4 ,plants not bristly at base2 pedicels barely exserted ,blue-eyed ,grass1 ,sisyrinchium strictum4 #aj;a4 ,pedicels scarcely exceeding the inner bract --#f;a4 #aj;b4 ,pedicels much exceeding the inner bract --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,stem #b-f mm4 wide2 bracts #a4e-b cm4 long ,blue-eyed ,grass1 ,sisyrinchium gramineum4 #aa;b4 ,stem #a-b mm4 wide2 bracts #a-a4e cm4 long ,blue-eyed ,grass1 ,sisyrinchium apiculatum4 ,,orchidaceae1 the ,orchis ,family ,herbs1 with irregular flowers1 one petal1 the lip1 differing from the others in size and shape1 inferior ovary1 and one or two stamens adherent to the style4 #a;a4 ,flowers in a spike-like obviously twisted raceme2 small1 yellowish or greenish-white1 in late summer and autumn 7except #d;a7 7,ladies' ,tresses7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,flowers solitary or in clusters1 but never in a twisted raceme --#e4 #b;a4 ,flowers in #a row ,ladies' ,tresses1 ,spiranthes gracilis4 #b;b4 ,flowers in several rows --#c4 #c;a4 ,lip constricted near the apex ,ladies' ,tresses1 ,spiranthes romanzoftiana4 #c;b4 ,lip not constricted --#d4 #d;a4 ,lip yellow2 flowers in spring and early summer ,ladies' ,tresses1 ,spiranthes lucida4 #d;b4 ,lip white ,ladies' ,tresses1 ,spiranthes cernua4 #e;a4 ,brown1 purple1 or yellow plants1 without green color1 with scale-like leaves 7#a-d dm4 high2 summer7 7,coral ,root7 --#f4 #e;b4 ,plants with normal green color --#i4 #f;a4 ,lip white1 not spotted ,coral ,root1 ,corallorrhiza trifida4 #f;b4 ,lip white1 spotted with red --#g4 #g;a4 ,lip distinctly #c-lobed ,coral ,root1 ,corallorrhiza maculata4 #g;b4 ,lip entire1 or barely toothed --#h4 #h;a4 ,flower1 exclusive of ovary1 #d mm4 long ,coral ,root1 ,corallorrhiza odontorhiza4 #h;b4 ,flower about #aj mm4 long4 ,coral ,root1 ,corallorrhiza striata4 #i;a4 ,leaf #a or none at flowering time --#aj4 #i;b4 ,leaves a single pair1 basal1 or opposite on the stem2 never alternate on the stem --#ai4 #i;c4 ,leaves several1 all basal1 prominently net-veined1 and frequently blotched with white 7scape #a-d dm4 high2 flowers whitish1 pubescent1 in summer7 7,rattlesnake ,plantain7 --#bf4 #i;d4 ,leaves #b or more1 on the stem --#bh4 #aj;a4 ,foliage leaf absent or undeveloped at flowering time1 or merely persisting through the winter from the previous year --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,foliage leaf present at flowering time --#ab4 #aa;a4 ,flower rose-purple1 #c-e cm4 long1 solitary or two 7#a-c dm4 high1 early summer7 ,arethusa1 ,arethusa bulbosa4 #aa;b4 ,flowers purplish-green1 in racemes1 with a spur #b cm4 long ,crane-fly ,orchis1 ,tipularia discolor4 #aa;c4 ,flowers yellowish1 purple tinged1 in racemes2 spur none 7#c-d dm4 high1 early summer74 ,putty ,root1 ,aplectrum hyemale4 #ab;a4 ,leaf linear or linear-lanceolate --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,leaf of a broader shape --#ad4 #ac;a4 ,flower solitary or two2 leaf just below the flower --#aa;a4 #ac;b4 ,flowers in a loose raceme1 sometimes only #b2 leaf basal ,calopogon1 ,calopogon pulchellus4 #ad;a4 ,flowers greenish1 yellowish1 or white --#ae4 #ad;b4 ,flowers pink to purple1 often variegated --#ag4 #ae;a4 ,flowers #f-aj mm4 wide1 with a spur about the same length 7#a-d dm4 high1 summer7 7,rein ,orchis7 --#ce4 #ae;b4 ,flowers #e mm4 wide or less2 spur none 7#a-b dm4 high2 summer7 7,adder's ,mouth7 --#af4 #af;a4 ,pedicels less than #e mm4 long2 lip broadest below the middle ,adder's ,mouth1 ,microstylis monophyllos4 #af;b4 ,pedicels more than #e mm4 long2 lip broadest near the apex ,adder's ,mouth1 ,microstylis unifolia4 #ag;a4 ,flowers spicate2 lip distinctly #c-lobed 7#a-b dm4 high2 early summer7 --#bd4 #ag;b4 ,flowers solitary or two --#ah4 #ah;a4 ,leaf on the stem1 lanceolate to ovate --#cd;a4 #ah;b4 ,leaf basal1 round-ovate 7#b dm4 high or less2 early summer7 ,calypso1 ,calypso bulbosa4 #ai;a4 ,leaves opposite and sessile near the middle of the stem 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 7,tway-blade7 --#bj4 #ai;b4 ,leaves basal --#ba4 #bj;a4 ,lip deeply #b-;cleft 7flowers purplish7 ,tway-blade1 ,listera cordata4 #bj;b4 ,lip wedge-shape1 with #b round shallow lobes 7flowers greenish-yellow7 ,tway-blade1 ,listera convallarioides4 #ba;a4 ,lip an inflated sac about #d cm4 long --#bi;d4 #ba;b4 ,lip not sac-like --#bb4 #bb;a4 ,flower with a spur #ae-ej mm4 long --#bc4 #bb;b4 ,flower not spurred 7#a-b dm4 high2 early summer7 7,tway-blade7 --#be4 #bc;a4 ,flowers purple or magenta1 or with white markings --#bd4 #bc;b4 ,flowers greenish1 yellowish1 or white 7#a-d dm4 high2 summer7 7,rein ,orchis7 --#cf4 #bd;a4 ,leaf #a 7#a-b dm4 high2 early summer7 ,round-leaved ,orchis1 ,orchis rotundifolia4 #bd;b4 ,leaves #b 7-#bj cm4 high2 late spring7 ,showy ,orchis1 ,orchis spectabilis4 #be;a4 ,lip about #aj mm4 long1 purple ,tway-blade1 ,liparis liliifolia4 #be;b4 ,lip about #e mm4 long1 yellowish-green ,tway-blade1 ,liparis loeselii4 #bf;a4 ,perianth #h-aj mm4 long2 lip with elongated point ,rattlesnake ,plantain1 ,epipactis decipiens4 #bf;b4 ,perianth #d-f mm4 long2 lip sack-like --#bg4 #bg;a4 ,raceme loosely flowered1 one-sided ,rattlesnake ,plantain1 ,epipactis repens var4 ophioides4 #bg;b4 ,raceme closely flowered1 not one-sided ,rattlesnake ,plantain1 ,epipactis pubescens4 #bh;a4 ,lip conspicuously sack-like1 inflated 7late spring and early summer7 7,lady's ,slipper7 --#bi4 #bh;b4 ,lip not sack-like nor inflated --#cb4 #bi;a4 ,lip white 7#a-c dm4 high7 ,white ,lady's ,slipper1 ,cypripedium candidum4 #bi;b4 ,lip yellow 7#b-g dm4 high7 --#cj4 #bi;c4 ,lip white1 with crimson or purple markings --#ca4 #bi;d4 ,lip pink 7#a-d dm4 high1 late spring7 ,stemless ,lady's ,slipper1 ,cypripedium acaule4 #cj;a4 ,lip #b-c cm4 long4 ,small ,yellow ,lady's ,slipper1 ,cypripedium parviflorum4 #cj;b4 ,lip #c4e-e cm4 long ,large ,yellow ,lady's ,slipper1 ,cypripedium parviflorum var4 pubescens4 #ca;a4 ,lip #b cm4 long or less2 sepals separate 7#a4e-c dm4 high7 ,ram's ,head ,lady's ,slipper1 ,cypripedium arietinum4 #ca;b4 ,lip #c cm4 long or more2 the #b lower sepals united ,showy ,lady's ,slipper1 ,cypripedium hirsutum4 #cb;a4 ,flowers solitary in the axils1 or solitary and terminal2 not spurred --#cc4 #cb;b4 ,flowers in terminal racemes1 spurred --#ch4 #cc;a4 ,leaves a whorl of #e 7#b-c dm4 high2 petals greenish2 late summer7 ,whorled ,pogonia1 ,pogonia verticillata4 #cc;b4 ,leaves alternate --#cd4 #cd;a4 ,leaves lanceolate or narrowly ovate1 #b-h cm4 long1 narrowed at base2 flower terminal 7#a-d dm4 high2 flowers pink purple1 early summer7 ,snake ,mouth1 ,pogonia ophioglossoides4 #cd;b4 ,leaves ovate1 #a-b cm4 long1 clasping2 flowers axillary 7#e-bj cm4 high2 flowers purple1 summer7 ,nodding ,pogonia1 ,pogonia trianthophora4 #ce;a4 ,leaf basal2 spur nearly straight ,rein ,orchis1 ,habenaria obtusata4 #ce;b4 ,leaf on the stem2 spur strongly curved ,rein ,orchis1 ,habenaria clavellata4 #cf;a4 ,flower-stalk without bracts below the raceme2 flowers yellowish-green ,rein ,orchis1 ,habenaria hookeri4 #cf;b4 ,flower-stalk bearing bracts below the raceme2 flowers greenish-white --#cg4 #cg;a4 ,spur #ae-be mm4 long ,rein ,orchis1 ,habenaria orbiculata4 #cg;b4 ,spur #cj-ej mm4 long ,rein ,orchis1 ,habenaria macrophylla4 #ch;a4 ,lip fringed 7,fringed ,orchis7 --#dc4 #ch;b4 ,lip not fringed 7,rein ,orchis7 --#ci4 #ci;a4 ,lip with #b-c evident teeth at apex --#dj4 #ci;b4 ,lip without apical teeth --#da4 #dj;a4 ,stem-leaves #c or more ,rein ,orchis1 ,habenaria bracteata4 #dj;b4 ,stem-leaves #b --#ce;b4 #da;a4 ,flowers white ,rein ,orchis1 ,habenaria dilatata4 #da;b4 ,flowers greenish-yellow --#db4 #db;a4 ,lip lanceolate1 tapering toward the apex ,rein ,orchis1 ,habenaria hyperborea4 #db;b4 ,lip oblong1 truncate at the apex ,rein ,orchis1 ,habenaria flava4 #dc;a4 ,lip deeply #c-lobed1 toothed or fringed --#dd4 #dc;b4 ,lip not #c-lobed1 but deeply fringed --#df4 #dd;a4 ,flowers purple ,purple ,fringed ,orchis1 ,habenaria psycodes4 #dd;b4 ,flowers white or nearly so --#de4 #de;a4 ,spur #c cm4 long or more ,prairie ,fringed ,orchis1 ,habenaria leucophaea4 #de;b4 ,spur #a-a4e cm4 long ,ragged ,fringed ,orchis1 ,habenaria lacera4 #df;a4 ,flowers yellow ,yellow ,fringed ,orchis1 ,habenaria ciliaris4 #df;b4 ,flowers white ,white ,fringed ,orchis1 ,habenaria blephariglottis4 ,,piperaceae1 the ,pepper ,family ,herbaceous plants with alternate leaves1 and flowers without either calyx or corolla4 ,one species in ,michigan1 a marsh plant with heart-shape leaves and slender racemes of white flowers ,lizard's ,tail1 ,saururus cernuus4 ,,salicaceae1 the ,willow ,family ,trees or shrubs1 with dioecious flowers in catkins4 #a;a4 ,leaves less than twice as long as broad1 on petioles #c cm4 long or more --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves more than twice as long as broad1 on petioles #b4e cm4 long or less4 7,the genus ,salix1 or ,willow1 contains about #cj species in ,michigan1 of which only the commoner are mentioned here4 ,for the others the ,manuals should be consulted47 --#h4 #b;a4 ,petioles strongly flattened laterally --#c4 #b;b4 ,petioles not flattened laterally --#f4 #c;a4 ,leaves broadly ovate or nearly circular --#d4 #c;b4 ,leaves broadly triangular or deltoid in shape --#e4 #d;a4 ,leaves coarsely toothed ,large-toothed ,aspen1 ,populus grandidentata4 #d;b4 ,leaves finely crenulate or serrate ,quaking ,aspen1 ,populus tremuloides4 #e;a4 ,tree with narrow spire-shape crown ,lombardy ,poplar1 ,populus nigra var4 italica4 #e;b4 ,tree with spreading crown ,cottonwood1 ,populus deltoides4 #f;a4 ,lower side of leaf densely tomentose ,white ,poplar1 ,populus alba4 #f;b4 ,lower side of leaf glabrous or nearly so --#g4 #g;a4 ,petioles glabrous ,balsam ,poplar1 ,populus balsamifera4 #g;b4 ,petioles ciliate ,balm of ,gilead1 ,populus candicans4 #h;a4 ,trees --#i4 #h;b4 ,shrubs --#ac4 #i;a4 ,petioles without glands --#aj4 #i;b4 ,petioles with glands --#aa4 #aj;a4 ,petiole short 7about #e mm471 broad and flat ,black ,willow1 ,salix nigra4 #aj;b4 ,petiole slender1 about #aj-bj mm4 long ,peach-leaved ,willow1 ,salix amygdaloides4 #aa;a4 ,leaves green beneath ,crack ,willow1 ,salix fragilis4 #aa;b4 ,leaves pale beneath --#ab4 #ab;a4 ,branches and twigs conspicuously drooping ,weeping ,willow1 ,salix babylonica4 #ab;b4 ,branches and twigs not conspicuously drooping1 yellow ,yellow ,willow1 ,salix alba var4 vitellina4 #ac;a4 ,shrubs of bogs --#ad4 #ac;b4 ,plants of sand-dunes along the ,great ,lakes --#ae4 #ac;c4 ,plants of dry upland hills --#af4 #ac;d4 ,plants of wet ground1 river-banks1 and swamps --#ag4 #ad;a4 ,leaves densely white-tomentose beneath ,willow1 ,salix candida4 #ad;b4 ,leaves pale beneath but not tomentose ,willow1 ,salix serissima4 #ad;c4 ,leaves glabrous and green beneath ,willow1 ,salix pedicellaris4 #ae;a4 ,leaves linear ,willow1 ,salix longifolia4 #ae;b4 ,leaves ovate-lanceolate1 tomentose beneath ,willow1 ,salix syrticola4 #ae;c4 ,leaves ovate-lanceolate1 glabrous ,willow1 ,salix glaucophylla4 #af;a4 ,leaves about #c times as long as broad ,willow1 ,salix rostrata4 #af;b4 ,leaves narrower1 nearly sessile ,willow1 ,salix tristis4 #af;c4 ,leaves narrower1 distinctly petioled ,willow1 ,salix humilis4 #ag;a4 ,leaves linear or nearly so ,willow1 ,salix longifolia4 #ag;b4 ,leaves shining ,willow1 ,salix lucida4 #ag;c4 ,leaves silky ,willow1 ,salix sericea4 #ag;d4 ,leaves not as in the preceding #c species --#ah4 #ah;a4 ,leaves rounded at base ,willow1 ,salix cordata4 #ah;b4 ,leaves acute at base --#ai4 #ai;a4 ,leaves finely serrulate ,willow1 ,salix petiolaris4 #ai;b4 ,leaves remotely serrate or nearly entire ,willow1 ,salix discolor4 ,,myricaceae1 the ,sweet ,gale ,family ,shrubs1 with monoecious or dioecious flowers in catkins1 and aromatic foliage4 #a;a4 ,leaves pinnately lobed ,sweet ,fern1 ,myrica asplenifolia4 #a;b4 ,leaves merely serrate --#b4 #b;a4 ,shrub of sandy soil1 shore of ,lake ,erie ,bayberry1 ,myrica carolinensis4 #b;b4 ,shrub of bogs and shores1 northern half of state ,sweet ,gale1 ,myrica gale4 ,,juglandaceae1 the ,walnut ,family ,trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves and flowers in catkins4 #a;a4 ,leaflets #aa-bc2 pith divided by partitions into chambers --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaflets #e-aa2 pith not partitioned 7,hickory7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,pith brown2 bark with flat longitudinal ridges ,butternut1 ,juglans cinerea4 #b;b4 ,pith cream-color2 bark of trunk without flat ridges ,black ,walnut1 ,juglans nigra4 #c;a4 ,bark of the trunk essentially smooth1 not deeply furrowed or shaggy --#d4 #c;b4 ,bark of the trunk deeply furrowed or shaggy --#f4 #d;a4 ,leaflets glabrous beneath2 buds greenish --#e4 #d;b4 ,leaflets somewhat pubescent beneath2 buds bright yellow ,bitter ,nut1 ,carya cordiformis4 #e;a4 ,twigs hairy ,small-fruited ,hickory1 ,carya microcarpa4 #e;b4 ,twigs smooth ,pignut ,hickory1 ,carya glabra4 #f;a4 ,twigs and leaves both pubescent --#g4 #f;b4 ,twigs nearly smooth2 leaves smooth beneath ,shag-bark ,hickory1 ,carya ovata4 #g;a4 ,twigs brownish2 buds densely hairy ,mocker-nut ,hickory1 ,carya alba4 #g;b4 ,twigs orange2 buds very slightly hairy ,king-nut ,hickory1 ,carya laciniosa4 ,,betulaceae1 the ,birch ,family ,trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves and inconspicuous monoecious flowers1 the staminate flowers in catkins1 and the pistillate in catkins or small clusters4 #a;a4 ,trees1 with white or yellowish bark exfoliating in thin papery plates or scales --#b4 #a;b4 ,tree or shrub1 with smooth1 dark gray bark2 trunk fluted with prominent longitudinal ridges ,hornbeam1 ,carpinus caroliniana4 #a;c4 ,trees or shrubs2 the bark more or less roughened1 but not exfoliating2 trunk not fluted --#c4 #b;a4 ,bark white or chalky ,paper ,birch1 ,betula alba var4 papyrifera4 #b;b4 ,bark yellowish ,yellow ,birch1 ,betula lutea4 #c;a4 ,shrubs1 with leaves #d cm4 long or less --#d4 #c;b4 ,shrubs or trees1 with leaves #e cm4 long or more --#e4 #d;a4 ,twigs glandular-warty ,dwarf ,birch1 ,betula glandulosa4 #d;b4 ,twigs not glandular ,swamp ,birch1 ,betula pumila4 #e;a4 ,twigs and bark with the odor of wintergreen ,sweet ,birch1 ,betula lenta4 #e;b4 ,twigs and bark without odor of wintergreen --#f4 #f;a4 ,fruit clusters woody1 persistent on the plant for a long time --#g4 #f;b4 ,fruit clusters herbaceous1 dropping in late autumn --#i4 #g;a4 ,leaves rusty or whitish beneath1 and pubescent at least on the veins ,speckled ,alder1 ,alnus incana4 #g;b4 ,leaves green beneath1 and either pubescent or smooth --#h4 #h;a4 ,leaves broadest at or below the middle ,mountain ,alder1 ,alnus crispa4 #h;b4 ,leaves broadest above the middle ,smooth ,alder1 ,alnus rugosa4 #i;a4 ,tree2 fruit a cluster of bladder-like sacs each containing a small achene ,ironwood1 ,ostrya virginiana4 #i;b4 ,shrubs2 fruit a nut within a close-fitting involucre --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,involucre of #b broad bracts1 almost separate and not much longer than the fruit ,hazel1 ,corylus americana4 #aj;b4 ,involucre of united bracts1 prolonged into a bristly beak beyond the fruit ,beaked ,hazel1 ,corylus rostrata4 ,,fagaceae1 the ,beech ,family ,trees 7or #a species shrubby71 with alternate simple leaves and monoecious flowers1 the staminate flowers in catkins1 and the pistillate solitary or in small clusters4 ,fruit a nut 7or acorn7 enclosed in a cup or bur4 #a;a4 ,leaves serrate with numerous sharp-pointed teeth --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves serrate1 lobed1 or entire1 but never serrate with sharp-pointed teeth2 fruit an acorn2 pith #e-;angled in the young twigs 7,oak7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,bark gray1 smooth2 buds #c-d times longer than wide2 nut triangular ,beech1 ,fagus grandifolia4 #b;b4 ,bark rough2 buds relatively thicker2 nut rounded ,chestnut1 ,castanea dentata4 #c;a4 ,leaves entire1 except for a bristle at the tip ,shingle ,oak1 ,quercus imbricaria4 #c;b4 ,leaves toothed or lobed1 the points bristle-tipped --#d4 #c;c4 ,leaves toothed or lobed1 the points without bristles --#aj4 #d;a4 ,leaves entire below the middle1 with a few shallow lobes beyond ,black ,jack ,oak1 ,quercus marilandica4 #d;b4 ,leaves deeply lobed throughout --#e4 #e;a4 ,cup of the acorn saucer-shape1 covering less than one-third of the acorn --#f4 #e;b4 ,cup of the acorn hemispherical or top-shape1 covering one-third or more of the acorn --#h4 #f;a4 ,length of the lateral leaf-lobes less than one-third the width of the leaf2 acorn cup #b-b4e cm4 wide ,red ,oak1 ,quercus rubra4 #f;b4 ,length of the lateral leaf-lobes more than one-third the width of the leaf --#g4 #g;a4 ,acorn depressed-globose1 about #a cm4 in diameter ,pin ,oak1 ,quercus palustris4 #g;b4 ,acorn ovoid1 #a4e-b cm4 thick ,schneck's ,oak1 ,quercus schneckii4 #h;a4 ,leaves pubescent beneath ,black ,oak1 ,quercus velutina4 #h;b4 ,leaves glabrous beneath --#i4 #i;a4 ,buds glabrous2 inner bark of the trunk yellow ,hill's ,oak1 ,quercus ellipsoidalis4 #i;b4 ,buds pubescent beyond the middle2 inner bark of trunk red ,scarlet ,oak1 ,quercus coccinea4 #aj;a4 ,leaves deeply pinnately lobed --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,leaves crenate1 dentate1 or sinuate1 not lobed --#ab4 #aa;a4 ,leaf divided nearly to the middle by a pair of deep lateral lobes near the middle of the leaf2 acorn more than half covered by the cup ,bur ,oak1 ,quercus macrocarpa4 #aa;b4 ,leaf without a median pair of deeper lobes2 acorn about one-fourth covered by the cup ,white ,oak1 ,quercus alba4 #ab;a4 ,leaves broadest at or near the middle1 with numerous 7#h-ac7 sharp coarse teeth on each side ,yellow ,oak1 ,quercus muhlenbergii4 #ab;b4 ,leaves broadest above the middle1 with a few shallow1 rounded or subacute teeth 7#g or less on each side7 --#ac4 #ac;a4 ,large tree2 leaves densely white-tomentose beneath2 acorn on a stalk #c-aj cm4 long ,swamp ,white ,oak1 ,quercus bicolor4 #ac;b4 ,shrub2 leaves thinly white-tomentose beneath2 acorn sessile or nearly so ,scrub ,oak1 ,quercus prinoides4 ,,urticaceae1 the ,nettle ,family ,herbs or trees1 with small inconspicuous apetalous flowers4 #a;a4 ,trees or tall shrubs --#b4 #a;b4 ,herbs --#g4 #b;a4 ,leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate1 serrate --#c4 #b;b4 ,leaves broadly ovate to rotund1 some of them lobed 7,mulberry7 --#f4 #c;a4 ,leaves thick1 coarsely and doubly serrate1 broadest near the middle 7,elm7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,leaves thin1 simply serrate1 broadest distinctly below the middle ,hackberry1 ,celtis occidentalis4 #d;a4 ,some of the branches with flat corky wings2 leaves smooth above ,cork ,elm1 ,ulmus racemosa4 #d;b4 ,branches without corky wings2 leaves more or less rough above --#e4 #e;a4 ,petioles and axillary buds glabrous ,white ,elm1 ,ulmus americana4 #e;b4 ,petioles and axillary buds pubescent with rusty hairs ,slippery ,elm1 ,ulmus fulva4 #f;a4 ,leaves rough above ,red ,mulberry1 ,morus rubra4 #f;b4 ,leaves smooth above ,white ,mulberry1 ,morus alba4 #g;a4 ,leaves alternate --#h4 #g;b4 ,leaves opposite --#i4 #h;a4 ,leaves #b-e cm4 long1 stems pubescent ,pellitory1 ,parietaria pennsylvanica4 #h;b4 ,leaves #h-bj cm4 long2 stem armed with stinging hairs ,wood ,nettle1 ,laportea canadensis4 #i;a4 ,twining plant2 leaves serrate or cleft ,hop1 ,humulus lupulus4 #i;b4 ,erect plant2 leaves palmately compound ,hemp1 ,cannabis sativa4 #i;c4 ,erect plants2 leaves not lobed or compound --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,stems armed with stinging hairs --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,stems glabrous or rough1 but not with stinging hairs --#ab4 #aa;a4 ,leaves ovate1 with a heart-shape base ,stinging ,nettle1 ,urtica dioica4 #aa;b4 ,leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate1 not heart-shape at base ,slender ,nettle1 ,urtica gracilis4 #ab;a4 ,stems glabrous1 pellucid ,clearweed1 ,pilea pumila4 #ab;b4 ,stems rough1 opaque ,false ,nettle1 ,boehmeria cylindrica4 ,,santalaceae1 the ,sandalwood ,family ,low herbs with alternate entire leaves and terminal clusters of small greenish-white bell-shape flowers without petals in spring and early summer4 #a;a4 ,inflorescence of several-flowered clusters terminating the stem and in the upper axils ,toad-flax1 ,comandra umbellata4 #a;b4 ,inflorescence of axillary clusters of #a-e flowers ,toad-flax1 ,comandra livida4 ,,loranthaceae1 the ,mistletoe ,family ,parasitic plants1 attached to the branches of trees4 ,one species in ,michigan1 a dwarf brown plant #e-bj mm4 long1 with minute scale-like leaves1 growing on the branches of ,black ,spruce ,dwarf ,mistletoe1 ,arceuthobium pusillum4 ,,aristolochiaceae1 the ,birthwort ,family ,flowers greenish-brown or reddish-brown1 at or near the ground1 with inferior #f-;celled ovary4 #a;a4 ,leaves alternate1 on the stem2 flowers on a basal scaly branch 7#a-d dm4 high2 summer7 ,virginia ,snakeroot1 ,aristolochia serpentaria4 #a;b4 ,leaves a single basal pair1 bearing #a short-stalked flower between them 7spring7 7,wild ,ginger7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,lobes of the perianth ending in a tubular portion #e-h mm4 long ,wild ,ginger1 ,asarum canadense4 #b;b4 ,lobes of the perianth ending in a tubular portion over #a cm4 long ,wild ,ginger1 ,asarum canadense var4 acuminatum4 #b;c4 ,lobes of the perianth triangular1 not tubular at the end ,wild ,ginger1 ,asarum canadense var4 reflexum4 ,,polygonaceae1 the ,buckwheat ,family ,herbs with alternate entire leaves1 stipules surrounding the stem above the base of each leaf1 and small green1 white or pink flowers without petals4 #a;a4 ,erect or ascending or prostrate or floating plants --#b4 #a;b4 ,scrambling or climbing plants1 clinging by sharp recurved prickles on the #d-;angled stems 7flowers greenish or pink1 summer7 7,tear-thumb7 --#cb4 #a;c4 ,twining vines 7flowers white or greenish1 summer7 --#cc4 #b;a4 ,sepals #f1 the #c inner ones enlarging in fruit and surrounding the achenes2 flowers in panicles --#c4 #b;b4 ,sepals #d or #e 7occasional flowers may be found with #f sepals1 but the flowers are not in panicles7 7summer7 --#ac4 #c;a4 ,leaves arrow-shape or halberd-shape1 with #b basal lobes 7,sorrel7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,leaves without basal lobes 7,dock7 --#e4 #d;a4 ,leaves halberd-shape1 the basal lobes directed sidewise ,red ,sorrel1 ,rumex acetosella4 #d;b4 ,leaves arrow-shape1 the basal lobes directed backward ,green ,sorrel1 ,rumex acetosa4 #e;a4 ,the projecting wings of the fruiting calyx 7known as valves7 with sharp slender teeth ,bitter ,dock1 ,rumex obtusifolius4 #e;b4 ,valves entire or finely dentate1 but without sharp slender teeth --#f4 #f;a4 ,pedicels straight1 thickened toward the end1 all regularly deflexed1 #c-d times longer than the fruiting calyx ,swamp ,dock1 ,rumex verticillatus4 #f;b4 ,pedicels slender1 flexuous1 spreading --#g4 #g;a4 ,leaves flat or nearly so --#h4 #g;b4 ,leaves with strongly crisped or wavy-curled margins2 plants usually of cultivated grounds or waste places 7#e-aj dm41 summer7 --#ab4 #h;a4 ,with grain-like tubercles on all #c valves of the fruit --#i4 #h;b4 ,with grain-like tubercles on only one valve1 or entirely lacking --#aj4 #i;a4 ,valves broadly cordate1 finely toothed ,water ,dock1 ,rumex brittanica4 #i;b4 ,valves triangular-ovate1 entire or nearly so ,dock1 ,rumex mexicanus4 #aj;a4 ,valves oblong ,bloody ,dock1 ,rumex sanguineus4 #aj;b4 ,valves broadly heart-shape --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,grain-like tubercle less than half as long as the valve ,patience ,dock1 ,rumex patientia4 #aa;b4 ,grain-like tubercle more than half as long as the valve ,tall ,dock1 ,rumex altissimus4 #ab;a4 ,the grain-like tubercle on the valves of the fruit broadly ellipsoid1 with rounded apex ,sour ,dock1 ,rumex crispus4 #ab;b4 ,tubercle ovoid with tapering apex ,sour ,dock1 ,rumex elongatus4 #ac;a4 ,flowers inconspicuous1 in small axillary clusters2 leaves jointed at the base 7,knotweed7 --#ad4 #ac;b4 ,flowers more or less conspicuous1 in obvious spikes or racemes which terminate the stems or branches1 or arise from the axils of the upper leaves --#ah4 #ad;a4 ,leaves sharply folded lengthwise 7#a-d dm4 tall7 ,knotweed1 ,polygonum tenue4 #ad;b4 ,leaves flat or nearly so --#ae4 #ae;a4 ,the small sepals pink or white at the margin 7stems prostrate or ascending7 --#af4 #ae;b4 ,sepals greenish or yellowish throughout 7stems erect or ascending7 --#ag4 #af;a4 ,leaves thin2 common weed of dooryards and gardens ,knotweed1 ,polygonum aviculare4 #af;b4 ,leaves thick and fleshy2 a plant of sandy shores ,knotweed1 ,polygonum aviculare var4 littorale4 #ag;a4 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear-oblong2 rare species ,knotweed1 ,polygonum ramosissimum4 #ag;b4 ,leaves broadly oblong1 oval1 or elliptical2 common weed of yards and gardens ,knotweed1 ,polygonum erectum4 #ah;a4 ,leaves broadly triangular 7#c-g dm4 high2 flowers white7 ,buckwheat1 ,fagopyrum esculentum4 #ah;b4 ,leaves from linear to ovate or oblong --#ai4 #ai;a4 ,sepals #d2 flowers in very long and slender spike-like racemes 7#d-aj dm4 high7 ,knotweed1 ,polygonum virginianum4 #ai;b4 ,sepals #e2 flowers in spikes or racemes --#bj4 #bj;a4 ,flowers on slender pedicels1 forming a loose raceme2 leaves linear1 jointed at the base 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers pink or white2 chiefly near the ,great ,lakes7 ,jointweed1 ,polygonella articulata4 #bj;b4 ,flowers sessile or nearly so1 forming a spike or spike-like raceme --#ba4 #ba;a4 ,stipular sheaths at the base of the leaves ciliate at their upper margin --#bb4 #ba;b4 ,stipular sheaths not ciliate at the upper margin --#bh4 #bb;a4 ,sheaths with spreading borders --#bc4 #bb;b4 ,sheaths without a spreading border1 appressed to the stem 7,smartweed7 --#bd4 #bc;a4 ,leaves ovate1 acuminate2 stem erect 7#a-b m4 high2 flowers pink7 ,prince's ,feather1 ,polygonum orientate4 #bc;b4 ,leaves oblong1 obtuse or subacute2 spreading or ascending plant of wet soil ,water ,smartweed1 ,polygonum amphibium var4 hartwrightii4 #bd;a4 ,peduncles with glandular hairs 7#e-ae dm4 high7 ,smartweed1 ,polygonum careyi4 #bd;b4 ,peduncles not glandular 7#a-h dm4 high7 7,smartweed7 --#be4 #be;a4 ,sepals beset with minute black dots --#bf4 #be;b4 ,sepals white1 pink1 or red1 not black-dotted --#bg4 #bf;a4 ,racemes drooping or nodding at the tip2 achene dull-colored ,smartweed1 ,polygonum hydropiper4 #bf;b4 ,racemes erect2 achene smooth and shining ,smartweed1 ,polygonum acre4 #bg;a4 ,sheaths smooth2 leaves usually with a dark spot near the base ,smartweed1 ,polygonum persicaria4 #bg;b4 ,sheaths hairy2 leaves not dark-spotted ,smartweed1 ,polygonum hydropiperoides4 #bh;a4 ,leaves obtuse or somewhat acute at the apex --#bi4 #bh;b4 ,leaves acuminate at the apex 7#e-ae dm4 high2 flowers white to pink7 7,smartweed7 --#cj4 #bi;a4 ,stem unbranched1 erect1 bearing a single terminal raceme 7#e-cj cm4 high2 flowers pink7 ,bistort1 ,polygonum viviparum4 #bi;b4 ,stem branched1 submerged in water or creeping on muddy shores 7flowers pink7 ,water ,smartweed1 ,polygonum amphibium4 #cj;a4 ,raceme single or two2 leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate1 about #c times as long as wide ,smartweed1 ,polygonum muhlenbergii4 #cj;b4 ,racemes numerous2 leaves lanceolate1 #d-f times as long as wide --#ca4 #ca;a4 ,racemes drooping or nodding at the tip ,smartweed1 ,polygonum lapathifolium4 #ca;b4 ,racemes erect ,smartweed1 ,polygonum pennsylvanicum4 #cb;a4 ,leaves arrow-shape1 the basal lobes pointing backward ,tear-thumb1 ,polygonum sagittatum4 #cb;b4 ,leaves halberd-shape1 the basal lobes pointing sidewise ,tear-thumb1 ,polygonum arifolium4 #cc;a4 ,the three outer sepals becoming conspicuously winged in fruit 7,false ,buckwheat7 --#cd4 #cc;b4 ,the sepals all unchanged in fruit1 except in size 7,black ,bindweed7 --#ce4 #cd;a4 ,wings of the fruit with wavy-curled margins ,false ,buckwheat1 ,polygonum scandens4 #cd;b4 ,wings of the fruit flat ,false ,buckwheat1 ,polygonum dumetorum4 #ce;a4 ,leaf-sheaths with a ring of bristles at the base ,black ,bindweed1 ,polygonum cilinode4 #ce;b4 ,leaf-sheaths without a ring of bristles ,black ,bindweed1 ,polygonum convolvulus4 ,,chenopodiaceae1 the ,goosefoot ,family ,herbs1 with inconspicuous greenish or reddish flowers without petals1 in summer4 #a;a4 ,leaves linear or nearly so1 entire --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves of a broader shape1 usually toothed or lobed --#e4 #b;a4 ,leaves rather stiff1 narrowly linear or thread-like1 with spine-like tips ,russian ,thistle1 ,salsola kali var4 tenuifolia4 #b;b4 ,leaves soft1 not spine-like --#c4 #c;a4 ,widely branched1 rather diffuse1 #a-e dm4 tall2 plant of the shore of the ,great ,lakes ,bug-seed1 ,corispermum hyssopifolium4 #c;b4 ,erect plants with ascending branches --#d4 #d;a4 ,leaves glabrous 7#c-f dm4 tall7 ,goosefoot1 ,chenopodium leptophyllum4 #d;b4 ,leaves minutely ciliate on the margin 7bushy branched1 #e-aj dm4 tall7 ,kochia1 ,kochia scoparia4 #e;a4 ,principal leaves with a broad truncate1 rounded1 or hastate base --#f4 #e;b4 ,principal leaves narrowed to the base --#ab4 #f;a4 ,leaves broadly ovate1 with #a-d large sharp projecting teeth on each side ,goosefoot1 ,chenopodium hybridum4 #f;b4 ,leaves hastate or triangular-ovate1 entire or with many teeth --#g4 #g;a4 ,leaves entire or merely undulate --#h4 #g;b4 ,leaves sharply or sinuately toothed --#i4 #h;a4 ,stem erect1 simple or sparingly branched ,good ,king ,henry1 ,chenopodium bonus-henricus4 #h;b4 ,stem diffuse or ascending1 freely branched ,orache1 ,atriplex patula4 #i;a4 ,flowers in small heads1 in the axils or in terminal spikes2 leaves sinuately toothed or nearly entire ,strawberry ,blite1 ,chenopodium capitatum4 #i;b4 ,flowers in terminal panicles2 leaves sharply toothed 7,goosefoot7 --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,panicles short1 not as long as the subtending leaves ,goosefoot1 ,chenopodium murale4 #aj;b4 ,panicles long1 exceeding the subtending leaves --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,calyx green ,goosefoot1 ,chenopodium urbicum4 #aa;b4 ,calyx red ,goosefoot1 ,chenopodium rubrum4 #ab;a4 ,foliage glandular and strongly aromatic --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,foliage not glandular nor aromatic2 sometimes ill-scented --#ae4 #ac;a4 ,flowers in large loose open spreading panicles2 leaves deeply pinnatifid ,jerusalem ,oak1 ,chenopodium botrys4 #ac;b4 ,flowers clustered in slender axillary or terminal spikes --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,spikes dense1 leafy ,mexican ,tea1 ,chenopodium ambrosioides4 #ad;b4 ,spikes open1 nearly leafless ,wormseed1 ,chenopodium ambrosioides var4 anthelminticum4 #ae;a4 ,stem erect1 #e-bj dm4 tall2 leaves frequently white-mealy ,lamb's ,quarters1 ,chenopodium album4 #ae;b4 ,stem prostrate or ascending1 succulent2 leaves glaucous-white beneath ,goosefoot1 ,chenopodium glaucum4 #ae;c4 ,stem widely and diffusely branched2 leaves green1 soon deciduous ,cycloloma1 ,cycloloma atriplicifolium4 ,,amaranthaceae1 the ,amaranth ,family ,herbs1 with alternate leaves1 and inconspicuous greenish or reddish flowers without petals1 which are axillary or in dense clusters1 blooming in summer4 #a;a4 ,flower-clusters axillary --#b4 #a;b4 ,flower-clusters in terminal spikes or panicles1 sometimes also axillary --#c4 #b;a4 ,plant prostrate or decumbent2 seed about #a4e mm4 broad ,pigweed1 ,amaranthus blitoides4 #b;b4 ,plant erect or ascending1 widely branched2 seeds about #a mm4 broad 7#c-aj dm4 high7 ,tumble ,weed1 ,amaranthus graecizans4 #c;a4 ,principal leaves with a pair of spines at their base ,thorny ,amaranth1 ,amaranthus spinosus4 #c;b4 ,spines none at the base of the leaves --#d4 #d;a4 ,weedy plants of cultivated or waste ground2 flowers monoecious or polygamous2 pistillate flowers with a calyx 7,pigweed7 --#e4 #d;b4 ,plants of swamps or stream-banks2 flowers dioecious2 pistillate flowers without calyx 7,water ,hemp7 --#g4 #e;a4 ,spikes short1 #a-h cm4 long1 crowded in dense ovoid panicles2 the terminal spike not conspicuously elongated beyond the appressed or ascending lower ones ,pigweed1 ,amaranthus retroflexus4 #e;b4 ,spikes slender1 #a-ab cm4 long2 the terminal spike greatly exceeding the short inconspicuous divergent lower ones --#f4 #f;a4 ,bracts subulate1 sharply awned ,pigweed1 ,amaranthus hybridus4 #f;b4 ,bracts merely acuminate ,pigweed1 ,amaranthus paniculatus4 #g;a4 ,flowers in leafy spikes1 or the lower in separate clusters ,water ,hemp1 ,acnida tuberculata4 #g;b4 ,flowers in separate distinct clusters ,water ,hemp1 ,acnida tuberculata var4 subnuda4 ,,phytolaccaceae1 the ,pokeweed ,family ,herbs with alternate entire leaves1 small flowers without petals1 and a many-celled ovary4 ,one species in ,michigan1 #a-b m4 high1 with numerous racemes of whitish flowers1 in late summer1 followed by dark-purple berries ,pokeweed1 ,phytolacca decandra4 ,,nyctaginaceae1 the ,four-o',clock ,family ,herbs1 with opposite entire leaves and flowers in small clusters surrounded by a broad open calyx-like involucre2 the true calyx colored like a corolla2 petals none 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers purple1 in summer74 #a;a4 ,leaves lanceolate or narrower1 sessile ,umbrella-wort1 ,oxybaphus hirsutus4 #a;b4 ,leaves ovate1 petioled ,umbrella-wort1 ,oxybaphus nyctagineus4 ,,illecebraceae1 the ,knotwort ,family ,herbs1 with opposite entire leaves1 and minute flowers without petals4 7,prostrate spreading or freely branched plants1 #c dm4 high or less2 flowers in summer47 #a;a4 ,stipules none2 leaves slightly connate at base1 subulate ,knawel1 ,scleranthus annuus4 #a;b4 ,stipules present1 but small2 leaves elliptical or oval 7,forked ,chickweed7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,stems pubescent2 internodes seldom more than #a cm4 long ,forked ,chickweed1 ,anychia polygonoides4 #b;b4 ,stems smooth2 internodes about #b cm4 long ,forked ,chickweed1 ,anychia canadensis4 ,,aizoaceae1 the ,carpet-weed ,family ,prostrate herbs1 with whorled leaves and small whitish axillary flowers without petals1 in summer4 ,one species in ,michigan ,carpet-weed1 ,mollugo verticillata4 ,,caryophyllaceae1 the ,pink ,family ,herbs1 with opposite or whorled entire leaves1 and stems frequently swollen at the nodes4 ,sepals #d or #e2 petals separate1 as many as the sepals1 or rarely none2 stamens twice as many as the petals in plants with conspicuous flowers1 sometimes fewer in those with small flowers2 ovary #a-;celled1 with the ovules on a central axis1 and with #b-e styles4 #a;a4 ,calyx spreading1 of separate sepals2 flowers #ae mm4 wide or less2 petals sometimes none --#b4 #a;b4 ,calyx tubular1 of united sepals2 flowers in many species more than #ae mm4 wide2 petals always present --#bb4 #b;a4 ,stipules present --#c4 #b;b4 ,stipules none --#d4 #c;a4 ,leaves opposite2 flowers pink 7about #a dm4 high2 summer7 ,sand ,spurrey1 ,spergularia rubra4 #c;b4 ,leaves whorled2 flowers white 7#a-e dm4 high2 leaves linear2 summer7 ,spurrey1 ,spergula arvensis4 #d;a4 ,leaves subulate or thread-like --#e4 #d;b4 ,leaves linear to ovate --#g4 #e;a4 ,leaves opposite 7#a dm4 high or less2 flowers white1 summer7 ,pearlwort1 ,sagina procumbens4 #e;b4 ,leaves fascicled in the axils --#f4 #f;a4 ,styles #d or #e 7#a dm4 high2 terminal white flowers #e mm4 wide1 in summer7 ,pearlwort1 ,sagina nodosa4 #f;b4 ,styles #c 7#a-d dm4 high2 flowers white1 nearly #a cm4 wide1 summer7 ,stitchwort1 ,arenaria stricta4 #g;a4 ,petals entire 7#c dm4 high or less2 flowers white1 in summer7 7,stitchwort7 --#h4 #g;b4 ,petals notched or #b-;cleft at the end1 or none --#aa4 #h;a4 ,principal leaves #a cm4 long or less --#i4 #h;b4 ,principal leaves #a4e cm4 long or more --#aj4 #i;a4 ,petals half as long as the sepals ,stitchwort1 ,arenaria leptoclados4 #i;b4 ,petals almost as long as the sepals ,stitchwort1 ,arenaria serpyllifolia4 #aj;a4 ,leaves oblong-oval1 obtuse4 ,stitchwort1 ,arenaria lateriflora4 #aj;b4 ,leaves lanceolate1 acute4 ,stitchwort1 ,arenaria macrophylla4 #aa;a4 ,capsule splitting by valves at maturity2 styles usually #c 7,chickweed7 --#ab4 #aa;b4 ,capsule opening by terminal teeth at maturity2 styles usually #e 7tufted or matted plants1 #a-e dm4 high2 flowers white1 in spring and summer7 7,mouse-ear ,chickweed7 --#ah4 #ab;a4 ,petals distinctly shorter than the sepals1 or none --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,petals as long as the sepals1 or longer --#ae4 #ac;a4 ,leaves ovate 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers white1 all summer7 ,chickweed1 ,stellaria media4 #ac;b4 ,leaves lanceolate to oblong 7in water or wet places1 #a-d dm4 high2 flowers white1 in summer7 --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,flowers in a leafy terminal branching cluster ,chickweed1 ,stellaria borealis4 #ad;b4 ,flowers in a lateral cluster with minute bracts ,chickweed1 ,stellaria uliginosa4 #ae;a4 ,flowers in clusters with leaf-like bracts1 or axillary and solitary 7in water or wet places2 #a-c dm4 high2 flowers white1 summer7 ,chickweed1 ,stellaria crassifolia4 #ae;b4 ,flowers in clusters with scale-like bracts --#af4 #af;a4 ,leaves distinctly linear2 cymes lateral2 a common species in marshes 7#b-e dm4 high2 flowers white1 early summer7 ,chickweed1 ,stellaria longifolia4 #af;b4 ,leaves distinctly broadest near the base2 flower-cluster terminal --#ag4 #ag;a4 ,pedicels erect2 clusters usually few-flowered2 in extreme northern part of the state only 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers white1 summer7 ,chickweed1 ,stellaria longipes4 #ag;b4 ,pedicels spreading2 clusters open1 many-flowered 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers white1 in summer7 ,chickweed1 ,stellaria graminea4 #ah;a4 ,petals distinctly longer than the sepals --#ai4 #ah;b4 ,petals as long as the sepals1 or shorter than them --#ba4 #ai;a4 ,flowers much less than #a cm4 wide ,mouse-ear ,chickweed1 ,cerastium nutans4 #ai;b4 ,flowers more than #a cm4 wide --#bj4 #bj;a4 ,stem-leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate ,mouse-ear ,chickweed1 ,cerastium arvense4 #bj;b4 ,stem-leaves oblong ,mouse-ear ,chickweed1 ,cerastium arvense var4 oblongifolium4 #ba;a4 ,bracts green2 pedicels short and inflorescence crowded ,mouse-ear ,chickweed1 ,cerastium viscosum4 #ba;b4 ,bracts with transparent white margins2 pedicels longer than the calyx and inflorescence open ,mouse-ear ,chickweed1 ,cerastium vulgatum4 #bb;a4 ,styles #e --#bc4 #bb;b4 ,styles #c 7#c-aj dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 --#be4 #bb;c4 ,styles #b --#bi4 #bc;a4 ,calyx-teeth much longer than the calyx-tube 7erect1 #d-aj dm4 high2 flowers large1 red1 late summer7 ,corn ,cockle1 ,agrostemma githago4 #bc;b4 ,calyx-teeth shorter than the calyx-tube 7#d-aj dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 --#bd4 #bd;a4 ,flowers crimson ,mullein ,pink1 ,lychnis coronaria4 #bd;b4 ,flowers white or pink ,white ,campion1 ,lychnis alba4 #be;a4 ,flowers night-blooming1 always wilted during the day ,catchfly1 ,silene noctiflora4 #be;b4 ,flowers open during the day --#bf4 #bf;a4 ,flowers #f mm4 wide or less1 white or pink ,catchfly1 ,silene antirrhina4 #bf;b4 ,flowers #a-b cm4 wide1 white to pink or purple --#bg4 #bf;c4 ,flowers #b cm4 wide or more1 crimson ,fire ,pink1 ,silene virginica4 #bg;a4 ,principal leaves in whorls of #d ,starry ,campion1 ,silene stellata4 #bg;b4 ,leaves opposite --#bh4 #bh;a4 ,calyx globular1 much inflated or bladder-like ,bladder ,campion1 ,silene latifolia4 #bh;b4 ,calyx club-shape1 not inflated ,sweet ,william ,catchfly1 ,silene armeria4 #bi;a4 ,leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate1 #e mm4 wide or less 7flowers pink or white1 in summer7 --#cj4 #bi;b4 ,leaves lanceolate or ovate 7flowers pink1 white1 or red1 in summer7 --#cb4 #cj;a4 ,flowers in terminal clusters2 leaves hairy 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,deptford ,pink1 ,dianthus armeria4 #cj;b4 ,flowers solitary at the ends of long pedicels --#ca4 #ca;a4 ,flowers #c-d mm4 wide 7#a-b dm4 high7 ,gypsophyll1 ,gypsophila muralis4 #ca;b4 ,flowers #a cm4 wide or more 7#a-e dm4 high7 ,meadow ,pink1 ,dianthus deltoides4 #cb;a4 ,flowers less than #a cm4 broad --#cc4 #cb;b4 ,flowers more than #a cm4 broad --#cd4 #cc;a4 ,flowers white1 in large panicles 7#d-g dm4 high7 ,baby's ,breath1 ,gypsophila paniculata4 #cc;b4 ,flowers pale red1 in loose clusters 7#d-aj dm4 high7 ,cowherb1 ,saponaria vaccaria4 #cd;a4 ,leaves with #c-e prominent veins 7#d-g dm4 high7 ,soapwort1 ,saponaria officinalis4 #cd;b4 ,leaves with one mid-vein 7#c-f dm4 high7 ,sweet ,william1 ,dianthus barbatus4 ,,portulacaceae1 the ,purslane ,family ,herbs with opposite or alternate leaves and regular flowers with #b sepals1 #e petals1 and a #a-;celled ovary with #b or #c styles4 #a;a4 ,leaves a single pair on each stem 7#a-b dm4 high2 flowers pink1 in racemes in early spring7 7,spring ,beauty7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves numerous 7prostrate or spreading2 flowers in summer7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,leaves lance-ovate to oblong1 not more than six times as long as wide ,spring ,beauty1 ,claytonia caroliniana4 #b;b4 ,leaves linear or linear-lanceolate1 more than six times as long as wide ,spring ,beauty1 ,claytonia virginica4 #c;a4 ,flowers yellow1 about #e mm4 wide ,purslane1 ,portulaca oleracea4 #c;b4 ,flowers #b-e cm4 wide ,portulaca1 ,portulaca grandiflora4 ,,ceratophyllaceae1 the ,hornwort ,family ,submerged aquatics1 with whorled1 finely dissected leaves and inconspicuous flowers with neither calyx nor corolla4 ,one species in ,michigan ,hornwort1 ,ceratophyllum demersum4 ,,nymphaeaceae1 the ,water ,lily ,family ,aquatic plants1 with usually large and floating leaves which are round or elliptical and palmately veined4 #a;a4 ,floating and emersed leaves centrally peltate --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves rounded but not peltate1 with a deep sinus --#c4 #b;a4 ,leaves round1 #c dm4 in diameter or more2 flowers very large1 pale yellow ,lotus1 ,nelumbo lutea4 #b;b4 ,leaves oval1 #e-ae cm4 long2 flowers small1 purple ,water ,shield1 ,brasenia schreberi4 #c;a4 ,flowers yellow 7,pond ,lily7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,flowers white or tinged with pink 7,water ,lily7 --#e4 #d;a4 ,leaves more than #a dm4 long ,pond ,lily1 ,nymphaea advena4 #d;b4 ,leaves less than #a dm4 long ,pond ,lily1 ,nymphaea microphylla4 #e;a4 ,flowers very fragrant2 leaves purplish beneath ,water ,lily1 ,castalia odorata4 #e;b4 ,flowers not fragrant2 leaves green beneath ,water ,lily1 ,castalia tuberosa4 ,,ranunculaceae1 the ,crowfoot ,family ,herbs with alternate 7rarely opposite7 leaves1 acrid watery juice1 separate sepals and petals1 numerous stamens1 and several or many 7rarely only #a7 simple pistils4 ,petals present or absent1 in the latter case the sepals are usually petal-like in appearance4 #a;a4 ,climbing plants with opposite leaves 7flowers in late summer7 7,virgin's ,bower7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,aquatic plants with dissected submerged leaves 7flowers in late spring and summer7 7,water ,crowfoot7 --#c4 #a;c4 ,terrestrial or mud plants1 not agreeing with #a;a or #a;b --#f4 #b;a4 ,flowers white1 #b-c cm4 wide ,virgin's ,bower1 ,clematis virginiana4 #b;b4 ,flowers pink-purple1 #e-h cm4 wide ,virgin's ,bower1 ,clematis verticillaris4 #c;a4 ,flowers white --#d4 #c;b4 ,flowers yellow --#e4 #d;a4 ,leaves rigid1 not collapsing when removed from the water ,water ,crowfoot1 ,ranunculus circinatus4 #d;b4 ,leaves soft1 collapsing when removed from the water ,water ,crowfoot1 ,ranunculus aquatilis var4 capillaceus4 #e;a4 ,submerged leaves divided into hair-like segments ,water ,crowfoot1 ,ranunculus delphinifolius4 #e;b4 ,submerged leaves palmately divided into linear lobes ,water ,crowfoot1 ,ranunculus purshii4 #f;a4 ,flowers blue1 irregular1 with one spur 7#d-h dm4 high1 summer7 ,larkspur1 ,delphinium ajacis4 #f;b4 ,the five petals each prolonged into a spur2 flowers showy 7#d-h dm4 tall7 7,columbine7 --#g4 #f;c4 ,flowers regular1 without spurs --#h4 #g;a4 ,spurs nearly straight2 flowers scarlet and yellow 7spring7 ,wild ,columbine1 ,aquilegia canadensis4 #g;b4 ,spurs strongly incurved2 flowers blue or white 7spring1 early summer7 ,columbine1 ,aquilegia vulgaris4 #h;a4 ,flowers yellow --#i4 #h;b4 ,flowers of various colors1 but never yellow --#bh4 #i;a4 ,petals none2 sepals petal-like2 leaves crenate or dentate 7#b-d dm4 high1 flowers in early spring7 ,cowslip1 ,caltha palustris4 #i;b4 ,petals small2 sepals petal-like2 leaves deeply palmately lobed 7#d-f dm4 tall2 flowers in late spring7 ,globe-flower1 ,trollius laxus4 #i;c4 ,petals yellow2 sepals green or yellowish --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,leaves linear to narrowly oblong1 entire or with minute teeth 7flowers #aj-ae mm4 wide1 in summer7 --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,leaves broader1 some or all of them lobed or divided1 or cordate-ovate and not lobed --#ab4 #aa;a4 ,stems ascending 7#d-h dm4 high71 rooting at the lower joints2 fruits pointed with a long slender beak ,spearwort1 ,ranunculus laxicaulis4 #aa;b4 ,stems prostrate and trailing1 rooting at the joints2 fruits tipped with a minute short beak ,spearwort1 ,ranunculus flammula var4 reptans4 #ab;a4 ,basal leaves1 or most of them1 merely serrate or crenate1 and not obviously lobed --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,all the leaves lobed or divided --#af4 #ac;a4 ,stem-leaves resembling the basal ones1 and not lobed 7#a-b dm4 high2 summer7 ,sea-side ,crowfoot1 ,ranunculus cymbalaria4 #ac;b4 ,stem-leaves deeply divided into oblong or linear segments --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,flowers #a4e cm4 wide or more 7#a-c dm4 high2 spring7 ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus rhomboideus4 #ad;b4 ,flowers #a cm4 wide or less 7#b-e dm4 high2 spring7 --#ae4 #ae;a4 ,foliage glabrous or minutely pubescent2 basal leaves cordate ,small-flowered ,crowfoot1 ,ranunculus abortivus4 #ae;b4 ,foliage villous2 basal leaves barely cordate or not at all ,small-flowered ,crowfoot1 ,ranunculus micranthus4 #af;a4 ,stem erect or essentially so --#ag4 #af;b4 ,stem prostrate1 creeping1 or ascending4 ,early in spring stems may be found which appear almost erect4 ,common spring-flowering buttercups are all classified here --#bb4 #ag;a4 ,flowers #b cm4 broad or larger 7,buttercup7 --#ah4 #ag;b4 ,flowers #a cm4 broad or smaller --#ai4 #ah;a4 ,terminal lobe of leaf stalked 7#b-e dm4 high1 early summer7 ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus bulbosus4 #ah;b4 ,terminal lobe of leaf sessile 7#e-aj dm4 high2 all summer7 ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus acris4 #ai;a4 ,plant glabrous1 succulent2 stem hollow 7#a-e dm4 high2 spring and summer7 ,cursed ,crowfoot1 ,ranunculus sceleratus4 #ai;b4 ,plant pubescent 7,buttercup7 --#bj4 #bj;a4 ,fruits tipped with a prominent recurved beak2 plant of shady woods 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers in late spring7 ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus recurvatus4 #bj;b4 ,fruits tipped with a straight or slightly curved beak2 plants of marshes or wet soil 7#c-f dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 --#ba4 #ba;a4 ,fruits in a short-cylindric head on a conical receptacle ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus pennsylvanicus4 #ba;b4 ,fruits in a globose or short-ovoid head1 on an obovoid receptacle ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus macounii4 #bb;a4 ,leaves dissected into numerous linear or narrowly wedge-shape divisions2 plants growing in water or very wet places 7late spring and summer7 ,water ,crowfoot1 ,ranunculus delphinifolius4 #bb;b4 ,leaves palmately lobed1 the terminal division not definitely stalked --#bc4 #bb;c4 ,leaves compound1 some or all of the divisions on definite stalks 7,buttercup7 --#bd4 #bc;a4 ,stem-leaves numerous 7#a-b dm4 tall2 late spring and summer7 ,crowfoot1 ,ranunculus purshii4 #bc;b4 ,stem-leaves one or none1 the principal leaves all basal 7about #a dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus lapponicus4 #bd;a4 ,style short1 obviously curved --#be4 #bd;b4 ,style long and slender1 straight or nearly so 7common spring-flowering buttercups1 #b-e dm4 high7 --#bf4 #be;a4 ,stems creeping2 flowers #b cm4 wide or more 7spring7 ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus repens4 #be;b4 ,stems ascending2 flowers #a4e cm4 wide or less 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus macounii4 #bf;a4 ,the two lateral divisions of the leaf sessile or nearly so ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus fascicularis4 #bf;b4 ,the two lateral divisions of the leaf on long stalks --#bg4 #bg;a4 ,roots fibrous2 plants of wet soil ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus septentrionalis4 #bg;b4 ,roots thickened2 plants of dry woods or thickets ,buttercup1 ,ranunculus hispidus4 #bh;a4 ,leaves dissected into numerous narrowly linear acute divisions 7#d-g dm4 high2 flowers large1 bluish1 in summer7 ,love-in-a-mist1 ,nigella damascena4 #bh;b4 ,leaves lobed or divided1 but the divisions not separated by definite stalks --#bi4 #bh;c4 ,leaves truly compound1 all their divisions separated by distinct stalks --#ci4 #bi;a4 ,leaves all basal1 their lobes 7usually #c7 entire 7#a-b dm4 high2 flowers pink-purple1 in earliest spring7 7,hepatica7 --#cj4 #bi;b4 ,lobes of the leaf serrate or incised --#ca4 #cj;a4 ,lobes of the leaf obtuse or rounded ,hepatica1 ,hepatica triloba4 #cj;b4 ,lobes of the leaf acute ,hepatica1 ,hepatica acutiloba4 #ca;a4 ,petals none2 sepals #c1 usually falling away as soon as the flower opens 7#b-d dm4 high2 flowers greenish-white1 in spring7 ,golden ,seal1 ,hydrastis canadensis4 #ca;b4 ,petals none2 sepals petal-like1 #d or more 7,anemone7 --#cb4 #ca;c4 ,petals present1 but much smaller than the #e petal-like sepals --#ch4 #cb;a4 ,stem-leaves sessile or nearly so --#cc4 #cb;b4 ,stem-leaves on definite petioles --#ce4 #cc;a4 ,ovary tipped with a long slender hairy style2 flowers bluish-purple 7#a-d dm4 high2 early spring7 ,pasque ,flower1 ,anemone patens var4 wolfgangiana4 #cc;b4 ,ovary with a short style1 densely woolly2 flowers red1 greenish1 or white 7#a-d dm4 high2 late spring and summer7 --#cd4 #cc;c4 ,ovary tipped with a short style1 glabrous or nearly so2 flowers white 7#d-g dm4 high2 late spring and early summer7 ,anemone1 ,anemone canadensis4 #cd;a4 ,stem #a-;flowered1 sepals white ,anemone1 ,anemone parviflora4 #cd;b4 ,stem #c-;flowered2 sepals usually red ,anemone1 ,anemone multifida4 #ce;a4 ,achenes densely woolly2 flowers appearing in summer --#cf4 #ce;b4 ,achenes merely pubescent2 stems #a-;flowered2 woodland species blooming in early spring 7#a-b dm4 high2 flowers white7 ,wood ,anemone1 ,anemone quinquefolia4 #cf;a4 ,segments of the leaf broadly wedge-shape or ovate2 flowers white 7#d-h dm4 high7 --#cg4 #cf;b4 ,segments of the leaf linear-oblong2 flower red1 greenish1 or white2 plants growing on the shores of the ,great ,lakes ,anemone1 ,anemone multifida4 #cg;a4 ,segments of the basal leaves wedge-lanceolate2 head of fruit cylindric ,anemone1 ,anemone cylindrica4 #cg;b4 ,segments of the basal leaves ovate-lanceolate2 head of fruit ovoid or oblong ,anemone1 ,anemone virginiana4 #ch;a4 ,stem-leaves present --#i;b4 #ch;b4 ,leaves all basal 7#a-b dm4 high2 leaves #c-;divided2 flowers white1 in early summer7 ,gold-thread1 ,coptis trifolia4 #ci;a4 ,flowers numerous1 in branching panicles 7,meadow ,rue7 --#dj4 #ci;b4 ,flowers numerous1 in racemes --#dc4 #ci;c4 ,flowers solitary or few1 in loose clusters2 woodland plants blooming in early spring 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers white to purple7 --#de4 #dj;a4 ,blooming in spring2 stem-leaves with obvious petioles 7#c-g dm4 high2 flowers white or greenish7 ,meadow ,rue1 ,thalictrum dioicum4 #dj;b4 ,blooming in late spring or summer1 stem-leaves sessile or nearly so 7#h-ae dm4 high2 flowers white7 --#da4 #da;a4 ,filaments club-shape1 approximately as wide as the anther ,meadow ,rue1 ,thalictrum polygamum4 #da;b4 ,filaments slender or thread-like --#db4 #db;a4 ,leaves minutely pubescent beneath1 but not glandular ,meadow ,rue1 ,thalictrum dasycarpum4 #db;b4 ,leaves minutely glandular beneath ,meadow ,rue1 ,thalictrum revolutum4 #dc;a4 ,racemes slender1 #aj-ij cm4 long 7#h-ae dm4 high2 flowers white1 in summer7 ,bugbane1 ,cimicifuga racemosa4 #dc;b4 ,racemes short and stout1 #c-h cm4 long 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers white1 in late spring7 7,baneberry7 --#dd4 #dd;a4 ,berries white2 pedicels strongly thickened at maturity ,baneberry1 ,actaea alba4 #dd;b4 ,berries red2 pedicels slender ,baneberry1 ,actaea rubra4 #de;a4 ,flowers white2 stem-leaves alternate ,isopyrum1 ,isopyrum biternatum4 #de;b4 ,flowers white to pink or purplish2 stem-leaves whorled ,rue ,anemone1 ,anemonella thalictroides4 ,,magnoliaceae1 the ,magnolia ,family ,trees or shrubs1 with alternate leaves1 and large1 frequently showy flowers4 ,one species in ,michigan1 with broad #d-lobed leaves and greenish-yellow flowers in late spring ,tulip ,tree1 ,liriodendron tulipifera4 ,,anonaceae1 the ,custard ,apple ,family ,trees or shrubs1 with alternate simple entire leaves1 #c sepals1 and #f petals4 ,one species in ,michigan2 tall shrub or small tree1 with obovate leaves and large dull-purple flowers in spring ,papaw1 ,asimina triloba4 ,,menispermaceae1 the ,moonseed ,family ,woody climbers1 with alternate leaves1 #f-h petals1 and numerous stamens4 ,one species in ,michigan1 with #e-g-;angled leaves which are peltate near the edge1 and small white flowers in early summer ,moonseed1 ,menispermum canadense4 ,,berberidaceae1 the ,barberry ,family ,shrubs or herbs2 petals #f or more2 stamens #f-ah1 frequently opening by two terminal lids2 pistil #a4 #a;a4 ,leaves simple --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves compound --#c4 #b;a4 ,stem shrubby 7flowers yellow1 in racemes1 in spring7 ,barberry1 ,berberis vulgaris4 #b;b4 ,stem herbaceous1 with a single pair of palmately lobed leaves 7#d-f dm4 tall2 flower white1 solitary1 terminal1 in spring7 ,may ,apple1 ,podophyllum peltatum4 #c;a4 ,leaves all basal2 leaflets #b 7#b-d dm4 high2 the flower-stalks bearing solitary white flowers in spring7 ,twin-leaf1 ,jeffersonia diphylla4 #c;b4 ,the stem-leaf ternately compound1 with numerous leaflets 7#d-h dm4 high2 with yellowish-green clustered flowers in spring7 ,blue ,cohosh1 ,caulophyllum thalictroides4 ,,lauraceae1 the ,laurel ,family ,trees or shrubs1 with aromatic taste or odor1 and alternate simple leaves2 flowers small1 imperfect1 the anthers opening by lids4 #a;a4 ,freely branched shrub2 leaves obovate-oblong1 entire 7flowers yellow1 in early spring1 before the leaves7 ,spice ,bush1 ,benzoin aestivale4 #a;b4 ,tree or tall shrub2 some or all of the leaves #b-c-lobed 7flowers greenish-yellow1 appearing with the leaves7 ,sassafras1 ,sassafras variifolium4 ,,papaveraceae1 the ,poppy ,family ,herbs with milky or colored juice1 regular flowers1 #b sepals1 #d1 #f1 or #h petals1 numerous stamens1 and a #a-;celled ovary4 #a;a4 ,leaves palmately lobed2 flower #b4e-e cm4 wide1 with #h petals or more 7leaf basal2 flower white1 in early spring7 ,bloodroot1 ,sanguinaria canadensis4 #a;b4 ,leaves pinnately toothed or lobed2 flower #g-aj cm4 wide1 with #d-f petals 7#d-h cm4 high2 leaves clasping2 summer7 ,poppy1 ,papaver somniferum4 #a;c4 ,leaves divided pinnately to the mid-rib into several toothed or lobed segments2 flower #b4e cm4 broad or less 7#c-e cm4 high2 flowers yellow7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,flowers in clusters of #b-d1 about #c cm4 wide 7spring7 ,celandine ,poppy1 ,stylophorum diphyllum4 #b;b4 ,flowers in umbels of #c-h1 about #a4e cm4 wide ,celandine1 ,chelidonium majus4 ,,fumariaceae1 the ,fumitory ,family ,herbs with watery juice1 compound or dissected leaves1 and irregular flowers2 sepals #b1 small2 petals #d1 in two pairs1 and one or both of the outer pair spurred at the base2 stamens #f4 #a;a4 ,both outer petals spurred or sack-like at the base --#b4 #a;b4 ,one outer petal spurred or sack-like at the base --#d4 #b;a4 ,a climbing vine with flowers in panicles 7white or pinkish flowers in summer7 ,climbing ,fumitory1 ,adlumia fungosa4 #b;b4 ,low herbs 7#b-d cm47 with basal leaves and white or pinkish flowers in racemes 7early spring7 --#c4 #c;a4 ,spurs of the corolla triangular1 divergent ,dutchman's ,breeches1 ,dicentra cucullaria4 #c;b4 ,spurs of the corolla short and rounded ,squirrel ,corn1 ,dicentra canadensis4 #d;a4 ,flowers about #e mm4 long1 pink-purple tipped with red 7#c-h dm4 high2 summer7 ,fumitory1 ,fumaria officinalis4 #d;b4 ,flowers #aj mm4 long or more1 yellow1 at least at the tip 7#b-f dm4 high7 7,corydalis7 --#e4 #e;a4 ,flowers yellow throughout 7spring7 ,corydalis1 ,corydalis aurea4 #e;b4 ,flowers pink1 tipped with yellow 7summer74 ,corydalis1 ,corydalis sempervirens4 ,,cruciferae1 the ,mustard ,family ,herbs1 with alternate1 frequently lobed or dissected leaves1 and regular flowers1 usually in racemes2 sepals and petals each #d1 stamens #f1 #d long and #b short 7or rarely #b only71 ovary #a4 #a;a4 ,petals yellow or yellowish --#b4 #a;b4 ,petals white1 pink1 or purple1 never yellow --#bi4 #b;a4 ,leaves simple1 entire or dentate1 never lobed --#c4 #b;b4 ,leaves deeply lobed or compound 7the bracteal leaves1 at or near the flower-clusters1 may be simple and unlobed7 --#aj4 #c;a4 ,leaves clasping the stem --#d4 #c;b4 ,leaves not clasping at base --#f4 #d;a4 ,clasping base and apex of leaf obtuse or rounded2 pod very long and slender 7#c-h dm4 high2 summer7 ,hare's ,ear1 ,conringia orientalis4 #d;b4 ,clasping base and apex of leaf acute2 pod obovoid 7#c-g dm4 high2 early summer7 7,false ,flax7 --#e4 #e;a4 ,stem and leaves glabrous ,false ,flax1 ,camelina sativa4 #e;b4 ,leaves and usually the stem pubescent ,false ,flax1 ,camelina microcarpa4 #f;a4 ,flowers about #b mm4 wide 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 --#g4 #f;b4 ,flowers #e mm4 wide or more 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 --#h4 #g;a4 ,leaves about twice as long as broad1 widest near or below the middle ,whitlow ,grass1 ,draba nemorosa4 #g;b4 ,leaves #c-e times as long as broad1 widest above the middle ,yellow ,alyssum1 ,alyssum alyssoides4 #h;a4 ,leaves lanceolate1 gradually tapering to the base2 flowers about #ae mm4 wide ,sand ,rocket1 ,diplotaxis muralis4 #h;b4 ,leaves ovate1 acute at base2 flowers about #ae mm4 wide --#bb;a4 #h;c4 ,leaves entire or minutely toothed2 flowers #e-aj mm4 wide --#i4 #i;a4 ,pods #be mm4 long or less1 on slender pedicels about #h mm4 long ,worm-seed ,mustard1 ,erysimum cheiranthoides4 #i;b4 ,pods #bj mm4 long or more1 on stout pedicels about #d mm4 long ,worm-seed ,mustard1 ,erysimum parviflorum4 #aj;a4 ,leaves bipinnate or dissected into very numerous divisions 7#c-h dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,leaves simply pinnate --#ac4 #aa;a4 ,flowers about #e mm4 broad2 pods about #bj mm4 long by #a mm4 broad ,herb ,sophia1 ,sisymbrium sophia4 #aa;b4 ,flowers about #c mm4 broad2 pods about #h mm4 long by #b mm4 wide 7,tansy ,mustard7 --#ab4 #ab;a4 ,stems gray with a close fine pubescence ,tansy ,mustard1 ,sisymbrium canescens4 #ab;b4 ,stems green ,tansy ,mustard1 ,sisymbrium canescens var4 brachycarpon4 #ac;a4 ,pod short1 not more than #c times as long as wide 7coarse plants1 preferring wet or sandy ground2 flowers in summer7 7,yellow ,cress7 --#ad4 #ac;b4 ,pod elongated1 more than #d times as long as wide --#ag4 #ad;a4 ,stems creeping1 with erect or ascending branches2 flowers about #h mm4 wide ,yellow ,cress1 ,radicula sylvestris4 #ad;b4 ,stems erect or ascending 7#c-aj dm4 high72 flowers about #d mm4 wide --#ae4 #ae;a4 ,pods about twice as long as the pedicels ,yellow ,cress1 ,radicula obtusa4 #ae;b4 ,pods about as long as the pedicels1 or shorter than them --#af4 #af;a4 ,plant glabrous or minutely pubescent ,yellow ,cress1 ,radicula palustris4 #af;b4 ,plant hirsute ,yellow ,cress1 ,radicula palustris var4 hispida4 #ag;a4 ,petals #g mm4 long or more2 pod terminating in a conspicuous beak 7coarse1 weedy plants1 #c-ab dm4 high1 blooming in summer7 --#ah4 #ag;b4 ,petals of smaller size2 pod not terminating in a conspicuous beak --#bd4 #ah;a4 ,upper stem-leaves clasping at the base ,rutabaga1 ,brassica campestris4 #ah;b4 ,upper stem-leaves not clasping --#ai4 #ai;a4 ,pod tipped with a slender cylindrical beak whose base is much narrower than the pod --#bj4 #ai;b4 ,pod gradually narrowed at its tip into a stout1 flattened or angled beak --#bb4 #bj;a4 ,leaves oblanceolate1 rather regularly pinnatifid1 the terminal segment about the same size as the lateral ones ,sand ,rocket1 ,diplotaxis muralis4 #bj;b4 ,leaves broad1 irregularly pinnatifid especially below the middle1 with a large terminal segment --#ba4 #ba;a4 ,beak of pod #c-d mm4 long ,black ,mustard1 ,brassica nigra4 #ba;b4 ,beak of pod #e mm4 long or more ,indian ,mustard1 ,brassica juncea4 #bb;a4 ,leaves dentate or lobed ,charlock1 ,brassica arvensis4 #bb;b4 ,leaves deeply pinnatifid --#bc4 #bc;a4 ,pod dehiscent when ripe by two valves1 tipped with a flat or angled beak ,white ,mustard1 ,brassica alba4 #bc;b4 ,pod indehiscent1 with spongy cross-partitions between the seeds1 tipped with a conical beak ,wild ,radish1 ,raphanus raphanistrum4 #bd;a4 ,terminal segment of the principal leaves much larger than the lateral segments2 flowers in spring and summer --#be4 #bd;b4 ,terminal segment of the principal leaves equaling or smaller than the lateral ones 7#e-aj dm4 high2 pods very long and slender2 flowers in summer7 ,sisymbrium1 ,sisymbrium altissimum4 #be;a4 ,flowers about #c mm4 wide2 pods erect and closely appressed to the stem 7#c-i dm4 high2 weed blooming in summer7 7,hedge ,mustard7 --#bf4 #be;b4 ,flowers about #g mm4 wide2 pods spreading or ascending 7#c-f dm4 high2 flowers in spring7 7,winter ,cress7 --#bg4 #bf;a4 ,pods pubescent ,hedge ,mustard1 ,sisymbrium officinale4 #bf;b4 ,pods glabrous ,hedge ,mustard1 ,sisymbrium officinale var4 leiocarpum4 #bg;a4 ,lateral leaf-segments #e-h pairs on the principal leaves ,winter ,cress1 ,barbarea verna4 #bg;b4 ,lateral leaf-segments #a-d pairs on the principal leaves --#bh4 #bh;a4 ,flowers bright yellow1 in racemes2 pods spreading or ascending ,winter ,cress1 ,barbarea vulgaris4 #bh;b4 ,flowers pale yellow1 in corymb-like clusters2 pods erect and somewhat appressed ,winter ,cress1 ,barbarea stricta4 #bi;a4 ,principal stem-leaves compound or deeply lobed 7the uppermost or bracteal leaves may be simple7 --#cj4 #bi;b4 ,principal stem-leaves entire1 dentate1 serrate1 or sometimes shallowly lobed or none 7the basal leaves1 at the surface of the ground1 may be deeply lobed or compound7 --#db4 #cj;a4 ,leaves ternately divided or compound 7#b-e dm4 high2 flowers in spring7 7,toothwort7 --#ca4 #cj;b4 ,leaves pinnately divided or compound --#cc4 #ca;a4 ,leaf-segments lanceolate or narrowly oblong ,toothwort1 ,dentaria laciniata4 #ca;b4 ,leaf-segments ovate or ovate-oblong --#cb4 #cb;a4 ,stem-leaves #b1 opposite or nearly opposite ,toothwort1 ,dentaria diphylla4 #cb;b4 ,stem-leaves #b-e1 alternate ,toothwort1 ,dentaria maxima4 #cc;a4 ,plants growing in water1 or in mud near water 7spring and summer7 --#cd4 #cc;b4 ,plants of dry or moist soil --#ce4 #cd;a4 ,aerial leaves distinctly compound1 with #c-aa leaflets ,water ,cress1 ,radicula nasturtium-aquaticum4 #cd;b4 ,aerial leaves merely serrate to pinnatifid2 the submerged leaves1 if present1 dissected ,lake ,cress1 ,radicula aquatica4 #ce;a4 ,flowers #e mm4 broad1 or less --#cf4 #ce;b4 ,flowers #f mm4 broad1 or more --#ci4 #cf;a4 ,stem-leaves irregularly pinnatifid or lobed2 pod about as broad as long 7#b-d dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 ,garden ,cress1 ,lepidium sativum4 #cf;b4 ,stem-leaves distinctly pinnatifid1 with #c-f pairs of lateral segments 7spring7 7,bitter ,cress7 --#cg4 #cg;a4 ,leaves chiefly basal1 pubescent on the upper side 7#a-c dm4 tall7 ,bitter ,cress1 ,cardamine hirsuta4 #cg;b4 ,stem-leaves conspicuous1 glabrous on the upper side --#ch4 #ch;a4 ,plant of dry soil2 flowers about #c mm4 wide 7#a-d dm4 high7 ,bitter ,cress1 ,cardamine parviflora4 #ch;b4 ,plant of moist or wet soil2 flowers about #e mm4 wide 7#b-h dm4 high7 ,bitter ,cress1 ,cardamine pennsylvanica4 #ci;a4 ,leaves irregularly pinnatifid or lobed1 not segmented into definitely paired divisions 7coarse plants #d-h dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 --#dj4 #ci;b4 ,leaves deeply segmented into #c-aj pairs of divisions --#da4 #dj;a4 ,flowers pink or white from the first ,radish1 ,raphanus sativus4 #dj;b4 ,flowers yellow at first1 turning white with age ,wild ,radish1 ,raphanus raphanistrum4 #da;a4 ,flowers pink or white1 appearing in spring 7#b-e dm4 high7 ,cuckoo ,flower1 ,cardamine pratensis4 #da;b4 ,flowers yellowish or cream-color2 a weed blooming in summer 7#e-aj dm4 high7 ,sisymbrium1 ,sisymbrium altissimum4 #db;a4 ,a fleshy1 much-branched plant of the shores of the ,great ,lakes1 with a pod transversely divided into two joints 7#b-c dm4 high2 summer7 ,sea ,rocket1 ,cakile edentula4 #db;b4 ,pod not transversely divided into two joints --#dc4 #dc;a4 ,pod short1 its length not more than #c times its diameter --#dd4 #dc;b4 ,pod long and slender1 its length more than #c times its diameter --#ee4 #dd;a4 ,pods not conspicuously flattened1 thick and plump1 about circular in cross-section 7flowers in summer7 --#de4 #dd;b4 ,pods distinctly flat --#df4 #de;a4 ,a plant escaped from cultivation in dry or moist soil1 with very large basal leaves 7#e-aj dm4 high7 ,horse ,radish1 ,radicula armoracia4 #de;b4 ,a plant of water or very wet soil1 the largest leaves seldom more than #ae cm4 long 7#a-e dm4 tall7 ,lake ,cress1 ,radicula aquatica4 #df;a4 ,stem-leaves clasping the stem by an auricled base --#dg4 #df;b4 ,stem-leaves sessile or petioled1 not clasping1 or none --#di4 #dg;a4 ,stem and leaves glabrous or pubescent2 pod very flat and circular1 about #aj mm4 wide 7#a-e dm4 tall2 early summer7 ,penny ,cress1 ,thlaspi arvense4 #dg;b4 ,stem and leaves glabrous or pubescent2 pod not more than #e mm4 wide 7#a-f dm4 high2 spring and early summer7 --#dh4 #dh;a4 ,pods broadly ovate ,field ,cress1 ,lepidium campestre4 #dh;b4 ,pods triangular1 or slightly indented at the apex ,shepherd's ,purse1 ,capsella bursa-pastoris4 #di;a4 ,pods about circular1 or a very little longer than broad --#ej4 #di;b4 ,pods ovoid or oblong1 broadest near the middle1 and distinctly longer than wide 7,whitlow ,grass7 --#ec4 #ej;a4 ,leaves entire 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 ,yellow ,alyssum1 ,alyssum alyssoides4 #ej;b4 ,leaves serrate 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 --#ea4 #ea;a4 ,stamens #f ,garden ,cress1 ,lepidium sativum4 #ea;b4 ,stamens #b 7,pepper ,grass7 --#eb4 #eb;a4 ,petals present ,pepper ,grass1 ,lepidium virginicum4 #eb;b4 ,petals none ,pepper ,grass1 ,lepidium apetalum4 #ec;a4 ,petals deeply #b-;cleft 7about #a dm4 high2 early spring7 ,whitlow ,grass1 ,draba verna4 #ec;b4 ,petals entire or barely notched at the tip --#ed4 #ed;a4 ,leaves all or chiefly at or near the base 7about #a dm4 high2 spring7 ,whitlow ,grass1 ,draba caroliniana4 #ed;b4 ,stems leafy up to the flowers 7#a-e dm4 high2 summer7 ,whitlow ,grass1 ,draba arabisans4 #ee;a4 ,stem-leaves cordate or sagittate at the base and sessile1 forming a more or less clasping leaf 7#c-aj dm4 high7 7,rock ,cress7 --#ef4 #ee;b4 ,stem-leaves sessile or somewhat petioled1 but not clasping --#fc4 #ef;a4 ,seeds in #b rows in each cavity of the pod 7early summer7 --#eg4 #ef;b4 ,seeds in #a row in each cavity of the pod --#ei4 #eg;a4 ,calyx pubescent2 the pods reflexed ,rock ,cress1 ,arabis holboellii4 #eg;b4 ,calyx glabrous2 the pods spreading or ascending --#eh4 #eh;a4 ,basal leaves densely pubescent ,rock ,cress1 ,arabis brachycarpa4 #eh;b4 ,basal leaves smooth or nearly so ,rock ,cress1 ,arabis drummondii4 #ei;a4 ,petals conspicuous1 about twice as long as the calyx1 or longer2 straight1 erect1 mostly unbranched plants --#fj4 #ei;b4 ,petals inconspicuous1 equaling or but little longer than the calyx --#fa4 #fj;a4 ,pods #c-d cm4 long1 ascending 7summer7 ,rock ,cress1 ,arabis patens4 #fj;b4 ,pods #h-aj cm4 long1 recurved 7late spring7 ,rock ,cress1 ,arabis laevigata4 #fa;a4 ,pods widely spreading2 stem usually sparingly branched near the base 7spring7 ,rock ,cress1 ,arabis dentata4 #fa;b4 ,pods erect or appressed2 stem usually unbranched 7summer7 --#fb4 #fb;a4 ,stem-leaves and stem smooth and glaucous ,rock ,cress1 ,arabis glabra4 #fb;b4 ,stem-leaves and stem almost always pubescent1 and never glaucous ,rock ,cress1 ,arabis hirsuta4 #fc;a4 ,principal stem-leaves #g-aj cm4 long1 or more --#fd4 #fc;b4 ,principal stem-leaves #b-e cm4 long --#fe4 #fd;a4 ,leaves lanceolate or oblong2 flowers #aj mm4 wide or less 7#c-g dm4 high2 summer7 ,rock ,cress1 ,arabis canadensis4 #fd;b4 ,leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate2 flowers #ae-bj mm4 wide 7#e-h dm4 high2 late spring and summer7 ,dame's ,rocket1 ,hesperis matronalis4 #fe;a4 ,basal leaves ovate to orbicular or cordate1 not more than twice as long as broad 7#a-c dm4 high2 spring7 7,bitter ,cress7 --#ff4 #fe;b4 ,basal leaves oblong1 lanceolate1 or oblanceolate1 at least #c times as long as broad 7#a-c dm4 high7 --#fg4 #ff;a4 ,flowers purple or rose color ,bitter ,cress1 ,cardamine douglassii4 #ff;b4 ,flowers white ,bitter ,cress1 ,cardamine bulbosa4 #fg;a4 ,basal leaves pinnatifid 7spring and summer7 ,rock ,cress1 ,arabis lyrata4 #fg;b4 ,basal leaves entire or toothed --#fh4 #fh;a4 ,leaves narrowly oblanceolate2 rare plant occurring from ,mackinac northward 7summer7 ,rock ,cress1 ,braya humilis4 #fh;b4 ,leaves obovate or oblong2 an introduced weed 7spring7 ,mouse-ear ,cress1 ,sisymbrium thalianum4 ,,capparidaceae1 the ,caper ,family ,herbs1 with alternate compound leaves1 #d petals1 and #f or more stamens1 which are about equal in length2 fruit a #a-;celled pod4 ,one species in ,michigan1 stamens about #aa2 leaflets #c 7#b-d dm4 high2 flowers yellowish1 in summer7 ,clammy-weed1 ,polanisia graveolens4 ,,resedaceae1 the ,mignonette ,family ,herbs1 with alternate leaves and terminal racemes of small yellowish flowers2 sepals #f1 petals #f1 stamens numerous4 ,one species in ,michigan1 with divided leaves and irregularly cleft petals1 blooming in summer ,yellow ,mignonette1 ,reseda lutea4 ,,sarraceniaceae1 the ,pitcher ,plant ,family ,insectivorous plants1 with hollow1 pitcher-shaped leaves1 and large purple flowers at the ends of naked stems4 ,one species in ,michigan1 growing in bogs and blooming in late spring ,pitcher ,plant1 ,sarracenia purpurea4 ,,droseraceae1 the ,sundew ,family ,insectivorous herbs1 with a rosette of basal leaves bearing gland-tipped bristles on their upper surface1 and with slender racemes of small white flowers in summer2 inhabitants of bogs and swamps 7#b dm4 high1 or less74 #a;a4 ,leaf-blade about as long as wide ,sundew1 ,drosera rotundifolia4 #a;b4 ,leaf-blade about #b-c times as long as wide ,sundew1 ,drosera longifolia4 #a;c4 ,leaf-blade about #e-h times as long as wide ,sundew1 ,drosera anglica4 #a;d4 ,leaf-blade narrowly linear1 about #aj times as long as wide ,sundew1 ,drosera linearis4 ,,podostemaceae1 the ,river ,weed ,family ,small submerged aquatics1 growing attached to stones in running water1 with dissected leaves and minute flowers4 ,one species in ,michigan ,river ,weed1 ,podostemum ceratophyllum4 ,,crassulaceae1 the ,orpine ,family ,herbs1 with usually alternate leaves2 the sepals1 petals1 and pistils each #d or #e1 or in one species the petals none1 and the stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals4 #a;a4 ,leaves entire 7,stonecrop7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves toothed --#c4 #b;a4 ,leaves #c-e mm4 long1 very thick and fleshy 7tufted plants about #a dm4 high1 with yellow flowers in summer7 ,stonecrop1 ,sedum acre4 #b;b4 ,leaves #aj-cj mm4 long1 flat 7tufted plants #a-b dm4 high2 flowers white1 in spring7 ,stonecrop1 ,sedum ternatum4 #c;a4 ,petals present1 purple 7#b-e dm4 high2 summer7 ,live-for-ever1 ,sedum purpureum4 #c;b4 ,petals none 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 ,ditch ,stonecrop1 ,penthorum sedoides4 ,,saxifragaceae1 the ,saxifrage ,family ,herbs or shrubs1 with alternate or opposite leaves2 petals and sepals each #e1 or the petals none2 stamens #e or #aj2 styles or stigmas #b-d4 #a;a4 ,shrubs with lobed leaves 7#c-ae dm4 high2 flowers in late spring7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,herbs --#ab4 #b;a4 ,stems thorny --#c4 #b;b4 ,stems not thorny 7,currant7 --#h4 #c;a4 ,flowers and fruits in racemes ,swamp ,currant1 ,ribes lacustre4 #c;b4 ,flowers and fruit in short clusters 7,gooseberry7 --#d4 #d;a4 ,ovary and fruit prickly and bristly ,gooseberry1 ,ribes cynosbati4 #d;b4 ,ovary and fruit smooth1 or sometimes a little glandular --#e4 #e;a4 ,stamens equaling the ovate calyx-lobes in length1 or a very little longer --#f4 #e;b4 ,stamens distinctly longer than the linear calyx-lobes --#g4 #f;a4 ,leaves glabrous beneath1 or nearly so ,gooseberry1 ,ribes oxyacanthoides4 #f;b4 ,leaves softly pubescent beneath ,gooseberry1 ,ribes oxyacanthoides var4 calcicola4 #g;a4 ,flowers1 including the stamens1 about #ae mm4 long ,gooseberry1 ,ribes gracile4 #g;b4 ,flowers1 including the stamens1 about #h mm4 long ,gooseberry1 ,ribes rotundifolium4 #h;a4 ,calyx prolonged above the ovary into a tube which is longer than the sepals --#i4 #h;b4 ,calyx-tube shorter than the ovary or none --#aj4 #i;a4 ,flowers greenish-yellow1 inconspicuous2 calyx-tube narrowly bell-shape ,black ,currant1 ,ribes floridum4 #i;b4 ,flowers bright yellow1 conspicuous2 calyx-tube narrow1 with spreading lobes ,golden ,currant1 ,ribes aureum4 #aj;a4 ,ovary and berry bristly with glandular hairs ,skunk ,currant1 ,ribes prostratum4 #aj;b4 ,ovary and fruit smooth1 or with sessile glands --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,leaves dotted beneath with resinous glands ,black ,currant1 ,ribes hudsonianum4 #aa;b4 ,leaves glabrous or pubescent beneath1 without resinous glands ,red ,currant1 ,ribes triste4 #ab;a4 ,flowers minute1 yellowish1 without petals1 in the axils of the leaves 7#a-b dm4 high2 flowers in spring7 ,golden ,saxifrage1 ,chrysosplenium americanum4 #ab;b4 ,flowers large1 solitary1 terminating erect stalks 7leaves mostly basal2 flowers white1 in late summer2 flower-stalks #a-e dm4 high7 7,grass-of-,parnassus7 --#ac4 #ab;c4 ,flowers in terminal racemes1 panicles1 or clusters --#ae4 #ac;a4 ,flowers less than #b cm4 wide2 leaves narrowed to the base ,grass-of-,parnassus1 ,parnassia parviflora4 #ac;b4 ,flowers #b-c4e cm4 wide2 leaves rounded or cordate at the base --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,a #c-;cleft scale at the base of each petal ,grass-of-,parnassus1 ,parnassia caroliniana4 #ad;b4 ,a many-cleft 7#i-ae7 scale at the base of each petal ,grass-of-,parnassus1 ,parnassia palustris4 #ae;a4 ,leaves linear to oblanceolate1 #c times as long as broad1 or more1 and pinnately veined 7,saxifrage7 --#af4 #ae;b4 ,leaves broadly ovate to nearly circular1 frequently cordate at the base1 and always palmately veined or lobed --#bj4 #af;a4 ,leaves basal2 the flower-stalk bearing no leaves except small ones at the base of its branches --#ag4 #af;b4 ,flower-stalk leafy below 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 summer7 --#ah4 #ag;a4 ,petals white2 sepals erect2 leaves conspicuously toothed1 #c-aj cm4 long 7#a-c dm4 high2 spring7 ,saxifrage1 ,saxifraga virginiensis4 #ag;b4 ,petals greenish2 sepals reflexed2 leaves minutely toothed or entire1 #aj-cj cm4 long 7#e-aj dm4 high2 spring7 ,saxifrage1 ,saxifraga pennsylvanica4 #ah;a4 ,leaves with #c sharp teeth at the apex ,saxifrage1 ,saxifraga tricuspidata4 #ah;b4 ,leaves with numerous teeth or entire --#ai4 #ai;a4 ,leaves linear1 chiefly on the stem ,saxifrage1 ,saxifraga aizoides4 #ai;b4 ,leaves spatulate1 chiefly in a basal rosette ,saxifrage1 ,saxifraga aizoon4 #bj;a4 ,stamens #e 7leaves mostly basal2 flowers greenish or purplish in late spring1 on stalks #e-aj dm4 high7 7,alum ,root7 --#ba4 #bj;b4 ,stamens #aj 7flowers white1 in spring7 --#bc4 #ba;a4 ,flowers regular ,alum ,root1 ,heuchera americana4 #ba;b4 ,flowers irregular1 the calyx oblique1 longer on the upper side than on the lower --#bb4 #bb;a4 ,stamens projecting beyond the calyx ,alum ,root1 ,heuchera hirsuticaulis4 #bb;b4 ,stamens not projecting beyond the calyx ,alum ,root1 ,heuchera hispida4 #bc;a4 ,stem-leaves alternate or none --#bd4 #bc;b4 ,stem with a pair of opposite leaves 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,bishop's ,cap1 ,mitella diphylla4 #bd;a4 ,petals deeply fringed 7#a-b dm4 high7 ,bishop's ,cap1 ,mitella nuda4 #bd;b4 ,petals entire 7#a-c dm4 high7 ,false ,mitrewort1 ,tiarella cordifolia4 ,,hamamelidaceae1 the ,witch ,hazel ,family ,shrubs1 with alternate simple leaves2 sepals1 petals1 and stamens each #d2 ovary #b-lobed4 ,one species in ,michigan2 tall shrub with obovate leaves and yellow flowers appearing late in autumn ,witch ,hazel1 ,hamamelis virginiana4 ,,platanaceae1 the ,plane ,tree ,family ,trees1 with broad1 palmately veined and lobed leaves1 and minute flowers in dense spherical heads4 ,one species in ,michigan ,sycamore1 ,platanus occidentalis4 ,,rosaceae1 the ,rose ,family ,trees1 herbs1 or shrubs1 with alternate1 frequently compound leaves2 petals and sepals usually #e1 stamens numerous1 pistils #a to many2 receptacle expanded into a saucer-shape or cup-shape organ1 bearing the sepals1 petals1 and stamens at its margin1 the pistils at its center1 and resembling a calyx-tube or flattened calyx4 #a;a4 ,shrubs or trees --#b4 #a;b4 ,herbaceous plants --#dh4 #b;a4 ,leaves compound --#c4 #b;b4 ,leaves simple --#bd4 #c;a4 ,flowers in large panicles or corymbs1 each flower #e-aj mm4 across2 leaflets #g or more --#d4 #c;b4 ,flowers solitary or in small clusters1 each flower usually #bj-hj mm4 wide2 leaflets frequently only #c or #e --#g4 #d;a4 ,flowers in a pyramidal or oblong panicle1 the ovaries superior 7#a-b m4 high2 flowers white1 in summer7 --#gj;b4 #d;b4 ,flowers in rounded or hemispheric clusters1 the ovary inferior --#e4 #e;a4 ,leaves pubescent on the lower surface ,rowan ,tree1 ,pyrus aucuparia4 #e;b4 ,leaves glabrous beneath when mature 7small trees2 flowers white1 in early summer or late spring7 7,mountain ,ash7 --#f4 #f;a4 ,leaves acuminate at the apex ,mountain ,ash1 ,pyrus americana4 #f;b4 ,leaves obtuse or acute at the apex ,mountain ,ash1 ,pyrus sitchensis4 #g;a4 ,flowers yellow 7#e-aj dm4 high2 summer7 ,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla fruticosa4 #g;b4 ,flowers pink or red1 rarely white1 #d-aj cm4 across 7shrubs1 #e-ae dm4 high1 or climbing2 stems usually thorny2 flowers in early summer7 7,rose7 --#h4 #g;c4 ,flowers white1 #a-c cm4 across 7#d-bj dm4 high2 flowers in late spring7 --#af4 #h;a4 ,leaflets on most of the leaves #c2 styles cohering in a column which protrudes from among the stamens ,climbing ,rose1 ,rosa setigera4 #h;b4 ,leaflets #e-aa2 styles not cohering in a protruding column --#i4 #i;a4 ,sepals persistent on the fruit after flowering --#aj4 #i;b4 ,sepals soon deciduous from the young fruit after flowering --#ad4 #aj;a4 ,a pair of spines below each leaf larger than the other spines --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,spines all alike in size or nearly so1 or absent completely --#ab4 #aa;a4 ,sepals entire ,wild ,rose1 ,rosa woodsii4 #aa;b4 ,sepals pinnatifid ,dog ,rose1 ,rosa canina4 #ab;a4 ,stems with few thorns or none at all ,wild ,rose1 ,rosa blanda4 #ab;b4 ,stems prickly --#ac4 #ac;a4 ,fruit somewhat pear-shape1 narrowed toward the base4 ,wild ,rose1 ,rosa acicularis4 #ac;b4 ,fruit globose1 rounded at the base ,wild ,rose1 ,rosa acicularis var4 bourgeauiana4 #ad;a4 ,the pair of spines at the base of each leaf straight or nearly so ,wild ,rose1 ,rosa humilis4 #ad;b4 ,the pair of spines at the base of each leaf distinctly recurved or hooked --#ae4 #ae;a4 ,leaves densely glandular-pubescent beneath ,sweetbrier1 ,rosa rubiginosa4 #ae;b4 ,leaves glabrous or minutely pubescent ,swamp ,rose1 ,rosa carolina4 #af;a4 ,stems trailing or creeping --#ag4 #af;b4 ,stems erect1 ascending1 or arched --#ai4 #ag;a4 ,stems distinctly shrubby and thorny 7,dewberry7 --#ah4 #ag;b4 ,stems almost herbaceous1 without thorns ,dwarf ,raspberry1 ,rubus triflorus4 #ah;a4 ,leaves thin1 dull above2 fruit black1 large and juicy ,dewberry1 ,rubus villosus4 #ah;b4 ,leaves firm or thick1 shining above2 fruit reddish1 small1 consisting of a few sour drupelets ,swamp ,dewberry1 ,rubus hispidus4 #ai;a4 ,ripe fruit dropping away from the white receptacle or core2 terminal leaflet of each leaf with a long stalk1 while the lateral leaflets are sessile or nearly so 7,raspberry7 --#bj4 #ai;b4 ,ripe fruit and receptacle or core dropping together2 all the leaflets on stalks which are approximately equal in length 7,blackberry7 --#bb4 #bj;a4 ,stem very glaucous with a whitish or bluish waxy deposit2 fruit black ,black ,raspberry1 ,rubus occidentalis4 #bj;b4 ,stem not glaucous2 fruit red --#ba4 #ba;a4 ,calyx velvety-pubescent ,red ,raspberry1 ,rubus idaeus4 #ba;b4 ,calyx bristly-hispid ,red ,raspberry1 ,rubus idaeus var4 aculeatissimus4 #bb;a4 ,pedicels with gland-tipped hairs1 but no prickles ,blackberry1 ,rubus allegheniensis4 #bb;b4 ,pedicels with prickles ,blackberry1 ,rubus nigricans4 #bb;c4 ,pedicels with neither prickles nor gland-tipped hairs --#bc4 #bc;a4 ,leaves downy beneath ,blackberry1 ,rubus frondosus4 #bc;b4 ,leaves smooth beneath ,blackberry1 ,rubus canadensis4 #bd;a4 ,ovaries #a or more1 superior 7attached to the surface of the receptacle1 but not concealed within it or united to it7 --#be4 #bd;b4 ,ovary #a1 inferior 7permanently enclosed within the receptacle1 with only the styles protruding7 --#ch4 #be;a4 ,ovaries more than #a --#bf4 #be;b4 ,ovary #a --#cj4 #bf;a4 ,leaves serrate --#bg4 #bf;b4 ,leaves lobed --#bh4 #bg;a4 ,leaves glabrous or very nearly so 7#h-bj dm4 high2 flowers white or pinkish1 summer7 ,meadow-sweet1 ,spiraea salicifolia4 #bg;b4 ,leaves closely pubescent beneath 7#e-ae dm4 high2 flowers pink1 summer7 ,hardhack1 ,spiraea tomentosa4 #bh;a4 ,flowers showy1 purple or white1 #c-d cm4 broad --#bi4 #bh;b4 ,flowers white1 about #a cm4 wide 7#a-c m4 high2 flowers in early summer7 ,ninebark1 ,physocarpus opulifolius4 #bi;a4 ,flowers purple ,flowering ,raspberry1 ,rubus odoratus4 #bi;b4 ,flowers white ,salmonberry1 ,rubus parviflorus4 #cj;a4 ,flowers in racemes 7trees or tall shrubs2 flowers white1 in late spring7 --#ca4 #cj;b4 ,flowers in small umbels or corymbs 7flowers white1 in spring7 --#cb4 #ca;a4 ,leaves oblong1 the points of their teeth incurved ,black ,cherry1 ,prunus serotina4 #ca;b4 ,leaves obovate1 the points of their teeth spreading ,choke ,cherry1 ,prunus virginiana4 #cb;a4 ,flowers about #a cm4 wide --#cc4 #cb;b4 ,flowers about #a4e-b4e cm4 wide --#cf4 #cc;a4 ,low shrubs1 with the spatulate or oblong leaves widest above the middle --#cd4 #cc;b4 ,erect tall shrubs or small trees1 with the leaves widest below the middle --#ce4 #cd;a4 ,an erect shrub 7#e-aj dm4 high7 ,appalachian ,cherry1 ,prunus cuneata4 #cd;b4 ,a prostrate or ascending shrub 7#c-ae dm4 high7 ,sand ,cherry1 ,prunus pumila4 #ce;a4 ,leaves very broadly ovate1 almost as wide as long 7small tree7 ,perfumed ,cherry1 ,prunus mahaleb4 #ce;b4 ,leaves oblong-lanceolate1 about #c times as long as broad 7shrub or small tree1 #b-aj m4 high7 ,pin ,cherry1 ,prunus pennsylvanica4 #cf;a4 ,sepals glandular-serrate 7tall shrub or small tree7 ,wild ,plum1 ,prunus nigra4 #cf;b4 ,sepals entire --#cg4 #cg;a4 ,leaves with sharp teeth1 frequently bristle-tipped2 a native species 7tall shrub or small tree1 frequently growing in thickets7 ,wild ,plum1 ,prunus americana4 #cg;b4 ,leaves with obtuse teeth2 a species escaped from cultivation 7widely branched tree7 ,cherry1 ,prunus cerasus4 #ch;a4 ,trees1 in cultivation or escaped from cultivation near roads or dwellings1 with showy flowers #b4e-e cm4 across1 edible fruits1 and no thorns 7spring7 --#ci4 #ch;b4 ,native species1 trees or shrubs1 growing in woods1 fields1 or thickets2 frequently with thorns 7spring7 --#dj4 #ci;a4 ,leaves finely serrulate or entire ,pear1 ,pyrus communis4 #ci;b4 ,leaves coarsely serrate or somewhat lobed ,apple1 ,pyrus malus4 #dj;a4 ,shrubs or small trees1 without thorns --#db4 #dj;b4 ,bushy trees or shrubs1 with thorns or stiff thorn-like branches1 and with flowers generally #a4e-b4e cm4 across --#da4 #da;a4 ,flowers pink1 very fragrant ,wild ,crab1 ,pyrus coronaria4 #da;b4 ,flowers white 7,hawthorn1 the genus ,crataegus74 ,several species of this genus occur in the state1 for the identification of which the ,manual must be used4 #db;a4 ,mid-vein glandular above 7shrubs #a-c m4 tall2 flowers white or pink7 7,chokeberry7 --#dc4 #db;b4 ,mid-vein not glandular 7shrubs or trees1 #a-aj m4 tall2 flowers white7 7,juneberry7 --#dd4 #dc;a4 ,leaves glabrous beneath ,chokeberry1 ,pyrus melanocarpa4 #dc;b4 ,leaves tomentose beneath ,chokeberry1 ,pyrus arbutifolia var4 atropurpurea4 #dd;a4 ,petals #ae-be mm4 long --#de4 #dd;b4 ,petals #e-ab mm4 long --#df4 #de;a4 ,mature leaves glabrous ,juneberry1 ,amelanchier canadensis4 #de;b4 ,mature leaves pubescent beneath ,juneberry1 ,amelanchier canadensis var4 botryapium4 #df;a4 ,flowers in racemes --#dg4 #df;b4 ,flowers solitary1 or in small clusters of #b-d ,juneberry1 ,amelanchier oligocarpa4 #dg;a4 ,leaves coarsely dentate1 with about #a tooth for each lateral vein ,juneberry1 ,amelanchier spicata4 #dg;b4 ,leaves finely serrate1 with about #b-c teeth for each lateral vein ,juneberry1 ,amelanchier oblongifolia4 #dh;a4 ,flowers yellow --#di4 #dh;b4 ,flowers white1 pink1 purple1 or rose1 never yellow --#fc4 #di;a4 ,plant with basal trifoliate leaves1 resembling strawberry 7#a-c dm4 high2 late spring7 ,barren ,strawberry1 ,waldsteinia fragarioides4 #di;b4 ,plants with leafy stems --#ej4 #ej;a4 ,flowers solitary in the axils of foliage leaves1 on long peduncles 7trailing or creeping plants2 flowers in late spring and summer7 --#ea4 #ej;b4 ,flowers in narrow terminal spike-like racemes 7#c-h dm4 high2 summer7 7,agrimony7 --#eb4 #ej;c4 ,flowers in irregular or spreading clusters --#ee4 #ea;a4 ,leaflets #e ,five-finger1 ,potentilla canadensis4 #ea;b4 ,leaflets #g-be ,silver ,weed1 ,potentilla anserina4 #eb;a4 ,principal leaflets more than #c times 7about #c-a_/b7 as long as wide ,agrimony1 ,agrimonia parviflora4 #eb;b4 ,principal leaflets less than #c times 7about #b-a_/b7 as long as wide --#ec4 #ec;a4 ,leaves nearly glabrous beneath1 or with scattered spreading hairs ,agrimony1 ,agrimonia gryposepala4 #ec;b4 ,leaves softly pubescent beneath --#ed4 #ed;a4 ,leaves distinctly glandular beneath ,agrimony1 ,agrimonia striata4 #ed;b4 ,leaves not glandular beneath ,agrimony1 ,agrimonia mollis4 #ee;a4 ,principal leaves palmately compound with #e-g leaflets 7,cinquefoil7 --#ef4 #ee;b4 ,principal stem-leaves with #c leaflets1 or pinnately compound with several leaflets --#eh4 #ef;a4 ,leaves silvery-white beneath1 laciniately toothed 7#a-d dm4 high2 late spring and summer7 ,silvery ,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla argentea4 #ef;b4 ,leaves not silvery-white beneath 7#c-aj dm4 high2 summer7 --#eg4 #eg;a4 ,terminal leaflet more than #c times as long as wide ,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla recta4 #eg;b4 ,terminal leaflet less than #c times as long as wide ,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla intermedia #eh;a4 ,flowers about #d mm4 wide 7#b-f dm4 high2 spring7 ,spring ,avens1 ,geum vernum4 #eh;b4 ,flowers #f mm4 wide1 or wider --#ei4 #ei;a4 ,principal leaves with lobed leaflets1 of which the terminal is the largest2 leaf-axis bearing also some small leaflets between those of usual size 7#d-ab dm4 high2 late spring and summer7 7,avens7 --#fj4 #ei;b4 ,principal leaves with toothed or pinnately cleft leaflets1 the lateral ones about equaling the terminal one in size1 and without any small scattered leaflets 7#c-h dm4 tall2 summer7 7,cinquefoil7 --#fa4 #fj;a4 ,terminal leaflet cordate at base ,avens1 ,geum macrophyllum4 #fj;b4 ,terminal leaflet wedge-shape or acute at base ,avens1 ,geum strictum4 #fa;a4 ,leaflets #c ,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla monspeliensis4 #fa;b4 ,leaflets #e-ae --#fb4 #fb;a4 ,leaflets crenate ,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla paradoxa4 #fb;b4 ,leaflets deeply incised ,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla pennsylvanica4 #fc;a4 ,leaves all basal1 the flowers on leafless stalks --#fd4 #fc;b4 ,stem-leaves present --#ff4 #fd;a4 ,leaves simple 7#a-b dm4 high2 summer7 ,dalibarda1 ,dalibarda repens4 #fd;b4 ,leaves trifoliate 7#a-b dm4 high2 spring7 7,strawberry7 --#fe4 #fe;a4 ,leaflets thick and firm1 the petioles and pedicels pubescent with spreading or ascending hairs2 fruit subglobose1 the achenes embedded in pits on its surface ,strawberry1 ,fragaria virginiana4 #fe;b4 ,leaflets thin1 the petioles and pedicels nearly glabrous or with appressed hairs2 fruit conic1 the achenes on its surface ,wood ,strawberry1 ,fragaria americana4 #ff;a4 ,leaves pinnate with numerous leaflets --#fg4 #ff;b4 ,stem-leaves with #c-e leaflets --#gb4 #fg;a4 ,leaflets laciniate or deeply lobed 7flowers pink or purple1 early summer7 --#fh4 #fg;b4 ,leaflets merely toothed --#fi4 #fh;a4 ,stem-leaves few1 small and opposite 7#b-d dm4 tall7 ,purple ,avens1 ,geum triflorum4 #fh;b4 ,stem-leaves large and alternate 7#e-bj dm4 tall7 ,queen of the ,prairie1 ,filipendula rubra4 #fi;a4 ,individual flowers small1 not exceeding #f mm4 across1 in large clusters or spikes --#gj4 #fi;b4 ,individual flowers more than #aj mm4 wide1 in few-flowered clusters 7,cinquefoil7 --#ga4 #gj;a4 ,flowers in dense spikes 7#e-ae dm4 high2 late summer7 ,burnet1 ,sanguisorba canadensis4 #gj;b4 ,flowers in panicles ,sorbaria1 ,sorbaria sorbifolia4 #ga;a4 ,flowers red or purple 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 ,marsh ,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla palustris4 #ga;b4 ,flowers white 7#e-aj dm4 high2 early summer7 ,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla arguta4 #gb;a4 ,pistils #e 7#e-aj dm4 high2 flowers white or pink1 early summer7 --#gc4 #gb;b4 ,pistils #aj1 in a ring 7flowers pink or purple7 --#fh;b4 #gb;c4 ,pistils numerous1 in a head or close group --#gd4 #gc;a4 ,stipules linear or subulate1 #e-h mm4 long ,bowman's ,root1 ,gillenia trifoliata4 #gc;b4 ,stipules leaf-like1 #aj-be mm4 long1 serrate ,american ,ipecac1 ,gillenia stipulata4 #gd;a4 ,flowers red or purple --#ge4 #gd;b4 ,flowers white --#gf4 #ge;a4 ,leaflets sharply and irregularly toothed or lobed2 petals erect1 narrowed at the base 7#c-i dm4 high2 early summer7 ,purple ,avens1 ,geum rivale4 #ge;b4 ,leaflets finely and regularly toothed1 oblong2 petals spreading --#ga;a4 #gf;a4 ,leaflets entire below1 #c-toothed at the apex 7#a-c dm4 high2 summer7 ,cinquefoil1 ,potentilla tridentata4 #gf;b4 ,leaflets toothed all around the margin --#gg4 #gg;a4 ,leaves all trifoliate 7#b-e dm4 high2 late spring7 --#ag;b4 #gg;b4 ,some of the upper leaves merely lobed or dentate 7#e-h dm4 high7 7,avens7 --#gh4 #gh;a4 ,stem bristly-hairy 7early summer7 ,avens1 ,geum virginianum4 #gh;b4 ,stem softly and finely pubescent 7summer7 ,avens1 ,geum canadense4 ,,leguminosae1 the ,pulse ,family ,trees1 shrubs1 or herbs1 with alternate compound 7except #c species with simple7 leaves and stipules2 flowers usually irregular 7except in a few species71 with a large upper petal and #d smaller ones1 the #b lower enclosing the stamens and pistil2 stamens almost always #aj1 and generally united by their filaments2 pistil #a1 simple1 ripening into a pod4 #a;a4 ,shrubs or trees --#b4 #a;b4 ,herbs1 twining1 but without tendrils --#i4 #a;c4 ,herbs2 the leaves1 or some of them1 tipped with tendrils --#ab4 #a;d4 ,herbs1 not climbing or twining2 tendrils none --#ba4 #b;a4 ,leaves simple --#c4 #b;b4 ,leaves compound --#d4 #c;a4 ,leaves broadly cordate 7tall shrub or small tree2 flowers pink1 early spring7 ,redbud1 ,cercis canadensis4 #c;b4 ,leaves lanceolate or elliptical 7#c-f dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 summer7 ,dyer's ,greenweed1 ,genista tinctoria4 #d;a4 ,twigs or branches thorny --#e4 #d;b4 ,thorns none --#g4 #e;a4 ,thorns branched1 scattered on the stem 7tall tree2 flowers greenish1 early summer7 ,honey ,locust1 ,gleditsia triacanthos4 #e;b4 ,thorns unbranched1 a pair of them at the base of each leaf 7late spring7 --#f4 #f;a4 ,branches glabrous or nearly so 7tree2 flowers white7 ,black ,locust1 ,robinia pseudo-acacia4 #f;b4 ,branches glandular-pubescent 7tall shrub2 flowers pinkish7 ,clammy ,locust1 ,robinia viscosa4 #f;c4 ,branches bristly 7shrub4 #a-c m4 high2 flowers pink7 ,bristly ,locust1 ,robinia hispida4 #g;a4 ,trees2 leaves #b-c-pinnate 7flowers greenish-white1 spring7 ,kentucky ,coffee-tree1 ,gymnocladus dioica4 #g;b4 ,low shrubs2 leaves once-pinnate 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 --#h4 #h;a4 ,flowers bright-blue1 each with a single petal ,lead ,plant1 ,amorpha canescens4 #h;b4 ,flowers yellowish and pink-purple1 petals #e --#bf;a4 #i;a4 ,leaflets #e-g2 flowers in racemes 7purplish1 late summer7 ,wild ,bean1 ,apios tuberosa4 #i;b4 ,leaflets #c 7flowers greenish1 purple1 or white1 late summer7 --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,flowers in small capitate clusters2 lower #b petals strongly incurved ,wild ,bean1 ,strophostyles helvola4 #aj;b4 ,flowers in racemes 7,hog ,peanut7 --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,stem pubescent or glabrate2 leaflets seldom more than #e cm4 long ,hog ,peanut1 ,amphicarpa monoica4 #aa;b4 ,stem villous with retrorse hairs2 leaflets usually longer than #e cm4 ,hog ,peanut1 ,amphicarpa pitcheri4 #ab;a4 ,style with a tuft of hairs at the apex2 lateral petals of the corolla adherent to the lower ones as far as the middle2 stipules less than #aj mm4 long1 and usually less than one-fourth the length of the lower leaflets 7spring and summer7 7,vetch7 --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,style hairy along the inner side2 lateral petals of the corolla free from the lower ones or adherent only at the very base2 stipules more than #h mm4 long and usually one-third or more the length of the lower leaflets 7late spring and summer7 --#ag4 #ac;a4 ,flowers axillary1 sessile or nearly so 7flowers purple7 --#ad4 #ac;b4 ,flowers in peduncled racemes --#ae4 #ad;a4 ,upper leaves oblong-obovate1 truncate or notched1 and mucronate at the apex ,spring ,vetch1 ,vicia sativa4 #ad;b4 ,upper leaves lance-linear1 sharply acute ,common ,vetch1 ,vicia angustifolia4 #ae;a4 ,flowers #ae-bj mm4 long1 #d-h in a cluster 7flowers purple7 ,vetch1 ,vicia americana4 #ae;b4 ,flowers #h-ab mm4 long --#af4 #af;a4 ,racemes one-sided2 flowers blue ,vetch1 ,vicia cracca4 #af;b4 ,racemes loosely flowered1 not one-sided2 flowers whitish1 the lower petals tipped with blue ,vetch1 ,vicia caroliniana4 #ag;a4 ,flowers yellowish-white ,vetchling1 ,lathyrus ochroleucus4 #ag;b4 ,flowers purple --#ah4 #ah;a4 ,stipules nearly regularly halberd-shape1 almost as large as the leaflets ,beach ,pea1 ,lathyrus maritimus4 #ah;b4 ,stipules half-sagittate1 apparently attached laterally near the middle --#ai4 #ai;a4 ,leaflets #d-h pairs1 ovate2 racemes with #aj or more flowers ,wild ,pea1 ,lathyrus venosus4 #ai;b4 ,leaflets #b-d pairs1 linear to oblong or elliptical2 racemes with #b-i flowers 7,marsh ,pea7 --#bj4 #bj;a4 ,stems with a membranous wing on the margins ,marsh ,pea1 ,lathyrus palustris4 #bj;b4 ,stems angled1 but not winged ,marsh ,pea1 ,lathyrus palustris var4 myrtifolius4 #ba;a4 ,leaves simple 7#b-c dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 summer7 ,rattlebox1 ,crotalaria sagittalis4 #ba;b4 ,leaves palmately compound2 leaflets #g-aa 7#c-f dm4 high2 flowers blue1 late spring7 ,lupine1 ,lupinus perennis4 #ba;c4 ,leaves pinnately compound2 leaflets #e to many --#bb4 #ba;d4 ,leaves compound2 leaflets #c --#bh4 #bb;a4 ,leaflets #e2 flowers rose-purple in a spike-like head 7#e-h dm4 high1 late summer7 ,prairie ,clover1 ,petalostemum purpureum4 #bb;b4 ,leaflets more than #e --#bc4 #bc;a4 ,flowers bright-blue1 in a dense spike 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 --#h;a4 #bc;b4 ,flowers bright-yellow2 stamens not united 7summer7 --#bd4 #bc;c4 ,flowers white1 cream-color1 or yellowish1 or marked with purple --#bf4 #bd;a4 ,leaflets linear-oblong1 #b cm4 long or less2 stamens #e or #aj 7#c-f dm4 high7 7,partridge ,pea7 --#be4 #bd;b4 ,leaflets lanceolate-oblong1 #b-e cm4 long2 #g stamens with normal anthers and #c with imperfect anthers 7#h-ae dm4 high7 ,wild ,senna1 ,cassia marilandica4 #be;a4 ,anthers #aj2 flowers #b-d cm4 wide ,partridge ,pea1 ,cassia chamaecrista4 #be;b4 ,anthers #e2 flowers #e-aj mm4 wide ,partridge ,pea1 ,cassia nictitans4 #bf;a4 ,silky-hairy with whitish hairs2 flowers marked with purple 7#c-e dm4 high2 summer7 ,goat's ,rue1 ,tephrosia virginiana4 #bf;b4 ,glabrous or nearly so 7summer7 7,milk ,vetch7 --#bg4 #bg;a4 ,flowers greenish cream-color 7#d-aj dm4 high7 ,milk ,vetch1 ,astragalus canadensis4 #bg;b4 ,flowers white 7#c-e dm4 high7 ,milk ,vetch1 ,astragalus neglectus4 #bh;a4 ,flowers in heads1 umbels1 or short dense spikes --#bi4 #bh;b4 ,flowers in loose racemes or panicles --#db4 #bi;a4 ,flowers bright-yellow2 decumbent or ascending plants 7spring and summer7 --#cj4 #bi;b4 ,flowers white1 cream1 purple1 or red2 never yellow --#cd4 #cj;a4 ,whole flower only about #b mm4 long2 pod coiled --#ca4 #cj;b4 ,flowers larger1 each one #c-f mm4 long2 pod straight 7#a-d dm4 high7 7,hop ,clover7 --#cb4 #ca;a4 ,flowers numerous in each head ,black ,medick1 ,medicago lupulina4 #ca;b4 ,flowers in clusters of #b --#bj ,bur ,clover1 ,medicago hispida4 #cb;a4 ,stipules linear ,hop ,clover1 ,trifolium agrarium4 #cb;b4 ,stipules ovate --#cc4 #cc;a4 ,heads densely flowered2 flowers #bj or more2 upper petal striate when dry ,hop ,clover1 ,trifolium procumbens4 #cc;b4 ,heads loosely flowered2 flowers usually #aj or fewer2 upper petal scarcely striate or not at all ,hop ,clover1 ,trifolium dubium4 #cd;a4 ,leaves palmately compound1 the #c leaflets all from the same point 7late spring and summer7 7,clover7 --#ce4 #cd;b4 ,leaves pinnately compound1 the terminal leaflet on a distinct stalk --#ci4 #ce;a4 ,individual flowers sessile1 or on very short pedicels --#cf4 #ce;b4 ,individual flowers distinctly pedicelled --#cg4 #cf;a4 ,heads oblong1 on distinct peduncles2 calyx longer than the corolla 7flowers nearly white2 #a-d dm4 tall7 ,stone ,clover1 ,trifolium arvense4 #cf;b4 ,heads nearly globose1 almost sessile1 closely subtended by the leaves2 corolla longer than the calyx 7#b-h dm4 high2 flowers red-purple7 ,red ,clover1 ,trifolium pratense4 #cg;a4 ,stems prostrate or creeping2 heads long-peduncled1 arising from the creeping branches 7flower-stalks #a-b dm4 high2 flowers white7 ,white ,clover1 ,trifolium repens4 #cg;b4 ,some or all of the stems erect2 heads arising from the leafy stems 7flowers white or pink7 --#ch4 #ch;a4 ,plants with long basal runners2 flowers #aj-ac mm4 long 7#b-c dm4 high7 ,buffalo ,clover1 ,trifolium stoloniferum4 #ch;b4 ,basal runners none2 flowers #f-h mm4 long 7#c-h dm4 high7 ,alsike ,clover1 ,trifolium hybridum4 #ci;a4 ,prostrate2 leaflets broadly ovate2 flowers #c-aj in a cluster --#aj;a4 #ci;b4 ,erect2 leaflets broadest near the middle2 flowers numerous 7#e-ab dm4 high2 flowers yellowish-white1 late summer7 7,bush ,clover7 --#dj4 #dj;a4 ,leaflets less than twice as long as broad ,bush ,clover1 ,lespedeza hirta4 #dj;b4 ,leaflets more than twice as long as broad --#da4 #da;a4 ,leaflets linear1 #e mm4 wide or less2 heads with obvious peduncles ,bush ,clover1 ,lespedeza angustifolia4 #da;b4 ,leaflets narrowly elliptical1 the principal ones more than #e mm4 wide2 heads sessile or nearly so ,bush ,clover1 ,lespedeza capitata4 #db;a4 ,leaflets finely toothed --#dc4 #db;b4 ,leaflets entire --#dd4 #dc;a4 ,flowers violet or blue 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 ,alfalfa1 ,medicago sativa4 #dc;b4 ,flowers yellow 7#a-b m4 high2 summer7 ,yellow ,sweet ,clover1 ,melilotus officinalis4 #dc;c4 ,flowers white 7#a-c m4 high2 summer7 ,white ,sweet ,clover1 ,melilotus alba4 #dd;a4 ,flowers yellow 7#e-aj dm4 high2 summer7 ,wild ,indigo1 ,baptisia tinctoria4 #dd;b4 ,flowers white1 the leaflets all from the same point 7#e-aj dm4 high2 summer7 ,wild ,indigo1 ,baptisia leucantha4 #dd;c4 ,flowers blue1 purple1 or pink 7rarely white1 and then the terminal leaflet stalked7 --#de4 #de;a4 ,racemes arising from the base of the plant1 leafless 7#d-h dm4 high2 summer7 ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium nudiflorum4 #de;b4 ,racemes terminal or a few of them axillary2 leaflets generally more than #c cm4 long2 pod 7usually to be seen at the base of the raceme7 transversely segmented into #b or more joints 7summer7 7,tick ,trefoil2 the genus ,desmodium4 ,pods are usually necessary for satisfactory identification7 --#df4 #de;c4 ,racemes short1 loose1 chiefly axillary2 leaflets generally less than #c cm4 long2 the short ovate or ovoid pod not transversely jointed 7#e-aj dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 7,bush ,clover2 the genus ,lespedeza4 ,reference to the ,manual is recommended7 --#eh4 #df;a4 ,leaves clustered near the summit of the stem 7#d-ab dm4 high7 ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium grandiflorum4 #df;b4 ,leaves scattered on the stem --#dg4 #dg;a4 ,plants prostrate2 racemes panicled2 leaflets nearly circular ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium rotundifolium4 #dg;b4 ,plants decumbent or ascending2 racemes short1 simple1 few-flowered2 stipules ovate 7stems #d-h dm4 long7 ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium pauciflorum4 #dg;c4 ,plants erect or ascending2 racemes panicled --#dh4 #dh;a4 ,leaflets of an oblong type1 broadest at or near the middle1 and about #d times as long as broad 7#e-aj dm4 tall7 --#di4 #dh;b4 ,leaflets of an ovate or lanceolate type1 broadest below the middle1 and not more than #c times as long as wide --#ej4 #di;a4 ,stem pubescent2 leaves sessile or nearly so ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium sessilifolium4 #di;b4 ,stem glabrous or nearly so2 leaves obviously petioled ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium paniculatum4 #ej;a4 ,stipules lanceolate to ovate1 #a cm4 long or more 7#f-ae dm4 high7 --#ea4 #ej;b4 ,stipules narrowly lanceolate or subulate1 less than #a cm4 long --#ed4 #ea;a4 ,stems glabrous or minutely pubescent2 leaves acuminate --#eb4 #ea;b4 ,stems hispid or densely pubescent2 leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate1 obtuse or barely acute --#ec4 #eb;a4 ,leaves glabrous on both sides ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium bracteosum4 #eb;b4 ,leaves rough above1 hairy beneath ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium bracteosum var4 longifolium4 #ec;a4 ,leaflets broadly ovate ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium canescens4 #ec;b4 ,leaflets ovate-lanceolate ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium illinoense4 #ed;a4 ,flowers #aj-ab mm4 long 7#a-b m4 high7 ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium canadense4 #ed;b4 ,flowers #e-h mm4 long 7#e-h dm4 tall7 --#ee4 #ed;c4 ,flowers #c-d mm4 long 7#d-h dm4 tall7 --#ef4 #ee;a4 ,leaflets broadly ovate ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium viridiflorum4 #ee;b4 ,leaflets oblong-ovate ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium dillenii4 #ef;a4 ,leaflets #c-e cm4 long1 oblong-ovate1 scabrous above ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium rigidum4 #ef;b4 ,leaflets #a-b4e cm4 long1 broadly ovate or oval1 not scabrous above --#eg4 #eg;a4 ,stem and leaves glabrous or very nearly so ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium marilandicum4 #eg;b4 ,stem and leaves conspicuously pubescent ,tick ,trefoil1 ,desmodium obtusum4 #eh;a4 ,flower-clusters sessile1 or on peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves --#ei4 #eh;b4 ,flower-clusters1 or many of them1 on peduncles longer than the leaves --#fa4 #ei;a4 ,leaves linear-oblong ,bush ,clover1 ,lespedeza virginica4 #ei;b4 ,leaves ovate or oval --#fj4 #fj;a4 ,leaves and stem velvety or downy ,bush ,clover1 ,lespedeza stuvei4 #fj;b4 ,leaves and stem glabrous1 or with close appressed pubescence ,bush ,clover1 ,lespedeza frutescens4 #fa;a4 ,leaves ovate or broadly elliptical2 corolla conspicuously exceeding the calyx --#fb4 #fa;b4 ,leaves linear-oblong2 calyx about as long as the corolla ,bush ,clover1 ,lespedeza manniana4 #fb;a4 ,stem erect or ascending --#fc4 #fb;b4 ,stem trailing2 peduncles much exceeding the leaves ,bush ,clover1 ,lespedeza procumbens4 #fc;a4 ,villous-pubescent2 inflorescence dense2 some peduncles shorter than the leaves ,bush ,clover1 ,lespedeza nuttallii4 #fc;b4 ,slightly pubescent or glabrous2 inflorescence loose1 on peduncles much longer than the leaves ,bush ,clover1 ,lespedeza violacea4 ,,linaceae1 the ,flax ,family ,herbs with simple leaves1 and regular flowers1 having #e sepals1 #e yellow or blue petals1 #e stamens1 and #e styles4 #a;a4 ,flowers blue 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 ,flax1 ,linum usitatissimum4 #a;b4 ,flowers yellow 7#c-h dm4 high2 summer7 7,wild ,flax7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,middle stem-leaves below the branches opposite ,wild ,flax1 ,linum striatum4 #b;b4 ,middle stem-leaves below the branches alternate --#c4 #c;a4 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear1 #a-d mm4 wide --#d4 #c;b4 ,leaves oblanceolate to oblong1 #d-f mm4 wide ,wild ,flax1 ,linum virginianum4 #d;a4 ,leaves entire ,wild ,flax1 ,linum medium4 #d;b4 ,upper leaves glandular-ciliate ,wild ,flax1 ,linum sulcatum4 ,,oxalidaceae1 the ,wood ,sorrel ,family ,herbs1 with alternate or basal compound leaves with #c reverse heart-shaped leaflets2 sepals1 petals1 and styles each #e2 stamens #aj4 7,wood ,sorrel7 #a;a4 ,leaves all basal2 flowers white to pink-purple 7#a-b dm4 high2 late spring7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,stem-leaves present2 flowers yellow 7#a-e dm4 high2 spring and summer7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,flower-stalks bearing a single flower ,wood ,sorrel1 ,oxalis acetosella4 #b;b4 ,flower-stalks bearing an umbel of several flowers ,wood ,sorrel1 ,oxalis violacea4 #c;a4 ,stem prostrate and creeping ,wood ,sorrel1 ,oxalis repens4 #c;b4 ,stem erect or ascending --#d4 #d;a4 ,pedicels with spreading pubescence ,wood ,sorrel1 ,oxalis corniculata4 #d;b4 ,pedicels with appressed pubescence ,wood ,sorrel1 ,oxalis stricta4 ,,geraniaceae1 the ,geranium ,family ,herbs1 with deeply lobed or divided leaves2 flowers regular1 with #e sepals1 #e petals1 #e or #aj stamens1 and a #e-;celled ovary4 #a;a4 ,anthers #e 7spreading or ascending plants1 #b-d dm4 high2 flowers pink or purple1 spring and summer7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,anthers #aj --#c4 #b;a4 ,leaves pinnately dissected ,stork's-bill1 ,erodium cicutarium4 #b;b4 ,leaves palmately divided into cuneate lobes ,crane's-bill1 ,geranium pusillum4 #c;a4 ,leaves ternately divided1 the lobes pinnatifid 7#b-d dm4 high2 flowers purple1 late spring and summer7 ,herb ,robert1 ,geranium robertianum4 #c;b4 ,leaves palmately #c-aa-lobed --#d4 #d;a4 ,petals #ab mm4 long or more 7#c-f dm4 high2 flowers pale purple1 spring7 ,wild ,geranium1 ,geranium maculatum4 #d;b4 ,petals less than #aj mm4 long 7,crane's-bill7 --#e4 #e;a4 ,seed-bearing portion of the pistil smooth1 glabrous or nearly so 7low spreading plant2 flowers purple1 late spring and summer7 ,crane's-bill1 ,geranium columbinum4 #e;b4 ,seed-bearing portion of the pistil transversely wrinkled 7widely branching4 #a-c dm4 tall2 flowers purple1 summer7 ,crane's-bill1 ,geranium molle4 #e;c4 ,seed-bearing portion of the pistil pubescent 7widely branching4 #a-e dm4 tall7 --#f4 #f;a4 ,leaves divided almost to the base 7flowers pinkish or white1 spring and summer7 --#g4 #f;b4 ,leaves divided one-half to two-thirds the way to the base 7flowers purple1 summer7 ,crane's-bill1 ,geranium rotundifolium4 #g;a4 ,petals white or pale pink2 flowers in compact clusters ,crane's-bill1 ,geranium carolinianum4 #g;b4 ,petals pink-purple2 flowers in loose clusters ,crane's-bill1 ,geranium bicknellii4 ,,rutaceae1 the ,rue ,family ,shrubs or low trees1 with compound leaves frequently dotted with translucent glands2 flowers small1 greenish-white1 with #c-e sepals1 petals1 and stamens4 #a;a4 ,leaflets #e-i2 stems thorny ,prickly ,ash1 ,zanthoxylum americanum4 #a;b4 ,leaflets #c2 stems not thorny ,hop ,tree1 ,ptelea trifoliata4 ,,simarubaceae1 the ,quassia ,family ,trees1 with pinnately compound leaves and small greenish-yellow flowers in large panicles in early summer1 ripening into winged fruits4 ,one species in ,michigan1 escaped from cultivation chiefly in towns ,tree of ,heaven1 ,ailanthus glandulosa4 ,,polygalaceae1 the ,milkwort ,family ,small herbs1 with alternate or whorled simple leaves1 and small irregular flowers2 sepals #e1 petals #c1 stamens #f or #h1 more or less united with each other and with the petals4 #a;a4 ,all of the leaves alternate --#b4 #a;b4 ,some or all of the leaves in whorls 7#a-d dm4 high2 flowers greenish1 purple1 or white2 summer7 7,milkwort7 --#f4 #b;a4 ,flowers few1 loosely clustered1 #ae-bj mm4 long 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers purple2 early summer7 ,flowering ,wintergreen1 ,polygala paucifolia4 #b;b4 ,flowers numerous1 in a spike or raceme --#c4 #c;a4 ,stem-leaves minute1 linear-subulate2 stem slender1 erect1 #c-g dm4 high 7flowers pink2 summer7 ,milkwort1 ,polygala incarnata4 #c;b4 ,stem-leaves narrowly oblong or broader2 stem generally #a-d dm4 high --#d4 #d;a4 ,flowers in a short thick obtuse very dense spike 7flowers greenish or purple2 summer7 ,milkwort1 ,polygala sanguinea4 #d;b4 ,flowers in a slender tapering spike --#e4 #d;c4 ,flowers in a raceme2 plants with subterranean flowers also 7flowers purple2 early summer7 ,milkwort1 ,polygala polygama4 #e;a4 ,leaves linear or nearly so 7flowers purple2 summer7 --#g;b4 #e;b4 ,leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate1 #b-f cm4 long 7flowers white2 late spring7 ,seneca ,snakeroot1 ,polygala senega4 #e;c4 ,leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate 7flowers white2 late spring7 ,seneca ,snakeroot1 ,polygala senega var4 latifolia4 #f;a4 ,spike oval1 thick1 obtuse ,milkwort1 ,polygala cruciata4 #f;b4 ,spike acute --#g4 #g;a4 ,spike densely flowered1 #a-b cm4 long ,milkwort1 ,polygala verticillata4 #g;b4 ,spike loosely flowered1 #b-e cm4 long ,milkwort1 ,polygala verticillata var4 ambigua4 ,,euphorbiaceae1 the ,spurge ,family ,herbs1 with alternate1 opposite1 or whorled leaves and usually milky juice4 ,flowers small or minute and inconspicuous1 without petals and frequently without calyx4 ,in our commoner species1 several staminate flowers1 each consisting of a single stamen only1 and one pistillate flower1 consisting of a single pedicelled #c-lobed ovary only1 are included within a #d-e-lobed involucre1 which is sometimes colored and resembles a calyx or corolla4 #a;a4 ,stem-leaves alternate2 inflorescence axillary2 flowers with calyx and several stamens 7#c-h dm4 tall2 flowers greenish or purplish2 summer7 7,three-seeded ,mercury7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,stem-leaves opposite1 usually inequilateral at base2 flowers as described for the family2 apparent flowers in axillary clusters 7summer and autumn7 7,spurge7 --#c4 #a;c4 ,stem-leaves alternate2 inflorescence a terminal umbel-like cluster1 with its branches subtended by opposite or whorled leaves2 flowers as described for the family 7,spurge7 --#i4 #b;a4 ,leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate2 flower-clusters shorter than the subtending bract ,three-seeded ,mercury1 ,acalypha virginica4 #b;b4 ,leaves lanceolate to oblong2 flower-clusters equaling or exceeding the subtending bract ,three-seeded ,mercury1 ,acalypha gracilens4 #c;a4 ,stem and foliage glabrous --#d4 #c;b4 ,stem and foliage more or less pubescent 7stems prostrate or ascending1 #a-d dm4 long7 --#g4 #d;a4 ,erect or ascending1 usually without basal branches 7#b-d dm4 tall7 ,spurge1 ,euphorbia preslii4 #d;b4 ,prostrate or spreading1 branched from the base 7stems #a-d dm4 long7 --#e4 #e;a4 ,leaves entire2 plants of the shores of the ,great ,lakes ,spurge1 ,euphorbia polygonifolia4 #e;b4 ,leaves serrulate --#f4 #f;a4 ,leaves broadly oblong or obovate2 seeds obscurely wrinkled ,spurge1 ,euphorbia serpyllifolia4 #f;b4 ,leaves narrowly oblong2 seeds with prominent transverse ridges ,spurge1 ,euphorbia glyptosperma4 #g;a4 ,seeds black ,spurge1 ,euphorbia hirsuta4 #g;b4 ,seeds red --#h4 #h;a4 ,leaves oblong ,spurge1 ,euphorbia maculata4 #h;b4 ,leaves elliptical to obovate2 involucre split down one side ,spurge1 ,euphorbia humistrata4 #i;a4 ,flowers subtended by conspicuous petal-like white appendages 7part of the involucre7 7#d-aj dm4 tall2 summer7 ,spurge1 ,euphorbia corollata4 #i;b4 ,flowers not subtended by petal-like appendages --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,stem-leaves below the inflorescence serrulate 7#b-e dm4 high2 summer7 --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,stem-leaves below the inflorescence entire --#ac4 #aa;a4 ,upper leaves acute ,spurge1 ,euphorbia platyphylla4 #aa;b4 ,upper leaves obtuse1 rounded1 or notched at the apex --#ab4 #ab;a4 ,leaves of the involucre broadly triangular-ovate1 widest near the base ,spurge1 ,euphorbia obtusata4 #ab;b4 ,leaves of the involucre broadly obovate to nearly circular1 widest near or above the middle ,spurge1 ,euphorbia helioscopia4 #ac;a4 ,stem-leaves narrowly linear1 less than #c mm4 wide 7#b-d dm4 high2 late spring and summer7 ,cypress ,spurge1 ,euphorbia cyparissias4 #ac;b4 ,stem-leaves narrowly oblong-spatulate1 more than #e mm4 wide1 and more than #c times as long as wide 7#b-f dm4 high2 summer7 --#ad4 #ac;c4 ,stem-leaves obovate to nearly circular1 not more than twice as long as wide 7#a-d dm4 high7 --#ae4 #ad;a4 ,leaves at base of umbel narrow1 resembling those on the stem ,spurge1 ,euphorbia esula4 #ad;b4 ,leaves at base of umbel broad1 resembling those of the inflorescence ,spurge1 ,euphorbia lucida4 #ae;a4 ,upper stem-leaves distinctly narrowed at the base2 introduced species of waste places 7summer7 ,spurge1 ,euphorbia peplus4 #ae;b4 ,upper stem-leaves rounded at the sessile base2 native species of woodlands 7spring and early summer7 ,spurge1 ,euphorbia commutata4 ,,callitrichaceae1 the ,water ,starwort ,family ,small herbs growing in water or in mud1 with opposite entire leaves and small inconspicuous axillary flowers1 with neither calyx nor corolla4 7,flowers in summer74 #a;a4 ,completely submerged2 leaves all linear ,water ,starwort1 ,callitriche autumnalis4 #a;b4 ,submerged leaves linear1 emersed and floating leaves obovate ,water ,starwort1 ,callitriche palustris4 ,,empetraceae1 the ,crowberry ,family ,low evergreen shrubs1 with the linear leaves completely rolled into a tube1 and inconspicuous flowers without petals1 in the axils of the leaves4 ,one species in ,michigan1 #a-c dm4 high2 leaves less than #a cm4 long2 flowers in summer ,crowberry1 ,empetrum nigrum4 ,,limnanthaceae1 the ,false ,mermaid ,family ,low herbs with alternate compound leaves and minute axillary flowers2 sepals #c1 petals #c1 stamens #f4 ,one species in ,michigan1 with stems #a-c dm4 long1 and flowers in late spring ,false ,mermaid1 ,floerkea proserpinacoides4 ,,anacardiaceae1 the ,cashew ,family ,shrubs or small trees1 with milky or resinous juice1 alternate compound leaves sometimes poisonous to the touch1 and small clustered greenish or yellowish flowers4 #a;a4 ,leaflets #g to many 7#a-e m4 high7 7,sumach7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaflets #c-e4 #b;a4 ,axis of the leaves wing-margined between the leaflets ,sumach1 ,rhus copallina4 #b;b4 ,axis of the leaves not margined --#c4 #c;a4 ,leaflets entire ,poison ,sumach1 ,rhus vernix4 #c;b4 ,leaflets serrate --#d4 #d;a4 ,bark of the older stems glabrous ,sumach1 ,rhus glabra4 #d;b4 ,bark of the older stems densely velvety-hairy ,sumach1 ,rhus typhina4 #e;a4 ,terminal leaflet narrowed to a sessile base 7#e-bj dm4 high7 ,sumach1 ,rhus canadensis4 #e;b4 ,terminal leaflet on a definite stalk1 round or acute at base 7#c-h dm4 high1 or climbing by hold-fast roots7 ,poison ,ivy1 ,rhus toxicodendron4 ,,aquifoliaceae1 the ,holly ,family ,shrubs1 with alternate simple leaves and small white or greenish axillary flowers in late spring and early summer2 sepals1 petals1 and stamens each #d-f2 fruit a berry4 #a;a4 ,leaves entire or nearly so1 #a-c cm4 long 7#a-b m4 tall7 ,mountain ,holly1 ,nemopanthus mucronata4 #a;b4 ,leaves sharply serrate1 #e-h cm4 long 7#b-e m4 high7 7,black ,alder7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,leaves downy on the veins beneath2 fruit red ,black ,alder1 ,ilex verticillata4 #b;b4 ,leaves nearly or quite glabrous2 fruit orange ,black ,alder1 ,ilex verticillata var4 tenuifolia4 ,,celastraceae1 the ,staff ,tree ,family ,shrubs with simple leaves and inconspicuous flowers2 sepals and petals each #d or #e1 the stamens of the same number and attached to a disk which fills the center of the flower2 fruit showy1 orange and red4 #a;a4 ,leaves alternate 7climbing vine2 flowers in racemes2 late spring7 ,bitter-sweet1 ,celastrus scandens4 #a;b4 ,leaves opposite 7flowers in axillary clusters7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,prostrate1 with short erect branches2 leaves broadest above the middle 7spring7 ,creeping ,wahoo1 ,evonymus obovatus4 #b;b4 ,tall shrub1 with leaves broadest below or near the middle 7early summer7 ,wahoo1 ,evonymus atropurpureus4 ,,staphyleaceae1 the ,bladder ,nut ,family ,shrubs with opposite trifoliate leaves and small axillary clusters of white flowers in spring2 sepals1 petals1 and stamens each #e2 ovary #c-;celled1 ripening into a large inflated #c-;celled pod4 ,one species in ,michigan 7#b-e m4 high7 ,bladder ,nut1 ,staphylea trifolia4 ,,aceraceae1 the ,maple ,family ,trees or shrubs1 with opposite1 lobed or compound leaves and inconspicuous flowers2 sepals about #e2 petals the same number1 or none2 stamens #d-ab2 ovary #b-lobed1 ripening into a pair of winged fruits4 #a;a4 ,leaves compound 7tree2 flowers appearing before the leaves7 ,box ,elder1 ,acer negundo4 #a;b4 ,leaves simple 7,maple7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,shrubs or small trees2 leaves #c-e-lobed2 the lobes with regularly serrate margins 7flowers greenish-yellow1 appearing later than the leaves7 --#c4 #b;b4 ,trees2 leaves #c-g-lobed2 margins of the lobes entire or incised1 but never regularly serrate --#d4 #c;a4 ,leaves finely and sharply serrate2 twigs smooth2 bark conspicuously striped with white lines ,striped ,maple1 ,acer pennsylvanicum4 #c;b4 ,leaves coarsely and bluntly serrate2 young twigs pubescent2 bark not striped ,mountain ,maple1 ,acer spicatum4 #d;a4 ,angles between the leaf-lobes rounded 7flowers greenish-yellow1 appearing with the leaves7 --#e4 #d;b4 ,angles between the leaf-lobes acute or obtuse1 but not rounded 7flowers purple1 red1 or yellowish1 appearing before the leaves7 --#f4 #e;a4 ,leaves glabrous beneath1 or minutely pubescent on the veins ,sugar ,maple1 ,acer saccharum4 #e;b4 ,leaves downy beneath ,black ,maple1 ,acer saccharum var4 nigrum4 #f;a4 ,middle leaf-lobe usually more than half the length of the leaf1 narrowed at its base2 broken twigs with a strong odor ,silver ,maple1 ,acer saccharinum4 #f;b4 ,middle leaf-lobe usually less than half the length of the leaf1 its sides parallel or broadened at the base2 broken twigs without strong odor ,red ,maple1 ,acer rubrum4 ,,sapindaceae1 the ,soapberry ,family ,trees1 with opposite palmately compound leaves1 and showy white or yellowish flowers in panicles in spring2 sepals #e2 petals #d or #e2 stamens about #g2 fruit a smooth brown nut4 #a;a4 ,leaflets #g2 buds viscid2 corolla of #e petals ,horse ,chestnut1 ,aesculus hippocastanum4 #a;b4 ,leaflets #e2 buds smooth2 corolla of #d petals ,buckeye1 ,aesculus glabra4 ,,balsaminaceae1 the ,touch-me-not ,family ,smooth herbs1 with alternate simple leaves and showy flowers2 one petal-like sepal prolonged into a spur2 fruit explosive when ripe 7#e-aj dm4 high2 summer74 #a;a4 ,flowers pale-yellow1 with a few red-brown spots ,touch-me-not1 ,impatiens pallida4 #a;b4 ,flowers orange1 thickly spotted with red-brown ,touch-me-not1 ,impatiens biflora4 ,,rhamnaceae1 the ,buckthorn ,family ,shrubs1 with simple leaves and small flowers in axillary or terminal clusters in early summer2 sepals1 petals1 and stamens each #d to #e1 or petals none4 #a;a4 ,leaves with a single mid-vein2 flowers in axillary clusters1 greenish 7,buckthorn7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves with #c-e principal veins2 flowers in dense terminal clusters1 white 7,red-root7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,lateral veins #c-d pairs 7stout shrub1 frequently thorny1 escaped from cultivation7 ,buckthorn1 ,rhamnus cathartica4 #b;b4 ,lateral veins #f-i pairs 7#a m4 high or less2 in swamps and bogs7 ,buckthorn1 ,rhamnus alnifolia4 #c;a4 ,leaves ovate1 rounded or cordate at the base1 #b-e cm4 wide or more 7#d-h dm4 high7 ,red-root1 ,ceanothus americanus4 #c;b4 ,leaves elliptical-lanceolate1 #b cm4 wide or less 7#c-h dm4 high7 ,red-root1 ,ceanothus ovatus4 ,,vitaceae1 the ,grape ,family ,shrubs1 climbing by tendrils or hold-fast roots1 with palmately lobed or palmately compound leaves and small greenish flowers in panicles or flattened clusters2 petals and sepals each #d or #e2 fruit a berry4 #a;a4 ,leaves compound 7summer7 7,virginia ,creeper7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves simple 7late spring7 7,grape7 --#d4 #b;a4 ,branches of the tendrils chiefly ending in adhesive disks --#c4 #b;b4 ,branches of the tendrils twining1 or rarely with a few disks ,virginia ,creeper1 ,psedera vitacea4 #c;a4 ,stem and foliage glabrous ,virginia ,creeper1 ,psedera quinquefolia4 #c;b4 ,stem and foliage pubescent1 at least when young ,virginia ,creeper1 ,psedera quinquefolia var4 hirsuta4 #d;a4 ,leaves conspicuously pubescent beneath --#e4 #d;b4 ,leaves glabrous beneath when mature1 or pubescent on the veins only --#f4 #e;a4 ,a tendril or flower-cluster opposite each leaf ,fox ,grape1 ,vitis labrusca4 #e;b4 ,no tendril opposite each third leaf ,summer ,grape1 ,vitis aestivalis4 #f;a4 ,pith continuous through the joints of the stem ,fox ,grape1 ,vitis rotundifolia4 #f;b4 ,pith interrupted by the solid joints --#g4 #g;a4 ,leaf-lobes with rounded angles between them ,summer ,grape1 ,vitis bicolor4 #g;b4 ,leaf-lobes with sharp angles between them --#h4 #h;a4 ,leaves coarsely toothed1 unlobed or slightly #c-lobed ,frost ,grape1 ,vitis cordifolia4 #h;b4 ,leaves sharply toothed1 prominently lobed ,frost ,grape1 ,vitis vulpina4 ,,tiliaceae1 the ,linden ,family ,trees1 with alternate1 simple1 palmately veined leaves1 and clusters of fragrant white flowers in late spring arising from the middle of a leaf-like bract2 sepals and petals each #e2 stamens numerous1 but united into #e sets4 ,one species in ,michigan ,basswood1 ,tilia americana4 ,,malvaceae1 the ,mallow ,family ,herbs with alternate leaves2 sepals and petals each #e2 stamens numerous1 united by their filaments to form a tube surrounding the styles2 ovary many-celled4 #a;a4 ,flowers yellow 7summer and autumn7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,flowers pale-yellow1 with a dark center 7#b-d dm4 high2 late summer7 ,flower-of-an-hour1 ,hibiscus trionum4 #a;c4 ,flowers white to red or blue1 never yellow --#c4 #b;a4 ,leaves broadly heart-shape 7#aj-ae dm4 tall7 ,velvet ,leaf1 ,abutilon theophrasti4 #b;b4 ,leaves ovate-lanceolate 7#b-e dm4 tall7 ,sida1 ,sida spinosa4 #c;a4 ,calyx subtended by #f to many bractlets which are sometimes united at base 7summer7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,calyx subtended by #c bractlets1 or by none --#f4 #d;a4 ,flowers #b-d cm4 wide 7#e-aj dm4 high2 flowers pink7 ,marsh ,mallow1 ,althaea officinalis4 #d;b4 ,flowers #g-ae cm4 wide 7#h-ae dm4 high2 flowers pink to nearly white7 7,rose ,mallow7 --#e4 #e;a4 ,leaves densely pubescent below ,rose ,mallow1 ,hibiscus moscheutos4 #e;b4 ,leaves glabrous ,rose ,mallow1 ,hibiscus militaris4 #f;a4 ,petals prominently notched at the end or reverse heart-shape 7,mallow7 --#g4 #f;b4 ,petals obtuse or truncate 7summer7 --#aa4 #g;a4 ,flowers #a-a4e cm4 wide --#h4 #g;b4 ,flowers #b-e cm4 wide 7#c-h dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 --#i4 #h;a4 ,stems procumbent1 prostrate1 or spreading 7spring1 summer1 and autumn7 ,mallow1 ,malva rotundifolia4 #h;b4 ,stems erect 7#aj-ae dm4 high2 summer7 ,mallow1 ,malva verticillata4 #i;a4 ,leaves with prominent but shallow lobes2 flowers axillary ,mallow1 ,malva sylvestris4 #i;b4 ,leaves deeply lobed or cleft2 flowers in the upper axils1 producing a raceme-like cluster --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,lobes of the leaf dentate or incised ,mallow1 ,malva alcea4 #aj;b4 ,lobes of the leaf pinnately cleft into linear or narrowly oblong divisions ,mallow1 ,malva moschata4 #aa;a4 ,flowers white 7#a-b m4 high7 ,virginia ,mallow1 ,sida hermaphrodita4 #aa;b4 ,flowers purple or pink 7#c-e dm4 high1 spreading7 ,poppy ,mallow1 ,callirhoe triangulata4 ,,hypericaceae1 the ,st4 ,john's-wort ,family ,herbs or shrubs1 with opposite entire leaves dotted with translucent glands2 flowers usually yellow 7or pink72 sepals and petals each #e2 stamens #e to many2 ovary with #c-e styles4 7,st4 ,john's-wort47 #a;a4 ,shrubs 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 summer7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,herbs 7flowers in summer7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,styles #e ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum kalmianum4 #b;b4 ,styles #c ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum prolificum4 #c;a4 ,flowers pinkish1 #ae mm4 broad 7#c-e dm4 high1 in swamps7 ,marsh ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum virginicum4 #c;b4 ,flowers yellow --#d4 #d;a4 ,flowers about #d cm4 wide2 principal leaves #e-aj cm4 long 7#g-ae dm4 tall7 ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum ascyron4 #d;b4 ,flowers #h-be mm4 wide2 stamens #ae or more --#e4 #d;c4 ,flowers #a-aj mm4 wide2 stamens #ab or fewer 7#a-f dm4 high7 --#g4 #e;a4 ,petals dotted with black 7#d-h dm4 high7 --#f4 #e;b4 ,petals without black dots 7#b-e dm4 high7 ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum ellipticum4 #f;a4 ,flowers #bj-be mm4 wide2 leaves of an oblong type1 broadest near the middle ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum perforatum4 #f;b4 ,flowers #aj-ae mm4 wide2 leaves of an ovate type1 broadest below the middle ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum punctatum4 #g;a4 ,leaves minute1 subulate1 #a-c mm4 long ,pineweed1 ,hypericum gentianoides4 #g;b4 ,leaves linear1 with #a-c principal veins1 broadest near or above the middle ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum canadense4 #g;c4 ,leaves lanceolate1 #d-f times as long as broad1 with #e-g principal veins ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum majus4 #g;d4 ,leaves oblong1 elliptic1 or ovate1 #a4e-c times as long as broad --#h4 #h;a4 ,uppermost bracts linear ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum mutilum4 #h;b4 ,uppermost bracts resembling the leaves in shape1 but smaller ,st4 ,john's-wort1 ,hypericum boreale4 ,,elatinaceae1 the ,waterwort ,family ,small marsh herbs1 with opposite leaves without translucent dots1 and inconspicuous axillary flowers4 7,stems #b-e cm4 long2 flowers in summer47 ,one species in ,michigan ,waterwort1 ,elatine americana4 ,,cistaceae1 the ,rock-rose ,family ,small herbs or shrubs1 with opposite or alternate entire leaves2 flowers regular1 with #e sepals1 #c or #e petals1 and #c to many stamens4 #a;a4 ,flowers yellow 7early summer7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,flowers greenish or purplish1 minute1 in panicles 7late summer7 7,pinweed7 --#d4 #b;a4 ,leaves crowded1 closely appressed to the branches2 flowers #g mm4 wide 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,false ,heather1 ,hudsonia tomentosa4 #b;b4 ,leaves spreading2 flowers #ae-cj mm4 wide 7#c-f dm4 high7 7,frostweed7 --#c4 #c;a4 ,petal-bearing flowers solitary ,frostweed1 ,helianthemum canadense4 #c;b4 ,petal-bearing flowers few1 racemose ,frostweed1 ,helianthemum majus4 #d;a4 ,stem-leaves linear1 #d or more times as long as wide --#e4 #d;b4 ,stem-leaves oblong or elliptical1 about #c times as long as wide 7#b-f dm4 tall7 --#h4 #e;a4 ,plant pale with dense appressed pubescence 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,pinweed1 ,lechea stricta4 #e;b4 ,plant green1 pubescence sparse or none --#f4 #f;a4 ,leaves thread-like1 seldom exceeding #a mm4 in width 7#a-c dm4 tall7 ,pinweed1 ,lechea tenuifolia4 #f;b4 ,leaves #a-e mm4 wide 7#b-f dm4 high7 --#g4 #g;a4 ,leaves on the basal shoots narrowly lanceolate ,pinweed1 ,lechea intermedia4 #g;b4 ,leaves on the basal shoots oblong-elliptic1 about twice as long as wide ,pinweed1 ,lechea racemulosa4 #h;a4 ,pubescence of spreading hairs ,pinweed1 ,lechea villosa4 #h;b4 ,pubescence of appressed hairs ,pinweed1 ,lechea minor4 ,,violaceae1 the ,violet ,family ,herbs with simple1 alternate or basal leaves1 and conspicuous irregular flowers with a spur 7except in the first species72 sepals1 petals1 and stamens each #e2 ovary #a-;celled4 #a;a4 ,flowers regular or nearly so1 greenish-white1 axillary2 erect plant with leafy stem 7#c-e dm4 high2 spring7 ,green ,violet1 ,hybanthus concolor4 #a;b4 ,flowers irregular1 blue1 yellow1 or white1 conspicuous 7,violet7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,plant stemless1 the flowers all on leafless stalks and the leaves all basal 7spring or early summer7 --#c4 #b;b4 ,stems leafy 7spring and summer7 --#ag4 #c;a4 ,petals yellow ,round-leaved ,violet1 ,viola rotundifolia4 #c;b4 ,petals blue1 violet1 or white --#d4 #d;a4 ,principal leaves at time of flowering deeply lobed --#e4 #d;b4 ,leaves oblong1 ovate1 or triangular1 not narrowed to the petiole1 and frequently sharply toothed or incised near the base --#g4 #d;c4 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate1 tapering to the base ,violet1 ,viola lanceolata4 #d;d4 ,leaves heart-shape or kidney-shape1 not lobed --#h4 #e;a4 ,lateral petals bearded --#f4 #e;b4 ,lateral petals not bearded ,bird-foot ,violet1 ,viola pedata4 #f;a4 ,leaves divided to the base into linear segments ,bird-foot ,violet1 ,viola pedatifida4 #f;b4 ,leaves irregularly divided into broader segments ,hand-leaf ,violet1 ,viola palmata4 #g;a4 ,leaves ovate-oblong1 pubescent ,violet1 ,viola fimbriatula4 #g;b4 ,leaves triangular-lanceolate1 usually somewhat dilated at base1 nearly or quite glabrous ,violet1 ,viola sagittata4 #h;a4 ,flowers violet or blue 7rarely white-flowered plants are found with the typical blue-flowered ones7 7,blue ,violets7 --#i4 #h;b4 ,flowers white1 the #c lower petals marked with purple 7,white ,violets7 --#ad4 #i;a4 ,lateral petals bearded --#aj4 #i;b4 ,lateral petals beardless ,great-spurred ,violet1 ,viola selkirkii4 #aj;a4 ,foliage glabrous --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,petioles and lower surface of leaves pubescent --#ac4 #aa;a4 ,beard of the lateral petals with a knob at the tip of each hair ,blue ,violet1 ,viola cucullata4 #aa;b4 ,beard of the lateral petals not knobbed --#ab4 #ab;a4 ,spurred petal hairy ,wood ,violet1 ,viola affinis4 #ab;b4 ,spurred petal glabrous ,blue ,violet1 ,viola papilionacea4 #ac;a4 ,spurred petal villous ,blue ,violet1 ,viola septentrionalis4 #ac;b4 ,spurred petal glabrous1 or with a few scattered hairs ,common ,blue ,violet1 ,viola sororia4 #ad;a4 ,leaf-blade obviously pubescent --#ae4 #ad;b4 ,leaf-blade glabrous or very nearly so --#af4 #ae;a4 ,lateral petals bearded ,sweet ,white ,violet1 ,viola incognita4 #ae;b4 ,lateral petals not bearded ,white ,violet1 ,viola renifolia4 #af;a4 ,leaf-blades strictly glabrous ,sweet ,white ,violet2 ,viola pallens4 #af;b4 ,leaf-blades with some minute white hairs on the upper surface near the base ,sweet ,white ,violet1 ,viola blanda4 #ag;a4 ,stipules large and leaf-like1 deeply pinnatifid and nearly or quite as long as the petioles --#ah4 #ag;b4 ,stipules small1 inconspicuous1 entire or toothed1 and much shorter than the petiole --#ai4 #ah;a4 ,leaves serrate2 flowers #a4e-b4e cm4 wide 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers of various colors7 ,pansy1 ,viola tricolor4 #ah;b4 ,upper leaves entire or nearly so2 flowers about #a cm4 wide 7#a-b dm4 high2 flowers bluish-white7 ,wild ,pansy1 ,viola rafinesquii4 #ai;a4 ,petals yellow 7#a-d dm4 high7 7,yellow ,violet7 --#bj4 #ai;b4 ,petals violet1 blue1 or white --#ba4 #bj;a4 ,foliage villous-pubescent ,yellow ,violet1 ,viola pubescens4 #bj;b4 ,foliage nearly or quite glabrous ,yellow ,violet1 ,viola scabriuscula4 #ba;a4 ,stipules entire 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,canada ,violet1 ,viola canadensis4 #ba;b4 ,stipules toothed --#bb4 #bb;a4 ,lateral petals not bearded 7#a-b dm4 high7 ,long-spurred ,violet1 ,viola rostrata4 #bb;b4 ,lateral petals bearded --#bc4 #bc;a4 ,flowers white or nearly white 7#a-c dm4 high7 ,pale ,violet1 ,viola striata4 #bc;b4 ,flowers blue 7about #a dm4 high7 --#bd4 #bd;a4 ,leaves smooth ,dog ,violet1 ,viola conspersa4 #bd;b4 ,leaves pubescent ,sand ,violet1 ,viola arenaria4 ,,cactaceae1 the ,cactus ,family ,fleshy1 jointed leafless plants1 armed with numerous thorns2 flowers large 7#e-aj cm4 wide71 yellow1 with about #aj petals and numerous stamens4 ,one species in ,michigan1 on the shores of ,lake ,michigan2 flowers in summer ,prickly ,pear1 ,opuntia rafinesquii4 ,,thymelaeaceae1 the ,mezereum ,family ,shrubs1 with simple alternate entire leaves1 and small yellowish flowers in clusters1 opening before the leaves2 petals none1 the sepals somewhat petal-like4 ,one species in ,michigan1 #e-ae dm4 tall1 with very tough bark ,leatherwood1 ,dirca palustris4 ,,elaeagnaceae1 the ,oleaster ,family ,shrubs1 with opposite1 silvery-pubescent1 simple1 entire leaves1 and small clusters of inconspicuous yellow flowers in spring4 ,one species in ,michigan1 #a-b m4 high ,buffalo ,berry1 ,shepherdia canadensis4 ,,lythraceae1 the ,loosestrife ,family ,herbs or shrubs1 with opposite or alternate entire leaves2 receptacle cup-shape or tubular1 bearing the #e-g petals and sepals at its margin1 and the #f-ab stamens on its inner surface2 ovary superior4 #a;a4 ,stem shrubby 7aquatic1 stems #a-c m4 long2 flowers pink1 summer7 ,water ,loosestrife1 ,decodon verticillatus4 #a;b4 ,stem herbaceous 7#d-aj dm4 high2 flowers purple1 summer7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,flowers solitary in the axils2 leaves mostly alternate ,loosestrife1 ,lythrum alatum4 #b;b4 ,flowers in terminal panicles2 leaves opposite or whorled ,loosestrife1 ,lythrum salicaria4 ,,melastomaceae1 the ,melastoma ,family ,herbs1 with opposite leaves with #c-e principal veins2 receptacle urn-shape1 bearing #d sepals and #d petals at its edge2 stamens #h2 ovary #d-;celled1 superior4 ,one species in ,michigan1 #c-d dm4 high1 with purple flowers in late summer ,meadow ,beauty1 ,rhexia virginica4 ,,onagraceae1 the ,evening ,primrose ,family ,herbs with opposite or alternate simple leaves and regular flowers2 sepals and petals each #d 7or #b in one genus71 stamens #h 7or #b in one genus71 attached to the summit or inside of a tubular receptacle2 ovary #b-d-;celled1 inferior4 #a;a4 ,aquatic plant of shallow water or muddy ground1 with prostrate stem 7flowers minute1 axillary2 petals small or none1 summer7 ,water ,purslane1 ,ludvigia palustris4 #a;b4 ,land plants with erect or ascending stems --#b4 #b;a4 ,petals minute1 greenish 7#c-h dm4 high2 late summer7 ,false ,loosestrife1 ,ludvigia polycarpa4 #b;b4 ,petals yellow --#c4 #b;c4 ,petals white1 pink1 purple1 or red --#i4 #c;a4 ,sepals borne at the summit of the ovary 7#e-aj dm4 high2 summer7 ,false ,loosestrife1 ,ludvigia alternifolia4 #c;b4 ,sepals borne at the summit of the slender tubular receptacle1 which is prolonged beyond the ovary --#d4 #d;a4 ,stamens all equal in length 7,evening ,primrose7 --#e4 #d;b4 ,the alternate stamens longer 7#c-h dm4 high2 summer7 7,sundrops7 --#h4 #e;a4 ,leaves deeply dentate or pinnatifid 7#b-e dm4 high2 early summer7 ,evening ,primrose1 ,oenothera laciniata4 #e;b4 ,leaves entire or undulate or finely toothed 7#e-ab dm4 high2 summer7 --#f4 #f;a4 ,hairs on the stem with broad reddish bases ,evening ,primrose1 ,oenothera muricata4 #f;b4 ,hairs on the stem none1 or without swollen bases --#g4 #g;a4 ,stem and foliage glabrous1 or with sparse spreading hairs ,evening ,primrose1 ,oenothera biennis4 #g;b4 ,stem and foliage densely but closely appressed-pubescent ,evening ,primrose1 ,oenothera rhombipetala4 #h;a4 ,petals #e-aj mm4 long ,sundrops1 ,oenothera pumila4 #h;b4 ,petals #ad mm4 long or more ,sundrops1 ,oenothera fruticosa4 #i;a4 ,petals #b1 reverse heart-shape1 stamens #b 7flowers small1 white1 summer7 7,enchanter's ,nightshade7 --#aj4 #i;b4 ,petals #d2 stamens #d or #h --#ab4 #aj;a4 ,leaves rounded at the base1 denticulate 7#c-h dm4 high2 fruit prickly7 ,enchanter's ,nightshade1 ,circaea lutetiana4 #aj;b4 ,leaves cordate at the base --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,fruit #b-;celled1 bristly 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,enchanter's ,nightshade1 ,circaea intermedia4 #aa;b4 ,fruit #a-;celled1 with soft hairs 7delicate plant #b dm4 high1 or less7 ,enchanter's ,nightshade1 ,circaea alpina4 #ab;a4 ,petals entire 7summer7 --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,petals notched at the end 7flowers white or pinkish1 less than #a cm4 broad1 in summer7 7,willow ,herb7 --#ae4 #ac;a4 ,flowers #b-c cm4 wide1 purple 7#g-bj dm4 high7 ,fireweed1 ,epilobium angustifolium4 #ac;b4 ,flowers about #a cm4 wide --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,flowers red 7#b-e dm4 high7 ,gaura1 ,gaura coccinea4 #ad;b4 ,flowers white1 turning pink when old ,gaura1 ,gaura biennis4 #ae;a4 ,leaves entire1 the margins usually somewhat revolute --#af4 #ae;b4 ,leaves toothed1 flat 7#d-i dm4 high7 --#ah4 #af;a4 ,plant densely pubescent with spreading hairs 7#c-h dm4 high7 ,willow ,herb1 ,epilobium molle4 #af;b4 ,plant pubescent with appressed or incurved hairs --#ag4 #ag;a4 ,leaves linear1 the margin revolute 7#c-e dm4 high7 ,willow ,herb1 ,epilobium densum4 #ag;b4 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate1 not revolute 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,willow ,herb1 ,epilobium palustre4 #ah;a4 ,seeds tipped with a tuft of reddish-brown hairs ,willow ,herb1 ,epilobium coloratum4 #ah;b4 ,seeds tipped with a tuft of white hairs ,willow ,herb1 ,epilobium adenocaulon4 ,,haloragidaceae1 the ,water ,milfoil ,family ,aquatic or marsh herbs1 with alternate1 opposite1 or whorled leaves1 and small1 inconspicuous terminal or axillary flowers1 frequently without petals 7summer74 #a;a4 ,leaves none1 or else very small and inconspicuous ,water ,milfoil1 ,myriophyllum tenellum4 #a;b4 ,leaves alternate 7#a-d dm4 high7 ,mermaid ,weed1 ,proserpinaca palustris4 #a;c4 ,leaves opposite or whorled --#b4 #b;a4 ,leaves entire 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,mare's-tail1 ,hippuris vulgaris4 #b;b4 ,leaves toothed or dissected 7,water ,milfoil7 --#c4 #c;a4 ,flowers in the axils of foliage leaves --#d4 #c;b4 ,flowers in terminal spikes1 subtended by bracts --#e4 #d;a4 ,flowers above water1 subtended by toothed or entire leaves ,water ,milfoil1 ,myriophyllum heterophyllum4 #d;b4 ,flowers submerged1 subtended by dissected leaves ,water ,milfoil1 ,myriophyllum farwellii4 #e;a4 ,flowers solitary or in pairs at each joint of the spike ,water ,milfoil1 ,myriophyllum alternifolium4 #e;b4 ,flowers several at each joint of the spike --#f4 #f;a4 ,bracts deeply pinnatifid ,water ,milfoil1 ,myriophyllum verticillatum var4 pectinatum4 #f;b4 ,bracts entire or toothed ,water ,milfoil1 ,myriophyllum spicatum4 ,,araliaceae1 the ,sarsaparilla ,family ,herbs or thorny shrubs1 with alternate or whorled leaves1 and small flowers in umbels2 sepals #e1 minute2 petals and stamens each #e2 ovary inferior1 with #b-e styles1 ripening into a berry4 #a;a4 ,leaves simple1 palmately lobed 7thorny shrub2 flowers greenish-white1 in panicles1 in ,june7 ,devil's ,club1 ,fatsia horrida4 #a;b4 ,leaves once compounded1 whorled 7umbel one1 terminal7 --#b4 #a;c4 ,leaves twice or thrice compounded 7umbels several7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,leaflets sessile2 flowers white1 in spring 7#a-b dm4 high7 ,dwarf ,ginseng1 ,panax trifolium4 #b;b4 ,leaflets stalked2 flowers greenish1 in summer 7#b-e dm4 high7 ,ginseng1 ,panax quinquefolium4 #c;a4 ,stem and petioles spiny or bristly 7flowers white1 summer7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,stem and petioles smooth or a little pubescent 7flowers greenish-white7 --#e4 #d;a4 ,shrubby1 with stout thorns 7#a-c m4 high7 ,hercules' ,club1 ,aralia spinosa4 #d;b4 ,herbaceous1 with slender bristles 7#d-aj dm4 high7 ,bristly ,sarsaparilla1 ,aralia hispida4 #e;a4 ,stem-leaves present2 leaflets cordate at the base 7#h-ae dm4 high2 summer7 ,spikenard1 ,aralia racemosa4 #e;b4 ,leaf and flower-stalk arising from the ground2 leaflets acute at the base 7#b-d dm4 high2 spring7 ,wild ,sarsaparilla1 ,aralia nudicaulis4 ,,umbelliferae1 the ,parsley ,family ,herbs1 with alternate1 usually compound leaves1 the petioles dilated at the base2 flowers small1 in umbels or heads2 sepals #e1 minute or even wanting2 petals and stamens each #e2 ovary inferior1 with #b styles1 ripening into a dry fruit4 #a;a4 ,leaves simple 7flowers in summer7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves compound1 or at least deeply cleft --#d4 #b;a4 ,leaves linear1 sword-shape 7#d-aj dm4 tall2 flowers greenish-white7 ,rattlesnake ,master1 ,eryngium yuccifolium4 #b;b4 ,leaves kidney-shape or almost circular 7stems creeping1 about #a dm4 high2 flowers white7 7,water ,pennywort7 --#c4 #c;a4 ,leaves peltate1 attached by the center ,water ,pennywort1 ,hydrocotyle umbellata4 #c;b4 ,leaves not peltate1 attached by the margin ,water ,pennywort1 ,hydrocotyle americana4 #d;a4 ,flowers yellow or purple --#e4 #d;b4 ,flowers white or greenish --#ac4 #e;a4 ,leaf-segments entire 7#d-h dm4 high7 --#f4 #e;b4 ,leaf-segments toothed or incised --#g4 #f;a4 ,leaf-segments filiform 7summer7 ,fennel1 ,foeniculum vulgare4 #f;b4 ,leaf-segments ovate to lanceolate ,golden ,alexander1 ,taenidia integerrima4 #g;a4 ,leaves pinnately compound2 some of the leaflets incised or pinnatifid --#h4 #g;b4 ,leaves ternately compound2 the segments crenate or serrate --#i4 #g;c4 ,leaves deeply palmately cleft or divided2 flowers in head-like umbels --#ah;a4 #h;a4 ,leaf-segments obtuse1 rounded1 or cordate at the base 7#f-ae dm4 high2 summer7 ,wild ,parsnip1 ,pastinaca sativa4 #h;b4 ,leaf-segments narrowed to the base 7#d-h dm4 high2 spring7 ,prairie ,parsley1 ,polytaenia nuttallii4 #i;a4 ,terminal leaflets conspicuously stalked1 their total length1 including stalk1 at least #ej greater than the length of the lateral leaflets 7,meadow ,parsnip7 --#aj4 #i;b4 ,terminal leaflets not conspicuously stalked1 their total length1 including stalk1 about equaling the lateral leaflets 7#d-h dm4 high2 late spring7 7,golden ,alexander7 --#ab4 #aj;a4 ,flowers purple 7#d-h dm4 high2 early summer7 ,meadow ,parsnip1 ,thaspium aureum var4 atropurpureum4 #aj;b4 ,flowers yellow --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,stem-leaves once-ternate2 leaflets finely serrate 7#d-h dm4 high2 early summer7 ,meadow ,parsnip1 ,thaspium aureum4 #aa;b4 ,many stem-leaves #b-c-ternate2 leaflets coarsely serrate or incised 7#f-ab dm4 high2 early summer7 ,meadow ,parsnip1 ,thaspium barbinode4 #ab;a4 ,basal and lower stem-leaves #b-c-ternate ,golden ,alexander1 ,zizia aurea4 #ab;b4 ,basal leaves simple2 stem-leaves once-ternate ,golden ,alexander1 ,zizia cordata4 #ac;a4 ,leaves once-pinnate 7or the submerged leaves decompound1 if present7 7summer7 --#ad4 #ac;b4 ,leaves ternately1 palmately1 or #b-c-pinnately compound --#af4 #ad;a4 ,leaflets mostly ovate or ovate-lanceolate1 some of them coarsely incised 7#c-i dm4 high7 ,water ,parsnip1 ,berula erecta4 #ad;b4 ,leaflets linear to oblong1 serrate to nearly entire1 not incised 7#f-ae dm4 high7 --#ae4 #ae;a4 ,leaflets entire1 or with a few low remote teeth ,cowbane1 ,oxypolis rigidior4 #ae;b4 ,leaflets finely but sharply serrate ,water ,parsnip1 ,sium cicutaefolium4 #af;a4 ,leaves principally basal1 decompound2 flowers in early spring 7#a-b dm4 high7 ,harbinger of ,spring1 ,erigenia bulbosa4 #af;b4 ,leaves principally on the stem --#ag4 #ag;a4 ,leaves palmately or ternately once-compound --#ah4 #ag;b4 ,leaves #b-c times compound or decompound --#bd4 #ah;a4 ,flowers short-pedicelled1 crowded in head-like umbels1 greenish2 ovary bristly 7#d-i dm4 high2 early summer7 7,black ,snakeroot7 --#ai4 #ah;b4 ,flowers in open umbels1 white --#bb4 #ai;a4 ,styles short1 not projecting beyond the bristles of the mature fruit --#bj4 #ai;b4 ,styles long1 projecting beyond the bristles of the fruit1 and recurved --#ba4 #bj;a4 ,staminate flowers on pedicels #c-d mm4 long1 equaling or barely exceeding the fruit ,black ,snakeroot1 ,sanicula trifoliata4 #bj;b4 ,staminate flowers short-pedicelled1 concealed among the fruits ,black ,snakeroot1 ,sanicula canadensis4 #ba;a4 ,fruit short-stalked1 #d mm4 long or less ,black ,snakeroot1 ,sanicula gregaria4 #ba;b4 ,fruit sessile1 #f-g mm4 long ,black ,snakeroot1 ,sanicula marilandica4 #bb;a4 ,umbel unsymmetrical1 its branches irregular in length2 plant slender 7#c-h dm4 tall2 early summer7 ,honewort1 ,cryptotaenia canadensis4 #bb;b4 ,umbel symmetrical with regular branches2 plants tall and stout --#bc4 #bc;a4 ,stem and leaves very pubescent 7#aj-be dm4 high2 summer7 ,cow ,parsnip1 ,heracleum lanatum4 #bc;b4 ,stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so 7#e-ae dm4 high2 early summer7 ,masterwort1 ,imperatoria ostruthium4 #bd;a4 ,ovary and fruit bristly 7#d-aj dm4 high7 --#be4 #bd;b4 ,ovary and fruit smooth or winged1 never bristly --#bg4 #be;a4 ,umbels loose1 open1 few-flowered2 woodland plants blooming in spring 7,sweet ,cicely7 --#bf4 #be;b4 ,umbels densely flowered2 weedy plants blooming from summer to fall ,wild ,carrot1 ,daucus carota4 #bf;a4 ,stem villous-pubescent ,sweet ,cicely1 ,osmorhiza claytoni4 #bf;b4 ,stem glabrous except at the joints ,sweet ,cicely1 ,osmorhiza longistylis4 #bg;a4 ,leaflets merely serrate 7flowers in summer7 --#bh4 #bg;b4 ,leaflets coarsely incised1 so that the leaf appears dissected --#cj4 #bh;a4 ,umbel densely pubescent 7#h-ae dm4 high7 ,angelica1 ,angelica villosa4 #bh;b4 ,umbel smooth --#bi4 #bi;a4 ,leaf-segments broadly ovate 7#h-ae dm4 high7 ,angelica1 ,angelica atropurpurea4 #bi;b4 ,leaf-segments lanceolate 7#h-ae dm4 high7 ,water ,hemlock1 ,cicuta maculata4 #bi;c4 ,leaf-segments linear 7#d-aj dm4 high7 ,water ,hemlock1 ,cicuta bulbifera4 #cj;a4 ,principal branches of the umbel #b-e2 fruit linear-oblong2 woodland plants blooming in spring 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,chervil1 ,chaerophyllum procumbens4 #cj;b4 ,principal branches of the umbel #g or more2 fruit ovate to broadly elliptical 7summer7 --#ca4 #ca;a4 ,native plants1 growing in swamps 7#e-ae dm4 high7 ,hemlock ,parsley1 ,conioselinum chinense4 #ca;b4 ,introduced plants1 in waste places and along roads --#cb4 #cb;a4 ,stems conspicuously spotted with purple 7#e-ae dm4 high7 ,poison ,hemlock1 ,conium maculatum4 #cb;b4 ,stems not spotted with purple 7#b-e dm4 high7 ,caraway1 ,carum carvi4 ,,cornaceae1 the ,dogwood ,family ,trees1 shrubs1 or herbs1 with alternate leaves and small flowers in rather crowded rounded or flattened clusters2 sepals #d1 minute2 petals and stamens each #d2 ovary inferior1 ripening into a berry4 ,in one genus the flowers are minute and greenish1 with #e sepals and petals minute or none4 #a;a4 ,leaves alternate --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves opposite --#c4 #b;a4 ,flowers white1 conspicuous1 in flattened clusters 7shrubs #b-d m4 high2 flowers in late spring7 ,dogwood1 ,cornus alternifolia4 #b;b4 ,flowers greenish1 inconspicuous1 in small axillary clusters 7tree2 flowers in spring7 ,sour ,gum1 ,nyssa sylvatica4 #c;a4 ,flower clusters small and dense1 surrounded by a showy involucre of #d bracts1 resembling a corolla of #d petals --#d4 #c;b4 ,flowers in open flattened clusters1 without petal-like involucre 7shrubs #a-d m4 high2 late spring7 --#e4 #d;a4 ,herbaceous1 #c dm4 high or less 7flowers in late spring7 ,dwarf ,dogwood1 ,cornus canadensis4 #d;b4 ,tall shrub or tree 7flowers in late spring7 ,flowering ,dogwood1 ,cornus florida4 #e;a4 ,leaves distinctly pubescent beneath with woolly or spreading hairs --#f4 #e;b4 ,leaves smooth beneath1 or pubescent with short appressed hairs --#i4 #f;a4 ,leaves rough above2 fruit white ,dogwood1 ,cornus asperifolia4 #f;b4 ,leaves smooth or finely soft-hairy above --#g4 #g;a4 ,leaves at least twice as long as wide2 branches brownish or purplish --#h4 #g;b4 ,leaves less than twice as long as wide2 branches greenish2 fruit blue ,dogwood1 ,cornus circinata4 #h;a4 ,branches purplish2 fruit blue ,dogwood1 ,cornus amomum4 #h;b4 ,branches brownish2 fruit white ,dogwood1 ,cornus baileyi4 #i;a4 ,branches bright red or reddish-purple ,dogwood1 ,cornus stolonifera4 #i;b4 ,branches grayish ,dogwood1 ,cornus paniculata4 ,,ericaceae1 the ,heath ,family ,herbs or shrubs1 frequently with evergreen leaves2 sepals #d-e2 corolla regular1 with #d-e petals2 stamens as many or twice as many2 ovary #c-aj-;celled1 with #a style4 #a;a4 ,plants without green color2 leafless or with scale leaves only --#b4 #a;b4 ,plants with green leaves --#d4 #b;a4 ,flowers solitary 7#a-b dm4 high2 summer7 ,indian ,pipe1 ,monotropa uniflora4 #b;b4 ,flowers in clusters --#c4 #c;a4 ,petals united into a bell-shape corolla 7#c-i dm4 high2 summer7 ,pine ,drops1 ,pterospora andromedea4 #c;b4 ,petals all separate 7#a-c dm4 high2 summer7 ,beech ,drops1 ,monotropa hypopitys4 #d;a4 ,leaves all basal2 herbaceous plants with terminal racemes 7#a-d dm4 high2 summer7 7,shin-leaf7 --#e4 #d;b4 ,stem-leaves present --#ab4 #e;a4 ,style straight --#f4 #e;b4 ,style bent near the apex --#h4 #f;a4 ,racemes one-sided1 the flowers all turned in one direction 7flowers white or greenish-white7 --#g4 #f;b4 ,raceme regular1 the flowers not all pointing in the same direction 7flowers white or pink7 ,shin-leaf1 ,pyrola minor4 #g;a4 ,flowers numerous in each raceme ,shin-leaf1 ,pyrola secunda4 #g;b4 ,flowers only #c-g in each raceme ,shin-leaf1 ,pyrola seconda var4 obtusata4 #h;a4 ,flowers pink or purple --#i4 #h;b4 ,flowers white or greenish --#aj4 #i;a4 ,leaves cordate at base ,shin-leaf1 ,pyrola asarifolia4 #i;b4 ,leaves rounded at base1 not cordate ,shin-leaf1 ,pyrola asarifolia var4 incarnata4 #aj;a4 ,leaves shining on the upper side2 sepals one-third as long as the petals ,shin-leaf1 ,pyrola americana4 #aj;b4 ,leaves dull on the upper side2 sepals one-fourth as long as the petals1 or a little shorter --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,leaf-blades mostly shorter than their petioles1 thick and firm ,shin-leaf1 ,pyrola chlorantha4 #aa;b4 ,leaf-blades thin1 usually longer than their petioles ,shin-leaf1 ,pyrola elliptica4 #ab;a4 ,petals nearly or quite separate from each other --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,petals united into a gamopetalous corolla1 the tube of which is as long as or longer than the lobes --#ah4 #ac;a4 ,leaves opposite or whorled2 stems herbaceous or nearly so 7summer7 --#ad4 #ac;b4 ,leaves alternate2 stems shrubby 7early summer7 --#af4 #ad;a4 ,flowers solitary2 leaves broadly ovate to nearly circular 7#a dm4 high2 flower white7 ,one-flowered ,wintergreen1 ,moneses uniflora4 #ad;b4 ,flowers in clusters2 leaves narrow 7stems trailing1 #a-c dm4 high2 flowers white or pinkish7 --#ae4 #ae;a4 ,leaves broadest above the middle1 green ,prince's ,pine1 ,chimaphila umbellata4 #ae;b4 ,leaves broadest below the middle1 spotted with white ,spotted ,wintergreen1 ,chimaphila maculata4 #af;a4 ,leaves #b-e cm4 long1 densely woolly beneath 7#e-aj dm4 high2 flowers white7 ,labrador ,tea1 ,ledum groenlandicum4 #af;b4 ,leaves #a-b cm4 long1 pale beneath but not wholly 7creeping2 flowers pink7 7,cranberry7 --#ag4 #ag;a4 ,leaves acute ,cranberry1 ,vaccinium oxycoccos4 #ag;b4 ,leaves obtuse ,cranberry1 ,vaccinium macrocarpon4 #ah;a4 ,leaves opposite or whorled2 corolla saucer-shape 7shrubs #c-h dm4 high2 flowers purple1 summer7 --#ai4 #ah;b4 ,leaves alternate2 corolla bell-shape or salver-form --#bj4 #ai;a4 ,branches and twigs cylindrical1 not angled ,sheep ,laurel1 ,kalmia angustifolia4 #ai;b4 ,branches and twigs with #b sharp angles ,swamp ,laurel1 ,kalmia polifolia4 #bj;a4 ,plants prostrate1 or with a few ascending branches only 7flowers white or pink7 --#ba4 #bj;b4 ,plants erect or ascending --#bc4 #ba;a4 ,flowers #aj-bj mm4 long1 very fragrant 7early spring7 ,trailing ,arbutus1 ,epigaea repens4 #ba;b4 ,flowers #d-e mm4 long 7late spring7 --#bb4 #bb;a4 ,leaves spatulate1 broadest beyond the middle ,bearberry1 ,arctostaphylos uva-ursi4 #bb;b4 ,leaves oval1 broadest at the middle ,snowberry1 ,chiogenes hispidula4 #bc;a4 ,leaves linear1 white beneath1 their margins strongly revolute 7shrub #c-h dm4 high2 flowers white1 late spring7 ,bog ,rosemary1 ,andromeda glaucophylla4 #bc;b4 ,leaves oblong1 scurfy beneath with rusty scales 7bog shrub #d-aj dm4 high2 flowers white1 in spring7 ,leatherleaf1 ,chamaedaphne calyculata4 #bc;c4 ,leaves smooth1 pubescent1 or resinous beneath1 but not scurfy nor white --#bd4 #bd;a4 ,low shrubs #aj-ae cm4 high1 erect from a creeping rootstock2 leaves with the taste of wintergreen 7flowers white or pink1 summer7 ,wintergreen1 ,gaultheria procumbens4 #bd;b4 ,bushy shrubs #c-h dm4 high2 leaves dotted beneath with yellowish resinous dots2 ovary #aj-;celled 7flowers greenish-pink1 spring7 ,huckleberry1 ,gaylussacia baccata4 #bd;c4 ,shrubs #a dm4 to #c m4 high2 leaves not resinous-dotted beneath2 ovary #e-;celled 7flowers white or greenish-pink1 spring or early summer7 --#be4 #be;a4 ,corolla bell-shape1 the stamens projecting beyond it 7#e-ae dm4 high7 ,deerberry1 ,vaccinium stamineum4 #be;b4 ,corolla cylindrical or urn-shape1 the stamens not projecting --#bf4 #bf;a4 ,filaments hairy 7,blueberry7 --#bg4 #bf;b4 ,filaments glabrous 7,bilberry7 --#cb4 #bg;a4 ,low bushy shrubs1 usually less than #e dm4 and never more than #a m4 high --#bh4 #bg;b4 ,tall erect shrubs1 #a-d m4 high --#ca4 #bh;a4 ,foliage pubescent ,blueberry1 ,vaccinium canadense4 #bh;b4 ,foliage glabrous --#bi4 #bi;a4 ,leaves pale-green and glaucous1 entire or nearly so ,blueberry1 ,vaccinium vacillans4 #bi;b4 ,leaves bright-green1 distinctly serrulate --#cj4 #cj;a4 ,fruit blue ,blueberry1 ,vaccinium pennsylvanicum4 #cj;b4 ,fruit black ,blueberry1 ,vaccinium pennsylvanicum var4 nigrum4 #ca;a4 ,leaves downy beneath2 fruit black ,blueberry1 ,vaccinium atrococcum4 #ca;b4 ,leaves smooth or minutely pubescent beneath2 fruit blue ,blueberry1 ,vaccinium corymbosum4 #cb;a4 ,full-grown leaves less than #b4e cm4 long2 low much-branched shrubs1 mostly less than #e dm4 high --#cc4 #cb;b4 ,full-grown leaves more than #b4e cm4 long2 shrubs usually a meter high or more --#cd4 #cc;a4 ,leaves entire2 petals usually #d4 ,bilberry1 ,vaccinium uliginosum4 #cc;b4 ,leaves finely serrulate2 petals #e ,bilberry1 ,vaccinium caespitosum4 #cd;a4 ,leaves serrulate1 green beneath1 acute2 corolla globular ,bilberry1 ,vaccinium membranaceum4 #cd;b4 ,leaves entire1 pale beneath1 obtuse2 corolla ovoid ,bilberry1 ,vaccinium ovalifolium4 ,,primulaceae1 the ,primrose ,family ,herbs1 with alternate or opposite simple leaves and regular flowers2 petals more or less united2 stamens attached one in front of each petal2 ovary #a-;celled with #a style4 #a;a4 ,leaves all basal2 flowers on leafless stalks --#b4 #a;b4 ,stem-leaves present --#e4 #b;a4 ,flowers nodding1 the petals reflexed 7#c-f dm4 high2 flowers showy1 white or pink1 in spring7 ,shooting ,star1 ,dodecatheon meadia4 #b;b4 ,flowers erect or spreading2 petals not reflexed --#c4 #c;a4 ,corolla not longer than the calyx2 flowers small and inconspicuous 7#a dm4 high2 flowers white or pink1 spring7 ,androsace1 ,androsace occidentalis4 #c;b4 ,corolla conspicuous1 much longer than the calyx 7flowers pink or purple1 summer7 7,primrose7 --#d4 #d;a4 ,leaves white-mealy beneath 7#a-d dm4 high7 ,primrose1 ,primula farinosa4 #d;b4 ,leaves green beneath 7#b dm4 high or less7 ,primrose1 ,primula mistassinica4 #e;a4 ,all the stem-leaves in one whorl just below the flower-cluster --#f4 #e;b4 ,stem-leaves several or many1 scattered over the stem --#g4 #f;a4 ,stem-leaves about #a cm4 long --#c;a4 #f;b4 ,stem-leaves #e-aj cm4 long ,star ,flower1 ,trientalis americana4 #g;a4 ,flowers red1 blue1 or white 7summer7 --#h4 #g;b4 ,flowers yellow 7summer7 --#i4 #h;a4 ,leaves opposite2 flowers axillary 7stems spreading1 #a-d dm4 long2 flowers blue or red7 ,pimpernel1 ,anagallis arvensis4 #h;b4 ,leaves alternate2 flowers racemose 7#a-d dm4 high2 flowers minute1 white7 ,water ,pimpernel1 ,samolus floribundus4 #i;a4 ,stem creeping ,moneywort1 ,lysimachia nummularia4 #i;b4 ,stem erect 7,loosestrife7 --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,flowers in dense spike-like racemes 7#c-h dm4 high7 ,loosestrife1 ,lysimachia thyrsiflora4 #aj;b4 ,flowers axillary or racemose 7#c-i dm4 high7 --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,corolla dotted or streaked with purple or brown2 leaves punctate with dark spots --#ab4 #aa;b4 ,corolla plain yellow2 leaves not dark-dotted --#ad4 #ab;a4 ,flowers in racemes --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,flowers all axillary ,loosestrife1 ,lysimachia quadrifolia4 #ac;a4 ,flowers all in racemes2 leaves opposite or some of them alternate ,loosestrife1 ,lysimachia terrestris4 #ac;b4 ,the lowest flowers axillary2 leaves opposite or whorled ,loosestrife1 ,lysimachia producta4 #ad;a4 ,leaves ovate1 on slender ciliate petioles ,loosestrife1 ,steironema ciliatum4 #ad;b4 ,leaves lanceolate1 sessile or short-petioled1 pinnately veined ,loosestrife1 ,steironema lanceolatum4 #ad;c4 ,leaves linear1 with one mid-vein ,loosestrife1 ,steironema quadriflorum4 ,,oleaceae1 the ,olive ,family ,trees or shrubs1 with opposite leaves and regular flowers2 sepals #d1 or calyx none2 petals #d1 united1 or none2 stamens usually #b2 ovary #b-;celled1 superior4 #a;a4 ,leaves simple 7shrub #b-e m4 high2 flowers blue or white1 in showy clusters in spring7 ,lilac1 ,syringa vulgaris4 #a;b4 ,leaves compound 7trees2 flowers greenish1 inconspicuous1 in spring7 7,ash7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,lateral leaflets sessile ,black ,ash1 ,fraxinus nigra4 #b;b4 ,lateral leaflets stalked --#c4 #c;a4 ,twigs sharply #d-;angled ,blue ,ash1 ,fraxinus quadrangulata4 #c;b4 ,twigs not distinctly angled --#d4 #d;a4 ,leaves pubescent beneath ,red ,ash1 ,fraxinus pennsylvanica4 #d;b4 ,leaves glabrous beneath --#e4 #e;a4 ,leaves pale-green beneath1 obscurely serrulate ,white ,ash1 ,fraxinus americana4 #e;b4 ,leaves bright-green beneath1 sharply serrulate ,green ,ash1 ,fraxinus pennsylvanica var4 lanceolata4 ,,gentianaceae1 the ,gentian ,family ,herbs1 with opposite or basal1 entire1 usually simple leaves and regular flowers2 sepals1 petals1 and stamens equal in number1 #d-ab2 ovary superior1 #a-;celled4 #a;a4 ,leaves reduced to small scales 7#a-d dm4 high2 flowers small1 greenish-yellow1 in summer7 ,bartonia1 ,bartonia virginica4 #a;b4 ,leaves rounded1 floating 7flowers white1 summer7 ,floating ,heart1 ,nymphoides lacunosum4 #a;c4 ,leaves compound 7#b-d dm4 high2 flowers white or bluish1 early summer7 ,buckbean1 ,menyanthes trifoliata4 #a;d4 ,leaves simple1 whorled 7#a-b m4 high2 flowers yellowish-white1 summer7 ,american ,columbo1 ,frasera caroliniensis4 #a;e4 ,leaves simple1 opposite --#b4 #b;a4 ,corolla rotate1 with spreading lobes1 #b-d cm4 broad1 pink 7#e-h dm4 high2 summer7 ,rose ,pink1 ,sabbatia angularis4 #b;b4 ,corolla bell-shape1 each petal with a spur at the base1 purplish or white1 and not over #a cm4 long 7#a-d dm4 high2 summer7 ,spurred ,gentian1 ,halenia deflexa4 #b;c4 ,corolla bell-shape1 tubular1 funnel-form1 or salver-form1 not spurred --#c4 #c;a4 ,corolla-lobes fringed 7flowers bright-blue7 7,fringed ,gentian7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,corolla-lobes entire --#e4 #d;a4 ,leaves lanceolate 7#b-h dm4 high2 autumn7 ,fringed ,gentian1 ,gentiana crinita4 #d;b4 ,leaves linear 7#a-d dm4 high2 late summer7 ,fringed ,gentian1 ,gentiana procera4 #e;a4 ,corolla #b cm4 long or a little less --#f4 #e;b4 ,corolla #b4e-e cm4 long 7late summer and autumn7 7,gentian7 --#g4 #f;a4 ,upper leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate 7#b-d dm4 high2 flowers pink-purple1 late summer7 ,centaury1 ,centaurium umbellatum4 #f;b4 ,upper leaves ovate1 with several principal veins 7#a-e dm4 high2 flowers blue1 late summer and autumn7 ,gentian1 ,gentiana quinquefolia4 #g;a4 ,calyx-lobes rough or ciliate at the margin 7flowers blue1 or rarely white7 --#h4 #g;b4 ,calyx-lobes smooth 7#b-h dm4 high7 --#aj4 #h;a4 ,corolla-lobes spreading2 leaves narrowly lanceolate1 indistinctly veined 7#b-e dm4 high7 ,gentian1 ,gentiana puberula4 #h;b4 ,corolla-lobes erect or incurved2 leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate1 with #c-g principal veins 7#c-f dm4 high7 --#i4 #i;a4 ,calyx-lobes equaling or exceeding the calyx-tube ,gentian1 ,gentiana saponaria4 #i;b4 ,calyx-lobes shorter than the calyx-tube ,gentian1 ,gentiana andrewsii4 #aj;a4 ,leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate1 somewhat cordate at base 7flowers greenish-white or yellowish-white7 ,gentian1 ,gentiana flavida4 #aj;b4 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate or nearly linear1 not cordate 7flowers blue7 ,gentian1 ,gentiana linearis4 ,,apocynaceae1 the ,dogbane ,family ,herbs1 with opposite simple entire leaves and regular flowers2 sepals1 petals1 and stamens each #e2 petals united2 stamens attached to the corolla2 ovaries #b1 with a single style or stigma4 #a;a4 ,plant creeping or trailing2 flowers blue1 axillary1 #b-c cm4 broad 7spring7 ,periwinkle1 ,vinca minor4 #a;b4 ,plant erect or essentially so2 flowers #a cm4 broad or less 7#d-ab dm4 high7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,corolla pinkish1 about #h mm4 long by #f-h mm4 broad 7early summer7 ,dogbane1 ,apocynum androsaemifolium4 #b;b4 ,corolla white or greenish1 about #f mm4 long by #d mm4 broad 7summer7 --#c4 #c;a4 ,leaves petioled1 acute at the base ,indian ,hemp1 ,apocynum cannabinum4 #c;b4 ,leaves sessile1 rounded or truncate at the base ,indian ,hemp1 ,apocynum cannabinum var4 hypericifolium4 ,,asclepiadaceae1 the ,milkweed ,family ,herbs1 with simple entire leaves and regular flowers2 juice usually milky2 except in the first species1 which is a twining vine4 ,the flowers have an unusual structure3 calyx of #e sepals2 petals #e1 united with each other1 and spreading or reflexed so that they conceal the calyx2 stamens #e1 united with each other and with the stigma to form a complex organ in the center of the flower2 ovaries #b2 on the back of each stamen is a colored projecting hood1 which is frequently the most conspicuous part of the flower1 and may be mistaken for the corolla4 #a;a4 ,twining vine1 with dark purple flowers 7summer7 ,black ,swallow-wort1 ,cynanchum nigrum4 #a;b4 ,stems not twining --#b4 #b;a4 ,leaves whorled 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 7,milkweed7 --#c4 #b;b4 ,leaves opposite or alternate --#d4 #c;a4 ,leaves in whorls of #d1 lanceolate 7flowers pink7 ,milkweed1 ,asclepias quadrifolia4 #c;b4 ,leaves in whorls of #d-g1 linear 7flowers greenish-white7 ,milkweed1 ,asclepias verticillata4 #d;a4 ,umbel sessile 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers green1 summer7 ,green ,milkweed1 ,acerates viridiflora4 #d;b4 ,umbel peduncled --#e4 #e;a4 ,leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers greenish-white1 summer7 ,green ,milkweed1 ,acerates floridana4 #e;b4 ,leaves lanceolate or broader 7flowers in summer7 --#f4 #f;a4 ,leaves pubescent beneath --#g4 #f;b4 ,leaves glabrous or nearly so --#aj4 #g;a4 ,flowers brilliant orange 7#c-f dm4 high7 ,butterfly ,weed1 ,asclepias tuberosa4 #g;b4 ,flowers red or purple --#h4 #h;a4 ,reflexed lobes of corolla merely purple-tinged 7#a-b m4 high7 ,milkweed1 ,asclepias syriaca4 #h;b4 ,reflexed lobes of corolla bright-red or purple --#i4 #i;a4 ,the erect hoods of each flower about #e mm4 long 7#g-ab dm4 high7 ,milkweed1 ,asclepias purpurascens4 #i;b4 ,the erect hoods of each flower about #c mm4 long 7#f-aj dm4 high7 ,swamp ,milkweed1 ,asclepias incarnata var4 pulchra4 #aj;a4 ,leaves broadly rounded and almost sessile at base 7flowers purplish7 --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,leaves narrowed at the base1 distinctly petioled 7#h-ae dm4 high7 --#ab4 #aa;a4 ,umbel solitary1 terminal and erect on a long peduncle 7#d-h dm4 high7 ,milkweed1 ,asclepias amplexicaulis4 #aa;b4 ,umbels terminal or lateral1 bent toward one side 7#g-ab dm4 high7 ,milkweed1 ,asclepias sullivantii4 #ab;a4 ,corolla 7not hoods7 red 7#a-b m4 high7 ,swamp ,milkweed1 ,asclepias incarnata4 #ab;b4 ,corolla 7not hoods7 greenish 7#h-ae dm4 high7 ,milkweed1 ,asclepias exaltata4 ,,convolvulaceae1 the ,morning ,glory ,family ,twining or trailing herbs 7except one species71 with regular flowers2 sepals #e2 corolla #e-;angled or #e-lobed2 stamens #e1 attached to the corolla2 ovary superior1 #b-c-;celled4 #a;a4 ,plants with green foliage and conspicuous flowers 7summer7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,leafless brown or yellow plants1 with very small flowers 7,dodder7 --#g4 #b;a4 ,style divided at the top into linear or oblong stigmas 7flowers white or pink7 7,bindweed7 --#c4 #b;b4 ,style not divided at the top2 stigmas sessile1 capitate 7,morning ,glory7 --#f4 #c;a4 ,stem erect2 leaves rounded or somewhat cordate at base1 not hastate or sagittate 7#a-c dm4 high7 ,bindweed1 ,convolvulus spithamaeus4 #c;b4 ,stem trailing or twining2 leaves sagittate or hastate --#d4 #d;a4 ,calyx almost concealed by two large heart-shape bracts --#e4 #d;b4 ,bracts at base of calyx none ,bindweed1 ,convolvulus arvensis4 #e;a4 ,leaves triangular-hastate1 with sharp basal lobes ,bindweed1 ,convolvulus sepium4 #e;b4 ,leaves oblong-ovate1 the basal lobes obtuse ,bindweed1 ,convolvulus sepium var4 pubescens4 #f;a4 ,stem smooth or nearly so2 ovary #b-;celled 7flowers white7 ,wild ,potato ,vine1 ,ipomoea pandurata4 #f;b4 ,stem with reflexed hairs2 ovary #c-;celled 7flowers of various colors7 ,morning ,glory1 ,ipomoea purpurea4 #g;a4 ,introduced weed1 growing as a parasite on clover ,dodder1 ,cuscuta epithymum4 #g;b4 ,native species1 on various shrubs and herbs --#h4 #h;a4 ,flowers sessile --#i4 #h;b4 ,flowers distinctly pedicelled --#ab4 #i;a4 ,sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx --#aj4 #i;b4 ,sepals separate from each other --#aa4 #aj;a4 ,calyx-lobes obtuse ,dodder1 ,cuscuta arvensis4 #aj;b4 ,calyx-lobes acute ,dodder1 ,cuscuta obtusiflora4 #aa;a4 ,flowers in dense rope-like twists on various species of herbs ,dodder1 ,cuscuta paradoxa4 #aa;b4 ,flowers in dense clusters on various species of shrubs ,dodder1 ,cuscuta compacta4 #ab;a4 ,tips of the petals inflexed ,dodder1 ,cuscuta coryli4 #ab;b4 ,tips of the petals erect or spreading --#ac4 #ac;a4 ,capsule depressed at the summit ,dodder1 ,cuscuta cephalanthi4 #ac;b4 ,capsule pointed at the summit ,dodder1 ,cuscuta gronovii4 ,,polemoniaceae1 the ,polemonium ,family ,herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and conspicuous regular flowers2 sepals #e1 united2 petals #e1 united and bearing the #e stamens in the corolla-tube2 ovary superior1 #c-;celled4 #a;a4 ,leaves pinnately compound and alternate 7#b-d dm4 high2 flowers blue1 in spring7 ,greek ,valerian1 ,polemonium reptans4 #a;b4 ,leaves fascicled1 narrowly linear 7about #a dm4 high2 flowers pink-purple1 in spring7 ,moss ,pink1 ,phlox subulata4 #a;c4 ,leaves simple1 strictly opposite --#b4 #b;a4 ,corolla-lobes deeply #b-;cleft to the middle 7#a-b dm4 high2 flowers pink1 in spring7 ,cleft ,phlox1 ,phlox bifida4 #b;b4 ,corolla-lobes entire and rounded1 or somewhat notched at the apex --#c4 #c;a4 ,flowers in summer 7#h-ae dm4 high2 flowers purple7 ,garden ,phlox1 ,phlox paniculata4 #c;b4 ,flowers in spring 7#c-f dm4 high7 --#d4 #d;a4 ,corolla blue-purple2 stems ascending ,sweet ,william1 ,phlox divaricata4 #d;b4 ,corolla pink or red-purple2 stems erect ,sweet ,william1 ,phlox pilosa4 ,,hydrophyllaceae1 the ,water-leaf ,family ,herbs with alternate lobed or divided leaves and regular flowers2 sepals #e2 petals #e1 united2 stamens #e1 attached to the corolla-tube and projecting beyond it2 ovary #a-;celled4 #a;a4 ,leaves palmately veined and lobed 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers purple1 early summer7 ,water-leaf1 ,hydrophyllum canadense4 #a;b4 ,leaves pinnately veined and lobed 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers blue or purple1 varying to white7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,corolla-lobes much shorter than the corolla-tube 7summer7 ,phacelia1 ,phacelia franklinii4 #b;b4 ,corolla-lobes much longer than the corolla-tube 7late spring and summer7 7,water-leaf7 --#c4 #c;a4 ,calyx with a small reflexed appendage between each pair of sepals ,water-leaf1 ,hydrophyllum appendiculatum4 #c;b4 ,calyx without appendages ,water-leaf1 ,hydrophyllum virginicum4 ,,boraginaceae1 the ,borage ,family ,herbs with alternate entire leaves2 sepals #e2 petals #e1 united1 corolla generally regular2 stamens #e1 attached to the corolla-tube2 ovary deeply #d-lobed with a single style4 #a;a4 ,corolla reddish-purple1 about #h mm4 wide 7#d-aj dm4 high2 spring7 ,hound's ,tongue1 ,cynoglossum officinale4 #a;b4 ,corolla blue with a yellow center1 #d-h mm4 wide 7#a-e dm4 high2 spring and early summer7 7,forget-me-not7 --#ac4 #a;c4 ,corolla deep orange1 salver-form 7#b-f dm4 high2 spring7 7,puccoon7 --#ae4 #a;d4 ,corolla white or blue1 or lightly tinged with yellow or red --#b4 #b;a4 ,corolla rotate1 with a very short tube1 bright-blue1 about #bj mm4 broad 7#c-h dm4 high2 summer7 ,borage1 ,borago officinalis4 #b;b4 ,corolla tubular1 funnel-form1 or salver-form --#c4 #c;a4 ,corolla #aj mm4 long or more2 its tube distinctly longer than the calyx --#d4 #c;b4 ,corolla less than #aj mm4 long2 its tube equaling or shorter than the calyx --#h4 #d;a4 ,flowers yellowish-white1 or somewhat tinged with pink or greenish --#e4 #d;b4 ,flowers blue or purple --#f4 #e;a4 ,corolla-lobes erect2 leaves sessile 7#c-h dm4 high2 early summer7 ,false ,gromwell2 ,onosmodium occidentale4 #e;b4 ,corolla-lobes spreading2 leaves decurrent 7#f-aj dm4 high2 summer7 ,comfrey1 ,symphytum officinale4 #f;a4 ,stem and leaves glabrous 7#c-f dm4 high2 spring7 ,bluebell1 ,mertensia virginica4 #f;b4 ,stem and leaves pubescent 7#d-h dm4 high7 --#g4 #g;a4 ,corolla regular2 leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate 7summer7 ,bluebell1 ,mertensia paniculata4 #g;b4 ,corolla irregular2 leaves linear-oblong 7summer7 ,blueweed1 ,echium vulgare4 #h;a4 ,ovary and fruit covered with hooked prickles --#i4 #h;b4 ,ovary and fruit not prickly --#ab4 #i;a4 ,principal leaves #b4e cm4 wide or more --#aj4 #i;b4 ,principal leaves #b cm4 wide or less 7#c-h dm4 high2 flowers blue or white1 summer7 7,stickseed7 --#aa4 #aj;a4 ,leaves chiefly basal1 the racemes on long leafless peduncles 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers pale blue1 early summer7 ,wild ,comfrey1 ,cynoglossum boreale4 #aj;b4 ,stems leafy 7#h-ab dm4 high2 flowers white1 summer7 ,beggar ,lice1 ,lappula virginiana4 #aa;a4 ,a bract at the base of each flower ,stickseed1 ,lappula echinata4 #aa;b4 ,racemes without bracts at the base of each flower ,stickseed1 ,lappula deflexa var4 americana4 #ab;a4 ,racemes bractless1 or bracted only at the base 7#a-d dm4 high7 --#ad4 #ab;b4 ,raceme with a bract at the base of each flower 7flowers white or yellowish7 --#ag4 #ac;a4 ,corolla #d mm4 wide ,forget-me-not1 ,myosotis laxa4 #ac;b4 ,corolla #f-h mm4 wide ,forget-me-not1 ,myosotis scorpioides4 #ad;a4 ,calyx-lobes all of equal length 7summer7 ,scorpion ,grass1 ,myosotis arvensis4 #ad;b4 ,calyx-lobes distinctly unequal in length 7spring7 ,scorpion ,grass1 ,myosotis virginica4 #ae;a4 ,corolla-lobes denticulate ,puccoon1 ,lithospermum angustifolium4 #ae;b4 ,corolla-lobes entire --#af4 #af;a4 ,flowers sessile2 stem softly pubescent ,puccoon1 ,lithospermum canescens4 #af;b4 ,flowers on pedicels #b-e mm4 long2 stem hispid or bristly ,puccoon1 ,lithospermum gmelini4 #ag;a4 ,corolla white2 fruit brown and wrinkled 7weed #b-d dm4 high2 spring and summer7 ,corn ,gromwell1 ,lithospermum arvense4 #ag;b4 ,corolla yellowish-white2 fruit white and smooth 7#e-aj dm4 high7 --#ah4 #ah;a4 ,corolla distinctly surpassing the calyx in length 7spring and summer7 ,corn ,gromwell1 ,lithospermum officinale4 #ah;b4 ,corolla equaling or shorter than the calyx 7spring7 ,wild ,gromwell1 ,lithospermum latifolium4 ,,labiatae1 the ,mint ,family ,herbs with opposite leaves1 square stems1 and usually aromatic odor2 flowers irregular1 with united petals1 or almost regular2 stamens #b or #d1 attached to the tube of the corolla2 ovary deeply #d-lobed1 with a single style4 #a;a4 ,stamens #b --#b4 #a;b4 ,stamens #d --#ae4 #b;a4 ,corolla regular or nearly so2 flowers white1 in dense axillary clusters2 plants usually of wet grounds 7#b-h dm4 high2 summer and autumn7 --#c4 #b;b4 ,corolla distinctly irregular and more or less #b-lipped --#g4 #c;a4 ,calyx-teeth short1 triangular1 acute or obtuse 7,bugle ,weed7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,calyx-teeth narrow1 acuminate or cuspidate 7,water ,hoarhound7 --#e4 #d;a4 ,stems and stolons bearing tubers ,bugle ,weed1 ,lycopus uniflorus4 #d;b4 ,stems and stolons not bearing tubers ,bugle ,weed1 ,lycopus virginicus4 #e;a4 ,leaves serrate2 calyx-teeth sharp-pointed --#f4 #e;b4 ,leaves coarsely incised2 calyx-teeth awn-tipped ,water ,hoarhound1 ,lycopus americanus4 #f;a4 ,corolla twice as long as the calyx2 leaves narrowed at the base ,water ,hoarhound1 ,lycopus rubellus4 #f;b4 ,corolla barely longer than the calyx2 leaves sessile or nearly so ,water ,hoarhound1 ,lycopus lucidus var4 americanus4 #g;a4 ,corolla blue1 #c-d mm4 long2 flowers in loose axillary clusters 7#a-d dm4 high2 summer7 7,pennyroyal7 --#h4 #g;b4 ,corolla #h-dj mm4 long --#i4 #h;a4 ,leaves serrate ,pennyroyal1 ,hedeoma pulegioides4 #h;b4 ,leaves linear1 entire ,pennyroyal1 ,hedeoma hispida4 #i;a4 ,lower lobe of the corolla fringed1 very much longer than the upper 7#e-ae dm4 high2 corolla pale-yellow2 late summer7 ,horse ,balm1 ,collinsonia canadensis4 #i;b4 ,lower lobe of the corolla nearly or quite as long as the upper and not fringed --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,calyx narrowly tubular2 its teeth about equal in size 7#e-aj dm4 high2 flowers in dense terminal heads1 in summer7 --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,calyx campanulate1 #b of its teeth different in size from the other #c 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers pink-purple1 in terminal clusters in summer7 --#ad4 #aa;a4 ,corolla scarlet ,oswego ,tea1 ,monarda didyma4 #aa;b4 ,corolla bright crimson or rose-red ,wild ,bergamot1 ,monarda fistulosa var4 rubra4 #aa;c4 ,corolla white1 pink1 pale-purple1 or yellowish --#ab4 #ab;a4 ,flower-clusters all terminal --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,flower-clusters both terminal and axillary ,horse ,mint1 ,monarda punctata4 #ac;a4 ,leaves and stem with soft spreading pubescence ,wild ,bergamot1 ,monarda fistulosa4 #ac;b4 ,leaves and stem grayish with fine appressed pubescence ,wild ,bergamot1 ,monarda mollis4 #ad;a4 ,upper calyx-teeth about #c times as long as the lower ,blephilia1 ,blephilia hirsuta4 #ad;b4 ,upper calyx-teeth but little longer than the lower ,blephilia1 ,blephilia ciliata4 #ae;a4 ,calyx with a distinct protuberance on the back of the upper side 7,skullcap7 --#af4 #ae;b4 ,calyx without a distinct protuberance --#bj4 #af;a4 ,corolla #e-h mm4 long2 flowers in axillary racemes 7#c-h dm4 high2 flowers blue1 in summer7 ,mad-dog ,skullcap1 ,scutellaria lateriflora4 #af;b4 ,corolla #f-aj mm4 long2 flowers axillary1 solitary 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers violet1 early summer7 ,skullcap1 ,scutellaria parvula4 #af;c4 ,corolla #ab-cj mm4 long2 flowers axillary or in terminal racemes 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers blue1 summer7 --#ag4 #ag;a4 ,stem-leaves cordate ,skullcap1 ,scutellaria versicolor4 #ag;b4 ,stem-leaves not distinctly cordate --#ah4 #ah;a4 ,stem-leaves sessile or nearly so2 plant of swamps and river-banks ,skullcap1 ,scutellaria galericulata4 #ah;b4 ,stem-leaves with petioles #a cm4 or more long2 plants of dry or moist woods --#ai4 #ai;a4 ,stem glandular-pubescent toward the summit2 corolla #af mm4 long or less ,skullcap1 ,scutellaria pilosa4 #ai;b4 ,stem not glandular2 corolla #bj mm4 long ,skullcap1 ,scutellaria incana4 #bj;a4 ,calyx-teeth #e1 all equal or nearly so at the time of flowering --#bh4 #bj;b4 ,calyx-teeth #e1 one of them different in size and shape from the other four 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers light blue1 summer7 ,dragon ,head1 ,dracocephalum parviflorum4 #bj;c4 ,calyx-teeth #e1 two of them different in size and shape from the other three --#ba4 #bj;d4 ,calyx-teeth #aj1 subulate 7woolly plant #d-aj dm4 high1 with whitish flowers in axillary clusters in summer7 ,hoarhound1 ,marrubium vulgare4 #ba;a4 ,corolla deeply split on the upper side and the stamens protruding2 upper lip of the calyx much shorter than the lower 7#e-aj dm4 high2 flowers pink-purple1 in terminal spikes1 summer7 7,wood ,sage7 --#bb4 #ba;b4 ,corolla not deeply split on the upper side --#bc4 #bb;a4 ,calyx canescent ,wood ,sage1 ,teucrium canadense4 #bb;b4 ,calyx villous ,wood ,sage1 ,teucrium occidentale4 #bc;a4 ,flowers in dense terminal head-like spikes1 none axillary 7#a-e dm4 high2 flowers pink-purple or blue1 in summer7 ,self-heal1 ,prunella vulgaris4 #bc;b4 ,some or all of the flowers in axillary clusters --#bd4 #bd;a4 ,leaves linear1 entire 7#a-d dm4 high2 flowers purple1 summer7 --#be4 #bd;b4 ,leaves oblong to ovate 7summer7 --#bf4 #be;a4 ,pedicels shorter than the calyx ,summer ,savory1 ,satureja hortensis4 #be;b4 ,pedicels much longer than the calyx ,calamint1 ,satureja glabra4 #bf;a4 ,leaves #a cm4 long or less1 entire 7stems growing in mats1 #a-c dm4 long2 flowers purple1 in summer7 ,wild ,thyme1 ,thymus serpyllum4 #bf;b4 ,leaves dentate 7flowers purple1 summer7 --#bg4 #bg;a4 ,flowers subtended by bracts as long as the calyx 7#b-e dm4 high7 ,basil1 ,satureja vulgaris4 #bg;b4 ,flowers with minute bracts or none 7#a-c dm4 high7 ,basil-thyme1 ,satureja acinos4 #bh;a4 ,corolla #b-lipped or nearly regular1 the upper lip flattened1 not conspicuously arched over the stamens --#bi4 #bh;b4 ,corolla conspicuously #b-lipped1 the stamens ascending under the concave upper lip --#db4 #bi;a4 ,flowers in dense terminal spikes2 corolla #b-lipped 7#h-ae dm4 high2 summer7 --#cj4 #bi;b4 ,flowers peduncled1 #a-d in the axils of linear leaves --#be;b4 #bi;c4 ,flowers in many-flowered whorls1 which are axillary or terminal1 or aggregated into terminal spikes or racemes --#ca4 #cj;a4 ,corolla yellowish ,giant ,hyssop1 ,agastache nepetoides4 #cj;b4 ,corolla purplish ,giant ,hyssop1 ,agastache scrophulariaefolius4 #ca;a4 ,corolla distinctly irregular1 the lower lip longer than the upper --#cb4 #ca;b4 ,corolla almost regular1 the lobes nearly uniform in size --#ce4 #cb;a4 ,stem-leaves sessile or very nearly so 7flowers blue7 --#cc4 #cb;b4 ,stem-leaves long-petioled --#cd4 #cc;a4 ,leaves linear-oblong1 acute at both ends 7#c-h dm4 high2 summer7 ,hyssop1 ,hyssopus officinalis4 #cc;b4 ,leaves oblong to ovate1 rounded at the ends 7#b-d dm4 high2 late spring7 ,bugle1 ,ajuga reptans4 #cd;a4 ,leaves ovate to oblong1 acute2 flowers pink1 white1 or pale purple 7#f-ae dm4 high2 summer7 ,catnip1 ,nepeta cataria4 #cd;b4 ,leaves nearly circular or kidney-shape2 flowers blue 7creeping2 flowers in spring and summer7 ,ground ,ivy1 ,nepeta hederacea4 #ce;a4 ,flowers in terminal spikes1 or the lower axillary 7#c-h dm4 high2 flowers pink-purple or white1 summer7 7,mint7 --#cf4 #ce;b4 ,flowers all in axillary whorls 7flowers pink-purple or white1 summer7 7,mint7 --#ch4 #ce;c4 ,flowers in terminal capitate corymbed clusters 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers white or dotted with purple1 summer7 7,mountain ,mint7 --#da4 #cf;a4 ,leaves sessile or with very short petiole ,spearmint1 ,mentha spicata4 #cf;b4 ,leaves with manifest petioles --#cg4 #cg;a4 ,principal leaves less than half as broad as long ,peppermint1 ,mentha piperita4 #cg;b4 ,principal leaves more than half as broad as long ,bergamot ,mint1 ,mentha citrata4 #ch;a4 ,stem glabrous2 leaves ovate to obovate 7#d-h dm4 high7 ,downy ,mint1 ,mentha gentilis4 #ch;b4 ,stem pubescent1 at least on the angles 7#a-f dm4 high7 --#ci4 #ci;a4 ,principal leaves distinctly petioled and somewhat rounded at base ,wild ,mint1 ,mentha arvensis4 #ci;b4 ,leaves tapering to the base --#dj4 #dj;a4 ,leaves and stem pubescent ,wild ,mint1 ,mentha arvensis var4 canadensis4 #dj;b4 ,leaves glabrous2 stem pubescent on the angles only ,wild ,mint1 ,mentha arvensis var4 glabrata4 #da;a4 ,leaves linear2 calyx-teeth awl-shape ,mountain ,mint1 ,pycnanthemum flexuosum4 #da;b4 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate2 calyx-teeth triangular-ovate ,mountain ,mint1 ,pycnanthemum virginianum4 #db;a4 ,stems decumbent to diffuse2 leaves cordate to nearly circular 7stems #b-e dm4 long or high2 flowers in spring and summer7 7,dead ,nettle7 --#dc4 #db;b4 ,stem erect2 leaves palmately cleft2 calyx-teeth spiny 7#f-ae dm4 tall2 flowers pink1 in summer7 ,motherwort1 ,leonurus cardiaca4 #db;c4 ,stems erect or ascending2 leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear 7summer7 --#de4 #dc;a4 ,upper leaves closely sessile 7flowers red-purple7 ,dead ,nettle1 ,lamium amplexicaule4 #dc;b4 ,leaves all petioled --#dd4 #dd;a4 ,flowers red or purple ,dead ,nettle1 ,lamium maculatum4 #dd;b4 ,flowers white ,dead ,nettle1 ,lamium album4 #de;a4 ,flowers #b-b4e cm4 long1 in loose terminal spikes 7#e-aj dm4 tall2 flowers rose-color7 ,false ,dragon ,head1 ,physostegia virginiana4 #de;b4 ,flowers #a-b cm4 long1 in axillary and terminal spiked whorls --#df4 #df;a4 ,calyx-teeth spiny pointed 7flowers pink or pale-purple7 7,hemp ,nettle7 --#dg4 #df;b4 ,calyx-teeth acute to awl-shape1 but not spiny 7#c-aj dm4 high2 flowers pale-purple7 7,hedge ,nettle7 --#dh4 #dg;a4 ,leaves ovate 7#c-h dm4 high7 ,hemp ,nettle1 ,galeopsis tetrahit4 #dg;b4 ,leaves linear to lanceolate 7#a-d dm4 high7 ,hemp ,nettle1 ,galeopsis ladanum4 #dh;a4 ,leaves glabrous --#di4 #dh;b4 ,leaves distinctly pubescent --#ej4 #di;a4 ,leaves ovate-lanceolate1 serrate ,hedge ,nettle1 ,stachys tenuifolia4 #di;b4 ,leaves linear-oblong1 entire or nearly so ,hedge ,nettle1 ,stachys hyssopifolia4 #ej;a4 ,stem pubescent on the angles alone2 leaves petioled ,hedge ,nettle1 ,stachys tenuifolia var4 aspera4 #ej;b4 ,stem pubescent on both sides and angles2 leaves nearly sessile --#ea4 #ea;a4 ,leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate1 more than #a cm4 wide ,hedge ,nettle1 ,stachys palustris4 #ea;b4 ,leaves linear-lanceolate1 #a cm4 wide or less ,hedge ,nettle1 ,stachys arenicola4 ,,verbenaceae1 the ,verbena ,family ,herbs1 with simple opposite leaves and slightly irregular flowers in spikes or heads2 petals #e1 united and bearing the #d stamens in the corolla-tube2 ovary #a1 #b-;celled or #d-;celled1 with #a style4 #a;a4 ,plants prostrate or spreading --#b4 #a;b4 ,plants erect 7flowers in summer7 7,vervain7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,leaves serrate2 flowers in short dense spikes 7flowers pale-blue1 summer7 ,fog ,fruit1 ,lippia lanceolata4 #b;b4 ,leaves pinnatifid2 flowers in loose bracted spikes 7flowers light-purple1 summer7 ,vervain1 ,verbena bracteosa4 #c;a4 ,spikes dense1 continuous 7flowers purple or blue1 varying to white7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,spikes slender1 interrupted1 the flowers scattered 7corolla white or pale-blue7 --#f4 #d;a4 ,leaves lanceolate1 manifestly petioled 7#a-b m4 high7 ,vervain1 ,verbena hastata4 #d;b4 ,leaves sessile1 not lanceolate 7#e-h dm4 high7 --#e4 #e;a4 ,leaves narrowly oblanceolate1 tapering at the entire base ,vervain1 ,verbena angustifolia4 #e;b4 ,leaves oblong to obovate1 not tapering at the base ,vervain1 ,verbena stricta4 #f;a4 ,leaves incised1 tapering to a sessile base 7#e-aj dm4 high7 ,vervain1 ,verbena1 officinalis4 #f;b4 ,leaves serrate1 petioled 7#a-b m4 high7 ,vervain1 ,verbena urticaefolia4 ,,solanaceae1 the ,nightshade ,family ,herbs or shrubs1 with alternate leaves and regular or slightly irregular flowers2 sepals #e1 united2 corolla of #e united petals1 bearing the #e stamens attached2 ovary #a1 #b-e 7usually #b7-;celled1 with a slender style4 #a;a4 ,corolla rotate2 anthers close together 7flowers in summer7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,corolla not rotate2 anthers separate --#e4 #b;a4 ,stem and leaves prickly 7#c-h dm4 high7 --#c4 #b;b4 ,stem and leaves not prickly --#d4 #c;a4 ,flowers white or bluish ,horse ,nettle1 ,solanum carolinense4 #c;b4 ,flowers yellow ,buffalo ,bur1 ,solanum rostratum4 #d;a4 ,climbing vine2 leaves frequently lobed 7flowers blue7 ,bittersweet1 ,solanum dulcamara4 #d;b4 ,not climbing2 leaves toothed 7flowers white7 ,nightshade1 ,solanum nigrum4 #e;a4 ,climbing or trailing shrub1 with purplish1 white1 or greenish flowers about #a cm4 wide 7frequently thorny2 flowers in summer7 ,matrimony ,vine1 ,lycium halimifolium4 #e;b4 ,herbaceous plants1 not climbing --#f4 #f;a4 ,flowers white1 red1 or blue1 #b4e cm4 or more wide 7summer7 --#g4 #f;b4 ,flowers yellow1 yellowish-white1 or greenish-yellow 7summer7 --#ab4 #g;a4 ,corolla-tube #aj cm4 long or more 7#e-ab dm4 high7 --#h4 #g;b4 ,corolla-tube #e cm4 long or less --#aj4 #h;a4 ,stem finely pubescent2 leaves entire or nearly so ,thorn-apple1 ,datura metel4 #h;b4 ,stem glabrous2 leaves coarsely toothed 7,jimson ,weed7 --#i4 #i;a4 ,stem green2 corolla white ,jimson ,weed1 ,datura stramonium4 #i;b4 ,stem purple2 corolla light-blue or purple ,jimson ,weed1 ,datura tatula4 #aj;a4 ,corolla pale-blue 7#e-aj dm4 high7 ,apple of ,peru1 ,nicandra physalodes4 #aj;b4 ,corolla1 red or violet 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,petunia1 ,petunia violacea4 #aj;c4 ,corolla white --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,corolla all white 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,petunia1 ,petunia axillaris4 #aa;b4 ,corolla with yellow center ,white ,ground ,cherry1 ,physalis grandiflora4 #ab;a4 ,corolla #cj mm4 wide or more1 somewhat irregular2 stamens declined to one side 7#c-f dm4 high7 ,henbane1 ,hyoscyamus niger4 #ab;b4 ,corolla smaller1 strictly regular --#ac4 #ac;a4 ,flowers in terminal panicles2 corolla tubular1 with slightly spreading lobes 7#e-aj dm4 high7 ,wild ,tobacco1 ,nicotiana rustica4 #ac;b4 ,flowers solitary in the axils2 corolla short1 widely spreading 7#c-h dm4 high7 7,ground ,cherry7 --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,annuals with branching slender roots --#ae4 #ad;b4 ,perennials with thickened roots and rootstocks --#af4 #ae;a4 ,plants pubescent ,ground ,cherry1 ,physalis pubescens4 #ae;b4 ,plants smooth1 or with a few scattered hairs ,ground ,cherry1 ,physalis ixocarpa4 #af;a4 ,stem viscid-pubescent ,ground ,cherry1 ,physalis heterophylla4 #af;b4 ,stem glabrous or slightly pubescent1 not viscid --#ag4 #ag;a4 ,leaves and stem distinctly pubescent ,ground ,cherry1 ,physalis virginiana4 #ag;b4 ,leaves and stem almost glabrous ,ground ,cherry1 ,physalis subglabrata4 ,,scrophulariaceae1 the ,figwort ,family ,herbs with opposite or alternate leaves and usually irregular flowers2 corolla of united petals1 bearing the #b or #d 7or rarely #e7 stamens attached2 petals actually #e1 but sometimes apparently only #b or #d2 a sterile fifth stamen sometimes present2 ovary superior1 #b-;celled4 #a;a4 ,anther-bearing stamens #e 7#f-ae dm4 high2 flowers in summer7 7,mullein7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,anther-bearing stamens #d2 a sterile fifth stamen may or may not be present --#c4 #a;c4 ,anther-bearing stamens #b --#cg4 #b;a4 ,leaves densely white-woolly2 flowers yellow1 in dense spikes ,mullein1 ,verbascum thapsus4 #b;b4 ,leaves smooth or nearly so2 flowers yellow or white1 in loose racemes ,moth ,mullein1 ,verbascum blattaria4 #c;a4 ,flowers 7not the bracts7 greenish-yellow1 yellow1 or orange --#d4 #c;b4 ,flowers blue1 purple1 brown1 red1 pink1 or white1 never yellow --#af4 #d;a4 ,flowers in dense terminal leafy-bracted spikes --#e4 #d;b4 ,flowers in loose racemes or axillary --#i4 #e;a4 ,corolla #g mm4 long or less1 or none --#f4 #e;b4 ,corolla #ab mm4 long or more --#g4 #f;a4 ,leaves alternate 7#c-f dm4 high2 early summer7 ,synthyris1 ,synthyris bullii4 #f;b4 ,leaves opposite 7#a-b dm4 high2 summer7 ,eyebright1 ,euphrasia arctica4 #g;a4 ,stem-leaves entire 7#b-f dm4 high2 summer7 ,painted ,cup1 ,castilleja pallida var4 septentrionalis4 #g;b4 ,stem-leaves palmately lobed1 bracteal leaves scarlet 7#c-f dm4 high2 early summer7 ,painted ,cup1 ,castilleja coccinea4 #g;c4 ,stem-leaves pinnately lobed or incised 7,lousewort7 --#h4 #h;a4 ,flowers in spring 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,lousewort1 ,pedicularis canadensis4 #h;b4 ,flowers in late summer 7#c-h dm4 high7 ,lousewort1 ,pedicularis lanceolata4 #i;a4 ,upper lip of the corolla very different in size and shape from the lower lip --#aj4 #i;b4 ,upper lip of the corolla resembling the lower lip in shape1 and not very different in size 7#e-ab dm4 high2 summer7 7,false ,foxglove7 --#ac4 #aj;a4 ,leaves alternate 7#b-e dm4 high2 summer7 ,butter-and-eggs1 ,linaria vulgaris4 #aj;b4 ,leaves opposite --#aa4 #aa;a4 ,stem erect2 leaves narrowed at the base --#cj;b4 #aa;b4 ,stem creeping or spreading 7summer7 --#ab4 #ab;a4 ,leaves pinnately veined1 ovate ,musk ,flower1 ,mimulus moschatus4 #ab;b4 ,leaves palmately veined1 circular or nearly so ,yellow ,monkey ,flower1 ,mimulus glabratus var4 jamesii4 #ac;a4 ,stem glabrous --#ad4 #ac;b4 ,stem pubescent --#ae4 #ad;a4 ,principal stem-leaves pinnatifid ,false ,foxglove1 ,gerardia virginica4 #ad;b4 ,principal stem-leaves entire ,false ,foxglove1 ,gerardia laevigata4 #ae;a4 ,corolla hairy on the outside ,false ,foxglove1 ,gerardia pedicularia4 #ae;b4 ,corolla smooth on the outside ,false ,foxglove1 ,gerardia flava4 #af;a4 ,leaves all basal2 flowers on leafless stalks 7#a dm4 high or less2 flowers pink or white1 summer7 ,mudwort1 ,limosella aquatica var4 tenuifolia4 #af;b4 ,leaves opposite 7those subtending the flowers may be alternate7 --#bj4 #af;c4 ,leaves alternate or irregularly scattered --#ag4 #ag;a4 ,leaves entire --#ah4 #ag;b4 ,leaves pinnately lobed or incised --#h;a4 #ag;c4 ,leaves palmately veined and lobed2 stem trailing 7flowers blue1 summer7 ,kenilworth ,ivy1 ,linaria cymbalaria4 #ah;a4 ,corolla-tube less than #a cm4 long1 spurred --#ai4 #ah;b4 ,corolla more than #b cm4 long1 not spurred 7#c-h dm4 high2 flowers red-purple1 summer7 ,snapdragon1 ,antirrhinum majus4 #ai;a4 ,stem and foliage pubescent 7#a-c dm4 high2 flowers blue1 summer7 ,small ,snapdragon1 ,linaria minor4 #ai;b4 ,stem and foliage glabrous 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers blue1 summer7 ,toad-flax1 ,linaria canadensis4 #bj;a4 ,leaves with #a or #b lobes near the base 7#c-e dm4 high2 flowers purple1 summer7 ,gerardia1 ,gerardia auriculata4 #bj;b4 ,leaves linear 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers rose-purple1 summer and autumn7 7,gerardia7 --#ba4 #bj;c4 ,leaves lanceolate or broader1 not lobed --#bf4 #ba;a4 ,pedicels equaling or but little longer than the calyx1 and conspicuously shorter than the subtending leaf --#bb4 #ba;b4 ,pedicels much longer than the calyx1 and generally equaling or exceeding the subtending leaf --#bd4 #bb;a4 ,plants of moist ground1 bogs1 and shores --#bc4 #bb;b4 ,plants of dry uplands ,gerardia1 ,gerardia aspera4 #bc;a4 ,corolla about #be mm4 long ,gerardia1 ,gerardia purpurea4 #bc;b4 ,corolla less than #bj mm4 long ,gerardia1 ,gerardia paupercula4 #bd;a4 ,stem rough on the angles --#be4 #bd;b4 ,stem glabrous ,gerardia1 ,gerardia tenuifolia4 #be;a4 ,leaves #b-e mm4 wide ,gerardia1 ,gerardia tenuifolia var4 macrophylla4 #be;b4 ,leaves thread-like1 #a mm4 wide or less ,gerardia1 ,gerardia skinneriana4 #bf;a4 ,corolla #af mm4 long1 or shorter --#bg4 #bf;b4 ,corolla #bj mm4 long1 or longer --#cb4 #bg;a4 ,corolla dull-purple1 brown1 or greenish2 one sterile stamen present 7#a-b4e m4 high2 flowers in summer7 7,figwort7 --#bh4 #bg;b4 ,corolla blue or white 7#a-d dm4 high7 --#bi4 #bh;a4 ,sterile stamen purple ,figwort1 ,scrophularia marilandica4 #bh;b4 ,sterile stamen yellow ,figwort1 ,scrophularia leporella4 #bi;a4 ,flowers nearly or quite sessile 7summer7 --#cj4 #bi;b4 ,flowers on pedicels #aj mm4 long or more 7spring7 --#ca4 #cj;a4 ,foliage-leaves prominently toothed --#f;b4 #cj;b4 ,foliage-leaves entire1 or with #a or #b small teeth at the base ,cow ,wheat1 ,melampyrum lineare4 #ca;a4 ,corolla more than #aj mm4 long1 blue and white ,blue-eyed ,mary1 ,collinsia verna4 #ca;b4 ,corolla #e-h mm4 long1 blue and white ,collinsia1 ,collinsia parviflora4 #cb;a4 ,flowers solitary in the axils of the upper foliage-leaves 7#d-h dm4 high2 flowers blue1 in summer7 7,monkey ,flower7 --#cc4 #cb;b4 ,flowers in dense terminal or subterminal spikes 7#c-i dm4 high2 summer7 --#cd4 #cb;c4 ,flowers in loose terminal panicles 7flowers white or pale-violet7 7,beard-tongue7 --#ce4 #cc;a4 ,leaves clasping at the base ,monkey ,flower1 ,mimulus ringens4 #cc;b4 ,leaves petioled1 not clasping ,monkey ,flower1 ,mimulus alatus4 #cd;a4 ,stem and foliage glabrous 7flowers white7 ,turtlehead1 ,chelone glabra4 #cd;b4 ,stem and foliage pubescent 7flowers purple7 ,blue ,hearts1 ,buchnera americana4 #ce;a4 ,stem finely pubescent 7#c-f dm4 high2 flowers pale-violet1 late spring7 ,beard-tongue1 ,pentstemon hirsutus4 #ce;b4 ,stem glabrous below the inflorescence 7#f-ab dm4 high7 --#cf4 #cf;a4 ,corolla-tube gradually enlarged from base to tip 7flowers pale-violet1 in early summer7 ,beard-tongue1 ,pentstemon laevigatus4 #cf;b4 ,corolla-tube abruptly enlarged just beyond the calyx 7flowers white1 early summer7 ,beard-tongue1 ,pentstemon laevigatus var4 digitalis4 #cg;a4 ,corolla distinctly irregular1 #b-lipped 7#a-d dm4 high2 flowers yellowish or white1 summer7 --#ch4 #cg;b4 ,corolla regular or nearly so and #b-lobed1 or none --#f;a4 #cg;c4 ,corolla regular or nearly so1 #d-lobed --#dj4 #ch;a4 ,leaves narrowed at the base1 with mid-vein ,hedge ,hyssop1 ,gratiola virginiana4 #ch;b4 ,leaves rounded or somewhat clasping at the base1 with #c-e principal veins 7,false ,pimpernel7 --#ci4 #ci;a4 ,peduncles longer than the subtending leaves ,false ,pimpernel1 ,ilysanthes anagallidea4 #ci;b4 ,peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves ,false ,pimpernel1 ,ilysanthes dubia4 #dj;a4 ,leaves whorled 7#h-bj dm4 high2 flowers white or pale-blue1 in spikes1 summer7 ,culver's ,root1 ,veronica virginica4 #dj;b4 ,leaves alternate or opposite 7,speedwell7 --#da4 #da;a4 ,flowers in racemes1 which arise from the axils of the opposite leaves 7flowers pale-blue to nearly white1 late spring and summer7 --#db4 #da;b4 ,flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts1 or in terminal bracted racemes 7#a-d dm4 high2 spring and summer7 --#df4 #db;a4 ,stem and foliage glabrous2 swamp plants #b-g dm4 high --#dc4 #db;b4 ,stem and foliage pubescent2 plants of dry ground1 #a-c dm4 high --#de4 #dc;a4 ,leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate ,marsh ,speedwell1 ,veronica scutellata4 #dc;b4 ,leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate --#dd4 #dd;a4 ,stem-leaves sessile and somewhat clasping ,water ,speedwell1 ,veronica anagallis-aquatica4 #dd;b4 ,stem-leaves on short petioles ,brooklime1 ,veronica americana4 #de;a4 ,leaves narrowed at base into a petiole ,speedwell1 ,veronica officinalis4 #de;b4 ,leaves rounded or heart-shape at the base ,speedwell1 ,veronica chamaedrys4 #df;a4 ,bracteal leaves entire2 stem glabrous or minutely pubescent --#dg4 #df;b4 ,all leaves serrate2 foliage pubescent 7flowers blue7 --#dh4 #dg;a4 ,flowers white1 about #b mm4 wide ,speedwell1 ,veronica peregrina4 #dg;b4 ,flowers pale-blue with darker stripes1 #c-d mm4 wide ,speedwell1 ,veronica serpyllifolia4 #dh;a4 ,flowers nearly sessile1 about #b mm4 wide ,speedwell1 ,veronica arvensis4 #dh;b4 ,flowers on slender pedicels1 #e-h mm4 wide ,speedwell1 ,veronica tournefortii4 ,,lentibulariaceae1 the ,bladderwort ,family ,small herbs1 growing on rocks1 in mud1 or in water2 calyx and corolla both #b-lipped2 stamens #b1 attached to the corolla2 ovary #a-;celled4 #a;a4 ,corolla purple --#b4 #a;b4 ,corolla yellow 7flowers in summer7 7,bladderwort7 --#d4 #b;a4 ,leaves oval to elliptical1 entire 7about #a dm4 high1 on rocks2 flowers in summer7 ,butterwort1 ,pinguicula vulgaris4 #b;b4 ,leaves dissected or none1 submerged 7flowers in summer7 7,bladderwort7 --#c4 #c;a4 ,flower-stalk with a single bract near the middle ,bladderwort1 ,utricularia resupinata4 #c;b4 ,flower-stalk without bracts1 except at the base of the pedicels ,bladderwort1 ,utricularia purpurea4 #d;a4 ,stem and numerous dissected leaves floating in water ,bladderwort1 ,utricularia vulgaris var4 americana4 #d;b4 ,stem and minute leaves creeping on the bottom of ponds or in mud1 while the flowers are borne on erect stalks1 easily detached from the delicate stems --#e4 #e;a4 ,upper lip of corolla conspicuous1 as long or nearly as long as the lower lip2 lower lip with a prominent raised palate --#f4 #e;b4 ,upper lip of corolla half as long as the lower lip1 or less --#g4 #f;a4 ,spur of corolla very short and blunt ,bladderwort1 ,utricularia gibba4 #f;b4 ,spur of corolla very long and slender ,bladderwort1 ,utricularia cornuta4 #g;a4 ,spur of corolla very short and blunt1 or almost none ,bladderwort1 ,utricularia minor4 #g;b4 ,spur of corolla long and slender ,bladderwort1 ,utricularia intermedia4 ,,orobanchaceae1 the ,broom-rape ,family ,parasitic plants without green color and with scales in place of leaves2 corolla #b-lipped1 of united petals2 stamens #d1 attached to the corolla4 #a;a4 ,flowers in a widely branching panicle1 numerous2 growing under beech trees 7#a-e dm4 high2 flowers white and purple1 late summer7 ,beech ,drops1 ,epifagus virginiana4 #a;b4 ,flowers sessile in a dense bracted spike 7#a-b dm4 high2 flowers pale-yellow1 early summer7 ,squaw-root1 ,conopholis americana4 #a;c4 ,flowers #a-ae1 each on a long erect naked peduncle 7#a-b dm4 high2 flowers yellowish or pale-violet1 spring and summer7 7,cancer-root7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,stem erect and scaly1 #e-aj cm4 high ,cancer-root1 ,orobanche fasciculata4 #b;b4 ,stem very short1 almost below the surface of the ground1 with long erect peduncles ,cancer-root1 ,orobanche uniflora4 ,,acanthaceae1 the ,acanthus ,family ,herbs with opposite simple leaves2 corolla of united petals1 #b-lipped or almost regular2 stamens #b or #d1 attached to the corolla2 ovary #b-;celled4 #a;a4 ,corolla about #aj mm4 long2 flowers in dense heads 7#d-aj dm4 high2 flowers blue or white1 summer7 ,water ,willow1 ,dianthera americana4 #a;b4 ,corolla about #cj mm4 long2 flowers axillary 7#c-h dm4 high2 flowers blue1 in summer7 7,ruellia7 --#b4 #b;a4 ,foliage glabrous or slightly pubescent ,ruellia1 ,ruellia strepens4 #b;b4 ,foliage densely hirsute ,ruellia1 ,ruellia ciliosa4 ,,phrymaceae1 the ,lopseed ,family ,herb with opposite leaves and irregular flowers in long slender spikes2 petals united1 corolla #b-lipped2 stamens #d1 attached to the corolla2 ovary #a-;celled4 ,one species only1 #e-aj dm4 high2 flowers purple1 in summer ,lopseed1 ,phryma leptostachya4 ,,plantaginaceae1 the ,plantain ,family ,herbs with basal leaves and small white flowers in spikes2 sepals #d2 petals #d1 united2 stamens #d2 ovary #b-;celled4 #a;a4 ,leaves linear 7#a-d dm4 high2 summer7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves broader1 lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate 7summer7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,spikes mixed with bracts several times longer than the flowers ,buckhorn1 ,plantago aristata4 #b;b4 ,bracts about as long as the flowers ,plantain1 ,plantago purshii4 #c;a4 ,leaves cordate1 pinnately veined2 plant of wet ground and marshes 7#d-h dm4 tall7 ,plantain1 ,plantago cordata4 #c;b4 ,leaves with #c to many longitudinal ribs or veins --#d4 #d;a4 ,leaves densely pubescent with grayish hairs --#e4 #d;b4 ,leaves smooth or slightly pubescent --#f4 #e;a4 ,flower-stalks #c-f dm4 high ,plantain1 ,plantago media4 #e;b4 ,flower-stalks less than #c dm4 high ,plantain1 ,plantago virginica4 #f;a4 ,flower-stalks #c-f dm4 high2 spikes not over #aj cm4 long ,english ,plantain1 ,plantago lanceolata4 #f;b4 ,scapes #a-d dm4 high2 spikes long and slender1 usually equaling or longer than the peduncle2 dooryard plantains --#g4 #g;a4 ,leaves green at the base ,plantain1 ,plantago major4 #g;b4 ,leaves reddish at the base ,plantain1 ,plantago rugelii4 ,,rubiaceae1 the ,madder family ,herbs or shrubs1 with opposite or whorled leaves and regular flowers2 sepals #d1 or minute or almost wanting2 petals #d1 united2 stamens #d2 ovary inferior4 #a;a4 ,shrub 7#a-c m4 tall2 flowers white1 in spherical heads1 summer7 ,button ,bush1 ,cephalanthus occidentalis4 #a;b4 ,herbaceous --#b4 #b;a4 ,leaves opposite --#c4 #b;b4 ,leaves whorled2 flowers white1 green1 or purple 7,bedstraw7 --#f4 #b;c4 ,leaves whorled2 flowers yellow ,bedstraw1 ,galium verum4 #c;a4 ,leaves about as long as wide 7trailing2 flowers paired1 white1 in spring7 ,partridge ,berry1 ,mitchella repens4 #c;b4 ,leaves at least twice as long as wide --#d4 #d;a4 ,corolla salver-form1 about #a cm4 wide2 peduncles #a-;flowered 7about #a dm4 high2 flowers blue or white1 in spring7 ,bluets1 ,houstonia coerulea4 #d;b4 ,corolla funnel-form1 about #e mm4 wide2 flowers in clusters 7#a-b dm4 high2 flowers white or pale-purple1 summer7 7,houstonia7 --#e4 #e;a4 ,basal leaves strongly ciliate ,houstonia1 ,houstonia ciliolata4 #e;b4 ,basal leaves smooth ,houstonia1 ,houstonia longifolia4 #f;a4 ,leaves in whorls of #d-g4 #f;b4 ,leaves in whorls of #f-h --#af4 #g;a4 ,ovary and fruit hispid with hooked bristles 7#c-g dm4 high2 summer7 --#h4 #g;b4 ,ovary and fruit not bristly 7early summer7 --#aa4 #h;a4 ,leaves with #a principal vein 7flowers dull purple7 ,bedstraw1 ,galium pilosum4 #h;b4 ,leaves with #c principal veins --#i4 #i;a4 ,flowers bright-white ,bedstraw1 ,galium boreale4 #i;b4 ,flowers greenish1 yellowish1 or purplish --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,leaves acuminate ,bedstraw1 ,galium lanceolatum4 #aj;b4 ,leaves acute or obtuse ,bedstraw1 ,galium circaezans4 #aa;a4 ,corolla-lobes #c 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers white or greenish7 --#ab4 #aa;b4 ,corolla-lobes #d --#ac4 #ab;a4 ,flowers in clusters of #b or #c ,bedstraw1 ,galium claytoni4 #ab;b4 ,flowers solitary in the axils1 on long hair-like pedicels ,bedstraw1 ,galium trifidum4 #ac;a4 ,corolla brownish or purple 7#c-f dm4 high7 ,bedstraw1 ,galium latifolium4 #ac;b4 ,corolla white 7#a-d dm4 high7 --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,flowers rather numerous in small cymes ,bedstraw1 ,galium palustre4 #ad;b4 ,flowers in clusters of #b or #c1 or solitary --#ae4 #ae;a4 ,principal leaves spreading or ascending ,bedstraw1 ,galium tinctorium4 #ae;b4 ,principal leaves recurved or reflexed ,bedstraw1 ,galium labradoricum4 #af;a4 ,ovary and fruit bristly or hispid --#ag4 #af;b4 ,ovary and fruit not bristly 7summer7 --#ah4 #ag;a4 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear1 mostly #f-h in a whorl 7stem #e-ae dm4 long2 flowers white2 spring and summer7 ,bedstraw1 ,galium aparine4 #ag;b4 ,leaves narrowly oval or elliptical1 mostly in whorls of #f2 flowers in clusters of #c 7#a-e dm4 high2 flowers greenish1 summer7 ,bedstraw1 ,galium triflorum4 #ah;a4 ,leaves cuspidate or mucronate at the apex 7flowers white7 --#ai4 #ah;b4 ,leaves obtuse at the apex 7flowers white or greenish2 #b-f dm4 high7 --#bj4 #ai;a4 ,flowers very numerous in terminal panicles 7stem #c-h dm4 long7 ,bedstraw1 ,galium mollugo4 #ai;b4 ,flowers in axillary clusters 7#a-c dm4 high7 ,bedstraw1 ,galium tricorne4 #ai;c4 ,flowers few1 in small loose terminal cymes --#bj4 #bj;a4 ,stem smooth or nearly so 7#b-d dm4 high7 ,bedstraw1 ,galium concinnum4 #bj;b4 ,stem hispid with reflexed bristles 7#e-ae dm4 long7 ,bedstraw1 ,galium asprellum4 ,,caprifoliaceae1 the ,honeysuckle ,family ,shrubs or herbs1 with opposite leaves2 corolla regular or irregular1 petals #d or #e1 united2 stamens #d or #e2 ovary inferior1 #a-e-;celled4 #a;a4 ,leaves compound 7shrubs #a-d m4 high2 flowers white1 in large clusters in early summer7 7,elder7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,leaves simple --#c4 #b;a4 ,pith of the twigs white2 inflorescence flattened or convex ,elder1 ,sambucus canadensis4 #b;b4 ,pith of the twigs brown2 inflorescence pyramidal ,elder1 ,sambucus racemosa4 #c;a4 ,plant trailing2 flowers nodding1 in pairs 7#a dm4 high2 flowers pink1 summer7 ,twin ,flower1 ,linnaea borealis var4 americana4 #c;b4 ,erect herbs 7#f-ab dm4 high2 flowers dull-red1 axillary1 early summer7 7,feverwort7 --#d4 #c;c4 ,shrubs1 small trees1 or woody vines --#e4 #d;a4 ,leaf-bases broadly connate and #b-e cm4 wide ,feverwort1 ,triosteum perfoliatum4 #d;b4 ,leaf-bases narrowly connate1 not over #a cm4 wide ,feverwort1 ,triosteum aurantiacum4 #e;a4 ,climbing vines 7spring and early summer7 7,honeysuckle7 --#f4 #e;b4 ,erect or spreading shrubs or small trees --#aa4 #f;a4 ,flowers in #b-;flowered axillary clusters 7flowers white or pink7 ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera japonica4 #f;b4 ,flowers in terminal clusters --#g4 #g;a4 ,leaves distinctly pubescent beneath 7flowers yellow7 --#h4 #g;b4 ,leaves glabrous beneath1 or very minutely puberulent --#i4 #h;a4 ,leaves pubescent above ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera hirsuta4 #h;b4 ,leaves glabrous above ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera glaucescens4 #i;a4 ,corolla purple on the outside1 glabrous within ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera caprifolium4 #i;b4 ,corolla yellow on the outside 7or slightly tinged with purple71 pubescent within --#aj4 #aj;a4 ,corolla-tube #f-h mm4 long ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera dioica4 #aj;b4 ,corolla-tube #aa-ad mm4 long ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera sullivantii4 #aa;a4 ,corolla tubular at base2 style long and slender --#ab4 #aa;b4 ,corolla rotate or somewhat bell-shape1 style very short 7flowers white1 late spring or early summer7 --#bb4 #ab;a4 ,flowers yellow or yellowish 7spring and early summer7 --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,flowers white1 pink1 or red --#ah4 #ac;a4 ,leaves serrate 7#e-aj dm4 tall7 ,bush ,honeysuckle1 ,diervilla lonicera4 #ac;b4 ,leaves entire2 flowers in pairs 7,honeysuckle7 --#ad4 #ad;a4 ,each pair of flowers subtended by #b broad leaf-like bracts 7#a-c m4 high7 ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera involucrata4 #ad;b4 ,bracts at the base of each pair of flowers linear or narrowly lanceolate --#ae4 #ae;a4 ,native species of woods and bogs --#af4 #ae;b4 ,introduced species1 growing mostly near dwellings2 leaves very pubescent beneath ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera xylosteum4 #af;a4 ,peduncles #ae mm4 long or more 7#a-d m4 high7 --#ag4 #af;b4 ,peduncles about #e mm4 long 7#a m4 high1 or less7 ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera coerulea var4 villosa4 #ag;a4 ,leaves ciliate ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera canadensis4 #ag;b4 ,leaves not ciliate ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera oblongifolia4 #ah;a4 ,corolla irregular1 over #a cm4 long 7#a-d m4 high2 spring7 ,honeysuckle1 ,lonicera tatarica4 #ah;b4 ,corolla regular1 less than #a cm4 long 7#e-ae dm4 high2 flowers white or pink1 in axillary clusters1 early summer7 --#ai4 #ai;a4 ,flowers in axillary spikes ,wolfberry1 ,symphoricarpos occidentalis4 #ai;b4 ,flowers almost sessile in the axils --#bj4 #bj;a4 ,flowers numerous in each axil ,indian ,currant1 ,symphoricarpos orbiculatus4 #bj;b4 ,flowers #a or #b in each axil 7,snowberry7 --#ba4 #ba;a4 ,leaves green beneath ,snowberry1 ,symphoricarpos racemosus4 #ba;b4 ,leaves whitened beneath ,snowberry1 ,symphoricarpos racemosus var4 pauciflorus4 #bb;a4 ,leaves palmately lobed --#bc4 #bb;b4 ,leaves not lobed --#be4 #bc;a4 ,outermost flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect 7#a-d m4 high7 ,cranberry ,tree1 ,viburnum opulus var4 americanum4 #bc;b4 ,all flowers of the cluster alike --#bd4 #bd;a4 ,flower-clusters #d-aj cm4 broad 7#a-b m4 high7 ,arrow ,wood1 ,viburnum acerifolium4 #bd;b4 ,flower-clusters #b-c cm4 broad ,squashberry1 ,viburnum pauciflorum4 #be;a4 ,outer flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect 7#a-c m4 high7 ,hobble-bush1 ,viburnum alnifolium4 #be;b4 ,all flowers of the cluster alike --#bf4 #bf;a4 ,leaves finely serrate2 the veins not prominent --#bg4 #bf;b4 ,leaves coarsely serrate1 all or most of the teeth terminating in a prominent vein --#bi4 #bg;a4 ,peduncle of the flower-cluster1 below its branches1 at least #b cm4 long 7#a-c m4 high7 ,withe-rod1 ,viburnum cassinoides4 #bg;b4 ,peduncle of the cluster #a cm4 long1 or even shorter 7#c-h m4 high7 --#bh4 #bh;a4 ,leaves distinctly acuminate ,sheep-berry1 ,viburnum lentago4 #bh;b4 ,leaves obtuse or barely acute ,black ,haw1 ,viburnum prunifolium4 #bi;a4 ,leaves densely pubescent beneath 7#f-ae dm4 high7 ,arrow-wood1 ,viburnum pubescens4 #bi;b4 ,leaves glabrous beneath1 or with tufts of hairs in the forks of the veins 7#a-d m4 high7 ,arrow-wood1 ,viburnum dentatum4 ,,valerianaceae1 the ,valerian ,family ,herbs with opposite leaves and small nearly or quite regular flowers2 petals #e1 united2 stamens #c2 sepals minute or wanting2 ovary inferior4 #a;a4 ,stem-leaves pinnately cleft 7#c-aj dm4 high2 flowers white or pinkish1 summer7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,stem-leaves entire or dentate 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers white1 summer7 7,corn ,salad7 --#c4 #b;a4 ,leaf-segments parallel-veined ,valerian1 ,valeriana edulis4 #b;b4 ,leaf-segments net-veined ,swamp ,valerian1 ,valeriana uliginosa4 #c;a4 ,upper stem-leaves entire ,corn ,salad1 ,valerianella chenopodifolia4 #c;b4 ,upper stem-leaves dentate ,corn ,salad1 ,valerianella radiata4 ,,dipsacaceae1 the ,teasel ,family ,herbs with opposite leaves1 and small pale blue flowers aggregated in dense heads2 calyx minute2 petals #d1 united2 stamens #d1 attached to the corolla2 ovary inferior4 ,one species in ,michigan1 #a-b m4 high1 with prickly leaves and stem1 blooming in summer ,teasel1 ,dipsacus sylvestris4 ,,cucurbitaceae1 the ,gourd ,family ,herbs1 climbing by tendrils1 with alternate palmately lobed leaves and imperfect flowers2 staminate flowers in showy clusters1 with #e-f petals and #c stamens2 pistillate flowers small4 #a;a4 ,leaves #e-;angled or shallowy #e-lobed 7flowers white1 summer7 ,bur ,cucumber1 ,sicyos angulatus4 #a;b4 ,leaves #e-lobed to about the middle 7commonly cultivated and frequently wild2 flowers white1 summer7 ,wild ,cucumber1 ,echinocystis lobata4 ,,campanulaceae1 the ,bellflower ,family ,herbs with alternate simple leaves and milky juice2 sepals #e2 petals #e1 united2 stamens #e1 attached at the very base of the corolla2 ovary inferior4 #a;a4 ,stem-leaves circular or nearly so1 cordate-clasping at base 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers blue1 axillary1 in summer7 ,venus' ,looking-,glass1 ,specularia perfoliata4 #a;b4 ,stem-leaves linear or nearly so1 not over #a cm4 wide 7summer7 --#b4 #a;c4 ,stem-leaves ovate to lanceolate1 #b cm4 wide or more 7flowers blue1 in a terminal spike or raceme1 summer7 7,bellflower7 --#d4 #b;a4 ,stem and leaves glabrous 7or rarely pubescent7 7#a-f dm4 high2 flowers blue7 ,harebell1 ,campanula rotundifolia4 #b;b4 ,stem and leaves rough with reflexed bristles 7marsh plants1 with weak slender stems #c-aj dm4 long2 flowers white or pale-blue7 7,marsh ,bellflower7 --#c4 #c;a4 ,corolla #e-h mm4 long ,marsh ,bellflower1 ,campanula aparinoides4 #c;b4 ,corolla #aj-ab mm4 long ,marsh ,bellflower1 ,campanula uliginosa4 #d;a4 ,corolla rotate2 flowers in spikes 7#f-ae dm4 high7 ,bellflower1 ,campanula americana4 #d;b4 ,corolla bell-shape2 flowers in one-sided racemes 7#d-aj dm4 high7 ,bellflower1 ,campanula rapunculoides4 ,,lobeliaceae1 the ,lobelia ,family ,herbs with alternate simple leaves and milky juice2 flowers irregular2 petals #e1 united2 corolla split down the upper side2 stamens #e1 united by their anthers into a ring or tube surrounding the style2 ovary #b-;celled1 inferior4 ,flowers in summer and autumn4 #a;a4 ,leaves all basal1 tubular2 flowers on leafless stalks 7aquatic1 #a-d dm4 high2 flowers blue7 ,water ,lobelia1 ,lobelia dortmanna4 #a;b4 ,leaves normal1 on the stem --#b4 #b;a4 ,flowers more than #b cm4 long 7#e-aj dm4 high7 --#c4 #b;b4 ,flowers about #a cm4 long1 or shorter 7flowers light blue7 --#d4 #c;a4 ,flowers scarlet ,cardinal ,flower1 ,lobelia cardinalis4 #c;b4 ,flowers blue ,great ,lobelia1 ,lobelia siphilitica4 #d;a4 ,flowers in loose racemes1 pedicelled --#e4 #d;b4 ,flowers in slender terminal spike-like racemes1 nearly sessile 7#d-aj dm4 high1 usually unbranched7 ,lobelia1 ,lobelia spicata4 #e;a4 ,foliage pubescent 7#c-h dm4 high7 ,indian ,tobacco1 ,lobelia inflata4 #e;b4 ,foliage glabrous 7#a-d dm4 high7 ,lobelia1 ,lobelia kalmii4 ,,compositae1 the ,composite ,family ,herbs1 with various types of foliage1 but with flowers of characteristic structure1 resembling a sunflower1 a thistle1 or a dandelion4 ,each apparent flower is a head of numerous small flowers1 attached side by side to the expanded end of the stem1 and subtended and partly enclosed by a series of bracts1 called the involucre1 which resembles a calyx4 ,the calyx of the individual flower is minute or actually wanting1 and is usually modified to aid in seed dispersal4 ,it appears at the base of the corolla1 at the summit of the inferior ovary1 and is known as pappus4 ,the structure of the pappus is best observed in the ripe fruit4 ,the corolla of the individual flowers consists of #e 7or rarely #d7 united petals4 ,in some flowers the petals are united to form a tubular or bell-shape corolla4 ,in others they are united to form a flat or strap-shape corolla4 ,the stamens are attached to the corolla1 and are united by their anthers into a tube which surrounds the style1 and above which the #b-lobed stigma protrudes4 ,the apparent flower of a ,composite1 composed of several or many individual flowers1 is termed a head4 ,it may be composed entirely of tubular flowers1 as the thistle or bone-set2 or entirely of strap-shape flowers1 as the dandelion2 or of both sorts together1 as the aster or sunflower4 ,in the latter case1 the tubular flowers invariably occupy the center of the head1 called the disk1 and the larger strap-shape flowers are at the margin1 where their projecting corollas1 called rays1 may be very conspicuous4 ,such heads are called radiate4 ,in a few composites 7see #a;a below7 the flowers have minute corollas without colored parts4 ,in identifying a composite1 determine first whether the heads are composed of tubular flowers1 of strap-shape flowers1 or of both sorts together2 and1 secondly1 observe the nature of the pappus1 using preferably the ripe heads1 or at least the oldest flower-heads available4 ,no further difficulties will be encountered4 #a;a4 ,flowers without petal-like or brightly colored parts2 staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads 7or rarely in the same heads72 coarse weeds with inconspicuous flowers 7summer and autumn7 --#b4 #a;b4 ,flowers with some petal-like parts1 usually brightly colored or white --#aj4 #b;a4 ,leaves toothed or lobed --#c4 #b;b4 ,leaves deeply pinnatifid or dissected 7#d-ae dm4 high2 flowers in erect spikes7 7,ragweed7 --#g4 #c;a4 ,fruit or pistillate flowers thickly covered with sharp hooked spines 7#c-aj dm4 high7 7,cocklebur7 --#d4 #c;b4 ,fruit not spiny --#h4 #d;a4 ,with spines on the stem at the base of the leaves ,cocklebur1 ,xanthium spinosum4 #d;b4 ,without any spines on the stem --#e4 #e;a4 ,body of the bur smooth or slightly hairy ,cocklebur1 ,xanthium canadense4 #e;b4 ,body of the bur and the spines densely pubescent --#f4 #f;a4 ,body of the bur more than twice as long as thick2 a common weed ,cocklebur1 ,xanthium commune4 #f;b4 ,body of the bur less than twice as long as thick ,cocklebur1 ,xanthium echinatum4 #g;a4 ,leaves twice-pinnatifid ,ragweed1 ,ambrosia artemisiifolia4 #g;b4 ,leaves once-pinnatifid ,ragweed1 ,ambrosia psilostachya4 #h;a4 ,leaves deeply #c-lobed 7#a-e m4 high7 ,giant ,ragweed1 ,ambrosia trifida4 #h;b4 ,leaves serrate or obscurely lobed --#i4 #i;a4 ,stem simple or sparingly branched2 pistillate heads in the axils of the upper leaves 7#a-c m4 high7 ,giant ,ragweed1 ,ambrosia trifida var4 integrifolia4 #i;b4 ,stem much branched2 heads all alike1 in panicles ,marsh ,elder1 ,iva xanthifolia4 #aj;a4 ,flowers all strap-shape2 juicy milky4 7,the central flowers must be examined carefully1 since they are frequently much smaller than the marginal ones7 --#aa4 #aj;b4 ,flowers all tubular1 with regular4 #d-e-lobed corollas --#de4 #aj;c4 ,flowers both tubular and strap-shape2 heads radiate 7in a few species the rays are small and may be overlooked by mistake7 --#ajh4 #aa;a4 ,flowers blue 7summer and autumn7 --#ab4 #aa;b4 ,flowers orange1 yellow1 white1 or purplish --#ae4 #ab;a4 ,heads #b4e cm4 wide1 or larger --#ac4 #ab;b4 ,heads #a4e cm4 wide1 or smaller --#ad4 #ac;a4 ,leaves linear2 bracts longer than the flowers1 heads #e-aj cm4 wide 7#f-ae dm4 high7 ,salsify1 ,tragopogon porrifolius4 #ac;b4 ,leaves broader1 mostly serrate2 bracts shorter than the flowers2 heads #b4e-d cm4 wide ,chicory1 ,cichorium intybus4 #ad;a4 ,heads in a narrow crowded cluster 7#e-ae dm4 high7 --#cj;b4 #ad;b4 ,heads in a spreading open panicle 7,wild ,lettuce7 --#bb4 #ae;a4 ,heads solitary at the summit of leafless stalks --#af4 #ae;b4 ,heads several1 on leafy1 naked1 or scaly stalks --#ai4 #af;a4 ,basal leaves strictly entire2 heads about #b4e cm4 wide 7summer and autumn7 --#ce;a4 #af;b4 ,basal leaves toothed1 lobed1 or pinnatifid 7spring and summer7 --#ag4 #ag;a4 ,heads #h-ad mm4 wide 7#a-d dm4 high7 ,dwarf ,dandelion1 ,krigia virginica4 #ag;b4 ,heads #be-ej mm4 wide 7#a-f dm4 high7 7,dandelion7 --#ah4 #ah;a4 ,outer involucral bracts reflexed ,dandelion1 ,taraxacum officinale4 #ah;b4 ,outer involucral bracts erect or spreading ,dandelion1 ,taraxacum erythrospermum4 #ai;a4 ,pappus none2 heads about #a cm4 wide 7#d-aj dm4 high2 summer7 ,nipplewort1 ,lapsana communis4 #ai;b4 ,pappus of an inner row of bristles and an outer row of short scales2 heads about #c cm4 wide 7#c-h dm4 high2 early summer7 ,cynthia1 ,krigia amplexicaulis4 #ai;c4 ,pappus of feathery bristles 7summer7 --#bj4 #ai;d4 ,pappus of simple bristles --#be4 #bj;a4 ,flower-stalk scaly1 without foliage leaves 7#b-f dm4 high7 ,fall ,dandelion1 ,leontodon autumnalis4 #bj;b4 ,stem leafy 7#c-aj dm4 high7 --#ba4 #ba;a4 ,leaves entire1 linear-lanceolate ,meadow ,salsify1 ,tragopogon pratensis4 #ba;b4 ,leaves serrate1 oblong-lanceolate ,picris1 ,picris hieracioides4 #bb;a4 ,pappus tawny in color 7#a-c m4 high7 --#bc4 #bb;b4 ,pappus white --#bd4 #bc;a4 ,leaves pinnatifid ,wild ,lettuce1 ,lactuca spicata4 #bc;b4 ,leaves undivided1 dentate ,wild ,lettuce1 ,lactuca spicata var4 integrifolia4 #bd;a4 ,upper leaves entire2 heads about #a4e cm4 wide 7#e-aj dm4 high7 ,wild ,lettuce1 ,lactuca pulchella4 #bd;b4 ,upper leaves dentate or lobed2 heads about #a cm4 wide 7#a-c m4 high7 ,wild ,lettuce1 ,lactuca floridana4 #be;a4 ,achene tipped with a slender beak1 bearing the pappus at its summit 7summer7 7,wild ,lettuce7 --#bf4 #be;b4 ,achene without a beak --#bi4 #bf;a4 ,leaves hirsute or hispid on the mid-veins beneath --#bg4 #bf;b4 ,leaves glabrous --#bh4 #bg;a4 ,leaves pubescent on both sides 7#a-b m4 high7 ,wild ,lettuce1 ,lactuca hirsuta4 #bg;b4 ,leaves glabrous1 except on the mid-vein 7#e-ae dm4 high7 ,wild ,lettuce1 ,lactuca scariola var4 integrata4 #bh;a4 ,leaves entire or sparsely toothed 7#a-b m4 high7 ,wild ,lettuce1 ,lactuca sagittifolia4 #bh;b4 ,leaves chiefly sinuate-pinnatifid 7#a-c m4 high7 ,wild ,lettuce1 ,lactuca canadensis4 #bi;a4 ,flowers white1 cream-color1 or purplish 7summer and autumn7 7,rattlesnake ,root7 --#cj4 #bi;b4 ,flowers bright-yellow or orange --#cc4 #cj;a4 ,heads nodding 7#f-bj dm4 high7 --#ca4 #cj;b4 ,heads pointing in various directions1 in spike-like panicles2 involucres pubescent 7#e-ae dm4 high7 ,rattlesnake ,root1 ,prenanthes racemosus4 #ca;a4 ,heads with #e-g flowers in each ,rattlesnake ,root1 ,prenanthes altissima4 #ca;b4 ,heads with #h-ab flowers --#cb4 #ca;c4 ,heads with #bj or more flowers ,rattlesnake ,root1 ,prenanthes crepidinea4 #cb;a4 ,pappus dark reddish-brown ,rattlesnake ,root1 ,prenanthes alba4 #cb;b4 ,pappus pale-brown or nearly white ,rattlesnake ,root1 ,prenanthes trifoliata4 #cc;a4 ,pappus tawny or brown in color 7summer and autumn7 7,hawkweed7 --#cd4 #cc;b4 ,pappus white --#db4 #cd;a4 ,heads #b4e cm4 in diameter1 or larger --#ce4 #cd;b4 ,heads #a-b cm4 in diameter 7#d-aj dm4 high7 --#cg4 #ce;a4 ,leaves all basal 7#a-d dm4 high7 ,hawkweed1 ,hieracium pilosella4 #ce;b4 ,stem-leaves present 7#d-ae dm4 high7 --#cf4 #cf;a4 ,leaves rounded at the sessile base ,hawkweed1 ,hieracium canadense4 #cf;b4 ,leaves narrowed toward the base ,hawkweed1 ,hieracium umbellatum4 #cg;a4 ,a rosette of basal leaves conspicuous at flowering time --#ch4 #cg;b4 ,no rosette of basal leaves at time of flowering --#da4 #ch;a4 ,leaves glabrous on the upper side --#ci4 #ch;b4 ,leaves hairy on the upper side --#dj4 #ci;a4 ,stem glabrous1 leafless or with one or two leaves ,hawkweed1 ,hieracium venosum4 #ci;b4 ,stem with several leaves1 hairy below ,hawkweed1 ,hieracium marianum4 #dj;a4 ,leaves with short scattered hairs above ,hawkweed1 ,hieracium gronovii4 #dj;b4 ,leaves and stem densely covered with very long hairs ,hawkweed1 ,hieracium longipilum4 #da;a4 ,leaves glabrous ,hawkweed1 ,hieracium paniculatum4 #da;b4 ,leaves very hairy ,hawkweed1 ,hieracium scabrum4 #db;a4 ,bracts of the involucre smooth 7#e-bj dm4 tall2 summer and autumn7 7,sow ,thistle7 --#dc4 #db;b4 ,bracts of the involucre hairy --#dd4 #dc;a4 ,the clasping leaf-bases acute ,sow ,thistle1 ,sonchus oleraceus4 #dc;b4 ,the clasping leaf-bases rounded ,sow ,thistle1 ,sonchus asper4 #dd;a4 ,heads #b4e-e cm4 broad2 involucre #b cm4 long 7#d-aj dm4 high7 ,sow ,thistle1 ,sonchus arvensis4 #dd;b4 ,heads #a-b cm4 broad2 involucre #f-aj mm4 long 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 ,hawksbeard1 ,crepis tectorum4 #de;a4 ,leaves or involucre or both spiny 7thistles1 burdock1 etc47 --#df4 #de;b4 ,neither leaves nor involucre spiny --#fj4 #df;a4 ,leaves #a-d dm4 broad1 not spiny 7flowers purple or white2 summer7 7,burdock7 --#dg4 #df;b4 ,leaves narrower1 not spiny --#dh4 #dg;a4 ,diameter of involucre at flowering time #c-e cm4 7#a-c m4 high7 ,burdock1 ,arctium lappa4 #dg;b4 ,diameter of involucre at flowering time #a4e-c cm4 7#e-ae dm4 high7 ,burdock1 ,arctium minus4 #dh;a4 ,each head #a-;flowered2 heads aggregated in a globular head-like cluster 7#a-b m4 high2 flowers blue or white1 summer7 ,globe ,thistle1 ,echinops sphaerocephalus4 #dh;b4 ,each head many-flowered --#di4 #di;a4 ,principal involucral bracts with stout spreading spines #b-d cm4 long 7#e-ae dm4 high2 flowers purple1 summer7 ,milk ,thistle1 ,silybum marianum4 #di;b4 ,principal involucral bracts with slender spines or none --#ej4 #ej;a4 ,pappus feathery2 receptacle bristly 7summer and autumn7 7,thistle7 --#ea4 #ej;b4 ,pappus not feathery 7flowers purple1 summer7 --#ei4 #ea;a4 ,heads subtended by a circle of large leafy bracts 7#e-ae dm4 high2 flowers pale-yellow7 ,thistle1 ,cisium spinoissimum4 #ea;b4 ,heads not subtended by several leafy bracts --#eb4 #eb;a4 ,leaves conspicuously white-woolly on both sides 7#d-aj dm4 high7 --#ec4 #eb;b4 ,leaves conspicuously white-woolly or brown-woolly below1 not above 7flowers purple or pink7 --#ed4 #eb;c4 ,leaves green on both sides 7flowers pink or purple1 rarely white7 --#ef4 #ec;a4 ,leaves deeply pinnately parted with linear divisions2 flowers almost white ,thistle1 ,cirsium pitcheri4 #ec;b4 ,leaves irregularly pinnatifid2 flowers purple-pink ,thistle1 ,cirsium undulatum4 #ed;a4 ,stem-leaves entire or shallowly lobed 7#a-c m4 high7 ,thistle1 ,cirsium altissimum4 #ed;b4 ,stem-leaves obviously pinnatifid 7#a-b m4 high7 --#ee4 #ee;a4 ,leaves decurrent on the stem ,thistle1 ,cirsium lanceolatum4 #ee;b4 ,leaves not decurrent ,thistle1 ,cirsium discolor4 #ef;a4 ,outer and middle involucral bracts appressed1 pointless or with weak short prickles --#eg4 #ef;b4 ,outer and middle bracts erect1 not appressed1 acuminate into a long slender more or less prickly tip 7#d-aj dm4 high7 --#eh4 #eg;a4 ,heads numerous #b-b4e cm4 broad1 in close clusters 7#e-ab dm4 high7 ,canada ,thistle1 ,cirsium arvense4 #eg;b4 ,heads few or solitary1 #c-e cm4 broad 7#a-b m4 high7 ,thistle1 ,cirsium muticum4 #eh;a4 ,principal bracts with a conspicuous viscid stripe down the middle2 heads #f-ai cm4 broad1 solitary or few ,thistle1 ,cirsium hillii4 #eh;b4 ,principal bracts not viscid ,thistle1 ,cirsium pumilum4 #ei;a4 ,receptacle not bristly2 heads #c-e cm4 wide 7#a-c m4 high2 flowers pale-purple1 summer7 ,cotton ,thistle1 ,onopordum acanthium4 #ei;b4 ,receptacle bristly2 heads #b-b4e cm4 wide 7#e-ab dm4 high2 flowers purple to white1 late summer7 ,thistle1 ,carduus crispus4 #fj;a4 ,leaves basal2 stem-leaves none or reduced to scales 7#b-h dm4 high2 flowers whitish1 in spring7 --#fa4 #fj;b4 ,stem-leaves present2 basal leaves present or absent --#fb4 #fa;a4 ,leaves toothed or lobed2 flower-stalk not scaly ,adenocaulon1 ,adenocaulon bicolor4 #fa;b4 ,leaves deeply cleft2 flower-stalk scaly --#aig;a4 #fb;a4 ,leaves compound or dissected 7flowers in summer and autumn7 --#fc4 #fb;b4 ,leaves merely lobed1 never truly compound or dissected --#gb4 #fb;c4 ,leaves entire or serrate --#gh4 #fc;a4 ,some of the involucral bracts leaf-like1 longer than the heads 7#c-bj dm4 high2 flowers yellow or greenish1 summer and autumn7 7,beggar ,ticks7 --#abf4 #fc;b4 ,bracts short and not leaf-like --#fd4 #fd;a4 ,heads #g-bj mm4 wide1 in a flat-topped or convex cluster 7#c-aj dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 summer7 7,tansy7 --#fe4 #fd;b4 ,heads smaller1 in spikes1 racemes1 or panicles 7flowers yellow or greenish1 late summer and autumn7 7,wormwood7 --#ff4 #fe;a4 ,heads #g-aj mm4 wide1 numerous in a dense cluster ,tansy1 ,tanacetum vulgare4 #fe;b4 ,heads #aj-bj mm4 wide1 few1 #b-aj in a loose open cluster ,tansy1 ,tanacetum huronense4 #ff;a4 ,heads #b-c mm4 broad 7#d-ae dm4 high7 --#fg4 #ff;b4 ,heads #d-f mm4 broad 7#c-aj dm4 high7 --#fi4 #fg;a4 ,leaf-lobes narrowly linear1 strictly entire ,wormwood1 ,artemisia caudata4 #fg;b4 ,leaf-lobes serrate --#fh4 #fh;a4 ,heads in a loose spreading panicle ,wormwood1 ,artemisia annua4 #fh;b4 ,heads in axillary clusters1 producing a leafy spike-like panicle ,wormwood1 ,artemisia biennis4 #fi;a4 ,leaf-lobes narrowly linear --#gj4 #fi;b4 ,leaf-lobes oblong to obovate1 not linear --#ga4 #gj;a4 ,shrubby2 involucre pubescent ,southernwood1 ,artemisia abrotanum4 #gj;b4 ,herbaceous2 involucre glabrous or rarely pubescent ,wormwood1 ,artemisia canadensis4 #ga;a4 ,leaves finely gray-pubescent on both sides ,wormwood1 ,artemisia absinthium4 #ga;b4 ,leaves smooth or nearly so above1 densely white-woolly beneath ,mugwort1 ,artemisia vulgaris4 #gb;a4 ,heads #b-d cm4 broad1 purple1 blue1 or rarely white 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 --#ib4 #gb;b4 ,heads #a cm4 wide or less --#gc4 #gc;a4 ,leaves densely white-woolly beneath 7flowers yellowish1 late summer7 --#gd4 #gc;b4 ,leaves smooth or hairy1 never white-woolly --#ge4 #gd;a4 ,heads #f-h mm4 wide 7#d-h dm4 high7 ,wormwood1 ,artemisia stelleriana4 #gd;b4 ,heads #c-d mm4 wide 7#e-aj dm4 high7 ,wormwood1 ,artemisia ludoviciana4 #ge;a4 ,principal bracts of the involucre #e1 with frequently a few much smaller ones --#gf4 #ge;b4 ,principal bracts of the involucre numerous --#gg4 #gf;a4 ,heads few in small terminal clusters2 foliage somewhat viscid-pubescent 7#f-ae dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 summer7 --#aad;a4 #gf;b4 ,heads very numerous in flat-topped clusters2 foliage never viscid-pubescent 7#a-b m4 high2 flowers white1 late summer7 --#aje;c4 #gg;a4 ,leaves broadly halberd-shape1 #c-lobed 7#a-b m4 high2 flowers white1 late summer7 --#aje;b4 #gg;b4 ,leaves lobed only at the base 7#e-aj dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 summer7 --#ic;a4 #gg;c4 ,leaves pinnatifid 7#b-h dm4 high2 flowers yellow7 --#agb4 #gh;a4 ,bracts of the involucre dry and chaffy1 at least at the tip2 plants always pubescent and usually white-woolly --#gi4 #gh;b4 ,bracts of the involucre green or colored1 but never dry and chaffy --#ij4 #gi;a4 ,pappus none2 heads #c-d mm4 wide1 in ample panicled spikes 7flowers yellowish1 late summer7 --#gd;b4 #gi;b4 ,pappus a minute ring or crown2 leaves crenate 7#e-aj dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 summer7 --#ic;a4 #gi;c4 ,pappus of hairs2 heads in flat-topped clusters or slender spikes --#hj4 #hj;a4 ,heads sessile or subsessile in small flat-topped clusters2 flowering in spring or early summer2 principal leaves basal 7#a-d dm4 high2 flowers white or purplish7 7,everlasting7 --#ha4 #hj;b4 ,heads in terminal spikes 7#b-f dm4 high2 flowers purplish1 summer7 ,cudweed1 ,gnaphalium purpureum4 #hj;c4 ,heads in small or large flat-topped clusters1 flowering in summer or autumn2 principal leaves on the stem --#hh4 #ha;a4 ,stolons from the basal rosette of leaves leafy throughout and ascending at the tip --#hb4 #ha;b4 ,stolons prostrate throughout1 leafy only at the tip --#hg4 #hb;a4 ,basal leaves #b-e cm4 long1 #a-nerved --#hc4 #hb;b4 ,basal leaves #e-ab cm4 long1 #c-nerved --#hd4 #hc;a4 ,basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate1 smooth above ,everlasting1 ,antennaria canadensis4 #hc;b4 ,basal leaves obovate1 pubescent above ,everlasting1 ,antennaria neodioica4 #hd;a4 ,basal leaves smooth above ,everlasting1 ,antennaria parlinii4 #hd;b4 ,basal leaves dull green and pubescent above --#he4 #he;a4 ,heads #f-h mm4 high ,everlasting1 ,antennaria plantaginifolia4 #he;b4 ,heads #h-aa mm4 high --#hf4 #hf;a4 ,leaf-blade ovate or obovate ,everlasting1 ,antennaria fallax4 #hf;b4 ,leaf-blade spatulate1 with rounded tip ,everlasting1 ,antennaria occidentalis4 #hg;a4 ,styles crimson ,everlasting1 ,antennaria neglecta4 #hg;b4 ,styles pale yellow ,everlasting1 ,antennaria petaloidea4 #hh;a4 ,erect2 involucral bracts pearly white 7#d-i dm4 high7 ,pearly ,everlasting1 ,anaphalis margaritacea4 #hh;b4 ,erect2 involucral bracts dull white or pale brown1 somewhat pubescent 7#d-h dm4 high7 7,cudweed7 --#hi4 #hh;c4 ,diffusely branched2 heads in dense clusters2 bracts brown 7#a-b dm4 high7 ,cudweed1 ,gnaphalium uliginosum4 #hi;a4 ,leaves decurrent on the stem ,cudweed1 ,gnaphalium decurrens4 #hi;b4 ,leaves not decurrent on the stem ,cudweed1 ,gnaphalium polycephalum4 #ij;a4 ,twining vine 7flowers white1 summer7 ,hemp ,weed1 ,mikania scandens4 #ij;b4 ,not twining or climbing --#ia4 #ia;a4 ,involucral bracts deeply fringed at the tip 7flowers purple1 blue1 or rarely white1 summer2 #c-f dm4 high7 --#ib4 #ia;b4 ,involucral bracts entire or nearly so --#ic4 #ib;a4 ,upper leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate ,corn ,flower1 ,centaurea cyanus4 #ib;b4 ,upper leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate ,knapweed1 ,centaurea nigra4 #ic;a4 ,pappus none or a short ring or crown 7#e-aj dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 summer7 ,costmary1 ,chrysanthemum balsamita var4 tanacetoides4 #ic;b4 ,pappus of #b-d stiff awns 7#b-ae dm4 high2 flowers yellow1 late summer7 7,bur ,marigold7 --#acj4 #ic;c4 ,pappus of hairs or bristles --#id4 #id;a4 ,leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate1 entire2 heads never in a large flat-topped cluster --#ie4 #id;b4 ,leaves not linear --#ii4 #ie;a4 ,heads showy1 purple1 in a long spike or raceme 7late summer7 7,blazing ,star7 --#if4 #ie;b4 ,heads not showy1 in a loose panicle or raceme --#bdj;b4 #if;a4 ,involucral bracts rounded at the tip1 appressed 7#e-ae dm4 high7 --#ig4 #if;b4 ,involucral bracts pointed 7#c-f dm4 high7 --#ih4 #ig;a4 ,heads #h-ab-;flowered ,blazing ,star1 ,liatris spicata4 #ig;b4 ,heads with #be flowers or more ,blazing ,star1 ,liatris scariosa4 #ih;a4 ,involucral bracts long-acuminate1 spreading ,blazing ,star1 ,liatris squarrosa4 #ih;b4 ,involucral bracts mucronate1 appressed ,blazing ,star1 ,liatris cylindracea4 #ii;a4 ,flowers yellow 7#b-h dm4 high7 --#agb;b4 #ii;b4 ,flowers bright-red or purple1 in flat-topped clusters 7#h-bj dm4 high2 late summer7 7,ironweed7 --#ajj4 #ii;c4 ,flowers blue 7#c-h dm4 high2 late summer7 ,mist ,flower1 ,eupatorium coelestinum4 #ii;d4 ,flowers flesh-color1 pink1 cream-color1 or white 7flowers in summer7 --#ajc4 #ajj;a4 ,leaves glabrous beneath or minutely pubescent2 heads #ae-cj-;flowered --#aja4 #ajj;b4 ,leaves tomentose beneath2 heads #cj-ej-;flowered --#ajb4 #aja;a4 ,inflorescence densely crowded2 usually #a m4 or less high ,ironweed1 ,vernonia fasciculate4 #aja;b4 ,inflorescence loose and open1 #ae-cj cm4 wide2 #a-b m4 high ,ironweed1 ,vernonia altissima4 #ajb;a4 ,pappus tawny in color ,ironweed1 ,vernonia missurica4 #ajb;b4 ,pappus purple ,ironweed1 ,vernonia illinoensis4 #ajc;a4 ,leaves alternate --#ajd4 #ajc;b4 ,leaves opposite --#ajf4 #ajc;c4 ,leaves whorled 7#a-c m4 high2 flowers pink or purple1 late summer7 7,joe-,pye ,weed7 --#ajg4 #ajd;a4 ,heads #e-;flowered 7#e-bj dm4 high2 flowers white or pinkish1 late summer7 7,indian ,plantain7 --#aje4 #ajd;b4 ,heads #aj #be-;flowered 7#e-aj dm4 high2 flowers white1 late summer7 ,false ,boneset1 ,kuhnia eupatorioides4 #ajd;c4 ,heads with more than #ej flowers 7#c-bj dm4 high2 flowers white1 summer7 ,fireweed1 ,erechtites hieracifolia4 #aje;a4 ,leaves entire1 with many veins from base to apex ,indian ,plantain1 ,cacalia tuberosa4 #aje;b4 ,leaves sharply serrate ,indian ,plantain1 ,cacalia suaveolens4 #aje;c4 ,leaves broadly triangular or kidney-shape1 sinuate or entire ,indian ,plantain1 ,cacalia atriplicifolia4 #ajf;a4 ,leaves united at the base 7#e-ae dm4 high7 ,boneset1 ,eupatorium perfoliatum4 #ajf;b4 ,leaves sessile but not united at the base 7#e-ae dm4 high7 ,upland ,boneset1 ,eupatorium sessilifolium4 #ajf;c4 ,leaves petioled 7#d-ab dm4 high7 ,white ,snakeroot1 ,eupatorium urticaefolium4 #ajg;a4 ,inflorescence ovoid or pyramidal ,joe-,pye ,weed1 ,eupatorium purpureum4 #ajg;b4 ,inflorescence depressed or flattened ,joe-,pye ,weed1 ,eupatorium purpureum var4 maculatum4 #ajh;a4 ,rays yellow or brown --#aji4 #ajh;b4 ,rays white to blue or red1 never yellow or brown --#aig4 #aji;a4 ,principal leaves basal1 the stem merely with bract-like scales --#aaj4 #aji;b4 ,principal leaves on the stem1 opposite or whorled --#aaa4 #aji;c4 ,principal leaves on the stem1 alternate1 or with smaller ones clustered in their axils --#acb4 #aaj;a4 ,flower-stalk #a-e dm4 high1 #a-;flowered 7spring7 ,coltsfoot1 ,tussilago farfara4 #aaj;b4 ,flower-stalk #a-c m4 high1 several-flowered 7summer7 ,prairie ,dock1 ,silphium terebinthinaceum4 #aaa;a4 ,ray-flowers pistillate 7the #b-lobed style protrudes from their base7 --#aab4 #aaa;b4 ,ray-flowers with neither stamens nor pistil --#aah4 #aab;a4 ,principal leaves lobed 7summer7 7,leafcup7 --#aac4 #aab;b4 ,principal leaves toothed or entire1 not lobed --#aae4 #aac;a4 ,rays #aj or more 7#a-b m4 high7 ,leafcup1 ,polymnia uvedalia4 #aac;b4 ,rays #e 7#e-ae dm4 high7 --#aad4 #aad;a4 ,rays shorter than the involucre or none ,leafcup1 ,polymnia canadensis4 #aad;b4 ,rays about #a cm4 long ,leafcup1 ,polymnia canadensis var4 radiata4 #aae;a4 ,stem #f dm4 high or less2 pappus of slender hairs 7spring7 ,arnica1 ,arnica cordifolia4 #aae;b4 ,stem usually #h-bj dm4 high2 pappus of short scales or none 7summer7 --#aaf4 #aaf;a4 ,leaves united at base into a cup surrounding the stem ,cup ,plant1 ,silphium perfoliatum4 #aaf;b4 ,leaves closely sessile with a rounded base ,rosin ,weed1 ,silphium integrifolium4 #aaf;c4 ,leaves tapering to a short petiole2 principal leaves whorled ,rosin ,weed1 ,silphium trifoliatum4 #aaf;d4 ,leaves abruptly rounded at the sessile base1 all opposite 7,ox-eye7 --#aag4 #aag;a4 ,leaves smooth ,ox-eye1 ,heliopsis helianthoides4 #aag;b4 ,leaves rough ,ox-eye1 ,heliopsis scabra4 #aah;a4 ,principal stem-leaves lobed or divided --#aai4 #aah;b4 ,principal stem-leaves entire or serrate --#abg4 #aai;a4 ,submerged aquatic2 leaf-segments filiform ,water ,marigold1 ,bidens beckii4 #aai;b4 ,terrestrial plants2 leaves merely #c-lobed 7#c-h dm4 high2 late spring and summer7 7,tickseed7 --#abj4 #aai;c4 ,terrestrial plants2 leaves compound or dissected 7summer and autumn7 --#aba4 #abj;a4 ,leaf-lobes linear-oblong1 all about equal ,tickseed1 ,coreopsis palmata4 #abj;b4 ,lateral leaf-lobes very much smaller than the terminal ,tickseed1 ,coreopsis lanceolata4 #aba;a4 ,leaf-segments entire 7,tickseed7 --#abb4 #aba;b4 ,leaf-segments serrate 7#e-ae dm4 high7 7,tickseed ,sunflower7 --#abd4 #abb;a4 ,leaf-segments numerous1 linear or nearly so 7#d-aj dm4 high7 --#abc4 #abb;b4 ,leaf-segments #c-e1 lanceolate 7#a-c m4 high7 ,tickseed1 ,coreopsis tripteris4 #abc;a4 ,rays yellow throughout ,tickseed1 ,coreopsis verticillata4 #abc;b4 ,rays brown1 at least at the base ,tickseed1 ,coreopsis tinctoria4 #abd;a4 ,achenes wedge-shape1 the inner ones less than #b mm4 wide --#abe4 #abd;b4 ,achenes obovate1 the inner ones more than #b mm4 wide ,tickseed ,sunflower1 ,bidens aristosa4 #abe;a4 ,leaf-lobes lanceolate ,tickseed ,sunflower1 ,bidens trichosperma4 #abe;b4 ,leaf-lobes linear ,tickseed ,sunflower1 ,bidens trichosperma var4 tenuiloba4 #abf;a4 ,outer leaf-like bracts #aj-af2 achenes brown ,beggar ,ticks1 ,bidens vulgata4 #abf;b4 ,outer leaf-like bracts #e-h2 achenes black ,beggar ,ticks1 ,bidens frondosa4 #abf;c4 ,outer leaf-like bracts about #d ,beggar ,ticks1 ,bidens discoidea4 #abg;a4 ,bracts of the involucre all essentially alike in form and texture 7flowers in summer and autumn7 7,sunflower7 --#agi4 #abg;b4 ,bracts of the involucre in two distinct sets1 differing in form or consistency or both --#abh4 #abh;a4 ,leaves entire 7#c-h dm4 high2 late spring and summer7 --#abj;b4 #abh;b4 ,leaves serrate 7late summer and autumn7 7,bur ,marigold7 --#abi4 #abi;a4 ,rays large and conspicuous1 #b-c cm4 long 7#c-aj dm4 high7 ,bur ,marigold1 ,bidens laevis4 #abi;b4 ,rays #a cm4 long or less --#acj4 #acj;a4 ,outer bracts leaf-like1 serrate1 #c-h cm4 long 7#d-ae dm4 high7 ,bur ,marigold1 ,bidens comosa4 #acj;b4 ,outer bracts #a-b4e cm4 long 7#b-ae dm4 high7 --#aca4 #aca;a4 ,heads nodding after flowering ,bur ,marigold1 ,bidens cernua4 #aca;b4 ,heads permanently erect ,bur ,marigold1 ,bidens connata4 #acb;a4 ,heads small1 seldom more than #a cm4 wide1 including the rays1 blooming in late summer and autumn2 flowers numerous1 crowded in spikes1 racemes1 corymbs1 or panicles 7,goldenrod7 --#acc4 #acb;b4 ,heads medium size or large1 more than #a cm4 and usually exceeding #b cm4 in width1 including the rays --#afe4 #acc;a4 ,heads chiefly in clusters or short racemes in the axils of ordinary foliage leaves1 or occasionally the upper compacted into a leafy cluster terminating the stem --#acd4 #acc;b4 ,heads crowded at or near the ends of the branches at about the same distance from the base of the panicle1 forming a rounded or flat-topped inflorescence --#adj4 #acc;c4 ,heads more or less uniformly distributed along the length of the branches1 forming a cylindrical or pyramidal inflorescence1 never flat-topped --#adf4 #acd;a4 ,stem and both sides of the leaves more or less pubescent or rough 7#d-aj dm4 high7 --#ace4 #acd;b4 ,stem and both sides of the leaves essentially smooth or with very short hairs 7#c-aj dm4 high7 --#acf4 #ace;a4 ,rays white ,goldenrod1 ,solidago bicolor4 #ace;b4 ,rays yellow ,goldenrod1 ,solidago hispida4 #acf;a4 ,basal leaves abruptly narrowed to winged petioles --#acg4 #acf;b4 ,basal leaves not abruptly narrowed to winged petioles --#ach4 #acg;a4 ,involucre #b-e mm4 long ,goldenrod1 ,solidago latifolia4 #acg;b4 ,involucre #h-ab mm4 long ,goldenrod1 ,solidago macrophylla4 #ach;a4 ,lower leaves broadly oval1 obtuse1 thickish1 crenate2 achenes glabrous ,goldenrod1 ,solidago erecta4 #ach;b4 ,lower leaves lanceolate1 acuminate1 thin1 sharply serrate2 achenes hairy --#aci4 #aci;a4 ,stem usually simple2 heads few in very small clusters ,goldenrod1 ,solidago caesia var4 axillaris4 #aci;b4 ,stem usually diffusely branched2 heads numerous ,goldenrod1 ,solidago caesia4 #adj;a4 ,lower leaves ovate1 oblong1 or oval1 pinnately veined 7#e-ae dm4 high7 --#ada4 #adj;b4 ,lower leaves linear-lanceolate4 #c-e-veined 7#c-ab dm4 high7 --#adb4 #ada;a4 ,stem and leaves rough-hairy ,goldenrod1 ,solidago rigida4 #ada;b4 ,stem and leaves smooth ,goldenrod1 ,solidago ohioensis4 #adb;a4 ,heads very few in a small cluster2 leaves few and scattered ,goldenrod1 ,solidago houghtonii4 #adb;b4 ,heads very many1 in a large cluster2 stem very leafy --#adc4 #adc;a4 ,leaves hairy ,goldenrod1 ,solidago graminifolia var4 nuttallii4 #adc;b4 ,leaves smooth --#add4 #add;a4 ,leaves folded1 #h-bj mm4 wide ,goldenrod1 ,solidago riddellii4 #add;b4 ,leaves flat1 #a-h mm4 wide --#ade4 #ade;a4 ,leaves #d-h mm4 wide1 distinctly #c-e-ribbed ,goldenrod1 ,solidago graminifolia4 #ade;b4 ,leaves #a-d mm4 wide1 usually with #a mid-vein ,goldenrod1 ,solidago tenuifolia4 #adf;a4 ,only #b-e stem-leaves below the inflorescence 7#a-c dm4 high7 ,goldenrod1 ,solidago cutleri4 #adf;b4 ,stem-leaves numerous --#adg4 #adg;a4 ,basal leaves much larger than the greatly reduced or bract-like upper ones --#adh4 #adg;b4 ,leaves essentially uniform in size from base to summit of stem --#aeg4 #adh;a4 ,racemes or branches of the panicle either short and arranged along a more or less elongated central axis1 or elongated and ascending1 scarcely recurved1 forming a narrow1 more or less elongated panicle --#adi4 #adh;b4 ,racemes or branches of the panicle usually elongated1 spreading outwards1 usually recurved1 forming a widened panicle --#aec4 #adi;a4 ,leaves mostly entire1 the upper ones with smaller leaves fascicled in the axils 7#e-bj dm4 high7 ,goldenrod1 ,solidago speciosa4 #adi;b4 ,leaves mostly serrate1 at least the basal ones --#aej4 #aej;a4 ,heads on pedicels #e-ae mm4 long2 achenes pubescent2 stems usually clustered 7#a-e dm4 high1 or prostrate7 --#aea4 #aej;b4 ,heads on pedicels not over #e mm4 long2 achenes smooth or nearly so2 stems usually single 7#f-ab dm4 high7 --#aeb4 #aea;a4 ,basal leaves #g-ab cm4 long ,goldenrod1 ,solidago racemosa4 #aea;b4 ,basal leaves #ae-cj cm4 long ,goldenrod1 ,solidago racemosa var4 gillmani4 #aeb;a4 ,leaves pinnately veined ,goldenrod1 ,solidago uliginosa4 #aeb;b4 ,leaves #c-e-ribbed ,goldenrod1 ,solidago neglecta4 #aec;a4 ,both sides of the leaf pubescent or rough --#aed4 #aec;b4 ,leaf not pubescent or rough on both sides --#aee4 #aed;a4 ,stem closely pubescent 7#b-h dm4 high7 ,goldenrod1 ,solidago nemoralis4 #aed;b4 ,stem glabrous 7#e-ab dm4 high7 ,goldenrod1 ,solidago juncea var4 scabrella4 #aee;a4 ,leaves rough above1 smooth below 7#f-ae dm4 high7 ,goldenrod1 ,solidago patula4 #aee;b4 ,leaves smooth on both sides 7#e-ab dm4 high7 --#aef4 #aef;a4 ,branches of the panicle spreading or recurved ,goldenrod1 ,solidago juncea4 #aef;b4 ,branches of the panicle upright ,goldenrod1 ,solidago juncea var4 ramosa4 #aeg;a4 ,stem more or less pubescent or hairy throughout 7#e-bj dm4 high7 --#aeh4 #aeg;b4 ,stem smooth1 at least below the inflorescence --#afa4 #aeh;a4 ,involucre #b-b4g mm4 long ,goldenrod1 ,solidago canadensis4 #aeh;b4 ,involucre #c-e mm4 long --#aei4 #aei;a4 ,leaves pinnately veined1 scabrous above ,goldenrod1 ,solidago rugosa4 #aei;b4 ,leaves #c-e-ribbed1 pubescent but not scabrous above --#afj4 #afj;a4 ,stem and lower side of leaves covered with short hairs2 common species ,goldenrod1 ,solidago altissima4 #afj;b4 ,stem and lower side of leaves with distinct1 loose1 soft hairs 7shore of ,lake ,superior7 ,goldenrod1 ,solidago altissima var4 procera4 #afa;a4 ,involucre #b-b4g mm4 long 7#e-bj dm4 high7 --#aeh;a4 #afa;b4 ,involucre #c-f mm4 long --#afb4 #afb;a4 ,racemes or branches of the panicle either short and arranged along a more or less elongated axis1 or elongated and ascending1 scarcely recurved1 forming a narrow more or less elongated panicle 7#e-aj dm4 high7 ,goldenrod1 ,solidago speciosa var4 angustata4 #afb;b4 ,racemes or branches of the panicle usually elongated1 spreading outward1 usually recurved1 forming a widened panicle2 leaves distinctly serrate --#afc4 #afc;a4 ,leaves pinnately veined 7#e-ab dm4 high7 ,goldenrod1 ,solidago ulmifolia4 #afc;b4 ,leaves #c-e-ribbed 7#e-bj dm4 high7 --#afd4 #afd;a4 ,leaves glabrous on both sides ,goldenrod1 ,solidago serotina4 #afd;b4 ,leaves slightly pubescent beneath ,goldenrod1 ,solidago serotina var4 gigantea4 #afe;a4 ,ray-flowers pistillate 7the #b-lobed style protrudes from their base7 --#aff4 #afe;b4 ,ray-flowers with neither stamens nor pistil --#agd4 #aff;a4 ,principal leaves more than #b dm4 long 7#a-c m4 high2 summer7 --#afg4 #aff;b4 ,principal leaves less than #a4e dm4 long --#afh4 #afg;a4 ,leaves deeply lobed ,compass ,plant1 ,silphium laciniatum4 #afg;b4 ,leaves toothed or serrate ,elecampane1 ,inula helenium4 #afh;a4 ,leaves narrowly linear 7#c-f dm4 high2 late summer7 ,sneezeweed1 ,helenium tenuifolium4 #afh;b4 ,leaves of a broader shape --#afi4 #afi;a4 ,heads #a-b cm4 wide2 flowers in spring and early summer 7#b-h dm4 high7 7,ragwort7 --#agj4 #afi;b4 ,heads #b-e cm4 wide2 flowers in late summer and autumn --#agc4 #agj;a4 ,basal leaves cordate at base ,ragwort1 ,senecio aureus4 #agj;b4 ,basal leaves narrowed to the base --#aga4 #aga;a4 ,basal leaves obovate ,ragwort1 ,senecio obovatus4 #aga;b4 ,basal leaves oblong ,ragwort1 ,senecio balsamitae4 #agb;a4 ,introduced annual in waste places 7#a-d dm4 high2 spring and summer7 ,groundsel1 ,senecio vulgaris4 #agb;b4 ,native biennial in moist ground 7#c-h dm4 high2 summer7 ,squaw ,weed1 ,senecio discoideus4 #agc;a4 ,leaves #b-e cm4 long1 sharply spinulose-serrate2 involucre viscid 7#c-f dm4 high2 summer7 ,gum ,plant1 ,grindelia squarrosa4 #agc;b4 ,leaves #e-ab cm4 long1 merely serrate2 involucre gray-pubescent 7#e-ae dm4 high2 late summer7 ,sneeze ,weed1 ,helenium autumnale4 #agd;a4 ,disk hemispherical or oblong-cylindrical 7,summer7 --#age4 #agd;b4 ,disk flat or somewhat convex 7,sunflower7 7summer and autumn7 --#agi4 #age;a4 ,disk yellow or greenish-yellow 7#a-c dm4 high7 --#agf4 #age;b4 ,disk gray-brown or purple 7#e-ae dm4 high7 --#agg4 #agf;a4 ,principal stem-leaves pinnately divided ,golden ,glow1 ,rudbeckia laciniata4 #agf;b4 ,principal stem-leaves merely serrate ,yellow ,ironweed1 ,actinomeris alternifolia4 #agg;a4 ,rays drooping2 leaves pinnately divided ,gray-headed ,coneflower1 ,lepachys pinnata4 #agg;b4 ,rays spreading when in bloom --#agh4 #agh;a4 ,lower leaves deeply #c-lobed ,coneflower1 ,rudbeckia triloba4 #agh;b4 ,stem-leaves sharply serrate ,coneflower1 ,rudbeckia speciosa var4 sullivantii4 #agh;c4 ,stem-leaves entire or sparingly serrate ,black-eyed ,susan1 ,rudbeckia hirta4 #agi;a4 ,disk-flowers brown or purple --#ahj4 #agi;b4 ,disk-flowers yellow --#ahb4 #ahj;a4 ,stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate2 petioles prominent1 not winged --#aha4 #ahj;b4 ,stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate1 contracted at the base into a winged petiole 7#f-ae dm4 high7 ,sunflower1 ,helianthus atrorubens4 #ahj;c4 ,stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate1 very thick and rigid1 gradually narrowed to a sessile or short-petioled base 7#e-bj dm4 high7 ,sunflower1 ,helianthus scaberrimus4 #aha;a4 ,disk less than #b cm4 wide 7#c-aj dm4 high7 ,sunflower1 ,helianthus petiolaris4 #aha;b4 ,disk more than #b4e cm4 wide 7#a-c m4 high7 ,sunflower1 ,helianthus annuus4 #ahb;a4 ,leaves all or chiefly at the base 7#e-aj dm4 high7 ,sunflower1 ,helianthus occidentalis4 #ahb;b4 ,leaves chiefly scattered on the stem --#ahc4 #ahc;a4 ,leaves mainly or all alternate1 and not definitely #c-ribbed 7#a-d m4 high7 --#ahd4 #ahc;b4 ,leaves mainly or all opposite1 lanceolate to ovate1 and #c-ribbed --#ahf4 #ahd;a4 ,stem glabrous ,sunflower1 ,helianthus grosse-serratus4 #ahd;b4 ,stem hairy or rough --#ahe4 #ahe;a4 ,leaves hairy beneath1 rough above1 lanceolate ,sunflower1 ,helianthus giganteus4 #ahe;b4 ,leaves rough on both sides1 elongated ,sunflower1 ,helianthus maximiliani4 #ahf;a4 ,leaves sessile 7#e-ae dm4 high7 --#ahg4 #ahf;b4 ,leaves petioled1 or narrowed at the base into a petiole 7#e-cj dm4 high7 --#ahi4 #ahg;a4 ,leaves wedge-shape at the base ,sunflower1 ,helianthus doronicoides4 #ahg;b4 ,leaves rounded at the base --#ahh4 #ahh;a4 ,stem glabrous or nearly so ,sunflower1 ,helianthus divaricatus4 #ahh;b4 ,stem densely and softly hirsute ,sunflower1 ,helianthus mollis4 #ahi;a4 ,stems rough1 pubescent1 or hispid --#aij4 #ahi;b4 ,stems glabrous or nearly so --#aic4 #aij;a4 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate1 more than #e times as long as wide ,sunflower1 ,helianthus giganteus var4 subtuberosus4 #aij;b4 ,leaves ovate-lanceolate1 not more than #d times as long as wide --#aia4 #aia;a4 ,leaves rounded at base1 above the petiole ,sunflower1 ,helianthus hirsutus4 #aia;b4 ,leaves narrowed to the base --#aib4 #aib;a4 ,bracts of the involucre spreading ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 ,helianthus tuberosus4 #aib;b4 ,bracts all appressed ,sunflower1 ,helianthus laetiflorus4 #aic;a4 ,heads #c cm4 wide or less1 including the rays ,sunflower1 ,helianthus microcephalus4 #aic;b4 ,heads #d cm4 wide or more1 including the rays --#aid4 #aid;a4 ,leaves narrowed at the base into a winged petiole --#aie4 #aid;b4 ,petiole slender1 not winged ,sunflower1 ,helianthus decapetalus4 #aie;a4 ,leaves green on both sides2 bracts longer than the disk ,sunflower1 ,helianthus tracheliifolius4 #aie;b4 ,leaves paler below than above2 bracts not longer than the disk --#aif4 #aif;a4 ,leaves minutely pubescent beneath ,sunflower1 ,helianthus strumosus4 #aif;b4 ,leaves conspicuously downy beneath ,sunflower1 ,helianthus strumosus var4 mollis4 #aig;a4 ,leaves all basal1 the flowers on scaly stalks 7#b-h dm4 high2 flowers whitish1 in spring7 ,coltsfoot1 ,petasites palmata4 #aig;b4 ,stem-leaves present1 opposite --#aih4 #aig;c4 ,stem-leaves present1 alternate --#bjj4 #aih;a4 ,leaves ovate1 dentate1 #b-f cm4 long 7#b-h dm4 high2 summer7 7,galinsoga7 --#aii4 #aih;b4 ,leaves lobed1 #aj-be cm4 long --#aac;b4 #aii;a4 ,pubescence sparse1 appressed ,galinsoga1 ,galinsoga parviflora4 #aii;b4 ,pubescence abundant1 spreading ,galinsoga1 ,galinsoga parviflora var4 hispida4 #bjj;a4 ,leaves dissected or deeply lobed or pinnatifid2 pappus never capillary2 rays white to pink 7#c-aj dm4 high2 summer and autumn7 --#bja4 #bjj;b4 ,leaves entire or serrate --#bjf4 #bja;a4 ,heads #d-h mm4 wide 7,yarrow7 --#bjb4 #bja;b4 ,heads #ab-ej mm4 wide --#bjc4 #bjb;a4 ,flower-clusters flat-topped ,yarrow1 ,achillea millefolium4 #bjb;b4 ,flower-clusters very convex ,yarrow1 ,achillea lanulosa4 #bjc;a4 ,principal leaves pinnatifid --#bac;a4 #bjc;b4 ,principal leaves #a-c times pinnately parted or dissected --#bjd4 #bjd;a4 ,leaf-segments very narrowly linear2 leaves #b-c-pinnate --#bje4 #bjd;b4 ,leaf-segments linear or lanceolate2 heads #b4e-e cm4 wide ,camomile1 ,anthemis arvensis4 #bjd;c4 ,leaf-segments ovate to ovate-oblong2 heads #a-b cm4 wide ,feverfew1 ,chrysanthemum parthenium4 #bje;a4 ,foliage strongly scented ,dog ,fennel1 ,anthemis cotula4 #bje;b4 ,foliage not ill-scented ,wild ,camomile1 ,matricaria inodora4 #bjf;a4 ,heads #c-f mm4 broad1 including the rays 7summer and autumn7 --#bjg4 #bjf;b4 ,heads #g mm4 broad or larger1 including the rays --#bji4 #bjg;a4 ,rays purple 7#a-d dm4 high7 ,horse ,weed1 ,erigeron divaricatus4 #bjg;b4 ,rays white --#bjh4 #bjh;a4 ,leaves obovate to oblong 7#c-aj dm4 high7 --#ace;a4 #bjh;b4 ,leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate 7#b-be dm4 high7 ,horse ,weed1 ,erigeron canadensis4 #bji;a4 ,pappus none1 or minute and not of hairs 7summer and autumn7 --#baj4 #bji;b4 ,pappus of hairs --#bad4 #baj;a4 ,disk-flowers purple or brown 7#d-ab dm4 high2 rays pink7 7,purple ,coneflower7 --#baa4 #baj;b4 ,disk-flowers yellow or nearly white --#bab4 #baa;a4 ,leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate1 most of them serrate ,purple ,coneflower1 ,brauneria purpurea4 #baa;b4 ,leaves narrowly lanceolate1 gradually narrowed at the base1 entire ,purple ,coneflower1 ,brauneria pallida4 #bab;a4 ,rays broadly obovate2 heads #a-b cm4 wide 7#c-f dm4 high7 ,sneezewort1 ,achillea ptarmica4 #bab;b4 ,rays oblong or narrowly elliptical --#bac4 #bac;a4 ,leaves serrate 7#c-aj dm4 high7 ,ox-eye ,daisy1 ,chrysanthemum leucanthemum var4 pinnatifidum4 #bac;b4 ,leaves entire 7#h-be dm4 high7 ,boltonia1 ,boltonia asteroides4 #bad;a4 ,involucral bracts all the same length or nearly so and narrow1 or with a few short outer ones2 plants blooming in spring and summer1 or a few plants persisting in bloom until autumn 7,fleabane7 --#bae4 #bad;b4 ,involucral bracts unequal1 the outer successively shorter 7or rarely nearly equal71 loosely or closely overlapping2 plants #c-ae dm4 high1 blooming in late summer and autumn 7,aster7 --#bba4 #bae;a4 ,rays short and inconspicuous1 barely longer than the pappus 7#a-e dm4 high2 summer7 ,fleabane1 ,erigeron acris var4 asteroides4 #bae;b4 ,rays conspicuous1 spreading1 #c mm4 long or more --#baf4 #baf;a4 ,rare plants of the ,northern ,peninsula1 with entire leaves and stems #a-e dm4 high1 from a thick woody root 7flowers white or purple1 summer7 --#bag4 #baf;b4 ,common species1 with erect stems from fibrous roots2 leaves toothed 7except in one species7 --#bah4 #bag;a4 ,heads #c-e cm4 wide2 rays about #ajj ,fleabane1 ,erigeron glabellus4 #bag;b4 ,heads #a-b cm4 wide2 rays #bj-cj ,fleabane1 ,erigeron hyssopifolius4 #bah;a4 ,stem unbranched1 except for the peduncles2 leaves chiefly basal2 heads #a-i 7#b-e dm4 high2 flowers pale-purple1 spring7 ,fleabane1 ,erigeron pulchellus4 #bah;b4 ,stem branched2 principal leaves on the stem2 heads usually numerous 7#c-ab dm4 high2 spring and summer7 --#bai4 #bai;a4 ,stem-leaves linear1 entire ,fleabane1 ,erigeron ramosus4 #bai;b4 ,stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate1 the principal ones toothed --#bbj4 #bbj;a4 ,rays #ajj or more1 light-purple or pink ,fleabane1 ,erigeron philadelphicus4 #bbj;b4 ,rays much fewer1 white ,fleabane1 ,erigeron annuus4 #bba;a4 ,basal leaves petioled and heart-shape at the base --#bbb4 #bba;b4 ,basal leaves not petioled2 stem-leaves with heart-shape clasping bases --#bca4 #bba;c4 ,basal and stem-leaves sessile or petioled1 but never heart-shape or clasping --#bdj4 #bbb;a4 ,rays white or violet --#bbc4 #bbb;b4 ,rays blue --#bbe4 #bbc;a4 ,plant glandular1 especially on the pedicels and branches of the inflorescence ,aster1 ,aster macrophyllus4 #bbc;b4 ,plant not glandular --#bbd4 #bbd;a4 ,leaves rough above ,aster1 ,aster schreberi4 #bbd;b4 ,leaves smooth above ,aster1 ,aster divaricatus4 #bbe;a4 ,stem-leaves clasping the stem by a cordate base ,aster1 ,aster undulatus4 #bbe;b4 ,stem-leaves not cordate-clasping --#bbf4 #bbf;a4 ,leaves entire --#bbg4 #bbf;b4 ,leaves serrate --#bbh4 #bbg;a4 ,leaves glabrous above ,aster1 ,aster shortii4 #bbg;b4 ,leaves rough above ,aster1 ,aster azureus4 #bbh;a4 ,involucre #d-f mm4 long --#bbi4 #bbh;b4 ,involucre #f-aj mm4 long --#bcj4 #bbi;a4 ,leaves rough2 petioles mostly winged ,aster1 ,aster lowrieanus4 #bbi;b4 ,leaves smooth2 petioles slender1 not winged ,aster1 ,aster cordifolius4 #bcj;a4 ,heads few1 seldom more than #aj1 in a loose spreading cluster ,aster1 ,aster lindleyanus4 #bcj;b4 ,heads numerous1 in a rather elongate crowded cluster ,aster1 ,aster sagittifolius4 #bca;a4 ,stem hirsute or rough-pubescent --#bcb4 #bca;b4 ,stem smooth1 or essentially so --#bcf4 #bcb;a4 ,leaves conspicuously serrate ,aster1 ,aster puniceus4 #bcb;b4 ,leaves entire or nearly so --#bcc4 #bcc;a4 ,leaves narrowed toward the base and barely clasping1 linear or oblong-linear --#bcd4 #bcc;b4 ,leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate1 with a broad conspicuously clasping base --#bce4 #bcd;a4 ,involucre pubescent but not glandular ,aster1 ,aster amethystinus4 #bcd;b4 ,involucre glandular ,aster1 ,aster oblongifolius4 #bce;a4 ,involucre very glandular and viscid2 rays very numerous1 violet-purple2 leaves lanceolate ,aster1 ,aster novae-angliae4 #bce;b4 ,involucre slightly glandular or not at all2 rays #bj-cj1 generally blue-purple2 leaves ovate-oblong ,aster1 ,aster patens4 #bcf;a4 ,leaves of a linear type --#bcg4 #bcf;b4 ,leaves broader than linear1 at least #a cm4 wide --#bch4 #bcg;a4 ,bracts narrow1 approximately equal in length --#bec;a4 #bcg;b4 ,bracts of several lengths1 the outer successively shorter --#bef;a4 #bch;a4 ,leaves smooth above ,aster1 ,aster laevis4 #bch;b4 ,leaves rough above --#bci4 #bci;a4 ,leaves contracted below the middle and then abruptly dilated to the clasping base ,aster1 ,aster prenanthoides4 #bci;b4 ,leaves gradually narrowed toward the base ,aster1 ,aster puniceus4 #bdj;a4 ,rays conspicuous --#bda4 #bdj;b4 ,rays minute or wanting ,aster1 ,aster angustus4 #bda;a4 ,stems and leaves gray with a silky pubescence ,aster1 ,aster sericeus4 #bda;b4 ,stem and leaves green1 not silky --#bdb4 #bdb;a4 ,bracts glandular-viscid2 rays violet ,aster1 ,aster oblongifolius4 #bdb;b4 ,bracts bristly-ciliate --#bdc4 #bdb;c4 ,bracts smooth or pubescent1 not glandular or bristly-ciliate --#bdd4 #bdc;a4 ,leaves crowded1 rigid2 rays white ,aster1 ,aster multiflorus4 #bdc;b4 ,leaves not crowded and rigid2 rays blue --#bcd;a4 #bdd;a4 ,bracts narrowed at the tip into thickened firm green awl-shape points --#bde4 #bdd;b4 ,bracts acute or obtuse at the flattened tip --#bdg4 #bde;a4 ,involucre #d-e mm4 long --#bdf4 #bde;b4 ,involucre #g-h mm4 high ,aster1 ,aster polyphyllus4 #bdf;a4 ,stem smooth ,aster1 ,aster ericoides4 #bdf;b4 ,stem hairy2 leaves linear ,aster1 ,aster ericoides var4 villosus4 #bdf;c4 ,stem densely white-woolly ,aster1 ,aster ericoides var4 platyphyllus4 #bdg;a4 ,leaves at most #d4e cm4 long --#bdh4 #bdg;b4 ,leaves larger1 at least the principal ones --#bdi4 #bdh;a4 ,stems in clusters2 leaves rigid1 linear1 with #a vein2 flowers blue ,aster1 ,aster linariifolius4 #bdh;b4 ,stem solitary2 leaves not rigid2 flowers rose-pink ,aster1 ,aster nemoralis4 #bdi;a4 ,heads solitary at the end of minutely leafy branchlets2 leaves linear ,aster1 ,aster dumosus4 #bdi;b4 ,heads in flat-topped clusters2 leaves lanceolate or broader --#bej4 #bdi;c4 ,heads in more or less one-sided racemes --#bea4 #bdi;d4 ,heads in panicles or irregular clusters --#bec4 #bej;a4 ,leaves rigid1 linear-lanceolate ,aster1 ,aster ptarmicoides4 #bej;b4 ,leaves not rigid1 lanceolate ,aster1 ,aster umbellatus4 #bea;a4 ,leaves lanceolate1 sharply serrate --#beb4 #bea;b4 ,leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate1 only the larger ones with a few teeth near the middle ,aster1 ,aster vimineus4 #beb;a4 ,stem glabrous or somewhat pubescent ,aster1 ,aster lateriflorus4 #beb;b4 ,stem woolly with long hairs ,aster1 ,aster lateriflorus var4 hirsuticaulis4 #bec;a4 ,bracts narrow1 approximately equal in length ,aster1 ,aster longifolius4 #bec;b4 ,bracts of several lengths1 the outer successively shorter --#bed4 #bed;a4 ,heads #aj-ae mm4 wide1 including the rays ,aster1 ,aster tradescanti4 #bed;b4 ,heads #ae-be mm4 wide1 including the rays --#bee4 #bee;a4 ,bracts with conspicuous dilated or subrhombic tips ,aster1 ,aster salicifolius4 #bee;b4 ,bracts without conspicuous green tips --#bef4 #bef;a4 ,rays purple or rose2 bog plant with linear leaves ,aster1 ,aster junceus4 #bef;b4 ,rays white1 or slightly tinged with blue2 leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate ,aster1 ,aster paniculatus4 ,,glossary ,achene4 ,a small1 dry1 hard1 seed-like fruit containing a single seed4 ,acuminate4 ,taper-pointed4 ,acute4 ,ending with an acute angle4 ,alternate4 ,located singly on the stem1 with other leaves above or below4 ,annual4 ,living but a single season4 ,anther4 ,the 7usually7 enlarged end of a stamen1 bearing the pollen4 ,ascending4 ,rising or curving obliquely upward4 ,auricle4 ,an ear-shape appendage at the base of a leaf or other organ4 ,auricled1 auriculate4 ,furnished with auricles4 ,awl-shape4 ,tapering to a slender stiff point4 ,awn4 ,an awl-shape or bristle-shape appendage4 ,axil4 ,the point on a stem just above the base of a leaf or branch4 ,axillary4 ,arising from or produced in the axil4 ,basal4 ,arising from or produced at the base4 ,beak4 ,ending in a prominent slender point4 ,bract4 ,a small leaf near the base of a flower or flower-stalk1 or in a flower-cluster4 ,bracteal4 ,an adjective derived from bract4 ,bipinnate4 ,a leaf with a pinnately branched axis1 bearing leaflets on the sides of the branches4 ,calyx4 ,the outer portion of the flower1 usually green in color4 ,in some plants it is colored to resemble 7or replace7 the corolla1 and in others may be minute or wanting4 ,capitate4 ,shaped like a head2 or arranged in a dense compact cluster4 ,capsule4 ,a dry fruit with usually several seeds1 opening at maturity4 ,catkin4 ,a cylindrical or ovoid cluster of inconspicuous flowers1 for example1 the pussy willow4 ,cells of ovary4 ,the cavity or cavities within an ovary1 in which the seeds are produced4 ,ciliate4 ,provided with hairs at the margin4 ,clasping4 ,with the base of a leaf or other organ wholly or partly surrounding the stem4 ,cleft4 ,deeply divided toward the base or the mid-rib4 ,closed sheath4 ,a leaf-sheath in which the margins are united to form a tube4 ,composite4 ,a flower-cluster containing several or many small flowers1 closely crowded together and provided with calyx-like bracts1 so that the whole cluster resembles a single flower4 ,compound4 ,composed of #b or more similar parts united1 as a compound ovary4 ,compound leaf4 ,a leaf with two or more separate leaflets on a single petiole4 ,connate4 ,grown together4 ,cordate4 ,heart-shape4 ,a whole leaf-blade may be cordate1 or the term may be applied to the base of a leaf only4 ,cordate-sagittate4 ,intermediate in shape between cordate and sagittate4 ,corm4 ,an enlarged stem-base1 of solid structure and usually underground4 ,corolla4 ,the portion of a flower next to the calyx 7in ordinary cases74 ,it is generally the most conspicuous part of the flower1 but may be completely absent1 or inconspicuous1 or replaced by the calyx4 ,corymb4 ,a flat-topped or convex-topped flower-cluster4 ,creeping4 ,with stems prostrate on the ground and rooting at intervals4 ,crenate4 ,with round-pointed teeth at the margin4 ,crenulate4 ,finely or minutely crenate4 ,cuspidate4 ,ending with a short sharp stiff point4 ,deciduous4 ,not persistent for a long time2 not evergreen4 ,decompound4 ,repeatedly branched with numerous leaflets4 ,decurrent4 ,extending with wing-like expansions down the stem4 ,decumbent4 ,a stem prostrate at the base1 but with the tip more or less ascending4 ,dehiscent4 ,breaking open at maturity to discharge the contents4 ,deltoid4 ,broadly triangular4 ,dioecious4 ,bearing staminate and pistillate flowers upon separate plants4 ,dissected4 ,finely divided into numerous small or narrow segments4 ,divided4 ,with deep segments or lobes4 ,elliptical4 ,having the shape of an ellipse4 ,elliptical-lanceolate4 ,intermediate in shape between elliptical and lanceolate4 ,entire4 ,with an unbroken margin1 without teeth or lobes4 ,epiphyte4 ,a plant growing attached to the bark of another plant1 and without connection with the soil4 ,erect4 ,growing in nearly or quite a vertical position4 ,evenly pinnate4 ,a compound leaf terminating in a pair of leaflets4 ,filament4 ,the 7usually7 slender basal portion of a stamen1 supporting the anther at its tip4 ,floweret4 ,a small flower4 ,gamopetalous4 ,composed of united petals4 ,gamosepalous4 ,composed of united sepals4 ,glabrous4 ,smooth2 without hairs4 ,glandular4 ,bearing glands4 ,glaucous4 ,covered with a thin bluish or whitish deposit1 easily rubbed off4 ,glume4 ,a bract at the base of a spikelet of a grass4 ,half recurved4 ,curved half-way backward4 ,hastate4 ,shaped like an arrow-head1 but with the basal lobes pointing outwards instead of backward4 ,head4 ,a dense cluster of flowers1 about as broad as long4 ,hirsute4 ,with stiff coarse hairs4 ,imperfect4 ,flowers which contain either pistil or stamens1 not both4 ,incised4 ,with deep1 sharp1 irregular1 divisions4 ,indehiscent4 ,not breaking open at maturity to discharge the contents4 ,inflorescence4 ,a cluster of flowers4 ,internode4 ,a section of stem between two joints1 or nodes4 ,involucre4 ,a collection of bracts at the base of a flower-cluster4 ,irregular4 ,possessing similar parts of different size or form4 ,an irregular flower is generally distinguished by petals of unequal size or shape4 ,laciniate4 ,cut into narrow pointed lobes or divisions4 ,lanceolate4 ,shaped like a lance-head1 several times longer than wide1 and broadest below the middle4 ,linear4 ,long and narrow1 but with about uniform width4 ,linear-lanceolate4 ,intermediate in shape between linear and lanceolate2 narrowly lanceolate4 ,lip4 ,the largest and most conspicuous petal in an irregular corolla1 usually applied to the lower petal of an orchid4 ,lobe4 ,a segment or division of any organ4 ,leaflet4 ,one portion of the blade of a compound leaf4 ,lemma4 ,one of the bracts in the spikelet of a grass1 and described in the treatment of that family4 ,membranous4 ,thin or membrane-like in texture4 ,monoecious4 ,bearing stamens and pistils in separate flowers1 but on the same plant4 ,mucronate4 ,tipped with a short small abrupt tip4 ,node4 ,a joint of a stem1 at which leaves are borne and branches appear4 ,oblanceolate4 ,reversed lanceolate in shape4 ,oblique4 ,with unequal sides4 ,oblong4 ,somewhat rectangular in shape1 with parallel sides4 ,oblong-lanceolate4 ,intermediate in shape between oblong and lanceolate4 ,oblong-spatulate4 ,intermediate in shape between oblong and spatulate4 ,obovate4 ,reversed ovate in shape4 ,obtuse4 ,blunt-tipped2 terminating in an obtuse angle4 ,odd-pinnate4 ,a compound leaf terminating in a single leaflet4 ,once-compound4 ,a compound leaf bearing leaflets at the end or along the sides of the main axis4 ,once-pinnate4 ,a compound leaf bearing leaflets along the sides of the axis4 ,open sheath4 ,a leaf-sheath with separate margins4 ,opposite4 ,situated in pairs on opposite sides of the stem or axis4 ,ovary4 ,the basal1 usually swollen portion of the pistil1 within which the seeds are produced4 ,ovate4 ,egg-shape in outline4 ,ovate-lanceolate4 ,intermediate in shape between ovate and lanceolate2 broadly lanceolate or narrowly ovate4 ,ovate-oblong4 ,intermediate in shape between ovate and oblong4 ,ovoid4 ,egg-shape4 ,palmate4 ,with several organs or structures attached at or proceeding from the same point2 applied chiefly to the arrangement of principal veins in a leaf and of leaflets in a compound leaf4 ,panicle4 ,a loose1 more or less irregular1 branching cluster of pedicelled flowers1 usually much longer than thick4 ,parallel-veined4 ,with the principal veins of the leaf paralleling each other from the base to the apex1 or 7rarely7 from the mid-rib to the margin4 ,pedicel4 ,the stalk of a single flower4 ,parasite4 ,a plant which grows attached to another and derives its nourishment from it4 ,peduncle4 ,the stalk of a flower-cluster1 or of a solitary flower4 ,peltate4 ,attached to the stalk by the lower surface1 instead of the margin4 ,perennial4 ,living through several seasons4 ,perfect4 ,bearing stamens and pistils in the same flower4 ,perfoliate4 ,clasping the stem so completely that the stem seems to pass through it4 ,perianth4 ,the calyx and corolla of a flower4 ,perigynium4 ,a sac-like structure surrounding the achene of a sedge4 ,persistent4 ,remaining attached for a considerable time4 ,petal4 ,one member or segment of the corolla4 ,petiole4 ,the stalk of a leaf4 ,pinnate4 ,with several organs or structures attached at the sides of an axis or stalk2 applied chiefly to the arrangement of the principal veins in a leaf and of leaflets in a compound leaf4 ,pinnatifid4 ,deeply pinnately cut or divided4 ,pistil4 ,the central portion of a flower1 consisting of ovary1 style1 and stigma2 the seed-bearing part of the flower4 ,pistillate4 ,bearing pistils4 ,polygamous4 ,applied to plants in which some flowers are perfect and others either staminate or pistillate4 ,pubescent4 ,hairy4 ,raceme4 ,a more or less elongated flower-cluster1 bearing pedicelled flowers along a single axis4 ,racemose4 ,arranged in racemes4 ,receptacle4 ,the end of a peduncle or pedicel upon which the organs of a flower1 or the flowers of a head1 are attached4 ,recurved4 ,curved back4 ,reflexed4 ,abruptly bent back or down4 ,regular4 ,uniform in shape or structure4 ,flowers are generally considered regular when all the petals are of the same size and shape4 ,retrorse4 ,directed backward or downward4 ,revolute4 ,rolled backward or under4 ,rootstock4 ,a horizontal subterranean stem1 sending up leaves or stems4 ,rotate4 ,wheel-shape2 essentially flat and circular4 ,sac-like4 ,inflated2 sack-like4 ,sagittate4 ,shaped like an arrow-head4 ,salver-form4 ,a corolla having a slender tube abruptly expanded at the summit into a flat or spreading portion4 ,scape4 ,a peduncle arising directly from the base of the plant1 leafless or bearing bracts only4 ,segment4 ,one member or portion of an organ4 ,sepal4 ,one member or portion of the calyx4 ,serrate4 ,with sharp teeth at the margin4 ,serrulate4 ,finely or minutely serrate4 ,sessile4 ,without a stalk1 petiole1 or pedicel4 ,sheathing4 ,inclosing4 ,simple4 ,in one piece2 not compound2 usually applied to leaves with a single blade4 ,sinuate4 ,wavy-margined4 ,sinus4 ,the angle between two lobes or divisions4 ,spadix4 ,a short fleshy spike4 ,spathe4 ,a large bract or pair of bracts enclosing a flower-cluster4 ,spatulate4 ,shaped like a spatula1 with a narrow base and an enlarged1 more or less rounded summit4 ,spike4 ,an elongated flower-cluster having sessile flowers upon an unbranched axis4 ,spike-like4 ,resembling a spike4 ,spinulose-serrate4 ,provided with teeth tipped with minute spines4 ,spur4 ,a hollow projection from the calyx or corolla1 usually slender in shape1 and generally directed backward4 ,stamen4 ,one of the organs of a flower1 consisting of a filament and anther4 ,staminate4 ,bearing stamens4 ,stolon4 ,a short stem arising from the base of a plant1 prostrate or nearly so1 and eventually taking root4 ,striate4 ,marked with fine stripes or ridges4 ,style4 ,a portion of the pistil1 usually slender1 and connecting the ovary and stigma4 ,superior4 ,a superior ovary occupies the center of the flower and is not attached to any other floral organs4 ,subtending4 ,situated at the base of an organ4 ,subulate4 ,awl-shape4 ,ternately4 ,divided by threes4 ,tomentose4 ,densely hairy with matted or tangled hairs4 ,trifoliate4 ,with three leaflets4 ,truncate4 ,cut straight across at the tip1 or nearly so4 ,tube4 ,the more or less cylindrical portion of a gamosepalous calyx or a gamopetalous corolla1 distinguished from the expanded or lobed terminal portion4 ,tubular4 ,shaped like a tube4 ,twice-pinnate4 ,same as bipinnate4 ,two-lipped4 ,a calyx or corolla in which the upper half is decidedly different in size or shape from the lower4 ,umbel4 ,a flower-cluster with several or many pedicelled flowers all arising from the same point4 ,undulate4 ,with a wavy margin4 ,viscid4 ,sticky4 ,villous4 ,with long soft hairs4 ,whorl4 ,an arrangement of #c or more leaves or flowers in a circle around a node4 ,whorled4 ,in a whorl4 ,wing4 ,a thin flat expansion on the sides or edge of an organ4 ,,index ,abies1 #a ,abutilon1 #gb ,acalypha1 #ff ,acanthaceae1 #ajg ,acanthus ,family1 #ajg ,acer1 #gj ,aceraceae1 #gj ,acerates1 #ij ,achillea1 #acj1 #aca ,acnida1 #cj ,acorus1 #h ,actaea1 #ci ,actinomeris1 #abh ,adder's ,mouth1 #ag ,adenocaulon1 #aah ,adlumia1 #da ,aesculus1 #gj ,agastache1 #ig ,agrimonia1 #ee ,agrimony1 #ee ,agropyron1 #f ,agrostemma1 #cc ,agrostis1 #f ,ailanthus1 #fe ,aizoaceae1 #ca ,alder1 #bb ,alder1 ,black1 #fi ,aletris1 #ac ,alfalfa1 #fa ,alisma1 #c ,alismaceae1 #c ,allium1 #ac ,alnus1 #bb ,alopecurus1 #d ,alsike ,clover1 #fa ,althaea1 #gb ,alum ,root1 #ej1 #ea ,alyssum1 #db1 #df ,alyssum1 ,yellow1 #db1 #df ,amaranth ,family1 #cj ,amaranthaceae1 #cj ,amaranthus1 #cj ,amaryllidaceae1 #ad ,amaryllis ,family1 #ad ,ambrosia1 #aad ,amelanchier1 #ee ,american ,columbo1 #hh ,american ,ipecac1 #eg ,ammophila1 #d ,amorpha1 #eh ,amphicarpa1 #ei ,anacardiaceae1 #fh ,anagallis1 #hg ,anaphalis1 #abj ,andromeda1 #hf ,andropogon1 #e ,androsace1 #hg ,anemone1 #ch1 #ci ,anemone1 ,rue1 #ci ,anemone1 ,wood1 #ch ,anemonella1 #ci ,angelica1 #hb 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